bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political Liberalism, Constructivism, and Global Justice
Authors: Kaufman Alexander
Published: June 2019

In The Law of Peoples, John Rawls develops a theory of global justice whose scope and ambitions are quite modest. Far from justifying a global resource distribution principle modeled on the difference principle, Rawls’s theory does not argue for significant redistribution among peoples. This paper focuses on Rawls’s claim that the character and scope of his account of global justice are determined by the constructivist method that he employs to extend political liberalism’s project from the domestic to the global sphere. The principles of an acceptable law of peoples, he argues, are simply those principles that would be selected by rational representatives of peoples from the standpoint of a suitably characterized fair choice position. This paper argues that Rawls’s constructivist method in fact provides support for an account of global justice of greater scope and ambition than Rawls’s Law of Peoples.
Should the Church Be Committed to a Particular Order of the Old Testament Canon?
Authors: Goswell Gregory
Published: June 2019

This article argues that Hebrew and Greek ot canonical orders are both ancient, and that there is no evidence that the Hebrew canon represents the oldest arrangement or that the Greek way of ordering the biblical books was due to Christian influence. This finding precludes the idea that either order is to have hermeneutical priority over the other, or that either organization can be made the exclusive basis for a theological appreciation of the ot. The Hebrew and Greek ot canons need not be read as competing traditions in early Jewish communities, and, in terms of interpretive method, the contemporary reader is not required to decide which sequence of books is to have precedence as a frame for interpretation. The various canonical arrangements are better viewed as interpretive options available to ancient readers and now offered to present-day readers for their pondering.
Melvin Richter’s Contribution to the Reception of Begriffsgeschichte and to Its “Contextualization”
Authors: Perdomi Davide
Published: June 2019

This article presents an account of those works, related to conceptual history and historiographical issues, written by the American historian of political thought Melvin Richter. The attention is primarily directed toward the reception of the German historiographical style called “Begriffsgeschichte” (“history of concepts”), and especially on its reception among Anglophone scholars. Therefore, the main objective of the article is to throw light on Richter’s understanding of Begriffsgeschichte, and to sum up his efforts to put in contact Koselleck’s “history of concepts” with the works of authors such as Quentin Skinner and John G. A. Pocock, who are associated with the so-called “Cambridge school contextualists”. Thus, the aim is to point out their direct thought about Begriffsgeschichte, and consequently, to see how they’ve reacted to Richter’s proposals concerning the possibility of adopting that “history of concepts” as the frame for future historical researches. By doing so, and relying mainly on the extensive contributions appeared on the pages of the specialized periodicals, this article highlights some of the principal reactions to the theoretical and practical implications of “conceptual history”; in particular as they are emerging in the midst of what is indeed a recent and still ongoing international debate. Furthermore, the article tries to compare Koselleck’s Begriffsgeschichte with some works of “analytical bibliography” (which is a highly reliable form of physical and textual analysis of books). It is also interesting to note that these bibliographical studies are associated with Cambridge University as well as the historical researches of Skinner and Pocock.
Irony and Inspiration: Homer as the Test of Plato’s Philosophical Coherence in the Sixth Essay of Proclus’ Commentary on the Republic
Authors: Watson Daniel James
Published: June 2019

Even among sympathetic readers, there abides a sense that Proclus’ attachment to his authorities at least partially blinds him to Socratic irony. This has serious implications for his conciliation of Homer and Plato in the Sixth Essay of his Commentary on the Republic. A significant number of the passages in Plato’s dialogues, which Proclus takes as necessitating their agreement, appear to be examples of Socrates’ ironic mode. If this apparent necessity exists only through a failure to recognize the ironic character of these statements, it would seem to indicate the truth of E.R. Dodds’ famous judgement of Proclus, that he is properly philosophical only insofar as his thought is not subject to the irrationalisms of his pagan piety. The contention of this essay is that Proclus’ project of conciliation is not, in fact, driven by a refusal to recognize Socratic irony, but by his nuanced interpretation of it, an interpretation that is clarified through a consideration of the striking parallels it has with his understanding of poetic symbol. In following this path of inquiry, it will become evident that Proclus’ position on Socratic irony, and the theological conciliation it necessitates, is not an irrational interruption of his otherwise rational system, but an integral feature of its philosophical coherence.
Entangled in Orientalism: How the Hyksos Became a Race
Authors: Candelora Danielle
Published: June 2019

This paper presents a historiographical critique of Hyksos scholarship and the impact of Imperialism and Orientalism on the foundations of such studies. I trace the creation and maintenance of the misconception of the Hyksos as a race through the scholarship, examining the context and influences behind the research, and discuss the appeal of new scientific techniques for the question of Hyksos origins.
Official Identity and Ethnicity: Comparing Ptolemaic and Early Roman Egypt
Authors: Fischer-Bovet Christelle
Published: June 2019

