bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Beta-Blockers Before Major Trauma and Posttrauma Outcome
Authors: Wang Jen-Chun , Chien Wu-Chien , Chung Chi-Hsiang , Chen Po-Chuan , Chen Chin-Li , Tsai Shih-Hung
Published: October 2022

Background:

Beta-blockers are widely used for the treatment of arrhythmia, hypertension, and congestive heart failure. Major trauma causes significant blood loss and subsequent tachycardia and hypotension. Although beta-blockers may induce negative compensatory sympathetic responses to hemorrhagic shock, the effects of beta-blocker use before major trauma on posttrauma outcomes are controversial.

Aim:

We examined the association between the use of beta-blockers before major trauma and posttrauma outcomes using a nationwide population-based database.

Methods:

The data for this nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study were obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. A total of 2245 beta-blocker users were assigned to the study cohort, and another 8980 patients matched for age, sex, comorbidity, and medication use by inverse probability of treatment weighting formed the comparison cohort. The major outcome assessed was all-cause mortality during a 30-day follow-up period in major trauma patients with or without pretrauma beta-blocker use.

Results:

Our study included 2245 patients who used beta-blockers before major trauma. Individuals who used beta-blockers did not have a significantly higher cumulative risk of mortality than individuals who did not use beta-blockers (beta-blockers users: 17.19%, nonbeta-blockers users: 16.70%, P = 0.662).

Conclusion:

Pretrauma beta-blocker users did not have a higher mortality rate after a major trauma even after adjusting for several comorbidities and medications in a nationwide population database.
Successful Laparoscopic Repair for Large Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernia Presenting Cardiopulmonary Problems
Authors: Hsu Fang-Chin , Pan Hsin-Mei , Chen Teng-Wei , Hsu Kuo-Feng
Published: October 2022

Large paraesophageal hiatal hernia, which is a type III hiatal hernia, involves the combined herniation of both the esophagogastric junction and fundus. Different symptoms are noted in patient with hiatal hernia, the most common being gastroesophageal reflux disease-related symptoms. Herein, we present two cases of large paraesophageal hiatal hernia with symptoms mimicking cardiopulmonary disease, which were successfully treated by laparoscopic hernia repair.
Аппроксимации образов и интегральных воронок шаров в пространстве $L_p$ под действием интегрального оператора урысоновского типа
Authors: Huseyin A. , Huseyin N. , Guseinov Khalik Garakishi
Published: October 2022

Рассматриваются аппроксимации образа и интегральной воронки замкнутого шара в пространстве $L_p$, $p>1$,
под действием интегрального оператора урысоновского типа. Замкнутый шар в пространстве $L_p$, $p>1$,
заменяется множеством, состоящим из конечного числа кусочно постоянных функций. Доказано,
что при подходящем выборе параметров дискретизации образы этих кусочно постоянных функций
представляют собой внутреннюю аппроксимацию образа замкнутого шара. С помощью этого результата
интегральная воронка замкнутого шара в пространстве $L_p$, $p>1$, под действием интегрального оператора
урысоновского типа аппроксимируется множеством, состоящим из конечного числа точек.
Об эллиптическом операторе, вырождающемся на границе области
Authors: Nazaikinskii Vladimir Evgen'evich
Published: October 2022

Пусть $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^n$ - ограниченная область с гладкой границей $\partial\Omega$, $D(x)\in C^\infty(\overline\Omega)$ - определяющая функция границы, а $B(x)\in C^\infty(\overline\Omega)$ - $(n\times n)$-матричная функция, самосопряжeнная и положительно определeнная: $B(x)=B^*(x)>0$ при всех $x\in\overline\Omega$. Описано расширение по Фридрихсу минимального оператора, задаваемого дифференциальным выражением $\mathcal{A}_0=-\langle\nabla,D(x)B(x)\nabla\rangle$ на $C_0^\infty(\Omega)$.
Ограниченные разбиения: полиномиальный случай
Authors: Minenkov Dmitrii Sergeevich , Nazaikinskii Vladimir Evgen'evich , Hilberdink T W , Chernyshev Vsevolod Leonidovich
Published: October 2022

Мы доказываем ограниченную обратную теорему об абстрактных простых числах для арифметической полугруппы с полиномиальным ростом считающей функции абстрактных простых чисел. Прилагательное «ограниченная» означает, что рассматривается считающая функция абстрактных целых чисел степени $\le t$, разложение которых на простые множители может содержать только первые $k$ абстрактных простых чисел (упорядоченных в порядке неубывания степени). Теорема дает асимптотику этой считающей функции при $t,k\to\infty$. Изучение обсуждаемой асимптотики мотивировано двумя возможными приложениями из математической физики: вычислением энтропии обобщений бозе-газа и изучением статистики распространения узких волновых пакетов на метрических графах.
Принцип суперпозиции для уравнений Фоккера-Планка-Колмогорова с неограниченными коэффициентами
Authors: Krasovitskii Tikhon Ilich , Shaposhnikov Stanislav Valer'evich
Published: October 2022

