bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of milk origin on proteolysis and accumulation of biogenic amine during ripening of Dutch-type cheese
Authors: Pachlová Vendula , Charousová Zuzana , Šopí­k Tomáš
Published: May 2017

Dairy products from goat's milk are characterized by their distinctive aroma and their specific taste. However, the strong aroma can discourage some consumers. Properties of cheese can be modified by the combination of goat's and cow's milk. On the other hand, chemical diversity from different milk origin may affect the changes during ripening. The aim of the study was to compare the intensity of changes during ripening of model cheese samples produced with various ratios of goat's and cow's milk. The combinations 100:0 (100% goat's milk), 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 (100% cow's milk) were used for the manufacture of Dutch-type cheeses, which were ripened during a period of 84 days. Protein profile, free amino acid content and biogenic amine content were used for the description of cheese properties during storage. Cluster analysis showed different changes in the protein matrix of the examined samples. The results indicated that even low addition of cow's milk significantly affected the protein profile. However, the homology of protein profiles rose with the increasing ripening time. More intensive proteolysis occured in the samples with predominance of goat's milk. Moreover, cheese samples produced only from goat's milk presented a significant increase inthe amount of free amino acids after 14 days of ripening. The effect of milk origin on the production of biogenic amines was also examined. However, higher concentrations of biogenic amines were detected in samples manufactured from goat's milk. Tyramine, putrescine, histamine and phenylethylamine were detected during the storage of the samples. The total biogenic amine content exceeded 100 mg/kg in samples with predominance of goat's milk.
A new host for Puccinia menthae
Authors: Kabaktepe Şanli , Arabaci Turan , Kolaç Turgay
Published: May 2017

Cyclotrichium (Lamiaceae) is reported as a new host genus for the rust fungus, Puccinia menthae. The morphological and microscopical characteristics of this fungus are described and illustrated based on the collected materials.
Cyanodermella asteris sp. nov. (Ostropales) from the inflorescence axis of Aster tataricus
Authors: Jahn Linda , Schafhauser Thomas , Pan Stefan , Weber Tilmann , Wohlleben Wolfgang , Fewer David , Sivonen Kaarina , Flor Liane , van Pée Karl-Heinz , Caradec Thibault , Jacques Philippe , Huijbers Mieke M.E. , van Berkel Willem J.H. , Ludwig-Müller Jutta
Published: May 2017

An endophytic fungus isolated from the inflorescence axis of Aster tataricus is proposed as a new species. Phylogenetic analyses based on sequences from the ribosomal DNA cluster (the ITS1+5.8S+ITS2, 18S, and 28S regions) and the RPB2 gene revealed a relationship between the
unknown fungus and the Stictidaceae lineage of the Ostropales. The new species, Cyanodermella asteris, grows in standard fungal growth media as a fluffy, pink filamentous fungus. Asexual and sexual sporulation has not yet been observed on media or in the plant.
Notes on rust fungi in China 3. Puccinia adenocauli comb. nov. and its life cycle and new host
Authors: Ji Jing-Xin , Wang Qi , Li Zhuang , Li Yu , Kakishima Makoto
Published: May 2017

The heteroecious and macrocyclic life cycle of Aecidium adenocauli was proved with field observations and inoculation experiments in China. Its spermogonial and aecial stages were produced on Adenocaulon himalaicum, and uredinial and telial stages were produced on Carex
onoei, which is a new host for this rust fungus. Uredinial and telial stages (teleomorph) of this rust fungus were formerly described as Puccinia carici-adenocauli from Japan. However, the current International Code of Nomenclature (ICN (Melbourne)) has abolished the distinction
between "anamorph" names and "teleomorph" names, and we propose the new combination Puccinia adenocauli, based on Ae. adenocauli 1913, which now has priority over P. carici-adenocauli 1999. Its neotype and epitype are also designated.
Records of terricolous lichens from páramos of southern Ecuador
Authors: González Yadira , Aragón Gregorio , Burgaz Ana Rosa , Prieto María
Published: May 2017

Ecological studies of five páramos in Azuay and Loja provinces recorded one lichen species new to South America (Bryoria nitidula), five new to Ecuador (Cladonia halei, C. melanopoda, C. merochlorophaea, C. subreticulata, Diploschistes diacapsis), two new to mainland
Ecuador (Cladonia grayi, C. pyxidata), and 20 new provincial records. Brief morphological descriptions, with remarks on distribution and ecology, are provided.
Geastrum reinkingii reconsidered
Authors: Trierveiler-Pereira Larissa , Silveira Rosa Mara Borges da
Published: May 2017

Morphological studies based on type specimens revealed that G. reinkingii (originally described from Honduras, but subsequently synonymized under G. lloydianum) is a good species that is probably well distributed in tropical and subtropical forests in America. Here we
present a modern description and color photographs of the species, and a comparison with the morphologically closest South American species: G. glaucescens, G. hariotii, G. lloydianum, and G. setiferum.
Astraeus ryoocheoninii sp. nov. from Korea and Japan and phylogenetic relationships within Astraeus
Authors: Ryoo Rhim , Sou Hong-duck , Park Hyun , Ka Kang-Hyeon
Published: May 2017

