bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Profiling the Proteome of Exhaled Breath Condensate in Healthy Smokers and COPD Patients by LC-MS/MS
Authors: Fumagalli Marco , Ferrari Fabio , Luisetti Maurizio , Stolk Jan , Hiemstra Pieter S. , Capuano Daniela , Viglio Simona , Fregonese Laura , Cerveri Isa , Corana Federica , Tinelli Carmine , Iadarola Paolo
Published: October 2012

Three pools of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) from non-smokers plus healthy smokers (NS + HS, n = 45); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) without emphysema (COPD, n = 15) and subjects with pulmonary emphysema associated with α1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD, n = 23) were used for an exploratory proteomic study aimed at generating fingerprints of these groups that can be used in future pathophysiological and perhaps even clinical research. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was the platform applied for this hypothesis-free investigation. Analysis of pooled specimens resulted in the production of a “fingerprint” made of 44 proteins for NS/HS; 17 for COPD and 15 for the group of AATD subjects. Several inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2; IL-12, α and β subunits, IL-15, interferon α and γ, tumor necrosis factor α); Type I and II cytokeratins; two SP-A isoforms; Calgranulin A and B and α1-antitrypsin were detected and validated through the use of surface enhanced laser-desorption ionization mass spectrometry (SELDI-MS) and/or by Western blot (WB) analysis. These results are the prelude of quantitative studies aimed at identifying which of these proteins hold promise as identifiers of differences that could distinguish healthy subjects from patients.
Digluconate and Isopropyl Alcohol Biocide Formulation
Authors: Hendry Emma , Conway Barbara , Worthington Tony
Published: October 2012

Effective surface disinfection is a fundamental infection control strategy within healthcare. This study assessed the antimicrobial efficacy of novel biocide formulations comprising 5% and 2% eucalyptus oil (EO) combined with 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) and 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) contained within a wipe. The efficacy of this novel antimicrobial formulation to remove and eliminate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli and Candida albicans from steel surfaces was investigated. Adpression studies of pre-contaminated wipes were also utilised to assess their potential to induce cross-contamination between hard surfaces. Furthermore, the bactericidal nature of the EO-formulation was established in addition to time-kill. The EO-containing formulations demonstrated bactericidal antimicrobial efficacy against all microorganisms and did not induce surface cross-contamination. There was no significant difference (p < 0.05) between the 5% and 2% EO formulations in their ability to remove microorganisms from steel surfaces, however both significantly (p < 0.05) removed more than the control formulations. Microbial biofilms were eliminated within 10 min (p < 0.05) when exposed to the EO formulations. Our novel EO-formulation demonstrated rapid antimicrobial efficacy for potential disinfection and elimination of microbial biofilms from hard surfaces and may therefore be a useful adjunct to current infection control strategies currently employed within healthcare facilities.
An Altered Treatment Plan Based on Direct to Consumer (DTC) Genetic Testing: Personalized Medicine from the Patient/Pin-cushion Perspective
Authors: Tenenbaum Jessica , James Andra , Paulyson-Nuñez Kristin
Published: October 2012

Direct to consumer (DTC) genomic services facilitate the personalized and participatory aspects of “P4” medicine, but raise questions regarding use of genomic data in providing predictive and preventive healthcare. We illustrate the issues involved by describing a pregnancy management case in which a treatment plan was modified based on a DTC result. A woman whose personal and family history were otherwise unremarkable for thromboembolism learned through DTC testing about the presence of a prothrombin (factor 2) gene mutation (rs1799963). Twice daily injections of enoxaparin were recommended throughout pregnancy for this patient who, without prior knowledge of this mutation, would not have been offered such therapy. Moreover, genetically based medical guidelines are a moving target, and treatment of thrombophilic conditions in asymptomatic patients is controversial. We address the state of the art in actionable personalized medicine with respect to clotting disorders in pregnancy, as well as other factors at play— economics, patient preference, and clinical decision support. We also discuss what steps are needed to increase the utility of genomic data in personalized medicine by collecting information and converting it into actionable knowledge.
Bioavailability of Metal Ions and Evolutionary Adaptation
Authors: Hong Enriquez Rolando P. , Do Trang N.
Published: October 2012

The evolution of life on earth has been a long process that began nearly 3,5 x 109 years ago. In their initial moments, evolution was mainly influenced by anaerobic environments; with the rise of O2 and the corresponding change in bioavailability of metal ions, new mechanisms of survival were created. Here we review the relationships between ancient atmospheric conditions, metal ion bioavailability and adaptation of metals homeostasis during early evolution. A general picture linking geochemistry, biochemistry and homeostasis is supported by the reviewed literature and is further illustrated in this report using simple database searches.
Preparation and Characterization of Ferrofluid Stabilized with Biocompatible Chitosan and Dextran Sulfate Hybrid Biopolymer as a Potential Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) T2 Contrast Agent
Authors: Tsai Zei-Tsan , Tsai Fu-Yuan , Yang Wei-Cheng , Wang Jen-Fei , Liu Chao-Lin , Shen Chia-Rui , Yen Tzu-Chen
Published: October 2012

