bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erythrophoromas in Colored Crucian Carp, Carassius auratus
Authors: Zongjun Du , Yangping Ou , Yi Geng , Kaiyu Wang , Defang Chen , Yongqiang Deng , Yajiao Duan , Wei Fan , Jin Duan , Xiaoli Huang
Published: February 2021

Chromatophoromas, cutaneous pigment cell tumors that originate from skin dermochromatophores of fish, amphibians, and reptiles are rarely reported. The four basic pigment cell types found in poikilothermic vertebrates are melanomas (melanophoromas), iridophoromas, xanthophoroma, and erythrophoromas. In the present study, we diagnosed spontaneous lesions in the skin of a group of ornamental colored crucian carp, Carassius auratus, from an artificial ornamental fish pond located in Southeastern China. Necropsy, paraffin section, and hematoxylin-eosin staining methods were used to evaluate the neoplasm. Histological changes were observed and photographed using a Nikon microscope image system. The results showed oval nodular masses observed on the various parts of the body including flank, caudal peduncle, and tail. Histologically, neoplastic stromata were composed of bundles of compact parallel arrays cells. Dendric or spindle-shaped erythrophoroma cells were arranged as sheets or clusters with interlacing connective tissue. Congested capillaries and focal areas of hemorrhage were interspersed through the tissue. The tumor foci were infiltrated with neoplastic cells, inflammation cells, and necrotic tissue cells. Some olive to red intracytoplasmic pigment with polarized light could be seen on many parts of the erythrophoroma tissue. From the gross and histological pathology, we could conclude that the colored crucian carp suffered erythrophoromas. Further study is needed to confirm the etiology of this case.
IMPLEMENTASI PENILAIAN AUTENTIK BERBASIS KURIKULUM 2013 DALAM MATA PELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN PANCASILA DAN KEWARGANEGARAAN
Authors: Bahrudin Febrian Alwan , Afrizal Stevany
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT

 

This research examines Authentic Assessment Based on Curriculum 2013 in Pancasila and Citizenship Education Subject where is located at Senior High School (SMA) Negeri 15 Pandeglang Banten. The objective of this research is to determine the implementation of authentic assessment based on curriculum 2013 in Pancasila and Citizenship Education subject which consist of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor assessments. In this research, the writer uses qualitative approach and descriptive method. The results indicate that authentic assessment in the Cognitive Aspect can be done by several types of tests: written tests, oral tests, and assignments. In the written test, there are Daily Assessment (PH), Mid-Semester Assessment (PTS), Final Semester Assessment (PAS), and also End-of-Year Assessment (PAT). Moreover, psychomotor assessments consist of performance appraisal, project appraisal, and also portofolio assessment. The Final authentic assessment based on curriculum 2013 in Pancasila and Citizenship Education Subjects is Affective assessment: observation, self-assessment, peer-to-peer assessment, and also journals. In this aspect, students are hoped to be able to implement a good personality following the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution as a form of reflection of good citizen in Indonesia. 

 

Keywords: Pancasila and Citizenship Education. Authentic Assessment, Curriculum 2013
The Future of Robo-Advisors in the South African Insurance Industry: Is the South African Regulatory Framework Ready?
Authors: Huneberg Samantha
Published: February 2021

Insurance industries worldwide currently face disruption in many forms. Technology and artificial intelligence are changing the way we know and transact insurance. One way that technology is impacting insurance is through the use of robo-advisors. Robo-advisors provide automated advice to customers based on algorithms built into the software. This means that many people can now access insurance products at the click of a button. The previous dominant role of intermediaries and advisors in the insurance industry are not as significant in the procuring of insurance products as they used to be. Robo-advisors are able to provide on-demand advice at a lower price and with greater efficacy than their human counterpart. Many industry professionals welcome this change but there is a fear that the technology may render humans obsolete. The current regulatory framework in South Africa is relatively open to the use of automated advice and the future regulations appear to be pro-technology and innovation. This should allow for substantial growth in the insurance industry. Robo-advising should, therefore, play a more active role in procuring insurance products and maintaining these products. In terms of the current regulatory framework in South African insurance law, the question arises as to whether the regulatory framework accommodates the use of robo-advisors.
La neuroética como eje cardinal en la actitud gerencial del profesor universitario
Authors: Peralta Portillo Rosalinda , Hernández Portillo Helen
Published: February 2021

La presente investigación tuvo como propósito interpretar la neuroética como eje cardinal en la actitud gerencial del profesor universitario; a partir de un contraste teórico entre autores como Jung (1943), MacLuhan (1990), Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1993), Nonaka y Takeuchi, (1995), Evers, K. (2010), Senge (1999), Covey (2013), entre otros. El estudio se abordó a partir del paradigma cualitativo, bajo un diseño documental analítico, basado fundamentalmente en la recolección, selección, organización y análisis del material obtenido a través de la opinión de los autores señalados, expertos en el tema estudiado. Se concluye que, la neuroética fundamental, constituye un pilar determinante en la praxis gerencial docente, contextualizada en el aula universitaria, pues guarda relación neural con los componentes actitudinales que serán evidenciables mediante la conducta, desde donde se derivan patrones comportamentales, los cuales habrán de conducir hacia la práctica de una gerencia cognicional, centrada en principios, con el propósito de educar en valores.
Rain Monitoring System for Nutmeg Drying Based on Internet of Things
Authors: Ilham Dirja Nur , Satria Eri , Anugreni Fera , Candra Rudi Arif , Kusumo Herma Nugroho Rono Adi
Published: February 2021

