bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Employment Status of Treated Patients With DSM-III-R dIagnosis. Can Logistic Regression Model Find a Solution?
Authors: Daradkeh Tewfik K. , Karim Lina
Published: March 2007

To investigate the predictors of employment status of patients with DSM-III-R diagnosis, 55 patients were selected by a simple random technique from the main psychiatric clinic in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Structured and formal assess ments were carried out to extract the potential predictors of outcome of schizo phrenia. Logistic regression model revealed that being married, absence of schizoid personality, free or with minimum symptoms of the illness, later age of onset, and higher educational attainment were the most significant predictors of employment outcome. The implications of the results of this study are discussed in the text.
Asians Presenting To a Sex and Marital Therapy Clinic
Authors: Bhui Kamaldeep , Herriot Peter , Dein Simon , Watson J.P.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the findings of a retrospective analysis of the clinic registration forms and case files of Asian attenders of a sex and marital problems clinic over a three year period. An age/sex matched English control group was selected for comparison. Diagnoses, presenting patient complaints, sociodemographic charac teristics, time between referral and first attendance and outcome of therapy were examined. Our samples of Asian and English attenders of equal educational and occupational status, when examined as two populations, did not differ in terms of diagnoses, sociodemographic characteristics, time from referral to first attendance and outcome of therapy. Differences in presenting complaints reflected individual unique evaluations of changed sexual functioning. There were, however, clearly problems for the Asian group related to differences of language and culture. It may be that our population of Asians was too heterogenous to enable a valid demonstration of these differences between English and Asian samples.
Family Support and Other Social Factors Precipitating Suicidal Ideation
Authors: Hirsch Jameson , Ellis Jon B.
Published: March 2007

To examine the effects of family support and demographics on suicidal behavior, 385 subjects completed a demographic questionnaire and a Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (SIQ). Sixteen percent described themselves as "serious" ideators, while 59% were seen as ideators, numbers consistent with past suicide research. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the type of caregiver a person reported having while growing up accounted for a significant amount of the variance on ideator status. Serious ideators were more common among single parent house holds. Although many demographic variables were assessed, only the primary caregiver a person had as a child impacted their status as a suicidal ideator. This suggests that suicidal behaviors may occur due to a complex interaction between social factors and childhood care. The influence of living in a single-parent home may contribute to whether or not a person considers suicide.
The Essential Elements of Culturally Sensitive Psychiatric Services
Authors: Bhui Kamaldeep , Christie Yvonne , Bhugra Dinesh
Published: March 2007

The recent re-structuring of the British National Health Service (NHS) involving a greater emphasis on community treatment has not specifically taken account of the unequal access to mental health services experienced by black people. The greater use amongst black people of compulsory orders, police involvement and reliance on psychotropic medication, although well established, has not influ enced policy or led to a strategy to ensure that services appropriately meet the needs of the culturally diverse population in this country. We present the literature on service utilisation by black people and potential solutions in areas with which black people are dissatisfied. The service structures, idoology and mechanisms presented form the foundations of good practice.
Personality Structure of Young Chinese Adults: a Contrast of Residents in Taiwan and Rural and Urban China
Authors: Ying Yu-Wen , Zhang Xiulan
Published: March 2007

This investigation compares and contrasts the personality make-up of young Chinese adults in Taiwan, urban and rural China. Utilizing the California Psycho logical Inventory, we assessed their degree of internality, norm-abiding tendency, and self-actualization. Given the presence of greater Western influence, opportunities and tolerance for deviation in Taiwan versus the PRC, and in urban versus rural China, it was hypothesized that Taiwan respondents would show the greatest deviation from traditional Chinese traits (ie. score most externally-oriented, least norm-abiding and most actualized), followed by urban Chinese, with rural Chinese remaining the most traditional. We found the three groups to differ in the expected direction on norm-abiding tendency, reflective of differential exposure to and tolerance for deviation from prevailing norms in the three settings. The Taiwan sample scored more actualized than the PRC samples, reflective of the presence of greater opportunities in Taiwan. The three groups did not differ on internality, but all showed increasing externality, approximating the level reported by young European American adults.
Crisis Beds: the Interface Between the Hospital and the Community
Authors: Ash David , Galletly Cherrie
Published: March 2007

