bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Findings in Drilling and Wells using Big Data Analytics
Authors: Johnston J. , Guichard A.
Published: April 2015

In the current cost-saving and high-tech environment, this paper aims at demonstrating that significant business value can be derived from advanced information technology. The objective was indeed to identify and reduce risk in the Drilling and Wells domains using iterative, multi-disciplinary Big Data analytics and workflows. Examples of operational risk identified in this project include low borehole quality, poor wellbore stability, and stuck pipe.

Subject-matter expertise and advanced analytical capabilities were assembled to mine and analyze large amounts of different data types across drilling parameters, petrophysics and well logs, and geological formation tops for a released data set of approximately 350 oil and gas wells in the UK North Sea. The data set contained information about a large geographical area, which conventional analysis techniques would find difficult, if not impossible, to handle and analyze in its entirety.

Results of this study showed that iterative Big Data “discovery workflows” uncover hidden patterns and unknown correlations in the data and unexpected correlations across the data set are exhibited. It also confirmed the possibility to improve Drilling models using business analytics. In addition the correlations found allow predictive statistics to be computed. Finally advanced visualization capabilities provided an aid to interpret, understand, and make recommendations for Drilling plan and operations.

This novel approach uncovered that patterns and correlations can be detected across a disparate data set, where data types are not traditionally linked, by integrating a large variety and complexity of data in one analytical environment. Furthermore the multi-domain analyses run during the study were all performed ‘on-the-fly’, without preconception or business requirements. As a final point Big Data Analytics can also be used as a Quality Control tool and will certainly be leveraged for further multi-variate analysis in Oil and Gas.
Design of Large Diameter Monopiles under Lateral Loads in Normally to Moderately Overconsolidated Clay
Authors: Senanayake Asitha , Rendon Erica , Wang Shin-Tower , Gerkus Hande , Stevens Robert F. , Gilbert Robert B.
Published: April 2015

The objective of this paper is to address the applicability of using API RP 2GEO (2011) for the design of wind turbine monopile foundations in normally to moderately overconsolidated clays. The study involved three-dimensional numerical modeling using the finite-element method, one-g laboratory model testing, and analysis of field test results. The following conclusions concerning the use of Matlock (1970) soft clay p-y curves for the design of large-diameter monopile foundations are drawn: Numerical modeling and model-scale testing with rigid piles of different diameters indicate that the form of the Matlock (1970) p-y curves, in which the lateral displacement is normalized by pile diameter and lateral soil resistance is normalized by the ultimate resistance, appropriately captures the effect of pile diameter.Field and model testing indicate that the Matlock (1970) p-y models consistently overestimate the lateral displacements at the pile head when used to analyze laterally loaded piles in normally to moderately overconsolidated clays.An approximate version of the Jeanjean (2009) p-y model, in which the Matlock (1970) p-y curves are scaled by p-multipliers calculated at various depths, generally provides a reasonable match to measured lateral displacements at the pile head when a relatively large strain at one-half the undrained shear strength is assumed, i.e., ?50 = 0.02. This result applies both to small scale model tests in kaolinite and large-scale field tests in high-plasticity clay.Model tests show that cyclic loading causes the stiffness of the lateral pile-soil response to degrade by 20 to 30 percent. The amount of degradation is dependent on the displacement amplitude and the number of cycles. All of the degradation happens within 100 cycles, after which the stiffness is reasonably constant.Model tests show that the ultimate lateral capacity of the pile is not significantly affected by the previous cyclic loading.
Alternative Direct Vertical Access Solutions for Development of Marginal Assets in Deepwater - a DeepStar Study
Authors: Aggarwal R. , Barton D. , Seah R. , Kusinski G.
Published: April 2015

This paper is based on a DeepStar study undertaken to evaluate innovative deepwater floating platforms and riser systems, with dry tree (DT) or direct vertical access (DVA) capability, for development of marginal fields and benchmarking with proven dry tree platform concepts [1–3]. The spread moored semi-sub shaped and hybrid novel hull designs with top tension risers (TTRs) and quayside integration of topsides overcome key concerns with both TLP and Truss Spar with TTRs and provide cost effective solutions for ultra-deepwater marginal fields.

The designs were developed for three regions (Gulf of Mexico, West of Africa, and Offshore Western Australia) and three water depths (3,000 ft, 6,000 ft, and 8,000 ft) for a common design basis with defined topsides and riser payloads, and specified design constraints. The estimates for novel designs were obtained from eight Concept Owners, and a comparative assessment was performed for 13 designs in three groups for nine combinations of regions and water depths. Coupled analysis was performed for most novel designs for GoM 6,000 and WoA 6,000.

The five field development themes with DT benchmarks, novel hull, novel riser, drilling or process will be described. The key design, global performance, and constructability features of alternative concepts will be discussed. The variability in key estimates for three groups will be identified. The novel hull designs evaluated enable integration of topsides at quayside or by floatover and provide ability to support DTs and long stroke RAM tensioners. For designs evaluated with a modular drilling rig and upto six TTRs, lower CAPEX is estimated.

