bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secondary Buckling of an Elastic Strut under Axial Compression
Authors: Baisheng Wu,
Published: November 2010

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Nachbeulverhalten einer undehnbaren, linear elastischen, zylindrisch in einem Gelenk endenden Stütze mit rechteckigem Querschnitt unter axialer Kompression. Das Längenverhältnis der Seiten des Querschnitts sei 1/2 μ. Für μ ≠ 1 gibt es zwei unterschiedliche Knicklasten, welche für μ = μ = 1 verschmelzen. Unter Verwendung der Liapunov‐Schmidt‐Reduktion zeigen wir die sekundäre Bifurkation der Stütze für jedes μ nahe μ = μ, doch μ ≠ μ. Weiter wird die Stabilität jedes Zustandes durch die Verwendung der reduzierten Potentialenergie analysiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß der stabile primäre Zustand der niedrigsten Knicklast nach der sekundären Bifurkation instabil wird, während alle anderen Zustände instabil sind.
Periodic Solutions and Stability of a Nonlinear Flexible Slider Crank Mechanism by Hbm/Fft
Authors: Lee S. W. , Beale D. G.
Published: November 2010

Periodic steady state solutions are generated by the Harmonic Balance/Fast Fourier Transform method from the nonlinear differential equation of an Euler‐Bernoulli beam rod, constant speed crank, slider crank mechanism. Stability and response of those solutions are examined when piston mass and crank length are varied. Jump, period doubling bifurcations, and amplified response were found.
On Convex Models of Uncertainty for Small Initial Imperfections of Non‐Linear Structures
Authors: Ben‐Haim Y.
Published: November 2010

Wir betrachten die Auswirkungen einer geometrischen Anfangsimperfektion auf eine nichtlineare Struktur an einem einfachen kritischen Limespunkt. Wir leiten Ausdrücke für die maximale Reduktion der kritischen Last ab, wenn die Unsicherheit in den geometrischen Anfangsimperfektionen durch ein konvexes Modell beschrieben wird. Wir zeigen, daß klein erscheinende Änderungen im Modell der Imperfektions‐Unsicherheit substantielle Änderungen in der vorhergesagten maximalen Reduktion der kritischen Last ergeben können. Es ist daher wichtig, ein Unsicherheitsmodell zu verwenden, das bewertet werden kann. Oft ist nur beschränkte Information verfügbar, mit Hilfe derer das Unsicherheitsmodell für die Anfangsimperfektionen formuliert werden kann. Konvexe Modelle beschreiben die Unsicherheit ohne Einsatz oder Voraussetzung von Likelihood‐oder Frequenz‐lnformation. Ein konvexes Unsicherheitsmodell kann in einer Weise formuliert werden, die mit der sehr beschränkten Information über die Anfangsimperfektionen übereinstimmt. Es wird eine Reihe verschiedener konvexer Modelle zur Darstellung der Unsicherheit in den geometrischen Anfangsimperfektionen einer Struktur diskutiert.
Tensorielle Stoffgleichungen zur Beschreibung des anisotropen Kriechverhaltens isotroper Stoffe nach plastischer Vorverformung
Authors: Betten J. , Waniewski M.
Published: November 2010

Durch plastische Vorverformung wird in einem anfangs isotropen Werkstoff eine Anisotropie erzeugt. Somit wird auch das Kriechverhalten durch plastische Vorverformung stark beeinflußt. Es werden nichtlineare Stoffgleichungen für das sekundäre Kriechen mil zwei Argumenttensoren vorgeschlagen, die den Einfluß der plastischen Vorverformung berücksichtigen. Die Aufstellung der Stoffgleichungen basiert auf der Darstellungstheorie tensorwertiger Funktionen. Für praktische Anwendungen ist daraus auch eine vereinfachte Theorie abzuleiten, die durch Einführung eines Stofftensors zweiter Stufe als zweiten Argumenttensor die plastische Vorverformung als Funktion von den vorausgegangenen Belastungs‐und Verformungszuständen berücksichtigt. Zur Überprüfung der tensoriellen Beziehungen werden eigene experimentelle Untersuchungen an dem Material INCONEL 617 (s. Abschnitt 6) herangezogen.
An Iterative Method for the Computation of a Matrix Inverse Square Root
Authors: Lakić S.
Published: November 2010

In dieser Arbeit geben wir zwei Iterationsverfahren zur Berechnung einer inversen Quadratwurzel für eine gegebene Matrix an. Die beiden Verfahren werden analysiert, und ihre numerische Stabilität wird untersucht.
Snooping in the sand
Authors: Huang K. , Krülle C. , Rehberg I.
Published: November 2010

Because of the energy dissipation through friction and inelastic collisions between particles, agitated granular matter is generally speaking in a state far from thermal equilibrium. It can be considered as being a complex state of matter, which combines properties of the fluid and of the solid state. In order to provide data for modeling this peculiar state of matter, we investigate the dynamic behavior of granular matter under a two‐dimensional vibration in two different experimental setups.
“Cautiously Optimistic” Comments on “Black Americans in the 21st Century: Should we be Optimistic or Concerned?”
Authors: Sharpe Rhonda Vonshay
Published: November 2010

