bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental Illness, Mental Retardation, Mental Hygiene in Modern Culture
Authors: Bauer Julius
Published: July 2016

The deterioration of mental health of our population is usually interpreted as the result of the increased modern life stress in our atomic age with its implications of the « cold war ». It is not a greater cultural life stress, however, but rather a lower individual resistance to it that accounts for the increased frequency of psychoneuroses in modern society. The term « mental retardation » comprises two categories: one is caused by genetic factors or acquired intra-and extrauterine diseases of infancy and childhood, the second is due to functional mental retardation if the normal individual genetic endowment has not developed to its full capacity and has persisted in a state of immaturity without any interference of a disease. The characteristics of such functional mental retardation (psychic infantilism) and their manifestation in society are outlined in detail. Instincts and emotions insufficiently inhibited by intellect determine the behavior of the functionally mentally retarded. Deficient ethics and responsibility are very often consequences of deficient intellect. Conformism is a subterfuge and evasion from personal responsibility. Exuberant imagination and fantasy of an immature mind, uncontroled by intellect, becoming prevalent in a schizoid personality have eliminated the concept of beauty-and this is the essence of aesthetics-from creative art, music and literature. Mental hygiene is chiefly the job of the family home and the teachers in primary and secondary schools. Education is more than drill and training. Teachers cannot be replaced by machines. Automation technics, recently used even for personality assessment, are out of place in this field.
Fusional Reserves and Psychological Variables in Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Shields James
Published: July 2016

Summary and Conclusions

Following a suggestion of Gedda and Bérard-Magistretti, intra-pair differences between MZ twins in fusional reserves were compared with differences in psychological variables. While the strong relationship between twin leadership and FR which these workers found in twin children was not confirmed in the present small sample of 14 adult pairs, the twin with the higher FR tended to be the more introverted, the more intelligent and the one who volunteered for the investigation. He also tended to be the taller and the first born.

Further studies, including the temporal reliability of scores of fusional convergence, are required before the value of this characteristic as a psychological criterion can be established.
La sideremia nei gemelli (Studio su 23 coppie MZ e 24 coppie DZ)
Authors: Gedda L. , Caprilli F.
Published: July 2016

The Authors have studied the blood iron level in 94 twins (23 MZ and 24 DZ pairs) aged from 6 to 14 years.

Through the determination of the blood iron level a mean value of 45,59 mgs per 100 cc. of blood has been established. This value corresponds to that of single-born children of the same age; thus, the anemia ferri priva observed by Woodruff in twins during the first year of age may not apply to ensuing ages.

The comparison of the blood iron level at the ages taken into consideration has shown a slights progressive lowering of the blood iron, which the Authors consider physiological. The comparison of the blood iron level between MZ and DZ twin-pairs has not revealed a significantly different behavior. The twin test appears thus to demonstrate that the blood iron level is not genotypically determined, but is environment-conditioned, generally through thermic and gaseous exchanges between the organism and the environment in which it lives.
Azione mitostatica dell'idrazina sulle cellule del tumore-ascite del topo Azione combinata con la colchicina
Authors: Torrioli Mario , Bevilacqua Letizia Riggio , Riggio Giuseppina Torrioli , Alfieri Alfonso
Published: July 2016

The Authors show that the mitostatic action of hydrazine, ascertained on higher plants—is also present in the cells of Erlich's tumor-ascites in rats. Through the association of colchicine with hydrazine a metaphase-block is obtained, in which the number of affected cells as well as the ensuing cellular pathology are remarkably cleac. The Authors stress out the usefulness of the above association in mitotic pathology and its great possibilies in the field of the cytostatic therapy of leucoses and tumors.
Morfologia dei polinucleati neutrofili studiata con il metodo gemellare Nota seconda. Ancora sulla formula di Arneth
Authors: Riggio G. Torrioli , Reggiani L. Marchetti , Brenci G.
Published: July 2016

The Authors study the distribution of the various classes of Arneth's formula in 39 healthy MZ pairs, 38 healthy DZ pairs, 10 MZ pairs with non-concordant disease.

They conclude that borh genetic and pathologic factors are relevant in the determination of the formula, and they will try to establish the importance of each factor through a further study on a group of DZ pairs with non-concordant disease.
Le psiconevrosi e le psicosi nei gemelli
Authors: Braconi L.
Published: July 2016

After having examined the literature on the subject, the A. presents the study he has carried on 60 twin-pairs with one or both twins suffering from neurosis or psychosis.

In 50 pairs a psychic suffering of neurotic type was present: out of the 20 MZ pairs, 18 were concordant with a percentage of 90%; out the 30 DZ pairs, 13 were concordant 43%.

Although discriminating the various forms and admitting the interference of environmental factors and other somato-psychic and psychogenetic causes, in 50% of the cases an undoubted psychotic and neurotic heredity was ascertained.

In the four pairs suffering from dysthymic psychosis the 3 MZ were concordant and the DZ discordant.

In the four pairs suffering from schizophrenia the MZ pair was concordant while the 3 DZ pairs were discordant.

In the two pairs of uncertain zygosity the concordance could not be extimated due to the death of the cotwin.

