bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of pulse neutron coal analyzer
Authors: Jing Shi-wie , Gu De-shan , Qiao Shuang , Liu Yu-ren , Liu Lin-mao , Shi-wei Jing
Published: March 2005

This article introduced the development of pulsed neutron coal analyzer by pulse fast-thermal neutron analysis technology in the Radiation Technology Institute of Northeast Normal University. The 14MeV pulse neutron generator and bismuth germanate detector and 4096 multichannel analyzer were applied in this system. The multiple linear regression method employed to process data solved the interferential problem of multiple elements. The prototype (model MZ-MKFY) had been applied in Changshan and Jilin power plant for about a year. The results of measuring the main parameters of coal such as low caloric power, whole total water, ash content, volatile content, and sulfur content, with precision acceptable to the coal industry, are presented.
Studies on the effective energy of x-rays generated by ECR and their use for the calibration of thermoluminescent dosimeter badges in low energy region
Authors: Baskaran R. , Selvakumaran T. S.
Published: March 2005

The effective energy of electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) x-ray source has been altered by keeping a target disk at the cavity wall in the exit port. The source has been tuned for the effective energy of 40 and 70 keV. The use of the source for the calibration of thermoluminescent dosimeter badges in the low energy region (<150keV) has been explored.
High spatial resolution two-dimensional position sensitive detector for the performance of coincidence experiments
Authors: Céolin D. , Chaplier G. , Lemonnier M. , Garcia G. A. , Miron C. , Nahon L. , Simon M. , Leclercq N. , Morin P.
Published: March 2005

A position sensitive detector (PSD) adapted to the technical and mechanical specifications of our angle and energy resolved electron-ion(s) coincidence experiments is described in this article. The device, whose principle is very similar to the one detailed by J. H. D. Eland [Meas. Sci. Technol. 5, 1501 (1994)], is composed by a set of microchannel plates and a delay line anode. The originality comes from the addition in front of the encoding surface of a ceramic disk covered by a resistive surface. The capacitive coupling between the anode and the resistive plane has the double advantage of eliminating the spatial modulations due to the lattice of the anode and also of sensitizing a greater number of electrodes, increasing thus considerably the accuracy of the position measurements. The tests carried out with a time to digital conversion module of 250 ps resolution showed that a spatial resolution better than 50μm and a dead time of 160 ns can be achieved. Typical images obtained with the help of the EPICEA and DELICIOUS coincidence setups are also shown.
Zeroing and testing units developed for Gerdien atmospheric ion detectors
Authors: Kolarž P. , Marinković B. P. , Filipović D. M.
Published: March 2005

Low current measurements in atmospheric ion detection using a Gerdien condenser are subjected to numerous sources of error. Zeroing and testing units described in this article, connected as modules to this type of detector, enable some of these errors to be found and eliminated. The zeroing unit provides digital compensation of the zero drift with a digital sample and hold circuit of 12-bit resolution. It overcomes difficulties related to zero drift and techniques used in the zero conductivity determination when the accelerating potential or airflow rate are zero. The testing unit is a current reference of nominally 10−12A intended for testing and correcting the system on current leakage and other measuring deviations due to changes in atmospheric parameters. This unit is an independent battery-powered module, which provides a charge of 10−12C per cycle (frequency of order 1 Hz) to the collecting electrode. The control of Gerdien devices is substantially simplified using the zeroing and testing units realized here. Both units are used during “zero conductivity” regime only.
Composite media (dynamic tilted media) for magnetic recording
Authors: Wang Jian-Ping , Shen W. K. , Bai J. M. , Victora R. H. , Judy J. H. , Song W. L.
Published: March 2005

We designed and fabricated a composite magnetic recording medium with exchange decoupled magnetic grains that consist of two vertically exchange-coupled magnetic regions (one is magnetically soft and one is magnetically hard) as an approach to alleviate the writing field limitation of perpendicular magnetic recording heads. A nonmagnetic layer with different thickness was put between the hard and soft layer to tune the exchange coupling. With proper coupling, significant drop of the coercivity field was observed for this composite medium while still maintaining good thermal stability. Better recording performance was obtained for such medium compared to perpendicular and longitudinal medium. The results have proved the possibility of fabricating a writable recording medium having an ultrahigh magnetic anisotropy constant (Ku) value.
Effect of dc bias on the Curie–Weiss exponent in 0.76Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3–0.24PbTiO3 ferroelectric single crystal
Authors: Lu S. G. , Xu Z. K. , Chen Haydn , Zhao X. Y. , Luo H. S. , Wang J. , Chan H. L. W. , Choy C. L.
Published: March 2005

Permittivity versus temperature characteristics and Curie–Weiss exponent (CWE) γ in the universal Curie–Weiss law [ε−1=εm−1[1+(T−Tc)γ∕(2δ2)](1⩽γ⩽2)] as a function of dc bias field were obtained for ⟨001⟩, ⟨011⟩, and ⟨111⟩ oriented 0.76Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3–0.24PbTiO3 single crystals. Results indicated that γ is a function of dc bias field and three different oriented crystals show slight different γ values but the similar dc field dependence.
Effective removal of hydrogen resists used to pattern devices in silicon using scanning tunneling microscopy
Authors: Hallam T. , Rueß F. J. , Curson N. J. , Goh K. E. J. , Oberbeck L. , Simmons M. Y. , Clark R. G.
Published: March 2005

