bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing of the Guard: A Case for Privatization of Texas Prisons
Authors: BRISTER RICHARD C.
Published: June 2008

The privatization of prisons is an idea whose time seems to have come in the United States. Although still a small fraction of the total number of correctional facilities and beds overall, the size of the private sector presence in recent years has increased rapidly. The present article reviews the historical record of correctional privatization in Texas and examines more recent data and issues in that state and elsewhere, to argue that the accelerated growth of the private prison industry is a change for the good.
Restructuring Probation in England and Wales: Lessons from an American Experience
Authors: RUMGAY JUDITH , BREWSTER MARY
Published: June 2008

The authors examine current proposals to restructure the probation service in England and Wales. A case study of a midwestern American juvenile court is used to explore the possible consequences of imposing change and constraints on the practice of probation officers, when such change conflicts with their professional ideologies. The authors explore differences between this case example and the British system of probation, in terms of professional ideology, organizational arrangements and networks of influence, arguing that the British system benefits from particular attributes that may be exploited to preserve its traditions and methods of practice in a hostile policy climate. As “street-level bureaucrats,” probation officers have considerable power to subvert policies to which they object.
Media and Mayhem in Corrections: The Role of the Media in Prison Riots
Authors: MAHAN SUE , LAWRENCE RICHARD
Published: June 2008

Three of the most infamous prison riots in the United States took place in Attica, New York; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and Lucasville, Ohio in 1971, 1980, and 1993, respectively. Although an examination of the three riots reveals differences in the uprisings, there are important similarities in the underlying conditions behind them. Analysis of the three riots shows the significant role played by representatives of the media both in negotiating with inmates and taking back the three institutions. In this article, the authors discuss the influence and effect of media coverage on prison riots based on what was learned from the participation of the media in the Attica, Santa Fe, and Lucasville uprisings.
Aggression and Women Correctional Officers in Male Prisons
Authors: JENNE DENISE L. , KERSTING ROBERT C.
Published: June 2008

Through questionnaires and phone interviews, the current study provides a preliminary look at the strategies employed by women correction officers (COs) when responding to volatile situations with male inmates. Results suggest most incidents do not elicit significant gender differences in aggression. Where differences exist, they are in the opposite direction than is commonly assumed—that is, women COs tend to be more aggressive than the men. The study concludes that occupational socialization and the demands of the job account for the similarities between genders and the differences result from the gender-specific barriers confronting women officers, and calls for further research.
The Bull Market in Corrections
Authors: ADAMS KENNETH
Published: June 2008

America has experienced a tremendous bull market in corrections, as evidenced by tremendous growth in offender populations. Demand remains at an all-time high, and consumers stand ready to buy any and all prison construction schemes without concern for quality or value. Professional traders in the form of lobbyists and executives of prison-related industries have made a killing, although returns for the average citizen have been decidedly mixed. Emotion will have a way of driving prison populations still higher, because fear is rarely in short supply when it comes to dealing with crime.
Looking Back to See the Future of Corrections
Authors: CROUCH BEN M.
Published: June 2008

The future of correctional institutions depends on key demographic, social, economic, and political conditions in the larger society. For example, the economy increasingly demands skills and attitudes that poor, urban populations have little chance of acquiring. Thus young persons turn to crime because they are unable to compete in the conventional economy. Likewise, single-parent families are increasing, and so more children are growing up in poverty and are being reared in extremely disadvantaged circumstances. Consequently, youth find it difficult to identify with definitions of conventional behavior that are the foundation of criminal law. The best predictors of the future of corrections are relevant trends in the past. If these trends continue, incarceration rates will remain high, and inmate populations will be drawn from unskilled, poor, powerless, and angry populations who come from deteriorated households and dangerous environments.
Whatever is Next After the Prison-Building Boom will be Next in Texas
Authors: FABELO TONY
Published: June 2008

The mass media have made crime a virtual reality in our lives, affecting our perceptions of safety and thereby fueling dramatic increases in incarceration rates. However, the public safety returns for each incarceration dollar spent eventually become marginal because social and economic forces that affect crime limit the effectiveness of incarceration as a crime control strategy. At this point, we can expect support for financing further expansion of prison systems to dwindle. As information-age policies replace industrial-age policies in corrections, technology, such as geographic location systems, may be able to reduce the costs of incarceration. One consequence of this development may be isolationist policies that “zone” economically marginal criminal populations into particular areas.
A Frontline View of the Future of Prisons
Authors: GONDLES JAMES
Published: June 2008