One of the stages in drying the nutmeg is drying the nutmeg in the afternoon which is directly illuminated by the sun. The nutmeg owners in South Aceh is very difficult to get information about rain falling during the day if they are outside or are not in the nutmeg drying area. The process of monitoring the occurrence of rain during the drying of the nutmeg has been done manually by monitoring or seeing the state of the sky when it is cloudy. The purpose of this research is to create a rain monitoring system based on the “Internet of things” internet to make it easier for nutmeg owners to get information about rain falling from a distance. This research uses nodeMCU which functions as a controller of a rain monitoring system, a raindrop sensor as a rain detection sensor. The working system of the rain monitoring tool is by connecting the nodeMCU to the led light and if the raindrop sensor is exposed to rain then the led light will turn on or light up and the raindrop sensor reads the data point. If the data point is read 1024, it indicates that the condition is not raining, while if the data point value is 700 -1023, it indicates the condition of the drizzle, and the data point value from 0-600 indicates the heavy rain condition. The raindrop sensor sends data points to the ThingsIO.AI website as a condition notification that the nutmeg drying area is drizzling, heavy rain, or no rain. For monitoring of nutmeg drying area, it can be accessed remotely via the “website ThingsIO.AI” using smartphones and computers that are connected by the internet. Based on the results of testing the average data point delivery time is 1 minute and the value of the data point obtained is 488-1009
ESTUDO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DA HANSENÍASE NO MUNICÍPIO DE SANTA RITA DE CÁSSIA-BA: ANÁLISE SOBRE AS METAS PARA ELIMINAÇÃO.
Authors: GUEDES Adailde do Socorro , GUEDES Cristie Síntia Gomes , MELO Jérsia Rodrigues Martins de , REIS Juliana Corado da Silva , CORADO Rita de Cássia da Silva Souza , SOUZA Jéssyca Karine Guedes de , GUEDES Igo Nascimento , OLIVEIRA Camila Aragão
Published: February 2021

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RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA: BUSCA ATIVA DE PACIENTE COM HANSENÍASE EM ÁREA SILENCIOSA, CALUMBI-PE
Authors: MARTINS Adna Maris de Siqueira , CANTARELLI Karla Millene Sousa Lima , TENÓRIO Maria José Mourato Cândido , LIMA Kamila Thaís Marcula , MELO Breno Lúcio Feitosa de , SÁ Sarah Mourão de , SANTANA Flávia dos Santos , SOUZA Jozelma Pereira Barros de , LIMA NETO Manoel José de
Published: February 2021

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SITUAÇÃO EPIDEMIOLÓGICA E DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL DA HANSENÍASE EM INDÍGENAS NO BRASIL, 2010-2017
Authors: CARNEIRO Thomaz Xavier , NEVES Dilma Costa de Oliveira , TOZZI Fabio Lambertini , SOUSA Joice Cristina Gomes de , SILVA Alison Ramos da , ALCÂNTARA Maria de Lourdes Beldi de , PINHEIRO Bruno Vinicius Silva , CORBETT Carlos Eduardo Pereira , PINHEIRO Maria da Conceição Nascimento , XAVIER Marilia Brasil
Published: February 2021

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CƠ CHẾ ĂN MÒN ANỐT LÀM XỐP SIC TRONG DUNG DỊCH AXÍT HYĐROFLORIT LOÃNG TRONG ETHYLEN GLYCOL HOẶC NƯỚC
Authors: Cao Tuấn Anh , Nguyễn Thúy Nga , Lương Trúc Quỳnh Ngân
Published: February 2021

Trong bài báo này, chúng tôi trình bày các kết quả thực nghiệm để chỉ ra cơ chế ăn mòn anốt trực tiếp SiC trong dung dịch hyđroflorit (HF) loãng. Một lớp SiC xốp đã được tạo ra trên màng SiC vô định hình (aSiC) bằng ăn mòn anốt ở chế độ ổn dòng trong dung dịch axít hyđroflorit loãng với dung môi ehtylen glycol (HF/EG) hoặc nước (HF/H2O). Kết quả cho thấy sự phụ thuộc của hình thái lớp aSiC xốp vào mật độ dòng anốt trong hai trường hợp trên là khác nhau cho mỗi trường hợp. Các nghiên cứu tiếp theo cho thấy rằng nguyên nhân của sự khác biệt này nằm ở điểm gần như không có nước trong dung dịch HF/EG loãng. Do sự khan hiếm nước trong dung dịch điện phân, ở tất cả các mật độ dòng anốt aSiC phản ứng trực tiếp với HF của dung dịch điện phân, tạo ra một hợp chất giữa Si và HF, hòa tan vào dung dịch và cacbon tự do. Sau đó, một phần của cacbon được ôxy hóa thành ôxít cacbon bằng nước có trong HF và bay hơi đi, trong khi một phần khác còn lại trên bề mặt ăn mòn, tạo thành một bề mặt giàu cacbon. Trong khi đó, trong dung dịch HF/H2O loãng, với sự gia tăng của mật độ dòng anốt, sự ăn mòm anốt aSiC thông qua phản ứng trực tiếp của aSiC với HF đã dần dần được thay thế bởi sự ăn mòn thông qua quá trình ôxy hóa, diễn ra bởi phản ứng của aSiC với nước trong dung dịch điện phân.
Frecuencia De Infecciones Respiratorias Agudas En Menores De 5 Años, Centro De Salud Rio Blanco, 2017
Authors: Zurita Cespedes Brian Ivan , Inturias Imaca Boris , Laura Vargas David
Published: February 2021

