bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Approximation of functions by a class of Durrmeyer–Stancu type operators which includes Euler’s beta function
Authors: Alotaibi Abdullah , Özger Faruk , Mohiuddine S. A. , Alghamdi Mohammed A.
Published: January 2021

In this work, we construct the genuine Durrmeyer–Stancu type operators depending on parameterαin$[0,1]$[0,1]as well as$\rho >0$ρ>0and study some useful basic properties of the operators. We also obtain Grüss–Voronovskaja and quantitative Voronovskaja types approximation theorems for the aforesaid operators. Further, we present numerical and geometrical approaches to illustrate the significance of our new operators.
Dynamical system of the growth of COVID-19 with controller
Authors: Ibrahim Rabha W. , Altulea Dania , Elobaid Rafida M.
Published: January 2021

Recently, various studied were presented to describe the population dynamic of covid-19. In this effort, we aim to introduce a different vitalization of the growth by using a controller term. Our method is based on the concept of conformable calculus, which involves this term. We investigate a system of coupled differential equations, which contains the dynamics of the diffusion among infected and asymptomatic characters. Strong control is considered due to the social separation. The result is consequently associated with a macroscopic law for the population. This dynamic system is useful to recognize the behavior of the growth rate of the infection and to confirm if its control is correctly functioning. A unique solution is studied under self-mapping properties. The periodicity of the solution is examined by using integral control and the optimal control is discussed in the sequel.
Existence results for a coupled system of Caputo type fractional integro-differential equations with multi-point and sub-strip boundary conditions
Authors: Alsaedi Ahmed , Albideewi Amjad F. , Ntouyas Sotiris K. , Ahmad Bashir
Published: January 2021

This paper is concerned with the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a coupled system of Liouville–Caputo type fractional integro-differential equations with multi-point and sub-strip boundary conditions. The fractional integro-differential equations involve Caputo derivative operators of different orders and finitely many Riemann–Liouville fractional integral and non-integral type nonlinearities. The boundary conditions at the terminal position$t=1$t=1involve sub-strips and multi-point contributions. The Banach fixed point theorem and the Leray–Schauder alternative are used to establish our results. The obtained results are illustrated with the aid of examples.
A new efficient technique for solving modified Chua’s circuit model with a new fractional operator
Authors: De la Sen Manuel , Deniz Sinan , Sözen Hasan
Published: January 2021

Chua’s circuit is an electronic circuit that exhibits nonlinear dynamics. In this paper, a new model for Chua’s circuit is obtained by transforming the classical model of Chua’s circuit into novel forms of various fractional derivatives. The new obtained system is then named fractional Chua’s circuit model. The modified system is then analyzed by the optimal perturbation iteration method. Illustrations are given to show the applicability of the algorithms, and effective graphics are sketched for comparison purposes of the newly introduced fractional operators.
Fuzzy stochastic differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motion
Authors: Jafari Hossein , Malinowski Marek T. , Ebadi M. J.
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we consider fuzzy stochastic differential equations (FSDEs) driven by fractional Brownian motion (fBm). These equations can be applied in hybrid real-world systems, including randomness, fuzziness and long-range dependence. Under some assumptions on the coefficients, we follow an approximation method to the fractional stochastic integral to study the existence and uniqueness of the solutions. As an example, in financial models, we obtain the solution for an equation with linear coefficients.
Convergence analysis of gradient-based iterative algorithms for a class of rectangular Sylvester matrix equations based on Banach contraction principle
Authors: Kittisopaporn Adisorn , Chansangiam Pattrawut , Lewkeeratiyutkul Wicharn
Published: January 2021

We derive an iterative procedure for solving a generalized Sylvester matrix equation$AXB+CXD = E$AXB+CXD=E, where$A,B,C,D,E$A,B,C,D,Eare conforming rectangular matrices. Our algorithm is based on gradients and hierarchical identification principle. We convert the matrix iteration process to a first-order linear difference vector equation with matrix coefficient. The Banach contraction principle reveals that the sequence of approximated solutions converges to the exact solution for any initial matrix if and only if the convergence factor belongs to an open interval. The contraction principle also gives the convergence rate and the error analysis, governed by the spectral radius of the associated iteration matrix. We obtain the fastest convergence factor so that the spectral radius of the iteration matrix is minimized. In particular, we obtain iterative algorithms for the matrix equation$AXB=C$AXB=C, the Sylvester equation, and the Kalman–Yakubovich equation. We give numerical experiments of the proposed algorithm to illustrate its applicability, effectiveness, and efficiency.
On a two-dimensional fractional thermoelastic system with nonlocal constraints describing a fractional Kirchhoff plate
Authors: Mesloub Said , Aldosari Faten
Published: January 2021

We show herein the existence and uniqueness of solutions for coupled fractional order partial differential equations modeling a thermoelastic fractional Kirchhoff plate model associated with initial, Dirichlet, and nonlocal boundary conditions involving fractional Caputo derivative. Some efficient results of existence and uniqueness are obtained by employing the energy inequality method.
Stable weak solutions to weighted Kirchhoff equations of Lane–Emden type
Authors: Wei Yunfeng , Yang Hongwei , Yu Hongwang
Published: January 2021

