bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parent-Reported Feeding Difficulties among Children Born with Esophageal Atresia: Prevalence and Early Risk Factors
Authors: Ax Sofie Örnö , Abrahamsson Kate , Gatzinsky Vladimir , Jönsson Linus , Dellenmark-Blom Michaela
Published: October 2020

Introduction We aimed to describe the prevalence of observable feeding difficulties during mealtimes among children with repaired esophageal atresia (EA) and to determine their early predictors.

Materials and Methods A survey, based on parents' reports and concerning difficulties in EA children's nutritional intake, was performed with the help of 114 families of 2 to 17-year-old EA patients. Neonatal and clinical/surgical data were collected from medical records. Comparisons were made of the prevalence n (%) of feeding difficulties between children in three age groups (2 to 7 years, 8 to 12 years, or 13 to 17 years of age) using the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test. Logistic regression identified outcome predictors (odds ratio: 95% confidence interval). Predictors with p ≤ 0.1 in the univariable analysis were included in multiple regression analysis (p < 0.05).

Results Seventy-five percent of the young children aged 2 to 7, (median number of feeding difficulties: 2), 61% of school-aged children aged 8 to 12 (median number of feeding difficulties: 1), and 60% patients in the teenage group, aged 13 to 17, (median number of feeding difficulties: 1), reported feeding difficulties. Surgical complications after EA repair independently predicted children having a gastrostomy (p ≤ 0.01), using a food infusion pump (p ≤ 0.01), taking small portions to facilitate eating (p = 0.01), and needing >30 minutes to finish a main meal (p = 0.02). Congenital independent predictors were VACTERL, low birth weight, and preterm birth.

Conclusion Parentally observed feeding difficulties were commonly reported during early childhood, although prevalence decreases in older age groups. Several congenital and surgical factors were identified as independent predictors of complicated nutritional intake patterns.
Chronic Knee and Ankle Pain Treatment through Selective Microsurgical Approaches: A Minimally Invasive Option in the Treatment Algorithm for Refractory Lower Limb Pain
Authors: Pietramaggiori Giorgio , Sapino Gianluca , De Santis Giorgio , Bassetto Franco , Scherer Saja
Published: October 2020

Background Injury or compression of a sensory nerve is an under-reported source of disabling pain in the lower limb. It is known that peripheral nerve microsurgeons can reconstruct and rewire injured nerves to relieve chronic pain but this option remains not completely understood and ignored by most orthopaedic surgeons, neurologists, and pain therapists. In this paper, we describe our experience with knee and ankle peripheral nerve surgery to improve the condition of patients suffering from chronic, posttraumatic lower limb pain.

Patients and Methods Between 2015 and 2018, a retrospective investigation was performed including patients who underwent ankle and knee nerve surgery for posttraumatic chronic pain with at least 1 year of follow-up. Previous surgeries or type of trauma, pain location and characteristics, type of operation (reconstruction, decompression, or denervation), and number of nerves operated were listed. Selective neuropathy was confirmed by ultrasound-guided nerve blocks. Outcome was assessed combining the visual analogue scale (VAS) score at rest and during movement, functional indexes, drug use, and ability to work.

Results A total of 34 patients (14 knee and 20 ankle) were included in this study. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05%) in postoperative pain at rest and during activity was seen in both groups of patients. Good to excellent outcomes were recorded in 92 and 80% of patients treated, respectively, at the knee and the ankle levels. No major complications occurred, while a secondary procedure due to neuroma recurrence was necessary in seven patients (three knees and four ankles).

Conclusion Peripheral nerve microsurgery is a useful and minimally invasive tool to be added in the algorithm of treatment of chronic knee and ankle pain. Physicians should be trained to suspect a neuropathic origin of pain in absence of musculoskeletal signs of pathology, especially following trauma or surgeries.
COVID-19 Impact on Undergraduate Education: Academicians’ Perspective
Authors: Essa Musthafa Mohamed , Subramanian Kabaly P. , Jayasuriya Hemanatha P.
Published: October 2020

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has brought upon extraordinary challenges on all possible societal fronts, be it public health, education, economy, law and order, among others. In this article, we discuss the impact of COVID-19 on education from an academician’s perspective. Other alternative measures are also discussed to have a smooth education.
Work and Rural Livelihoods: The Micro Dynamics of Africa’s ‘Youth Employment Crisis’
Authors: Carreras Marco , Sumberg James , Saha Amrita
Published: October 2020

While it is widely accepted that Africa is experiencing a youth employment crisis, the nature of the crisis is disputed. In relation to rural youth, the crisis is variously framed in term so unemployment, underemployment, missing jobs, a lack of decent work, waithood and mixed or diverse livelihoods; with each framing pointing toward a different response. We look more closely at how young people engage with the labour market using a small, high-frequency dataset that includes activities of 233 individuals aged 18–24 years in rural areas of Ghana and Uganda. Specifically, we describe four dimensions of their work (its nature, frequency, steadiness and amount), analyse relationships between these dimensions, and link them with characteristics of the study participants. We conclude that in the early phases of livelihood building non-domestic work activities of young people are multi-faceted, context and seasonally specific, and highly gendered. This reflects, in part, different priorities given to education, domestic work, childbearing and social relations relative to economic activities. This study highlights the need for a better understanding of the various factors—including individual priorities—that come into play in the early phases of livelihood building, and their implications for when and how young people engage with non-domestic work.
Maasai on the phone: materiality, tourism, and the extraordinary in Zanzibar
Authors: Avieli Nir , Sermoneta Tsahala
Published: October 2020

