bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serial Urinary Neopterin Measurements Reflect the Disease Course in Patients with Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma Treated with Paclitaxel/Platinum Chemotherapy
Authors: Melichar Bohuslav , Kalabova Hana , Urbanek Lubor , Malirova Eva , Solichova Dagmar
Published: August 2013

Increased concentrations of urinary neopterin, an indicator of systemic immune activation, have been reported in patients with cancer, including epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). We have assessed urinary neopterin before the treatment and then daily during the therapy with paclitaxel/platinum combination in 5 EOC patients. A correlation was observed between the clinical course and serial urinary neopterin concentrations. We conclude that the determination of serial urinary neopterin concentrations may be useful for monitoring of EOC patients during chemotherapy.
Tetrahydrobiopterin Slows the Progression of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Kunihiro Suzuki , Hattori Yoshiyuki , Jojima Teruo , Tomizawa Atsuko , Okayasu Toshie , Kase Hiroyuki , Kawagoe Yoshiaki , Banba Nobuyuki , Monden Tsuyoshi , Nakanishi Nobuo , Kasai Kikuo
Published: August 2013

We investigated whether oral tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) treatment might slow the progression of atherosclerosis using hypercholesterolemic ApoE-knockout (KO) mice. We report that ingesting BH4 in drinking water is effective to inhibit atherogenesis in mice. Furthermore, we report that BH4 treatment improves endothelial dysfunction and attenuates increased mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase components, as well as a number of inflammatory factors, such as LOX-1 and MCP-1, in the aortas of ApoE-KO mice. Strategies such as oral administration of BH4 to ensure continuous BH4 availability may be effective in restoring NO-mediated endothelial function and limiting vascular disease and the progression of atherosclerosis.
Plasma Total Homocysteine, Folate, and Vitamin B12 Status and Hospitalizations for Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Houcher Bakhouche , Candito Mirande , Gibelin Pierre
Published: August 2013

Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Also known is that plasma folate and vitamin B12 influence homocysteine metabolism as cosubstrate and cofactor, respectively. This population-based study was conducted to evaluate the plasma concentrations of tHcy, folate, and vitamin B12 in 54 older patients aged ≥51 years (40 males; 14 females) of Nice hospital cardiology service. After excluding cases with a serum creatinine >120 mmol/L, we established the test properties of a plasma tHcy concentration <15 μmol/L (Group 1) or ≥15 μmol/L (Group 2). In the population aged ≥51 years, plasma tHcy was higher in women (18.0 μmol/L) than in men (15.5 μmol/L; not significant), conversely, serum vitamin B12 was higher in men (376.9 pg/ml) than in women (340.7 pg/ml; not significant). Average plasma tHcy was 11.5 μmol/L in Group 1 and 21.6 μmol/L in Group 2. Vice versa, serum vitamin B12 was higher in Group 1 (419.5 pg/ml) than in Group 2 (307.2 pg/ml) (p <0.05). Correlation analysis (Pearson's r) in the total study population (20-84 years) indicated an inverse correlation between serum folate and age (r = -0.231, p <0.05). In the subjects, aged ≥51 years, there was a significant negative correlation between age and tHcy levels (r = -0.283, p <0.05) and serum vitamin B12 concentrations (r = -0.326, p <0.01) but not with serum folate. However, in subjects with tHcy <15 μmol/L, a significant inverse correlation existed between plasma tHcy and serum folate (r = -0.455; p <0.05). In conclusion, these results highlight the relevance of the vitamin status and particularly of folate levels in the modulation of fasting tHcy levels in the patients with clinical hyperhomocysteinemia, defined as plasma tHcy >15 μmol/L.
Effect of Two Different Lighting Environments on Urinary Neopterin and Sulphatoxymelatonin in an Experimental Night Shift Model
Authors: Schobersberger Wolfgang , Gufler Veronika , Griesmacher Andrea , Bartenbach Christian , Canazei Markus , Staggl Siegmund , Hoffmann Georg
Published: August 2013

Regular night shift activities are associated with a series of adverse effects (e.g. chronic fatigue, increased yield loss rates, diseases) related to a disturbed circadian rhythm of the employee. According to current knowledge, the human circadian system is affected by visible light in the short wavelength range. In the present study, we investigated the effects of reduced short-wavelength components in the lighting environment of an office workplace on circadian markers, symptoms of lassitude, and personal mood in an experimental night shift setup. Nocturnal urinary neopterin excretion was different from known circadian rhythms under both filtered test light and bright light conditions. By contrast, urinary sulphatoxymelatonin concentrations could be adjusted to a normal diurnal profile in the test light environment. Mood rating inventories did not result in differences in the subjective perception between the two lighting environments with respect to the dimensions of "Activity", "Concentration, "Deactivation", and "Fatigue". In addition, changes in signs of vigour and weariness in the course of each night of the study were equally pronounced in test light and bright light. In conclusion, the present study shows that light with reduced short-wavelength components maintains the nocturnal profile of sulphatoxymelatonin but simultaneously exerts a wearisome effect on the participants. Therefore, a general implementation of test light to illuminate night shift workplaces implies further investigations.
The Prevalence of Neural Tube Defects in Sétif University Maternity Hospital, Algeria-3 Years Review (2004-2006)
Authors: Houcher Bakhouche , Bourouba Romyla , Djabi Farida , Houcher Zahira
Published: August 2013

