bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drug utilization pattern in ENT OPD of government tertiary care teaching hospital in Raigarh
Authors: Y. Kishore Kumar , Cheekavolu Chakrapani , Obulesu G.
Published: September 2017

Background: The prospective, observational study was designed to assess the prescribing pattern of drug usage in ENT outpatient department in various diseases conditions.

Methods: Medication utilization Form has been designed based on a WHO format. The patient’s details including patient particulars, diagnosis, investigations, drug details and information regarding the indication for prescribing agents.  

Results: Total 200 prescriptions were analysed, 70% were males and 30 % were females, respectively. The most common disease reported was CSOM in 31 (15.5 %) patients followed by otitis externa 25 (12.5%), pharyngitis 21 (10.5%), URTI patients 20 (10.0%). Antibiotics used were: amoxicillin-clavulanate 200 (57.3%), cefixime 37 (10.6%), levofloxacin 34 (9.74%), cefixime clavulanate 30 (8.59%), cefuroxime 13 (3.72%). The most commonly used NSAID are diclofenac and paracetamol.

Conclusions: Prescribing pattern of usage of antibiotics are more compared to other drugs, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid are most commonly prescribed antibiotics in various ENT diseases, usage of brand name are higher than the generic name. 
A comparative study of endoscopic versus conventional septoplasty: an analysis of 50 cases
Authors: Chandra Sagar , Baisakhiya Nitish
Published: September 2017

Background: Nasal obstruction is the most common complaint in ENT practice. Surgical correction of deviated nasal septum has been performed by a variety of techniques of which sub mucous resection and Septoplasty procedures of surgical correction of nasal septum play a prime role in management of patients of nasal obstruction. Nasal endoscope is very useful tool to visualize posterior part of septum and do the surgery more precisely and with less complication as compare to conventional method. The objectives of the study were to compare the outcomes of conventional and endoscopic septoplasty, to evaluate the advantages, disadvantages and complications of both endoscopic and conventional septoplasty

Methods: 50 cases (between (Oct. 2014 - March 2016) of deviated nasal septum selected in this prospective study and they were randomly divided equally in 2 groups for endoscopic (A) and conventional (B) septoplasty respectively.  

Results: The study included 50 cases. Majority of patients in this study were males 84% (n=42) and 16% (n=18) were female. 46% (n=23) patients had DNS to right side and 54% (n=27) patients had left side, anterior deviation (48%). C and S shaped deviations (14%). Spur was present in 22% (n=11) of cases and 10% (n=5) patients presented with thickening. After completing 2 months of follow up 92% (n=23) of group A and 88% (n=22) of group B were relieved from nasal discharge, while nasal obstruction was absent in 96% (n=24) patients of group A and 80% (n= 20) of group B. 4% cases (n=1) in endoscopic septoplasty was having persistent deviated nasal septum and 16% (n=4) patients of conventional septoplasty belong to this group.

Conclusions: Endoscopic septoplasty has an obvious edge over the conventional approach due to better illumination which enables to identify the pathology accurately, excise the deviated part of septum precisely and realignment of the cartilage for best results.
Comparative evaluation of surgical and audiological outcomes in patients of chronic suppurative otitis media with dry ear treated by myringoplasty with or without simple mastoidectomy
Authors: Kaur Amanjot , M.K. Vinod , Singh Jagdeepak , Singh Baldev , . Priyanka , Kaur Simranjit
Published: September 2017

Background: The study was conducted to compare and evaluate surgical and audiological outcomes in patients of chronic suppurative otitis media with dry ear treated by myringoplasty with or without simple mastoidectomy. Prospective, open label, randomized, comparative  study, conducted  in the Department of ENT, Ram Lal Eye and ENT hospital, Government Medical College Amritsar, Punjab, India.

Methods: This study comprised of 40 patients aged between 15 to 50 years having CSOM (safe type) with dry ears for the last 3 months. Patients were randomly divided into Group A treated with myringoplasty alone and Group B with standard simple mastoidectomy along with myringoplasty using temporalis fascia graft by underlay technique. Patients also subjected to routine hematological, biochemical, radiological and audiological investigation. The audiological comparison done before and after surgery.  

Results: It was observed that graft uptake rate was better in group B. The average gain in air conduction threshold was more in patients who had undergone myringoplasty along with simple mastoidectomy. However this was not statistically significant. There was no significant improvement observed in the AB Gap in our patients who underwent myringoplasty or simple mastoidectomy along with myringoplasty.

Conclusions: Hypocellularity of the mastoid process has a strong correlation with the tubotympanic type of CSOM. Addition of mastoidectomy to simple myringoplasty has a very little beneficial effect on the postoperative hearing gain and graft uptake as it showed no much statistical significance.
A comprehensive study of oesophageal foreign bodies
Authors: De Sa Carnegie J. A. , Goel H. C.
Published: September 2017

Background: Various foreign bodies of respiratory and food passage are enlisted. Nature of foreign bodies their presentation, management and complications are discussed.

Methods: 200 consecutive cases of foreign bodies in the oesophagus which were admitted in a tertiary care hospital are included in the study.  

