bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Meteorological Conditions on Autumn Surface Ozone During 2014–2020 in the Pearl River Delta, China
Authors: Xu Jianmin , Zhao Zhijun , Wu Yanxing , Zhang Ying , Wang Yao , Su Baoshan , Liang Yanni , Hu Tingting , Liu Run
Published: January 2023

As one of the largest megacity clusters in China, the Pearl River Delta (PRD) exhibited an obvious increase in the autumn mean maximum daily 8 hr average (MDA8) ozone (O3) concentration from 2014 to 2020, although O3 precursors were effectively controlled. To understand the cause of these elevated surface MDA8 O3 concentrations in the PRD, we explored potential meteorological causes. Based on the relationships between the MDA8 O3 concentrations and the meteorological conditions, the ozone weather index (OWI) was constructed from surface downward shortwave radiation flux (DSWRF), relative humidity (RH), and wind speed (WS) data to represent the variations in the autumn MDA8 O3 concentration in the PRD. Stronger DSWRF, lower RH, and lower WS were linked to larger OWI values and stronger O3 pollution. Discrepancies in DSWRF, RH, and WS were observed on days with OWI > 1 and OWI < −1. Atmospheric stagnation (AS) was also associated with O3 pollution. The average MDA8 O3 concentrations on AS days were 53% (51.0 μg m−3) higher than those on non‐AS days. The O3 exceedance rates on AS days were 36.5%, which is 4.8 times higher than those on non‐AS days (7.6%) in the PRD. In addition to lower WS and less precipitation, AS days were also accompanied by lower total cloud cover and stronger downdraft airflow, which accelerated O3 production. Since the occurrence of AS is projected to increase, efforts to mitigate AS would contribute to decreasing the risk of severe autumn O3 pollution events in the PRD.
Aerosol Effects on Clear‐Sky Shortwave Heating in the Asian Monsoon Tropopause Layer
Authors: Gao Jie , Huang Yi , Peng Yiran , Wright Jonathon S.
Published: January 2023

The Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL) has emerged in recent decades with aerosol accumulation near tropopause above Asian Summer Monsoon region. Although ATAL effects on surface and top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) radiation budgets are well established, the magnitude and variability of ATAL effects on radiative transfer within the tropopause layer remain poorly constrained. Here, we investigate the impacts of various aerosol types and layer structures on clear‐sky shortwave radiative heating in the Asian monsoon tropopause layer using reanalysis products and offline radiative transfer simulations. ATAL effects on shortwave radiative heating based on the Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 aerosol reanalysis are on the order of 15% of mean clear‐sky radiative heating within the tropopause layer, although discrepancies among recent reanalysis and forecast products suggest that this ratio could be as small as ∼10% or as large as ∼70%. Uncertainties in surface and TOA flux effects are also large, with values spanning one order of magnitude at the TOA. ATAL effects on radiative heating peak between 150 and 80 hPa (360–400 K potential temperature) along the southern flank of the anticyclone. Clear‐sky and all‐sky shortwave heating are at local minima in this vertical range, which is situated between the positive influences of monsoon‐enhanced water vapor and the negative influence of the “ozone valley” in the monsoon lower stratosphere. ATAL effects also extend further toward the west, where diabatic vertical velocities remain upward despite descent in pressure coordinates.
Remotely Sensed Soil Moisture Can Capture Dynamics Relevant to Plant Water Uptake
Authors: Feldman Andrew F. , Short Gianotti Daniel J. , Dong Jianzhi , Akbar Ruzbeh , Crow Wade T. , McColl Kaighin A. , Konings Alexandra G. , Nippert Jesse B. , Tumber‐Dávila Shersingh Joseph , Holbrook Noel M. , Rockwell Fulton E. , Scott Russell L. , Reichle Rolf H. , Chatterjee Abhishek , Joiner Joanna , Poulter Benjamin , Entekhabi Dara
Published: January 2023

A frequently expressed viewpoint across the Earth science community is that global soil moisture estimates from satellite L‐band (1.4 GHz) measurements represent moisture only in a shallow surface layer (0–5 cm) and consequently are of limited value for studying global terrestrial ecosystems because plants use water from deeper rootzones. Using this argumentation, many observation‐based land surface studies avoid satellite‐observed soil moisture. Here, based on peer‐reviewed literature across several fields, we argue that such a viewpoint is overly limiting for two reasons. First, microwave soil emission depth considerations and statistical considerations of vertically correlated soil moisture information together indicate that L‐band measurements carry information about soil moisture extending below the commonly referenced 5 cm in many conditions. However, spatial variations of effective depths of representation remain uncertain. Second, in reviewing isotopic tracer field studies of plant water uptake, we find a prevalence of vegetation that primarily draws moisture from these upper soil layers. This is especially true for grasslands and croplands covering more than a third of global vegetated surfaces. Even some deeper‐rooted species (i.e., shrubs and trees) preferentially or seasonally draw water from the upper soil layers. Therefore, L‐band satellite soil moisture estimates are more relevant to global vegetation water uptake than commonly appreciated (i.e., relevant beyond only shallow soil processes like soil evaporation). Our commentary encourages the application of satellite soil moisture across a broader range of terrestrial hydrosphere and biosphere studies while urging more rigorous estimates of its effective depth of representation.
Identifying rare genetic variants in 21 highly multiplex autism families: the role of diagnosis and autistic traits
Authors: More Ravi Prabhakar , Warrier Varun , Brunel Helena , Buckingham Clara , Smith Paula , Allison Carrie , Holt Rosemary , Bradshaw Charles R. , Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: January 2023

