bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metáforas gramaticais como recurso para empacotamento no texto acadêmico
Authors: Ninin Maria Otília Guimarães , Joseph Norma Lírio de Leão , Maciel Alda Maria Coimbra
Published: March 2017

Escrita acadêmica não é uma tarefa fácil a graduandos de qualquer curso, embora convivam com textos dessa natureza ao longo de toda a graduação. Muitos estudos têm se concentrado nas discussões sobre resenhas, abstractse resumos, introduções de teses e dissertações, buscando suas características e modos de construir o significado do texto. No entanto, ainda são escassas as pesquisas que se debruçam sobre a seção de revisão da literatura. Nessa direção, este capítulo, a partir da análise de seções teóricas de diferentes gêneros da área de Letras/Linguística, à luz do conceito de metáfora gramatical (HALLIDAY, 1994; 2004; EGGINS; MARTIN, 1997; TAVERNIERS, 2003; SCHLEPPEGRELL, 2004; RAVELLI, 1988; SARDINHA, 2007), pretende mostrar como se realiza essa escrita e como pode ser viável, por meio de atividades de revisão do texto, propiciar aos alunos o aprendizado de uma escrita mais encapsulada, com maior densidade lexical, característica fundamental para a qualidade do texto científico.
ESBOÇO DA MORFOLOGIA DA LÍNGUA SURUÍ- AIKEWÁRA, COM BASE NO CLÁSSICO TRABALHO DE RODRIGUES “A ESTRUTURA DO TUPINAMBÁ”
Authors: Lopes Jorge Domingues
Published: March 2017

Este artigo apresenta uma descrição de aspectos da morfologia da língua Suruí-Aikewára, língua pertencente ao subramo IV da família linguística Tupí-Guaraní (Rodrigues 1984/1985), tendo como referência o clássico estudo de Rodrigues (2010 [1981]), “A estrutura do Tupinambá”.
ANÁLISE E DESCRIÇÃO DA FONOLOGIA SEGMENTAL DO MANXINERU
Authors: Couto Fábio Pereira
Published: March 2017

Neste artigo apresentamos a descrição da língua Manxineru, variedade da língua Yine (família Aruák), falada no sudeste do Estado do Acre, Brasil. Este trabalho foi pensado e elaborado não só como forma de descrever e divulgar a minha pesquisa desenvolvida em dissertação de mestrado em 2012 e ampliada em tese de doutorado em andamento, mas também com a intenção de contribuir para os estudos de línguas e para conhecimento da língua Manxineru. A descrição fonológica feita nesta pesquisa foi desenvolvida sob o viés da fonética articulatória e em uma perspectiva fonológica, considerando princípios de análise fonêmica, que tem, como orientação fundamental, a distribuição dos sons em sequências sonoras mais largas, tais quais sílabas e palavras.
Prenatal, Obstetric, Neonatal Outcomes and Contraceptive Behaviors in Women with Four or More Pregnancies
Authors: Akay Aysen , Yanikkerem Emre
Published: March 2017

Background: The aim of the population-based study was to determine prenatal, obstetric, neonatal outcomes and contraceptive behaviors in women with four or more pregnancies.
Methods: This study was conducted with women (n=294) using a questionnaire in two family centers of Manisa, Turkey where the fertility rate was high.
Results: In the study, the mean number of pregnancies was 5.6±1.5. Loving children, willing to have a larger family and to have a male child were determined the main reasons of extreme fertility. Although 93.2% of women did not desire to have children in the future, only 43.3% of them used a birth control method. The rates of gestational diabetes, hypertension, depression, physical violence, lower weight of baby, risk of miscarriage, preterm birth and cesarean section were higher in the women with more pregnancies.
Conclusions: It is very important to provide women with more pregnancies who had unmet need with client-centered counseling to encourage them to use more effective methods.
Fostering Elite Athlete Development and Recreational Sport Participation: a Successful Club Environment
Authors: Galatti Larissa Rafaela , Côté Jean , Reverdito Riller Silva , Allan Veronica , Seoane Antonio Montero , Paes Roberto Rodrigues
Published: March 2017

The overall aim of this article was to present a positive case study about how a sport club can foster both elite athlete development in parallel with offering a diverse range of sport activities to attract and maintain a greater number of children and youth for continued participation in a long term sport program.  To this end, an in-depth case study was conducted of a model Spanish Basketball Club, considered an example of success in achieving consistent level of performance and high rates of participation among their youth. Data were collected from in-depth interviews with administrators, setting observation, and analysis of current and archived club documents. The results show that the club has created changes over the years that have led to a clear organizational structure with a philosophy that connects its youth development teams and elite teams. An increase focus on youth development, the addition of recreational activities, and the implementation of a coach education program have been linked to enhanced participation rate and performance.
БИОАКУМУЛАЦИЈА ЖЕЉЕЗА И МАНГАНА КОД НЕКИХ ВОДЕНИХ МАКРОФИТА НА ПОДРУЧЈУ РИБЊАКА БАРДАЧА
Authors: Максимовић Тања , Рончевић Срђан , Кукавица Биљана
Published: March 2017