The morphological characteristics of a collection by C. I. Ryoo and K.-H. Ka from the demilitarized zone (DMZ) of Korea, invalidly published as "Astraeus koreana", are re-evaluated, described, and illustrated. Phylogenetic analysis using nrITS sequence data indicate that "Astraeus
koreana", an unnamed "Japanese Astraeus group 2", and a Japanese specimen E0059827 all differ from A. hygrometricus var. koreanus and represent a new species, proposed here as Astraeus ryoocheoninii.
Erysiphe russellii in Korea supported by new morphological and sequence analyses
Authors: Nguyen Thi Thuong Thuong , Lee Hyang Burm
Published: May 2017

Morphological and rDNA ITS sequence analyses were conducted on three strains obtained from leaf lesions on creeping wood sorrel (Oxalis corniculata) covered by a powdery mildew. No chasmothecia were observed, but the symptoms and traits of conidiophores and conidia agree well
with those of Erysiphe russellii (previously recorded from Korea as Microsphaera russellii). Phylogenetic analysis shows that the three strains share 97.9-98.06 % identity with Erysiphe pisi (FJ378867) but form a separate E. russellii clade with a sequence of that
species based on Japanese material. This supports the occurrence of Erysiphe russellii in Korea.
Two new records of puffballs in Thailand
Authors: Kumla Jaturong , Suwannarach Nakarin , Lumyong Saisamorn
Published: May 2017

Calvatia holothurioides and Morganella puiggarii, two puffballs in the Agaricaceae, are reported for the first time from Thailand. The specimens were identified based on morphological and ITS sequence analyses. Descriptions and illustrations are provided.
Un nuevo modelo de construcción de paz
Authors: Smith, Jr. Dane F.
Published: May 2017

Los cristianos han estado comprometidos en la construcción de paz desde que Jesús comenzó a reunir discípulos. Sin embargo, se ha prestado poca atención sistemática a su papel como promotores de la paz. La Biblia no ofrece una teología coherente de la paz, pero pasajes clave como la bendición de Jesús para los pacificadores (Mateo 5: 9) y su consejo de “volver la otra mejilla” -una iniciativa transformadoraproporcionan un marco para tal teología.Pablo de Tarso vio las iglesias (ekklesiae), un término que significa las comunidades políticas, económicas y religiosas de los convertidos, como instrumentos en manos de Dios, para la transformación pacífica de un mundo reconciliado a través de la muerte y resurrección de Jesucristo. A lo largo de los milenios evolucionaron dos modelos básicos de consolidación de la paz; el pacifismo fue el enfoque de los primeros padres de la iglesia como Tertuliano, reemplazado por el modelo de guerra justa lanzado por Agustín y refinado por Tomás de Aquino, que establece pautas para los líderes políticos sobre el uso de la fuerza.Lutero y Calvino apoyaron básicamente el enfoque católico, mientras que los reformadores radicales como Menno Simons insistieron en la aplicación literal del llamado de Jesús a la resistencia no violenta al conflicto armado. Un tercer enfoque - la Guerra santa - ganó el apoyo papal en las Cruzadas y todavía tiene ecos en el período actual, pero ha sido rechazado por la mayoría de los líderes cristianos responsables. Ninguno de los modelos básicos proporciona mucha orientación para los activistas cristianos por la paz.En las últimas dos décadas, ha surgido un nuevo modelo, “Paz justa”, para llenar esa brecha, basado en “iniciativas transformadoras” del Nuevo Testamento, aprovechando las lecciones aprendidas de la lucha contra la esclavitud, el colonialismo y el racismo y aplicando las ideas extraídas de las teologías de liberación centrada en los pobres, las mujeres y los pueblos indígenas. Paz justa apoya el activismo en nombre de la paz mediante la abogacía, la promoción del diálogo entre las partes en conflicto y la acción directa no violenta. El nuevo modelo puede ser utilizado tanto por pacifistas como por aquellos que creen que la fuerza armada a veces puede ser necesaria para hacer frente a un conflicto violento.
Damiana Corea: Creadora de texturas y colores
Authors: Lovo Anastasio
Published: May 2017

Para mí es una satisfacción descubrir la obra pictórica de Damiana Corea Arellano (Juigalpa, 1979) y entenderla a ésta como posibilidad real de un relevo solvente en la plástica nicaragüense. Con dominio magistral de la espátula, digna discípula de Vincent van Gogh o Raúl Marín, crea sus densas texturas de mares, cielos, cuerpos, frutas y fondos encrespados, para llamar la atención del espectador a esa dimensión de la pintura, que en experimentación y búsqueda, reflexiona sobre sí misma y su estética: la metapintura.
Posterior Branches of Lumbar Spinal Nerves – part II: Lumbar Facet Syndrome – Pathomechanism, Symptomatology and Diagnostic Work-up
Authors: Kozera Katarzyna , Ciszek Bogdan , Szaro Paweł
Published: May 2017

