bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Richborough Coins and the End of the Roman Occupation
Authors: Salisbury F. S.
Published: January 2012

The examination of nearly 10,000 coins from the surface layer of Richborough, and the provisional classification of some 5,000 more, make it possible to draw some definite conclusions from them. All the coins I have dealt with in this paper were obtained from the top three feet of soil in the excavations carried out within the Fort under the direction of Mr. J. P. Bushe-Fox.
Bronze Implements from the City of London
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: January 2012

The lower Thames, both below and more especially above the City of London, has yielded some hundreds of relics of the Bronze Age. In a few cases these may indicate the site of a ford, and at one point—Sion Reach—the association of exotic types suggests a local settlement of a somewhat special character. But for the most part these river-finds are of mixed type and period, and can only be referred to the general use of the river as a highway. They throw little or no light, incidentally, upon the vexed question of the origins of London.
The Wreck in the Hamble River
Authors: Anderson R. C.
Published: January 2012

At one of this Society's meetings last January Mr. Laird Clowes, of the Science Museum, read a paper on the remains of a ship in the Hamble river above Bursledon. The chief feature of this paper, or at least the point emphasized in the daily press, was the conclusion that the wreck—from its shape and the heaviness of its timbering—was probably that of a merchantman of the middle of the nineteenth century.

This suggestion aroused a good deal of indignation locally, since the existence of a so-called ‘Danish galley of about A.D. 900’ was a matter of considerable pride, even though the wreck was generally invisible and always difficult of access. Critics pointed out very promptly that Mr. Laird Clowes had somehow overlooked the fact that even the present remains are quite as wide as the largest opening of Bursledon bridge, which was built between 1783 and 1800, and yet are a mile or more above that bridge. Clearly the ship must belong to a date before 1800, while various peculiarities mentioned by Mr. Laird Clowes seemed to make it impossible for her to belong to either the eighteenth or the seventeenth century. If so, she must date from before 1600, but how much before it was difficult to say.
The Middle Mousterian Culture and its relation to the Coombe Rock of Post-Early Mousterian Times
Authors: Burchell J. P. T.
Published: January 2012

The area north of the Middle Thames situated between Acton and West Drayton reveals extensive deposits which have been referred by H.M. Geological Survey to the Boyn Hill, Taplow, and Low terraces. As within the valley of the Lower Thames, these features have yielded implements and mammalian remains. In the opinion of the officers of the Geological Survey the formation of the Taplow terrace and its contained deposits occurred prior to the formation of the Coombe Rock which succeeded Early Mousterian times; further, they consider this Coombe Rock is to be equated with the ‘Trail’. It has long been established that the series of deposits revealed in a typical section cut through the so-called Taplow terrace of the Middle Thames in this district shows:

5. Surface soil.

4. ‘Trail’, often composed of slipped material from the Boyn Hill or ‘100-ft.’ terrace.

3. Brickearth, with thin layers of pebbles in its lower portion representing land-surfaces, overlying gravel with black seams.

2. Gravel, unstratified, much contorted, and containing large included masses both of solid Chalk and of London Clay.

1. Gravel, stratified, but showing a disturbed and deeply eroded upper surface penetrated by deposit no. 2.

London Clay.

Whereas deposits nos. 1, 2, and 3 have all been regarded as having been laid down by the river during the Taplow terrace stage, it would appear that this is not the case. There are reasons, archaeological and geological, for considering that these beds represent three separate periods and that only one of them (deposit no. 1) belongs to the Taplow terrace sequence proper.

It is the purpose of this article briefly to enumerate the facts which cause the correctness of the official geological reading of this type-section to be questioned.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Peers Charles
Published: January 2012

My task to-night is both easier and more difficult than has been the case on former Anniversaries. It is not now for me, as in other years, to discuss questions of policy. The salutary custom which sets a five-year term to the Presidential office ensures a periodical revision of aims and methods which is essential to such a Society as ours.
Recent Bronze Age Discoveries in Berkshire and Oxfordshire
Authors: Leeds E. T.
Published: January 2012

Material for a third report on the site of the Saxon village at Sutton Courtenay, Berks., has been gradually accumulating since the second was presented in 1926, but so slowly that it seemed advisable to wait until, as appeared likely to happen in the near future, the limits of the occupied area should have been reached. In the meantime, however, an important addition to our knowledge of the early Bronze Age has been obtained from Cassington, Oxfordshire, and since this presents several interesting points of comparison and contrast with the more recent discoveries of the same age at Sutton Courtenay, it has seemed preferable to anticipate the Third Report on the latter site by including the Sutton Courtenay material of Bronze Age date in a combined account. The numbering of the pits at Sutton Courtenay follows on those described in the Second Report in Archaeologia, lxxvi.
A ‘long cairn’ in Eastern Provence
Authors: Hemp W. J.
Published: January 2012

A recent visit to Eastern Provence gave an opportunity of visiting a group of chambered cairns which is of great interest, as it includes at least one of ‘long barrow ’ type, apparently the first example of such a monument to be recorded from S. France.

