bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Origins of Thermal Spray Literature
Authors: Berndt C.C.
Published: June 2022

The technology of thermal spray will reach its centenary anniversary in the first decade of the 21st century. It is appropriate to summarize the early literature of the 1900's and present, for posterity, several of the key publications upon which this vital technology rests. This article is broken up into three sections; (i) a summary of early US and UK patent literature is presented in tabular format along with a brief commentary; (ii) several articles (prior to 1915) and books (prior to 1970) from the early literature are mentioned; and (iii) three Appendices reproduce those patents which are indicated as "Master Patents" for thermal spray and which spear-headed its art and science. This article is intended to guide the interested reader towards primary sources of literature upon which present thermal spray science and engineering is based.
Liquid Crystal: Best Ideas from 15 Years
Authors: Burgess David
Published: June 2022

This article provides an introduction to liquid crystal hot spot detection and its use in electronic device failure analysis. It describes how liquid crystal responds to temperature changes and the equipment typically used to observe it. It explains how to apply these materials to test specimens, how to optimize measurement sensitivity, and how to interpret the results. It also presents hot spot detection procedures and describes failure scenarios for which the method is particularly effective.
Electron Beam Testing and Characterization – Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Joy David C.
Published: June 2022

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are the dominant tool for electronic device testing, failure analysis, and characterization. This status was not apparent, however, when the first commercial SEM, the Cambridge Stereoscan, appeared in 1963. A market survey by the manufacturer at that time predicted total sales of six to ten units worldwide. For the last four decades, SEMs have sold at an average rate of one unit every 24 hours, with two out of every three instruments destined for the semiconductor industry.
Automated Sample Preparation
Authors: Basat Guri , Drake Jason , Tabatt Chad
Published: June 2022

This article describes an automated sample preparation process for SEM and TEM analysis based on submicron polishing. The method uses robotics, image processing, and a polishing wheel under computer control for a fully automated recipe-driven process that creates exact cross-sections with 0.1 μm accuracy.
Backside Analysis: Focused-Ion-Beam Applications for Flip Chip Packaged ICs
Authors: Ring Rose M. , Goruganthu Rama R. , Stevenson Leslie
Published: June 2022

Flip chip mounted devices are difficult debug using conventional FIB tools because their internal circuitry is not easily accessible. New flip chip focused ion beam (FC FIB) systems overcome this limitation, however, making it possible to access circuits from the backside through the bulk silicon. In this article, the authors explain how they used the new system to gain access to signal lines for backside waveform acquisition. They also describe some of the procedures they developed to repair and modify flip chip circuits from the backside and prepare cross-section samples from the backside for failure analysis and characterization.
Prevalence and Factors Associated with Hyperglycemia among Myanmar Migrant Workers in Mueang District, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand: a Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Dah Poe Naw Eh , Srichan Peeradone , Khunthason Siriyaporn , Apidechkul Tawatchai , Suttana Wipob
Published: June 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of hyperglycemia and identify factors associated with hyperglycemia among Myanmar migrant workers, aged over 18 years, in Mueang district, Chiang Rai province, Thailand.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 402 Myanmar migrant workers aged over 18 years in Mueang District, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. A questionnaire was used to collect research data, and blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, and fasting blood glucose levels were measured. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the association between variables at a significance level of a=0.05.Results: Among all the participants, 42.0% were male and 58.0% were female, with a mean age of 38.9 years (standard deviation=10.4). The prevalence of hyperglycemia was 13.4%. Six factors were found to be significantly associated with hyperglycemia in multivariate analysis; including: ethnicity (adjusted odd ratio (AOR)=4.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.25-18.14), high blood pressure (AOR=3.83, 95% CI=1.82–8.03), overweight (AOR=5.19, 95% CI=2.28-11.81), obese (AOR=3.87, 95% CI=1.17–12.79), parent's history of diabetes mellitus (DM) (AOR=6.86, 95% CI=1.45–32.46), smoking (AOR=6.24, 95% CI=2.08–18.69), and depression (AOR=4.21, 95% CI=2.00–8.89).Conclusion: The prevalence of hyperglycemia among Myanmar migrant workers was 13.4%. Ethnicity, high blood pressure, body mass index, parental history of DM, smoking and depression were significantly associated with hyperglycemia. The findings of this study are useful for the development of policies and measures for preventing and controling hyperglycemia and DM among Myanmar migrant workers.
Assessment of Lead, Cadmium, Chrome, Iron, Zinc and Copper Levels in Tissues of Cyprinus carpio from Atatürk Dam Lake (Adıyaman)
Authors: FIRAT Özgür , KILINÇ Ümmüğ
Published: June 2022

