bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Koja je razlika između grafi čko-grafoskopske, grafološke i kriminalističke oblasti
Authors: Branković Dane
Published: July 2016

Sve vrste dokumenata, bilo da su u obliku listova od papira ili kartona, u obliku manjih ili većih knjižica, identifikacioni dokumenti, fi nansijski i reklamni dokumenti, su isključivo grafi čki proizvodi. Izrađuju se i proizvode u manjimili većim štamparijama, sa defi nisanim tehnološkim fazama rada. Po potrebi se popunjavaju i ovjeravaju određenim postupcima.Sve te aktivnosti pripadaju grafi čko-grafoskopskoj oblasti, koja obuhvata vještačenje autentičnosti svih vrstadokumenata i svih grafi čkih elementa koji se nalaze u dokumentima.Grafologija nenaučno, samo hipotetički, pokušava pretpostavljati osobine ličnosti na osnovu njegovog rukopisa i pokušavautvrđivati stanje njegove duše. Nikada se nije koristila niti se sada koristi, za vještačenje bilo kojih dokumenata ili bilošta u dokumentima.Kriminalistika je nauka koja se bavi proučavanjem, usavršavanjem i primjenom onih naučnih metoda kao i sredstavakoja su najpogodnija za otkrivanje krivičnih djela, pronalaženje počinilaca krivičnih djela, obezbjeđivanje dokaza i fi ksiranjedokaza. Ona proučava kriminalitet, bilo u prevenciji, bilo u represiji. Kriminalistika se dijeli na kriminalističkutaktiku, metodiku i tehniku.
Environment protection in the legal system of Albania: The current situation in Albania on combating environmental crimes and the new reform directions
Authors: Selimi Shkёlzen , Zaganjori Xhezair
Published: July 2016

The scope of this article is twofold, on one hand; it makes an analysis of the current situation of the environment protection through the criminal law in the Albania, by proving a legal landscape on the current criminal conducts as are foreseen by the Criminal Code of Albania. It starts with an introduction which aims to highlight the status play of the increased attention that is being shown for the environmental protection in the global arena. Then it makes an assessment on the definition of the environmental harm, and the technical-legal approaches utilised for the protection of the environment. After that, this article makes a description of the legal concept of environment in Albania and analyses the existing criminal offences as they are foreseen by the Criminal Code. On the other hand, the article makes a preliminary assessment of the new coming reform on the environmental crime in Albania, by trying to identify the problematic issues and their address by the draft-law. The conclusions reached at the end shows the evolution of the concept of environment and its protection, welcomes the new reform by noting the need of the judicial authorities to be trained in order to be fully implemented.
Global security challenges and their impact on the Security Strategy of Kosova
Authors: Gashi Bejtush
Published: July 2016

Security is a fundamental prerequisite for the existence and development of humans and their society. Its scientific research and understanding is focused both on the State as a single entity, and on the international politics, as a System of States. At the current level of social development, security policy is implemented through various security systems, which analyze the possibilities and degrees of organization to perform security function in contemporary society. It is part of the Comprehensive State Policy as a whole, and implemented through a host of National Security Goals. This means that, in order to formulate and develop a security concept, any state, must take under consideration both internal and external factors, both traditional and non-traditional factors. Contemporary concept of the security policy is seen as a combination of objectives, interests, and actions in economy on one hand, and of the Strategy of the Armed Forces, on the other hand, including international cooperation and coordination. Kosova has fallen behind in this field, because it still misses some documents of crucial importance, i.e. “Comprehensive Security Strategy”, a Comprehensive document defining the National Critical Infrastructure. These two documents are supposed to define the basic national interests of Kosova, as crucial elements of the National Being, and define institutions and actions for their preservation and development. To make the situation even more difficult, Kosova is still missing a clear definition of its security environment, whereas the entire security policy is based on the capability of KFOR, EULEX and other international presence, to provide their support. The presence of parallel structures, and even criminal groups, sponsored, or instigated, by the official Government of Serbia, have a serious impact on the situation. Those structures and groups are a constant challenge against legal institutions of Kosova, in their efforts to execute the sovereignty throughout its territory.
Social Aspects Regarding the Single-Parent Families Vulnerability - The Case Of Arad County
Authors: Iovan Marţian , Oprea Maria
Published: July 2016

Based on empiric investigations and the study of documents from specialized public institutions, the authors analyse in this article the extent, manifestations, causes and consequences of single-parent families in Arad County. As social entities with a high risk of social exclusion, the authors identify practical measures for intervention by public authorities in the sense of optimizing socialization, social work and balancing these families, especially their children, by taking into account both Romanian and European legislation in this field. Preventing the reproduction/increase in the number of single-parent families must rely on the complete knowledge of this social phenomenon, with the need to establish databases and map the dispersion of single-parent families within administrative-territorial units. The decrease in the number of families with a high social risk over time is the result of correlated and harmonized public policies, aimed at fighting poverty, discrimination, unemployment, lack of access to education, while ensuring the general background for economic development and prosperity. The study is determined by the fact that many times the parents and the children of single parent families find themselves in the situation of not being able to make ends meet, the lack of finances, education and proper housing making it impossible for them to live a decent life. By identifying, through specific scientific methods such as document analysis, interviews, case studies, the particular types of problems facing single parent families, we consider we will succeed in offering a strong basis to motivate decision makers to establish additional social protection measures that will contribute to the reduction of the causes that maintain this social category among vulnerable groups.
Kosovo - An Atypical Parliamentary Republic
Authors: Jashari Murat , Selimi Behar
Published: July 2016

