bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ВЕБСАЙТ ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ ІНТЕРНЕТ-МАРКЕТИНГОВИХ КОМУНІКАЦІЙ АГРОХОЛДИНГУ
Authors: Зіньцьо Ю.В. , Зінькова С.В.
Published: February 2022

У статті досліджено сучасну роль вебсайту як інструменту Інтернет-маркетингових комунікацій в аграрній сфері. Окреслено головні принципи, на які повинно бути спрямоване SEO на ринку сільськогосподарської продукції. Визначено ключові відмінності між органічним просуванням вебресурсів аграрних підприємств на B2C та B2B. Проаналізовано тренди та тенденції просування сайтів в аграрній сфері. Доведено важливість технологій управління онлайн-репутацією в аграрному секторі. Проведено дослідження конкурентів та юзабіліті-аналіз вебсайтів агрохолдингуHarv East за власне запропонованим підходом. Розроблено низку рекомендації щодо юзабіліті-оптимізації вебсторінок Harv East. Виокремлено основні метрики, на які слід звертати увагу під час тестування ресурсів за поведінковими чинниками. Установлено взаємозв'язок між видимістю, рівнем трафіку, юзабіліті-параметрами та конверсією сайтів агрохолдингу.
REAL ESTATE AS AN ECONOMIC ASSET
Authors:   National Academy of Management, Kostyuk Valentyn , Grin Tatiana ,   National Academy of Management
Published: February 2022

The article presents the features of real estate as an economic asset, analyzes the significant factors that determine its specificity as a commodity and capital. The concept of "real estate" defined according to normative documents, the important place of real estate in the economy as a whole substantiated. Different approaches of foreign and domestic scientists to the value of real estate are considered. The features of real estate as an economic asset, the impact of specific characteristics on the efficiency of both real and financial assets were studied.
METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ACCOUNTING OF FINISHED PRODUCTS
Authors:   National Academy of Management, Sugak Tatiana , Glushik Olga ,   National Academy of Management
Published: February 2022

The article reveals some methodological aspects of accounting for finished products at the production enterprise. The importance of implementing effective and well-established accounting of production costs to ensure a reliable assessment of the enterprise. Understanding the essence ofproduction and the final product by management staff contributes to the correct definition of goals for the enterprise. This will improve the work of both accountants and staff involved in the production and sale of finished products. The definition of finished products on the basis of own definitions of scientists and national accounting standards 9 "Inventories", 16 "Expenses" and international accounting standards �2 "Inventories" is investigated, and the main points are highlighted. Accounting account 26 "Finished goods" and other accounts on which all expenses at manufacturing of finished goods are conducted are considered. The emphasis is on the cost accounting scheme, the correct write-off and determination of the financial result of the enterprise. The primary documents on the basis of which the account of finished goods is conducted are defined.
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO EVALUATION OF INNOVATIVE SPACE�S OF REGIONS FORMATION
Authors:   Kyiv National University of Technology and Design, Olshanska Oleksandra , Kostynets Valeria ,   Kyiv National University of Technology and Design, Stenicheva Inna ,   Kyiv National University named after Vadim Hetman
Published: February 2022

The article is devoted to substantiation of belonging of regions to a certain type of innovation space, evaluation and systematization of separate scientific approaches to the typology of regions of the country. The authors substantiate the methodological approach to assessing the factors of formation of the innovation space of the regions of Ukraine. A system of preliminary and final indicators for assessing the formation of the innovation space of the region is proposed and systematized. It is proposed to implement the division of the regions of Ukraine according to the parameters that assess the activities of the innovation sphere, and indicate the formation of the innovation space of the region
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF INSURANCE COMPANY ACTIVITY
Authors:   Kyiv National University of Technology and Design, Kostynets Yuliia , Yarema Kateryna ,   Kyiv National University of Technology and Design, Mamedov Emin ,   Kyiv National University of Technology and Design
Published: February 2022

The article is devoted to modeling the economic efficiency of the enterprise. The essence of the concepts "effect", "efficiency" and their interrelation are defined in the work, the regulation of efficiency of insurance services is investigated; features of management of efficiency of insurance services and methodical approaches to an estimation are studied; the analysis and assessment of management of efficiency of the international insurance operations on an example of the insurance company is carried out and the directions of improvement of management of efficiency of insurance operations are defined.
Theretical and methodological support of the economy development of the regions of Ukraine
Authors:   Cherkasy National University named after B. Khmelnytsky, Cherevko O , B�elousova N ,   National Aviation University, Golovchuk J ,   Vinnytsia Trade and Economic Institute KNTEU
Published: February 2022

The article discusses the theoretical and methodological basis of scientific research related to identifying the level of security for the economic development of the regions of Ukraine, taking into account regional characteristics and defining the problems of modern regional policy. Attention is focused on the features of the economic potential of a region, taking into account its various components (infrastructural, production, social, economic and others) within the framework of the program of decentralization of power in Ukraine and predicting the economic potential of each region. The systemic method and the method of modeling the economic development of regions allow us to consider the regionalization of the economy as an organic component of the processes of integrated management in the economic sphere.
Development of the tourist sector of the regions of Ukraine in modern conditions
Authors:   Kyiv National University of Technology and Design, Kostynets V , Kovalenko Z ,   Kyiv National University of Technology and Design, Ovsianyk K ,   Kyiv National University of Technology and Design
Published: February 2022

