bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of child health care in the family Health strategy
Authors: Sales Maria Lucélia Da Hora , Ponnet Liz , Campos Carlos Eduardo Aguilera , Demarzo Marcelo Marcos Piva , Miranda Cláudio Torres de
Published: February 2016

ResumoObjetivo: verificar a qualidade da atenção à saúde da criança pelas equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) em Capital do Nordeste do Brasil. Método: trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado durante o ano de 2010, por meio de inquérito com os profissionais médicos e enfermeiros de 66 equipes da ESF de Maceió-AL, estratificadas por tempo de funcionamento em anos. Utilizou-se parte do instrumento de auto-avaliação denominado Avaliação para Melhoria da Qualidade da Estratégia Saúde da Família (AMQ) do Ministério da Saúde, especificamente as questões referentes às ações e atividades realizadas no campo de atenção à “saúde da criança”, dentro da dimensão “atenção à saúde”. Resultados: os padrões elementares de qualidade foram encontrados em 84,1% das ações realizadas. Os padrões considerados avançados apresentaram o menor percentual de conformidade entre todas as equipes (47,7%). Quanto ao tempo de implantação da ESF, as equipes com menos de quatro anos tenderam a relatar melhores padrões de qualidade. Conclusões: os achados sugerem que as ações de saúde da criança estão sendo realizadas em melhor conformidade nas equipes com menos tempo de implantação, e que a grande maioria das equipes ainda estão atendendo a padrões considerados menos avançados em termos de qualidade.
Body Composition and Chest Expansion of Type II and III Spinal Muscular Atrophy Patients
Authors: Mainenti Míriam Raquel Meira , Sousa Raíssa Christina Mendes de , Dias Cristina Márcia , Costa Susana Ortiz , Ferreira Arthur De Sá , Souza Carla Peixoto Vinha de , Araújo Alexandra Prufer de Queiroz Campos
Published: February 2016

ResumoIntrodução: pacientes com atrofia muscular espinhal apresentam fraqueza muscular, problemas ortopédicos, complicações alimentares e declínio da função respiratória. Alterações na massa magra e na massa gorda também são esperadas. Objetivo: verificar a composição corporal e a expansão torácica de pacientes com atrofia muscular espinhal tipo II e III. Método: foram avaliados 14 indivíduos, sete no Grupo I (pacientes) com 9 (7 - 12) anos, 29,7 (23,5 - 60,0) kg; e sete no Grupo II (sem a doença) com 9 (9-12) anos, 31,0 (27,8 - 54,1) kg. A análise da composição corporal foiobtida pela bioimpedância elétrica monofrequencial. Os perímetros de tórax, quadril e abdômen foram medidos com uma fita métrica. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa SPSS (p < 0,05). Resultados: os pacientes apresentaram maior impedância: 1416,9 (850,5 - 1559,1) vs788,0 (68 3, 6 - 853,8), P < 0,05; e percentual de gordura: 31,2 (23,9 - 46,6) vs 19,1 (14,9 - 27,0)%, P<0,05. A diferença entre a perimetria de tórax em inspiração forçada e em expiração forçada foi menor para os pacientes em comparação com o Grupo II: 3,0 (0,8 - 4,4) vs. 5,0 (3,9 - 6,5) cm, P < 0,05. Conclusão: pacientes com amiotrofia muscular espinhal apresentaram maior adiposidade e menor expansão torácica.
Groggy and with Tied Hands: The First Contact with the Newborn According to Women that Had an Unwanted C-Section
Authors: Salgado Heloisa De Oliveira , Niy Denise Yoshie , Diniz Carmen Simone Grilo
Published: February 2016

ResumoObjetivo: descrever e analisar a experiência e os sentimentos de mulheres que relatam ter vivido uma cesárea indesejada no primeiro contato com seus filhos recém-nascidos. Método: pesquisa baseada na internet, com convite para participação publicado em outubro de 2011 via redes sociais. As mulheres que responderam foram entrevistadas a respeito de sua experiência de cesárea, de sentimentos associados à experiência de parto e nascimento e ao período pós-parto. A pesquisa foi orientada pela perspectiva das relações sociais de gênero. Resultados: vinte mulheres foram entrevistadas. A idade delas variou entre 17 e 41 anos. Metade delas residia em São Paulo. Todas, exceto uma, tinham 12 anos ou mais de estudo e eram casadas ou moravam com o companheiro. Apenas duas permaneceram com o filho logo após o nascimento. Para as demais, o tempo de separação variou de menos de uma hora (três mulheres) a mais de quatro horas (seis mulheres). A maioria não pôde contar com um acompanhante de sua escolha no pós-parto imediato, embora no Brasil esse direito seja garantido por lei. A maioria relata ter sofrido algum tipo de violência. Muitas lamentaram estar sob efeito de medicação para sedação no primeiro contato com o recém-nascido. Três grupos foram identificados: mulheres com sentimentos de plenitude, mulheres com sentimentos ambíguos e mulheres sem emoções positivas acerca de seu filho. Conclusões: mulheres que referem suas cesáreas como indesejadas tiveram suas frustrações com as experiências do parto amplificadas pelas condições do primeiro contato com seu recém-nascido, condições estas prejudicadas pelas rotinas de assistência nos pós-parto imediato.
Risk Factors for Recurrent Wheezing in Infants
Authors: Lustosa Wellyne Alves , Melo Marta Lígia Vieira , Isidório Ubiraídys De Andrade , Sousa Milena Nunes Alves de , Abreu Luiz Carlos De , Valenti Vitor Engrácia , Cardoso Marco A. , Assis Elisangela Vilar de
Published: February 2016

