bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silicon Mold Etching with Hard Mask Stack Using Spherical Structure of Block Copolymer for Bit-Patterned Media with 2.8 Tbit/in.2
Authors: Kurihara Masaru , Satake Makoto , Nishida Tetsuya , Tsuchiya Yuko , Tada Yasuhiko , Yoshida Hiroshi , Negishi Nobuyuki
Published: July 2013

We investigated a silicon mold fabrication that uses a hard mask stack by using poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly(methacrylate polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) (PMMA-b-PMAPOSS) as the block copolymer (BCP) to assemble nano-patterns for a nano-imprint lithography process during bit-patterned media manufacturing. We developed a dry development process comprised of a single step by taking both the selectivity and anisotropy into consideration, which enables us to create hole patterns by using an array of PMMA spheres embedded in a PMAPOSS matrix. The availability of this process was evaluated from the experimental results that showed that hole patterns at several areal densities were successfully obtained by adjusting the process time under a fixed etching condition. The capability of the pattern transfer to a hard mask from the hole patterns of residual PMAPOSS could be improved by changing the hard mask material from SiO2 to amorphous carbon based on the results from an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface analysis. Silicon molds with areal densities of up to 2.8 Tbit/in.2 were successfully fabricated by using an optimized process condition and the hard mask stack.
Stochastic Effect on Contact Hole Imaging of Chemically Amplified Extreme Ultraviolet Resists
Authors: Kozawa Takahiro , Hirayama Taku
Published: July 2013

With the near realization of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, the critical dimension uniformity and edge roughness of contact holes have attracted much attention. In this study, the stochastic effect on contact hole patterns was investigated using a Monte Carlo method on the basis of the reaction mechanisms of chemically amplified EUV resists. The standard deviation of the number of protected units did not depend on exposure dose or acid generator concentration under the process conditions optimized in terms of the chemical gradient. However, the standard deviation of the number of protected units depended on the effective reaction radius for deprotection.
Oncolytic Adenoviruses: Design, Generation, and Experimental Procedures
Authors: Davydova Julia , Yamamoto Masato
Published: July 2013

Oncolytic adenoviruses are designed to take advantage of the virus' native ability to replicate in cancer cells to induce oncolysis. Subsequently, the released viral progeny spread and kill the neighboring cancer cells. These characteristics, together with the ability of adenovirus to infect a broad spectrum of cells, its well understood replication machinery, and relative ease of manufacture have led to the intensive use of adenovirus as an anticancer agent. This unit describes cloning strategies, procedures to turn the intended design into virus, and quality analyses of resultant adenoviral vectors. Most of these procedures were optimized especially for oncolytic adenoviral vectors. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 78:12.14.1‐12.14.21. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fractals
Authors: Meakin Paul
Published: July 2013

Fractal structures have been observed in a variety of polymers and polymer composites. Their fractal character is associated with the scale invariance of polymer morphology or other properties. This article introduces basic aspects of fractal theory and models of polymer properties such as the percolation model for gelation. Methods to measure fractal dimensionalities and practical applications of fractal polymers are also presented.
A Distributed Ground: The Unknown Fields Division
Authors: Young Liam , Davies Kate
Published: July 2013

As leaders of the Unknown Fields Division at the Architectural Association (AA) School of Architecture in London, Liam Young and Kate Davies take their students on trips to the end of the earth. Cataloguing extreme territories, they investigate the role of design in developing new cultural relationships. Fictional speculation is used as an instrument for understanding emerging environmental and technological futures, in a process of experiencing, chronicling and, ultimately, reimagining the urban and the remote, and charting global flows and trajectories. Here they describe a speculative supply chain that begins below the surface of the Western Desert in outback Australia, and continues to the Arctic ‘Northwest Passage’ and on to London.
Scales of Metabolic Flows: Regional, Urban and Building Systems Design at SOM
Authors: Besserud Keith , Sarkisian Mark , Enquist Phil , Hartman Craig
Published: July 2013

By likening the process of urban design to the diagnostics and intervention of the routine blood test, Keith Besserud, Mark Sarkisian, Phil Enquist and Craig Hartman of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) provide a powerful biological metaphor for the city and its metabolic flows. Through their descriptions of SOM's work on the Great Lakes Vision (2009), Chicago Lakeside (2012) and the Pin‐Fuse Joint (2009), they illustrate the impact of metabolic flows of energy, information and matter at the scale of the regional, urban and architectural.
Metasystems of Urban Flow: Buro Happold's Collaborations in the Generation of New Urban Ecologies
Authors: Mangelsdorf Wolf
Published: July 2013

When regarded as a whole, the flows of a city – made up of people, water, energy, information, materials and waste – constitute a large and complex ‘metasystem’. Wolf Mangelsdorf, Head of Structural Engineering at Buro Happold, describes a number of projects that Buro Happold has collaborated on with architects, urban planners and landscape architects that mark a significant shift in the design of urban infrastructures, recognising the importance of the metasystems of flow.
Ex Silico Ad Vivo: Computational Simulation and Urban Design at Foster + Partners
Authors: Aish Francis , Davis Adam , Tsigkari Martha
Published: July 2013

What makes a successful city? Can this be replicated simply by following tried‐and‐tested urban typologies? Francis Aish, Adam Davis and Martha Tsigkari of Foster + Partners' Applied Research + Development (ARD) group argue that technology allows other approaches to urban design. They explain that computational simulation is increasingly valuable in predicting how the dynamic and complex systems of a city might play out in an urban context, forging an exciting new alliance between computation and intuition.
The City Beyond Analogy
Authors: Fournier Colin
Published: July 2013

