bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Features of serum complement C3 and C4 levels in autoimmune hemolytic anemia patients
Authors: Wang Zhao , Bo Lijin , Xu Yan , Liu Huijuan , Zhao Yuping
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Abnormally activated complement system induces erythrolysis in a part of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) patients. However, the alterations in serum complement levels in these patients are seldom reported. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the serum complement features of AIHA patients according to different clinical and laboratory characteristics and to find relationships between complement levels and hemolysis‐associated laboratory indexes.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 146 AIHA patients was performed, and serum complement C3 and C4 levels were compared between control subjects and AIHA patients with different subtypes. Correlations of serum C3/C4 levels with titers of cold agglutinin test (CAT), direct antiglobulin test (DAT), and serological indexes were assessed. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between serum complement levels and other laboratory indexes.

Results

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia patients showed reduced serum C3 levels, while serum C4 levels tended to be lower in DAT‐positive AIHA patients but not in DAT‐negative AIHA patients. Patients with warm AIHA secondary to connective tissue diseases and cold agglutinin disease/cold agglutinin syndrome had the lowest serum C3/C4 levels. Serum C4 levels were negatively correlated with CAT (P = .004) and DAT (anti‐C3d) (P = .007) titers. In patients with positive CAT and/or DAT (anti‐C3d) but negative DAT (anti‐IgG), serum C3/C4 levels were negatively correlated with indirect bilirubin (P = .017 and =.026, respectively).

Conclusion

The study findings may be helpful in not only unraveling the mechanism underlying hemolysis in AIHA but also diagnosing AIHA and selecting targeted treatment strategies.
Does the Long‐Contested Question of Orthodox Ecumenism Remain Open after Crete?
Authors: Cohen Will
Published: January 2021

The article explores whether the Orthodox Council of Crete (2016) resolved longstanding tensions within Orthodoxy over ecumenism. The article first attempts to pinpoint the substance of the disagreement. The anti‐ecumenist position, the article claims, rests on a dogmatic belief that a communion formally separated from the Orthodox Church can only continue to lose grace and the ecclesial gifts of the Spirit, while ecumenists hold that another communion might recover or increase in such gifts even prior to formal reunification with Orthodoxy. The article then explores the much‐disputed use of the word ‘church’ for other Christian communions in the document ‘Relations of the Orthodox Church with the Rest of the Christian World’. If it is true, as many on both sides of the controversy have suggested, that the Council formally affirmed the pro‐ecumenist position, does this make anti‐ecumenism a no longer viable Orthodox stance? This depends on the Council’s status, a further contested matter on which the article concludes with some tentative reflections.
Father, Mother, Brother, Sister: Primacy and Familial Language
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward
Published: January 2021

From its inception Christianity has employed familial language to help believers frame their relationships, first to God, who was their common ‘Father’, and to one another. In the early church this was also true of bishops, and especially to the Patriarchs of Rome and Constantinople, where one is struck by the frequent use of fraternal language in order to establish their respective positions within the church. However, by the medieval period a shift took place whereby Rome began to reference itself not as the ‘brother’ or ‘sister’ of other churches but as ‘mother’ and ‘father’. Calls to reunion were thus increasingly framed in terms of filial obedience, with the return of the prodigal son becoming the West’s chief paradigm for understanding reunion. This continued for centuries, until the mid‐twentieth century, when Rome once again began to employ fraternal language in its dealings with the Orthodox.
The Category of ‘Ethical Apophaticism’ in Modern Orthodox Theology
Authors: Torrance Alexis
Published: January 2021

This article begins by summarizing the concept of ethical apophaticism in the theology of John Zizioulas and Christos Yannaras. The impetus for this concept, namely a desire to maintain the irreducibility of the human person to extrinsic ethical categories, is noted and celebrated. However, it is proposed that to do fuller justice to the understanding of the ethical and moral life in the Orthodox tradition, a certain ‘ethical cataphaticsm’ needs to be brought into the discussion. Some potential lineaments of what this might entail for these authors are highlighted (repentance and love) before seeking to supplement them with a discussion of the commandments of Christ through the lens of the theology of Sophrony Sakharov. It is argued that Christ’s commandments provide the sure path to developing an ethical cataphaticism that can work in tandem with the insights of the category of ethical apophaticism offered by Zizioulas and Yannaras.
Initialization of Hidden Markov and Semi‐Markov Models: A Critical Evaluation of Several Strategies
Authors: Maruotti Antonello , Punzo Antonio
Published: January 2021

The expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm is a familiar tool for computing the maximum likelihood estimate of the parameters in hidden Markov and semi‐Markov models. This paper carries out a detailed study on the influence that the initial values of the parameters impose on the results produced by the algorithm. We compare random starts and partitional and model‐based strategies for choosing the initial values for the EM algorithm in the case of multivariate Gaussian emission distributions (EDs) and assess the performance of each strategy with different assessment criteria. Several data generation settings are considered with varying number of latent states, of variables as well as of the level of fuzziness in the data, and discussion on how each factor influences the obtained results is provided. Simulation results show that different initialization strategies may lead to different log‐likelihood values and, accordingly, to different estimated partitions. A clear indication of which strategies should be preferred is given. We further include two real‐data examples, widely analysed in the hidden semi‐Markov model literature.
Efficacy of 0.1% cyclosporine eye drops in Sjögren syndrome dry eye
Authors: Kim Seonjoo , Sook Hwang You , Hyang Chung So
Published: January 2021

Purpose

To investigate the efficacy of the 0.1% cycloporin A (Ikervis®) are compared with those of the conventional 0.1% cycloporin A emulsion (Restasis®) in primary Sjögren syndrome dry eye.

