bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European Corn Rorer and Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Field Corn, 1986
Authors: Moss Teresa P. , McPherson Robert M.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticidal treatments were examined to determine their efficacy in controlling European corn borer (ECB) and cereal leaf beetle (CLB) populations in conventionally planted field corn grown on the Bobby Yeatmen Farm in Richmond County, Virginia. The field was planted on 19 Apr '86 with the hybrid 'Southern States 3389' on a 36-inch row spacing. The insecticides were applied either as foliar sprays or granular applications on 6 Jun '86 and averaged 71.1 plants/50 ft. Foliar spray concentrates were applied with a CO2-powered compressed air sprayer, using AL8002 nozzles, at 32.8 psi that delivered 32.6 gal of finished formulation per acre. Granular insecticides were applied directly in the whorl by using a hand-held gravity-flow granular applicator. Plots were 4 rows by 50 ft with 4 replications. Individual plots were evaluated periodically by examining all plants in 50 ft of row for the presence of European corn borer damaged plants and the number of cereal leaf beetle adults per 5 plants. Yield estimates were obtained by harvesting 10 ft of row from 4 random sites in each plot.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1986
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Gray M. E. , Spike B. P. , Gifford J. M. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Rootworm planting time, soil insecticide test plots were established at 6 Iowa locations. Two of these locations were also used for cultivation-time tests. The insecticide histories of the test fields were: Nashua and Sutherland—trap crop (no insecticide)/insecticide test plot, yearly alternation for at least the past 5 years; Ames—Lance '83, '84, '85, no insecticide '82; Clarence—Counter '82, Amaze '83, insecticide test plot '84, no insecticide '85; Kellogg—Furadan '82, Counter '83, '84, '85; Newell—no insecticide '82, '83, '85, insecticide test plot '84. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications for the root-protection trials and 8 replications for the Nashua, Newell and Sutherland yield trials. All treatments were applied to 50 ft length rows with 30 inch row spacing. The yield trials had double-row treatments. All other trials had single-row treatments. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Nobel® metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere® Max-Emerge™ 7100 integral planter equipped with ripple coulters. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Liquid insecticide formulations were applied immediately after planting with a small-plot sprayer mounted on a bicycle-wheel applicator and pressurized with a CO2 canister. Liquids were applied in a 7 inch band over the row. Dyfonate 4EC, Dyfonate 4.6S, Furadan 4F and Lorsban 4E were applied with a Tee Jet® 8003E nozzle at 20 psi to deliver 10 gpa. Broot 50W and Lorsban 50W used a 8008E nozzle at 14 psi to deliver 20 gpa. A rake dragged lightly over the soil surface was used for incorporation. Cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes directed the insecticide to both sides of the corn row directly in front of the cultivator sweeps (basal treatment). A bander positioned directly over the plant whorl was used for the whorl treatment. Liquid insecticides were applied just prior to cultivation with the small-plot bicycle sprayer. In late Jul rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no feeding, and 6 equal to 3 nodes of roots completely destroyed). Chemical phytotoxicity was checked by taking stand counts and plant height measurements for each treatment. Lodging counts were taken in late Jul at Clarence and at harvest time at Nashua. The Nashua yield trial was machine harvested. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance procedures.
Western Corn Rootworm Cultivation Treatments, Akron, Colorado, 1986
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied 18 Jun over 10-14 inch plants with tractor-mounted modified Noble electric granule meters through 7-inch spreaders. Plots were single 50-ft rows arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Damage was evaluated on 15 Jul by rating 5 consecutive root systems per plot on the Iowa 1-6 scale. Soil type was a Platner Silt Loam with 1.8% organic matter and 8.5 pH. The field was planted to corn in 1984 and 1985. Treatments were applied approximately 10 days later than the recommended timing due to wet conditions.
Granules Applied at Cultivation, Laird, Colorado, 1986
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Granule treatments were applied 26 Jun with tractor-mounted modified Noble electric granule meters through 7-inch spreaders held at 52 inches above the ground. Crop height was 36-42 inches at application. Plots were single 100-ft rows arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Damage was evaluated on 17 Jul by splitting 10 plants per plot with feeding scars from tassel to the first root node and counting larvae and pupae.
Cotton, Cotton Bollworm, Tobacco Budworm and Cotton Boll Weevil Control, 1986
Authors: All J. N. , Guillebeau P. L. , Javid A. , All J. D.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 16 May at the University of Georgia Experiment Station at Midville, GA, in Dothan loamy sand soil. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 6 row plots × 100 ft long × 38 inch row width × 15 ft alleys with 4 replicates. Plants were treated with a high cycle sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row at 60 psi in a final volume of 10 gal/acre. The test was sprayed 9 times beginning on 26 Jun, and continuing 3 Jul, 10 Jul, 17 Jul, 24 Jul, 31 Jul, 7 Aug, 14 Aug, and 21 Aug. Twenty-five squares or small bolls per replicate in each teatment were examined for worm or weevil damage and the presence of live worms or weevils on 26 Jun, 3 Jul, 10 Jul, 17 Jul, 24 Jul, 31 Jul, 7 Aug, 14 Aug, 21 Aug, and 26 Aug. Yield was determined by machine harvesting one middle row per plot on 16 Oct.