Is the city really all that complex? Can urban social behaviour be explained in the evolutionary drama of cross‐species competition? Is urban self‐organisation in fact the urban norm? Is the emphasis on systems that the ‘system city’ tag conjures up unduly restrictive? Colin Fournier, Emeritus Professor of Architecture and Urbanism at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London (UCL), prods and probes the precepts behind the System City issue, while being simultaneously fascinated and enthralled by it.
In Situ Formed Bifunctional Primary Amine‐Imine Catalyst: Application to the Construction of Chiral Tertiary Alcohols through Asymmetric Aldol‐Type Reaction
Authors: Mao Zhijie , Zhu Xi , Lin Aijun , Li Weipeng , Shi Yan , Mao Haibin , Zhu Chengjian , Cheng Yixiang
Published: July 2013

An in situ formation method to obtain chiral bifunctional primary amine‐imine catalysts from the C2‐symmetric chiral diimines has been developed. The efficiency of this method in the construction of chiral tertiary alcohols which are valuable pharmaceutical intermediates is proved by its application to the asymmetric aldol‐type reaction of cyclic ketones with other activated ketone compounds as the enamine acceptors, i.e., β,γ‐unsaturated α‐keto esters and isatins. In general, good to excellent diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities (up to 96/4 dr, 96% ee for β,γ‐unsaturated α‐keto esters and up to 91/9 dr, 94% ee for isatins) were obtained. The active primary amine‐imine catalylst and enamine intermediate in the reaction process could be demonstrated by ESI‐MS analysis.
Stereoselective Lewis Base‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of α‐Acetamido‐β‐enamino Esters: Straightforward Approach for the Construction of α,β‐Diamino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Jiang Yan , Chen Xing , Hu Xiao‐Yan , Shu Chang , Zhang Yong‐Hong , Zheng Yong‐Sheng , Lian Chun‐Xia , Yuan Wei‐Cheng , Zhang Xiao‐Mei
Published: July 2013

The Lewis base‐organocatalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation of α‐acetamido‐β‐enamino esters was investigated. Among various chiral Lewis base catalysts, a novel catalyst derived from L‐serine was found to be the most efficient one which can promote the reaction to afford a series of α,β‐diamino acid derivatives with high yields (up to 99%), excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee) and moderate diastereoselectivities (up to 80:20 dr). The absolute configuration of one of the products was determined by the X‐ray crystallographic analysis. In addition, the mechanism and the transition state of the reaction were proposed.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Route to Three‐Component, One‐Pot Sequential Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclazines: 2,2a1,4‐Triazacyclopenta[cd]indenes
Authors: Yang Anjiang , Jiang Ruwei , Khorev Oleg , Yu Ting , Zhang Yongliang , Ma Lanping , Chen Guohua , Shen Jingkang , Meng Tao
Published: July 2013

An efficient tandem route to the synthesis of 2,2a1,4‐triazacyclopenta[cd]indene derivatives of the cyclazine family has been developed. The target compounds were obtained in moderate to good yields by an ytterbium(III) triflate/palladium(II) acetate‐catalyzed three‐component domino reaction involving a palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular α‐arylation of an α‐aminocarbonyl functionality. This in turn will set the stage for a wide application of this useful reaction for the synthesis of structurally diverse polyheterocyclic skeletons containing the privileged imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine structure.
Synthesis of Functionalized Azetidines through Chemoselective Zinc‐Catalyzed Reduction of β‐Lactams with Silanes
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Aragoncillo Cristina , Gómez‐Campillos Gonzalo
Published: July 2013

An efficient method for the one‐step conversion of β‐lactams to their corresponding functionalized azetidines has been developed. This approach takes advantage of the selective reduction of the 2‐azetidinone nucleus with hydrosilanes in the presence of a zinc‐based catalyst. The methodology is tolerant towards sensitive groups such as allene, ester, and cyanohydrin moieties. In addition, the process allows the preparation of enantiopure azetidines without erosion of the stereochemical integrity. A catalytic cycle involving an azetidinium salt intermediate has been proposed.
Regioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrroles via Gold(I)‐Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition of Stabilized Vinyl Diazo Derivatives and Nitriles
Authors: Lonzi Giacomo , López Luis A.
Published: July 2013

The reaction of nitriles with alkenyldiazo compounds in the presence of gold catalysts provides functionalized pyrrole derivatives in moderate to high yields. This formal [3+2] cyclization reaction takes place with complete regioselectivity. The observed regiochemical outcome suggests the attack of the nitrile to the terminal position of the alkenylgold carbenoid (vinylogous reactivity). A broad range of nitriles (including those bearing functional groups) is compatible with this cyclization reaction.
Chemo‐ and Enantioselective Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Reduction of α‐Imino Esters with Catecholborane
Authors: Enders Dieter , Rembiak Andreas , Stöckel Bianca Anne
Published: July 2013

The chemo‐ and enantioselective reduction of α‐imino esters with catecholborane has been developed employing 10 mol% of an enantiopure BINOL‐based phosphoric acid as organocatalyst. Various differently substituted aromatic α‐amino acid derivatives can be achieved in almost quantitative yields and very good to excellent enantioselectivities of up to 96% ee under mild reaction conditions.
One‐Step Fabrication of Ultrathin Porous Nickel Hydroxide‐Manganese Dioxide Hybrid Nanosheets for Supercapacitor Electrodes with Excellent Capacitive Performance
Authors: Chen Hao , Hu Linfeng , Yan Yan , Che Renchao , Chen Min , Wu Limin
Published: July 2013

