bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma diagnostics in spherical tokamaks with silicon charged-particle detectors
Authors: Netepenko A. , Boeglin W. U. , Darrow D. S. , Ellis R. , Sibilia M. J.
Published: August 2016

Detection of charged fusion products, such as protons and tritons resulting from D(d, p) t reactions, can be used to determine the position and time dependent fusion reaction rate profile in spherical tokamak plasmas with neutral beam heating. We have developed a prototype instrument consisting of 6 ion-implanted-silicon surface barrier detectors combined with collimators in such a way that each detector can accept 3 MeV protons and 1 MeV tritons and thus provides a curved view across the plasma cross section. The combination of the results from all six detectors will provide information on the spatial distribution of the fusion reaction rate. The expected time resolution of about 1 ms makes it possible to study changes in the reaction rate due to slow variations in the neutral beam density profile, as well as rapid changes resulting from MHD instabilities. Details of the new instrument, its data acquisition system, simulation results, and electrical noise testing results are discussed in this paper. First experimental data are expected to be taken during the current experimental campaign at NSTX-U.
Research Note: A More Powerful Test Statistic for Reasoning about Interference between Units
Authors: Bowers Jake , Fredrickson Mark M. , Aronow Peter M.
Published: August 2016

Bowers, Fredrickson, and Panagopoulos (2013, Reasoning about interference between units: A general framework, Political Analysis 21(1):97–124; henceforth BFP) showed that one could use Fisher's randomization-based hypothesis testing framework to assess counterfactual causal models of treatment propagation and spillover across social networks. This research note improves the statistical inference presented in BFP (2013) by substituting a test statistic based on a sum of squared residuals and incorporating information about the fixed network for the simple Kolmogorov–Smirnov test statistic (Hollander 1999, section 5.4) they used. This note incrementally improves the application of BFP's “reasoning about interference” approach. We do not offer general results about test statistics for multi-parameter causal models on social networks here, but instead hope to stimulate further, and deeper, work on test statistics and sharp hypothesis testing.
Characteristic arrangement of nucleosomes is predictive of chromatin interactions at kilobase resolution
Authors: Zhang Hui , Li Feifei , Jia Yan , Xu Bingxiang , Zhang Yiqun , Li Xiaoli , Zhang Zhihua
Published: August 2016

High-throughput chromosome conformation capture technologies, such as Hi-C, have made it possible to survey 3D genome structure. However, the ability to obtain 3D profiles at kilobase resolution at low cost remains a major challenge. Therefore, we herein report a computational method to precisely identify chromatin interaction sites at kilobase resolution from MNase-seq data, termed chromatin interaction site detector (CISD), and a CISD-based chromatin loop predictor (CISD_loop) that predicts chromatin-chromatin interaction (CCI) from low-resolution Hi-C data. The methods are built on a hypothesis that CCIs result in a characteristic nucleosome arrangement pattern flanking the interaction sites. Accordingly, we show that the predictions of CISD and CISD_loop overlap closely with chromatin interaction analysis by paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET) anchors and loops, respectively. Moreover, the methods trained in one cell type can be applied to other cell types with high accuracy. The validity of the methods was further supported by chromosome conformation capture (3C) experiments at 5kb resolution. Finally, we demonstrate that only modest amounts of MNase-seq and Hi-C data are sufficient to achieve ultrahigh resolution CCI map. The predictive power of CISD/CISD_loop supports the hypothesis that CCIs induce local nucleosome rearrangement and that the pattern may serve as probes for 3D dynamics of the genome. Thus, our method will facilitate precise and systematic investigations of the interactions between distal regulatory elements on a larger scale than hitherto have been possible.
Fluorescent Labeling of Yeast Cell Wall Components
Authors: Okada Hiroki , Ohya Yoshikazu
Published: August 2016

Yeast cells stained with a fluorescent dye that specifically binds to one of the cell wall components can be observed under a fluorescent microscope. Visualization of the components 1,3-β-glucan, mannoproteins, and/or chitin not only provides information concerning the cell wall, but also reveals clues about various cellular activities such as cell polarity, vesicular transport, establishment of budding pattern, apical and isotropic bud growth, and replicative cell age. This protocol describes a standard method for visualizing different components of the yeast cell wall.
Assay for Spore Wall Integrity Using a Yeast Predator
Authors: Okada Hiroki , Neiman Aaron M. , Ohya Yoshikazu
Published: August 2016

