bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commentary: Types of bullying, types of intervention: reflections on Arseneault (2018)
Authors: Smith Peter K.
Published: April 2018

Arseneault's review is a timely reminder of the strong evidence for the negative impact of school bullying, especially although not only on the victims of it. It is particularly important in dealing with the evidence for causal links, mechanisms and possible moderating factors. In this Commentary, I raise some issues about the definition of bullying; the importance of separating out the bully/victim category; differing impacts of types of victimisation, and notably cyber victimization, perhaps interacting with gender; and evidence on school antibullying policies and impact of interventions.
G protein‐coupled receptor 119 agonist DS‐8500a effects on pancreatic β‐cells in Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: Watada Hirotaka , Shiramoto Masanari , Irie Shin , Terauchi Yasuo , Yamada Yuichiro , Shiosakai Kazuhito , Myobatake Yusuke , Taguchi Takashi
Published: April 2018

Aims/Introduction

Pancreatic β‐cell dysfunction contributes to type 2 diabetes mellitus progression. Drugs that improve insulin secretion might be a valuable treatment approach. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the G protein‐coupled receptor 119 agonist DS‐8500a on insulin secretory capacity in Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Materials and Methods

This single‐center, 4‐week, randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over study enrolled 21 Japanese drug‐naïve type 2 diabetes mellitus patients aged ≥20 years with glycated hemoglobin ≥7.0 and <9.0% (NCT02669732, JapicCTI 163126). Patients received 75 mg of DS‐8500a or a placebo orally daily for 4 weeks in a random order. A combined euglycemic‐hyperinsulinemic and hyperglycemic clamp test was carried out to assess insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity before and after each 4‐week treatment period. Primary end‐points were first‐phase insulin secretion (insulin area under the curve [AUC]180–190 min and C‐peptide AUC180–190 min during the clamp test) and second‐phase insulin secretion (insulin AUC190–300 min and C‐peptide AUC190–300 min). Insulin sensitivity (M and M/I values), disposition index and changes in lipid profile were also assessed.

Results

DS‐8500a significantly increased first‐ and second‐phase insulin AUC (P = 0.0011, P = 0.0112) and C‐peptide AUC (P = 0.0012, P < 0.0001) compared with the placebo. At day 28, M and M/I values were comparable with those of the placebo, whereas the disposition index for insulin and C‐peptide was significantly increased (P = 0.0108, P = 0.0002). Total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were significantly reduced, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were significantly increased compared with the placebo. No significant treatment‐emergent adverse events occurred.

Conclusion

DS‐8500a enhanced insulin secretory capacity, but not insulin sensitivity.
Evaluating the use of parental reports to estimate health care resource utilization in children with suspected genetic disorders
Authors: Dragojlovic Nick , Kim Ellen , Elliott Alison M. ,   CAUSES Study, Friedman Jan M. , Lynd Larry D.
Published: April 2018

Objective

A key step in evaluating the cost‐effectiveness of diagnostic genome‐wide sequencing (GWS) services is to measure the cost of prior and subsequent diagnosis‐related health care resource utilization by patients. The majority of patients using diagnostic GWS services are children, and parental surveys are often used to complement utilization data abstracted from medical records. The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of parental reports for children with very high levels of resource utilization.

Method

Primary caregivers of children enrolled in the CAUSES Research Clinic, a diagnostic GWS programme at B.C. Children's Hospital, completed an online survey. Parent‐reported health care encounters for the 6‐month period prior to survey completion were compared to utilization data abstracted from electronic medical records (EMR). The association between demographic characteristics and the probability of survey completion was tested using logistic regression. Agreement between parent‐reported and EMR data was evaluated using Cohen's kappa, prevalence‐ and bias‐adjusted kappa (PABAK), and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

There were no major differences in demographic characteristics or resource utilization levels between families that completed the survey and those who did not. Agreement between parental reports and EMR data was high for hospitalizations (κ = 0.71; PABAK = 0.89; ICC = 0.77) but lower for outpatient physician visits (κ = 0.21; PABAK = 0.48; ICC = 0.27).

Conclusions

Parental surveys are a valuable tool for estimating health care resource utilization during a 6‐month recall period for children with suspected genetic disorders but are best used to complement utilization data collected from other sources.
Photo‐identification as a tool to study small‐spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula
Authors: Navarro J. , Perezgrueso A. , Barría C. , Coll M.
Published: April 2018

Photo‐identification (photo‐ID) was tested as a means to identify individual small‐spotted catsharks Scyliorhinus canicula. The spotting pattern of the caudal region of S. canicula was used for the tests and revealed that photo‐ID is an efficient method to identify individuals. Photo‐ID is logistically simple, making it a potential alternative to traditional tagging to provide information on the distribution patterns and population dynamics of S. canicula and related species.
The Government Spending Multiplier in a (Mis)Managed Liquidity Trap
Authors: ROULLEAU‐PASDELOUP JORDAN
Published: April 2018

