bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asylum Notes on Typhoid Fever
Authors: McIntosh W. Carmichael
Published: August 2008

Fever and other diseases amongst the insane attract attention in their mental as well as in their physical relations; and if at the same time both sane and insane suffer, a comparison of the cases is interesting. Besides, in an asylum the patients are especially under charge from the first faint indications of the malady, and the previous history, habits, and constitution of the individual arc familiar. In ordinary cases of fever amongst the community at large, the particular currents of the patient's thoughts and volitions do not attract special attention, save in protecting him from injury; and if insanity or other brain disease subsequently occurs, the features of the fever-poisoned brain are generally unknown and forgotten. Additional light might be thrown upon mental pathology and treatment, if such observations, sufficiently extensive, were correctly made and recorded. Alienists, on the other hand, have long noted the influence of physical diseases in the course of an attack of insanity; and recently cases from foreign journals were given by Dr. Arlidge,* where recovery has followed from wounds causing profuse suppuration in melancholia and general paralysis, from scarlatina in suicidal melancholia, from dysentery in mania and melancholia, from dysentery and acute rheumatism in monomania, from dysentery and a compound fracture of the elbow in religious monomania; lastly, profuse intestinal hæmorrhage is mentioned by M. Baillarger as ushering in recovery in a case of painful hallucination of vision consequent upon injury from a railway accident. Numerous other interesting cases are mentioned in the pages of our medico-psychological literature. Professor Laycock lately made known to me the case of a young girl, set. 15, an epileptic, who had typhus fever for five weeks, and never had a fit all that time. As she recovered, the fits returned as before (several daily), and ultimately the patient became acutely maniacal.
Tuberculosis and Insanity
Authors: Clouston T. S.
Published: August 2008

From the time of Hippocrates downwards a special connection has been assumed to exist between certain forms of insanity and diseases of the abdominal organs, but it is only recently that diseases of the lungs have been ascertained to have any relation to mental derangement. Arnold, who epitomised everything known about insanity before his time, does not mention any disease of the lungs among even the “remote causes” of insanity, although he includes among these, diseases of almost every other organ of the body. Esquirol and Georget were the first to show the frequency of lung disease among the insane. Burrows and Ellis were the first to refer to the frequency of phthisis pulmonalis among the insane in this country; but the subject has scarcely received that attention from the profession which its importance and interest demand. Dr. McKinnon, the first Medical Superintendent of the Royal Edinburgh Asylum, came to the conclusion that “the scrofulous and insane constitutions are nearly allied.” Dr. Skae, in his annual report for 1847, remarked the great frequency of tubercular deposits in the bodies of those dying insane.
Notes on Homicidal Insanity
Authors: Browne J. Crichton
Published: August 2008

During the few months that have passed of the present year eleven persons have received sentence of death, for the crime of murder, in England and Scotland. Others have been charged with the same offence, but have escaped through a deficiency of evidence, while others, again, have been arraigned for attempts at the destruction of human life. Five of the prisoners accused of murder were defended on the plea of insanity, which was in each instance met by a verdict of guilty and a sentence of death. Three of the men thus sentenced have undergone execution, one of them being unmistakably a lunatic, whom no medical man would have hesitated to certify as such before the commission of the act for which he died, and another of them exhibiting a state of mind strongly resembling, if it did not actually consist in, a form of madness. The latter, Burton, was condemned and hanged, while Mr. Touchett, who was tried in 1844 for a similar offence, prompted by a similar motive, was acquitted on the ground of insanity, a circumstance that illustrates the glorious uncertainty of the law and the present state of public feeling.
Hydrocyanic Acid in the treatment of Insanity
Authors: McLeod Kenneth
Published: August 2008

Dr. McLeod publishes in the ‘Medical Times' a series of papers on the employment of hydrocyanic acid in the treatment of insanity, with the detail of eight cases out of forty thus treated. Dr. McLeod thus states his views of this mode of treatment.
On the Cerebro-spinal Origin and the Diagnosis of the Protrusion of the Eyeballs termed Anæmic
Authors: Laycock Thomas
Published: August 2008

During the last few years, says Dr. Laycock, the attention of the profession has been directed to a disease in which there is more or less of a general debility resembling anæmia, considerable and varied nervous disorder, greatly increased activity of the heart and of the arteries of the head and neck, a vascular enlargement of the thyroid gland resembling bronchocele, and staring eyes, with protrusion of the eyeballs, giving a peculiar expression to the face. This latter appearance, known as exophthalmos, exophthalmia, and proptosis, has attracted especial attention.
On Private Asylums for the Insane
Authors: Eastwood J. W.
Published: August 2008

These establishments have scarcely received their due share of attention and discussion in the pages of the ‘Journal of Mental Science.’ To account for this, the principal reason is, no doubt, that medical practitioners feel themselves less at liberty to write about private houses and private cases than about those large public institutions which have become necessary in almost every county. This is not to be wondered at, for charitable and pauper institutions, where the poor themselves pay nothing except through the regular assessments, have always been considered peculiarly the places where more extended observations could be made than amongst private patients. However, as there is much that is different in the management, and in the social, though not in the moral and medical treatment of the two classes of patients, the observations which I shall make will probably not be considered out of place.
Notes on Hæmatoma of the External Ear in the Insane
Authors: Stiff W. Phillimore
Published: August 2008

