bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spousal Control and Intra-Household Decision Making: An Experimental Study in the Philippines
Authors: Ashraf Nava
Published: September 2009

I elicit causal effects of spousal observability and communication on financial choices of married individuals in the Philippines. When choices are private, men put money into their personal accounts. When choices are observable, men commit money to consumption for their own benefit. When required to communicate, men put money into their wives' account. These strong treatment effects on men, but not women, appear related more to control than to gender: men whose wives control household savings respond more strongly to the treatment and women whose husbands control savings exhibit the same response. Changes in information and communication interact with underlying control to produce mutable gender-specific outcomes. (JEL D13, D14, J12, J16, O15)
One Chance in a Million: Altruism and the Bone Marrow Registry
Authors: Bergstrom Theodore C , Garratt Rodney J , Sheehan-Connor Damien
Published: September 2009

Stem cell transplants save lives of many patients with blood diseases. Donation is painful, but rarely has lasting adverse effects. Patients can accept transplants only from donors with compatible immune systems. Those lacking a sibling match must seek donations from the general population. The probability that two unrelated persons are compatible is less than 1/10,000. Health authorities maintain a registry of several million genetically tested potential donors who agree to donate if asked. We find that the benefits of adding registrants of every race exceed costs. We also explore the peculiar structure of voluntary public good provision that faces potential donors. (JEL D64, H41, I11)
Narrow Bracketing and Dominated Choices
Authors: Rabin Matthew , Weizsäcker Georg
Published: September 2009

We show that any decision maker who “narrowly brackets” (evaluates decisions separately) and does not have constant-absolute-risk-averse preferences will make a first-order stochastically dominated combined choice in some simple pair of independent binary decisions. We also characterize the preference-contingent monetary cost from this mistake. Empirically, in a real-stakes laboratory experiment that replicates Tversky and Kahneman's (1981) experiment, 28 percent of participants choose dominated combinations. In a representative survey eliciting hypothetical large-stakes choices, higher proportions do so. Violation rates vary little with personal characteristics. Average preferences are prospect-theoretic, with an estimated 89 percent of people bracketing narrowly. (JEL D12, D81)
A telehealth nursing intervention reduces hospitalizations in children with complex health conditions
Authors: Cady Rhonda , Finkelstein Stanley , Kelly Anne
Published: August 2009

The U Special Kids Program (USK) at the University of Minnesota provides care coordination and case management services by telephone to children with special health-care needs. We measured the effect of the USK programme on hospital resource utilization using a retrospective record review. Information on hospitalizations was collected for children enrolled in the programme for at least two years and validated for accuracy against inpatient claims data. Hospitalizations were classified as planned, unplanned or due to lack of home care. A total of 43 children enrolled in the USK programme between July 1996 and December 2006 met the study criteria. The children had multiple, complex conditions. During the period of the study, there were 61 planned hospitalizations, 184 unplanned hospitalizations and 3 hospitalizations due to lack of home care. The number of unplanned hospitalizations decreased from 74 in the first year of enrolment to 35 in the second; this reduction was significant ( P < 0.007). In the subsequent years, the rate of unplanned admissions stabilized. In contrast, the rate of planned hospitalizations was relatively constant over the five-year enrolment period. Telephone-based care coordination and case management is a promising approach for children with multiple, complex health conditions.
Experience with videoconferencing between a neonatal unit and the families' home from the perspective of certified paediatric nurses
Authors: Lindberg Birgitta , Axelsson Karin , Öhrling Kerstin
Published: August 2009

Parents of preterm-born infants need support after returning to their homes with their baby. We studied the experience of certified paediatric nurses (CPNs) with the use of videoconferencing between the neonatal intensive care unit and the families' home. Families were given a home videoconferencing unit, which allowed them to contact staff at the neonatal unit, day and night. Over a period of 12 months, ten families used the videoconferencing equipment. Families made a median of 4 telemedicine calls each (range 2–30). Narrative interviews were performed with 10 CPNs after the study ended. Qualitative thematic content analysis was applied to the interview data and one theme was identified: smoothing the transition of infants from the neonatal unit to the families' home. The CPNs found that videoconferencing helped them to assess the overall situation at home and facilitated the relationship between parents and the infant. The CPNs felt that they were able to provide security to the family. The use of videoconferencing was considered as a generally positive experience and as a tool to improve nursing care at home.
Home-based exercise rehabilitation with telemedicine following cardiac surgery
Authors: Scalvini Simonetta , Zanelli Emanuela , Comini Laura , Tomba Margherita Dalla , Troise Giovanni , Giordano Amerigo
Published: August 2009

We evaluated the feasibility of a home-based rehabilitation programme, which was designed to resemble an in-hospital rehabilitation programme. Patients who underwent cardiac surgery (EuroSCORE 0–10) followed a one-month home rehabilitation programme supervised by a nurse-tutor and a physiotherapist. Physiotherapy was performed at home with calisthenic exercises and bicycle-ergometer tests. Patients transmitted the recorded ECGs by telephone to a service centre. They also performed a 6-minute walking test and filled in a satisfaction questionnaire at the end of the programme. A total of 47 patients were enrolled in the study. There were 3050 telephone calls, of which 3012 (99%) were scheduled and 38 were unscheduled. No further action was required in 95% of calls. There were 809 sessions for calisthenic exercises and 1039 for exercise training. There was a significant increase in the 6-minute walking test distance at the end of the programme compared to the baseline (404 m vs. 307 m, P < 0.001). Patient satisfaction, as measured in a questionnaire, was about 95% overall. This type of home rehabilitation using telemedicine appears to be worth implementing in selected categories of patients.
Telepsychiatry appointments in a continuing care setting: kept, cancelled and no-shows
Authors: Leigh Hoyle , Cruz Herbert , Mallios Ronna
Published: August 2009