The study of ancient states brings a historical perspective to the creation of official identities. By looking at legal and fiscal documents preserved on papyri from Hellenistic and Early Roman Egypt (323 BCE to c. 70 CE), this study compares how the Ptolemies and then the Romans established official identities, that is, what priorities they gave to occupation, social status, citizenship, and/or ethnicity in order to construct legal and fiscal identities. It explores how these different priorities created overlaps between the categories, for instance, by an occupation permitting some flexibility with ethnicity, in order to include those in service of the state into privileged official categories. First, it shows that the fiscal and cleruchic policies of the Ptolemies partially reshaped societies so that social status became preeminent and ethnicity did no longer matter to the state already before the Roman annexation. Second, it compares how the demographic and social configuration in Egypt at the time of each conquest stimulated slightly different priorities when constructing official identities.
A Persian Captive’s Guide to Khiva: Esmāʿil Mir-Panja’s Satirical Recollections
Authors: Eden Jeff
Published: June 2019

Travel literature flourished in the Qajar period, as reports rich in political, geographical, and ethnographic detail were officially commissioned from Iranian diplomats and officers who went abroad. Many of these accounts concerned Central Asia and some historians have argued that they served to project Iranian dominance over the region. Others have argued quite the opposite: that these accounts served to articulate cultural and political borders between Central Asia and Iran. In this paper, I will introduce a new source and an alternative approach. Focusing on the little-known travelogue of Esmāʿil Mir-Panja, an Iranian officer who spent ten years as a captive in Khiva, I will show not only how this travelogue served the interests of the Qajar state, but also how it functioned as a subversive work of satire and an incisive critique of the shah to whom it was dedicated. In other words, I will emphasize the agency of the author as well as the aims of his patrons.
Religion, Immigration, and the Role of Context: The Impact of Immigration on Religiosity in the Republic of Cyprus
Authors: Kouros Theodoros , Papadakis Yiannis
Published: June 2019

This article examines the impact of immigration on the religiosity of four immigrant groups in the Republic of Cyprus. It attempts to shed light on the various factors that impact the religiosity of immigrants in Cyprus and on whether migration has a theologizing or alienating effect, i.e., whether it affects the religiosity of immigrants positively or negatively. It concludes that immigrants’ religious identities are being negotiated and transformed largely by their interplay with the local population, thus moving the focus beyond the theologizing/alienating dichotomy and beyond the religion as a bridge or barrier debate.
“Godzilla versus Kurosawa: Presentation and Interpretation of Japanese Cinema in the Post World War II United States”
Authors: Mettler Meghan Warner
Published: June 2019

This tale of two movies contrasts American reception of the most famous Japanese movies of the 1950s: Kurosawa Akira’s Rashomon (1951) and Honda Ishiro’s Gojira/Godzilla (1956). The former played in art houses and critics lauded it; the latter ran mostly at drive-ins, and reviewers dismissed it as trash cinema. While the films may have differed somewhat before they left Japan, the huge gulf in their perceived value was due to the decisions of American producers, in terms of venue as well as translation techniques. But while Godzilla won little respect upon its U.S. release, this may have been a fortunate circumstance in the long run. The image Rashomon offered of Japan reinforced U.S. foreign policy goals at the time, presenting Japan as a cultured and non-threatening ally. Gojira, in contrast, offered a sharp critique of U.S. nuclear testing. Producers’ refusal to preserve the movie in a pristine state and their attempts to disguise its foreign origins neutralized any potential threat to the U.S.-Japan diplomatic alliance. Moreover, treating Rashomon as an artifact from a foreign culture removed it from the tastes and habits of most middlebrow Americans, whereas Godzilla was able to storm into U.S. popular culture eventually to become a transnational icon.
On the Relationship Between Subject Placement and Overt Pronouns in the Spanish of New York City Bilinguals
Authors: Raña-Risso Rocío , Barrera-Tobón Carolina
Published: June 2019

This paper reports on a variationist sociolinguistic analysis of the relationship between subject placement and overt pronoun rates in the Spanish of first- and second-generation Spanish-English bilinguals in New York City. The data used for the study come from a spoken corpus of Spanish in New York based on 140 sociolinguistic interviews. We show second-generation speakers exhibit a more rigid word order compared to their newly arrived first-generation peers, more often preferring subjects in the preverbal position, and we explain that this increase in word order rigidity among our second-generation can be attributed, in large part, to their increased use of and contact with English. We further posit that the difference in subject placement across generations can be explained by the different context of acquisition since the Spanish that these second-generation speakers are exposed to contains both a higher rate of overt pronouns and a higher rate of preverbal subjects.
A LIVING LIBRARY: AMADOU HAMPÂTÉ BÂ AND THE ORAL TRANSMISSION OF ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Brenner Louis
Published: June 2019

This paper presents three previously unpublished texts that provide insight into Amadou Hampâté Bâ’s personal understanding of Islam and Sufism. Two of the texts are examples of Hampâté Bâ’s earliest attempts to translate the oral teachings of his spiritual teacher, Tierno Bokar, into French; the third text consists of extracts from interviews with Hampâté Bâ in 1978 during which he reflected on themes that appear in the earlier texts, as well as more broadly on Islamic theology and Sufism.

