bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sorption and Desorption of a Cationic Polymer by Human Hair: Effects of Salt Solutions
Authors: Faucher J. A. , Goddard E. D. , Hannan R. B.
Published: January 2017

Sorption of Polymer JR, a cationic cellulose ether, by human hair is greatly decreased in the presence of added electrolytes. This reflects the competition between cations of the added salt and the quaternary ammonium groups of the polymer for sorption sites in the substrate. In this respect the hair can be regarded as a “strong-acid” ion-exchanger, and it displays a selectivity to ions similar to that observed for conventional resin exchangers. Cations can be ranked in order according to their ability to decrease the sorption of Polymer JR as follows:

La+++ > Al+++ < Fe+++ < Ca++ < Fe++ < Cs+ < Na+ < Li+.

Salts also promote desorption of Polymer JR that is already sorbed by hair. However, selectivity is less evident in desorption than in sorption and is only observed at relatively low concentrations of salt. About half of the sorbed polymer is readily removed by salt solutions; the rest appears to be tightly attached to the substrate.
Thickness of the Still Air Layer Adhering to Perforated Plastic Plates and Fabric
Authors: Tsubouchi Kozo
Published: January 2017

The thickness of the still air layer adhering to perforated plastic plates and a fabric was investigated in terms of the water vapor pressure gradient in the zone of diffusion above the samples. The water vapor pressures above the samples were determined from measurements using a temperature and relative humidity sensor. To analyze the thickness of the still air layer for a wide range of evaporation rates, the hole diameter and the number of holes per unit area were changed and the measurements were under different temperature and humidity/gradient conditions. The thickness of the still air layer corresponded to a distance of 10 mm from the sample surface and was not related to the surface construction and materials.
Formation of Copper(II)-Wool Keratin Complexes
Authors: Fukatsu Kazuhiko
Published: January 2017

The effect of the binding of Cu(II) ions on the dissociation of the side chain carboxyl groups in wool keratin has been measured using a modified Bjerrum's method. Data taken at various ionic strengths indicate that in the presence of much NaNO3, the formation curves fall on the same curve regardless of Cu(II) ion concentration, and the stability constants b1 and b2 decrease with increasing NaNO3 concentration. This phenomenon might be due to the fact that complexing reactions become increasingly difficult because of the screening effect of NaNO3. The variation of the value of b2 was more significant than that of b1, confirming that the increase of the ratio of the concentrations of Cu(II) to glutamyl and aspartyl residues ( TCu/ THL) and of the NaNO3 concentration resulted in an increase in the fraction of CuL2 species.
A Nonaqueous Method for Sizing Wool Yarns: Preliminary Work
Authors: Nason D.
Published: January 2017

Preliminary work has shown the feasibility of a novel method of sizing wool yarns. The method is a nonaqueous, package-to-package technique in which a polymer size is applied to a yarn running through an air fluidized bed of powdered polymer, followed by in situ melting and air cooling. Some water soluble polymers that have properties suitable for application by this method have been investigated. Coated yarns have been produced with polymer add-on levels of 6% and 24% at treatment speeds of 70 and 40 meters/minute, respectively. Yarns treated with a water soluble polyester based polymer showed reduced hairiness and reduced incidence of fabric stitching faults in weaving trials.
New Advances in the Internal Lipid Composition of Wool
Authors: Nogues B. , Coderch L. , Julia R. , Erra P.
Published: January 2017

The presence of glycolipids on wool fibers has been detected by analyzing the solubilized material when wool is treated with different organic solvents selected to remove internal lipids. One of these has been isolated and identified as a glucosilceramide. These compounds are thought to contribute to the bilayer structure that may be present in the β-layers of the cell membrane complex.
Quantitative Contribution of Splice Elements
Authors: Kaushik R. C. D. , Hari P. K. , Sharma I. C.
Published: January 2017

The contribution of the three different splice elements was studied. Splice strength is primarily due to intermingling/tucking. Twisting also contributes significantly to splice strength, but the contribution of wrapping to strength is minimal.
A Comparison of Various Woven Fabrics Containing Friction, Rotor, and Ring Spun Cotton Yarn Fillings
Authors: Lord Peter R. , Radhakrishnaiah P.
Published: January 2017

Fabrics made from friction spun fillings (friction fabrics) had a hand that was judged to be equivalent to fabrics made from ring spun fillings of the same count (ring fabrics). Fabrics with rotor spun fillings (rotor fabrics) had a hand that was harsher than either of the others. The friction spun fillings only had a tenacity of about 57% of ring yarns. Plain weave friction fabrics had a tenacity in the filling direction of about 70% of ring fabrics and 66% for twill weave fabrics. The tear strength was 63% of the ring fabric. Warps were common in each set, but the substitution of one filling by another type altered the fabric performance in the warp direction even though the filling yarn count was unchanged. The topography of the fabric surface was changed by the substitution. Harmonic analysis of surface roughness data showed the effects to be considerable. Fabric bending stiffnesses changed by altering the fabric and yarn structures, but the two methods of measurement did not give identical assessments of these differences. Fabric shear and hysteresis losses suggest that friction fabric might tend to “bag.”
Geometry and Dimensional Properties of Plain Loops Made of Rotor Spun Cotton Yarns
Authors: Banerjee P. K. , Alaiban T. S.
Published: January 2017

