bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Low-Oxygenated Subpopulation of Pancreatic Islets Constitutes a Functional Reserve of Endocrine Cells
Authors: Olsson Richard , Carlsson Per-Ola
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE

The blood perfusion of pancreatic islets is highly variable and tightly regulated by the blood glucose concentration. Thus, oxygen levels are considered crucial for islet metabolism and function. Although islet oxygenation has been extensively studied in vitro, little is known about it in vivo. The current study aimed to investigate the oxygenation of the endocrine pancreas in vivo.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The reductive metabolism of 2-nitroimidazoles, such as pimonidazole, has previously been extensively used in studies of oxygen metabolism both in vitro and in vivo. At tissue oxygen levels <10 mmHg, pimonidazole accumulates intracellularly and may thereafter be detected by means of immunohistochemistry. Islet oxygenation was investigated in normal, 60% partially pancreatectomized, as well as whole-pancreas–transplanted rats. Moreover, leucine-dependent protein biosynthesis was performed using autoradiography to correlate islet oxygenation with metabolic activity.

RESULTS

In vivo, 20–25% of all islets in normal rats showed low oxygenation (pO2 <10 mmHg). Changes in the islet mass, by means of whole-pancreas transplantation, doubled the fraction of low-oxygenated islets in the endogenous pancreas of transplanted animals, whereas this fraction almost completely disappeared after a 60% partial pancreatectomy. Moreover, oxygenation was related to metabolism, since well-oxygenated islets in vivo had 50% higher leucine-dependent protein biosynthesis, which includes (pro)insulin biosynthesis.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study suggests a novel subpopulation of dormant low-oxygenated islets, which seems to constitute a functional reserve of endocrine cells. This study establishes a novel perspective on the use of the endocrine pancreas in glucose homeostasis.
The Architecture and Message of the "Wall," 1961-1989
Authors: Schmidt Leo
Published: July 2011

The Berlin Wall was built three times: in 1961, in the mid 1960s, and again from the mid 1970s onwards. This article attempts to interpret each manifestation as political architecture providing insights into the mindset and intentions of those who built it. Each phase of the Wall had a different rationale, beyond the straightforward purpose of stopping the citizens of East Germany from leaving their own country and forcing them to suffer under communist rule. The deliberately brutal-looking first Wall was a propaganda construct not originally intended to exist for more than a few months. The functional but dreary Wall of the mid 60s was calculated to have a longer lifespan, but within few years it, too, became an embarrassment for the East German rulers. Yearning for international recognition, they demanded a smoother-looking, better designed Wall—supporting their fiction that this was "a national border like any other."
An Improved Synthesis of Substituted Indan-1-Carboxylic Acid
Authors: Gan Zongjie , Zhang Di , Cao Zhe , Xu Yungen
Published: July 2011

Substituted indan-1-carboxylic acid compounds have been prepared by clyclisation of the phenyl succinic acid and reduction of the indanon-1-carboxylic acid with triethylsilane in trifluoracetic acid.
Efficient Synthesis of Alkane-Bridged N,N’-Diaryl Bisimidazolium Chlorides under Solvent-Free Conditions
Authors: Cao Changsheng , Zhuang Yongzhong , Zhao Jianfeng , Pang Guangsheng , Shi Yanhui
Published: July 2011

A series of N, N’-diaryl bisimidazolium dichlorides with different alkyl bridged length ( n = 2–6, 10) was synthesised from N-arylimidazoles with the less expensive, but less reactive dialkyl chlorides effectively in solvent-free conditions at ambient pressure. Compared with conventional methods, this protocol features a short reaction time, good yields and an eco-friendly process.
One-Pot Synthesis and Crystal Structure of N-acyl-N’-[1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl-3-cyano-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]thioureas
Authors: Zhang Xiaohong , He Hui , Xu Mei , Zhong Ping
Published: July 2011

Nine novel thiourea derivatives containing pyrazole rings have been prepared in good yields by the reaction of 5-amino-3-cyano-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyrazole with acylisothiocyanates, which were generated in situ by potassium thiocyanate and different acyl chlorides in one pot. N-Benzoyl- N‘-[1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl-3-cyano-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]thiourea was characterised by a single crystal X-ray diffraction study.
Diastereoselective Synthesis and X-ray Structure of New Stable Dicyano (8aRS,10SR,11SR)-9,9-dicyano-10-aryl-11-benzoyl -8a,9,10,11-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a][1,10]phenanthrolines
Authors: Tahamipour Batool , Heydari Reza , Torbati Niloofar Akbarzadeh , Ziyaadini Morteza , Graiff Claudia
Published: July 2011

1,10-Phenanthrolinium N-ylide, reacts with malonitrile and aldehydes via a domino-Knoevenagel- cyclisation to produce a new class of (8a RS,10 SR,11 SR)-9,9-dicyano-10-aryl-11-benzoyl-8a,9,10,11-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2- a][1,10] phenanthrolines in a simple and efficient protocol. Structural elucidation was done by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
An Improved Procedure for the Synthesis of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene
Authors: Zhang Hua , Qian Chao , Chen Xin-Zhi
Published: July 2011

An improved procedure for the synthesis of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene is reported starting from ethyl chloroacetate. Reaction with sodium sulfide gave diethyl thiodiglycolate which was then reacted with diethyl oxalate, and then 1,2-dibromoethane to give 2,5-dicarbethoxy-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene. Hydrolysis, and decarboxylation gave 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene in 16% overall yield. The structures of the key intermediates in synthetic routes were confirmed, and every step was optimised, to give a procedure suitable for large-scale industrial production.
Iodine(III)-mediated α-acetoxylation of aromatic ketones
Authors: Tang Jiansheng , Zheng Min , Chen Yao , Guo Cancheng
Published: July 2011