ResumoIntrodução: a sibilância é um dos sintomas respiratórios mais comuns na infância. Independentemente da causa, é motivo de procura por atendimento médico em serviços de urgência, sobretudo se há recorrência dos episódios. Muito frequente na infância, a sibilância de repetição tem seus primeiros episódios no primeiro ano de vida. Objetivo: verificar os fatores de risco para sibilância recorrente em lactentes no primeiro ano de vida. Método: pesquisa de campo do tipo exploratória, transversal com abordagem quantitativa, onde foi aplicado um questionário padronizado do Estudo Internacional de Sibilância em Lactentes, traduzido e validado no Brasil, constituído por questões objetivas. Foram questionadas 40 mães cadastradas em duas Unidades de Saúde da Família. Resultados: os fatores de risco encontrados: tabagismo durante a gestação, histórico familiar de asma, rinite e dermatite alérgica, presença de pelo menos um animal doméstico em domicílio na época do nascimento e idade do primeiro resfriado menor ou igual a três meses de vida. Não foram encontradas relações significativas entre sibilância e gênero masculino, amamentação exclusiva e quantidade de resfriados no primeiro ano de vida. Conclusão: mesmo utilizando um instrumento de pesquisa padronizado, é notória a discrepância nos resultados encontrados.
Cultural Aspects of Offering Pacifier to Children
Authors: Dadalto Elaine Cristina Vargas , Rosa Edinete Maria
Published: February 2016

ResumoIntrodução: Um objeto ou fenômeno cultural expressa a experiência histórica de muitas gerações precedentes. O uso de chupetas pelas crianças tem gerado muitos debates do ponto de vista biológico, entretanto deve ser analisada também com profundidade a sua representação como um objeto social, produto da cultura. Objetivo: verificar aspectos relacionados à apropriação da cultura nos trabalhos que analisaram hábitos de sucção de chupeta. Método: Foram consultadas as bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, Biblioteca Cochrane e Portal da CAPES, e selecionados artigos datados de 2002 a 2011. Resultados: Foram encontrados 26 trabalhos referentes ao hábito de sucção de chupeta, considerando os aspectos culturais. O uso de chupeta tem sido muito frequente, mesmo quando as mães receberam orientações prévias de profissionais para não ofertar a chupeta ao recém-nascido. Conclusão: Os resultados dos trabalhos pesquisados ressaltaram o processo de apropriação da cultura quando é analisado o uso da chupeta pelas crianças.
Caracterização do estado nutricional dos pacientes neurológicos com mobilidade reduzida
Authors: Toimil Rosana Farah Simony Lamigueiro , Chaud Daniela Maria Alves , Abreu Edeli Simioni de , Assis Silvana Maria Blascovi
Published: February 2016

Objetivo: avaliar o estado nutricional de pacientes neurológicos em atendimento fisioterapêutico. Método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo e transversal, no qual foram convidados a participar da pesquisa todos os pacientes atendidos no setor de neurologia da clínica de fisioterapia de uma clínica-escola universitária na região metropolitana de São Paulo. Após a assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido pelos participantes ou por seus pais ou responsáveis, foi agendada a consulta nutricional para a coleta de dados de identificação e coleta de dados antropométricos para realização do exame de bioimpedância elétrica e classificação do estado nutricional. Foram avaliados 24 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 3 e 62 anos, divididos em dois grupos (crianças e jovens, n = 10 e adultos, n = 14) que realizavam tratamentofisioterápico na clínica e que apresentavam mobilidade reduzida. Resultados: em relação às variáveis sócio-demográficas, a maior parte dos pacientes apresentou nível socioeconômico classificado entre B1 e C1. Dentre os sintomas gastrintestinais mais presentes, se destacaram a gastrite e o refluxo gastroesofágico. A maior parte dos pacientes adultos apresentou: eutrofia (64,3%) seguida de obesidade (21,4%) e de sobrepeso (7,1%). Apresentaram ainda risco cardiovascular entre moderado e elevado, segundo a circunferência da cintura. Nas crianças e jovens a prevalência de desnutrição foi de 20%. A porcentagem de massa corporal foi em média de 24,2%. Conclusão: esta é uma amostra que apresenta comprometimentos antropométricos e nutricionais importantes e necessita de acompanhamento sistemático para educação em saúde.
Lesões desportivas e seus fatores de risco em adolescentes praticantes de natação
Authors: Vanderlei Franciele Marques , Rossi Renata Claudino , Vanderlei Luiz Carlos Marques , Júnior Jayme Netto , Pastre Carlos Marcelo
Published: February 2016