We reviewed the appointment data for a psychiatry service in California that provided consultations and also therapy through telepsychiatry. Over an 18-month period, there were 7523 telepsychiatry appointments and 115,148 conventional (face-to-face) appointments. A higher proportion of the telepsychiatry appointments was kept (92% telepsychiatry vs. 87% non-telepsychiatry). Also, telepsychiatry appointments were significantly less likely to be cancelled by patients (3.5% vs. 4.8%) and significantly less likely to be no-shows (4.2% vs. 7.8%). These findings were similar in three of the four counties where the service was delivered. However, one county was different, and further examination suggested that the morale of the staff and patients may have contributed to the unenthusiastic acceptance of telepsychiatry. We conclude that telepsychiatry can be used effectively in continuing care settings as well as in evaluation settings, and that staff and patient morale are important factors in successful telepsychiatry.
Closed double-lumen suction irrigation in the management of chronic diaphyseal osteomyelitis
Authors: Caesar B. C. , Morgan-Jones R. L. , Warren R. E. , Wade R. H. , Roberts P. J. , Richardson J. B.
Published: August 2009

Between November 1994 and June 1999, 35 patients referred to our Problem Fracture Service with chronic diaphyseal osteomyelitis were treated using a closed double-lumen suction irrigation system after reaming and arthroscopic debridement of the intramedullary canal. This is a modified system based on that of Lautenbach.

Between June and July 2007 the patients were reviewed by postal questionnaire and telephone and from the case notes. At a mean follow-up of 101 months (2 to 150), 26 had no evidence of recurrence and four had died from unrelated causes with no evidence of recurrent infection. One had been lost to follow-up at two months and was therefore excluded. Four had persisting problems with sinus discharge and one had his limb amputated for recurrent metaplastic change.

Our results represent a clearance of infection of 85.3% (29 of 34), with recurrence in 11.8% (4 of 34). They are comparable to the results of the Papineau and Belfast techniques, but with considerably less surgical insult to the patient.
Conservative treatment of scaphoid nonunion in children and adolescents
Authors: Weber D. M. , Fricker R. , Ramseier L. E.
Published: August 2009

This is a retrospective study of six children with ununited scaphoid fractures treated conservatively. Their mean age was 12.8 years (9.7 to 16.3). Five had no early treatment. Radiological signs of nonunion were found at a mean of 4.6 months (3 to 7) after injury. Treatment consisted of cast immobilisation until clinical and radiological union. The mean clinical and radiological follow-up was for 67 months (17 to 90). We assessed the symptoms, the range of movement of the wrist and the grip strength to calculate the Modified Mayo Wrist score.

The fracture united in all patients after a mean period of immobilisation of 5.3 months (3 to 7). Five patients were pain free; one had mild pain. All returned to regular activities, and had a range of movement and grip strength within 25% of normal, resulting in an excellent Modified Mayo Wrist score.

Prolonged treatment with cast immobilisation resulted in union of the fracture and an excellent Modified Wrist Score in all patients.
Fixation and loosening of the cemented Müller straight stem
Authors: Clauss M. , Luem M. , Ochsner P. E. , Ilchmann T.
Published: August 2009

The original forged Müller straight stem (CoNiCr) has shown excellent ten- to 15-year results. We undertook a long-term survival analysis with special emphasis on radiological changes within a 20-year period of follow-up.

In all, 165 primary total hip replacements, undertaken between July 1984 and June 1987 were followed prospectively. Clinical follow-up included a standardised clinical examination, and radiological assessment was based on a standardised anteroposterior radiograph of the pelvis, which was studied for the presence of osteolysis, debonding and cortical atrophy.

Survival of the stem with revision for any reason was 81% (95% confidence interval (CI), 76 to 86) at 20 years and for aseptic loosening 87% (95% CI, 82 to 90). At the 20-year follow-up, 15 of the surviving 36 stems showed no radiological changes. Debonding (p = 0.005), osteolysis (p = 0.003) and linear polyethylene wear (p = 0.016) were associated with aseptic loosening, whereas cortical atrophy was not associated with failure (p = 0.008).