Introducción: Las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRAS) se definen como el conjunto de enfermedades del aparato respiratorio causadas por microorganismos virales, bacterianos u otros, caracterizados síntomas respiratorios y son consideradas la mayor causa de morbimortalidad infantil en países en vías de desarrollo. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia de IRAS en menores de 5 años atendidos en el Centro de Salud Rio Blanco de enero a diciembre del año 2017. Materiales y Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal. El universo son todos los menores de 5 años que acudieron al Centro de Salud Río Blanco del 2017, siendo en total 3 510. Resultados: se identificó un 31% de frecuencia de IRAS, un 44% de faringoamigdalitis como diagnostico principal, leve predominio no significativo en el sexo femenino, mayor frecuencia en edades mayores de 2 años y mayor frecuencia en invierno. Conclusiones: se evidencia una alta frecuencia de IRAS en la población estudiada con características similares a las estimadas en la literatura para las condiciones del medio.
Effect of phenotype on egg quality characteristics of F1 locally-adapted Turkey of Nigeria
Authors: Nosike R. J. , Ebuzor C. A. , Onunkwo D. N. , Obasi E. N. , Ezea J. , Nwakpu O. F. , Ibe S. N. , Oke U. K.
Published: February 2021

The local breeds of animals in Nigeria deserve improvement in their genetic profile and physiological status. A total of 78 day-old Random-bred Nigeria local turkey poults were used as parent stock to generate another 232 day-old poults (F 1) to evaluate the Nigerian local turkey phenotypes based on egg quality parameters. Three phenotypic classes (black, white and spotted) were obtained as base population and used to generate F1 progeny for the  study. Experimental design for the experiment was a Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with phenotypic class as major factor of interest and hatches as block. The egg quality characteristics, namely egg weight, egg length, egg width, egg shape index were the external egg quality characteristics while the internal egg quality characteristics include the albumen weight, yolk weight, yolk height, yolk width and Haugh Unit. These egg parameters were significantly (p<0.05) highest in the black variety. Shell thickness, albumen height and yolk index were not significantly different (p>0.05) in the three local turkey phenotypes. Generally, the black varieties had highest values internal egg quality traits. It is therefore, concluded that for rapid improvement of these traits, the black variety could be used to enhance egg quality and reproduction of Nigerian local turkeys in the study area. The present findings could assist in the design of long-term genetic improvement programmes for turkey production in Nigeria.
Effect of feed grade acidifiers on total tract mineral retention, intestinal pH and phytate utilization by broiler finisher chickens
Authors: Idachaba C. U. , Abdullahi I. , Kurtong D. A.
Published: February 2021

Mineral chelators such as organic acids have been reported to compete favourably with phytate by forming soluble complexes with feed minerals. Effect of feed grade acidifiers on total tract mineral retention and intestinal pH of broiler finisher chickens was investigated. A total of 300-broiler finisher chickens were assigned to four treatment groups. Each treatment was replicated thrice with twenty chickens per replicate in a completely randomized design. The control treatment (T1 ) was fed the control diet adequate in available phosphorus at 0.5% while other treatments (T2 -T4 ) were fed sub-optimal available phosphorus diets at 0.4%. Three blends of acidifiers; Fysal®, Orgacid® and Acidomix® were supplemented in the diets of chickens in treatments 2, 3 and 4 at 0.1% (1kg per ton/feed). Chickens fed diet supplemented  with Fysal® showed the best (P<0.05) results in total tract mineral retention 56.5+/-5.75 compared to the control and other treatments. The poor mineral retention i.e. 35 and 46% for calcium and phosphorus respectively by chickens fed the control diet was attributed to the insoluble phytate-mineral complex that limits mineral bioavailability. Intestinal segments of chickens fed acidified diets showed significant reduction (P<0.05) in pH in the range of 5.26-7.16 across duodenum to ileum compared to the control group 6.83-8.76. It is concluded that feed acidification at 0.1% improves mineral utilization in broiler chickens as it competes favourably with phytate in the lumen of the gut leading to better nutrient utilization.
Growth components and chemical composition of some improved dual-purpose cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) varieties as influenced by manure application
Authors: Ojo V. O. A. , Olufemi S. J. , Adetokunbo G. A. , Odunaye B. T. , Bakare B. A. , Adeyemi T. A.
Published: February 2021

Field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of swine manure application on the growth components and chemical composition of nine varieties of improved dual-purpose cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). The experiment was laid out as a 2 x 9 factorial design with two levels of manure application (0kg ha-1 and 5kg ha-1) and nine varieties of improved dual-purpose cowpea at three replicates. Agronomy parameters and dry matter yield of the cowpea were determined six weeks after sowing. Results showed that unfertilized variety IT- 332 recorded highest leaf proportion (57.27) above others. Varieties IT-193 with manure (80.00 cm) and IT-297 without manure (30) recorded significantly higher (P<0.05) values for plant height and leaf number respectively. Dry matter yield of cowpea ranged significantly higher (P<0.05) from 7.20 t ha-1 in variety IT-817 without manure to 14.85 t ha-1 in variety IT-321 with manure. The average crude protein content of improved cowpea varieties ranged significantly (P < 0.05) from 97.69 g kg-1 dry matter in unfertilized IT-817 and IT-834 to 141.17 g kg-1 dry matter in fertilized IT-819. The study showed that application of swine manure into cowpea increased the dry matter yield and chemical composition which is necessary to provide sufficient feed for ruminants that can be used as a supplement during the dry season.
Comparative evaluation of lactation performance of West African dwarf and red sokoto goats raised in a hot-humid environment
Authors: Ahamefule F. O. , Ekanem N. J. , Uka U. U. , Ikwunze K.
Published: February 2021

