bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applicability of Polymeric Materials as Phase Change Materials
Authors: Weingrill Helena Marion , Resch‐Fauster Katharina , Zauner Christoph
Published: September 2018

The applicability of more than 70 semi‐crystalline polymer grades with different melting temperatures as phase change materials (PCM) is investigated. Their storage capacity (heat of fusion) and application temperature range (defined by the melting temperature range and the degradation behavior) are analyzed via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Application‐oriented stability investigations (thermal cycling and exposure to static thermal load above the polymer’s melting temperature) are applied on the most promising polymer types. The thermal and thermo‐oxidative degradation behavior is monitored via DSC and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. Different aging phenomena are identified. However, these have only little impact on the polymer’s storage capacity. Therefore, a great potential of polymers as PCM is revealed. Additionally, the economic efficiency of polymers as PCM is estimated and discussed.
Exact solutions for some time‐fractional evolution equations using Lie group theory
Authors: Bira Bibekananda , Raja Sekhar Tungala , Zeidan Dia
Published: September 2018

In this paper, some classes of nonlinear partial fractional differential equations arising in some important physical phenomena are considered. Lie group method is applied to investigate the symmetry group of transformations under which the governing time‐fractional partial differential equation remains invariant. The symmetry generators are used for constructing similarity variables, which leads to a reduced ordinary differential equation of Erdélyi‐Kober fractional derivatives. Furthermore, a particular exact solution for each governing equation(s) is constructed. Moreover, the physical significance of the solution is investigated graphically based on numerical simulations in order to highlight the importance of the study.
Explicit, two‐stage, sixth‐order, hybrid four‐step methods for solving
Authors: Medvedev Maxim A. , Simos T. E. , Tsitouras Ch.
Published: September 2018

A purely interpolatory approach is applied for derivation of methods mentioned in the title. Four parameters remain free and are enough for presenting a method with minimal truncation error and another one of high phase‐lag order. After extended numerical tests in various nonlinear and oscillatory problems, it seems that the new methods outperform similar methods found in the literature.
Norms and lower bounds of some matrix operators on Fibonacci weighted difference sequence space
Authors: İlkhan Merve
Published: September 2018

Norm of an operator T:X→Y is the best possible value of U satisfying the inequality

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma5244:mma5244-math-0001
and lower bound for T is the value of L satisfying the inequality

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma5244:mma5244-math-0002
where ‖.‖X and ‖.‖Y are the norms on the spaces X and Y, respectively. The main goal of this paper is to compute norms and lower bounds for some matrix operators from the weighted sequence space ℓp(w) into a new space called as Fibonacci weighted difference sequence space. For this purpose, we firstly introduce the Fibonacci difference matrix
and the space consisting of sequences whose
‐transforms are in
.
A refined regularity criterion for the strong solution to the Leray‐alpha‐MHD equation
Authors: Chen Xiaoli , Chen Dongxiang
Published: September 2018

This paper establishes a regularity criterion for the strong solution to the Leray‐α‐MHD in Campanato‐Morrey space. We show that if the magnetic field b satisfies the following condition:
the strong solution (v,b) to the 3‐D Leray‐α MHD equation can be extended beyond T > 0. We also prove that if the magnetic field b satisfies
the strong solution (v,b) to the 2‐D Leray‐α MHD equation can be extended beyond T > 0, which extends the results in previous studies.
Lp‐estimates for scalar products of vector fields and their application to electromagnetic theory problems
Authors: Kalinin Aleksey V. , Tyukhtina Alla A.
Published: September 2018

Lp‐estimates for scalar products of vector fields are obtained. The application of these estimates to study the properties of solutions of problems for Maxwell's equations in the stationary and quasi‐stationary magnetic approximation is discussed.
Radiation dosimetry of [131I]ICF01012 in rabbits: Application to targeted radionuclide therapy for human melanoma treatment
Authors: Jouberton Elodie , Perrot Yann , Dirat Béatrice , Billoux Tommy , Auzeloux Philippe , Cachin Florent , Chezal Jean‐Michel , Filaire Marc , Labarre Pierre , Miot‐Noirault Elisabeth , Millardet Corinne , Valla Clémence , Vidal Aurélien , Degoul Françoise , Maigne Lydia
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Dosimetry for melanoma‐targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) with [131I]ICF01012, a melanin ligand, has been previously evaluated in mice bearing melanomas. In this study, activity distribution and dosimetry are performed on healthy rabbits (Fauve de Bourgogne) using SPECT‐CT imaging and ex vivo measurements.

Material and Methods

Ex vivo biodistribution (i.v. injection: 370 kBq/kg, n = 2 per point) is performed on blood, eyes, brain, lung, liver, kidneys, heart, stomach, and spleen. Dosimetry calculations follow the MIRD formalism: S values are calculated from CT images using the GATE Monte Carlo platform and activity distributions are obtained from SPECT‐CT imaging (i.v. injection: 37 MBq/kg n = 3 per point). A specific study is presented to assess dose to human retina.

Results

Time‐integrated activities based on SPECT‐CT are in accordance with ex vivo measurements except for spleen. Doses to liver and eyes are the most significant, with respectively, 6.38 ± 0.50 Gy/GBq (evaluated through SPECT‐CT imaging) and 45.8 ± 7.9 Gy/GBq (evaluated through ex vivo measurements). Characterization of ocular [131I]ICF01012 biodistribution in rabbits and quantification of melanin allowed to assess a dose of 3.07 ± 0.70 Gy/GBq to human retina.

