bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arthropod diversity in the alpine tundra using metabarcoding: Spatial and temporal differences in alpha‐ and beta‐diversity
Authors: Hein Nils , Astrin Jonas J. , Beckers Niklas , Giebner Hendrik , Langen Kathrin , Löffler Jörg , Misof Bernhard , Fonseca Vera G.
Published: February 2024

All ecosystems face ecological challenges in this century. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the ecology and degree of local adaptation of functionally important Arctic‐alpine biomes by looking at the most diverse taxon of metazoans: the Arthropoda. This is the first study to utilize metabarcoding in the Alpine tundra, providing insights into the effects of micro‐environmental parameters on alpha‐ and beta‐diversity of arthropods in such unique environments. To characterize arthropod diversity, pitfall traps were set at three middle‐alpine sampling sites in the Scandinavian mountain range in Norway during the snow‐free season in 2015. A metabarcoding approach was then used to determine the small‐scale biodiversity patterns of arthropods in the Alpine tundra. All DNA was extracted directly from the preservative EtOH from 27 pitfall traps. In order to identify the controlling environmental conditions, all sampling locations were equipped with automatic data loggers for permanent measurement of the microenvironmental conditions. The variables measured were: air temperature [°C] at 15 cm height, soil temperature [°C] at 15 cm depth, and soil moisture [vol.%] at 15 cm depth. A total of 233 Arthropoda OTUs were identified. The number of unique OTUs found per sampling location (ridge, south‐facing slope, and depression) was generally higher than the OTUs shared between the sampling locations, demonstrating that niche features greatly impact arthropod community structure. Our findings emphasize the fine‐scale heterogeneity of arctic–alpine ecosystems and provide evidence for trait‐based and niche‐driven adaptation. The spatial and temporal differences in arthropod diversity were best explained by soil moisture and soil temperature at the respective locations. Furthermore, our results show that arthropod diversity is underestimated in alpine‐tundra ecosystems using classical approaches and highlight the importance of integrating long‐term functional environmental data and modern taxonomic techniques into biodiversity research to expand our ecological understanding of fine‐ and meso‐scale biogeographical patterns.
Diet‐induced plasticity of life‐history traits and gene expression in outbred Drosophila melanogaster population
Authors: Mudunuri Akhila , Chandrakanth Mohankumar , Khan Soumen , Sura Chand , Kumar Nishant , Tung Sudipta
Published: February 2024

Food is fundamental for the survival of organisms, governing growth, maintenance, and reproduction through the provision of essential macronutrients. However, access to food with optimum macronutrient composition, which will maximize the evolutionary fitness of an organism, is not always guaranteed. This leads to dietary mismatches with potential impacts on organismal performance. To understand the consequences of such dietary mismatches, we examined the effects of isocaloric diets varying in macronutrient composition on eight key organismal traits spanning across the lifespan of a large outbred Drosophila melanogaster population (n ~ 2500). Our findings reveal that carbohydrate‐reduced isocaloric diets correlates to accelerated pre‐adult development and boosts reproductive output without impacting pre‐adult viability and body size. Conversely, an elevated dietary carbohydrate content correlated to reduced lifespan in flies, evidenced by accelerated functional senescence including compromised locomotor activity and deteriorating gut integrity. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis indicated a substantial difference in gene regulatory landscapes between flies subject to high‐carbohydrate versus high‐protein diet, with elevated protein levels indicating transcriptomes primed for reduced synthesis of fatty acids. Taken together, our study helps advance our understanding of the effect of macronutrient composition on life history traits and their interrelations, offering critical insights into potential adaptive strategies that organisms might adopt against the continual dietary imbalances prevalent in the rapidly evolving environment.
Exploiting Hydroxamic Acids as Organocatalysts for the Epoxidation of Alkenes with Hydrogen Peroxide as the Oxidant
Authors: Poursaitidis Efthymios T. , Trigka Foteini , Mantzourani Christiana , Kokotou Maroula G. , Triandafillidi Ierasia , Kokotos Christoforos G.
Published: February 2024

The epoxidation of alkenes has altered and reshaped the way scientists think in modern organic synthesis. Herein, a novel, sustainable and eco‐friendly protocol for the epoxidation of alkenes is reported, utilizing hydrogen peroxide as the green oxidant and, for the first time, hydroxamic acid derivatives as the organocatalyst. The presented methodology is very effective, leading to good to high yields for the oxidation of a variety of olefins, while various functional groups are well tolerated. Mechanistic studies utilizing direct infusion high resolution mass spectrometry (DI‐HRMS) provide strong evidence for the mechanism of the organocatalytic oxidation.
Variations in Subsidence along the Gulf of Mexico passive margin from Airborne-LiDAR data and Time Series InSAR in Louisiana
Authors: Hurtado-Pulido Carolina , Amer Reda , Ebinger Cynthia , Holcomb Hayden
Published: February 2024

