bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zinc phosphate protects tomato plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
Authors: Quaglia Mara , Bocchini Marika , Orfei Benedetta , D’Amato Roberto , Famiani Franco , Moretti Chiaraluce , Buonaurio Roberto
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine whether zinc phosphate treatments of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) can attenuate bacterial speck disease severity through reduction of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) growth in planta and induce morphological and biochemical plant defence responses. Tomato plants were treated with 10 ppm (25.90 µM) zinc phosphate and then spray inoculated with strain DAPP-PG 215, race 0 of Pst. Disease symptoms were recorded as chlorosis and/or necrosis per leaf (%) and as numbers of necrotic spots. Soil treatments with zinc phosphate protected susceptible tomato plants against Pst, with reductions in both disease severity and pathogen growth in planta. The reduction of Pst growth in planta combined with significantly higher zinc levels in zinc-phosphate-treated plants indicated direct antimicrobial toxicity of this microelement, as also confirmed by in vitro assays. Morphological (i.e. callose apposition) and biochemical (i.e., expression of salicylic-acid-dependent pathogenesis-related protein PR1b1 gene) defence responses were induced by the zinc phosphate treatment, as demonstrated by histochemical and qPCR analyses, respectively. In conclusion, soil treatments with zinc phosphate can protect tomato plants against Pst attacks through direct antimicrobial activity and induction of morphological and biochemical plant defence responses.
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): a meta-analysis and systematic review
Authors: Gadiya Akshay D. , Koch Jonathan E. J. , Patel Mohammed Shakil , Shafafy Masood , Grevitt Michael P. , Quraishi Nasir A.
Published: March 2021

Study design

A systematic review reporting on the efficacy of an ERAS protocol in patients undergoing spinal fusion for AIS.

Objective

To systematically evaluate the relevant literature pertaining to the efficacy of ERAS protocols with respect to the length of stay, complication, and readmission rates in patients undergoing posterior spinal corrective surgery for AIS.

Summary of background data

ERAS is a multidisciplinary approach aimed at improving outcomes of surgery by a specific evidence-based protocol. The rationale of this rapid recovery regimen is to maintain homeostasis so as to reduce the postoperative stress response and pain. No thorough review of available information for its use in AIS has been published.

Methods

A systematic review of the English language literature was undertaken using search criteria (postoperative recovery AND adolescent idiopathic scoliosis) using the PRISMA guidelines (Jan 1999-May 2020). Isolated case reports and case series with < 5 patients were excluded. Length of stay (LOS), complication and readmission rates were used as outcome measures. Statistical analysis was done using the random effects model.

Results

Of a total of 24 articles, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria (9 were Level III and 1 of level IV evidence) and were analyzed. Overall, 1040 patients underwent an ERAS-type protocol following posterior correction of scoliosis and were compared to 959 patients following traditional protocols. There was a significant reduction in the length of stay in patients undergoing ERAS when compared to traditional protocols (p < 0.00001). There was no significant difference in the complication (p = 0.19) or readmission rates (p = 0.30). Each protocol employed a multidisciplinary approach focusing on optimal pain management, nursing care, and physiotherapy.

Conclusion

This systematic review demonstrates advantages with ERAS protocols by significantly reducing the length of stay without increasing the complications or readmission rates as compared to conventional protocols. However, current literature on ERAS in AIS is restricted largely to retrospective studies with non-randomized data, and initial cohort studies lacking formal control groups.

Level of evidence

3.
The prevalence of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) and proximal junctional failure (PJF) in patients undergoing circumferential minimally invasive surgical (cMIS) correction for adult spinal deformity: long-term 2- to 13-year follow-up
Authors: Anand Neel , Agrawal Aniruddh , Ravinsky Robert , Khanderhoo Babak , Kahwaty Sheila , Chung Andrew
Published: March 2021

Objectives

This aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of PJK and PJF in patients who underwent circumferential minimally invasive surgery (cMIS) for ASD.

Methods

A prospective database of patients who underwent cMIS correction of ASD from November 2006 to July 2018 was queried. PJK was defined as angle > 10° and at least 10° greater than the baseline when measuring UIV to UIV + 2. PJF was defined as any type of symptomatic PJK which required surgery. Pre-op, latest and delta SVA and PI-LL mismatch were compared between patients with PJK and without. Only patients instrumented at 4 or more levels with full length 36″ films and a minimum 2-year follow-up were included.

Results

A total of 184 patients met inclusion criteria for this study. Mean follow-up time was 85.2 months (24–158.9 months, SD 39.1). Mean age was 66 years (22–85 years). The mean number of operated levels was 6.9 levels (4–16 levels, SD 2.8). A total of 21 patients (10.8%) met PJK criteria. Only 10 (4.9%) were symptomatic (PJF) and underwent revision surgery. The other 11 patients remained asymptomatic. Comparing PJK to non-PJK patients, there was no statistically significant difference in the post-op SVA, delta SVA, post-op PI/LL and delta PI/LL between the two groups.