The ranges of key design data, tensioner stroke, and global performance for each group have distinct variations. The novel riser design considered is Compliant Vertical Access Riser (CVAR), which is an offset riser with no tensioners, thus it enables use of semi-sub design with lesser draft. The development themes with wet trees and a drilling riser reduce the payload on hull.

Technology readiness level (TRL) varies for the novel concepts. The detailed comparative assessment undertaken showed high potential for standardization of hull designs. In ultra-deepwater regions with harsh metocean conditions, several of these novel hull designs provide enabling solutions.

This is the first major effort undertaken with evaluation of 13 alternative design cases with DT or DVA capability. The evaluations done for three regions would also be applicable in many other regions. The documentation of estimates in three groups identifies benefits from novel designs over benchmarks designs in each group, and distinct variations among groups. These results would help in selection of specific concepts for a region for further qualification and project readiness for development of worldwide marginal deepwater and ultra-deepwater fields.
Design, Implementation and Results from a Tracer Surveillance Program to Remotely Monitor Water and Oil Inflow Data in the Deep Water Parque das Conchas (BC-10), Argonauta O-North Field Development Operated by Shell do Brasil Ltd
Authors: Hewitt Paul , Kilic Murat , Baima João
Published: April 2015

The heavy oilfield, Argonauta O-North Field, operated by Shell Brasil Petroleo in the Campos Basin, has been developed using eleven horizontal wells including four peripheral water injectors and seven producers. Production flow from this field uses one common riser. Successful development of the field requires effective wellbore clean out, as well as strict injection and produced water management. In order to achieve this, knowledge of positional oil flow from each well and source of water breakthrough was considered essential. Therefore, as part of the overall reservoir surveillance program, the application of over fifty unique specialist oil and water inflow tracers together with chemical waterflood tracers was planned and implemented.

The eleven wells were drilled and completed in 2013 with well testing and first oil production later in the same year. Each production well was initially monitored using standard ramp up tests followed by static pressure build up measurement. During this time produced oil samples were taken from the comingled production line located on the FPSO Espiritos Santo in order that tracer presence could be measured and quantitative information gained regarding positional oil inflow to each well. After five months of production, water cut started to increase. Water samples were taken on a regular basis from the common flow line. Using knowledge of where each of the unique water tracers was located in the lower completions, information was generated with respect to which well was producing water and from what position along the horizontal length it was originating. In addition to individual positional inflow, data was generated on whether the water was flowing from one of the four water injection wells or originated from the formation.

This paper provides an overview of the project objectives, discusses best practice for inflow and waterflood tracer design when used in a subsea field development, details critical pre-screening tests to ensure the use of optimal tracer types and formulations, how the tracers were integrated into sand screens, their deployment into each well, sampling strategy and presents and discusses a number of results from the beginning of production to present day.
Analysis of Field Trial Well Control Results with a Dual Gradient Drilling System
Authors: Hauge E. , Godhavn J.M. , Molde D.O. , Cohen J.H , Stave R.S. , Toftevaag K.R.
Published: April 2015

This article presents results from the Controlled Mud Pressure (CMP) field trial that encompassed well control on a rig equipped for dual gradient drilling. The tests were carried out after successfully drilling three laterals with a partly evacuated riser with a controlled mud level. The paper focus on analysis of the results to quantify the ability to: detect in-/out-fluxes of gas and liquid; circulate out gas with both an open and closed annular preventer; suppress migration of drilled gas into the evacuated part of the riser during drilling.

The CMP test objective is to verify the ability of the CMP equipment to detect and controllably circulate out simulated influxes. Five tests are documented: one with liquid in- and out-fluxes introduced through the choke line using the cement pump, and four with gas introduced through the drill string. Nitrogen was used to emulate gas kicks, which were circulated out of the well with both an open riser and with a closed annular preventer and a dedicated return line, connected to the subsea pump module and a topside-mounted choke. To address the challenge with drilled gas accumulating in the evacuated part of the riser, small portions of Methane were injected into the drill string while circulating. Gas sensor readings at the shakers and in the flow-line were used to monitor gas concentration in the mud and above the mud mirror, respectively.

The main findings from the field trial are: volume imbalances due to abrupt changes in flow rate into the well are quickly detected; it is possible to circulate small gas kicks out of the well through the subsea pump module and dedicated well control equipment when closing in the well with the annular preventer, given that the pump handles a mixture of mud and gas, and can withstand a high differential pressure to sea; it is not advisable to vent large gas kicks into the evacuated part of the riser without closing the blowout preventer (BOP). In addition, gas migration velocities in water-based mud with varying flow rates and gas content are reported.

