bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness Of Red Betel Leaf Ointment (Piper Crocatum, Ruiz & Pav) On Slash Wounds In White Mice
Authors: Yensuari Yensuari , Andriani Andriani
Published: March 2024

Normal wounds may heal on their own in some cases, but if there are obstructions in the way, the wound won't heal, making them more difficult to treat. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical makeup of red betel plant leaves and the effectiveness of red betel extract in accelerating wound healing in white mice. 25 male white mice made up the animal population, which was divided into 5 groups, including 3 treatment groups. using red betel extract percentages of 15%, 30%, 45%, and 10%. a pair of control groups, one positive and the other negative. The control utilized a gel-based solution and 10% povidone iodine. The white mice's backs were cut into using a 1 cm2 incision. The data was gathered by observing the entire wound healing procedure from the inflammatory phase (redness, edema, and pus presence) through the proliferative phase. The current data were then assessed using a method called the Test of Homogeneity of Variances. The One Way Anova test is useful for determining whether or not there are meaningful changes in the data variance if the prerequisites for the parametric test are met. If the p value is less than or equal to 0.05, this test is significant. The LSD post hoc test also determines the most significant set of data. When testing the distribution, if abnormal data are discovered, another alternative method is using the Kruskal-Wallis test, which is followed by the Mann-Whitney test with a significant value of 0.05. Between the positive and negative control groups, redness (p=0.003), granulation tissue (p=0.038) on the third day, and wound area reduction (p=0.048) on the ninth day were all significantly different when red betel extract concentrations of 15%, 30%, and 45% were used. It may be concluded that giving white mice betel extract at a concentration of 46% accelerates the healing of wounds. According to phytochemical analysis, red betel extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, making it a potential natural antioxidant.
Effect of Moringa Flower Extract (Moringa Oleifera) on Collagenization and Histopathology of Skin Tissue in the Healing of Dermapen Scars in Obese Male Wistar White Rats
Authors: Soraya Tanjung Dian , Kurniawati Rachmi , Adi Mylano Tri
Published: March 2024

Injury can be accidental, intentional, or disease-related. Moringa leaves may help heal wounds. The research aims to test and assess the effects of Moringa oleifera flower extract on dermapen wound healing collagenization in male Wistar strain white rats, an obese model, and their histological findings—quantitative True Experimental Study with Post-Test Only Control Group Design. Twenty-four male Wistar white rats (Rattus norvegicus) were sampled. Accumulation of Test Animals, Moringa Flower Extract Preparation, Phytochemical Screening / Secondary Metabolite Test, Treatment Process (200, 400, and mg/kgBW of Moringa flower extract), Wound Observation, Histopathological Skin Preparations, and Histopathological Examination of Preparations were the research procedures. Window data was analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and One Way ANOVA with a 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). The Post Hoc Test with LSD was used for further analysis. The research results found Moringa flower extract at 200mg/Kg BW, 400mg/KgBW, and 600mg/KgBW could expedite wound healing and improve collagen density in obese mice's dermapen wounds. The 600mg dose was most beneficial. Research conclusions: Moringa flower extract aids dermapen wound healing, collagenization, and obesity weight loss, according to a study.
Caracterización de la población infantil con patología oncológica en un centro de referencia de la ciudad de Bogotá-Colombia, cohorte descriptiva (2015-2020)
Authors: Rincón  Oyuela Giovanny Hernán , Gutierrez Murcia Daniela María , Rojas-Aguirre Daniela Andrea , Castro M. Carlos Alberto
Published: March 2024

La patología oncológica pediátrica representa un reto para los sistemas de salud; su diagnóstico, manejo y pronóstico dependen de múltiples factores que definen la posibilidad de tener acceso a atención médica de calidad. Colombia es uno de los países de Latinoamérica con mayor incidencia y tasa de mortalidad. Objetivo: describir las características de la población pediátrica con patología oncológica en el Hospital Infantil Universitario de San José (HIUSJ) entre el año 2015 y 2020. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de cohorte descriptiva; se recolectó la información de las bases de datos del servicio de hemato oncología del HIUSJ. El análisis estadístico se hizo por medio de frecuencias relativas y absolutas para variables cualitativas, medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión para cuantitativas y tablas de contingencia. Resultados: de los 167 pacientes analizados el 56 % eran de sexo masculino y el 90 % pertenecían al régimen contributivo. En cuanto a las patologías oncológicas, el 52 % corresponden a neoplasias hematolinfoides, entre las cuales la LLA de precursores B fue la más frecuente (29 %). Esta patología presentó el menor tiempo entre el ingreso hospitalario y el diagnóstico confirmatorio (12 días RIQ 9-17) y el tratamiento (6 días RIQ 4-10). Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos en este estudio permiten caracterizar la población e identificar indicadores durante la atención de estas patologías, que podrían definir el adecuado manejo y pronóstico de los pacientes, motivo por el cual es fundamental continuar con el registro de estas patologías.
Anomaly Detection Algorithms for Low-Dimensional and High-Dimensional Data: A Critical Study
Authors: Rehman Mujeeb Ur , Waseem Muhammad , Sattar Abdul , Ullah Muti
Published: March 2024

