bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foot use and hand preference during feeding in captive black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti)
Authors: PAN Jing , XIAO Wen , TALBERT Matthew H. , SCOTT Matthew B.
Published: February 2013

Postural origin theory predicts that body postures are related to hand preference in nonhuman primates due to hemispheric specialization. Foot preference, especially in manipulating objects, is also a good predictor of hemispheric specialization in humans. We studied limb (hand and foot) preferences in 11 captive adult black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) to see how limb preference is influenced by postures and foot manipulation. Hand preference was significantly different for this group between quadrupedal standing and clinging postures, and sitting and clinging postures, but not between bipedal standing and clinging postures. Individuals were significantly more likely to use the right hand in the clinging posture than in quadrupedal standing or sitting postures. In the sitting posture, individuals maintained their respective hand preference even when the food was on the other side of the body. There was a gender difference in the sitting posture, where females preferred their right hand but males preferred their left. Individuals who did not routinely use their feet to manipulate objects, compared to those who did, shifted to greater right hand use from the clinging posture to the bipedal posture. One male individual and his offspring were more likely to use their feet to manipulate objects than the rest of the monkeys. In the present study, we reveal the first evidence of a postural effect on hand preference in R. bieti as well as a foot preference in this species. Our results mostly agree with the postural origin theory and hemispheric specialization.
Geometric morphometric study of the skull shape diversification in Sciuridae (Mammalia, Rodentia)
Authors: LU Xuefei , GE Deyan , XIA Lin , HUANG Chengming , YANG Qisen
Published: February 2013

It is generally accepted that the high phenotypic diversity of mammals is a combined result of developmental constraint and ecological adaptation, although the influence of these endogenous and exogenous factors varies in different mammal groups. The rodent family Sciuridae represents an ideal candidate for examining phenotypic diversity in relation to phylogeny and ecological adaptations. In the present study, we investigate the effects of phylogeny and lifestyle on the skull shape in different species of Sciuridae by applying geometric morphometric methods. In addition, we investigate the importance of allometry on sciurid skull shape, because results from geometric morphometrics sometimes dispute those of traditional morphometry. Here, we identify significant associations between patristic distances obtained from molecular phylogeny and shape distances in all 3 views of the cranium and the lateral view of the mandible. Multivariate regression demonstrates that shape differences among lifestyle categories are substantial, especially in the dorsal and ventral structures after the influence of phylogeny is taken into account. Allometry plays an important role in the shape variation, although its importance on different skull structures varies. Our results indicate that complex structures of this highly diverse mammal group, which occupies different niches, are affected by ecological factors and developmental constraint.
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Cichorium Intybus Root Extract Using Orthogonal Matrix Design
Authors: Liu Haitao , Wang Quanzhen , Liu Yuyan , Chen Guo , Cui Jian
Published: February 2013

Solvent, impregnation time, sonication repetitions, and ultrasonic power were important factors in the process of ultrasound‐assisted extraction from chicory (Cichorium intybus) root, while there were no studies about optimizing these 4 factors for extract yield, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activity of the extracts using orthogonal matrix design. The present research demonstrated that the solvent composition played a significant role in the improving extract yield, TPC, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. The other 3 factors had inequable effect on different purposes, ultrasonic power could improve TPC and antioxidant activity, but long time of extraction lowered antioxidant activity. The TPC increased from 22.34 to 27.87 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/100 g (dry extracts) with increasing solvent polarity. The half inhibition concentration (IC50, μg/mL) of the radical scavenging activity of the chicory extracts ranged from 281.00 to 983.33 μg/mL. The content of caffeoylquinic acids of root extract, which was extracted by the optimal combination was 0.104%. Several extracts displayed antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhi, while Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. resisted against all the extracts. Combination of 70% ethanol v/v, 24‐h impregnation time, 3 sonication rounds, and 300‐W ultrasonic input power was found to be the optimal combination for the chicory extract yield, TPC, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity.
The Declining Efficacy of Naltrexone Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol Use Disorders Over Time: A Multivariate Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Del Re A. C. , Maisel Natalya , Blodgett Janet , Finney John
Published: February 2013

Background

Oral naltrexone is an FDA‐approved medication for treating alcohol use disorders. Although its efficacy has been supported in multiple clinical trials, an earlier review found that its effect sizes (ESs) on relapse to heavy drinking and, to a lesser extent, percent days drinking were smaller in more recent trials and in multicenter than in single‐site studies. We examined whether these findings held when studies from 2004 to 2009 were taken into account, and whether single‐site versus multicenter trials, the use of placebo run‐in periods, and placebo group improvement accounted for variation in naltrexone effects and decreasing effects over time.

Methods

A multivariate meta‐analysis of naltrexone pharmacotherapy trials for alcohol use disorders was conducted. All analyses simultaneously modeled ESs on outcomes of percent days abstinent and relapse to heavy drinking. Potential moderators of medication effects that were examined included publication year, multicenter design (vs. single site), placebo run‐in period, and placebo group improvement.