Принцип суперпозиции доставляет вероятностное представление решения $\{\mu_t\}_{t\in[0, T]}$ уравнения Фоккера-Планка-Колмогорова $\partial_t\mu_t=L^{*}\mu_t$ через решение $P$ мартингальной задачи с оператором $L$. Мы обобщаем принцип суперпозиции на случай уравнений на области, исследуем преобразование меры $P$ и оператора $L$ при замене переменных и получаем новые условия справедливости принципа суперпозиции, когда для неограниченной части коэффициента сноса существует функция Ляпунова.
О продолжении функций со счетных подпространств
Authors: Groznova Anastasiya Yur'evna
Published: October 2022

Рассматриваются три промежуточных класса пространств $\mathscr{R}_1\subset \mathscr{R}_2\subset \mathscr{R}_3$ между $F$-пространствами и $\beta\omega$-пространствами. Приводится характеризация $\mathscr{R}_1$- и $\mathscr{R}_3$-пространств в терминах продолжения функций, доказывается, что классы $\mathscr{R}_1$-, $\mathscr{R}_2$-, $\mathscr{R}_3$- и $\beta\omega$-пространств не сохраняются стоун-чеховскими компактификациями.
Одномерные центральные меры на нумерациях упорядоченных множеств
Authors: Vershik Anatolii Moiseevich
Published: October 2022

Описываются одномерные центральные меры на нумерациях (таблицах) идеалов частично упорядоченных множеств (посетов). В качестве основного примера исследуется посет $\mathbb{Z}_+^d$ и граф его конечных идеалов, многомерных таблиц Юнга; при $d=2$ это обычный граф Юнга. Центральные меры стратифицированы по размерности; в работе дается полное описание одномерной страты и доказывается, что всякая эргодическая одномерная центральная мера однозначно задается своими частотами. Предлагаемый метод, в частности, дает первое чисто комбинаторное доказательство теоремы Э. Тома для одномерных центральных мер, отличных от меры Планшереля (которая имеет размерность два).
Интегралы и характеристические алгебры систем дискретных уравнений на прямоугольном графе
Authors: Habibullin Ismagil Talgatovich , Khakimova Aigul Rinatovna
Published: October 2022

Исследуется система дискретных уравнений на прямоугольном графе. Вводится понятие набора независимых интегралов минимальных порядков по характеристическим направлениям, а также понятие характеристической алгебры Ли-Райнхарта системы уравнений на графе. Доказано, что система допускает полный набор интегралов по рассматриваемому направлению тогда и только тогда, когда соответствующая этому направлению характеристическая алгебра имеет конечную размерность. Иначе говоря, система является интегрируемой по Дарбу тогда и только тогда, когда ее характеристические алгебры по обоим направлениям конечномерны. В качестве примеров интегрируемых по Дарбу систем дискретных уравнений на прямоугольном графе рассмотрены редукции уравнения Хироты-Мивы, $Y$-системы и решеточного уравнения Кадомцева-Петвиашвили. Для них построены характеристические алгебры.
Полная, классическая и квантовая неопределенности, создаваемые каналами
Authors: Liu Yizhou , Luo Shunlong , Sun Yuan
Published: October 2022

Состояния и каналы являются важными с теоретической и прикладной точек зрения составляющими квантовой механики. Их взаимодействие не только кодирует информацию о состояниях, но и отражает неопределенность каналов. Для количественной оценки естественных неопределенностей, создаваемых каналами, с трех разных точек зрения использовано действие канала на ортонормированный базис в пространстве наблюдаемых. В первом случае неопределенность, создаваемая каналом, вводится через некоммутативность операторов Крауса этого канала и операторов ортонормированного базиса наблюдаемых; такую величину можно интерпретировать как своего рода количественную характеристику полной неопределенности. Во втором подходе неопределенность вводится в терминах 2-энтропии Цаллиса состояния Ямилковского-Чоя, связанного с каналом через двойственность состояние-канал; такую величину можно интерпретировать как характеристику классической неопределенности. В третьем случае неопределенность канала определяется как отклонение от тождественного канала в терминах расстояния Гильберта-Шмидта; такую величину можно интерпретировать как своего рода характеристику квантовой неопределенности, создаваемой каналом. Для этих трех случаев выявлены основные свойства этих показателей и установлена связь между ними. Определены каналы, создающие минимальные/максимальные неопределенности. Для некоторых важных каналов найдены явные значения введенных характеристик неопределенности, которые использованы для прояснения природы каналов с точки зрения теории информации, и проведены некоторые сравнительные исследования каналов.
Квантовые осцилляции горизонта черной дыры
Authors: Corda Christian , Feleppa F , Tamburini F , Licata Ignazio Francesco
Published: October 2022