Suspicious events or objects that differ from the norm in data can be discovered using anomaly identification. Identifying anomalies is critical for many applicable domains of life, e.g., preventing credit card theft and spotting intrusions into networks. It is possible to detect anomalies on a global scale as well as at the local level. A global outlier is a data point beyond the norm for the entire dataset, while a local outlier may be inside the norm for the entire dataset but outside the surrounding data points. Data outlier identification methods that are performed locally are inadequate. Therefore, better algorithms are required to investigate the high velocity of data and identify local outliers. Machine learning and data mining techniques need to be investigated to determine the pros and cons of anomaly identification residing inside data. The density based LOF method can be applied as the best choice to identify local outliers. While many variants of LOF exist for low-dimensional data, none are suitable for high-dimensional data. This research study discusses LOF, COF, and CBLOF methods for spotting local outliers in low and high-dimensional data. Regarding the size of the dimension, the performance of density-based algorithms is examined based on accuracy and time complexity. In this scenario, CBLOF achieves outstanding results due to its distinctive method of employing cluster-based local outlier detection.
PATHOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AMONG WOMEN IRRADIATED DURING PREGNANCY DUE TO INCORPORATION OF RADIOACTIVE IODINE BY THE THYROID GLAND
Authors: A. N. Stojarov , V. V. Khrustalev , O. V. Dunai
Published: March 2024

This publication analyzes the long-term pathology associated with thyroid function in women who were pregnant in April 1986 and, as a result of the Chernobyl accident, received radiation due to the incorporation of radioactive iodine. The comparison group consisted of women living in the same region of Belarus, but whose pregnancy occurred after the decay of the iodine radioisotope. The age of women in both groups at the time of pregnancy was 22–24 years, the gestation period was 21–23 weeks. Due to the incorporation of radioactive iodine, an average absorbed dose of 60–80 mGy was generated. The incidence of endocrine system diseases in women was expressed mainly due to diseases of the thyroid gland, nutritional and metabolic disorders (obesity). The cumulative incidence in the main group was not much different from the incidence in the comparison group. Based on the data presented, a conclusion is made about the non-radiation nature of the identified pathology, which can be associated with an excess of stable iodine due to its intake from food and the use of iodine-containing medications during pregnancy.
THE EFFECT OF METHOTREXATE ON THE STATE OF MYELOPOIESIS AND THROMBOCYTOPOIESIS IN CHILDREN WITH IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS
Authors: N. V. Strohaya
Published: March 2024

Methotrexate is the mainstay drug in the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The effect of methotrexate on the hematopoietic system manifests itself in the form of its inhibition, contributing to the development of aplastic anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. The purpose of the study was to study the effect of methotrexate on the state of the leukocyte and megakaryocyte pool of cells in patients with JIA. Material and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of the 2nd City Children's Clinical Hospital in Minsk. A study of the state of hematopoiesis was carried out in 82 children with JIA who received only methotrexate. The comparison group consisted of 40 patients who were diagnosed with JIA and had a complete blood count performed before starting methotrexate therapy. Results. Statistically significant differences were identified in both the megakaryocyte and leukocyte series. Against the background of an increase in the number of platelets before the start of basic therapy, there was a decrease in the average volume of platelets (p<0.01) and, accordingly, the distribution of platelets by volume (p<0.001). Changes in the white blood cell count (WBC) were manifested in a gradual decrease in the number of leukocytes during long-term use of methotrexate (p < 0.001). Conclusion. The use of methotrexate in patients with JIA contributes to a significant decrease in the content of platelets, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, which is due to the relief of the inflammatory process. The duration of methotrexate administration did not affect the content of lymphocytes and basophils.
PERINATAL OUTCOMES IN WOMEN WITH VARICOSE VEINS IN A COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, V. Y. Khryshchanovich , N. A. Rogovoy ,   Belarusian State Medical University, N. Y. Skobeleva , O. V. Krasko
Published: March 2024