In the presence of iodobenzene diacetate with potassium iodide, aromatic α-phenoxy ketones underwent α-acetoxylation to afford corresponding α-acetoxy ketones smoothly at room temperature in moderate to good yields.
Three-Component and One-Pot Reaction between Aromatic Oximes and Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates in the presence of Trimethyl Phosphite
Authors: Hassanabadi Alireza , Anary-Abbasinejad Mohammad , Dehghan Alimohammad , Taraghi Fereshteh , Shams Nasim
Published: July 2011

A three-component reaction between trimethyl phosphite, dialkyl acetylene dicarboxylates and aromatic oximes is described as a simple and efficient route for the synthesis of dialkyl 2-(arylbenzylidene aminooxy)-3-(dimethoxy-phosphoryl) succinates in high yields.
Practical and Efficient Utilisation of (R)-3-chloro-1,2-Propanediol in Synthesis of L-Carnitine
Authors: Yang Yunxu , Wang Weili , Wumaier Aikeremu , Sheng Ruilong , Zhang Xuetao , Zhang Tianyi
Published: July 2011

As a by-product originating from Salen Co(III) catalysed hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of (±)-epichlorohydrin in the manufacturing procedure of L-Carnitine, ( R)-3-chloro-1,2-propanediol was utilised as a starting chiral material to prepare via key nitrile intermediates and by a final hydrolysis L-Carnitine. The new synthetic approach demonstrated an efficient utilisation of the by-product.
Residential Pesticide Usage in Older Adults Residing in Central California
Authors: Armes Mary N. , Liew Zeyan , Wang Anthony , Wu Xiangmei , Bennett Deborah H. , Hertz-Picciotto Irva , Ritz Beate
Published: July 2011

Information on residential pesticide usage and behaviors that may influence pesticide exposure was collected in three population-based studies of older adults residing in the three Central California counties of Fresno, Kern, and Tulare. We present data from participants in the Study of Use of Products and Exposure Related Behaviors (SUPERB) study (N = 153) and from community controls ascertained in two Parkinson’s disease studies, the Parkinson’s Environment and Gene (PEG) study (N = 359) and The Center for Gene-Environment Studies in Parkinson’s Disease (CGEP; N = 297). All participants were interviewed by telephone to obtain information on recent and lifetime indoor and outdoor residential pesticide use. Interviews ascertained type of product used, frequency of use, and behaviors that may influence exposure to pesticides during and after application. Well over half of all participants reported ever using indoor and outdoor pesticides; yet frequency of pesticide use was relatively low, and appeared to increase slightly with age. Few participants engaged in behaviors to protect themselves or family members and limit exposure to pesticides during and after treatment, such as ventilating and cleaning treated areas, or using protective equipment during application. Our findings on frequency of use over lifetime and exposure related behaviors will inform future efforts to develop population pesticide exposure models and risk assessment.
Interplay of Dynamic Transcription and Chromatin Remodeling: Lessons from Yeast
Authors: Niederacher Gerhard , Klopf Eva , Schüller Christoph
Published: July 2011

Regulation of transcription involves dynamic rearrangements of chromatin structure. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a variety of highly conserved factors necessary for these reconstructions. Chromatin remodelers, histone modifiers and histone chaperones directly associate to promoters and open reading frames of exposed genes and facilitate activation and repression of transcription. We compare two distinct patterns of induced transcription: Sustained transcribed genes switch to an activated state where they remain as long as the induction signal is present. In contrast, single pulsed transcribed genes show a quick and strong induction pulse resulting in high transcript levels followed by adaptation and repression to basal levels. We discuss intensively studied promoters and coding regions from both groups for their co-factor requirements during transcription. Interplay between chromatin restructuring factors and dynamic transcription is highly variable and locus dependent.
Antioxidant Activity of Papaya Seed Extracts
Authors: Zhou Kaibing , Wang Hui , Mei Wenli , Li Xiaona , Luo Ying , Dai Haofu
Published: July 2011

The antioxidant activities of the ethanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water extract fractions from the seeds of papaya were evaluated in this study. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest DPPH and hydroxyl free radical-scavenging activities, and its activities were stronger than those of ascorbic acid and sodium benzoate, respectively. The n-butanol fraction demonstrated the greatest ABTS+ radicals scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate fraction and the n-butanol fraction not only showed higher antioxidant activities than the petroleum ether fraction, water fraction and ethanol fraction, but also showed higher superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide radicals scavenging activities than those of the other extract fractions. The high amount of total phenolics and total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions contributed to their antioxidant activities. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column chromatography, to yield two phenolic compounds, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1) and vanillic acid (2), which possessed significant antioxidant activities. Therefore, the seeds of papaya and these compounds might be used as natural antioxidants.
New 3′,8′′-Linked Biflavonoids from Selaginella uncinata Displaying Protective Effect against Anoxia
Authors: Zheng Jun-Xia , Zheng Yang , Zhi Hui , Dai Yi , Wang Nai-Li , Fang Yan-Xiong , Du Zhi-Yun , Zhang Kun , Li Ming-Ming , Wu Li-Ying , Fan Ming
Published: July 2011

