bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repair of bone defect with vascularized tissue engineered bone graft seeded with mesenchymal stem cells in rabbits
Authors: Zhao Mingdong , Zhou Jian , Li Xilei , Fang Taolin , Dai Wenda , Yin Wangping , Dong Jian
Published: January 2011

This study evaluated the results of repair of the radius defect with a vascularized tissue engineered bone graft composed by implanting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and a vascular bundle into the xenogeneic deproteinized cancellous bone (XDCB) scaffold in a rabbit model. Sixty‐four rabbits were used in the study. Among them, four rabbits were used as the MSCs donor. Other 57 rabbits were divided into five groups. In group one (n = 9), a 1.5 cm bone defect was created with no repair. In group two (n = 12), the bone defect was repaired by a XDCB graft alone. In group three (n = 12), the defect was repaired by a XDCB graft that included a vascular bundle. In group four (n = 12), the defect was repaired by a XDCB graft seeded with MSCs. In group five (n = 12), the defect was repaired by a XDCB graft including a vascular bundle and MSCs implantation. The rest three rabbits were used as the normal control for the biomechanical test. The results of X‐ray and histology at postoperative intervals (4, 8, and 12 weeks) and biomechanical examinations at 12 weeks showed that combining MSCs and a vascular bundle implantation resulted in promoting vascularization and osteogenesis in the XDCB graft, and improving new bone formation and mechanical property in repair of radius defect with this tissue engineered bone graft. These findings suggested that the vascularized tissue engineered bone graft may be a valuable alternative for repair of large bone defect and deserves further investigations. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
Once‐daily administration of trospium chloride extended release provides 24‐hr coverage of nocturnal and diurnal symptoms of overactive bladder: An integrated analysis of two phase III trials
Authors: Ginsberg David A. , Oefelein Michael G. , Ellsworth Pamela I.
Published: January 2011

Aims

Once‐daily extended release (XR) trospium chloride, which provides therapeutic trospium plasma concentrations over 24 hours, has demonstrated efficacy in treating overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms as evaluated over a 24‐hr period. This analysis examined the effects of trospium XR on diurnal and nocturnal OAB symptoms.

Methods

Pooled data were analyzed from two identically designed Phase III trials in which patients with OAB were randomized to receive trospium XR 60 mg or placebo once daily in the morning for 12 weeks. Efficacy was assessed using 3‐day urinary diaries. Diurnal events were those occurring from arising from bed in the morning until retiring in the evening; nocturnal events were those occurring from retiring until arising.

Results

In total, 1,165 patients received trospium XR (N = 578) or placebo (N = 587). At Week 12 comparison of trospium XR versus placebo, a significantly greater mean reduction from baseline in nocturnal voids (−0.8 vs. −0.6; P = 0.006) and diurnal voids (−1.9 vs. −1.4; P < 0.0001) was noted. At Week 12, the mean percent reduction from baseline with trospium XR versus placebo in nocturnal urge urinary incontinence (UUI) episodes (−60.2% vs. −48.3%; P = 0.003) and mean absolute reduction in diurnal UUI episodes (−2.0 vs. −1.5; P < 0.0001) was significantly greater. Predictors of nocturnal response were duration (weeks) and type of therapy (trospium XR vs. placebo). Reductions in nocturnal toilet voids were accompanied by significant improvements in sleep‐related quality of life (QoL) domains.

Conclusions

Trospium XR significantly improved both nocturnal and diurnal OAB symptoms. Nocturnal improvements were associated with sleep‐related QoL benefits. These results indicate that the XR formulation of trospium chloride provides effective 24‐hr coverage of OAB symptoms. 30:563–567, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The case of the missing glutamine
Authors: Hancu Ileana , Port John
Published: January 2011

A theoretical study was performed to determine the accuracy and repeatability of multiple one‐dimensional pulse sequences in the quantification of glutamine concentration at 3 T. Variable repeatability (12% to > 50%) and significant absolute error (−50% to +70%) were noted for the eight pulse sequences considered. Data acquired in vivo using three of the pulse sequences used for simulation matched the predicted repeatability well; among the pulse sequences considered, point‐resolved spectroscopy (TE = 80 ms) offered minimal error and acceptable repeatability (12%) for brain glutamine measurements. Following correction for the expected bias of each pulse sequence, consistent glutamine measurements, in the 1‐mM range, were reported with the three sequences. An explanation for the mismatch between in vivo 1H MRS and in vitro 13C/1H MRS at high field was attempted. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo MRI of early stage mammary cancers and the normal mouse mammary gland
Authors: Jansen Sanaz A. , Conzen Suzanne D. , Fan Xiaobing , Markiewicz Erica , Krausz Thomas , Newstead Gillian M. , Karczmar Gregory S.
Published: January 2011

