bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Infections of Cattle with Fasciola hepatica: The production of an acquired self cure by challenge infection
Authors: Ross J. G.
Published: June 2009

Experiments are described in which calves were given 200 metacercariae and then a challenge infection of 300 metacercariae. When the challenge infection was given 3 weeks after the initial infection a small but insignificant reduction in take was observed. When the challenge infection followed 18 weeks after the initial infection, the existing infection was eliminated. This phenomenon is referred to as an “acquired self cure”.
On the Interaction between Heterakis gallinarum, Ascaridia galli, “Blackhead” and the Chicken
Authors: Madsen Holger
Published: June 2009

Measured dosages of larvated eggs of the caecal nematode, Heterakis gallinarum and the small intestinal nematode, Ascaridia galli were fed to domestic chickens, in order to study the distribution of the numbers of worms developing and the influence on the worms and the chicks of the treatments in the experiments. These treatments are summarised in Table 1, p. 110.

Chronic respiratory disease, accidentally acquired by the groups of chicks in varying degrees appeared to have no influence on the course of the worm infections and the ensuing blackhead (Table 2, p. 112).

Following ingestion of eggs of Heterakis, blackhead occurred in three of four groups of chicks, apparently in varying degrees, possibly related to the size of the egg dosage and to differences in susceptibility to Heterakis (Table 1, p. 110). The chicks inthe group which did not contract blackhead were considerably older than those of the other groups.
A New Gestode, Anomotaenia caenodex sp. nov. from a Mistle Thrush, Turdus viscivorus viscivorus (L.)
Authors: Mettrick D. F. , Burton M. Beverley
Published: June 2009

Several specimens of this species were collected by one of us (M.B.B.) from the intestine of a Mistle Thrush, Turdus viscivorus viscivorus (L.) examined at Silwood Park, the field station of the Imperial College of Science and Technology. Detailed examination of this material has only recently been made, and it appears to represent a new species for which the name Anomotaenia caenodex is proposed.
The Anatomy of Liga brevis (von Linstow, 1884) Dubinina, 1953, a Cyclophyllidean Tapeworm from the Golden-plover, Plnvialis apricaria (L.) and Some Discussion on the Genus Liga Weinland, 1857
Authors: Williams I. C.
Published: June 2009

Liga brevis (von Linstow, 1884) Dubinina, 1953, is recorded for the first time in the British Isles.

Detailed descriptions are given of the external features, integument and musculature, excretory system, nervous system and reproductive system of Liga brevis.

The relationship of Liga brevis to other species of the genus Liga Weinland, 1857, settstt Ransom, 1909, is discussed and new information on the relationship of the genital ducts to the longitudinal excretory vessels in Liga facile (Meggitt, 1927) Szpotańiska, 1931, is given. The systematic position of Liga brevicollis (Fuhrmann, 1907) Sandeman, 1959, is discussed. The value of some of the morphological characters used to differentiate the species of Liga is discussed.

A table showing the more important morphological and ecological features of thirteen species ascribed to Liga Weinland, 1857, sensu Ransom, 1909, is given.
Breinlia mackerrasae n.sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the peramelid marsupial, Isoodon macrourus, with a note on Breinlia sp. from the ‘mumut’ (Peramelidae)
Authors: Walker J. C. , McMillan B.
Published: June 2009

Breinlia mackerrasae n.sp. is described from the short-nosed bandicoot Isoodon macrourus. It bears most similarity to B. dentifera, but differs in having larger spicules and in the arrangement of the anal papillae. Female worms from a ‘mumut’ (Peramelidae) are described, but as no males are available, their taxonomic status remains uncertain. These are the first records of Breinlia from peramelid marsupials.
The helminth parasites of the sheathbill, Chionis alba (Gmelin), and the diving petrels, Pelecanoides georgicus (Murphy and Harper) and P. urinatrix (Gmelin), at Bird Island, South Georgia
Authors: Williams I. C. , Jones N. V. , Payne M. J. , Ellis C.
Published: June 2009

Twelve sheathbills, Chionis alba, 12 South Georgian diving petrels, Pelecanoides georgicus, and 5 common diving petrels, P. urinatrix, collected at Bird Island, South Georgia, were examined for helminth parasites. These appear to be the first helminthological examinations of birds from South Georgia. Eleven of the 12 sheathbills were infected with helminth parasites and the pattern of infection of adult male and female birds was similar. Five species of helminths were found in sheathbills, namely Gymnophallus dellciosus, Notocotylus chionis, Paramonostomum signiensis, Lateriporus australis and Corynosoma hammani. Two species, namely Tetrabothrius sp. and Stegophorus heardi, were found in both Pelecanoides georgicus and P. urinatrix.

