bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hugo's Pleine Mer and the “Great Eastern”
Authors: Gifford G. H.
Published: February 2007

The poem Vingtième Siècle (Pleine Mer—Plein Ciel) forms the climax of the Légende des Siècles, and presents in mythical form a picture of man's ascent through science, out of a state of ignorance, slavery and hatred, into one of enlightenment, freedom and brotherly love. Hugo typifies the idyllic future by an air-ship, (Plein Ciel), the sombre past and present by the colossal steamship “Léviathan,” (Pleine Mer). The same idea, of the deliverance of man through science, had found expression in Le Satyre; but there locomotive, steamer, and airship were equally honored as factors and symbols of man's emancipation, one leading up to and merging into the other. The invention of the steamship was specifically celebrated in the lines:

Qui sait si quelque jour, grandissant d'âge en âge,Il ne jettera pas son dragon à la nage,Et ne franchira pas les mers, la flamme au front! (ll. 611–613)
Bacon's New Atlantis and Campanella's Civitas Solis: A Study in Relationships
Authors: Blodgett Eleanor Dickinson
Published: February 2007

When Francis Bacon set down, in the fragment called the New Atlantis, his conception of a commonwealth as it ought to be, he was following a precedent of honorable antiquity. As we should expect, he shows obvious indebtedness to Plato's Republic, Timœus, and Critias and to More's Utopia; but the fact that the latest of these was a century old when Bacon began to write gave him scope for considerable originality in creating a “perfect state” adapted to the thought of his own times. His notes and writings over a period of years show that many of the theories and projects that took form in the New Atlantis had long been in his mind. By 1608 he had perceived the importance to science of coöperation in research, had seen the suitability of a collegiate organization as an agency for carrying on scientific investigation, and had jotted down specific details of plans, problems, and equipment which show that his mind was occupied with the practical aspects of his ideal. Although the opportunity to establish a college of research in an English university never came to Bacon, the concept of such an institution persisted until it became the soul of his Utopia—Salomon's House, or the College of the Six Days' Work, credited with having inspired the founding of the Royal Society.
The History of Schnitzler's Reigen
Authors: Schinnerer Otto P.
Published: February 2007

Even a cursory examination of the two stout volumes of H. H. Houben's Verbotene Literatur von der klassischen Zeit bis zur Gegenwart vividly brings home to the reader the significant rôle that censorship has played in the history of German literature during the past one hundred and fifty years. Here we find represented not only the authors of Young Germany, Heine, Gutzkow, Laube, Wienbarg, Mundt, and modern writers, such as Dehmel, Hauptmann, Schönherr, Sudermann, but even relatively harmless poets like Bettina von Arnim, Grillparzer, Hebbel, Heyse. Despite the fact that Schnitzler is listed in the announcement at the end of the first volume as among those to be treated in the second volume, he is nevertheless conspicuously absent, while such lesser lights as Bahr, Dreyer, Fulda, Hartleben are included. Houben himself has recognized the Austrian poet's title to a place of honor in this literary rogues' gallery. In discussing Maria von Magdala by Heyse, who drew a sharp line between his poetic muse and the sensationalism and unbridled freedom of the modern dramatists, Houben points out that in one respect Heyse has far outdone the younger generation, “durch einen solennen Zensurskandal, der anderthalb Jahre die Öffentlichkeit in Atem hielt und in seiner kulturhistorischen Bedeutung höchstens durch den Kampf um Schnitzlers Reigen übertroffen wurde.”
The Irish Framework of Gawain and The Green Knight
Authors: Buchanan Alice
Published: February 2007

Amid the controversial winds that blow about the region of Arthurian studies it is agreeable to have a few solid rocks of irrefutable argument. Professor Kittredge in his Study of Gawain and the Green Knight has demonstrated beyond all question two highly important points: first, that the theme of the Beheading Test, which occurs in Arthurian romances, French, English, and German, from about 1180 to about 1380, is derived from an Irish tradition actually existent in a MS. written before 1106; secondly, that the latest of these romances in date of composition is closer in many ways to the original Celtic form than is the earliest. It is well for students to ponder these facts when the authority of Foerster and Bruce is invoked to deny the presence of a strong Celtic element in Arthurian romance, and when some scholars seem to accept as an axiom the principle that if the same motif occurs in two romances, the later borrowed it from the earlier. Indeed, a whole history of the Grail legend has been constructed on this simple but often delusive formula.
Chaucer's Source MSS. For the Clerkes Tale
Authors: Severs J. Burke
Published: February 2007

There are few of Chaucer's works for which the principal source has been so definitely pointed out as for the Clerkes Tale. Chaucer borrowed it from a Latin prose tale by Petrarch, who in turn had it from the tenth story of the tenth day out of Boccaccio's Decameron. Petrarch's Latin, which is Chaucer's source then, has been made easily accessible to everyone by the Chaucer Society, who published it in Originals and Analogues. Unfortunately, however, the Chaucer Society took their text from the Basle edition, which is notorious for its inaccuracy and inexcusable corruptness in reading after reading. For a long time, therefore, Chaucer scholars have felt the need for a reliable text of Petrarch's Latin tale. Professor G. L. Hendrickson, to whom credit is due for correctly inferring a number of necessary emendations in the text, has this to say after one such emendation:

