bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Runoff–infiltration partitioning using an upscaled Green–Ampt solution
Authors: Craig J. R. , Liu G. , Soulis E. D.
Published: February 2010

A new set of formulae for calculating regionally averaged infiltration rates into heterogeneous soils is presented. The solutions are based upon an upscaled approximation of the explicit Green‐Ampt (GA) infiltration solution, and require specification of the spatial distribution of saturated hydraulic conductivity and/or initial soil water deficit in the sub‐basin. The resultant areal averaged infiltration formulae, which ignore the impacts of run on or spatial correlation, are easily integrated into existing distributed surface water schemes, and can also be used to calculate saturated soil surface area. The impacts of preferential flow may be investigated through the use of a bimodal conductivity distribution. The solutions are tested against Monte Carlo simulations and assessed for accuracy. Interesting results are obtained regarding the impacts of upscaling on GA infiltration, most notably that the cumulative infiltration is most impacted by low‐conductivity soils and that calibration of the standard (point‐scale) GA equation to basin‐scale hydrographs will lead to an underestimation of average system hydraulic conductivity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of SWAT2000 modelling to assess the impact of dams and sluices on streamflow in the Huai River basin of China
Authors: Wang Gangsheng , Xia Jun
Published: February 2010

Hydrological simulation and assessment in a dam–sluice regulated river basin are a complex and challenging issue. In this article, an improved SWAT2000 modelling system was developed that incorporated the Shuffled complex evolution (SCE‐UA) optimization algorithm and the multi‐site and multi‐objective calibration strategy. The implication of multi‐objective is different for different types of outlets, i.e. streamflow for an ordinary outlet, inflow for a sluice, and water storage for a reservoir. Model parameters were redefined to improve model simulations. The surface runoff lag time (SURLAG) was extended as a spatially distributed parameter, and a correction coefficient was introduced to modify the saturated hydraulic conductivity. The modelling system was then applied to the Huai River basin of China under various climatic conditions, including a very dry year (1999), a dry year (1981), an average year (1971), and wet year (1991). In all, 26 dams and 35 sluices were considered, among which about 20 dams/sluices were used for model calibration. The impact assessment primarily focused on the very dry year (1999). The results indicated that the released water from large reservoirs was blocked in the river channels by sluices located downstream. In the very dry year, the dam–sluice operations could result in an increase of the runoff volume during the non‐flood season and a decrease in runoff during the flood season, but the changing magnitude during the non‐flood season was much greater. An important conclusion of this case study is that the sluices in the Sha‐Yin branch located in the north region and the dams in the southern mountainous region above the Wangjiaba Hydrological Station have played the most significant role in regulating the streamflow of the entire river basin. The methods addressed in this article can simulate hydrological regime in the river basins regulated by dams and sluices under different climatic conditions at the whole‐watershed scale. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic inflammatory responses to microgel‐based implant coatings
Authors: Bridges Amanda W. , Whitmire Rachel E. , Singh Neetu , Templeman Kellie L. , Babensee Julia E. , Lyon L. Andrew , García Andrés J.
Published: February 2010

Inflammatory responses to implanted biomedical devices elicit a foreign body fibrotic reaction that limits device integration and performance in various biomedical applications. We examined chronic inflammatory responses to microgel conformal coatings consisting of thin films of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel microparticles cross‐linked with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate deposited on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Unmodified and microgel‐coated PET disks were implanted subcutaneously in rats for 4 weeks and explants were analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Microgel coatings reduced chronic inflammation and resulted in a more mature/organized fibrous capsule. Microgel‐coated samples exhibited 22% thinner fibrous capsules that contained 40% fewer cells compared to unmodified PET disks. Furthermore, microgel‐coated samples contained significantly higher levels of macrophages (80%) than unmodified PET controls. These results demonstrate that microgel coatings reduce chronic inflammation to implanted biomaterials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Histological analysis of the alterations on cortical bone channels network after radiotherapy: A rabbit study
Authors: Rabelo Gustavo Davi , Beletti Marcelo Emílio , Dechichi Paula
Published: February 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of radiotherapy in cortical bone channels network. Fourteen rabbits were divided in two groups and test group received single dose of 15 Gy cobalt‐60 radiation in tibia, bilaterally. The animals were sacrificed and a segment of tibia was removed and histologically processed. Histological images were taken and had their bone channels segmented and called regions of interest (ROI). Images were analyzed through developed algorithms using the SCILAB mathematical environment, getting percentage of bone matrix, ROI areas, ROI perimeters, their standard deviations and Lacunarity. The osteocytes and empty lacunae were also counted. Data were evaluated using Kolmogorov‐Smirnov, Mann Whitney, and Student's t test (P < 0.05). Significant differences in bone matrix percentage, area and perimeters of the channels, their respective standard deviations and lacunarity were found between groups. In conclusion, the radiotherapy causes reduction of bone matrix and modifies the morphology of bone channels network. Microsc. Res. Tech. 73:1015–1018, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of [15N]t‐butylamine hydrochloride
Authors: Zhang Yingdan , Lin Chaojie , Li Zhan , Qin Liqiong , Wen Hongliang
Published: February 2010