Atatürk Dam Lake, which was established on the Euphrates River for agricultural irrigation and electricity production, is the largest dam lake in Turkey. Many fish species, which are the primary food source for humans, live in the dam lake. Therefore, possible pollution in this dam will adversely affect not only fish but also human health. For this purpose, in this study, lead, cadmium, chromium, iron, zinc, and copper levels were measured in the liver, gill, and muscle tissues of Cyprinus carpio, which was the food source of the local people, caught from two different regions (Sitilce and Samsat) of the dam lake in August and September in 2021. In our study, lead was not detected in any of the tissues and cadmium was not detected in gill and muscle tissues in fish from both regions. It was found that the levels of all metals found in the fish of the Sitilce region were not statistically different from the fish of the Samsat region (except the liver iron level). Our research results showed that the heavy metal levels in the muscle tissue of C. carpio were below the legally permissible limits in terms of nutritional safety and human consumption. In addition, when compared with previous studies, it was determined that there was a decrease in heavy metal levels in the tissues of fish after the wastewater treatment plants were established.
Yanıt Yüzey Metodolojisi Kullanılarak Kurutulmuş Biber Örneklerinin (Capsicum annuum L.) Antioksidan Aktivite ve Fitokimyasal Özelliklerinin Optimizasyonu
Authors: MERCİMEK TAKCI Hatice Aysun , UÇAN TÜRKMEN Filiz , BAKIRHAN Pemra , EREN Mehmet Fatih
Published: June 2022

The optimization of methanol extraction was performed to maximize antioxidant activity and phytochemical properties of dried pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) samples by using the surface response method (RSM) in this study. Box Behnken design model was used to investigate the influences of three independent variables, extraction temperature (25-60ºC), extraction time (30-60 min), and dried pepper concentration (500-1000 mg/20 mL). The effect of the dried pepper concentration variable on all the responses was statistically significant, except reducing capacity data. DPPH radical scavenging, reducing capacity, and metal chelating activity increased with rising extraction temperature and dried pepper concentration variables. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) yields were also observed to enhance with an increase in dried pepper concentration. TPC and TFC in samples ranged from 2.32 to 3.92 mg GAE/g and 0.063 to 0.210 mg RE/g. The highest antioxidant potential for all employed tests was recorded in 2 experimental runs (25°C, 45 min. and 1000 mg/20 mL). The coefficients of determination (R2) for antioxidant analysis were determined as 0.9235-0.9238. These values for TPC and TFC were 0.9364-0.9925, respectively.
Mesobuthus turcicus Kovařík et al., 2022'ta bir pektin anomalisi (Scorpiones: Buthidae)
Authors: YAĞMUR Ersen Aydın , SİPAHİOĞLU Özgün , YILMAZ Ömer , KILIÇ Mehmet Sait
Published: June 2022

An anomaly was recorded in the pecten shape of the scorpion species Mesobuthus turcicus Kovařík et al., 2022 that was recently described from Turkey. In this case, it is observed that marginal and median lamellae and fulcrae are fused in the right pecten. For this reason, the pecten is bent counter clockwise. Different from other pectinal anomalies, the size of teeth is developed normally but teeth number is fewer. This teratological anomaly on pecten is described and illustrated. This is the first report of pecten anomaly based on marginal and median lamellae.
Adana (Türkiye)’dan Toplanan Chamaeleo chamaeleon (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lacertilia: Chamaeleonidae) Örneklerinin Yaş ve Vücut Büyüklüğü
Authors: YILDIRIM Elif , BEŞER Nurettin , YILMAZ Can , CANDAN Kamil , KUMLUTAŞ Yusuf , ILGAZ Çetin , NAJAFİ MAJD Elnaz
Published: June 2022

Age structure and body size of the Mediterranean Chameleon, Chamaeleo chamaeleon (Linnaeus, 1758) specimens collected from Akyatan, Adana Province (Turkey) were investigated using the skeletochronology method and the demographic structure was revealed. The mean age was 3.07 years in females and 2.93 years in males. Derived from the LAG configuration, the age at sexual maturity was 1 year in males and 2 years in females. There was no significant correlation between the SVL and age. Moreover, the mean age and SVL were not statistically different between sexes. Results obtained here indicate that C. chamaeleon is one of the short-living lizard species when compared to other lizards.
PENGARUH METODE PEMBELAJARAN TUTOR SEBAYA TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS III SDN SIMPANG WARGA 1 KECAMATAN ALUH-ALUH
Authors: Astuti Nadya
Published: June 2022

This research was motivated by the low learning outcomes of grade 3 students at SDN Simpang Warga, Aluh-aluh District in Mathematics. This is because the teacher only uses the lecture method in teaching. In this study, researchers applied the peer tutoring method to mathematics learning outcomes. The method used in this research is pre-experimental design with the type of one group pre-test design and the sampling technique of Non Probalility Sampling with the type of purposive sampling. The data mining tool used Paired Sample T-test analysis and regression formula. The results showed that the use of the peer tutoring method was fairly good based on the Paired Sample T-test hypothesis test with a confidence level of 95% Sig. 0.05, it was obtained the results of the t-test pre-test and post-test that the Sig. (2-tailed) 0.001 <0.05 and tcount = 3.956> t table of 2.063 with a significant level of 5% and the linear regression hypothesis test obtained tcount> ttable (2.091> 2.069) and a significance of 0.048 <0.05. This means that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, so it can be concluded that there is a significant influence between the peer tutor method on student learning outcomes at SDN Simpang Warga, Aluh-aluh District.Key words: Methods, Peer Tutors, Education, Mathematics, Results, Learning.
PENERAPAN INOVASI SUPERVISI AKADEMIK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS PEMBELAJARAN DI MAN 2 KOTA MALANG
Authors: Widjajanti Rina
Published: June 2022

