bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating bee and wasp (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) diversity on clear‐cuts in forest landscapes – an evaluation of sampling methods
Authors: Rubene Diana , Schroeder Martin , Ranius Thomas
Published: December 2014

To assess species diversity efficiently and adequately, it is important to understand how species diversity assessments are affected by sampling effort and methodology.

We evaluated methods for sampling bees and wasps on clear‐cuts in managed boreal forest landscapes to assess the effects of trap type, sampling effort and time within season on observed species diversity.

We found that pan traps and window traps captured similar numbers of species, whereas a much lower number was captured by trap‐nests.

The efficiency of the trap types varied between species groups, with pollen‐collecting bees being most effectively sampled by pan traps and dead wood‐nesting bees and wasps by window traps.

Species turnover over time was moderate, and consequently the sampling period could be reduced to 5–6 weeks in boreal forests and similar habitat types without a major decrease in the number of species collected.

We recommend using window traps for bees and wasps in forest habitats. Combining trap types is recommended if the aim is to collect broad species assemblages, while single types are most useful for the efficient collection of specific species groups.
Comparison of clinical and cone beam computed tomography measurements to diagnose furcation involvement
Authors: Darby I , Sanelli M , Shan S , Silver J , Singh A , Soedjono M , Ngo L
Published: December 2014

Aim

This study aimed to determine the degree of discrepancy between clinical measurement of furcation involvement (FI) and cone beam computed tomography image analysis of multirooted teeth.

Methods

FI measurements obtained from clinical records were compared to CBCT images of the same teeth to determine the degree of discrepancy between CBCT FI grading and clinical FI grading.

Results

Of the hundred and fifty‐four sites analysed, 22% of FI measurements from probing and CBCT were in agreement. Fifty‐eight percent of clinical FI recordings were overestimated, and 20% were underestimated when compared to CBCT analysis.

Conclusion

Clinical recording of FI is both over and underestimated compared to CBCT analysis. This was highest for probing recording grade I furcation involvement where it was highly overestimated. The occurrence of over and under estimation of FI will affect the assignment of prognosis to multirooted teeth, which can influence treatment planning for periodontal therapy and may result in inappropriate treatment.
Cylindroma: an update
Authors: Jordão Clarice , de Magalhães Taissa Canedo , Cuzzi Tullia , Ramos‐e‐Silva Marcia
Published: December 2014

This paper reviews the recent literature on cylindroma, a rare tumor originating from the cutaneous adnexal structures of the scalp and face. Benign cylindroma is more frequent in women, and there are solitary and multiple forms, which are autosomal. Malignant cylindroma can occur in the Brooke–Spiegler syndrome, and malignant transformation is more frequent in multiple variants than in solitary tumors. Its histopathological basis is controversial, and its origin is unknown, although it is known that there is a genetic basis for onset of these tumors in Brooke–Spiegler syndrome.
Previous sickness presence among long‐term sick‐listed in Norway and Sweden: A retrospective study of prevalence and self‐reported reasons
Authors: Marklund Staffan , Aronsson Gunnar , Johansen Vegard , Solheim Liv Johanne
Published: December 2014

The aim of the present study was to analyse previous sickness presence among long‐term sick‐listed individuals in Norway and Sweden and the reasons given for sickness presence. The study was based on survey data for 3,312 persons in Norway and Sweden who had been sick‐listed for at least 30 days. Two questions were used. One measured prevalence: During the last 12 months prior to your current sick leave, did you go to work even when feeling so ill that you should have taken sick leave? The second question concerned reasons for sickness presence. Large differences were found between Norway and Sweden in the prevalence of sickness presence. More long‐term sick‐listed Norwegians than Swedes reported sickness presence [adjusted odds ratio (OR) for Sweden 0.65 (0.53–0.80)]. The Swedes more often reported financial reasons for sickness presence [adjusted OR 2.77 (2.1 to −3.54)], while the Norwegians more often gave positive reasons related to work. The national differences may be related to differences in sickness insurance strategies.
Increased interventricular septum wall thickness predicts all‐cause death in patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Huang B.‐T. , Peng Y. , Liu W. , Zhang C. , Huang F.‐Y. , Wang P.‐J. , Zuo Z.‐L. , Liao Y.‐B. , Chai H. , Huang K.‐S. , Huang D.‐J. , Chen M.
Published: December 2014

Background

There is debate regarding the predictive value of interventricular septum (IVS) wall thickness for adverse events.

Aims

The study investigated the association between the severity of thickened IVS and all‐cause death in Chinese patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods

A total of 2297 CAD patients verified by angiography was consecutively included. Patients were grouped according to the severity of thickened IVS. Cox regression analysis was conducted to determine the independent prognostic value of thickened IVS for all‐cause death.

Results

During a median follow up of 25 months, 149 patients died. A gradient increase in the risk of death was observed across thickened IVS groups. Compared to patients with normal IVS thickness, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 1.49 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–2.23, P = 0.05) and 2.13 (95% CI 1.29–3.54, P = 0.003) for all‐cause death in those with mildly and moderately/severely thickened IVS respectively. For one unit increase in IVS thickness, the risk of all‐cause death was elevated by 14% (adjusted HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05–1.24, P = 0.003). In patients with normal indexed left ventricular mass, thickened IVS was also demonstrated as an independent risk factor for all‐cause death.

