bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurements of non-volatile aerosols with a VTDMA and their correlations
with carbonaceous aerosols in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Cheung Heidi H. Y. , Tan Haobo , Xu Hanbing , Li Fei , Wu Cheng , Yu Jian Z. , Chan Chak K.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Simultaneous measurements of aerosol volatility and carbonaceous matters were conducted at a suburban site in Guangzhou, China, in February and March 2014 using a volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer (VTDMA) and an organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC ∕ EC) analyzer. Low volatility (LV) particles, with a volatility shrink factor (VSF) at 300 °C exceeding 0.9, contributed 5 % of number concentrations of the 40 nm particles and 11–15 % of the 80–300 nm particles. They were composed of non-volatile material externally mixed with volatile material, and therefore did not evaporate significantly at 300 °C. Non-volatile material mixed internally with the volatile material was referred to as medium volatility (MV, 0.4  <  VSF  <  0.9) and high volatility (HV, VSF  <  0.4) particles. The MV and HV particles contributed 57–71 % of number concentration for the particles between 40 and 300 nm in size. The average EC and OC concentrations measured by the OC ∕ EC analyzer were 3.4 ± 3.0 and 9.0 ± 6.0 µg m−3, respectively. Non-volatile OC evaporating at 475 °C or above, together with EC, contributed 67 % of the total carbon mass. In spite of the daily maximum and minimum, the diurnal variations in the volume fractions of the volatile material, HV, MV and LV residuals were less than 15 % for the 80–300 nm particles. Back trajectory analysis also suggests that over 90 % of the air masses influencing the sampling site were well aged as they were transported at low altitudes (below 1500 m) for over 40 h before arrival. Further comparison with the diurnal variations in the mass fractions of EC and the non-volatile OC in PM2.5 suggests that the non-volatile residuals may be related to both EC and non-volatile OC in the afternoon, during which the concentration of aged organics increased. A closure analysis of the total mass of LV and MV residuals and the mass of EC or the sum of EC and non-volatile OC was conducted. It suggests that non-volatile OC, in addition to EC, was one of the components of the non-volatile residuals measured by the VTDMA in this study.
Differential column measurements using compact solar-tracking spectrometers
Authors: Chen Jia , Viatte Camille , Hedelius Jacob K. , Jones Taylor , Franklin Jonathan E. , Parker Harrison , Gottlieb Elaine W. , Wennberg Paul O. , Dubey Manvendra K. , Wofsy Steven C.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. We demonstrate the use of compact solar-tracking Fourier transform spectrometers (Bruker EM27/SUN) for differential measurements of the column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CH4 and CO2 within urban areas. Using Allan variance analysis, we show that the differential column measurement has a precision of 0.01 % for XCO2 and XCH4 with an optimum integration time of 10 min, corresponding to Allan deviations of 0.04 ppm and 0.2 ppb, respectively. The sensor system is very stable over time and after relocation across the continent. We report tests of the differential column measurement, and its sensitivity to emission sources, by measuring the downwind-minus-upwind column difference ΔXCH4 across dairy farms in the Chino area, California, and using the data to verify emissions reported in the literature. Ratios of spatial column differences ΔXCH4∕ΔXCO2 were observed across Pasadena within the Los Angeles basin, indicating values consistent with regional emission ratios from the literature. Our precise, rapid measurements allow us to determine significant short-term variations (5–10 min) of XCO2 and XCH4 and to show that they represent atmospheric phenomena.Overall, this study helps establish a range of new applications for compact solar-viewing Fourier transform spectrometers. By accurately measuring the small differences in integrated column amounts across local and regional sources, we directly observe the mass loading of the atmosphere due to the influence of emissions in the intervening locale. The inference of the source strength is much more direct than inversion modeling using only surface concentrations and less subject to errors associated with small-scale transport phenomena.
Effects of daily meteorology on the interpretation of space-based remote sensing of NO2
Authors: Laughner Joshua L. , Zare Azimeh , Cohen Ronald C.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Retrievals of tropospheric NO2 columns from UV/visible observations of reflected sunlight require a priori vertical profiles to account for the variation in sensitivity of the observations to NO2 at different altitudes. These profiles vary in space and time but are usually approximated using models that do not resolve the full details of this variation. Currently, no operational retrieval simulates these a priori profiles at both high spatial and high temporal resolution. Here we examine the additional benefits of daily variations in a priori profiles for retrievals already simulating a priori NO2 profiles at sufficiently high spatial resolution to identify variations of NO2 within urban and power plant plumes. We show the effects of introducing daily variation into a priori profiles can be as large as 40 % and 3 × 1015 molec. cm−2 for an individual day and lead to corrections as large as 10 % for a monthly average in a case study of Atlanta, GA. Comparing an optimized retrieval to a more standard one, we find that NOx emissions estimated from space-based remote sensing can increase by ~ 100 % when daily variations in plume location and shape are accounted for in the retrieval.
Effects of polar stratospheric clouds in the Nimbus 7 LIMS Version 6 data set
Authors: Remsberg Ellis , Harvey V. Lynn
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The historic Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) measurements of 1978–1979 from the Nimbus 7 satellite were re-processed with Version 6 (V6) algorithms and archived in 2002. The V6 data set employs updated radiance registration methods, improved spectroscopic line parameters, and a common vertical resolution for all retrieved parameters. Retrieved profiles are spaced about every 1.6° of latitude along orbits and include the additional parameter of geopotential height. Profiles of O3 are sensitive to perturbations from emissions of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). This work presents results of implementing a first-order screening for effects of PSCs using simple algorithms based on vertical gradients of the O3 mixing ratio. Their occurrences are compared with the co-located, retrieved temperatures and related to the temperature thresholds needed for saturation of H2O and/or HNO3 vapor onto PSC particles. Observed daily locations where the major PSC screening criteria are satisfied are validated against PSCs observed with the Stratospheric Aerosol Monitor (SAM) II experiment also on Nimbus 7. Remnants of emissions from PSCs are characterized for O3 and HNO3 following the screening. PSCs may also impart a warm bias in the co-located LIMS temperatures, but by no more than 1–2 K at the altitudes of where effects of PSCs are a maximum in the ozone; thus, no PSC screening was applied to the V6 temperatures. Minimum temperatures vary between 187 and 194 K and often occur 1 to 2 km above where PSC effects are first identified in the ozone (most often between about 21 and 28 hPa). Those temperature–pressure values are consistent with conditions for the existence of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) mixtures and to a lesser extent of super-cooled ternary solution (STS) droplets. A local, temporary uptake of HNO3 vapor of order 1–3 ppbv is indicated during mid-January for the 550 K surface. Seven-month time series of the distributions of LIMS O3 and HNO3 are shown based on their gridded Level 3 data following the PSC screening. Zonal coefficients of both species are essentially free of effects from PSCs on the 550 K surface, based on their average values along PV contours and in terms of equivalent latitude. Remnants of PSCs are still present in O3 on the 450 K surface during mid-January. It is judged that the LIMS Level 3 data are of good quality for analyzing the larger-scale, stratospheric chemistry and transport processes during the Arctic winter of 1978–1979.
Daytime twin-peak structures observed at southern African and European middle latitudes on 8–13 April 2012
Authors: Katamzi Zama T. , Habarulema John Bosco , Giday Nigussie M.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Daytime twin-peak structures, also known as bite-out or diurnal double-maxima structures, are ionospheric phenomena in which the diurnal ionospheric trend shows two peaks (instead of the normal one) during the daytime. This study reports on first simultaneous observations of these structures in the Global Positioning System and ionosonde measurements from the southern African and European middle-latitude stations during a mostly quiet geomagnetic condition period of 8–13 April 2012, which indicates that their occurrence and therefore driving mechanism(s) may not be localised. It is found that the daytime twin-peak structures generally appear later in the Northern Hemisphere with a 1–3 h latency although they propagate mostly equatorward in both hemispheres. Proxies of meridional neutral winds were calculated from available manually scaled ionosonde measurements and used to explore their potential as drivers of the structures. Bite-out events were linked to downward drifts of the vertical component of equivalent neutral winds causing plasma depletions. In addition, evidence of sporadic E layers at the same time as enhancements of daytime twin-peak structures suggests that the tides had influence via the meridional wind shear in generating these structures through the dynamo electric field which resulted in upward E  ×  B drifts.