Posterior branches of the lumbar spinal nerves are the anatomic substrate of pain in the lower back, sacrum and the gluteal area. Such pain may be associated with various pathologies which cause pain in the posterior branches of the lumbar spinal nerves due to entrapment, mechanical irritation or inflammatory reaction and/or degeneration. The posterior branches are of significant functional importance, which is related to the function of the structures they supply, including facet joints, which are the basic biomechanical units of the spine.
Low back pain caused by facet joint pathology may be triggered e.g. by simple activities, such as body rotations, unnatural positions, lifting heavy weights or excessive bending as well as chronic overloading with spinal hyperextension.
Pain usually presents at the level of the lumbosacral junction (L 5 -S 1 ) and in the lower lumbar spine (L 4-5 , L 3-4 ). In the absence of specific diagnostic criteria, it is only possible to conclude that patients display tenderness at the level of the affected facet joint and that the pain is triggered by extension. Differential diagnosis for low back pain is difficult, since the pain may originate from various structures.
The most reliable method of identifying Lumbar Facet Syndrome has been found to be a positive response to an analgesic procedure in the form of a block of the medial branch or intraarticular injection.
There appear to be good grounds for conducting further studies and developing unequivocal diagnostic tests.
Diagnostic Difficulties in Bone Sarcoidosis Imaging. A Cases Study
Authors: Błasińska-Przerwa Katarzyna , Krychniak- Soszka Anna , Jędrych Małgorzata E. , Ptak Jakub , Opoka Lucyna
Published: May 2017

Sarcoidosis is a multiorgan inflammatory disease that rarely involves the musculoskeletal system. A typical radiographic presentation is only noted with phalangeal lesions in the hands and feet, and other skeletal sites of sarcoidosis are a diagnostic imaging challenge [1]. We describe two cases of patients with sarcoidosis in whom pathologic bone marrow lesions were diagnosed on MRI scans. The magnetic resonance findings were non-specific and metastatic lesions or multiple myeloma were suspected. The case analysis serves to point to limitations of imaging studies in diagnosing bone sarcoidosis and underline the importance of cooperation between the radiologist and the clinician. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnostic algorithm for bone sarcoidosis should mostly focus on locating lesions, indicating biopsy sites and follow-up of abnormalities.
Telling "Short Stories by Jesus" – With Gratitude for the On-going Conversation
Authors: Levine Amy-Jill
Published: May 2017

No abstract is available.
Concomitant contraceptive implant and efavirenz use in women living with HIV: perspectives on current evidence and policy implications for family planning and HIV treatment guidelines
Authors: Patel Rena C. , Morroni Chelsea , Scarsi Kimberly K. , Sripipatana Tabitha , Kiarie James , Cohen Craig R.
Published: May 2017

Introduction: Preventing unintended pregnancies is important among all women, including those living with HIV. Increasing numbers of women, including HIV‐positive women, choose progestin‐containing subdermal implants, which are one of the most effective forms of contraception. However, drug–drug interactions between contraceptive hormones and efavirenz‐based antiretroviral therapy (ART) may reduce implant effectiveness. We present four inter‐related perspectives on this issue.

Discussion: First, as a case study, we discuss how limited data prompted country‐level guidance against the use of implants among women concomitantly using efavirenz in South Africa and its subsequent negative effects on the use of implants in general. Second, we discuss the existing clinical data on this topic, including the observational study from Kenya showing women using implants plus efavirenz‐based ART had three‐fold higher rates of pregnancy than women using implants plus nevirapine‐based ART. However, the higher rates of pregnancy in the implant plus efavirenz group were still lower than the pregnancy rates among women using common alternative contraceptive methods, such as injectables. Third, we discuss the four pharmacokinetic studies that show 50–70% reductions in plasma progestin concentrations in women concurrently using efavirenz‐based ART as compared to women not on any ART. These pharmacokinetic studies provide the biologic basis for the clinical findings. Fourth, we discuss how data on this topic have marked implications for both family planning and HIV programmes and policies globally.

Conclusion: This controversy underlines the importance of integrating family planning services into routine HIV care, counselling women appropriately on increased risk of pregnancy with concomitant implant and efavirenz use, and expanding contraceptive method mix for all women. As global access to ART expands, greater research is needed to explore implant effectiveness when used concomitantly with newer ART regimens. Data on how HIV‐positive women and their partners choose contraceptives, as well as information from providers on how they present and counsel patients on contraceptive options are needed to help guide policy and service delivery. Lastly, greater collaboration between HIV and reproductive health experts at all levels are needed to develop successful strategies to ensure the best HIV and reproductive health outcomes for women living with HIV.
What is it going to take to move youth‐related HIV programme policies into practice in Africa?
Authors: Mark Daniella , Taing Lina , Cluver Lucie , Collins Chris , Iorpenda Kate , Andrade Catarina , Hatane Luann
Published: May 2017

Introduction: HIV has been reported to be the leading cause of mortality amongst adolescents in Africa. This has brought attention to the changes in service provision and health management that many adolescents living with HIV experience when transferring from specialized paediatric‐ or adolescent‐focused services to adult care. When transition is enacted poorly, adherence may be affected and the continuum of care disrupted. As the population of HIV‐infected adolescents grows, effective and supported transition increases in significance as an operational imperative.