The milk yield and compositions of twelve lactating does comprising six each of West African Dwarf (Fouta djallon) and Red Sokoto (Maradi) were compared in a 21-week study. The does in their second parity were monitored over a full lactation. The goats received daily basal grass and browse fodder in addition to a concentrate supplement in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment. The does were hand milked and milk yield (g/d) was quantified daily. Milk samples were analyzed weekly for total solids (TS %), butter fat (BF %), solids-not-fat (SNF %), crude protein (CP %) and total ash (TA %). Lactose concentration (LC %) was analyzed daily immediately after sampling. Macro-minerals in milk samples were determined by dry ash extraction method specific for each mineral element. Milk yield was influenced significantly (p<0.05) by both breed and stage of lactation. The WAD produced more milk (97.34 g/d than RS (87.01 g/d). For both breeds, the average mid lactation milk yield (119.04 g/d) was significantly (p<0.05) different than either early (88.35 g/d) or late (69.14 g/d). The highest milk production was by WAD does in mid lactation (125.10 g/d) and the least was by RS in late lactation (47.07 g/d). The TS, BF, SNF, CP and LC concentrations in milk were not influenced (P>0.05) by breed. The TA was significantly (P<0.05) higher in WAD milk (0.89 %) relative to RS milk (0.88 %). Also, stage of lactation significantly (P<0.05) influenced the concentrations of TS, BF, TA and LC in WAD and RS goats milk. Total solids was significantly (P<0.05) higher in late (13.47 %) than in early (12.53 %) lactation for both breeds. The BF and LC in milk followed similar trend, recording 4.45, 3.89 and 4.13 and 3.98 % in late and early stages of lactation respectively. On the other hand, The TA decreased with advancing lactation and the highest value was obtained in the early (0.92 %) than in mid (0.89 %) and late (0.86 %) lactation in both WAD and RS goat milk. TA was highest in WAD milk in early lactation (0.92 %) and least in RS milk in late lactation (0.85 %). All macro minerals were influenced (p<0.05) by lactation stage and breed differences, except potassium (K) and sodium (Na) which were only influenced by the stage of lactation. The milk of both WAD and RS goats yielded more calcium (Ca) than K, which was attributed to the nutrients in the diets.
Comparative evaluation of economic benefits of adopters and non-adopters of improved fish production technologies in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ashley-Dejo S. S , Olaoye O. J. , Adelaja O. A.
Published: February 2021

This study assessed the Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis profitability ratios and inferential statistics. The study revealed that a Significant level of profit obtained from the study is evidence that adopters had more profit than non-adopters. comparative evaluation of economic benefits of adopters and nonadopters of improved fish production technologies in Oyo State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected with the aid of structured interview schedule administered to 222 active fish farmers using purposive and simple random sampling procedure. dopters of improved fish production technologies earned mean revenue of N4,873,521.29 with gross margin of N2,376,616.36 while non-adopters earned N3,347,719.08 with gross margin of N1,432,805.00. The results showed Benefit Cost Ratio (1.69 and 1.49), Rate of Return on Investment (0.69 and 0.49), Gross Revenue ratio (0.59 and 0.67), Expenses Structure Ratio (0.15 and 0.17) and Net Profit Margin (0.41 and 0.33) for both the adopters and non-adopters. There was a significant association between adoption of improved technologies and sex, educational level, occupation and marital status. Also, there was a significant relationship between adoption of improved technology and age, years of experience and house hold size. There was a significant difference between the profit level of adopters and non-adopters of improved technologies.
Chemical composition of Manihot esculentum crantz (var. umucass 36)
Authors: Adedokun O. O. , Ojewola G. S. , Ahamefule F. O. , Akinmutimi A. H.
Published: February 2021