Introdução: a natação é uma modalidade popular entre os adolescentes, no entanto, sua prática pode conduzir às lesões. Objetivos: caracterizar as lesões desportivas e associá-las com fatores de risco em adolescentes praticantes de natação de diferentes níveis de competitividade. Método: foram entrevistados 251 nadadores, com média de idade de 12,43±2,10 anos, ambos os sexos, recrutados ao acaso, classificadas em três níveis competitivos: categoria de iniciação, aperfeiçoamento e treinamento. Foi utilizado o inquérito de morbidade referida adaptado com as características da natação como instrumento de coleta que continha informações pessoais e de treinamento dos voluntários, como: idade, variáveis antropométricas e variáveis de treinamento e informações referentes às lesões ocorridas durante 12 meses. Todas as conclusões foram descritas no nível de 5% de significância. Resultados: Foram observadas 0,11 lesões por atleta e 1,03 lesões por atleta lesionado. Foi constatada associação entre presença e ausência de lesão com a variável estatura e tempo de treinamento. O mecanismo causal mais frequente foi o sem contato para as categorias de iniciação e treinamento. Os locais anatômicos mais acometidos foram os MMII e MMSS para todos os níveis de competitividade, assim como a gravidade leve, o treinamento e a ausência de recidiva predominaram. O retorno assintomático foi mais frequente para a iniciação, enquanto que o retorno sintomático prevaleceu na categoria de treinamento. Conclusão: a taxa de lesão nos adolescentes nadadores foi baixa. As variáveis estatura e tempo de treinamento foram associadas à ocorrência dos agravos. As características das lesões dependeram do nível de competitividade dos nadadores.
Prevalência de sibilância recorrente e seus fatores de risco
Authors: Assis Elisangela Vilar de , Sousa Milena Nunes Alves de , Feitosa Ankilma Do Nascimento Andrade , Souza Ana Cecília Amorim de , Leitão Pablo De Almeida , Quental Ocilma Barros de , Isidório Ubiraidys De Andrade , Abreu Luiz Carlos de , Valenti Vitor Engrácia
Published: February 2016

Objetivo: analisar a prevalência de sibilância recorrente e seus fatores de risco. Método: revisão integrativa, norteada pela questão de pesquisa “qual é a prevalência da sibilância recorrente e seus fatores de risco?”. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados MedLine e Lilacs em abril e maio de 2013. Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudo científico, disponível na íntegra, publicado entre 2002 e 2013, com acesso livre e gratuito e os resultados foram apresentados em tabela. Resultados: a sibilância apresenta uma maior prevalência em países em desenvolvimento, possivelmente devido a baixas condições socioeconômicas. Dentre seus fatores de risco encontram-se a hereditariedade, o grau de escolaridade materna, a frequência em creche, o tabagismo durante a gravidez, a amamentação por > 3 meses, animais no domicílio de crianças, dentre outros. Conclusão: na América Latina, a prevalência da sibilância mostra-se elevada e o uso de instrumentos não padronizados dificulta seu tratamento.
Segurança contra incêndio em unidades básicas de saúde
Authors: Machi Junior Amaury , Quiaios André , Domingues José Nuno , Ferreira Ana , Paixão Susana , Sá Nelson Leite , Azzalis Ligia Ajaime , Junqueira Virginia Berlanga Campos , Silva Odair Ramos da , Vicente Maria Teresa Conceição , Fonseca Fernando Luiz Affonso
Published: February 2016

Hoje em dia reconhece-se a necessidade de uma modernização dos Estados e respectivos aparelhos administrativos. No contexto normativo e referente à prevenção de incêndios, o Corpo de Bombeiros foi à entidade mais atuante na criação de legislações e normas, baseando-se nos trágicos acontecimentos e na experiência adquirida no atendimento diário de ocorrências. O incêndio pode atacar qualquer local onde existam ou não atividades humanas sendo que os estabelecimentos assistenciais de saúde (EAS) não estão isentos deste infortúnio e infelizmente existe a possibilidade real de que possam acontecer novas tragédias relacionadas com incêndios dado que a carga de incêndio. O objectivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar o nível de conhecimento que os funcionários de Unidades Básicas de Saúde possuem em relação à temática Segurança contra Incêndio e confrontar os resultados com o exigido legislação vigente confrontando os achados com o Decreto Estadual 5.6819/11 devido à não obrigatoriedade de constituição de brigada de incêndio nas unidades básicas de saúde, com menos de 750 m², piso térreo, constituindo a grande maioria das edificações do sistema de Saúde Brasileiro. O método de investigação é um qualitativo observacional e descritivo por amostra de conveniência em noveUnidades Básicas de Saúde no município de Santo André, São Paulo, Brasil, com o objetivo de aprofundar o nível de conhecimento que os funcionários possuem em relação à temática Segurança contra Incêndio.
Social representation of the hospital ludic: look of the child
Authors: Ferreira Naidhia Alves Soares , Esmeraldo Joana D’arc , Blake Marcia De Toledo , Antão Jennifer Yohanna Ferreira de Lima , Raimundo Rodrigo Daminello , Abreu Luiz Carlos
Published: February 2016