Critical pitch angle for electron acceleration in a collisionless shock layer
Authors: Narita Y. , Comişel H. , Motschmann U.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Collisionless shock waves in space and astrophysical plasmas can accelerate electrons along the shock layer by an electrostatic potential, and scatter or reflect electrons back to the upstream region by the amplified magnetic field or turbulent fluctuations. The notion of the critical pitch angle is introduced for non-adiabatic electron acceleration by balancing the two timescales under a quasi-perpendicular shock wave geometry in which the upstream magnetic field is nearly perpendicular to the shock layer normal direction. An analytic expression of the critical pitch angle is obtained as a function of the electron velocity parallel to the magnetic field, the ratio of the electron gyro- to plasma frequency, the cross-shock potential, the width of the shock transition layer, and the shock angle (which is the angle between the upstream magnetic field and the shock normal direction). For typical non-relativistic solar system applications, the critical pitch angle is predicted to be about 10°. An efficient acceleration is expected below the critical pitch angle.
Analysing the uncertainty of estimating forest carbon stocks in China
Authors: Yue Tian Xiang , Wang Yi Fu , Du Zheng Ping , Zhao Ming Wei , Zhang Li Li , Zhao Na , Lu Ming , Larocque Guy R. , Wilson John P.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Earth surface systems are controlled by a combination of global and local factors, which cannot be understood without accounting for both the local and global components. The system dynamics cannot be recovered from the global or local controls alone. Ground forest inventory is able to accurately estimate forest carbon stocks in sample plots, but these sample plots are too sparse to support the spatial simulation of carbon stocks with required accuracy. Satellite observation is an important source of global information for the simulation of carbon stocks. Satellite remote sensing can supply spatially continuous information about the surface of forest carbon stocks, which is impossible from ground-based investigations, but their description has considerable uncertainty. In this paper, we validated the Kriging method for spatial interpolation of ground sample plots and a satellite-observation-based approach as well as an approach for fusing the ground sample plots with satellite observations. The validation results indicated that the data fusion approach reduced the uncertainty of estimating carbon stocks. The data fusion had the lowest uncertainty by using an existing method for high-accuracy surface modelling to fuse the ground sample plots with the satellite observations (HASM-S). The estimates produced with HASM-S were 26.1 and 28.4 % more accurate than the satellite-based approach and spatial interpolation of the sample plots respectively. Forest carbon stocks of 7.08 Pg were estimated for China during the period from 2004 to 2008, an increase of 2.24 Pg from 1984 to 2008, using the preferred HASM-S method.
GIST-PM-Asia v1: development of a numerical system to improve particulate matter forecasts in South Korea using geostationary satellite-retrieved aerosol optical data over Northeast Asia
Authors: Lee S. , Song C. H. , Park R. S. , Park M. E. , Han K. M. , Kim J. , Choi M. , Ghim Y. S. , Woo J.-H.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. To improve short-term particulate matter (PM) forecasts in South Korea, the initial distribution of PM composition, particularly over the upwind regions, is primarily important. To prepare the initial PM composition, the aerosol optical depth (AOD) data retrieved from a geostationary equatorial orbit (GEO) satellite sensor, GOCI (Geostationary Ocean Color Imager) which covers a part of Northeast Asia (113–146° E; 25–47° N), were used. Although GOCI can provide a higher number of AOD data in a semicontinuous manner than low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite sensors, it still has a serious limitation in that the AOD data are not available at cloud pixels and over high-reflectance areas, such as desert and snow-covered regions. To overcome this limitation, a spatiotemporal-kriging (STK) method was used to better prepare the initial AOD distributions that were converted into the PM composition over Northeast Asia. One of the largest advantages in using the STK method in this study is that more observed AOD data can be used to prepare the best initial AOD fields compared with other methods that use single frame of observation data around the time of initialization. It is demonstrated in this study that the short-term PM forecast system developed with the application of the STK method can greatly improve PM10 predictions in the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) when evaluated with ground-based observations. For example, errors and biases of PM10 predictions decreased by  ∼  60 and  ∼  70 %, respectively, during the first 6 h of short-term PM forecasting, compared with those without the initial PM composition. In addition, the influences of several factors on the performances of the short-term PM forecast were explored in this study. The influences of the choices of the control variables on the PM chemical composition were also investigated with the composition data measured via PILS-IC (particle-into-liquid sampler coupled with ion chromatography) and low air-volume sample instruments at a site near Seoul. To improve the overall performances of the short-term PM forecast system, several future research directions were also discussed and suggested.
Evaluating statistical consistency in the ocean model component of the Community Earth System Model (pyCECT v2.0)
Authors: Baker Allison H. , Hu Yong , Hammerling Dorit M. , Tseng Yu-heng , Xu Haiying , Huang Xiaomeng , Bryan Frank O. , Yang Guangwen
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The Parallel Ocean Program (POP), the ocean model component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM), is widely used in climate research. Most current work in CESM-POP focuses on improving the model's efficiency or accuracy, such as improving numerical methods, advancing parameterization, porting to new architectures, or increasing parallelism. Since ocean dynamics are chaotic in nature, achieving bit-for-bit (BFB) identical results in ocean solutions cannot be guaranteed for even tiny code modifications, and determining whether modifications are admissible (i.e., statistically consistent with the original results) is non-trivial. In recent work, an ensemble-based statistical approach was shown to work well for software verification (i.e., quality assurance) on atmospheric model data. The general idea of the ensemble-based statistical consistency testing is to use a qualitative measurement of the variability of the ensemble of simulations as a metric with which to compare future simulations and make a determination of statistical distinguishability. The capability to determine consistency without BFB results boosts model confidence and provides the flexibility needed, for example, for more aggressive code optimizations and the use of heterogeneous execution environments. Since ocean and atmosphere models have differing characteristics in term of dynamics, spatial variability, and timescales, we present a new statistical method to evaluate ocean model simulation data that requires the evaluation of ensemble means and deviations in a spatial manner. In particular, the statistical distribution from an ensemble of CESM-POP simulations is used to determine the standard score of any new model solution at each grid point. Then the percentage of points that have scores greater than a specified threshold indicates whether the new model simulation is statistically distinguishable from the ensemble simulations. Both ensemble size and composition are important. Our experiments indicate that the new POP ensemble consistency test (POP-ECT) tool is capable of distinguishing cases that should be statistically consistent with the ensemble and those that should not, as well as providing a simple, subjective and systematic way to detect errors in CESM-POP due to the hardware or software stack, positively contributing to quality assurance for the CESM-POP code.
Evaluating uncertainty in estimates of soil moisture memory with a reverse ensemble approach
Authors: MacLeod Dave , Cloke Hannah , Pappenberger Florian , Weisheimer Antje
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Soil moisture memory is a key component of seasonal predictability. However, uncertainty in current memory estimates is not clear and it is not obvious to what extent these are dependent on model uncertainties. To address this question, we perform a global sensitivity analysis of memory to key hydraulic parameters, using an uncoupled version of the H-TESSEL land surface model. Results show significant dependency of estimates of memory and its uncertainty on these parameters, suggesting that operational seasonal forecasting models using deterministic hydraulic parameter values are likely to display a narrower range of memory than exists in reality. Explicitly incorporating hydraulic parameter uncertainty into models may then give improvements in forecast skill and reliability, as has been shown elsewhere in the literature. Our results also show significant differences with previous estimates of memory uncertainty, warning against placing too much confidence in a single quantification of uncertainty.
First year of the new Arctic AWIPEV-COSYNA cabled Underwater Observatory in Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen
Authors: Fischer Philipp , Schwanitz Max , Loth Reiner , Posner Uwe , Brand Markus , Schröder Friedhelm
Published: July 2016

