bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aged Migration to Coastal and Inland Centres in NSW
Authors: DRYSDALE RUSSELL
Published: March 2008

To better understand migration by the aged to non‐metropolitan destinations this article compares both the household characteristics and the migration behaviour of aged inland movers with aged coastal movers. Inland movers are significantly different to coastal movers in socioeconomic and demographic respects, such as age, mobility, the location of the nearest child and previous occupation. Similarly, there are behavioural differences. Inland households often leave their previous location for reasons internal to the household, such as failing health. In contrast, aged people moving to the coast are more likely to be ‘pushed’ from their origin by such factors as cold climate or the ‘rat race’ nature of urban living. The role of children is critical for inland movers. The converse is the case for those choosing the coast. Furthermore, different coastal locations tend to attract elderly exhibiting different behaviour patterns. Inland centres tend to attract very similar aged movers.
An Inventory of Australian Estuaries and Enclosed Marine Waters: An Overview of Results.
Authors: BUCHER DANIEL , SAENGER PETER
Published: March 2008

The results of a recently completed inventory of Australian estuaries and enclosed marine waters are summarised The inventory was compiled to gain a national perspective on the ecological status of estuaries and to ufentify research and management priorities The database shows that most estuaries in northern and western Australia have been relatively unaffected by human activity. In contrast estuaries in eastern and southern Australia generally have lower water quality and greater catchment clearance and a high percentage face real threats to their conservation values The estuaries in N.S. W. and VicroM have the most ertensive literature available. The results suggest that, given clearly defined management priorities, many representative and important features can still be adequatety conserved in a national system of estuarine reserves Subject areas where more research is needed include individual catchment characteristics, water quality, fihehs and conservation values and more detailed mapping. especially for seagrass beds and intertidal mud banks.
Research in Australian Geography: reflections from the pages of Australian Geographical Studies
Authors: GALLOWAY ROBERT W. , YOUNG ELSPETH A.
Published: March 2008

The IGU Sydney Conference made 1988 a memorable year for Australian geographers. It provided us with unique opportunities to meet old friends and colleagues and to forge contacts with new acquaintances; and, through our involvement in the huge range of activities associated with the meeting, it involved many of us in a global network of geographers, the benefits of which we continue to reap. Our 1988 visitors, primarily from the northern hemisphere, also benefited. Through publications, seminars and excursions Australian geography and Australian geographers came to the attention of their overseas counterparts with new intensity.

During the period from 1988 our experiences as editors of Australian Geographical Studies have suggested that this momentum has been maintained. Australian geographers continue to make a highly significant contribution to scholarly debates in all major contemporary research areas. However what are these areas? Are they static or changing? And what can Australian Geographical Studies tell us not only about these trends but also about what they might mean for future interests of Australian geographers?

In presenting a summary of the journal's activities and offerings over the last three and a half years we consider these questions in two different ways. First we present an analysis of the topics which honours and post‐graduate geography students have been studying for their theses over the last decade. These are taken from the biennial geography thesis lists which David Wadley and his collaborators have painstakingly compiled for the journal throughout this period. Secondly we look at the manuscripts submitted to us during our period as editors.
Impact Assessment of Rail Branch Line Closure: The Tamworth‐Manilla Line, NSW
Authors: PAROLIN B.P. , FILAN S.J. , ILIAS A.
Published: March 2008

Recent restructuring of rail services for the NSW wheat industry involved termination of branch line traffic and concentration on main line movements. The effects of these decisions are examined, with emphasis on economic and spatial impacts of rail branch line closure on the farming and business community of Manilla in northern NSW. The conceptual framework reflects methods and findings from overseas studies. In contrast to reports from overseas, minimal economic and spatial changes were found in the study area. However, even small negative impacts can be significant when combined with impacts of other forms of rationalisation and reorganisation.
Text‐ured Brick: Speculations on the Cultural Production of Domestic Space
Authors: JOHNSON LOUISE C.
Published: March 2008

Why do over 80 per cent of Australians defy the many critics of suburban life and continue to flock to new houses on the fringes of our large cities? This question is explored using feminist poststructuralism and urban semiotics to read a Melbourne exhibition village. Using this method, a house, its floor plan and a promotional brochure can be seen as cultural artefacts onto which are inscribed oppressive social relations which are, nevertheless, actively engaged with. Herein lies one element in the powerful appeal of the suburban house.
Monitoring Saline Discharge Areas: Farrell Flat, a Case Study
Authors: KIRKBY STEPHEN D.
Published: March 2008

By monitoring saline groundwater discharge areas, an indication of the extent of dryland salinisation processes occurring in an area may be determined. Processed remotely sensed data (SPOT MS and aerial photography) has been analysed within a geographic information system database to identify the dynamic relationship between changing vegetation cover and increasing salt levels on a saline groundwater discharge area. Temporal analysis of this database was conducted for a saline discharge area on a wheat/sheep property in South Australia from the period 1966 to 1990. The results provide a directional and quantitative assessment of the change in salt affected areas during the study period. Information of this type benefits land managers at the regional scale by quantifying salinisation trends.
The Blind Leading the Blind? Teaching Geography to Students with Vision Impairment
Authors: BOYD W.E.
Published: March 2008