Недавно была предложена квантовая модель шварцшильдовской черной дыры, полученная путем введения определенных условий в подход квантования Розена, который применяется в рамках теории гравитационного коллапса Оппенгеймера и Снайдера. При этом возникает интересная картина: общеизвестная сингулярность Шварцшильда заменяется квантовым осциллятором, описывающим несингулярную "двухчастичную" систему, две составляющие которой, "ядро" и "электрон", сильно взаимодействуют друг с другом посредством квантового гравитационного взаимодействия. В соответствии с гипотезой де Бройля "электрон" интерпретируется в терминах квантовых осцилляций горизонта черной дыры. Другими словами, шварцшильдовскую черную дыру следует рассматривать как гравитационный аналог атома водорода. Проанализированы некоторые следствия из этого подхода. Полученные результаты при надлежащем масштабировании энергетических уровней при больших значениях главного квантового числа черной дыры согласуются с результатами ранее разработанного одним из авторов полуклассического боровского подхода к квантовым черным дырам. Обсуждается связь излучения Хокинга с квантовой структурой черной дыры. В заключение обсуждаются проблема потери информации в черной дыре и ее возможное решение.
Introduction to Map Warper
Authors: Rodríguez Anthony Picón , Cuadros Miguel
Published: October 2022

This lesson introduces basic use of Map Warper for historical maps. It guides you from upload to export, demonstrating methods for georeferencing and producing visualizations.
De HTML para Lista de Palavras (parte 1)
Authors: Turkel William J. , Crymble Adam
Published: October 2022

Nesta lição de duas partes, aprofundaremos o que aprendeu sobre o Download de Páginas Web com Python, aprendendo como remover a marcação HTML de uma página web da transcrição do julgamento criminal de Benjamin Bowsey em 1780. Faremos isso usando uma variedade de operadores de string, métodos de string e habilidades de leitura atenta. Introduziremos looping e branching de modo que os programas possam repetir tarefas e testar certas condições, tornando possível a separação do conteúdo das tags HTML. Finalmente, faremos a conversão do conteúdo de uma string longa para uma lista de palavras, que podem ser ordenadas, indexadas e contabilizadas posteriormente.
Normalização de Dados Textuais com Python
Authors: Turkel William J. , Crymble Adam
Published: October 2022

Nesta lição tornará a lista criada na lição 'De HTML para Lista de Palavras' mais fácil de ser analisada através da normalização desses dados.
Comparison of German Sachunterricht and Turkish Life Studies Courses Curricula in the Context of Multicultural Education
Authors: BEKİROĞLU Derya
Published: October 2022

This study aims to examine the German (Bavaria) Sachunterricht and Turkish Life studies curricula in terms of multicultural education. For this purpose, the study was carried out with document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods. The data set of the research is the Sachunterricht course (1/2 and 3/4 grade) curriculum in the Bavarian state of Germany and the Turkish Life studies (1,2 and 3rd grade) curriculum. The data sources of the research were obtained from the official websites of the education ministries of the relevant countries. Descriptive analysis, one of the qualitative research data analysis methods, was used in the data analysis of the research. The results of the research are as follows; Outcomes related to multicultural education in Turkish Life studies curriculum (n=15); Germany (Bavaria) Sachunterricht curriculum has multicultural education outcomes (n=17). In terms of multicultural education, although the outcomes of both countries are quantitatively different, it has been observed that they are distributed into similar units. It has been observed that the outcomes of multicultural education in the life studies curriculum of both countries are concentrated in the units where the students gain citizenship awareness and socialize. However, it has been concluded that the multicultural education outcomes of the relevant course curricula of both countries have the content of "behavior and value, democratic participation, cultural literacy". It has been observed that the multicultural education outcomes with the content of "cultural literacy" in the German Sachunterricht curriculum are quantitatively less than the Turkish life studies curriculum.
Exploring Current Project Management Methodologies in the Context of their Best Applications
Authors: Volovyk Olena , Harmash Oleh
Published: October 2022

The article is devoted to the study of the main project management methodologies, their origins and authorships, advantages and disadvantages in terms of their implementation. The published scientific resources on the project management evolution are processed and analysed. The modern concepts in formulating project objectives towards “faster-efficient-effective” were traced. The three perspectives of evaluating project success which involve project stakeholders, project managers and project end users are introduced. The main categories of the project management methodologies are outlined and diagrammed; the characteristics of every category are specified; the examples of the most established methodologies recognised in the business community are given. Brief conceptual explanation of each methodology is outlined together with its pros and cons and the most suitable areas of implementation are explored. The comparison of CPM and CCM is presented in a graphical manner. The latest statistics on the current trends in the methods’ usage is presented and analysed. It was revealed that there is a strong tendency in preferring and applying hybrid methodologies and a strong decline in consistent usage of traditional methodologies. Scrum as the most popular agile methodology at team level has been identified followed by Kanban and others. The extension of using agile methodologies beyond IT-related and software development applications has been detected. Basic diagrams demonstrating logical structure and principles of some methods are shown. Recommendations for considering specific project features in the context of its scope, collaborating team characteristics, level of certainty and predictability of affecting factors coming from external and internal environments, customer and stakeholder involvement, objectives and project success evaluation criteria are developed.
A Survey of Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Patients Hospitalized in the ICU, NICU and Surgical Departments of Tehran University of Medical Sciences Hospitals
Authors: Rahimkhani Monireh
Published: October 2022

Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that causes various infections. The presence of some pathogenic factors in this bacterium helps the bacteria to survive in response to the immune system and antimicrobial treatments. Efforts to treat infections caused by these strains have resulted in resistance to most antibiotics, especially methicillin and vancomycin resistance, during recent years. Therefore, the consequences of infections caused by this bacterium can be serious. In this study we aimed to survey methicillin- resistance Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients hospitalized in the ICU, NICU and surgical departments of Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals.