This is a commentary on Angel Harris' examination of the current state and challenges facing the black community. Harris provides a comprehensive overview of the socio-economic status of the black Americans and questions America's ability to achieve the American “creed of opportunity”. My response to Harris' question, “Should we be pessimistic or optimistic”, is that I am cautiously optimistic. My optimism is rooted in postsecondary progress of black despite challenges to affirmative action and the lingering test score gap between blacks and whites. However, I am “cautious” about the willingness of policy makers to use “race targeted” or “wealth-based-tested” programs to arrest practices which hinder employment, income and wealth opportunity.
Lymphatic absorption of α-linolenic acid in rats fed flaxseed oil-based emulsion
Authors: Couëdelo Leslie , Boué-Vaysse Carole , Fonseca Laurence , Montesinos Emeline , Djoukitch Sandrine , Combe Nicole , Cansell Maud
Published: November 2010

The bioavailability of α-linolenic acid (ALA) from flaxseed oil in an emulsified formv.a non-emulsified form was investigated by using two complementary approaches: the first one dealt with the characterisation of the flaxseed oil emulsion inin vitrogastrointestinal-like conditions; the second one compared the intestinal absorption of ALA in rats fed the two forms of the oil. Thein vitrostudy on emulsified flaxseed oil showed that decreasing the pH from 7·3 to 1·5 at the physiological temperature (37°C) induced instantaneous oil globule coalescence. Some phase separation was observed under acidic conditions that vanished after further neutralisation. The lecithin used to stabilise the emulsions inhibited TAG hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase. In contrast, lipid solubilisation by bile salts (after lipase and phospholipase hydrolysis) was favoured by preliminary oil emulsification. Thein vivoabsorption of ALA in thoracic lymph duct-cannulated rats fed flaxseed oil, emulsified or non-emulsified, was quantified. Oil emulsification significantly favoured the rate and extent of ALA recovery as measured by the maximum ALA concentration in the lymph (Cmax = 14 mg/ml at 3 h in the emulsion groupv.9 mg/ml at 5 h in the oil group;P < 0·05). Likewise, the area under the curve of the kinetics was significantly higher in the emulsion group (48 mg × h/ml for rats fed emulsionv.26 mg × h/ml for rats fed oil;P < 0·05). On the whole, ALA bioavailability was improved with flaxseed oil ingested in an emulsified state. Data obtained from thein vitrostudies helped to partly interpret the physiological results.
Comparison between an interactive web-based self-administered 24 h dietary record and an interview by a dietitian for large-scale epidemiological studies
Authors: Touvier Mathilde , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Méjean Caroline , Pollet Clothilde , Malon Aurélie , Castetbon Katia , Hercberg Serge
Published: November 2010

Online self-administered data collection, by reducing the logistic burden and cost, could advantageously replace classical methods based on dietitian's interviews when assessing dietary intake in large epidemiological studies. Studies comparing such new instruments with traditional methods are necessary. Our objective was to compare one NutriNet-Santé web-based self-administered 24 h dietary record with one 24 h recall carried out by a dietitian. Subjects completed the web-based record, which was followed the next day by a dietitian-conducted 24 h recall by telephone (corresponding to the same day and using the same computerised interface for data entry). The subjects were 147 volunteers aged 48–75 years (women 59·2 %). The study was conducted in February 2009 in France. Agreement was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for foods and energy-adjusted Pearson's correlations for nutrients. Agreement between the two methods was high, although it may have been overestimated because the two assessments were consecutive to one another. Among consumers only, the median of ICC for foods was 0·8 in men and 0·7 in women (range 0·5–0·9). The median of energy-adjusted Pearson's correlations for nutrients was 0·8 in both sexes (range 0·6–0·9). The mean Pearson correlation was higher in subjects ≤ 60 years (P = 0·02) and in those who declared being ‘experienced/expert’ with computers (P = 0·0003), but no difference was observed according to educational level (P = 0·12). The mean completion time was similar between the two methods (median for both methods: 25 min). The web-based method was preferred by 66·1 % of users. Our web-based dietary assessment, permitting considerable logistic simplification and cost savings, may be highly advantageous for large population-based surveys.
ENT morbidity at high altitude
Authors: Prasad B K
Published: November 2010

Background:

People suffer unique health problems in high altitude areas, due to such factors as elevation, aircraft ascent and descent, extreme cold, hypoxia, hypobaria, and low relative humidity. This study was conducted to evaluate ENT morbidity at high altitude.

Methods:

Serving soldiers introduced to a high altitude environment who presented with various ENT symptoms were examined to identify ENT disease. In addition, patients undergoing hyperbaric chamber therapy, tracheostomy and treatment of cold injuries were also examined for ENT problems.

Results:

The following were detected: 13 cases of otic barotrauma, 11 cases of sinus barotrauma, three cases of vertigo, six cases of pinna frostbite, three cases of barotrauma caused by hyperbaric chamber therapy, an unusually high incidence of epistaxis, and innumerable patients with high altitude pharyngitis.

