bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds in Equisetum palustre L. by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry combined with matrix solid‐phase dispersion extraction
Authors: Wei Zuofu , Pan Youzhi , Li Lu , Huang Yuyang , Qi Xiaolin , Luo Meng , Zu Yuangang , Fu Yujie
Published: August 2014

A method based on matrix solid‐phase dispersion extraction followed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry is presented for the extraction and determination of phenolic compounds in Equisetum palustre. This method combines the high efficiency of matrix solid‐phase dispersion extraction and the rapidity, sensitivity, and accuracy of ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The influential parameters of the matrix solid‐phase dispersion extraction were investigated and optimized. The optimized conditions were as follows: silica gel was selected as dispersing sorbent, the ratio of silica gel to sample was selected to be 2:1 (400/200 mg), and 8 mL of 80% methanol was used as elution solvent. Furthermore, a fast and sensitive ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of nine phenolic compounds in E. palustre. This method was carried out within <6 min, and exhibited satisfactory linearity, precision, and recovery. Compared with ultrasound‐assisted extraction, the proposed matrix solid‐phase dispersion procedure possessed higher extraction efficiency, and was more convenient and time saving with reduced requirements on sample and solvent amounts. All these results suggest that the developed method represents an excellent alternative for the extraction and determination of active components in plant matrices.
Microextraction sample preparation techniques in biomedical analysis
Authors: Szultka Malgorzata , Pomastowski Pawel , Railean-Plugaru Viorica , Buszewski Boguslaw
Published: August 2014

Biologically active compounds are found in biological samples at relatively low concentration levels. The sample preparation of target compounds from biological, pharmaceutical, environmental, and food matrices is one of the most time‐consuming steps in the analytical procedure. The microextraction techniques are dominant. Metabolomic studies also require application of proper analytical technique for the determination of endogenic metabolites present in biological matrix on trace concentration levels. Due to the reproducibility of data, precision, relatively low cost of the appropriate analysis, simplicity of the determination, and the possibility of direct combination of those techniques with other methods (combination types on‐line and off‐line), they have become the most widespread in routine determinations. Additionally, sample pretreatment procedures have to be more selective, cheap, quick, and environmentally friendly. This review summarizes the current achievements and applications of microextraction techniques. The main aim is to deal with the utilization of different types of sorbents for microextraction and emphasize the use of new synthesized sorbents as well as to bring together studies concerning the systematic approach to method development. This review is dedicated to the description of microextraction techniques and their application in biomedical analysis.
Graphene/polydopamine‐modified polytetrafluoroethylene microtube for the sensitive determination of three active components in Fructus Psoraleae by online solid‐phase microextraction with high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Zhang Wenpeng , Zhou Wei , Chen Zilin
Published: August 2014

Determination of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicines and biological samples is usually interfered with by coexisting components in matrices. In this work, we prepared novel multilayer functional graphene/polydopamine‐modified polytetrafluoroethylene microtube for selective solid‐phase microextraction of three bioactive compounds in Fructus Psoraleae. Functional graphene/polydopamine‐modified polytetrafluoroethylene microtube showed good extraction efficiency toward bavachin, isobavachalcone, and bavachinin; enrichment from 357‐ to 737‐fold was obtained for these compounds. For qualitative analysis, an online solid‐phase microextraction with high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed, which showed low limits of detection of 0.02 ng/mL by using UV detection, which is significantly more sensitive than previously reported methods. The proposed method has been used to determine bavachin, isobavachalcone, and bavachinin in Fructus Psoraleae, the contents of three compounds were quantified to be 64.0, 324.0, and 384.5 μg/g; recoveries were 93.4–101.1%. The proposed method has also been applied to determine bavachin, isobavachalcone, and bavachinin in rat plasma samples after oral administration of Fructus Psoraleae.
Self‐Determination Theory and Word of Mouth about Energy‐Saving Behaviors: An Online Experiment
Authors: Sweeney Jillian C. , Webb Dave , Mazzarol Tim , Soutar Geoffrey N.
Published: August 2014

The growing community concern for the environment, and rising energy costs to consumers, has led many power utility companies to adopt strategies aimed at reducing energy consumption in the home and workplace. These strategies have typically been based on extrinsically regulated pricing mechanisms. Although more intrinsically driven interventions have been examined, they are often complex and expensive to implement due in part to the high level of human interaction involved. This two‐part study suggests simpler more cost‐efficient alternatives to enhancing energy saving. It does this via two separate but related studies that examined the application of self‐determination theory (SDT) and word of mouth (WOM) within online communities. The findings suggest a significant increase in reported energy‐saving behaviors over time supporting the role of SDT. There was also evidence that positive WOM increases satisfaction of the three psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, further enhancing energy‐saving behavior. These findings have important implications for marketers in terms of behavior change.
Exploring Postconsumption Guilt and Pride in the Context of Sustainability
Authors: Antonetti Paolo , Maklan Stan
Published: August 2014