Of course, nothing can be done in problems of this sort until we have a thorough collation of the Petrarch MSS. containing the story, and I have touched upon this one point, somewhat rashly I know, merely for the sake of indicating by a concrete illustration a most imperative prerequisite to any intelligent study of Chaucer's relation to Petrarch—a critical text of Petrarch's tale.
The Clerk's Tale as a Possible Source for Pandosto
Authors: McNeal Thomas H.
Published: February 2007

Though the influence of Chaucer upon Greene has been commented upon from time to time by various critics, the similarity that exists between The Clerk's Tale and Pandosto has apparently gone unnoticed. This is in a manner surprising, since the two pieces show resemblances that run true throughout—in characters, in situations, and in general plot-structure. There is a lack, however, of parallel passages; and this may account somewhat for their not having been linked up before now. Greene's method in employing his material, too, has blurred the original outline, though it has by no means disguised it beyond recognition.
Animal Simile in Paradise Lost
Authors: Whaler James
Published: February 2007

From Homer on, certain images have been part of the epic poet's inheritance and equipment. Not only has he felt obliged to introduce them somewhere into his work, but to distribute them in the very proportion observed by his predecessors. Beasts, plants, any phenomena used in previous epic simile belonged to him, too, if he could make them at home in a new context. Of course he was free to originate novel images from contemporary events or his own personal experience; but Homer's high precedent, or Vergil's, prescribed the old images as well. Milton's choice of imagery, however, is distinguished from that of other important epic poets of Western Europe by an iron control over, a virtual renunciation of, animal similes.
Shakespeare's Attitude Towards Love and Honor in Troilus and Cressida
Authors: Taylor George C.
Published: February 2007

In a series of discussions of the problem of Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida, published between 1915 and 1917, Professors Tatlock, Lawrence, and Rollins, applying essentially the same critical method, argued that since the bulk of the material in this play had become fixed by tradition, Shakespeare found himself compelled to treat it as he did. Rollins quotes with approval the following statement by Tatlock:

Shakespeare came to the material of this play, then, precisely as he came to that of the English historical plays, finding incidents and characters largely fixed beforehand, and too intractable to be greatly modified, even had he wished to modify them.
Science and Philosophy as Precursors of the English Influence in France: A Study of the Choix Des Anciens Journaux
Authors: Miller Minnie M.
Published: February 2007

From the popularity of Voltaire's Lettres philosophiques, one might infer that 1734 marks approximately the beginning of the English vogue in France. Although interest in English literature was greatly enhanced by Voltaire, a study of French periodicals published during the seventy years preceding 1734 shows that the influence of English science and philosophy was at its height prior to the appearance of Voltaire's Lettres. This study will endeavor to trace the early development of Anglomania, particularly in the fields of science and philosophy, as revealed in the Choix des anciens Mercures et des autres journaux. This collection, published at Paris from 1757 to 1764, drew its material from various periodicals of the seventeenth and the first sixty years of the eighteenth century.
Balzac and Sainte-Beuve
Authors: Jackson Joseph F.
Published: February 2007

So many false and misleading statements concerning the historic literary feud between Balzac and Sainte-Beuve have found acceptance that it seems important to reopen the question in an attempt to arrive at the real facts.

There are three well-known documents in the quarrel: first, Sainte-Beuve's criticism of Balzac in the Revue des Deux Mondes of November 15, 1834; second, Balzac's review of the first volume of Port-Royal, appearing in his Revue parisienne of August 25, 1840, and, lastly, Sainte-Beuve's tempered eulogy of Balzac in the Constitutionnel, September 2, 1850, shortly after the novelist's death. But these represent only a few aspects of a drama which, it must be admitted, at times bordered on the burlesque, and which is complicated by a number of apparently extraneous factors.
Sources of Fromentin's Dominique
Authors: Rhodes S. A.
Published: February 2007

In the Revue Politique et Littéraire, M. G. Pailhès uncovers an early model for Fromentin's Dominique in the Edouard of Mme de Duras, published in 1825. His evidence for a relationship between these two novels seems rather conclusive, despite the futile efforts of M. Pierre Blanchon to refute it. His results, however, are not wholly conclusive because in his search for original sources he stops midway. The original source, common to both Edouard and Dominique, is to be found, I believe, in Mme de Krüdener's Valérie, published in 1803. Though Fromentin, undoubtedly, remembered Edouard in writing Dominique, he must have thought of Valérie even more, for his novel is in all respects more like the latter than like the former.
Othello, Quarto 1, Reconsidered
Authors: Cameron Kenneth Walter
Published: February 2007

Critics have generally considered the 1622 quarto of Othello as an acting version, and have classified it as one of the so-called “good” quartos of Shakespeare. Although it appeared in print much later than the others, it partakes of some of their general resemblances: the retention of oaths, reduction by cutting, the presence of more complete and less sophisticated stage directions, and also of numerous word variants. Many scholars have regarded the Q 1 with mild suspicion, partly because the Folio editors ignored it, and partly because it appears to differ in several particulars from the other good quartos. These peculiarities center about its stage directions, oaths, act and scene divisions, date of publication, its cuts—particularly those of the Willow Song and context—and the evidences of its use as a prompt copy. On these accounts, textual critics have regarded the Q, though admittedly “good,” as distinctly inferior to the folio; and the numerous hypotheses that have appeared show that scholars are far from agreement in explaining the facts. The authoritativeness of the text of any Shakespearean quarto depends largely upon the conditions of its publication. Possibly some of the peculiarities of Q 1 of Othello may be explained—and thus the authority of the text further vindicated—by associating it with a new group of quartos, published contemporaneously.
The Tempest
Authors: Stoll Elmer Edgar
Published: February 2007

