bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nowhere to Go: FDI, Terror, and Market-specific Assets
Authors: Osgood Iain , Simonelli Corina
Published: March 2020

Under what circumstances does terrorism repel foreign investment? The negative effect of terrorism on foreign investment identified in current scholarship masks heterogeneity across host markets and industries. Foreign investment ought to react less to political violence when host markets match firms’ input requirements, when firms lack viable alternative hosts, and when assets are immobile across markets. We model the endogenous codetermination of terror and investment to derive these comparative statics, highlighting empirical challenges in identifying the effects of terror on foreign direct investment. To overcome these obstacles, we use an instrumental variable estimator which exploits differences in the networks along which terror and investment spread. Using industry-level data on the activities of US multinationals, we test our model and conclude that foreign investors that find it hard to leave particular host markets are doubly penalized: their lack of outside options makes them tempting targets for terror. Our findings have implications for other forms of violent and nonviolent political tactics which affect multinationals and for understanding how foreign investment reacts to heightened risk in host markets.
Relationships between an ADHD Diagnosis and Future School Behaviors among Children with Mild Behavioral Problems
Authors: Owens Jayanti
Published: March 2020

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral disorder among U.S. children. ADHD diagnoses have risen among children with both severe and mild behavioral problems, partly in response to mounting academic pressure. This study examines the consequences of ADHD diagnosis. Diagnosis can bring beneficial pharmacological treatment and social supports, but it can also trigger negative social and psychological processes, as suggested by labeling theory. For children with mild behavioral problems, diagnosis may trigger awareness of being ‘‘different’’ for the first time, for example through negative teacher/peer effects. By matching diagnosed and otherwise comparable undiagnosed children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort of 1998–1999, I find that medication has positive effects for diagnosed children with severe prediagnosis behavioral problems, yielding comparable future teacher-rated school behaviors as undiagnosed matches. However, diagnosed and medicated children with mild prediagnosis behavioral problems exhibit poorer future teacher-rated social and academic behaviors than their undiagnosed matches, consistent with labeling theory.
What Happens in Home Visits? Examining a Key Parole Activity
Authors: Meredith Tammy , Hawk Shila René , Johnson Sharon , Prevost John P. , Braucht George
Published: March 2020

Home visits provide a space for officer–supervisee encounters. However, little is known about the dynamics of home visits and their association with supervision outcomes. This study examines the context, content, and role of home visits in parole. Home visits are described using systematic observation data of officer-initiated contacts ( N = 383). The average visit included only those on parole, inside a single-family home, lasted 8 minutes, was conducive to discussions, and covered rules and needs topics. A separate agency records dataset ( N = 26,878) was used to estimate Cox hazard models. Findings suggest that each visit is related to reduced risk of a new felony arrest or a revocation, controlling for criminogenic factors and supervision activities. Risk was further associated with a reduction if officers engaged in mixed-topic discussions (rules and needs). Home visits can enable officers to help people on parole successfully navigate the challenges of reentry.
From Urban Citizens to Ocean Liners: Miami Beach Hotels and the Enclosure Movement, 1935-1955
Authors: Revell Keith D.
Published: March 2020

This article analyzes changes in hotel urbanism in Miami Beach. Most of the Art Deco hotels built between 1935 and 1942 were “urban citizens”—visually integrated into an ensemble of architecturally similar buildings and economically integrated into a symbiotic leisure economy where urban hostels, nightclubs, and luxury retailers combined to offer a diverse collection of tourists a vacation of “accessible glamour” that made Miami Beach distinctive among resorts. At the same time, another approach to hotel urbanism exemplified a strategy of enclosing leisure businesses. Autonomous resorts were more like ocean liners than urban citizens: providing guests with self-contained vacation spaces that kept them apart from the city. The enclosure movement reached its pinnacle in the postwar era with a new generation of hotels epitomized by the Fontainebleau. This article discusses the consequences of the enclosure movement for nightclubs and luxury retailers, relating their disappearance to the city’s postwar decline.
The Residential School
Authors: Wolfgang Ralph T.
Published: March 2020

[Paper given at the October, 1953, Inter-Branch Conference of the Pennsylvania Association for the Blind in Altoona.—Reprinted from the Dec., 1953, The Seer]
Our Student Teacher Was Blind
Authors: Owens Aleta Rea
Published: March 2020