The 20-year results of the Müller straight stem are comparable to those of other successful cemented systems with similar follow-up. Radiological changes are frequently observed, but with a low incidence of progression, and rarely result in revision. Cortical atrophy appears to be an effect of ageing and not a sign of loosening of the femoral component.
Neutrophil CD64 expression in the diagnosis of local musculoskeletal infection and the impact of antibiotics
Authors: Tanaka S. , Nishino J. , Matsui T. , Komiya A. , Nishimura K. , Tohma S.
Published: August 2009

We examined the usefulness of neutrophil CD64 expression in detecting local musculoskeletal infection and the impact of antibiotics on its expression. Of 141 patients suspected of musculoskeletal infection, 46 were confirmed by microbiological culture to be infected and 95 had infection excluded. The median CD64 count of patients with localised infection was 2230 molecules per cell (interquartile range (IQR) 918 to 4592) and that of the patients without infection was 937 molecules per cell (IQR 648 to 1309) (p < 0.001). The level of CD64 correlated with the CRP level in patients with infection, but not in those without infection (r = 0.59, p < 0.01). Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis revealed that CD64 was a good predictor of local infection. When the patients were subdivided into two groups based on the administration of antibiotics at the time of CD64 sampling, the sensitivity for detecting infection was better in those who had not received antibiotics.

These results suggest that measurement of CD64 expression is a useful marker for local musculoskeletal infection.
Short-term results of total hip replacements performed by visiting surgeons at an NHS treatment centre
Authors: White S. P. , John A. W. , Jones S. A.
Published: August 2009

Between December 2004 and June 2006, 136 patients (156 total hip replacements), were sent from the waiting list of the Cardiff Vale NHS Trust to the NHS Treatment Centre, Weston-super-Mare, in an attempt to reduce the waiting time for total hip replacement. Because of concerns about their outcome, each patient was contacted and invited to attend a review appointment with a consultant specialising in hip and revision hip replacement.

A total of 98 patients (113 hips) were reviewed after a mean of 23 months (11 to 30). There were 104 cemented hips, seven hybrid and two cementless. An acetabular inclination of > 55° was seen in 18 (16%). Radiolucent lines around the acetabular component were seen in 76 (67%). The femoral component was in more than 4° of varus in 47 (42%). The medial floor had been breached in 13 (12%) and there was a leg-length discrepancy of more than 1 cm in ten (9%). There were three dislocations, one femoral fracture, one pulmonary embolus, one deep infection and two superficial wound infections.

To date, 13% (15 hips) have been revised and a further 4% (five hips) await revision, mostly for a painful loose acetabular component. The revision rate far exceeds the 0.5% five-year failure rate reported in the Swedish Registry for the components used. This initiative and the consequent need for correction of the problems created, has significantly increased the workload of our unit.
Tendon re-attachment to metal prostheses in an in vivo animal model using demineralised bone matrix
Authors: Sundar S. , Pendegrass C. J. , Oddy M. J. , Blunn G. W.
Published: August 2009

We used demineralised bone matrix (DBM) to augment re-attachment of tendon to a metal prosthesis in an in vivo ovine model of reconstruction of the extensor mechanism at the knee. We hypothesised that augmentation of the tendon-implant interface with DBM would enhance the functional and histological outcomes as compared with previously reported control reconstructions without DBM. Function was assessed at six and 12 weeks postoperatively, and histological examination was undertaken at 12 weeks.

A significant increase of 23.5% was observed in functional weight-bearing at six weeks in the DBM-augmented group compared with non-augmented controls (p = 0.004). By 12 weeks augmentation with DBM resulted in regeneration of a more direct-type enthesis, with regions of fibrocartilage, mineralised fibrocartilage and bone. In the controls the interface was predominantly indirect, with the tendon attached to the bone graft-hydroxyapatite base plate by perforating collagen fibres.
Total ankle replacement in moderate to severe varus deformity of the ankle
Authors: Kim B. S. , Choi W. J. , Kim Y. S. , Lee J. W.
Published: August 2009

Our study describes the clinical outcome of total ankle replacement (TAR) performed in patients with moderate to severe varus deformity. Between September 2004 and September 2007, 23 ankles with a varus deformity ≥ 10° and 22 with neutral alignment received a TAR. Following specific algorithms according to joint congruency, the varus ankles were managed by various additional procedures simultaneously with TAR.

After a mean follow-up of 27 months (12 to 47), the varus ankles improved significantly in all clinical measures (p < 0.0001 for visual analogue scale and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score, p = 0.001 for range of movement). No significant differences were found between the varus and neutral groups regarding the clinical (p = 0.766 for visual analogue scale, p = 0.502 for American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score, p = 0.773 for range of movement) and radiological outcome (p = 0.339 for heterotopic ossification, p = 0.544 for medial cortical reaction, p = 0.128 for posterior focal osteolysis). Failure of the TAR with conversion to an arthrodesis occurred in one case in each group.

The clinical outcome of TAR performed in ankles with pre-operative varus alignment ≥ 10° is comparable with that of neutrally aligned ankles when appropriate additional procedures to correct the deformity are carried out simultaneously with TAR.
Posterior intrafocal pinning for extension-type supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children
Authors: Fahmy M. A. L. , Hatata M. Z. , Al-Seesi H.
Published: August 2009

We describe a method of pinning extension supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. Following closed reduction, a posterior intrafocal wire is inserted and a second lateral wire added when needed for rotational stability. Between May 2002 and November 2005 we performed this technique in 69 consecutive patients. A single posterior wire was used in 29 cases, and two wires in 40. The mean follow-up was two years (21 to 30 months). The results were assessed according to Flynn’s criteria. In the single-wire group there were 21 excellent, five good and one poor result. Two patients were lost to follow-up. In the two-wire group there were 32 excellent, two good and three poor results. Three were lost to follow-up. The poor results were due to a failure to achieve adequate reduction, fixation or both.