Dysthymia seems to be trasmitted as a dominant character and schizophrenia as a recessive.

Both dystymia and schizophrenia may undergo changes of expressivity with phenotypical characters which can be clinically mistaken as psychoneurotic forms.
Blood groups in twin studies. Calculation of the probability of monozygosis
Authors: Nijenhuis L. E.
Published: July 2016

When calculating the chance of monozygosis from the results of a blood group study in a twin-family, it is desirable to use the complete information that is presented by these results and not only part of it.

A calculation-method in which the complete genetic-information is used is presented.

The use of the formulas is demonstrated by calculating the probability of monozygosis in two examples.
Viral Etiology of Leukemias
Authors: Torrioli M. , G. Torrioli-Riggio  , Braconi-Romei L. , Torrioli E. , Merlini D. , Russo M. , Conforti A.
Published: July 2016

The injection of human leukemic blood in chicken embryos before incubation determines a characteristic reticuloendotheliosis, which may be transmitted from embryo to embryo and even to the adult fowl. The viral agent responsible for this reticuloendotheliosis is filtrable and inactivated by heat. Intradermal injection of affected-embryo homogenates in leukemic patients determines a local allergic reaction. Electron microscopy has shown the existence of virus-like particles in the cells of inoculated embryos.
Natural Selection and Heredity
Authors: Boyd William C.
Published: July 2016

The intimate connection between natural selection and heredity is indicated by Prof. Dobshansky's definition of evolution as essentially just a change in gene frequencies, for natural selection is the agency that causes gene frequencies to change. Just as mutations are the raw material of evolution, selection is the force that preserves good genes, eliminates bad genes, and produces the changes that lead to the formation of races, and eventually species.

The problem of the action of selection on gene frequencies can be treated, with suitable simplifying assumptions, mathematically, and many years ago Prof. J. B. S. Haldane published a series of papers on this subject (tab. I). The rate at which gene frequencies would change under the action of slow selection is shown in fig. 1. It will be seen that selection acts more slowly, at first, on recessive genes than on dominants, but in the long run the frequencies change from nearly zero to nearly one, or vice versa. Deleterious genes are often never completely eliminated, because they are continually recruited by recurring mutations.

That selection is effective in bringing about considerable changes in organisms is shown by the achievements of domestic plant and animal breeders. The results of selecting for long shanks in chickens are shown in fig. 2, and for a larger number of abdominal chaetae in fruit flies in fig. 3. Though it is not shown here, selection for a lower number of chaetae is also effective.
Genetic Implications of Alcoholism
Authors: Strömgren Erik
Published: July 2016

The first question to be answered is: what is alcoholism? The only realistic answer to this question is that alcoholism is what it is defined to be. The delimitation of the concept is arbitrary. First of all there are in this respect great differences of opinion between different population-groups. What, in one group, may be regarded as just an innocent or even healthy habit would in a second population-group be stamped as a deplorable moral defect with disastrous consequences, and in a third group just as a pure medical problem. It is true, of course, that those members of the medical profession who are especially interested in research on alcoholism will, irrespective of the part of the world from which they come, have a tendency to converge towards a tolerably homogeneous concept of alcoholism. But even if this is the case the selection of alcoholics which come into their scope will to a high degree depend on the attitude of the population and not on the concepts of the doctor. Such selection factors must more or less unconsciously colour the view of the individual research worker. We know that not only do quantitative and qualitative properties of alcoholism differ very much from one population-group to another, but, in addition, the fraction of alcoholics which comes to medical attention is certainly not representative of alcoholism in general in that population-group. Most materials of alcoholics which have been under research must be very heterogenous, and one must necessarily differ from the other. How could it be possible to compare the genetical back-ground of such quite different and heterogenous materials?
The M Quadruplets II. The Interpretation of Quantitative Differences
Authors: Allen Gordon
Published: July 2016

Early students of the M quadruplets considered that the dermatoglyphic traits and physical measurements corroborated a monozygotic origin. More careful analysis in terms of variance shows that the ridge counts, at least, are quite inconsistent with data from monozygotic twins. However, when several quantitative measures are considered together by a method of combined relative likelihoods of separate pair differences, the evidence against monozygosity is less impressive than the contrary evidence from qualitative traits including blood groups. It is concluded that quadruplets tend to vary more than twins and/or that some genotypes are much more variable than others, at least with respect to dermal ridge counts.
L'importance de la génétique humaine en médecine
Authors: Klein D.
Published: July 2016

Après le discours d'introduction du Prof. Robert Montant, Doyen de la Faculté de Médecine, le Prof. Klein remercia les autorités et présenta ses hommages au Recteur, au Collège des Professeurs, en particulier à son maître, le Prof. A. Franceschctti. Il s'adressa ensuite aux étudiants et à l'auditoire en ces termes:

Messieurs les Etudiants,

Quelques-uns d'entre vous se demanderont peut-être où réside la nécessité d'introduire dans le programme clinique déjà si chargé une nouvelle spécialité, la génétique humaine, d'autant plus qu'elle a déjà la réputation d'être une science théorique pure et dépourvue d'intérêt thérapeutique.