In this challenging story of Bill Schmidt, blind student teacher, we have stimulating evidence of a totally blind qualified educator who is taking his place in the profession of teaching sighted pupils. Bill Schmidt received his professional preparation at San Francisco State College with Mrs. Florence Henderson as his major advisor. He completed his practice teaching in the Campbell, California, Independent School System. His master teacher, Aleta Rea Owens, the author of this article, has been a California public school teacher for twelve years. As is customary, those in charge of practice teachers turn in to the college regular progress reports of student teachers. Miss Owens chose to report her evaluation of Bill Schmidt in this narrative form which seemed so particularly appropriate for sharing with New Outlook readers that permission was secured to publish it. Mr. Schmidt has sighed a contract to teach an eighth grade class of sighted children in the public schools of Temple City, California effective September 19, 1955. When the director of education of the Temple City public schools was approached with the idea of employing a blind teacher for sighted children in her school, she remarked that the blind children in her public school system had demonstrated the belief of the community in blind children and so why not follow that same philosophy as it relates to blind adults.
1956 Amendment to Title II of the Social Security Act
Authors: Schottland Charles I.
Published: March 2020

We excerpt here the section on Disability Insurance Benefits from Mr. Schottland's article in the Social Security Bulletin entitled “Social Security Amendments of 1956: A Summary and Legislative History.”—Ed.
Rehabilitating Blind Persons with Impaired Hearing
Authors: Bergman Moe
Published: March 2020

The importance of hearing to blind persons is currently being recognized in the research projects described in the following two articles. Impaired hearing, itself an isolating factor, complicates the orientation, mobility, and communication problems of the blind individual. To a lesser extent, failure to use normal hearing effectively deprives him of the full benefit of his major perceptive power. The research project at the Industrial Home for the Blind, described in the first article, is aimed at meeting the special rehabilitation needs of the hard-of-hearing blind person. The second paper discusses the work of the Cleveland Society for the Blind in developing more efficient hearing skills.
Public Attitudes toward Blindness
Authors: Whiteman Martin , Lukoff Irving F.
Published: March 2020

By way of summary—this paper has been concerned with a number of problems related to public attitudes toward blindness. A major emphasis has been upon attitudinal components—upon their description, their mediation by different personal values, and their differential sensitivity to methods of attitude change. A second emphasis has been upon tracing through the workings of such introjected attitudes upon the self-concept of the blind person, upon his own attitudes toward the sighted, and upon the degree to which he has obtained independence in his mode of travel, in his work, and in daily activities.
The Role of the Private Agency in 1990
Authors: Salmon Peter J.
Published: March 2020

Under the chairmanship of Kathern F. Gruber, who is director of the Division of Program Development at the American Foundation for the Blind, the topic “Blindness in 1990—U.S.A.” was the theme of a panel discussion at the annual conference of the National Rehabilitation Association held in Detroit in October. In this article Mr. Salmon as a panel member presented his views on the role of the voluntary agency for the blind now and as it might be during the next quarter century.
Guidelines for Research in the Education of Partially Seeing Children
Authors: Massie Dennis
Published: March 2020

Fifteen studies in the area of education of partially seeing children were chosen for investigation. They were examined to discover the nature, significance and implications of research in this area. Eight studies were of “measurement and/or predictive” nature and seven were of the “decision or placement” sort. This second type seems more numerous now than in the past. Research in the area investigated is scanty, and the results provide more questions than answers.
Automated Training and Braille Reading
Authors: Flanigan Patrick J.
Published: March 2020

The braille reading behavior of fifteen experimental and fifteen control subjects was compared as a function of training by the experimental subjects on an automated self-learning device and control subjects reading traditional braille. Statistical analyses of the data indicated that 1) the performance of the experimental subjects was significantly superior to that of the control subjects in the comparison of certain variables involved in the traditional braille reading process following treatment exposure; 2) following a noninstructional period the experimental gains, with minor exceptions, remained constant; 3) nonsignificant treatment effects were noted on comprehension and reading achievement levels effects as a function of the method of reading; and 4) the appropriateness of sequenced grade level reading materials for reading instruction was pointed out. Suggestions for future research in this area were given.
The Alameda County Placement Project: A Final Report
Authors: Winters Kris
Published: March 2020

In a prefatory remark to an article that appeared in the February 1966 New Outlook I attempted to point out the relevance of the Alameda County Placement Project in the War on Poverty. It is said that the war has been reduced to a skirmish; the struggle, nevertheless, continues to find effective ways to salvage the so-called “hard core” groups who traditionally have been relegated to dismal lives of futile dependency. The ensuing article represents an accounting of the final and—happily—successful outcome of one such effort. The fact that this particular “hard core” group of citizens happens to be composed of blind persons makes this report even more pertinent to Outlook readers. Harold G. Roberts, Associate Director for Service, American Foundation for the Blind.
Legislation for the Aging
Authors: Schloss Irvin P.
Published: March 2020