A facile one‐step hydrothermal co‐deposition method for growth of ultrathin Ni(OH)2‐MnO2 hybrid nanosheet arrays on three dimensional (3D) macroporous nickel foam is presented. Due to the highly hydrophilic and ultrathin nature of hybrid nanosheets, as well as the synergetic effects of Ni(OH)2 and MnO2, the as‐fabricated Ni(OH)2‐MnO2 hybrid electrode exhibits an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 2628 F g−1. Moreover, the asymmetric supercapacitor with the as‐obtained Ni(OH)2‐MnO2 hybrid film as the positive electrode and the reduced graphene oxide as the negative electrode has a high energy density (186 Wh kg−1 at 778 W kg−1), based on the total mass of active materials.
Pharmacogenetics of antidepressant drugs: An update after almost 20 years of research
Authors: Fabbri Chiara , Di Girolamo Giulia , Serretti Alessandro
Published: July 2013

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an emergent cause of personal and socio‐economic burden, both for the high prevalence of the disorder and the unsatisfying response rate of the available antidepressant treatments. No reliable predictor of treatment efficacy and tolerance in the single patient is available, thus drug choice is based on a trial and error principle with poor clinical efficiency. Among modulators of treatment outcome, genetic polymorphisms are thought to explain a significant share of the inter‐individual variability. The present review collected the main pharmacogenetic findings primarily about antidepressant response and secondly about antidepressant induced side effects, and discussed the main strengths and limits of both candidate and genome‐wide association studies and the most promising methodological opportunities and challenges of the field. Despite clinical applications of antidepressant pharmacogenetics are not available yet, previous findings suggest that genotyping may be applied in the clinical practice. In order to reach this objective, further rigorous pharmacogenetic studies (adequate sample size, study of better defined clinical subtypes of MDD, adequate covering of the genetic variability), their combination with the results obtained through complementary methodologies (e.g., pathway analysis, epigenetics, transcriptomics, and proteomics), and finally cost‐effectiveness trials are required. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Harmonic extension and attosecond pulse generation by using the modified three‐color chirped pulse
Authors: Feng Li‐Qiang , Duan Yun‐Bo , Chu Tian‐Shu
Published: July 2013

Through numerical solution of the quasi‐three‐dimensional time‐dependent Schrödinger equation, the harmonic spectra and attosecond‐pulse generation have been theoretically investigated when a model He atom is exposed to the modified three‐color chirped field (800 nm+1600 nm+1200 nm). It is found that when the chirp parameters are chosen to be β1 = 0.3 (corresponding to the 800‐nm field), β2 = 0.6 (corresponding to the 1600‐nm field) and β3 = −0.2 (corresponding to the 1200‐nm field), the harmonics have an optimal extension resulting in a 491 eV bandwidth. Further, an isolated 32‐as pulse is directly achieved with proper harmonic superposition.
Thermosensitive self‐assembly micelles from A2BA2‐type poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide)2‐b‐Poly(lactic acid)‐b‐Poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide)2 four‐armed star block copolymers and their applications as drug carriers
Authors: Luo Yan‐Ling , Yang Xiao‐Li , Xu Feng , Chen Ya‐Shao , Ren‐Ting Zhuo‐Ma
Published: July 2013

A novel A2BA2‐type thermosensitive four‐armed star block copolymer, poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide)2‐b‐poly(lactic acid)‐b‐poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide)2, was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization and characterized by 1H‐NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography. The copolymers can self‐assemble into nanoscale spherical core–shell micelles. Dynamic light scattering, surface tension, and ultraviolet–visible determination revealed that the micelles had hydrodynamic diameters (Dh) below 200 nm, critical micelle concentrations from 50 to 55 mg/L, ζ potentials from −7 to −19 mV, and cloud points (CPs) of 34–36°C, depending on the [Monomer]/[Macroinitiator] ratios. The CPs and ζ potential absolute values were slightly decreased in simulated physiological media, whereas Dh increased somewhat. The hydrophobic camptothecin (CPT) was entrapped in polymer micelles to investigate the thermo‐induced drug release. The stability of the CPT‐loaded micelles was evaluated by changes in the CPT contents loaded in the micelles and micellar sizes. The MTT cell viability was used to validate the biocompatibility of the developed copolymer micelle aggregates. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4137–4146, 2013
Processing and properties of polypropylene‐based composites containing inertized fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration
Authors: Besco Stefano , Brisotto Mariangela , Gianoncelli Alessandra , Depero Laura E. , Bontempi Elza , Lorenzetti Alessandra , Modesti Michele
Published: July 2013

This article reports for the first time the results about the use of inertized fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration as a filler for polypropylene (PP). An innovative process based on the stabilization with colloidal silica has been used for fly ash inertization. Polymer–filler composites containing different filler amounts up to 30 wt % have then been formulated and prepared by means of melt compounding process. Structural, morphological, mechanical, and thermal characterization of their properties has been performed and discussed in detail. Remarkable enhancements of tensile (+ 93%) and flexural (+ 107%) elastic moduli if compared to pristine PP, together with enhancements of flexural resistance (+ 36%) and deflection temperature under load (+ 50%), have been observed when adding filler 30 wt % in suitable processing conditions. Moreover the filler has been shown to interact with polymer crystalline structure and positively influence the thermal‐oxidative stability. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4157–4164, 2013
Fullerene‐Bisadduct Acceptors for Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Li Yongfang
Published: July 2013