Discussion: Considerable gaps remain in moving policy to practice at global, national, and local levels. Policies that give clear definition to transition and provide standard operating procedures or tools to support this process are lacking. National guidelines tend to neglect transition. Beyond transition itself, there has been slow progress on the inclusion of adolescents in national policies and strategies. Guidance often overlooks the specific needs and rights of adolescents, in particular for those living with HIV. In some cases, prohibitive laws can impede adolescent access by applying age of consent restriction to HIV testing, counselling and treatment, as well as SRH services. Where adolescent‐focused policies do exist, they have been slow to emerge as tangible operating procedures at health facility level. A key barrier is the nature of existing transition guidance, which tends to recommend an individualized, client‐centred approach, driven by clinicians. In low‐ and middle‐income settings, flexible responses are resource intensive and time consuming, and therefore challenging to implement amidst staff shortages and administrative challenges. First, national governments must adopt transition‐specific policies to ensure that adolescents seamlessly receive appropriate and supportive care. Second, transition policies must form part of a broader adolescent‐centred policy landscape and adolescent‐friendly orientation and approach at health system level. Third, national actors must ensure that transition policies are supported at implementation level. Fourth, youth involvement and community mobilization are essential. Finally, further implementation research is urgently needed to better understand how to support young people and providers in achieving smooth transitions.

Conclusions: Only by moving from policy to practice through supportive policies and their implementation will we be closer to including adolescents in the 2030 goal of ending AIDS.
The Happy Teen programme: a holistic outpatient clinic‐based approach to prepare HIV‐infected youth for the transition from paediatric to adult medical care services in Thailand
Authors: Lolekha Rangsima , Boon‐yasidhi Vitharon , Na‐Nakorn Yossawadee , Manaboriboon Boonying , Vandepitte Warunee Punpanich , Martin Michael , Tarugsa Jariya , Nuchanard Wipada , Leowsrisook Pimsiri , Lapphra Ketwadee , Suntarattiwong Piyarat , Thaineua Vorapathu , Chokephaibulkit Kulkanya ,   Happy Teen Working Group
Published: May 2017

Introduction: We developed an 18‐month Happy Teen 2 (HT2) programme comprised of a one‐day workshop, two half‐day sessions, and three individual sessions to prepare HIV‐infected youth for the transition from paediatric to adult HIV care services. We describe the programme and evaluate the change in youth's knowledge scores.

Methods: We implemented the HT2 programme among HIV‐infected Thai youth aged 14–22 years who were aware of their HIV status and receiving care at two hospitals in Bangkok (Siriraj Hospital, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health [QSNICH]). Staff interviewed youth using a standardized questionnaire to assess HIV and health‐related knowledge at baseline and at 12 and 18 months while they participated in the programme. We examined factors associated with a composite knowledge score ≥95% at month 18 using logistic regression.

Results: During March 2014–July 2016, 192 of 245 (78%) eligible youth were interviewed at baseline. Of these, 161 (84%) returned for interviews at 12 and 18 months. Among the 161 youth, the median age was 17 years, 74 (46%) were female, and 99% were receiving antiretroviral treatment. The median composite score was 45% at baseline and increased to 82% at 12 months and 95% at 18 months (P < 0.001). The range of median knowledge scores for antiretroviral management, HIV monitoring, HIV services, and family planning significantly increased from baseline (range 0–75%) to (range 67–100%) at 12 months and to 100% at 18 months (P < 0.001). Almost all youth were able to describe education and career goals at 12 and 18 months compared to 75% at baseline. In multivariable analysis, a composite knowledge score at 18 months >95% was associated with education level >high school (aOR: 2.15, 95%CI, 1.03–4.48) and receipt care at QSNICH (aOR: 2.43, 95%CI, 1.18–4.98). Youth whose mother and father had died were less likely to have score ≥95% (aOR: 0.22, 95%CI, 0.07–0.67) than those with living parents.

Conclusions: Knowledge useful for a successful transition from paediatric to adult HIV care increased among youth participating in the HT2 programme. Youth follow‐up will continue to assess the impact of improved knowledge on outcomes following the transition to adult care services.
A review of transition experiences in perinatally and behaviourally acquired HIV‐1 infection; same, same but different?
Authors: Lam Phung Khanh , Fidler Sarah , Foster Caroline
Published: May 2017

Introduction: Despite sharing common psychosocial and developmental experiences, adolescents living with perinatally and behaviourally acquired HIV‐1 infection are different in terms of timing of HIV infection and developmental stage at infection. Therefore, it is of interest to identify similarities and differences between these two groups of adolescents living with HIV in their experiences, facilitators and barriers during the transition process.

Methods: A detailed literature search of peer‐reviewed published papers was conducted on PubMed to identify relevant original research or viewpoints published up to September 2016. Conference abstracts and other unpublished data sources were not included.

Results: Existing published literature, mainly using qualitative methods, explores the transition from paediatric to adult healthcare provision, as experienced by these two groups of young people. Reports highlight the variation and similarities in their experiences and challenges of transition. Findings from the USA and Europe predominate, while experience from Africa and Asia is lacking, despite the importance of these regions in the global epidemic.