The group lies on the hill-side near St. Cézaire, about eight miles west of Grasse, overlooking a high plateau having an average level of about 1,500 ft. and commanding a very wide view, including the sea to the south with the whole range of the Montagnes des Maures, and stretching westward to the mountains at the back of Marseilles.

The long cairn known as the ‘Dolmen des Puades’ or ‘de la Lèque’ forms one of a group which is said to number over five-and-twenty, but time only allowed of inspection of three, two of which were round; all three, however, contained stone chambers approached by a passage which opened to the west.
Medieval Paintings from Castle Acre Priory
Authors: Borenius Tancred
Published: January 2012

There is no need for me here to stress the extraordinary scarcity of surviving panel pictures of undoubted English origin dating from the fourteenth century, in spite of the fact that at the time they must have been produced in enormous quantities. All the greater is, in consequence, the importance which attaches to the notable examples which I have the honour of exhibiting and commenting upon to-night; and that I am able to do so is due, in the first instance, to the privilege extended to me by the owner of the panels, the Earl of Leicester, G.C.V.O., C.M.G., and H.M. Office of Works; while I owe a further and special debt of gratitude to Mr. F. J. E. Raby, C.B., F.S.A., through whose initiative my attention was first drawn to these panels.

The pictures in question (pl. xxix) have come down to us in very fragmentary condition, and are painted on thick boards, three in number, two of which join up satisfactorily enough for us to deduce that they originally formed part of one and the same composition, while the remaining panel, though evidently a unit belonging to the identical scheme, does not link up with the others. All three boards come from Castle Acre Priory, and were discovered there in recent years, though not all at the same time: the panel on the left of the two belonging together on 19th November 1930, and the two other boards on 25th August 1932. The room in which they were found was the outer parlour, underneath the prior's chapel, in the western range of the buildings: they were used as part of the panelling of the wall when this portion of the buildings was occupied as a dwelling-house. The painted side, in each case, was uppermost, clearly indicating that they had been discarded as decorative panels and re-used for structural purposes. The panel found in 1930 was built into the twelfth-century door in the west wall, and the two other boards into the window-head in the north wall.
The Coleshill Helm
Authors: Mann J. G.
Published: January 2012

The existence of the Coleshill helm had been a mystery for so long that its rediscovery by the Duke of Rutland, who exhibited it before the Society on 24 November 1932, was quite unexpected (pls. XXI, XXII).
A Seal of Edward II for Scottish Affairs
Authors: Jenkinson Hilary
Published: January 2012

The seal (pl. xxviii) which has led to the following notes was discovered by the Duke of Rutland among his muniments at Belvoir Castle in 1928 and was exhibited by him to the Society of Antiquaries on December 6th of that year, when I gave a brief description of it. Some apology is owing both to the owner and to the Society for the time that has elapsed without anything being printed about a very interesting find; but the fact is, that it raises a number of points which in 1928 I barely mentioned, but which seemed to meof considerable interestand some importance, and which I designed to study in more detail. Up to the present this detailed study has not proved feasible, and I feel that I must not further delay publication; but I hope that by one hand or another the fuller treatment may yet be accomplished.
Lydney Castle
Authors: Casey D. A.
Published: January 2012

In 1929, during the excavation of a prehistoric and Roman site upon Camp Hill in Lord Bledisloe's deer-park at Lydney, on the borders of the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire, a reputed earthwork upon the adjoining Little Camp Hill (fig. 1) was trenched and found to contain the remains of a small stone-built castle. The existence of this castle had not been previously noted, as the site has no known history and the remains of the walls are completely covered by the grassgrown banks of their own debris. The site had been regarded locally as that of a small camp, associated with the larger Roman ‘camp’ on the opposite hill. On the Ordnance maps it appears under the name Outpost.
Medieval and Early Renaissance Architecture in Malta
Authors: Perkins J. B. Ward
Published: January 2012

The architectural history of Malta has yet to be written. The thought is a depressing one at a moment when the work of centuries is being blasted to fragments, but it may serve as an excuse for publishing a few illustrations of medieval architecture in the island. At best they will furnish a reminder of the work that remains to be done; at worst they will serve as a record of what has gone. My own photographs and notes are in Valetta, and I owe the illustrations to the courtesy of the Colonial Office and of H.M. Government of Malta. I have also to thank Mr. G. L. M. Clauson, who in 1938 showed some of these pictures before a meeting of the Society, and Lt.-Col. A. V. Agius, Trade Commissioner for Malta; also my many friends in Malta and, in particular, Chev. H. P. Scicluna, librarian of the Royal Library, Valetta, and Mr. J. Galea, who gave me every possible help and assistance. I would like to make it clear from the start that this is in no sense a finished study of the medieval remains in Malta, but rather the desultory jottings of one who had hoped one day to make such a study.
Some Annotations on John Le Neve's ‘Monumenta Anglicana’ (1717–19)
Authors: Esdaile Arundell
Published: January 2012