I study the impact of a government spending shock in a New Keynesian model when monetary policy is set optimally. In this framework, the economy is at the zero lower bound but expectations are well managed by the central bank. As such, the multiplier effect of government spending increases on expected inflation is close to zero while the one on output can be larger than one. This is consistent with recent empirical evidence on the effects of the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.
Durable Goods, Investment Shocks, and the Comovement Problem
Authors: CHEN BEEN‐LON , LIAO SHIAN‐YU
Published: April 2018

Sticky‐price models suggest that capital investment shocks are an important driver of business cycle fluctuations. Despite quantitative importance in explaining business cycles, a comovement problem emerges because the shocks generate intertemporal substitution effects away from consumption toward investment. This paper resolves the problem by extending the standard sticky‐price model to a two‐sector model with consumer durable services. When durable goods are used as investment in capital and consumer durables, positive capital investment shocks also generate intratemporal substitution effects away from consumer durable services toward nondurable consumption that dominates intertemporal effects. Consequently, consumption increases, and the comovement problem is resolved.
The Credit Channel at the Zero Lower Bound through the Lens of Equity Prices
Authors: WU WENBIN
Published: April 2018

This study examines the impact of unconventional monetary policies on the stock market when the short‐term nominal interest rate is stuck at the zero lower bound (ZLB). Unconventional monetary policies appear to have significant effects on stock prices and the effects differ across stocks. In agreement with existing credit channel theories, I find that firms subject to financial constraints react more strongly to unconventional monetary policy shocks [especially large‐scale asset purchases (LSAPs)] than do less constrained firms. These results imply that the credit channel is as important as the interest rate channel in the transmission of unconventional monetary policies at the ZLB.
Leadership and Social Transformation: The Role of Marginalized Individuals and Groups
Authors: Rast David E. , Hogg Michael A. , Randsley de Moura Georgina
Published: April 2018

Leadership is a process of influence, an omnipresent feature of human societies, and an enduring focus of research and popular interest. Research tends to focus on individual and situational factors facilitating effective leadership and identifying obstacles to leadership. One key obstacle many leaders face it being stigmatized as an outsider who is not suited to leadership. This article and issue of the Journal of Social Issues focuses on how and when people can overcome these obstacles to leadership–the emergence of marginalized, deviant, or minority group members as leaders even when their success is unexpected. This article and issue discuss the challenges these leaders face and identifies conditions under which such leaders can exert influence to achieve social change. We cover various forms of marginal leadership, focusing on leaders who are marginal individuals (e.g., non‐prototypical leaders), who belong to marginal minority subgroups (e.g., leaders from numerical minority groups), or who have marginal demographic status (e.g., female leaders). This article introduces and frames the subsequent articles in this issue of the Journal of Social Issues, on the psychology of being a marginal leader.
Deviance Credit: Tolerance of Deviant Ingroup Leaders is Mediated by Their Accrual of Prototypicality and Conferral of Their Right to Be Supported
Authors: Abrams Dominic , Travaglino Giovanni A. , Marques José M. , Pinto Isabel , Levine John M.
Published: April 2018

Leaders often deviate from group norms or social conventions, sometimes innovating and sometimes engaging in serious transgressions or illegality. We propose that group members are prone to be more permissive toward both forms of deviance in the case of ingroup leaders compared to other ingroup members or outgroup members and leaders. This granting of “deviance credit” is hypothesized to be underpinned by perceptions of an ingroup leader's prototypicality of the group (“accrual”) and belief that occupancy of the role confers a right to be supported (“conferral”). Analyses of data from four studies demonstrate that both accrual and conferral (1) mediate evaluations, inclusion and punishment of deviant leaders, and (2) they make independent contributions to deviance credit. Implications for leadership, marginalization, corruption, innovation, and transformation are discussed.
When Leaders are in the Numerical Majority or Minority: Differential Effects on Problem‐Solving
Authors: Martin Robin , Thomas Geoff , Hewstone Miles , Gardikiotis Antonis
Published: April 2018

Two experiments examined the effect a leader has when supported by a numerical majority or minority. In both experiments, participants read a team problem‐solving scenario where a solution was supported by either a numerical majority or minority of the team. In some conditions, the team leader also supported the same solution as the majority or minority in other conditions the leader did not. When the leader was supported by the majority, its solution was rated as more favorable by participants than when supported by either the leader or majority on its own. When the leader was supported by the minority, its solution was rated as either less favorable or equally favorable than when supported by the leader or minority on its own. However, when the leader was supported by the minority participants rated an alternative (better) solution that was not discussed by the leader, as more favorable. These findings indicate that leadership endorsement results in greater compliance to a majority‐endorsed position but to more elaboration, and better decision‐making, to a minority‐endorsed position. The policy implications of this research for the role of leaders in team decision‐making are discussed.
Qualitative and quantitative detection of chicken deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in dry dog foods
Authors: Hołda K. , Natonek‐Wiśniewska M. , Krzyścin P. , Głogowski R.
Published: April 2018