Cassava (Manihot esculentum) is one of the most drought tolerant crops, adapted to varying agro-ecological zones and has a high potential for livestock and poultry production in Nigeria. Thus, proximate, macro and micro minerals, anti-nutrients, gross energy and amino acid profile of cassava (Manihot esculentum crantz var. UMUCASS 36) were carried out jusing freshly harvested cassava. The cassava root was washed, peeled and chopped into small pieces. This was oven dried and milled to form cassava root meal (CRM). The harvested leaf and petiole was chopped, oven dried and milled as cassava foliage meal (CFM). The tender, green apical part of the stem was equally harvested, chopped, oven dried and milled as cassava tender stem meal (CTSM) while the cassava composite meal(CCM) was a mixture of the root meal, foliage meal and the tender stem meal at the ratio of 10:4:1 respectively. The proximate, gross energy, macro (Na, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micro (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) minerals, anti nutritional factors (hydrocyanic acid, tannin and trypsin inhibitor) and the amino acids were determined in line with the internationally accepted standard. There were significant (P<0.05) differences among various parts of the UMUCASS 36 cassava for all the parameters considered. The crude protein was least in cassava root meal (2.29%) and best in cassava foliage meal (21.79%). CCM had the highest (P<0.05) gross energy of 3.77kcal/g. CFM had the best contents of sodium (0.27%), potassium (0.88%) and phosphorous (0.38%).CRM had the highest value of calcium (0.29%), CTSM (potassium, 0.88%) and CCM (magnesium, 0.34%). In micro mineral contents, significant(P<0.05) differences existed across the parts examined. CFM was superior in both iron and zinc contents while CTSM had best values of copper and manganese. Hydrocyanic acid value ranged from 1.26mg/kg in CFM to 6.57mg/kg in CCM while trypsin inhibitor had highest value of 9.62TIU/mg in CRM and CFM had tannin value to be 0.086% being the highest. All the anti-nutritional factors measured were at tolerable levels to broiler chicken. Percentages of amino acids like arginine, cysteine, histidine, phenylalanine and valine in leaf meal were high with these values 6.46, 3.09, 1.34, 3.14, and 8.27% respectively. The nutritive contents of UMUCASS 36 revealed that the root meal with gross energy of 3.66Kcal/g is a potential energy source and therefore can be used as an energy source in poultry ration. The high content of crude protein and its attendant amino acids in the UMUCASS 36 foliage meal placed it at a better level for consideration as replacement for the expensive soybean.
Performance evaluation and haematological biochemical parameters of West African dwarf goats fed pineapple waste (Ananas comosus) with or without yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation
Authors: Adekanbi A. O. , Onwuka C. F. I. , Oni A. O. , Ojo V. O. A. , Ajayi F. T. , Popoola M. A.
Published: February 2021

Pineapple waste (PW) is an agro-industrial by-product containing high fibre and can be harnessed by feeding it to ruminant animals to solve their nutritional problems in Nigeria. A study was conducted to assess the nutritive value of Pineapple (PW) as supplementary feed for ruminant animals during the dry season when grasses are either not available or of low quality. Pineapple waste were collected, sundried and then used for the feeding trial at different inclusion levels of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% with or without yeast supplementation (WOWYS). Twenty four West African dwarf bucks (between 6.5 and 7.5 kg) were assigned to eight dietary treatments with three bucks per treatment and arranged in 2 x 4 factorial layouts in a completely randomized design over a period of 84days. Data were obtained on growth performance and haematological parameters. Results of performance characteristics showed that average concentrate consumed (257.58 g/day), total weight gain (3.23 kg), metabolic weight gain (2.48W0.75) and daily weight gain (35.88 g/day) of experimental animals were significantly higher (p< 0.05) in goats fed 10% inclusion level WOWYS. Pineapple waste inclusion levels WOWYS significantly (p< 0.05) influenced white blood cell count (WBC), lymphocytes, monocytes and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration across the treatments. The monocytes (3.00%) Neutrophil counts (30.00%) were best and significantly higher (p< 0.05) in goats fed 10% PW inclusion level WOWYS while WBC increased significantly (p< 0.05) across the dietary treatments (9.63 – 11.65 x103/mm3) and were within normal levels expected of healthy goats. It is concluded that dietary inclusion of PW with or without yeast supplementation in concentrate diet up to 10% improved the performance characteristics and haematological blood parameters of West African Dwarf goats without any adverse effects.
Grazing behaviour and forage selection pattern of heifers in the range
Authors: Akewusola O. G. , Babayemi O. J. , Adebayo A. A.
Published: February 2021

The grazing behaviour of eight yearling white Fulani heifers was studied in two season of year in the south western zone of Nigeria. Time spent on different activities such as drinking, walking, grazing, resting and ruminating were determined using direct eye observation technique. The types of forage selected in both seasons were identified. Visual observations revealed that behaviour was influenced by seasons. The heifers spent 2, 8, 15, 14 and 62% of their time drinking, ruminating, resting, walking and grazing respectively as overall percentage for the two seasons. The forage selection pattern revealed that forbs were mostly selected in the late dry season and grasses in the early rain season. The forages selected in the late dry season were Panicum maximum, Cynodon dactylon, Ipomea aquatical, Leucaena leucocephela, Centrosema mole and Althernanthera dentata. In the early rain season forages selected include Setaria bartata, Echinochloa stagirina, Pennisetum purpureum and Panicum maximum regrowth. It is therefore concluded that the study provides a quick insight into behavioural and forage selection pattern of heifers. Therefore the study can be used to assess grazing animal nutrition condition.
Suckling behaviour of West African dwarf goat kids
Authors: Iyasere O. S. , James I. J. , Akinsanya O. O , Williams T. J. , Daramola J. O.
Published: February 2021

During suckling, goat kids exhibit different kinds of behavior which could be germane to their general performance. The objective of this study was to determine suckling behaviour of West African dwarf (WAD) goat kids with respect to some behavioural measurements. A total number of 21 WAD does comprising of 1st and 2nd parity with live weight range of 9.5kg-16.5kg with a total of 26 kids (12males and 14females) in a small holder dairy goat were used. Data on suckling behaviour (suckling bout, duration of suckling and number of butts during suckling) was monitored to investigate the effect of birth type (singleton and twin) and kid sex (male and female). Behaviours were observed twice/day i.e. in the morning (7:00-8.30 am) and evening (4:30-6:00pm), 2 days/week starting from the 2nd week after kidding for 7 weeks. Suckling bout, duration of suckling and number of butts during suckling was greater in twin than in singleton. Kid sex had no significant effect on all behavioural parameters monitored. However, significant positive correlations were observed between suckling bout and number of butts during suckling, between suckling bouts and duration of suckling and between duration of suckling and number of butts during suckling. In conclusion, suckling behaviours in WAD kids were dependent on the birth type and not sex of the kids.
Dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in growing Red sokoto bucks fed Sorghum bicolor hay supplemented with concentrate
Authors: Munza B. M. , Hassan M. R. , Tanko R. J. , Otaru S. M. , Kalla D. J. U. , Yashim S. M.
Published: February 2021