Chitosan is the deacetylated form of chitin and used in numerous applications. Because it is a good dispersant for metal and/or oxide nanoparticle synthesis, chitosan and its derivatives have been utilized as coating agents for magnetic nanoparticles synthesis, including superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). Herein, we demonstrate the water-soluble SPIONs encapsulated with a hybrid polymer composed of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) from chitosan, the positively charged polymer, and dextran sulfate, the negatively charged polymer. The as-prepared hybrid ferrofluid, in which iron chloride salts (Fe3+ and Fe2+) were directly coprecipitated inside the hybrid polymeric matrices, was physic-chemically characterized. Its features include the z-average diameter of 114.3 nm, polydispersity index of 0.174, zeta potential of −41.5 mV and iron concentration of 8.44 mg Fe/mL. Moreover, based on the polymer chain persistence lengths, the anionic surface of the nanoparticles as well as the high R2/R1 ratio of 13.5, we depict the morphology of SPIONs as a cluster because chitosan chains are chemisorbed onto the anionic magnetite surfaces by tangling of the dextran sulfate. Finally, the cellular uptake and biocompatibility assays indicate that the hybrid polymer encapsulating the SPIONs exhibited great potential as a magnetic resonance imaging T2 contrast agent for cell tracking.
The Idea of a Highest Divine Principle — Founding Reason and Spirituality. A Necessary Concept of a Comparative Philosophy?
Authors: Bickmann Claudia
Published: October 2012

By reference to the Platonic, Aristotelian, and Neo-Platonic philosophical traditions (and then to German Idealism, including Husserl and Heidegger), I will indicate the way in which the concept of reason—on the one side—depends on the horizon of spirituality (by searching for the ultimate ground within us and the striving for the highest good); and inversely—how far the idea of the divine or our spiritual self may be deepened, understood and transmitted by reference to reason and rationality. But whereas philosophical analysis aims at the universal dimensions of spirituality or the divine (as in Plato's idea of the 'highest good', the Aristotelian 'Absolute substance', the 'Oneness of the One' (Plotinus and the Neo-Platonists) or the Hegelian 'Absolute spirit'),—Comparative Theology may preserve the dimension of spirituality or divinity in its individuality and specifity. Comparative Theology mediates between the universality of the philosophical discourse and the uniqueness of our individual experience (symbolized by a sacred person—such as Jesus, Brahman, Buddha or Mohammed) by reflecting and analyzing our religious experiences and practices. Religion may lose its specificity by comparative conceptual analysis within the field of philosophy, but Comparative Theology may enhance the vital dimensions of the very same spiritual experience by placing them in a comparative perspective.
Interface Design for CMOS-Integrated Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Biosensors
Authors: Manickam Arun , Johnson Christopher Andrew , Kavusi Sam , Hassibi Arjang
Published: October 2012

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful electrochemical technique to detect biomolecules. EIS has the potential of carrying out label-free and real-time detection, and in addition, can be easily implemented using electronic integrated circuits (ICs) that are built through standard semiconductor fabrication processes. This paper focuses on the various design and optimization aspects of EIS ICs, particularly the bio-to-semiconductor interface design. We discuss, in detail, considerations such as the choice of the electrode surface in view of IC manufacturing, surface linkers, and development of optimal bio-molecular detection protocols. We also report experimental results, using both macro- and micro-electrodes to demonstrate the design trade-offs and ultimately validate our optimization procedures.
Laser-Based Pedestrian Tracking in Outdoor Environments by Multiple Mobile Robots
Authors: Ozaki Masataka , Kakimuma Kei , Hashimoto Masafumi , Takahashi Kazuhiko
Published: October 2012

This paper presents an outdoors laser-based pedestrian tracking system using a group of mobile robots located near each other. Each robot detects pedestrians from its own laser scan image using an occupancy-grid-based method, and the robot tracks the detected pedestrians via Kalman filtering and global-nearest-neighbor (GNN)-based data association. The tracking data is broadcast to multiple robots through intercommunication and is combined using the covariance intersection (CI) method. For pedestrian tracking, each robot identifies its own posture using real-time-kinematic GPS (RTK-GPS) and laser scan matching. Using our cooperative tracking method, all the robots share the tracking data with each other; hence, individual robots can always recognize pedestrians that are invisible to any other robot. The simulation and experimental results show that cooperating tracking provides the tracking performance better than conventional individual tracking does. Our tracking system functions in a decentralized manner without any central server, and therefore, this provides a degree of scalability and robustness that cannot be achieved by conventional centralized architectures.
A Two-Layers Based Approach of an Enhanced-Mapfor Urban Positioning Support
Authors: Piñana-Díaz Carolina , Toledo-Moreo Rafael , Toledo-Moreo F. , Skarmeta Antonio
Published: October 2012

This paper presents a two-layer based enhanced map that can support navigationin urban environments. One layer is dedicated to describe the drivable road with a specialfocus on the accurate description of its bounds. This feature can support positioning andadvanced map-matching when compared with standard polyline-based maps. The otherlayer depicts building heights and locations, thus enabling the detection of non-line-of-sightsignals coming from GPS satellites not in direct view. Both the concept and the methodologyfor creating these enhanced maps are shown in the paper.
Environmental Profiles of Stirling-Cooled and Cascade-Cooled Ultra-Low Temperature Freezers
Authors: Berchowitz David , Kwon Yongrak
Published: October 2012

The environmental footprint of ultra-low temperature (ULT) freezers as used in bio-repositories, universities and other research organizations is investigated. These freezers, employing the cascade refrigeration system, use between 10 and 20 times the energy of an average household refrigerator/freezer. In addition, they often require high greenhouse gas potential (GWP) refrigerants. A new technology employing the Stirling cycle machine promises to reduce energy consumption of ULT freezers by 50% or more. The cascade and Stirling systems are compared for equivalent sized freezers in terms of embodied energy and equivalent CO2 production from cradle to gate and use, including total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) estimations. End-of-life issues are discussed but not quantified. It is shown that Stirling technology is able to significantly reduce the environmental impact of ULT freezers.
Cyclophilin Inhibitors: An Emerging Class of Therapeutics for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Infection
Authors: Hopkins Sam , Gallay Philippe
Published: October 2012