This paper is concerned with the Liouville type theorem for stable weak solutions to the following weighted Kirchhoff equations: $$\begin{aligned}& -M \biggl( \int_{\mathbb{R}^{N}}\xi(z) \vert \nabla_{G}u \vert ^{2}\,dz \biggr){ \operatorname{div}}_{G} \bigl(\xi(z) \nabla_{G}u \bigr) \\& \quad=\eta(z) \vert u \vert ^{p-1}u,\quad z=(x,y) \in \mathbb{R}^{N}=\mathbb{R}^{N_{1}}\times\mathbb{R}^{N_{2}}, \end{aligned}$$

−
M

(

∫

R
N

ξ
(
z
)
|

∇
G

u

|
2

d
z
)

div
G

(
ξ
(
z
)

∇
G

u
)

=
η
(
z
)
|
u

|

p
−
1

u
,

z
=
(
x
,
y
)
∈

R
N

=

R

N
1

×

R

N
2

,

where $M(t)=a+bt^{k}$
M
(
t
)
=
a
+
b

t
k

, $t\geq0$
t
≥
0
, with $a,b,k\geq0$
a
,
b
,
k
≥
0
, $a+b>0$
a
+
b
>
0
, $k=0$
k
=
0
if and only if $b=0$
b
=
0
. Let $N=N_{1}+N_{2}\geq2$
N
=

N
1

+

N
2

≥
2
, $p>1+2k$
p
>
1
+
2
k
and $\xi(z),\eta(z)\in L^{1}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{R}^{N})\setminus\{ 0\}$
ξ
(
z
)
,
η
(
z
)
∈

L
loc
1

(

R
N

)
∖
{
0
}
be nonnegative functions such that $\xi(z)\leq C\|z\|_{G}^{\theta}$
ξ
(
z
)
≤
C

∥
z
∥

G
θ

and $\eta(z)\geq C'\|z\|_{G}^{d}$
η
(
z
)
≥

C
′

∥
z
∥

G
d

for large $\|z\|_{G}$

∥
z
∥

G

with $d>\theta-2$
d
>
θ
−
2
. Here $\alpha\geq0$
α
≥
0
and $\|z\|_{G}=(|x|^{2(1+\alpha)}+|y|^{2})^{\frac{1}{2(1+\alpha)}}$

∥
z
∥

G

=

(

|
x
|

2
(
1
+
α
)

+

|
y
|

2

)

1

2
(
1
+
α
)

. $\operatorname{div}_{G}$

div
G

(resp., $\nabla_{G}$

∇
G

) is Grushin divergence (resp., Grushin gradient). Under some appropriate assumptions on k, θ, d, and $N_{\alpha}=N_{1}+(1+\alpha)N_{2}$

N
α

=

N
1

+
(
1
+
α
)

N
2

, the nonexistence of stable weak solutions to the problem is obtained. A distinguished feature of this paper is that the Kirchhoff function M could be zero, which implies that the above problem is degenerate.
Dynamics of a class of host–parasitoid models with external stocking upon parasitoids
Authors: Bektešević Jasmin , Hadžiabdić Vahidin , Kalabušić Senada , Mehuljić Midhat , Pilav Esmir
Published: January 2021

This paper is motivated by the series of research papers that consider parasitoids’ external input upon the host–parasitoid interactions. We explore a class of host–parasitoid models with variable release and constant release of parasitoids. We assume that the host population has a constant rate of increase, but we do not assume any density dependence regulation other than parasitism acting on the host population. We compare the obtained results for constant stocking with the results for proportional stocking. We observe that under a specific condition, the release of a constant number of parasitoids can eventually drive the host population (pests) to extinction. There is always a boundary equilibrium where the host population extinct occurs, and the parasitoid population is stabilized at the constant stocking level. The constant and variable stocking can decrease the host population level in the unique interior equilibrium point; on the other hand, the parasitoid population level stays constant and does not depend on stocking. We prove the existence of Neimark–Sacker bifurcation and compute the approximation of the closed invariant curve. Then we consider a few host–parasitoid models with proportional and constant stocking, where we choose well-known probability functions of parasitism. By using the software package Mathematica we provide numerical simulations to support our study.
On fractional boundary value problems involving fractional derivatives with Mittag-Leffler kernel and nonlinear integral conditions
Authors: Abdo Mohammed S. , Abdeljawad Thabet , Ali Saeed M. , Shah Kamal
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we consider two classes of boundary value problems for nonlinear implicit differential equations with nonlinear integral conditions involving Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo fractional derivatives of orders$0<\vartheta \leq 1$0<ϑ≤1and$1<\vartheta \leq 2$1<ϑ≤2. We structure the equivalent fractional integral equations of the proposed problems. Further, the existence and uniqueness theorems are proved with the aid of fixed point theorems of Krasnoselskii and Banach. Lastly, the paper includes pertinent examples to justify the validity of the results.
Preparing previously COVID-19-positive patients for elective surgery: a framework for preoperative evaluation
Authors: Bui Naomi , Coetzer Mareli , Schenning Katie J. , O’Glasser Avital Y.
Published: January 2021