Neural tube defects (NTDs) including spina bifida, anencephaly and encephalocele are among the most common birth defects, with high associated mortality and morbidity. There are no data concerning the incidence, associated anomalies, treatment and outcome of NTDs in Algeria. The objective of this study is to analyse data on NTD cases from 2004-2006 at Sétif Hospital, a hospital with 8,000-10,000 deliveries annually. A retrospective chart review of patients with NTDs was performed, who were born at Sétif Hospital 2004-2006. During the 3 year period we examined, there were 215 patients with NTDs treated in the Sétif Hospital. The incidence of NTD is 7.5 per 1,000 births. The sex distribution was not equal among NTD cases, 126 (58.6%) females, 88 (40.9%) males and one (0.5%) unidentified sex. Among all NTD cases, there where 122 (56.7%) with spina bifida, 69 (32.1%) with anencephaly, 1 (0.5%) with encephalocele and 23 (10.7%) with anencephaly and spina bifida. Hundred and seventeen (54.4%) cases died in utero and 4 cases (1.9%) unknown. The rate of consanguinity among all NTD cases was 13% (28/215). The rate of affected newborns was highest in mothers aged 31-35 years (21.9%). The peak prevalence was in June (15.8%). A half of NTDs were spina bifida and there was a high rate of mortality. This study demonstrates that NTD represents a significant public health problem in Algeria. In Algeria there were no population-wide educational campaigns about folic acid or its association with the prevention of birth defects. Public health interventions aimed at increasing the periconceptional consumption of folic acid should be implemented or enhanced to reduce the incidence of NTDs in Algeria.
Theoretical Study on the Relative Energies of Neutral Pterin Tautomers
Authors: Soniat Michael , Martin Christopher B.
Published: August 2013

Current literature lists the lactam and lactim tautomers as the only major contributors to aqueous pterin structures. Density functional theory calculations were used to determine whether there are other significant neutral tautomers of pterin participating in photochemical and biological systems other than the lactam and lactim forms in aqueous media. Calculations showed that the lactam tautomer is the lowest energy structure while the lactim structure is higher in energy than expected (∼6 kcal/mol) compared to the lactam structure. Three other neutral pterin structures were calculated to be less than ∼4 kcal/mol above the most stable lactam and therefore should also be considered as structures which possibly play an important role in chemical and biological pterin systems.
Serum Neopterin Concentration in Children with Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Plata-Nazar Katarzyna , Luczak Grazyna , Kaminska Barbara , Bogotko-Szarszewska Marta , Renke Joanna , Szumera Malgorzata
Published: August 2013

To further evaluate the clinical usefulness of serum neopterin measurement as a parameter monitoring disease activity in children with ulcerative colitis, serum neopterin concentrations were evaluated using immunoenzyme assay (ELISA) in 48 patients suffering from ulcerative colitis with different disease activity. Statistically significant differences in serum neopterin concentration depending on disease activity (according to Truelove-Witts score) as well as statistically significant positive correlation between these variables were observed. We conclude that serum neopterin measurement can be clinically valuable as the parameter monitoring disease activity in children with ulcerative colitis.
An Efficient Synthesis of 2'-O-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)biopterin
Authors: Hanaya Tadashi , Torigoe Kiyoshi , Soranaka Kazuyuki , Fujita Hiroshi , Pfleiderer Wolfgang , Yamamoto Hiroshi
Published: August 2013

N
2-(N,N-Dimethylaminomethylene)-3-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-1',2'-di-O-(trimethylsilyl)biopterin (4) was prepared from biopterin (1a, 86% overall yield) in 5 steps. Glycosylation of 4 with 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-ribofuranose (5a) and its 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl analog (5b) respectively afforded the corresponding 2'-O-(2,3,5-tri-Oacetyl- and 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)biopterin derivatives (6a, 42% and 6b, 60%) as major products. Removal of the protecting groups of 6b provided 2'-O-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)biopterin (1c, 87% overall yield) in 3 steps.
Insulin Secretion in Response to L-Arginine under Decreasing Tetrahydrobiopterin Content
Authors: Ishii Masakazu , Shimizu Shunichi , Watabe Tatsuya , Kiuchi Yuji
Published: August 2013

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) content in the pancreas from GK (Goto-Kakizaki) rats as a type II diabetic model was markedly decreased compared to Wistar rats as a healthy control. Moreover, insulin stimulated BH4 synthesis in a hamster pancreatic β-cell line, HIT-T15 cells. Therefore, in diabetic condition, the reduction of insulin action is likely to lead to the low levels of BH4 content in pancreatic β-cells. In this study, we examined the effects of the decrease in BH4 content on insulin secretion by L-arginine (L-Arg) or glucose using HIT-T15 cells. Cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in HIT-T15 cells was increased by L-Arg. Under the low BH4 content using 2,4- diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (DAHP), a selective inhibitor of BH4 synthesis, L-Arg-induced both Ca2+ response and insulin secretion were stimulated. These stimulating effects were recovered by BH4 content recovering, using sepiapterin, a precursor of BH4 biosynthesis. By contrast, glucose-induced Ca2+ response was not affected by the BH4 content. These results suggest that the decrease of BH4 content in β-cells may stimulate insulin secretion by L-Arg, but not by glucose, under diabetic conditions.
Effect of Neopterin on the Hematopoietic System
Authors: Tsuboi Isao , Aizawa Shin
Published: August 2013