Conclusion

This study sustains [131I]ICF01012 as a good candidate for melanoma TRT and open perspectives for personalized dosimetry calculation during phase I clinical transfer.
Technical Note: In vivo Young's modulus mapping of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma during HIFU ablation using harmonic motion elastography (HME)
Authors: Nabavizadeh Alireza , Payen Thomas , Saharkhiz Niloufar , McGarry Matthew , Olive Kenneth P. , Konofagou Elisa E.
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Noninvasive quantitative assessment of coagulated tissue during high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation is one of the essential steps for tumor treatment, especially in such cases as the Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDA) that has low probability of diagnosis at the early stages and high probability of forming solid carcinomas resistant to chemotherapy treatment at the late stages.

Methods

Harmonic motion elastography (HME) is a technique for the localized estimation of tumor stiffness. This harmonic motion imaging (HMI)‐based technique is designed to map the tissue Young's modulus or stiffness noninvasively. A focused ultrasound (FUS) transducer generates an oscillating, acoustic radiation force in its focal region. The two‐dimensional (2D) shear wave speed, and consequently the Young's modulus maps, is generated by tracking the radio frequency (RF) signals acquired at high frame rates. By prolonging the sonication for more than 50 s using the same methodology, the 2D Young's modulus maps are reconstructed while HIFU is applied and ablation is formed on PDA murine tumors.

Results

The feasibility of this technique in measuring the regional Young's modulus was first assessed in tissue‐mimicking phantoms. The contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) was found to be higher than 11.7 dB for each 2D reconstructed Young's modulus map. The mean error in this validation study was found to be equal to less than 19%. Then HME was applied on two transgenic mice with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumors. The Young's modulus median value of this tumor at the start of the HIFU application was equal to 2.1 kPa while after 45 s of sonication it was found to be approximately three times stiffer (6.7 kPa).

Conclusions

The HME was described herein and showed its capability of measuring tissue stiffness noninvasively by measuring the shear wave speed propagation inside the tissue and reconstructing a 2D Young's modulus map. Application of the methodology in vivo and during HIFU were thus reported here for the first time.
First down converter multilayers integration in an industrial Si solar cell process
Authors: Dumont Lucile , Cardin Julien , Labbé Christophe , Frilay Cédric , Anglade Pierre‐Matthieu , Yu Ing‐Song , Vallet Maxime , Benzo Patrick , Carrada Marzia , Stiévenard Didier , Merabet Hocine , Gourbilleau Fabrice
Published: September 2018

Down converter SiNx:Yb3+/SiNx:Tb3+ multilayers are deposited by reactive magnetron cosputtering with the objective of optimizing the interaction distance between Tb3+ and Yb3+ ions to favor a better light management in Si solar cells. Those Si‐based multilayers are developed to be compatible with the Si photovoltaic technology. The deposition parameters are optimized to enhance the emission of the Yb3+ ions in the IR region. The emission efficiency of such multilayer structure is compared with a mixed RE SiNx:Tb3+‐Yb3+ layer evidencing a gain resulting from a better management of the Tb3+ and Yb3+ ions distance. At the end, we integrate the growth of such a multilayer in an industrial Si solar cell process and demonstrate the existence of a frequency conversion effect that is promising for the future increase of the Si solar cell efficiency.
Uncontracted basis sets for ab initio calculations of muonic atoms and molecules
Authors: Ugandi Mihkel , Fdez. Galván Ignacio , Widmark Per‐Olof , Lindh Roland
Published: September 2018

In this work, we investigated muonic atoms and molecules from a quantum chemist's viewpoint by incorporating muons in the CASSCF model. With the aim of predicting muonic X‐ray energies, primitive muonic basis sets were developed for a selection of elements. The basis sets were then used in CASSCF calculations of various atoms and molecules to calculate muonic excited states. We described the influence of nuclear charge distribution in predicting muonic X‐ray energies. Effects of the electronic wave function on the muonic X‐ray energies were also examined. We have computationally demonstrated how the muon can act as a probe for the nuclear charge distribution or electronic wave function by considering lower or higher muonic excited states, respectively.
Generalised multivariable supertwisting algorithm
Authors: López‐Caamal Fernando , Moreno Jaime A.
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this paper is to present an extension of the generalised supertwisting algorithm (STA) to the multivariable framework. We begin by introducing an algorithm that may be deemed as a linear, quasicontinuous, or discontinuous multivariable system, depending on the functions that define them. For the class represented by such an algorithm we prove the robust, Lyapunov stability of the origin and characterise the perturbations that preserve its stability. In particular, when its vector field is discontinuous or quasicontinuous our algorithm is endowed with finite‐time stability. Due to its resemblance to the scalar case, we denote such finite‐time stable systems as generalised multivariable STA. Furthermore, the class of finite‐time stable systems comprise the currently available versions of STAs. To finalise, by means of simulation examples, we show that our proposed finite‐time stable algorithms are well suited for signals online differentiation and highlight their dynamical traits.
Distributed algorithm design for aggregative games of disturbed multiagent systems over weight‐balanced digraphs
Authors: Deng Zhenhua , Nian Xiaohong
Published: September 2018

