bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Point of view and prospective agent
Authors: Emanatian Michelle
Published: January 2016

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Temporal priority and pragmatic ambiguity: The case of Already
Authors: Michaelis Laura
Published: January 2016

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Are there any truly quantity-insensitive systems?
Authors: Kager Rene
Published: January 2016

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The conflict promises/threatens to erupt into war
Authors: Traugott Elizabeth C.
Published: January 2016

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Two pathways to identifiability in Cerebon Javanese
Authors: Ewing Michael C.
Published: January 2016

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Levels vs. Domains: the case of Kashaya vowel length
Authors: Buckley Eugene
Published: January 2016

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Licensing Negative pronominals in Georgian
Authors: King Tracy Holloway
Published: January 2016

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indexical meaning, linguistic ideology, and japanese women's speech
Authors: Okamoto Shigeko
Published: January 2016

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why children omit function morphemes: metric vs. syntactic structure
Authors: Becker Misha
Published: January 2016

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Testing opposing phonetic structural principles: polarization and gestural economy
Authors: Anderson Victoria B.
Published: January 2016

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Glottalized sonorants: A phonetic universal?
Authors: Plauche Madelaine C. , De Aconza Rosemary Beam , Roengpitya Rungpat , Weigel William F.
Published: January 2016

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Table of Contents and Index
Authors: Editors BLS
Published: January 2016

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aspects of locative doubling and resultative predication
Authors: Cresti Diana , Tortora Christina
Published: January 2016

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the magic of the moment: what it means to be a punctual verb
Authors: Engelberg Stefan
Published: January 2016

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Metaphor, linguistic practice, and the temporal meanings of gannaaw 'back' and 'kanam' front in wolof
Authors: Moore Kevin Ezra
Published: January 2016

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The layered lexicon
Authors: Van De Vijver Rubin
Published: January 2016

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Markedness and the Evolution of Binary Spatial Deictics: French voila and voici
Authors: Plauche Madelaine C. , Bergen Benjamin K.
Published: January 2016

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Table of Contents, Preface, Index
Authors: Editors BLS
Published: January 2016

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The Need for the Resultative Network
Authors: Broccias Cristiano
Published: January 2016

No abstract available.
Reference to Abstract Entities within Clausal Complements
Authors: Hegarty Michael
Published: January 2016

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Historical Development of reported speech in chinese
Authors: Hwang Jya-lin
Published: January 2016

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Multiple Antipassives in Halkomelem Salish
Authors: Gerdts Donna B. , Hukari Thomas E.
Published: January 2016

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Speech Reporting Practices and Subjectives: Evidence from an Amazonian Society
Authors: Michael Lev
Published: January 2016

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Co-expressivity of Speech and Gesture: Manner of Motion in Spanish, English, and Chinese
Authors: Duncan Susan
Published: January 2016

Languages such as Spanish and English differ in how each lexically packages and syntactically distributes semantic content related to motion event expression (Talmy 1985, 1991). Comparisons of spoken Spanish and English (Slobin 1996, 1998) reveal less expression of manner of motion in Spanish. This leads to the conclusion that ‘thinking for speaking’ in Spanish involves less conceptualization of manner. Here we assess speech-associated thinking about manner on a broader basis by examining not only speech but also the speech-synchronous gestures of Spanish, English, and Chinese speakers for content related to manner of motion. Speakers of all three languages produce manner-expressive gestures similar in type and frequency. Thus, motion event description may in fact involve conceptualization of manner to roughly the same extent in all three languages. Examination of gesture-speech temporal synchrony shows that Spanish manner gestures associate with expression of the ground component of motion in speech.

We consider these findings in relation to two assertions: (1) gesture compensates for content speech lacks, (2) gesture and speech ‘jointly highlight’ shared or congruent semantic content. A compensation interpretation of the Spanish manner gestures raises questions about the role of gesture data in studies of thinking-for-speaking, generally. Further evidence from a follow-up study, in which narrators had no visual exposure to the cartoon, lead us to interpret Spanish speakers’ manner-expressive gestures as an instance of joint highlighting. This interpretation accords with McNeill’s (1992) “rule of semantic synchrony” between speech and gesture, one of the foundations of his ‘growth point’ theory of language production (McNeill 1992; McNeill and Duncan 2000). We discuss some implications of a joint highlighting interpretation for analyses of thinking for speaking and for lexical semantic theory.
lexical tone and markedness in standard thai
Authors: Moren Bruce , Zsiga Elizabeth
Published: January 2016

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Valence, Voice, and noun incorporation in Karaji
Authors: Ribeiro Eduardo Rivail
Published: January 2016

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Spatial structuring in spoken and signed language
Authors: Talmy Leonard
Published: January 2016

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An analysis of shifts in participation roles in japanese storytelling in terms of prosody, gaze, and body movements
Authors: Koike Chisato
Published: January 2016

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Grammar and gesture in american sign language: implications for constructing meaning
Authors: Liddell Scott K.
Published: January 2016

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Some phonological processes in Bilin
Authors: Fallon Paul
Published: January 2016