The topic of this comparative study is the republican character of the system of governance in Kosovo. In the public discourse and political communication, as well as in academic discourse Kosovo is considered a Parliamentary Republic, based on the principle “of the separation of powers and checks and balances between them.” Although the constitutional definition of the relationship between the executive and legislative favors parliamentary republicanism, the constitutional powers of the president, the government and especially the constitutional and political power of the prime minister, significantly weaken the parliamentary character, in favor of a semi-presidential system. However, neither the current theories of government, nor constitutional provisions can rank Kosovo among semi-presidential systems, or pure parliamentary systems. Comparisons of competence powers relations in Kosovo, with similar relations and competences of the countries of the region and beyond, testify to the specific nature of parliamentary democracy in Kosovo. It is precisely the comparison of the Kosovo constitutional-legal system of governance with similar systems and theoretical analysis of parliamentary models facing Kosovo model which will be the basis of support of the hypothesis that Kosovo is not a typical parliamentary republic.
Role and challenges of school social workers in facilitating and supporting the inclusiveness of children with special needs in regular schools
Authors: Balli Doriana
Published: July 2016

Dynamic of the society development is associated with extension of social problems, notably in educational context. The role of school, as the main public institution for social development of the students, is now obvious throughout the world. Consequently the role of social workers in schools is becoming essential, especially in terms of the inclusion of marginalized children from the opportunity of education, by impacting the educational system, to meet the diverse needs of all learners. Social work is focused on the welfare of individuals by increasing and developing their potential, so it goes hand in hand with inclusive education for children with disabilities, which emphasizes the children’ rights to obtain a definite, qualitative and suitable education in regular schools. The main focus of this study was to draw a clear panorama of the school social workers’ role towards the processes of inclusiveness of students with disabilities in Albanian regular schools. The data were collected via in-depth interviews with eight school social workers of the secondary schools in Korça region. The results showed that social service in schools is very important for helping students to develop social competences, intermediating parents in utilizing school and community resources, identifying and reporting bullying phenomenon, etc. School social workers could play a key role to implement the educational reform, which is being undertaken in Albania. Interviewees also shared their difficulties regarding the practical work, especially obstacles related to inclusive education processes.
Report between the President and Constitutional Court and its influence on the functioning of the Constitutional System in Kosovo
Authors: Muçaj Florent , Balaj Luz
Published: July 2016

This paper aims at clarifying the report between the President and the Constitutional Court. If we take as a starting point the constitutional mandate of these two institutions it follows that their final mission is the same, i.e., the protection and safeguarding of the constitutional system. This paper, thus, will clarify the key points in which this report is expressed. Further, this paper examines the theoretical aspects of the report between the President and the Constitutional Court, starting from the debate over this issue between Karl Schmitt and Hans Kelsen. An important part of the paper will examine the Constitution of Kosovo, i.e., the contents of the constitutional norm and its application. The analysis focuses on the role such report between the two institutions has on the functioning of the constitutional system. In analyzing the case of Kosovo, this paper examines Constitutional Court cases in which the report between the President and the Constitutional Court has been an issue of review. Such cases assist us in clarifying the main theme of this paper. Therefore, the reader will be able to understand the key elements of the report between the President as a representative of the unity of the people on the one hand and the Constitutional Court as a guarantor of constitutionality on the other hand.
The Technological Expansion of Sociability: Virtual Communities as Imagined Communities
Authors: Grădinaru Camelia
Published: July 2016

The reception of Benedict Anderson’s ideas was very fruitful in many disciplines, and his work provided key concepts that can now throw a clarifying light in some blurry matters. The expression “imagined community” has known a remarkable proliferation, a situation that led to both the formation of a research direction and to the perpetuation of a cliché. In this respect, my article pointed out some suggestive characteristics of virtual communities, explaining why the imagined community is a valuable subject for the theorists of new media. The impossibility to know in person all the members of a big community is just one factor that determines its imagined face. Moreover, the set of values and inner presuppositions that guide the members are important bricks in the construction of community. In my opinion, the virtual community is imagined as a multi-layered experience (technological, conversational, relational etc.). The dynamic of a virtual community contains the tension amongst these layers and the degree of its imagined side depends on multiple factors. In order to illustrate these aspects, I gave a brief example by analysing a Romanian virtual community, using the triad common language – temporality – high centers. In spite of its limitations, the perspectives offered by this concept are still useful for understanding the nature of online communities. Thus, the imagined community is a valuable set of beliefs and practices that underlie and bolster the effective meaning and functioning of the virtual communities.
Bottom-up and top-down influences at untrained conditions determine perceptual learning specificity and transfer
Authors: Xiong Ying-Zi , Zhang Jun-Yun , Yu Cong
Published: July 2016