Results: Most of the ingested foreign bodies managed with oesophagoscopy except three cases of denture.

Conclusions: Children below 10 years of age are the commonest candidates prone to ingest foreign bodies. The coins are the most frequently ingested foreign bodies. Though most of the foreign bodies can be managed safely with oesophagoscopy, yet one has to be careful while removing sharp foreign bodies like dentures etc. 
Versatility of the submental island flap in head and reconstruction
Authors: Katre Mahendra I. , Keche Prashant , Gaikwad Arvind , Deshmukh Sunil
Published: September 2017

Background: Head neck cancer is major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. India has one of the highest incidences of oral cancer and accounts for about 30% of all new cases annually. Ablative surgery is main stay of treatment which is followed by reconstructive surgery. Microvascular surgery revolutionized onco-reconstruction which requires great expertise even in tertiary cancer centre and it is not possible many times due to long waiting list for it or patient condition. Here there is role locoregional pedicled flap which mitigate this problem to great extent to achieve acceptable functional and aesthetic outcome. One such flap worth to keep in surgeon armamentarium is submental island flap. Submental artery island flap (SIF) is an axial fasciocutaneous flap that includes skin, subcutaneous tissue, platysma, and fat and is pedicled on the submental artery and veins.

Methods: This study conducted in our institute a tertiary level cancer hospital. This is retrospective study. Data extracted from department database between periods February 2015 to May 2017. It includes 12 patients diagnosed with different sub site oral cancer, operated in department of head neck oncology for oral cancer and reconstruction fallowing ablative surgery done by submental island flap by ablative surgeon.  

Results: Submental island ﬂaps are comparable in their outcome with radial forearm free ﬂap. They carry a good color match with facial tissue. It is thin and has a reliable vascular morphology.
Conclusions: When combined with the reported experience of other surgeons, our preliminary experience shows that the SIF is an excellent alternative in the reconstruction of head and neck defects because of its reliability, versatility, and relative ease of application. Neck dissection can plan as an adjunctive procedure to the SIF with certain limitation.
Metastatic paranasal sinuses adenocarcinoma from breast carcinoma, a rare event: a case report
Authors: Khurayzi Tawfiq , Alshahrani Abdullah
Published: September 2017

Metastases to the nose and paranasal sinuses usually respond poorly to treatment and have a poor prognosis. We present a 31 year old lady with rare metastatic paranasal sinuses lesion which is adenocarcinoma that metastasis from breast carcinoma. All of clinical presentation, radiological findings, histopathological and immunohistochemically markers examination reveal metastatic adenocarcinoma. This study presents rare metastasis in head and neck cancer especially from breast to paranasal sinuses.
Continuous negative airway pressure “CNAP”: Novel nasal foreign body removal
Authors: Teng Joyce Z. , Teng Arthur Y. , Sullivan Colin E.
Published: September 2017

We report on a novel and innovative method used to extricate nasal foreign bodies in infants and young children– a common presentation in pediatric emergency care that can at times have potentially serious consequences. In the case of a three-year-old girl, ‘continuous negative airway pressure (CNAP)’ using a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask and a domestic vacuum cleaner, a nasal foreign body was removed quickly and effectively in a simple and painless procedure. While more cases are needed to confirm safety and efficacy, the principles underlying this technique could have great potential for future clinical use due to its simplicity and accessibility, particularly when compared to other techniques currently used in the home and in the emergency department.
Combined modality therapy for naso-oropharyngeal solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma: case report
Authors: Masarykova Andrea , Dzongov Marin , Hanicova Alexandra , Zavacka Ingrid , Scepanovic Danijela
Published: September 2017

Most patients with plasma cell neoplasia have generalized disease at diagnosis. However, some patients have a solitary extramedullary plasmacytomas (SEPs). SEPs are rare, typically solitary tumors comprising approximately 3–5% all plasma cell neoplasms. Almost 90% arise in the head and neck region, especially in the nasal cavity, sinuses, oropharynx, salivary glands and larynx. Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma (SEP) has a predilection for the male gender and occurs most frequently in patients 50 years and older. SEP often runs an indolent clinical course with a tendency for local recurrence, and progresses to plasma cell myeloma in about 15% of patients. In this paper, we have reported the case of SEP of the naso-oropharynx in 55 years old woman who was presented with a sense of the nasal obstruction. The resection was performed and a mature plasmacytoma was demonstrated histologically. However, ENT examination and positron emission tomography/computed tomography examination with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18-FDG PET/CT) have shown that the patient had residual naso-oropharyngeal disease after surgery. A negative bone marrow biopsy and 18-FDG PET/CT have confirmed that it was a solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck region. Following the surgery, intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) was administered. No relapse or progression to the multiple myeloma was recorded during the 3.5 years of follow-up. This case report, which describes a rare tumor of the naso-oropharynx, is expected to improve the recognition and referral of this condition in medical practice. 
Pharyngocutaneous fistula repair: case report and review of management strategies
Authors: Nagarkar Raj , Kokane Gauri Sayaji , Wagh Ashvin , Vanjari Shrikant , Bansod Sachin
Published: September 2017