An analysis of the data for a classical expression of loop shape factor reveals the inadequacy of this parameter in representing loop shape. A modified loop shape factor has been proposed and appears to express the three-dimensional loop shape more closely. The loop shape of cotton yarns at the fully relaxed state is not unique. The stability and stabilization process of loop shape have been investigated, pointing to the need for a more fundamental approach.
Neps in Ginned Lint: The Effect of Varieties, Harvesting, and Ginning Practices
Authors: Anthony W. S. , Meredith W. R. , Williford J. R.
Published: January 2017

The effects of varieties, harvesting practices, and ginning techniques on the nep content of ginned lint were evaluated in a two year study in the Mississippi Delta. Neps increased more with lint cleaning during ginning than with harvesting practices or varieties. Two stages of lint cleaning increased the neps in ginned lint from 15.9 to 36.2 neps/645 cm2 of web. Differences caused by varieties were about equal to those caused by harvesting practices. The nep content was not significantly related to the number of seedcoat fragments, foreign matter, or grade.
Dyeing by Integration
Authors: Cegarra J. , Puente P. , Valldeperas J. , Pepio M.
Published: January 2017

A dyeing method consisting of discrete additions of dye to the dyeing solution, rather than the usual practice of adding it all at the beginning, has been studied in order to assess, through a theoretical model, the precise additions required to get the same dye absorption in each constant interval of time, as well as the amount of dye to be absorbed by the fiber at each temperature so as to reach a certain level of exhaustion.
Mechanics of High Speed Texturing
Authors: Kang Tae Jin , Li Wei , El-Shiekh Aly
Published: January 2017

The mechanics of ring twisting are analyzed, and the effects of machine operating parameters such as the R/Y ratio (the ratio of the linear speed of ring to the speed of the yarn path), the ring crossing angle, and the externally applied pressure are discussed. The advantages of the ring twister are compared with the stacked disc spindle and the belt twister. The restraints in designing the ring aggregate are discussed in terms of the differential relative torsional slippage.
The New Theological Situation
Authors: Williams Daniel Day
Published: January 2017

“It is in the mode of thought known as process theology where I find the most significant movement toward a social theology. … I do not propose to try to prove that this mode of thought has the answers to all theological questions. I believe it is on the right track, but my concern is to try to identify the problem which this theology must solve. What we need to do is to carry through to a new theological construction on the conviction that the relation between God and his creatures is through and through social. All the traditional doctrines must be reconsidered.”
Microcomputer Data Base Management of Bibliographic Information
Authors: Hutton Sandra S. , Hutton S. Ray
Published: January 2017

A microcomputer data base management system designed for the personal use of social science researchers is presented. Discussed are data base needs required for a body of social science literature, existing microcomputer hardware and data base management software, development of a microcomputer data base management program suitable for storage retrieval of a body of social science literature, and ways a data base can be useful. Major advantages of establishing a personal data base of literature include permanent storage of information, ease of finding stored information, and the manipulation of information for word processing and other applications.
Computer Simulation of Social Systems
Authors: Federico Pat-Anthony , Figliozzi Paul W.
Published: January 2017

This article discloses and considers (1) the various advantages which accrue from employing computer simulation methodology to examine social systems; (2) the disadvantages and potential pitfalls encountered in the utilization of computer simulation techniques; and (3) the feasibility of using microcomputers to simulate social systems by discussing some hardware and software as well as selection considerations the researcher should weigh before choosing a microprocessor-based system.
Symmetrical Peripheral Gangrene
Authors: Sharma B D , Kabra S R , Gupta B
Published: January 2017

Symmetrical peripheral gangrene (SPG), seen in a wide variety of medical conditions presents as symmetrical gangrene of two or more extremities without large vesselobstruction or vasculitis. Fingers, and toes (rarely nose, ear lobes or genitilia) are affected. It may manifest unpredictably in conditions associated with sepsis, low output states, vasospastic conditions, myeloproliferative disorders or in hyperviscosity syndrome. It carries a high mortality rate with a very high frequency of multiple limb amputations in survivors. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is seen in majority of cases of SPG. A more or lessstereotyped clinical picture of SPG in spite of ever widening aetiological spectrum is suggestive of DICasthe final common pathway of its pathogenesis. Early recognition of acrocyanosis, quick reversal of DIC, effective management of the underlying condition, haemodynamic stabilization and (perhaps) anticoagulation with low dose heparin (300–500 iu/hour) may be helpful in arresting the progression of pre-gangrenous changes to frank gangrene. Vasopressors such asdopamine should be used judiciously in the presence of Ole. Development of acrocyanosis and increase in serum lactate levels may be indicative of impending SPG and the imperative need to treat DIC as well asthe underlying condition.
Are Deaths Due to Prematurity Avoidable in Developing Countries?
Authors: Pattinson R C
Published: January 2017

Our aim was to assess the potential for reducing the perinatal mortality rate (PNMR) related to spontaneous preterm delivery. Data from 44 Perinatal Problem Identification Program sentinel sites around South Africa were used. In each perinatal death the primary cause as well as missed opportunities and substandard care were discussed and allocated. 3045 perinatal deaths in 78 343 births of ≥ 1000 g were analysed. There were 518 perinatal deaths (17%)whose primary obstetric cause of death was due to spontaneous preterm labour (PNMR7.48/1000 births). The most common avoidable factors were delay in seeking help during labour (14.7%), Jack of neonatal facilities (10.0%), lack of transport (7.3%) and inappropriate response to the presence of premature rupture membranes (4.6%). Few perinatal deaths could be ascribed to poor antenatal or intrapartum management of spontaneous preterm labour.