Evaluation of Capture(R) Insecticide/Miticide Tank Mix for Spider Mite Control in Cotton, 1986
Authors: Berger L. A. , Nemec S. J.
Published: March 2022

Field plot studies were conducted to measure the efficacy of Capture(R) insecticide/miticide alone and in combinations for the control of spider mites in cotton. “D&PL 41“ cotton was planted 15 Apr in rows spaced 40 inches apart. Plots used in this study were 6 rows wide and 150 ft long (0.07 A) and were irrigated on 4 Jul and 12 Jul. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications of 4 treatments, including an untreated check plot. Foliar miticide treatments were topically applied using a ground sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal of solution per acre through two 6X hollow cone nozzles per row at 30 psi and 2 mph. One spray application was made on 8 Aug. Mite density levels were estimated in the field on 1 Aug (pretrt), 14 Aug, 16 Aug, and 20 Aug (at 6, 8, and 12 days posttreatment, respectively) by counting the number of adult female mites on 10 infested leaves per plot with the aid of a 5X lens. Orthene(R) insecticide was applied on 21 Jul, 3 Aug, and 16 Aug to eliminate western flower thrips as a factor in miticide evaluation. During the experiment, the plots received 2.2 inches of rain on 7 Jul, 0.2 inch on 8 Jul, 1.5 inch on 3 Aug, and 1.8 inch on 10 Aug.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides on Tarnished Plant Bugs, Cotton Fleahoppers, and Beneficial Arthro-Pods, 1986
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Burris Gene
Published: March 2022

A large plot test was conducted on Thistle Ridge Plantation, St. Joseph, LA, to determine the relative efficacy of 7 insecticide treatments on tarnished plant bugs, cotton fleahoppers, and beneficial insects. Cotton seed treated with Orthene (75SP 6.4 oz (AI)/100 lb) was planted 29 Apr in a Tensas-Dundee soil. Terraclor Super × (Terraclor 1.0 lb + Terrazole 0.25 lb (AI)/acre) was applied in-furrow behind the planter as a systemic fungicide. Treatments consisted of 5 acre plots, replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied on 17 Jun using a John Deere high-clearance 6000 ground sprayer with 2 X-6 Teejet nozzles per row calibrated to deliver 5 gal finished spray/acre. Insects were sampled with a standard insect sweep net (15 inch dia) at 2 locations in each plot with 50 sweeps at each location.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Aphid Control on Cotton, 1986
Authors: Micinski Stephen
Published: March 2022

Twelve insecticide treatments were evaluated for aphid control at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, using a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Cotton was planted 13 May on 1.02-m centers. Plots were 8 rows × 30.5 m. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Treatments were applied on 25 Jul. Insecticides were applied in 11.4 liters of water/acre with TX-3 hollow cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Pretreatment and posttreatment counts were based on randomly collected 5 and 10-leaf samples, respectively. For all samples, each leaf collected was the third fully expanded leaf down from the terminal. No yield data were collected.
Evaluation of Thimet and Temik Soil Treatments on Early Season Insects and Yields in Cotton, 1986
Authors: Ratchford Kevin , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Burris Gene
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied at planting on 30 Apr with a John Deere 7100 series planter, equipped with granular applicators, on loessial silt loam soil (Gigger-Gilbert complex) at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows (40 inches wide) × 50 ft. Cotton was furrow irrigated during droughty periods. Thrips and aphid infestations were determined by randomly collecting 5 plants from the center 2 rows of each plot on 9, 15, 21, 27 May and 3 and 11 Jun. Plants were immediately placed in 1 qt mason jars and transferred to the lab for processing. A solution of water, soap, and bleach was added to the jars, and the contents of individual jars were washed through a series of mesh sieves (#100 and #40) in order to separate insects from plant samples. In the final step of processing, the contents collected on the #100 mesh seive were washed into a Buchner funnel and collected on filter paper for observation under the microscope. Plant heights were determined by randomly sampling 10 plants from each plot. The test was oversprayed with conventional pyrethroids at recommended rates for control of major pests during Aug and Sep. The test was defoliated with Harvade (0.5 pt/acre) on 15 Sep. The center 2 rows of each plot were mechanically harvested on 25 Sep and 16 Oct. Yields were converted to lb seed cotton/acre.
