bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partial correlation financial networks
Authors: Millington Tristan , Niranjan Mahesan
Published: February 2020

Correlation networks have been a popular way of inferring a financial network due to the simplicity of construction and the ease of interpretability. However two variables which share a common cause can be correlated, leading to the inference of spurious relationships. To solve this we can use partial correlation. In this paper we construct both correlation and partial correlation networks from S&P500 returns and compare and contrast the two. Firstly we show that the partial correlation networks have a smaller and much less variable intensity than the correlation networks, but in fact are less stable. We look at the centrality of the various sectors in the graph using degree centrality and eigenvector centrality, finding that sector centralities move together during the 2009 market crash and that the financial sector generally has a higher mean centrality over most of the dataset. Exploring the use of these centrality measures for portfolio construction, we shown there is mild correlation between the in-sample centrality and the out of sample Sharpe ratio but there is negative correlation between the in-sample centrality and out of sample risk. Finally we use a community detection method to study how the networks reflect the underlying sector structure and study how stable these communities are over time.
Understanding Associations Between Hurricane Harvey Exposure and Mental Health Symptoms Among Greater Houston-Area Residents
Authors: Bevilacqua Kristin , Rasul Rehana , Schneider Samantha , Guzman Maria , Nepal Vishnu , Banerjee Deborah , Schulte Joann , Schwartz Rebecca M.
Published: February 2020

Objective:

Hurricane Harvey made landfall on August 25, 2017 and resulted in widespread flooding in Houston and the surrounding areas. This study aimed to explore the associations between exposure to Hurricane Harvey and various mental health symptoms.

Methods:

Self-reported demographics, hurricane exposure, and mental health symptomatology were obtained from residents of the greater Houston area through convenience sampling for a pilot study, 5 months after the storm from January 25-29, 2018 (N = 161).

Results:

Increased hurricane exposure score was significantly associated with increased odds for probable depression, probable anxiety, and probable posttraumatic stress disorder after adjusting for other factors associated with mental health. No significant associations were found between demographic characteristics and risk of mental health difficulties.

Conclusions:

Mental health difficulties associated with exposure to Hurricane Harvey were still present 5 months after the storm. Future disaster response programs should focus on providing long-term mental health services to hurricane survivors.
A COCOMPLETE BUT NOT COMPLETE ABELIAN CATEGORY
Authors: RICKARD JEREMY
Published: February 2020

An example of a cocomplete abelian category that is not complete is constructed.
UNIFORM ASYMPTOTIC FORMULAS FOR RESTRICTED BIPARTITE PARTITIONS
Authors: ZHOU NIAN HONG
Published: February 2020

In this paper, we investigate $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}(m,n)$, the number of partitions of the bipartite number$(m,n)$ into steadily decreasing parts, introduced by Carlitz [‘A problem in partitions’, Duke Math. J.30 (1963), 203–213]. We give a relation between $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}(m,n)$ and the crank statistic $M(m,n)$ for integer partitions. Using this relation, we establish some uniform asymptotic formulas for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}(m,n)$.
Photo-Text Topographics: Memory and Place in Sally Mann's Hold Still
Authors: LLOYD CHRISTOPHER
Published: February 2020

This article explores Sally Mann's memoir Hold Still (2015) as a complex photo-text that excavates, mediates and shapes memories, both of her family and of the US South more broadly. Theorizing photo-text topographics, the article argues that various landscapes (regional, memorative, aesthetic) are mediated by the interrelation between word and image. Mann's depictions of her children, southern location, and – most explicitly – black–white relations in the United States will be shown to reveal how the past can never be “held still.”
Place attachment and linguistic variation: A quantitative analysis of language and local attachment in a rural village and an urban social housing area
Authors: Monka Malene , Quist Pia , Skovse Astrid Ravn
Published: February 2020

This article presents the results of a quantitative analysis of language variation and place attachment in two different places in Denmark—a rural, mono-ethnic village where traditional dialect is still used in everyday practices, and a multiethnic suburban social housing district where speakers use features associated with regional dialect and multiethnic youth styles. It is argued that variationist sociolinguistics, dialect research, as well as sociolinguistics that foregrounds situated interaction analysis need to develop methodologies that include and combine information about speakers’ individual mobility histories, local practices, and future orientations in relation to language use and place. For this purpose, this study employs a quantified measure, anindex of local attachment, of speakers’ attachment to their local area. The index is calculated on the basis of insights from ethnographic fieldwork and interviews, and is compared to the variation of three linguistic variables in each location. Results show differences between the two places, the rural and the urban communities, as well as between individuals that can be explained by differences in place affordances, life histories, and future orientation. (Place, local attachment, mobility, dialect, multiethnic speech style, quantitative analysis)*
Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in immigrant population in northern Italy
Authors: Sagnelli Caterina , Uberti-Foppa Caterina , Bagaglio Sabrina , Cella Eleonora , Scolamacchia Vittoria , Hasson Hamid , Salpietro Stefania , Messina Emanuela , Morsica Giulia , Angeletti Silvia , Ciccozzi Massimo , Lazzarin Adriano , Sagnelli Evangelista
Published: February 2020