The five volumes of this invaluable work appeared within two years, but it was not, I think, till a study of the Stanton family appeared in the Archaeological Journal for 1928 that use was made of the information to be found in them regarding English sculptors of the period. Unfortunately, there seems to be no evidence, either internal or external, determining the date at which Le Neve began his Collections other than the two advertisements in the Postboy (14th August 1716) and the Evening Post, 16th October of the same year, quoted in Nichols (Lit. Anec. i, 127): the first refers to a lost Proposal for the work as ‘lately printed’, the second states that ‘John Le Neve, Gent. having often advertised his intended Collection of monumental inscriptions … again repeats his request to all Lovers of Antiquity to communicate any worth printing’, with an especial appeal to incumbents. Like his other ventures, the book was a financial failure, and, taking Orders, he was presented to the living of Thornton-le-Moor, where the chalice he gave to the church still exists, as Mr. G. S. Dixon tells me, and where he ‘filled in the Registers in his fine clear hand’ save during the year December 1722–3, when he was imprisoned in Lincoln jail by his rapacious creditors. After his release he carried on his clerical duties, his successor being appointed on 23rd May 1741; the exact date of his death has apparently not been determined.
A Second Bronze Hoard of Arreton Down type found in the Isle of Wight
Authors: Sherwin G. A.
Published: January 2012

The hoard which has given its name to the type was found in 1735 on Arreton Down in the centre of the eastern half of the island. Part was exhibited to the Society that year and a further ten pieces in 1736, drawings being made of the last exhibit. In 1855 Mr. A. W. Franks (later Sir Wollaston Franks) described in detail the hoard as then known, i.e. six pieces in the British Museum and the remainder recorded by the drawings made in 1736 (Archaeol. xxxvi, 326–31). In 1909 the well-known socketed spear-head and a tanged one were acquired by the British Museum from Canon Greenwell's collection. The hoard consisted of ten spear-heads, two daggers, and four flanged axes. They are referred to below as ‘Franks, no. —’; ‘B.M.’ if in the British Museum, ‘D’ if now known only by a drawing.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Peers C. R.
Published: January 2012

The changes which have taken place of late years in the procedure at our Anniversary Meetings have materially altered the position in which the President finds himself on these occasions. Formerly the whole programme of reports, elections, and address was carried through in the afternoon, doubtless with the intention of leaving the evening free for a dinner, if the Fellows decided to have one. To that end elections, report, and address were taken simultaneously, with the result that the two latter were periodically held up by the declaration of the opening of ballots or of their results. From the President's point of view the procedure had its disadvantages and also its advantages. It was doubtless irksome to have to break off in the course of a carefully-prepared speech, but it must be remembered that a good part of that speech consisted of records of elections and deaths of Fellows, with obituary notices, all prepared by the Society's officers and entailing on the President no more mental effort than that required by the reading of them. Now it is far otherwise: the annual dinner is becoming only legendary, and the President's address occupies its place in the programme; nor is it now his office to refer to the state of the Society's boilers, or to note the setting up of a flagstaff on the Society's premises. He is left to his own resources, and, as I myself can vouch, is torn between the apprehension of producing a discourse bearing too close a likeness to the general run of former addresses, and that of straying into side issues of small practical value.
The Warden's Text of the Foundation Statutes of All Souls College, Oxford
Authors: Jacob E. F.
Published: January 2012

Archbishop Chichele's statutes for the college of his foundation were dated at Lambeth on 2nd April 1443. ‘Dating’ means that on this day they were approved and issued to the warden, Roger Keys, who was present along with the primate's brother, Thomas Chichele, archdeacon of Canterbury, William Bykonyll, chancellor of the archbishop, John Brykhed or Birkhede, canon of Chichester, later rector of Harrow and one of Chichele's executors, and John Bolde, also canon of Chichester. Birkhede and Bolde are familiar figures in the early history of All Souls. They acted as feoffees of the lands accumulated to form the endowment, before the whole complex of estates was made over to the king, who re-granted it to the college. Bykonyll, like the armigers Robert Danvers and John Darell, had also been concerned in the foundation; while Thomas Chichele (as also Birkhede) was commemorated as a benefactor by the next generation. The nucleus of the little group that met to witness one of their master's last formal acts consisted of a few friends and colleagues from the archbishop's household, his helpers in the Oxford enterprise of the past six years.
A List of Brochs and Broch Sites
Authors: Graham A.
Published: January 2012

The following list contains five hundred and three items, as follows: (i) Three hundred and five structures which have been positively identified as brochs and are still in existence. For those printed in italics no dimensions or structural features are on record. (ii) Sixty-six sites of vanished structures which are known to have been brochs. These are listed as ‘broch sites’. In a few cases descriptions are on record. (iii) One hundred and thirty-two structures which probably are or possibly may be brochs, but which have not been positively identified as such. These are listed as ‘uncertain examples’.
Bronze Age Settlements and a Saxon Hut near Bourton-on-the- Water, Gloucestershire
Authors: Dunning G. C.
Published: January 2012