Polymer solar cells (PSCs) have drawn great attention in recent years for their simple device structure, light weight, and low‐cost fabrication in comparison with inorganic semiconductor solar cells. However, the power‐conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs needs to be increased for their future application. The key issue for improving the PCE of PSCs is the design and synthesis of high‐efficiency conjugated polymer donors and fullerene acceptors for the photovoltaic materials. For the acceptor materials, several fullerene‐bisadduct acceptors with high LUMO energy levels have demonstrated excellent photovoltaic performance in PSCs with P3HT as a donor. In this Focus Review, recent progress in high‐efficiency fullerene‐bisadduct acceptors is discussed, including the bisadduct of PCBM, indene‐C60 bisadduct (ICBA), indene‐C70 bisadduct (IC70BA), DMPCBA, NCBA, and bisTOQC. The LUMO levels and photovoltaic performance of these bisadduct acceptors with P3HT as a donor are summarized and compared. In addition, the applications of an ICBA acceptor in new device structures and with other conjugated polymer donors than P3HT are also introduced and discussed.
Altered Structure–Function Relations of Semantic Processing in Youths with High‐Functioning Autism: A Combined Diffusion and Functional MRI Study
Authors: Lo Yu‐Chun , Chou Tai‐Li , Fan Li‐Ying , Gau Susan Shur‐Fen , Chiu Yen‐Nan , Tseng Wen‐Yih Isaac
Published: July 2013

Deficits in language and communication are among the core symptoms of autism, a common neurodevelopmental disorder with long‐term impairment. Despite the striking nature of the autistic language impairment, knowledge about its corresponding alterations in the brain is still evolving. We hypothesized that the dual stream language network is altered in autism, and that this alteration could be revealed by changes in the relationships between microstructural integrity and functional activation. The study recruited 20 right‐handed male youths with autism and 20 carefully matched individually, typically developing (TD) youths. Microstructural integrity of the left dorsal and left ventral pathways responsible for language processing and the functional activation of the connected brain regions were investigated by using diffusion spectrum imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging of a semantic task, respectively. Youths with autism had significantly poorer language function, and lower functional activation in left dorsal and left ventral regions of the language network, compared with TD youths. The TD group showed a significant correlation of the functional activation of the left dorsal region with microstructural integrity of the left ventral pathway, whereas the autism group showed a significant correlation of the functional activation of the left ventral region with microstructural integrity of the left dorsal pathway, and moreover verbal comprehension index was correlated with microstructural integrity of the left ventral pathway. These altered structure–function relationships in autism suggest possible involvement of the dual pathways in supporting deficient semantic processing. Autism Res 2013, 6: 561–570. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phytotoxicity of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Flourensia oolepis S.F.Blake
Authors: Diaz Napal Georgina N. , Palacios Sara M.
Published: July 2013

The aim of this study was to isolate the active principles of Flourensia oolepis S.F.Blake (Asteraceae), which completely inhibited the germination of Raphanus sativus seeds at 10 mg/ml. Flavanone pinocembrin and sesquiterpene ilicol, were isolated by bioassay‐guided fractionation. They were active both against monocot and dicot seeds. Pinocembrin was the most active compound, with an IC50(germination) value of 0.24, 3.40, 3.28, and 3.55 mM against Panicum miliaceum, Avena sativa, Lactuca sativa, and R. sativus, respectively; ilicol, however, exhibited IC50(germination) values of 0.67, 2.73, 5.25, and 9.66 mM for the same species, respectively. Pinocembrin and ilicol inhibited root growth and showed IC50(root growth) values of 0.199, 14.68, 8.05, 7.69 mM, and 1.22, 2.90, 7.35, 8.07 mM, against P. miliaceum, A. sativa, L. sativa, and R. sativus, respectively. Pinocembrin and ilicol reduced Allium cepa cell division without chromosome aberrations.
Heat Shock Factor 1 Inducers from the Bark of Eucommia ulmoides as Cytoprotective Agents
Authors: Nam Joo‐Won , Kim Seo‐Young , Yoon Taesook , Lee Yoo Jin , Kil Yun‐Seo , Lee Yun‐Sil , Seo Eun‐Kyoung
Published: July 2013

The barks of Eucommia ulmoides (Eucommiae Cortex, Eucommiaceae) have been used as a traditional medicine in Korea, Japan, and China to treat hypertension, reinforce the muscles and bones, and recover the damaged liver and kidney functions. Among these traditional uses, to establish the recovery effects on the damaged organs on the basis of phytochemistry, the barks of E. ulmoides have been investigated to afford three known phenolic compounds, coniferaldehyde glucoside (1), bartsioside (2), and feretoside (3), which were found in the family Eucommiaceae for the first time. The compounds 1–3 were evaluated for their inducible activities on the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), and heat shock proteins (HSPs) 27 and 70, along with four compounds, geniposide (4), geniposidic acid (5), pinoresinol diglucoside (6), and liriodendrin (7), which were previously reported from E. ulmoides. Compounds 1–7 increased expression of HSF1 by a factor of 1.214, 1.144, 1.153, 1.114, 1.159, 1.041, and 1.167 at 3 μM, respectively. Coniferaldehyde glucoside (1) showed the most effective increase of HSF1 and induced successive expressions of HSP27 and HSP70 in a dose‐dependent manner without cellular cytotoxicity, suggesting a possible application as a HSP inducer to act as cytoprotective agent.
Chemotaxonomic Analysis of the Aroma Compounds in Essential Oils of Two Different Ocimum basilicum L. Varieties from Iran
Authors: Pirmoradi Mohammad Reza , Moghaddam Mohammad , Farhadi Nasrin
Published: July 2013