Conclusion:

Diseases of the ear, nose and throat contribute significantly to high altitude morbidity. In a military context, health education of troops is necessary to avoid such problems.
Random products of automorphisms of Heisenberg nilmanifolds and Weil’s representation
Authors: BEKKA BACHIR , HEU JEAN-ROMAIN
Published: November 2010

Forn≥1, letHbe the (2n+1)-dimensional real Heisenberg group, and let Λ be a lattice inH. Let Γ be the group of automorphisms of the corresponding nilmanifold Λ∖HandUthe associated unitary representation of Γ onL2(Λ∖H) . Denote byTthe maximal torus factor associated to Λ∖H. Using Weil’s representation (also known as the metaplectic representation), we show that a dense set of matrix coefficients of the restriction ofUto the orthogonal complement ofL2(T) inL2(Λ∖H) belong toℓ4n+2+ε(Γ) for every ε>0 . We give the following application to random walks on Λ∖Hdefined by a probability measureμon Aut (Λ∖H) . Denoting by Γ(μ) the subgroup of Aut (Λ∖H) generated by the support ofμand byU0andV0the restrictions ofUto, respectively, the subspaces ofL2(Λ∖H) andL2(T) with zero mean, we prove the following inequality:whereλis the left regular representation of Γ(μ) onℓ2(Γ(μ)) . In particular, the action of Γ(μ) on Λ∖Hhas a spectral gap if and only if the corresponding action of Γ(μ) onThas a spectral gap.
Measures of maximal relative entropy with full support
Authors: YOO JISANG
Published: November 2010

Let π be a factor map from an irreducible shift of finite type X to a shift space Y. Let ν be an invariant probability measure on Y with full support. We show that every measure on X of maximal relative entropy over ν is fully supported. As a result, given any invariant probability measure ν on Y with full support, there is an invariant probability measure μ on X with full support that maps to ν under π. If ν is ergodic, μ can be chosen to be ergodic. These results can be generalized to the case of sofic shifts. We demonstrate that the results do not extend to general shift spaces by providing counterexamples.
Combining facilitated dialogue and spatial data analysis to compile landscape history
Authors: DUNCAN DAVID H. , KYLE GARRETH , RACE DIGBY
Published: November 2010

Successful reconstruction or restoration of formerly cleared landscapes depends on land use history and its legacies. Programmes developed without consideration of these legacies may fail to be effective and lack credibility. However, compiling landscape histories is not simple; our participatory workshops with long-term local residents combined spatial data on landscape change with facilitated conversations to compile a history of landscape change. Timing and extent of key environmental and socioeconomic drivers of woody vegetation cover change since European settlement were established. Some drivers of clearing were relatively well-known, such as drought, or clearing for surface mining and pastoralism. However, others, including important interactions like prolonged drought intersecting with declining wool prices, were less known. These workshops verified provisional data, tested focus and methods, and identified critical time periods for further investigation. The workshops were a powerful transdisciplinary research tool that enhanced the understanding of researchers and participants beyond expectations. Other researchers should consider the general approach when assembling landscape history as a basis for documenting the degree and causes of change.
Seed mass and shape are related to persistence in a sandy soil in northern China
Authors: Zhao Ling-Ping , Wu Gao-Lin , Cheng Ji-Min
Published: November 2010

Whether and how seed mass and shape are related to seed persistence in soil is a controversial topic in plant ecology. There is little information on this relationship in sandy habitats. We tested whether or not this pattern is retained among 141 species within a range of growth forms, from a wide range of families, in the Horqin sandy land of northern China, which belongs to the inland sand ecosystem. We collected information on seed mass, shape and persistence of these species in this region from published articles. Seed mass and shape were found to be significantly and negatively correlated to persistence in the soil in the Chinese flora, in the same way as in most other floras examined, but not in the same way as the Israeli coastal sand dune flora. The value of seed mass and shape as good predictors of persistence in the soil could be applied to the Horqin sandy land. Although many factors affect the relationship between seed mass, shape and persistence, ease of burial appears to be the main potential interpretation in the Horqin sandy land.
Connecting people, connecting places: antiquarians as mediators in sixteenth-century Rome
Authors: FURLOTTI BARBARA
Published: November 2010

During the sixteenth century, antiquarians increasingly developed a self-conscious identity as a professional group with specific social, intellectual and artisan skills. Their activity was not linked to a particular place though: antiquities surfaced from the earth both inside and outside the city walls and were traded in streets, squares, private houses and gardens. Using the Stampa brothers as a case-study, this article investigates the role and commercial strategies of antiquarians and their ability to cross the boundaries of social groups, since they had to deal with artisans, peasants and artists on one side, and cardinals and gentlemen on the other.
Planning a graduate programme in public health nutrition for experienced nutrition professionals
Authors: Fox Ann , Beyers Joanne
Published: November 2010

Objective

Public health renewal in Canada has highlighted the need for development and expansion of the public health nutrition workforce, particularly in northern and rural communities. The purpose of the present paper is to describe the planning of a more accessible graduate programme for experienced nutrition professionals. The planning effort was challenged by a short timeframe between programme approval and implementation and required intense collaboration with stakeholders and students.

Design

The programme planning model developed by The Health Communication Unit (THCU) at the Centre for Health Promotion was used to guide the process. This six-step model was familiar to key stakeholders and involved pre-planning, conducting a situational assessment, establishing goals and objectives, developing strategies and outcome indicators, and monitoring feedback.

Results

Resource constraints, short timelines and debates around distance education options presented challenges that were overcome by conducting a thorough needs assessment, creating an advisory committee, engaging key stakeholders in the planning process, and building on existing resources. Extensive involvement of the first cohort of students in ongoing planning and evaluation was particularly helpful in informing the evolution of the programme.