We conclude that the intact posterior periosteal hinge can be used successfully in the clinical situation, giving results that compare well with other techniques of pinning. The posterior route offers an attractive alternative method for fixation of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children.
A correlation between the timing of biopsy after autologous chondrocyte implantation and the histological appearance
Authors: Gikas P. D. , Morris T. , Carrington R. , Skinner J. , Bentley G. , Briggs T.
Published: August 2009

Autologous chondrocyte implantation is an option in the treatment of full-thickness chondral or osteochondral injuries which are symptomatic. The goal of surgery and rehabilitation is the replacement of damaged cartilage with hyaline or hyaline-like cartilage, producing improved levels of function and preventing early osteoarthritis. The intermediate results have been promising in terms of functional and clinical improvement.

Our aim was to explore the hypothesis that the histological quality of the repair tissue formed after autologous chondrocyte implantation improved with increasing time after implantation.

In all, 248 patients who had undergone autologous chondrocyte implantation had biopsies taken of the repair tissue which then underwent histological grading. Statistical analysis suggested that with doubling of the time after implantation the likelihood of a favourable histological outcome was increased by more than fourfold (p < 0.001).
SPECT-CT imaging in degenerative joint disease of the foot and ankle
Authors: Pagenstert G. I. , Barg A. , Leumann A. G. , Rasch H. , Müller-Brand J. , Hintermann B. , Valderrabano V.
Published: August 2009

The precise localisation of osteoarthritic changes is crucial for selective surgical treatment. Single photon-emission CT-CT (SPECT-CT) combines both morphological and biological information. We hypothesised that SPECT-CT increased the intra- and interobserver reliability to localise increased uptake compared with traditional evaluation of CT and bone scanning together. We evaluated 20 consecutive patients with pain of uncertain origin in the foot and ankle by radiography and SPECT-CT, available as fused SPECT-CT, and by separate bone scanning and CT. Five observers assessed the presence or absence of arthritis. The images were blinded and randomly ordered. They were evaluated twice at an interval of six weeks. Kappa and multirater kappa values were calculated.

The mean intraobserver reliability for SPECT-CT was excellent (κ = 0.86; 95% CI 0.81 to 0.88) and significantly higher than that for CT and bone scanning together. SPECT-CT had significantly higher interobserver agreement, especially when evaluating the naviculocuneiform and tarsometatarsal joints.

SPECT-CT is useful in localising active arthritis especially in areas where the number and configuration of joints are complex.
A novel method of accurately calculating the radiological magnification of the hip
Authors: King R. J. , Makrides P. , Gill J. A. , Karthikeyan S. , Krikler S. J. , Griffin D. R.
Published: August 2009

We have developed a novel method of calculating the radiological magnification of the hip using two separate radio-opaque markers. We recruited 74 patients undergoing radiological assessment following total hip replacement. Both the new double marker and a conventional single marker were used by the radiographer at the time of x-ray. The predicted magnification according to each marker was calculated, as was the true radiological magnification of the components. The correlation between true and predicted magnification was good using the double marker (r = 0.90, n = 74, p < 0.001), but only moderate for the single marker (r = 0.50, n = 63, p < 0.001). The median error was significantly less for the double marker than for the single (1.1% vs 4.8%, p < 0.001). The double marker method demonstrated excellent validity (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.89), in contrast to the single marker (0.32).

The double marker method appears to be superior to the single marker method when used in the clinical environment.
Further doubts over the performance of treatment centres in providing elective orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Oussedik S. , Haddad F.
Published: August 2009

Recent publication of reports showing high revision rates for hip and knee replacements carried out in Independent Sector Treatment Centres (ISTCs) has raised doubts regarding their ability to provide high quality healthcare. The high revision rates also create a financial burden to the NHS. The poor quality of data collected at ISTCs makes their performance difficult to evaluate. Funds may be better spent improving existing NHS facilities rather than establishing parallel ISTCs.
Supporting parent–child conversations in a history museum
Authors: Tenenbaum Harriet R. , Prior Jess. , Dowling Catherine L. , Frost Ruth E.
Published: August 2009

Background

Museums can serve as rich resources for families to learn about the social world through engagement with exhibits and parent–child conversation about exhibits.

Aims

This study examined ways of engaging parents and child about two related exhibits at a cultural and history museum. Sample participants consisted of families visiting the Animal Antics and the Gone Potty exhibits at the British Museum.

Methods

Whilst visiting two exhibits at the British Museum, 30 families were assigned to use a backpack of activities, 13 were assigned to a booklet of activities, and 15 were assigned to visit the exhibits without props (control condition).