The helminth parasites of whales and seals in the Antarctic and Subantarctic have been extensively studied, while in comparison those of birds from these regions have been neglected. As far as we are aware there are no previous reports on helminth parasites from the sheathbill, Chionis alba (Gmelin), the South Georgian diving petrel, Pelecanoides georgicus (Murphy and Harper), and the common diving petrel, P. urinatrix (Gmelin), from South Georgia.
On the life history ofHepatojarakus malayae(Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae), a parasite of the feral rat in Malaysia
Authors: Ow-Yang C. K.
Published: June 2009

Adults ofHepatojarakus malayaelive in the bile duct of many species ofRattusin Peninsular Malaysia, ine life cycle of this parasite was studied in laboratory white rats. Eggs were passed out with the faeces at the early morula stage and hatched within 15 hours, giving rise to the first stage larvae. These developed to the third stage in about 36 hours and these were given orally to new rats in experimental infections. The migratory route of the larvae from the gut to the liver was traced. Penetration into the host appeared to be confined mainly to the fundic wall of the stomach. The larvae presumably followed the portal route to the uver. Here the final moult occurred before the young adults moved into the biliary passages.
Helminths from Wild Anatids in Great Britain
Authors: Burton-Beverley Mary
Published: June 2009

138 wild duck of five species: Anas plalyrhynchos plalyrhynchos, A. penelope, A. crecca, A. acuta and Spatula clypeata taken in East Anglia, England were examined for trematodes, cestodes, nematodes and acanthocephala. Prevalence data are tabulated and maximum intensities recorded. The waterfowl were taken in the autumn and early winter and were presumed to be migrants coming in from western Europe.
A Preliminary Note on the Susceptibility, Prepatency and Recovery of Fasciola gigantica in Small Laboratory Animals
Authors: Mango A. M. , Mango C. K. A. , Esamal D.
Published: June 2009

East African Fasciola gigantica apparently does not reach sexual maturity in mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs and rabbits. The order of recovery of flukes from the highest to the least was as follows : hamsters, guinea pigs, mice and rabbits. Rats were completely refractory to infection. The more highly susceptible animals also had a higher recovery rate of flukes. Mortality in animals appeared to be related to infection.
Capillaria infections of pigs: Description of C. papuensis sp. n. and the pathology of natural infections
Authors: Copland J. W.
Published: June 2009

Capillaria papuensis sp. nov. is described from specimens collected from the gastro-intestinal systems of 14 pigs from two villages in Papua New Guinea. It differs from C.gastrosuis and C. suis in the number and location of papillae in the vulval region, the sculptured surface of the eggs, a sub-terminal anus in the female and in the length of the spicule and bilateral caudal alae in the male. The species inhabits the epithelium of the tongue, where clusters of eggs move towards the surface with the growth of the epithelium and are subsequently swallowed. The pathological changes in the infected epithelium are minimal. The prepatent period is approximately eight weeks.
Studies onOnchocerca gutturosa(Neumann, 1910) and its Development inSimulium Ornatum(Meigen, 1818). 3. Factors Affecting the Development of the Parasite in its Vector
Authors: Eichler D. A.
Published: June 2009

1. Observations were made on various methods of infecting S.ornatumwith 0.gutturosa, the behaviour of the parasite in its vector, and the maintenance of the vector in the laboratory.

2. S.ornatumreared from pupae brought into the laboratory were successfully infected with 0.gutturosaafter feeding on infected cattle. The use ofin vitromethods of infection was unsuccessful as microfilariae were ingested but did not undergo larval development.

3. The migratory route of 0.gutturosamicrofilariae ingested by S.ornatumwas studied and it was found that a mean of only 25% penetrate out of the abdominal midgut. The dimensional changes of 0.gutturosawere noted from the time of ingestion by S.ornatumuntil the infective stage was reached.

4. 0.gutturosatook 13–15 days to reach the infective stage in S.ornatumwhen maintained at a constant temperature of 23°C.

5. The development and structure of the peritrophic membrane of S.ornatumare described.

6. Preliminary observations on the seasonal variations of some factors affecting the transmission of O.gutturosaby S.ornatumsuggest that microfilariae were only available for ingestion during the period of vector activity, after which they migrated into the deeper regions of the skin of cattle.
Studies on the Schistosomes of Domestic Animals in Iran: I. Observations on Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum (Skrjabin, 1913) in Khuzestan
Authors: Massoud J.
Published: June 2009

O. turkestanicum infection was found to be uniformly distributed in the northern and central parts of Khuzestan (cattle, 30%, sheep, 15%; goats, 7% and buffaloes, 2%). In the southern part of Khuzestan the infection rate was very low. A new technique was devised for exposing large animals by leg immersion in a cercarial suspension in a polythene bag and good infections were obtained by this method. The prepatent period of O. turkestanicum infection in different types of animals varied from 43–46 days. The recovery rates of adult worms were 37.6% in calves, 33.9% in sheep, 22.5% in goats and 9.6% in a buffalo. O. turkestanicum produced a milder pathological response in ruminants than did S. bovis, but is nevertheless of considerable economic importance in Khuzestan.
A Technique for the Recovery of Strongyloid Infective Larvae from Pasture
Authors: Smeal M. G. , Hendy G. A.
Published: June 2009

A technique is described for the recovery of strongyloid infective larvae from bulk pasture samples. Pasture sediment washed from herbage is first concentrated, and then larvae are separated by subjecting small portions of sediment to the influence of a slow vertical current of water in a specially-designed column. A more rapid flow of water into the separation apparatus at frequent intervals agitates the sediment and releases trapped larvae into the upward flow. Several sediments can be processed simultaneously using columns arranged in parallel. Larvae separated from sediments are counted by a KI flotation technique.
Species of Gastro-intestinal Helminths of Lambs in Northern Ireland
Authors: Taylor S. M. , Cawthorne R. J. G.
Published: June 2009

A survey of the helminths parasitising the gastro-intestinal tract of lambs in Northern Ireland is described. Twenty-four species were identified from the three hundred and seventy-two animals examined, which were drawn from abattoirs in different areas.