Conclusions

The THCU planning model provided a useful framework for stakeholder collaboration and for planning and implementing the new graduate programme in public health nutrition. Preliminary data suggest that graduates are benefiting from their educational experiences through career enhancement opportunities. The evaluation strategies built into the programme design will be useful in informing ongoing programme development.
Childhood underweight, weight gain during childhood to adolescence/young adulthood and incidence of adult metabolic syndrome in the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) Project
Authors: Pimenta Adriano M , Beunza Juan-José , Sanchez-Villegas Almudena , Bes-Rastrollo Maira , Martinez-Gonzalez Miguel A
Published: November 2010

Objective

To assess associations between childhood body weight, weight gain during childhood to adolescence/young adulthood and incidence of adult metabolic syndrome (MetS).

Design

A dynamic prospective cohort study (the SUN Project; Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra). Participants were asked to select which of nine body images most closely represented their body shape at ages 5 and 20 years, and it was used as a proxy of BMI. An incident case of MetS was diagnosed according to criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. Associations between childhood body weight, weight gain during childhood to adolescence/young adulthood and incidence of adult MetS were estimated by multiple-adjusted odds ratios and their 95 % confidence intervals.

Setting

University of Navarra, Spain.

Subjects

The study included 5317 university graduates, followed-up for a median of 6·1 years.

Results

The incidence of MetS was 2·9 % (1·7 % in women and 5·1 % in men). Among men, body shape at age 5 years was inversely related to adult MetS (OR = 0·83, 95 % CI 0·72, 0·97), whereas weight gain during childhood to adolescence/young adulthood was directly associated with adult MetS (OR = 1·49, 95 % CI 1·01, 2·18); both childhood underweight (OR = 5·20, 95 % CI 1·87, 14·50) and childhood obesity (OR = 4·66, 95 % CI 1·40, 15·51) increased the likelihood of adult MetS. No association was apparent among women.

Conclusions

These results support treating childhood underweight and weight gain during childhood to adolescence/young adulthood as part of comprehensive adult MetS prevention efforts in men.
Phylogeny, phylogeography and genetic diversity of the Pisum genus
Authors: Smýkal Petr , Kenicer Gregory , Flavell Andrew J. , Corander Jukka , Kosterin Oleg , Redden Robert J. , Ford Rebecca , Coyne Clarice J. , Maxted Nigel , Ambrose Mike J. , Ellis Noel T. H.
Published: November 2010

The tribeFabeae(formerlyVicieae) contains some of humanity's most important grain legume crops, namelyLathyrus(grass pea/sweet pea/chickling vetches; about 160 species);Lens(lentils; 4 species);Pisum(peas; 3 species);Vicia(vetches; about 140 species); and the monotypic genusVavilovia.Reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships within this group is essential for understanding the origin and diversification of these crops. Our study, based on molecular data, has positionedPisumgenetically betweenViciaandLathyrusand shows it to be closely allied toVavilovia.A study of phylogeography, using a combination of plastid and nuclear markers, suggested that wild pea spread from its centre of origin, the Middle East, eastwards to the Caucasus, Iran and Afghanistan, and westwards to the Mediterranean. To allow for direct data comparison, we utilized model-based Bayesian Analysis of Population structure (BAPS) software on 4429Pisumaccessions from three large world germplasm collections that include both wild and domesticated pea analyzed by retrotransposon-based markers. An analysis of genetic diversity identified separate clusters containing wild material, distinguishingPisum fulvum,P. elatiusandP. abyssinicum, supporting the view of separate species or subspecies. Moreover, accessions of domesticated peas of Afghan, Ethiopian and Chinese origin were distinguished. In addition to revealing the genetic relationships, these results also provided insight into geographical and phylogenetic partitioning of genetic diversity. This study provides the framework for defining globalPisumgermplasm diversity as well as suggesting a model for the domestication of the cultivated species. These findings, together with gene-based sequence analysis, show that although introgression from wild species has been common throughout pea domestication, much of the diversity still resides in wild material and could be used further in breeding. Moreover, although existing collections contain over 10,000 pea accessions, effort should be directed towards collecting more wild material in order to preserve the genetic diversity of the species.
Ozone depletion in tropospheric volcanic plumes
Authors: Vance Alan , McGonigle Andrew J. S. , Aiuppa Alessandro , Stith Jeffrey L. , Turnbull Kate , von Glasow Roland
Published: November 2010

We measured ozone (O3) concentrations in the atmospheric plumes of the volcanoes St. Augustine (1976), Mt. Etna (2004, 2009) and Eyjafjallajökull (2010) and found O3 to be strongly depleted compared to the background at each volcano. At Mt. Etna O3 was depleted within tens of seconds from the crater, the age of the St. Augustine plumes was on the order of hours, whereas the O3 destruction in the plume of Eyjafjallajökull was maintained in 1–9 day old plumes. The most likely cause for this O3 destruction are catalytic bromine reactions as suggested by a model that manages to reproduce the very early destruction of O3 but also shows that O3 destruction is ongoing for several days. Given the observed rapid and sustained destruction of O3, heterogeneous loss of O3 on ash is unlikely to be important.
Thermal response of the mantle following the formation of a “super‐plate”
Authors: Heron P. J. , Lowman J. P.
Published: November 2010