Incidence of post chemoradiation salvage laryngectomy complication rate is 3%-65%. It is most common but most annoying complication after salvage laryngectomy for surgeon to manage. When conservative measures fail to repair the fistula surgical means have to be considered. But even after surgical correction it takes time to heal due to local conditions. Here we present a case of surgical repair of pharyngocutaneous fistula and review of various management strategies.
Rare cervical nerve root C2-C3 schwannoma
Authors: Singh Chandra Veer , Shetty Shravan , Deshpande R. K. , Patel Priyank
Published: September 2017

10% of schwannomas that occur in the head and neck region mostly originate from the vagus or sympathetic nervous system whereas those arising from C2 nerve root are extremely rare. Extracranial schwannomas in the head and neck region are rare neoplasms. Diagnosis is established by imaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography, while FNAC is used to rule out other condition. Histopathology gives definitive diagnosis. The accepted treatment for these tumors is surgical resection with preservation of the neural pathway. We present a rare case of cervical nerve (C2-C3) root schwannoma of 50 year old male who presented with right lateral neck swelling with pain  radiating to right shoulder associated with right shoulder stiffness. The swelling which also had an intervertebral part was removed successfully through a posterior neck incision with no post-operative neurological symptoms.
Sphenochoanal polyp: a case report
Authors: Sandhu Kulwinder Singh , . Shiffali , Singh Jagdeepak
Published: September 2017

Choanal polyp arising from the sphenoid sinus and presenting at the choana are rare. These are known as sphenochoanal polyp. We present a case of sphenochoanal polyp and its clinical features and surgical management is discussed. Our aim in this case was to properly delineate the origin of the polyp and differentiate it from other lesions such as the antrochoanal polyp and meningocele, followed by meticulous endoscopic excision of the polyp. Radiological investigations include a CT scan paranasal sinuses or a MRI diagnostic nasal endoscopy will confirm the diagnosis. Once the diagnosis is made surgical removal must be done.
Benign teratoma of neck in adult: a rare case report
Authors: Ansari Mohammed Humaam , Gujrathi Atishkumar Balajirao , Ambulgekar Vijayalaxmi
Published: September 2017

Cervical teratomas are extremely rare germ cell tumours. Cervical teratoma is much more common in newborn than adults, and in contrast to the paediatric cases adult teratomas have been highly malignant. Cervical teratoma incorporates lesions arising in the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck. Cervical teratoma can reach enormous size and cause airway obstruction.  Surgery is the primary modality of treatment as malignant transformation occurs. Hereby, we present a case of benign teratoma of neck in adult which was completely misdiagnosed preoperatively due to its rare occurence in adults. Even though cervical teratoma of adult is extremely rare, it should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in patient of midline cystic neck swelling. Preoperative radiological investigations requires high index of suspicion. Complete surgical resection is recommended. 
Understanding the Challenges Facing Occupational Health Services in the Swedish Public Sector
Authors: Schmidt Lisa , Sjöström John , Antonsson Ann-Beth
Published: September 2017

According to Swedish Work Environmental Act, all organizations are required to implement Occupational Health and Safety Management (OHSM). In support of this and when competence within the employer’s own organization is insufficient, regulations state that the employers are required to employ external resources such as an Occupational Health Service (OHS) provider. The aim of this study was to explore how public sector organizations utilized services and support from their OHS provider in preventive OHSM. Eleven public sector organizations were studied, 100 of respondents (politicians, managers, HR, safety representatives, and OHS professionals) interviewed, and the data collected qualitatively and thematically analyzed. The results showed that the OHS providers do not support the public-sector organizations with preventive OHSM according to the intentions of the legislation. A significant conclusion is that the HR department has an important role in the collaboration and for the utilization of preventive services in OHSM.
Orchestration in Work Environment Policy Programs
Authors: Hasle Peter , Limborg Hans Jørgen , Grøn Sisse , Refslund Bjarke
Published: September 2017

In spite of many years’ efforts, it is difficult to prove substantial improvements of the work environment and policymakers are continuously searching for new efficient strategies. This paper examines the concept of orchestration of work environment programs, based on an empirical analysis of recent Danish policy. Orchestration is a strategy where different stakeholders and activities are integrated into a unified program aimed at a specific target group. The analysis includes three policy cases, supplemented with two company case studies. The research shows a move toward a more governance type of regulation, which is not only emerging in network but also includes more explicitly orchestrated policy programs. The stakeholders participate in the network with different interests and the orchestration of work environment policies is therefore built on a platform of regulation, as it is especially important for employers and unions as key stakeholders in order to accept these shared policies.
Between Money and Love: Work-family Conflict Among Swedish Low-income Single Mothers
Authors: Roman Christine
Published: September 2017