Results

Statistically significant between‐group differences on percent days abstinent (the inverse of percent days drinking) and relapse to heavy drinking favored naltrexone over placebo. Year of publication was a significant moderator for both outcomes, with more recent trials having smaller ESs. Neither multi‐ versus single‐site study, the interaction between multi‐ versus single‐site study and year of publication, nor placebo run‐in period was a significant moderator of naltrexone effects. Although placebo group improvement was modestly associated with smaller between‐group naltrexone versus placebo ESs, only 21 studies provided usable information on placebo group improvement. Within those studies, there was no relationship between naltrexone ESs and time, so placebo group improvement was not examined as a moderator of that relationship.

Conclusions

Naltrexone ESs have attenuated over time. Moderators that explain why effects have been decreasing remain to be determined.
Genome‐wide DNA methylation analysis in alcohol dependence
Authors: Zhang Ruiling , Miao Qin , Wang Chuansheng , Zhao Rongrong , Li Wenqiang , Haile Colin N. , Hao Wei , Zhang Xiang Yang
Published: February 2013

Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors influence the development of alcohol dependence (AD). Recent studies have shown that DNA methylation markers in peripheral blood may serve as risk markers for AD. Yet a genome‐wide epigenomic approach investigating the role of DNA methylation in AD has yet to be performed. We conducted a population‐based, case‐control study of genome‐wide DNA methylation to determine if alterations in gene‐specific methylation were associated with AD in a Chinese population. Using the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation27 BeadChip, we assessed gene‐specific methylation in over 27 000 CpG sites from DNA isolated from lymphocytes in 63 male AD in‐patients and 65 male healthy controls. Using a multi‐factorial statistical model, we observed differential methylation between cases and controls at multiple CpG sites with the majority of the methylated CpG sites being hypomethylated. Analyses with the online gene set analysis toolkit WebGestalt revealed that the genes of interest were enriched in multiple biological processes involved in AD development. Gene Ontology function annotation showed that stress, immune response and signal transduction were highly associated with AD. Further analysis by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes revealed associations with multiple pathways involved in metabolism through cytochrome P450, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction and calcium signaling. Associations with canonical pathways previously shown to be involved in AD were also observed, such as dehydrogenases 1A (ADH1A), ADH7, aldehyde dehydrogenases 3B2 (ALDH3B2) and cytochrome P450 2A13. We present evidence that alterations in DNA methylation may be associated with AD, which is consistent with epigenetic theory.
Fetal death and placental weight/birthweight ratio: a population study
Authors: Haavaldsen Camilla , Samuelsen Sven O. , Eskild Anne
Published: February 2013

Objective

To study the association of placental weight and placental weight/birthweight ratio with gestational age‐specific fetal death.

Design

Population‐based study.

Setting

Medical Birth Registry of Norway.

Population

All singleton births in Norway, 1999–2008 (n = 534 892).

Methods

Gestational age‐specific quartiles of placental weight and placental weight/birthweight ratio were estimated, and proportions of fetal deaths and live births within the lowest and highest quartile were compared. The risk of fetal death associated with placental weight/birthweight ratio was estimated as crude and adjusted odds ratios.

Main outcome measures

Offspring vital status.

Results

Pregnancies with fetal death were overrepresented in the lowest quartile of placental weight and placental weight/birthweight ratio in term and preterm deliveries. In preterm deliveries, fetal deaths were also overrepresented in the highest placental weight/birthweight ratio. Adjusted odds ratio of fetal death in preterm deliveries was 1.67 (95% confidence interval 1.44–1.94) for placental weight/birthweight ratio in the lowest quartile and 1.79 (95% confidence interval 1.55–2.08) in the highest quartile. Corresponding odds ratios for deliveries at term were 1.76 (95% confidence interval 1.50–2.06) and 1.18 (95% confidence interval 0.99–1.41).

Conclusions

Both small and large placentas relative to birthweight were associated with fetal death in preterm births. At term, only small placentas relative to birthweight were associated with fetal death. Understanding the mechanisms behind the increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnancies with disproportionate placental weight/birthweight ratio may be important for prevention of fetal deaths.
Attenuation of the retinal nerve fibre layer and reduced retinal function assessed by optical coherence tomography and full‐field electroretinography in patients exposed to vigabatrin medication
Authors: Kjellström Ulrika , Andréasson Sten , Ponjavic Vesna
Published: February 2013

Purpose:  To investigate the clinical value of assessment of peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness with OCT in addition to the evaluation of retinal function measured by full‐field electroretinography (ff‐ERG) in patients with suspected vigabatrin (VGB)‐attributed visual field defects.

Methods:  Visual fields from adult patients in our clinical follow‐up program for VGB medication were analysed. Twelve patients with suspected VGB‐attributed visual field defects were selected for the study. They were re‐examined with computerized kinetic perimetry, ff‐ERG and OCT (2D circle scan).