Objective. To evaluate pregnancy and labor outcomes in women with varicose veins in a COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods. Sixty-eight pregnant women were included in the study, 38 of whom used compression stockings (main group), and 30 patients were included in the comparison group. During follow-up, 8/38 (21%) patients from the main group and 9/30 (30%) patients from the comparison group had COVID-19 infection. All patients underwent clinical, laboratory, gynecologic, and ultrasound examinations. The primary endpoints of the study were maternal complications of pregnancy and labor. Secondary endpoints were pathologic conditions and perinatal parameters related to the fetus. Results. The number of cases of preterm labor, utero-placental blood flow disorders, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes mellitus was higher in the control group compared to the comparison group (p>0.99). Fetal distress developed in 2/30 (6.7%) observations from the comparison group of laboring women (p=0.605). The highest number of infants (70-75%) who scored 9 Apgar score at the 5th minute of life was recorded in the main group. Comparative analysis of pregnant women with mild COVID-19 and without COVID-19 found no significant effect of coronavirus infection on obstetric and perinatal outcomes. Conclusion. The results of this study confirm the information about the adverse effect of concomitant varicose veins on the outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth. These findings support the rationale for the combined use of compression and phlebotropic pharmacological therapy in pregnant women with varicose veins.
ADVANTAGES OF THE STRATEGY OF MINIMALLY INVASIVE THORACOENDOSCOPY IN SURGICAL INTERVENTION ON THE THORATICAL SPINE
Authors:   Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, A. V. Babkin , A. A. Kandybo ,   Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, A. N. Mazurenko ,   Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, I. V Kandybo ,   Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, A. O. Knote ,   Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Matushova T. A. ,   Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics
Published: March 2024

The technology of video-assisted minimally invasive interventions on the thoracic spine is a promising direction in surgical endoscopy. Thoracic endoscopic spine surgery is effective for the diagnosis and treatment of various pathologies (tumors, inflammation, deformities, degenerative-dystrophic lesions, injuries). The advantages of thoracic endoscopic interventions are – trauma/injury reduction, reduced blood loss, full visualization of the operation area, the ability to control the allocation of surgical instruments, early activation and rehabilitation of patients as a result of minimally invasive technology, reduced hospital stay and treatment costs. Video-assisted minimally invasive interventions on the thoracic spine are a promising area of surgical endoscopy. The use of thoracoscopic technology allows us to move to a qualitatively new level of surgical interventions from anterior surgical approaches for various pathologies of the thoracic spine (tumors, deformities, degenerative-dystrophic lesions, injuries, inflammatory processes).
STRATEGY FOR USING THE METHOD OF DETERMINING SPEECH DISORDERS RELATED TO 4-7-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN WITH AUTISM IN SPECIALIZED MEDICAL CARE
Authors:   Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Otorhinolaryngology, S. A. Hreben
Published: March 2024

A wide range of speech disorders causes the complex structure of the defect, which results in a disharmonious clinical and psychological characteristic of autism. The expediency of using the method of speech disorders in children with infantile autism is justified by the results of diagnostic efficiency analysis from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine. A wide range of speech disorders causes the complex structure of the defect, which results in a disharmonious clinical and psychological characteristic of autism. Objectivization of speech pathologies with the help of scientifically grounded diagnostic method of speech disorders in children with infantile autism gives an opportunity to create a speech profile of the child, which helps to determine the principles of their correction. The expediency of using the method is justified by the results of diagnostic efficiency analysis from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine.
An observation-constrained estimation of brown carbon aerosol direct radiative effects
Authors: Cheng Yueyue , Liu Chao , Wang Jiandong , Wang Jiaping , Zhang Zhouyang , Chen Li , Ge Dafeng , Zhu Caijun , Wang Jinbo , Ding Aijun
Published: March 2024

Abstract. Brown carbon (BrC) is an organic carbon component with noticeable absorption in the ultraviolet and short visible wavelengths, which influences the global radiative balance. However, assessing BrC radiative effects remains a challenging task owing to the scarcity of direct BrC observations and the uncertainties regarding their chemical and optical properties. This study proposes an efficient method for estimating BrC radiative effects based on the available observational data. The light-absorbing properties of BrC obtained from aethalometer measurements and an optical separation method were combined with simulated BrC optical properties to determine mass concentrations. An optical closure study was conducted to constrain the total and other aerosol contents. Subsequently, we estimated the aerosol optical properties and concentrations. Such a state-of-the-art combination of measurements and numerical models provides primary variables for simulating radiative transfer to estimate BrC radiative effects. We used observations conducted over 4 months (from 1 July to 18 November 2021) in Nanjing (a megacity in east China) as an example. During the observational period, BrC absorption constituted 8.7 %–34.1 % of the total aerosol absorption at 370 nm. In the atmosphere, BrC plays a warming role, with its average instantaneous radiative forcing (RF) and standard deviation of 4.0 ± 2.3 W m−2 corresponding to 15 ± 4.2 % of the black carbon (BC) RF. At the surface, the BrC-induced actinic flux (AF) attenuation is comparable to that caused by BC, accounting for over 55 % of the BC effects in the UV range and almost 20 % in the visible range. The photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) attenuated by BrC is approximately 33.5 ± 9.4 % of that attenuated by BC. Furthermore, we quantified the influences of several BC and BrC microphysical and optical properties on their radiative effects. These findings provide valuable insights for understanding BrC radiative effects. Moreover, they highlight the importance of and necessity for improved observation and modeling of BrC properties.
Quantifying riming from airborne data during the HALO-(AC)3campaign
Authors: Maherndl Nina , Moser Manuel , Lucke Johannes , Mech Mario , Risse Nils , Schirmacher Imke , Maahn Maximilian
Published: March 2024