The vast majority of spontaneous preterm births could not be prevented within the health institutions. Prevention of deaths due to prematurity outside of metropolitan areas will rely on the neonatal care being adapted to reduced resources.
Digital Polypectomy: A Simple Technique for Rectal Polyps in Children
Authors: Rattan K N , Singla Sham , Parshad Sanjeev
Published: January 2017

Excision, suture ligation and endoscopic snaring are the recommended methods of treatment for a juvenile rectal polyp. A successful experience of a simpler technique, digital polypectomy, in 218 cases is reported.
Acute Scrotum in Nigeria: An 18-Year Review
Authors: Mbibu N H , Maitama H Y , Ameh E A , Khalid L M , Adams L M
Published: January 2017

One hundred and seventy-eight patients presenting with an acute scrotum during a period of 18 years (1978–1997) were reviewed retrospectively. Fifty per cent had testicular torsion, with a mean age of 23 years (range 3 weeks-55 years). Torsion was significantly more common in the cold harmattan season (October-early March). The salvage rate of torted testes was 52%. Ingui-noscrotal hernia was the cause of testicular infarction in 10% and is an important contributor to male infertility. Twelve per cent of cases of suspected torsion were found to have epididymo-orchitis, at exploration. Twenty-three (13%) patients presented with scrotal gangrene (Fournier's gangrene) which did not result in testicular loss. There was significant morbidity following intervention by non-doctors, and misdiagnosis from unsuspecting physicians. The acute scrotum affecting young patients is a significant cause of male infertility and morbidity in Zaria. Early recognition, prompt treatment and re-education of those who may provide the first line care for such patients will reduce the morbidity and pathologic consequences following neglect.
Tuberculous Appendicitis in India
Authors: Agarwal Pawan , Sharma Dhananjaya , Agarwal Ashish , Agarwal Vikesh , Tandon Asheesh , Baghel KD , Raina VK
Published: January 2017

Tuberculous appendicitis (TBA) is a rare condition. The present study has been conducted to study its prevalence and presentation. This retrospective study was performed in the Department of Surgery, NSCB Government Medical College, Jabalpur, MP, India, in 870 consecutive appendectomies performed between January 1991 and December 2000. Of 870 consecutive appendicular specimens, 10 cases of primary (1.1%) and 16 of secondary TBA (1.8%) were encountered. Results of all pre-operative investigations were non-specific and the diagnosis was made only after histopathology. The prevalence of TBA in this study was 2.9%. Although it is a rare condition, its possibility should be kept inmind by clinicians as well as pathologists. All surgically removed appendix specimens should be histopathologically examined, whether or not the specimens are macroscopically normal. Given anti-tubercular treatment in addition to appendectomy, patients recover without complications.
Iodized Salt Utilization Pattern and Availability Status in the Selected Districts of Tamilnadu
Authors: Logaraj M , Ethirajan N
Published: January 2017

Less than 10% salt contains the recommended levels of iodine. The lifting of the ban on the sale of non-iodized salt could put pregnant women and children in developing countries at risk.
Enterically Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis Associated with an Outbreak in Dhaka: Epidemiology and Public Health Implications
Authors: Hlady W Gary , Islam Md Nazrul , Wahab M A , Johnson Steven D , Waiz Anis , Krawczynski Krzysztof Z
Published: January 2017

Investigation of an outbreak of hepatitis in Dhaka implicated enterically transmitted non-A, non-B (ET-NANB) hepatitis as the etiologic agent. This observation was made by exclusion in 17 of 19 patients, and confirmed serologically in one randomly selected patient by a fluorescent antibody blocking assay specific for ET-NANB hepatitis. These findings reinforce earlier suspicions that ET-NANB may be an important cause of acute hepatitis in Bangladesh. The epidemiology of ET-NANB hepatitis is discussed, and public health recommendations are made.
Feasibility of Outpatient Surgery in the Tropics
Authors: Favretti F , Pucciarelli S , Lise M , Tieba M , Rotigliano G F , Banzata O
Published: January 2017

The feasibility of outpatient surgery was investigated at a regional hospital in a Third World country. A series of 73 patients with uncomplicated hernias (inguinal, femoral) and hydroceles were allocated at random to receive standard surgical treatment either as inpatients (group 1) or as outpatients (group 2).

Patients living within a 4 km radius of the hospital or who agreed to stay in specially provided quarters nearby were eligible to take part in the study. Patients not able to follow the basic hygiene rules taught by the local staff were excluded.