Laissez-moi vous dire que la génétique humaine n'est pas une spécialité sui generis dans le même sens que les autres branches de la médecine. En effet, dans la hiérarchie des sciences médicales elle joue en quelque sorte « l'officier de liaison » dégageant de chaque discipline les données héréditaires et rassemblant ces éléments pour en faire une synthèse. Le généticien est donc plutôt un spécialiste malgré lui puisqu'il doit former un tout homogène des résultats si vastes et si divers obtenus dans les divers domaines des sciences biologiques et médicales. Pascal, sans le savoir, a très bien caractérisé la situation du généticien qui doit conserver une curiosité générale et tirer son matériel de toutes les sciences de la vie, lorsqu'il dit: « Puisqu'on ne peut être universel en sachant tout ce qui peut se savoir sur tout, il faut savoir peu de tout. Car il est bien plus beau de savoir quelque chose de tout que de savoir tout d'une chose ».
The M quadruplets: I. Probability of uniovular origin judged from qualitative traits
Authors: Allen Gordon
Published: July 2016

The M quadruplets have been regarded as monozygotic by all investigators who have studied them carefully. Previous authors have based their diagnosis on the description of the placenta, on early physical resemblances, and on qualitative features.

The addition of blood group tests to the criteria now tends to confirm the earlier conclusion. From an extension of methods devised for use in twins, it appears that the probability that these quadruplets originated from more than one zygote is less than one per cent. However, some quantitative differences, especially in finger prints, require a more elaborate analysis, and such an analysis will be presented and discussed in a second article.
Hereditary Congenital Deafness in Uniovular Twins
Authors: Grewel F. , van den Horst A. P. J. N.
Published: July 2016

A deaf-mute boy of 14 years, who was examined owing to his poor progress in the special school for the deaf-mute, proved to be one of a twin. Both boys were born 6 weeks before the normal term by breach presentation at the end of an uncomplicated pregnancy. There was one placenta. The mother had noticed A's deafness when he was 11 weeks old, as he did not react to street noises as his brother did. The twin brother B is deaf in the right ear; he attends the secondary school and his performance is average.
Problemi di Genetica Oculistica: II. Oftalmoplegia dei m. m. retti esterni bilaterale e concordante in gemelli MZ
Authors: Gedda Luigi , Bérard-Magistretti Sandra
Published: July 2016

The observation of twin-brothers of 4 years affected by congenital squint caused by ophthalmoplegia of Musculi recti externi, probably nuclear in origin, is described. This is the second report on concordant ophthalmoplegia in MZ twins.
Probability of Paternity in Rh Blood Groups
Authors: Okajima Michio
Published: July 2016

A method of calculating the probability of paternity, based upon Bayes' theorem, for Rh blood groups has been developed. Tables have been prepared for calculation of the probability of paternity for the most common levels of testing, i.e., with five anti-sera (anti-C, -D, -E, -c, -e), with four (anti-C, -D, -E, -c) and with three (anti-C, -D, -E). The same probabilities at other levels of testing can be calculated by applying the method and tables presented in this paper. Since the tables presented herein include calculations for chromosomes which appear to occur but rarely as far as known to date, these tables can be applied to all populations with different chromosome frequencies.

The author wishes to thank Prof. S. Ueno, University of Tokyo, and Prof. Y. Komatu, Tokyo Institute of Technology, for helpful advices which they have given in the present study.
Über die Vererbung der Fingerlängenproportion
Authors: Rösler Hans-Dieter
Published: July 2016

The evaluation of the sketches of the hands of 746 consanguineous persons of different ages and sexes as well as the examinations of 120 radiograms of the hands of non-related adults have shown the following results:

1) Relatives (Brothers and sisters, mothers and children, parents and children) resemble each other with regard to the respective finger-lengths and the proportions of these between right and left hand more than non-relatives do.

2) The respective finger-length is organized anatomically by the longitudinal variations of all elements of the second and forth rays and modified by the Carpalia and the longitudinal proportion of Radius and Ulna. We can regard the most extensive variations of growth at the second ray in men and at the forth ray in women. In the same manner the lateral differences between the right and the left hand can be explained for both sexes mainly by the longitudinal differences of the second rays.

3) In reference to these anatomical conditions a genetical hypothesis about a transmission of the relative finger-length is developped and its usefulnes for the diagnosis of paternity comes to discussion.
Osservazioni genetistiche su 44 casi di cardiopatie acquisite
Authors: Allori L. , Vitamia P.
Published: July 2016

Report of 44 cases of rheumatic heart disease with genetics observations of transmittance of rheumatic fever and cardiovascular diseases and discussion about the relation betwen the two diseases.
Contributo allo studio della Sindrome di Franceschetti Rilievi clinici e genetici da una osservazione familiare
Authors: Zunin Carlo
Published: July 2016

