bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Islamic Tolerance
Authors: Bouhdiba Abdelwahab
Published: March 2007

Why does one hear so much about tolerance today, when as little as a few decades ago it was considered an obsolete virtue, anachronistic and outstripped by the progress of our civilization? When a virtue is lacking we remember it most! Must we conclude from the emphasis placed on tolerance these last few years that we have entered an era of generalized mutual incomprehension? The conquests of the intellect; local, national and international juridical practices; education open to global issues; the intermixing of humanity that has never before “moved” so much under the combined effect of emigration; tourism and the developments in transportation and vast information exchanges served by efficient techniques that make communication one of the greatest benefits of our culture; all this could have led mankind into a surplus of exchanges on all levels, and better mutual appreciation leading to more tolerance.
The Library and the Book
Authors: Jacob Christian
Published: March 2007

The history of encyclopedism seeks to trace the metamorphoses and various cultural adaptations of three essential components. The first of these is an intellectual endeavor, reflecting the conception, hierarchy, and articulation of knowledge in a given society: How is the map of knowledge organized and defined? How do human thought and memory gather together and master all accessible knowledge? The second component can take the form of a material object, the encyclopedia - whether conceived as a book that unites the knowledge found in all other books, or again as the body of texts that, though not titled as such, belong nevertheless to an encyclopedic genre. The last constituent of the trilogy consists of the group of practices that fan out between these two poles, between the intellectual endeavor and the material object, and contribute to collecting, shaping, and transmitting the knowledge in a given society and time.
European Slave Trading in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Deveau Jean-Michel
Published: March 2007

The history of the African slave trade, despite its importance and role in world development, was not scientifically studied until 1930, and even since then few books and papers have been devoted to the subject. Beginning in the nineteenth century, however, this history has been the focus of sensational publications that underline and broadly interpret a smattering of highly emotional events. A conspiracy of silence cloaks the subject, as though shame still weighs upon the shoulders of Western society. In Africa, the same silence seems to favor consigning all memory of the collaborators to oblivion. In the last twenty years, the situation has begun to change. Several international conferences have brought together white and black historians. The Anneaux de la mémoire (Chains of Memory) exposition in Nantes enjoyed considerable success, and in 1994 UNESCO launched a decade-long cultural program called La Route de l'esclave (The Path of Slavery).
Our Third Root
Authors: Martínez Montiel Luz María
Published: March 2007

The recognition of Africa's contribution to American culture involves accepting an inheritance that is both part of the national heritage and part of the identity and cultural profile of each of our societies. By encouraging its complete assimilation into our history, this recognition also involves the study and dissemination of the culture, which in turn will enable the millions of Afro-Americans spread across the continent to participate in the process of building the future. Once properly recognized, this cultural heritage will produce a rich form of métissage and generate pluralism.
Pushkin Between Russia and Africa
Authors: Gnammankou Dieudonné
Published: March 2007

Born in 1799 in Moscow, Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin - who has been called the “founder of poetic and literary language in Russian” (Belinski, Turgenev), “the first of the Russians” (Dos-toyevski), “the first Russian artist-poet” (Belinski), “the original model for Russian identity” (Grigoriev), “an extremely rare and perhaps unique phenomenon of the Russian spirit” (Gogol), “the sun of the Russian intellectual conception of the world” (Dostoyevsky) - could trace his roots back to African ancestors. His mother, Nadine Hanibal, was the granddaughter of “The Negro of Peter the Great,” Abraham Petrovich Hanibal, who at the beginning of the eighteenth century fell victim to the black slave trade with the Ottoman Empire.
Adaptation and Self-Organization in Primate Societies
Authors: Thierry Bernard
Published: March 2007

The primary method by which science endeavors to order the world is the analytic approach, consistent with Cartesian principles of dividing the problem in as many sections as required for an optimal solution, and progressing from the simplest to the most complex reasoning. When the interactions among the various elements of the system being studied are minimal, such a procedure indeed makes it possible to formulate laws that describe chains of causality. However, when the variables are interdependent and linked by non-linear equations, the atomistic method cannot account for the phenomenon in its entirety. Spurred by this inadequacy, scientists sought to discover synthetic methods which, early in the twentieth century, led to the conceptualization of holistic theories in a number of disciplines. The most highly developed fields are the psychology of form, structural anthropology (1), and the various systems theories (2). More recently, the development of epigenetic concepts in biology has corresponded to the appearance of different theories of pattern in physics and mathematics (3, 4) and to the progressive emergence of the concept of self-organization (5, 6, 7). The objective is to explain the production of complex structures on the basis of interacting elements, none of which contains a guiding scheme that dictates these structures. In biology, the challenge is to locate the constraints that are expressed in a space of possibilities (8) in order to develop a theory of organization that is capable of predicting the finite number of forms that living creatures can assume (9). This school of thought can be described as structuralist, emergentist, self-organizational, or epigeneticist, depending on the theoretical version that is emphasized.
From Epistemology to Anthropology and Back Again
Authors: Tort Patrick , Jamard Jean-Luc
Published: March 2007