The results showed that; 1) Planning for academic supervision by the principal at MAN 2 Malang City uses a collaborative approach model, which is compiled at the beginning of the year. The types of programs include annual programs, programs are prepared based on identification, analysis and evaluation of the previous year. The results show that planning for academic supervision in the post-Covid-19 transition period is currently going well. 2) Implementation of academic supervision in order to improve the quality of learning in MAN 2 Malang City using the academic supervision model. The results of the research on the implementation of academic supervision in the post-Covid-19 transition era by the head of the madrasah continued well. This can be seen from the direct supervision process in the form of monitoring the teacher's teaching activities through direct observation, the supervisor will provide assistance to the teacher in solving problems and providing an evaluation of the learning process that has taken place. 3) Evaluation of the academic supervision of the madrasah principal is carried out by the madrasa head and the supervision team at MAN 2 Malang City, carried out at the end of the semester to measure the success of a supervisory approach that has been carried out by the madrasah principal.Keywords: Academic Supervision Innovation, learning quality.
MODEL BIMBINGAN KONSELING PERKEMBANGAN DALAM AKTIVITAS BERMAIN SEBAGAI STRATEGI PENGALAMAN BELAJAR YANG BERMAKNA DI SD MUHAMMADIYAH 8 BANJARMASIN
Authors: Aprianty Rizqi Amalia , Ngalimun Ngalimun
Published: June 2022

The structure of the developmental guidance and counseling program consists of four components, namely: First, basic guidance services (guidance curiculum), which is the core of the developmental guidance model. This component is designed to assist all students in developing basic skills or competencies in effective life and behavior. Second, responsive service aims to intervene in student problems or concerns that arise immediately and are felt at that time. Third, individual planning system (individual planning), aims to guide all students to learn to plan, monitor, and manage education and career plans. Fourth, equipped with a system support component, this component provides support for the guidance staff in organizing the three components of guidance as well as other school personnel in implementing educational programs in schools.Keywords: Developmental counseling guidance model, play activities, meaningful experience strategies
Approche comparée des questions de la gratuité et du financement des autoroutes le cas de l’Angleterre
Authors: Thebault Déborah
Published: June 2022

La construction d’un réseau autoroutier en Angleterre est le fruit d’un processus lent et laborieux. La propriété des infrastructures appartient à la Couronne mais leur gestion a été confiée à une société publique ministérielle. L’apparente gratuité des autoroutes, caractérisée par l’absence de péage, n’en est pas moins une chimère, la source du financement étant fiscale.
Approche comparée des questions de la gratuité et du financement des autoroutes le cas de l’Allemagne
Authors: Bringmann Nicole
Published: June 2022

Le financement, la gestion et l’entretien du vaste réseau d’autoroutes allemandes rencontrent des difficultés importantes dans le système fédéral allemand. La réforme induite en 2017 et la création d’une nouvelle société détenue à 100 % par le Bund au 1er janvier 2021 devaient y remédier. La gratuité des autoroutes est relativisée notamment par les péages dont doivent s’acquitter les poids-lourds. Le projet d’un péage généralisé concernant également des véhicules de tourisme a été abandonné à la suite d’un arrêt de la CJUE le jugeant incompatible avec le droit de l’UE.
Le changement de paradigme dans la gestion des autoroutes en Espagne : une question en suspens
Authors: Lladó Martínez Albert
Published: June 2022

L’Espagne est en train de changer le modèle de gestion de son réseau autoroutier. La concession aux entreprises qui ont construit et géré des autoroutes pendant des décennies se termine, mais le gouvernement n’a pas encore décidé d’un nouveau modèle de financement de l’entretien, un retard qui pose des problèmes.
La comptabilité générale au service des litiges perdus par l’État
Authors: Ducharme Théo
Published: June 2022

La comptabilité générale, introduite par la LOLF, connaît encore des difficultés d’application concernant les conséquences financières des litiges perdus par l’État. Les acteurs n’utilisent pas encore suffisamment cette nouvelle forme de comptabilité pour rendre l’inscription des provisions pour litige réellement utile.
La loi 3DS, une occasion manquée de refonder la décentralisation territoriale
Authors: Hernu Paul
Published: June 2022