The advent of the replicon system together with advances in cell culture have contributed significantly to our understanding of the function of virally-encoded structural and nonstructural proteins in the replication cycle of the hepatitis C virus. In addition, in vitro systems have been used to identify several host proteins whose expression is critical for supporting such diverse activities as viral entry, RNA replication, particle assembly, and the release of infectious virions. Among all known host proteins that participate in the HCV replication cycle, cyclophilins are unique because they constitute the only host target that has formed the basis of pharmaceutical drug discovery and drug development programs. The introduction of the nonimmunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitors into clinical testing has confirmed the clinical utility of CsA-based inhibitors for the treatment of individuals with chronic hepatitis C infection and has yielded new insights into their mechanism(s) of action. This review describes the biochemical evidence for the potential roles played by cyclophilins in supporting HCV RNA replication and summarizes clinical trial results obtained with the first generation of nonimmunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitors.
dsRNA-Dependent Protein Kinase PKR and its Role in Stress, Signaling and HCV Infection
Authors: Dabo Stéphanie , Meurs Eliane F.
Published: October 2012

The double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR plays multiple roles in cells, in response to different stress situations. As a member of the interferon (IFN)‑Stimulated Genes, PKR was initially recognized as an actor in the antiviral action of IFN, due to its ability to control translation, through phosphorylation, of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2a). As such, PKR participates in the generation of stress granules, or autophagy and a number of viruses have designed strategies to inhibit its action. However, PKR deficient mice resist most viral infections, indicating that PKR may play other roles in the cell other than just acting as an antiviral agent. Indeed, PKR regulates several signaling pathways, either as an adapter protein and/or using its kinase activity. Here we review the role of PKR as an eIF2a kinase, its participation in the regulation of the NF-kB, p38MAPK and insulin pathways, and we focus on its role during infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). PKR binds the HCV IRES RNA, cooperates with some functions of the HCV core protein and may represent a target for NS5A or E2. Novel data points out for a role of PKR as a pro-HCV agent, both as an adapter protein and as an eIF2a-kinase, and in cooperation with the di-ubiquitin-like protein ISG15. Developing pharmaceutical inhibitors of PKR may help in resolving some viral infections as well as stress-related damages.
How much of Virus-Specific CD8 T Cell Reactivity is Detected with a Peptide Pool when Compared to Individual Peptides?
Authors: Zhang Wenji , Moldovan Ioana , Targoni Oleg S. , Subbramanian Ramu A. , Lehmann Paul V.
Published: October 2012

Immune monitoring of T cell responses increasingly relies on the use of peptide pools. Peptides, when restricted by the same HLA allele, and presented from within the same peptide pool, can compete for HLA binding sites. What impact such competition has on functional T cell stimulation, however, is not clear. Using a model peptide pool that is comprised of 32 well-defined viral epitopes from Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Influenza viruses (CEF peptide pool), we assessed peptide competition in PBMC from 42 human subjects. The magnitude of the peptide pool-elicited CD8 T cell responses was a mean 79% and a median 77% of the sum of the CD8 T cell responses elicited by the individual peptides. Therefore, while the effect of peptide competition was evident, it was of a relatively minor magnitude. By studying the dose-response curves for individual CEF peptides, we show that several of these peptides are present in the CEF-pool at concentrations that are orders of magnitude in excess of what is needed for the activation threshold of the CD8 T cells. The presence of such T cells with very high functional avidity for the viral antigens can explain why the effect of peptide competition is relatively minor within the CEF-pool.
Ex Vivo Akt/HO-1 Gene Therapy to Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells Enhances Myocardial Infarction Recovery
Authors: Brunt Keith R. , Wu Jun , Chen Zhilin , Poeckel Daniel , Dercho Ryan A. , Melo Luis G. , Funk Colin D. , Ward Christopher A. , Li Ren-Ke
Published: October 2012

The aim of this study was to evaluate the overexpression of genes central to cell survival and angiogenesis to enhance the function of human late outgrowth endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and their utility for infarct recovery. Ischemic myocardial injury creates a hostile microenvironment, which is characterized by hypoxia, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The infarct microenvironment prevents adhesion, survival, and integration of cell transplants that promote neovascularization. EPCs are dysfunctional as a result of risk factors in cardiovascular patients. Protein kinase B (Akt) and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) are intracellular proteins that play an important role in angiogenesis and cell survival. Late outgrowth EPCs transduced ex vivo with Akt and HO-1 demonstrate improved adhesion to extracellular matrix, improved migration toward human cardiomyocytes, and an improved paracrine profile under stress. Enhanced late outgrowth EPCs reduce the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) burden both in vitro and in vivo, attenuating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity and promoting cell survival. Akt and HO-1 enhance late outgrowth EPC neovascularization, resulting in improved cardiac performance and reduced negative remodeling after myocardial infarction in nude mice. Alteration of the infarct microenvironment through gene modification of human late outgrowth EPCs enhances the function and integration of transplanted cells for restoration of cardiac function.
GMP-Compliant Isolation and Expansion of Bone Marrow-Derived MSCs in the Closed, Automated Device Quantum Cell Expansion System
Authors: Rojewski Markus T. , Fekete Natalie , Baila Stefano , Nguyen Kim , Fürst Daniel , Antwiler Delbert , Dausend Julia , Kreja Ludwika , Ignatius Anita , Sensebé Luc , Schrezenmeier Hubert
Published: October 2012