Research suggests that single mothers are an increasingly vulnerable group in Scandinavia. Drawing on in-depth interviews, this study takes a closer look at challenges faced by Swedish working-class and low-income single mothers. It explores how working conditions and economic resources influence their access to valued practices, such as the possibility to reconcile paid work and family commitments. It is assumed that discrepancies between mothers’ notions of good mothering and their ability to act in accordance with these values give rise to conflicts and dilemmas. Findings show that lack of financial resources and low control over their work situation significantly limited the mothers’ possibility to combine various responsibilities and to practice the kind of mothering they preferred. Furthermore, the opening hours of preschools frequently did not match the mothers’ working schedules, and they could often not effectively benefit from some of the social rights granted by the Swedish welfare state.
Introduction to 2017-3
Authors: Buch Anders
Published: September 2017

This issue contains six articles that reflect on various aspects of working life, as it unfolds in contemporary Nordic contexts. They bring out new empirical material and theoretical reflections that – as small mosaics – can help us better understand what is going on in the Nordic labor markets, in business enterprises and public service organizations, and in the private spheres of social life. Some of the articles even suggest how we might change what is going on, in order to improve working conditions and policies. However, I dare not venture to put the mosaics together to get the ‘big-picture’. I guess many interesting ‘minor-pictures’ can be composed upon reading the articles. Instead, let me briefly introduce the themes that the articles touch upon (...)
AGGREGATE PRODUCTION FUNCTION AND INCOME IDENTITY– EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Cadil Jan , Vltavska Kristyna , Krejčí Igor , Hartman David , Brabec Marek
Published: September 2017

Aggregate production function, especially in its Cobb-Douglas and more general CES form, is still very popular among economists. However there is a huge and long-standing critique regarding the function. The core of the criticism which prevailed until these days is that not only the Cobb-Douglas but also CES aggregate production functions are nothing more than income identity in disguise. Such fact would have serious implications for contemporary macroeconomics – both theory and practice. In this paper we estimated Cobb-Douglas and CES production functions in traditional way. Then we used capital and labour services instead of capital stock and labour. We came to conclusion that to get statistically sound results when elasticities equal factor shares, it is necessary to use the latter approach to deal with the factor´s utilization. However doing so revealed that such modified estimate is really only an estimate of income identity in disguise as predicted by the critique.
Comparative Analysis of Surface Topography of Custom CAD/CAM ZirconiaAbutments by means of Optical Profilometry
Authors: Gehrke Peter , Kaiser Wolfgang , Fischer Carsten , Dhom Günter
Published: September 2017

Objective: CAD/CAM generated ceramic implant abutments have recently attracted interest due to their superior customization possibilities and aesthetic advantages. Despite their widespread clinical use, little information is currently available on their surface topography, however. The transmucosal portion of the abutment shoulder is of particular interest, as it ideally supports soft tissue but minimizes mechanical plaque retention. The aim of this in vitro study was to topographically characterize the trans- and subgingival roughness of CAD/CAM zirconia abutments from different manufacturers and compare them with zirconia stock abutments. Material and Method: The surface topography of eight CAD/CAM zirconia implant abutments (tests) and two prefabricated zirconia stock abutments (controls) was determined using focus variation microscopy. Two points on the abutment shoulder were subjected to profilometric examination. 2D and 3D parameters of roughness were obtained and compared. Results: The surface roughness of all the test abutments exceeded the recommended threshold of Ra = 0.2 µm and therefore exhibited an increased risk of mechanical plaque retention. Obvious differences in surface structure were apparent, allowing conclusions to be drawn about the manufacturing method and subsequent reworking processes. Conclusion: Manually reworking the trans- and submucosal area of the investigated CAD/CAM zirconia abutments appears necessary to fulfil the conditions for optimal surface topography. The Sa value as arithmetic mean, taking the maximum height (Sz value) and surface excess (Sdr) into account, is an essential parameter for assessing the surface topography of implant abutments.
The Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Characteristics of Type Ib-IaA Cuboid Diamonds from Alluvial Placers in the Northeastern Siberian Platform
Authors: Zedgenizov Dmitry , Reutsky Vadim , Wiedenbeck Michael
Published: September 2017

Cuboid diamonds are particularly common in the placers of the northeastern Siberian platform but their origin remains unclear. These crystals usually range in color from dark yellow  to orange and more interestingly, are characterized by unusual low aggregated nitrogen impurities (non-aggregated C-center) suggesting a short residence time and/or low temperatures at which they have been stored in the mantle. In order to track possible isotopic signature that could help deciphering cuboid diamond's crystallization processes, δ13C values, δ15N values and nitrogen contents have been determined in-situ in three samples using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), whereas nitrogen aggregation state have been determined by FTIR spectroscopy. The samples fall out the δ13C vs. δ15N field of canonical mantle composition. Different scale of carbon and nitrogen fractionation may produce the observed variations. Alternatively, mixing of mantle and crustal material would obscure initial co-variations of δ13C values with δ15N or nitrogen content.
Variations of Climate-Growth Response of Major Conifers at Upper Distributional Limits in Shika Snow Mountain, Northwestern Yunnan Plateau, China
Authors: Zhang Yun , Yin Dingcai , Sun Mei , Wang Hang , Tian Kun , Xiao Derong , Zhang Weiguo
Published: September 2017

