bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Liberal Peace: Interdependence, Democracy, and International Conflict, 1950-85
Authors: Oneal John R. , Oneal Frances H. , Maoz Zeev , Russett Bruce
Published: March 2007

The classical liberals believed that democracy and free trade would reduce the incidence of war. Here we conduct new tests of the `democratic peace', incorporating into the analyses of Maoz & Russett (1993) a measure of economic interdependence based on the economic importance of bilateral trade. This allows us to conduct a simultaneous evaluation of the effects of regime type and interdependence on the likelihood that a pair of states will become involved in a militarized interstate dispute. We control in all our analyses for a number of potentially confounding influences: growth rates in per capita income, alliances, geographic contiguity, and relative power. Our logistic regression analyses of politically relevant dyads (1950-85) indicate that the benefits of the liberals' economic program have not been sufficiently appreciated. Trade is a powerful influence for peace, especially among the war-prone, contiguous pairs of states. Moreover, Kant (1991 [1795]) was right: International conflict is less likely when external economic relations are important, executives are constrained, and societies are governed by non-violent norms of conflict resolution.
The End of International War? Armed Conflict 1989-95
Authors: WALLENSTEEN PETER , SOLLENBERG MARGARETA
Published: March 2007

There were 96 armed conflicts in the world during the period 1989-95, 35 of these conflicts were active in 1995, including six that were large enough to be classified as wars. A decrease in the total annual number of armed conflicts, as well as the number of wars, was recorded since the peak year 1992 when there were 55 armed conflicts of which 20 were wars. Most conflicts have concerned internal issues. However, there was at least one interstate armed conflict each year, except 1993 and 1994. In 1995, Ecuador and Peru were involved in a territorial conflict. Although the phenomenon of international war remains rare, it is premature to conclude that it has become obsolete.
Political Conflict in Less Developed Countries 1981-89
Authors: Auvinen Juha
Published: March 2007

The problem of accounting for domestic political conflict, particularly in the less developed countries, has become an important global task. In the article, several conflict indicators are reviewed and embedded in a conceptual model. The regime's inability to provide economic and political goods is conceived as a source of discontent, or relative deprivation, within a population. This discontent is seen to be likely to result in conflict if the environment is conducive to the mobilization of resources for collective action. The validity of the indicators is tested with various techniques, including ordinary least squares, generalized least squares (error component), and Logit regression models, on a sample of 70 less developed countries in 1981-89. The dependent variables are (1) political conflict and its constituent parts, (2) political protest, (3) rebellion, and (4) irregular executive transfer. The overall extent of political conflict varies directly with poor economic performance, ethnic dominance, military centrality, urbanization and conflict tradition, inversely with the level of economic development, and is most extensive under middle levels of political authoritarianism. Economic performance seems to be more conducive to political protest and irregular executive transfer than rebellion. Urbanization and ethnic dominance are directly associated with political protest but decrease the likelihood of irregular executive transfer. The results generally corroborate the findings of 30 years of conflict research also in the Third-World context.
Explaining the Democratic Peace: The Evidence from Ancient Greece Reviewed
Authors: Bachteler Tobias
Published: March 2007

This article challenges the findings of Russett & Antholis (1993) in two areas: First, the general picture they draw needs to be revised because the conflicting behaviour among the democracies of the Athenian Alliance is not representative of a zone of (democratic) peace. The relative absence of war between the democracies of the Delian League seems more to be the result of hegemonic Athens than an effect of shared democratic norms. The introduction of democratic polities in allied cities can be conceived as an effective means among others of dominating them, because without the support of Athens democratic elites were unable to retain power through the internal disturbances which were typical of the democracies outside Athens. Second, the clashes between Athens and Syracuse in 415-413 BC cannot be regarded as having been a war between stable democracies. Disrupted by internal violence, Syracuse could not have been perceived as a stable democracy by Athens. Since Athens is clearly identified as the aggressor in this conflict and information was sufficient between the two opponents, a social-constructivist approach appears to be superior to normative and structural approaches in this instance.
Domestic Ethnic Conflict and Ethnic Nepotism: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Vanhanen Tatu
Published: March 2007

Ethnic conflict seems to be common in all countries of the world where people are divided into separate ethnic groups, that may have a racial, national, linguistic, tribal, religious or caste basis. In this article it is proposed that a significant part of the universality of ethnic conflict can be explained by our evolved predisposition to ethnic nepotism, which can be regarded as an extended form of nepotism. Evolutionary theories of inclusive fitness and kin selection explain the origin and universality of nepotism. The members of an ethnic group tend to favour their group members over non-members because they are more related to their group members than to outsiders. This disposition to favour kin over non-kin becomes important in social life and politics when people and groups of people have to compete for scarce resources. Two hypotheses on political consequences of ethnic nepotism are presented: (1) significant ethnic division tends to lead to ethnic interest conflict in all societies and (2) the more a society is ethnically divided, the more political and other interest conflict tend to become channelled into ethnic lines. These two hypotheses are tested by empirical evidence for 183 contemporary states. The hypothetical concepts `ethnic division' and `ethnic conflict' are operationalized into empirical variables. The results support the two hypotheses. Deviating cases underline the importance of other relevant factors behind ethnic conflict and violence.
Balance of Power Revisited: A Multi-Country Model of Trade and Conflict
Authors: Dorussen Han
Published: March 2007