This research explores the feelings of guilt and pride experienced by consumers after a purchase decision that involves issues of environmental and social sustainability. Through a multi‐method design, the authors examine key dimensions that influence the process of emotional appraisal, illustrate the characteristics of appraisals of guilt/pride and investigate the consequences that emotions have on future choices. In this exploratory research, when a purchase decision includes an ethical dilemma, consumers were found to express guilt or pride even when the purchase is not intentional, i.e. forced by circumstances. Moreover, the study explores how emotions experienced after decisions may have a positive influence on the future purchase of sustainable alternatives. Finally, the paper proposes a new model that describes the process of emotional appraisal and reports on a number of dimensions that were found to lead to guilt and pride. The insights presented extend knowledge of two key consumer emotions and present important implications for practitioners promoting ethical products.
Superstars as Drivers of Organizational Identification: Empirical Findings from Professional Soccer
Authors: Hoegele Daniel , Schmidt Sascha L. , Torgler Benno
Published: August 2014

This paper examines the effect of superstars on external stakeholders’ organizational identification through the lens of sport. Drawing on social identity theory and the concept of organizational identification, as well as on role model theories and superstar economics, several hypotheses are developed regarding the influence of soccer stars on their fans’ degree of team identification. Using a proprietary data set that combines archival data on professional German soccer players and clubs with survey data on more than 1,400 soccer fans, this study finds evidence for a positive effect of superstar characteristics and role model perception. Moreover, it is found that players who qualify for the definition of a superstar are more important to fans of established teams than to fans of unsuccessful teams. The player's club tenure, however, seems to have no influence on fans’ team identification. It is further argued that the effect of soccer stars on their fans is comparable to that of executives on external stakeholders, and hence, the results are applied to the business domain. The results of this study contribute to existing research by extending the list of personnel‐related determinants of organizational identification.
The Perfect Little Bump: Does the Media Portrayal of Pregnant Celebrities Influence Prenatal Attachment?
Authors: Krisjanous Jayne , Richard James E. , Gazley Aaron
Published: August 2014

This study proposes and tests a theoretical model that analyzes celebrity pregnancy attraction and its ultimate influence over prenatal attachment within pregnant women. In particular, interest in pregnant celebrities and a high concern for physical appearance are examined for their relationship to weight concern and body image, and then leading on to prenatal attachment. The conceptual model presented was tested using structural equation modeling in a sample of 478 pregnant women. All hypotheses proposed were found to be significant. Results suggest that a high pregnant celebrity attraction, in combination with other factors, can lead to a reduced level of prenatal attachment. The study contributes further to knowledge of the influence of celebrities over consumer body image and healthy psychological adaptation in the important context of pregnancy.
The Impact of Stress on Consumers' Willingness to Pay
Authors: Maier Erik , Wilken Robert
Published: August 2014

Stress is a companion in most consumers’ lives and as such should impact purchase behavior in many ways. Drawing on construal‐level theory, which relates to information processing on different levels of abstraction, the authors propose that consumers’ stress deteriorates their evaluation of products. The latter effect results from a stress‐induced focus shift, from product characteristics with high levels of construal to those with low levels of construal (Study 1). This shift also decreases the price that consumers are willing to pay (Study 2), though the product category moderates the impact of stress on willingness to pay (WTP), such that the decline in consumers’ WTP is smaller for products characterized by lower levels of construal (Study 3). This research extends existing knowledge on the impact of relaxation on consumers’ WTP by including stress in the analysis. Effect sizes are similar to those in related studies. In terms of managerial implications, this study recommends decreasing consumers’ stress levels at the point of purchase and tailoring marketing mix activities to match prevalent stress levels, if firms hope to mitigate the negative effect of stress.
Salespersons' Guanxi Orientation, Communication, and Manifest Conflict: An Empirical Study in China
Authors: Zhang Zaixiao , Zhang Mingli
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate how guanxi orientation, which is one of the personality attributes of Chinese people, influences the behavior of salespersons and the occurrence of manifest conflict. This study also investigates how guanxi‐oriented attitude, which is one dimension of guanxi orientation, influences guanxi‐oriented behavior, the other dimension of guanxi orientation. Data were collected via questionnaire from those selling equipment in the oil industry. The partial least squares method is applied to analyze the collected data. The study finds a positive correlation between salespersons’ guanxi‐oriented attitudes and guanxi‐oriented behavior. Both dimensions of the guanxi orientations of salespersons influence their selection of communication modality under friction events. The use of informal communication is inversely related to the occurrence of manifest conflict, while the use of formal communication is positively related. The guanxi‐oriented attitude of salespersons is negatively related to the occurrence of manifest conflict; however, the collected data did not reveal the expected negative relationship between guanxi‐oriented behavior and the occurrence of manifest conflict. The implications and research limitations are also discussed.
eWOM Watchdogs: Ego‐Threatening Product Domains and the Policing of Positive Online Reviews
Authors: Larson Lindsay R. L. , Denton L. Trey
Published: August 2014