We present a high resolution scanning tunneling microscope (STM) study of the thermal desorption of hydrogen resist layers used for STM-based lithography on the Si(001)2×1 surface. From this study we determine the optimum annealing conditions for removing the hydrogen resist in one step. We demonstrate that this thermal process can completely remove the hydrogen resist from a phosphorus doped surface structure created using STM-lithography, without disturbing the lithographically defined structure. We investigate the effectiveness of the removal process by performing electrical measurements of a buried STM-patterned device created using the optimized thermal desorption process and demonstrate that we can achieve phase coherence lengths of ∼40nm, comparable to that in P in Si delta-doped layers where no hydrogen resist or STM patterning has been used.
Single-shot readout with the radio-frequency single-electron transistor in the presence of charge noise
Authors: Buehler T. M. , Reilly D. J. , Starrett R. P. , Greentree Andrew D. , Hamilton A. R. , Dzurak A. S. , Clark R. G.
Published: March 2005

The radio-frequency single-electron transistor (rf-SET) possesses key requirements necessary for reading out a solid state quantum computer. This work explores the use of the rf-SET as a single-shot readout device in the presence of 1∕f and telegraph charge noise. For a typical spectrum of 1∕f noise we find that high fidelity, single-shot measurements are possible for signals Δq>0.01e. For the case of telegraph noise, we present a cross-correlation measurement technique that uses two rf-SETs to suppress the effect of random switching events on readout. We demonstrate this technique by monitoring the charge state of a metal double dot system on microsecond time scales. Such a scheme will be advantageous in achieving high readout fidelity in a solid-state quantum computer.
Stacked metal cathode for high-contrast-ratio polymeric light-emitting devices
Authors: Li S. H. , Liem H. , Chen C. W. , Wu E. H. , Xu Z. , Yang Y.
Published: March 2005

An extremely high optical absorbing film made of alternating aluminum–silver layers was used as cathode in polymeric light-emitting devices (PLEDs). Physical properties of the cathodes were characterized by I–V measurement, atomic force microscopy, and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. As a result of the slow evaporation rate, each pair of the aluminum–silver layer was shown to be in the form of aluminum–aluminum oxide nanoclusters embedded in an amorphous charge conducting network of silver. The nanoclusters helped to absorb and scatter the ambient light effectively. The use of four alternating layers structure in conventional PLEDs demonstrated 126% enhancement of contrast under 1000lx ambient illumination. The I–V characteristics of the black cathode PLEDs remained intact when compared with reference PLEDs. This technology offers precise control of the cathode quality in terms of its reflectivity and conductivity.
Aluminum nanoscale order in amorphous Al92Sm8 measured by fluctuation electron microscopy
Authors: Stratton W. G. , Hamann J. , Perepezko J. H. , Voyles P. M. , Mao X. , Khare S. V.
Published: March 2005

Fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM) measurements and simulations have identified nanoscale aluminum-like medium-range order in rapidly quenched amorphous Al92Sm8 which devitrifies by primary Al crystallization. Al92Sm8 amorphized by plastic deformation shows neither Al nanoscale order, nor primary crystallization. Annealing the rapidly quenched material below the primary crystallization temperature reduces the degree of nanoscale Al order measured by FEM. The FEM measurements suggest that 10–20Å diameter regions with Al crystal-like order are associated with primary crystallization in amorphous Al92Sm8, which is consistent with the quenched-in cluster model of primary crystallization.
Surface treatment for the atomic layer deposition of HfO2 on silicon
Authors: Damlencourt J-F. , Renault O. , Martin F. , Séméria M-N. , Billon T , Bedu F.
Published: March 2005

The atomic layer deposition (ALD) of HfO2 on silicon with a Cl2 surface treatment is investigated by physicochemical and electrical techniques. The specificity of this treatment is to create, on a HF-dipped silicon surface, the nucleation sites necessary for the ALD growth. The growth rates obtained by spectroscopic ellipsometry and total x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy indicate that the nucleation sites (i.e., the –OH groups), which are necessary to perform some bidimensional ALD growth, are generated during this surface treatment. After deposition of thin HfO2 layers (from a few monolayers up to 8.7nm), a very thin parasitic SiOx layer, underneath 1 monolayer of Hf silicate, is observed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Nevertheless, an equivalent oxide thickness of 1.1nm is obtained with an as-deposited 3.7nm thick HfO2 layer.
Near- and far-infrared p-GaAs dual-band detector
Authors: Ariyawansa G. , Rinzan M. B. M. , Esaev D. G. , Matsik S. G. , Hastings G. , Perera A. G. U. , Liu H. C. , Zvonkov B. N. , Gavrilenko V. I.
Published: March 2005