Conclusions: Published transition data remain limited, and there are few studies focusing on behaviourally infected adolescents and key population groups (e.g. adolescents who use drugs, lesbian/gay/transgender individuals). Robust definitions of the transition process and standardized outcome measures are required to facilitate cross‐study and geographic comparisons.
Dissection of zebrafish shha function using site-specific targeting with a Cre-dependent genetic switch
Authors: Sugimoto Kotaro , Hui Subhra P , Sheng Delicia Z , Kikuchi Kazu
Published: May 2017

Despite the extensive use of zebrafish as a model organism in developmental biology and regeneration research, genetic techniques enabling conditional analysis of gene function are limited. In this study, we generated Zwitch, a Cre-dependent invertible gene-trap cassette, enabling the establishment of conditional alleles in zebrafish by generating intronic insertions via in vivo homologous recombination. To demonstrate the utility of Zwitch, we generated a conditional sonic hedgehog a (shha) allele. Homozygous shha mutants developed normally; however, shha mutant embryos globally expressing Cre exhibited strong reductions in endogenous shha and shha target gene mRNA levels and developmental defects associated with null shha mutations. Analyzing a conditional shha mutant generated using an epicardium-specific inducible Cre driver revealed unique roles for epicardium-derived Shha in myocardial proliferation during heart development and regeneration. Zwitch will extend the utility of zebrafish in organ development and regeneration research and might be applicable to other model organisms.
Keeping carbon dioxide in check
Authors: Garcia Alfredo J , Ramirez Jan-Marino
Published: May 2017

The response of the brainstem to increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood is coordinated with the response of the cardiovascular system.
Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Bibionomorpha: Sciaroidea) in early Eocene Cambay amber
Authors: Stebner Frauke , Singh Hukam , Rust Jes , Grimaldi David A.
Published: May 2017

One new genus and three new species of Lygistorrhinidae in early Eocene Cambay amber from India are described, which significantly increases our knowledge about this group in the Eocene.Lygistorrhina indican. sp. is the oldest fossil known from this extant genus.Indorrhina sahniin. gen. et sp. shows morphological similarities to each of the two extant generaLygistorrhinaandAsiorrhina.Palaeognoriste orientaleis the third species known from a group that has only been recorded from Eocene Baltic amber before. The latter finding reveals faunal links between Cambay amber and the probably slightly younger Baltic amber, adding further evidence that faunal exchange between Europe/Asia and India took place before the formation of Cambay amber.
Microbiome patterns across the gastrointestinal tract of the rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens
Authors: Nielsen Shaun , Wilkes Walburn Jackson , Vergés Adriana , Thomas Torsten , Egan Suhelen
Published: May 2017

Most of our knowledge regarding the biodiversity of gut microbes comes from terrestrial organisms or marine species of economic value, with less emphasis on ecologically important species. Here we investigate the bacterial composition associated with the gut of Siganus fuscescens, a rabbitfish that plays an important ecological role in coastal ecosystems by consuming seaweeds. Members of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and delta-Proteobacteria were among the dominant taxa across samples taken from the contents and the walls (sites) of the midgut and hindgut (location). Despite the high variability among individual fish, we observed statistically significant differences in beta-diversity between gut sites and gut locations. Some bacterial taxa low in abundance in the midgut content (e.g., Desulfovibrio) were found in greater abundances on the midgut wall and within the hindgut, suggesting that the gut may select for specific groups of environmental and/or food-associated microorganisms. In contrast, some distinct taxa present in the midgut content (e.g., Synechococcus) were noticeably reduced in the midgut wall and hindgut, and are thus likely to be representative of transient microbiota. This is the first assessment of the bacterial diversity associated with the gut of S. fuscescens and highlights the need to consider the variability across different gut locations and sites when analyzing fish gut microbiomes.
Foraging behaviour of an egg parasitoid exploiting plant volatiles induced by pentatomids: the role of adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces
Authors: Frati Francesca , Cusumano Antonino , Conti Eric , Colazza Stefano , Peri Ezio , Guarino Salvatore , Martorana Letizia , Romani Roberto , Salerno Gianandrea
Published: May 2017

Several phases of herbivorous insect attack including feeding and oviposition are known to induce plant defenses. Plants emit volatiles induced by herbivores to recruit insect parasitoids as an indirect defense strategy. So far, volatiles induced by herbivore walking and their putative role in the foraging behavior of egg parasitoids have not been investigated. In this paper we studied the response of the egg parasitoidTrissolcus basalistoward volatiles emitted byVicia fabaplants as consequence of the walking activity of the hostNezara viridula.Olfactometer bioassays were carried out to evaluate wasp responses to plants in which the abaxial or the adaxial surfaces were subjected to walking or/and oviposition. Results showed that host female walking on the abaxial but not on the adaxial surface caused a repellence effect inT. basalis24 h after plant treatment. The emission of active volatiles also occurred when the leaf was turned upside-down, indicating a specificity of stress localization. This specificity was supported by the results, which showed that oviposition combined with feeding elicit the induction of plant volatiles, attracting the parasitoid, when the attack occurred on the abaxial surface. Analyses of plant volatile blends showed significant differences between the treatments.
Synoptic‐to‐planetary scale wind variability enhances phytoplankton biomass at ocean fronts
Authors: Whitt D. B. , Taylor J. R. , Lévy M.
Published: May 2017

