bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heimische Orchideen in urbanen Biotopen
Authors: Heinrich W. , Dietrich H.
Published: October 2008

In den letzten Jahren häufen sich Angaben über das Auftreten von Orchideen an sekundären und vor allem auch urbanen Standorten. Durch diese auffällige Biotoperweiterung muss die Aussage, dass Orchideen als Anzeiger intakter Lebensräume gelten, relativiert werden. Gerade als konkurrenzschwache Arten haben dabei vermutlich euryöke Orchideen mit einer relativ breiten ökologischen Amplitude auf jungen, anthropogen entstandenen Böden, zumindest über eine begrenzte Zeit, Chancen einer Erstansiedlung, teilweise mit Massenvorkommen. Zahlreiche konkrete Beispiele werden dafür aus Deutschland mit Schwerpunkt Jena und Thüringen aufgeführt. Es wird belegt, dass vor allem klonal wachsende Orchideen (Epipactis helleborine, Listera ovata, Cephalanthera damasonium) sowie die autogame Ophrys apifera ihre ökologische Amplitude und ihre Biotopbindung erweitert haben. Man sollte aber auch in diesem Zusammenhang Aspekte eines Klimawandels berücksichtigen.

Lohnenswert erscheint es, diese Prozesse weiter zu verfolgen, auf neue Fundorte an urbanen Standorten in Städten und Dörfern zu achten. Wichtig aber ist es, künftig die Zusammenhänge zwischen Keimungsbedingungen, Individualansiedlung und Populationsbildung im Wechselspiel mit Klima und Bodeneigenschaften (und ihren darin siedelnden Organismen) gezielt in solchen Biotopen zu erforschen. Weitere populationsökologische Studien sind daher dringend erforderlich, um diese neuen Prozesse folgerichtig interpretieren zu können. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Potamogeton‐Hybriden in Deutschland
Authors: Wiegleb G. , van de Weyer K. , Bolbrinker P. , Wolff P.
Published: October 2008

Alle in Deutschland nachgewiesenenPotamogeton‐Hybriden werden aufgelistet und beschrieben. Bestimmungsprobleme, Verbreitung und Häufigkeit werden jeweils diskutiert.Potamogeton‐Hybriden sind seit mehr als 200 Jahren aus Deutschland bekannt. Insgesamt sind 16 Taxa sicher nachgewiesen. Davon sind nurP. ×angustifolius,P. ×nitensundP. ×salicifoliusverbreitet und häufig und treten in vitalen Populationen auf. Drei weitere Taxa kommen wahrscheinlich vor, bedürfen aber noch der endgültigen Bestätigung. Fünf in der Literatur genannte Taxa wurden gestrichen. Weitere Aufsammlungen und molekulargenetische Untersuchungen der kritischen Fälle sind notwendig. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new temperature based method to separate rain and snow
Authors: Kienzle Stefan W.
Published: October 2008

This paper presents the development and testing of a new method to estimate daily snowfall from precipitation and associated temperature records. The new method requires two variables; the threshold mean daily air temperature at which 50% of precipitation is considered snow, and the temperature range within which mixed precipitation can occur. Sensitivity analyses using 15 climate stations across south‐western Alberta, Canada, and ranging from prairie to alpine regions investigates the sensitivity of those two variables on mean annual snowfall (MAS), the coefficient of determination, and the MAS‐weighted coefficient of determination. Existing methods, including the static threshold method, one linear transition method used by Quick and Pipes, and the Leavesley method employed in the PRMS hydrological modelling system are compared with the new method, using a total of 963 years of daily data from the 15 climate stations used for the sensitivity analyses. Four different approaches to using the two input variables (threshold temperature and range) were tested and statistically compared: mean annual variables based on the 15 stations, mean annual variables for each station, mean monthly variables for each station, and a sine curve representing seasonal variation of the variables. In almost all cases the proposed new method resulted in higher MAS‐weighted coefficients of determination, and, on average, they were significantly different from those of other methods. The paper concludes with a decision tree to help decide which method and approach to apply under a variety of data availabilities. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Annexin A2 positively contributes to the malignant phenotype and secretion of IL‐6 in DU145 prostate cancer cells
Authors: Inokuchi Junichi , Narula Navneet , Yee David S. , Skarecky Douglas W. , Lau Alice , Ornstein David K. , Tyson Darren R.
Published: October 2008

