bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are Women Interested in Saving Their Jobs Through Employee-Ownership?
Authors: Granrose Cherlyn Skromme , Hochner Arthur
Published: March 2007

This report compares sex differences in motivation to pledge money to become an employee-owner among 943 men and women workers faced with an area-wide shutdown of supermarkets. Women and men were equally likely to desire employee-ownership, but some differences exist in factors related to their decision. Among women, support for the union contract and entrepreneurial ideals was related to desire for employee-ownership, and having insufficient income was the most important barrier. Among men, entrepreneurial ideals, risk taking and collective ideals were important predictors of pledging while protecting seniority benefits was the most important detractor.
On Inequality and the Rate of Profit in the Long Wave
Authors: Tylecote Andrew
Published: March 2007

The Marxist economist Ernest Mandel has argued that upswings of the Long Wave in the world economy are based on an increase in the rate of profit resulting from 'capitalist victories in the class struggle', while downturns follow a fall in the rate of profit associated with a move in the workers' favour in that struggle. This paper argues, on the contrary, that the changes in profit rate are consequence, not cause, of the Long Wave fluctuations, and that the latter in fact follow changes in underlying inequality in the opposite direction to those alleged by Mandel: pronounced falls in inequality lead the upturn, while the downturn follows the undermining of these changes. The conclusion is that the next upswing requires neither of Mandel's alternatives -another 'capitalist victory' or world revolution -but a new move towards reduced inequality.
Employee Ownership in the USA: A Four-frame Perspective
Authors: Moss Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

This paper classifies and analyzes the major findings of the literature concerning employee ownership in the USA utilizing Bolman and Deal's four-frame classification of the literature on organization theory, management and behavior structural, human resource, political and symbolic. It is intended to serve as a basis on which to build a comprehensive theory of employee ownership and tentatively concludes that, although employee ownership is enhancing employee participation programs at a growing number of US firms, it is not likely to have any fundamental transformative impact on a significant number of US organizations unless the USA undergoes major cultural and political changes.
Corporate Culture and Corporatism at the Company Level: A Case Study
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: March 2007

This article identifies two types of managerial strategies for integrating employees in companies, playing down the differences and conflicts experienced between employees and management, safeguarding employee loyalty and reducing the basis for unions to play a strong and independent role at the local level. These are referred to as bureaucratic-structural and sociocultural integrative strategies. The first focuses on fair treatment and long-term rewards as a means of securing employee compliance. The second entails a shared corporate culture through which a company-wide community is intended. In the article particular emphasis is laid on 'the sociocultural road to corporatism', which appears to be salient to the managerial practices of many companies in the advanced sectors of the economy during the 1980s and 1990s. A case study of a computer consultancy company illustrates these managerial practices and explores some of the principles and mechanisms involved.
Division of Labour, Life Cycle and Democracy in Worker Co-operatives
Authors: Hunt Gerald Callan
Published: March 2007

Case studies of three long-standing Canadian worker co-operatives suggests that task specialization and the creation of a division of labour is a natural feature of the maturation process, and that it need not impair or weaken organizational democracy. The specific impact of a division of labour on democratic processes, however, is found to be moderated by the particular form it takes, and on the co-operative's readiness to confront the problems of co-ordination, administration and integration that arise. A functional division of labour tends to promote interdependence and foster a more collaborative approach to decision-making than a divisional design, and may have some particular advantages for worker co-operatives, but both approaches require ongoing attention to social and structural mechanisms that will sustain an integrated whole.
Organizations between Community and Market: The Case of the Kibbutz
Authors: Rosner Menachem
Published: March 2007

Following the economic crisis, changes in the structure of kibbutz economic organizations through separation between the community and its economic units, have been suggested and partially implemented. These proposals will be analysed using an enlarged version of Williamson's 'transaction cost' typology. A comparison between two different strategies of relationship between the kibbutz community and the market are presented: (1) Separation between the market and the community, in which the economic units are conceived as an integral part of the community. The structures and internal relations of kibbutz economic organizations are therefore based on the general principles and norms of the kibbutz, and the internal impact of the relationship with the market is minimized. (2) Separation between kibbutz economy and the community in which the role of the community is limited to the exercise of ownership rights and supply of manpower. Market and hierarchical principles should be introduced in economic organizations and the relationship between the member and the community should be partially based on market rules. The degree of implementation of the suggested changes and their possible impact on economic efficiency and on kibbutz identity and values are analysed.
Industrial Restructuring and Gendered Labour Market Processes
Authors: Gonds Lena , Westin Helen
Published: March 2007