In nutrient‐limited conditions, phytoplankton growth at fronts is enhanced by winds, which drive upward nutrient fluxes via enhanced turbulent mixing and upwelling. Hence, depth‐integrated phytoplankton biomass can be 10 times greater at isolated fronts. Using theory and two‐dimensional simulations with a coupled physical‐biogeochemical ocean model, this paper builds conceptual understanding of the physical processes driving upward nutrient fluxes at fronts forced by unsteady winds with timescales of 4–16 days. The largest vertical nutrient fluxes occur when the surface mixing layer penetrates the nutricline, which fuels phytoplankton in the mixed layer. At a front, mixed layer deepening depends on the magnitude and direction of the wind stress, cross‐front variations in buoyancy and velocity at the surface, and potential vorticity at the base of the mixed layer, which itself depends on past wind events. Consequently, mixing layers are deeper and more intermittent in time at fronts than outside fronts. Moreover, mixing can decouple in time from the wind stress, even without other sources of physical variability. Wind‐driven upwelling also enhances depth‐integrated phytoplankton biomass at fronts; when the mixed layer remains shallower than the nutricline, this results in enhanced subsurface phytoplankton. Oscillatory along‐front winds induce both oscillatory and mean upwelling. The mean effect of oscillatory vertical motion is to transiently increase subsurface phytoplankton over days to weeks, whereas slower mean upwelling sustains this increase over weeks to months. Taken together, these results emphasize that wind‐driven phytoplankton growth is both spatially and temporally intermittent and depends on a diverse combination of physical processes.
Large eddy simulation (LES) of wind‐driven circulation in a peri‐alpine lake: Detection of turbulent structures and implications of a complex surrounding orography
Authors: Santo Marco A. , Toffolon Marco , Zanier Giulia , Giovannini Lorenzo , Armenio Vincenzo
Published: May 2017

We investigate wind‐driven circulation in a peri‐alpine lake (Lake Ledro ‐ Italy) using LES‐COAST. Lake Ledro is interesting because its own dimensions are suited for LES and it is surrounded by complex orography, affecting wind distribution. We consider the winter condition when stratification is nearly absent. Two types of time‐varying wind stress are used: spatially homogeneous and spatially inhomogeneous respectively. The analysis of the eddy viscosities shows substantial differences with respect to the ocean case characterized by absence of coastal boundaries and homogeneous, steady wind. The quantities exhibit a noticeable inhomogeneous behavior: the horizontal eddy viscosity is larger in the water body far from the boundaries, whereas the vertical one is larger close to the lateral boundaries due to the presence of a boundary layer. The energetic bottom boundary layer, typically occurring in lakes, is not present. This because of the intrinsic unsteadiness of the thermal wind blowing over the lake and due to the absence of large amplitude internal waves, the latter present only in case of stable stratification. In the inhomogeneous wind case, up‐welling and down‐welling areas are not confined along the shoreline only, but are also generated in the water body due to substantial horizontal velocity divergence, and turbulent mixing, quantified by eddy viscosities, TKE and its dissipation rate, appears enhanced with respect to the homogeneous wind case. Finally, downwelling/upwelling areas along the windward/leeward coastline respectively were observed, whose quantitative estimation may give explanation for the bloom of cyanobacteria at the lake surface observed in winter.
Biological and physical controls on the flux and characteristics of sinking particles on the Northwest Atlantic margin
Authors: Hwang Jeomshik , Manganini Steven J. , Park JongJin , Montluçon Daniel B. , Toole John M. , Eglinton Timothy I.
Published: May 2017

Abstracts

Biogenic matter characteristics and radiocarbon contents of organic carbon (OC) were examined on sinking particle samples intercepted at three nominal depths of 1000 m, 2000 m, and 3000 m (∼50 m above the seafloor) during a 3 year sediment trap program on the New England slope in the Northwest Atlantic. We have sought to characterize the sources of sinking particles in the context of vertical export of biogenic particles from the overlying water column and lateral supply of resuspended sediment particles from adjacent margin sediments. High aluminum (Al) abundances and low OC radiocarbon contents indicated contributions from resuspended sediment which was greatest at 3000 m but also significant at shallower depths. The benthic source (i.e., laterally supplied resuspended sediment) of opal appears negligible based on the absence of a correlation with Al fluxes. In comparison, CaCO3 fluxes at 3000 m showed a positive correlation with Al fluxes. Benthic sources accounted for 42 ∼ 63% of the sinking particle flux based on radiocarbon mass balance and the relationship between Al flux and CaCO3 flux. Episodic pulses of Al at 3000 m were significantly correlated with the near‐bottom current at a nearby hydrographic mooring site, implying the importance of current variability in lateral particle transport. However, Al fluxes at 1000 m and 2000 m were coherent but differed from those at 3000 m, implying more than one mode of lateral supply of particles in the water column.
Advanced numerical model of lightning development: Application to studying the role of LPCR in determining lightning type
Authors: Iudin D. I. , Rakov V. A. , Mareev E.A. , Iudin F. D. , Syssoev A. A. , Davydenko S. S.
Published: May 2017