The major species found in the abomasum were Ostertagia circumcincta, 0. trifurcata, 0. pinnata and Trichosirongylus axei. Nematodints battus, N. filicollis, T. vitrinus and Cooperia curticei were the most prevalent species in the small intestine. Some observations are made on the relative incidence and role in the production of parasitic gastro-enteritis.
Unusual protein pattern ofOpisthorchis viverrini
Authors: Ruppel A. , Boonpucknavig Somnate , Hempelmann E.
Published: June 2009

The proteins of homogenized adultOpisthorchis viverriniwere separated by polyacrylamide gel electro-Phoresis and isoelectric focusing in the presence of detergents. By far the most abundant component(s) had a Mr of 18,000 to 19,000, represented about 47% of the total parasite protein, and did not separate in isotypes.
Population Studies on the Potato Root Eelworm (Heterodera rostochiensisWoll.)
Authors: Fenwick D. W. , Reid Elizabeth
Published: June 2009

1. When potatoes are planted in eelworm infested land, the root diffusate produced results in 70—80 per cent, of the larvae emerging from the cysts in the first 4—5 weeks of growth and this effect is shown up to a distance of 6 in. from the root centre.

2. Moderate or heavy soil infestations of potato root eelworm result in a considerable root invasion prior to potatoes breaking through; several thousand cysts can result from this early attack and can cause severe dislocation of the young root.
The Parasitological and Pathological Significance of Arrested Development in Nematodes
Authors: Taylor E. L. , Michel J. F.
Published: June 2009

In summarising, therefore, we conclude that a tendency to become dormant during the larval stage, which is so characteristic a feature of the free-living larvae of parasitic nematodes and is an essential requirement in their use of intermediate hosts is not an uncommon occurrence during their life in the final host. Its purpose in each instance is essentially the same, i.e. to carry it through a period in which the environment is unsuited to development; on the ground, for instance, where it waits for a suitable host, as a parasite of an intermediate host, where it waits for a suitable final host, or in a resistant final host where inhibited development serves the parasite in enabling it to wait until some depression of the host's state of resistance allows it to grow to maturity.
The role of native domestic animals in the dissemination of Echinococcus infection among dogs in the State of Kuwait
Authors: Behbehani Kazem , Hassounah Osama
Published: June 2009

Infection with hydatid cysts of domestic animals slaughtered by private individuals and at the Government Central Slaughterhouse is recorded. Both fertile and non-fertile cysts were seen in the infected animals. The home slaughtered sheep seems to play an important role in the dissemination of the parasite and the life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus in the State of Kuwait is assumed to be sheep—dog—sheep.
Onchocerca raillieti n.sp. (Filarioidea) chez l'Ane domestique en Afrique
Authors: Bain O. , Muller R. L. , Khamis Y. , Guilhon J. , Schillhorn Van Veen T.
Published: June 2009

Onchocerca raillieti sp. n. (Filarioidea), from the domestic donkey (Equus asinus) in Africa, is described. The species is compared to O. bohmi (Supperer, 1953) n.comb, O. reticulata Diesing, 1841, O. cervicalis Railliet et Henry, 1910, O. flexuosa (Wed), 1856) and O. armillata Railliet et Henry, 1909 and can be differentiated by numerous characters of which the most important are the anterior region of the female (which is straight and slender, 6 to 8 cm long, and bears longitudinal striae) and the 10 symmetrically arranged pairs of caudal papillae. O. raillieti seems to be a primitive species by several characters (caudal papillae, cervical papillae, oesophagus, vulva and cuticle.)
Worm Egg Counts of Ewes after Artificially-induced Ovulation
Authors: Downey N. E.
Published: June 2009

A post-parturient rise in worm egg count was seen in ewes which lambed in the autumn following ovulation induced by hormone treatment. Similarly treated ewes in the same flock which proved to be barren showed only a slight increase in egg count. There were indications that hormone treatment may be associated with egg count rises which differ in intensity and duration from those reported in ewes which ovulate spontaneously.
Observations on Pseudanisakis rotundata (Rudolphi, 1819) Mozgovoi, 1950, a Common but Little Known Nematode Parasite of Raia radiata Donovan in the Northern North Sea
Authors: Williams H. Harford , Richards D. H. H.
Published: June 2009

Pseudanisakis rotundata (Rudolphi, 1819) Mozgovoi, 1950, from Raia radiaia in the northern North Sea is redescribed and figured with particular reference to the degree of infection, mode of attachment, the functional morphology of the genitalia and to a possible association between this nematode and a coccidian infection of the same host species. Ressons are given for rejecting Eustoma Piette 1855, as a generic name for a nematode as it is already in use for a Jurassic prosobranch mollusc.
Lytocestus longicollis sp. nov. (Cestoidea: Caryophyllidea) from the Catfish Clarias batrachus (L.) in India
Authors: Devi P. Rama
Published: June 2009

Two species of caryophyllids, L. longicollis sp. nov. and L. indicus (Moghe, 1926) were found in the fresh water cat fish, Clarias batrachus (L) (Clariidae) in India. The adult of L. longicollis is described in detail. It differs from all other species of the genus in having a receptaculum seminis.
Studies on the Life History ofEchinostoma ivaniosin. sp.
Authors: Mohandas A.
Published: June 2009