There is always a particular interest attaching to the last work of a great author; and in an especial degree this has been the case with Shakespeare. If The Tempest was not really his last play, it would seem that it ought to have been. The action now and then lags a bit, and gives the people on the stage or in the audience a chance to ponder; which the chief character once does to such effect that his speech, of purest and highest poetry, seems to be the “conclusion of the whole matter,” der Weisheit letzter Schluss. And there are meetings and leave-takings, and glances into the past and at what is to come.
Zur Frage der Wertung in Schnitzlers Werk
Authors: Kaufmann F. W.
Published: February 2007

Als Hauptcharakterzug des Impressionismus gilt fast unbestritten, dass er im wesentlichen Oberflächenkunst sei, dass er spiegele, ohne Wertungen zu versuchen, dass er die Unterscheidung von Gut und Schlecht grundsätzlich unterdrücke. Namentlich der Wiener Impressionismus streite dem Menschen alles höher gestimmte Fühlen ab und führe sein ganzes Handeln auf niedrigste Triebe zurück; das sei zum wenigsten der Gesamteindruck.
Classical Coinage in the Faerie Queene
Authors: Draper John W.
Published: February 2007

The Faerie Queene is packed with classical allusions and classical proper names, especially Canto xi of Book iv, with its lists of sea-gods and founders of kingdoms and the fifty daughters of Nereus and Doris. Here in particular, Spenser concentrated his mythological learning both in quantity and in obscure erudition; and he seems to have had at his elbow such compilations as Hesiod's Theogony, the Library of Apollodorus, and the Libri Mythologiæ of Natalis Comes. His use of the Theogony in his list of nereids illustrates how closely in this matter he followed his authorities: all but two of the fifty are derived from Hesiod; he followed even Heriod's order as closely as his stanza-form allowed; and a number of the descriptive epithets are similar. Two of Spenser's names, however, have no counterpart in Hesiod, Phao and Poris; nor do they appear in similar lists of nereids in Homer or Apollodorus or other classical sources, nor in Boccaccio's Genealogia Deorum Gentilium nor in Natalis Comes.
The Recovery of the Metre of the Cid
Authors: Leonard William Ellery
Published: February 2007

The Program for the Chicago meetings of the MLA in 1925 announced a paper of mine, to be read by title, on the “discovery” of the metre of the Cid. To academic friends who had urged a more tentative phrasing (as “Modest Proposals for a New Theory,” etc.), I had replied briskly that, as a scholar, nothing should deter me from proclaiming the exact truth—not even academic decorum. But this blatant and cantankerous pride suffered forthwith at the hands of Divine Providence a chastisement that continues to this present. Providence, using mortal instruments of course, at once altered my armorial family name in the Bulletin to a meagre and humiliating “Jones”; and prevented my attendance at the sessions, and all discussion of the “discovery” by my accredited representatives Professors Solalinde and Berkowitz, except a few pleading words incidental to a discussion of a paper by Professor Hills. Providence then saw to it that I spent six painful months in preparing a long monograph on the “discovery” and a year more in laboring in company with devoted Spanish friends of both sexes on a revised version in Spanish, which, after devious misadventures in the Iberian Peninsula, finally reached the composing-room of the Revista de Archivos, in Madrid. The first installment appeared in March, 1929 (pages 334–352), under date of Octubre a Diciembre de 1928. I corrected proof on the second last summer (1929): it too concludes with the editor's optimistic “Continuará.” Perhaps some Hispanistas over there are impatiently awaiting the rest; but, as this erudite journal is apparently not as widely consulted in America as it should be, I am inclined to suspect that perhaps the only member of the MLA who is engaged in watchful waiting is the petulant author. Meantime, those among us who have only hearsay knowledge of the “discovery” doubtless think me a swindler. Such has been my chastisement for committing the chief of those seven deadly sins that heretofore have been so frequently discussed in the PMLA … only in a theoretical manner.
Pythagorean Echoes in the Savoy and French Political Ethics and Art of the XVth and XVIth Centuries
Authors: Temple Maud Elizabeth
Published: February 2007

In a singular ignorance of mediæval cabalistic writings and even of much that is Rabbinical, faint and far commerce only with Rabanus Maurus, and a little closer with Averroës and Avicenna, I was reminded lately in a somewhat retarded grand tour in the more Latin countries of Europe of Disraeli's famous declaration of being on the side of the angels. Like our French interpreter friend, M. Maurois, I began to wonder what he really meant: in general it seemed to me that a good many of Disraeli's race and countrymen, not at all because they were markedly of progressive politics, were less faithful to him than one might have looked to see or even have wished, in any obvious sense of his phrase. They led to bad punning even on the relative attractions in Italy of two cheeses at dinner known as bel paese and Gorgonzola, the Laborite and Conservative of it. I began to think that the cleavage could not be staged for my own party's exclusive enjoyment, and bearing in mind those things of verbal abstention I saw engraved “For the Honor of Italy,” I began to consult the ancient worthies of the joint heirs of the antique honneur des hommes à la longue robe, Tasso's antico onor and antico esempio, again.
Henri IV on the French Stage in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Brenner Clarence D.
Published: February 2007