The Coast of Louisiana is affected by accelerating sea level rise
compounded by land subsidence, leading to land loss. Vertical crustal
motions in the region are caused by natural and anthropogenic processes
that vary temporally and spatially across the Gulf of Mexico. We
investigate the role of growth faulting contributions to subsidence in a
case study of Baton Rouge, where two E-W striking, down-to-the-south
normal faults, the Denham Springs and Baton Rouge faults, cut compacted
Pleistocene strata, and where sediment compaction should be minimal. We
used InSAR time series and LiDAR differencing data spanning 1999-2020 to
quantify modern vertical and horizontal displacements. After calibration
with GNSS data, both methods reveal similar spatial patterns in ground
motion, with the faults delimiting areas with different absolute rates.
On average the area north of the Baton Rouge fault is subsiding faster
than the south, opposite to the long-term sense of fault slip. LiDAR
mean vertical rates range between -5 to -11 mm/y and -2.4 to -7 mm/y.
InSAR time-series mean rates in the LOS direction range between -10.9 to
-13.6 mm/y and -8 to -10.6 mm/y, respectively, for the north and south
areas. Subsidence in the northern area likely is controlled by
groundwater level changes caused by pumping as indicated by groundwater
extraction models. The southern area average is likely influenced by the
injection of fluids. Our results suggest volumetric changes caused by
fluid extraction and injection in regions separated by growth faults
that are creeping to accommodate the spatial variations in subsidence.
The cuckoldry conundrum
Authors: Scelza Brooke A.
Published: February 2024

Concerns about cuckoldry are a dominant theme in evolutionary studies of mating, frequently used to explain sex differences in reproductive strategies. However, studies in nonhuman species have shown that cuckoldry can be associated with important benefits. These insights have not been well integrated with the human literature, which continues to focus on anticuckoldry tactics and negative repercussions for men. I evaluate two key assumptions central to human models of cuckoldry: (1) men are being tricked into investing in nonbiological offspring and (2) investment in nonbiological offspring is wasted. The ethnographic data on fatherhood shows that the concepts of pater and genitor are complex and locally constructed ideas that often include explicit knowledge of extra‐pair paternity, countering the idea that nonpaternity results from trickery. Furthermore, rather than being a “waste,” paternity loss can be associated with important gains for men, helping to explain why men invest in nonbiological offspring.
Quality of oil extracted by cold press from Nigella sativa seeds conditioned and pre‐treated by microwave
Authors: Agah Mina Sanati , Azadmard‐Damirchi Sodeif , Bodbodak Samad
Published: February 2024

Black cumin (Nigella sativa) seed (BS) oil has received much interest in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its valuable nutritional properties, but this oil has low oxidative stability. The effect of microwave pre‐treatment at 0 to 2.5 min and conditioning with different buffers at pH 3 to 9 of BS, before oil extraction by cold press, were investigated. The oil extraction yield was higher; acid value (AV) and peroxide value (PV) were lower in the oil extracted from seeds, which were first microwaved and then moisturized and vice versa. BS with pH 3, microwave time of 1.25 min, and moisturizing level of 5%, which gave oil extraction yield of 27.2%, AV of (2.9 mg NaOH/g oil), and PV of (8.3 meq O2/kg oil), was selected as an optimum sample and its quality changes were investigated during storage compared with the oil extracted from the control sample (without any pre‐treatment). In conclusion, the oil extracted from the pre‐treated BS had higher bioactive components and lower AV and PV during the storage; therefore, microwave radiation and pH adjustment before oil extraction from BS by cold press are recommended.
Imaging manifestations of head and neck lymphatic malformations: A single‐center experience of 170 surgical cases
Authors: Chen Wei , Xu Hongming , Zhang Lina , Xu Rong , Li Xiaoyan , Sun Guangbin
Published: February 2024

Objectives

To discuss the imaging manifestations and the utility of preoperative ultrasonography (US), contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CE‐CT) and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE‐MRI) in diagnosing the pediatric head and neck lymphatic malformations (HNLMs).

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 170 children who were referred to our hospital in the past 9 years for the treatment of HNLMs.

Results

The diagnostic rates of US, CE‐CT and CE‐MRI were 93.0% (146/157), 94.7% (143/151) and 100% (45/45), respectively. As in multilocular cases, intracystic septa detection rate was 91.5% (130/142), 50.4% (68/135) and 88.1% (37/42), and which had a statistical difference (χ2 = 25.8131, p < 0.05). US showed capsule contents anechoic in 51.0% (80/157) cases, hypoechoic or mixed echoic in 49.0% (77/157) cases, and flocculent or dotted echo floating in 36.9% (58/157) cases. CT showed low density of the capsule contents without enhancement in 69.5% (105/151) cases and mixed density with enhancement in 30.4% (46/151) cases. Liquid–liquid levers were seen in 8.6% (13/151) cases. MRI showed T1WI high signal and T2WI low signal of the capsule contents without enhancement in 28.9% (13/45) cases and mixed density in 71.1% (32/45) cases. Liquid–liquid levers were seen in 46.7% (21/45) cases. There were statistically significant differences between pure HNLMs and intracystic hemorrhage in capsule content (echo, density, signal), enhancement, and liquid–liquid lever (all p < 0.05). Among US, CE‐CT and CE‐MRI, intracystic hemorrhage diagnostic accuracy had a statistical difference (χ2 = 25.4152, p < 0.05).