Evidence indicating that the mantle below Pangea was characterized by elevated temperatures supports the widely held view that a supercontinent insulates the underlying mantle. Implementing a 3D model of mantle convection featuring distinct oceanic and continental plates, we explore different effects of supercontinent formation on mantle evolution. We find that a halt in subduction along the margins of the site of the continental collision is sufficient to enable the formation of mantle plumes below a composite “super‐plate” and that the addition of continental properties that contribute to insulation have little effect on sub‐continental temperature. Our findings show that the mean temperature below a supercontinent surpasses that below the oceanic plates when the former is a perfect insulator but that continental thermal insulation plays only a minor role in the growth of sub‐supercontinent mantle plumes. We suggest that the growth of a super‐oceanic plate can equally encourage the appearance of underlying upwellings.
Simulations of the response of mesospheric circulation and temperature to the Antarctic ozone hole
Authors: Smith Anne K. , Garcia Rolando R. , Marsh Daniel R. , Kinnison Douglas E. , Richter Jadwiga H.
Published: November 2010

The loss of ozone that has occurred in the Antarctic lower stratosphere during each spring since 1980 has led to a decrease in the lower stratospheric temperature that persists into the summer season. The temperature changes are accompanied by changes in the zonal wind in the SH stratosphere that affect the filtering of gravity waves propagating into the mesosphere. In simulations with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), the resulting gravity wave changes have led to a weakening of the SH summer upwelling around 65–80 km and of the equatorward flow around 0.01 hPa. The trend occurs primarily in the years 1975–1990. The circulation changes are accompanied by an increase in the SH temperature at 65–85 km and a decrease at 95 km. Comparison of the summer temperatures in the NH and SH indicates a distinctive offset beginning around 1980. The increase in temperature near the SH summer mesopause has implications for the presence of polar mesospheric clouds.
Long‐term effect of volcanic forcing on ocean heat content
Authors: Gregory J. M.
Published: November 2010

Explosive volcanic eruptions cause episodic negative radiative forcing of the climate system. Using coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) subjected to historical forcing since the late nineteenth century, previous authors have shown that each large volcanic eruption is associated with a sudden drop in ocean heat content and sea‐level from which the subsequent recovery is slow. Here we show that this effect may be an artefact of experimental design, caused by the AOGCMs not having been spun up to a steady state with volcanic forcing before the historical integrations begin. Because volcanic forcing has a long‐term negative average, a cooling tendency is thus imposed on the ocean in the historical simulation. We recommend that an extra experiment be carried out in parallel to the historical simulation, with constant time‐mean historical volcanic forcing, in order to correct for this effect and avoid misinterpretation of ocean heat content changes.
Excitation and steepening of ion‐acoustic waves in the ionospheric Alfvén resonator
Authors: Sydorenko D. , Rankin R. , Kabin K.
Published: November 2010

A nonlinear two‐dimensional fluid model describing excitation of the ionospheric Alfvén resonator by a shear Alfvén wave coming from the magnetosphere is developed. Initially, the plasma is in an equilibrium defined by a balance between the gravity, electric field, and pressure gradient forces. This equilibrium is perturbed when a standing Alfvén wave is excited in the resonator. The nonlinear Lorentz force of the wave creates converging and diverging plasma flows along the geomagnetic field, thus producing compressions and rarefactions in the plasma density. Simulation reveals that density perturbations evolve into ion‐acoustic shock waves in a process similar to the nonlinear steepening of sound waves in neutral gases. A shock associated with compression of hydrogen ions propagates faster than a shock associated with compression of oxygen ions. One‐dimensional shock‐capturing Poisson simulation reveals that the shocks appear as double layers at first, but then they decay into ion‐acoustic wave packets. The drop of potential across each shock is negligible at any stage of shock's development, making these shocks unfavorable for auroral electron acceleration.
Influence of interannual tidal modulation on coastal flooding along the Western Australian coast
Authors: Eliot Matt
Published: November 2010

Diurnal and semidiurnal tides are modulated over a range of time scales, including systematic annual and interannual variations. Although identified for other parts of the world, the effects of interannual tidal modulations have had limited attention on the Western Australian coast. Research described here identified that tidal modulations are a significant and regular factor in the frequency with which high water level thresholds are exceeded. Hence, tidal modulations provide a predictable contribution to the coastal management effort required on a year‐to‐year basis and allow prediction of periods where there is enhanced risk of flooding to coastal infrastructure. As has been demonstrated elsewhere, these cycles are obscured within conventional harmonic and extreme analysis, and their identification requires dedicated techniques. In this study, annual standard deviations and exceedance frequency have been used to examine both hourly and high‐pass‐filtered water levels to establish the influence of tidal modulations. The relative contribution of the two principal cycles and their subharmonics varies along the Western Australian coast from north to south and hence is strongly linked to the tidal form. High‐tide levels for Western Australian locations with diurnal tidal dominance are dominated by the lunar nodal cycle, with a clear 18.6 year signal in the Fremantle‐Bunbury region. The cycle most recently peaked in 2007 with declining tidal peaks expected until 2017. High‐tide levels for locations with semidiurnal tidal dominance are mainly affected by the lunar perigean subharmonic, causing a 4.4 year cycle along the Northwest Shelf. The last peak occurred in 2006 with the next peak due in 2011.
Investigation of the sulphate‐induced freezing inhibition effect from CloudSat and CALIPSO measurements
Authors: Grenier Patrick , Blanchet Jean‐Pierre
Published: November 2010