“The subject (says Dr. Stiff) of sanguineous cyst of the ear in the insane is of importance in a medico-legal point of view. Some writers allege that these hæmatic cysts are the result of injuries, either self-inflicted or from the employment of violence on the part of attendants and nurses. The statement of Gudden, in support of the latter view, has been most extensively circulated. He maintains that these swellings are entirely owing to mal-treatment, and points out that ears closely resembling those of the insane are not unfrequently met with amongst sculptures depicting pugilistic athletæ. Singularly enough, in his efforts to bring this home to the attendants, he avers that he has never met with an instance in which the injury could be traced to the patient himself, or to other patients. How this can be reconciled with the fact that patients frequently fall on the ear in fits, and are struck on it by their own associates, I am at a loss to imagine. Again, in the lately published work of Dr. Kramer, ‘On the Aural Surgery of the Present Day,’ the observations of that author are calculated to encourage the theory of the physical origin of the disease. He says—‘The causes of these bloody tumours on the cartilage of the ear are unknown, though we must admit that they are especially likely to be produced by violence (blows on the ear), which, perhaps, explains their more frequent occurrence on the left ear.’ (New Sydenham Society's edition, page 41.) In the ‘British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review’ for January, 1858, I published a short memoir on this peculiar disease, illustrated by engravings after photographs of the altered ears; and I therein advocated the contrary opinion, based upon observation and inquiry, that the lesion is not occasioned by physical injury, but that it is the result of a spontaneous hæmorrhage arising out of a pre-existing diseased condition of the vessels of the pinna of thee a r.
Notes on a Case of Chronic Mania, complicated with Peritoneal Adhesion
Authors: Ritchie R. Peel
Published: August 2008

The case here related by Dr. Ritchie was admitted as a private patient into Bethnal House Asylum, London, on the 8th of September, 1843, suffering from chronic mania, in good general health; mind generally disordered, but quiet. She was, however, subject to paroxysms of excitement, the cause of which she alleged to be two other persons, who used some means, of which she was not cognisant, to excite her. She had various other delusions, such as that her actions and feelings were controlled by others; “that her husband” (he had been dead for some years) “is alive, and she occasionally converses with him;” “she hears a voice abusing her,” &c. From this date it appears that she had delusions of a similar nature, but of increasing intensity. Her bodily health was good, and unaffected by severe illness.
Considerations with regard to Hereditary Influence
Authors: Maudsley Henry
Published: August 2008

Passing on from the consideration of influences which, before an individual's birth, and during the act of his generation, seem to have much to do with the determination of his destiny, it remains only to indicate the circumstances which may affect his nature during embryonic life. And although the effects which may then be produced are not truly hereditary, but in strict language connate, it is generally quite impossible to discriminate between them and such as are really inherited. There is no need to quote here any of the multitude of examples on record, testifying to the influence of the mother upon the embryo during gestation. It might be amusing, but it would scarce be profitable, to relate how that when Persina, Queen of Ethiopia, as Heliodorus tells, saw a very beautiful image of Andromeda, she brought forth a child, which was not only not an Ethiopian, but which was very like the image; how that children were born during the French Revolution who, as they grew up, were subject to unnatural terrors, and easily became insane, as Esquirol witnesses; and how that Hippocrates saved a woman who had a black child of a white husband, and who was thereupon accused of adultery, by attributing the result to the portrait of an Ethiopian on which the woman had gazed. Suffice it to say, that the direct influence of the mother's state of mind upon the embryo, has been popularly accepted at all times. Good use was made of the fact by the Jewish patriarch, who certainly never lacked advancement from want of worldly cunning, when he peeled the rods and “set them up before the flocks in the gutters in the watering troughs, when the flocks came to drink,” so that the flocks “brought forth cattle ringstraked, speckled, and spotted,” “and the man increased exceedingly.”
German Psychiatrie; an Introductory Lecture, read at the opening of the Psychiatric Clinique, in Zürich (Summer Session, 1863)
Authors: Griesinger W.
Published: August 2008

Gentlemen,—Rarely has a survey of my labours in science, and as a teacher, afforded me so much gratification as on the present occasion. It has been my good fortune to bring about for the first time the introduction into the course of our medical studies, in this place, of a clinical course on Psychiatrie, thus claiming for this branch of medicine its true position as a proper and profitable subject of study, and as one demanding alike systematic and clinical instruction. And, in the first place, it behoves me to express my thanks to all those magistrates who have furthered, in the most intelligent and effective manner, my endeavours to establish this new clinical course. It is about a year since I first mooted the question of the institution of this clinique, and I had the gratification of seeing my ideas rightly understood, and favorably received. Moreover, in the course of the previous winter, the offer was made to me by the government, to undertake the professional direction of the lunatic asylum, an offer which I readily accepted, with a view to this plan for clinical instruction in mental maladies. Hence the speedy establishment of the course. For twenty years, indeed, I have publicly claimed for Psychiatrie its recognition as a regular portion of medical education. Whilst in many other places prevailing difficulties and scruples have defeated the project, we have here speedily found the means to commence this admittedly judicious and useful work, and thereby to secure a new and valuable addition to the educational advantages of our University.
1966 Nervous Breakdown; Or, When Did Postmodernism Begin?
Authors: McHale Brian
Published: August 2008

