bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Eulerian Approach with Cellular Automata Modelling to Estimate Water Quality in a Drinking Water Network
Authors: Bonora M. A. , Capano G. , De Rango A. , Maiolo Mario
Published: October 2022

The forecast analysis of the exposure to the contamination risk in a water distribution network requires increasing the quality of the applied input/outputs modeling. This need involves using non-traditional models responding to the increasingly high computation requirements. In this scenario, the Cellular Automata paradigm represents a new frontier with considerable potential. Specifically, this paper describes the Eulerian Water quAlity Modeling—Cellular Automata (EWAM-CA) model, aimed at simulating the sodium hypochlorite (chlorine) injection, transport, and reaction phase in a medium-sized drinking water network. The EWAM-CA accuracy was compared with the Epanet software on a Fossolo water network, in Bologna town (Italy), considering a constant and an impulsive input respectively. Due to CA's intrinsic aptitude for parallel computing, a parallel version of EWAM-CA was developed. Moreover, using the capability of the cellular automata to manage the modeling asynchronously, improving the computational efficiency, we propose a novel approach based on activation/deactivation asynchronous rules, avoiding unnecessary calculations in nodes or pipes where no pollution occurs. The different EWAM-CA versions were compared for the case study, and the parallel EWAM-CA approach coupled with asynchronous functionality significantly improved computational performance.
D’Atri spaces and the total scalar curvature of hemispheres, tubes and cylinders
Authors: Csikós Balázs , Elnashar Amr , Horváth Márton
Published: October 2022

Csikós and Horváth proved in J Geom Anal 28(4): 3458-3476, (2018) that if a connected Riemannian manifold of dimension at least 4 is harmonic, then the total scalar curvatures of tubes of small radius about an arbitrary regular curve depend only on the length of the curve and the radius of the tube, and conversely, if the latter condition holds for cylinders, i.e., for tubes about geodesic segments, then the manifold is harmonic. In the present paper, we show that in contrast to the higher dimensional case, a connected 3-dimensional Riemannian manifold has the above mentioned property of tubes if and only if the manifold is a D’Atri space, furthermore, if the space has bounded sectional curvature, then it is enough to require the total scalar curvature condition just for cylinders to imply that the space is D’Atri. This result gives a negative answer to a question posed by Gheysens and Vanhecke. To prove these statements, we give a characterization of D’Atri spaces in terms of the total scalar curvature of geodesic hemispheres in any dimension.
On the spectrum of weighted shifts
Authors: D’Aniello Emma , Maiuriello Martina
Published: October 2022

In Linear Dynamics, the most studied class of linear operators is certainly that of weighted shifts, on the separable Banach spaces$$c_0$$c0and$$\ell ^p$$ℓp,$$1 \le p < \infty $$1≤p<∞. Over the last decades, the intensive study of such operators has produced an incredible number of versatile, deep and beautiful results that are applicable in various areas of Mathematics; and the relationships between various important notions, especially concerning chaos and hyperbolic properties, as well as spectrum of weighted shifts, have been investigated. In this paper, we investigate the point spectrum of weighted shifts and, under some regularity hypotheses on the weight sequence, we deduce the spectrum.
Improving graph prototypical network using active learning
Authors: Solgi Mona , Seydi Vahid
Published: October 2022

Due to the growth of using various devices and applications in modern life, the amount of data available is skyrocketing, but labeling all of this data is beyond the reach of data scientists. Thus, it is necessary to categorize data with a small amount of labeled data. In fact, it should be possible to prioritize data for labeling. To achieve this goal in this study, we have used few-shot learning with active learning and also used the power of graph convolutional networks in classifying data with a graphical structure. To implement the proposed model, we use two graph convolutional networks in parallel to calculate the embedding and the importance of each node. Using the output of both networks, we create prototypes of classes, and then, we classify them according to the distance of each node of these prototypes. We have also used active learning to select data more intelligently, which improves the overall model performance. As well as this, we have tested our proposed model in the field of electronic commerce for tagging goods in big online stores, which encounter a large number of diverse products, where high accuracy categorization in a short time without the interference of human factor and with the help of artificial intelligence is needed to reduce costs. The results of implementing the model on the Amazon dataset and its comparison with the state-of-the-art models in this field show the superiority of our method.
Investigation of contaminant profile in highway stormwater runoff and risk assessment by statistical analysis
Authors: Iqbal H. , Saleem M. , Bahadar A. , Hossain N. , Hanif M. U. , Waqas A.
Published: October 2022