The preoperative evaluation and risk assessment has always been a critical aspect of safe surgical practice, and in the midst of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, it has become even more crucial to patient safety. Emerging data show that surgical procedures in patients who test positive for coronavirus disease (COVID) are associated with worse clinical outcomes and increased postoperative complications and mortality. In addition to personal protective equipment (PPE) management, isolation protocols, preoperative SARS-CoV-2 screening, and steps to ensure clinician safety, determining how to deem patients who have recovered from COVID-19 safe to proceed is an added challenge. We present a preoperative protocol for evaluation of previously COVID-positive patients for elective surgery.
Plasmodium—a brief introduction to the parasites causing human malaria and their basic biology
Authors: Sato Shigeharu
Published: January 2021

Malaria is one of the most devastating infectious diseases of humans. It is problematic clinically and economically as it prevails in poorer countries and regions, strongly hindering socioeconomic development. The causative agents of malaria are unicellular protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These parasites infect not only humans but also other vertebrates, from reptiles and birds to mammals. To date, over 200 species of Plasmodium have been formally described, and each species infects a certain range of hosts. Plasmodium species that naturally infect humans and cause malaria in large areas of the world are limited to five—P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi. The first four are specific for humans, while P. knowlesi is naturally maintained in macaque monkeys and causes zoonotic malaria widely in South East Asia. Transmission of Plasmodium species between vertebrate hosts depends on an insect vector, which is usually the mosquito. The vector is not just a carrier but the definitive host, where sexual reproduction of Plasmodium species occurs, and the parasite’s development in the insect is essential for transmission to the next vertebrate host. The range of insect species that can support the critical development of Plasmodium depends on the individual parasite species, but all five Plasmodium species causing malaria in humans are transmitted exclusively by anopheline mosquitoes. Plasmodium species have remarkable genetic flexibility which lets them adapt to alterations in the environment, giving them the potential to quickly develop resistance to therapeutics such as antimalarials and to change host specificity. In this article, selected topics involving the Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans are reviewed.
Progress in ileal endogenous amino acid flow research in poultry
Authors: Ravindran V.
Published: January 2021

The progress in our understanding of the endogenous protein concept over the past century is reviewed. Non-dietary proteins found in the digesta at the terminal ileum of poultry, known as endogenous protein loss, are comprised of digestive secretions, mucus and sloughed gut epithelial cells. The measurement of this loss is of fundamental importance because it is an indicator of gut metabolism and is essential to adjust apparent estimates of ileal amino acid digestibility. The ileal endogenous amino acid losses comprise of two components, namely basal and specific losses. The basal losses are fixed and associated with feed dry matter intake, whereas the specific losses are variable and induced by the presence of dietary components such as fibre and anti-nutrients. Currently there is no methodology available to directly measure the specific endogenous losses and these losses are calculated by determining the basal and total (basal plus specific) losses and, then subtracting the basal losses from total losses. The seminal features, specific applications and shortcomings of available methodologies are briefly outlined as well as the practical challenges faced in using the published endogenous amino acid loss values for true digestibility corrections. The relevance of taurine as a component of endogenous protein flow in poultry is identified for the first time.
Technologies for the automated collection of heat stress data in sheep
Authors: Lewis Baida Bobbie E. , Swinbourne Alyce M. , Barwick Jamie , Leu Stephan T. , van Wettere William H. E. J.
Published: January 2021

The automated collection of phenotypic measurements in livestock is becoming increasingly important to both researchers and farmers. The capacity to non-invasively collect real-time data, provides the opportunity to better understand livestock behaviour and physiology and improve animal management decisions. Current climate models project that temperatures will increase across the world, influencing both local and global agriculture. Sheep that are exposed to high ambient temperatures experience heat stress and their physiology, reproductive function and performance are compromised. Body temperature is a reliable measure of heat stress and hence a good indicator of an animals’ health and well-being. Non-invasive temperature-sensing technologies have made substantial progress over the past decade. Here, we review the different technologies available and assess their suitability for inferring ovine heat stress. Specifically, the use of indwelling probes, intra-ruminal bolus insertion, thermal imaging and implantable devices are investigated. We further evaluate the capacity of behavioural tracking technology, such as global positioning systems, to identify heat stressed individuals based on the exhibition of specific behaviours. Although there are challenges associated with using real-time thermosensing data to make informed management decisions, these technologies provide new opportunities to manage heat stress in sheep. In order to obtain accurate real-time information of individual animals and facilitate prompt intervention, data collection should be entirely automated. Additionally, for accurate interpretation on-farm, the development of software which can effectively collect, manage and integrate data for sheep producer’s needs to be prioritised. Lastly, understanding known physiological thresholds will allow farmers to determine individual heat stress risk and facilitate early intervention to reduce the effects in both current and subsequent generations.
Cancer-associated adipocytes as immunomodulators in cancer
Authors: Wu Qi , Li Bei , Li Juanjuan , Sun Si , Yuan Jingping , Sun Shengrong
Published: January 2021

Cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs), as a main component of the tumor-adipose microenvironment (TAME), have various functions, including remodeling the extracellular matrix and interacting with tumor cells or infiltrated leukocytes through a variety of mutual signals. Here, we summarize the primary interplay among CAAs, the immune response and cancer with a focus on the mechanistic aspects of these relationships. Finally, unifying our understanding of CAAs with the immune cell function may be an effective method to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapeutic and conventional treatments.
Sleep stage classification using extreme learning machine and particle swarm optimization for healthcare big data
Authors: Surantha Nico , Lesmana Tri Fennia , Isa Sani Muhamad
Published: January 2021