Садржај Fe и Mn анализиран је у води, седименту и ткиву Phragmites communis Trin.,Utricularia vulgaris L. i Salvinia natans (L.) All. на два локалитета на подручју Бардаче (Нецик иСињак – активни рибњачки базени) у периоду мај–октобар. Концентрације микроелеменатаодређиване су атомском апсорпционом спектрофотометријом (ААС) директно из матичнограствора. На основу садржаја Fe и Mn у води, а према Уредби о класификацији вода икатегоризацији водотока, воде на истраживаним локалитетима припадају II/III класи квалитета.Концентрација Fe и Mn у ткиву испитиваних макрофита варирала је у односу на врсту, локалитети период узимања узорака. У погледу садржаја Fe слијед биоакумулације код испитиванихмакрофитских врста на оба истраживана базена опадао је у низу: Salvinia natans > Utriculariavulgaris > Phragmites communis-rizom > Phragmites communis – надземни дио. За Mn редослиједбиоакумулације био је другачији: Utricularia vulgaris > Salvinia natans > Phragmites communis –надземни дио > Phragmites communis-ризом. Резултати добијени у раду указују на различиткапацитет за усвајањем Fe и Mn између испитиваних врста, што може бити од велике важностипри одабиру биљних врста погодних за фиторемедијацију.
УПОРЕДНИ ПРИКАЗ МОРФОМЕТРИЈСКИХ И МЕРИСТИЧКИХ КАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ДЕВЕРИКЕ (Abramis brama, Linnaeus) И БОДОРКЕ (Rutilus rutilus, Linnaeus), ТЕ ЊИХОВОГ ХИБРИДА ИЗ ХИДРОАКУМУЛАЦИЈЕ МОДРАЦ
Authors: Бajрић Aлeн , Aдрoвић Aвдул , Скeндeрoвић Исaт , Хajдaрeвић Eдинa
Published: March 2017

Хидроакумаулација Модрац, осим што представља значајан туристички ресурс Тузланскогкантона и интересантан комплекс за спортски риболов, има велики биолошки потенцијал закомплексна научна истраживања. Прва истраживања оваквог типа домаћи истраживачи провелису 2006. (Adrović, 2007). На изузетно биолошко богатство ове хидроакумулације указивали сумноги радови иностраних аутора који су објављени крајем прошлог вијека. Значајан доприноспроучености овог екосистема у скорије вријеме дају разноврсни дипломски, магистарски али идокторски радови студената и упослених на Одсјеку за биологију Природно-математичкогфакултета, Универзитета у Тузли (Adrović, 2007; Bajrić, 2012). Диверзитет ихтиопопулација изхидроакумулације Модрац изражен је са 22 врсте риба и једним природним хибридом (Adrović,2007). Природна хибридизација врло је честа појава, нарочито међу врстама из фамилијеCyprinidae што је констатовано и у овом екосистему. Наиме, током истраживања уочене сујединке риба које на први поглед и искусни риболовци сврставају или као деверику (Abramisbrama) или као бодорку (Rutilus rutilus), међутим детаљним и научним прегледом оваквих јединкиуочавају се битне морфолошке и меристичке разлике. Ријеч је о природном хибриду који је настаоукрштањем једники деверике и бодорке.
The endochondral bone protein CHM1 sustains an undifferentiated, invasive phenotype, promoting lung metastasis in Ewing sarcoma
Authors: von Heyking Kristina , Calzada‐Wack Julia , Göllner Stefanie , Neff Frauke , Schmidt Oxana , Hensel Tim , Schirmer David , Fasan Annette , Esposito Irene , Müller‐Tidow Carsten , Sorensen Poul H. , Burdach Stefan , Richter Günther H. S.
Published: March 2017

Ewing sarcomas (ES) are highly malignant, osteolytic bone or soft tissue tumors, which are characterized by EWS–ETS translocations and early metastasis to lung and bone. In this study, we investigated the role of the BRICHOS chaperone domain‐containing endochondral bone protein chondromodulin I (CHM1) in ES pathogenesis. CHM1 is significantly overexpressed in ES, and chromosome immunoprecipitation (ChIP) data demonstrate CHM1 to be directly bound by an EWS–ETS translocation, EWS‐FLI1. Using RNA interference, we observed that CHM1 promoted chondrogenic differentiation capacity of ES cells but decreased the expression of osteolytic genes such as HIF1A, IL6, JAG1, and VEGF. This was in line with the induction of the number of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP+)‐stained osteoclasts in an orthotopic model of local tumor growth after CHM1 knockdown, indicating that CHM1‐mediated inhibition of osteomimicry might play a role in homing, colonization, and invasion into bone tissues. We further demonstrate that CHM1 enhanced the invasive potential of ES cells in vitro. This invasiveness was in part mediated via CHM1‐regulated matrix metallopeptidase 9 expression and correlated with the observation that, in an xenograft mouse model, CHM1 was essential for the establishment of lung metastases. This finding is in line with the observed increase in CHM1 expression in patient specimens with ES lung metastases. Our results suggest that CHM1 seems to have pleiotropic functions in ES, which need to be further investigated, but appears to be essential for the invasive and metastatic capacities of ES.
The role of DYNAMO in situ observations in improving NASA CERES‐like daily surface and atmospheric radiative flux estimates
Authors: Wang Hailan , Su Wenying , Loeb Norman G. , Achuthavarier Deepthi , Schubert Siegfried D.
Published: March 2017