Highway stormwater runoff pollution has become a severe risk factor for water bodies nowadays. The conventional risk analysis protocols for directly discharging highway runoff are prone to systematic and judgmental errors. Therefore, a numeric and straightforward risk assessment protocol has been developed in this study that minimizes the errors. For this study, three highway segments were selected in the city of Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Event mean concentrations have been used as baseline numeric values for calculating the risk of discharging highway stormwater directly into the water bodies. These values are also correlated with highway characteristics (area, slope, and traffic count) and storm characteristics (storm depth, cumulative runoff volume, antecedent dry days, and cumulative flow). The highway stormwater was monitored for organics, metals, solids, and macro-nutrients at three highway sections. The event mean concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (50–145 mg/L), total suspended solids (1500–3900 mg/L), chromium (0.25–0.45 mg/L), and lead (0.1–0.8 mg/L) are found to be higher than the environmental quality standards. The risk assessment was conducted by the analysis of variance. The analysis showed that the highway characteristics significantly affect contaminant concentrations, but storm characteristics on contaminant concentrations are not found to be significant. Total suspended solids are the most threatening contaminant in highway runoffs. The study concluded that the risk from contaminants in highway stormwater depends particularly on the specific highway sections’ properties. The first flush portion (initial 25% of runoff) of highway runoff poses a higher threat to the receiving environment than the later runoff volumes.
Schulschließungen als ethische Herausforderung
Authors: Schulze Heuling Dagmar , Helm Christoph
Published: October 2022

Die COVID-19-Pandemie hat weltweit viele Staaten zu drastischen Maßnahmen greifen lassen. Unabhängig von der epidemiologischen Wirkung ist unumstritten, dass diese Maßnahmen erhebliche negative Auswirkungen u. a. auf die Schulleistungen, die psychosoziale und die physische Gesundheit der Kinder und Jugendlichen hatten. Angesichts ihrer Folgen evozieren solche Eingriffe die Frage nach ihrer ethischen Rechtfertigbarkeit. Der vorliegende Beitrag führt in die gängigsten ethischen Theorien ein und diskutiert darauf aufbauend die ethische Bewertung der COVID-19-bedingten Schulschließungen.
Bifunctional Liquid Metals Allow Electrical Insulating Phase Change Materials to Dual-Mode Thermal Manage the Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Guo Cong , He Lu , Yao Yihang , Lin Weizhi , Zhang Yongzheng , Zhang Qin , Wu Kai , Fu Qiang
Published: October 2022

Phase change materials (PCMs) are expected to achieve dual-mode thermal management for heating and cooling Li-ion batteries (LIBs) according to real-time thermal conditions, guaranteeing the reliable operation of LIBs in both cold and hot environments. Herein, we report a liquid metal (LM) modified polyethylene glycol/LM/boron nitride PCM, capable of dual-mode thermal managing the LIBs through photothermal effect and passive thermal conduction. Its geometrical conformation and thermal pathways fabricated through ice-template strategy are conformable to the LIB’s structure and heat-conduction characteristic. Typically, soft and deformable LMs are modified on the boron nitride surface, serving as thermal bridges to reduce the contact thermal resistance among adjacent fillers to realize high thermal conductivity of 8.8 and 7.6 W m−1 K−1 in the vertical and in-plane directions, respectively. In addition, LM with excellent photothermal performance provides the PCM with efficient battery heating capability if employing a controllable lighting system. As a proof-of-concept, this PCM is manifested to heat battery to an appropriate temperature range in a cold environment and lower the working temperature of the LIBs by more than 10 °C at high charging/discharging rate, opening opportunities for LIBs with durable working performance and evitable risk of thermal runaway.
White prevalence and White preference in children’s books in China
Authors: Yang Yiran , Emmen Rosanneke A. G. , de Bruijn Ymke , Mesman Judi
Published: October 2022

The study of the ethnicity of authors, illustrators, and characters in children’s literature is important for understanding the ethnic normativity messages that children receive through books. However, ethnic representation in children’s books has rarely been studied in Asian countries. The present study examined the ethnic representation of authors, illustrators, and characters of books for young children that (1) won awards, or (2) were in the annual sales ranks in one of the most popular online book stores in China from 2011 to 2018. In total, 75 books and 1858 human characters were coded. Results suggest a dominant representation of East Asian authors, East Asian illustrators, and White characters. Male characters were overrepresented (especially East Asian males). East Asian characters (especially females) were more prominent according to some indicators, whereas White characters (especially males) were more prominent according to the other indicators. Gender differences in physical features in East Asian characters were found in terms of eye shapes and straight hair. Light skin color was overrepresented in East Asian characters (especially females). The results indicate overrepresentation of White authors, illustrators, and characters as compared to population statistics, as well as the preference for White skin color in East Asian characters in illustrations. The results suggest a form of current postcolonial globalization influencing Chinese children’s literature, and can help to explain potential early origins of preference for people and culture mostly identified as White (or Western) in China.
Assessment of radon levels in groundwater in the city of Makkah, KSA
Authors: Hassan R. A. , Almatani T. U.
Published: October 2022

Groundwater has been gaining increasing interest as an imperative and crucial water resource. Its demand has been rising swiftly in the closing numerous many years with the overpopulation of and increasing standards of dwelling in the town of Makkah. In recent years, significant activity has arisen related to the natural radioactivity in water. Radon (222Rn) concentrations were measured in ten groundwater samples from distinct locations in the Makkah area, Saudi Arabia, using RAD7 which an electronic 222Rn gas detector linked to a RAD7- H2O accessories (Durridge -USA). The evaluated concentrations of 222Rn in the ground water samples of our study ranged from 0.426 to 18.628 Bq/l with a mean 2.851 Bq/l, whilst the dose of 222Rn due to drinking water in the stomach diverse from 0.089 to 3.912 µSv/y (average: 0.599) and the dose of 222Rn in the lungs different from 1.073 to 46.944 µSv/y (average: 7.184). The total annual effective dose (µSv/y) ranged from 1.163 to 50.855 µSv/y with a mean of 7.783 µSv/y. The effects of the existing learn about point out that the 222Rn concentrations in most groundwater samples taken around Makkah have been under the action levels recommended via USEPA, UNSCEAR, the EU Council, and the WHO.
Effect of extraction parameters on the yield and quality of pectin from mango (Mangifera indica L.) peels
Authors: Sayed Md. Abu , Kumar Jibon , Rahman Md. Rashidur , Noor Fatehatun , Alam Md. Ashraful
Published: October 2022