Since the advent of screening mammography, approximately one‐quarter of newly diagnosed breast cancers are at the earliest preinvasive stage of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Concomitant with this improvement in early detection has been a growing clinical concern that distinguishing aggressive from indolent DCIS is necessary to optimize patient management. Genetically engineered mouse models offer an appealing experimental framework in which to investigate factors that influence and predict progression of preinvasive neoplasias. Because of the small size of early stage carcinomas in mice, high‐resolution imaging techniques are required to effectively observe longitudinal progression. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of MRI for assessment of in situ mammary neoplasias and early invasive mammary cancers that stochastically arise in mammary glands of C3(1) SV40 Tag transgenic mice. Additionally, images of normal mammary glands from wild‐type FVB/N mice were acquired and compared with those from transgenic mice. Sixteen mice underwent MR examinations employing axial two‐dimensional multi‐slice gradient recalled echo scans (TR/TE =∼1000/5.5 ms) with fat suppression in a two‐step process targeting both the upper and lower mammary glands. MRI successfully detected in situ and early invasive neoplasias in transgenic mice with high sensitivity and specificity. The average signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of in situ lesions on fat‐suppressed high‐resolution T1‐weighted images was 22.9, which was lower than that of invasive tumors, lymph nodes and muscle (average SNR of 29.5–34.9, p < 0.0001) but significantly higher than that of normal mammary tissue (average SNR = 5.5, p < 0.0001). Evaluation of wild‐type mammary glands revealed no cancerous or benign lesions, and comparable image contrast characteristics (average SNR = 5.2) as compared with normal tissue areas of transgenic mice. This present study demonstrates that MRI is an excellent candidate for performing longitudinal assessment of early stage mammary cancer disease progression and response to therapy in the transgenic model system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging apolipoprotein AI in vivo
Authors: Sriram Renuka , Lagerstedt Jens O. , Petrlova Jitka , Samardzic Haris , Kreutzer Ulrike , Xie Hongtao , Kaysen George A. , Desreux Jean F. , Thonon David , Jacques Vincent , Van Loan Martha , Rutledge John C. , Oda Michael N. , Voss John C. , Jue Thomas
Published: January 2011

Coronary disease risk increases inversely with high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) level. The measurement of the biodistribution and clearance of HDL in vivo, however, has posed a technical challenge. This study presents an approach to the development of a lipoprotein MRI agent by linking gadolinium methanethiosulfonate (Gd[MTS‐ADO3A]) to a selective cysteine mutation in position 55 of apo AI, the major protein of HDL. The contrast agent targets both liver and kidney, the sites of HDL catabolism, whereas the standard MRI contrast agent, gadolinium‐diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid‐bismethylamide (GdDTPA‐BMA, gadodiamide), enhances only the kidney image. Using a modified apolipoprotein AI to create an HDL contrast agent provides a new approach to investigate HDL biodistribution, metabolism and regulation in vivo. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traffic engineering supported by Inherent Network Management: analysis of resource efficiency and cost saving potential
Authors: Haßlinger Gerhard , Nunzi Giorgio , Meirosu Catalin , Fan Changpeng , Andersen Frank‐Uwe
Published: January 2011

Future Internet, inherent traffic and network management as well as the corresponding business aspects are topics of intensive research activity. The combination of those areas is a main focus of Inherent Network Management (INM) as a management framework based on distributed, self‐organizing and autonomous approaches to address new challenges in a trend towards heterogeneous and dynamic future networking environments. We describe the INM design and behaviors especially with regard to advanced monitoring and fast failure response to enable more flexibility in traffic engineering, in order to improve the control and utilization of bandwidth and other network resources. We analyze a case study on the process of upgrading the links in broadband access networks, as a steadily ongoing planning procedure in operational fixed and mobile networks to keep pace with rapidly growing user demand and Internet traffic. Full mesh topologies are considered as a relevant core network structure that allows for an explicit analytical comparison of the resource and cost efficiency with and without optimized load balancing. The results indicate that flexible path design with INM support can increase the admissible throughput or, vice versa, reduce part of the over‐provisioning of routing and transmission capacity with corresponding savings in capital expenditure as well as for operational expenditure due to reduced energy consumption. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technological investment games among wireless telecommunications service providers
Authors: Maillé Patrick , Tuffin Bruno , Vigne Jean‐Marc
Published: January 2011

With the development of new technologies in a competitive context, infrastructure investment and licence purchase as well as existing technology maintenance are crucial questions for current and emerging operators. This paper presents a three‐level game analysing this problem. At the highest level, the operators decide on which technologies to invest, given that some may already own licences or infrastructures. We limit ourselves to the realistic case where technologies are 3G, WiFi and WiMAX. At the intermediate level, with that set of operated technologies fixed, operators determine their service price. Finally, at the lowest level, customers choose their provider depending on the best combination of price and available quality of service. At each level, the best decision of actors depends on the actions of others, the interactions hence requiring to be studied as a (non‐cooperative) game. The model is analysed by backward induction, meaning that decisions at a certain level depend on the equilibria reached at the lower levels. Different real‐life cost scenarios are studied. Our model aims at helping both the operators to make their final decision on technological investments, and the regulator to determine an appropriate licence fee range for a better competition among providers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 3D finite element approach for the coupled numerical simulation of electrochemical systems and fluid flow
Authors: Bauer Georg , Gravemeier Volker , Wall Wolfgang A.
Published: January 2011