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is characterised by a vast genetic diversity classified into distinct phylogenetic strains and recombinant forms. We describe the HIV-1 molecular epidemiology and evolution of 129 consecutive HIV-1 positive migrants living in Milan (northern Italy). Polymerase gene sequences of 116 HIV-1 subtype-B positive patients were aligned with HIV-1 reference sequences (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) by using MAFFT alignment and edited by using Bioedit software. A maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree was performed by MEGA7 and was visualised by using FigTree v1.4.3. Of 129 migrants, 35 were born in Europe (28 in Eastern Europe), 70 in the Americas (67 in South America), 15 in Africa and nine in Asia; 76.4% were men who have sex with men (MSM). The serotype HIV-1-B prevailed (89.9%), followed by -C, -F1, -D and -A. Compared with 116 HIV-B patients, the 13 with HIV-non-B showed lower Nadir of CD4+ cell/mmc (P= 0.043), more frequently had sub Saharan origin (38.5vs.1.72%,P= 0.0001) and less frequently were MSM (40vs.74.5%,P= 0.02). The ML phylogenetic tree of the 116 HIV-1 subtype-B positive patients showed 13 statistically supported nodes (bootstrap > 70%). Most of the sequences included in these nodes have been isolated from male patients from the Americas and the most common risk factor was MSM. The low number of HIV-1 non-B subtype patients did not allow to perform this analysis. These results suggest a shift of HIV-1 prevention projects' focus and a continuous monitoring of HIV-1 molecular epidemiology among entry populations. Prevention efforts based on HIV molecular epidemiology may improve public health surveillance setting.
Helicobacter pylori seropositivity is associated with antinuclear antibodies in US adults, NHANES 1999–2000
Authors: Meier H. C. S. , Miller F. W. , Dinse G. E. , Weinberg C. R. , Cho C. C. , Parks C. G.
Published: February 2020

Infectious diseases, such as Helicobacter pylori, which produce systemic inflammation may be one key factor in the onset of autoimmunity. The association between H. pylori and antinuclear antibodies (ANA), a marker of autoimmunity, has been understudied. Data from the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to evaluate the cross-sectional association between H. pylori seroprevalence and ANA positivity in US adults aged ≥20 years. ANA was measured in a 1:80 dilution of sera by indirect immunofluorescence using HEp-2 cells (positive ⩾3). H. pylori immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to categorise individuals as seropositive or seronegative. H. pylori seropositivity and ANA positivity were common in the adult US population, with estimated prevalences of 33.3% and 9.9%, respectively. Both were associated with increasing age. H. pylori seropositivity was associated with higher odds of ANA (prevalence odds ratio = 1.89, 95% confidence interval = 1.08–3.33), adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment and body mass index. H. pylori infection may be one key factor in the loss of self-tolerance, contributing to immune dysfunction.
SARS to novel coronavirus – old lessons and new lessons
Authors: McCloskey Brian , Heymann David L.
Published: February 2020

The response to the novel coronavirus outbreak in China suggests that many of the lessons from the 2003 SARS epidemic have been implemented and the response improved as a consequence. Nevertheless some questions remain and not all lessons have been successful. The national and international response demonstrates the complex link between public health, science and politics when an outbreak threatens to impact on global economies and reputations. The unprecedented measures implemented in China are a bold attempt to control the outbreak – we need to understand their effectiveness to balance costs and benefits for similar events in the future.
Acute coronary syndrome in an adolescent with aortic root replacement (Bentall)
Authors: Donmez Yasemin N. , Aykan Hayrettin H. , Sahiner Levent
Published: February 2020

Acute coronary syndrome is a cause of cardiac-induced chest pain and rarely seen among childhood. It should be kept in mind in patients presenting with typical chest pain with a history of CHD and/or surgery, as this will lead to life-threatening complications and death. We present an adolescent with a history of Bentall operation who had acute coronary syndrome owing to coronary thrombosis as a result of inappropriate drug use.
Emotional quality-of-life and patient-reported limitation in sports participation in children with uncorrected congenital and acquired heart disease in healthcare-restricted settings in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Kolt Gali S , Ferdman Barbara R , Choi Jessica Y , Henson Janine , Nguyen Van-Trang , Farkas Emily A , Nina Vinicius JDS , Nina Rachel VAH , CiFuentes Renzo O , Zeman William F , Connett John E , Marath Aubyn
Published: February 2020

Background:

Little is known about emotional quality-of-life in paediatric heart disease in low- and middle-income countries where the prevalence of uncorrected lesions is high. Research on emotional quality-of-life and its predictors in these settings is key to planning interventions.

Methods:

Ten-year retrospective cross-sectional study of children aged 6–17 years with uncorrected congenital or acquired heart disease in 12 low- and middle-income countries was conducted. Emotional functioning score of the PedsQL TM 4.0 generic core scale and data on patient-reported limitation in sports participation were collected via in-person interview and analysed using regression analyses.