Conclusion

Thickened IVS can be served as a reliable marker for predicting all‐cause death in Chinese patients with CAD, even in those with normal left ventricular mass.
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome
Authors: Calic Z. , Cappelen‐Smith C. , Zagami A. S.
Published: December 2014

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is a clinical‐radiological syndrome characterised by severe thunderclap headaches with or without other neurological symptoms and multifocal constriction of cerebral arteries that usually resolves spontaneously within 3 months. Most patients recover completely, but up to 10% have a permanent neurological disability and some even die. Previously RCVS has been described in many clinical contexts and under different names with the term RCVS first being suggested in 2007 to unify the group. The condition may be spontaneous, but in up to 60% of cases it is secondary to another cause, including vasoactive substances (medications and illicit drugs), blood products and the post‐partum state. It is believed to have a similar pathophysiological mechanism to the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), and both can occur in similar clinical contexts and are frequently associated. Treatment options include calcium channel antagonists. RCVS occurs in a broad range of clinical situations making it an increasingly recognised condition about which doctors in various specialties need to be aware.
Risk factors of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 in a prospective household cohort in the general population: results from the CoPanFlu‐France cohort
Authors: Delabre Rosemary M. , Lapidus Nathanael , Salez Nicolas , Mansiaux Yohann , de Lamballerie Xavier , Carrat Fabrice
Published: December 2014

Background

The CoPanFlu‐France household cohort was set up in 2009 to identify risk factors of infection by the pandemic A/H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) virus in the general population.

Objectives

To investigate the determinants of infection during the 2010–2011 season, the first complete influenza season of study follow‐up for this cohort.

Patients/Methods

Pre‐ and post‐epidemic blood samples were collected for all subjects, and nasal swabs were obtained in all subjects from households where an influenza‐like illness was reported. Cases were defined as either a fourfold increase in the serological titer or a laboratory‐confirmed H1N1pdm09 on a nasal swab, with either RT‐PCR or multiplex PCR. Risk factors for H1N1pdm09 infections were explored, without any pre‐specified hypothesis, among 167 individual, collective and environmental covariates via generalized estimating equations modeling. We adopted a multimodel selection procedure to control for model selection uncertainty.

Results

This analysis is based on a sample size of 1121 subjects. The final multivariable model identified one risk factor (history of asthma, OR = 2·17; 95% CI: 1·02–4·62) and three protective factors: pre‐epidemic serological titer (OR = 0·51 per doubling of the titer; 95% CI: 0·39–0·67), green tea consumption a minimum of two times a week (OR = 0·39; 95% CI: 0·18–0·84), and proportion of subjects in the household always covering their mouth while coughing/sneezing (OR = 0·93 per 10% increase; 95% CI: 0·86–1·00).

Conclusion

This exploratory study provides further support of previously reported risk factors and highlights the importance of collective protective behaviors in the household. Further analyses will be conducted to explore these findings.
Comorbidity profiles in association with vitiligo: a nationwide population‐based study in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Y.T. , Chen Y.J. , Hwang C.Y. , Lin M.W. , Chen T.J. , Chen C.C. , Chu S.Y. , Lee D.D. , Chang Y.T. , Liu H.N.
Published: December 2014

Background

The previous literature has demonstrated the association of autoimmune and atopic diseases with vitiligo, but there has been no large‐scale nationwide study conducted to confirm this.

Objectives

The present study was conducted to clarify the comorbid profiles in vitiligo patients and thereby better understand their clinical scenarios and underlying pathogenesis.

Methods

This was a retrospective population‐based study conducted from 1996 to 2011 via the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. The differences in the prevalence of multiple autoimmune and atopic diseases between case subjects and controls were analysed by multiple logistic regression method.

Results

A total of 14883 vitiligo patients and 59532 controls were enroled. The prevalence of vitiligo was 0.064% and the peak of onset age was 40–59 years old. The non‐stratified analysis evidenced a significant association between vitiligo and several comorbid diseases, including alopecia areata, Hashimoto thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, psoriasis, Graves' disease, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and atopic dermatitis. Vitiligo patients also had higher prevalence of multiple comorbidities than controls. In the age‐ and gender‐stratified analysis, increased risks of systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome were observed only in subjects aged 60–79. The association of vitiligo with myasthenia gravis and rheumatoid arthritis was identified only in the subgroup aged 20–39 and in females aged 60–79 respectively.

Conclusion

Our study not only confirmed the significant association of vitiligo with multiple autoimmune and atopic diseases in Taiwan but also disclosed several unique findings, including the much lower prevalence of vitiligo, delayed onset of vitiligo by three decades, different associated comorbidity profiles comparing to westerners and the age‐ and gender‐specific approach for the vitiligo‐associated comorbidities.
Sapocribrum chincoteaguense n. gen. n. sp.: A Small, Scale‐bearing Amoebozoan with Flabellinid Affinities
Authors: Lahr Daniel J. G. , Grant Jessica , Molestina Robert , Katz Laura A. , Anderson O. Roger
Published: December 2014

