bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soft-shelled clams (Mya arenaria) using field deployments of polyethylene passive samplers
Authors: Fernandez Loretta A. , Gschwend Philip M.
Published: January 2015

Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF), frequently used to predict tissue concentrations of organisms living within and above sediments contaminated with hydrophobic organic chemicals, often produce inaccurate estimates. Hence, freely dissolved porewater concentrations, CW, have also been investigated as predictors of organism tissue concentrations, but they are more difficult to measure than bulk sediment concentrations (used with BSAF). In situ passive sampling methods, however, make it possible to deduce CW with less effort than required to measure the value directly and make it possible to relate CW with tissue concentrations of undisturbed, native organisms. In the present study, polyethylene passive samplers containing performance reference compounds (d10-phenanthrene, d10-pyrene, and d12-chrysene) were deployed in diverse sediment beds near Boston, Massachusetts, USA, for a 1-wk period. Clams (Mya arenaria) and sediments were then collected from the deployed sediment beds. Concentrations of 3 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; phenanthrene, pyrene, and chrysene) were measured in the porewaters, in clam tissues, and in the bulk sediment. Biota-sediment accumulation factors and polyethylene-deduced CW were used to predict organism tissue concentrations. Ratios of predicted-to-measured values showed that the BSAF method over-predicted tissue concentrations in M. arenaria by up to 2 orders of magnitude. The polyethylene-deduced CW method resulted in average ratios closer to 1 (0.43 ± 0.26, 3.7 ± 2.5, and 1.1 ± 1.2 for phenanthrene, pyrene, and chrysene, respectively, N = 26, uncertainty = ± 1σ). Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:993–1000. © 2015 SETAC
Valproic acid‐induced hepatotoxicity in alpers syndrome is associated with mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening‐dependent apoptotic sensitivity in an induced pluripotent stem cell model
Authors: Li Shengbiao , Guo Jingyi , Ying Zhongfu , Chen Shen , Yang Liang , Chen Keshi , Long Qi , Qin Dajiang , Pei Duanqing , Liu Xingguo
Published: January 2015

Valproic acid (VPA) is widely used to treat epilepsy, migraine, chronic headache, bipolar disorder, and as adjuvant chemotherapy, but potentially causes idiosyncratic liver injury. Alpers‐Huttenlocher syndrome (AHS), a neurometabolic disorder caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (POLG), is associated with an increased risk of developing fatal VPA hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanistic link of this clinical mystery remains unknown. Here, fibroblasts from 2 AHS patients were reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and then differentiated to hepatocyte‐like cells (AHS iPSCs‐Hep). Both AHS iPSCs‐Hep are more sensitive to VPA‐induced mitochondrial‐dependent apoptosis than controls, showing more activated caspase‐9 and cytochrome c release. Strikingly, levels of both soluble and oligomeric optic atrophy 1, which together keep cristae junctions tight, are reduced in AHS iPSCs‐Hep. Furthermore, POLG mutation cells show reduced POLG expression, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) amount, mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production, as well as abnormal mitochondrial ultrastructure after differentiation to hepatocyte‐like cells. Superoxide flashes, spontaneous bursts of superoxide generation, caused by opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), occur more frequently in AHS iPSCs‐Hep. Moreover, the mPTP inhibitor, cyclosporine A, rescues VPA‐induced apoptotic sensitivity in AHS iPSCs‐Hep. This result suggests that targeting mPTP opening could be an effective method to prevent hepatotoxicity by VPA in AHS patients. In addition, carnitine or N‐acetylcysteine, which has been used in the treatment of VPA‐induced hepatotoxicity, is able to rescue VPA‐induced apoptotic sensitivity in AHS iPSCs‐Hep. Conclusion: AHS iPSCs‐Hep are more sensitive to the VPA‐induced mitochondrial‐dependent apoptotic pathway, and this effect is mediated by mPTP opening. Toxicity models in genetic diseases using iPSCs enable the evaluation of drugs for therapeutic targets. (Hepatology 2015;61:1730‐1739)
Liver alkaline phosphatase: A missing link between choleresis and biliary inflammation
Authors: Poupon Raoul
Published: January 2015

Several lines of evidence show that serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) is not only a signpost of cholestasis but also a surrogate marker of the severity of primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. In the present opinion article, we review and discuss the putative role of liver AP in health and in cholestatic diseases. In inflammatory cholestatic conditions, loss of activity of liver AP (resulting from its relocation from canaliculi and the acidic milieu) might promote hyper‐adenosine triphosphate‐bilia, lipopolysaccharide overload, and subsequent exacerbation and perpetuation of inflammation. Drugs that can restore the polarity of hepatocytes and canalicular export of bile acids or act as bile alkalinity modifiers are predicted to exert anti‐inflammatory effects and to benefit both primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Oral administration of intestinal AP could be a valid therapeutic intervention that deserves further study under experimental conditions as well as in human diseases. Overall, the key role of the liver microenvironment that might shape the different facets of the inflammatory processes in fibrosing cholangiopathies is highlighted. (Hepatology 2015;61:2080–2090)
Glycated Hemoglobin Level and Risk of Hip Fracture in Older People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Competing Risk Analysis of Taiwan Diabetes Cohort Study
Authors: Li Chia-Ing , Liu Chiu-Shong , Lin Wen-Yuan , Meng Nai-Hsin , Chen Ching-Chu , Yang Sing-Yu , Chen Hsuan-Ju , Lin Cheng-Chieh , Li Tsai-Chung
Published: January 2015