Suspicion regarding dishonest electronic word‐of‐mouth is a growing concern for consumers online. Individual consumers are occasionally seen acting as product review forum “watchdogs” within the websites they visit, posting vigilante comments against reviews they perceive to be fraudulent. This multimethod set of studies investigates consumer “watchdog comments,” and the way in which ego‐threatening product categories themselves may actually induce a prosecutorial mindset, leading to greater levels of suspicion toward positive online product reviews and the impulse to prosecute potential fraudsters. In Study 1, laboratory‐induced ego threat increased punitive severity against the act of falsifying online product reviews. In Study 2, a content analysis of actual Amazon.com reviews and consumer commentary indicates that the occurrence of watchdog comments is more common within ego‐threatening product categories.
A note on the exact synchronization by groups for a coupled system of wave equations
Authors: Li Tatsien , Rao Bopeng
Published: August 2014

By means of a non‐exact controllability result, we show the necessity of the conditions of compatibility for the exact synchronization by two groups for a coupled system of wave equations with Dirichlet boundary controls. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ursolic acid triggers nonprogrammed death (necrosis) in human glioblastoma multiforme DBTRG‐05MG cells through MPT pore opening and ATP decline
Authors: Lu Chi‐Cheng , Huang Bo‐Ru , Liao Pei‐Jyuan , Yen Gow‐Chin
Published: August 2014

Scope

Ursolic acid, a natural pentacyclic triterpenic acid, possesses anticancer potential and diverse biological effects, but its correlation with glioblastoma multiforme cells and different modes of cell death is unclear. We studied the cellular actions of human glioblastoma multiforme DBTRG‐05MG cells after ursolic acid treatment and explored cell‐selective killing effect of necrotic death as a cell fate.

Methods and results

Ursolic acid effectively reversed temozolomide resistance and reduced DBTRG‐05MG cell viability. Surprisingly, ursolic acid failed to stimulate the apoptosis‐ and autophagy‐related signaling networks. The necrotic death was characterized by annexin V/propidium iodide double‐positive detection and release of high‐mobility group protein B1 and lactate dehydrogenase. These ursolic acid elicited responses were accompanied by reactive oxygen species generation and glutathione depletion. Rapid mitochondrial dysfunction was paralleled by the preferential induction of necrosis, rather than apoptotic death. Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) is a phenomenon to provide the onset of mitochondrial depolarization during cellular necrosis. The opening of MPT pores that were mechanistically regulated by cyclophilin D, and adenosine triphosphate decline occurred in treated necrotic DBTRG‐05MG cells. Cyclosporine A (an MPT pore inhibitor) prevented ursolic acid‐provoked necrotic death and the acid‐involved key regulators.

Conclusion

Our study is the first to report that ursolic acid‐modified mitochondrial function triggers defective death by necrosis in DBTRG‐05MG cells rather than augmenting programmed death.
Neurophysiological evidence for generalized sensory neuronopathy in cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and bilateral vestibular areflexia syndrome
Authors: Szmulewicz David J. , Seiderer Linda , Halmagyi G. Michael , Storey Elsdon , Roberts Leslie
Published: August 2014

Introduction: Cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and bilateral vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) is a recently described multisystem ataxia defined by the presence of cerebellar ataxia, bilateral vestibulopathy, and a somatosensory deficit. The characteristic clinical sign is an abnormal visually enhanced vestibuloocular reflex. The somatosensory deficit contributes to a significant level of disability in CANVAS. Methods: This study was a neurophysiological investigation of 14 patients with CANVAS. Results: Findings revealed uniformly absent sensory nerve action potentials in all limbs, abnormal blink reflexes in 13 of 14 patients, and abnormal masseter reflexes in 6 of 11 patients. Tibial H‐reflexes were absent in 11 of 14 patients. Somatosensory evoked potentials were abnormal in 10 of the 11 patients tested, and brainstem auditory evoked responses were abnormal in 3 of 8. Cutaneous silent period responses were abnormal in 7 of 14 patients. Conclusions: We suggest that a sensory neuronopathy should be sought in cerebellar and/or vestibular ataxias, particularly where the degree of ataxia is out of proportion to the clinically identified cerebellar and/or vestibular dysfunction. Muscle Nerve 51: 600–603, 2015
Comparison of 2‐limb versus 3‐limb electrodiagnostic studies in the evaluation of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Authors: Vo Mary L. , Hanineva Aneliya , Chin Russell L. , Carey Bridget T. , Latov Norman , Langsdorf Jennifer A.
Published: August 2014

Introduction

European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society electrodiagnostic (EDx) criteria for the definite diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) require the presence of demyelinating findings (DF) in at least 2 nerves. Data are lacking, however, regarding the optimal number of nerves to test.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed EDx data from 53 patients with CIDP and compared the number of DF found on 2‐ and 3‐limb testing.