In order to leave our debate open, it is important to end with a potentially crucial encounter between two domains whose representatives have not yet engaged in direct dialogue. Epistemology and anthropology, indeed, have many ideas to exchange and interactions to stimulate, particularly insofar as both of them consider the relations between a science of nature and a science of humankind.
Development of information search expertise
Authors: Chu Samuel Kai-Wah , Law Nancy
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a study of 12 postgraduate research students' development of information search expertise. It focuses on students' perceived importance and growing understanding of different source types as they progress through their studies. Taking an in-depth longitudinal approach, this study makes use of surveys, direct observations of students' searches through various sources, students' verbalization of their thoughts while searching data-bases/sources and interviews during a one-year period. After analysing the data from the surveys and the interviews of the students with regard to their use of different source types, the paper identifies three stages of students' information needs, and links them to the progress of the students' research. The paper uncovers the roles that different source types play in different stages of research, and finds that while many students were initially unfamiliar with many source types, a growing understanding of them has contributed to the students' development of information search expertise.
Developing an intertextuality-oriented fiction classification
Authors: Vernitski Anat
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a model for an intertextuality-oriented classification scheme for fiction, to be used by Humanities scholars studying fiction. The methodology used includes a literature review to establish background, followed by the development of a classification scheme by modifying and adding to existing fiction classification categories that only partially suit the purpose of proposed scheme. The paper portrays the structure of the classification scheme, enumerates its classes and sub-classes, assigns to it a suitable notation and lists appropriate examples to illustrate the proposed use of the scheme. The paper refers to user studies of information needs of Humanities scholars, who are the main group of potential users of the scheme, but does not include a user study of the proposed scheme itself. Practical implementations of the work presented in this paper centre upon a model for a classification scheme that covers the intertextual approach, which is a central approach used by scholars of fiction. It gives suggestions for possible implementations of the scheme to suit the information needs of Humanities scholars working in this area. This paper bridges a gap in the research of fiction classification. While fiction classifications for reading for pleasure exist, as well as classifications for scholarly subjects other than fiction, no classification for fiction as a scholarly discipline had been developed. Moreover, previous research had commented upon the need for intertextual approaches to the organization of documentation, and this is the first suggested model for a classification scheme based on the intertextual principle.
Cultural Uniqueness and Aesthetic Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Regev Motti
Published: March 2007

Aesthetic cosmopolitanism is conceptualized here as a cultural condition in which late modern ethno-national cultural uniqueness is associated with contemporary cultural forms like film and pop-rock music, and as such it is produced from within the national framework. The social production of aesthetic cosmopolitanism is analyzed through elaborations on Bourdieu's field theory, as an outcome of the intersection of and interplay between global fields of art and fields of national culture. A sociological explanation for the emergence of aesthetic cosmopolitanism is proposed. It focuses on claims by social sectors within national contexts for status and recognition of their own contemporary cultural uniqueness.
Participatory research
Authors: Dewing Jan
Published: March 2007

Consent theoretically threads through the whole qualitative research method, so getting this right can set the tone for person-centred relationships between researcher and participants. However, most attention has been given in the UK to cognitively biased informed consent and to consent taking place at the beginning of projects; and in North America to assent or the lack of objection. The method in this article is based on the premise that for persons with a dementia, informed consent becomes increasingly redundant and consequently exclusionary to them as persons. This article sets out and describes a method for consent that focuses on persons with dementia, traditionally excluded from consent and thus from research, and also refocuses on consent as a process that runs through the whole of a research project. It also suggests that use of this model can strengthen the assent process. Examples from two contrasting doctoral studies will be offered to illustrate the method in action. The first study investigates wandering in older persons with dementia living in a nursing home. The second study is a randomized control trial investigating an intervention for heel sores in older persons with dementia as patients on orthopaedic wards in a general hospital.
Tumor cell–associated tissue factor and circulating hemostatic factors cooperate to increase metastatic potential through natural killer cell–dependent and–independent mechanisms
Authors: Palumbo Joseph S. , Talmage Kathryn E. , Massari Jessica V. , La Jeunesse Christine M. , Flick Matthew J. , Kombrinck Keith W. , Hu Zhiwei , Barney Kelley A. , Degen Jay L.
Published: March 2007

Tumor cell–associated tissue factor (TF) is a powerful determinant of metastatic potential. TF may increase metastasis by supporting thrombin-mediated proteolysis, through intracellular signaling events mediated by the TF cytoplasmic domain, through TF/fVIIa/fXa–mediated activation of protease-activated receptors, or through a combination of these processes. To better define the relationship between tumor cell-associated TF and circulating hemostatic factors in malignancy, we generated a set of C57Bl/6-derived tumor lines genetically lacking TF, expressing wild-type murine TF, or expressing a mutant TF lacking the cytoplasmic domain. Comparison of the metastatic potential of these cells in immunocompetent mice with genetic deficits in prothrombin, platelet function, or fibrinogen revealed that TF supports metastasis through mechanisms independent of the cytoplasmic domain, but dependent on each of these distal hemostatic factors. TF was neither required for primary tumor growth nor necessary for initial localization of embolized tumor cells within the lungs. Rather, tumor cell fate studies indicated TF supports metastasis by increasing the survival of micrometastases. One mechanism linking TF to metastasis is through a fibrin(ogen)-dependent and platelet-dependent restriction in natural killer cell–mediated clearance of micrometastases. However, TF also supported the early success of micrometastases through an additional mechanism independent of natural killer cells, but coupled to circulating prothrombin.
Scaling of contractile properties of catfish feeding muscles
Authors: Van Wassenbergh Sam , Herrel Anthony , James Rob S. , Aerts Peter
Published: March 2007

