bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management mechanism of human capital formation under a postindustrial economy
Authors: Gadzhiev Nazirkhan , Konovalenko Sergey , Trofimov Mikhail , Leontieva Jamila , Akhmedova Khamida
Published: May 2020

The article is devoted to the study of unsolved problems of the human capital theory, as follows the determination of the mechanism of human capital formation, methods of economic analysis of its effectiveness and accounting costs for its formation. The authors rely on the approach to the definition of “human capital” generally accepted in the economic theory, in terms of which it is a complex of knowledge and the most important resource for sustainable development of the economy, as well as on the structural and systematic approaches, according to which the components of human contribute to the sustainable development of the economy capital acting in concert with each other. In this setting, the main unit of human capital is the member of the creative class. The authors consider a cost approach as the methodological basis for accounting and evaluating human capital in practice. As the main research methods, the authors use the model-building technique for the formation and accumulation of human capital, special methods of economic analysis and statistics. The theoretical and practical significance of the study lies in identifying the management mechanism of human capital formation and validation of the integrated assessment methods and the methods of accounting the effectiveness of the costs of developing human capital in the enterprise management system, which were tested when measuring the effectiveness of the particular enterprise’s investments in human capital.
The socio-economic consequences of the desertification processes in Mongolia
Authors: Darbalaeva Darima , Mikheeva Anna , Zhamyanova Yulia
Published: May 2020

The comparative assessment of the aimags population living standard and the country average level was carried out and some problem areas requiring closer examination were identified. We evaluated 12 indicators characterizing the development of the economic and social sphere of aimags, using the method of ranking calculated indices based on 2010 and 2018. The economy transition to a market entailed significant changes in the life of pastoralists. The desertification processes strongly influence the living standard of the herders whose level of prosperity is rather low compared to the country average level.
Analysis of thermodynamic processes under high-voltage condenser welding with inductive dynamic drive
Authors: Nescoromniy Stanislav , Strizhakov Evgeny
Published: May 2020

When obtaining fixed joints of different thickness from dissimilar materials, there arise difficulties associated with various thermophysical properties, and the likelihood of occurrence of intermetallic phases under chemical interaction. The use of super hard modes of thermodynamic effect during high-voltage condenser welding (HCW) provides localizing heat generation in the contact zone of the weld surfaces, activating the surface layers through converging the surfaces with the displacement of molten metal to the periphery of the contact zone and forming bonding in the solid phase.Recommendations are given for the use of technological methods of high-voltage capacitor welding depending on the combinations of welded alloys. A description of the nature and physical processes occurring at each technological reception is given.It is shown that the energy stored in the capacitor banks is spent on heat and power action. Variation of the mass of the induction - dynamic drive pusher and its inductance enables to adjust the ratio of thermal and mechanical components of the HCW process.The energy dispersion analysis of the experimental compounds obtained from dissimilar alloys confirms the absence of diffusion in high-voltage capacitor welding under super-rigid exposure modes.
Partitioning and transmutation strategy R&D for nuclear spent fuel: the SACSESS and GENIORS projects
Authors: Bourg Stéphane , Geist Andreas , Adnet Jean-Marc , Rhodes Chris , Hanson Bruce C.
Published: May 2020

Processes such as PUREX allow the recovery and reuse of the uranium and the plutonium of GEN II/GEN III reactors and are being adapted for the recycling of the uranium and the plutonium of GEN IV MOX fuels. However, it does not fix the sensitive issue of the long-term management of the high active nuclear waste (HAW). Indeed, only the recovery and the transmutation of the minor actinides can reduce this burden down to a few hundreds of years. In this context, and in the continuity of the FP7 EURATOM SACSESS project, GENIORS focuses on the reprocessing of MOX fuel containing minor actinides, taking into account safety issues under normal and mal-operation. By implementing a three-step approach (reinforcement of the scientific knowledge => process development and testing => system studies, safety and integration), GENIORS will provide more science-based strategies for nuclear fuel management in the EU.
Thermal treatment for radioactive waste minimisation
Authors: Nieminen Matti , Olin Markus , Laatikainen-Luntama Jaana , Wickham Stephen M. , Doudou Slimane , Fuller Adam J. , Kent Jenny , Fournier Maxime , Clarke Sean , Scales Charlie , Hyatt Neil C. , Walling Sam A. , Gardner Laura J. , Catherin Stephane , Frasca Benjamin
Published: May 2020