Conclusion

Our study would suggest that in the appropriately selected and well-optimized patient, CMIS deformity correction is associated with a low prevalence of PJK and PJF.
Advances in graphene reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites: Mechanisms, processing, modelling, properties and applications
Authors: Chen Wenge , Yang Tao , Dong Longlong , Elmasry Ahmed , Song Jiulong , Deng Nan , Elmarakbi Ahmed , Liu Terence , Lv Hai Bao , Fu Yong Qing
Published: March 2021

Graphene has been extensively explored to enhance functional and mechanical properties of metal matrix nanocomposites for wide-range applications due to their superior mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. This article discusses recent advances of key mechanisms, synthesis, manufacture, modelling and applications of graphene metal matrix nanocomposites. The main strengthening mechanisms include load transfer, Orowan cycle, thermal mismatch, and refinement strengthening. Synthesis technologies are discussed including some conventional methods (such as liquid metallurgy, powder metallurgy, thermal spraying and deposition technology) and some advanced processing methods (such as molecular-level mixing and friction stir processing). Analytical modelling (including phenomenological models, semi-empirical models, homogenization models, and self-consistent model) and numerical simulations (including finite elements method, finite difference method, and boundary element method) have been discussed for understanding the interface bonding and performance characteristics between graphene and different metal matrices (Al, Cu, Mg, Ni). Key challenges in applying graphene as a reinforcing component for the metal matrix composites and the potential solutions as well as prospectives of future development and opportunities are highlighted.
Rethinking the Secular Origins of the Novel
Authors: Seidel Kevin
Published: March 2021

Literary histories of the novel tend to assume that religion naturally gives way to secularism, with the novel usurping the Bible after the Enlightenment. This book challenges that teleological conception of literary history by focusing on scenes in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century fiction where the Bible appears as a physical object. Situating those scenes in wider circuits of biblical criticism, Bible printing, and devotional reading, Seidel cogently demonstrates that such scenes reveal a great deal about the artistic ambitions of the novels themselves and point to the different ways those novels reconfigured their readers' relationships to the secular world. With insightful readings of the appearance of the Bible as a physical object in fiction by John Bunyan, Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Sarah Scott, Frances Sheridan, and Laurence Sterne, this book contends that the English novel rises with the English Bible, not after it.
Race and in-hospital mortality after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in the Stroke Belt: Secondary analysis of a case–control study
Authors: Hilton Logan D. , Lyerly Michael J. , Gropen Toby I.
Published: March 2021

Background and Purpose:

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for around 10% of stroke, but carries 50% of stroke mortality. ICH characteristics and prognostic factors specific to the Stroke Belt are not well defined by race.

Methods:

Records of patients admitted to the University of Alabama Hospital with ICH from 2017 to 2019 were reviewed. We examined the association of demographics; clinical and radiographic features including stroke severity, hematoma volume, and ICH score; and transfer status with in-hospital mortality and discharge functional status for a biracial population including Black and White patients. Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality and functional outcome were examined using logistic regression.

Results:

Among the 275 ICH cases included in this biracial analysis, Black patients (n = 114) compared to White patients (n = 161) were younger (60.6 vs. 71.4 years, P < 0.0001), more often urban (81% vs. 64%, P < 0.01), more likely to have a history of hypertension (87% vs. 71%, P < 0.01), less often transferred (44% vs. 74%, P < 0.01), and had smaller median initial hematoma volumes (9.1 vs. 12.6 mL, P = 0.041). On multivariable analysis, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) for White patients (OR 13.0, P < 0.0001), hyperlipidemia for Black patients (OR 13.9, P = 0.019), and ICH volume for either race (Black patients: OR 1.05, P = 0.03 and White patients: OR 1.04, P < 0.01) were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality.

Conclusions:

Hypertension is more prevalent among Black ICH patients in the Stroke Belt. The addition of hyperlipidemia to the ICH score model improved the prediction of mortality for Black ICH patients. No differences in in-hospital mortality or poor functional outcome were observed by race.
HOW LONG DOES ECONOMIC INJUSTICE LAST?
Authors: Miles David
Published: March 2021

This article assesses whether economic injustices that took place in the past still have significant implications for the material welfare of people many years later. That issue is central to the question of how fair is the distribution of wealth and income today. It is also relevant to issues of reparations for past wrongs. I find that in standard neoclassical models of economic growth the lingering effects of injustice from more than 70 years ago are generally small. But effects can last much longer once we allow for impacts of past injustices to be transmitted through human capital accumulation as well as physical capital.
Gone For Good: Deindustrialization, White Voter Backlash, and US Presidential Voting
Authors: BACCINI LEONARDO , WEYMOUTH STEPHEN
Published: March 2021

Globalization and automation have contributed to deindustrialization and the loss of millions of manufacturing jobs, yielding important electoral implications across advanced democracies. Coupling insights from economic voting and social identity theory, we consider how different groups in society may construe manufacturing job losses in contrasting ways. We argue that deindustrialization threatens dominant group status, leading some white voters in affected localities to favor candidates they believe will address economic distress and defend racial hierarchy. Examining three US presidential elections, we find white voters were more likely to vote for Republican challengers where manufacturing layoffs were high, whereas Black voters in hard-hit localities were more likely to vote for Democrats. In survey data, white respondents, in contrast to people of color, associated local manufacturing job losses with obstacles to individual upward mobility and with broader American economic decline. Group-based identities help explain divergent political reactions to common economic shocks.
“Clocks Must Always Be Turned Back”:Brown v. Board of Educationand the Racial Origins of Constitutional Originalism
Authors: TERBEEK CALVIN
Published: March 2021