The isolate American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)® 50979™ is a small amoebozoan whose actin gene was previously characterized, but did not allow a stable phylogenetic placement. This isolate was originally mis‐identified upon deposition, and subsequently mis‐illustrated in a recent publication. Here, we provide both a detailed morphological description as well as additional molecular analyses in order to clarify the isolate's phylogenetic relationships. The amoeba is minute (less than 5 μm), and presents the behavior of staying in a fixed location, while emitting one or two thin pseudopods. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the cell is covered in a layer with embedded scales, giving the cell an armored appearance. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of data (actin, alpha‐ and beta‐tubulin, elongation factor 2, and 14‐3‐3) from transcriptomes of this and four other isolates reveals that ATCC® 50979™ is closely related to the recently described Squamamoeba japonica and in a novel, stable clade. Due to the unique nature of the scale covering, as well as other gross morphological characters and the molecular phylogenetic analyses, we formally describe the isolate as Sapocribrum chincoteaguense n. gen. n. sp.
Cytologic and Genetic Characteristics of Endobiotic Bacteria and Kleptoplasts of Virgulinella fragilis (Foraminifera)
Authors: Tsuchiya Masashi , Toyofuku Takashi , Uematsu Katsuyuki , Brüchert Volker , Collen John , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Kitazato Hiroshi
Published: December 2014

The benthic foraminifer Virgulinella fragilis Grindell and Collen 1976 has multiple putative symbioses with both bacterial and kleptoplast endobionts, possibly aiding its survival in environments from dysoxia (5–45 μmol‐O2/L) to microxia (0–5 μmol‐O2/L) and in the dark. To clarify the origin and function of V. fragilis endobionts, we used genetic analyses and transmission electron microscope observations. Virgulinella fragilis retained δ‐proteobacteria concentrated at its cell periphery just beneath the cell membranes. Unlike another foraminifer Stainforthia spp., which retains many bacterial species, V. fragilis has a less variable bacterial community. This suggests that V. fragilis maintains a specific intracellular bacterial flora. Unlike the endobiotic bacteria, V. fragilis klepto‐plasts originated from various diatom species and are found in the interior cytoplasm. We found evidence of both retention and digestion of kleptoplasts, and of fragmentation of the kleptoplastid outer membrane that likely facilitates transport of kleptoplastid products to the host. Accumulations of mitochondria were observed encircling endobiotic bacteria. It is likely that the bacteria use host organic material for carbon oxidation. The mitochondria may use oxygen available around the δ‐proteobacteria and synthesize adenosine triphosphate, perhaps for sulfide oxidation.
Impact of Processing Condition on Nutraceutical Potency of Soy Whey Hydrolysate
Authors: Singh Anshu , Adak Sunita , Karmakar Sandipan , Banerjee Rintu
Published: December 2014

The present investigation aims to study the nutraceutical potency of soy whey hydrolysate, which can be incorporated as an antioxidant supplement in food products. The hydrolysate was passed through a series of ultrafiltration membranes (30 and 10 kDa MWCO) out of which only 10 kDa permeate showed 1.2‐fold increased activity having stability range of pH 2–9. Under extreme pH, radical‐scavenging activity decreased, retaining nearly 79% of the total original activity. More than 50% of antioxidant activity loss was observed at salt concentration >1.5 mM. Micronutrients such as Cu2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Co2+ in the reaction medium also reduced the ABTS scavenging activity up to >60%. Addition of phenolics and vitamins in hydrolysates showed strong synergistic effects with peptides. Gastrointestinal digestion resulted in 1.15‐fold increase in the activity with pancreatic digestion. Such results prove the candidature of soy whey hydrolysate as potential ingredient to formulate functional foods.

Practical Applications

Antioxidant peptide‐rich soy whey hydrolysate can be used as nutritional and antioxidant supplement in food formulation as they are rich in eight essential amino acids and bear a wide range of antioxidant stability during processing.
Pregnancy management for a patient with graft occlusion after right iliac artery bypass surgery
Authors: Nakae Ruriko , Matsuzaki Shinya , Egawa‐Takata Tomomi , Mimura Kazuya , Kanagawa Takeshi , Kimura Tadashi
Published: December 2014

We describe an extremely rare case of a pregnant woman who had a successful delivery despite developing bypass graft occlusion after right external iliac bypass surgery. External and common iliac artery bypass surgery is often performed when arteriosclerosis obliterans or thromboangiitis obliterans result in iliac artery occlusion or when revascularization is required because of iliac artery injury. Because arteriosclerosis obliterans and thromboangiitis obliterans rarely develop in young women or girls, most physicians have little experience with graft occlusion after iliac artery bypass surgery. Here we describe and discuss the published work pertaining to this extremely rare case.
Measurement of maternal cerebral tissue hemoglobin on near‐infrared time‐resolved spectroscopy in the peripartum period
Authors: Suzuki Kazunao , Itoh Hiroaki , Mukai Mari , Yamazaki Kaori , Uchida Toshiyuki , Maeda Hideki , Oda Motoki , Yamaki Etsuko , Suzuki Hiroaki , Kanayama Naohiro
Published: December 2014

Aim

To measure cerebral tissue hemoglobin in uncomplicated and complicated pregnant women during the peripartum period.