A general multi-country model of trade and conflict is outlined and comparative static results for the number of countries are explored. Conflict is defined as a credible threat to use force to appropriate resources of another country. The model shows that, in general, trade reduces the incentives for conflict, but multi-country situations require important modifications. The pacifying effect of trade diminishes rapidly with a larger number of countries. The effect of trade on conflict is compared given different assumptions about the nature of conflict. Assuming that conflict does not lead to the elimination of the losing side, trade has the strongest deterrent effect if countries trade freely before conflict and are committed to not trading after conflict. Countries have, however, an interest in resuming trade. The connection between this commitment problem and security is then explored in the model from a balance-of-power perspective. The commitment not to trade with an adversary becomes more strained if an alliance is relatively weak or fragmented. In such circumstances, intra-alliance trade has to be more efficient.
Sleeping with the Enemy: The Impact of War on Trade
Authors: Barbieri Katherine , Levy Jack S.
Published: March 2007

Current debates over the question of whether economic interdependence promotes peace or contributes to international conflict are often framed in terms of the `paradigm wars' between liberal and realist theory. In spite of their differences, most liberal and realist theories of interdependence and conflict agree that trade and other forms of economic interchange between societies will cease or be substantially reduced once states are engaged in serious forms of conflict with each other, particularly after the outbreak of war. Liberal theories generally assume that political leaders are deterred from engaging in conflict when they anticipate that conflict will disrupt or eliminate trade or adversely affect the terms of trade, so the hypothesis that trade deters war rests on the assumption that war impedes trade. Realist theories suggest that the concern over relative gains will lead at least one of the belligerents to terminate trade in order to prevent its adversary from using the gains from trade to increase its relative military power. Contrary to these predictions, there are numerous historical examples of trade between adversaries that continues during wartime. Our aim here is to examine this phenomenon more systematically by conducting an empirical analysis of the short-term and long-term impact of war on trade for seven dyads in the period since 1870. Applying an interrupted time-series model, we find that in most cases war does not have a significant impact on trading relationships. Although war sometimes leads to a temporary decline in the level of dyadic trade, in most instances war has no permanent long-term effect on trading relationships and, in fact, trade often increases in the postwar period. This empirical anomaly in both liberal and realist theories of interdependence and conflict leads us to conclude that both theories need to be reformulated.
Personality Attributes of the Criminal: An Analysis of Research Studies, 1950-65
Authors: Waldo Gordon P. , Dinitz Simon
Published: March 2007

How definitive is the Schuessler-Cressey study of criminal personality characteristics published seventeen years ago? In examining ninety-four further studies in this area, the authors found that seventy-six (81 per cent) reported statistically signifi cant differences between a criminal or delinquent group and matched controls or standardized norms. Objective tests were found far more discriminating than projective ones, with the Pd scale of the MMPI and Gough's So scale the most consistent in this respect. Although the results are an improvement over those reported in the Schuessler-Cressey study, the same types of prob lems and criticisms generally prevailed.
Extroversion, Neuroticism, and Self-Reported Delinquent Involvement
Authors: Hindelang Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Eysenck's theory—which predicts that those engaging in illegal behaviors are more extroverted and neurotic than nonoffenders- was tested on a male high school sample which responded to questionnaires measuring extroversion, neuroticism, and and self- reported illegal behaviors. It was found that Eysenck's predictions regarding a direct, linear relationship between extroversion and involvement in illegal behavior was generally supported; however, there was little support for a similar relationship between neuroti cism and involvement in illegal behavior which his theory also pre dicts. The relationship between neuroticism and involvement in illegal behavior was found to be curvilinear but weak. Discrepan cies between present and past results are discussed in terms of the nature of the subjects and the analytic approaches used.
Discriminatory Labeling and the Five-Finger Discount
Authors: Cohen Lawrence E. , Stark Rodney
Published: March 2007

In developing the argument that deviance is primarily created, labeling theorists borrow heavily from conflict theory to account for who is most apt to be labeled and why. The present study contrasts a labeling-conflict model with a behavioral one, regard ing the decision to prosecute or to release apprehended shop lifters.

