bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EVALUACIÓN DE DOS ATRIBUTOS DE CALIDAD CRÍTICOS EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DE FORMAS FARMACÉUTICAS SÓLIDAS UTILIZANDO LA ESPECTROSCOPIA DE INFRARROJO CERCANO
Authors: Cueva Mestanza Ruben
Published: February 2020

La determinación mediante espectroscopia de infrarrojo cercano de atributos críticos de calidad, de interés en la fabricación industrial de sólidos farmacéuticos, es estudiada con el objetivo de aplicar esta nueva metodología más rápida y eficazmente como una alternativa a los métodos convencionales. Se estudia el proceso de mezclado de los componentes de una fórmula efervescente con el fin de determinar el tiempo final del mezclado de una forma rápida y confiable, así como la humedad en los granulados intermedios de tabletas masticables. El objetivo es construir la calidad del producto final, controlando atributos críticos de calidad de los productos intermedios en el mismo proceso aplicando la Tecnología Analítica de Procesos (PAT).
ESTEROLES PRESENTES EN EL EXTRACTO APOLAR DE LAS RAÍCES DE AJO SACHA Mansoa alliacea
Authors: Grovas Llamocca Jenny E. , Cóndor Cuyubamba Elena A. , Reyna Pinedo Víctor M. , Collantes Díaz Ingrit E.
Published: February 2020

A partir del extracto apolar de las raíces de Ajo sacha Mansoa alliacea colectadas en el Jardín Botánico del Centro de Rehabilitación de Adicciones y de Investigación de Medicinas Tradicionales - Takiwasi (Tarapoto, región San Martín, en la Amazonía peruana) se identificaron el estigmasterol (90,36 %) y el γ- sitosterol (8,76 %) como sus principales esteroles, los cuales fueron analizados mediante cromatografía de gases e identificados mediante sus espectros de masas. Adicionalmente, se realizó el análisis cualitativo de sus metabolitos secundarios.
REMOCIÓN DE LIGNINA EN EL PRETRATAMIENTO DE CASCARILLA DE ARROZ POR EXPLOSIÓN CON VAPOR
Authors: Jorge Montalvo Paola Aurelia , Flores del Pino Lisveth , Visitación Figueroa Lizardo , Naveda Rengifo Ricardo Aaron
Published: February 2020

El presente estudio evaluó la remoción de la lignina de la cascarilla de arroz, mediante la explosión con vapor a diferentes condiciones de severidad. El proceso de remoción de lignina evaluado como lignina Klason fue realizado en muestras con pretratamiento a presiones de 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 y 1,0 MPa, tiempos de 6, 8, 10 y 12 minutos con una descompresión de entre 5 a 7 segundos; se logró una remoción de lignina desde 18,02 % hasta 12,7 % a 1,0 MPa y 12 min de compresión, factor de severidad de 3,3. La evaluación por FTIR de la cascarilla sin pretratamiento, con pretratamiento a 0,4 MPa y 12 min, 1,0 MPa y 12 min, nos presenta una reducción de la transmitancia generada por los picos que corresponden a la presencia de lignina –OH (2920 cm-1), C-H y C-O (1320 y 1360 cm-1), C-O-C a (1060 cm-1) entre otros. La evaluación por microscopia de barrido electrónico (SEM) demostró el grado de remoción del tejido superficial de la cascarilla de arroz asociado con la remoción de lignina. El pretratamiento por explosión con vapor de la cascarilla de arroz mejora el potencial de hidrólisis de la cascarilla de arroz para la formación de azúcares reductores que puedan ser aprovechados en la producción de etanol G-2, debido a la remoción de lignina y exposición de la celulosa y hemicelulosa.
CARACTERIZACIÓN FÍSICO-QUÍMICA, MICROSCÓPICA DE BARRIDO Y DISPERSIÓN DE RAYOS X DEL MUCÍLAGO DE CLADODIOS DE Opuntia ficus indica EN LA REGIÓN ALTA DE TACNA
Authors: Vargas Mamani Juan José , Vera Vargas Gabriela Victoria , Suppé Tejada Nicole Andrea
Published: February 2020

Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir algunas de las características del mucílago (polímero) de nopal, procedente de la planta Opuntia ficus indica cultivada en el distrito de Sijatara, para dicho fin primero se extrajo el mucilago y se transformó en un polvo seco por el método de choque térmico y precipitación en alcohol. El análisis del polvo seco se hizo por el método de microscopia de barrido y dispersión de rayos x obteniéndose la composición elemental del mucílago,seguidamente se observó en la imagen una superficie rugosa y porosa la cual nos permite observar una gran capacidad de absorción de agua e hinchamiento debido a su rugosidad y porosidad. La caracterización físico química consta de un análisis de prueba de hinchamiento, contenido de cenizas, pH, contenido de ácidos urónicos y solubilidad. Se complementó los análisis incluyendo cromatografía de capa fina el cual probo la ausencia de alcaloides, flavonoides, taninos y terpenos, además de un análisis por el método Kjeldahl, nos indica una leve presencia de proteínas.
AN INTEGRATED MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION-MAKING FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE SUPPLIER SELECTION UNDER PICTURE FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Peng Juan-juan , Tian Chao , Zhang Wen-yu , Zhang Shuai , Wang Jian-qiang
Published: February 2020