This article discusses some results from a study concerning industrial restructuring and labour market processes in the period 1982-5 in Sweden. More specifically it elaborates on the results depicting the gendered employment patterns that followed as a result of the restructuring processes. The article begins with a presentation of the project, some theoretical points of departure and the main results. One important finding is that the outcome of the restructuring process on the individual level is gender specific. Men and women encounter different obstacles and therefore had different success in regaining a stable position in the labour market after the loss of employment. Some individuals, mostly women, landed in a labour market pattern which we call 'permanent temporariness', and which meant that a long period of time was spent in temporary labour market situations (temporary employment, labour market training, relief work, education, etc.). The article sets out to explore whether this situation, after some time, turns into a permanent labour market situation or whether it can be seen as a method for eventually regaining a stable position in the labour market.
The Impact of Manufacturing Employees on Technological Changes
Authors: Reshef Yonatan , Stratton-Devine Kay , Bemmels Brian
Published: March 2007

Understanding what makes some workers resist technological change while others accept and facilitate it, may be crucial to the survival of manufacturing firms. This study uses information from managers to analyze the determinants of employees' reactions to technological changes in the production operations of 255 Canadian manufacturing plants between 1985 and 1991. Employee impact on the decision to make technological changes and on implementation of these changes is positive when employees are involved in the change process, when their involvement is direct rather than through a union, and when employees exert direct pressure on management to engage them in the change process.
New Concepts of Production and Productivity
Authors: Schumann Michael
Published: March 2007

In advanced industrial sectors less qualified jobs are tending to disappear with fewer and more qualified jobs remaining. A 'new polarization' has developed with the losers of rationalization ending up unemployed. Within the car industry one finds that the most advanced jobs in the automated sectors are getting more qualified with no additional stress. Also, in the more manual sectors group work is now being introduced but often in a 'structurally conservative' form resulting in short job cycles and little autonomy. The climate in society is influenced by the unemployment that the new production concepts contribute to and may, in turn, influence whether structurally conservative or innovative solutions prevail.
Workers' Last Performance: Why Some Factories Show their Best Results during Countdown
Authors: Bergman Paavo , Wigblad Rune
Published: March 2007

In this article we highlight rationalizations within industry that were initiated and conducted locally during overt or latent threat of plant close-down. A common feature in our four investigated cases of 'declining organizations' is that the surprising increases in productivity cannot be thought of as the result of 'management by fear' or other active measures taken by management. On the contrary, our findings suggest that the 'close-down effect' is brought about through workers' active and creative involvement in production matters when managers' interest in maintaining the established order at the workplace is fading away.
The Implications of Labour Market Restructuring in Industrialized Societies for Occupational Health and Safety
Authors: Quinlan Michael
Published: March 2007

Over the past 20 years the labour markets of industrialized countries have undergone a series of profound changes. These changes have been associated with significant changes in work processes but until recently no attention was given to the consequences of this for occupational health and safety (OHS). This article reviews available evidence on the impact of particular labour market and work arrangements on the incidence of occupational injury and disease, the reporting and treatment of OHS problems and regulatory regimes. The evidence is fragmentary and far more research is needed.
The Relative Effectiveness of Emdr Versus Relaxation Training with Battered Women Prisoners
Authors: Colosetti Sharman D. , Thyer Bruce A.
Published: March 2007

Five women prisoners with a history of being battered and who met the DSM-IV criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder were assessed (A phase) and provided with structured relaxation training (RT) (B phase, or placebo treatment), followed by eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (C phase). Using the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Impact of Events Scale’s avoidance behavior and intrusive thoughts subscales as outcome measures, RT alone did not result in any clinical improvements. The subsequent provision of EMDR did not improve upon this lack of success with 4 of the 5 participants; 1 did improve on anxiety and intrusive thoughts. The apparent ineffectiveness of EMDR with these participants may be attributed to several explanations. Foremost perhaps is the hypothesis that EMDR is not sufficient to ameliorate the effects of chronic abuse.
Training a Parent to Teach Communication Skills
Authors: Arnold Susan , Sturgis Ellie , Forehand Rex
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to train a mother to teach communication skills to her retarded adolescent child. The presenting complaint of the mother was that her child had poor conversational skills. The mother was seen for six sessions in a clinic setting and was trained to teach two communication skills (encourages to talk, on-topic questions) to her daughter. The mother conducted training and assessment sessions in the home. Training and assessment sessions were tape recorded and subsequently examined by the experimenters. Use of a multiple baseline design across skills indicated that training of each skill was associated with increases in that skill. The increases were maintained at a two-month follow-up.
Assessing the Clinical or Applied Importance of Behavior Change through Social Validation
Authors: Kazdin Alan E.
Published: March 2007