Perceptual learning is often orientation and location specific, which may indicate neuronal plasticity in early visual areas. However, learning specificity diminishes with additional exposure of the transfer orientation or location via irrelevant tasks, suggesting that the specificity is related to untrained conditions, likely because neurons representing untrained conditions are neither bottom-up stimulated nor top-down attended during training. To demonstrate these top-down and bottom-up contributions, we applied a “continuous flash suppression” technique to suppress the exposure stimulus into sub-consciousness, and with additional manipulations to achieve pure bottom-up stimulation or top-down attention with the transfer condition. We found that either bottom-up or top-down influences enabled significant transfer of orientation and Vernier discrimination learning. These results suggest that learning specificity may result from under-activations of untrained visual neurons due to insufficient bottom-up stimulation and/or top-down attention during training. High-level perceptual learning thus may not functionally connect to these neurons for learning transfer.
Fundamental processes of exciton scattering at organic solar-cell interfaces: One-dimensional model calculation
Authors: Masugata Yoshimitsu , Iizuka Hideyuki , Sato Kosuke , Nakayama Takashi
Published: July 2016

Fundamental processes of exciton scattering at organic solar-cell interfaces were studied using a one-dimensional tight-binding model and by performing a time-evolution simulation of electron–hole pair wave packets. We found the fundamental features of exciton scattering: the scattering promotes not only the dissociation of excitons and the generation of interface-bound (charge-transferred) excitons but also the transmission and reflection of excitons depending on the electron and hole interface offsets. In particular, the dissociation increases in a certain region of an interface offset, while the transmission shows resonances with higher-energy bound-exciton and interface bound-exciton states. We also studied the effects of carrier-transfer and potential modulations at the interface and the scattering of charged excitons, and we found trap dissociations where one of the carriers is trapped around the interface after the dissociation.
Surface-segregated Si and Ge ultrathin films formed by Ag-induced layer exchange process
Authors: Kurosawa Masashi , Ohta Akio , Araidai Masaaki , Zaima Shigeaki
Published: July 2016

We have developed a new method of growing Si or Ge ultrathin films on a Ag(111) surface by using a Ag-induced layer exchange (ALEX) process toward the creation of 2D honeycomb sheets of Si and Ge, known as silicene and germanene, respectively. In the present paper, we clarify ALEX features, specifically the surface segregation of Si (or Ge) atoms from the underlying substrate, focusing on the annealing temperature and time. Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses demonstrate that surface-segregated Si (or Ge) exists on the Ag surfaces after the epitaxial growth of the Ag layer on Si(111) [or Ge(111)] substrates; the amount of segregated Si (or Ge) can be controlled by a subsequent annealing. Also, we find that the segregation of an ultrathin Si or Ge layer proceeds at an interface between Ag and the AlO
x
capping layer.
Global patterns of conservation research importance in different countries of the world
Authors: Doi Hideyuki , Takahara Teruhiko
Published: July 2016

Conservation research is essential to help inform the science-based management of environments that support threatened and endangered wildlife; however, research effort is not necessarily uniform across countries globally. Here, we assessed how the research importance of conservation is distributed globally across different countries and what drives this variation. Specifically, we compared the number of conservation/ecological articles versus all scientific articles published for each country in relation to the number of endangered species, the protection status and number of ecosystems, and the economic status of each country (gross domestic product (GDP) per capita). We observed a significant and positive relationship between the proportion of conservation and ecology articles to all scientific articles with respect to the number of endangered species and the proportion of endangered species that are protected in a country, as well as GDP per capita. In conclusion, knowledge about the conservation and economic status of countries should be accounted for when predicting the research importance of conservation and ecology.
Near real‐time input to a propagation model for nowcasting of HF communications with aircraft on polar routes
Authors: Warrington E. M. , Stocker A. J. , Siddle D. R. , Hallam J. , Al‐Behadili H. A. H. , Zaalov N. Y. , Honary F. , Rogers N. C. , Boteler D. H. , Danskin D. W.
Published: July 2016

There is a need for improved techniques for nowcasting and forecasting (over several hours) HF propagation at northerly latitudes to support airlines operating over the increasingly popular trans‐polar routes. In this paper the assimilation of real‐time measurements into a propagation model developed by the authors is described, including ionosonde measurements and total electron content (TEC) measurements to define the main parameters of the ionosphere. The effects of D region absorption in the polar cap and auroral regions are integrated with the model through satellite measurements of the flux of energetic solar protons (>1 MeV) and the X‐ray flux in the 0.1–0.8 nm band, and ground‐based magnetometer measurements which form the Kp and Dst indices of geomagnetic activity. The model incorporates various features (e.g., convecting patches of enhanced plasma density) of the polar ionosphere that are, in particular, responsible for off‐great circle propagation and lead to propagation at times and frequencies not expected from on‐great circle propagation alone. The model development is supported by the collection of HF propagation measurements over several paths within the polar cap, crossing the auroral oval, and along the midlatitude trough.
Automatic Identification System modular receiver for academic purposes
Authors: Cabrera F. , Molina N. , Tichavska M. , Araña V.
Published: July 2016