The daily surface and atmospheric radiative fluxes from NASA Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Synoptic 1 degree (SYN1deg) Ed3A are among the most widely used data to study cloud‐radiative feedback. The CERES SYN1deg data are based on Fu‐Liou radiative transfer computations that use specific humidity (Q) and air temperature (T) from NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) reanalyses as inputs and are therefore subject to the quality of those fields. This study uses in situ Q and T observations collected during the Dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) field campaign to augment the input stream used in the NASA GMAO reanalysis and assess the impact on the CERES daily surface and atmospheric longwave estimates. The results show that the assimilation of DYNAMO observations considerably improves the vertical profiles of analyzed Q and T over and near DYNAMO stations by moistening and warming the lower troposphere and upper troposphere and drying and cooling the mid‐upper troposphere. As a result of these changes in Q and T, the computed CERES daily surface downward longwave flux increases by about 5 W m−2, due mainly to the warming and moistening in the lower troposphere; the computed daily top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) outgoing longwave radiation increases by 2–3 W m−2 during dry periods only. Correspondingly, the estimated local atmospheric longwave radiative cooling enhances by about 5 W m−2 (7–8 W m−2) during wet (dry) periods. These changes reduce the bias in the CERES SYN1deg‐like daily longwave estimates at both the TOA and surface and represent an improvement over the DYNAMO region.
Revisiting the contribution of transpiration to global terrestrial evapotranspiration
Authors: Wei Zhongwang , Yoshimura Kei , Wang Lixin , Miralles Diego G. , Jasechko Scott , Lee Xuhui
Published: March 2017

Even though knowing the contributions of transpiration (T), soil and open water evaporation (E), and interception (I) to terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET = T + E + I) is crucial for understanding the hydrological cycle and its connection to ecological processes, the fraction of T is unattainable by traditional measurement techniques over large scales. Previously reported global mean T/(E + T + I) from multiple independent sources, including satellite‐based estimations, reanalysis, land surface models, and isotopic measurements, varies substantially from 24% to 90%. Here we develop a new ET partitioning algorithm, which combines global evapotranspiration estimates and relationships between leaf area index (LAI) and T/(E + T) for different vegetation types, to upscale a wide range of published site‐scale measurements. We show that transpiration accounts for about 57.2% (with standard deviation ± 6.8%) of global terrestrial ET. Our approach bridges the scale gap between site measurements and global model simulations,and can be simply implemented into current global climate models to improve biological CO2 flux simulations.
Temporal variation of the shallow subsurface at the Aquistore CO2 storage site associated with environmental influences using a continuous and controlled seismic source
Authors: Ikeda Tatsunori , Tsuji Takeshi , Takanashi Mamoru , Kurosawa Isao , Nakatsukasa Masashi , Kato Ayato , Worth Kyle , White Don , Roberts Brian
Published: March 2017

The development of reliable systems for monitoring injected CO2 is essential in carbon capture and storage projects. We applied time‐lapse surface wave analysis to measure temporal variations of the shallow subsurface among 11 periods (0.2–21.6 days) of continuous seismic data acquired from 2014 to 2016 at the Aquistore CO2 storage site in Canada. We focused on monitoring environmental influences on shallow seismic velocity, which are unrelated to CO2 injection into deep reservoirs. A continuous, controlled seismic source system called Accurately Controlled Routinely Operated Signal System was used to enhance the temporal resolution and source repeatability. Observed phase velocities were clearly higher in winter than in warmer seasons. The seasonal variation could be reproduced by an increase in the shallow S wave velocity during winter associated with the greater extent of freezing of partially saturated rock. We also observed gradual increases or decreases in phase velocities as the seasons changed, which could be related to gradual freezing or melting of ice. Our monitoring system thus could be effective for monitoring temporal variations of the shallow subsurface associated with the degree of freezing. Furthermore, the high temporal stability of our monitoring approach in warm seasons may make it possible to immediately identify CO2 leakage in the shallow subsurface.
New insights on tsunami genesis and energy source
Authors: Song Y. Tony , Mohtat Ali , Yim Solomon C.
Published: March 2017

Conventional tsunami theories suggest that earthquakes with significant vertical motions are more likely to generate tsunamis. In tsunami models, the vertical seafloor elevation is directly transferred to the sea‐surface as the only initial condition. However, evidence from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake indicates otherwise; the vertical seafloor uplift was only 3–5 m, too small to account for the resultant tsunami. Surprisingly, the horizontal displacement was undeniably larger than anyone's expectation; about 60 m at the frontal wedge of the fault plate, the largest slip ever recorded by in situ instruments. The question is whether the horizontal motion of seafloor slopes had enhanced the tsunami to become as destructive as observed. In this study, we provide proof: (1) combining various measurements from the 2011 Tohoku event, we show that the earthquake transferred a total energy of 3.1e + 15 joule to the ocean, in which the potential energy (PE) due to the vertical seafloor elevation (including seafloor uplift/subsidence plus the contribution from the horizontal displacement) was less than a half, while the kinetic energy (KE) due to the horizontal displacement velocity of the continental slope contributed a majority portion; (2) using two modern state‐of‐the‐art wave flumes and a three‐dimensional tsunami model, we have reproduced the source energy and tsunamis consistent with observations, including the 2004 Sumatra event. Based on the unified source energy formulation, we offer a competing theory to explain why some earthquakes generate destructive tsunamis, while others do not.
Subregional characterization of mesoscale eddies across the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence
Authors: Mason Evan , Pascual Ananda , Gaube Peter , Ruiz Simón , Pelegrí Josep L. , Delepoulle Antoine
Published: March 2017