A comprehensive finite element method for three‐dimensional simulations of stationary and transient electrochemical systems including all multi‐ion transport mechanisms (convection, diffusion and migration) is presented. In addition, non‐linear phenomenological electrode kinetics boundary conditions are accounted for. The governing equations form a set of coupled non‐linear partial differential equations subject to an algebraic constraint due to the electroneutrality condition. The advantage of a convective formulation of the ion‐transport equations with respect to a natural application of homogeneous flux boundary conditions is emphasized. For one of the numerical examples, an analytical solution for the coupled problem is provided, and it is demonstrated that the proposed computational approach is robust and provides accurate results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A finite element formulation for piezoelectric shell structures considering geometrical and material non‐linearities
Authors: Schulz K. , Klinkel S. , Wagner W.
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we present a non‐linear finite element formulation for piezoelectric shell structures. Based on a mixed multi‐field variational formulation, an electro‐mechanical coupled shell element is developed considering geometrically and materially non‐linear behavior of ferroelectric ceramics. The mixed formulation includes the independent fields of displacements, electric potential, strains, electric field, stresses, and dielectric displacements. Besides the mechanical degrees of freedom, the shell counts only one electrical degree of freedom. This is the difference in the electric potential in the thickness direction of the shell. Incorporating non‐linear kinematic assumptions, structures with large deformations and stability problems can be analyzed. According to a Reissner–Mindlin theory, the shell element accounts for constant transversal shear strains. The formulation incorporates a three‐dimensional transversal isotropic material law, thus the kinematic in the thickness direction of the shell is considered. The normal zero stress condition and the normal zero dielectric displacement condition of shells are enforced by the independent resultant stress and the resultant dielectric displacement fields. Accounting for material non‐linearities, the ferroelectric hysteresis phenomena are considered using the Preisach model. As a special aspect, the formulation includes temperature‐dependent effects and thus the change of the piezoelectric material parameters due to the temperature. This enables the element to describe temperature‐dependent hysteresis curves. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A prospective study of asthma and subsequent use of hypnotics in young adults
Authors: Karlstad Øystein , Tverdal Aage , Skurtveit Svetlana , Nafstad Per , Furu Kari
Published: January 2011

Purpose

To examine whether young adults with asthma are at higher risk of initiating hypnotic use.

Methods

The study population was participants from the Norwegian youth health surveys, where all 10th grade students (15–17 years old) in five counties were invited. 10 164 participants with no prior use of hypnotics were linked to the Norwegian Prescription Database. Four groups were defined based on survey data about ever having had asthma and prescription data on asthma drugs received in the year prior to start of follow‐up: (1) no asthma; (2) not active asthma; (3) active recently developed asthma; and (4) still active asthma. Incidence proportions were estimated as share of participants filling hypnotic prescriptions during 2005–July 2010. Incidence rate ratios (IRR), adjusted for potential confounders (illnesses, lifestyle and sociodemographic factors), were estimated with the number of hypnotic prescriptions filled during 2005–July 2010 as outcome.

Results

The incidence proportion of filling hypnotic prescriptions was 6.1%, ranging from 5.7% in no asthma group to 9.5% in active recently developed asthma group. Crude IRR was 1.35 (95%CI 0.93–1.95) for not active asthma, 4.18 (1.83–9.55) for active recently developed asthma, and 1.63 (0.85–3.14) for still active asthma, with no asthma as reference. Adjusted IRR for active recently developed asthma group changed to 4.72 (2.07–10.75) while the other groups remained statistically not significant.

Conclusions

In this prospective study of young adults without prior use of hypnotics, an increased risk of initiating hypnotic use was present in asthmatics, especially among those who recently had received asthma drugs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of perfluoroalkylmethacrylate ester‐grafted‐linear low‐density polyethylene on the tribological property of polyoxymethylene–linear low‐density polyethylene composites
Authors: He Junqing , Zhang Ling , Li Chunzhong
Published: January 2011

In this work, perfluoroalkylmethacrylate ester (PFAMAE)‐grafted‐linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) was synthesized by UV‐induced surface graft polymerization. The effect of PFAMAE‐grafted‐LLDPE on the tribological behavior of LLDPE‐filled polyoxymethylene (POM) composite was investigated using a friction and abrasion testing machine. The results showed that LLDPE‐g‐PFAMAE was a more effective modifier in improving tribological property of LLDPE‐filled POM composite than conventional maleic anhydride‐grafted‐polyethylene (PE‐g‐MAH). POM/LLDPE composite possessed much lower friction coefficient but higher wear rate than pristine POM. The incorporation of LLDPE‐g‐PFAMAE into POM/LLDPE further decreased the friction coefficient, which was 45% lower than that of POM. The wear rate of POM/LLDPE/LLDPE‐g‐PFAMAE composite was also reduced and was lower than that of pristine POM. The primary wear mechanisms of POM/LLDPE composite with and without LLDPE‐g‐PFAMAE were adhesive and abrasive wear. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Light‐triggered silicon‐carbon pi'npin devices with self amplification
Authors: Vieira M. A. , Vieira M. , Louro P. , Costa J. , Fantoni A. , Fernandes M.
Published: January 2011