Material and Method: 430 clinical samples of the patients were collected and identified as Staphylococcus aureus by phenotype and biotype tests. MRSA isolates were first screened by showing resistance to cefoxitin by disc diffusion method and finally confirmed by examining the mecA gene by PCR. The microbial resistance pattern of MRSA was also measured by disk diffusion method. Investigating the presence of a vancomycin resistance gene in isolated MRSA occurred by PCR.

Results: Out of 430 clinical samples, 117 (27.20%) Staphylococcus aureus were isolated of which 42 (35.89%) were identified as MRSA. The most MRSA obtained from the ICU department with 25 cases (59.52%). The majority of patients infected with MRSA belonged to the age group of 40-65 years. The mecA gene was detected in all MRSA. The entire MRSA was 100% sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid, and 100% resistance to cloxacillin. Molecular detection of vanA gene in isolated MRSA showed 2 (4.76%) of them contained vanA gene.

Conclusion: The high prevalence of MRSA and its antibiotic resistance pattern to vancomycin and other antibiotic families can lead to treatment failures, uncontrolled nosocomial infections, and mortality. Although the PCR-based detection method is superior to other conventional techniques, a combination of these methods can provide diagnostic accuracy.
Can the Age Affect the Regenerations Carried Out With Dental Graft?
Authors: Minetti Elio
Published: October 2022

Introduction: The tooth extraction is followed by marked osseous changes of the residual alveolar ridge including severe bone alterations both in height and width. For this reason has been developed the Alveolar Ridge Preservation (ARP). It is important for the dental surgeon to know how the alveolar crest changes when a ARP is performed. The metabolism affects bone repair reaction. To prevent alveolar ridge dimensional changes, since numerous graft materials have been suggested. In the last years, a growing interest in teeth material, due to his bone similarity, has been observed as a valuable alternative to synthetic biomaterials.

Aim: We want to assess if the age affects the regenerations ARP using dental graft.

Material and Methods: In this study 115 histologies from different patients (59 Male and 56 female) were analyzed splitting in six different age range: 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, over 70. The statistical analysis was effectuated using a P-value analyzing the differences between each age each other and cumulative.

Results: The statistical differences are not relevant even if the sample’s number is limited only in two groups the differences are slightly above the significant value. The differences between the average value is not significative P <0,05.

Conclusion: Any differences is evident between different ages.
Progression of Periodontal Disease in Individuals with Cleft Lip, Alveolus and Palate: 8-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Fraga de Almeida Ana Lúcia Pompéia
Published: October 2022

Objective: To compare the progression of periodontal disease of sextants in individuals with cleft lip, alveolus and palate.

Materials and Methods: This longitudinal, cross-section study was performed following the STROBE Statement. The sample included the study was conducted on 30 individuals, of both genders, aged 22 to 53 years, with cleft lip, alveolus and palate. The following clinical parameters were evaluated: measurement of probing depth of the sulcus or Periodontal pocket (PD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), Gingival Index (GI), plaque index (PI), buccal Gingival Recession (GR) in six sites of all teeth, except for the third molars. Analysis of the variation of clinical parameters of each tooth over the study period in relation to its sextant was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn test. The variation of clinical parameters during the study period and the age of individuals were correlated using the Spearman correlation test. All tests considered a significance level of 5%.

Results: The following means were found: PD 2.4 mm, CAL 2.6 mm, GI 0.9, PI 1.0 and BR 0.3 mm. There was increase in the mean PD and CAL (p<0.001) and reduction of mean PI and GI (p<0.001) over time, yet the variation between sextants was not statistically significant. Conclusion: During the study period, there was progression of periodontal disease in all sextants, without difference between the upper anterior sextant, cleft area and the others, suggesting that the cleft, per se, is not a risk factor for periodontal disease. Clinical relevance: the epidemiology and progression of periodontal disease in individuals with cleft lip and palate must be understood in order to establish effective therapeutic approaches.
Predicción de dificultades estudiantiles mediante técnicas de minería de textos
Authors: Pérez-Suasnavas Ana-Lucía , Hasperué Waldo , Bustamante Marco Eduardo Molina , Santamaría C. Jorge L.
Published: October 2022