Results

Compared to the families in the control condition, the interventions increased the amount of time parents and children engaged together with the exhibit. Additionally, recordings of the conversations revealed that adults asked more questions related to the exhibits when assigned to the two intervention conditions compared to the control group. Children engaged in more historical talk when using the booklets than in the other two conditions.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that providing support with either booklets or activities for children at exhibits may prove beneficial to parent–child conversations and engagement with museum exhibits.
"Counterfeit Oracles" and "Legal Tender": The Politics of Oracular Consultation in Herodotus
Authors: Kurke Leslie
Published: August 2009

This paper attempts to account for an odd expression Herodotus uses three times in all-"counterfeit oracles"-by a consideration of analogies between the Greek coinage system and the Greek imaginary of oracular consultation and decision-making. Particular attention is paid to the narrative sequence in Hdt. Book 5 in which the Spartans, encouraged by "counterfeit oracles" (as they claim), liberate Athens and then attempt to undo that liberation (Hdt. 5.62-93). What emerges as the common element for "legal tender" and valid oracle is that both have been subjected to the same process of civic interpretation, deliberation, and communal ratification.
The Importance of Being λόγιος
Authors: Luraghi Nino
Published: August 2009

This article, part of a broader investigation of the way Herodotus describes his research, discusses the meanings of the term λόγιος in Herodotus, in other Greek authors, and in modern scholarship. It argues that the word, rather unspecific in meaning, originally indicated members of the community who were seen as particularly authoritative. It probably carried an old-fashioned undertone and in time came to be used with some irony and referred almost exclusively to non-Greeks, undermined by the increasing specialization of knowledge in classical Greece. Interpretations that make of "the λόγιοι" specialists of oral traditions in prose or oral memorialists should be rejected.
Herodotus and Samos: Personal or Political?
Authors: Irwin Elizabeth
Published: August 2009

This article addresses the reasons behind Herodotus' interest in the island of Samos. Taking as its starting point the famous passage about Samian erga (3.60), I examine Herodotus' stated and implicit reasons for his extended Samian logoi . Scholars tend to explain his interest in Samos as lying in details of his biography. I argue that any such biographical connection to the island merely reinforces stronger unstated reasons for going on long about Samos: these have to do with Periclean Athens' competition with Polycratean Samos as a historical antecedent for thalassocracy, and-not unrelated-the Samian revolt.
Who Are Herodotus' Persians?
Authors: Munson Rosaria Vignolo
Published: August 2009

In analyzing how Herodotus' descriptions of foreign societies reflect Greek assumptions and prejudices, we have sometimes failed to recognize the extent to which he reports persuasive and historically valid information. This is particularly true of the Persians for whom Herodotus appears to have had access to very good sources, especially perhaps among Medes and Persians living in Asia Minor. This paper argues that Herodotus' representation of Persian character and customs and his understanding of the relationship between the king and his subjects is based on genuine native traditions that reflect an internal debate within Persian elites in the aftermath of their war against Greece.
Herodotus on the American Empire
Authors: Harrison Thomas
Published: August 2009

Herodotus tends to be overlooked as a commentator on international relations. This paper seeks to redress this, by exploring the reflections on empire within the Histories—and by analogy with more recent imperialisms. Far from empire being an unexamined fact of nature, what emerges from Herodotus' text is an immensely self-conscious exploration: of the contribution of individuals to imperial expansion, of empires' tendency to project their values as universal, or the role of historian in relation to power. Crucially also, the transfer of empire implicit at the end of the Histories from Persia to Athens can be seen in a broader context in which any number of future powers wait in the wings.
On "Fussy Authorial Nudges" in Herodotus
Authors: Waterfield Robin
Published: August 2009

I suggest that Herodotus is an even more intrusive author than is generally recognized-that he subtly steers his audience's reactions by distancing himself in meta-narratalogical ways from the truth of certain of the tales he tells. I further suggest that this is another trait typical of an oral performer, or left over from an oral background, in the sense that any oral performer needs to give such subtle nudges to his audience.
Bringing Autochthony Up-to-Date: Herodotus and Thucydides
Authors: Pelling Christopher
Published: August 2009

This paper explores the exploitation of autochthony topoi in Herodotus and Thucydides. Autochthony-thinking was so familiar to the historians' audiences that such allusions could be implicit, and the word itself is often not used. Both historians develop the themes thought-provokingly and paradoxically: for instance, in Thucydides' case in broadening the horizons so much that the land of Attica may be regarded as a dispensable "little garden," yet the failures in distant Sicily come back to endanger that homeland; in Herodotus, in allowing the Athenians to show that love by being prepared to abandon that land to the invader.
Taking Herodotus Personally
Authors: Cartledge P. A.
Published: August 2009

Herodotus was the modern-that is, fifth-century B.C.E. -Odysseus. His pioneering investigative "odyssey" of research and travel among the cities of men and peoples, both Greek and non-Greek, is the primary focus of this article. The past couple of decades has seen an extraordinary flowering of scholarship and other kinds of study, both on Herodotus' work and on the wars, the history of which he wrote up and in a sense invented. The article aims to mark the major signposts, decade by decade, using as an Ariadne's thread the author's own life trajectory from the 1960s to the present day.
The Double Guilt of Dueling: The Stain of Suicide in Anti-Dueling Rhetoric in the Early Republic
Authors: Bell Richard
Published: August 2009