In or about 1966, modernity changed. In the spirit of recent reflections on “the year as period,” the present article undertakes a thought experiment: What if we dated the beginning of postmodernism to 1966 instead of, say, 1972–73, the date preferred by Charles Jencks, Fredric Jameson, and Andreas Killen, among others? What might such a thought experiment tell us about postmodernism, and about periodization in general? Even more decisively than in 1973, culture in 1966 is characterized by a series of “breakdowns”—of developments that get ahead of themselves, that stall out and recoil on themselves. Traceable across a variety of cultural practices, this pattern is especially evident in rock music, which achieves aesthetic “escape velocity” in 1966 in such works as the Beatles' Revolver and Bob Dylan's Blonde on Blonde but then stalls out. The pattern of stall and recoil is only one of a number of topological signatures of cultural practices and products also datable to 1966, among them the rediscovery of meta (self-reflection, recursiveness, strange loops) and the opening of paraworld spaces. These topological signatures constitute the building blocks of a postmodernist poetics.
The Heterozygous Disproportionate Micromelia (Dmm) Mouse: Morphological Changes in Fetal Cartilage Precede Postnatal Dwarfism and Compared With Lethal Homozygotes Can Explain the Mild Phenotype
Authors: Seegmiller Robert E. , Bomsta Brandon D. , Bridgewater Laura C. , Niederhauser Cindy M. , Montaño Carolina , Sudweeks Sterling , Eyre David R. , Fernandes Russell J.
Published: August 2008

The disproportionate micromelia ( Dmm) mouse has a mutation in the C-propeptide coding region of the Co/2a1 gene that causes lethal dwarfism when homozygous ( Dmm/Dmm) but causes only mild dwarfism observable ∼1-week postpartum when heterozygous ( Dmm/+). The purpose of this study was 2-fold: first, to analyze and quantify morphological changes that precede the expression of mild dwarfism in Dmm/+ animals, and second, to compare morphological alterations between Dmm/+ and Dmm/Dmm fetal cartilage that may correlate with the marked skeletal differences between mild and lethal dwarfism. Light and electron transmission microscopy were used to visualize structure of chondrocytes and extracellular matrix (ECM) of fetal rib cartilage. Both Dmm/+ and Dmm/Dmm fetal rib cartilage had significantly larger chondrocytes, greater cell density, and less ECM per unit area than +/+ littermates. Quantitative RT-PCR showed a decrease in aggrecan mRNA in Dmm/+ vs +/+ cartilage. Furthermore, the cytoplasm of chondrocytes in Dmm/+ and Dmm/Dmm cartilage was occupied by significantly more distended rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) compared with wild-type chondrocytes. Fibril diameters and packing densities of +/+ and Dmm/+ cartilage were similar, but Dmm/Dmm cartilage showed thinner, sparsely distributed fibrils. These findings support the prevailing hypothesis that a C-propeptide mutation could interrupt the normal assembly and secretion of Type II procollagen trimers, resulting in a buildup of proα1(II) chains in the RER and a reduced rate of matrix synthesis. Thus, intracellular entrapment of proα1(II) seems to be primarily responsible for the dominant-negative effect of the Dmm mutation in the expression of dwarfism.
Goitrous Autoimmune Thyroiditis in a Pediatric Population: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Sripathy , Chugh Pradeep Kumar , Chhillar Mitrabasu , Ambardar Vinod Kumar , Sahoo Maheshwar , Sankar Rajan
Published: August 2008

BACKGROUND. Patients with autoimmune thyroiditis can present with thyroid function that varies from euthyroidism to frank hypothyroidism or occasionally hyperthyroidism. Although there is a risk of progression from the euthyroid or subclinical hypothyroid state to frank hypothyroidism, the rate of progression is not known.

OBJECTIVES. Subjects with diffuse goiter and autoimmune thyroiditis were followed up to observe the rate of deterioration in thyroid function from euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid states to hypothyroidism.

METHODS. Patients who presented with goiter and autoimmune thyroiditis were grouped as those with euthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and overt hypothyroidism on the basis of levels of thyroxine and thyrotropin at presentation. Patients were followed up for a minimum duration of 24 months with periodic monitoring of thyroid function.

RESULTS. Ninety-eight consecutive subjects (aged of 8–18 years) with a diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis and diffuse goiter were studied. At presentation, in 24 subjects (24.5%) thyroid function was normal (euthyroidism), 32 (32.6%) had subclinical hypothyroidism, and the remaining 42 subjects (42.9%) had hypothyroidism. All of the subjects with hypothyroid were maintained euthyroid on thyroxine during follow-up. Hypothyroidism developed in 3 of 24 patients with euthyroidism and in 4 of 32 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.

