bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Tragic Denouement of English Sociality
Authors: Miller Daniel
Published: May 2015

Social science contains a grand narrative about our fall from intense sociality to fragmented individualism. The present essay contests this narrative with respect to the sociality of the English. It starts with a study of hospice patients with terminal cancer who live in villages and yet become isolated and lonely. To explain this phenomenon, it uses a larger ethnography of village life, finding that villagers are highly sociable and philanthropic in the public domain, but circumspect and reticent with regard to the private domain. So once patients are restricted to their homes, isolation follows. The article further examines the comparative anthropology of Britain and historical studies of neighbors and family relations to suggest that this pattern of sociality has held true for centuries and represents nothing new. Finally, I consider these insights in the context of a wider study of social media, and its consequences for the work of the hospice.
Managing Immune Checkpoint-Blocking Antibody Side Effects
Authors: Postow Michael A.
Published: May 2015

Immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies that enhance the immune system's ability to fight cancer are becoming important components of treatment for patients with a variety of malignancies. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) was the first immune checkpoint to be clinically targeted, and ipilimumab, an inhibitor of CTLA-4, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for patients with advanced melanoma. The programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor and one of its ligands, PD-L1, more recently have shown great promise as therapeutic targets in a variety of malignancies. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab recently have been FDA- approved for patients with melanoma and additional approvals within this therapeutic class are expected. The use of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies is associated with side effects known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Immune-related adverse events affect the dermatologic, gastrointestinal, hepatic, endocrine, and other organ systems. Temporary immunosuppression with corticosteroids, tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists, mycophenolate mofetil, or other agents can be effective treatment. This article describes the side-effect profile of the checkpoint-blocking antibodies that target CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 and provides suggestions on how to manage specific irAEs.
What Can We Learn about Antibody-Drug Conjugates from the T-DM1 Experience?
Authors: Esteva Francisco J. , Miller Kathy D. , Teicher Beverly A.
Published: May 2015

Antibody conjugates are a diverse class of therapeutics that consist of a cytotoxic agent linked covalently to an antibody or antibody fragment directed toward a specific cell surface target expressed by tumor cells. The notion that antibodies directed toward targets on the surface of malignant cells could be used for drug delivery is not new. The history of antibody conjugates has been marked by hurdles identified and overcome. Early conjugates used mouse antibodies, drugs that either were not sufficiently potent, were immunogenic (proteins), or were too toxic, and linkers that were not sufficiently stable in circulation. Four main avenues have been explored using antibodies to target cytotoxic agents to malignant cells: antibody-protein toxin (or antibody fragment–protein toxin fusion) conjugates, antibody-chelated radionuclide conjugates, antibody-small molecule conjugates, and antibody-enzyme conjugates administered along with small molecule prodrugs that require metabolism by the conjugated enzyme to release the activated species. Technology is continuing to evolve regarding the protein and small molecule components, and it is likely that single chemical entities soon will be the norm for antibody-drug conjugates. Only antibody-radionuclide conjugates and antibody-drug conjugates have reached the regulatory approval stage, and there are more than 40 antibody conjugates in clinical trials. The time may have come for this technology to become a major contributor to improving treatment for patients with cancer.
Clinical Tumor Sequencing: Opportunities and Challenges for Precision Cancer Medicine
Authors: Damodaran Senthilkumar , Berger Michael F. , Roychowdhury Sameek
Published: May 2015

Advances in tumor genome sequencing have enabled discovery of actionable alterations leading to novel therapies. Currently, there are approved targeted therapies across various tumors that can be matched to genomic alterations, such as point mutations, gene amplification, and translocations. Tools to detect these genomic alterations have emerged as a result of decreasing costs and improved throughput enabled by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. NGS has been successfully utilized for developing biomarkers to assess susceptibility, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancers. However, clinical application presents some potential challenges in terms of tumor specimen acquisition, analysis, privacy, interpretation, and drug development in rare cancer subsets. Although whole-genome sequencing offers the most complete strategy for tumor analysis, its present utility in clinical care is limited. Consequently, targeted gene capture panels are more commonly employed by academic institutions and commercial vendors for clinical grade cancer genomic testing to assess molecular eligibility for matching therapies, whereas whole-exome and transcriptome (RNASeq) sequencing are being utilized for discovery research. This review discusses the strategies, clinical challenges, and opportunities associated with the application of cancer genomic testing for precision cancer medicine.
The Challenges of Managing Older Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Marks David I.
Published: May 2015

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), predominantly a disease of children, has a second incidence peak in older adults. Patients older than age 50 but younger than age 65 may be included in trials of intensive treatment with curative intent, but their outcome is poor with high nonrelapse mortality (NRM), high relapse rates, and low overall survival. Using limited published data from the United Kingdom ALL XII and HOVON trials, this manuscript explores the reasons for the high transplant-related mortality (TRM) and presents early data from the United Kingdom ALL 60+ and United Kingdom ALL XIV studies. Factors affecting therapeutic decisions for older patients are discussed. A case study illustrates some of the issues involved in managing these patients and the need to individualize therapy and consider all options. There may be a role for reduced intensity allografting in selected, fitter patients older than age 50; this article presents preliminary transplant data from United Kingdom ALL XIV that prospectively assesses this therapeutic modality. Detailed discussion of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the potential place of novel targeted antibodies and immune T-cell therapies will be not discussed in detail. Finally, there is a description of the major outstanding issues and the trials that are needed to inform decision making and improve outcome in this challenging group of patients.
Endocrine Therapy and Its Effect on Sexual Function
Authors: Goldfarb Shari
Published: May 2015

KEY POINTS

Breast cancer and its treatment, especially endocrine therapy, can cause sexual dysfunction, which is often multifactorial in nature with both a physical and mental component.