Improved understanding of climate-growth relationships of multi-species is fundamental to understand and predict response of forest growth to future climate change. Forests are mainly composed of conifers in Northwestern Yunnan Plateau, but variations of growth response to climates among the species are not well understood. To detect growth response of multiple species to climate change, we developed residual chronologies of four major conifers, i.e. Abies georgei, Picea likiangensis, Pinus densata and Larix potaninii at upper distributional limits in Shika Snow Mountain. By using dendroclimatology method, we analyzed correlations between the residual chronologies and climate variables. The results showed that conifer radial growth was influenced by both temperature and precipitation in Shika Snow Mountain. Previous November temperature, previous July mean maximum temperature (Tmax) and current June precipitation were the common climatic factors, which had consistent influences on radial growth of four species. Temperature in previous post growing season (September–October) and current growing season (June-August), and precipitation in previous August were the common climatic factors, which had divergent impacts on four species radial growth. Current May Tmax and early growing season (April-May) precipitation showed positive and negative influences on growth of P. likiangensis, respectively. Temperature in current post growing season positively affected growth of A. georgei. According to the prediction of climate models and our understanding in growth response of four species to climate variables, we may understand growth response to climate change at species level. It is difficult to predict future forest growth in the study area, since future climate change might cause both increases or decreases for four species and indirect effects of climate change on forest should be considered.
A Conversion Method to Determine Regional Vegetation Cover Factor from Standard Plots based on Large Sample Theory and TM Images: A Case Study in the Eastern Farming-pasture Ecotone of Northern China
Authors: Lin Degen , Gao Yuan , Wu Yaoyao , Shi Peijun , Yang Huiming , Wang Jing'ai
Published: September 2017

The key to simulating soil erosion is to calculate the vegetation cover (C) factor. Methods that apply remote sensing to calculate C factor at regional scale cannot be directly using the C factor formula. That is because the C factor formula obtain by experiment, and need the coverage ratio data of croplands, woodlands and grasslands at standard plot scale. In this paper, we present a C factor conversion method from a standard plot to a km-sized grid based on large sample theory and multi-scale remote sensing. Results show that: 1) Compared with the existing C factor formula, our method is based on the coverage ratio of croplands, woodlands and grasslands on a km-sized grid, takes the C factor formula obtained from the standard plot experiment and applies it to regional scale. This method improves the applicability of the C factor formula, and can satisfy the need to simulate soil erosion in large areas. 2) The vegetation coverage obtained by remote sensing interpretation is significantly consistent (paired samples t-test, t = −0.03, df = 0.12, 2-tail significance p < 0.05) and significantly correlated with the measured vegetation coverage. 3) The C factor of the study area is smaller in the middle, southern and northern regions, and larger in the eastern and western regions. The main reason for that is the distribution of woodlands, the Hunshandake and Horqin sandy lands and the valleys affected by human activities. 4) The method presented in this paper is more meticulous than the C factor method based on the vegetation index, improved the applicability of the C factor formula, and can be used to simulate soil erosion on large scale and provide strong support for regional soil and water conservation planning.
A Conversion Method to Determine Regional Vegetation Cover Factor from Standard Plots based on Large Sample Theory and TM Images: A Case Study in the Eastern Farming-pasture Ecotone of Northern China
Authors: Lin Degen , Gao Yuan , Wu Yaoyao , Shi Peijun , Yang Huiming , Wang Jing’ai
Published: September 2017

The key to simulating soil erosion is to calculate the vegetation cover (C) factor. Methods that apply remote sensing to calculate C factor at regional scale cannot directly use the C factor formula. That is because the C factor formula is obtained by experiment, and needs the coverage ratio data of croplands, woodlands and grasslands at standard plot scale. In this paper, we present a C factor conversion method from a standard plot to a km-sized grid based on large sample theory and multi-scale remote sensing. Results show that: 1) Compared with the existing C factor formula, our method is based on the coverage ratio of croplands, woodlands and grasslands on a km-sized grid, takes the C factor formula obtained from the standard plot experiment and applies it to regional scale. This method improves the applicability of the C factor formula, and can satisfy the need to simulate soil erosion in large areas. 2) The vegetation coverage obtained by remote sensing interpretation is significantly consistent (paired samples t-test, t = −0.03, df = 0.12, 2-tail significance p < 0.05) and significantly correlated with the measured vegetation coverage. 3) The C factor of the study area is smaller in the middle, southern and northern regions, and larger in the eastern and western regions. The main reason for that is the distribution of woodlands, the Hunshandake and Horqin sandy lands and the valleys affected by human activities. 4) The method presented in this paper is more meticulous than the C factor method based on the vegetation index, improves the applicability of the C factor formula, and can be used to simulate soil erosion on large scale and provide strong support for regional soil and water conservation planning.
Apologies and Denunciations, 1989–1996
Authors: Saito Hiro
Published: September 2017