Sustainable supplier selection (SSS) is an important part of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM).
In this paper, an integrated multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework, based on the picture fuzzy exponential entropy,
and the VIsekriterijumska optimizacija i KOmpromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method, is proposed to manage SSS problems. Firstly, the
evaluation criteria of SSS, including economic, environmental and social, is established. This can be evaluated in the form of
the actual data or linguistic terms provided by suppliers and experts respectively in an actual decision-making process. Then,
according to the translated scales, all the evaluation information can be converted into picture fuzzy numbers (PFNs). Secondly,
the picture fuzzy exponential entropy is defined. Moreover, based on the entropy’s minimization principle, the defined picture
fuzzy exponential entropy is used to determine the weight of the SSS’s criteria. Thirdly, the extended VIKOR method, which combines
the grey correlation coefficient, is utilized to select a suitable supplier. This method avoids the shortcomings of the traditional
VIKOR method in data mining and solves the conflict between SSS criteria. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed
integrated decision framework are verified by an experiment, as well as a sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis.
Cryptocarya kaengkrachanensis, a new species of Lauraceae from Kaeng Krachan National Park, southwest Thailand
Authors: Zhang Meng , Yahara Tetsukazu , Tagane Shuichiro , Rueangruea Sukid , Suddee Somran , Moritsuka Etsuko , Suyama Yoshihisa
Published: February 2020

A new species of Lauraceae,Cryptocarya kaengkrachanensisM.Z.Zhang, Yahara & Tagane, from Kaeng Krachan National Park, Phetchaburi Province, southwestern Thailand, is described and illustrated. This species is morphologically most similar toC. amygdalinain that its leaves are pinnately veined, leathery, and apparently glabrous (but microscopically hairy) abaxially, twigs are yellowish brown hairy, and fruits are 1.36 to 1.85 times longer than width. However,C. kaengkrachanensisis distinguished fromC. amygdalinain having the leaves of ovate and elliptic (vs. oblong-lanceolate) with leaf aspect ratio (length:width) from 1.38 to 2.28 (vs. 2.46–3.43), and ovoid fruits (vs. ellipsoid) with stalk distinctly swollen (vs. not or only slightly swollen). In addition, phylogenetic trees constructed based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) and genome-wide SNPs using MIG-seq showed thatC. kaengkrachanensisis not sister toC. amygdalinaand is distinct from all the otherCryptocaryaspecies hitherto recognized in Thailand. Analysis including other species demonstrates thatC. floribundashould be a synonym ofC. amygdalina, but we recognizeC. scortechiniias a distinct species.
A new species of Phoebe (Lauraceae) from south-western China
Authors: Liu Bing , Jin Wei-Yin , Zhao Li-Na , Yang Yong
Published: February 2020

Here Phoebe hekouensis Bing Liu, W.Y. Jin, L.N. Zhao & Y. Yang from south-eastern Yunnan Province of China is described as new to science. This species is morphologically similar to P. megacalyx H.W. Li in the twigs being robust and brownish tomentose, the ovary densely pubescent and the tepals longer than 1 cm, but differs from the latter species by the leaves being broader, up to 18 cm (vs. 4.5–11.5 cm), the inflorescences shorter, ca. 10–15 cm long (vs. up to 23 cm), the ovary completely and densely pubescent (vs. pubescent only at the apical portion) and the stigma conspicuous (vs. inconspicuous). The new species also resembles P. macrocarpa C.Y. Wu, but differs from the latter by the tepals being longer, 9–13 mm long (vs. ca. 4 mm).
Le processus d’enseignement-apprentissage multimodal des sciences sociales
Authors: Triviño Cabrera Laura
Published: February 2020

Cet article a pour but de présenter certains résultats découlant du projet de recherche intitulé LITMEC Literacidad Multimodal y Estudios Culturales  : Hacia una educación ciudadana en la sociedad postmoderna 1 – promotion 2017/2019 – de l’Université de Malaga. Ce projet vise une innovation éducative dans le processus d’enseignement-apprentissage via la multimodalité, lors de la formation initiale du corps enseignant pendant le master de professorat, dans la spécialité des sciences sociales incluant donc l’histoire. Cette innovation passe par la déconstruction de l’image relative à l’enseignement des sciences sociales qui le place comme une simple transmission de connaissances. Nous partons ici d’une triple question : quoi, dans quel but et comment enseigner-apprendre les sciences sociales ? Au cours de cette étude a été développée une proposition didactique multimodale (la manière) qui aborde la visibilité de l’altérité, la relation passé-présent-futur, la culture médiatique et l’interdisciplinarité (le sujet), avec l’objectif de former une éducation citoyenne critique, sociale et engagée (le but).
Mobiles and Cognition: The Associations Between Mobile Technology and Cognitive Flexibility
Authors: Alexopoulou Arhondoula , Batsou Alexandra , Drigas Athanasios
Published: February 2020