Results:  Constricted visual fields were found in all patients. Comparative analysis of ff‐ERG parameters showed reduced b‐wave amplitudes for the isolated and the combined rod and cone responses (p < 0.0001). The a‐wave, reflecting photoreceptor activity, was reduced (p = 0.001), as well as the summed amplitude of oscillatory potentials (p = 0.029), corresponding to inner retinal function. OCT measurements demonstrated attenuation of the RNFL in nine of 12 patients, most frequently superiorly and/or inferiorly. No temporal attenuation was found. Significant positive correlations were found between the total averaged RNFL thickness, superior and inferior RNFL thickness and reduced ff‐ERG parameters. Positive correlations were also found between RNFL thickness and isopter areas.

Conclusion:  OCT measurements can detect attenuation of the RNFL in patients exposed to VGB medication. RNFL thickness correlates with reduced ff‐ERG parameters and isopter areas of constricted visual fields, indicating that VGB is retino‐toxic on several levels, from photoreceptors to ganglion cells. The study also supports previous studies, suggesting that OCT measurement of the RNFL thickness may be of clinical value in monitoring patients on vigabatrin therapy.
Novel OPA1 missense mutation in a family with optic atrophy and severe widespread neurological disorder
Authors: Liskova Petra , Ulmanova Olga , Tesina Petr , Melsova Hana , Diblik Pavel , Hansikova Hana , Tesarova Marketa , Votruba Marcela
Published: February 2013

Purpose:  To identify the underlying molecular genetic cause in a Czech family with optic atrophy, deafness, ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, polyneuropathy and ataxia transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait.

Methods:  Ophthalmological and neurological examination followed by molecular genetic analyses.

Results:  Seven family members were clinically affected. There was a variable but progressive visual, hearing and neurological disability across the family as a whole. The majority of subjects presented with impairment of visual function and a variable degree of ptosis and/or ophthalmoplegia from the first to the third decade of life. Deafness, neuropathy and ataxia appeared later, in the third and fourth decade. Migraine, tachycardia, intention tremor, nystagmus and cervical dystonia were observed in isolated individuals. A significant overall feature was the high level of neurological disability leading to 3 of 4 members being unable to walk or stand unaided before the age of 60 years. A novel missense mutation c.1345A>C (p.Thr449Pro) in OPA1 segregating with the disease phenotype over three generations was detected. In silico analysis supported pathogenicity of the identified sequence variant.

Conclusion:  Our work expands the spectrum of mutation in OPA1, which may lead to severe multisystem neurological disorder. The molecular genetic cause of dominant optic atrophy in the Czech population is reported for the first time. We propose that regular cardiac follow‐up in patients diagnosed with dominant optic atrophy and widespread neurological disease should be considered.
Corneal endothelial morphology and central thickness in patients with type II diabetes mellitus
Authors: Storr‐Paulsen Allan , Singh Amardeep , Jeppesen Helene , Norregaard Jens C. , Thulesen Jesper
Published: February 2013

Purpose:  To investigate corneal endothelial cell density and morphology in type II diabetic and non‐diabetic patients and to relate potential differences to the glycaemic status.

Methods:  A prospective clinical study including 107 patients with type II diabetes and 128 non‐diabetic patients. Sample size was based on a power calculation (power = 0.90; p = 0.05). The diabetic patients had on average more than four HbA1c tests performed (mean 4.1; range 2–14) with intervals of at least 3 months as a reflection of the long‐term glycaemic status. The controls had no diabetes confirmed by two causal blood tests. The endothelial cell density, the variation in endothelial cell size (CV), the percentage of hexagonal cells, and the central corneal thickness (CCT) were recorded.

Results:  Type II diabetic subjects did not differ from the non‐diabetic control subjects with regards to endothelial cell density, hexagonality or variation in CV, but showed a significant increase in CCT (538 versus 546 μm, p < 0.05). In the diabetic group, lower cell counts were associated with higher HbA1c values (p < 0.05). The HbA1c did not, however, have any impact on the CCT.

Conclusion:  Type II diabetes has no impact on corneal cell density or morphology in subjects with good glycaemic status. However, higher HbA1c was associated with lower endothelial cell density. CCT was significantly increased in the diabetic group.
The association between medical conditions and gender, well‐being, psychosomatic complaints as well as school adaptability
Authors: Olsson Ann , Hasselgren Mikael , Hagquist Curt , Janson Staffan
Published: February 2013

Aim

The aim was to assess the association between medical conditions and gender, well‐being, psychosomatic complaints and school adaptability. The second aim was to determine whether self‐reported medical conditions should be included in class‐room questionnaires that deal with well‐being and risk behaviour.

Methods

A cross‐sectional class‐room questionnaire was given to all 15‐ to 16‐year‐olds within a Swedish county. The questionnaire included background factors, subjective health, well‐being, psychosomatic complaints, self image, drug use and also several themes from the school context. In addition, there were 13 medical conditions/problems to tick (yes or no) and an open alternative for other problems/medical conditions.