The article directs attention to deep water well control using specialized equipment for dual gradient drilling. It also contains valuable analysis of field trial results, which contribute to the understanding of gas migration, and the possibilities and restrictions, introduced with dual gradient drilling.
Parents’ experience of childhood atopic eczema in the public health sector of Gauteng
Authors: Meintjes Kaarina F. , Nolte Ann G.W.
Published: April 2015

Background: The World Allergy Organization found that 20% – 30%of the world’s population suffers from an allergic disease. Most allergic patients are seen by non-allergy-trained healthcare workers. The public primary healthcare (PHC) management of childhood atopic eczema (CAE) in the central Gauteng district was the focus of the overall study. The focus of this article is the parents’ experience of CAE and the management thereof. The research question was: What is the experience of parents living with a child with atopic eczema (AE)?Objectives: The overall purpose was to develop validated PHC management guidelines for CAE. One of the objectives was to explore and describe the experiences of parents regarding the AE of their children and the management thereof.Method: An embedded single case study design using a qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual strategy was employed. Data was collected through semi-structured individual interviews from a purposively selected sample and field notes. Ten parents were interviewed, after which data saturation occurred. Data were analysed according to Tesch’s steps of descriptive data analysis. Lincoln and Guba’s model was used to ensure trustworthiness.Results: Three main themes were identified. This article focuses on theme one: The physical, emotional and social impact of CAE. Theme two identified the management challenges and theme three indicated recommendations regarding the management of CAE.Conclusion: The facilitation of management of CAE focuses on developing PHC guidelines and addressing management challenges in order to achieve better controlled CAE.
Constructing Double Magma on Groups Using Commutation Operations
Authors: Edmunds Charles C.
Published: April 2015

A magma (M, *) is a nonempty set with a binary operation. A double magma (M, *, •) is a nonempty set with two binary operations satisfying the interchange law (w * x) • (y * z) = (w • y)*(x•z). We call a double magma proper if the two operations are distinct, and commutative if the operations are commutative. A double semigroup, first introduced by Kock, is a double magma for which both operations are associative. Given a non-trivial group G we define a system of two magma (G, *, •) using the commutator operations x * y = [x, y](= x−1 y−1x y) and x • y = [y, x]. We show that (G, *, •) is a double magma if and only if G satisfies the commutator laws [x, y; x, z] = 1 and [w, x; y, z]2 = 1. We note that the first lawdefines the class of 3-metabelian groups. If both these laws hold in G, the double magma is proper if and only if there exist x0, y0 ∊ G for which [x0 , y0]2 ≠ 1. This double magma is a double semigroup if and only if G is nilpotent of class two. We construct a specific example of a proper double semigroup based on the dihedral group of order 16. In addition, we comment on a similar construction for rings using Lie commutators.
Análisis de la nueva Ley de Radio y Televisión Pública de Canarias
Authors: Zallo Elguezabal Ramón
Published: April 2015

La nueva Ley de Radio y Televisión Públicas de la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias (Ley 13/2014, de 26 de diciembre), y que sustituye a la anterior, aparece en un momento delicado para las radiotelevisiones autonómicas, hoy puestas en cuestión desde varios frentes. También se produce como aplicación del doble marco de la Ley General de Comunicación Audiovisual de 2010 y de su modificación por la ley 6/2012, de 1 de agosto y que flexibilizaba los modos de gestión de los canales públicos de televisión. El artículo analiza el aprovechamiento de las oportunidades que ofrecía la Ley General para democratizar el medio –en lo que se ha avanzado significativa pero insuficientemente–, para profundizar en la autogestión de la programación y los contenidos y para encarar los retos de Internet y concluye que la nueva Ley canaria es un avance para el servicio público respecto a los modelos del pasado pero se queda a medio camino del fortalecimiento del servicio público de RTV autonómica en este inicio de era digital. Además de la letra y espíritu del documento final del legislador se aborda su proceso de gestación y de la filosofía que lo impregna mediante el análisis de las enmiendas de los distintos grupos parlamentarios en el curso de su debate.
Rethinking the Market Economy
Authors: Lambin Jean-Jacques
Published: April 2015