The Automatic Identification System (AIS) standard is encompassed within the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), in force since 1999. The GMDSS is a set of procedures, equipment, and communication protocols designed with the aim of increasing the safety of sea crossings, facilitating navigation, and the rescue of vessels in danger. The use of this system not only is increasingly attractive to security issues but also potentially creates intelligence products throughout the added‐value information that this network can transmit from ships on real time (identification, position, course, speed, dimensions, flag, among others). Within the marine electronics market, commercial receivers implement this standard and allow users to access vessel‐broadcasted information if in the range of coverage. In addition to satellite services, users may request actionable information from private or public AIS terrestrial networks where real‐time feed or historical data can be accessed from its nodes. This paper describes the configuration of an AIS receiver based on a modular design. This modular design facilitates the evaluation of specific modules and also a better understanding of the standard and the possibility of changing hardware modules to improve the performance of the prototype. Thus, the aim of this paper is to describe the system's specifications, its main hardware components, and to present educational didactics on the setup and use of a modular and terrestrial AIS receiver. The latter is for academic purposes and in undergraduate studies such as electrical engineering, telecommunications, and maritime studies.
Intensification of upwelling along Oman coast in a warming scenario
Authors: Praveen V. , Ajayamohan R. S. , Valsala V. , Sandeep S.
Published: July 2016

The oceanic impact of poleward shift in monsoon low‐level jet (MLLJ) is examined using a Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). Two sets of downscaling experiments were conducted using ROMS with boundary and initial conditions from six CMIP5 models. While outputs from the historical run (1981–2000) acts as forcing for the first, the second uses RCP8.5 (2080–2099). By comparing the outputs, it is found that Oman coast will experience an increase in upwelling in tune with MLLJ shift. Consistent with the changes in upwelling and zonal Ekman transport, temperature, salinity, and productivity show significant changes near the Oman coast. The changes in MLLJ causes the coastal wind to angle against the Oman coast in such a fashion that the net upwelling increases in the next century and so does the marine productivity. This study contrasts the general view of weakening of upwelling along the Arabian coasts due to the weakening of monsoon winds.
Evolution of the eddy field in the Arctic Ocean's Canada Basin, 2005–2015
Authors: Zhao Mengnan , Timmermans Mary‐Louise , Cole Sylvia , Krishfield Richard , Toole John
Published: July 2016

The eddy field across the Arctic Ocean's Canada Basin is analyzed using Ice‐Tethered Profiler (ITP) and moored measurements of temperature, salinity, and velocity spanning 2005 to 2015. ITPs encountered 243 eddies, 98% of which were anticyclones, with approximately 70% of these having anomalously cold cores. The spatially and temporally varying eddy field is analyzed accounting for sampling biases in the unevenly distributed ITP data and caveats in detection methods. The highest concentration of eddies was found in the western and southern portions of the basin, close to topographic margins and boundaries of the Beaufort Gyre. The number of lower halocline eddies approximately doubled from 2005–2012 to 2013–2014. The increased eddy density suggests more active baroclinic instability of the Beaufort Gyre that releases available potential energy to balance the wind energy input; this may stabilize the Gyre spin‐up and associated freshwater increase.
A Bayesian source model for the 2004 great Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake
Authors: Bletery Quentin , Sladen Anthony , Jiang Junle , Simons Mark
Published: July 2016

The 2004 Mw 9.1–9.3 Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake is one of the largest earthquakes of the modern instrumental era. Despite considerable efforts to analyze this event, the different available observations have proven difficult to reconcile in a single finite‐fault slip model. In particular, the critical near‐field geodetic records contain variable and significant postseismic signal (between 2 weeks' and 2 months' worth), while the satellite altimetry records of the associated tsunami are affected by various sources of uncertainties (e.g., source rupture velocity and mesoscale oceanic currents). In this study, we investigate the quasi‐static slip distribution of the Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake by carefully accounting for the different sources of uncertainties in the joint inversion of available geodetic and tsunami data. To this end, we use nondiagonal covariance matrices reflecting both observational and modeling uncertainties in a fully Bayesian inversion framework. Modeling errors can be particularly large for great earthquakes. Here we consider a layered spherical Earth for the static displacement field, nonhydrostatic equations for the tsunami, and a 3‐D megathrust interface geometry to alleviate some of the potential epistemic uncertainties. The Bayesian framework then enables us to derive families of possible models compatible with the unevenly distributed and sometimes ambiguous measurements. We infer two regions of high fault slip at 3°N–4°N and 7°N–8°N with amplitudes that likely reach values as large as 40 m and possibly larger. These values are a factor of 2 larger than typically found in previous studies—potentially an outcome of commonly assumed forms of regularization. Finally, we find that fault rupture very likely involved shallow slip. Within the resolution provided by the existing data, we cannot rule out the possibility that fault rupture reached the trench.
Mixing and phytoplankton dynamics in a submarine canyon in the West Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Carvalho Filipa , Kohut Josh , Oliver Matthew J. , Sherrell Robert M. , Schofield Oscar
Published: July 2016