Safe management of radioactive waste is challenging to waste producers and waste management organisations. Deployment of thermal treatment technologies can provide significant improvements: volume reduction, waste passivation, organics destruction, safety demonstration facilitation, etc. The EC-funded THERAMIN project enables an EU-wide strategic review and assessment of the value of thermal treatment technologies applicable to Low and Intermediate Level waste streams (ion exchange media, soft operational waste, sludges, organic waste, and liquids). THERAMIN compiles an EU-wide database of wastes, which could be treated by thermal technologies and documents available thermal technologies. Applicability and benefits of technologies to the identified waste streams will be evaluated through full-scale demonstration tests by project partners. Safety case implications will also be assessed through the study of the disposability of thermally treated waste products. This paper will communicate the strategic aims of the ongoing project and highlight some key findings and results achieved to date.
Oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC): a rare presentation in the palate
Authors: Karthik K.P. , Balamurugan R. , Sahana Pushpa T.
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma with an unusual presentation in the palate. Observation: This case report presents a 68 year old male who reported with pain in the roof of the jaw for the past one month. The patient gave a history of a small ulcer over the right palatal region since a year which gradually increased in size. History also revealed that he was a tobacco chewer for around five years and had quit the habit one year back. Clinically, a proliferative growth in the right palatal region was apparent. The growth was firm in consistency and had well-defined borders that crossed the midline of palate. Based on the noticeable clinical signs, the case was provisionally diagnosed as verrucous carcinoma. Histopathology report of the incisional biopsy confirmed the case to be non-invasive oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma. Commentary: OPSCC displays either a papillary variant or exophytic pattern. It has a better prognosis than squamous cell carcinoma of similar clinical stage but is worse than verrucous carcinoma. Conclusion: Since OPSCC may mimic other benign conditions of oral cavity, evaluation of clinical parameters that are associated with the risk of carcinoma is mandatory. This article highlights the significance of histopathological examination that aids the clinician to arrive at a diagnosis for any suspicious papillary lesions.
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Nonacog Beta Pegol (N9-GP) Administered for at Least 5 Years in Previously Treated Children with Hemophilia B
Authors: Carcao Manuel , Kearney Susan , Lu Meng Yao , Taki Masashi , Rubens Daniel , Shen Chunduo , Santagostino Elena
Published: May 2020

Long-term safety and efficacy data of extended half-life factor IX (FIX) prophylaxis in children with hemophilia B (HB) are sparse. paradigm 5 is a multinational, open-label, single-arm, phase III trial assessing once-weekly (40 IU/kg) prophylactic nonacog beta pegol (N9-GP) in previously treated patients (PTPs) aged ≤ 12 years with HB (FIX activity ≤ 2%). Primary endpoint: incidence of anti-FIX inhibitory antibodies (≥ 0.6 Bethesda Units). We present a 5-year analysis (N = 25, including remaining patients with ≥ 5 years' follow-up) and compare with a 1-year analysis (≥ 52 weeks' exposure). The main phase enrolled 25 children; 22 entered the extension phase; 17 remained in trial at data cutoff. Median treatment period: 5.6 years/patient; median total number of N9-GP exposure days: 290.0/patient. No patients developed anti-FIX inhibitory antibodies. No other safety concerns, including thromboembolic events, were reported. Neurological examinations have not revealed any new abnormal findings. Sixteen (64.0%) patients remained free from spontaneous bleeds; all bleeds were mild/moderate in severity; 93.0% were controlled with 1 to 2 N9-GP injections. No intracranial hemorrhages were reported. Annualized bleeding rates (ABRs) were very low at 5 years (median/Poisson-estimated mean overall ABR: 0.66/0.99), having decreased from the 1-year analysis (1.00/1.44). Median/Poisson-estimated mean spontaneous ABRs for the 1- and 5-year analyses: 0.00/0.45 and 0.00/0.33. Mean FIX trough activity at 5 years: 17.9%. Mean polyethylene glycol plasma concentration reached steady state at 6 months, increasing slightly over time, in line with increased FIX trough activity. N9-GP administered for ≥ 5 years shows favorable long-term safety and efficacy in PTPs with HB (FIX activity ≤ 2%).
Neonatal Late Onset Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Authors: Costa Simonetta , Buonsenso Danilo , Sanguinetti Maurizio , Cattani Paola , Posteraro Brunella , Marchetti Simona , Carducci Brigida , Lanzone Antonio , Tamburrini Enrica , Vento Giovanni , Valentini Piero
Published: May 2020

Objective To date, no information on late-onset infection in newborns to mother with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contracted in pregnancy are available. This study aimed to evaluate postdischarge SARS-CoV-2 status of newborns to mothers with COVID-19 in pregnancy that, at birth, were negative to SARS-CoV-2.

Study Design This is an observational study of neonates born to mothers with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Results Seven pregnant women with documented SARS-CoV-2 infection have been evaluated in our institution. One woman had a spontaneous abortion at 8 weeks of gestational age, four women recovered and are still in follow-up, and two women delivered. Two newborns were enrolled in the study. At birth and 3 days of life, newborns were negative to SARS-CoV-2. At 2-week follow-up, one newborn tested positive although asymptomatic.

Conclusion Our findings highlight the importance of follow-up of newborns to mothers with COVID-19 in pregnancy, since they remain at risk of contracting the infection in the early period of life and long-term consequences are still unknown.

