bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme
Authors: Hodges Frederick Mansfield
Published: February 2007

This study examines the evolution of
Greek and Roman medical conceptualizations of preputial aesthetics,
utilizing evidence found in classical medical texts as well as clues
from literature, legal sources, and art. A conclusive picture emerges
that the Greeks valued the longer prepuce and pathologized the penis
characterized by a deficient prepuce--especially one that had been
surgically ablated--under the disease concept of lipodermos.
The medical conceptualization of lipodermos is also placed in the
historical context of the legal efforts to abolish ritual circumcision
throughout the Seleucid and Roman empires.
Healthy Public Relations: The FDA's 1930s Legislative Campaign
Authors: Kay Gwen
Published: February 2007

In this article, I argue that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an oft-overlooked government agency that acts to preserve and secure the public's health. From its early years as an agency charged with enforcement of the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act, the FDA not only protected the public's health but also made the public aware of its mission, using methods as diverse as displays at county fairs and at the 1933 Chicago World's Fair, radio programming, and active correspondence. The agency encouraged the public to protect itself, particularly in those arenas in which the FDA had no regulatory authority. In addition, it may have overstepped its boundaries when it actively solicited public support for a bill submitted to Congress in the early 1930s. In the dark days of the Great Depression, the FDA contended not only with limited resources and its own feelings of inadequacy in terms of what could and could not be done to protect the populace, but also with "guinea pig" books that horrified and angered many readers. By 1938, when the agency prevailed and the revisions to the 1906 Act passed Congress and were signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the FDA had done all that a responsible public health agency should do, and more.
Diagnosis and Authority in the Early Twentieth-Century Medical Practice of Richard C. Cabot
Authors: Crenner Christopher
Published: February 2007

This paper examines diagnostic practices using the early twentieth-century medical literature and the patient correspondence and records from the clinic of Richard Cabot. What shaped medicine's rapidly growing persuasive authority in the twentieth century? Diagnostic expertise demonstrated the doctor's control over disease but offered a service of ambiguous value to patients. Cabot and his peers offered differing views on how new diagnostic techniques would influence their relationships to their patients. In his busy private clinic Cabot put into effect an exacting diagnostic process, modeled on his innovative Clinicopathological Conferences. The people who came to the clinic often sought his technical expertise but accepted his diagnostic practices and opinions sometimes only provisionally.
Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" Influenza Pandemic
Authors: Johnson Niall P. A. S. , Mueller Juergen
Published: February 2007

The influenza pandemic of 1918-20 is recognized as having generally taken place in three waves, starting in the northern spring and summer of 1918. This pattern of three waves, however, was not universal: in some locations influenza seems to have persisted into or returned in 1920. The recorded statistics of influenza morbidity and mortality are likely to be a significant understatement. Limitations of these data can include nonregistration, missing records, misdiagnosis, and nonmedical certification, and may also vary greatly between locations. Further research has seen the consistent upward revision of the estimated global mortality of the pandemic, which a 1920s calculation put in the vicinity of 21.5 million. A 1991 paper revised the mortality as being in the range 24.7-39.3 million. This paper suggests that it was of the order of 50 million. However, it must be acknowledged that even this vast figure may be substantially lower than the real toll, perhaps as much as 100 percent understated.
From Screening to Clinical Research: The Cure of Leukemia and the Early Development of the Cooperative Oncology Groups, 1955-1966
Authors: Keating Peter , Cambrosio Alberto
Published: February 2007

Recent work in the history and sociology of biomedicine has emphasized the novelty of the biomedical enterprise as a distinctive institutional, material, and epistemological configuration. Since World War II, biology and medicine have become such tightly intertwined research enterprises that those working in biomedicine cannot predict whether a particular research project, clinical investigation, or even clinical intervention will result in biological or medical facts. In this paper, we examine part of the process of the emergence of biomedicine by focusing on the development of clinical cancer trials in the United States in the years 1955-66, a period during which the clinical trials program run by the National Cancer Institute became autonomous from the Institute's screening program for anticancer compounds. We examine in particular the work carried out by the cooperative groups and the Acute Leukemia Task Force to which they belonged, analyzing the evolution of the relations between screening, chemotherapy, clinical trials, and clinical research.
Rooming-In: Redesigning Hospitals and Motherhood in Cold War America
Authors: Temkin Elizabeth
Published: February 2007

Rooming-in, a model of maternity care that placed newborns in their mothers' rooms instead of central nurseries, appeared in American hospitals in the early 1940s, advocated by physicians and mothers as an antidote to the emotional sterility of the modern maternity ward. It has been cited as a successful illustration of health-care reform, in which practitioners and patients redesigned postpartum care to make it more fulfilling. However, factors other than visionary leadership contributed to the establishment and popularity of rooming-in. First, wartime changes in the medical care of postpartum patients, including antibiotic therapy and early ambulation, paved the way for a system in which mothers played an active role. Second, rooming-in effectively solved two hospital crises: a nursing shortage, and an epidemic of infections in newborn nurseries. Finally, it achieved notoriety far beyond its actual prevalence because it resonated with trends in mass culture: a wariness of technology, interest in the causes and prevention of neurosis, and the "feminine mystique." This article suggests that changes in health care depend less on reasoned planning than on coincidental events inside and outside the hospital.
11 January 1887, the Day Medicine Changed: Joseph Grancher's Defense of Pasteur's Treatment for Rabies
Authors: Gelfand Toby
Published: February 2007