This report presents an efficient synthesis of [15N]t‐butylamine hydrochloride. Acylation of [15N]ammonia with pivaloyl chloride provided [15N]pivalamide, this was converted to benzyl [15N]N‐t‐butylcarbamate through a Hofmann rearrangement. Hydrogenolysis of benzyl [15N]N‐t‐buylcarbamate and acidification afforded [15N]t‐butylamine hydrochloride in an overall yield of 79.2% in four steps. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatitis C virus infection in a Japanese leprosy sanatorium for the past 67 years
Authors: Shiogama Kazuya , Teramoto Hidemi , Morita Yukiko , Mizutani Yasuyoshi , Shimomura Ryoichi , Inada Ken‐ichi , Kamahora Toshio , Makino Masanao , Tsutsumi Yutaka
Published: February 2010

Oku‐Komyo‐En is one of the national leprosy sanatoria, located on a small island in Setouchi city, Okayama prefecture of Japan since 1938. Since autopsies were carried out routinely on almost all patients who had died in the sanatorium up to 1980, approximately 1,000 formalin‐fixed autopsy tissue samples were available for analysis. When these samples were reviewed, the pathological data indicated a sharp rise in the death rate caused by cirrhosis of the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) since 1960 and 1970, respectively. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common cause of HCC in Japan. The presence of HCV RNA was demonstrated in paraffin sections prepared from the autopsied liver tissue fixed in formalin for a prolonged period of time, by employing nested RT‐PCR using type‐specific primers. The data showed that HCV RNA was detectable in samples of the liver archived as early as 1940, representing the liver tissues kept in formalin for up to 67 years. HCV genotypes 1b and 2a were found by RT‐PCR at 85.7% and 14.3%, respectively, in patients with leprosy. J. Med. Virol. 82:556–561, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of a dengue virus‐specific HLA‐A*0201‐restricted CD8+ T cell epitope
Authors: Wen Jinsheng , Duan Zhiliang , Jiang Lifang
Published: February 2010

In this study, a combination of epitope‐prediction programs and in vitro assays was used to identify dengue virus (DENV)‐specific CD8+ T cell epitopes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from patients who recovered from dengue fever were stimulated with candidate epitope peptides derived from DENV, which were predicted by using SYFPEITHI and RANKpep epitope‐prediction programs. The IFN‐γ ELISpot results and the results of intracellular staining of IFN‐γ showed that peptides NS4b_40 (TLYAVATTI), E_256 (QEGAMHTAL), NS3_205 (LPAIVREAI), NS5_210 (SRNSTHEMY), and NS3_207 (AIVREAIKR) could induce the recall response of CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, the results of the MHC–peptide complex stabilization assay revealed that peptide NS4b_40 (TLYAVATTI) has a high affinity for HLA‐A*0201 molecules. The IFN‐γ ELISpot results and staining of intracellular IFN‐γ confirmed that this peptide could induce high‐level CD8+ T cell response in HLA‐A*0201 positive PBMCs. Peptide NS4b_40 (TLYAVATTI) was identified as a novel DENV‐specific HLA‐A*0201‐restricted CD8+ T cell epitope. J. Med. Virol. 82:642–648, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monolithic chiral stationary phases for liquid‐phase enantioseparation techniques
Authors: Chankvetadze Bezhan
Published: February 2010

This short overview summarizes the development in the field of enantioselective monolithic chromatographic media and their application for pressure‐driven and electrokinetic separations. The major emphasis is put on the currently existing problems and the author's vision for their solution is provided. Due to the author's personal experience silica‐based monoliths are discussed in more detail although the key developments in the field of organic monolithic materials for separation of enantiomers are also discussed.
Enhancement of skin optical clearing efficacy using photo‐irradiation
Authors: Liu Caihua , Zhi Zhongwei , Tuchin Valery V. , Luo Qingming , Zhu Dan
Published: February 2010

Background and Objectives

Tissue optical clearing technique based on immersion of tissues into optical clearing agents (OCAs) can reduce the scattering and enhance the penetration of light in tissue. However, the barrier function of epidermis limits the penetration of OCAs, and hence is responsible for the poor optical clearing efficacy of skin by topical action. In this study, a variety of light irradiation was applied to increase permeability of agents in skin and improve the optical clearing efficacy.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Different light sources with different dose, i.e, CO2 laser, Nd:YAG laser (532 and 1,064 nm) with different pulse modes and Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) (400–700 and 560–950 nm) were used to irradiate rat skin in vivo, and then glycerol was applied onto the irradiated zone. VIS–NIR spectrometer was utilized to monitor the changes of reflectance. In vitro skin samples were also irradiated by Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm) and then treated by glycerol for 10–60 minutes. Based on the measurement of the reflectance and transmittance of the samples, the optical properties of skin and penetration depth of light were calculated.

Results

Results show that photo‐irradiation with appropriate dose combining with the following glycerol treatment is able to reduce in vivo skin reflectance. Compared with the control group, the maximal changes in reflectance are ninefold at 575 nm and eightfold at 615 nm, respectively, which were caused by Q‐switched 1,064‐nm Nd:YAG laser irradiation and following glycerol treatment. The results for in vitro skin demonstrate that the joint action can significantly increase the optical penetration depth in samples.