Horizontal and vertical motions associated with coherent mesoscale structures, including eddies and meanders, are responsible for significant global transports of many properties, including heat and mass. Mesoscale vertical fluxes also influence upper ocean biological productivity by mediating the supply of nutrients into the euphotic layer, with potential impacts on the global carbon cycle. The Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence (BMC) is a western boundary current region in the South Atlantic with intense mesoscale activity. This region has an active role in the genesis and transformation of water masses and thus is a critical component of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. The collision between the Malvinas and Brazil Currents over the Patagonian shelf/slope creates an energetic front that translates offshore to form a vigorous eddy field. Recent improvements in gridded altimetric sea level anomaly fields allow us to track BMC mesoscale eddies with high spatial and temporal resolutions using an automated eddy tracker. We characterize the eddies across fourteen 5° × 5° subregions. Eddy‐centric composites of tracers and geostrophic currents diagnosed from a global reanalysis of surface and in situ data reveal substantial subregional heterogeneity. The in situ data are also used to compute the evolving quasi‐geostrophic vertical velocity (QG‐ω) associated with each instantaneous eddy instance. The QG‐ω eddy composites have the expected dipole patterns of alternating upwelling/downwelling, however, the magnitude and sign of azimuthally averaged vertical velocity varies among subregions. Maximum eddy values are found near fronts and sharp topographic gradients. In comparison with regional eddy composites, subregional composites provide refined information about mesoscale eddy heterogeneity.
Ship observations and numerical simulation of the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the spring oceanic front in the northwestern South China Sea
Authors: Shi Rui , Chen Ju , Guo Xinyu , Zeng Lili , Li Jian , Xie Qiang , Wang Xin , Wang Dongxiao
Published: March 2017

The response of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) structure to an oceanic front is analyzed using Global Positioning System (GPS) sounding data obtained during a survey in the northwestern South China Sea (NSCS) over a period of about 1 week in April 2013. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to further examine the thermodynamical mechanisms of the MABL's response to the front. The WRF model successfully simulates the change in the MABL structure across the front, which agrees well with the observations. The spatially high‐pass‐filtered fields of sea surface temperature (SST) and 10 m neutral equivalent wind from the WRF model simulation show a tight, positive coupling between the SST and surface winds near the front. Meanwhile, the SST front works as a damping zone to reduce the enhancement of wind blowing from the warm to the cold side of the front in the lower boundary layer. Analysis of the momentum budget shows that the most active and significant term affecting horizontal momentum over the frontal zone is the adjustment of the pressure gradient. It is found that the front in the NSCS is wide enough for slowly moving air parcels to be affected by the change in underlying SST. The different thermal structure upwind and downwind of the front causes a baroclinic adjustment of the perturbation pressure from the surface to the midlayer of the MABL, which dominates the change in the wind profile across the front.
The combined risk of extreme tropical cyclone winds and storm surges along the U.S. Gulf of Mexico Coast
Authors: Trepanier J. C. , Yuan J. , Jagger T. H.
Published: March 2017

Tropical cyclones, with their nearshore high wind speeds and deep storm surges, frequently strike the United States Gulf of Mexico coastline influencing millions of people and disrupting offshore economic activities. The combined risk of occurrence of tropical cyclone nearshore wind speeds and storm surges is assessed at 22 coastal cities throughout the United States Gulf of Mexico. The models used are extreme value copulas fitted with margins defined by the generalized Pareto distribution or combinations of Weibull, gamma, lognormal, or normal distributions. The statistical relationships between the nearshore wind speed and storm surge are provided for each coastal city prior to the copula model runs using Spearman's rank correlations. The strongest significant relationship between the nearshore wind speed and storm surge exists at Shell Beach, LA (ρ= 0.67), followed by South Padre Island, TX (ρ= 0.64). The extreme value Archimedean copula models for each city then provide return periods for specific nearshore wind speed and storm surge pairs. Of the 22 cities considered, Bay St. Louis, MS, has the shortest return period for a tropical cyclone with at least a 50 ms−1nearshore wind speed and a 3 m surge (19.5 years, 17.1‐23.5). The 90% confidence intervals are created by recalculating the return periods for a fixed set of wind speeds and surge levels using 100 samples of the model parameters. The results of this study can be utilized by policy managers and government officials concerned with coastal populations and economic activity in the Gulf of Mexico.
Reducing multisensor monthly mean aerosol optical depth uncertainty: 2. Optimal locations for potential ground observation deployments
Authors: Li Jing , Li Xichen , Carlson Barbara E. , Kahn Ralph A. , Lacis Andrew A. , Dubovik Oleg , Nakajima Teruyuki
Published: March 2017

Surface remote sensing of aerosol properties provides “ground truth” for satellite and model validation and is an important component of aerosol observation system. Due to the different characteristics of background aerosol variability, information obtained at different locations usually has different spatial representativeness, implying that the location should be carefully chosen so that its measurement could be extended to a greater area. In this study, we present an objective observation array design technique that automatically determines the optimal locations with the highest spatial representativeness based on the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) theory. The ensemble is constructed using aerosol optical depth (AOD) products from five satellite sensors. The optimal locations are solved sequentially by minimizing the total analysis error variance, which means that observations at these locations will reduce the background error variance to the largest extent. The location determined by the algorithm is further verified to have larger spatial representativeness than some other arbitrary location. In addition to the existing active Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites, the 40 selected optimal locations are mostly concentrated on regions with both high AOD inhomogeneity and its spatial representativeness, namely, the Sahel, South Africa, East Asia, and North Pacific Islands. These places should be the focuses of establishing future AERONET sites in order to further reduce the uncertainty in the monthly mean AOD. Observations at these locations contribute to approximately 50% of the total background uncertainty reduction.
Protracted volcanism after large impacts: Evidence from the Sudbury impact basin
Authors: Ubide Teresa , Guyett Paul C. , Kenny Gavin G. , O'Sullivan Edel M. , Ames Doreen E. , Petrus Joseph A. , Riggs Nancy , Kamber Balz S.
Published: March 2017

