bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Paradigm for Ship Design Calculations
Authors: Hollister Stephen M.
Published: August 2021

A new model for ship design calculations is presented that separates the graphical user interface (GUI) from the calculations (CALC). Design programs can now be defined as more than one interactive graphical user interface tied to one calculation. Several different GUIs can be created for one CALC engine and one GUI can be created to launch several CALC engines in sequence. The GUI of choice is a spreadsheet due to its availability, programmable customization, powerful analysis tools, cross-platform capability, and open code environment.
Strength Analysis and Structural Design Improvement of the Drill
Floor of a Self-Elevating Drilling Unit
Authors: Wang Qi , Zeng Ji , Yang Yong
Published: August 2021

The self-elevating drilling units are widely used in the offshore industry for oil and gas exploration. The drill floor structure is the main part of the drilling package for a self-elevating drilling unit due to its key function. Its structural strength checking is of great significance on account of the special structure features and the complex combined loading conditions it suffers. The sufficient structural strength of the drill floor is the base and guarantee for safe drilling and extraction.

The finite element method was applied to calculate the structural strength of the drill floor directly considering different load cases which was the combination of environmental loads, permanent loads, variable function loads, and reaction forces from structures and equipments. Total forty load cases were set in the finite element analysis. A detailed finite element model without simplification of the drill floor was built correctly so that it can show the accurate stiffness of the real structure. Based on this model, the design method and the design criterion of the drill floor were described in detail. The environmental loads were calculated according to ABS MODU rules. The influence of the direction of the environmental loads on the drill floor were studied and concluded. Since the drill floor was not just welding with the cantilever beam, the boundary conditions were also particularly introduced owning to the complex connection between them.

After finite element analysis and calculation, the stress distribution of the whole drill floor which includes the main girders and derrick supports were obtained. The locations with high stress were found so those places should be paid more attention. The curves which show the stress variation according to the environment loading direction were drawn and their characteristics were found. The load case and the load which have the main effect on drill floor structure were found. As a result, the suggestions for design improvement were put forward for the structural design, and the finite element analysis was run again to test and verify the design improvement.

This paper can provide meaningful guidance for the future design of the drill floor.
Special Considerations for BWTS installation in Hazardous Areas
Authors: Flores Jan M. , Dooley John P.
Published: August 2021

Ballast Water Treatment Systems (BWTS) particularly in tankers are faced with very unique and specific challenges with regards to the classification of hazardous areas and their installation requirements. Hazardous areas are defined as areas in which a flammable or explosive gas and air mixtures is, or may normally be expected to be, present in quantities such as to require special precautions for the construction and use of electrical equipment and machinery. Given that the ballast tanks in tankers are typically located adjacent to a cargo oil tanks, by definition ballast water is considered a hazardous substance. Therefore, BWTS installation in tankers will be subject to specific hazardous area installation requirements. This paper will identify specific installation requirements and considerations for BWTS installations in hazardous areas, and will provide installation scenarios which will highlight compliance with this specific requirements and various interpretations of different Flag States and Classification societies.
Experiments and Computations for KCS Added Resistance for Variable Heading
Authors: Sadat-Hosseini Hamid , Toxopeus Serge , Kim Dong Hwan , Castiglione Teresa , Sanada Yugo , Stocker Mark , Simonsen Claus , Otzen Janne Flensborg , Toda Yasuyuki , Stern Frederick
Published: August 2021

Experiments, CFD and PF studies are performed for the KCS containership advancing at Froude number 0.26 in calm water and regular waves. The validation studies are conducted for variable wavelength and wave headings with wave slope of H/λ=1/60. CFD computations are conducted using two solvers CFDShip-Iowa and STAR-CCM+. PF studies are conducted using FATIMA. For CFD computations, calm water and head wave simulations are performed by towing the ship fixed in surge, sway, roll and yaw, but free to heave and pitch. For variable wave heading simulations, the roll motion is also free. For PF, the ship model moves at a given speed and the oscillations around 6DOF motions are computed for variable wave heading while the surge motion for head waves is restrained by adding a very large surge damping. For calm water, computations showed E<4%D for the resistance,<8%D for the sinkage, and <40%D for the trim. In head waves with variable wavelength, the errors for first harmonic variables for CFD and PF computations were small, <5%DR for amplitudes and <4%2π for phases. The errors for zeroth harmonics of motions and added resistance were large. For the added resistance, the largest error was for the peak location at λ/L=1.15 where the data also show large scatter. For variable wave heading at λ/L=1.0, the errors for first harmonic amplitudes were <17%DR for CFD and <26%DR for PF. The comparison errors for first harmonic phases were E<24%2π. The errors for the zeroth harmonic of motions and added resistance were again large. PF studies for variable wave headings were also conducted for more wavelength condition, showing good predictions for the heave and pitch motions for all cases while the surge and roll motions and added resistance were often not well predicted. Local flow studies were conducted for λ/L=1.37 to investigate the free surface profile and wake field predicted by CFD. The results showed a significant fluctuation in the wake field which can affect the propeller/engine performance. Additionally it was found that the average propeller inflow to the propeller is significantly higher in waves.
Analysis of a suitable ice class of ship hull for Antarctic operations
Authors: Kujala Pentti , Kämäräinen Jorma , Suominen Mikko
Published: August 2021