Key Points
Hospital Safety-Net Burden and Risk for Readmissions and Severe Maternal Morbidity
Authors: McKinley Lilian P. , Wen Timothy , Gyamfi-Bannerman Cynthia , Wright Jason D. , Goffman Dena , Sheen Jean-Ju , D'Alton Mary E. , Friedman Alexander M.
Published: May 2020

Objective This study aimed to analyze whether hospital safety-net burden status is associated with increased risk for severe maternal morbidity (SMM) and postpartum readmissions.

Study Design The 2010 to 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database was utilized for this retrospective cohort study. Hospitals were categorized as high-burden hospitals (25% of hospitals with the highest safety-net burden), medium-burden hospitals (50% of hospitals with intermediate safety-net burden), and low-burden hospitals (25% of hospitals with the lowest safety-net burden) based on the proportions of Medicaid or uninsured patients. Risk for (1) SMM, (2) 60-day postpartum readmissions, and (3) SMM during postpartum readmissions was analyzed. Unadjusted and adjusted log-linear regression models were performed, respectively, for these outcomes with unadjusted risk ratio (RR) and adjusted RR (aRR) as measures of effect. Adjusted models included demographic, hospital, and clinical factors.

Results High-burden safety-net status was associated with increased risk for SMM compared with low-burden safety-net status in both unadjusted (RR: 1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.50–1.53) and adjusted analyses (aRR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.25–1.30). High-burden status was also associated with increased risk for readmissions in unadjusted analyses (RR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.40–1.44), although this risk was attenuated in adjusted analyses (aRR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.06–1.08). High-burden status was associated with significantly increased risk for readmission for uterine infections, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, and psychiatric diagnoses. High-burden status was not associated with severe morbidity during readmissions in adjusted or unadjusted analyses (RR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.98–1.05; aRR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.99).

Conclusion This study found that high safety-net burden hospitals may be a higher risk setting for obstetric care. Improvement of outcomes in high-burden settings may be important in overall efforts to reduce maternal risk.
Synthesis of single-crystal La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 freestanding films with different crystal-orientation
Authors: Lu Zengxing , Liu Jingwu , Feng Jiatai , Zheng Xuan , Yang Li-hong , Ge Chen , Jin Kui-juan , Wang Zhiming , Li Run-Wei
Published: May 2020

We report the synthesis of single-crystal La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) freestanding films with different crystal orientations. By using pulsed laser deposition, water soluble perovskite-like sacrificial layers Sr3Al2O6 (SAO) followed by LSMO films are grown on differently oriented SrTiO3 substrates. Freestanding LSMO films with different orientations are obtained by etching the SAO in pure water. All the freestanding films show room-temperature ferromagnetism and metallicity, independent of the crystal orientation. Intriguingly, the Curie temperature (TC) of the freestanding films is increased due to strain relaxation after releasing from the substrates. Our results provide an additional degree of freedom to tailor the properties of freestanding perovskite oxide heterostructures by crystal orientation and an opportunity to further integrate different oriented films together.
Photonic methods and technologies for monitoring the ocean and atmosphere
Authors: Kulchin Yu.N. , Voznesensky S.S. , Gamayunov E.L. , Golik S.S. , Ilyin A.A. , Kamenev O.T. , Nikitin A.I. , Pavlov A.N. , Popik A.Yu. , Romashko R.V. , Subbotin E.P.
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we review photonic methods and technologies that are promising for monitoring the ocean and atmosphere and have been implemented mainly in recent years at the Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. We present results of lidar studies that have made it possible to understand key features of ocean – atmosphere interaction processes under continent – ocean transition conditions, which determine specific features of the atmospheric aerosol distribution, small gaseous components of the atmosphere and its optical characteristics. We consider methods and tools for combined optical and laser fluorescence monitoring of the ocean surface. Particular attention is paid to results of research on remote methods and tools for real-time laser-induced and laser fluorescence environmental monitoring of the ocean, including specialised fibre-optic probes and mobile underwater robotic systems. We present results of the development and investigation of highly sensitive, noise-proof fibre-optic hydro- and seismic/acoustic sensors for remote monitoring of the ocean and robotic systems for underwater laser protection of marine vessels, hydraulic structures and oceanographic instruments against the negative impact of biofouling.
Effectiveness of native nectar-feeding birds and the introduced Apis mellifera as pollinators of the kangaroo paw, Anigozanthos manglesii (Haemodoraceae)
Authors: Ayre Bronwyn M. , Roberts David G. , Phillips Ryan D. , Hopper Stephen D. , Krauss Siegfried L.
Published: May 2020