Morphological studies of large impact structures on Mercury, Venus, Mars, and the Moon suggest that volcanism within impact craters may not be confined to the shock melting of target rocks. This possibility prompted reinvestigation of the 1.85 Ga subaqueous Sudbury impact structure, specifically its 1.5 km thick immediate basin fill (Onaping Formation). Historically, breccias of this formation were debated in the context of an endogenic versus an impact‐fallback origin. New field, petrographic, and in situ geochemical data document an array of igneous features, including vitric shards, bombs, sheet‐like intrusions, and peperites, preserved in exquisite textural detail. The geochemistry of vitric materials is affected by alteration, as expected for subaqueous magmatic products. Earlier studies proposed an overall andesitic chemistry for all magmatic products, sourced from the underlying impact melt sheet. The new data, however, suggest progressive involvement of an additional, more magnesian, and volatile‐rich magma source with time. We propose a new working model in which only the lower part of the Onaping Formation was derived by explosive “melt‐fuel‐coolant interaction” when seawater flooded onto the impact melt sheet in the basin floor. By contrast, we suggest that the upper 1000 m were deposited during protracted submarine volcanism and sedimentary reworking. Magma was initially sourced from the impact melt sheet and up stratigraphy, from reservoirs at greater depth. It follows that volcanic deposits in large impact basins may be related to magmatism caused by the impact but not directly associated with the impact‐generated melt sheet.
Characterization of LIBS emission lines for the identification of chlorides, carbonates, and sulfates in salt/basalt mixtures for the application to MSL ChemCam data
Authors: Anderson D. E. , Ehlmann B. L. , Forni O. , Clegg S. M. , Cousin A. , Thomas N. H. , Lasue J. , Delapp D. M. , McInroy R. E. , Gasnault O. , Dyar M. D. , Schröder S. , Maurice S. , Wiens R. C.
Published: March 2017

Ancient environmental conditions on Mars can be probed through the identification of minerals on its surface, including water‐deposited salts and cements dispersed in the pore space of sedimentary rocks. Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analyses by the Martian rover Curiosity's ChemCam instrument can indicate salts, and ChemCam surveys aid in identifying and selecting sites for further, detailed in situ analyses. We performed laboratory LIBS experiments under simulated Mars conditions with a ChemCam‐like instrument on a series of mixtures containing increasing concentrations of salt in a basaltic background to investigate the potential for identifying and quantifying chloride, carbonate, and sulfate salts found only in small amounts, dispersed in bulk rock with ChemCam, rather than concentrated in veins. Data indicate that the presence of emission lines from the basalt matrix limited the number of Cl, C, and S emission lines found to be useful for quantitative analysis; nevertheless, several lines with intensities sensitive to salt concentration were identified. Detection limits for the elements based on individual emission lines ranged from ~20 wt % carbonate (2 wt % C), ~5–30 wt % sulfate (1–8 wt % S), and ~5–10 wt % chloride (3–6 wt % Cl) depending on the basaltic matrix and/or salt cation. Absolute quantification of Cl, C, and S in the samples via univariate analysis depends on the cation‐anion pairing in the salt but appears relatively independent of matrices tested, following normalization. These results are promising for tracking relative changes in the salt content of bulk rock on the Martian surface with ChemCam.
Alkali trace elements in Gale crater, Mars, with ChemCam: Calibration update and geological implications
Authors: Payré V. , Fabre C. , Cousin A. , Sautter V. , Wiens R. C. , Forni O. , Gasnault O. , Mangold N. , Meslin P.‐Y. , Lasue J. , Ollila A. , Rapin W. , Maurice S. , Nachon M. , Le Deit L. , Lanza N. , Clegg S.
Published: March 2017

The Chemistry Camera (ChemCam) instrument onboard Curiosity can detect minor and trace elements such as lithium, strontium, rubidium, and barium. Their abundances can provide some insights about Mars' magmatic history and sedimentary processes. We focus on developing new quantitative models for these elements by using a new laboratory database (more than 400 samples) that displays diverse compositions that are more relevant for Gale crater than the previous ChemCam database. These models are based on univariate calibration curves. For each element, the best model is selected depending on the results obtained by using the ChemCam calibration targets onboard Curiosity. New quantifications of Li, Sr, Rb, and Ba in Gale samples have been obtained for the first 1000 Martian days. Comparing these data in alkaline and magnesian rocks with the felsic and mafic clasts from the Martian meteorite NWA7533—from approximately the same geologic period—we observe a similar behavior: Sr, Rb, and Ba are more concentrated in soluble‐ and incompatible‐element‐rich mineral phases (Si, Al, and alkali‐rich). Correlations between these trace elements and potassium in materials analyzed by ChemCam reveal a strong affinity with K‐bearing phases such as feldspars, K‐phyllosilicates, and potentially micas in igneous and sedimentary rocks. However, lithium is found in comparable abundances in alkali‐rich and magnesium‐rich Gale rocks. This very soluble element can be associated with both alkali and Mg‐Fe phases such as pyroxene and feldspar. These observations of Li, Sr, Rb, and Ba mineralogical associations highlight their substitution with potassium and their incompatibility in magmatic melts.
Rapid heterogeneous oxidation of organic coatings on submicron aerosols
Authors: Lim C. Y. , Browne E. C. , Sugrue R. A. , Kroll J. H.
Published: March 2017