The site of the following discovery is a gravel-pit owned by Mr. George Young on the west side of the Fosse Way, midway between Slaughter Bridge and Stow Bridge, and 1½ miles NNE. of Bourton-on-the-Water. In the course of digging, during the past few years, a series of circular ditches has been observed in the gravel on three sides of the pit. Unfortunately it has not been possible to plan the ditches, of which there seem to be three. Recently a ditch was cleared out for about a quarter of its length, and appeared to have a diameter of about ioo ft. The ditch was V-shaped, 6 to 6½ ft. wide and 3 to 5 ft. deep, with a stiff red clay filling, in the upper part of which were embedded some oolite stones. The stones occurred over the middle of the ditch or towards its inner side, and may possibly have once lined the sides of the ditch, and slipped out of position as the ditch filled up. A section of the ditch with the stones is shown in pl. LIII, fig. 1, taken after the top soil, about 12 in. deep, containing late Roman pottery, had been cleared away.
Medieval Alabasters from Naworth Castle
Authors: Maclagan Eric
Published: January 2012

The alabaster reliefs which I have the privilege of laying before the Society this evening are a miscellaneous collection, arbitrarily grouped together on three slabs of slate painted a deep blue. There is no reason to suppose that any of the tables or images, altogether nine in number, had any original connexion with one another. They have been for many years fastened to the walls of the chapel of Naworth Castle in Cumberland, where they were noticed last year by our President, who was good enough to call my attention to them. Lady Carlisle very obligingly brought them up to London, and I undertook to have the modern paint in which they were smothered removed at the Victoria and Albert Museum; it is to Lady Carlisle's kindness in allowing them to remain in my charge for some months that we owe the opportunity of looking at them this evening. So far as I know, no facts as to their previous history are ascertainable.
The Church of Worcester from the Eighth to the Twelfth Century, Part II
Authors: Atkins Ivor
Published: January 2012

The principal authority for the early history of the church of Worcester is the famous Cartulary compiled about the end of the eleventh century by the Worcester monk, Hemming. Written partly in Latin, and partly in Anglo-Saxon, the volume contains for the most part transcripts of the various privileges and charters by which the monastery proved its title to the vast estates which it held at that time in Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Warwickshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, and Oxfordshire. It is not known with certainty when the cartulary passed out of the possession of the cathedral, but it is probable that it was amongst the many manuscripts dispersed after the dissolution of the monastery in 1540.
Excavations at Ronaldsway, Isle of Man
Authors: Neely G. J. H.
Published: January 2012

Preparation of an airport at Ronaldsway, Isle of Man, revealed several matters of archaeological interest. Some conjectural ancient graves were destroyed before information was given, and wall bases were left which probably are related to an entry in the Object Name Books of 1866 at the Ordnance Survey Office: ‘A number of years ago, stone cists containing human remains were turned up on improving circular eminence situated in the field west of Ronaldsway farmhouse. The mound is apparently artificial, higher on the east and west sides, being hollow in the centre; it is about 4 ft. in height, and about 100 ft. in diameter. Supposed by the authority quoted to have been a place of burial. Many cartloads of stones were also removed.’
Was there a Second Belgic Invasion (represented by bead-rim pottery)?
Authors: Cunnington B. H.
Published: January 2012

It is generally accepted that the invasion of Britain by the Belgae, alluded to by Caesar, is represented archaeologically by the Aylesford-Swarling-Welwyn type of pedestalled urns and their associated objects. These urns are found in a pretty well defined area of south-eastern England, including the counties of Essex, Kent, Middlesex, Hertford, Buckingham, and parts of Bedford and Cambridge.
An Early Iron Age Site at Holwell, Hertfordshire
Authors: Applebaum E. S.
Published: January 2012

The pottery recorded in this paper was found at Flints sandpit on Lordship Farm early in 1933 by Mrs. C. Wager, till recently of Holwell, to whom thanks are due for permission to publish. The sand-pit is half a mile south of Holwell, a village 2¼ miles north-west of Hitchin. It is situated on a slope facing westwards, at 200 ft. above sea-level, and the soil is a patch of sand on boulder-clay (plan, fig. 1).

In the course of sand-digging, some pits were cut into and destroyed on the north side of the sand-pit. The pits were about 5 ft. in diameter and 4 ft. deep. Other pits may lie to the north. Mr. W. H. Lane, of Letchworth, has kindly sent the following note: ‘In one of the pits there were two hearths. The first hearth was at a depth of about 4 ft. 6 in. Above this was silted material sloping at a rather acute angle from east to west. The pit had then been levelled by dumping surface-soil, and the second hearth made some 2 ft. above the first.’
The Passage Graves of Antequera, and Maes Howe, Orkney
Authors: Hemp W. J.
Published: January 2012

Antequera, in southern Spain, is in the province of Malaga, a little more than twenty miles north of the city of that name, the nearest point on the coast. The town lies at the foot of the mountains, overlooking a large and fertile plain; while just outside it, near the road to Granada, are three tombs which are notable in several ways. Two of them are less than a kilometre distant, the third lies farther away in the plain itself (pl. liii, I).