Apple, Dilute Test of Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 replicates of York Imperial. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were planted to a spacing of 6.1 x 10.7 m. Sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Approximately 6.5 gallons of spray were applied per replicate. Dates of applications were: 13 and 28 May, 12 and 26 Jun, 15 and 29 Jul, 12 and 27 Aug. For the RH-7988 treatments Guthion 50WP (114 g/100 gals) was substituted on 13 and 28 May, 15 Jul, 12 and 27 Aug. Swat was applied only on 13 May, 12 and 26 Jun, and 29 Jul. On the UC-84572 plus Triton Ag-98 treatment, PA-10 was dropped after 13 May due to excess foaming, Triton AG-98 was substituted in remaining sprays. Effectiveness on the apple aphid was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 top termianls, and aphids/most infested leaf. The effect of sprays on white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of test chemicals on European red mite, twospotted spider mite and predator mites was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Spotted tentiform leafminer was evaluated by a 5-minute count of mines around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and two picked samples on 25 Aug and 16 Sep. Apple samples averaged 181 fruits/replicate and 724/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/ replicate, 120 treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Evaluation of Held Enhancement Applications with Lorsban and Galecron in Cotton, 1986
Authors: Ratchford Kevin , Burns Gene
Published: March 2022

Stoneville 825 cotton was planted 1 May on loessial silt loam (Gigger-Gilbert complex) soil at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station. Plots were 8 rows (40 inches wide) × 65 ft and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All plots received an in-furrow treatment of Terraclor Super-X fungicide (0.25 + 1.0 lb (AI)/acre) at planting. Foliar insecticides were applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed air system for spraying small plots, delivering 2.5 gal/acre with 2 X-3 hollow cone nozzles/row. The center six rows of all plots were sprayed in order to reduce drift.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Tarnished Plant Bug on Cotton in Mississippi, 1986
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Hurst Michael
Published: March 2022

Sixteen insecticide treatments were evaluated on 4 row (40 inch centers) by 49 ft long plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications at the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. Plots were planted 6 May in a 4 row skip pattern with mustard planted (23 Apr) in the center two rows of the 4 row skip to encourage plant bug establishment. Plots were delimited by alleys formed by cultivating across the rows between plots with a 4 row cultivator. The mustard was cut on 12 Jun and the plant bug population was allowed to establish on the cotton. Insecticides were applied 16 and 20 Jun with a high clearance tractor equipped with 3 TX-3 nozzles per row with 15 inch drops between rows. Evaluations were made by shaking the plants on 3 row ft of two rows onto a 40 inch square cloth and counting plantbugs and beneficial insects.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Early Season Thrips Control in Mississippi, 1986
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Fifteen treatments were evaluated for early season thrips control on cotton planted 6 May with seed treated with fungicide only. Plots were 6 rows (40 inch centers) by 49 ft long and were delimited by alleys formed by cultivating across the rows between plots with a 4 row cultivator. Granular applications were made with Gandy applicators to the center 4 rows of the plots at planting. Spray applications were made with a spray tractor equipped with a single TX-4 nozzle/row calibrated for 5 gal/acre on a 12 inch band. Spray treatments were applied on 22 and 30 May (Lorsban 4E was applied only on 30 May). Thrips were counted by beating 10 plants per plot over a small box covered with 0.25 inch hardware cloth and counting the thrips in the box. Insect damage and plant vigor were rated by visual estimations on a comparative basis. Vigor was evaluated on the basis of plant color and overall appearance. Stand count was evaluated as the number of plants in 3 row-ft in one of the 2 center rows of each plot. Yield was taken from 1 of the 2 center rows by mechanical picker on 7 Oct. All plots received additional applications of insecticides for control of boll weevil, aphids and Heliothis spp. larvae as needed throughout the season.
Control of Root Weevils on Hops with Foliar Sprays, 1985 and 1986
Authors: Baird Craig R. , Nyberg Carolyn J.
Published: March 2022

Plots were located in a commercial hop yard near Greenleaf Idaho. Each plot consisted of 18 hills. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied 17 Jun 1985 and 13 Jun 1986 with C02 backpack sprayer calibrated at 50 gal/acre at 30 psi. Sprays were applied to lower 3 ft of the plant and around the base of th< plant. Evaluations were made on 25 Jun 1985 (8 days post-treatment), and 20 Jun 1986 (7 days post-treatment), by screening the soil around the base of tht hop plants and counting adult weevils.
Control of Corn Earworms and Fall Armyworms on Peanuts in Alabama, 1986
Authors: Weeks James R.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on the Kirkland Farm near Dothan, Alabama. Eleven treatments and an untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of four 36 inch rows of peanuts 34 ft long. Treatments were applied on 25 Aug with a 4 row boom sprayer mounted on an ATV that was calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre with a 3-TX6/row nozzle arrangement. Leafspot fungicide (Bravo 500) was added to each insecticide treatment at the rate of 1.5 pt/acre. Insect populations were sampled in the middle 2 rows of each plot by beating foliage of both rows and counting the dislodged larvae on the ground. Two samples from 3 linear ft of row each were taken in each plot on 28 Aug (3-day post).
Insecticide Control of Sorghum Head Worms in Georgia, 1986
Authors: All J. N. , Javid A. , Chamberlin J. R.