In addition to contributing to our understanding of Hampâté Bâ’s own religious ideas, these texts illustrate something of both the content and the intellectual vitality that can inform the oral transmission of religious knowledge, an aspect of Islamic religious culture that has been less explored by students of Islam and Muslim history in Africa than the region’s rich literary heritage. An introduction contextualizes the texts and analyzes their content.
The Ring Analogy according to al-Ḥakīm al-Tirmidhī and Its Implications for Understanding walāya in Ibn ʿArabī’s Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam
Authors: Palmer Aiyub
Published: June 2019

The ring analogy is generally associated with Ibn ʿArabī and his Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam. However, al-Ḥakīm al-Tirmidhī uses this same analogy as a way of expressing various aspects of walāya within his original and multi-layered doctrine of the concept. The present article’s understanding of Tirmidhī’s ring analogy and its relationship to his doctrine of walāya builds upon the work of Radtke and others who have sought to explain the major features of Tirmidhī’s doctrine. The use of the ring analogy by Tirmidhī and Ibn ʿArabī after him leads us to posit a shared mode of thought and expression that helps situate and elucidate Ibn ʿArabī’s esoteric doctrine of walāya within a framework developed by Tirmidhī.
Weighing Knowledge
Authors: Ames Robert Landau
Published: June 2019

This article studies the influence of late Qajar cultures of politics and ethics upon a Sufi theory of knowledge. It argues that Mīrzā Ḥasan Iṣfahānī (known in Sufi circles as Ṣafī ʿAlī Shāh) performed the role of public intellectual in his treatise on knowledge and ethics Mīzān al-maʿrifah (The Scale of Knowledge). I propose that the text’s ethical directives actually serve to dictate the conditions under which a particularly modern subject can claim knowledge. Being someone who knows does not mean being someone who has access to data; it means being someone who can look, and act, as a knower should. Humanity is book’s titular “scale of knowledge,” but, in that text, to truly be human entails the cultivation of virtue and the correct performance of one’s role, as coded in norms of class, profession, and gender, norms conveyed within many of the text’s explanatory analogies.
Defining Elements and Emerging Legal Issues of eu “Sanctions”
Authors: Borlini Leonardo , Silingardi Stefano
Published: June 2019

With some 40 different types of restrictive measures in force, the European Union is undisputedly one of the major protagonists of today’s sanction regimes. Measures such as selective trade embargos, asset freezes and travel bans have been adopted by the EU not only to implement Security Council mandated sanctions, but also in addition to (as with Iran and North Korea) or in the absence of UN action (as with Syria and Russia). Further, EU recent practice evidences that sanctions (Myanmar and Zimbabwe) have served the EU and its member states’ own interests also with the view to promoting (the European construction of) values generally shared in international society. After outlining the legal discipline and the policy framework of EU restrictive measures, the present article analyses the legal issues emerging with respect to EU sanctions over the last four years. Among these, the 2017 ruling of the Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice of the EU in Rosneft, Brexit and its consequences on the implementation/adoption of sanctions by the United Kingdom, and recent developments concerning the legal position of candidate countries which refused to align with the EU sanction adopted in reaction to the Ukraine crisis, are the most important.
Secession Revisited: General Framework and Lessons From the Referenda in Catalonia and Kurdistan
Authors: Milano Enrico
Published: June 2019

The recent referenda held in Catalonia and Kurdish Iraq have reignited the debate over referenda, self-determination and unilateral secession and over the role of international law as a legal framework capable of governing and channelling those dramatic changes towards desired ends. The debate has been ever present in the Post Cold War period, considering that the number of states has increased from just over 150 to 196, with many of the new states emerging from non-consensual processes of separation. The present article assesses the general international legal framework applicable to secession, including the scope and content of principles such as territorial integrity, self-determination and uti possidetis and tests whether and to what extent the two recent separatist claims in Catalonia and Kurdistan fit into that framework. The lessons drawn are that international law is increasingly relevant to the regulation of secession and yet the practice related to the referendum in Catalonia highlights international law’s subsidiary regulatory function and the fact that, indeed, even in the twenty-first century, international law may, in some cases, remain neutral in secession attempts.
Italy’s New Migration Control Policy: Stemming the Flow of Migrants From Libya Without Regard for Their Human Rights
Authors: Mancini Marina
Published: June 2019

During 2017, the Italian Government adopted a series of controversial measures in order to stem the increasing flow of migrants from Libya, with the full backing of the European Union. The Memorandum of Understanding between Italy and the Libyan Government of National Accord of 2 February 2017 provided the legal basis for most of them. In actual fact, those measures rapidly led to a significant reduction in the number of migrants arriving in Italy, while increasing that of migrants intercepted at sea by the Libyan Coast Guard and transferred to the detention centres managed by the Libyan Department for Combatting Illegal Immigration. As a result, the already inhuman conditions of detention therein further worsened. This article investigates whether and to what extent Italy can be held responsible under international law for human rights violations against migrants on Libyan soil and, at the hands of the Libyan Coast Guard, at sea. It is submitted that, owing to the active support to the Libyan Coast Guard and the adoption of a code of conduct restricting NGOs’ search and rescue activities, Italy is complicit in violations of the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment against migrants intercepted at sea and forcibly returned to Libya. It is also stressed that Italy would be responsible for directly violating the prohibition on torture and ill-treatment enshrined in Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, if it were ascertained that Italian military personnel exercise de facto control over Libyan Coast Guard vessels transporting migrants back to Libyan territory. In the light of this, the author highlights the urgent need for the Italian Government to rethink its migration control policy, amending the said Memorandum of Understanding and modifying the aforementioned measures so as to prioritise the protection of migrants’ fundamental human rights.
Faith, Devotion, and Doctrinal Knowledge
Authors: Hayes Matthew
Published: June 2019