Results:

Ninety-four children reported mean emotional functioning scores of 71.94 (SD 25.32) [95% CI 66.75–77.13] with lower scores independently associated with having a parent with a chronic illness or who had died (p = 0.005), having less than three siblings (p = 0.007), and reporting a subjective limitation in carrying an item equivalent to a 4 lb load (p = 0.021). Patient-reported limitation in sports participation at least “sometimes” was present in 69% and was independently associated with experiencing symptoms at least once a month (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Some of the factors which were associated with better emotional quality-of-life were similar to those identified in previous studies in patients with corrected defects. Patient-reported limitation in sports participation is common. In addition to corrective surgery and exercise, numerous other interventions which are practicable during surgical missions might improve emotional quality-of-life.
NEW INSIGHTS FROM THE CANONICAL RAMSEY–CASS–KOOPMANS GROWTH MODEL
Authors: Nævdal Eric
Published: February 2020

The present article presents novel results on the Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans growth model. It is shown that the shadow price of capital goes to infinity as the capital stock goes to zero even if all functions are bounded with finite derivatives and that imposing the Inada condition of infinite derivative of the per capita production function at zero stock is irrelevant. It is also shown that unless marginal utility at zero consumption is infinity, there will be a non-empty interval where the Keynes–Ramsey rule does not hold. The paper also shows that the stable saddle path in a phase diagram with the state variable and the shadow price has an unrecognized economic interpretation that enables us to illustrate the value function as the integral of the stable saddle path.
Why to evaluate the functional capacity in PAD patients?
Authors: Poredoš Pavel , Jezovnik Mateja K.
Published: February 2020

Summary: In patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), the ability to perform physical exercise is an essential and most important indicator of a patient’s health and quality of life. In many cases, there exists a discrepancy between lower extremity blood flow, the extent of arterial occlusion shown by morphological investigation and functional impairment. Reversal of lower extremity arterial obstruction with revascularization does not always reverse functional impairment of diseased leg. Further, training exercise and drug treatment can improve functional performance although they are not associated with an improvement in arterial obstruction. Therefore, the determination of functional impairment and its recovery after different therapeutic procedures should be determined using objective tests. The most frequently used functional tests are treadmill exercise testing and a 6-minute walk test. The constant load test, in which results are expressed as a walked distance, does not always permit an accurate assessment of the full range of functional impairment of PAD patients. Recently, as a substitute for a constant-load test, the graded treadmill test is used. With this test, it is possible to identify those individuals with exercise limitations who are not caused only by deterioration of the blood flow of lower limbs. The 6-minute walk test is simple to perform and requires minimal equipment. However, the correlation between the 6-minute walk test and the graded treadmill test is relatively weak, indicating that peak performance on a graded treadmill may reflect different pathophysiological mechanisms of limitations. In conclusion: for the determination of limitations of mobility and quality of life in patients with PAD, objective measures of functional impairment are needed. The determination of functional capacity is related to the quality of life and is a useful tool for investigation of the success of revascularization of peripheral arteries and conservative treatment.
Fahreignung aus neuropsychologischer Sicht
Authors: Küst Jutta
Published: February 2020

Zusammenfassung. Autofahren ist für viele Personen eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Teilnahme am gesellschaftlichen und beruflichen Leben. Demgegenüber steht das gesellschaftliche Bedürfnis nach einem Strassenverkehr mit hoher Verkehrssicherheit. Neuropsychologische Defizite als Folge unterschiedlicher neurologischer Erkrankungen können die Fahreignung für eine bestimmte Zeit oder auch dauerhaft beeinträchtigen. Im nachfolgenden Artikel wird nach einer kurzen Darstellung der rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen eine Übersicht über das Fahrverhalten neurologischer Patientengruppen sowie die neuropsychologische Untersuchung und Beurteilung der Fahreignung gegeben. Neben den psychometrischen Verfahren wird dabei auch die Bedeutung von Kompensation und Störungsbewusstsein erläutert. Abschliessend werden verschiedene Behandlungsoptionen dargestellt.
Future Climate Projection in Northwest China With RegCM4.6
Authors: Pan X. D. , Zhang L. , Huang C. L.
Published: February 2020

An effective assessment of future climate change, especially future precipitation forecasting, is an important basis for the rational development of adaptive strategies for Northwest China, where the ecological environment is fragile and encompasses arid and semiarid regions. In this work, the performance of a regional climate model is assessed; then, climate changes in the near future (2018–2037), middle future (2050–2069), and distant future (2080–2099) are analyzed under representative concentration pathways (RCPs) RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) Compared to the Met Office Hadley Centre Earth System (HadGEM2‐ES) global climate model, the latest regional climate model, RegCM4.6, with a community land model land surface process scheme and Tiedtke cumulus convective parameterization, can create a good simulation of the present‐day mean climatology over Northwest China, including temperature, precipitation, and climate extremes, and can also provide finer‐scale climate information in complex terrain and better correct the cold bias than HadGEM2‐ES. At the same time, RegCM4 inherited the bias from HadGEM2‐ES, for example, both the RegCM4 and the HadGEM2‐ES overestimated precipitation in DJF in the southeast of the study area. (2) The future near surface air temperature will experience continuous warming over Northwest China under the RCP8.5 scenario, and the warming will become more significant and exceed 6 °C by the end of the 21st century. In RegCM4, future precipitation will continue to increase and will increase by 50 mm by the end of the 21st century relative to historical data. The extreme climate index summer days will continue to increase, indicating that high temperatures will be more frequent in Northwest China. In contrast, the consecutive dry days will decrease, likely because of the increase in precipitation.
Three‐Dimensional Magnetic Models of La Gomera (Canary Islands): Insights Into the Early Evolution of an Ocean Island Volcano
Authors: Blanco‐Montenegro I. , Montesinos F. G. , Nicolosi I. , Arnoso J. , Chiappini M.
Published: February 2020