Results

3108 questionnaires (response rate 84%) were analysed. The majority of the girls and the boys reported no medical conditions; however, 49% of the girls and 39% of the boys reported at least one medical condition. The medical conditions were associated with gender, well‐being, psychosomatic complaints and school adaptability. The association was stronger for girls than for boys.

Conclusion

Medical conditions among these teenagers were associated with gender, well‐being, psychosomatic complaints and school adaptability, particularly for girls. Our results suggest that medical conditions could preferably be included in regular classroom questionnaires.
Quality of life of adolescents born with extremely low birth weight
Authors: Methúsalemsdóttir Hólmdís Freyja , Egilson Snæfríður Þóra , Guðmundsdóttir Ragnhildur , Valdimarsdóttir Unnur Anna , Georgsdóttir Ingibjörg
Published: February 2013

Aim

To explore extremely low birth weight [ELBW] adolescents' self‐reported quality of life [QoL] and compare it with control group of same age full‐term peers.

Methods

This project is nested within a national follow‐up study on the long‐term outcome of ELBW infants born in Iceland in 1991–1995. Twenty‐nine ELBW adolescents and 30 controls evaluated their QoL using KIDSCREEN‐52. To evaluate group differences, Chi‐square tests and Mann–Whitney U‐tests were conducted. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the influence of birth weight on QoL in ten dimensions.

Results

No differences were observed between the groups on six of ten KIDSCREEN dimensions. ELBW adolescents reported significantly lower QoL on four dimensions: Physical well‐being (OR 3.41; CI, 1.14–10.25), Psychological well‐being (OR 7.65; CI, 2.04–28.78), Moods and emotion (OR 5.20; CI, 1.53–17.82), and Self‐perception (OR 3.20; CI, 1.05–9.74).

Conclusion

ELBW adolescents report similar social well‐being and participation compared with same age full‐term peers. Conversely, they report lower physical and emotional quality of life.
Early intervention and holistic, relationship‐based practice with fathers: evidence from the work of the Family Nurse Partnership
Authors: Ferguson Harry , Gates Peter
Published: February 2013

This paper seeks to add to the literature on working with fathers by focusing on early intervention. It draws on research into fathers involved in a home visitation service delivered by the Family Nurse Partnership in England and evaluates the men's experiences of the intervention. The vulnerability of fathers was striking and many were helped to develop their practical skills and confidence in caring for their babies. The intervention was effective because of the quality time that was invested in developing relationships with fathers (as well as mothers), the focus on their strengths as well as areas for improvement and the skilled, therapeutically oriented, holistic approach through which the service was delivered. The ‘early’ nature of the help was crucial to its success because of how it so effectively tapped into the men's redefinition of themselves as caring fathers during pregnancy and following the birth. We argue that there is important learning here for social care and health services in general about how to engage men and promote fathers' capacities to care for their children.
Impact of Insertion Torque and Implant Neck Design on Peri‐Implant Bone Level: A Randomized Split‐Mouth Trial
Authors: Hof Markus , Pommer Bernhard , Strbac Georg D. , Vasak Christoph , Agis Hermann , Zechner Werner
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The aim of this study is to assess the impact of insertion torque and implant neck design on peri‐implant bone levels and gain insights into dynamic crestal tissue alterations by radiological, clinical, and biochemical examinations.

Material and Methods

In this prospective trial, a total of 84 implants (four implants in each patient) in the interforaminal region of 21 edentulous mandibles were randomly alternated according to a split‐mouth design. Implant placement was performed using different insertion torques (≤20 Ncm vs >50 Ncm). In each group, one machined and one anodized implant neck design (1.5 mm length) was used in the same jaw side. Evaluation of peri‐implant tissues involved radiological, clinical examination and immunoassays for interleukin‐1β.

Results

No significant influence of insertion torque or implant neck design on peri‐implant bone level was found. Protein levels of interleukin‐1β in the peri‐implant crevicular fluid revealed no difference between both insertion torque groups and different neck designs.

Conclusion

Interactive effects of insertion torque and neck surface modification may exist; however, no clinically significant differences in marginal bone resorption after 1 year could be observed in the edentulous anterior mandible.
Engraftment of heavily transfused patients with severe aplastic anemia with a fludarabine‐based regimen
Authors: Wang San‐Bin , Li Li , Pan Xin‐Hua , Hu Deng‐Ming , Peng Li‐Hui , Liu Lin , Xie Zheng‐Jun , Yin Bo , Sun Xiao‐Juan , Yu Jing , Liang Yang
Published: February 2013