La loi 3DS comporte quatre volets complémentaires pour élargir les conditions d’attribution et d’exercice des compétences des collectivités locales : la différenciation, un approfondissement de la décentralisation et de la déconcentration et une simplification de l’action publique locale. Mais elle ne paraît pas suffisante pour constituer une quatrième étape de la décentralisation territoriale et pour rétablir une meilleure relation de confiance entre l’État et les collectivités locales».
La politique fiscale de Valéry Giscard d’Estaing Vingt ans de novations fiscales
Authors: Beltrame Pierre , Bin Fabrice
Published: June 2022

L’esprit de réforme qui anima Valéry Giscard d’Estaing durant ses quelques vingt années d’exercice du pouvoir politique (1959-1981), s’est manifesté notamment par la conception et la réalisation d’une politique fiscale novatrice qui visait à moderniser le système fiscal français et à améliorer les relations entre l’administration et les contribuables. La réalisation de cette oeuvre fiscale qui favorisa la mutation de la société française est le fruit de la rencontre d’un homme d’exception, d’une époque favorable et d’une haute administration des finances animée d’une ardeur réformatrice.
La compétence d’évaluation des chambres régionales dans la loi 3DS : une reconnaissance en trompe l’oeil, des opportunités à saisir
Authors: Lamarque Danièle
Published: June 2022

La loi « 3DS » du 21 février 2022 élargit le domaine des chambres régionales des comptes en leur attribuant une nouvelle compétence d’évaluation des politiques publiques, assortie d’une possibilité de saisine par les exécutifs locaux. Partie intégrante de la stratégie JF 2025 des juridictions financières, cette réforme facilitera le développement souhaité des évaluations. Elle confirme la légitimité des chambres dans un domaine qui leur était en fait déjà ouvert depuis 20 ans, et les invite à contribuer au développement de l’évaluation dans les régions, tant par l’analyse des politiques territoriales et partagées que par le renforcement des démarches de pilotage et de management de la performance au sein des collectivités.
Adapting Coursebook Activities to Stimulate Language Learning among Rural Students: An Action Research
Authors: Kırmızı-Ayyıldız Ayşe , Akkuş-Çakır Nur
Published: June 2022

Coursebooks are substantial components of English lessons for facilitating learning. However cultural differences may require material adaptation to fully meet students’ needs and interests. This qualitative action research study aimed to improve English language teaching at a rural school in a socio-economically deprived area. The findings of the study indicated that regional challenges affect the language learning process in rural areas negatively and this regional divide makes it difficult for students to keep up with the centralized content. When the materials are adapted according to the students’ needs and profile, and regional conditions, it is possible for students to reach the learning goals. The data also show that the adapted materials contribute to meaningful learning, increased enthusiasm among students, engagement towards the English and increased retention.
A Responsive Approach to Curricular Needs of Turkish Educational System: Curriculum Based on Reason, Values and Culture
Authors: Akıncı Muhammed , Kurt Abdulkadir
Published: June 2022

The purpose of this research is to identify problems with formal curricula at different levels of education in Türkiye and to present an approach that offers solutions in line with these problems. In accordance with this purpose, document analysis design within the framework of systematic review was used in the research. In this context, the curriculum evaluation studies carried out between the years 2012-2021 were examined by using content analysis. In addition, the commonplaces of different curriculum approaches from various sources have been revealed. Curriculum evaluation studies conducted in Türkiye show that the curricula have various problems in terms of commonplaces such as teacher, learner, subject matter, context, and curriculum making. Moreover, in these studies it has been suggested that comprehensive updates be made in the curricula to solve the identified problems. Based on these findings, a curriculum approach has been proposed, which is believed to contribute to the solution of the curriculum problems. The Reason, Values, and Culture-Based Approach is a responsive approach that aims to train individuals who attach importance to mental and cultural values. In addition to the solution proposals in the approach put forward, various suggestions were presented to the institutions responsible for the curriculum development process in Türkiye and to researchers who will study corresponding issues.
Opinions of Classroom Teachers Working in Public Education Centers on Adult Education
Authors: Başkan Yusuf , Bars Mehmet
Published: June 2022

This research aims to examine the opinions of classroom teachers working in public education centers on adult education. One of the qualitative research designs, a basic qualitative research design, was used. The research group of the research was determined through criterion sampling, and criteria such as a permanent or contracted classroom teacher linked with the Ministry of National Education and having worked or working in public education facilities were sought from the participants. The research group of the research consisted of 20 participants. A semi-structured interview form was used as a data collection tool in the research, and the data were collected as audio recordings. The results of the interviews with the teachers who could not get permission for the voice recorder were obtained by transcribing the words of the teachers. The content analysis method was used in the analysis of the data. Themes and sub-themes were formed from the answers given by the participants. Adult education is vital for individuals and society, and results showed that adults' responsible manners influenced adult education. Furthermore, adult education teachers saw that adult education has a wide range of working hours and that block lessons can be held as an advantage. It has been concluded that they see trainee absences and adults' focus on obtaining certificates rather than the educational process as a problem.
Simulating Financial Risks on the Basis of Statistical Assessment Methods
Authors: PARFENTSEVA N. , HOLUBOVA H.
Published: June 2022