The hypothesis according to which higher sulphate concentrations favor ice clouds made of larger ice crystals is tested using data sets from the CloudSat and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellites. This is a potential consequence of the sulphate‐induced freezing inhibition (SIFI) effect, namely, the hypothesis that sulphates contribute to inhibit the onset of ice crystal formation by deactivating ice‐forming nuclei during Arctic winter. A simple index based on the backscattering at 532 nm and the color ratio from the CALIPSO lidar measurements is compared against in situ sulphate concentration time series and used as a proxy for this variable. An algorithm using the lidar data and the CloudSat radar microphysical retrievals is also developed for identifying cloud types, focusing on those supposedly favored by the SIFI effect. The analysis includes the effect of the lidar off‐nadir angle on the sulphate index and the cloud classification, the validation of the index, as well as the production of circum‐Arctic maps of the sulphate index and of the SIFI‐favored clouds fraction. The increase of the lidar off‐nadir angle is shown to cause an increase in the measured depolarization ratio and hence in the ability to detect ice crystals. The index correlates positively with both sulphates and sea salt concentrations, with a Pearson correlation coefficient () varying from 0.10 to 0.42 for the different comparisons performed. Ultimate findings are the results of two correlation tests of the SIFI effect, which allow for a new outlook on its possible role in the Arctic troposphere during winter.
Do anthropogenic aerosols enhance or suppress the surface cloud forcing in the Arctic?
Authors: Alterskjær K. , Kristjánsson J. E. , Hoose C.
Published: November 2010

Earlier studies suggest that aerosol‐cloud interactions may have contributed to the increase in surface air temperature recently observed in the Arctic. While those studies focused on longwave effects of strong pollution events around Barrow, Alaska, we use a global climate model (CAM‐Oslo) to study the annual and seasonal net radiative effect of aerosol‐cloud interactions over the entire Arctic region. The model is validated against and adjusted to match observations from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean campaign along with measuring stations within the Arctic region. Several sensitivity experiments were conducted which included changes in both cloud properties and aerosol concentrations. Results show that the longwave indirect effect at the surface lies between 0.10 and 0.85 W/m2 averaged annually north of 71°N, while the shortwave indirect effect lies between −1.29 W/m2 and −0.52 W/m2. Due to longwave dominance in winter, 6 of 11 simulations give a positive change in net cloud forcing between October and May (−0.16 to 0.29 W/m2), while the change in forcing averaged over the summer months is negative for all model simulations (from −2.63 to −0.23 W/m2). The annually averaged change in net cloud forcing at the surface is negative in 10 of 11 simulations, lying between −0.98 and 0.12 W/m2. In conclusion, our results point to a small decrease in the surface radiative flux due to the aerosol indirect effect in the Arctic, but these estimates are subject to uncertainties in the frequency of thin clouds and biases in the estimated cloud cover.
Recent La Plata basin drought conditions observed by satellite gravimetry
Authors: Chen J. L. , Wilson C. R. , Tapley B. D. , Longuevergne L. , Yang Z. L. , Scanlon B. R.
Published: November 2010

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) provides quantitative measures of terrestrial water storage (TWS) change. GRACE data show a significant decrease in TWS in the lower (southern) La Plata river basin of South America over the period 2002–2009, consistent with recognized drought conditions in the region. GRACE data reveal a detailed picture of temporal and spatial evolution of this severe drought event, which suggests that the drought began in lower La Plata in around austral spring 2008 and then spread to the entire La Plata basin and peaked in austral fall 2009. During the peak, GRACE data show an average TWS deficit of ∼12 cm (equivalent water layer thickness) below the 7 year mean, in a broad region in lower La Plata. GRACE measurements are consistent with accumulated precipitation data from satellite remote sensing and with vegetation index changes derived from Terra satellite observations. The Global Land Data Assimilation System model captures the drought event but underestimates its intensity. Limited available groundwater‐level data in southern La Plata show significant groundwater depletion, which is likely associated with the drought in this region. GRACE‐observed TWS change and precipitation anomalies in the studied region appear to closely correlate with the ENSO climate index, with dry and wet seasons corresponding to La Niña and El Niño events, respectively.
Carbon, water, and energy fluxes in a semiarid cold desert grassland during and following multiyear drought
Authors: Bowling D. R. , Bethers‐Marchetti S. , Lunch C. K. , Grote E. E. , Belnap J.
Published: November 2010

The net exchanges of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy were examined in a perennial Colorado Plateau grassland for 5 years. The study began within a multiyear drought and continued as the drought ended. The grassland is located near the northern boundary of the influence of the North American monsoon, a major climatic feature bringing summer rain. Following rain, evapotranspiration peaked above 8 mm d−1 but was usually much smaller (2–4 mm d−1). Net productivity of the grassland was low compared to other ecosystems, with peak hourly net CO2 uptake in the spring of 4 μmol m−2 s−1 and springtime carbon gain in the range of 42 ± 11 g C m−2 (based on fluxes) to 72 ± 55 g C m−2 (based on carbon stocks; annual carbon gain was not quantified). Drought decreased gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and total ecosystem respiration, with a much larger GEP decrease. Monsoon rains led to respiratory pulses, lasting a few days at most, and only rarely resulted in net CO2 gain, despite the fact that C4 grasses dominated plant cover. Minor CO2 uptake was observed in fall following rain. Spring CO2 uptake was regulated by deep soil moisture, which depended on precipitation in the prior fall and winter. The lack of CO2 uptake during the monsoon and the dependence of GEP on deep soil moisture are in contrast with arid grasslands of the warm deserts. Cold desert grasslands are most likely to be impacted by future changes in winter and not summer precipitation.
Breakthrough Scedosporium apiospermum (Pseudallescheria boydii) brain abscess during therapy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis following high‐risk allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Scedosporiasis and recent advances in antifungal therapy
Authors: Safdar A. , Papadopoulos E.B. , Young J.W.
Published: November 2010