The genre of kōshiki 講式 (ceremonial lectures) has, over the last decade, gained significant traction in the fields of Buddhist studies and Japanese religions, but its commentarial sub-genre remains largely unexplored. While kōshiki offer fertile ground for understanding devotional practices across nearly all Buddhist schools in Japan, commentaries reveal how Buddhists understood their liturgical content and, more narrowly, how this content was consumed and re-purposed through intellectual endeavor. This article contributes to this understudied area in two ways. First, it demonstrates how the medieval Shingon cleric Gahō 我寶 (1239–1317) wielded the Shari kuyō shiki 舎利供養式, a ceremonial lecture written by Kakuban 覺鑁 (1095–1143), as a textual and performative embodiment of faith and devotion. Second, it suggests that his commentary gave shape to expressions of these very themes in various intellectual, performative, and editorial forums in later periods at the Kyoto temple Chishakuin 智積院.
Heian Jingū
Authors: Van Goethem Ellen
Published: June 2019

The founding of Heian Jingū 平安神宮 in 1895 is usually explained in very simple terms: it was established to commemorate the 1100th anniversary of the move to the Heian capital and was, therefore, dedicated to the city’s founder, Kanmu Tennō 桓武天皇. A closer look at the shrine’s founding story, however, reveals a much more complex account that illustrates the fits and starts of State Shintō in the third decade of the Meiji period. By disentangling the standard narrative of Heian Jingū’s founding, this article touches not only on doctrinal issues such as the deification of past emperors, but also on material aspects such as early attempts at reconstructing long-lost structures and the Meiji government’s creation of a set of plans that regulated the appearance of newly erected shrines. Doing so will help explain how the design of this major imperial shrine could deviate so significantly from the stipulated template and be so replete with Chinese influences at a time when the relationship between the two countries was one of outright hostility.
Challenges to the Catholic Notion of Family and the Responses of the Catholic Church in Italy
Authors: Bottoni Rossella
Published: June 2019

This article aims to examine the tensions between religion and the rule of law, focusing on the defense of the Catholic notion of the family in Italy, under Ruini’s and Bagnasco’s chairmanships of the Episcopal Conference of Italy (ECI). The first part offers some remarks on the institution of the conference of bishops and the development of its role in Italy, as well as on the Catholic notion of family and the challenges it has faced in the course of the Italian process of secularization. The second part examines the responses of the ECI to three state measures: Law no. 40/2004 on medically assisted reproduction; the legislation proposed in 2007 and never enacted on the rights and duties of cohabiting couples; and Law no. 76/2016 on civil unions between homosexual persons and on the legal recognition of cohabitation.
Religion, Sexual Minorities, and the Rule of Law in Russia
Authors: Antonov Mikhail
Published: June 2019

This paper analyzes the cultural constraints imposed in the Russian legal system by the prevailing social philosophy, which is characterized by a significant degree of religious conservatism and communitarianism. This conservatism is predictably opposed to sexual minorities and to those who want to defend or justify them. The author concludes that this philosophy strongly affects decision-making in Russian courts, and can sometimes overrule the provisions of the Russian Constitution and the laws that formally grant protection to sexual minorities. In turn, this conservative social philosophy and communitarian morality are based on religious patterns that are still shaping the mindsets and attitudes of Russians. These attitudes cannot be ignored by judges and other actors in the Russian legal system, who to some extent are subject to the general perception of what is just, acceptable, and reasonable in society, and are factually bound by this perception.
Blending Cultures of Pedagogy
Authors: Modrowski Kathleen A.
Published: June 2019

Liberal arts schools and university programs are flourishing in India. Over the past decade economic growth and the ability to pay for education have spurred the creation of private and public liberal arts schools. As internationalization of higher education and cross-border movements of students become increasingly more common, a new generation of students is now familiar with global education and corresponding western pedagogies. Along with the increase in study abroad programs is the rise in demand for quality liberal arts institutions at home. This study of O.P. Jindal Global University, founded in 2007, and the Jindal School of Liberal Arts and Humanities (jslh) examines the contradictions and challenges inherent in supplanting long-held traditional teaching methods and classroom culture with the western concept of liberal education. The jslh faculty consists of Indian and foreign instructors while all students are Indian. Applying qualitative research methods of direct observation, interviews with faculty and students and surveys, the author examines changes in the traditional classroom power dynamics and the acceptance and resistance to new pedagogies. One strategy for addressing challenges, such as the faculty’s resistance to change was through in-depth discussion among faculty of the merits and limitations of traditional education and experiential learning. Foreign faculty benefitted from co-teaching with Indian faculty as all parties made a conscious effort to recognize cultural differences in student-teacher relations.
The Professional Relevance of Study
Authors: Teichler Ulrich
Published: June 2019