Financial risks are summed up by type and form, macro- and micro-level. The importance of monitoring of financial risks in insurance, banking, monetary activities and various business processes is substantiated. It is emphasized that the sound assessment of risks constitutes an important tool in risk management. The essence, advantages and disadvantages of selected methods for financial risk assessment is shown: Value-at-Risk, Monte Carlo method, methods based on IRB approach, Shortfall, LDA, methods using Bayesian programming. The importance of statistical methods for the assessment of financial risks like non-parametric techniques of Kaplan – Meier and Cox proportional hazards model is substantiated. It is emphasized that the cumulative hazard function by Cox model reflects the cumulative level of bank losses, hence, its application in risk assessment is capable to protect and warn the bank about a potential threat. Kaplan – Meier method allows to assess the probability of risk occurrence and risk level in various client groups, which is a necessary component of risk monitoring. But its drawback is its incapability to account for several risks at the same time. In view of this, a sounder method for risk assessment is Cox proportional hazard regression. The input data for constructing this regression can include both categorical and continuous variables, thus enabling for accounting of a multiplicity of risk-related factors.     It is concluded that Kaplan – Meier method should be used with caution, because the survival function may overvalue the probability of occurrence of “critical” event, depending on the internal nature of data and their individual variances. Hence, applications of semiparametric techniques of Cox proportional hazards model should be an alternative approach to the survival analysis.
Diagnostics of the Financial Condition and Investment Attractiveness of Business Enterprise in the Financial Management System
Authors: BONDARUK Т. , ZAICHKO I. , BONDARUK І.
Published: June 2022

Theoretical and methodological tools for diagnosing financial condition and its investment attractiveness of business enterprise have been deepened. The practical aspects of diagnosing the financial situation with the definition of opportunities to overcome the crisis, increase the level of investment attractiveness and the formation of future management decisions, taking into account the post-quarantine consequences. The directions of financial diagnostics of the enterprise at the expense of systematization of additional indicators for definition of financial stability of the enterprise are offered. It was found that the financial stability of the enterprise has close relationships with investment attractiveness, which indicates its impact on the results of the diagnosis of financial condition and determine the factors of building a management system of the enterprise. It is confirmed that one of the main functions of financial management in ensuring the financial stability of the enterprise is to eliminate threats that could lead to its crisis. It is shown that for the effective operation of the enterprise it is necessary to develop effective measures to increase its financial stability, liquidity, solvency, investment and business activity. The main purpose of diagnosing the financial condition of the enterprise is to assess its business activity during different periods, to identify factors that have a positive or negative impact, and to determine the real financial stability of the enterprise. In a pandemic, the diagnosis of financial condition is the initial stage of any transformation in the company, which may be associated with restructuring and restoration, change of ownership or management, assessment of creditworthiness and investment attractiveness, investment projects, business expansion and diversification, management. The methodology for diagnosing the financial condition of the enterprise is proposed to be considered as a system of successive and related stages, with the definition of goals, objectives, benchmarks and a system of indicators at each of these stages. It is determined that the optimization of financial management is not a one-time task, but a continuous and repetitive cycle of making and implementing strategic and operational decisions, which determines the continuity of the diagnostic process in the enterprise.
The History of the Transformation of Cuban Socialism in the Context of Contemporary Reforms: A Political Economy Perspective
Authors: Arabadzhyan Alexandra
Published: June 2022

The paper explores transformation of the contemporary Cuban model of socialism. The purpose is to ascertain the dynamics of the interpretation of socialism as a mode of production in three different stages. It draws on crucial sources such as the 1976 Constitution of Cuba, its 1992 amended version, and the 2019 Constitution. Each corresponds to one of the three models of development identified in the article: the Marxist-Leninist model, the special period model, and the model of actualisation process. The author also takes a more detailed look at the official documents of the First, Sixth, and Seventh Congresses of the Cuban Communist Party, reflecting aspects of socialism as a mode of production and the role of Marxism-Leninism. The paper examines issues such as forms of ownership of the means of production, changing attitudes towards exploitation, the operation of the socialist principle of distribution “from each according to his ability, to each according to his work”, and the role and scope of the planning sys-tem. The author's methodology rests upon the historical-genetic method and comparative analysis. The study indicates that Cuban socialism as a mode of production has undergone considerable changes over the course of its history. The planning system has lost its scale and short-term planning is being trans-formed from directive to indicative, while general economic policy is moving away from instruments of administrative intervention towards indirect regulation. Mid and long-term planning gets closer to the models of strategies. The actualisation model also legalises private ownership of the means of production, while the special period model views cooperatives as a socialist form of economic management. Although exploitation is condemned, the actualization model integrates it into the social system having legalised wage labour. The socialist principle of distribution is regarded only as a desired principle, but not as a functioning one. Thus, changes in the interpretation of socialism as a mode of production have been enshrined at the official level. Contemporary Cuban socialism has moved away from the Marxist-Leninist model adopted in the 1960s.
International Transfer in Soviet Science in the 1950s–1960s (the Case of the L.Ya. Karpov NIFHI)
Authors: Sumburova Elena
Published: June 2022