An advanced 3‐D numerical model of lightning development is presented. The key features of the model include the probabilistic branching, bidirectional propagation, nonzero internal electric field, simultaneous growth of multiple branches, physical timing, channel decay, and, for the first time, probabilistic propagation field threshold. The new model can be used for computing electrical parameters of individual branches, including conductivity, current, and longitudinal electric field, each as a function of time, in different parts of the discharge tree. For illustrative purposes, the model was applied to studying the occurrence of lightning flashes of different type depending on the cloud charge structure, with emphasis on the lower positive charge region (LPCR). We demonstrated with the new model that the presence of relatively large (excessive) LPCR can prevent the occurrence of negative CG flashes by “blocking” the progression of descending negative leader from reaching ground. The blocking effect of excessive LPCR was found to occur when the vertical component of electric field near the cloud bottom was negative (downward directed). Further, we showed that significant reduction or absence of LPCR can eliminate the possibility of negative CG flashes and lead to normal‐polarity IC flashes instead. The model predicts the polarity‐asymmetry, which suggests that the amount of collected charge depends not only on the number of branches but also on the dynamics of their conductivity (lifetime) and the local cloud charge density.
Charged particle behavior in localized ultralow frequency waves: Theory and observations
Authors: Li Li , Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Rankin Robert , Zou Hong , Liu Ying , Chen Xing‐Ran , Hao Yi‐Xin
Published: May 2017

The formation and variability of the Van Allen radiation belts are highly influenced by charged particles accelerated via drift‐resonant interactions with ultralow frequency (ULF) waves. In the prevailing theory of drift resonance, the ULF wave amplitude is assumed independent of magnetic longitude. This assumption is not generally valid in Earth's magnetosphere, as supported by numerous observations that point to the localized nature of ULF waves. Here we introduce a longitude dependence of the ULF wave amplitude, achieved via a von Mises function, into the theoretical framework of ULF wave‐particle drift resonance. To validate the revised theory, the predicted particle signatures are compared with observational data through a best fit procedure. It is demonstrated that incorporation of nonlocal effects in drift‐resonance theory provides an improved understanding of charged particle behavior in the inner magnetosphere through the intermediary of ULF waves.
Long‐period long‐duration seismic events during hydraulic fracturing: Implications for tensile fracture development
Authors: Hu Hongru , Li Aibing , Zavala‐Torres Ricardo
Published: May 2017

Long‐period long‐duration (LPLD) seismic events are observed from a microseismic data set acquired by surface receivers in the Eagle Ford Shale. These events are characterized by low frequencies of 10–60 Hz and long durations of 30–60 s. The seismograms are dominated with P waves, and the frequency spectra have peaks at several isolated frequencies, similar to volcanic tremors. The LPLD events are located close to the horizontal hydraulic treatment well and migrate away from the well with time. These observations suggest that the LPLD events are related to hydraulic fracturing and are possibly caused by the jerky opening and resonance of fluid‐filled cracks. Imaging this type of LPLD events can potentially map fluid flow and tensile fracture development during hydraulic fracturing.
A new interpretation of the ability of global models to simulate the MJO
Authors: Ling Jian , Zhang Chidong , Wang Shuguang , Li Chongyin
Published: May 2017

Statistical diagnostics have led to a common perception that only few global models can reproduce the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO). Here we demonstrate, using a method of tracking individual MJO events, that this perception is incorrect. Of 27 global model simulations diagnosed, all produced large‐scale slowly eastward propagating signals in precipitation, which are taken as manifestations of the MJO. The difference is some model produced them frequently, others infrequently. There is no statistically significant distinction between the strength and propagation speeds of MJO events produced by most of these models. A hypothesis is proposed to interpret our results: A model can produce the MJO only in a particular background state. If the background state of a model can be constantly in a condition that is conducive to its production of the MJO, this model simulates the MJO frequently. If not, this model can still produce the MJO but only infrequently when its seasonal background state occasionally migrates into a condition that is conducive to its production of the MJO. Preliminary results from testing this hypothesis are presented.
Interactions between energetic electrons and realistic whistler mode waves in the Jovian magnetosphere
Authors: de Soria‐Santacruz M. , Shprits Y. Y. , Drozdov A. , Menietti J. D. , Garrett H. B. , Zhu H. , Kellerman A. C. , Horne R. B.
Published: May 2017

The role of plasma waves in shaping the intense Jovian radiation belts is not well understood. In this study we use a realistic wave model based on an extensive survey from the Plasma Wave Investigation on the Galileo spacecraft to calculate the effect of pitch angle and energy diffusion on Jovian energetic electrons due to upper and lower band chorus. Two Earth‐based models, the Full Diffusion Code and the Versatile Electron Radiation Belt code, are adapted to the case of the Jovian magnetosphere and used to resolve the interaction between chorus and electrons at L = 10. We also present a study of the sensitivity to the latitudinal wave coverage and initial electron distribution. Our analysis shows that the contribution to the electron dynamics from upper band chorus is almost negligible compared to that from lower band chorus. For 100 keV electrons, we observe that diffusion leads to redistribution of particles toward lower pitch angles with some particle loss, which could indicate that radial diffusion or interchange instabilities are important. For energies above >500 keV, an initial electron distribution based on observations is only weakly affected by chorus waves. Ideally, we would require the initial electron phase space density before transport takes place to assess the importance of wave acceleration, but this is not available. It is clear from this study that the shape of the electron phase space density and the latitudinal extent of the waves are important for both electron acceleration and loss.
Linear theory of the current sheet shear instability
Authors: Fujimoto Keizo , Sydora Richard D.
Published: May 2017