Bathymetric depressions (canyons) exist along the West Antarctic Peninsula shelf and have been linked with increased phytoplankton biomass and sustained penguin colonies. However, the physical mechanisms driving this enhanced biomass are not well understood. Using a Slocum glider data set with over 25,000 water column profiles, we evaluate the relationship between mixed layer depth (MLD, estimated using the depth of maximum buoyancy frequency) and phytoplankton vertical distribution. We use the glider deployments in the Palmer Deep region to examine seasonal and across canyon variability. Throughout the season, the ML becomes warmer and saltier, as a result of vertical mixing and advection. Shallow ML and increased stratification due to sea ice melt are linked to higher chlorophyll concentrations. Deeper mixed layers, resulting from increased wind forcing, show decreased chlorophyll, suggesting the importance of light in regulating phytoplankton productivity. Spatial variations were found in the canyon head region where local physical water column properties were associated with different biological responses, reinforcing the importance of local canyon circulation in regulating phytoplankton distribution in the region. While the mechanism initially hypothesized to produce the observed increases in phytoplankton over the canyons was the intrusion of warm, nutrient enriched modified Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (mUCDW), our analysis suggests that ML dynamics are key to increased primary production over submarine canyons in the WAP.
Fabrication of a Targeted Drug Delivery System from a Pillar[5]arene‐Based Supramolecular Diblock Copolymeric Amphiphile for Effective Cancer Therapy
Authors: Yu Guocan , Yu Wei , Shao Li , Zhang Zhihua , Chi Xiaodong , Mao Zhengwei , Gao Changyou , Huang Feihe
Published: July 2016

Effective cancer therapy will profit from the development of sophisticated drug delivery systems with stimuli‐responsive properties that are capable of delivering therapeutic doses to the active sites, while minimizing the accumulation of highly toxic drugs in off‐target sites. Herein, the fabrication of a pillararene‐based amphiphilic supramolecular diblock polymer (P5‐PEG‐Biotin⊃PCL‐C2V) based on the host–guest recognition between a water‐soluble pillar[5]arene and a viologen salt is reported. P5‐PEG‐Biotin⊃PCL‐C2V self‐assembles into polymersomes, which are utilized as drug delivery vehicles for doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). Decorated by the biotin groups, these smart nanocarriers deliver the anticancer drug preferentially to biotin receptor over‐expressing cancer cells. After internalization by the cells, the viologen group is reduced into the cationic radical state by the intracellular reductase NAD(P)H, leading to the release of the loaded DOX by the disassembly of the polymersomes. More importantly, DOX‐loaded polymersomes maintain the therapeutic efficacy towards cancerous HeLa cells, while exhibiting relatively low cytotoxicity towards normal HEK293 cells. In vivo studies reveal that the DOX‐loaded supramolecular polymersomes prolong the circulation time in the bloodstream, promote the antitumor efficacy and reduce the systematic toxicity of the drug through flexible and modular supramolecular strategy.
Collagen Substrate Stiffness Anisotropy Affects Cellular Elongation, Nuclear Shape, and Stem Cell Fate toward Anisotropic Tissue Lineage
Authors: Islam Anowarul , Younesi Mousa , Mbimba Thomas , Akkus Ozan
Published: July 2016

Rigidity of substrates plays an important role in stem cell fate. Studies are commonly carried out on isotropically stiff substrate or substrates with unidirectional stiffness gradients. However, many native tissues are anisotropically stiff and it is unknown whether controlled presentation of stiff and compliant material axes on the same substrate governs cytoskeletal and nuclear morphology, as well as stem cell differentiation. In this study, electrocompacted collagen sheets are stretched to varying degrees to tune the stiffness anisotropy (SA) in the range of 1 to 8, resulting in stiff and compliant material axes orthogonal to each other. The cytoskeletal aspect ratio increased with increasing SA by about fourfold. Such elongation was absent on cellulose acetate replicas of aligned collagen surfaces indicating that the elongation was not driven by surface topography. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded on varying anisotropy sheets displayed a dose‐dependent upregulation of tendon‐related markers such as Mohawk and Scleraxis. After 21 d of culture, highly anisotropic sheets induced greater levels of production of type‐I, type‐III collagen, and thrombospondin‐4. Therefore, SA has direct effects on MSC differentiation. These findings may also have ramifications of stem cell fate on other anisotropically stiff tissues, such as skeletal/cardiac muscles, ligaments, and bone.
Tissue‐Engineered Fibrin‐Based Heart Valve with Bio‐Inspired Textile Reinforcement
Authors: Moreira Ricardo , Neusser Christine , Kruse Magnus , Mulderrig Shane , Wolf Frederic , Spillner Jan , Schmitz‐Rode Thomas , Jockenhoevel Stefan , Mela Petra
Published: July 2016

The mechanical properties of tissue‐engineered heart valves still need to be improved to enable their implantation in the systemic circulation. The aim of this study is to develop a tissue‐engineered valve for the aortic position – the BioTexValve – by exploiting a bio‐inspired composite textile scaffold to confer native‐like mechanical strength and anisotropy to the leaflets. This is achieved by multifilament fibers arranged similarly to the collagen bundles in the native aortic leaflet, fixed by a thin electrospun layer directly deposited on the pattern. The textile‐based leaflets are positioned into a 3D mould where the components to form a fibrin gel containing human vascular smooth muscle cells are introduced. Upon fibrin polymerization, a complete valve is obtained. After 21 d of maturation by static and dynamic stimulation in a custom‐made bioreactor, the valve shows excellent functionality under aortic pressure and flow conditions, as demonstrated by hydrodynamic tests performed according to ISO standards in a mock circulation system. The leaflets possess remarkable burst strength (1086 mmHg) while remaining pliable; pronounced extracellular matrix production is revealed by immunohistochemistry and biochemical assay. This study demonstrates the potential of bio‐inspired textile‐reinforcement for the fabrication of functional tissue‐engineered heart valves for the aortic position.
Hierarchical Dual‐Scaffolds Enhance Charge Separation and Collection for High Efficiency Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xiao Shuang , Chen Haining , Jiang Fangyuan , Bai Yang , Zhu Zonglong , Zhang Teng , Zheng Xiaoli , Qian Guoyu , Hu Chen , Zhou Yinhua , Qu Yongquan , Yang Shihe
Published: July 2016

