bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anne Hutchinson, Sectarian Mysticism, and the Puritan Order
Authors: Westerkamp Marilyn J.
Published: April 2006

Anne Hutchinson has been one of the few women to attain canonical status in the history of colonial New England. Her marvelous intellectual abilities (so unusual in a seventeenth-century woman), her popularity among Boston men as well as women, and the powerful political and theological implications of her challenge render Hutchinson a force that must be explored if colonial Massachusetts is to be understood. Not only are historians fascinated by this extraordinary woman herself, they are intrigued by the colony's response to her; for in that very response the founders may have revealed their essential character. So a few books and many articles have analyzed and reanalyzed Hutchinson as victim of Puritan injustice, as threat to the Puritan experiment, as menopausal neurotic, as antinomian heretic, as rebel (occasionally a protofeminist one).
“The Most Important Biblical Discovery of Our Time”: William Henry Green and the Demise of Ussher's Chronology
Authors: Numbers Ronald L.
Published: April 2006

In 1650 the distinguished church historian Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland announced his meticulously calculated time of the Creation: early Saturday evening, 22 October 4004 B.C.E., a date immortalized in the margins of countless Bibles for nearly three centuries. Among evangelical Protestants who believed in the inerrancy of Scripture this date came to mark the beginning of human history. For some believers it remained a landmark until the late twentieth century; others abandoned it as early as the 1860s. Among American evangelicals no one played a more important role in discrediting Ussher's chronology than William Henry Green, an Old Testament scholar at Princeton Theological Seminary. One of Green's Princeton colleagues called his demonstration of Ussher's fallacy “the most important biblical discovery of our time.” In some ways it was, although its full impact did not come until the second half of the twentieth century.
Nicholas of Cusa: Continuity and Conciliation at the Council of Basel
Authors: McDermott Peter L.
Published: April 2006

On 7 May 1437, in a ritual both sad and absurd, the Council of Basel broke apart in discord and disorder. Two factions in the cathedral session that morning, each “simultaneously reading its decree, shouting its Placet and singing its Te Deum,” divided the house on the issue of selecting a site for unification talks with the Church of Constantinople. The council that claimed the authority to rule Christianity in concordantia catholica (in universal harmony), the council that proclaimed its primacy over the pope, demonstrated its incapacity to put its claims into practice. Nicholas of Cusa, a prominent figure in the conciliarists' camp and author of the 1433 treatiseConcordantia catholica, the declaration by which the council intended to reassert its supremacy over the papacy, was on the side of the minority that morning. On this occasion the learned conciliarist found himself in the unusual position of supporting Pope Eugenius IV. What had caused his change of mind, or heart, or, at least, position? Had Cusa indeed changed, or beneath this apparent conversion was he constant in his convictions?
Where Was Your Church before Luther? Claims for the Antiquity of Protestantism Examined
Authors: Barnett S. J.
Published: April 2006

During and after the Reformation, one of the most pressing issues for Protestants was to locate an appropriate answer to a disarmingly simple Catholic question: where was your church before Luther? Catholic propagandists hoped to undermine the legitimacy of Protestantism by contrasting its evident novelty against the relative antiquity of Roman Catholicism. Implicit in the charge of novelty was the accusation that Protestantism represented only a counterfeit religion. The Reformed religion was considered to be but an invention of iniquitous religious charlatans who—in league with monarchs and aristocrats—were exploiting religious credulity for material and sexual ends. Under cover of religion, they were advancing their own political power, plundering the wealth of the church and turning their backs upon the moral code of Christianity. Catholic apologists usually designated Luther and Calvin as Manichean heretics—from the thirdcentury dualist heresy of Manes.
Ketoprofen nanoparticle gels formed by evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution
Authors: Chen Xiaoxia , Lo Connie Yueh‐Lin , Sarkari Marazban , Williams Robert O. , Johnston Keith P.
Published: April 2006

Aqueous nanoparticle gels of a poorly‐water soluble drug, ketoprofen, were produced by evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution (EPAS). Liquid droplets of surfactant stabilized ketoprofen containing residual solvent were dispersed in water from 60 to 90°C below the melting point of pure ketoprofen. The carboxylic acid group in ketoprofen dissociates in pure water, providing electrostatic stabilization of the droplets to complement steric stabilization. Stable amorphous ketoprofen particles with a mean size of 135 nm, measured by dynamic light scattering, were formed with only 0.1% w/v poloxamer 407, resulting in an exceptionally high drug‐to‐surfactant ratio of 10:1. For 5% w/v poloxamer 407, interactions with ketoprofen produced a bluish, transparent gel composed of ∼50 nm particles. In 2 min, 98% of the ketoprofen in the gel nanoparticles dissolved. The favorable interactions between the ketoprofen and poloxamer 407, along with the electrostatic and steric stabilization, lead to gelation, which further stabilizes the unusually small particles. The rapidly dissolving wet gels with extremely small particle sizes, one month stability, and relatively low viscosities, are of interest in transdermal and parenteral delivery; furthermore, the gels may be dried for oral delivery. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Studies on production of polypropylene filaments with increased temperature stability
Authors: Mukhopadhyay S. , Deopura B. L. , Alagirusamy R.
Published: April 2006