The Republican Party has adopted constitutional “originalism” as its touchstone. Existing accounts of this development tell either a teleological story, with legal academics as the progenitors, or deracialized accounts of conservatives arguing first principles. Exploiting untapped archival data, this paper argues otherwise. Empirically, the paper shows that the realigning GOP’s originalism grew directly out of political resistance toBrown v. Board of Educationby conservative governing elites, intellectuals, and activists in the 1950s and 1960s. Building on this updated empirical understanding, the theoretical claim is that ideologically charged elite legal academics and attorneys in Departments of Justice serve more of alegitimatingrather than anoriginatingrole for American constitutional politics upon a long coalition’s electoral success. Finally, by showing the importance of race to constitutional conservatism’s development, this article posits that the received understanding of a “three-corner stool” of social, economic, and foreign policy conservatism needs revision.
Wolves in Sheep's Clothing: Assessing the Effect of Gender Norms on the Lethality of Female Suicide Terrorism
Authors: Thomas Jakana L.
Published: March 2021

Although a substantial body of research argues that women provide terrorist organizations with important tactical benefits, few studies draw out the implications of this argument or examine whether female recruits affect the outcomes of terrorist operations. Using data on individual suicide attacks from 1985 to 2015, I show that an attacker's gender influences the lethality of an attack. However, this effect is conditional upon the gender norms of the state in which the attack occurs. The results demonstrate that a female advantage is more apparent only in societies where a woman's role in public life is limited; attacks by female suicide attackers are more deadly in countries where women are largely absent from the workforce, civil society, and protest organizations. I also assess whether counterterrorists eventually adapt to the use of female suicide terrorists. The results demonstrate that female attack lethality is declining with time, suggesting that security forces eventually adapt to women's participation in terrorism. These findings are consequential because they highlight the effect of persistent gender biases on counterterrorism efforts.
Introduction: Interpreting the Global Economy through Local Anger
Authors: Dakhli Leyla , Bonnecase Vincent
Published: March 2021

During the 1980s and 1990s, violent events occurred in the streets of many African and Middle Eastern countries. Each event had its own logic and saw the intervention of actors with differing profiles. What they had in common was that they all took place in the context of the implementation of a neoliberal political economy. The anger these policies aroused was first expressed by people who were not necessarily rebelling against the adjustments themselves, or against the underlying ideologies or the institutions that imposed them, but rather against their practical manifestations in everyday life. This special issue invites reflections on these revolts and what they teach us about the neoliberal turn in Africa and the Middle East.

The echoes between the present and the recent past are as important for the genesis of this work as they are for those that read it. They must not prevent us from investigating the specifics of these uprisings, with a particular emphasis on the intersection between a global political economy and local challenges, while understanding them through their particular circumstances. This issue aims to stimulate a more general reflection on popular feelings and social responses in the face of neoliberalism.
RESHAPING THE LANDSCAPE: THE IMPACT AND DIFFUSION OF THE TRACTOR IN AMERICAN AGRICULTURE, 1910–1960
Authors: Olmstead Alan L. , Rhode Paul W.
Published: March 2021

This article analyzes the revolutionary impact the tractor had on rural America and examines the economic, technological, and institutional factors governing the machine's diffusion. Our simultaneous-equation regression model helps decipher the complex relationship between farm scale and diffusion. In addition, analyzing diffusion as a capital replacement problem reveals that the shift to the new technology was far more rapid than what has generally been thought and provides a new perspective on the long co-existence of both horses and tractors on farms.
Attentional salience and the neural substrates of response inhibition in borderline personality disorder
Authors: Wrege J. S. , Carcone D. , Lee A. C. H. , Cane C. , Lang U. E. , Borgwardt S. , Walter M. , Ruocco A. C.
Published: March 2021

Background

Impulsivity is a central symptom of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and its neural basis may be instantiated in a frontoparietal network involved in response inhibition. However, research has yet to determine whether neural activation differences in BPD associated with response inhibition are attributed to attentional saliency, which is subserved by a partially overlapping network of brain regions.

Methods

Patients with BPD (n = 45) and 29 healthy controls (HCs; n = 29) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing a novel go/no-go task with infrequent odd-ball trials to control for attentional saliency. Contrasts reflecting a combination of response inhibition and attentional saliency (no-go > go), saliency processing alone (oddball > go), and response inhibition controlling for attentional saliency (no-go > oddball) were compared between BPD and HC.

Results

Compared to HC, BPD showed less activation in the combined no-go > go contrast in the right posterior inferior and middle-frontal gyri, and less activation for oddball > go in left-hemispheric inferior frontal junction, frontal pole, superior parietal lobe, and supramarginal gyri. Crucially, BPD and HC showed no activation differences for the no-go > oddball contrast. In BPD, higher vlPFC activation for no-go > go was correlated with greater self-rated BPD symptoms, whereas lower vlPFC activation for oddball > go was associated with greater self-rated attentional impulsivity.