During the budding yeast life cycle, a starved diploid cell undergoes meiosis followed by production of four haploid spores, each surrounded by a spore wall. The wall allows the spores to survive in harsh environments until conditions improve. Spores are also more resistant than vegetative cells to treatments such as ether vapor, glucanases, heat shock, high salt concentrations, and exposure to high or low pH, but the relevance of these treatments to natural environmental stresses remains unclear. This protocol describes a method for assaying the yeast spore wall under natural environmental conditions by quantifying the survival of yeast spores that have passed through the digestive system of a yeast predator, the fruit fly.
Report on the sixth blind test of organic crystal structure prediction methods
Authors: Reilly Anthony M. , Cooper Richard I. , Adjiman Claire S. , Bhattacharya Saswata , Boese A. Daniel , Brandenburg Jan Gerit , Bygrave Peter J. , Bylsma Rita , Campbell Josh E. , Car Roberto , Case David H. , Chadha Renu , Cole Jason C. , Cosburn Katherine , Cuppen Herma M. , Curtis Farren , Day Graeme M. , DiStasio Jr Robert A. , Dzyabchenko Alexander , van Eijck Bouke P. , Elking Dennis M. , van den Ende Joost A. , Facelli Julio C. , Ferraro Marta B. , Fusti-Molnar Laszlo , Gatsiou Christina-Anna , Gee Thomas S. , de Gelder René , Ghiringhelli Luca M. , Goto Hitoshi , Grimme Stefan , Guo Rui , Hofmann Detlef W. M. , Hoja Johannes , Hylton Rebecca K. , Iuzzolino Luca , Jankiewicz Wojciech , de Jong Daniël T. , Kendrick John , de Klerk Niek J. J. , Ko Hsin-Yu , Kuleshova Liudmila N. , Li Xiayue , Lohani Sanjaya , Leusen Frank J. J. , Lund Albert M. , Lv Jian , Ma Yanming , Marom Noa , Masunov Artëm E. , McCabe Patrick , McMahon David P. , Meekes Hugo , Metz Michael P. , Misquitta Alston J. , Mohamed Sharmarke , Monserrat Bartomeu , Needs Richard J. , Neumann Marcus A. , Nyman Jonas , Obata Shigeaki , Oberhofer Harald , Oganov Artem R. , Orendt Anita M. , Pagola Gabriel I. , Pantelides Constantinos C. , Pickard Chris J. , Podeszwa Rafal , Price Louise S. , Price Sarah L. , Pulido Angeles , Read Murray G. , Reuter Karsten , Schneider Elia , Schober Christoph , Shields Gregory P. , Singh Pawanpreet , Sugden Isaac J. , Szalewicz Krzysztof , Taylor Christopher R. , Tkatchenko Alexandre , Tuckerman Mark E. , Vacarro Francesca , Vasileiadis Manolis , Vazquez-Mayagoitia Alvaro , Vogt Leslie , Wang Yanchao , Watson Rona E. , de Wijs Gilles A. , Yang Jack , Zhu Qiang , Groom Colin R.
Published: August 2016

The sixth blind test of organic crystal structure prediction (CSP) methods has been held, with five target systems: a small nearly rigid molecule, a polymorphic former drug candidate, a chloride salt hydrate, a co-crystal and a bulky flexible molecule. This blind test has seen substantial growth in the number of participants, with the broad range of prediction methods giving a unique insight into the state of the art in the field. Significant progress has been seen in treating flexible molecules, usage of hierarchical approaches to ranking structures, the application of density-functional approximations, and the establishment of new workflows and `best practices' for performing CSP calculations. All of the targets, apart from a single potentially disorderedZ′ = 2 polymorph of the drug candidate, were predicted by at least one submission. Despite many remaining challenges, it is clear that CSP methods are becoming more applicable to a wider range of real systems, including salts, hydrates and larger flexible molecules. The results also highlight the potential for CSP calculations to complement and augment experimental studies of organic solid forms.
A selective genetic algorithm for multiobjective optimization of cross sections in 3D trussed structures based on a spatial sensitivity analysis
Authors: Mroginski Javier Luis , Beneyto Pablo Alejandro , Gutierrez Guillermo J , Di Rado Ariel
Published: August 2016

Purpose

– There are many problems in civil or mechanical engineering related to structural design. In such a case, the solution techniques which lead to deterministic results are no longer valid due to the heuristic nature of design problems. The purpose of this paper is to propose a computational tool based on genetic algorithms, applied to the optimal design of cross-sections (solid tubes) of 3D truss structures.

Design/methodology/approach

– The main feature of this genetic algorithm approach is the introduction of a selective-smart method developed in order to improve the convergence rate of large optimization problems. This selective genetic algorithm is based on a preliminary sensitivity analysis performed over each variable, in order to reduce the search space of the evolutionary process. In order to account for the optimization of the total weight, the displacement (of a specific section) and the internal stresses distribution of the structure a multiobjective optimization function was proposed.

Findings

– The numerical results presented in this paper show a significant improvement in the convergence rate as well as an important reduction in the relative error, compared to the exact solution.

Originality/value

– The variables sensitivity analysis put forward in this approach introduces a significant improvement in the convergence rate of the genetic algorithm proposed in this paper.
The stability and electronic structure of lithium adsorbed in triplet form of (5.0) carbon nanotubes and (5.0) boron nitrogen nanotubes: Density functional theory studies
Authors: Li Ke Jing , Shao Qing Yi , Zhang Juan , Yao Xin Hua
Published: August 2016

Using density functional theory (DFT), we have investigated the stability and electronic structure of lithium (Li) adsorbed in triplet form of (5.0) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and (5.0) boron nitrogen nanotubes (BNNTs). We have mainly found that three (5.0) tubes are covalently connected. The triplet form is an energetically stable semiconductor. Li atom can be chemically adsorbed in the triplet form of nanotubes (NTs). Meanwhile, upon the adsorption of Li, the triplet form convert into metal. Hence, the triplet form can improve reactivity and sensitivity of NTs to Li significantly.
Prohibiting the Pilgrimage: Politics and Fiction in Mālikī Fatwās
Authors: Hendrickson Jocelyn
Published: August 2016