High Modulus high tenacity polypropylene filaments have been prepared by drawing them on a heater with a gradient of temperature. The thermal properties have been analyzed, and the effects of nature of the gradient and end temperatures on thermal properties of the filament have been investigated for such filaments. Low shrinkage values even at 150°C, high retention of storage modulus in dynamic mechanical analyses and very low change in length in thermomechanical analyses have been the characteristic of the gradient drawn filaments. The filaments have high crystallinity, crystal perfection, and crystal orientation. In addition, the reported process has the advantage of being continuous in nature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 838–842, 2006
Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of natural rubber‐graft‐N‐(4‐aminodiphenyl methane) acrylamide as an antioxidant
Authors: El‐Wakil A. A.
Published: April 2006

The synthesis of N‐(4‐aminodiphenylmethane) acrylamide (ADPMA) was performed through the reaction of 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane and acryloyl chloride in the presence of triethyl amine. The grafting of ADPMA onto natural rubber was executed with UV radiation. Benzoyl peroxide was used to initiate the free‐radical grafting copolymerization. Natural rubber‐graft‐N‐(4‐aminodiphenyl methane) acrylamide (NR‐g‐ADPMA) was characterized with an IR technique. We studied the effect of aging on the mechanical properties and the swelling and extraction phenomena for acrylonitrile–butadiene copolymer (NBR) vulcanizates, which contained the prepared NR‐g‐ADPMA and a commercial antioxidant, N‐isopropyl‐N′‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine. The prepared antioxidant enhanced both the mechanical properties of the NBR vulcanizates and the permanence of the ingredients in these vulcanizates. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 843–849, 2006
Electrosyntheses and characterization of poly(5‐bromoindole) in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate
Authors: Xu Jingkun , Hou Jian , Pu Shouzhi , Nie Guangming , Zhang Shusheng
Published: April 2006

Poly(5‐bromoindole) (PBrI) films were synthesized electrochemically by direct oxidation of 5‐bromoindole in pure boron trifluoride diethyl etherate. The oxidation potential of 5‐bromoindole in this medium was measured to be only 0.97 V vs. saturated calomel electrode, which was lower than that determined in acetonitrile + 0.1 mol L−1 Bu4NBF4 (1.08 V). PBrI films obtained from this medium showed good electrochemical behavior and good thermal stability. Structural studies showed that the polymerization of 5‐bromoindole ring occurred at 2,3 position. As‐formed PBrI films were thoroughly soluble in strong polar solvent dimethylsulfoxide and partly soluble in tetrahydrofuran. Fluorescent spectral studies indicated that PBrI was a good blue‐light emitter. The excitation and emission spectra of PBrI showed a significant shift to longer wavelength compared with that of the monomer, consistent with the greater extent of electron delocalization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 539–547, 2006
Breast cancer incidence in U.S. radiologic technologists
Authors: Doody Michele Morin , Freedman D. Michal , Alexander Bruce H. , Hauptmann Michael , Miller Jeremy S. , Rao R. Sowmya , Mabuchi Kiyohiko , Ron Elaine , Sigurdson Alice J. , Linet Martha S.
Published: April 2006

BACKGROUND

Studies of atomic bomb survivors and medically exposed populations have demonstrated an increased risk of breast cancer associated with acute or protracted, intermediate‐dose or high‐dose, ionizing radiation; however, the risks associated with low‐dose and low‐dose‐rate (protracted) exposures are less certain.

METHODS

The authors evaluated incident breast cancer risks from 1983 to 1998 according to employment characteristics and a 4‐level proxy index for cumulative radiation exposure based on 2 mail surveys among 56,436 U.S. female radiologic technologists who were certified from 1925 to 1980, adjusting for established breast cancer risk factors.

RESULTS

During follow‐up, 1050 new breast cancer diagnoses were ascertained. Compared with radiologic technologists who began working in 1970 or later, adjusted breast cancer risks for those who first worked in the 1960s, 1950s, 1940s, from 1935 to 1939, and before 1935 were 1.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8‐1.2), 1.2 (95% CI, 0.9‐1.6), 1.0 (95% CI, 0.7‐1.5), 1.8 (95% CI, 1.0‐3.2), and 2.9 (95% CI, 1.3‐6.2), respectively. The risk rose with the number of years worked before 1940 (P value for trend = .002) and was elevated significantly among those who began working before age 17 years (relative risk, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3‐5.1; 10 women) but was not related to the total years worked in the 1940s or later. Compared with technologists who had a Level 1 (minimal) proxy index for cumulative radiation exposure, breast cancer risks were 1.0 (95% CI, 0.9‐1.2), 1.0 (95% CI, 0.7‐1.3), and 1.5 (95% CI, 1.0‐2.2), respectively, for technologists who had Level 2, Level 3, and Level 4 (highest) exposure.

CONCLUSIONS

Breast cancer risk was elevated significantly in female radiologic technologists who experienced daily low‐dose radiation exposures over several years that potentially resulted in appreciable cumulative exposure. The increased risk for total years worked before 1940, but not later, was consistent with decreasing occupational radiation exposures, improvements in radiation technology, and more stringent radiation protection standards over time. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Enhancing the quality of teaching in higher education in Finland: The case of the University of Helsinki
Authors: Lindblom‐Ylänne Sari
Published: April 2006

In Finland, quality enhancement is an area of great institutional autonomy.
General Synthesis of Two‐Dimensional Patterned Conducting Polymer‐Nanobowl Sheet via Chemical Polymerization
Authors: Chen Jingyu , Chao Danming , Lu Xiaofeng , Zhang Wanjin , Manohar Sanjeev. K.
Published: April 2006

Summary: A general method for the generation of two‐dimensional (2D) ordered, large‐area, and liftable conducting polymer‐nanobowl sheet has been demonstrated via chemical polymerization for the first time. The sheet is made using the monolayer self‐assembled from polystyrene (PS) spheres at the aqueous/air interface as template, followed by depositing conducting polymer on the part of PS monolayer submerging in the aqueous phase via chemical polymerization, and core extraction. During the process of polymerization, no substrate is required, which caused the as‐prepared patterned conducting polymer sheet can be easily lifted‐off and deposited, in full size, on any flat substrate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum were used to characterize the products.