□ In summary, I have outlined the needs of older blind persons for adequate income, health care, rehabilitation services, housing, and other special services. I have briefly discussed existing federal laws designed to meet these needs and one proposal to meet the urgent need for rehabilitation services. Clearly, all of these programs need drastic improvement in many ways if adequate income and services are to be assured. And equally important, state and local agencies, which must inevitably be the providers of direct services, must forcefully advocate these services and become prepared to provide them.
Gearing to Meet the Challenge of the Decade
Authors: Bledsoe Warren
Published: March 2020

Selections from a keynote address delivered at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Conference of the American Association of Workers for the Blind in New York City on September 23, 1970.
Vision Screening of the Aged
Authors: Hanson Howard H.
Published: March 2020

□ In summary, the most important results of this screening project seem to be that 1) 13 percent of those in nursing homes are legally blind; 2) 32 percent are in need of services from an eye doctor or an agency serving blind people; and 3) of the 810 individuals referred for additional eye care, some 75 to 80 percent are eligible for medical assistance payments if somebody only cares enough to find and inform them of the fact.
Experiential Methods in a Group Counseling Program with Blind Children
Authors: Manaster Al , Kucharis Sue
Published: March 2020

□ We have, in this paper, tried to describe some of the experiential techniques and methods used in a group counseling situation with blind adolescents. We have also tried to show that by using these methods, the group advanced a little further and a little faster than might otherwise have been the case. During the clinical services meeting, the other group leaders stated that their groups were often avoiding confrontations of their feelings, while we were able to state that members of our group sometimes overwhelmed us with their insights. Possibly this was because “our” technique kept the members alert and involved, showed them that we were interested and would let them do and say things that would normally have been forbidden, and let them know that we wanted to offer them a chance to experience new things. Because of this, their reactions and interactions were more spontaneous and “off guard.”
The Optiscope Enlarger: A Report of Initial Field Trials
Authors: Hellinger George O. , Berger Arthur W.
Published: March 2020

□ 1. Thirty consecutively selected low vision patients were evaluated on their performance in viewing a standard near-point chart and selected materials. This was done unaided and then with their customary low-vision aid, first hand-held and then viewed in the Optiscope Enlarger.

2. All subjects demonstrated an ability to read smaller point chart type and to do so at a greater distance with the Optiscope Enlarger. Varied responses on the selected materials might be attributable to word reading difficulties or the effect of the causative defect.

3. Some subjects did better without their low-vision aids or went to distance prescription lenses while using the Optiscope Enlarger. Use of this type of device indicates the necessity for testing for greater distance than normally associated with low-vision aids.

4. Responses of the subjects were 18 favorable, five questionable, and seven negative. It was found that room illumination had to be varied in certain cases.

5. Use of this device would permit simultaneous viewing by parent and child at home, reading at more normal distances, greater word and phrase span, and the viewing of technical diagrams.

6. The results of this evaluation indicate that the Optiscope Enlarger is of substantial value and warrants further investigation.
The Auditory Quiz Board: An Orientation and Mobility Game for Visually Handicapped Elementary School Children
Authors: Bohman Richard V. , Bryan William H. , Tapp Kenneth L.
Published: March 2020

□ The use of the AQB games has become an integral part of our program for teaching visually handicapped elementary school students cardinal directions and other basic environmental or geographical concepts preparatory to advanced orientation and mobility training. The following advantages can be noted: 1) The device is simple and inexpensive to construct. 2) It is easily adapted to print or braille. 3) It may be used as either an evaluative or a teaching tool. 4) The questions can easily be individualized to meet student or classroom needs. 5) The boards are accessible and portable and can easily be placed in classroom, library, or dormitories for individual practice. 6) The boards are easily used by elementary classroom teachers in the absence of the mobility instructor. 7) The boards can also be used with high school students. 8) The principles of this game device could easily be adapted to other areas of instruction (science, history, etc.). 9) Most importantly, the “buzz” response of the AQB is a highly motivational tool for use with visually handicapped children.