Conclusions

For clinical diagnosis and evaluation of HNLMs, we suggest that US combined with CE‐CT for acute cases, and for stable cases, US combined with CE‐MRI.
Mapping and analysing community health worker programmes in the Eastern Mediterranean region
Authors: Lehmann Uta , Gedik Gulin , Jalal Arooj
Published: February 2024

Background

Community health worker (CHW) programmes are increasingly being recognized as an important strategy that can help to strengthen comprehensive primary health care (PHC), as the foundation of work towards achieving universal health care (UHC) and meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean undertook a situational analysis of CHW programmes in the Region to better understand the current situation and the issues involved.

Methods

A two‐step process was employed: a review of available literature on CHWs in the Region was conducted, followed by a survey of CHW programmes in the region, focussing on programmes that were country‐led and country‐wide.

Results

Thirteen countries were found to have community health worker programmes with varying governance and programmatic structures. Broadly, two categories can be distinguished: (a) several countries have well established and mature national CHW programmes that are in most cases supported by external donors but driven and coordinated by national governments; (b) a greater number of countries that have smaller, emerging government or partner led projects and programmes. A few countries have deliberately opted for other models to strengthen primary care and community outreach, for example, through community nursing.

Conclusion

CHW programmes play an increasingly important role in primary health care in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, providing promotive, preventive, and emergency services. This bodes well for efforts to strengthen and embed comprehensive primary health care as the foundation of national health systems, to improve health emergency preparedness, achieve UHC and meet the SDGs. Nonetheless, all but a few programmes face challenges of weak governance, fragmentation and unreliable support, similar to those in other countries. However, the main finding of the analysis was that the role of CHWs in countries' health service delivery is woefully under‐researched in almost all countries in the region, and more research to better understand and support programmes in the context of local health system contexts is urgently needed.
Effectiveness of 780 nm photobiomodulation as adjunct treatment for bone exposed fractures: A pilot study on radiograph, pain, and cytokines analysis
Authors: Bonfim Deivison Santos , Fernandes Micaela Leite , Muniz Igor Pereira Ribeiro , Pereira Ítalo Sousa , da Silva Robson Amaro Augusto , Cristina da Silva Francine , Santos Gabriel Pinto de Oliveira , Pereira Rosa Luciano
Published: February 2024

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of photobiomodulation with a 780 nm laser as an adjunct to surgical treatment in the regeneration of bone fractures. Twenty patients diagnosed with open fractures in the lower limbs were selected and randomly divided into two groups: control and LLLT. LLLT parameter: 780 nm, 0.04 cm2 of light beam diameter, 40 mW of power, 10 s per point, 0.4 J of energy, fluence of 10 J/cm2 and irradiance of 1 W/cm2. The evaluated data were: pain, using McGill scale, use of analgesics and anti‐inflammatories, levels of cytokines TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, IL‐10, and IL‐17, and bone level regeneration. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney tests (5%). We can conclude that LLLT was effective as an adjuvant in the bone fracture regeneration process, altered IL‐1β levels, reduced the use of analgesics and anti‐inflammatories, reducing the pain pattern throughout the sessions.
Characterization of residual debris on packaged hip arthroplasty stems demonstrates the dominance of less than 10 μm sized particulate: Updated USP788 guidelines for orthopedic implants
Authors: Hallab Nadim J. , Hallab Salem R. , Alexander Anastasia , Pourzal Robin
Published: February 2024

Past evaluation of particle contamination on packaged implants has typically been conducted using US Pharmacopeia (USP) 788, a 1970s pharmaceutical guideline created to evaluate contaminant particles in injectable fluids and syringes. Our objective was to reestablish relevant acceptance criteria for residual orthopedic and other implant debris, including smaller particles (i.e., <10 μm in diameter). Packaged total hip arthroplasty (THA) titanium (Ti6Al4V)‐alloy femoral stems were used (hydroxyapatite [HA]‐coated and non‐coated stems). Short‐term ultrasonication and longer‐term 24‐hour soak/agitation methods were used to elute surface‐bound contaminant particles, and released particles were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive x‐ray analysis, image analysis, and particle characterization. For HA‐coated THA‐stems, >99% of eluted particles were calcium phosphate. For plain non‐coated THA‐stems, >99% of eluted particles were titanium‐alloy‐based. The number‐based median size of particles in both groups was approximately 1.5 μm in diameter despite being composed of different materials. The total volume of particulate removed from HA‐coated stems was 0.037 mm3 (671 × 103 particles total), which was approximately >50‐fold more volume than that on plain non‐coated stems at 0.0006 mm3 (89 × 103 particles total). Only non‐coated THA stems passed reestablished USP788 acceptance criteria, compared by using equivalent total volumes of contaminant particulate within new and legacy guideline ranges of >10 and >25 μm ECD, that is, <1.0 × 107 particles for <1 μm diameter in size, <600,000 for <1–10 μm, <6000 for 10–25 μm and <600 for >25 μm. These results fill a knowledge gap on how much residual debris can be expected to exist on packaged implants and can be used as a basis for updating acceptance criteria (i.e., termed USP788‐Implant [USP788‐I]). Residual implant particulate assessment is critical given the increasing implant complexity and new manufacturing techniques (e.g., additive manufacturing).
Bond strength comparison of a fiber‐reinforced composite resin: Different dentin conditions and preparation techniques
Authors: Ağaccıoğlu Merve , Sirin Karaarslan Emine , Aytac Bal Fatma , Benli İsmail
Published: February 2024