It is difficult to predict the future rate of prison population growth, given that major policy changes are being contemplated. Artificial intelligence software can provide correctional planners with useful information. However, forecasting is an information tool that should not be misused as an excuse to drive decisions and legislation. Prisons should focus less on innovation and more on implementation. The central problem lies in the failure to commit to the long-term implementation of programs. Corrections has a political need to show that programs work, and achieving this goal requires increased accountability in the form of routine data collection, relevant outcome measures and evaluation criteria, and performance-based objectives. Prison systems in the future may find themselves with new responsibilities, such as Total Quality Management, among correctional management and offenders, as well as enhanced aftercare services with an emphasis on employment placement and retention of offenders.
Prison Reform in a Federalist Democracy
Authors: TOCH HANS
Published: June 2008

Politicians are responding to perceptions of a primitive, bloodthirsty electorate by advancing proposals for harsher and more austere prisons. However, studies show the public to be decidedly optimistic about the prospects for change during incarceration, particularly as a result of hard work and self-discipline. In this context, long-term inmates pose the biggest challenge for correctional administrators. A “career-planning” model, centered around notions of advancement, progression, continuity, choice, and achievement, is advocated. Six essential elements of “career planning” for inmates are proposed.
Public Tolerance for Community-Based Sanctions
Authors: TURNER MICHAEL G. , CULLEN FRANCIS T. , SUNDT JODY L. , APPLEGATE BRANDON K.
Published: June 2008

Based on a factorial design survey of 237 Hamilton County (Cincinnati), Ohio, residents, we assessed not only whether respondents preferred, but also “tolerated” or viewed as acceptable, community-based sanctions. Rating vignettes in which the offender engaged in either burglary or robbery, a slight majority of the respondents favored a sentence involving incarceration. Even so, a sizable minority of the sample preferred to sanction offenders in the community, and tolerance for such a sanction was widespread. There was little support, however, for sanctions that did not involve the close supervision of the offender. We suggest that community-based sanctions will be embraced by the public only to the extent that a persuasive case can be made that the sanction punishes, restrains, and changes offenders—in short, that it “works.”
The Sexualized Work Environment: A Look at Women Jail Officers
Authors: POGREBIN MARK R. , POOLE ERIC D.
Published: June 2008

This article examines the nature of a sexualized work environment and adjustment strategies of female deputy sheriffs working in four county jails and three local adult detention centers. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 108 women deputies. The findings suggest that women experience various problems stemming from sexism and sexual harassment by their male coworkers. The impact of and response to these work problems are explored.
Re-Forming Juvenile Justice: The New Zealand Experiment
Authors: MORRIS ALLISON , MAXWELL GABRIELLE
Published: June 2008

This article describes the system of youth justice adopted in New Zealand in 1989, which introduced a number of radical and innovative features including the involvement of young people, families, and victims in deciding how best to deal with the offending. The principle mechanism for achieving this is the family group conference, which replaces or supplements the Youth Court as the principle decision-making forum in most of the more serious cases. Research data are presented that indicate that, to a large extent, this new process is working well and may be having an impact on reconviction figures.
Health Condition and Prisoners: A Review of Research and Emerging Areas of Inquiry
Authors: MARQUART JAMES W. , MERIANOS DOROTHY E. , HEBERT JAIMIE L. , CARROLL LEO
Published: June 2008

Prison organizations are not isolated institutions, thus social and economic change in the wider society affects their internal dynamics. We explore how health conditions within lower socioeconomic segments of the population influence the health characteristics of prisoner admissions, and we demonstrate how health conditions within the wider society have major implications for prisoner health care systems. A conceptual model is presented that organizes previous research into several areas in conjunction with a research agenda on prisoner health care issues. The article also explores the effects of recent conservative crime control ideologies on institutional health care programs.
Self-Esteem, Depression, and Anxiety Evidenced by a Prison Inmate Sample: Interrelationships and Consequences for Prison Programming
Authors: CASTELLANO THOMAS C. , SODERSTROM IRINA R.
Published: June 2008

Relatively little is known about the psychological characteristics of prison inmates and how recent imprisonment policies may affect those characteristics. This article examines levels of self-esteem, depression, and anxiety among a sample of prison inmates who recently completed or were enrolled in prerelease life skills courses. The data reveal these inmates to be a very depressed and anxious group with little self-esteem. Implications for further research and prison programming efforts are highlighted.
Preincarceration Risky Behaviors among Women Inmates: Opportunities for Prevention
Authors: COTTEN-OLDENBURG NIKI U. , MARTIN SANDRA L. , JORDAN B. KATHLEEN , SADOWSKI LAURA S. , KUPPER LAWRENCE
Published: June 2008