Methods

This study included 50 eyes of 25 patients diagnosed with primary SS. Patients had been using 0.05% cyclosporin eye drops (Restasis®) administered twice daily for more than 6 months with artificial tears and their ocular surface stain scoring was more than 3 by SICCA (풀어서 써 주세요) grading. The patients were instructed to change 0.05% cyclosporin A emulsion (Restasis®) twice into 0.1% cycloporin A (Ikervis®) once a day with maintenance of same artificial tears. The changes from baseline in dry eye parameters including tear breakup time (BUT), Schirmer I value, corneal staining score, and conjunctival staining score by The Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) at 3 months were evaluated.

Results

Patients were all women and mean age were 53.4 ± 10.1 years. At 3 months, BUT was improved from 3.81 to 4.10 seconds with no significant difference (p = 0.41). Schirmer I value and OSDI did not significantly change from baseline. Corneal and conjunctival staining scores were significantly improved after change of Restasis® into Ikervis® in SS dry eyes (p = 0.001 and p = 0.022, respectively).

Conclusions

Treatment with 0.1% cyclosporine Ikervis® might be more effective to alleviate ocular surface staining scores than 0.05% cyclosporine Restasis® in primary SS dry eye. Further study with longer treatment would be needed.
Fundus image quality assessment for an eye model with cataract using adapted illumination patterns
Authors: Link Dietmar , Klee Sascha
Published: January 2021

Purpose

In recent years, different methods have been developed to improve fundus image quality in eyes with cataract. For stray light reduction, we have introduced a segmented LED light source. To analyze the effect of different illumination patterns at different cataract characteristics, we developed an optical cataract eye model. Accordingly, we performed fundus imaging using a fundus camera equipped with a LED light source controlled by a Raspberry Pi.

Methods

A customized 24‐fold segmented LED light source was connected to a fundus camera. The eye model consists of a plano‐convex lens, a cover glass, and a test chart with five black‐white test fields. The pupil diameter was set to 7 mm. To test the influence of variable illumination patterns, four different cortical cataract patterns were produced by sand blasting the cover glasses. Three spoke‐like (1Spoke, 4S, 7S) patterns and one crescent‐shaped/CS pattern were realized. To analyze the effect of adapted illumination conditions, the gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix (GLCM) contrasts were calculated. At that, one image was taken at standard annular illumination (all LEDs on) as baseline followed by seven defined adapted configurations, for each type of cataract.

Results

For the four types of cataracts, the baseline GLCM contrast values were 0.21 (1S), 0.18 (4S), 0.17 (7S), and 0.22 (CS). In each cataract type, the best‐fitting illumination pattern resulted in 0.23 (1S), 0.29 (4S), 0.22 (7S), and 0.23 (CS). Compared to the baseline values, the increases of the GLCM contrasts were 9.5% (1S), 61% (4S), 29% (7S), and 4.5% (CS).

Conclusions

We successfully performed structured LED illumination for different cortical cataract types using an optical eye model. An improvement of fundus image quality could be determined in all investigated cases using the gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix contrast.
c.‐61G>A in OVOL2 is a pathogenic variant in posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 1—a case report
Authors: Janeschitz‐Kriegl Lucas , Rivolta Carlo , György Bence , Quinodoz Mathieu , Meyer Peter , Wild Andreas , Escher Pascal , Scholl Hendrik , Goldblum David
Published: January 2021

Purpose

To investigate the clinical and genetic features of a man and his daughter with Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 1 (PPCD1), referred to our clinic for Descemet's Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK). No other known relatives were affected, including the index patient's spouse and their son.

Methods

Clinical examination was performed by best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) testing, slit‐lamp examination (SLE), anterior‐segment optical coherency tomography (OCT) and specular microscopy. Histologic testing and electron microscopy were done. Genetic testing was carried out by means of Whole‐Exome Sequencing (WES), and variant analysis was achieved by an internal in silico pipeline.

Results

Slowly progressive blurred vision was reported from childhood by the daughter. The father's symptoms started approximately ten years prior to consultation. BCVA was 0.2 in both eyes in the father and 0.2/0.4 in the right/left eye in the daughter. SLE in both patients revealed bilateral corneal clouding with focal grey endothelial spots. Corneal edema with Descemet's folds was present. DMEK was performed uneventfully. Histology and electron microscopy showed layered Descemet's membrane and pleomorphic endothelial cells with vacuoles but no microvilli. Genetic analysis revealed the c. ‐61G>A variant in the 5′UTR region of the OVOL2 gene heterozygously, in both patients. This change was not present in the unaffected members of the family.