Shipping in ice covered Polar waters is increasing and new ice classed ships are built to replace older ice strengthened fleet. Selection of suitable ice class for ships operation is an important but not simple task. The process of selecting an appropriate ice class is of high importance both from a safety as well as an economical perspective, but the selection process is still based on accumulated experience and traditions within the areas of existing operations. The increased exploitation of the Polar waters, both seasonal periods and geographical areas, as well as the introduction of new international design standards, reduces the relevancy of using existing experience as basis for the selection, and new methods and knowledge have to be developed. Based on the full scale measurements of ice loads during summer 2013-2014 in the Antarctica, the structural strength of the South African research vessel S.A. Agulhas II has been evaluated to assess the suitability of the chosen ice class of the vessel. The new polar code and especially the new Polar Operational Limit Assessment Risk Indexing System (POLARIS)is applied on this vessel to evaluate the suitable ice class. It is found the PC 3 is the most suitable ice class for ships navigating in harsh Antarctic ice conditions.
CREATE-Ships™: Integrated Hydrodynamic Design Environment (IHDE) for Early Stage Ship Design
Authors: Wilson Wesley M. , Gorski Joseph J. , Quezon Tony , Trinh Vu
Published: August 2021

During early stage concept refinement a ship designer needs fast, robust tools to execute analyses of alternatives that accurately portray cost versus capability trade-offs for dozens of ship concepts. The Integrated Hydrodynamics Design Environment (IHDE) is being developed as the way to achieve this in a meaningful way. The IHDE is a desktop application that integrates a suite of hull form analysis tools to evaluate hydrodynamic performance in a simplified and timely manner. The IHDE also includes an analysis tool validation engine, which provides the user with validation information for the included analysis tools by leveraging historical model test data for comparisons. The advantages of the IHDE include automation of analysis preparation, improving efficiency and reducing input errors, automated grid generation, parallel execution, and integrated visualization across all ship performance areas.
Establishment of Risk Assessment Model for Ship Collision using Applied Bayesian Network -Collision Accidents between Fishing vessels and Cargo Vessels -
Authors: Shinoda Takeshi , Uru Koji
Published: August 2021

In this study, a risk assessment model for ship collisions is proposed according to the guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) approved by IMO in 2002. The analysis is applied to ship collisions between fishing and cargo vessels owing to their high frequency and enormous damage. Bayesian network theory for risk analysis has been applied to reveal a causal relationship on human factors. A trial evaluation of Risk Control Options (RCOs) for collisions is attempted through the calculation of the dominance index. Finally, a trial cost benefit analysis for RCOs is considered through Gross Cost of Averting Fatality (GCAF) in FSA.
CFD Investigation of Hydrodynamic Drag and Lift by Surface Dimpling
Authors: Kumar Ranjan
Published: August 2021

Hydrodynamics plays a significant role in determining the flow over surfaces. This study aims at investigating the hydrodynamics of flow over dimples. Roughness created by the dimples generates favorable pressure gradient for lift generation at the expense of drag which largely consists of pressure drag. The efficiency of dimple is found to be more at the location where boundary separation occurs. The foils were investigated at four different velocities and different angles of attack wherein it was found to improve the stall characteristics marginally. In all, this project identifies if dimples can help achieve better hydrodynamic efficiency of hydrofoils.
Optimization of O&M for Offshore Wind Farms Modelling for WMTC Conferences
Authors: Nivet Thomas , Muk-Pavic Ema
Published: August 2021

Offshore wind energy is one of the most upcoming sources of energy, and it is already partially replacing the fossil fuelled power production. However, offshore wind turbine technology is also associated with harsher weather environment. Indeed, it experiences more challenging wind and wave conditions, which in turn limits the vessels capabilities to access the wind farms. Additionally, with the constant rise of power utilization, improvements in the Operation Maintenance (O&M) planning are crucial for the development of large isolated offshore wind farms. Improvements in the planning of the O&M for offshore wind farms could lead to considerable reduction in costs. For this reason, the interest of this research paper is the investigation of the most cost effective approach to offshore turbine maintenance strategies. This objective is achieved by implementing a simulation approach that includes a climate conditions analysis, an operation analysis, a failure evaluation and a simulation of the repairs. This paper points out how different O&M strategies can influence the sustainability of a wind farm.
Performance and Durability Assessment of Two Emission Control Technologies Installed on a Legacy High-Speed Marine Diesel Engine
Authors: DeHart Jonathan , Russell Robert , Storey John , Kass Michael , DeCorso Richard , Welch Bill , Mackrides Scott , Lewis Samuel , O'Neil Edward
Published: August 2021