Mobile phones hold a rather permeating role in our lives. Their portability and ease of use have turned them to indispensable parts of our everyday activities, since they are steadily connected to the internet, providing a wide range of applications at the same time. However, there has been little research so far, on the way mobile technology habits could be related to alterations in our cognitive functioning. The review presented in this paper, introduces findings of the last decade on the field of cognitive flexibility, some of which, tend to be contradictory at times. Cognitive flexibility is presented through the prism of attention-switching, task–switching and in close relation to working memory and inhibitory control, functions which have been proved to be interrelated. Moving a step forward, an attempt was made to present a more contemporary approach towards cognitive flexibility and the ways it is affected by mobile and advanced information and communication technologies.
Exploring the Key Factors in the Use of an E-Learning System Among Students at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al Mulhem Ahmed
Published: February 2020

The primary purpose of this study is to review and analyse the literature related to e-learning, which is linked to previous studies. Specifically, studies that used the TAM model to examine the effect of eleven external factors, such as website content quality, website design quality, website technical quality, website access speed, usability, e-learning system functionality, e-learning system reliability, facilitating conditions, top management support, student awareness and academic staff awareness on the use of an e-learning system in King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. The findings of this study offer valuable guidelines for practitioners, researchers and educators about the most important factors that enhance the use of e-learning systems in universities.
Students' Digital Ethics Profile in the Era of Disruption: An Overview from the Internet Use at Risk in Surakarta City, Indonesia
Authors: Sari Dewi Ika , Rejekiningsih Triana , Muchtarom Moh.
Published: February 2020

Abstract— This study aims to reveal students' profile of digital ethics in Surakarta City, Indonesia. Current technological trends generate significant implications for the technological digitalizations to all parts of human lives. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is increasingly integrated in society. This condition at least triggers the emergence of an era of disruption due to changes in the order and lifestyle of the younger generation who prefer the use of various digital technologies in their daily life activities. In recent years, a lot of discussion about the risks and opportunities of digital technology on teenagers have been many found. From several studies conclude that the highest students' communication activities have been majorly done through online. Internet at risk use engages students’ live activities, among others, expressing personal data, bullying, hoaxes, and hate speech to accessing the pornographic contents. Digital ethics is one of the components in digital citizenship from which the users must adhere to. Netiquette, a hybrid word combining "network" and "etiquette," essentially referring to the social code of the Internet. As netiquette includes how we communicate, treat others, describe and protect ourselves online related to ethical issues. This study was designed with a quantitative-descriptive research model that applies the survey method. The survey was conducted in three schools, each of which was the high school, the state vocational school and private vocational high school in the Surakarta residency area. The study subjects involved as many as 210 students, from ages 15 to 17 years participating in the survey. The questionnaire consisted of 16 statements applying Likert's point of scale one to five. The results showed that students’ digital ethics with having less category had the highest percentage of 35.23%. While those with enough category reached 32.85% and those with good category was 31.90%. One of the effective ways to strengthening students' digital ethics can be realized through humanistic literacy which is integrated into Civics Education subject at schools.
Intelligent Personalized Abnormality Detection for Remote Health Monitoring
Authors: Marimuthu Poorani , Perumal Varalakshmi , Vijayakumar Vaidehi
Published: February 2020

Machine learning algorithms are extensively used in healthcare analytics to learn normal and abnormal patterns automatically. The detection and prediction accuracy of any machine learning model depends on many factors like ground truth instances, attribute relationships, model design, the size of the dataset, the percentage of uncertainty, the training and testing environment, etc. Prediction models in healthcare should generate a minimal false positive and false negative rate. To accomplish high classification or prediction accuracy, the screening of health status needs to be personalized rather than following general clinical practice guidelines (CPG) which fits for an average population. Hence, a personalized screening model (IPAD – Intelligent Personalized Abnormality Detection) for remote healthcare is proposed that tailored to specific individual. The severity level of the abnormal status has been derived using personalized health values and the IPAD model obtains an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.907.
Chronic Illnesses, Vulnerability, and Uncertainty
Authors: di San Marco Eugenia Cao , Vegni Elena , Borghi Lidia
Published: February 2020

The goal of this chapter is to describe some of the recent challenges that modern medicine is facing using patient-centered medicine as a theoretical frame of reference. First, the work will describe the origin, the development, and the main implications of patient-centered medicine (PCM). Then, it will address the critical increase of chronic illnesses and how PCM could be the best-suited theoretical framework for enhancing patient engagement and coping with chronicity. Additionally, it will address the difficulties raised by increased uncertainty in medical practice, especially from the physicians' point of view. Finally, a relationship-centered care (RCC) will be proposed as a more effective theoretical perspective than PCM to deal with uncertainty and its impact on the patients' and physicians' inner life.
Considerations about the Organic Acids Effect on Weldings in Food Processing Industry
Authors: Nistoran Mihaela Botiş , Mnerie Gabriela-Victoria , Dumitru Mnerie
Published: February 2020