Autism is a highly heritable, heterogeneous, neurodevelopmental condition. Large-scale genetic studies, predominantly focussing on simplex families and clinical diagnoses of autism have identified hundreds of genes associated with autism. Yet, the contribution of these classes of genes to multiplex families and autistic traits still warrants investigation. Here, we conducted whole-genome sequencing of 21 highly multiplex autism families, with at least three autistic individuals in each family, to prioritise genes associated with autism. Using a combination of both autistic traits and clinical diagnosis of autism, we identify rare variants in genes associated with autism, and related neurodevelopmental conditions in multiple families. We identify a modest excess of these variants in autistic individuals compared to individuals without an autism diagnosis. Finally, we identify a convergence of the genes identified in molecular pathways related to development and neurogenesis. In sum, our analysis provides initial evidence to demonstrate the value of integrating autism diagnosis and autistic traits to prioritise genes.
Giant polarization ripple in transverse pyroelectricity
Authors: Zhou Yi , Ding Tianpeng , Guo Jun , Xu Guoqiang , Cheng Mingqiang , Zhang Chen , Wang Xiao-Qiao , Lu Wanheng , Ong Wei Li , Li Jiangyu , He Jiaqing , Qiu Cheng-Wei , Ho Ghim Wei
Published: January 2023

Pyroelectricity originates from spontaneous polarization variation, promising in omnipresent non-static thermodynamic energy harvesting. Particularly, changing spontaneous polarization via out-of-plane uniform heat perturbations has been shown in solar pyroelectrics. However, these approaches present unequivocal inefficiency due to spatially coupled low temperature change and duration along the longitudinal direction. Here we demonstrate unconventional giant polarization ripples in transverse pyroelectrics, without increasing the total energy input, into electricity with an efficiency of 5-fold of conventional longitudinal counterparts. The non-uniform graded temperature variation arises from decoupled heat localization and propagation, leading to anomalous in-plane heat perturbation (29-fold) and enhanced thermal disequilibrium effects. This in turn triggers an augmented polarization ripple, fundamentally enabling unprecedented electricity generation performance. Notably, the device generates a power density of 38 mW m−2 at 1 sun illumination, which is competitive with solar thermoelectrics and ferrophotovoltaics. Our findings provide a viable paradigm, not only for universal practical pyroelectric heat harvesting but for flexible manipulation of transverse heat transfer towards sustainable energy harvesting and management.
CPEB1-dependent disruption of the mRNA translation program in oocytes during maternal aging
Authors: Takahashi Nozomi , Franciosi Federica , Daldello Enrico Maria , Luong Xuan G. , Althoff Peter , Wang Xiaotian , Conti Marco
Published: January 2023

The molecular causes of deteriorating oocyte quality during aging are poorly defined. Since oocyte developmental competence relies on post-transcriptional regulations, we tested whether defective mRNA translation contributes to this decline in quality. Disruption in ribosome loading on maternal transcripts is present in old oocytes. Using a candidate approach, we detect altered translation of 3’-UTR-reporters and altered poly(A) length of the endogenous mRNAs. mRNA polyadenylation depends on the cytoplasmic polyadenylation binding protein 1 (CPEB1).Cpeb1mRNA translation and protein levels are decreased in old oocytes. This decrease causes de-repression ofCcnb1translation in quiescent oocytes, premature CDK1 activation, and accelerated reentry into meiosis. De-repression ofCcnb1is corrected byCpeb1mRNA injection in old oocytes. Oocyte-specificCpeb1haploinsufficiency in young oocytes recapitulates all the translation phenotypes of old oocytes. These findings demonstrate that a dysfunction in the oocyte translation program is associated with the decline in oocyte quality during aging.
TadA orthologs enable both cytosine and adenine editing of base editors
Authors: Zhang Shuqian , Yuan Bo , Cao Jixin , Song Liting , Chen Jinlong , Qiu Jiayi , Qiu Zilong , Zhao Xing-Ming , Chen Jingqi , Cheng Tian-Lin
Published: January 2023

Cytidine and adenosine deaminases are required for cytosine and adenine editing of base editors respectively, and no single deaminase could enable concurrent and comparable cytosine and adenine editing. Additionally, distinct properties of cytidine and adenosine deaminases lead to various types of off-target effects, including Cas9-indendepent DNA off-target effects for cytosine base editors (CBEs) and RNA off-target effects particularly severe for adenine base editors (ABEs). Here we demonstrate that 25 TadA orthologs could be engineered to generate functional ABEs, CBEs or ACBEs via single or double mutations, which display minimized Cas9-independent DNA off-target effects and genotoxicity, with orthologs B5ZCW4, Q57LE3, E8WVH3, Q13XZ4 and B3PCY2 as promising candidates for further engineering. Furthermore, RNA off-target effects of TadA ortholog-derived base editors could be further reduced or even eliminated by additional single mutation. Taken together, our work expands the base editing toolkits, and also provides important clues for the potential evolutionary process of deaminases.
Enhanced gain and detectivity of unipolar barrier solar blind avalanche photodetector via lattice and band engineering
Authors: Zhang Qingyi , Li Ning , Zhang Tao , Dong Dianmeng , Yang Yongtao , Wang Yuehui , Dong Zhengang , Shen Jiaying , Zhou Tianhong , Liang Yuanlin , Tang Weihua , Wu Zhenping , Zhang Yang , Hao Jianhua
Published: January 2023