The extent to which and how curricula, teaching and learning in higher education should be shaped to prepare students for their subsequent work and for activities in other life spheres has been a frequently and often controversially discussed theme in economically advanced countries since about the 1950s. The increase of the graduation rates from less than 5% to about 50% on average was often hailed as a contribution to economic growth and often criticized as leading to ‘over-education’ and increasing ‘mismatches’ between the graduates’ competences and the demands of the employment system. Over the years, insight gained momentum that many general judgements are misleading, because they tend to put too much emphasis on market cycles, try to infer too much from employment indicators about the substantive relationships between learning, competences and work and because they underestimate the diversity both in higher education and in graduate work tasks which grew enormously over time. Moreover, empirical research showed an impressive variety between countries as regards the concepts of higher education and the expected links between learning and subsequent work. In recent years, the term ‘employability’ became most widely used in the United Kingdom, but also spread internationally to some extent. It reflected the intention of its advocates to gear higher education instrumentally to the presumed need of the employment system. But views continued to vary in the recent discussions about the links between higher education and the world of work, whether more specialized preparation for the expected work tasks or more emphasis on general competences is preferable. At times, prime emphasis was directed to the question how elite higher education prepares for the ‘knowledge economy’, and at times the role of mass higher education for the intermediate level occupations was viewed as the most salient issue. Some concepts considered the student primarily as a ‘homo oeconomicus’, while other concepts underscore the importance of critical thinking, of freedom of learning in order to develop innovative ideas and of preparation for life in a ‘post-industrial’ society. The discourse can be viewed as a never-ending dispute or as driven by the persistent hope that a higher level of reflection might lead eventually to better solutions.
Strategic Alignment of Tertiary Education and Economies in East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Postiglione Gerard A. , Wright Ewan
Published: June 2019

Countries across the East and Southeast Asia region are experiencing a remarkable expansion of tertiary education enrollments. In this context, the strategic alignment of tertiary education institutions with rapidly changing economic environments has become increasingly necessary to meet the emerging needs of individual students, businesses, and wider economies. This paper maps the current state of alignment between tertiary education and labor markets in the region. Particular focus is given to second- and third-tier institutions, which have played a crucial role in enabling the expansion of enrollments and serving the diverse needs of societies. Policy guidelines are outlined and discussed to enhance alignment; namely the improvement of public-private partnerships, regional cooperation, external efficiency accountability, and fostering realistic expectations among graduates. Above all, it is maintained that the realization of such policy objectives will be pivotal to the future success of tertiary education institutions and can be pursued without undermining the broader educational functions of the tertiary education sector.
The Policy and Politics of the Cohort Participation Rate in Universities
Authors: Loke Hoe-Yeong , Gopinathan S.
Published: June 2019

In the media and policy discourses in Singapore, comparisons have often been made with countries like Taiwan and South Korea to validate the Singapore government’s long time policy approach of maintaining the cohort participation rate (cpr) in public universities at around 25% to 30%. Considering the rates of youth unemployment in Taiwan (12.7%) and South Korea (9.5%), where the cpr in universities has hovered around 80% to 90%, it would appear that the problem is one of an over-supply of graduates. While Singapore has maintained a commitment to skills training and to fostering a well-resourced polytechnic sector and the technical and vocational education sector, the government announced in 2012 its plans to raise the country’s cpr in universities to 40% by the year 2020. It established new public-autonomous universities to fulfill this goal, and expanded study places in existing universities, nevertheless with the proviso that internships would central to the curriculum, and that the degrees on offer would be well-tuned to the job shortages in the economy.

What policy and political factors explain this change in Singapore’s long-held approach to the cpr for universities, especially when compared to the cases of Taiwan and South Korea? This paper offers an explanation of the policy and politics that underpinned the issue of the number of university places in Singapore, and also an explanation of the Singapore government’s shift in policy in 2012—albeit a policy move that took place within the context and language of the government’s new SkillsFuture programme, in which the education institutions are expected to continue to be well plugged into the needs of industries.
Efforts to Institutionalize Active Learning in Japanese Higher Education
Authors: Arimoto Akira
Published: June 2019

In 2012, the Central Council for Education (cce) issued a report concerning the introduction of active learning (al) and educational management into higher education. Its main object was to foster students’ ability of active learning (or active study [as]) to enable them not only to fulfill the outcome required by the dp (Diploma Policy) but also to respond to an unpredictable future in a knowledge-based society. In order to enhance students’ al, it is necessary to innovate educational methods, such as High Impact Practice (hip) and Institutional Research (ir), to establish educational management, including dp, cp (curriculum policy), and ap (admission policy), and to promote the Research-Teaching-Service (r-t-s) nexus. Based on the cce’s report, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (mext) started a nationwide program in 2013 to pursue active learning. As a result, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (jsps) selected a project of a four-university collaboration as one of the projects related to the programs in which the author of this paper conducted a national survey with a focus on the institutionalization of academic learning in academia.
Constructing Higher Education Evaluation Systems for the Global Era
Authors: Shi Jinghuan , Coates Hamish
Published: June 2019

This paper outlines the rationales shaping the papers presented in this issue of the International Journal of Chinese (IJCE). To provide context for the contributions, it looks at policy contexts, institutional developments, major guiding research projects, and various engagement platforms. The papers are reviewed in terms of their implications for shaping the future of higher education evaluation and success.
On the relative sonority of PIE /m/
Authors: Zair Nicholas
Published: June 2019