This study examined the associations between preincarceration risky sex and drug behaviors and HIV status among incarcerated women. A consecutive sample of 805 women felons admitted to the North Carolina Correctional Institution for Women between July 1991 and November 1992 was interviewed. Of these women, 700 granted permission to access their prison medical records and had complete information on relevant variables. Four percent of the women inmates were HIV positive. Over 80% of the women inconsistently used condoms during intercourse, and over 15% injected drugs, had a drug-injecting sex partner, and exchanged sex for money/drugs. The exchange of sex for money/drugs was associated with being HIV positive. The study findings suggest that prison-based HIV prevention programs should emphasize sexual and drug risk-reduction strategies as a means to reduce the heterosexual HIV risks facing women inmates once released back into the general community.
Affirmative Action and the “Level Playing Field”: Comparing Perceptions of Own and Minority Job Advancement Opportunities
Authors: CAMP SCOTT D. , STEIGER THOMAS L. , WRIGHT KEVIN N. , SAYLOR WILLIAM G. , GILMAN EVAN
Published: June 2008

Little research has been done on the effectiveness of affirmative action programs in establishing perceptions of a “level playing field” for historically disadvantaged groups. Especially lacking is research on the perceptions of people working for specific affirmative action employers. This research uses both outcome and attitudinal data of correctional officers employed by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, an affirmative action employer. Black and White correctional officers provide evaluations of their own opportunities for job advancement that are generally consistent with objective, aggregate data. Black and White officers, however, exhibit wide disagreement when surveyed about opportunities available for minorities. This research examines the processes by which the discrepancies between Black and White evaluations of minority opportunities arise. In particular, the authors examine the ability of two competing hypotheses to explain the disagreement between Blacks and Whites. The first hypothesis, the denial of minority opportunity hypothesis, holds that minorities underestimate minority opportunities relative to their own opportunities. The second hypothesis, the denial of majority opportunity hypothesis, maintains that nonminorities overestimate minority opportunities. Results suggest that White correctional officers tend to overestimate minority opportunities.
Justice for All? Offenders with Mental Retardation and the California Corrections System
Authors: PETERSILIA JOAN
Published: June 2008

California correctional agencies handle an estimated 22,000 adults and juveniles with mental retardation (MR)—or 2% of all probationers and 4% of all those in custody. MR inmates in California are not usually identified or given specialized programming. A lawsuit, Clark and Woods v. California, was recently filed against the California Department of Corrections on behalf of all MR inmates, and this suit has created renewed policy interest in this population. Studies show that MR offenders are more likely to be convicted, receive a prison sentence, and serve a greater portion of their prison term than nondisabled offenders. Sentencing low-risk MR persons to intermediate sanctions may save money and reduce recidivism rates. The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) requires that all corrections agencies establish screening and rehabilitation programs specifically for MR offenders. Such policies will create a fairer system—one that provides equal opportunity, protection from victimization, and appropriate treatment.
Prison Crime in New York State
Authors: EICHENTHAL DAVID R. , BLATCHFORD LAUREL
Published: June 2008

The lack of attention devoted to crimes committed in prisons is striking given the important implications of the problem both for prison management and for public safety. This study examines reporting of crimes, referrals for prosecution and actual prosecution of crimes committed in New York State prisons. The authors find that there is no accurate means of tracking either prison crimes or prosecutions. But based on interviews, a review of state correctional department data, and a survey of prosecutors in more than one dozen counties where state prisons are located, they conclude that as many as 6,000 crimes may be committed annually in the New York State prison system. Yet few of these crimes are referred for prosecution or actually prosecuted.
Anger and Violence Management Programs in Correctional Services: An Annotated Bibliography
Authors: WARD ANN , BALDWIN STEVE
Published: June 2008

This article presents an annotated bibliography of anger and violence management programs in correctional services between 1980 and 1995. Databases searched were Psychlit, First Search, Sociofile, CINCH, and the Criminal Justice Abstracts. Five sections were identified: Systems Management, Staff-Orientated Programs, Inmate Programs, Anger Management as Program Component, and Program Evaluation. It was concluded that although anger management programs showed immediate benefits, the brevity of the programs precluded long-term integration. Also, there were few existing programs targeting violent behavior for individuals.
The Response of Drug Abuser Parolees to a Combination of Treatment and Intensive Supervision
Authors: HANLON THOMAS E. , NURCO DAVID N. , BATEMAN RICHARD W. , O'GRADY KEVIN E.
Published: June 2008

Of237 male and female drug abuser parolees assigned to parole procedures enhanced by weekly drug abuse counseling and urine monitoring, 118 were considered successes and 119 were considered failures at the end of 1 year on the basis of whether they had received a major sanction during the year. Success and failure cases were distinguishable on the basis of both concurrent (while on parole) and past characteristics. Greater treatment retention and amount of time employed during parole and greater amount of time employed and less deviance displayed prior to the first (ever) episode of heavy drug use were the principal correlates of success. The correspondence generally found between intensity of supervision and amount of deviance detected, the variability of the impact of detected drug use on the determination of sanctions, and the relationship of parole outcome to gender are discussed.
Victimization and Youthful Prison Inmates: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: MAITLAND ANGELA S. , SLUDER RICHARD D.
Published: June 2008