Abstract. Riming is a key precipitation formation process in mixed-phase clouds which efficiently converts cloud liquid to ice water. Here, we present two methods to quantify riming of ice particles from airborne observations with the normalized rime mass, which is the ratio of rime mass to the mass of a size-equivalent spherical graupel particle. We use data obtained during the HALO-(AC)3 aircraft campaign, where two aircraft collected radar and in situ measurements that were closely spatially and temporally collocated over the Fram Strait west of Svalbard in spring 2022. The first method is based on an inverse optimal estimation algorithm for the retrieval of the normalized rime mass from a closure between cloud radar and in situ measurements during these collocated flight segments (combined method). The second method relies on in situ observations only, relating the normalized rime mass to optical particle shape measurements (in situ method). We find good agreement between both methods during collocated flight segments with median normalized rime masses of 0.024 and 0.021 (mean values of 0.035 and 0.033) for the combined and in situ method, respectively. Assuming that particles with a normalized rime mass smaller than 0.01 are unrimed, we obtain average rimed fractions of 88 % and 87 % over all collocated flight segments. Although in situ measurement volumes are in the range of a few cubic centimeters and are therefore much smaller than the radar volume (about 45 m footprint diameter at an altitude of 500 m above ground, with a vertical resolution of 5 m), we assume they are representative of the radar volume. When this assumption is not met due to less homogeneous conditions, discrepancies between the two methods result. We show the performance of the methods in a case study of a collocated segment of cold-air outbreak conditions and compare normalized rime mass results with meteorological and cloud parameters. We find that higher normalized rime masses correlate with streaks of higher radar reflectivity. The methods presented improve our ability to quantify riming from aircraft observations.
Hysteresis of idealized, instability-prone outlet glaciers under variation of pinning-point buttressing
Authors: Feldmann Johannes , Levermann Anders , Winkelmann Ricarda
Published: March 2024

Abstract. Ice rises or ice rumples act as ice-shelf pinning points that can have an important role in regulating the ice discharge of marine outlet glaciers. As an example, the observed recent gradual ungrounding of the ice shelf of West Antarctica's Thwaites Glacier from its last pinning points likely diminished the buttressing effect of the ice shelf and thus contributed to the destabilization of the outlet. Here we use an idealized experimental setting to simulate the response of an Antarctic-type, instability-prone marine outlet glacier to a successive ungrounding of its ice shelf from a topographic high and a subsequent re-grounding. We show that the glacier retreat down the landward down-sloping (retrograde) bed, induced by the loss in pinning-point buttressing, can be unstable and irreversible given a relatively deep subglacial bed depression. In this case, glacier retreat and re-advance show a hysteretic behavior and if the bed depression is sufficiently deep, the glacier does not recover from but remains locked in its collapsed state. Conversely, reversibility requires a sufficiently shallow bed depression. Based on a simple flux balance analysis, we argue that the combination of a deep bed depression and limited ice-shelf buttressing hampers grounding-line re-advance due to the dominant and highly non-linear influence of the bed depth on the ice discharge across the grounding line. We conclude that outlets that rest on a deep bed depression and are weakly buttressed, such as Thwaites Glacier, are more susceptible to abrupt and irreversible retreat than stronger buttressed glaciers on more moderate retrograde slope, such as Pine Island Glacier. In particular, our results suggest that the wide and deep marine bed depression in the interior of Thwaites Glacier's drainage basin might promote potential future unstable retreat and also represent a strong limitation for a possible re-advance of the glacier in case it would collapse.
Ambient noise based seismic imaging of the Tuscan Magmatic Province, Italy
Authors: Michailos Konstantinos , Savard Geneviève , Jiwani-Brown Elliot Amir , Montanari Domenico , d'Ambrosio Michele , Saccorotti Gilberto , Piccinini Davide , Agostinetti Nicola Piana , Minetto Riccardo , Bonini Marco , Del Ventisette Chiara , Muñoz Francisco , Porras Juan , Lupi Matteo
Published: March 2024

The Tuscan Magmatic Province (TMP) is the result of several geodynamic events associated with the formation of the Apennines orogen and the Tyrrhenian Basin. Previous studies highlighted different aspects of the TMP, characterised by a complex geology, a thin continental crust, low seismicity rates, and locally high heat flow rates (e.g., Larderello-Travale and Amiata geothermal fields). Despite numerous active and passive seismic investigations in the past, the knowledge of the crustal structure across the broader TMP region is limited, particularly when considering its spatial coverage. To tackle this problem, we use ambient noise tomography and waveform data from the TEMPEST temporary seismic network and permanent seismometers. The TEMPEST network operated from late 2020 to late 2021, comprising 30 broadband seismometers, augmenting the existing permanent seismometer network.Here we analyse Rayleigh wave group-velocity dispersion data from all seismic stations of our composite seismic network of 62 seismometers and generate 2-D maps of group velocities at different periods. We observe relatively low group velocities that may represent possibly two plutonic bodies in the region (i.e., Larderello and Mt Amiata). To further constrain the volume of the plutonic bodies, we intend to perform a series of inversions to estimate the variation of shear-wave velocity with depth. Our approach showcases the effectiveness of ambient noise tomography in unravelling crustal structures in geologically complex regions such as the Tuscan Magmatic Province, Italy, and its implications for geodynamic and tectonophysics studies.
Automated detection and tracking of CMEs using HI instruments
Authors: Bauer Maike , LeLouedec Justin , Amerstorfer Tanja , Davies Jackie
Published: March 2024