The present study investigates the linear properties of the current sheet shear instability (CSSI) based on the two‐fluid equations. The mode is typically excited in the thin current layer formed around the X line during a quasi‐steady phase of collisionless reconnection and is considered to give rise to the anomalous momentum transport. The linear analyses are carried out for a realistic current sheet as evolved in collisionless reconnection, where the current density profile is produced by the nonuniform ion and electron flows and the pressure balance is maintained due to the temperature gradients. The density profile is assumed to be uniform, so that the lower hybrid drift instability is mostly suppressed. We confirm that the eigenfunctions in the numerical analysis are well consistent with the profiles in a kinetic simulation, implying that the two‐fluid approximation is valid for the CSSI. The mass ratio dependencies of the wave number and growth rate are remarkable for the electron‐scale current sheet, indicating that both the electrons and ions contribute to the wave generation. From the analytical analysis, it is found that these mass ratio dependencies originate from the fact that the ion momentum balance is coupled with the electron dynamics in the electron‐scale current layer. In particular, the electron inertia and electron flow shear play a significant role in generating the CSSI through the induction electric and magnetic fields.
Quasi‐linear diffusion coefficients for highly oblique whistler mode waves
Authors: Albert J. M.
Published: May 2017

Quasi‐linear diffusion coefficients are considered for highly oblique whistler mode waves, which exhibit a singular “resonance cone” in cold plasma theory. The refractive index becomes both very large and rapidly varying as a function of wave parameters, making the diffusion coefficients difficult to calculate and to characterize. Since such waves have been repeatedly observed both outside and inside the plasmasphere, this problem has received renewed attention. Here the diffusion equations are analytically treated in the limit of large refractive index μ. It is shown that a common approximation to the refractive index allows the associated “normalization integral” to be evaluated in closed form and that this can be exploited in the numerical evaluation of the exact expression. The overall diffusion coefficient formulas for large μ are then reduced to a very simple form, and the remaining integral and sum over resonances are approximated analytically. These formulas are typically written for a modeled distribution of wave magnetic field intensity, but this may not be appropriate for highly oblique whistlers, which become quasi‐electrostatic. Thus, the analysis is also presented in terms of wave electric field intensity. The final results depend strongly on the maximum μ (or μ∥) used to model the wave distribution, so realistic determination of these limiting values becomes paramount.
The sea‐level budget along the Northwest Atlantic coast: GIA, mass changes, and large‐scale ocean dynamics
Authors: Frederikse Thomas , Simon Karen , Katsman Caroline A. , Riva Riccardo
Published: May 2017

Sea‐level rise and decadal variability along the northwestern coast of the North Atlantic Ocean are studied in a self‐consistent framework that takes into account the effects of solid‐earth deformation and geoid changes due to large‐scale mass redistribution processes. Observations of sea and land level changes from tide gauges and GPS are compared to the cumulative effect of GIA, present‐day mass redistribution, and ocean dynamics over a 50 year period (1965–2014). GIA explains the majority of the observed sea‐level and land motion trends, as well as almost all interstation variability. Present‐day mass redistribution resulting from ice melt and land hydrology causes both land uplift and sea‐level rise in the region. We find a strong correlation between decadal steric variability in the Subpolar Gyre and coastal sea level, which is likely caused by variability in the Labrador Sea that is propagated southward. The steric signal explains the majority of the observed decadal sea‐level variability and shows an upward trend and a significant acceleration, which are also found along the coast. The sum of all contributors explains the observed trends in both sea‐level rise and vertical land motion in the region, as well as the decadal variability. The sum of contributors also explains the observed acceleration within confidence intervals. The sea‐level acceleration coincides with an accelerating density decrease at high latitudes.
The formation processes of phytoplankton growth and decline in mesoscale eddies in the western North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Chang Yu‐Lin , Miyazawa Yasumasa , Oey Lie‐Yauw , Kodaira Tsubasa , Huang Shihming
Published: May 2017

In this study, we investigate the processes of phytoplankton growth and decline in mesoscale eddies in the western North Pacific Ocean based on the in situ chlorophyll data obtained from 52 cruises conducted by the Japan Meteorological Agency together with idealized numerical simulations. Both the observation and model results suggest that chlorophyll/phytoplankton concentrations are higher in cold than in warm eddies in near‐surface water (z > −70 m). In the idealized simulation, the isopycnal movements associated with upwelling/downwelling transport phytoplankton and nutrients to different vertical depths during eddy formation (stage A). Phytoplankton and nutrients in cold eddies is transported toward shallower waters while those in warm eddies move toward deeper waters. In the period after the eddy has formed (stage B), sunlight and initially upwelled nutrients together promote the growth of phytoplankton in cold eddies. Phytoplankton in warm eddies decays due to insufficient sunlight in deeper waters. In stage B, upwelling and downwelling coexist in both warm and cold eddies, contributing nearly equally to vertical displacement. The upwelling/downwelling‐induced nitrate flux accounts for a small percentage (∼3%) of the total nitrate flux in stage B. The vertical velocity caused by propagating eddies, therefore, is not the primary factor causing differences in phytoplankton concentrations between stage‐B warm and cold eddies.