As a result of the Auditory Quiz Board games, many students at the Wisconsin School for the Visually Handicapped have learned at a very early age that “orientation and mobility is fun!”
A Closed-Circuit Television System as a Reading Aid for Visually Handicapped Persons
Authors: Davis Philip , Asarkof John , Tallman Carter B.
Published: March 2020

Although most visually handicapped pateints can be adequately rehabilitated visually through the prescription of low vision optical aids, some who have very poor vision and who need to do a great deal of reading may be helped through the prescription of a closed-circuit television reading system. It was found that six of 17 patients tested with such a system could benefit from it. The system used includes a push-button operated scanning device (described in the article) for shifting the image on the page.
CCTV Reading Machines for Visually Handicapped Persons: A Guide for Selection
Authors: Israel Larry
Published: March 2020

Closed-circuit television reading machines are now available from several sources, with different models offering a variety of features. Among those criteria to be considered in selecting a device for purchase, the following are suggested as being vitally important: magnification, focus, reversed image, sharpness (brightness), clarity (contrast), movable viewing table, adjustable monitor (distance, height, tilt), portability, accessories, monitor selections, aesthetics, warranty and service, long-term support, and user's manual and instructions.
Some Aspects of Welfare Services for Blind Persons in Japan
Authors: Robson Howard
Published: March 2020

The entire spectrum of services for blind and visually handicapped persons in Japan (except rehabilitation) are described, including library services, the weekly newspaper Braille Mainichi (published by the mass-circulation daily Mainichi Shimbun), government benefits (privileges and services), the employment situation (including training opportunities), and the provisions for education.
Integrating Blind with Sighted in Senior Citizen Centers
Authors: Justice Judith
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be approximately 350-1,000 words in length.
Career Education: A New Dimension in Education for Living
Authors: Wolfe Harvey E.
Published: March 2020

After discussing the recent increase of interest in career education, the recommendations of the National Advisory Council on Vocational Education, and the goals established by the U.S. Office of Education, the author describes four different career education models (school-based, employer-based, home community-based, and residential-based). The career education sequence used in the Los Angeles Unified School District is described and discussed. Finally, the efforts of the National Task Force on Career Education of the American Foundation for the Blind are discussed and one state's response is described as an example of a coordinated, statewide approach to career education for visually handicapped persons.
The Implications of Career Education for Visually Handicapped Students
Authors: Klinkhamer George E.
Published: March 2020

The author, who is with the U.S. Office of Education, summarizes the needs of handicapped persons for career education, the value of employment to the individual and to society, the role of federal funding, and possible approaches to career education. He also cites examples of program successes and a public school program in Santa Cruz County, California.
Speed Reading in Braille: An Empirical Study
Authors: Crandell John M. , Wallace David H.
Published: March 2020

This study of the effects of six days of rapid reading training and rapid reading plus recognition training on the reading rates and comprehension of blind braille-reading adults revealed that speeds of up to 225 words per minute are feasible without a significant loss of comprehension. A review of the literature, the experimental procedures and instructions, and an analysis of pretest and posttest results are included.
Breaking Blind Stereotypes through Vocational Placements
Authors: Rossi Peter , Marotta Michael
Published: March 2020

How a person who is blind views himself is based on many factors, one of the most important being the attitude of society toward the stereotypical “blind person.” In an effort to break this stereotype, agencies involved in vocational rehabilitation have an obligation to find placements which are unique and non-stereotypical. Such placements will help improve attitudes toward those who are blind, enable such persons to become contributing members of society, and help them to improve their self-concept.
Orientation and Mobility on the Farm—The Rural Report
Authors: Jackson Ned T. , Kording George
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350-1000 words in length.
Starting a Sex Education Program: Guidelines for the Administrator
Authors: Burleson Derek L.
Published: March 2020

The school or agency administrator bears the primary responsibility for the successful implementation of a family life and sex education program. An advisory committee, adequate publicity and public relations, provision of specialized training (including the budgeting of time and funds) and appropriate materials, and the careful selection of teaching staff are important areas with which the effective administrator must concern himself.
Camp Challenge: Program for Parents and Their Preschool Children with Visual Handicaps
Authors: Sykes K.C.
Published: March 2020

This community action program focuses on the critical need to provide services to the parents of preschool children with visual handicaps. Scheduling at the camp allows parents to attend lectures while trainee teachers work with the preschool children in a children's learning program supervised by experienced teachers. Recruitment, programming, and evaluation are discussed as well as the informal aspects of the camp. Plans for the future include the setting up of workshops; dissemination of resource materials; and the need to encourage entire families to attend.
Ball Games for Visually Handicapped Children
Authors: Hartman R. E.
Published: March 2020

In addition to allowing students to interact actively with their classmates, a series of progressively more difficult games can help in the improvement of visual-physical efficiency. Full descriptions, including procedure, rules, scoring, and suggestions, are provided for Floor Ball, Moving Floor Ball, Double Bounce Ball, Bounce Ball, Catch Ball, Simple Volleyball, Floor Tennis, and Fist Ball.
Blindness and Yoga
Authors: Heyes Anthony David
Published: March 2020