In this paper we report the use of a monolithic system that combines the demultiplexing operation with the simultaneous photodetection and self amplification of the signal. The device is a double pi'n/pin a‐SiC:H heterostructure with optical gate connections for light triggering in different spectral regions. Results show that when a polychromatic combination of different pulsed channels impinges on the device the output signal has a strong nonlinear dependence on the light absorption profile, (wavelength, bit rate and intensity). This effect is due to the self biasing of the junctions under unbalanced light generation of carriers. Self optical bias amplification under uniform irradiation and transient conditions is achieved. An optoelectronic model based on four essential elements: a voltage supply, a monolithic double pin photodiode, optical connections for light triggering, and optical power sources for light bias explains the operation of the optical system (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of the thickness on the properties of erbium‐doped silicon‐rich silicon oxide thin films
Authors: Cueff Sébastien , Labbé Christophe , Cardin Julien , Hijazi Khalil , Doualan Jean‐Louis , Jambois Olivier , Garrido Blas , Rizk Richard
Published: January 2011

The present study examines the influence of the layer thickness on the emission of Er ions coupled to Si nanoclusters within a silica matrix obtained by magnetron co‐sputtering at two typical temperatures (ambient and 500 °C. Such an investigation is essential to optimise the material for specific applications, inasmuch as thin layers of tens of nm are requested for electrically‐excited devices, while much thicker films (≥ 1 µm) are necessary for optically‐excited waveguides, lasers, etc. The Er PL was detected from as‐deposited samples with significant intensity for that grown at 500 °C. This PL improves with annealing and also with the layer thickness, up to a factor 4 when the thickness is increased from few tens to more than 1.3 µm.

The origin of this behaviour seems to lie in some limiting factors related to the film thinness, such as barriers for nucleation and growth of sensitizers (Si‐ncs), stresses affecting the onset of phase separation and then the formation of Si‐ncs. To favour the growth of Si‐ncs in films as thin as tens of nm, the increase of the amount of Si excess was found to be necessary to enhance the Er PL through an increase of the density of Si‐ncs and, therefore, the coupling with Er ions. Such an enrichment with Si offers an additional advantage of favouring the injection and transport of carriers by electrical excitation (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the role of non‐bridging oxygen centers in the red luminescence emission from silicon nanocrystals
Authors: Borsella Elisabetta , D'Amato Rosaria , Fabbri Fabio , Falconieri Mauro , Trave Enrico , Bello Valentina , Mattei Giovanni , Nie Yaru , Wang Dayang
Published: January 2011

The process responsible for visible‐near infrared luminescence emission in Si nanostructures has been generating significant controversy for years. The debate has focused on whether light emission is originated by recombination of quantum confined excitons or by defects located at the surface. It is experimentally difficult to distinguish the two contributions since both are size‐dependent. Moreover, all the studies were performed on different systems and consequently the comparisons were not free from ambiguities. Here we relate the spectroscopic properties of pyrolytic Si nanocrystals, aged in air, and after complete conversion to amorphous silica by alkali etching‐assisted oxidation. The strong resemblance of the spectral and time decay behavior of the red PL emission in both systems (surface oxidized nanocrystalline Si and amorphous silica sample) indicates that this emission is dominated by defects in the silicon oxide. The strongly non‐exponential time behavior of the photo‐luminescence emission in both systems can be modeled as the sum of exponential decays from the emitting defects, thus ruling out the interpretation in terms of the so‐called “stretched exponential” decay. Using this model we also obtained the emission energy and inhomogeneous linewidth of the luminescent defects, allowing us to identify them as the non‐bridging oxygen hole centers. The emission energy of these defects depends strongly on their physical and chemical environment and can produce a shift apparently due to the size effect. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonlinear optical response of hole–trion systems in quantum dots in tilted magnetic fields
Authors: Machnikowski Paweł , Kuhn Tilmann
Published: January 2011

We discuss, from a theoretical point of view, the four wave mixing spectroscopy on an ensemble of p‐doped quantum dots in a magnetic field slightly tilted from the in‐plane configuration. We describe the system evolution in the density matrix formalism. In the limit of coherent ultrafast optical driving, we obtain analytical formulas for the single system dynamics and for the response of an inhomogeneously broadened ensemble.

The results are compared to the previously studied time‐resolved Kerr rotation spectroscopy on the same system. We show that the Kerr rotation and four wave mixing spectra yield complementary information on the spin dynamics (precession and damping). (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nuclear spin‐polarization in single InGaAs quantum dots through electrical and optical spin‐injection in spin‐LEDs
Authors: Hetterich M. , Asshoff P. , Wüst G. , Merz A. , Kalt H.
Published: January 2011

We investigate nuclear spin polarization in a single InGaAs quantum dot via electrical injection of spinpolarized electrons in a spin‐injection light‐emitting diode. The Overhauser shift in the single‐dot electroluminescence is compared with results obtained for optical spin injection in the same structure.