Ga2O3-based solar blind avalanche photodetectors exhibit low voltage operation, optical filter-free and monolithic integration of photodetector arrays, and therefore they are promising to be an alternative to the bulky and fragile photomultiplier tubes for weak signal detection in deep-ultraviolet region. Here, by deliberate lattice and band engineering, we construct an n-Barrier-n unipolar barrier avalanche photodetector consisting of β-Ga2O3/MgO/Nb:SrTiO3 heterostructure, in which the enlarged conduction band offsets fortify the reverse breakdown and suppress the dark current while the negligible valance band offsets faciliate minority carrier flow across the heterojunction. The developed devices exhibit record-high avalanche gain up to 5.9 × 105 and detectivity of 2.33 × 1016 Jones among the reported wafer-scale grown Ga2O3-based photodetectors, which are even comparable to the commercial photomultiplier tubes. These findings provide insights into precise manipulation of band alignment in avalanche photodetectors, and also offer exciting opportunities for further developing high-performance Ga2O3-based electronics and optoelectronics.
Spatial transcriptomics for profiling the tropism of viral vectors in tissues
Authors: Jang Min J. , Coughlin Gerard M. , Jackson Cameron R. , Chen Xinhong , Chuapoco Miguel R. , Vendemiatti Julia L. , Wang Alexander Z. , Gradinaru Viviana
Published: January 2023

A barrier to advancing engineered adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) for precision access to cell subtypes is a lack of high-throughput, high-resolution assays to characterize in vivo transduction profiles. In this study, we developed an ultrasensitive, sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization (USeqFISH) method for spatial transcriptomic profiling of endogenous and viral RNA with a short barcode in intact tissue volumes by integrating hydrogel-based tissue clearing, enhanced signal amplification and multiplexing using sequential labeling. Using USeqFISH, we investigated the transduction and cell subtype tropisms across mouse brain regions of six systemic AAVs, including AAV-PHP.AX, a new variant that transduces robustly and efficiently across neurons and astrocytes. Here we reveal distinct cell subtype biases of each AAV variant, including a bias of AAV-PHP.N toward excitatory neurons. USeqFISH also enables profiling of pooled regulatory cargos, as we show for a 13-variant pool of microRNA target sites in AAV genomes. Lastly, we demonstrate potential applications of USeqFISH for in situ AAV profiling and multimodal single-cell analysis in non-human primates.
Combined PD-1, BRAF and MEK inhibition in BRAFV600E colorectal cancer: a phase 2 trial
Authors: Tian Jun , Chen Jonathan H. , Chao Sherry X. , Pelka Karin , Giannakis Marios , Hess Julian , Burke Kelly , Jorgji Vjola , Sindurakar Princy , Braverman Jonathan , Mehta Arnav , Oka Tomonori , Huang Mei , Lieb David , Spurrell Maxwell , Allen Jill N. , Abrams Thomas A. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Enzinger Andrea C. , Enzinger Peter C. , Klempner Samuel J. , McCleary Nadine J. , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A. , Ryan David P. , Yurgelun Matthew B. , Kanter Katie , Van Seventer Emily E. , Baiev Islam , Chi Gary , Jarnagin Joy , Bradford William B. , Wong Edmond , Michel Alexa G. , Fetter Isobel J. , Siravegna Giulia , Gemma Angelo J. , Sharpe Arlene , Demehri Shadmehr , Leary Rebecca , Campbell Catarina D. , Yilmaz Omer , Getz Gad A. , Parikh Aparna R. , Hacohen Nir , Corcoran Ryan B.
Published: January 2023

While BRAF inhibitor combinations with EGFR and/or MEK inhibitors have improved clinical efficacy in BRAFV600E colorectal cancer (CRC), response rates remain low and lack durability. Preclinical data suggest that BRAF/MAPK pathway inhibition may augment the tumor immune response. We performed a proof-of-concept single-arm phase 2 clinical trial of combined PD-1, BRAF and MEK inhibition with sparatlizumab (PDR001), dabrafenib and trametinib in 37 patients with BRAFV600E CRC. The primary end point was overall response rate, and the secondary end points were progression-free survival, disease control rate, duration of response and overall survival. The study met its primary end point with a confirmed response rate (24.3% in all patients; 25% in microsatellite stable patients) and durability that were favorable relative to historical controls of BRAF-targeted combinations alone. Single-cell RNA sequencing of 23 paired pretreatment and day 15 on-treatment tumor biopsies revealed greater induction of tumor cell-intrinsic immune programs and more complete MAPK inhibition in patients with better clinical outcome. Immune program induction in matched patient-derived organoids correlated with the degree of MAPK inhibition. These data suggest a potential tumor cell-intrinsic mechanism of cooperativity between MAPK inhibition and immune response, warranting further clinical evaluation of optimized targeted and immune combinations in CRC. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03668431.
Thermogravimetry
Authors: Kett Vicky L. , Price Duncan M.
Published: January 2023