Results

A median of 3 (range 2–5) DF were found on 2‐limb testing compared with 5 (range 4–7) DF when 3 limbs were evaluated. Two‐limb EDx studies were sufficient to diagnose definite CIDP in 92.3% of typical, 84.2% of asymmetric, and 66.7% of distal phenotypes. Testing a third limb increased diagnostic certainty in 11 patients (20.8%) to definite CIDP.

Conclusions

Three‐limb testing may increase diagnostic sensitivity of definite CIDP, especially in patients with atypical phenotypes. Larger prospective studies are needed to better assess the benefit of performing 3‐limb EDx studies. Muscle Nerve 51: 549–553, 2015
Sonography in carpal tunnel syndrome with normal nerve conduction studies
Authors: Al‐Hashel Jasem Y. , Rashad Hanaa M. , Nouh Mohamed R. , Amro Hanan A. , Khuraibet Adnan J. , Shamov Todor , Tzvetanov Plamen , Rousseff Rossen T.
Published: August 2014

Introduction

We assessed the yield of high‐resolution ultrasonography (HRUS) in patients with clinically definite carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and normal nerve conduction studies (NCS).

Methods

This blinded, prospective, cross‐sectional study involved 35 patients (60 hands) with clinically definite CTS and normal NCS, and 20 controls (40 hands). Cross‐sectional area (CSAs) of the median nerve at the level of the pisiform bone and flexor retinaculum thickness (FRT) were measured.

Results

CSA was abnormal in 48.6% of patients (confidence interval 32.0–65.2%, P = 0.95). FRT was increased in only 34.3% (18.3–49.7%), but was independently abnormal in 2 patients. CSA abnormalities correlated with positive provocative tests and sensory loss. The HRUS changes were mild.

Conclusions

HRUS confirms clinically diagnosed CTS in about half of the patients with normal NCS. Muscle Nerve 51: 592–597, 2015
Impact of sympathetic dysfunction in the etiology of overactive bladder in women: A preliminary study
Authors: Ates Erhan , Ipekci Tumay , Akin Yigit , Kizilay Ferah , Kukul Erdal , Guntekin Erol
Published: August 2014

Aims

We investigated the effects of autonomic sympathetic dysfunction in the etiology of overactive bladder (OAB) in women, by assessing the sympathetic skin response (SSR).

Methods

In total, 40 women with OAB and 15 volunteers were enrolled. Group 1 (n = 20) consisted of patients who benefitted from oral anticholinergics, Group 2 (n = 20) consisted of patients who were refractory to oral anticholinergics, and the volunteers (n = 15) were the control group. All patients were asked to complete OAB‐SF questionnaires. The absence of SSR was accepted as significant. Detailed physical examinations including neurological examinations were performed. All patients underwent SSR tests on the skin of the hands, feet, and genital area in our neurology department using electromyography, and SSR responses were recorded. Statistical significance was accepted at P < 0.05.

Results

The mean age was 47.2 ± 12.4 years. In total, 55 women were evaluated (20 in Group 1, 20 in Group 2, and 15 in the control group). Mean OAB scores were similar between groups 1 and 2, although urgency was significantly higher in Group 2 than 1. The absence of SSR was significantly higher in Group 2 than 1 (P = 0.01). Impaired SSR was observed more commonly in Group 2 than 1. All controls had normal SSRs.

Conclusions

Regional dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system may be part of OAB's etiology. SSR may be a candidate test for determining early OAB, and may also be useful for predicting antimuscarinic‐refractory patients. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:26–28, 2016. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of steam on structure and mechanical properties of biomedical block copolymers
Authors: Todros Silvia , Venturato Chiara , Natali Arturo N. , Pace Giuseppe , Di Noto Vito
Published: August 2014

The effect of steam on the micro‐phase structure and mechanical properties of different block copolymers used in biomedical devices is investigated via FT‐IR, tensile tests and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Steam sterilization, commonly performed on medical devices and simulated in this work, affects the copolymers' morphology, due to high temperature and humidity conditions. FT‐IR analysis reveals that steam induces a modification in the crystalline conformations of copolymers with a pre‐existing hydrogen bonding network, that is, thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) and poly(ether‐block‐amide) (PEBA), while it does not significantly affect the domain conformation in styrenic block copolymers (SEBS), due to weak interaction with water. As a consequence, relevant changes of the mechanical properties, closely related to the microdomain structure, are found for TPU and PEBA after sterilization, while SEBS mechanical behavior remains stable, as demonstrated by tensile tests and DMA results. For this reason, SEBS is suggested as the best choice in terms of durability in biomedical applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 1337–1346
Predictors of unmet needs and psychological distress in adolescent and young adult siblings of people diagnosed with cancer
Authors: McDonald F. E. J. , Patterson P. , White K. J. , Butow P. , Bell M. L.
Published: August 2014

Purpose

Predictors of psychological distress and unmet needs amongst adolescents and young adults (AYAs) who have a brother or sister diagnosed with cancer were examined.