The Author sets out his standpoint on the value concerning the « forme fruste » of syndromes of multiple malformations expecially of those which have hereditary nature. He remembers the four types of « mandibulo - facial dysostosis ». The Author describes a family in which the different members were affected by this illness in incomplete form. In the last generation by two parents having the « forma frusta », two children were born, affected by a complete Mandibulo - facial Dysostosis both after having lived two or three months. After a close examination of medical literature referring the familiar forms, man examine all the genetical eventuality concerning the examined family. Man can reach to a conclusion that the appearence of two brothers with a complete forme, precociously dead, is quite surely imputable to « homozygotism » and consequently to double close of « pathological genes ».
L'hérédo-dystrophie mouchetée du parenchyme cornéen
Authors: François J. , Neetens A.
Published: July 2016

The authors describe a new hereditary dystrophy of the cornea, the specked heredo-dystrophy of the corneal parenchyma. In the corneal stroma of both eyes speckles can be easily distinguished; they are more or less numerous and can be found in all the layers of the parenchyma, as well in the center as at the periphery. Dimension, shape and density of the speckles are very variable: they are oval, round or festooned; some of them are opaque at the borders; others show a more diffuse trouble; others are dotted; their borders are well-cut, regular or indented. In optical section the opacities are thin and flat. This dystrophy is not evolutive and is transmitted as an autosomal regular dominant trait. One member of the affected family shows a cloudy central dystrophy of the corneal stroma, so that it is possible that there exists a relationship between these two affections.
Endogenous factors in poliomyelitis acuta anterior
Authors: Witkop-Oosténryk G. A.
Published: July 2016

The object of this study was to ascertain if endogenous factors might play a part in the appearance of paralysis with acuta anterior poliomyelitis.

The investigation concerned 754 patients in Groningen and Drenthe (provinces of the Netherlands), affected by the disease during the years 1936-1951. First of all it appeared that the consanguinity percentage of the parents of the probandi was much higher than that of the average population the difference being significant (χ2 = 22,28; P: 〈0.001). Secondly we compared the number of connections of a group of 137 patients with a group of 591 patients and the number of connections of a control group of 137 persons with the group of 591 patients. As ignificant difference appeared to exist between the numbers observed. The third part of the research concerned the appearence of diseases with patients' relatives and the comparison of those with the diseases with relatives of a control group. Between the group of patients and relatives and the group of control cases and relatives a difference appeared to exist in this sense that in each case the group first-mentioned showed a “surplus” of diseases in comparision with the control group; the burdening of the poliomyelitis-group with these diseases showed a significant difference from that of the control group. Also in this case the comparison of several separate diseases showed significant differences. However this was not the case with all the diseases. Attention was paid to the twins who occurred in the group of 754 patients. The small number of twins, however, did not allow of any conclusion whatsoever.

Finally the conclusion has been drawn, that endogenous factors exercise influence in the origin of paralysis with acute anterior poliomyelitis. The results of this investigation render it probable that we have to deal with a non-specific factor, viz. a greater vulnerability of the central nervous system for diverse diseases of which the increased susceptibility of the paralytic form of acute anterior poliomyelitis forms a part.

This factor is inherited in a recessive way.
Tests for Partial Sex-linkage in Total Color-blindness
Authors: Tanaka Katumi
Published: July 2016

Data on congenital total color-blindness were collected from the Japanese literature and through private communication, and tested for partial sex-linkage. Twenty sibships derived from consanguineous marriages, in which mode of relationship of the parents was fully known, were analyzed by using the direct method, and the crossover values 37.9-39.0% were found. Remaining 26 complete sibships were analyzed by using the indirect method, and a crossover value of 23.7% was obtained.

The higher recombination value derived from the direct method may possibly due to inaccurate information about paternal genotypes.
A Pair of Male Fraternal Twins with Contrasting Manifestations of Rh Hemolytic Disease
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Wexler Irving B. , Schutta Edward J.
Published: July 2016

A pair of male, Negro, fraternal twins are described, both of whom were affected with Rh hemolytic disease. In one twin, the manifestations were typical; jaundice appeared early, exchange transfusion was carried out, and this was followed by prompt and complete recovery. In the second twin, who was treated expectantly, jaundice appeared later and followed the protracted course of the so-called «inspissated bile» syndrome, i. e., the stools were acholic, there was bile in the urine, and most of the serum bilirubin was of the direct reacting type. Of interest was the finding that the occurrence of the syndrome was presaged by the presence of excessive amounts of direct reacting bilirubin in the cord serum. This twin also recovered completely, but convalescence was more prolonged.

The observations on these twins provide further evidence that the constitution of the baby, in addition to the maternal Rh antibody titer determine the nature and severity of the manifestations in an erythroblastotic baby.
The Inheritance of Accessory Triradii on Palmar Interdigital Areas II and IV
Authors: Bansal Pushpa , Rife David C.
Published: July 2016

Data obtained from 53 Panjabi Khatris families were tested for mode of inheritance of patterns on palmar interdigital area II. Gene frequencies were obtained from 1,000 unselected Panjabi Khatris.