The Navy pilot program investigated cost-effective technologies to reduce emissions from legacy marine engines. High-speed, high-population engine models in both commercial and Navy fleets were targeted. Emission reductions were sought that would minimize fuel penalty as well as installation and operating costs. Navy operating conditions and fuels limited options. Five highly rated technologies were laboratory tested on a Detroit Diesel Corporation 12V-71N engine using two military and three alternative fuels. Two control technologies were then shipboard tested (baseline, 1-year early degradation, and 9-year late-life). Conclusions and recommendations are provided to inform application of these and similar emission control technologies within both commercial and Navy fleets.
Computational Techniques in Naval Architecture for Rapid Methods in Ship Preliminary Design
Authors: Gullaksen Jóannes
Published: August 2021

This paper describes a 3D ship design software application for rapid hull definition and analysis during contract and structural layout design phases of a shipbuilding project. The paper provides background for the software application including hull form and structural layout, with advanced hydrostatics and stability, and introduces the regulatory concept of safety level and safety criteria. The software application is a powerful tool for ship concept development and enables efficient development of the contract design to form the foundation of a complete project. The paper also describes the problems associated with software development including development environment and tools together with mathematical modeling and analysis techniques used.
Underwater Sound Filtering
Authors: Simic Ines , van Aalst Rutger
Published: August 2021

The cocktail party algorithm is one of the most widely used algorithms for source separation of sound. The algorithm aims to find an automated solution for a problem that everyone experiences regularly, namely how to make oneself heard in a noisy environment. The cocktail party algorithm picks up the sound from different microphones, and then applies smart filters once the system has determined which sounds originate from the same source.

This problem also becomes topical when developing sensors based on passive sonar, for instance for autonomous aquatic drones who have to develop awareness of ships and other possible obstacles on a busy shipping lane. It is possible to deploy multiple hydrophones to localize sound sources under water, but the system will be hindered considerably by the sound that the drone itself makes, such as the sound produced by the propellers.

This paper describes a possible solution to the underwater sound filtering problem, using Blind Source Separation. The problem regards splitting sound from a boat engine and the water waves to prove the possibility to extract one sound fragment from the other on the open sea. The illustrations shown further in the report are tests performed in MATLAB to prove the theory.
Registration of 3D Point Clouds for Ship Block Measurement
Authors: Kim Sunghan , Kim Mingyu , Lee Jeongtae , Pyo Jinhwi , Heo Heeyoung , Yun Dongho , Ko Kwanghee
Published: August 2021

In this paper, a software system for registration of point clouds is developed. The system consists of two modules for registration and user interaction. The registration module contains functions for manual and automatic registration. The manual method allows a user to select feature points or planes from the point clouds manually. The selected planes or features are then processed to establish the correspondence between the point clouds, and registration is performed to obtain one large point cloud. The automatic registration uses sphere targets. Sphere targets are attached to an object of interest. A scanner measures the object as well as the targets to produce point clouds, from which the targets are extracted using shape intrinsic properties. Then correspondence between the point clouds is obtained using the targets, and the registration is performed. The user interaction module provides a GUI environment which allows a user to navigate point clouds, to compute various features, to visualize point clouds and to select/unselect points interactively and the point-processing unit containing functions for filtering, estimation of geometric features, and various data structures for managing point clouds of large size. The developed system is tested with actual measurement data of various blocks in a shipyard.
Shipboard Fairing Process Improvement and Testing
Authors: Scholler S. , Marks J. , Harbison M. , Kvidahl L. , Huang T. D.
Published: August 2021

The flame straightening process has been developed since 1940; however, the process at Ingalls Shipbuilding (Ingalls) was loosely controlled with the majority of procedural steps governed by the flame straightener performing the operation. Findings from initial research showed excessive heat, both in the size and temperature of the heat spots as well as the quantity of spots used to achieve flatness. The amount of heat involved drastically increased paint rework, delayed schedules, and affected the surrounding structural members causing crippled structures that must be cut out and replaced. Between operators or applications, the process also varied greatly which provided no measureable work scope and led to the tendency of the straighteners to apply far more heat than necessary to achieve panel flatness tolerances.

The Ingalls research team executed tasking that analyzed the current flame straightening process, quantified issues associated with overheating, tested a variety of different straightening patterns, and ultimately implemented a revised procedure. The new, more efficient procedure reduces the amount of heat spots required to achieve flatness tolerance with and thus decreases the process cost, minimizes heat input, and prevents damage caused by past practices.
Small Ro/Pax Vessel Stability Study
Authors: Erichsen Henrik , Kristensen Hans , Jensen Jørgen , Tvedt Erik I.
Published: August 2021