Prison violence researchers have traditionally studied older offenders housed in maximum-security institutions. The present study analyzes victimization data from a sample of young offenders in a medium-security state prison. Youthful inmates were most often the victims of verbal harassment and property theft. Conversely, few inmates reported having been sexually assaulted, extorted for money, or had weapons used against them. In general, victims were more likely than nonvictims to be White, have higher levels of fear, experience more severely the “pains” of imprisonment, and be less psychologically healthy.
AIDS-Related Risk Behavior among Female Prisoners with Histories of Mental Impairment
Authors: BREWER VICTORIA E. , MARQUART JAMES W. , MULLINGS JANET L. , CROUCH BEN M.
Published: June 2008

This article highlights the need for correctional policy to address health education and self-efficacy training, as well as treatment of chemical dependence, among female prisoners with histories of psychological impairments and high-risk HIV-related behaviors. The authors examine the substance abuse and high-risk behavior histories of a group of 80 newly incarcerated women in Texas prisons with histories of varying degrees of mental impairment. In addition, the authors analyze the risk-taking behavior of a subset of 29 of these women who report histories of prostitution. This study's findings indicate that the majority of these 80 female inmates have histories of sustained use of alcohol and illicit drugs, recognize a current need for substance abuse and/or psychiatric treatment, and have recent histories of numerous high-risk behaviors for the transmission of AIDS. Yet, their self-perception of chances of contracting HIV is low.
HIV/AIDS Education Needs Assessment: A Comparative Study of Jail and Prison Inmates in Northwest Florida
Authors: KEETON KATO B. , SWANSON CHERYL
Published: June 2008

To ascertain HIV/AIDS knowledge levels and the education needs of inmates in four jails and two state prisons in northwest Florida, a needs assessment instrument was administered on-site. Because prison inmates receive HIV/AIDS education at intake, it was hypothesized that this group would have greater knowledge levels than jail inmates. On the whole, knowledge levels were good in both groups, with prison inmates scoring somewhat better than jail inmates. Of the 24 items on the questionnaire, only six questions resulted in statistically significant differences. Of these, three were questions representing high-risk situations, two were low-risk situations, and one represented a no-risk or minimal-risk situation. Item analysis of the questions on which there were lower percentages of correct answers or a somewhat large percentage of not sure responses resulted in the conclusion that HIV/AIDS education needs to focus more on discriminating between differing levels of risk and identifying appropriate behaviors for varying risk levels. Specific recommendations for HIV/AIDS education in jails and prisons are offered.
Fear and Loathing in the Joint: The Impact of Race and Age on Inmate Support for Prison AIDS Policies
Authors: HEMMENS CRAIG , MARQUART JAMES W.
Published: June 2008

The get tough on crime movement and the war on drugs have resulted in a changing inmate demographic in this country. More people are being incarcerated for longer periods of time. Many inmates are members of groups at high risk for AIDS, such as minorities, the young, and drug users. This article examines the current correctional AIDS policies of mandatory testing, segregation, and notification. In particular, the authors focus on inmate attitudes toward these policies and the impact of race/ethnicity and age on fear of AIDS in prison and support for AIDS policies.
The Real Event Model or the Organizational Convenience Model? A National Survey of Correctional Emergency Preparedness Evaluation Methodology
Authors: FREEMAN ROBERT M.
Published: June 2008

Preparing correctional personnel to effectively respond to a broad range of lifethreatening emergencies is a critical goal for correctional managers. Although there is a growing literature on the management of correctional emergencies, researchers have not yet examined the methodology correctional managers use to evaluate staff preparedness for effective emergency management. This study presents two emergency preparedness evaluation (EPE) models: the real event model (REM) and the organizational convenience model (OCM). These models have different structural characteristics that may have important practical implications for the EPE process. A 49-question Correctional Emergency Management Survey elicited responses from 41 state Departments of Corrections (DOCs), indicating that the majority of DOCs currently use an OCM-based EPE methodology. The implications of this finding are discussed, and directions for future research suggested.
Gender, Power, and Reciprocity in the Correctional Setting
Authors: JENNE DENISE L. , KERSTING ROBERT C.
Published: June 2008