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Table of Contents and Foreward
Authors: Editors BLS
Published: January 2016

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on the syntactic status of certain fronted adverbials in english
Authors: Shaer Benjamin
Published: January 2016

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An intergenerational study of Hupa stress
Authors: Gordon Matthew , Luna Edmundo
Published: January 2016

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Investigating the "hidden" structure of phonological systems
Authors: Marsico Egidio , Maddieson Ian , Coupe Christophe , Pellegrino François
Published: January 2016

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Meta-constraints: Constraint interaction and gender assignment in ukrainian
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: January 2016

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S-O-V-X Constituent Order and Constituent Order Alternations in West African Languages
Authors: Creissels Denis
Published: January 2016

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Interpreting Yoruba bare nouns as generic
Authors: Ajiboye Oladiipo
Published: January 2016

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Oceania, the Pacific Rim, and the Theory of Linguistic Areas
Authors: Bickel Balthasar , Nichols Johanna
Published: January 2016

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Australian Complex Predicates
Authors: Bowern Claire
Published: January 2016

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Composite Tone in Mian Noun-Noun Compounds
Authors: Fedden Sebastian
Published: January 2016

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Reconciling meng- and NP Movement in Indonesian
Authors: Fortin Catherine R.
Published: January 2016

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The Role of Animacy in Teiwa and Abui (Papuan)
Authors: Klamer Marian , Kratochvil Frantisek
Published: January 2016

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A Feature Geometry of the Tongan Possessive Paradigm
Authors: Macdonald Catherine
Published: January 2016

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On the Argument Structure of Complex Predicates in Kalam, a Language of the Trans New Guinea Family
Authors: Pawley Andrew
Published: January 2016

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Apical Obstruents in Pre-Proto-Tangkic and the Origins of the Non-Zero Absolutive
Authors: Round Erich R.
Published: January 2016

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SERENDIPITOUS DISCOVERY OF AN EXTENDED X-RAY JET WITHOUT A RADIO COUNTERPART IN A HIGH-REDSHIFT QUASAR
Authors: Simionescu A. , Stawarz Ł. , Ichinohe Y. , Cheung C. C. , Jamrozy M. , Siemiginowska A. , Hagino K. , Gandhi P. , Werner N.
Published: January 2016

A recent Chandra observation of the nearby galaxy cluster Abell 585 has led to the discovery of an extended X-ray jet associated with the high-redshift background quasar B3 0727+409, a luminous radio source at redshift z = 2.5. This is one of only few examples of high-redshift X-ray jets known to date. It has a clear extension of about 12″, corresponding to a projected length of ∼100 kpc, with a possible hot spot located 35″ from the quasar. The archival high resolution Very Large Array maps surprisingly reveal no extended jet emission, except for one knot about 1.″4 from the quasar. The high X-ray to radio luminosity ratio for this source appears consistent with the

amplification expected from the inverse Compton radiative model. This serendipitous discovery may signal the existence of an entire population of similar systems with bright X-ray and faint radio jets at high redshift, a selection bias that must be accounted for when drawing any conclusions about the redshift evolution of jet properties and indeed about the cosmological evolution of supermassive black holes and active galactic nuclei in general.
LIMITS ON INTERGALACTIC DUST DURING REIONIZATION
Authors: Imara N. , Loeb A.
Published: January 2016

In this Letter, we constrain the dust-to-gas ratio in the intergalactic medium (IGM) at high redshifts. We employ models for dust in the local universe to constrain the dust-to-gas ratio during the epoch of reionization at redshifts z ∼ 6–10. The observed level of reddening of high redshift galaxies implies that the IGM was enriched to an intergalactic dust-to-gas ratio of less than 3% of the Milky Way value by a redshift of z = 10.
SURFACE TEMPERATURES ON TITAN DURING NORTHERN WINTER AND SPRING
Authors: Jennings D. E. , Cottini V. , Nixon C. A. , Achterberg R. K. , Flasar F. M. , Kunde V. G. , Romani P. N. , Samuelson R. E. , Mamoutkine A. , Gorius N. J. P. , Coustenis A. , Tokano T.
Published: January 2016

Meridional brightness temperatures were measured on the surface of Titan during the 2004–2014 portion of the Cassini mission by the Composite Infrared Spectrometer. Temperatures mapped from pole to pole during five two-year periods show a marked seasonal dependence. The surface temperature near the south pole over this time decreased by 2 K from 91.7 ± 0.3 to 89.7 ± 0.5 K while at the north pole the temperature increased by 1 K from 90.7 ± 0.5 to 91.5 ± 0.2 K. The latitude of maximum temperature moved from 19 S to 16 N, tracking the sub-solar latitude. As the latitude changed, the maximum temperature remained constant at 93.65 ± 0.15 K. In 2010 our temperatures repeated the north–south symmetry seen by Voyager one Titan year earlier in 1980. Early in the mission, temperatures at all latitudes had agreed with GCM predictions, but by 2014 temperatures in the north were lower than modeled by 1 K. The temperature rise in the north may be delayed by cooling of sea surfaces and moist ground brought on by seasonal methane precipitation and evaporation.
COLLISIONS BETWEEN DARK MATTER CONFINED HIGH VELOCITY CLOUDS AND MAGNETIZED GALACTIC DISKS: THE SMITH CLOUD
Authors: Galyardt Jason , Shelton Robin L.
Published: January 2016