Methods

Time‐resolved spectroscopy (TRS‐20) can measure absolute concentration of oxygenated, deoxygenated, and total tissue hemoglobin based on the transit time of individual photons. Therefore, we used TRS‐20 to measured tissue hemoglobin in the hemi‐prefrontal lobes of normotensive pregnant women with (n = 51) or without (n = 19) epidural anesthesia, hypertensive pregnant women with pre‐eclampsia (n = 10), a pregnant woman with acute onset of hypertension soon after delivery, and a hypertensive woman after hemorrhagic stroke in delivery.

Results

Cyclic labor concomitant with intra‐abdominal pressure caused synergistic elevation in cerebral tissue hemoglobin. In contrast, epidural anesthesia reduced the amplitude of the cyclic increase of cerebral tissue hemoglobin in normotensive pregnant women. Hypertension in labor due to pre‐eclampsia increased the amplitude of synergistic elevation of cerebral tissue hemoglobin caused by cyclic labor and intra‐abdominal pressure. A prolonged high basal level of cerebral tissue hemoglobin was observed in a case of acute onset of hypertension soon after delivery. A decrease in cerebral tissue hemoglobin in the hemi‐prefrontal lobe was observed in a woman 2 h after the onset of hemorrhagic stroke in labor.

Conclusions

TRS‐20 can detect specific changes in maternal cerebral tissue hemoglobin level in response to physiological and pathophysiological changes in delivery. Thus, it represents a promising new conventional tool for maternal cerebral monitoring in the peripartum period.
Incidence of spontaneous twin anemia–polycythemia sequence in monochorionic–diamniotic twin pregnancies: Single‐center prospective study
Authors: Yokouchi Tae , Murakoshi Takeshi , Mishima Takashi , Yano Hiroko , Ohashi Madoka , Suzuki Takashi , Shinno Takashi , Matsushita Mitsuru , Nakayama Satoru , Torii Yuichi
Published: December 2014

Aim

The purpose of this study was to prospectively estimate the incidence of spontaneous twin anemia–polycythemia sequence (TAPS) in monochorionic–diamniotic twin pregnancies.

Methods

We prospectively examined umbilical cord hemoglobin (Hb) and reticulocyte count of consecutive monochorionic–diamniotic twin pregnancies delivered at Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital from December 2006 to September 2013. We excluded cases of twin–twin transfusion syndrome, intrauterine fetal demise, and missing data (Hb and reticulocyte count missing from the medical record). TAPS was diagnosed using the postnatal criteria of intertwin Hb difference >8.0 g/dL and reticulocyte count ratio >1.7. Acute feto‐fetal hemorrhage was defined as Hb difference >7 g/dL and reticulocyte count ratio <1.7.

Results

A total of 185 monochorionic–diamniotic twin pregnancies were included in this study. Three fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for postnatal TAPS, and one fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for acute feto‐fetal hemorrhage.

Conclusion

The incidence of spontaneous TAPS in monochorionic–diamniotic twin pregnancies was 1.6% (3/185) at Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital.
Do Asian women do as well as their Caucasian counterparts in IVF treatment: Cohort study
Authors: Kan Andrew , Leung Peter , Luo Kehui , Fay Louise , Tan Chunyan (Leeann)
Published: December 2014

Aim

To evaluate if there is a difference in pregnancy rate between Asian and Caucasian women when they undergo in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study set in a private reproductive medicine clinic. The study consisted of a total of 2594 patients (Asian, n = 522; Caucasian, n = 2072) undergoing IVF managed by a single doctor over a 10 year period. The main outcome measures were clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate. Logistic regression was used to control for confounding factors.

Results

Asian women achieved a significantly lower clinical pregnancy and live birth rate than their Caucasian counterparts, despite replacement of more embryos. This difference was not significant after controlling for age and duration of infertility. Despite higher doses of gonadotrophin, they achieved fewer oocytes and had resultant fewer embryos for transfer or cryopreservation.

Conclusions

In a study designed to reduce the effect of confounding factors by looking at a large number of patients from a single IVF unit under the care of a single doctor, there does not appear to be a difference in IVF pregnancy rate as a result of race. Asian women tend to present for IVF treatment at a later age after having tried for a longer period of time and this contributes significantly to their lower pregnancy rate.
α‐thalassemia‐associated hydrops fetalis: A rare cause of thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tumian Nor Rafeah , Wong Ming , Wong Chieh Lee
Published: December 2014

α°‐thalassemia is a well‐known cause of hydrops fetalis in South‐East Asia and can be detected in utero. We report a very rare case of thyrotoxic cardiomyopathy associated with hyperplacentosis secondary to α°‐thalassemia‐associated hydrops fetalis. A 22‐year‐old primigravida with microcytic anemia presented at 27 weeks' gestation with pre‐eclampsia, hyperthyroidism and cardiac failure. Serum β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin was markedly elevated and abdominal ultrasound revealed severe hydropic features and enlarged placenta. Serum β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin, cardiac function and thyroid function tests normalized after she delivered a macerated stillbirth. Histopathology of the placenta showed hyperplacentosis. Blood DNA analysis revealed that both patient and husband have the α°‐thalassemia trait. This case illustrates a very atypical presentation of α°‐thalassemia‐associated hydrops fetalis and the importance of early prenatal diagnosis of α‐thalassemia in women of relevant ethnic origin with microcytic anemia so that appropriate genetic counseling can be provided to reduce maternal morbidity and the incidence of hydrops fetalis.
Amniotic components in the uterine vasculature and their role in amniotic fluid embolism
Authors: Nakagami Hiroko , Kajihara Takeshi , Kamei Yoshimasa , Ishihara Osamu , Kayano Hidekazu , Sasaki Atsushi , Itakura Atsuo
Published: December 2014

Aim

To evaluate whether the presence of amniotic components in the maternal uterine vasculature could be a specific pathological indicator for amniotic fluid embolism (AFE).