The estimated frequency of MSCs in BM is about 0.001–0.01% of total nucleated cells. Most commonly, one applied therapeutic cell dose is about 1–5 million MSCs/kg body weight, necessitating a reliable, fast, and safe expansion system. The limited availability of MSCs demands for an extensive ex vivo amplification step to accumulate sufficient cell numbers. Human platelet lysate (PL) has proven to be a safe and feasible alternative to animal-derived serum as supplement for MSC cultivation. We have investigated the functionally closed automated cell culture hollow fiber bioreactor Quantum cell expansion system as an alternative novel tool to conventional tissue flasks for efficient clinical-scale MSC isolation and expansion from bone marrow using PL. Cells expanded in the Quantum system fulfilled MSC criteria as shown by flow cytometry and adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation capacity. Cell surface expression of a variety of chemokine receptors, adhesion molecules, and additional MSC markers was monitored for several passages by flow cytometry. The levels of critical media components like glucose and lactate were analyzed. PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, bFGF, TGF-β1, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, RANTES, GRO, VEGF, sCD40L, and IL-6 were assessed using a LUMINEX platform. Originally optimized for the use of fetal calf serum (FCS) as supplement and fibronectin as coating reagent, we succeeded to obtain an average of more than 100 × 106 of MSCs from as little as 18.8–28.6 ml of BM aspirate using PL. We obtained similar yields of MSCs/μl BM in the FCS-containing and the xenogen-free expansion system. The Quantum system reliably produces a cellular therapeutic dose in a functionally closed system that requires minimal manipulation. Both isolation and expansion are possible using FCS or PL as supplement. Coating of the hollow fibers of the bioreactor is mandatory when loading MSCs. Fibronectin, PL, and human plasma may serve as coating reagents.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for an important tropical tree, Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymelaeaceae)
Authors: Tnah Lee Hong , Lee Chai Ting , Lee Soon Leong , Ng Kevin Kit Siong , Ng Chin Hong , Nurul‐Farhanah Zakaria , Lau Kah Hoo , Chua Lillian Swee Lian
Published: October 2012

• Premise of the study: Aggressive collections and trade activities in recent decades have resulted in heavy pressure on the natural stands of Aquilaria malaccensis and concerns over its long‐term survival potential. To aid DNA profiling and assessment of its genetic diversity, microsatellite markers were developed for the species.

• Methods and Results: Seventeen polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for A. malaccensis using an enrichment protocol. The markers were screened on 24 samples from a natural population. The number of alleles ranged from two to 11, and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.042 to 0.957. No significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was detected after conservative Bonferroni correction.

• Conclusions: This is the first report on the development of microsatellite markers in A. malaccensis. The markers will be used to establish a DNA profiling database and to estimate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the species.
Identifying multiple origins of polyploid taxa: A multilocus study of the hybrid cloak fern (Astrolepis integerrima; Pteridaceae)
Authors: Beck James B. , Allison James R. , Pryer Kathleen M. , Windham Michael D.
Published: October 2012

• Premise of the study: Molecular studies have shown that multiple origins of polyploid taxa are the rule rather than the exception. To understand the distribution and ecology of polyploid species and the evolutionary significance of polyploidy in general, it is important to delineate these independently derived lineages as accurately as possible. Although gene flow among polyploid lineages and backcrossing to their diploid parents often confound this process, such post origin gene flow is very infrequent in asexual polyploids. In this study, we estimate the number of independent origins of the apomictic allopolyploid fern Astrolepis integerrima, a morphologically heterogeneous species most common in the southwestern United States and Mexico, with outlying populations in the southeastern United States and the Caribbean.

• Methods: Plastid DNA sequence and AFLP data were obtained from 33 A. integerrima individuals. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data and multidimensional clustering of the AFLP data were used to identify independently derived lineages.

• Key results: Analysis of the two datasets identified 10 genetic groups within the 33 analyzed samples. These groups suggest a minimum of 10 origins of A. integerrima in the northern portion of its range, with both putative parents functioning as maternal donors, both supplying unreduced gametes, and both contributing a significant portion of their genetic diversity to the hybrids.

• Conclusions: Our results highlight the extreme cryptic genetic diversity and systematic complexity that can underlie a single polyploid taxon.
Microsatellite primers for an Amazonian lowland tropical tree, Protium subserratum (Burseraceae)
Authors: Misiewicz Tracy M. , Barbosa Carlos E. A. , Fine Paul V. A.
Published: October 2012

• Premise of the study: The first microsatellite primers were developed for Protium subserratum, a widespread Amazonian tree, to investigate genetic differentiation between populations found on clay, brown‐sand, and white‐sand soils.

• Methods and Results: Seventeen primer pairs were identified from two individuals of P. subserratum found on white‐sand and brown‐sand soil types. Polymorphism was analyzed in 63 individuals from a total of three populations, each found on a different soil type. The primers amplified tetra‐, tri‐, and dinucleotide repeats with three to 24 alleles per locus. Excluding monomorphic loci, observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 0.852 and 0.036 to 0.901, respectively.

• Conclusions: These new microsatellite markers will be useful in studies of genetic diversity, population differentiation, and gene flow across habitat types in P. subserratum.
A Clinical Trial of Intravenous Peramivir Compared with Oral Oseltamivir for the Treatment of Seasonal Influenza in Hospitalized Adults
Authors: Ison Michael G , Hui David S , Clezy Kate , O'Neil Brian J , Flynt Amy , Collis Philip J , Simon Thomas J , Alexander W James
Published: October 2012

Background

Seasonal interpandemic influenza causes >200,000 annual hospitalizations in the United States. Optimal antiviral treatment in hospitalized patients is not established.