Conclusions

Patients with BPD show frontoparietal disruptions related to the combination of response inhibition and attentional saliency or saliency alone, but no specific response inhibition neural activation difference when attentional saliency is controlled. The findings suggest a neural dysfunction in BPD underlying attention to salient or infrequent stimuli, which is supported by a negative correlation with self-rated impulsiveness.
How does the COVID-19 pandemic impact on population mental health? A network analysis of COVID influences on depression, anxiety and traumatic stress in the UK population
Authors: Zavlis Orestis , Butter Sarah , Bennett Kate , Hartman Todd K. , Hyland Philip , Mason Liam , McBride Orla , Murphy Jamie , Gibson-Miller Jilly , Levita Liat , Martinez Anton P. , Shevlin Mark , Stocks Thomas V. A. , Vallières Frédérique , Bentall Richard P.
Published: March 2021

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emergency has led to numerous attempts to assess the impact of the pandemic on population mental health. The findings indicate an increase in depression and anxiety but have been limited by the lack of specificity about which aspects of the pandemic (e.g. viral exposure or economic threats) have led to adverse mental health outcomes.

Methods

Network analyses were conducted on data from wave 1 (N= 2025, recruited 23 March–28 March 2020) and wave 2 (N= 1406, recontacts 22 April–1 May 2020) of the COVID-19 Psychological Research Consortium Study, an online longitudinal survey of a representative sample of the UK adult population. Our models included depression (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety (GAD-7) and trauma symptoms (ITQ); and measures of COVID-specific anxiety, exposure to the virus in self and close others, as well as economic loss due to the pandemic.

Results

A mixed graphical model at wave 1 identified a potential pathway from economic adversity to anxiety symptoms via COVID-specific anxiety. There was no association between viral exposure and symptoms. Ising network models using clinical cut-offs for symptom scores at each wave yielded similar findings, with the exception of a modest effect of viral exposure on trauma symptoms at wave 1 only. Anxiety and depression symptoms formed separate clusters at wave 1 but not wave 2.

Conclusions

The psychological impact of the pandemic evolved in the early phase of lockdown. COVID-related anxiety may represent the mechanism through which economic consequences of the pandemic are associated with psychiatric symptoms.
Foreign Aid and State Legitimacy
Authors: Blair Robert A. , Roessler Philip
Published: March 2021

What are the effects of foreign aid on the perceived legitimacy of recipient states? Different donors adhere to different rules, principles, and operating procedures. The authors theorize that variation in these aid regimes may generate variation in the effects of aid on state legitimacy. To test their theory, they compare aid from the United States to aid from China, its most prominent geopolitical rival. Their research design combines within-country analysis of original surveys, survey experiments, and behavioral games in Liberia with cross-country analysis of existing administrative and Afrobarometer data from six African countries. They exploit multiple proxies for state legitimacy, but focus in particular on tax compliance and morale. Contrary to expectations, the authors find little evidence to suggest that exposure to aid diminishes the legitimacy of African states. If anything, the opposite appears to be true. Their results are consistent across multiple settings, multiple levels of analysis, and multiple measurement and identification strategies, and are unlikely to be artifacts of sample selection, statistical power, or the strength or weakness of particular experimental treatments. The authors conclude that the effects of aid on state legitimacy at the microlevel are largely benign.
Exploring the Linguistic, Cognitive, and Social Skills Underlying Lexical Processing Efficiency as Measured by the Looking-while-Listening Paradigm
Authors: RONFARD Samuel , WEI Ran , ROWE Meredith L.
Published: March 2021

The looking-while-listening (LWL) paradigm is frequently used to measure toddlers’ lexical processing efficiency (LPE). Children's LPE is associated with vocabulary size, yet other linguistic, cognitive, or social skills contributing to LPE are not well understood. It also remains unclear whether LPE measures from two types of LWL trials (target-initial versus distractor-initial trials) are differentially associated with the abovementioned potential correlates of LPE. We tested 18- to 24-month-olds and found that children's word learning on a fast-mapping task was associated with LPE measures from all trials and distractor-initial trials but not target-initial trials. Children's vocabulary and pragmatic skills were both associated with their fast-mapping performance. Executive functions and pragmatic skills were associated with LPE measures from distractor-initial but not target-initial trials. Hence, LPE as measured by the LWL paradigm may reflect a constellation of skills important to language development. Methodological implications for future studies using the LWL paradigm are discussed.
Examining drivers’ socio-demographic variables and perceptions towards sanction mechanisms on speeding behaviour on highways: targeting appropriate prevention
Authors: Trapsilawati Fitri , Priatna Nadhiya Ulhaq , Wijayanto Titis , Widyanti Ari , Syafitri Utami Dyah , Chamidah Nur
Published: March 2021

Investigating the underlying predictors of speeding behaviour deserves the full attention of research. This study aims to examine the effects of demographic variables on the perceived deterrent mechanisms and to predict speeding behaviour to target appropriate prevention programmes. In this study, 212 randomly selected drivers having a valid car driving licence participated in an online survey. The results revealed that demographic variables influenced drivers’ perceptions towards social and legal sanctions as well as material loss. The model revealed that two sanction-related constructs, that is, legal sanction (b = −0⋅227, P = 0⋅007) and material loss (b = −0⋅218, P = 0⋅005), as well as lax perception towards traffic accident (b = −0⋅176, P = 0⋅025), were the significant predictors of speeding behaviour. These findings suggested that prevention programmes should prioritise young and single drivers. The most effective targeted prevention programmes are highlighted accordingly based on the study results.
Crystal structure of strontium hydrogen citrate monohydrate, Sr(HC6H5O7)(H2O)
Authors: Kaduk James A.
Published: March 2021