Morphology of the polyaniline‐CSA nanobowl sheet.

magnified image

Morphology of the polyaniline‐CSA nanobowl sheet.
Geschichte der Therapie des Morbus Parkinson: Fast 200 Jahre keine kausale Therapie
Authors: Götz Wolfgang
Published: April 2006

Die Geschichte der Behandlung von Parkinson‐Patienten ist bis heute davon geprägt, dass die Ursache der Erkrankung unbekannt ist. Alle Bemühungen sind deshalb darauf ausgerichtet, den Betroffenen und ihrem Umfeld zu einer optimierten Lebensqualität zu verhelfen. Mit dem wachsenden Verständnis über die biochemischen Veränderungen im Gehirn der von dieser Krankheit Betroffenen gelang es bald, hochwirksame Mittel bereitzustellen. Auf diesem Weg sind in den letzten 40 Jahren, beginnend mit der Einführung von L‐DOPA in den Arzneischatz, große Erfolge erzielt worden. Die einzelnen Stationen – die Entwicklung der Agonisten vor allem, aber auch die der NMDA‐Rezeptorantagonisten, der MAO B‐ und der COMT‐Hemmer – werden beschrieben. Die nicht‐medikamentösen Therapien spielen eine bedeutende Rolle, die aus Patientensicht wichtiger ist als es die bisherigen Darstellungen widerspiegeln. An vielen Stellen, auch bei der Besprechung der neurochirurgischen Möglichkeiten, sollte zumindest andeutungsweise sichtbar werden, dass die Geschichte der Parkinson‐Therapie eine Geschichte der Anwendung des “Prinzips Hoffnung” ist.
Indian Primary Hyperparathyroidism Patients with Parathyroid Carcinoma do not Differ in Clinicoinvestigative Characteristics from Those with Benign Parathyroid Pathology
Authors: Agarwal Gaurav , Prasad Kaushal K. , Kar Dilip K , Krishnani Narendra , Pandey Rakesh , Mishra Saroj K.
Published: April 2006

Introduction

No foolproof preoperative diagnostic indicators of parathyroid carcinoma (PC) exist in absence of nonskeletal metastases. Palpable parathyroid tumor, advanced skeletal and renal manifestations, and very high serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels are considered strong predictors. Most of these features are common in Indian primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients although only few have PC. The aim of this study was to identify dependable clinicoinvestigative predictors of PC in Indian PHPT patients.

Materials and Methods

Clinical, biochemical, radiological, and densitometric attributes of 100 PHPT patients who underwent successful parathyroidectomy (1990–2004) were studied. Various parameters of patient groups with parathyroid adenoma (n = 84), primary hyperplasia (n = 12), and carcinoma (n = 4) were compared using ANOVA, with P value < 0.05 considered significant.

Results

Mean age of patients was 37.4 years, with no difference in the 3 groups (P = 0.92). Patients in 3 groups had comparably severe bone disease; 36 had coexistent renal disease. Two patients with PC and 27 (32%) with adenoma had palpable parathyroid tumor. None of the biochemical parameters predicted malignant pathology. Mean tumor weight (milligram) in carcinoma patients (15,080 ± 5,638.02) was significantly higher than those with adenoma (5,724 ± 1,257.9) (P = 0.002). Postoperative course and recovery in carcinoma patients were similar to those with adenoma. In follow‐up (mean: 33 months), none of the adenoma patients were found to have persistent/recurrent PHPT attributable to missed PC.

Conclusion

Indian patients with parathyroid adenoma, hyperplasia, and carcinoma were not found to differ in their clinical, biochemical, and pathological characteristics except for significantly higher tumor weight in the carcinoma group.
Short‐term effects of thinning and liming on forest soils of pitch pine and Japanese larch plantations in central Korea
Authors: Hwang Jaehong , Son Yowhan
Published: April 2006

The influences of thinning (50% of standing density) and liming (Ca+Mg, 2 Mg ha−1) on soil chemical properties were investigated for 2 years (2001, 2002) in 40‐year‐old pitch pine (Pinus rigidaMill.) and 44‐year‐old Japanese larch (Larix leptolepisGord.) plantations established on similar soils. In general, soil properties varied significantly among plantations and treatments. For both plantations, thinning significantly increased soil organic C (SOC) concentrations whereas there were no significant changes in soil pH and Ca and Mg concentrations. In addition, thinning increased total soil N and Na concentrations for the pitch pine plantation and available P concentration for the Japanese larch plantation in the second year after the treatment. Liming did not affect soil chemical characteristics for the pitch pine plantation except for Na concentration. However, for the Japanese larch plantation, liming significantly increased soil pH and K, Ca and Mg concentrations and decreased SOC and total soil N concentrations. For both plantations, soil Al concentration did not change after thinning and liming and decreased exponentially with increased pH values. The increases in SOC and total soil N concentrations after thinning were possibly due to increases in decomposition of organic matter and root death. Although differences were not statistically significant, soil available P concentration tended to increase at early stages of liming for both plantations. These results suggested that thinning and liming seemed to regulate soil chemical properties for pitch pine and Japanese larch plantations established on similar soils.
Inhibition of vacuolar‐type (H+)‐ATPase by the cytostatic macrolide apicularen A and its role in apicularen A‐induced apoptosis in RAW 264.7 cells
Authors: Hong JangJa , Yokomakura Aya , Nakano Yasuhiro , Ishihara Kenji , Kaneda Makoto , Onodera Mitsue , Nakahama Ken-ichi , Morita Ikuo , Niikura Kazuaki , Ahn Jong-Woong , Zee OkPyo , Ohuchi Kazuo
Published: April 2006