Through questionnaires and phone interviews, this study provides a preliminary look at gender differences in reciprocity among correction officers (COs) employed in male prisons. Operationalized as the reported tendency to overlook minor rule infractions, no differences in reciprocity were found between men and women. Neither gender generally reported this practice. However, findings suggest that selective enforcement is the norm and that the facility is a more salient variable than gender. The study concludes that occupational socialization and the demands of the job account for the similarities between genders and suggests directions for further research.
Productive Labor and Thought Reform in Chinese Corrections: A Historical and Comparative Analysis
Authors: SHAW VICTOR N.
Published: June 2008

The Chinese practice of productive labor and thought reform in correctional institutions is rooted in Chinese history and culture. It bears influence and reinforcement from the Western prison model of reform and rehabilitation introduced to China at the turn of the 20th century. However, it was not until the communist era that productive labor and thought reform were systematically instituted with a unified ideology and a military-style organization. This article examines productive labor and thought reform in terms of its history, rationale, process, and consequence. From a historical and comparative perspective, it shows what reference they may offer to Western corrections and how they may evolve with the open-up and reform policy in China.
Patterns of Rule-Violating Behaviors and Adjustment to Incarceration among Murderers
Authors: SORENSEN JON , WRINKLE ROBERT , GUTIERREZ APRIL
Published: June 2008

The importation and deprivation models were used to examine the patterns of rule violation among groups of seldom studied, long-term inmates who have no hope of being granted parole, murderers sentenced to life without parole or death. Age and race were found to be consistent predictors of prison rule violations, with younger Black inmates being most likely to commit assaultive violations and to be among a group of high-rate offenders. During the first 10 years of their incarceration, these lifers and death-sentenced inmates exhibited a stable pattern of rule violating congruent with previous research on long-term inmate populations.
Integrating HIV-Prevention Strategies in a Therapeutic Community Work-Release Program for Criminal Offenders
Authors: HARRISON LANA D. , BUTZIN CLIFFORD A. , INCIARDI JAMES A. , MARTIN STEVEN S.
Published: June 2008

The increasing number of drug-involved offenders under the supervision of the criminal justice system offers a unique opportunity for HIV risk-reduction intervention. This article discusses the HIV risk factors of a cohort court-ordered to attend a 6-month work-release drug treatment program. The treatment paradigm is the therapeutic community, and privileges and freedom increase as inmates progress through the program. Inmates are followed up at 6, 18, and 42 months after program entry, and their HIV risk behaviors are again assessed. Analyses show greater changes in risk behaviors in the treatment cohort compared to a cohort completing a similar work-release program without a treatment component.
Stereotypes About Vocational Programming for Female Inmates
Authors: SCHRAM PAMELA J.
Published: June 2008

Some criminologists have argued that vocational programs for female inmates continue to emphasize and to reinforce traditional sex-role stereotypes. These stereotypes are a form of social control if they result in limiting women to a narrow range of behaviors and roles. There is, however, a paucity of research that clearly focuses on who stereotypes whom as well as how these stereotypes affect behavior. This lack of understanding makes it difficult to assess how stereotypes affect correctional programming and practices. This exploratory study examined stereotypes pertaining to vocational programming for female inmates. Attitudes relevant to vocational programming for female inmates were compared between four groups: (a) female inmates, (b) peer counselors, (c) correctional officers, and (d) prison program staff. Group membership was significantly related to two of the attitudinal measures. Behavioral measures hypothesized to be related to these attitudes were also measured (i.e., the likelihood to perform certain acts rather than actual or overt behaviors). Additional analyses examined the relation between attitudes and behavioral intentions.
The Role of the Contemporary Prison Chaplain
Authors: SUNDT JODY L. , CULLEN FRANCIS T.
Published: June 2008

This research addresses an oversight in the literature on correctional employees by exploring the role of prison chaplains. Based on a national sample of 232 chaplains, it was discovered that prison ministers perform a wide range of secular and religious tasks including counseling inmates, coordinating religious programs, paperwork, supervising volunteers, and conducting religious services. Furthermore, we learned that although chaplains believe that their main purpose is to serve inmates, the majority of chaplains also identified with the prison's custodial objectives. Finally, we found that chaplains' experiences of role problems varied by their individual characteristics and, to a greater extent, by whether they had supportive supervisors.
Women Prisoners and South Africa
Authors: GIBBONS JACQUELINE A.
Published: June 2008

This article discusses the lives of women in prison in the new South Africa. It describes observations during site visits by the author to prisons in the Durban and Cape Town areas in the summer of 1995 and the spring of 1997. The article covers topics ranging from educational and employment opportunities to child care and maintenance of family ties, concluding that the ambitions of the country's new Constitution remain a far cry from the social and economic realities for the vast majority of its imprisoned women.
Long-Term Rearrest Rates in a Sample of Adjudicated Delinquents: Evaluating the Impact of Alternative Programs
Authors: FENDRICH MICHAEL , ARCHER MELANIE
Published: June 2008

