bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Valor nutricional da planta, padrões de fermentação e qualidade da silagem de triticale em seis idades de corte
Authors: Oliveira Jackson Silva e , Lanes Éder Cristian Malta de , Lopes Fernando César Ferraz , Almeida Emerson José Dornelas de , Carmo Sarita Gonçalves do
Published: May 2010

Embora tenha potencial de adaptabilidade para várias regiões do Brasil, o triticale, gramínea produtora de grãos e forragem, tem sido mais utilizado na Região Sul do Brasil. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se conhecer o valor nutritivo da planta de triticale e algumas características de sua silagem quando cultivada na Região Sudeste e submetida a seis idades de corte. O experimento foi instalado (07/07/95) em uma propriedade particular no município de Guarani (MG), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, sendo avaliado o efeito da idade de corte (73, 80, 87, 94, 101 e 108 dias) sobre o valor nutricional da forragem do triticale e sobre os padrões de fermentação e de qualidade da sua silagem. Houve incremento de 0,46 e decréscimo de 0,09 unidades porcentuais, respectivamente, nos teores de matéria seca (MS) e de proteína bruta (PB) da silagem, para cada dia adicional na idade de corte, sendo os maiores teores de MS obtidos de plantas cortadas aos 87 e 101 dias. Foi observado comportamento quadrático entre os valores (P<0,05) de pH das silagens e a idade de corte do triticale, onde os valores de pH variaram entre 3,7 e 5,5. As menores concentrações de ácido acético, entre 1,93 e 3,60% da MS, foram observadas de 87 a 101 dias de crescimento das plantas. Na silagem produzida a partir das plantas cortadas aos 73 dias de idade, foi observada concentração de ácido lático de 0,97% da MS. A maior (P<0,05) concentração de ácido lático foi observada na silagem produzida a partir das plantas cortadas aos 94 dias de crescimento (12,05% da MS). Os parâmetros de degradação ruminal in situ da MS da forragem verde variaram de 74,6 a 89,5% (degradabilidade potencial), de 2,8 a 3,8%/h (taxa de degradação), e de 42,0 a 51,0% (degradabilidade efetiva, sob taxa de passagem ruminal de 5%/h). As silagens obtidas de plantas cortadas aos 87, 94 e 101 dias de crescimento apresentaram melhor qualidade nutricional.
Study of relations among age at first calving, average weight gains and weights from weaning to maturity in Nellore cattle
Authors: Boligon Arione Augusti , Albuquerque Lucia Galvão de , Mercadante Maria Eugênia Zerlotti , Lôbo Raysildo Barbosa
Published: May 2010

Data from 23,120 Nellore animals were used to estimate genetic parameters for age at first calving, average gains from weaning to yearling and from yearling to after yearling, weaning weight, yearling weight, after yearling weight and weight at 2 and 5 years of age. Animal models were fitted by Restricted Maximum likelihood Method. Estimate heritability for age at first calving, weaning to yearling weight gain, yearling to after yearling weight gain, weight at weaning, yearling weight, after yearling weight and weight from 2 to 5 years of age were 0.17 ± 0.01; 0.23 ± 0.03; 0.25 ± 0.03; 0.28 ± 0.02; 0.26 ± 0.03; 0.30 ± 0.03; 0.32 ± 0.02 and 0.36 ± 0.04, respectively. The genetic correlation estimates between age at first calving and weight traits ranged from -0.26 to -0.14. The genetic correlation estimates between age at first calving and average gains were also negative, but higher (-0.29 and -0.32). In general, these results indicate that selection for average gains will promote changes in age at first calving and female mature weight. Improvement in reproductive performance could be obtained with the inclusion of the age at first calving in the selection index.
Níveis de lisina digestível para poedeiras Hy-Line W-36 em produção
Authors: Jardim Filho Roberto de Moraes , Stringhini José Henrique , Andrade Maria Auxiliadora , Café Marcos Barcellos , Leandro Nadja Susana Mogyca , Carvalho Fabyola Barros de
Published: May 2010

Objetivou-se determinar os melhores níveis de lisina digestível para poedeiras em produção. Avaliaram-se o desempenho, o consumo de nutrientes, o metabolismo, a qualidade de ovos, os parâmetros sanguíneos e o desenvolvimento do aparelho reprodutor de 160 poedeiras Hy-Line W-36 com 25 semanas de idade. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro níveis de lisina digestível (600, 700, 800 ou 900 mg de lisina/kg de ração) e quatro repetições, utilizando-se o esquema de parcelas subdivididas na avaliação do balanço de nitrogênio, dos parâmetros sanguíneos e do aparelho reprodutor. Os níveis de lisina da dieta influenciaram os consumos de alimento, proteína e energia, cujo ponto de máximo foi observado no nível de 720 mg de lisina. Para produção de ovos, o melhor nível foi 800 mg de lisina; para conversão alimentar, 900 mg; e, para balanço de nitrogênio, 700 mg. A digestibilidade de extrato etéreo, a qualidade dos ovos, o desenvolvimento do aparelho reprodutor e os parâmetros sanguíneos não foram influenciados pelos níveis de lisina digestível da dieta. Recomendam-se níveis de 700 a 800 mg de lisina digestível para metabolismo e desempenho e 600 mg para qualidade dos ovos e melhor desenvolvimento do aparelho reprodutor.
Influência do cromo no desempenho, na qualidade da carne e no teor de lipídeos no plasma sanguíneo de frangos de corte
Authors: Souza Luciana Maria Garcia de , Murakami Alice Eiko , Fernandes Jovanir Inês Müller , Guerra Rafael Lachinski de Holanda , Martins Elias Nunes
Published: May 2010