Several groups, including ours, have reported that annexin A2 (ANXA2) expression is reduced in most prostate cancer (CaP). More recently, however, we reported that ANXA2 is expressed in some high‐grade tumors, but the biologic consequence of this is currently unknown. To elucidate the function of ANXA2 in CaP, we reduced its expression in DU145 cells using shRNA and tested the impact on characteristics of malignancy. Reduction of ANXA2 suppressed anchorage‐dependent and ‐independent cell growth without affecting invasiveness. Interestingly, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) secretion was reduced concomitantly with the reduction of ANXA2 but independently of S100A10. IL‐6 expression was restored when wild type but not mutant ANXA2 was reexpressed in these cells. In a retrospective study of radical prostatectomy specimens from patients with nonmetastatic CaP, 100% of patients with ANXA2‐positive tumors (n = 4) had a biochemical relapse while only 50% of patients with ANXA2 negative tumors (n = 20) relapsed, suggesting that ANXA2 expression in prostate tumors may be predictive of biochemical relapse. Significant cytoplasmic staining of ANXA2 was detected in 3 of 4 ANXA2‐positive tumors, whereas ANXA2 is localized to the plasma membrane in benign prostatic glands. These finding, taken together, suggests a possible mechanism whereby ANXA2 expression positively contributes to an aggressive phenotype in a subset of CaP and suggest that ANXA2 has markedly different functions depending on its cellular context. Finally, this is the first description of a role for ANXA2 in IL‐6 expression, and ANXA2 represents a new therapeutic target for reducing IL‐6 in high‐grade prostate cancer. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defining a role for Sonic hedgehog pathway activation in desmoplastic medulloblastoma by identifying GLI1 target genes
Authors: Yoon Joon Won , Gilbertson Richard , Iannaccone Stephen , Iannaccone Philip , Walterhouse David
Published: October 2008

A subgroup of medulloblastomas shows constitutive activation of the Sonic hedgehog pathway with expression ofGLI1. We identified the subset of GLI1 transforming target genes specifically expressed in medulloblastomas by comparing GLI1 targets in RK3E cells transformed byGLI1with the gene expression profile of Sonic hedgehog signature medulloblastomas. We identified 1,823 genes whose expression was altered more than 2‐fold in 2 independent RK3E +GLI1cell lines. We identified 25 whose expression was altered similarly in medulloblastomas expressingGLI1. We identified potential GLI binding elements in the regulatory regions of 10 of these genes, confirmed that GLI1 binds the regulatory regions and activates transcription of select genes, and showed that GLI1 directly represses transcription of Krox‐20. We identified upregulation ofCXCR4, a chemokine receptor that plays roles in the proliferation and migration of granule cell neuron precursors during development, supporting the concept that reinitiation of developmental programs may contribute to medulloblastoma tumorigenesis. In addition, the targets suggest a pathway through which GLI1 may ultimately affect medulloblastoma cell proliferation, survival and genomic stability by converging onp53,SGK1,MGMTandNTRK2. We identify ap53mutation in RK3E +GLI1cells, suggesting thatp53mutations may sometimes shift the balance toward dysregulated tumor cell survival. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biodiversity Effects on Aquatic Ecosystem Functioning – Maturation of a New Paradigm
Authors: Gamfeldt Lars , Hillebrand Helmut
Published: October 2008

Starting with the publication of some influential studies in the early 1990's, the topic of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has emerged as a major field within ecological research. Within this framework, the diversity of genotypes, species and functional groups are considered as explanatory variables of ecosystem functions rather than response variables of factors such as productivity and disturbance. Biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning research has received considerable attention, and new publications are emerging at a high pace. Both the validity of experimental approaches and the way the results may be extrapolated to natural systems have, however, been widely discussed. The width of the debate regarding whether or not biodiversity is important for ecosystem functioning have encouraged many scientists to refine both experiments and theory, as well as develop novel methods to analyse the relationship between diversity and functioning. Aquatic ecologists have contributed greatly to the evolution of ideas and concepts within the field. In this review, we discuss how the paradigm that biodiversity is an important factor for the functioning of aquatic ecosystems is currently maturing with more realistic studies embracing both new and innovative approaches. We also suggest fruitful areas for future research.

Each of us is trapped in a place, a time, and a circumstance, and our attempts to use our minds to transcend those boundaries are, more often than not, ineffective.

From the book “Stumbling on happiness” by Daniel Gilbert (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Trophic Cascades in Marine and Freshwater Plankton
Authors: Sommer Ulrich
Published: October 2008

Transmission of top‐down control from fish to phytoplankton via crustacean mesozooplankton is a cornerstone of limnetic plankton ecology. Such trophic cascades are less frequently reported from the marine pelagic. In this article a case is made for consideration of scale issues and for the distinction between full (affecting entire trophic levels) and partial (affecting only some functional groups) trophic cascades. Partial cascades are more widespread while the full cascades are either ephemeral or depend on the suppression of compensatory growth of the predation‐resistant size‐fractions of phytoplankton. This suppression can only be achieved if there is a persistent coexistence between zooplankton feeding on different parts of the phytoplankton size spectrum. This condition is fulfilled in plankton communities where microphageous cladocerans (mainly Daphnia) and microphageous copepods coexist (many lake communities) or where krill and copepods coexist (high latitude marine communities). It is not fulfilled in many temperate and low‐latitude marine communities where copepods effectively suppress filter‐feeding appendicularians. Thus, the observed difference in the frequency of marine and limnetic pelagic cascades is considered real.

Are all trophic cascades wet?