Seven 3′,8′′-linked bioflavonoids, including one new compound, (2′′S)-2′′, 3′′-dihydroamentoflavone-4′-methyl ether (1) and six known compounds: (2S)-2,3- dihydroamentoflavone-4′-methyl ether (2), (2S,2′′S)-2,3,2′′,3′′-tetrahydroamento- flavone-4′-methyl ether (3), (2S,2′′S)-tetrahydroamentoflavone (4), (2S)-2,3-dihydro- amentoflavone (5) and (2′′S)-2′′,3′′-dihydroamentoflavone (6) and amentoflavone (7), were isolated from the 60% ethanolic extract of Selaginella uncinata (Desv.) Spring. The structures of these compounds were elucidated mainly by analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, and their absolute configurations were determined by circular-dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. All the seven compounds showed protective effect against anoxia in the anoxic PC12 cells assay, in which compound 6 displayed particularly potent activity.
The Suzuki Reaction in Aqueous Media Promoted by P, N Ligands
Authors: Weeden Jason A. , Huang Rongcai , Galloway Kathryn D. , Gingrich Phillip W. , Frost Brian J.
Published: July 2011

The synthesis and structure of palladium complexes of trisubstituted PTA derivatives, PTAR3, are described. Water-soluble phosphine ligands 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadmantane (PTA), tris(aminomethyl)phosphine trihydrobromide, tri(aminomethyl) phosphine, 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-triaza-3-phosphabicyclo[3,3,1]nonane (RO-PTA), 3,7-diacetyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (DAPTA), lithium 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane-6-carboxylate (PTA-CO2Li), 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo [3.3.1.1]decane, and 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.1]decane were used as ligands for palladium catalyzed Suzuki reactions in aqueous media. RO-PTA in combination with palladium acetate or palladium chloride was the most active catalyst for Suzuki cross coupling of aryl bromides and phenylboronic acid at 80 °C in 1:1 water:acetonitrile. The activity of Pd(II) complexes of RO-PTA is comparable to PPh2(m-C6H4SO3Na) (TPPMS) and P(m-C6H4SO3Na)3 (TPPTS) and less active than tri(4,6-dimethyl-3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine trisodium salt (TXPTS). Activated, deactivated, and sterically hindered aryl bromides were examined, with yields ranging from 50% to 90% in 6 h with 5% palladium precatalyst loading. X-ray crystal structures of (RO-PTA)PdCl2, (PTAR3)2PdCl2 (R = Ph, p-tert-butylC6H5), and PTAR3 (R = p-tert-butylC6H5) are reported.
Polymer-Optical-Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers Doped with Organic Dyes
Authors: Arrue Jon , Jiménez Felipe , Ayesta Igor , Illarramendi M. Asunción , Zubia Joseba
Published: July 2011

Polymer optical fibers (POFs) doped with organic dyes can be used to make efficient lasers and amplifiers due to the high gains achievable in short distances. This paper analyzes the peculiarities of light amplification in POFs through some experimental data and a computational model capable of carrying out both power and spectral analyses. We investigate the emission spectral shifts and widths and on the optimum signal wavelength and pump power as functions of the fiber length, the fiber numerical aperture and the radial distribution of the dopant. Analyses for both step-index and graded-index POFs have been done.
Effects of Individual Tree Detection Error Sources on Forest Management Planning Calculations
Authors: Vastaranta Mikko , Holopainen Markus , Yu Xiaowei , Hyyppä Juha , Mäkinen Antti , Rasinmäki Jussi , Melkas Timo , Kaartinen Harri , Hyyppä Hannu
Published: July 2011

The objective was to investigate the error sources of the airborne laser scanning based individual tree detection (ITD), and its effects on forest management planning calculations. The investigated error sources were detection of trees (etd), error in tree height prediction (eh) and error in tree diameter prediction (ed). The effects of errors were analyzed with Monte Carlo simulations. etd was modeled empirically based on a tree’s relative size. A total of five different tree detection scenarios were tested. Effect of eh was investigated using 5% and 0% and effect of ed using 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 0% error levels, respectively. The research material comprised 15 forest stands located in Southern Finland. Measurements of 5,300 trees and their timber assortments were utilized as a starting point for the Monte Carlo simulated ITD inventories. ITD carried out for the same study area provided a starting point (Scenario 1) for etd. In Scenario 1, 60.2% from stem number and 75.9% from total volume (Vtotal) were detected. When the only error source was etd (tree detection varying from 75.9% to 100% of Vtotal), root mean square errors (RMSEs) in stand characteristics ranged between the scenarios from 32.4% to 0.6%, 29.0% to 0.5%, 7.8% to 0.2% and 5.4% to 0.1% in stand basal area (BA), Vtotal, mean height (Hg) and mean diameter (Dg), respectively. Saw wood volume RMSE varied from 25.1% to 0.2%, as pulp wood volume respective varied from 37.8% to 1.0% when errors stemmed only from etd. The effect of ed was most significant for Vtotal and BA and the decrease in RMSE was from 12.0% to 0.6% (BA) and from 10.9% to 0.5% (Vtotal) in the most accurate tree detection scenario when ed varied from 20% to 0%. The effect of increased accuracy in tree height prediction was minor for all the stand characteristics. The results show that the most important error source in ITD is tree detection. At stand level, unbiased predictions for tree height and diameter are enough, given the present tree detection accuracy.
Real-Time Gait Cycle Parameter Recognition Using a Wearable Accelerometry System
Authors: Yang Che-Chang , Hsu Yeh-Liang , Shih Kao-Shang , Lu Jun-Ming
Published: July 2011