Hip fracture, which is associated with substantial morbidity and long-term mortality, imposes a major burden on the healthcare system. Diabetes is a risk factor for osteoporosis, which is a crucial risk factor of hip fracture. However, epidemiological studies investigating the risk of hip fracture among patients with type 2 diabetes are limited. This study explored the association between hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and the risk of hip fracture in people with type 2 diabetes aged 65 years and older. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 20 025 older patients with type 2 diabetes who participated in the National Diabetes Case Management Program in Taiwan. The HbA1c level at the baseline and hip fracture incidence over an average of 7.41 years of follow-up were analyzed (maximum and standard deviation were 10.9 and 2.42 years, respectively). A total of 1514 hip fracture cases were recorded. The incidence rates of hip fracture were 9.15, 8.02, 9.58, 10.61, 12.51, and 13.43 per 1000 person-years in patients with baseline HbA1c levels of < 6%, 6–7%, 7%–8%, 8%–9%, 9%–10%, and ≥ 10%, respectively. After multivariate adjustment, the risk of hip fracture increased among patients with HbA1c levels of 9%–10% and ≥ 10.0% compared with patients with HbA1c levels of 6–7% (hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.49 and 1.32; 1.09–1.58, respectively). Significant linear trends among various HbA1c levels were observed (P  < 0.05). Patients with type 2 diabetes whose HbA1c levels exceeded 9.0% exhibited an increased risk of hip fracture, confirming a linear relationship. Our study's findings demonstrated the importance of glycemic control for fracture prevention in older adults with type 2 diabetes. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
A Raman spectroscopic study of teeth affected with molar–incisor hypomineralisation
Authors: Fraser Sara J. , Natarajan Arun K. , Clark Austina S. S. , Drummond Bernadette K. , Gordon Keith C.
Published: January 2015

Raman spectroscopy was used to chemically map lesions associated with molar–incisor hypomineralisation in human teeth. Three teeth with hypomineralised lesions of differing severity, described as white, yellow or brown, were mapped using integral ratios of major component bands (hydroxyapatite, amide I and b‐type carbonate) and principal component analysis scores values. These lesions were found to contain depleted levels of mineral (hydroxyapatite) compared with those of healthy enamel. Principal component analysis also highlighted changes in the phosphate structure and variations in various organic constituents. These variations were consistent with increased disorder in the mineral component of the hypomineralised tooth lesions. Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy supported the findings based on Raman spectroscopy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chromatographic paper embedded with silver nanostructure as a disposable substrate for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and catalytic reactor
Authors: Nie Bei , Zhou Qiuhong , He Jiming , Yang Fumo
Published: January 2015

The high cost of regular diagnostic kits severely impeded its uses for routine clinical assay and fieldworks. A cost‐effective chromatography paper is chemically modified with Ag nanostructures using the simple electroless silver deposition, producing a scalable and disposable substrate for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy, as well as a large scale of catalytic active sites over many chemical reactions. Synergetic measurement including surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and laser desorption ionization‐mass spectrometry is performed on Ag decorated filter paper using a thiol containing compound as indicator, allowing for the acquisition of spatially correlated spectroscopy in the tandem mode. In addition, hydrophilic porous cellulose network that contains a certain amount of liquid naturally served as a chemical reactor for molecular transport and reaction. Positive results from catalytic reaction on metallized paper convincingly demonstrated that total microanalysis system on paper (μ‐TASoP), as a compelling alternative would find a wide breadth of applications in developing disposable medical devices and customary laboratory assays. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drop‐coating deposition Raman spectroscopy of porphyrins
Authors: Kočišová Eva , Procházka Marek
Published: January 2015

We report an improvement of the Raman detection sensitivity of porphyrins by factor of 105 using drop‐coating deposition Raman spectroscopy (DCDR). We were able to obtain Raman spectra from ~20 nM initial (deposited) concentrations of cationic and anionic porphyrin. This detection limit is comparable with or even better than that of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy using Ag nanoparticles. Moreover, DCDR spectrum of protoporphyrin IX, which is known as a marker in clinical diagnostics of cancer, was also obtained from 10 nM deposited concentration. To our knowledge, it is the first demonstration of the resonance DCDR spectroscopy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissipation of post‐pulse laser‐induced alignment of CO2 through collisions with Ar
Authors: Chaussard F. , Vieillard Th. , Billard F. , Faucher O. , Hartmann J.‐M. , Boulet C. , Lavorel B.
Published: January 2015