During the dry season, forages are low in quantity and quality; hence lacks the essential nutrients that are prerequisite for growth in ruminants, suggesting a supplemental feeding. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in growing Red Sokoto bucks fed Sorghum bicolor hay supplemented with concentrate. Eight growing Red Sokoto bucks with average body weight of 15±1.0 kg were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments containing S. bicolor hay/concentrate mixture (100:0 and 60:40). The bucks were individually fed at 3.5% body weight daily for a period of 21 days in a completely randomised design with four replicates per treatment. The parameters measured were dry matter intake, water intake, amount of faeces voided, volume of urine and costs of feeding. Total dry matter intake (424.64g/day) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 60:40 dietary treatment than 100:0 treatment (353.57g/day). The digestibility coefficients of crude fibre (92.34 %), acid detergent fibre (71.46 %) and neutral detergent fibre (69.77 %) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Red Sokoto bucks fed Sorghum bicolor hay:concentrate ratio of 100:0 compared to bucks fed 60:40 diet with crude fibre (87.25 %), acid detergent fibre (59.67 %) and neutral detergent fibre (60.08 %) digestibility coefficient values. However, crude protein (78.49 %) and ash (70.04 %) digestibility coefficients in bucks fed 60:40 diet were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those fed 100:0 diet with 38.14 % crude protein and 21.45 % ash digestibility coefficients. There was an increasing trend (p<0.05) in all parameters measured when concentrate was supplemented. The nitrogen retained (7.55 g/day), nitrogen retained as % intake (68.76 %) and nitrogen absorbed as % intake (78.46 %) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Red Sokoto bucks fed 60:40 diets when compared with that of 100:0 diet which recorded 0.69 g/day nitrogen retained, 23.87 % nitrogen retained as % intake and 38.15 % as nitrogen absorbed as % intake, respectively. Total costs per kg of feed (N78.13K) and costs of feeding per buck (N696.72K) were significantly (p<0.05) higher for 60:40 diet than 100:0 diet with N45.83K total costs per kg feed and N340.29K costs of feeding per buck. It is therefore, concluded that concentrate supplementation on Sorghum bicolor hay enhances its utilisation by growing Red Sokoto bucks in terms of increased dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in Northern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria.
Sokoto Red and Sahelian goats: The untapped potential for improving meat production in the developing economy of Nigeria
Authors: Adedibu I.  I. , Sola- Ojo F. E. , Lawal M.
Published: February 2021

A study was conducted on indigenous unselected Sokoto Red (SR) and Sahel (SH) goats in National Animal Production Research Institute, (NAPRI), Ahmadu Bello University, Shika- Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study was carried out to understand how birth, pre- weaning and post-weaning weights in the SR and SH goats can be used to improve their productivity. Thirty kids (10 males and 20 females) of SR and thirty kids (10 males and 20 females) of SH breeds of goat were utilised for this study. Results obtained showed that the coefficient of variation (CV) was very low. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) among mean bodyweight at birth, 30 days pre-weaning, 60 days pre-weaning, 90 days post- weaning and 120 days post-weaning weights of SR and SH goats except at 150 days post- weaning weight. Highly positive phenotypic correlations existed in the SR goats between 90- day weaning weight and 120-day post weaning; 90-day weaning weight and 150-day post weaning.120-day post weaning weight and 150-day post weaning.The birth weight of the SH goats were highly significant (P<0.05) and positively correlated with body weight at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days old. It was observed that the sampled population was homogeneous for all traits. The 90-day weight of the SR can be utilised to improve for body weight at 30-, 120- and 150- days of age while in the SH goat, selection for high birth weight would enhance improvement for high body weight at later stages of growth.
Evaluation of nutrient and anti-nutrient content of both raw and processed velvet bean seed (Mucuna sloanei
Authors: Ewa U. E. , Akinmutimi A. H. , Ojewola G. S. , Onunkwo D. N.
Published: February 2021

The nutrient and anti-nutrient content of raw, boiled, and boiled with potassium sesquioxide(akanwu) Mucuna sloanei seed meal(MSSM) were investigated. A total of 120 day old broiler chickens were used. There were 4 treatments each replicated into 3 with 10 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Four treatment diets were formulated. Diet 1 served as control containing raw Mucunal, while diets 2, 3, and 4 had boiled Mucuna, Mucuna boiled with ankanwu and boiled Mucuna mix with enzyme, respectively added to them at 5% level of inclusion. The birds were allowed 7 days to get stabilized before being randomly assigned to the experimental diets that lasted for 49 days. The crude protein content of the raw was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the boiled and boiled with potash. Processing reduced the energy content of raw Mucuna seed from 4.73 Kcal/g (raw) to 3.90 cal/g(boiled) and 3.81Kcal/g (boiled with akanwu, BWA). Boiled MSSM had a significantly (P< 0.05) higher content of Na, K, Ca, P and Mg, than that of BWA. The calcium (1.87) content of the boiled was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of the raw (1.665). There were significant (P<0.05) increases in Fe, Cu, Zn and Mnin the processed over the raw.BWA resulted in a significantly (P<0.05) higher decrease in anti-nutritional content of the seed. B Mucuna sloanei Mucuna akanwu. Mucuna sloanei, sesquioxid soiling method is selected as the best method of detoxification for seeds since it was able to make 84.18% reduction of L-DOPA which is the major anti-nutrient in and 98.40% reduction of trypsin inhibitor a wide spread anti-nutrient among legumes. In addition it is amethod of detoxification that can be well adapted to by the local farmers as against that of boiling with potash which involves the preparing of potash solution and additional cost
Isolation and antibiogram of aerobic nasal bacterial flora of apparently healthy West African dwarf goats and sheep in Abeokuta Area, Ogun State
Authors: Olufemi F. O. , Keinde O. B. , Akinduti P. A. , Odunfa O. A
Published: February 2021