In 2009 new damage stability requirements for passenger ships based on a probabilistic method were adopted by IMO and are now part of the current SOLAS Chapter II-1 regulations (SOLAS 2009). The mandate from IMO was to keep the same safety level as inherent in the old deterministic damage stability regulations in SOLAS (SOLAS 90). During the rule development prior to the adoption, it was argued that the safety level for large passenger ships should be increased, but small ro/pax vessels were only rudimentarily looked at and small vessels with very high attained index were seen as “non-representative”. Currently there is a renewed debate in IMO regarding the required damage stability safety level for passenger ships. The damage stability safety level for small ro/pax vessels has also been discussed outside of the IMO assuming that the damage stability safety level for small ro/pax designs is perhaps not sufficient, i.e. that the current safety level according to SOLAS 2009 is less than the old safety level according to SOLAS 90. In order to establish a solid foundation for the discussion, this study was made possible by a grant from The Danish Maritime Fund. The study focus on small ro/pax vessels in a range from 32 m to 100 m in length and 100 to 600 passengers/persons, and the outcome of this study is described in details in this document.
Apresentação
Authors: Caponi Sandra , Borges Viviane
Published: August 2021

Seção Temática - Loucura e Tempo Presente
Los estudios médico-legales y las enfermedades mentales en Colombia, 1930-1950
Authors: Vásquez Maria Fernanda
Published: August 2021

Son todavía escasos los estudios que en Colombia se han interesado por las relaciones históricas entre el saber médico-legal y el saber médico mental. Los estudios médico-legales relativos a las exposiciones periciales psiquiátricas constituyen una buena fuente de información para analizar dichas relaciones. El discurso sobre las enfermedades mentales dentro del campo jurídico y el proceso de medicalización de la justicia permite analizar el papel desempeñado por los peritos psiquiatras en la definición de los criminales categorizados como enajenados. Del mismo modo, esos mismos estudios, permiten analizar la funcionalidad de los exámenes somáticos y psicológicos para definir el estado de enajenación y el modo de tratamiento que debían seguir este tipo de acusados. Usando los estudios médico-legales del médico legista Julio Ortiz Velásquez publicados en 1953, este artículo analiza algunos de los discursos de la psiquiatría forense en la primera mitad del siglo XX en Colombia.    
 
Palabras clave: Estudios médico-legales; Enfermedad mental; Peritaje psiquiátrico; Colombia.
Treatment Options for Germline BRCA-Mutated Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Grzelak, NP-C, AOCN, AGN-BC Doreen
Published: August 2021

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of death from cancer in both men and women. Pancreatic cancer is typically diagnosed at an advanced stage and has an overall 5-year survival of approximately 9.3%. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends both germline testing (testing cells such as blood or skin that do not have cancer) as well as somatic testing (testing cells with cancer) for pathogenic variants that may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. In December 2019, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration approved the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib for maintenance treatment of germline BRCA-mutated metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma in individuals who have completed at least 16 weeks of progression-free treatment with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. This new therapy option has implications not only for treatment but also for the role of the oncology advanced practitioner as genetic testing becomes more prevalent in the care of patients with cancer.
Enfoques para promover la participación infantil y adolescente
Authors: Romero Pérez Clara , Quirós Guindal Alba , Buxarrais Estrada María Rosa
Published: August 2021

La participación constituye un fin en sí mismo que redunda en la autonomía individual y empoderamiento colectivo, a la vez que es también un medio que fortalece la calidad democrática de nuestras sociedades. Reconocida como derecho universal humano (1948), el derecho a participar queda protegido para la ciudadanía infantil en la legislación internacional de mediados y último tercio del siglo XX que asume la infancia como sujeto de derechos. Los estudios acerca de la participación de este colectivo se apoyan en dicho reconocimiento jurídico para aproximarse a la realidad desde un enfoque de derechos donde niños, niñas y adolescentes constituyen actores sociales. Este artículo se propuso realizar un ejercicio de sistematización teórica acerca de la participación en general y de la participación infantil y adolescente en particular, a la luz de otros enfoques que consideramos complementarios al enfoque de derechos, pero escasamente explotados: el enfoque de capacidades, el enfoque feminista y el enfoque intercultural desde una lectura socio-crítica. Los resultados del análisis teórico-conceptual permitieron vincular el concepto de participación con los de agencia y autonomía, así como evidenciar las inercias y barreras sociales, culturales e institucionales que limitan los procesos participativos en la ciudadanía, con especial incidencia en las experiencias y vivencias de la infancia y la adolescencia. Se concluye que la participación de niños, niñas y adolescentes hace referencia a una capacidad individual, colectiva y territorial, expuesta y limitada por estereotipos binarios o patriarcales y adultocéntricos. Los tres enfoques planteados nos invitan, en definitiva, a repensar la participación infantil y adolescente desde los valores de autonomía, responsabilidad, igualdad y diversidad.
Impactos de las experiencias municipales de participación infantil y adolescente según los técnicos y técnicas locales
Authors: Cano Hila Ana Belén , Pose Porto Enrique Héctor , Gil-Jaurena Inés
Published: August 2021