A dual-band homojunction interfacial workfunction internal photoemission infrared detector that responds in both near- and far-infrared (NIR and FIR) regions is reported. In the p+-i-p+ detector structure, the emitter is carbon doped to 1.5×1019cm−3, and a 1μm thick GaAs layer acts as the barrier, followed by another highly p-doped GaAs contact layer. The NIR response is due to the interband transition in GaAs barrier layer and the threshold wavelength observed at 0.82μm is in good agreement with the 1.51eV band gap of GaAs at 4.2K. The intraband transition giving rise to FIR response is observed up to 70μm. Interband responsivity was (under 100mV reverse bias at 20K) ∼8A∕W at 0.8μm, while the intraband responsivity was ∼7A∕W. The detector has peak detectivities D*∼6×109 and 5×109cmHz1∕2∕W at 0.8 and 57μm wavelengths, respectively, under 100mV reverse bias at 20K.
Terahertz wideband spectroscopic imaging based on two-dimensional electro-optic sampling technique
Authors: Usami Mamoru , Yamashita Masatsugu , Fukushima Kazushiro , Otani Chiko , Kawase Kodo
Published: March 2005

We extended the bandwidth of a terahertz (THz) spectroscopic imaging system based on two-dimensional electro-optic sampling. By using an optical-rectification emitter, formed by a ZnTe crystal, a high-frequency component of more than 2.0THz was detected. A calibration-free procedure with polarity inversion of the THz beam ensures us precise spectroscopy: the polarity was inverted by rotating the emitter crystal. The spatial patterns of the chemicals were extracted from the THz multispectral images in the extended spectral region.
Polarization-independent phase modulation using a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal
Authors: Ren Hongwen , Lin Yi-Hsin , Fan Yun-Hsing , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: March 2005

Polarization-independent phase-only modulation of a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) is demonstrated. In the low voltage region, PDLC is translucent because of light scattering. Once the voltage exceeds a saturation level, PDLC is highly transparent and exhibits phase-only modulation capability. Although the remaining phase is not too large, it is still sufficient for making adaptive microdevices, such as microlens. A tunable-focus microlens for arrays using PDLC is demonstrated. This kind of microlens is scattering free, polarization independent, and has fast response time.
Ohmic cathode for low-voltage organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Feng X. D. , Huang C. J. , Lui V. , Khangura R. S. , Lu Z. H.
Published: March 2005

It is found that voltage-current characteristics of Al∕C60 interfaces are fundamentally altered from a strong rectifying junction to an Ohmic junction where a LiF interlayer is used. Al∕LiF∕C60 has been used as an Ohmic cathode for organic light-emitting diode (OLED). The Ohmic cathode together with a high electron mobility of the fullerene layer have lead to a drastic reduction in the driving voltage and consequently a significant increase in the power efficiency of OLED.
Preparing Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 films less than 100nm thick by low-temperature metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Nagai A. , Morioka H. , Asano G. , Funakubo H. , Saiki A.
Published: March 2005

Polycrystalline Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) films 70–80nm thick on (111)Ir∕TiO2∕SiO2∕Si substrates were prepared at 415°C by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). At 3V, the remanent polarization (Pr) of the as-deposited films was approximately 22μC∕cm2. Inserting PbTiO3 seeds between the PZT films and Ir bottom electrodes improved the crystallinity of the films markedly but improved their ferroelectric properties only slightly. Low-temperature postannealing, on the other hand, even at 400°C (i.e., below the deposition temperature), improved Pr values and hysteresis loop shapes without obviously improving the crystallinity of the films. The electrical properties were improved even more when the films were annealed at 500°C. These results suggest that the low-temperature processing and sub-100-nm film thickness needed for making three-dimensionally structured ferroelectric capacitors can be obtained by using low-temperature MOCVD to deposit PZT films, and then annealing those films at a temperature no greater than 500°C.
Lucerne variety trials at Deniliquin, N.S.W.
Authors: Rogers VE
Published: March 2005

Thirty-two varieties of lucerne were grown in swards at Deniliquin for a period of four years. Three of them exhibited outstanding %,inter growth and seedling vigour compared with Hunter River. These three, Hairy Perwian, African, and Indian, also had a slightly higher summer production than Hunter River, but were less persistent, particularly when irrigated and grazed. Persistence of these varieties under dryland grazing was satisfactory. No other variety produced more than Hunter River, but the American variety Lahontan appeared to be more persistent on irrigated grazed stands. Winter dormant types, particularly the Canadian creeping-roofed varieties, were all unsuccessful, The wide varietal differences demonstrated in these experiments suggest the possibility of genetic improvement cf lucerne through recombination of suitable characters.
Performance and interactions in varieties of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)
Authors: Daday H , MottersheadB E , Rogers VE
Published: March 2005

The performances of Hunter River and four introduced varieties of lucerne were tested at Canberra, Armidale and Deniliquin. In summer Du Puits yielded 32 per cent more than Hunter River at Canberra and 22 per cent more at Armidale. In winter Hairy Peruvian produced 135 per cent more than Htmter River at Canberra in 1958 and 1959, and 66 per cent more at Armidale in 1959 and 1960. The ranking of varieties differed in summer and winter. Results at Canberra and Armidale differed greatly from those at Deniliquin, and a variety x locality interaction has been demonstrated. The advantages and disadvantages of the introduced varieties are described, and a breeding programme is suggested on the basis of the present investigation.
The control of soil physical conditions in pot trials.
Authors: Fergus IF , Stirk GB
Published: March 2005