Uno de los problemas a los que se enfrenta el docente universitario, se relaciona con la falta de retroalimentación por parte de los estudiantes, que le permita conocer las dificultades que ellos enfrentan a la hora de adquirir conocimientos nuevos en clase. Algunos esfuerzos de investigación se han realizado para identificar y clasificar los problemas de los estudiantes, con datos provenientes de las redes sociales, pero limitando los criterios de búsqueda y recuperación de los datos. El presente artículo pretende cubrir la brecha dejada por los trabajos anteriores, mediante la creación de una metodología para predecir las dificultades de los estudiantes universitarios, que utiliza técnicas de extracción de datos provenientes de la red social Twitter y que ha sido plasmada en un flujo de trabajo, que integra técnicas de Minería de Textos, Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural y Aprendizaje Profundo, usando Algoritmos Supervisados y Redes Neuronales Recurrentes. Para probar la metodología propuesta, se construyó un modelo de clasificación, cuya evaluación es prometedora, pues se alcanzó una precisión y exactitud del 80%. Los resultados obtenidos garantizan la predicción de las dificultades estudiantiles, dotando al docente de una herramienta efectiva para identificar las áreas que demanden mayor atención y poder así brindar ayuda oportuna a los estudiantes que tienen dificultades en el aula.
Lipid Profile in Metabolic Syndrome Associated with Diabetes, Hypertension, Chronic Kidney Disease and Apparent Health
Authors:   Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Evangel University. Akaeze. Ebonyi State. Nigeria, Innocent S.I Ph.D Ogbu, , C.; B.MLS Ogbu Chinemerem ,   Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Evangel University. Akaeze. Ebonyi State. Nigeria, Mbrey; MSc Ndukwe, ,   Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Evangel University. Akaeze. Ebonyi State. Nigeria, Elizabeth; MSc Agunwah ,   Department of Nursing Sciences. Evangel University. Akaeze. Ebonyi State, Nigeria, Clementina MSc Eze, ,   School of Basic Midwifery, Alex Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki. Ebonyi State, FMC.Path Okeke, Nduka J; ,   Department of Chemical Pahology. Faculty of Clinical Medicine. Ebonyi State University. Abakalilki, Ebonyi State. Nigeria.
Published: October 2022

Background: There is dyslipidaemia in metabolic syndrome (MetS). Lipid profiles in MetS associated with different health conditions may not be obvious. This study investigated lipid profiles in MetS associated with type 2 diabetes (DM-MetS), hypertension (HBP-MetS), chronic kidney disease (CKD-MetS) and apparent health (AH-MetS). Methods: 540 patients were recruited for this study; 183 T2D, 136 HBP, 84 CKD patients and 137 AH subjects. They were outpatients and workers in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu. Nigeria. FPG, TC, HDL-C, TG as well as anthropometric measurements were determined using standard methods. Data analyses were done using GraphPad Prism version 2 statistical programme. MetS was diagnosed using NCEP-ATP 111 criteria Results: Study showed 135 DM, 64 HBP, 31 CKD and 52 AH subjects had MetS, (prevalence rates: 36.9 %, 14.7 %, 18.4 %, and 37.9 % respectively). Only 38% MetS subjects had hypertriglyceridaemia while 66% with hypertriglyceridaemia had MetS. Corresponding figures for low HDLC were 40, and 77%. CKD-MetS had higher mean value of TG and TC than others; (2.65 ± 0.16 mmol/l; F = 11.4; P =0.0001; 6.07±0.02mmol/l; p = 0.001). Variations in TC were observed across groups, (p =0.0001). HDL-C was highest in AH-MetS, (1.51 ±0.07 mmol/l) and differed with mean value of DM-MetS, (1.23 ± 0.04mmol/l, p=0.01) only. Following the pattern of TC, LDLC was lowest among DM-MetS, (2.75 ± 0.06 mmol/l) and highest among CKD-MetS, (3.65 ± 0.28 mmol/l, p =0.001) with variations across groups, (F = 6.35; p= 0.0004). Conclusion: Dyslipidemia profile varied with associated disorders. Presence of MetS is not a strong factor for development of lipid disorders in the study population.
A Rare Case of Multiple Bilateral Fibroadenoma in a Young Woman: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors:   General Practitioner, Bendan Regional General Hospital, Pekalongan City, Central Java, Indonesia, Widiono Evan
Published: October 2022

Background: Fibroadenoma is the most common type of breast tumor diagnosed in young women, in children and adolescents it is called juvenile fibroadenoma. These tumors often result in emergence, self-confidence, and anxiety in adolescents. Case Report: A 21-year-old female patient came to the surgical clinic with lumps in the right and left breasts since about 4 years ago. History and physical examination showed the right and left breast tumors were suspiciously benign. Ultrasound results showed multiple hypoechoic (solid) lesions, on the right breast the largest size was 4 cm, with BIRADS 2, the left breast the largest size was 3.5 cm, with BIRADS 2. The patient then underwent surgical excision of the tumor and performed histopathological examination. The results of histopathological examination provide an overview of fibroadenoma. Conclusion: The presentation of the case report from the authors hopes to expand the literature and provide insight into multiple fibroadenoma and the need for anamnesis, comprehensive physical examination, accompanied by ultrasonography to FNA in a young female patient who has a lump in the breast.
The Influence of Family Environment on Generation Z's Entrepreneurial Intention through Self-Efficacy
Authors:   Department of Management, Economics Faculty, Universitas Negeri Malang, Barri Mahfudzi Ahmad Azkal , Fitri Raisa ,   Department of Management, Economics Faculty, Universitas Negeri Malang
Published: October 2022

This study aims to determine the influence of the family environment on the entrepreneurial intention through selfefficacy in Generation Z. This type of research is quantitative with a population of Generation Z in Pengangsalan Village as the center of the songkok MSME industry, in Lamongan Regency. This research data collection using questionnaires, the number of samples studied were 100 respondents with criteria aged 18-25 years and did not have a business. The data analysis method used Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). The results showed that there was a positive and significant effect of each related variable, namely the family environment on entrepreneurial intention, the family environment on selfefficacy, self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention, and the family environment on entrepreneurial intention through selfefficacy.
The Black Flame (part three): Snyman’s Criminal Law
Authors: Mosaka Tshepo Bogosi
Published: October 2022