The life cycle ofEchinostoma ivaniosin.sp., found in the rectum of domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) has been worked out in detail. The eggs hatch in 7–8 days in tap water at room temperature (24-28°C). Body of the miracidium covered with 18 epidermal plates arranged in four tiers of 6, 6, 4, 2 from the anterior to the posterior end. Miracidia develop into sporocysts in the snails,Lymnaea luteola f typica.There are two redial generations and the first cercariae are liberated 25–30 days post-infection with miracidia, or a little later. 37 collar spines of the cercaria are arranged in the pattern-5(3+2)+6+15(8+7)+6+5(3+2). Caudal finfold present, cuticle spinose, paraoesophageal gland cells present, penetration glands two pairs and excretory system with 18 pairs of flame cells in triplets. Metacercaria develops into adult in domestic fowl and the eggs are recovered from the faeces of the host, 12–14 days post-infection. The adult is compared with other 37-spined echinostomes whose life cycles are known or which show characteristic differences from the present species and the creation of a new species is justified.
Observations on the life-cycle of the strigeoid trematode, Apatemon (Apatemon) gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) Szidat, 1928
Authors: Blair David
Published: June 2009

The life-cycle of Apatemon (A.) gracilis was completed in the laboratory. The snail host is Lymnaeaperegra (Müller). The cercaria is redescribed from a wide range of material. Metacercariae were found in naturally infected rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson), three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatiis L.) and stone loach (Nemacheilus barbatulus (L.)) from Scotland and in three-spined sticklebacks from Iceland. In trout, most metacercariae were found in the pericardial cavity, in sticklebacks, the eye, and in loach, the body cavity. In infection experiments, cercariae from naturally infected Scottish snails developed in threespined sticklebacks, rainbow trout and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Under experimental conditions cercariae did not penetrate stone loach, although this species is naturally infected with A gracilis. The phenomenon of fish host specificity is briefly discussed. Development of the metacercaria is described. Excystation of metacercarial cysts with pepsin and trypsin solutions is unlike that reported for any other digenean; the contents of the cyst appear to be under pressure. In pepsin, layers of the cyst wall peel back from one end. When transferred to trypsin, one pole of the cyst ruptures and the worm is forcibly expelled.
Hymenolepis muris-sylvaticaein laboratory rodents
Authors: Haeren C. Van , De Rycke P. H.
Published: June 2009

The establishment, growth, survival and distribution olHymenolepis muris-sylvaticaem different laboratory animals (Wistar rats, golden hamsters, CFLP and NMRI mice) after oral infection and surgical transplantation were determined.

Worms that establish in CFLP and NMRI mice grow exponentially but are rejected at different times p.i. depending on the strain of mice and mode of infection. Only in golden hamsters willH. muris-sylvaticaedevelop to a mature worm; in rats there is no growth at all. Worms of all sizes are found in the posterior half of the small intestine in rats and both strains of mice; in hamsters the worms are recovered more anteriorly.
Separation of viable microfilariae free of blood cells on Percoll gradients
Authors: Chandrashekar R. , Rao U. R. , Rajasekariah G. R. , Subrahmanyam D.
Published: June 2009

A consistent and reproducible method is described for isolating pure populations of microfilariae of Litomosoides carinii, Brugia pahangi, B. malayi and Dipetalonema viteae, free of cells, from blood, by density gradient centrifugation on Percoll in 0.25M sucrose. The recovery of the microfilariae was 85 to 97%.
A comparative study on esterases from three species of Raillietina
Authors: Balasubramanian M.P. , Dhandayuthapani S. , Nellaiappan K. , Ramalingam K.
Published: June 2009

The multiplicity of soluble esterases in Raillietina tetragona, R. echinobothrida and R. cesticillus was studied by use of slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Five fractions of esterase activity were observed in R. tetragona, seven in R. echinobothrida and three in R. cesticillus. The various fractions of esterase activity of closely related species of Raillietina showed differential behaviour towards various chemicals. Based on the inhibitory effect of inhibitors p-CMB, EDTA, malathion, silver nitrate and eserine sulphate, the various esterases have been classified into arylesterase, carboxylesterase, acetylesterase and cholinesterase.
Histochemical localization of phosphomonoesterases in Avhellina lahorea Woodland, 1927 (Cestoda: Anoplocephalida)
Authors: Farooq Rashid , Farooqi H.U.
Published: June 2009

Non-specific and specific phosphatases have been histochemically localized in the tissues of Avitellina lahorea, an intestinal parasite of sheep and goats. Large quantities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase were observed in almost all organs except the parenchyma where there were moderate amounts of acid phosphatase and no alkaline phosphatase; the reproductive ducts contained moderate amounts of alkaline phosphatase. 5-nucleotidase was observed only in the uterus, egg pouches and eggs and glucose-6-phosphatase activity was restricted to the tegument. The probable functions of these moieties at different sites are discussed.
Comparative histochemical observations on the lipids in the immature and mature stages ofCotylophoron cotylophorum(Paramphistomatidae: Digenea)
Authors: Parshad V. R. , Guraya S. S.
Published: June 2009