Published: March 2022

Two sorghum tests were planted, one on 23 Jun and one 10 Jul, at the University of Georgia Experiment Station, Oconee Co., in Appling coarse sandy loam soil. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 2 row plots × 20 ft long × 38 inch row width × 3 ft alleys with 5 replicates. Plants were treated with a full cone spray using an air pressure sprayer at 30 psi in a final volume of 25 gal/acre directed on the heads when 15% of die panicles were in bloom and again 5 days later. Ten consecutive heads (1st test) or 8 heads (2nd test) in a row were shaken vigorously into a plastic bucket 10 days after the last spraying and the contents were placed in a labeled plastic bag. The bags were returned to the laboratory, frozen, and the contents were examined for the presence of corn earworm larvae, fall armyworm larvae, and sorghum webworm larvae.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Sorghum in North Florida, 1985
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Sprenkel R. K. , Gilreath M. E. , Gorbet D. W. , Herzog D. C.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates, located in Jackson Co. at a site that had been planted in wheat the previous season. The field was planted 24-25 Jul, at a seeding rate of ca. 7 lb/acre. Plot size was 4 rows by 200 ft with 36 inch row spacing. Treatments made at planting were applied with a tractor mounted applicator equipped with an electronic metering device which delivered insecticides immediately in front of the press wheel. Spray treatments were applied in 25 gal/acre of spray at the 4-5 leaf stage (13 Aug) with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 3 nozzles/row set at 36 psi. Efficacy data were taken 29 Aug, at the 8-10 leaf stage. Stand density was determined by counting the number of live plants in three 1-m by 1-row samples/plot. LCB damage and density were evaluated by uprooting and visually inspecting all plants in each 1-m sample for larvae or characteristic injury. Yield data could not be taken because of severe hurricane damage.
Chemical Control of Sorghum Midge on Grain Sorghum, 1986
Authors: Robinson John R. C. , Teetes George L.
Published: March 2022

2.2 acres of grain sorghum were planted 15 May on rows spaced 40 inches apart. Twelve rows of mixed hybrid sorghums of varying maturity ranges were planted prior and adjacent to the test plot site to increase midge populations. Nine insecticide treatments and an untreated check were compared in a randomized block design with 4 replications. Experimental plots were 8 rows wide and 45 ft long, but only the middle 4 rows were sprayed. Applications were made with a high-clearance, self-propelled sprayer using TX-3 hollow cone nozzles and calibrated to deliver 5.9 GPA at 42 psi and 3 mph. Insecticide applications began when 30-40% of the panicles were flowering and when average adult midge density was 2.5 midges/panicle. Treatments were applied 11, 15 and 19 Jul. The first application was made under slightly adverse wind conditions (10-15 mph gusts). Adult midge density was determined 1 day prior to application of insecticide treatments. Sampling consisted of securing and collecting individual sorghum panicles in plastic bags. Samples were examined in the laboratory and midges were counted. Prior to the first insecticide application, midge density was determined from sampling 25 randomly selected panicles per replication. On the 2 subsequent sampling days, 5 panicles were sampled from each treatment plot. Visual estimates of percent midge damaged spikelets were made by 6 independent observers, with each observer rating 10 randomly selected panicles/plot. Panicles were hand harvested from one 20-ft section of treated row per plot. The harvested sorghum panicles were threshed and the grain was weighed. Data were analyzed by conventional analysis of variance and multiple comparison procedures.
Soil-Applied Insecticide Trial for Seedcorn Maggot Control on Soybean, 1986
Authors: Hammond Rondal B. , Ressler Elaine
Published: March 2022

Thirty-two plots were established at Wooster, OH. Plots measured 15 m by 2 rows (76 cm centers) with 2 buffer rows between plots. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, 4 replications with 8 treatments. The field had a rye cover crop that was disked into the soil in late Apr; this rye served as an attractant for female seedcorn maggots. Soybeans were planted on 5 May, with applications of soil insecticides at planting in 17 cm bands using Gandy applicators. Agrox seed treatments (ST) were mixed with the seed before planting. Two treatments of the Agrox ST were included, one with moistened seed and the other with dry seed. Soil type was a Wooster silt loam. Adult seedcorn maggot traps (1 m by 0.3 m) were placed over the rows (2 per plot) on 19 May. Sampling continued until adult emergence terminated. Plant stands and the number of snakehead plants (seedcorn maggot damaged plants) were recorded in late May. Insect data were transformed prior to analysis by Vx + 0.05; means presented are pretransformed data.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Green Cloverworm Larvae, 1986
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Gibb T. J. , Blodgett S. , Shufran K.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested late bloom through early pod stage soybean plants were treated on 26 Aug. Nine insecticide-treated and 1 untreated control plot were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots consisted of 4 adjacent rows 7.5 m long with 76 cm inter-row spacings. Sprays were applied in water (20 gpa) with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer equipped with 80� hollow cone nozzles. On each evaluation date 20 pendulum sweeps per plot were collected. Different adjacent rows were sampled on each date.