Applied behavior analysis has emphasized that the effects of treatment interventions should be evaluated in part on the basis of whether changes of clinical, social, or applied importance have been achieved. Recently, social validation has been proposed as a means of evaluating whether behavior changes achieved during treatment are clinically important. In the context of evaluating treatment outcome, social validation consists of two procedures. First, the behavior of the target subject is compared with that of his or her peers who have not been identified as problematic. Second, subjective evaluations of the target subject's behavior by individuals in the natural environment are solicited. Behavior changes can be viewed as clinically important if the intervention has brought the client's performance within the range of socially acceptable levels, as evidenced by the client's peer group, or if the client's behavior is judged by others as reflecting a qualitative improvement on global ratings. The present paper reviews the literature on social validation in applied behavior analysis and discusses problems in assessing and interpreting normative data and subjective evaluations.
Speech Behavior as an Objective Correlate of Empathy and Outcome in Interview and Psychotherapy Research
Authors: Matarazzo Joseph D. , Wiens Arthur N.
Published: March 2007

The interpersonal dynamics and therapeutic processes involved in behavior modification and in psychotherapy have features in common. Speech behavior of therapist and interviewee appears to be a vehicle for the study of such potential commonality. A review of the literature revealed seven studies which searched for interviewer and interviewee speech correlates of the level of empathy of the interviewer-therapist. Five of the seven studies reported a moderately strong positive correlation between one of several speech measures and empathy, one study found a positive but more modest correlation, and one study found a relationship in one group but not in another group. Two of the seven studies searched for comparable correlations between these speech measures and the outcome of psychotherapy, and both found such correlations. This literature review thus suggests that easily and reliably obtained speech measures show promise of being an inexpensive and heuristically useful index of the rich interaction that constitutes the process, and even outcome, of the two-person psychotherapy, behavior modification, or other interview interaction.
Multiple Behavioral Effects of the Use of Lemon Juice with a Ruminating Toddler-Age Child
Authors: Becker Judith V. , Turner Samuel M. , Sajwaj Thomas. E.
Published: March 2007

Long-standing rumination in a profoundly retarded girl was treated using lemon juice as a consequence of the rumination. Rumination was nearly eliminated and weight was increased as a function of the use of lemon juice while the child was in a daycare center. Concurrent with treatment, positive and negative behaviors were observed to occur. Six-month follow-up in the home found a maintenance of the reduced rate of rumination, negative behaviors decreased or "disappeared," while socially desirable behaviors were maintained or continued to increase, even though none was systematically treated.
Replication of the CLASS Program in Costa Rica
Authors: Walker Hill M. , Retana Gerardo Fonseca , Gersten Russell
Published: March 2007

This article describes a transcultural replication of the CLASS program in Costa Rica. CLASS (Contingencies for Learning Academic and Social Skills) is a comprehensive intervention package for remediating disruptive child behavior in mainstream classroom settings (Walker & Hops, 1979). The CLASS program has been applied successfully in the United States, but its effects have not been previously tested in a cross-cultural setting. This study was conducted in a series of regular public elementary schools in San Jose, Costa Rica, a large urban area. A group of program consultants were trained in CLASS program procedures during an intensive 3-day in-service conducted by the authors. Twenty acting out children enrolled in regular elementary schools served as target subjects. They were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group, forming two groups of 10 each. Direct observational data were collected at pre-and post-time points under identical conditions. Results were analyzed using t-tests of group mean differences between experimental and control group subjects at pre- and post-time points. No statistically significant differences between the experimental and control group means were found at pre, but mean differences favoring the experimental group were obtained at post. A consumer satisfaction measure completed by program consultants was very positive.
Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of Overanxious Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Strauss Cyd C.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews recent advances in research evaluating the characteristics and epidemiology, diagnostic reliability, methods of assessment, and proposed treatment for children and adolescents with overanxious disorder. Empirical findings to date show that overanxious disorder is a frequently occurring phenomenon in childhood and adolescence that merits further attention from researchers. Directions for future studies aimed at identifying useful behavioral assessment procedures and effective therapeutic interventions for this disorder are outlined.
Individualizing the Good Behavior Game Across Type and Frequency of Behavior with Emotionally Disturbed Adolescents
Authors: Salend Spencer J. , Reynolds Catharine J. , Coyle Eileen Margaret
Published: March 2007