Thousands of Maasai men have been flocking in recent years to the island of Zanzibar to take part in the burgeoning tourism industry. Many are employed as guards and security personnel. Others roam the beaches, selling souvenirs and touting tourist services, while some are involved in sex-tourism. In this article, we show how these men skillfully employ their traditional materiality: red robes, swords, daggers, clubs, beaded sandals and jewelry, as well as their own muscular bodies, so as to construct an extraordinary image, which they use to attract the attention of tourists and promote their businesses. Concomitantly, their use of modern material objects, such as mobile phones and stylish sunglasses, undermines their extraordinary image, making their presence mundane and even disturbing, to the extent of being accused by some Tanzanians and tourists of faking Maasai identity. We conclude by arguing that material objects and the ways in which they are used may define people as ordinaryandextraordinary at the same time. Materiality therefore underlies a complex, dynamic, and ambiguous perception of the extraordinary in contemporary tourism.
Numerical modeling and experimental validation of passive microfluidic mixer designs for biological applications
Authors: Jain Shubha , Unni Harikrishnan Narayanan
Published: October 2020

The present work reports numerical simulation and experimental validation of novel designs of microfluidic mixers that can be employed for biological mixing applications. Numerical simulations involving various geometrical models were performed for design optimization. The effect of the presence of embedded obstacles was studied in detail, in order to understand the effect of channel occlusion on micromixing. The mixing performance of various channel designs was compared, and crossover in the mixing performance of the designs was observed in response to a change in the flow Reynolds number (Re). The improvement in micromixing efficiency was discussed in connection with the variations in local values of the Reynolds number and Dean number. It was observed that the presence of obstacles contributes to a significant increase in local Re in the vicinity of sharp-edged obstacles, thereby enhancing the efficiency of mixing. In addition, the local Dean number is observed to increase significantly inside spiral microfluidic designs. We validate the optimized microfluidic mixer designs by performing micromixing experiments and image analysis based on regions of interest along the length of the channels. Numerical predictions were observed to be in reasonable agreement with experimental results. Finally, we demonstrated the biological applicability of an optimized micromixer design for on-chip detection of calcium levels in blood serum. The passive mixing designs presented in this work are useful for chip-scale implementations of cell-drug biology, where some of the key cell signaling processes appear at second time scales.
A Gibbs energy view of double hysteresis in ZrO2 and Si-doped HfO2
Authors: Lomenzo Patrick D. , Materano Monica , Richter Claudia , Alcala Ruben , Mikolajick Thomas , Schroeder Uwe
Published: October 2020

The Gibbs energy can yield fundamental insight into the material properties of ferroelectrics such as energy barriers and phase transitions. Particularly for newly emerging classes of ferroelectric and antiferroelectric materials, such as fluorite-structured HfO2 and ZrO2, the Gibbs energy can bridge theoretical calculations with experimental observations. Experimentally observed dynamic double hysteresis loops in thin film ZrO2 and Si-doped HfO2 capacitors are used to obtain a solution to the Gibbs energy by calculating the internal electric field with depolarization. By accounting for dipole-field interaction energies and static energies in the solution of the Gibbs energy of double-hysteresis ZrO2 and Si-doped HfO2, a characteristic triple-well with two polar and one nonpolar energy minima emerges. Macroscopic metastable polar and nonpolar phases close in free energy are shown to be in agreement with first-order phase transitions underlying double hysteresis in ZrO2 and Si-doped HfO2. The application of an external field is demonstrated to lower the free energy minimum of the polar phase below the nonpolar phase, providing macroscopic support that a first-order phase transition driven by an electric field is responsible for antiferroelectric behavior in doped HfO2 and ZrO2. Energy barriers for the nonpolar → polar phase transition from 0.75 to 4.3 meV per formula unit are calculated for ZrO2 and Si-doped HfO2. The macroscopic Gibbs energy profiles obtained through experimental measurements and device modeling connect the fundamental phenomenology of ferroelectrics and antiferroelectrics to electronic devices.
Evidence of restricted heat transport in National Ignition Facility Hohlraums
Authors: Meezan N. B. , Woods D. T. , Izumi N. , Chen H. , Scott H. A. , Schneider M. B. , Liedahl D. A. , Jones O. S. , Zimmerman G. B. , Moody J. D. , Landen O. L. , Hsing W. W.
Published: October 2020