Introdução: o brincar tem se tornado objeto de estudo nos diversos setores da sociedade, sendo considerado como uma atividade espontânea inata ao ser humano e necessário ao desenvolvimento infantil físico, social, emocional e cognitivo, facilita comunicação, ajuda na socialização e adaptação a ambientes e pessoas. Quando hospitalizadas, as criança se sentem vulneráveis, com pessoas desconhecidas, procedimentos invasivos e dolorosos, e a limitação das atividades exercidas por ela, tendem a tornar a situação pior. Objetivos: descrever a percepção da criança, acerca do lúdico no ambiente hospitalar e verificar a representação social da brinquedoteca para as crianças internadas a partir da técnica de Desenho-Estória com tema. Método: tratou-se de um estudo qualitativo e exploratório que utilizou como instrumento de coleta de dados a técnica do Desenho – Estória com tema, tendo como sujeitos 12 crianças com idade entre 06 e 11 anos. A análise dos dados foi realizada a partir da discussão com subsídios teóricos estudados, além da observação dos pesquisadores, que possibilitou encontrar respostas ao problema pesquisado, estabelecendo as relações necessárias entre os dados obtidos e as hipótesesformuladas. Resultados: para as crianças o lúdico no contexto hospitalar estava ligado ao espaço da brinquedoteca, de forma que, a maior parte relatou que não brincavam no quarto, ou em qualquer outro local do hospital. Logo, sua representação social para as crianças foi identificada como um lugar onde acontece socialização, recuperação, onde se pode manipular imaginariamente o ambiente para aproximar-se da realidade cotidiana, ou transformar a situação vivenciada em algo familiar. Percebeu-se que a ludicidade mudam as idéias previamente formadas pela criança sobre o hospital, passando este, a ser percebido como um espaço que proporciona bem-estar e prazer, e onde se pode brincar. O desenho contextualiza e revela simbolicamente a situação de hospitalização, além de apresentar-se como elementoestruturante para a criança do ponto de vista emocional. Conclusões: a brinquedoteca é capaz de aumentar a adaptação da criança à nova situação que vivencia, e inclusive atuar sobre o restabelecimento de sua saúde. Por fim, constatamos que o lúdico é fator de proteção para crianças durante a hospitalização. Embora a obrigatoriedade da presença das brinquedotecas hospitalares em instituições de saúde com atendimento pediátrico seja um grande avanço para as políticas públicas, há ainda alguns desafios que necessitam ser superados, dentre eles a necessidade de engajamento dos profissionais de saúde e estabelecimento de uma rotina de funcionamento.
Silver oxide Schottky contacts and metal semiconductor field-effect transistors on SnO2 thin films
Authors: Dang Giang T. , Uchida Takayuki , Kawaharamura Toshiyuki , Furuta Mamoru , Hyndman Adam R. , Martinez Rodrigo , Fujita Shizuo , Reeves Roger J. , Allen Martin W.
Published: February 2016

Silver oxide Schottky contacts (SCs), reactively sputtered using a low-power Ar:O2 rf-plasma on SnO2 films grown by mist-CVD, showed significantly improved figures-of-merit compared with plain-metal SCs, with barrier heights of 0.91 eV and ideality factors close to unity. These SCs were used to fabricate thin-film metal-semiconductor FETs with on/off ratios >106 on the same solution-processed material. It is proposed that the high quality of these SCs is due to the oxidized fabrication methodology, whereby reactive oxygen species are likely to be present during the formation of the Schottky interface, leading to the removal of the native surface electron accumulation layer.
Low-distortion MOSFET with optimized donor concentration profile at channel–drain junction designed by harmonic balance device simulation
Authors: Sato-Iwanaga Junko , Yu Zhiping , Dutton Robert W. , Tsuchiya Hideaki
Published: February 2016

The nonlinear characteristics arising from the third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) of MOSFETs are investigated by harmonic-balance device simulation. First, to identify the spatial location in a MOSFET, where IMD3 is mostly generated, a conventional n-MOSFET structure is simulated, and it is found that IMD3 generation is located at the top surface over the channel–drain p–n junction where a high lateral electric-field exists. Second, to alleviate the impact of IMD3, we proposed and simulated three types of n-MOSFET structures with a low lateral electric-field around the channel–drain junction. We demonstrated that a low-distortion MOSFET can be realized by optimizing the doping concentration profile at the channel–drain junction. In particular, the introduction of a thin layer of a low-doped n-type surface-channel and a low-doped n-type drain at the top of p-type well and n-type drain regions resulted in a marked IMD3 reduction of as much as 8 dBm in IMD3 power characteristics, in comparison with a conventional structure.
Memory system architecture for the data centric computing
Authors: Takeuchi Ken
Published: February 2016

This paper overviews the NAND flash memory and storage class memory such as resistive random access memory (ReRAM), spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random access memory (STT-MRAM), and parameter random access memory (PRAM) hybrid memory system for the big-data applications. In the conventional processing-centric computing such as personal computers (PCs) and high performance computing (HPC) servers, the data amount was restricted and the key technological issue was to enhance the processing capabilities by increasing the clock frequency of central processing units (CPUs) and increasing the parallelism with multi/many cores. On the other hand, in the big data applications such as online transaction processing (OLTP) and online analytical processing (OLAP), 3V (volume, variety, and velocity) data must be handled. Thus, the key challenge is to reduce the cost of moving data through the deep memory hierarchy from the storage through the main memory to the CPU and eventually to resolve the Von Neumann bottleneck. To resolve the Von Neumann bottleneck and realize a high-speed, low cost, low power storage, this paper overviews the hybrid memory system especially emphasizing the storage class memory in such a data-centric computing architecture.
Current-induced domain wall motion in magnetic nanowires with various widths down to less than 20 nm
Authors: Fukami Shunsuke , Iwabuchi Toru , Sato Hideo , Ohno Hideo
Published: February 2016

We experimentally and theoretically study the current-induced domain wall motion in magnetic nanowires with various widths, and discuss the issues concerning the domain wall motion in wires with reduced widths down to less than 20 nm. For Co/Ni nanowires, the threshold current density significantly increases as the width decreases below 30 nm and the domain wall motion is not observed within the studied current density range for a number of devices with the wire width of around 20 nm. The relationship between the threshold current density and wire width is reasonably reproduced by a theoretical calculation based on the adiabatic spin-transfer torque model. The micromagnetic simulation suggests that high-anisotropy materials are promising for domain-wall-motion devices with wire widths beyond 20 nm.
Development of a novel 1200-V-class 4H-SiC implantation-and-epitaxial trench MOSFET with low on-resistance
Authors: Shiomi Hiromu , Kitai Hidenori , Tamaso Hideto , Fukuda Kenji
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we present a newly developed 1200-V-class 4H-SiC implantation-and-epitaxial trench metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (IETMOSFET). It uses high-quality p- and n-epitaxial layers for a channel and a trench current spreading layer (TCSL), respectively. It can enhance both channel mobility and bulk mobility for current spreading by avoiding damage and impurity variations caused by ion implantation. The ion implantation and epitaxial techniques developed for existing ion-implantation-and-epitaxial MOSFETs (IEMOSFETs) are herein utilized to protect the trench bottom and a relatively low-doped epitaxial channel layer with high mobility. By optimizing the geometry of p-base regions under a gate trench structure, we obtain a low specific on-resistance (R
ON
A) of 1.8 mΩ cm2 with a breakdown voltage (BVDSS) above 1200 V.
Head capsule stacking by caterpillars: morphology complements behaviour to provide a novel defence
Authors: Low Petah A. , McArthur Clare , Hochuli Dieter F.
Published: February 2016