Chicken is a common protein source in pet foods and is concurrently listed among food allergens. Commercial over‐the‐counter (OTC) diets with an alternative animal protein source are considered suitable for dietary elimination trials by pet owners. The potential presence of undeclared chicken‐derived ingredients in these diets can compromise the outcome of the trial during the diagnosis of adverse food reactions. The aim of this study was to selectively verify the absence or presence of chicken DNA in 10 OTC dry canine foods, using qualitative and quantitative approaches. The method of identification of chicken‐derived protein was elaborated with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, whereas quantitative real‐time PCR was used for the quantitative assessment. In most of the analysed samples, the chicken DNA was detectable; however, the quantified amounts were predominantly low, although differences between batches were observed.
Effect of a montmorillonite‐bentonite‐based product on faecal parameters of horses
Authors: Gerstner K. , Liesegang A.
Published: April 2018

Free faecal water (fluid excreted separate from normal faeces) is a common problem of unknown origin in horses. Multifactorial causes are assumed. This study assessed the effect of a commercial product (EMP) sold to help support intestinal health of horses, particularly regarding the occurrence of free faecal water. The hypothesis was that water‐binding capacity and microbial activity are improved in the large intestine of horses fed EMP. EMP contained montmorillonite–bentonite, whey and extracts from hop and absinthium. Eight adult and healthy horses kept on the same diet and bedding were additionally fed EMP. In a complete crossover study design, all horses participated as control (C) and as test animal receiving EMP (E). Faecal score was assessed. Faecal samples were analysed for pH, ammonia, dry matter content (DM), crude fibre (CF), soxhlet fat (SF), crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). None of the assessed parameters measured in the faeces showed a significant treatment effect. This study was conducted in healthy horses without any gastrointestinal disorders. VFA analysis did not show treatment effects. However, apparent higher variability in CP in the faeces of E might be a hint for changes in the intestinal microbiota. Further studies and analysis of additional parameters for example the differentiation of the faecal microbial profile in horses susceptible to free faecal water are necessary to evaluate the effect of EMP.
Analysis of the genomic basis of functional diversity in dinoflagellates using a transcriptome‐based sequence similarity network
Authors: Meng Arnaud , Corre Erwan , Probert Ian , Gutierrez‐Rodriguez Andres , Siano Raffaele , Annamale Anita , Alberti Adriana , Da Silva Corinne , Wincker Patrick , Le Crom Stéphane , Not Fabrice , Bittner Lucie
Published: April 2018

Dinoflagellates are one of the most abundant and functionally diverse groups of eukaryotes. Despite an overall scarcity of genomic information for dinoflagellates, constantly emerging high‐throughput sequencing resources can be used to characterize and compare these organisms. We assembled de novo and processed 46 dinoflagellate transcriptomes and used a sequence similarity network (SSN) to compare the underlying genomic basis of functional features within the group. This approach constitutes the most comprehensive picture to date of the genomic potential of dinoflagellates. A core‐predicted proteome composed of 252 connected components (CCs) of putative conserved protein domains (pCDs) was identified. Of these, 206 were novel and 16 lacked any functional annotation in public databases. Integration of functional information in our network analyses allowed investigation of pCDs specifically associated with functional traits. With respect to toxicity, sequences homologous to those of proteins found in species with toxicity potential (e.g., sxtA4 and sxtG) were not specific to known toxin‐producing species. Although not fully specific to symbiosis, the most represented functions associated with proteins involved in the symbiotic trait were related to membrane processes and ion transport. Overall, our SSN approach led to identification of 45,207 and 90,794 specific and constitutive pCDs of, respectively, the toxic and symbiotic species represented in our analyses. Of these, 56% and 57%, respectively (i.e., 25,393 and 52,193 pCDs), completely lacked annotation in public databases. This stresses the extent of our lack of knowledge, while emphasizing the potential of SSNs to identify candidate pCDs for further functional genomic characterization.
Hydrogen peroxide production and myo‐inositol metabolism as important traits for virulence ofMycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Authors: Ferrarini Mariana Galvão , Mucha Scheila Gabriele , Parrot Delphine , Meiffrein Guillaume , Ruggiero Bachega Jose Fernando , Comte Gilles , Zaha Arnaldo , Sagot Marie‐France
Published: April 2018

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniaeis the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia. In our previous work, we reconstructed the metabolic models of this species along with two other mycoplasmas from the respiratory tract of swine:Mycoplasma hyorhinis, considered less pathogenic but which nonetheless causes disease andMycoplasma flocculare, a commensal bacterium. We identified metabolic differences that partially explained their different levels of pathogenicity. One important trait was the production of hydrogen peroxide from the glycerol metabolism only in the pathogenic species. Another important feature was a pathway for the metabolism of myo‐inositol inM. hyopneumoniae. Here, we tested these traits to understand their relation to the different levels of pathogenicity, comparing not only the species but also pathogenic and attenuated strains ofM. hyopneumoniae. Regarding the myo‐inositol metabolism, we show that onlyM. hyopneumoniaeassimilated this carbohydrate and remained viable when myo‐inositol was the primary energy source. Strikingly, only the two pathogenic strains ofM. hyopneumoniaeproduced hydrogen peroxide in complex medium. We also show that this production was dependent on the presence of glycerol. Although further functional tests are needed, we present in this work two interesting metabolic traits ofM. hyopneumoniaethat might be directly related to its enhanced virulence.
Manihot alterniflora and M. elongata spp. nov. (Euphorbiaceae) and the rediscovery of M. quinquefolia in Caatinga (semiarid) vegetation in Brazil
Authors: Lopes Martins Márcio Lacerda , Lemos de Carvalho Paulo Cezar , da Silva Ledo Carlos Alberto , Amorim André Márcio
Published: April 2018