Abstract. A combined year round assessment of selected oceanographic data and a macrobiotic community assessment was performed from October 2013 to November 2014 in the littoral zone of the polar fjord systems Kongsfjorden on the west coast of Svalbard (Norway). A state of the art remote controlled cabled underwater observatory technology was used for daily vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and turbidity together with a stereo-optical assessment of the macrobiotic community, including fish. The results reveal a distinct seasonal cycle in total species abundances with a significantly higher total abundance and species richness during the polar winter when no light is available under water compared to the summer months when 24-h light is available. During the winter months, a temporally highly segmented community was observed with respect to species occurrence with single species dominating the winter community for restricted times. In contrast, the summer community showed an overall lower total abundance, as well as a significantly lower number of species. The study clearly demonstrates the high potential of cable connected remote controlled digital sampling devices, especially in remote areas, such as the polar fjord systems, with harsh environmental conditions and limited accessibility. A smart combination of such new digital “sampling” methods with classic sampling procedures can provide a possibility to significantly extend the sampling time and frequency especially in remote and difficult to access areas. This can help to provide a sufficient data density and therefore statistical power for a sound scientific analysis without increasing the invasive sampling pressure in ecologically sensitive environments.
Landfast ice thickness in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago from
observations and models
Authors: Howell Stephen E. L. , Laliberté Frédéric , Kwok Ron , Derksen Chris , King Joshua
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Observed and modelled landfast ice thickness variability and trends spanning more than 5 decades within the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) are summarized. The observed sites (Cambridge Bay, Resolute, Eureka and Alert) represent some of the Arctic's longest records of landfast ice thickness. Observed end-of-winter (maximum) trends of landfast ice thickness (1957–2014) were statistically significant at Cambridge Bay (−4.31 ± 1.4 cm decade−1), Eureka (−4.65 ± 1.7 cm decade−1) and Alert (−4.44  ± 1.6 cm −1) but not at Resolute. Over the 50+-year record, the ice thinned by  ∼ 0.24–0.26 m at Cambridge Bay, Eureka and Alert with essentially negligible change at Resolute. Although statistically significant warming in spring and fall was present at all sites, only low correlations between temperature and maximum ice thickness were present; snow depth was found to be more strongly associated with the negative ice thickness trends. Comparison with multi-model simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison project phase 5 (CMIP5), Ocean Reanalysis Intercomparison (ORA-IP) and Pan-Arctic Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS) show that although a subset of current generation models have a "reasonable" climatological representation of landfast ice thickness and distribution within the CAA, trends are unrealistic and far exceed observations by up to 2 orders of magnitude. ORA-IP models were found to have positive correlations between temperature and ice thickness over the CAA, a feature that is inconsistent with both observations and coupled models from CMIP5.
The Reversal of Stock Market Trends as a Behavioral Bias: Evidence from Tunisian Stock Exchange
Authors: Kouki Mondher , Hsini Mosbeh
Published: July 2016