Clinicians should discuss sexual health with all women with breast cancer and survivors of the disease.

Women with breast cancer often experience premature menopause, which causes greater intensity and duration of symptoms than women undergoing natural menopause.

Hot flashes, vaginal dryness, urogenital atrophy, dyspareunia, decreased libido, and changes in sexual response have been shown to negatively affect quality of life, compliance with medication, and overall outcome.

Treatment options for sexual dysfunction in women with breast cancer depend on the etiology of the problem and concomitant medical conditions. Some possible treatments include: lubricants, moisturizers, counseling, sex therapy, altering contributing medications, physical therapy for pelvic floor disorders, and mechanical devices/vibrators.
The impact of anthropogenic factors on the natural values of the water reservoirs in Sosnowiec (Poland)
Authors: Dąbrowska Dominika , Sołtysiak Marek
Published: May 2015

Many plant and animal species are closely related to the aquatic environment. Small reservoirs are a place of the biodiversity concentration. Reservoirs are especially important for amphibian species as a place of feeding, shelter and wintering. Many anthropogenic factors has a significant impact on the natural values of water reservoirs (surroundings of the water reservoirs, the shore`s type, distance from roads and buildings, the role of the object and the chemical status). They can eliminate or change amphibian population. The effect of three such factors was determined for one of the cities in the Upper Silesian Agglomeration - Sosnowiec (91 km2). The paper presents an assessment of the impact of the type of surroundings, the percentage share of the open space around water reservoirs and the distance from roads and buildings on the number of amphibian species present in the reservoir. In the analysis were taken into account 20 reservoirs, in which amphibian species were found. This analysis indicates the influence urban factors on the number of amphibian species in water reservoirs based on positive correlations in the case of Spearman Rank correlation and the Fisher’s exact test. Results of these calculations highlight the negative impact of the anthropopressure (the changes in the environment) on the amphibian breeding places and the biodiversity.
Derivation of Relations and Analysis of Tube Bending Processes Using Discontinuous Fields of Plastic Strains
Authors: Śloderbach Z.
Published: May 2015

The generalized strain scheme in bending metal tubes at bending machines with the use of a mandrel presented in Śloderbach (1999; 2002; 20131,2; 2014) satisfies initial and boundary kinematic conditions of bending, conditions of continuity and inseparability of strains. This paper introduces three formal simplifications gradually imposed into forms of principal components of the generalized strain model giving suitable simplifications of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd types. Such mathematical simplifications cause that the obtained strain fields do not satisfy the condition of consistency of displacements and strain continuity. The simplified methods determine safer values of the wall thickness than those from the generalized continuous strain scheme. The condition of plastic incompressibility was used for the derivation of an expression for distribution of wall thickness of the bent elbow in the layers subjected to tension and compression for three examples of discontinuous kinematic strain fields.
Analysis of Piston Slap Motion
Authors: Narayan S.
Published: May 2015

Piston slap is the major force contibuting towards noise levels in combustion engines.This type of noise depends upon a number of factors such as the piston-liner gap, type of lubricant used, number of piston pins as well as geometry of the piston. In this work the lateral and rotary motion of the piston in the gap between the cylinder liner and piston has been analyzed. A model that can predict the forces and response of the engine block due to slap has been dicussed. The parameters such as mass, spring and damping constant have been predicted using a vibrational mobility model.
The Social Web and Archaeology’s Restructuring: Impact, Exploitation, Disciplinary Change
Authors: Perry Sara , Beale Nicole
Published: May 2015

From blogs to crowdfunding, YouTube to LinkedIn, online photo-sharing sites to open-source
community-based software projects, the social web has been a meaningful player in the development of
archaeological practice for two decades now. Yet despite its myriad applications, it is still often appreciated
as little more than a tool for communication, rather than a paradigm-shifting system that also shapes the
questions we ask in our research, the nature and spread of our data, and the state of skill and expertise in the
profession. We see this failure to critically engage with its dimensions as one of the most profound challenges
confronting archaeology today. The social web is bound up in relations of power, control, freedom, labour
and exploitation, with consequences that portend real instability for the cultural sector and for social welfare
overall. Only a handful of archaeologists, however, are seriously debating these matters, which suggests
the discipline is setting itself up to be swept away by our unreflective investment in the cognitive capitalist
enterprise that marks much current web-based work. Here we review the state of play of the archaeological
social web, and reflect on various conscientious activities aimed both at challenging practitioners’ current
online interactions, and at otherwise situating the discipline as a more informed innovator with the social
web’s possibilities.
Voicing the Doge’s Sacred Image
Authors: Reuland Jamie
Published: May 2015