The morbidity rate was 5/36 (13.8%) in group 1 and 8/37 (21.6%) in group 2. No statistically significant differences were demonstrated between the complications that occurred in the two groups.
Do the Benefits of Breastfeeding Outweigh the Risk of Postnatal Transmission of Hiv via Breastmilk?
Authors: Kennedy Kathy I , Fortney Judith A , Bonhomme Michele G , Potts Malcolm , Lamptey Peter , Carswell Wilson
Published: January 2017

Conflicting recommendations have been offered about whether HIV+ mothers should breastfeed. Since there is a strong precedent for US infant feeding practices to be imitated in developing countries, a model was constructed to estimate infant mortality if the CDC admonition for HIV + mothers not to breastfeed were upheld in less developed settings. Estimates are given for infant mortality in the presence and absence of breastfeeding across several baseline levels of infant mortality and across several theoretical rates of transmission through breastfeeding. The infant mortality associated with HIV infection acquired through breastfeeding is estimated to be lower than the mortality associated with the diseases of infancy that would result if breastmilk were withheld. The difference in these estimates is greater in areas with high baseline levels of infant mortality.
Evaluation of Performance of Reused HIVCHEK 1 + 2 Test Blocks which have Shown Negative Result: A Reliable Method for Rural Hospital?
Authors: Acaye Geoffrey Larry , Ansaloni Luca , Tocalli Egidio
Published: January 2017

The performance of the reusing of test membranes which have been used previously for negative tests for the detection of antibody to HIV (HIVCHEK 1 +2 of Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Paris, France) was evaluated under field conditions. The sensitivity and specificity of the reusing strategy compared with a HIV determination obtained by using new HIVCHECK 1+2 tests were 89.1% and 100%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 100% and the negative predictive value was 91.5%. The authors conclude that the reduction in sensitivity of the reusing strategy in comparison with the use of new tests makes this strategy ethically unacceptable for the detection of HIV infection in blood donors. On the other hand, the reusing strategy could be very useful for diagnostic purpose and for epidemiological HIV surveillance in resource-poor countries.
Incidence of Duodenal Ulcer and its Surgical Management in a Teaching Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Alam Meer Mahbubul
Published: January 2017

Duodenal ulcer patients with or without complications admitted in the surgical departments of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital (RMCH) during the period of 13 years from 1980–1992 were studied retrospectively. Duodenal ulcer accounted for 10/1000 admission and five operations per week. Of the 1623 patients with uncomplicated ulcer, only 623 needed surgical treatment. However, all of the 1599 who presented with pyloric stenosis, 1047 with peritonitis due to perforation, and 13 with hematemesis were operated upon. This study confirms previously published reports of high incidence of duodenal ulcer admissions in the hospital but shows a diminishing number in the uncomplicated cases requiring surgery.
Case Management Quality Assessment in Rural Areas of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Beracochea Elvira , Dickson Rumona , Freeman Paul , Thomason Jane
Published: January 2017

A study was carried out to assess the quality of case management of malaria, malnutrition, diarrhoea and acute respiratory tract infections in children in rural primary health services in Papua New Guinea. In particular, the study focused on the knowledge and skills of different categories of rural health workers (HW) in history taking, examination, diagnosis, treatment and patient education. Quality criteria were defined and health centre (HCW) and aidpost workers' (APWs) knowledge and practices were assessed. Primary health workers' (PHW) knowledge of case management was weak, but in all cases better than their actual practice. History taking and examination practices were rudimentary. HWs tended not to make or record diagnoses. Treatment knowledge was often incorrect, with inappropriate or insufficient drugs prescribed, being worst at aidpost level. These findings raise serious questions about the effectiveness of providing health services through small, isolated health units. Far greater attention must now be directed to focus on the institutionalization of problem-based training, continuous supportive supervision and maintenance of clinical skills and provision of essential drugs, supplies and equipment to ensure that rural health workers (RHW) can provide sound care.
Successful Treatment of Antimony-Resistant Visceral Leishmaniasis with Liposomal Amphotericin B (L-AmpB-LRC) in a Child
Authors: Karande S C , Boby K F John , Lahiri K R , Jain M K , Kshirsagar N A , Gokhale P C , Pandya S K
Published: January 2017

Visceral leishmaniasis continues to be a major health problem in Bihar and West Bengal states of India. In Bihar almost 44 million people in 28 districts and in West Bengal 5.5 million people in eight districts are at risk of visceral leishmaniasis1. Pentavalent antimonial (Sbv) compounds are the first-line drugs, and amphotericin B is used when failure to respond to antimony occurs2. We report the case of a 7-year-old boy with advanced antimony-resistant visceral leishmaniasis who was successfully treated by liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmpB-LRC) manufactured in our institute. This case report documents the efficacy of L-AmpB-LRC in such a patient and highlights the need for a longer duration of treatment.
Consuming (F)ears of Corn: Public Health and Biopharming
Authors: Bratspies Rebecca M.
Published: January 2017

I’m convinced that physical containment is overrated and, while reassuring to the psyche, is hardly the line of defense one would like to put the greatest reliance upon.

So what you have to keep asking yourself is: Suppose the worst happens, what are the consequences?
Am I Liable? The Problem of Defining Falsity under the False Claims Act
Authors: Kim Lonie
Published: January 2017

The Federal False Claims Act (FCA) creates civil liability for entities that falsely or fraudulently contract with the government to provide services or goods in exchange for federal funds. FCA cases often arise in healthcare contexts in which the government pays entities for providing products and services to eligible beneficiaries. With the growth of Medicare and Medicaid funding for healthcare services, there has been a corresponding increase of false claims and FCA cases, in the healthcare context. For instance, of the over 30 billion recovered by the government for FCA cases in the last fifteen years, recoveries from Health and Human Services constitutes over 20 billion.