Apicularen A and the known vacuolar‐type (H+)‐ATPase (V‐ATPase) inhibitor bafilomycin A1induced apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cells, while apicularen B, anN‐acetyl‐glucosamine glycoside of apicularen A, was far less effective. Apicularen A inhibited vital staining with acridine orange of the intracellular organelles of RAW 264.7 cells, inhibited the ATP‐dependent proton transport into inside‐out microsome vesicles, and inhibited the bafilomycin A1‐sensitive ATP hydrolysis. The IC50values of the proton transport were 0.58 nM for apicularen A, 13 nM for apicularen B, and 0.95 nM for bafilomycin A1. Furthermore, apicularen A inhibited the bafilomycin A1‐sensitive ATP hydrolysis more potently than apicularen B. F‐ATPase and P‐ATPase were not inhibited by apicularen A. We concluded that apicularen A inhibits V‐ATPase, and thus induces apoptosis in RAW 264.7 cells.
“THE ABYSS OF PHILOSOPHY”: ROUSSEAU'S CONCEPT OF FREEDOM
Authors: MILLER JAMES
Published: April 2006

The action of the soul on the body is the abyss of philosophy in the constitution of man, just as the action of the general will on the public force is the abyss of politics in the constitution of the State.
Kurzgefasste Intelligenzdiagnostik bei Hirntumoren
Authors: Ottensmeier Holger , Galley Niels , Rutkowski Stefan , Kühl† Joachim
Published: April 2006

Zusammenfassung. Eine kurze neuropsychologisch orientierte Intelligenzdiagnostik stellt einen notwendigen Bestandteil jeder Befunderhebung bei Kindern mit zerebralen Erkrankungen dar und ist z. B. bei Hirntumoren notwendig, um Leistungsbeeinträchtigungen durch den Tumor beschreiben und eine Risikoabschätzung der Behandlungskonsequenzen durchführen zu können. Die Würzburger Psychologische Kurz-Diagnostik (WÜP-KD) ist ein Screening-Instrument, um mentale Funktionen in ca. einer Zeitstunde zu untersuchen. Diese Kurz-Intelligenzdiagnostik ist in ihren wesentlichen Teilen leicht anwendbar und wenig belastend für das Kind. Auch schwer erkrankte Kinder sind so im Behandlungsverlauf untersuchbar. Aus diesem Grund erfasst der WÜP-KD über den IQ hinaus die sensomotorischen und feinmotorischen Funktionen, die Reaktionsfähigkeit und die Aufmerksamkeit. Erste Vergleiche des Kurztests mit der K-ABC zeigen in Regressionsanalysen gute Varianzaufklärungen wesentlicher Parameter der K-ABC. Die Auswahl der Tests erfolgte unter Berücksichtigung des CHC-Intelligenzmodells.
Simultaneous carbon nanotube root and stem growth from a single buried catalyst layer
Authors: Song Youngsik , Choi Jaewu
Published: April 2006

Carbon nanotube roots and stems were simultaneously synthesized from a typical multilayer for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor fabrication with a single buried nickel layer at 600°C. Layer structure-dependent carbon nanotube growth behavior was investigated in Ni∕Ti and Ti∕Ni structures on silicon and silicon oxide substrates. Miscible and reactive properties among layers show unique growth behavior and interface properties between carbon nanotube and support. A simultaneous growth mechanism of carbon nanotube roots and stems is also proposed.
School level at 10 years of age in children who required neonatal intensive care in 1980–1989
Authors: JENNISCHE MARGARETA , SEDIN GUNNAR
Published: April 2006

School level at age 10 was studied in two cohorts of children who had required neonatal intensive care (NIC): cohort 1, children born 1980–1985 (n=310); and cohort 2, children born 1986–1989 (n=245); and two control groups. More than 80% of all NIC children of both cohorts attended the appropriate mainstream grade 3 or 4; 12.9% of cohort 1 and 6.8% of cohort 2 were in mainstream grade 2. Six per cent of both cohorts received special education. Among very preterm children (23–31 gestational weeks), 73.5% of cohort 1 and 80.3% of cohort 2 attended grades 3 and 4, while 22.9% and 12.1%, respectively, were in grade 2. Assistance (remedial teaching, personal assistant or special teaching group) was given to 42.4% of cohort 1 in the mainstream (grades 2, 3 and 4) and to 38.2% of cohort 2 in the mainstream. In cohort 2, more very preterm girls than matched controls received assistance (p<0.05); no corresponding difference was found in very preterm boys. Most children with congenital malformations received assistance in mainstream education or received special education.