CONCLUSIONS. Subjects with goitrous autoimmune thyroiditis need periodic monitoring of thyroid function. Development of thyroid dysfunction is insidious and may not be accompanied by symptoms and clinical signs. In pediatric and adolescent age groups it is imperative to correct thyroid dysfunction to achieve optimal growth and development.
Hydro-hegemony in the Nile Basin: a Sudanese perspective
Authors: Saleh Saleh M. K.
Published: August 2008

This paper seeks to re-evaluate Sudan's position, power and policy in light of the hydro-hegemony theory. Sudan's unique transboundary hydrology, particularly in the south, and recent important developments in Sudanese affairs are of particular interest. The possibility of Sudan disintegrating into two sovereign states as per Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement and Sudan's emergence as an oil-exporting country have provided new political events that serve as important factors to be used to analyse Sudan's position and power under the hydro-hegemony theory. Furthermore, Sudan's historical hydro-political objective, the ‘midstream doctrine’ which strives to reconcile the competing demands of downstream and upstream Nile riparians shall be brought to the fore. The methodology utilised in this paper to evaluate hydro-hegemony shall be based on Viotti and Kauppi's definition of Hegemony, Yoffe's Water Event Intensity Scale and Naff and Matson's Power Ratio.
Ethiopia–Challenges to Egyptian hegemony in the Nile Basin
Authors: Cascão Ana Elisa
Published: August 2008

The Framework of Hydro-Hegemony (described by Zeitoun & Warner, in Water Policy8, pp 435–460, 2006) challenges mainstream analyses of hydro-political relations in transboundary river basins and highlights the role of power. The approach asserts that asymmetric power relations represent the cornerstone of the analysis of hydro-political relations. Varying hegemonic configurations and the unequal control of water resources among riparian states are characteristic of these relations. The hegemonic riparian in a given international transboundary water setting deploys several strategies to attain and maintain control, sometimes unilaterally, over the shared water resources. But is the control always as deep and entrenched as it sometimes seems to be?

The starting point of this paper is that hydro-hegemony is not incontestable. An established hegemonic order may often be challenged and resisted through a variety of counter-hegemonic strategies. Through examination of Ethiopian contest and consent of Egyptian hydro-hegemony, this study attempts to provide insights into the condition of counter hydro-hegemony and to provide a framework for further analysis in the field of transboundary water relations. The approach explores the options available for non-hegemonic riparians to challenge a particular hydro-hegemony and finds that these come from unexpected or unacknowledged sources. An assessment of these strategies shows how non-hegemonic riparians might challenge unequal hydro-political configurations and eventually contribute towards a more sustainable and equitable water and benefit-sharing regime.
Going with the flow: river basins as the natural units for water management?
Authors: Warner Jeroen , Wester Philippus , Bolding Alex
Published: August 2008

This article engages with the currently hegemonic status of a triad of water policy prescriptions: multi-stakeholder platforms, integrated water resources management, and river basin management. A more reflective approach that opens up the choices underlying these concepts, and their limits, is needed. The choice to manage water on the basis of river basins is a political choice, and thus river basins are as much political units as they are natural units. The article concludes that the delineation of river basin boundaries, the structuring of stakeholder representation, and the creation of institutional arrangements for river basin management are political processes that revolve around matters of choice, and hence require democratic debate.
Removal of natural organic material by a magnetic ion exchange resin
Authors: Boyer T. H. , Singer P. C.
Published: August 2008

The aim of this research was to elucidate the interactions among dissolved organic carbon (DOC), inorganic anions and a magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) resin. Model waters containing well characterised natural organic matter (NOM) extracts in addition to DOC-free model waters containing sulphate and bicarbonate were used in all experiments. The NOM extracts used in this work included two reference fulvic acids supplied by the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS): Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA) and Pony Lake Fulvic Acid (PLFA). These reference fulvic acids possess unique chemical characteristics that are representative of their distinct end-member environments. The charge density of the NOM extracts, obtained by potentiometric titration, was used to perform charge balance analyses for ion exchange reactions involving DOC, sulphate, bicarbonate and chloride. For SRFA, the results clearly show the stoichiometric exchange of DOC and bicarbonate for chloride. This work provides an improved understanding of the interactions between NOM, MIEX resin and the background solution matrix, and should result in more effective applications of ion exchange treatment for the removal of DOC during drinking water treatment.
Effects of ion exchange resin pre-treatment on GAC adsorption
Authors: Sani B. , Rossi L. , Lubello C. , Zacchei S.
Published: August 2008

In Italian drinking water treatment plants (DWTP), the problem of chlorination by-products control is very important as the Italian drinking water regulations (Dlgs. 31/2001, as enactment of the CEU directive 98/83) set very strict limits for these compounds. A possible strategy for controlling the concentrations of DBPs (disinfection by-products) is the application of treatment processes able to reduce the concentration of dissolved organic matter, the main precursor of DBPs, before the dosage of chlorine-based disinfectants. Recently, ion exchange resins for the removal of dissolved organics have shown several applications in drinking water treatment. In this experimental study, the treatment with ion exchange resins MIEX®DOC and the treatment with GAC (granular activated carbon) were evaluated for the removal of dissolved organics. Moreover, the effects of MIEX® pre-treatment on the subsequent GAC filtration phase were evaluated, with particular attention to the effects on the life-time of the GAC filter. The GAC filter operation was simulated by rapid small scale column tests (RSSCT), which allow the evaluation of the GAC breakthrough curve in a shorter time with respect to a full plant and pilot plant trials. On the basis of the experimental results, the ion exchange process was very efficient in dissolved organics removal (60–70% UV254 removal). Moreover, the results indicated that the application of ion exchange resins as pre-treatment in a conventional drinking water treatment train could increase the filter life-time in the subsequent GAC adsorption phase (about 200%) resulting in potentially important cost benefits for the overall treatment process.
Novel method for in-situ capture of taste and odour (T&O) in drinking water: implementation of an enrichment tool
Authors: Benali D. , Benanou D. , Cantet J.
Published: August 2008

The Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction technique (SBSE) using a 20 mm long stir bar coated with 127 μL of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was investigated as an on-site enrichment tools for trapping odorous compounds in tap water because T&O events in drinking water are often fleeting and unpredictable phenomena. For analysis, SBSE is used in combination with the thermal desorption technique and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GCMS).

Halophenol and haloanisol compounds were investigated over their stability on the stir bar after enrichment. Whatever the temperature, 4°C or room temperature, compounds were stable and gave the same response after the TD-GCMS analysis during 15 days of storage.

Based on these results, a concept of a portable enrichment lab was implemented and enabled us to solve different flavour episodes in France and Sweden. Once the enrichment was performed on-site, the stir bars were sent to our laboratory for investigation and quantitation of odorous compounds.

In two case studies, halophenols and haloanisols were found responsible for the musty taste of the water. In the third case study, more than 200 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified as potential odorous compound which gave a chemical taste to the water.
Rapid sand filtration of Cryptosporidium parvum: effects of media depth and coagulation
Authors: Gitis Vitaly
Published: August 2008

Pilot-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the removal of C. parvum by contact granular filtration. The experiments indicated efficient transport of C. parvum oocysts and limitations posed by attachment conditions. The required 99% oocyst removal was achieved during the operable period. Insufficient 95% removal was attributed to a reduced amount of accumulated material at ripening stage. Coagulation, filter depth and run time were found to be important in the removal of C. parvum oocysts.
Controlling taste and odour events for the city of Philadelphia, USA: a case study
Authors: Suffet I. H. (Mel) , Burlingame Gary , Mackey Erin
Published: August 2008

The overall goal of this case study is to describe the history and present methods that the Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) uses to address its on-going earthy and musty drinking water T&O problems. The Philadelphia Water Department has developed a baseline for its water's aesthetic qualities since the early 1980’s. Philadelphia feels it has sufficient resources to control taste and odour problems. However, when directly asked, only 61–64% of the consumers are satisfied with the taste and odour of Philadelphia's drinking waters. A taste and odour early warning system is being developed for the two drinking water sources, the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. Secondly, routine T&O panels and chemical analysis of geosmin and MIB are completed. Since the year 2000, 10 ng/L has become an early warning wake-up call for PWD. When higher levels are observed, testing is a priority, the source of the T&O is investigated and consumer complaints are monitored carefully. Present water treatment plants are conventional with chlorine disinfection, coagulation/sedimentation, rapid dual media filtration and final chloramination. The PWD uses powdered activated carbon, river water bypass and hydraulic changes in the distribution system to minimise odour events.
Chemical effects on UV irradiation absorption of fouled quartz sleeves in ultraviolet disinfection
Authors: Sun Beibei Zhu , Blatchley Ernest , Oliver Mike , Zheng Cheng , Jennings Kristofer
Published: August 2008

The effects of foulant chemical composition on ultraviolet (UV) absorbance of fouled quartz sleeves in UV disinfection systems were studied. Statistical analysis was conducted to examine the effects of nine fouling chemicals on the UV transmittance changes of fouled quartz lamp sleeves. The results demonstrated that the main effects were attributable to surface concentrations of iron and manganese. The surface concentrations of calcium and copper had no significant effects on the UV absorbance of fouled sleeves. The interaction effects of copper with iron and magnesium with manganese were also revealed from the statistical analysis. The model is able to give reasonable predictions of the UV absorbance characteristics of foulants from other UV systems. However, several limitations of this model were identified. First, the model does not accurately predict the absorbance at relatively high chemical surface concentrations. Second, the model does not account for the possible effects of anions and organics on UV absorption of fouled quartz sleeves.
Distribution and Communities of Crypsis Aculeata and Heleochloa Schoenoides in Slovakia
Authors: Eliáš Pavol , Dítě Daniel , Grulich Vít , Sádovský Marek
Published: August 2008

Distribution and Communities ofCrypsis AculeataandHeleochloa Schoenoidesin Slovakia