Methods

There were 106 AYAs (12–24 years old) who completed questionnaires covering demographics, psychological distress (Kessler 10), unmet needs (Sibling Cancer Needs Instrument) and family relationships (Family Relationship Index; Adult Sibling Relationship Questionnaire; Sibling Perception Questionnaire (SPQ)). Three models were analysed (demographic variables, cancer‐specific variables and family functioning variables) using multiple linear regression to determine the role of the variables in predicting psychological distress and unmet needs.

Results

Unmet needs were higher for AYA siblings when treatment was current or a relapse had occurred. Higher scores on the SPQ‐Interpersonal subscale indicating a perceived decrease in the quality of relationships with parents and others were associated with higher levels of distress and unmet needs. The age and gender of the AYA sibling, whether it was their brother or sister who was diagnosed with cancer, the age difference between them, the number of parents living with the AYA sibling, parental birth country, time since diagnosis, Family Relationship Index, Adult Sibling Relationship Questionnaire and the SPQ‐Communication subscale did not significantly impact outcome variables.

Conclusions

These results highlight the variables that can assist in identifying AYA siblings of cancer patients who are at risk and have a greater need for psychosocial assistance. Variables that may be associated with increased distress and unmet needs are reported to assist with future research. The results are also useful in informing the development of targeted psychosocial support for AYA siblings of cancer patients. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The chicken model of spontaneous ovarian cancer
Authors: Hawkridge Adam M.
Published: August 2014

The chicken is a unique experimental model for studying the spontaneous onset and progression of ovarian cancer (OVC). The prevalence of OVC in chickens can range from 5 to 35% depending on age, genetic strain, reproductive history, and diet. Furthermore, the chicken presents epidemiological, morphological, and molecular traits that are similar to human OVC making it a relevant experimental model for translation research. Similarities to humans include associated increased risk of OVC with the number of ovulations, common histopathological subtypes including high‐grade serous, and molecular‐level markers or pathways such as CA‐125 expression and p53 mutation frequency.  Collectively, the similarities between chicken and human OVC combined with a tightly controlled genetic background and predictable onset window provides an outstanding experimental model for studying the early events and progression of spontaneous OVC tumors under controlled environmental conditions. This review will cover the existing literature on OVC in the chicken and highlight potential opportunities for further exploitation (e.g. biomarkers, prevention, treatment, and genomics).
Interest in Genetic Testing in Ashkenazi Jewish Parkinson's Disease Patients and Their Unaffected Relatives
Authors: Gupte Manisha , Alcalay Roy N. , Mejia‐Santana Helen , Raymond Deborah , Saunders‐Pullman Rachel , Roos Ernest , Orbe‐Reily Martha , Tang Ming‐X , Mirelman Anat , Ozelius Laurie , Orr‐Urtreger Avi , Clark Lorraine , Giladi Nir , Bressman Susan , Marder Karen
Published: August 2014

Our objective was to explore interest in genetic testing among Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) Parkinson's Disease (PD) cases and first‐degree relatives, as genetic testing for LRRK2 G2019S is widely available. Approximately 18 % of AJ PD cases carry G2019S mutations; penetrance estimations vary between 24 and 100 % by age 80. A Genetic Attitude Questionnaire (GAQ) was administered at two New York sites to PD families unaware of LRRK2 G2019S mutation status. The association of G2019S, age, education, gender and family history of PD with desire for genetic testing (outcome) was modeled using logistic regression. One‐hundred eleven PD cases and 77 relatives completed the GAQ. Both PD cases and relatives had excellent PD‐specific genetic knowledge. Among PD, 32.6 % “definitely” and 41.1 % “probably” wanted testing, if offered “now.” Among relatives, 23.6 % “definitely” and 36.1 % “probably” wanted testing “now.” Desire for testing in relatives increased incrementally based on hypothetical risk of PD. The most important reasons for testing in probands and relatives were: if it influenced medication response, identifying no mutation, and early prevention and treatment. In logistic regression, older age was associated with less desire for testing in probands OR = 0.921 95%CI 0.868–0.977, p = 0.009. Both probands and relatives express interest in genetic testing, despite no link to current treatment or prevention.
Evaluation of the Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Seed and Nut Cakes from the Edible Oil Industry
Authors: Sarkis Júlia R. , Côrrea Ana Paula F. , Michel Iuri , Brandeli Adriano , Tessaro Isabel C. , Marczak Ligia D. F.
Published: August 2014

The objective of this work was to extract water‐soluble compounds from different seed and nut cakes under the same conditions and compare the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the cake extracts. Seed cakes of sunflower, pumpkin, flaxseed and defatted sesame, and nut cakes of almond, pecan, macadamia and hazelnut were used in the experiments. Extracts were obtained by solid–liquid extraction with a water/ethanol solution (20:80, v/v). Total phenolic content, flavonoids, flavan‐3‐ols and condensed tannins in the extracts were determined using spectrophotometric analysis. Antioxidant properties of the extracts were determined by the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging methods, and by determination of the reducing power and chelating activity. The extract from pecan nut cake presented the highest amounts of all compounds analyzed, followed by sunflower seed and hazelnut cake extracts. These samples also had the highest effects on the ABTS and DPPH radicals, as well as the uppermost reducing powers. The extracts from pecan nut and sunflower and sesame seeds were analyzed using HPLC and individual phenolics were further characterized.
The Burden of False-Positive Results in Analog and Digital Screening Mammography: Experience of the Nova Scotia Breast Screening Program
Authors: Payne Jennifer I. , Martin Tetyana , Caines Judy S. , Duggan Ryan
Published: August 2014

Purpose

The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care released recommendations for breast cancer screening, in part, based on harms associated with screening. The purpose of this study was to describe the rate of false-positive (FP) screening mammograms and to describe the extent of the investigations after an FP.