Laboratory studies have found that heterogeneous oxidation can affect the composition and loading of atmospheric organic aerosol particles over time scales of several days, but most studies have examined pure organic particles only. In this study, in order to probe the reactivity of organic species confined near the particle surface, the rates and products of the OH‐initiated oxidation of pure squalane particles are compared to oxidation of thin coatings of squalane on ammonium sulfate particles. The squalane reaction rate constant shows a linear dependence on the organic surface area‐to‐volume ratio, with rate constants for coated particles up to 10 times larger than for pure particles. Changes in the carbon oxidation state and fraction of particulate carbon remaining show similar enhancements, implying that heterogeneous oxidation may exhibit a stronger effect on the loadings and properties of organic aerosol than previously estimated from laboratory studies.
A new view of Jupiter's auroral radio spectrum
Authors: Kurth W. S. , Imai M. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Gurnett D. A. , Louarn P. , Valek P. , Allegrini F. , Connerney J. E. P. , Mauk B. H. , Bolton S. J. , Levin S. M. , Adriani A. , Bagenal F. , Gladstone G. R. , McComas D. J. , Zarka P.
Published: March 2017

Juno's first perijove science observations were carried out on 27 August 2016. The 90° orbit inclination and 4163 km periapsis altitude provide the first opportunity to explore Jupiter's polar magnetosphere. A radio and plasma wave instrument on Juno called Waves provided a new view of Jupiter's auroral radio emissions from near 10 kHz to ~30 MHz. This frequency range covers the classically named decametric, hectometric, and broadband kilometric radio emissions, and Juno observations showed much of this entire spectrum to consist of V‐shaped emissions in frequency‐time space with intensified vertices located very close to the electron cyclotron frequency. The proximity of the radio emissions to the cyclotron frequency along with loss cone features in the energetic electron distribution strongly suggests that Juno passed very close to, if not through, one or more of the cyclotron maser instability sources thought to be responsible for Jupiter's auroral radio emissions.
Elastic deformation of the Australian continent induced by seasonal water cycles and the 2010–2011 La Niña determined using GPS and GRACE
Authors: Han Shin‐Chan
Published: March 2017

The solid Earth deforms elastically in response to changes in atmospheric, water, and ice mass load. I present geodetic (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and GPS) observations of continental deformation at seasonal and interannual scales, responding to water and atmospheric cycles in Australia. In the southern summer, the central part of the Australian continent rises by a few millimeter and the north‐south perimeter lengthens by ~1 mm, induced by atmospheric unloading. In winter, the continent subsides and the perimeter shortens due to atmospheric loading. In autumn, increased soil moisture and groundwater result in 7 mm of subsidence in northern Australia and produce a positive slope trending southward. This trend reverses in spring. The La Niña precipitation in 2010–2011 produced widespread subsidence of >10 mm, followed by gradual uplift of 10 mm over the next 3–4 years, as water storage depletes slowly through evapotranspiration. The geodetic measurements find significant imbalance in the water cycle budget in Australia over 2010–2015.
Remagnetization of carbonate rocks in southern Tibet: Perspectives from rock magnetic and petrographic investigations
Authors: Huang Wentao , Lippert Peter C. , Zhang Yang , Jackson Michael J. , Dekkers Mark J. , Li Juan , Hu Xiumian , Zhang Bo , Guo Zhaojie , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J.
Published: March 2017

The latitudinal motion of the Tibetan Himalaya—the northernmost continental unit of the Indian plate—is a key component in testing paleogeographic reconstructions of the Indian plate before the India‐Asia collision. Paleomagnetic studies of sedimentary rocks (mostly carbonate rocks) from the Tibetan Himalaya are complicated by potentially pervasive yet cryptic remagnetization. Although traditional paleomagnetic field tests reveal some of this remagnetization, secondary remanence acquired prior to folding or tilting easily escapes detection. Here we describe comprehensive rock magnetic and petrographic investigations of Jurassic to Paleocene carbonate and volcaniclastic rocks from Tibetan Himalayan strata (Tingri and Gamba areas). These units have been the focus of several key paleomagnetic studies for Greater Indian paleogeography. Our results reveal that while the dominant magnetic carrier in both carbonate and volcaniclastic rocks is magnetite, their magnetic and petrographic characteristics are distinctly different. Carbonate rocks have “wasp‐waisted” hysteresis loops, suppressed Verwey transitions, extremely fine grain sizes (superparamagnetic), and strong frequency‐dependent magnetic susceptibility. Volcaniclastic rocks exhibit “pot‐bellied” hysteresis loops and distinct Verwey transitions. Electron microscopy reveals that magnetite grains in carbonate rocks are pseudomorphs of early diagenetic pyrite, whereas detrital magnetite is abundant and pyrite is rarely oxidized in the volcaniclastic rocks. We suggest that the volcaniclastic rocks retain a primary remanence, but oxidation of early diagenetic iron sulfide to fine‐grained magnetite has likely caused widespread chemical remagnetization of the carbonate units. We recommend that thorough rock magnetic and petrographic investigations are prerequisites for paleomagnetic studies throughout southern Tibet and everywhere in general.
Ozone and Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Krasensky Julia , Carmody Melanie , Sierla Maija , Kangasjärvi Jaakko
Published: March 2017