Herbivores employ a variety of chemical, behavioural and morphological defences to reduce mortality from natural enemies. In some caterpillars the head capsules of successive instars are retained and stacked on top of each other and it has been suggested that this could serve as a defence against natural enemies. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the survival of groups of the gumleaf skeletoniserUraba lugensWalker caterpillars, allocated to one of three treatments: “−HC,” where stacked head capsules were removed from all individuals, “+HC,” where the caterpillars retained their stacked head capsules, and “mixed,” where only half of the caterpillars in a group had their stacked head capsules removed. We found no difference in predation rate between the three treatments, but within the mixed treatment, caterpillars with head capsules were more than twice as likely to survive. During predator choice trials, conducted to observe how head capsule stacking acts as a defence, the predatory pentatomid bug attacked the −HC caterpillar in four out of six trials. The two attacks on +HC caterpillars took over 10 times longer because the bug would poke its rostrum through the head capsule stack, while the caterpillar used its head capsule stack to deflect the bug’s rostrum. Our results support the hypothesis that the retention of moulted head capsules byU. lugensprovides some protection against their natural enemies and suggest that this is because stacked head capsules can function as a false target for natural enemies as well as a weapon to fend off attackers. This represents the first demonstration of a defensive function.
Identifying key conservation threats to Alpine birds through expert knowledge
Authors: Chamberlain Dan E. , Pedrini Paolo , Brambilla Mattia , Rolando Antonio , Girardello Marco
Published: February 2016

Alpine biodiversity is subject to a range of increasing threats, but the scarcity of data for many taxa means that it is difficult to assess the level and likely future impact of a given threat. Expert opinion can be a useful tool to address knowledge gaps in the absence of adequate data. Experts with experience in Alpine ecology were approached to rank threat levels for 69 Alpine bird species over the next 50 years for the whole European Alps in relation to ten categories: land abandonment, climate change, renewable energy, fire, forestry practices, grazing practices, hunting, leisure, mining and urbanization. There was a high degree of concordance in ranking of perceived threats among experts for most threat categories. The major overall perceived threats to Alpine birds identified through expert knowledge were land abandonment, urbanization, leisure and forestry, although other perceived threats were ranked highly for particular species groups (renewable energy and hunting for raptors, hunting for gamebirds). For groups of species defined according to their breeding habitat, open habitat species and treeline species were perceived as the most threatened. A spatial risk assessment tool based on summed scores for the whole community showed threat levels were highest for bird communities of the northern and western Alps. Development of the approaches given in this paper, including addressing biases in the selection of experts and adopting a more detailed ranking procedure, could prove useful in the future in identifying future threats, and in carrying out risk assessments based on levels of threat to the whole bird community.
A large abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Morocco and comments on the Cenomanian theropods from North Africa
Authors: Chiarenza Alfio Alessandro , Cau Andrea
Published: February 2016

We describe the partially preserved femur of a large-bodied theropod dinosaur from the Cenomanian “Kem Kem Compound Assemblage” (KKCA) of Morocco. The fossil is housed in the Museo Geologico e Paleontologico “Gaetano Giorgio Gemmellaro” in Palermo (Italy). The specimen is compared with the theropod fossil record from the KKCA and coeval assemblages from North Africa. The combination of a distally reclined head, a not prominent trochanteric shelf, distally placed lesser trochanter of stout, alariform shape, a stocky shaft with the fourth trochanter placed proximally, and rugose muscular insertion areas in the specimen distinguishes it fromCarcharodontosaurus,DeltadromeusandSpinosaurusand supports referral to an abelisaurid. The estimated body size for the individual from which this femur was derived is comparable toCarnotaurusandEkrixinatosaurus(up to 9 meters in length and 2 tons in body mass). This find confirms that abelisaurids had reached their largest body size in the “middle Cretaceous,” and that large abelisaurids coexisted with other giant theropods in Africa. We review the taxonomic status of the theropods from the Cenomanian of North Africa, and provisionally restrict the Linnean binominaCarcharodontosaurus iguidensisandSpinosaurus aegyptiacusto the type specimens. Based on comparisons among the theropod records from the Aptian-Cenomanian of South America and Africa, a partial explanation for the so-called “Stromer’s riddle” (namely, the coexistence of many large predatory dinosaurs in the “middle Cretaceous” record from North Africa) is offered in term of taphonomic artifacts among lineage records that were ecologically and environmentally non-overlapping. Although morphofunctional and stratigraphic evidence supports an ecological segregation between spinosaurids and the other lineages, the co-occurrence of abelisaurids and carcharodontosaurids, two groups showing several craniodental convergences that suggest direct resource competition, remains to be explained.
Diffractive Optics
Authors: Sokolova Elena
Published: February 2016