Neopterin is produced by monocytes and is a useful biomarker for inflammation. We recently found that neopterin is biologically active against hematopoiesis during inflammatory processes. Namely, neopterin stimulates bone marrow myelopoiesis but suppresses B-lymphopoiesis and erythropoiesis. Neopterin also enlarges the splenic mast cell progenitor pool. These hematopoietic responses are not due to a direct effect of neopterin on hematopoietic stem cells; rather, they are an indirect effect mediated by the stromal cell production of cytokines. These hematopoietic responses are compatible with the hematopoietic response that occurs during inflammatory processes such as infection. These findings suggest that neopterin reinforces the hematopoietic response during inflammation and contributes to the potential upregulation of the inflammatory process as a host defense. Thus, neopterin acts as a potent hematopoietic regulatory factor by activating stromal cell functions, although further study is needed to elucidate the mechanism of action.
Serum Neopterin, Retinol and Alpha-tocopherol in Patients with the Carcinoma of the Esophagus
Authors: Cincibuch Jan , Melichar Bohuslav , Študentová Hana , Kapustová Miloslava , Malírová Eva , Solichová Dagmar , Krcmová Lenka , Kašparová Markéta , Schneiderka Petr , Juránová Jarmila , Šrámek Vlastislav , Cwiertka Karel
Published: August 2013

Increased serum or urinary concentrations of neopterin have been described in patients with tumors of different primary locations, but reports on neopterin in patients with esophageal carcinoma are scanty. We have studied serum neopterin, retinol and alpha-tocopherol in 45 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction. Serum neopterin was determined using radioimmunoassay. Retinol and alpha-tocopherol were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Serum neopterin in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus was significantly increased while retinol and alpha-tocopherol were significantly decreased compared to controls. No correlation of neopterin with hemoglobin or peripheral blood cell counts was observed. During chemoradiation, neopterin increased significantly, while retinol and alpha-tocopherol did not change. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates increased serum neopterin and decreased retinol and alpha-tocopherol concentrations in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Chemoradiation induced a further increase of serum neopterin concentrations.
Hyperhomocysteinemia and C677T Polymorphism of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Houcher Zahira , Houcher Bakhouche , Touabti Abderezak , Begag Samia , Öztürk Ayşenur , Egin Yonca , Akar Nejat , Djabi Farida
Published: August 2013

The aim of the present study was to explore the influence of age and gender, on the association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism and plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Fasting tHcy and the MTHFR C677T mutation were evaluated in 98 patients with CVD, 46 were men and 52 women (aged 20-96 years). There was a significant elevation of plasma tHcy with age (<45 yr: 33.9 μmol/L vs. >75 yr: 43.6 μmol/L; p <0.01). The mean tHcy concentration increased significantly with age in men (<55 yr: 33.4 μmol/L vs. >55yr: 42.45 μmol/L; p 0.01). However, the plasma tHcy was not increased with older age in women. The frequency of the TT genotype was 19.6% in the younger patients group (>55 yr) compared with 4.7% in the older patients group (>55 yr; p <0.01). In conclusion, the data presented here are consistent with genetic factors that influence tHcy levels being more prominent in old patients (>55 yr). Then, the MTHFR mutation does not seem to be associated with either high tHcy or the occurrence of CVD.
Serum Neopterin Concentration in Children with Viral Gastroenteritis
Authors: Plata-Nazar Katarzyna , Luczak Grazyna , Gora-Gebka Magdalena , Liberek Anna , Kaminska Barbara
Published: August 2013

Increased neopterin concentrations are observed in many diseases in which cellular immunity is stimulated. Gastroenteritis is still a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over 75% of all cases are caused by viral infections. Therefore a non-specific, quick, sensitive, cheap and easy-to-perform marker of viral infection, such as neopterin concentration in serum, would be a cost-effective method of identifying patients with gastroenteritis into probable viral etiology and therefore it would optimize treatment and reduce inappropriate antibiotic treatment.

This study evaluated whether serum neopterin concentration can be a reliable marker of viral etiology of gastroenteritis in children. The study group consisted of 67 children: 29 girls and 38 boys, aged from 0.1 to 16.1 years with symptoms of gastroenterits and with confirmed rotavirus or adenovirus infection; the control group consisted of 105 healthy children. Clinical examinations and laboratory test including whole blood count, serum C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and creatinine concentration were conducted. The serum neopterin level was analyzed by Elisa.

Serum neopterin concentration in the study group varied from 6.03 to 171 nmol/L (median 23.7 nmol/L) and it was significantly higher than in the control group (from 2.88 to 14.8 nmol/L; median 4.73 nmol/L) (P <0.001). Neopterin concentration was above the normal value (>11 nmol/L) in 58 children from the study group and only in 6 from the control group (86.6% sensitivity and 94.3% specificity). Serum neopterin concentration did not differ significantly between children with rotavirus and adenovirus infection (P = 0.47). The correlation between serum neopterin and C-reactive protein concentrations was of borderline significance (rs = 0.23, p = 0.06); and there was no correlation between serum concentrations of neopterin and procalcitonin, white blood count, lymphocytes count, monocytes count or the body temperature. Serum neopterin concentration is highly increased in children suffering from viral gastroenteritis, regardless of the virus type. When a cut-off of 11.0 nmol/L neopterin was applied, comparison yields 86.6% sensitivity and 94.3% specificity for the diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis in pediatric patients. Further studies are necessary for other etiological agents of gastroenteritis.
Is There any Alteration in Erythrocyte Folate Status in Patients with Thyroid and Breast Cancers?
Authors: Baydar Terken , Sahin Tevfik Tolga , Girgin Gozde , Sipahi Hande , Yuksel Osman , Taneri Ferit , Tekin Ercument
Published: August 2013