Part three of this trilogy of papers (entitled after WEB du Bois’s trilogy of novels titled the Black Flame) concludes an extraordinarily prolonged attempt to open a dialogue with the esteemed author and revisor of Snyman’s Criminal Law. The core message of this trilogy is that a small window into a vibrant indigenous criminal law scholarship that is not perpetually northbound-gazing towards Europe has been opened by the latest edition of Snyman’s Criminal Law. The first two parts of this trilogy revealed some of the areas in which the next edition, and South African criminal law scholarship in general, can proceed further into this decolonial direction. This third paper builds on the first two, which focused mainly on the introductory and historical aspects (part one), and the General Part (part two) respectively, by focusing on the Special Part of South African criminal law. In particular, this paper makes decolonial interventions in three areas in which it is argued that the next edition of the book can improve: (i) the taxonomic arrangement of offences; (ii) the total exclusion of African customary law offences from the discussion; and (iii) the complex crime of corruption.
The importance of explicit reasons when overturning a conviction: Non-compliance with the competency test or the requirement to admonish complainants
Authors: Phenyane Nondumiso
Published: October 2022

There are numerous cases in which magistrates failed to properly administer the competency test or to admonish complainants in terms of s 164(1) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977. In many of these cases, the magistrates nonetheless found the accused guilty based on the inadmissible evidence of the complainants. On review or appeal, however, the higher courts set the decisions of the magistrates aside because the magistrates’ decisions were based on the unreliable evidence of the complainants. While the rulings of the higher courts were legally sound, if not explained explicitly and thoroughly, they may appear unjust, clinical, harsh, inconsiderate, or even nonsensical. Such matters involve the fundamental rights of complainants and accused persons. They also result in severe consequences for complainants and accused persons, and they involve vulnerable groups such as children and mentally-ill individuals. It is therefore important that the higher courts reviewing the procedural errors of magistrates provide explicit and thorough explanations for their findings. To avoid perceptions that the decisions of the higher courts are unjust, the rulings of the courts should expressly acknowledge and address the unfortunate consequences suffered by both complainants and accused persons when a magistrate’s conviction is unsustainable because it was based on evidence that was not properly admitted. Acknowledging and addressing the injustices may help courts provide reasons for their decisions that go beyond merely stating that the complainants’ evidence is excluded because it is unreliable. Explicit reasons in such instances would go a long way in engendering and maintaining public confidence in the judicial system and enhancing public scrutiny of the current legal position.
Recent Case: Criminal Procedure
Authors: Reddi Managay
Published: October 2022

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Comparing sentencing for robbery with Strafzumessung für Raub
Authors: Terblanche SS
Published: October 2022

It is a safe assumption that robbery exists, as a crime, in virtually every legal system. Very broadly spoken, it is a crime that consists of the forceful taking of another person’s property. Robbery is often regarded as one of the more serious crimes that can be committed. Such seriousness is then reflected in the severity of the sentence imposed on the robber. However, not all robberies are equally serious. What factors determine whether one robbery is more or less serious than another? From a South African perspective, the answer to this question is far from certain. This uncertainty exists even though robbery is prevalent – in other words, there is much potential in South African criminal justice to provide a more certain answer. This contribution explains how South African courts approach sentencing for robbery. It starts by briefly discussing the definition of robbery and then moves to principles governing sentencing in South Africa in general, and the sentencing of robbery in particular.1 I then briefly discuss the same subject matter in German law. Finally, the contribution analyses the most pressing issues afflicting sentencing in South Africa and, in this process, contrasts the legal principles that are in place in Germany.
Damages for injuries arising from unlawful shooting by police and other security agents: South Africa, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia and Swaziland/Eswatini (2)
Authors: Okpaluba Chuks
Published: October 2022

The discussion of the South African cases involving wrongful police shootings and the damages awarded in that regard formed the subject of the discussion in the first part of this series. That discussion continues in the current part two which winds up with the analysis of the cases from Lesotho and Malawi involving injuries caused by the use of firearms by police officers and other security agents. The deprivation of personal liberties and physical and other injuries caused by police shootings may appear similar to the heads of damages recoverable in these jurisdictions such that guiding principles are uniformly applied. At the end of the day, the amounts finally awarded differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction as the courts in the smaller jurisdictions of Southern Africa often emphasise the disparities between their economies and the more developed South African economy such that the amounts finally awarded reflect such socio-economic disparities.
The criminal jurisdiction of the Seychelles Employment Tribunal
Authors: Mujuzi Jamil Ddamulira
Published: October 2022