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de cromo na dieta sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça, a qualidade da carne, o teor de colesterol no peito e os parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue de frangos de corte. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco níveis de tripicolinato de cromo (0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 µg/kg de cromo) e seis repetições de 50 aves por unidade experimental. A utilização do tripicolinato de cromo não teve efeito no desempenho dos frangos de corte. Os níveis de cromo não influenciaram o rendimento de carcaça nem o pH do peito dos frangos aos 42 dias de idade. Em avaliação da composição de matéria seca, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo da carne de peito, apenas a porcentagem de extrato etéreo foi influenciada, e de forma quadrática, pelos níveis de cromo na dieta. O nível de 218,2 µg de cromo diminuiu a porcentagem de extrato etéreo em 7,03 em comparação à ausência de cromo. A suplementação de cromo nas dietas não influenciou o teor de colesterol total na carne do peito, mas alterou os níveis de HDL aos 14 dias de idade e os de VLDL e os triglicérides aos 21 dias de idade. A suplementação dietética de cromo não influenciou o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça. Níveis entre 218,2 e 360,3 ìg de cromo interferem no teor de gordura da carne e nos níveis de lipídeos do sangue dos frangos de corte.
Replacement of dicalcium phosphate by rock phosphate in cattle diets: nutrients digestibility, plasma parameters, ruminal fermentation and microbial synthesis efficiency
Authors: Coneglian Sabrina Marcantonio , Branco Antonio Ferriani , Guimarães Kátia Cylene , Mano Daniel Suzigan , Barreto Julio Cezar , Fávaro Vanessa Ruiz
Published: May 2010

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of replacing dicalcium phosphate by rock phosphate in diets of growing steers. It was determined the following aspects: apparent digestibility of diets; phosphorus (P), calcium and fluorine apparent absorption; ruminal pH; ruminal ammonia concentration; microbial efficiency and plasma P. Five rumen fistulated Holstein steers weighting 275 - 283 kg were used. Experimental design was a 5 × 5 Latin square and diets consisted of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of dicalcium phosphate replacement by rock phosphate in the mineral supplement. Addition of rock phosphate in the diets produced a linear increase on intake, rumen outflow and fecal output and total disappearance of fluorine. Diets did not differ to apparent absorption of calcium as well as dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and non-fiber carbohydrates intake, excretion, digestion and partial and total apparent digestibility. Plasma phosphorus was not influenced by diets and the average was 5.93 mg/dL. There was no difference for ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia concentration. Dicalcium phosphate replacement did not affect apparent and true protein microbial synthesis. Total replacement of dicalcium phosphate by rock phosphate in growing steer mineral supplement did not affect ruminal environment and protein synthesis in rumen. Considering this, dicalcium phosphate replacement in growing steer diets decreases P absorption and depending on its requirements it should be carefully seen.
Anual variation of morphologic traits and hair coat surface temperature of Holstein cows in semi-arid environment
Authors: Façanha Débora Andréa Evangelista , Silva Roberto Gomes da , Maia Alex Sandro Campos , Guilhermino Magda Maria , Vasconcelos Angela Maria de
Published: May 2010

This work aimed to study the annual variation of temperature of the coat surface and other traits of coat in Holstein cows managed in a tropical environment by separately considering black coat and white coat. It was measured the coat thickness (mm) characteristic, hair length (mm), hair number (hair/cm²) and coat surface temperature on 191 crossbred cows with 7/8 and 31/32 Holstein composition distributed in 3 herds in a semi-arid environment. Less dense coats with shorter, flattened hair occurred predominantly in March, a time coinciding to high levels of solar radiation. This type of coat shows low resistance to the flux of latent and sensitive heat through the skin, thus favoring heat loss. The black coat surface temperature was on average 4ºC higher than that of the white one during all the year and its variation followed that of the mean radiant temperature. The models developed to predict the effective thermal conductivity of the coat must take these differences into account because the thermal gradient parallel to the skin surface is not negligible for Holstein cows under the sun in a tropical environment, as well as the other traits.
Desempenho, digestibilidade e balanço de nitrogênio em cordeiros alimentados com silagem de milho ou cana-de-açúcar e dois níveis de concentrado
Authors: Moreno Greicy Mitzi Bezerra , Silva Sobrinho Américo Garciada , Leão André Gustavo , Loureiro Cíntia Maria Battiston , Perez Henrique Leal , Rossi Rodrigo César
Published: May 2010