In this paper, laser‐induced field‐free alignment of CO2 in mixtures with Ar is investigated under dissipative conditions (up to 15 bars) at room temperature. The degree of alignment is temporally monitored by a polarization spectroscopy technique, where a weak probe pulse measures the transient birefringence resulting from the alignment. The data are analyzed with a quantum mechanical density matrix formalism using properly J‐dependent and M‐dependent state‐to‐state transfer rates, which was previously successfully tested on pure CO2 and CO2–He mixtures. The same consistency is obtained between experiments and calculations, in particular the decay times of both the transient revivals and the permanent component of the alignment are accurately predicted by the model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecological Performance of the Restored South East New Territories (SENT) Landfill in Hong Kong (2000–2012)
Authors: Chen Xun‐Wen , Wong James Tsz‐Fung , Mo Wing‐Yin , Man Yu‐Bon , Ng Charles Wang‐Wai , Wong Ming‐Hung
Published: January 2015

South East New Territories (SENT) landfill (Phase I) was saturated with wastes and capped with a cover system to prevent rainfall infiltration and gas emission and to support plant growth. Subsequently, a revegetation program was conducted in 1997. Line transects were used for monitoring (i) the restored area (AT), (ii) the area adjacent to AT (BT) and (iii) the area outside AT, which served as control (CT). Flora and fauna diversities, plant performance (chlorophyll florescent and stomatal resistance ofAcacia confusa) and soil properties were monitored during 2000–2012. There were 28, 24 and 23 plant species, and 61, 39 and 61 animal species found at AT, BT and CT during the past 13 years, respectively. The total number of plants recorded at AT fluctuated considerably, and was more stable at BT, especially CT. The results of similarity analyses showed that the plant community at AT were significantly different (P < 0·01) from those at BT and CT, whereas no difference was noted among fauna communities at different sites. Soil properties, including pH, bulk density, moisture content, total organic content, organic matter, total Fe and total Zn were significantly different (P < 0·05) among sites. The decreasing trend of soil pH in all sites indicated that regional soil acidification may have occurred. Soil moisture content and stomatal resistance ofA. confusawere negatively correlated, which showed that AT was more subjected to drought than BT and CT. Plants in restored area were more sensitive to the changes in environmental conditions compared with those of control site. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors for cytomegalovirus reactivation after liver transplantation: Can pre‐transplant cytomegalovirus antibody titers predict outcome?
Authors: Bruminhent Jackrapong , Thongprayoon Charat , Dierkhising Ross A. , Kremers Walter K. , Theel Elitza S. , Razonable Raymund R.
Published: January 2015

Despite preexisting cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunity, CMV‐seropositive liver transplantation (LT) patients remain at risk of CMV infection. We hypothesized that the pre‐transplant CMV antibody titer correlates with the risk of CMV reactivation. We conducted a retrospective study of CMV‐seropositive LT recipients who did not receive anti‐CMV prophylaxis from 2007 to 2013. The pre‐transplant CMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer, which was measured with an enzyme‐linked fluorescent immunoassay, was assessed as a risk factor for CMV reactivation with multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. The population consisted of 225 CMV‐seropositive LT patients with a median age of 57 years (interquartile range, 47‐62 years). The CMV titer distributions were as follows: <60 (40%) and ≥60 AU/mL (60%). The Kaplan‐Meier estimates for CMV infection were 17% at 3 months, 18% at 6 months, and 19% at 12 months after transplantation. In a univariate analysis, a marginally significant increased risk of CMV infection was seen in LT recipients with a pre‐transplant CMV IgG titer < 60 AU/mL versus ≥ 60 AU/mL [hazard ratio (HR), 1.79; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.98‐3.28 (P = 0.06)]. This risk was statistically significant in the subgroup of recipients who received allografts from CMV‐seropositive donors [HR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.15‐4.26 (P = 0.02)]. In a multivariate analysis, a pre‐transplant CMV IgG titer < 60 AU/mL was significantly associated with CMV infection [HR, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.60‐6.03 (P < 0.001)]. The other risk factors were high body mass index, donor CMV seropositivity, prolonged cold ischemic time, use of an interleukin‐2 receptor antagonist for induction therapy, and high numbers of post‐transplant infections. A lower pre‐transplant CMV antibody titer is significantly associated with CMV infection after LT. Quantitative measurement of CMV‐specific humoral immunity may have a potential role in improving the CMV prevention strategy in CMV‐seropositive LT recipients. Liver Transpl 21:539–546, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Use of model for end‐stage liver disease exceptions for donation after cardiac death graft recipients relisted for liver transplantation
Authors: Maduka Richard C. , Abt Peter L. , Goldberg David S.
Published: January 2015

Donation after cardiac death (DCD) liver transplantation is associated with increased biliary complications and graft failure. Yet for unclear reasons, DCD recipients relisted for transplantation have lower wait‐list mortality than other retransplant candidates. We used Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and United Network for Organ Sharing data from 2002 to 2011 to evaluate all DCD recipients relisted for transplantation to evaluate the impact of the utilization of Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) exception points on wait‐list outcomes. Of 262 DCD recipients relisted for liver transplantation >2 weeks after initial transplantation, 82 (31.3%) applied for a nonstandardized MELD exception, and 68 (82.9%) had ≥1 exception approved. Of the relisted DCD recipients, 187 (71.4%) underwent retransplantation; among those with an approved MELD exception, 85.2% underwent retransplantation versus 57.1% of those with an exception denied and 69.4% of those not applying for an exception (P = 0.02). In contrast, those receiving MELD exception points were significantly less likely to be removed from the wait list for death or clinical deterioration in comparison with those not applying for an exception (7.1% versus 19.4%, P = 0.02). In multivariate models, patients with an approved exception were 3.3 times more likely to undergo retransplantation than those not applying for an exception. Standardized criteria for exception points among DCD recipients should be established to ensure uniform access to retransplantation. Liver Transpl 21:554‐560, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Keyhole anterolateral thigh flap: A special way of partition for reconstruction around a protruding structure or cavity/tunnel
Authors: Sirimahachaiyakul Pornthep , Orfaniotis Georgios , Gesakis Kanellos , Kiranantawat Kidakorn , Ciudad Pedro , Nicoli Fabio , Maruccia Michele , Sacak Bulent , Chen Hung‐Chi
Published: January 2015