This study inventories and analyzes Mālikī legal opinions (fatwās) discouraging or prohibiting the pilgrimage to Mecca (the ḥajj) for Muslims in the Islamic West (al-Andalus, North Africa, and West Africa) from the eleventh through nineteenth centuries. This distinctively Mālikī discourse initially may have reflected the risks of long-distance travel from the western periphery to the central Islamic lands. From the twelfth century, most of these texts reflect a ruler’s unstated desire to keep his subjects and their resources at home. Jurists produced fatwās that justified in religious legal terms a regional dispensation from, or even prohibition of, the ḥajj; that masked the political motives for doing so; and that the lay public could grasp readily. The crafting of such complex opinions is explored, including the use of two “fictional” elements: dissemblance, or a discrepancy between the jurists’ actual and stated rationales, and the use of imaginative stories as illustrative aids.
Buddhist Epistemology and Western Philosophy of Science
Authors: Capriles Elías Manuel
Published: August 2016

Buddhism has always produced epistemological systems, and those of the Mahāyāna, in particular, always showed knowledge and perception to be inherently delusive. “Higher” forms of Buddhism have a degenerative philosophy of history according to which a sort of Golden Age was disrupted by the rise and gradual development of knowledge and the delusion inherent in it, which have reached their apex in our time – the final phase of the “Era of Darkness.” From this standpoint, this paper intends to show science, in which Marcuse saw an inherent instrumental/technological interest, to have been developed by delusion and to have simultaneously furthered the development of delusion, to the point at which they begot the deadly ecological crisis proper to this concluding phase of the Era of Darkness – which reveals as such the delusion at its root, achieving the latter’s empirical reductio ad absurdum and offering us the possibility of eradicating it and thus healing our minds and, hopefully, our world.
On the Name, Ideation, and Sexual Difference
Authors: Khanna Ranjana
Published: August 2016

The term gender has, for many years, been invoked as if it solved all the problems inherent in the category of sex. But has gender—as term and as concept—created another set of problems and problematic analogies? Is it the red herring of current work in our field? And does it have implications for futurity in the sense of what is to come in the field of women’s, gender, and sexuality studies? Does gender, in effect, confirm the mischaracterization, repeated obsessively in the u.s. academy especially, of women’s studies as an identity formation rather than as a field that questions the presence—through the oscillation between presence and absence—or possibility of sexual difference to come? Sexual difference, this essay posits, is a term with transitional content, yet to be fully conceived, and indeed perhaps intellectually hospitable in ways that resist content as justification, conceptualization as closure, or thought as merely aspirational. Sexual difference is still yet to be thought, and versions of it that we have belong to the anthropological rendering whereby sexes are imagined as existing when one might say they are material conditions formulated within an economy of the same.
Is Gender Studies Singular? Stories of Queer/Feminist Difference and Displacement
Authors: Hemmings Clare
Published: August 2016

As a way of trying to ensure that feminism remains accountable and inclusive, there is an institutional tendency to multiply the subjects and objects of inquiry within women’s and gender studies. While sympathetic to this impulse, this essay also recognizes that such pluralization tends to reinforce the separation between subjects and objects that women’s and gender studies hopes to pluralize, often positioning “gender” as a more singular object than “sexuality.” In accepting such a teleology and taxonomy, is there a risk of ceding the terrain of gender to conservative forces that already harness it effectively to nation, to whiteness, to heterosexuality? This essay explores institutional stories of gender and sexuality in the u.s., the uk., and France, with a particular emphasis on the ways they align us more conservatively than we might want to imagine.
Gender and the Lure of the Postcritical
Authors: Weed Elizabeth
Published: August 2016

The essay asks what current thinking about gender has to do with the rather widespread claims that critique is finally dead. In posing that question, it asks what gender and a putatively exhausted critique have to do with the logic of capital as it appears to us in these times. If, as some claim, critique has nothing to reveal given that all is there to be seen in this age of electronic and televisual exposure, what is it we see when we see gender? What lure is entailed in the postcritical? What is the lure of gender? And what political and critical stakes do such questions carry?
Muhammad Iqbal, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, and the Accusation of Heresy
Authors: Purohit Teena
Published: August 2016

Purohit's essay discusses the polemical writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938) against Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908), the founder of the Ahmadi movement. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's vision of Islam was in many ways similar to Iqbal's: both figures were modernist and promoted renewal and reform through the idea of Muslim unity. However, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's religious authority was charismatic: he was not only recognized as a mujaddid (renewer) but also claimed to be the masih-i-mawud (promised messiah). This article analyzes the arguments through which Iqbal denounced Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's religious authority and branded his teachings heretical. Using the work of sociologists such as Georg Simmel and Pierre Bourdieu, this piece reflects on the idea of heresy as a sociological rather than theological phenomenon—thereby calling into question entrenched theological critiques of the Ahmadis. The intra-Muslim criticisms against the Ahmadis that continue today must be examined, Purohit argues, in light of the modernist polemic against Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, exemplified in the writings of Iqbal.
Lasting Legacies
Authors: Turner Robin L.
Published: August 2016

Contemporary postapartheid South African land struggles are haunted by the long shadow of historical dispossession. While apartheid-era forced removals are justifiably infamous, these traumatic events were moments in the more extended, less frequently referenced, and more expansive process that fundamentally shaped the South African terrain well before 1948. The South African Republic's mid-nineteenth-century assertion of ownership of all land north of the Vaal River and south of the Limpopo marked the start of a long process of racialized dispossession that rendered black people's residence in putatively white areas highly contingent and insecure throughout the former Transvaal. This article analyzes the connections between past dispossession and contemporary rural land and natural resource struggles in the Limpopo and North West provinces, contending that addressing South Africa's vexed present requires a fuller reckoning with its past.
Nationalism, Internationalism, and Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Chatterjee Partha
Published: August 2016