For food processing equipment, welding uses heat to fuse together the various pipes and pieces of stainless steel. The quality of the weld is a determining factor in whether or not the product meets hygienic design standards for the food processing industry. When fabricating food processing equipment, weld quality is extremely important to maintain the integrity of the products being processed. A weld does not meet hygienic design standards if there is potential for contamination that can result from cracks, crevices, 90-degree angles, corrosion or over-stresses surfaces in the processing equipment. When product is stuck in a crevice it becomes very difficult to remove through regular cleaning leaving the potential for bacteria to build up and contaminate additional food products.
A Comparison Study on the Influence of Cutting Edge Hybrid Ultrasonic Thermal Technology versus Ultrasonic Cutting on Seatbelt Processing Quality
Authors: Iacobici Răzvan Ionuţ , Mnerie Gabriela-Victoria , Codat Diana Sophia , Rosu Camelia Versan
Published: February 2020

Research conducted aimed to compare the hybrid ultrasonic-thermal cutting technology with the classic thermal cutting one. The experimental program was carried out on the ISIM designed hybrid equipment, operating at a frequency of 35 KHz, with a cutting geometry of the ultrasonic horn - sonotrode and the thermal anvil designed specifically for the task at hand; the first phase of the experimental program was developed on the thermal cutting module, the second one was performed on the US-thermal hybrid module, both modules being part of the hybrid cutting equipment designed and patented by ISIM Timisoara. The research performed in this present paper, intends to highlight the benefits of the hybrid cutting technology when compared to classical thermal cutting, in order to process two types of materials with different specifications and dimensions. After visually inspection cut materials have been then compared with automotive seatbelt quality standard IATF - International Automotive Task Force 16949. Experiments highlighted that hybrid ultrasonic-thermal cutting process has a significant influence on the quality of processed materials when compared to classic thermal cutting process, which in some cases makes the materials unsuitable for use in the automotive industry. The paper further presents two types of technology data sets suitable for 2 types of materials and up to automotive industry requirements.
Experiments with the Purpose of Expanding the Loading Capacity of Standard Construction Grapples
Authors: Tihanov-Tănăsache Daniel , Stefanoiu Radu , Binchiciu Aurelia , Binchiciu Emilia-Florina
Published: February 2020

A grapple is a device that includes at least one gripping arrangement. The gripping arrangement is configured to grip and traverse objects so as to reach a desired location on site and to anchor it, therefore allowing the work to be carried out. [1] A method for controlling the fill volume of a grapple, such as a bulk-material crane grapple which includes at least one hoist-and-closure unit, may include adjusting the fill volume of the grapple is during the grapple closure process by adjusting/controlling the grapple hoist height. The grapple hoist speed and/or grapple hoist height may be the controlling parameter for the adjustment of the fill volume of the grapple. [2]Grapples geometric configuration is established by calculating the useful load mass. In the experiments performed in the present paper the load mass was 3000 kg. In exploitation, in cases where relatively low density materials, if compared to standard materials, are being moved/processed, changes to the volume capacity must be done; [3] changes that need to be correlated with the new materials and the exploitation conditions.The tractor attachment is a grapple assembly, and the grapple assembly kit includes a mounting assembly, a plurality of clamping units, and a plurality of support units. [4] A connection system for coupling an claw to a work vehicle includes a receiver assembly that needs to be implement and configured to a connector assembly of an arm of the work vehicle. [5]The solution developed by the authors consists in prolonging and consolidating the active elements of the grapple, by equipping it with additional elements that take and process load tensions, in the present case hard wood logs; and a consolidation and protection system that protects it from wear, that mostly appears when the hook crane repeatedly hits the ground in order to collect the deposited logs.The additional elements for handling and processing logs are made out of low alloyed steel, thus by configuring the tips we assure the good gliding of processed materials on the active/used surfaces. The self-protection system to wear is made out of boron micro-alloyed steel sheets that have hardness values up to 500 HB. Joining the grapple ensemble with specialized elements was performed through welding.
Thermal and Mechanical Influence of Ultrasonically Aided Electrical Discharge Machining on Co-Cr Alloys
Authors: Cristea Bogdan Ionuț , Ghiculescu Daniel , Dumitru Mnerie
Published: February 2020

The paper reviews machining of CoCr alloys by electric discharge machining and ultrasonic aided discharge machining. The removal mechanism is discussed, modeled with Comsol Multiphysics and validated using experimental data.
DSM-V: major changes and overview on personality disorders with special reference to borderline disorder
Authors: Calderaro Monica , Mastronardi Vincenzo M.
Published: February 2020

The purpose of this article is to describe the amendments made in the new version of DSM (fifth edition) as to understand not only main aspects of certain diseases and/or personality disorders, but also whether or not changes shifted focus to dimensional instead of categorical system or if in some aspects both are considered. Moving forward from a general overview of the handbook, the effective changes will be examined in detail. Attention will also be given to Personality Diseases, taking account of various studies on this subject and the most recent knowledge on “Borderline Disease” from a diagnostic standpoint. Considering the complex construction of such disease, will be firstly illustrated the assumption of first studies so as to cover the most recent clinical and theoretical contributions, together with a brief overview of some treatment approach such as psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral and systemic-relational, principles of medical treatment, a summary on differential diagnosis and a representation of some clinical case as well. The article will be concluded by a brief discussion of future prospects able to provide the clinician with even more effective and safe operational strategies as to lead professionals towards more specific and less misleading assumptions for a better approach in any scope (therapeutic, forensic, etc.) and giving comfort to those who receive support as well. Everyone is a very unique individual, even if similar to others. That is why it is extremely important to clearly identify a disease and ensure an adequate treatment.
Physiotherapy in the community
Authors: Runnals M. J.
Published: February 2020