Although unambiguously illegal in most states, dueling became an accepted honor ritual and even a mark of status among segments of America's elite in the wake of the revolution. Frustrated by duelists' indifference to the rule of law, anti-dueling activists inspired to action by the strange slaying of Alexander Hamilton in 1804, mounted one of the first moral suasion campaigns of the new republic. This essay examines their audacious efforts to build a moral majority against this form of ritual violence by obliterating long-standing notions of the duel as honorable self-sacrifice and instead recasting dueling as a unique form of homicide, a fatal compact of suicide and murder. In doing so, this essay argues, this uncoordinated collection of ministers, university presidents and professors, newspaper editors and assorted other minor public figures played upon growing contemporary anxiety about the specter of suicide, anxiety that revealed a set of deeper concerns about the ability of the young republic to elicit appropriate moral behavior and political participation from its unruly body of constituents.
"Like the Greedy Wolf": The Blackfeet, the St. Louis Fur Trade, and War Fever, 1807–1831
Authors: Binnema Ted , Dobak William A.
Published: August 2009

This article offers an early instance of American businessmen attempting to enlist federal aid to further their commercial interests. It draws on British and American sources to examine the circumstances surrounding several Indian attacks on St. Louis-based fur traders on the upper Missouri River in the 1820s. The evidence shows that American traders' failure to establish peaceful relations with the Blackfeet, beginning soon after the United States acquired the territory from France, stemmed more from the Americans' own errors than from any action of the Blackfeet or the British. Moreover, although the Americans understood the Blackfeet poorly, they had enough information to know that conflict with the Blackfeet grew largely from their own provocative behavior, not from British incitement or Blackfeet deceit. Still, St. Louis fur traders and their elected representatives distorted circumstances on the Upper Missouri in order to stir up anti-British sentiment and induce military intervention to make the region safe for American fur trappers and traders. Only when it became obvious that this strategy would fail did American traders adopt a more conciliatory approach—one that quickly resulted in profitable trade between the American Fur Company and the Blackfeet.
Reverend Buck's Theological Dictionary and the Struggle to Define American Evangelicalism, 1802–1851
Authors: Bowman Matthew , Brown Samuel
Published: August 2009

Despite a stated reliance on the plain meaning of the Bible and the dictates of common sense, antebellum evangelicals required methods to create international consensus in a trans-denominational movement. Buck's Theological Dictionary, first published in London in 1802, sought to provide a textual basis for evangelical community. By combining brief essays on orthodox belief and practice with historical entries on various denominations, Buck provided an interpretive lens that allowed antebellum Protestants to see Christianity's almost two millennia as their own history. American evangelicals rapidly seized on Buck's dictionary, ceding to it an almost canonical status as the textual interpreter of what it meant to be evangelical. Unfortunately Buck's, as well as evangelicalism, echoed aspects of Enlightenment ideas about objectivity and history. Such notions validated the very concept of an evangelical dictionary and the tenets of reasonable Christianity. Ultimately, though, the Dictionary contained its own downfall. Heterodox groups like the Universalists used Buck's to launch a theological assault on evangelicalism. By codifying former heresies and modern sects, Buck's provided a potential voice to those sects, while by reifying evangelical consensus it made the consensus itself fragile.
"Of the Utmost Importance to Our Country": Women, Education, and Society, 1780–1820
Authors: McMahon Lucia
Published: August 2009

This article explores the early American republic's newfound attention to and support for the education of women. In the decades immediately following the American Revolution, advocates began to assert that the education of women was of the "utmost importance" to the young nation. The education of women was part of a larger experiment, a means of assuring social and political stability during the critical years of nation building. To explore these themes, this article examines the intellectual world of early national women, as expressed both in the prescriptive aspirations of educators and academies, as well as in the experiences and reflections of educated women.
Remnants of terror: Landscapes of fear in post-conflict Guatemala
Authors: Clouser Rebecca
Published: August 2009

Utilizando el caso de Guatemala en la época post-conflicto, este artículo explora como la interpretación del paisaje puede servir para analizar un discurso de temor geográficamente. Mediante discusión de algunas de las características presentes en el paisaje guatemalteco, así como aquellas que están obviamente ausentes, se puede ver como el paisaje refleja y refuerza una cultura de terror y desconfianza. En particular, se muestran ejemplos de aldeas modelos, cementerios clandestinos, y la ausencia de memoriales públicos, para analizar como el paisaje puede infundir un sentido de temor o terror. Estos ejemplos demuestran como la inclusión del temor en el paisaje puede ser utilizado por aquellos que dominan la sociedad con el propósito de imponer orden y mantener control. Con este tipo de investigación, se logra entender la persistencia de la cultura de temor, la cual persiste en la sociedad guatemalteca.
Water Insecurity among the Urban Poor in the Peri-urban Zone of Xochimilco, Mexico City
Authors: Aguilar Adrian Guillermo , López Flor M.
Published: August 2009

Este artículo analiza la inseguridad y falta de acceso al agua por los pobres urbanos en una zona peri-urbana de la Ciudad de México, donde las necesidades de agua de la población generalmente son satisfechas por una serie de operadores informales no reconocidos oficialmente. El análisis se enfoca en la zona sur del área peri-urbana de la Ciudad de México, en la Delegación de Xochimilco donde se recopiló información y se aplicaron encuestas en tres asentamientos irregulares. Uno de los principales problemas que los pobres urbanos enfrentan en las grandes ciudades es que ellos están sistemáticamente excluidos de un acceso seguro al agua por su condición de pobreza. El análisis tiende a mostrar que los asentamientos irregulares, y una alta proporción de los formales, experimentan el más precario, inconsistente y costoso abastecimiento de agua, y que los pobres urbanos son forzados a participar en un mercado privado informal; en este proceso el gobierno local demuestra una alta incapacidad y complicidad para asegurar servicios y regular el abastecimiento sobre una base de equidad social.
Indian Adaptations in Flooded Regions of South America: Introduction
Authors: Denevan William M.
Published: August 2009