The authors apply tabular and regression analysis to a total sample of 371 shoplifters apprehended in 1969 at a large metro politan department store located in California. They find that the data largely contradict the labeling and conflict notion that "deviance is in the eye of the beholder." Rather, the decision to release or prosecute the offender is largely related to what he does instead of who he is or how he is perceived. Thus, the data indicate that shoplifters tend to earn their own fate on the basis of their own shoplifting behavior.

Specifically, the shoplifter's age, sex, and race are found to be unrelated to his subsequent release or prosecution. Social class is also found to be insignificantly related to shoplifting disposi tions, except for the high rate of prosecution of the unemployed. On the other hand, the value of the merchandise stolen is found to exert a strong independent influence upon the release or prosecution of apprehended shoplifters and thus offers support for the behavioral model.
Differential Treatment in an Institution: Reexamining the Preston Study
Authors: Austin Roy L.
Published: March 2007

Jesness' analysis of the Preston data offers no support for the utilization of Interpersonal Maturity Level Theory (I-Level Theory) to reduce parole violation among delinquents. The data are reanalysed here and show interaction effects between I-Level and Treatment for a specially selected Psychiatric Treatment Unit. There are no interaction effects for other groups of subjects. The characteristics on which the Psychiatric unit was selected do not appear to account for the results. Instead, there is evidence that treatment strategies were better developed in this unit. Findings on interaction effects in the Psychiatric Unit are favorable to the emphasis on differential treatment in California's Community Treatment Project and to some of the Project's treatment recommendations. Support for the use of the I-Level typology appears to have been limited, at least in part, by insufficient empirical testing of interaction effects, poor interpretation of findings, and conclusions drawn from inappropriate data.
Rehabilitative Sanctions for Drunk Driving: an Experimental Evaluation
Authors: Holden Robert T.
Published: March 2007

Under the Tennessee DWI Probation Follow-up Demonstration Project, 4,126 per sons arrested for drunk driving (DWI) in Memphis were classified as either social or problem driners and were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: control, probation supervision, education/therapy, or supervision plus education/therapy. Each client was followed up for at least two years after referral to the project. It was concluded that the treatment programs were not effective in reducing rearrests for DWI or for other misdemeanors and felonies. Arguments can be made that the treatment programs were inapproppriate for many of the project's clients. However, strong arguments can also be made that any such experiments, re gardless of the treatments tested, are unlikely to produce significant treatment ef fects because of other aspects of the sanctioning process.
Social Control in a Local Community: The Role of the Apartment Superintendent
Authors: ASBURY KATHRYN E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines order maintenance in a contemporary local community—the apartment house—and focuses on the social control activities woven into the role of the apartment superintendent as a low-status service occupation. While significant social control functions are expected of the superintendent, only weak sanctions are provided, and these are further offset by the countervailing sanctions available to tenants. The situation encourages two modes of adaptation: A strong emphasis on the selection of tenants who are likely to conform and the cultivation of good will of tenants through interpersonal relations and provision of services. Both serve the interests of landlords by, respectively, allowing owners to distance themselves from the “dirty work” of discrimination and providing built-in motivation for job performance in excess of minimum requirements for low-paid, largely unsupervised labor. The embedded system in which tenants and superintendents find themselves is, in effect, one in which they control each other for the benefit of the landlord.
Female Admissions and Paroles of the Western House of Refuge in the 1880s: An Historical Example of Community Corrections
Authors: SMITH BEVERLY A.
Published: March 2007

The Western House of Refuge in Rochester, New York, was one of the most famous nineteenth-century correctional facilities for juveniles. Using unpublished institutional records, this study examines the backgrounds, admissions, institutional lives, and paroles of the females admitted to the facility for a two-year period. These girls, labeled as deviant or criminal, were often the orphaned, abused, or neglected for whom the WHR was yet another institutionalization. Within the refuge, rigid discipline and intensive labor marked their lives before they were released. Community interests and characteristics played roles in their admissions and paroles. And the chaplains, who acted as parole officers, faced problems similar to those of parole officers today.
Juvenile Justice as People-Modulating: A Case Study of Progressive Delinquent Dispositions
Authors: REESE WILLIAM A. , CURTIS RUSSELL L. , RICHARD ALBERT
Published: March 2007

In multifunctional people-modulating contexts, such as juvenile probation, accumulating deviance results in a progression of remedial reactions. Scaled sanctioning, as accomplishment, proceeds from failed normal remedies, escalated in severity to a sanction of last resort that is often followed by inaction. Juvenile probation officers' (JPO) dispositions support this sequence. However, the sequence does not reflect the influence of JPO background characteristics or delinquency conceptions. Rather, such scenarios appear characteristic of juvenile justice advocacy, with greater conformity expected from junior JPOs. Senior JPOs are granted greater discretion. This reflects the dual charge of rehabilitation and community protection and results in systematized attention to community risk tempered by experienced JPO latitude.
Knowledge and Death Penalty Opinion: A Test of the Marshall Hypotheses
Authors: BOHM ROBERT M. , CLARK LOUISE J. , AVENI ADRIAN F.
Published: March 2007