The main role of the crisis unit at a state psychiatric hospital was found to be the provision of brief hospitalisation for patients with adjustment disorders and person ality disorders. The four bed crisis unit treated 14% of all patients admitted to the hospital, with an average length of stay less than three days. A study of 78 crisis unit patients found that 77% were able to be discharged directly to the community, and only 18% were readmitted during the following six months.
Emergence of Eating Disorders in India. Study of Eating Distress Syndrome and Development of a Screening Questionnaire
Authors: Srinivasan T.N. , Suresh T.R. , Jayaram Vasantha
Published: March 2007

Eating disorders do not seem to manifest as Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia in non- Western cultures like India, but occur infrequently in milder forms with fewer symptoms, In the absence of the major disorders, standard questionnaires such as the Eating Attitudes Test appropriate for detecting severe disorders, may not be useful in identifying low-prevalence milder disorders. This paper describes the development of a 15 item questionnaire for use in populations with very low or nil prevalence of major disorders of eating but where minor forms do occur. One such minor disorder, Eating Distress Syndrome, described by the authors in an earlier study, is replicated here and its associated variables are studied. The paper discusses the factors influencing the nature of presentation of eating disorders in a culture different from the West and the possible future emergence of severe disorders like Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia in such cultures.
Attitudes To Mental Patients Among Hong Kong Chinese: a Trend Study Over Two Years
Authors: Chou Kee-Lee , Mak Ki-yan
Published: March 2007

A telephone survey was conducted on a representative sample of 1273 Chinese in Hong Kong to examine public attitudes to the mentally ill and mental health rehabilitation facilities. Attitudes were compared with a study using the same measures carried out two years previously. Results indicated that public concern about their mental health and their attitudes to mental patients was decreased and became more negative slightly, respectively. On the other hand, their knowledge of mental illness and attitudes to community care of mental patients were improved slightly. Their views on the mentally ill were found to be associated with their contacts with mental patients and their socioeconomic variables including age and education, but not sex.
Comparison of People With Schizophrenia From Liverpool, England and Sakalwara-Bangalore, India
Authors: Sharma Vimal , Murthy Srinivasa , Agarwal M. , Wilkinson G.
Published: March 2007

The finding of better outcome of schizophrenia in developing countries offers challenges to the understanding of schizophrenia and opportunities for the devel opment of care programmes in the developed world. This study aims to compare socio-demographic and clinical variables of people with schizophrenia in two cultures.

Seventy-eight patients from Liverpool and 60 patients from Bangalore diagnosed as having schizophrenia were evaluated using a questionnaire designed to obtain socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Patients from Liverpool compared to Bangalore, comprised of more men, of younger age group, fewer patients ever-married, more patients living alone and more patients unemployed. In-patient treatment was common in Liverpool and rare in Bangalore.

Bangalore patients were more socially integrated than the Liverpool patients, who appeared socially marginalised. These findings have implications on developing future strategies of care in the community for patients with schizo phrenic illness in terms of emphasising the life history of ill persons and developing interventions to minimise marginalisation and stigma.
Predicting Psychological Distress Among Former Soviet Immigrants
Authors: Aroian Karen J. , Norris Anne E. , Patsdaughter Carol A. , Tran Thanh V.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated whether age, gender, marital status, education, employ ment, length of time in the U.S. and immigration demands (novelty, occupation, language, discrimination, loss, and not feeling at home) were predictors of psychological distress in a sample of 1,647 former Soviet immigrants. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the combined model of demographic and demand of immigration variables was significant. Results indicated that women, older immigrants, those with less than a college education, and those with greater immigration demands related to novelty, language, discrimination, loss, and not feeling at home were most distressed.
Health Care Delivery System in the United States: Lessons for Africa
Authors: Agere Takarinda Samuel
Published: March 2007

[ ABSTRACT: This paper examines how an African country, Zambia, reproduces patterns of health care delivery system of the West characterized by U.S. The replication of pattern of health discriminates against the poor, and rural in habitants.

First, a brief theoretical analysis of underdevelopment is provided. Secondly, the structure of the present U.S health care delivery system is provided high lighting t'he role of the academic-medical component.

The analysis shows how health care resources are distributed among socio- economic, racial groups and between urban and rural areas. 'The major part of the paper examines health care delivery system in Zambia, outlining those areas that are replicated. The paper emphasizes that this should serve as lessons for Africa.

This replication is made possible by the indigenous African middle class through which Western values are transmitted. This class (elites) is in control of state machinery and makes decisions on the distribution, and consumption of health resources.