The Pasteur treatment for rabies is generally seen in terms of a triumphant penetration of laboratory science into clinical medicine. Similarly, the debates challenging the Pastorians have been interpreted as retrograde and inevitably vain efforts by a few disgruntled clinicians to resist scientific progress. This article revises the standard account by showing that the defenders of Pasteur perceived a serious threat to their enterprise and acted expeditiously to counter a potential crisis by adopting clinical strategies and tactics to argue for the relative safety of their method and to account for the rare failures resulting in deaths. An extensive unpublished source, the correspondence of Dr. Joseph Grancher with Pasteur, reveals this physician's leading role in successfully orchestrating the defense of Pasteur's antirabies method in January 1887 in the National Academy of Medicine. In responding to Dr. Michel Peter's accusations that the method could be dangerous and had been fatal in certain cases, Grancher invoked notions of risk inherent in all medical therapy, along with individual variability and predisposition to disease. Grancher's unpublished correspondence, supplemented by other manuscript letters, permits a textured understanding of the urgency experienced by Pasteur's team and their interactions as they worked out a strategy to defend their pioneering entry into human medicine. The suppression of autopsy evidence in one fatal case is apparent. More important, the strategy of the Pastorians implied a complementarity between the "clinic" and laboratory science, rather than any opposition.
Serving Clio and Client: The Historian as Expert Witness
Authors: Rothman David J
Published: February 2007

Although historians often appear in court as
expert witnesses, their presence stirs unease and controversy. To clarify
the issues at stake, this article compares two activities—testifying
on behalf of plaintiffs, and conducting an open-ended historical
inquiry—by using the author's personal experience in Craft
v. Vanderbilt as a case in point. The litigation sought to gain
compensation and an apology for the 830-850 women who between 1945 and
1949 at the Vanderbilt prenatal clinic were fed doses of radioactive iron
without their consent so as to study the process of iron absorption. The
overall conclusion is that historians can serve clients without subverting
the canons of the discipline. However, because Clio and client have such
different needs, historians should recognize, and take pride in the fact,
that courtroom appearances represent advocacy.
Compromised Constitutions: The Iranian Experience with the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
Authors: Afkhami Amir
Published: February 2007

The global demographic impact of the 1918-19 influenza
pandemic continues to fascinate researchers and scholars. This
paper examines the social and demographic effects of this outbreak
on Iranian society, through a comprehensive investigation of the
modes of transmission and propagation, mortality rates, and other
distinctive features of the region, and reveals the importance of
taking a country's unique sociopolitical settings into account. Iran
was one of the regions hit hardest by the pandemic, with mortality rates
significantly higher than in most regions of the world. Though globally
the victims of influenza lived primarily in urban areas, it was Iran's
rural regions that suffered the most casualties. In addition, contrary
to the prevailing notion that the 1918 influenza targeted the young and
healthy, this paper suggests that famine, opium consumption, malaria,
and anemia were fundamentally responsible for the high mortality in Iran.
What Do Men Have to Do with It? Fathers and Mid-Twentieth-Century Childbirth
Authors: Leavitt Judith Walzer
Published: February 2007

This article addresses the role of fathers during
the births of their children, focusing on the United States in the
mid-twentieth century when childbirth was a highly medicalized,
in-hospital experience for the large majority of American women. It
puts this period into the perspective of changing birth practices over
time, and, using sources rich in the voices of all birth participants,
especially the fathers-to-be, traces some significant changes in hospital
practices. Specifically examined are men's feelings and activities
while their wives were in labor and delivery, and their participation in
decisions about labor induction, anesthesia, and cesarean section. In
contrast to earlier writings of the author, this essay puts men at the
center of some of the changes identified.
Trusting George Cheyne: Scientific Expertise, Common Sense, and Moral Authority in Early Eighteenth-Century Dietetic Medicine
Authors: Shapin Steven
Published: February 2007

Whenever physicians give directions to patients
there is always a question of their authority to do so: what is it
that they know, and who is it that they are, that gives them this
authority? The problem is fully general, but it takes especially
interesting forms in early modern dietetics, where patients were
reckoned to possess much pertinent and reliable knowledge, and where
medical dietetics occupied terrain already densely occupied by moral
prudence. This article addresses these issues in relation to the writings
and practice of George Cheyne (1671-1743), iatromechanist, dietary writer,
and fashionable physician. Special attention is given to the relation
between Cheyne's scientific expertise and the texture of the advice he
gave to two patients, the printer and novelist Samuel Richardson and
Selina, countess of Huntingdon.
"Unfit for Human Consumption": Tuberculosis and the Problem of Infected Meat in Late Victorian Britain
Authors: Waddington Keir
Published: February 2007