The article is devoted to the analysis of the development of the tourism sector of the regions of Ukraine in modern conditions. In the course of the study, the authors identified the impact of macro-environmental factors on the dynamics of tourist flows in Ukraine, which actually reflect the realized demand for tourism and hospitality services and have a direct and indirect impact on GDP. The authors prove that the macro-factors of the environment significantly affect tourist flows.
The pandemic influence on the strategy and marketing policy of different types hotel enterprises
Authors:   Poltava State Agrarian University, Samoilyk I , Stebliuk N ,   University of Customs and Finance, Kucher M ,   Dnipro State Technical University, Saihak Y ,   University of Customs and Finance
Published: February 2022

Recommendations for the development of hotel business development strategy and marketing policy depending on the types of business entities have been further developed in the article. Analytical data characterizing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism industry and hotel business have been diagnosed. The main strategic decisions made by hoteliers during the crisis have been analyzed. It has been substantiated that the strategy of diversification consisting in the expansion of activity directions; and also restructuring and reengineering � for the big enterprises, and spatial expansion � for small enterprises, are expedient for implementation for effective development of hotel business enterprises. The main priority of the hotel business strategic development should be to increase the level of safety and medical protection of customers. Marketing policy should be based on digital technologies to promote hotel and related services, including advertising and formation of target segments through SMM marketing, as well as optimization of the pricing system according to demand based on SRM management
Bird community patterns in sub–Mediterranean pastures: the effects of shrub cover and grazing intensity
Authors:   Inst. of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research–BAS, Sofia, Bulgary, Nikolov S. C. , Demerdzhiev D. A. ,   Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds–BirdLife Bulgaria, Popgeorgiev G. S. ,   Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds–BirdLife Bulgaria, Plachiyski D. G. ,   Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds–BirdLife Bulgaria
Published: February 2022

Shrubs are widely considered a threat to grassland biodiversity. We investigated the effects of shrub cover and grazing intensity on bird communities in sub–Mediterranean pastures in Bulgaria. The point–count method was used on 80 plots in open (< 10% shrub cover) and shrubby (approx. 20% cover) pastures under either intensive or extensive management (grazing intensity) from 2008 to 2009. We recorded a total of 1,956 observations of birds from 53 species. Main environmental gradients accounting for the bird community pattern were related to vegetation succession and land productivity. Bird species richness was higher in shrubby pastures than in open sites, while no effect was found in respect to total bird abundance. Bird species diversity (i.e. H’ index) was highest in extensive shrubby pastures. Shrubland specialists were positively affected by shrub cover and extensive management of pastures while grassland and woodland specialists showed no significant response to these factors. We conclude that a small proportion of shrubs within pastures may be beneficial for farmland birds and sustainable management of pastures could be achieved by greater flexibility of national agri–environmental schemes.
Loggerhead sea turtle bycatch data in artisanal fisheries within a marine protected area: fishermen surveys versus scientific observations
Authors:   Inst. Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Spain, Lozano M. , Baro J. ,   Inst. Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Spain, García T. ,   Inst. Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Spain, Frias A. ,   ez, Inst. Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Málaga, España (Spain).– Antonio Frías, Reservas Marinas de Cabo de Gata–Níjar e Isla de Alborán, TRAGSATEC, Rey A. ,   Inst. Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Spain, Báez J. C. ,   Inst. Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Spain
Published: February 2022

Loggerhead sea turtles can be incidentally captured by artisanal gears but information about the impact of this fishing is inconsistent and scarce. Recent studies have observed that the bycatch, or incidental catch rate, in fishermen surveys is irregular. The aim of this study was to compare direct data (onboard observers) concerning the incidental catch of loggerhead sea turtles by the artisanal vessels versus data from fishermen surveys. The study area was the Cabo de Gata-Níjar marine protected area, situated in the western Mediterranean (southeast of the Iberian peninsula). We observed two loggerhead turtles that were incidentally caught in a total of 165 fishing operations. According to fishermen surveys, a total of nine loggerheads were incidentally caught in 861 fishing operations. The differences between the loggerhead sea turtle bycatch reported by fishermen surveys and scientific observations versus random distribution (x2 = 0.3146, P = 0.575, df = 1) were not significant. We conclude that the surveys are useful but that findings should be interpreted with caution.
Variación morfológica de las especies de Astyanax, subgénero Zygogaster (Teleostei, Characidae)
Authors:   Univ. del Quindío, Colombia, Ruiz-C. R. I. , Román-Valencia C. ,   Univ. del Quindío, Colombia, Herrera-M. B. E. ,   Univ. del Quindío, Colombia, Peláez O. E. ,   Univ. del Quindío, Colombia, Ermakova-A. A. ,   Univ. of Edinburgh, UK
Published: February 2022