Hydrodistilled essential oils of 21 accessions of Ocimum basilicum L. belonging to two different varieties (var. purpurascens and var. dianatnejadii) from Iran were characterized by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. The oil yield was found to be between 0.6 and 1.1% (v/w). In total, 49 compounds, accounting for 96.6–99.7% of the oil compositions, were identified. Aromatic compounds, represented mainly by methyl chavicol (33.6–49.1%), and oxygenated monoterpenes, represented by linalool (14.4–39.3%), were the main components in all essential oils. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were present in the essential oils of all accessions of the purpurascens variety, whereas they were completely absent in those of the dianatnejadii variety, indicating that monoterpene hydrocarbons might be considered as marker constituents of the purpurascens variety. The chemotaxonomic value of the essential‐oil compositions was discussed according to the results of the cluster analysis (CA). The CA showed a clear separation of the O. basilicum var. purpurascens accessions and the O. basilicum var. dianatnejadii accessions, although the data showed no major chemotype variation between the studied varieties. Indeed, the CA revealed only one principal chemotype (methyl chavicol/linalool) for both varieties. In conclusion, GC/MS analyses in combination with CA showed to be a flexible and reliable method for the characterization of the chemical profiles of different varieties of Ocimum basilicum L.
Two New Steroids from an Endophytic Fungus Phomopsis sp.
Authors: Wu Shao‐Hua , Huang Rong , Miao Cui‐Ping , Chen You‐Wei
Published: July 2013

Two new steroids, (14β,22E)‐9,14‐dihydroxyergosta‐4,7,22‐triene‐3,6‐dione (1) and (5α,6β,15β,22E)‐6‐ethoxy‐5,15‐dihydroxyergosta‐7,22‐dien‐3‐one (2), together with three known steroids, calvasterols A and B (3 and 4, resp.), and ganodermaside D (5), were isolated from the culture broth of an endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. isolated from Aconitum carmichaeli. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, and their inhibitory activities against six pathogenic fungi were evaluated. Most of the compounds showed moderate or weak antifungal activities in a broth‐microdilution assay.
A ‘Low‐Level’ Chemotaxonomic Analysis of the Plant Family Apiaceae: The Case of Scandix balansaeReut. ex Boiss. (Tribe Scandiceae)
Authors: Radulović Niko S. , Mladenović Marko Z. , Blagojević Polina D.
Published: July 2013

Analyses by GC and GC/MS of an essential‐oil sample obtained from dry fruits of Scandix balansae Reut. ex Boiss. allowed the identification of 81 components, comprising 91.4% of the total oil composition. Interestingly, the major identified volatile compounds were medium‐chain‐length n‐alkanes, i.e., tridecane (6.7%), pentadecane (13.4%), and heptadecane (19.3%), and a long‐chain homolog nonacosane (7.6%). A number of minor oil constituents, among them tetradecyl 3‐methylbutanoate, and octadecyl 2‐methylpropanoate, 3‐methylbutanoate, and pentanoate, turned out to have a restricted natural occurrence not only in umbellifers but also in the Plant Kingdom, whereas the last ester is a new natural compound in general. The identity of these rare plant constituents that present excellent chemotaxonomic marker candidates for Scandix species was unambiguously confirmed by co‐injection of the oil sample with appropriate standards, which were synthesized for this purpose and fully characterized (1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, IR, MS). To explore the possible applicability of the essential oils' compositional data in the taxonomy of Apiaceae, the herein studied and additional 58 oils obtained from Scandiceae taxa were compared using multivariate statistical analyses (MVA). MVA demonstrated that the evolution of the volatiles' metabolism of Scandiceae taxa was neither genera‐specific nor follows their morphological evolution.
Ruthenium Carbenes Supported on Mesoporous Silicas as Highly Active and Selective Hybrid Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis Reactions under Continuous Flow
Authors: Bru Miriam , Dehn Richard , Teles J. Henrique , Deuerlein Stephan , Danz Manuel , Müller Imke B. , Limbach Michael
Published: July 2013

In the search for a highly active and selective heterogenized metathesis catalyst, we systematically varied the pore geometry and size of various silica‐based mesoporous (i.e., MCM‐41, MCM‐48, and SBA‐15) and microporous (ZSM‐5 and MWW) versus macroporous materials (D11‐10 and Aerosil 200), besides other process parameters (temperature, dilution, and mean residence time). The activity and, especially, selectivity of such “linker‐free” supports for ruthenium metathesis catalysts were evaluated in the cyclodimerization of cis‐cyclooctene to form 1,9‐cyclohexadecadiene, a valuable intermediate in the flavor and fragrance industry. The optimized material showed not only exceptionally high selectivity to the valuable product, but also turned out to be a truly heterogeneous catalyst with superior activity relative to the unsupported homogeneous complex.
Capacitance Effects Superimposed on Redox Processes in Molecular‐Cluster Batteries: A Synergic Route to High‐Capacity Energy Storage
Authors: Wang Heng , Zeng Zhaoyang , Kawasaki Naoya , Eckert Hellmut , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Awaga Kunio
Published: July 2013