Perhaps the most striking feature of this comparatively isolated group is their marked dissimilarity from each other in type, one being a good representative of the ' cupola tombs' of Iberia; another, a simple long megalithic chamber and antechamber, built on a large scale; while the third, with its holed stone entrances, recalls the allées couvertes of the Paris region.

One feature they share, however, which does not seem to have been satisfactorily recorded, namely that each is contained in a large round barrow. All three barrows are formed of natural hillocks which have been scarped and shaped to form symmetrical circular tumuli.
Abergairn Castle, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Simpson W. Douglas
Published: January 2012

Abergairn Castle is finely situated on the summit of an isolated kaim about half a mile west of the upper outlet of the Pass of Ballater, and about the same distance north-east of St. Kentigern's ancient church, near the junction of the Gairn with the Dee. The castle had commanded a magnificent view, now partly obscured to the south-west by graceful birch trees, of Glenmuick and the hills which enclose it, culminating in the grand outline of Lochnagar. Westward and northward the ground rises and hides the valleys of the Dee and the Gairn. To the east and south the kaim sinks abruptly into a wide bottom extending to the mouth of the Pass of Ballater. Through this bottom runs a tiny stream that drains the Pass ; and the flats adjoining its bed are still largely in marsh, so that before modern drainage this must have provided a strong defence for the site.
Report on Recent Excavations at Peacock's Farm, Shippea Hill, Cambridgeshire
Authors: Clark J. G. D. , Godwin M. E. , Clifford M. H.
Published: January 2012

Peacock's Farm in the parish of Shippea Hill, Cambridgeshire, is situated in the SE. corner of the Fenland some 7 miles ENE. of Ely and about 20 miles almost due south of King's Lynn. The position of the site is shown in fig. 1, in which areas of alluvial deposit are reserved and more ancient deposits are obliquely shaded, marking the margin of the fen basin and in places islands, which break the monotony of the level fen. Crossing the map obliquely in the bottom right-hand corner is the Icknield Way, marked by a solid line where its course is certain and by a broken line where it is less well defined; and situated in immediate proximity to this ancient track on Therfield Heath, near Royston, is the only Long Barrow at present known in the region. A corner of the modern Wash is shown at the top of the map for convenience, though actually the sea was very far away in the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. The river system marked on the map is based entirely upon the work of Major Gordon Fowler, F.S.A., F.G.S., and indicates fairly certainly the system which functioned during the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods, or rather that part of the river system of these periods still available for study above the sea. It will be observed that all the rivers shown on this map form tributaries of a single great river, flowing through the present site of Wisbech, through the estuary in the sixteenth-century coast line (shown by a broken line), and by way of what are now known as the Lynn Deeps and Silver Pit out across the present North Sea, to reach the contemporary coast-line.
Finds from Coity, Ogmore, Grosmont, and White Castles
Authors: St. J. O'Neil B. H.
Published: January 2012

During the clearance of the moats and wards of these castles in Glamorgan and Monmouthshire, which has been undertaken by H.M. Office of Works in conjunction with the work of consolidating the masonry, a number of finds has been made. Some of these are of more than passing interest, and it has seemed advisable to place on record a complete list of all which in any way illustrate the history of the castles concerned.
Hill-forts of Northern France: a Note on the Expedition to Normandy, 1939
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: January 2012

In 1939, in Antiquity, xiii, 58, and Revue Archéologique, janvier–mars, p. 103, I summarized the results of the work of an expedition sent out in 1938 by the Society of Antiquaries of London, the Leverhulme Trustees, and the University of London, to investigate the hill-forts of northern France. The purpose of the expedition was twofold: first to prepare a map and classified schedule of these hill-forts, and secondly to ascertain by partial excavation the dominant cultures associated with outstanding or representative examples. Our survey covered the departments of Finistère, Morbihan, Côtes-du-Nord, Ille-et-Vilaine, Manche, and a part of Loire-Inférieure. Our excavation was sufficient to ascertain the cultures associated with the outstanding hill-fort known as the Camp d'Artus at Huelgoat (Finistère), the Châtellier at Le Petit Celland, east of Avranches (Manche), and Kercaradec in the commune of Penhars, near Quimper (south Finistère).
The Origin of the Coritani
Authors: Oswald Felix
Published: January 2012

It is well known from Ptolemy's Geography (11, ii, 10) that he places the tribe of the Parisii in east Yorkshire with its capital at Petuaria, the position of which has recently been established at Brough-on-the-Humber by an inscription found by Philip Corder, F.S.A. The obvious assumption that this tribe had migrated from the region of the Seine is supported by a comparison of their chariot-burials in the King's Barrow at Arras, at Hesslekew and at Seamer, all in east Yorkshire, with a chariot-burial at Nanterre near Paris of La Tène II age, where in both the British and Gaulish cases horses were buried with the chariot, contrary to the custom in the Marne chariot-burials. The Yorkshire graves are not anterior to 300 B.C., according to Déchelette, although the first migration of the tribe may possibly have taken place several generations earlier. In a grave at North Grimston, also in east Yorkshire, a short sword with bronze anthropoid handle (fig. 6) was found together with a typical La Tène II sword, and it is clearly closely related to an anthropoid sword found near Chaumont (Haute Marne) (fig. 5.) This Yorkshire example was probably a sword belonging to the earlier generation of the Parisii who migrated into Yorkshire presumably about 400 B.C. Two similar anthropoid short swords are known from the same part of Yorkshire, i.e. from Lord Londesborough's collection and from Clotherholme near Ripon.
Two Medieval Love-Songs set to Music
Authors: Saltmarsh John
Published: January 2012