We describe and illustrate two species of Manihot that occur in Caatinga (semiarid) vegetation in Brazil and redescribe and lectotypify M. quinquefolia Pohl, which was only known from a single collection made by J. E. B. Pohl in 1827. Manihot elongata P.Carvalho & M.Martins is widely distributed and Manihot alterniflora P.Carvalho & M.Martins is endangered because of its small populations and restricted area of occurrence. We establish M. quinquefolia as the only species of Manihot in the Caatinga with compound leaves. An identification key is provided for the 13 species of Manihot present in the Caatinga.
Neologicism, Frege's Constraint, and the Frege‐Heck Condition
Authors: Snyder Eric , Samuels Richard , Shapiro Stewart
Published: April 2018

One of the more distinctive features of Bob Hale and Crispin Wright's neologicism about arithmetic is their invocation of Frege's Constraint – roughly, the requirement that the core empirical applications for a class of numbers be “built directly into” their formal characterization. In particular, they maintain that, if adopted, Frege's Constraint adjudicates in favor of their preferred foundation – Hume's Principle – and against alternatives, such as the Dedekind‐Peano axioms. In what follows we establish two main claims. First, we show that, if sound, Hale and Wright's arguments for Frege's Constraint at most establish a version on which the relevant application of the naturals is transitive counting – roughly, the counting procedure by which numerals are used to answer “how many”‐questions. Second, we show that this version of Frege's Constraint fails to adjudicate in favor of Hume's Principle. If this is the version of Frege's Constraint that a foundation for arithmetic must respect, then Hume's Principle no more – and no less – meets the requirement than the Dedekind‐Peano axioms do.
Dietary and nondietary determinants of nutritional status among adolescent girls and adult women in India
Authors: Radhika Madhari S. , Swetha Boddula , Kumar B. Naveen , Krishna N. Bala , Laxmaiah Avula
Published: April 2018

Adolescence appears to be the next available critical period to improve inadequacies in nutrition, growth, and development from childhood. In this analysis, we describe the dietary and nondietary determinants of nutritional status among adolescent girls and adult women residing in rural areas of India. We used data pertaining to 3930 adolescents (10–19 years) and 11,058 adult women (20–49 years) from the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau Survey, 2011–2012 database. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to understand the effects of various individual‐ and household‐level determinants of thinness and underweight among adolescents and adult women, respectively. Almost one‐third of the adolescents and adult women were undernourished. Factors other than dietary adequacy and diversity had a greater impact on undernutrition in both the adolescents and adult women. The nondietary determinants (e.g., higher age group, higher household wealth status, access to improved water, better maternal work status, and living in better type of houses) predicted good nutritional status in the adolescent girls. In addition, the women's own higher education and household occupation status and better sanitation facilities improved undernutrition in adult women. Therefore, India needs multipronged strategies along with dietary interventions and effective implementation programs to achieve good health and well‐being of adolescents and adult women.
Heredity of phenylpropenes in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) chemotypes and their distribution within an F2 population
Authors: Dudai Nativ , Li Guopeng , Shachter Alona , Belanger Faith , Chaimovitsh David
Published: April 2018

Phenylpropenes play an important role in plant defense against animals and microorganisms, and in attracting pollinators and insects. We report the genetic inheritance of methyl chavicol and eugenol following a cross between the sweet basil varieties ‘Perrie’ and ‘Cardinal,’ eugenol and methyl chavicol chemotypes, respectively. Methyl chavicol was detected only in ‘Cardinal,’ accounting for more than 95% of the total phenylpropenes. Eugenol was most abundant in ‘Perrie,’ accounting for more than 99% of the total phenylpropenes. Eugenol, chavicol and methyl chavicol were detected in F1 hybrids at intermediate levels (10%–52%) without statistical differences (p > .05) for any compound among the F1 progeny arising from the different crossed pairs. The F2 progeny segregated into three groups, 23%–25% to a eugenol chemotype, 23%–25% to a methyl chavicol chemotype, and the remaining (~50%) into an intermediate mixture of the two compounds. This distribution fitted a segregation ratio of 1:2:1 (χ2 = 1.71; p = .4249), suggesting that the phenylpropene phenotype is regulated by a single bi‐allelic gene with incomplete dominance. A putative association with biosynthesis enzymes is discussed.
Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage in a neonatal kidney donor
Authors: Martinez‐Lopez Sonsoles , Wijetunga Imeshi , Ecuyer Clare , Ahmad Niaz
Published: April 2018