Pectin is an essential polysaccharide that is normally found in the peels of various fruits and vegetables. It acts as a gelling agent and stabilizer in many foods and pharmaceutical industries. The current study was focused on the potential of mango peel as a source of pectin. The pectin was isolated from mango (Mangifera Indica) peels powder in the hot water bath at five different extraction conditions viz. temperatures (60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 °C), pH (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0) and time (60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 min). At different extraction conditions, the yield of pectin ranged between 14.60 and 28.42%. The highest yield condition was achieved (28.06%, 28.42% and 28.06%) at the temperature of 90 °C, 1.5 pH, and the extraction time of 120 min. The quality parameters of pectin such as equivalent weight (450.45 to 1324.24 g), methoxyl content (5.15 to 7.90%), anhydrouronic acid content (48.93 to 74.62%), and degree of esterification (43.28% to 77.14%), were found in satisfactory level. In contrast, the soluble sugar content was higher (12.43 to 23.49%), the anhydrouronic acid (AUA) content was low as compared to the existing data for various pectin sources. This is an indication of the existence of protein in the extracted pectin. The mango peel powder was applied in the jelly formulation at different concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) to identify the quality and the sensory characteristics. The sensory attributes (e.g., color, taste, appearance and flavor) was highly appreciable at 1% pectin concentration compared to other concentration of pectin. The created polynomial model efficiently accounted for the data fluctuation and accurately captured the actual correlation between the independent and dependent variables. The extraction temperature, pH, and time had a substantial impact on the yield and quality of the extracted pectin, according to the results of both single factor studies and RSM. The optimal conditions were determined from the optimization research to be 88.86 °C, pH 1.36, and 79.61 min, which produced 23.31% pectin. Lastly, the manufacturer will be able to get information regarding the quality of mango peel pectin. It can be utilized as an important source of pectin for application in food and pharmaceutical industries.
How promise breaking in trade rhetoric shapes attitudes toward bilateral US-China trade cooperation
Authors: Schweinberger Tanja
Published: October 2022

The ongoing trade war between the United States and China represents one of the most severe deteriorations of trade cooperation in modern times. In this context, the ferocious trade rhetoric accusing China of breaking promises in trade policy is striking. A previously unexamined question in this context arises: How does this rhetoric shape individual attitudes toward bilateral trade cooperation? My analysis of original survey experiments from the United States and China (n = 4181) suggests that this type of rhetoric has important ramifications. Experimental evidence from both countries suggests that individuals react more strongly to rhetoric emphasizing negative than positive past behaviour of the trading partner. Overall, this pattern prevails independently of the identity of the trading partner. Promise-breaking trade narratives, a key contextual dimension of the US-China trade war, diminish the perceived level of trustworthiness of the other country. A conjoint analysis suggests that individuals’ trade cooperation attitudes are also shaped by rhetoric targeting issue areas beyond trade, such as military affairs and human rights. These findings highlight the importance of contextual factors accompanying the US-China trade war context. Thereby, this article emphasizes the potential for political elites to effectively leverage fundamental individual fairness principles for invigorating opposition to open trading relations.
The role of macroalgae as nursery areas for fish species within coastal seascapes
Authors: James Nicola C. , Whitfield Alan K.
Published: October 2022

One of the most critical ecosystem functions provided by shallow coastal habitats is as nurseries for the juveniles of fish. Many of the studies that have assessed the nursery function of structurally complex coastal habitats have compared seagrass with unstructured sand and mud and as such, seagrass has emerged as the most important coastal nursery habitat for juvenile fishes. Although considerably less work has focussed on the nursery provision of structurally complex macroalgae within coastal nursery seascapes, recent work has started to highlight that the nursery provision of canopy-forming macroalgae may in fact be comparable with that of seagrass. This review collates research published on the important nursery role of macroalgae within both tropical and temperate coastal seascapes and highlights the importance of smaller canopy-forming brown algae from the Fucalean genera (particularly Sargassum spp.) as core nursery areas for juvenile fishes, particularly emperors (Lethrinidae), rabbitfishes (Siganidae), wrasse and parrotfishes (Labridae), goatfishes (Mullidae), groupers (Serranidae), surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) and damselfish (Pomacentridae) within tropical back-reef systems. Similarly, in temperate nursery seascapes, fucoid (Cystoseira spp.) and macroalgae-dominated reefs were important nursery habitats for damselfish (Chromis chromis), groupers and numerous species of wrasse and sparids (Sparidae). Although the overall density of juvenile fish was not shown to be higher in kelp relative to other temperate nursery habitats, kelp was important in the recruitment of Notolabrus celiodotus (wrasse), Paralabrax clathrus (Serranidae), Brachyistius frenatus (Embiotocidae), Heterostichus rostratus (Clinidae) and Sebastes spp. (Scorpaenidae). Although not interchangeable (fish communities were often different), the nursery function of structurally complex macroalgae was found to be similar to that of seagrass in both temperate and tropical seascapes.
Peripartum women’s perspectives on research study participation in the OneFlorida Clinical Research Consortium during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Xu Ke , Hsiao Chu J. , Ballard Hailey , Chachad Nisha , Reeder Callie F. , Shenkman Elizabeth A. , Flood-Grady Elizabeth , Louis-Jacques Adetola F. , Smith Erica L. , Thompson Lindsay A. , Krieger Janice , Francois Magda , Lemas Dominick J.
Published: October 2022