During the fourteenth century, Venetian chronicles, art, and ceremony fostered provocative analogies between angelic annunciation and the political voice of the Venetian populace. Such analogies imagined a city whose civic and heavenly members were united through the sound of unanimity. At the intersection of the state’s civic and celestial bodies stood the doge, considered to be the image of the Republic and of its patron, Saint Mark. A complex of sung ceremonies and musical compositions addressed to the doge dramatized the notion that the voice, as a ritual instrument, could engender real political or spiritual change in the state and its leaders. Performances of acclamations to the doge positioned him within Venice’s sacred and civic hierarchies, while state art and ceremony forged symbolic resemblances between ducal acclamation and angelic annunciation. A repertory of occasional motets evidences polyphonic play with the notion that vocal rituals centered on the doge could activate the spiritual ideals of the state: the anonymous Marce, Marcum imitaris (c. 1365) draws a sonic analogy between spiritual likeness and musical imitation in order to dramatize the concept of the doge as Mark’s image, whereas Johannes Ciconia’s Venecie mundi splendor/Michael qui Stena domus elides a text dedicated to the Annunciate Virgin with one addressed to the doge, creating musical echoes and simultaneities in its praises of Venice’s temporal and celestial leaders.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Residential Altitude
Authors: Katz David , Shore Supriya , Bandle Brian , Niermeyer Susan , Bol Kirk A. , Khanna Amber
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND:

Theories of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) suggest hypoxia is a common pathway. Infants living at altitude have evidence of hypoxia; however, the association between SIDS incidence and infant residential altitude has not been well studied.

METHODS:

We performed a retrospective cohort study by using data from the Colorado birth and death registries from 2007 to 2012. Infant residential altitude was determined by geocoding maternal residential address. Logistic regression was used to determine adjusted association between residential altitude and SIDS. We evaluated the impact of the Back to Sleep campaign across various altitudes in an extended cohort from 1990 to 2012 to assess for interaction between sleep position and altitude.

RESULTS:

A total of 393 216 infants born between 2007 and 2012 were included in the primary cohort (51.4% boys; mean birth weight 3194 ± 558 g). Overall, 79.6% infants resided at altitude <6000 feet, 18.5% at 6000 to 8000 feet, and 1.9% at >8000 feet. There were no meaningful differences in maternal characteristics across altitude groups. Compared with residence <6000 feet, residence at high altitude (>8000 feet), was associated with an adjusted increased risk of SIDS (odds ratio 2.30; 95% confidence interval 1.01–5.24). Before the Back to Sleep campaign, the incidence of SIDS in Colorado was 1.99/1000 live births and dropped to 0.57/1000 live births after its implementation. The Back to Sleep campaign had similar effect across different altitudes (P = .45).

CONCLUSIONS:

Residence at high altitude was significantly associated with an increased adjusted risk for SIDS. Impact of the Back to Sleep campaign was similar across various altitudes.
Trends of US Hospitals Distributing Infant Formula Packs to Breastfeeding Mothers, 2007 to 2013
Authors: Nelson Jennifer M. , Li Ruowei , Perrine Cria G.
Published: May 2015

OBJECTIVE:

To examine trends in the prevalence of hospitals and birth centers (hereafter, hospitals) distributing infant formula discharge packs to breastfeeding mothers in the United States from 2007 to 2013.

METHODS:

The Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care survey is administered every 2 years to all hospitals with registered maternity beds in the United States. A Web- or paper-based questionnaire was distributed and completed by the people most knowledgeable about breastfeeding-related hospital practices. We examined the distribution of infant formula discharge packs to breastfeeding mothers from 2007 to 2013 by state and hospital characteristics.

RESULTS:

The percentage of hospitals distributing infant formula discharge packs to breastfeeding mothers was 72.6% in 2007 and 31.6% in 2013, a decrease of 41 percentage points. In 2007, there was only 1 state (Rhode Island) in which <25% of hospitals distributed infant formula discharge packs to breastfeeding mothers, whereas in 2013 there were 24 such states and territories. Distribution declined across all hospital characteristics examined, including facility type, teaching versus nonteaching, and size (annual number of births).

CONCLUSIONS:

The distribution of infant formula discharge packs to breastfeeding mothers declined markedly from 2007 to 2013. Discontinuing the practice of distributing infant formula discharge packs is a part of optimal, evidence-based maternity care to support mothers who want to breastfeed.
Update on Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy for Heart Failure
Authors: Daly David D , Gold Michael R ,   Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, US,   Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, 25 Courtenay St, ART 7031, Charleston, SC 29425, US. E: goldmr@musc.edu
Published: May 2015

Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) is well accepted therapy for the treatment of symptomatic systolic heart failure in defined patient subgroups. Large clinical trials over the past 20 years have shown that patients with a left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction and interventricular conduction delay benefit from this therapy. Recent advances in this field include the expansion indications for CRT to patients with mild heart failure and to those with a mildly depressed ejection fraction that require frequent right ventricular pacing. In addition, although CRT guidelines have included indications in atrial fibrillation, it is now clear that this is most effective when pacing is utilised nearly 100 % of the time, often requiring atrioventricular (AV) junction ablation. Strategies for optimising LV lead placement based on identifying late mechanical contraction or electrical delay are promising for maximising CRT response. Finally, the role of routine AV delay optimisation is no longer recommended based on the results of multicentre trials.
Gaps in the Heart Failure Guidelines
Authors: Tran Bao , Fonarow Gregg C ,   Ahmanson-UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center, Ronald Reagan-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, US,   Ahmanson-UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center, Ronald Reagan-UCLA Medical Center, 10833 LeConte Ave, Room 47-123 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, US. E: gfonarow@mednet.ucla.edu
Published: May 2015

There are still many aspects of heart failure care for which gaps remain in the evidence base, resulting in gaps in the guidelines. We aim to highlight these guideline gaps including areas that warrant further research and other areas where new data are forthcoming.
The Brugada Syndrome – Diagnosis, Clinical Implications and Risk Stratification
Authors: Batchvarov Velislav N ,   Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE. E: vbatchva@sgul.ac.uk
Published: May 2015

The Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a hereditary arrhythmic syndrome manifesting as syncope or sudden cardiac death (SCD) in individuals without overt structural heart disease. Currently, its diagnosis is mainly based on the presence of a spontaneous or Na+-channel blocker induced so-called “type 1” Brugada electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern typically seen in leads V1 and V2 recorded from the 4th to 2nd intercostal spaces. Presently the main unresolved clinical problem in the BrS is the identification of patients at high risk of SCD who need implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Current guidelines recommend ICD implantation only in patients with spontaneous type 1 ECG pattern and either history of aborted cardiac arrest or documented sustained ventricular tachycardia (class I) or syncope of arrhythmic origin (class IIa) because they are at high risk of recurrent arrhythmias. However, the majority of BrS patients are asymptomatic when diagnosed and have generally low risk (0.5 % annually or lower) and therefore are not indicated for ICD. Most of SCD victims in the BrS have had no symptoms prior to the fatal event and therefore were not protected with an ICD. Currently there are no reliable methods to identify these potential victims of SCD. Although some ECG markers such as QRS fragmentation and infero-lateral early repolarisation have been demonstrated to signify increased arrhythmic risk their value still needs to be confirmed in large prospective studies. Novel risk assessment strategies need to be developed based on computerised quantitative ECG analysis of large digital ECG databases in patients with BrS and their relatives, and combined assessment of the most important factors of ventricular arrhythmogenesis.
First records of Casiornis rufus (Vieillot, 1816) (Aves, Tyrannidae) for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil
Authors: Vizentin-Bugoni Jeferson , Bellagamba-Oliveira Danielle , Bellagamba Gina , Oliveira Ricardo Oliveira de , Jacobs Fernando , Ritter Rafael , Dias Rafael Antunes
Published: May 2015

The Rufous Casiornis, Casiornis rufus (Vielliot, 1916), is widespread in central South America, reaching its southernmost distribution in northern Argentina and Uruguay. Here we present the first nine records of the species for Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. The records were documented with photographs and consisted mostly of lone individuals observed in riparian forests inserted in a matrix of grasslands and rice fields. The Rufous Casiornis apparently occurs in very low densities in the region. More observations are needed to elucidate its status of occurrence in Rio Grande do Sul.
Atomic Layer Deposited Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Aluminates as Potential Low-k Dielectric Materials
Authors: Klepper Karina B. , Miikkulainen Ville , Nilsen Ola , Fjellvåg Helmer , Liu Ming , Dutta Dhanadeep , Gidley David , Lanford William , Ross Liza , Li Han , King Sean W.
Published: May 2015

The material properties of atomic layer deposited hybrid organic-inorganic aluminate thin films have been evaluated for potential low dielectric constant (i.e. low-k) applications. The hybrid aluminates were deposited using trimethyl aluminum and various linear and aromatic carboxylic acids. The observed electrical and mechanical properties for the hybrid aluminate films varied greatly depending on the selected organic acid with k values ranging from 2.5 to 5.1 and Young’s modulus ranging from 6 to 40 GPa. Leakage currents as low as 4 x 10-10 A/cm2 (at 2 MV/cm) were obtained for films grown using saturated linear carboxylic acids. These results suggest the potential of ALD hybrid aluminate thin films for low-k dielectric applications.
Impactos Dinâmicos dos Fatores de Produção e da Produtividade sobre a Função de Produção Agrícola
Authors: Bragagnolo Cassiano , Barros Geraldo Sant'Ana de Camargo
Published: May 2015

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os impactos dinâmicos dos fatores de produção capital, trabalho e terras, bem como da produtividade total dos fatores (PTF) no produto agrícola para o período 1972-2009. Os resultados indicam que à medida que a PTF cresce o trabalho diminui e que, portanto, a modernização da agricultura, ocorrida a partir dos anos 1970, trouxe inovações tecnológicas poupadoras de mão de obra. A decomposição histórica da variância dos erros de previsão do modelo indicou que durante as décadas de 1970 e 1980 o produto agrícola foi maior que o esperado e que isto só foi possível devido aos elevados ganhos de produtividade ocorridos à época. Nas décadas posteriores, embora a produtividade continuasse a elevar o potencial de crescimento do produto, fatores como baixo investimento e diminuição da expansão da fronteira agrícola limitaram o crescimento da produção, que ficou abaixo do esperado.
Relações entre a Atividade Carbonífera e o Rural em Candiota, RS, Brasil: análises sobre representações sociais em um contexto de dilemas sobre a energia
Authors: Pereira Viviane Camejo , Almeida Jalcione
Published: May 2015