Geography frequently uses graphics to express the spatial concepts that are the hallmark of the discipline. Students with a vision impairment may find access to this medium limited, and consequently teachers of geography may find themselves in the position of imposing discriminatory educational conditions upon such students. This paper arises from the absence of any coordinated statement of policies or methodology for teaching in this area in Australia, and reviews strategies which may be adopted: the provision of suitable materials; the adaptation of the conceptual and administrative bases of teaching; and the provision of advice and information.
Minangkabau Migration: Developing an Ethnic Identity in a Multicultural Society
Authors: MAHER NICOLA
Published: March 2008

The ambiguity which often surrounds the definition of ethnic identity stems from its wide ranging utility in humanistic studies. The breadth and flexibility of meaning attached to ethnic identity assists in uncovering the diversity of issues which relate to migrants' everyday experiences, expectations and aspirations. This paper seeks to establish how a relatively recent group of migrants to Australia, the Minangkabau from West Sumatra, Indonesia, develop and maintain their sense of ethnic identity during the migration process and in their everyday lives. A framework is developed which places the development of ethnic identity into a wider social context by examining links with the country of origin, involvement in the host community and the home environment.
Immigration, Ancestry and Residence in Sydney
Authors: BURNLEY I.H.
Published: March 2008

The paper examines the ancestry of Europeans in Sydney and that of the two largest non European groups. Spatial divergence occurs between the English, Scottish and Irish, and divergence from those of Australian ancestry. Residential persistence across generations occurs with persons of Greek, Italian, Maltese and Dutch origins, but not spatial segmentation. While there is greater language persistence in Greek and Italian second and third settlement concentrations, few third generation persons speak their ancestral language at home. The Chinese and Lebanese are compared with Greek and Italian ancestry in their areas of strongest representation. First generation Chinese are evident in areas of both low and high socioeconomic status, but without third generation language persistence. An evolving ethnic mix in Sydney is indicated.
Public Acceptance of Roof Insulation for New Homes: a Queensland Survey
Authors: FOSTER JOHN S. , HOLMES JOHN H.
Published: March 2008

Thermal insulation is an energy conserving technology widely applicable to the domestic sector, but with comparatively low levels of use in Queensland households. The degree of public acceptance of roof I ceiling insulation was explored through a telephone survey of householders arranging to build a new home. Sixty‐eight per cent of householders decided on roof insulation, mainly for reasons of thermal comfort. Non‐adopters had reservations primarily associated with the initial cost of insulation or the need for it. Socio‐economic characteristics explained few acceptance differentials. The compulsory use of roof insulation in new homes, coupled with an appropriate education campaign, may be the most important promotional strategy.
The Geography Closest In ‐ the Body… the Politics of Pregnability
Authors: LONGHURST ROBYN
Published: March 2008

This paper aims to make questions of the body explicit in geography. Constructionist and essentialist feminist approaches to the body are outlined and the distinction that is commonly made between them is prob‐lematised. Also problematised is the mind/body split. The Pregnant Woman is used to question the epistemology and ontology of geographical discourse. These epistemological and ontological questions underlie the discussion of the geography of pregnant women's experiences of Centreplace mall in Hamilton, New Zealand. Suggestions for further research in the area of ‘embodying geography’ are offered.
Wood Chipping of Indigenous Forest on Private Land in New Zealand 1969–1993
Authors: WILSON GEOFF A.
Published: March 2008

In recent decades the international wood chip industry has been the major cause of indigenous forest destruction in New Zealand. This paper analyses how changing state forest policies have affected wood chipping of indigenous forest. Emphasis is placed on wood chipping on private land through a case study of the reactions and changing attitudes of farmers. It is argued that farmers and Maori landowners often have no other alternative but to allow wood chipping on their land. Although government policies have been tightened in recent years, and although attitudes among private landholders are shifting towards forest conservation, the pressure on New Zealand's lowland indigenous forest remnants continues unabated.
History and Effects of Channelisation on the Latrobe River, Victoria
Authors: REINFELDS IVARS , RUTHERFURD IAN , BISHOP PAUL
Published: March 2008

Channel changes on the lower Latrobe River since the late 1800s include a 25 per cent reduction in channel length due to artificial meander cutoffs, increases in mean channel width, increased channel instability and incision of up to 1.05 m. Hydraulic changes at the Rosedale gauge include increases in bankfull flow velocity and a 67 per cent increase in channel capacity, resulting in a threefold reduction of over‐bank flow duration. The extensive channelisation works have reduced the frequency of minor flooding and the period offloodplain inundation, but these and other human impacts have severely degraded the stream environment.
The Kuriles: the Geo‐political Spanner in the Geo‐economic Works
Authors: LINGE G.J.R.
Published: March 2008

The sovereignty of the bleak Kurile islands, off northern Japan, has long been the subject of a bitter stand‐off between Russia and Japan. This has not only prevented their signing a post‐1945 Peace Treaty but has retarded the flow of official financial assistance and corporate investment funds across the few hundred kilometre‐wide Sea of Japan. As a result the reconstruction of the Russian Far East has been made more difficult, thus exacerbating the economic and social hardship there. Examples like this should cause us to reflect on the dangers of making simplistic explanations about the spatial organisation of economic activity as well as the need to rediscover political geography.
Place Making: the Social Construction of Newcastle
Authors: DUNN KEVIN M. , McGUIRK PAULINE M. , WINCHESTER HILARY P.M.
Published: March 2008