In this paper, an aggregative game of multiagent systems over weight‐balanced digraphs is studied, where the decisions of all players are coupled by linear constraints. Different from the well‐known aggregative games, the dynamics of players are disturbed first‐order linear systems in our problem. In order to seek the variational generalized Nash equilibrium (GNE) of the game, a distributed algorithm is developed via gradient descent, internal model, and dynamic average consensus, where the gradient is for seeking the variational GNE, the internal model is for rejecting the exogenous disturbances, and the dynamic average consensus is for estimating the aggregate of the decisions of all players. The exponential convergence of the algorithm to the variational GNE is analyzed by constructing suitable Lyapunov functions. Finally, the effectiveness of our method is illustrated via two examples.
Quantitative XAFS/EELS analyses of nitrogen species in titanium oxide photocatalysts
Authors: Yoshida Tomoko , Yamamoto Muenaki , Akatsuka Masato , Ozawa Akiyo , Kato Yuma , Yagi Shinya , Tanabe Tetsuo
Published: September 2018

With a view to rational designing of a highly functional visible‐light TiO2 photocatalyst, nitrogen atoms were doped into TiO2 samples by an ion implantation technique which enables to control the depth and concentration of dopants. Although the absorbance in the visible‐light region of the sample increased by the nitrogen doping, photocatalytic activity of the sample was not directly connected with the photo‐absorbance. The N K‐edge X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectrum of the photocatalytic active sample (A‐cat) showed a characteristic double peak at 398 and 401 eV, and the XANES spectrum of the inactive sample (I‐cat) a distinct single peak around 401 eV. These features of the XANES spectra were well reproduced by theoretical simulations based on the model where an O atom in TiO2 was replaced by N ((N)s) for A‐cat, and that of quasi NO2 molecule ((NO2)s) for I‐cat. Therefore, we have concluded that the nitrogen atom occupying the oxygen site of TiO2 is photocatalytic active species effective for visible light photocatalysis. In addition, the quantitative XANES/ELNES analysis has revealed that the photo‐absorbance ratio of I‐cat to A‐cat corresponds well to the ratio of total doped nitrogen concentration rather than photocatalytic active nitrogen ((N)s) concentration. This result indicates that not only (N)s but also (NO2)s also absorb the visible light. Thus, the absorbance in the visible‐light region is not necessarily an indication of the visible‐light response of a photocatalyst.
Observation of spider silk by femtosecond pulse laser second harmonic generation microscopy
Authors: Zhao Yue , Li Yanrong , Hien Khuat Thi Thu , Mizutani Goro , Rutt Harvey N.
Published: September 2018

An asymmetric β‐sheet structure of spider silk is said to induce optical second harmonic generation. In this paper, using an in‐house nonscanning type femtosecond pulse laser second harmonic generation microscope, we characterized the behavior of the β‐sheet of spider silk under an applied external force. The orientation of the β‐sheets was more unidirectional when the silk was extended. One of the origins of the high mechanical strength of the dragline is suggested to be the physical arrangement of its β‐sheets.
A Bayesian latent class approach for EHR‐based phenotyping
Authors: Hubbard Rebecca A. , Huang Jing , Harton Joanna , Oganisian Arman , Choi Grace , Utidjian Levon , Eneli Ihuoma , Bailey L. Charles , Chen Yong
Published: September 2018

Phenotyping, ie, identification of patients possessing a characteristic of interest, is a fundamental task for research conducted using electronic health records. However, challenges to this task include imperfect sensitivity and specificity of clinical codes and inconsistent availability of more detailed data such as laboratory test results. Despite these challenges, most existing electronic health records–derived phenotypes are rule‐based, consisting of a series of Boolean arguments informed by expert knowledge of the disease of interest and its coding. The objective of this paper is to introduce a Bayesian latent phenotyping approach that accounts for imperfect data elements and missing not at random missingness patterns that can be used when no gold‐standard data are available. We conducted simulation studies to compare alternative phenotyping methods under different patterns of missingness and applied these approaches to a cohort of 68 265 children at elevated risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In simulation studies, the latent class approach had similar sensitivity to a rule‐based approach (95.9% vs 91.9%) while substantially improving specificity (99.7% vs 90.8%). In the PEDSnet cohort, we found that biomarkers and clinical codes were strongly associated with latent T2DM status. The latent T2DM class was also strongly predictive of missingness in biomarkers. Glucose was missing in 83.4% of patients (odds ratio for latent T2DM status = 0.52) while hemoglobin A1c was missing in 91.2% (odds ratio for latent T2DM status = 0.03 ), suggesting missing not at random missingness. The latent phenotype approach may substantially improve on rule‐based phenotyping.
The many faces of scientific inquiry: Effectively measuring what students do and not only what they say
Authors: Scalise Kathleen , Clarke‐Midura Jody
Published: September 2018