Soybean Insect Control with Foliar Insecticides, 1986
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Liu Bing , Beahm Mary M.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling corn earworms, green cloverworms, and the predators, spiders, nabids, and big-eyed bugs in soybean. Insecticides were foliar-applied on 14 Aug ‘86 on ‘Bay’ soybeans planted on an 18-inch row spacing. Soybeans were no-till planted after wheat harvest on 3 Jul ‘86 on the Sabine Hall Farm in Richmond County, VA. Individual plots were 4 rows × 30 ft with 6-ft alleys between replicates. A complete randomized block experimental design was utilized with 3 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered compressed air sprayer, with AL8002 nozzles, at 30 psi that delivered 28.7 gal of finished formulation per acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 1-, 3-, 7-, 14-, and 21-days after application by comparing the number oi insect pests and predators per 15 sweeps in the treated plots to those in the untreated checks. A 15-inch diam net was passed through the foliage of single row on each sampling date. Yield estimates were obtained by harvesting 10 row-ft of soybeans from one of the two center rows of each plot.
Sugarbeet Root Maggot Control, 1986
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

An experiment for sugarbeet root maggot control was conducted in a sprinkler irrigated field near Paul, Idaho. The grower field was planted 7 Apr. Five treatments and an untreated check were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 6 rows (22 inch spacing) by 30 ft. After plant emergence, plants were hoed to make alleys between plots so that each plot was then 25 ft long. Planting applications of Temik consisted of a modified in furrow (MIF) technique where the material was applied to the soil surface in a one-inch band just ahead of the planter disc openers. The Temik was then incorporated back over the seed furrow with the planter press wheel. The second Temik planting application (P) was applied by hand in a five-inch band over the seedbed and incorporated lightly with a small garden rake. Lorsban, Counter, and Temik were applied postemergence (PE) on 3 Jun with Ro-Banders® in a five-inch band over the row and lightly incorporated with a drag chain. Root maggot damage (ten beet roots from each plot were rated for maggot feeding damage on 25 Jul) is reported in the table as the sum of the ratings for 10 beets per plot. The rating scale was: 0 = no scars; 1 = 1-4 small scars of pinhead size; 2 = 5-10 small scars to 3 large scars; 3 = more than 3 large scars; 4 = 25 to 75% root area blackened by scars; 5 = more than 75% of root area damaged. Yield data were taken 7 Oct by hand harvesting 50 ft of row selected from the middle four plot rows. Due to variable plant stands, yield data were only taken from 4 of the 6 replications. Sugarbeet yield weights in the table are untared.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control on Sunflower Moth, 1986
Authors: DePew L. J.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in an irrigated field of sunflower located at the Southwest Kansas Branch Experiment Station near Garden City, KS. Seven insecticidal treatments and 1 untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 4 rows (3 m) wide by 12 m in length with 1.52 m separating blocks. Plots were irrigated and cultivated as needed. Insecticides were broadcast over-the-row using a backpack CO2-activated sprayer equipped with hollow-cone sprayer nozzles (TX6), The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 165.5 liters of finished material per hectare at an operating pressure of 2.1 kg/cm2. All treatments were applied on 23 Jul at 30% bloom and again on 30 Jul at 100% bloom. Temperatures at application (early morning) were 18.9�C and 17.8�C on 23 Jul and 30 Jul, respectively. Larval densities were determined by dissecting and examining 6 heads randomly selected from the center 2 rows of each plot. Heads were sampled 2 weeks after the first insecticide application. Total rainfall from the time of first application to posttreatment evaluation was 1.50 cm. Plots were not harvested for seed yield determinations because bird depredation of the maturing seed prevented reliable yield comparisons.
Effects of Insecticides on Cutworms and on the Yield and Quality of Flue-Cured Tobacco, Ontario, Canada, 1985
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J.
Published: March 2022

Twelve insecticidal treatments, including foliar- and soil-applications, were evaluated to determine their effects on darksided cutworms and on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco at the Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Delhi, Ontario. Plots measured 76 × 14 ft and were arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replications in each treatment. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of tobacco with 38 plants in each row, the outside 2 rows in each plot being guard rows. Tobacco seedlings of the variety Candel were transplanted into a field of Fox loamy sand on 28 May. Furthermore, 2 subplots (12 × 12 inches each) were established in each plot. Test insects were 4th and 5th-instar larvae for rye treatment and 6th and 7th-instar larvae for soil and tobacco seedling treatments. The insecticides were broadcast evenly on the rye cover crop on 17 Apr, soil surface on 16 May, and on tobacco seedlings on 5 Jun, using a power sprayer equipped with 80-04 Tee Jet nozzles applying 25 gal of liquid per acre at 3.4 mph and 32 psi. Ten larvae were placed in each subplot 2 hours before treatment. The larvae were retained in the subplots by aluminum barrier strips 8 inches high with 3 inches embedded in the ground to prevent the larvae of the darksided cutworm from escaping. Mortality counts of the larvae in the subplots were made daily for 5 days. Abbott’s formula was used to correct for the mortality occurring in the untreated check. Cutworm damaged plants from the 2 central rows in each plot were counted on 12 and 20 Jun. The number of damaged plants recorded in the last count was expressed as a percentage of the total number of original plants within the 2 center rows of each plot. The harvest and curing of each plot were carried out in the conventional manner. Cured tobacco leaves were analyzed for reducing sugars and total alkaloids as measures of the quality of the tobacco. Agronomic parameters measured were yield (lb/acre) and grade index (0/lb). The percentages of cutworm mortality in the subplots and plants damaged per plot were transformed to angular units before analysis of variance. Means were converted to original units for tabulation.