By the 1890s, questions about tuberculous meat in Britain served
to transform the issue of infected meat from an ill-defined to a concrete
threat. Veterinarians, building on European inoculation (or transmission)
experiments, played a prominent part in constructing the debate, with
medical officers of health following. With the emergence of bacteriology
in the 1880s, a consensus emerged about the dangers of tuberculous meat:
Robert Koch's identification of the tubercle bacillus in 1882, and the
connection he saw between bovine tuberculosis and the disease in man,
provided confirmation of the disease's danger to man. It was from this
point that veterinary and public health interests diverged. Whereas a
general agreement had been reached, the extent of the problem remained
open to doubt. Confusion revolved around two issues: the localization of
infection, and the question of cooking. The latter was thought to make
tuberculous meat "safe," as attention shifted to the problem of milk;
whereas the former frustrated efforts to combat the sale of meat showing
signs of infection.
The Art and Science of Prognostication in Early University Medicine
Authors: Demaitre Luke E.
Published: February 2007

Prognosis occupied a more prominent place in the medieval curriculum than it does at the modern university. Scholastic discussions were rooted in the Hippocratic Aphorisms and shaped by Galen's treatises On Crisis and On Critical Days. Medical prediction, as an art dependent on personal skills such as memory and conjecture, was taught with the aid of the liberal arts of rhetoric and logic. Scientific predictability was sought in branches of mathematics, moving from periodicity and numerology to astronomy. The search for certitude contributed to the cultivation of astrology; even at its peak, however, astrological medicine did not dominate the teaching on prognostication. The ultimate concern, which awaits further discussion, was not even with forecasting as such, but with the physician and, indeed, the patient.
Harvey Cushing's Paradigmatic Contribution to Neurosurgery and the Evolution of His Thoughts about Specialization
Authors: Greenblatt Samuel H
Published: February 2007

The modern era of neurosurgery began in 1879 with the amalgamation of three technologies: anesthesia, antisepsis/asepsis, and cerebral localization. However, when Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) took his first tentative steps toward a neurosurgical career in 1901, the outlook for the field was dismal, because mortality and morbidity rates were horrific. For brain tumors, surgical mortality rates were 30-50%. I will argue that Cushing made intracranial surgery clinically effective, rather than just feasible, by adding a critical fourth technology: knowledge and control of intracranial pressure (ICP). During his Wanderjahr in Europe (1900-1) Cushing came to understand ICP in biophysical terms. At Johns Hopkins, these lessons were quickly translated to acute human traumatic cases (1901-4) and then to tumor patients with raised ICP (1903-5). By 1910, he had accumulated enough tumor cases (180) to have convincing statistics. His mortality rate for tumors was 10-15%. Nonetheless, the successful paradigm was not fully instantiated until a community of practitioners formed a neurosurgical society in 1920. As this process unfolded, Cushing's ideas about specialization also evolved in interesting ways.
Contending Medical Ideologies and State Formation: The Nineteenth-Century Origins of Medical Pluralism in Contemporary Colombia
Authors: Sowell David
Published: February 2007

This article addresses the encounter between contending medical ideologies in nineteenth-century Colombia. The first era of medical pluralism, in colonial Latin America, developed from the imposition of Hispanic medicine on existing indigenous medical systems through an imperial structure. This produced a "colonial medical spectrum" incorporating various medical ideologies that came under attack by practitioners of scientific medicine in the 1800s. As scientific physicians gained privileged access to state resources, they undertook partially successful campaigns to deny Hispanic, homeopathic, and other medical systems the right to be practiced. As the state authorized scientific medicine, other practices became "popularized," thereby laying the foundation for the medical pluralism of contemporary Colombia that juxtaposes "academic" and "traditional" medicines.
A Duty to Kill? A Duty to Die? Rethinking the Euthanasia Controversy of 1906
Authors: Appel Jacob M
Published: February 2007

This essay seeks to chronicle the controversy surrounding euthanasia that came to a head in the United States around 1906, and to situate that debate in a meaningful historical context. An extensive examination of newspaper coverage of the legislative proposals to legalize the practice in Ohio and Iowa reveals that (1) the discourse occurred in a context in which both supporters and opponents of euthanasia generally agreed that the practice already occurred with frequency; (2) the discussion was heavily influenced by a simultaneous controversy surrounding eugenics; and (3) most of the opponents of legalization relied upon practical rather than religious or moral arguments to further their cause.
Patterns of Municipal Health Expenditure in Interwar England and Wales
Authors: Levene Alysa , Powell Martin A.
Published: February 2007