Conclusions

The combination of Q‐switched Nd:YAG (1,064 nm) laser and glycerol could enhance optical skin clearing efficacy significantly. This study provides a non‐invasive way to improve the optical clearing of skin, which will benefit the skin optical therapy. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:132–140, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Upper Rim Functionalized Calixarene‐Based Poly(norbornenes)
Authors: Abd‐El‐Aziz Alaa S. , Shipman Patrick O. , Pilfold Jessica L. , Shipley Paul R.
Published: February 2010

A modified synthesis of 25‐allyl‐26,27,28‐trihydroxycalix[4]arene is reported. This calix[4]arene was utilized to prepare calix[4]arenes containing norbornene and calix[4]arene containing azo dyes and norbornene on their upper rims. The calixarene monomers were reacted with Grubbs' second generation catalyst to give poly(norbornenes) containing calixarenes. The poly(norbornenes) were determined to possess molecular weights between 45 100 and 116 200 with PDIs between 1.4 and 1.9. Thermal analysis showed that the azo dye containing polymers were less thermally stable than the non‐azo dye containing polymers with decompositions beginning at 140 °C and 395 °C, respectively. The azo dye containing polymers displayed λmax at 430 nm in THF solutions that underwent a bathochromic shift to 520 nm when acidified with HCl(g), due to the formation of the azonium ion.

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Termination Rate Coefficients for Radical Homopolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and Styrene at Low Conversion
Authors: Taylor David R. , van Berkel Kim Y. , Alghamdi Majed M. , Russell Gregory T.
Published: February 2010

A comprehensive and systematic study of overall termination rate coefficients, kt, in low‐conversion radical (homo)polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene is presented. Values of kt were determined by gravimetric analysis of steady‐state experiments, employing 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile as initiator. The values delivered by this simple method were found to be in qualitative and quantitative agreement with those from more modern and sophisticated techniques for measuring kt. Accordingly, correlations for bulk, low‐conversion kt as a function of temperature are given for each monomer. The effects of initiator concentration, cI, and temperature on bulk kt were studied in a controlled way for both monomers. Additionally, ethyl benzene was used as solvent in order to investigate rigorously the effect of monomer concentration, cM, on styrene kt. The trends found by these systematic studies were considered in the light of what is known about the chain‐length dependence of termination. Styrene's behavior was always found to be qualitatively in accord with expectation, although the variations of kt with cI and cM were not as strong as should be the case. However its activation energy, 15 kJ · mol−1, is shown to be almost perfectly in agreement with theory. Methyl methacrylate, on the other hand, is recalcitrant in that its overall kt does not make manifest the chain‐length dependent termination that has been directly measured by other techniques. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed, as are reasons for the difference in values between kt for the two monomers. On the latter topic it is concluded likely that the chain‐length dependence of termination at short chain lengths is primarily responsible for styrene having kt that is higher by a factor of about 3, with there also being a contribution that arises from styrene's slower propagation.

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The influence of sensible heat on monsoon precipitation in central and eastern Tibet
Authors: Wen Linke , Cui Peng , Li Yong , Wang Chunzhen , Liu Yinghui , Chen Ningshen , Su Fenghuan
Published: February 2010

The sensible heat over the Tibetan Plateau influences the atmospheric circulation of East Asia and North America, and also the monsoon precipitation on the Plateau. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of the patterns of the monsoon precipitation at 17 meteorological stations in central and eastern Tibet shows that the sensible heat during May over the central Tibetan Plateau relates closely to the first eigenvector weight time series (EOF1) of the monsoon precipitation for the eastern part of the Plateau from June to September. At the Amdo site the correlation coefficient exceeds 0.7, and the correlation between the EOF1 and the average of sensible heat at five sites (Amdo, Bange, Wudaoliang, Tuotuohe and Gaize) over the central Tibetan Plateau can exceed 0.80. This relationship suggests a mechanism of increased sensible heat flux in central Tibetan Plateau during May causing stronger cyclonic flow and low vortices in this area, resulting in more precipitation during the monsoon season on the eastern Plateau. From May to August, 1979, for example, this sensible heat effect can account for more than half of the precipitation. Based on this relationship, the sensible heat of central Tibet can be used as a ‘predictor’ of monsoon precipitation in central and eastern Tibet. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Radiative transfer modelling in protoplanetary disks with the P‐N Approximation and Monte Carlo techniques
Authors: Graziani L. , Barletti L. , Aiello S. , Cecchi‐Pestellini C.
Published: February 2010

A protoplanetary disk is a quasi‐toroidal gas–dust mixture rotating around a protostar that creates a complex intensity field in the internal disk medium in which planets are believed to form. In this work we start to model an idealized disk describing the radiation intensity propagating along a vertical disk section using the P‐N Approximation. This uni‐dimensional approach can be extended to a flared surface case but the problem rapidly raises complexity in solving a simple cylindrical mid‐plane region. The full 3D case is then handled with a Monte Carlo (MC) code reusing the idealized model to test the software reliability. The Monte Carlo lack in precision is fully repaid by the flexibility in describing the light‐to‐dust interaction moving the model towards a more realistic micro‐physics based approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The location and behavior of α‐tocopherol in membranes
Authors: Atkinson Jeffrey , Harroun Thad , Wassall Stephen R. , Stillwell William , Katsaras John
Published: February 2010