Strong et al., 1992 (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Lake as a System of Differential Equations – A Paradigm for the Aquatic Ecologist of the 21st Century?
Authors: Fussmann Gregor F.
Published: October 2008

In the course of the 20th century limnology and oceanography have been transformed from purely descriptive disciplines to sciences that champion quantitative approaches and aim to reveal mechanistic relationships. In particular, the increasing use of mathematical formulations and models to understand lakes, streams and oceans as dynamical systems can be viewed as a paradigm shift. The mathematical‐dynamical approach is irreversibly integrated into this field and has revolutionized aquatic ecology, although its gradual and on‐going adoption is best characterized as an evolutionary process and, therefore, does not meet the criteria of the Kuhnian concept of a paradigm shift. I here show how this new approach historically emerged from the understanding of lakes and oceans as complex yet decomposable systems and describe the development of the new paradigm into the 21st century. I explain methods of validation and give examples of successful applications of the mathematical‐dynamical approach. I end with an outlook on some current, promising research directions that may influence the future path of this “ever‐evolving paradigm shift.”

Seltsam ist Propheten Lied, doppelt seltsam, was geschieht

Loose translation from German: “Strange is the prophet's song, twice as strange is what really happens”.

J. W. von Goethe, Weissagungen des Bakis (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Increase in cell migration and angiogenesis in a composite silk scaffold for tissue‐engineered ligaments
Authors: Seo Young‐Kwon , Yoon Hee‐Hoon , Song Kye‐Yong , Kwon Soon‐Yong , Lee Hwa‐Sung , Park Yong‐Soon , Park Jung‐Keug
Published: October 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of silk and collagen‐hyaluronan (HA) in vitro by assessing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) cell and T‐lymphocyte cultures on scaffolds. The use of composite scaffolds as artificial ligaments in ACL reconstruction and their effects on angiogenesis were evaluated in vivo. The silk scaffold was knitted by hand and dry coated with collagen‐HA, whereas the composite silk scaffold was made by covering a silk scaffold with a lyophilized collagen‐HA substrate. The initial attachment and proliferation of human ACL cells on the composite silk scaffold was superior to the attachment and proliferation observed on the silk scaffold. The immune response was higher in both scaffolds after 72 h (p < 0.05) compared with the control culture condition without scaffolding, as assessed by T‐lymphocyte cultures in vitro. There was no significant difference in the immune response in vitro between the silk and composite silk scaffolds. Silk and composite silk scaffolds were implanted as artificial ligaments in ACLs removed from the knees of dogs, and they were harvested 6 weeks after implantation. On gross examination, the onset of an inflammatory tissue reaction, such as synovitis, was seen in both the silk scaffold and the composite silk scaffold groups. An histological evaluation of the artificial ligament implants revealed the presence of monocytes in the silk composite scaffold and the absence of giant cells in all cases. MT staining in the composite silk scaffold‐grafted group showed granulation tissue consisting of fibroblasts, lymphocytes, monocytes, and collagen fibers. In addition, CD31 staining revealed the formation of new blood vessels. On the other hand, no reparative tissues, such as blood vessels, collagen, and cells, were observed in the silk scaffold‐grafted group. These results suggest that the lyophilized collagen‐HA substrate is biocompatible in vitro and enhances new blood vessel and cell migration in vivo. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 495–503, 2009
Low‐magnitude high‐frequency vibration accelerates callus formation, mineralization, and fracture healing in rats
Authors: Leung Kwok Sui , Shi Hong Fei , Cheung Wing Hoi , Qin Ling , Ng Wai Kin , Tam Kam Fai , Tang Ning
Published: October 2008

Fracture healing is a biological regenerative process that follows a well‐orchestrated sequence. Most healing is uneventful and enhancement of normal fracture healing is not commonly done, although it is clinically important in the recovery and regain of functions after fracture. This study investigated the osteogenic effect of low‐magnitude high‐frequency vibration (LMHFV, 35 Hz, 0.3 g) on the enhancement of fracture healing in rats with closed femoral shaft fracture by comparing with sham‐treated control. Assessments with plain radiography, micro‐CT as well as histomorphometry showed that the amount of callus was significantly larger (p = 0.001 for callus area, 2 weeks posttreatment); the remodeling of the callus into mature bone was significantly faster (p = 0.039, 4 weeks posttreatment) in the treatment group. The mechanical strength of the healed fracture in the treatment group at 4 weeks was significantly greater (p < 0.001). The results showed the acceleration of callus formation, mineralization, and fracture healing in the treatment group. It is concluded that LMHFV enhances healing in the closed femoral shaft fracture in rats. The potential clinical advantages shall be confirmed in the subsequent clinical trials. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 458–465, 2009
Single high‐energy impact load causes posttraumatic OA in young rabbits via a decrease in cellular metabolism
Authors: Borrelli Joseph , Silva Matthew J. , Zaegel Melissa A. , Franz Carl , Sandell Linda J.
Published: October 2008