The effects of the Good Behavior Game (GBG) individualized across type and frequency of behavior were examined in three classes of severely behaviorally disordered students using a reversal design. The findings showed that the individualized GBG was effective in simultaneously decreasing a variety of inappropriate behaviors exhibited by the three classes, including inappropriate verbalizations, touching, negative comments, cursing, and drumming. Teacher and student satisfaction data indicated that both groups had positive reactions to the individualized GBG. Reasons for the success of the technique are discussed.
Beginnings of Reading
Authors: Littlejohn Tina D. , Goetz Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effects of the daily Reading Center in a preschool classroom on 16 children over a school year. Objective variables, related to the Center and derived from the interface between the concepts of developmentally appropriate practice and emergent literacy, were measured. The Center was found to be developmentally appropriate since it was child-centered in terms of the interaction with children, adults and materials, voluntary participation, child-selected words, and individualized instruction based on a pretest for 20 beginning reading skills (i.e., emergent literacy). Concurrently, the Center had features of a teacher-centered activity with the implementation of a rather specific instructional procedure. The experimental children showed marked gains in their acquisition of the 20 beginning reading skills while their matched controls, in other classrooms, who did not have the Reading Center experience, showed a slight increase. The advantages are discussed of a detailed behavior analysis on related independent, dependent, and accompanying measures for a thorough understanding of the results.
Self-Monitoring and Self-Managed Reinforcement Procedures for Improving Work Productivity of Developmentally Disabled Workers
Authors: Martin Garry L. , Hrydowy E. Rosemarie
Published: March 2007

This article reviews research that examined self-monitoring and/or self-managed reinforcement procedures for improving and maintaining work productivity of developmentally disabled workers. Seventeen articles were encountered that examined self-monitoring and/ or self-administration of reinforcers for productivity. In total, 107 developmentally disabled persons experienced self-management procedures, with diagnoses varying from profoundly to mildly retarded. In most of the studies, work productivity improved during intervention conditions. However, in almost all cases, procedural limitations prevent us from confidently attributing improvements in productivity to the self-management components of the interventions. Moreover, because of practical limitations, we cannot yet offer self-management procedures as a viable strategy to maintain work rates of developmentally disabled workers at acceptable levels throughout typical working days. Additional research is needed that goes beyond the procedural and practical limitations of previous studies.
Reducing Heart Rate Reactivity to Stress with Feedback Generalization Across Task and Time
Authors: Larkin Kevin T. , Zayfert Claudia , Abel Jennifer L. , Veltum Lois G.
Published: March 2007

Heart rate (HR) reactions to two behavioral stressors (videogame and mental arithmetic) were measured in 8 experimental subjects who received biofeedback training and 8 matched control subjects during three assessment periods: pretraining, posttraining, and one-week follow-up. Experimental subjects exhibited significant reductions in HR following a training session in which they received ongoing HR feedback while playing a videogame. Control subjects, who played the same number of videogames without HR feedback, showed smaller HR reductions. During the training session, all subjects were instructed to reduce HR while maximizing game perlormance. In comparison to controls, experimental subjects (a) maintained lower HRs during videogame presentations after a one-week period and (b) generalized these HR reductions to the mental arithmetic challenge at follow-up. Performance on the videogame declined from post-training to follow-up for experimental subjects but not for control subjects. No group difference in mental arithmetic performance was observed.
Increasing Cooperation among Children Using Dependent Group-Oriented Reinforcement Contingencies
Authors: Williamson Donald A. , Williamson Stephanie H. , Watkins Philip C. , Hughes Halane H.
Published: March 2007

This investigation evaluated the differential effectiveness of two reinforcement contingencies for improving cooperation among students when solving a mathematics estimation task. The two reinforcement paradigms were a dependent group-oriented contingency and an individual reinforcement contingency. Subjects were 371 children enrolled in grades 2 through 5 at two public schools. The two schools were randomly assigned to the two reinforcement conditions. The estimation task required guessing the number of objects in a container on three occasions, at weekly intervals. Feedback (high, low, or correct) was provided each week. Results showed that the group reinforcement contingency resulted in superior estimation accuracy and was associated with a higher degree of cooperation among students. These findings were discussed within the context of the literature pertaining to group-oriented reinforcement contingencies for improving cooperation and academic skills.
The Role of Negative Self-Statements During Exposure in Vivo
Authors: van Chout Wiljo J.P.J. , Emmelkamp Paul M. G. , Scholing Agnes
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pattern of cognitive change, and in particular the role of negative self-statements, in relation to improvement during an in vivo exposure treatment. Eight panic disordered patients with agoraphobia, of whom 4 were most and 4 were least improved on a composite measure, were exposed to standardized agoraphobic situations. During the exposure, heart rate, self-statements, and subjective anxiety were registered throughout the sessions. Fixed criteria were set for habituation of heart rate and reduction of subjective anxiety within a session. Results showed that the total frequency of negative self-statements at the start, during, as well as at the end of treatment differentiated best between the most and least improved patients. These results suggest that it may be therapeutically wise to continue exposure therapy not only until habituation of anxiety (subjectively and physiologically) is achieved, but also until the frequency of negative self-statements is reduced until zero.
Treatment of Fear of Blushing, Sweating, or lrembling
Authors: Scholing Agnes , Emmelkamp Paul M. G.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the long-term effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatments for patients with a specific type of social phobia: fear of showing bodily symptoms (blushing, sweating, or trembling). Patients were reassessed 18 months after they had finished one of the following treatments: (a) exposure in vivo followed by cognitive therapy, (b) cognitive therapy followed by exposure in vivo, or (c) a cognitive-behavioral treatment in which both strategies were integrated from the start. All patients were individually treated. Self-report assessments were held before and after treatment and at 3-month and 18-month follow-ups. Repeated measures MANOVAs for the patients who completed the 18-month follow-up (n = 26) demonstrated significant time effects from pretest to follow-up, indicating overall improvement. Between the posttest and the 18-month follow-up, no significant change was observed. No differences among the treatment packages were found, although the cognitive-exposure treatment showed a trend to be less effective than both other treatments.
Spouse-Aided Therapy with Depressed Patients
Authors: Emanuels-Zuurveen Lineke , Emmelkamp Paul M. G.
Published: March 2007