Three hypotheses about death penalty opinion derived from conjectures made by Justice Marshall in his Furman decision were tested. Findings of the study provide at least qualified support for all three hypotheses. Regarding the first and third hypotheses, subjects generally lacked knowledge about the death penalty and its effects prior to exposure to an experimental stimulus, and, to the degree that retribution provided the basis for support, knowledge had little effect on changing death penalty opinions. The second hypothesis, that an informed public would generally oppose the death penalty, was supported in some tests but not in others. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Challenges to Social Experiments: A Drug Prevention Example
Authors: ELLICKSON PHYLLIS L. , BELL ROBERT M.
Published: March 2007

Evaluations of school-based drug prevention programs have been plagued by problems that limited the validity of their findings. These limitations pose clear challenges for current prevention research. This article describes how a recent, multisite experiment conducted in 30 junior high schools met several of those challenges, specifically: evaluating the program in a variety of environments; achieving well-balanced experimental groups; implementing the program as designed; obtaining reliable outcome measures; and eliminating alternative explanations for the results. In most cases, multiple strategies were employed. Extensive analyses were conducted to assess how well the strategies worked; they indicated that each obstacle was overcome. This success implies several lessons for future experiments that are generally applicable to field studies conducted with schools and other organizations. Of particular importance are the guidelines for recruiting institutions from diverse communities and maintaining their cooperation over several years and the techniques for facilitating faithful program delivery and monitoring the implementation process. Recommended design and analysis features include using more than simple random assignment to achieve a balanced design, and employing control variables to rule out alternative explanations of the results—even under conditions of substantial pretreatment equivalence.
Poverty, Crack, and Crime: A Cross-City Analysis
Authors: BAUMER ERIC
Published: March 2007

Many observers have attributed recent increases in violent crime rates to the arrival of crack cocaine on the urban scene. However, little hard evidence exists to support this contention. This study examines the relationship between arrestee cocaine use and homicide, robbery, and burglary rates for the 24 cities participating in the Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) Program. To isolate the effects of rates of cocaine use among arrestees on crime rates, the analysis incorporates controls for additional city-level characteristics, including population composition and selected indicators of economic deprivation and social disorganization. Multivariate analyses reveal that arrestee cocaine use has a positive and significant effect on city robbery rates, net of other predictors. The effect of arrestee cocaine use on homicide is more modest, and no effect was found for burglary. Although these results must be interpreted cautiously, they do suggest that cocaine use elevates city violent crime rates beyond levels expected on the basis of known sociodemographic determinants. Serious consideration should be given to community-level indicators of drug use in formulating theories to explain inner-city violence and policies to reduce it.
Reconceptualizing Deterrence: An Empirical Test of Personal and Vicarious Experiences
Authors: PATERNOSTER RAYMOND , PIQUERO ALEX
Published: March 2007

In a recent article, Stafford and Warr (1993) presented a reconceptualization of the deterrence doctrine where general deterrence is taken to be the result of persons' vicarious experiences. Such vicarious experiences include, among other things, knowledge of the criminal activity of others and the consequences or lack of consequences of that activity. Specific deterrence is taken to be the result of persons' own personal experiences. These personal experiences include, among other things, own experience with punishment and punishment avoidance. In their reconceptualized deterrence theory, persons may concurrently be subject to both general and specific deterrent effects, some persons may be affected more by one type of deterrence than the other, and the two types of deterrent effects may reinforce one another. In addition, they argue that their version of deterrence theory promises some insight into current controversies in the literature. In this article, the authors first review and expand Stafford and Warr's reconceptualization of deterrence, and then subject some central hypotheses to empirical test. Although the authors' data are modest and cannot test all of the implications of Stafford and Warr's argument, the findings indicate that Stafford and Warr's reconceptualization promises to be a fruitful line of inquiry for those interested in the development of deterrence theory.
A Comparison of Child Molesters and Nonsexual Criminals: Risk Predictors and Long-Term Recidivism
Authors: HANSON R. KARL , SCOTT HEATHER , STEFFY RICHARD A.
Published: March 2007

