bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychology of Computer Use: XVII. The Computer Technology Hassles Scale: Revision, Reliability, and Some Correlates
Authors: Hudiburg Richard A.
Published: August 2011

The reliability of the Computer Technology Hassles Scale, a measure of computer-related stress, and correlates of this measure were investigated. A questionnaire requested demographic data and exposure to computer information, the 69-item Computer Technology Hassles Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, a global measure of stress, the Computer Attitude Scale, and the somatic complaint items from the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. A total of 100 students responded to two administrations, given 2 months apart, of the questionnaire. Test-retest reliability was .64. Correlations of scores on the Computer Technology Hassles Scale with perceived stress were .26 (Time 1), .18 (Time 2) and with somatic complaints .15 (Time 2) and .36 (Time 2). Correlations of the scale with attitudes toward computers were –.08 (Time 1), .03 (Time 2) and with computer anxiety was –.11 (Time 2).
Attitudes of Undergraduate College Students toward Aids
Authors: Crawford Isiaah
Published: August 2011

This study examined attitudes about AIDS and the effects of those attitudes on the behavior of 131 undergraduate college students. Participants reported having minimal concern about contracting AIDS from their current or future sexual partners, and their rate of sexual activity had not changed from that of the previous year. of all participants 69% reported they did not use condoms during their sexual encounters. White students were more knowledgeable about AIDS than their peers from minority groups. Although all participants were aware they could not contract the AIDS virus through common social interaction, 80% reported they would feel very anxious if a classmate who had AIDS continued to attend classes. These findings suggest that these undergraduate students underestimate their risk of HIV infection and so jeopardize their health.
Directed Attention Influences the Modification of Startle Reflex Probability
Authors: Acocella Cecilia M. , Blumenthal Terry D.
Published: August 2011

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of directed attention on elicitation and modification of the startle reflex. 30 adult human subjects received 90 dB(A) broadband noise startle stimuli either alone or preceded by a 60 dB(A) prepulse (either 2000-Hz tone, 1000-Hz tone, or broadband noise). Subjects were instructed to attend to one of the three prepulses during half the trials and to ignore all stimuli during the rest of the trials. The probability of responding while attending to a prepulse was significantly lower than the probability of responding while ignoring the prepulses. Responding to the prepulses was also more probable while subjects were attending to the prepulses, and these effects were more pronounced for tone than for noise prepulses. These results suggest that directed attention can influence the probability of the startle reflex without influencing startle amplitude or latency.
Perceptions of Marriage and Family Life of Young Adults with and without Histories of Parental Divorce
Authors: Carson David K. , Pauly Kelly M.
Published: August 2011

Data were collected on 94 undergraduate students with and without histories of parental divorce. Analysis indicated that between groups there were few differences in ideals and future aspirations about marriage and family life.
A Case against Continuing Use of the Spearman Formula for Rank-Order Correlation
Authors: Roberts Dennis M. , Kunst Ruthe E.
Published: August 2011

Historical development of the Pearson correlation and the Spearman analog on the ranks was traced to delineate the basis on which the Spearman formula was derived. Following this, recommendations from current statistical textbooks on the use of the Spearman formula were presented. Arguments of computational simplicity, appropriateness when data are not at the interval level, and appropriateness when the relation between X and Y is monotonic but nonlinear for using Spearman were found deficient. Results from a small simulation study also supported this view.
Some Developmental Trends in Children's Information-Processing Strategies
Authors: Molloy Geoffrey N. , Das J. P. , Pierce C. M. B.
Published: August 2011

The problem-solving strategies of 120 children from two age levels were compared by means of exploratory factor analyses. Essentially, these results replicated the factor structures of earlier studies based on the Das-Luria model. Disparities in factor loadings on some tasks were interpreted as suggestive of developmental differences in children's coding strategies which are compatible with Bruner's description of the course of cognitive growth.
Golembiewski's Phase Model of Psychological Burnout: Some Issues
Authors: Wolpin Jacob , Burke Ronald J. , Greenglass Esther R.
Published: August 2011