Science education frameworks in the United States have moved strongly in recent years to incorporate more dimensions of learning, including measuring student use of scientific practices employed during scientific inquiry. For instance, the Next Generation Science Standards and related multidimensional frameworks adopted or adapted recently by more than 30 United States include numerous complex science performance skills required of students. This article considers whether valid and reliable evidence can be obtained in online performance tasks to yield an estimate of both student inquiry practices and of the ability of students to explain their understanding of scientific concepts. A data set from a Virtual Performance Assessment (VPA) task, There's a New Frog in Town, is examined. Delivered through an online system, the VPA task engages students in guided inquiry through problem solving, modeling, and exploration. The VPAs are designed to produce evidence on more than one latent trait in the respondent performance. Results of the case study reported here indicated that maps of student proficiency in scientific inquiry were possible to generate from the VPA data set, using measurement models. Addition of process data through a new hybrid measurement model, mIRT‐Bayes, improved reliability of results. Results indicated overall that virtual performance tasks may be helpful for science assessment, especially if assessment time is short and a goal is to increase the validity and quality of performance measures with authentic and engaging virtual activities.
All rational one-loop Einstein-Yang-Mills amplitudes at four points
Authors: Nandan Dhritiman , Plefka Jan , Travaglini Gabriele
Published: September 2018

Abstract

All four-point mixed gluon-graviton amplitudes in pure Einstein-Yang-Mills theory with at most one state of negative helicity are computed at one-loop order and maximal powers of the gauge coupling, using D-dimensional generalized unitarity. The resulting purely rational expressions take very compact forms. We comment on the color-kinematics duality and a relation to collinear limits of pure gluon amplitudes.
Complexity and action for warped AdS black holes
Authors: Auzzi Roberto , Baiguera Stefano , Grassi Matteo , Nardelli Giuseppe , Zenoni Nicolò
Published: September 2018

Abstract

The Complexity=Action conjecture is studied for black holes in Warped AdS3 space, realized as solutions of Einstein gravity plus matter. The time dependence of the action of the Wheeler-DeWitt patch is investigated, both for the non-rotating and the rotating case. The asymptotic growth rate is found to be equal to the Hawking temperature times the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy; this is in agreement with a previous calculation done using the Complexity=Volume conjecture.
The middle Miocene palynofloras of the Salihpaşalar lignite mine (Yatağan Basin, southwest Anatolia): environmental characterisation and comparison with palynofloras from adjacent basins
Authors: Bouchal Johannes M.
Published: September 2018

As the third part of an ongoing investigation of middle Miocene palynofloras in the Yatağan Basin (YB), southwestern Anatolia, the palynofloras of the Salihpaşalar lignite mine in the main YB were studied. Seven types of algal spores, aplanospores/zygospores or cysts, six types of lycophyte and fern spores, 12 types of gymnosperm pollen and 90 types of angiosperm pollen were identified. Of a total of ca. 140 plant taxa described from the YB, over 10% are confined to the Salihpaşalar assemblage. Differences between coeval palynofloras of the Sekköy Member might reflect changing or prograding depositional environments. A number of rare accessorial taxa reflect these local differences:Pilularia,Valeriana,DroseraandPersicariaaff.amphibiaonly occur at Salihpaşalar and are typical of shallow water or temporary ponds associated with a lake shore. Apart from this, all the palynofloras, originating from the lignite seams and overlying limnic limestones (uppermost Turgut and Sekköy Member), of the YB are strongly indicative of extensive woody vegetation with a dominance of diverse Fagaceae and Pinaceae. In addition, a list comparing the well-documented YB palynomorphs to morphologically similar palynomorphs of published late early to middle Miocene plant assemblages of western Anatolian was compiled. Such a comparison reveals that in many instances different taxon names have been used to denote the same taxa. Hence, resolving these synonymies is a prerequisite of any meaningful comparison of palynofloras in the region.
Practical methods for effective vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) surveillance: experience in a liver transplant surgical intensive care unit
Authors: Linfield Rebecca Y. , Campeau Shelley , Injean Patil , Gregson Aric , Kaldas Fady , Rubin Zachary , Kim Tae , Kunz Danielle , Chan Alfred , Lee Delphine J. , Humphries Romney M. , McKinnell James A.
Published: September 2018

Objective

We evaluated the utility of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) surveillance by varying 2 parameters: admission versus weekly surveillance and perirectal swabbing versus stool sampling.

Design

Prospective, patient-level surveillance program of incident VRE colonization.

Setting

Liver transplant surgical intensive care unit (SICU) of a tertiary-care referral medical center with a high prevalence of VRE.

Patients

All patients admitted to the SICU from June to August 2015.

Methods

We conducted a point-prevalence estimate followed by admission and weekly surveillance by perirectal swabbing and/or stool sampling. Incident colonization was defined as a negative screen followed by positive surveillance. VRE was detected by culture on Remel Spectra VRE chromogenic agar. Microbiologically-confirmed VRE bloodstream infections (BSIs) were tracked for 2 months. Statistical analyses were calculated using the McNemar test, the Fisher exact test, the t test, and the χ2 test.

Results

In total, 91 patients underwent VRE surveillance testing. The point prevalence of VRE colonization was 60.9%; VRE prevalence on admission was 30.1%. Weekly surveillance identified an additional 7 of 28 patients (25.0%) with incident colonization. VRE BSIs were more common in VRE-colonized patients than in noncolonized patients (8 of 43 vs 2 of 48; P=.028). In a direct comparison, perirectal swabs were more sensitive than stool samples in detecting VRE (64 of 67 vs 56 of 67; P=.023). Compliance with perirectal swabbing was 89% (201 of 226) compared to 56% (127 of 226) for stool collection (P≤0.001).