Utilizaram-se 32 cordeiros Ile de France, não-castrados, alimentados com dietas contendo silagem de milho ou cana-de-açúcar em duas relações volumoso:concentrado (60:40 ou 40:60). Os animais foram mantidos confinados individualmente com controle do alimento fornecido e das sobras e pesados semanalmente para determinação do ganho de peso diário e da conversão alimentar. Simultaneamente, foram realizados ensaios de digestibilidade e metabolismo para determinação do consumo e da digestibilidade dos nutrientes e do balanço de nitrogênio das dietas experimentais. O ganho de peso foi maior nos cordeiros alimentados com silagem de milho, de 294,6 g/dia, e com a relação volumoso:concentrado 40:60, de 314,3 g/dia. A relação volumoso:concentrado influenciou apenas os consumos de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) digestíveis, cujos maiores valores, de 125,26 e 48,97 g/dia, foram obtidos com a relação volumoso:concentrado 60:40. Os cordeiros alimentados com silagem de milho apresentaram maior consumo de todos os nutrientes digestíveis, exceto proteína bruta (162,00 g/dia) e carboidratos não-fibrosos (471,42 g/dia). As maiores digestibilidades de matéria orgânica (80,34%) e carboidratos totais (80,71%) foram obtidas com a relação 40:60 e as de matéria seca (78,91%), proteína bruta (81,30%) e energia bruta (78,77%), nos cordeiros alimentados com cana-de-açúcar. Os maiores valores de nitrogênio ingerido, absorvido e retido, de 32,6; 20,5 e 13,7 g/dia, respectivamente, foram observados com o fornecimento das dietas com 40% de volumoso. O tipo de volumoso influencia mais a digestibilidade dos nutrientes que sua proporção na dieta.
Frequência de suplementação e fontes de proteína para recria de bovinos em pastejo no período seco: desempenho produtivo e econômico
Authors: Paula Nelcino Francisco de , Zervoudakis Joanis Tilemahos , Cabral Luciano da Silva , Carvalho Daniel Marino Guedes de , Hatamoto-Zervoudakis Luciana Keiko , Moraes Eduardo Henrique Bevitori Kling de , Oliveira André Alves de
Published: May 2010

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da frequência de suplementação com duas fontes proteicas sobre o desempenho produtivo e econômico e o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em bovinos em pastejo sob suplementação durante o período seco do ano. Foram utilizados 20 animais anelorados, não-castrados com 10 meses de idade e peso médio inicial de 208,43 kg, distribuídos em quatro piquetes de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha, cv. Marandu), cada um com 1,6 ha. Ambos os experimentos foram estruturados em arranjo fatorial 2 × 2, com dois suplementos (com farelo de soja e com farelo de algodão de alta energia) e duas frequências de suplementação (diariamente ou três vezes por semana). Não houve interação fontes proteicas × frequências de suplementação para nenhuma das características de desempenho produtivo e econômico. As fontes proteicas não influenciaram o ganho médio diário, mas a frequência de fornecimento afetou o desempenho, que foi melhor nos animais sob suplementação três vezes/semana (0,670 kg/dia). O maior retorno econômico foi obtido com a oferta do suplemento com farelo de algodão três vezes por semana. A frequência de suplementação afetou o consumo de nutrientes, enquanto a fonte proteica do suplemento teve efeito somente sobre o consumo de extrato etéreo, que foi maior nos animais que consumiram o suplemento com farelo de algodão. O suplemento com farelo de algodão alta energia proporcionou maior digestibilidade da proteína bruta da dieta. O fornecimento de suplemento três vezes por semana, além de reduzir os custos da suplementação, possibilita desempenho superior ao obtido com a suplementação diária. A utilização do farelo de algodão de alta energia em suplementos múltiplos em substituição ao farelo de soja é satisfatória, principalmente do ponto de vista econômico.
Selection of models of lactation curves to use in milk production simulation systems
Authors: Cunha Daniel de Noronha Figueiredo Vieira da , Pereira José Carlos , Silva Fabyano Fonseca e , Campos Oriel Fajardo de , Braga José Luis , Martuscello Janaina Azevedo
Published: May 2010

The objective of this study was to select models of lactation curves with a better adjustment to the observed data in models of milk production simulation systems. A data base on 6,459 recordings of daily milk production was used. These data were obtained from monthly and fortnightly controls of milk between 2004 and 2007, from 472 lactations of animals from ten different milking cow herd farms. Based on rolling averages of milk production (MP-L/day) per cow, the ten herd farms were divided into low (L < 15), medium (15 <M < 20) and high (H > 20). Data were also divided according to the lactation numbers in first, second, third or greater. Eight lactation curve models commonly used in literature were compared. The models were individually adjusted for each lactation. The goodness of fit used for comparison of those models was the coefficient of determination, mean square error, mean square prediction error and the Bayesian information criterion. The values for the goodness of fit obtained in each model were compared by using 95% probability confidence interval. Wilmink (1987) model showed a better adjustment for cows of the first lactation numbers, whereas the Wood (1967) model showed a better adjustment for cows of the third or greater lactations numbers for the low milk production groups. Wood model showed a better adjustment for all the lactation numbers for the medium milk production group. Dijkstra (1997) model showed a better adjustment for all lactation numbers for the high milk production group. Despite of being more recent, the model by Pollott (2000), mechanist based and with a higher number of parameters, showed a good convergence for the used data.
Simulation of Holstein and Jersey profitability by varying milk price payment system
Authors: Cunha Daniel de Noronha Figueiredo Vieira da , Pereira José Carlos , Campos Oriel Fajardo de , Gomes Sebastião Teixeira , Braga José Luis , Martuscello Janaina Azevedo
Published: May 2010