The present investigation examined three issues relevant to Golembiewski's phase model of psychological burnout. These were use of the mean versus median in creating high and low subgroups on Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales, use of different item structures on Maslach subscales, and different sequences of Maslach subscales proposed by Golembiewski and Maslach in the development of psychological burnout. Use of mean versus median, or different item structures on Maslach subscales, made relatively little difference. Golembiewski's ordering of the subscales, compared to Maslach's, produced a more linear progression over the 8 phases, as well as on three antecedents and consequences, but both sequences were related to these three variables in an almost identical fashion.
Investigating the Impact of Deconditioning Anxiety on Weight Loss
Authors: Nagler William , Androff Anne
Published: August 2011

The effectiveness of a new model for the treatment of obesity was studied. This model assumed that obesity was not an eating disorder but a “not eating” disorder. Obese individuals do not have a problem eating, they are overly good at it. Obese individuals have a problem not eating. They experience difficulty or anxiety when they do not eat. The model assumed that removal of anxiety associated with “not eating” would allow obese subjects to lose weight. Wolpe and Lazarus' progressive relaxation techniques were used to decondition anxiety assumed associated with “not eating” in subjects. Inferred anxiety was deconditioned under conditions of “not eating” when imagining hunger, emotions, and cravings. Twenty-five subjects were instructed not to follow a diet after deconditioning but to eat less and be hungry to lose weight. A control group of 10 was instructed to follow a balanced 1000-calorie diet to lose weight. The former group lost a statistically significant amount of weight (7.5% of their body weight) over 11.9 months, while the control group subjects gained 6.5% of their weight. The model appears to be effective for the treatment of some individuals who wish to lose weight, based upon this preliminary study. Replication with other and larger groups is essential.
Self-Efficacy of Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Holden Gary , Moncher Michael S. , Schinke Steven P. , Barker Kathleen M.
Published: August 2011

The current study analyzed empirical work examining the relationship of self-efficacy to subsequent behavior in children under the age of 16. Applying meta-analytic techniques to 26 studies ( N = 1692) published in the psychological literature between 1977 and 1989 resulted in a mean effect size ( r) of .334 across studies.
Regional Differences in Privacy Preferences
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M. , Frances Shelia
Published: August 2011

A normative study of differences in privacy preferences among men and women who lived in various areas of the United States was completed. A Privacy Questionnaire measured six dimensions of privacy: Reserve, Isolation, Intimacy with Family, Intimacy with Friends, Anonymity, and Solitude. The inventory was administered to 225 men and women college students from five geographical regions: Southwest, Midwest, Mountain States, West Coast, and Northwest. Significant and meaningful differences were found in the privacy preferences between men and women and among people residing in the various geographical regions.
An International Comparison and Psychometric Analysis of Need for Achievement Scores on the Ray Scale
Authors: Ward Edward A.
Published: August 2011

The measure of achievement motivation developed by Ray in 1979 with European and Australian subjects was administered to 182 university students in the United States of America. The descriptive statistics were similar to the original norms, but the reliabilities of the scale and its factors were insufficient.
Self-Consciousness Scale: A Study of Spanish Housewives
Authors: Baños R. M. , Belloch A. , Perpiña C.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the applicability with 93 Spanish housewives of the translated Self-consciousness Scale. We present reliability measures and normative data, and we also include data for two clinical samples (31 depressive and 31 asthmatic women patients).
Accuracy of the MMPI in Identifying Multiple Personality Disorder
Authors: Coons Philip M. , Fine Catherine G.
Published: August 2011

A number of previous studies have delineated Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) characteristics in patients with multiple personality. To test the accuracy of the MMPI in identifying such patients, the authors blindly rated 63 MMPIs as being either multiple personality or not. The over-all hit rate for the entire sample was 71 4%, with a 68% hit rate for correctly identified patients with multiple personality These hit rates compare favorably with the hit rates in similar studies of other psychiatric disorders and further demonstrate the clinical usefulness of the MMPI in the diagnosis of multiple personality.
Histrionic Disorder among Iranian High School and College Students
Authors: Makaremi Azar
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to explore the sex and group differences in histrionic personalities of high school and university students, and also to explore the results of this study with those of Crown and Crisp from 1966 in England. A sample of 160 high school students (80 girls and 80 boys) were selected randomly from four high schools in Shiraz and Shiraz University. The mean ages for high school girls and boys were 15.3 and 17.3 yr., for university women and men were 20.6 and 23.2 yr., respectively. The hysteria (H) scale of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire was used. The questions of this scale refer to histrionic personality according to DSM-III and DSM-III—R. Analysis showed significant effects of group (high school, college) for histrionic personality disorder. It was concluded that more histrionic personality disorders were reported among British college students than among their Iranian peers.
Relationship between Occupational Fantasies and College Majors
Authors: Miller Mark J. , McGowan Robert
Published: August 2011