High tropospheric ozone (O
3
) concentrations affect plant growth and crop yield. O
3
enters leaves through stomata and rapidly degrades in the apoplast into other reactive oxygen species (ROS), which readily interact with surrounding biomolecules. Due to their high reactivity, ROS act as important signalling molecules. Apoplastic ROS perception induces secondary ROS production in other cellular compartments and activates interorganelle signalling pathways towards stress defence. Defence responses include activation of hormonal signalling, the enhancement of antioxidative defence responses, protection of the photosynthetic machinery and induction of cell death processes. Different species prioritise different defence strategies and population studies towards the identification of genetic loci associated with O
3
tolerance are currently the most promising approach for identifying genes involved in O
3
tolerance.

Key Concepts

While the stratospheric O
3
layer has protective UV‐B screening properties, tropospheric O
3
accumulation near the earth's surface is a health hazard to living organisms.

Ozone enters through open stomatal pores in the leaf epidermis and triggers rapid ROS accumulation and complex signalling pathways originating from the apoplastic space between cells.

Acute O
3
exposure in sensitive plants results in visible cell death lesions; long‐term chronic exposures to O
3
levels above 40 ppb leads to a reduction in crop yields due to reduced photosynthesis and disruption to metabolism.

The photosynthetic activity decreases under O
3
exposure and subsequently causes a reduction in CO
2
fixation and central carbohydrate metabolism. Subsequently, catabolic processes are enhanced to re‐mobilise resources, causing early senescence and a shift in source‐sink relations.

ROS are continuously produced during photosynthesis and respiration and ROS production increases under stress conditions. This serves as an important signalling mechanism that initiates defence and acclimation processes.

ROS, calcium and hormones accumulate within different intra‐ and extracellular compartments and act together as signals in a dense and complex signalling network under stress conditions.

Stomatal closure physically blocks the entry of air pollutants or pathogens. Stomatal closure is a defence response, triggered by O
3
and other types of abiotic and biotic stress, measured through stomatal conductance (g
s
).

While harsh stress results in passive cell death, programmed cell death (PCD) is an active defence mechanism that can isolate and contain the spread of diseases to smaller areas of tissue in the plant.

Strategies to increase the tolerance of plants to O
3
include population studies, transgenic approaches as well as the application of protective chemicals.
Autism Spectrum Disorders: Genes and Genomic Mechanisms
Authors: Guerra Daniel J
Published: March 2017

Autism spectrum disorder is a gene‐associated disease with strong indications for environmental interaction resulting in appreciable de novo mutations that link to genes that carry functions nested within neural and immune loci. Major functions of these genes are as transcription factors, adhesion molecules, metabolic regulatory enzymes and signalling proteins. Associated with the syndromic mutations are a cluster of genes that support their functionality via a network of activity that is developmentally linked to neural development and the immune response. The mechanism that connects these diverse genomic associations may involve deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage repair and chromosomal instability that have complementing recombination, excision, duplication and substitution reactions along with epigenetic modifications. This suggested mechanism would alter both the level and timing of gene expression at specific loci. The immune response may play a key role in the occurrence and severity of autism. Future research should include careful analyses of these potential genomic mechanisms that may not in themselves present with specific nucleotide variations, but rather with an alteration of chromatin remodelling as modified by inflammation and repair at discrete periods of early neural development.

Key Concepts

Autism spectrum disorder genes are diverse in structure and function but have a common link to neural development and the immune response.

Genetic alterations including single nucleotide variations/polymorphisms are one element of autism genomics.

Copy number variations and alteration in gene product level and timing of expression are part of the mechanism for the variation in syndromic autism genomics.

Proinflammatory cytokines play a significant role in autism spectrum disorders and these may be expressed and secreted in response to environmental stimuli including infection with pathogens during gestation and antigen presentation during pregnancy and early childhood development.

A potential mechanism linking the immune response to discrete autism associated genetic mutations may involve chromatin instability and remodelling and DNA repair.
Sendai Mediatheque: Toyo Ito
Authors: Witte Ron
Published: March 2017

In recent architecture a new type of plan has been afoot. It has been stealing into architecture for a decade or two, perhaps longer, alternately announcing and obscuring its arrival via the paroxysms that come with a long gestation. Does this plan signal a significant architectural turn? It is hard to say, for as yet it is more of a twinkle in its parents’ eye than an established progeny, insinuating its potential without yet assuring us of its longevity, or even its vivacity. Nonetheless, this plan has made it far enough along an accelerating arc to make it worth looking at its origins, its manifestations, and (most importantly) its promises.
Evaluation of dose calculation accuracy of treatment planning systems at hip prosthesis interfaces
Authors: Paulu David , Alaei Parham
Published: March 2017

There are an increasing number of radiation therapy patients with hip prosthesis. The common method of minimizing treatment planning inaccuracies is to avoid radiation beams to transit through the prosthesis. However, the beams often exit through them, especially when the patient has a double‐prosthesis. Modern treatment planning systems employ algorithms with improved dose calculation accuracies but even these algorithms may not predict the dose accurately at high atomic number interfaces.