Control of Tobacco Budworms with Various Formulations of Bacillus Thuringiensis Var. Kurstaki and Ace-Phate, 1986
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco ‘var. K-373’ was transplanted at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, N.C., on 2 May in a Norfolk loamy sand. Plots in Test I consisted of 4 rows (45 inches on center) 70 ft in length. Plots in Test II consisted of 2 rows (45 inches on center) 40 ft in length. Plots were arranged in a randomized-complete block design having 9 (Test I) and 10 (Test II) treatments and 4 blocks. On 16 (Test I) and 18 (Test II) Jun, 15 uniformly sized and undamaged plants in the left-most rows (2 rows in Test I, 1 row in Test II) of the plots were tagged and infested with a single 2-day-old laboratory-reared tobacco budworm larva. The right-most row(s) acted as untreated buffers. Spray treatments were applied on 17 (Test I) and 19 (Test II) Jun using a COa powered sprayer fitted with a single D2-33 full cone nozzle per row delivering 25 gpa at 60 psi and 1.4 mph. Granular materials were applied in a 6 inch band over the row using a Noble granular applicator. The 1% cornmeal baits (by weight) were applied directly into the bud by hand using a measuring spoon. At 3 and 10 or 4 and 11 days post-treatment (Test I and Test II, respectively), the number of budworm larvae on the tagged plants was counted. Damage ratings (0 = no damage to 4 = topped plant) were made on the same plants after 15 and 14 days (Test I and Test II, respectively). After all evaluations were made, all plants in the untreated buffer rows were cut off at 3- to 4-leaf nodes above the soil, and debris hauled from the field. Suckers grew from the axils of the remaining leaves, and on 24 (Test I) and 30 (Test II) Jul, all but one undamaged sucker per plant were removed. Due to the presence of a natural population to tobacco budworms, the second season applications were made against naturally occurring budworms. On 8 (Test I) and 13 (Test II) Aug, a variable number of tobacco plants containing a single early instar budworm was selected and tagged. The following day the treatments were applied as described previously. Four and 11 days post-treatment, surviving budworms were counted. Damage ratings were made after 14 days. Count data were transformed to Vcount + 0.5 prior to ANOVA. In the second season tests, the counts were used to calculate the proportion surviving, which was transformed to arcsin Vprop prior to ANOVA.
Apple, Second Generation White Apple Leafhopper Control Test, 1986
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A. , Baird R. J.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 4-year-old orchard with over-tree irrigation. A randomized complete block design with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment was used. Materials were applied as dilute sprays to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre. Treatments were applied after the majority of second generation WALH eggs had hatched, but most nymphs were still in the first three instars (9 Aug). WALH populations were sampled by counting nymphs and cast skins on 20 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves from terminal growth on each tree (80 leaves per treatment). Mite populations were assessed by collecting 20 randomly selected leaves from each tree (100 leaves per treatment), brushing them in a mite brushing machine, and counting the mites of each species recovered.
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Insecticides Applied to the Soil and In the Transplant Water, 1986
Authors: Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil near Blackstone, VA, on 6 May. Experimental plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were 40 ft (24 plants) × 2 rows on 4 ft centers. Transplant water treatments were applied in 200 gal of water/acre (116 ml/plant) using a hand operated transplanter. Temik 15G was applied in a 12-inch band using a Gandy granular applicator mounted or a push-cart. The band application of Standak was made with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer using a single 8004E tip to deliver the Standak in 10 gal finished spray/acre at 30 psi. The band treatments were applied and incorporated with a rotary tiller and by bedding on 30 Apr. Wind speed was 5-10 mpr and temperature was 85-90 degrees F at time of application. Insect counts were made once every 1-2 weeks from mid-May through Aug. On the first 2 dates flea beetle feeding holes were counted on the most damaged leaf of 10 plants/plot. Green peach aphids were counted on the 4 upper leaves of 10 leaves/plot. Counts of hornworms and the number of leaves destroyed by hornworms were made for 24 plants/plot on 13 and 24 Jun, respectively. Tobacco in 1 row of each plot was harvested and cured for yield determination. Aphid counts were transformed to Log10(counts + 1). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT. Actual means are presented in the tables.