Conclusion: Most NIC children are in mainstream school classes at age 10. Twelve to 23% of very preterm children are 1 y behind. Many NIC children in the school mainstream need assistance at school, but the proportion of children in mainstream education increases markedly with time.
Modelling cytomegalovirus replication patterns in the human host: factors important for pathogenesis
Authors: Regoes Roland R , Frances Bowen E , Cope Alethea V , Gor Dehila , Hassan-Walker Aycan F , Grant Prentice H , Johnson Margaret A , Sweny Paul , Burroughs Andrew K , Griffiths Paul D , Bonhoeffer Sebastian , Emery Vincent C
Published: April 2006

Human cytomegalovirus can cause a diverse range of diseases in different immunocompromised hosts. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying these diseases have not been fully elucidated, though the maximal viral load during infection is strongly correlated with the disease. However, concentrating on single viral load measures during infection ignores valuable information contained during the entire replication history up to the onset of disease. We use a statistical model that allows all viral load data sampled during infection to be analysed, and have applied it to four immunocompromised groups exhibiting five distinct cytomegalovirus-related diseases. The results show that for all diseases, peaks in viral load contribute less to disease progression than phases of low virus load with equal amount of viral turnover. The model accurately predicted the time of disease onset for fever, gastrointestinal disease and pneumonitis but not for hepatitis and retinitis, implying that other factors may be involved in the pathology of these diseases.
Vocal performance influences male receiver response in the banded wren
Authors: Illes Anya E , Hall Michelle L , Vehrencamp Sandra L
Published: April 2006

In a variety of songbirds the production of trilled song elements is constrained by a performance tradeoff between how fast a bird can repeat trill units (trill rate) and the range of frequencies each unit can span (frequency bandwidth). High-performance trills serve as an assessment signal for females, but little is known about the signal value of vocal performance for male receivers. We investigated the relationship between trill rate and frequency bandwidth in banded wren (Thryothorus pleurostictus) songs. Trilled song elements showed the same performance tradeoff found in other passerines and individuals differed in performance of some trill types. We tested the hypothesis that males of this species assess each other based on trill performance with a two-speaker experiment, in which territory owners were presented with alternating renditions of the same song type manipulated to differ in trill rate. Subjects were significantly more likely to approach the faster trill stimulus first. However, subjects that received trill types closer to the performance limit spent less time close to the fast speaker. Our results show that male banded wrens discriminate and respond differently to songs based on their vocal performance. Thus, performance of physically challenging songs may be important in intra- as well as inter-sexual assessment.
A comparative clinical study between 2 weeks of luliconazole 1% cream treatment and 4 weeks of bifonazole 1% cream treatment for tinea pedis
Authors: Watanabe Shinichi , Takahashi Hisashi , Nishikawa Takeji , Takiuchi Iwao , Higashi Nobuhiko , Nishimoto Katsutaro , Kagawa Saburo , Yamaguchi Hideyo , Ogawa Hideoki
Published: April 2006

The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of luliconazole 1% cream and bifonazole 1% cream as applied in the treatment of tinea pedis (interdigital‐type and plantar‐type). A multi‐clinic, randomised single‐blind, parallel group study with 34 hospitals and 11 clinics formed the study design. Five hundred and eleven patients with mycologically confirmed tinea pedis were included. Of the 489 evaluable patients, 247 were randomised to luliconazole, and 242 to bifonazole. Luliconazole 1% cream applied once a day for 2 weeks, followed by a placebo cream for 2 weeks, thereafter. Bifonazole 1% cream applied once a day for 4 weeks. Mycological effect (negative result on microscopy) and improvement of skin lesions were measured at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4. Safety frequency and severity of adverse reactions were also measured. The improvement of skin lesions after 4 weeks was comparably good with rates of 91.5% vs. 91.7% (luliconazole vs. bifonazole). The mycological effect was characterised by high negative rates of 76.1% vs. 75.9% (luliconazole vs. bifonazole). The progression of tinea‐related signs and symptom scores differed insignificantly between evaluated luliconazole and bifonazole treatment groups comprising a total of 500 patients. Both substances appeared to be comparably safe and well‐tolerated.
Duration and outcome of persistent candidaemia in newborn infants
Authors: Levy Itzhak , Shalit Itamar , Askenazi Shai , Klinger Gil , Sirota Lea , Linder Nehama
Published: April 2006

The aims of the study were to define the duration of candidaemia in newborn infants and to determine the incidence of persistent hospital‐acquired candidaemia and its associated morbidity and mortality compared with non‐persistent candidaemia. This retrospective study, included 56 neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from 1996 to 2000 who had one or more positive blood cultures for Candida spp. The most prevalent pathogen was Candida albicans (64.3%). Mean disease duration was 6.9 ± 5.5 days (median 6 days). Twenty‐nine patients (52%) had a positive blood culture for >5 days (persistent candidaemia). There were no statistically significant differences between the infants with persistent and non‐persistent candidaemia in background or predisposing clinical factors. Fungal endocarditis was present in four patients (13.7%) with persistent disease and one patient (3.7%) with non‐persistent disease (odds ratio 4.19), and uveitis developed in one patient. Ten patients (17.8%) died – five with persistent and five with non‐persistent disease (P = 1.0). These findings indicate that persistent neonatal candidaemia may be associated with an increased risk of Candida endocarditis, but not with other complications or increased mortality.
Orchestrating interdependence in an international online learning community
Authors: Hudson Brian , Hudson Alison , Steel John
Published: April 2006