The Galaxy’s population of High Velocity Clouds (HVCs) may include a subpopulation that is confined by dark matter minihalos and falling toward the Galactic disk. We present the first magnetohydrodynamic simulational study of dark-matter-dominated HVCs colliding with a weakly magnetized galactic disk. Our HVCs have baryonic masses of 5 × 106
M
⊙ and dark matter minihalo masses of 0, 3 × 108, or 1 × 109
M
⊙. They are modeled on the Smith Cloud, which is said to have collided with the disk 70 Myr ago. We find that, in all cases, the cloud’s collision with the galactic disk creates a hole in the disk, completely disperses the cloud, and forms a bubble-shaped structure on the far side of the disk. In contrast, when present, the dark matter minihalo continues unimpeded along its trajectory. Later, as the minihalo passes through the bubble structure and galactic halo, it accretes up to 6.0 × 105
M
⊙ in baryonic material, depending on the strengths of the magnetic field and minihalo gravity. These simulations suggest that if the Smith Cloud is associated with a dark matter minihalo and collided with the Galactic disk, the minihalo has accreted the observed gas. However, if the Smith Cloud is dark-matter-free, it is on its first approach toward the disk. These simulations also suggest that the dark matter is most concentrated either at the head of the cloud or near the cloud, depending upon the strength of the magnetic field, a point that could inform indirect dark matter searches.
Surgical Procedures Needed to Eradicate Infection in Knee Septic Arthritis
Authors: Dave Omkar H. , Patel Karan A. , Andersen Clark R. , Carmichael Kelly D.
Published: January 2016

Septic arthritis of the knee is encountered on a regular basis by orthopedists and nonorthopedists. No established therapeutic algorithm exists for septic arthritis of the knee, and there is much variability in management. This study assessed the number of surgical procedures, arthroscopic or open, required to eradicate infection. The study was a retrospective analysis of 79 patients who were treated for septic knee arthritis from 1995 to 2011. Patients who were included in the study had native septic knee arthritis that had resolved with treatment consisting of irrigation and debridement, either open or arthroscopic. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relation between the interval between onset of symptoms and index surgery and the use of arthroscopy and the need for multiple procedures. Fifty-two patients met the inclusion criteria, and 53% were male, with average follow-up of 7.2 years (range, 1–16.2 years). Arthroscopic irrigation and debridement was performed in 70% of cases. On average, successful treatment required 1.3 procedures (SD, 0.6; range, 1–4 procedures). A significant relation (
P
=.012) was found between time from presentation to surgery and the need for multiple procedures. With arthroscopic irrigation and debridement, most patients with septic knee arthritis require only 1 surgical procedure to eradicate infection. The need for multiple procedures increases with time from onset of symptoms to surgery. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(1):50–54.]
The Data Swarm
Authors: Smith Jeffrey , Rege Manjeet
Published: January 2016

The traditional data warehouse model is no longer able to keep up with the evolution and changing requirements of the data analytic world. As we see the concept of a logical data warehouse gain momentum, there's a resulting need to drive a portion of the analytics closer to where the data is actually created and used. This paper uses the concept of swarm intelligence as a basis for simple, distributed analytics architecture to help address this need. It illustrates this with an example based on a chain of retail stores and demonstrates how this model could simplify the architecture and, at the same time, and increase data availability while decreasing cost.
Changes in CRM Approach
Authors: Potra Sabina , Izvercian Monica , Miclea Serban
Published: January 2016

Relationship marketing principles shifted with the emergence of the social Web. The firm-centric, traditional closed doors approach is no longer assuring the survival in a global market with demanding and informed customers. Customer touch points are replaced by an open mentality where customer experience and creative collaboration with prosumers has changed even CRM techniques. The present paper analyses the journey from traditional CRM, to social CRM and PoRM (Prosumer-oriented Relationship Management) in response to consumer creative engagement desires. Thus, four PoRM processes are conceptualized by taking into consideration the necessities for prosumer management: the creation of a community, creativity enablement for open innovation, knowledge management and communication channels. In the end general functional blocks with several patterns are presented for efficient services and innovative ideas. This research constitutes one of the first steps into the conceptualization and explanation of the PoRM theory with implications in the design of future relationship management technologies.
Graduate Students' Perceptions of the Benefits and Drawbacks of Online Discussion Tools
Authors: Decker Jessica , Beltran Valerie
Published: January 2016

With an increase in the number of online classes being taught at the university level, professors are exploring ways to create collaboration in the online environment. One such strategy is through using online discussion tools. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to explore students' beliefs about the benefits of using a variety of discussion tools in online classes. In analyzing students' responses to four open-ended questions, five key themes emerged that highlighted four benefits and one drawback to the use of online discussion tools. Online discussions helped build relationships, led to students hearing others' perspectives and feeling their perspectives were respected, led to students reflecting on the content and developing a deeper understanding, and helped groups coordinate projects and manage teamwork. In contrast, online discussions did not allow the same authenticity of dialogue in face-to-face discussions.
Assessing the Impact of Supply Chain Integration on Firm Competitive Capability
Authors: Maiga Adam S.
Published: January 2016