The present study compared the long-term recidivism of 191 child molesters and 137 nonsexual criminals. Overall, 83.2% of the nonsexual criminals and 61.8% of the child molesters were reconvicted during the 15- to 30-year follow-up period. The two groups tended to be reconvicted for distinct types of offenses. Almost all sexual offense recidivism was in the child molester group (35% vs. 1.5% in the nonsexual criminal group). The nonsexual criminals, in contrast, were responsible for almost all the nonsexual violent recidivism. In general, prior offenses of a specific type predicted future offenses of the same type. Overall, the results support the utility of developing specialized approaches for understanding and managing child molesters.
The Conditional Effect of Social Class on the Dropout-Delinquency Relationship
Authors: JARJOURA G. ROGER
Published: March 2007

The analysis in this study tests the proposition that middle-class dropouts are more likely to engage in delinquency as a result of dropping out than lower class dropouts. This article also seeks to test social control and strain theory explanations for the observed dropout-delinquency relationships. This is done by examining the intervening processes as specified by, and which are unique to, each theory. Using data from a large-scale nationally representative probability sample, the analysis examines differences in the likelihood of offending based on the reasons for dropping out and across the two social class groups (distinguished in terms of their position relative to the poverty line). Results support the position that dropping out is more likely to be associated with higher levels of involvement in delinquency for middle-class than for lower-class youths. In addition, support for strain theory or social control theory is dependent on the reasons for dropping out of school. Implications of these results are discussed.
Deviant Homicide: A New Look at the Role of Motives and Victim-Offender Relationships
Authors: DECKER SCOTT H.
Published: March 2007

Like all crimes, homicide has a normative character. That is, homicide is characterized by a certain level of social organization that creates routine expectations about the “appropriate” combination of motives and victim offender relationships, as well as situational characteristics. Previous homicide research has found that stranger violence most often has an instrumental motive, whereas homicides within primary relationships are expressive in nature. Using data from homicide events in St. Louis, nonnormative or deviant homicides are examined. These events are of particular relevance to understanding homicide and public reactions to homicide.
Perceptual Deterrence and the Mediating Effect of Internalized Norms among Inner-City Teenagers
Authors: FOGLIA WANDA D.
Published: March 2007

Two limitations of perceptual deterrence research are that it generally uses samples with high stakes in conformity and does not examine interrelations between the threat of legal sanctions, social sanctions, and internalized norms. Although some results suggest that the perceived certainty of legal sanctions deters, little is known about perceptions of inner-city teenagers responsible for a disproportionate amount of recorded crime. This study tested the hypotheses that perceived risk of arrest would not relate to delinquency among a sample of inner-city high school students and that internalized norms mediate the relation between social sanctions and delinquency. Risk of arrest was not related to self-reported delinquency, even at the bivariate level; and multivariate analyses indicated that peers, adult models, and the severity of parents' punishment were the significant predictors of behavior. The results also supported the hypothesis that internalized norms mediate the impact of social sanctions associated with delinquency.
A Pedagogy of Collective Action and Reflection
Authors: Kahne Joseph , Westheimer Joel
Published: March 2007

If teacher educators are to prepare teachers to become leaders who work together toward reform in newly restructured schools, schools of education must change the curriculum and design of their teacher education programs. Drawing on a study of an experimental teacher education program, the authors recommend changes that prepare new teachers to assume greater leadership responsibility, particularly for collaborative curriculum design and implementation. Teacher educators must model these practices in teacher education coursework. A pedagogy of collective action beginning with a process tying educational theory to practice for teacher education students is suggested. This process of bridging theory and practice is the heart of a program that nurtures new teachers’ inclination for joint work and capacity for collective school leadership. Grounding this discussion in a detailed analysis of an actual program, the authors highlight the complexity of this challenge and some of the dilemmas faced by those with this agenda.
The Impossible Role of Teacher Educators in a Changing World
Authors: Ben-Peretz Miriam
Published: March 2007

The thesis of this article is that the external demands placed on teacher education at the present time, combined with inherent professional needs of teachers and student teachers, create a nearly impossible situation for teacher educators. The article starts with a brief analysis of some of the external demands and constraints on teacher education: globalization, professionalization, and the call of many experts to teach for understanding. These external demands are exacerbated by teachers’ needs for certainty and control, and the frequent gaps between teachers’ professional self-images and the demands of their teaching contexts also contribute to the complexities of the role of teacher educators. The article concludes with a discussion of the societal implications of the current situation.
Markets, Standards, Teaching, and Teacher Education
Authors: Apple Michael W.
Published: March 2007

Market-based approaches to teacher education are growing internationally. There are concomitant moves to create uniformity and a system of more centralized authority over what counts as important teacher skills and knowledge. These kinds of reforms are overtly meant to help. Each is closely connected to the larger arena of education, where momentous ideological transformations are underway. The possible hidden effects of these efforts can be understood only if we look both inside teacher education programs and to the larger social field of power on which they operate. The author argues that the conscious originating motives for both market-oriented and uniform standards approaches to improve the quality of teacher education may not guarantee the effects of such policies in the real world of real schools. Such reforms may have quite dangerous consequences unless we situate our efforts within an honest analysis of what is happening in education in general right now.
Multiple Annies
Authors: Jackson Alecia Youngblood
Published: March 2007