EKT from neonatal donors remains rare despite successful outcome being reported. The surgical aspects of neonatal abdominal organ recovery remain unfamiliar to the vast majority of abdominal organ recovery teams and renal transplant surgeons. BAH is not uncommon in newborn babies suffering distress in the perinatal period. BAH is often also associated with RVT and will impact on utilization of kidneys for transplantation. We present a case of a neonatal kidney donor with massive BAHs discovered at the time of organ recovery. This made the procurement challenging. Both kidneys were recovered en bloc with pancreas and the liver with aorta and inferior vena cave as vascular conduits. The kidneys were successfully implanted into an adult recipient with good function at 1‐year follow‐up. Association between adrenal hemorrhage and RVT needs to be considered before utilizing such kidneys. This case exemplifies successful outcome after careful assessment and transplantation of such kidneys.
Parasympathetic and sympathetic activity are associated with individual differences in neural indices of selective attention in adults
Authors: Giuliano Ryan J. , Karns Christina M. , Bell Theodore A. , Petersen Seth , Skowron Elizabeth A. , Neville Helen J. , Pakulak Eric
Published: April 2018

Multiple theoretical frameworks posit that interactions between the autonomic nervous system and higher‐order neural networks are crucial for cognitive and emotion regulation. However, few studies have directly examined the relationship between measures of autonomic physiology and brain activity during cognitive tasks, and fewer studies have examined both the parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic branches when doing so. Here, 93 adults completed an ERP auditory selective attention task concurrently with measures of parasympathetic activity (high‐frequency heart rate variability; HF‐HRV) and sympathetic activity (preejection period; PEP). We focus on the well‐studied N1 ERP component to test for associations with baseline values of HF‐HRV and PEP. Individuals with higher resting HF‐HRV and shorter resting PEP showed larger effects of selective attention on their ERPs. Follow‐up regression models demonstrated that HF‐HRV and PEP accounted for unique variance in selective attention effects on N1 mean amplitude. These results are consistent with the neurovisceral integration model, such that greater parasympathetic activity is a marker of increased selective attention, as well as other theoretical models that emphasize the role of heightened sympathetic activity in more efficient attention‐related processing. The present findings highlight the importance of autonomic physiology in the study of individual differences in neurocognitive function and, given the foundational role of selective attention across cognitive domains, suggest that both parasympathetic and sympathetic activity may be key to understanding variability in brain function across a variety of cognitive tasks.
The impact of cognitive training on spontaneous gamma oscillations in schizophrenia
Authors: Popova Petia , Rockstroh Brigitte , Miller Gregory A. , Wienbruch Christian , Carolus Almut M. , Popov Tzvetan
Published: April 2018

Schizophrenia patients exhibit less gamma‐frequency EEG/MEG activity (>30 Hz), a finding interpreted as evidence of poor temporal neural organization and functional network communication. Research has shown that neuroplasticity‐oriented training can improve task‐related oscillatory dynamics, indicating some reorganization capacity in schizophrenia. Demonstrating a generalization of such task training effects to spontaneous oscillations at rest would not only enrich understanding of this neuroplastic potential but inform the interpretation of spontaneous gamma oscillations in the service of normal cognitive function. In the present study, neuromagnetic resting‐state oscillatory brain activity and cognitive performance were assessed before and after training in 61 schizophrenia patients, who were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of neuroplasticity‐oriented targeted cognitive training or treatment as usual (TAU). Gamma power of 40–90 Hz increased after training, but not after TAU, in a frontoparietal network. Across two types of training, this increase was related to improved cognitive test performance. These results indicate that abnormal oscillatory dynamics in schizophrenia patients manifested in spontaneous gamma activity can be changed with neuroplasticity‐oriented training parallel to cognitive performance.
Hermeneutical Injustice and Liberatory Education
Authors: Elzinga Benjamin
Published: April 2018

Hermeneutical injustice occurs when there is a gap in the interpretive resources available to members of a society due to the marginalization of members of a social group from sense‐making practices. In this paper, I address two questions about hermeneutical injustice that are undertheorized in the recent literature: (1) what do we mean when we say that someone lacks the interpretive resources for making sense of an experience? and (2) how do marginalized individuals develop interpretive resources? In response to (1), I argue that to lack interpretive resources is to lack conceptual skill or know how. In response to (2), I draw on resources from Gilbert Ryle and Andy Clark and provide a model of how marginalized individuals develop new conceptual skills by naming their shared experience and using it as a tool for scaffolding each other's conceptual performance. At the same time, I draw on the work of Gaile Pohlhaus and Kristie Dotson to show how these practices succeed only through the redistribution of epistemic power across differently situated social groups.
Heidegger's Conception of World and the Possibility of Great Art
Authors: White Justin F.
Published: April 2018

Influential interpretations of Heidegger's Origin of the Work of Art focus on the view that great art is massive and communal—typically structures like temples and cathedrals. This approach, however, faces two interpretive problems. First, what are we to do with artworks in the essay that clearly are not monumental or communal, such as van Gogh's Shoes? Second, how should we understand our experience of works such as the Greek temple, which once were but are no longer central in this way? Heidegger himself says that great art of the past becomes either a relic of the past or a mere object of aesthetic experience, but his description of his own experience with a Greek temple seems to contradict this. To understand Heidegger's views on art—including his explicit claims about the limited vitality of great art of the past and his unintentional case for the continued power of great art of the past—it is crucial to distinguish, first, between Heidegger's notions of world and worldhood, and, second, between two senses of what makes art great—world disclosure and world gathering. Doing so allows us to make better sense both of the essay as a whole and the potential continued vitality of great art of the past.
Young children tattle to enforce moral norms
Authors: Yucel Meltem , Vaish Amrisha
Published: April 2018