Immature and mature stages of the sheep amphistomeCotylophoron cotylophorumhave been analysed histochemically for their lipids. Excretory ducts of the immature worms were the common sites for the accumulation of neutral lipids (triglycerides) and phospholipids which showed very sparse distribution at the corresponding sites in the adult. Phospholipids and lipoproteins observed in the tegument of the adult could not be seen in the immature form. Intestinal caecae of both forms showed the presence of diffused and granular lipids which were relatively less in the immature. The possible physiological significance of these differences in the lipid contents of the immature and mature forms has been discussed.
Intermediate host antigens associated with the cercariae of Schistosoma haematobium
Authors: Jackson T.F.H.G.
Published: June 2009

Bulinus (Physopsts) africanus antigens were shown to be associated with the cercarial glycocalyx of Schistosoma haematobium using immunofluorescence and the Cercarienhüllen Reaktion. It is proposed that this snail antigen may sensitise the definitive host and that resistance to further invasion by cercariae could be induced in this manner.
A revision of the genus Strongylodesma Lévi (Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of four new species
Authors: Samaai Toufiek , Gibbons Mark J. , Kelly Michelle
Published: June 2009

The sponge genus Strongylodesma is reviewed and redefined, and now accommodates eight closely related species. The type species of Strongylodesma Lévi is redescribed and an additional two new species are described from the Indo-Pacific: S. novaecaledoniae sp. nov. and S. tongaensis sp. nov. Several specimens previously identified as species of Batzella (Poecilosclerida: Chondropsidae) have been re-assigned to Strongylodesma, as the new species S. purpureus sp. nov. and S. nigra sp. nov. With the description here of new species from the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Atlantic, the biogeographical distribution of Strongylodesma now appears to be generally tropical with a subtropical South African component, whereas previously it was only known from South Africa. Although species of Strongylodesma have not previously been recorded from the intermediate locations (Western Indian Ocean, South-east Asia, central west Pacific, and New Zealand), re-evaluation here will facilitate more readily the recognition of taxa in these intermediate regions, if they exist, in the future. The species are not widespread, except perhaps along the south-east coast of South Africa, and where they occur they are not abundant. Species occur over a wide depth range, from the intertidal in Tsitsikamma, South Africa, to 140 m in the Caribbean.
Note on Rossiella rossi (Nuttall, 1910) occurring in the Jackal in British East Africa
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

In a paper published in April, 1910, I described and figured a new intracorpuscular parasite found in smears made from the spleen and liver of a jackal (Canis adustus), the animal having been shot by Mr W. F. Cooper in British East Africa. As I stated at the time, I hesitated about referring the parasite to the genus Piroplasma, and only did so provisionally because it offered a resemblance to two parasites found in the internal organs of one of my dogs which had “recovered” from P. canis infection. I, however, added: “Should future investigation prove that the parasite of the jackal differs from the types of P. canis encountered in ‘salted dogs’ I would propose to refer it to a new genus, Rossiella (Rossia being preoccupied) in view of its specific name.”
The Anatomy of Stilesia globipunctata (Rivolta)
Authors: Gough Lewis Henry
Published: June 2009

In my “Revision of the Genus Stilesia” I had to leave several points in the anatomy of Stilesia globipunctata (Riv.) undecided, as the material I had of the worm was too macerated to allow of any definite conclusions. At the same time I pointed out, that the topography of the male canals as described by Stiles and Hassall disagreed with the conditions obtaining in Stilesia hepatica Wolffhügel, in other respects a very closely related species. The necessity for a re-examination of Stilesia globipunctata (Riv.) in order to decide whether the differences really exist, or whether they were supposed to do so, on account of the material examined by Stiles being rather macerated (loc. cit. p. 74), was all the greater as Stilesia globipunctata (Riv.) is the type species of the genus Stilesia. Through the kindness of Mr Littlewood, Chief Inspector of the Veterinary Department, I was able to obtain living examples of Stilesia globipunctata (Riv.) at the Cairo abattoir on Jan. 27, 1912. These worms have been fixed with Zeuker's solution, hardened and cut.
What is the GenusLeptomonasKent?
Authors: Hindle Edward
Published: June 2009

Thenomenclature of the parasitic flagellates of invertebrates is in such a state of chaos at the present time, that I have collected the history of the three more important generaLeptomonas, Herpetomonas, andCrithidia, in the hope that it will end the controversies which surround the application of any one of these names.
New Trematode Parasites from Fishes of the English Channel
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

During August and September 1909 I had an opportunity, thanks to the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society, of making a fairly comprehensive examination of the parasites of fishes from the English Channel at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth. During that time nearly five hundred fishes, belonging to about 80 species, were dealt with and a very extensive collection of parasites made. A considerable number of species were obtained many of which are new to British waters but the number of absolutely new species amounted to very few. Of these I am describing here four of the most noteworthy, three of which appear to be of new generic type. A complete account of the investigations will be published later.
Coccidian parasites of birds of the avian order Columbiformes with a description of two new species of Eimeria
Authors: Varghese T.
Published: June 2009