Articular cartilage deterioration commonly occurs following traumatic joint injury. Patients with posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTA) experience pain and stiffness in the involved joint causing limited mobility and function. The mechanism by which PTA occurs has not been fully delineated. The goal of this study was to determine if a single high‐energy impact load could cause the development of PTA in 3‐month‐old NZ White rabbits. Each rabbit underwent the application of a single, rapid, high‐energy impact load to the posterior aspect of their right medial femoral condyle using a previously validated mechanism. At regular intervals (0, 1, 6 months) the injured cartilage was harvested and analyzed for the presence of PTA. Each specimen was assessed histologically for cell and tissue morphology and chondrocyte metabolism, including BMP‐2 production and synthesis of extracellular matrix (type II procollagen mRNA). Cartilage from the contralateral sham limb, as well as uninjured cartilage from the experimental limb served as internal controls for each animal. Significant changes were found in the morphology of the cartilage including proteoglycan loss along with decreased BMP‐2 and type II procollagen mRNA staining. These findings confirm that a single high‐energy impact load can cause the development of PTA by disrupting the extracellular matrix and by causing a decrease in chondrocyte metabolism. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:347–352, 2009
Breeding of Pleurotus florida (oyster mushroom) for phenotypic pigmentation and high yield potential
Authors: Kaur Jatinder , Sodhi Harpreet S , Kapoor Shammi
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: Cross‐hybridisation is a technique for exchange of genetic material between two compatible nuclei to develop a recombinant genome with a probable expression for a desirable trait. This technique as an example of classical genetics has been applied in a heterothallic bifactorial/tetrapolar fungus Pleurotus florida. It has worked successfully during this study in a small number of experiments.

RESULTS: Fruit bodies from the Pleurotus florida PAU‐5 were allowed to shed their basidiospores on filter paper under aseptic conditions. Forty‐nine monokaryons were isolated from three spore prints, namely Ja, Jb and K. Three hundred and fifty‐six crosses were laid to result in five compatible reactions (PFJ4, PFJ9, PFJ11, PFJ13 and PFJ14). The fruit bodies of the hybrid dikaryon PFJ4 were found to show grey pigmentation. The hybrid dikaryons PFJ11 and PFJ14 grew faster in wheat straw substrate to take 39 and 41 days, respectively, for complete mycelial impregnation as compared to the parent, PAU‐5 (48 days). The dikaryon PFJ11 out‐yielded the parent by giving 34.2% biological efficiency compared to 29.8% for the parent.

CONCLUSION: Through cross‐hybridisation various changes at the genetic level are possible, showing altered phenotypic expression of the characters, such as change in fruiting efficiency and variability in fruit body characteristics (e.g., pileus shape and pigmentation). This technique can also be applied to other crops to improve their yield potential and bring about desirable phenotypic changes. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of conjugation with glucosamine on the functional properties of lysozyme and casein
Authors: Ramezani Roghayeh , Esmailpour Mehrnaz , Aminlari Mahmoud
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: Modification with carbohydrates usually changes the functional properties of proteins. Such modification might make non‐conventional food proteins (such as plant and microbial proteins) more applicable for human consumption. The purpose of this research was to conjugate glucosamine to lysozyme and casein using a water‐soluble carbodiimide and to investigate the effect of conjugation on the functional properties of these proteins.

RESULTS: Glycosylation with glucosamine converted casein to high‐molecular‐weight species which appeared as diffuse bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Approximately 2 and 0.11 mol of glucosamine was attached to 1 mol of casein and lysozyme respectively. Both conjugated proteins exhibited improved solubility at different pHs (3 and 6) and different temperatures (25, 45 and 60 °C), increased heat stability and better emulsifying activity, emulsion stability and foaming capacity compared with the unmodified proteins (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: These changes might increase the applicability of lysozyme as a natural antimicrobial and casein as a protein ingredient in different food systems. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
A Facile Route for Regioselective Conjugation of Organo‐Soluble Polymers onto Chitosan
Authors: Cai Guoqiang , Jiang Hongliang , Tu Kehua , Wang Liqun , Zhu Kangjie
Published: October 2008

A facile route is described for the regioselective conjugation of organo‐soluble polymers onto chitosan under very mild conditions, using SCC as intermediates. SCC could be prepared simply by mixing chitosan acidic aqueous solution with SDS. PEG or PCL were then grafted to SCC using the NHS/DCC coupling method. In addition, the polymers were found to be linked to chitosan through the hydroxyl groups of chitosan when stoichiometric SCC was used as a precursor. SDS could be removed simply by either precipitating the solution of SCC‐graft‐polymer in DMSO into Tris aqueous solution or dialyzing against Tris solution.

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Electrospun Non‐Woven Nanofibrous Hybrid Mats Based on Chitosan and PLA for Wound‐Dressing Applications
Authors: Ignatova Milena , Manolova Nevena , Markova Nadya , Rashkov Iliya
Published: October 2008

Continuous defect‐free nanofibers containing chitosan (Ch) or quaternized chitosan (QCh) were successfully prepared by one‐step electrospinning of Ch or QCh solutions mixed with poly[(L‐lactide)‐co‐(d,l‐lactide)] in common solvent. XPS revealed the surface chemical composition of the bicomponent electrospun mats. Crosslinked Ch‐ and QCh‐containing nanofibers exhibited higher kill rates against bacteria S. aureus and E. coli than the corresponding solvent‐cast films. SEM observations showed that hybrid mats were very effective in suppressing the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria S. aureus. The hybrid nanofibers are promising for wound‐healing applications.