We have developed a practical conditioning regimen without anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG), irradiation, or other myeloablative alkylating agent for low‐income countries in which patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA), who usually have heavily transfused and a prolonged disease history. The application of ATG, Busulphan, and/or irradiation to cyclophosphamide (Cy) to avoid graft rejection has many short‐ and long‐term complications. In this study, we focused on evaluating a fludarabine‐based conditioning regimen, among 83 patients with SAA. Patients were treated with fludarabine (40 mg/m2/d; day [−5 to −2]) and cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg/d; day [−5 to −2]). Altogether, 81 patients indicated initial engraftment, whereas two cases showed primary graft failure. And four of the 81 cases indicated graft rejection during follow‐up. Regardless of a high cumulative incidence of acute (55/83; 66.2% grade II–IV; 47/83; 56.6% III–IV) and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (50/83; 60.2%), in total, 77 patients showed durable engraftment and transfusion independence, and 64 are alive at a median time of 49 months with an overall survival rate of 66%. In conclusion, this conditioning indicated well toleration, mild toxicity, durable engraftment, excellent survival as well as less cost. Its application might shed new light on SAA at high risk of graft rejection in resource‐limited countries.
Development of ordinal sequence perception in infancy
Authors: Lewkowicz David J.
Published: February 2013

Perception of the ordinal position of a sequence element is critical to many cognitive and motor functions. Here, the prediction that this ability is based on a domain‐general perceptual mechanism and, thus, that it emerges prior to the emergence of language was tested. Infants were habituated with sequences of moving/sounding objects and then tested for the ability to perceive the invariant ordinal position of a single element (Experiment 1) or the invariant relative ordinal position of two adjacent elements (Experiment 2). Experiment 1 tested 4‐ and 6‐month‐old infants and showed that 4‐month‐old infants focused on conflicting low‐level sequence statistics and, therefore, failed to detect the ordinal position information, but that 6‐month‐old infants ignored the statistics and detected the ordinal position information. Experiment 2 tested 6‐, 8‐, and 10‐month‐old infants and showed that only 10‐month‐old infants detected relative ordinal position information and that they could only accomplish this with the aid of concurrent statistical cues. Together, these results indicate that a domain‐general ability to detect ordinal position information emerges during infancy and that its initial emergence is preceded and facilitated by the earlier emergence of the ability to detect statistical cues.
The epidemiology of intermittent and chronic ataxia in children in Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Salman Michael S , Lee Esther J , Tjahjadi Anindita , Chodirker Bernard N
Published: February 2013

Aim

To determine the epidemiology of chronic ataxia in children in Manitoba, Canada.

Method

A retrospective study using multiple sources and disease codes identified children (age 0–16y) with chronic ataxia (>2mo duration or recurrent episodes of ataxia) seen at Winnipeg Children's Hospital from 1991 to 2008. Patients with isolated peripheral nerve diseases, vestibular disorders, or brain tumors were excluded.

Results

We identified 184 patients (males=females; mean age 15y, SD 7y 8mo) with chronic ataxia. Median age at the presenting symptom onset was 1 year 3 months and at ataxia onset 3 years 1 month. Median duration of follow‐up was 6 years 5 months. During the study period, the crude incidence rate was 5.77 in 10 000; the crude prevalence rate was 6.59 in 10 000; and the crude mortality rate 0.446 in 10 000. The most common presenting symptoms were developmental delay, ataxia, or seizures. The most common diagnoses (known in 129) were Angelman syndrome (n=16), ataxia telangiectasia (n=13), mitochondrial disease (n=9), Friedreich ataxia (n=7), stroke (n=7), and familial/genetic episodic ataxia (n=7).

Interpretation

Chronic ataxia is a relatively common early‐presenting symptom in childhood. A specific diagnosis is possible in 70% of patients after extensive investigations. The mortality rate is relatively low and the disease burden is high with significant comorbidities including developmental delay and epilepsy.
Labour Mobility in East Africa: An Analysis of the East African Community's Common Market and the Free Movement of Workers
Authors: Basnett Yurendra
Published: February 2013

This article advocates an institutional perspective in analysing labour mobility, since rules governing cross‐border labour markets are an embodiment of access and participation rights, and can determine the formalisation or informalisation of work and the protection and benefits accrued by migrant workers. It examines the East African Community's Common Market Protocol of July 2010, which seeks to promote the ‘free movement of workers’ within the Community. It argues that there are contradictions and inconsistencies in implementing the Protocol and provides recommendations for addressing them.
Unscrambling Africa: Regional Requirements for Achieving Food Security
Authors: Haggblade Steven
Published: February 2013

Africa has inherited highly arbitrary political borders that vastly complicate current efforts to accelerate agricultural growth and reduce hunger. By partitioning agro‐ecological zones and natural market sheds, current borders serve as barriers, hampering agricultural technology transfer, hindering agricultural trade and dampening incentives for farmers and agribusinesses to invest in Africa's many regional bread‐basket zones. Feasible solutions revolve around neutralising these deleterious effects through regional scientific networks and corridor development programmes.
Multi‐stakeholder Groups for Better Sector Performance: A Key to Fighting Corruption in Natural‐Resource Governance?
Authors: Søreide Tina , Truex Rory
Published: February 2013