Conclusions

PPCD1 has been linked to mutations in the promoter and the 5′UTR region of OVOL2. The NM_021220.4:c.‐61G>A DNA change was previously reported as a variant of unknown pathogenicity, despite having been identified in another patient with PPCD1. Based on perfect familial co‐segregation, complete absence of this change in all public databases of normal controls, and its identification in two additional individuals with PPCD1, we conclude that c.‐61G>A is a truly pathogenic mutation for this condition.
Macular capillary perfusion density and macular vessel density in open‐angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: a quantitative study using optical coherence tomography angiography
Authors: Schilt‐Catafal Maria del Mar , Pérez‐Torregrosa Vicente T. , Duch‐Samper Antonio M.
Published: January 2021

Purpose

To investigate macular vascular changes in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension, and to correlate these vascular parameters with structural and functional outcomes.

Methods

A prospective observational study was performed with 46 open‐angle glaucoma eyes (GE), 35 ocular hypertension eyes (OHE) and 47 gender‐ and age‐matched control eyes (CE). Visual field tests were performed with the Humphrey Field Analyzer 3. Angioplex HD‐OCT Cirrus 5000 was used to capture the macular region using a 6 × 6 mm scan. Macular Capillary Perfusion Density (MPD) and Macular Vessel Density (MVD) were automatically quantified by the owner’s microangiography‐complex algorithm. The statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal‐Wallis Test, Bonferroni Post Hoc analysis and Spearman rank correlation.

Results

MPD and MVD in GE were lower than those in OHE and CE (−37.32% and −37.09%), and the superior and inferior sectors were the most affected. In OHE, MPD and MVD were also lower when compared with CE (p < 0.001 for all pairwise comparisons). However, the FAZ was not significantly different between groups (p = 0.054). Regression analysis showed that MVD was moderately correlated with ganglion cell layer (r = +0.424), visual field mean deviation (r = +0.447) and retinal nerve fiber layer (r = +0.468). MPD had similar correlations (r = +0.431; +0.443 and +0.470, respectively). Superior and nasal sectors were the most correlated (p < 0.001 for all).

Conclusions

Data showed that in GE, vascular changes took place in the macular area, concretely MPD and MVD measurements were similarly reduced. This finding was not previously described and suggests that the vascular damage of the macular area may occur concurrently among large vessels and smaller capillaries. OHE measurements were also lower compared with CE, and this suggests that, at initial phases of the disease, vascular abnormalities may occur before structural damage can be detected. As MPD and MVD showed to be correlated with traditional glaucoma parameters, OCTA may be useful in the future to monitor glaucoma patients. Nevertheless, further research with larger population is needed to obtain stronger results.
How the tophic problems and the rubbing eye behavior may aggravate the presence of keratoconus in trisomy 21
Authors: Friesacher Anna , Parsa Cameron , Beuschel Ralf , Valmaggia Christophe , Todorova Margarita
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Down syndrome is a congenital anomaly caused by non‐dislocation of chromosome 21. Ocular features in trisomy 21 patients, such as changes in corneal collagen composition as well as thinning predisposing to keratoconus are well appreciated. We present a case of unilateral acute corneal hydrops in a young adult with trisomy 21, and the management to prevent corneal perforation yielding a successful visual outcome.

Method

A 20‐year‐old man presented in our emergency department due to sudden visual loss and severe left ocular pain. Visual acuity was 20/200 in the right eye, and finger counting in the left. Anterior segment examination revealed pigmented endothelial cells and endothelial cell count reduced to 2583 CD/mm2 in the right eye, as well as a very large central corneal leukoma and corneal ectasia in the right eye. Corneal topography confirmed the presence of an acute corneal hydrops in the left eye as well as milder keratoconus in the right.

Results

Apart from topical steroid drops, oral acetazolamide and timolol drops were used to reduce the intraocular pressure on a decompensated cornea with reduced endothelial cell count. Penetrating keratoplasty was eventually necessary. Due to intolerance and insufficient patient ability to use form‐stable contact lenses, a cross‐linking procedure was performed to stabilize the right eye. Both surgeries lead to best‐corrected acuity of 20/50 OU without a need for additional contact lens correction. Surface issues related to trisomy 21 were addressed using topical lubricants.

Conclusion

In the presented case, preexisting keratoconus, worsened by frequent eye rubbing of abnormal collagen composition corneas, permits transmission of mechanical forces to thinner exposed tissue, leading to acute hydrops. The extensive corneal tissue damage that occurred with stromal scarring left necessitates keratoplasty to successfully restore vision. This case highlights the need for preventive ophthalmic examinations in patients of trisomy 21 to rule out the presence of keratoconus. The timely application of lubricants, as well as anti‐histamines and mast cell stabilizers could reduce the eye rubbing behavior that aggravates corneal anomalies in such mentally handicapped individuals. This may reduce progression and eventual need for surgical interventions.
Pleistocene climatic fluctuations promoted alternative evolutionary histories in Phytelephas aequatorialis, an endemic palm from western Ecuador
Authors: Escobar Sebastián , Helmstetter Andrew J. , Jarvie Scott , Montúfar Rommel , Balslev Henrik , Couvreur Thomas L.P.
Published: January 2021

Aim

Pleistocene (2.58 Ma–11.7 ka) climatic fluctuations have shaped intraspecific genetic patterns worldwide; however, their impact on species in many regions remains unknown. In order to determine the impact of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on the tropical rain forests of western Ecuador, we explored the evolutionary history of the endemic palm Phytelephas aequatorialis.

Location

Western Ecuador, north‐western South America.