The objective of the study was to compare through simulation Holstein and Jersey breed herds, considering the farm size, zootechnical and economic indexes and profitability of the activity, by using different systems of bonus payment for milk price based in percentage of fat and protein in the milk. The comparisons were made, initially, disregarding the bonus payment for milk price based on the increase in the fat and protein percentage in milk. After that, the profitability of the activity was compared considering bonus payment for milk price of the Jersey breed herd, for each unit increment in fat and protein percentage in milk above those obtained with the Holstein breed herd. Finally, the profitability of the activity was compared by using the bonus payment for milk price based on quality of that used by company A systems. When there was no bonus payment for milk price based in the percentage of fat and protein in the milk, the profit obtained with the Holstein breed was higher because of the lower production costs. In order to make the activity more profitable with the Jersey breed, a bonus payment of 5% for milk price would be needed for each percentage unit of fat above the percentage of that obtained with the Holstein breed, or a bonus payment of 10% in the milk price for each percentage unit of protein above the percentage obtained with the Holstein breed. By using the bonus payment system proposed by Gimenes and Ponchio, the annual profit with the Jersey breed was higher than the profit obtained with the Holstein breed. However, with the application of the bonus payment system used by company A, the Holstein breed became more profitable than the Jersey breed.
Education does not equally influence all the Mini Mental State Examination subscales and items: inferences from a Brazilian community sample
Authors: Laks Jerson , Coutinho Evandro Silva Freire , Junger Washington , Silveira Heitor , Mouta Raphael , Baptista Elienai Maria Rubim , Contino Ana Lucia Barros , Barca Maria Lage , Selbaek Geir , Engedal Knut , Engelhardt Eliasz
Published: May 2010

OBJECTIVE: Mini-Mental State Examination cutoffs have been presented for schooling levels to screen cognitive impairment. However, items may behave differently with regards to education. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of education on MMSE subscales and items. METHOD: Community-dwelling participants aged 65 years or more (n = 990, females = 637, age = 74.1 years, range 65-108) were stratified as illiterate (n = 373), 1-8 (n = 540), 9-12 (n = 63), and more than 12 years of schooling (n = 14) and were screened with MMSE and Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire. To make the Mini-Mental State Examination items comparable, each item was transformed into z scores. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate the effect of schooling on MMSE subs and items controlling for age, sex, and activities of daily life. RESULTS: Temporal and space orientation, attention/calculation, repetition, reading, writing, and drawing scores improved as education increased, but not memory registration, three step command, and naming. Reading and writing displayed the largest coefficients, whereas education exerted no influence on naming and three step command tasks. CONCLUSION: Education does not exert an important effect on naming, three step command, memory registration, and delayed recall. As memory is a key factor for diagnosing dementia, these items could be considered despite education.
Evolución clínica y radiológica en el tratamiento de hernia discal con prótesis PDN-SOLO con ancla: seguimiento mínimo a tres años
Authors: Reyes-Sánchez Alejandro Antonio , Arriada Nicasio , Miramontes M. Víctor , Alpizar A. Armando , Rosales O. Luis M.
Published: May 2010

OBJETIVO: las prótesis de núcleo (PDN-SOLO) reconstruyen la anatomía y preservan la biomecánica del disco intervertebral con un índice de migración de 10% y de hundimiento de 19%. Por eso, proponemos un sistema de fijación para evitar estas complicaciones. MÉTODOS: fueron utilizados veinte pacientes con seguimiento mínimo de tres años. La valoración de dolor con EVA, función con Escala de Oswestry (EO) y disco por estudios radiográficos y resonancia magnética fueron aplicadas. El análisis estadístico fue por t de Student. RESULTADOS: El grupo comprende 8 mujeres y 12 hombres con una edad promedio de 37.6 años. Los valores preoperatorios de EVA fueron 7.6 puntos y EO de 67%, la altura del espacio intervertebral (El) de 7.67 mm. A tres años, EVA de dolor de 0.7 y EO a menos de 6% (p<0.000). Incremento altura disco promedio 2 mm. La prótesis presentó movilidad en rotación con respecto a colocación inicial en 12 pacientes. En dos casos, el implante migró con necesidad de retiro. La evaluación de EVA y EO fue de 0.7 puntos y 1.4%. La ganancia de altura del espacio intersomático mejoró 2.5 mm. Una migración a los 23 meses por esfuerzo físico no indicado representando un 5% y no existiendo ningún hundimiento. CONCLUSIÓN: se puede concluir que había una reducción del dolor y el grado de discapacidad asociada a las plataformas de menor edema y aumento del espacio intervertebral.
Resonancia magnética nuclear en el postoperatorio de discectomía lumbar en pacientes asintomáticos y con síndrome de cirugía lumbar fallida
Authors: Alpizar-Aguirre Armando , Rentería José Antonio García
Published: May 2010