Plants pollinated by vertebrates are often visited by native and exotic insects foraging for pollen and nectar. We compared flower visitation rates, foraging behaviour, and the contribution to reproduction of nectar-feeding birds and the introduced honeybee Apis mellifera in four populations of the bird-pollinated Anigozanthos manglesii (Haemodoraceae). The behaviour of floral visitors was quantified with direct observations and motion-triggered and hand-held cameras. Pollinator access to flowers was manipulated by enclosure in netting to either exclude all visitors or to exclude vertebrate visitors only. Apis mellifera was the only insect observed visiting flowers, and the most frequent flower visitor, but primarily acted as a pollen thief. Although birds visited A. manglesii plants only once per week on average, they were 3.5 times more likely to contact the anther or stigma as foraging honeybees. Exclusion of birds resulted in 67% fewer fruits and 81% fewer seeds than flowers left open and unmanipulated. Unnetted flowers that were open to bird and insect pollinators showed pollen-limitation and a large variation in reproductive output within and between sites. Although honeybees have been shown to pollinate other Australian plants, compared to birds, they are highly inefficient pollinators of A. manglesii.
An Expeditious Route for the Synthesis of Oxazepine Triazolo-β-Lactams through Intramolecular Metal-Free [3+2] Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition
Authors: Yadav Ram N. , Chandra Sunena , Paniagua Armando , Hossain Md. Firoj , Banik Bimal Krishna
Published: May 2020

A copper-free intramolecular azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction of 4-hydroxymethyl-β-lactam with sodium azide has been described. The present approach involves the incorporation of an alkyne moiety through O-alkynylation of 3-hydroxy β-lactam with various propargylic halides. The generality of the method has been demonstrated by treating the corresponding tosylates or mesylates of the hydroxymethyl functionality of a variety of β-lactam-tethered terminal and internal alkynes with sodium azide in a one-pot three-step reaction to furnish novel oxazepane-β-lactam fused triazole scaffolds of diverse interest in good yield.
Cavitation in lipid bilayers poses strict negative pressure stability limit in biological liquids
Authors: Kanduč Matej , Schneck Emanuel , Loche Philip , Jansen Steven , Schenk H. Jochen , Netz Roland R.
Published: May 2020

Biological and technological processes that involve liquids under negative pressure are vulnerable to the formation of cavities. Maximal negative pressures found in plants are around−100 bar, even though cavitation in pure bulk water only occurs at much more negative pressures on the relevant timescales. Here, we investigate the influence of small solutes and lipid bilayers, both constituents of all biological liquids, on the formation of cavities under negative pressures. By combining molecular dynamics simulations with kinetic modeling, we quantify cavitation rates on biologically relevant length scales and timescales. We find that lipid bilayers, in contrast to small solutes, increase the rate of cavitation, which remains unproblematically low at the pressures found in most plants. Only when the negative pressures approach−100 bar does cavitation occur on biologically relevant timescales. Our results suggest that bilayer-based cavitation is what generally limits the magnitude of negative pressures in liquids that contain lipid bilayers.
Applying the potentiating procedure for optimal management of power consumption of technocenose
Authors: Gnatyuk V I , Polevoy S A. , Kivchun O R , Lutsenko D V
Published: May 2020

The concept of energy saving potential is introduced and justified in the article. A technique for assessing the energy saving potential of technocenoses is presented. The basis of this technique is the following stages: analysis of information on power consumption, rationing and analysis of power consumption. As an experimental verification of the methodology, the results of determining energy saving potentials for the regional electrical complex of Gasprom extraction Urengoi are presented.
New approach to the implementation of the under frequency load shedding function in micro grid
Authors: Mirzoevich Borbad G. , Makhmudovich Makhmadi S. , Chorshanbiev Sirojiddin R. , Saidzoda Rahimjon H.
Published: May 2020

In the presented study, a modern method has been developed related to the analysis of the network at 10 kV and 0.4 kV, using the methods of mathematical modeling it is possible to ensure the creation of the same network with different parameters. It can be seen from the work that the UFLS teams make it possible to ensure the stability of the functioning of the electric power system.
Assessment of properties of coal seams as destructible environments
Authors: Linnik V Yu , Linnik Yu N , Zich A , Makar S V , Kerimova Ch V , Sadriddinov M I
Published: May 2020

The article analyzes indexes that characterize properties of coal seams and are used in calculation of loads on cutting tools of mining machines, or in selection of drives. Determination of geological structure complexity of coal seams takes into account hard inclusions and dirt bands in coal, as well as their size and lithology type. The notion of coal cuttability in spalled and unspalled face zones is explained using the coefficient of coal spalling. For strength estimation of complex structure coal seams with dirt bands and hard inclusions, it is proposed to use the index of integral cuttability which is the sum of coal cuttability and generalized index of densities and properties of inhomogeneities in the seam. In geological documentation, strength characteristics of inhomogeneities are described using the ultimate compression strength or Protodyakonov factor of hardness (in Russia). For this reason, the authors propose an empirical expression to recalculate cuttability of inhomogeneities in terms of uniaxial compression strength or hardness factor. The estimation algorithms of brittleness, grindability and breakability of coal seams are presented. The formula of coal abrasiveness is given. Systematization of data on breakability of coal seams has made a framework for classification of coal seams as media disintegrated by cutting tools of mining machines.
The Peril of Power: A Tutorial on Using Simulation to Better Understand When and How We Can Estimate Mediating Effects
Authors: Rudolph Kara E , Goin Dana E , Stuart Elizabeth A
Published: May 2020