We present experimental evidence of restricted electron thermal conduction in the high-Z coronal plasma regions of laser-driven Hohlraums on the National Ignition Facility. Four separate measurements, three of which are direct observations of Hohlraum dynamics, corroborate this finding. (1) The velocity of the coronal plasma ablated and heated by the outer-cone laser beams is determined by time-dependent imaging of the gold plasma plume, or “bubble.” The velocities of the incoming plume (perpendicular to the Hohlraum axis) are consistent with high-fidelity 2D radiation-hydrodynamic simulations using flux-limited thermal electron conduction with a flux multiplier f = 0.03. Simulations using f = 0.15, which is very nearly classical Spitzer–Härm transport, predict plume velocities slower than measured. (2) Specific features in time-resolved images of the Hohlraum wall at an angle of 19° are also more consistent with f = 0.03 simulations compared to f = 0.15. (3) Spectroscopic tracers were added to the Hohlraum wall in the outer-beam bubble region. The ratios of hydrogen-like to helium-like line emission are sensitive to the electron temperature of the bubble. The hydrogen-like to helium-like ratios extracted from the time-integrated spectra of manganese and cobalt tracers from two observation angles are consistent with f = 0.03 and not with f = 0.15. (4) The time of peak capsule emission, or “bang time,” an integrated measurement, is also more consistent with f = 0.03 than with f = 0.15. While these findings do not identify the causes of restricted thermal conduction in Hohlraums, they motivate future experiments to test specific hypotheses and focus on model development in the regions of the plasma exhibiting restricted transport.
Enhanced Jarzynski free energy calculations using weighted ensemble
Authors: Roussey Nicole M. , Dickson Alex
Published: October 2020

The free energy of transitions between stable states is the key thermodynamic quantity that governs the relative probabilities of the forward and reverse reactions and the ratio of state probabilities at equilibrium. The binding free energy of a drug and its receptor is of particular interest, as it serves as an optimization function for drug design. Over the years, many computational methods have been developed to calculate binding free energies, and while many of these methods have a long history, issues such as convergence of free energy estimates and the projection of a binding process onto order parameters remain. Over 20 years ago, the Jarzynski equality was derived with the promise to calculate equilibrium free energies by measuring the work applied to short nonequilibrium trajectories. However, these calculations were found to be dominated by trajectories with low applied work that occur with extremely low probability. Here, we examine the combination of weighted ensemble algorithms with the Jarzynski equality. In this combined method, an ensemble of nonequilibrium trajectories are run in parallel, and cloning and merging operations are used to preferentially sample low-work trajectories that dominate the free energy calculations. Two additional methods are also examined: (i) a novel weighted ensemble resampler that samples trajectories directly according to their importance to the work of work and (ii) the diffusion Monte Carlo method using the applied work as the selection potential. We thoroughly examine both the accuracy and efficiency of unbinding free energy calculations for a series of model Lennard-Jones atom pairs with interaction strengths ranging from 2 kcal/mol to 20 kcal/mol. We find that weighted ensemble calculations can more efficiently determine accurate binding free energies, especially for deeper Lennard-Jones well depths.
Real frequency splitting indirectly coupled anti-parity-time symmetric nanoparticle sensor
Authors: Li Wenxiu , Zhang Hao , Han Peng , Chang Xiaoyang , Jiang Shuo , Zhou Yang , Huang Anping , Xiao Zhisong
Published: October 2020

Detecting the size of a single nanoparticle with high precision is crucial to understanding the characteristic of the nanoparticle. Traditionally, a nanoparticle as a perturbation enters the mode volume of a cavity, leading to eigenfrequency splitting that is proportional to the perturbation strength. Here, we demonstrate the single particle detection based on the anti-parity-time (anti-PT) symmetric indirectly coupled whispering-gallery mode (WGM) cavities, which can be tailored to operate at exceptional points (EPs) where the two eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenstates coalesce. Due to the complex-square-root topology characteristic at the EPs, the frequency splitting exhibits a square-root dependence on the small perturbation. When operating the system at such an EP, the anti-PT symmetric WGM nanoparticle sensor exhibits giant enhancement (≈3 orders) in frequency splitting compared with a traditional single WGM sensor with the same perturbation. With respect to the PT symmetric nanoparticle sensor, our research exhibits a real eigenfrequency splitting, which can be directly detected.
Structure of quasi-free-standing graphene on the SiC (0001) surface prepared by the rapid cooling method
Authors: Sumi Tatsuya , Nagai Kazuki , Bao Jianfeng , Terasawa Tomo-o , Norimatsu Wataru , Kusunoki Michiko , Wakabayashi Yusuke
Published: October 2020

A systematic structural study of epitaxial graphene samples on the SiC (0001) surface has been performed by the surface x-ray diffraction method, which is a non-contact technique. For samples with only a buffer layer, one layer graphene, and multilayer graphene, the distances between the buffer layer and the surface Si atoms were found to be 2.3 Å. This value is the same as reported values. For quasi-free-standing graphene samples prepared by the rapid cooling method [Bao et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 205501 (2016)], there was no buffer layer and the distance between the quasi-free-standing graphene and the surface Si atoms was 3.5 Å, which is significantly shorter than the value in hydrogen-intercalated graphene and slightly longer than the interplane distance in graphite. The Si occupancy deviated from unity within 1 nm of the SiC surface. The depth profile of the Si occupancy showed little sample dependence, and it was reproduced by a simple atomistic model based on random hopping of Si atoms.
Spin–phonon coupling in NiO nanoparticle
Authors: Wang Dongming , Xu Sen , Wu Lingling , Li Zhenyu , Zhu Peng , Wang Deliang
Published: October 2020