Twenty-three non-maritally distressed depressed patients who were married or cohabitating were randomly assigned to either individual behavioral-cognitive therapy or spouse-aided treatment. Both treatment conditions focused on depressed mood, behavioral activity, and dysfunctional cognitions, the difference being that in the spouse-aided treatment the partner was involved in all aspects of treatment, whereas in the individual condition the partner was not involved. MANOVAs revealed that treatment led to statistically significant improvement on depressed mood, behavioral activity, and dysfunctional cognitions. Treatment did not affect relationship variables (marital satisfaction, communication, and expressed emotion) for both spouses. Spouse-aided therapy was as effective as individual cognitive-behavior therapy.
Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotion by Chinese Adults with Mental Retardation
Authors: Leung Jin Pang , Singh Nirbhay N.
Published: March 2007

We compared the ability of Chinese adults with mental retardation and nonhandicapped Chinese children to recognize the six basic facial expressions of emotion. Each subject was told a story identifying an emotion, presented with an array of six photographs of basic facial expressions of emotion, and asked to point to the photograph that depicted the story's emotion. Results showed that the children were more accurate than the adults in recognizing facial expressions of emotion except happiness on which both groups achieved 100% accuracy. Surprise, fear, anger, and disgust were confused most often by both groups. Recognition proficiency was not significantly correlated with age in the children or with IQ in the adults. Our results partially replicated those reported in earlier studies with non-Chinese individuals with mental retardation and raised the possibility that there may be cultural influences on a person's ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion.
A Comparison of Social Phobia Outcome Measures in Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy
Authors: Cox Brian J. , Ross Leah , Swinson Richard P. , Direnfeld David M.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the effects of a cognitive-behavioral group therapy program for social phobia (N = 25 outpatients) on several psychometric measures. It is the first study to simultaneously examine three newer and promising social-phobia measures: the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and accompanying Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI), and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). More traditional measures of social phobia were also included, along with measures of anxious and depressed mood. Among the newer scales, the SPAI and SPS/SIAS were found to have good sensitivity to treatment. There was limited support for the LSAS. Intercorrelations among all of the outcome measures are presented both before and after cognitive-behavioral therapy. Strengths and weaknesses of each of the newer social-phobia measures are discussed.
A Comparison of Behavioral Techniques to Teach Functional Independent-Living Skills to Individuals with Severe and Profound Mental Retardation
Authors: Matson Johnny L. , Smalls Yemonja , Hampff Allison , Smiroldo Brandi B. , Anderson Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

The efficacy of two treatment approaches was compared for functional skill acquisition in individuals with severe and profound mental retardation. Participants included 22 residents from a large developmental center (Pinecrest) in central Louisiana. Treatment including staff training, feedback, and edible reinforcement in addition to prompting, modeling, and physical guidance was more effective than prompting, modeling, and physical guidance alone. Additionally, daily documentation of teaching did not enhance treatment effectiveness. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Strategies for Preparing Clients for Treatment
Authors: Walitzer Kimberly S. , Dermen Kurt H. , Connors Gerard J.
Published: March 2007

Substantial numbers of mental health clients do not return following their initial therapy visits or drop out of treatment prematurely. Two general classes of strategies designed to reduce premature attrition and enhance treatment participation are reviewed. Research on psychotherapy preparatory techniques (role induction, vicarious therapy pretraining, and experiential pretraining) indicates that these educational techniques are effective in reducing early treatment attrition and may be especially effective with populations at high risk for dropout (e.g., lower socioeconomic groups, chronically mentally ill clients, and institutionalized juvenile delinquents). Motivational interviewing, a technique originally developed for clients with alcohol problems, is designed to reduce client ambivalence toward therapy and change and enhance commitment to and motivation for treatment. Research in the alcohol field suggests that a session of pretreatment motivational interviewing enhances treatment outcome. Both motivational interviewing and psychotherapy preparatory techniques are relatively brief and easy to incorporate into existing mental health care.
Understanding Judgments of Fairness in a Real-World Political Context: A Test of the Value Protection Model of Justice Reasoning
Authors: Skitka Linda J. , Mullen Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