The results clearly demonstrate the possibility of efficient nuclear spin polarization by purely electrical means which might be useful for future spintronic applications. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Energies of higher multipole vibrations of fullerenes in a semiclassical approach
Authors: Lamichhane K. , Brack M. , Winkler P.
Published: January 2011

Starting with a brief description of the local current approximation (LCA) as previously applied to the photoionization cross section of C60, we discuss the results of higher multipole resonances of fullerene molecules. The comparison to data obtained from electron scattering experiments reveals the adequacy of the semiclassical approach as well as the collective nature of even high L resonances. Similar to the results of the dipole case, the coupling of surface and volume plasmons mode in C60 molecules is seen to shift the peaks slightly toward lower energies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Currents in STSE education: Mapping a complex field, 40 years on
Authors: Pedretti Erminia , Nazir Joanne
Published: January 2011

It has been 40 years since science, technology, society, and environment (STSE) education first appeared in science education research and practice. Although supported among many educators worldwide, there is much confusion surrounding the STSE slogan. Widely differing discourses on STSE education and diverse ways of practicing, have led to an array of distinct pedagogical approaches, programs, and methods. We are left wondering how we might orient ourselves amid such a diversity of propositions. What does STSE look like in practice? What ideological orientations underpin its practice? In this paper, we review the research literature and educational practices in STSE education to (1) map out a typology of STSE education in the form of currents and (2) provide a heuristic that educators can use for critical analysis of discourses and practices in the field. We identify, explore, and critique six currents in STSE education: application/design, historical, logical reasoning, value‐centered, sociocultural, and socio‐ecojustice currents. We suggest that these currents may serve as a didactic tool for others, a framework that will assist educators in informing their own theoretical understandings, choices, and practices in the context of STSE education. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 95:601–626, 2011
Knowledge transfer in intra‐organization networks
Authors: Tang Fangcheng
Published: January 2011

Past studies have suggested absorptive capacity plays very important role in knowledge transfer. However, less attention has been paid to the dual process of knowledge transfer, which covers knowledge dissemination and absorption. This study operationalizes the concept of disseminative capacity and analyses differences in disseminative capacity of network members. Theoretical analysis and simulation results showed that the sizes of network, knowledge transfer speed and disseminative capabilities and absorptive capabilities of the individuals in the network have effect on knowledge equilibrium of networks over time. Furthermore, the results showed that the more powerful is a dominant knowledge holder in the network, the quicker the network will converge to a specified knowledge state. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decreased parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the cortex and striatum of mice lacking the CB1 receptor
Authors: Fitzgerald Megan L. , Lupica Carl R. , Pickel Virginia M.
Published: January 2011

Cortical and striatal regions of the brain contain high levels of the cannabinoid‐1 (CB1) receptor, the central neuronal mediator of activity‐dependent synaptic plasticity evoked by endocannabinoids. The expression levels of parvalbumin, a calcium‐binding protein found in fast‐spiking interneurons of both regions, may be controlled in part by synaptic activity during critical periods of development. However, there is currently no evidence that CB1 receptor expression affects parvalbumin levels in either cortical or striatal interneurons. To assess this possibility, we examined parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the dorsolateral striatum, primary motor cortex (M1), and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of CB1 knockout and wild‐type C57/BL6 mice. Quantitative densitometry showed a significant decrease in parvalbumin immunoreactivity within individual neurons in each of these regions of CB1 knockout mice relative to controls. A significantly lower density (number of cells per unit area) of parvalbumin‐labeled neurons was observed in the striatum, but not the cortical regions of CB1 knockout mice. These findings suggest that CB1 receptor deletion may elicit a compensatory mechanism for network homeostasis affecting parvalbumin‐containing cortical and striatal interneurons. Synapse, 2011. Published 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypocretin1/OrexinA‐containing axons innervate locus coeruleus neurons that project to the Rat medial prefrontal cortex. Implication in the sleep‐wakefulness cycle and cortical activation
Authors: Cid‐Pellitero Esther Del , GarzÓN Miguel
Published: January 2011