Biomechanical models are intrinsically limited in explaining the ontogenetic scaling relationships for prey capture kinematics in aquatic vertebrates because no data are available on the scaling of intrinsic contractile properties of the muscles that power feeding. However, functional insight into scaling relationships is fundamental to our understanding of the ecology, performance and evolution of animals. In this study, in vitro contractile properties of three feeding muscles were determined for a series of different sizes of African air-breathing catfishes (Clarias gariepinus). These muscles were the mouth closer musculus adductor mandibulae A2A3′, the mouth opener m. protractor hyoidei and the hypaxial muscles responsible for pectoral girdle retraction. Tetanus and twitch activation rise times increased significantly with size, while latency time was size independent. In accordance with the decrease in feeding velocity with increasing size, the cycle frequency for maximal power output of the protractor hyoidei and the adductor mandibulae showed a negative scaling relationship. Theoretical modelling predicts a scaling relationship for in vivo muscle function during which these muscles always produced at least 80% of their maximal in vitro power. These findings suggest that the contractile properties of these feeding muscles are fine-tuned to the changes in biomechanical constraints of movement of the feeding apparatus during ontogeny. However, each muscle appears to have a unique set of contractile properties. The hypaxials, the most important muscle for powering suction feeding in clariid catfish, differed from the other muscles by generating higher maximal stress and mass-specific power output with increased size,whilst the optimum cycle frequency for maximal power output only decreased significantly with size in the larger adults (cranial lengths greater than 60 mm).
Body size-independent safety margins for gas exchange across grasshopper species
Authors: Greenlee Kendra J. , Nebeker Christina , Harrison Jon F.
Published: March 2007

Why is maximal insect body size relatively small compared to that of vertebrates? Possibly insect body size is limited by the capacity of the tracheal respiratory system to delivery oxygen down longer and longer tracheae to the tissues. If so, one possible outcome would be that larger insect species would have a smaller safety margin for oxygen delivery (higher critical PO2, Pc). We tested this idea by exposing inactive adult grasshoppers of a range of species and body sizes(0.07–6.4 g) to progressively lower oxygen atmospheres and measuring their ventilation frequency and their ability to maintain metabolic rate(indexed by CO2 emission rate). We analyzed effects of body size on these parameters by simple linear regressions, as well as methods to control for phylogenetic relatedness among species. We found interspecific variation in Pc, but Pc did not significantly correlate with body mass (average Pc across all species =4 kPa). Maximal tracheal system conductance scaled approximately with mass0.7, and estimated ventilation in hypoxia (ventilatory frequency×tidal volume) scaled directly with mass, suggesting that convection is the major mechanism of gas exchange in all these species. These comparative data strengthen the growing body of evidence that body size does not affect the safety margin for oxygen delivery in insects.
Gill morphology of the mangrove killifish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) is plastic and changes in response to terrestrial air exposure
Authors: Ong K. J. , Stevens E. D. , Wright P. A.
Published: March 2007

Amphibious mangrove killifish, Kryptolebias marmoratus (formerly Rivulus marmoratus), are frequently exposed to aerial conditions in their natural environment. We tested the hypothesis that gill structure is plastic and that metabolic rate is maintained in response to air exposure. During air exposure, when gills are no longer functional, we predicted that gill surface area would decrease. In the first experiment, K. marmoratus were exposed to either water (control) or air for 1 h, 1 day,1 week, or 1 week followed by a return to water for 1 week (recovery). Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) and light micrographs of gill sections were taken, and morphometric analyses of lamellar width, lamellar length and interlamellar cell mass (ILCM) height were performed. Following 1 week of air exposure, SEM indicated that there was a decrease in lamellar surface area. Morphometric analysis of light micrographs revealed that there were significant changes in the height of the ILCM, but there were no significant differences in lamellae width and length between any of the treatments. Following 1 week of recovery in water, the ILCM regressed and gill lamellae were similar to control fish, indicating that the morphological changes were reversible. In the second experiment, V̇CO2 was measured in fish continuously over a 5-day period in air and compared with previous measurements of oxygen uptake(V̇O2) in water. V̇CO2 varied between 6 and 10 μmol g–1 h–1 and was significantly higher on days 3, 4 and 5 relative to days 1 and 2. In contrast to V̇O2 in water, V̇CO2 in air showed no diurnal rhythm over a 24 h period. These findings indicate that K. marmoratus remodel their gill structures in response to air exposure and that these changes are completely reversible. Furthermore, over a similar time frame, changes in V̇CO2 indicate that metabolic rate is maintained at a rate comparable to that of fish in water, underlying the remarkable ability of K. marmoratus to thrive in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
Humeral retractor EMG during quadrupedal walking in primates
Authors: Larson Susan G. , Stern Jack T.
Published: March 2007