This paper examines the behavioral bias in Tunisia, a country with a small stock market in terms of capital, but surprisingly dynamic in comparison to other emerging markets. Our study is consistent with Jegadeesh & Titman (1993)’ approach as presented to highlight an analysis of  such reversal phenomena of portfolio returns, and provides explanatory factors  to the so-called market trends reversal. The empirical investigation is based on a weekly database for a period from January 2002 to January 2013 related to stock prices and index values of market capitalization (TUNINDEX). The empirical test demonstrates the existence of winner-loser phenomenon in accordance with over-reaction hypothesis stating that portfolios with the worst past performance outperform, during the subsequent periods, those having produced best past performance and vice versa.
Competency Framework for Non-Profit Organizations: An Exploratory Study based on Indian Organizations
Authors: Elembilassery Varun
Published: July 2016

This exploratory study aims to develop a Competency Framework for Nonprofit Organizations (NPO) by applying the fundamentals of Competency Based Human Resource practices on Nonprofit Organizations. The study begins with a literature review and followed by detailed description of methodology for data collection. The data is derived from Indian Organization using three different methods. Firstly, a case study of an NPO working with rural women was done. Secondly, a website survey of job postings of seven NPOs working in different fields was done. And finally, an open ended online interview of management students with a past NPO work experience was done. Based on the observations from these three sources, a competency framework for NPOs is proposed. Limitations of the study, scope for future research and managerial implications are also discussed.
Examining the Effect of Motivational Factors on Productivity of Human Resources in the Education
Authors: Hashemi Gorji Omolbanin , Rajaby Kookandeh Meysam , Kamalifar Ali Akbar , Razaghi Shani Hassan , Delaviz Bayekolaei Mehraneh , Alami Reza
Published: July 2016