Erland Nordenskiöld fue un antropólogo pionero sueco que realizó exploraciones en el oriente de Bolivia entre 1901 y 1914. El muy citado artículo que se presenta apareció publicado originalmente en alemán en 1916. En él se describe la inundación estacional de la sabana de Mojos y la adaptación de los indígenas prehispánicos a las inundaciones a través de la construcción de canales, diques, calzadas, montículos, y campos elevados, siendo esta la primera publicación académica en hacerlo. También reporta brevemente sobre otras obras hidráulicas y obras de tierras prehispánicas en las tierras bajas de Sud América. Incluye una carta del antropólogo Koch-Grünberg en la cual se sugiere que la sección del Caño Casiquiare que conecta el río Orinoco con el río Negro y el Amazonas no es de origen natural sino que fue excavada por los habitantes indígenas.
Contested terrain: The rise and decline of surveying in New Spain, 1500-1800
Authors: Aguilar-Robledo Miguel
Published: August 2009

Con base en manuscritos y fuentes escritas, este artículo analiza el surgimiento y el declive de la agrimensura en la Nueva España, de 1500 a 1800. Para lograr su objetivo, el artículo describe cuatro factores, estrechamente relacionados, que afectaron a la agrimensura colonial: la ambigüedad de los decretos reales formulados para definir las dotaciones de tierra; un sistema deficiente de pesas y medidas; el pobre desarrollo de las herramientas y técnicas de medición; y el predominio del empirismo en la práctica cotidiana de los medidores. Entre estos factores, los tres primeros aportaron el contexto para el cuarto: la praxis de la agrimensura. Así, con base en manuscritos como la Geometría práctica y mecánica…, escrita por Joseph Sáenz de Escobar a principios del siglo XVIII, el artículo documenta algunas de las vicisitudes de la agrimensura. El texto también describe cómo esta disciplina devino marginal y fue sustituida por la topografía durante el siglo XIX. De igual modo, el texto demuestra que, no obstante los intentos por alcanzar una mayor precisión, el poco desarrollo de la agrimensura colonial es responsable de muchas disputas agrarias y de representaciones cartográficas defectuosas. El artículo concluye que tanto el desarrollo teórico como la práctica de la agrimensura fueron el resultado de condiciones coloniales específicas.
Positionality, Perception, and Possibility in Mexico's Valle del Mezquital
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: August 2009

En los años 1990, existió un debate académico sobre la historia del medio ambiente de México durante el período colonial. Por un lado, el geógrafo Karl. W. Butzer encuentra escasa evidencia que en el Bajío del siglo dieciséis, el ganado había degradado el medio ambiente. Por el otro lado, la historiadora Elinor G. K. Melville consigue que en el Valle del Mezquital, las ovejas habían destruido el medio ambiente antes del año 1600. Esta investigación busca las razones más profundas que metodología pudieran explicar el debate. El artículo recurre a epistemología feminista para entender el papel de la posicionalidad de los investigadores. Después, el autor aboga por percepciones nuevas de causa y efecto en estudios del medio ambiente. Se enfatiza el abandono de las terrazas agrícolas para explicar el deterioro del medio ambiente.
The Certification and Privatization of Indigenous Lands in Mexico
Authors: Smith Derek A. , Herlihy Peter H. , Kelly John H. , Viera Aida Ramos
Published: August 2009

Las reformas en el sector rural de México que permitieron la privatización de las tierras ejidales han sido ampliamente criticadas. Sin embargo, el programa de certificación llamado PROCEDE que facilitó este proceso ha recibido poca atención. Aquí describimos como fue implementado el programa, basándonos en investigaciones de campo en once comunidades indígenas y en el análisis de archivos de catastro e información estadística. Explicamos los métodos de medición, los mapas catastrales producidos y las varias maneras en que las comunidades indígenas participaron en el programa. Uno de los logros más importantes de PROCEDE ha sido el reemplazo de miles de mapas viejos e inexactos con un sistema moderno de catastro basado en la delimitación de territorios comunales con el involucramiento directo de la gente local. Muchos conflictos de tierra fueron resueltos en el proceso de certificación, aunque errores en la delimitación probablemente van a generar otros nuevos. No obstante, mientras los ostentosos objetivos de la certificación son positivos, existen serias preocupaciones en cuanto a sus consecuencias para comunidades indígenas, incluyendo la erosión de instituciones comunitarias, el incremento de la diferenciación económica, la aceleración de la deforestación y amenazas a su sobrevivencia cultural.
Specialty Maize Varieties in Mexico: A Case Study in Market-Driven Agro-Biodiversity Conservation
Authors: Keleman Alder , Hellin Jonathan
Published: August 2009