This study aimed to compare the bond strength of a fiber‐reinforced composite resin with traditional and bulk‐fill composite resins under different dentin conditions and preparation techniques. Eighty molar teeth, excluding the mesio‐distal half of the occlusal dentin surfaces of each teeth, were isolated with acid‐resistant nail varnish and stored in a demineralisation solution (pH 4.5). After mechanical removal of the varnish, the teeth were buried in acrylic resin blocks. In every composite resin group, one‐half of the specimens were prepared with a diamond bur and another half with Er: YAG laser. Then, the specimens were divided into four groups of composite resins (Filtek Z250, G‐aenial Posterior, SonicFill 2, Ever X Posterior) (n = 10). Shear bond strengths were measured using a universal testing device, and failure types were determined with stereomicroscope images. SEM images were obtained at 1000× magnification. Data were analyzed using a three‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons (p = .05). Differences in the dentin surface affected the bond strength results (p < .05), whereas there was no significant difference between cavity preparation methods (p > .05). EverX Posterior showed the highest bond strength results. Within the limitations of this study, fiber‐reinforced composite resin exhibited successful bond strength results in addition to improved mechanical properties.

Research highlights

Fiber‐reinforced composite had successful bond strength values.

Bond strength values of sound dentin groups were higher than those of caries‐affected dentin groups.

The use of an Er: YAG laser for preparation did not lead to insufficient bond strength results.
Use of gender‐inclusive language in genetic counseling to optimize patient care
Authors: Motiff Heather , Garcia Kristina , Zhao Qianqian , Petty Elizabeth M.
Published: February 2024

Providing welcoming, inclusive, and culturally competent care is essential for genetic counselors (GCs) to serve the needs of all patients, including transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) individuals. Inclusive language creates welcoming healthcare spaces and improves health outcomes for TGNB individuals. Training on gender‐affirming healthcare can increase knowledge, comfort, and self‐efficacy working with TGNB patients. Using a mixed‐method survey, this study assessed 65 GCs' gender‐inclusive communication practices and elucidated reasons for discomfort using language to determine how language builds trust and fosters patient–provider relationships, ascertain differences between specialties, and identify potential gaps in education and professional development. This study found that approximately one‐third of GCs are comfortable using gender‐inclusive language and just over half regularly use it with patients. Most GCs do not share their pronouns or ask patients theirs, which was not correlated with comfort levels or frequency of using gender‐inclusive language. There were no significant differences based on specialty. Thematic analysis of open responses revealed GCs used gendered language to promote shared language and for clarity, some mentioning sex assigned at birth was relevant for risk assessment. Most felt the impact of gendered language depended on the patient's perspective. Twenty‐five percent noted gendered language was familiar for most patients and 40% recognized negative impacts on TGNB individuals. Most GCs desired more gender‐inclusivity training even though >95% had some type previously. Those who had gender‐inclusivity training in their genetic counseling program were more comfortable using gender‐inclusive language and were more likely to share their pronouns with patients. This study adds to the growing body of literature demonstrating GCs' desire for more gender‐inclusivity education and highlights the potential importance of having this education integrated into genetic counseling training programs. GCs should continue to incorporate gender‐inclusive language into their practice in concordance with the tenants of the Reciprocal Engagement Model.
Graduate training, credentialing, and continuing education to prepare genetic counselors for laboratory roles—Results of a national survey
Authors: Schwartz Lisa , Mackall Mia S. , Arjunan Aishwarya , Goodenberger McKinsey , Mills Rachel , Ham Chloe , Witherington Sarah
Published: February 2024