It was recently my good fortune to discover in the Muniment Room of King's College, Cambridge, in a very unusual situation, the manuscript of a fourteenth-century love-song. Mr. Flower kindly drew my attention to a love-song of the early sixteenth century preserved in a rather similar manner at the Public Record Office. Both manuscripts included musical settings. That of the fourteenth-century song, Bryd one brere, has been edited and arranged by Mr. F. McD. C. Turner, of Magdalene College, Cambridge; that of the song from the sixteenth century by Professor E. J. Dent, of King's College; and they will be found in later sections of this paper. Meanwhile I shall endeavour to describe the manuscripts themselves, the literary texts of the two lyrics, and what can be inferred of their history.
The Excavations at Jarlshof, Sumburgh, Shetland
Authors: Curle Alex. O.
Published: January 2012

The excavations at Jarlshof, Sumburgh, have now been carried on for a couple of months each summer for the last four years, and a general review of the progress made, and of the results obtained, is now permissible.

The site is a remarkable one, a low promontory which projects into the Sumburgh Voe (as such inlets of the sea are termed in Shetland) on its western shore, on the side of the narrow isthmus which links the lofty headland of Sumburgh Ness, the most southerly point of Shetland, with Mainland, as the principal island is called. Facing towards ‘Fair Isle’, which lies midway between Orkney and Shetland, this would be the first land which any adventurous mariner would make in early times, and thus it comes about that a surprising collection of remains covers the area.
Recent Iron Age Discoveries in Oxfordshire and North Berkshire
Authors: Leeds E. T.
Published: January 2012

An early volume of the Society's Proceedings contains Stephen Stone's record of his archaeological observations in the parish of Stanlake, Oxfordshire, and the immediate neighbourhood. The record as published is of a mixed nature, and at times it is quite difficult to disentangle the various periods to which the subject of his explorations belonged, though through no actual fault of his own, but rather because, at the date at which he wrote, archaeological knowledge had not advanced to a point at which an exact interpretation of the material was possible. Thus his account of a British village is almost inextricably mixed up with that of what we can now recognize to be circular trenches of a Bronze Age culture, and their close proximity to one another has perhaps added to the confusion. At the present day we can clearly realize that we have to do with two distinct cultures, even though actually they may not have been separated by any great distance of time; and that in spite of the fact that the pottery found in the British village is passed over with the barest notice, and only a few pieces have been preserved to give us a clue to its character. But that the village belonged to the Iron Age is established both by the description of the pits from which it came and also by the recovery from one of these pits of an iron knife complete with bone handle (pl. iv, 1), such as can be closely paralleled by a specimen from the Marne region. Two vases are preserved in the Ashmolean Museum (pl. iv, 2): one formerly in Mr. James Parker's collection is labelled Stanlake, and one given by Stone's executors came probably from this same site; though not very distinctive, both serve to corroborate the evidence of the knife. Vases obtained by Rolleston from a site in the parish of Wytham, Berkshire, fall into the same category (pl. iv, 3).
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and the Gardens of Adonis
Authors: Kendrick T. D.
Published: January 2012

In the architectural description in the Victoria County History of the superstructure over the tomb of Humphrey, duke of Gloucester (d. 1447), in St. Albans Abbey, there is a drawing by our late Fellow, the Rev. E. E. Dorling, of a frequently repeated ornamental detail that is called ‘a device of daisies in a standing cup’, and there rightly said to be one of the duke's badges, for it was observed that it was used not only in conspicuous decorative bands, but also as the cresting of the coronets over the duke's arms (pls. xiv and xv). In 1796 our famous Director, Richard Gough, also noted and figured this badge, which he described as ‘wheat-ears in vases on pedestals’, and he suggested that it was the device of Abbot John Whethamstede who, he thought, had built the tomb. Chauncey (1700) and the later historians of Hertfordshire made no reference it it; Weever (1631) did not notice it, nor did Sandford (1677), whose beautiful, but in this respect inaccurate, illustration of the canopy shows the device as an angel's head with wings.
A Homestead Moat at Nuthampstead, Hertfordshire
Authors: Williams Audrey
Published: January 2012

A small moated site in Scales Park near the village of Nuthampstead, Hertfordshire (fig. 1), has lately been examined by the Ancient Monuments Department of the Ministry of Works. It lies just within the Hertfordshire-Essex boundary, four miles north-east of Buntingford and eight miles north-west of Bishop's Stortford. On the O.S. 6-in. sheet (Herts. 9 NE.) it is marked as The Warren, but not as an antiquity; nor is it included among the 139 homestead moats recorded for the county by the Royal Commission.