The aim of the study was to determine folate reserve in patients with thyroid and breast diseases. Erythrocyte folate concentrations of ninety-eight patients and thirty healthy subjects were determined by a modified microbiological assay. An increase in folate levels was observed in of both thyroid (n = 15) and breast (n = 22) cancer patients compared to controls, while a decrease was observed in benign breast disease patients (n = 24) compared to both control group and breast cancer patients. Patients with benign thyroid diseases (n = 37) had significantly lower folate concentrations as compared to both control and thyroid cancer groups. The results pointed out the elevated erythrocyte folate levels in the patients with malignant tumors.
Experiences with the SELDI-TOF Method for the Detection of the Diabetes Associated Antigen GAD 65 in the Peripheral Blood of Patients with Diabetes and Inflammation
Authors: Tilz Gernot P. , Wiltgen Marco , Hermetter Albin , Schmiedinger Hannes , Demel Ulrike
Published: August 2013

The treatment of diabetes mellitus type 1 is a major challenge in health care. The diabetes associated antigen Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD 65) has been described as strictly intracellular. However an intracellular antigen would never have access to the immune system. In a previous study with the high sensitive fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), we detected the GAD 65 antigen in the sera of patients with type 1 diabetes and related autoimmune diseases. FCS is a time consuming measurement procedure and very sensitive to disturbance, which makes unsuitable for a routine screening of the patient sera for GAD 65. Since the measured GAD 65 concentrations were surprisingly high (2.65 microgram/ml) and therefore within the detection range of less sensitive methods, in this study we used the SELDI-TOF (Surface enhanced laser desorption ionisation - time of flight) technique to confirm the FCS results in view of an early diabetes diagnosis. For this purpose we developed an array with the SELDI-TOF method and analysed 4 patient sera (2 diabetes and 2 controls) in a pilot experiment. For one diabetes serum, we found some evidence for the diabetic antigen GAD 65 in the mass spectra in a peak close to albumin with a molecular weight of 65 kDa. The 3 other samples remained negative. Because of the higher concentration of albumin in the sera, a peak evaluation in regard of GAD 65 was difficult and not reliable in this setup. Troubles and experiences with SELDI-TOF for the detection of GAD 65 are discussed.
Urinary Biopterin Levels and Blood Dihydropteridine Reductase Activities in Patients with Thyroid and Breast Disorders
Authors: Girgin Gözde , Baydar Terken , Sahin Tevfik Tolga , Palabiyik Saziye Sezin , Sipahi Hande , Yuksel Osman , Tekin Ercüment , Taneri Ferit
Published: August 2013

Biopterin as a stable metabolite is produced by oxidation of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). It is known that many diseases may cause changes in BH4 concentration and/or dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) enzyme activity. There is only a limited number of studies correlating DHPR activity in malignancies. The main goal of the present study was to evaluate alterations in the DHPR activity and biopterin levels in patients with breast and thyroid cancers. The breast cancer patients (n=24) were compared to patients with benign breast diseases (n=19) and controls (n=30). In addition; the patients with thyroid cancer (n=17) were compared to patients with benign thyroid diseases (n=42) and the control group. We did not observe any significant difference between the benign disorders and the malignancies. Biopterin concentrations in patients with benign and malign thyroid and breast diseases were lower than the controls (all p <0.05). DHPR activities in thyroid diseases were significantly higher than the controls while insignificant decreases in DHPR activities in breast patients were detected. Our results suggested significant alterations in unconjugated pteridine pathway in thyroid and breast disorders.
Correlation of Peripheral Blood CD14+CD16+ Monocytes, Urinary Neopterin and the Risk Factors of Atherosclerosis in Patients with Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Králíčková Pavlína , Kalábová Hana , Krčmová Lenka , Kašparová Markéta , Plíšek Jiří , Ungermann Leoš , Vokurková Doris , Hyšpler Radomír , Pecka Miroslav , Šrámek Vlastislav , Študentová Hana , Zezulová Michaela , Solichová Dagmar , Melichar Bohuslav
Published: August 2013

Monocytes/macrophages are thought to play a fundamental role in the development of vascular lesions in atherosclerosis. In the present study, we evaluated circulating CD14+CD16+ monocytes, laboratory parameters of the risk of atherosclerosis, including serum cholesterol, homocysteine and C-reactive protein, urinary neopterin, serum a-tocopherol and retinol along with carotid intima-media thickness in patients with breast carcinoma. A significant correlation was observed between the absolute numbers of CD14+CD16+ monocytes, serum HDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. In conclusion, present data extend the observation of an association between peripheral blood CD14+CD16+ monocyte counts and lipid metabolism to cancer patients. No correlation of CD14+CD16+ monocyte counts with urinary neopterin concentrations was observed.
Neopterin May Enhance TNF-a-mediated Mononuclear Cell Death in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Bacterial Meningitis
Authors: Kawakami Yasuhiko , Tsukimoto Mitsutoshi , Kuwabara Kentaro , Fujita Takehisa , Fujino Osamu , Kojima Shuji , Fukunaga Yoshitaka
Published: August 2013