This article aims to fill a gap in the history of medical services in England and Wales in the interwar period by focusing on the historiographically neglected municipal sector—a relative neglect that is particularly unjustified given that this sector provided an increasingly wide array of medical services over the period. Focusing on the highly urbanized county boroughs, this article investigates whether and how expenditure on municipal health services changed over the interwar period, and whether these patterns were replicated by boroughs across England and Wales. It is found that many of the largest personal health services were experiencing a common pattern of growing investment over the period, but that county boroughs did not act uniformly in their spending decisions. Considered regionally, the Northeast and the West Midlands were found to perform poorly in expenditure terms compared to the data set as a whole, while the large conurbations of Leeds, Manchester, and Liverpool raised the average performance of the Northwest and Yorkshire. Regional patterns are found to be less consistent in the south of the country, where voluntary provision and demands arising from the boroughs' geographical position (for example, seaside resorts) may have exerted significant influences over levels of expenditure on health.
Screening Moments, Scrolling Lives: Diary Writing on the Web
Authors: Sorapure Madeleine
Published: February 2007

An analysis of online diaries suggests some of the ways in which autobiographical
stories and subjects are shaped on the Web. The computer as a
writing tool, and the Web as a publishing medium, influence the practices
of diary writing, affecting how diaries are written, what is written and to
whom, and how they are read and interpreted.
On Hurting People's Feelings: Journalism, Guilt, and Autobiography
Authors: Kraus Carolyn Wells
Published: February 2007

Based on the author's experience, with reference to the work of John McPhee, Truman Capote, Joan Didion, and others, this essay examines the hidden role of autobiography in narrative nonfiction, and the ethical concerns we raise when we tell our own stories in the guise of telling the stories of others.
Others-from-Within from Without: Afro-German Subject Formation and the Challenge of a Counter-Discourse
Authors: Wright Michelle M.
Published: February 2007

This essay analyzes Black German articulations of identity through a close reading of the poetry of Germany's most prominent Black German literary and political figure, the late May Opitz-Ayim. Her reading of what she terms an "Afro-German counter-discourse" emphasizes the necessity of theorizing Black identity critically and comparatively in a manner that allows for understanding the similarities between different Black communities without the erasure or reification of important cultural differences.
Freudian Knot or Gordian Knot? The Contradictions of Racialized Masculinity in Chester Himes' If He Hollers Let Him Go
Authors: Breu Christopher
Published: February 2007

This article situates Chester Himes' hard-boiled excoriation of American racism, If He Hollers Let Him Go, in relationship to larger critical and political debates about the value and limitations of negative representation. Taking Himes' use of the forms of negative representation associated with the hard-boiled narrative as its jumping off point, the article argues that Himes' novel, in its representation of the violence that overdetermines black and white social and sexual relationships, reveals the specific forms of negativity that structure the social field in the United States. Positioned historically between the broad social mapping of Native Son and the surrealist psychological narrative of Invisible Man, as well as more broadly between the proletarian aesthetic of the thirties and the popular psychodramas of the fifties, If He Hollers Let Him Go gives a unique account of the ways in which the intersection between psychological and material forms of racism-or as Himes puts it Freudian and Gordian knots--shape the position of the black male subject. In addressing these dual forms of racism, Himes' novel engages in a form of negative fantasy-work: revealing the ways in which the negations experienced by the black male subject are structured in part through the sexualizing fantasies constructed by a white supremacist culture as well as by the same culture's systematic erasure of the distinction between fantasy and action. This fantasy-work forms a key part of the anti-racist praxis that the novel implicitly suggests, a praxis of working-through the Freudian knots and cutting through the Gordian knots of American racism.
"Almost Worse than the Restrictive Measures": Chicago Reformers and the Nickelodeons
Authors: Lindstrom J. A
Published: February 2007

This essay examines the reform movement's response to the nickelodeon boom in Chicago and shows that it was cautiously supportive of moving pictures while simultaneously promoting the need for municipal government to become more responsible for recreatio
nal activities for youth.
Blaxploitation Horror Films: Generic Reappropriation or Reinscription?
Authors: Benshoff Harry M
Published: February 2007

The intersection of racial identity and narrative structure
in blaxploitation horror films produced a potential critique of both
social and generic racism, as well as a significant variation in how
the genre classically figures normality and monstrosity.
Finding Ourselves on a Lost Highway : David Lynch's Lesson in Fantasy
Authors: McGowan Todd
Published: February 2007

The difficulties in watching David Lynch's Lost
Highway stem from the unique way in which the film distinguishes
between desire and fantasy. Whereas most films depict a seamless
continuity between the two impulses, Lost Highway separates them,
revealing how fantasy serves as a respite from the ambiguity of desire.
Lester Walton's Écriture Noir : Black Spectatorial Transcodings of "Cinematic Excess"
Authors: Everett Anna
Published: February 2007

For many scholars and students of American film history, the black press campaign against D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation (1915) signifies the founding moment of significant black writing on the cinema. This essay investigates the pre- Birth film criticism of New York Age columnist Lester A. Walton so as to challenge that misconception and recover a lost legacy of early black film spectatorship.
From Feminine Masquerade to Flâneuse: Agnès Varda's Cléo in the City
Authors: Mouton Janice
Published: February 2007