In conclusion, I recommend a radical economic and political transforma tion of these societies if resources have to be distributed equitably.]
Writing Effective Research Proposals
Authors: Porte Michael
Published: March 2007

The process of writing effective research proposals involves con siderable thought, concise sum mary writing, and effective diagnosis of and adaptation to the reader. This paper was presented in slightly different form at the ABWA National Convention in San Franciseo, August 31, 1967.
Guidelines and Suggestions for Research in Business Communication
Authors: Pettit John D. , Sager Eric , Brock Luther , Sigband Norman B.
Published: March 2007

This -7rticle contains guidelines for research that were presented to the ABCA Board of Directors by the Research Committee of the Association for 1969-71. The editors of the Journal feel that a number of the specific topics recommended here may prove to be useful areas of investigation for our members in the next several years.
Professors and Executives Appraise Business Communication Education
Authors: Rainey Bill G.
Published: March 2007

For this study, 105 AACSB professors and 50 corporate executives have given their opinions about college training in business communication. Findings of the survey indicate that a majority of both professors and executives agree as to the value of courses such as Principles of Business Communication, Business Report Writing, and others.
The Sounds and Silences of Employee Communication
Authors: Athanassiades John C.
Published: March 2007

Dynamic relationships and interactions exist between upward and downward distortions of communication and the organizational clmate. Here are some of the findings of recent research and a discussion of their implications for the individual and the organization.
Elastic Materials with Particle Interactions of Finite Range
Authors: Valanis K.C.
Published: March 2007

In this paper a material region is considered to be an aggregate of point particles which move in accordance to Newton's Laws and inter act by means of forces that depend only on the relative distance between the particles and are derivable from a potential U. The follow ing propositions are, then, established: the continuum field equations are obtained by a smoothing assumption that allows the representation of sums by integrals; the classical constitutive equations of elastic materials are obtained when forces between particles are of infini tesimally short range; when the range of interaction between particles is of short but finite range, higher order stresses and strains are neces sary to describe the mechanical state of the material.
Strike Sanctions and Penalties Under New Zealand's Industrial Relations Laws
Authors: Geare A.J.
Published: March 2007

In New Zealand, from 1905, there has been progressively. repressive legislation against strikes. The Industrial Relations Act of 1973, however, reversed this trend by reducing both legislative measures and penalties, and gave the impression that strikes became legal. The aim of this paper is to show that this impression was mistaken, and to account for the probable cause of this mistaken view. It is argued that all strikes, including those over disputes of interest, are illegal except for one very rare exception. In fact, an analysis of the historical development of legislative measures shows that when the Labour Government removed the explicit penalties for strikes, it was merely removing the more recent and severe penalties imposed by the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Acts. Furthermore, after assessing the value of strike penalties it is argued that they fail to fulfil either a deterrent function, an acceptable punitive function, or a reformative function. Therefore, strike penalties should be removed from legislation, in both explicit and implicit form and it should be explicitely stated that sirikes are not considered illegal.
Labour Turnover: Aspects of its Significance
Authors: Knowles M.C.
Published: March 2007

Labour turnover, despite attempts to reduce it, has largely remained an intractable problem. This study aims to establish a deeper understanding of labour turnover by analysing it in the context of ten organizational variables. The study highlights the significance of labour turnover as a behavioural measure, by showing that it is one of the most sensitive variables in depicting organizational deterioration. It is shown that labour turnover is not so much a problem within a work organization as a problem pervading the entire work organizarion. Thus, long-term solutions to the problem of labour turnover are more likely to be found in substantive programs of organization development rather than in personnel practices directed at remedying particular sources of dissatisfaction.
Penal Clauses in Labour Relations Legislation: The Case of the British Industrial Relations Act, 1971-74
Authors: King J.E.
Published: March 2007

The British Industrial Relations Act of 1971 attempted to curb strike action and thus to reduce an accelerating rate of wage-inflation. Its penal clauses included provisions for the legal enforceability of collective agreements; allowed for compulsory strike ballots and cooling-off periods in "national emergency" disputes; and rendered unlawful a number of "unfair industrial practices". The failure of the Act stemmed from the unwillingness of employers to initiate litigation under it, and the inability of the courts to decide whether its penal clauses were to be invoked against trade unions or against shop stewards. The experiment proved completely unsuccessful, and the repeal of the Act in 1974 swept away nearly all its penal provisions.
Adjustment Assistance Provisions for Workers Displaced by Imports
Authors: Beauniont P.B.
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the North American and Australian experience with adjustment assistance policies designed to facilitate the redeployment of labour displaced by imports. The historical record indicates that the implementation of these policies has in practice been far from satisfactory with only the adjust ment assistance provisions of the U.S.-Canadian Automotive Products Trade Act enjoying any measure of success, in the sense of being able to deal reasonably satisfactorily with the resulting displacement so that the policy remained acceptable to the union directly involved. In contrast, the U.S. and Australian policies have not proved lasting satisfactory alternatives to import controls from the union point of view. This has been due to the below- average mobility of the displaced labour which has limited their ability to make use of the retraining and relocation options of the policy, and also to in stitutional opposition from unions solely organized in the import competing sector of the economy. The concentration ( and hence visibility) of displacement in these sectors of institutional opposition has in the context of a general fall in aggregate demand acted to undermine the acceptability of the policy to the unions involved. The dimensions of these problems are outlined and some possible reform measures indicated.
The Field of Study of Industrial Relations
Authors: Geare A.J.
Published: March 2007