It has been reported that levels of neopterin are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with bacterial meningitis, and that neopterin enhances cell death induced by H2O2 in mouse monocytes and macrophages. In the present study, we examined the relationship between the disappearance of inflammatory cells in the CSF of patients with bacterial meningitis and the effects of neopterin on cell death. We hypothesized that the rapid cell death of mononuclear leukocytes (MNs) and survival of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) brought about by high levels of tumor necrosis factor-a TNF-a may be related to the pathophysiology of PMN predominance in the CSF of patients with bacterial meningitis. Peripheral blood leukocytes separated into two fractions (MNs and PMNs) were suspended in CSF samples from patients with bacterial meningitis, and the cell death rate was determined with MTT assay. The higher the CSF TNF-a level, the higher the MN mortality rate tended to be. In contrast, PMNs were able to survive high levels of TNF-a in the CSF. For control purposes, MNs and PMNs were also suspended in various conditioned media. The same association between TNF-a levels and MN mortality was observed, as was the survival of PMNs. The addition of neopterin enhanced the cytocidal effect of TNF. The present study suggests that neopterin is related to PMN predominance in the CSF of patients with bacterial meningitis via the effect of TNF-a on cell death.
Sustaining Engagement and Partnership: A Model of Enhancing Cultural Capital among Nonaffiliated IRB Members
Authors: Hung Yvonne , Ayala Armida , Morales Francisco , Frierman-Hunt Gina , Moreno Alva , Nwachuku Ijeoma
Published: August 2013

Although federal regulations require the presence of at least one nonaffiliated member on the roster of an institutional review board (IRB), little research exists about how to foster their participation and satisfaction. Guided by principles of justice and diversity, the Kaiser Permanente Southern California IRB adapted the sociological concept of “cultural capital” to develop training and support with its nonaffiliated IRB members. Using in-depth qualitative interviews with four past and current nonaffiliated IRB members, we describe how our initial and ongoing activities enhanced their ability to analyze, communicate, and complete the ethical review of research. This case study is situated in the gaps of existing research about nonaffiliated IRB members by providing insights into how to sustain their engagement while protecting the rights of research volunteers, particularly from vulnerable communities.
Critical Illness Research Involving Collection of Genomic Data: The Conundrum Posed by Low Levels of Genomic Literacy among Surrogate Decision Makers for Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Iverson Ellen , Celious Aaron , Shehane Erica , Oerke Mandy , Warren Victoria , Eastman Alexander , Kennedy Carie R. , Freeman Bradley D.
Published: August 2013

Critical illness clinical trials that entail genomic data collection pose unique challenges. In this qualitative study, we found that surrogate decision makers (SDMs) for critically ill individuals, such as those who would be approached for study participation, appeared to have a limited grasp of genomic principles. We argue that low levels of genomic literacy should neither preclude nor be in conflict with the conduct of ethically rigorous clinical trials.
How IRBs View and Make Decisions about Social Risks
Authors: Klitzman Robert L.
Published: August 2013

Whether and how irbs assess social risks remains unclear, with little empirical investigation. I contacted leaders of 60 IRBs, and interviewed IRB leaders from 34 (response rate = 55%) and additionally, 12 members and administrators. IRBs struggle to assess and balance social risks and benefits, and vary in whether, how, and how much to do so, and how to balance these against individual risks/benefits. Risks to a group affect individuals within it. Hence, social risks can include indirect individual risks, raising ambiguities. Dilemmas emerge: E.g., how much responsibility researchers and IRBs have for addressing broader health inequities. These data, the first to examine how IRBs make decisions about social risks, reveal how IRBs face critical challenges, dilemmas, and ambiguities.
Alkaline phosphatases contribute to uterine receptivity, implantation, decidualization, and defense against bacterial endotoxin in hamsters
Authors: Lei Wei , Nguyen Heidi , Brown Naoko , Ni Hua , Kiffer-Moreira Tina , Reese Jeff , Millán José Luis , Paria Bibhash C
Published: August 2013

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity has been demonstrated in the uterus of several species, but its importance in the uterus, in general and during pregnancy, is yet to be revealed. In this study, we focused on identifying AP isozyme types and their hormonal regulation, cell type, and event-specific expression and possible functions in the hamster uterus during the cycle and early pregnancy. Our RT-PCR andin situhybridization studies demonstrated that among the knownAkp2,Akp3,Akp5, andAkp6murine AP isozyme genes, hamster uteri express onlyAkp2andAkp6; both genes are co-expressed in luminal epithelial cells. Studies in cyclic and ovariectomized hamsters established that while progesterone (P4) is the major uterineAkp2inducer, both P4and estrogen are strongAkp6regulators. Studies in preimplantation uteri showed induction of both genes and the activity of their encoded isozymes in luminal epithelial cells during uterine receptivity. However, at the beginning of implantation,Akp2showed reduced expression in luminal epithelial cells surrounding the implanted embryo. By contrast, expression ofAkp6and its isozyme was maintained in luminal epithelial cells adjacent to, but not away from, the implanted embryo. Following implantation, stromal transformation to decidua was associated with induced expressions of onlyAkp2and its isozyme. We next demonstrated that uterine APs dephosphorylate and detoxify endotoxin lipopolysaccharide at their sites of production and activity. Taken together, our findings suggest that uterine APs contribute to uterine receptivity, implantation, and decidualization in addition to their role in protection of the uterus and pregnancy against bacterial infection.
Jesus in an Age of Neoliberalism
Authors: Martin Craig
Published: August 2013