Current theories of justice emphasize social identity reasons for why people care about justice to the relative neglect of personal identity concerns, that is, people’s need to express, defend, and live up to personal moral standards. The authors present a value protection model that predicts that self-expressive moral positions or stands (“moral mandates”) are important determinants of how people reason about fairness. Hypotheses were tested and supported in the context of a natural experiment: reactions of a national random sample of adults to the Elián González case pre-raid, post-raid, and then post-resolution of the case. Models that included strength of moral mandates, but not pre-raid judgments of procedural fairness, best predicted reactions to the raid and post-resolution judgments of both procedural and outcome fairness and were associated with expressions of moral outrage and attempts to morally cleanse.
Opposite-Sex Friendship: Sex Differences and Similarities in Initiation, Selection, and Dissolution
Authors: Bleske-Rechek April L. , Buss David M.
Published: March 2007

The authors hypothesized that people form opposite-sex friendships (OSFs), in part, to acquire long-term mates (both sexes), to gain short-term sexual access (men more than women), and to gain physical protection (women more than men). In Study 1, men and women evaluated reasons for initiating OSFs, characteristics preferred in an OSF, and reasons for ending OSFs. Study 2 extended the framework to include individual differences in sociosexual orientation. Compared with women, men judged sexual attraction and a desire for sex as more important reasons for initiating OSFs, reported a preference for sexual attractiveness when selecting OSFs, and judged the lack of sex as a more important reason for dissolving OSFs. Women judged physical protection as a more important reason for initiating OSFs and the lack of it as a more important reason for dissolving them. Across sex, people with an unrestricted sexual style were more likely to perceive OSFs as opportunities for sex. Discussion addresses the implications of the results for understanding conflict in OSFs.
The Association of Intimacy Goals and Marital Satisfaction: A Test of Four Mediational Hypotheses
Authors: Sanderson Catherine A. , Cantor Nancy
Published: March 2007

This research examines the association of intimacy goals and marital satisfaction and tests four potential mediators of the goals-satisfaction link. Forty-four married couples completed measures of their own intimacy goals, their perceptions of their spouse’s goals, patterning of marital interactions (e.g., social support, time spent together, number of activities engaged in together, mutual influence), and marital satisfaction. As predicted, both individuals’ own and their spouses’ pursuit of intimacy goals were associated with marital satisfaction. However, these associations between goals and satisfaction were eliminated when individuals’ perceptions of their spouses’ goals were included in the analysis, indicating that the link between intimacy goals and marital satisfaction was mediated by individuals’ perceptions of their spouses’ goals. Discussion focuses on the theoretical and applied implications of these findings.
Network Correlates of Social and Emotional Loneliness in Young and Older Adults
Authors: Green Laura R. , Richardson Deborah S. , Lago Tania , Schatten-Jones Elizabeth C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to examine social network correlates of social and emotional loneliness to demonstrate that social and emotional loneliness are different constructs and (b) to investigate the possibility of age differences in the relationship between loneliness and social network characteristics. Results indicated that for both young and older adults, social and emotional loneliness were moderately correlated with one another and had differential network correlates. Likewise, for both age groups, emotional loneliness was related to the presence of a romantic partner in the network, although this relationship was stronger for the older adults. Correlates of social loneliness also differed between young and older adults. The presence of a close other and size of the network predicted social loneliness for young adults, whereas average closeness of the network predicted social loneliness for older adults.
Attributional Effects of Conflicting Chronic and Temporary Outcome Expectancies: A Case of Automatic Comparison and Contrast
Authors: Weary Gifford , Reich Darcy A.
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined the notion that perceivers’ chronically accessible, negative future-event expectancies might serve as an important cognitive context for the interpretation of temporarily primed expectancies. Such a cognitive context should activate more extreme event-outcome categories that subsequently should be used as comparison standards in the dispositional inference process. A final study examined the direct effect of chronically accessible, negative expectancies on judgments of the priming stimuli. The results of all three studies support the notion that the contextually produced extremity of momentary event expectancies resulted in an unaware and highly efficient comparison and contrast process. When participants were aware of the activation of extreme event-outcome categories and had the requisite resources, correction of target judgments occurred.
Ambivalence and Response Amplification: A Motivational Perspective
Authors: Bell David W. , Esses Victoria M.
Published: March 2007