The distribution and communities of two annual grassesCrypsis aculeataandHeleochloa schoenoideswere studied in Slovakia during 2003-2007. Herbarium and field data were used to reconstruct the occurrence of both taxa. A strong decline inC. aculeatalocalities was observed. This was mainly due to the destruction of periodically flooded saline habitats. By contrast, the occurrence ofH. schenoideswas changed only slightly. This species survives in secondary habitats (rural roads, field margins, field depressions). Point maps of historical and recent distribution are presented. Halophile vegetation ofCrypsis aculeataandHeleochloa schoenoideshas been sampled with the adapted Braun-Blanquet method. All collected relevés have been classified using the JUICE software. The results showed that theCrypsidetum aculeateWenzl 1934 community is missing now in Slovakia, butHeleochloetum schoenoidis(Soó 1933) Topa 1939 was still recorded at a few sites. However, the community contained many ruderal plant species.
Localities and Sites of Pulsatilla Vernalis in the Julian Alps
Authors: Dakskobler Igor , Sinjur Iztok , Veber Ivan , Zupan Branko
Published: August 2008

Localities and Sites ofPulsatilla Vernalisin the Julian Alps

Applying the standard Central-European method we phytosociologically studied the sites ofPulsatilla vernalis, a rare and protected species of Slovenian flora, in the frost hollows on mountain pastures Ovčarija and Za Grivo in the Fužina pasturelands (the Triglav mountains, the Julian Alps). We established that it grows in a unique community of swards and heaths which usually extends over small surfaces (4-10 m2) and is dominated by herbaceous perennial species (hemicryptophytes) and dwarf shrubs (chamaephytes) with mostly arcticalpine and south-European montane distribution. This community is explicitly (floristically and ecologically) different from the communities of swards and heaths described in the Julian Alps so far, so we classified it into a new associationPulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum octopetalaeass. nova (orderRhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae) and subdivided it into two, floristically and ecologically clearly distinguished subassociations -ericetosum carneaesubass. nova and -vaccinietosumsubass. nova.
Palladium‐catalysed Suzuki cross‐coupling of primary alkylboronic acids with alkenyl halides
Authors: Fall Yacoub , Doucet Henri , Santelli Maurice
Published: July 2008

The Suzuki reaction of primary alkylboronic acids with alkenyl halides proceeds nicely using the air‐stable catalyst PdCl(C3H5)(dppb), Cs2CO3 as base and toluene or xylene as solvent. A minor effect of the substituent position of the alkenyl bromide was observed. Quite similar yields were observed in the presence of α‐ or β‐substituted alkenyl bromides such as 2‐bromobut‐1‐ene or 1‐bromo‐2‐methylprop‐1‐ene with this catalyst. This reaction proceeded with a variety of alkylboronic acids such as 2‐phenylethylboronic acid or n‐octylboronic acid. Lower yields of coupling products were obtained in the presence of an alkenyl chloride. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a series of boronated unnatural cyclic amino acids as potential boron neutron capture therapy agents
Authors: Kabalka George W. , Wu Zhongzhi , Yao Min‐Liang
Published: July 2008

New boronated unnatural cyclic amino acids, 1–6, were synthesized for potential use in neutron capture therapy. In order to understand the effect of molecular lipophilicity on the biological activity, different linkers were introduced between the boronic acid and 1‐aminocycloalkanecarboxylic acid moieties. The key step in the syntheses was the preparation of a series of alkenyl‐substituted cycloalkanones, which were subsequently converted to amino acids via the Bücherer–Strecker reaction. The introduction of the boronic acid function into hydrantoins 19–24 was realized by hydroboration reactions using diisopinocampheylborane (Ipc2BH). The target boronated amino acids were modeled after 1‐aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid and 1‐amino‐3‐boronocyclopentanecarboxylic acid, which have previously demonstrated high uptake in tumors. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the anionic homologous Fries‐rearrangement to the synthesis of 3‐alkylbenzofuran‐2(3H)‐ones
Authors: Azzena Ugo , Pisano Luisa , Pittalis Mario
Published: July 2008

We have developed an effective organometallic‐based procedure allowing the employment of 2‐methylphenols as easily available starting materials in the synthesis of 3‐alkylbenzofuran‐2(3H)‐ones. The first step of this protocol, an anionic homologous Fries‐rearrangement, afforded 2‐(2‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxyaryl)acetamides, which were selectively metalated and monoalkylated at the benzylic position. Acidic work‐up of crude products afforded the desired heterocycles in satisfactory overall yields. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of homogeneously sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes: Effect of casting solvent
Authors: Do Khanh Ngan T. , Kim Dukjoon
Published: July 2008

Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) was homogeneously sulfonated to have various degrees of sulfonation from 48 to 83%. The sulfonated PEEK (sPEEK) membranes were prepared by a solvent casting method using a few solvents such as N,N‐dimethyl formamide, N,N‐dimethyl acetamide, and 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone. The effect of casting solvent on the membrane morphology and properties was investigated. The sulfonation degree and ion exchange capacity were determined by a back titration method, and the morphology of membrane by SEM. It has been demonstrated that the surface morphology and properties of sPEEK membranes, such as water uptake, methanol permeability, ion conductivity, and mechanical strength, were considerably affected by the type of solvent, where the DMAC‐sPEEK system showed the best performance in the polymer electrolyte membrane application for DMFC. This solvent effect on the membrane morphology and properties was caused by interaction strength (hydrogen bonding) between polymer and solvent. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Alkaline polymer electrolyte membranes from quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) for direct methanol fuel cell
Authors: Zhang Hongwei , Zhou Zhentao
Published: July 2008

Quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether ketone)s (QPPEK)s were synthesized by the chloromethylation and quaternization of poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (PPEK) with chloromethyl methyl ether in 98% concentrated sulfuric acid and following trimethylamine. The presence of CH2Cl groups in chloromethylated PPEK was confirmed by 1H‐NMR. An alkaline QPPEK membrane was prepared and its thermal and mechanical properties were tested. The alkaline QPPEK membrane had a methanol permeability 6.57 × 10−7 cm2/s and the highest anion conductivity 1.14 × 10−2 S/cm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of high thermally‐stable and good soluble PVK‐based polymers with perylene moiety
Authors: Hua Jianli , Meng Fanshun , Li Jing , Zhao Ping , Qu Yi
Published: July 2008

Three new poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK)‐based copolymers containing N‐(n‐butyl)‐N‐ethyl‐1,6,7,12‐tetra‐(4‐tert‐butyl‐phenoxy)‐3,4,9,10‐perylene tetracarboxylic bisimides were successfully synthesized by partially formylated by the standard Vilsmeier reaction, and the formyl groups of high reactivity are condensed with cyanoacetylated perylene to afford PVK‐based polymers. The copolymers containing different percentage of perylene were obtained through the percentage of cyanoacetylated perylene unit being controlled by the initial feed ratio. The structures and properties of three copolymers were characterized and evaluated by FT‐IR, NMR, UV–vis, FL spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis measurements. The polymers were highly soluble in conventional solvents such as toluene, CHCl3, THF, DMF etc., and they were thermally stable up to 442–445°C. Three copolymers have emission spectra with characteristic features of the perylene unit, and fluorescence quantum yields of polymers are higher than that of perylene bisimide, which may be caused by singlet–singlet energy transfer from PVK backbone to perylene in the polymers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Irreversible phase behavior of the ternary blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene‐2,6‐naphthalate)/poly(ethylene terephthalate‐ co‐ethylene‐2,6‐naphthalate)
Authors: Ida Shin‐Ichiro , Ito Masayoshi
Published: July 2008

The phase behavior of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Poly(ethylene‐2,6‐naphthalate)/Poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐ethylene‐2,6‐naphthalate) (PET/PEN/P(ET‐co‐EN)) ternary blends in molten state was evaluated from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and NMR results as well as optical microscopic observations. Copolymer of ethylene terephthalate and ethylene‐2,6‐naphthalate was prepared by a condensation polymerization, which was a random copolymer with an intrinsic viscosity (IV) of 0.3 dL/g. The phase diagram of the ternary blends revealed that the miscibility of ternary blends in molten state was dependent on the fraction of P(ET‐co‐EN) in the blends and holding time of the blends at high temperatures above 280°C. With increase in the holding time, the fraction of copolymer in the blends necessary to induce the immiscible to miscible transition decreased. For the blends with longer holding time at 280°C, the phase diagram in molten state was irreversible against the temperature, although a reversibility was found for the blends with short holding time of 1 min at 280°C. The irreversibility of phase behavior was not explained simply by the increase of copolymer content produced during heat treatment. Complex irreversible physical and chemical interactions between components and change of phase structure of the blend in the molten state might influence on the irreversibility. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Abrasion resistance of thermoplastic polyurethane materials blended with ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber
Authors: Tan Jing , Mei Ding Yu , Tao He Xu , Liu Yong , An Ying , Min Yang Wei
Published: July 2008

The effect of ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber (EPDM) as an additive on the abrasion resistance of a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) resin was investigated. The mechanical properties and microstructure of the resultant TPU/EPDM composites were evaluated, and the surface morphology of the composites after abrasion testing was examined. The results showed that the addition of EPDM greatly improved both the mechanical properties and abrasion resistance of the TPU resin. A TPU/EPDM composite with 8 wt % EPDM demonstrated the highest tensile strength, the largest elongation at break, and the best overall performance. The abrasion of this composite was 27 mg, whereas that of the pure resin was 73 mg. With the further addition of EPDM, the abrasion resistance of the resultant composites decreased, whereas the viscosity increased. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Poly(ethylene oxide) × polyacrylamide. Which one is more efficient to promote drag reduction in aqueous solution and less degradable?
Authors: Bizotto Vanessa C. , Sabadini Edvaldo
Published: July 2008

The hydrodynamic drag reduction (HDR) in aqueous solutions containing very small amounts of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and polyacrylamide (PAM, 0–100 ppm) was studied under turbulent flow. In this condition, the polymers undergo severe mechanical degradation and loose their capacity to promote drag reduction. The interpretations from a molecular point of view of the mechanical degradation of these flexible polymers under turbulent flow are not consensual. To avoid effects of polymer entanglement and to correlate the mechanical degradation with the intrinsic characteristics of the polymer chain, a polymer concentration lower than 2 ppm was used. For this purpose, a highly accurate rheometer containing a double‐gap cell was used to determine the mechanical degradation kinetics. The kinetics was measured directly from the loss of the polymer's capability to promote drag reduction. The comparisons of degradation kinetics for PEO and PAM in aqueous solution allow us to conclude that the stabilities of the two polymers are similar. This new interpretation can be useful to understand the relative mechanical stability of flexible polymers under drag reduction conditions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
1H NMR, thermal, and conductivity studies on PVAc based gel polymer electrolytes
Authors: Baskaran R. , Selvasekarapandian S. , Kuwata N. , Iwai Yoshiki , Kawamura J. , Hattori T.
Published: August 2008