The authors of this article offer their version of the answer to the question of how international scientific cooperation developed during the early stages of the scientific and technological revolution during the Cold War. The authors validate their hypothesis about the existence of a specific Soviet model of scientific transfer. The novelty of the work lies in the introduction into academic discourse of unpublished documents of the L.Y. Karpov Research Institute of Physical Chemistry, deposited at the RGA in Samara, based on the concept of scientific transfer emerging in modern historiography. The paper identifies four groups of actors of international scientific transfer, of which research institutes were the most active. The forms of scientific communications in the field of chemistry in the 1950s and 1960s emerged at international symposiums, conferences, internships, research trips, training in Soviet universities of graduate students and young scientists. These channels of interaction were sufficiently formalised and required careful preliminary preparation of documents approved at the state level. Informal communication channels (personal meetings, exchange of scientific literature), for the most part, were formed with scientists from socialist countries. Joint research projects were also built on this basis. Agreements on scientific and technical cooperation with socialist countries were an institutional reinforcement of such work. In general, the research carried out at the L.Ya. Karpov Research Institute of Physical Chemistry was deeply integrated into the trends of the scientific and technological revolution of the midtwentieth century.
British Intelligence Ambassadors at the Court of Anna Ioannovna
Authors: Labutina Tatyana
Published: June 2022

In the first third of the eighteenth century, relations between Russia and Britain remained strained. Although Russia, under Empress Anna Ioannovna (1730–1740), welcomed Britain, restoring the diplomatic relations it had severed under Peter I and concluding a trade treaty favourable to the British in 1734, official London continued to pursue a policy far from friendly towards the Russian Empire. The intelligence activities of the British official diplomats at the Imperial Court were a vivid illustration of this. King George II of Great Britain, when he sent his ambassadors to their destination, urged them to gather information on everything they would see in Russia. He specifically listed those the diplomats were to focus on: the Russian Empress, her ministers and other high-ranking officials, as well as courtiers and favourites. The British authorities were particularly interested in the state of the nation's armed forces. On their return home, the ambassadors were expected to give a detailed account of everything they had seen and heard at Court. Drawing on an analysis of the ambassadors' diplomatic correspondence with the British Secretary of State, as well as some of their essays, the author examines the problem of British ambassadors' intelligence activities at the court of Anna Ioannovna. As it turns out, the ambassadors collected information on the high-ranking dignitaries close to the Tsarina, their predilections and weaknesses; on the alignment of political powers at court, as well as on the state of the army and navy. Attention is drawn to the fact that the informants of diplomats were often not only Britons in Russian service, but more often high-ranking officials themselves, ready to defend British interests for the sake of monetary rewards or gifts. Few of them realised that by revealing secret information to British ambassadors, they were committing a high crime and harming their homeland. The history of British espionage in Russia in the first third of the eighteenth century, which has not previously been the subject of a special study in historical scholarship, reveals the real purpose of British diplomacy, namely to study the potential enemy, as it viewed the Russian Empire at that time.
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (1746–1825): Three-Time Presidential Candidate of the United States
Authors: Filimonova Maria
Published: June 2022

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney is one of the forgotten “founding fathers” of the United States. His diverse military, political and diplomatic activities have been poorly studied in American historiography and have received little attention on the part of Russian Americanists. The study of his biography is particularly relevant in the light of current trends in American society, where the activities of the “founding fathers” are viewed narrowly, solely through the prism of slavery and racism. Hence the aim of this article is to use the biography of a Southerner from the revolutionary era to illustrate how the defence of slavery could be combined with the values of classical republicanism and the principles of the Enlightenment in the worldview of the "founding fathers". The source base of the study is largely founded on the electronic archive of the Pinckney family, published by the University of Virginia. Publications of the debates of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and materials of the ratification campaign, as well as South Carolina periodicals were also used. From available sources, the author concludes that Pinckney followed the ethical models of classical republicanism. In politics, Pinckney aimed at a republic ruled by virtue and talent. However, like an ancient polis, Pinckney’s ideal state was a state of a free minority. From his point of view, freedom and equality had nothing to do with slaves. Nevertheless, he remained in history as one of the authors of the US Constitution, and as a diplomat who refused to submit to extortion by the French Directory. He ran for president of the United States three times and, although he lost each time, he emerged from the ordeal with an unblemished reputation, which was rare in a fiercely partisan struggle.
Bismarck – Wilhelm – Hitler: Continuity or Break with Tradition?
Authors: Filitov Alexey
Published: June 2022