Organometal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown much promise to be made semitransparent (ST) for a variety of applications. However, charge separation and collection are still inefficient from the ultrathin absorber layer and thus limit the ST‐PSCs performance. Herein a type of hierarchical dual scaffolds is first reported to tackle this problem consisting of a quasi‐mesoscopic inorganic (TiO2) layer and a percolating organic (phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester) manifold throughout the capped or filled perovskite bulk. It is demonstrated that the soft PCBM scaffold affords efficient charge separation due to the formation of a penetrating network intimately interfaced with perovskite crystals, meanwhile the quasi‐mesoporous hard TiO2 scaffold strongly based on the substrate further offers a continuous electron transport. As a result, the ST‐PSCs based on the ultrathin perovskite layer (≈100 nm) with the dual‐scaffolds have achieved an internal quantum efficiency of ≈100%, boosting the device efficiency to 12.32%. Furthermore, the real ST‐PSCs fabricated by replacing the Ag electrode with a PEDOT:PSS transparent electrode have reached an efficiency of 8.21% with an average visible transmittance of 23%, placing among the highest performing devices of the kind reported to date.
Color‐Selective 2.5D Holograms on Large‐Area Flexible Substrates for Sensing and Multilevel Security
Authors: Yetisen Ali K. , Butt Haider , Mikulchyk Tatsiana , Ahmed Rajib , Montelongo Yunuen , Humar Matjaž , Jiang Nan , Martin Suzanne , Naydenova Izabela , Yun Seok Hyun
Published: July 2016

2.5D photonic nanostructures with narrow‐band diffraction characteristics have a vast range of potential applications in information storage, tunable lasers, optical filters, and biosensors. However, fabrication of 2.5D photonic devices over large areas remains expertise‐dependent, inaccurate, and high‐cost, limiting their widespread use in practical applications and consumer products. Here, large area printing of quasi 2.5D holograms is demonstrated in the visible spectrum. These holographic surface‐relief gratings are hexagonally packed lateral microscale honeycomb pyramids consisting of vertical nanoscale steps. The consecutive steps act as Bragg gratings producing constructive interference of selective visible wavelengths. The 2.5D nanostepped pyramids exhibit coloration due to the narrow‐band Bragg diffraction that is tuned in the visible spectrum and a wide angular range. Roll‐to‐roll processing allows for rapid nanoimprinting the 2.5D nanostepped pyramid arrays over large areas of acrylate polymer film on poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate. The utilities of the 2.5D holograms are demonstrated by creating colorimetric refractive index and relative humidity sensors, quick response codes, fingerprints, signatures, and encrypted labels. It is envisioned that 2.5D holograms can be integrated with desktop dot‐matrix printers for application in sensing, data storage, and security.
Understanding the Orderliness of Atomic Arrangement toward Enhanced Sodium Storage
Authors: Zhou Min , Xu Yang , Xiang Junxiang , Wang Chengliang , Liang Liying , Wen Liaoyong , Fang Yaoguo , Mi Yan , Lei Yong
Published: July 2016

In response to the increased demands of available energy storage, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) appear as promising alternatives to widely used lithium ion batteries. However, because of large radius of Na ions, more complex requirements for the intrinsic properties raise the difficulties in finding a suitable material, in particularly for electrodes with intercalation mechanism. Concerning the principle of designing effective electrodes, the ordering of atomic arrangements should be at the heart in SIBs due to its significant influences on various electrochemical processes, such as ion absorption, ion diffusion, electron diffusion, etc. As proof‐of‐concept, the state‐of‐the art TiO2 electrodes with different orderliness of atomic arrangement are achieved through colloidal crystal template method assisted by low‐temperature atomic layer deposition and post‐heating treatment. The disordering at the surface is benefit for the contribution from surface processes, which is particularly significant to the electrode materials with poorer affinity of transporting ions. Meanwhile, the disordering in bulk results in better ion diffusion, but worse electron transport. Understanding this relationship between atomic orderliness and battery performance is of importance for extending the design principle to some traditional electrodes for highly effective energy storage.
Thermally Chargeable Solid‐State Supercapacitor
Authors: Kim Suk Lae , Lin Henry Taisun , Yu Choongho
Published: July 2016