This research investigated whether ambivalence-induced response amplification occurs because of a motivation to reduce ambivalence. In Study 1, participants’ ambivalence toward Native people was assessed and they then read a positive or negative essay on Native land claims. As predicted, ambivalent participants displayed a significant difference between the positive and negative message conditions in their attitudes toward Native people, whereas nonambivalent participants did not. Study 2 followed the same procedure as Study 1 and also included motive manipulation essays designed to manipulate the motivation to reduce ambivalence. The negative motive essay emphasized the disadvantages of seeing both the good and the bad in another person or situation (i.e., ambivalence is negative), whereas the positive motive essay emphasized the advantages (i.e., ambivalence is positive). As predicted, ambivalent participants who received the negative motive manipulation displayed response amplification, whereas ambivalent participants who received the positive motive manipulation did not.
Cognitive Representations of Black Americans: Reexploring the Role of Skin Tone
Authors: Maddox Keith B. , Gray Stephanie A.
Published: March 2007

Although evidence from a variety of disciplines suggests that skin tone is a basis of discrimination among Blacks, research in social psychology has virtually ignored this topic. Two experiments examined the causal role of skin tone in the perception and representations of Blacks. Paralleling the effect of race and other social category dimensions, Study 1 showed that variation in skin tone can influence the organization of social information. Study 2 demonstrated differentiation in stereotypes of Blacks based on skin tone. Results from both investigations suggest that skin tone is an important factor in both Blacks’ and Whites’ representations of Blacks.
Feeling Attractive in the Wake of Breast Cancer: Optimism Matters, and So Do Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Abend Teresa A. , Williamson Gail M.
Published: March 2007

Survey data from 63 married (or living as married) breast cancer patients (Stage I, n = 25; Stage II, n = 30; Stage III, n =8) provided evidence that both dispositional optimism and interpersonal factors may influence how physically attractive breast cancer patients feel. Optimistic women reported more frequently agreeing with their partners, higher levels of social support, and more feelings of physical attractiveness. Beyond the effects of optimism, relationship agreement and global perceptions of social support accounted for significant variance in feelings of attractiveness. Tests for mediation further suggested that more optimistic breast cancer patients feel more attractive because their dispositions promote perceptions that support is available in general and from their marital partners in particular. Agreement in the marital relationship appears to influence feelings of attractiveness, in large part, because relationship agreement contributes to generalized perceptions of available support.
Self-Determination as Growth Motivation in Romantic Relationships
Authors: Knee C. Raymond , Patrick Heather , Vietor Nathaniel A. , Nanayakkara Aruni , Neighbors Clayton
Published: March 2007

Self-determination theory was applied to coping, emotion, and behavior in romantic relationships. Sixty heterosexual couples were videotaped in a semistructured interview designed to emphasize differences in how partners view the relationship. Multilevel analyses revealed support for several hypotheses. First, controlled orientation was associated with rating an ideal partner according to how one views oneself, whereas this was weaker with autonomy. Second, autonomy orientation was associated with more relationship-maintaining coping strategies, whereas controlled orientation was associated with more denial. Finally, during the discussion, autonomy orientation was associated with less negative emotion and more positive behaviors, whereas controlled orientation was associated with fewer positive behaviors. The findings are discussed in terms of the benefits of a general motivation toward growth in relationships.
Alone and Crowded: The Effects of Spatial Restriction on Measures of Affect and Simulation Response
Authors: Smith Frank J. , Lawrence John E. S.
Published: March 2007

Previous crowding research has focused almost exclusively on the individual in group situations. This study varied spatial dimensions for single male occupants of experimental chambers, and examined the effects on selected affective and behavioral measures. More severe spatial restrictions for subjects produced significant increases in feelings of crowding and these feelings were associated with a generally negative affective profile. Factor analyses of semantic scales revealed perceptions of crowding to be relatively independent of general negative affect, subject's role, the closed environment or its temperature. Analysis of variance on behavioral measures in a design simulation showed that restricted subjects were more careful to distribute people within a given space to provide greater interpersonal distances.
Conjugate Lateral Eye Movement and Interpersonal Arousal: Effects of Interviewer Sex and Topic Intimacy
Authors: Woods Donald J. , Steigman Karen B.
Published: March 2007