This paper presents the development of a wearable accelerometry system for real-time gait cycle parameter recognition. Using a tri-axial accelerometer, the wearable motion detector is a single waist-mounted device to measure trunk accelerations during walking. Several gait cycle parameters, including cadence, step regularity, stride regularity and step symmetry can be estimated in real-time by using autocorrelation procedure. For validation purposes, five Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and five young healthy adults were recruited in an experiment. The gait cycle parameters among the two subject groups of different mobility can be quantified and distinguished by the system. Practical considerations and limitations for implementing the autocorrelation procedure in such a real-time system are also discussed. This study can be extended to the future attempts in real-time detection of disabling gaits, such as festinating or freezing of gait in PD patients. Ambulatory rehabilitation, gait assessment and personal telecare for people with gait disorders are also possible applications.
Unscented Kalman Filtering for Single Camera Based Motion and Shape Estimation
Authors: Jwo Dah-Jing , Tseng Chien-Hao , Liu Jen-Chu , Lee Hsien-Der
Published: July 2011

Accurate estimation of the motion and shape of a moving object is a challenging task due to great variety of noises present from sources such as electronic components and the influence of the external environment, etc. To alleviate the noise, the filtering/estimation approach can be used to reduce it in streaming video to obtain better estimation accuracy in feature points on the moving objects. To deal with the filtering problem in the appropriate nonlinear system, the extended Kalman filter (EKF), which neglects higher-order derivatives in the linearization process, has been very popular. The unscented Kalman filter (UKF), which uses a deterministic sampling approach to capture the mean and covariance estimates with a minimal set of sample points, is able to achieve at least the second order accuracy without Jacobians’ computation involved. In this paper, the UKF is applied to the rigid body motion and shape dynamics to estimate feature points on moving objects. The performance evaluation is carried out through the numerical study. The results show that UKF demonstrates substantial improvement in accuracy estimation for implementing the estimation of motion and planar surface parameters of a single camera.
Dolphin Watching in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman: Tourist Perceptions and Actual Current Practice
Authors: Ponnampalam Louisa S.
Published: July 2011

Tourists who went dolphin watching in Muscat between December 2006 and June 2007 were asked to complete a questionnaire gauging the overall quality of their trips based on four main aspects: safety, educational value, perception of the boat driver's behavior, and overall satisfaction.
Results showed that most tourists were satisfied with their dolphin-watching trip and that the majority felt that the boat drivers maintained a good distance between the boat and the dolphins, yet most also expressed the view that official guidelines should be established and implemented.
However, awareness levels of tourists regarding the existence of dolphin-watching guidelines were low and tourist perceptions of their trips contrasted with observed practices, which reveal the current industry standards in Muscat to be lacking in many respects. The contrast is discussed and
recommendations made for raising industry standards.
Triazole–Au(I) complex as chemoselective catalyst in promoting propargyl ester rearrangements
Authors: Wang Dawei , Zhang Yanwei , Cai Rong , Shi Xiaodong
Published: July 2011

Triazole–Au (TA–Au) catalysts were employed in several transformations involving propargyl ester rearrangement. Good chemoselectivity was observed, which allowed the effective activation of the alkyne without affecting the reactivity of the allene ester intermediates. These results led to the investigation of the preparation of allene ester intermediates with TA–Au catalysts under anhydrous conditions. As expected, the desired 3,3-rearrangement products were obtained in excellent yields (generally >90% yields with 1% loading). Besides the typical ester migrating groups, carbonates and carbamates were also found to be suitable for this transformation, which provided a highly efficient, practical method for the preparation of substituted allenes.
Implementation of an E-Prescribing Service: Users' Satisfaction and Recommendations
Authors: Shams Mohamed El Houseny El Sebeay
Published: July 2011

The aim of the present study was to measure the attitudes and satisfaction of various stakeholders about an electronic prescribing service (EPS), in order to generate best practice recommendations for further improvement. Relevant stakeholders included physicians from different specialties, pharmacy staff (pharmacists and assistant pharmacists), nurses and outpatients. Participants ( n = 283) were randomly selected from several clinical settings in Muscat, Oman. They were asked to fill out a questionnaire to measure their satisfaction with the EPS, as well as their attitude toward it, both before and after its integration with a computerized hospital information and management system (Al-Shifa). The overall level of satisfaction with the integrated EPS was high. Physicians, pharmacy staff and nurses highly agreed that the EPS reduced prescribing errors and they did not want to go back to the paper-based prescription system. Pharmacy staff and nurses viewed the EPS more positively and were more satisfied with it than were physicians (p < 0.05). It was also found that 74% of patients who responded to the survey were either satisfied or very satisfied with the EPS and preferred it over paper-based prescriptions. In conclusion, the majority of stakeholders were generally satisfied with the current status of the EPS, but they also perceived a few key weaknesses. A total of 12 recommendations were offered to improve the EPS in clinical settings in the Sultanate of Oman.
Prior Learning Assessments in a Professional Workplace for Practising Pharmacists and Technicians
Authors: Raymond Colette B. , Woloschuk Donna MM.
Published: July 2011

Background:

A prior learning assessment (PLA) is a summative statement of an individual's learning acquired through education and experience. We developed PLA surveys for 3 groups of pharmacy staff: experienced pharmacists with supervisory or clinical roles; pharmacists entering a pharmacy practice residency program; and experienced pharmacy technicians.