This paper focuses on research into the student experience as participants in the development of an international online community. The background context for this is an international master’s programme and the specific context for the research is a module on Digital Media Applications (DMA), which are outlined. The programme design emphasises peer and formative assessment practices and the pedagogical approach aims to foster group collaboration in international teams. Following an overview of the research methods adopted, a number of emergent themes from the data analysis of student diaries are discussed, including issues of language, culture and identity. In conclusion, we offer some reflections on these issues and discuss the underpinning assumptions (in relation to assessment practices in particular) that have given direction to our subsequent ongoing research and development.
Identification of phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase gene expression in stellate ganglia and its modulation by stress
Authors: Kubovcakova L. , Micutkova L. , Bartosova Z. , Sabban E. L. , Krizanova O. , Kvetnansky R.
Published: April 2006

Phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT, EC 2.1.1.28) is the terminal enzyme of the catecholaminergic pathway converting noradrenaline to adrenaline. Although preferentially localized in adrenal medulla, evidence exists that PNMT activity and gene expression are also present in the rat heart, kidney, spleen, lung, skeletal muscle, thymus, retina and different parts of the brain. However, data concerning PNMT gene expression in sympathetic ganglia are still missing. In this study, our effort was focused on identification of PNMT mRNA and/or protein in stellate ganglia and, if present, testing the effect of stress on PNMT mRNA and protein levels in this type of ganglia. We identified both PNMT mRNA and protein in stellate ganglia of rats and mice, although in much smaller amounts compared with adrenal medulla. PNMT gene expression and protein levels were also increased after repeated stress exposure in stellate ganglia of rats and wild‐type mice. Similarly to adrenal medulla, the immobilization‐induced increase was probably regulated by glucocorticoids, as determined indirectly using corticotropin‐releasing hormone knockout mice, where immobilization‐induced increase of PNMT mRNA was suppressed. Thus, glucocorticoids might play an important role in regulation of PNMT gene expression in stellate ganglia under stress conditions.
Antipsychotic‐like profile of thioperamide, a selective H3‐receptor antagonist in mice
Authors: Akhtar Mohd , Uma Devi P. , Ali Atif , Pillai K.K. , Vohora Divya
Published: April 2006

Experimental and clinical evidence points to a role of central histaminergic system in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The present study was designed to study the effect of histamine H3‐receptor ligands on neuroleptic‐induced catalepsy, apomorphine‐induced climbing behavior and amphetamine‐induced locomotor activities in mice. Catalepsy was induced by haloperidol (2 mg/kg p.o.), while apomorphine (1.5 mg/kg s.c.) and amphetamine (2 mg/kg s.c.) were used for studying climbing behavior and locomotor activities, respectively. (R)‐α‐methylhistamine (RAMH) (5 μg i.c.v.) and thioperamide (THP) (15 mg/kg i.p.), per se did not cause catalepsy. Administration of THP (3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg/kg i.p.) 1 h prior to haloperidol resulted in a dose‐dependent increase in the catalepsy times (P < 0.05). However, pretreatment with RAMH significantly reversed such an effect of THP (15 mg/kg i.p.). RAMH per se showed significant reduction in locomotor time, distance traveled and average speed but THP (15 mg/kg i.p.) per se had no effect on these parameters. On amphetamine‐induced hyperactivity, THP (3.75 and 7.5 mg/kg i.p.) reduced locomotor time, distance traveled and average speed (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with RAMH (5 μg i.c.v.) could partially reverse such effects of THP (3.75 mg/kg i.p.). Climbing behavior induced by apomorphine was reduced in animals treated with THP. Such an effect was, however, reversed in presence of RAMH. THP exhibited an antipsychotic‐like profile by potentiating haloperidol‐induced catalepsy, reducing amphetamine‐induced hyperactivity and reducing apomorphine‐induced climbing in mice. Such effects of THP were reversed by RAMH indicating the involvement of histamine H3‐receptors. Findings suggest a potential for H3‐receptor antagonists in improving the refractory cases of schizophrenia.
A Correlation for Interfacial Heat Transfer Coefficient for Turbulent Flow Over an Array of Square Rods
Authors: Saito Marcelo B. , de Lemos Marcelo J. S.
Published: April 2006

Interfacial heat transfer coefficients in a porous medium modeled as a staggered array of square rods are numerically determined. High and low Reynolds k-ϵ turbulence models are used in conjunction of a two-energy equation model, which includes distinct transport equations for the fluid and the solid phases. The literature has documented proposals for macroscopic energy equation modeling for porous media considering the local thermal equilibrium hypothesis and laminar flow. In addition, two-energy equation models have been proposed for conduction and laminar convection in packed beds. With the aim of contributing to new developments, this work treats turbulent heat transport modeling in porous media under the local thermal nonequilibrium assumption. Macroscopic time-average equations for continuity, momentum, and energy are presented based on the recently established double decomposition concept (spatial deviations and temporal fluctuations of flow properties). The numerical technique employed for discretizing the governing equations is the control volume method. Turbulent flow results for the macroscopic heat transfer coefficient, between the fluid and solid phase in a periodic cell, are presented.
Preclinical Differentiation between Apparently Safe and Potentially Hepatotoxic Applications of TRAIL Either Alone or in Combination with Chemotherapeutic Drugs
Authors: Ganten Tom M. , Koschny Ronald , Sykora Jaromir , Schulze-Bergkamen Henning , Büchler Peter , Haas Tobias L. , Schader Manuela B. , Untergasser Andreas , Stremmel Wolfgang , Walczak Henning
Published: April 2006

Purpose: Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis–inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo2L) exhibits potent antitumor activity on systemic administration in nonhuman primates without deleterious side effects for normal tissue. However, there is a controversy about the potential toxicity of TRAIL on human hepatocytes. The use of different recombinant TRAIL forms only partially explains the contradicting reports on TRAIL sensitivity in primary human hepatocytes (PHH).