Multi‐stakeholder groups – involving representatives from civil society, government and the private sector — are increasingly seen as a means of promoting improved service delivery and operational performance in natural‐resource sectors. Although the intention is to promote dialogue, learning and collaboration towards agreed goals and the implementation of standards for better sector governance and performance, the impact of these initiatives will be shaped by members' incentives and external constraints. This article describes how incentive incompatibilities will prevent the group from effectively addressing fundamental problems in the sectors, such as corruption. Multi‐stakeholder groups can be a viable forum for debate, but should not be expected to perform a role in fighting corruption in natural‐resource management.
Galanin‐induced decreases in nucleus accumbens/striatum excitatory postsynaptic potentials and morphine conditioned place preference require both galanin receptor 1 and galanin receptor 2
Authors: Einstein Emily B. , Asaka Yukiko , Yeckel Mark F. , Higley Michael J. , Picciotto Marina R.
Published: February 2013

The neuropeptide galanin has been shown to alter the rewarding properties of morphine. To identify potential cellular mechanisms that might be involved in the ability of galanin to modulate opiate reward, we measured excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), using both field and whole‐cell recordings from striatal brain slices extracted from wild‐type mice and mice lacking specific galanin receptor (GalR) subtypes. We found that galanin decreased the amplitude of EPSPs in both the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens. We then performed recordings in slices from knockout mice lacking either the GalR1 or GalR2 gene, and found that the ability of galanin to decrease EPSP amplitude was absent from both mouse lines, suggesting that both receptor subtypes are required for this effect. In order to determine whether behavioral responses to opiates were dependent on the same receptor subtypes, we tested GalR1 and GalR2 knockout mice for morphine conditioned place preference (CPP). Morphine CPP was significantly attenuated in both GalR1 and GalR2 knockout mice. These data suggest that mesolimbic excitatory signaling is significantly modulated by galanin in a GalR1‐dependent and GalR2‐dependent manner, and that morphine CPP is dependent on the same receptor subtypes.
Comparison of dynamic and resting endoscopy of the upper portion of the respiratory tract in 57Thoroughbred yearlings
Authors: Kelly P. G. , Reardon R. J. M. , Johnston M. S. , Pollock P. J.
Published: February 2013

Reasons for performing the study

Endoscopic examination ofThoroughbred (TB) yearlings is performed routinely to determine the suitability of horses for racing and to ensure that the conditions of sale are satisfied. However, previous research has demonstrated that resting endoscopic examination can be inaccurate in the diagnosis of functional pathology of the upper portion of the respiratory tract (URT).

Objectives

To investigate the feasibility of performing dynamic overground endoscopy in a group ofTByearlings and to compare the results of resting and dynamic endoscopic examination of theURT.

Study design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

Resting (pre‐ and post exercise) and exercising endoscopy was performed on 57TByearlings at a single training yard. Observed abnormalities were recorded and graded. The results of resting and dynamic examination were compared.

Results

Dynamic overground endoscopy was well tolerated and was performed with few complications. Laryngeal asymmetry (29 cases) was the most common abnormality identified at rest, while intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (IDDSP; 19 cases) was the most common at exercise. Significant variation in laryngeal function and variation in the occurrence ofIDDSPwas noted between examinations. Other potentially significant pathology that was not noted at rest but was present during exercise included collapse of the apex of the corniculate process, pharyngeal collapse and cricotracheal ligament collapse. The occurrence ofIDDSPat exercise was significantly associated with epiglottic structuregrade>2and a recent history of respiratory tract infection.

Conclusions

Dynamic overground endoscopy is safe and potentially useful when assessingURTfunction inTByearlings. Significant variations in the results of endoscopy at rest and during exercise were identified, which indicate that resting endoscopy may not be sufficient to predict the occurrence of pathology during exercise.

Potential relevance

Dynamic overground endoscopic examination could be considered a suitable means of assessingURTfunction inTByearlings and may provide additional pertinent information to that obtained during standard resting examination.
Two‐photon microscopy of dermal innervation in a human re‐innervated model of skin
Authors: Sevrain David , Le Grand Yann , Buhé Virginie , Jeanmaire Christine , Pauly Gilles , Carré Jean‐Luc , Misery Laurent , Lebonvallet Nicolas
Published: February 2013

When skin is injured, innervation can be severely disrupted. The subsequent re‐innervation processes are poorly understood notably because of the inability to image the full meandering course of nerves with their ramifications and endings from histological slices. In this letter, we report on two‐photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) microscopy of entire human skin explants re‐innervated by rodent sensory neurons labelled with the styryl dye FM1‐43. TPEF imaging of nerve fibres to a depth up to roughly 300 μm within the dermis was demonstrated, allowing three‐dimensional reconstruction of the neural tree structure. Endogenous second‐harmonic imaging of type I fibrillar collagen was performed in parallel to TPEF imaging using the same nonlinear microscope, revealing the path of the nerves through the dermis.
Cell‐surface serglycin promotes adhesion of myeloma cells to collagen type I and affects the expression of matrix metalloproteinases
Authors: Skliris Antonis , Labropoulou Vassiliki T. , Papachristou Dionysios J. , Aletras Alexios , Karamanos Nikos K. , Theocharis Achilleas D.
Published: February 2013