Methods:

Each PLA survey was developed based on a literature review and desirable learning outcomes for a regional pharmacy program. PLAs consisted of numerous potential learning needs, including possible job roles, competencies, essential skills and areas of practice expertise in 11 domains. Pharmacy staff scored past exposure, perceived ability (prior experience) and interest for each potential learning need. Learning needs were calculated as interest score minus ability score.

Results:

23 of 38 (61%) experienced pharmacists, all 24 (100%) pharmacy residents and all 17 (100%) pharmacy technicians invited to complete the PLA responded. For each of the 11 domains, Cronbachs alpha scores were greater than 0.69. For experienced pharmacists, the highest learning needs occurred in technical domains (drug distribution and computer/informatics), with low needs in practice management and patient care. For pharmacy residents, the highest learning needs occurred in patient care domains. Pharmacy technician learning needs were greatest in human resources and drug distribution.

Conclusion:

We developed PLA surveys for experienced pharmacists, pharmacy residents and pharmacy technicians that demonstrate internal consistency reliability. Regulatory bodies, education providers, employers, managers and individual pharmacy personnel can use PLA to identify learning needs either prior to a practice change or as part of continuing professional development planning.
Quelque chose de nouveau sous le soleil ?
Authors: Ladame François
Published: July 2011

Résumé Je ne partage pas l’idée de changements en profondeur de l’adolescence – qui reste une crise narcissique – et pas davantage de la psychanalyse et de la psychothérapie des adolescents. Par contre, le champ socioculturel s’est modifié et, peut-être, les thérapeutes en font-ils les premiers les frais.
Ce que la rencontre avec l'adolescent apprend au psychanalyste
Authors: Richard François
Published: July 2011

Résumé La psychanalyse de l’adolescent existe-t-elle ? Deux points de vue sont réfutés, celui qui considère l’adolescence comme le moment du refoulement après-coup et celui qui s’effraie d’un risque de flambée pulsionnelle en situation clinique duelle. L’histoire des élaborations théoriques sur l’adolescence introduit à une conception de la rencontre entre le psychanalyste et l’adolescent susceptible d’éclairer la pratique psychanalytique avec l’adulte. La méthode freudienne d’interprétation du conflit pulsionnel et du transfert est applicable avec l’adolescent, ce que démontre le traitement d’une jeune adolescente présentant des troubles anorectiques et addictifs. Les fonctionnements limites y correspondent à des défenses projectives contraphobiques, le refoulement étant recouvert par le clivage. Des hypothèses sont avancées sur les pathologies actuelles de l’adolescent et du jeune adulte (recours paradoxal à des formes d’excitation à visée désexualisante, externalisation de l’intériorité psychique) dans un contexte de « malaise dans la culture ».
À propos du refoulement à l'adolescence
Authors: Scharmann Guy
Published: July 2011

Résumé La possibilité d’une psychanalyse à l’adolescence pose la question de l’existence de la psychanalyse chaque fois que le refoulement sera secondaire dans la problématique des patients. Autour des concepts de subjectivation et d’agent subjectivant, cet article se propose de décrire les grands principes d’une pratique possible de la psychanalyse de l’adolescent.
« Se venger pour survivre »
Authors: Bonnet Gérard
Published: July 2011

Résumé La vengeance représente l’une des formes de la violence humaine les plus redoutées et offre aussi un terrain privilégié pour étudier cette violence pour elle-même. Pour la psychanalyse, la perversion est l’organisation psychique qui illustre le plus clairement comment naît ce désir de vengeance dans la psyché humaine. Sa visée est toutefois paradoxale, ce que j’ai voulu mettre au premier plan d’un de mes derniers livres en le titrant : La perversion, se venger pour survivre (Bonnet, 2008). Car, si le pervers investit à ce point la vengeance, c’est paradoxalement pour survivre et pour faire contrepoids à une autre violence, mortifère, autrement redoutable, qui le menace de l’intérieur sans relâche. Le pervers fait contrepoids à cette violence de mort en investissant toutes les facettes de la vengeance et il est important de les identifier pour en désamorcer les dangers immédiats. On s’aperçoit alors qu’il investit cette violence de survie de deux façons : soit en s’en prenant à d’autres qu’il transforme en objets, dans les perversions les plus graves, quand le sujet est entièrement sous la gouverne de la dialectique de vengeance ; soit en investissant à son corps défendant telle ou telle facette de la vengeance de telle façon qu’elle reste contenue dans ses conséquences pour l’autre : cela va du donjuanisme au masochisme et au fétichisme, en passant par toutes les modalités du narcissisme ou du voyeurisme qui prolifèrent aujourd’hui.
De l'adolescence dite « délinquante » : un autre paradigme du lien ?
Authors: Winter Anne , Villerbu Loïck M.
Published: July 2011

Résumé Régulièrement, la littérature intéressée par la délinquance au temps de l’adolescence convoque la défaillance de l’instance paternelle comme explicative des transgressions du lien social. Ce sont là les héritages d’une tradition théorique qui a témoigné à maintes reprises des effets de la triangulation œdipienne, paradigmatique des relations affectives et sociales. Or, un pan de la clinique montre aujourd’hui tout le poids d’une dynamique de l’échange soumise à une injonction paritaire, que l’on ne saurait négliger. Sous-tendue par le narcissisme, elle prend le pas sur la généalogie et confère aux distances et proximités en jeu dans la génération, un rôle certain ; celui de garantir au sujet réciprocité et intégrité, en fondant autrement les valeurs qui sont les siennes.
Ségolène Payan : Le rite migratoire, un empêchement du processus de subjectivation ?
Authors: Payan Ségolène
Published: July 2011