An aeromagnetic data set from the island of La Gomera was studied through two inverse modeling approaches that produced complementary views of the inner structure of this volcanic island: (1) a variable magnetization model that identified the main lateral magnetization contrasts and (2) a constant magnetization model that imaged the main magnetic source by assuming that it was a uniformly magnetized body. The modeling reveals intense magnetizations beneath the northern part of La Gomera, which occupy an important portion of the northern submarine edifice, correspond well with outcrops of the submarine volcano (Basal Complex), and confirm that most of the magnetic signal revealed by aeromagnetic mapping in the Canary Islands is due to the intense magnetizations of the intrusive complexes (plutonic bodies and dike complexes) emplaced during the initial stages of growth of the volcanic edifices. The consistency of our models with the results of a previous gravimetric study suggests that these intrusive complexes are denser and more magnetic than the surrounding rocks. The location of the main magnetic source reinforces the interpretation, first suggested by geological evidence, that the submarine and early subaerial growth of La Gomera started to the north of the present island. The elongated shape of these intrusive complexes with a nearly E‐W strike agrees with the orientation of analogous structures on Tenerife and Gran Canaria, suggesting that the initial formation of the central islands of the Canary Archipelago was controlled by a set of regional fractures in a strike‐slip tectonic framework.
Higher Snowfall Intensity is Associated with Reduced Impacts of Warming Upon Winter Snow Ablation
Authors: Marshall Adrienne M. , Link Timothy E. , Robinson Andrew P. , Abatzoglou John T.
Published: February 2020

Warming temperatures are altering winter snowpack accumulation and ablation. Physically based snowpack simulations have indicated that increasing precipitation intensity may buffer the impacts of warming on annual maximum snow water equivalents. Here, we assess this relationship using an observational dataset from the western United States and show that greater snowfall intensity is associated with reduced accumulation season ablation, particularly in warmer conditions. We also use outputs from a hydrological model to evaluate the effect of snowfall intensity on ablation in future climate scenarios. Snowfall intensity is projected to increase in the continental interior, which could reduce the average effects of warming on accumulation season ablation by as much as 6.3%, and decrease in maritime climates, increasing the effects of warming on ablation by up to 6.0%. These results indicate the importance of accurately modeling changing snowfall intensity and considering snowfall intensity in climate change impact assessments of snow‐dependent ecosystems and water resources.
Cascade of Internal Wave Energy Catalyzed by Eddy‐Topography Interactions in the Deep South China Sea
Authors: Hu Qianwen , Huang Xiaodong , Zhang Zhiwei , Zhang Xiaojiang , Xu Xing , Sun Hui , Zhou Chun , Zhao Wei , Tian Jiwei
Published: February 2020

The intensity of deep‐ocean mixing critically shapes the global overturning circulation, but the energy cascade participating in the elevated mixing above rough topography remains poorly understood. Using 350‐day moored observations, the energy cascade triggered by eddy‐topography interactions is for the first time revealed in the deep South China Sea. The deep‐ocean observations show bottom‐intensified near‐inertial wave (NIW) pulses during periods of eddy occurrences. Eddy‐induced NIWs appear to catalyze nonlinear wave‐wave interactions, which further cascade energies from NIWs and internal tides to higher‐frequency internal waves (HFIWs) above fk1 frequency. Corresponding to the HFIW enhancement, the kinetic energy spectrum at 3–9 cycles per day increases by 2–9 times, and the spectral slope becomes ~ −1 rather than ~ −2, as predicted by the Garrett‐Munk oceanic internal wave spectrum. A cascade of internal waves above rough topography potentially promotes extracting energy from eddies and tides and dissipating this energy to mix deep waters.
Elevated Equilibrium Geotherm in Stable Continental Shield: Evidence From Integrated Structural, Hydrological, and Electromagnetic Studies on Nonvolcanic Hot Springs in the Eastern Ghats Belt, India
Authors: Maitra Asmita , Singh Anand , Keesari Tirumalesh , Sharma S.P. , Gupta Saibal
Published: February 2020

Nonvolcanic hot springs occur within Neoproterozoic granulites of the tectonically stable Eastern Ghats Belt in the Indian shield. Penetrative granulite facies planar structural fabrics in the northern Eastern Ghats Belt are reoriented within an E‐W striking, northerly dipping ductile shear zone that is subsequently dissected by WNW‐ESE trending, subvertical pseudotachylite‐bearing faults and fractures. Tube and dug wells in the area yield both thermal (~60 °C) and nonthermal (~28 °C) water. Chemical analyses reveal that the thermal water is richer in Na+, K+, and Cl−, with lower bicarbonate content. Stable isotope analyses (δ2H and δ18O) of the thermal and nonthermal waters both plot on the Global Meteoric Water Line; however, tritium and 14C ages indicate that the nonthermal water is relatively modern, while the thermal waters are older. This suggests that both waters come from distinct reservoirs. Very low frequency electromagnetic studies show that water circulates through the WNW‐ESE trending fracture systems but also exists in isolated pockets within the crystalline country rock. Heat production studies reveal that some host rocks have exceptionally high heat‐producing element concentrations, primarily as thorium within the minerals monazite and thorite. Meteoric waters entrapped for longer times near these heat‐producing element‐rich pockets undergo radiogenic heating, and are shielded from the nonthermal groundwater circulating within the fracture system. The high heat‐producing element distribution in the crust resulting from Neoproterozoic geological events has, thus, elevated the present‐day equilibrium geotherm in the Eastern Ghats Belt, forming sources for shallow‐level, nonvolcanic hot springs within a tectonically inactive terrane.
Directivity Modes of Earthquake Populations with Unsupervised Learning
Authors: Ross Zachary E. , Trugman Daniel T. , Azizzadenesheli Kamyar , Anandkumar Anima
Published: February 2020