Background: Anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is now a workhorse flap for reconstruction of skin and soft tissue defects. However, there are some drawbacks in its application, and revisions are often needed after surgery. Here, we present the results of the use of a special type of partition for ALT flap based on the concept of perforator flap vascular anatomy for reconstruction around a protruding structure, a cavity or a canal, in patients. Patients and methods: We used the keyhole design for reconstruction with ALT flaps in five patients. Wounds involved circumferential soft tissue defects around the following structures: thumb (two cases), penis, ear canal, and anus. Defects arose following excision of scar contracture, arterio‐venous malformation, Paget's disease, squamous cell carcinoma, and Fournier's gangrene, respectively. The ALT flap was raised based on perforators. The flap was partitioned with a keyhole incision performed in a zone between two perforators or distal to them, avoiding complete split of the flap and minimizing disruption of its vascular crossover. The circulation of the flap was well preserved. The closure of the flap had no tension. Results: All the flaps had 100% viability without partial loss. Mean follow‐up was of 7.4 months (range 4 − 11 months). Significant functional improvement was achieved in the two thumb cases. Adequate patency of the ear and anal canals was obtained. No contracture around the penis was observed. Conclusion: The keyhole design may be a valuable method of partition of the ALT flap for specific reconstructions around protruding organs, cavities, or canals. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:356–363, 2015.
A new method of sutureless microvascular anastomoses using a thermosensitive poloxamer and cyanoacrylate: An experimental study
Authors: Qassemyar Q. , Michel G.
Published: January 2015

Introduction

Recently, a new method of sutureless micro‐anastomosis based on the injection of a termosensitive poloxamer into the vessel lumen and application of cyanoacrylate, was described. The long‐term results in animals are attractive but its use requires a specific heated poloxamer gel and an external heating lamp to maintain the surgical site above the transition temperature. The aim of our study was to prove the feasibility of this method of sutureless anastomosis with a poxolamer gel, which could be used at ambient temperature.

Materials and Methods

Twenty male Sprague–Dawley rats were used. Right common iliac arteries anastomoses (RCIA) were performed with the sutureless method (poloxamer gel and cyanoacrylate) (SG group) and were compared to left common iliac arteries (LCIA) sutured with conventional sutures (CG group). Diameters, duration of microvascular anastomosis (DMA) and patency rates were reported.

Results

The mean diameter of RCIA and LCIA was about 1 mm. The mean DMA for the SG group was 9.25 ± 1.45min and 21.65 ± 2.96 min in the CG group. Patency rates didn't differ between the both groups, either 15 min after anastomosis (CG group 95% vs.SG group 100%, P = 0.23) or 15 days after surgery (CG group 90% vs.SG group: 95%, P = 0.55). Histological analysis showed lower foreign body reaction in sutureless group.

Conclusion

This sutureless method of micro‐anastomosis seems to be easy to learn and require lower time than conventional sutures. However, this technique needs further investigations over the coming years to prove long‐term reliability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:315–319, 2015.
Assessment OF aged mdx mice by electrical impedance myography and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Wu Jim S. , Li Jia , Greenman Robert L. , Bennett David , Geisbush Tom , Rutkove Seward B.
Published: January 2015

Introduction: Similar to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electrical impedance myography (EIM) is dependent on the presence and location of water in muscle to assess neuromuscular diseases. We compared the 2 technologies in mdx mice to better understand their relationship. Methods: EIM and MRI, using T2 relaxation and diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), were performed on the gastrocnemius of 10 mdx and 10 wild‐type mice. Muscle function and tissue composition measurements were compared with the EIM and MRI data. Results: EIM reactance and T2 relaxation mapping can discriminate healthy from diseased mice (P < 0.001 for both), but DWI could not. Both T2 relaxation and EIM reactance also correlated closely with muscle function/composition and with each other. Conclusion: Given the low cost of EIM and the simplicity of application, it may be a valuable alternative to muscle MRI in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, where simple cumulative indices of muscle health are being sought. Muscle Nerve 52: 598–604, 2015
Nonlinear model reduction based on the finite element method with interpolated coefficients: Semilinear parabolic equations
Authors: Wang Zhu
Published: January 2015