Firms undertake efforts to compete along multiple fronts. First, they integrate internally in order to prepare a cohesive organizational response and to ready the ground for external integration. They then seek to integrate with both customers and suppliers which can increase the breadth and depth of resource endowments. Internal and external integration are posited to improve manufacturing related competitive capability. This study examines whether internal integration and external integration impact manufacturing related competitive capability. The findings indicate significant positive effects of internal integration on both supplier and customer integration. Each supply chain integration dimension has a significant direct effect on competitive capability. Testing for mediation effects indicates that customer integration and supplier integration partially mediate the effects of internal integration on competitive capability.
What is the Role of Third Party Logistics (3PL) Partners in an Omni-Channel Strategy?
Authors: Fairchild Alea M.
Published: January 2016

The logistical infrastructure of the supply chains of online and offline sales channels of suppliers have been historically often completely separate. In the growing mobile commerce market, customers interact with suppliers using multiple touch points in one overall stream of information and goods which is considered an omni-channel. For larger suppliers, this can be an intricate chain of either their own resources or global partners. For many smaller suppliers, this is a chain of third parties adding value to the core competency of the supplier. The selection of a logistics partner for a small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) is a substantial investment in both infrastructure and a trusted relationship. But do SME suppliers know what they are looking for in an omni-channel strategy, and why? This article examines what characteristics an SME looks for in a 3PL partner in an omni-channel strategy, and discusses how an omni-channel strategy can be developed for these players.
Medication Errors in Cardiopulmonary Arrest and Code-Related Situations
Authors: Flannery Alexander H. , Parli Sara E.
Published: January 2016

PubMed/MEDLINE (1966–November 2014) was searched to identify relevant published studies on the overall frequency, types, and examples of medication errors during medical emergencies involving cardiopulmonary resuscitation and related situations, and the breakdown by type of error. The overall frequency of medication errors during medical emergencies, specifically situations related to resuscitation, is highly variable. Medication errors during such emergencies, particularly cardiopulmonary resuscitation and surrounding events, are not well characterized in the literature but may be more frequent than previously thought. Depending on whether research methods included database mining, simulation, or prospective observation of clinical practice, reported occurrence of medication errors during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and surrounding events has ranged from less than 1% to 50%. Because of the chaos of the resuscitation environment, errors in prescribing, dosing, preparing, labeling, and administering drugs are prone to occur. System-based strategies, such as infusion pump policies and code cart management, as well as personal strategies exist to minimize medication errors during emergency situations.
Rapid Response Team Calls and Unplanned Transfers to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in a Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Humphreys Stacey , Totapally Balagangadhar R.
Published: January 2016

Background

Variability in disposition of children according to the time of rapid response calls is unknown.

Objective

To evaluate times and disposition of rapid response alerts and outcomes for children transferred from acute care to intensive care.

Methods

Deidentified data on demographics, time and disposition of the child after activation of a rapid response, time of transfer to intensive care, and patient outcomes were reviewed retrospectively. Data for rapid-response patients on time of activation of the response and unplanned transfers to the intensive care unit were compared with data on other patients admitted to the unit.

Results

Of 542 rapid responses activated, 321 (59.2%) were called during the daytime. Out of all rapid response activations, 323 children (59.6%) were transferred to intensive care, 164 (30.3%) remained on the general unit, and 19 (3.5%) required resuscitation. More children were transferred to intensive care after rapid response alerts (P = .048) during the daytime (66%) than at night (59%). During the same period, 1313 patients were transferred to intensive care from acute care units. Age, sex, risk of mortality, length of stay, and mortality rate did not differ according to the time of transfer. Mortality among unplanned transfers (3.8%) was significantly higher (P < .001) than among other intensive care patients (1.4%).

Conclusion

Only 25% of transfers from acute care units to the intensive care unit occurred after activation of a rapid response team. Most rapid responses were called during daytime hours. Mortality was significantly higher among unplanned transfers from acute care than among other intensive care admissions.
Nurses’ Attitudes, Clinical Experience, and Practice Issues With Use of Physical Restraints in Critical Care Units
Authors: Stinson Kristi J.
Published: January 2016

Background

Physical restraints are more likely to be used in critical care units than in other hospital units because use of invasive procedures and mechanical ventilation is more common in critical care units. Initiation and maintenance of physical restraint devices is largely a nursing responsibility. Previous clinical experience is a variable often suggested to be related to intensive care nurses’ use of physical restraints.

Objective

To examine the relationships between registered nurses’ clinical experience, their practice issues (nurses’ actions while caring for patients who are physically restrained), and their attitudes toward the use of physical restraints (feelings about use of restraints and about caring for patients who are restrained) in critical care units.