Mediation analyses are valuable for examining mechanisms underlying an association, investigating possible explanations for nonintuitive results, or identifying interventions that can improve health in the context of nonmanipulable exposures. However, designing a study for the purpose of answering a mediation-related research question remains challenging because sample size and power calculations for mediation analyses are typically not conducted or are crude approximations. Consequently, many studies are probably conducted without first establishing that they have the statistical power required to detect a meaningful effect, potentially resulting in wasted resources. In an effort to advance more accurate power calculations for estimating direct and indirect effects, we present a tutorial demonstrating how to conduct a flexible, simulation-based power analysis. In this tutorial, we compare power to estimate direct and indirect effects across various estimators (the Baron and Kenny estimator (J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51(6):1173–1182), inverse odds ratio weighting, and targeted maximum likelihood estimation) using various data structures designed to mimic important features of real data. We include step-by-step commented R code (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) in an effort to lower implementation barriers to ultimately improving power assessment in mediation studies.
A life in science—a way to conquer your demons (but maybe not the best way)
Authors: Hammer Cornelius
Published: May 2020

A career does not follow a straight path. Determination, decision-making, and focus are essential ingredients, as well as a fair amount of flexibility, especially when one is struggling with contradictory signals. Career planning and the necessary decision-making must be learned however, and this may be particularly difficult when negative outcomes are likely and encouragement is rare. Under such circumstances, finding a job that makes one happy could be considered a noteworthy measure of success. However, even after attaining such a position, many tend to compare their own performance and career development with those of the celebrities in the field. This can only result in frustration and insecurity. Furthermore, success in marine science is generally characterized by metrics, together with the manner in which one’s career has advanced through a series of positions occupied in the zig-zag from student life to retirement. For me, a more personal kind of success has been to overcome the fear of failure that arises through constant comparison of my own performance and achievements with those who are perceived as the best in the field. This might be viewed more as social anxiety than fear as I will explain in this article.
The roles of histidine and tyrosine residues in the active site of collagenase in Grimontia hollisae
Authors: Hayashi Kaichi , Ikeuchi Takeaki , Morishita Ryo , Qian Jun , Kojima Kenji , Takita Teisuke , Tanaka Keisuke , Hattori Shunji , Yasukawa Kiyoshi
Published: May 2020

Collagenase from the Grimontia hollisae strain 1706B (Ghcol) is a zinc metalloproteinase with the zinc-binding motif H492EXXH496. It exhibits higher collagen-degrading activity than the collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum, which is widely used in industry. We previously examined the pH and temperature dependencies of Ghcol activity; Glu493 was thought to contribute acidic pKa (pKe1), while no residue was assigned to contribute alkaline pKa (pKe2). In this study, we introduced nine single mutations at the His or Tyr residues in and near the active site. Our results showed that H412A, H485A, Y497A, H578A and H737A retained the activities to hydrolyze collagen and gelatin, while H426A, H492A, H496A and Y568A lacked them. Purification of active variants H412A, H485A, H578A and H737A, along with inactive variants H492A and H496A, were successful. H412A preferred (7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl-L-Lys-L-Pro-L-Leu-Gly-L-Leu-[N3-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-2,3-diaminopropionyl]-L-Ala-L-Arg-NH2 to collagen, while H485A preferred collagen to the peptide, suggesting that His412 and His485 are important for substrate specificity. Purification of the active variant Y497A and inactive variants H426A and Y568A were unsuccessful, suggesting that these three residues were important for stability. Based on the reported crystal structure of clostridial collagenase, Tyr568 of Ghcol is suggested to be involved in catalysis and may be the ionizable residue for pKe2.
My favourite flowering image: computed tomographic reconstruction of a crucifer flower
Authors: Nikolov Lachezar A
Published: May 2020

Crucifer flowers have a stereotypical plan and much of the floral diversity in the family is revealed only by careful observation. This statement holds true for the flower of Stanleya elata, a relative of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, which exhibits a number of distinct features that highlight the value of crucifers in comparative studies. Such comparative approaches in combination with new imaging and genomic technologies provide novel insight into floral structure and diversity.
Dehydroabietinal promotes flowering time and plant defense in Arabidopsis via the autonomous pathway genes FLOWERING LOCUS D, FVE, and RELATIVE OF EARLY FLOWERING 6
Authors: Chowdhury Zulkarnain , Mohanty Devasantosh , Giri Mrunmay K , Venables Barney J , Chaturvedi Ratnesh , Chao Aaron , Petros Robby A , Shah Jyoti
Published: May 2020