As indicated by the extent of news coverage, the results of opinion polls and by the growth of university courses in the area, industrial relations is seen as an increasingly important subject. However, there has yet to be anything like general acceptance as to what constitutes industrial relations. This paper con siders various current definitions and evaluates Dunlop's major contribution to industrial relations theory and the criticisms levelled at his work. This paper submits an alternative definition, postulating that what Dunlop suggests as the objective of industrial relations, rules, are in fact a means to an end, rather than an end in itself. Thus rules are considered an intermediate step towards the true objectives which are increased labour-related productivity, increased satisfaction of those needs which oblige people to take jobs, and increased power in the work environment. The first objective is sought by managers and the govern ment, the second by workers and trade unions, and the third by managers and some work groups and trade unions. In addition actors may seek one of the other objectives as a means to achieving their primary objective. This definition overcomes the deficiencies of earlier definitions and is intended to provide a basis for teaching and research.
Towards a Motivational Theory of Arbitration in Australia
Authors: Romeyn Jane
Published: March 2007

Toward developing a motivational theory of arbitration, existing theories are assessed for their relevance to a study of the behaviour of Australia's arbitration tribunals.
Opposition, Factions and Candidates in AEU Elections in Australia 1907-72
Authors: Sheridan T.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses 65 years of data on elections to paid office in Australia's largest manufacturing union. Attention is mainly concentrated on the changing nature of both candidates and opposition within the AEU. The closeness of elections, the supply of candidates and differences between ballots for vacant and occupied positions are noted. The period of most intense combat between two organised parties within the AEU seems to be causally connected with the subsequent slump of interest in elections among the union's members.
The Origins of Australian Workshop Organisation, 1918 to 1950
Authors: Rimmer Malcolm , Sutcliffe Paul
Published: March 2007

There is a long tradition of shop committee organisation in Australian industry. This paper traces the origins of workshop organisation to debates upon industrial unionism that followed the First World War and then examines subsequent developments up to 1950. While three different types of shop committee are distinguished, the article is primarily concerned with those ternied 'rank-and-file shop committees' and with the combine committees that have linked some of them. Shop committees of this kind have engaged in both industrial and political activities. In this paper it is argued that the establishment of permanent shop committees depended upon their ability to regulate industrial conditions outside the influence or interests of trade unions and the Labor Party, although the support of these parties has usually proved a condition for shop committee success. The onset of cold-war factionalism within the Australian labour movement led to the partial withdrawal of official support for shop committees. with adverse consequences upon the extent and authority of the shop committee movement. The revival of Australian workshop organisation in the 1960s depended more upon trade union patronage than the autonomous rank-and-file initiatives which had characterised the earlier movements between 1926 and 1947.
Worker Involvement: An Analysis of the SECV Working Parties
Authors: Benson John
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a scheme of worker participation presently being carried out within the SECV. The scheme involves the establishment of joint management- union working parties to make policy recommendations aimed at the resolution of administrative and industrial problems. The first section provides a background to the origins and development of working parties and identifies some of the problems so far considered. The second section examines the mechanics of working parties and, in particular, their structure and how they operate. The third section considers in more detail two such working parties, whilst the final section discusses some of the key issues. Rather than being considered a definitive document on working parties, this paper is better viewed as a preliminary report on an emerging procedure for dispute settlement.
Employer Industrial Relations Policy in Queensland and Postwar Reconstruction
Authors: Blackmur Douglas
Published: March 2007