Methods

In a descriptive correlational study, data were collected online via the Physical Restraint Questionnaire. Participants’ (n = 413) clinical experience was classified by using Patricia Benner’s novice to expert framework.

Results

No strong correlation was found to explain any variance between attitudes toward use of physical restraints in critical care and clinical experience in nursing in general, clinical experience in critical care, and nursing practice issues with use of physical restraints. However, nurses with more clinical experience were more likely to have learned about use of physical restraints in their basic nursing curriculum.

Conclusions

The reported lack of content addressing use of physical restraints in today’s nursing curricula is a concern, as physical restraints are commonly used in critical care units.
Critical Illness–Induced Immune Suppression: Current State of the Science
Authors: Greathouse Kristin C. , Hall Mark W.
Published: January 2016

Critical illness comprises a heterogeneous group of serious medical conditions that typically involve an initial proinflammatory process. A compensatory anti-inflammatory response may occur that, if severe and persistent, places the patient at high risk for adverse outcomes including secondary infection and death. Monitoring strategies can identify these patients through measurement of innate and adaptive immune function. Reductions in monocyte HLA-DR expression, reduced cytokine production capacity, increased inhibitory cell surface molecule expression, and lymphopenia have all been associated with this immune-suppressed state. Intriguing data suggest that critical illness–induced immune suppression may be reversible with agents such as interferon-γ, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin 7, or anti–programmed death-1 therapy. Future approaches for characterization of patient-specific immune derangements and individualized treatment could revolutionize how we recognize and prevent complications in critically ill patients.
Retention of Baseline Electrocardiographic Knowledge After a Blended-Learning Course
Authors: Brooks Carol Ann , Kanyok Nancy , O’Rourke Colin , Albert Nancy M.
Published: January 2016

Background

Among nurses, skill retention after an electrocardiography blended-learning course is unknown.

Objectives

To compare 3- and 8-week electrocardiography test scores, compare scores by nurse and work characteristics and self-assessed electrocardiographic competence, and compare 1-year work retention with 3- and 8-week scores and change in scores from week 3 to week 8.

Methods

Data were collected on demographics, comfort with electrocardiography expectations, electrocardiography competence levels, and 1-year work retention. Correlational and comparative statistics were used in analyses.

Results

Of 69 nurses, 58% were somewhat comfortable with interventions for abnormal rhythms. Test scores were higher at 3 weeks than at 8 weeks: mean difference, 26%; P < .001. Scores at 8 weeks reflected intermediate skill retention and were not associated with nurse characteristics, electrocardiography background, comfort with rhythms and measurements, or 1-year work retention. Nurses with greater comfort for intervening when rhythm abnormalities occurred had higher median 8-week scores (P = .01) than did nurses with less comfort, and perceptions of electrocardiographic competence were associated with 8-week scores (r = 0.28; P = .02). Reduction in scores at 8 weeks was less severe in nurses with greater comfort at 3 weeks in measuring electrocardiographic intervals (P = .008) and applying therapeutic interventions (P = .009).

Conclusions

Skill retention and competence in electrocardiographic interpretation were intermediate and correlated with baseline self-assessment. Electrocardiographic interpretation, measurement, and interventions should be reinforced at the bedside.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Diaphragm Thickness During Mechanical Ventilation in Intensive Care Patients
Authors: Francis Colin Anthony , Hoffer Joaquín Andrés , Reynolds Steven
Published: January 2016

Background

Mechanical ventilation is associated with atrophy and weakness of the diaphragm. Ultrasound is an easy noninvasive way to track changes in thickness of the diaphragm.

Objective

To validate ultrasound as a means of tracking thickness of the diaphragm in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation by evaluating interobserver and interoperator reliability and to collect initial data on the relationship of mode of ventilation to changes in the diaphragm.

Methods

Daily ultrasound images of the quadriceps and the right side of the diaphragm were acquired in 8 critically ill patients receiving various modes of mechanical ventilation. Thickness of the diaphragm and the quadriceps was measured, and changes with time were noted. Interoperator and interobserver reliability were measured.

Results

Intraclass correlation coefficients between operators and between observers for thickness of the diaphragm and quadriceps were greater than 0.95, indicating excellent interoperator and interobserver reliability. Patients receiving assist-control ventilation (n = 4) showed a mean decline in diaphragm thickness of 4.7% per day. Patients receiving pressure support ventilation (n = 8) showed a mean increase in diaphragm thickness of 1.5% per day. Quadriceps thickness declined in all participants (n = 8) at a mean rate of 2.0% per day.