An FCA case may involve a false representation that a service has been provided when in fact it has not. Such a case may also involve a false representation of compliance with underlying governmental requirements for payment. Recently, there has been growing confusion as to how to address cases in which the defendant is not the party actually submitting the allegedly false claim, but the party that caused the false claim to be filed.
Cells as Drugs?: Regulating the Future of Medicine
Authors: Pivarnik Greg
Published: January 2017

Regenerative Sciences, LLC, a Colorado company run by physicians, created the Regenexx-C (Cultured) (“Regenexx-C”) procedure to treat bone pain. The procedure involves harvesting a patient’s own mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), expanding the cells ex vivo, and then injecting the resulting cellular product into the site of injury, usually an injured joint. The MSCs then repair the damaged tissue. On July 23, 2012, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) won a permanent injunction against Regenerative Sciences in district court, preventing the company from offering the procedure because the MSCs were adulterated and misbranded “drugs” under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA). The Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit recently upheld the ruling.
Long-Term Follow up of Trans-Sphenoidal Hypophysectomy for Cushing's Disease
Authors: Brand I R , Dalton G A , Fletcher R F
Published: January 2017

Fourteen patients with Cushing's disease treated by trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy between 1962 and 1975 were reviewed in 1983. Complete ablation had been attempted. There were no surgical deaths and one episode of bacterial meningitis. Two patients required a second operation for a cerebrospinal fluid leak. There have been three late deaths from unrelated causes. All patients had a biochemical remission of their Cushing's disease postoperatively and no relapse has been recorded. Most patients need some hormone replacement but residual pituitary function and sella radiography have remained stable. This treatment seems satisfactory and the evidence implies a pituitary aetiology of the syndrome.
Sleep Apnoea in Infancy
Authors: e Silva F A Abreu , MacFadyen U M , Williams A , Simpson H
Published: January 2017

Serial polygraphic sleep studies were carried out in 86 index infants (33 ‘symptomatic’, 24 siblings of infants with the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 29 ‘near-miss’ for SIDS) and 11 healthy controls. Brief (≥ 3 < 6 sec) or prolonged (≥ 6 sec) obstructive apnoea was observed only in index caes, and coincided with symptoms due to associated illnesses (usually respiratory). Their prevalence was comparable in ‘symptomatic’ and ‘near-miss’ groups — 39% and 35% respectively. Prolonged (≥ 20 sec) central apnoea was seen only in pre-term ‘near-miss’ infants. Dips in transcutaneous oxygen tension ≥ 15 mmHg occurred during sleep in 17% of ‘symptomatic’ infants and 19% of ‘near-miss’ cases, usually in association with obstructive or central apnoea. Diminution or disappearance of these abnormalities following clinical recovery from ‘minor’ illnesses suggested that they were the result of such illnesses.
Factors Affecting Adenoidectomy for Otitis Media with Effusion (Glue Ear)
Authors: Maw A Richard
Published: January 2017

One hundred and fifty-five children suffering bilateral otitis media with effusion (OME) and observed for three months have been followed postoperatively for twelve months. Surgery was randomly allocated into three groups: adenotonsillectomy; adenoidectomy; and no surgery. In all cases unilateral myringotomy and grommet insertion was performed. The contralateral unoperated ear was assessed subsequently for clearance of the effusion. Adenoidectomy produced resolution of the effusion in 31–45% of cases at one year, but tonsillectomy conferred no additional benefit. There was improved resolution in those with longer compared with shorter histories, and in older as opposed to younger children. Assessment of preoperative lateral cephalometric radiographs show improved resolution of the effusion following removal of larger, compared with smaller adenoids, but this effect was only demonstrable for three months. The effect of age was longer-lasting for up to one year postoperatively.
Haemarthrosis Aspiration in Treatment of Anterior Dislocation of the Shoulder
Authors: Trimmings N P
Published: January 2017

The beneficial effect of haemarthrosis aspiration in 13 women and one man aged over 60 years following anterior dislocation of the shoulder was compared with non-aspiration in a similar group of patients matched for age and sex. The results showed a consistent reduction in pain, early increased range of movement and earlier return of functional activity in the aspirated group. It is proposed that this simple therapeutic procedure be used to aid rehabilitation in the over-60 age group following anterior dislocation of the shoulder.
Intractable Pain: A Neglected Area of Medical Education in the UK
Authors: Marcer D , Deighton S
Published: January 2017

Unease over the previous management of 67 patients referred for treatment to 3 pain relief clinics led us to investigate the current state of education in pain and pain control in the UK. Twenty-seven medical schools provided data which revealed; (i) in 4 schools no teaching whatsoever is given in these subjects; (ii) in the remainder it is accorded an average of 3.5 hours during the 5 year course, with little evidence of multidisciplinary teaching; (iii) only 10 schools (37%) regularly set questions on pain control in formal examinations.