Résumé Dans les sociétés traditionnelles d’Afrique de l’Ouest, chaque année de nombreux adolescents sont, rituellement, désignés par leurs pairs pour être candidats à l’immigration. L’accomplissement de la « mission » qui leur est assignée ne pourra aboutir qu’au prix d’une appropriation subjective de leur destin.
Paranoïa et psychothérapie institutionnelle
Authors: Wenger Stephan
Published: July 2011

Résumé Andreas est un adolescent en rupture scolaire. Soudé à sa mère avec laquelle il forme une bulle aux traits paranoïaques, il ne vit que très peu de relations basées sur l’altérité. Son séjour en Centre Thérapeutique de Jour, quasi unique perspective psychothérapique à notre sens, va permettre de recréer une pensée à son sujet et de développer ses capacités de penser sur ses pensées et celles des autres. L’institution offre ainsi une opportunité de trianguler le fonctionnement psychique d’Andreas, comme elle peut le faire pour de nombreux patients pour lesquels le tiers en tant que fonction psychique est absent ou présente une fragilité délétère et qui sont inscrits dans de perpétuels mouvements de « quitter - être envahi » par rapport à l’objet.
Le travail psychanalytique au-delà des murs
Authors: Sferrazza Rita
Published: July 2011

Résumé L’évolution des psychopathologies rencontrées dans la clinique a aussi amené les dispositifs de soins à évoluer. Cet article s’intéresse au travail possible et nécessaire avec des adolescents en souffrance, aux difficultés souvent psycho-sociales. Pour répondre aux besoins spécifiques, propres à chaque situation clinique, l’auteur souligne la nécessité de créer des dispositifs originaux et évolutifs au cours de la prise en charge. Une vignette clinique met en lumière ce qui guide la construction d’un cadre thérapeutique psychanalytique. Le suivi des expressions verbales et non verbales des patients ainsi que leurs transferts sur les divers intervenants offrent des repères indispensables aux choix thérapeutiques.
« L'Œil du Prince » ou l'Adieu aux armes de la Courtoisie dans La Princesse de Clèves
Authors: Langle Catherine
Published: July 2011

Résumé Sous le modèle augustinien qui structure La Princesse de Clèves , on discerne l’héritage symbolique de la courtoisie. Réduit à la fonction de parade dans l’univers panoptique de la cour, celui-ci demeure vivant dans l’ Éros de la princesse, orienté par la dimension de l’impossible. Le modèle courtois, qui peut être interprété ici dans la perspective du débat contemporain sur le Pur Amour, façonne la poétique du genre « roman » selon une « optique » du décalage mettant en abyme le romanesque comme l’impossible par quoi le « roman » produit sa dynamique propre.
Entre psychiatrie et philosophie : la folie dans « Adieu » de Balzac
Authors: Jullien Dominique
Published: July 2011

Résumé À partir d’« Adieu » de Balzac, histoire d’un traumatisme de guerre et d’une expérience thérapeutique radicale, on analyse la manière dont le texte hésite entre le discours clinique (place du savoir médical, en particulier les fondateurs de la psychiatrie moderne, Pinel et Esquirol), l’intuition scientifique (à certains égards déjà proche de Freud), et le symbolisme ambigu qui justifie l’inclusion de la nouvelle dans les Études philosophiques dont elle partage le caractère énigmatique.
Fiabilité ou fidélité : le problème de la narration dans Le Ravissement de Lol V. Stein
Authors: Killeen Marie-Chantal
Published: July 2011

Résumé Jusqu’à présent la critique a beaucoup insisté sur le manque de fiabilité du narrateur du Ravissement de Lol V. Stein , séduit et ravi à son tour par l’énigme vivante qu’incarne l’héroïne éponyme. Or je propose d’envisager ici ce manque de fiabilité non point comme incompétence ni même a fortiori comme défaut à pallier, mais comme manière de demeurer fidèle à l’impossibilité de l’événement, c’est-à-dire de restituer l’expérience « ravissante » de Lol dans ce qu’elle présente justement de plus informulable. Emblématique de l’ensemble des écrits durassiens, Le Ravissement de Lol V. Stein tâcherait ainsi, par le truchement de son narrateur subjugué, de se mettre au diapason d’une expérience qui ne se soumet pas à l’ordre de la connaissance mais se donnerait plutôt à expérimenter dans la communication d’un état de vertigineuse dépossession.
Le supplément de fiction : Derrida et l'autobiographie
Authors: Artous-Bouvet Guillaume
Published: July 2011

Résumé La tentative autobiographique de Jacques Derrida, portée par plusieurs de ses livres, paraît contredire toute une part de son élaboration philosophique qui, quant à elle, s’efforce de démontrer l’impossibilité de tenir un discours sur la vie et sur l’identité. D’où la nécessité, pour Derrida, de déplacer les coordonnées traditionnelles de la forme autobiographique. Nous proposons dans cet article de désigner comme hétérofiction la modification derridienne de la pratique du récit de soi. L’hétérofiction suppose une multiplicité de versions (il y a plusieurs récits de vie), une multiplicité de dictions (dans ces récits, le dire précède toujours le dit), une multiplicité d’énonciations (plusieurs voix sont requises pour porter ces récits), et enfin une multiplicité de confessions (chaque récit réserve la ressource d’un secret supplémentaire).
Les pays émergents dans l'actuel ordre mondial : changements et légitimité politique
Authors: Milani Carlos R. S.
Published: July 2011