Human resources are considered as the most valuable and important factor for development of every country. In the Education system which its goal is to educate the future generation and to act in providing the educated work forces, there are several effective factors which among them the role of teachers is the most important and outstanding. Productivity and efficiency of these forces depends on different factors which among them we can refer to being timely of teachers' training and using the latest technologies and teaching skills and their motivation. This project has examined the effective factors on increasing teachers' efficiency and the role of job motivation among human forces. The research results show that lack of knowledge and sufficient skills are considered as a decreasing factor and motivation as the main increasing factor of productivity in teachers. Also they show that in-service training periods haven't been successful in fulfilling this demand yet. One suggestion for coping these issues is adjusting teachers' higher education with in demand branches and fields. Furthermore, motivating teachers should be done with different material and spiritual forces, and their encouragement be in line with their struggling.
Barriers to Career Advancement of Women Managers in Indian Five Star Hotels: A Gender Perspective
Authors: Patwardhan Vidya , Mayya Suresh , Joshi H.G.
Published: July 2016

This descriptive study was carried out to understand the issues related to women managers’ career advancement from the perspectives of male managers as represented by general managers and human resource managers of Indian five star hotels. The male managers opined that attitude, leadership skills and communications skills are most important for women to advance in their careers.  Factor and regression analyses revealed the relationships between the dimensions of mobility pathway (gender stereotyping, social structure and culture, gender inequality, gaining social capital, and double bind) and human resource strategies adopted by the hotel organizations to support the career advancement of women managers. According to male managers, the utmost barriers to women managers’ ascent to leadership positions in Indian five star hotels are: ‘more family responsibilities than men’, ‘lack of flexible work solutions’, and ‘stereotypes against women’. The findings of this study will be useful for women managers who desire advancement to executive positions and to organizational leaders who wish to hire and promote the right person regardless of gender.
Antecedents and Consequences of Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility on Financial Holding Companies - Finance Students’ Perceptions
Authors: Chen Bryan H. , Chen Mei-Hua , Hsiao Chein-Chih , Chiu Wan-Ching
Published: July 2016

Consumers consider various factors when purchasing because of consumer awareness. Increasingly, consumer behaviors are influenced by corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. This study comprehensively investigates the relationships of antecedents and consequences of CSR from consumer perceptions. CSR ethics statements and financial performance are the antecedents in this study. The effects of the relationships among consumers’ perception of CSR and consumer satisfaction, perceived corporate reputation, perceived risk, as well as consumer loyalty are the consequences. The findings suggest that perceived CSR was affected by perceived quality of ethics; therefore, corporations should emphasize an internal ethics statement and establish their CSR image to increase consumer satisfaction, enhance the corporate reputation, reduce perceived risk, and form a positive link between corporations and consumers. In addition, the findings reveal that significant relationships were observed among consumer satisfaction, corporate reputation, and perceived risk, which affect consumer loyalty.
Participatory Governance through Youth Volunteerism in Public Sector of Pakistan
Authors: Soomro Kamran Ahmed , Shukui Tan , Butt Mattiullah , Anand Vivake
Published: July 2016

Participatory governance in public sector is of great importance especially for a democratic country like Pakistan. In this paper we discuss Youth Volunteerism as tool to ensure participation of young people in public service delivery as partners of the government. This research is based on primary data collected on convenience sampling basis, through questionnaires distributed among 243 youth studying in colleges of selected areas of Pakistan.  The objective of this research was to find out the perception of young people about Volunteerism in public sector and to find factors that may encourage them to engage in participatory governance through volunteering in public sector institutions of Pakistan. Data was analyzed through SPSS-21, using Multiple Regression Analysis and Pearson’s Correlation techniques. The results show that young people in Pakistan are willing to volunteer their services in the public sector because they think it is honor for them, it is need of the time and that it will increase the productivity of the public institutions. This study concludes that promoting culture of volunteerism in the public sector of Pakistan will enable young people to become part of government in service deliver, will reduce public-government gap, will help reduce shortage of workforce in public sector and will increase the productivity of public institutions.
Reading Chaucer's Calkas: Prophecy and Authority in Troilus and Criseyde
Authors: Espie Jeff , Star Sarah
Published: July 2016

This article examines the role of calkas in troilus and criseyde, paying particular attention to his influence on the exchange in book iv and his importance for diomede in book v. by comparing troilus with its vernacular and latin precedents, we show that chaucer makes calkas both the voice of historical determinism and a locus of individual agency, both a knowing authority and an untrustworthy schemer. chaucer's troilus questions the certainty and inevitability of calkas' prophecy, a skepticism that also affects the narrator's posture of self-representation, diomede's appropriation of the past, and the poem's conception of “gret auctorite.”
“ʒe han desired to knowe in comfort of ʒoure soule”: Female Agency in The Chastising of God's Children
Authors: Cré Marleen
Published: July 2016