The diverse Neotropical fish genus Astyanax inhabits a variety of aquatic environments. As with other species in this genus, the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships of species of this subgenus remain largely undetermined. Based on 354 individuals, we analyzed the morphological variation of four species of the subgenus Zygogaster (A. atratoensis, A. caucanus, A. filiferus, and A. magdalenae) using procrustes analysis and compared findings with two species of the sister group: subgenus Poecilurichthys (A. orthodus and A. superbus). The PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and CVA (Canonical Variates Analysis) showed morphological affinity between the subgenera and indicated variance in body depth, anterior trend of dorsal fin origin and humeral spot, depression on the dorsal surface of the skull, and ventral displacement of the orbit and snout. The variation in these structures may provide evidence supporting adaptive speciation as an alternative to speciation driven by geographical isolation.
Trophic indicators to measure the impact of fishing on an exploited ecosystem
Authors:   Inst. Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Spain, Pennino M. G. , Bellido J. M. ,   Inst. Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Spain, Conesa D. ,   Univ. de València, Spain, López-Quílez A. ,   Univ. de València, Spain
Published: February 2022

There is currently a global call for more use of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) to provide a holistic view of ecosystem-fisheries interactions. Trophic indicators could therefore be used to support the implementation of an EAFM by providing information on the state of the ecosystem. In this paper we propose a set of indicators such as the marine trophic index (MTI), the fishing in balance (FiB), the cut marine trophic index (cutMTI) and the pelagic/demersal index (P/D) to assess the dynamics and the trophic changes in the Black Sea large marine ecosytem from 1970 to 2005. Our analysis shows a heavily exploited ecosystem where overfishing and anthropogenic eutrophication are probably responsible. The decline of the MTI, cutMTI and FiB together with the rising trend of the P/D index could be interpreted as a fishing down marine food web process with a strong decrease in abundance of high trophic level species and a considerable increase of low trophic level species.
Effects of sea bass and sea bream farming (Western Mediterranean Sea) on peracarid crustacean assemblages
Authors:   Univ. of Alicante, Spain, Fernandez–Gonzalez V. , Sanchez–Jerez P. ,   Univ. of Alicante, Spain
Published: February 2022

Benthic soft-bottom assemblages are good indicators of environmental disturbance, such as coastal aquaculture, considering their rapid response in terms of diversity and abundance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of peracarid assemblages to the release of waste from coastal farming as these organisms play an important ecological role. Abundance and species richness did not show significant differences between farm and control localities but did show a high spatial variability at the two studied scales. Non-metric multi- dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis showed a separation between farms and controls, indicating that peracarid assemblages are modified as a result of aquaculture activities, and some species such as Ampelisca spp. showed statistical differences. Peracarids, at both species and community level, may therefore be applied as helpful indicators to assess benthic effects of coastal farming.
Review of the effects of protection in marine protected areas: current knowledge and gaps
Authors:   Univ. de Alicante, Spain, Ojeda–Martínez C. , Bayle-Sempere J. T. ,   Univ. de Alicante, Spain, Sánchez-Jerez P. ,   Univ. de Alicante, Spain, Salas F. ,   Univ. de Murcia, Spain, Stobart B. ,   Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Inst. Español de Oceanografía, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, Goñi R. ,   Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Inst. Español de Oceanografía, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, Falcón J. M. ,   Univ. de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain, Graziano M- ,   Univ. di Palermo, Italy, Guala I. ,   Fondazione IMC–International Marine Centre, Oristano, Italy, Higgins R. ,   Univ. of the Azores, Portugal, Vandeperre F. ,   Univ. of the Azores, Portugal, Le Direachh L. ,   Centre d’Océanologie de Marseille, France, Martín-Sosa P. ,   Canarian Oceanographic Centre, Spanish Inst. of Oceanography, Canary Islands, Spain, Vaselli S. ,   Univ. of Pisa, Italy
Published: February 2022

The effectiveness of marine protected areas (MPAs) and the conservation of marine environments must be based on reliable information on the quality of the marine environment that can be obtained in a reasonable timeframe. We reviewed studies that evaluated all aspects related to the effectiveness of MPAs in order to describe how the studies were conducted and to detect fields in which research is lacking. Existing parameters used to evaluate the effectiveness of MPAs are summarised. Two-hundred and twenty-two publications were reviewed. We identified the most commonly used study subjects and methodological approaches. Most of the studies concentrated on biological parameters. Peer reviewed studies were based on control vs. impact design. BACI and mBACI designs were used in very few studies. Through this review, we have identified gaps in the objectives assigned to MPAs and the way in which they have been evaluated. We suggest some guidelines aimedat improving the assessment of the effects of protection in MPAs.
Do protected areas conserve neotropical freshwater fishes? A case study of a biogeographic province in Venezuela
Authors:   Univ. Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado–UCLA, Vnezuela, Rodríguez–Olarte D. , Taphorn D. C. ,   Belleville, USA, Lobón-Cerviá J. ,   Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales–CSIC, Madrid, Spain
Published: February 2022