Recent developments of portable sensor devices, cloud computing, and machine learning algorithms have led to the emergence of big data analytics in healthcare. The condition of the human body, e.g. the ECG signal, can be monitored regularly by means of a portable sensor device. The use of the machine learning algorithm would then provide an overview of a patient’s current health on a regular basis compared to a medical doctor’s diagnosis that can only be made during a hospital visit. This work aimed to develop an accurate model for classifying sleep stages by features of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) extracted from Electrocardiogram (ECG). The sleep stages classification can be utilized to predict the sleep stages proportion. Where sleep stages proportion information can provide an insight of human sleep quality. The integration of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was utilized for selecting features and determining the number of hidden nodes. The results were compared to Support Vector Machine (SVM) and ELM methods which are lower than the integration of ELM with PSO. The results of accuracy tests for the combined ELM and PSO were 62.66%, 71.52%, 76.77%, and 82.1% respectively for 6, 4, 3, and 2 classes. To sum up, the classification accuracy can be improved by deploying PSO algorithm for feature selection.
Paclobutrazol as a plant growth regulator
Authors: Desta Bizuayehu , Amare Getachew
Published: January 2021

Plant growth regulators are chemical substances which govern all the factors of development and growth within plants. The application of plant growth regulators to crops modifies hormonal balance and growth leading to increased yield, enhanced crop tolerance against abiotic stress and improved physiological trait of crops. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) [(2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)- 4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1, 2, 4-trizol-1-yl)-pentan-3-ol], is one of the members of triazole family having growth regulating property. The growth regulating properties of PBZ are mediated by changes in the levels of important plant hormones including the gibberellins (GAs), abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokinins (CK). PBZ affects the isoprenoid pathway, and alters the levels of plant hormones by inhibiting gibberellin synthesis and increasing cytokinins level and consequent reduction in stem elongation. When gibberellins synthesis is inhibited, more precursors in the terpenoid pathway accumulate and that resulted in the production of abscisic acid. PBZ is more effective when applied to the growing media and application on the growing medium would give longer absorption time and more absorption of active ingredient than foliar spray. The application of PBZ to crops is important in reducing plant height to prevent lodging and in increasing number and weight of fruits per tree, in improving the fruit quality in terms of increases in carbohydrates, TSS, TSS/TA and decreases acidity. It further reduces evapo-transpiration and decreases plant moisture stress by enhancing the relative water content of leaf area and develops resistance in the plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, it acts as highly active systemic fungicide and used against several economically important fungal diseases. In this review, the current knowledge and possible applications of PBZ, which can be used to improve the growth, yield and quality of crops, have been reviewed and discussed. The role of PBZ to mitigate the harmful effects of environmental stresses in crops is also examined. Moreover, various biochemical and physiological processes leading to improved crop production under the effect of PBZ are discoursed in detail.
Wheat gluten hydrolysates promotes fermentation performance of brewer’s yeast in very high gravity worts
Authors: Yang Huirong , Coldea Teodora Emilia , Zeng Yingjie , Zhao Haifeng
Published: January 2021

The effects of wheat gluten hydrolysates (WGH) and their ethanol elution fractions obtained on XAD-16 resin on physiological activity and fermentation performance of brewer’s yeast during very-high-gravity (VHG) worts fermentation were investigated. The results showed that the addition of WGH and their elution fractions in VHG worts significantly enhanced yeast biomass and viability, and further increased the fermentability, ethanol yield and productivity of yeast. Supplementation with 40% ethanol fraction exhibited the highest biomass (6.9 g/L dry cell), cell viability, fermentability (82.05%), ethanol titer (12.19%, v/v) and ethanol productivity during VHG worts fermentation. In addition, 40% ethanol fraction supplementation also caused the most consumption of amino acid and the highest accumulation of intracellular glycerol and trehalose, 15.39% of increase in cell-membrane integrity, 39.61% of enhancement in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and 18.94% of reduction in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in yeast under VHG conditions. Therefore, WGH supplementation was an efficient method to improve fermentation performance of brewer’s yeast during VHG worts.
Case report: necrotizing enterocolitis with a transverse colonic perforation in a 2-day old term neonate and literature review
Authors: Hudson Jo-Anna , Byrns Simon , Nizalik Elizabeth , Ferretti Emanuela
Published: January 2021

Background

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), while classically discussed in preterm and low birth weight neonates, also occurs in the term infant and accounts for 10% of all NEC cases. Despite there being fewer reported cases of NEC in term infants, these presentations demonstrate differences in the onset, severity and risk factors from the classic presentation observed in premature infants. We present a novel case of term NEC that contravenes the reported literature making departures from clinical presentation, risk factors and location of perforation in an otherwise healthy term two-day old infant born after an uncomplicated pregnancy who presented with hematochezia.

Case presentation

A healthy term baby born after an uneventful pregnancy presented with bloody stool at 2 days of life who was otherwise well. Investigations revealed pneumoperitoneum from a large proximal transverse colonic perforation secondary to NEC. No typical risk factors for NEC were found.