An Interview with James G. Crossley
Sleeping Next to My Coffin: Representations of the Body in Theravada Buddhism
Authors: Harris Elizabeth J.
Published: August 2013

Therav?da Buddhism can be stereotyped as having a negative view of the body. This paper argues that this stereotype is a distortion. Recognizing that representations of the body in Therav?da text and tradition are plural, the paper draws on the Sutta Pi?aka of the P?li texts and the Visuddhimagga, together with interviews with lay Buddhists in Sri Lanka, to argue that an internally consistent and meaningful picture can be reached, suitable particularly to those teaching Buddhism, if these representations are categorised under three headings and differentiated according to function: the body as problem (to be seen and transcended); the body as teacher (to be observed and learnt from); the liberated body (to be developed). It also examines two realizations that accompany the development of a liberated body: realizing purity of body in meditation; realizing compassion. It concludes that compassion for self all embodied beings is the most truly Therav?da Buddhist response to embodiment, not pride or fear, disgust or repression.
The Multi-life Stories of Gautama Buddha and Vardhamana Mahavira
Authors: Appleton Naomi
Published: August 2013

Like Buddhist traditions, Jain traditions preserve many stories about people’s past lives. Unlike Buddhist traditions, relatively few of these stories narrate the past lives of the tradition’s central figure, the jina. In Jainism there is no equivalent path to the bodhisatt(v)a path; the karma that guarantees jinahood is bound a mere two births before that attainment, and the person who attracts that karma cannot do so willfully, nor is he aware of it being bound. There is therefore no Jain equivalent to the ubiquitous j?taka literature. In this paper I will explore what the absence of a j?taka genre in Jain traditions tells us about the genre’s role in Buddhism. Focusing upon the multi-life stories of Gautama Buddha and Vardham?na Mah?v?ra, I will ask how these two strikingly similar narratives betray some fundamental differences between Buddhist and Jain understandings of the ultimate religious goal and the method of its attainment.
Dabba’s Self-cremation in the Sa?yukta-?gama
Authors: Analayo Bhikkhu
Published: August 2013

The present article studies the self-cremation of Dabba Mallaputta, based on a translation of the Sa?yukta-?gama parallel to two discourses in the Ud?na that record this event.
Translation and validation of the Parent-adolescent Communication Scale: technology for DST/HIV prevention
Authors: Gubert Fabiane do Amaral , Vieira Neiva Francenely Cunha , Pinheiro Patrícia Neyva da Costa , Oriá Mônica Oliveira Batista , Almeida Paulo César de , Araújo Thábyta Silva de
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVES: accomplishment of the transcultural adaptation of the Parent-adolescent Communication Scale, which evaluates the frequency of communication between parents and children concerning the subjects related to sex, condom, DST, HIV and pregnancy. METHOD: Methodological research of quantitative approach, accomplished with 313 adolescent pupils of the feminine sex in the 14 to 18 year age group in Fortaleza-CE. The content validity was carried through by means of the initial translation, back translation, pre-final version and final version, being analyzed by a committee of specialists; the reliability was verified by the Cronbach's Alpha and ascertained by testing the hypotheses and test-retest within five weeks. The scale was applied via computer in the online modality in the period November/2010 to January/2011. RESULTS: The version of the instrument in Portuguese presented an Alpha of 0.86 regarding the validity of the structure, was partially verified since the testing of the hypotheses of the contracted group was not confirmed. CONCLUSION: The version of the instrument adapted for Portuguese is considered valid and reliable in the study sample.
Burden, Coping, Physical Symptoms and Psychological Morbidity in Caregivers of Functionally Dependent Family Members
Authors: Guedes Ana Catarina , Pereira Maria da Graça
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVES: this study assessed burden, coping, physical symptoms and psychological morbidity in caregivers of functionally dependent family members. METHODS: fifty family caregivers completed self-reported measures of burden, physical symptoms, psychological morbidity and coping strategies. RESULTS: there was a significant negative correlation between coping strategies and the different clinical variables, as well as a significant positive correlation between coping strategies and duration of care. It appears that the stronger bond between caregiver and family member leads to a poorer use of adaptive coping strategies. It also appears that the deterioration of the relationship between them and the lower perceived self-efficacy are more prominent in caregivers of family members with cognitive impairment, indicating that caregivers with family members without cognitive impairment face fewer difficulties. CONCLUSION: these results emphasize the need for interventions to include coping strategies, since they are important in reducing caregivers' burden, psychological morbidity and physical symptoms.
Sustained virological response to treatment of chronic hepatitis C with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin
Authors: Rosa Junior André da , Blatt Carine Raquel , Peres Kaite Cristiane , Storb Bernd Heinrich , Silva Rochele , Farias Mareni Rocha
Published: August 2013