Timely and accurate prediction of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is vital for mitigating the potential impact of severe space weather events on critical infrastructures. Currently, manual detection and tracking of CMEs as they traverse the heliosphere are the norm. This presentation introduces an innovative approach: the development and implementation of a machine learning algorithm for automatic detection and tracking of CMEs, leveraging data from various heliospheric imager (HI) instruments. The wealth of active spacecraft equipped with HI instruments provides a unique opportunity to train the algorithm using diverse datasets.This work gains significance in light of the upcoming launch of Vigil, a space weather monitor scheduled for deployment in the early 2030s at the L5 point. Vigil will continuously observe and provide real-time HI observations along the Sun-Earth line. Our presentation showcases preliminary outcomes from an automated CME detection and tracking algorithm, demonstrating its effectiveness with training on STEREO-HI data. We also discuss potential future steps and challenges in the development and testing of this algorithm, emphasizing its role in advancing operational space weather prediction capabilities, especially in anticipation of the Vigil mission.
Bridging Proxy Discrepancies: SST Reconstructions from the Alboran Sea During the Last Glacial Maximum and Deglaciation. 
Authors: Fernandez Alvaro , Rodríguez-Sanz Laura , Taylor Victoria , Meckler Nele , Martínez-Ruiz Francisca
Published: March 2024

The last glacial maximum (LGM) is the most recent time period in Earth’s history with a climate that was much colder than the present. Robust temperature reconstructions from this period are needed to improve estimates of Earth's climate sensitivity and aid in future climate change projections. However, reconstructing sea surface temperatures (SSTs) during this period can be challenging due to the various limitations with the commonly used proxies. Here, we present new SST estimates from the Alboran Sea in the Western Mediterranean, an area where existing SST records for the LGM (derived from UK37, TEX86, planktic foraminiferal Mg/Ca) show large disagreements. Our new SST estimates are based on clumped isotope analyses of planktic foraminifera (G. bulloides), the same species as used for the Mg/Ca measurements in this area. Due to the insensitivity of the clumped isotope thermometer to changes in seawater chemistry, our results offer new independent constraints on the range of temperature shifts between glacial and interglacial periods in this area. Our findings are evaluated against existing SST estimates, highlighting the benefits and limitations of different proxy estimates. We find that while all proxies agree on the general millennial scale temperature trends during the period of deglaciation, they diverge in the magnitude of these temperature changes. Temperature reconstructions derived from clumped isotopes align more closely with those based on alkenone and Mg/Ca proxies than with those from TEX86, which show large differences. Our research demonstrates that clumped isotopes are a potentially effective tool to improve the accuracy of climate reconstructions from the LGM and the subsequent deglacial period.  
Change in melt pattern at Totten Ice Shelf in the 1950s
Authors: Miles Bertie , Bingham Rob
Published: March 2024

Totten Glacier is the largest contributor to the global sea level rise from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet and has been losing mass since the earliest satellite observations in the 1970s. However, unlike other outlet glaciers that are losing mass in Antarctica (e.g. Pine Island and Thwaites), there has been no obvious long-term speed-up and subsequent increase in ice discharge over the satellite observational record, despite large interannual variability in ice flow. This indicates that the imbalance at Totten Glacier must have initiated prior to our earliest satellite observations.Utilizing the complete record of satellite imagery, we track the pattern of surface undulations that form near the Totten grounding line and are preserved for decades as they are subsequently transported downstream. In our earliest satellite image from 1973, we observe surface undulations estimated to have formed near the grounding line in the 1920s. We suggest that changes in the size and formation of these surface undulations are caused by changes in the melt rate and ice thickness near the grounding line that alters the degree of contact between the ice shelf and a nearby pinning point. By monitoring the size of these surface undulations, we provide a qualitative record of ice thickness change near the grounding line from the 1920s to the present day. We reveal a clear shift in pattern in the mid-20th century, where, despite pronounced and consistent surface undulation formation between the 1920s and 1950s, no detectable surface undulations were formed between the late 1950s and 1980s.Elsewhere on the glacier, we demonstrate the long-term opening of a previously identified channel connecting the eastern ice shelf to the open ocean and observe grounding line changes since the 1970s.
Study of the impacts of the Little Ice Age period on the Loire River floodplain: contributions of the morpho-sedimentary approach.
Authors: Mesmin Evan , Gautier Emmanuèle , Arnaud-Fassetta Gilles , Saulnier-Copard Ségolène , Virmoux Clément
Published: March 2024