A geração de energia termelétrica à base de carvão mineral tem despertado distintas opiniões e significados. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar as representações sociais que grupos e atores sociais no espaço rural compartilham em torno da temática da exploração do carvão mineral no município de Candiota (RS), sul do Brasil. Foi possível identificar algumas representações que compõem a relação entre o rural e o carvão no município. Do ponto de vista teórico e metodológico, optou-se pela Teoria das Representações Sociais, de Serge Moscovici, e pela abordagem estrutural das representações sociais de Jean-Claude Abric. Foram entrevistadas 46 pessoas entre janeiro e março de 2012. A representação central da atividade carbonífera no caso estudado situa-se em torno da ideia de "crescimento econômico", retratando um discurso embasado no universo reificado de alguns setores socioeconômicos e a pressão à inferência sobre grupos. Os entrevistados, em sua maioria, são favoráveis à atividade (53%), enquanto 28% são contrários e 19% não se consideram nem favoráveis nem contrários, variando seus argumentos conforme a posição social. No caso estudado, o grau de dependência em relação à exploração do carvão é instável e dinâmico.
Prevalence of low back pain and associated factors in adults from a middle-size Brazilian city
Authors: Zanuto Everton Alex Carvalho , Codogno Jamile Sanches , Christófaro Diego Giulliano Destro , Vanderlei Luiz Carlos Marques , Cardoso Jefferson Rosa , Fernandes Romulo Araújo
Published: May 2015

Objective: To determine the prevalence of low back pain and some related variables among adults of both genders.Methods: Was conduct a cross-sectional study of population-based in the urban area of Presidente Prudente, São Paulo. The sample consisted of 743 adult residents for over two years in this city. Low back pain, quality of sleep and physical activity were collected through face to face interview at the residence of respondents. Was used the chi-square test to analyze the association between variables, later was created tree multivariate models with hierarchical inclusion of confounding factors.Results: The prevalence of low back pain reported last year was 50.2% (95% CI: 46.6, 53.8), and the last week 32.3% (95% CI: 28.9, 35.6). Was association among low back pain and females (p-value = 0.031), older age, lower education, altered sleep and overweight, the adjusted model found that people over the age of 45 years (45 to 59.9 years, OR = 13.1 [1.72-98.5] and ≥ 60 years, OR = 9.10 [1.15-71.7]), with some alteration of sleep (OR = 3.21 [1.84-5.61]) and obese (OR = 2.33 [1:26 to 4:33]) seems to be a risk group for low back pain.Conclusion: The prevalence of low back pain is high and obese people aged over 45 years, with any sleep disturbance are a group at higher risk for low back pain.
Tobacco use and friendship networks: a cross-sectional study among Brazilian adolescents
Authors: Jorge Kelly Oliva , Cota Luís Otavio , Ferreira Efigênia Ferreira e , Vale Miriam Pimenta do , Kawachi Ichiro , Zarzar Patrícia Maria
Published: May 2015

Aim: To determine the prevalence of tobacco use and its association with types of friendship networks, socioeconomic status and gender among Brazilian adolescents.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a representative sample of 905 students aged 15 to 19 years. Information on social networks and tobacco use was collected by the self-administered questionnaire 'Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test" and the question "What is your most important group of close friends?'. Socioeconomic status was assessed using an area-based social vulnerability index and type of school. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was employed to test associations between tobacco use and the independent variables.Results: The overall prevalence of tobacco use was 18.9%. Female adolescents had 3.80-fold greater odds of reporting weekly to daily tobacco use compared to male adolescents. Participants who reported that their most important groups of close friends were from church had a lower risk of reporting weekly to daily tobacco use in comparison to those who reported that their best friends were from school.Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco use was high and was associated with school-based (as compared to church-based) friendship networks, female gender and higher area-level socioeconomic status.
Divorce in families of children with Down Syndrome or Rett Syndrome
Authors: Lederman Vivian Renne Gerber , Alves Bianca dos Santos , Negrão Juliana , Schwartzman José Salomão , D'Antino Maria Eloisa Famá , Brunoni Decio
Published: May 2015

This study evaluates the impact in the stability and management of the marriage of parents of a child with Down or Rett Syndrome. Morbidity of the syndromes and the marital status of the couples before and after the birth of the affected children were considered variables. The divorce rate in families with Down syndrome was 10%, similar to the Brazilian rate population. In Rett Syndrome, the divorce rate was significantly higher, 23.5%. The higher morbidity of Rett Syndrome, and the moment of diagnosis could be relevant factors for the increased divorce rate related to this syndrome.
Crueldade: a face inesperada da violência difusa
Authors: Barreira César
Published: May 2015