Vitamin E (α‐tocopherol) has long been recognized as the major antioxidant in biological membranes, and yet many structurally related questions persist of how the vitamin functions. For example, the very low levels of α‐tocopherol reported for whole cell extracts question how this molecule can successfully protect the comparatively enormous quantities of PUFA‐containing phospholipids found in membranes that are highly susceptible to oxidative attack. The contemporary realization that membranes laterally segregate into regions of distinct lipid composition (domains), we propose, provides the answer. We hypothesize α‐tocopherol partitions into domains that are enriched in polyunsaturated phospholipids, amplifying the concentration of the vitamin in the place where it is most needed. These highly disordered domains depleted in cholesterol are analogous, but organizationally antithetical, to the well‐studied lipid rafts. We review here the ideas that led to our hypothesis. Experimental evidence in support of the formation of PUFA‐rich domains in model membranes is presented, focusing upon docosahexaenoic acid that is the most unsaturated fatty acid commonly found. Physical methodologies are then described to elucidate the nature of the interaction of α‐tocopherol with PUFA and to establish that the vitamin and PUFA‐containing phospholipids co‐localize in non‐raft domains.
α‐Tocopherol enhances degranulation in RBL‐2H3 mast cells
Authors: Hemmerling Jana , Nell Sandra , Kipp Anna , Schumann Sara , Deubel Stefanie , Haack Michael , Brigelius‐Flohé Regina
Published: February 2010

Based on the observation that 3 months α‐tocopherol supplementation caused an up‐regulation of the mRNA of vesicular transport proteins in livers of mice, the functional relevance was investigated in RBL‐2H3 cells, a model for mast cell degranulation. In total, 24 h incubation with 100 μM α‐tocopherol enhanced the basal and phorbol‐12‐myristyl‐13‐acetate/ionomycin‐stimulated release of β‐hexosaminidase and cathepsin D as measured by enzymatic analysis as well as Western blotting and immunocytochemistry, respectively. β‐Tocopherol exerted the same effect, whereas α‐tocopheryl phosphate and trolox were inactive, indicating that both the side chain and the 6‐OH group at the chroman ring are essential for activation of degranulation. α‐Tocopherol did not induce mRNA expression of soluble NSF‐attachment protein receptor (soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor‐attachment protein receptor) proteins, such as N‐ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein, complexin‐2, SNAP23 or syntaxin‐3, in the RBL‐2H3 cell model. In view of the well known α‐tocopherol‐mediated activation of protein phosphatases, which regulate soluble NSF‐attachment protein receptor activities by dephosphorylation, underlying mechanisms are discussed in terms of preventing oxidative inactivation of protein phosphatases and so far unknown functions in certain membrane domains.
Failure of heterogeneous materials: 3D meso‐scale FE models with embedded discontinuities
Authors: Benkemoun N. , Hautefeuille M. , Colliat J.‐B. , Ibrahimbegovic A.
Published: February 2010

We present a meso‐scale model for failure of heterogeneous quasi‐brittle materials. The model problem of heterogeneous materials that is addressed in detail is based on two‐phase 3D representation of reinforced heterogeneous materials, such as concrete, where the inclusions are melt within the matrix. The quasi‐brittle failure mechanisms are described by the spatial truss representation, which is defined by the chosen Voronoi mesh. In order to explicitly incorporate heterogeneities with no need to change this mesh, some bar elements are cut by the phase‐interface and must be split into two parts. Any such element is enhanced using both weak and strong discontinuities, based upon the Incompatible Mode Method. Furthermore, a dedicated operator split solution procedure is proposed to keep local any additional computation on elements with embedded discontinuities. The results for several numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed model to provide an excellent representation of failure mechanisms for any different macroscopic loading path. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete and continuum methods for numerical simulations of non‐linear wave propagation in discontinuous media
Authors: Vorobiev Oleg
Published: February 2010

The main objective of this paper is to develop a methodology to model dynamic loading of various discontinuous media. Two methods for modeling non‐linear waves in a media with multiple discontinuities are considered. The first one, a discrete method, is based on the Simple Common Plane contact algorithm. This method can be applied both to compliant contacts characterized by finite thickness and elastic moduli (such as joints in geomechanics) as well as to non‐compliant frictional contacts traditionally described by the slide lines in finite element/finite difference codes. The second one, a continuum method, assumes that the contacts are not compliant and can be modeled as one or several weakness planes cutting through the elements of the computational mesh. Both discrete and continuum methods described in the paper can be applied to derive equivalent continuum properties for media with multiple discontinuities. An example of such application for a randomly jointed media is given in the paper. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sliding of rough surfaces and energy dissipation with a 3D multiscale approach
Authors: Anciaux G. , Molinari J. F.
Published: February 2010