Two new species of coccidia, Eimeria gourai sp. nov. from the Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria Fraser) and Eimeria duculai sp.nov. from the Torres Strait imperial pigeon (Ducula spilorrhoa Gray) have been described. Eimeria gourai oocysts are spherical to sub-spherical in shape, measure 20·0 (19·0–22·0) × 20·0 (18·0–21·0) μm and are devoid of micropyle and oocyst residuum. Elongate sporocysts are 12·0 × 5·5 μm, and contain a granular residuum. Eimeria duculai oocysts are broadly ovoid with an inconspicuous micropyle at the narrower end. They are 28·0 (26·0–31·0) × 25·0 (23·0–27·0) μm in size, without residuum but with a membrane-bound polar granule. The elongate sporocysts are 15·5 × 7·2 μm, with prominent Stieda body and granular, membrane-bound residuum. The morphological characteristics of the known coccidian oocysts from birds of the avian order Columbiformes are reviewed.
An examination of the skin phase of schistosome migration using a hamster cheek pouch preparation
Authors: Wilson R. A. , Lawson J. Ruth
Published: June 2009

A living hamster cheek pouch preparation has been used to study the skin phase of schistosomulum migration. Between 0 and 16 h post-exposure schistosomula become increasingly difficult to see and lateral movement in the skin ceases. Up to 50 h post-exposure they remain poorly visible. They lie in fluid-filled lacunae within the epidermis, external to the basement membrane. The first schistosomula enter the dermis from. 40 h post-exposure, approximately half having done so by 52·5 h. Coincidentally, they can be more easily distinguished from surrounding tissue. Up to 91% of original penetrants have been observed alive in. pouch tissue at 65 h post-exposure. Since only 26% eventually mature in the hepatic portal system there would appear to be considerable attrition subsequent to the skin phase of migration. The mean diameter of venules penetrated was 22·7 μm and the mean time taken to penetrate was 8·01 h. The majority of schistosomula left the pouch between 60 and 80 h post-exposure.
Migration of the schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni from the lungs to the hepatic portal system
Authors: Miller Patricia , Wilson R. A.
Published: June 2009

The pattern of recovery of schistosomula from the lungs of mice, hamsters and rats is described following normal percutaneous infection via the abdominal skin. Peak numbers were found in hamsters and rats on day 5 and in mice on day 6 post-exposure. Schistosomula were recovered from the lungs up to approximately day 20 post-exposure in all 3 species. None were found in pleural washings and only 2 were recovered following mincing and incubation of host diaphragms. The pattern of recovery of schistosomula from the lungs of mice was also described following the injection of a pulse of parasites into the tail vein. Approximately 54% of these injected schistosomula eventually reached maturity in the hepatic portal system. The ability of schistosomula to migrate and mature following their injection into unusual locations was tested. Small numbers reached maturity in the hepatic portal system following injection into the pleural cavity or subcutaneously, more when injected intra-peritoneally and largest numbers following intravenous injection. Small numbers of schistosomula were recovered by mincing and incubation of systemic organs such as the kidney and spleen. Schistosomula injected into the left ventricle of hamsters were able to migrate via the systemic organs to the lungs and 47% eventually matured in the hepatic portal system. The pattern of schistosomulum accumulation in the hepatic portal system of mice, hamsters and rats is described. Following normal percutaneous infection, schistosomula were first detected in this site from day 6 to day 9 depending on the host species. In mice, migration was complete around day 20 but continued in hamsters up to day 40 post-exposure. Following injection of schistosomula into the tail veins of mice, the first arrivals in the hepatic portal system were detected 12 h later and were found to lose their ability to migrate shortly after arrival. However, a proportion of lung schistosomula injected directly into the hepatic portal system were able to traverse hepatic sinusoids and reach the lungs. It was concluded that the route of migration of schistosomula from lungs to liver was entirely intravascular, with potentially several passages round the pulmonary-systemic circulation, before chance entry into arteries leading to the hepatic portal system. The proportion of schistosomula exiting from the pulmonary-systemic circuit was estimated as 0·14/day. A computer simulation produced values of 11 h and 5 h for the duration of migration through pulmonary and systemic capillary beds. The time for 1 complete circuit would thus be 16 h and the proportion of schistosomula exiting per circuit would be 0·095. This approximates to the proportion of cardiac output going to splanchnic organs in the resting rat (0·128). The narrowness of hepatic sinusoids may be one factor contributing to the sequestration of schistosomula in the hepatic portal system.
Eimeria tenella: experimental development of resistance to monensin in the chicken
Authors: Chapman H. D.
Published: June 2009

The development of resistance by the Houghton strain of Eimeria tenella (H) to monensin has been studied by serially passaging the strain in groups of 30 birds, each inoculated with 106 oocysts and given 100 p.p.m. of drug in the food. After 16 passages a line partially resistant to this concentration of monensin was produced. Passage of the line in birds medicated with 200 or 300 p.p.m. of monensin did not result in the acquisition of a greater degree of resistance. A further reduction in sensitivity to 100 p.p.m. monensin was obtained, however, when the line was serially passaged in 15 groups of 6 birds each given 3 × 106 oocysts. Five passages in the absence of monensin resulted in restoration of sensitivity, suggesting that the resistance developed was not stable. The pathogenic effects of the line that had been passaged in chickens given 300 p.p.m. of monensin were less than those of the parent line.
Factors affecting the acquisition of resistance to Schistosoma japonicum in the mouse: I. The correlation between egg deposition and worm elimination
Authors: Moloney N. A. , Webbe G. , Luty A.
Published: June 2009