The Chastising of God's Children is a devotional compilation written for a religious sister to help her deal with the afflictions common to the advanced contemplative life. The article investigates female agency in the text. It discusses how the religious sister is addressed by the compiler and how the text uses female role models. It argues that female agency and the sister's empowerment do not derive from the female role models she is given but, rather, from the instruction she receives. The article shows that the compiler's focus is on the transmission of knowledge that enables the female reader to arrive at in-depth understanding of the causes and advantages of temptations and specific and general remedies for them. The religious sister is given tools that enable her to practice discernment of spirits, so that she can judge her own and other people's spiritual experiences as given by God or the devil.
Proyectos de infraestructura de transporte y su relación con el desarrollo de las localidades
Authors: Casanova Mauricio
Published: July 2016

Mediante una aproximación que mezcla análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo, de terreno, ex-post, experimental, de naturaleza meso-económica, no exhaustiva y específica a cada territorio, se busca determinar si el desarrollo territorial esperado producto de mejoras en las condiciones de conectividad en Chile (medido a través de la inversión pública en infraestructura de transporte) se ha materializado efectivamente, si ello es percibido así por la ciudadanía, y cuáles factores explican dichos resultados. Para lo anterior, se analizan indicadores de cambio o evolución de pobreza, mercado laboral, competitividad y población, a nivel comunal; y luego se indaga en estas dimensiones a través de entrevistas en profundidad a personas de seis comunas con alta inversión en infraestructura. La principal conclusión del análisis es que existe escasa relación entre las mejoras en conectividad de transporte y los cambios observados y percibidos en el nivel de desarrollo socio--económico comunal, a pesar de que las personas opinan que dicha relación efectivamente existe. Esto parece ser la manifestación de una falla en la política pública de conectividad, en tanto no ha generado los resultados esperados. La causa de lo anterior estaría en la inadecuada definición de sus objetivos, y la incorrecta identificación de los beneficios y beneficiarios.
Criterios de medición de excelencia del recurso humano en la Atención Primaria de Salud. Caso: Chile
Authors: Sánchez Carlos
Published: July 2016

El presente estudio busca evaluar los criterios que determinan la excelencia de un Centro de Salud Familiar utilizados por el Ministerio de Salud. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa, para ello se realizaron dos focus groups segmentados en personas directivas y personas no directivas de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Luego de realizado los focus groups, se revisaron fuentes de información secundaria específicamente en relación a los criterios de evaluación del recurso humano. En los resultados obtenidos se identificaron ocho características que se asocian a un centro de salud familiar de excelencia y se proponen dos nuevos criterios para evaluar al recurso humano al momento de certificar a un centro modelo.
Stakeholder differences in economic benefits of heritage tourism development
Authors: Oh Chi-Ok , Kim Hyounggon
Published: July 2016

From a perspective of the tourism production system, two basic stakeholders can be identified in terms of demand and supply. Understanding the gap between these two groups is important for securing the long-term success of development. The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic values of heritage tourism resources and compare whether there is a significant difference in the economic values between these two groups. Using the contingent valuation method, study results showed that service providers assess the economic values of heritage tourism resources significantly higher than consumers. This article suggests the concept of power as an important theoretical linkage that explains the difference between the groups.
Dos siglos de elecciones en Centroamérica
Authors: Ulloa Félix
Published: July 2016

El proceso de participación ciudadana en la elección de sus representantes inicia en América Central con la celebración de las Cortes de Cádiz en España. Desde entonces el camino ha sido arduo en todos los países de la región, cada uno con sus particularidades, pero todos con avances y retrocesos muy parecidos.

El repaso histórico del fortalecimiento de la democracia en Centroamérica es el eje central del presente ensayo, que inicia precisamente con la convocatoria para la elección de representantes ante las Cortes de Cádiz en 1810, hasta las reformas electorales generadas mediante la jurisdicción constitucional y ya iniciado el Siglo XXI.

En este trabajo se examinan las experiencias electorales del siglo XIX y las luchas entre liberales y conservadores, para desembocar en un siglo XX donde las reivindicaciones por el sufragio universal y el voto de las mujeres preceden a la lucha armada de los movimientos guerrilleros alzados contra las dictaduras militares, en el contexto de la Guerra Fría y la confrontación USA/URSS..

Realidad y Reflexión Año 14, N° 40, 2014
La realidad en la formación del conocimiento científico
Authors: Martínez Peñate Oscar
Published: July 2016

Existen diferentes vías de acceso a la realidad, que están determinadas por el ser cognoscente, instrumental metodológico, objeto de estudio, eje epistemológico, entre otros. La realidad presenta varias caras, lo observable es lo percibido sensorialmente y los datos empíricos obtenidos corresponden a lo visible, lo principal es descubrir el lado oculto, lo que está detrás de lo perceptible o del dato. Lo epistemológico constituye todo el proceso de la obtención de los conocimientos científicos, que va desde el pre conocimiento hasta lograr conocer el lado oculto, una cosa es lo que se ve y no lo es, y otra que lo que no se ve, es realmente lo que es.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 14, N° 40, 2014
El uso de teléfonos móviles en el sistema educativo público de El Salvador: ¿Recurso didáctico o distractor pedagógico?
Authors: Alexander Oliva Herberth
Published: July 2016