Cooper (2013: 11–12, 2015: 317–320) suggests that /m/ was less sonorous in PIE than /l/, /r/, and /n/. This article discusses the evidence proposed for this analysis and puts forward some further evidence, of differing degrees of strength, from Sanskrit, Oscan, Venetic, Celtic and Greek. It concludes that there is some evidence for a lower sonority of /m/ than /l/, /n/ and /r/ in Greek and Sanskrit, but that the evidence for other languages is inconclusive. There are a number of instances in which /m/ patterns with plosives rather than the other sonorants in a number of other contexts, whose relevance to questions of sonority, however, is not clear. Overall, it is plausible that /m/ may have had a lower sonority than the other sonorants in PIE, but this is not necessarily the explanation for all its odd behaviour relative to the other sonorants in PIE and its descendant languages.
Cutting the Enemy’s Line of Supply: The Rise of the Tactic and Its Use in Early Chinese Warfare
Authors: Tse Wicky W. K.
Published: June 2019

As the logistical distance between a field army and its domestic base increased from being measured in days to weeks or even months during the Warring States period, how to maintain the continual provisioning of armies on campaigns of long duration conducted in faraway places became a crucial issue. On the other hand, a new tactic which capitalized on the fragility of the enemy’s supply lines arose subsequently, and became an option to break stalemates and to undermine the enemy’s will and ability to fight before a frontal assault. This study, by tracing four documented cases, aims to analyze the preconditions that gave rise to the tactic of cutting the enemy’s supply line, and through these to examine certain features in the development of early Chinese warfare.
Militia Command and Control in the Chinese National Revolution, Hunan 1926-1927
Authors: McCord Edward A.
Published: June 2019

This article uses a case study of Hunan province to examine the role of militia in the struggle for the control of local society during the 1926-1927 National Revolution. Although the Nationalist and Communist Parties both agreed on the need eliminate militia leadership by “local bullies and evil gentry,” differences quickly arose over how to reconstruct militia following this action. Nationalist Party activists tended to favor a “statist” approach that would replace abusive militia leaders with “upright” local elites but place them under stricter and more direct official control. Communist Party activists in contrast sought a “popular” mass militia free of elite influence and controlled by new peasant and worker unions. As such, this struggle over militia command and control became a key component in the broader political competition between the two parties and their alternative revolutionary visions.
Bobover Yiddish: “Polish” or “Hungarian?”
Authors: Sadock Benjamin , Masor Alyssa
Published: June 2019

Contemporary Hasidic Yiddish speakers perceive a distinction between “Hungarian” and “Polish” Yiddish. This article explores that distinction by examining the Yiddish of the Bobover Hasidic community, the largest “Polish” Hasidic group in the United States; the Yiddish of its “Hungarian” counterpart, Satmar, and its rootedness in the Unterland Hungarian Yiddish was demonstrated by Krogh (2012), reflecting the origins of the Satmar dynasty. But is Bobover Yiddish similarly rooted in western Galician Yiddish? Interviews with informants from the Bobover community reveal a mixed picture. All showed phonological features of non-Hungarian Central Yiddish, but all featured “Hungarian” vocabulary. While most of the informants’ grandparents were from interwar Poland, several had grandparents from the Unterland region; one-third identified their spouses as “Hungarian” or were members of “Hungarian” Hasidic communities. This shows the permeability of the two groups, leading to a mixing of features, which creates the need for shibboleths as clear markers of identity.
The Erasure of Hasidic Yiddish from Twentieth Century Yiddish Linguistics
Authors: Nove Chaya R.
Published: June 2019

Unlike other Yiddish dialects that were diminished to the point of virtual obsolescence in the decades following World War II, Hasidic Yiddish remains the dominant language for several hundred thousand Hasidic Jews across the globe. And yet, a survey of the research on Yiddish linguistics published during the second half of the 20th century does not reflect this reality. In this article, I review how the ideological underpinnings of Yiddish linguistics created and perpetuated a disciplinary preoccupation with a hypothetical standard at the expense of theoretically informative empirical studies of an evolving Yiddish dialect. Specifically, I show how linguistic chauvinism, a series of calamitous events, and historical anti-religiosity complicated by new resentments, led to the erasure of Hasidic dialects from Yiddish scholarship. Finally, I highlight significant contributions that recent empirical studies of Hasidic Yiddish are making to the field of linguistics.
How Yiddish is Haredi Satmar Yiddish?
Authors: Krogh Steffen
Published: June 2019

Ever since the founding of the modern Haredi Satmar movement in the late 1940s in New York City, the Yiddish variety spoken by the Satmar Haredim has been subject to considerable influence from coterritorial English. The present article addresses the question of the extent to which core features of Eastern European Yiddish have survived into present-day Haredi Satmar Yiddish in America. Most significant in this study is whether the features in question have been able to maintain their position in Haredi Satmar Yiddish despite their absence in English. The absence of a given feature in English will in all likelihood favor alternative Yiddish constructions that have equivalents in English, and will eventually trigger the elimination of the feature in Haredi Satmar Yiddish.
Empirical Research and Workplace Discrimination Law
Authors: Blackham Alysia
Published: June 2019