OBJETIVO: analizar los cambios posquirúrgicos en pacientes sometidos a discectomía lumbar, tanto en pacientes cuya evolución ha sido satisfactoria, como en aquellos con "Síndrome de Cirugía Lumbar Fallida", enfatizando el justo valor que la resonancia magnética nuclear tiene. MÉTODOS: el universo de trabajo está constituido por dos grupos: Grupo I, cinco pacientes con evolución satisfactoria, asintomáticos; y Grupo II con diez pacientes con resultados considerados no satisfactorios y/o Síndrome Fallido Lumbar. Se analizaron los resultados obtenidos en la imagen de resonancia magnética nuclear, emitiendo un diagnóstico con evaluación externa sin conocimiento del estado clínico de los pacientes. También se realizó la correlación con el estado clínico en ambos los grupos. RESULTADOS: las manifestaciones clínicas preoperatorias tuvieron una distribución muy similar. En ninguno de los dos grupos se reportaron complicaciones transoperatórias. En todos se estudió por histopatología y se reportó disco degenerado o hialinizado. En el Grupo I, no se encontró imagen de alguna anomalía a pesar de su estado clínico. En todos los pacientes se encontraron datos de fibrosis posquirúrgica; en cuatro casos, disco residual con compresión radicular en los cinco pacientes. En el Grupo II, sólo en ocho pacientes, la resonancia magnética nuclear demostró algún hallazgo anormal. Los hallazgos anormales fueron: fibrosis posquirúrgica en cinco casos (50%), disco residual en tres casos (30%) y datos de compresión radicular en seis de los casos (60%). CONCLUSIÓN: no hay congruencia entre los hallazgos de resonancia magnética nuclear y la clínica, en pacientes postoperados de discectomía lumbar con evolución satisfactoria, hasta el momento, asintomáticos. La resonancia magnética nuclear no es confiable en estos pacientes.
Longitud de las raíces cervicales en resonancia magnética: relación con la parálisis postoperatoria de la quinta raíz cervical
Authors: Mezzadri Juan José , Rimoldi Jaime Jorge
Published: May 2010

OBJETIVO: determinar la longitud de la raíz C5. MÉTODOS: se estudiaron con resonancia magnética (Signa 1,5 T, cortes axiales de 5 mm de espesura, TR=850, TE=26, FOV=200) las columnas cervicales de 50 pacientes (29 hombres - 21 mujeres) entre 26 y 68 años. Se incluyeron solo casos con cervicalgia y/o cervicobraquialgia. Se midió (en mm) la longitud de las raíces cervicales tercera a séptima, derechas e izquierdas. La comparación de los promedios se realizó a través del análisis de varianza, para un nivel de significación α=0,05 con IC de 95%. Las comparaciones post-hoc se hicieron empleando el test de Bonferroni. RESULTADOS: se observó que el lado (derecho o izquierdo) y el sexo (varón o mujer) no tuvieron incidencia estadísticamente significativa en el valor de la longitud de las raíces (p>0,05). La raíz C5 tuvo un tamaño significativamente diferente (p<0,05) a cada una de las raíces, pero se comprobó que la raíz más corta era C3. CONCLUSIÓN: la raíz C5 no es la más corta.
Spinal and intravenous midazolan anesthetic effects on fentanyl/ ligdocaine regional anesthesia following back minor orthopedic surgery
Authors: Lauretti Gabriela Rocha , Mattos Anita L.
Published: May 2010

OBJECTIVES: the present study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of intravenous and intrathecal midazolan as an adjunct to intrathecal ligdocaine, with or without intrathecal fentanyl. METHODS: double-blind study, institutional approval and informed consent; 40 patients scheduled for minor lumbar orthopedic surgery were randomly assigned to one of five groups (n=8). Patients were premedicated with a 4 mL final intravenous volume (saline or midazolan). Spinal anaesthesia was administered to a 3 mL final volume - 75 mg of lidocaina plus either 33 mg fentanyl or 500 mg midazolan diluted in saline (0,9%) - with the patient in sitting position. The latency time for onset of the block (LT), time to progress to T10 sensory level (TT10), duration of the block (Bl), duration of effective analgesia (An), the subjective degree of intraoperative sedation, level of alertness, concentration level and degree of anxiety were specifically measured. P<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: the addition of midazolan to the intrathecal injection in the absence of fentanyl was the only procedure which caused a statistically significant reduction in LT (p<0.002) and TT10 (p<0.001). Intrathecal midazolan increased the blockade time both with (p<0.05) and without (p<0.02) intrathecal fentanyl, but, when given intravenously, this effect failed to reach statistical significance (p>0,05). Both intrathecal fentanyl and midazolan increased the duration of analgesia (p<0.01). With respect to the subjective measures, group 1 served as the control group, demonstrating an alert, fully awake patient who was able to concentrate but showed some anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: while all additional treatments resulted in a relaxed patient, only those given intrathecal midazolan remained fully awake, alert and able to concentrate. Intrathecal fentanyl with saline premedication or intravenous midazolan premedication resulted in decreased alertness and inability to concentrate, as well as sleepiness, which was more extreme in the case of those patients given intravenous midazolan.
Síndrome do disco adjacente à fusão (Síndrome de Transição) na coluna cervical: resultados segundo critérios clínicos e radiológicos
Authors: Meluzzi Alexandre , Taricco Mário Augusto , Guirado Vinícius Monteiro de Paula , Dias Mário Rubem Pena , Nakaguawa Gilberto , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen
Published: May 2010

OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a ocorrência da síndrome do disco adjacente secundária à fusão intervertebral, no segmento cervical, e os fatores prognósticos associados. MÉTODOS: foram analisados os prontuários e exames de imagem de 209 indivíduos submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico da doença degenerativa cervical, sendo 169 casos por via anterior e em 40 por via posterior, no HC-FMUSP, no período de março de 1993 a janeiro de 2007. A avaliação clínica foi quantificada pela escala da Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA), com média de segmento de 80 meses. A análise radiológica foi baseada nos critérios de instabilidade de White e Panjabi em todos os casos. A degeneração discal foi mensurada segundo a escala de Kellgren antes e após a cirurgia. RESULTADOS: no total, diagnosticou-se a síndrome do disco adjacente em 30 casos (17,75%), com média de intervalo de tempo de incidência de 28,5 meses após a fusão ou 2,9 casos/ano. Houve um aumento das alterações degenerativas nos exames radiológicos em níveis adjacentes à fusão por via anterior em 41,42% e em 52,5% por via posterior sem fusão, avaliados pela escala de Kellgren, com taxa de degeneração de 6,7% ao ano, sem correlação com alterações clínicas. CONCLUSÕES: alterações no alinhamento fisiológico sagital da coluna e a sua gravidade predispõem ao desenvolvimento da síndrome. Não foi observada incidência da síndrome em casos de pseudoartrose ou utilização de metacrilato, portanto onde não ocorreu a fusão. A utilização de descompressão e fusão, por via anterior, está associada à possibilidade de desenvolvimento de um novo quadro de mielorradiculopatia no período pós-operatório. Fusão em um nível que envolva a quinta ou sexta vértebras cervicais, fixação com placas e pré-existência da evidência radiográfica de degeneração de disco adjacente mostraram-se como os grandes fatores de risco para o seu surgimento.
Auxílio da tomografia computadorizada no planejamento pré-operatório de pacientes portadores de escoliose idiopática do adolescente
Authors: Rezende Rodrigo , Machado Igor Cardoso , Barbosa Diogo Miranda , Batista Priscila Rossi de
Published: May 2010

A escoliose idiopática do adolescente (EIA) é uma doença diagnosticada no início da puberdade. Ela apresenta etiologia indefinida e caracteriza-se pelo desvio lateral da coluna vertebral maior que 10°, associado à rotação do corpo vertebral. O uso de instrumentação de terceira geração produziu um melhor resultado na correção da curva do que as técnicas anteriores. Porém, ainda existem dificuldades técnicas no momento da passagem e da escolha dos parafusos pediculares, devido à angulação e ao diâmetro dos pedículos vertebrais. Apesar de apresentar vantagens, essa técnica não é isenta de riscos e complicações, necessitando de uma maior curva de aprendizado pelo médico-cirurgião, bem como de um adequado planejamento pré-operatório. Até o momento, não há na literatura relato sobre a utilização da tomografia computadorizada no auxílio do planejamento cirúrgico de pacientes com escoliose. Diante do exposto, objetivamos, no presente estudo, descrever uma técnica de planejamento pré-operatório, com o auxílio da tomografia computadorizada para a fixação da coluna em pacientes com escoliose idiopática do adolescente, especificando a angulação e o diâmetro dos pedículos vertebrais, o que poderá auxiliar o médico-cirurgião no momento da fixação.
Pastoralism and the Non-Pastoral World in the Late Pre-Columbian History of the Southern Andes (1000-1535)
Authors: Nielsen Axel E.
Published: May 2010

Based on archaeological data, we discuss the various ways in which herding and herders articulated with other activities and actors in the South Andes during the last few centuries before the Spanish conquest of America. This relationship took different forms, including pastoral specialization and inter-ethnic trade, political/ethnic integration and redistribution, and economic diversification at a household level. This variability cannot be entirely accounted by environmental diversity, but was also a consequence of changing historical conditions, such as those related to endemic warfare during the fourteenth century or the integration of the area into the Inka state. In each of these scenarios, pastoralists found different ways of integrating with the non-pastoral world, both in practice and representation.
Mountain Pastoralism in the Andes during Colonial Times
Authors: Montero Raquel Gil
Published: May 2010

This article summarizes part of the history of the Andean herders during the colonial period. After the conquest, the Spaniards reorganized the American world in order to satisfy their primary needs: food, labor and transportation. During the silver boom of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Potosí, the most important mining city in the Andes, surpassed 130,000 inhabitants, and there were many other settlements around smaller mining centres. All these urban inhabitants needed to be fed, and because of the location of these cities, food was often brought from distant places. This article shows how the pastoral peoples of the Andes managed to participate in, and adapt to, the colonial economy while at the same time retaining their pastoral way of life.
Pastoralism and the Making of Colonial Modernity in Kulu, 1850-1952
Authors: Singh Chetan
Published: May 2010

The pre-colonial, western Himalayan principality of Kulu presented a traditional balance between migratory pastoralism, settled agriculture and market dealings. The state encouraged and thrived upon this combination of diverse activities. This situation was profoundly transformed by the establishment of the colonial rule. New notions of property and rights of land use were imposed. The traditional claims to pastures and forest resources by the village communities were questioned. Colonial land revenue and forest regulations marginalized the pastoralists and shifted the balance towards agriculture. In independent India, too, local communities have been ignored and the state continues to exercise virtually exclusive control over forest resources.
The Demise of European Mountain Pastoralism: Spain 1500-2000
Authors: Collantes Fernando
Published: May 2010