Conclusion

Given the life-threatening potential of an unrecognized perforation we recommend the inclusion of NEC on the differential for neonatal hematochezia.
Doping practices in international weightlifting: analysis of sanctioned athletes/support personnel from 2008 to 2019 and retesting of samples from the 2008 and 2012 Olympic Games
Authors: Kolliari-Turner Alexander , Oliver Brian , Lima Giscard , Mills John P. , Wang Guan , Pitsiladis Yannis , Guppy Fergus M.
Published: January 2021

Background

The pervasiveness of doping and findings of anti-doping corruption threaten weightlifting’s position at the 2024 Olympic Games. Analysing the practices of doping in weightlifters could identify patterns in doping that assist in future detection.

Methods

We analysed publicly available data on sanctioned athletes/support personnel from the International Weightlifting Federation between 2008 and 2019 and announced retrospective Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRVs) from the 2008 and 2012 Olympic Games.

Results

There were 565 sanctions between 2008 and 2019 of which 82% related to the detection of exogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) metabolites and markers indicating endogenous AAS usage. The detection of exogenous AAS metabolites, markers of endogenous AAS usage and other substance metabolites varied by IWF Continental Federation (p ≤ 0.05) with Europe (74%, 11%, 15%) and Asia (70%, 15%, 15%) showing a higher detection of exogenous AAS compared to Pan America (37%, 30%, 33%) and Africa (50%, 17%, 33%). When looking at the 10 most detected substances, the nations with the highest number of sanctions (range 17–35) all had at least one overrepresented substance that accounted for 38–60% of all detected substances. The targeted re-analysis of samples from the 2008 and 2012 Olympic Games due to the discovery of long-term metabolites for exogenous AAS resulted in 61 weightlifters producing retrospective ADRVs. This includes 34 original medallists (9 gold, 10 silver and 15 bronze), the highest of any sport identified by Olympic Games sample re-testing. The exogenous AAS dehydrochloromethyltestosterone and stanozolol accounted for 83% of detected substances and were present in 95% of these samples.

Conclusion

Based on these findings of regional differences in doping practices, weightlifting would benefit from the targeted testing of certain regions and continuing investment in long-term sample storage as the sensitivity and specificity of detection continues to improve.
Laparoscopic treatment of isolated superficial peritoneal endometriosis for managing chronic pelvic pain in women: study protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial (ESPriT1)
Authors: Whitaker Lucy H. R. , Doust Ann , Stephen Jacqueline , Norrie John , Cooper Kevin , Daniels Jane , Hummelshoj Lone , Cox Emma , Beatty Laura , Chien Patrick , Madhra Mayank , Vincent Katy , Horne Andrew W.
Published: January 2021

Background

Endometriosis (where endometrial-like tissue is found outside the uterus) affects ~ 176 million women worldwide and can lead to debilitating pelvic pain. Three subtypes of endometriosis exist, with ~ 80% of women having superficial peritoneal endometriosis (SPE). Endometriosis is diagnosed by laparoscopy and, if SPE is found, gynaecologists usually remove it surgically. However, many women get limited pain relief from surgical removal of SPE. We plan to undertake a future large trial where women who have only SPE found at initial laparoscopy are randomly allocated to have surgical removal (excision or ablation) of SPE, or not. Ultimately, we want to determine whether surgical removal improves overall symptoms and quality of life, or whether surgery is of no benefit, exacerbates symptoms, or even causes harm. The primary objective of this feasibility study is to determine what proportion of women with suspected SPE undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy will agree to randomisation. The secondary objectives are to determine if there are differences in key prognostic parameters between eligible women that agree to be randomised and those that decline; how many women having laparoscopy for investigation of chronic pelvic pain are eligible for the trial; the range of treatment effects and variability in outcomes and the most acceptable methods of recruitment, randomisation and assessment tools.

Methods

We will recruit up to 90 women with suspected SPE undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy over a 9-month recruitment period in four Scottish hospitals and randomise them 1:1 to either diagnostic laparoscopy alone (with a sham port to achieve blinding of the allocation) or surgical removal of endometriosis. Baseline characteristics, e.g. age, index of social deprivation, ethnicity, and intensity/duration of pain will be collected. Participants will be followed up by online questionnaires assessing pain, physical and emotional function at baseline, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months.

Discussion

Recruitment to a randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of surgery for endometriosis may be challenging because of preconceived ideas about treatment success amongst patients and clinicians. We have designed this study to assess feasibility of recruitment and to inform the design of our future definitive trial.

Trial registration

ClincicalTrials.gov, NCT04081532

Status

Recruiting
Implementation and validation of an in-house combined fluorescein/media-fill test to qualify radiopharmacy operators
Authors: Fersing Cyril , Deshayes Emmanuel , Langlet Sarah , Calas Laurence , Lisowski Vincent , Kotzki Pierre Olivier
Published: January 2021

Background

The purpose of this work was to design, validate and implement a media-fill test combined with fluorescein (MFT-F) for the specific qualification and training of radiopharmacy operators, in accordance with United States Pharmacopeia General Chapter 797 and European Good Manufacturing Practices. MFT-F was embedded in the quality management system of our radiopharmacy unit. Its validation involved fluorescein concentration choice, media growth promotion test and evaluation protocol controls (with or without intentional aseptic mistakes). Each operator was evaluated following a three-part evaluation form. Evaluation criteria related to garbing and hygiene, fluorescent contamination and bacteriological contamination (pre- and post-evaluation environment controls and MFT-F samples). Combined MFT-F allowed the assessment of aseptic compounding skills and non-contamination of the working area through a single evaluation. It was also designed to fit the constraints of radiopharmacy common practice related to radiation protection equipment and to the small volumes handled.