Towards the end of the Second World War, employers moved to counter the impact of Marxism and other doctrines that questioned the appropriateness of a capitalist market economy in postwar Australia. Widespread calls for a 'new order' became the focal point of fears of 'left-wing' political thought. The Institute of Public Affairs constructed a model of a desirable Australia that placed considerable weight on industrial relations issues. This paper locates employer industrial relations policy in Queensland within the ideological framework assembled by the Institute of Public Affairs. The elements of this policy are explained in terms of an urgent search by employers for means of obtaining discipline and commitment from the workforce when parts of it were attracted to radical politics and when all of it was, for the first time, enjoying the experience of full employment. In Queensland, an ideological, political and organisational counter-attack was launched against those who sought radical change in industrial relationships and in wider social structures.
Human Resources Management in Japanese Large-Scale Industry
Authors: Karsh Bernard
Published: March 2007

Current interest in Japanese business and industry has produced an outpouring of 'learning-from-Japan'prescriptions for meeting the Japanese challenge (e.g. Ouchi 1982, Pascale and Athos 1982, Vogel 1980; also a veritable flood of newspaper and magazine articles). But learning from Japan requires a good deal of learning about Japan, about Japanese history, tradition and culture, the economy-aspects of Japan that are hardly expressed in prescription contributions offered to either prac titioners or scholars. It is the purpose of this paper to selectively examine basic elements of Japan's industrial relations system in an historic and cultural context as well as contemporary arrangements. The discussion is limited to a composite depiction of essential aspects of human resources management in typical Japanese firms employing 500 or more workers. Overwhelmingly, this is the pool from which knowledge has been generated by both Japanese and foreign scholars studying this topic.
Federal and State Unions in Western Australia
Authors: Blain Nicholas
Published: March 2007

Relatively little has been written about the important topic of the federal-state nature of Australian trade unionism. This paper seeks to contribute to our knowledge of this subject. It is based on research findings from a detailed interview survey of 132 unions. The paper develops a typology for classifying federal and state unions. Within this framework, it then discusses both the trend from state to federal union ism and a contrary move from federal to state unionism. The paper concludes that the trend from state to federal unionism is likely to continue.
Laughing in the Dark—Anti— Discrimination Law and Physical Disability in New South Wales
Authors: Nothdurft John , Astor Hilary
Published: March 2007

Legislation in New South Wales proscribes discrimination, both direct and indirect, against people with disabilities. The coverage of the legislation is wide and includes dis crimination in all aspects of employment and the provision of education, accommo dation, goods and services, and in registered clubs. The procedures that must be followed by a person with a disability to establish that discrimination has taken place have, however, caused problems. This paper reviews the New South Wales legislation and its operation, particularly in relation to equal employment opportunity programmes and people with physical disabilities. It concludes with reconunendations for refining the law and the methods by which it is implemented.
An Analysis of the Origins of Sex Differences in Australian Wages
Authors: Chapman Bruce J. , Mulvey Charles
Published: March 2007

Different levels of measured skills, geographic location and demographicfactors (such as marital status and country of birth) explain almost none of the hourly wage differences of Australian women and men in full-time employment. The major contribution to wage differences is apparently in the different returns paid by employers to men and women for observable characteristics. Usually this is considered as evidence for the existence of direct wage discrimination by employers but—at least for the data of this study—some questions remain as to the extent of this influence. Measurement issues related to both schooling and general labour market experience tend to exaggerate the role of direct employer discrimination, but even extreme assumptions as to the extent of mismeasurement of these variables do not eliminate such discrimination (although it is reduced from 13 to 3.5 per cent). Some part of the overall difference is likely to be a consequertce of (unmeasured) occupation factors and, of much greater contplexity, the possible influence of role-stereotyping and its interaction with family arrangements.
Factors Influencing Health and Safety Performance in New Zealand
Authors: McIntosh Barbara , Gurdon Michael A.
Published: March 2007

Multiple environmental pressures, both internal and external to the organization, are examined as factors influencing the administration of health and safety programmes and subsequent accident performance. Data were collected from seven industrial sectors in New Zealand. Those firms with better safety records indicated that the most influential factors shaping their policies included government rules and regulations and demonstrated employee concerns and demands. The quality of the relationship with the union and the locus of enterprise ownership also play a significant role in the effectiveness of health and safety administration.
The Preference Power and the Practice of the Federal Industrial Tribunal, 1904-1970
Authors: Mitchell Richard
Published: March 2007