The Hypocretin1/OrexinA (Hcrt1/OxA) neuropeptides are found in a group of posterolateral hypothalamus neurons and are involved in sleep‐wakefulness cycle regulation. Hcrt1/OxA neurons project widely to brainstem aminergic structures, such as the locus coeruleus (LC), which are involved in maintenance of wakefulness and EEG activation through intense projections to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Moreover, defects of the Hcrt1/OxA system are linked to narcolepsy, a disorder characterized by excessive diurnal hypersomnia and REM state disturbance. We aimed to determine whether Hcrt1/OxA neurons innervate LC neurons (noradrenergic and nonnoradrenergic) that project to the mPFC, thereby sustaining behavioral wakefulness. To assess this, we used retrograde tracing from mPFC injections and either Hcrt1/OxA or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemical labeling in single sections of rat LC. The retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG) was microinjected into mPFC and, at optimal survival periods, sections through the LC were processed for dual immunolabeling of anti‐FG and either anti‐Hcrt1/OxA or anti‐TH antisera. Many LC neurons projecting to mPFC were nonnoradrenergic. Electron microscopy revealed a prominent localization of Hcrt1/OxA in unmyelinated axons and axon boutons (varicosities and axon terminals) within the LC. Hcrt1/OxA‐immunoreactive axon boutons frequently apposed (104/1907) or made asymmetric excitatory‐type synapses (60/1907) with FG‐immunolabeled dendrites, indicating that Hcrt1/OxA can modulate the activity of LC neurons with cortical projections. Our results show that Hcrt1/OxA hypothalamic neurons likely excite LC neurons that project to the mPFC, and thus activate EEG and facilitate wakefulness. In narcoleptics, who are deficient in Hcrt1/OxA, impairment of this Hcrt1/OxA hypothalamic input to LC might contribute to the appearance of excessive daytime sleepiness. Synapse , 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Implementing Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Programs in Developing Countries: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Keshtgar Mohammed , Zaknun John J. , Sabih Durre , Lago Graciela , Cox Charles E. , Leong Stanley P. L. , Mariani Giuliano
Published: January 2011

Background

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is the accepted standard of care in early‐stage breast cancer and cutaneous melanoma. This technology is accurate for nodal staging and determining the prognosis of these patients. There are several randomized controlled trials confirming the accuracy of this technique and confirming its role in reducing morbidity and improving quality of life. It is also gaining increased acceptance in the management of other solid tumors. Despite the established benefits of SLNB as a minimally invasive approach for nodal staging, the procedure is still underutilized in many developing countries.

Methods

The Human Health Division of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) convened advisory meetings with panels of multidisciplinary experts from different backgrounds with the remit to analyze the difficulties encountered by developing countries in establishing a successful SLNB program. The other remit of the panel was to recommend an effective program based on existing evidence that can be adapted and implemented in developing countries. The experience of some members of the panel in the training for this technique in Asia, Latin America, and Africa provided the insight required for the development of a comprehensive and structured program. The panel included recommendations on the technical aspects of the procedure, as well as a comprehensive training program, including theoretical teaching, practical training in surgical skills, laboratories, and hands‐on proctored learning. Particular emphasis was placed on in‐built quality assurance requirements to ensure that this powerful staging investigation is implemented with the highest possible standard in the management of cancer patients, with the lowest false negative rate.

Conclusions

It is hoped that this article will be a useful resource for our colleagues planning to establish a SLNB program.
Quality Improvement as a Tool for Translating Evidence Based Interventions Into Practice: What the Youth Violence Prevention Community can Learn from Healthcare
Authors: Knox Lyndee M. , Aspy Cheryl B.
Published: January 2011

Health care has been working for the past 2 decades to improve the translation of evidence based practice (EBPs) into care. The strategies used to facilitate this, and lessons learned, can provide useful models for similar work taking place in youth violence prevention. This article discusses the history of evidence translation in health care, reviews key strategies used to support translation of evidence based practice into care, and suggests lessons learned that may be useful to similar efforts in youth violence prevention and intervention services.
Impact of overweight and glucose tolerance on postprandial responses to high- and low-glycaemic index meals
Authors: Perälä Mia-Maria , Hätönen Katja A. , Virtamo Jarmo , Eriksson Johan G. , Sinkko Harri K. , Sundvall Jouko , Valsta Liisa M.
Published: January 2011

The beneficial effects of a low-glycaemic index (GI) meal on postprandial glucose and insulin levels have been demonstrated. However, limited data are available on the impact of overweight and glucose tolerance on postprandial responses to different GI meals. Our aim was to study the effects of physiological characteristics on postprandial glucose, insulin and lipid responses and the relative glycaemic response (RGR) of a low-GI (LGI) and a high-GI (HGI) meal. We recruited twenty-four normal-weight and twenty-four overweight subjects, twelve with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and twelve with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in each group. Both test meals were consumed once and the glucose reference twice. Blood glucose and insulin were measured in the fasting state and over a 2 h period after each study meal, and TAG and NEFA were measured in the fasting state and over a 5 h period. The glucose responses of subjects with IGT differed significantly from those of subjects with NGT. The highest insulin responses to both meals were observed in overweight subjects with IGT. Physiological characteristics did not influence TAG or NEFA responses or the RGR of the meals. The LGI meal resulted in lower glucose (P < 0·001) and insulin (P < 0·001) responses, but higher TAG responses (P < 0·001), compared with the HGI meal. The GI of the meals did not affect the NEFA responses. In conclusion, the LGI meal causes lower glucose and insulin responses, but higher TAG responses, than the HGI meal. The RGR of the meals does not differ between normal-weight and overweight subjects with NGT or IGT.
Iodine intakes of 100–300 μg/d do not modify thyroid function and have modest anti-inflammatory effects
Authors: Soriguer Federico , Gutiérrez-Repiso Carolina , Rubio-Martin Elehazara , Linares Francisca , Cardona Isabel , López-Ojeda Jaime , Pacheco Marta , González-Romero Stella , Garriga Maria J. , Velasco Ines , Santiago Piedad , García-Fuentes Eduardo
Published: January 2011