The crystal structure of strontium hydrogen citrate monohydrate has been solved using laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data, refined using both laboratory and synchrotron data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Strontium hydrogen citrate monohydrate crystallizes in space groupC2/c(#15) witha= 25.15601(17),b= 10.90724(6),c= 6.37341(4) Å,β= 91.9846(6)°,V= 1747.704(12) Å3, andZ= 8. The Sr coordination and the hydrogen bonding result in a layered structure. The SrO8coordination polyhedra share edges to form corrugated layers parallel to thebc-plane. Hydrogen bonds between the carboxylic acid groups and water molecules link the layers. Intermolecular hydroxyl–carboxyl hydrogen bonds also link the layers in a ring pattern with a graph set symbolR2,2(12). After storage for 2 years, partial re-crystallization occurred, to an as-yet unknown compound with a triclinic unit cell.
Breast-feeding promotion in hospitals and prospective breast-feeding rates during the first year of life in two national surveys 1997–1998 and 2017–2019 in Germany
Authors: Hockamp Nele , Burak Constanze , Sievers Erika , Rudloff Silvia , Burmann Anja , Thinnes Merlin , Zahn Johanna , Lücke Thomas , Kersting Mathilde
Published: March 2021

Objectives:

The present study aimed to assess the current state of breast-feeding promotion in hospitals and the prevalence of breast-feeding during the first year of life in Germany and to compare the results with a study 20 years earlier.

Design:

In the studies on ‘breast-feeding and infant nutrition in Germany’ named ‘SuSe’, a cross-sectional survey in hospitals was combined with a subsequent prospective survey of breast-feeding and infant nutrition during the first year of life (0·5, 2, 4, 6 and 12 months after birth) in mother–infant pairs who were recruited in the hospitals. Written questionnaires and phone calls were used in SuSe I and web-based questionnaires in SuSe II. Breast-feeding promotion and prevalence were evaluated using recommendations from the WHO and the UNICEF.

Setting:

Two nationwide surveys SuSe I (1997–1998) and SuSe II (2017–2019).

Participants:

In SuSe I, 177 hospitals and 1717 mother–infant pairs and in SuSe II 109 hospitals and 962 mother–infant pairs were included.

Results:

In SuSe II, hospitals implemented seven of the WHO ‘Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding’ to a greater extent than the hospitals in SuSe I. More mothers exclusively breastfed for 4 months (57 % v. 33 %) and continued breast-feeding until 6 (78 % v. 48 %) and 12 months (41 % v. 13 %). In both studies, exclusive breast-feeding decreased between 4 and 6 months of age due to the introduction of complementary feeding.

Conclusions:

In Germany, breast-feeding habits have come closer to the recommendations over the last 20 years.
Recruiting and retaining young adults: what can we learn from behavioural interventions targeting nutrition, physical activity and/or obesity? A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Whatnall Megan C , Hutchesson Melinda J , Sharkey Thomas , Haslam Rebecca L , Bezzina Aaron , Collins Clare E , Tzelepis Flora , Ashton Lee M
Published: March 2021

Objective:

To describe strategies used to recruit and retain young adults in nutrition, physical activity and/or obesity intervention studies, and quantify the success and efficiency of these strategies.

Design:

A systematic review was conducted. The search included six electronic databases to identify randomised controlled trials (RCT) published up to 6 December 2019 that evaluated nutrition, physical activity and/or obesity interventions in young adults (17–35 years). Recruitment was considered successful if the pre-determined sample size goal was met. Retention was considered acceptable if ≥80 % retained for ≤6-month follow-up or ≥70 % for >6-month follow-up.

Results:

From 21 582 manuscripts identified, 107 RCT were included. Universities were the most common recruitment setting used in eighty-four studies (79 %). Less than half (46 %) of the studies provided sufficient information to evaluate whether individual recruitment strategies met sample size goals, with 77 % successfully achieving recruitment targets. Reporting for retention was slightly better with 69 % of studies providing sufficient information to determine whether individual retention strategies achieved adequate retention rates. Of these, 65 % had adequate retention.

Conclusions:

This review highlights poor reporting of recruitment and retention information across trials. Findings may not be applicable outside a university setting. Guidance on how to improve reporting practices to optimise recruitment and retention strategies within young adults could assist researchers in improving outcomes.
Raising the Red Flag: Democratic Elitism and the Protests in Chile
Authors: Rhodes-Purdy Matthew , Rosenblatt Fernando
Published: March 2021

The recent surge of global populism has led many intellectuals to call for new forms of democratic elitism. Yet research into the sources of support for political organizations and regimes predicts that suppressing opportunities for public participation will likely exacerbate antisystem political tendencies. We cite the recent protests in Chile, a nation that has employed democratic elitism more effectively than perhaps any other, as illustrative of the eventual consequences of suppressing voice. Our research indicates that empowering citizens through vibrant parties and continuous democracy is the best way to avoid populist impulses and waves of contentious politics.
Abiotic Methane Generation via CO2 Hydrogenation With Natural Chromitite Under Hydrothermal Conditions
Authors: Ueda Hisahiro , Matsui Yohei , Sawaki Yusuke
Published: March 2021