No abstract available.
An affine almost positive roots model
Authors: Reading Nathan , Stella Salvatore
Published: February 2020

We generalize the almost positive roots model for cluster algebras from finite type to a uniform finite/affine type model. We define a subset

\Phi_c

of the root system and a compatibility degree on

\Phi_c

, given by a formula that is new even in finite type. The clusters (maximal pairwise compatible sets of roots) define a complete fan Fan

_c(\Phi)

. Equivalently, every vector has a unique cluster expansion. We give a piecewise linear isomorphism from the subfan of Fan

_c(\Phi)

induced by real roots to the

\mathbf g

-vector fan of the associated cluster algebra. We show that

\Phi_c

is the set of denominator vectors of the associated acyclic cluster algebra and conjecture that the compatibility degree also describes denominator vectors for non-acyclic initial seeds. We extend results on exchangeability of roots to the affine case.
The Jesus Tradition in Q
Authors: Allison   Jr Dale C
Published: February 2020

Why did the church, in forming its canon of scripture, choose to include four different and sometimes contradictory accounts of the life of Jesus, when others, like Tatian and Marcion, opted for a harmony, for one account?

Professor Hengel examines the external historical evidence for the creation of the Gospels by those documenting the early church, like Papias and Ireneus. He also analyzes the origin of the uniform title “Gospel according to” and the process of dissemination of the gospel.

He concludes that whether for the evangelists or for Paul, the gospel is both narrative and proclamation. Despite the problems caused by the different forms in which the gospel has come down to us, this very multiplicity remains a source of strength for the church.

Martin Hengel is Emeritus Professor of New Testament and Early Judaism at the University of Tübingen.
Comparing the impact of environmental conditions and microphysics on the forecast uncertainty of deep convective clouds and hail
Authors: Wellmann Constanze , Barrett Andrew I. , Johnson Jill S. , Kunz Michael , Vogel Bernhard , Carslaw Ken S. , Hoose Corinna
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Severe hailstorms have the potential to damage buildings and crops. However, important processes for the prediction of hailstorms are insufficiently represented in operational weather forecast models. Therefore, our goal is to identify model input parameters describing environmental conditions and cloud microphysics, such as the vertical wind shear and strength of ice multiplication, which lead to large uncertainties in the prediction of deep convective clouds and precipitation. We conduct a comprehensive sensitivity analysis simulating deep convective clouds in an idealized setup of a cloud-resolving model. We use statistical emulation and variance-based sensitivity analysis to enable a Monte Carlo sampling of the model outputs across the multi-dimensional parameter space. The results show that the model dynamical and microphysical properties are sensitive to both the environmental and microphysical uncertainties in the model. The microphysical parameters lead to larger uncertainties in the output of integrated hydrometeor mass contents and precipitation variables. In particular, the uncertainty in the fall velocities of graupel and hail account for more than 65 % of the variance of all considered precipitation variables and for 30 %–90 % of the variance of the integrated hydrometeor mass contents. In contrast, variations in the environmental parameters – the range of which is limited to represent model uncertainty – mainly affect the vertical profiles of the diabatic heating rates.
Conceptual model of diurnal cycle of low-level stratiform clouds over southern West Africa
Authors: Lohou Fabienne , Kalthoff Norbert , Adler Bianca , Babić Karmen , Dione Cheikh , Lothon Marie , Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia Xabier , Zouzoua Maurin
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The DACCIWA (Dynamics Aerosol Chemistry Cloud Interactions in West Africa) project and the associated ground-based field experiment, which took place during summer 2016, provided a comprehensive dataset on the low-level stratiform clouds (LLSCs), which develop almost every night over southern West Africa. The LLSCs, inaccurately represented in climate and weather forecasts, form in the monsoon flow during the night and break up during the following morning or afternoon, affecting considerably the radiation budget. Several published studies give an overview of the measurements during the campaign, analyse the dynamical features in which the LLSCs develop, and quantify the processes involved in the LLSC formation. Based on the main results of these studies and new analyses, we propose in this paper a conceptual model of the diurnal cycle of the LLSCs over southern West Africa. Four main phases compose the diurnal cycle of the LLSC. The stable and the jet phases are the two steps during which the relative humidity increases, due to cooling of the air, until the air is saturated and the LLSCs form. Horizontal advection of cold air from the Guinean coast by the maritime inflow and the nocturnal low-level jet (NLLJ) represents 50 % of the local total cooling. The remaining half is mainly due to divergence of net radiation and turbulence flux. The third step of the LLSC diurnal cycle is the stratus phase, which starts during the night and lasts until the onset of surface-buoyancy-driven turbulence on the following day. During the stratus phase, interactions between the LLSCs and the NLLJ lead to a modification of the wind speed vertical profile in the cloud layer, and a mixing of the sub-cloud layer by shear-driven turbulence below the NLLJ core. The breakup of the LLSC occurs during the convective phase and follows three different scenarios which depend on the intensity of the turbulence observed during the night in the sub-cloud layer. The breakup time has a considerable impact on the energy balance of the Earth's surface and, consequently, on the depth of the convective boundary layer, which could vary by a factor of 2 from day-to-day.
Ammonia measurements from space with the Cross-track Infrared Sounder: characteristics and applications
Authors: Shephard Mark W. , Dammers Enrico , Cady-Pereira Karen E. , Kharol Shailesh K. , Thompson Jesse , Gainariu-Matz Yonatan , Zhang Junhua , McLinden Chris A. , Kovachik Andrew , Moran Michael , Bittman Shabtai , Sioris Christopher E. , Griffin Debora , Alvarado Matthew J. , Lonsdale Chantelle , Savic-Jovcic Verica , Zheng Qiong
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Despite its clear importance, the monitoring of atmospheric ammonia,
including its sources, sinks, and links to the greater nitrogen cycle,
remains limited. Satellite data are helping to fill the gap in monitoring
from sporadic conventional ground- and aircraft-based observations to better
inform policymakers and assess the impact of any ammonia-related policies.
Presented is a description and survey that demonstrate the capabilities of
the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) ammonia product for monitoring, air quality forecast model
evaluation, dry deposition estimates, and emission estimates from an
agricultural hotspot. For model evaluation, while there is a general
agreement in the spatial allocation of known major agricultural ammonia
hotspots across North America, the satellite observations show some high-latitude regions during peak forest
fire activity often have ammonia concentrations approaching those in
agricultural hotspots. The CrIS annual ammonia dry depositions in Canada
(excluding the territories) and the US have average and annual variability
values of ∼0.8±0.08 and
∼1.23±0.09 Tg N yr−1, respectively. These
satellite-derived dry depositions of reactive nitrogen from NH3 with NO2 show an annual ratio of NH3 compared to their sum (NH3+NO2) of ∼82 % and ∼55 % in Canada and the US, respectively. Furthermore, we show the use of CrIS satellite
observations to estimate annual and seasonal emissions near Lethbridge, Alberta,
Canada, a region dominated by high-emission
concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs); the satellite annual
emission estimate of 37.1±6.3 kt yr−1 is at least double the value
reported in current bottom-up emission inventories for this region.
Technical note: Deep learning for creating surrogate models of precipitation in Earth system models
Authors: Weber Theodore , Corotan Austin , Hutchinson Brian , Kravitz Ben , Link Robert
Published: February 2020