Taxon

Phytelephas aequatorialis (Arecaceae).

Methods

One hundred and seventy‐six nuclear genes were sequenced in 91 individuals for phylogenomic and population structure analyses. The time of divergence between identified genetic lineages was estimated using a coalescent phylogenomic analysis. Palaeoecological niche modelling analyses were performed to determine areas of historical climatic suitability since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 22 ka) that potentially acted as forest refugia during the Pleistocene. A Wilcoxon test and Pearson correlations were used to explore how current levels of genetic diversity, in terms of expected heterozygosity (Hs), have been shaped by several palaeoclimatic and geographic factors.

Results

Phylogenomic and population structure analyses revealed two main genetic lineages with a north–south distribution, which diverged 1.14 Ma during the Pleistocene. Two potential Pleistocene refugia were identified, one along the Pacific coast of Ecuador and one in the Andean foothills of south‐western Ecuador. The location of these refugia agrees with the spatial location of the two genetic lineages. Within the Andean foothills, Hs was lower for the southern lineage than for the northern lineage. Hs significantly increased with decreasing latitude across the species as a whole.

Main conclusions

Pleistocene climatic fluctuations promoted intraspecific divergence in P. aequatorialis within the rain forests of western Ecuador. The Andean foothills of south‐western Ecuador could be an important area for rain forest evolution because they potentially remained climatically suitable throughout the Pleistocene. Lower genetic diversity in the southern lineage, which apparently remained isolated in the Andean foothills during glacial cycles, adds evidence to the presence of a forest refugium in south‐western Ecuador. The geographic pattern in genetic diversity suggests that P. aequatorialis colonized western Ecuador from the north. This study supports the role of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations in promoting intraspecific divergence, and for the first time, we show their impact west of the Andes.
Insulin resistance is independently associated with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Liu Yingshan , Peng Yu , Jin Jing , Chen Yanshan , Chen Chuna , Chen Zhenguo , Huang Haishan , Xu Lingling
Published: January 2021

Aims/Introduction

Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (DCAN) seriously threatens the prognosis and quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, associated with increased mortality. The present study aimed to investigate the relevant risk factors of DCAN.

Materials and Methods

The present study enrolled a total of 109 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. DCAN was defined as a score of at least 2 points in Ewing tests. The updated homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2‐IR) based on fasting C‐peptide was calculated to reflect insulin resistance. Logistic regression analysis, interaction and stratified analyses were used to investigate the relationship between HOMA2‐IR or other indicators and DCAN. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was carried out to estimate the discriminative value of the variables independently associated with DCAN and to determine the optimal cut‐off point of these models to screen DCAN.

Results

The HOMA2‐IR levels were significantly higher in patients with DCAN, and tended to be worsened with the progression of the DCAN. Logistic regression analysis showed an independent association between HOMA2‐IR (odds ratio 39.30, 95% confidence interval 7.17–215.47) and DCAN. HOMA2‐IR (area under the curve 0.878, 95% confidence interval 0.810–0.946; cut‐off value 1.735) individually predicted DCAN significantly higher than the other independent risk factors individually used, whereas models combining HOMA2‐IR and other risk factors did not significantly boost the diagnostic power.

Conclusions

Insulin resistance is independently associated with DCAN. HOMA2‐IR presents to be a highly accurate and parsimonious indicator for DCAN screening. Patients with HOMA2‐IR >1.735 are at a high risk of DCAN; thus, priority diagnostic tests should be carried out for these patients for timely integrated intervention.
AN OVERVIEW OF DYNAMIC MODEL AVERAGING TECHNIQUES IN TIME‐SERIES ECONOMETRICS
Authors: Nonejad Nima
Published: January 2021

Dynamic model averaging (DMA) has become a widely used estimation technique in macroeconomic applications. Since its introduction in econom(etr)ics by Gary Koop and Dimitris Korobilis in 2009, applications of DMA have increased in unimaginable ways. Besides applying the original (univariate) framework suggested by Koop and Korobilis on the data of interest, for example, the inflation rate of the country of choice or return on the rate of equity, practitioners have been able to use DMA‐based techniques to extend current models, thereby further improving out‐of‐sample forecast accuracy, overcome computational bottlenecks, and even help improve our understanding of economic phenomena by introducing new models. These include using Google search data in combination with the predictive likelihood to govern switching between different predictive regressions in the model set or specifying large time‐varying parameter vector autoregressions that can be estimated without resorting to simulation‐based techniques. This study provides an overview of DMA techniques and the ways in which they have evolved since the contribution of Koop and Korobilis.
Telomere length is heritable and genetically correlated with lifespan in a wild bird
Authors: Vedder Oscar , Moiron Maria , Bichet Coraline , Bauch Christina , Verhulst Simon , Becker Peter H. , Bouwhuis Sandra
Published: January 2021