Several socio-economic mutations and technological breakthrough innovations are currently modifying the competitive environment and the functioning of today’s economies. These profound changes create opportunities for rethinking the market economy system. They do not challenge the fundamentals of capitalism, but can contribute to amending the system by opening new perspectives and by controlling or preventing the shortcomings of conventional capitalism. Those changes are still in the making.
Variability of daily winter wind speed distribution over Northern Europe during the past millennium in regional and global climate simulations
Authors: Bierstedt S. E. , Hünicke B. , Zorita E. , Wagner S. , Gómez-Navarro J. J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. We analyse the variability of the probability distribution of daily wind speed in wintertime over Northern and Central Europe in a series of global and regional climate simulations covering the last centuries, and reanalysis products covering approximately the last 60 years. The focus of the study lies in identifying the link between the variations in the wind speed distribution to the regional near-surface temperature, to the meridional temperature gradient and to the North Atlantic Oscillation. The climate simulations comprise three simulations, each conducted with a global climate model that includes a different version of the atmospheric model ECHAM. Two of these global simulations have been regionalised with the regional climate models MM5 and CCLM. The reanalysis products are the global NCEP/NCAR meteorological reanalysis version 1 and a regional reanalysis conducted with a regional atmospheric model driven at its domain boundaries by the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Our main result is that the link between the daily wind distribution and the regional climate drivers is strongly model dependent. The global models tend to behave similarly, although they show some discrepancies. The two regional models also tend to behave similarly to each other, but surprisingly the results derived from each regional model strongly deviates from the results derived from its driving global model. The links between wind speed and large-scale drivers derived from the reanalysis data sets overall tend to resemble those of the global models. In addition, considering multi-centennial time scales, we find in two global simulations a long term tendency for the probability distribution of daily wind speed to widen through the last centuries. The cause for this widening is likely the effect of the deforestation prescribed in these simulations. We conclude that no clear systematic relationship between the mean temperature, the temperature gradient and/or the North Atlantic Oscillation, with the daily wind speed statistics can be inferred from these simulations. The understanding of past and future changes in the distribution of wind speeds, and thus of wind speed extremes, will require a~detailed analysis of the representation of the interaction between large-scale and small-scale dynamics.
The software architecture of climate models: a graphical comparison of CMIP5 and EMICAR5 configurations
Authors: Alexander K. , Easterbrook S. M.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. We analyze the source code of eight coupled climate models, selected from those that participated in the CMIP5 (Taylor et al., 2012) or EMICAR5 (Eby et al., 2013; Zickfeld et al., 2013) intercomparison projects. For each model, we sort the preprocessed code into components and subcomponents based on dependency structure. We then create software architecture diagrams that show the relative sizes of these components/subcomponents and the flow of data between them. The diagrams also illustrate several major classes of climate model design; the distribution of complexity between components, which depends on historical development paths as well as the conscious goals of each institution; and the sharing of components between different modeling groups. These diagrams offer insights into the similarities and differences in structure between climate models, and have the potential to be useful tools for communication between scientists, scientific institutions, and the public.
Reduction of predictive uncertainty in estimating irrigation water requirement through multi-model ensembles and ensemble averaging
Authors: Multsch S. , Exbrayat J.-F. , Kirby M. , Viney N. R. , Frede H.-G. , Breuer L.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Irrigation agriculture plays an increasingly important role in food supply. Many evapotranspiration models are used today to estimate the water demand for irrigation. They consider different stages of crop growth by empirical crop coefficients to adapt evapotranspiration throughout the vegetation period. We investigate the importance of the model structural versus model parametric uncertainty for irrigation simulations by considering six evapotranspiration models and five crop coefficient sets to estimate irrigation water requirements for growing wheat in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. The study is carried out using the spatial decision support system SPARE:WATER. We find that structural model uncertainty among reference ET is far more important than model parametric uncertainty introduced by crop coefficients. These crop coefficients are used to estimate irrigation water requirement following the single crop coefficient approach. Using the reliability ensemble averaging (REA) technique, we are able to reduce the overall predictive model uncertainty by more than 10%. The exceedance probability curve of irrigation water requirements shows that a certain threshold, e.g. an irrigation water limit due to water right of 400 mm, would be less frequently exceeded in case of the REA ensemble average (45%) in comparison to the equally weighted ensemble average (66%). We conclude that multi-model ensemble predictions and sophisticated model averaging techniques are helpful in predicting irrigation demand and provide relevant information for decision making.
A sparse reconstruction method for the estimation of multi-resolution emission fields via atmospheric inversion
Authors: Ray J. , Lee J. , Yadav V. , Lefantzi S. , Michalak A. M. , van Bloemen Waanders B.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Atmospheric inversions are frequently used to estimate fluxes of atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., biospheric CO2 flux fields) at Earth's surface. These inversions typically assume that flux departures from a prior model are spatially smoothly varying, which are then modeled using a multi-variate Gaussian. When the field being estimated is spatially rough, multi-variate Gaussian models are difficult to construct and a wavelet-based field model may be more suitable. Unfortunately, such models are very high dimensional and are most conveniently used when the estimation method can simultaneously perform data-driven model simplification (removal of model parameters that cannot be reliably estimated) and fitting. Such sparse reconstruction methods are typically not used in atmospheric inversions. In this work, we devise a sparse reconstruction method, and illustrate it in an idealized atmospheric inversion problem for the estimation of fossil fuel CO2 (ffCO2) emissions in the lower 48 states of the USA. Our new method is based on stagewise orthogonal matching pursuit (StOMP), a method used to reconstruct compressively sensed images. Our adaptations bestow three properties to the sparse reconstruction procedure which are useful in atmospheric inversions. We have modified StOMP to incorporate prior information on the emission field being estimated and to enforce non-negativity on the estimated field. Finally, though based on wavelets, our method allows for the estimation of fields in non-rectangular geometries, e.g., emission fields inside geographical and political boundaries. Our idealized inversions use a recently developed multi-resolution (i.e., wavelet-based) random field model developed for ffCO2 emissions and synthetic observations of ffCO2 concentrations from a limited set of measurement sites. We find that our method for limiting the estimated field within an irregularly shaped region is about a factor of 10 faster than conventional approaches. It also reduces the overall computational cost by a factor of 2. Further, the sparse reconstruction scheme imposes non-negativity without introducing strong nonlinearities, such as those introduced by employing log-transformed fields, and thus reaps the benefits of simplicity and computational speed that are characteristic of linear inverse problems.
A dynamic landslide hazard assessment system for Central America and Hispaniola
Authors: Kirschbaum D. B. , Stanley T. , Simmons J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Landslides pose a serious threat to life and property in Central America and the Caribbean Islands. In order to allow regionally coordinated situational awareness and disaster response, an online decision support system was created. At its core is a new flexible framework for evaluating potential landslide activity in near real-time: Landslide Hazard Assessment for Situational Awareness. This framework was implemented in Central America and the Caribbean by integrating a regional susceptibility map and satellite-based rainfall estimates into a binary decision tree, considering both daily and antecedent rainfall. Using a regionally distributed, percentile-based threshold approach, the model outputs a pixel-by-pixel nowcast in near real-time at a resolution of 30 arcsec to identify areas of moderate and high landslide hazard. The daily and antecedent rainfall thresholds in the model are calibrated using a subset of the Global Landslide Catalog in Central America available for 2007–2013. The model was then evaluated with data for 2014. Results suggest reasonable model skill over Central America and poorer performance over Hispaniola, due primarily to the limited availability of calibration and validation data. The landslide model framework presented here demonstrates the capability to utilize globally available satellite products for regional landslide hazard assessment. It also provides a flexible framework to interchange the indiviual model components and adjust or calibrate thresholds based on access to new data and calibration sources. The availability of free, satellite-based near real-time rainfall data allows the creation of similar models for any study area with a spatiotemporal record of landslide events. This method may also incorporate other hydrological or atmospheric variables such as numerical weather forecasts or satellite-based soil moisture estimates within this decision tree approach for improved hazard analysis.
Occupy and Education: Introduction
Authors: Entin Joseph , Ohmann Richard , O'Malley Susan
Published: April 2015