The article examines the problem of similarities and major contradictions between the periods of 1871–1890 (Bismarckian Reich) and 1890–1918 (Wilhelmine Reich) in German history. Although anti-democratic tendencies were a common feature of both, ideology and practice in the field of foreign policy differed sharply. The Bismarckian notion of a “saturated state”, which implied a commitment to the status quo, was superseded by the expansionist “Griff nach der Weltmacht” (the push towards a “world power” equal to the British and French colonial empires). However, the expansionism of the Wilhelmine Empire was not unlimited, unlike the Third Reich's quest for world domination. The hostility of the Wilhelmine Germany towards Russia, which represented a clear departure from the Bismarckian traditions, also had some limits, and therefore cannot be equated with an inexorable programme of extermination of the Hitler regime. Having critically assessed the concepts of some German historians, the author concludes that no line of continuity could be drawn between the Bismarck Empire and the Third Reich, a line that exists between the latter and the Wilhelmine Empire, although one should not overestimate the commonalities between the two regimes.
Reception of the Theme of the German Empire in the Anniversary Historical Narratives of the XX Century
Authors: Rostislavleva Nataliya
Published: June 2022

The article examines the reception of the subject of the German Empire by Russian/Soviet and German historians in the twentieth century as part of its anniversary celebrations. In 1921 both Russian and German historical journals discussed the resignation of Bismarck as a critical step for the fortunes of the empire and openly criticised Wilhelm IIIn the Russian narrative, the revolution that led the empire to its collapse was harshly critiqued. After the defeat of Germany in the Second World War, the subject of the creation and fortunes of the empire was radically reconsidered by historians in the FRG. In the year of its centenary, 1971, Germany was debating the “second foundation of the empire”, imperial ceremonies and rituals were being studied, the Second Empire was being called the “Bismarck State”, and the chancellor was being accused of absolutism. The historical narratives in the GDR were represented by the Marxist conception of nineteenth-century German history, above all by the ideas of F. Engels. The creation of the empire was assessed in a mixed manner, it was noted that 'the German people found their unity in the Prussian barracks', and Bismarck's rule was described as a “Bonapartist monarchy”. A similar attitude can be traced in the historical narrative in the USSR: the empire was declared a “Prussian-German militarist state”. The problem of ethnicity and the long-awaited German unity was significant for German narratives of 1921. In the twenty-first century, historians of a united Germany warn against idealising the Second Reich and debate the synthesis of the collective and the individual in the phenomenon of memory-identity.
Compensation Claims of the Hohenzollern
Authors: Wurzer Georg
Published: June 2022

The article focuses on the debate over compensation from Brandenburg, sought by the current head of the House of Hohenzollern, Prince Georg Friedrich. The legal basis for these claims is the Compensation Act, which guaranteed adequate compensation to owners who had been subjected to expropriation by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany in 1945. In 1994, however, those who collaborated with National Socialist or Communist regimes or encouraged others to do so were excluded from this law. The key question is whether the then Crown Prince Wilhelm had significantly aided and abetted the Nazi regime. This would preclude compensation. The main sources are expert assessments commissioned by both parties to the dispute to be prepared by reputable specialists. The undisputed facts are presented on the one hand, and the controversial assessments are discussed on the other. In addition, the political and legal reappraisal of the dispute is also addressed. The proceedings allow conclusions to be drawn about the culture of expert witnesses in the Federal Republic of Germany and the working conditions of historians.
Couple effects of temperature and fatigue, creep-fatigue interaction and thermo-mechanical loading conditions on crack growth rate of nickel-based alloy
Authors: Shlyannikov Valery , Inozemtsev Aleksandr , Ratchiev Aleksey
Published: June 2022

The ambient and high-temperature fatigue crack growth behaviors in C(T) and SENT specimens of Ni-based superalloy for turbine disk application were studied in a wide interval of temperatures 25–750°C using a combination a electro- and servohydraulic test systems and fractographic investigations. The fatigue, creep-fatigue interaction and thermo-mechanical in-phase fatigue (TMF IP) crack growth tests are performed under isothermal and dynamic waveforms loading conditions. The interpretation of the experimental results is given in terms of the traditional stress intensity factors and C-integral as well as new normalized cyclic fracture diagrams. It is found that there are definite temperature-sensitive regions separate for harmonic fatigue and creep-fatigue interaction loading conditions in which the crack growth rate of Ni-based alloy increases sharply. Scanning electron microscopy in longitudinal sections containing cracks revealed the mechanisms responsible for fatigue crack initiation and growth. The couple effect of temperature ranging and isothermal and dynamic waveforms loading conditions on fatigue life was discussed.
Detection of Uniaxial Fatigue Stress under Magnetic Flux Leakage Signals using Morlet Wavelet
Authors: Firdaus Syed Muhamad , Arifin Azli , Abdullah Shahrum , Karam Singh Salvinder Singh , Md Nor Noorsuhada
Published: June 2022