Conclusions

We recommend weekly VRE surveillance over admission-only screening in high-burden units such as liver transplant SICUs. Perirectal swabs had greater collection compliance and sensitivity than stool samples, making them the preferred methodology. Further work may have implications for antimicrobial stewardship and infection control.
Do Poor Citizens Benefit from Mega-Events? São Paulo’s Street Vendors and the 2014 FIFA World Cup
Authors: Hummel Calla
Published: September 2018

International mega-events inject millions of dollars into host countries’ economies, yet few studies assess which citizens benefit from events and which do not. Governments justify their bids for mega-events by arguing that infrastructure projects, event-related jobs, and tourist spending benefit many citizens. However, researchers find mixed impacts on host economies and the average citizen. Scholars and activists argue that a few businesses benefit while high prices and event-specific laws exclude poor citizens. Under what conditions do poor citizens benefit from mega-events? This article analyzes original interview, survey, and participant observation data on street vendors in São Paulo, Brazil during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The project finds that most street vendors lost money, while a minority made record profits. Those who benefited from the event used brokers, bribes, and pockets of forbearance to circumvent FIFA’s exclusionary rules.
Fat composition in infant formula contributes to the severity of necrotising enterocolitis
Authors: Sodhi Chhinder P. , Fulton William B. , Good Misty , Vurma Mustafa , Das Tapas , Lai Chron-Si , Jia Hongpeng , Yamaguchi Yukihiro , Lu Peng , Prindle Thomas , Ozolek John A. , Hackam David J.
Published: September 2018

Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease that typically affects formula-fed premature infants, suggesting that dietary components may influence disease pathogenesis. TAG are the major fat components of infant formula, and their digestion requires pancreatic lipases, which may be naturally deficient in premature neonates. We hypothesise that NEC develops partly from the accumulation of incompletely digested long-chain TAG-containing unsaturated fatty acids within the intestinal epithelial cells, leading to oxidative stress and enterocyte damage. We further hypothesise that the administration of a formula that contains reduced TAG (‘pre-digested fat’) that do not require lipase action may reduce NEC severity. To test these hypotheses, we induced NEC in neonatal mice using three different fat formulations, namely ‘standard fat’, ‘pre-digested fat’ or ‘very low fat’, and determined that mice fed ‘standard fat’ developed severe NEC, which was significantly reduced in mice fed ‘pre-digested fat’ or ‘very low fat’. The expression level of the critical fat-digesting enzyme carboxyl ester lipase was significantly lower in the newborn compared with older pups, leading to impaired fat digestion. The accumulation of mal-digested fat resulted in the significant accumulation of fat droplets within the intestinal epithelium of the distal ileum, resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species and intestinal inflammation. Strikingly, these changes were prevented in pups fed ‘pre-digested fat’ or ‘very low fat’ formulas. These findings suggest that nutritional formula containing a pre-digested fat system may overcome the natural lipase deficiency of the premature gut, and serve as a novel approach to prevent NEC.
Clinical and functional characteristics of youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis who do not transition to psychosis
Authors: Addington Jean , Stowkowy Jacqueline , Liu Lu , Cadenhead Kristin S. , Cannon Tyrone D. , Cornblatt Barbara A. , McGlashan Thomas H. , Perkins Diana O. , Seidman Larry J. , Tsuang Ming T. , Walker Elaine F. , Bearden Carrie E. , Mathalon Daniel H. , Santesteban-Echarri Olga , Woods Scott W.
Published: September 2018

Background

Much of the interest in youth at clinical high risk (CHR) of psychosis has been in understanding conversion. Recent literature has suggested that less than 25% of those who meet established criteria for being at CHR of psychosis go on to develop a psychotic illness. However, little is known about the outcome of those who do not make the transition to psychosis. The aim of this paper was to examine clinical symptoms and functioning in the second North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS 2) of those individuals whose by the end of 2 years in the study had not developed psychosis.

Methods

In NAPLS-2 278 CHR participants completed 2-year follow-ups and had not made the transition to psychosis. At 2-years the sample was divided into three groups – those whose symptoms were in remission, those who were still symptomatic and those whose symptoms had become more severe.

Results

There was no difference between those who remitted early in the study compared with those who remitted at one or 2 years. At 2-years, those in remission had fewer symptoms and improved functioning compared with the two symptomatic groups. However, all three groups had poorer social functioning and cognition than healthy controls.

Conclusions

A detailed examination of the clinical and functional outcomes of those who did not make the transition to psychosis did not contribute to predicting who may make the transition or who may have an earlier remission of attenuated psychotic symptoms.
Integrated assessment of visual perception abnormalities in psychotic disorders and relationship with clinical characteristics
Authors: Türközer Halide Bilge , Hasoğlu Tuna , Chen Yue , Norris Lesley Anne , Brown Meredith , Delaney-Busch Nathaniel , Kale Emre H. , Pamir Zahide , Boyacı Hüseyin , Kuperberg Gina , Lewandowski Kathryn E. , Topçuoğlu Volkan , Öngür Dost
Published: September 2018

Background

The visual system is recognized as an important site of pathology and dysfunction in schizophrenia. In this study, we evaluated different visual perceptual functions in patients with psychotic disorders using a potentially clinically applicable task battery and assessed their relationship with symptom severity in patients, and with schizotypal features in healthy participants.