Methods

During three interpandemic influenza seasons, 137 patients hospitalized with suspected acute influenza were randomized to 5-day treatment with intravenous peramivir 400 mg or 200 mg once daily or oral oseltamivir 75 mg twice daily. Time to clinical stability and quantitative changes in viral titres from nasopharyngeal specimens were primary and key secondary end points, respectively.

Results

Infection was confirmed in 122 patients with influenza A (H1N1), influenza A (H3N2) or influenza B. Median times (95% CI) to clinical stability were 37.0 h (22.0, 48.7) with peramivir 400 mg, 23.7 h (16.0, 38.9) with peramivir 200 mg and 28.1 h (22.0, 37.0) with oseltamivir ( P=0.306). Patients ( n=97) who were clinically unstable at enrolment had median times (95% CI) to clinical stability of 24.3 h (21.2, 47.5) with peramivir 400 mg, 31.0 h (17.2, 47.7) with peramivir 200 mg and 35.5 h (23.3, 37.9) with oseltamivir ( P=0.541). Titres of influenza A viruses in nasopharyngeal specimens decreased similarly across treatments, but more rapid decreases in titres of influenza B occurred with peramivir treatment. There were no deaths among patients with confirmed influenza and the incidence of adverse events was low and generally similar among treatment groups.

Conclusions

Treatment of acute seasonal influenza in hospitalized adults with either peramivir or oseltamivir resulted in generally similar clinical outcomes. Treatment with peramivir was generally safe and well tolerated and could be of benefit in this population.
Disparities in Prevalence of Key Chronic Diseases by Gender and Race/Ethnicity among Antiretroviral-Treated HIV-Infected Adults in the Us
Authors: Buchacz Kate , Baker Rose K , Palella Frank J , Shaw Lauren , Patel Pragna , Lichtenstein Kenneth A , Chmiel Joan S , Vellozzi Claudia , Debes Rachel , Henry Keith , Overton E Turner , Bush Timothy J , Tedaldi Ellen , Carpenter Charles , Mayer Kenneth H , Brooks John T ,   the HIV Outpatient Study Investigators
Published: October 2012

Background

Certain sociodemographic subgroups of HIV-infected patients may experience more chronic disease than others due to behavioural risk factors, advanced HIV disease or complications from extended use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), but recent comparative data are limited.

Methods

We studied HIV-infected adult patients in care during 2006–2010 who had been prescribed ≥6 months of cART. We analysed the prevalence of selected key chronic conditions and polymorbidity (having 2 or more out of 10 key conditions) by gender and race/ethnicity.

Results

Of the 3,166 HIV-infected patients (median age 47 years, CD4+ T-cell count 496 cells/mm3, duration of cART use 6.8 years), 21% were female, 57% were non-Hispanic White and over half were current or former tobacco smokers. The five most frequent conditions among women (median age 45 years) were dyslipidaemia (67.3%), hypertension (57.4%), obesity (31.7%), viral hepatitis B or C coinfection (29.0%) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc; 27.3%). The five most frequent conditions in men (median age 47 years) were dyslipidaemia (81.2%), hypertension (54.4%), low HDLc (41.1%), elevated triglycerides (32.3%) and elevated non-HDLc (26.8%). In multivariable analyses, Hispanic patients had higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes than White patients; Black patients had higher prevalence of obesity and hypertension but lower rates of lipid abnormalities. Of all patients, 73.7% of women and 66.8% of men had polymorbidity, with no evidence of disparities by race/ethnicity.

Conclusions

Among contemporary cART-treated HIV-infected adults, chronic conditions and polymorbidity were common, underscoring the importance of chronic disease prevention and management among ageing HIV-infected patients.
Le téléphone portable dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal
Authors: Dia Hamidou
Published: October 2012

Résumé En prenant comme objet les usages sociaux du téléphone portable dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal, il s’agit d’interroger les rapports entre jeunesse, innovation technologique et changement social. L’intrusion de cette nouvelle technologie, combinée à une dynamique d’émigration/immigration qui donne à certains une légitimité financière et scolaire, contribue à transformer les pratiques politiques locales (en instaurant une sorte d’assemblée parallèle) et les relations amoureuses (en trompant la surveillance des adultes). Enfin, les migrants peuvent être sollicités à tout moment.
Les « bulles » sur les actions françaises
Authors: Le Bris David
Published: October 2012

Résumé De 1719 à 2009, les bulles sur les actions diffèrent par leur ampleur à la hausse mais surtout à la baisse car des cours élevés se maintiennent parfois longtemps. C’est toujours l’ensemble du marché qui est porté à la hausse. Ainsi le facteur technologique ne semble pas déterminant dans la bulle de 1929. Un taux de dividende éloigné de sa moyenne historique indique une bulle. Il permet de prévoir les cours futurs et évolue de manière coordonnée avec les taux d’intérêts à long terme. La théorie autrichienne propose une explication des bulles fondée sur une perturbation des taux d’intérêt. Grâce à une hypothèse sur le comportement des taux d’intérêt, cette théorie est testée sur 150 années de données françaises.
Des marchés efficients ? Les bourses de New York et de Paris dans les années 1920
Authors: Quennouëlle-Corre Laure
Published: October 2012