The Loire River is France's largest river, with a watershed covering 1/5 of the country's total area. However, we know very little about the reajustment of the Loire River fluvial forms to climate change. To better predict future consequences, we study the Loire River system in the past, and more specifically during the Little Ice Age (LIA) (14th-19th c.). In the light of studies on other European rivers, we assume that the LIA intensified the Loire River hydrological activity and sediment transport, and consequently modified its fluvial pattern. The use of documentary archives enabled us to characterize phases of intense hydrological activity during the LIA (Mesmin et al., accepted1). The aim here is to study the impacts of the LIA on the readjustment of fluvial forms and on the sedimentary construction of the floodplain using a morpho-sedimentary approach.This study is essentially based on the analysis of historical Loire River paleochannels, combining two approaches. The first involves studying the evolution of channel geometry using Lidar images, old maps (since first half of the 18th century) and geophysical measurements (ERT). This approach enables us to precisely characterize the fluvial paleo-forms and calculate the discharges associated with the major floods of the LIA. The second approach focuses on the study of the sedimentary filling of paleochannels in order to precisely characterize the deposits of major floods. Over thirty boreholes were drilled in the Loire River paleochannels.  Grainsize measurements (every one cm) were carried out, coupled with magnetic susceptibility and XRF measurements, to determine variations in the type of sedimentary deposits and assess sedimentation rates as a function of fluvial unit type. Deposits has been dated by C14 and OSL dating. The complementary nature of the method helps to reconstruct the evolution of the Loire River floodplain over the last millennium. The results show that LIA discharges were much larger than current flood discharge, explaining the construction of very large paleo-channels. The paleochannels filling revealed the importance of sandy deposits in paleochenal formation during the LIA. However and surprinsingly, silty overbank deposits on the floodplain are relatively thin. Finally, while fluvial metamorphosis of the Loire downstream has been documented during the LIA, in our study area further upstream, fluvial metamorphosis may not have occurred.1 Mesmin, E., Gautier, E., Arnaud-Fassetta, G., Foucher, M., Martins, G., Gob, F., accepted. Characterization of periods of high and low hydrological activity in the Loire River, France, between the 14th and mid-19th centuries. Journal of Hydrology.
Drivers of Cold Frontal Hourly Extreme Precipitation: A Climatological Study
Authors: Schaffer Armin , Lichtenegger Tobias , Maraun Douglas , Truhetz Heimo , Ossó Albert
Published: March 2024

Understanding the processes driving extreme precipitation is paramount to socioeconomic interest. In the mid-latitudes extreme precipitation events are strongly associated with cold fronts. By exploring drivers across a wide range of scales, this study aims to improve our understanding of processes influencing frontal precipitation. Past research predominately focused on detailed studies of individual frontal extreme events. Here we present the first climatological study of frontal characteristics and their impact on precipitation.Using hourly resolved ERA5 data, cold fronts are detected using the equivalent potential temperature gradient, and associated conditions from the synoptic to the meso-scale are identified. Further, seasonal and regional dependencies are explored. Quantile regression models are employed to find the strongest drivers of frontal precipitation and to quantify these relationships. Additionally, composite analysis are used to study the synoptic conditions and meso-scale structure of extreme events.Findings reveal that humidity close to the frontal boundary, convergence of different scales and the low level jet speed contribute most to formation of extreme precipitation events. Interestingly, we discovered that stronger fronts, characterized by a significant change in humidity, do not always lead to a higher chance of extreme precipitation. This is evident in the weak correlation between the humidity gradient and frontal precipitation, in contrast with the relationship observed for the temperature gradient.The findings of this study improve our understanding of cold frontal processes. Additionally, they provide the foundation to evaluate model performance and climate change projections. 
Unleash the strength of precision irrigation with Portable L-band microwave and cosmic ray neutron sensors
Authors: Daccache Andre , Xu Nuo , Puig Francisco
Published: March 2024