The power to award preference to unionists pursuant to the Commonwealth Con ciliation and Arbitration Act, 1904 is potentially of great importance to the trade union movement. When such a power is exercised it may extend to union members an advan tage over non-unionists across a broad range of employment rights, including engage ment, promotion, taking of leave and retrenchment. It is argued that the power to grant preference has been misunderstood and misapplied by those responsible for its implementation, and that unionists have thereby been deprived of benefits to which they were legally and ethically entitled. It is argued further that the supposed 'principles' adopted in preference cases have been inadequately identified and analysed. In practice one principle has prevailed: preference would be refused unless an employer could be shown to be actively discriminating against union members. Opportunity for a revision of the principles applicable in preference cases arose with the passage of the 1947 amendments to the Conciliation and Arbitration Act. However, the impact of these amendments was to all intents and purposes negated by the High Court's decisions in R. v. Wallis and R. v Findlay. A disinclination to revise past practice in preference cases and to take a more expansive approach to the issue led to the complete demise of federal union interest in preference awards by the late 1960s.
Arbitration and Bureaucracy: The New South Wales Railway Commissioners, 1892-1914
Authors: Patmore Greg
Published: March 2007

There is growing interest in the early impact of arbitration on Australian employers' labour practices. While the main focus of interest has been the private sector, this paper examines the New South Wales Railways, a state enterprise and Australia's largest employer by 1913. Before arbitration, the Railway Commissioners developed bureau cratic labour policies and were able to minimize the unions' role in determining wages and conditions. However, state arbitration weakened the commissioners' position. It forced the commissioners to recognize railway unions' deputations and correspondence. The arbitration tribunals codified railway wages and conditions beyond what management desired. The commissioners found it necessary to meet the challenge of arbitration by centralizing labour administration and experimenting with new labour strategies.
Women and Unionism: the Case of the Victorian Colleges Staff Association
Authors: Rodan Paul
Published: March 2007

Even in unions where momen make up a majority of the membership, it has been comparatively rare for them to secure appropriate representation in leadership positions. The Victorian Colleges Staff Association, a union representing non-academic staff in Victorian colleges of advanced education and technical and further education colleges, provides an exception to this rule. As a young union (formed in 1979), it had none of the historical sexist baggage of older unions and was able to embrace female leadership and a range of women's issues with no difficulty. This development was enhanced by the equal opportunity environment and the onset of repetitive strain health risks for (overwhelmingly female) keyboard staff. Women joined the Association in greater proportions than did men and, contrary to widespread assumptions, were less likely to hold conservative views, when tested in a survey, than were their male counterparts, thus confirming revisionist interpretations concerning female con servatism in Australian society.
Antecedents of the 1986 Victorian Nurses' Strike
Authors: Fox Carol
Published: March 2007

The 1986 nurses'strike was atypical in terms of duration, industry, and primary cause. An analysis of the making of the award that became the subject of the strike challenges the widespread perception that the new award was definitively a consent matter. Consent and arbitrated components, together with important issues deferred for post-award negotiation, were each the subject of conflict. Mutually reinforcing choices made by the union, the employer and the tribunal produced an award that was unacceptable in the field. Choices contributing to post-award conflict were: the preference accorded advocacy over negotiation; absence of consultation with con stituencies ; pre-eminence accorded tribunal policy (the Principles) and the tribunal's non-interventionist posture. The Principles proved highly elastic and facilitated the masking of serious weaknesses in the award. The union's strategic choices precipitated an internal crisis reflected in a change of leadership, and led to the union becoming relatively ACTU-dependent.
Forward to the Past? The Case of 'New Production Concepts'
Authors: Gahan Peter
Published: March 2007

In the 1980s a growing number of books and articles utilized the terms 'post-Fordism; 'post-Taylorism ; 'flexible specialization' and 'new production concepts: This paper explores a number of common themes which have been developed under these separate titles. It is argued that many of these concepts do not represent a clear break from past theoretical traditions. Rather, they offer a restatement of many of the ideas found in Industrialism and Industrial Man (Kerr et al. 1960a). Moreover, it is argued that a number of conceptual and empirical problems exist that invalidate many of the claims made by adherents to these various labels. Particular attention is paid to Australian contributors to the debate, most notably, to the work of John Mathews.
A Logit Model of Labour Market Influences on the Choice of Occupation
Authors: Crockett G.V.
Published: March 2007

This paper extends the range of issues considered in other studies of occupational choice by accessing an individual data source containing not only economic but also sociological variables. The model includes a range of labour market variables such as relative earnings and relative demand and slatus, as well as a range of control variables such as perceived and measured aptitudes in the humanities and the sciences, socio-economic background and taste reasons for choosing particular occupational paths. The results are consistent with a human capital approach to occupational choice, and the empirical analysis supports the contention that both labour market and sociological variables are important in the occupational choice process.
The Growth of Employee Involvement in Australia
Authors: Marchington Mick
Published: March 2007