In Agnès Varda's Cléo from 5 to 7 (1961), the protagonist's transformation from feminine masquerade to flâneuse occurs as a result of her involvement with a city, specifically Paris. Positing the possibility of a female flânerie, this essay establishes a connection between Agnès Varda and the writers George Sand and Virginia Woolf, thereby showing how a woman walker—a flâneuse—lays claim to subjectivity .
Distribution, the Transient Audience, and the Transition to the Feature Film
Authors: Quinn Michael
Published: February 2007

This historical essay argues that early feature-length films were not simply a new production trend; they represented a series of developments in distribution and exhibition based on differentiation. Indeed, the American film industry of the early 1910s followed several competing models of distribution in an effort to differentiate between the uniqueness of the feature and the standardization fostered by the short-subject program.
"No One Knows You're Black!": Six Degrees ofSeparation and the Buddy Formula
Authors: Gillan Jennifer
Published: February 2007

Fred Schepisi's Six Degrees of Separation (1993) is an art-house film that plays with the buddy film formula, highlighting its inconsistencies and its contrived resolutions of complex issues surrounding racial and sexual anxieties and looking relations.
Reigniting Japanese Tradition with Hana-Bi
Authors: Davis Darell William
Published: February 2007

This article interrogates Kitano "Beat" Takeshi's Hana-Bi ( Fireworks , 1997) for its appropriation of traditional Japanese iconography and its insertion into a global marketplace for Asian auteur-gangster films.
The Ambiguous Aura of Hollywood Stars in Avant-Garde Found-Footage Films
Authors: Wees William C.
Published: February 2007

When working with footage of Hollywood stars, avant-garde filmmakers subject these stars' images to a complex dialectic of critique and admiration, analysis and appreciation, deconstruction and reconstruction. The resulting images invest the stars' original auras with a new, more ambiguous significance.
Black-Audience Westerns and the Politics of Cultural Identification in the 1930s
Authors: Leyda Julia
Published: February 2007

This essay argues that the black-audience musical westerns of the late 1930s attempted to reconfigure African American national identity in their casting but also by strategically using anachronism and geographical juxtaposition. These westerns created a dual present by using the trope of contemporary Harlem alongside the nineteenth-century setting, thereby ironically echoing the western expansionist movement in a cinematic African American West.
"Rock-a-Bye, Baby!": Black Women Disrupting Gangs and Constructing Hip-Hop Gangsta Films
Authors: Smith-Shomade Beretta E.
Published: February 2007

This essay examines the cultural specificity of the gangster genre. In
hip-hop gangsta films, the inclusion of black women as central to the
gangster business not only transforms the gangster genre but, more
important, adheres to black cultural norms. The films New Jack
City, Sugar Hill, and Set It Off serve as case studies.
Looking for the Gaze: Lacanian Film Theory and Its Vicissitudes
Authors: McGowan Todd
Published: February 2007

Film theory's encounter with Jacques Lacan has focused on the
identification of the spectator with a gaze of mastery. This article
argues that this involves a misreading of Lacan's concept of the gaze,
and it focuses on the gaze as an instance of the object petit a.
Recontextualizing Copyright: Piracy, Hollywood, the State, and Globalization
Authors: Wang Shujen
Published: February 2007

Drawing on theories of the state, networks, and
globalization, this article examines issues of transnational copyright
governance. Also under examination are the role of the state in its
relations with transnational trade and legal regimes, Hollywood's
struggle in fighting piracy, and the impact of digital technology on
the market.
Zombies, Epiphenomenalism, and Physicalist Theories of Consciousness
Authors: Bailey Andrew
Published: February 2007

In its recent history, the philosophy of mind has come to resemble an entry into the genre of Hammer horror or pulpy science fiction. These days it is unusual to encounter a major philosophical work on the mind that is not populated with bats, homunculi, swamp-creatures, cruelly imprisoned genius scientists, aliens, cyborgs, other-worldly twins, self-aware Computer programs, Frankenstein-monster-like ‘Blockheads,’ or zombies. The purpose of this paper is to review the role in the philosophy of mind of one of these fantastic thought-experiments — the zombie — and to reassess the implications of zombie arguments, which I will suggest have been widely misinterpreted. I shall argue that zombies, far from being the enemy of materialism, are its friend; and furthermore that zombies militate against the computational model of consciousness and in favour of more biologically-rooted conceptions, and hence that zombie- considerations support a morereductivekind of physicalism about consciousness than has been in vogue in recent years.
Moral Luck: A Partial Map
Authors: Zimmerman Michael J.
Published: February 2007

Luck varies from person to person, for two reasons. First, for something to occur as a matter of luck is for it to occur beyond the control of someone, and what is beyond one person's control may not be beyond another's. Second, luck may be either good or bad (or neutral — but in that case it is not very interesting), and what is good luck for one person may be bad luck for another.