Telomeres are protective caps at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes that shorten with age and in response to stressful or resource‐demanding conditions. Their length predicts individual health and lifespan across a wide range of animals, but whether the observed positive association between telomere length and lifespan is environmentally induced, or set at conception due to a shared genetic basis, has not been tested in wild animals. We applied quantitative genetic “animal models” to longitudinal telomere measurements collected over a 10‐year period from individuals of a wild seabird (common tern; Sterna hirundo) with known pedigree. We found no variation in telomere shortening with age among individuals at the phenotypic and genetic level, and only a small permanent environmental effect on adult telomere length. Instead, we found telomere length to be highly heritable and strongly positively genetically correlated with lifespan. Such heritable differences between individuals that are set at conception may present a hitherto underappreciated component of variation in somatic state.
Genetic relatedness in social groups of the emerald coral goby Paragobiodon xanthosoma creates potential for weak kin selection
Authors: Rueger Theresa , Buston Peter M. , Bogdanowicz Steven M. , Wong Marian Y.
Published: January 2021

Animals forming social groups that include breeders and nonbreeders present evolutionary paradoxes; why do breeders tolerate nonbreeders? And why do nonbreeders tolerate their situation? Both paradoxes are often explained with kin selection. Kin selection is, however, assumed to play little or no role in social group formation of marine organisms with dispersive larval phases. Yet, in some marine organisms, recent evidence suggests small‐scale patterns of relatedness, meaning that this assumption must always be tested. Here, we investigated the genetic relatedness of social groups of the emerald coral goby, Paragobiodon xanthosoma. We genotyped 73 individuals from 16 groups in Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea, at 20 microsatellite loci and estimated pairwise relatedness among all individuals. We found that estimated pairwise relatedness among individuals within groups was significantly higher than the pairwise relatedness among individuals from the same reef, and pairwise relatedness among individuals from the same reef was significantly higher than the pairwise relatedness among individuals from different reefs. This spatial signature suggests that there may be very limited dispersal in this species. The slightly positive relatedness within groups creates the potential for weak kin selection, which may help to resolve the paradox of why breeders tolerate subordinates in P. xanthosoma. The other paradox, why nonbreeders tolerate their situation, is better explained by alternative hypotheses such as territory inheritance, and ecological and social constraints. We show that even in marine animals with dispersive larval phases, kin selection needs to be considered to explain the evolution of complex social groups.
Silencing the alarm: an insect salivary enzyme closes plant stomata and inhibits volatile release
Authors: Lin Po‐An , Chen Yintong , Chaverra‐Rodriguez Duverney , Heu Chan Chin , Zainuddin Nursyafiqi Bin , Sidhu Jagdeep Singh , Peiffer Michelle , Tan Ching‐Wen , Helms Anjel , Kim Donghun , Ali Jared , Rasgon Jason L. , Lynch Jonathan , Anderson Charles T. , Felton Gary W.
Published: January 2021

Herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are widely recognized as an ecologically important defensive response of plants against herbivory. Although the induction of this ‘cry for help’ has been well documented, only a few studies have investigated the inhibition of HIPVs by herbivores and little is known about whether herbivores have evolved mechanisms to inhibit the release of HIPVs.

To examine the role of herbivore effectors in modulating HIPVs and stomatal dynamics, we conducted series of experiments combining pharmacological, surgical, genetic (CRISPR‐Cas9) and chemical (GC‐MS analysis) approaches.

We show that the salivary enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOX), secreted by the caterpillarHelicoverpa zeaon leaves, causes stomatal closure in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) within 5 min, and in both tomato and soybean (Glycine max) for at least 48 h. GOX also inhibits the emission of several HIPVs during feeding byH. zea, including (Z)‐3‐hexenol, (Z)‐jasmone and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate, which are important airborne signals in plant defenses.

Our findings highlight a potential adaptive strategy where an insect herbivore inhibits plant airborne defenses during feeding by exploiting the association between stomatal dynamics and HIPV emission.
A meta‐review of systematic reviews of lifestyle interventions for reducing gestational weight gain in women with overweight or obesity
Authors: Fair Frankie , Soltani Hora
Published: January 2021

Women with overweight or obesity are twice as likely to gain excessive gestational weight than women of normal weight. Identifying effective interventions to support this group achieve healthy gestational weight gain is important. An overview of systematic reviews regarding the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions on gestational weight gain in women with overweight or obesity was undertaken, including searching eight electronic databases. Quality of included reviews was assessed by two independent researchers. A narrative data synthesis was undertaken, with subgroup and sensitivity analyses by type of intervention and quality of the included reviews. A total of 15 systematic reviews were included within this meta‐review. A small reduction in gestational weight gain of between 0.3 and 2.4 kg was noted with lifestyle interventions compared with standard care. There was some evidence that dietary only or physical activity only interventions may reduce the odds of gestational diabetes. No differences were noted in the odds of other maternal or infant health outcomes. Although lifestyle interventions appeared to decrease gestational weight gain, current evidence does not show a clear benefit on maternal and infant outcomes from the small nature of the reduction in gestational weight gain produced by lifestyle interventions in women with overweight or obesity.
Association between the serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1 concentration in the first trimester of pregnancy and postpartum depression
Authors: Adachi Sho , Tokuda Narumi , Kobayashi Yoshiko , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Sawai Hideaki , Shibahara Hiroaki , Takeshima Yasuhiro , Shima Masayuki ,   the Japan Environment and Children's Study Group
Published: January 2021

Aim

Patients with major depression present with an increased serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) concentration. However, the longitudinal relationship between serum IGF‐1 levels and depression development remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between the serum IGF‐1 concentration in the first trimester of pregnancy and postpartum depression development using data obtained from the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS).