A survey of 219 general practitioners revealed a wide-ranging lack of knowledge about the facilities and approach to treatment at their local pain relief clinic.

These findings have wide reaching implications for medical education. At the undergraduate level they demonstrate a need for more multidisciplinary teaching and practical experience in specialist units. Thereafter specialists in pain control must enable practising doctors to keep abreast of new developments. This may require them to devote more time writing for a non-specialist audience and devising short, postgraduate courses.
Rural School Psychology in the United States
Authors: McLeskey James , Huebner E. Scott , Cummings Jack A.
Published: January 2017

The unique ecology of rural settings results in difficulty with regard to the delivery of psychological services. The investigation reported herein was designed to determine the particular problems which are perceived as most extreme by school psychologists from the United States practising in rural areas of four selected states. Psychologists were asked to rank ten problem statements from most to least severe in relation to their job setting. Results reveal that limited accessibility to community resources, lack of understanding of exceptional children by parents or school staff, heavy caseload, and limited availability of alternative special education programme options were the most severe problems faced by school psychologists in the settings surveyed. The implications of these problems for the training of school psychologists and for professional practice are discussed.
School Psychology in the USA and USSR
Authors: Holowinsky Ivan Z.
Published: January 2017

Understanding of international issues in comparative psychology requires a dynamic view of historical trends and current developments. Such analysis usually requires consideration of political, ideological, sociological and educational realities. In addition, understanding of school psychology as an academic and service-oriented discipline requires some understanding of a general field of psychology in a given country. In the past, interest in Soviet psychology has been widely documented among American psychologists (Bauer, 1952; Razran, 1971; Brozek and Slobin, 1972; Rahman, 1973; Brozek and Mecacci, 1974; Holowinsky, 1978). This interest, however, has been sporadic, not well focused and did not involve concerns of major professional organizations. More recently we are noticing an expression of interest in more focused cross-cultural scholarship in international education in psychology (Cole, 1984; Kennedy, Scheirer and Rogers, 1984; Russell, 1984; Staudt and Misiak, 1984; Triandis and Brislin, 1984). The purpose of this paper is to present a brief cross-cultural comparison of school psychology in the USA and the USSR. This discussion will begin with a brief description of the educational environments of the two countries.
Diagnostic Assessment of Affective and Behaviour Disorders in Children
Authors: Bagnato Stephen J. , Mattison Richard E. , Mayes Susan Dickerson
Published: January 2017

There is a pressing need to identify accurately and treat children's affective and behaviour disorders in the schools. Yet, in these diagnostic areas, school psychologists continue to emphasize their lack of adequate preparation and need for practical guidelines. In response to these problems, this article presents a comprehensive system of multiple procedures that are useful for effectively assessing affective and behaviour disorders in children. The methods focused upon include: (a) blending parent-teacher-child interviews, self-rating measures, and behaviour rating scales in diagnosis; (b) assessing specific child disorders (attention deficit-hyperactivity, depression, anxiety, conduct); and (c) employing a descriptive classification system (e.g., DSM-III). In order to enhance the practical value of these procedures, an outline of assessment guidelines is provided.
Identification of Gifted/Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Yewchuk Carolyn R.
Published: January 2017

Until very recently, little attention has been focused on children who are both gifted and learning disabled. Because of their contradictory characteristics, these children are usually undetected by teachers or school psychologists. Close analysis of WISC-R responses and profiles in the context of a very broad clinical assessment for learning disability can assist the school psychologist in identifying these children so that they can be placed in educational programmes appropriate to their unique needs.
Representing miners in arrangements for health and safety in coalmines: A study of current practice
Authors: Walters David , Quinlan Michael , Johnstone Richard , Wadsworth Emma
Published: January 2017

This article explores the operation of regulatory provisions for worker occupational health and safety (OHS) representation in coalmining in Australia. Using data on inspections, combined with qualitative interviews, it looks at what occurs in a generally hostile labour relations climate and what supports or constrains representation in this scenario. It finds evidence of the engagement of worker representatives with serious risks in coalmining. By using the various means with which they are provided by regulatory measures, they make a significant contribution to the operation of the regulatory strategy of enforced self-regulation of OHS management. They are successful in doing so despite the unsupportive climate of labour relations in which they are frequently situated. However, the study poses questions concerning the fit of this approach with increasingly dominant versions of OHS management pursued by large and globally active corporations and discusses some implications of this for policy and further study.
Book Review: Current Topics in Nutrition and Disease
Authors: Jaksic Tom
Published: January 2017

CURRENT TOPICS IN NUTRITION AND DISEASE. Volume 15. Nutritional Diseases: Research Directions in Comparative Pathobiology. Scarpelli D. G. and Migaki G., editors. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 1986, 568 pages, $84.
Opportunities and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Eckhardt Jonathan T. , Shane Scott A.
Published: January 2017

This article extends and elaborates the perspective on entrepreneurship articulated by Shane and Venkataraman (2000) and Venkataraman (1997) by explaining in more detail the role of opportunities in the entrepreneurial process. In particular, the article explains the importance of examining entrepreneurship through a disequilibrium framework that focuses on the characteristics and existence of entrepreneurial opportunities. In addition, the article describes several typologies of opportunities and their implications for understanding entrepreneurship.
Ultrastructure of Hepatocellular Neoplasms in Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-Initiated Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Nunez Oliva , Hendricks Jerry D. , Duimstra Julie R.
Published: January 2017