Abstract. We investigate techniques for using deep neural networks to produce surrogate
models for short-term climate forecasts. A convolutional neural network is
trained on 97 years of monthly precipitation output from the 1pctCO2 run (the
CO2 concentration increases by 1 % per year) simulated by the second-generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2). The neural network clearly outperforms a persistence forecast and
does not show substantially degraded performance even when the forecast length
is extended to 120 months. The model is prone to underpredicting precipitation
in areas characterized by intense precipitation events. Scheduled sampling
(forcing the model to gradually use its own past predictions rather than ground
truth) is essential for avoiding amplification of early forecasting errors.
However, the use of scheduled sampling also necessitates preforecasting
(generating forecasts prior to the first forecast date) to obtain adequate
performance for the first few prediction time steps. We document the training
procedures and hyperparameter optimization process for researchers who wish to
extend the use of neural networks in developing surrogate models.
Amplification of black carbon light absorption induced by atmospheric aging: temporal variation at seasonal and diel scales in urban Guangzhou
Authors: Sun Jia Yin , Wu Cheng , Wu Dui , Cheng Chunlei , Li Mei , Li Lei , Deng Tao , Yu Jian Zhen , Li Yong Jie , Zhou Qianni , Liang Yue , Sun Tianlin , Song Lang , Cheng Peng , Yang Wenda , Pei Chenglei , Chen Yanning , Cen Yanxiang , Nian Huiqing , Zhou Zhen
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) aerosols have been widely recognized as
a vital climate forcer in the atmosphere. Amplification of light absorption
can occur due to coatings on BC during atmospheric aging, an effect that
remains uncertain in accessing the radiative forcing of BC. Existing studies
on the absorption enhancement factor (Eabs) have poor coverage on both
seasonal and diurnal scales. In this study, we applied a recently developed
minimum R squared (MRS) method, which can cover both seasonal and diurnal
scales, for Eabs quantification. Using field measurement data in
Guangzhou, the aims of this study are to explore (1) the temporal dynamics of
BC optical properties at seasonal (wet season, 31 July–10 September; dry
season, 15 November 2017–15 January 2018) and diel scales (1 h time
resolution) in the typical urban environment and (2) the influencing factors on
Eabs temporal variability. Mass absorption efficiency at 520 nm by
primary aerosols (MAEp520) determined by the MRS method exhibited a strong
seasonality (8.6 m2 g−1 in the wet season and 16.8 m2 g−1
in the dry season). Eabs520 was higher in the wet season (1.51±0.50) and lower in the dry season (1.29±0.28). Absorption
Ångström exponent (AAE470–660) in the dry season (1.46±0.12) was higher than that in the wet season (1.37±0.10). Collective
evidence showed that the active biomass burning (BB) in the dry season
effectively altered the optical properties of BC, leading to elevated MAE,
MAEp and AAE in the dry season compared to those in the wet season.
Diurnal Eabs520 was positively correlated with AAE470–660 (R2=0.71) and negatively correlated with the AE33 aerosol loading
compensation parameter (k) (R2=0.74) in the wet season, but these
correlations were significantly weaker in the dry season, which may be
related to the impact of BB. This result suggests that during the wet
season, the lensing effect was more likely dominating the AAE diurnal
variability rather than the contribution from brown carbon (BrC). Secondary
processing can affect Eabs diurnal dynamics. The Eabs520 exhibited
a clear dependency on the ratio of secondary organic carbon to organic carbon (SOC∕OC), confirming the contribution of secondary organic aerosols to
Eabs; Eabs520 correlated well with nitrate and showed a clear
dependence on temperature. This new finding implies that gas–particle
partitioning of semivolatile compounds may potentially play an important
role in steering the diurnal fluctuation of Eabs520. In the dry season,
the diurnal variability in Eabs520 was associated with photochemical
aging as evidenced by the good correlation (R2=0.69) between oxidant
concentrations (Ox=O3+NO2) and Eabs520.
Using a holographic imager on a tethered balloon system for microphysical observations of boundary layer clouds
Authors: Ramelli Fabiola , Beck Alexander , Henneberger Jan , Lohmann Ulrike