In modern continental serpentinization systems and ultramafic rock‐hosted sub‐seafloor hydrothermal systems, it is believed that chromitite plays an important role in abiotic hydrocarbon generation. Previous experiments have suggested that chromite acts as a catalyst of CH4 generation, but the composition of chromite used in the previous experiment is unrealistic on Earth. On the other hand, other studies have suggested that natural chromite including Mg and Al cannot function as a catalyst for CH4 generation. Consequently, it still remains uncertain whether naturally occurring Cr‐rich minerals promote CH4 generation. We monitored the reaction between naturally occurring chromitite and CO2‐rich fluid at 300°C, 500 bars. We performed two experiments in different initial CO2/H2 ratios. In both experiments, CH4 was generated immediately after the beginning of experiments. When CO2 was more abundant than H2, the CH4 concentration in the fluid decreased below the detection limit value. On the other hand, when H2 was more abundant than CO2, the CH4 concentration in the fluid was maintained above 0.01 mmol/kg. This is the first report to demonstrate that naturally occurring Cr‐rich minerals act as a promotor of CH4 generation. Cr‐rich minerals such as Cr spinel are common accessory mineral in ultramafic rock. Therefore, on the early Earth, a certain level (on the order of 0.01 mmol/kg) of CH4 was likely produced through reactions between ultramafic rock and CO2‐bearing fluid. To produce more abundant CH4, more favorable conditions featuring greater quantities of Cr spinel and much higher H2 concentration (H2/CO2 ratio) must be necessary.
The Wide Swath Significant Wave Height: An Innovative Reconstruction of Significant Wave Heights From CFOSAT’s SWIM and Scatterometer Using Deep Learning
Authors: Wang J. K. , Aouf L. , Dalphinet A. , Zhang Y. G. , Xu Y. , Hauser D. , Liu J. Q.
Published: March 2021

The accuracy of a wave model can be improved by assimilating an adequate number of remotely sensed wave heights. The Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring (SWIM) and Scatterometer (SCAT) instruments onboard China‐France Oceanic SATellite provide simultaneous observations of waves and wide swath wind fields. Based on these synchronous observations, a method for retrieving the SWH over an extended swath is developed using the deep neural network approach. With the combination of observations from both SWIM and SCAT, the SWH estimates achieve significantly increased spatial coverage and promising accuracy. As evidenced by the assessments of assimilation experiments, the assimilation of this “wide swath SWH” achieves an equivalent or better accuracy than the assimilation of the traditional nadir SWH alone and enhances the positive impact when assimilated with the nadir SWH. Therefore, insights into the better utilization of wave remote sensing in assimilation are presented.
Evaluating Drought Responses of Surface Ozone Precursor Proxies: Variations With Land Cover Type, Precipitation, and Temperature
Authors: Naimark Jacob G. , Fiore Arlene M. , Jin Xiaomeng , Wang Yuxuan , Klovenski Elizabeth , Braneon Christian
Published: March 2021

Prior work suggests drought exacerbates US air quality by increasing surface ozone concentrations. We analyze 2005–2015 tropospheric column concentrations of two trace gases that serve as proxies for surface ozone precursors retrieved from the OMI/Aura satellite: Nitrogen dioxide (ΩNO2; NOx proxy) and formaldehyde (ΩHCHO; VOC proxy). We find 3.5% and 7.7% summer drought enhancements (classified by SPEI) for ΩNO2 and ΩHCHO, respectively, corroborating signals previously extracted from ground‐level observations. When we subset by land cover type, the strongest ΩHCHO drought enhancement (10%) occurs in the woody savannas of the Southeast US. By isolating the influences of precipitation and temperature, we infer that enhanced biogenic VOC emissions in this region increase ΩHCHO independently with both high temperature and low precipitation during drought. The strongest ΩNO2 drought enhancement (6.0%) occurs over Midwest US croplands and grasslands, which we infer to reflect the sensitivity of soil NOx emissions to temperature.
Diverse Regional Sensitivity of Summer Precipitation in East Asia to Ice Volume, CO2 and Astronomical Forcing
Authors: Lyu A. Q. , Yin Q. Z. , Crucifix M. , Sun Y. B.
Published: March 2021

The relative influence of insolation, CO2, and ice sheets on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is not well understood especially at regional scale. Here a Gaussian emulator based on simulations with HadCM3 is used to quantitatively assess how astronomical forcing, CO2, and northern hemisphere ice sheets affect the variation of the summer precipitation over the last 800 ky. Our results show that in the EASM domain north of 25°N, the variation of the summer precipitation is dominated by precession, leading to strong 23‐ky cycles, while the ice sheets only modulate the effect of insolation by influencing the land‐sea pressure gradient. In the southern part, ice sheets play a more important role, generating 100‐ky cycles, through influencing the latitude of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the Hadley cell. Obliquity and CO2 have little effect on the summer precipitation as compared to precession and ice sheets.
Unraveling the Causes of the Seismicity Induced by Underground Gas Storage at Castor, Spain
Authors: Vilarrasa Víctor , De Simone Silvia , Carrera Jesus , Villaseñor Antonio
Published: March 2021