The fine structure of hepatocellular neoplasms from aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-initiated rainbow trout was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Large, usually uniform hepatic nuclei, large nucleoli, abundant, dilated rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and reduced glycogen storage were common findings in both hepatocellular adenomas and hepatocellular carcinomas. In addition, the presence of poorly developed microvilli in the space of Disse and in bile canaliculi, the occurrence of few or no bile preductule cells and a striking increase in the size and number of intercellular spaces characterized hepatocellular carcinomas. The three latter characteristics of hepatocellular carcinomas suggest loss of inter-relationships between hepatocytes and the microvascular system (sinusoids), between hepatocytes and the biliary system, and between individual hepatocytes, respectively. With respect to these parameters, adenomas were more similar to normal liver than to carcinomas.
Transplacental Induction of Mouse Lung Tumors: Stage of Fetal Organogenesis in Relation to Frequency, Morphology, Size, and Neoplastic Progression of N-Nitrosoethylurea-Induced Tumors
Authors: Rehm Sabine , Ward Jerrold M. , Anderson Lucy M. , Riggs Charles W. , Rice Jerry M.
Published: January 2017

Pregnant C3H/HeNCr MTV- mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mmol N-nitrosoethyl-urea/kg on days 14, 16, or 18 of gestation. Six of the male of fspring were sacrificed for study at the ages of 2,4,8,16,32, and 52 weeks. Grossly visible lung tumors were counted and all lungs were sectioned completely, saving every tenth section for histologic evaluation. All N-nitrosoethylurea-induced mouse lung tumors have previously been shown to originate from alveolar type II cells. Lung tumors were diagnosed as solid, papillary, or mixed solid/papillary types, and at the largest area of each tumor, the perimeter was measured and compared with the number of sections per tumor. The fraction of tumors detected grossly depended on size and, on average, only 51% of neoplasms present were detected macroscopically. A significant correlation was seen between the mean number of histological sections and perimeter length per tumor, in particular for small and medium sized papillary neoplasms. The growth of solid tumors was limited to a maximum size, after which they progressed towards papillary types. The numbers of transplacentally induced mouse lung tumors were distributed in direct proportion to the weight of the individual lung lobes, unrelated to day of treatment of type or tumor. Tumor biology depended on the day of treatment reflecting numbers and degree of differentiation of fetal alveolar type II cells, i.e., the target cell: most tumors developed in of fspring treated on day 16, tumor size was greater and progression from solid to papillary neoplasms faster at earlier treatments, increase in tumor multiplicity postnatally was only seen in mice treated late in gestation, and mice treated on day 14 or day 16 showed a consistent ratio of solid to papillary tumors.
Differences in the Sensitivity of Fischer and Sprague-Dawley Rats to Aminoglycoside Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Reinhard Mary K. , Hottendorf Girard H. , Powell Elizabeth D.
Published: January 2017

Because of the anecdotal but unconfirmed inferences of the greater sensitivity of Fischer rats to aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity, an intrastudy comparison of the sensitivity of Fischer and Sprague-Dawley rats to aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity was undertaken. Tobramycin was administered at 3 dose levels to each strain of rat for 10 days. Nephrotoxicity was evaluated utilizing a spectrum of both functional and morphologic assessments of renal proximal tubular integrity. The results confirm that the aged matched Fischer rat is more sensitive to the nephrotoxic effect of tobramycin than the Sprague-Dawley. These results also suggest an opportunity to study quantitative and perhaps qualitative differences in pathogenic mechanisms of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in a single laboratory animal species.
The Universal Parser and interlanguage: domain-specific mental organization in the comprehension of combien interrogatives in English-French interlanguage
Authors: Dekydtspotter Laurent
Published: January 2017

From the perspective of Fodor’s (1983) theory of mental organization and Chomsky’s (1995) Minimalist theory of grammar, I consider constraints on the interpretation of French-type and English-type cardinality interrogatives in the task of sentence comprehension, as a function of a universal parsing algorithm (Universal Parser) and hypotheses embodied in a French-type vs. English-type functional lexicon respectively. I argue on the basis of the interpretation of cardinality interrogatives in English-French interlanguage that second language comprehension appears to require this view of mental organization in which a universal parsing algorithm interacts with an interlanguage lexicon. Specifically, I argue that the Minimalist view of mental organization in the area of grammar provides some insight into the basis of these constraints in mental functioning.
The Epidemiology of Chronic Venous Diseases
Authors: Adhikari A. , Criqui M. H. , Wooll V. , Denenberg J. O. , Fronek A. , Langer R. D. , Klauber M.
Published: January 2017

Objective:

To review the prevalence of and risk factors for varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and venous leg ulcers.

Data sources:

MEDLINE was searched for the terms prevalence and varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, or venous leg ulcers.

Study selection:

The extant world literature (1966–1999) with a minimum of an available English abstract was collected. Ninety-nine studies were reviewed.

Data extraction:

Data were extracted on prevalence of diseases of the veins in the lower limb, age and gender of the subject populations, and other risk factors for those diseases examined by the original researchers.