The effectiveness of protected areas to conserve freshwater fishes is limited because these areas are not usually congruent with regional patterns of fish species richness and distribution. We compared the richness, distribution and abundance of coastal freshwater fishes in a biogeographic province of Venezuela to determine their conservation status. We also estimated the relevance of existing protected areas in conserving fishes in different physiographic units and tributaries by evaluating species richness and distribution. The ichthyofauna (72 spp., ~30% endemic, ~10% threatened) was distributed according to orography, drainage and physiographic units. Most protected areas had limited effectiveness for fish conservation, mainly because they were too small or included only fragments of tributaries or drainages, or because they were located only in highland drainages where species diversity was minimal. To adequately protect freshwater fishes in this province the existing protected areas should be modified and expanded.
Present status of the endangered limpet Cymbula nigra (Gastropoda, Patellidae) in Ceuta: how do substrate heterogeneity and area accessibility affect population structure?
Authors:   Univ. de Sevilla, Spain, Rivera–Ingraham G. A. , Espinosa F. ,   Univ. de Sevilla, Spain, Gacía-Gómez J. C. ,   Univ. de Sevilla, Spain
Published: February 2022

Cymbula nigra (Gastropoda, Patellidae) is a threatened giant patellid limpet found on the North African coast from Namibia to Algeria. The objective of this study was to estimate the total number of individuals present in Ceuta (Strait of Gibraltar) and to determine the effect of certain physical parameters on population structure and abundance. Between 2006 and 2010 we conducted an exhaustive census in the area. Results indicate that Ceuta could be home to 48,473 individuals. The most important populations were recorded on the North Bay, characterized by its Atlantic influence. While for other similar species, such as Patella ferruginea, human accessibility to the area plays an important role in determining the structure of populations, we found that substrate roughness (small scale topographic heterogeneity) is the main determining factor in this species. Populations located on medium to low topographic heterogeneity substrates showed higher percentages of medium and large size individuals. However, recruitment rates did not differ between substrata of different roughness. Finally, and through the analysis of the C. nigra populations located on some recently constructed jetties, we obtained interesting new data regarding individual growth rates, thus contributing to our knowledge of the population structure of the species.
The diet of Great Tit Parus major nestlings in a Mediterranean Iberian forest: the important role of spiders
Authors:   Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Spain, Pagani-Núñez E. , Ruiz Í ,   Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Spain, Quesada J. ,   Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Spain, Negro J. J. ,   Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Spain, Senar J. C. ,   Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Spain
Published: February 2022

The diet of the Great Tit Parus major when rearing chicks has been described in many studies. However, data from the Mediterranean area is scarce. Here we describe the diet of nestlings in a population of Great Tits in a Mediterranean forest in Barcelona (north–east Spain) during two breeding seasons using two methods: neck–collars and video recording. The main prey were caterpillars (44% from neck–collar data and 62% from video–recorded data), but in our latitudes spiders also seemed to be an important food resource (24% from neck–collar data and 42% from video–recorded data). We did not find any significant differences in the quantity of spiders collected by parents in relation to stage of chick development, main vegetation surrounding nest boxes, size of the brood, or year. Our results stress the importance of spiders as a food source in Mediterranean habitats.
The Fifth International Little Owl Symposium, 4–6 February 2011, Vic, Catalonia (Spain)
Authors:   Barcelona, Spain, Framis H. , Baucells J. ,   Grup de Naturalistes d'Osona & Grup d'Anellament de Calldetenes Osona, Spain, Zuberogoitia I. ,   Estudios Medioambientales Icarus S.L., Logroño, Spain, Van Nieuwenhuyse D. ,   Natuurpunt, Herzele, Belgium
Published: February 2022

he First International Little Owl Symposium took place in Champ–sur–Marne (France) in November 2000, organized by the International little owl Working Group (ILOWG). It was the first international meeting regarding a sole owl species in Europe. Since then, efforts have been made to improve our knowledge and develop management plans for little owl conservation, and every new advance has been shared among all of us, owl researchers and owl friends, at regular international meetings. The Fifth Symposium gave continuity to the series of previous meetings held in France, England and Belgium. The most recent meeting was held in Herzele, Flanders, and the highlight was the presentation of the latest little owl monograph of Van Nieuwenhuyse et al., 2008. This meeting demonstrated the need to promote future gatherings of researchers.
Tracking movements of Athene owls: the application of North American experiences to Europe
Authors:   Environment Canada, Alberta, Canada, Holroyd G. L. , Trefry H. E. ,   Environment Canada, Alberta, Canada
Published: February 2022