Conclusions

Use of ultrasound to measure thickness of the diaphragm in 8 intensive care patients undergoing various modes of mechanical ventilation was feasible and yielded reproducible results. Ultrasound tracking of changes in thickness of the diaphragm in this small sample indicated that the thickness decreased during assist-control mode and increased during pressure support mode.
Research in Review: Driving Critical Care Practice Change
Authors: Bridges Elizabeth , McNeill Margaret , Munro Nancy
Published: January 2016

During the past year, studies were published that will lead to practice change, address challenges at the bedside, and introduce new care strategies. This article summarizes some of this important work and considers it in the context of previous research and practice. Examples of research-based practice changes include the performance and assessment of septic shock resuscitation, and the integration of tourniquets and massive transfusions in civilian trauma. Care challenges addressed include ethical considerations in light of the Ebola epidemic, infection prevention associated with chlorhexidine bathing, bedside alarm management, evidence to enhance moral courage, and interventions to mitigate thirst in critically ill patients. Research that portends future care includes a discussion of fecal microbiota transplant for patients with refractory infection with refractory infection with Clostridium difficile.
Norepinephrine Dosing in Obese and Nonobese Patients With Septic Shock
Authors: Radosevich John J. , Patanwala Asad E. , Erstad Brian L.
Published: January 2016

Background

Whether or not norepinephrine infusions for support of hemodynamic status in patients with septic shock should be weight based is unknown. This situation is particularly pertinent in patients who are extremely overweight or obese.

Objective

To compare dosing requirements and effect of norepinephrine on blood pressure in obese and nonobese patients with septic shock.

Methods

In a retrospective cohort study, data on adult patients with septic shock who received norepinephrine infusion for support of hemodynamic status in a tertiary care, academic medical center were analyzed. Patients were categorized as obese (body mass index ≥ 30) or nonobese (body mass index < 30). The primary outcome was dosing requirements of norepinephrine at 60 minutes after the start of the infusion. The secondary outcome was the log-transformed ratio of mean arterial pressure to norepinephrine.

Results

The final cohort consisted of 100 obese and 100 nonobese patients. Mean norepinephrine infusion rate at 60 minutes was 0.09 (SD, 0.08) μg/kg per minute in the obese group and 0.13 (SD, 0.14) μg/kg per minute in the nonobese group (P = .006). The non–weight-based dose at 60 minutes was 9 μg/min in obese patients and 8 μg/min in nonobese patients (P = .72). The log transformed mean arterial pressure to norepinephrine ratio at 60 minutes was 2.5 (SD, 0.9) in obese patients and 2.5 (SD, 0.8) in nonobese patients (P = .54)

Conclusions

Compared with nonobese patients, obese patients with septic shock require lower weight-based doses of norepinephrine and similar total norepinephrine doses.
Health-Related Quality of Life and Associated Factors in Intensive Care Unit Survivors 6 Months After Discharge
Authors: McKinley Sharon , Fien Mary , Elliott Rosalind , Elliott Doug
Published: January 2016

Background

Intensive care unit survivors often have diminished health-related quality of life.

Objectives

To describe health-related quality of life of former intensive care patients and identify associated factors 6 months after hospital discharge.

Methods

Six months after discharge, 193 patients from an intensive care unit completed the Short Form-36 Health Survey; measures of sleep; Intensive Care Experience Questionnaire; Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales; and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist. Norm-based scores were calculated for the Short Form-36. Bivariate associations with Short Form-36 scores were tested by using the Pearson correlation. Multiple linear regression was used to identify independent associations with health-related quality of life.

Results

All scores on the Short Form-36 (physical component summary, 41.8; mental component summary, 48.2) were less than population norms. Bivariate associations with health-related quality of life (P < .05) were scores on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, hospital length of stay, awareness of surroundings and frightening experiences, depression, anxiety, stress, posttraumatic symptoms, and sleep quality at 2 and 6 months. In linear regression, scores on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, hospital length of stay, and sleep quality at 6 months were independently associated with Short Form-36 physical summary scores (P < .001); depression and stress were independently associated with mental summary scores (P < .001).

Conclusion

Sleep, depression, and stress are potential targets for interventions to improve health-related quality of life and improve recovery.
Extreme Nausea due to Hyperparathyroidism in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-1
Authors: Thompson Geoffrey B , Pandian TK , Benzon Dy
Published: January 2016

We describe a young woman with multiple endocrine neoplasia-1 (MEN-1) who presented with severe nausea as a result of hyperparathyroidism (HPT). We present a case report, review the relevant literature in regards to physiology, and offer a target source for symptom control.

A 19-year female with MEN-1 initially presented with neuroglycopenia and hyperinsulinism. She had concomitant HPT. She underwent a distal pancreatectomy with enucleation of neuroendocrine tumors from the pancreatic head. Postoperatively, she developed severe nausea and was found to have worsening HPT. She was placed on a calcimimetic and had immediate resolution of symptoms. She ultimately underwent a subtotal parathyroidectomy and has been symptom-free since that time.

Severe nausea can occur in up to 25% of patients with HPT. Two theories exist regarding the mechanism behind this symptomatology. The first involves destruction of gastric mucosa leading to peptic ulcer disease. The second suggests that the etiology is gastrointestinal atony due to high calcium levels or parathyroid hormone (PTH). Based on the available data, therapies to treat nausea in HPT should focus on decreasing high levels of calcium.