The sensitivity of plant yield to increasing availability of water, and the depression caused by low soil aeration in pot culture has been examined. The influence of these effects upon the reliability of pot trials is discussed. The need for standardization of physical conditions, particularly where responses in different soils are compared, is stressed and the basis for the technique evolved for a fertility survey on soils of widely different characteristics is given. Pot water contents based on pF are considered desirable, and the water content corresponding to pF 2 has been found satisfactory, in this respect for routine trials.
A comparison of the effect of ammonium sulphate and anhydrous ammonia on the yield and protein content of wheat.
Authors: Sims HJ
Published: March 2005

In experiments at Victorian centres anhydrous ammonia was as effective as ammonium sulphate in supplying the nitrogen requirements of wheat.
A comparison of the fertility of stored and fresh sheep semen.
Authors: Roberts EM , Houlahan PM
Published: March 2005

A comparison of the fertilizing power of fresh and stored sheep semen has been obtained the slaughter of ewes three to six weeks after insemination and the recovery of developing foetuses. Fresh semen resulted in 75 per cent of foetuses while 24 hour stored, undiluted and diluted semen yielded 47 per cent and 32 per cent of foetuses respectively.
Climatic elimination of mosaic spread in lettuce seed crops in the Swan Hill region of the Murray Valley
Authors: Stubbs LL , O'Loughlin GT
Published: March 2005

The elimination of lettuce mosaic disease, formerly an economical important problem of market lettuce in Victoria, has been achieved by the .we of seed produced in the vicinity of Swan Hill. During the last quarter of 1960, trapping records of the incidence of four species of aphid vectors for lettuce mosaic virus were obtained from two localities in that area, and in Melbourne. The aphids Myzus persicae (July.), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thos.), Aphis gossypii Glover and Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.), were caught throughout the trapping period in Melbourne, September to December but not during November and December at the Swan Hill sites. The absence of aphids during most of the growing season for lettuce seed crops, explains the progressive reduction of seedborne mosaic which has occurred in varieties grown for several consecutive seasons in the Swan Hill region. During the trapping period more days with temperatures above 90�F occurred at Swan Hill than Melbourne, and long term records over the same period showed a similar trend. Differences in average relative humidity between the two localities were more significant. Swan Hill records (13 years) showed a progressive and pronounced reduction in humidity during the months September-December, whereas Melbourne records (30 years) were higher and practical constant.
The effect of nitrogen on winter pasture production in southern Victoria
Authors: Newman RJ , Allen BF , Cook MG
Published: March 2005

Winter production of may pastures throughout Victoria is restricted b a shortage of available nitrogen. Field experiments at six sites over three seasons indicated that nitrogen applied to these pastures can markedly 20 increase winter pasture growth. The response at all sites and in all seasons was generally linear, with first order coefficient 0.25. A better response was obtained when nitrogen was applied to pasture 3 inches high than to pasture 1 inch high. Response was independent of date of application.
A comparison between the performance of pigs fed a diet of skim milk and that of pigs fed a diet of reconstituted skim milk powder
Authors: Fagan VJ
Published: March 2005

In a feeding trial, where two matched groups, each of twelve pigs, were fed skim milk and reconstituted skim milk powder respectively for twelve weeks, weight gains and food consumption were almost identical. A maximum daily consumption of fie gallons a pig was noted.
The mineral composition of lupins. 1. A survey of the copper, molydbenum and managanese contents of lupins in the south-west of Western Australia
Authors: Gladstones JS , Drover DP
Published: March 2005

Mature plant samples of four Lupinus species from several districts in the south-west of Western Australia, grown on a range of soil types, were analysed for copper, manganese and molybdenum. L. angustifolius had consistently lower copper and molybdenum contents than L. digitatus and L. luteus. L. albus was notable for its extremely high manganese contents, the levels in the seeds being 5-15 times higher than in seeds of other lupin species grown at the same site. Some correlation was found between contents of the three elements in the plants and the nature of the soil and natural vegetation at the site of collection. Manganese and molybdenum, and to a lesser extent copper, contents fell markedly on passing from the brownish sands developed over limestone along the west coast to the deeper and more leached sands further inland. All samples from sandy or gravelly soils characterised by jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and Banksia and Casuarina species were low in both copper and molybdenum. Samples from soils characterised by marri (E. calophylla) also tended to be low in copper, but some had quite high molybdenum contents. Manganese levels in the plants appeared to be closely related to soil texture. The levels of copper in lupins on several of the soil types used for commercial lupin growing were below those considered necessary to meet the requirements of grazing stock, especially where Lupinus angustifolius was used. Copper topdressing at commercial rates did not appear to increase the copper content of lupins substantially. No evidence was found of any relationship between the copper, manganese or molybdenum contents of lupins and the incidence of lupinosis in stock.
A comparison of ram semen collected by the artificial vagina and by electro-ejaculation
Authors: Mattner PE , Voglmayr JK
Published: March 2005