In recent years, a number of case studies have reported a growth in the extent of direct employee involvement in specific workplaces in Australia. On the basis of secondary analysis of the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey data, the author demonstrates that this is in fact a more general phenomenon, even at workplaces where unions have traditionally been well organized. At the same time, the overall pattern of growth has been tempered by a smaller but not insignificant number of deaths as schemes have been discontinued. Suggestion schemes and quality circles have been the techniques most likely to show a high rate of attrition as well as growth, thus demonstrating a high degree of instability. It is suggested that the changing nature of employee involvement, as well as its fluidity, has potential implications for managements and trade unions.
Eliminating Traditional Employment: Troubleshooters Available in the Building and Meat Industries
Authors: Underhill Elsa , Kelly DI
Published: March 2007

The recent cost and competitive pressures, and concomitant legitimacy ascribed to all elements of deregulation, have encouraged employers in Australia to seek new forms of the use of labour. The Troubleshooters system has been one such new form, wherein an agency has supplied contract workers to firms, but where no apparent employment relationship exists. The implementation and outcomes of the Troubleshooters system in parts of the building and meat industries are examined to consider whether there are any particular features which enhance this form of labour use. It is concluded that the nature of product markets and production processes are salient features in choosing the Troubleshooters system. but these are not without difficulties.
The External Affairs Power: Another Province for Law and Order?
Authors: Ludeke J.T.
Published: March 2007

Although there was some surprise when the prime minister announced that the government would legislate to give effect to certain conventions of the International Labour Organisation, the way has been open to take this initiative for many years. The possibility of relying on the external affairs power in the Constitution to invoke the conventions, and thereby regulate labour conditions, was first canvassed in the High Court in 1936. Since 1982, there has been a series of cases involving Common wealth legislation founded on conventions to which Australia is party and it is now well established that the external affairs power will support domestic legislation giving effect to Australia's international commitments. To date, Commonwealth legislative initiatives have been in such areas as prohibiting racial discrimination and the protection of world heritage properties, but the reasoning which has been applied by the High Court is equally relevant to legislation providing for regulation of labour conditions. Commonwealth legislation in this field has meant an erosion of state responsibility and the cumulative effect of such legislation raises questions about the disturbance of the federal balance established by the Constitution.
Efficiency and Equity at Work: The Need for Labour Market Regulation in Australia
Authors: Buchanan John , Callus Ron
Published: March 2007

The current reform objective of developing more competitive workplaces has been incorrectly identified with an alleged 'need' to 'deregulate' the labour market. An examination of current reform proposals reveals that there is an attempt to increase the importance of internal modes of regulation controlled by managers at the expense of external regulation such as awards. Such a development is likely to increase inefficiency and inequality in the labour market, as formal, external modes of regulation can promote both international competitiveness and fairness. Greater attention should be devoted to identifying better ways of linking external and internal modes of regulation to improve both efficiency and equity at work.
Protective Legislation and Women's Labour Market Participation
Authors: Harvie Charles , Nyland Chris , Svensen Stuart
Published: March 2007

Sex-specific protective labour laws are considered unacceptable by many analysts because it is presumed that they necessarily adversely affect labour market oppor tunities for women. This paper reviews United States research that has sought to assess the validity of this assumption and reports on the impact of these laws within Australia. It is shown that the assumption that sex-specific labour laws have a detrimental influence on female employment opportunities is not supported by United States research or Australian data. It is concluded that a reform strategy based on the assumption that these laws necessarily discriminate against women may involve loss of employee protection without necessarily producing any compen sating increase in employment opportunities for women. 1
Union Participation in Occupational Health and Safety in Western Australia
Authors: Warren-Langford P. , Biggins D.R. , Phillips M.
Published: March 2007

Recent Australian legislation has established a consultaive-participatory ap proach at the workplace and a tripartite policy-making process at state and national levels for occupational health and safety. This paper presents the findings of a survey of union officials on unions' participation in occupational health and safety matters. Data are presented on: occupational health and safety resources and activities; occupational health and safety information dissemination; common occupational health and safety issues; health and safety representatives (election, training, effectiveness, turnover and discrimination); relations with management on occupational health and safety; relations with the government advisory and en forcement agency; industrial disputation on occupational health and safety issues; and views on the functioning of the new legislation. Several unions have full-time occupational health and safety officers and are examined more closely. Some specific problems are identified but, in general, unions are supportive of the new approach to occupational health and safety.
Co-existing Registration and Factionalism in Australian Industrial Unions
Authors: Mourell Mark
Published: March 2007