Analysis of the data indicate that a single dominant gene, with approximately 88% penetrance, is responsible for D patterns in both the second and fourth interdigital areas of the palm.
Sport bei zwillingen
Authors: Grebe Hans
Published: July 2016

Report of the results of an examination on 34 pairs of same sex twins with special activity in sport. 21 pairs were identical (EZ), 13 non identical (ZZ). While from the 13 identical pairs (EZ) 12 were quite of the same sporting activity as even the same performance (complete concordance, K) and only one pair showed some difference in the favoured kind of sports as in the capacity (KD). From the 13 non identical pairs (ZZ) only 7 were of complete concordance (K). 4 (2 male, 2 female) of the 6 non identical pairs (ZZ) with discordances showed clearer differences in their sporting performance or in the favoured branch of sport (KD). From the last two pairs (1 male, 1 female) only one of the twins was respectively famous in sport (even one German champion!), the other thereover of a complete sporting inactivity.

The distinct differences in concordance and discordance at the examined EZ and ZZ prove, that the genotypus is of undeniable importance for sporting interest and activity as for sporting performance.

In order to confirm or to refute the produced results it seems to be necessary to examine more extended series of non selected twins.
Microcornée associée à une hydrophtalmie et à d'autres anomalies héréditaires
Authors: François Jules , Neetens Adolphe
Published: July 2016

In a patient the authors observed the following association of anomalies: bilateral hydrophthalmos with microcornea pseudo-plana, a thick-set somatic pattern, a small lower yaw, arterial hypertension, diabetes, disseminated intracranial calcifications, electro-encephalographic disturbances and neurological pseudo-extrapyramidal lesion.

His brother shows the following association of anomalies: unilateral hydraphthalmos, a thick-set somatic pattern, a small lower jaw, arterial hypertension, diabetes, digitiform impressions on the RX of the skull and neurological pseudo-extrapyramidal lesions.

The mother and grandmother of these two patients both showed a trembling of head and limbs, even as diabetes; by this means a dominant and polyphenic hereditary transmission must be accepted.
Considerazioni sui processi di adattamento all'ambiente
Authors: Caranti Elio
Published: July 2016

1. Il problema dell'influenza che le condizioni ambientali esercitano sugli esseri viventi è sempre attuale — e non soltanto in biologia — come dimostra la continua apparizione di opere dedicate all'argomento.

In campo biologico tali studi si sono rivolti particolarmente al tema dell'adattamento funzionale, con risultati di innegabile portata. Non altrettanto soddisfacenti si possono ritenere quelli riguardanti l'adattamento strutturale, in quanto il moderno sviluppo della genetica aveva portato a considerare del tutto priva di fondamento la teoria lamarckiana dell'ereditarietà dei caratteri acquisiti, nonostante le evidenti difficoltà logiche incontrate nel giustificare — pur facendo appello al meccanismo mutazionistico — l'evoluzione della specie.

Un largo processo di revisione di tale atteggiamento sembra oggi in corso, da una parte perché più frequenti si sono fatti i richiami alle questioni di ordine generale e dal-l'altra per l'affiorare, attraverso la sperimentazione, di fatti nuovi i quali hanno indotto a giudicare i fenomeni ereditari molto più complessi di quanto non potevano apparire a prima vista.

Non sembra, quindi, fuor di luogo un rapido esame dei punti fondamentali del problema, alla luce di teorie antiche e recenti e dei più significativi risultati delle ricerche sperimentali postbelliche.

2. Un sistema isolato, se è teoricamente concepibile, non trova effettivo riscontro in natura. Ogni sistema reale appare, infatti, in relazione più o meno stretta con altri sistemi e la sua conservazione dipende, in ogni momento, dal mantenimento di una certa armonia con questi.
Ricerche sulla ereditarietà dell'idroftalmo e della cataratta congenita in paesi delle Prealpi Orobiche
Authors: Gianferrari L. , Cresseri A. , Maltarello A.
Published: July 2016

From the whole of genealogical researches on the people of B., P. and Al. towns, we came to the following conclusions:

1) the monomeric recessive autosomal transmission of hydrophtalmos, with a high degree of penetration, has been confirmed;

2) a type of congenital cataract with monomeric recessive autosomal hereditary transmission, with a comparatively reduced degree of penetration, has been located;

3) in towns B. and P. affected lines of hydrophtalmos and congenital cataract have been located;

4) the first definite heterozygotes for hydrophtalmos in town B. and for hydrophtalmos and congenital cataract in town P. have been located: they date back to the first half of the 18th Century;

5) the date of hydiovariation's inception has been located at about two or three generations before, or around the middle of the 17th Century.
Data of twins born in Italy 1936-51
Authors: Karn M. N.
Published: July 2016

Data of 986 twins from the records of the Clinica Ostetrica of the University of Rome have been analysed as regards the distributions, means and standard deviations of mother's age, order of birth, birth weight and length of gestation time in groups of like and unlike sex.

The chief characteristic of these data compared with similar data from English hospitals is the inclusion of cases of low birth weight and short gestation time. In the English data there are 9 cases out of 1137 of the group of weight under 680 g; in the present data there are 57 out of 1942 which fall into the lowest group under 500 g.

Similarly in length of gestation the English data have only 2 cases out of 926 under 170 days compared with 33 of the Italian out of 945.

The correlations between twin weights are respectively .8030 for like sex and .7604 for unlike sex; for weight and gestation period they are .3814 (like sex) and .3606 (unlike sex).

The regression of weight on length of gestation runs as a smooth curve in accordance with previous findings. The mean weights for given gestation times are about the same as, or a little higher than, those for the English data.