Moral philosophers have paid a good deal of attention to luck in an effort to determine its relevance to moral judgments of various sorts. We may distinguish three broad classes of such judgments: aretaic judgments, having to do with moral virtue and vice; deontic judgments, having to do with moral Obligation; and what I will call hypological judgments, having to do with moral responsibility. In the wake of Harry Frankfurt's ground-breaking discussion of the claim that moral responsibility requires control, most of the attention that has been devoted in recent years to moral luck has concerned hypological judgments in particular; deontic judgments and aretaic judgments have been given relatively short shrift.
Implementing Treaty Settlements via Indigenous Institutions: Social Justice and Detribalization in New Zealand
Authors: Lashley Marilyn E
Published: February 2007

This study examines treaty settlement as a mechanism for providing social justice and incorporating Maori people into mainstream New Zealand society by improving economic and social well-being. Articles II and III of the Treaty of Waitangi (respectively, collectively held private assets and citizenship benefits and privileges) are described and discussed, along with settlement of claims of breached treaty rights, social policy targeted to Maori, and changes in economic and social well-being from 1976 to 1998. The fundamental proposition is that all Maori are harmed by the legacy of dispossession and marginalization and, therefore, all Maori are entitled to social justice. The central question addresses the role of the state in providing redress to all indigenous New Zealanders, collectives and individuals, for breaches of both Article II and Article III treaty rights. However, urbanization and detribalization limit access to social justice, and the benefits of treaty settlements have yet to trickle down to individual Maori households. Changes in aggregate indicators of well-being indicate modest improvement in the first decade, and thereafter Maori people experience greater and increasing income inequality, unemployment, and poverty than other population subgroups. To explain these findings, the following questions are addressed: What is the relationship between detribalization and access to treaty settlement assets? What strategies should the government undertake to provide redress (to individual Maori as well as tribal collectives) for breaches of Article III treaty rights?
Our Own Liberation: Reflections on Hawaiian Epistemology
Authors: Meyer Manulani Aluli
Published: February 2007

As the Hawaiian political and cultural movement continues to grow, issues of re presentation, power, and control are being critiqued—now by Hawaiian minds. In this essay I look at the fundamentals of Hawaiian epistemology and begin to link them with the educational re f o rm now underway in Hawai'i. With the guidance of twenty mentors, I outline seven epistemological categories that begin to solidify a distinct way in which to view teaching, learning, intellect, and rigor. These categories, now struggling to be useful in the Hawaiian Charter School movement, will inevitably also serve as a way to critique the current colonial system in Hawaiian language immersion, spotlight the oppression embedded in well-meant content and performance standards, and highlight the hidden curriculum of assimilation and the acultural assumptions in pedagogy that exist in Hawai'i's colonial schools. This outline of a Hawaiian philosophy of knowledge expands, invigorates, and redefines ideas of empiricism, intellectual rigor, and knowledge priorities—all through Hawaiian ontological lenses. Like any definition of culture put forth by indigenous practitioners and scholars, it pushes the envelope of what it means to think, exist, and struggle as a nonmainstream "other," and as it details the liberation found in identity, it must also, inevitably, outline the systems that deter its full blossoming.
Indigenous Articulations
Authors: Clifford James
Published: February 2007

Taking its inspiration from the thought and action of Jean-Marie Tjibaou, this essay proposes a comparative analysis of "articulated sites of indigeneity." It explores the advantages and limitations of translating North Atlantic cultural studies approaches into island Pacific contexts. Stuart Hall's articulation theory is proposed as a partial way beyond the stand-offs created by recent debates around the "invention of tradition." The dialectic of indigenous and diasporic histories, roots and routes, is explored with regard to experiences of post-and neocolonial interdependence and pragmatic sovereignty.
"What Kine Hawaiian Are You?": A Mo'olelo about Nationhood, Race, History, and the Contemporary Sovereignty Movement in Hawai'i
Authors: Osorio Jonathan Kamakawiwo'ole
Published: February 2007

In the summer of 1887 a small group of conspirators representing about five hundred mostly Caucasian residents and citizens of the Hawaiian Kingdom forced King David Kalâkaua to sign a new constitution of their own design that explicitly humiliated him and the largely Native Hawaiian electorate. In the political rallies that followed, Natives who supported the new constitution and who exhorted Hawaiians to rally around it were ridiculed by opponents, who nevertheless were often divided over whether to boycott the coming elections or to try and take over the government through the vote and remove the most egregious clauses from the constitution. As the recent reconciliation hearings in Hawai'i have demonstrated, the tension between participating in practical politics and nurturing a defiant national spirit persists today and continues to afflict and enliven the issues of nationhood and identity.
Disappearing Worlds: Anthropology and Cultural Studies in Hawai'i and the Pacific
Authors: White Geoffrey M , Tengan Ty Kawika
Published: February 2007