The authors assess the impact of training school versus alternative program placements for a 12-year period on 266 youths remanded to the Texas Youth Commission in 1983. A proportional-hazards model is used to predict time until recidivism as a function of individual characteristics, criminal history, family environment, program placement, and delinquency risk. Being male, of younger age at the time of commitment, and in an institutional program prior to parole are found to significantly increase the hazard of recidivism. Although program experience does not affect the overall incidence of recidivism, it does affect the timing of subsequent criminal acts. Youth placed in alternative programs have significantly longer survival time until recidivism compared to youth who have been in institutions. In addition, these effects are greatest for the youngest offenders. An important benefit of alternative programs may be to lengthen a window of opportunity for additional rehabilitative efforts and interventions during parole.
Rehabilitation, Recidivism, and Realism: Evaluating Violence Reduction Programs in Prison
Authors: MATTHEWS ROGER , PITTS JOHN
Published: June 2008

There has been a growing concern about responding to violent young people within the prison setting. One of the dominant responses has been to “get tough” by introducing more authoritarian and militaristic regimes, but this strategy has become increasingly identified as being counterproductive and expensive. An alternative approach that is gaining ground, particularly in Canada and the United Kingdom, is the development of Cognitive Skills Programs, which are designed to encourage offenders to “think straight” and thereby to “go straight” and become more law abiding. Although these approaches have been subject to extensive evaluation, it is suggested that the forms of evaluation employed are flawed and that there are serious limitations to using recidivist rates as the principle measure of the success of these programs.
California's Inmate Classification System: Predicting Inmate Misconduct
Authors: FERNANDEZ KENNETH E. , NEIMAN MAX
Published: June 2008

The goal of this article is to provide insight on the predictive value of California's inmate classification system. The authors argue that the current system is based heavily on an inmate's sentence length and that such an indicator provides little or no predictive value for inmate misconduct and is therefore not meeting the policy objectives assigned to classification and risk assessment. The authors use a large data set (N = 13,000) based on incident reports from 1992 to 1994 to test the hypothesis that the length of an inmate sentence is positively related to the rate of serious misconduct. The findings show that an inmate's sentence length is not related to infraction rates during incarceration and that a multivariate analysis produces negative coefficients.
Family and Neighborhood Violence: Predictors of Depressive Symptomatology among Incarcerated Youth
Authors: MARTIN SANDRA L. , SIGDA KATHY B. , KUPERSMIDT JANIS B.
Published: June 2008

This study surveyed 178 children incarcerated in training schools in North Carolina to estimate the proportion of children who had been witnesses to or victims of neighborhood and family violence, the children's levels of depressive symptoms, and relationships between violence exposure and depressive symptoms. Neighborhood violence was assessed using questions adapted from Richters and Martinez, family violence was assessed using questions from the Conflict Tactics Scales, and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Children's Depression Inventory. Results showed that the majority of children reported having been exposed to neighborhood and family violence. Children evidenced high levels of depressive symptoms with more than 70% showing clinically relevant levels of symptomatology. Multiple linear regression procedures found that both neighborhood and family violence were predictive of the levels of depressive symptoms. These findings underline the need to provide highquality therapeutic services to children during incarceration in training schools and after their discharge.
A Typology of the Frivolous: Varying Meanings of Frivolity in Section 1983 Prisoner Civil Rights Litigation
Authors: FRADELLA HENRY F.
Published: June 2008

In the last few years, the popular press, judges, state attorneys general, and legal scholars have raised concerns about the frivolus nature of lawsuits filed in federal court by inmates in state and local custodies under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983. An ethnographic content analysis of a random sample of 200 cases filed in 1994 in the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona demonstrates that the label “frivolous” is used in different ways by various stakeholders in the civil justice system. A typology of differing conceptualizations of frivolous cases is explored, and the sociolegal and public policy implications of the findings are discussed.
The Use of Overcorrection Procedures to Eliminate the Stereotyped Behaviors of Retarded Individuals
Authors: Rollings J. Paul , Baumeister Alan A. , Baumeister Alfred A.
Published: June 2008

Overcorrection procedures were used in an effort to suppress stereotyped movements by two severely retarded subjects. Inhibition of stereotypic responding was found to be a direct function of trainer-subject proximity. The closer the trainer moved toward the subject, the less stereotypic responding. Suppression of body-rocking in one subject was associated with increased collateral stereotypic behaviors. Furthermore, treatment procedures for head-weaving activity of the other subject was associated with increases in certain "emotional" behaviors. Little generalization of suppression was observed from the training environment to the ward living area. Moreover, suppression was not durable over a six-month interval.
Effects of Cue-Controlled Relaxation, A Placebo Treatment, and no Treatment on Changes in Self-Reported and Psychophysiological Indices of Test Anxiety among College Students
Authors: Marchetti Allen , McGlynn F. Dudley , Patterson Arthur S.
Published: June 2008