Introduction:

The COVID-19 pandemic created an unprecedented need for population-level clinical trials focused on the discovery of life-saving therapies and treatments. However, there is limited information on perception of research participation among perinatal populations, a population of particular interest during the pandemic.

Methods:

Eligible respondents were 18 years or older, were currently pregnant or had an infant (≤12 months old), and lived in Florida within 50 miles of sites participating in the OneFlorida Clinical Research Consortium. Respondents were recruited via Qualtrics panels between April and September 2020. Respondents completed survey items about barriers and facilitators to participation and answered sociodemographic questions.

Results:

Of 533 respondents, most were between 25 and 34 years of age (n = 259, 49%) and identified as White (n = 303, 47%) and non-Hispanic (n = 344, 65%). Facebook was the most popular social media platform among our respondents. The most common barriers to research participation included poor explanation of study goals, discomforts to the infant, and time commitment. Recruitment through healthcare providers was perceived as the best way to learn about clinical research studies. When considering research participation, "myself" had the greatest influence, followed by familial ties. Noninvasive biological samples were highly acceptable. Hispanics had higher positive perspectives on willingness to participate in a randomized study (p = 0.009). Education (p = 0.007) had significant effects on willingness to release personal health information.

Conclusion:

When recruiting women during the pregnancy and postpartum periods for perinatal studies, investigators should consider protocols that account for common barriers and preferred study information sources. Social media-based recruitment is worthy of adoption.
On Anosovity, divergence and bi-contact surgery
Authors: HOZOORI SURENA
Published: October 2022

We discuss a metric description of the divergence of a (projectively) Anosov flow in dimension 3, in terms of its associated expansion rates and give metric and contact geometric characterizations of when a projectively Anosov flow is Anosov. We then study the symmetries that the existence of an invariant volume form yields on the geometry of an Anosov flow, from various viewpoints of the theory of contact hyperbolas, Reeb dynamics, and Liouville geometry, and give characterizations of when an Anosov flow is volume preserving, in terms of those theories. We finally use our study to show that the bi-contact surgery operations of Salmoiraghi [Surgery on Anosov flows using bi-contact geometry. Preprint, 2021, arXiv:2104.07109; and Goodman surgery and projectively Anosov flows. Preprint, 2022, arXiv:2202.01328] can be applied in an arbitrary small neighborhood of a periodic orbit of any Anosov flow. In particular, we conclude that the Goodman surgery of Anosov flows can be performed using the bi-contact surgery operations of Salmoiraghi [Goodman surgery and projectively Anosov flows. Preprint, 2022, arXiv:2202.01328].
An improvement on Schmidt’s bound on the number of number fields of bounded discriminant and small degree
Authors: Bhargava Manjul , Shankar Arul , Wang Xiaoheng
Published: October 2022

We prove an improvement on Schmidt’s upper bound on the number of number fields of degree n and absolute discriminant less than X for

$6\leq n\leq 94$

. We carry this out by improving and applying a uniform bound on the number of monic integer polynomials, having bounded height and discriminant divisible by a large square, that we proved in a previous work [7].
Flow–structure interaction of a starting jet through a flexible circular nozzle
Authors: Choi Daehyun , Park Hyungmin
Published: October 2022

In the present study, the flow–structure interaction of a starting jet through a flexible nozzle is experimentally investigated, with a focus on the optimal flexibility for thrust generation. Water slug is impulsively accelerated through a cylindrical nozzle, fabricated with silicone rubber of varying flexibility. In general, the flexible nozzle modifies the vortical structure of the jet and augments the thrust of the starting jet. The measurement of nozzle surface deformation revealed that a back-and-forth wave propagation on the nozzle surface is responsible for the jet-vortex evolution augmenting the thrust generation. Combining the hydrodynamic conservation equations and the linearized shell theory, we also formulated the governing equations, dominated by two relevant dimensionless parameters: the effective acceleration time of the jet (

$\varPi _0$

) and the effective nozzle stiffness (

$\varPi _1$

). Asymptotic analysis of the equation showed that the dimensionless wave speed (

$\hat {c}$

) is expressed as

$\hat {c}=(\varPi _{0}^{2}\varPi _{1}/2)^{0.5}$

, and the jet momentum is maximized at

$\hat {c}=\hat {c}_{crit}$

(

$\simeq 3.0$

), the condition at which the release of elastic energy stored during nozzle contraction to the jet is synchronized with the instant of termination of jet acceleration. While