The mammalian humeral retractors latissimus dorsi, teres major and caudal parts of the pectoral muscles are commonly thought to contribute to forward impulse during quadrupedal locomotion by pulling the body over the supporting forelimb. While most electromyographic studies on recruitment patterns for these muscles tend to support this functional interpretation, data on muscle use in chimpanzees and vervet monkeys have suggested that the humeral retractors of nonhuman primates are largely inactive during the support phase of quadrupedal locomotion. In the chimpanzee and vervet monkey, in contrast to what has been documented for other mammals, the contributions of latissimus dorsi, caudal pectoralis major, and teres major during quadrupedal locomotion are restricted to slowing down the swinging forelimb in preparation for hand touchdown and/or retracting the humerus to help lift the hand off the substrate at the initiation of swing phase. Based on these results, it has been proposed that unique patterns of shoulder muscle recruitment are among a set of characteristics that distinguish the form of quadrupedalism displayed by nonhuman primates from that of other nonprimate mammals. However, two primate taxa is a limited sample upon which to base such far-reaching conclusions. Here we report on the activity patterns for the humeral retractors during quadrupedal walking in an additional eight species of nonhuman primates. There is some variability in the activity patterns for latissimus dorsi, caudal pectoralis major and teres major, both between and within species, but in general the results confirm that the humeral retractors of primate quadrupeds do not contribute to forward impulse by pulling the body over the supporting forelimb.
Thermal dependence of contractile properties of the aerobic locomotor muscle in the leopard shark and shortfin mako shark
Authors: Donley Jeanine M. , Shadwick Robert E. , Sepulveda Chugey A. , Syme Douglas A.
Published: March 2007

The work loop technique was used to examine contractile properties of the red aerobic locomotor muscle (RM) in the ectothermic leopard shark Triakis semifasciata and endothermic shortfin mako shark Isurus oxyrinchus. The effects of axial position and temperature on the twitch kinetics, and the stimulus duration and phase producing maximum net positive work and power output were investigated. Contractile performance was measured over the temperature range of 15 to 25°C for Triakis and 15 to 28°C for Isurus at cycle frequencies (analogous to tailbeat frequencies) ranging from 0.25 to 3 Hz using muscle bundles isolated from anterior (0.4 L where L is total body length) and posterior(0.6–0.65 L) axial positions. Pairwise comparisons of twitch times for anterior and posterior muscle samples indicated that there were no significant differences related to body position, except in mako sharks at unphysiologically cool temperatures (<20°C). We found no significant differences in optimal stimulus duration, phase, net work or power output between anterior and posterior bundles in each species. With increasing cycle frequency the stimulus duration yielding maximum power decreased while optimal phase occurred earlier. The cycle frequency at which peak power was generated in leopard shark RM was only affected slightly by temperature, increasing from about 0.6 to 1.0 Hz between 15 and 25°C. In contrast, mako RM showed a much more dramatic temperature sensitivity, with the peak power frequency rising from <0.25 to 2.25 Hz between 15 and 28°C. These data support the hypothesis that the contractile properties of RM are functionally similar along the body in both species. In addition, our data identify a significant difference in the effect of temperature on net work and power output between these two shark species; at 15°C muscle from the ectothermic leopard shark performs relatively well in comparison with mako, while at higher temperatures, which reflect those normally experienced by the mako, the optimal cycle frequency for power is nearly double that of the leopard shark,suggesting that the mako may be able to maintain greater aerobic swimming speeds.
Molecular Recognition in an Organic Host–Guest Complex: CH···O and CH···π Interactions Completely Control the Crystal Packing and the Host–Guest Complexation
Authors: Radhakrishnan Kokkuvayil Vasu , Anas Saithalavi , Suresh Eringathodi , Koga Nobuaki , Suresh Cherumuttathu Hariharan
Published: March 2007

The synthesis, crystal structure analysis, theoretical modeling at DFT and semiempirical PM3 levels, and molecular electrostatic potential analysis of an organic host–guest system containing an azapolycyclic system 3 and ethyl acetate are presented. The structure of 3 was charaterized by the presence of seven-connected five-membered rings. Though 3 contained six-saturated nitrogen atoms capable of CH···N interactions, its crystal structure and the host–guest complexation were completely governed by CH···O and CH···π interactions. Further, an aromatic pocket consisting of four phenyl rings from four molecules of 3 existed located in the crystal structure. The guest molecule ethyl acetate trapped inside this aromatic pocket was found to interact with it via three CH···π and two CH···O interactions. A model structure for this host–guest complex was also optimized at DFT level, which showed good agreement with the experimental structure.
Speciation of Human Serum Proteins Based on Trace Metal Mapping Analysis by CIM Monolithic Disk Column HPLC/ICP-MS in Complement with Off-Line MALDI-TOF-MS Analysis
Authors: Hasegawa Takuya , Wakita Yoshinori , Zhu Yanbei , Matsuura Hirotaka , Haraguchi Hiroki , Umemura Tomonari
Published: March 2007