By 2050, the demand for food must increase by 50% to satisfy the needs of the expected 9 billion people. Precision agriculture, primarily driven by technology, aims to produce more with less input (i.e., water) by managing in-field soil and plant variability. Point measurement with traditional soil moisture sensors calls for a large number of sensors, thus increasing costs. The low spatial resolution and the limited measurement depth of the space-borne microwave sensors are not pertinent to field-scale and agricultural applications. Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensors (CRNS) emerge as an alternative technology for large-scale measurements of moisture (SM) content and biomass water equivalent (BWE). However, a lot of uncertainties are still in assessing the measurement footprint in space and depth. This work will explore the potential of combining high-resolution microwave L-band measurements using a UAV platform with CRNS to evaluate the spatial and temporal moisture content distribution. An experimental setup of one eddy covariance station and 2 Finapp CRNS (with and without Gadolinium) was installed on an alfalfa field  (Davis, California). TDR measurements were taken before and after irrigation at two different depths to calibrate both CRNS and Microwave L-band measurements. An on-site multispectral sensor (Arable) was used to monitor canopy development and to validate CRNS’ BWE and the microwave’s vegetation optical depth (VOD). The calibrated values were also compared with satellite measurements. Both CRNS and high-resolution microwave measurements showed promising results, especially when used in conjunction. However, research is still needed before unlocking the full commercial potential and mass adoption in the agricultural sector.    
The role of capillary forces in the formation of interfacial water layers in “cold” glide-snow avalanches
Authors: Lombardo Michael , Fees Amelie , Lehmann Peter , van Herwijnen Alec , Schweizer Jürg
Published: March 2024

Glide-snow avalanches are generally thought to come in two flavors: “cold” and “warm”. The main difference between them is the mechanism by which liquid water is generated and reaches the basal snowpack. For warm avalanches, the water comes from the snow surface via rain or surface melt. For cold avalanches, the water is thought to be generated by capillary suction or geothermal melting. Here, we focus on cold avalanches and address the role of capillary forces at the soil-snow interface. To do so, we combine theoretical considerations, snowpack simulations, and field data. Calculations based on basic principles show that the conditions necessary for capillary suction are unlikely for the representative soil types, because high soil saturation is required. Field data from the “Dorfberg” field site above Davos (eastern Swiss Alps) confirms that these saturated conditions rarely occur. Simulations of two “cold” glide-snow avalanches at the field site further confirm (i) the absence of capillary suction and (ii) the presence of geothermal melting. Thus, we suggest that in the absence of a distinct water source (e.g. spring), geothermal melting is likely responsible for the formation of liquid water in cold avalanches, while the capillary forces are responsible for the retention of this water within the basal snowpack layers.
Slope surface deformation monitoring by close-range terrestrial photogrammetry
Authors: Lu Tianxin , Han Peng
Published: March 2024

Landslide monitoring is an important means to prevent the landslide disaster. Among all elements of landslide monitoring, slope surface deformation is a piece of direct evidence to judge whether slope slips, which makes it indispensable in qualitative and quantitative analysis of slope stability. Current mainstream surface monitoring methods using GNSS are difficult to lay out densely on a large scale in a deformation region due to the high cost of equipment, leading to few surface points available for detection. With the rapid development of camera resolution and image processing, photogrammetry based on computer vision has great prospects in the application of slope real-time monitoring.We introduce a low-cost landslide visual monitoring system using close-range terrestrial photogrammetry that deploys fixed cameras to capture the slope surface periodically and calculating the displacement of feature points from sequential slope images to generate the slope surface deformation network. A new machine learning framework is proposed to achieve image recognition, camera calibration and distance mapping altogether. We conduct indoor landslide experiments which verify the high precision, accuracy, and stability of our system.
Tropical humid forests: water consumers or producers? The case of a forest fragment in the Atlantic Forest
Authors: Borma Laura , Sakagushi Fabio , Demetrio Wilian , Pupin Breno , Ventura Dione , Meneghetti Carlos Daniel , Devoie Basile , Dermauw Charlotte , Parmentier Lola , Javaux Mathieu
Published: March 2024

Given the critical role of tropical forests in providing ecosystem services, extensive global efforts have been made to conserve and restore these vital areas. Despite the recognized environmental value of preserved forests, substantial uncertainties persist regarding the impact of reforestation activities on water recharge. While some studies suggest that reforestation might lead to a reduction in surface and groundwater reserves, other research, backed by public opinion, indicates that forest recovery enhances water reserve.Recognizing this as a crucial scientific and environmental management concern, our study aims to explore the role of de and reforestation on soil hydraulic properties. Combining in situ monitoring of water status and soil physical properties, our study aimed at addressing the following scientific question: how does soil structure evolve with different revegetation stages?We selected several plots along a hillslope transect in the oceanic forest (Sao, Paulo, Brasil), with different reforestation stages (40 y.o. forest vs deforested pasture).  Deep percolation measurements were conducted using sealed bottom lysimeters. A comparative analysis of soil conditions in contrasted study areas involved soil physical properties such as texture, permeability, and bulk density, along with assessing the seasonal variability of matric potential and soil moisture content.Our findings reveal that soil infiltration capacity of pasture was lower than under a 40 yr-old forest. We also observed that soil macroporosity  was higher under the forest area than  under the pasture area, potentially influencing infiltration rates and favoring deep drainage in the forest compared to the pasture.
Early formation of a water ocean as a function of initial CO2 and H2O contents in a solidifying rocky planet
Authors: Massol Helene , Davaille Anne , Sarda Philippe , Delpech Guillaume
Published: March 2024