Rechargeable molecular‐cluster batteries (MCBs) based on the manganese cluster complex [Mn12O12(CH3CH2C(CH3)2COO)16(H2O)4] ([Mn12]) that exhibited a capacity of approximately 200 A h kg−1 in the battery voltage range of 4.0 to 2.0 V were developed. In these batteries, the capacity of approximately 100 A h kg−1 in the range of 4.0–3.0 V is caused by a chemical reduction from [Mn12]0 to [Mn12]8−, whereas the other half in the range of 3.0–2.0 V cannot be explained by a redox change of the Mn ions. We performed the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and 7Li solid‐state NMR measurements on the Mn12‐MCBs to investigate the origin of the capacity below 3.0 V. Pseudo‐rectangular‐shaped CV curves in the range of 3.0–2.0 V demonstrate the presence of an electrical double‐layer (EDL) capacitance in Mn12‐MCBs, which corresponds to approximately 100 A h kg−1. 7Li NMR studies suggest that Li ions form an EDL with electrons in carbon black electrodes in the capacitance voltage range. The capacitance effects are not formed by the single‐carbon electrodes alone, but appear only in the mixture of Mn12 and the carbon black electrodes. This type of coexistence of capacitance effects and redox reaction in one electrochemical cell is quite unusual and can serve as a new working principle for high‐performance energy‐storage devices.
Anticancer Potency and Multidrug‐Resistant Studies of Self‐Assembled Arene–Ruthenium Metallarectangles
Authors: Dubey Abhishek , Min Jin Wook , Koo Hyun Jung , Kim Hyunuk , Cook Timothy R. , Kang Se Chan , Stang Peter J. , Chi Ki‐Whan
Published: July 2013

A suite of three tetraruthenium metallacycles have been obtained from [2+2] self‐assemblies between N,N′‐Di‐(4‐pyridyl)‐1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarbo–xydiimide (4) and one of the three dinuclear arene ruthenium clips, (η6‐p‐iPrC6H4Me)2Ru2(OO∩OO)][OTf]2 (OO∩OO=oxalate 1, 2,5‐dioxydo‐1,4‐benzoquinonato (dobq) 2, 5,8‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐naphthaquinonato (donq) 3; OTf=triflate). All complexes were isolated in good yield (>85 %) as triflate salts and were fully characterized by using 1H NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopies, and high‐resolution electrospray mass spectrometry. A single crystal of the metallarectangle 5 was suitable for X‐ray diffraction structural characterization. The biological activities of the metallacycles were determined by using 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, establishing their in vitro anticancer properties. Our results show that for the AGC (gastric cancer) cell lines, the cytotoxicity of (donq)‐containing SCC 7 exceeds that of cisplatin, which was used as a control. For HCT15 (colon cancer) cell lines, the cytotoxicity is comparable to both cisplatin and doxorubicin. An in vivo hollow fiber model was used to show growth‐inhibitory activity against HCT15 and image‐based cytometry experiments indicated that 7 induced apoptosis as the mode of cell death. Complex 7 also showed significant antitumor activity for multidrug‐resistant HCT15/CLO2 cell lines, for which doxorubicin was ineffective.
Advanced Catalytic Performance of Au–Pt Double‐Walled Nanotubes and Their Fabrication through Galvanic Replacement Reaction
Authors: Chen Lu , Kuai Long , Yu Xue , Li Wenzheng , Geng Baoyou
Published: July 2013

Bimetallic tubular nanostructures have been the focus of intensive research as they have very interesting potential applications in various fields including catalysis and electronics. In this paper, we demonstrate a facile method for the fabrication of Au–Pt double‐walled nanotubes (Au–Pt DWNTs). The DWNTs are fabricated through the galvanic displacement reaction between Ag nanowires and various metal ions, and the Au–Pt DWNT catalysts exhibit high active catalytic performances toward both methanol electro‐oxidation and 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) reduction. First, they have a high electrochemically active surface area of 61.66 m2 g−1, which is close to the value of commercial Pt/C catalysts (64.76 m2 g−1), and the peak current density of Au–Pt DWNTs in methanol oxidation is recorded as 138.25 mA mg−1, whereas those of Pt nanotubes, Au/Pt nanotubes (simple mixture), and commercial Pt/C are 24.12, 40.95, and120.65 mA mg−1, respectively. The Au–Pt DWNTs show a markedly enhanced electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation compared with the other three catalysts. They also show an excellent catalytic performance in comparison with common Au nanotubes for 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) reduction. The attractive performance exhibited by these prepared Au–Pt DWNTs can be attributed to their unique structures, which make them promising candidates as high‐performance catalysts.
Conformational Isomerism in Monomeric, Low‐Coordinate Group 12 Complexes Stabilized by a Naphthyl‐Substituted m‐Terphenyl Ligand
Authors: Gridley Benjamin M. , Moxey Graeme J. , Lewis William , Blake Alexander J. , Kays Deborah L.
Published: July 2013

The synthesis and characterization of the first series of low‐coordinate bis(terphenyl) complexes of the Group 12 metals, [Zn(2,6‐Naph2C6H3)2] (1), [Cd(OEt2)(2,6‐Naph2C6H3)2] (2) and [Hg(OEt2)(2,6‐Naph2C6H3)2] (3) (Naph=1‐C10H7) are described. The naphthyl substituents of the terphenyl ligands confer considerable steric bulk, and as a result of limited flexibility introduce multiple conformations to these unusual systems. In the solid state, complex 1 features a two‐coordinate Zn centre with the ligands oriented in a syn/anti conformation, whereas the three‐coordinate distorted T‐shaped complexes 2 and 3 feature the ligands in the syn/syn configurations. The results of DFT calculations are in good agreement with the solid‐state configurations for these complexes and support the spectroscopic measurements, which indicate several conformers in solution.
Electroencephalogram patterns in infants of depressed mothers
Authors: Lusby Cara M. , Goodman Sherryl H. , Bell Martha Ann , Newport D. Jeffrey
Published: July 2013

Electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns may reflect a vulnerability to depression. In an effort to understand their earliest origin, we examined their stability and consistency and their associations with perinatal depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were measured prospectively throughout the perinatal period in 83 women with histories of depression and/or anxiety. Infant's EEG was recorded during baseline, feeding, and play at 3 and 6 months of age. Prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms interacted significantly to predict 3‐ and 6‐month‐olds' EEG asymmetry scores. Asymmetry scores were consistent across contexts, except from baseline to feeding and play at 6 months, and stable across ages, except during feeding. Changes in depressive symptoms across ages were not associated with changes in infant EEG. Findings highlight the importance of considering both prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms in the prediction of infant EEG, as well as the need to consider context to understand stability of infant EEG patterns. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 459–473, 2014.
Baboons' hand preference resists to spatial factors for a communicative gesture but not for a simple manipulative action
Authors: Bourjade Marie , Meunier Hélène , Blois‐Heulin Catherine , Vauclair Jacques
Published: July 2013

Olive baboons (Papio anubis) do acquire and use intentional requesting gestures in experimental contexts. Individual's hand preference for these gestures is consistent with that observed for typical communicative gestures, but not for manipulative actions. Here, we examine whether the strength of hand preference may also be a good marker of hemispheric specialization for communicative gestures, hence differing from the strength of hand preference for manipulative actions. We compared the consistency of individuals' hand preference with regard to the variation in space of either (i) a communicative partner or (ii) a food item to grasp using a controlled set‐up. We report more consistent hand preference for communicative gestures than for grasping actions. Established hand preference in the midline was stronger for gesturing than for grasping and allowed to predict the consistency of hand preference across positions. We found no significant relation between the direction of hand preference and the task. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 651–661, 2013.
Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis
Authors: Choo Karen Jui Lin , Simons F Estelle R , Sheikh Aziz
Published: July 2013

Background

Anaphylaxis is a serious hypersensitivity reaction that is rapid in onset and may result in death. Anaphylaxis guidelines recommend glucocorticoids for the treatment of people experiencing anaphylaxis. 

Objectives

We sought to assess the benefits and harms of glucocorticoid treatment during episodes of anaphylaxis.

Search methods

In our previous version we searched the literature until September 2009. In this version we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library2011, Issue 3), MEDLINE (Ovid) (1956 to September 2011), EMBASE (Ovid) (1982 to September 2011), CINAHL (EBSCOhost) (to September 2011). We also searched the UK National Research Register and websites listing ongoing trials, and contacted international experts in anaphylaxis in an attempt to locate unpublished material.

Selection criteria

We planned to include randomized and quasi‐randomized controlled trials comparing glucocorticoids with any control (either placebo, adrenaline (epinephrine), an antihistamine, or any combination of these).

Data collection and analysis

Two authors independently assessed articles for inclusion.

Main results

We found no studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria.

Authors' conclusions

We are, based on this review, unable to make any recommendations for the use of glucocorticoids in the treatment of anaphylaxis.

Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis  

Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may result in death. It is commonly triggered by a food, insect sting, medication, or natural rubber latex. The reaction typically occurs without warning and can be a frightening experience both for those at risk and their families and friends. Steroids (glucocorticoids) are often recommended for use in the management of people experiencing anaphylaxis. However, the evidence base in support of the use of steroids is unclear. We therefore conducted a systematic review of the literature, searching key databases for high quality published and unpublished material on the use of steroids for the emergency treatment of anaphylaxis. In addition, we contacted experts in this health area and the relevant pharmaceutical companies. We were unable to find any randomized controlled trials on this subject through our searches. We conclude that there is no evidence from high quality studies for the use of steroids in the emergency management of anaphylaxis. Therefore, we can neither support nor refute the use of these drugs for this purpose.
Site‐Selective Direct Arylation of 1,2,3‐Triazole N‐Oxides
Authors: Liu Wei , Li Yahui , Wang Yue , Kuang Chunxiang
Published: July 2013

An efficient route for the synthesis of 2,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles by the regioselective direct arylation of 2‐aryl‐1,2,3‐triazole N‐oxides with Ar–X [X = Br, I and B(OH)2] is demonstrated. The reaction proceeds through Pd‐catalyzed C–H bond activation, and the influence of the aryl halides on the reactivity is investigated.
VEGF‐A regulated by progesterone governs uterine angiogenesis and vascular remodelling during pregnancy
Authors: Kim Minah , Park Hyeung Ju , Seol Jae Won , Jang Jeon Yeob , Cho Young‐Suk , Kim Kyu Rae , Choi Youngsok , Lydon John P. , DeMayo Francesco J. , Shibuya Masabumi , Ferrara Napoleone , Sung Hoon‐Ki , Nagy Andras , Alitalo Kari , Koh Gou Young
Published: July 2013