Feminist poststructural theories of subjectivity posit a notion of the self as a site of disunity and conflict that is always in process and constructed within power relations. In teacher education, this theory of subjectivity troubles the notion of a predetermined, unified teacher identity assumed to emerge if a novice follows a linear, already-completed path of the student teaching experience. This article presents the story of Annie, a young woman learning to teach under the guidance of two cooperating teachers, Candace and Sheila, who espoused opposing discourses of teaching and mentoring. Deconstruction of Annie’s experience illuminates how her subjectivities shifted between competing discourses within the discursive field of her student teaching experience. Annie’s becoming a teacher was a wrenching, uneven process as she constructed her teacher subjectivities while situated within the unstable relationships between power, knowledge, and experience. Annie’s experience of learning to teach offers a postmodern perspective on the normalizing assumptions and discourses embedded in current teacher education practices.
The Reflectivity-Activity Dilemma in School-University Partnerships
Authors: Knight Stephanie L. , Wiseman Donna , Smith Charles W.
Published: March 2007

Universities and schools differ in their orientations toward the role of reflectivity and activity in collaborative restructuring efforts. The authors describe and compare three models of school university partnerships in relation to factors that may affect the balance of reflectivity and activity needed for successful collaboration. They suggest that comparison, analysis, and evaluation of such models may provide guidelines for resolving the reflectivity-activity dilemma.
A Pattern Language for Teacher Education
Authors: Yinger Robert J. , Hendricks-Lee Martha S.
Published: March 2007

Redesign of the teacher education programs at the University of Cincinnati has been structured by a unique conceptual framework. Borrowed from architecture, the framework has enabled college of education faculty, arts and sciences faculty, and public school administrators and teachers to re-envision teaching and teacher education by developing a language of practice. Called A Pattern Language for Teaching, the language identifies areas of knowledge necessary for teaching and specifies the processes and structures for achieving the goals. The concept of developing and using a shared language has allowed us to deliberate about and incorporate goals and values across disciplines and areas of specialization.
The Stability Pact: Safeguarding the Credibility of the European Central Bank
Authors: Artis Michael , Winkler Bernhard
Published: March 2007

The ‘Stability Pact’ agreed at the Dublin Summit in December 1996 and concluded at the Amsterdam European Council in June 1997 prescribes sanctions for countries that breach the Maastricht deficit ceiling in stage three of European Monetary Union. This paper explores the central provisions and possible motivations of the Stability Pact as an incentive device for fiscal discipline and as a partial substitute for policy coordination and a common 'stability culture’.
Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: Local Governments, Industrial Sectors, and Development in China
Authors: SEGAL ADAM , THUN ERIC
Published: March 2007

This article argues that studies of late-development should be altered in two respects: the unit of analysis should increasingly be the subnational economy, and an understanding of economic outcomes should be sector specific. Variation in the developmental outcomes of particular sectors can be best understood by analyzing the fit between local institutions and firms within a particular sector. The specific development needs of firms vary across sectors, and the institutional structures required to meet firm-level needs are local more often than national. The importance of regional and sectoral variation is demonstrated by comparing Beijing and Shanghai in two sectors.
Comparison of Two Summary/Text-Integration Writing Tasks Requiring Different Inferential Processes
Authors: Yamada Kyoko
Published: March 2007

Though experienced English academic writers are capable of writing with multiple sources, novice EFL/ESL writers have a difficult time with it.

The present study investigates whether Japanese intermediate EFL writers would be able to summarize and integrate source texts without being heavily dependent on them if they are encouraged to use inferential thought processes. Students engaged in two summary writing tasks, each task requiring integration of two media sources on the same topic. One task involved more inferential process than the other. The results show that task requiring greater degree of inference helped writers generate information which are more independent of the source texts.
English in Singapore: an Insider's Perspective of Syllabus Renewal Through a Genre-Based Approach
Authors: Lin Benedict
Published: March 2007

This article presents Singapore's English Language syllabus for primary and secondary schools, introduced in 2001, as a case study of syllabus renewal and implementation, especially in terms of its adoption of a genre- based approach to language teaching. It offers an insider's perspective, and aims to offer insight into the dynamics of syllabus change, while simul taneously exemplifying issues connected with trends towards genre-based approaches (see Derewianka 2003). After providing a brief background of the use of English and the general linguistic situation in Singapore, it surveys historically previous EL syllabuses in the light of the central status of English, to illuminate the concerns driving the developers of the 2001 syllabus. The syllabus is then described in terms of its rationale and aims, philosophy and principles, and main features. These are shown to be clearly informed by functional views concerned with language as discourse. Im portant implementation measures are also reported. Observations and reflections on the influences and motivations of the syllabus as well as issues related to its implementation are then offered in the hope of stimulating further exploration and suggesting future directions for those who might find useful connections with their own situations, experiences and concerns.
The Cultural Context of TESOL — A Review of Research into Chinese Classrooms
Authors: Young Richard
Published: March 2007