The offshore Castor Underground Gas Storage (UGS) project had to be halted after gas injection triggered three M4 earthquakes, each larger than any ever induced by UGS. The mechanisms that induced seismicity in the crystalline basement at 5–10 km depth after gas injection at 1.7 km depth remain unknown. Here, we propose a combination of mechanisms to explain the observed seismicity. First, the critically stressed Amposta fault, bounding the storage formation, crept by the superposition of well‐known overpressure effects and buoyancy of the relatively light injected gas. This aseismic slip brought an unmapped critically stressed fault in the hydraulically disconnected crystalline basement to failure. We attribute the delay between induced earthquakes to the pressure drop associated to expansion of areas where earthquakes slips cause further instabilities. Earthquakes occur only after these pressure drops have dissipated. Understanding triggering mechanisms is key to forecast induced seismicity and successfully design deep underground operations.
Californian Wildfire Smoke Over Europe: A First Example of the Aerosol Observing Capabilities of Aeolus Compared to Ground‐Based Lidar
Authors: Baars Holger , Radenz Martin , Floutsi Athena Augusta , Engelmann Ronny , Althausen Dietrich , Heese Birgit , Ansmann Albert , Flament Thomas , Dabas Alain , Trapon Dimitri , Reitebuch Oliver , Bley Sebastian , Wandinger Ulla
Published: March 2021

In September 2020, extremely strong wildfires in the western United States of America (i.e., mainly in California) produced large amounts of smoke, which was lifted into the free troposphere. These biomass‐burning‐aerosol (BBA) layers were transported from the US west coast toward central Europe within 3–4 days turning the sky milky and receiving high media attention. The present study characterizes this pronounced smoke plume above Leipzig, Germany, using a ground‐based multiwavelength‐Raman‐polarization lidar and the aerosol/cloud product of ESA’s wind lidar mission Aeolus. An exceptional high smoke‐AOT >0.4 was measured, yielding to a mean mass concentration of 8 μg m−3. The 355 nm lidar ratio was moderate at around 40–50 sr. The Aeolus‐derived backscatter, extinction and lidar ratio profiles agree well with the observations of the ground‐based lidar PollyXT considering the fact that Aeolus’ aerosol and cloud products are still preliminary and subject to ongoing algorithm improvements.
Intensification and Driving Forces of Pastoralism in Northern China 5.7 ka Ago
Authors: Huang Xiaozhong , Zhang Jun , Ren Lele , Zhang Shengrui , Chen Fahu
Published: March 2021

Initiation and development of pastoralism in northern China, and the mechanisms involved, are poorly understood. Here we use analyses of Sporormiella‐type coprophilous fungal spores in a well‐dated sediment core from Lake Gonghai in northern China, together with other sequences of fungal spores to reconstruct the population dynamics of large herbivores during the Holocene. Comparison of the results with paleoclimatic and zooarchaeological records suggests that grazing appeared at ∼5.7–5.5 ka and further intensified again after ∼4.2–4.0 ka. The changes represent two stages of the migration of herdsmen from the steppe regions in inner East Asia eastward and/or southward into northern China, and we propose that the occurrence of drought and cooling climate were responsible. The rapid intensification of pastoralism after ∼3.6 ka may have been promoted by the wider use of horses and the development of grasslands in northern China. Intensified grazing activity potentially has contributed to methane increase during the late Holocene.
Building a Better Model to View Earth’s Interacting Processes
Authors: Danabasoglu Gokhan , Lamarque Jean-Fran�ois
Published: March 2021

Researchers collaborated to produce and evaluate a new version of the Community Earth System Model, and they are documenting their work in the AGU CESM2 virtual special issue.
Geologists Have a New Tool for Reconstructing the Ancient Climate
Authors: Chaisson Clara
Published: March 2021

A new study of seafloor sediments finds that the temperature record in the early Paleozoic corresponds to significant shifts in the diversity of life on Earth.
Associations Between Wildfire‐Related PM2.5 and Intensive Care Unit Admissions in the United States, 2006–2015
Authors: Sorensen Cecilia , House John A. , O'Dell Katelyn , Brey Steven J. , Ford Bonne , Pierce Jeffrey R. , Fischer Emily V. , Lemery Jay , Crooks James L.
Published: March 2021