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Functionalization of Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes and their Application for Selective Isolation of Acidic Proteins
Authors: Du Zhuo , Yu Yong‐Liang , Wang Jian‐Hua
Published: October 2008

A micro‐column packed with PDDA‐wrapped MWNTs in sequential injection system facilitates selective sorption of acidic protein species. Proteins adsorbed onto the PDDA‐MWNT composites are afterwards collected by elution with a citrate buffer as stripping reagent. With a sample loading volume of 2.0 mL and an eluent volume of 200 µL, a retention efficiency of 100% and a recovery of 90% are achieved for BSA in the range 6–120 µg, resulting in an enrichment factor of 14. A sampling frequency of 15 h−1 is achieved, along with a precision of 4.5% at 25 µg · mL−1 BSA. The practical applicability of this system is demonstrated by processing human whole blood for successive isolation of acidic proteins.

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Synthesis of Au@SiO2 Core/Shell Nanoparticles and their Dispersion into an Acrylic Photocurable Formulation: Film Preparation and Characterization
Authors: Sangermano Marco , Perruchas Sandrine , Gacoin Thierry , Rizza Giancarlo
Published: October 2008

Au core/silica shell (Au@SiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by coating gold NPs with sol/gel silica in alcoholic solution. The alcoholic dispersion was added, in the range of 1–5 wt.‐%, to TPGDA and photocured by means of UV light. Transparent coatings were obtained and they can find suitable applications. It was shown that the NPs can restrict the segmental motion and decrease the free volume of the polymer network, with a consequent increase in glass transition temperature. TEM analysis put in evidence that the particles are well dispersed without any macroscopic agglomeration, and many particles are present as isolated particles.

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Structural features and the persistence of acquired proteins
Authors: Narra Hema Prasad , Cordes Matthew H. J. , Ochman Howard
Published: October 2008

ORFan genes can constitute a large fraction of a bacterial genome, but due to their lack of homologs, their functions have remained largely unexplored. To determine if particular features of ORFan‐encoded proteins promote their presence in a genome, we analyzed properties of ORFans that originated over a broad evolutionary timescale. We also compared ORFan genes to another class of acquired genes, heterogeneous occurrence in prokaryotes (HOPs), which have homologs in other bacteria. A total of 54 ORFan and HOP genes selected from different phylogenetic depths in the Escherichia coli lineage were cloned, expressed, purified, and subjected to circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. A majority of genes could be expressed, but only 18 yielded sufficient soluble protein for spectral analysis. Of these, half were significantly α‐helical, three were predominantly β‐sheet, and six were of intermediate/indeterminate structure. Although a higher proportion of HOPs yielded soluble proteins with resolvable secondary structures, ORFans resembled HOPs with regard to most of the other features tested. Overall, we found that those ORFan and HOP genes that have persisted in the E. coli lineage were more likely to encode soluble and folded proteins, more likely to display environmental modulation of their gene expression, and by extrapolation, are more likely to be functional.
Electromechanical Behavior of Nanoscale Silver Coatings on PET Fibers
Authors: Amberg Martin , Grieder Kathrin , Barbadoro Pierluigi , Heuberger Manfred , Hegemann Dirk
Published: October 2008

Plasma‐assisted deposition of silver films on PET mono‐ and multifilament fibers provides conductive fibers for wearable electronics. The nanoscale films were prepared in a continuously running low pressure plasma process using an ICM design for sputtering from a silver target combined with a prior RF cleaning step. The electrical resistance of the as‐deposited layers was measured in situ enabling an immediate feedback of the electrical properties, the film quality, applied Ag mass, and film thickness. The deposited quantity of Ag mass on the PET fibers was investigated by ICP‐OES and was correlated with the electrical resistance of the film. The metallized fibers showed excellent mechanical properties for wearable electronics as demonstrated by tensile properties measurement.

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Evaluation of ELISA for imidacloprid detection in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) wood and needle tissues
Authors: Eisenback Brian M , Mullins Donald E , Salom Scott M , Kok Loke T
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: Imidacloprid is the primary insecticide used against the exotic invasive insect hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, a pest of eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière] trees in the eastern United States. A competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was evaluated for quantification of imidacloprid in eastern hemlock wood and needle tissues.

RESULTS: Matrix effects in the form of false positives and overestimated imidacloprid concentrations were observed in both wood and needle extracts. Tissues required a 100–1000‐fold dilution with water in order to reduce matrix effects. Standard curves in 1% wood or needle extract were not significantly different from standard curves prepared in water. Matrix effects were more pronounced at concentrations in the lower working range of the kit, with recovery of 5 µg L−1 imidacloprid more accurate than recovery of 0.2 µg L−1.