We were inspired by Occupy Wall Street (OWS) and the rapid spread of Occupy across the United States and beyond. The commune-like camp sites, the general assemblies and use of the people’s mic, the marches and demonstrations, the provocative refusal to issue demands, the proliferation of working groups and spokes councils, the creative explosion of revolutionary slogans and art, the direct condemnation of corporate finance and of the massive inequalities that structure our society, the “free university” teach-ins, the campaigns against foreclosure and debt—all these elements of Occupy gave us new hope that radical change might happen in our time.
Occupying the Red Line--Radical Education, One Subway Car at a Time
Authors: Ramsey Joe
Published: April 2015

We work in teams of three or four, starting at the back of the train (in Davis Square, Somerville), and working our way forward, car by car, as the Red Line heads South (towards Ashmont, Dorchester).  We carry stacks of leaflets, stickers, bundles of Boston Occupier newspapers, clipboards tucked under our arms—a band of guerilla radical educator-agitators, the revolution underground, riding the rails.
Poems from the Occupy Movement
Authors: Annas Pam , Annsfire Joan , Bernard Christopher , Carroll Peter Neil , Clem Billy , Evans Eric , Hoffman Alicia , Lillis Karen , McGuire Catherine , Marchant Fred , Obenzinger Hilton , Royal Najaya , Weiss Alice , Z Mickey
Published: April 2015

From the beginning of the Occupy Movement, poetry has occupied a major supporting role.  Both the New York and Boston encampments immediately set up a library tent, and poetry readings were a regular part of the camp’s activities.
#occupyoureducation
Authors: Borck Cathy , Goldstein Jesse , McFarland Steve , Spurgas Alyson
Published: April 2015

In the fall of 2011, Jesse was invited to teach an Occupy Wall Street-inspired course in the Political Science Department at Brooklyn College, a campus of The City University of New York (CUNY). In the spirit of Occupy’s horizontalism, self-organization, and de-centering of authority, Jesse reached out to people in his political-academic networks, asking if anyone wanted to join him in team-teaching the course. A handful of doctoral students from the CUNY Graduate Center responded with interest, and six of us moved forward as the instructors, or “Team Taught,” as we referred to ourselves.
The Sociology of the Professions and the Problem of Journalism Education
Authors: Anderson C.W.
Published: April 2015

As part of this special issue on the occupations and the sociology of the professions, this article probes how the complexities of journalism's professional status play out in pedgagically in the classroom. The author argues that the current turmoil in journalism, and in journalism education, cannot be attributed to technology alone or economics alone but are a part of a deeper, older professional uncertainty amongst journalists. The author concludes wth an argument that the liberal arts should play a greater role in the education of 21st century journalists.
Candor and the Politics of Law Teaching
Authors: Campos Paul
Published: April 2015

Over the past 25 years, the price of legal education has skyrocketed, while the labor market for new attorneys has contracted sharply relative to law school graduation rates.  This article addresses the ethical obligations law teachers owe their students as a consequence of the crisis of the contemporary American law school.
Looking Back and a Little Forward: Reflections on Professionalism and Teaching as a Profession
Authors: Larson Magali Sarfatti
Published: April 2015