Evidence is presented to highlight two aspects of blindness; namely, physical inactivity leading to poor physical fitness and the state of anxiety which accompanies unguided blind mobility. Evidence is further presented to show that physical fitness may be achieved painlessly by means of Hatha Yoga and that anxiety may be reduced and the lasting effects of anxiety moderated by the practice of meditation. It is the author's suggestion that, given these two findings, it would be appropriate to encourage blind people in Yogic practices. An attempt is made, on behalf of the blind population, to extract from the vast storehouse of Yogic knowledge those aspects which are likely to be beneficial; an unashamed application of pragmatic eclecticism.
A New Method for the Group Testing of Blind Persons
Authors: Cundick Bert P. , Crandell John M. , Hendrix Lee
Published: March 2020

Because most testing of blind persons is now done on a one-to-one basis, the problems involved in the more efficient group testing of the blind were investigated. Two main problems were isolated—presentation of the test items and recording of the answers by the subjects. A solution, involving verbal presentation via prerecorded cassette tapes and a specially designed tactual answer board, was devised and tested experimentally. It was found that testing in this manner yields results that are not significantly different from those obtained via visual test-taking.
A Play Environment for Blind Children: Design and Evaluation
Authors: Morris Robert H.
Published: March 2020

A play environment, comprised of eight circular play courts arranged around a ninth court, was designed on the basis of the idea that play could be used to help blind children learn orientation skills that are essential for their development as individuals. Sensory stimulation, especially hearing and touch, and spatial perception are integral parts of the environment, as is the requirement that the child actively participate in order to enjoy the activities. Tactile maps and recorded instructions are also utilized. The design was presented to a panel of experts—orientation and mobility instructors, teachers, a psychologist, a recreation therapist, and a research designer—for evaluation. A majority judged the concept, the overall design, and the design of the individual elements to be “effective” or “very effective” in promoting the development of orientation skills in blind children.
A Nature Trail for All People
Authors: Boninger Walter
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350-1000 words in length.
Establishing Realistic Case Loads for Rehabilitation Teachers
Authors: Roberts Alvin
Published: March 2020

For budgetary purposes, program planning, and more effective teaching, it is important to determine the size of rehabilitation teaching case loads. A suggested formula for teachers providing home instruction, based on a two-week teaching cycle, establishes the number of hours available for instruction by subtracting travel time and preparation time from the total number of hours in the teaching cycle.
The Blind Adolescent Life Skills Center
Authors: Hatlen Philip H. , Duc Paula Le , Canter Patricia
Published: March 2020

The Blind Adolescent Life Skills Center provides both individual and group instruction in mobility, living skills, communication, recreation, and social relations. The program does not take place in a traditional classroom setting but tries to provide real experiences in independent living by housing the students in an apartment complex and offering services on an “on call” basis. Instruction is meaningful because it is related to daily activities. Participants acquire skills that enable them to select life styles that will be satisfactory to them when they leave the center.
Using Environmental Design to Teach Ward Layout to Severely and Profoundly Retarded Blind Persons: A Proposal
Authors: Mcglinchey Maureen A. , Mitala Ronald F.
Published: March 2020

Two behavior modification specialists moved onto a ward for severely and profoundly retarded blind men in a state institution and implemented programs to train them in basic self-care skills including toileting, bathing, dressing, teethbrushing, etc. They found that the residents’ blindness greatly inhibited their attaining independence in the various skill areas of the program. Measures taken indicated that the residents also had an extremely low incidence of movement and social interaction and depended upon staff to a great degree to lead them around the ward. A simple and inexpensive environmental design system utilizing wall and floor cues is proposed to decrease fear of the environment and to promote movement, independence, and social interaction among the residents.
The Sight of Blindness and the Phenomenon of Avoidance
Authors: Schulz Paul J.
Published: March 2020

Newly blinded people, in addition to adjusting to their loss of vision, must also often cope with being avoided by family and friends. All blind persons encounter the problem of avoidance in their daily contact with people. Because of the sighted person's fear of becoming blind himself, he avoids anything that stimulates that anxiety, particularly individuals who are blind. Being unable to cope with the fear aroused in him, he retreats in order to reduce its intensity. Avoidance can be countered by more personal contact between blind and sighted persons and by increasing the visibility of well-adjusted blind persons in the community. Agencies for the blind can, in their public education and fund-raising programs, influence attitudes by accurately portraying the abilities of blind persons.
Answering the Questions of the Psychologist Assessing the Visually Handicapped Child
Authors: Morse John L.
Published: March 2020