Few studies, if any, have sought to examine the problem of co-existing federal and state registration of Australian industrial unions within a broader industrial relations perspective, and more specifically within the context of factionalism. This article seeks to rectify this deficiency. It shows how union factions use the federal system and the legal uncertainties surrounding the notion of corporateness as weapons in their intra-union battles. The first section of the article examines briefly the legal dimension of co-existing registration and the leading decisions of Jumbunna Coal Mines v. Victorian Coal Miners Association, Williams v. Hursey and Moore v. Doyle. The second analyzes more recent cases in the context of factionalism. The third reviews three Federal Court judgments to illustrate the current state of judicial thinking on the issues of corporateness and the interaction of federal and state registration provisions. The final section critically reviews legislative 'solutions' to the problem.
Deterring Democracy? Australia's New Generation of Trade Union Officials
Authors: Bramble Thomas
Published: March 2007

This article considers the continued relevance of two key arguments made by Callus (1986) in the mid-1980s as regards Australian trade union officials: first, that the labour market for trade union officials is clearly and sharply segmented; and second, that the growth of expert officer appointments has had a negligible impact on union democracy. Using census and union data, I conclude that the segmentation detected by Callus may be eroding, that union officials as a bloc are becoming increasingly differentiated from the rank-and-file membership, and that, although the growth of the expert officer class is secondary in its effect when compared to the main forces restricting the full play of union democracy, it may nonetheless be having an impact. The article concludes by considering the poten tial for a revival of union democracy.
Employer Associations: Assessing Plowman's Reactivity Thesis
Authors: Barry Michael
Published: March 2007

In developing the dominant theory of Australian employer associations, David Plowman has consistently argued that Australian employers developed permanent associations as a response to the introduction of compulsory arbitration. From this developed a history of reactive employer involvement within the arbitration sys tem. By linking association formation with the introduction of a unique system of compulsory arbitration, Plowman saw formal employer combination in Australia as exceptional as well as reactionary. This paper challenges the reactivity thesis by subjecting a number of Plowman's key assumptions to historiographic and comparative scrutiny. First. permanent associations, whether organized on a trade, industry or state basis. existed before the advent of arbitration. Second, the increase in employer association formation and activity that occurred around the turn of the century can only partly be attributed to the introduction of compulsory arbitration. Finally, the development of employer associations in Australia showed striking similarities with that of other countries in terms of both periodization and impetus for formation.
The World According To Karpin: a Critique of Enterprising Nation
Authors: Hampson Ian , Morgan David E.
Published: March 2007

The Karpin report drew considerable attention to the failures of Australian management and to what it saw as deficiencies in the latter's training and education. However; the enthusiasm and bigh expectations the report's release gener ated have not as yet been matched by careful and critical assessment. The main aim of this article is to make a contribution in this regard. We argue that the inquiry was severely. flawed by its adherence to management buzz words and fads (management- speak). As a result, it was characterised by poor methodological procedures and weak data interpretation, and contained some serious intellectual contraductions. Its under standing of the nature of managerial work was deeply flawed, and as a guidepost for management education policy and practice the report leaves much to be desired. But as a window on senior management thinking on the management of managers, and on the management of community values, it is remarkable. The Karpin report advocated nothing less than subordinating community values and the education system to the 'cult of enterprise'. Not only does it overstate the importance of managerial performance to national economic competitiveness, but its recommendations, if enacted, would pose serious challenges to national cultural diversity and educational autonomy.
Occupational and Professional Identity as an Industrial Strategy in the New Zealand State Sector
Authors: O'Brien John
Published: March 2007

T his paper discusses the strategies adopted by public sector unions following the restructuring of the New Zealand state in the 1980s and the industrial relations reforms of the early 1990s. The discussion is placed within the context of a consideration of the nature of public sector industrial relations and the role of strategy in trade union activity. The paper focuses on the mobilisation of occupational and professional identity as an industrial strategy by unions in the education and health sectors as a counter to the processes of decentralisation and marketisation of public services, the adoption of managerialist modes of organisation and the individualisation of employment relations in the state sector. Limited comparison is made with the problems faced by unions operating in tbe core public service. The paper is based, in part, on interviews with representatives of various organisations involved in this adjustment to the state sector reorganisation and the changes wrought by the Employment Contracts Act. The paper is a temporal case study as well as a case study of organisational and strategic adjustment.