The author goes back to her earlier work on professionalization, in which she argued that aspiring professions aim at converting one order of scarce resources into another: credentials, as proxies for expertise, into protected opportunities, special status, and work privileges. This effort implied a tendency to monopoly and it was not easy to replicate after the classic professions of medicine and the law had consolidated their position in the early twentieth century. Professions born within large organizations are in a very different situation, even if they may aspire to the same status and autonomy at work. After discussing the shortcomings of her earlier work and the research questions that can still fruitfully be posed, the author considers the challenges that school teaching faces in our time. Universal mandatory education has been the watershed that transformed this occupation into what it is today: a huge category spread out at many levels, still predominantly female, highly educated, and, in many countries but not ours, following a civil service model. School teaching must also cope with the very high expectations that surround a universal service provided by an apparatus of the state. Professionalism imposed “from above” seems less promising for school teaching and their students in the U.S. than an enlightened union movement capable of self-criticism and self-reform.
The American Academic Profession: Transformation in Contemporary Higher Education, Joseph C. Hermanowicz, Editor
Authors: Davis James
Published: April 2015

This article is a review of Joseph C. Hermanowicz, ed., The American Academic Profession: Transformation in Contemporary Higher Education (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011)
Agroecological Formación in Rural Social Movements
Authors: McCune Nils , Reardon Juan , Rosset Peter
Published: April 2015

Among the many sectors currently engaged in struggle against the corporate food system, small farmers play a particularly important role—not only do they constitute a legitimate alternative to global agribusiness, but also they are the heirs to long traditions of local knowledge and practice. In defending peasant agriculture, rural social movements defend popular control over seeds and genetic resources, water, land and territory against the onslaught of globalized financial capital. A framework called food sovereignty has been developed by the international peasant movement La Via Campesina (LVC), to encompass the various elements of a food system alternative based on reclaiming popular resource control, defending small-scale agriculture and traditional knowledge, rebuilding local circuits of food and labor, and recovering the ecological processes that can make farming sustainable. Recognizing the need to develop “movement people” capable of integrating many ecological, social, cultural and political criteria into their organizational activities, LVC increasingly has articulated processes of popular education and consciousness-raising as part of the global social movement for agroecology and food sovereignty. Given the enormous diversity of organizations and actors in LVC, an underlying feature known in Spanish as diálogo de saberes (roughly the equivalent of “dialogue between ways of knowing”) has characterized LVC processes of education, training, formation and exchange in agroecology. The diálogo de saberes takes place at the level of training centers and schools of the LVC organizations, as well as the larger scale of agricultural landscapes and peasant territories. The interactions between peasant, family or communal farmers, their organizations, their youth and their agroecology create social processes that assume the form and dynamic of a social movement in several countries of Latin America.
“Good For You and Good To You": The Importance of Emphasizing Race when Radicalizing Students around the Food Movement
Authors: Burdick John M.
Published: April 2015

While there is great radical and anti-capitalist potential within the “Food Movement,” it can often be undermined by foodie culture’s attachment to a problematic racial politics in which white, urban and middle/upper classed subject positions are articulated through romanticized attachments to local and organic foodways, attachments that at times unconsciously echo nativist and settle colonial sentiments. These problematic racial logics limit the food movement’s ability to fully address the ways by which the corporate domination of the food system disproportionally impacts low-income communities and communities of color. This article contends that food educators must fundamentally rewrite and reshape the very foundations of our food pedagogy to forefront the ways by which the food system is and always has been driven by the exploitation of bodies of color, the forced removal of Indigenous peoples from their homelands and the ways by which food access continues to be predicated on systems of power that perpetuate racial genocide. Drawing upon the experiences from a unit taught on “soul food” in an undergraduate course on the U.S. Food System, this article offers pedagogical strategies and innovative interdisciplinary methodological approaches to teaching the race based apartheid within the American food system and role of race within contemporary food justice movements. As such, this article will contend that conversations with students on soul food, and a race-centered analysis of the food system, ultimately result in a more radical food consciousness, one that is not just located in food related issues, but also grounded in a foundational critique of the complex hierarchal systems of power and oppression that drive American society.
The Radical Potential of the Food Justice Movement
Authors: Romer Nancy
Published: April 2015

The two main threats to our people and planet are climate change and corporate control of our economy and polity.[1] These enormous and completely intertwined issues will take a mass movement of epic proportions to shift. Time is of the essence as climate, economic and political disasters keep coming, ever gaining in intensity, impoverishing our people while enriching the transnational and national corporations.  Agreements like the Trans Pacific Partnership that would further strip national governments of their rights to protect labor and the environments in favor of protecting corporate profits cast this future as likely to deepen. The need to build dynamic and effective movements that embody the needs of our people is an imperative for those of us who believe that only democratic struggles, led by the most oppressed and joined by allies, can create a new world.  We need that new world more than ever as we face the realities of life on earth shifting before our very eyes. The Food Justice Movement (FJM) offers a door through which to enter the enormous and often baffling labyrinth of broad sectors, issues, analyses and strategies of movements that exist and need to expand and gel.
PROTESTOS DO SUPREMO TRIBUNAL FEDERAL NA PRIMEIRA REPÚBLICA – O JULGAMENTO DO HABEAS CORPUS 8800 E O CONFLITO ENTRE OS PODERES JUDICIÁRIO E EXECUTIVO
Authors: Galvão Laila Maia
Published: April 2015