By 3 years of age, children tattle about rule violations they observe, even as unaffected bystanders. It is argued that tattling is one way in which children enforce norms and that in the long term, it helps sustain co‐operation (e.g., Vaish, Missana, & Tomasello, 2011). However, an alternative explanation could be that children are worried that the victim might blame them and so feel the need to inform the victim about who caused the harm. The present study aimed to tease these possibilities apart. Children observed a puppet either causing harm to another puppet (e.g., destroying their artwork) or no harm (e.g., destroying a different object). Importantly, the situation was constructed such that children knew they could not be blamed for the transgressions. Nonetheless, 3‐year‐old children tattled on the transgressor more when the transgressor had caused harm than no harm. Thus, young children's tattling about third‐party moral transgressions seems to be aimed at enforcing norms. An additional, exploratory goal of this study was to examine the relation between children's temperament and norm enforcement. Temperamental shyness negatively correlated with children's protesting and tattling behavior, though more research is needed to better understand the role of temperament in early norm enforcement.
A novel null allele, HLA‐DRB1*15:148N, identified in a Chinese family
Authors: Zhang Q. , Zhou Y.
Published: April 2018

A single nucleotide deletion at position 187 of HLA‐DRB1*15:01:01:01 results in a null allele, HLA‐DRB1*15:148N.
Traversing Bloom's taxonomy in an introductory scripture course
Authors: Bruehler Bart B.
Published: April 2018

Many courses in higher education rely on the hierarchical organization of Bloom's taxonomy to categorize and sequence learning. Introductory courses on scripture often emphasize remembering content and background as a basis for applying the sacred text to one's life. However, a review of the literature demonstrates little support for the widely assumed hierarchical nature of Bloom's taxonomy. Furthermore, this study examined the performance of traditional and non‐traditional students in a New Testament survey course on a comprehensive exam (a Remember task) and an application assignment (an Apply task) and found no correlation between the two. Furthermore, students struggled most with the interpretation portion of the application assignment, prompting the realization that interpreting a sacred text is a complex hermeneutical enterprise incorporating multiple levels of the taxonomy. Thus, introductory scripture courses may be better organized around the central, integrating practice of interpretation supported by needed information and application skills.
Conversation with 2017 American Academy of Religion Excellence in Teaching award winner Lynn Neal
Authors: Neal Lynn S. , Gallagher Eugene V. , Kwok Pui Lan , Pearson Thomas
Published: April 2018

This conversation between the 2017 American Academy of Religion Excellence in Teaching award winner Lynn Neal and the editors of Teaching Theology and Religion continues an occasional series of interviews that has previously featured Jonathan Z. Smith, Stephen Prothero, Mary Pierce Brosmer, Mary Elizabeth Mullino Moore, and the 2016 Teaching award winner Joanne Maguire Robinson. The exchange takes as its point of departure the AAR teaching statement that Professor Neal submitted. Topics discussed include introductory courses, active learning assignments, religious intolerance and privatization, student learning outcomes, different levels of student skills and preparation, augmenting assignments through the production of video interviews with scholars, and finding conversation partners for reflecting on teaching under the life balance stresses of the academy today.
Blood gas and serum biochemical RIs for healthy newborn Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Santana André M. , Silva Daniela G. , Clemente Virna , Pizauro Lucas J. L. , Bernardes Priscila A. , Santana Clarissa H. , Eckersall Peter D. , Fagliari José J.
Published: April 2018

Background

There is a lack of published work on RIs for newborn buffaloes. Establishing blood gas and serum biochemical RIs for newborn buffaloes is important for monitoring health.

Objectives

This study establishes blood gas and serum biochemical RIs of newborn buffaloes.

Methods

Twenty‐eight newborn buffaloes, 10–30 days old, were selected. Thirty blood biochemical variables were analyzed. The Anderson–Darling test was used to assess the normality of the distribution. The Dixon test and the Tukey test were used to identify outliers. The RI and 90% CI were determined using standard and robust methods and the Box–Cox transformation.

Results

A total of 30 RIs for healthy buffalo calves have been reported in this study. RIs for blood gas variables were reported for pH, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), saturation of O2 (SO2), bicarbonate (cHCO3−), base excess (BE), total carbon dioxide (ctCO2), and anion gap (AG). RIs for serum biochemical variables were reported for glucose (GLU), direct bilirubin (DB), total bilirubin (TB), AST, ALP, GGT, CK, LDH, creatinine (CREA), urea, cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TG), Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, iCa, Cl, iron, total protein (TP), and albumin (ALB).

Conclusions

This is the first reported study covering complete serum chemistry and blood gas RIs for healthy 1‐month‐old Murrah buffaloes.
Preparation of canine C‐reactive protein serum reference material: A feasibility study
Authors: Canalias Francesca , Piñeiro Matilde , Pato Raquel , Peña Raquel , Bosch Lluís , Soler Lourdes , García Natalia , Lampreave Fermín , Saco Yolanda , Bassols Anna
Published: April 2018

Background

The availability of a species‐specific reference material is essential for the harmonization of results obtained in different laboratories by different methods.