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Conventional techniques to measure boundary layer clouds such as research aircraft are unable to sample in orographically diverse or densely populated areas. In this paper, we present a newly developed measurement platform on a tethered balloon system (HoloBalloon) to measure in situ vertical profiles of microphysical and meteorological cloud properties up to 1 km above ground. The main component of the HoloBalloon platform is a holographic imager, which uses digital in-line holography to image an ensemble of cloud particles in the size range from small cloud droplets to precipitation-sized particles in a three-dimensional volume. Based on a set of two-dimensional images, information about the phase-resolved particle size distribution, shape and spatial distribution can be obtained. The velocity-independent sample volume makes holographic imagers particularly well suited for measurements on a balloon. The unique combination of holography and balloon-borne measurements allows for observations with high spatial resolution, covering cloud structures from the kilometer down to the millimeter scale. The potential of the measurement technique in studying boundary layer clouds is demonstrated on the basis of a case study. We present observations of a supercooled low stratus cloud during a Bise situation over the Swiss Plateau in February 2018. In situ microphysical profiles up to 700 m altitude above the ground were performed at temperatures down to −8 ∘C and wind speeds up to 15 m s−1. We were able to capture unique microphysical signatures in stratus clouds, in the form of inhomogeneities in the cloud droplet number concentration and in cloud droplet size, from the kilometer down to the meter scale.
Chemical discrimination of the particulate and gas phases of miniCAST exhausts using a two-filter collection method
Authors: Ngo Linh Dan , Duca Dumitru , Carpentier Yvain , Noble Jennifer A. , Ikhenazene Raouf , Vojkovic Marin , Irimiea Cornelia , Ortega Ismael K. , Lefevre Guillaume , Yon Jérôme , Faccinetto Alessandro , Therssen Eric , Ziskind Michael , Chazallon Bertrand , Pirim Claire , Focsa Cristian
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Combustion of hydrocarbons produces both particulate- and gas-phase
emissions responsible for major impacts on atmospheric chemistry and human
health. Ascertaining the impact of these emissions, especially on human
health, is not straightforward because of our relatively poor knowledge of
how chemical compounds are partitioned between the particle and gas phases.
Accordingly, we propose coupling a two-filter sampling method with a
multi-technique analytical approach to fully characterize the particulate-
and gas-phase compositions of combustion by-products. The two-filter
sampling method is designed to retain particulate matter (elemental carbon
possibly covered in a surface layer of adsorbed molecules) on a first quartz
fiber filter while letting the gas phase pass through and then trap the
most volatile components on a second black-carbon-covered filter. All
samples thus collected are subsequently subjected to a multi-technique
analytical protocol involving two-step laser mass spectrometry (L2MS),
secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Using
the combination of this two-filter sampling–multi-technique approach in
conjunction with advanced statistical methods, we are able to unravel
distinct surface chemical compositions of aerosols generated with different
set points of a miniCAST burner. Specifically, we successfully discriminate
samples by their volatile, semi-volatile, and non-volatile polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents and reveal how subtle changes in
combustion parameters affect particle surface chemistry.
A tropopause-based a priori for IASI-SOFRID Ozone retrievals: improvements and validation
Authors: Barret Brice , Emili Emanuele , Le Flochmoen Eric
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The Metop/IASI instruments provide data for operational meteorology and document atmospheric composition since 2007. IASI Ozone (O3) data have been used extensively to characterize the seasonal and interrannual variabilities and the evolution of tropospheric O3 at the global scale. The SOFRID (SOftware for a Fast Retrieval of IASI Data) is a fast retrieval algorithm that provides IASI O3 profiles for the whole IASI period. Up to now SOFRID O3 retrievals (v1.5 and 1.6) were performed with a single a priori profile which resulted in important biases and probably a too low variability. For the first time we have implemented a dynamical a priori profile for spaceborne O3 retrievals which takes the pixel location, time and tropopause height into account for SOFRID-O3 v3.5 retrievals. In the present study we validate SOFRID-O3 v1.6 and v3.5 with ECC ozonesonde profiles from the global WOUDC database for the 2008–2017 period. Our validation is based on a thorough statistical analysis using Taylor diagrams. Furthermore we compare our retrievals with ozonesonde profiles both smoothed by the IASI averaging kernels and raw. This methodology is essential to evaluate the inherent usefulness of the retrievals to assess O3 variability and trends. The use of a dynamical a priori largely improves the retrievals concerning two main aspects: (i) it corrects high biases for low-tropospheric O3 regions such as the southern hemisphere (ii) it increases the retrieved O3 variability leading to a better agreement with ozonesonde data. Concerning UTLS and stratospheric O3 the improvements are less important and the biases are very similar for both versions. The SOFRID Tropospheric Ozone Columns (TOC) display no significant drifts (