The purpose of this paper is to present a novel approach to study sliding friction by the use of 3D multiscale coupling techniques. We highlight the difficulties of using multiscale schemes that couple molecular dynamics (MD) with finite elements to perform sliding contact between rough surfaces. The paper is comprised of systematic comparisons between the coupled model with an equivalent MD domain as well as reduced models. Reduced models appear inadequate for reproducing the time evolution of frictional forces as the small depths yield a stiffening of the contact region. The overlap domain used in the multiscale scheme is successful at capturing the complex deformation dynamics beneath the surface. Yet our results call for further developments in multiscale coupling strategies to allow a more rigorous treatment of heat exchanges through the overlap region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cases of hydatid disease in medieval Iceland
Authors: Kristjánsdóttir S. , Collins C.
Published: February 2010

Eight individuals with calcified cysts preserved in the thorax and abdomen, one of which had a maximum diameter of 17–20 cm, were recovered during recent excavations at Skriðuklaustur, a medieval monastic site which also functioned as a hospital during its operation from AD 1493–1554 in Eastern Iceland. Hydatid cysts are the result of parasitic infection by Echinococci commonly in the liver and lungs of the accidental human host. Echinococcus granulosus was likely introduced to Iceland soon after the settlement period (9th century AD) and became endemic around AD1200 when dogs were introduced from Germany. It has since been eradicated in Iceland due to an extensive educational literature programme and government controls implemented since the mid‐1800s. Reviews of the palaeopathological literature mentioning calcified shell fragments indicated hydatism to be the most logical aetiology. The eight individuals in question were buried in close proximity to one another. This may indicate that this particular ailment (sullaveiki) had its own classification during the medieval period in Iceland and perhaps even a distinct treatment if not in life, at least in death. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interleukin‐2 induces NF‐κB activation through BCL10 and affects its subcellular localization in natural killer lymphoma cells
Authors: Chan Ka‐Kui , Shen Lijun , Au Wing‐Yan , Yuen Hiu‐Fung , Wong Kai‐Yau , Guo Tianhuan , Wong Michelle LY , Shimizu Norio , Tsuchiyama Junjiro , Kwong Yok‐Lam , Liang Raymond HS , Srivastava Gopesh
Published: February 2010

Deregulation of nuclear factor (NF)‐κB signalling is common in cancers and is essential for tumourigenesis. Constitutive NF‐κB activation in extranodal natural killer (NK)‐cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL) is known to be associated with aberrant nuclear translocation of BCL10. Here we investigated the mechanisms leading to NF‐κB activation and BCL10 nuclear localization in ENKLs. Given that ENKLs are dependent on T‐cell‐derived interleukin‐2 (IL2) for cytotoxicity and proliferation, we investigated whether IL2 modulates NF‐κB activation and BCL10 subcellular localization in ENKLs. In the present study, IL2‐activated NK lymphoma cells were found to induce NF‐κB activation via the PI3K/Akt pathway, leading to an increase in the entry of G2/M phase and concomitant transcription of NF‐κB‐responsive genes. We also found that BCL10, a key mediator of NF‐κB signalling, participates in the cytokine receptor‐induced activation of NF‐κB. Knockdown of BCL10 expression resulted in deficient NF‐κB signalling, whereas Akt activation was unaffected. Our results suggest that BCL10 plays a role downstream of Akt in the IL2‐triggered NF‐κB signalling pathway. Moreover, the addition of IL2 to NK cells led to aberrant nuclear translocation of BCL10, which is a pathological feature of ENKLs. We further show that BCL10 can bind to BCL3, a transcriptional co‐activator and nuclear protein. Up‐regulation of BCL3 expression was observed in response to IL2. Similar to BCL10, the expression and nuclear translocation of BCL3 were induced by IL2 in an Akt‐dependent manner. The nuclear translocation of BCL10 was also dependent on BCL3 because silencing BCL3 by RNA interference abrogated this translocation. We identified a critical role for BCL10 in the cytokine receptor‐induced NF‐κB signalling pathway, which is essential for NK cell activation. We also revealed the underlying mechanism that controls BCL10 nuclear translocation in NK cells. Our findings provide insight into a molecular network within the NF‐κB signalling pathway that promotes the pathogenesis of NK cell lymphomas. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphorus‐containing renewable polyester‐polyols via ADMET polymerization: Synthesis, functionalization, and radical crosslinking
Authors: de Espinosa Lucas Montero , Meier Michael A. R. , Ronda Juan C. , Galià Marina , Cádiz Virginia
Published: February 2010

An α,ω‐diene containing hydroxyl groups was prepared from plant oil‐derived platform chemicals. The acyclic diene metathesis copolymerization (ADMET) of this monomer with a phosphorus‐containing α,ω‐diene (DOPO II), also plant oil derived, afforded a series of phosphorus containing linear polyesters, which have been fully characterized. The backbone hydroxyls of these polyesters have been acrylated and radically polymerized to produce crosslinked polymers. The thermomechanical and mechanical properties, the thermal stability, and the flame retardancy of these phosphorus‐based thermosets have been studied. Moreover, methyl 10‐undecenoate has been used as chain stopper in selected ADMET polymerizations to study the effect of the prepolymers' molecular weights on the different properties of the final materials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1649–1660, 2010
Modeling of reinitiation ability of polymer brushes grown by surface‐initiated photoiniferter‐mediated photopolymerization
Authors: Rahane Santosh B. , Metters Andrew T. , Kilbey S. Michael
Published: February 2010