In this study the associations of expressed occupational fantasies and selection of college majors for 66 college students were analyzed. Implications for career counseling are discussed.
Correlations between Personality and Leadership Concepts and Skills as Measured by the High School Personality Questionnaire and the Leadership Skills Inventory
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , D'Ilio Victor R.
Published: August 2011

The correlations among the subscales on the High School Personality Questionnaire and the Leadership Skills Inventory, estimated for 95 student leaders, were numerous, significant, and positive but of small magnitude. Several significant differences were found between boys and girls.
MMPI Subtle-Obvious Scales and Malingering: Clinical versus Simulated Scores
Authors: Lees-Haley Paul R. , Fox David D.
Published: August 2011

Subtle-obvious scale discrepancies on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were compared for pathology simulators and clinical groups to test the hypothesis that subtle-obvious scores help differentiate simulators. Total obvious minus subtle T score discrepancy greater than 100 discriminated the student malingerers and produced few false positives among clinical populations such as psychiatric inpatients and outpatients. The hypothesis that these clinical patients score high on these indices of malingering as a baserate or as a cry for help was rejected. These data suggest that there are differences between simulators and clinical patients, which are detectable by use of subtle-obvious scores, and that this procedure bears further exploration.
Women's Rights and Roles: Attitudes among Black and White Students
Authors: Bailey William T. , Silver N. Clayton , Oliver Kathleen A.
Published: August 2011

Research on attitudes toward women's rights and roles held by black and white students has yielded mixed results which may reflect the variety of measures that have been used. The attitudes of black and white, male and female students were examined on the Spence and Helmreich 15-item Attitudes Toward Women Scale, a widely used instrument. A significant main effect for sex indicated that women were more liberal or profeminist than men. There was neither a main effect of nor interaction with race. These findings may be related to prevailing attitudes in our society or specific to this sample.
Alienation and the Game Dungeons and Dragons
Authors: DeRenard Lisa A. , Kline Linda Mannik
Published: August 2011

The media has speculated about negative effects of the role-playing game Dungeons and Dragons on players of the game. This study examined differences in feelings of alienation between 35 active players and 35 nonplayers. Fewer players expressed feelings of meaninglessness and more players expressed feelings of cultural estrangement than nonplayers. Other feelings of alienation between players and nonplayers were not different. Also, more committed players—those who spent more money on the game and played the game more frequently—expressed greater feelings of alienation.
Beyond the Psychiatric Principle: A Proposal for a Psychological Paradigm for the Description and Classification of Psychopathology
Authors: Frank George
Published: August 2011

Dissatisfaction with the psychiatric system of classification of psychopathology has existed for decades. The many revisions have not rectified the many problems. An entirely different paradigm for the description and classification of psychopathology seemed necessary. Based on research, a proposal for a psychological system of classification of psychopathology is offered, one based on disorder in cognitive, emotional, and social functioning. A program of research to test the validity and heuristic value of this system is discussed.
Sibling Variable Correlates of Children's Academic Achievement: Family-Group Differences
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

The study examined the proposition that relationships among sibling variables, intellectual ability, and academic achievement vary for children from different family-environment groups. Data were collected from 900 11-yr.-old Australian children and their parents. In the analysis, the children were classified into four family contexts that were defined conjointly by family social status and parents' academic socialization. Within each family group, regression surfaces were constructed from models that included terms to account for possible linear, interaction, and curvilinear associations among the variables. The results suggested the general proposition that within the family-environment groups, sibling variables were not related to academic achievement at different levels of children's ability. However, the findings indicated that there were variations to this general proposition. Indeed, there were a number of complex associations between the sibling variables and children's academic achievement in the different family-environment groups.
Astrology and the Scientific Method
Authors: Crowe Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Despite the fact that virtually all scientists reject astrology as unfounded superstition, it continues to hold a powerful grip on the belief-systems of millions of people. With the advent of computer technology, rigorous statistical tests have been carried out to examine the validity of the oft-heard claim that astrology works. The results of these recent tests are uniformly negative. Application of the scientific method then leads us to reject the astrological hypothesis.
Night Waking and Temperament in Early Childhood
Authors: Schaefer Charles E.
Published: August 2011