The city of Newcastle has experienced significant transformations of identity. The city's contemporary reconstruction is a deliberate shift from industrial to post‐industrial identity. An industrial identity is now held to be debilitating for places, while a post‐industrial vision proffers an impression of improvement. The notion that places are constructed, symbolically as well as materially, allows us to problematise the identity of place, and to expose the ideologies and the actors behind such (re)constructions. Creative literature, media comment and autobiographical material provide insight into the landscapes and discourses of the city's changing identity, and into persisting patriarchal ideology, Anglo‐centrism and elitism.
Landscape and Soil Development on Monaro Basalt West of Nimmitabel, New South Wales
Authors: PILLANS BRAD , WALKER PAT
Published: March 2008

Prolonged stability of the southern tableland of NSW, developed on early Tertiary Monaro basalt, is evident from weak landscape dissection and numerous small lakes. However, poorly developed soils and weathered zones are inconsistent with prolonged Cainozoic weathering or formation under climates substantially different to the present. Thin Holocene sediments are also at variance with the sizes of the lake basins. Low depositional landforms, termed ‘lake shadows’, occur on the eastern perimeters of most lakes, and comprise clay pellets blown from basin floors during dry phases. Deflation, dominantly during Quaternary glacial periods, and reactivated today, is responsible for the thin soils and sediment cover. The lake basins are partly solutional and partly deflational features. The modern soil cover reflects the modern climate.
Evaluative Constructions Of Domestic Tourist Places
Authors: YOUNG MARTIN
Published: March 2008

Personal construct theory was used to study potential tourists' appraisive images of the major Australian domestic tourist destinations. Seven main evaluative constructs (bipolar discriminations) were identified as being commonly used to appraise destinations. The second stage of the research involved the scoring of places on those seven constructs by potential tourists. Principal components analysis of the resultant matrices showed that construct space generally comprised one main dimension which was labelled favourable ‐ unfavourable. An exception was that older women used two dimensions when appraising destinations. These dimensions were labelled frenetic ‐ relaxing and dull ‐exciting. Respondents distinguished clearly between destinations and the distinctions made were remarkably consistent over different groups of respondents defined on the basis of age, sex, and location.
Can Community Action Groups Produce Structural Change in the Blue Mountains Tourism Industry?
Authors: TONKIN LIZA
Published: March 2008

Local community action groups in Katoomba have changed the structure of the tourism industry in New South Wales. Although community action groups did change the local tourism industry, their effectiveness was limited chiefly by their reliance on the state to provide them with access to and influence over the development process. The relationship between community action groups and the government potentially affects the power of this form of local political action.
The Making of an Australian Technoburb
Authors: FREESTONE ROBERT
Published: March 2008

North Ryde in Sydney provides an instructive case study of the emergence in little over a generation of a new suburban activity centre on a greenfield site. While its image is that of a siliconised ‘technopole’, the real significance lies in the evolution of the wider locality into some‐thing more akin perhaps to an American ‘edge city’. The notion of the ‘technoburb’ seems the most apposite. The evolution of North Ryde is seen as exemplifying the restructuring of metropolitan areas into multi‐nucleated regions, the strategic role of the state in setting certain ground rules for development, the rise of the information economy, the impact of globalisation of economic activity, the dependent nature of the Australian economy, and the gap that can exist between image and reality in an Australian suburban ‘hi tech’ environment.
Land Use in Western Australia: the Need for Change
Authors: BRIGGS I.M.
Published: March 2008

The need for changes in land use has become more evident from analysis of continued declining trends in land and water resource quality. Land use change in this sense refers to changing existing resource management techniques towards ecologically sustainable development. For example, planting cleared areas towards natural water balance, creating better microclimates and improving soil stability. This paper examines existing land and water legislation and the role and scope of government and the community in achieving changes to traditional resource management including reference to economic and biophysical aspects.
Correlating Some Physical and Chemical Factors with Concentrations of Heavy Metals in a River Bed
Authors: GENTILLI JOSEPH
Published: March 2008

The data collected from South Creek, NSW, make it possible to seek some common underlying factors which contribute to the various differences in concentration, distance of transport, etc. Basic equations and the corresponding correlation values are given. Some correlations are so close that, subject to well planned pilot sampling, they could be used to reduce the number of samples needed for other surveys.
From Mexico to Beijing: ‘Women in Development’ Twenty Five Years On
Authors: KOCZBERSKI GINA
Published: March 2008

During the past twenty five years the Women in Development (WID) approach has become an increasingly important issue in the literature on Third World development. WID policies and related activities have now been incorporated into the aid practice of most development agencies. This paper critically analyses the diverse and conflicting ideologies that have emerged in the WID literature since the early seventies.
‘Burning Back with the Snow’: Traditional Approaches to Grassland Management in Tasmania
Authors: CUBIT SIMON
Published: March 2008