Abietane diterpenoids are tricyclic diterpenes whose biological functions in angiosperms are largely unknown. Here, we show that dehydroabietinal (DA) fosters transition from the vegetative phase to reproductive development in Arabidopsis thaliana by promoting flowering time. DA’s promotion of flowering time was mediated through up-regulation of the autonomous pathway genes FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD), RELATIVE OF EARLY FLOWERING 6 (REF6), and FVE, which repress expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a negative regulator of the key floral integrator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). Our results further indicate that FLD, REF6, and FVE are also required for systemic acquired resistance (SAR), an inducible defense mechanism that is also activated by DA. However, unlike flowering time, FT was not required for DA-induced SAR. Conversely, salicylic acid, which is essential for the manifestation of SAR, was not required for the DA-promoted flowering time. Thus, although the autonomous pathway genes FLD, REF6, and FVE are involved in SAR and flowering time, these biological processes are not interdependent. We suggest that SAR and flowering time signaling pathways bifurcate at a step downstream of FLD, REF6, and FVE, with an FLC-dependent arm controlling flowering time, and an FLC-independent pathway controlling SAR.
PlaToLoCo: the first web meta-server for visualization and annotation of low complexity regions in proteins
Authors: Jarnot Patryk , Ziemska-Legiecka Joanna , Dobson Laszlo , Merski Matthew , Mier Pablo , Andrade-Navarro Miguel A , Hancock John M , Dosztányi Zsuzsanna , Paladin Lisanna , Necci Marco , Piovesan Damiano , Tosatto Silvio C E , Promponas Vasilis J , Grynberg Marcin , Gruca Aleksandra
Published: May 2020

Low complexity regions (LCRs) in protein sequences are characterized by a less diverse amino acid composition compared to typically observed sequence diversity. Recent studies have shown that LCRs may co-occur with intrinsically disordered regions, are highly conserved in many organisms, and often play important roles in protein functions and in diseases. In previous decades, several methods have been developed to identify regions with LCRs or amino acid bias, but most of them as stand-alone applications and currently there is no web-based tool which allows users to explore LCRs in protein sequences with additional functional annotations. We aim to fill this gap by providing PlaToLoCo - PLAtform of TOols for LOw COmplexity—a meta-server that integrates and collects the output of five different state-of-the-art tools for discovering LCRs and provides functional annotations such as domain detection, transmembrane segment prediction, and calculation of amino acid frequencies. In addition, the union or intersection of the results of the search on a query sequence can be obtained. By developing the PlaToLoCo meta-server, we provide the community with a fast and easily accessible tool for the analysis of LCRs with additional information included to aid the interpretation of the results. The PlaToLoCo platform is available at: http://platoloco.aei.polsl.pl/.
Tuberculosis among First Nations, Inuit and Métis children and youth in Canada: Beyond medical management
Authors: Jetty Radha
Published: May 2020

First Nations, Inuit and Métis people in Canada continue to be disproportionately affected by tuberculosis (TB), a disparity rooted primarily in factors such as poverty, crowded and inadequate housing, food insecurity, and inequitable health care access. Historical TB control practices in Canada have contributed to stigma and discrimination toward those with the disease, as well as fear and mistrust of the health system. These individual and system-level factors result in delays in TB diagnoses, ongoing transmission, poorer outcomes, and lower treatment completion rates. Children are especially vulnerable, as they are more likely to develop disease once infected with TB bacteria and to experience life-threatening conditions such as TB meningitis. Paediatric health professionals can help to increase TB awareness and literacy, reduce stigma and discrimination, and ultimately, improve the quality and uptake of services for treatment and prevention in families and communities at risk. They can also advocate for sustainable, community-driven TB elimination strategies that incorporate First Nations, Inuit and Métis principles of wellness, healing and self-determination.
Climate Change Policymaking in the States: A View at 2020
Authors: Bromley-Trujillo Rebecca , Holman Mirya R
Published: May 2020

Climate change policymaking has stalled at the federal level in the United States, especially since Donald Trump’s election as president. Concurrently, extreme weather, rising sea levels, and other climatic effects have increased the salience of climate change in the mass public and among elected officials. In response, legislators in state governments increasingly introduce and adopt policies associated with climate change. In this article, we evaluate the state of climate change policymaking in state legislatures, with a focus on overall trends in climate mitigation and adaptation innovation and cases of policy retrenchment. We document an increased level of climate legislation introduced in U.S. states since President Trump’s election, particularly in states under Democratic Party control. We evaluate patterns of introduced legislation across the states between 2011 and 2019 and consider the factors associated with bill sponsorship. Our results demonstrate the increased partisan nature of climate change policymaking in U.S. states.
A study of Interleukin 6 as a predictive biomarker for development of nonalcholic steatohepatitis in patients with Nonalcholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Mohamed K A , Mohamed E E , Ahmed D M , Sayed M A , Hussien A R
Published: May 2020

Background

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease worldwide, with a prevalence of 15%-30% in Western populations. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most important cause of chronic liver disease related to the increase in incidence of obesity and diabetes mellitus type II in the population.

Aim of the Work

To predict nonalcholic steatohepatitis in patient with NAFLD through measurement of interleukin 6 to prevent progression of the disease into liver cirrhosis through early diagnosis.

Patients and Methods

This study was designed to be case control study; it was conducted on 70 patients selected from Internal Medicine and Hepatology outpatient clinics and inpatient wards at Ain Shams University Hospitals from (Jun/2017 to Jul 9/2018) and 20 healthy subjects as control group.