The most common question asked by the psychologist who is faced for the first time with assessing a visually handicapped child are answered. The 15 questions include such areas as the required information concerning visual condition, background of the client, test conditions, the role of the parents, classroom observation, behaviors observed during testing, evaluation of test results, expectations of parents and teachers, and modification of a child's inappropriate behaviors.
Guided Vocational Choice
Authors: Bauman Mary K.
Published: March 2020

Many visually handicapped people never have the opportunity to make an effective vocational choice either because their handicap is, or is thought to be, too limiting, or because they simply cannot picture themselves performing in different types of jobs. Informed vocational choice is not possible unless the individual and those who counsel him are aware of job alternatives as well as the individual's interests, abilities, and those personal qualities that affect job success. The information needed to make a guided vocational choice can be accumulated through an extensive history, vocational and psychological testing, and extended testing with work samples and situational assessment.
A Lion is a Woman
Authors: Barnett M. Robert
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350–1000 words in length.
Increasing the Accessibility of Hands-On Science for Blind Students
Authors: Schatz Dennis , Thier Herbert D.
Published: March 2020

The Adapting Science Materials for the Blind (ASMB) project has developed a number of individualized sets of science activities and experiments for upper-elementary level visually handicapped students. Working independently or in small groups, students are able to learn fundamental scientific principles and the basics of the scientific method using the hands-on approach. The ASMB materials are tested in actual classroom situations and then refined further.
The Role of the Social Worker in a Rehabilitation Center for the Visually Handicapped
Authors: Blakeslee Raymond
Published: March 2020

The social worker in a rehabilitation center for the visually handicapped plays a vital role in helping the client to take full advantage of the services offered; however, this role is often imperfectly defined in planning programs. Problems and responsibilities faced by social workers are examined, and the functions of social workers in two agencies are presented.
Modifying Attitudes and Adjustment through Social Work Training in an Agency Serving the Visually Handicapped
Authors: Mayers Friedericka
Published: March 2020

Social work training oriented specifically toward the visually handicapped is not widely available in schools of social work, and it is consequently the responsibility of rehabilitative agencies to provide such training programs. A fieldwork program at an unidentified state center for the visually handicapped is described under the headings of seven “themes” or dimensions of training.
The Library of Congress Braille Program: Present and Future
Authors: Evenson Richard H.
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350-1000 words in length.
Orientation and Mobility in the Urban Environment: A Form of ‘Future Shock’
Authors: Rutberg Judith E.
Published: March 2020

The urban environment creates an atmosphere of external and internal pressures, which causes immeasurable stress in a blind person attempting independent travel. The transitory nature of relationships and landmarks in an urban environment, as well as the overabundance of sensory stimulation, produces a condition the author calls, “future shock.”
Establishment of “Love, Room, and Board” Settings for Deaf-Blind Children
Authors: Yarnall Gary Dean
Published: March 2020

A special forum for individuals to respond in detail to material published in the New Outlook for the Blind or elsewhere, to present new ideas, or to raise issues which relate to the specialized field of work with blind and visually handicapped persons. Contributions should be 350-1000 words in length.
Establishing and Maintaining a Therapeutic Environment in a Residential Rehabilitation Center for the Blind
Authors: Acton James J.
Published: March 2020

The functions of a residential rehabilitation center for the blind are outlined in this article, including its role as a therapeutic treatment center. The establishment and maintenance of a therapeutic environment is crucial to the efforts of the center; the heart of the dynamics of the therapeutic approach is the interaction between each staff member and student. Thus, careful staff recruitment, plus continuous, intensive staff training is crucial in developing a staff that is unified and consistent in approach, able to manage the rehabilitation process consciously, adapting it to the needs of each student.
Differences between Blind and Sighted Children on WISC Verbal Subtests
Authors: Smits B.W.G.M. , Mommers M.J.C.
Published: March 2020

Scores of blind and partially sighted children on verbal WISC scales were compared with those of sighted children in an attempt to discover whether the factor structures of the two groups corresponded. Score differences were caused mainly by the Comprehension and Digit Span subtests, blind and partially sighted children scoring lower than sighted children on the former, but higher on the latter. Intercorrelations among subtest scores were substantially stronger for blind children, with the exception of Digit Span. For sighted children, subtest scores were much more scattered, though scores on Information and Vocabulary, and Arithmetic and Digit Span, fell relatively close together.
Braille Reading: Factors Affecting Achievement of Dutch Elementary School Children
Authors: Mommers M.J.C.
Published: March 2020