Methods

A cohort was identified that consisted of all screening mammograms performed through the Screening Program (2000-2011) with patients ages 40-69 years at screening. Rates of FP screening mammograms were calculated as well as rates of further investigations required, including additional imaging, needle core biopsy, and surgery. Analyses were stratified by 10-year age group, screening status (first vs rescreen), and technology.

Results

A total of 608,088 screening mammograms were included. The FP rate varied by age group, and decreased with increasing age (digital, 40-49 years old, FP = 8.0%; 50-59 years old, FP = 6.3%; 60-69 years old, FP = 4.6%). The FP rate also varied by screening status (digital, first screen, FP = 12.0%; rescreen, FP = 5.6%), and this difference was consistent across age groups. The need for further investigation varied by age group, with invasive procedures being more heavily used as women age (digital, rescreen group, surgery: 40-49 years old, 1.1%; 50-59 years old 1.6%, 60-69 years old, 1.8%).

Conclusions

Both the FP screening mammogram rate and the degree to which further investigation was required varied by age group and screening status. Reporting on these rates should form part of the evaluation of screening performance.
A bill of rights for patients with obstetric fistula
Authors: Wall L. Lewis
Published: August 2014

According to the seven categories of vulnerability proposed by Kipnis (cognitive, juridical, deferential, medical, allocational, social, and infrastructural), and the four generally accepted principles of biomedical ethics (respect, beneficence, non‐maleficence, and fairness), women with obstetric fistulas are an exceptionally vulnerable population. Therefore, they merit special consideration in both clinical care and research settings. Adoption of a formal bill of rights for patients with fistula similar to the one proposed in the present report should be encouraged at all facilities where these women are treated. Acknowledgment of their rights would help to improve their care and end the abuses they are exposed to in institutional settings.
Complex chromosomal rearrangements in couples affected by recurrent spontaneous abortion
Authors: Nonaka Taro , Ooki Izumi , Enomoto Takayuki , Takakuwa Koichi
Published: August 2014

Objective

To determine the proportion of couples affected by recurrent spontaneous abortion in which one partner carries balanced translocations among three chromosomes.

Methods

In a retrospective study, G‐banded chromosome complements were analyzed for couples affected by recurrent spontaneous abortion who were referred to Niigata University Hospital, Japan, between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2011. The frequency of couples in whom one of the partners carried balanced translocations among three chromosomes was determined, and the clinical outcomes for affected couples who subsequently achieved term pregnancies were reviewed.

Results

Of 1415 couples with recurrent spontaneous abortion during the study period, there were two (0.1%) in which one of the partners (the woman in both cases) carried balanced translocations among three chromosomes. Both couples achieved a subsequent pregnancy that continued successfully and resulted in a phenotypically normal neonate.

Conclusion

The frequency of balanced translocations among three chromosomes was estimated to be approximately 0.1% in a population affected by recurrent spontaneous abortion. With appropriate treatment based on careful examinations, affected couples can go on to achieve a successful pregnancy outcome.
Integrated miRNA and mRNA profiling of tumor‐educated macrophages identifies prognostic subgroups in estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer
Authors: Bleckmann Annalen , Leha Andreas , Artmann Stephan , Menck Kerstin , Salinas-Riester Gabriela , Binder Claudia , Pukrop Tobias , Beissbarth Tim , Klemm Florian
Published: August 2014

Introduction

Various studies have identified aberrantly expressed miRNAs in breast cancer and demonstrated an association between distinct miRNAs and malignant progression as well as metastasis. Even though tumor‐associated macrophages (TAM) are known mediators of these processes, little is known regarding their miRNA expression upon education by malignant cells in vivo.

Methods

We profiled miRNA and mRNA expression of in vitro tumor‐educated macrophages (TEM) by indirectly co‐culturing with estrogen‐receptor‐positive (ER+) MCF‐7 breast cancer cells. The prognostic power of the resulting miRNA list was investigated in primary breast cancer datasets and compared to other signatures. Furthermore, miRNA expression levels were correlated to mRNA expression of macrophage markers and the impact on prognosis was assessed.