High altitude grasslands in northwestern Tasmania respond positively to periodic disturbance through grazing and burning. The major issue in considering the value of these activities as management tools, how‐ever, is understanding their dynamics. Too much or too little disturbance may create adverse impacts. Yet, many of the most diverse grasslands have long traditions of active management by Tasmanians for hunting and grazing. Interviews with a number of these graziers and hunters reveal the existence of a coherent system of grassland management which has been applied for generations. These traditional management techniques may well derive from traditional Aboriginal methods and have considerable value for modern grassland management.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SETTLEMENTS
Authors: JAY L. S. , HIRSCH G. P.
Published: March 2008

Comparative Analysis of Settlements

The aim of this paper is to describe the development of an analytica technique for use in the study of individual settlements and contiguous areas. Two examples are given of an analysis of a single factor: “retail sales per head of population” and “social structure of occupied population”, and two examples of an analysis of functional relationships, namely: “delineation of retail service areas” and “elucidation of regional characteristics”. Data for the exercise were taken from official British census publications and were obtained from a house to house survey in the county of East Sussex.

Analyse Comparative De L'habitat et des Structures Écologiques

Ce rapport a pour but la mise au point d'une technique d'étude des villages et des structures écologiques de la région. Deux exemples d'analyse d'un facteur simple sont donnés: »ventes au détail par tête d'habitant« et »structure sociale de la population active«, et deux exemples d'analyse de relations fonctionnelles »délimitation de zones de distribution au détail« et »détermination des caractéristiques régionales«. Les matériaux ont été extraits des publications du recensement Britannique officiel et obtenus à la suite d'une enquête par foyers dans le comté de «l'East Sussex«.

Vergleichende Analyse Von Wohnorten

Ziel der Arbeit ist, die Entwicklung eines analyhschen Verfahrens zum Studium einselner Wohnorte und ihrer Nachbargebiete aufzuzeigen. Zwei Beispiele für die Analyse von Einzelfaktoren werden gegeben: «Kleinhandelsumsätze pro Kopf der Bevölkerung“ und «Sozialstruktur der Beschäftigen”, sowie zwei Beispiele für die Analyse funktionaler Abhängigkeiten, nämlich: «Die Beschreibung von Kundenbezirken des Kleinhandels“ und «Auffindung regionaler Eigenarten”. Die Arbeit basiert auf veröffentlichtem Material des offiziellen britischen Zensus und auf einer Totalerhebung in der Grafschaft von East‐Sussex.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND ADVICE AVAILABLE TO UNITED KINGDOM FARMERS: DESCRIPTION AND APPRAISAL
Authors: JONES GWYN E.
Published: March 2008

SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND ADVICE AVAILABLE TO UNITED KINGDOM FARMERS: DESCRIPTION AND APPRAISAL

Prior to 1939 the advisory services available to United Kingdom farmers, which were State‐aided, were closely associated with local and regional centres of agricultural education. After the war, a National Agricultural Advisory Service, as a branch of the Ministry of Agriculture, was established in England and Wales, while in Scotland and Northern Ireland the pre‐war system was continued. In addition various mass media, commercial and private sources of information and advice operate. Despite the emphasis and financial resources given to agricultural advisory work relatively little is known of the extent to which they are used, or of their effectiveness as change‐agents. Some data are presented, drawn from surveys in Mid‐Wales and the East Midlands of England. These suggest that the use of specific advisory agencies varies for different kinds of farming innovations, depending upon farmer's experience, and that a high level of information‐seeking is a particular trait, peculiar to some farmers only.

DIE LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHEN INFORMATIONS‐ UND BERATUNGSQUELLEN IM VEREINIGTEN KÖNIGREICH: BESCHREIBUNG UND WURDIGUNG

Vor 1939 waren die den Landwirten des Vereinigten Königreichs zugänglichen Beratungsdienste, soweit sie vom Staat getragen wurden, eng mit den örtlichen und regionalen landwirtschaftlichen Ausbil‐dungszentren verbunden. Nach dem Krieg wurde für England und Wales ein Nationaler Landwirtschaftlicher Beratungsdienst als Zweig des Landwirtschaftsministeriums eingerichtet, während Schottland und Nord‐Irland das Vorkriegssystem beibehielten.

Neben den staatlichen Beratungsinstitutionen stehen den Farmern zahlreiche Massenmedien, kommerzielle und private Beratungs‐ und Informationseinrichtungen zur Verfügung. Trotz des Nachdrucks und der finanziellen Unterstützung, die der landwirtschaftlichen Beratungsarbeit zuteil werden, ist relativ wenig über deren Resonanz und Wirksamkeit bekannt. Die Studie gibt hierzu einige Daten aus Erhebungen in Mid‐Wales und in den Eastmidlands von England. Diese lassen erkennen, daß die Inanspruchnahme der verschiedenen Beratungseinrichtungen und ‐mittel mit der Art des jeweiligen Beratungsanliegens variiert und hierbei weitgehend von der Erfah‐rung der Farmer abhängt. Ein besonders stark ausgeprägtes Infor‐mationsbediirfnis konnte nur bei relativ wenigen Farmern festgestellt werden.
RURAL SETTLEMENT IN GREAT BRITAIN
Authors: BRACEY HOWARD E.
Published: March 2008

RURAL SETTLEMENT IN GREAT BRITAIN

In this paper the evolution of rural settlement in Great Britain is examined with special regard to the effect of the increased mobility created by motor transport. The subject is divided in three parts: the first concerns the distribution or situation of settlements, the second the actual structure and form of villages and the third the village community.