In Empirical Research and Workplace Discrimination Law, part of the series Comparative Discrimination Law, Alysia Blackham offers a succinct comparative survey of empirical research that is occurring in workplace discrimination law, across jurisdictions such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Drawing on case studies of existing scholarship, Blackham offers both a rationale for conducting empirical research in this area, and methodological options for researchers considering empirical work. Using examples from case law and public policy, the author considers the impact that empirical research is having on discrimination law and policy, and highlights fundamental gaps in existing empirical scholarship.
نحو قراءة منظومية أخلاقية للفقه: الإجهاض نموذجًا
Authors: الخطيب معتز
Published: June 2019

الخلاصة

يقدم هذا البحث مدخلاً جديدًا لدراسة العلاقة بين الفقه والأخلاق من خلال تأمل الأحكام الفقهية نفسها وما إذا كانت تستند إلى بنية أخلاقية بالمنظور الحديث، سواءٌ الأخلاق المعيارية أم التطبيقية، وهي محاولة لتجاوز مجرد الانشغال بالصياغة المعاصرة للأحكام الفقهية إلى معالجة مشاغل حديثة وتأمل العقل الفقهي نفسه من خلال موضوعاته وأحكامه. ويتخذ الباحث من أحكام الإجهاض في المذهب الحنبلي نموذجًا تطبيقيًّا للقراءة المنظومية الأخلاقية التي يقترحها، وهي تعني أربعة أمور: الأول: اعتبار أحكام الجنين في مختلف الأبواب منظومةً متكاملةً وحَمْل بعضها على بعض، والثاني: تَتَبع عِلَل الأحكام التي تختلف بحسب كل مسألة، والثالث: استيعاب كتب المذهب بأشكالها المختلفة، والرابع: الجمع بين الفروع والأصول عبر تأمل منهجية الحنابلة في تقرير مسائل الإجهاض‫.‬

وبناء على هذه القراءة المنظومية اتضح أن أحكام الإجهاض في المذهب تدور على ثلاثة أوصاف هي: انعقاد النطفة ولدًا بِتَحولها إلى علقة وهو أول أحوال الحمل، والتخليق وهو ظهور صورة الإنسان فيه أو بعضها، ونفخ الروح. وتختلف أحكام الجنين - وهي كثيرة - بحسب هذه الأوصاف وجودًا وعدمًا، وقد أثبت الحنابلةُ للجنين نوع استقلالية ولكنها ليست مطلقة، فحياة الجنين ليست كاملة ما دام يتحرك بغيره‫.‬

يقوم الفقه الحنبلي عامةً على المنهجية النصية والبعد عن الرأي المجرد، ويحاول إعمال جميع النصوص ما أمكنَ، ولكن فقهاء المذهب المتأخرين اعتنوا بتعليل المسائل وبيان وجه الحكم ضمن نظرٍ يَنتظم جميع الأحكام بما ينسجم مع قواعد المذهب وأصوله، ولو نظرنا إلى تعليلاتهم هنا نجدها تقوم على نظرين: أخلاقي وديني، يتلخصان في: (1) مركزية الروح الإنسانية، (2) ومراعاة الحياة الاعتبارية السابقة على نفخ الروح، (3) ووجود صفة الآدمية في الجنين واحترامها، (4) وأن الكلام في الجنين وأحكامه عامة مسألةٌ تتعلق بقضية الخلق الإلهي والحكمة المرادة منه‫.‬
Political Legitimacy, Democracy and Islamic Law: The Place of Self‐Government in Islamic Political Thought
Authors: Fadel Mohammad
Published: June 2019

Contemporary Political Islam, or Islamism, is commonly defined as a movement that seeks to apply the Sharīʿa as the basic law of Muslim states. This suggests that political legitimacy in Islamic thought can be reduced to the conformity of a polity’s actions to a pre-determined body of rules that are supplied by revelation, as supplemented by the interpretations of jurists. Such a demand is reasonably understood to be non-democratic because it includes no room for self-government by making it either redundant, if it produces results that are in conformity with the norms of the Sharīʿa, or contradictory to self-government, if the results of self-government differ from revealed norms. I argue instead that Islamic constitutional theory and political thought provide explicit grounds for self-government based on a conception of the state that is grounded in the ideals of agency and fiduciary duties rather than conformity with the pre-determined substantive norms of revelation simpliciter. On this account, self-government is essential to political legitimacy because the legitimacy of the ruler’s decisions can only be understood from the perspective of whether the people, as the principal who authorized the agent (i.e., the government), approves of the government’s conduct, or can reasonably be understood to approve of the government’s conduct. This has important implications for understanding how a state can, consistent with self-government, incorporate the Sharīʿa and its values in its legislative system. Far from imposing particular outcomes, in most cases, the rules of the Sharīʿa will only present options for how public law may be made, while giving the public the freedom, through the exercise of its collective deliberation, to choose how it operationalizes various provisions and values of the Sharīʿa in positive law in relation to its own determination of its own rational good (maṣlaḥa).
The Space of the Epigone in Early Greek Epic
Authors: Sammons Benjamin
Published: June 2019