Data synthesis:

The two most prominent risk factors for venous disease are increasing age and female gender. Additional risk factors for venous disease with at least some documentation in the literature include dietary patterns, obesity, physical activity, standing occupations, constrictive clothing, connective tissue laxity, and hormonal differences, including pregnancy. Family history is also a prominent risk factor, suggesting a genetic component.

Conclusions:

Varicose veins are found more commonly in women, and with increased age. The increase with age is linear, suggesting a constant incidence and cumulative prevalence. CVI is also more common in women and increases with age, but data are limited. Venous leg ulcers are much less common than varicose veins or CVI and show less of a female preponderance, but increase exponentially with age, suggesting a true increasing incidence with age.
Colour Flow Duplex Scanning as a Preoperative Guide for Mapping and for Local Anaesthesia in Varicose Vein Surgery
Authors: Cavezzi A. , Carigi V. , Collura M.
Published: January 2017

Objective:

To evaluate duplex or colour flow duplex ultrasound scanning (CFDS) in varicose vein surgery as a perioperative guide for mapping, marking and local anaesthesia (LA), on the basis of our experience since 1990.

Design:

Retrospective clinical series.

Patients and methods:

A total of 3150 interventions for varicose veins were performed on an outpatient basis since 1990. This review of the last 4 years' experience (January 1996 to December 1999) deals with 1824 operations (457 men, 938 women; mean age 55.3 years). Duplex scanning or CFDS was used for perioperative investigation in all the patients, but also to guide skin marking and to help in the injection of LA (mepivacaine chloridrate 0.25–0.4%). The surgical approach varied according to the patient's morphohaemodynamic findings.

Results:

Several different preoperative patterns of varicose vein disease resulted in a ‘made-to-measure’ surgical approach, allowing segmental saphenous stripping in 99.9% of the patients, and ligation of perforating veins in 0.9% of cases. Immediate postoperative walking was possible in 99.8% of the patients and 3–6 h hospitalisation time in 99.5%. LA caused only minor complications (haematoma, urticaria) in 15 cases. Duplex monitoring of infiltration has facilitated LA usage, decreasing the doses and concentrations required and improving its efficacy. The operation costs decreased with time; major complications were 2 deep vein thromboses, one with a probable pulmonary embolism.

Conclusion:

The use of duplex scanning or CFDS in varicose vein surgery has permitted accurate preoperative evaluation and a guide to injection of LA, resulting in more conservative and targeted surgery. Patient compliance and cost-efficacy were also improved.
Graduated Compression Elastic Stockings Reduce Lipodermatosclerosis and Ulcer Recurrence
Authors: Vandongen Y. K. , Stacey M. C.
Published: January 2017

Objective:

To assess the effect of elastic stockings on reducing the area of lipodermatosclerosis in patients with healed venous ulceration.

Design:

Patients in this study were part of a randomised controlled trial to assess elastic stockings in preventing venous ulcer recurrence.

Setting:

Leg ulcer clinic at a tertiary teaching hospital.

Patients:

Consecutive consenting patients with leg ulcers due to venous disease alone, that had healed 2 weeks previously.

Interventions:

Patients were randomised to below-knee graduated compression stockings (Venosan 2003) or no stockings.

Main outcome measures:

Patients had the area of lipodermatosclerosis measured on admission to the study and at 6-monthly intervals. Time to ulcer recurrence was also recorded for a 2-year follow-up period.

Results:

One hundred and fifty-three patients were randomised to the main study (stockings 72, no stockings 81); 52 had re-ulcerated by 6 months (15 stockings, 37 no stockings). Lipodermatosclerosis was significantly reduced after 6 and 12 months in those patients wearing stockings but not in the control group (repeat measures ANOVA p = 0.01, p = 0.04). The initial area of lipodermatosclerosis was significantly larger in those patients who re-ulcerated within 2 years of entering the study compared with those who did not re-ulcerate (re-ulceration, 293 cm2; no re-ulceration, 50 cm2).

Conclusions:

Elastic stockings alone can improve the skin changes of lipodermatosclerosis and lower the rate of ulcer recurrence.
EMLA Anaesthetic Cream for Sharp Debridement of Venous Leg Ulcers: A Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Agrifoglio G. , Domanin M. , Baggio E. , Cao P. , Alberti A. N. , Bonn F. , Todini A. R. , Becchi G. , Caserini M.
Published: January 2017

Objective:

The aim of this double-masked, placebo-controlled trial was to confirm the anaesthetic effect of EMLA cream compared with placebo when used for sharp debridement of venous leg ulcers and to test its feasibility with respect to the usual procedure.

Methods:

One hundred and ten patients with venous ulcers were randomised to EMLA or placebo cream treatment for 30-45 min. Pain from debridement was evaluated by the patient on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) and by the physician on a verbal scale.

Results:

The median VAS scores were 16.5 and 52 in EMLA- and placebo-treated patients, respectively (p<0.00001), a clinically relevant difference. On the vertebral scale 61% of EMLA patients and 21% of placebo patients were placed in the category of no pain (pO.OOOl). The physicians found debridement with EMLA easier to perform (p<0.01).

Conclusion:

Debridement of venous leg ulcers using topical anaesthesia is easy and safe, with adequate pain relief in both in- and outpatients.