Methods

Medical records of patients treated between January 2006 and March 2013 were retrospectively examined to identify patients who underwent post‐partum hysterectomy or autopsy due to maternal death. Three subjects with AFE with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)‐type post‐partum hemorrhage (PPH), and 13 non‐AFE subjects were included in analysis. Histochemical staining using hematoxylin–eosin (HE) and alcian blue, and immunohistochemical staining for sialyl‐Tn were conducted to detect amniotic components in the maternal uterine vasculature.

Results

Alcian blue was positive for amniotic components in the uterine vasculature of all subjects with AFE and of several subjects without AFE. Similarly, HE and sialyl‐Tn were negative in some AFE subjects and positive in some non‐AFE subjects.

Conclusions

The presence of maternal intravascular fetal material is not a specific indicator for AFE with DIC‐type PPH. Therefore, the presence of fetal components in the uterine vasculature is unlikely to be a definitive indicator for AFE.
Pediatric Spinal Trauma
Authors: Huisman Thierry A.G.M. , Wagner Matthias W. , Bosemani Thangamadhan , Tekes Aylin , Poretti Andrea
Published: December 2014

Pediatric spinal trauma is unique. The developing pediatric spinal column and spinal cord deal with direct impact and indirect acceleration/deceleration or shear forces very different compared to adult patients. In addition children are exposed to different kind of traumas. Moreover, each age group has its unique patterns of injury. Familiarity with the normal developing spinal anatomy and kind of traumas is essential to correctly diagnose injury. Various imaging modalities can be used. Ultrasound is limited to the neonatal time period; plain radiography and computer tomography are typically used in the acute work‐up and give highly detailed information about the osseous lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging is more sensitive for disco‐ligamentous and spinal cord injuries. Depending on the clinical presentation and timing of trauma the various imaging modalities will be employed. In the current review article, a summary of the epidemiology and distribution of posttraumatic lesions is discussed in the context of the normal anatomical variations due to progressing development of the child.
Complicated Henoch–Schönlein purpura
Authors: Hernstadt Hayley M , Bartlett Murray , Kausman Joshua Y , Macgregor Duncan , Akikusa Jonathan D
Published: December 2014

We present a case of Henoch Schonlein pupura in a 6‐year‐old boy demonstrating some of the diagnostic pitfalls, complications and management challenges of this common paediatric condition.
A complicated case of orbital cellulitis: When the fog doesn't clear
Authors: Raj Christolyn , Lim‐Joon Troy
Published: December 2014

Orbital cellulitis is a potential sight‐threatening infection of the ocular adnexal structures posterior to the orbital septum. Acute bacterial sinusitis remains the most common cause of orbital cellulitis in the paediatric age group. Simultaneous intracranial and orbital complications from orbital cellulitis are rare. We describe a case of orbital cellulitis, which proceeded to sub‐periosteal abscess formation and intracranial abscess within days of the initial presentation. The specific features of this case including the rapid progression of the orbital inflammation, failure of improvement over 48 h despite maximal medical treatment and incorrect initial reporting of computed tomography imaging all contributed to the complications seen in this case.
Are Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and Prorocentrum belizeanum (DINOPHYCEAE, PROROCENTRALES), the same species? An integration of morphological and molecular data
Authors: Herrera‐Sepúlveda Angélica , Medlin Linda K. , Murugan Gopal , Sierra‐Beltrán Arturo P. , Cruz‐Villacorta Ariel A. , Hernández‐Saavedra Norma Y.
Published: December 2014

The taxonomic assignment of Prorocentrum species is based on morphological characteristics; however, morphological variability has been found for several taxa isolated from different geographical regions. In this study, we evaluated species boundaries of Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and Prorocentrum belizeanum based on morphological and molecular data. A detailed morphological analysis was done, concentrating on the periflagellar architecture. Molecular analyses were performed on partial Small Sub‐Unit (SSU) rDNA, partial Large Sub‐Unit (LSU) rDNA, complete Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions (ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2), and partial cytochrome b (cob) sequences. We concatenated the SSU‐ITS‐LSU fragments and constructed a phylogenetic tree using Bayesian Inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. Morphological analyses indicated that the main characters, such as cell size and number of depressions per valve, normally used to distinguish P. hoffmannianum from P. belizeanum, overlapped. No clear differences were found in the periflagellar area architecture. Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and P. belizeanum were a highly supported monophyletic clade separated into three subclades, which broadly corresponded to the sample collection regions. Subtle morphological overlaps found in cell shape, size, and ornamentation lead us to conclude that P. hoffmanianum and P. belizeanum might be considered conspecific. The molecular data analyses did not separate P. hoffmannianum and P. belizeanum into two morphospecies, and thus, we considered them to be the P. hoffmannianum species complex because their clades are separated by their geographic origin. These geographic and genetically distinct clades could be referred to as ribotypes: (A) Belize, (B) Florida‐Cuba, (C1) India, and (C2) Australia.
Vaginal prolapse in a pregnant Maine coon cat: a case report
Authors: McKelvey K. A. , Beachler T. M. , Ferris K. K. , Diaw M. , Vasgaard J. M. , Bailey C. S.
Published: December 2014