This paper looks at nationalism, internationalism, and cosmopolitanism as an interconnected triad of political ideas and movements in twentieth-century India. Militant Indian nationalists and communists created a distinction between the internationalism of empire and that of the anticolonial national movements. In the period of the Cold War and decolonization, a movement among nonaligned countries sought to preserve the legacy of anticolonial internationalism. Until the 1960s, the violation of human rights was largely seen as related to the persistence of colonial rule and racial discrimination. Contemporary proposals for a cosmopolitan order frequently reject the legacy of anticolonial nationalism and appeal to the tradition of the liberal internationalism of empire. Specific global movements that point to future transnational political arrangements are an important new development, but they do not yet offer a blueprint for a cosmopolitical order. Compared to the historical legacy of anticolonial nationalism in countries like India, the appeal of cosmopolitanism is limited.
Marijuana on Main Street? Estimating Demand in Markets with Limited Access
Authors: Jacobi Liana , Sovinsky Michelle
Published: August 2016

Marijuana is the most common illicit drug with vocal advocates for legalization. Among other things, legalization would increase access and remove the stigma of illegality. Our model disentangles the role of access from preferences and shows that selection into access is not random. We find that traditional demand estimates are biased resulting in incorrect policy conclusions. If marijuana were legalized, those under 30 would see modest increases in use of 28 percent, while on average use would increase by 48 percent (to 19.4 percent). Tax policies are effective at curbing use, where Australia could raise AU$1 billion (and the United States US$12 billion). (JEL D12, H25, K14, K42)
Apresentação
Authors: Spink Peter Kevin
Published: August 2016

Apresentação por Peter Kevin Spink
Bacterial use of choline to tolerate salinity shifts in sea-ice brines
Authors: Firth E. , Carpenter S.D. , Sørensen H.L. , Collins R.E. , Deming J.W.
Published: August 2016

Bacteria within the brine network of sea ice experience temperature-driven fluctuations in salinity on both short and long temporal scales, yet their means of osmoprotection against such fluctuations is poorly understood. One mechanism used to withstand the ion fluxes caused by salinity shifts, well-known in mesophilic bacteria, is the import and export of low molecular weight organic solutes that are compatible with intracellular functions. Working with the marine psychrophilic gammaproteobacterium, Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H, and with natural microbial assemblages present in sackhole brines drained from sea ice in Kanajorsuit Bay (2013) and Kobbefjord (2014), Greenland, we measured the utilization of 14C-choline (precursor to glycine betaine, a common compatible solute) at −1°C upon salinity shifts to double and to half the starting salinity. In all cases and across a range of starting salinities, when salinity was increased, 14C-solute (choline or derivatives) was preferentially retained as an intracellular osmolyte; when salinity was decreased, 14C-choline was preferentially respired to 14CO2. Additional experiments with cold-adapted bacteria in culture indicated that an abrupt downshift in salinity prompted rapid (subsecond) expulsion of retained 14C-solute, but that uptake of 14C-choline and solute retention resumed when salinity was returned to starting value. Overall, the results indicate that bacteria in sea-ice brines use compatible solutes for osmoprotection, transporting, storing and cycling these molecules as needed to withstand naturally occurring salinity shifts and persist through the seasons. Because choline and many commonly used compatible solutes contain nitrogen, we suggest that when brines freshen and bacteria respire such compatible solutes, the corresponding regeneration of ammonium may enhance specific biogeochemical processes in the ice, possibly algal productivity but particularly nitrification. Measurements of potential nitrification rates in parallel sea-ice samples are consistent with a link between use of the compatible solute strategy and nitrification.
The Mental Capacity Act: a review of the current literature
Authors: Marshall Helen , Sprung Sally
Published: August 2016

The Mental Capacity Act (MCA) is a piece of statutory legislation which is designed to empower and protect those who are assessed as being unable to make decisions for themselves. At the time of implementation, the legislation was described as visionary and it had the potential to change the lives of many. However, a post-legislative scrutiny report published in 2014 concluded that there is a lack of knowledge among professionals of the MCA, and so it is not embedded into daily clinical practice. This review of literature has identified four key themes: assessment, training, knowledge and empowerment. These appear to concur with the findings of the House of Lords report. The successful integration of the MCA into professionals' everyday practice is high on the political agenda, thus reinforcing the message that following the guidance set out in the MCA legislation is mandatory and not a choice. A shift in culture and improvement in knowledge and understanding of the MCA is required in order for it to be used in the correct manner for which it was designed.
Flea infestation case report: was the house or the cat responsible?
Authors: Wright Ian
Published: August 2016

Fleas are a source of repulsion, distress and irritation for pet owners worldwide. Fleas additionally can cause flea allergic dermatitis (FAD) in susceptible pets, as well as having the potential to transmit vector-borne diseases. Control of household flea infestations is therefore vital but can be challenging, with a number of factors possibly leading to failure of flea control. This case demonstrates the need for accurate history taking, flea genus/species identification, and implementation of an effective flea control strategy to eliminate an existing infestation in an owner's home.
Can you feel the heat?
Authors: Davis John
Published: August 2016