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1984
Authors: Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted on 15 May in plots, 8 × 40 ft (2 rows × 24 plants) arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Adjacent plots were separated by untreated bordei rows and blocks were separated by vacant 5 ft alleyways. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1 all plants in the 1st row of each plot were artificially infested with one 2nd-instar tobacco hornworm larva before treatments were applied, while each plant in the 2nd row of each plot was artificial!} infested with one 2nd-instar tobacco budworm larva. Foliar treatments were applied on 9 Jul using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer that delivered 32 gal acre through 2 TX-18 spray tips/row at 60 psi. Hornworm and budworms were counted on the 1st and 2nd rows of each plot, respectively, at 2, 7 and 14 days after application. In Experiment 2 the plants used in Experiment 1 were cut offca. 6 inches above the soil surface on 24 Jul and suckers were allowed to grow. On 3 Aug, 100 lb of nitrate of soda (16-0-0) was applied to enhance tobacco growth. On 7 Aug, all but 1 sucker was removed from each plant and the remaining sucker was allowed to grow. The 2nd row of each plot was infested with 1 2nd-instar budworm/plant on 20 Aug. In the first row of each plot. hornworms were counted on each plant, tobacco flea beetles were counted on 5 plants and green peach aphid populations were estimated for the upper 4 leaves of 5 plants. On 22 Aug insecticide treatments were applied as in Experiment 1, except that 1 TX-18 tip was used on each row instead of 2 and finished spray was applied at 16 gal/acre. Insect counts were made 2 days pretreatment and 2, 7 and 14 days post-treatment. Tobacco in Experiment 1 received 3 inches of precipitation on 11 Jul, 0.6 inches on 18 Jul and 0.5 inches on 22 Jul. No significant rainfall fell during Experiment 2.
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , David Reed T.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil near Blackstone, VA on 2 May. Experimental plots, 8 × 40 ft (2 rows × 24 plants), were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows and blocks were separated by 5 ft vacant alleys. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment I was initated on 3 Jul and completed on 17 Jul. Immediately after Experiment I was completed, the tobacco stalks were cut off at ca. 6 inches above the ground and single suckers were encouraged to develop on each stub for use in Experiment II. Insecticide treatments were applied to Experiment I on 3 Jul and to Experiment 2 on 14 Aug. Aphids, flea beetles, hornworms and budworms were counted 1 day before application in each test and at 2, 7 and 14 days posttreatment. Aphid populations were estimated for 4 upper leaves on 5 plants/plot in both tests. Flea beetles were counted on 5 plants/plot in Experiment II. Budworms and hornworms were counted on 24 plants in the first and second rows of each plot, respectively in Experiment I. In Experiment II homworm and budworm counts were made on 10 and 48 plants, respectively. The numbers of leaves consumed by hornworms and budworms were counted at 14 days after treatment in both tests. Since budworm and homworm populations were low in Experiment I, the first row of each plot was artificially infested with 2 budworms/plant, while the second row was infested with 1 homworm/plant. No artificial infestations were needed in Experiment II. Treatments were applied with a CO2 powered back pack sprayer with 3 TX-18 tips delivering the spray at 40 gal/acre at 60 psi over the row. In Test II one TX-18 tip delivering 14 gal/acre at 60 psi was directed over each row. Weather conditions were sunny on both application dates. The wind speed ranged from 5 to 12 mph each day and the ambient temperatures were 78 to 84 F and 85 to 92 F on 3 Jul and 14 Aug, respectively.
Insect Control on Burley Tobacco with Soil Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B.
Published: March 2022

Eight soil-applied insecticide treatments were evaluated at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Granular and liquid formulations werre applied and incorporated prior to transplanting on 6 Jun. ‘TN 86’ burley tobacco was transplanted on Huntington soil with 2-5% slope of pH 6.6. Plots were 30 ft × 3 rows with 42 inch spacing between rows; plants were spaced 20 inches apart. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Flea beetle damage was reported as average number of feeding holes/10 leaves; counts were made on the fifth leaf (of width greater than 2 inches) from the top of the plant. Aphid rating ranged from 0 (no evident infestation) to 5 (heavy infestation with necrosis of lower leaf bases). Hornworm counts were the number of hornworms/50 plants.
Planting Time Application of Temik for Aphid Control on Winter Wheat in Montana, 1985-86
Authors: Wayne Brewer J. , Jackson Grant D.
Published: March 2022

Temik 15G was_evaluated as a planting time applicaiton for aphid control at the Central Montana Agricultural Research Center, Moccasin, Montana. Plots were planted 31 Oct ‘85 with treatment rates of 0.5 and 1.0 lb (AI)/acre. About 5 g of soil mixed with the insecticide and seed to improve metering through the cone planter. Plots consisted of 3 rows (12 inches between rows) 20 ft long replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Plots were evaluated 9 and 23 Jul ‘86 by examining all plants in 1 m of row for tiller production, winter kill, and populations of aphids and ladybird beetles. At harvest yield and test weight of the grain was determined.
Control of Russian Wheat with Hand-Applied Insecticides, Springfield, Co, 1986
Authors: Peairs Frank B. , Pilcher Stanley D.
Published: March 2022

Plots were 6 rows wide and 50 ft long, uid were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 11 Apr with a CO2 powered sprayer calibrated to apply 26 gpa at 80 psi through 4 flat fan 8006 nozzles mounted on a 6 ft handheld boom. Treatments were evaluated on 18 and 24 Apr. The crop was in Feekes growth stage 7 at time of application. Percent control was calculated by the Henderson and Tilton method.