Results

Through the evaluation of the group effects between differentially‐expressed miRNAs and their target mRNAs in TEM, the power of detecting regulated miRNAs was greatly increased. The resulting list of 96 miRNAs predicts disease‐free survival (DFS) in external datasets of ER+ breast cancer patients and performs well in comparison with other miRNA signatures. Clustering with the predefined miRNA list revealed a significant difference in survival between the two resulting patient groups. Furthermore, an optimized miRNA list, based on correlations with macrophages markers, proved even more capable at identifying patient clusters significantly differing in DFS.

Conclusions

In vitro profiling of TEM and subsequent bioinformatic verification identified miRNAs with a high prognostic power for DFS when transferred into the clinical setting of primary breast cancer. The resulting miRNAs not only verify previously established findings but also lead to new prognostic markers. Furthermore, our data suggest that TAM contribute to the total miRNA expression profile of ER + breast cancers.
Paralympic Classification: Conceptual Basis, Current Methods, and Research Update
Authors: Tweedy Sean M. , Beckman Emma M. , Connick Mark J.
Published: August 2014

Paralympic classification systems aim to promote participation in sport by people with disabilities by controlling for the impact of impairment on the outcome of competition. Valid systems of classification ensure that successful athletes are those who have the most advantageous combination of anthropometric, physiological, and/or psychological attributes, and who have enhanced them to the best effect. Classification systems that are not valid pose a significant threat to Paralympic sport and, therefore, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) has a Classification Code which includes policy commitment to the development of evidence‐based methods of classification. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of current best practice in classification for athletes with physical impairments, and to update research advances in the area. Currently, classification has 4 stages: (1) establish whether the athlete has a health condition that will lead to one or more of the 8 eligible types of physical impairment, (2) determine whether the athlete has an eligible impairment type, (3) determine whether the impairment is severe enough, and (4) determine in what class the athlete should compete. A sequential 4‐step process that outlines how to initiate and develop evidence‐based methods of classification is described: (1) specification of impairment types that are eligible for the sport; (2) development of valid measures of impairment(s); (3) development of standardized, sport‐specific measures of performance; and (4) assessment of the relative strength of association between measures of impairment and measures of performance. Of these, the development and reporting of valid measures of impairment is currently the most pressing scientific challenge in the development of evidence‐based methods of classification.
From the Paralympics to Public Health: Increasing Physical Activity Through Legislative and Policy Initiatives
Authors: Blauwet Cheri A. , Iezzoni Lisa I.
Published: August 2014

Individuals with disabilities experience a disproportionate rate of chronic disease and are more likely to lead sedentary lifestyles than the general population. Multiple complex factors likely contribute to these disparities, including structural, socioeconomic and attitudinal barriers that impede broad participation of individuals with disabilities in health and wellness promotion programs. Public health initiatives aimed at mitigating these health disparities emphasize improved access to physical activity and sports opportunities. Given its visibility, the Paralympic Movement provides an opportunity to transform how society conceptualizes the relationship of disability to physical fitness. The Paralympics also serve as a catalyst for public health education and program development. Already, public policies and governmental regulations are expanding grassroots sports opportunities for youth and adults with disabilities, thus promoting inclusive opportunities for participation in physical activity.
Clinical Characteristics of 385 Illnesses of Athletes With Impairment Reported on the WEB‐IISS System During the London 2012 Paralympic Games
Authors: Derman Wayne , Schwellnus Martin , Jordaan Esme
Published: August 2014

Background

Prevention of illness is important for a team physician. However, there are few studies that reported clinical aspects of illness of athletes with impairment.

Objective

To describe the clinical characteristics of the 385 illnesses reported on the a novel Web‐based electronic injury and illness capturing system (WEB‐IISS) during the London 2012 Paralympic Games.

Design

Part of a large prospective cohort study.

Setting

London 2012 Paralympic Games.

Participants

Team physicians of 78 delegations (3329 athletes over 14 days) used WEB‐IISS. Each day, information was recorded, which included daily team size and illness details, system affected, final diagnosis, type and onset of symptoms, training and/or competition days lost, and suspected cause.

Main Outcome Measurement

Incidence of illness (illness per 1000 athlete days).

Results

The incidence of illness in the cohort was 8.3 per 1000 (95% confidence interval, 7.5‐9.1) athlete days, and the percentage of athletes with an illness in this study was 9.2%. Respiratory system illnesses were the most common (39.4%), followed by the digestive system (15.8%), skin and subcutaneous system (11.8%), genitourinary system (8.8%), and nervous system (7.3%). Urinary tract illness was more common in athletes with spinal cord injury (22%) compared with the athletes with other impairments (0%‐5%). Skin and subcutaneous illness varied from 0%‐18% between impairment categories and was highest for athletes with spinal cord injury. Infections accounted for 40.8% of all illness and 19.5% of illness that resulted in a time loss of ≥1 day. In 34% of illnesses, symptoms were present for ≥1 day before being reported to the team physician.