$\hat {c}=\hat {c}_{crit}$

, the achievable maximum jet velocity decreases with the effective acceleration time of the jet (

$\varPi _0$

), which is attributed to the reduced speed of the surface wave by the flow inside the nozzle.
Stability of non-isothermal Poiseuille flow in a fluid overlying an anisotropic and inhomogeneous porous domain
Authors: Anjali  , Khan Arshan , Bera P.
Published: October 2022

A two-domain approach is used to investigate the thermal convection of Poiseuille flow in an anisotropic and inhomogeneous porous domain underlying a fluid domain. The flow of the Newtonian fluid is regulated by Darcy's law in the porous domain with the implementation of the Beavers–Joseph condition at the interface. The impact of medium anisotropy and inhomogeneity is inspected by virtue of linear stability analysis along with other governing parameters such as depth ratio (ratio of depth of fluid domain to porous domain), Darcy number, Reynolds number and Prandtl number concerning the stability of the fluid–porous system. The neutral curves are found to be bimodal and unimodal in nature with the anisotropy and inhomogeneity leaving its imprint on parametric variation. An increase in anisotropy or decrease in the inhomogeneity parameter follows the modal change from unimodal (porous) to bimodal (both porous and fluid). Also, it has been identified that, irrespective of the considered variations in anisotropy and inhomogeneity, the least stable mode for the depth ratio

${<}0.05$

is porous and for the depth ratio

${>}0.16$

is fluid. Furthermore, energy budget analysis is carried out to classify the type of instability and validate the type of mode. The instability is found to be thermal–buoyant in nature with omission of low Reynolds numbers along with very low values of the ratio of permeability in the horizontal to vertical direction, where thermal–shear instability is witnessed. Likewise, secondary flow patterns in the context of the streamfunction and temperature contour are analysed to validate the least stable mode and the type of prevailing instability in the fluid–porous system. The presented numerical results find good experimental support from the results of Chen & Chen (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 207, 1989, pp. 311–321) in the limit of natural convection with an isotropic and homogeneous porous domain.
Dead-End Scandal in M'Pésoba: Local Politics and Colonial Justice in French West Africa, 1913–18
Authors: Teska Wallace
Published: October 2022

This article scrutinizes recent histories of colonial and international law that use metropolitan reactions to the ‘scandals of empire’ to project a reform-oriented version of European colonialism. In French West Africa, most scandals never reached the level of metropolitan debate; they hit dead ends in colonial bureaucracies. Analyzing one dead-end scandal, the M'Pésoba Affair, this article argues that colonial justice on the ground often adhered to a politics of expediency, not a reformist rule of law. To maintain their precarious grip on power, colonial administrators had to simultaneously appease their superiors, economic interests, and powerful African actors. Resolving the M'Pésoba Affair, for one, entailed navigating the complex entanglements of cotton production, chiefly disputes, Islamic policy, and interracial sexual relationships in a backwater of empire marked by anticolonial revolt and world war. Especially in moments of crisis, political constraints shaped the application of justice.
The efficacy of therapist-supported acceptance and commitment therapy-based bibliotherapy for psychological distress after stroke: a single-case multiple-baseline study
Authors: Gladwyn-Khan Misbah , Morris Reg
Published: October 2022

Background:

Psychological distress is common after stroke, and affects recovery. However, there are few evidence-based psychological treatments. This study evaluates a bibliotherapy-based approach to its amelioration.

Aims:

To investigate a stroke-specific self-management book, based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), as a therapist-supported intervention for psychological distress after stroke.

Method:

The design was a single case, randomised non-concurrent multiple-baseline design (MBD). Sixteen stroke survivors, eight males and eight females (mean age 60.6 years), participated in an MBD with three phases: A (randomised-duration baseline); B (intervention); and follow-up (at 3 weeks). During the baseline, participants received therapist contact only. In the bibliotherapy intervention, participants received bi-weekly therapist support. The primary measures of psychological distress (General Health Questionaire-12; GHQ-12) and quality of life (Satisfaction with Life Scale; SWLS) were completed weekly. Secondary measures of mood, wellbeing and illness impact were completed pre- and post-intervention.

Results:

Omnibus whole-group TAU-U analysis was statistically significant for each primary measure with a moderate effect size on both (0.6 and 0.3 for GHQ-12 and SWLS, respectively). Individual TAU-U analyses demonstrated that the majority of individuals exhibited positive change. All the secondary measures showed significant pre–post improvements. Eighty-one per cent of participants reported the book was helpful and 81% also found the ACT-based sections helpful. Relative risk calculations showed finding the book helpful was associated with improvement in GHQ-12 and SWLS scores.