Migration and dispersal are important ecological and evolutionary processes and understanding them is a requirement for species conservation efforts. Burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia, the North American equivalent of little owl, A. noctua, is migratory in the northern parts of its range. In Canada their populations have declined dramatically and are classified as endangered. Movements of burrowing owls have been studied using banding (ringing), VHF telemetry, stable isotopes, genetics (DNA), geolocators and satellite transmitters. Geolocators and satellite transmitters provide the most reliable information about migrations but to operate successfully they are both dependent upon exposure to sunlight, which can be limited for nocturnal owls. Ringing encounters and winter influxes of little owls into Spain, including the Balearic Islands, indicate that some migration movement may be occurring. A stable isotope study could determine if wintering owls in southern Europe includes owls originating in northern Europe.
Causes of admission of little owl (Athene noctua) at a wildlife rehabilitation centre in Catalonia (Spain) from 1995 to 2010
Authors:   Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, Catalan Wildlife Service, Santa Perpètua de la Mogoda, Spain, Molina-López R. A. , Darwich L. ,   Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
Published: February 2022

This retrospective study analyzes the causes of morbidity of little owl (Athene noctua) admitted to the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre of Torreferrussa from 1995 to 2010. A total of 1,427 little owls were included in the study, with an average of 89 cases per year (range: 73–116). As regards the sex category, 80.7% animals (1,152/1,427) were classified as undetermined gender, 9.1% (130/1,427) were sexed as females and 10.2% (145/1,427) as males. The overall age distribution according to the calendar year showed that 66.6% (951/1,427) of birds were ‘1st calendar year and 16.6% (237/1,427) were ‘> 1 calendar year’. Age could not be determined in 16.7% of birds. Primary causes of admission were orphaned young (53.2%), unknown trauma (24.7%), impact with motor vehicles (5.6%), other cause (5.5%), undetermined (3.7%), illegally captive (2.1%), natural diseases (2.1%), and gunshot (1.1%). Within the breeding season the frequency of admissions due to traumas –unknown trauma (X2 = 147.108; p < 0.001)– and impact with motor vehicles (X2 = 28.528; p < 0.001) and other cause (X2 = 11.420; p = 0.003) were the most important causes. In winter, admissions were mainly related to unknown trauma and gunshot. Over the fifteen years we observed a significant increase in the orphaned young category.
Contraceptive use and associated factors among postpartum women from 0 to 6 months in Trang Bom District, Dong Nai Province, Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Truc Thi Thanh , Nguyen Phuc Huu Tam
Published: February 2022

Well-timed contraception after delivery using effective methods protects women from unintended pregnancies and improves the quality of life of both women and their children. However, little attention has been paid on the issue in Vietnam. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the percentage of postpartum women from 0 to 6 months using contraceptive methods and associated factors in Trang Bom District, Dong Nai Province, Vietnam.

A cross-sectional study was adopted. A systematic random sampling method was used to select 355 postpartum women. Women were interviewed about socio-demographic characteristics, reproductive history, and contraceptive use after giving birth.

Of the 355 women, 63.1% used at least one modern or traditional contraceptive method; 58.9% current use, 4.2% previous use, and 36.9% never use. The most selected methods were withdrawal (41.1%), male condom (28.2%), and calendar method (24.4%). Multivariable analysis showed that women who had their menstruation returned, long postpartum duration, high education level, many years of marriage, and previous caesarean section were more likely to use contraception after birth.

The family planning program in Vietnam should focus more on postpartum women. Postpartum contraception should be consulted at all obstetric health centers before and right after delivery. Emphasis should be placed on the initial times to adopt contraception soon and not waiting until the first menses. Women should be encouraged to use modern contraceptive methods instead of traditional ones.
Development and validation of simultaneous assay of simvastatin, beta-hydroxy simvastatin as metabolite in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Chuong Nai Ngoc , Tran Thai Long , Ta Thanh Thi , Pham Son Van , Tran Hung Viet , Nguyen Tuan Duc
Published: February 2022

Several generic products containing simvastatin are circulating on the Vietnamese market at a more inexpensive price than that of a brand-name one. These formulations, however, have not been assessed for in vivo bioequivalence to the reference product. After oral administration, simvastatin (SIM) is extensively converted into an active metabolite, beta-hydroxy simvastatin acid (SIM-A) and a very low concentration of simvastatin can be found in plasma. Therefore, a method for quantification of simvastatin and its metabolite needs to be developed with a high specificity and sensitivity to detect these analytes in human plasma at such low concentrations. Our purpose was to develop a reliable LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) method for simultaneous determination of simvastatin and metabolite of simvastatin, beta-hydroxy simvastatin acid, in human plasma and to apply this method to evaluate the bioequivalence of a test product in comparison with the reference product.

Mass spectrometry, internal standard (IS), and chromatographic conditions were investigated to find out the suitable IS and conditions. Human plasma samples were treated by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). The assay was validated in compliance with US-FDA (United States-Food and Drug Administration), and EMA (European Medicines Agency) guidelines.

LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization interface in positive (for SIM and lovastatin as IS) and negative (for SIM-A) ionization mode performed under the multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for detection of the analytes. The transition of m/z is 436.00 → 285.15, 435.10 → 319.15, and 404.95 → 199.10 for SIM, SIM-A, and IS, respectively. Tert-buthyl methyl ether was used for extraction of analytes from human plasma by a simple LLE followed by addition of an ammonium acetate buffer. The developed method was fully validated with acceptable selectivity, linearity and linear range, matrix effect, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), carryover, dilution integrity, and intra-and inter-day accuracy and precision, free-thaw stability.