Wildfire smoke is a growing public health concern in the United States. Numerous studies have documented associations between ambient smoke exposure and severe patient outcomes for single‐fire seasons or limited geographic regions. However, there are few national‐scale health studies of wildfire smoke in the United States, few studies investigating Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admissions as an outcome, and few specifically framed around hospital operations. This study retrospectively examined the associations between ambient wildfire‐related PM2.5 at a hospital ZIP code with total hospital ICU admissions using a national‐scale hospitalization data set. Wildfire smoke was characterized using a combination of kriged PM2.5 monitor observations and satellite‐derived plume polygons from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hazard Mapping System. ICU admissions data were acquired from Premier, Inc. and encompass 15%–20% of all U.S. ICU admissions during the study period. Associations were estimated using a distributed‐lag conditional Poisson model under a time‐stratified case‐crossover design. We found that a 10 μg/m3 increase in daily wildfire PM2.5 was associated with a 2.7% (95% CI: 1.3, 4.1; p = 0.00018) increase in ICU admissions 5 days later. Under stratification, positive associations were found among patients aged 0–20 and 60+, patients living in the Midwest Census Region, patients admitted in the years 2013–2015, and non‐Black patients, though other results were mixed. Following a simulated severe 7‐day 120 μg/m3 smoke event, our results predict ICU bed utilization peaking at 131% (95% CI: 43, 239; p < 10−5) over baseline. Our work suggests that hospitals may need to preposition vital critical care resources when severe smoke events are forecast.
Mapping specificity, cleavage entropy, allosteric changes and substrates of blood proteases in a high-throughput screen
Authors: Uliana Federico , Vizovišek Matej , Acquasaliente Laura , Ciuffa Rodolfo , Fossati Andrea , Frommelt Fabian , Goetze Sandra , Wollscheid Bernd , Gstaiger Matthias , De Filippis Vincenzo , auf dem Keller Ulrich , Aebersold Ruedi
Published: March 2021

Proteases are among the largest protein families and critical regulators of biochemical processes like apoptosis and blood coagulation. Knowledge of proteases has been expanded by the development of proteomic approaches, however, technology for multiplexed screening of proteases within native environments is currently lacking behind. Here we introduce a simple method to profile protease activity based on isolation of protease products from native lysates using a 96FASP filter, their analysis in a mass spectrometer and a custom data analysis pipeline. The method is significantly faster, cheaper, technically less demanding, easy to multiplex and produces accurate protease fingerprints. Using the blood cascade proteases as a case study, we obtain protease substrate profiles that can be used to map specificity, cleavage entropy and allosteric effects and to design protease probes. The data further show that protease substrate predictions enable the selection of potential physiological substrates for targeted validation in biochemical assays.
Angular dependence of the Wigner time delay upon tunnel ionization of H2
Authors: Trabert D. , Brennecke S. , Fehre K. , Anders N. , Geyer A. , Grundmann S. , Schöffler M. S. , Schmidt L. Ph. H. , Jahnke T. , Dörner R. , Kunitski M. , Eckart S.
Published: March 2021

When a very strong light field is applied to a molecule an electron can be ejected by tunneling. In order to quantify the time-resolved dynamics of this ionization process, the concept of the Wigner time delay can be used. The properties of this process can depend on the tunneling direction relative to the molecular axis. Here, we show experimental and theoretical data on the Wigner time delay for tunnel ionization of H2 molecules and demonstrate its dependence on the emission direction of the electron with respect to the molecular axis. We find, that the observed changes in the Wigner time delay can be quantitatively explained by elongated/shortened travel paths of the emitted electrons, which occur due to spatial shifts of the electrons’ birth positions after tunneling. Our work provides therefore an intuitive perspective towards the Wigner time delay in strong-field ionization.
In vivo and in vitro reconstitution of unique key steps in cystobactamid antibiotic biosynthesis
Authors: Groß Sebastian , Schnell Bastien , Haack Patrick A. , Auerbach David , Müller Rolf
Published: March 2021

Cystobactamids are myxobacteria-derived topoisomerase inhibitors with potent anti-Gram-negative activity. They are formed by a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and consist of tailored para-aminobenzoic acids, connected by a unique α-methoxy-l-isoasparagine or a β-methoxy-l-asparagine linker moiety. We describe the heterologous expression of the cystobactamid biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in Myxococcus xanthus. Targeted gene deletions produce several unnatural cystobactamids. Using in vitro experiments, we reconstitute the key biosynthetic steps of linker formation and shuttling via CysB to the NRPS. The biosynthetic logic involves a previously uncharacterized bifunctional domain found in the stand-alone NRPS module CysH, albicidin biosynthesis and numerous BGCs of unknown natural products. This domain performs either an aminomutase (AM) or an amide dehydratase (DH) type of reaction, depending on the activity of CysJ which hydroxylates CysH-bound l-asparagine. Furthermore, CysQ O-methylates hydroxyl-l-(iso)asparagine only in the presence of the AMDH domain. Taken together, these findings provide direct evidence for unique steps in cystobactamid biosynthesis.
Lightning strikes as a major facilitator of prebiotic phosphorus reduction on early Earth
Authors: Hess Benjamin L. , Piazolo Sandra , Harvey Jason
Published: March 2021

When hydrated, phosphides such as the mineral schreibersite, (Fe,Ni)3P, allow for the synthesis of important phosphorus-bearing organic compounds. Such phosphides are common accessory minerals in meteorites; consequently, meteorites are proposed to be a main source of prebiotic reactive phosphorus on early Earth. Here, we propose an alternative source for widespread phosphorus reduction, arguing that lightning strikes on early Earth potentially formed 10–1000 kg of phosphide and 100–10,000 kg of phosphite and hypophosphite annually. Therefore, lightning could have been a significant source of prebiotic, reactive phosphorus which would have been concentrated on landmasses in tropical regions. Lightning strikes could likewise provide a continual source of prebiotic reactive phosphorus independent of meteorite flux on other Earth-like planets, potentially facilitating the emergence of terrestrial life indefinitely.