This study aimed to evaluate the rate of sustained virological response (SVR) and the clinical and treatment characteristics of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). A retrospective uncontrolled cohort study was conducted among patients who received treatment for CHC between 2005 and 2008 attended at the Center for the Application and Monitoring of Injectable Medications, in Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. The inclusion criteria were: patients over 18 years of age, with a confirmed diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C according to Brazilian guidelines, treated with PEG-IFN alfa-2a or 2b associated with RBV. A total of 188 patients were included in the study: 70% men, 59% genotype 1, 27% coinfected with HIV, 31% with cirrhosis. The SVR rate, calculated by probability theory, was determined as 26% (max=57.4% and min=12.8%) and the intention to treat was 12.8%. Associations between Sustained Virological Response (SVR) and the variables sex (p=0.017), age (p=0.003), genotype (p=0.648) and cirrhosis (p=0.275), were determined in the bivariate analysis and only sex and age were significantly associated with SVR. The SVR rate was considered low, which can be partially explained by patients' unfavorable pretreatment characteristics.
In vitro study on the interaction of ketotifen fumarate with anhydrous theophylline
Authors: Sayeed Mohammed Aktar , Habib Razibul , Rahman Mominur , Banna Hasan Al , Rana Sohel
Published: August 2013

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the interaction between ketotifen fumarate and anhydrous theophylline in aqueous media of various pH (1.2 and 6.8). Using Job's continuous-variation analysis and Ardon's spectrophotomeric measurement methods, the values of the stability constants of theophylline with ketotifen were determined at a fixed temperature (37 ºC) at various pH. The stability constants, ranging between 5.66 and 9.92, were derived from Ardon's plot, indicating that comparatively stable complexes had formed as a result of an interaction between the drugs. However, following the interaction of theophylline with ketotifen, stability constants were <1 at gastric pH (1.2) and intestinal pH (6.8). Concurrent administration of ketotifen and theophylline could result in the formation of a stable complex and this is likely to reduce the therapeutic activities of both drugs.
El Paso Baby Café: Peer Support for Lactation Care, Mothers, and Babies
Authors: Berkeley Lizabeth J. , Gabbert Wrennah , Lujan Josefina , Whitaker-Ware Jennifer
Published: August 2013

The use of peer support as a tool to increase breastfeeding exclusivity and duration can be facilitated by innovative community strategies. This is especially important in a binational environment where healthcare clients are served by providers on both sides of the U. S.–Mexico
border. A successful adoption of the Baby Café model of peer-to-peer breastfeeding support, developed in the U.K., has been carried out by the El Paso Baby Café and its sister Baby Cafés in Ciudad Juárez and Northern Chihuahua, Mexico.
Daytime Sprinkler Irrigation Effects on Net Photosynthesis of Maize and Alfalfa
Authors: Urrego‐Pereira Yenny F. , Martínez‐Cob Antonio , Fernández Victoria , Cavero José
Published: August 2013

During sprinkler irrigation some water is lost due to drift and evaporation. After irrigation, plant‐intercepted water is lost due to evaporation. The water loss causes microclimatic changes, which may involve positive or negative plant physiological responses. We studied the changes in net photosynthesis of maize (Zea mays L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) associated with irrigation with a solid‐set sprinkler system. For each species, measurements were made simultaneously in two plots, one being irrigated and the other not being irrigated. Two automatic canopy chambers connected to two CO2 infrared gas analyzers were used. Sprinkler irrigation decreased air temperature (1.5°C on maize, 1.7°C on alfalfa), air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) (0.44 kPa for both crops) and canopy temperature (5.1°C on maize, 5.9°C on alfalfa). Sprinkler irrigation decreased maize net photosynthesis on 80% of the days and the mean reduction was 19%. Sprinkler irrigation increased alfalfa net photosynthesis on 36% of days, decreased it on 14% of days, and had no effect on half of the days. The decrease of maize net photosynthesis during sprinkler irrigation was linked to the high leaf wettability (water contact angles from 60–80°) and the decrease in temperature below the optimum range for photosynthesis. The higher hydrophobicity of alfalfa leaves (water contact angles >120°) and the wide range of optimum temperature for alfalfa photosynthesis may be the reasons why photosynthesis remained unaffected by sprinkler irrigation. The results suggest that daytime sprinkler irrigation with solid‐set should be avoided for maize but can be used for alfalfa.
Regional Variation in the Incidence of Dialysis-Requiring AKI in the United States
Authors: Hsu Raymond K. , McCulloch Charles E. , Ku Elaine , Dudley R. Adams , Hsu Chi-yuan
Published: August 2013

Background and objectives

Little is known about geographic differences in the incidence of AKI. The objective of this study was to determine if regional variation exists in the population incidence of dialysis-requiring AKI in the United States.

Design, setting, participants, & methods

Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a US nationally representative sample of hospitalizations, were used to determine the incidence rates of dialysis-requiring AKI between 2007 and 2009 among the four US Census-designated regions. Cases were identified using validated discharge codes. Poisson regression models were used to estimate overall regional rates, accounting for the data’s sampling scheme.

Results

In 2007–2009, the population incidence rates of dialysis-requiring AKI differed across the four Census-designated regions (P=0.04). Incidence was highest in the Midwest (523 cases/million person-yr, 95% confidence interval=483 to 568) and lowest in the Northeast (457 cases/million person-yr, 95% confidence interval=426 to 492). The pattern of regional variation in the incidence of dialysis-requiring AKI was not the same as the pattern of regional variation in the incidence of renal replacement therapy-requiring ESRD (obtained from the US Renal Data System). In-hospital mortality associated with dialysis-requiring AKI differed across the four regions, with the highest case fatality in the Northeast (25.9%) and the lowest case fatality in the Midwest (19.4%).