Scales Park comprises something over 400 acres of well-grown woodland on the plateau which forms the watershed of the rivers Stort and Quin, both flowing south to join eventually the Thames. Its height above sea-level is 450 ft. on the northwest, declining gently to 400 ft. on the east and south. Geologically the area consists of chalky clay over the chalk.

The moat of the Warren, enclosing an approximately square island about a quarter of an acre in size, varied in width from 10 to 25 ft. and at the time of excavation was filled with black boggy silt. Round its outer edge ran a low much-spread bank, 20 to 30 ft. wide but not more than 2 ft. high. The enclosure presented a puzzling combination of mounds and hollows. A large mound, 9 ft. 6 in. high, on a raised platform occupied the north-eastern half. The south-western half had centrally a similar platform, 5 ft. above the surface of the moat, with flanking mounds, 6 and 7 ft. high, at the corners (pl. xxiv b). The cavities between the mounds were practically level with the moat; slight ridges barred the western hollow and the south end of the eastern hollow.
Differencing in English Medieval Heraldry
Authors: Collins S. M.
Published: January 2012

A cursory consideration of medieval coats of arms shows that any of them might undergo variation, often marked, without obscuring its association with the bearer and his family. Anyone who recognizes that a barry of argent and azure stands for Grey is prepared to allow that the same arms with a bend or a label or three roundels added may quite possibly indicate another Grey kin to the first. It is to such variants as these three latter examples that the technical term ‘differencing’ is here applied, that is, modified versions of an original arms borne by several members of the same male stock. While every student is aware of the fact of this differencing, the number of ways, or modes, of it is unexpectedly large. The following lines indicate the principal modes that are exemplified by the early rolls of arms still extant. Every discernible example—some thousands—has been examined.
Linear Earthworks: Methods of Field Survey
Authors: Fox Cyril , O'Neil B. H. St. J. , Grimes W. F.
Published: January 2012

The Council has decided that the study (primarily the survey) of boundary dykes and defensive linear earthworks shall be the major scheme of research to be sponsored by the Society. It is desirable that reports intended for publication by those workers who will take part in this research shall be prepared on agreed lines, in order to facilitate comparative study of the diverse material thus gathered; it will be appreciated (to take only one point) that a dyke is an engineering work usually of well-defined technical character, and that undated constructions may prove amenable to grouping in known schools (such as the Western Mercian) or in recognized culture periods.
A Chellean Hand-axe from the Cromer Forest Bed
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: January 2012

In the course of the archaeological investigations of the Cromer Forest Bed I am carrying out under the auspices of the Percy Sladen Fund, I found, during 1927, the Chellean handaxe here described (figs. 1, 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d). The specimen was lying upon the foreshore at West Runton, where, at low water, a very extensive spread of flints is exposed resting upon the chalk. There is no doubt. that the vast bulk of these stones has been derived, as at Cromer, East Runton, and elsewhere, from the slow disintegration, by sea-action, of a highly ferruginous deposit which, at many places along the Norfolk coast, can be seen lying at the base of the Forest Bed. The specimen now to be described, like so many others found upon the foreshore sites mentioned, exhibits a patination in every way comparable with that of certain flint implements and flakes discovered in place in the ferruginous deposit alluded to, and was, without question, derived from it. The colour of the flint is a light chestnut brown, in places ochreous, with large areas of speckled purple—a combination of shades which, to those who are familiar with the flints in the base of the Forest Bed, makes it clear that any stone so patinated and found upon the north-east coast of Norfolk, came from this accumulation.
Excavations in Whitehawk Neolithic Camp, Brighton, 1932–3
Authors: Curwen E. Cecil
Published: January 2012

Whitehawk Camp, situated on the Brighton Race-course, is one of the eight proved neolithic camps of ‘causewayed’ type in Britain. It consists of four concentric oval rings of interrupted ditches, situated on a saddle between two slight eminences on the back of a north–south ridge on the eastern edge of the town of Brighton. The outermost ring (fourth ditch), which is deficient on the east where the hill falls very steeply into Whitehawk Bottom, encloses about 10 acres, while the inner ring encloses less than two. About half the circuit of the two inner rings, and considerable stretches of the two outer lines, have been levelled or otherwise damaged by the formation of the race-course and by allotment gardens. The general plan (pl. xii) is the result of a careful survey by the writer in 1928, when the vanished portions of the ditches were to a large extent recovered by percussion of the ground—a method which was not, however, of any avail in the allotment gardens where there was no turf, and the ‘boser’ simply sank into soft soil which damped the vibrations.
A Late Mesolithic Settlement Site at Selmeston, Sussex
Authors: Clark J. G. D.
Published: January 2012