Use the 350 year anniversary of the Great Fire of London to extend pupils' grasp of 17th century chronology and engage imaginatively with what life was like at the time.
El automóvil y los mapas en la integración del territorio mexicano, 1929-1962
Authors: Mendoza Vargas Héctor
Published: August 2016

Este artículo examina una nueva geografía social abierta por el uso del automóvil y los mapas a través del territorio mexicano por medio de una tríada conceptual que otorga una renovada perspectiva cultural a la Geografía mexicana, a saber: el territorio de la circulación, el territorio visual y el territorio de la experiencia. El primero presenta dos variables de análisis: la difusión del automóvil con una perspectiva latinoamericana y los mapas de carreteras del país, entre 1929 y 1962, como promotores de un estilo de viaje y, a la vez, de otra vertiente del nacionalismo mexicano; el segundo examina la representación del paisaje a través de algunas guías de viaje que convirtieron lo lejano y desconocido en familiar y deseable y, el tercero y último, presenta la experiencia de algunos viajeros ante la expansion del horizonte a través del automóvil y el asombro que causaba la variedad de paisajes, en las tres principals carreteras abiertas del país: la del Pacífico, la del norte y la del Occidente. Esta perspectiva sobre la difusión del automóvil y el lugar de los mapas se integraron a los procesos de homogeneización e integración del territorio durante el siglo XX mexicano.
Análisis jerárquico de la intensidad de cambio de cobertura/uso de suelo y deforestación (2000-2008) en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Manantlán, México
Authors: Farfán Gutiérrez Michelle , Rodríguez Tapia Gerardo , Mas Jean-François
Published: August 2016

El análisis jerárquico de intensidad de cambio de cobertura/uso de suelo es un  marco cuantitativo de análisis espacial anidado que permite estimar los cambios en tres niveles de orden,  intervalo de tiempo, categoría y transición, a partir de una matriz de cambio. Presentamos su aplicación  para dos periodos de tiempo 2000-2004 y 2004-2008 en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Manantlán, área de estudio altamente heterogénea en términos de los tipos de vegetación y usos del suelo. Se usó cartografía del INEGI a escala 1:50 000 actualizada mediante una imagen Landsat ETM+ del 2000 e imágenes SPOT para 2004 y 2008. El análisis permitió conocer en qué intervalo de tiempo la tasa anual general de cambio es más rápida, cuáles son las categorías más activas y cuáles son latentes; cuáles son las categorías objetivo para las transiciones activas, y si el patrón de cambio es estable en el tiempo. Se observó una mayor tasa anual de cambio entre 2000 y 2004 en comparación con el periodo 2004-2008. A nivel de categorías, se encontraron altas tasas de deforestación de las selvas tropicales hacia usos agropecuarios, y latencia en bosques templados con baja intensidad de transición hacia usos agropecuarios. En particular la actividad ganadera arraigada en la región aparece como factor promotor del proceso de deforestación, que en la praxis sobre el terreno se expresa diferencialmente en selvas y bosques.
Filosofía y Ciencia en la Geografía, siglos XVI-XXI
Authors: Capel Horacio
Published: August 2016

Se presentan en este artículo algunos aspectos generales del programa de investigación que se inició en los años setenta sobre teoría e historia de la geografía, y su desarrollo posterior. Se aborda primero el problema de las relaciones entre geografía, ciencia y filosofía a partir del Renacimiento y hasta fines del siglo XVIII. En segundo lugar, la evolución de la geografía en los siglos XIX-XX, y se justifica el marco teórico adoptado para su análisis. Finalmente se alude brevemente a las nuevas vías que se abren hoy a partir de los desarrollos de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación.
La geografía puede aportar su manejo de conceptos espaciales, los cuales fueron ampliamente incorporados y reformulados a partir de los años cincuenta, y que permiten elaborar teorías sobre la localización, la distribución de fenómenos y sus asociaciones en la superficie terrestre. Ello es especialmente importante hoy, cuando la cantidad de datos disponibles es inmensa y crece continuamente. En esta situación conviene reafirmar la importancia de la tradición positivista y cuantitativa en la geografía, sin perder por ello las aportaciones críticas que ha tenido la disciplina en el último medio siglo, y las que se han hecho en diversas ramas de la geografía humana, desde la geografía histórica a la cultural.
BANCO DE SEMILLAS EN ÁREAS DISTURBADAS DE BOSQUE SUBANDINO EN SAN BERNARDO (CUNDINAMARCA, COLOMBIA)
Authors: Romero López Ana María , Baquero Macías Nathalia , Beltrán Gutiérrez Héctor Edwin
Published: August 2016

Se caracterizó el banco de semillas germinable (BSG) en disturbios asociados al pastoreo y plantaciones forestales en bosque subandino del municipio de San Bernardo (Cundinamarca, Colombia). Se muestrearon tres coberturas (relicto de bosque, plantación de Eucalyptus globulus y pastizal) por medio de transectos. Se evaluó el BSG por el método de germinación directa. La diversidad alfa se calculó a partir de los índices de Shannon-Wiener y de Simpson. La diversidad Beta se analizó con el índice de Sorensen. Para comparar los BSG en cada cobertura se realizó un análisis ANOVA. En total germinaron 127 343 semillas/m2 en el relicto de bosque, 44 678 semillas/m2 en la plantación y 107 747 semillas/m² en el pastizal. Se registraron 22 familias y 42 especies en el relicto de bosque; 18 familias y 36 especies en la plantación; y 20 familias y 40 especies en el pastizal. Los valores de diversidad de Shannon-Wiener y Simpson fueron similares para las tres coberturas. El índice de Sorensen indicó que las tres coberturas son similares. La abundancia fue diferente entre las coberturas. El BSG encontrado es el reflejo de disturbios en zonas adyacentes que aportan semillas de especies exóticas principalmente en las tres coberturas analizadas.
ESTUDIO DE LOS ANILLOS DE CRECIMIENTO DE Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) EN COLOMBIA
Authors: Briceño Ana Maria , Rangel-Ch Jesús Orlando , Bogino Stella Marys
Published: August 2016