Este artículo representa la sistematización teórica del estudio titulado El uso de teléfonos móviles en el sistema educativo público: ¿Recurso didáctico o distractor pedagógico? Dicho artículo permite el abordaje pedagógico sobre el impacto que tiene el uso de estos dispositivos en los contextos escolares del sistema educativo salvadoreño. El estudio se realizó en 69 instituciones educativas de los 14 departamentos de El Salvador, generando con ello un marco de análisis en el que el celular parece ocupar el papel de gran distractor del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje. El estudio se realizó entre del 6 al 23 de mayo de 2014, tiempo en el que se encuestó a mil 384 estudiantes de tercer ciclo y bachillerato y 200 docentes de distintos puntos del país.

El estudio parte de una relación en el que la dicotomía del uso del teléfono celular en la escuela salvadoreña, permite valorar si dicho artefacto tecnológico es en realidad un recurso didáctico de uso pedagógico o un mero distractor que pone al descubierto diversas tensiones o problemas de la relación existente entre docentes y estudiantes debido a la aparición de este aparato; todo ello en el marco de la postmodernidad pedagógica, en la que el teléfono celular adquiere un gran protagonismo adentro de las aulas salvadoreñas.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 14, N° 40, 2014
Metodología para la verificación de la seguridad en redes WI-FI residenciales y PYME
Authors: Cuchillac Victor
Published: July 2016

En este artículo se listan y analizan los mecanismos de seguridad más utilizados en las redes inalámbricas actuales tanto para residencias como para las PYME con el objetivo que los usuarios tomen más conciencia en la configuración de la seguridad y puedan realizar ellos mismos las correcciones que reduzcan las vulnerabilidades en los Puntos de Acceso.

Tal como se evidencia en el artículo, es posible identificar redes inalámbricas ocultas, clonar direcciones físicas para navegar como si fuera otro equipo, y romper las contraseñas no es una tarea que pueda ser realizada solo por expertos en redes; por lo cual, cualquier persona con el software listado aquí, una tarjeta inalámbrica que permita la inyección de paquetes y los pasos de las pruebas presentados en este artículo, puede comprobar la seguridad de su propia red con el fin de reducir las vulnerabilidades aplicando una serie de recomendaciones brindadas al final de las pruebas.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 14, N° 40, 2014
Capital social, sinergia, impacto social y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil
Authors: Álvarez Francisco
Published: July 2016

En la actualidad no es posible hablar de un criterio unificado en lo que a capital social, sinergia, y la medición de impactos sociales se refiere; más bien, la conceptualización y la identificación de las variables de interés dentro de un estudio para la valoración de los impactos generados, a través de proyectos de coinversión social, dependerá de las características del estudio (micro, meso, macro) y del objetivo-meta que se trace.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 15, N° 41, 2015
La educación superior en Santa Ana: aproximación al surgimiento de las universidades
Authors: López David E.
Published: July 2016

Este artículo es parte de un trabajo más amplio que realiza el Instituto de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de la Universidad Francisco Gavidia. El objetivo es aproximarse a la historia de las universidades en Santa Ana. En primer lugar, se presenta una reseña de la Educación Superior en El Salvador abordándola desde sus orígenes hasta la fundación de la primera universidad en nuestro país. En segundo lugar, se documenta el surgimiento de las instituciones de educación superior en Santa Ana. La documentación apunta a que es hasta en la década de los 60 que la zona occidental cuenta con una institución educativa de nivel superior, y será hasta la década de los 80 que numerosas universidades fundan las sedes en la zona occidental.
Realidad y Reflexión Año 15, N° 41, 2015
Guía para el docente de la enseñanza del inglés como segunda lengua
Authors: Vladimir Carbajal Roberto
Published: July 2016

Se dice que la edad apropiada para el aprendizaje de una segunda lengua es durante la infancia, puesto que el nuevo hablante aprenderá la segunda lengua en un entorno natural y sencillo. Los niños no traducirán de un idioma a otro.

Este artículo se enfoca a los desafíos que enfrentará el maestro experto en la enseñanza a los niños y utilizar diferentes recursos con el fin de motivar al alumno a expresarse en el idioma de destino. El artículo presenta los métodos, las estrategias y los recursos que los profesores tienen que tomar en cuenta para el desarrollo de un programa que podrán aplicar en clase.