Résumé Les pays émergents peuvent-ils contrebalancer le poids stratégique des puissances du G8 ? Dans cet article, l’auteur analyse le rôle joué par les « puissances émergentes » dans l’actuel système international. Quelles conséquences auront les changements de représentations stratégiques sur le monopole occidental dans la conception de l’ordre mondial ? Quelles stratégies individuelles ou collectives – malgré les différences d’insertion internationale ou d’intérêts géopolitiques entre les pays émergents – de changement du système interétatique et économique sont adoptées par ces pays ? En se faisant les acteurs incontournables de la coopération SudSud, du développement de la lutte contre la pauvreté et de la réforme des institutions internationales, les pays émergents remettent en cause leur place au sein de l’ordre établi et démontrent leur ambition internationale.
Cloning and Expression of Randomly MutatedBacillus subtilisα-Amylase Genes in HB101
Authors: Rabbani Mohammed , MirMohammad Sadeghi Hamid , Moazen Fatemeh , Rahimi Mehran , Salehi Golnaz
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study was to isolate and express the randomly mutated α-amylasegene fromB. subtilisstrain 168. BS168F: 5′-gtgtcaagaatgtttgc-3′and BS168R: 3′-gttttgttaaaagatga-5′primers were used to amplify the amylase gene using the following cycle in error-prone PCR method: 94°C for 30 s, 40°C for 2 min, and 72°C for 2 min in 30 cycles that were followed with 72°C for 2 min as a post cycle.E. coliXL1 blue was used as host for plasmid construction. Amylase enzyme activity assay was performed using continuous spectrophotometric procedures. Results of sequencing showed that sequence was cloned from the first ATG and with the correct open reading frame. Having confirmed the integrity of the insert, the gene was ligated into expression vector pET-15b and then further confirmed using digestion analysis. Amylase activity showed 3 clones with higher enzymatic activity compared with the wild type. Error-prone PCR method produced a mutated gene that provides amylase activity much higher than that of wild type. Sequencing the mutated genes should shed light on the important region of the genes that could be manipulated in future studies.
Raman Spectroscopic Methods for Classification of Normal and Malignant Hypopharyngeal Tissues: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Pujary Parul , Maheedhar K. , Krishna C. Murali , Pujary Kailesh
Published: July 2011

Laryngeal cancer is more common in males. The present study is aimed at exploration of potential of conventional Raman spectroscopy in classifying normal from a malignant laryngopharyngeal tissue. We have recorded Raman spectra of twenty tissues (aryepiglottic fold) using an in-house built Raman setup. The spectral features of mean malignant spectrum suggests abundance proteins whereas spectral features of mean normal spectrum indicate redundancy of lipids. PCA was employed as discriminating algorithm. Both, unsupervised and supervised modes of analysis as well as match/mismatch “limit test” methodology yielded clear classification among tissue types. The findings of this study demonstrate the efficacy of conventional Raman spectroscopy in classification of normal and malignant laryngopharyngeal tissues. A rigorous evaluation of the models with development of suitable fibreoptic probe may enable real-time Raman spectroscopic diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal cancers in future.
Response to radiation in renal medullary carcinoma
Authors: Walsh Alexandra M. , Fiveash John B. , Reddy Alyssa T. , Friedman Gregory K.
Published: July 2011

Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is a rare and highly aggressive malignancy arising from the renal medulla and found mostly in patients with sickle cell trait. RMC usually presents with widely metastatic disease. We describe a young man diagnosed with metastatic RMC who sustained a complete response to systemic chemotherapy but developed brain metastases with leptomeningeal involvement and subsequently had a partial response to brain irradiation. The use of radiation in the management of RMC is reviewed. Due to the apparent propensity for RMC to spread to the central nervous system, prophylactic treatment such as craniospinal irradiation should be considered along with chemotherapy in patients with metastatic RMC to potentially improve the progression-free interval.
Molecular Genetic Diagnostic Strategy to Help Clinicians to a Better Assessment of the Heaviness of a Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Infection
Authors: Heirler Florian , Ždárský Emanuel , Borelli Ricardo , Heppner Hans Jürgen
Published: July 2011

Since the introduction of a cytology-based screening program for cervical cancer in developed countries a dramatic reduction of specific morbidity and mortality has been reported. In addition to this in 1972 zur Hausen proposed HPV as a causal factor of cervical cancer. About 15 viral subtypes have been identified: the so called high-risk subtypes for cancer development. Despite this the clinical use of subtype identification in a prevention strategy has not substantially been reported. Simple identification of HPV carrier status cannot reliably be used as a prognostic factor for cervical cancer development nor as a useful alternative to cytological examination. Therefore we are establishing a link between the classical cytological examination and the techniques of molecular biology. Our strategy detects HPV in a semi-quantitative way as well as the E7-m-RNA activity and T-lymphocyte-transformation in order to better calculate how serious an infection is, how active the virus and how active the defense reaction is.
Cadmium accumulation in wheat grain as affected by mineral N fertilizer and soil characteristics
Authors: Li Xianglan , Ziadi Noura , Bélanger Gilles , Cai Zucong , Xu Hua
Published: July 2011