The method can be applied for quantification of these compounds in human plasma for in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies.
Study on preliminary screening of the triterpenoid constituents and in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory activity of dragon fruit flowers (Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose)
Authors: Do Tuoi Thi Hong , Nguyen Ngoc Thi , Vu Hien Thu , Nguyen Oanh Thi Kim , Tran Anh Thi Van
Published: February 2022

The flowers of Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose have been reported in vitro antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. This study screened preliminarily the triterpenoid constituents and evaluated in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory activity of H. undatus flowers. H. undatus flowers were harvested from Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam at four different flowering stages, and their five separated parts (stamen, pistil, petals, ovary, and sepals) were extracted with ethanol. Triterpenoids were identified in the extracts by thin-layer chromatography and Liebermann - Burchard reaction. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was evaluated using the dopachrome method with L-tyrosine substrate and kojic acid as the positive control. Results showed that at the different flowering periods, there was the formation of different parts of the flowers. The triterpenoid compounds are the main constituents in the H. undatus flower extracts. The 70% ethanol extract from H. undatus flower at the stage of 2 - 3 days before blooming exhibited the strongest tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 266.4 μg/mL compared to that of 7.60 μg/mL of kojic acid. In the case of separation of flower parts, 70% ethanol extracts of each part inhibited weakly the tyrosinase enzyme. In conclusion, the present study provided information about the morphological characteristics of H. undatus flower collected from Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam. Triterpenoid was found as the main constituents of the ethanolic extracts of H. undatus flower. The 70% ethanol extract from whole H. undatus flower at the stage of 2 - 3 days before blooming exhibited strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity.
Effective and safe profile of mini-pulse corticosteroid among COVID-19 inpatients: a case series
Authors: Nguyen Thuan Thanh , Vu Vu Hoang , Tran Hoa , Nguyen Chinh Duc , Nguyen Khang Duong , Nguyen Dung , Nguyen Mai Thi Tuyet , Trinh Thuy Thi Thanh , Vo Tuyen Kim , Phan Toan Thanh , Ha Uyen Ngoc Le , Truong Binh Quang
Published: February 2022

The COVID-19 epidemic has spanned four waves in Vietnam, the most recent and also the most deadly of which began in April 2021.

We reported on a group of University Medical Center Ho Chi Minh City patients who were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection and were suitable for mini-pulse corticosteroid therapy with 125 mg of methylprednisolone twice daily for at least three days. Demographics, clinical, laboratory, and outcome data were gathered by electronic medical report. We also compared laboratory data before and after the start of mini-pulse corticosteroid therapy, as well as between the discharged and deceased groups.

We gathered data on 25 patients. The average age was 61.5 ± 11.9 years, and 52% of them were male. Dyspnea was the most prevalent chief complaint. Almost all of them had at least one co-morbidity, with hypertension being the most common; all of them were put on oxygen supplementation, and 44% were started on mini-pulse corticosteroid while using a high-flow nasal cannula. Eighty-four (21%) reacted well and were discharged, whereas sixteen (4%) worsened and died. The deceased group was older than the discharged group (69.8 ±3.1 vs. 59.9 ± 12.4, p =.005).

Our findings suggest that methylprednisolone at a mini-pulse dosage might be an effective and safe treatment option for COVID-19 inpatients in the inflammatory stage.
Key Issues in Vocabulary Teaching: A Brief Overview
Authors: En-nda Souad , Koumachi Bani
Published: February 2022

Vocabulary is still neglected in EFL classrooms. Many language educators consider the teaching of vocabulary to be challenging; therefore, they do not devote their teaching time to exposing their students to this vital skill. This article attempts to shed light on some of the vital issues related to the teaching of vocabulary to help teachers who are not yet ready to teach this skill. It begins with a discussion on the importance of teaching vocabulary by addressing the main reasons why vocabulary needs to be taught. Then, it gives a brief account of the different aspects that language educators need to take into account when teaching vocabulary to their learners. Besides, it introduces a list of the most useful strategies that language instructors can incorporate into their classrooms to teach vocabulary effectively. Finally, it sheds light on the different ways teachers can utilize to assess their students’ vocabulary learning. Results of the study provide insights on how language educators, who encountered difficulties in teaching vocabulary and decided to neglect it in their classrooms, can make teaching vocabulary effective
Substantiation of the Mechanized Technology of Putting Fallow Lands into Circulation for the Testes of Perennial Grasses
Authors:   Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Aldoshin N.V. , Vasilyev A.S. ,   Tver State Agricultural Academy
Published: February 2022