LÄNDLICHE SIEDLUNG IN G ROß‐5‐B R IT ANN IEN

Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick iiber die Entwicklung der ländlichen Siedlung in Groß‐Britannien. Hierbei wird den Auswirkungen der durch die Motorisierung gesteigerten Mobilität besondere Aufmerk‐samkeit gewidmet. Das Thema ist in drei Abschnitte gegliedert: Im ersten Abschnitt befaßt sich der Autor mit der regionalen Ver‐teilung bzw. Lage der Siedlungen, im zweiten mit der gegenwärtigen Struktur und Form der Dorfer. Im dritten Abschnitt wird die Dorfge‐meinde behandelt.
THE IMPORTANCE OF ‘OTHER FARMERS’
Authors: SHEPPARD D.
Published: March 2008

THE IMPORTANCE OF ‘OTHER FARMERS’

When statements are made that farmers influence each other, the basis for this is usually subjective rather than objective, such as a farmer's report on what influenced, or informed, him. Two mechanisms may be involved: farmers may talk to each other, or each may keep an eye on what his neighbours are doing. Some objective checks on this showed that farmers in Great Britain do not, to any great extent, pass on information by talking, and are often not well aware of what most other farmers are doing in their district. However they may have considerable knowledge of what particular farmers, for example leaders, are doing.

DIE BEDEUTUNG ‘ANDERER LANDWIRTl’

Wenn die Feststellung gemacht wird, daB die Landwirte sich gegen‐seitig beeinflussen, so ist die Basis dafür gewöhnlich mehr subjektiv als objektiv, ebenso wie der Bericht eines Landwirtes darüber, was ihn beeinflußt oder unterrichtet hat. Zwei Mechanismen können dabei eine Rolle spielen: Die Landwirte können miteinander sprechen oder jeder mag darauf sehen, was seine Nachbarn tun. Einige objektive Feststellungen darüber zeigten, daß die Landwirte in Großbritannien nur in geringem Maße Informationen gesprächsweise austauschen und daß sie oft nicht besonders gut wissen, was die meisten der ande‐ren Landwirte in ihrem Bezirk tun. Auf der anderen Seite besteht oft eine beträchtliche Kenntnis darüber, was besondere Landwirte, z. B. ‘leaders’, tun.
SOZIALE WERTE UND SOZIALER WANDEL IN DER LANDLICHEN GESELLSCHAFT
Authors: LUPRI EUGEN
Published: March 2008

SOCIAL VALUES AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN RURAL SOCIETY

Social values as integrating elements of a social system shape forms of human relations. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the various influences of the urbanisation‐processes on farmers' traditio‐nalistic attitudes and attachment to the soil. The concept of ‘social value’ serves as a tool for analysis. It is empirically established that this traditionalistic attachment to the soil is subject to change and makes way for a more positivistic orientation to the land. With increasing urbanisation the land loses its social significance. As a means for production it takes on an instrumental character. The analysis is based on data acquired by participant observation, supported by interviews using a standardised questionnaire in two rural villages in Hesse.

SOZIALE WERTE UND SOZIALER WANDEL IN DER LANDLICHEN GESELLSCHAFT

Soziale Werte als integrierende Elemente eines Sozialsystems pragen menschliche Verhaltensformen. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist, die mannigfaltigen Auswirkungen des Urbanisierungsprozesses auf die traditionale Einstellung und Verbundenheit der Bauern zu ihrem Land aufzuzeigen. Die Begriffskategorie ‘sozialer Wert’ dient als analytisches Werkzeug. Es wird der empirische Nachweis erbracht, dass die traditionale Landverbundenheit dem Wandel unterworfen ist und einer von einem positivistischen Geist durchdrungenen Orien‐tierung zum Boden Platz macht. Mit zunehmender Urbanisierung ver‐liert der Boden seine soziale Bedeutung. Als Produktionsmittel hat er instrumentalen Charakter angenommen. Die Analyse basiert auf Da‐ten, die durch teilnehmende Beobachtung und einer sich anschliessen‐den Befragung in zwei hessischen Bauerndörfern an Hand eines stan‐dardisierten Fragebogens ermittelt wurden.
PROBLEMES PSYCHOSOCIOLOGIQUES DE LA PEDAGOGIE RURALE
Authors: BRETONÈS GUY‐JOSÉ
Published: March 2008

This paper draws the main lines to be followed in the field of education aiming at a better development of the rural milieu. The first part describes the different psychological tests which can be used for measuring the levels of personality‐development, discusses their advantages and disadvantages with respect to types of rural populations studied, and explains which methods of testing appear to be the most preferable.

In the second part an account is given of the methods to be used in education in developing countries, which should be based upon a deeper knowledge of the existing social‐psychological situation, which can be acquired by testing the population.