Este artículo expone y analiza parte de los resultados de la primera fase de una investigación[1]. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es indagar en cuáles son los impactos percibidos por parte de las figuras técnicas, de las experiencias de participación en el municipio a un doble nivel: los destinatarios (NNA) y la comunidad. Para ello, se desarrolla un estudio de encuesta autoadministrada a través de internet, a una muestra de 191 figuras técnicas, procedentes de 179 municipios distribuidos a lo largo de toda España, pertenecientes a las redes Ciudades Amigas de la Infancia (CAI.Unicef) y/o a la Asociación Internacional de Ciudades Educadoras (AICE). Se realizó un análisis estadístico con el SPSS V. 25 y, para la información cualitativa derivada de las respuestas abiertas o semicerradas, se desarrolló un análisis de contenido.
Los principales resultados alcanzados son: a nivel de infancia y adolescencia, las experiencias de participación infantil y adolescente (PIA) en el municipio impactan principalmente en desarrollar conocimientos (de derechos y deberes), habilidades (competencia participativa) y valores (autoestima, confianza) en la infancia y la adolescencia. Sin embargo, inciden débilmente en la consolidación de la participación infantil y juvenil como derecho, en la traducción de éste en las políticas públicas y en la gobernanza, especialmente, con la administración. Y a nivel de la comunidad, los impactos de la PIA pueden agruparse en tres tipos: i) el fomento de las oportunidades de participación de NNA en la comunidad; ii) la mejora del municipio; y, iii) la educación en la participación. Las principales limitaciones y retos a afrontar, intensificados por la crisis pandémica, son fortalecer la imagen de la infancia y la adolescencia con plenos derechos de expresión y decisión; y garantizar una voluntad política comprometida con la continuidad y sostenibilidad de los programas de PIA.
Ciudades de los niños. De la puesta en escena pedagógica a la apropiación de la ciudad
Authors: Liebel Manfred
Published: August 2021

El autor presenta varios conceptos de las llamadas “ciudades de los niños”, que se practican en algunos países europeos desde principios de los años ochenta. Analiza estas formas de participación y autogobierno de los niños, escenificadas pedagógicamente, bajo el aspecto de hasta qué punto contribuyen a promover la ciudadanía activa de los niños y a cambiar las estructuras adultocéntricas y excluyentes de las ciudades en el interés superior de los niños.
Radiografía de la Educación ambiental comunitaria
Authors: Prosser Bravo Gabriel , Caro Zúñiga Camilo
Published: August 2021

En el contexto de la crisis climática, existe un aumento en el interés y respaldo del enfoque comunitario de las acciones educativo ambientales. Aun así, son escasos los ejercicios académicos, tanto internacionales como hispanoamericanos, que han permitido realizar una síntesis de este campo de estudio. Por esto, se realizó una revisión bibliométrica de las investigaciones sobre educación ambiental comunitaria, escritas en español y publicadas en revistas especializadas en los últimos 20 años. Se rastreó en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus Elsevier, Scielo, Dialnet, Redalyc y JSTOR, incluyéndose un corpus final de 151 estudios. Se identifica una progresión progresiva pero discontinua de los estudios, que Cuba es el país con más publicaciones y que la revista con más investigaciones fue Avances. Se constató que se utilizan principalmente metodologías cualitativas y técnicas como las encuestas, las entrevistas y otros dispositivos participativos, teniendo como principales participantes a miembros de la comunidad, niños, niñas y adolescentes, docentes y líderes comunitarios. Finalmente, de cara a la crisis civilizatoria, se discute en torno a la relevancia de las comunidades y sus procesos educativos ambientales, y la importancia de realizar ejercicios investigativos de síntesis que permitan destacar las fortalezas y aprendizaje en el campo.
Co-ocurrencia de distintos tipos de violencia interpersonal en adolescentes mexicanos
Authors: Romero-Méndez Christian Alexis , Rojas-Solís José Luis , Greathouse Amador Louise M.
Published: August 2021

La adolescencia es una etapa que no está exenta a la aparición de diversos fenómenos y problemáticas, uno de ellos es la violencia interpersonal, la cual se manifiesta de diversas maneras y en distintos ámbitos, y cuyas consecuencias repercuten significativamente en la población de jóvenes y adolescentes, por tal motivo el presente estudio se orientó a describir y analizar la prevalencia, frecuencia y relación entre diferentes tipos de violencia que sufren y cometen los y las adolescentes. Para ello participaron 450 estudiantes mexicanos, de los cuales 259 fueron mujeres y 191 varones, con edades entre los 13 y 19 años. En cuanto al método se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo con un diseño no experimental, transversal y ex post facto, con fines exploratorios, descriptivos y correlacionales. Entre los principales resultados se identificó una alta prevalencia de violencia psicológica cometida hacia los padres y de violencia del control ejercida y sufrida en el noviazgo; también se encontraron diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de la violencia directa severa y del control aislamiento sufrido en el noviazgo, así como también de la violencia física hacia el papá, siendo los varones quienes mostraron mayor puntuación. Por último, se encontró la co-ocurrencia de distintas formas de violencia, con base en estos resultados se hace necesario contemplar a la violencia interpersonal de manera integrada y no fragmentada, donde se considere la posibilidad de que las personas pueden sufrir o perpetrar más de un tipo de violencia interpersonal en diferentes contextos y etapas de su vida.
“Death groups” through the prism of the theory of routine actions
Authors: Ganisheva Polina Andreevna
Published: August 2021