Opportunities for genetic counselors to work in a variety of practice settings have greatly expanded, particularly in the laboratory. This study aimed to assess attitudes of genetic counselors working both within and outside of the laboratory setting regarding (1) the re‐wording and/or expansion of key measures of genetic counselors' competency, including practice‐based competencies (PBCs) and board examination, to include laboratory roles, (2) preparation and transferability of competencies developed in master's in genetic counseling (MGC) programs to different roles, (3) need of additional training for genetic counselors to practice in laboratory settings, and (4) preferred methods to obtain that training. An e‐blast was sent to ABGC diplomats (N = 5458) with a link to a 29‐item survey with 12 demographic questions to compare respondents to 2021 NSGC Professional Status Survey (PSS) respondents. Statistical comparisons were made between respondents working in the laboratory versus other settings. Among 399 responses received, there was an oversampling of respondents working in the laboratory (52% vs. 20% in PSS) and in non‐direct patient care positions (47% vs. 25% in PSS). Most respondents agreed the PBCs were transferable to their work yet favored making the PBCs less direct patient care‐focused, expanding PBCs to align with laboratory roles, adding laboratory‐focused questions to the ABGC exam, and adding laboratory‐focused training in MGC programs. Most agreed requiring post‐MGC training would limit genetic counselors' ability to change jobs. Genetic counselors working in the laboratory reported being significantly less prepared by their MGC program for some roles (p < 0.001) or how the PBCs applied to non‐direct patient care positions (p < 0.001). Only 53% of all respondents agreed that NSGC supports their professional needs and others in their practice area, and genetic counselors working in the laboratory were significantly less likely to agree (p = 0.002). These sentiments should be further explored.
An examination of shared leadership configurations and their effectiveness in teams
Authors: Chamberlin Melissa , Nahrgang Jennifer D. , Sessions Hudson , de Jong Bart
Published: February 2024

A key challenge in the shared leadership literature has been a limited understanding of how multiple leadership activities are shared across team members and roles. We address this issue by conceptualizing and operationalizing shared leadership using both its content (i.e., what leadership roles are shared) and distribution (i.e., how leadership is shared across members and roles). In an exploratory study comprised of 129 work teams, we use latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify multiple shared leadership configurations that vary in the extent of sharing. Our second study of 103 MBA teams supports these findings and further (a) considers what shared leadership configurations have the greatest influence on team effectiveness, (b) examines the mediating role of teamwork processes, and (c) investigates the moderating role of temporal dispersion. We advance current research by demonstrating that shared leadership typically manifests in collective (i.e., members share all leadership roles) and distributed configurations (i.e., members hold one leadership role while other members hold other leadership roles), which has implications for team processes and effectiveness. Specifically, we show that collective configurations have higher team effectiveness (compared to distributed configurations) owing to improved teamwork processes and observe that these effects are more pronounced when temporal dispersion is high.
Response of understory plant species diversity to plant mixture on the Loess Plateau: A case study of Hippophae rhamnoides
Authors: Chen Yuxuan , Ren Kang , Wei Tianxing , Sha Guoliang , Yu Huan , Fan Dehui , Zhou Wenjie , Ding Xuewei , Feng Huancheng
Published: February 2024

Afforestation with nature‐based solutions is beneficial for restoring biodiversity. On the Loess Plateau of China, numerous monocultures have been converted to mixed plantations following nature‐based solutions. However, the effect of plant mixture on understory plant species diversity remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the understory plant species diversity of different Hippophae rhamnoides mixed plantations resulting from nature‐based solutions and assessed the relative importance of associated factors driving their changes. The results showed that the response of understory plant species diversity to plant mixture was nonsignificant, except for Armeniaca sibirica, which significantly reduced the understory plant species diversity. However, mixed plantations had higher variability in plant species diversity and environmental factors among individual plots than monocultures. In mixed plantations, understory plant species diversity was mainly affected by shrub stratum, followed by overstory stratum, soil nutrients, herbaceous stratum, and topography. Specifically, understory plant species diversity was positively associated with stand density and herb biomass but negatively associated with elevation and soil nitrogen. In particular, soil nitrogen also had negative impacts on herb biomass but was beneficial for the growth of trees and shrubs, indicating that trees and shrubs outperformed herbs in exploiting soil nutrients, a consequence of intense interspecific competition. In addition, the impacts of canopy cover and slope aspects on understory plant species diversity were nonsignificant. Overall, in mixed plantations on the Loess Plateau, understory plant species diversity was primarily affected by interspecific competition for preempting soil nitrogen.
Homozygous variant of MLC1 results in megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts
Authors: Zha Jian , Chen Yong , Cao Fangfang , Xu Yuxin , Yang Zuozhen , Wen Shu , Liang Mengmeng , Wu Huaping , Zhong Jianmin
Published: February 2024

Background

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is a rare, inherited disorder that causes epilepsy, intellectual disorders, and early onset macrocephaly. MLC1 has been identified as a main pathogenic gene.

Methods

Clinical data such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), routine blood tests, and physical examinations were collected from proband. Trio whole‐exome sequencing (WES) of the family was performed, and all variants with a minor allele frequency (<0.01) in the exon and canonical splicing sites were selected for further pathogenic evaluation. Candidate variants were validated using Sanger sequencing.

Results

Here, we report a new homozygous variant identified in two children from the same family in the MLC1 gene [NM_015166.4: c.838_843delinsATTTTA, (p.Ser280_Phe281delinsIleLeu)]. This variant is classified as variant of uncertain significance (VUS) according to the ACMG guidelines. Further experiments demonstrate that the newly identified variant causes a decrease of MLC1 protein levels when expressed in a heterologous expression system.