A study of 100 young children referred to a Crying Baby Clinic for repeated waking at night yielded a less than expected incidence of “easy” temperaments and a greater number of “difficult” temperaments in the children.
Recollecting Events Associated with Victimization
Authors: Guenther R. Kim , Frey Claudia
Published: August 2011

Subjects first completed social desirability and anxiety personality scales and then read a story about a woman meeting her brother for lunch. Some subjects were then told that the story involved sexual abuse. A week later all subjects took a multiple-choice memory test over the story. The results indicated that subjects categorized as repressors based on the personality scales had a lower proportion of negative than positive errors than did the nonrepressors, but only when they believed the story was about sexual abuse. However, repressors answered correctly as many items as did nonrepressors. The results were consistent with the idea that repressorsre-member as much about victimization experiences as do nonrepressors but are more likely to fill in the missing details of victimization experiences with positive reconstructions designed to reduce the over-all negative quality associated with victimization.
Anger Reactions of Iranian Adolescents
Authors: Makaremi Azar
Published: August 2011

The purposes of this study were to examine the anger reactions of Iranian adolescents directed against their peer groups, parents, and teachers, or school faculties, and also to compare the results with Gesell's data from 1956. A questionnaire was developed according to Gesell's study to investigate the kinds of anger reactions 454 high school students (258 girls and 196 boys) expressed against their peer groups, parents and teachers, or school faculties. Adolescents used more crying against their fathers than mothers, peers, and teachers and more verbal aggression against their peers than their parents and teachers. For kind of anger reaction against parents and teachers or school faculties chi squared was significant across sex of adolescents. Finally, the kinds of anger reactions against mothers and stronger peers were significantly related to mothers' education.
Development and Preliminary Validation of a Questionnaire Assessment of Expressed Emotion
Authors: Docherty Nancy M. , Serper Mark R. , Harvey Philip D.
Published: August 2011

A questionnaire for measurement of expressed emotion was constructed. It consisted of two scales, criticism and emotional overinvolvement. The questionnaire and the Camberwell Family Interview were then administered to relatives of schizophrenics, and preliminary assessments of scale reliabilities and concurrent validities were done. Both questionnaire scales were reliable. With respect to validity, the criticism scale correctly classified 88% of the subjects relative to the criticism scale of the interview. The emotional overinvolvement scale was less satisfactory (67%) but still assisted in classification of over-all expressed emotion. Expressed emotion, classification by the questionnaire, correctly identified 84% of the subjects with respect to the interview.
Relationships between Organizational Culture and Individual Motivation—A Conceptual Integration
Authors: Wiener Yoash , Vardi Yoav
Published: August 2011

Culture is defined as a system of shared values which produces normative pressures on members of organizations. Its unique influence on individuals' motivation is to enhance members' commitment, which acts jointly with instrumental motivation to influence individuals' behavior. Conditions affecting the relative weight of cultural-normative and instrumental processes in determining behavior are discussed.
Effect of Response Involvement, Quality of Arguments, Number of Arguments, and Style of Introduction on Persuasion
Authors: Pentony Joseph F.
Published: August 2011

The present study added rhetorical questions to prior exploration of the relationship between response involvement, quality of argument, and number of arguments. A 2 (response involvement) × 2 (quality of argument) × 2 (number of arguments) × 2 (style of introduction) design was used. Subjects were involved by allowing them to vote on their final examination questions. Good arguments were superior to bad arguments on all dependent variables. There were no more significant interactions than would be attributed to chance.
Differential Effects of Pet Presence and Pet-Bonding on Young Children
Authors: Poresky Robert H. , Hendrix Charles
Published: August 2011

Pets have been shown to influence human development, but whether the effect is due to the presence of a pet or to the person's relationship with a pet is uncertain. Mothers rated their young children's companion animal bond (relationship) and social competence on a parental questionnaire, and a researcher assessed the children's empathy, cooperation, and intelligence during home visits. Significant correlations were noted between the children's bonds with their companion animals and their scores on the social competency scales as well as their empathy scores. The lack of similar significant pet presence (“ownership”) correlations supports the hypothesis that the children's relationships with their pets are more important than just the presence of one or more pets in their homes.
Political Behavior: Voting Participation of Inner-City Elderly Blacks Compared to other Populations in a Medium-Sized City
Authors: Powell F. C. , Thorson James A.
Published: August 2011