This article analyzes the emergence of the phenomenon of suicidal communities in the Russian cyberspace from the perspective of the widespread in modern criminology theory of routine actions. The relevance of the selected topic is substantiated by the fact that despite a variety of studies dedicated to “death groups”, the problems associated with encouraging or assisting suicide using the Internet platforms are not fully covered in the view of criminological science. At the same time, there is urgent need for criminological research of this phenomenon due to the qualitative transformation of criminality – use of the Internet platforms for inflicting harm to human life and health without direct physical and psychological abuse is a distinguishing feature of the modern world. The subject of this research is the key concepts of the theory of routine actions (“motivated criminal”, “potential victim”, “no external control”) applicable to the problem under review. The author explores certain psychological and cultural aspects that characterize the modern younger generation (increased engagement in social media, more tolerant perception). It is concluded that criminalization of relationships developing between people in social media naturally increased criminality due to the emergence of new ways of communication in modern world. The author believes that the effective method to minimize the category of such type of crimes consists in promotion of the state policy aimed at improvement of psychological health of the population.
Uniparental nuclear inheritance following bisexual mating in fungi
Authors: Yadav Vikas , Sun Sheng , Heitman Joseph
Published: August 2021

Some remarkable animal species require an opposite-sex partner for their sexual development but discard the partner’s genome before gamete formation, generating hemi-clonal progeny in a process called hybridogenesis. Here, we discovered a similar phenomenon, termed pseudosexual reproduction, in a basidiomycete human fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, where exclusive uniparental inheritance of nuclear genetic material was observed during bisexual reproduction. Analysis of strains expressing fluorescent reporter proteins revealed instances where only one of the parental nuclei was present in the terminal sporulating basidium. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the nuclear genome of the progeny was identical with one or the other parental genome. Pseudosexual reproduction was also detected in natural isolate crosses where it resulted in mainly MATα progeny, a bias observed in Cryptococcus ecological distribution as well. The mitochondria in these progeny were inherited from the MATa parent, resulting in nuclear-mitochondrial genome exchange. The meiotic recombinase Dmc1 was found to be critical for pseudosexual reproduction. These findings reveal a novel, and potentially ecologically significant, mode of eukaryotic microbial reproduction that shares features with hybridogenesis in animals.
Interpreting wide-band neural activity using convolutional neural networks
Authors: Frey Markus , Tanni Sander , Perrodin Catherine , O'Leary Alice , Nau Matthias , Kelly Jack , Banino Andrea , Bendor Daniel , Lefort Julie , Doeller Christian F , Barry Caswell
Published: August 2021

Rapid progress in technologies such as calcium imaging and electrophysiology has seen a dramatic increase in the size and extent of neural recordings. Even so, interpretation of this data requires considerable knowledge about the nature of the representation and often depends on manual operations. Decoding provides a means to infer the information content of such recordings but typically requires highly processed data and prior knowledge of the encoding scheme. Here, we developed a deep-learning framework able to decode sensory and behavioral variables directly from wide-band neural data. The network requires little user input and generalizes across stimuli, behaviors, brain regions, and recording techniques. Once trained, it can be analyzed to determine elements of the neural code that are informative about a given variable. We validated this approach using electrophysiological and calcium-imaging data from rodent auditory cortex and hippocampus as well as human electrocorticography (ECoG) data. We show successful decoding of finger movement, auditory stimuli, and spatial behaviors – including a novel representation of head direction - from raw neural activity.
Longitudinal variations in the gastrointestinal microbiome of the white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Garibay-Valdez Estefanía , Cicala Francesco , Martinez-Porchas Marcel , Gómez-Reyes Ricardo , Vargas-Albores Francisco , Gollas-Galván Teresa , Martínez-Córdova Luis Rafael , Calderón Kadiya
Published: August 2021