Seven samples obtained alternately by the use of an artificial vagina and by electro-ejaculation from nine rams were compared. Electro-ejaculation resulted in higher volume, fructose and pH values but lower sperm concentration and wave motion. The proportion of live sperm, of morphologically normal sperm, and of actively progressing sperm were similar for both methods. The variation in semen characters, both within and between rams was, in general, slightly higher for electro-ejaculation than for artificial vagina collections. Within-ram variation in total number of sperm was much larger with electro-ejaculation than with collections made using the artificial vagina. For studies of fructose concentration or the total amount of fructose per ejaculate, the artificial vagina method possesses no advantage over electro-ejaculation.
Dueterophoma - a fungal pathogen of chrysanthemum previously unrecorded in Australia
Authors: Taylor RH
Published: March 2005

The fungus Deuterophoma has been proved to be a pathogen of chrysanthemums in Victoria. It was isolated from a number of varieties in each of five Melbourne nurseries from which collections of chrysanthemum were made, and also from one variety growing in a Rutherglen home garden. In pathogenicity tests Deuterophoma was found to rapidly invade injured roots and move info the stems from which it could be readily re-isolated. Chrysanthemum infected with Deuterophoma do not show symptoms on the current season's growth. However, the fungus weakens the stools which may, die or regenerate slowly after being cut back in the autumn. Deuterophoma has been recorded previously only in Californian and in Illinois on chrysanthemums originating from California. In the nursery from which the fit isolates were obtained it was prevalent in chrysanthemums recent4 introduced from California. As it is impossible to detect Deuterophoma from visual observation of the current season's growth, the necessity of importing chrysanthemums from pathogen free sources is stressed. The use of pathogen free stocks coupled with soil sterilization and nursery hygiene is suggested as a means of control of Deuterophoma.
The ensilage of sorghum at a range of crop maturities
Authors: Catchpoole VR
Published: March 2005

This study, using miniature silos, bas shown that sorghum cut at the booting stage can produce acid silage. Such early harvesting produced silage with a crude protein content of 10 per cent of its dry weight, did not significantly reduce the yield per acre of silage protein, but reduced the yield of silage by some 40 per cent. Sorghum cut before the booting stage failed to produce satisfactory acid silage. Thic could not he explained by low initial sugar contents. Also, a comparison of the fermentation behaviour over the range of crop maturities in miniature silos and water slurries suggests that physical conditions, such as moisture contents and the release of cell constituents, had little influence on the development of acidity.
Siratro — a tropical pasture legume bred from Phaseolus atropurpureus
Authors: Hutton EM
Published: March 2005

A new perennial tropical pasture legume, that has been named Siratro, has been bred from a cross between two Mexican strains of the wild species Phaseolus atropurpureus DC. It is a composite of three high yielding selections which are transgressive segregates from the cross with a marked intensification of the stoloniferous character. The breeding method wed was to select superior recombinants in the F2 population and then subject plots of the F3 and F4 families from them to a system of heavy intermittent grazing with cattle. This mass-selected those plants able to spread and produce seed under high grazing pressure. Siratro has inherited the high resistance of the parents to root-knot nematode and the virus disease legume little leaf. These resistances are necessary in pasture legumes grown in northern Australia. Under grazing, Siratro not only outyields the parents but also all other introduced strains of P. atropurpureus available. The marked stoloniferous habit of the selections in Siratro gives greater persistence and density and high yielding ability. This in turn results in the selections maintaining the Rhodes grass sown with them. The composite nature of Siratro should give it sufficient variability for its adaptation to the spear grass zone Queensland and other coastal and sub-coastal areas of northern Australia.
Experiments in the control of Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. and Curt.) M.B. Ellis by fungicides
Authors: Janes BS
Published: March 2005

Fungicides were tested for their capacity to control Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. and Curt.), M. B. Ellis, the fungus causing a liver damage and facial eczema in sheep. The tests measured spore germination on filter paper and spore production on perennial ryegrass litter sprayed with the fungicides. In laboratory experiments the following fungicides showed promise : phenyl mercuric salicylanilide, captan, ziram, sodium orthophenyl phenate, thiram, salicylanilide, didlone, maneb, N-para tolyl dichloromaleimide, and a mixed difhiocarbamic acid oxidation product. Copper sulphate, copper oxychloride, and cuprous oxide were not promising. The first five chemicals, plus copper sulphate and copper oxychloride, were also tested in the glasshouse, and did not give control.
The effect of subterranean clover and Wimmera ryegrass pasture in controlling surface run-off from four-acre catchments near Bacchus Marsh, Victoria
Authors: Dunin FX , Downes RG
Published: March 2005

Certain hydrological changes that followed the introduction of subterranean clover and Wimmera rye-grass in the catchments at the Parwan Experimental Area have been studied. The methods wed in the analysis are outlined and the application of the findings to agricultural practice is discussed. The improved pasture was shown to decrease the amount of surface run-off on both northerly and southerly aspects. The action of this pasture in controlling erosion was gauged by its ability to reduce peak flows. On the northerly aspect significant reductions of these peak flows occurred during the winter and spring but not in the summer and autumn. On the southerly aspect, however, the introduced species did not appear to be as effective in the reduction of peak flows. In one instance both in volume and the peak, run-off was significantly greater from the improved catchment than from the control catchment.
The germination and establishment of rice seed sown into water
Authors: Phillis E
Published: March 2005