Ubiquitous low‐grade thermal energy, which is typically wasted without use, can be extremely valuable for continuously powering electronic devices such as sensors and wearable electronics. A popular choice for waste heat recovery has been thermoelectric energy conversion, but small output voltage without energy‐storing capability necessitates additional components such as a voltage booster and a capacitor. Here, a novel method of simultaneously generating a large voltage from a temperature gradient and storing electrical energy without losing the benefit of solid‐state no‐moving part devices like conventional thermoelectrics is reported. Thermally driven ion diffusion is used to greatly increase the output voltage (8 mV K−1) with polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSH) film. Polyaniline‐coated electrodes containing graphene and carbon nanotube sandwich the PSSH film where thermally induced voltage‐enabled electrochemical reactions, resulting in a charging behavior without an external power supply. With a small temperature difference (5 K) possibly created over wearable energy harvesting devices, the thermally chargeable supercapacitor produce 38 mV with a large areal capacitance (1200 F m−2). It is anticipated that the attempt with thermally driven ion diffusion behaviors initiates a new research direction in thermal energy harvesting.
Work‐family conflict, lack of time for personal care and leisure, and job strain in migraine: Results of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA‐Brasil)
Authors: Griep Rosane Härter , Toivanen Susanna , Santos Itamar S. , Rotenberg Lucia , Juvanhol Leidjaira Lopes , Goulart Alessandra C. , Aquino Estela M. , Benseñor Isabela
Published: July 2016

Background

Work‐family conflict and time scarcity may affect health. We investigated the association between these issues and migraine, taking into account job strain.

Methods

Baseline data from ELSA‐Brasil (6,183 women; 5,664 men) included four indicators of work‐family conflict: time‐ and strain‐based interference of work with family (TB‐WFC, SB‐WFC), interference of family with work (FWC) and lack of time for personal care and leisure (LOT). Migraine was classified according to International Headache Society criteria.

Results

Among women, definite migraine was associated with SB‐WFC (odds ratio [OR] = 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.55), FWC (OR = 1.32; 1.00–1.75), and LOT (OR = 1.30; 1.08–1.58). Probable migraine was associated with SB‐WFC (OR = 1.17; 1.00–1.36). High psychological job demands and low social support interacted with LOT in association with definite migraine. Among men, probable migraine was associated with LOT (OR = 1.34; 1.09–1.64), and there were interactions between job strain and WFC for probable migraine.

Conclusions

Balancing the demands of professional and domestic spheres could be highly relevant in the management of migraines. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:987–1000, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct Fluoro‐aminosulfenylation of Active Methylenes by Dialkylaminosulfur Trifluorides under Catalyst‐Free Conditions
Authors: Saidalimu Ibrayim , Guo Ming , Tokunaga Etsuko , Shibata Norio
Published: July 2016

The direct fluoro–aminosulfenylation of active methylene compounds by diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) and its derivatives is disclosed. A variety of α‐fluorinated α‐sulfenamides with a tetrasubstituted carbon center were synthesized from β‐keto esters, malonates, 1,3‐diketones, and dicyanoalkylidenes under mild reaction conditions. This direct fluoro–aminosulfenylation reaction occurs very smoothly under metal‐free and base‐free conditions.
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Aliphatic Nitro Compounds with Polysilane/Bone Charcoal‐Supported Palladium Catalysts under Continuous‐Flow Conditions
Authors: Saito Yuki , Ishitani Haruro , Kobayashi Shū
Published: July 2016

Hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds has been widely studied, however, the catalytic hydrogenation of aliphatic nitro compounds remains a challenging topic. Herein, a polysilane/bone charcoal‐supported Pd catalyst with excellent catalyst activity for the hydrogenation of aliphatic nitro compounds under continuous‐flow conditions is described. The catalyst was synthesized by a simple procedure and analyzed by STEM and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements. This polysilane/bone charcoal‐supported Pd catalyst demonstrated higher catalyst activity than conventional Pd/C, and a wide substrate scope including secondary and tertiary nitro compounds was achieved. Furthermore, no catalyst deactivation was observed during 120 h of continuous‐flow reaction without leaching of Pd.
Neue Ziele für die Photopharmakologie
Authors: Lerch Michael M. , Hansen Mickel J. , van Dam Gooitzen M. , Szymanski Wiktor , Feringa Ben L.
Published: July 2016

Das Feld der Photopharmakologie nutzt durch Licht schaltbare Moleküle, um Kontrolle über die Wirkung biologisch aktiver Verbindungen zu erlangen. Das Ziel ist es, die systemische Toxizität von Wirkstoffen wie auch die Herausbildung von Resistenzen zu vermindern und gleichzeitig eine extrem hohe Präzision in der Behandlung zu erreichen. Durch die Verwendung niedermolekularer Verbindungen stellt die Photopharmakologie eine valide Alternative zur Optogenetik dar. Wir präsentieren hier einen Überblick über die pharmakologischen Zielstrukturen in verschiedenen Organen sowie über Organsysteme im menschlichen Körper, die auf nicht‐invasive Weise angesteuert werden können. Wir diskutieren die Perspektiven einer selektiven Lichtzuführung zu diesen Organen sowie die spezifischen Anforderungen lichtaktivierbarer Wirkstoffe. Über anwendungsorientierte Aspekte hinaus sind wir bestrebt, die Wirkstofftauglichkeit (“druggability”) pharmazeutischer Zielstrukturen anhand aktueller Ergebnisse zu illustrieren. Ferner wollen wir aufzeigen, an welchen Stellen neue Ansätze erforscht werden müssen, damit die Umsetzung von “intelligentem” Moleküldesign in der Photopharmakologie zur klinischen Anwendung gelingt.
Konstruktionsprinzip niedermolekularer organischer Halbleiter für metallfreie Photokatalyse mit sichtbarem Licht
Authors: Wang Lei , Huang Wei , Li Run , Gehrig Dominik , Blom Paul W. M. , Landfester Katharina , Zhang Kai A. I.
Published: July 2016