Several poems of the Epic Cycle (especially the Little Iliad and the Nostoi) have a strong interest in the figure of the epigone, as does the Odyssey. Reconstruction of these cyclic epics suggests the operation of narrative conventions that are found to be pointedly inverted in the Homeric poem and thoroughly perverted in the cyclic Telegony.
Syllinae (Polychaeta, Syllidae) from Australia. Part. 2. Genera Inermosyllis, Megasyllis n. gen., Opisthosyllis, and Trypanosyllis
Authors: SAN MARTÍN GUILLERMO , HUTCHINGS PAT , AGUADO MARÍA TERESA
Published: June 2019

Large collections of Australian Syllidae (Polychaeta) from the Australian Museum (Sydney) have been examined and identified, together with material from the Hamburgische Zoologische Museum der Universität (Hamburg, Germany), as well as some specimens from other museums. All known Australian species of the subfamily Syllinae belonging to Inermosyllis San Martín, 2003 (1 species), Megasyllis n. gen. (3 species), Opisthosyllis Langerhans, 1879 (5 species), and Trypanosyllis Claparède, 1864 (2 species), are described and figured. The Scanning Electron Microscope was used to illustrate relevant taxonomic characters and reproduction methods in these genera. Inermosyllis pseudohaploides is described as a new species. Megasyllis is described as a new genus, including M. corruscans (Haswell, 1885) and M. heterosetosa (Hartmann-Schöder, 1991) from Australia, and M. inflata (Marenzeller, 1879) from Japan and Australia; thespecies M. multiannulata (Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, in press) from Japan is also referred to this genus. The genus Inermosyllis is reported for the first time from Australia, as well as the species Opisthosyllis longicirrata Monro, 1939 and Trypanosyllis aeolis Langerhans, 1879.
Acartia (Odontacartia) ohtsukai Ueda and Bucklin, 2006 (Copepoda, Calanoida, Acartiidae): First Record of its Occurrence in Korean Waters and Habitat Segregation from its Sibling Species A. pacifica Steuer, 1915
Authors: MOON SEONG-YONG , OHTSUKA SUSUMU , UEDA HIROSHI , SOH HO YOUNG
Published: June 2019

Species of the genus Acartia Dana, 1846 (Copepoda, Calanoida, Acartiidae) are predominant and widespread in estuarine and coastal waters worldwide, but the spatio-temporal distribution of each species is very restricted (Bradford 1976). Acartia pacifica Steuer, 1915 has been recognized as a common species in euryhaline waters on the Korean coasts from summer to fall (Suh et al. 1991; Soh & Suh 1993; Park 2005). Recently, Ueda and Bucklin (2006) described A. ohtsukai from low saline waters in the Ariake Sea, Western Japan, which has been confused with A. pacifica s. s. on the basis of their morphological and genetic differences (0-3% in mtCOI sequences). According to Ueda and Bucklin (2006), A. ohtsukai has a restricted distribution in continental brackish waters of East Asia with a relict population in the Ariake Sea, while A. pacifica is broadly distributed in coastal waters in the tropical/subtropical Indo-West Pacific regions. During our investigation of planktonic copepods A. ohtsukai was recorded in Korean waters for the first time. This species may have been confused in the past with its sibling species A. pacifica by Korean researchers. Therefore, we compare the spatio-temporal distributions of A. pacifica and A. ohtsukai in Gwangyang Bay, southern Korea.
Russian Zavrelia Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae), with the description of two new species
Authors: ZORINA OKSANA V.
Published: June 2019

Two new species of Zavrelia Kieffer, Z. elenae sp. n. and Z. pseudopentatoma sp. n. from the Russian Far East are described and figured as male, pupa and larva. The generic diagnosis is emended to accommodate the new species. Keys to the males, pupae and larvae of the Russian Zavrelia species are given.
Review and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical tarantula genus Ephebopus Simon 1892 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) with notes on the Aviculariinae
Authors: WEST RICK C. , MARSHALL SAMUEL D. , FUKUSHIMA CAROLINE SAYURI , BERTANI ROGÉRIO
Published: June 2019

The tarantula genus Ephebopus Simon 1892 is reviewed and includes the type species, E. murinus (Walckenaer 1837), and E. uatuman Lucas, Silva & Bertani 1992, E. cyanognathus West & Marshall 2000, E. rufescens West & Marshall 2000 and Ephebopus foliatus, sp. nov., from Guyana. Ephebopus violaceus Mello-Leitão 1930 is transferred to Tapinauchenius Ausserer, where it is a senior synonym of Tapinauchenius purpureus Schmidt 1995 new synonymy. Ephebopus fossor Pocock 1903 is considered a nomen dubium. Ephebopus occurs in northeastern South America where it is known only from Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. Spiders of the genus are generally fossorial; however, Ephebopus murinus has a developmental stage that is arboreal. A cladistic analysis of the Theraphosidae retrieves the Aviculariinae as monophyletic, including Avicularia Lamarck, Iridopelma Pocock 1901, Pachistopelma Pocock 1901, Tapinauchenius, Psalmopoeus Pocock, Ephebopus, Stromatopelma Karsch and Heteroscodra Pocock, having as a synapomorphy the well-developed scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi I–II that is very laterally extended.