A multiply hyphenated HPLC/UV/ICP-MS system equipped with a fraction collection valve for subsequent MALDI-TOF-MS analysis was constructed, and its applicability to the speciation of metalloproteins in human serum was evaluated. A weak anion-exchange CIM® monolithic disk column was employed for protein separation, in which gradient elution of proteins with volatile salts was carried out while taking into account the compatibility with ICP-MS instrument. As a result of optimization, representative serum proteins, such as γ-globulin (γGb), albumin (Ab), ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf), and α2-macroglobulin (α2Mgb), were separated on the disk column with a linear concentration gradient of CH3COONH4 in 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4). These proteins, which were primarily assigned by UV absorption at 280 nm, were clearly identified with on-line multielement detection using ICP-MS as well as with off-line MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of each successive fraction collected. It was concluded that the present multiply hyphenated system will be useful for identifying proteins in biological samples.
Studies for Direction Dependences of Magnetizations and Magnetic Structure of Chiral Molecule-based Metamagnet, [Mn(hfac)2]·BNO*
Authors: Numata Youhei , Inoue Katsuya
Published: March 2007

We measured angular dependences of single-crystal magnetization for the chiral structural molecule-based metamagnet [Mn(hfac)2]·BNO* (1). This crystal shows remarkable crystal direction dependences of spin flip transition in all crystallographic a, b, and c axes and the transitions are observed at different critical magnetic fields (H || a: 640 Oe, H || b: 1000 Oe, and H || c: 1250 Oe at 2 K). These results mean that 1 has independent antiferromagnetic multi-sublattices. We calculated its possible magnetic structure from magnetic data and constructed magnetic structural model.
Photoinduced Phase Transition in the Organic Conductor α-(BEDT-TTF)2I3 at Temperatures near the Metal–Insulator Phase Transition
Authors: Iimori Toshifumi , Naito Toshio , Ohta Nobuhiro
Published: March 2007

Photoirradiation effects on conductivity in the organic salt α-(BEDT-TTF)2I3 at temperatures close to the metal–insulator (M–I) phase boundary are investigated using time-resolved measurements of photocurrent. The transient photocurrent at 115 K shows a remarkable persistence at the metallic conductivity and a nonlinear dependence on the light intensity, probably originating from the photoinduced M–I phase conversion in the presence of electric fields.
Ambipolar Characteristics of Dendritic Oligothiophene/Fullerene Linkage Molecules
Authors: Negishi Nobukazu , Ie Yutaka , Tada Hirokazu , Kaneda Takahiro , Aso Yoshio
Published: March 2007

The dendritic oligothiophene/[60]fullerene linkage molecules have been synthesized, and their electronic properties were characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements. The FET devices were fabricated with their spin-coated films and their performances were investigated.
Optimal Timing of a Single Dose of Zoledronic Acid to Increase Strength in Rat Fracture Repair
Authors: Amanat Negin , McDonald Michelle , Godfrey Craig , Bilston Lynne , Little David
Published: March 2007

We hypothesized that ZA treatment would bolster fracture repair. In a rat model for closed fracture healing, a single dose of ZA at 0, 1, or 2 wk after fracture significantly increased BMC and strength of the healed fracture. Delaying the dose (1 or 2 wk after fracture) displayed superior results compared with dosing at the time of fracture.

Introduction: Bisphosphonates are known to increase bone strength and thus the resistance to fracture by decreasing osteoclastic bone resorption. These properties may enable bisphosphonates to also increase the strength of fracture repair. Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a potent bisphosphonate with a high affinity for bone mineral, allowing bolus intraveous dosing in a range of indications. In this study, we examined the application of bolus dose ZA in endochondral fracture repair.

Materials and Methods: Carbon-14 labeled ZA was used in a closed rat fracture model. Rats were divided into five treatment groups (n = 25 per group): saline control, local ZA (0.01 mg/kg), and three systemic bolus ZA groups (0.1 mg/kg) with different administration times: at fracture, 1 wk after fracture, and 2 wk after fracture. Rats were killed 6 wk postoperatively. Postmortem analyses included radiography, QCT, μCT, biomechanical testing, scintillation counting, autoradiography, and histology.

Results: Single-dose systemic ZA administration significantly increased callus volume, callus BMC, and mechanical strength. Perioperative treatment increased mechanical strength by 30% compared with controls (p < 0.05). Administering the systemic dose at 1 or 2 wk after fracture further increased mechanical strength compared with controls by 44% and 50%, respectively (p < 0.05). No significant differences in mechanical parameters were seen with local injection at the dose studied. Autoradiographic analysis indicated that ZA binds significantly to bone that is present at the time of administration. ZA quantification indicated that delayed administration significantly increased the uptake efficiency in the callus. Histological and μCT analysis showed that ZA treated calluses had a distinctive internal structure consisting of an intricate network of retained trabecular bone.