This article deals with the evolution of mountain pastoralism in Spain from 1500 to 2000. There were two major ruptures for the Spanish livestock sector during this period: the constitution of a market society in the early nineteenth century and the incorporation of industrial inputs for animal feeding from 1960 onwards. Only the second of these ruptures shifted comparative advantage from the mountains to the lowlands, but both of them created pressures for intensification and the gradual demise of pastoralist segments within the annual cycle of livestock raising.
Genetische Struktur von Waldbäumen im Alpenraum als Folge (post)glazialer Populationsgeschichte | Genetic structures of forest tree species in the range of the European Alps as a result of (post-)glacial population history
Authors: Gugerli Felix , Sperisen Christoph
Published: May 2010

Fossil records (pollen, macroremains) and genetic structures based on molecular markers provide complementary data sets for elucidating the (post-)glacial histories of extant plant populations. Based on comparative studies using both data sources, this article focuses on the effects of postglacial recolonization on the genetic structures in common, widespread forest tree species in the Alpine range. We recall that at least at the continental level, the three large southern European peninsulas, Iberia, Italy and the Balkans, but also the Carpathians represented important refugial areas for many European tree species during the last glacial maximum. However, these refugia had a minimal impact on the recolonization of the Alpine range. In contrast, recent studies demonstrate that refugial areas in the proximity of the Alps, e.g. at their eastern and western ends, harbored prominent source populations of current occurrences of the dominant forest trees in the Alpine range. Furthermore, there is strong evidence that several species were able to maintain populations north of the Alps, such as in the Bohemian Massif. We advocate that the Alps did not necessarily represent a barrier to northward migration, since terrain for advancement from various refugia was available along the margins of this mountain range. Such migration patterns allowed diverged genetic lineages to meet, leading to increased genetic diversity in respective contact zones. This overview underlines how paleoecological and molecular genetic studies may complement each other to develop a more comprehensive vision of the postglacial history of forest trees in the Alpine range.
Erfassung der adaptiven genetischen Variation der Eiche im Hinblick auf den Klimawandel | Assessment of adaptive genetic variation in oaks with relation to climate change
Authors: Gailing Oliver
Published: May 2010

Climate change is projected to lead to a major reorganization of our forests. For example, higher annual mean temperatures, longer growth seasons and drier summers are predicted for many parts of central and southern Europe, and in North America. In order to understand the genetic adaptation to climate change we need a better understanding of the genetic regulation of key traits involved in tolerance of water and temperature stress. Oaks (Quercus spp.) are excellent model species to study the adaptation of forest trees to changing environments. They show a wide geographic distribution in Europe and in North America as dominant tree species in many forests growing under a wide range of climatic and edaphic conditions.

With the availability of a growing amount of functional and expressional candidate genes we are now able to test the functional importance of genes by associating nucleotide variation in these genes with phenotypic variation in adaptive traits in segregating or natural populations. Studies trying to associate genetic variation with phenotypic variation in adaptive traits can be performed in full-sib families derived from controlled crosses (Quantitative Trait Loci [QTL] mapping) or in natural populations (association mapping). For several important adaptive traits QTL were mapped, the underlying genes have to be tested in natural populations. A future objective is to test whether genes that underlie phenotypic variation in adaptive traits are involved in local genetic adaptation and viability selection at the seedling stage, linked to reciprocal transplant experiments in order to assess the performance over climatic gradients.
Measurements of mid-winter spatial distribution of meltwater saturation
Authors: Kapil J.C. , Kumar Anupam , Negi P.S.
Published: May 2010

Under melt–freeze conditions crusts may evolve within a snowpack, which may favour avalanche initiation by forming a hard bed surface for weakly bonded faceted grains. We used a parallel-probe saturation profiler (PPSP) to record the distribution of water contents within the snowpack. Diurnal effects of melt–freeze action on the growth of crusts were monitored with the help of the PPSP device. Saturation profiles were collected from a partially wet snow cover. Snow stratigraphy was conducted manually in the morning, after overnight freezing, to identify the location and the granular compositions of the crusts that had evolved. A one-to-one correspondence between the saturation spikes collected using the PPSP and the actual positions of the crusts was established. The PPSP was also used to monitor three-dimensional variations in the maximum percolation depths within a south-facing snowpack. The operation of the PPSP is faster than existing dielectric measurement techniques, so it was applied to study the spatial variability of maximum percolation depths on the slopes of different aspects.
A virtual network for estimating daily new snow water equivalent and snow depth in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Egli Luca , Jonas Tobias , Bettems Jean-Marie
Published: May 2010

Daily new snow water equivalent (HNW) and snow depth (HS) are of significant practical importance in cryospheric sciences such as snow hydrology and avalanche formation. In this study we present a virtual network (VN) for estimating HNW and HS on a regular mesh over Switzerland with a grid size of 7 km. The method is based on the HNW output data of the numerical weather prediction model COSMO-7, driving an external accumulation/melting routine. The verification of the VN shows that, on average, HNW can be estimated with a mean systematic bias close to 0 and an averaged absolute accuracy of 4.01 mm. The results are equivalent to the performance observed when comparing different automatic HNW point estimations with manual reference measurements. However, at the local scale, HS derived by the VN may significantly deviate from corresponding point measurements. We argue that the VN presented here may introduce promising cost-effective options as input for spatially distributed snow hydrological and avalanche risk management applications in the Swiss Alps.
Distribution of seasonal snow cover in central and western Himalaya
Authors: Kulkarni Anil V. , Rathore B.P. , Singh S.K. , Ajai
Published: May 2010