The Seychellois Employment Tribunal was established under s 73A of the Employment Act (the Act). Section 6(3)(1) of Schedule 6 to the Act provides that ‘the Tribunal shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine employment and labour related matters’. Under the Act, employment and labour matters can be divided into two categories: civil and criminal. Section 76 of the Act provides for employment and labour-related offences. The Tribunal started operation in November 2008. Between 3 December 2008 (when the Tribunal handed down its first decision) and 1 December 2021 (when the research for this article was conducted) the Tribunal received 2,478 civil cases and 172 criminal cases. The author studied the criminal cases/files and on the basis of that study. The aim of the study is to illustrate how the Tribunal has interpreted and/or applied s 76 of the Act when dealing with the following issues: the offences under the Act; the prosecution of the offences under the Act; the right to a fair trial; the burden(s) of proof under s 76 of Act; the prosecution of legal persons/companies before the Tribunal; and penalty and sentencing issues. The author argues, inter alia, that the Tribunal should respect the principle of corporate legal personality when dealing with juristic persons accused of committing offences; the reverse onus under s 76(3) of the Act is not unconstitutional; during sentencing, the Tribunal should clearly distinguish between mitigating factors that are applicable to juristic persons and those applicable to natural persons; and that the Attorney-General does not need the consent of the competent officer before he/she can institute a prosecution before the Tribunal.
Recent Case: General principles of criminal law
Authors: Hoctor Shannon
Published: October 2022

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Good Faith is not Dead: It still Lives after Beadica 231 CC v Trustees, Oregon Trust
Authors: van Eck Michele
Published: October 2022

In Beadica 231 CC v Trustees, Oregon Trust, the Constitutional Court provided much-needed clarity on the role of equity principles (fairness, reasonableness and good faith) in contracts, in that the abstract principles found in equity principles will not apply directly to contractual engagements but will apply indirectly by means of public policy considerations. This article illustrates that this default position, as articulated by the Constitutional Court, does not completely exclude good faith in contractual engagements. In fact, good faith is infused in the entire contract lifecycle, starting from negotiation and presenting itself even in certain remedial action. In addition, there are a number of exceptions to the default position in that equity principles can be established by means of express incidentalia (in the form of good faith clauses), and could even be imported ex lege in consumer contracts by means of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008. It can therefore be said that the operation of equity principles, such as good faith, in South African contractual engagements is neither dead nor obsolete. Rather, good faith has survived the Constitutional Court’s decision and continues to manifest itself in different ways in contracts reaffirming the place of good faith as a cornerstone principle in the operation of the law of contract.
Re-Acquisition by a Company of Own Issued Shares under Sections 48 and 114(1) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008: A Critical Assessment through Capprec
Authors: Bidie Simphiwe S
Published: October 2022

Since the Companies Act 2008 came into being, there has been no clear direction regarding the interpretation to be given to the provisions regulating buy-back transactions. Recently, the provisions finally received some concrete attention in the judgment of Windell J in First National Nominees (Pty) Limited v Capital Appreciation Limited (Capprec). The judgment is important because it has since provided a measure of clarity on the potent interdependence between sections 48 and 114 of the 2008 Act, and how these must be interpreted. What is of interest is how Windell J set out and interpreted the operation and interdependence between section 48(2)(a), section 48(8)(b) and section 114 of the 2008 Act. Overall, the arguments from both parties in Capprec presented Windell J with a solid foundation that enabled the court to proffer a succinct and illuminating direction on the interpretation and operation of the provisions. This article attempts to extricate whether the course Windell J adopted in her judgment is consistent with what the 2008 Act contemplates, and if not, what would have been the appropriate course to take. The article demonstrates that Windell J did not seize the opportunity to thoroughly engage with section 114(1)(e) regulating buy-back schemes of arrangement and to ascertain what a scheme entails. This is despite the fact that in Capprec both parties’ arguments were underpinned by whether or not the proposed arrangement was a scheme. In this regard, Windell J’s approach is disappointing and is criticised because her interpretation means that the provisions of the 2008 Act have still not been clarified, although we have been waiting for 13 years for clarification. This is an unnecessary oversight by the judge.
Case Notes: An Exploratory Analysis of Central Bank Digital Currencies — Some Considerations
Authors: Lawack Vivienne
Published: October 2022

The history of central banking began with payment services. Ever since then, payment-related innovation has always been an integral part of central banking (BIS Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures and Markets Committee Report, ‘Central Bank Digital Currencies’ (2018) iii). Payments have evolved extensively over the years with the emergence of various technologies, from the development of real-time gross settlement (‘RTGS’) systems, to electronic money and mobile money, to name a few. The arrival of financial technologies or ‘fintech’ has led to cryptocurrencies and now central bank digital currency (‘CBDC’) (on cryptocurrencies, see Reddy & Lawack, ‘An overview of the regulatory developments in South Africa regarding the use of cryptocurrencies’ (2019) 31 SA Merc LJ 1–28; see also Deloitte, ‘Are Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) the money of tomorrow?’, available at https://www2.deloitte.com/ie/en/pages/financial-services/ articles/central-bank-digital-currencies-money-tomorrow.html, accessed on 3 May 2021). A CBDC represents another potential innovation in the area of an evolving branch of the law called ‘fintech law’. This exploratory analysis provides an overview of the meaning of CBDC and the legal nature of money and CBDC. In addition, it provides a broad overview of some legal implications, policy considerations and regulatory issues. Challenges and risks are also highlighted.
Case Notes: Jurisdictional Quandaries Triggered by a New Variant for Dismissal
Authors: Maloka Tumo Charles
Published: October 2022