Impact of small-scale disturbances on geochemical conditions, biogeochemical processes and element fluxes in surface sediments of the eastern Clarion–Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean
Authors: Volz Jessica B. , Haffert Laura , Haeckel Matthias , Koschinsky Andrea , Kasten Sabine
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The thriving interest in harvesting deep-sea mineral resources, such as
polymetallic nodules, calls for environmental impact studies and,
ultimately, for regulations for environmental protection. Industrial-scale
deep-sea mining of polymetallic nodules most likely has severe consequences
for the natural environment. However, the effects of mining activities on
deep-sea ecosystems, sediment geochemistry and element fluxes are still
poorly understood. Predicting the environmental impact is challenging due to
the scarcity of environmental baseline studies as well as the lack of mining
trials with industrial mining equipment in the deep sea. Thus, currently we
have to rely on small-scale disturbances simulating deep-sea mining
activities as a first-order approximation to study the expected impacts on
the abyssal environment. Here, we investigate surface sediments in disturbance tracks of seven
small-scale benthic impact experiments, which have been performed in four
European contract areas for the exploration of polymetallic nodules in the
Clarion–Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the NE Pacific. These small-scale disturbance experiments
were performed 1 d to 37 years prior to our sampling program in the
German, Polish, Belgian and French contract areas using different
disturbance devices. We show that the depth distribution of solid-phase Mn
in the upper 20 cm of the sediments in the CCZ provides a reliable tool for
the determination of the disturbance depth, which has been proposed in a
previous study from the SE Pacific (Paul et al., 2018). We found that the upper 5–15 cm of the
sediments was removed during various small-scale disturbance experiments in
the different exploration contract areas. Transient transport-reaction
modeling for the Polish and German contract areas reveals that the removal
of the surface sediments is associated with the loss of the reactive labile total organic carbon (TOC) fraction. As a result, oxygen consumption rates decrease significantly
after the removal of the surface sediments, and, consequently, oxygen
penetrates up to 10-fold deeper into the sediments, inhibiting
denitrification and Mn(IV) reduction. Our model results show that the return
to steady-state geochemical conditions after the disturbance is controlled
by diffusion until the reactive labile TOC fraction in the surface sediments
is partly re-established and the biogeochemical processes commence. While
the re-establishment of bioturbation is essential, steady-state geochemical
conditions are ultimately controlled by the delivery rate of organic matter
to the seafloor. Hence, under current depositional conditions, new steady-state geochemical conditions in the sediments of the CCZ are reached only on
a millennium scale even for these small-scale disturbances simulating
deep-sea mining activities.
Light availability modulates the effects of warming in a marine N2 fixer
Authors: Yi Xiangqi , Fu Fei-Xue , Hutchins David A. , Gao Kunshan
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Trichodesmium species, as a group of photosynthetic N2 fixers
(diazotrophs), play an important role in the marine biogeochemical cycles of
nitrogen and carbon, especially in oligotrophic waters. How ongoing ocean
warming may interact with light availability to affect Trichodesmium is not yet clear. We
grew Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS 101 at three temperature levels of 23, 27, and 31∘C under
growth-limiting and growth-saturating light levels of 50 and 160 µmol quanta m−2 s−1, respectively, for at least 10 generations and then
measured physiological performance, including the specific growth rate, N2
fixation rate, and photosynthesis. Light availability significantly modulated
the growth response of Trichodesmium to temperature, with the specific growth rate
peaking at ∼27∘C under the light-saturating
conditions, while growth of light-limited cultures was non-responsive across
the tested temperatures (23, 27, and 31∘C). Short-term thermal
responses for N2 fixation indicated that both high growth temperature
and light intensity increased the optimum temperature (Topt) for
N2 fixation and decreased its susceptibility to supra-optimal
temperatures (deactivation energy – Eh). Simultaneously, all
light-limited cultures with low Topt and high Eh were unable to
sustain N2 fixation during short-term exposure to high temperatures (33–34∘C) that are not lethal for the cells grown under
light-saturating conditions. Our results imply that Trichodesmium spp. growing under low
light levels while distributed deep in the euphotic zone or under cloudy
weather conditions might be less sensitive to long-term temperature changes
that occur on the timescale of multiple generations but are more susceptible to
abrupt (less than one generation time span) temperature changes, such as
those induced by cyclones and heat waves.