An overview of diffractive optics is presented. Various types of diffractive optical elements, principles of their functioning, properties, applications, and fabrication methods are briefly described, starting from the fundamental concepts and definitions. The major advantages and limits of different sorts of elements are mentioned. An important part of this article is devoted to diffractive lenses and recent improvements of their performances.
A Synergistic System for Lithium–Oxygen Batteries in Humid Atmosphere Integrating a Composite Cathode and a Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid‐Based Electrolyte
Authors: Wu Shichao , Tang Jing , Li Fujun , Liu Xizheng , Yamauchi Yusuke , Ishida Masayoshi , Zhou Haoshen
Published: February 2016

Moisture in air is a major obstacle for realizing practical lithium‐air batteries. Here, we integrate a hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL)‐based electrolyte and a cathode composed of electrolytic manganese dioxide and ruthenium oxide supported on Super P (carbon black) to construct a promising system for Li‐O2 battery that can be sustained in humid atmosphere (RH: 51%). A high discharge potential of 2.94 V and low charge potential of 3.34 V for 218 cycles are achieved. The outstanding performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of the unique hydrophobic IL‐based electrolyte and the composite cathode. This is the first time that such excellent performance is achieved in humid O2 atmosphere and these results are believed to facilitate the realization of practical lithium‐air batteries.
Angiogenesis in Liquid Tumors: An In Vitro Assay for Leukemic‐Cell‐Induced Bone Marrow Angiogenesis
Authors: Zheng Yi , Sun Yubing , Yu Xinwei , Shao Yue , Zhang Ping , Dai Guohao , Fu Jianping
Published: February 2016

The critical role of angiogenesis for solid tumor growth and metastatic spread has been well established. In contrast, even though increased vascularity has been commonly observed in bone marrows of patients with hematological malignancies (liquid tumors), the pathophysiology of leukemia‐induced angiogenesis in the bone marrow remains elusive. This paper demonstrates the usage of a microengineered 3D biomimetic model to study leukemic‐cell‐induced bone marrow angiogenesis. Rational design of the 3D angiogenesis chip incorporating endothelial cells (ECs), leukemic cells, and bone marrow stromal fibroblasts provide an efficient biomimetic means to promote and visualize early angiogenic processes. Morphological features of angiogenesis induced by three different leukemic cell lines (U937, HL60, and K562) are investigated and compared. Quantitative measurements of angiogenic factors secreted from monocultures and cocultures of leukemic cells with bone marrow stromal fibroblasts suggest a synergistic relationship between ECs, leukemic cells, and bone marrow stromal fibroblasts for angiogenic induction, and also confirm the necessity of conducting functional angiogenic assays in proper 3D biomimetic cell culture systems like the one developed in this work.
Highly Stable Laser‐Scribed Flexible Planar Microsupercapacitor Using Mushroom Derived Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Yadav Poonam , Basu Aniruddha , Suryawanshi Anil , Game Onkar , Ogale Satishchandra
Published: February 2016

A report is presented on the fabrication of all solid‐state interdigitated flexible microsupercapacitor using ultrafast and highly scalable laser scribing technique, using highly mesoporous carbon synthesized from biomass (mushroom) with hydrothermal preprocessing. The specific protocol used for carbon synthesis renders some unique property features to the material (surface area of 2604 m² g−1 with hierarchical pore size distribution) in the context of supercapacitor electrode application. A polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐H2SO4 gel electrolyte is used for electrochemical measurements. The microsupercapacitor shows high cyclic stability up to 15000 cycles. Moreover it shows nearly 90% stability after 1000 bending cycles at 60° angle. It also retains its performance even under 120° bending condition. This work represents a facile and fast technique for microscaled device fabrication that can be easily commercialized. Moreover, the mushroom‐derived carbon used to make the electrodes holds great promise in context of the stability and flexibility of flexible supercapacitors.
Designing Silica‐Based Hybrid Polymers and Their Application in the Loading and Release of Fluorescein as a Model Drug and Diagnostic Agent
Authors: Jamwal Hem Suman , Chauhan Ghanshyam S.
Published: February 2016

Polymeric hybrid materials are interesting functional materials with many diverse properties. Two new hybrid nanomaterials, poly(methacrylic acid‐co‐(2‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)/silica (P(MAA‐DMAEM)/SiO2) and poly(methacrylic acid)/silica (P(MAA)/SiO2) were prepared via the emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization in which 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane was used as a silane‐coupling agent, tetraethoxysilane and polyvinyl alcohol were used as a silica component precursor and polymeric colloid stabilizer, respectively. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized by various techniques and were used as drug delivery systems. Fluorescein, mainly used in angiography, was chosen as a candidate drug/diagnostic agent to investigate its loading and release behavior from the hybrid nanomaterials. The uptake studies were carried out at room temperature, whereas the release studies were carried out at 37ºC under phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4. The release kinetics was studied by subjecting the obtained data to different kinetic models. The nanohybrid materials exhibited a structure–property relationship in the uptake and release of fluorescein as higher adsorption capacity was observed with a P(MAA)/SiO2 hybrid nanomaterial, whereas more drug release was observed from a P(MAA‐DMAEM)/SiO2 nanomaterial than the former.
Cellular Polymer Ferroelectret: A Review on Their Development and Their Piezoelectric Properties
Authors: Mohebbi Abolfazl , Mighri Frej , Ajji Abdellah , Rodrigue Denis
Published: February 2016