We present a novel approach for resolving modes of rupture directivity in large populations of earthquakes. A seismic spectral decomposition technique is used to first produce relative measurements of radiated energy for earthquakes in a spatially compact cluster. The azimuthal distribution of energy for each earthquake is then assumed to result from one of several distinct modes of rupture propagation. Rather than fitting a kinematic rupture model to determine the most likely mode of rupture propagation, we instead treat the modes as latent variables and learn them with a Gaussian mixture model. The mixture model simultaneously determines the number of events that best identify with each mode. The technique is demonstrated on four datasets in California, each with compact clusters of several thousand earthquakes with comparable slip mechanisms. We show that the datasets naturally decompose into distinct rupture propagation modes that correspond to different rupture directions, and the fault plane is unambiguously identified for all cases. We find that these small earthquakes exhibit unilateral ruptures 63–73% of the time on average. The results provide important observational constraints on the physics of earthquakes and faults.
Drought Demise Attribution Over CONUS
Authors: Wu Jiexia , Dirmeyer Paul A.
Published: February 2020

Compared with drought onset, the quantification and attribution of drought demise are not well studied. Meteorological droughts usually terminate more rapidly than they initiate, making it hard to define a transition period leading to drought demise with monthly data. In this study, methods of quantifying and attributing drought demise are applied to the Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA‐2) using modified Standardized Precipitation Index representing meteorological drought calculated at pentad intervals to resolve subseasonal demise events. Methodologies to attribute three specific causes of drought demise in nine climate regional divisions over conterminous U.S. (CONUS) are developed. The three phenomenological causes are tropical cyclones, atmospheric rivers, and changes in land atmospheric feedback. Atmospheric river is the most common of the factors for drought demise, over most of the regions in the eastern, and central U.S. tropical cyclones are important causes over the Southwest, the South in fall, and the Southeast in summer. Evolving land atmospheric feedback is a factor mainly over the central and southwestern United States. These attributions estimated may not be representative of the long‐term climatologies of drought demise due to the short duration of MERRA‐2. A representativeness test is conducted for estimating the three impacts on drought demise using subsamples from a large ensemble of climate model simulation including several centuries of data. Thirty to forty years is not long enough to be representative of local long‐term statistics for the attribution of the causes of demise of extreme events like drought but may be adequate at regional scales.
Evolution of an Atmospheric Kármán Vortex Street From High‐Resolution Satellite Winds: Guadalupe Island Case Study
Authors: Horváth Á. , Bresky W. , Daniels J. , Vogelzang J. , Stoffelen A. , Carr J. L. , Wu D. L. , Seethala C. , Günther T. , Buehler S. A.
Published: February 2020

Vortex streets formed in the stratocumulus‐capped wake of mountainous islands are the atmospheric analogues of the classic Kármán vortex street observed in laboratory flows past bluff bodies. The quantitative analysis of these mesoscale unsteady atmospheric flows has been hampered by the lack of satellite wind retrievals of sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolution. Taking advantage of the cutting‐edge Advanced Baseline Imager, we derived kilometer‐scale cloud‐motion winds at 5‐min frequency for a vortex street in the lee of Guadalupe Island imaged by Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite‐16. Combined with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data, the geostationary imagery also provided accurate stereo cloud‐top heights. The time series of geostationary winds, supplemented with snapshots of ocean surface winds from the Advanced Scatterometer, allowed us to capture the wake oscillations and measure vortex shedding dynamics. The retrievals revealed a markedly asymmetric vortex decay, with cyclonic eddies having larger peak vorticities than anticyclonic eddies at the same downstream location. Drawing on the vast knowledge accumulated about laboratory bluff body flows, we argue that the asymmetric island wake arises from the combined effects of Earth's rotation and Guadalupe's nonaxisymmetric shape resembling an inclined flat plate at low angle of attack. However, numerical simulations will need to establish whether or not the selective destabilization of the shallow atmospheric anticyclonic eddies is caused by the same mechanisms that destabilize the deep columnar anticyclones of laboratory flows, such as three‐dimensional vertical perturbations due to centrifugal or elliptical instabilities.
Bridging the Flux Gap: Sap Flow Measurements Reveal Species‐Specific Patterns of Water Use in a Tallgrass Prairie
Authors: O'Keefe Kimberly , Bell David M. , McCulloh Katherine A. , Nippert Jesse B.
Published: February 2020