Observations have been made on the effects of varying water depth, temperature, aeration, and seeding rate on the germination and ear4 growth of rice seed sown into water. Under conditions of poor aeration, the coleoptile is extruded, but does not open, and there is little or no growth of the radicle. With better aeration, the coleoptile bursts and there is both shoot and root development. At low seeding rates, of the order used in field sowings, aeration of the water has little or no effect at temperatures below 27�C, but does have an increasingly beneficial effect as temperatures rise above this, up to the level where temperature per se begins to retard growth. At 39�C seedlings do not grow and aeration bas no effect. A t water temperatures below 25�C, seedlings stay at the soil surface and roots freely enter the soil, giving rapid and good establishment, but at higher temperatures, seedlings float near the water surface, and roots show no general tendency to grow downwards. Such roots as do reach the soil surface show marked reluctance to penetrate into the soil. This appears due to insufficient aeration in the soil, for when air or fresh water is passed through the rooting medium, the roots enter freely. It is concluded that this is the major hazard to sowing in warm standing water.
The influence of inter-row and intra-row cultivation on the yield of grain sorghum at Katherine, N.T
Authors: Phillips LJ , Norman MJT
Published: March 2005

Three experiments concerned with inter-row spacing, plant population, and inter-row cultivation of grain sorghum were carried out at Katherine, N.T., in 1957-58, 1958-59 and 1961-62. In 1957-58 and 1958-59, 7 inch, 18 inch, and 36 inch row spacing, with inter-row cultivation treatments at the wider spacings, were compared at three population lever's. Conflicting responses to row spacing between years were recorded. Interactions between population and row spacing indicated 204 an optimum within-row plant distance OJ' 6-12 inches for all inter-row spacings. At 18 inch and 36 inch raw spacings, one cultivation was beneficial, but not two. In 1961-62, a similar group of row spacing and cultivation treatments WGV compared at a standard within-row plant distance of 9 inches. As a mean of three years, yield differences between 9 inch, 18 inch and 36 inch rows were relatively small. Variation between years was attributed to soil moisture conditions. The mean response to one cultivation in 18 inch and 36 inch rows was approximately 7 per cent.
The mineral composition of lupins. 2. A comparison of the copper, manganese, molybdenum, and cobalt contents of lupins and other species at the one site
Authors: Gladstones JS
Published: March 2005

In a field experiment on an ironstone gravel soil, six lupin varieties from four lupin species were compared with oats, Wimmera ryegrass, Erodium botrys, and three varieties of subterranean clover in their copper contents at four rates of copper application. Manganese, molybdenum and cobalt contents of bulked variety samples were also determined. At rates of up to 20 lb copper sulphate per acre, only subterranean clover and Erodium botrys showed appreciable response in terms of higher copper concentrations in the plants. Lupins had moderate to high contents, but showed little or no response to treatment. Oats and Wimmeya ryegrass maintained very low contents at all rates of application. Among the lupins, the order of copper concentrations in the whole plants, over all treatments, was L. digitatus > L. luteus > L. angustifolius > L. albns. Within L. luteus, the bitter strain wed had a higher mean copper content than the sweet Weiko III variety. Differences were also demonstrated among subterranean clover varieties, Yarloop being higher than Dwalganup or Mt. Barker over all treatments. Subterranean clover had the lowest molybdenum content. Lupins were very substantially higher in manganese than all other species. The particularly high manganese content of L. albus, especially in the seeds, was confirmed. Cobalt levels varied little between species, and were well below the minimum requirement of grazing ruminants. I t was concluded that generalizations as to the relative mineral contents of broad plant groups must be treated with caution when applied to particular species or varieties.
Comparison of French and Oriental rootstocks for the Packham's Triumph pear at Bathurst, New South Wales
Authors: Greenhlagh WJ
Published: March 2005

Of eleven rootstocks tested with Packham's Triumph pear over twenty two years in an orchard trial at Bathurst, New South Wales, P. calleryana stocks were superior to those of P. pashia and P. communis. All five strains of P. caueryana produced more vigorous and better cropping frees than P. pashia which performed better than P. communis seedlings (from varieties Winter Bartlett, Beurre Bosc, Winter Cole), and the East Mulling selection B1. These latter stock were unsatisfactory. Of the five clonal strains of P. calleryana the D6 and PC4 strains produced the most vigorous and highest yielding trees. D6 performed equally well whether as clonal stock or as seedlings.
Stimulation and milking response in the dairy cow - a preliminary experiment
Authors: Whittlestone WG
Published: March 2005

Five pairs of young Jersey cross cows were split between two milking regimes, one involving a stimulating preparation and the other depending on the milking machine for stimulation. An exceptionally regular routine was adopted. Most of the cows milked with a regular routine without preparation did not condition to the routine as indicated by milk and fat production and maximum milking rate. The stimulated animals averaged 16 per cent more butterfat and 14per cent higher average milking rate.
Comparative responses of indigenous, naturalized, and commercial legumes to phosphorus and sulphur
Authors: Begg JE
Published: March 2005