Vaginal prolapse is a condition characterised by excessive accumulation of mucosal oedema and protrusion of hyperplastic tissue through the vulva. It has been reported in ruminants and canines, but has not been characterised in felines. This report describes the history, clinical signs and treatment of a pregnant Maine coon cat with a Type III vaginal prolapse diagnosed approximately 54 days after the first day of mating. Prior to queening, the prolapse was reduced and retained using a vulvar cruciate suture. Due to the risk of dystocia and recurrence, a caesarean section with ovariohysterectomy was performed. Postoperatively, a stay suture was maintained in the vulva for 2 weeks, resulting in permanent reduction of the vaginal prolapse. To the authors’ knowledge, this case represents the first report of the successful management of vaginal prolapse in a pregnant cat.
A Gaussian Mixture Autoregressive Model for Univariate Time Series
Authors: Kalliovirta Leena , Meitz Mika , Saikkonen Pentti
Published: December 2014

The Gaussian mixture autoregressive model studied in this article belongs to the family of mixture autoregressive models, but it differs from its previous alternatives in several advantageous ways. A major theoretical advantage is that, by the definition of the model, conditions for stationarity and ergodicity are always met and these properties are much more straightforward to establish than is common in nonlinear autoregressive models. Another major advantage is that, for a pth‐order model, explicit expressions of the stationary distributions of dimension p + 1 or smaller are known and given by mixtures of Gaussian distributions with constant mixing weights. In contrast, the conditional distribution given the past observations is a Gaussian mixture with time‐varying mixing weights that depend on p lagged values of the series in a natural and parsimonious way. Because of the known stationary distribution, exact maximum likelihood estimation is feasible and one can assess the applicability of the model in advance by using a non‐parametric estimate of the stationary density. An empirical example with interest rate series illustrates the practical usefulness and flexibility of the model, particularly in allowing for level shifts and temporary changes in variance. Copyright © 2014 Wiley Publishing Ltd
Heritability Estimates and Genetic Correlations Among Body Weight and Measurement Traits of Large‐size Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in China
Authors: Hu Guo , Gu Wei , Jiang Zaisheng , Bai Qingli , Wang Bingqian
Published: December 2014

The variance components of additive effects and genetic correlations of body weight (BW) and body measurement traits were estimated in a freshwater strain selected for large size in a breeding program for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in China. Phenotypic data were collected for BW and measurement traits from 2362 individuals with a two‐generation pedigree, and the average information‐restricted maximum likelihood method was used for the genetic analysis. The genetic parameters of BW were estimated at three time points (550, 850, and 1000 days post‐fertilization [dpf]), showing high heritability in a range from 0.33 to 0.98. However, the heritability estimates of total length (TL) showed lower values ranging from 0.05 to 0.51, with high standard errors. Genetic correlation between TL and BW was almost equal to unity at 550 dpf, and the genetic correlations between TL at 550 dpf and BW at two other time points were all positive and very high (ca. 0.95–0.99). These results indicate that BW and TL selected at 550 dpf had a direct positive effect on BW performance at 1000 dpf, which was 450 d before the date of the target trait observed.
Meat and Bone Meal as an Alternative for Fish Meal in Soybean Meal‐Based Diets for Florida Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus L.
Authors: Rossi Waldemar , Davis D. Allen
Published: December 2014

Alternative protein feedstuffs are potential surrogates for fish meal in the diet of Florida pompano. This study was designed to evaluate the replacement of fish meal with meat and bone meal in a soybean meal‐based diet for Florida pompano. In Trial I (10 wk), the basal diet (FM15, formulated to contain 40% crude protein and 10% lipid) containing 15% fish meal was modified by the isonitrogenous replacement of fish meal with meat and bone meal producing diets with 10 (FM10), 5 (FM05), and 0% (FM0) fish meal. In Trial II (8 wk), the FM0 served as the basal diet (Tau 0) and was modified by the additive supplementation of taurine to produce three test diets containing 0.25 (Tau 0.25), 0.5 (Tau 0.50), and 0.75% (Tau 0.75) taurine. In Trial I, reduced weight gain (220.1%), feed efficiency (0.31), and survival (84.5%) were observed in fish fed the FM0 diet (P < 0.05). In Trial II, the supplementation of taurine improved the growth performance, survival, and protein and energy retention efficiencies of Florida pompano (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the supplementation of taurine was required in these feed formulations and that meat and bone meal is a good alternative ingredient for fish meal in soybean meal‐based diets for Florida pompano.
Molecular Cloning and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Identification of Myostatin cDNA in the Pearl Oyster, Pinctada fucata
Authors: Li Qin , Li Yaoguo , Huang Xiande , He Maoxian
Published: December 2014