The current study evaluates the dose calculation accuracy of three common dose calculation algorithms employed in two commercial treatment planning systems. A hip prosthesis was molded inside a cylindrical phantom and the dose at several points within the phantom at the interface with prosthesis was measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters. The measured doses were then compared to the predicted ones by the planning systems.

The results of the study indicate all three algorithms underestimate the dose at the prosthesis interface, albeit to varying degrees, and for both low‐ and high‐energy x rays. The measured doses are higher than calculated ones by 5–22% for Pinnacle Collapsed Cone Convolution algorithm, 2–23% for Eclipse Acuros XB, and 6–25% for Eclipse Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm. There are generally better agreements for AXB algorithm and the worst results are for the AAA.
Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children Born to Mothers With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Wojcik Sophie , Bernatsky Sasha , Platt Robert W. , Pineau Christian A. , Clarke Ann E. , Fombonne Éric , Bérard Anick , Vinet Évelyne
Published: March 2017

Objective

There is recent evidence to suggest that in utero exposure to maternal antibodies and cytokines is an important risk factor for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We aimed to systematically review the risk of ASDs in children born to mothers with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared to children born to mothers without RA.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of original articles using the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science.

Results

Our literature search yielded a total of 70 articles. Of the potentially relevant studies retrieved, 67 were excluded for lack of relevance and/or because they did not report original data. Three studies were included in the final analysis. A case–control study found no difference in the prevalence of RA in mothers of children with ASDs versus control mothers. Another case–control study showed a statistically significant 8‐fold increase in autoimmune disorders, including RA, in mothers of offspring with ASDs compared to controls. Forty‐six percent of offspring with ASDs had a first‐degree relative with RA, compared to 26% of controls. And in a population‐based cohort study, investigators observed an increased risk of ASDs in children with a maternal history of RA compared to children born to unaffected mothers. These studies had methodologic limitations: none controlled for medication exposures, only 1 controlled for obstetric complications and considered the timing of RA diagnosis in relation to pregnancy, and all but 1 used a case–control study design.

Conclusion

Observational studies suggest a potentially increased risk of ASDs in children born to mothers with RA compared to children born to mothers without RA, although data are limited.
Dynamic Effects of Depressive Symptoms on Osteoarthritis Knee Pain
Authors: Rathbun Alan M. , Stuart Elizabeth A. , Shardell Michelle , Yau Michelle S. , Baumgarten Mona , Hochberg Marc C.
Published: March 2017

Objective

To estimate the dynamic causal effects of depressive symptoms on osteoarthritis (OA) knee pain.

Methods

Marginal structural models were used to examine dynamic associations between depressive symptoms and pain over 48 months among older adults (n = 2,287) with radiographic knee OA (Kellgren/Lawrence grade 2 or 3) in the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Depressive symptoms at each annual visit were assessed (threshold ≥16) using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. OA knee pain was measured using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale, rescaled to range from 0 to 100.

Results

Depressive symptoms at each visit were generally not associated with greater OA knee pain at subsequent time points. Causal mean differences in WOMAC pain score comparing depressed to nondepressed patients ranged from 1.78 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] −0.73, 4.30) to 2.58 (95% CI 0.23, 4.93) within the first and fourth years, and the depressive symptoms by time interaction were not statistically significant (P = 0.94). However, there was a statistically significant dose‐response relationship between the persistence of depressive symptoms and OA knee pain severity (P = 0.002). Causal mean differences in WOMAC pain score comparing depressed to nondepressed patients were 0.89 (95% CI −0.17, 1.96) for 1 visit with depressive symptoms, 2.35 (95% CI 0.64, 4.06) for 2 visits with depressive symptoms, and 3.57 (95% CI 0.43, 6.71) for 3 visits with depressive symptoms.

Conclusion

The causal effect of depressive symptoms on OA knee pain does not change over time, but pain severity significantly increases with the persistence of depressed mood.
Photoluminescence Tuning in Stretchable PDMS Film Grafted Doped Core/Multishell Quantum Dots for Anticounterfeiting
Authors: Li Fei , Wang Xiandi , Xia Zhiguo , Pan Caofeng , Liu Quanlin
Published: March 2017

The development of new luminescent materials for anticounterfeiting is of great importance, owing to their unique physical, chemical, and optical properties. The authors report the use of color‐tunable colloidal CdS/ZnS/ZnS:Mn2+/ZnS core/multishell quantum dots (QDs)‐functionalized luminescent polydimethylsiloxane film (LPF) for anticounterfeiting applications. Both luminescent QDs and as‐fabricated, stretchable, and transparent LPF show blue and orange emission simultaneously, which are ascribed to CdS band‐edge emission and the 4T1 → 6A1 transition of Mn2+, respectively; their emission intensity ratios are dependent on the power‐density of a single‐wavelength excitation source. Additionally, photoluminescence tuning of CdS/ZnS/ZnS:Mn2+/ZnS QDs in hexane or embedded in LPF can also be realized under fixed excitation power due to a resonance energy transfer effect. Tunable photoluminescence of these flexible LPF grafted doped core/shell QDs can be finely controlled and easily realized, depending on outer excitation power and intrinsic QD concentration, which is intriguing and inspires the fabrication of many novel applications.