Thirty-three test-anxious college students were exposed either to cue-con-trolled relaxation (based on progressive relaxation), to pseudotherapy, or to no treatment. The effects of cue-controlled relaxation failed to exceed those of the placebo treatment or those of no treatment. This was true for both self-report measures of test anxiety and psychophysiological indices of arousal during test taking. These results show, unambiguously, that procedural and measurement boundaries do exist within which cue-controlled relaxation is ineffective as a treatment for test anxiety among college students.
Managing the "Eat-and-Run" Behavior of Adolescents via Family-Style Dining
Authors: Doke Larry A. , Feaster Carol A. , Predmore Dan L.
Published: June 2008

Adolescents in a residential treatment program were observed to eat meals too quickly, then leave the dining room and congregate in an area where they were less closely supervised by staff. This "eat-and-run" dining pattern was interrupted by replacing the regular cafeteria-style dining arrangements with a special family-style dining arrangement. Effects of the family-style intervention on the "eat-and-run" problem were demonstrated in a repeated-reversals, time-series experimental design. The main effects of this intervention were observed for all subjects.
Don't Shoot Until you See the Whites of his Eyes—An Analysis of the Adverse Side Effects of Verbal Prompts
Authors: Burleigh Raymond A. , Marholin David
Published: June 2008

The effect of a differential reinforcement procedure alone was compared with the use of verbal prompts plus differential reinforcement in reducing deviant social behavior of a retarded adult. An ABCBCB reversal-type design was employed. The results indicated that the percentage of desirable behavior increased over a baseline condition (A) when differential reinforcement procedures alone (B) were used and decreased when verbal prompts (C) were added. An analysis was presented which suggested that deviant behavior may be exhibited as the initial response in a behavioral chain to attract adult attention in the form of verbal prompts. Verbal prompts were shown to reinforce the subject's deviant behavior. A clear example of response generalization to a prevocational task was also observed.
Explaining Workers' Support for Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Evidence from Austria, Belgium, France, Norway, and Switzerland
Authors: Oesch Daniel
Published: June 2008

During the 1990s, the working class has become the core clientele of right-wing populist parties in Western Europe. This article empirically examines the motives of workers for supporting a right-wing populist party. Based on data from the European Social Survey for Austria, Belgium, France, Norway, and Switzerland, three different sets of explanations are tested: (1) hypotheses stressing economic determinants, that is, the fear of wage pressure and competition over welfare benefits; (2) hypotheses emphasizing cultural determinants, that is, the perception of immigration as a threat to national identity; and (3) hypotheses focusing on social alienation, that is, dissatisfaction with the way the country's democracy works and the nonintegration into intermediary networks (trade unions). We find questions of community and identity to be clearly more important than economic grievances. Hence, in Austria and Switzerland, the electoral success of right-wing populist parties among workers seems primarily due to cultural protectionism: the defense of national identity against outsiders. In Belgium, France, and Norway, cultural protectionism is complemented by deep-seated discontent with the way the countries' democracies work.
Nozick Revisited: The Formation of the Right-Based Dimension of his Political Theory
Authors: Papaioannou Theo
Published: June 2008

Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia is still influential today among right-wing (neo-)libertarian thinkers. The latter are engaged in the current debate on distributive justice, insistently defending the minimal state and the case against social justice on the grounds of inviolable individual rights. The premises of their defense are explicitly derived from Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Therefore, if one is interested in challenging the right-wing libertarian arguments today, one should be interested in revisiting Nozick, refuting the key elements of his theory. That is what this article does: it re-examines the formation of the moral dimension of Nozick's political theory. It argues that this dimension consists of the idea of absolute individual rights and is formed upon the premises of full self-ownership and the moral inviolability of persons. Both premises are problematical because they are abstracted from any epistemological principle of self-realization.
World Bank Funding and Health Care Sector Performance in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Radin Dagmar
Published: June 2008

This article looks at the impact of World Bank funding on health care sector performance in Central and Eastern European countries. The World Bank has been one of few organizations involved in health care sector assistance in these nations during the transition period, mainly through funds disbursement. This article tests hypotheses that those countries that perform better economically, that are more favorably evaluated by the World Bank, and that have more effective institutions are also more likely to benefit from World Bank assistance, through improvements in the performance of their health care sectors.
The Rhetorical Capital of Theories: The Democratic Peace and the Road to the Roadmap
Authors: Ish-Shalom Piki
Published: June 2008