The almost complete centralization of power in the monarch, which became an accomplished fact in France during the reign of Louis XIV and continued to be the national policy under his successor, had the inevitable result of destroying all semblance of political life in the country. Cut off from participation in their government, the French people gradually lost interest in the affairs of the nation. During this period, until the Seven Years' War, the manifestations of a genuine spirit of patriotism are few. Faguet is essentially right when he states that one of the salient characteristics of the eighteenth century is the progressive diminution of the spirit of patriotism. For want of opportunities to express itself this spirit had become dormant, but it was far from being dead, as later events showed.
Les Tableaux de La France
Authors: Canu Jean
Published: February 2007

L'histoire littéraire fait son gibier de tout, et il y a déjà longtemps que critiques et commentateurs ont considéré la géographie comme une province de leur domaine, fertile à l'occasion encore qu'éloignée. Lorsque Taine, dans une lettre à Havet datée du 29 Avril 1864, parle, entre autres, de l'influence du sol et du climat sur le génie d'une littérature ou d'un art, il ajoute modestement, ou en guise de justification: “Mon idée traîne par terre depuis Montesquieu. … Je l'ai ramassée, voilà tout.” Il aurait pu remonter plus haut, et invoquer l'abbé Dubos, ou Fontenelle, voire Jean Bodin. Mais est-il rien de plus vain que de rechercher dans le passé le moment précis où telle ou telle idée a pris naissance? L'humanité n'avait pas attendu Bodin pour se douter qu'entre le milieu et l'homme se noue tout un réseau de correspondances subtiles. Les épithètes dont le vieil Homère se sert pour caractériser ses héros et leurs pays d'origine en sont une preuve entre mille. Il arrive un moment où l'idée qui flottait vague et presque inconsciente dans l'esprit des hommes se cristallise, devient une théorie, puis une doctrine. C'est le moment que les historiens notent avec soin comme celui de son action et de sa puissance. C'est, bien plus souvent, l'heure où elle perd de sa justesse: combattue par la critique, elle s'exagère, et l'intelligence qui l'adopte en arrive à des conclusions logiques peut-être, mais trop dédaigneuses de l'infinie variété des choses pour retenir longtemps l'adhésion.
XXVI: Deloney's Sources for Euphuistic Learning
Authors: Rollins Hyder E.
Published: February 2007

All critics of Thomas Deloney's novels have commented on the frequent passages in which, dropping his ordinary colloquial style, he indulges in euphuistic references to alleged wonders of natural history. His editor, Mr. F. O. Mann, explains many of the references by citing a probable source like Stephen Batman's Batman vppon Bartholome (1582) and highly improbable sources like Pliny, Sextus Empiricus, Cornelius Nepos, Belleforest, and the Nuremberg Chronicle. As I have recently shown, a large number of Deloney's “facts” about natural history and of his erudite-looking anecdotes were lifted directly from Thomas Fortescue's translation, The Forest or Collection of Historyes (1571, 1576). Many others (as well as a few that I supposed to have come from The Forest) were taken from Stephen Batman's The Doome warning all men to the Iudgemente (1581) and Thomas Johnson's Cornucopiæ, Or diuers secrets … Newlie drawen out of diuers Latine Authors into English (1595).
XXXVI: Charlotte Brontë and George Henry Lewes
Authors: Gary Franklin
Published: February 2007

When Jane Eyre first appeared (Oct. 16, 1847) the publishers, Smith, Elder & Co., sent a complimentary copy to a young journalist named George Henry Lewes. The compliment had unexpected results. Lewes afterwards wrote Mrs. Gaskell: The enthusiasm with which I read it made me go down to Mr. Parker, and propose to write a review of it for Fraser's Magazine. He would not consent to an unknown novel—for the papers had not yet declared themselves—receiving such importance, but thought it might make one on “Recent Novels: English and French”—which appeared in Fraser, December 1847. Meanwhile I had written to Miss Brontë to tell her the delight with which her book filled me; and seemed to have “sermonized” her, to judge from her reply.
XXXVII: Hawthorne's Literary Borrowings
Authors: Turner Arlin
Published: February 2007

Hawthorne was uncommunicative as to the sources on which he drew for the materials underlying his writings. That he had read widely is shown by an examination of the list of books that he borrowed from the Athenæum Library at Salem during his residence of some twenty years in that town. It is perhaps because of Hawthorne's reticence as to his origins that we have as yet learned very little about his literary borrowings; but from time to time articles have appeared touching the specific sources on which Hawthorne relied.
The Fifteenth-Century “Associations of Beasts, of Birds, and of Men”: The Earliest Text with “Language for Carvers”
Authors: Allen Hope E.
Published: February 2007