Abstract: Systemic scedosporiasis due to the anamorph or asexual form Scedosporium apiospermum (Pseudallescheria boydii) has become an important cause of opportunistic mycosis, especially in patients undergoing high‐risk hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We report a case of rapidly progressive cerebellar hyalohyphomycosis due to Scedosporium apiospermum in an allogeneic marrow graft recipient receiving treatment for severe graft‐versus‐host disease. This fatal breakthrough intracranial abscess, due to amphotericin B‐resistant (minimum inhibitory concentration > 16 µg/ml) mold, developed during the course of systemic antifungal therapy given for multicentric pulmonary aspergillosis. Despite treatment with high‐dose Abelcet® (10 mg/kg daily), free amphotericin B was not detected in postmortem cerebellar tissue. A broad‐spectrum triazole‐based agent (voriconazole/UK‐109, 496 – Vfend®), and a novel fungal cell wall inhibitor, an echinocandin/pneumocandin analog (caspofungin/MK‐0991 – Cancidas®), which exhibit excellent in vitro activity against most clinical Pseudallescheria boydii–Scedosporium apiospermum isolates, have recently become available in the United States and may provide much needed treatment options for patients at risk.
Cavitary pneumonia due to Rhodococcus equi in a heart transplant recipient
Authors: Kwak E.J. , Strollo D.C. , Kulich S.M. , Kusne S.
Published: November 2010

Abstract: Rhodococcus equi is an uncommon human pathogen that usually affects immunocompromised patients. We present a case of a 68‐year‐old male heart transplant recipient, who developed rhodococcal pneumonia with secondary bacteremia 10 months post‐transplant. The patient was a retired carpenter who was involved in breeding of horses. He responded completely to the treatment with vancomycin and imipenem/cilastin, followed by oral ciprofloxacin and minocycline for total treatment duration of 5 months. This case highlights the association between an animal exposure and infection with a unique opportunistic pathogen.
Erratum
Authors: Kittler JT , Moss SJ
Published: November 2010

Neurotransmitter receptor trafficking and the regulation of synaptic strength. Traffic 2001:2(7):437–448.
GAIP Participates in Budding of Membrane Carriers at the Trans‐Golgi Network
Authors: Wylie Fiona G. , Lock John G. , Jamriska Lubomira , Khromykh Tatiana , L. Brown Darren , Stow Jennifer L.
Published: November 2010

Galpha interacting protein (GAIP) is a regulator of G protein signaling protein that associates dynamically with vesicles and has been implicated in membrane trafficking, although its specific role is not yet known. Using an in vitro budding assay, we show that GAIP is recruited to a specific population of trans‐Golgi network‐derived vesicles and that these are distinct from coatomer or clathrin‐coated vesicles. A truncation mutant (NT‐GAIP) encoding only the N‐terminal half of GAIP is recruited to trans‐Golgi network membranes during the formation of vesicle carriers. Overexpression of NT‐GAIP induces the formation of long, coated tubules, which are stabilized by microtubules. Results from the budding assay and from imaging in live cells show that these tubules remain attached to the Golgi stack rather than being released as carrier vesicles. NT‐GAIP expression blocks membrane budding and results in the accumulation of tubular carrier intermediates. NT‐GAIP‐decorated tubules are competent to load vesicular stomatitis virus protein G‐green fluorescent protein as post‐Golgi, exocytic cargo and in cells expressing NT‐GAIP there is reduced surface delivery of vesicular stomatitis virus protein G‐green fluorescent protein. We conclude that GAIP functions as an essential part of the membrane budding machinery for a subset of post‐Golgi exocytic carriers derived from the trans‐Golgi network.
Role of Lipids in the Retrograde Pathway of Ricin Intoxication
Authors: Spilsberg Bjørn , van Meer Gerrit , Sandvig Kirsten
Published: November 2010