A kinetic model developed to investigate surface‐initiated photoiniferter‐mediated photopolymerization (SI‐PMP) and parameterized using experimental thickness data from SI‐PMP of methyl methacrylate is used to examine chain extension by reinitiation. Specifically, the effects of light intensity, concentration of an added deactivator, tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TED), and initial photoiniferter (PI) concentration on the reinitiation ability of surface‐tethered PMMA layers is examined in detail. The simulations show that while increases in [TED] and decreases in light intensity affect overall rates of PMMA layer growth in a similar fashion, their effect on reinitiation ability of PMMA layers is significantly different: reinitiation ability increases with increasing [TED] but it is not improved by decreases in light intensity. Simulations also suggest that polymer layers synthesized in the presence of TED have a greater tendency to form surface‐tethered block copolymers upon reinitiation compared with polymer layers synthesized without TED and at lower light intensity. While both [PI] and [TED] affect the reinitiation ability, the effect of [TED] on reinitiation ability is identical at a given [TED]/[PI] ratio for all PI and TED concentrations tested. These findings obtained from the rate‐based model are instrumental in delineating strategies for creating tethered block copolymer layers or mixed brushes by SI‐PMP. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1586–1593, 2010
Jacket‐like structure of donor–acceptor chromophores‐based conducting polymers for photovoltaic cell applications
Authors: Yang Yi‐Lung , Lee Yi‐Huan , Chang Chun‐Jie , Lu Ang‐Jhih , Hsu Wei‐Chun , Wang Leeyih , Leung Man‐Kit , Dai Chi‐An
Published: February 2010

Through the Stille coupling polymerization, a series of soluble acceptor/donor quinoxaline/thiophene alternating conducting polymers with a hole‐transporting moiety of carbazole as a side chain (PCPQT) has been designed, synthesized, and investigated. The UV–vis measurement of the charge‐transferred type PCPQTs of different molecular weights with low polydispersity exhibits a red shifting of their absorption maximum from 530 to 630 nm with increasing chain length (Mn: from 1100 to 19,200). The HOMO and LUMO energy levels of PCPQT can be determined from the cyclic voltammetry measurement to be −5.36 and −3.59 eV, respectively. Solar cells made from PCPQT/PCBM bulk heterojunction show a high open‐circuit voltage, Voc of ∼0.75 V, which is significantly higher than that of a solar cell made from conventional poly(3‐hexyl thiophene)/PCBM as the active polymer PCPQT has lower HOMO level. Further improvements are anticipated through a rational design of the new low band‐gap and the structurally two‐dimensional donor–acceptor conducting polymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1607–1616, 2010
Fluorine‐substituted azobenzene destabilizes polar form of optically switchable fulgimide unit in copolymer system
Authors: Chinnusamy Saravanan , Palaninathan Kannan
Published: February 2010

Fulgimide and various size and electronic nature of substituents on the terminal position of azobenzene in the pendant homo/copolymethacrylates were synthesized. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicates the homopolymer possessing C‐form fulgimide unit exhibited higher Tm than that of E‐form of the homopolymer and revealed C‐form is highly ordered. Thermal stability suggests azobenzene homopolymers with electron donating substituents have high thermal stability than electron withdrawing substituents. Polarized optical microscopy observation disclosed homopolymers viz., NI, CY, FL, ME, and T‐ME exhibited liquid crystalline mesophases between their Tm and Ti. Optical properties of homo/copolymers were investigated by UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. UV–vis spectroscopy displayed C‐form fulgimide absorption in F‐co‐FL around 482 nm which is around 40 nm lesser than C‐form of substituted azobenzene copolymers. Similarly, fluorescence pattern of F‐co‐FL by UV irradiation exhibited emission intensity slowly increased to certain level then decreases with two new emissions at 430 and 480 nm attributed to terminal position of fluorine atom on azobenzene destabilizes polar form (C‐form) fulgimide unit in the copolymer. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1565–1578, 2010
Effects of Br connected groups on atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling reaction and its application in the synthesis of comb‐like block copolymers
Authors: Wang Guowei , Zhang Yannan , Huang Junlian
Published: February 2010

The effects of Br connected groups on atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling (ATNRC) reaction were investigated. Two precursors methoxyl poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide‐co‐2‐bromoiso butyryloxy glycidyl ether) (mPEO‐b‐Poly(EO‐co‐BiBGE)) and methoxyl poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(2‐bromoiso butyryloxy glycidyl ether) (mPEO‐b‐Poly(BiBGE)) with different C(CH3)2Br density were designed and synthesized firstly, and then ATNRC reaction were completed between these precursors and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐1‐oxy poly(ε‐caprolactone) (TEMPO‐PCL) in the presence or absence of St monomers, respectively. The results showed that the structure of Br connected groups showed an important effect on ATNRC reaction, and the ATNRC reaction with high efficiency could be realized by transforming the higher active Br connected groups into the lower one by the addition of small amount of St monomers. The final comb‐like block copolymers mPEO‐b‐[Poly(EO‐co‐Gly)‐g‐(St1.8‐b‐PCL)] and mPEO‐b‐[Poly(Gly)‐g‐(St2.4‐b‐PCL)] with high coupling efficiency were obtained by this strategy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1633–1640, 2010
Mechanical and thermo‐mechanical studies of double networks based on thermoplastic elastomers
Authors: Singh Naveen K. , Lesser Alan J.
Published: February 2010