Conclusion

Our case expands on this genetic variation and provides new evidence for the clinical diagnosis of MLC1‐related MLC.
Individual traits are associated with pro‐environmental behaviour: Environmental sensitivity, nature connectedness and consideration for future consequences
Authors: Dunne Helen , Lionetti Francesca , Pluess Michael , Setti Annalisa
Published: February 2024

Despite growing concern about climate change, there remains a significant gap between individuals' environmental concern and their actual behaviour. Humans' personal relationship with nature is a key contributor to pro‐environmental behaviour (PEB), which may account for this gap. Those individuals with high levels of sensory processing sensitivity (SPS), approximately 25%–30% of the population, have a particularly strong connection with the natural world and have a ‘pause to check’ attitude that may make them more prone to consider future consequences of actions. We hypothesise that (1) a disposition to experience awe, characterizing high SPS, mediates the association between the trait and connectedness to nature (CN); (2) SPS is associated with PEB, and CN mediates the association; and (3) consideration for future consequences also mediates the association between high SPS and PEB.

807 participants completed an online survey including validated measures of SPS, CN, awe, PEB and consideration for future consequences. Correlational and mediational analyses were performed to test the hypotheses.

The study showed that the relationship between SPS and CN was mediated by awe. The relationship between SPS and PEB was independently mediated by CN and consideration for future consequences.

Policy implications. The UN Sustainable Development Goals were set to reduce inequalities (SDG 10) by considering individual differences, as well as improving climate action (SDG 13). This study shows that psychological dimensions such as sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) are linked to pro‐environmental behaviour (PEB) through future‐oriented thinking and feeling connected with nature. These results also suggest that cultivating connectedness to nature and training those with lower SPS to consider future consequences of actions may be a potential avenue to improve PEB.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Using photo editing to understand the impact of species aesthetics on support for conservation
Authors: Shaw Meghan , Dunn Matilda , Crowley Sarah , Owen Nisha , Veríssimo Diogo
Published: February 2024

Many threatened species suffer from a lack of conservation attention compared to others. Prioritisation of funding, research and conservation efforts seem to be driven by reasons beyond conservation need. This could be due to a ‘beauty bias’, whereby aesthetically pleasing species receive more attention.

We examined how editing an image to increase a species' aesthetic appeal may impact donation choices and public attitude towards that species. We posed two research questions; first, ‘do people make different donation choices when they see original images of a species compared to when they see images of the same species that have been edited to match aesthetic preferences?’ Using hypothetical donation experiments, we asked respondents to allocate funds to the conservation of three pictured species, one ‘aesthetically appealing’, one ‘aesthetically unappealing’, and one whose image was either edited to reflect common aesthetic preferences or left unedited. Our findings suggest that images edited to make an animal more visually appealing tend to receive higher hypothetical donation amounts than original images.

We also posed a second research question; ‘How do people of varying conservation expertise respond to original versus edited images of wildlife?’ To investigate this, we ran three focus groups with individuals unfamiliar with our test species, those familiar with two or more of our test species, and with conservation professionals, which showed mixed reactions both within and between groups. Focus group participants with less conservation expertise noted that edited images often seemed ‘cuter’ than unedited images, and were more likely to compare them to cartoon characters. Participants with more conservation expertise and species familiarity reported greater empathy towards unedited images, and noted that the edited images prompted an ‘uncanny valley’ response, highlighting the need for further scrutiny in how photo editing might be used in conservation messaging.

Our findings support the beauty bias hypothesis and highlight that decisions on conservation support should acknowledge that less aesthetically pleasing species are disadvantaged in public attention and funding. In addition, the findings highlight the role of conservation expertise in impacting viewer reactions, as well as the ethical implications of editing images of wildlife.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Improved NH3 Gas Sensing Performance of Femtosecond‐Laser Textured Silicon by the Decoration of Au Nanoparticles
Authors: Li Yuan , Li Hua , Dong Binbin , Liu Xiaolong , Feng Guojin , Zhao Li
Published: February 2024

The escalating environmental concerns have stimulated the demand for NH3 gas sensors, which are indispensable for real‐time data collection in pollution monitoring. To address this need, optimized NH3 sensor based on femtosecond‐laser textured silicon decorated with Au nanoparticles (Au‐NP) is designed. The morphologies and microstructures of the fabricated samples are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) technologies. The gas‐sensing results demonstrated that the modification of Au‐NPs significantly enhances the NH3 gas‐sensing performances. Specifically, the sensor based on the textured silicon decorated with Au NPs exhibits a remarkable response of 16.02% toward 20 ppm NH3, which is 4.7 times higher than that of the pristine textured silicon gas sensor at room temperature. In addition, it also demonstrates shortened response and recovery time (26 s/98 s), showing good selectivity and long‐term availability. The enhanced NH3‐sensing mechanism of the sensor is elucidated, mainly due to the synergistic effect of textured silicon and Au NPs. These contribute to the development of portable, wearable, and intelligent sensor equipment.
Optimization design of control charts: A systematic review
Authors: Haridy Salah , Maged Ahmed , Alherimi Nadin , Shamsuzzaman Mohammad , Al‐Ali Sondos
Published: February 2024