Résumé Cet article cherche à revisiter l’approche comparative des Bourses par les microstructures qui avait été amorcée par les travaux pionniers des historiens L. Neal et L. Davis sur les marchés de New York, Londres et Paris ou bien par ceux de R. C. Michie sur les institutions boursières de New York et de Londres. Pour la période précédant 1914, ceux-ci ont mis au jour les effets de différentes règles de fonctionnement sur le développement des marchés financiers. Axant son étude sur la période de l’entre-deux-guerres, jugée plus propice à l’évaluation de l’efficience de ces marchés, l’auteure cherche à réévaluer le rôle de certains aspects de l’organisation et du fonctionnement des marchés de New York et de Paris comme ceux touchant à la sécurité et à la liquidité. Il apparaît enfin que les différences entre le fonctionnement des deux institutions boursières trouvent leur origine dans des philosophies économiques opposées, selon la priorité donnée au profit ou à la sécurité.
La gestion des acteurs et organisations au sein des marchés financiers (1988-2008)
Authors: Benchemam Faycel
Published: October 2012

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est de montrer la façon dont les structures françaises de courtage d’instruments financiers et de gestion d’actifs, filiales de banques universelles, se sont structurées à partir d’un modèle de gestion anglo-saxon. Sous l’influence de la concurrence des banques d’investissement anglo-saxonnes et de la nouvelle législation financière, les banques d’investissement françaises opérant sur les marchés financiers vont voir leur organisation interne profondément modifiée et vont adopter des modes de gestion du travail spécifiques marqués par une segmentation du travail et des politiques de rémunération incitatives.
Les étudiants français ont-ils la fibre entrepreneuriale ?
Authors: Degeorge Jean-Michel , Fayolle Alain
Published: October 2012

Résumé Des enquêtes comparatives situent l’activité entrepreneuriale française à un niveau plutôt faible par rapport à celle d’autres pays. Pourtant, certains indicateurs liés aux perceptions et aspirations des étudiants pourraient nous conduire à un optimisme mesuré pour l’avenir. A partir d’une enquête internationale, nous proposons une lecture comparée de l’orientation entrepreneuriale des étudiants français.
Des Maisons de l'Entrepreneuriat au plan d'action national des Pôles Entrepreneuriat Étudiants
Authors: Boissin Jean-Pierre , Schieb-Bienfait Nathalie
Published: October 2012

Résumé Ces 20 dernières années, différentes expérimentations ont été conduites dans l’enseignement supérieur afin de développer une culture entrepreneuriale chez les étudiants. Ces expérimentations se sont appuyées sur les initiatives d’établissements (Écoles ou Universités). En 2003, la création de Maisons de l’Entrepreneuriat inter-établissements a permis de valider l’intérêt de la mutualisation des expériences pédagogiques sur les campus. Le plan d’action national 2010-2013 Entrepreneuriat Étudiants généralise à l’ensemble de l’enseignement supérieur l’objectif de permettre à tout étudiant d’accéder en 2012 à un programme de sensibilisation à l’entrepreneuriat. Le contexte institutionnel est donc historique pour ce déploiement d’une culture entrepreneuriale. Les deux auteurs, universitaires mais aussi porteurs opérationnels de différents projets dans le domaine, proposent une prise de recul sur leurs expériences et ce nouveau contexte.
Le client pilote, une façon d'améliorer le timing de lancement d'une activité
Authors: Ben Slimane Karim
Published: October 2012

Résumé La question du timing de l’abord du marché par l’entrepreneur est cruciale. Entre attendre trop longtemps et se précipiter sans préparation, l’entrepreneur peut avoir recours à un moyen terme : le client pilote. Trois vertus du client pilote sont revues et analysées. Il s’agit de l’adaptation du business model, de l’amélioration de l’apprentissage et de l’accroissement de la légitimité de la nouvelle entreprise. Deux stratégies de recherche et d’identification du client pilote sont présentées. L’entrepreneur doit faire jouer ses relations proches et accepter de réduire sa marge.
Les réponses à la flexibilité
Authors: Le Goff Jacques , Padis Marc-Olivier
Published: October 2012

Le travail salarié va-t-il évoluer vers toujours plus de flexibilité et de précarité ? Le droit du travail permet d’observer ces évolutions au long cours, tout en aidant à comprendre le lien entre garanties du salariat et solidarités collectives de notre système social.
Le téléphone mobile, terminal universel ?
Authors: Tronc Jean-Noël , Lempereur Nathalie , Padis Marc-Olivier
Published: October 2012

Glissé au fond de notre poche ou porté comme un bijou, petit objet numérique au contact de notre corps, le téléphone sera-t-il demain le support de notre contact au réseau, grâce auquel nous organiserons notre travail, accéderons à l’information, organiserons nos loisirs et maintiendrons le lien avec nos proches ?
Contrôler l'accès. Entre stratégies industrielles et régulations publiques
Authors: Chantepie Philippe
Published: October 2012

Le réseau est à la fois le lieu d’une grande fluidité et de grandes possibilités de contrôle économique. Pour l’usager, avoir accès à internet est devenu facile. Pour les acteurs économiques, la tentation du verrouillage est forte. C’est pourquoi diverses formes de régulation publiques sont apparues pour tenir compte d’une dynamique contradictoire qui exige à la fois plus de transparence et plus d’obstacles.
Les communautés en ligne : échanges de fichiers, partage d'expériences et participation visuelle
Authors: Gensollen Michel
Published: October 2012