Conclusions: The timing of a single systemic dose of ZA plays an important role in the modulation of callus properties in this rat fracture model; delaying the single dose produces a larger and stronger callus.
Strontium Ranelate Promotes Osteoblastic Differentiation and Mineralization of Murine Bone Marrow Stromal Cells: Involvement of Prostaglandins
Authors: Choudhary Shilpa , Halbout Philippe , Alander Cynthia , Raisz Lawrence , Pilbeam Carol
Published: March 2007

Strontium ranelate is a new anti-osteoporosis treatment. This study showed that strontium ranelate stimulated PGE2 production and osteoblastic differentiation in murine marrow stromal cells, which was markedly reduced by inhibition of COX-2 activity or disruption of COX-2 gene expression. Hence, some anabolic effects of strontium ranelate may be mediated by the induction of COX-2 and PGE2 production.

Introduction: Strontium ranelate is an orally active drug that reduces vertebral and hip fracture risk by increasing bone formation and reducing bone resorption. Strontium ranelate effects on bone formation are the result of increased osteoblastic differentiation and activity, but the mechanisms governing these effects are unknown. Based on previous work, we hypothesized that strontium ranelate increases cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and that, consequently, the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced could mediate some effects of strontium ranelate on osteoblasts.

Materials and Methods: Marrow stromal cells (MSCs) from COX-2 wildtype (WT) and knockout (KO) mice were cultured with and without low-dose dexamethasone. Osteoblastic differentiation was characterized by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, real-time PCR for ALP and osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA expression, and alizarin red staining for mineralization. Medium PGE2 was measured by radioimmunoassay or enzyme immunoassay.

Results and Conclusions: In MSCs from COX-2 WT mice, strontium ranelate significantly increased ALP activity, ALP and OCN mRNA expression, and mineralization after 14 or 21 days of culture. A short treatment at the beginning of the culture (0–7 days) with strontium ranelate was as effective as continuous treatment. Strontium ranelate (1 and 3 mM Sr+2) dose-dependently increased PGE2 production, with maximum PGE2 production occurring during the first week of culture. NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, blocked the strontium ranelate stimulation of PGE2 production and significantly inhibited the strontium ranelate stimulation of ALP activity. In MSCs from COX-2 KO mice, the strontium ranelate stimulation of ALP and OCN mRNA expression and mineralization were markedly reduced compared with COX-2 WT cultures. Similar effects of strontium ranelate on osteoblastic markers and on PGE2 production were seen when MSCs were cultured with or without low-dose dexamethasone (10 nM). We conclude that PGE2 produced by the strontium ranelate induction of COX-2 expression plays a role in strontium ranelate–induced osteoblastic differentiation in MSCs in vitro.
Advances in Behavioral Genetics Modeling Using Mplus: Applications of Factor Mixture Modeling to Twin Data
Authors: Muthén Bengt , Asparouhov Tihomir , Rebollo Irene
Published: March 2007

This article discusses new latent variable techniques developed by the authors. As an illustration, a new factor mixture model is applied to the monozygotic–dizygotic twin analysis of binary items measuring alcohol-use disorder. In this model, heritability is simultaneously studied with respect to latent class membership and within-class severity dimensions. Different latent classes of individuals are allowed to have different heritability for the severity dimensions. The factor mixture approach appears to have great potential for the genetic analyses of heterogeneous populations. Generalizations for longitudinal data are also outlined.
Phenotypic Factor Analysis of Family Data: Correction of the Bias Due to Dependency
Authors: Rebollo Irene , de Moor Marleen H. M. , Dolan Conor V. , Boomsma Dorret I.
Published: March 2007

Twin registries form an exceptionally rich source of information that is largely unexploited for phenotypic analyses. One obstacle to straightforward phenotypic statistical analysis is the inherent dependency, which is due to the clustering of cases within families. The present simulation study gauges the degree of the bias produced by the dependency of family data on the estimates of standard errors and chi-squared, when they are treated as independent observations in a phenotypic model, and assesses the efficiency of an estimator, which corrects for dependency. When family-clustered data are used for phenotypic analysis, in treating individuals as independent, and using standard maximum likelihood estimation, there is a tendency for the chi-square statistic to be overestimated, and the standard errors of the parameters to be underestimated. The bias increases with family resemblance, due to heritability or shared environment. The source of family resemblance — either heritability (h2) and/or shared environment (c2) — interacts with the composition of the sample. In the absence of c2, samples with twins, parents and spouses show the lowest bias, whereas in the presence of c2 samples with only twins show the lowest bias. In all conditions the bias remained below 15%. The use of the ‘complex option’ available in Mplus (clustering corrected robust maximum likelihood estimation) reduces the bias to the levels observed when only independent cases are considered. Thus with the use of robust estimates the bias due to family dependency becomes practically negligible in all conditions of dependency. In conclusion, the present study shows that the bias due to dependency in family data does not form a serious obstacle to phenotypic data analysis.
A Finite Mixture Model for Genotype and Environment Interactions: Detecting Latent Population Heterogeneity
Authors: Gillespie Nathan A. , Neale Michael C.
Published: March 2007