The plant toxin ricin binds to both glycosphingolipids and glycoproteins with terminal galactose and is transported to the Golgi apparatus in a cholesterol‐dependent manner. To explore the question of whether glycosphingolipid binding of ricin or glycosphingolipid synthesis is essential for transport of ricin from the plasma membrane to the Golgi apparatus, retrogradely to the endoplasmic reticulum or for translocation of the toxin to the cytosol, we have investigated the effect of ricin and the intracellular transport of this toxin in a glycosphingolipid‐deficient mouse melanoma cell line (GM95), in the same cell line transfected with ceramide glucosyltransferase to restore glycosphingolipid synthesis (GM95‐CGlcT‐KKVK) and in the parental cell line (MEB4). Ricin transport to the Golgi apparatus was monitored by quantifying sulfation of a modified ricin molecule, and toxicity was studied by measuring protein synthesis. The data reveal that ricin is transported retrogradely to the Golgi apparatus and to the endoplasmic reticulum and translocated to the cytosol equally well and apparently at the same rate in cells with and without glycosphingolipids. Importantly cholesterol depletion reduced endosome to Golgi transport of ricin even in cells without glycosphingolipids, demonstrating that cholesterol is required for Golgi transport of ricin bound to glycoproteins. The rate of retrograde transport of ricin was increased strongly by monensin and the lag time for intoxication was reduced both in cells with and in those without glycosphingolipids. In conclusion, neither glycosphingolipid synthesis nor binding of ricin to glycosphingolipids is essential for cholesterol‐dependent retrograde transport of ricin. Binding of ricin to glycoproteins is sufficient for all transport steps required for ricin intoxication.
Alternatively Spliced Products of the Human Kinesin Light Chain 1 (KNS2) Gene
Authors: McCart Amy E. , Mahony Donna , Rothnagel Joseph A.
Published: November 2010

Conventional kinesin is a microtubule‐based molecular motor involved in the transport of membranous and non‐membranous cargoes. The kinesin holoenzyme exists as a heterotetramer, consisting of two heavy chain and two light chain subunits. It is thought that one function of the light chains is to interact with the cargo. Alternative splicing of kinesin light chain pre‐mRNA has been observed in lower organisms, although evidence for alternative splicing of the human gene has not been reported. We have identified 19 variants of the human KNS2 gene (KLC1) that are generated by alternative splicing of downstream exons, but calculate that KNS2 has the potential to produce 285 919 spliceforms. Corresponding spliceforms of the mouse KLC1 gene were also identified. The alternative exons are all located 3′ of exon 12 and the novel spliceforms produce both alternative carboxy termini and alternative 3′ untranslated regions. The observation of multiple light chain isoforms is consistent with their proposed role in specific cargo attachment.
Intra-specific variation in plant hydraulic sectoriality along a latitudinal gradient
Authors: Zeng Angela , Salguero-Gomez Roberto , Santos-Alvarez Agustin , Zanne Amy , Casper Brenda
Published: November 2010

High temperatures and nutrient limitations in deserts challenge plant survival. Large temperature oscillations and droughts typical of cold deserts can result in cavitation, the precipitation of dissolved air within a xylem vessel. If xylem vessels are closely packed, then a cavitation event may expand to neighboring vessels, resulting in runaway embolism, and potentially paralyze the vital functions of the plant.Hydraulic sectoriality, where the plant is functionally composed of independent hydraulic units, has been suggested as a strategy to decrease the risk associated with cavitation. This can occur by increasing xylem vessel isolation and/or increasing the physical modularity of the plant. Furthermore, hydraulic sectoriality could enhance a plant’s survival in the heterogeneous distribution of resources common to deserts by decreasing the spread of nutrients throughout the plant.Previous work has reported a higher frequency of sectored woody species with aridity, but we still lack a basic understanding of how variable this physiological trait is among individuals in the same population and among different populations of the same species. This information is critical for the further consideration of sectoriality as a potentially adaptive trait, since natural selection operates on variation.
Light induced reactions in cryogenic matrices
Authors: Fausto Rui , Gómez-Zavaglia Andrea
Published: November 2010

This chapter centers on light-induced reactions in cryogenic matrices, ranging from conformational isomerizations to complex bond-breaking/bond-forming processes. Recent progress in the photochemistry involving direct participation of the matrix noble gas atoms as reactants to form covalently bound noble gas containing molecules will also be discussed. Finally, infrared-induced reactions in cryomatrices will be considered.
Functions containing a heteroatom different from oxygen
Authors: Albini Angelo , Fasani Elisa
Published: November 2010

The main photochemical reactions of chromophores containing nitrogen, phosphorous, silicon, sulfur and halogen atoms are briefly reviewed.
A brain-derived MeCP2 complex supports a role for MeCP2 in RNA processing
Authors: Long Steven W. , Ooi Jenny Y. Y. , Yau Peter M. , Jones Peter L.
Published: November 2010

Mutations in MECP2 (methyl-CpG-binding protein 2) are linked to the severe postnatal neurodevelopmental disorder RTT (Rett syndrome). MeCP2 was originally characterized as a transcriptional repressor that preferentially bound methylated DNA; however, recent results indicate MeCP2 is a multifunctional protein. MeCP2 binding is now associated with certain expressed genes and involved in nuclear organization as well, indicating that its gene regulatory function is context-dependent. In addition, MeCP2 is proposed to regulate mRNA splicing and a mouse model for RTT shows aberrant mRNA splicing. To further understand MeCP2 and potential roles in RTT pathogenesis, we have employed a biochemical approach to identify the MeCP2 protein complexes present in the mammalian brain. We show that MeCP2 exists in at least four biochemically distinct pools in the brain and characterize one novel brain-derived MeCP2 complex that contains the splicing factor Prpf3 (pre-mRNA processing factor 3). MeCP2 directly interacts with Prpf3 in vitro and in vivo and many MECP2 RTT truncations disrupt the MeCP2–Prpf3 complex. In addition, MeCP2 and Prpf3 associate in vivo with mRNAs from genes known to be expressed when their promoters are associated with MeCP2. These results support a role for MeCP2 in mRNA biogenesis and suggest an additional mechanism for RTT pathophysiology.