Conclusions:

ACT-based bibliotherapy, with therapist support, is a promising intervention for psychological difficulties after stroke.
Semantically related gestures facilitate language comprehension during simultaneous interpreting
Authors: Arbona Eléonore , Seeber Kilian G. , Gullberg Marianne
Published: October 2022

Manual co-speech gestures can facilitate language comprehension, but do they influence language comprehension in simultaneous interpreters, and if so, is this influence modulated by simultaneous interpreting (SI) and/or by interpreting experience? In a picture-matching task, 24 professional interpreters and 24 professional translators were exposed to utterances accompanied by semantically matching representational gestures, semantically unrelated pragmatic gestures, or no gestures while viewing passively (interpreters and translators) or during SI (interpreters only). During passive viewing, both groups were faster with semantically related than with semantically unrelated gestures. During SI, interpreters showed the same result. The results suggest that language comprehension is sensitive to the semantic relationship between speech and gesture, and facilitated when speech and gestures are semantically linked. This sensitivity is not modulated by SI or interpreting experience. Thus, despite simultaneous interpreters’ extreme language use, multimodal language processing facilitates comprehension in SI the same way as in all other language processing.
Breaking Up Is Risky Business: Personalisation and Collaboration in a Marketised Disability Sector
Authors: Hummell Eloise , Borg Samantha J. , Foster Michele , Fisher Karen R. , Needham Catherine
Published: October 2022

The marketisation of disability support driven by individualised funding brings new dilemmas for multi-agency collaboration, in particular how to provide personalised supports while remaining commercially viable. This article explores the challenges, risks and adaptations of organisations to navigate the tensions of personalisation and collaboration. Framed by street-level research and using the context of Australia’s National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS), this article draws on interviews with twenty-eight organisational managers. Multi-agency challenges are highlighted when several providers are delivering parts of a NDIS participant’s plan, blurring organisational responsibilities and accountabilities. Interviews also revealed the paradox of organisational disconnection and organisational dependence concerning quality support provision and described the collaborative responses organisations implement to ensure their sustainability. There is commitment among organisations to build a trusted ecosystem of providers, but this is largely discretionary and there is a need for further policy mechanisms to enable organisations to negotiate a way through multi-agency dilemmas.
To be Direct or not: Reversing Likert Response Format Items
Authors: García-Fernández Jaime , Postigo Álvaro , Cuesta Marcelino , González-Nuevo Covadonga , Menéndez-Aller Álvaro , García-Cueto Eduardo
Published: October 2022

Likert items are often used in social and health sciences. However, the format is strongly affected by acquiescence and reversed items have traditionally been used to control this response bias, a controversial practice. This paper aims to examine how reversed items affect the psychometric properties of a scale. Different versions of the Grit-s scale were applied to an adult sample (N = 1,419). The versions of the scale had either all items in positive or negative forms, or a mix of positive and negative items. The psychometric properties of the different versions (item analysis, dimensionality and reliability) were analyzed. Both negative and positive versions demonstrated better functioning than mixed versions. However, the mean total scores did not vary, which is an example of how similar means could mask other significant differences. Therefore, we advise against using mixed scales, and consider the use of positive or negative versions preferable.
How Chronological Age, Theory of Mind, and Yield are Interrelated to Memory and Suggestion in Young Children
Authors: Pérez-Mata Nieves , Moreno Amparo , Diges Margarita , Peláez Miriam
Published: October 2022

We investigated the interrelations between chronological age, theory of mind (ToM), Yield (as a measure of individual suggestibility), memory and acceptance of experimental suggestion in a sample of children between 3 and 7 years old (N = 106). One week after participants interacted with ‘a Teacher’, they were asked to recall activities carried out with the Teacher (direct experience) and the contents of a story read to them by the Teacher (indirect experience). Data were examined with an analysis of developmental trajectories, which allows establishing the predictor value of socio-cognitive developmental factors regardless of participants’ chronological age. It also estimates predictor values in interaction with the age and determines whether age is the best predictor for performance. As in previous research, results showed that chronological age was the main predictor of memory performance, both for direct experience (i.e., activities performed) and indirect experience (i.e., contents of the story). However, ToM and Yield, together with participants’ ages, modulated their acceptance of the external suggestions received (presented only once, one week after the event). A turning point was observed at age 4.6. Below this age, the greater the mentalist skills (higher ToM), the lower was the vulnerability to external suggestion. Still, children below this age characterized individually as being suggestible (Yield medium or high) were more vulnerable to suggestion the younger they were. Thus, developmental socio-cognitive factors might modulate young children’s vulnerability to external suggestions, even if received only once.
Komplexe Arbeitswelt in unbeständigen Zeiten
Authors: Gerharz Viktoria , Müller Isabella , Hennig André
Published: October 2022

Schon längst kann nicht mehr nur von einem „Engpass“ an Pflegefachkräften in der Alten- und Krankenpflege die Rede sein. Zahlreiche Gutachten, Statistiken und Berichte aus der Pflege kommen alle zu dem gleichen Ergebnis: die Megatrends (Wissenskultur, Konnektivität [u.a. Digitalisierung], der demografische Wandel, epidemiologische Veränderungen) werden nicht nur die Pflege, sondern das gesamte Gesundheitswesen nachhaltig verändern. Konkret wird dies bereits heute für Pflegende durch eine zunehmende Verdichtung und Komplexitätssteigerung der Aufgaben, einer immensen Gratifikationskrise und in deren Folge einer abnehmenden Attraktivität des Berufs sowie zunehmender Abwanderung und – last but not least – ein wachsendes Pflegevakuum in Deutschland.
Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten im Lehramtsstudium
Authors: Roos Markus , Leutwyler Bruno
Published: October 2022