CONCLUSION: ELISA remains a valuable tool for semi‐quantitative imidacloprid detection within the hemlock system because of its sensitivity, cost and ease of use. However, a 1000‐fold dilution of hemlock tissue extract is recommended to ensure accurate imidacloprid determinations. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
A dopant introduction device for atmospheric pressure photoionization with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: McCulloch Ross D. , Robb Damon B. , Blades Michael W.
Published: October 2008

This technical note describes in detail the fabrication, operation and characterization of a pneumatically driven dopant introduction device, with a solvent reservoir capacity of 300 mL. Dopant flow rates and stability for this device are governed by the simple regulation of gas pressure rather than the progression of a stepper motor and syringe diameter, as is the case for typical infusion pumps. The device has the potential to provide days or even weeks of continuous, uninterrupted dopant flow at rates commonly adopted for atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) experiments without the need to replenish the dopant supply. Although not a refined instrumental design, this device was developed as an alternative cost‐effective means of introducing stable dopant flow to an APPI source. The device was designed such that all components would be commercially available and easily procurable from common scientific part vendors. Figures and suggested part numbers are provided to allow those interested to fabricate similar devices to suit their individual experimental needs. Device characterization was performed while monitoring such factors as flow rate calibration, overall flow stability and reproducibility. In addition, a standard mixture of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was employed as a model sample for a typical reversed‐phase liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (LC/APPI‐MS) application in order to demonstrate device performance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High oxygen vacancy tin oxide synthesized by combustion chemical vapor deposition (CCVD)
Authors: Wu Qi‐Hui , Song Jie , Li Jincai
Published: October 2008

Tin oxide nanotentacles were synthesized by combustion chemical vapor deposition in air. Their surface composition and optical properties were then investigated using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. XPS core level spectra indicate that these nanotentacles are of high oxygen vacancy with chemical composition of about SnO1.6, which is also supported by the Sn Auger parameter. Besides SnO2, the optical properties of SnO were detected in Raman spectrum. Moreover, two new Raman peaks were found for the SnO2 phase because of the high oxygen vacancy concentration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response Concerning “On the Interpretation of Colloidal Quantum Dot Absorption Spectra”
Authors: Koole Rolf , Allan Guy , Delerue Christophe , Vanmaekelbergh Daniel , Houtepen Arjan J. , Meijerink Andries
Published: October 2008

In response to the correspondence of I. Moreels and Prof. Z. Hens, the authors of the manuscript “Optical Investigation of Quantum Confinement in PbSe Nanocrystals at Different Points in the Brillouin Zone” address, with reference to their original work, the doubts raised regarding absorption‐spectra interpretation.
Adaptive radio resource allocation in OFDMA systems: a survey of the state‐of‐the‐art approaches
Authors: Chieochan Surachai , Hossain Ekram
Published: October 2008

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)‐based orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) has emerged as a promising transmission technology for next generation wireless systems. In a multiuser scenario, adaptive radio resource allocation can significantly improve the performance of OFDMA systems. In this article, an overview of the major state‐of‐the‐art approaches to adaptive resource allocation in the OFDMA systems is provided. Several open research issues are outlined. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Contact with Asians and Asian Americans on White American College Students: Attitudes, Awareness of Racial Discrimination, and Psychological Adjustment
Authors: Dinh Khanh T. , Weinstein Traci L. , Nemon Melissa , Rondeau Sara
Published: October 2008

On the basis of acculturation theory, explicating mutual influences between different cultural or ethnic groups coming into contact, this study focused “on the other side of acculturation” theory by examining the effects of intercultural contact with Asians and Asian Americans on the psychosocial experiences of White American college students. Participants (N = 315), undergraduates attending a public university located within the state of Massachusetts, completed a survey that assessed demographic and personal characteristics, acculturation (extent of intercultural contact with Asian people and Asian cultures), attitudes towards Asians and Asian Americans, awareness of institutional discrimination and blatant racial issues, and psychological distress. Results indicated that White American students' intercultural contact with Asians and Asian Americans contributed significant variance to the prediction of their attitudes towards this ethnic group and awareness of discrimination and racial issues, but not to psychological distress. This study provides implications for understanding mutual acculturative influences between different ethnic groups in the United States.
Acculturation of Host Individuals: Immigrants and Personal Networks
Authors: Domínguez Silvia , Maya-Jariego Isidro
Published: October 2008

There has been a vast amount of research on the changes experienced by immigrants, but little is known about the changes experienced by host individuals. This article focuses on the role of host individuals in the networks of relations between immigrant populations and the communities from the dominant culture, as well as the changes experienced by host individuals because of their continuous contact with immigrants. This research applied a network approach to the study of the acculturation of host individuals. Two independent studies were carried out: a systematic analysis of the personal networks of Argentinean (n = 67), Ecuadorian (n = 59), Italian (n = 37) and German (n = 37) residents in Seville and Cadiz (Spain) (Study 1); and an ethnographic study with human service workers for Latin American immigrants in Boston (USA) (Study 2). With two different strategies, the role of host individuals in personal networks of foreigners in the United States and Spain was analyzed. The results show that host individuals tend to have less centrality than compatriots, showing an overall secondary role in the personal networks of immigrants. The lowest average centrality was observed in recent and temporal migrants, whereas the highest corresponded to the individuals with more time of residence in Spain. The personal networks of human service providers in the United States vary in ethnic composition and in their structural properties, and therefore shape different types of integrative bridges for immigrants.
Home treatment with Elaprase® and Naglazyme® is safe in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses types II and VI, respectively
Authors: Bagewadi S. , Roberts J. , Mercer J. , Jones S. , Stephenson J. , Wraith J. E.
Published: October 2008