The paper presents research materials on the development and implementation of various machine-technological schemes for introducing middle-aged deposits into agricultural circulation for the testes of meadow timothy. Structurally, the schemes differed among themselves in the methods of soil cultivation and machine support. Assessment of the technological impacts of the studied agricultural practices revealed the technology, which was characterized by the greatest positive effect on the structural and aggregate composition, density and hardness of the soil, as well as the weediness of agrophytocenoses.
Application of Low-temperature Plasma for Treatment of Barley Seeds
Authors:   RIRAE, Petrukhina D.I. , Shishko V.I. ,   RIRAE, Tkhorik O.V. ,   RIRAE, Kharlamov V.A. ,   RIRAE, Gorbatov S.A. ,   RIRAE
Published: February 2022

It has been established that treatment with lowtemperature argon microwave plasma of atmospheric pressure for 1 to 10 minutes does not statistically significantly change laboratory germination, as well as the degree of damage and prevalence of helminthosporiasis in seven-day-old barley seedlings. Processing for 10 minutes reduces the wet weight. The barley seeds germination energy decreases when exposed for 5 and 10 minutes.
Features of the Impact on the Soil of Combine Harvesters
Authors:   Rosinformagrotekh, Skorlyakov V.I. , Revenko V.Yu. ,   Rosinformagrotekh
Published: February 2022

The ranges of change in the wheels load of combine harvesters in the technological process of harvesting grain crops are established. The results of experimental and calculated estimates of the indicators of the maximum pressure of the wheels on the soil and of the tendencies of their change in the production in-demand range of the size and weight characteristics of combines are presented.
Ocular manifestations among the professional computer workers attending the out patient department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University : a cross sectional study
Authors: Khan Nusaffarin , Ahmed Md Sharfuddin , Wadud Syed Abdul , Kabir Md Showkat , Hoque Mohammed Moinul , Chowdhury Nirupam , Faruk Hossain Md Golam , Rahman Shaila
Published: February 2022

The computer vision syndrome has become a burning issue in this modern world with the advancement of the technology and its wide use. This study was planned to determine the prevalence of computer vision syndrome among professional computer workers as well as it’s associated risk factors. The cross-sectional study was conducted in the Departments of Community Ophthalmology and Ophthalmology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from September 2017 to February 2020. The professionals using computer on an average 4 hours per day for a duration of at least 1 year attending out patient department for having treatment for their ocular problems were the study population. A total of 77 such subjects were consecutively included in the study. In this present study, the preva- lence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) was 46.8%. The present study demonstrated that middle class and upper-middle class professionals were more likely to be associated with CVS than the lower-middle class computer professionals with risk of developing CVS in former cohort was observed to be almost 3-fold (95% CI=1.1–7.5) higher than that in the latter cohort (p = 0.027). The duration of working on computer predisposes the development of CVS with mean duration of working was on an average 1.2 years higher in subjects with CVS than that in subjects without CVS. Subjects who maintained their level of personal computer(PC) at or above their eye level (while working on computer) were more prone to develop CVS with odds of developing the condition in them being 3.6(95% CI = 1.3-9.7) times higher than the subjects who maintained the level of PC below their eye level (p = 0.010). Glare display also emerged as significant predictor of CVS with odds having the condition being 9.8(95% CI = 1.1-88.6) times higher than that with PCs without glare display (p = 0.016). Seating posture at computer also have its impact on the development of CVS. Computer workers with inappro- priate seating posture are more often associated with the development CVS. The study concluded that over one-quarter of the computer professionals suffer from computer vision syndrome (CVS). The predominant symptoms of CVS are eye strain, irritation of eye, blurred vision and headache. The factors that contribute to the development of CVS are middle class and upper-middle class professionals, prolonged working exposure to computer, level of PC at or above the eye level of the workers, glare display on the screen and inappropriate seating posture.
BSMMU J 2021; 14(3): 31-37
Association of halitosis with dental caries in pediatric patients in a tertiary level hospital
Authors: Mehanaz Nazia , Uddin Helal , Biswas Ashis Kumar , Das Suvasish , Shams Shahriar Mohd , Ahmed Qazi Tanzin , Saha Arup Kumar , Badrudduza Abu Nasher Mohammad
Published: February 2022

Halitosis refers to bad breath is induced by volatile molecules due to pathological or non-pathological factors, prevalent in all ages. It can originate from either oral or non-oral sources. However, dental hygiene, periodontal disease, impacted food, tongue coat, and caries are among the oral-related sources, accounting for 90% of cases of halitosis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the association between halitosis and caries among pediatric patients. This cross-sectional descriptive study documented clinical data from 45 pediatric patients at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). The selected patients were evaluated with the Specific Caries Index (SCI) to detect the caries involvement. A halimeter was used to evaluate halitosis. According to halimeter, the mean value of halitosis in relation to sex was 169.58 ppb, while participants with very strong halitosis were observed in 12.5% of males and 33.3% of females. Patients over the age of 13 manifested extreme halitosis than other selected age groups. The result demonstrated that halitosis increased significantly with a higher score of the caries index. Hence, this study indicated an association between halitosis and the caries index in pediatric patients, highlighting the need for more research to assess its applicability in broader and diverse groups
BSMMU J 2021; 14(3): 62-66
Outcome and complications of Ventralex mesh repair in umbilical hernia
Authors: Majumder Krisna Rani , Rassell Md , Ahmed Hasan Shahrear , Parveen Shaila
Published: February 2022