White Grub Control in Kentucky Bluegrass, California, 1986
Authors: Ali A. D. , Garcia J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in a golf course fairway in Apple V alley, California. Experimental design was a RCB with four replications. Plot size was 5 x 20 ft. Granular formulations were shaken from a glass jar manually c ver the plots. Liquids were applied with a Solo® knapsack sprayer using a hollow cone nozzle at 32 psi, and a 6 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Immediately after application, treatments were watered-in with 1 inch of water. Pretreatment grub density was determined on 4 Sep by cutting 51ft. X 1 ft. X 3 in. randomly sslected sections in the sod in each plot and counting the number of grubs. Insecticide treatments were applied at the same date. Posttreatment grub density v/as determined in the same manner on 18 Sept.
Apple, Evaluation of Dimilin for Spotted Tentiform Leafminer Control, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted in a 1.2 acre block of mixed varieties. The block was split into 2 equal sections. Two trees at the corner of one section were left untreated and served as controls. Six trees were chosen in each section for monitoring STLM. Treatments were applied using the alternate-row middle technique with a Bean airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 GPA at 2 mph. Spray dates were timed to coincide with adult emergence and oviposition period for both first (14 and 24 Apr) and second (10 and 18 Jun) broods. A routine fungicide (Dithane M45) and insecticide (Lorsban, Guthion, and Penncap M) schedule was maintained during the course of the experiment. The effect of Dimilin on STLM was evaluated by counting mines observed during a 5-min. examination per tree.
Spring Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Johnstown, Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen insecticide treatments were applied on 23 Apr for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The rough consisted of annual bluegrass (50%), Kentucky bluegrass (20%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 6 x 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker, and they were mixed with a fine grade of calcined clay top dressing (Terragreen) to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 62°F; soil temp, 50°F; % RH, 42; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, loam; % soil moisture, 24; soil pH, 4.8; % organic matter, 4.4; water pH, mildly acidic; amount of rainfall occurring over the posttreatment period, 1.9 inches Posttreatment counts were made 28 DAT (21 May). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded. An average of 15 Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 23 Apr.
Fall Control of White Grubs with Insecticides on a Long Island Golf Course, 1986
Authors: Villani M. G. , Wright R. J.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were applied to a rough at the Huntington Country Club, Long Island, NY on 3 Sep for control of a mixed population of Japanese beetle, Oriental beetle, and northerr masked chafer grubs. The rough consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (30%), annual bluegrass (35%), bentgrass (20%), and broadleaf weeds (15%). Thatch wa;. minimal within the test plot (<.25 in.). The experimental design was RCB with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 ft by 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied with 11.4 liters (3 gal) of water through a watering can. All liquid applications were made in 2 directions within each plot. At treatment time the following environmental conditions existed: aii temp, 64°F; soil temp (3 inch), 67°F; soil pH, 5.22; water pH, 6.28; soil moisture, 15%. Approximately 0.2 inch of rain fell during and after insecticide application, and ca. 0.5 inch of water was applied through sprinklers the day of application. Posttreatment counts were taken 60 days later (23 Oct) by cutting a 1 ft by 10 ft strip (2.25 inches deep) lengthwise through each plot with a mechanical sod cutter and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. Three 1-ft2 samples of sod were examined in each plot and the no. of surviving grubs were counted. Species identification were made in the field. At this time Japanese beetles were predominantly third instars, with some second instars; Oriental beetle and northern masked chafer grubs were all third instars.
Efficacy of Several Insecticides Against Asiatic Garden Beetle, Massachusetts, 1986
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Ten insecticides were applied to an airport turf area, maintained at 3 to 4 inch, on 15 Apr. Granular formulations were applied by hand shaking from a glass jar with a perforated lid. Liquid formulations were applied with 3 qt water in a watering can. All applications were made in 2 (perpendicular) directions within each 8-ft by 8-ft plot. All tests were replicated 5 times in a CRB design. It was raining at the time of application and the test area received 1.5 inch rain within 24 hours after the application was completed. Plots were sampled 5 Jun. Two 1-sq-ft sections of sod, each ca. 4 inch deep, were removed from the center of each plot, inspected on the spot, and the number of healthy grubs recorded.
Control of Second Instar Beet Armyworm Larvae on Chrysanthemum, Summer, California, 1986
Authors: Yoshida H. A. , Garcia J. M. , Ali A. D. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Two rates of Dimilin 25W were evaluated for control of second instar beet armyworm larvae. Ten 4-week-old chrysanthemum plants were used per treatment. Plants were sprayed with a 1 gal B&G hand sprayer at 55 psi until runoff 3 Sep. After the plants were allowed to dry, 5 second instar beet armyworm larvae were placed on each plant. The larvae were confined to the plants using an inverted, ventilated 1 qt plastic container. Mortality was assessed after 48 h and each surviving larva was placed individually in a 1 fl oz plastic cup filled with a sufficient amount of untreated commercial beet armyworm diet. Mortality was assessed at 48 h intervals thereafter until all surviving larvae pupated. In addition, percent mortality at adult emergence was also determined for all treatments. The data were subjected to arcsin square root transformations prior to ANOVA.