Experimental Design: To clarify this issue, we comprehensively tested four different recombinant forms of TRAIL for their apoptosis-inducing capacity on PHH obtained from a total of 55 human livers between day 1 and day 8 of in vitro culture.

Results: One day after single-cell isolation, all but one recombinant form of TRAIL [i.e., an untagged form of TRAIL (TRAIL.0)] induced apoptosis in PHH. Apoptosis induction by TRAIL in these cells could only be fully inhibited by concomitant blockade of TRAIL receptor 1 and TRAIL receptor 2. At day 4 of in vitro culture, when surrogate markers indicated optimal hepatocyte in vitro function, only high doses of cross-linked FLAG-TRAIL killed PHH whereas the other three recombinant TRAIL forms did not. Strikingly, cotreatment of day 4 PHH with cisplatin sensitized for TRAIL-induced apoptosis whereas 5-fluorouracil, etoposide, gemcitabine, irinotecan, or oxaliplatin, which are commonly used in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers, did not.

Conclusion: Our data show that whereas TRAIL alone or together with selected chemotherapeutic drugs seems to be safe, the combination of TRAIL with cisplatin is toxic to PHH.
Role of T Lymphocytes and Interferon-γ in Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Yilmaz Gokhan , Arumugam Thiruma V. , Stokes Karen Y. , Granger D. Neil
Published: April 2006

Background—Although lymphocyte recruitment and activation are associated with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, the contributions of specific lymphocyte subpopulations and lymphocyte-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ) to stroke remain unknown. The objectives of this study were to define the contribution of specific populations of lymphocytes to the inflammatory and prothrombogenic responses elicited in the cerebral microvasculature by I/R and to investigate the role of T-cell–associated IFN-γ in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.

Methods and Results—Middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced for 1 hour (followed by 4 or 24 hours of reperfusion) in wild-type mice and mice deficient in lymphocytes (Rag1−/−), CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, B cells, or IFN-γ. Platelet and leukocyte adhesion was assessed in cortical venules with intravital video microscopy. Neurological deficit and infarct volume were determined 24 hours after reperfusion. Rag1−/−, CD4+T-cell−/−, CD8+T-cell−/−, and IFN-γ−/−mice exhibited comparable significant reductions in I/R-induced leukocyte and platelet adhesion compared with wild-type mice exposed to I/R. Infarct volume was reduced and I/R-induced neurological deficit was improved in immunodeficient Rag1−/−mice. These protective responses were reversed in Rag1−/−mice reconstituted with either wild-type or, to a lesser extent, IFN-γ−/−splenocytes. B-cell–deficient mice failed to show improvement against ischemic stroke injury.

Conclusions—These findings indicate that CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes, but not B lymphocytes, contribute to the inflammatory and thrombogenic responses, brain injury, and neurological deficit associated with experimental stroke. Although IFN-γ plays a pivotal role in stroke-induced inflammatory responses, T lymphocytes appear to be a minor source of this cytokine.
Bayesian Approach to Decision Making Using Ensemble Weather Forecasts
Authors: Katz Richard W. , Ehrendorfer Martin
Published: April 2006

The economic value of ensemble-based weather or climate forecasts is generally assessed by taking the ensembles at “face value.” That is, the forecast probability is estimated as the relative frequency of occurrence of an event among a limited number of ensemble members. Despite the economic value of probability forecasts being based on the concept of decision making under uncertainty, in effect, the decision maker is assumed to ignore the uncertainty in estimating this probability. Nevertheless, many users are certainly aware of the uncertainty inherent in a limited ensemble size. Bayesian prediction is used instead in this paper, incorporating such additional forecast uncertainty into the decision process. The face-value forecast probability estimator would correspond to a Bayesian analysis, with a prior distribution on the actual forecast probability only being appropriate if it were believed that the ensemble prediction system produces perfect forecasts. For the cost–loss decision-making model, the economic value of the face-value estimator can be negative for small ensemble sizes from a prediction system with a level of skill that is not sufficiently high. Further, this economic value has the counterintuitive property of sometimes decreasing as the ensemble size increases. For a more plausible form of prior distribution on the actual forecast probability, which could be viewed as a “recalibration” of face-value forecasts, the Bayesian estimator does not exhibit this unexpected behavior. Moreover, it is established that the effects of ensemble size on the reliability, skill, and economic value have been exaggerated by using the face-value, instead of the Bayesian, estimator.
Development of a Predictive Pharmacokinetic Model for a Novel Cyclooxygenase‐2 Inhibitor
Authors: Kastrissios H. , Rohatagi S. , Moberly J. , Truitt K. , Gao Y. , Wada R. , Takahashi M. , Kawabata K. , Salazar D.
Published: April 2006