Flint implements were first discovered in the working of the sand-pit immediately to the east of Selmeston church almost mid-way between Lewes and Polegate, Sussex, by Mr. W. J. Parsons, who at that time was resident in the neighbouring village of Alciston. The news soon reached the ears of Dr. E. Curwen, F.S.A., who arranged to secure the flints as they were recovered. Towards this he enlisted the aid of Mr. H. A. Davies of Selmeston, who has not only maintained a vigilant watch over the pit, but has also been of great assistance in various ways during further investigations on the site. The present author noticed the few specimens then in Dr. Curwen's collection in his Mesolithic Age in Britain, pp. 83 and 84. When on first visiting the site with Dr. Curwen the section of what appeared to be a pit-dwelling was discovered, it became clear that excavation would greatly enhance our knowledge of the site. Accordingly, with the generous permission of Dr. Curwen and the kind assistance of Mr. Parsons, the pit (pit 1) of which we had seen the first indications, and the remains of another (pit 2), were excavated early in the month of June 1933. Subsequently, another pit-dwelling (pit 3) becoming apparent during the normal course of working back the section of the sand-pit, the author undertook further excavations in the autumn, when he was assisted by Mr. Davies. We should like to acknowledge the kindness of Messrs. Osborn & Bennet of Eastbourne for allowing us to excavate in the sand-pit. Finally the report is made more valuable by identifications by Messrs. Christopher Hawkes, F.S.A., and J. C. Maby, B.Sc.
Fresh Facts relating to the Boyn Hill Terrace of the Lower Thames Valley
Authors: Burchell J. P. T.
Published: January 2012

During the past five years I have confined my study of the ‘100-foot’ terrace to the gravel-pit at Swanscombe which commands a view eastwards over the Ebbsfleet valley. Within a few weeks the ballast will have been wholly cleared from above the chalk. For this reason a summary of the evidence the site has furnished will not be out of place, more especially as up to the present only a very incomplete account has been published.
Two Early British Bronze Bowls
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: January 2012

Works of art dating from the Early Iron Age of Britain have an interest proportionate to their scarcity, and two examples to be added to the list are destined for public museums. The Society is privileged to examine them before they leave London for their permanent homes in the West.
A Datable English Alabaster Altar-piece at Santiago de Compostela
Authors: Hildburgh W. L.
Published: January 2012

In the year 1456 a certain English parish priest, making the pilgrimage to the great shrine of St. James at Santiago de Compostela, took with him an English retable of wood with panels of carved alabaster, and gave it to the cathedral containing the shrine, A document, written in Gallegan Spanish and still in being, sets forth how there appeared before its writer, with witnesses, at the high altar, on the 25th day of May, 1456, ‘a man who said that he was of the nation of the Kingdom of England, by name called Johanes Gudguar, rector of the church of Cheilinvvintour diocese ’, who, for service of God and reverence for the very holy Apostle ‘Sebedeu ’, and for the benefit of his sins, gave to the Compostelan church a retable of wood with figures of alabaster, painted with gold and blue, setting forth the history of the said holy Apostle.
The Saxon Cathedral of Elmham
Authors: Clapham A. W. , Godfrey W. H.
Published: January 2012

The site of the See of Elmham has been the subject of one of those entirely artificial controversies which troubled the archaeological peace of the nineteenth century, and arose from a curious and then very prevalent phase of archaeological thought. Plain, and one would have thought obvious, statements of fact were first queried and then rejected to substitute in their place theories unsupported equally by evidence, tradition, or probability. Such was the theory which endeavoured to transfer the See of Elmham from North Elmham in Norfolk to South Elmham in Suffolk, in the face of all definite evidence and reasonable probability and solely on the ground that a pre-Conquest church, known traditionally as the Old Minster, existed in the Suffolk area. The fact that the word Minster is sufficiently widespread and seldom indicates a cathedral was not considered, and the statesman Theodore was credited with the inconceivable stupidity of splitting up the East Anglian See by establishing two bishop's stools within thirteen miles of one. another. This theory, which received the tentative support of more than one distinguished antiquary, has now, one may hope, been finally consigned to the limbo from which it should never have emerged ; the paper of the late Mr. Richard Howlett1 sets forth the clear facts of the case and the overwhelming evidence in favour of the Norfolk site.
Some Thirteenth-century English Bells
Authors: Walters H. B.
Published: January 2012

In turning over the Indices to our Proceedings under the heading of Church Bells during recent years, I have been surprised at the scarcity of communications on this subject. We have had a few on cognate subjects, such as mortars or other objects of bellmetal, but practically nothing on bells themselves. Possibly one explanation of-this neglect may be that our church bells are not so easily accessible as other forms of church furniture, and even where they are accessible, the circumstances of their position, in dark chambers surrounded by masses of beams and other gear, militate against the possibilities of photography or other forms of reproduction. I do not therefore feel that any apology is necessary for bringing forward a subject which has been somewhat ignored. In this paper I propose to limit myself mainly to the form of the English church bell during a certain period, namely the thirteenth century, which was a time of great and rapid advance in all branches of ecclesiastical art. It is hardly necessary to touch on the wonderful development of our church architecture during this century. Lincoln, Salisbury, Beverley, and other exquisite creations tell their own tale. We find the same advance in illuminated manuscripts, in stained glass, and in other directions.