Cordia alliodora tiene un alto valor ecológico y económico en la formación de bosque seco tropical de Colombia. En este estudio se documentó la relación entre el monto de precipitación anual, temperatura media anual y el índice de oscilación del sur (SOI) con los anillos anuales de crecimiento de 28 individuos de C. alliodora con base en la aplicación de la metodología dendrocronológica estándar. C. alliodora registró anillos anuales de crecimiento demarcados por la porosidad semicircular y el parénquima terminal. La cronología construida cubrió un período de 70 años (1944-2013). El crecimiento radial de C. alliodora, representado a través de la función matemática de Gompertz, estuvo influenciado positivamente por el monto de precipitación anual y negativamente por la temperatura media anual. No se encontró influencia de los años con la presencia del fenómeno de El Niño (años secos). La cronología residual (1946-2013) mostró un ciclo de activación del crecimiento de 3.3 años vinculados al monto de precipitación anual y a la temperatura media anual. Los resultados sobre el índice de crecimiento muestran que C. alliodora alcanzaría el máximo crecimiento diamétrico a los 65 años con 205.5 cm. 
The study of the relationship between the self esteem, body mass ındex and life quality of adolescents
Ergen bireylerin benlik saygısı, beden kitle indeksi ve yaşam kalitesi ilişkisinin incelenmesi
Authors: Kılıçarslan Suat , Sanberk İsmail
Published: August 2016

The aim of this research is to study the relationship between the body mass index and life quality of ninth grade students after controlling their self esteem values. In the research Self-Esteem Scale was used to determine the points for self-esteem and Kiddo-Kindl-Adolescent Form was used for the perceptions of life quality. The students in the study group consists of 327 (45.3%) girls and  395 (54.7%) boys, It consists of a total of 722 students,  and the average age is 15.2. When analyzed in terms of body mass index it was found out that of the students 16.8% are low weight, 70.9% are moderate and 12.3% are owerweight.  When the results obtained by the research was examined it was observed that there are meaningful relationships between body mass index (BMI) values and self-esteem and life quality  and between self-esteem and life quality. However, when the self-esteem values of the adolescent individuals were excluded within the scope of the research, the relationship between BMI and life quality points which previously show meaningful level positive relationship is almost non-existent. According to these findings the life quality of the adolescent obese may be low only if his/her self-esteem is low. The findings which obtained with this research were argued within the frames of existing research findings. ÖzetBu araştırmanın amacı, dokuzuncu sınıf öğrencilerinin benlik saygıları kontrol altına alındıktan sonra beden kitle indeksi ve yaşam kalitesi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Araştırmada benlik saygısı puanlarını belirlemek için Kendine Saygı Ölçeği, yaşam kalitesi algıları için Kiddo-Kindl-Ergen Formu kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubunda bulunan öğrencilerin 327'si (%45.3) kız ve 395'i (%54.7) erkek, toplam 722 öğrenciden oluşmuştur ve yaş ortalaması 15.2'dir. Beden kitle indeksleri bakımından incelendiğinde öğrencilerin %16,8'inin düşük kilolu, % 70.9’ unun orta ve %12.3' ünün obez olduğu bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular incelendiğinde, öğrencilerin Beden Kitle İndeksi (BKİ) değerleri ile benlik saygısı ve yaşam kalitesi arasında ve benlik saygısı ile yaşam kalitesi arasında anlamlı ilişkiler olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak, araştırma kapsamında ergen bireylerin benlik saygısı değerleri dışta tutulduğunda, daha önce anlamlı düzeyde olumlu ilişki gösteren BKİ ve yaşam kalitesi puanları arasındaki ilişki neredeyse ortadan kalkmaktadır. Elde edilen bu bulguya göre ergen obez, ancak eğer benlik saygısı düşükse, yaşam kalitesinin de düşük olabileceğini göstermektedir. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular var olan araştırma bulguları çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır.
Use of communication technologies in document exchange for the management of construction projects
Authors: Mesároš Peter , Mandičák Tomáš
Published: August 2016

Information and communication technologies represent a set of people, processes, technical and software tools providing collection, transport, storage and processing of data for distribution and presentation of information. Particularly communication systems are the main tool for information exchange. Of the other part, these technologies have a broad focus and use. One of them is the exchange of documents in the management of construction projects. Paper discusses the issue of exploitation level of communication technologies in construction project management. The main objective of this paper is to analyze exploitation level of communication technologies. Another aim of the paper is to compare exploitation level or rate of document exchange by electronic communication devices and face-to-face communication.
Monitoring of water quality of selected wells in Brno district
Authors: Marková Jana , Harbuľáková Vlasta Ondrejka
Published: August 2016