Nickel oxide (NiO) has a cubic rock salt crystal structure at room temperature. Raman scattering of the transverse optical (TO) and longitudinal optical (LO) phonon in NiO is Raman inactive. Thus, it is difficult to employ the Raman scattering technique to study the lattice vibration dynamics and spin–phonon coupling in NiO. In this work, crystalline stoichiometry of NiO nanoparticles with different nanocrystalline sizes was tuned to make the Raman scattering selection rules dramatically relaxed. Well-defined Raman scattering peaks of the two zone-boundary folded modes TO(Δ) and LO(Δ) were observed. These two modes are situated at the midpoint along the Γ–Δ–X direction in the Brillouin zone. The Raman scattering of these two modes are induced by magnetostriction and nonstoichiometric Ni–O stretching, respectively. The well-defined Raman peaks of TO(Δ) and LO(Δ) allow us to study the spin–phonon coupling effect in NiO. It is found that spin–phonon coupling is responsible for the Raman scattering anomalies, namely, the relatively large Raman shift hardening and peak width narrowing below the Néel temperature for LO and its overtone 2LO phonons.
Impact of tandem IGZO/ZnON TFT with energy-band aligned structure
Authors: Kim Yoon-Seo , Lee Hyun-Mo , Lim Jun Hyung , Park Jin-Seong
Published: October 2020

Thin film transistors with high mobility and bias stability were fabricated using an In–Ga–Zn–O (IGZO)/zinc oxynitride (ZnON) tandem structure. In addition to increasing the saturation mobility from 13.44 cm2/V s to 24.75 cm2/V s, the hysteresis and device degradation under positive bias stress decreased more than five times as the ZnON semiconductor was added to the IGZO layer. These results were due to the reduced number of trapped electrons caused by the lower amount of relatively deep trap sites in the ZnON semiconductor and the existence of an energy barrier between ZnON and IGZO layers.
Propagation of shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction unsteadiness in attached and separated flows
Authors: Wang Ziao , Chang Juntao , Hou Wenxin , Yu Daren
Published: October 2020

The origin and propagation of low-frequency shock oscillation unsteadiness in the attached and separated flows are investigated. Wind tunnel experiments are performed in an isolator at Mach 1.85 and 2.7 with three types of upstream wedges, generating weak and strong background waves. High-speed schlieren imaging and high-resonance frequency pressure measurements are used to capture the flow features. In the attached flow with weak background waves, the impingement of the reflected shocks along the flow strengthens the original instability waves from the shock oscillation, resulting in the correlation drop and time-delay rise with the original instability waves. In the attached flow with strong background waves, two-point correlation analyses show that the shock oscillations propagate along the shock structure and convection of the boundary layer structures, which enhances the turbulence pulsation in the boundary layer. The correlation and coherence results for pressure indicate that the incident points of two independent background waves move in opposite directions, while the incident points of two merged background waves move in the same direction. Using downstream throttling, the shock train in the separated flow is introduced. Based on the phase analysis of schlieren images, the feedback mechanism of the shock train oscillation is described, which is related to the acoustic wave propagation and the duct volume effect. Power spectra of the pressure in the upstream attached and downstream separated flows of the shock train show that the perturbation pathways in the attached and separated flows do not affect each other.
Swift heavy ion irradiation-induced modifications in the electrical and surface properties of β-Ga2O3
Authors: Manikanthababu N. , Tak B. R. , Prajna K. , Sarkar S. , Asokan K. , Kanjilal D. , Barman S. R. , Singh R. , Panigrahi B. K.
Published: October 2020

The electrical device characteristics of Ni/β-Ga2O3 vertical Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) were measured in situ during the irradiation of 120 MeV Ag7+ swift heavy ions (SHIs). These devices exhibit SHI irradiation-induced degradation with 120 MeV Ag7+ ions in the ion fluence ranges of 1 × 1010 to 1 × 1012 ions/cm2. The height of the Schottky barrier is found to decrease from 1.11 to 0.93 eV, and the ideality factor increases from 1.16 to 2.06. These changes indicate the degradation of the device with SHI irradiation. A significant four orders increase is observed in the leakage current density from 4.04 × 10−8 to 1.98 × 10−4 A/cm2 at −1 V, and the series resistance also increases from 3.38 × 103 to 1.15 × 104 Ω. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that the Ga ions are present in divalent and trivalent states with the spectral features having the binding energies centered at 20.2 eV and 19.9 eV (Ga 3d core-levels) before and after ion irradiation. The O 2s peak shifts to 23.7 eV, and there is an increase in intensity and peak broadening due to the change in the trivalent to divalent state of Ga due to the irradiation. The O(I) peak appears at 530.7 eV in the pristine sample with the Ga–O bonding with the Ga3+ state in pure Ga2O3. Moreover, there is a significant change in the intensity and the peak width of O(II) centered at 533.0 eV after ion irradiation at the fluence of 1 × 1012 ions/cm2. This indicates that there is an increase in the surface adsorbed/lattice oxygen, resulting in GaO.
Pyridone Modified Cellulosic Adsorbent for Selective Segregation of Organic Dyes from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Zhao Chunyan , Sun Chang , Liang Hui'e
Published: October 2020