Studies conducted on the bacterial flora of the respiratory tract in goats or sheep focused on the clinically ill, with fewer studies on the apparently healthy goats and sheep and the antibiogram of isolated organisms. This study was carried out on apparently healthy 54 goats and 43 sheep. A total of seven different bacterial species were isolated from the upper respiratory tracts of the apparently healthy small ruminants using colonial morphology, gram staining and biochemical characterization.Antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial isolates was performed against 10 commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antibiotics was conducted. The overall occurrence rate of bacteria isolated are Pseudomonas spp (42.0% in caprine and 27.3% in ovine); Bacillus spp (36.9%, caprine; 40%, ovine); Mannheima spp, (9.2%, caprine; 23.6%, ovine); Escherichia coli (7.6%, caprine; 9.1%, ovine); Staphylococcus spp (2.5%, caprine); Pasteurellaspp(0.8%, caprine) and Streptococcus spp (0.8%, caprine). The isolation of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica from the nasal cavity of apparently healthy goats and sheep in this study reflects their possible role in most common respiratory diseases encountered in these small ruminants. All the 174 (100%) isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin and 161 (92.5%) were resistant to Ceftriaxone. One hundred and sixty-eight (96.6%) isolates were sensitive to Ofloxacin and 140 (80.5%) were sensitive to both Gentamycin and Ciprofloxacin and 135 (77.6%) were sensitive to Perfloxin. Staphaureus was resistant to all the antibiotics used except Amoxicillin hence only Amoxicillin can be used for its treatment, while most isolates were susceptible to the antimicrobials tested, as demonstrated by higher MIC value. The emergence of antibiotic resistance to these pathogens  may increase infectious disease burdens and make the rapeutic treatment more expensive.
Analysis of training needs of fish farmers in Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos state, Nigeria
Authors: Ajala A. O. , Kolawole E. A. , Owolabi A. O. , Faseyi S. A.
Published: February 2021

In this study the level of knowledge, skill and training needs of fish farmers in Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos State were investigated. Eighty out of 150 fish farmers currently operating in the Fish Farm Estate, Ikorodu were randomly selected. Data were collected from the farmers with structured interview schedule and were summarised with frequency counts, percentages, mean and correlation coefficient. Result showed that the following practices were carried out by farmers: pond/vats/fibre glass/tank cleaning, water quality maintenance and management, pond fertilisation, brood stock production, spawning, fingerlings sourcing/production, disease prevention, control and management, feed formulation and production/sourcing, record keeping, fish feeding, fish processing, fish storage, fish sorting, pest and predator control, fry care, transfer and feeding, siphoning, and fish transportation. The mean age of the fish farmers were 45±13.0 years with 63.8% being males.Majority (78.8%) weremarried withmean family size of 4±2 .Majority (82.5%) of the farmers had more than twelve years of formal education. The mean farming experience was 8±3 yearswith averagemean income of 1.4million naira.58.8% and 47.5% had high level of knowledge and skill respectively. Training was needed in seven out of the seventeen practices. The major constraints to fish production are high cost of feed and lack of capital. Also, a positive and significant relationship exist between level of knowledge of the farmers and farmers' gender, marital status, membership of cooperative society and fish farming association and primary occupation while age of the farmers had a negative but significant relationshipwith it. It is recommended that training by extension agents should focus the area of training needs and that credit and cost of fish feeds be subsidized
Processing enhanced the nutritional contents of Enterolobium cyclocarpum seeds
Authors: Falola O. O.
Published: February 2021

An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different methods of processing on the nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of Enterolobium cyclocarpum seeds. The seeds were harvested and processed into four different treatments: T1 (raw), T2 (boiled), T3 (Soaked), and T4 (roasted). The seeds were later ground in hammer mill and taken to laboratory to determine crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), ash, nitrogen free extract (NFE). Mineral contents such as calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magne sium(Mg), and sodium(Na)were also analysed. Some anti-nutritional factors such as saponnin, tannins, oxalate and phytate were also determined. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance. It was observed that crude protein of the treated seeds were significantly higher than the raw. T2 recorded the highest (36.31%) followed by T3 (34.52%) and T4 (33.24%) while the lowest was observed in T1 (19.33%), Ether extract followed the same trend. Crude fiber ranged from 15.92% in T1 – 2.42% in T2. Results obtained for calcium (8.90–6.00%), magnesium (5.45-4.85%), sodium (2.38-1.69%) and phosphorus (2.85-1.36%) were significantly higher in T1among the treatments. Oxalates (0.19-0.11%), phytates (0.33-0.19%), tannin (0.05-0.02%), and saponnin (0.41-0.33%) were observed to be significantly lower in the processed seeds than the raw. It can be concluded boiling had significant increase in protein content and decrease in crude fiber content of the seeds.
Welfare of cattle at local markets in Kaduna State: Handling and transportation - A major concern
Authors: Minka N. S. , Ayo J. O.
Published: February 2021