In the Transactions of the London Philological Society, for 1909, J. Hodgkin printed an article of great importance for lexicography. He there assembled and studied all the known copies of the list of phrases which appears in the Book of St. Albans (1486) under the heading: “The Compaynys of beestys and fowlys.” This, he believed, was an accidentally imperfect title: he thought that the latest editions of the work, which added the words with others, gave the intention of the series, which was, he decided, best described by the title, “Proper Terms,” which he found in B. Mus. Eg. MS. 1995, a copy dated by him c. 1452. Previously, the list was taken as giving “technical” terms for companies.
The Symbolism of The Wind and The Leaves in Shelley's “Ode To The West Wind”
Authors: Kapstein I. J.
Published: February 2007

The “Ode to the West Wind” has received considerable special comment from a number of students of Shelley. H. B. Forman has indicated, in part, its emotional background; Professor H. C. Pancoast has discussed it in relation to the scene and climate in which it was written; W. E. Peck has pointed out parallels of its thought and imagery in Shelley's earlier work; and Professor B. P. Kurtz has recently shown in an admirable study the relation of its theme of life and death and regeneration to the poet's “pursuit of death” throughout his work. There is wanting, however, a detailed account of the sources, the development, and the significance of the poem's central symbols, the Wind and the Leaves, and of the intellectual and emotional disturbances, associated for Shelley with the symbols, which may have been the direct causes of his writing the “Ode.” This study attempts such an account.
The Journals of Fontaney and of Didier
Authors: Sellards John A.
Published: February 2007

The young romantic poet, Antoine Fontaney, returned to Paris in August, 1831, after a stay in Madrid as private secretary to Count d'Harcourt, the French ambassador. The fragments of his Journal in-time, which were published in 1925, are dated from the month of his return and continue through December, 1836. There have recently come to light fragments of another journal, as yet unpublished, covering the same period and written by a contemporary of Fontaney, Charles Didier, a young Genevan who arrived in Paris from Switzerland on 20 November, 1830. For the period covered by the journal of Fontaney, there are only extracts from the mémoires of Didier, the original manuscript having been destroyed. These fragments fell into the hands of a certain Mlle Benoît, Genevan, who wrote under the name of Berthe Vadier, and she in turn sold them to the Viscount Spoelberch de Lovenjoul. They are now a part of the valuable collection which the latter left to the Institut de France, housed at Chantilly.
LVII. Heorot
Authors: Herben Stephen J.
Published: February 2007

It is increasingly the tendency of Beowulf students to stress the importance of the historical passages of the poem. Since Grundtvig established the date of Hygelac's last raid, one is inclined to expect corroboration of other parts of the narrative. But the extent to which one may reasonably accept the poet's statements is a matter for dispute. When he says that Beowulf was present at the last raid of Hygelac, there is no reason for doubt. Not so when he says that the hero swam off with thirty suits of armor. When the swimming match with Breca is mentioned, one may reasonably suppose that the hero distinguished himself in a swimming contest in his youth. But when he swims for days and fights off all manner of uncouth beasts, there seems to be sufficient grounds for skepticism. Or when Beowulf, filled with years dies fighting the dragon, we may feel sure that he died a violent death, without accepting the existence of dragons in the sixth century. Thus in general, we may limit confidence to simple facts simply asserted.
LXV. The Authorship of the Anonymous Life of Milton
Authors: Parsons Edward S.
Published: February 2007

The conviction of Miss Helen Darbishire, to which she has given expression in the Appendix to The Manuscript of Paradise Lost, Book I, and later in Early Lives of Milton (xvi-xxvii), that the anonymous Life of Milton was the work of John Phillips, the poet's nephew, is so strong that, after having stated it and given her reasons therefore, she uses the suggested authorship as a certainty in the title she gives to the Life and elsewhere throughout the Early Lives of Milton. Her argument is two-fold:

1. In a manuscript of John Phillips's poem, “A Satyr against Hypocrites,” is “a page and a half of Dedication signed by John Phillips. This dedication “written in a formal Italian hand,” she believes to be his. She also believes that certain marginal notes and textual corrections are in his hand. Comparing these specimens of what she believes to be John Phillips's handwriting with the handwriting of the anonymous Life, she “was struck at once by the similarity of the handwriting” in the two manuscripts.
Avoir Beau+Infinitive in Old French and Modern French
Authors: Faye Paul-Louis
Published: February 2007

This paper has for object the study of the type avoir beau+infinitive in Old French and Modern French. While pursuing the research the author was led to the observation of several cognate types which will be treated later. These, however, may be occasionally referred to in the present paper by the following stock phrases: bel le salua, le blé leva bel, molt lor est bel. In all these types bel is used adverbially.
Another Interpretation of Muiopotmos
Authors: Rathborne Isabel E.
Published: February 2007

Spenser's Muiopotmos has provoked much ingenious speculation, but no general agreement as to its meaning has been reached. One school of critics in fact warns us against seeking too precise a meaning. Selincourt in the one-volume Oxford edition of Spenser's Works, says:

It is surely a mistake to read into this delicious jeu d'esprit a moral or satirical intention. For once Spenser was not sage and serious, but simply a poet, spinning for sheer delight in his craft a web of verse as delicate as Arachne's.
Honoré Bonet: A Fourteenth-Century Critic of Chivalry
Authors: Kilgour Raymond L.
Published: February 2007