En quoi consistent les communautés qui se forment sur le web ? On peut en distinguer trois sortes : celles où l’on s’échange des fichiers « à la bonne franquette », celles où l’on partage une expérience pour mieux profiter d’un bien (par exemple les jeux vidéo), celles où l’on contribue à la cantonade sur un sujet d’intérêt commun. Dans chaque cas, la conception de l’économie de la culture et du marché des œuvres est bouleversée.
La guerre des Balkans et le déshonneur occidental. Retour sur Srebrenica
Authors: Hassner Pierre , Massé Jacques , Matton Sylvie , Hubrecht Joël
Published: October 2012

Alors que le révisionnisme chic perpétue un flou sur les responsabilités de la guerre de dissolution de la Yougoslavie, cette discussion permet de revenir en détail sur son épisode emblématique qui a fait l’objet d’enquêtes et de jugements judiciaires éclairant l’enchaînement de la catastrophe.
Dans l'espace du soupçon
Authors: Linhardt Dominique
Published: October 2012

En quoi réside la faculté d’épouvante du terrorisme ? En opposant deux interprétations philosophiques – l’une qui met l’accent sur le retournement de l’environnement naturel en facteur de violence, l’autre insistant sur la destruction du monde social proche –, l’auteur nous introduit dans les difficultés de la description de l’acte terroriste.
Le destin de l'Asie, le choix de l'Amérique
Authors: Mahbubani Kishore
Published: October 2012

Dans l’espace Asie-Pacifique, les États-Unis devraient développer une stratégie internationale bien opposée à celle de « la guerre contre le terrorisme ». Mais les États-Unis ne sont-ils pas déjà en train de perdre, vis-à-vis de l’Inde, de la Chine et de l’Indonésie, le crédit dont ils disposaient ?
Contre-prêches
Authors: Meddeb Abdelwahab
Published: October 2012

Dans une série de textes portant sur des sujets variés – ici les relations de l’islam au judaïsme, l’imaginaire maritime en terres d’islam et la place des femmes dans la célébration du culte –, l’écrivain montre les ressources culturelles et historiques avec lesquelles l’islam peut renouer avec son histoire, dans une confrontation plus heureuse au présent.
Hec, la réussite insouciante
Authors: Jacques Antoine
Published: October 2012

Considérée comme une des meilleures écoles de commerce en Europe, quelle est la formation proposée par Hec à ses étudiants ? L’injonction contradictoire de l’initiative fonctionne à plein : l’étudiant est appelé à faire valoir ses capacités d’initiative, tout en sachant montrer ses facultés d’adaptation à une école qui fait mine de s’adapter aux personnalités originales qu’elle se propose de former...
Éduquer et punir
Authors: Youf Dominique
Published: October 2012

Alors que toutes les dispositions de la dernière réforme en date (2002) ne sont pas encore mises en œuvre, une nouvelle loi est en discussion pour modifier le droit pénal relatif aux mineurs. L’équilibre qui caractérisait le droit français dans ce domaine pourra-t-il être maintenu ? Les orientations actuelles en font douter. Mais l’inspiration initiale de la justice des mineurs a-t-elle des principes à opposer à l’érosion progressive de l’ambition éducative et de la protection de l’enfance ?
Une division occidentale au sein du christianisme ?
Authors: Abel Olivier
Published: October 2012

Le discours de Ratisbonne est une affaire intra-occidentale : Benoît XVI s’y prononce en effet bien plus sur l’Occident que sur l’Islam, qui cache ici la Réforme. En réaffirmant la continuité entre le logos grec et le christianisme romain, il reproche au mouvement de la Réforme d’avoir rompu l’analogie de Dieu avec la raison, et d’avoir affirmé une transcendance trop radicale, une volonté de Dieu trop capricieuse. Dès lors, c’est surtout le protestantisme, avec son double spectre des utopies sectaires et de l’individualisme consommateur, qui est visé.
Quel dialogue islamo-chrétien dans le contexte de l'élargissement de l'Europe à la Turquie ?
Authors: Legrand Hervé
Published: October 2012

Le voyage du pape en Turquie dissipera-t-il les malentendus de son discours de Ratisbonne et le soupçon selon lequel le catholicisme constituerait une force d’opposition ouverte à l’adhésion de la Turquie à l’Europe ? Pour dépasser les querelles de l’actualité, il faut rappeler où en est le dialogue islamo-chrétien et ce que les théologiens nous permettent d’en attendre.
Portobello, un quartier londonien à l'heure du virtuel
Authors: Naudin Thierry
Published: October 2012

En se promenant le long de la rue de Portobello, au nord-ouest de Londres, on observe les transformations d’un quartier d’émigrations successives, haut en couleur, en ghetto de la bohème de luxe, enrichie par la nouvelle économie. Celle-ci, même virtuelle, produit des recompositions rapides de l’espace urbain, écrasant les strates culturelles successives, les imaginaires qui ont fait l’esprit du lieu.
Le coup de tête de Zidane
Authors: Baetens Franck
Published: October 2012

Loin de se limiter à la performance physique ou à la beauté du geste, le sport se prête aussi à des mises en récits qui peuvent faire sens pour le plus grand nombre. Ainsi, le dernier geste de Zidane avant sa retraite peut-il donner lieu à un récit dans lequel on retrouve les grands schémas des mythologies antiques.
Voyage en Algérie, pays des 66 milliards de dollars de réserve et de l'immense désespoir des jeunes
Authors: Benrabah Mohamed
Published: October 2012