Because of their ability to show ferroelectret behavior when exposed to an external electric field, cellular polymers have been recently considered for ferroelectret applications. These cellular polymer films can be produced by stretching or foaming, but depending on the application and conditions, different polymers, such as polypropylene (PP), poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate), poly(tetrafluoro ethylene), cross‐linked PP, and some cyclo‐olefines, have been considered. Nevertheless, cellular PP was the most investigated material because of its outstanding properties such as high piezoelectric d33 coefficient, flexibility, good fatigue resistance, good charge trapping properties, and low cost. In this review, recent advances related to the materials used for ferroelectret applications and their processing are discussed. The effect of different parameters such as pressure, electrical breakdown strength of the gas phase, presence of fillers, and service temperature on the d33 coefficient is presented and discussed.
Fully Inkjet‐Printed Stress‐Tolerant Microelectromechanical Reed Relays for Large‐Area Electronics
Authors: Karim Muhammed Ahosan Ul , Chung Seungjun , Alon Elad , Subramanian Vivek
Published: February 2016

Patterned deposition of solution‐processed materials utilizing printing technologies is a key enabler for the realization of low‐cost and large‐area electronics. While there have been several demonstrations of printed transistors, reports of printed MEMS have been generally sparse due to the difficulty in realizing robust printed suspended structures. Here, the first demonstration of fully inkjet‐printed three‐terminal microelectromechanical (MEM) reed relays offering excellent immunity to the mechanical stress variation often observed in printed cantilevers is reported. A novel MEM reed relay architecture is revealed where the upward curling of the printed reed due to the stress gradient in the film is restricted by a printed blocking reed, thus delivering immunity to stress variations. The printed reed relays show hyper‐abrupt switching with an on‐state resistance of only ≈15 Ω, immeasurable off‐state leakage, a switching delay of 32 μs, and stable operation over 105 cycles. An analytical model of the reed relay turn‐off voltage is developed, which is validated against the experimental results with varying reed relay geometrical parameters. The fully printed processing capability of the demonstrated reed relays in tandem with their stress tolerant nature and excellent device performance substantiates their promise as a new switching device for low‐cost and large‐area electronics.
Multi‐Functional Transparent Luminescent Configuration for Advanced Photovoltaics
Authors: Nam Minwoo , Kwon Hyun‐Keun , Kwon S. Joon , Kwon Soon‐Hong , Cha Minjeong , Lee Sung‐Hwan , Park Sangpil , Jeong Dawoon , Lee Kyu‐Tae , Rhee Hanju , Do Young Rag , Kim Sangin , Kim Kyoungsik , Friend Richard H. , Han Joon Soo , Han Il Ki , Ko Doo‐Hyun
Published: February 2016

The conversion and manipulation of light via luminescent down‐shifting (LDS) show promise in numerous applications. An elegant combination of lanthanide‐doped polymer‐derived ceramics incorporated with versatile nanopatterns is demonstrated using direct nanoimprint techniques. The prompt formation of nanoscale photonic structures enhances the fluorescence emission from the LDS while retaining the material's optical transparency. The functionality of this material is further expanded to accommodate surface energy modulation by nanopatterns. The practical applicability of this platform in photovoltaic devices is evaluated, showing distinctively enhanced efficiency and lifetime mainly attributed to the nanopattern assisted strong LDS property. Moreover, to efficiently combine two lanthanide emissions, so called a “double imprint” approach is devised by superpositioning two LDS nanopatterned arrays. Combined with the multi‐functionality such as prominent LDS characteristics, color tunability, and surface energy modulation, the developed LDS platform offers promise for esthetic building‐integrated photovoltaics.
Ein radikaltrikationisches Tetraboran(4) mit rhombischer Struktur und Vier‐Zentren‐fünf‐Elektronen‐Bindung
Authors: Litters Sebastian , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: February 2016

Das rote Tetraboran(4) [B4(hpp)4]3+. (3; hpp=1,3,4,6,7,8‐Hexahydro‐2H‐pyrimido[1,2‐a]pyrimidinat) mit einem durch vier N‐Donoren stabilisierten rhombischen B4‐Gerüst entsteht bei der Umsetzung des starken Hydridakzeptors [(Acridin)BCl2][AlCl4] mit dem elektronenreichen Diboran(4) [HB(hpp)]2 (1). Das erhaltene Reaktionsprodukt 3[AlCl4]3 wurde strukturell vollständig charakterisiert, und die Anwesenheit ungepaarter Elektronen wurde mittels ESR‐Spektroskopie nachgewiesen. Das einzigartige Radikaltrikation 3 zeichnet sich durch eine hohe positive Ladung in Kombination mit Boratomen in niedriger Oxidationsstufe (kleiner als zwei) aus.
Structure and Function of a “Head‐to‐Middle” Prenyltransferase: Lavandulyl Diphosphate Synthase
Authors: Liu Meixia , Chen Chun‐Chi , Chen Lu , Xiao Xiansha , Zheng Yingying , Huang Jian‐Wen , Liu Weidong , Ko Tzu‐Ping , Cheng Ya‐Shan , Feng Xinxin , Oldfield Eric , Guo Rey‐Ting , Ma Yanhe
Published: February 2016