Results

A 0.01% fluorescein concentration was chosen to prepare MFT-F. Addition of fluorescein in the culture medium did not jeopardize its growth properties according to growth promotion test. Eleven operators were evaluated and carried out 3 MFT-F over 3 successive days. Pre- and post-evaluation bacteriological controls of every session showed no CFU of microbiological contaminant above 5. All operators validated the garbing and hygiene evaluation, with an average score of 92.7%. All operators validated the fluorescent contamination evaluation, with an average score of 29.4 out of 30. None of the MFT-F samples showed any visible bacterial growth after incubation.

Conclusions

Combined MFT-F, as a part of a comprehensive sterile compounding training program, appeared as a convenient and promising tool to increase both the sterile compounding safety and awareness of radioactive contamination in radiopharmacy.
Native isolates of Trichoderma as bio-suppressants against sheath blight and stem rot pathogens of rice
Authors: Chinnaswami Kannan , Mishra Divya , Miriyala Anila , Vellaichamy Prakasam , Kurubar Basavaraj , Gompa Jasudasu , Madamsetty Srinivas Prasad , Raman Meenakshi Sundaram
Published: January 2021

Background

Species belonging to the genus Trichoderma are considered as one of the most potential biocontrol agents which can be readily collected from soil and found effective against various fungal and bacterial diseases. In rice-growing areas, the major fungal pathogens affecting rice production include Rhizoctonia solani causing sheath blight and Sclerotium oryzae causing stem rot disease of rice. Due to the lack of resistant varieties and detrimental effects of chemicals, biocontrol gives a good opportunity to manage the diseases efficiently in a sustainable manner.

Main body

Trichoderma spp. from native rice rhizosphere soil were examined for their antagonistic efficiency to supress the two soil-borne rice pathogens, viz., R. solani and S. oryzae. Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterisation of the isolates led to the identification of species as T. asperellum. The isolates of Trichoderma spp. were found to be positive to IAA release and phosphate solubilisation and were screened against R. solani and S. oryzae in vitro and in vivo in pots under glass house conditions. Regression analysis indicated a positive correlation between the amount of chlamydospores produced by T. asperellum and their antagonistic potential against the two pathogens. Exposure to external stimuli, viz., light, injury and nitrogen sources in culture media triggered increased conidiation in Trichoderma isolates. Among the four isolates studied, Trichoderma asperellum IIRRCK1 (TAIK-1) was found to be the most effective in improving plant growth in rice and highly antagonistic against R. solani and S. oryzae. Sorghum grain was found to be the most suitable among different organic substrates studied to provide better growth and viability of TAIK-1 and improved the efficiency of the seed treatment and soil application. External stimuli in the form of near UV blue light, mechanical injury to the colonies and nitrogen source added to the culture media help in faster conidiation of Trichoderma.

Conclusion

Strain TAIK-1 showed strong competitive and antagonistic activities against fungal soil-borne pathogens, in addition with promoting healthy growth and development of rice plants. This can be a suitable and safe alternative to chemical management in the rice fields for long-term scenario.
Shaping of sustainable citizenship among young people of Kulhudhuffushi, Maldives and Hamilton, New Zealand: context, conditions and experiences
Authors: Jaufar Shaaliny
Published: January 2021

Background

Engagement of young people is essential for achieving sustainable outcomes both locally and in the global context. Democratic processes appear to be the most facilitative mechanism to hold governments to account with governments becoming more receptive to pro-environmental policies when there is input from citizens to do so. While there is concern about a general lack of participation in traditional forms of political processes, particularly among young people, there are those who are carving a space for themselves as active citizens within a system that is often times contradictory to their lives. In this context, this paper looks at the lived experiences of a small sample of active young people in Kulhudhuffushi island of Maldives and Hamilton, New Zealand to examine the contexts and conditions that lead to and sustain these forms of sustainable citizenship.

Results

In-depth interviews conducted with young people in both locations found similarities within both groups in terms of motivating factors, knowledge and support networks, lifestyle practices, and conceptualisations of citizenship. Early exposure to natural environments, role models and participation in actions and networks helped to create active citizenship, while lack of conducive spaces and cultural attitudes impeded activism.