Dieses kompakte Lehrbuch führt Studierende des Lehramtes zielgenau in das gesamte Spektrum der wissenschaftlichen Arbeitsmethoden ein: von der ersten Recherche bis hin zur pädagogisch orientierten Bachelor- oder Masterarbeit. Hier erfahren Sie alles Wichtige über wissenschaftliches Lesen, Interpretieren, Exzerpieren und Zitieren. Zusätzlich begleitet Sie das Buch bei den ersten Schritten in der Forschung und vermittelt Ihnen die entscheidenden Basics zu Forschungsdesign, Beobachtung, Interviews, Fragebogenerhebung sowie qualitativer und quantitativer Datenauswertung.
Für die dritte Auflage wurde der Text aktualisiert und mit einem Kapitel zur wissenschaftsbasierten Produktentwicklung ergänzt.
Revisiting the Definition of Rapid Intensification of Tropical Cyclones by Clustering the Initial Intensity and Inner‐Core Size
Authors: Li Yi , Tang Youmin , Toumi Ralf , Wang Shuai
Published: October 2022

Rapid intensification (RI) of tropical cyclones (TCs) provides a great challenge in operational forecasting and contributes significantly to the development of major TCs. RI is commonly defined as an increase in the maximum sustained surface wind speed of at least a certain threshold within 24 hr. The most widely used threshold is 30 kt (15.4 m/s), which was determined statistically. Here we propose a new definition for RI by objectively clustering TCs using the intensification rate, initial intensity, and radius of the maximum wind speed (RMW). A group of 770 samples is separated at a threshold of 45 kt (23.2 m/s). The threshold is 40 kt (20.6 m/s) for the western North Atlantic, where TC size measurements are more reliable. Monte Carlo experiments demonstrate that the proposed threshold is robust even considering the uncertainty in RMW of as high as 30 km. We show that, when a TC undergoes RI, its maximum wind speed is approximately 60 ± 15 kt (30.9 ± 7.7 m/s) and the RMW is 45 ± 20 km. The new threshold outperforms the conventional threshold of 30 kt/24 hr in describing the bimodal distribution of lifetime maximum intensity and explaining the annual count of Category 5 TCs. This new definition provides a more physically based threshold and describes a more reliable representation of extreme events. Although more comparisons are needed for operational application, it is likely to be desirable for case‐based process studies and could provide a more valuable metric for TC intensification classification and research.
Signatures of Anomalous Transport in the 2019/2020 Arctic Stratospheric Polar Vortex
Authors: Manney Gloria L. , Millán Luis F. , Santee Michelle L. , Wargan Krzysztof , Lambert Alyn , Neu Jessica L. , Werner Frank , Lawrence Zachary D. , Schwartz Michael J. , Livesey Nathaniel J. , Read William G.
Published: October 2022

The exceptionally strong and long‐lived Arctic stratospheric polar vortex in 2019/2020 resulted in large transport anomalies throughout the fall‐winter‐spring period from vortex development to breakup. These anomalies are studied using Aura MLS N2O, H2O, and CO long‐lived trace gas data, ACE‐FTS CH4 data, and meteorological and trace gas fields from reanalyses. Anomalies are strongest throughout the winter in the lower through the middle stratosphere (from about 500K through 700K), with record low (high) departures from climatology in N2O and CH4 (H2O). CO shows extreme high anomalies in midwinter through spring down to about 550K. Descent rates, vortex confinement, and trace gas distributions in the preceding months indicate that early winter anomalies in N2O and H2O arose primarily from entrainment of air with already‐anomalous values into the vortex as it developed in fall 2019 followed by descent of those anomalies to lower levels within the vortex. Trace gas anomalies in midwinter through the late vortex breakup in spring 2020 arose primarily from inhibition of mixing between vortex and extravortex air because of the exceptionally strong and persistent vortex. Persistent strong N2O and H2O gradients across the vortex edge demonstrate that air within the vortex and its remnants remained very strongly confined through late April (mid‐May) in the middle (lower) stratosphere. These results are important for understanding the evolution of trace gas distributions, which affects both polar chemical processing and radiative processes related to climate.
Improvement and Uncertainties of Global Simulation of Sulfate Concentration and Radiative Forcing in CESM2
Authors: Ge Wendong , Liu Junfeng , Xiang Songlin , Zhou Yuhan , Zhou Jingcheng , Hu Xiurong , Ma Jianmin , Wang Xuejun , Wan Yi , Hu Jianying , Zhang Zhaobin , Wang Xilong , Tao Shu
Published: October 2022