Predicting the hydrological consequences following changes in grassland vegetation type (i.e., woody encroachment) requires an understanding of water flux dynamics at high spatiotemporal resolution for predominant species within grassland communities. However, grassland fluxes are typically measured at the leaf or landscape scale, which inhibits our ability to predict how individual species contribute to changing ecosystem fluxes. We used external heat balance sap flow sensors and a hierarchical Bayesian state‐space modeling approach to bridge this “flux gap” and estimate continuous species‐level water flux in common tallgrass prairie species. Specifically, we asked the following: (1) How do diurnal and nocturnal water fluxes differ among woody and herbaceous plants? (2) How sensitive are woody and herbaceous species to environmental drivers of diurnal and nocturnal water flux? We highlight three results: (1)Cornus drummondii, the primary woody encroacher in this grassland, exhibited the greatest canopy‐level water loss; (2) nocturnal transpiration was a large component of the water lost in this ecosystem and was driven primarily by C4grasses andC. drummondii; and (3) the sensitivity of canopy transpiration to environmental drivers varies among plant functional types and throughout a 24‐hr period. Our data reveal important insights regarding the water use strategies of woody versus herbaceous species in tallgrass prairies and about the potential hydrological consequences of ongoing woody encroachment. We suggest that the high, static flux rates observed in woody species will likely deplete deep water stores over time, potentially creating hydrological deficits in grasslands experiencing woody encroachment and concomitantly increasing the vulnerability of these ecosystems to drought.
A U‐Th Dating Approach to Understanding Past Coral Reef Dynamics and Geomorphological Constraints on Future Reef Growth Potential; Mazie Bay, Southern Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Leonard Nicole D. , Lepore Mauro L. , Zhao Jian‐xin , Rodriguez‐Ramirez Alberto , Butler Ian , Clark Tara R. , Roff George , McCook Laurence , Nguyen Ai D. , Feng Yuexing , Pandolfi John M.
Published: February 2020

Reconstructing coral reef histories provides a window of understanding into reef response to changing environmental and climatic conditions over various temporal scales. Here we present the results of 117 U‐Th dates from emergent reef flat and slope cores and surface death assemblages, combined with previously published fossil microatoll data, to capture the entire sequence of reef growth at Mazie Bay, inshore Southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Coral U‐Th dates indicate that Mazie Bay reef initiated ~6,900 years before present (yr. BP) quickly filling accommodation space. While rates of vertical reef accretion (5.3 ± 1.0 mm year−1) were comparable to the GBR average during the mid‐Holocene (~5.0 mm year−1), reef flat progradation occurred at a rate 1.5‐ to 6‐fold previous GBR rates until 5,100 yr. BP (~70.4 cm year−1). Average progradation slowed to ~7.1 cm year−1 in the subsequent ~4,000 years and reef slope cores indicate this reef had largely “turned‐off” by 400 yr. BP, with modern coral communities existing as a veneer over the largely senescent framework. Death assemblage dates highlight coral disturbance and recovery regimes in response to increased cyclone activity 1960–1985 AD and recent extreme sea surface temperature and flood events post 2000 AD. U‐Th dating of mid‐Holocene to modern coral deposits from Mazie Bay reef provides a unique insight into past reef development, response to recent disturbance regimes, and potential for future reef growth. In the case of Mazie Bay, our data suggest limited accommodation space and increased occurrence of sea surface temperature extremes will restrict future reef growth at this site.
Spin Transition of Iron in δ‐(Al,Fe)OOH Induces Thermal Anomalies in Earth's Lower Mantle
Authors: Hsieh Wen‐Pin , Ishii Takayuki , Chao Keng‐Hsien , Tsuchiya Jun , Deschamps Frédéric , Ohtani Eiji
Published: February 2020

Seismic anomalies observed in Earth's deep mantle are conventionally considered to be associated with thermal and compositional anomalies, and possibly partial melt of major lower‐mantle phases. However, through deep water cycle, impacts of hydrous minerals on geophysical observables and on the deep mantle thermal state and geodynamics remain poorly understood. Here we precisely measured thermal conductivity of δ‐(Al,Fe)OOH, an important water‐carrying mineral in Earth's deep interior, to lowermost mantle pressures at room temperature. The thermal conductivity varies drastically by twofold to threefold across the spin transition of iron, resulting in an exceptionally low thermal conductivity at the lowermost mantle conditions. As δ‐(Al,Fe)OOH is transported to the lowermost mantle, its exceptionally low thermal conductivity may serve as a local thermal insulator, promoting high‐temperature anomalies and the formation of partial melt and thermal plumes at the base of the mantle, strongly influencing thermo‐chemical profiles in the region and fate of Earth's deep water cycle.
Dissecting the role of crosstalk between glioblastoma subpopulations in tumor cell spreading
Authors: Jubran Maria R. , Rubinstein Ariel M. , Cojocari Irina , Adejumobi Ibukun Adesoji , Mogilevsky Maxim , Tibi Sama , Sionov Ronit V. , Verreault Maïté , Idbaih Ahmed , Karni Rotem , Kravchenko-Balasha Nataly
Published: February 2020