I am greatly indebted to Dr. Norma McArthur for giving me a copy of these data.
Familienbefunde bei letalen Anomalien der Korperform
Authors: Grebe Hans
Published: July 2016

Report of the result of familial examinations on 49 stillborn of before half year of life died and dissected children with lethal anomalies.

1. In two of 4 families, whose probands suffered from harelip and clett palate combined with other deformities, is supposed, that—just like harelip and clett palate without other malformations—an unstable dominant gen being origin of the mistake of development.

In one case with a special severe combination and probable consanguinity of the parents is to think of homozygoty.

In a fourth case the question of the origin of the combined deformities by « psychical trauma » may be discussed.

2. In 32 families the cause of death of the probands is to be seen in a lethal closing mistake of the vetebral column.

a) In seven of 20 families with an anencephalus signs of « Dysraphies » and other anomalies were found which may be caused by pathological gens. One time both parents of a (homozygote?) anencephalus who showed deformities of heart and limbs had Spina bifida occulta.

b) In 5 of 12 families with Spina bifida aperta was the cause of deformation an unstable unregular dominant gen. In two other families is this probable.

Anencephalie and Spina bifida aperta may be found together in the same family. Heterogenie ist probable for both.

3. a) Hydrocephalie without other deformities was in 8 families not inherited.

b) 4 families with microcephaly showed differences. Dominant gens for « Dysraphies » and recessive gens may bring about microcephaly.

c) Consanguinity of the parents in a case of cyklopy is seen to be sign of recessive inheritance.
Intrafamiliäre Variabilität einiger typischer Missbildungen
Authors: Grebe Hans , Wiedemann Hans-Rudolf
Published: July 2016

Report of 4 families with two or three sibblings who suffered from different malformations of skeleton system and dwarfism.

In the first family is supposed, that the different severe chondrodysplasie of three children who descended from healthy parents was caused by a recessive gen which is unstable in manifestation.

In the second family was found that a dwarfic mother had two sons with phenotypical differences on chondrodysplasie.

In the third family a sister who was less deformed and a brother with severe dwarfism (among 13 sibblings) showed different phenotypes of a rare (skeleton) system sickness in any way related to chondrodysplasie. Consanguinity of their parents seems to be expression of a single recessive gen.

In the fourth family were found two brothers who had healthy, blood related parents. The abnormities of their skeleton system are supposed to be a rare form of dysostotic dwarfism.

The observations above communicated may show how many special gens exist in pathological human genetics. The phenotypical differences of special human deformities seem to prove a dependence from a respective genotypical association.
Familial 21/22 Translocation
Authors: Papp Z. , Dolhay B. , Gardo S.
Published: July 2016

A family is described with 21/22 translocation, where chromosome segregation appeared to follow theoretical expectations, rather than empirical risk figures, in male and female carriers alike.

The usefulness of prenatal genetic studies in genetic counseling is also demonstrated.
A Genetic Study of Plasma Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase Activity in Man
Authors: Mendlewicz J. , Levitt M. , Fleiss J. L.
Published: July 2016

Plasma dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) activity was determined in MZ twins and in siblings of both sexes. The enzyme activities were found to be virtually identical in MZ twins. DBH activity was less similar in same-sex sibs, but still significantly correlated. These results indicate that plasma DBH activity is genetically determined.
Lower Frequency of Diabetes Among Hospitalized Negro than White Children: Theoretical Implications
Authors: Donald Michael J. Mac
Published: July 2016

A review of the case histories of 471 diabetic children admitted to a children's hospital during the decade 1960 to 1970 showed that the proportion of diabetics among hospitalized Negro children was significantly lower than that among white children (3.8 Negro vs. 10.7 white per 1000 admissions same ethnic group, P < 0.005). However, the proportion of mild diabetes, characterized by absence of ketosis and no insulin requirement, was higher among Negro (18%) than among white diabetic children (0.5%). These differences could not be explained by differences in environmental factors considered. It is suggested that genetic factors may account for a substantial part of this Negro-white difference.
Earlobe Attachment, Hand Clasping and Arm Folding Among Tamil Brahmans in Relation to Cultural and Ethnic Affiliations
Authors: Srinivasan S. , Mukherjee D.P.
Published: July 2016

The traits, earlobe attachment, hand clasping and arm folding, are found to show a high degree of homogeneity in the Tamil Brahmans.

The latter appear to be closest to the Bengali Brahmans, with respect to all three traits, and differ significantly from other Brahman populations, with respect to earlobe.
Middle Phalangeal Hair in Some South Indian Populations
Authors: Sastry D. B.
Published: July 2016

The study of middle phalangeal hair on a sample of some 5000 nonrelated subjects of both sexes and different age groups, representing 11 South Indian populations, has shown very limited sex and age variability. The frequencies fall within the general range of Indian population groups. Most of the groups tested show genetic homogeneity.
The a-b Ridge Count in the Gujar Pasis and Kureel Chamars of India
Authors: Pandey Nisha , Tandon V. K.
Published: July 2016

The palmar a-b ridge count has been examined in the Gujar Pasis and Kureel Chamars and compared to other Indian populations.
Genetic Counseling in Chromosomal Aberrations in Neurology and Ophthalmology
Authors: Robert J.M. , Laurent C. , Pernod J.
Published: July 2016

On the basis of their genetic-counseling experience with 4000 propositi, the authors start by recalling in a first part the fundamental mechanisms of the appearance and heritability of chromosomal aberrations.