The history problem fully developed between 1989 and 1996. Japanese and South Korean NGOs expanded the transnational network to help former “comfort women” demand apologies and compensation from the Japanese government, while Japanese NGOs helped Chinese victims file compensation lawsuits against the Japanese government and corporations. At this historical juncture, the LDP was ousted from power. This allowed non-LDP prime ministers to offer apologies for Japan’s past wrongdoings more decisively than did their LDP predecessors. Nevertheless, the LDP remained the largest political party, forcing non-LDP prime ministers to compromise cosmopolitanism with nationalism in Japan’s official commemoration. This compromise intensified the history problem by galvanizing Japanese nationalists as well as the governments and citizens in South Korea and China. The former criticized the Japanese government for failing to honor Japanese war dead enough, whereas the latter criticized it for failing to commemorate South Korean and Chinese victims enough.
Pure Land, Real World
Authors: Curley Melissa Anne-Marie
Published: September 2017

For a thousand years, Japanese Buddhists cultivated vivid images of utopia in the form of the Western Paradise, but in the modern period, this utopianism became troublesome. Shinshū modernizers reinvented the Pure Land: some molded it into something the nation-state could tolerate; others used it to secure their own autonomy. Their reinterpretations encouraged new engagements with the tradition; during the war years, as the Japanese state bore down upon its citizens, thinkers with no obvious connection to Shinshū seized upon the twinned images of Shinran in exile and Amida’s Pure Land. For economist Kawakami Hajime, the Pure Land represented an inner realm of peace, the discovery of which allowed him to remain committed to Marxism through years in prison and forced seclusion. For philosopher Miki Kiyoshi, it represented the proletariat’s historical mission of liberating humanity, making Shinshū proof positive of the possibility of a proletarian religion. For historian Ienaga Saburō, it represented sheer negation of this world, grounding Shinran’s confrontation with society; Ienaga himself sought to uphold this legacy of resistance, rallying against a state that failed to live up to its ideals. These radical readings reveal that the critical energy of medieval Pure Land has not been exhausted.
Introduction
Authors: Curley Melissa Anne-Marie
Published: September 2017

The utopian vision of the Pure Land that flourished in medieval Japan becomes a problem for some thinkers in the modern Shinshū tradition who, like other religious modernists, find utopianism embarrassing. Theodore Adorno and Edward Said suggest a way of preserving the critical force of utopianism by tying it to exile. Japanese thinkers working during the war years also seize on this possibility, using ideas drawn from Pure Land Buddhism to imagine alternatives to the nation-state. Thinkers without specialized training in ritual or doctrine are able to make use of Buddhism in this way as a result of the same processes of secularization that make the Pure Land a problem for Shin modernizers.
The Modern Tradition
Authors: Curley Melissa Anne-Marie
Published: September 2017

Abbot Kōnyo’s pastoral letter of 1871 codifies an understanding of the Pure Land as a transcendent realm, attainable only after death, and of faith as a private matter of the heart. This understanding is valuable as a way of negotiating a place for Shinshū in the regime of the modern nation-state. Early Meiji thinkers like Shimaji Mokurai rely on this understanding of religion as internal in arguing for the separation of church and state. Shinshū reformer Kiyozawa Manshi pushes this focus on interiority to its limit, destabilizing the complementary relationship between the Buddhist law and the imperial law that his predecessors sought to secure. During the Taishō, Kiyozawa’s disciple Kaneko Daiei attempts to rearticulate the connection between the ideal Pure Land and the real world, while the Honganji-ha thinker Nonomura Naotarō argues that it is time for the Pure Land tradition to set aside the myth of the Western Paradise.
Man Without a Hometown
Authors: Curley Melissa Anne-Marie
Published: September 2017

Historian Ienaga Saburō turned to religion in search of a way to resist the ultranationalism of his day. He discovered in Japanese Buddhism what he termed a logic of negation, first articulated by Shōtoku Taishi and eventually made thoroughgoing in the religion of Shinran. He understood this logic of negation as informing both retreat from society and confrontation with society. Ienaga continued to explore this logic of negation after the war, criticizing mainstream Buddhism for its accommodation of state interests but praising some Buddhist activists and reformers for carrying into the present what Ienaga considered to be Shinran’s legacy. The logic of negation also informed Ienaga’s own stance toward the state, as he entered into a decades long confrontation with the Ministry of Education over textbook censorship. Ienaga’s postwar career models the kind of critical utopianism that his contemporary Theodore Adorno called for in the aftermath of the war.
The Bodhidharma Style and the Poetry Contest in Six Hundred Rounds
Authors: Atkins Paul S.
Published: September 2017

Teika’s early poetry was pejoratively termed “daruma-uta,” or “Bodhidharma poems,” by his rivals, a reference to the founder of Zen Buddhism. The term implied that the poetry was incomprehensible gibberish, like a Zen kōan. Through examples gleaned mainly from Roppyakuban utaawase (The Poetry Contest in Six Hundred Rounds), this chapter attempts to outline the parameters of the new style, and examines the difficulty of innovating in a strongly traditional literary genre. Of particular interest is taigen-dome (nominal termination), the practice of ending a poem with a noun, which is rare in Japanese grammar. Taigen-dome is used as an index for linguistic innovation, and an analysis of it suggests that Teika’s rivals were not as conservative as they seem.
Spirit of Han, Genius of Yamato
Authors: Atkins Paul S.
Published: September 2017