PROBLÈMES PSYCHOSOCIOLOGIQUES DE LA PÉDAGOGIE RURALE

Ce texte trace les grandes lignes d'une action rationnelle en matière de pédagogie du développement en milieu rural. La première partie évoque les différents tests utilisés, les résultats généraux obtenus, ceux que l'on peut escompter de l'étude de ces tests en fonction des divers types de populations étudiées. La seconde partie envisage le problème de la pédagogie du développement dans le cadre des pays en voie de développement et le rôle prédominant qu'elle doit y jouer si elle est basée sur une connaissance approfondie de la situation psychosociologique et sur des méthodes de travail appropriées.

Sozial‐Psychologische Probleme Des Ländlichen Bildungswesens

Der Beitrag zeichnet die Hauptlinien, die im Bildungswesen beachtet werden sollten, wenn man eine Verbesserung der ländlichen Lebensverhältnisse anstrebt. Im ersten Teil werden verschiedene psychologische Tests beschrieben, die zur Bestimmung der Stufen in der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung angewendet werden können, ihre Vorteile und Nachteile bei den untersuchten Bevölkerungstypen diskutiert und die vermutlich besten Testmethoden erklärt. Im zweiten Teil wird über die Methoden berichtet, die im Bildungswesen der Entwicklungsländer angewendet werden. Diese sollten auf besseren Kennmissen der bestehenden sozial‐psychologischen Verhältnisse beruhen, die man sich durch Testen der Bevölkerung aneignen könne.
ATTITUDE DE L'AGRICULTEUR FLAMAND VIS‐A‐VIS DE SA SITUATION SOCIALE
Authors: BEDDEGENOODTS M.
Published: March 2008

Attitude of the Flemish Farmer with Regard to his Social Position

Flemish farmers have been confronted at the outset of the 20th century with an increasing industrialisation and with profound social changes from which an inevitable disequilibrium and unrest have resulted. Compared to the position of industrial workers, that of the farmers is precarious and the prospects are uncertain. Reappraisal of the function of agriculture has become a basic problem to be faced. The disinterestedness of modern society in this essential part of social life is characteristic of our time. It makes the farmer suffer, all the more so because the economic conditions in the present period of transition are unfavourable to him.

It seems that an interesting reaction to the new situation, at least with a part of the agricultural population, becomes manifest in certain forms of co‐operative organisation. The dramatic disequilibrium will be restricted to those marginal operations, that have no future in the European Common Market.
THE IMPACT OF CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE ON POLITICAL LIFE IN THE NORTH AMERICAN REGION
Authors: BERTRAND ALVIN L.
Published: March 2008

The Impact of Changes in Agriculture on Political Life in the North American Region

This paper follows a general approach to the above topic, although agricultural change in the English‐speaking Carribean nations has not progressed in the same manner as in the United States and Canada. Three general areas of social change are reviewed. These include: 1. Changes in the relationship of people to the land, 2. Changes in the interpersonal relations of ruralites, 3. Changes in rural social institutions.

The impact of change on political institutions is described at both the local and national level. At the local level, increasing demands for improvements in services, increasing use of technology, and an evergrowing demand for subsidy, credit, and welfare programs have served to modify the traditional autonomous, familistic patterns of government to more centralized and integrated operations.

At the national level, the changing political scene is analyzed in terms of four sources of power which have been traditional with agricultural systems. First, the legislative power of agriculture is diminishing as the farm vote drops and rural‐oriented legislators are retired. Second, agricultural political power derived from championing a ‘grassroots ideology’ is being lost in an emerging urban‐industrial ideology. Third, agriculture is having to form coalitions and compromises with many new and diverse groups which could be ignored in past power struggles. Finally, the emerging source of political power of agricultural systems, is seen most clearly in its control of the ‘expertise’ in food and fiber production.
WANDLUNGEN DES ZIEL‐ UND WERTSYSTEMS: DER EINFLUSS VON WANDLUNGEN IN DER LANDWIRTSCHAFT AUF DIE GESELLSCHAFT1
Authors: SACHS DR. R.
Published: March 2008

Changes in Goals and Values

If social change and alterations in a set of values are consequent upon ‘technological progress’, then, as far as the majority of the European countries is concerned, the initial impulses emanated from trade and industry rather than from agriculture. However, no part of society remains unaffected by the changes it causes in any other part. The problems of agriculture, which is compelled to change, increasingly become the problems of the industrial orientated European society. The growing substitution of labour by capital in a labour‐divided market economy compels agriculture to effect decisive changes in its structure and goals towards a maximum of rationalization and specialization, together with a high degree of co‐operative effort, and towards a relaxation and an increased flexibility of emotional attitudes towards the means of production with special emphasis on their profitableness. Nevertheless, the growing experience of the increasing disparity in incomes and of the decline in social esteem (‘backwardness’) brings the farmers into a number of conflicts. Their reactions (confidence, resignation, or stubbornness) differ according to their economic or intellectual background, on the basis of the general sense of insecurity attached to a minority. In this situation the European economic and agricultural policy is torn between die demand for a reduction in the agricultural labour force and the postulate, according to which the agricultural sector is too valuable to be given up; apart from the question of food production, there are sociological, ethical, and aspects of town and country planning which are of importance in this connection. Meanwhile part‐time farming (and residential gardening) seem to be spreading and to combine rural‐agrarian with urban‐industrial values, without, however, eradicating the essential differences between the two. Under the impact of social and economic developments in Europe one can observe both in the West and in the East a differentiation in agricultural prototypes and a pragmatic trend to adjust the respective ideologies accordingly.
THE ROLE OF REGIONAL ORGANIZATION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ISRAEL ‐ SOME PRELIMINARY REMARKS
Authors: WEINTRAUB D. , SHAPIRO O.
Published: March 2008