Adsorption is recognised as an efficient method for the removal of contaminants from the water system. Cellulose is widely applied in the fabrication of new material because of its biodegradability, renewability, and abundance in nature. In particular, its adsorption performance to various adsorbates can be fine-tuned by chemical modification. A pyridone di-acid modified microcrystalline cellulose (PDA-MCC) adsorbent was synthesised by a simple two-step reaction, and its use as a highly selective adsorbent towards organic dyes was investigated. Parameters influencing adsorption, which include contact time, concentration of the adsorbate, and solution pH, were studied to determine the optimized adsorption conditions. Adsorption experiments revealed that the adsorbent preferentially adsorbs positively charged organic dyes over negatively charged dyes with an adsorption capacity for positively charged Methylene Blue of 135.46mg g−1 and for negatively charged Eosin Y of 3.80mg g−1. Competitive adsorption showed that the adsorbent was able to selectively adsorb the cationic dye from a binary solution of cationic and anionic dyes within 10min with a separation factor of up to 941.8. Ab initio modelling was performed to determine the mechanism of the selective dye binding and revealed that in addition to electrostatic interaction, non-covalent interactions, e.g. hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals interactions also play an important role in the selective dye adsorption based on the Independent Gradient Model analysis. Furthermore, the adsorbent was readily regenerated by a simple rinsing with dilute HCl without significant loss in performance, which indicates its potential to be used as a dye-selective adsorbent.
Remdesivir targets a structurally analogous region of the Ebola virus and SARS-CoV-2 polymerases
Authors: Lo Michael K. , Albariño César G. , Perry Jason K. , Chang Silvia , Tchesnokov Egor P. , Guerrero Lisa , Chakrabarti Ayan , Shrivastava-Ranjan Punya , Chatterjee Payel , McMullan Laura K. , Martin Ross , Jordan Robert , Götte Matthias , Montgomery Joel M. , Nichol Stuart T. , Flint Mike , Porter Danielle , Spiropoulou Christina F.
Published: October 2020

Significance

Remdesivir is a nucleotide analog prodrug that has been evaluated in humans against acute Ebola virus disease; it also recently received emergency use authorization for treating COVID-19. For antiviral product development, the Food and Drug Administration recommends the characterization of in vitro selected resistant viruses to define the specific antiviral mechanism of action. This study identified a single amino acid residue in the Ebola virus polymerase that conferred low-level resistance to remdesivir. The significance of our study lies not only in characterizing this particular mutation, but also in relating it to a resistance mutation observed in a similar structural motif of coronaviruses. Our findings thereby indicate a consistent mechanism of action by remdesivir across genetically divergent RNA viruses causing diseases of high consequence in humans.
An intrinsically disordered motif regulates the interaction between the p47 adaptor and the p97 AAA+ ATPase
Authors: Conicella Alexander E. , Huang Rui , Ripstein Zev A. , Nguyen Ai , Wang Eric , Löhr Thomas , Schuck Peter , Vendruscolo Michele , Rubinstein John L. , Kay Lewis E.
Published: October 2020

Significance

Maintaining a functional cell requires the collaboration of a large number of biomolecules that regulate key biochemical processes. The p97 protein is essential in this effort, interacting with adaptor molecules that target it to different regions of the cell for specific functions. Here, we study the structural dynamics of a complex formed between p97 and the p47 adaptor that is critical for membrane assembly. Our data establish that the p47–p97 interaction is partly regulated by regions of p47 that are intrinsically disordered, interacting with p97 in a manner that depends on whether p97 is adenosine triphosphate- or adenosine diphosphate-loaded. Our combined biophysical measurements enable the calculation of structural models of p47–p97, highlighting important interactions within the complex.
Reading patterns and cognitive processing in an eye-tracking study of note-reading in consecutive interpreting
Authors: Chen Sijia , Kruger Jan-Louis , Doherty Stephen
Published: October 2020

This article reports on the eye-tracking data collected from 18 professional interpreters while they performed consecutive
interpreting with notes. It is a pioneering study in its visualisation of the way in which note-reading occurs. Preliminary evidence
suggests that note-reading proceeds in a nonlinear manner. The data collected in this study also report on indicators of cognitive
processing in consecutive interpreting, particularly during note-reading, which appears to be a cognitively demanding process. It differs
from reading for comprehension in various ways, while staying closer to reading in sight translation. In addition, the data show that the
note-taking choices made during Phase I of consecutive interpreting, in which interpreters listen to the source speech and write notes,
affect the level of cognitive load in Phase II, in which interpreters read back their notes and produce a target speech.
Translating the English academic article for a French readership in 1686
Authors: Banks David
Published: October 2020

Previous studies of translations from thePhilosophical Transactionsto theJournal des Sçavansin 1665 and 1675 showed that the translators adopted a strategy of selective translation. The present study looks at five examples published in 1686. Selective translation is again in evidence. Analyses of thematic structure and process types, however, show only slight differences, but with biases towards constant progression and material processes in the French versions. It is suggested that this can be explained by the translator adapting his texts to his readership. Whereas thePhilosophical Transactionswas restricted to questions of science and technology, theJournal des Sçavansdealt with all the academic disciplines of the time, and thus had a wider readership than its English counterpart.
Argumentation between Doctors and Patients
Authors: van Eemeren Frans H. , Garssen Bart , Labrie Nanon
Published: October 2020

Argumentation between Doctors and Patients discusses the use of argumentation in clinical settings. Starting from the pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation, it aims at providing an understanding of argumentative discourse in the context of doctor-patient interaction. It explains when and how interactions between doctors and patients can be reconstructed as argumentative, what it means for doctors and patients to reasonably resolve a difference of opinion, what it implies to strive simultaneously for reasonableness and effectiveness in clinical discourse, and when such efforts derail into fallaciousness. Argumentation between Doctors and Patients is of interest to all those who seek to improve their understanding of argumentation in a medical context – whether they are students, scholars of argumentation, or medical practitioners.