In this paper we look at relations between anthropology, cultural studies, and native studies on the basis of their practice in the Pacific, focusing particularly on the history of anthropology at the University of Hawai'i. We draw attention to the absence of Pacific Islanders and, specifically, of Hawaiians as authors, agents, and practitioners of anthropology. Having noted these absences, we probe disciplinary practices that (re)produce boundaries of inside-out, native-other, representer-represented in Pacific scholarship. In particular, we examine ways in which fieldwork as both ideology and practice enforces separation between anthropology and native studies. Another development calling attention to the boundaries of anthropological discourse is the emergence of significant numbers of native authors and activists concerned with issues of culture, history, and politics. In contrast to the relative absence of indigenous practitioners of anthropology in the Pacific, recent years have seen a virtual renaissance of fiction writing and video production by Pacific Islanders, creating new forms of cultural criticism akin to interdisciplinary cultural studies in other parts of the world. As anthropology reconceptualizes the objects of its research, devises new approaches to fieldwork, and otherwise engages in dialogue with a range of interlocutors, the discipline is being redefined with as yet indeterminate results.
Whose Knowledge?: Epistemological Collisions in Solomon Islands Community Development
Authors: Gegeo David Welchman , Watson-Gegeo Karen Ann
Published: February 2007

We show in this article how modernization, disguised as "community development," continues to fail rural villages in Solomon Islands despite the supposed movement toward a more people-centered, bottom-up philosophy in development education and practice. We focus on the case study of a Kwara'ae (Malaita island) rural, locally owned and operated project aimed at giving unemployed male youth a stake in the community and preventing their off-island migration. Successful for a decade, the project was destroyed by the intervention of a retired government official who, because of his education, training, and work with outside development agencies, imposed a modernization framework, including centralization of leadership and the valuing of Anglo-European knowledge over indigenous knowledge. While agreeing with the theoretical argument for indigenous knowledge in development, we argue that it is equally important that development be guided by people's indigenous epistemology/ies and indigenous critical praxis for (re)constructing and applying knowledge.
Honoring the Past and Creating the Future in Hyperspace: New Technologies and Cultural Specificity
Authors: Kinder Marsha
Published: February 2007

After tracing my academic journey from eighteenth-century English literary
scholarship to new media production, I interweave three discursive
strands: descriptions and demonstrations of several experimental
interdisciplinary projects being produced at the Labyrinth Project,
a research initiative on interactive narrative that I direct at the
University of Southern California Annenberg Center for Communication;
five general principles learned while making these projects; and
tentative suggestions about how they might be applied to Pacific Islands
studies. Despite the diversity of works presented (Mysteries and
Desire: Searching the Worlds of John Rechy, an interactive memoir
about gay Chicano novelist John Rechy; The Danube Exodus,a
museum installation developed in collaboration with Hungarian filmmaker
P�ter Forg�cs; The Dawn at My Back: a Memoir of a Black
Texas Upbringing, a DVD-ROM based on an autobiography
by African-American photographer Carroll Parrott Blue; an e-learning
course on Russian Modernism with an online role-playing game at its
center; a computer game for teens called Runaways; and a website
called Dreamwaves), all adhere to five basic principles: honoring
the past, emphasizing conceptualization over technicalmastery, taking
a collaborative approach to interface design, searching for culturally
specific metaphors, and leveraging the transformative potential of
database narratives.
Candidate Pools or Puddles: Challenges and Trends in the Recruitment and Hiring of Resident Directors
Authors: Belch Holley A , Mueller John A
Published: February 2007

Researchers examined the perspectives of 274 senior housing officers
and 283 graduate students on the declining number of resident director
candidates. Data from two separate surveys indicated that quality of
life, remuneration, and interest in the residence life profession were
significant issues. Implications for professional preparation, practice
and research are explored.
Perspectives and Experiences of Muslim Women Who Veil on College Campuses
Authors: Cole Darnell , Ahmadi Shafiqa
Published: February 2007

Conducted prior to the terrorism of September 11, 2001, this qualitative
study explored the perceptions and experiences of 7 women who veiled on
a large college campus in the Midwest. With national origins ranging
from Pakistan, Turkey, Egypt, to the United States, some participants
reevaluated and subsequently unveiled due to their college experiences.
Greek-Letter Organizations, Alcohol, and the Courts: A Risky Mix?
Authors: Elkins Becki , Helms Lelia B. (Lelia Biggs) , Pierson Christopher T
Published: February 2007

This article examines all reported state and federal cases involving
college fraternities and sororities and negligence resulting from the
use of alcohol by college and university students from 1970 through
2001. Research examined the litigation volume, fact patterns, defendants
named for litigation, and outcomes of cases. Results indicate student
affairs professionals should focus more on student intervention than on
concerns about institutional liability.
Suppressor Variable(s) Importance within a Regression Model: An Example of Salary Compression from Career Services
Authors: Walker David A
Published: February 2007