Thermogravimetry is the study of the relationship between a sample's mass and its temperature. Thus it is possible to study physical or chemical processes that cause a material to lose volatile gases. These include sublimation, evaporation, and thermal degradation. Experiments are most commonly carried out under conditions where the temperature is increased in a linear fashion with time or the sample is held isothermally at an elevated temperature. More sophisticated temperature profiles are occasionally employed for compositional and kinetic analysis. Processes that do not result in a change in sample mass are not detected by this technique. Therefore, simultaneous measurements by differential scanning calorimetry are useful. Volatile decomposition products may be detected and identified (e.g. by infrared spectrometry or mass spectrometry) in order to elucidate the mechanism of mass changes. Thermogravimetry is used for quantitative compositional analysis of many substances, lifetime prediction and kinetic studies making the technique invaluable in many areas of materials characterisation.
The Role of Amnesty Bins in Understanding the Pattern of Recreational Drugs and Novel Psychoactive Substances Being Used Within a Locality
Authors: Wood David M. , Dargan Paul I.
Published: January 2023

In this chapter is discussed the role of night-time economy venue amnesty bins and the analysis of substances deposited in them, providing more detailed local information on the pattern of use of recreational drugs and NPS.
Contamination of Water with Drugs and Metabolites
Authors: Hilborne Victoria
Published: January 2023

Pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and lifestyle products such as caffeine are consumed in vast quantities each year across the world. Excreted drug metabolites and small amounts of unchanged drug pass into sewage waters. Concentrations of these drugs and metabolites measured in sewage influent and effluent are used to profile illegal drug use in a city, town or local area such as a prison. Sewage waters are recycled through natural hydrological systems. Therefore if the drugs are not efficiently removed by water treatment processes, traces can be found in drinking water. Data on emerging pharmaceutical and illicit drug contaminants in aquatic environments is reviewed, including assessment of uncertainty in measurement and illicit drug consumption prediction.
Cannabis and Synthetic Cannabinoids
Authors: Wolff Kim
Published: January 2023

Cannabis is undisputedly the most commonly used illicit across the globe and estimates show that dependent use is increasingly common. In this chapter, surveys and research data are used to demonstrate cannabis's place in the world. Naturally produced cannabis comes in the form of the dried leaves and the flowering heads of the marijuana plant. The method of consumption of cannabis (inhalation or ingestion) is known to play a role in the length and intensity of the psychoactive effect, as does the quantity of cannabis used at any one time. The pharmacokinetics of cannabis is also discussed, along with tolerance and general recreational use. In recreational users the difference in THC concentration between peak and trough plasma concentration is greater than that observed in chronic users. The major equipotent metabolite 11-hydroxy-THC and the THC-COOH metabolite are both detectable for a considerable time after a cannabis cigarette. Medicinal cannabinoids have been shown to demonstrate therapeutic potential. Prescribed in low doses they generally do not produce the debilitating effects of THC inhaled by smoking. Various analogues of cannabis have been manufactured commercially for medical purposes and are discussed in more depth in this chapter. Over the last few years, synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists have been detected in samples of smoking mixes such as “Spice”, and are reported to have pharmacology similar to that of cannabis. Quality control and continuity seem to be a challenge within this now booming area of the cannabis market. Many of the mixtures available under different brand names contain the same compounds, with many compounds reported to be significantly more potent than natural THC. Along with extended duration of action, growing reports of tolerance and physical withdrawal following regular use, it is looking as though synthetic cannabinoids may produce more severe adverse effects. It is also worth noting that smoking these synthetic mixes does not cause a positive drug test for cannabis or other illegal drugs, although some bespoke methodology has enabled detection. Further work to investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these compounds is required.
Drugs and Driving
Authors: Wolff Kim
Published: January 2023

Drug driving is a complicated subject influenced by a multiplicity of factors, not least the difficulties associated with the toxicological analysis of a growing number of psychoactive substances that may be used alone or in combination by drivers. The implementation of rigorous medico-legal procedures are complicated by the circumstances under which testing must occur. The screening test will usually be undertaken under variable conditions (at the roadside) and where time is of the essence, particularly with regard to the relationship between the sample collected for confirmatory purposes (once in custody) and the road traffic incident. Many countries have introduced drug-driving legislation for the purpose of enforcement measures to deter the use of illegal substances, including cannabis, cocaine and the amphetamines, when intending to drive, and to improve road safety for drivers themselves and other road users. Additionally, there is growing evidence that those under the influence of psychoactive medicines may in certain circumstances be unfit to drive. The different approaches to drug-driving legislation and the evidence regarding driver safety for those driving under the influence of a variety of different drugs is discussed.
Sweat as an Alternative Biological Matrix
Authors: De Giovanni Nadia
Published: January 2023

Situations with medico-legal implications, such as crime under the influence of alcohol/drugs, need the support of forensic toxicology. In order to identify drug use/abuse, toxicologists analyze biological specimens collected from corpses or living people. In the last decades, various specimens other than traditional blood and urine have been studied by researchers in order to support data obtained with conventional samples. Sweat is considered a suitable matrix with a peculiar time window of detection up to one week after intake; it can be collected by the means of patches that trap the xenobiotics released by sweat. Parent drugs are generally excreted at higher levels than metabolites, and the concentrations are expressed as nanograms/patch. It offers a non-invasive alternative for the monitoring of drugs exposure in living people as it can be collected for a programmed period with minimal disturbance for the individual. The main disadvantages of working with sweat are related to the amount of sample collected, which is variable and very low. The analysis of sweat may find applications in the monitoring of drug abuse as the patches provide a long-term detection of drug exposure. Forensic toxicology can benefit from sweat testing, for example in workplace drug testing or doping control.
Concepts of Fluid Flow
Authors: Elson Tim
Published: January 2023