Conclusion

The results show that providing opportunities for early interactions with nature, and participation in actions and activist networks is vital for fostering and sustaining active citizenship. Additionally local and national groups and institutions need to facilitate spaces conducive for organising and alternative narratives, as well as promoting a counter culture to the current carbon heavy system. The findings contribute to literature on listening to youth voices in environmental and climate activism.
SARS-CoV-2 and the reproductive system: known and the unknown..!!
Authors: Sharma Indu , Kumari Priti , Sharma Anuradha , Saha Subhas Chandra
Published: January 2021

Background

COVID-19 is the most recent zoonotic outbreak of coronaviruses. Mostly, it invades the cells of the respiratory system by binding to the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which is also present in other organs like the kidney, testis, ovaries, breast, heart, and intestine, rendering them prone to be infected. The reproductive potential is a must for the sustenance of any species and it is our prime duty to safeguard the reproductive system of the present generation from such a deadly virus. The previously reported coronaviruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) had a detrimental impact on reproductive organs. There is a dearth of sufficient research to provide substantial evidence for the harmful effects of this novel virus on the reproductive system. Hence, our review compiles the knowledge available until now to boost research in this regard and to take the necessary steps in time.

Main body of abstract

Here we tried to compile all the data available on the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the reproductive system as well as vertical transmission of the virus. All related articles published from February to August 2020 were reviewed and thoroughly analyzed. SARS-CoV-2 has been found to affect the sperm concentration and motility, thus degrading the fertility of males. In females, it is suspected that this virus affects the oocyte quality and ovarian function, resulting in infertility or miscarriage. Traces of SARS-CoV-2 virus have also been found in the breast milk of the infected mothers and the semen of infected males. Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has also been reported in some cases.

Conclusion

Based on the literature review, SARS-CoV-2 seems to have the potential of affecting both male and female reproductive tracts. This review brings together the findings and observations made in the area of reproductive health during the current pandemic. The reproductive system of the young population is preordained for subsequent disorders, infertility, reduced sperm count, and motility. Therefore, the research and medical practices should focus on possible vulnerability being posed by SARS-CoV-2 to the gametes and future generations. We, hereby, recommend close monitoring of young and pregnant COVID-19 patients concerning reproductive health with utmost priority.
The influence of infertility on sexual and marital satisfaction in Iranian women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a case-control study
Authors: Taghavi Seyed-Abdolvahab , Aramesh Shahintaj , Azizi-Kutenaee Maryam , Allan Helen , Safarzadeh Tahereh , Taheri Mojgan , Salari Shohreh , Khashavi Zahra , Bazarganipour Fatemeh
Published: January 2021

Background

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate sexual and marital satisfaction in couples with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A case-control study was conducted on 90 couples with PCOS and 90 healthy couples as a control group. Three measures were used to evaluate sexual function and marital satisfaction: the female sexual function index (FSFI), the Larson sexual satisfaction, and the ENRICH marital satisfaction measures.

Results

The results of this study show that the mean scores of sexual function, sexual satisfaction, and marital satisfaction were significantly lower in PCOS couples compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Infertility was reported as the strongest predictive factor for sexual function and marital satisfaction in couples with PCOS (P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, sexual and marital satisfaction was lower in patients with PCOS and their partners.

Conclusion

Since infertility is the strongest predictive factor for the sexual health of couples with PCOS and sexual health is important in family health and marital life, sexual counseling may prove beneficial for these patients.
Renal angiomyoadenomatous tumor (RAT): a rare distinct entity with diagnostic challenges—a case report
Authors: Majumder Ankur , Phulware Ravi Hari , Ahuja Arvind , Singla Anurag , Kumar Pawan
Published: January 2021

Background

Renal angiomyoadenomatous tumor (RAT) is a recently described rare renal neoplasm with variations in the presentation, gross, and microscopic findings, and having a benign course and good prognosis. It is characterized microscopically by the admixture of three components—epithelial cells arranged in tubules and nests, angiomyomatous stroma, and capillary-sized interconnecting vascular channels in close association with the epithelial cell clusters. Microscopically, these tumors can be confused with clear cell carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, mixed epithelial and stromal tumors, and angiomyolipoma. RAT differs from conventional clear cell carcinomas, which can rarely be associated with an identical leiomyomatosis stroma occasionally forming abortive vascular structures. RAT is a distinct morphologic entity, being different morphologically, immunohistochemically, and genetically from all renal tumors including conventional clear cell carcinoma and mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney.

Case presentation

Here, we report a case of a 21-year-old man with renal angiomyoadenomatous tumor, a rare neoplasm with only a few previous cases reported in the literature. Unlike our case, most tumors have been identified in middle-aged males; they present as well-circumscribed, encapsulated tan-brown masses with variably prominent cystic areas.

Conclusion

Diagnosis of RAT is challenging because of the rarity of the disease and common presenting symptoms to other renal pathology and is supplemented with histopathology and immunohistochemistry. A multidisciplinary team approach for diagnosis and management along with long-term follow-up are warranted.
Comparison between conventional and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in predicting grade and stage of urinary bladder cancer
Authors: Settein Mohamed Magdy , Sobh Donia Mohamed , Eteba Salwa Mohamed , El-Diasty Tarek Abdelmoneim , Abouelkheir Rasha Taha
Published: January 2021

Background

Urinary bladder cancer is the second most common neoplasm of the urinary tract. Tumor staging and regional disease spread are the strongest predictors of treatment outcome. Our study aims to compare the diagnostic performance of conventional and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI), using a 3T MR scanner, in grading and staging of urinary bladder cancer with histopathologic correlation.