In recent time, various techniques have been applied for the hernia repair surgery. Considering the possibility of the recurrence rates up to 40%, umbilical and umbilical port hernias have been repaired without mesh for a long time. The repair of these hernias by the Ventralex hernia patch may decrease recurrent hernia rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome and complications of mesh repair in umbilical hernia by the Ventralex hernia patch. A total of 36 patients were studied retrospectively who underwent mesh repair surgery by the Ventralex hernia patch between April 2017 and October 2019 at Anower Khan Modern Medical College & Hospital, Care Medical College & Hospital and LABAID Specialized Hospital. They have also been evaluated for instant post-operative complications, recurrence rate & pain. Short-term clinical outcomes were assessed during post-operative follow up at first and sixth week. One year long-term outcomes were assessed over telephone. In this study, there were 28 female and 8 male patients with the range of age from 24-68 years (Mean 41.5 ±8.36) having 27 umbilical hernias and 9 umbilical port hernias. No major short-term complications were found but early minor complications were found in 5 patients (13.89%). No pain or mild pain was reported in 31 patients after one week’s post-operative follow up. 34 patients reported being very satisfied with their repairs. In this study we found that the Ventralex hernia patch is an effective and easier technique for mesh repair in umbilical and umbilical port hernias. This technique can also save the operative time with less post-operative complications and better outcomes.
BSMMU J 2021; 14(3): 79-84
Reproductive Autonomy of Women in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Tania , Hamid Shaheda , Alam Md Ashraful
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Reproductive autonomy confers a women's decision and controls over, matters related to contraceptive use, pregnancy, and childbearing. Rural women of Bangladesh have very little control to shape up their family with their minimum empowerment and are lagging behind in the practice of use of family planning methods.
Objective: To find out the association among rural women’s reproductive autonomy and contraceptive behavior.
Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among 284 married rural women of reproductive aged in Mohammadpur upazilla, Magura district of Bangladesh from June 2016 to December 2016 selected through simple random sampling. Mixed method approach was introduced for data collection through face to face interview using pretested questionnaire and focused group discussion.
Results: Mean age of the respondents was 26.5±5.7 years with the range of 17 to 45 years. Average monthly family income was 12,561 Taka where majority of the respondents were housewives (83.8%). Education status above primary level was recorded in 23.6%. Early marriage was highly prevalent (77.5%) and mean age of marriage was 17.2±1.7 years. Mean parity was 2.3 per woman. Only 31% of the respondent found to have well reproductive autonomy. Contraceptive use was prevalent in 61.9% of the respondents and only educated women seen to have chance to participate in family planning decision-making. Male participation in contraceptive use was negligible but still men were in main role to give it the final shape to decide about family planning. Women’s reproductive autonomy found to be significantly associated with their contraceptive behavior (p<0.05). Educational status of the women and age gap with the spouse were significantly associated with their reproductive autonomy (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Gender issues were prominent in family planning in rural community and rural women accepted the gender disparity in silence. Policy makers and family planning stake holders should put maximum endeavor to improve women’s reproductive autonomy to strengthen their negotiating capacity in fertility control.
JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 17, No 1 (June) 2021: 30-34
BAROK- ROKOKO ÜSLUPLARININ MİMARİ SÜSLEMEDEKİ GÜCÜ
Authors: HALICI Esra , YURTTAŞ Hüseyin
Published: February 2022

Avrupa’da otoritenin gücünü yansıtan, XVII. ve XIX. yüzyılın ilk yarısını kapsayan dönemde ortaya çıkan Barok-Rokoko üsluplarının mimari kurulumunun yanı sıra beraberinde getirdiği motif zenginliği ile anlamını arttırdığı tartışılmaz bir gerçek olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu noktada üslupların süsleme biçimlerini anlamak adına Avrupa’daki siyasi ortamı, bu ortama hizmet veren sanatsal faaliyetlerin ortaya çıkışını, felsefelerini ve uygulama alanlarını çok iyi irdelemek gerekmektedir. Özellikle süslemenin mimari oluşum içindeki sembolik dili ve biçim değişimlerinin tam olarak algılanamama sorunsalı, süsleme kavramını basit bir süs tanımından öteye taşıyamamaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, Avrupa’da XVII. ve XIX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde ortaya çıkan Barok ve Rokoko üslupları ve değişen yüzyılların bu sanat çalışmaları üzerinde etkileri yabancı kaynaklar ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda mimariden çok süsleme ayrımlarının ön planda tutulduğu araştırmada her iki üslubun süslemede uyguladığı motiflerin biçimsel varyasyonları ve bu üslupların mimari düzendeki süsleme fonksiyonlarının değişimi irdelenmektedir.
Araştırmanın, Türkiye’deki batılılaşma dönemi dediğimiz Geç Dönem Osmanlı sanatında uygulanan yabancı etkili üslup uygulamalarının süslemedeki kullanımlarına da ışık tutacağı düşüncesindeyiz.