In a second part, they summarize the correlations between clinical cases and chromosomal abnormalities presently described in the literature. Only the syndromes in which a neurologic and/or an ophthalmologic history exists are reported.

In a third part, modalities of genetic counseling, with a summing-up of general risks for chromosomal rearrangements and of their principal circumstances of diagnosis, are related.

Genealogic and cytogenetic studies necessary for counseling are briefly recorded.
Homozygous Expression of a Dominant Gene Causing Peroneal Muscular Atrophy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease)
Authors: Kloepfer H. Warner , Killian James M.
Published: July 2016

This study involves the presentation of a kindred from Southwestern Louisiana showing 66 individuals who were heterozygous for a rare dominant gene for a type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with hypertrophy of peripheral nerves. Two marriages between heterozygotes resulted in the occurrence of five homozygous offsprings. Clinical features of these previously undescribed homozygotes are compared to the clinical features of the classic type of heterozygote. The value of using nerve-conduction time to detect the asymptomatic heterozygote for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is discussed.
Recessive Familial Spastic Paraplegia with Retinal Degeneration
Authors: Macrae W. , Stieffel J. , Todorov A.B.
Published: July 2016

A family is described in which spastic paraplegia and retinal degeneration were observed in 5 out of 11 sibs in one generation. All affected members of this family had the onset of bilateral ocular symptoms during the fourth to fifth decade. Visual impairment was slowly progressive and ranged from 20/25 to 20/100.

There was a macular and perimacular speckling with small, irregular, discrete spots and central pigment proliferation, at the level of the pigment epithelium. Fluorescein angiography revealed patches of proliferating retinal pigment epithelium blocking transmission of fluorescein, surrounded by a larger area of disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium giving a “window-effect” choroidal pattern. The right macula showed a nonspecific, nonfluorescent, reticular pattern.

The most likely explanation of the ocular findings was a retinal degeneration involving the retinal pigment epithelium and/or the chorio-capillaries. Extensive laboratory work was negative.
Comments to Dr. H. Petit's Communication on Refsum's Disease and Refsum's Syndrome
Authors: Refsum Sigvald
Published: July 2016

The difference between the two clinical pictures, heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis and “Refum's syndrome” is stressed, together with their individual variability. A review of the literature clearly shows that in none of the cases of “Refsum's syndrome” described so far have any biochemical errors been identified.

The cases with a symptomatology similar to heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis represent a challenge to further intensive studies.
Dominant Congenital Deafness and Progressive Optic Atrophy. Report of a Family Through Four Generations
Authors: Konigsmark Bruce W. , Knox David L. , Hussels Irene F. , Moses Howard
Published: July 2016

Six persons in four generations had congenital severe deafness and progressive mid-life visual failure. The 53-year-old proband and her 9-year-old son, studied in detail, had severe neural hearing loss and optic atrophy, much more severe in the mother. Her vision was 20/80 in each eye while her son's vision was normal. No cause for the hearing or visual loss was present except heredity.

The proband's father, seen years ago at the age of 68, was congenitally deaf and had progressive visual loss with optic atrophy. By history, the proband's two maternal aunts and paternal grandmother had this same syndrome. The syndrome, transmitted by dominant mode, is unique and distinct from other familial syndromes of visual and hearing loss, including those described by Usher, Refsum, Alström, Cockayne, Norrie, Small, Sylvester, Rosenberg and Chutorian, and Tunbridge and Paley.
The Prognosis of Twins and Prematurity
Authors: Zoltan I.
Published: July 2016

Premature delivery is 3-4 times higher in multiple pregnancy. About 12% of all premature infants result from twin pregnancies. Multiple pregnancy is therefore considered as a high-risk pregnancy, involving intensive care of the pregnant woman. The occurrence of toxicosis in twin pregnancies has in this way been reduced to almost 10%. The maturity or immaturity of twins seems to be qualified according to the weight of each single twin, irrespective of the twin partner. Small-for-date babies may be frequently found in twin pregnancies.
Prognosis for the Newborn from Multiple Pregnancy
Authors: Osuch-Jaczewska R. , Lempart O. , Ochabska Z.
Published: July 2016

A total of 669 newborns from multiple pregnancies, including 15 triplets, have been examined. Full-term fetuses were 19.3% premature ones 60.7%, and dystrophic ones 20%. Of these, 58.4% were born in good conditions, 25.1% in average conditions (4-7 Apgar scores), and 16.4% in bad conditions (1-3 Apgar scores). Complications in the neonatal period were reported in 38.7% of cases (respiratory syndrome 21.2%, CNS injury 4.8%, developmental defects 1.3%, other complications 9.3%).