A number of indigenous and naturalized legumes and commercial strains of white and subterranean clover were grown in pots in a glasshouse, using soil low in available phosphorous and sulphur. A basal dressing of other nutrients including nitrogen was added to all pots, and phosphorus and sulphur were in a factorial arrangement at two levels. Responses to phosphorus were much more pronounced for the commercial and naturalized legumes than for the indigenous ones, with the exception of Lespedeza cuncata. The response to sulphur, or to both phosphorus and sulphur together was restricted, with one exception (Psoralea tenax) to commercial and naturalized legumes. The results are consistent with the thesis that the indigenous legumes are adapted to soils of Low phosphorus and sulphur status and that naturalized legumes growing in such soils are able to respond to an application of these nutrients, as well as to outyield the indigenous species.
The effect of fertilizers and season on the yield and composition of wheat in southern New South Wales
Authors: Colwell JD
Published: March 2005

Twenty two fertilizer experiments with wheat were carried out over a wide range of soil and environmental seasonal conditions in southern N.S. W. The effects of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and composition of wheat are described. Seasonal environmental effects were examined by comparing the relative response to fertilizers of vegetative growth in the early spring with the final response of the harvested grain. Grain yield response to fertilizers is commonly restricted by seasonal conditions. Overcorrection of the phosphorus or nitrogen deficiencies may cause excessive early vegetative growth which exhausts soil moisture reserves before grain development has been completed. Loss of grain yields through this phenomenon is described locally as haying off. The chief danger in this respect seems to be from excessive nitrogen levels in the soil following a clover pasture. Assessments of economically desirable fertilizer applications on the basis of field experiments can only be based on statistical averages of seasonal conditions in each locality. The trials indicate, however, that the common application rate of superphosphate to wheat is inadequate in this region and should be at least doubled.
Winter forage crops in the New England tablelands
Authors: Wheeler JL
Published: March 2005

Ten cruciferous and gramineous forage crops were compared in the winters of 1958 to 1960 at Armidale, New South Wales. Mean total yields (pooled with respect to sampling dates) of crops each year were Giant Kangaroo rape 3650, Algerian or Acacia oats 3090, Hungry Gap kale 2490 and Thousand Head kale 1860 lb dry matter (DM) per acre. In 1959 and 1960 oats yielded 23 per cent more than rape (p< 0.05).Regrowth of rape and kale (var. Hungry Gap) was 800 -1300 lb DM per acre if first cut in early winter. Total yields (initial growth plus regrowth) of all crops were generally higher if first cut late in winter.
The protein composition of gluten extracted from different wheats
Authors: Lee JW , Wrigley CW
Published: March 2005

The gluten proteins from eight commercial wheat varieties and four tetraploid Triticum species were separated by chromatograph on carboxymethyl-cellulose and by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. There are obvious differences in the protein profiles of many of the commercial wheat varieties. Furthermore, the tetraploid species differ in many respects from the T. vulgare varieties. The possible relationship between baking quality and protein profile is discussed.
The sterilization of banana fruit against Queensland fruit fly (Strumeta tryoni)
Authors: Braithwaite BM
Published: March 2005

Bananas were sterilized against Queensland fruit fly under laboratory and commercial conditions by dipping mature fruit in diluted emulsions of dimethoate or fenthion. Maggot development was inhibited with both insecticides. Neither insecticide adversely affected the flavour or appearance of fruit and residue analyses indicated that their .we was unlikely to present any toxicity hazard to humans. Salicylanilide dipping is universally practiced in Australia for the control of post-harvest fungous diseases of banana fruit, and both dimethoate and fenthion are compatible with salicylanilide and could easily be added to the present dips to provide a reliable sterilization treatment against Queensland fruit fly for bananas entering quarantine areas.
The development of impermeable layer under straw mulch in a soil management trail
Authors: Black JDF
Published: March 2005

Following the death of peach trees under a straw mulch system of management at Scoresby Horticultural Research Station, the soil moisture relations of mulch, cover crop, and pasture systems of management were studied. Examination of soil moisture levels indicated the presence of an impermeable layer under mulch. This was supported by results of investigations into surface run-off and porosity and by visual examination. It is suggested that trees died from surface waterlogging above the impermeable layer.
The pattern of dry matter and nutrient content changes in native pastures at Katherine, N.T
Authors: Norman MJT
Published: March 2005

At Katherine, N.T., changes in the above ground dry matter yield and nitrogen and phosphorus content of native pasture under a low open forest canopy were followed over three seasons, 1959-1962, by fortnightly sampling. Substantial increases in dry matter yield at the start of the season took place on4 when two or more inches of rain had fallen in the previous fortnight. Within four weeks of the cessation of rain at the end of the season, moderate to sharp falls in dry matter yield were recorded. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents remained in an approximately constant ratio of 14 : 1 throughout the sampling period. Both increased sharply during the first fortnight in which two or more inches of rain fell, declined rapidly in the next four to six weeks, and thereafter fell at a slow and steady rate. Maximum nitrogen and phosphorus yields were attained at the same time as, or shortly before, maximum dry matter yield was attained. Immediately after the attainment of maxima, there was a sharp fall in nitrogen and phosphorus yield. More detailed sampling at the end of the 1961 -62 season indicated that this was largely due to losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from the leaves.
The effect of time of planting on yield attributes of sub-tropical linseed varieties
Authors: Beech DF , Norman MJT
Published: March 2005