For nonlinear reduced‐order models (ROMs), especially for those with high‐order polynomial nonlinearities or nonpolynomial nonlinearities, the computational complexity still depends on the dimension of the original dynamical system. To overcome this issue, we develop an efficient finite element (FE) discretization algorithm for nonlinear ROMs. The proposed approach approximates the nonlinear function by its FE interpolant, which makes the inner product evaluations in generating the nonlinear terms computationally cheaper than that in the standard FE discretization. Due to the separation of spatial and temporal variables in the FE interpolation, the discrete empirical interpolation method (DEIM) can be directly applied on the nonlinear functions in the same manner as that in the finite difference setting. Therefore, the main computational hurdles for applying the DEIM in the FE context are conquered. We also establish a rigorous asymptotic error estimation, which shows that the proposed approach achieves the same accuracy as that of the standard FE method under certain smoothness assumptions of the nonlinear functions. Several numerical tests are presented to validate the proposed method and verify the theoretical results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 1713–1741, 2015
Relationships between nanofiller morphology and viscoelastic properties in CNF/epoxy resins
Authors: Nobile Maria Rossella , Raimondo Marialuigia , Lafdi Khalid , Fierro Annalisa , Rosolia Salvatore , Guadagno Liberata
Published: January 2015

This article investigated the rheological behavior of epoxy‐amine resins/carbon nanofibers (CNFs) dispersions and its correlation with the nanofiller morphology. The use of the reactive diluent 1,4‐butandiol diglycidyl ether into the tetraglycidylmethylene dianiline liquid epoxy precursor has proven to be a key in reducing the viscosity of the epoxy matrix. The effect of nanoadditives on the oscillatory shear behavior of the un‐cured epoxy precursor matrix in the liquid state was studied. These nanofillers consist of CNFs as made and after high heat treatment temperature. The inclusion of as made CNFs at 0.5 wt% content had no influence on the Newtonian rheological behavior of the epoxy precursor. The morphological investigation indicated that the as made nanofibers showed a tendency to bend and had functionalized surfaces which determined a large epoxy layer thickness around the nanofibers. Due to these events, the as made CNFs were further apart in the epoxy liquid precursor and, consequently, the rheological percolation network at 0.5 wt% was not formed. Conversely, when the heat‐treated CNFs were used, the rheological results of the epoxy/0.5 wt% CNF dispersion indicated a transition from liquid‐like to solid‐like behavior at low frequencies showing that in this case the 0.5 wt% content of heat‐treated CNFs is higher than the rheological percolation threshold. Indeed, the heat‐treated CNFs exhibited an increase in their “equivalent length” and a smaller thickness of the epoxy layer around the nanofibers so that these heat‐treated CNFs could easily form a percolation network. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1152–1160, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Processing and characterization of amorphous polyethylene terephthalate fibers for the alignment of carbon nanofillers in thermosetting resins
Authors: Greco Antonio , Lionetto Francesca , Maffezzoli Alfonso
Published: January 2015

The engineering aspects, which are associated with the development of nanocomposites, involve in either final properties or processability of nanocomposites. Both are affected by the distribution of nanofiller in the matrix and by the aspect ratio of the nanofiller. A nanofilled thermosetting resin can be exploited as a matrix for continuous fibers when the alignment of a high aspect ratio nanofiller is achieved, and in this case, a hierarchical composite is obtained. In this study, a new procedure for the alignment of nanofillers in a thermosetting matrix is proposed. The two‐step approach is based on (i) the alignment of nanofillers (carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.) in thermoplastic fibers by a fiber spinning process and (ii) the use of these nanocomposite fibers as a carrier to bring aligned nanofillers into a reactive thermosetting resin. These fibers, soluble in the thermosetting resin, release the nanofillers orientated according to the direction in which fibers are positioned, even after the curing of the matrix. The proof of concept is demonstrated by producing melt spun polyethylene terephtalate (PETg) fibers filled with graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with a very high filler content (up to 10 wt%) in view of producing a hierarchical composite. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1096–1103, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Robot‐assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in patients with previous abdominal surgery: single center experience
Authors: Zargar Homayoun , Isac Wahib , Autorino Riccardo , Khalifeh Ali , Nemer Omar , Akca Oktay , Laydner Humberto , Brandao Luis Felipe , Stein Robert J. , Kaouk Jihad H.
Published: January 2015

Background

The aim of this study is to report our single center experience with robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) in patients with history of previous abdominal surgery (PAS).

Methods

Medical records of patients who underwent RPN for a single renal mass in our center from 2006 to 2013 were reviewed. Patients were divided in two groups: those who had history of PAS and those without history of PAS. Within the PAS group, four sub‐groups were considered: (a) remote site of PAS in relation to RPN; (b) PAS in the proximity of RPN site; (c) previous umbilical hernia/abdominal hernia mesh repair; (d) major PAS.

Results

In total 627 patients were analyzed, and of these 321 patients had history of PAS (51.2%). On univariable and multivariable analyses, only Charlson Comorbidity Index, estimated blood loss, and tumor size were the significant predictors of complications.