Objetiva contribuir para uma reflexão sobre o problema da crueldade no contexto brasileiro contemporâneo, registrando práticas delituosas radicais, envolvendo o corpo de vítimas, que não possuem explicações evidentes, condensando usos peculiares e irracionais da violência. O tema tratado em outros campos do conhecimento - arte, psicanálise -, nos quais se encontram várias formulações e reflexões, é um desafio para os propósitos sociológicos. Com base em usos nativos do termo crueldade, o escrito verifica o modo como esta é considerada nos meios de comunicação coletiva, no senso comum e no campo jurídico. Na violência difusa, a crueldade parece exprimir práticas vindas de variadas ordens explicativas, nas quais se inscrevem tanto as marcas individuais de agentes como a repetição de tragédias ou reações inesperadas que fazem parte da história da humanidade. Em síntese, o artigo articula crueldade e violência difusa, verificando algumas categorias simbólicas que caracterizam reações inesperadas de ilícitos penais ocorrentes fora de uma situação de equivalência social. Mais do que concluir sobre as causas da ocorrência do fenômeno da crueldade, o ensaio abre a possibilidade de constituição de uma agenda de pesquisa.
De BRIC a BRICS: como a África do Sul ingressou em um Clube de Gigantes
Authors: Ribeiro Elton Jony Jesus , Moraes Rodrigo Fracalossi de
Published: May 2015

O grupo BRIC foi criado em 2006 para reunir os principais países emergentes do mundo. Durante a sua terceira cúpula em 2011, a África do Sul aderiu formalmente ao grupo, que então se tornou BRICS. A sua adesão ao grupo, no entanto, é intrigante, uma vez que a África do Sul é muito menor do que os outros BRICS em termos de sua economia, território e população. Por que a África do Sul foi convidada a se juntar ao grupo? Este artigo argumenta que, para responder a esta questão, é necessário considerar a dimensão simbólica do grupo. Mesmo que o grupo possa ser útil para aprofundar as relações entre os seus membros e coordenar posições em foros multilaterais, os países do BRICS têm como objetivo principal usar o BRICS como símbolo da maior relevância do "Sul Global" em comparação ao "Norte Global". A este respeito, a África do Sul se juntou ao grupo para desempenhar o papel de representante da África, reforçando assim a imagem do BRICS de representante do "Sul Global". Com um país africano, o "Sul Global" estaria "mais bem" representado no BRICS. Embora o status da África do Sul de representante da África seja controverso, este artigo argumenta que a África do Sul é o país mais adequado para desempenhar este papel. Isso se deve a dois fatores: a África do Sul possui uma economia mais madura que as de outros grandes países africanos; e possui um softpower que nenhum outro país africano possui. O artigo chega a essas conclusões analisando os interesses de cada BRIC em ser membro do grupo e analisando as suas posições sobre a admissão da África do Sul no grupo.
Efecto de la exposición de la ladera y pendiente en la evaluación de la demanda atmosférica potencial : Un ejemplo de cálculo en el semiárido aragonés (La Violada, Huesca)
Authors: González Hidalgo José Carlos , Raventós Bonvehi José
Published: May 2015

The effects of slope aspect and slope declivity on atmospheric potential demands are evaluated in a semiarid inland area of Ebro Basin (NE Spain). Results show spatial and temporal variation e.Ifects of both variables, and calculus expresion are proposed.
Cartografía de áreas de desastres en cuencas andinas de Chile central : Determinación de sectores de riesgo
Authors: Quintanilla Pérez V.
Published: May 2015

The geomorphic processes of the upper basin of the Maipo river (Central Chile) are studied in the hillslopes located between 870 and 3.000 m.a.s.l., using Landsat images, terrain analysis and interviews to local peoples. The mostfrequent processes are snow avalanches, rockfalls, slides, mudflows, as well as the presence of many talus screes. In all of the hillslopes of the Maipo, El Yeso and El Volcán rivers snow avalanches prevail, preferabily in spring and early summer. Mudflows are only present in the northern hillslopes of the El Yeso river. Rockjalls appear in almost all ofthe basins, above all in El Yeso and upper El Volcán basins.
Clasificación hidrodinámica de Chile
Authors: Ferrando F. J.
Published: May 2015

A system integrating qualitative and quantitative factors has been outlined in arder to establish a hydrodynamic division of the territory. Such a system considers -from a qualitative point of view- the final destination of the discharge (exorreism, endorreism, arreism), the seasonalíty of the discharge (occasional, seasonal, perennial) and the type of prevailing regime. From a quantitative point ofview the author used morphometric values and parameters, obtained from mapping analysis, aerial photographs and remate sensing.
Características espaciales del proceso de modernización agrícola en el espacio semiárido chileno
Authors: Rovira Pinto A.
Published: May 2015

This paper studies the agricultura[ modemization process in irrigated valleys of the semi arid region in Chile, identifyng its historial context, the forces working and the natural resources support basis. Likewise is analised the diffusion of this innovation inside the study area. The study area covers five vaUeys between 27 and 32g south lat. The most importantfactors alfecting the diffusion process are the following: the distance between farms, the farm size, the interaction between social groups and the imitation actitude. Special attention deserves the different responses to the process into the jive valleys. That is explained by the different beginning conditions reported by each one.
Variaciones espaciales de la textura en las laderas de exposición topográfica contrastada en el semiárido aragonés
Authors: González Hidalgo J. C. , Echeverría M. T. , Pellicer F.
Published: May 2015