Teika was biliterate in classical Japanese and classical Chinese, and well read in the Chinese historical and literary classics. His diary was kept mainly, but not entirely, in kanbun, a Japanese variant of classical Chinese. Portions of the diary in which Teika wrote in kana are studied for what they might reveal about Teika’s attitude toward classical Chinese language, history, and culture. Teika also wrote Matsuranomiya monogatari (The Tale of Matsura), a romantic adventure tale set in Tang-period China. A reading of the tale suggests that Teika had a highly favorable view of classical Chinese culture, and did not regard it as entirely foreign.
Teika After Teika
Authors: Atkins Paul S.
Published: September 2017

Criticisms and evaluations of Teika as a person and as a poet began during his own lifetime. The history of reception of Teika’s biography, poetry, and other works is surveyed from the thirteenth century up until modern times. Although Teika was generally regarded as an extremely skilled poet and occasionally venerated as a demigod of waka, factional battles among his descendants led to criticism of his poetry. Rumors of an illicit affair with his contemporary Princess Shokushi inspired a fifteenth-century noh play and further embellished his reputation among early modern readers. Teika’s distinctive calligraphy plays a prominent role in his posthumous fame.
Evolution, Individuals, and the Kokutai
Authors: Godart G. Clinton
Published: September 2017

The Meiji period saw the development of political tensions between evolutionary theory and the emerging kokutai ideology of the Japanese state. Kokutai ideology emerged as an unstable hybrid of mainly Shintō, but also Confucianism, Bushidō, and other religious and semi-religious elements. Important ideological thinkers began to reject elements of evolutionary theory, finding the “struggle for survival,” materialism, and individualism in tension with kokutai ideology and its emphasis on harmony, obedience, and spirit. Herbert Spencer’s influence waned and his thought was criticized.
The Dharma after Darwin
Authors: Godart G. Clinton
Published: September 2017

Modernizing Buddhists such as Inoue Enryo in the Meiji period actively and creatively embraced, interpreted, and disseminated evolutionary theory. Buddhists also created new evolutionary theories. This was partly because of the competition between Buddhists and Christians. Religious plurality and competition stimulated the dissemination of scientific thought. Buddhism also stimulated creative biological thought, especially in the works of Minakata Kumagusu and Oka Asajiro. In contrast to associating evolutionary theory with nineteenth century progress, Buddhists often casted doubt on evolution as progressive.
The Promise of Utopia
Authors: Godart G. Clinton
Published: September 2017

In early twentieth century Japan, socialists and anarchists appropriated evolutionary theory and reoriented evolutionary theory to the Left. They promoted ideas of materialism with a critique of the ideology of the kokutai and State Shintō, thus triggering clashes between evolutionary theory and the ideology of the state. This development was balanced by the emergence of new visions of evolutionary utopianism, with Buddhist and Christian variants. New theories of evolution were introduced, such as those of Kropotkin and Bergson, and theories of vitalism emerged as a new form of resisting materialism. Utopianists, such as Kita Ikki, Kagawa Toyohiko, and Nichiren Buddhists, used evolutionary theory to predict extreme optimistic visions of the future. Both the left and utopianists deployed evolutionary theory to produce visions of modernization and progress that were very different from the vision of modernization produced by the state or by the religious ideology of the kokutai.
Kannon’s Enduring Embrace
Authors: Godart G. Clinton
Published: September 2017

Postwar Japan saw a remarkable popularity and influence of non-selectionist theories of evolution. This can be seen most noteably in the works of Imanishi Kinji, postwar Japan’s most well-known and controversial biologist. Through his appropriation of the philosophy of Nishida Kitarō, Imanishi’s ideas, among those of others, contain a strong religious, mainly Buddhist, component, and took on a quasi-religious role in postwar society. Imanishi’s influence meant that Japanese religious thought indirectly exerted a subtle influence on biology worldwide.
Introduction
Authors: Chiu Angela S.
Published: September 2017

Statues of the Buddha proliferate in Thailand. Every town and province honors its own special Buddha image. The Emerald Buddha, housed on the grounds of the royal Grand Palace, is the country’s palladium. Typically, Buddha images have been defined as devotional reminders or doctrinal symbols, but these explanations fail to account for the complex and deep relationships between Buddha images and their communities. In order to understand Buddha statues, we must consider them as the productions of living societies. The Buddha image is an object that represents not only the Buddha himself but also channels the sometimes divergent interests of the lay devotees and monks who build, consecrate and venerate it. This understanding of the Buddha image as a participant in the social world of its worshippers is strikingly depicted in monastic chronicles, tamnan, from the Lanna region centered in northern Thailand.
Buddha Images and the Monkhood
Authors: Chiu Angela S.
Published: September 2017