Acquired resistance to Schistosoma japonicum was evident after the lung phase of migration of challenge schistosomula. ‘Trickle’ infections which gave similar primary worm burdens to single infections stimulated similar levels of resistance. There was a strong correlation between the size of the primary worm burden of individual mice and their ability to resist infection 8 weeks after exposure to S. japonicum. However, acquired resistance did not develop until 6 weeks, that is after the primary infection had become patent, and was maximal some 12 weeks after infection; thereafter resistance declined. The numbers of parasite eggs deposited in the tissues increased during acute infection (duration of 12 weeks or less) and tended to stabilize or decrease during chronic infection (longer than 12 weeks). There were good correlations between the resistance of mice to challenge and the numbers of eggs deposited in their livers, guts or lungs during acute infection, but these correlations were not evident during chronic infection. The inflammatory responses to tissue-bound eggs regress during chronic infection and this may influence the relationship between acquired resistance and egg burden. Comparable primary infections of S. japonicum or S. mansoni protected equally well against both heterologous and homologous challenges. However, unisexual infections of S. mansoni, which produced no overt pathology, failed to confer protection against a challenge of S. japonicum.
Some Phenomena associated with Parasitism
Authors: Potts F. A.
Published: June 2009

(1) The marked peculiarity in infection of Decapod Crustacea by certain parasites is the alteration of the sexual characters of the hosts (castration parasitaireof Giard). This has a twofold nature, viz.:—

(a)Sterility. In both sexesgonads dwindle and may entirely abort.

(b)Assumption of characters of other sex. In the malethe external characters proper to the female are assumed in greater or less degree. The testis is transformed into a hermaphrodite gland, either while still infected by the parasite (incipient hermaphroditism of hermit crabs) or when freed from its influence (ripe ovotestis in spider crab). The reverse effects are not foundin the female.

(2) This phenomenon occurs throughout the Invertebrata, but though sterility is a frequent consequence, the alteration of sex characters is never so definite as in the Crustacea. Analogous observations on parasitism in the Vertebrata have not been made.

(3) In the Insecta, parasitism appears to influencecaste production. Grassi suggested that the sterility of soldiers and workers in Termites is due to protozoan parasites. In ants a giant caste is known (mermithergates) always harbouring a nematode worm.
Observations on the Effect of Various Chemical Reagents on the Morphology of Spirochaetes
Authors: Mackinnon Doris L.
Published: June 2009

It has been stated that in the stomach of the bed-bug the spirochaetes of relapsing-fever may frequently be observed to lose their normal regular curves and become more or less “worm-like.” This is of interest to those who oppose the view that spirochaetes are rigid spirals, a view which, after gradual abandonment by most observers, has lately been again advanced by Novy and Knapp in their study on S. recurrentis.
The Degenerative Appearances observed in Piroplasma canis and in Trypanosoma brucei following upon Drug Treatment
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

In a lecture delivered recently in Cambridge, I had occasion to demonstrate the degenerative changes undergone by P. canis and Tr. brucei in the blood of animals which had been subjected to curative treatment with drugs. These changes have not as yet been depicted. They are, in my opinion, of more than passing interest, since they may help us to distinguish normal from abnormal parasites in untreated animals. Without doubt there occurs a certain death-rate amongst blood parasites under natural conditions; what this death-rate is we do not know, but appearances which cannot be regarded otherwise than as degenerative are not infrequently encountered. On the other hand, there is always a danger that false interpretations may be placed upon abnormal or degenerative forms, and of this I fear there is ample evidence in current literature. In publishing this note I merely desire to draw attention to what may prove to be a useful method of differentiating some of the normal from the abnormal appearances presented by Haematozoa.
Note on the so-called Musculature ofTaenia elliptica
Authors: Heape Walter
Published: June 2009

The internal organisation of the Ceatoda is described as follows by Sedgwick (1898, p. 246):

“Beneath the cuticle-like outer membrane is a layer of spindle-shaped cells lying at right angles to the surface; their external ends abut upon the cuticle, and their inner ends are prolonged as fibres into the parenchyma. Beneath this layer there is a delicate superficial layer of longitudinal muscular fibres, and next a parenchyma of connective tissue in which strongly-developed bundles of longitudinal muscular fibres, as well as an inner layer of circular muscles, are embedded; both these muscular layers are traversed, principally at the sides of the body, by groups of dorso-ventral muscular fibres.”
Piroplasmosis among Cattle in the Mombera District, Nyasaland, 1909
Authors: Stannus Hugh S.
Published: June 2009

During the rainy season of 1908–9 an outbreak of disease among cattle occurred over a somewhat widespread area of the Mombera district, causing considerable losses in herds owned by natives.
Some new Internal Parasites of the California Ground Squirrel (Otospermophilus Beecheyi)
Authors: Wellman Creighton , Wherry Wm. B.
Published: June 2009

While examining last year some California ground squirrels, we found among this rodent's endoparasites the following protozoa, worm and mite which appear to be new. Ordinarily the mere recording of new species of the parasites of wild animals is of little interest to physicians, but since the rô1e played by O. beecheyi in the maintenance of plague on our Pacific Coast was definitely established (vide Wherry, Journ. Infect. Dis. 1908, v. 485)1 all medical men are naturally interested in the diseases which affect this rodent. Therefore the following brief descriptions of the parasites we have found are offered.
A description of four Filaria loa from the same patient
Authors: Huffman O. V. , Wherry Wm B.
Published: June 2009