Textural sediment variations between top-bottom slope position have been studied in a semiarid environment (La Violada, Huesca, NE Spain). Differences are observed according slope aspect. In south aspect the covariability between coarse sand and fine sand with distance from divide is positive (>0.95), and negative with slope angle (>0.95). The same relationship is found with coarse silt, but with negative value. There are not been observed significant relationships between fine silt and clay subfraction witb distance and slope value. In north aspect slope tbere are not found any relationships between sand, silt and clay fraction with distance and slope value. Results are discussed according to erosion processes.
Influencia de la exposición sobre la producción de sedimentos y escorrentía en ambientes semiáridos
Authors: Cerdá A.
Published: May 2015

By means of experiments with simulated rainfall the influence of aspect on runoff and erosion dynamics is analysed in a basin where the vegetation is distributed within a mosaic of Stipa tenacissima L. shrubs and inter-shrubs. In the inter-shrubs areas three different types of areas exist: Stone pavement (with rack fragments), Crusted surfaces (with surface crust) and vegetation covered areas (Brachypodium retusum).
The erosion and runoff rates are very low beneath the vegetation (Esparto tussocks and Brachypodium retusum grass), while in the intershrubs areas (Crusted and Stone pavement) rates are higher. The vegetation controls runoff generation through its effect on the infiltration rates.
Both runoff and erosion processes are influenced by aspect. The northjacing slopes have higher infiltration rates, and runojf is attenuated and reduced. The soil losses are neglegible in compararison to the southjacing slope. Vegetation cover is inversely and non-linearly related to the volume of overland flow, and the relationship exhibit a threshold due to the patch distribution of the vegetation. Modelling and predictioning the geomorphological processes under semiarid conditions is very complicated due to the high spatial variability of bis factors, specially the vegetation.
Aproximación metodológica a la evaluación del estado de erosión hídrica en el ámbito de la montaña mediterránea : aplicación a la cabecera del río Velez (Sistemas Béticos)
Authors: Perles Roselló M. J.
Published: May 2015

This article shows the theorical problems, elaboration steps and cartographic results of a qualitative and quantitative erosion state estimation methodology purpose.
Comportamiento de la humedad del suelo en una pequeña cuenca hidrográfica de la dehesa extremeña (Guadalperalón, Cáceres)
Authors: Ceballos Barbancho A. , Schnabel S.
Published: May 2015

Soil moisture depends on the soil physical characteristics, being a determinant factor in infiltration and runoff processes. The principal aim of this paper is the analysis of soil moisture in relation with porosity in a small drainage basin representative of the Extremenian dehesa. The results show a similar spatial distribution of soil moisture, density and porosity. The correlatían between porosity and moisture is high. Nevertheless, the existence of surface crusts and concavities filled with sediments disturb this relation.
La gestión de los usos del suelo como estrategia para mejorar la producción y la calidad del agua : resultados experimentales en el Pirineo Central español
Authors: García Ruiz J. M. , Lasanta Martínez T.
Published: May 2015

Different land-uses and plant covers yield a wide range of overland flow and sediment concentration. In the 'Aísa Valley" Experimental Station, located in the Central Spanish Pyrenees, information has been obtained on the hydromorphological functioning of both actual and traditional land-uses, confirming that farmland abandonment in steep slopes and the expansion of meadows and shrub cover represent a decrease in bothsediment yield and water availability at a basin scale. With this in mind the authors discuss possible land-use changes that contribute to improve the quality of water resources.
Valoración de los recursos pastorales de campos abandonados de Camero Viejo (Sistema Ibérico Riojano)
Authors: Rodríguez Merino E. E. , Errea Abad M. P. , Lasanta Martínez T.
Published: May 2015

Tbe pasture production and the potential capacity of livestock charge that abandoned fields of Camero Viejo can support are calculated. Using the "Pastoral Value" method we can know the production measured in Fodder Units (UF.) from plots colonized by Genista scorpius and Cistus laurifolius, as the most characteristic species in the dominant models of vegetal succession. Tbe possibilities that the most productivite abandoned fields could be recuperated as grazing lands is also discussed.
Factores en la generación de crecidas en una cuenca de campos abandonados, Pirineo central español
Authors: Arnáez J. , Martí Bono C. , Beguería S. , Lorente A. , Errea M. P. , García Ruiz J. M.
Published: May 2015

Factors explaining the temporal variability of peak flows in an experimental catchment of the Central Pyrenees have been studied. This catchment (Arnás, Borau Valley) was cultivated until 50 years ago and is now abandoned; it is characterized by a quick hydrological response against any intensity and volume of precipitation. The total volume of precipitation during each rainfall event hardly explains the intensity of peak flows, which show a high variability. Relationships between precipitation and discharge very much improve if cold and hot season, floods are considered separately. Rainfall recorded during 3 and 7 days before each flood has a relatively important role in winter. During summer and the beginning of autumn the intensity of peak flows are not related to any pluviometric variable, due to evapotranspiration and the separation between rainstorm events.
Factores hídricos y erosionabilidad en el gradiente edafoclimático Depresión del Ebro-Pirineo Central
Authors: Seeger M. , Frevel C.
Published: May 2015