Myostatin (MSTN or growth differentiation factor‐8) is considered a negative regulator of muscle growth and development. In this study, we cloned and characterized the full‐length MSTN cDNA from Pinctada fucata, and named it as the Pf‐MSTN cDNA. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Pf‐MSTN cDNA were then screened and genotyped. The full‐length Pf‐MSTN cDNA was 2644 bp, including an open reading frame of 1248 bp encoding 415 amino acids which contained typical structural characteristics shared by all members of the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) superfamily including an N‐terminal signal peptide, a propeptide domain, and a TGF‐β superfamily bioactive domain. The Pf‐MSTN mRNA was detected in all tested tissues, with the highest mRNA levels observed in the adductor muscle, indicating that Pf‐MSTN may play a major role in this tissue. Furthermore, by sequencing and alignment, 32 SNP loci were identified in Pf‐MSTN cDNA. Genotyping 50 individuals from a common breeding stock revealed that 21 of these 32 loci were polymorphic. The minor allele frequency was in the range of 0.0400–0.4800, and the polymorphism information content value varied from 0.0739 to 0.3750. The observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.0200 to 1.0000 and from 0.0776 to 0.5051, respectively. These SNPs identified in Pf‐MSTN will be useful for future studies investigating their utility in marker‐assisted selection for P. fucata breeding.
Therapeutic strategies in Parkinson's disease: what we have learned from animal models
Authors: Valadas Jorge S. , Vos Melissa , Verstreken Patrik
Published: December 2014

Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, as well as in other brain areas. The currently available dopamine replacement therapy provides merely symptomatic benefit and is ineffective because habituation and side effects arise relatively quickly. Studying the genetic forms of PD in animal models provides novel insight that allows targeting of specific aspects of this heterogenic disease more specifically. Among others, two important cellular deficits are associated with PD; these deficits relate to (1) synaptic transmission and vesicle trafficking, and (2) mitochondrial function, relating respectively to the dominant and recessive mutations in PD‐causing genes. With increased knowledge of PD, the possibility of identifying an efficient, long‐lasting treatment is becoming more conceivable, but this can only be done with an increased knowledge of the specific affected cellular mechanisms. This review discusses how discoveries in animal models of PD have clarified the therapeutic potential of pathways disrupted in PD, with a specific focus on synaptic transmission, vesicle trafficking, and mitochondrial function.
The Route to Take‐up: Evidence from the UK Pension Credit Reform
Authors: Zantomio Francesca
Published: December 2014

Viable routes to increase the take‐up of cash transfer programs include raising the financial incentive to claim and reducing claiming barriers. Older people's response to both is evaluated exploiting the introduction of Pension Credit in the UK. The reform involved improved application assistance, simplified claiming procedure, extended recertification interval, less intrusive reporting requirements and outreach campaigning; also, the cash entitlement was increased for a subgroup of pensioners. The behavioral response is identified using Family Resources Survey data. Results support the effectiveness of financial incentives, while no effect is found in the case of reducing barriers policies when unaccompanied by financial incentives.
Unlicensed personnel administering medications to older persons living at home: a challenge for social and care services
Authors: Gransjön Craftman Asa , Hammar Lena M. , von Strauss Eva , Hillerås Pernilla , Westerbotn Margareta
Published: December 2014

Background

Administration of medication to care recipients is delegated to home‐care assistants working in the municipal social care, alongside responsibility for providing personal assistance for older people. Home‐care assistants have practical administration skills, but lack formal medical knowledge.

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore how home‐care assistants perceive administration of medication to older people living at home, as delegated to them in the context of social care.

Methods

Four focus groups consisting of 19 home‐care assistants were conducted. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis.

Results

According to home‐care assistants, health and social care depends on delegation arrangements to function effectively, but in the first place it relieves a burden for district nurses. Even when the delegation had expired, administration of medication continued, placing the statutes of regulation in a subordinate position. There was low awareness among home‐care assistants about the content of the statutes of delegation. Accepting delegation to administer medications has become an implicit prerequisite for social care work in the municipality.

Conclusions

Accepting the delegation to administer medication was inevitable and routine. In practice, the regulating statute is made subordinate and consequently patient safety can be threatened. The organisation of health and social care relies on the delegation arrangement to meet the needs of a growing number of older home‐care recipients.

Implications for practice

This is a crucial task which management within both the healthcare professions and municipal social care needs to address, to bridge the gap between statutes and practice, to create arenas for mutual collaboration in the care recipients’ best interest and to ensure patient safety.
Mold contamination in schools with either high or low prevelance of asthma
Authors: Vesper Stephen , Prill Rich , Wymer Larry , Adkins Lauren , Williams Ronald , Fulk Florence
Published: December 2014

Background

Mold exposures have been linked to the development and exacerbation of asthma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI) metric, developed to quantify mold exposures in homes, might be applied to evaluating the mold contamination in schools.

Methods

Settled dust samples (n = 10) were collected on each level of a water‐damaged school in Springfield, Massachusetts and two samples per level in five Idaho schools. Each dust sample was analyzed for the 36 molds that make up the ERMI. The concentration of 2.5‐μm particulate matter (PM2.5) was measured in each school at two locations during the spring of 2013.

Results

The average ERMI value in the Springfield school, 15.51, was significantly greater (p < 0.001) than the average ERMI value, −2.87, in the Idaho schools. Ten of the twenty‐six Group 1 molds, which are associated with water‐damaged environments, were in significantly greater concentrations in the Springfield school. The populations of Group 2 molds, which are common indoors even without water damage, were essentially the same in Springfield and Idaho schools. The average PM2.5 concentration in the Springfield and Idaho schools was 11.6 and 3.4 μg/m3, respectively.