¿En qué medida puede la comercialización de los cultivos locales ser una herramienta para combinar el combate de la pobreza con la conservación in situ de los recursos filo-genéticos? Exploramos este tema a través de un estudio de caso de la comercialización del maíz azul y el maíz pozolero en los valles altos de México. El fuente de la material comercializada en ambos mercados son las variedades locales del maíz, en cuyo cultivo predominan los productores de pequeña escala. La cadena de valor del maíz pozolero se basa en una producción localizada, emparejada con una inversión en infraestructura que contribuye a actividades de valor-agregado, tales como la producción de pozole pre-cocido. Mientras tanto, el maíz azul es cultivado en una escala más amplia, y aunque existen menos oportunidades a través de los cuales el productor pueda agregar valor al grano, este producto abastece muchas empresas de pequeña escala, mayormente dirigidas por mujeres. En ambos mercados, existe la potencial de impactos positivos tanto en la conservación de la diversidad de maíz como en el bienestar de los participantes; sin embargo, cualquier política que buscara extender estos mercados sin reducir sus beneficios debería de ser sujeto a un diseño cuidadoso.
Carib Territory: Indigenous Access to Land in the Commonwealth of Dominica
Authors: Mullaney Emma Gaalaas
Published: August 2009

Basado en un estudio del territorio "Carib" de Dominica, el propósito del presente artículo es indagar lo que pensamos sobre el acceso a tierra en términos de la "seguridad de tierra", un concepto que incluye las dimensiones culturales, productivas, y políticas de la tierra. Una serie de entrevistas revelaron una identificación con la tierra más profunda de lo que asuntos de tenencia normalmente consideran, en contraste con las propuestas para títulos de propiedad tanto individuales como colectivos. La consideración de "seguridad de tierra" se ofrece como forma de expandir nuestro disciplinario lenguaje e incluir las realidades indígenas, a través de una conexión de la adjudicación de los derechos de propiedad con el patrimonio y los derechos ambientales de los residentes.
Diverse Spatialities of the Latin American and Caribbean Internet
Authors: Warf Barney
Published: August 2009

En este estudio se analiza las dimensiones socio-espaciales del Internet en los países latinoamericanos. Primero, ofrece una descripción de la infraestructura a través de la cual se mantiene el Internet en la región. Segundo, hace un mapeo de la rápida y cambiante distribución de los usuarios del Internet entre los años 2000 y 2008, incluyendo sus representaciones colectivas, y su explosiva tasa de crecimiento. Tercero, explora las variables socio-económicas que sostienen las discrepancias en el acceso al Internet, incluyendo PBD per-capita, tasas de alfabetismo y tasas de cobertura telefónica. Cuarto, considera la aparición de la banda ancha en países seleccionados. Quinto, enfoca el análisis en usos residenciales. Sexto, examina los intentos de censura del Internet por parte de los gobiernos latinoamericanos en sus distintos resultados. Finalmente, hace un resumen de los roles del Internet en el comercio y la gobernabilidad en este parte del mundo.
A Monoclonal Antibody Selection for Immunohistochemical Examination of Lymphoid Tissues From Non-human Primates
Authors: Kap Yolanda S. , van Meurs Marjan , van Driel Nikki , Koopman Gerrit , Melief Marie-Jose , Brok Herbert P.M. , Laman Jon D. , Hart Bert A. 't
Published: September 2009

Non-human primates (NHPs) offer valuable animal models for basic research into human diseases and for the preclinical validation of new therapeutics. Detailed in situ examination of the involved cell types using immunohistochemistry is often hampered by the lack of cross-reactive antibodies (Abs). In the current study, we have tested a large panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against human leukocyte differentiation and activation markers for cross-reactivity on cryosections of lymphoid tissue from six NHP species. In total, we have tested 130 Abs against 69 antigens expressed in tissues from one great ape species (chimpanzee/ Pan troglodytes), two Old World species (rhesus macaque/ Macaca mulatta and cynomolgus macaque/ Macaca fascicularis), and three New World species (common marmoset/ Callithrix jacchus, cotton-top tamarin/ Saguinus oedipus, and owl monkey/ Aotus triviogatus). We have found a large panel of cross-reactive Abs: 93 of 102 (91%) in chimpanzee, 97 of 125 (78%) in rhesus macaque, 70 of 109 (64%) in cynomolgus macaque, 69 of 116 (60%) in common marmoset, 40 of 81 (49%) in cotton-top tamarin, and 35 of 80 (44%) in owl monkey. The availability of a reliable panel of cross-reactive markers is important to gaining further insight into immunological processes in disease-affected tissues from NHP species.
Funny grrrls: Humor and contemporary women poets
Authors: Darlington Tenaya
Published: August 2009

As humorists, women poets have a spotty history. Sure, there is comedy in the work of Gertrude Stein and in the darkly sarcastic poems of Dorothy Parker, but humor is hardly as prevalent as it is in the works of male poets, who have a rich history of comic poetry dating back to Chaucer and leading up to Philip Larkin, John Ashbery, Billy Collins, and others. Rather than make comparisons, however, I explore women poets on their own terms, paying particular attention to the way contemporary women poets in America use humor in their work. I outline four modes (thematic, tonal, imagistic, and syntactical), then examine why women use humor—to what ends? Ultimately, I argue that humor is disruption, a way to assert authority, and often a means by which women poets examine sexual and social mores.