The soils of 5 test areas along a transect between the Inner Ebro Basin and the Central Pyrenees have been studied, in order to detect possible gradients in soil erodibility and hydraulic properties. All studied soils show similar values of erodibility, with a slight trend to decrease from the Ebro Basin to the Pyrenees. In all areas, except the one in the Inner Ebro Depression, the soil stoniness reduces considerably the erodibility of the soils. Soil hydraulic conditions show a bigger variability inside the test areas than along the transect. Strongly eroded areas show very low values of available water. In addition, the soils of all test areas show very low water conductivities under unsaturated conditions. This leads to a high runoff, resulting in soil erosion and in incomplete filling of the soil water storing capacity. Soil physical data of the studied areas show that the soil hydraulic conditions will degrade with time. This leads to unfavorable conditions for restoring vegetation after land use change.
Efectos de la vegetación y orientación de la ladera en perfiles de humedad en el suelo de un ambiente semiárido del interior de España
Authors: González Hidalgo J. C. , Sánchez-Montahud J. R. , Bellot Abad J.
Published: May 2015

This study has investigated the evolution of soil water content profiles on bare soil as well as under plant coverage. It was undertaken in two topographically contrasting slopes (north and south aspect) and at three depths. The results indicate spatial differences and a temporal diachrony between the processes of evaporation (in bare soil) and evapo-transpiration (under plant coverage). The slope aspect is the majar determining factor in soil water evolution. There were persistant differences between the south aspect and the north aspect over the periods studied (p0.05), while the plant coverage occasionally induced significant differences over the bare soil (p0.05) in some of the depths analyzed.
Caracterización de la pluviosidad de Bahía Cumberland (Isla de Robinson Crusoe, Chile)
Authors: Marzol V. , Cereceda P. , Schemenauer R. , Castro C.
Published: May 2015

In Bahia Cumberland, in Robinson Crusoe Istand, is important to study the precipitation regime because the risks of flood and of severe erosion are high. The two most relevant characteristics are the intensity and irregularity of the precipitation. The average annual precipitation (1960-1994) was 1023.7 mm, with seventy six percent jalling between 290.3 mm in 24 hours and 265.0 mm in 12 hours. On seven occasions it rained more than 100 mm in a day, including twice in one year.
Hidrología superficial en ambientes adhesados, cuenca experimental Guadalperalón
Authors: Schnabel S. , Mateos Rodríguez A. B.
Published: May 2015

Se presentan los principales resultados de los estudios hidrológicos desarrollados en la cuenca experimental Guadalperalón, ejemplo de las dehesas en las penillanuras del suroeste español. Se abarcaron temas como la producción de escorrentía a diferentes escalas espaciales, la interceptación de lluvia por las encinas y el balance de agua. Se analiza la generación de escorrentía a escala de vertiente. Ésta se encuentra relacionada con las unidades edafo-vegetales existentes. Coeficientes de escorrentía bajos se observan debajo de las copas de los árboles, en zonas de pastizal mejorado (majadeo), y en los pies de vertientes y fondos de vaguada, donde existe un relleno de sedimento fluvio-coluvial. Los suelos poco profundos y degradados muestran capacidad de infiltración escasa. Además, durante sequías prolongadas, cuando la cubierta vegetal es reducida debido al pastoreo continuo, la superficie del suelo tiene un comportamiento hidrofóbico. La humedad antecedente es un factor importante. Grandes cantidades de escorrentía se generan cuando el evento es precedido por lluvias cuantiosas y suelos saturados. En esta situación todas las unidades espaciales demuestran coeficientes de escorrentía altos. Consecuentemente la humedad antecedente del suelo es decisivo en la producción de caudal. Durante años con lluvias por debajo de la media domina el flujo hortoniano debido a la discontinuidad de la escorrentía por la reinfiltración de agua en las vaguadas rellenas de sedimento. Por el contrario, durante años con precipitaciones abundantes, estas áreas se saturan y las aportaciones son elevadas. Como resultado los coeficientes de escorrentía son altamente variables, con valores muy bajos durante años secos (1.5%) y valores moderados durante años húmedos (15.9%).
El Régimen del embalse de Yesa (cuenca alta del río Aragón, Pirineo central) y su adaptación a la variabilidad del régimen fluvial
Authors: López Moreno J. I. , Beguería S. , García Ruiz J. M.
Published: May 2015

Se estudia el régimen del embalse de Yesa, en la cuenca alta del río Aragón. El embalse se destina predominantemente a abastecer las áreas de regadío de las Bardenas, entre Navarra y Zaragoza, por lo que la gestión del embalse tiende a conseguir el máximo volumen de agua almacenada durante el mes de mayo, para liberar caudales durante todo el verano. El embalsado se produce desde el mes de octubre, aprovechando sobre todo las aguas altas de otoño y primavera. Se han identificado tres patrones de gestión del embalse. Tales patrones no se distribuyen al azar en el tiempo, sino que han predominado en diferentes periodos desde la construcción del embalse, reflejando la existencia de cambios en el régimen fluvial.