The Mūlasāsanā chronicles narrate the history of two monastic sects, the Flower Garden (Suan Dok) and the Redwood Grove (Pa Daeng), in Lanna. The texts describe a furious feud between the orders in the sixteenth century. The accounts contradict Weberian conceptions of monks as withdrawn from the wider secular world. The orders deliberately drew the laity into the feud by emphasizing that patronizing the wrong order carried mortal risks. The monks deployed Buddha statues and stories about them; as images arise from the agencies of monks and lay devotees, they are connected to both and thus the ideal means for the monkhood to embroil the laity in the dispute. Accounts of Buddha statues from the Burmese Glass Palace Chronicle likewise reflect this conception of the image as both the Buddha himself and as an object subject to human manipulation, and therefore as an object whose agencies must be managed.
Buddha Images and Relics
Authors: Chiu Angela S.
Published: September 2017

Images and bodily relics are often categorized together as representations making the Buddha ‘present’ for his worshippers. At the same time, due to their physical form, relics have often been viewed as more immediately channeling his presence. Nonetheless, as Robert Sharf has remarked, fragments and ash require reliquaries as frames to indicate their sacred status. Lanna and Burmese chronicles also provide frames by describing a particular visual imagery for relics. This emphasizes the significance of visuality for Buddhist devotion, raising the question of whether relics were always understood as more direct representations of the Buddha than images. Chronicles also indicate how Lanna devotees distinguished relics and statues. Stories of relics inevitably highlight the connection between Buddha and place, and relics did not journey like the travelling images. This theme of place was shared by Burmese stories but less so by Lankan accounts, which emphasize a social hierarchy of relic handling.
Buddha Images as Objects of Transferrable Power
Authors: Chiu Angela S.
Published: September 2017

Modern scholars explain the development of Thai Buddhist art as driven by a long-standing tradition of copying revered models. Nonetheless, how people of the past determined which models to copy has been deliberated by only by a handful of scholars. The work of A. B. Griswold, M.L. Pattaratorn Chirapravati, Piriya Krariksh and Stanley Tambiah indicates the interplay of doctrine, politics and prestige which influenced which Buddha images were most revered and copied. Evidence from chronicles shows that powerful statues were not visually distinctive, a positive characteristic that facilitated copying. Images were usually described by their material, weight and size, which reflect the donor’s financial outlay and therefore merit-generating potential of the image. The limited set of iconographies facilitated the comparison of statues in this monastic ‘economy’ of donation and merit exchange. Though the Buddha image was ‘singularized’ by its enshrinement, it was still understood as a ‘commoditized’ object.
To See and Be Seen (1918–1927)
Authors: Park Jin Y.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 presents Kim Iryŏp’s activities as a new woman in comparison with two other new women, Na Hyesŏk and Kim Myŏngsun. The chapter also places the Korean New Women with the Japanese New Women and American New Women. One of the important themes for Iryŏp at this stage was her New Theory of Chastity.
I Who Have Lost Me (1927–1935)
Authors: Park Jin Y.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 discusses Iryŏp’s encounter with Buddhism, which took place around 1927, and Iryŏp’s journey from activism to a leading Buddhist thinker. During this period, Iryŏp met two people in particular who either motivated her to become interested in Buddhism or who helped her to study Buddhism. The first person was Paek Sŏnguk (1897–1981), the president of the Buddhist Newspaper Company; the other was Ha Yunsil, a non-celibate monk who was also involved with the journal Buddhism. She became romantically involved with Paek and married Ha Yunsil. The chapter also includes a brief discussion of hwadu mediation that Iryŏp practice as a Zen Buddhist nun.
Time for Reconciliation
Authors: Park Jin Y.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 5 engages with Iryŏp’s Buddhist philosophy, by exploring her interpretations of Buddhism in the book Reflections of a Zen Buddhist Nun (1960). The chapter discusses the major Buddhist doctrines of the identity and Buddhist worldview, and connects Iryŏp’s Buddhism with the traditional Buddhist philosophy. The chapter also demonstrates the uniqueness of Iryŏp’s Buddhist philosophy and her interpretation of Christianity. The chapter locates Iryŏp’s Buddhism in the context of East Asian form of philosophy of religion, comparing her with Tanabe Hajime and Inoue Enryō of Japan.
In Pursuit of Progress
Authors: Bulloch Hannah C. M.
Published: September 2017

In Pursuit of Progress explores how meta-narratives of development become entangled in people’s identities and life trajectories; how they weave their way into people’s imaginings of their histories, their understandings of their place in the world, and their dreams for their future. The idea of development has been deconstructed and scrutinised as a “Western” metaphor ordering global difference and change, and as a banner under which diverse schemes for societal improvement find legitimacy and common purpose. Less attention has been given to the diverse ways the “subjects” of development interpret the concept. This monograph draws on a decade of ethnographic research on the Philippine island of Siquijor, to explore myths, meanings and practices of development and its counterparts, progress and modernization. It considers development not just as a collective project but recognises that, as a cognitive tool for organizing relationships between people, it is personal. Through this, In Pursuit of Progress offers fresh insights to debates in anthropology, sociology and development studies regarding the ways in which discourses of development act upon local and global power relations.