Approaches such as DeFries-Fulker extremes regression (LaBuda et al., 1986) are commonly used in genetically informative studies to assess whether familial resemblance varies as a function of the scores of pairs of twins. While useful for detecting such effects, formal modeling of differences in variance components as a function of pairs' trait scores is rarely attempted. We therefore present a finite mixture model which specifies that the population consists of latent groups which may differ in (i) their means, and (ii) the relative impact of genetic and environmental factors on within-group variation and covariation. This model may be considered as a special case of a factor mixture model, which combines the features of a latent class model with those of a latent trait model. Various models for the class membership of twin pairs may be employed, including additive genetic, common environment, specific environment or major locus (QTL) factors. Simulation results based on variance components derived from Turkheimer and colleagues (2003), illustrate the impact of factors such as the difference in group means and variance components on the feasibility of correctly estimating the parameters of the mixture model. Model-fitting analyses estimated group heritability as .49, which is significantly greater than heritability for the rest of the population in early childhood. These results suggest that factor mixture modeling is sufficiently robust for detecting heterogeneous populations even when group mean differences are modest.
Influences on Achieving Motor Milestones: A Twin–Singleton Study
Authors: Brouwer Silvia I. , van Beijsterveldt Toos C. E. M. , Bartels Meike , Hudziak James J. , Boomsma Dorret I.
Published: March 2007

In order to determine if twinning impacted achievement of motor milestones the attainment of early motor milestones in twins was examined and compared to published data from singletons of the same age from the same culture and birth years. We examined the influence of twinning, sex, zygosity and birth cohort (1987–2001) on the motor development of twins aged 0 to 24 months. Data on the attainment of motor milestones (turn, sit, crawl, stand and walk) of twins were collected from maternal reports. All data were corrected for gestational age. Data from the twin sample were compared to normative data from singletons, which were available from Child Health Clinics (CHC). Analyses across twin data and the CHC singleton data revealed no differences between twins and singletons in achievement of motor milestones. Girls were able to sit without support slightly earlier than boys, otherwise there were no other sex differences. Birth-order analyses revealed minimal but significant differences in turning over from back to belly and for sitting without support between the first- and second-born. Dizygotic (DZ) twins were faster than monozygotic (MZ) twins in achieving the moment of sit, crawl, stand and walk. Twins born in earlier cohorts were faster in reaching the moment of crawl, sit and walk. It is concluded that there are no differences in time of reaching motor milestones between twins and singletons within the normal range. Sex has minimal to no effect on motor development in early childhood. DZ twins achieve motor milestones sooner than MZ twins. Attainment of gross motor milestones (crawl, stand and walk) is delayed in later birth cohorts.
The Evolution of Female Orgasm: Adaptation or Byproduct?
Authors: Puts David Andrew , Dawood Khytam
Published: March 2007

Do women experience orgasm because this trait was shaped by natural selection to augment female fitness? Or are women merely the lucky recipients of developmental patterns favored by selection to produce orgasm in males? A recent and widely publicized book by Elisabeth Lloyd (2005a) contends that there is insufficient evidence to validate any of the adaptive explanations yet proposed for female orgasm. We agree. But our reading of the data differs from Lloyd's. In this essay, we outline why, unlike Caton (2006), whose review of Lloyd's book appeared previously in this journal, we are not persuaded by Lloyd's argument that female orgasm is a nonadaptive byproduct of orgasm in men. We hold this view because we disagree with the criteria Lloyd uses to evaluate evolutionary hypotheses, and because we believe Lloyd defines female orgasm too narrowly, ignoring critical information about its affective aspects.
Same or Separate Classrooms: A Twin Bill; The Birth of the Asian Society for Twin Studies; Research Reviews; More Extraordinary Lives of Twins
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: March 2007

New legislation giving parents a voice in deciding their twins' school placement situation (same or separate classrooms) was passed in Minnesota in spring 2005. Since then, parents in several other states have started petitions and lobbying efforts to persuade their senators and representatives to follow suit. A review and update of these exciting developments is presented, followed by a report from the recently established Asian Society for Twin Studies. Reviews of two new twin studies — bases of political attitudes and age effects on dizygotic twinning — are presented. The uniquely informative lives of several twin pairs are also documented.
Mission accomplished? An evaluation of the impact of EFTA's industrial development fund on Portugal
Authors: Eaton Martin
Published: March 2007