Li, X., Ziadi, N., Bélanger, G., Cai, Z. and Xu, H. 2011. Cadmium accumulation in wheat grain as affected by mineral N fertilizer and soil characteristics. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 521–531. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal distributed in soil by natural processes and anthropogenic activities. It can accumulate in crops, such as spring milling wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and its accumulation depends on crop species, soil factors, and agricultural practices like fertilizer inputs. Our objective was to study the effect of mineral N fertilizer and soil characteristics on wheat grain Cd concentration. A field study was conducted over 12 site-years (2004–2006) in Québec, with four N application rates (0, 40, 120, and 200 kg N ha−1). Wheat grain samples (n=192) were analysed for their Cd and N concentrations. Soil samples (n=48) taken before N fertilizer application were characterised for their chemical and physical properties, including Mehlich-3 extractable Cd concentration. Wheat grain Cd concentration increased significantly with increasing N application rates at 11 of the 12 site-years. Averaged across the 12 site-years, Cd concentration ranged from 53 µg kg−1dry matter (DM) without N applied up to 87 µg kg−1DM when 200 kg N ha−1was applied. Wheat grain Cd concentration also varied significantly with site-years (34–99 µg kg−1DM), but never exceeded the proposed tolerance for wheat grain of 235 µg kg−1DM. Wheat grain Cd concentration was significantly related to Mehlich-3 extractable Cd in soil (R2=0.44, P=0.021) and nitrogen nutrition index (R2=0.69, P=0.001). We conclude that soil Cd concentration and the crop N nutrition status affect Cd accumulation in spring wheat grain produced in eastern Canada.
Effects of supplemental poultry manure applications on soil erosion and runoff water quality from a loam soil under potato production in northwestern New Brunswick
Authors: Rees H. W. , Chow T. L. , Zebarth B. J. , Xing Z. , Toner P. , Lavoie J. , Daigle J.-L.
Published: July 2011

Rees, H. W., Chow, T. L., Zebarth, B. J., Xing, Z., Toner, P., Lavoie, J. and Daigle, J.-L. 2011. Effects of supplemental poultry manure applications on soil erosion and runoff water quality from a loam soil under potato production in northwestern New Brunswick. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 595–613. Soil erosion is a major threat to the economic viability of potato production in northwestern New Brunswick. One option for growers to increase soil organic matter and improve soil quality in potato fields is through poultry manure application. While poultry manure may be beneficial for soil quality, there are also potential risks to surface water quality associated with manure application. This study evaluated the effects of time of poultry manure application on potato fields in northwestern New Brunswick on soil erosion and runoff water quality. Seven permanent Wischmeier-like erosion plots, established in 1982, were used. Treatments consisted of a control (Ctrl) with no manure applied, and applications of 4 Mg ha−1 of fresh poultry broiler manure in late fall (F), pre-planting (PP) and pre-hilling (PH) on 11% slope plots and a Ctrl, F and PH treatments on 8% slope plots. All poultry manured treatments increased potato total yield with a general trend of Ctrl<F<PH<PP, but only the 8% PH increase was significant (P<0.10). Potato yield of fall-applied poultry manure did not result in a significant reduction in yield compared with other treatments. May to October runoff was significantly reduced on the 11% PH, but increased on the 8% F treatment. May to October soil loss was significantly reduced on the 11% PH and 11% PP. The soil loss:runoff ratio was reduced by up to 15% with PP and PP<PH<F<Ctrl. Fall applications generally resulted in the greatest mean annual flow-weighted nutrient runoff concentrations and runoff nutrient loadings whereas PH resulted in some of the lowest nutrient concentrations and loadings. While high background concentrations of Escherichia coli were found in runoff, E. coli concentrations in runoff were increased 20–230% by manure application. Escherichia coli colonies survived the winters in northwestern New Brunswick and populations were cyclical being highest in summer and lowest in winter. Escherichia coli concentrations in runoff were significantly (P<0.10) correlated with air and soil temperature and soil loss. The PH appeared to provide the best balance between crop production and surface water protection. Further replicated research is required to support these results.
Effets du travail du sol et de la gestion des résidus sur les propriétés du sol et sur l’érosion hydrique d'un Vertisol Méditerranéen
Authors: Moussadek Rachid , Mrabet Rachid , Zante Patrick , Marie Lamachère Jean , Pépin Yannick , Le Bissonnais Yves , Ye Liming , Verdoodt Ann , Van Ranst Eric
Published: July 2011

Moussadek, R., Mrabet, R., Zante, P., Lamachère, J. M., Pépin, Y., Le Bissonnais, Y., Ye, L., Verdoodt, A. and Van Ranst, E. 2011. Impact of tillage and residue management on the soil properties and water erosion of a Mediterranean Vertisol. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 627–635. Soil erosion research on Mediterranean Vertisols under no tillage systems (NT) is still scarce. A rainfall simulator was used on Vertisols to compare water runoff and soil loss in a conventional tillage system (CT), NT system with crop residues removed (NT0), and NT with 50% of crop residues returned to the soil surface (NT50). Runoff and soil loss rates were more than 50% lower under NT50 compared with NT0 and CT. Wet aggregate stability (MWD), soil organic matter (SOM) and soil bulk density (Da) were significantly higher under NT than under CT. A multiple regression analysis showed that when the soil was dry, Da explained 84 and 96% of the variation in water runoff and soil loss, respectively. Under wet soil conditions, MWD explained 47 and 69% of variation in water runoff and soil loss, respectively. Consequently, although NT systems improved soil quality (MWD, SOM) compared with the CT system, returning 50% of crop residues at the soil surface was mandatory under NT to protect these Vertisols against water erosion.