A predictive population pharmacokinetic model was developed for a novel cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitor CS‐706, using data from 130 subjects in 3 phase 1 trials after single or multiple doses of CS‐706 (2‐ to 800‐mg doses daily, up to 14 days) and validated using sparse data from a separate study. A 2‐compartment model described the data. Typical apparent clearance (CL/F) was 47.2 L/h and was reduced by 43% at doses greater than 200 mg. Apparent clearance was decreased by 38% in female subjects and by 64% and 15%, respectively, in poor/intermediate CYP 2D6 and poor CYP 2C9 metabolizers. Typical apparent volume of the central compartment was 166 L and increased with body weight. Bioavailability increased by 42% after nighttime doses and decreased saturably with increasing dose (50% reduction at 221 mg). Predicted exposures in Japanese subjects were reduced relative to whites because of a lower frequency of poor metabolizers. The model may aid in optimizing the design of future studies and predicting exposures in other subpopulations.
Enhancing the comparability of costing methods: cross-country variability in the prices of non-traded inputs to health programmes
Authors: Johns Benjamin , Adam Taghreed , Evans David B
Published: April 2006

Background

National and international policy makers have been increasing their focus on developing strategies to enable poor countries achieve the millennium development goals. This requires information on the costs of different types of health interventions and the resources needed to scale them up, either singly or in combinations. Cost data also guides decisions about the most appropriate mix of interventions in different settings, in view of the increasing, but still limited, resources available to improve health.

Many cost and cost-effectiveness studies include only the costs incurred at the point of delivery to beneficiaries, omitting those incurred at other levels of the system such as administration, media, training and overall management. The few studies that have measured them directly suggest that they can sometimes account for a substantial proportion of total costs, so that their omission can result in biased estimates of the resources needed to run a programme or the relative cost-effectiveness of different choices. However, prices of different inputs used in the production of health interventions can vary substantially within a country. Basing cost estimates on a single price observation runs the risk that the results are based on an outlier observation rather than the typical costs of the input.

Methods

We first explore the determinants of the observed variation in the prices of selected "non-traded" intermediate inputs to health programmes – printed matter and media advertising, and water and electricity – accounting for variation within and across countries. We then use the estimated relationship to impute average prices for countries where limited data are available with uncertainty intervals.

Results

Prices vary across countries with GDP per capita and a number of determinants of supply and demand. Media and printing were inelastic with respect to GDP per capita, with a positive correlation, while the utilities had a surprisingly negative relationship. All equations had relatively good fits with the data.

Conclusion

While the preferred option is to derive costs from a random sample of prices in each setting, this option is often not available to analysts. In this case, we suggest that the approach described in this paper could represent a better option than basing policy recommendations on results that are built on the basis of a single, or a few, price observations.
Structure and Conducting Properties of BDT-TTP Salts
Authors: Misaki Yohji , Fujiwara Hideki , Yamabe Tokio , Mori Takehiko , Mori Hatsumi , Tanaka Shoji
Published: April 2006

Many cation radical salts of BDT-TTP (2,5-bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-1,3,4,6-tetrathiapentalene) showed metallic conducting behavior down to 0.6–1.2 K. X-Ray crystal structure analysis of (BDT-TTP)2SbF6 revealed that this salt has a two-dimensional “β-type” arrangement of donor molecules in the conducting sheet.
Sounds From the Vault
Authors: FASS SUNNI
Published: April 2006

Sounds From the Vault. An online exhibition of the Department of Anthropology, The Field Museum.SUNNIFASS
Prehistoric Cultures of North America: The Woodland and Mississippian Traditions
Authors: PLUCKHAHN THOMAS J.
Published: April 2006

Prehistoric Cultures of North America: The Woodland and Mississippian Traditions. An online exhibition of the Logan Museum of Anthropology, Beloit College.THOMAS J.PLUCKHAHN
Drawing on Identity: Inkameep Day School and Art Collection
Authors: RIDINGTON AMBER
Published: April 2006

Drawing on Identity: Inkameep Day School and Art Collection. An online exhibition of the Osoyoos Museum and the Virtual Museum of Canada. Amberridington
Who Saved the Emperor?
Authors: BRANDS HAL
Published: April 2006

The dominant school of literature on the occupation of Japan stresses the role of Supreme Commander Douglas MacArthur in "saving" Hirohito and the imperial institution from the harsh policy intended by officials in Washington and the American public. MacArthur's role in emperor policy was actually much less influential than is commonly believed. Washington's choice to retain Hirohito and the imperial institution evolved out of a wartime assumption that the emperor was central to U.S. plans for postwar Japan and East Asia. Rather than a flash of inspiration from the supreme commander, American policy toward the emperor represented a confluence of motivations that crystallized in the early days of the occupation.
Predictors of IVF Outcome: Markers and Protocols
Authors: Robertson David M
Published: April 2006

Evaluation of: Dynamic assays of inhibin B, anti-Müllerian hormone and estradiol following FSH stimulation and ovarian ultrasonography as predictors of IVF outcome. Hum. Reprod. 20, 3178–3183 (2005) [ 1 ]. Developing better methods for monitoring ovarian function and predicting in vitro fertilization outcome is an area of considerable current interest in the assisted reproductive technology field. This article provides an overview of the current protocols used for assessing ovarian function, as well as examining a range of markers of ovarian follicle quantity and quality.
Uranium Mining and the AEC: The Birth Pangs of a New Industry
Authors: Lang Herbert H.
Published: April 2006

The interrelationship of national security, the Atomic Energy Commission, government financial support, and the birth pangs of a new and growing industry with unusual competitive characteristics are examined in this article.
Business and the Initiation of the Teapot Dome Investigation
Authors: Waller Robert A.
Published: April 2006

One of the most neglected aspects of the celebrated Teapot Dome investigation is the reaction of businessmen in general to these events. This article analyzes the views of the business community to Teapot Dome and reveals how various business interests reacted to the episode.