The European Free Trade Association's Industrial Development Fund for Portugal completed its operations in 2002 after 25 years of contribution to the country's economic evolution. During this period, the Fund approved almost 1,750 preferential loans worth over 789 million euros, which
in turn generated some 3 billion euros of overall investment. This article evaluates the role of the IDF by focussing upon the difficulties associated with creating jobs and developing the human resource base through vocational training schemes. It shows that the Fund's financial activity
was spatially channelled mainly towards Portugal's western coastal margin, and remained biased in favour of the country's traditional manufacturing industries. It critiques the validity of such a focus on process and evaluates the spatial efficacy inherent in promoting a scheme that appears
to work to the detriment of disadvantaged interior regions, instead of achieving its goal of equitably distributing funds throughout the country.
REFUGE, a pro-republican documentary from the Spanish Civil War
Authors: Crusells Mag
Published: March 2007

The Spanish Civil War was a ferocious ideological fight between Republicans and Nationalists during which cinema was used as political propaganda. The diversity of film centres during the conflict produced a wide variety of points of view and ideological or strategic proposals. Jean-Paul
Le Chanois directed Un peuple attend (1939), a documentary that showed images of exiled Spanish republicans living in appalling conditions in the refugee camps in Argels. Part of this material is contained in REFUGE (1939), a documentary edited by Irving Lerner. Testimony to
the cruelty of the Spanish Civil War, the film was produced by Cin-Libert and the Medical Bureau and the North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy. A documentary film in the Filmoteca Espaola classified as A People Is Waiting (sic) may in fact be Refuge.
Beyond accessibility? Toward an on-line and memory-based model of framing effects
Authors: Matthes Jörg
Published: March 2007

This theoretical article investigates the effects of media frames on individuals' judgments. In contrast to previous theorizing, we suggest that framing scholars should embrace both, on-line and memory-based judgment formation processes. Based on that premise, we propose a model that distinguishes between two phases of framing effects. Along the first phase, the media's framing contributes to the formation of an on-line or a memory-based judgment. The second phase describes six hypothetical routes for the stability or the change of these judgments: maintenance, readjustment, crystallization, inoculation, persuasion, and attenuation. At the heart of our model, we try to extract predictors for each of those routes. Finally, the implications of the proposed model for future framing research are discussed.
Diversity Monitor 2005. Diversity as a quality aspect of television in the Netherlands
Authors: Koeman Joyce , Peeters Allerd , D'Haenens Leen
Published: March 2007

This article looks into the way in which public-service as well as commercial TV stations in the Netherlands assume their social responsibility towards a pluralist society. After all, television channels are expected to be ‘mirrors of society’; the key question is then how successful their programs are in conveying a well-balanced representation of all groups in society. By means of a quantitative analysis, the Diversity Monitor charts the (re)presentation of different groups, with a particular focus on gender, age, and ethnicity. Apart from diversity, and as a subcomponent of the Quality Card (McKinsey, 2003), the Monitor also reviews innovation as an indicator of program quality. The results reveal a wide diversity of TV programs in the Netherlands, but diversity as such is no guarantee of a balanced (re)presentation of society at large. Due to selection mechanisms on the side of the broadcaster and the public, what the viewer eventually gets is at the most a mirror of his or her own group.
Pseudo-Clemens Romanus, homilia 3,72 als petrinisches Konsekrationsgebet der Kopten und der ägyptischen Melchiten
Authors: Brakmann Heinzgerd
Published: March 2007

Several consecration rites of the Coptic liturgy and the liturgy of the Egyptian Melkites take up the prayer by Clemens Romanus, homilia 3,72 supplying therefore an up to now almost unconsidered attestation of their little spread model. The liturgical editing of the prayer originates from the time before the Alexandrine patriarchy split up as a result of the council of Chalkedon. It's probably part of the late-antique Corpus orationum of the lost Alexandrine ordination liturgy, from which later liturgicals of both denominations served themselves.
Apollinaris of Laodicea: A Neglected Link of Trinitarian Theology between East and West?
Authors: Gemeinhardt Peter
Published: March 2007

Die Trinitätslehre des Apollinaris von Laodicea hat in der patristischen Forschung bislang nur wenig Beachtung gefunden. Aufgrund einer verbreiterten Quellenbasis durch die Zuweisung von Ps.-Athanasius, Contra Sabellianos und Ps.-Basilius, Contra Eunomium IV–V an Apollinaris wird in der vorliegenden Untersuchung dargelegt, daß mit dessen trinitarischer Theologie ein eigenständiger Entwurf in die Diskussionen der 360er Jahre eingebracht wurde. Charakteristisch dafür ist die Identifizierung von Ousia und Hypostasis und die Unterscheidung der Personen durch

, die sowohl eine reale Dreiheit zu behaupten als auch einer „Dreipersönlichkeit“ Gottes zu widersprechen erlauben. Während sich im Osten mit Basilius von Caesarea die Rede von drei Hypostasen durchzusetzen begann, könnte Apollinaris' Theologie eine bislang nicht beachtete Nachwirkung im lateinischen Westen entfaltet haben. Es wird damit möglicherweise stringenter zu erklären sein, wie sich innerhalb des nizänischen Grundkonsenses bezüglich der Homousie der trinitarischen Personen in Ost und West unterschiedliche, nicht aufeinander reduzierbare Konzepte etablierten, deren Einheit und Dreiheit begrifflich konsistent zu fassen ist.