Enzyme replacement therapy for lysosomal storage disorders has made an important contribution to improving the quality of life of affected patients. The treatment, however, is invasive and onerous, involving weekly or biweekly intravenous infusions of product over a 3–4 h period. Such therapy can be extremely disruptive of normal family life and the provision of a safe, home treatment regimen is greatly appreciated by affected families. In this report we demonstrate the safety of home treatment with Elaprase for mucopolysaccharidosis type II (17 patients) and Naglazyme for mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (6 patients). Careful patient selection, an experienced home care company and a detailed management plan for potential anaphylaxis and infusion‐associated reactions are important components in a successful home treatment programme.
Factors associated with sexual activity among high‐school students in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Kabiru Caroline W. , Orpinas Pamela
Published: October 2008

The high level of HIV infection in sub‐Saharan Africa has led to an increased interest in understanding the determinants of sexual activity among young people, who are at high risk of sexually transmitted infections. The present study examined sociodemographic, behavioral, and psychosocial factors associated with heterosexual activity among a sample of 3556 male and female high‐school students in Nairobi, Kenya. Approximately 50% of the males and 11% of females reported having had sexual intercourse at least once in their lifetime with a significant proportion reporting multiple sexual partnerships. Sexual activity was associated with various factors including religiosity, perceived parental attitudes towards sex, living arrangements, and school characteristics. However, the pattern of association differed for males and females. Results suggest that adolescents may benefit from sex education programs addressing multiple factors that may predispose adolescents to sexual activity, and that take into account gender differences.
The Significance of Atypical Urine Cytology in the Face of Normal Investigations—Is Extended Investigation and Follow-Up Required?
Authors: Streeter E.H. , Turner G.D.H. , McCormick R. , Roberts I.S. , Crew J.
Published: October 2008

Objective:

To examine the natural history of patients identified with atypical urine cytology in the face of normal investigations, and thus provide guidance on the need for extended follow-up and investigation of such patients.

Patients and methods:

All patients identified over a 2-year period to have atypical urine cytology on Cytospin analysis and Papanicolaou staining were audited over a 5-year follow-up period. Clinical records, histopathology and radiology databases were independently searched. Patients were intensively investigated with cystoscopy and a range of upper tract imaging.

Results:

126 patients were identified to have atypical urine cytology, and 77 of these had no urothelial tumour found. In these normal patients, only 12/48 who had further samples taken showed persistent atypia. 11/77 normal patients had another urological pathology which may have explained their atypical urine cytology. No patient presenting for the first time later went on to develop urothelial malignancy in the face of negative initial investigations.

Conclusion:

In the group of patients in which cystoscopy and urography show no urothelial malignancy, the finding of atypical urinary cytology does not predict the development of later urothelial tumour, and does not require prolonged follow-up, repeat cytological testing or further imaging.
Effect of 60 Hz electromagnetic fields on the activity of hsp70 promoter: An in vitro study
Authors: Rodríguez de la Fuente Abraham O. , Alcocer‐González Juan M. , Heredia‐Rojas Antonio J. , Balderas‐Candanosa Isaías , Rodríguez‐Flores Laura E. , Rodríguez‐Padilla Cristina , Taméz‐Guerra Reyes S.
Published: October 2008

We have evaluated the effect of 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic fields (MF) at 8 and 8 μT on expression of the luciferase gene contained in a gene construct labelled as Electromagnetic Field‐plasmid (pEMF). The vector included the hsp70 promotor containing the 3 nCTCTn sequences previously described for the induction of hsp70 expression by magnetic fields, as well as the reporter of the luciferase gene. We also replicated the study of Lin et al. [Lin H, Blank M, Rossol‐Haseroth K, Goodman R. Regulating genes with electromagnetic response elements. J Cell Biochem 2001;81(1):143–48]. The pEMF plasmid was transfected into HeLa and BMK16 cell lines that were later exposed to either MF or thermal shock (TS). An increased luciferase expression was found in both the cells exposed to MF and TS compared with their control groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the combined effect of MF and TS was also analyzed. A synergistic effect between two factors was observed for this co‐exposure condition in terms of luciferase gene expression.
Sympathetic activation in congestive heart failure: Reproducibility of neuroadrenergic markers
Authors: Grassi Guido , Bolla Gianbattista , Quarti‐Trevano Fosca , Arenare Francesca , Brambilla Gianmaria , Mancia Giuseppe
Published: October 2008

Objective:

To assess the reproducibility of the two markers of adrenergic drive, venous plasma norepinephrine (NE) and efferent postganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), in reflecting the sympathetic activation characterizing congestive heart failure (CHF).

Methods and measurements:

In 19 CHF male normotensive patients (mean age: 53.0±2.1 years, NYHA classes II and III, left ventricular ejection fraction 35.9±2.9%), blood pressure (BP, Finapres), heart rate (EKG), plasma NE (HPLC assay) and MSNA (microneurography, peroneal nerve) were measured in two experimental sessions separated by a week interval. At each session, three NE samples were obtained and NE reproducibility between sessions was assessed by considering single NE samples or averaging 2–3 samples.