Objectives

We describe the preparation of a canine C‐reactive protein (cCRP) serum reference material containing purified cCRP stabilized in a serum matrix. The material can be used by manufacturers to assign values to their calibrator and control materials.

Methods

The serum matrix was obtained using blood collected from healthy dogs, stabilized and submitted for a delipidation process. The reference material was prepared by diluting purified cCRP in the serum matrix containing 1.0 mol/L HEPES buffer, 3.0 mmol/L calcium chloride, 80,000 kUI/L aprotinin, and 1.0 mmol/L benzamidine hydrochloride monohydrate at a pH of 7.2, and dispensing (0.5 mL) the matrix into vials that were then frozen.

Results

The pilot batch of 200 vials was shown to be homogeneous and stable after a stability study at various temperatures and over a total time of 110 days. The prepared material was submitted to an assignment value study. Eight laboratories from different European countries participated by using the same reagents for an immunoturbidimetric method adapted for different analyzers. The obtained cCRP concentration in the reference material was 78.5 mg/L with an expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of 4.2 mg/L.

Conclusions

Canine C‐reactive protein serum reference material has been produced that allows harmonization of results obtained by different methods and different laboratories, thus reducing the possibility of errors and misunderstandings.
A cost‐benefit analysis of restoring the ecological integrity of Jeonju stream, Korea
Authors: Kim Ju‐Hee , Kim Hyo‐Jin , Yoo Seung‐Hoon
Published: April 2018

This article aims to assess the economic benefits of restoring the ecological integrity of Jeonju stream, Korea and then conduct an ex post cost‐benefit analysis of the restoration. The benefits are measured by using the contingent valuation eliciting the local residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the restoration supposing that the restoration had not been implemented. The mean yearly WTP for the restoration is calculated to be KRW 2897 (USD 2.46) per household for the next 10 years. The costs of the restoration include the costs of restoring the ecological integrity for 2 years and maintaining it for the next 50 years. The ratio of benefit over cost, the net present value and the internal rate of return are estimated as 1.1, KRW 0.5 billion (USD 0.4 million) and 6.4%, respectively, which exceed 1.0, 0 and social discount rate of 5.5%, respectively. The results show that the restoration is socially profitable.
Daily muscle stretching enhances blood flow, endothelial function, capillarity, vascular volume and connectivity in aged skeletal muscle
Authors: Hotta Kazuki , Behnke Bradley J. , Arjmandi Bahram , Ghosh Payal , Chen Bei , Brooks Rachael , Maraj Joshua J. , Elam Marcus L. , Maher Patrick , Kurien Daniel , Churchill Alexandra , Sepulveda Jaime L. , Kabolowsky Max B. , Christou Demetra D. , Muller‐Delp Judy M.
Published: April 2018

Key points

In aged rats, daily muscle stretching increases blood flow to skeletal muscle during exercise.

Daily muscle stretching enhanced endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation of skeletal muscle resistance arterioles of aged rats.

Angiogenic markers and capillarity increased in response to daily stretching in muscles of aged rats.

Muscle stretching performed with a splint could provide a feasible means of improving muscle blood flow and function in elderly patients who cannot perform regular aerobic exercise.

Mechanical stretch stimuli alter the morphology and function of cultured endothelial cells; however, little is known about the effects of daily muscle stretching on adaptations of endothelial function and muscle blood flow. The present study aimed to determine the effects of daily muscle stretching on endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation and muscle blood flow in aged rats. The lower hindlimb muscles of aged Fischer rats were passively stretched by placing an ankle dorsiflexion splint for 30 min day–1, 5 days week–1, for 4 weeks. Blood flow to the stretched limb and the non‐stretched contralateral limb was determined at rest and during treadmill exercise. Endothelium‐dependent/independent vasodilatation was evaluated in soleus muscle arterioles. Levels of hypoxia‐induced factor‐1α, vascular endothelial growth factor A and neuronal nitric oxide synthase were determined in soleus muscle fibres. Levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and superoxide dismutase were determined in soleus muscle arterioles, and microvascular volume and capillarity were evaluated by microcomputed tomography and lectin staining, respectively. During exercise, blood flow to plantar flexor muscles was significantly higher in the stretched limb. Endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation was enhanced in arterioles from the soleus muscle from the stretched limb. Microvascular volume, number of capillaries per muscle fibre, and levels of hypoxia‐induced factor‐1α, vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase were significantly higher in the stretched limb. These results indicate that daily passive stretching of muscle enhances endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation and induces angiogenesis. These microvascular adaptations may contribute to increased muscle blood flow during exercise in muscles that have undergone daily passive stretch.
Ídolos y sacrificios, un Girard olvidado
Authors: Moreno Fernández Agustín
Published: April 2018

Más allá de los clichés y de las simplificaciones que se aplican a la obra de René Girard, este trabajo reivindica el carácter crítico, independiente y complejo de su pensamiento. Un año después de su muerte y en el 25o aniversario de su diálogo con teólogos de la liberación, volvemos nuestra atención a las memorias de este encuentro. Se trata de una muestra de la riqueza y de los matices de su pensamiento, ejemplificados en su perspectiva respecto a la Pasión, antes considerada como una narración anti-sacrificial y después revalorada como sacrificio, a pesar de lo cual Girard mantiene su propia denuncia de las lógicas del sacrificio, generadoras de víctimas de la pobreza, la exclusión y la indiferencia, de acuerdo con los teólogos del encuentro.