A presente pesquisa investiga, a partir de uma análise institucional, a atuação do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) durante a Primeira República, com foco especialmente na relação tensa estabelecida entre os Poderes Executivo e Judiciário. Serão apresentados alguns episódios envolvendo a chamada edição de protestos, em que o Tribunal se manifestava por meio de uma nota pública contra as ações do Poder Executivo. A partir da análise mais detalhada de um desses episódios, ocorrido em 1923, buscar-se-á identificar como se dava esta disputa por espaços de poder entre o STF e a Presidência da República.
A PRODUÇÃO DA VIDA NUA NO ESTADO DE GUERRA GLOBAL
Authors: Wermuth Maiquel Angelo Dezordi
Published: April 2015

O artigo analisa os contornos biopolíticos do combate ao terrorismo no ambiente de guerra global. A biopolítica é apresentada como o movimento por meio do qual se dá a implicação da vida natural do homem nos mecanismos e nos cálculos do poder. Nesse rumo, é o estudo da biopolítica que viabiliza a compreensão dos motivos pelos quais o homem da contemporaneidade encontra-se exposto a uma violência sem precedentes, o que permite falar a respeito de um patamar de indistinção entre direito e violência, na medida em que o estado de exceção se transforma no paradigma dominante da política. A figura do homo sacer é apresentada como emblemática para a compreensão deste espaço anômico, ou seja, deste ambiente no qual aquilo que é excluído da norma geral não está, em razão disso, absolutamente fora de relação com a norma, mas se mantém em relação com ela na forma da suspensão: a norma se aplica à exceção desaplicando-se.
GRANDES ESPERANÇAS EM UM MUNDO DE INJUSTIÇAS: INTERFACES ENTRE AMARTYA SEN E CHARLES DICKENS
Authors: Nicoli Pedro Augusto Gravatá
Published: April 2015

O presente ensaio promove uma aproximação entre a Ideia de Justiça de Amartya Sen e a obra-prima Grandes Esperanças, do romancista inglês Charles Dickens, publicada em 1860, lançando luz sobre aproximações e contrapontos entre a teoria de Sen e a vivência dos personagens de Dickens. Essa correlação parte da epígrafe da obra de Sen, que evoca as injustiças sentidas pelo protagonista Pip, de Grandes Esperanças, na abertura de seu projeto de justiça. Para tanto, as dimensões estruturantes da teoria da justiça de Sen serão revisitadas, como um projeto concreto de remoção de injustiças, nas linhas da argumentação racional e da teoria da escolha social, em contraponto a teorias transcendentes. Por sua vez, o universo do menino Pip, de Grandes Esperanças, revelará o complexo caminho desde a inocência infantil à obsessão e esnobismo, com esperanças e frustrações construídas no cenário da Inglaterra vitoriana, de mazelas profundas da pobreza e desigualdade legadas pela Revolução Industrial. Dickens, nesse sentido, é ao mesmo tempo um crítico ácido de seu tempo, engajando-se na transformação social, e um mestre na exploração da dinâmica psíquica das relações humanas. Assim é que se aproximam os autores pelo retrato pungente da injustiça, a demandar a máxima e imediata remoção. Afastam-se, talvez, no convite à reflexão abstrata do justo e do ético em si, bem como do peso dado às instituições. De todo modo, pensar a justiça nesse espaço compartilhado, em que o poder evocativo e o alcance comunicativo das ideias sejam expandidos, coloca-se como exercício enriquecedor em todos os sentidos.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Moreira Egon Bockmann , Tomio Fabricio Ricardo de Limas , Lobo Judá Leão , Zuba Márcio Eduardo
Published: April 2015

Com a publicação periodizada do volume 60, n. 1, a Revista da Faculdade de Direito UFPR completa sessenta e dois anos reafirmando seu compromisso não apenas com o conhecimento público de qualidade; também com autores, avaliadores e, especialmente, o público leitor.
Impact of Chemical and Non-Chemical Thinning Treatments on Yield and Fruit Quality of Date Palm
Authors: Al Saikhan Mohamed S. , Sallam Abdel-Kader A.
Published: April 2015