Absent de son pays pendant dix ans, l’auteur est frappé, après deux séjours récents, par l’accumulation des espoirs déçus : politique opaque et sclérosée, école sinistrée, jeunesse dés œuvrée. Pendant ce temps, la manne pétrolière afflue mais le sort de la population n’en est en rien changé.
La ville de Kinshasa, une architecture du verbe
Authors: De Boeck Filip , Jacquemin Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2012

Capitale de la République démocratique du Congo, deuxième ville de l’Afrique subsaharienne, avec sept millions d’habitants, Kinshasa incarne aussi le chaos urbain actuel. Alors que son infrastructure semble inexistante ou vouée à disparaître, comment comprendre ce qui fait tenir la ville ? Pour cela, il faut avant tout décrire l’urbain dans sa relation avec le corps, la sexualité, la religion, l’argent, la folie et la mort.
Poèmes
Authors: Milosz Czeslaw , Krol Marta
Published: October 2012

Dans ces deux poèmes inédits en français, le prix Nobel de littérature s’interroge sur cette étrange et « incessante poursuite » qui le pousse à composer des poèmes. En s’adressant au poète américain Allen Ginsberg ou en décrivant des courtisanes de Venise, il exprime à la fois la vanité de son art et son absolu : « Rien, sinon la beauté. »
Une histoire à transmettre
Authors: Thuram Lilian , Dubois Laurent , Giraud Michel , Padis Marc-Olivier , Weil Patrick
Published: October 2012

Défenseur de l’équipe de France de football, passé par l’Italie et l’Espagne, Lilian Thuram s’intéresse depuis longtemps à l’histoire de l’esclavage et aux questions des discriminations actuelles, comme en témoigne sa participation au Haut Conseil à l’intégration. Conscient du rôle civique qu’il peut jouer, il exprime ici sa préoccupation pour une action éducative aidant à prendre conscience des séquelles de l’histoire.
Grandes et petites questions de la politique. Calme plat avant avis de tempête !
Authors: Mongin Olivier
Published: October 2012

Vue à travers les essais politiques et les commentaires qui accompagnent son lancement, la campagne électorale française laisse une curieuse impression : on pressent que les bonnes questions n’arrivent pas à sortir, que la France est inquiète d’elle-même et indécise. Mais au lieu de se tourner vers ce monde qui nous entoure et nous entraîne, on n’en finit pas de s’interroger sur nos idéologies hexagonales, leur non-dit, leur reniement ou leur cynisme.
Les recompositions flottantes du croire
Authors: Bréchon Pierre
Published: October 2012

L’analyse des enquêtes sur les valeurs et les croyances dessine un paysage très atomisé et individualisé des références à la religion.
Le réenchantement discret des mondialisations religieuses
Authors: Chelini-Pont Blandine
Published: October 2012

En 2050, ce n’est pas l’islam qui regroupera le plus de fidèles à l’échelle de la planète, mais le christianisme. Au sein de ce dernier, l’Église catholique sera cependant affaiblie et la constellation des Églises évangéliques et pentecôtistes majoritaire.
Une sociologie très catholique ? À propos de Bruno Latour
Authors: Heinich Nathalie
Published: October 2012

Sociologue de la science et des techniques, Bruno Latour expose dans son dernier livre un double programme : « changer la société, refaire la sociologie ». Est-ce à dire que les deux exigences avancent ensemble ? Que peut-on attendre de la sociologie ? Comment peut-elle élargir son programme d’enquête sur la société sans dissoudre son identité ?
L'Union européenne face à la multipolarité et au multilatéralisme
Authors: Hassner Pierre
Published: October 2012

Après le monde bipolaire de la guerre froide et le système multilatéral organisé autour de l’ Onu , allons-nous entrer dans un monde multipolaire ? Celui-ci opposerait de grands ensembles régionaux pour mieux éviter la prédominance américaine. Au sein d’une telle réorganisation, quelles seraient la place et la stratégie de l’Europe ?
Violence et colère à l'âge de la globalisation
Authors: Appadurai Arjun , Carrera Judit , Ramoneda Josep , Taupeau Béatrice
Published: October 2012

L’auteur d’origine indienne précise ici ses rapports avec la thématique « postcoloniale » dont il est l’un des représentants. Tel que nous le découvrons « après l’empire », le monde se réorganise en fonction d’une « géographie de la colère » qu’il tente de décrire.
Aide internationale : vers une justice sociale globale ?
Authors: Naudet Jean-David , Severino Jean-Michel , Charnoz Olivier
Published: October 2012

En distinguant quatre modèles moraux justifiant l’aide au niveau international et en comparant leurs mérites et leurs limites, les auteurs plaident pour la promotion du principe le plus cosmopolite, adapté aux attentes et aux besoins actuels.
Le débat sur les choix politiques est esquissé
Authors: Cohen Daniel , Mongin Olivier , Padis Marc-Olivier
Published: October 2012

La campagne présidentielle française n’a vraiment traité de la mondialisation qu’à travers trois sujets : le rôle des Pme , la sécurisation des parcours professionnels, la relance d’une politique de la recherche et de l’enseignement supérieur. Pourquoi ces sujets sont-ils stratégiques ? Comment peuvent-ils se relier à une conception plus systématique des choix appelés par la mondialisation ?
Demande d'énergie et de matières premières : les limites approchent
Authors: Maurice Joël
Published: October 2012

La croissance mondiale accroît la demande d’énergie et de matières premières. Mais derrière l’augmentation des coûts se profilent aussi la pénurie possible et la dégradation irrémédiable de l’environnement. La politique de l’énergie à venir doit donc privilégier la recherche car sans énergie propre notre développement est insoutenable.