In today's competitive landscape, fulfilling customer expectations and achieving a competitive edge are crucial for business success. These objectives can be attained by effective monitoring in both manufacturing and service sectors to enhance quality, reduce variation, and augment productivity. The control chart, a widely used tool for this purpose, has attracted significant attention from researchers for its ability to detect anomalies and manage out‐of‐control situations. The optimization of control charts, a central focus of this review, not only enhances the detection effectiveness but also maintains the desired false alarm rate, thus ensuring efficient process control without additional cost, complexity, or operational challenges for shop floor personnel. The optimization process involves adjusting charting parameters like the sample size, sampling interval, and control limits within a hypothesis testing framework, thereby achieving optimal system performance. Numerous optimization models have been developed to enhance control chart performance. This paper introduces a classification scheme to analyze and categorize the existing research on control chart optimization. By conducting a thorough review of more than 240 articles, the study pinpoints research gaps and offers valuable insights, thereby advancing the future research in this domain.
Robust H2 filtering of phase‐type semi‐Markov jump linear systems with cluster observations
Authors: de Oliveira André M. , Costa Oswaldo L. V.
Published: February 2024

In this work we study the design of filters for phase‐type (PH) semi‐Markov jump linear systems, considering partial information on the system's operating mode and possible parameter uncertainties. With respect to the mode of operation, it is assumed that the state space of the semi‐Markov chain can be written as the union of disjoint sets, called clusters, and the only information available to the filter is which cluster the state of the semi‐Markov chain belongs to. A new linear matrix inequality (LMI) parameterization employing the slack variable technique is introduced for the design of switching full‐order filters according to the cluster observations so that suitable bounds on the norm of the estimation error are guaranteed for the uncertain system. If the system is restricted to be a Markov jump linear system and the Markov chain is assumed to be perfectly measured, the design conditions are shown to be also necessary leading to the optimal full‐order filter. Furthermore, the general filter can be particularized into an observer form for the case in which the system matrices are the same within each cluster and there are no parameter uncertainties except for possible uncertainties affecting the transition rates of the jumping process. The paper concludes with an illustrative example in the context of networked control systems.
One‐Step Synthesis of Copper Single‐Atom Nanozymes for Electrochemical Sensing Applications
Authors: Tostado‐Blazquez Guillermo , Shetty Saptami Suresh , Yuvaraja Saravanan , Cerrillo Jose L. , Mani Veerappan , Salama Khaled Nabil
Published: February 2024

Single‐atom nanozymes (SANs) combine the natural enzymatic properties of nanomaterials with the atomic distribution of metallic sites over a suitable support. Unfortunately, their synthesis is complicated by some key factors, like poor metallic loading, aggregation, time consumption, and low yield. Herein, copper SANs, with a surface metal loading (1.47% ± 0.16%) are synthesized, through a green, facile, minimal solution processing, single‐step procedure, using a CO2 laser to promote the anchoring of the metallic precursor while simultaneously generating the laser‐scribed graphene (LSG) support out of a polyimide sheet. The presence of the atomic Cu on the LSG surface is verified using high‐angle‐annular dark‐field–scanning transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. To explore the advantages incurred by the incorporation of Cu SANs on LSG, the material is used as a working electrode on an electrochemical sensor for the amperometric detection of H2O2, achieving a detection limit of 2.40 μM. The findings suggest that CuSANs can confer enhanced sensitivity to H2O2, which is essential for oxidative stress assessment, reaching values up to 130.0 μA mM−1 cm−2.
Enhanced Particle‐to‐Particle Interaction of Tin Oxide Electron Transporter Layer for Scalable Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Kokaba Mohammad Reza , Ahmed Yameen , Yeddu Vishal , Zhang Dongyang , Moazzezi Parinaz , Kamraninejad Vahid , Dayneko Sergey , Reinecke Sean B. , Amaro Augusto , Villarejo Bohores , Shyla Anjusree , Malek Sardar , Saidaminov Makhsud I.
Published: February 2024

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have exceeded 26% efficiency. One attribute of PSCs is their printability at relatively low temperatures, particularly advantageous for flexible solar cells. However, developing efficient, fully printable flexible PSCs on rough and soft plastic substrates remains a challenge. Herein, efficient flexible PSCs fabricated by only scalable methods in ambient conditions are reported. First, the source of the issue in fabricating flexible PSCs—the presence of charge carrier shorting pathways within electron‐transport layer (ETL) due to incomplete coverage of surface of flexible substrates—is identified. To address this challenge, the ETL deposition ink is modified with a phase‐transfer catalyst, often used in synthetic organic chemistry. Dynamic light scattering and nuclear‐magnetic resonance studies show that the catalyst enhances ETL particle‐to‐particle interaction in the ink, eventually leading to conformal coverage of rough flexible substrates. As a result, a power conversion efficiency of 17.6% for all‐scalable flexible n–i–p‐structured PSCs based on methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) is demonstrated, among the highest reported to date for fully scalable flexible PSCs, all fabricated in ambient air.
Assessing venous congestion in cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation using point‐of‐care transesophageal ultrasonography
Authors: Longo Silvina , Pérez Illidge Luis Carlos , Cheong Issac , Del Pino Juan Pablo , Tamagnone Francisco Marcelo
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Individualizing fluid resuscitation utilizing indicators that assess fluid tolerance could positively impact optimizing volemia while avoiding venous congestion in cardiac surgery. Our study aims to describe hemodynamic changes based on the assessment of venous congestion using transesophageal ultrasonography (TEUS), both before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in patients with preserved right ventricle (RV) function.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted at the Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, involving patients who underwent cardiac surgery with CPB. The study assessed ultrasonographic venous congestion parameters before and after CPB using TEUS. The measured parameters included the diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC), the pattern of hepatic vein flow (HVF), and the pulsatility index of portal vein flow (PVF).