Little information is available as to whether doses of iodide similar to those recommended in clinical practice for the prevention of iodine deficiency in pregnant women affect thyroid function. The aim of the present study was to analyse whether doses of iodide can affect thyroid function in adults, and evaluate its effect on plasma markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and acute-phase proteins. A total of thirty healthy volunteers (ten men and twenty women) with normal thyroid function were randomly assigned to three groups (n10). Each group received a daily dose of 100, 200 or 300 μg of iodide in the form of KI for 6 months. Free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) levels at day 60 of the study were higher in the groups treated with 200 and 300 μg (P = 0·01), and correlated with the increase in urinary iodine (r0·50,P = 0·007). This correlation lost its significance after adjustment for the baseline FT4. The baseline urinary iodine and FT4 correlated positively with the baseline glutathione peroxidase. On day 60, urinary iodine correlated with C-reactive protein (r0·461,P = 0·018), and free triiodothyronine correlated with IL-6 (r− 0·429,P = 0·025). On day 60, the changes produced in urinary iodine correlated significantly with the changes produced in α1-antitrypsin (r0·475,P = 0·014) and ceruloplasmin (r0·599,P = 0·001). The changes in thyroid-stimulating hormone correlated significantly with the changes in α1-antitrypsin (r− 0·521,P = 0·005) and ceruloplasmin (r− 0·459,P = 0·016). In conclusion, the administration of an iodide supplement between 100 and 300 μg/d did not modify thyroid function in a population with adequate iodine intake. The results also showed a slight anti-inflammatory and antioxidative action of iodide.
On the rheology of a dilute emulsion in a uniform electric field
Authors: VLAHOVSKA PETIA M.
Published: January 2011

A small-deformation perturbation analysis is developed to describe the effect of a uniform electric field on drop deformation and orientation in linear flows and emulsion shear rheology. All media are treated as leaky dielectrics, and fluid motion is described by the Stokes equations. The one-particle contribution to the effective stress of a dilute emulsion is obtained from the drop stresslet. Analytical solutions are derived as regular perturbations in the limits of small capillary number and large viscosity ratio. The results show that both shape distortion and charge convection modify emulsion rheology. Drop deformation due to application of an electric field in a direction perpendicular to the shear flow gives rise to normal stresses and may lead to shear thickening or shear thinning, depending on the electric properties of the fluids. Charge convection due to the imposed shear affects both the shear viscosity and normal stresses.
Water waves over arrays of horizontal cylinders: band gaps and Bragg resonance
Authors: LINTON C. M.
Published: January 2011

The existence of a band-gap structure associated with water waves propagating over infinite periodic arrays of submerged horizontal circular cylinders in deep water is established. Waves propagating at right angles to the cylinder axes and at an oblique angle are both considered. In each case an exact linear analysis is presented with numerical results obtained by solving truncated systems of equations. Calculations for large finite arrays are also presented, which show the effect of an incident wave having a frequency within a band gap – with the amount of energy transmitted across the array tending to zero as the size of the array is increased. The location of the band gaps is not as predicted by Bragg's law, but we show that an approximate determination of their position can be made very simply if the phase of the transmission coefficient for a single cylinder is known.
On surfactant-enhanced spreading and superspreading of liquid drops on solid surfaces
Authors: KARAPETSAS GEORGE , CRASTER RICHARD V. , MATAR OMAR K.
Published: January 2011

The mechanisms driving the surfactant-enhanced spreading of droplets on the surface of solid substrates, and particularly those underlying the superspreading behaviour sometimes observed, are investigated theoretically. Lubrication theory for the droplet motion, together with advection–diffusion equations and chemical kinetic fluxes for the surfactant transport, leads to coupled evolution equations for the drop thickness, interfacial concentrations of surfactant monomers and bulk concentrations of monomers and micellar, or other, aggregates. The surfactant can be adsorbed on the substrate either directly from the bulk monomer concentrations or from the liquid–air interface through the contact line. An important feature of the spreading model developed here is the surfactant behaviour at the contact line; this is modelled using a constitutive relation, which is dependent on the local surfactant concentration. The evolution equations are solved numerically, using the finite-element method, and we present a thorough parametric analysis for cases of both insoluble and soluble surfactants with concentrations that can, in the latter case, exceed the critical micelle, or aggregate, concentration. The results show that basal adsorption of the surfactant plays a crucial role in the spreading process; the continuous removal of the surfactant that lies upon the liquid–air interface, due to the adsorption at the solid surface, is capable of inducing high Marangoni stresses, close to the droplet edge, driving very fast spreading. The droplet radius grows at a rate proportional to ta with a = 1 or even higher, which is close to the reported experimental values for superspreading. The spreading rates follow a non-monotonic variation with the initial surfactant concentration also in accordance with experimental observations. An accompanying feature is the formation of a rim at the leading edge of the droplet. In some cases, the drop spreads to form a ‘pancake’ or creates a ‘secondary’ front separated from the main droplet.
Genetic and morphological variation in Echinorhynchus gadi Zoega in Müller, 1776 (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L.
Authors: Sobecka E. , Szostakowska B. , MacKenzie K. , Hemmingsen W. , Prajsnar S. , Eydal M.
Published: January 2011