Frans H. van Eemeren, Bart Garssen and Nanon Labrie are prominent argumentation theorists. In writing Argumentation between Doctors and Patients, they have benefited from the advice of an Advisory Board consisting of both medical practitioners and argumentation scholars.
Exclosure land management for restoration of herbaceous species in degraded communal grazing lands in Southern Tigray
Authors: Atsbha Tesfay , Wayu Solomon , Gebretsadkan Nguse , Giday Tsgehiwet , Gebremariam Tesfay
Published: October 2020

Herbaceous species contribute to the largest proportion of the fodder. Despite the profound benefits obtained, anthropogenic disturbances are hindering its development. On the other hand, to ensure the sustainability of herbaceous species, communities and governments have been putting efforts in managing herbaceous species through the establishment of area exclosure (AE). Thus, the main importance of this research paper is to provide information about the role of AE on the restoration of herbaceous species. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of restoration on the herbaceous species following AE established on communal grazing land (CGL). A total of 124 and 73 quadrats of 1×1m
2
size were laid down at 50 m intervals along parallel transects at AE and CGL, respectively, and data were analyzed by t-test unequal variances using R-software. AE displayed higher plant species richness and diversity than the CGL and showed a significant difference (p<0.001). Similarly, the AE had significantly (p< 0.001) higher forage biomass than the CGL. In general, herbaceous species diversity index and species richness were significantly (p< 0.001) higher in the AE compared to the CGL. The study concluded that effective AE has the potential to enhance the restoration of herbaceous species and hence forage productivity.
Ionization of an atom with different initial angular momenta in an intense circular polarized laser field
Authors: Wu Dan , Guo Fu-Ming , Chen Ji-Gen , Wang Jun , Yang Yu-Jun
Published: October 2020

We theoretically investigate the ionization process of the interaction between a strong circular polarized laser pulse and an atom, whose initial state has different orbital angular momenta. When the rotation direction of the laser vector field is opposite to that of the bound state, the ionization probability is significantly higher than the co-rotating case, in which the laser vector field is in the rotational direction of the bound electron. Especially, with the increase of the incident laser’s wavelength, the ionization probability is enhanced for the co-rotating case, and it is on the contrary in the counter-rotating case. By analyzing electronic trajectories in both cases, it is demonstrated that, the difference of variations of the ionization probability with the laser’s wavelength can be attributed to that of durations from the electron passing through the exit of the over-the-barrier potential, which is formed by the atom potential and the laser field.
Effects of finite momentum width on the reversal dynamics in a BEC based atom optics δ-kicked rotor
Authors: Mangaonkar Jay , Vishwakarma Chetan , Maurya S Sagar , Sarkar Sumit , MacLennan Jamie L , Dutta Pranab , Rapol Umakant D
Published: October 2020

This experimental work demonstrates the importance of finite-width effects in the evolution of a quantum system, where the results deviate considerably from the plane wave approximation even for an initial state with a very narrow momentum width i.e a Bose–Einstein condensate. The system under consideration is an atom optics δ-kicked rotor for which a fidelity based measurement has been proposed to possess a rapid scaling of sensitivity (N
−3) with pulse number N. Although attractive, we demonstrate that this scaling does not hold in the regime where the momentum selectivity of the pulse sequence becomes significantly smaller than the momentum width of the initial state. Additionally, the momentum distribution post kicking shows a lattice-phase dependent intra-order and inter-order asymmetry in the diffracted orders. The intra-order asymmetry, in which no net momentum current is present, is a previously unreported type of effect. For a two pulse case, the inter-order asymmetry signal is found to be about five times more sensitive to the resonance than the initial state fidelity. Both of these asymmetries provide a zero-crossing signal which can be used to diagnose any undesirable lattice phase offset at resonant and off-resonant pulse periods.
Colossal permittivity due to electron trapping behaviors at the edge of double Schottky barrier
Authors: Wu Kangning , Wang Yao , Hou Zongke , Li Shengtao , Li Jianying , Tang Zhuang , Lin Ying
Published: October 2020