The objective of this chapter is to introduce the reader to some of the fluid flow problems encountered in the process design of a typical pipe-flow system, where a fluid is pumped from one vessel into another through a section of pipework. The chapter will cover modes of fluid flow, pipe flow, pressure drops in pipes and pipe fittings, flow meters and pumps.
An Introduction to Mass-transfer Operations
Authors: Sorensen Eva
Published: January 2023

The importance of mass transfer operations in chemical engineering is profound. There is scarcely any chemical process that does not require either a preliminary purification of raw materials or a final separation of products from by-products and for these, mass-transfer operations are usually used. This chapter explains the principles of mass transfer separation processes, introduces important calculations with worked examples and discusses the two most applied mass transfer processes in industry: distillation and adsorption.
Process and Personal Safety
Authors: Shallcross D. C.
Published: January 2023

Even the best-run processing facilities are inherently dangerous places. Often operating at elevated temperatures and pressure, and with chemicals that may be toxic or corrosive, loss of containment can lead to lost production, loss of the facility, damage to the environment and even loss of life. This chapter introduces the concepts of hazard and risk, and the importance of considering safety during the design and operation of a processing facility. Case studies presented include the accidents at Bhopal and Flixborough, as well as the loss of the Piper alpha platform in the North Sea.
What Are We Really Seeing?
Authors: Rathi Akshat
Published: January 2023

Directly and indirectly, humans interact with the light around them throughout their lives. We take the presence of light in our lives for granted. Yet, those who have never seen light, or who have lost the ability to see it, have tales to tell that can change our perspective of life. Their stories make us stand back and marvel at the magical ability that our eyes endow on us. In many ways, our lives become defined by this interaction of light particles with matter around them. So what happens when people lose the ability to see light? How does this change their experience of the world?
How Has Light Evolved?
Authors: Pimbblet Kevin
Published: January 2023

Now that we've explored some of the psychological impacts of light and colour, it is time for some physics and a question about darkness, which reveals something about the nature of the universe.
Why Can't You Believe Everything You See?
Authors: Sadler Wendy
Published: January 2023

Our mind can play tricks on us making us see things that aren't always there, and physics can be just as tricky. You can't always believe what you see. There's no doubt that what your eyes can see in the world around you can bring immense pleasure—but just occasionally the things your eyes see can fill you with fear and dread. Most horror films and Halloween experiences rely hugely on the ability to unnerve you with apparitions or sudden appearances that seem to defy explanation, but can we always trust what we see? Maybe science can give us an alternative view of these spooky goings-on.
What Colour Were Dinosaurs?
Authors: Stephenson Charlotte
Published: January 2023

The natural world is a colourful place—from the iridescence of a bird's feather, to the patterns on a butterfly's wing. These colours are formed by chemical and structural features at a microscopic level. Colour can play an important role in mating, fighting and camouflage—meaning that displaying colour can be the difference between life and death for many in the animal kingdom. Colours, such as the vibrant pink of a flamingo, can be altered by diet, and the iridescent sheen of a blackbird's feather can change depending on the angle at which it is looked at. But what about the colour of animals that no longer exist? We imagine scaly green dinosaurs, but what if this wasn't the case? What if there was evidence for a fuzzy, ginger dinosaur? Well… now there is! Palaeontologists have studied beautifully preserved fossils at a microscopic level and found tiny features that allow us, for the very first time, to accurately describe the colours of life that existed millions of year ago. This chapter explains how colours are formed in the world we see around us, as well as how things may have looked long, long ago.
General Concepts in Sustainable Chemical Processes
Authors: Patterson Darrell Alec , Scott Janet L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the general and basic concepts used in subsequent chapters relating to specific topics in sustainable chemical processing for the future. Sustainable chemical processes and technologies are defined and the following concepts introduced: the triple bottom line; the 12 principles of both green chemistry and green engineering; the hierarchy of waste management used as a sustainable design tool; and life cycle assessment. Finally, two common process approaches that lead to sustainable chemical processes are outlined: the use of continuous or flow processes; and process intensification. These concepts are then contextualised in terms of the structure of this book.
Sustainability of Biocatalytic Processes
Authors: Malhotra Deepika , Mukherjee Joyeeta , Gupta Munishwar N.
Published: January 2023

White biotechnology is largely based on the use of biocatalysts in the production of chemicals, drug intermediates, materials and biofuels. Various metrics for measuring the sustainability of a process are available and their uses often show that biocatalytic routes score over production strategies based on chemical catalysts alone. The possibility of using various reaction media, improving the performance of biocatalysts by engineering, sourcing enzymes from extremophiles, and assistance from microwave and ultrasonic radiations have all made biocatalysis more versatile and efficient. While enzyme specificity has been exploited for many years in organic synthesis, catalytic promiscuity has further expanded the range of enzymes in recent years. Finally, the concepts of biorefineries and valorization of waste complement each other and enhance the sustainability and economic viability of biocatalytic processes.
Ionic Liquids and their Application to a More Sustainable Chemistry
Authors: Bica Katharina
Published: January 2023