The aim of the study was to evaluate the welfare of cattle at local markets in Kaduna State based via means of transportation, loading and unloading methods, abusive behaviours by stake-holders and stress-related behaviours of cattle. Ten different villages within Kaduna State were each visited twice during their market days. During the visits, 700 cattle were observed during handling, means of transportation by road and the behavioural responses, and in addition photographs were taken. The result showed that the most common means by which the cattle were transported were in buses (60%) and cars (55%), followed by pick-ups (35%) and trucks (20%). There were no loading or unloading ramps in all the markets. The most common abusive behaviour was beating of cattle with stick or club (80%), closely followed by horn/neck pulling (60%) and neck twisting (50%); while the most common stress-related behaviour of the cattle was aggression (70%), followed by panting and repeated vocalisation (40% each). The results showed that the welfare of the cattle was compromised, which may adversely affect their health, productivity and meat quality. It was concluded that cattle transported and sold at various local markets in Kaduna State were abused, poorly and inhumanely handled, and transported by means not specifically meant for animal transportation.
West African dwarf goats utilized bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) meal as feed supplement
Authors: Olosunde A. O. , Odeyinka S. M.
Published: February 2021

This studywas carried out to determine the utilization and the optimumlevel of offer of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) meal (BLM) by West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. In a 20-week trial, twenty four WAD goats of both sexes, 5-7 months old, were randomly allotted to four treatments of graded levels of BLM(0% BLM(Control diet), 15% BLM, 30% BLMand 45% BLMdiets) in a completely randomized design to determine the utilization of bitter leafmeal as feed for goats. The dietswere used as supplements to a basal ration of Panicummaximum. Two digestibility trials were carried out. The digestible ether extract intake and digestible organic matter of goats on 0% BLM were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the values obtained for goats on bitter leaf meal diets. The average daily weight gain (g/day) for goats on 0% BML was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of others. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the percentage mortality of the goats fed experimental diets. The percentagemortality of goats on 30% and 45%BLMwere significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of others. It is concluded that bitter leafmeal can be included in the diets of (WAD) goats up to15%without any deleterious effect.
Protein supplements increased feed intake and enhanced growth of Yankasa sheep fed Congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis)
Authors: Sani I. , Amodu J. T. , Nuratu A. , Umar A. M. , Abubakar M.
Published: February 2021

This study compared the feed intake and performance of Yankasa sheep fed Congo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) basal diet with different protein supplements of Cotton Seed Cake (CSC), PalmKernel Cake (PKC), Brewer'sDriedGrain (BDG) and sole B. ruziziensis grass (control). Sixteen (16) Yankasa sheep weighing between 21.63 and 22.23kg and aged about 12 months were randomly allotted to treatment diets. The total dry matter and crude protein intake were highest (P<0.05) in sheep on CSC supplement (996.33 and 118.56g) while the control diet had the least feed intake (796.4 and 57.90g).The total live weight gain (TLWG) increased (P<0.05) from 0.91kg in sheep fed Congo grass solely (control) to 2.50kg in those fed Cotton Seed Cake, while feed conversion ratio reduced from 52.50 in Congo grass to 29.15 inCSC treatment. It is concluded from this experiment that Yankasa sheep utilizedCSC better thanPKC,BDGandBrachiaria ruziziensis (control). It is therefore recommended that Brachiaria ruziziensis should be supplemented withCotton SeedCake at a rate of 250g/d for better intake and liveweight in Yankasa sheep production.
Effect of diets containing graded levels of groundnut haulms on Dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and Nitrogen balance of Friesian x Bunaji Bulls
Authors: Finangwai H. I. , Ehoche O. W. , Jokthan G. E. , Barje P. P.
Published: February 2021

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding concentrate diets containing varying levels of groundnut haulms on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nutrient balance in Friesian x Bunaji bulls. The feed consisted of four concentrate mixed diets formulated to contain on average 14.45- 14.65% crude protein. Groundnut haulms (GH) in the concentrate diets were on nitrogen basis at 0, 25, 50 and 75% levels with control diet having 0% inclusion of GH. Sixteen bulls aged 12-18months were divided into four each and were randomly allotted to the four treatment diets in a completely randomized design for metabolic trial. During trial, the bulls were housed in metabolic crates and fed Gamba hay adlib and the basal or particular test concentrate mixture at 40% of estimated DM intake. Chemical composition and energy contents of the diets were determined. Dry matter intake (D M ) and organic matter intake (OMI) were also determined. The CP value averaged 14.45±0.44 - 14.65±1.22% for the four experimental diets. The metabolizable energy content expressed in Kcal/kg of diets decreased with increase in GH level from 0-75% (3166-1752 kcal/kg). There was no significant (P>0.05) difference on voluntary DMI and OMI. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and ash were significantly (P<0.05) higher at 75% level of groundnut haulms. CF and ADF digestibility were significantly influenced (P<0.05) when groundnut haulms level reached 25%. Conversely, the digestibility of NFE did not differ (P>0.05) across treatments. Nitrogen balance were similar (P>0.05) among animals fed concentrate mixtures. Nitrogen balance expressed in percent was slightly higher at 75% level of groundnut haulms. It is concluded that inclusion of GH in concentrate diets of crossed bulls up to 75% can improve nutrient digestibility and the percent Nitrogen balance.