Es importante mencionar que el lenguaje es una acción comunicativa, y este nivel de aprendizaje de nuevo idioma es un momento para disfrutar, hablar y escuchar en esta edad en la que le niño está aprendiendo, pues se concibe que es la apropiada; así también el profesor juega un papel importante para crear junto con el alumno el ambiente propicio, los recursos, las herramientas y toda las estrategias necesarias.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 15, N° 41, 2015
Evaluación de impacto en los programas de formación profesional en El Salvador
Authors: Olmos Guevara Ricardo
Published: July 2016

El autor presenta los resultados de un estudio de impacto de los programa de formación profesional en El Salvador. Estos indican que los cursos de actualización y formación profesional son vitales para incidir en el bienestar del participante y en el de su familia, dado que se eleva la condición de empleabilidad y mejora sustantivamente los ingresos. El autor aplica las herramientas econométricas para determinar los impactos en la formación profesional en materia de empleo y de ingreso, utilizando para tal fin el enfoque econométrico de la doble diferencia.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 15, N° 41, 2015
Regulación jurídico-penal de los delitos sexuales en El Salvador. Análisis desde una perspectiva de género
Authors: Bolaños Vásquez Hazel Jasmín
Published: July 2016

El artículo hace un análisis de los delitos que protegen el bien jurídico libertad sexual en la legislación salvadoreña, centrándose principalmente en estudiar si los distintos tipos penales que sancionan la vulneración a este bien jurídico lo hacen desde una perspectiva de igualdad de género. Tras el análisis de los distintos tipos penales se apuntaron aquellos aspectos que evidencian una falta de sistematización entre los distintos artículos. Así, se señala que aspectos tales como la edad de consentimiento sexual de las personas menores de edad y la obligación de indemnizar a las víctimas de delitos contra la libertad sexual no han sido regulados de forma equivalente.

Asimismo, se observa que en la actual protección del bien jurídico en estudio persisten estereotipos de género, que llevan por un lado a que ciertas conductas protejan exclusivamente a las personas menores de edad o a las mujeres, y por otro lado, que se gradué la protección del bien jurídico con base en la sanción del acceso carnal como infracción más grave, sin tomar en cuenta aspectos relevantes tales como el grado de afectación y vulneración de la integridad física, sexual y emocional del sujeto pasivo.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 15, N° 41, 2015
CARACTERIZAÇÃO CLIMÁTICA REGIONAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL: DOS ESTUDOS ESTÁTICOS AO ENTENDIMENTO DA GÊNESE
Authors: Wollmann Cássio Arthur , Galvani Emerson
Published: July 2016

Ao se trabalhar com o clima do Rio Grande do Sul com a finalidade de entender sua dinâmica socioeconômica e ambiental depara-se com uma infinidade de pesquisas científicas abordando a temática proposta. Assim, com o intuito de resgatar os principais autores e trabalhos realizados por estes durante o século XX é que se propôs esta pesquisa. Nesta seara, cabe salientar a existência de três grandes Linhas teórico-metodológicas no que concernem os estudos em Climatologia no Estado: a primeira diz respeito ao estudo empírico do clima, salientando as médias e totais registrados a partir da análise dos atributos climáticos baseando-se na definição clássica de clima de Hann (1882); a segunda remete-se à dinâmica atmosférica em escala regional e local, ou seja, quais os sistemas atmosféricos que compõem o quadro climático sul–rio–grandense e as conseqüentes sucessões de tipos de tempo, aplicando-se o conceito de clima de Sorre (1957); a terceira refere-se aos estudos aplicados de percepção e classificação climática para o Estado (Sartori, 2000).
CLIMATOLOGIA REGIONAL DA PRECIPITAÇÃO NO ESTADO DO PARÁ
Authors: Lopes Marcio Nirlando Gomes
Published: July 2016

Dados pluviométricos de diferentes redes de estações meteorológicas de superfície mantidas pela Agência Nacional de Águas, Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária e a Secretaria Estadual de Meio Ambiente do Pará foram compilados e integrados para compor uma nova base de precipitação, aqui denominada RPCH. A base RPCH abrangeu um período de trinta anos (1978-2007) sobre a precipitação no estado do Pará. A partir deste estudo foi gerada uma climatologia recente em melhor resolução espacial, cerca de 30 km, a qual permitiu a identificação mais apurada da variabilidade climática regional, sobretudo influenciada pelos aspectos da fisiografia local, incluindo a contribuição de mecanismos climáticos de grande escala. Uma análise comparativa entre dados globais do GPCP, CMAP e CPC com a nova climatologia gerada também foi realizada, destacando o ganho obtido com a integração dos dados observacionais que constituíram a base RPCH.
INFLUÊNCIA DE ALGUNS PADRÕES DE TELECONEXÃO NA PRECIPITAÇÃO NO NORTE E NORDESTE DO BRASIL
Authors: Reboita Michelle Simões , Santos Isimar
Published: July 2016

Este estudo tem dois objetivos: (1) apresentar uma revisão sobre o que são teleconexões e a influência do fenômeno El Niño-Oscilação Sul (ENOS) e das anomalias de temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM) no oceano Atlântico Tropical no clima da América do Sul bem como (2) avaliar conjuntamente a influência das anomalias de TSM do Pacífico Tropical e do Atlântico Tropical na precipitação das regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, assim como na posição e intensidade da Zona de Convergência Intertropical (ZCIT) no Atlântico. Entre os resultados é mostrado que nem sempre na ocorrência de El Niño há déficit de precipitação nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, pois a influência das anomalias de TSM do Atlântico Tropical sul e¤ou norte se acopla ao efeito das anomalias de TSM do Pacífico Tropical, alterando ou fortalecendo o sinal das anomalias de precipitação sobre o Brasil tropical.