How to cite this article

Pandian TK, Thompson G, Benzon Dy. Extreme Nausea due to Hyperparathyroidism in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-1. World J Endoc Surg 2015;7(3):69-71.
Satisfaction of Saudi Nationals and Expats towards Loans by Banks in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al Doghan Mohammed
Published: January 2016

The success of any business depends upon their effective and continuous operation which in-turn depends on their efficiency in meeting their financial requirement as finance is the life-blood of any business. At a globalized era in which we live, the business firms and individuals approach banks and financial institutions to avail loans to successfully operate in the competitive field. Marketing is a total system of business activities to plan, price, promote and distribute needs and satisfy customers to target markets in order to achieve organizational objectives. In this background of growing markets for financial services, increasing competition and improving the level of financial awareness and sophistication by the end users, both personal and corporate, the banks have to develop their marketing skill to maintain their market share and profitability levels. The changing face of banking industry has brought in new challenges and newer responsibilities to the bankers in Saudi Arabia. They have to function with new vigor and vitality in the significantly competitive banking business. Any failure on their part in keeping the eternal vigil is fraught with disastrous and devastating consequences.
Competitive Advantages of Shadow Banking Industry: An Analysis Using Porter Diamond Model
Authors: Riasi Arash
Published: January 2016

This paper tries to find out why shadow banking system has become so competitive in the global financial system and how it can be controlled. For this reason we use Porter’s diamond model to find the competitive advantages of shadow banking. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that factor conditions, chance and government do not contribute to the competitiveness of shadow banking industry. On the other hand the results suggested that related and supporting industries, firm strategy, structure and rivalry, and demand conditions contribute to the competitiveness of shadow banking industry. It is important to regulate the activities of shadow banking industry in order to prevent this industry from creating systemic risk.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Value in the Sport Recreation Sector: A Review
Authors: Dimitropoulos Panagiotis E. , Vrondou Ourania
Published: January 2016

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has evolved as a significant strategic issue for modern corporations and received increased attention by researchers internationally. The scope of this study is to present a comprehensive review of the studies examining the impact of certain dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the value of firms operating within the idiosyncratic sport recreation sector. The paper identifies four key dimensions of CSR that sport recreation firms must target in order to improve their image, community connections and bottom line financial numbers. These dimensions are the connections with the local communities, the protection of natural environment, their product-service quality and their employee’s satisfaction and retention. The improvement or significant involvement on behalf of sport recreation firms within these sectors can provide significant competitive advantages and enhance corporate value. Useful policy implications are also provided within the paper. 
A Discourse Study of the Speech “It Can Be Otherwise” by Harvard Professor and President Drew Faust
Authors: Bani-Khaled Turki Ahmad
Published: January 2016

This paper is a qualitative discourse study of the speech “It Can Be Otherwise” by Harvard Professor and President Drew Faust. The speech was delivered on May 30, 2014 at Cambridge, Massachusetts. The language and content of the speech are analyzed as a genre including macro and micro level units such as moves, communicative functions and notions. The linguistic lexical and syntactic realizations are also considered. The findings revealed that a number of features characterized this speech. These include the use of narrative style under the effect of the specialty of the author, i.e. history. The themes of women’s empowerment, injustice, and education are well served in the speech revealing the philosophical stance of the speaker. 
Numeral Classifiers Used in the Cookbooks
Authors: Nadra Nadra , Wahyuni Sri
Published: January 2016

This article is aimed at describing numeral classifier used in the cookbooks. The data were collected through the observation, which is observation of the cookbooks. Through the observation, the data related to numeral classifier are tapped. Besides, noting technique is also used. The analysis of data is done by using “intralingual identity method”. Furthermore, “referential identity method” is also used. The study is done by looking at the reference of numeral classifier.  Based on the data analysis, there are three types of numeral classifier used in the cookbooks, namely numeral classifier for individual objects, collective numeral classifier, and numeral classifier for size. Of the three numeral classifiers, numeral classifier for size (mensural classifier) is widely used. This is caused by the fact that in cooking, size is very important in order the food taste delicious. Numeral classifier for size can be divided into three types, namely, numeral classifier for weight measure, numeral classifier for length size or footage, and numeral classifier for volume size. The most widely used is numeral classifier for volume size, namely eleven forms. However, in terms of occurrence, numeral classifier for weight size is dominantly used.
Use of Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence Theory to Enhance Prediction of Learning Foreign Language Grammar
Authors: Davoudi Mohammad , Sadeghi Narges Amel
Published: January 2016

The aim of this study was to examine if there is any relationship between the two types of intelligences in Cattell'sGF- GC theory and learning foreign language grammar among Iranian learners. To this end, 85 university students took part in this study. First, the participants were asked to take the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM), then the researcher asked them to take part in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) separately, and the interview for each participant was recorded. The researcher used the students' grammar scores which were obtained from their professors as the measure of their level of grammatical knowledge. The result of the study showed that there are significant correlations between the two types of intelligences (fluid and crystallized intelligences) and foreign language grammar. Moreover, the result from path analysis showed that between the two intelligences in the GF-GC theory, fluid intelligence is a better cognitive predicator of learning foreign language grammar. Bearing the finding of this study in mind, language teachers should provide an environment in which students can develop their cognitive abilities such as abstract reasoning and critical thinking.
Interlanguage Productions of Student-Lecturer Disagreements in Classroom: Comparing Thai EFL Learners’ Pragmatic Knowledge
Authors: Charoenroop Pattrawut
Published: January 2016