Results

NASH patients had more obesity (BMI 30) (83.3%) than both simple steatosis patients (57.5%) and control (55.0%). NASH patients had higher BMI as compared to simple steatosis patients and control (p value =0.01). The present study revealed that there is a statistically significant difference between groups according to IL6 (P > 0.001) as IL6 was positive in 70% of patients with NASH while in patients with simple steatosis and control was positive in 25%, 20% respectively.

Conclusion

NAFLD is a highly prevalent condition, shares many features of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), a highly atherogenic condition.

Recommendations

Large scale multi-centre studies are recommended to study the prevalence of NAFLD in Egypt. Further studies on the effect of presence of steatosis and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Implementation intentions for weight loss in college students with overweight and obesity: a proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hayes Jacqueline F , Balantekin Katherine N , Graham Andrea K , Strube Michael J , Bickel Warren K , Wilfley Denise E
Published: May 2020

One in three college students have overweight or obesity and are in need of brief, simple weight loss interventions. Implementation intentions, a strategy that connects a goal-aligned behavior to a cue, facilitate goal attainment of health behaviors but have not been applied as a standalone treatment for weight loss. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of an implementation intention weight loss intervention in college students. In this three-arm, proof-of-concept, randomized controlled trial, college students with overweight/obesity (N = 95) were randomized to one of three conditions: an implementation intention group (IMP), an enhanced implementation intention group (IMP+) that included text message reminders and fluency training (i.e., training for speed and accuracy), and a control goal intention group (GOL) for 4 weeks. Participants completed anthropometric and self-report assessments pretreatment and posttreatment and experience-sampling assessments during the study to assess how implementation intentions contribute to behavior change. Across the sample, IMP and IMP+ groups reported significantly more goal-congruent behaviors than the GOL group. However, no between-condition differences emerged for weight and diet outcomes. Across conditions, students lost a statistically significant amount of weight, improved diet quality, and reduced caloric intake (ps < .05). Setting implementation intentions was associated with increased behaviors consistent with weight loss goals. Moreover, participants in all groups lost a statistically significant amount of weight. Incorporating implementation intentions into weight loss interventions, and testing the efficacy of this approach on weight loss over a longer duration, may be beneficial for college students with overweight/obesity.
Macromolecular substances as a dangerous factor in traditional Chinese medicine injections were determined by size-exclusive chromatography
Authors: Li Yue , Duan Jinlian , Xia Heng , Shu Bin , Duan Weigang
Published: May 2020

Macromolecular substances in traditional Chinese medicine injections (TCMIs) are expected to be a main dangerous factor causing anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reaction. The main aim of the study was to verify the macromolecular substances’ anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reaction in guinea pigs and establish a size-exclusive chromatographic method to detect them. The macromolecular substances from six TCMIs (Danshen injection, Dengzhanxixin injection, Honghua injection, Qingkailing injection, Shuanghuanglian injection and Shuxuening injection) were prepared by removing substances with molecular weight less than 10 kDa with an ultra-filter. The anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions caused by original TCMIs, injections rich in or free of macromolecules were assayed in guinea pigs. The relationship between the amount of the macromolecular substances and peak area of chromatogram was established by size-exclusive chromatography. Injections free of macromolecules were not likely to cause anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions, but injections rich in macromolecular substances were more likely to do so. If the macromolecular substances with molecular weight bigger than 10 kDa were removed, the signal of macromolecular substances in TCMIs was quantitatively reduced. All the results suggested that macromolecular substances in TCMIs are a dangerous factor causing safety problems, and the macromolecular substances can be quantitatively detected with size-exclusive chromatography.
Postnatal Effects of Gestational and Lactational Gavage Exposure to Boric Acid in the Developing Sprague Dawley Rat
Authors: Watson AtLee T D , Sutherland Vicki L , Cunny Helen , Miller-Pinsler Lutfiya , Furr Johnathan , Hebert Charles , Collins Brad , Waidyanatha Suramya , Smith Lori , Vinke Trey , Aillon Kristin , Xie Guanhua , Shockley Keith R , McIntyre Barry S
Published: May 2020