From tentative beginnings in the 1990s, ionic liquid technologies have emerged into a significant field of research for sustainable processes. Recent developments in ionic liquid technologies provide novel aspects for multiple technological applications that simply cannot be realized with molecular solvents. These allow for the development of feasible processes where conventional solvents fail. This chapter reviews ionic liquids applications that combine their solvent, catalytic and separation properties and hold the potential for a more sustainable chemistry.
The Application of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Functional Compounds
Authors: Marriott Ray
Published: January 2023

The use of sub-critical and supercritical CO2 can selectively extract functional molecules from complex raw materials often avoiding lengthy and costly purification steps. Many of these raw materials are themselves sustainable plant products or waste streams leading to integrated, sustainable and economic manufacturing using CO2 as the process solvent. This chapter examines sustainable sources of CO2, process technology and the application of this technology in the extraction and fractionation of oleochemicals, terpenoids, alkaloids and metals.
Process Control for Sustainable Processes with respect to Exergy
Authors: Munir M. T. , Yu W. , Young B. R.
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces to the process control community the concept that it is vital to consider sustainable process control in an integrated approach during early process design stages for a sustainable process. Process sustainability has earned an important place alongside production, process design, process control, efficiency, quality and safety in manufacturing priorities. This chapter summarizes recent research activities related to sustainable process control. Several tools are also introduced to fulfil sustainable process control by integrating process control, process design and sustainability.
Nanobead handling on a centrifugal microfluidic LabDisk for automated extraction of cell-free circulating DNA with high recovery rates
Authors: Schlenker Franziska , Juelg Peter , Lüddecke Jan , Paust Nils , Zengerle Roland , Hutzenlaub Tobias
Published: January 2023

A new concept for an automated cfDNA extraction with nanobeads as the solid phase in a centrifugal microfluidic LabDisk. Nanobeads are retained in one incubation chamber while the sample and pre-stored buffers are sequentially added and removed.
Analysis of microsamples by miniaturized magnetic-based pipette tip microextraction: determination of free cortisol in serum and urine from very low birth weight preterm newborns
Authors: Grau José , Moreno-Guzmán María , Arruza Luis , López Miguel Ángel , Escarpa Alberto , Chisvert Alberto
Published: January 2023

Miniaturized magnetic-based pipette tip microextraction is presented as a sample preparation approach for microsamples of serum and urine from newborns.
Selective hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene by alkali-metal palladium complex hydrides
Authors: Guo Qing , Qin Chao , Guo Jianping , Chen Ping
Published: January 2023

A fundamentally different strategy using an alkali-metal (Li, Na, and K) palladium complex hydride as a heterogeneous catalyst is proposed and demonstrated to enhance the alkene selectivity for the partial hydrogenation of alkyne reactions.
Temperature sensing of Sr3Y2Ge3O12:Bi3+,Sm3+ garnet phosphors with tunable sensitivity
Authors: Sun Rui , Wei Xiang , Yu Huijuan , Chen Pengyun , Ni Haiyong , Li Junhao , Zhou Jianbang , Zhang Qiuhong
Published: January 2023

In this study, a novel temperature-sensitive material, Sr3Y2Ge3O12:Bi3+,Sm3+ phosphor, was successfully synthesized by a solid-state reaction method.
Efficient monolithic perovskite–Si tandem solar cells enabled by an ultra-thin indium tin oxide interlayer
Authors: Zheng Jianghui , Duan Weiyuan , Guo Yuzhen , Zhao Zijun C. , Yi Haimang , Ma Fa-Jun , Granados Caro Laura , Yi Chuqi , Bing Jueming , Tang Shi , Qu Jiangtao , Fong Kean Chern , Cui Xin , Zhu Yan , Yang Limei , Lambertz Andreas , Arafat Mahmud Md , Chen Hongjun , Liao Chwenhaw , Wang Guoliang , Jankovec Marko , Xu Cheng , Uddin Ashraf , Cairney Julie M. , Bremner Stephen , Huang Shujuan , Ding Kaining , McKenzie David R. , Ho-Baillie Anita W. Y.
Published: January 2023

An ultra-thin indium tin oxide interlayer design was developed for interfacing perovskite solar cells with Si solar cells thereby minimising shunting effects for large area monolithic tandem devices.
Water defluoridation using Al/Fe/Ti ternary metal oxide-loaded activated carbon by capacitive deionization
Authors: Alfredy Tusekile , Elisadiki Joyce , Kim Young-Deuk , Abeid Chande Jande Yusufu
Published: January 2023

The AC–Al4Fe2.5Ti4 composite was synthesized for water defluoridation by using capacitive deionization technology.
Magnetically localized and wash-free fluorescence immunoassay (MLFIA): proof of concept and clinical applications
Authors: Delshadi S. , Fratzl M. , Ramel O. , Bigotte P. , Kauffmann P. , Kirk D. , Masse V. , Brenier-Pinchart M. P. , Fricker-Hidalgo H. , Pelloux H. , Bruckert F. , Charrat C. , Cugat O. , Dempsey N. M. , Devillers T. , Halfon P. , Leroy A. , Weidenhaupt M. , Marche P. N.
Published: January 2023

The magnetically localized and wash-free fluorescence immunoassay (MLFIA) is a no-wash assay for directly measuring biomolecule (antigen and antibody) concentration, without mixing nor washing steps, from a body fluid (serum and plasma).
Multi-functionalized MOFs with large-pore apertures as luminescent probes for efficient sensing of quinones
Authors: Chen Jia-Qian , Esrafili Leili , Parsa Fatemeh , Sun An-Na , Hu Mao-Lin , Morsali Ali , Retailleau Pascal , Guo Zhifang , Junk Peter C.
Published: January 2023