The shrimp gut is a long digestive structure that includes the Foregut (stomach), Midgut (hepatopancreas) and Hindgut (intestine). Each component has different structural, immunity and digestion roles. Given these three gut digestive tract components’ significance, we examined the bacterial compositions of the Foregut, Hindgut, and Midgut digestive fractions. Those bacterial communities’ structures were evaluated by sequencing the V3 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene, while the functions were predicted by PICRUSt2 bioinformatics workflow. Also, to avoid contamination with environmental bacteria, shrimp were maintained under strictly controlled conditions. The pairwise differential abundance analysis revealed differences among digestive tract fractions. The families Rhodobacteraceae and Rubritalaceae registered higher abundances in the Foregut fraction, while in the Midgut, the families with a higher proportion were Aeromonadaceae, Beijerinckiaceae and Propionibacteriaceae. Finally, the Cellulomonadaceae family resulted in a higher proportion in the Hindgut. Regarding the predicted functions, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways were the primary functions registered for Foregut microbiota; conversely, pathways associated with the metabolism of lipids, terpenoids and polyketides, were detected in the Midgut fraction. In the Hindgut, pathways like the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins along with energy metabolism were enriched. Structural changes were followed by significant alterations in functional capabilities, suggesting that each fraction’s bacteria communities may carry out specific metabolic functions. Results indicate that white shrimp’s gut microbiota is widely related to the fraction analyzed across the digestive tract. Overall, our results suggest a role for the dominant bacteria in each digestive tract fraction, contributing with a novel insight into the bacterial community.
Vivienda, cambio poblacional y desplazamiento en un barrio en proceso de gentrificación. El caso de Sant Antoni (Barcelona)
Authors: López-Gay Antonio , Ortiz-Guitart Anna , Solana-Solana Miguel
Published: August 2021

Las condiciones de acceso a la vivienda en las grandes ciudades españolas han empeorado desde 2015, sobre todo como consecuencia de un fuerte aumento del precio de la vivienda. Esta tendencia se ha manifestado con especial intensidad en espacios de elevada centralidad, pero que habían permanecido ajenos a episodios previos de transformación urbana y sociodemográfica. En este artículo, nos aproximamos al reciente proceso de gentrificación del barrio de Sant Antoni de Barcelona a través de una metodología de análisis mixta, que combina lo cualitativo y lo cuantitativo. Esta aproximación nos permite diseccionar los mecanismos de sustitución sociodemográfica de la población, subrayando el papel protagonista del mercado de la vivienda. Sant Antoni es un caso relevante, ya que en él se manifiestan dinámicas emergentes poco estudiadas, como la turistización o la inmigración internacional cualificada, aspectos que son cada vez más necesarios de incorporar para entender los procesos de gentrificación en el sur de Europa.
El impuesto por adquisición de los artículos 125 y 130, fracción IV de la Ley del Impuesto Sobre la Renta mexicano como un impuesto que no se autodetermina
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Saldaña Velázquez Steven Jordan
Published: August 2021

Los artículos 125 y 130, fracción IV de la Ley del Impuesto Sobre la Renta del Estado federado de México disponen de un impuesto por adquisición de bienes que se actualiza cuando el valor de avalúo exceda en más de 10 % el monto del precio de venta del bien inmueble. Este impuesto es usualmente autodeterminado por los notarios cuando ante ellos se efectúan este tipo de operaciones. En este ensayo se busca sostener que este impuesto no se autodetermina, por lo que la autoridad fiscal debe ser la que lo determine, no así los contribuyentes ni los notarios.
Deberes societarios y las consecuencias de su infracción: Una revisión crítica a la aplicación de la responsabilidad extracontractual
Authors:   Universidad Alberto Hurtado (Chile), Cornejo Pablo A. , Carrillo Roberto ,   Carrillo
Published: August 2021

El presente comentario examina la sentencia dictada por la Corte Suprema el 22 de julio de 2019 (rol 21.881-2017). En esta decisión, la Corte reconoce que los socios de una sociedad de responsabilidad limitada pueden demandar la indemnización de los perjuicios sufridos como consecuencia del actuar fraudulento de los socios administradores, quienes incurrieron en conductas que implicaron una desviación de clientela y la consecuente pérdida de utilidades sociales, invocando las reglas de la responsabilidad extracontractual. Se considera especialmente el problema de consistencia que implica integrar dentro de los deberes generales de cuidado característicos de la responsabilidad extracontractual, ciertas obligaciones que presuponen una relación contractual en un marco colaborativo y que son propias de quienes participan en una sociedad, como ocurre con el deber de lealtad y no concurrencia, así como las consecuencias que tiene esta calificación en sede de resolución de controversias.
Repensando las movilidades en el Archipiélago de Chiloé
Authors: Solsona Cisternas Diego , Lazo Corvalan Alejandra Lazo Corvalan , Carvajal Hicks Diego Carvajal
Published: August 2021

Se presenta en este artículo una propuesta para repensar la movilidad en el Archipiélago de Chiloé desde una perspectiva etnográfica que integra algunas ideas del llamado “enfoque no representacional” para comprender lasprácticas de movilidad que ocurren en territorios no metropolitanos. Nos situamos específicamente en geografías espacio-temporales en conexión con el mundo moderno y urbano, pero que se desarrollan en contextos archipelágicose insulares. A partir de un trabajo de campo llevado a cabo en las islas de este pequeño archipiélago, se comprende la movilidad cotidiana de estos habitantes como un proceso heterogéneo, contingente y ensamblado y por lo mismo, la importancia de repensar distintas formas de acercarse y comprender estas realidades.
Raza y género en el marco de la diferencia ontológica colonial
Authors: Losada Cubillos Jhon Jairo
Published: August 2021