Conclusions

The ERMI scale might be useful in comparing the relative mold contamination in schools.
MicroRNA profiling analysis throughout tomato fruit development and ripening reveals potential regulatory role of RIN on microRNAs accumulation
Authors: Gao Chao , Ju Zheng , Cao Dongyan , Zhai Baiqiang , Qin Guozheng , Zhu Hongliang , Fu Daqi , Luo Yunbo , Zhu Benzhong
Published: December 2014

The development and ripening of tomato fruit are complex processes involving many gene regulatory pathways at the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional level. Ripening inhibitor (RIN) is a vital transcription factor, which targets numerous ripening‐related genes at the transcriptional level during tomato fruit ripening. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short noncoding RNAs that play important roles in post‐transcriptional gene regulation. To elucidate the potential regulatory relationship between rin and miRNAs during fruit development and ripening, we identified known miRNAs and profiled their expression in wild‐type tomato and rin mutant using a deep sequencing approach combined with quantitative RT‐PCR. A total of 33 known miRNA families were identified, of which 14 miRNA families were differently accumulated. Subsequent promoter analysis showed that possible RIN‐binding motifs (CArG‐box) tended to occur frequently in the promoter regions of partial differently expressed miRNAs. In addition, ethylene may participate in the regulation of miRNAs accumulation during tomato fruit ripening. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed the direct binding of RIN to the promoter of MIR172a. Collectively, these results showed a close correlation between miRNA expression and RIN as well as ethylene, which further elucidated the regulatory roles of miRNAs during fruit development and ripening and enriched the regulatory network of RIN in tomato fruit.
Clinicopathologic Evaluation of Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome: Overcoming the Challenges of Diagnosing a Rare Genodermatosis
Authors: Bryan Zachary T. , Missall Tricia A. , Stieren Stacy , Siegfried Elaine , Burkemper Nicole M.
Published: December 2014

We report the case of a 2‐year‐old boy from a family with limited financial resources who presented with cutaneous abnormalities, a history of congenital heart defect, and a presumptive diagnosis of Noonan syndrome. Genetic testing had been deferred because of a lack of funds. Skin findings were characteristic of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, including keratosis pilaris, ichthyosis, sparse eyebrows, and multiple nevi. A biopsy of a perifollicular thick papule with background hyperpigmentation was obtained to further characterize the cutaneous findings. Clinical evaluation allowed rapid, cost‐effective, specific diagnosis in this patient with a RASopathy‐spectrum genetic disorder who did not have access to genetic testing. This time‐honored clinical approach is adequate for providing information important for prognosis, follow‐up, and counseling. We will also discuss available resources for genetic testing and specialized care for patients with RASopathies.
Tetracosane on the cuticle of the parasitic butterfly Phengaris (Maculinea) nausithous triggers the first contact in the adoption process by Myrmica rubra foragers
Authors: Solazzo Gaetano , Seidelmann Karsten , Moritz Robin F. A. , Settele Josef
Published: December 2014

Phengaris (Maculinea) butterflies are social parasites of Myrmica ant colonies. Larvae of the parasite are adopted by the ant workers into the colonies. Apparently, chemical signals are used by Phengaris nausithous Bergsträsser larvae to mimic those of the host brood to be recognized by the ants. In the present study, chemical extracts of ant brood and butterfly larvae using four different solvents are tested in behavioural choice assays in search of compounds involved in the adoption process. Tetracosane is the main shared compound in all brood extracts of Myrmica rubra L. and in all larvae of P. nausithous. The attractiveness of tetracosane for M. rubra workers is confirmed by testing synthetic tetracosane in behavioural choice assays, suggesting that the adoption ritual may be initiated by tetracosane.
Involvement of FgMad2 and FgBub1 in regulating fungal development and carbendazim resistance in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Zhang L. G. , Zhang Y. , Li B. C. , Jia X. J. , Chen C. J. , Zhou M. G.
Published: December 2014

Resistance to carbendazim of Fusarium graminearum is conferred by point mutation in the β2‐tubulin gene that plays an important role in spindle assembly. The spindle assembly checkpoint is a cellular surveillance system that is critical for maintaining genomic stability. Predicted protein Mad2‐ and Bub1‐encoding genes in F. graminearum (FgMad2 and FgBub1) were isolated and characterized. There was no difference in FgMad2 and FgBub1 expression levels between carbendazim‐sensitive and ‐resistant strains; however, after carbendazim treatment FgMad2 expression increased while FgBub1 expression stayed the same. Both the FgMad2 and FgBub1 deletion mutants became more sensitive to carbendazim. The FgMad2 deletion mutants grew more slowly, produced fewer conidia and both hyphae and conidia were malformed. Conversely, deletion of FgBub1 had no effect on fungal development other than a reduction in conidia production. FgMad2 deletion mutants exhibited a severe decrease in perithecia production and pathogenicity along with a down‐regulation of trichothecene production, whereas FgBub1 deletion mutants exhibited only a slight reduction in perithecia production and was accompanied by a twofold increase in trichothecene production. Overall, the results indicate that both FgMad2 and FgBub1 are involved in carbendazim resistance and trichothecene biosynthesis, and FgMad2 plays an important role in fungal development in F. graminearum.