Twin mortality amounted to 10.5%, mainly due to hypoxemia (7.2%), cerebral lesion (2.4%), developmental defects (0.4%), and general edema (0.5%).
Conditions of Delivery in Multiple Pregnancy. Observations on the Danzig population over twenty years
Authors: Mierzejewski W. , Metler S. , Metler St. , Rudzinski J.
Published: July 2016

An analysis of the conditions of delivery in multiple pregnancy, with special respect to the parity of the woman, has been carried out on a sample of 619 deliveries from multiple pregnancy in the Danzig population.
Some Parameters of Erythrocyte System in Newborn Twins
Authors: Dziedziuszko A. , Osmiak H.
Published: July 2016

HbF, number of erythrocytes, Hb level, and hematocrits, were determined in mature twins, in immature twins, and in the control group. No essential differences were found in the parameters of these groups. However, in the comparison of absolute differences of values found in both MZ and DZ twins, there was a statistical significance for all the tested parameters.
Development of Premature Twins with Dissimilar Birth Weight. I. Physical Development
Authors: Janus-Kukulska A. , Kiepurska-Zdzienicka J.
Published: July 2016

The physical development of 20 premature same-sex twin pairs with dissimilar birth weight was observed, as compared to a control group of 17 pairs of premature same-sex twins born with similar weight.

The comparison showed that greater differences in development occur between twin siblings born with dissimilar weight. The twins poorly grown in utero were at a disadvantage mainly in body weight.

In the preschool or school age, twins poorly grown in utero twice as often had underheight. Underheight was found more frequently in boys.

The degree of intrauterine dystrophy does not seem to be of great importance to the further development. Neither was any relationship found between the physical development of the dystrophic twin and the degree of prematurity, as defined by fetal age and birth weight of the larger twin.
Some Aspects of the Physical and Mental Development of Triplets
Authors: Glinkowa K. , Stachyra J. , Glowacka I.
Published: July 2016

The authors have examined 30 children from triplet pregnancies aged 18 months to 16.5 years. The group included 20 girls and 10 boys. Triplet pregnancy was found to be, in the average, the fourth consecutive pregnancy in mothers. Physical and mental development was assessed. It was found that 60% of children showed a physical development below the appropriate norm for their age. In 83% of the children under examination mental age ranged below chronological age.
Effect of Living Conditions on the Development of Multiplets Born in the Danzig Province in 1957-1971
Authors: Kaminska M. , Ksiezopolska-Kaczorowska A. , Marek A. , Gumkowska-Kaminska B. , Bogdanowicz M.
Published: July 2016

The development of a total of 58 triplets, quadruplets, and quintuplets, born in the province of Danzig in the years 1957-1971, is analysed. The examinations show that the physical development of multiplets in the first year of age is similar to that of singletons, irrespective of their social conditions. In the second year of age, however, multiplets with bad social conditions showed a much worse rate of development.

Only half of the 56 children examined by a psychologist reached IQ norms, the others being on the verge of normalcy and mental deficiency, or even lower. Out of 30 school-age children, 16 had difficulties in learning and 15 of these showed features of mental development deficiency.
Physical Development of the Danzig Quintuplets in Their First Year of Life
Authors: Kaminska M.
Published: July 2016

The physical development of the quintuplets in their first year of age is described, including anthropological measurements, psychological, hematological, immunological, and other examinations.

Piotr appeared to show the highest rate of height and weight growth; Ewa, the lowest one. In the 7th month of age, head and chest circumference values achieved the standards of singletons born at term. Psychomotor development of the quintuplets was not only proper but even exceeding. Teething occurred in the 8th-10th month. Hematological examinations in the first 6 months showed some anemia, which disappeared in the 7th month. Other laboratory examinations did not show any deviations, except for slightly lowered serum level of gamma-globulins. In their first year of age the children suffered from nearly any diseases. The infections of the upper respiratory tract showed a mild course.
HCS, HCG, and HCG Subunit Serum Levels During Multiple Pregnancies
Authors: Gaspard U. , Franchimont P.
Published: July 2016

HCS, HCG, and HCG α and β subunits were measured in the serum of women with unifetal or multiple pregnancies. Highly specific radioimmunoassay procedures were used for the determinations.

Serum maternal levels of HCS are greatly increased in multiple pregnancies, sometimes more than could be expected from increased placental weight alone. Serum undissociated HCG is also elevated in multiple pregnancies. The relationship between undissociated HCG and its free circulating α and β subunits is different in multiple and unifetal pregnancies and this difference is discussed.
The Twin Register of Budapest
Authors: Czeizel A. , Agoston J. , Bognar Z. , Ory I. , Szabados T.
Published: July 2016

Since 1 January 1970, multiple births have been recorded by the Budapest Twin Register. The maternity wards report multiple births by telephone, retain the placenta, mark the umbilical cord of the first born and fill in the Registration Form of Multiple Births indicating the most important personal and obstetrical data. Placentae are examined by a pathologist. In like-sexed twins with dichorial placenta zygosity is determined 6-24 months after birth by applying blood and serum protein group determinations and dermatoglyphics. A total of 85.9 and 84.2% of all multiple births (356 and 316) were reported in 1970 and 1971, respectively. So far, the zygosity of twins was determined in 53.8 and 50.5% of all twins in 1970 and 1971.