An experiment was conducted to examine the generalizability of the interpersonal arousal effect on conjugate lateral eye movement. Sixty male subjects were interviewed twice, once by a male and once by a female experimenter, in counter-balanced order. Neutral and mildly intimate questions were included in both interviews. Subjects were classified as either right-movers, left-movers, or bidirectionals on the basis of their responses in the male interviewer, neutral question condition. A statistically significant interaction between dominant direction and interviewer sex was found on direction of subjects' eye movements, with differential eye movement tendencies of subjects increasing under the female interviewer, compared to the male interviewer, condition. This effect was statistically significant for right-movers only. An expected interaction between dominant direction and topic intimacy did not occur.
Threat Capacity and the Choice between Independence and Interdependence
Authors: Pruitt Dean G. , Gleason James M.
Published: March 2007

Borah's (1963) version of the Deutsch and Krauss (1960) trucking game was employed under three experimental conditions-no gates, bilateral gates, and bilateral gates plus a capacity for threatening to fine the other for gate use. The original finding, that presence of the gates interferes with cooperation, was replicated. Introduction of the threat capacity caused cooperation to increase, suggesting that the likelihood of reaching agreement is enhanced when two people can threaten to punish one another for taking independent, as opposed to interdependent, action.
Level of Aspiration in Coronary Prone and Noncoronary Prone Adults
Authors: Snow Barry
Published: March 2007

It was hypothesized that the competitive achievement striving of the Type A individual would result in his showing a consistent pattern of overaspiration on an experimental series of puzzles despite his early experiences with failure on this goal setting task. Subjects were classified as either Type A or Type B according to their respective placement in the upper or lower third of a JAS score distribution. Comparisons of goal setting behavior indicated that whereas Type As displayed no difference in total puzzle performance, they did maintain a significantly higher level of aspiration, attainment discrepancy and goal discrepancy than did the Bs. The experimental hypothesis implicating a pattern of inordinately high goal striving as a behavioral manifestation of the Type A coronary prone pattern was, therefore, confirmed. Implications of this goal setting preference for the general behavior of Type As are discussed.
Moral Evaluations and Judgments of Responsibility
Authors: Harvey Michael D. , Rule Brendan Gail
Published: March 2007

There has been a failure to distinguish between moral evaluations and responsibility in the literature on moral judg- ment. Consequently, interpretive problems have occurred because the dependent measures of each have been discussed as if they were equivalent. An attempt was made in the present research to examine the comparability of moral evaluations and respon- sibility judgments. Factor analyses of the ratings of an ag- gression and an accident story by 94 women and 85 men revealed that moral evaluations (e.g. praise-blame) and responsibility judgments are distinct and cannot be interpreted interchangeably.
Predictability of Behaviors, Goals, and Unit of Perception
Authors: Wilder David A.
Published: March 2007

Research has shown that unpredictable behavior is con- sidered more meaningful than predictable behavior. But it is unclear whether such findings were due to the unpredictability of the person's specific behaviors or to the uncertainty of the goal. In this experi- ment the predictability of a person's behavior was varied on two levels--predictability of the goal (molar level) and predictability of the specific actions (molecular level). Behavior was segmented into the most units of action and was viewed as most dispositionally caused when unpredictable on both molecular and molar levels.
Bibliography of Journal Articles in Personality and Social Psychology: 1977
Authors: Richardson Deborah Capasso , Tomarelli Michele M. , Hendrick Clyde
Published: March 2007

This bibliography consists of 525 journal articles selected from 11 journals. The articles are arranged under 31 subject headings, with headings arranged alphabetically, and authors listed alphabetically under each heading. For ease of use, articles are numbered consecutively 1-525. This bibliography should be useful for courses emphasizing current literature.
Sensation Seeking and Antisocial Behavior: Some Laboratory Evidence
Authors: Larson James R. , Johnson James H. , Easterbrooks M. Ann
Published: March 2007

Twenty-six male college students scoring either high or low on Zuckerman, et al.'s (1964) Sensation Seeking Scale participated in a free association task in which they were to respond as quickly as possible to a series of stimulus words by saying the first word that came to mind. The stimulus words varied in their sexual content. It was found that high sensation seekers gave significantly more socially unacceptable sexual responses to the highly sexual stimulus words than did low sensation seekers, while these groups did not differ in their responses to either the moderately sexual or neutral words. These results were discussed in terms of the additional evidence they provide for the existence of a sensation seeking motive underlying socially unacceptable and antisocial behavior.
Information Processing and the Perseverance of Discredited Self-Perceptions
Authors: Fleming Jan , Arrowood A. John
Published: March 2007

The present study tested the hypothesis that perseverance of discredited self-perceptions after debriefing varies with subjects' opportunity to engage in causal explanation. Subjects were presented with false feedback indicating that they had either succeeded or failed at a novel discrimination task. Four information processing conditions varied subjects' opportunity to explain their outcomes to themselves. Subjects who, through distraction, were prevented from generating explanations showed no evidence of perseverance, while perseverance increased with increasing opportunity to engage in causal explanation.