Conclusions

Significant regional variation exists in the population incidence of dialysis-requiring AKI in the United States, and additional investigation is warranted to uncover potential causes behind these geographic differences.
Investigation of sintering kinetics of magnesium titanate
Authors: Petrovic V.V. , Milosevic H. , Pavlovic V.V.
Published: August 2013

Obtaining new materials including sintered electronic materials using
different procedures is the consequence of long complex and expensive
experimental work. However, the dynamics of expansive development of
electronic devices requires fast development of new materials, especially
sintered oxide materials. The recent rapid development of electronics is
among other things due to development and improvement of new components based
on titanate ceramics. Research in this work has included an experimental
study of the synthesis of dielectric ceramics in the system MgCO3 - TiO2.
Starting powders were mechanically activated by milling in a high energy
planetary mill for different times. Samples were prepared for isothermal
sintering at 1100?C by dual pressing of powders into cylindrical samples in a
hydraulic press.
Effect of particle size on the pore characterization and strength of porous cordierite-mullite ceramics prepared by a pore-forming in-situ technique
Authors: Yan W. , Li N. , Tong J. , Liu G. , Xu J.
Published: August 2013

The porous cordierite-mullite ceramics were prepared by the pore-forming
in-situ technique. The characterizations of porous cordierite-mullite
ceramics were determined by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), and a microscopy measured method, etc., and the
effect of particle size on phase composition, pore characterization and
strength were investigated. It?s found that particle size affects strongly
the formations of cordierite and mullite, and then changes the pore
characterization and strength. With the decrease of the particle size, the
sintering temperature at which the formations of cordierite and mullite take
place extremely fast decreases, the pore size distribution becomes from
bi-peak mode to mono-peak mode, the porosity and the median pore size
decrease but strength increases. The most opposite mode is the specimen
sintered at 1400 ?C from the grinded powder with an average particle size of
10.2 ?m, which consists of cordierite, mullite and minor spinel, and has a
high apparent porosity (40 %), a high compressive strength (58.4 MPa), a
small median pore size (6.3 ?m) and well-developed necks between particles.
Study on critical damage factor and the constitutive model including dynamic recrystallization softening of AZ80 magnesium alloy
Authors: Xue Y. , Zhang Z.M. , Wu Y.J.
Published: August 2013

Quantities AZ80 magnesium alloy billets were compressed with 60 % height
reduction on hot process simulator at 473, 523, 573, 623, 673, 723 K under
strain rates of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 s-1. In order to predict the
occurrence of surface fracture, the critical damage factor based on the
Cockcroft-Latham equation were obtained by analysing the results of the
corresponding finite element calculation. The results show that the critical
damage factor at 523, 573, 623, 673 K under strain rates of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1
and 1 s-1 is not a constant but varies in a range from 0.1397 to 0.4653.
Meanwhile, a constitutive model with a few parameters is used to characterize
the dynamic recrystallization strain softening of AZ80 alloy, which
comprehensively reflect the effects of the deformation temperature, strain
and strain rate on the flow stress.
Contested landscapes: Conflicts of interests and controversies in planning and using space
Authors: Balestrieri Mara
Published: August 2013

This paper sets out to explore the relationship between planning and conflict
in the use of space, and to reflect on the ideas underpinning transformations
of the territory, beginning with the relations existing between projects and
policies, since planning decisions are a statement of something more than
just organizational projects for space. In an urban realm where the market
increasingly swallows up space, contributing to shaping form and functions
according to a profit-based logic, battles are sometimes waged to defend
public goods. The paper deals with the case of two areas at the center of
controversies and disputes related to divergent interests, which spring from
totally different points of view on space and the role of the assets shaping
the landscape. The contrast is illustrated between the logics of a market
based on the pursuit of economic gain to the detriment of social
construction, and the right to a collective heritage, with the aim of
asserting the need and possibility to go beyond the logics of individualism
in planning.
Changing architectural education for reaching sustainable future: A contribution to the discussion
Authors: Milovanovic-Rodic Danijela , Zivkovic Jelena , Lalovic Ksenija
Published: August 2013

This paper discusses potential changes for the architectural education in
response to rapid environmental, economic and socio-political situations,
globally and locally. Unpredictability and complexity of those changes on one
side and increasing exclusion of architects in urban developments on the
other side, are forcing us to rethink the role and purpose of architects and
architecture in society in general. We started to question methodology and
the substance of architectural education which would create professional
architects that would be able to deliver and implement creative sustainable
solutions. It is evident that the need for the sustainable architectural
design, sensitive to environment and energy issues, has reached a critical
level in both public and professional circles. However, the issue of social
sensibility is still not adequately taken into consideration by
professionals. We argue that it is a consequence of archaic academic
curricula which must be changed in order to support a paradigm shift. This
change would be from the ?architect provider? to the ?architect enabler?. As
a result of this issue, we introduce a new educational methodology to
support: (1) building student's capacity for being engaged in collaborative
design process, and (2) building bridges between the different disciplines in
order to reach integral education.