Two functionalized metal–organic frameworks based on azobenzene and azine groups were synthesized and characterized. The ability of these materials as luminescent probes towards quinones was investigated and compared.
Catalyst-free electrochemical trifluoromethylation of coumarins using CF3SO2NHNHBoc as the CF3 source
Authors: Cen Nannan , Wang Han , Zhou YiCheng , Gong Ruoqu , Sui Dandan , Chen Wenbo
Published: January 2023

An efficient electrochemical trifluoromethylation of coumarins using CF3SO2NHNHBoc as the source of the trifluoromethyl group was developed.
Visiblelight-induced ternary electron donor–acceptor complex enabled synthesis of 2-(2-hydrazinyl) thiazole derivatives and the assessment of their antioxidant and antidiabetic therapeutic potential
Authors: Dey Sovan , Das Arindam , Yadav Ram Naresh , Boruah Palash Jyoti , Bakli Prerana , Baishya Tania , Sarkar Koushik , Barman Anup , Sahu Ranabir , Maji Biplab , Paul Amit Kumar , Hossain Md. Firoj
Published: January 2023

A visible-light-induced synthesis of 2-(2-hydrazinyl)thiazole and its antioxidant and antidiabetic therapeutic potential were evaluated.
Probing the activity and stability of MoO2 surface nanorod arrays for hydrogen evolution in an anion exchange membrane multi-cell water electrolysis stack
Authors: Bartoli Francesco , Capozzoli Laura , Peruzzolo Tailor , Marelli Marcello , Evangelisti Claudio , Bouzek Karel , Hnát Jaromir , Serrano Giulia , Poggini Lorenzo , Stojanovski Kevin , Briega-Martos Valentín , Cherevko Serhiy , Miller Hamish A. , Vizza Francesco
Published: January 2023

An active and stable hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst composed of MoO2 surface nanorod arrays was prepared using high-temperature reductive annealing. Electrodes with an area of 78.5 cm2 were evaluated in a three-cell AEM electrolyser stack.
Ion recognition properties of 2,2′-bibenzimidazole regulated by ammonium-modified pillar[5]arenes
Authors: Yao Hong , Hu Yin-Ping , Yang Hao-Ran , Yang Bao-Hong , Wang Jin-Wang , Zhang You-Ming , Wei Tai-Bao , Lin Qi
Published: January 2023

A feasible strategy has been developed by using supramolecular host–guest interaction to regulate the ionic recognize properties of guest molecules.
Photo-enhanced lithium-ion batteries using metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Andersen Holly , Lu Yinan , Borowiec Joanna , Parkin Ivan P. , De Volder Michael , Deka Boruah Buddha
Published: January 2023

The development of photo-enhanced lithium-ion batteries, where exposing the electrodes to light results in higher capacities, higher rate performance or self-charging, has recently gained substantial traction. We propose copper-hexahydroxybenzene as the active photo-electrode material which both harvests light and stores energy.
Correction: C–H activation and subsequent C–C bond formation in rigid alkenes catalyzed by Ru(iii) metallates
Authors: Dharani S. , Kalaiarasi G. , Lynch Vincent M. , Srinivasan K. , Prabhakaran R.
Published: January 2023

Correction for ‘C–H activation and subsequent C–C bond formation in rigid alkenes catalyzed by Ru(iii) metallates’ by S. Dharani et al., React. Chem. Eng., 2023, 8, 164–174, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RE00317A.
Multi‐task framework of precipitation nowcasting
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Luo Chuyao , Zhang Baoquan , Jiang Hao , Zhang Bowen
Published: January 2023

Precipitation forecasting plays an important role in disaster warning, agricultural production, and other fields. To solve this issue, some deep learning methods are proposed to forecast future radar echo images and convert them into rainfall distributions. Prevailing spatiotemporal sequence prediction methods are usually based on a ConvRNN structure that combines a Convolutional Neural Network and Recurrent Neural Network. However, these existing methods ignore the image change prediction, which causes the coherence of the predicted image has deteriorated. Moreover, these approaches mainly focus on complicating model structure to exploit more historical spatiotemporal representations. Nevertheless, they ignore introducing other valuable information to improve predictions. To tackle these two issues, we propose GCMT‐ConvRNN, a multi‐ask framework of ConvRNN. Except for precipitation nowcasting as the main task, it combines the motion field estimation and sub‐regression as auxiliary tasks. In this framework, the motion field estimation task can provide motion information, and the sub‐regression task offers future information. Besides, to reduce the negative transfer between the auxiliary tasks and the main task, we propose a new loss function based on the correlation of gradients in different tasks. The experiments show that all models applied in our framework achieve stable and effective improvement.
Design of Low‐profile ultrawideband Antennas for Body‐Centric Communications using the FDTD method
Authors: Mokraoui Amine , Khodja Merouane
Published: January 2023