The fruit thinning process is employed for the production of high quality large-sized fruits and prevent the production of compact bunches. It is also one way to reduce the alternate bearing habits in date palm. In this study, seven thinning treatments (i.e. without spraying water after pollination, spraying water at 3 minutes after 3, 4 and 5 h, spraying Ethephon at 0, 500 and 1000 ppm after ten days from pollination) are used for Khalas and Ruzeiz date palm cultivars. The factorial experiment in a randomized completely block design with three replicates was done. The results reveal that, spraying water after mechanical pollination has reduced fruit set% and increased fruit shees%. Most thinning treatments reduced fruit yield/palm in both Khalas and Ruzeiz. Spraying water after 5 h enhanced fruit quality compared with the other thinning treatments in besr and tamr stages. Spraying with ethephon at 1000 ppm gave the increased sugars content and TSS, whereas reduced the moisture content in besr stage. Spraying water after 5 h from mechanical pollination or Ethephon at 1000 ppm after 10 days are suitable for obtaining economic yield with best fruit quality.
Effect of cyclophosphamide on meristematic plant cells
Authors: Podbielkowska Maria , Nowaczek Maria
Published: April 2015

The action of cyclophosphamide on meristematic plant cells was checked. A mitostatic influence of this preparation was observed, by way of DNA synthesis inhibition. The disturbance in the course of mitosis is described and the characteristic changes in the structure of the ergastoplasm, analogous to those elicited by respiratory inhibitors.
Structure of embryo sac, fertilization and development of embryo in Swedish clover (Trifolium hybridum L.) plants with reduced leaves
Authors: Kazimierski T. , Kazimierska E. M.
Published: April 2015

The causes of poor fertility and female infertility of Swedish clover plants with reduced leaves were investigated. Embryological analyses demonstrated that in these plants deviations are more frequent in megasporoand megagametogenesis than in plants with normal leaves. The ovaries of plants with reduced leaves are frequently not coalesced and the ovules hang out beyond the ovary on tong funiculus. It is supposed that the hanging out of ovules on the long funiculus often makes fertilization difficult or impossible. Therefore, plants with reduced leaves exhibit low fertility or are sterile.
Endoplasmic reticulum hypertrophy and nuclear envelope formation - a. postulate
Authors: Tarkowska J. A.
Published: April 2015

Dividing endosperm cells of Haemanthus katherinae Bak., treated with 0.025 per cent aqueous solution of a mixture of glycosides from Nerium oleander were examined in vitro in the light and in the electron microscope. A high hypertrophy of endoplasmic reticulum was noted. In prometaphase and metaphase, after treatment for about l h 45 min there appeared very narrow cisternae forming various configurations, frequently in parallel and concentric arrangement. On the membranes of these cisternae there are formed dark areas interpreted as pores characteristic for nuclear envelopes, this indicating that at least part of the two-membrane structures transforms to the nuclear envelope. The formation of the new nuclear envelope pre-maturely and apparently in excess is discussed.
Dynamics of endogenous auxins, cytokinins and abscisic acid-like inhibitor in embryonic shoots of young Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) at the time of flower primordia initiation
Authors: Galoch Elżbieta , Michniewicz Marian , Zatorska Zofia
Published: April 2015

Auxins, cytokinins and ABA-like inhibitor were determined in the embryonic shoots of young pines. It was stated that the transition from vegetative to reproductive stage of pine development is connected with the decrease of the IAA level. In the group of vegetative plants an unknown auxin-like substance was detected. This substance appeared in the period of generative development initiation. It was also stated that differentiation of female inflorescences was connected with the increase of the level of ABA-like inhibitor. However the differentiation of male ones was connected with decrease of the amount of this inhibitor. No correlation between sex determination and the level of auxins and cytokinins was observed.
Ribonucleic acids of wheat grain and its endosperm during development and ripening
Authors: Weidner Stanisław , Kulka Krzysztof
Published: April 2015

The work present quantitative changes and synthesis od: RNA fractions in wheat grain and endosperm during development and ripening. It was found that share of rRNA in total RNA decreases during development both, in the endosperm and in grain. Rapid drop of rRNA content in total RNA takes place in the endosperm since 31st day after blooming, and in grain - since 45th day after blooming. Absolute amount of rRNA, as calculated per 100 grains or endosperms, increases in the first half of grain formation period, and then decreases till the end of development. As a result of degradation of ribosomal RNA in endosperm, low-molecule fraction – 4 S, significantly increased at final stage of development. Decrease of rRNA fraction at final stage of development is not accompanied by an increase of absolute amount of 4 S RNA fraction. Incorporation of 3H-,uriidine into grain and endosperm RNA is highest at the begining of development. Further on it gradually decreases till the end of development. Synthesis of RNA in grain takes place throughout the whole development. Contrary to this, no incorporation of precursor into rRNA was noted during waxy and full ripeness of wheat grain.
Electrophoretic analysis, labeling and isolation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagellum membrane proteins
Authors: Sikorski Aleksander F.
Published: April 2015

SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoretic patterns of Chlamydomonas flagellum membrane proteins displayad 6 fractions, 3 PAS-positive among them. The surface radiolabeling of the flagellum membrane suggested an outer surface exposure of fraction '5', and internal localization of fractions '4' and '6'. Application of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and radiolabeled membranes allowed to isolate individual membrane polypeptides.