Methods

The JECS included 97 415 pregnant women; among them, 8791 were enrolled in this study. Data regarding depression in the first trimester, postpartum depression development at 1 month after childbirth, and other covariates were collected using a self‐administered questionnaire. Serum IGF‐1 levels were measured in the first trimester of pregnancy. The participants were divided into four groups according to the serum IGF‐1 level.

Results

In the first trimester, serum IGF‐1 levels were not significantly associated with psychological distress in pregnant women. In the longitudinal analyses, however, postpartum depression development in mothers within the highest quartile for serum IGF‐1 concentration in the first trimester was significantly less common than in those within the lowest quartile (odds ratio 0.48, 95% confidence interval 0.30–0.79).

Conclusion

Pregnant women with a high serum IGF‐1 concentration in the first trimester were less likely to develop postpartum depression than those with a low concentration. A high serum IGF‐1 concentration during pregnancy may help to protect against postpartum depression development.
Relationship between placental weight and late‐onset circulatory collapse
Authors: Nakamura Chizuko , Miyosawa Yukihide , Motoki Noriko , Yanagisawa Toshimitsu , Hirabayashi Kanae , Ishida Takefumi , Nakazawa Yozo , Nakamura Tomohiko
Published: January 2021

Background

Late‐onset circulatory collapse (LCC) is a serious complication in preterm infants and is increasing in Japan. The underlying pathophysiology is thought to be relative adrenal insufficiency and it is more likely to develop at a young gestational age (GA) and in low birthweight (BW) infants. BW to placental weight ratio (BPR) is an index of pregnancy outcomes and early neonatal morbidity. We aimed to analyze the relationship between LCC and potential predicting factors including BPR.

Methods

This retrospective study included 261 singletons born before 32 weeks of gestation between 2007 and 2017. Perinatal data, including the placental weight and BPR, were collected from medical records and were assessed for their relationship with LCC. Propensity score analysis was performed and matched factors were GA and BW.

Results

Sixty‐seven infants (25.7%) had LCC (median GA 27.4 weeks). GA and BW differed significantly between the LCC and non‐LCC groups (P < 0.001, respectively). The placental weight and BPR of the LCC group were significantly lower than those of the non‐LCC group, while Z‐score of BPR did not differ significantly between the groups. After propensity score matching, there was a significant difference in the incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grades III–IV; P = 0.042), but no differences in BPR and Z‐score of BPR between the groups.

Conclusion

In the propensity score analysis matched for GA and BW, there was no significant difference in perinatal factors including BPR between the LCC and non‐LCC groups, except for incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage.
Self‐rated physical fitness and measured cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and body composition
Authors: Petersen Christina B. , Eriksen Louise , Dahl‐Petersen Inger K. , Aadahl Mette , Tolstrup Janne S.
Published: January 2021

The purpose was to examine the correlation and association between a single‐item question of self‐rated physical fitness and objective measures of fitness and cardiometabolic risk factors in a large population‐based study. Participants were 3441 men and women aged 18‐85 years who filled in a questionnaire and participated in a clinical health examination in the Danish Health Examination Survey 2007‐2008. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated by an indirect maximal exercise test. Muscle strength was measured by (a) sit‐to‐stand test, (b) handgrip strength, and (c) bent arm strength. Body mass index and fat percentage were used as measures for body composition. Associations were derived from regression analyses, correlations were calculated using Spearman's correlation test, and agreement was tested by kappa statistics. Within categories of self‐rated physical fitness moving from lowest to highest, objectively measured cardiorespiratory fitness increased. Self‐rated physical fitness was strongly correlated to cardiorespiratory fitness (rmen = 0.69 and rwomen = 0.65) and moderately correlated to the sit‐to‐stand test (rmen = 0.49 and rwomen = 0.48), bent arm strength (r = 0.45) and fat percentage (r = 0.46) among men, and handgrip strength among women (r =0.41). Mutually adjusted analysis showed a significant association between self‐reported physical fitness and cardiorespiratory fitness for men and women and bent arm strength for women. The single‐item question of physical fitness was correlated to cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and body composition. However, this study suggests that it mainly captures cardiorespiratory fitness. At the population level, the single‐item question could be a useful tool to identify and monitor variation in fitness levels.
Estimation of planning organ at risk volumes for ocular structures in dogs undergoing three‐dimensional image‐guided periocular radiotherapy with rigid bite block immobilization
Authors: Wolf Friederike , Rohrer Bley Carla , Besserer Jürgen , Meier Valeria
Published: January 2021