The article introduces the concept of rhetorical capital, which is defined as the aggregate persuasive resources inherent in entities. It then proceeds to apply the concept to the study of theories and identifies the structural duality of accessibility and incomprehensibility overlaid with the prestige of objectivity as the theories' resources of rhetorical capital that render them vulnerable to political and rhetorical abuses. The article focuses on the democratic peace thesis and its mobilization by the Israeli right, mainly by Benjamin Netanyahu and Natan Sharansky, in helping to bring about the Roadmap.
History of the greenhouse effect
Authors: Jones M.D.H. , Henderson-Sellers A.
Published: June 2008

The greenhouse effect is now commonly accepted by the scientific community, politicians and the general public. However, the misnomer 'greenhouse effect' has perpetuated, and there are a number of aspects of the effect which are poorly understood outside the atmospheric sciences. On such misconception is that greenhouse research is a recent phenomenon; another is that glasshouses are warmed by the same mechanism as lies at the heart of the greenhouse effect. This review traces the theory as far back as 1827, highlighting new directions and significant advances over that time. Four main themes can be discerned: 1) certain radiatively active gases are responsible for warming the planet ; 2) that humans can inadvertently influence this warming; 3) climate models are designed to permit prediction of the climatic changes in the atmospheric loadings of these gases but that they have not yet achieved this goal of prediction; and 4) many scenarios of changes, and especially of impact, are premised on relatively weak analysis. This latter point is illustrated by an examination of the relationship between increasing temperature and sea level change (the oceanic response to atmospheric warming). Current research suggests that sea-level rise is not likely to be as high as had previously been anticipated.
A Comparison of Two Path Models for Predicting Reading Fluency
Authors: Burke Mack D. , Crowder William , Hagan-Burke Shanna , Zou Yuanyuan
Published: June 2008

Federal mandates such as No Child Left Behind and the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 are prompting elementary schools to carefully monitor early literacy outcomes. The shift toward monitoring early literacy outcomes requires the identification of valid sublexical fluency measures. In the current study, sublexical fluency measures that focus on phonological awareness, phoneme decoding, letter naming, and automatic word recognition are used to predict reading fluency. Results of two path models are discussed within the context of reading acquisition and a prevention-oriented approach.
Benefits of and Barriers to Elementary Student-Led Individualized Education Programs
Authors: Danneker Jeanne E. , Bottge Brian A.
Published: June 2008

An important task of special educators is helping students with disabilities develop their self-determination skills. Considerable evidence suggests, however, that the goal of providing these students with the motivation and sense of independence that leads to self-determined behavior has not often been achieved. A multiple-case design was used in this study to describe the experiences of four elementary students with disabilities who were taught how to communicate their goals and identify appropriate accommodations at their individualized education program (IEP) meeting. Observations of the IEP meetings and follow-up interviews with parents, teachers, and students revealed that elementary students were capable of contributing important information about their disabilities and suggestions for accommodating them. The potential for promoting greater self-reliance in young students with disabilities is discussed.
Gendering China Studies
Authors: De Kloet Jeroen
Published: June 2008

This article explores the connections between the field of China studies and the field of gender and sexuality studies. It engages with three questions. First, why is it that theoretical, conceptual and methodological cross-fertilization between China studies and cultural studies remains quite scarce? Second, why are popular culture and art important domains of academic inquiry? Third, why is it crucial to theorize and problematize “Chineseness”? Drawing on the debates surrounding the translation of alleged “Western” theories related to the sex—gender distinction, feminism, and queer studies to a “Chinese” context, it is argued that the call for local knowledges runs the danger of becoming an essentializing, hegemonic discourse on its own. The article concludes with a plea for an interdisciplinary approach that combines theoretical and empirical insights from area studies and cultural studies, and an intersectional take in which gender is analyzed in conjunction with other parameters of difference, such as ethnicity, class or age, and, finally, a multisited, comparative research agenda as to avoid a sino-centric or Han-centric analysis. This may help to identify, understand, and hopefully resist the seduction of both cultural essentialism and cultural relativism.
Hong Kong and the Production of Art in the Post/colonial City
Authors: Cartier Carolyn
Published: June 2008

Contemporary and alternative art in Hong Kong has strong local roots and translocal connections, and while it reflects cultural politics in the city it lacks substantial international recognition. This interdisciplinary analysis focuses on the contexts of production of contemporary art by women in Hong Kong and their centrality in the city's arts community. The narrative contrasts the presence of contemporary and alternative arts and its absence from art criticism discourses through the disjuncture between the geopolitics of contemporary Asian art and the making of Hong Kong into an unprecedented territorial formation. Reading local art through alternative space–time concepts and intersubjective arts practice is proposed through the exhibit-event, “If Hong Kong, A Woman/Traveller.”