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly infiltrative brain cancer, which is thus difficult to operate. GBM cells frequently harbor Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor amplification (EGFRwt) and/or activating mutation (EGFRvIII), generating at least two different cellular subpopulations within the tumor. We examined the relationship between the diffusive architectures of GBM tumors and the paracrine interactions between those subpopulations. Our aim was to shed light on what drives GBM cells to reach large cell–cell distances, and whether this characteristic can be manipulated. We established a methodology that quantifies the infiltration abilities of cancer cells through computation of cell–cell separation distance distributions in 3D. We found that aggressive EGFRvIII cells modulate the migration and infiltrative properties of EGFRwt cells. EGFRvIII cells secrete HGF and IL6, leading to enhanced activity of Src protein in EGFRwt cells, and rendering EGFRwt cells higher velocity and augmented ability to spread. Src inhibitor, dasatinib, at low non-toxic concentrations, reduced the infiltrative properties of EGFRvIII/EGFRwt neurospheres. Furthermore, dasatinib treatment induced compact multicellular microstructure packing of EGFRvIII/EGFRwt cells, impairing their ability to spread. Prevention of cellular infiltration or induction of compact microstructures may assist the detection of GBM tumors and tumor remnants in the brains and improve their surgical removal.
Reversal of CYLD phosphorylation as a novel therapeutic approach for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL)
Authors: Xu Xin , Kalac Matko , Markson Michael , Chan Mark , Brody Joshua D. , Bhagat Govind , Ang Rosalind L. , Legarda Diana , Justus Scott J. , Liu Feng , Li Qingshan , Xiong Huabao , Ting Adrian T.
Published: February 2020

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a malignancy of mature T cells associated with chronic infection by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1). ATLL patients with aggressive subtypes have dismal outcomes. We demonstrate that ATLL cells co-opt an early checkpoint within the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) pathway, resulting in survival advantage. This early checkpoint revolves around an interaction between the deubiquitinase CYLD and its target RIPK1. The status of RIPK1 K63-ubiquitination determines cell fate by creating either a prosurvival signal (ubiquitinated RIPK1) or a death signal (deubiquitinated RIPK1). In primary ATLL samples and in cell line models, an increased baseline level of CYLD phosphorylation was observed. We therefore tested the hypothesis that this modification of CYLD, which has been reported to inhibit its deubiquitinating function, leads to increased RIPK1 ubiquitination and thus provides a prosurvival signal to ATLL cells. CYLD phosphorylation can be pharmacologically reversed by IKK inhibitors, specifically by TBK1/IKKε and IKKβ inhibitors (MRT67307 and TPCA). Both of the IKK sub-families can phosphorylate CYLD, and the combination of MRT67307 and TPCA have a marked effect in reducing CYLD phosphorylation and triggering cell death. ATLL cells overexpressing a kinase-inactive TBK1 (TBK1-K38A) demonstrate lower CYLD phosphorylation and subsequently reduced proliferation. IKK blockade reactivates CYLD, as evidenced by the reduction in RIPK1 ubiquitination, which leads to the association of RIPK1 with the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) to trigger cell death. In the absence of CYLD, RIPK1 ubiquitination remains elevated following IKK blockade and it does not associate with the DISC. SMAC mimetics can similarly disrupt CYLD phosphorylation and lead to ATLL cell death through reduction of RIPK1 ubiquitination, which is CYLD dependent. These results identify CYLD as a crucial regulator of ATLL survival and point to its role as a potential novel target for pharmacologic modification in this disease.
Using remarkability to define coastal flooding thresholds
Authors: Moore Frances C. , Obradovich Nick
Published: February 2020

Coastal flooding is increasingly common in many areas. However, the degree of inundation and associated disruption depend on local topography as well as the distribution of people, infrastructure and economic activity along the coast. Local measures of flooding that are comparable over large areas are difficult to obtain. Here we use the remarkability of flood events, measured by flood-related posts on social media, to estimate county-specific flood thresholds for shoreline counties along the east coast of the United States. While thresholds in most counties are statistically-indistinguishable from minor flood thresholds of nearby tide gauges, we find evidence that several areas experience noticeable flooding at tide heights lower than existing flood thresholds. These 22 counties include several major cities such as Miami, New York, and Boston, with a total population over 13 million. Our analysis implies that large populations might currently be exposed to nuisance flooding not identified via standard measures.
Inhibition of vascular calcification by inositol phosphates derivatized with ethylene glycol oligomers
Authors: Schantl Antonia E. , Verhulst Anja , Neven Ellen , Behets Geert J. , D’Haese Patrick C. , Maillard Marc , Mordasini David , Phan Olivier , Burnier Michel , Spaggiari Dany , Decosterd Laurent A. , MacAskill Mark G. , Alcaide-Corral Carlos J. , Tavares Adriana A. S. , Newby David E. , Beindl Victoria C. , Maj Roberto , Labarre Anne , Hegde Chrismita , Castagner Bastien , Ivarsson Mattias E. , Leroux Jean-Christophe
Published: February 2020

Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) is a natural product known to inhibit vascular calcification (VC), but with limited potency and low plasma exposure following bolus administration. Here we report the design of a series of inositol phosphate analogs as crystallization inhibitors, among which 4,6-di-O-(methoxy-diethyleneglycol)-myo-inositol-1,2,3,5-tetrakis(phosphate), (OEG2)2-IP4, displays increased in vitro activity, as well as more favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles than IP6 after subcutaneous injection. (OEG2)2-IP4 potently stabilizes calciprotein particle (CPP) growth, consistently demonstrates low micromolar activity in different in vitro models of VC (i.e., human serum, primary cell cultures, and tissue explants), and largely abolishes the development of VC in rodent models, while not causing toxicity related to serum calcium chelation. The data suggest a mechanism of action independent of the etiology of VC, whereby (OEG2)2-IP4 disrupts the nucleation and growth of pathological calcification.
Identification of a Zeb1 expressing basal stem cell subpopulation in the prostate
Authors: Wang Xue , Xu Haibo , Cheng Chaping , Ji Zhongzhong , Zhao Huifang , Sheng Yaru , Li Xiaoxia , Wang Jinming , Shu Yu , He Yuman , Fan Liancheng , Dong Baijun , Xue Wei , Wai Chua Chee , Wu Dongdong , Gao Wei-Qiang , He Zhu Helen
Published: February 2020

The basal cell compartment in many epithelial tissues is generally believed to serve as an important pool of stem cells. However, basal cells are heterogenous and the stem cell subpopulation within basal cells is not well elucidated. Here we uncover that the core epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducer Zeb1 is expressed in a prostate basal cell subpopulation. The Zeb1+ prostate epithelial cells are multipotent prostate basal stem cells (PBSCs) that can self-renew and generate functional prostatic glandular structures at the single-cell level. Genetic ablation studies reveal an indispensable role for Zeb1 in prostate basal cell development. Utilizing unbiased single-cell transcriptomic analysis of over 9000 mouse prostate basal cells, we confirm the existence of the Zeb1+ basal cell subset. Moreover, Zeb1+ epithelial cells can be detected in mouse and human prostate tumors. Identification of the PBSC and its transcriptome profile is crucial to advance our understanding of prostate development and tumorigenesis.
ProtCID: a data resource for structural information on protein interactions
Authors: Xu Qifang , Dunbrack Roland L.
Published: February 2020

Structural information on the interactions of proteins with other molecules is plentiful, and for some proteins and protein families, there may be 100s of available structures. It can be very difficult for a scientist who is not trained in structural bioinformatics to access this information comprehensively. Previously, we developed the Protein Common Interface Database (ProtCID), which provided clusters of the interfaces of full-length protein chains as a means of identifying biological assemblies. Because proteins consist of domains that act as modular functional units, we have extended the analysis in ProtCID to the individual domain level. This has greatly increased the number of large protein-protein clusters in ProtCID, enabling the generation of hypotheses on the structures of biological assemblies of many systems. The analysis of domain families allows us to extend ProtCID to the interactions of domains with peptides, nucleic acids, and ligands. ProtCID provides complete annotations and coordinate sets for every cluster.
High-throughput identification of synthetic riboswitches by barcode-free amplicon-sequencing in human cells
Authors: Strobel Benjamin , Spöring Maike , Klein Holger , Blazevic Dragica , Rust Werner , Sayols Sergi , Hartig Jörg S. , Kreuz Sebastian
Published: February 2020

Synthetic riboswitches mediating ligand-dependent RNA cleavage or splicing-modulation represent elegant tools to control gene expression in various applications, including next-generation gene therapy. However, due to the limited understanding of context-dependent structure–function relationships, the identification of functional riboswitches requires large-scale-screening of aptamer-effector-domain designs, which is hampered by the lack of suitable cellular high-throughput methods. Here we describe a fast and broadly applicable method to functionally screen complex riboswitch libraries (~1.8 × 104 constructs) by cDNA-amplicon-sequencing in transiently transfected and stimulated human cells. The self-barcoding nature of each construct enables quantification of differential mRNA levels without additional pre-selection or cDNA-manipulation steps. We apply this method to engineer tetracycline- and guanine-responsive ON- and OFF-switches based on hammerhead, hepatitis-delta-virus and Twister ribozymes as well as U1-snRNP polyadenylation-dependent RNA devices. In summary, our method enables fast and efficient high-throughput riboswitch identification, thereby overcoming a major hurdle in the development cascade for therapeutically applicable gene switches.
Deep tissue space-gated microscopy via acousto-optic interaction
Authors: Jang Mooseok , Ko Hakseok , Hong Jin Hee , Lee Won Kyu , Lee Jae-Seung , Choi Wonshik
Published: February 2020

To extend the imaging depth of high-resolution optical microscopy, various gating operations—confocal, coherence, and polarization gating—have been devised to filter out the multiply scattered wave. However, the imaging depth is still limited by the multiply scattered wave that bypasses the existing gating operations. Here, we present a space gating method, whose mechanism is independent of the existing methods and yet effective enough to complement them. Specifically, we reconstruct an image only using the ballistic wave that is acousto-optically modulated at the object plane. The space gating suppresses the multiply scattered wave by 10–100 times in a highly scattering medium, and thus enables visualization of the skeletal muscle fibers in whole-body zebrafish at 30 days post fertilization. The space gating will be an important addition to optical-resolution microscopy for achieving the ultimate imaging depth set by the detection limit of ballistic wave.