Serglycin (SG) is mainly expressed by hematopoetic cells as an intracellular proteoglycan. Multiple myeloma cells constitutively secrete SG, which is also localized on the cell surface in some cell lines. In this study, SG isolated from myeloma cells was found to interact with collagen type I (Col I), which is a major bone matrix component. Notably, myeloma cells positive for cell‐surface SG (csSG) adhered significantly to Col I, compared to cells lacking csSG. Removal of csSG by treatment of the cells with chondroitinase ABC or blocking of csSG by an SG‐specific polyclonal antibody significantly reduced the adhesion of myeloma cells to Col I. Significant up‐regulation of expression of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP–2 and MMP–9 at both the mRNA and protein levels was observed when culturing csSG‐positive myeloma cells on Col I‐coated dishes or in the presence of soluble Col I. MMP–9 and MMP–2 were also expressed in increased amounts by myeloma cells in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma. Our data indicate that csSG of myeloma cells affects key functional properties, such as adhesion to Col I and the expression of MMPs, and imply that csSG may serve as a potential prognostic factor and/or target for pharmacological interventions in multiple myeloma.
BiP‐bound and nonclustered mode of Ire1 evokes a weak but sustained unfolded protein response
Authors: Ishiwata‐Kimata Yuki , Promlek Thanyarat , Kohno Kenji , Kimata Yukio
Published: February 2013

In eukaryotic cells under nonstressed conditions, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐located molecular chaperone BiP is associated with an ER‐membrane protein Ire1 to inhibit its self‐association. While ER stress leads Ire1 to form transiently BiP‐unbound clusters, which strongly evoke the unfolded protein response (UPR), here we propose an alternative activation status of Ire1. When yeast cells are physiologically ER‐stressed by inositol depletion for a prolonged time, the UPR is weakly activated in a sustained manner after a transient peak of activation. During persistent stress, Ire1 foci disappear, while Ire1 continues to be self‐associated. Under these conditions, Ire1 may be activated as a homo‐dimer, as it shows considerable activity even when carrying the W426A mutation, which allows Ire1 to form homo‐dimers but not clusters. Unlike the Ire1 clusters, the nonclustered active form seems to be associated with BiP. An Ire1 mutant not carrying the BiP‐association site continued to form clusters and to be activated strongly even after long‐term stress. Similar observations were obtained when cells were ER‐stressed by dithiothreitol. We thus propose that upon persistent ER stress, Ire1 is weakly and continuously activated in a nonclustered form through its (re)association with BiP, which disperses the Ire1 clusters.
LRP1/CD91 is up‐regulated in monocytes from patients with haemophilia A: a single‐centre analysis
Authors: Franchini M. , Urbani S. , Amadei B. , Rivolta G. F. , Perna C. Di , Riccardi F. , Frattini F. , Crestani S. , Bonfanti C. , Formentini A. , Quintavalla R. , Tagliaferri A.
Published: February 2013

The low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1 (LRP1) is an ubiquitously expressed endocytic receptor that, among its several functions, is involved in the catabolism of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) and in the regulation of its plasma concentrations. Although LRP1/CD91 polymorphisms have been associated with increased FVIII levels and a consequent thrombotic risk, no data are available on LRP1/CD91 expression in patients with inherited FVIII deficiency. With the aim of elucidating this issue, 45 consecutive patients with haemophilia A (HA) (18 severe, 5 moderate and 22 mild HA) were enrolled in this cross‐sectional, single‐centre survey. The LRP1/CD91 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in monocytes from HA patients was significantly higher than that detected in 90 healthy blood donors (105 vs. 67, P < 0.001). This over‐expression was independent of hepatitis C virus infection status and varied according to the severity of the haemophilia, being higher in patients with more severe FVIII deficiency. In conclusion, our study documents for the first time that LRP1/CD91 is over‐expressed on monocytes from HA patients, with the intensity of expression varying according to the severity of the FVIII deficiency. Further studies are needed to assess the clinical implications of these findings.
Evaluation of a nonthermal plasma needle to eliminate ex vivo biofilms in root canals of extracted human teeth
Authors: Schaudinn C. , Jaramillo D. , Freire M. O. , Sedghizadeh P. P. , Nguyen A. , Webster P. , Costerton J. W. , Jiang C.
Published: February 2013

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy of a nonthermal plasma (NTP) at atmospheric pressure on ex vivo biofilm in root canals of extracted teeth.