Sulfate is a major atmospheric pollutant and radiative forcing (RF) factor that influences air quality, cloud microphysics, and climate. Therefore, a better evaluation of sulfate concentrations and RF patterns is essential for policy‐making and the management of air pollution and climate change. This study comprehensively estimates the global distribution of sulfate concentrations and RFs and analyzes the sources of uncertainty in the Community Earth System Model version 2 and the Parallel Offline Radiative Transfer model. Compared with the observations, the incorporation of detailed in‐cloud aqueous‐phase chemistry and the enhanced wet deposition (WD) flux of sulfate significantly improved the simulations of sulfur species both near the ground and at high altitudes, which is beneficial for a more accurate estimation of the global RF of sulfate. The improved simulated RF of sulfate from 1850 to 2015 is −0.502 Wˑm−2. This study finds that WD is the key process governing both the horizontal and vertical distributions of sulfate concentrations. The overestimation of surface sulfate and the underestimation of high‐altitude sulfate made by the model are essential uncertainty factors of the sulfate RF estimation. This study emphasizes the importance of improving the simulation of global sulfate distribution as well as its RF, which may strongly pressure the near‐future warming potential when witnessing a rapid transition to a carbon neutral world that is phasing out fossil fuel. A more accurate assessment of sulfate levels and radiation effects will play a remarkable guiding role in the formulation of global emission reduction‐related policies in the future.
Glacial‐Interglacial Controls on Ocean Circulation and Temperature During the Permo‐Carboniferous
Authors: Macarewich Sophia I. , Poulsen Christopher J.
Published: October 2022

The apex of Earth's penultimate icehouse during the Permo‐Carboniferous coincided with dramatic glacial‐interglacial fluctuations in atmospheric CO2, sea level, and high‐latitude ice. Global transformations in marine fauna also occurred during this interval, including a rise to peak foraminiferal diversity, suggesting that glacial‐interglacial climate change impacted marine ecosystems. Nevertheless, changes in ocean circulation and temperature over the Permo‐Carboniferous and their influence on marine ecosystem change are largely unknown. Here, we present simulations of glacial and interglacial phases of the latest Carboniferous‐early Permian (∼305‐295 Ma) using the Community Earth System Model version 1.2 to provide estimates of global ocean circulation and temperature during this interval. We characterize general patterns of glacial and interglacial surface ocean currents, temperature, and salinity, and compare them to the documented abundance and distribution of Permo‐Carboniferous marine fauna as well as a preindustrial climate simulation. We then explore how glacial‐interglacial changes in atmospheric CO2, sea level, and high‐latitude ice extent impact thermohaline circulation. We find that glacial‐interglacial changes in equatorial surface temperatures are consistently ∼3–6°C. Ocean circulation is stronger overall in the glacial simulation, particularly as lower atmospheric CO2 enables deep convection in the Northern Hemisphere. Wind‐driven circulation, heat transport, and upwelling intensity are stronger overall in the Permo‐Carboniferous superocean relative to the preindustrial oceans at the same level of atmospheric CO2. We also find that CO2‐induced glacial conditions of the early Permian may have promoted foraminiferal diversity through increased thermal gradients and suppressed riverine input in marine shelf environments.
Raster-scanning Donut simplifies MINFLUX and provides alternative implement on other scanning-based microscopes
Authors: Xu Xinzhu , Jia Shu , Xi Peng
Published: October 2022

A donut excitation moves around a single molecule with a zigzag configuration lattice by lattice. Such a method implemented in scanning fluorescence microscopy simplifies the conventional MINFLUX process. Consisting of hollow zero-intensity excitation, single-pixel detection, time-correlated single photon counting, and drift stabilization, the system achieves localization precision and resolution very close to conventional MINFLUX theoretically and experimentally. An averaged high-SNR reference, and pixel-registered intensity from a single molecule is essential to reconstruct localization in maximum likelihood estimation. With performance reaching nearly conventional MINFLUX’s, the proposed raster-scanning MINFLUX can inspire researchers expertized in STED or confocal setup to quickly transform to MINFLUX and develop for further exploring on bio-specimens or optical applications.
NRSF/REST lies at the intersection between epigenetic regulation, miRNA-mediated gene control and neurodevelopmental pathways associated with Intellectual disability (ID) and Schizophrenia
Authors: Alsaqati Mouhamed , Davis Brittany A. , Wood Jamie , Jones Megan M. , Jones Lora , Westwood Aishah , Petter Olena , Isles Anthony R. , Linden David , Van den Bree Marianne , Owen Michael , Hall Jeremy , Harwood Adrian J.
Published: October 2022

Genetic evidence indicates disrupted epigenetic regulation as a major risk factor for psychiatric disorders, but the molecular mechanisms that drive this association remain to be determined. EHMT1 is an epigenetic repressor that is causal for Kleefstra Syndrome (KS), a genetic disorder linked with neurodevelopmental disorders and associated with schizophrenia. Here, we show that reduced EHMT1 activity decreases NRSF/REST protein leading to abnormal neuronal gene expression and progression of neurodevelopment in human iPSC. We further show that EHMT1 regulates NRSF/REST indirectly via repression of miRNA and leads to aberrant neuronal gene regulation and neurodevelopment timing. Expression of a NRSF/REST mRNA that lacks the miRNA-binding sites restores neuronal gene regulation to EHMT1 deficient cells. Significantly, the EHMT1-regulated miRNA gene set not only controls NRSF/REST but is enriched for association for Intellectual Disability (ID) and schizophrenia. This reveals a broad molecular interaction between H3K9 demethylation, NSRF/REST regulation and risk for ID and Schizophrenia.