The effect of time of planting on varieties of linseed, grown under irrigation in the dry season, was tested at Kimberley Research Station in 1961. The varieties were RR45, RR204 and RR236, of Indian origin Six plantings were made at fortnightly intervals between April 28 and July 7. There was a slight interaction in seed and oil yield between variety and time of planting, but for all varieties seed and oil yields were significantly and progressively reduced in plantings made after early June. The variety RR204 gave higher seed and oil yields than RR45 and RR236 (mean of planting dates). Two major factors appeared to contribute to the decline in seed and oil yield of crops planted after early June : a reduction in vegetative growth and a shortening of the flowering and seed maturation phases. These changes were associated with sharply rising temperatures and increasing day length in late dry season.
The relation between the lamb production and the wool production of the ewe
Authors: Seebeck RM , Tribe DE
Published: March 2005

In a flock of 229 three-year-old Border Leicester x Merino ewes it was found that ewes without lambs produced significantly more wool than ewes rearing single lambs, which in turn produced significantly more wool than ewes rearing twins. For all lamb-bearing ewes, the partial regression of fleece weight on slaughter weight of the lamb was -0.012 � 0.004 lb of fleece per 1 lb increase in slaughter weight. The fleece weight of the ewe was also related to the joining weight of the ewe and the breed of ram to which the ewe was mated. It is suggested that, unless it is carried out before their first mating, selection of ewes on a fleece weight basis will mitigate against the bearing of twins.
Chemical weed control in irrigation channels at the Kimberley Research Station, Western Australia
Authors: van Rijin PJ
Published: March 2005

In three trials at Kimberley Research Station between 1959 and 1962 the herbicides monuron and simazine were tested for the control of weeds in irrigation channels during the wet season. Monuron at 12-16 lbs an acre and simazine at 12 lb an acre active ingredient controlled (or killed) most weeds. More resistant weeds, such as Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf. (para grass), Chionachne Hubbardiana Henr. and Clitoria ternatea L. (butterfly pea) required higher rates (up to 20 lb an acre active ingredient). Channels should be sprayed approximately a fortnight before sowing cotton and rice crops. The effectiveness of the treatments was increased by burning the weeds and delving the channels. Since cotton was found susceptible to simazine and rice was very susceptible to monuron, supply channels for cotton should be sprayed with monuron and channels for rice with simazine.
Herbicides as an establishment of sod sown Glycine javanica
Authors: Murtagh GJ
Published: March 2005

The use of a herbicide to restrict competition from an existing grass sward during the establishment of sod-sown Glycine javanica L. was examined in the Lismore district of New South Wales. Following application of a herbicide containing 27.7 per cent acid equivalent (a.e.) of the sodium salt of 2,2 DPA (2,2- dichloropropionic acid) and 12.5 per cent a.e. amitrole (3-amino-1,2,4 triazole) yields of G. javanica were proportional to the rate applied, for rates up to but not greater than 7.5 lb a.e. an acre. Yields from the successful herbicide treatments were of the order of 45-60 per cent of the cultivated seedbed. However, when sod-sown into an untreated sward, glycine virtually failed to establish. Weed growth was negligible in plots treated with a herbicide but was substantial in the cultivated seedbed. The application of these findings is discussed.
Soil phosphorus and the pasture response to a current application of superphosphate
Authors: McLachlan KD
Published: March 2005

Soil phosphorus, determined on samples collected from 18 soils prior to the application of a current superphosphate dressing, was related significantly to the increase in pasture yield resulting from that treatment. The general relation for the granitic,
Control of lettuce necrotic yellows virus disease by the destruction of common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus)
Authors: Stubbs LL , Guy JAD , Stubbs KJ
Published: March 2005

Control of the spread of necrotic yellows virus to lettuce was attempted on one vegetable farm in the ~Melbourne vegetable area destroying sowthistles (Sonchus oleraceus L.), the only known source of the virus and its specific vector, Hyperomyzus lactucae L. Thistles were destroyed in an area 470 yd x 170 yd surrounding a February-sown plot of Imperial D lettuce, at first by power-spraying with diquat weedicide but mostly by manual methods. Approximately 60 man-hours were spent on thistle control between February 21 and April 3, 1962. At maturity, 6.0 per cent of lettuce plants was lost through necrotic yellow infection, which was randomly distributed throughout the crop. On a neighbouring farm where sowthistles were not controlled, 75.6 per cent of a crop of the same variety sown at the same time was lost through the disease. In this crop the pattern of disease spread was typically marginal from thistles located along one boundary.
Recording the lambing performance of ewes under field conditions
Authors: Dun RB
Published: March 2005

A technique is described which enables the accurate division of a flock of ewes into three categories of lambing performance-dry ewes, ewes which have lost their lambs (lambed and lost) and ewes with lambs at foot (lactating ewes). This technique is of particular value when a record of lambing by, individual ewes is required under field conditions. It also provides a rapid and inexpensive means of surveying problems of flock fertility, on graying properties.