Methodology

Intracanal contents from three teeth with root canal infections were collected, pooled and grown in thirty‐five microCT‐mapped root canals of extracted and instrumented human teeth. One group of teeth was treated with NTP, another with 6% NaOCl and one set was left untreated. The intracanal contents from twenty‐seven teeth (nine teeth in each group) were plated on agar and colony forming units were determined. Parametric test of one‐way analysis of variance (anova) was used to analyse statistical significance. The remaining teeth were cut open, stained with LIVE/DEAD® and examined with confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Results

The untreated root canals were covered with biofilm of varying thickness. Treatment with nonthermal plasma decreased the number of viable bacteria in biofilms by one order of magnitude, whilst the NaOCl control achieved a reduction of more than four magnitudes. Both the NTP and the NaOCl treatment results were significantly different from the negative control (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The nonthermal plasma displayed antimicrobial activity against endodontic biofilms in root canals, but was not as effective as the use of 6% NaOCl.
Selection Fairness and Outcomes: A field study of interactive effects on applicant reactions
Authors: Schinkel Sonja , van Vianen Annelies , van Dierendonck Dirk
Published: February 2013

Despite the vast amount of applicant reactions studies, few have examined combined effects of selection outcomes with perceived procedural and distributive fairness on both personal and organizational reactions. Further, most have been conducted in laboratory settings, limiting external validity. The present study examined these effects with a longitudinal design, measuring actual applicants' well‐being and organizational attractiveness preinterview and postoutcome. As expected, several interactions between outcomes and fairness were found. Applicants who were hired reported both highest well‐being and organizational attractiveness when they perceived the outcome as fair. In contrast, applicants who were rejected reported highest well‐being when they thought the outcome was unfair. Selection outcome and procedural fairness interacted for organizational attractiveness, with higher procedural fairness leading to higher attractiveness for rejected applicants.
Personality Types and Applicant Reactions in Real‐life Selection
Authors: Honkaniemi Laura , Feldt Taru , Metsäpelto Riitta‐Leena , Tolvanen Asko
Published: February 2013

The study aimed to determine if an applicant's personality type is associated with his/her reactions (fairness perceptions, face validity perceptions, and predictive validity perceptions) to the selection process. The participants (N = 258) were real‐life applicants for admission to a vocational school. A person‐centered approach was applied to find subgroups with similar personality profiles. Latent profile analysis found four personality types: Resilient (45%), Overcontrolled (13%), Undercontrolled (10%), and Bohemian (32%). The Resilient and Bohemian personality types had more favorable perceptions of test fairness than the Overcontrolled type. Personality type did not affect face validity or predictive validity perceptions. The results suggest that personality (type) could be included in applicant reactions models and in analyses investigating the antecedents of applicant reactions.
A Tailored Policy‐capturing Study on PO Fit Perceptions: The ascendancy of attractive over aversive fit
Authors: De Goede Marije E. E. , Van Vianen Annelies E. M. , Klehe Ute‐Christine
Published: February 2013

Job‐seekers are attracted to organizations if they perceive fit between their personal values and those of an organization. It is often assumed that people's person–organization (PO) fit perceptions reflect an overall comparison between the person and the organization: fits on values that are personally attractive, aversive, or relatively neutral are weighed equally. In this study, we questioned this assumption. Based on regulatory focus theory and construal level theory, we proposed that fit on values that are personally attractive would especially contribute to the perception of PO fit. Four policy‐capturing studies indeed showed that job‐seekers do not weigh all value fits equally. Rather, they weigh fit on personally attractive values more heavily than fit on personally aversive and neutral values. Thus, job‐seekers perceive high PO fit particularly when information about a prospective organization supports values that are personally attractive to them. Theoretical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Nurse faculty migration: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Benton D.C. , González‐Jurado M.A. , Beneit‐Montesinos J.V.
Published: February 2013

Background:

To undertake a systematic review of English and Spanish literature relating to nurse faculty migration.

Methods:

A systematic review of both published literature, using CINAHL, EMBASE, ERIC and MEDLINE, and grey literature, using Google and Yahoo search engines, utilizing a defined search strategy with key terms, wild card strings and logical operators, was undertaken. An initial limitation of searching for material published in the last ten years was removed due to the poor yield of relevant papers. In total, 18 research‐based studies were identified, retrieved and reviewed.

Finally, the retrieved material was reviewed and augmented by a group of nurse faculty and migration experts, who offered comments and proposed additional grey literature. With increased globalization, the impact of mutual recognition agreements and associated modes of supply of services as well as those factors influencing clinical nurse migration was also considered.

Results:

Studies on clinical nurse migration and general academic faculty provided some insights, but nursing faculty differ in a number of key ways and this needs to be considered when interpreting the results. Based on this systematic review, the paper concludes that nurse faculty migration is a neglected topic and one that warrants urgent investigation if health systems redesign and the associated scale‐up of nurses are to be achieved. Particular gaps in knowledge relate to nurse faculty workforce planning, and understanding the dynamics and flows of faculty both across and within countries. It is unclear as to the extent to which our knowledge of push and pull factors relating to clinical nurse migration can be used in understanding nurse faculty migration.

Conclusion:

The current policy position of organizations such as the World Health Organization and individual governments to increase nursing numbers is incomplete without due consideration of faculty migration.