Methods

Five different areas of visual functioning were evaluated in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder (n = 28) and healthy control subjects (n = 31) using a battery that included visuospatial working memory (VSWM), velocity discrimination (VD), contour integration, visual context processing, and backward masking tasks.

Results

The patient group demonstrated significantly lower performance in VD, contour integration, and VSWM tasks. Performance did not differ between the two groups on the visual context processing task and did not differ across levels of interstimulus intervals in the backward masking task. Performances on VSWM, VD, and contour integration tasks were correlated with negative symptom severity but not with other symptom dimensions in the patient group. VSWM and VD performances were also correlated with negative sychizotypal features in healthy controls.

Conclusion

Taken together, these results demonstrate significant abnormalities in multiple visual processing tasks in patients with psychotic disorders, adding to the literature implicating visual abnormalities in these conditions. Furthermore, our results show that visual processing impairments are associated with the negative symptom dimension in patients as well as healthy individuals.
Transatlantic perspectives on variation in negative expressions
Authors: CHILDS CLAIRE , HARVEY CHRISTOPHER , CORRIGAN KAREN P. , TAGLIAMONTE SALI A.
Published: September 2018

Negation with indefinite items in English can be expressed in three ways:any-negation (I didn’t have any money),no-negation (I had no money) and negative concord (I didn’t have no money). These variants have persisted over time, with some studies suggesting that the newest variant,any-negation, is increasing at the expense ofno-negation (Tottie 1991a, 1991b). Others suggest that although this variable was undergoing change in earlier centuries, it is stable in Modern English (Wallage 2017). This article examines the current state of the variability in four communities within two distinctive English-speaking regions: Toronto and Belleville in Ontario, Canada, and Tyneside and York in Northern England. Our comparative quantitative analysis of speech corpora from these communities shows that the rates ofno-negation vary between Northern England and Ontario, but the variation is largely stable and primarily conditioned by verb type in a robust effect that holds cross-dialectally: functional verbs retainno-negation, while lexical verbs favourany. The social embedding of the variability varies between the communities, but they share a common variable grammar.
Isotopic fractionation in interstellar molecules
Authors: Furuya Kenji
Published: September 2018

The level of isotopic fractionation in molecules provides insights into their formation environments and how they formed. In this article, we review hydrogen and nitrogen isotopic fractionation in low-mass star-forming regions. Interstellar molecules are significantly enriched in deuterium. The importance of the nuclear spin states of light species on deuterium fractionation and the usefulness of singly and doubly deuterated molecules as chemical tracers are discussed. Observations have revealed that molecules in prestellar cores are enriched in or depleted in15N depending on molecules. Compared with deuterium fractionation chemistry, our understanding of15N fractionation chemistry is not well established. We briefly discuss potential15N fractionation routes, i.e., isotopic-exchange reactions and isotopic selective photodissociation of N2. In addition, the selective freeze-out of15N atoms onto dust grains around the transition between N atoms and N2is discussed as a potential mechanism that causes the depletion of15N in the gas phase.
The ALMA view of UV-irradiated cloud edges: unexpected structures and processes
Authors: Goicoechea Javier R. , Cuadrado S. , Pety J. , Aguado A. , Black J. H. , Bron E. , Cernicharo J. , Chapillon E. , Fuente A. , Gerin M. , Joblin C. , Roncero O. , Tercero B.
Published: September 2018

Far-UV photons (FUV, E < 13.6 eV) from hot massive stars regulate, or at least influence, the heating, ionization, and chemistry of most of the neutral interstellar medium (H i and H2 clouds). Investigating the interaction between FUV radiation and interstellar matter (molecules, atoms and grains) thus plays an important role in astrochemistry.

The Orion Bar, an interface region between the Orion A molecular cloud and the H ii  region around the Trapezium cluster, is a textbook example of a strongly illuminated dense PDR (photodissociation region). The Bar is illuminated by a FUV field of a few 104 times the mean interstellar radiation field. Because of its proximity and nearly edge-on orientation, it provides a very good template to investigate the chemical content, structure, and dynamics of a strongly irradiated molecular cloud edge. We have used ALMA to mosaic a small field of the Bar where the critical transition from atomic to molecular gas takes place. These observations provide an unprecedented sharp view of this transition layer (≲ 1″ resolution or ≲ 414 AU). The resulting images (so far in the rotational emission of CO, HCO+, H13CO+, SO+, SO, and reactive ions SH+ and HOC+) show the small-scale structure in gas density and temperature, and the steep abundance gradients. The images reveal a pattern of high-density substructures, photo-ablative gas flows and instabilities at the edge of the molecular cloud. These first ALMA images thus show a more complex morphology than the classical clump/interclump static model of a PDR.