Ways of teaching and ways of learning differ from one community to another. Yet most discussions of methods of teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL) and research into second language acquisition do not take these differences seriously. This ar ticle examines research of the author and others that provides evidence for distinct teaching and learning styles for Chinese teachers and learners of English as a second language (ESL). Studies are ex amined of Chinese teachers and learners in China, Hong Kong, and in immigrant communities in the United States which show that Chinese students of ESL pay greater attention to their teachers and other adults in comparison to students from other ethnic groups, and that they do not require an integrative motivation in order to succeed in language learning; Chinese teachers, on the other hand, prefer a more teacher-centred style of classroom management than do their Western colleagues. The conclusion which is drawn from this evidence is that many classroom techniques which work successfully in a Western cultural context will not work when applied to TESOL in a Chinese context. Since educational achievement is increased when characteristics of learners and characteristics of teaching envi ronments match, we need to know more about how the culture of the Western classroom affects the way we teach, if we are to adapt our teaching style to the learning styles of different ethnic groups.
L'enseignement religieux à l'école publique dans l'Est de la France: une tradition entre déliquescence et recomposition
Authors: WILLAIME Jean-Paul
Published: March 2007

Unlike the remainder of the country where separation of church and state is the order of the day, eastern France (Alsace-Moselle) is characterized by a system of recognized cults; priests, pastors and rabbis are remunerated by the state, and a confessional religious education is dispensed in state schools. The author examines this situation and the evolution of this religious education: formerly marked by a significant drop in pupil participation, today there is a noticeable increase in participation in schools where this education is being reshaped in the wider context of an education focusing on values and citizenship. This development seems to be characteristic of the reconstruction of church-state relations in a world of ultramodernity.
“The Late Niklas Luhmann” on Religion: An Overview
Authors: LAERMANS Rudi , VERSCHRAEGEN Gert
Published: March 2007

The authors present an overview of the main developments in Niklas Luhmann's approach to religion after the publication of Funktion der Religion (1977). Particular attention is given to Luhmann's definition of religion in terms of the distinction between the observable and the unobservable. This characterization corresponds to a highly specific view of religion as a functional subsystem within modern society. Religious communication, argues Luhmann, is distinguished from all other forms of communication because of its reference to the binary code of immanence/transcendence.
Intégration sociale, déchristianisation et pastorale
Authors: Birou Alain
Published: March 2007

A well-integrated society is a value, but not the final value of existence. There may be, from the Christian and human points of view, bad integra tions. It is therefore necessary to emphasize the dangers of technical civilization when it becomes man's highest value. This technical myth leads to materia lism for human relations which crystallize here into social structures are more and more dependent on material finalities. The man who is perfectly integra ted into this new universe is the one who is perfectly conditioned by technology. The « dechristianizing » force of this bad integration, which does away with the problem of God, cannot be underestimated.

Is the pastoral reply within the aspiration toward a Christian society isolated from contemporary socie ty ? Or in a transformation of the technical society under evangelic ferment ? More emphasis must be given to the training of the Christian to be in the work without being of the world.
L'évolution religieuse en milieu rural
Authors: Laloux J.
Published: March 2007

The analysis of external and internal patterns of con duct in the observation of religious duties (especially mass attendance on Sunday) shows typical differencies in time, space, and from one social category to another. There exists also a difference of rhythm in their evolution, between external and internal pat terns. From these considerations, both theoretical and pratical, the A. makes some pertinent conclusions on the adaptation of pastoral work in rural countries.
Religious Attitudes, Group Consciousness, Liturgy and education
Authors: Schreuder O.
Published: March 2007

Les attitudes religieuses des catholiques pratiquants reflètent habituellement un individuilisme utilitaire ou un collectivisme profane; ce qui ne s'accorde pas avec les normes de l'Eglise. Parmi les facteurs qui peuvent être tenus pour responsables de cet état de fait, on peut probablement citer la nature de la liturgie actuelle de rite latin. Celle-ci ne rencontre pas leurs exigences fonctionnelles et pour cette raison apparaît comme non adaptée. Aussi voit-on comme résultat de ceci, le croyant donner une signification qui lui est propre au contenu de la religion. Si les actes d'expression de la vie religieuse en communauté doivent recevoir l'impor tance qui les puisse mettre en valeur, alors le peuple et la liturgie doivent être remis en contact. Sur la base de l'éducation du catholique moyen, il semble impos sible de l'élever jusqu'aux formes récentes de la liturgie. Dès lors, il s'agit de prendre un chemin opposé.
Liaison entre la religion et les fonctions culturelles de la famille
Authors: Voyé L.
Published: March 2007