This paper demonstrates the application of continuous wavelet transform technique for magnetic flux leakage signal generated during a uniaxial fatigue test. This is a consideration as the magnetic signal is weak and susceptible to being influenced by an external magnetic field. The magnetic flux leakage signal response of API steel grade X65 is determined using Metal Magnetic Memory under cyclic load conditions ranging from 50% to 85% of the UTS. To facilitate further signal analysis, the magnetic flux gradient, the dH(y)/dx signal were converted from a length base into time series in this study. Magnetic flux leakage readings indicated a maximum UTS load of 56.5 (A/m)/mm at 85%, where a higher load resulted in a higher reading and the signal contained Morlet wavelet coefficient energy of 1.02×106 µe2/Hz. As increasing percentages of UTS loads were applied, the signal analysis revealed an increasing linear trend in the dH(y)/dx and wavelet coefficient energy. The analysis revealed a strong correlation between the wavelet coefficient energy and the dH(y)/dx amplitude, as indicated by the coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.8572. Hence, this technique can provide critical information about magnetic flux leakage signals that can be used to detect high stress concentration zones.
Evaluation of Tensile properties of FRP Composite Laminates under Varying Strain Rates and Temperatures
Authors: Joshi Prahlad , Panigrahi Shrikant
Published: June 2022

The present investigation deals with the characterization of tensile behavior of various Fiber Reinforced Polymer composites under Thermo-Mechanical loading. Five different types of Uni-Directional (UD) composites of Carbon, Glass, Carbon-Glass hybrid and Metal Laminates of Carbon & Glass were tested for tensile behavior. Tensile tests were performed at strain rates of 10-3, 10-2, & 10-1 s-1 at Room Temperature,250 0C and 450 0C. Stress-strain relations reveal the strain rate and temperature sensitive behavior of composites. Glass, Glass-Carbon, Glass-metal epoxy composites showed higher peak tensile stress under room temperature with varying strain rates as compared to neat carbon epoxy composites. Also, high strain rate tensile properties such as peak stress and peak strain of Glass-Carbon-Epoxy specimens were 26%, and 60% higher than that of the neat carbon epoxy composite. The failure mechanisms of both the composites were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy. The composites mainly failed due to matrix crack within elastic range under room temperature and failed with significant plastic deformation of matrix and fibers under test temperatures 250 0C and 450 0C. Finally, this study reveals that the continuous phase of metal layer embedded between Uni-Directional Glass and Carbon fiber, based composite system can be tailored to act as an energy-absorbing material system under both elastic and plastic stress strain regimes.
Improvement of hydration products for self-compacting concrete by using magnetized water
Authors: ELShami A.A. , Essam Noura , Yousry El-Shikh M.
Published: June 2022

Magnetized water (MW) is one of the most effective and economical ways to improve the properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Therefore, the aim of this study is to improve the fresh, mechanical, and microstructural properties of SCC using MW. For this purpose, a total of 12 mixes were produced with silica fume (SF) content (5% and 10% by weight of cement), and the mixing water passed through a permanent magnetic field (with a strength of 1.4 T) for 50, 100, and 150 cycles. Tests were performed for fresh properties (Slump flow, T50cm, V-funnel, and L-box), for mechanical properties (compressive, flexural, and tensile strength), and for microstructure properties (SEM, EDX, and TGA/DTG). The optimum result in compressive strength was achieved in the mix M8 using 5% silica fume and 150 cycles of MW. For fresh properties, the mix M4 using 150 cycles without SF had the workability enhanced by 11% compared to the control mix, and SEM and EDX tests indicated that SCC mixes prepared with MW had more C-S-H, less CH, and were denser. In addition, TGA/DTG analysis showed that the rate of hydration of mix M8 was reached by 61% at 28 days.
Effect of beam-column joints flexibility on the seismic response of setback RC buildings designed according to the Algerian seismic code
Authors: Rahmani Abdallah Yacine , Boukhalkhal Said Hicham , Badaoui Mohamed
Published: June 2022

The Algerian seismic code assumes that the beam-column joints in monolithic reinforced concrete (RC) buildings are fully rigid. However, many experiments have proven the existence of relative rotations in these connections, and then the presence of relative transfer of bending moment. The present work aims to investigate the effect of beam-column joints modelling on the global seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) moment-resisting frames buildings, designed according to the Algerian seismic code recommendations. To consider the nonlinear deformation of the connections, an analytical model developed recently is used. This model includes two important deformation mechanisms; the first one covers the slippage of the continuous reinforcement within the column, whereas the second involves slippage caused by creating bending cracks at the extremities of the beams. Three multi-storey RC frames with different setback geometry, including a reference frame, are studied considering the connections as rigid/deformable. The nonlinear static procedure or pushover analysis is used to perform a nonlinear analysis of the studied structures and the results in terms of capacity curve, target displacement, storey drift, storey stiffness and the response reduction factor are presented. The results show the necessity of considering the beam-column connection flexibility when modelling this type of building.