A new approach to prepare and characterize double network elastomeric systems was investigated. A styrene‐ethylene‐co‐butylene‐styrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer system containing physical crosslinks was used to achieve a double network by additional crosslinking using ultra‐violet (UV) light. An ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) terpolymer system containing chemical crosslinks was used to achieve a conventional double network using UV crosslinking. Properties from conventional monotonic tensile tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, and thermomechanical properties were investigated. These double network elastomers show a transition between competitive and collaborative behavior in their mechanical properties and lower coefficients of thermal expansion arising from a competition of the networks. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 778–789, 2010
Dispersion of polystyrene inside polystyrene‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) micelles in water
Authors: Ye Xiaodong , Fei Jingyi , Guan Juan , Zhou Xuechang , Zhang Guangzhao
Published: February 2010

The addition of mixture of polystyrene‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PS‐b‐PNIPAM) and polystyrene homopolymer (h‐PS) in tetrahydrofuran dropwise into water leads to nanoparticles with a PS core and a thermally sensitive PNIPAM shell. The effects of the ratio of the homopolymer to copolymer and temperature on the formation and stabilization of the dispersion were investigated by using a combination of static and dynamic laser light scattering. PNIPAM shell continuously collapses as temperature increases in the range 20–40 °C. Such formed particles are stable even at temperatures much higher than lower critical solution temperature (LCST ∼ 32 °C) of PNIPAM. Our results reveal that the area occupied per hydrophilic PNIPAM chain on the hydrophobic PS core remains nearly a constant regardless of the amount of h‐PS in the polymer mixture. This clearly indicates that the surface area occupied per hydrophilic group is a critical parameter for stabilizing particles dispersed in water. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 749–755, 2010
Differential regulation of steroid nuclear receptor coregulator expression between normal and neoplastic prostate epithelial cells
Authors: Heemers Hannelore V. , Schmidt Lucy J. , Kidd Emily , Raclaw Kristin A. , Regan Kevin M. , Tindall Donald J.
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND

Deregulated androgen receptor (AR) action is critical for prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Aberrant expression of AR‐associated coregulators contributes to AR activity in PCa. The mechanisms underlying coregulator expression in PCa are under intense investigation as they may lead to alternative means of targeting AR activity in PCa cells. We have recently shown that over 30% of coregulator expression in the PCa cell line LNCaP is subject to androgen regulation.

METHODS

Using multiple PCa cell lines as well as xenograft models, non‐malignant prostate epithelial cell lines and androgen‐responsive tissues derived from a male Wistar rat model system, we explored the effect of androgen stimulation and androgen deprivation on the expression of the core coactivators SRC1, SRC2, SRC3, CBP, and p300.

RESULTS

Androgen stimulation of model systems representing PCa led to a decrease in the expression of SRC1, SRC2, SRC3, CBP, and p300, whereas androgen deprivation induced the expression of these coactivators. In contrast, expression of these coregulators remained largely unaffected following changes in the androgenic milieu in AR‐positive models representing non‐malignant prostate cells and tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data indicate differences in the regulation of coregulator expression between neoplastic and normal prostate cells. These findings emphasize the important potential of targeting the mechanisms regulating coregulator expression for therapeutic intervention in PCa. Prostate 70: 959–970, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Substrate dependent buffer‐layer assisted growth of nanoclusters
Authors: Honolka Jan , Sessi Violetta , Zhang Jian , Hertenberger Simon , Enders Axel , Kern Klaus
Published: February 2010

The role of the substrate on the morphology of nanometer size clusters fabricated by buffer layer assisted growth (BLAG) was studied using scanning tunneling microscopy. Clusters of Fe and Co were deposited on Ag(111), Cu(100), Rh(111), and Pt(111) surfaces using identical BLAG parameters, which are temperature, as well as metal and buffer layer coverage. Semi‐hemispherical clusters are found on Ag(111) and Cu(100), while flat monolayer high islands are observed on Rh(111) and Pt(111) due to complete wetting. The results of this study are in agreement with the common notion that BLAG is useful to deposit clusters of virtually any material on any substrate, however, the shape, size, and lateral distribution of the resulting clusters depend strongly on the substrate surface free energy and diffusion processes.
Mott transition in the Hubbard model on the triangular lattice
Authors: Yoshioka Takuya , Koga Akihisa , Kawakami Norio
Published: February 2010

We investigate a metal–insulator Mott transition in the half‐filled Hubbard model on the triangular lattice. In this study, we make use of the path‐integral renormalization group method with an iteration and truncation scheme proposed recently, which allows us to access the competing ground states around the transition point. We find for a cluster with 36 sites that as the Hubbard interaction U increases, the paramagnetic metallic (PM) state undergoes a metal–insulator phase transition to a nonmagnetic insulating (NMI) state at $U_{\rm c} \sim 7.4t$, where t is the transfer integral. A detailed analysis around the transition point shows that the Mott transition is of first order.
How to distribute antidote to control epidemics
Authors: Borgs Christian , Chayes Jennifer , Ganesh Ayalvadi , Saberi Amin
Published: February 2010