The relatively hereditary character of diverse cultural phenomena has already drawn attention to the role that the family can play in this trans mission. It appears in particular that political orientations and the chances of access to different types and levels of education can frequently be explained by a specific family membership. Two types of argument are put forward here in order to explain how the family can appear as a privileged place of cultural apprenticeship: on the one hand psychological arguments linked with the primary and universal character of family education and the type of relations that this develops; on the other hand a more sociological explanation based on the repercussion that the more or less great complexity of learned language entails with regard to diverse exterior participations, and on the comparison between the impact of the family and those of other socializing agents on the successive choices which they will impose. To these explanatory elements of the existing link between cultural memberships and the family environment is added, for religion as much as for the family, the transition from the public to the private sphere. This parallel evolution will tend to increase the autonomy of religion on the plane of secondary elaborations for which it will borrow its mode of re-interpretation from the exigencies of daily life, particularly from the family.
Champ religieux et champ politique dans la société singhalaise
Authors: Houtart François
Published: March 2007

The article summarizes a study presented by the author as a doctoral thesis at the Catholic University of Louvain. The approach adopted consists in establishing a theoretical and conceptual framework which would take into account corres ponding relationships among the different systems of the society, at the origin of which is the mode of economic production. The origin of changes and tensions among systems in their fundamental aspects is to be found in chanqes in the mode of production. It is this which leads us to establish three models of society : agrarian, transitional, industrial.

The heuristic framework established serves as a hypothesis of work for approaching the empirical reality. Key periods in Sinhalese society were studied and chosen in terms of significant changes such as the adoption of Buddhism, the two colonisations (Portuguese and English) and independence.

The main conclusions of the study of these different periods is given in the article. The introduction of Buddhism a little after the establishment of the first Kingdom would correspond to the dysfunctional character of Brahminism in the new type of society demanded by the new orqanization of production. The study of Kandyan feudality in the XVIIIth century provides a parameter for the analysis of the effects of two types of colonisation Kandyan feudality further offers a typical case of a unique structure with almost completely corresponding expressions in the mode of production, the social system. the political organization and the religious system.

The difference between the two colonisations consists in the fact that the Portuguese expressed their ideology in religious terms and iustified their conquest on religious grounds
Westernization or Modernization : the Case of the Sinhalese Buddhism
Authors: Ames Michael M.
Published: March 2007

La thèse émise par l'auteur est qu'il n'y a pas de coinci dence entre occidentalisation et modernisation. Dans la rela tion entre l'Occident et les sociétés traditionnelles de l'Asie, deux aspects méritent d'être distingués; d'une part les insti tutions, attitudes, idéaux et pratiques liés fonctionnellement avec le développement technologique et. d'autre part, les élé ments qui ne sont qu'accidentellement liés à ces facteurs. Les premiers sont appelés la modernisation et les seconds l'occi dentalisation : il s'agit de pratiques et d'institutions unies symboliquement avec la modernisation, mais qui n'en font point partie intégrale. On commet une confusion en identifiant les deux. Car, en fait, dans la société ceylanaise actuelle, il y a occidentalisation sans modernisation.

Cette thèse est vérifiée dans l'histoire récente de la société singhalaise bouddhiste. C'est d'abord un bref rappel des chan gements politiques et économiques, puis l'histoire de l'occiden talisation par le biais du système scolaire. Le contenu de cette éducation de langue anglaise, pratiquement monopolisée par les Eglises chrétienncs. est un des facteurs-clés de l'occiden talisation sans modernisation. La réaction bouddhiste est pro gressive, mais elle se heurte aux classes occidentalisées — et en grande partie chrétiennes — qui sont les groupes internes dominants et plus tard, avec l'indépendance, ceux qui mono polisent le pouvoir. C'est le début du " Buddhist Revival", initiative du laicat bouddhiste. Ce prélude mènera à la victoire électorale de Mme Bandaranaike en 1956.
New Statistical Data Concerning the Monks of Mount Athos
Authors: Mantzaridis George
Published: March 2007

Dans cet article, l'Auteur présente les données statistiques les plus récentes qu'il a rassemblé sur le monachisme du Mont Athos.

D'après ces données, la décadence qui affectait le Mont Athos depuis de nombreuses années est en train de se résorber. Le célèbre lieu spirituel de l'Orthodoxie grecque connaît depuis quelques années un nouveau développement prometteur tant du point de vue du nombre des moines que de celui de leur âge et de leur niveau d'instruction.