The lithium‐ion conducting gel polymer electrolytes (GPE), PVAc‐DMF‐LiClO4 of various compositions have been prepared by solution casting technique. 1H NMR results reveal the existence of DMF in the gel polymer electrolytes at ambient temperature. Structure and surface morphology characterization have been studied by X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. Thermal and conductivity behavior of polymer‐ and plasticizer‐salt complexes have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), TG/DTA, and impedance spectroscopy results. XRD and SEM analyses indicate the amorphous nature of the gel polymer‐salt complex. DSC measurements show a decrease in Tg with the increase in DMF concentrations. The thermal stability of the PVAc : DMF : LiClO4 gel polymer electrolytes has been found to be in the range of (30–60°C). The dc conductivity of gel polymer electrolytes, obtained from impedance spectra, has been found to vary between 7.6 × 10−7 and 4.1 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 303 K depending on the concentration of DMF (10–20 wt %) in the polymer electrolytes. The temperature dependence of conductivity of the polymer electrolyte complexes appears to obey the VTF behavior. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Using LiDAR to detect cultural resources in a forested environment: an example from Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, USA
Authors: Gallagher Julie M. , Josephs Richard L.
Published: July 2008

This article discusses the use of light detecting and ranging (LiDAR) technology as an effective remote sensing tool for the location of cultural resources. Its use, particularly in Europe, has proven successful in the identification of archaeological sites obscured by dense vegetation or surface disturbances. This study used LiDAR‐derived imagery to detect pre‐ and post‐European contact sites, and their related features, in densely forested environments on Isle Royale, Michigan, USA. LiDAR bare‐Earth models were used to ‘see through’ the vegetation in an effort to: (i) identify cultural features prior to the implementation of a pedestrian reconnaissance survey; (ii) aid in the development of a more informed survey strategy; and (iii) produce an overall safer, more efficient and more cost‐effective research design. Three study areas were selected for investigation. Within these three study areas, a total of seven investigation locales containing 32 separate features were identified using LiDAR‐derived imagery. Eighteen of the 32 features were found to have been previously recorded. Of the remaining 14 features, seven were confirmed in the field as being cultural features and were recorded for the first time as a result of this investigation. The remaining seven could not be located on the ground or were found to be non‐cultural. The results of this study support the use of LiDAR as a viable method for the detection of cultural resources, particularly in remote and heavily forested environments. Despite its positive contributions, there is a limited range of archaeological (surface) features that can be detected using this technology. As applied to archaeology, LiDAR is not an exclusive investigatory technique. It must be part of a comprehensive research strategy that integrates field, laboratory and archival investigation in order to achieve the best possible interpretation of the archaeological record. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decreased Turn‐On Times of Single‐Component Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells by Tethering an Ionic Iridium Complex with Imidazolium Moieties
Authors: Su Hai‐Ching , Chen Hsiao‐Fan , Wu Chung‐Chih , Wong Ken‐Tsung
Published: July 2008

We report a significant decrease in turn‐on times of light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) by tethering imidazolium moieties onto a cationic Ir complex. The introduction of two imidazolium groups at the ends of the two alkyl side chains of [Ir(ppy)2(dC6‐daf)]+(PF6)− (ppy=2‐phenylpyridine, dC6‐daf=9,9′‐dihexyl‐4,5‐diazafluorene) gave the complex [Ir(ppy)2(dC6MIM‐daf)]3+[(PF6)−]3 (dC6MIM‐daf=9,9‐bis[6‐(3‐methylimidazolium)hexyl]‐1‐yl‐4,5‐diazafluorene). Both complexes exhibited similar photoluminescent/electrochemical properties and comparable electroluminescent efficiencies. The turn‐on times of the LECs based on the latter complex, however, were much lower than those of devices based on the former. The improvement is ascribed to increased concentrations of mobile counterions ((PF6)−) in the neat films and a consequent increase in neat‐film ionic conductivity. These results demonstrate that the technique is useful for molecular modifications of ionic transition‐metal complexes (ITMCs) to improve the turn‐on times of LECs and to realize single‐component ITMC LECs compatible with simple driving schemes.
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of CO and CN Bonds by Tethered RhIII Catalysts
Authors: Matharu Daljit S. , Martins José E. D. , Wills Martin
Published: July 2008

RhIII catalysts containing a tetramethylcyclopentadienyl group linked by a ‘tether’ to a tosylated diamine ligand have previously been reported by our group for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of ketones. The extension of these catalysts to the asymmetric reduction of imines, as well as to more highly functionalized substrates is reported. In some cases, the catalysts give better ee values than other methods for these transformations at lower catalyst loadings. The introduction of a methoxy group into the tethering aryl ring does not negate the performance of the catalyst, thus opening up a route to supported derivatives.