Planning organ at risk volume (PRV) estimates have been reported as methods for sparing organs at risk (OARs) during radiation therapy, especially for hypofractioned and/or dose‐escalated protocols. The objectives of this retrospective, analytical, observational study were to evaluate peri‐ocular OAR shifts and derive PRVs in a sample of dogs undergoing radiation therapy for periocular tumors. Inclusion criteria were as follows: dogs irradiated for periocular tumors, with 3D‐image‐guidance and at least four cone‐beam CTs (CBCTs) used for position verification, and positioning in a rigid bite block immobilization device. Peri‐ocular OARs were contoured on each CBCT and the systematic and random error of the shifts in relation to the planning CT position computed. The formula 1.3×Σ+0.5xσ was used to generate a PRV of each OAR in the dorsoventral, mediolateral, and craniocaudal axis. A total of 30 dogs were sampled, with 450 OARs contoured, and 2145 shifts assessed. The PRV expansion was qualitatively different for each organ (1‐4 mm for the dorsoventral and 1‐2 mm for the mediolateral and craniocaudal axes). Maximal PRV expansion was ≤4 mm and directional for the majority; most pronounced for corneas and retinas. Findings from the current study may help improve awareness of and minimization of radiation dose in peri‐ocular OARs for future canine patients. Because some OARs were difficult to visualize on CBCTs and/ or to delineate on the planning CT, authors recommend that PRV estimates be institution‐specific and applied with caution.
The Role of New Posaconazole Formulations in the Treatment of Candida albicans Infections: Data from an
In Vitro
Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model
Authors: Beredaki Maria-Ioanna , Arendrup Maiken Cavling , Andes David , Mouton Johan W. , Meletiadis Joseph
Published: January 2021

Posaconazole is more active than fluconazole against
Candida albicans
in vitro
and is approved for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis but not for that of invasive candidiasis (IC). Here, we explored the efficacy of posaconazole against
C. albicans
in an
in vitro
pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of IC and determined the probability of pharmacodynamic target attainment for the oral solution and intravenous (i.v.)/tablet formulations.
Adaptive Processes Change as Multiple Functions Evolve
Authors: Mira Portia M. , Østman Bjørn , Guzman-Cole Candace , Sindi Suzanne , Barlow Miriam
Published: January 2021

Epistasis influences the gene-environment interactions that shape bacterial fitness through antibiotic exposure, which can ultimately affect the availability of certain resistance phenotypes to bacteria. The substitutions present within
bla
TEM-50
confer both cephalosporin and β-lactamase inhibitor resistance.
Signal Synthase-Type versus Catabolic Monooxygenases: Retracing 3-Hydroxylation of 2-Alkylquinolones and Their
N
-Oxides by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Other Pulmonary Pathogens
Authors: Ritzmann Niklas H. , Drees Steffen L. , Fetzner Susanne
Published: January 2021

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Staphylococcus aureus
, and
Mycobacteroides abscessus
are major players in bacterial chronic infections and particularly common colonizers of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung tissue. Whereas
S. aureus
is an early onset pathogen in CF,
P. aeruginosa
establishes at later stages.
M. abscessus
occurs at all stages but has a lower epidemiological incidence.
Pyoverdines Are Essential for the Antibacterial Activity of Pseudomonas chlororaphis YL-1 under Low-Iron Conditions
Authors: Liu Youzhou , Dai Chen , Zhou Yaqiu , Qiao Junqing , Tang Bao , Yu Wenjie , Zhang Rongshen , Liu Yongfeng , Lu Shi-En
Published: January 2021

The results demonstrated that PVDs are essential for the broad-spectrum antibacterial activities of strain YL-1 against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria under low-iron conditions. Our findings also highlight the effect of exogenous iron on the production of PVD and the importance of this bacterial product in bacterial interactions. As a biocontrol agent, PVDs can directly inhibit the proliferation of the tested bacteria in addition to participating in iron competition.
RanDeL-Seq: a High-Throughput Method to Map Viral
cis
- and
trans
-Acting Elements
Authors: Notton Timothy , Glazier Joshua J. , Saykally Victoria R. , Thompson Cassandra E. , Weinberger Leor S.
Published: January 2021

Recent studies have renewed interest in developing novel antiviral therapeutics and vaccines based on defective interfering particles (DIPs)—a subset of viral deletion mutants that conditionally replicate. Identifying and engineering DIPs require that viral
cis
- and
trans
-acting elements be accurately mapped.
Metabolic Exchange and Energetic Coupling between Nutritionally Stressed Bacterial Species: Role of Quorum-Sensing Molecules
Authors: Ranava David , Backes Cassandra , Karthikeyan Ganesan , Ouari Olivier , Soric Audrey , Guiral Marianne , Cárdenas María Luz , Giudici-Orticoni Marie Thérèse
Published: January 2021

Bacteria have usually been studied in single culture in rich media or under specific starvation conditions. However, in nature they coexist with other microorganisms and build an advanced society.
Antibiotic-Selected Gene Amplification Heightens Metal Resistance
Authors: Hufnagel David A. , Choby Jacob E. , Hao Samantha , Johnson Anders F. , Burd Eileen M. , Langelier Charles , Weiss David S.
Published: January 2021

To inhibit bacterial transmission and infection, health care facilities use bactericidal metal coatings to prevent colonization of surfaces and implanted devices. In these environments, antibiotics are commonly used, but their effect on metal resistance is unclear.
Development of DNA Vaccine Targeting E6 and E7 Proteins of Human Papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) and HPV18 for Immunotherapy in Combination with Recombinant Vaccinia Boost and PD-1 Antibody
Authors: Peng Shiwen , Ferrall Louise , Gaillard Stephanie , Wang Chenguang , Chi Wei-Yu , Huang Chuan-Hsiang , Roden Richard B. S. , Wu T.-C. , Chang Yung-Nien , Hung Chien-Fu
Published: January 2021