Achieving frequency- and temperature-independent colossal permittivity (CP) with low dielectric loss is a long-standing challenge for electronic materials, in which the basic issue is understanding the underlying relaxation mechanism. In this paper, taking CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics as an example, CP was ascribed to electron-trapping behaviors at the edge of a double Schottky barrier (DSB). On the one hand, the widely reported origins of CP, i.e. Maxwell–Wagner relaxation and polaronic relaxation, were identified as two aspects of the same bulk conductivity. This caused the insights derived from the commonly employed impedance and admittance spectra to be revisited. On the other hand, hysteresis between CP and external voltages at low temperatures, which was caused by electron filling of interface states, was predicted and experimentally confirmed. This further supported the proposal that CP arose from electron trapping at the DSB. Moreover, multiple relaxations were foreseen when more than one kind of point defect existed in the depletion layers of a DSB. The establishment of intense ‘effective’ relaxation, which was related to shallow traps, was indispensable for achieving CP, while ‘redundant’ relaxation was induced by deep-level defects, resulting in relatively high dielectric loss. Therefore, proper manipulation of the DSB and its related defect structures was crucial for achieving stable CP with sufficiently low dielectric loss.
Mapping the structural, magnetic and electronic behavior of (Eu1−
x
Ca
x
)2Ir2O7 across a metal–insulator transition
Authors: Zoghlin Eli , Porter Zach , Britner Samuel , Husremovic Samra , Choi Yongseong , Haskel Daniel , Laurita Geneva , Wilson Stephen D
Published: October 2020

In this study, we employ bulk electronic properties characterization and x-ray scattering/spectroscopy techniques to map the structural, magnetic and electronic properties of (Eu1−x
Ca
x
)2Ir2O7 as a function of Ca-doping. As expected, the metal-insulator transition temperature, T
MIT, decreases with Ca-doping until a metallic state is realized down to 2 K. In contrast, T
AFM becomes decoupled from the MIT and (likely short-range) AFM order persists into the metallic regime. This decoupling is understood as a result of the onset of an electronically phase separated state, the occurrence of which seemingly depends on both synthesis method and rare earth site magnetism. PDF analysis suggests that electronic phase separation occurs without accompanying chemical phase segregation or changes in the short-range crystallographic symmetry while synchrotron x-ray diffraction confirms that there is no change in the long-range crystallographic symmetry. X-ray absorption measurements confirm the J
eff = ½ character of (Eu1−x
Ca
x
)2Ir2O7. Surprisingly these measurements also indicate a net electron doping, rather than the expected hole doping, indicating a compensatory mechanism. Lastly, XMCD measurements show a weak Ir magnetic polarization that is largely unaffected by Ca-doping. Keywords: term, term, term.
Quantification of low affinity binding interactions between natural killer cell inhibitory receptors and targeting ligands with a self-induced back-action actuated nanopore electrophoresis (SANE) sensor
Authors: Peri Sai Santosh Sasank , Sabnani Manoj Kumar , Raza Muhammad Usman , Urquhart Elizabeth L , Ghaffari Soroush , Lee Jung Soo , Kim Min Jun , Weidanz Jon , Alexandrakis George
Published: October 2020

A plasmonic nanopore sensor enabling detection of bimodal optical and electrical molecular signatures was fabricated and tested for its ability to characterize low affinity ligand-receptor interactions. This plasmonic nanosensor uses self-induced back-action (SIBA) for optical trapping to enable SIBA-actuated nanopore electrophoresis (SANE) through a nanopore located immediately below the optical trap volume. A natural killer (NK) cell inhibitory receptor heterodimer molecule CD94/NKG2A was synthesized to target a specific peptide-presenting Qa-1bQdm ligand as a simplified model of low-affinity interactions between immune cells and peptide-presenting cancer cells that occurs during cancer immunotherapy. A cancer-irrelevant Qa-1bGroEL ligand was also targeted by the same receptor as a control experiment to test for non-specific binding. The analysis of different pairs of bimodal SANE sensor signatures enabled discrimination of ligand, receptor and their complexes and enabled differentiating between specific and non-specific ligand interactions. We were able to detect ligand-receptor complex binding at concentrations over 500 times lower than the free solution equilibrium binding constant (KD). Additionally, SANE sensor measurements enabled estimation of the fast dissociation rate (koff) for this low-affinity specific ligand-receptor system, previously shown to be challenging to quantify with commercial technologies. Thekoffvalue of targeted peptide-presenting ligands is known to correlate with the subsequent activation of immune cellsin vivo, suggesting the potential utility of the SANE senor as a screening tool in cancer immunotherapy.
Preparation and characterization of SnO films via reactive sputtering for ambipolar thin-film transistor applications
Authors: Huo Jingyong , Wang Xiaolin , Wu Xiaohan , Liu Wen-Jun , Ding Shi-Jin
Published: October 2020

SnO films are prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering under various O2 partial pressures along with post-annealing in air. The results indicate that the O2 partial pressure during reactive sputtering process not only influences the composition of the SnO film but also its texture. For the SnO film deposited under 10% O2 partial pressure, its direct bandgap increases from 2.49 to 2.64 eV with elevating the post-annealing temperature from 250 °C to 400 °C. The above SnO-based channel thin-film transistors (TFTs) exhibit a typical ambipolar feature after post-annealing at ≥250 °C in air. For the TFTs annealed at 300 °C for 30 min, the extracted hole and electron field-effect mobility is 1.48 cm2V−1s−1 and 0.21 cm2V−1s−1, respectively. The performance of both p- and n-type TFTs could be further improved by optimizing fabrication process and post-annealing conditions because of a trade-off between hole and electron mobility.
Impact of depolarization electric-field and charge trapping on the coercive voltage of an Si:HfO2-based ferroelectric capacitor
Authors: Jung Taehwan , Shin Jaemin , Shin Changhwan
Published: October 2020