Human exposure to boron occurs primarily through diet and drinking water sources. Animal studies have found that reduced fetal weight following gestational exposure to boron (as boric acid) is the most sensitive toxicological effect. However, recent studies suggest that newborns in areas with elevated boron in drinking water may receive levels of exposure that exceed the U.S. EPA oral reference dose for B. Currently, there are no data to inform a boron risk assessment accounting for this developmental window. To address this knowledge gap, the National Toxicology Program evaluated developmental toxicity following pre- and postnatal boron exposure. Time-mated female Sprague Dawley (Hsd: Sprague Dawley SD) rats were administered 0–20 mg B/kg/day (as boric acid) via gavage from gestation day 6 to 21; offspring were dosed via gavage at the same respective dose level from postnatal day (PND) 1 to 28. There were no dose-related effects on dam bodyweight, bodyweight gain, or feed consumption. Clinical findings were limited to low incidences of umbilical hernia in the 20 mg B/kg pups which resolved by study completion. Pup plasma boron concentrations increased in dose-proportional manner and were similar between PND 4 and PND 28. Postnatal weight gain was significantly reduced at 20 mg B/kg, with male and female pups weighing 23% less than the controls on PND 28. These findings demonstrate that postnatal growth in the Sprague Dawley rat is sensitive to boron exposure and highlights the importance of evaluating the potential toxicity of agents with known human exposures during early life stages.
The combination of platelet count and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio is a prognostic factor in patients with resected breast cancer
Authors: Deng Yunfu , Li Wen , Liu Xuejuan , Ma Guangzhi , Wu Qiang , Chen Fang , Wang Zhu , Zhou Qinghua
Published: May 2020

Many inflammation indicators have been reported to be related with patient outcomes in various cancers. Previous studies have evaluated the combination of platelet (PLT) and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (COP-LMR) as a systemic inflammatory marker for prognostication in lung cancer, yet its prognostic role among breast cancer patients remains unclear.

In the present study, a total of 409 breast cancer patients with surgical resection were retrospectively investigated. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to choose the optimal cut-off value of PLT and lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR). Patients were classified into 3 groups according to the score of COP-LMR, and its relationship with various clinicopathological factors and breast cancer prognosis were further evaluated.

The ROC curve analysis showed that COP-LMR had a higher area under the ROC curve for the prediction of 5-year disease-free survival and overall survival than PLT or LMR alone. Multivariable analysis showed that an elevated COP-LMR was an independent predictor of poor disease-free survival (P = .032) and overall survival (P = .005). Subgroup analysis revealed that COP-LMR was still significantly associated with prognosis in both luminal A and luminal B subtypes.

Preoperative COP-LMR is a potential prognostic factor in breast cancer patients who underwent surgery.
Chronic malnutrition and oral health status in children aged 1 to 5 years
Authors: Vieira Karlla A. , Rosa-Júnior Laerto S. , Souza Maria A. V. , Santos Natanael B. , Florêncio Telma M. M. T. , Bussadori Sandra K.
Published: May 2020

To evaluate the effect of chronic malnutrition on the oral health of children aged 1 to 5 years.

An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted and involved 82 children (12–71 months of age). Nutritional status was evaluated using anthropometric indicators and oral health status/caries prevalence was measured. Non-stimulated saliva was collected and flow rate and buffering capacity was measured.

The mean dmft index was 1.38 for the adequately nourished children, 3.04 for those with mild malnutrition, 2.5 for those with moderate malnutrition and 2.4 for those with severe malnutrition. 69 of the 82 children had low to very low buffering capacity. No significant differences among the groups were found between malnutrition and age, buffering capacity or the dmft index (P > .05). However, significant differences in salivary flow were found among the different malnutrition categories (P < .05). Spearman correlation coefficient revealed a weak negative correlation between nutrition and salivary flow (r = −0.267).

Malnutrition exerts a negative impact on the oral cavity of children and a reduction in salivary flow rate was observed with the increase in malnutrition. Diagnosing the effects of malnutrition in oral environment of children is important because it could improve the quality of life and give them an adequate treatment.
Consolidation period of 18 months no better at promoting off-treatment durability in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment than a 12-month period
Authors: Wang Chun-Hsiang , Chang Kuo-Kuan , Lin Ruey-Chang , Kuo Ming-Jeng , Yang Chi-Chieh , Tseng Yuan-Tsung
Published: May 2020

There has been no clear consensus on the optimal consolidation periods following HBeAg seroconversion (SC) in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Our study aimed to prospectively compare relapse rates between 12 months’ and 18 months’ consolidation periods to see whether or not there is beneficial durability of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) therapy with longer consolidation periods.

We enrolled a total of 137 HBeAg-positive Asian CHB patients treated with TDF monotherapy. Forty-six patients achieved HBeAg SC. Then, they were randomly assigned to consolidation period of either 12 months (group A) or 18 months (group B). After stopping TDF therapy, all patients were followed up for 12 months.

Thirteen patients (56.5%) relapsed in group A and 12 patients (52.2%) relapsed in group B after 12 months’ follow-up (P = .958). Pretreatment HBsAg level is the only significant predictor for off-therapy recurrence by univariate analysis (P = .024). Baseline HBeAg >1000 S/CO in group B patients were significantly less likely to relapse than those of group A (P = .046). Baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >133 U/L could significantly predict occurrence of HBeAg SC (P = .008; 95% CI: 0.545–0.763; AUC: 0.654).

Overall, a prolonged consolidation period has no positive effect on TDF therapy on sustained viral suppression in HBeAg-positive Asian CHB patients. However, a prolonged consolidation period was beneficial to patients with high baseline semi-quantitative HBeAg levels in terms of off-treatment durability. Baseline ALT > 133 U/L could significantly predict the occurrence of HBeAg SC.