Conclusions

RPN can be safely performed in patients with history of PAS with surgical outcomes comparable with those obtained in patients without history of PAS. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gordon Valentine Manley and his contribution to the study of climate change: a review of his life and work
Authors: Endfield Georgina H. , Veale Lucy , Hall Alexander
Published: January 2015

British climatologist and geographer, Gordon Manley (1902–1980), is perhaps best known for his pioneering work on climate variability in the UK, for establishing the Central England Temperature series and, for his pivotal role in demonstrating the powerful relationship between climate, weather, and culture in post‐World War II Britain. Yet Manley made many contributions, both professional and popular, to climate change debates in the twentieth century, where climate change is broadly understood to be changes over a range of temporal and spatial scales rather than anthropogenic warming per se. This review first establishes how Manley's work, including that on snow and ice, was influenced by key figures in debates over climatic amelioration around the North Atlantic between 1920s and 1950s. His research exploring historical climate variability in the UK using documentary sources is then discussed. His perspectives on the relationship between climate changes and cultural history are reviewed, paying particular attention to his interpretation of this relationship as it played out in the UK. Throughout, the review aims to show Manley to be a fieldworker and an empiricist and reveals how he remained committed to rigorous scientific investigation despite changing trends within his academic discipline. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:287–299. doi: 10.1002/wcc.334

This article is categorized under:

Climate, History, Society, Culture > Thought Leaders
Sales Assistants in the Making: Learning Through Responsibility
Authors: Reegård Kaja
Published: January 2015

The paper investigates how learning and processes of becoming are shaped and enacted in retail apprenticeship in Norway. The analysis draws upon a qualitative study of managers and apprentices in different retail sub-sectors. The empirical point of departure is managers who, more or less deliberately, throw apprentices into tasks from day one. Thus, the apprentices have to handle tasks with limited instruction and guidance. The paper argues that the level of trust the apprentices are shown, and the responsibility they assume, fosters emotional engagement conducive to learning. The concept of learning environment is applied to understand the relationship between affordances and engagement. In linking the organisation of work to learning processes, emphasis is placed on how ‘being responsible’ is not merely a capacity residing within the individual, but embedded in and constituted by institutionalised work roles, task allocation and trust relations. The paper aims to nuance prevailing accounts of lack of guidance as purely detrimental to workplace learning. However, the weakly established tradition of vocational training in Norwegian retail requires a critical look into the kind of learning this practice implies. Contentious issues of throwing apprentices into the deep end are discussed.
Who are we? A qualitative evaluation of trainees’ perspectives on professional identity in oral and maxillofacial surgery
Authors: Tahim Arpan
Published: January 2015

Introduction Professional identity is becoming increasingly important in medical education in terms of developing appropriately trained and safely practising doctors. Oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) is a unique surgical speciality that requires dual qualification in medicine and dentistry. Its junior trainees move between the various roles of student, doctor and dentist, and at certain times these roles may overlap. This heterogeneous early training may raise significant barriers for them in terms of understanding their professional identity and developing their own sustainable sense of belonging. This study looks to understand current trainees’ perceptions of the professional identity of an oral and maxillofacial surgeon.

Method A qualitative research methodology based on a grounded theory approach was used in this study. Data were collected using in-depth, semi-structured interviews with OMFS specialist trainees. Subsequent theories were constructed after thematic analysis.

Results A model of the professional identity of an oral and maxillofacial surgeon is proposed.

Discussion This study represents the first attempt to understand professional identity in OMFS trainees. It will provide insight into what trainees understand by the term in this speciality, as well as outlining what trainees feel are important elements to develop a sense of belonging within the speciality.
Emotion regulation and depressive symptoms: Examining the mediation effects of school connectedness in Chinese late adolescents
Authors: Zhao Yanhua , Zhao Guoxiang
Published: January 2015

This study tested Gross's process model of emotion regulation in a Chinese adolescent sample. It hypothesized that emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) would predict adolescents' perception of school connectedness and depressive symptoms. It also posited that school connectedness may be a possible mediator between emotion regulation and depressive symptoms. Participants were 504 adolescents aged 16–18 from two Chinese public upper secondary schools. Structural equation modeling analyses indicated that reappraisal and suppression significantly associated with school connectedness and depressive symptoms, and school connectedness mediated the link between emotion regulation and depressive symptoms, even when the general emotion experiences were controlled. Although boys unexpectedly reported higher level depressive symptoms, the hypothesized model was invariant across gender except for the link between suppression and depressive symptoms. These findings demonstrate that it is meaningful to involve both emotion regulation processes and school connectedness in explaining adolescent depressive symptoms.
Parental monitoring in late adolescence: Relations to ADHD symptoms and longitudinal predictors
Authors: Salari Raziye , Thorell Lisa B.
Published: January 2015

In this study, we aimed to replicate Stattin and Kerr's (2000) study on parental monitoring and adolescents' deviant behavior, to extend their findings to ADHD symptoms, and to examine the longitudinal predictors (8–18 years) of parental knowledge and child disclosure. Results showed that conduct problems were primarily associated with parental knowledge and child disclosure, but not with parental solicitation and control. A similar pattern was observed for ADHD symptoms. However, while the relations for conduct problems were generally independent of ADHD symptoms, the relations for ADHD symptoms were primarily non‐significant after controlling for conduct problems. Moreover, early behavior problems, but not insecure/disorganized attachment, were associated with parental knowledge and child disclosure in adolescence. In conclusion, child disclosure is primarily associated with deviant behavior rather than ADHD, and early child problem behavior is a more important predictor of child disclosure (implicating reciprocal relations between these two constructs) than is insecure/disorganized attachment.
MiR‐155 targets TP53INP1 to regulate liver cancer stem cell acquisition and self‐renewal
Authors: Liu Fengchao , Kong Xin , Lv Lin , Gao Jian
Published: January 2015