Previous studies have shown considerable variability in morphological features and the existence of genetically distinct sibling species in the acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus gadi Zoega in Müller, 1776. The aim of the present study was to follow up and extend those earlier studies by using a combination of DNA analysis and morphometrics to investigate differences between samples of E. gadi from Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. caught at five fishing grounds in the Baltic Sea and three in different parts of the North Atlantic. Twelve morphological features were measured in 431 specimens of E. gadi, 99 individuals were studied by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphosm (PCR-RFLP), and selected PCR products were sequenced. The molecular analyses showed the nucleotide sequences of E. gadi rDNA from cod caught at all the sampling sites to be identical. The comparative morphological study, in contrast, revealed significant differences between samples of E. gadi from different sampling sites and showed the separation of E. gadi into two groups corresponding approximately to the systematic classification of cod into the two subspecies, Atlantic G. morhua morhua and Baltic G. morhua callarias. The E. gadi infrapopulation size had a significant effect on some of the morphological features. The results are discussed in relation to cod population biology, the hydrography of the study area and the history of the Baltic Sea formation.
Do SCFA have a role in appetite regulation?
Authors: Darzi Julia , Frost Gary S. , Robertson M. Denise
Published: January 2011

The recently discovered SCFA-activated G-coupled protein receptors FFA receptor 2 and FFA receptor 3 are co-localised in l-cells with the anorexigenic ‘ileal brake’ gut hormone peptide YY, and also in adipocytes, with activation stimulating leptin release. Thus, SCFA such as acetate and propionate show promise as a candidate to increase satiety-enhancing properties of food. We therefore postulate SCFA may have a role in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. SCFA can be delivered either directly within food, or indirectly via the colon by the provision of fermentable non-digestible carbohydrates. A review of studies investigating the effects of oral SCFA ingestion on appetite suggests that while oral SCFA ingestion is associated with enhanced satiety, this may be explained by product palatability rather than a physiological effect of SCFA. Colon-derived SCFA generated during microfloral fermentation have also been suggested to explain satiety-enhancing properties of non-digestible carbohydrates. However, findings are mixed from investigations into the effects of the prebiotic inulin-type fructans on appetite. Overall, data presented in this review do not support a role for SCFA in appetite regulation.
Tradition, modernity and the supernatural swing: re-reading ‘primitivism’ in Hugues Panassié's writing on jazz
Authors: Perchard Tom
Published: January 2011

Before WWII, Hugues Panassié (1912–1974) was Europe's leading critical authority on jazz, and by the time of his death he had published a dozen books on jazz music and been President of the Hot-club de France for over 40 years. Yet despite this life's worth of efforts made in jazz's name, Panassié's reputation is no longer a good one: pointing to the fantasies of black exceptionalism and Noble Savagery present in his work, historians have tended to dismiss the critic as a racist primitivist, one in thrall to that contemporarynegrophiliemost familiar today from early-century Parisian visual art. Indeed Panassié used the term ‘primitive’ himself, and positively. But this article traces the ultra-conservative writer's intellectual and religious formation to show that, rather than contemporarynegrophilie, it was a religious and cultural heritage quite distant from the modern European encounter with blackness that first informed Panassié's primitivism. Although this re-reading does not aim to ‘rehabilitate’ someone who remains a troublesome and reactionary figure, the article nevertheless goes on to explore how, in his primitivist rejection of European modernism, Panassié sometimes pre-empts important arguments made by the postmodern jazz scholarship that would seem to marginalise the critic's historical contributions.
Youssou N'Dour's Sant Yàlla/Egypt: a musical experiment in Sufi modernity
Authors: McLaughlin Fiona
Published: January 2011

In collaboration with the Cairene composer Fathy Salama, Youssou N'Dour released an album that appeared in Dakar in 2003 as Sant Yàlla (‘Praise God’), and internationally in 2004 as Egypt. Sung in Wolof to the accompaniment of an Egyptian orchestra, the album consists of a suite of eight interrelated pieces, seven of which are praise songs to Senegalese Sufi shaykhs, while the remaining piece praises God, the Prophet Mohammed, and some important Mauritanian shaykhs. In this essay I argue that in bringing Senegalese Islam to the international arena, N'Dour uses his stature as a world-class musician to both articulate and participate in the creation of a Sufi modernity, namely a way of being a Sufi Muslim in a globalised world. In addition to being a personal journey for Youssou N'Dour, both musically in its orientation towards the East rather than the West, and in his own religious faith, Sant Yàlla/Egypt also echoes many of the current preoccupations of Muslim intellectuals and artists as they seek to renew and reinterpret their own local religious traditions for a global audience.