Results

A total of 43 patients who underwent cardiac surgery between January 2021 and January 2022 were enrolled. A significant difference in the IVC diameter was observed before and after initiation of CPB (p = .0001). Comparative measurements of the HVF pattern before and after CPB revealed a significant difference, indicating modifications in congestion patterns related to CPB initiation (p = .0001). Pre‐CPB, portal flow was normal in all patients, while more than 50% of patient showed altered post‐CPB PVF. A significant difference in the PVF pulsatility index related to CPB initiation was observed, suggesting increased portal venous congestion (p = .0001).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that extracorporeal circulation can induce signs of venous congestion, which are detectable by TEUS, in patients with preserved RV function preoperatively.
An EWMA sign chart for monitoring processes with fixed and variable sample sizes
Authors: Haq Abdul
Published: February 2024

This study addresses limitations in the nonparametric EWMA sign chart with fixed control limits (FCLs), particularly when facing time‐varying sample sizes. The FCLs‐based EWMA sign chart has a variable conditional false alarm rate (CFAR), especially at the startup of a process or after recovering from an out‐of‐control signal. To overcome these limitations, we propose a nonparametric EWMA sign chart based on dynamic probability control limits. This chart is capable of monitoring the process target with fixed, as well as time‐varying sample sizes. Monte Carlo simulations are used to estimate the CFARs, zero‐state (ZS) and steady‐state (SS) average run‐length profiles of the EWMA sign charts. It turns out that the proposed chart outperforms the existing chart, particularly in detecting shifts during the process startup, while maintaining the desired CFAR levels in both ZS and SS scenarios. A real data example is given to demonstrate the implementation of the EWMA sign charts.
Artificial intelligence for international business: Its use, challenges, and suggestions for future research and practice
Authors: Menzies Jane , Sabert Bianka , Hassan Rohail , Mensah Prince Kofi
Published: February 2024

The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed global business, aiding operational efficiency and innovation. It utilizes machine learning and big data analytics, driving predictive market trends and strategic decision‐making. However, despite the rising discussion and accessibility of AI tools, understanding its impact on international business remains limited. This article explores AI's potential in international business strategies, practices, and activities. To address this aim, we reviewed 37 articles in the existing literature to critically explore AI within the context of international business. More specifically, we explored how AI can be applied to innovation approaches in international business, international market selection, entry modes, foreign exchange, international human resource management, international supply chains, managing across cultures, and more topics. AI has necessitated changes in workplace configurations and the need for organizational and employee adjustments in response to this technology. As a result of the foregoing issues on AI integration within international business, our analysis provided an exploratory discussion around its use, challenges, managerial implications, and suggested areas requiring future studies.
Optimizing indoor air quality: Investigating particulate matter exposure in household kitchens and source identification
Authors: Alhajeri Nawaf S. , Alrashidi Alanood M. , Yassin Mohamed F. , Al‐Awadi Layla
Published: February 2024

Indoor environments pose a significant health risk due to exposure to particulate matter (PM), leading to various diseases and premature deaths, and raising public concerns about indoor air quality. Household kitchens are a major contributor to indoor air pollution, emitting particulate matter of varying sizes during cooking, which disperses throughout the house. Understanding the extent of PM exposure and identifying its sources is crucial. This study assesses PM presence in Kuwaiti household kitchens, measuring concentrations of different‐sized particles (PM 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10 μm) under various conditions. Measurements were taken for 24 h using a particle/mass monitor device, considering different ventilation scenarios, cooking oils, and methods. Spearman's rank correlation and indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios investigate the correlation between indoor and outdoor PM exposure. Principal component analysis (PCA) models identify specific sources contributing to PM exposure. A questionnaire survey in Kuwaiti households determines primary kitchen sources during cooking. Results show that kitchens with ventilation systems consistently reduce PM concentrations. PM emissions during cooking vary based on factors like cooking method, energy type, cooking oil, food, additives, temperature, and ventilation. The cooking stove is the primary emission source, but other household activities contribute. This study enhances our understanding of influential factors affecting cooking emissions and their concentrations, contributing valuable insights into mitigating indoor air pollution.
Neurosonographic evaluation of corpus callosum–fastigium and tectal length in late‐onset small fetuses
Authors: Tan Y. , Wang L. , Qi X. , Luo H.
Published: February 2024

Linked article: This Correspondence comments on Lip‐Sosa et al. Click here to view the article.