By the end of the fourteenth century the institution of chivalry seemed more brilliant than ever before. It had covered itself with glory during the long years of the struggle between France and England, numbering among its heroes such exemplars of knighthood as the Black Prince and King John of France, Sir John Chandos and Bertrand du Guesclin. During the lull that occurred in the last years of the century, monarchs and princes, freed from the galling restrictions of war, vied with one another in the great mediæval pageant, the tournament; court life under the youthful Charles VI in extravagant reaction to the bourgeois régime of Charles le Sage, was once more aristocratic and magnificent; knights rode gaily forth on expeditions against the infidels or wandered off to foreign lands to join in jousts and tourneys.
Sidney's Astrophel and Stella and Greville's Cælica
Authors: Purcell J. M.
Published: February 2007

Students of Elizabethan sonnet literature have been aware of general resemblances between Sir Philip Sidney's Astrophel and Stella and Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke's Cælica, but no one has ever printed a full comparison of the two sonnet sequences. That we might expect to find some resemblances between the works of Greville and Sidney could be implied from what we know of the close relationship of the two men. The title-page of the 1633 edition of Greville's works describes them as “written in his youth and familiar exercise with Sir Philip Sidney.” Greville and Dyer were Sidney's closest literary friends, both sharing equally Sidney's books at his death. Greville was a member of the Areopagus, whatever its nature might be; and he and Sidney entered Shrewsbury School on the same day, and left college and went up to Court together. One of Greville's greatest boasts was his friendship with Sir Philip. It is not surprising, therefore, that when Sidney started to write a sonnet sequence Greville should follow suit, for the two men's interests were much the same. The similarities of Astrophel and Stella and Cœlica are the natural results of the poets' friendship.
Margaret Fuller and Ralph Waldo Emerson
Authors: Warfel Harry R.
Published: February 2007

Yesterday Margaret Fuller returned home after making us a visit of three weeks,“ Emerson noted in his Journal on August 12, 1836. To this brief statement of fact he added these few words of characterization: ”A very accomplished and very intelligent person.“ She had sought for two years to make Emerson's acquaintance. On October 6, 1834, she had written that the Rev. Frederick Henry Hedge

spoke with due admiration of the Rev. W. Emerson, that only clergyman of all possible clergymen, who eludes my acquaintance. Mais n'imparte. I keep his image bright before my mind.
Nicholas Bishop, an Exemplar of the Oxford Dialect of the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Meech Sanford B.
Published: February 2007

Nicholas Bishop was a well-to-do brewer of Oxford. As he tells us in the first passage printed below, he was the son of a citizen of that place, Bartholomew Bishop, and of his wife, Isabelle, the daughter and heir of Walter Gregory of Watford. He was a litigious man. In furtherance of his actions at law, he compiled with his own hand a volume of annotated transcripts of deeds from various sources, now Cambridge University MS. Dd. xiv. 2. This volume, although mainly in Latin, contains some very interesting specimens of Oxford English, namely: two passages concerning a litigation of Bishop's with the Abbot of Oseney, a version of the Short Metrical Chronicle made to conform more or less to Bishop's dialect, and a series of historical notes following it, presumably composed by him. A note in the manuscript gives its date:

Memorandum quod in Vigilio Sancti Martini in Anno domini MoCCCCmoxxxij: Anno que rregni henrici vjti Istud librum primitus fuit ffinitum. per Nicholaum Bysshop de Oxon “filium & heredem Bartholomei Bysshopp.”
Spenser's Theory of Friendship
Authors: Smith Charles G.
Published: February 2007

In the first three books of the Faerie Queene Spenser is primarily interested in the virtue of the individual as such: his holiness, his temperance, his chastity—the harmony of the whole nature controlled by reason. Beginning with the Fourth Book he turns to a more definite study of the individual in relation to other individuals. With his classical background it was reasonable that he should put friendship next. Aristotle had upheld the thesis that all social relationships grow out of friendship, and both Plato and his Neo-Platonic followers had expounded a philosophy essentially consistent with this. In the present paper I shall endeavor to show that in the Fourth Book Spenser conceives of friendship as the operation in the world of man of a principle of cosmic love, a conception which he bases on the Hymn to Venus taken from Lucretius; and that there is a striking correspondence between the concord-discord antithesis in the Fourth Book and the conflict in Mutabilitie, a correspondence which not only throws light on the poet's interests in the Fourth Book but also helps to date Mutabilitie.
The Philosophy of Spenser's “Garden of Adonis”
Authors: Stirling Brents
Published: February 2007

The main object of this study is to vindicate Spenser of the implied charge of pedantry in one of the most brilliant of his episodes. His Odyssean voyage during the last decade and more among the pages of scholarly journals has left him cast now on the shores of simple Lucretian materialism, now in the bog of abstruse Neo-Platonism. He has even been observed steering a consciously charted course between opposing rocks of dilemma, to say nothing of having sought refuge and instruction among the pre-Socratic Greeks. It is hoped that he may be returned to native English shores. Should the conclusions of this article be epitomized in the statement that Spenser was a second-rate philosopher, that he was a popularizer of already popularized material, no great loss is suffered. His metaphysical poetry may still be read, its simple and direct message gathered, and its charm enjoyed without a ruinous gloss ranging from Empedocles to the refiners of Platonism. Another advantage of simplifying the doctrines of a poet who meant them to be simple and direct is that, when considered in the light of Spenser's naïvete, they lack that inconsistency and puzzling quality so often discerned by commentators. So viewed, the Garden of Adonis, besides losing its character as a technical history of philosophy, may perhaps be regarded no longer as a catalogue of fallacies.
The Quixote of Contemporary Spain: Miguel de Unamuno
Authors: Balseiro José A.
Published: February 2007