The study’s chief goal is to compare two groups of Thai EFL learners in terms of their pragmatic knowledge when they express student-lecturer disagreements in English in a classroom context. The two groups of Thai EFL learners had different intensities of interaction (i.e. more frequently versus less frequently) with English inside the classroom. Their levels of English proficiency were equally intermediate, based on their average scores from an English proficiency test. Although disagreements were in identical contexts, it was postulated that their pragmatic knowledge was divergent due to the imbalanced frequencies of interaction with English in the classroom. The data were collected by a means of videotaping two selected classrooms of 18−20 students for 30 hours for 10 consecutive weeks. The results show that those who had more intensity of interaction with English in the classroom (henceforth the EFLe) normally utilized on-record strategies, that is, they disagreed with the lecturer explicitly. By contrast, those who had less intensity of interaction with English in the classroom (henceforth the EFLt) normally used negative politeness strategies, that is, they modified their disagreements through imposition minimizers. Thus, the variable was confirmed to invoke dissimilarities between the two groups in terms of their pragmatic knowledge; intensity of interaction with English inside the classroom has been proved to influence the Thai EFL learners’ pragmatic knowledge. 
Sentential Negation in Libyan Arabic: A Generative Perspective
Authors: Algryani Ali
Published: January 2016

This paper discusses negation in Libyan Arabic and attempts to put forward an analysis for negation in the language. The paper reveals that Pollock’s analysis (1989) of negation cannot account for Libyan Arabic as the language does not display complementary distribution between the second negative marker and indefinite quantifiers. Furthermore, the analysis does not account for the cliticisation of ‘ma-’ and ‘-š’ on each other forming the free negation morpheme ‘miš’ used to negate future tense clauses. Building on Benmamoun’s analysis (2000), the paper argues that that the (dis)continuous morpheme ‘ma-’ and ‘-š’ heads a NegP that selects a TP complement. The proposed analysis assumes that the verb moves out of the VP to T and then to Neg where it merges with ‘ma-š in affirmative clauses, whereas in yes-no interrogative clauses, verb movement is followed by movement from Neg to C. 
EFL Learners` Beliefs about Isolated and Integrated Grammar Teaching and Performance on a Grammar Recognition Test
Authors: Ebrahimi Sediqe , Saadabadi Motlagh Hossein , Karampour Fatemeh
Published: January 2016

Approaches to teaching grammar have changed dramatically since the 1970s when communicative language teaching was proposed. An increasing number of studies have investigated the adequacy of this kind of grammar instruction. Yet, few studies have been done to look at the preferences that learners have for these methods of focus-on-form instruction and its relationship with their performance on grammar tests. The purpose of the present study is to explore Iranian EFL learners` attitudes and preferences for isolated and integrated focus-on-form and their performance on a grammar recognition test. Participants were learners studying English in a private language teaching institute. They were requested to complete the questionnaire of the isolated and integrated focus on form and answer a TOEFL grammar recognition test. The analysis of findings using descriptive statistics and T-test showed that learners did not have clear preferences for different types of focus on form and that learners` attitude towards isolated and integrated focus on form was not related to their performance. students' The findings can provide useful information for teachers and instructors learners` preferences for different approaches.
Transitivity and Intransitivity in English and Arabic: A Comparative Study
Authors: Al-Shujairi Yasir Bdaiwi Jasim , Muhammed Ahlam , Almahammed Yazan Shaker Okla
Published: January 2016

English and Arabic are two major languages which have many differences and similarities in grammar. One of the issues which is of great importance in the two languages is transitivity and intransitivity.  Therefore, this study compares and contrasts transitivity and intransitivity in English and Arabic. This study reports the results of the analysis of transitivity and intransitivity in the two respective languages. The current study is a qualitative one; in nature, a descriptive study. The findings showed that English and Arabic are similar in having transitive and intransitive verbs, and in having verbs which can go transitive or intransitive according to context. By contrast Arabic is different from English in its ability to change intransitive verbs into transitive ones by applying inflections on the main verb. Additionally, Arabic is different from English in the fact that some Arabic transitive verbs can take up to three objects.
Conversational Implicature in Arabic: A Pragmatic Analysis of Applying Flouting the Maxims to the Yemeni Dialect
Authors: Al-Qaderi Issa Ali Umar
Published: January 2016

This research focuses on investigating Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature and its application to the Arabic language. Semi-structured interviews with 15 participants who speak the Yemeni dialect were recorded for the purpose of investigating such a theory. There were four Ph.D. candidates, four M.A. candidates and seven B.A. candidates. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated and interpreted. Both a qualitative and a quantitative approach were adopted. The analysis focused on flouting the maxims. The findings revealed that Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature can be applied to Arabic language, particularly the Yemeni dialect. Additionally, the analyzed data showed that the maxim of Quantity was most frequently flouted. After that, the maxims of Relation, Quality and Manner were flouted respectively. 