The article deals with two wells in the country of Brno-district (Brčálka well and Well Olšová). The aim of work was monitoring of elementary parameters of water at regular monthly intervals to measure: water temperature, pH values, solubility oxygen and spring yield. According to the client's requirements (Lesy města Brno) laboratory analyzes of selected parameters were done twice a year and their results were compared with Ministry of Health Decree no. 252/2004 Coll.. These parameters: nitrate, chemical oxygen demand (COD), calcium and magnesium and its values are presented in graphs, for ammonium ions and nitrite in the table. Graphical interpretation of spring yields dependence on the monthly total rainfall and dependence of water temperature on ambient temperature was utilized. The most important features of wells include a water source, a landmark in the landscape, aesthetic element or resting and relaxing place. Maintaining wells is important in terms of future generations.
UBR-5, a Conserved HECT-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, Negatively Regulates Notch-Type Signaling inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Safdar Komal , Gu Anniya , Xu Xia , Au Vinci , Taylor Jon , Flibotte Stephane , Moerman Donald G , Maine Eleanor M
Published: August 2016

Notch-type signaling mediates cell−cell interactions important for animal development. In humans, reduced or inappropriate Notch signaling activity is associated with various developmental defects and disease states, including cancers. Caenorhabditis elegans expresses two Notch-type receptors, GLP-1 and LIN-12. GLP-1 mediates several cell-signaling events in the embryo and promotes germline proliferation in the developing and adult gonad. LIN-12 acts redundantly with GLP-1 in certain inductive events in the embryo and mediates several cell−cell interactions during larval development. Recovery of genetic suppressors and enhancers of glp-1 or lin-12 loss- or gain-of-function mutations has identified numerous regulators of GLP-1 and LIN-12 signaling activity. Here, we report the molecular identification of sog-1, a gene identified in screens for recessive suppressors of conditional glp-1 loss-of-function mutations. The sog-1 gene encodes UBR-5, the sole C. elegans member of the UBR5/Hyd family of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases. Molecular and genetic analyses indicate that the loss of ubr-5 function suppresses defects caused by reduced signaling via GLP-1 or LIN-12. In contrast, ubr-5 mutations do not suppress embryonic or larval lethality associated with mutations in a downstream transcription factor, LAG-1. In the gonad, ubr-5 acts in the receiving cells (germ cells) to limit GLP-1 signaling activity. SEL-10 is the F-box component of SCFSEL-10 E3 ubiquitin–ligase complex that promotes turnover of Notch intracellular domain. UBR-5 acts redundantly with SEL-10 to limit Notch signaling in certain tissues. We hypothesize that UBR-5 activity limits Notch-type signaling by promoting turnover of receptor or limiting its interaction with pathway components.
Exhaustive Genome-Wide Search for SNP-SNP Interactions Across 10 Human Diseases
Authors: Murk William , DeWan Andrew T
Published: August 2016

The identification of statistical SNP-SNP interactions may help explain the genetic etiology of many human diseases, but exhaustive genome-wide searches for these interactions have been difficult, due to a lack of power in most datasets. We aimed to use data from the Resource for Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) study to search for SNP-SNP interactions associated with 10 common diseases. FastEpistasis and BOOST were used to evaluate all pairwise interactions among approximately N = 300,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minor allele frequency (MAF) ≥ 0.15, for the dichotomous outcomes of allergic rhinitis, asthma, cardiac disease, depression, dermatophytosis, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hemorrhoids, hypertensive disease, and osteoarthritis. A total of N = 45,171 subjects were included after quality control steps were applied. These data were divided into discovery and replication subsets; the discovery subset had > 80% power, under selected models, to detect genome-wide significant interactions (P < 10−12). Interactions were also evaluated for enrichment in particular SNP features, including functionality, prior disease relevancy, and marginal effects. No interaction in any disease was significant in both the discovery and replication subsets. Enrichment analysis suggested that, for some outcomes, interactions involving SNPs with marginal effects were more likely to be nominally replicated, compared to interactions without marginal effects. If SNP-SNP interactions play a role in the etiology of the studied conditions, they likely have weak effect sizes, involve lower-frequency variants, and/or involve complex models of interaction that are not captured well by the methods that were utilized.
Sensitivity of Allelic Divergence to Genomic Position: Lessons from theDrosophila tanGene
Authors: John Alisha V , Sramkoski Lisa L , Walker Elizabeth A , Cooley Arielle M , Wittkopp Patricia J
Published: August 2016

To identify genetic variants underlying changes in phenotypes within and between species, researchers often utilize transgenic animals to compare the function of alleles in different genetic backgrounds. In Drosophila, targeted integration mediated by the ΦC31 integrase allows activity of alternative alleles to be compared at the same genomic location. By using the same insertion site for each transgene, position effects are generally assumed to be controlled for because both alleles are surrounded by the same genomic context. Here, we test this assumption by comparing the activity of tan alleles from two Drosophila species, D. americana and D. novamexicana, at five different genomic locations in D. melanogaster. We found that the relative effects of these alleles varied among insertion sites, with no difference in activity observed between them at two sites. One of these sites simply silenced both transgenes, but the other allowed expression of both alleles that was sufficient to rescue a mutant phenotype yet failed to reveal the functional differences between the two alleles. These results suggest that more than one insertion site should be used when comparing the activity of transgenes because failing to do so could cause functional differences between alleles to go undetected.
Covariance Between Genotypic Effects and its Use for Genomic Inference in Half-Sib Families
Authors: Wittenburg Dörte , Teuscher Friedrich , Klosa Jan , Reinsch Norbert
Published: August 2016