Results:

While MSNA values showed a highly significant correlation between sessions (r = 0.85, P<0.001), NE values based on a single blood sample evaluation did not correlate with each other (r = 0.41, P = NS). NE correlation coefficients improved and achieved statistical significance when average data from 2 and 3 blood samples were examined (r = 0.54 and r = 0.57, P<0.02 for both).

Conclusions:

In CHF, MSNA displays a better reproducibility pattern than plasma NE. The reproducibility of the NE approach, however, can be improved by performing the assay on multiple blood samples.
Effects of Etanercept and Minocycline in a rat model of spinal cord injury
Authors: Marchand Fabien , Tsantoulas Christoforos , Singh Dalbinder , Grist John , Clark Anna K. , Bradbury Elizabeth J. , McMahon Stephen B.
Published: October 2008

Loss of function is usually considered the major consequence of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, pain severely compromises the quality of life in nearly 70% of SCI patients. The principal aim of this study was to assess the contribution of Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) to SCI pain. TNF‐α blockers have already been successfully used to treat inflammatory disorders but there are few studies on its effect on neuropathic pain, especially following SCI. Following T13 spinal cord hemisection, we examined the effects on mechanical allodynia and microglial activation of immediate and delayed chronic intrathecal treatment with etanercept, a fusion protein blocker of TNF‐α. Immediate treatment (starting at the time of injury) with etanercept resulted in markedly reduced mechanical allodynia 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after SCI. Delayed treatment had no effect. Immediate etanercept treatment also reduced spinal microglial activation assessed by OX‐42 immunostaining, a putative marker of activated microglia. To assess whether the effects of etanercept were mediated via decreased microglial activation, we examined the effects of the microglial inhibitor, minocycline which significantly reduced the development of pain behaviours at 1 and 2 weeks after SCI compared to saline treatment. Minocycline also significantly reduced microglial OX‐42 expression. Furthermore, minocycline decreased the expression of noxious‐stimulation‐induced c‐Fos, suggesting an effect on evoked neuronal activity. This study demonstrates that TNF‐α plays an important role in the establishment of neuropathic pain following SCI, seemingly dependent on microglial activation. Pharmacological targeting of TNF‐α may offer therapeutic opportunities for treating SCI pain.
Genetic association between −93A/G polymorphism in the Fyn kinase gene and alcohol dependence in Spanish men
Authors: Pastor Isabel J. , Laso F. Javier , Inés Sandra , Marcos Miguel , González-Sarmiento Rogelio
Published: October 2008

Background

Fyn tyrosine kinase is a member of the Scr family that phosphorylates the NR2A and NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptors reducing the inhibitory effects of ethanol and therefore may regulate the individual sensitivity to ethanol.

Objectives

To investigate whether there is any relationship between the polymorphism at position −93 of the Fyn kinase gene and the susceptibility to develop alcoholism.

Methods

We studied the distribution of genotypes and alleles of the polymorphism −93A/G (137346 T/C) in the 5′ UTR region of thefyngene in 207 male heavy drinkers (119 with alcohol dependence and 88 with alcohol abuse) and 100 control subjects from Castilla y León (Spain).

Results

The frequency of G allele carriers was higher in alcohol dependents than in alcohol abusers (47.9% vs 30.6%;p= 0.015; OR = 2.077; 95% CI 1.165–3.704).

Conclusion

Our results show that the −93G allele of Fyn kinase gene is associated with higher risk to develop alcohol dependence in Spanish men.
RETRACTED: Calcium supplementation for the prevention of pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Devi Salam Gyaneshwori , Batra Swaraj , Singh Chanchal , Shukla Deepak Kumar
Published: October 2008

Objective

To study the effect of calcium supplementation during pregnancy on blood pressure and maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Method

A total of 524 healthy primigravidas with a blood pressure less than 140/90 mm Hg were randomly assigned between the 12th and 25th weeks to receive 2 g of elemental calcium or placebo and were followed‐up until delivery.

Results

The incidence of pre‐eclampsia was significantly less in the calcium than in the placebo group (4.0% vs 12.0%; odds ratio [OR], 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15–0.63); the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures at study completion were different in the calcium and placebo group (P = 0.007 and P = 0.02). The risk for preterm delivery was less in the calcium (7.0%) than in the placebo (12.7%) group (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.28–0.93). The mean baseline calcium intake was 313.83 ± 203.25 mg/day (range, 85.71–910.71 mg/day), which is lower than the recommended dietary intake of 1000 mg, and the 24‐hour urinary calcium excretion was 130.82 ± 67.44 mg/dL (range, 40.5–387 mg/dL).

Conclusion

Calcium supplementation appears to reduce the occurrence of pre‐eclampsia and preterm delivery in primigravidas who have a daily dietary calcium intake less than the recommended dietary allowances.
Global issues in women's health
Authors: Sciarra John J.
Published: October 2008

World population growth in the past century has taxed the ability of healthcare systems in low‐income countries to provide reproductive health care. Maternal mortality and morbidity, sexually transmitted diseases, and cervical cancer are major problems. Expansion of reproductive health services, training of appropriate medical personnel, and elevating the status of women in society are all necessary and appropriate solutions to improve the health of women in low‐income countries.