Results

The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of combined use of HR T2WI and DWI were better than using HR T2WI only to differentiate T1 stage from further stages (95%, 100%, and 98%, respectively). Differentiating organ confined bladder cancer (T1 and T2 stages) from tumors with extravesical extension was better when using both HR T2WI and DWI than using HR T2WI (accuracy 100% and 93%, respectively). Kappa agreement was better when using both HR T2WI and DWI than HR T2WI only (0.963 and 0.496 respectively). Grade III lesions showed statistically significant lower ADC values than grades I and II with ADC cut off value ≤ 0.95 × 10−3 mm2/s. No statistically significant difference was found in ADC values between transitional cell carcinoma (TSC) and other cell types.

Conclusion

Combined use of DWI and HR T2WI provides more accurate urinary bladder cancer staging and prediction of aggressiveness of certain histologic grade (GIII lesions) using ADC values. 3 T scanners have the potential to achieve higher diagnostic capability in evaluation of urinary bladder cancer.
Safety and efficacy of repeat Y90 radioembolization to the same hepatic arterial territory
Authors: Badar Wali , Van Ha Thuong , Zangan Steven , Navuluri Rakesh , Pillai Anjana , Baker Talia , Dalag Leonard , Han Ross , Ahmed Osman
Published: January 2021

Objective:

To study the efficacy and safety of repeat transarterial radioembolization (TARE) to similar hepatic arterial territories.

Methods:

Between 3/2011 and 4/2019, 26 patients (25 males and 1 Female, Mean Age: 65 yo, SD: 11.7 yo, Range: 18–83.0 yo) received TARE with Y90 glass microspheres to treat recurrent or residual primary disease in similar hepatic arterial lobe or segments. Tumor response was evaluated by imaging using the modified-RECIST criteria. Incidence of RILD and adverse events were categorized by a standardized scale using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v.4.0.

Results:

Mean cumulative activity after the first treatment was 2.50 GBq (SD:1.04 GBq, Range:0.61–4.93 GBq) and second treatment was 2.27 GBq (SD:1.01 GBq, Range:0.92–5.46 GBq). Mean interval time between initial and repeat treatments was 9.6 months (Range: 1–53 months). Tumor responses were complete, partial, or progression in 73% (n = 19/26), 23% (n = 6/26), and 4% (n = 1/26) in repeat treatment patients, respectively. The incidence of RILD was 0%. Toxicity after first and second treatment was seen in 19% (n = 5/26) & 23% (n = 6/26) patients, respectively, and were all of CTCAE Grade 2. No significant predictors of treatment toxicity for repeat treatment were identified except increased MELD score (p = 0.04). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis in patients with repeat treatment showed a median survival of 15.0 months (95% CI 8.8–21.1 months) and 19.0 months (95% CI 8.1–29.9 months) in patients who only received one treatment with a p value of 0.485.

Conclusion:

Repeat TARE with glass microspheres was an effective and safe treatment strategy for disease management in patients with residual or recurrent disease to the similar hepatic arterial territories without any major treatment related toxicity.

Advances in knowledge:

Although safety and efficacy of repeat radioembolism has been studied, no study has focused on repeat treatment to similar hepatic arterial territories. The current study shows that repeat treatment to the same hepatic arterial territory is as safe as single treatment to the same territory.
Digital breast tomosynthesis: sensitivity for cancer in younger symptomatic women
Authors: Whelehan Patsy , Ali Kulsam , Vinnicombe Sarah , Ball Graham , Cox Julie , Farry Paul , Jenkin Maggie , Lowry Keith , McIntosh Stuart A , Nutt Rachel , Oeppen Rachel , Reilly Michael , Stahnke Michaela , Steel Jim , Sim Yee Ting , Warwick Violet , Wilkinson Louise , Zafeiris Dimitrios , Evans Andrew J
Published: January 2021

Objective:

Full-field digital mammography (FFDM) has limited sensitivity for cancer in younger women with denser breasts. Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) can reduce the risk of cancer being obscured by overlying tissue. The primary study aim was to compare the sensitivity of FFDM, DBT and FFDM-plus-DBT in women under 60 years old with clinical suspicion of breast cancer.

Methods:

This multicentre study recruited 446 patients from UK breast clinics. Participants underwent both standard FFDM and DBT. A blinded retrospective multireader study involving 12 readers and 300 mammograms (152 malignant and 148 benign cases) was conducted.

Results:

Sensitivity for cancer was 86.6% with FFDM [95% CI (85.2–88.0%)], 89.1% with DBT [95% CI (88.2–90%)], and 91.7% with FFDM+DBT [95% CI (90.7–92.6%)]. In the densest breasts, the maximum sensitivity increment with FFDM +DBT over FFDM alone was 10.3%, varying by density measurement method. Overall specificity was 81.4% with FFDM [95% CI (80.5–82.3%)], 84.6% with DBT [95% CI (83.9–85.3%)], and 79.6% with FFDM +DBT [95% CI (79.0–80.2%)]. No differences were detected in accuracy of tumour measurement in unifocal cases.

Conclusions:

Where available, DBT merits first-line use in the under 60 age group in symptomatic breast clinics, particularly in women known to have very dense breasts.

Advances in knowledge:

This study is one of very few to address the accuracy of DBT in symptomatic rather than screening patients. It quantifies the diagnostic gains of DBT in direct comparison with standard digital mammography, supporting informed decisions on appropriate use of DBT in this population.