In his essay on Hamlet and Don Quixote, Ivan Tourguéniev stated that no man aspires to be called a Quixote. The Russian novelist did not presurmise the dream of Miguel de Unamuno. If the Knight-Errant makes clear that his duty binds him to protect the weak, relieve the oppressed, and punish the bad, Unamuno accepts and practices his creed. But Unamuno, being by far more quixotic, than Cervantes, interprets the psychology of his hero, adapting it to his own way of feeling and thinking. In his work Del sentimiento trágico de la vida, he says, in relation to another of his masterpieces, Vida de Don Quijote y Sancho:

Escribí aquel libro para repensar el Quijote contra cervantistas y eruditos, para hacer obra de vida de lo que era y sigue siendo para los más letra muerta. ¿Qué me importa lo que Cervantes quiso o no quiso poner allí y lo que realmente puso? Lo vivo es lo que yo allí descubro, pusiéralo o no Cervantes, lo que yo allí pongo y sobrepongo y sotopongo, y lo que ponemos allí todos. Quise allí rastrear nuestra filosofía.
James Buchanan and the Eighteenth Century Regulation of English Usage
Authors: Emsley Bert
Published: February 2007

James Buchanan was an eighteenth-century schoolmaster, grammarian, and maker of pronouncing dictionaries who played an important part in the contemporary movement to “fix” the English language. The significance of this movement is recognized in several recent books. The latter half of the century was more prolific than the earlier half. The third quarter in particular, the period of Buchanan's activity, produced many significant works, among which are Harris's Hermes, Johnson's Dictionary, Priestley's Rudiments, Lowth's Grammar, Karnes's Elements, Sheridan's Elocution, A. Campbell's anonymous Lexiphanes, Baker's Reflections, Kenrick's Dictionary, Buchanan's Essay, to name but a few of the books which illustrate pioneer tendencies.
XLVII. Exemplum Materials Underlying Macbeth
Authors: Brown Beatrice Daw
Published: February 2007

Of Shakespeare's awareness of the living currents of literature about him, the late Sir Walter Raleigh had this to say:

His plays are extraordinarily rich in the floating débris of popular literature—scraps, tags and broken ends of a whole world of songs and ballads and romances and proverbs. In this respect he is notable even among his contemporaries; few of them can match him in the wealth that he caught out of the air or picked up by the roadside.
James Thomson's Contact with Newtonianism and His Interest in Natural Philosophy
Authors: Drennon Herbert
Published: February 2007

James Thomson's first contact with Newtonian philosophy was as a student at the University of Edinburgh between 1715 and 1725. Newtonianism had been first introduced there by David Gregory, who, upon graduation in 1683, was appointed Professor of Mathematics. William Whiston, Newton's successor at Cambridge, says that it was to one of Gregory's papers that he owed his conversion to Newton's philosophy. When David Gregory accepted the Savilian professorship of astronomy at Oxford in 1691, he was succeeded at Edinburgh by his brother, James Gregory, another Newtonian. In 1725, on the recommendation of Newton himself, Colin Maclaurin was appointed to assist James Gregory at Edinburgh; thus, from 1683 on, Newtonianism was firmly established in the University of Edinburgh.
The Reaction Against Melodramatic Sentimentality in The English Novel, 1796–1830
Authors: Rogers Winfield H.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study is to set forth the reaction that occurred in novelistic form, and in novels, both in prefaces and in the body of the works, to melodramatic sentimentality in the English novel between 1796–1830. The term melodramatic sentimentality is subject to objection. It includes those things most often reacted to: the romantic, the sentimental, the gothic—in fact, all the unrealistic and unnatural elements that had been incorporated into the novel. But it does not include those novels which were unrealistic because their authors were unfamiliar with their subject matter.
Populism
Authors: Walter Felix
Published: February 2007

Needless to say, it is not with an American agrarian revolt of the end of last century, nor with the fortunes of a German political party that this paper is concerned, but rather with that fruitful and significant grouping of a score or more of contemporary French novelists under the banner of a common conception of the novel, its aims and appropriate media. If the name “Populism” is misleading because of certain political implications, one can at least be thankful that André Thérive and Léon Lemonnier in the consultations that preceded the launching of the new school a little over three years ago rejected labels such as “humilism” and “demotism” which might have proved even more puzzling.
Milton and Manso: Cups or Books?
Authors: Filippis Michele De
Published: February 2007

In the following passage from bis Epitaphium Damonis (lines 181–197) Milton refers to two cups which he is supposed to have received from Manso, and which he describes as follows: … tum quae mihi pocula Mansus, Mansus, Chalcidicae non ultima gloria ripae Bina dedit, mirum artis opus, mirandus et ipse, Et circum gemino caelaverat argumento: In medio Rubri Maris unda, et odoriferum ver. Littora longa Arabum, et sudantes balsama silvae; Has inter Phoenix, divina avis, unica terris, Caeruleum fulgens diversicoloribus alis, Auroram vitreis surgentem respicit undis. Parte alia polus omnipatens, et magnus Olympus: Quis putet? hic quoque Amor pictaeque in nube pharetrae, Arma corusca faces, et spicula tincta pyropo; Nec tenues animas pectusque ignobile vulgi Hinc ferit; at circum flammantia lumina torquens Semper in erectum spargit sua tela per orbes Impiger, et pronos nunquam collimat ad ictus: Hinc mentes ardere sacrae, formaeque deorum.
Milton's Debt to Wolleb's Compendium Theologiæ Christianæ
Authors: Kelley Maurice
Published: February 2007