In order to quantify the chemical content in strongly FUV-irradiated gas, we have also used the IRAM-30 m telescope to carry out a complete line-survey of the illuminated edge of the Bar in the millimeter domain. Our observations reveal the presence of complex organic molecules (and precursors) that were not expected in such a harsh environment. In particular, we have reported the first detection of the unstable cis conformer of formic acid (HCOOH) in the ISM. The energy barrier to internal rotation (the conversion from trans to cis) is approximately 4827 cm−1 (≈7000 K). Hence, this detection is surprising. The low inferred trans-to-cis abundance ratio of 2.8±1.0 supports a photoswitching mechanism: a given conformer absorbs a FUV stellar photon that radiatively excites the molecule to electronic states above the interconversion barrier. Subsequent fluorescent decay leaves the molecule in a different conformer form. This mechanism, which we have specifically studied with ab initio quantum calculations, was not considered so far in astrochemistry although it can affect the structure of a variety of molecules in PDRs.
On the Series of +CG Lightning Strokes in Dancing Sprite Events
Authors: Bór J. , Zelkó Z. , Hegedüs T. , Jäger Z. , Mlynarczyk J. , Popek M. , Betz H. D.
Published: September 2018

In dancing sprite events, sprite entities and groups appear in rapid succession together with a corresponding series of parent lightning strokes. Dancing sprite events, including a case with possible sprite rebrightening, were recorded on video simultaneously from two observation sites above a mesoscale convective system in Central Europe on the night of 6 August 2013. Joint analysis of triangulated locations of sprite elements, position, type, and peak current of lightning strokes from the LINET lightning detection network database and current moment waveforms deduced at the Hylaty station, Poland, showed that subsequent sprite‐parent lightning strokes occurred no further than 21 km from the closest preceding sprite entity in the cases analyzed in this study. Additionally, it was found that longer sprite delay times tend to correspond to larger sprite location offsets from the parent +CG stroke. These observations, the occurrence of +CG lightning stroke and sprite sequences, as well as sprite‐sprite delay times and displacements can be explained if +CG strokes are part of one extended lightning flash. A corresponding production mechanism based on previous findings on the formation of sprite‐producing and general +CG lightning discharges is suggested.
Measurement of Activation Volume for Creep of Dry Olivine at Upper‐Mantle Conditions
Authors: Dixon Nathaniel A. , Durham William B.
Published: September 2018

Olivine is the most abundant and among the weakest phases in Earth's upper mantle, and thus, its rheological properties play a critical role in governing thermal structure and convective flow in the upper mantle. A persistent obstacle to constraining the in situ flow properties of olivine by laboratory experiment has been the difficulty in resolving the effect of pressure, which is weak within the 0‐ to ~2‐GPa pressure range of conventional laboratory deformation instruments but potentially strong over the 1‐ to ~14‐GPa range of the upper mantle. Using a deformation‐DIA, one of a new generation of bonafide deformation devices designed for operation to ≥10 GPa, we have deformed dry, polycrystalline San Carlos olivine in high‐temperature creep with the singular intent of providing the best achievable measurement of activation volume V* and a comprehensive statement of uncertainty. Under strictly dry conditions, at constant temperature (1,373 K) and strain rate (1 × 10−5 s−1), varying only pressure (1.8 to 8.8 GPa), we measure V* = 15 ± 5 cm3/mol. We have reproduced the well‐known mechanism change from [100]‐slip to [001]‐slip near 5 GPa and determined that, whatever the change in V* associated with the change in slip system, the effective value of 15 ± 5 cm3/mol is still accurate for modeling purposes in the 2‐ to 9‐GPa pressure range. This is a substantial pressure effect, which in the absence of a temperature gradient would represent a viscosity increase from the top to bottom of the upper mantle of 5 ± 2 orders of magnitude.
Plasmonic nanostructure design and characterization via Deep Learning
Authors: Malkiel Itzik , Mrejen Michael , Nagler Achiya , Arieli Uri , Wolf Lior , Suchowski Haim
Published: September 2018

Nanophotonics, the field that merges photonics and nanotechnology, has in recent years revolutionized the field of optics by enabling the manipulation of light–matter interactions with subwavelength structures. However, despite the many advances in this field, the design, fabrication and characterization has remained widely an iterative process in which the designer guesses a structure and solves the Maxwell’s equations for it. In contrast, the inverse problem, i.e., obtaining a geometry for a desired electromagnetic response, remains a challenging and time-consuming task within the boundaries of very specific assumptions. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that a novel Deep Neural Network trained with thousands of synthetic experiments is not only able to retrieve subwavelength dimensions from solely far-field measurements but is also capable of directly addressing the inverse problem. Our approach allows the rapid design and characterization of metasurface-based optical elements as well as optimal nanostructures for targeted chemicals and biomolecules, which are critical for sensing, imaging and integrated spectroscopy applications.
Entanglement and teleportation between polarization and wave-like encodings of an optical qubit
Authors: Sychev Demid V. , Ulanov Alexander E. , Tiunov Egor S. , Pushkina Anastasia A. , Kuzhamuratov A. , Novikov Valery , Lvovsky A. I.
Published: September 2018

Light is an irreplaceable means of communication among various quantum information processing and storage devices. Due to their different physical nature, some of these devices couple more strongly to discrete, and some to continuous degrees of freedom of a quantum optical wave. It is therefore desirable to develop a technological capability to interconvert quantum information encoded in these degrees of freedom. Here we generate and characterize an entangled state between a dual-rail (polarization-encoded) single-photon qubit and a qubit encoded as a superposition of opposite-amplitude coherent states. We furthermore demonstrate the application of this state as a resource for the interfacing of quantum information between these encodings. In particular, we show teleportation of a polarization qubit onto a freely propagating continuous-variable qubit.
Dynamics of cellular states of fibro-adipogenic progenitors during myogenesis and muscular dystrophy
Authors: Malecova Barbora , Gatto Sole , Etxaniz Usue , Passafaro Magda , Cortez Amy , Nicoletti Chiara , Giordani Lorenzo , Torcinaro Alessio , De Bardi Marco , Bicciato Silvio , De Santa Francesca , Madaro Luca , Puri Pier Lorenzo
Published: September 2018

Fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) are currently defined by their anatomical position, expression of non-specific membrane-associated proteins, and ability to adopt multiple lineages in vitro. Gene expression analysis at single-cell level reveals that FAPs undergo dynamic transitions through a spectrum of cell states that can be identified by differential expression levels of Tie2 and Vcam1. Different patterns of Vcam1-negative Tie2high or Tie2low and Tie2low/Vcam1-expressing FAPs are detected during neonatal myogenesis, response to acute injury and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). RNA sequencing analysis identified cell state-specific transcriptional profiles that predict functional interactions with satellite and inflammatory cells. In particular, Vcam1-expressing FAPs, which exhibit a pro-fibrotic expression profile, are transiently activated by acute injury in concomitance with the inflammatory response. Aberrant persistence of Vcam1-expressing FAPs is detected in DMD muscles or upon macrophage depletion, and is associated with muscle fibrosis, thereby revealing how disruption of inflammation-regulated FAPs dynamics leads to a pathogenic outcome.
Reconstruction of the cropland cover changes in eastern China between the 10th century and 13th century using historical documents
Authors: Li Meijiao , He Fanneng , Li Shicheng , Yang Fan
Published: September 2018

To evaluate and improve datasets of anthropogenic land cover change used in local and global climate models, great efforts were made to reconstruct historical land use, including the LandCover 6k project which dedicated to reconstructing human land use over the past 10,000 years. In this study, we utilized historical records, including taxed-cropland and cropland measurement areas, and data on the number of households in eastern China between the 10th century and 13th century in concert with coefficient calibration, model allocation, and per capita cropland estimation to reconstruct areas of provincial cropland for 22 provinces over five time periods. Our reconstructions indicate that total cropland areas of eastern China for AD 1000, 1066, 1078, 1162, and 1215 are 34.74 × 106 ha, 49.42 × 106 ha, 51.62 × 106 ha, 35.21 × 106 ha, and 51.21 × 106 ha, respectively. And the cropland area fluctuated because of dynasty shift and went through three phases. Cropland expansion and contraction mainly occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers as well as the Huaihe River Basin, while in some regions far away from battlefields, including northeastern and southern China, cropland area expanded continuously throughout the study period.
Single cell genomes of Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and sympatric microbes from diverse marine environments
Authors: Berube Paul M. , Biller Steven J. , Hackl Thomas , Hogle Shane L. , Satinsky Brandon M. , Becker Jamie W. , Braakman Rogier , Collins Sara B. , Kelly Libusha , Berta-Thompson Jessie , Coe Allison , Bergauer Kristin , Bouman Heather A. , Browning Thomas J. , De Corte Daniele , Hassler Christel , Hulata Yotam , Jacquot Jeremy E. , Maas Elizabeth W. , Reinthaler Thomas , Sintes Eva , Yokokawa Taichi , Lindell Debbie , Stepanauskas Ramunas , Chisholm Sallie W.
Published: September 2018

Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are the dominant primary producers in marine ecosystems and perform a significant fraction of ocean carbon fixation. These cyanobacteria interact with a diverse microbial community that coexists with them. Comparative genomics of cultivated isolates has helped address questions regarding patterns of evolution and diversity among microbes, but the fraction that can be cultivated is miniscule compared to the diversity in the wild. To further probe the diversity of these groups and extend the utility of reference sequence databases, we report a data set of single cell genomes for 489 Prochlorococcus, 50 Synechococcus, 9 extracellular virus particles, and 190 additional microorganisms from a diverse range of bacterial, archaeal, and viral groups. Many of these uncultivated single cell genomes are derived from samples obtained on GEOTRACES cruises and at well-studied oceanographic stations, each with extensive suites of physical, chemical, and biological measurements. The genomic data reported here greatly increases the number of available Prochlorococcus genomes and will facilitate studies on evolutionary biology, microbial ecology, and biological oceanography.
Chemotactic responses of growing neurites to precisely controlled gradients of nerve growth factor
Authors: Bicknell Brendan A. , Pujic Zac , Feldner Julia , Vetter Irina , Goodhill Geoffrey J.
Published: September 2018

Chemotaxis plays a key role in many biological systems. In particular in the context of the developing nervous system, growing neurites can respond in vitro to shallow gradients of chemotropic molecules such as nerve growth factor (NGF). However, in such studies the gradient parameters are often not well controlled. Here we present a dataset of ~3500 images of early postnatal rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants growing in 40 different precisely controlled combinations of absolute concentration and gradient steepness of NGF. Each image has been segmented into neurite and explant-body regions. We provide computer code for exploration and quantification of the data, including a Fourier analysis of the outer contour of neurite growth, which allows quantities such as outgrowth and guidance as a function of concentration and gradient steepness to be easily extracted. This is the most comprehensive quantitative dataset of chemotactic responses yet available for any biological system, which we hope will be useful for exploring the biological mechanisms governing chemotaxis.