 
Home-Based Physical Activity Program Improves Depression and Anxiety in Older Adults
Authors: Aguiñaga Susan , Ehlers Diane K. , Salerno Elizabeth A. , Fanning Jason , Motl Robert W. , McAuley Edward
Published: April 2018

Background: Late-life depression and anxiety among older adults is an important public health concern. This study examined the effect of a DVD-delivered exercise intervention on the secondary outcomes of depression and anxiety in older adults and the extent to which physical self-worth mediated the relationship between leisure-time physical activity and depression and anxiety. Methods: Older adults (N = 307) were randomized to a 6-month flexibility, toning, and balance DVD (FlexToBa™, FTB) or healthy aging DVD control. Self-reported physical activity and questionnaires were administered at baseline and postintervention. Statistical analyses were conducted in the total sample and in a subsample of participants with elevated levels of depression or anxiety. Results: FTB participants with elevated depression and anxiety symptoms at baseline had significantly greater reductions in depression and anxiety (d = 1.66 and 2.90) than the control condition (d = 0.77 and 0.73). The effect of physical activity on depression and anxiety was partially mediated by increases in physical self-worth in the total sample but not in those with elevated depression or anxiety. Conclusion: A home-based physical activity intervention may be a viable treatment for reducing depression and anxiety in older adults with elevated baseline scores.
Stimuli-responsive and on-chip nanomembrane micro-rolls for enhanced macroscopic visual hydrogen detection
Authors: Xu Borui , Tian Ziao , Wang Jiao , Han Heetak , Lee Taeyoon , Mei Yongfeng
Published: April 2018

Palladium nanomembranes roll into microscale actuators and their active array responses upon hydrogen stimuli within seconds.
The receptor repertoire and functional profile of follicular T cells in HIV-infected lymph nodes
Authors: Wendel Ben S. , del Alcazar Daniel , He Chenfeng , Del Río-Estrada Perla M. , Aiamkitsumrit Benjamas , Ablanedo-Terrazas Yuria , Hernandez Stefany M. , Ma Ke-Yue , Betts Michael R. , Pulido Laura , Huang Jun , Gimotty Phyllis A. , Reyes-Terán Gustavo , Jiang Ning , Su Laura F.
Published: April 2018

Follicular T cells undergo clonal expansion and express an altered functional phenotype during chronic HIV infection.
Charting new horizons for
Science Immunology
Authors: Williams Ifor R.
Published: April 2018

A new Editor takes up the baton at
Science Immunology
.
The right angle on IL-2 therapy
Authors: Surolia Ira , Pillai Shiv
Published: April 2018

Engineered cytokines are able to improve immunotherapy in mouse tumor models.
High Levels of Intrinsic Tetracycline Resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus Are Conferred by a Tetracycline-Modifying Monooxygenase
Authors: Rudra Paulami , Hurst-Hess Kelley , Lappierre Pascal , Ghosh Pallavi
Published: April 2018

Tetracyclines have been one of the most successful classes of antibiotics. However, its extensive use has led to the emergence of widespread drug resistance, resulting in discontinuation of use against several bacterial infections. Prominent resistance mechanisms include drug efflux and the use of ribosome protection proteins. Infrequently, tetracyclines can be inactivated by the TetX class of enzymes, also referred to as tetracycline destructases. Low levels of tolerance to tetracycline in
Mycobacterium smegmatis
and
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
have been previously attributed to the WhiB7-dependent TetV/Tap efflux pump. However,
Mycobacterium abscessus
is ∼500-fold more resistant to tetracycline than
M. smegmatis
and
M. tuberculosis
. In this report, we show that this high level of resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline in
M. abscessus
is conferred by a WhiB7-independent tetracycline-inactivating monooxygenase, MabTetX (MAB_1496c). The presence of sublethal doses of tetracycline and doxycycline results in a >200-fold induction of MabTetX, and an isogenic deletion strain is highly sensitive to both antibiotics. Further, purified MabTetX can rapidly monooxygenate both antibiotics. We also demonstrate that expression of MabTetX is repressed by MabTetR
x
, by binding to an inverted repeat sequence upstream of MabTetR
x
; the presence of either antibiotic relieves this repression. Moreover, anhydrotetracycline (ATc) can effectively inhibit MabTetX activity
in vitro
and decreases the MICs of both tetracycline and doxycycline
in vivo
. Finally, we show that tigecycline, a glycylcycline tetracycline, not only is a poor substrate of MabTetX but also is incapable of inducing the expression of MabTetX. This is therefore the first demonstration of a tetracycline-inactivating enzyme in mycobacteria. It (i) elucidates the mechanism of tetracycline resistance in
M. abscessus
, (ii) demonstrates the use of an inhibitor that can potentially reclaim the use of tetracycline and doxycycline, and (iii) identifies two sequential bottlenecks—MabTetX and MabTetR
x
—for acquiring resistance to tigecycline, thereby reiterating its use against
M. abscessus
.