Conclusion

The majority of illnesses affected the respiratory, gastrointestinal, skin and subcutaneous, and genitourinary systems, and were mostly infective in nature. The highest number of all illnesses, including skin and subcutaneous illnesses, and urinary tract illnesses, were of athletes with spinal cord injury. Although most illnesses were not time‐loss illnesses, 19.5% of illnesses resulted in ≥1 day lost. Team physicians should be aware that, in many cases of infection reported, the symptoms were already present the day before. A delay in reporting of symptoms >24 hours could have important clinical implications for athletes' medical care.
Adaptive Sports Technology and Biomechanics: Wheelchairs
Authors: Cooper Rory A. , De Luigi Arthur Jason
Published: August 2014

Wheelchair sports are an important tool in the rehabilitation of people with severe chronic disabilities and have been a driving force for innovation in technology and practice. In this paper, we will present an overview of the adaptive technology used in Paralympic sports with a special focus on wheeled technology and the impact of design on performance (defined as achieving the greatest level of athletic ability and minimizing the risk of injury). Many advances in manual wheelchairs trace their origins to wheelchair sports. Features of wheelchairs that were used for racing and basketball 25 or more years ago have become integral to the manual wheelchairs that people now use every day; moreover, the current components used on ultralight wheelchairs also have benefitted from technological advances developed for sports wheelchairs. For example, the wheels now used on chairs for daily mobility incorporate many of the components first developed for sports chairs. Also, advances in manufacturing and the availability of aerospace materials have driven current wheelchair design and manufacture. Basic principles of sports wheelchair design are universal across sports and include fit; minimizing weight while maintaining high stiffness; minimizing rolling resistance; and optimizing the sports‐specific design of the chair. However, a well‐designed and fitted wheelchair is not sufficient for optimal sports performance: the athlete must be well trained, skilled, and use effective biomechanics because wheelchair athletes face some unique biomechanical challenges.
The Role of Autonomic Function on Sport Performance in Athletes With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Krassioukov Andrei , West Christopher
Published: August 2014

Devastating paralysis, autonomic dysfunction, and abnormal cardiovascular control present significant hemodynamic challenges to individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), especially during exercise. In general, resting arterial pressure after SCI is lower than with able‐bodied individuals and is commonly associated with persistent orthostatic intolerance along with transient episodes of life‐threatening hypertension, known as “autonomic dysreflexia.” During exercise, the loss of central and reflexive cardiovascular control attenuates maximal heart rate and impairs blood pressure regulation and blood redistribution, which ultimately reduces venous return, stroke volume, and cardiac output. Thermoregulation also is severely compromised in high‐lesion SCI, a problem that is compounded when competing in hot and humid conditions. There is some evidence that enhancing venous return via lower body positive pressure or abdominal binding improves exercise performance, as do cooling strategies. Athletes with SCI also have been documented to self‐induce autonomic dysreflexia before competition with a view of increasing blood pressure and improving their performance, a technique known as “boosting.” For health safety reasons, boosting is officially banned by the International Paralympics Committee. This article addresses the complex issue of how the autonomic nervous system affects sports performance in athletes with SCI, with a specific focus on the potential debilitating effects of deranged cardiovascular control.
Descriptive Epidemiology of Paralympic Sports Injuries
Authors: Webborn Nick , Emery Carolyn
Published: August 2014

Paralympic sports have seen an exponential increase in participation since 16 patients took part in the first Stoke Mandeville Games on the opening day of the 1948 London Olympic Games. More than 4,000 athletes took part in the London 2012 Paralympic Games. Few sporting events have seen such rapid evolution. This rapid pace of change also has meant challenges for understanding the injury risks of participation, not only because of the variety of sports, impairment types, the evolution of adapted equipment but also because of the inclusion of additional impairment types and development of new sports over time. Early studies were limited in scope but patterns of injuries are slowly emerging within Winter and Summer Paralympic sports. The IPC's London 2012 study is the largest to date with a prospective cohort study involving 49,910 athlete‐days. The results identified large differences across sports and highlighted the need for longitudinal sport specific studies rather than solely games‐time studies. This will require collaboration with international sports federations to examine injury patterns and risk factors for injury in this population to appropriately inform injury prevention strategies. Further studies will also need to address the impact of sporting participation, injury, and future health.
Adaptive Sports Technology and Biomechanics: Prosthetics
Authors: De Luigi Arthur Jason , Cooper Rory A.
Published: August 2014

With the technologic advances in medicine and an emphasis on maintaining physical fitness, the population of athletes with impairments is growing. It is incumbent upon health care practitioners to make every effort to inform these individuals of growing and diverse opportunities and to encourage safe exercise and athletic participation through counseling and education. Given the opportunities for participation in sports for persons with a limb deficiency, the demand for new, innovative prosthetic designs is challenging the clinical and technical expertise of the physician and prosthetist. When generating a prosthetic prescription, physicians and prosthetists should consider the needs and preferences of the athlete with limb deficiency, as well as the functional demands of the chosen sporting activity. The intent of this article is to provide information regarding the current advancements in the adaptive sports technology and biomechanics in the field of prosthetics, and to assist clinicians and their patients in facilitating participation in sporting activities.