We present a numerical model of a cooling magma ocean (MO) and the atmosphere degassing from it. The solidification of the MO leads to the enrichment of the silicate melt in volatiles, thus favoring degassing. Both reservoirs interact via heat and volatile exchange, where the volatiles are H2O and CO2. The aim of this model is to explore the influence of the atmosphere on the surface conditions after the MO stage, and especially the conditions required for the condensation of a water ocean to occur. For example, for an early Earth at 1 AU initially containing 1 Earth's water ocean mass, a water ocean could form for initial CO2 content as large as 1,000 bars. Moreover, a tenth of the actual Earth's water ocean mass would be sufficient to generate a water ocean on early Venus. Liquid water could also be present on the surface of the two exoplanets Trappist-1e and 1f. Comparing our results with other recent models, we discuss the relative influence of the model hypotheses, such as mantle composition, the treatment of the heat transfer in the atmosphere, and the treatment of the last stages of the MO solidification.
Assessment of Integrated Health and Ecological Risks linked with Heavy Metal Pollutants in the Agro-industrial basin of Kali River, India
Authors: Dwivedi Prabhat , Yadav Brijesh Kumar
Published: March 2024

Persistent elevated levels of heavy metals in river water used for irrigation can accumulate in aquatic and terrestrial organisms, disrupting the food chain, altering species compositions, and leading to ecosystem instability. An integrated risk assessment is thus essential to comprehend the cumulative effects of ongoing contamination, offering insights into the severity of hazards associated with heavy metal containing river water. The present research aims to analyze the spatial and temporal variations in the hazard index (HI) and ecological risk index (ERI) based on surface water samples collected along the Kali River. Further, this study pinpoints major heavy metals posing heightened risks, aiming to identify hotspot zones within the river basin. Seasonal water quality monitoring revealed elevated concentrations of Cr, Mn, and Ni during the pre-monsoon. Conversely, in the post-monsoon period, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, and Pb exceeded the drinking water standards established by BIS 2012 across the entire stretch of the Kali River. The ERI findings indicated that during the post-monsoon season, none of the water samples fell into the low ecological risk, whereas about 80% of samples were classed as low ecological risk during the pre-monsoon season. The observed seasonal shift in the computed ecological risk is likely attributed to the wash-off effect and the discharge of agro-industrial waste during the post-monsoon period. Moreover, the values of the ecological risk are higher at the upstream water sampling locations compared to downstream, indicating the effect of the dilution caused by domestic sewage originating from economically developed districts in western Uttar Pradesh state. Similarly, the findings from HI associated with human health indicate that both adults and children face potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks at all water sampling locations during post-monsoon season. However, in pre-monsoon season, only 34% of water sampling sites reported non-carcinogenic risk. Finally, a correlation was established between predicted risk indices and the observed data encompassing human health, community feedback, and ecological survey results. The findings indicate a robust correlation of 76% among sampling locations along the Kali River, indicating elevated environmental vulnerability in the basin. This study highlights the degraded condition of the Kali River ecosystem, posing threats to both humans and ecology. This necessitates immediate action for effective mitigation strategies to safeguard public health, preserve ecosystems, ensure the safety of agricultural and aquatic resources, and adhere to regulations for sustainable water management in the basin.
Annual Growth Rates of Column-Averaged CO2 on Global Scale Inferred from Long-Term TCCON Observations
Authors: Mostafavipak SeyedehNasrin , Ralf Sussmann , Markus Rettinger
Published: March 2024

To adhere to the Paris Agreement and restrict the rise in global temperatures to 1.5 degrees, it is imperative to significantly decrease anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, ultimately achieving net-zero emissions by the year 2050. To evaluate the reductions in CO2 emissions, it is essential to assess the related changes in CO2 mixing ratios in the atmosphere. An appropriate quantity to be used for this assessment in the years to come is the global annual growth rate of atmospheric CO2. As a data basis for this, in-situ measurement station networks can be used, and annual growth rates are being inferred, e.g., from the Mauna Loa station. On the other hand, TCCON, operating 30 stations worldwide, is committed to measuring greenhouse gas total column mixing ratios through the use of ground-based solar viewing FTIR instruments. The advantage of TCCON column observations is that they are less sensitive to local emissions close to the measurement site and are more representative of regional and global scale emissions and trends in greenhouse gas mixing ratios. TCCON data, therefore, represent a potent alternative data source. A recent algorithmic approach to infer annual growth rates from TCCON data by Sussmann and Rettinger (2020) considers the temporal sampling of TCCON, accounting for data gaps due to sun-viewing geometry, and has been successfully demonstrated for selected TCCON sites. The goal of our ongoing work, presented here, is to extend the retrieval of annual growth rates to more TCCON stations and compare our TCCON results with results from the in-situ networks.Reference: Sussmann, R., and Rettinger, M.: Can We Measure a COVID-19-Related Slowdown in Atmospheric CO2 Growth? Sensitivity of Total Carbon Column Observations, Remote Sens., 12, 2387, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12152387, 2020.