In liver cancer, miR‐155 up‐regulation can regulate cancer‐cell invasion. However, whether miR‐155 expression is associated with liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) remains unknown. Here, we show that miR‐155 expression is up‐regulated in tumor spheres. Knock‐down of miR‐155 resulted in suppression of tumor sphere formation, through a decrease in the proportion of CD90+ and CD133+ CSCs and in the expression of Oct4, whereas miR‐155 overexpression had the opposite effect. TP53INP1 was determined to be involved in the CSCs‐like properties that were regulated by miR‐155. Thus, miR‐155 may play an important role in promoting the generation of stem cell‐like cells and their self‐renewal by targeting the gene TP53INP1.
Coupling of disulfide bond and distal histidine dissociation in human ferrous cytoglobin regulates ligand binding
Authors: Beckerson Penny , Reeder Brandon J. , Wilson Michael T.
Published: January 2015

Earlier kinetics studies on cytoglobin did not assign functional properties to specific structural forms. Here, we used defined monomeric and dimeric forms and cysteine mutants to show that an intramolecular disulfide bond (C38–C83) alters the dissociation rate constant of the intrinsic histidine (H81) (∼1000 fold), thus controlling binding of extrinsic ligands. Through time‐resolved spectra we have unequivocally assigned CO binding to hexa‐ and penta‐coordinate forms and have made direct measurement of histidine rebinding following photolysis. We present a model that describes how the cysteine redox state of the monomer controls histidine dissociation rate constants and hence extrinsic ligand binding.
Ssn6 has dual roles in Candida albicans filament development through the interaction with Rpd31
Authors: Lee Ji-Eun , Oh Jang-Hyun , Ku MyungHee , Kim Jueun , Lee Jung-Shin , Kang Sa-Ouk
Published: January 2015

Ssn6 is a crucial regulator of morphological transition and virulence in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Ssn6 has previously been reported to act in complex with the transcriptional repressor Tup1. Here, we report that Ssn6 also interacts with the histone deacetylase Rpd31, independently of Tup1. The ssn6/rpd31 double mutant strain formed elongated filaments, but failed to form filament extension, and this coincided with the down‐regulation of the filament extension gene UME6. Occupancy patterns of Ssn6 and Rpd31 differed at the promoters of UME6 and the metabolic gene INO1. These findings indicate that, in C. albicans, Ssn6 has dual roles in filament development, depending on the interaction with Rpd31.
Successful transjugular extraction of a lead in front of the anterior scalene muscle by using snare technique
Authors: Okada Ayako , Aizawa Kazunori , Tomita Takeshi , Yoshie Kouji , Takeuchi Takahiro , Shoda Morio , Ikeda Uichi
Published: January 2015

The incidence of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection is increasing. We report a case of and successful device removal in a 79‐year‐old man with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator infection. Right phrenic nerve paralysis was evident on chest radiography. The lead was in front of the anterior scalene muscle, close to the left phrenic nerve. Therefore, extraction carried a risk of bilateral phrenic nerve paralysis. The lead was successfully extracted from the right internal jugular vein by using the snare technique. No complications occurred, and the extraction was successful.
Spatial summation of thermal stimuli assessed by a standardized, randomized, single-blinded technique
Authors: Rasmussen Vibe Maria , Ellehuus-Hilmersson Catarina , Rotbøll-Nielsen Per , Werner Mads Utke
Published: January 2015

Background and aims

Quantitative sensory testing of thermal perception (QTT) is a valuable method in clinical and experimental assessment of the function of small nerve fibres. Previous studies have indicated existence of spatial summation for warmth, cool and heat pain stimulation, but study designs and assessment methods have not always been mutually consistent. The aims of this study were, first, to examine spatial summation of QTT by differently sized contact thermodes, and, second, to evaluate if these differences are significant from a clinical and scientific perspective.

Methods

Sixteen healthy subjects were included. Warmth detection (WDT), cool detection (CDT) and heat pain (HPT) thresholds were assessed in random order, with the stimulation areas of the contact thermodes of 3.0, 6.3 and 12.5 cm2, blinded to the subjects. Assessments were made bilaterally at volar part of the distal arm and medial part of the lower leg. Data analyses were by a mixed model with random effect for subject and fixed-effects for the variables, site (arm/leg), thermode area (ln thermode area) and side (dominant/non-dominant), in addition to conventional pairwise non-parametric comparisons.

Results

Data from 2 subjects were excluded. In the remaining 14 subjects only 4 subjects were able to identify the correct sequence of thermode sizes. The model demonstrated highly statistical significant relationships regarding main effects: thermode area (P < 0.0001) and stimulation site (P < 0.0001; except for CDT P = 0.011). The only significant interaction was between thermode area*site (P = 0.005) for CDT. The study demonstrated in 17 of 18 possible comparisons between thermode size and stimulation site, a significant spatial summation for WDT, CDT and HPT.

Conclusion

This randomized, single-blind study of thermal thresholds demonstrated spatial summation and that considerable deviations may occur if values obtained with differing thermode sizes are used uncritically.