The shift of coercive voltage (V
c) during cycling is investigated on ferroelectric (FE) silicon-doped hafnium oxide thin films with different (i) Si concentrations in HfO2, (ii) thickness of the ferroelectric layer (T
FE), and (iii) thickness of the interface layer (T
IL). We find that the depolarization field (E
dep) and charge trapping are two major root-causes for the shift of coercive voltage. The increased remanent polarization (P
r) with cycling of up to 105 causes a strong E
dep, which leads to a higher voltage for polarization switching. On the other hand, the trapped charge improves the charge compensation, and then it suppresses the V
c shift due to E
dep: in the case of Si doping content, TFE, and TIL, the difference in the magnitude of Vc increases by 4.5%, 0.5% and 3% while the difference in E
dep increases by 5%, 8% and 15%, respectively. To investigate the rate of charge trapping, the defect band energy level is extracted by two-state NMP theory incorporated into a ‘Comphy’ tool. These results suggest that the strategy discussed above is a promising approach to designing FE-HfO2 devices.
Logical gates embedding in artificial spin ice
Authors: Caravelli Francesco , Nisoli Cristiano
Published: October 2020

The realization and study of arrays of interacting magnetic nanoislands, such as artificial spin ices, have reached mature levels of control that allow design and demonstration of exotic, collective behaviors not seen in natural materials. Advances in the direct manipulation of their local, binary moments also suggest a use as nanopatterned, interacting memory media, for computation within a magnetic memory. Recent experimental work has demonstrated the possibility of building logic gates from clusters of interacting magnetic domains, and yet the possibility of large scale integration of such gates can prove problematic even at the theoretical level. Here we introduce theoretically complete sets of logical gates, in principle realizable in an experiment, and we study the feasibility of their integration into tree-like circuits. By evaluating the fidelity control parameter between their collective behavior and their expected logic functionality we determine conditions for integration. Also, we test our numerical results against the presence of disorder in the couplings, showing that the design gate structure is robust to small coupling perturbations, and thus possibly to small imperfections in the fabrication of the islands.
Circularly polarized coherent light-induced boosting of polymer solar cells photovoltaic performance
Authors: Zhang Longlong , Hao Yuying , Qin Wei , Xie Shijie , Qu Fanyao
Published: October 2020

We report a microscopic quantum theory which can be used to study circularly polarized light (CPL) induced singlet to triplet conversions in polymer solar cells (PSCs). We demonstrate that by properly adjusting CPL irradiation parameters, the photo-created singlet excitons can be efficiently converted into non radiative triplet excitons. The maximum singlet–triplet conversion ratio might be reached when the incident CPL frequency is chosen in such a way that the resonant optical excitation occurs between singlet and triplet states. In addition, we also illustrate that with varying CPL oscillating strength, the singlet–triplet conversion patterns behave as the Rabi oscillations and the steadily maintained triplet excitons. The electron-lattice coupling leads to the self-trapping of the excitons, which enhances the coherence between the electron’s and hole’s spin oscillations. This study opens up a novel approach for enhancing and controlling the photovoltaic response of PSCs by an effective all-optical route.
Uncovering the release mechanism of nucleotide import by HIV-1 capsid
Authors: Song Guang
Published: October 2020

Efficient nucleotide import is critical to fuel the reverse DNA synthesis that takes place within the HIV-1 capsid. However, the mechanism by which the HIV-1 capsid imports nucleotides is presently unclear. In this work, we carry out a series of Brownian diffusion simulations to elucidate the nucleotide import process through the hexamer pores of the HIV-1 capsid. Our simulations reveal a significant role of the electrostatic field in the import process and the mechanism by which deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) diffuse through the arginine ring: specifically, how IP6s and ATPs, though competing with dNTPs for binding at the pore of the arginine ring, end up accelerating the dNTP import rate by thousands of folds so that it is sufficiently high to fuel the encapsidated DNA synthesis.
A complex Neural Classifier for the Fault Prognosis and Diagnosis of Overhead Electrical Lines
Authors: Belardi R , Bindi M , Grasso F , Luchetta A , Manetti S , Piccirilli M C
Published: October 2020

The technique proposed in this work is finalized to the non-intrusive monitoring of high voltage electrical networks. In order to develop a prognostic method capable of avoiding failures on overhead transmission grids, the connection joints between two sections of the line are considered. The method is based on the use of Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) and machine learning, represented by a neural classifier based on a Multi-Valued Neuron (MVN) neural network. The procedure can be considered as a smart measurement block, where a single measure is used by a neural classifier to extract information able to diagnose an electrical system. This means that the method shown in this paper can be developed and adapted to solve many different problems in the world of industry, such as the management of the most worn electrical devices. In this sense, the maintenance organization plays a fundamental role and the prognostic approach allows the reduction of the recovery times by locating critical components. This monitoring system increases the global availability of the electrical grid in which it is used and, from a practical point of view, it can be used by network operators to obtain online control of operating conditions.