The Role of Regional Organization in Rural Development

This paper constitutes a report on the concept of regional organization in Israel and some aspects of its implementation. The term ‘regional organization’ is used in its broadest sense, covering formally organised enterprises as well as networks of relations, and including both manifest and latent functions. Regional organization is treated both as a method of development and as a social system growing out of daily interaction. The paper consists of four parts: first, a brief outline of rural and general development in Israel is sketched, as the background against which regional organization is analysed. Second, the concept of regional organization in Israel, i.e. the goals and functions, is presented. Third, the problems which arise during the implementation of this concept are discussed, including:

a. the size and composition or the regional system,

b. its ecological basis as opposed to its functional character,

c. the scope of regional cooperation,

d. the internal conditions necessary for the sustained development of the regional system as a whole,

e. the general institutional conditions suitable for regional development.

Fourth, and finally, a brief description of a current research project on some of these problems is given.
DIE LANDWIRTSCHAFT AUF DEM WEG IN DIE INDUSTRIEGESELLSCHAFT1
Authors: HARSCHE EDGAR
Published: March 2008

Agriculture on the March in an Industrial Society

The right way to integrate agriculture in the European industrial system is a problem. Modern techniques enable the farmers in industrial countries to provide more nutrition for the industrial population than is needed. The process of rationalisation is accompanied by strong concentration, both regional and structural. Agricultural productivity is increasing much faster near the big cities and the industrial centres than in the remote marginal zones. Already in the zones of industrial concentration in Western Europe, farms with an industrial character predominate. On the other hand the family farm is still typical of the underdeveloped marginal zones with a weaker economy.

As a societas naturalis' the family is beyond human discussion. Man, however, is responsible for the concrete historical realisation of its existence. The smallholding is the form of family existence that is adjusted to the bourgeois‐artisan world of early modern times, prior to the enormous development of industry. In a fully industrialised society, however, it has no chance of surviving.

The high financial needs of the industrially organised enterprise with more than one worker requires, also in agriculture, financial structures and entrepreneurial forms corresponding to those of modern industrial society. The number of capital‐owners among agriculturists is increasing. Private ownership of a traditional farm by one family will disappear.

An agricultural policy that fixes the inherited structures and privileges of the past does not recognize the dynamic character of the ‘justitia socialis’.
PART‐TIME FARMING AND FARM SIZE
Authors: GASSON RUTH
Published: March 2008

Part‐Time Farming and Farm Size

British agricultural policy is to support farm incomes so that farm businesses above a certain size can provide a reasonable living. Many farms in south‐east England above this level are in fact run by part‐time farmers with additional sources of income, while some judged to be inadequate to employ one man full‐time nevertheless provide the sole livelihood of their occupiers. Full‐time farmers often endeavour to improve their income position by buying more land when the opportunity arises. Here they may be in competition with prospective part‐time farmers who are attracted by the farmhouse and regard the land as an amenity. This conflict could be resolved by selling the farmhouse with a small plot of land separately from the remaining farm land.
THE SITUATION OF RURAL SOCIOLOGY IN EUROPE: REVIEW OF INVESTIGATIONS ASD OF INSTITUTIONS ENGAGED IN RURAL SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN EUROPE
Authors: KÖTTER HERBERT
Published: March 2008

Review of Investigations and of Institutions Engaged in Rural Sociological Research and Training in Europe

The report was initiated by the Working Party on Rural Social Problems in Europe, and financed by FAO. It is based on information gathered by the author partly by questionnaires, and partly by personal visits to 24 countries.

General information is given on the overall position of rural sociology in Europe, its professionalization, the possibilities for training and research in academic and non‐academic institutions, and finally the focus and scope of recent research projects.

The general introduction is followed by chapters dealing with one country. The summary gives some recommendations concerning the further development of the discipline.

Finally, it contains a list of institutions and personalities in Europe engaged in training and/or research in rural sociology or closely related fields, and a list of professional organizations and relevant periodicals.
OLD PATRONS AND NEW SOME NOTES ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF PATRONAGE FOR LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS1
Authors: GALJART BENNO
Published: March 2008

Old Patrons and New

In societies where patronage occurs it is found in all social strata; it does not disappear with the suppression of rural poverty. This article deals with the various ways in which patronage may manifest itself during and after the execution of local development projects. It is argued that the agency which executes the project will itself often be assigned the role of patron; that the disruption of traditional local power relationships may lead to new political alliances at the regional and national level; and that, even if patronage is suppressed locally, the institution will continue to exist in the wider society. Recourse to it will therefore remain unavoidable if the community wants to obtain new facilities which it cannot pay for itself. For this reason it is held that the agency which executes the project should not withdraw after the completion of the work but should remain and continue to play the role of patron to the community. In this way, two goals may be accomplished: 1) a local relapse into the old social structure (i.e. the emergence of a new local boss) can be prevented, and 2) allowance is made for the fact that at the regional and national level patronage still discharges important functions.
WORKING SESSION 2: DÉVELOPPEMENT SOCIO‐ÉCONOMIQUE ET LES RELATIONS HOMMES‐TERRE
Authors: BIFFOT LAURENT
Published: March 2008