The features and regulation of uterine angiogenesis and vascular remodelling during pregnancy are poorly defined. Here we show that dynamic and variable decidual angiogenesis (sprouting, intussusception and networking), and active vigorous vascular remodelling such as enlargement and elongation of ‘vascular sinus folding’ (VSF) and mural cell drop‐out occur distinctly in a spatiotemporal manner in the rapidly growing mouse uterus during early pregnancy — just after implantation but before placentation. Decidual angiogenesis is mainly regulated through VEGF‐A secreted from the progesterone receptor (PR)‐expressing decidual stromal cells which are largely distributed in the anti‐mesometrial region (AMR). In comparison, P4‐PR‐regulated VEGF‐A‐VEGFR2 signalling, ligand‐independent VEGFR3 signalling and uterine natural killer (uNK) cells positively and coordinately regulate enlargement and elongation of VSF. During the postpartum period, Tie2 signalling could be involved in vascular maturation at the endometrium in a ligand‐independent manner, with marked reduction of VEGF‐A, VEGFR2 and PR expressions. Overall, we show that two key vascular growth factor receptors — VEGFR2 and Tie2 — strikingly but differentially regulate decidual angiogenesis and vascular remodelling in rapidly growing and regressing uteri in an organotypic manner.
High‐order continuous and discontinuous Galerkin methods for wave problems
Authors: Giorgiani Giorgio , Modesto David , Fernández‐Méndez Sonia , Huerta Antonio
Published: July 2013

Three Galerkin methods—continuous Galerkin, Compact Discontinuous Galerkin, and hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin—are compared in terms of performance and computational efficiency in 2‐D scattering problems for low and high‐order polynomial approximations. The total number of DOFs and the total runtime are used for this correlation as well as the corresponding precision. The comparison is carried out through various numerical examples. The superior performance of high‐order elements is shown. At the same time, similar capabilities are shown for continuous Galerkin and hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin, when high‐order elements are adopted, both of them clearly outperforming compact discontinuous Galerkin. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Which behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are the most problematic? Variability by prevalence, intensity, distress ratings, and associations with caregiver depressive symptoms
Authors: Fauth E. B. , Gibbons A.
Published: July 2013

Background

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) impact well‐being for persons with dementia (PWD) and caregivers. Identifying the most problematic symptoms is vital in targeting interventions and allocating resources. The current study highlights inconsistencies in the “most problematic” symptoms when identified via prevalence, intensity, caregiver distress, or associations with caregiver depressive symptoms.

Methods

Caregivers (N = 177) were mostly female (77%) and spouses of PWD (73%), with average age of 66.7 years (SD = 16.1). They reported BPSD frequency and distress via the Revised Memory and Behavior Problem Checklist (RMBPC) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), and their own depressive symptoms via the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). BPSD were ranked by prevalence, average frequency, and average distress ratings. RMBPC subscales were correlated with GDS, and discriminant function analyses used NPI symptoms to discriminate between caregivers' normal (range 0–9) or elevated (10+) GDS.

Results

Most prevalent NPI symptoms were Apathy, Depression, and Agitation. Most intense (frequency × severity) were Appetite, Motor behaviors, and Apathy, and most distressing were Delusions, Agitation, and Irritability. For RMBPC, Memory was most frequent but least distressing, whereas Disruptive was least frequent but most distressing. RMBPC frequency and distress subscales were significantly associated with caregiver GDS. Discriminant function analyses were statistically significant (Lambda = 0.822; χ2(12) = 30.62; p = 0.002. Canonical correlation = 0.442); NPI symptoms correctly classified caregivers GDS status 72% of the time.

Conclusions

Symptoms revealed as “most problematic” varied by measurement criterion. Common or frequent symptoms are not necessarily the most distressing or most predictive of caregiver depression. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐Iodosuccinimide: A Highly Effective Regioselective Reagent for Iodoesterification of Alkenes
Authors: Reddy Aleti R. , Sangwan Payare L. , Chinthakindi Praveen K. , Farooq Saleem , Siddaiah Vidavalur , Koul Surrinder
Published: July 2013

A rapid, convenient, and efficient method has been achieved for regioselective iodoesterification of alkenes with aliphatic and aromatic acids, and protected amino acids in the presence of N‐iodosuccinimide (NIS) in nearly quantitative yields. Optically enriched iodohydrins have been achieved by LiAlH4 (LAH) reduction of diastereoisomeric iodo esters.
Asymmetric Aldol Reactions in CaprolactamQuaternary Ammonium Salt Coordination Ionic Liquid Catalyzed by L‐Pro‐L‐Trp
Authors: Zhang Bao‐Hua , He Jing‐Yu , Liu Si‐Jie , Shi Lan‐Xiang
Published: July 2013

A direct asymmetric aldol reaction of aldehydes and acetone catalyzed by L‐Pro‐L‐Trp was performed in β‐caprolactamquaternary ammonium salt coordination ionic liquid media in the presence of N‐methylmorpholine (NMM) in high yield and with good enantioselectivity. The approach has the advantages of simple product isolation, and reusable catalyst and coordination ion liquids.
Synthesis of [3,3′(4H,4′H)‐Bi‐2H‐1,3‐oxazine]‐4,4′‐diones and Their Hydrolysis
Authors: Korkusuz Elif , Yıldırım İsmail
Published: July 2013

The [3,3′(4H,4′H)‐bi‐2H‐1,3‐oxazine]‐4,4′‐diones 3a–3i were obtained by [2+4] cycloaddition reactions of furan‐2,3‐diones 1a–1c with aromatic aldazines 2a–2d (Scheme 1). So, new derivatives of bi‐2H‐1,3‐oxazines and their hydrolysis products, 3,5‐diaryl‐1H‐pyrazoles 4a–4c (Scheme 3), which are potential biologically active compounds, were synthesized for the first time.