In livestock, current statistical approaches utilize extensive molecular data, e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), to improve the genetic evaluation of individuals. The number of model parameters increases with the number of SNPs, so the multicollinearity between covariates can affect the results obtained using whole genome regression methods. In this study, dependencies between SNPs due to linkage and linkage disequilibrium among the chromosome segments were explicitly considered in methods used to estimate the effects of SNPs. The population structure affects the extent of such dependencies, so the covariance among SNP genotypes was derived for half-sib families, which are typical in livestock populations. Conditional on the SNP haplotypes of the common parent (sire), the theoretical covariance was determined using the haplotype frequencies of the population from which the individual parent (dam) was derived. The resulting covariance matrix was included in a statistical model for a trait of interest, and this covariance matrix was then used to specify prior assumptions for SNP effects in a Bayesian framework. The approach was applied to one family in simulated scenarios (few and many quantitative trait loci) and using semireal data obtained from dairy cattle to identify genome segments that affect performance traits, as well as to investigate the impact on predictive ability. Compared with a method that does not explicitly consider any of the relationship among predictor variables, the accuracy of genetic value prediction was improved by 10–22%. The results show that the inclusion of dependence is particularly important for genomic inference based on small sample sizes.
Plethysmography Phenotype QTL in Mice Before and After Allergen Sensitization and Challenge
Authors: Kelada Samir N P
Published: August 2016

Allergic asthma is common airway disease that is characterized in part by enhanced airway constriction in response to nonspecific stimuli. Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple loci associated with asthma risk in humans, but these studies have not accounted for gene–environment interactions, which are thought to be important factors in asthma. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) that regulate responses to a common human allergen, we applied a house dust mite mouse (HDM) model of allergic airway disease (AAD) to 146 incipient lines of the Collaborative Cross (CC) and the CC founder strains. We employed a longitudinal study design in which mice were phenotyped for response to the bronchoconstrictor methacholine both before and after HDM sensitization and challenge using whole body plethysmography (WBP). There was significant variation in methacholine responsiveness due to both strain and HDM treatment, as reflected by changes in the WBP parameter enhanced pause. We also found that distinct QTL regulate baseline [chromosome (Chr) 18] and post-HDM (Chr 19) methacholine responsiveness and that post-HDM airway responsiveness was correlated with other features of AAD. Finally, using invasive measurements of airway mechanics, we tested whether the Chr 19 QTL affects lung resistance per se using C57BL/6J mice and a consomic strain but found that QTL haplotype did not affect lung resistance. We conclude that aspects of baseline and allergen-induced methacholine responsiveness are associated with genetic variation, and that robust detection of airway resistance QTL in genetically diverse mice will be facilitated by direct measurement of airway mechanics.
Paauglių poreikių konfliktai kaip aktuali dorinė problema
Authors: Čiuladienė Gražina
Published: August 2016

Straipsnyje aptariamas vienas iš ryškiausių paauglystės bruožų - konfliktiškumas. Psichologijos, sociologijos ir edukacijos literatūroje keliama mintis, kad viena iš esminių konfliktų priežasčių- nepatenkinami poreikiai. Straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti, kokių poreikių frustracija dažniausiai tampa paauglių konfliktų su bendraklasiais, mokytojais ir tėvais kilimo priežastimi. Kartu nagrinėjama, kokios vyrauja paauglių poreikių konfliktų apraiškos: agresyvios, regresyvios ar egresyvios.
Dorinio ugdymo metodai liaudies pedagogikoje
Authors: Stonkuvienė Irena
Published: August 2016

Straipsnyje aptariami lietuvių liaudies pedagogikoje dažniausiai taikyti dorinio ugdymo metodai. Etnografinės medžiagos analizė atskleidė, kad XX a. pirmosios pusės kaimo bendruomenėje dorinis ugdymas buvo sutelktas į netinkamų vaiko polinkių, elgesio apraiškų prevenciją, slopinimą ar šalinimą. Gausiausią ugdymo metodų grupę sudarė sakytiniai (žodiniai) metodai: pamokymai, apimantys ir paaiškinimus, patarimus, įtikinimus, moralus, taip pat draudimai, papildyti tikėjimais, įspėjimais ar bauginimais. Liaudies pedagogikos nuostatose atsispindėjo drausmės ir bausmių, išreikštų bauginimais, barimais, keiksmais, pajuoka ir fiziniu poveikiu, būtinybė. Tačiau fizinės bausmės buvo taikomos tik nepasiteisinus kitiems poveikio būdams. Skatinimo metodai (pagyrimai ir apdovanojimai) liaudies pedagogikoje dažnai buvo traktuojami kaip vaikų „gadinimas” ir doriniam ugdymui buvo naudojami itin retai.
Dorinė nuostata kaip mokslinio pažinimo objektas
Authors: Kriaučiūnienė Roma
Published: August 2016

Straipsnyje analizuojama dorinės nuostatos samprata psichologiniu ir filosofiniu-etiniu aspektais, atskleidžiamas nuostatų, moralinių sprendimų ir dorovinių vertybių ryšys. Aptariami pagrindiniai nuostatos struktūros modeliai, struktūrinių elementų turinys ir dorinės nuostatos raiška.