Man‐land relationships and socio‐economic development in Africa are frustrated by the effects of the following conditions: i) the traumatism of the peasant; in the course of the last 400 years since he has been isolated from the larger society, and feels inferior; 2) the behaviour of strangers, who have disregarded the dignity of the human being in the rural world; 3) the tendency of the greater part of the intellectual African elite to orient themselves to the cities, and in particular to the capital; 4) the fundamental shortcomings of the material infrastructure which the new nations have inherited from the colonisation period.

The largest part of the paper deals with the fourth point. Due to the absence of good secondary and tertiary roads, and to the fact that the large cities as gateways to Europe are situated at the periphery of the service areas instead of the centre, the rural areas remain isolated from the urban world. A relocation of the trade centres may be the most efficient way to arrive at a faster rate of socioeconomic development of the rural areas.

Die Mensch‐Boden‐Beziehungen und die sozialökonomische Ent‐wicklung in Afrika werden durch die Auswirkungen folgender Tat‐bestände nachteilig beeinflusst: I) Das Trauma des Bauern; in den letzten vier Jahrhunderten ist er von der Gesellschaft isoliert worden und fühlt sich deshalb minderwertig; 2) das Verhalten von Fremden, die die menschliche Würde in den ländlichen Gebieten missachten;

3) die Tendenz der meisten Intellektuellen Afrikas, sich den Städten, besonders der Hauptstadt und ihren Verhältnissen zuzuwenden;

4) der grundlegende Mangel einer geeigneten materiellen Infrastruk‐tur, ein Erbe der neuen Nationen aus der Kolonialzeit.

Der Bericht ist zum grössten Teil dem vierten Punkt gewidmet. Das Fehlen guter sekundärer Strassen und Verbindungswege sowie die Tatsache, dass die Grossstädte als Ausfalltore nach Europa angelegt, in ihrem Versorgungsbereich aber peripher gelegen sind, haben zur Folge, dass die ländlichen Gebiete von der städtischen Welt getrennt bleiben. Die Verlegung solcher zentralen Orte könnte eine zweckmässige sozialökonomische Entwicklung beschleunigen.
ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS IN KIBBUTZ SOCIETY IN THE LIGHT OF A NEW THEORY1
Authors: SHEPHER JOSEPH
Published: March 2008

A new theory for measuring organizational effectiveness was suggested by Yuchtman and Seashore. This theory, called the system‐resource approach, tries to measure organizational effectiveness by comparing the bargaining position of different organizations in their competition for scarce and valued resources. The article examines the new theory by applying it to the case of the kibbutz, a thoroughly organized society. When compared with other organizations in Israeli society, kibbutz society seems to get more resources from the social environment; it is shown that it also gives more. Consequently, the article suggests substituting the concept of optimum exploitation in the original theory by the broader concept of exchange, and it recommends a consideration of the extent to which the organization and its social environment have identical values.

Une théorie nouvelle destinée à mesurer l'efficience structurelle avait été suggérée par Yuchtman et Seashore. Cette théorie appelée »système d'accession aux resources« tente de mesurer l'efficience structurelle en comparant les positions concurrentielles des différents types d'organisations, dans leur compétition pour l'acquisition des biens rares et chers. L'article examine cette nouvelle théorie en l'appliquant au cas du kibboutz, un type de société parfaitement organisé. Lorsque l'on compare ce dernier avec d'autres organisations de la société israélienne, le kibboutz paraît obtenir plus de ressources de la société globale, mais on peut montrer qu'il donne également plus. Cet article suggère, en conséquence, de substituer au concept d'»exploitation optimale« de la théorie originale celui plus large d'»échange«. Il recommande également d'étudier la mesure dans laquelle l'organisation et son environnement social ont des valeurs identiques.

Eine neue Theorie zur Bemessung der organisatorischen Effizienz wurde von Yuchtman und Seashore ausgearbeitet. Diese Theorie nennt sich “system resource approach” und versucht, die organisatorische Effizienz durch Vergleich der Verhandlungsposition von Organisationen bei dem Wettbewerb urn knappe und wertvolle Resourcen zu messen. Der Artikel prüft die Theorie durch Anwendung auf den Kibbutz als eine durchorganisierte Gesellschaft. Verglichen mit anderen Organisationen in der israelischen Gesellschaft scheint die Kibbutz‐Gesellschaft mehr Werte von der sozialen Umgebung zu erhalten. Es lässt sich jedoch zeigen, daß der Kibbutz auch mehr gibt. Daher schlägt der Beitrag vor, das Konzept der Optimumsausnutzung in der ursprünglichen Theorie durch das breitere Konzept des Austausches zu ersetzen. Es wird empfohlen, das Ausmaß in Betracht zu ziehen, in dem eine Organisation and ihre soziale Umgebung identische Wertvorstellungen hat.