Persistent expression of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 is an obligate driver for several human malignancies, including cervical cancer, wherein HPV16 and HPV18 are the most common types. PD-1 antibody immunotherapy helps a subset of cervical cancer patients, and its efficacy might be improved by combination with active vaccination against E6 and/or E7.
Microbiome Search Engine 2: a Platform for Taxonomic and Functional Search of Global Microbiomes on the Whole-Microbiome Level
Authors: Jing Gongchao , Liu Lu , Wang Zengbin , Zhang Yufeng , Qian Li , Gao Chunxiao , Zhang Meng , Li Min , Zhang Zhenkun , Liu Xiaohan , Xu Jian , Su Xiaoquan
Published: January 2021

A search-based strategy is useful for large-scale mining of microbiome data sets, such as a bird’s-eye view of the microbiome data space and disease diagnosis via microbiome big data. Here, we introduce Microbiome Search Engine 2 (MSE 2), a microbiome database platform for searching query microbiomes against the existing microbiome data sets on the basis of their similarity in taxonomic structure or functional profile.
Asymptomatic emphysematous pyelitis—a rare clinical entity
Authors: Thorman Hannah , Bhatt Nikita R , Kapoor Sona , Hawizy Azad
Published: January 2021

A 62-year-old asymptomatic woman with diabetes was referred to the urology department from nephrology due to deterioration in renal function with accompanied right-sided hydronephrosis on ultrasound. CT imaging subsequently revealed a right-sided staghorn calculus and a significant volume of gas in the right collecting system from the kidney to the distal ureter, in keeping with emphysematous pyelitis. She was admitted and managed with antibiotics and insertion of right nephrostomy in the first instance, followed by percutaneous nephrolithotomy to definitively manage the stone. The patient remained asymptomatic throughout the process.
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome secondary to acetazolamide associated with markedly elevated procalcitonin
Authors: Ali Syed Basharat , Schweikert Sacha , Brusch Anna
Published: January 2021

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is an important cause of multi-organ dysfunction and can mimic other disorders including sepsis. We describe a patient presenting with septic shock and accompanying high procalcitonin. Although initially treated empirically with antibiotics, the emergence of eosinophilia during the admission lead to a revised diagnosis of DRESS syndrome, presumed secondary to acetazolamide. This case highlights the importance of regular clinical assessment and re-evaluation is key in identifying emerging features such as eosinophilia, rash and organ dysfunction, which can secure the diagnosis. Furthermore, the case also highlights that acetazolamide may be a rare cause of DRESS syndrome.
Extensive bony sarcoidosis of the head and neck region: a rare presentation
Authors: Hosni Iman Usama , Karbhari Bhavesh , Orr Robert , Opie Neil
Published: January 2021

We present a rare case of sarcoidosis with extensive bony destruction of the maxillofacial and skull base bones. A 65-year-old woman was referred with an asymptomatic, non-healing dental socket. Examination revealed an oroantral fistula that was biopsied and repaired under general anaesthesia. Investigations included plain and cross-sectional imaging. Serological tests, in particular ACE, were normal. Histology showed benign florid granulomatous inflammation. At 6 months, the patient remained asymptomatic. She was re-referred 3 years later with further bony destruction of her maxilla and mandible. Repeat imaging showed intrathoracic lymphadenopathy and skull base involvement. Repeat biopsy confirmed granulomatous inflammation. Given the pulmonary, histological and radiological findings, a sarcoidosis diagnosis was made. Following multidisciplinary team meetings, the patient was treated with methotrexate and arrangements made for close monitoring. This case highlights the need for a consensus in identifying, treating and developing a follow-up protocol in such patients.
Initial presentation of lymphangioleiomyomatosis in third trimester of pregnancy
Authors: Alkemade Lily , Berghuis Meike A T , Koopman Bart , van Pampus Mariëlle G
Published: January 2021

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a progressive cystic lung disease which mostly affects premenopausal women and could be exacerbated by pregnancy. Therefore, it is thought that oestrogen plays an important role in LAM pathogenesis. Here, a case of LAM is described in which the first presentation of symptoms occurred during the third trimester of pregnancy. Symptoms included acute onset dyspnoea and chest pain at gestational age of 39 weeks and 2 days. A CT was performed which showed multiple thin-walled cysts and a small pneumothorax. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) was 1200 pg/mL. The typical cystic lung changes on chest CT in combination with elevated VEGF-D is diagnostic for LAM. Given the risk of respiratory complications, the decision was made to deliver the baby at a gestational age of 39 weeks and 6 days by a planned caesarean section. Both mother and child were discharged home in good condition.
Sinonasal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour: a rare entity with diagnostic challenges
Authors: Kurien Regi , Malleshappa Vikram , Thomas Meera , Paul M Kingsly
Published: January 2021

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour is a rare entity causing sinonasal involvement with variable behaviour. Mimicking various benign and malignant lesions, accurate diagnosis is often clinched on histopathology complemented with appropriate immunohistochemistry markers. Surgical resection is the main treatment modality with other forms of therapy reserved for unresectable lesions. We highlight a case of dual involvement of the sinonasal region and nasal bones along with the diagnostic and treatment challenges encountered. As the nasal bones were involved, surgical resection with negative margins required cosmetic reconstruction in the same sitting. A costochondral graft helped in achieving cosmetic pleasing results with no recurrence on follow-up.