While the imperative tone of the Constitutional Court (CC) in Steenkamp v Edcon Ltd (2016) 37 ILJ 564 (CC) (Steenkamp I) leaves no doubt that the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA) does not contemplate invalid dismissals or an order declaring a dismissal invalid, or of no force or effect, the extent of the Labour Court’s (LC) jurisdiction to grant appropriate relief declaring dismissals unlawful and invalid because they constitute encroachment of the applicants’ fundamental rights is a vexed question. In Steenkamp I it was decided that when an applicant alleges that a dismissal is unlawful (as opposed to unfair), there is no remedy under the LRA. What this means is that the LC lacks jurisdiction to make any determination of unlawfulness. A multi-layered and complex jurisdictional problem arose in Chubisi v SABC (SOC) Ltd (2021) 42 ILJ 395 (LC) (Chubisi) where the question was whether Ms Chubisi could obtain a declaratory order that the termination of her contract of employment was unconstitutional, unlawful, invalid and of no force and effect. At issue was the termination of employment pursuant to non-recognition of the employee’s contract by the public broadcaster ostensibly to give effect to the Public Protector’s remedial actions. There is no doubt that the remedial actions of the Public Protector have a binding effect, unless, of course, they are reviewed and set aside (EFF v Speaker of the National Assembly 2016 (3) SA 580 (CC); see also Mhango & Dyani-Mhango, ‘The powers of the South African Public Protector: A note on Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly’ 2020 African Journal of Legal Studies 1). The court held in Chubisi that the termination of the applicant’s contract of employment by the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) was unlawful, invalid and of no force and effect. The question that arises, therefore, is whether the LC in granting a declaratory order to the effect that the termination of employment was unlawful and invalid misinterpreted and misconstrued the ratio of Steenkamp I. To answer this question, the reasoning of Tlhotlhalemaje J in addressing jurisdictional difficulties requires close scrutiny and analysis. In effect, the resolution of the issues emerging from Chubisi allows for a detailed examination of the import of Steenkamp I. This also provides a platform for examining the fundamental but somewhat tenuous distinction between the jurisdiction and the powers of the LC. In legal parlance, the critical task for the court in any given case is to decide whether the statutory provision on which an applicant relies to found jurisdiction is indeed one that confers jurisdiction. At a more general level, Chubisi implicates corporate governance malaise at the SABC with the unfortunate reality of retrenchments. Therefore, a concise discussion of the corporate governance challenges is merited.
Boekbespreking: JC Sonnekus and EC Schlemmer: Principles of Rights of Real and Personal Security in South African Law
Authors: Scott J
Published: October 2022

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Aantekeninge: Environmental judgments in the last year – a barometer of the state of environmental democracy?
Authors: Hall J
Published: October 2022

It is not uncommon for environmental judgments to be dominated by a particular theme at certain periods of time. Sometimes there are clear reasons. For example, after an understandable lag between the trigger for litigation and the litigation itself, between 2005 to 2008 many judgments related to the implementation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 1998, as lengthy application processes were finalised. However, sometimes clusters of judgments occur which do not seem to be capable of being traced to a single trigger and suggest either more symptomatic dynamics at play or a coincidental congruence. This is the case for environmental judgments that were handed down between June 2021 and May 2022. The judgments cover a variety of issues ranging from law-making to bureaucratic decision-making and implementation responses. Nevertheless, one has a sense when reading them that many of the judgments are characterised by discontent with government’s approach to environmental management. Apart from the odd private dispute, one cannot help but gain the impression that a thread running through many of the judgments is a frustration at the purported failure of government to take the views and needs of ordinary people into account when they make decisions that impact on the environment – and a willingness to take such grievances to court. The theme of the judgments in the last year might well be described as “the year of pushing back”. When viewed as a cluster the judgments may be disconcerting in one respect and raise questions as to whether the environmental justice project is alive and well, or not. However, it is precisely these types of challenges that test the robustness of the transformative approach envisaged by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996; provide an opportunity for jurisprudential development; and shed light on the extent to which the courts are willing to safeguard the realisation of the environmental right. In the overview of key environmental judgments which were handed down in the last year below, whether public or private, the disputes may accordingly also be reframed as having another common denominator – and that is that they all bear some importance for the realisation of the democratic environmental rule of law.
Aantekeninge: An update of recent labour law developments from South African courts 2022
Authors: Van Staden MJ
Published: October 2022

This contribution summarises and considers recent South African labour law cases from June 2021 to May 2022. It focuses on several important decisions handed down by South African courts on a range of labour law matters. The cases addressed here were chosen because they establish new standards, expand on existing ones or establish new legal tests. These judgments have a notable effect on labour law and the employment relationship. They are anticipated to be particularly influential in future cases. Although facts have been shortened where possible, findings of reasonableness and fairness are often dependent on the specific circumstances and relevant facts have therefore been set out where necessary. As in the previous update, the labour courts were again tasked to deal with several cases involving Covid-19 related facts, particularly mandatory vaccinations. There was also a significant increase in constitutional court judgments in labour-related matters.