Low‐profile coplanar waveguide antennas are successfully designed considering body‐centric communications requirements. A finite difference in time‐domain‐based programme, which considers dispersion in human tissues and antenna dielectric substrates, is developed for this purpose. Parametric simulations and visualisation helped to acquire a greater understanding of radiation mechanisms. Consequently, two approaches are investigated. In the first approach, the antenna bandwidth is optimised regardless of its size and travelling wave antennas with characteristics suitable for on‐body communications are obtained. In the second approach, restricting the bandwidth to ultrawideband (UWB) frequencies, while minimising the antenna size, leads to low‐profile antennas useful for on‐body as well as for off‐body applications. For each approach, several prototypes are built to validate the proposed designs and check the repeatability of the results. Measured and simulated return loss and radiation patterns are coherent. Based on the consulted bibliography, the smallest low‐cost and low‐profile omnidirectional wearable antenna is made, which covers the entire UWB frequencies with no special coaxial connectors or expensive dielectric substrates.
A multi‐objective optimisation for compact wideband and efficient superdirective antenna arrays design using network characteristic modes
Authors: Touhami Abdellah , Collardey Sylvain , Sharaiha Ala
Published: January 2023

This paper introduces a procedure for multi‐objective optimisation, for compact wideband superdirective antenna array design, using network characteristic modes. The two main objectives considered are the maximisation of the directivity in the end‐fire direction, simultaneously with the minimisation of the input reflection coefficient in a large bandwidth. The proposed method is used thereafter for designing a three‐element superdirective small Yagi antenna, with an overall dimensions of 0.4λ × 0.37λ × 0.18λ. The length of this mini yagi antenna is 60% shorter than a classical one, with the same performances of gain and bandwidth. The measured results show that the antenna bandwidth, maximum gain, and efficiency are of 11.2%, 8 dBi, and 95% respectively.
Grid interaction of multi‐VSC systems for renewable energy integration
Authors: Ahmadloo Fatemeh , Pirooz Azad Sahar
Published: January 2023

Integration of converter‐interfaced renewable energy sources (RESs) into the power system and the transfer of power from RESs to remote load centres over high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) lines may require connecting multiple voltage‐sourced converters (VSCs) to a common alternating current (AC) system. Because of this connection, control loops of various converters will interact through the AC grid, leading to instability and an undesirable transient response. This paper focuses on the system‐level integration of multi‐VSC systems for the integration of RESs. μ analysis is used to determine under which control modes the independently stabilized VSCs connected to a common AC system ensure the multi‐VSC system stability. Furthermore, a sufficient criterion is proposed for the design of the converters' outer control loops independently to ensure the stability of the interconnected multi‐VSC system. For cases of severe interactions, where the interconnected multi‐VSC system may become unstable even if individual VSCs are stable, a joint controller design for converters is proposed to stabilize the multi‐VSC system. The interaction analysis indicates that employing AC voltage control mode by all the converters causes the highest interaction level, and having more converters in reactive power control mode reduces the impact of interactions on the interconnected system stability.
Improving the flexibility of power systems using transportable battery, transmission switching, demand response, and flexible ramping product market in the presence of high wind power
Authors: Shoferpour Alireza , Karimi Ali
Published: January 2023

With the increasing demand for electricity and the significant growth of renewable energy sources (RES), especially wind power, the need for new services to increase system flexibility has increased more than ever. Flexibility services can enhance system security. This paper proposes a framework for enhancing system flexibility by integrating emerging services for running the day‐ahead energy, spinning, and flexible ramping product (FRP) markets, considering high wind power penetration. Due to the uncertainty of wind power production, this framework is presented as a stochastic network‐constraint unit commitment (NCUC) problem. The services that are implemented simultaneously in the problem include transmission switching (TS), demand response (DR) program, and transportable battery energy storage (TBES). Moreover, two new indices are introduced to evaluate the effects of flexibility services. Another contribution of this paper is performing comprehensive studies for comparing various case studies in normal and the worst contingency conditions of the network. The IEEE RTS‐79 test system is employed to approve the effectiveness of the proposed framework. The results of various case studies show that using emerging services together increases power grid flexibility and reduces system operating costs.
Rossby waves on stellar equatorial β planes: Uniformly rotating radiative stars
Authors: Albekioni M. , Zaqarashvili T. V. , Kukhianidze V.
Published: January 2023

Context. Rossby waves arise due to the conservation of total vorticity in rotating fluids and may govern the large-scale dynamics of stellar interiors. Recent space missions have collected a lot of information about the light curves and activity of many stars, which triggered observations of Rossby waves in the stellar surface and interiors.

Aims. We aim to study the theoretical properties of Rossby waves in stratified interiors of uniformly rotating radiative stars with a sub-adiabatic vertical temperature gradient.

Methods. We used the equatorial β plane approximation and linear vertical gradient of temperature to study the linear dynamics of equatorially trapped Rossby and inertia-gravity waves in interiors of radiative stars. The governing equation was solved by the method of separation of variables in the vertical and latitudinal directions.

Results. Vertical and latitudinal solutions of the waves are found to be governed by Bessel functions and Hermite polynomials, respectively. Appropriate boundary conditions at the stellar surface and poles define analytical dispersion relations for Rossby, Rossby-gravity, and inertia-gravity waves. The waves are confined in surface layers of 30–50 H0, where H0 is the surface density scale height, and they are trapped between the latitudes of ±600. Observable frequencies (normalised by the angular frequency of the stellar rotation) of Rossby waves with m = 1 (m = 2), where m is the toroidal wavenumber, are in the interval of 0.65–1 (1.4–2), depending on the stellar rotation, radius, and surface temperature.

Conclusions. Rossby-type waves can be systematically observed using light curves of Kepler and TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) stars. Observations and theory then can be used for the sounding of stellar interiors.