We give a rigorous analysis of variations of the contact process on a finite graph in which the cure rate is allowed to vary from one vertex to the next, and even to depend on the current state of the system. In particular, we study the epidemic threshold in the models where the cure rate is proportional to the degree of the node or when it is proportional to the number of its infected neighbors. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2010
Unusual secondary electron emission behavior in carbon nanotube forests
Authors: Alam Md. K. , Yaghoobi P. , Nojeh A.
Published: February 2010

Electron yield was measured from patterned carbon nanotube forests for a wide range of primary beam energies (400–20,000 eV). It was observed that secondary and backscattered electron emission behaviors in these forests are quite different than in bulk materials. This seems to be primarily because of the increased range of electrons due to the porous nature of the forests and dependent on their structural parameters, namely nanotube length, diameter and inter‐nanotube spacing. In addition to providing insight into the electron microscopy of nanotubes, these results have interesting implications on designing novel secondary electron emitters based on the structural degrees of freedom of nanomaterials. SCANNING 31: 221–228, 2009. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of heat treatment on the properties and structure of TiO2 nanotubes: phase composition and chemical composition
Authors: Regonini D. , Jaroenworaluck A. , Stevens R. , Bowen C.R.
Published: February 2010

Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanotubes prepared by electrolytic anodisation of a titanium electrode have been systematically heat treated to control the conversion of the as‐prepared amorphous structure to nanocrystalline anatase and rutile. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the temperature of calcination is critical in determining the structure and crystallinity of the titania. X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy analysis shows the as‐prepared film to consist mainly of oxide, although a small amount of fluoride contamination remains from the electrolyte. Organic components from post‐anodising cleaning treatments were also present. Fluorine ions are gradually ejected from the anodic layer during annealing and the fluorine concentration is negligible in samples that are heat treated above 400 °C. Choosing the appropriate annealing temperature allows the structure to be made up of defined proportions of anatase and rutile with a reduced contamination of species from the electrolyte or organic solvents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Generate Both Retinal Ganglion Cells and Photoreceptors: Therapeutic Implications in Degenerative Changes in Glaucoma and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Parameswaran Sowmya , Balasubramanian Sudha , Babai Norbert , Qiu Fang , Eudy James D. , Thoreson Wallace B. , Ahmad Iqbal
Published: February 2010

The direct reprogramming of somatic cells to a pluripotent state holds significant implications for treating intractable degenerative diseases by ex vivo cell therapy. In addition, the reprogrammed cells can serve as a model for diseases and the discovery of drugs and genes. Here, we demonstrate that mouse fibroblast induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a renewable and robust source of retinal progenitors, capable of generating a wide range of retinal cell types that includes retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), cone, and rod photoreceptors. They respond to simulated microenvironment of early and late retinal histogenesis by differentiating into stage-specific retinal cell types through the recruitment of normal mechanisms. The depth of the retinal potential of iPSCs suggests that they may be used to formulate stem cell approaches to understand and treat a wide range of retinal degenerative diseases from glaucoma to age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Lesion of the ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus blocks acute cocaine‐induced changes in striatal glutamate
Authors: McKee Brenda L. , Keyghobadi Modjgan , Tozier De La Poterie Adrienne P. , Meshul Charles K.
Published: February 2010

A single injection of cocaine increases extracellular glutamate in the rat dorsolateral striatum 1 day after the acute cocaine was administered (McKee and Meshul, 2005). However, the nuclei that facilitate this increase in striatal glutamate remain unknown. We hypothesized that the cocaine‐induced increase in striatal glutamate was produced by activation of the ventromedial (VM) nucleus of the thalamus via the thalamo‐corticostriatal or thalamostriatal pathways. First, rats received an electrolytic lesion of the VM. One day after a single cocaine or vehicle injection, extracellular glutamate was measured in the dorsolateral striatum using in vivo microdialysis. The motor thalamus lesion blocked the cocaine‐induced increase in striatal glutamate and reduced extracellular glutamate to the level of the vehicle‐treated group. This study shows a critical role for the VM nucleus of the thalamus in mediating the effects of cocaine on extracellular glutamate levels in the rat dorsolateral striatum. Synapse 64:445–448, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How location and ethnicity affect ethnic entrepreneurs in three Canadian cities
Authors: Brenner Gabrielle A. , Menzies Teresa V. , Dionne Lionel , Filion Louis Jacques
Published: February 2010

Few studies on the entrepreneurial contributions of immigrant and/or ethnic entrepreneurs have been carried out in Canada. This article presents results from a cross‐Canadian project. Data were collected from 718 entrepreneurs in three cities. Analysis of the socio‐demographic profile suggests that ethnic entrepreneurs pursue different paths of integration. Firm characteristics suggest that similar support programs are needed for ethnic firms as for all small firms. Also, our analysis suggests that there is no need for new support programs for ethnic firms, except to help them better integrate. Lastly, the use that these entrepreneurs make of social capital only partially confirms the literature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.