Indian rivers originating in the Himalaya depend on seasonal snow-cover melt during crucial summer months. The seasonal snow cover was monitored using Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) data of the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) and using the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) algorithm. The investigation was carried out for a period of 3 years (2004/05, 2005/06 and 2006/07) between October and June. A total of 28 sub-basins of the Ganga and Indus river basins were monitored at intervals of 5 or 10 days. Approximately 1500 AWiFS scenes were analyzed. A combination of area–altitude distribution and snow map was used to estimate the distribution of snow cover in altitude zones for the individual basins and for the western and central Himalaya. Hypsographic curve and snow-free area was used to estimate monthly snow-line elevation. The lowest snow-line altitude in the winters of 2004/05, 2005/06 and 2006/07 was observed at 2480 ma.s.l. on 25 February 2005. In Ravi basin for the year 2004/05, snow accumulation and ablation were continuous processes throughout the winter. Even in the middle of winter, the snow area was reduced from 90% to 55%. Similar trends were observed for 2005/06 and 2007/08. In Bhaga basin, snowmelt was observed in the early part of the winter, i.e. in December, and no significant melting was observed between January and April.
Quantification of the hand hardness test
Authors: Höller P. , Fromm R.
Published: May 2010

Snow hardness is the resistance to penetration. It can be measured by the Swiss rammsonde or estimated by the hand hardness test. According to the International Classification of Seasonal Snow on the Ground (ICSSG), snow hardness is divided into five levels (without ice). However, the hand test is subjective and provides only an index value of snow hardness. The main objective of this study was to determine the hardness using an alternative method which can be applied in the same way as the hand test and which can deliver accurate data. In this study the conventional hand hardness test was used; additionally, a digital force gauge (push-pull gauge) was applied where the hardness was measured horizontally (for comparison with the hand hardness test). The push-pull gauge could be provided with five different attachments. The size and design of each attachment corresponded to the equivalent application of the hand hardness test (fist, four fingers, one finger, pencil, knife). This paper indicates how snow hardness measured by hand is related to snow hardness measured with the push-pull gauge. Moreover, the variability of the hardness, both vertical and horizontal, is demonstrated. The results show agreement with the ICSSG for hand hardness indices 3, 4 and 5; for hand hardness indices 1 and 2, the range indicated by the ICSSG is below the lower quartile of the measurements.
A simple analytical model for pressure on obstacles induced by snow avalanches
Authors: Faug Thierry , Chanut Benoit , Beguin Rémi , Naaim Mohamed , Thibert Emmanuel , Baroudi Djebar
Published: May 2010

The forces snow avalanches are able to exert on protection dams or buildings are of crucial interest in order to improve avalanche mitigation measures and to quantify the mechanical vulnerability of structures likely to be damaged by snow avalanches. This paper presents an analytical model that is able to calculate these forces taking into account dead-zone mechanisms. First, we present a 2-D analytical hydrodynamic model describing the forces on a wall overflown by gravity-driven flows down an inclined plane. Second, the 2-D model is successfully validated on discrete simulations of granular flows. Third, we provide ingredients to extend the 2-D model to flows of dry and cold snow. Fourth, we propose a simplified 3-D analytical model taking into account lateral fluxes. Finally, the predictions from the simplified 3-D analytical model are successfully compared to recent measurements on two full-scale snow avalanches released at the Lautaret site in France.
Climate-change studies in the western Himalaya
Authors: Shekhar M.S. , Chand H. , Kumar S. , Srinivasan K. , Ganju A.
Published: May 2010

The high Himalayan mountains in the north of India are important sources for generating and maintaining the climate over the entire northern belt of the Indian subcontinent. They also influence extreme weather events, such as the western disturbances over the region during winter. The work presented here describes some current trends in weather and climate over the western Himalaya and suggests some possible explanations in the context of climate change. The work also shows how the special features of Indian orography in the western Himalaya affect climate change in the long term, changing the pattern of precipitation over the region. Data analysis of different ranges of the western Himalaya shows significant variations in temperature and snowfall trends in the past few decades. Possible explanations for the changing climate over the western Himalaya are proposed, in terms of variations in cloudiness. The possible effects of climate change on the number of snowfall days and the occurrences of western disturbances over the western Himalaya are also analysed.
Hyperspectral analysis of snow reflectance to understand the effects of contamination and grain size
Authors: Singh S.K. , Kulkarni A.V. , Chaudhary B.S.
Published: May 2010

Reflectance data for contaminated and different grain-size snow were collected using a spectroradiometer ranging from 350 to 2500 nm. Contamination was predominantly due to soil. The radiometer data were binned at 10 nm intervals by averaging, and then principal component analysis, shape, size and strength of the absorption peak, first and second derivatives were computed, providing information about the effect of grain size and contamination on snow reflectance. Relative strength for contamination and grain size showed a distinct reverse pattern at 1025 nm after continuum removal. Band absorption depth at 1025 nm showed an increase with increasing snow grain size, whereas the band depth was found to decrease with increased soil contamination. The curve shape was right asymmetric and showed a change to left asymmetry with increase in contamination. The first derivative of reflectance in the visible region showed a shift of peak due to contamination. Soil contamination significantly reduced the albedo of snow at a low level of contamination but showed little influence at higher level. Relative strength, shape of curve and reflectance characteristics have shown the potential to identify the influence of contamination and grain-size based metamorphism using satellite-based hyperspectral remote sensing.