This study compares reading skills of visually impaired children with those of sighted children. It also investigates the relationships between reading achievement and residual vision, hand movement during reading, verbal intelligence, and haptic perception. The blind children took some 2½ times as long as sighted children to read separate unrelated words, though poor braille readers tended to lag farther behind poor sighted readers than good braille readers lagged behind good sighted readers. Amount of residual vision bore little relationship to reading ability, but the way a child moved his or her hand during reading bore a strong relationship. Verbal IQ, as measured on the verbal section of WISC, showed a stronger relationship with reading achievement than did haptic perception. Of the various haptic measures used, form discrimination and figure orientation were more important than size and roughness discrimination.
Functional Vision Screening for Severely Handicapped Children
Authors: Langley Beth , Dubose Rebecca F.
Published: March 2020

Ophthalmologists traditionally have been unable to provide teachers and parents with useful information about a severely handicapped child's functional vision. Literature concerning the assessment of vision in handicapped children is reviewed and a guide is proposed for use by teachers in evaluating the severely handicapped child's functional vision.
Irrational Thinking and Adjustment to Loss of Vision
Authors: Needham Walter E. , Ehmer Marjy N.
Published: March 2020

Individual differences in adjusting to or coping with blindness appear related to the presence or absence of certain irrational belief statements about this disability. As a whole, these appear to constitute much of the mythology of blindness. The statements fall into four general categories: (1) Blind people are different from sighted people in their self-worth and value; (2) Blind people have a unique psychological constitution; (3) Blind people have a special relationship with other people and society in general; and (4) There are magical circumstances about blindness. Each statement is discussed and methods by which individuals can rid themselves of or be helped to eliminate these irrational beliefs are described.
Three-Dimensional Models for Teaching Neuroanatomy to Blind Students
Authors: Pietsch Paul
Published: March 2020

Describes an audio-tactile course that enabled two blind students to grasp the anatomy of the human brain. Since the preserved brain was worn out by the students’ tactile explorations, a means of devising durable models was sought. In collaboration with a sculptor, durable and inexpensive 3-dimensional models were produced that allowed detailed tactile exploration of the visual fields, retina, optic nerves, and subdivisions of the tracts and radiations in the human brain. The models also were intended to develop aesthetic appreciation of texture, hardness, vibration, temperature, and form.
A System to Enable the Blind to Work Independently on the Center Lathe
Authors: Guha Sujoy K. , Anand Sneh
Published: March 2020

So far industries have employed the blind only on repetitive tasks. Even when employed as machinists their role has been limited to the operation of capstan lathes and drilling machines preset by a sighted individual for preparing one type of job. This study shows that with suitable accessories to machines and appropriate work planning totally blind machinists can perform varied tasks independently. Based on the results of the study, simple accessories have been designed and tested for use with the center lathe. With these accessories the blind individual can perform all operations including turning, slotting, threading, drilling and taper turning to specified dimensions. This work may be done fully independently. Speed of work is about 75% of that of the sighted individual.
The Effects of Hearing Aids on Localization of White Noise by Blind Subjects
Authors: Bergen Bruce R.
Published: March 2020

An investigation was conducted to observe the effect of hearing aids on the ability of blind subjects to localize white noise. It was found that there was a significant difference between the subject's ability to localize sound while wearing a hearing aid and the same subject's ability to localize sound under two other conditions (unoccluded ears and occluded ears). In all cases subjects performed more poorly on a localization task while wearing a hearing aid.
Can Infants Use the Sonicguide? Two Years Experience of Project VIEW!
Authors: Ferrell Kay Alicyn
Published: March 2020

The first two years of a project investigating the use of binaural sensory aids with four congenitally blind children, ages 6 - 30 months, is described. Preliminary results indicate the device is useful within a regular program of developmental intervention, but that positive effects cannot be attributed to the device alone. Implications for further research are discussed.
Group Work with Elderly Visually Impaired Persons
Authors: Harshbarger Cynthia
Published: March 2020

Although much has been done to aid blind and partially-sighted individuals with the physical aspects of their rehabilitation, less attention has been paid to the psychological and emotional adjustment that becomes necessary after any severe vision loss. In this article, the author summarizes her observations following a one-year period during which she acted as a mental health consultant and provided group therapy for clients of an agency serving a primarily aged blind population. The uses and effects of group therapy with these clients are discussed. Some ideas are offered for overcoming clients’ resistance to mental health services and for facilitating their emotional adjustment to visual loss by using nontraditional techniques of group therapy.
Perception of Tactile Route Configurations by Blind and Sighted Observers
Authors: Easton Randolph D. , Bentzen Billie Louise
Published: March 2020