En los últimos años el pensamiento decolonial se ha constituido en un campo de reflexión teórica y de activismo político que busca, por un lado, visibilizar las formas en las que se sigue reproduciendo el poder colonial y, por otro lado, proveer herramientas para contribuir a fisurar las condiciones de dominación heredadas del hecho colonial. Este artículo tiene por objetivo situar las categorías de raza y género en el marco del pensamiento decolonial, como categorías fundamentales para problematizar y analizar la operacionalidad la dimensión ontológica de la colonialidad. En este sentido, recurre a autores y autoras de la tradición de pensamiento crítico afrocaribeño, así como del feminismo decolonial. Para esto, se discute con la categoría de diferencia ontológica colonial, como un aporte para continuar exteriorizando la naturaleza del orden colonial de poder y para ahondar en la comprensión en la forma cómo la colonialidad opera.
El giro creativo en el trabajo contemporáneo: una mirada crítica desde las condiciones laborales del campo cultural de Santiago de Chile
Authors: Pinochet Cobos Carla , Tobar Tapia Constanza
Published: August 2021

Este artículo explora los fundamentos del giro creativo en el trabajo contemporáneo, analizando las razones que han ido posicionando a los productores culturales —trabajadores de los mundos del arte, los sectores creativos y el campo intelectual— como referentes para otros sectores productivos, en el marco de las transformaciones del capitalismo flexible. Como contraparte de estos discursos celebratorios, y en base a una estrategia metodológica cualitativa que permitió registrar las prácticas y discursos del medio creativo de Santiago de Chile, ahondaremos en el reverso del modo de vida artístico: las precarias condiciones laborales y los invisibilizados costos subjetivos que enfrentan quienes se desenvuelven en dichas escenas. En base a este levantamiento empírico, este texto busca contribuir a la comprensión de los procesos de construcción de subjetividad en el capitalismo tardío, examinando las singularidades de un tipo de actividad que encierra una paradoja: a la vez que se convierte en un modelo laboral de exportación hacia otros dominios, su condición productiva —esto es, en su valoración en tanto trabajo— es desconocida en diversos sentidos y niveles.
Mecanismos de control de la plataforma Uber sobre sus conductores asociados en la Región Metropolitana de Chile
Authors: Vallejos Rivero Osvaldo
Published: August 2021

En el presente artículo se describen y analizan los principales mecanismos de control implementados por la plataforma Uber en el proceso de trabajo de sus conductores asociados en la Región Metropolitana de Chile. La información fue producida a través de 12 entrevistas realizadas a conductores de Uber residentes en la Región Metropolitana entre septiembre de 2019 y febrero de 2020, analizadas a través de un análisis cualitativo de contenido con el software Atlas ti7. El marco analítico utilizado fue tomado principalmente de la denominada teoría del proceso de trabajo, incorporando además ciertas discusiones actuales sobre nuevas formas de control elaboradas específicamente para el contexto del trabajo en plataformas digitales. Los principales resultados muestran una combinación entre elementos de control persistentes a lo largo del tiempo y elementos novedosos incorporados en los últimos años, específicamente a través de una introducción de mayor eficacia a métodos de control antiguos gracias a las nuevas tecnologías, haciendo que tanto las formas nuevas como antiguas de control sean más instantáneas, opacas y abarcadoras. Con todo, se observa una predominancia de aquellos mecanismos de control asociados al control algorítmico y a la estrategia de autonomía responsable.
In the Absence of Effective Malaria Parasite Sentinel System- a Cross-Sectional Study to Assess Prevalence of Plasmodium spp Infection and Malaria among Patients at Federal Medical Centre Birnin-Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria
Authors: O. Olaosebikan Victor , Alabi Olatunji , Kabiru Hussaini , Abiodun Ojo A.
Published: August 2021

Aim: This research assessed the prevalence of Plasmodium Spp infection and malaria among patients at Federal Medical Centre Birnin-Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria

Methodology: The study utilized a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive data collected from January to December, 2018 to determine the prevalence of malaria parasite infection and prevalent Plasmodium spp infection among different age groups and sexes among patients attending Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi. We analysed secondary data of hospital records of 5,645 feverish patients attending general out patients’ department and medical laboratory department at the study area. Blood samples from the patients were collected and examined using thin and thick-blood smear slides technique for the presence or absence of parasites by trained microscopists.

Results: The prevalence of malaria parasite in the study area was 17.1%. P. falciparum was the most prevalent species of malaria parasite (99.69%) among the positive cases in the study area, while P. malariae was identified in 3 of the positive slides representing 0.31% case. Malaria positivity was highest (52.49%) among children aged 0-10years. Test of association between malaria positivity and patients’ age was statistically significant (p<0.05). Among patients who tested positive to malaria parasite, more than half (53.37%) of them were female.

Conclusion: Presence of Plasmodium malariae may be indicative of trans-border transmission of the disease due to the proximity of the study area to international border and thus calls for effective malaria parasite surveillance system and further inter boarder research.