Of the variables chosen as predictors of salary, only degree had a
negative effect on the dependent variable; that is, as level of education
increased, salary tended to decrease for career services directors at both
institutional types. This negative effect signified a high probability of
the presence of salary compression. Further, correlation matrices verified
that degree was acting as a suppressor variable within the regression
models by denoting that it had a very low, close to zero correlation
with salary and a correlation with another independent variable (e.g.,
age). The negative suppressor designation of degree was applicable by
observing its positive correlation with salary and its negative beta
weights within the regression equations.
A Comparison of Social Cognitive and Psychosocial Predictors of Alcohol Use by College Students
Authors: Kuther Tara L , Timoshin Alexandra
Published: February 2007

The relative contributions of social cognitive (alcohol-related outcome
expectancies, alcohol-related self-efficacy, norms) and psychosocial
factors towards predicting self-reported alcohol consumption were assessed
in a sample of 206 college students. Social cognitive variables accounted
for 76% of the variance in self-reported alcohol use, suggesting that
alcohol use may be a reasoned decision by college students. Implications
are discussed.
Racial Identity in White American College Students: Issues of Conceptualization and Measurement
Authors: Mercer Sterett H , Cunningham Michael
Published: February 2007

Racial identity primarily has been researched in the United
States as a variable affecting ethnic minority individuals; however,
due to changing demographics, researchers have begun to examine the
construct for White individuals as well. While the White Racial Identity
Attitudes Scale (WRIAS) is the most commonly used instrument to assess
White racial identity, it has also been the most scrutinized. To address
some of the controversy surrounding the measure's validity, a principal
components analysis of the measure was conducted with data from 430
college students in a Southern urban city. The results indicated four
factors that did not correspond to the original scales of the WRIAS. In
fact, the rescaled constructs reflected two dimensions of positive White
identity and two dimensions of negative White identity. Implications for
the utilization of the rescaled measure for college populations are given.
African American Student Organizations As Agents of Social Integration
Authors: Guiffrida Douglas A
Published: February 2007

In this qualitative study, 88 African American undergraduates
were interviewed to understand the role of African American student
organizations in facilitating social integration at a predominantly
White institution. The conditions under which participation in these
organizations aided students' social integration are presented. Results
largely support Tinto's (1993) theory of student departure but indicate
limitations of the theory when applying it to African Americans from
predominantly White home communities.
Different by Design: An Examination of Student Outcomes Among Participants in Three Types of Living-Learning Programs
Authors: Inkelas Karen Kurotsuchi , Weisman Jennifer L
Published: February 2007

This study examines college environments and outcomes among students in
three different types of living-learning programs compared with a control
sample at one university. Results reveal that living-learning students
exhibit higher levels of engagement in college activities with stronger
academic outcomes, and experiences that varied by program type.
College Students and Learning Disability: Elements of Self-Style
Authors: Troiano Peter F
Published: February 2007

Students with learning disabilities are attending college at
an increasing rate. Still, little is known about the phenomenon of
experiencing a learning disability in postsecondary education. Through
grounded theory methodology, this study explored the experiences of 9
college students with learning disabilities. The emergent theory points
to elements of "self-style" as a means to operationally define learning
disability.
Influences on Ethnic Identity Development of Latino College Students in the First Two Years of College
Authors: Torres Vasti
Published: February 2007

In this qualitative study, I use grounded theory methodology to
investigate the influences on the ethnic identity development of 10
Latino/a students during their first two years at a highly selective
college. The findings indicate that two categories were salient in the
first two years: Situating Identity (conditions: environment where they
grew up, family influence and generational status, and self-perception
of status in society) and Influences on Change (conditions: psychosocial
and cognitive development). Conditions and subprocesses involved in each
of the categories are discussed.
Psychological Predictors of College Women's Leadership Aspirations
Authors: Boatwright Karyn J , Egidio Rhonda Kaye
Published: February 2007

In this study we investigated the influence of psychological variables
upon female college students' aspirations for leadership positions in
their future careers. Data were gathered from 213 undergraduate women
(mean age equals 19.63) attending a predominantly White, selective liberal
arts college in the Midwest.Results demonstrated that connectedness
needs, gender role, self-esteem, and fears of negative evaluation
accounted for a significant amount of the variance in predicting college
women's leadership aspirations. Implications of these findings
for improving leadership development initiatives for college women are
discussed.
Caught in the Middle: Understanding Asian Pacific American Perspectives on Affirmative Action Through Blumer's Group Position Theory
Authors: Inkelas Karen Kurotsuchi
Published: February 2007

Using a qualitative paradigm, this study examines Asian Pacific
American undergraduates' views on affirmative action and their
perspectives on U.S. race relations through Herbert Blumer's (1958)
theory of group position. Results indicate that Asian Pacific American
(APA) students may perceive other minority student applicants as inferior
to APA applicants, feel threatened by both majority and minority groups
in the college admissions process, and tend to self-marginalize the APA
experience in American race relations.