Simple tactile route configurations were explored by blindfolded sighted subjects, congenitally blind subjects, and adventitiously blinded subjects. Subjects had to choose matching configurations from sets of alternatives. Configurations were constructed with single, narrow double, or wide double lines. Subject groups generally explored single line configurations faster than double line configurations. Single lines also appeared to enhance subjects’ ability to form accurate mental representations. Congenitally blind subjects took less time to explore and form representations of the spatial configurations, but memory for the configurations was comparable across all subject groups.
Grocery Shopping: Principles and Techniques for the Blind Consumer
Authors: Inana Marjorie
Published: March 2020

This article describes a program for improving the grocery shopping skills of blind clients who live independently. The program consists of nine lessons that acquaint clients with basic nutrition, meal planning, principles of food purchasing, mobility in the grocery store, proper food storage techniques and methods of organizing and labeling food.
Assessing the Visually Impaired Child: A School Psychology View
Authors: Genshaft Judy L. , Dare Nancy L. , O'malley Patricia L.
Published: March 2020

Because Public Law 94-142 mandates the public schools to educate handicapped children, school psychologists will increasingly be called on to assess visually impaired children. This article reviews a variety of assessment instruments that psychologists can use to evaluate the visually handicapped child's residual vision; cognitive abilities; academic achievement; social, developmental, and language skills; and vocational potential. The authors emphasize the importance of the school psychologist's clinical judgment in selecting assessment techniques and interpreting results.
Adaptation of a Nature Trail for Use with Visually Handicapped Students
Authors: Slaney Susan Harris
Published: March 2020

The Plano Independent School District, Plano, Texas, undertook to adapt an existing nature trail for use with visually handicapped students at the Plano Outdoor Learning Center. Several steps were taken in the adaptation process: (a) a review of the literature on environmental education for the visually handicapped; (b) planning and constructing the learning stations, the tracking aid system, and the herb garden; (c) developing and preparing braille, large print, regular print, and taped trail guides; (d) developing a teacher curriculum guide for use with classes that included visually handicapped students; and (e) evaluating the project.
Spatial Representation in Blind Children. 2: Effects of Task Variations
Authors: Fletcher Janet F.
Published: March 2020

In the literature on spatial representation in blind people, several parameters of spatial tasks have been used as controlled variables without due consideration of the effects they might have on the type or efficiency of subjects’ spatial representation. Two such variables are the size of the object or environment to be represented and the degree of freedom allowed subjects in their exploration of these objects or environments. Data about the blind subjects of the author's previously reported study on spatial representation in blind children were further analyzed using a three-way repeated-measures design to determine the effect of room size and exploration mode in response to questions about the position of furniture in a room. Neither variable produced a significant main effect. The responses of subjects in the free-exploration condition were further analyzed to determine the effect on performance of the actual exploration strategy. In the first trial of the task, the exploration route that corresponded to the route previously used to introduce subjects to the empty room was the most successful strategy. By the final trial, the differences among strategies had decreased. Organized strategies, however, were found to be more successful than random movement.
Courses in Reading Development for Partially Sighted Students
Authors: Fridal Gorm , Jansen Linda , Klindt Mogens
Published: March 2020

Two experimental reading development courses for partially sighted students were conducted at the Institute for the Blind and Partially Sighted in Copenhagen, Denmark. These students read so slowly that they could not complete their study assignments. Each course had four participants. Course 1 ran for six weeks, with two lessons a day. Course 2, which took place 1½ years later, was a more advanced residential course. The goals of the courses were to raise and vary the participants’ reading speed, to help them gain insight into the reading process, and to develop the cognitive aspects of reading. At the end of each course, the participants’ proficiency in reading improved dramatically.
Visual Rehabilitation within an Interdisciplinary Low-Vision Centre—A Pilot Project
Authors: Stollman Gene , Neustadt-noy Nurit
Published: March 2020

Describes an attempt to improve reading and writing capability of children with severely impaired vision, using a Closed-Circuit Television System, under the supervision of members of clinical staff of the Jerusalem Centre for Counseling and Vision Rehabilitation of Children, and an orientation & mobility instructor.
Innovations in Teacher Education
Authors: Barraga Natalie C.
Published: March 2020

This paper presents a brief history of the education of teachers of visually handicapped students and reviews recent trends and adaptations. The author also offers some ideas for future innovations and suggests methods of implementing them.
Promoting Adult Independence through Orientation and Mobility
Authors: Welsh Richard L.
Published: March 2020

Describes the unique aspects of mobility training and the effects they have on travel in particular and rehabilitation in general. Discusses future options for the profession, and need to expand populations served.
Employment of Handicapped People: An Enigmatic Future
Authors: Spain Jayne B.
Published: March 2020

This revised version of a speech delivered at the Helen Keller Centennial Congress on June 25, 1980, describes the employment gains made by handicapped people in the last decade, the problems still to be resolved, and the employment opportunities of the future.