Implications

Data from the present study enable interpolation of thermal thresholds with differing thermode sizes, facilitating comparisons across studies.
The effect of milrinone on right and left ventricular function when used as a rescue therapy for term infants with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: James Adam T. , Corcoran John D. , McNamara Patrick J. , Franklin Orla , El-Khuffash Afif F.
Published: January 2015

Introduction

Milrinone may be an appropriate adjuvant therapy for infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. We aimed to describe the effect of milrinone administration on right and left ventricular function in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension not responding to inhaled nitric oxide after 4 hours of administration.

Materials and methods

This is a retrospective review of infants born after or at 34 weeks of gestation with persistent pulmonary hypertension who received milrinone treatment. The primary endpoint was the effect of milrinone on myocardial performance and haemodynamics, including right and left ventricular outputs, tissue Doppler velocities, right ventricle and septal strain, and strain rate. Secondary endpoints examined included duration of inhaled nitric oxide and oxygen support.

Results

A total of 17 infants with a mean (standard deviation) gestation and birth weight of 39.8 (2.0) weeks and 3.45 (0.39) kilograms, respectively, were included in the study. The first echocardiogram was performed 15 hours after the commencement of nitric oxide inhalation. Milrinone treatment was started at a median time of 1 hour after the echocardiogram and was associated with an increase in left ventricular output (p=0.04), right ventricular output (p=0.004), right ventricle strain (p=0.01) and strain rate (p=0.002), and left ventricle s` (p<0.001) and a` (p=0.02) waves. There was a reduction in nitric oxide dose and oxygen requirement over the subsequent 72 hours (all p<0.05).

Conclusion

The use of milrinone as an adjunct to nitric oxide is worth further exploration, with preliminary evidence suggesting an improvement in both oxygenation and myocardial performance in this group of infants.
Extracellular matrix structure governs invasion resistance in bacterial biofilms
Authors: Nadell Carey D , Drescher Knut , Wingreen Ned S , Bassler Bonnie L
Published: January 2015

Many bacteria are highly adapted for life in communities, or biofilms. A defining feature of biofilms is the production of extracellular matrix that binds cells together. The biofilm matrix provides numerous fitness benefits, including protection from environmental stresses and enhanced nutrient availability. Here we investigate defense against biofilm invasion using the model bacterium Vibrio cholerae. We demonstrate that immotile cells, including those identical to the biofilm resident strain, are completely excluded from entry into resident biofilms. Motile cells can colonize and grow on the biofilm exterior, but are readily removed by shear forces. Protection from invasion into the biofilm interior is mediated by the secreted protein RbmA, which binds mother–daughter cell pairs to each other and to polysaccharide components of the matrix. RbmA, and the invasion protection it confers, strongly localize to the cell lineages that produce it.
Origin of Degradation Phenomenon under Drain Bias Stress for Oxide Thin Film Transistors using IGZO and IGO Channel Layers
Authors: Bak Jun Yong , Kang Youngho , Yang Shinhyuk , Ryu Ho-Jun , Hwang Chi-Sun , Han Seungwu , Yoon Sung-Min
Published: January 2015

Top-gate structured thin film transistors (TFTs) using In-Ga-Zn-O (IGZO) and In-Ga-O (IGO) channel compositions were investigated to reveal a feasible origin for degradation phenomenon under drain bias stress (DBS). DBS-driven instability in terms of VTHshift, deviation of the SS value and increase in the on-state current were detected only for the IGZO-TFT, in contrast to the IGO-TFT, which did not demonstrate VTHshift. These behaviors were visually confirmed via nanoscale transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy observations. To understand the degradation mechanism, we performedab initiomolecular dynamic simulations on the liquid phases of IGZO and IGO. The diffusivities of Ga and In atoms were enhanced in IGZO, confirming the degradation mechanism to be increased atomic diffusion.
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the screening of potent swampy/septic odor-causing compounds in two drinking water sources in China
Authors: Guo Qingyuan , Li Xia , Yu Jianwei , Zhang Haifeng , Zhang Yu , Yang Min , Lu Ning , Zhang Dong
Published: January 2015

Swampy/septic odors in drinking water are normally triggered by a set of organic compounds with odor threshold concentrations (OTC) ranging from ng L−1to μg L−1.
Controlling the organization of phosphonium cations relative to p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene anions
Authors: Ling Irene , Sobolev Alexandre N. , Raston Colin L.
Published: January 2015

A composite material containing supermolecules of 1,4-bis(triethylammoniomethyl)benzene and p-sulfonated calix[4]arene involves preferential binding of the ammonium moieties in the cavities of two geometrically opposed calixarenes with mono-phosphonium cations arranged in the endo-orientation with respect to the calixarene bilayers, as a multi-layered structure.
Enhanced photocatalytic degradation activity for tetracycline under visible light irradiation of Ag/Bi3.84W0.16O6.24nanooctahedrons
Authors: Li Xinying , Wang Liping , Xu Dongbo , Lin Jincheng , Li Ping , Lin Shuang , Shi Weidong
Published: January 2015

In this work, a Ag/Bi3.84W0.16O6.24nanooctahedron composite photocatalyst was successfully synthesizedviaa green method at room temperature using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as the silver source.