A comparison of the descriptions of the morphological characteristics of Filaria loa by previous authors shows differences which are explained by the study of our uninjured specimens. We have prepared a table (q.v.) which shows the results of the work of various observers together with our own. We believe that most of the drawings so far published are somewhat misleading; we have, therefore, drawn the essential parts as seen through the microscope with an entire diameter and a portion of a longitudinal section in focus. The drawings are not composite or schematic but have been made on a large scale with accuracy in the measurements so as to represent the different parts in proper proportion (see Plate).
The persistence of Bacillus pyocyaneus in pupae and imagines of Musca domestica raised from larvae experimentally infected with the bacillus
Authors: Bacot A. W.
Published: June 2009

In the course of an inquiry into the relation between the bionomics of certain insects and epidemic disease upon which I am engaged, the following question suggested itself to me. In the event of a larva becoming bacterially contaminated by means of its food, is it possible that the resulting pupa and imago will still be infected? The only previous work bearing upon this question with which I am acquainted is that of Faichnie, who writes:
The embryos of Filaria loa
Authors: Huffman Otto V.
Published: June 2009

The embryo of Filaria loa has never been fully studied or described and for this reason the hypothesis put forward by manson, that the Filaria diurna is the larva of Filaria loa, remains unproven. when manson suggested this connection he had at hand some sketches of embryos which leuckart had made and sent to him. as these sketches were not of sufficient aid to establish the identity of the embryos with the larvae found by him in the blood, and as no metamorphosis takes place in the larvae while circulating in the blood, it is reasonable to suppose that they must have been rather crude sketches. however, the hypothesis came to be accepted because it was well supported by the fact that the two worms have the same geographical distribution and also by the occasional discovery of both in the same host. at the same time that this hypothesis was advanced, manson changed the name from Filaria sanguinis hominis major to Filaria sanguinis hominis diurna and said that the species was practically indistinguishable on morphological grounds from the well-known Filaria sanguinis hominis of Lewis (Filaria nocturna, Manson) i.e.Filaria bancrofti. this fact made it all the more necessary to observe embryos taken from an adult female Filaria loa before venturing to state the origin of the larvae found in the blood.
Trematode Parasites from Food-Fishes of the North Sea
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

The following observations were made in September, 1908, during a short residence at Aberdeen where, through the kindness of Prof. J. Arthur Thomson, I was able to deal with a considerable number of fishes in the very limited time at my disposal1. The investigation was intended as a continuation of that already carried out at St Andrews, the object being to examine a number of fishes which could not readily be obtained at the latter place. There the fishes dealt with were mostly littoral forms, but at Aberdeen attention was mainly paid to the larger deep-water fish; of these a plentiful supply could be easily obtained. A few species were re-examined here.
Regeneration inArgas persicus
Authors: Hindle Edward , Cunliffe Norman
Published: June 2009

The present investigation was primarily undertaken by Mr G. Merriman at the suggestion of Professor Nuttall, but was discontinued at a very early stage owing to Mr Merriman's departure for Africa. The object of the investigation was:

(1) To determine if immature stages of ticks whose mouth-parts have been mutilated or torn off by the forcible removal of the parasite from the host possess the power of regeneration. In nature, many immature ticks must be injured in this manner, and it seemed of interest to determine if they could regenerate the lost parts, thus helping them in the struggle for existence.

(2) To determine if the small legs occasionally observed in nymphal and adult ticks are due to mechanical injury followed by regeneration. A very striking example of such a tick is the type specimen ofAmblyomma scaevolaOudemanns (♂), in which four legs are markedly under-developed. In the large quantity of tick material that has been received at the Quick Laboratory, individuals with one or more miniature legs have been observed repeatedly.
Notes on the Drug Treatment of Canine Piroplasmosis
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: June 2009

The observations relating to the treatment of canine piroplasmosis by means of drugs are usually very briefly recorded so that the precise conditions under which they were conducted cannot be ascertained.
Note on the Polymorphism of Trypanosoma Gambiense
Authors: Minchin E. A.
Published: June 2009

In a memoir recently published, Salvin-Moore and Breinl state that when Trypanosoma gambiense is examined in the blood “it does not seem possible to detect any true dimorphism or trimorphism.” “The three forms often described and alluded to as distinct, consequently appear to be arbitrarily chosen examples in a continuous series of dimensions.” It has always seemed to me very remarkable that the great differences in form and structure, no less than in size, between the slender, ordinary, and stumpy forms of T. gambiense, differences noted by all competent observers, should have been denied by two authors who claim for their methods of technique a superiority over those employed by all other investigators.
On the Life History of Ascaris lumbricoides L.
Authors: Stewart F. H.
Published: June 2009

I. In the following three experiments it will be shown that ripe eggs of Ascaris suilla can hatch in the intestine of the pig, that the larvae issuing from these eggs enter the body of the pig and pursue the same course through the body as in the rat and mouse. They have been found in the lung of the pig from the 6th to the 8th day and in the trachea on the 8th day. Dead larvae have been found in the faeces of the pig on the 11th day after infection (Expt. 6).