Hier berichten wir über das strukturelle Konstruktionsprinzip niedermolekularer organischer Halbleiter als metallfreie, rein organische Photokatalysatoren, die bei Bestrahlung mit sichtbarem Licht aktiv sind. Dafür wurden zwei Serien von Elektronendonor‐ und Elektronenakzeptor‐basierten niedermolekularen und organischen Halbleitern synthetisiert, um entscheidende Anforderungen zu erfüllen wie: 1) Absorption im sichtbaren Bereich, 2) ausreichendes Photoredoxpotential und 3) lange Lebensdauer der photogenerierten Exzitonen. Die photokatalytische Aktivität wurde anhand der intermolekularen C‐H‐Funktionalisierung von elektronenreichen Heteroarenen mit Malonaten demonstriert. Eine mechanistische Studie über den lichtinduzierten Elektronentransfer zwischen dem organischen Photokatalysator, Substrat und Opferreagenz wurde beschrieben. Mit ihrem einstellbaren Absorptionsbereich und ihrer definierten energetischen Bandstruktur stellen die niedermolekularen organischen Halbleiter eine neue Klasse von metallfreien Photokatalysatoren für organische Reaktionen unter Bestrahlung mit sichtbarem Licht dar.
Improvement of the Water Resistance of a Narrow‐Band Red‐Emitting SrLiAl3N4:Eu2+ Phosphor Synthesized under High Isostatic Pressure through Coating with an Organosilica Layer
Authors: Tsai Yi‐Ting , Nguyen Hoang‐Duy , Lazarowska Agata , Mahlik Sebastian , Grinberg Marek , Liu Ru‐Shi
Published: July 2016

A SrLiAl3N4:Eu2+ (SLA) red phosphor prepared through a high‐pressure solid‐state reaction was coated with an organosilica layer with a thickness of 400–600 nm to improve its water resistance. The observed 4f65d→4f7 transition bands are thought to result from the existence of Eu2+ at two different Sr2+ sites. Luminescence spectra at 10 K revealed two zero‐phonon lines at 15377 (for Eu(Sr1)) and 15780 cm−1 (for Eu(Sr2)). The phosphor exhibited stable red emission under high pressure up to 312 kbar. The configurational coordinate diagram gave a theoretical explanation for the Eu2+/3+ result. The coated samples showed excellent moisture resistance while retaining an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 70 % of their initial EQE after aging for 5 days under harsh conditions. White‐light‐emitting diodes of the SLA red phosphor and a commercial Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ yellow phosphor on a blue InGaN chip showed high color rendition (CRI=89, R9=69) and a low correlated color temperature of 2406 K.
Asymmetric Ring Opening/Cyclization/Retro‐Mannich Reaction of Cyclopropyl Ketones with Aryl 1,2‐Diamines for the Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives
Authors: Xia Yong , Lin Lili , Chang Fenzhen , Liao Yuting , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming
Published: July 2016

A highly efficient asymmetric ring‐opening/cyclization/retro‐Mannich reaction of cyclopropyl ketones with aryl 1,2‐diamines has been realized using a chiral N,N′‐dioxide/ScIII catalyst. Benzimidazoles containing chiral side chains were generated under mild reaction conditions in excellent outcomes (up to 99 % yield and 97 % ee). This method also provides efficient access to chiral benzimidazole‐substituted amide and cycloheptene derivatives.
Structural Design Principle of Small‐Molecule Organic Semiconductors for Metal‐Free, Visible‐Light‐Promoted Photocatalysis
Authors: Wang Lei , Huang Wei , Li Run , Gehrig Dominik , Blom Paul W. M. , Landfester Katharina , Zhang Kai A. I.
Published: July 2016

Herein, we report on the structural design principle of small‐molecule organic semiconductors as metal‐free, pure organic and visible light‐active photocatalysts. Two series of electron‐donor and acceptor‐type organic semiconductor molecules were synthesized to meet crucial requirements, such as 1) absorption range in the visible region, 2) sufficient photoredox potential, and 3) long lifetime of photogenerated excitons. The photocatalytic activity was demonstrated in the intermolecular C−H functionalization of electron‐rich heteroaromates with malonate derivatives. A mechanistic study of the light‐induced electron transport between the organic photocatalyst, substrate, and the sacrificial agent are described. With their tunable absorption range and defined energy‐band structure, the small‐molecule organic semiconductors could offer a new class of metal‐free and visible light‐active photocatalysts for chemical reactions.
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Imines using Alcohol: Efficiency and Selectivity are Influenced by the Hydrogen Donor
Authors: Pan Hui‐Jie , Zhang Yao , Shan Chunhui , Yu Zhaoyuan , Lan Yu , Zhao Yu
Published: July 2016

The influence of the alcohol, as the hydrogen donor, on the efficiency and selectivity of the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of imines is reported for the first time. This discovery not only leads to a highly enantioselective access to N‐aryl and N‐alkyl amines, but also provides new insight into the mechanism of the ATH of imines. Both experimental and computational studies provide support for the reaction pathway involving an iridium alkoxide as the reducing species.