In seeking for sources of Milton's theology, scholars have gone far afield. While they have argued for Milton's dependence on Ochino, Boehme, Servetus, and even the occult Cabbalists—with little or no external evidence and only vague and general parallelism to corroborate Milton's knowledge and use of these writers—they have disregarded certain systematic theologies, which Milton knew, and which have the same general plan and purpose as the De doctrina Christiana. With one of these treatises, the present investigation is concerned: it will seek to determine the relationship of the De doctrina to Wolleb's Compendium Theologiœ Christianæ with the view of contributing something to an evaluation of Milton's originality as a theologian, and to a knowledge of his habits of borrowing and of the manner in which he worked.
The Campaign of Periodicals After the War of 1812 for National American Literature
Authors: McCloskey John C.
Published: February 2007

American triumphs on the sea in the War of 1812 tempered the American mind into a belief in its power to express itself in a literature independent of any foreign influence. Previously America had shown only a faltering confidence in herself as a literary nation. No great protestations of literary strength had appeared in the periodicals. But with America's victory in this second war with the mother country, a new-found note of confidence came into literature. This new confidence was not, however, a nation-wide experience. It was a political phenomenon, Democratic rather than Federal.
XVI: A Chronological List of Emerson's Lectures on his British Lecture Tour of 1847–1848
Authors: Scudder Townsend
Published: February 2007

Through their reading of English Traits and of the Journals, students of Ralph Waldo Emerson are aware that he visited England on three occasions and that on his second trip he delivered some lectures there. But few, perhaps, realize the extent of his speaking tour in England and Scotland in 1847–48. Emerson was modest concerning his accomplishments, or at least chose not to regard them as feats worthy of ample recording. His references to his lecturing abroad are casual and fragmentary. Cabot, in the authorized biography, A Memoir of Ralph Waldo Emerson, does little to fill in the details, and his chronological list of Emerson's lectures and addresses, incomplete even where speaking engagements in America are concerned, is still more sketchy in its treatment of the British lecture tour. Only through a detailed chronology can a realization of the magnitude of the undertaking be obtained. The following table of lectures and of places where they were given attempts to supply the means for a fuller appreciation of the scope and importance of the venture.
XVII: Inadvertent Repetitions of Material in a La Recherche Du Temps Perdu
Authors: Kolb Philip
Published: February 2007

Examination discloses numerous types of repetition in the volumes of A la Recherche du Temps Perdu. Such cases include not only the various kinds of deliberate reiteration artfully employed by Proust, but also a number of duplications of material apparently not intended to remain in a definitive text. In some instances there may be doubt as to the author's designs. It is proposed, therefore, to present only those examples of involuntary recurrence providing sufficient verbal conformity to obviate controversy as to Proust's ultimate intentions, and to submit certain conclusions based upon the data.
A Re-Evaluation of Vanbrugh
Authors: Mueschke Paul , Fleisher Jeannette
Published: February 2007

Vanbrugh's position in the history of drama has never been adequately defined. He and his successor, Farquhar, have suffered more than any other dramatists of their period from the ill effects of biassed criticism, which has viewed their work solely in the light of a particular tradition, the Comedy of Manners; and the resulting deformity, caused by the failure of their work to fit the mould, is condemned by the very critics who have produced it. They have recognized that the work of Vanbrugh is no longer typically of the Comedy of Manners genre, but they have neglected to analyze the difference in an individual study, and have contented themselves with regarding as inferior any divergences or deviations from the accepted Comedy of Manners norm. These deviations, moreover, have been taken to point toward sentimental comedy, and Vanbrugh, having been dubbed a “transition” figure, has suffered the penalty of “not belonging.”
XIV. Lyrical Ballads, 1800: Cancel Leaves
Authors: Wells John Edwin
Published: February 2007

The literary, critical, historical, and biographical importance of Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads of 1800 gives added attraction and significance to the intrinsically interesting bibliographical features of the two volumes. The following notes on cancel leaves and variant readings in the books will perhaps be welcomed not only by bibliographers, collectors, and persons curious in the solving of problems, but also by critics professing larger concerns. The notes are based on a personal study of forty-five copies of Volume i (six in original boards) and fifty-two copies of Volume ii (seven in original boards).
The Dominant Characteristics of German Romanticism
Authors: Blankenagel John C.
Published: February 2007

German romanticism extends over a relatively long period, since in part it goes back to the ideas of Herder and the Storm and Stress movement in the seventies of the eighteenth century. Within narrower limits, one may assign to it the period from the seventeen-nineties to about 1830, when it was challenged by the Young German Movement. Obviously, however, this does not mark the end of its influence. To give a brief account of so complex and varied a movement, and to attempt to generalize in the face of marked individual differences is an undertaking beset with pitfalls.