We report the first X‐ray structure of the unique “head‐to‐middle” monoterpene synthase, lavandulyl diphosphate synthase (LPPS). LPPS catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to form lavandulyl diphosphate, a precursor to the fragrance lavandulol. The structure is similar to that of the bacterial cis‐prenyl synthase, undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (UPPS), and contains an allylic site (S1) in which DMAPP ionizes and a second site (S2) which houses the DMAPP nucleophile. Both S‐thiolo‐dimethylallyl diphosphate and S‐thiolo‐isopentenyl diphosphate bind intact to S2, but are cleaved to (thio)diphosphate, in S1. His78 (Asn in UPPS) is essential for catalysis and is proposed to facilitate diphosphate release in S1, while the P1 phosphate in S2 abstracts a proton from the lavandulyl carbocation to form the LPP product. The results are of interest since they provide the first structure and structure‐based mechanism of this unusual prenyl synthase.
The Borosulfates K4[BS4O15(OH)], Ba[B2S3O13], and Gd2[B2S6O24]
Authors: Gross Peter , Kirchhain Arno , Höppe Henning A.
Published: February 2016

K4[BS4O15(OH)], Ba[B2S3O13], and Gd2[B2S6O24] were obtained by a new synthetic approach. The strategy involves initially synthesizing the complex acid H[B(HSO4)4] which is subsequently reacted in an open system with anhydrous chlorides of K, Ba, and Gd to the respective borosulfates and a volatile molecule (HCl). Furthermore, protonated borosulfates should be accessible by appropriate stoichiometry of the starting materials, particularly in closed systems, which inhibit deprotonation of H[B(HSO4)4] via condensation and dehydration. This approach led to the successful synthesis of the first divalent and trivalent metal borosulfates (Ba[B2S3O13] with band‐silicate topology and Gd2[B2S6O24] with cyclosilicate topology) and the first hydrogen borosulfate K4[BS4O15(OH)].
A Radical Tricationic Rhomboid Tetraborane(4) with Four‐Center, Five‐Electron Bonding
Authors: Litters Sebastian , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: February 2016

The red‐colored tetraborane(4) [B4(hpp)4]3+. (3; hpp=1,3,4,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐2H‐pyrimido[1,2‐a]pyrimidinate) with a rhomboid B4 skeleton stabilized by four N donors, was synthesized by the reaction of the strong hydride abstraction reagent [(acridine)BCl2][AlCl4] with the electron‐rich diborane(4) [HB(hpp)]2 (1). The salt 3[AlCl4]3 was structurally characterized and the presence of unpaired electrons proven by EPR measurements. The unprecedented radical tricationic 3 is distinguished by a high positive charge and boron atoms in a low oxidation state (less than two).
Spatial mixture multiscale modeling for aggregated health data
Authors: Aregay Mehreteab , Lawson Andrew B. , Faes Christel , Kirby Russell S. , Carroll Rachel , Watjou Kevin
Published: February 2016

One of the main goals in spatial epidemiology is to study the geographical pattern of disease risks. For such purpose, the convolution model composed of correlated and uncorrelated components is often used. However, one of the two components could be predominant in some regions. To investigate the predominance of the correlated or uncorrelated component for multiple scale data, we propose four different spatial mixture multiscale models by mixing spatially varying probability weights of correlated (CH) and uncorrelated heterogeneities (UH). The first model assumes that there is no linkage between the different scales and, hence, we consider independent mixture convolution models at each scale. The second model introduces linkage between finer and coarser scales via a shared uncorrelated component of the mixture convolution model. The third model is similar to the second model but the linkage between the scales is introduced through the correlated component. Finally, the fourth model accommodates for a scale effect by sharing both CH and UH simultaneously. We applied these models to real and simulated data, and found that the fourth model is the best model followed by the second model.
Physical models have gender‐specific effects on student understanding of protein structure–function relationships
Authors: Forbes‐Lorman Robin M. , Harris Michelle A. , Chang Wesley S. , Dent Erik W. , Nordheim Erik V. , Franzen Margaret A.
Published: February 2016

Understanding how basic structural units influence function is identified as a foundational/core concept for undergraduate biological and biochemical literacy. It is essential for students to understand this concept at all size scales, but it is often more difficult for students to understand structure–function relationships at the molecular level, which they cannot as effectively visualize. Students need to develop accurate, 3‐dimensional mental models of biomolecules to understand how biomolecular structure affects cellular functions at the molecular level, yet most traditional curricular tools such as textbooks include only 2‐dimensional representations. We used a controlled, backward design approach to investigate how hand‐held physical molecular model use affected students' ability to logically predict structure–function relationships. Brief (one class period) physical model use increased quiz score for females, whereas there was no significant increase in score for males using physical models. Females also self‐reported higher learning gains in their understanding of context‐specific protein function. Gender differences in spatial visualization may explain the gender‐specific benefits of physical model use observed. © 2016 The Authors Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44(4):326–335, 2016.
Innovative experimental model and simulation method for structural dynamic concepts
Authors: Turker Hakan Tacettin , Coskun Hilmi , Mertayak Cem
Published: February 2016

In this study, different methods to teach and visualize the motion of a single degree of freedom system for engineering undergraduate and graduate students and professionals are described. The examined concepts include the P‐Δ effect in a single degree of freedom system. First, the theoretical background is given. Then, an experimental setup was used to verify the theory. The experimental setup consists of a steel saw with a height, h and stiffness k. An additional mass is put on top of steel saw. A new simple method to find period of a Single Degree of Freedom model is introduced. Using an acoustic method in a new way, period of the oscillating saw is determined. By digitally processing the captured acoustic waves, the period characteristics of the system are calculated. A simulation tool is also developed using Mathematica® software. The simulation provided the users a way to visualize the motion of the system in time along with simple animations. These simple experimental setup and simulation tool provided convenient and useful approaches to demonstrate the concepts including the P‐Δ effect in a single degree of freedom system. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:421–427, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21720