Voting participation was examined across nine elections in Omaha, Nebraska. Voting frequencies of all eligible voters in the city, all elderly eligible voters, and a random sample of inner-city elderly black voters were compared. The analysis shows that frequency of voting among inner-city elderly black individuals was the same as among all elderly persons in seven of the nine elections and significantly higher than that found among eligible voters of all ages in all nine of the elections.
Factorial Structure of the Charles F. Kettering Climate Profile
Authors: Johnson William L.
Published: August 2011

A statistical analysis was made of scores on the Charles F. Kettering scale, a popular measure of school climate. The study centered on a multivariate analysis of the Genera] Climate Factors section. The 822 subjects were from an elementary, junior high, and two high school campuses of a large school district in the southwestern United States. Factor analyses show that the subscales group in a different manner than was proposed by the scale's developers. This study suggests new subscales be designed to improve over-all validity.
Attitudes toward Autopsy Refusal by Young Adults
Authors: Wilke Arthur , French Fran
Published: August 2011

A survey of 158 18- to 24-yr.-old college and 119 noncollege adults indicated that the latter were more reluctant to approve autopsies for spouses, children, and distant relatives. Nonstudents also expressed more objections to autopsies than did students.
Cognitive Appraisal of Daily Hassles in College Students Showing Type a or Type b Behavior Patterns
Authors: Cinelli Leslie A. , Ziegler Daniel J.
Published: August 2011

To test the hypothesized role of cognitive appraisal in Lazarus' model of life stress, 312 male and female undergraduate students completed the Hassles Scale and the Jenkins Activity Survey, Form C. Based upon their scores on the Type A scale of the Jenkins Activity Survey, subjects showing Type A behavior pattern differed significantly from subjects showing Type B behavior pattern on both reported frequencies of hassles (higher for Type A scoring subjects) and hassles content pattern. This is interpreted primarily as supportive of the cognitive appraisal variable in Lazarus' life stress model.
Applying the Theory of Reasoned Action to Charitable Intent
Authors: Konkoly Thomas H. , Perloff Richard M.
Published: August 2011

The present study applied Fishbein and Ajzen's 1975 theory of reasoned action to the domain of philanthropic behavior. 245 college students completed a questionnaire that assessed attitude and subjective norm regarding intent to create a charitable bequest via will. Attitude and subjective norm accounted for significant amounts of variance in behavioral intentions, consistent with other studies of the theory of reasoned action.
MMPI Comparisons of Hispanic- and White-American Veterans Seeking Treatment for Alcoholism
Authors: Velasquez Roberto J. , Callahan Wendell J.
Published: August 2011

Scores of 29 Hispanic- and 46 white-American alcoholics, who voluntarily sought psychiatric treatment for their alcoholism, were compared on the MMPI. It was hypothesized that Hispanic-American alcoholics would be better adjusted than white alcoholics on the validity and clinical scales of the MMPI. The hypothesis was supported, with Hispanic-Americans obtaining significantly lower scores than white veterans on the Pd, Mf, and Si scales. Hispanic and white patients did not differ on the remaining MMPI scales. The mean two-point code for Hispanic subjects was 2–8 (Depression-Schizophrenia) and for white patients 8-2 (Schizophrenia-Depression).
Functional Communication and Problem Solving in a Bus Traffic-Regulation Task
Authors: Navarro Claude
Published: August 2011

Analysis of communication during tasks can be effected by adopting a problem-solving perspective. This view is illustrated in an exploratory study of a bus traffic-regulation task (dialogues between distant operators). Our method is based on a lexical analysis of verbal data (ALCESTE) as well as an analysis of the sequential organization of the informational variables contained within the dialogues. The principal results show the validity of the method and the interest value of a problem-solving approach in work situations.
Measuring Socioeconomic Status in Child Development Research
Authors: Hart Craig , Lawrence Frances , Thomasson Renee , Wozniak Patricia
Published: August 2011

Of the 4 components of the Hollingshead Four-factor Model of Social Status, paternal occupation and education, then maternal occupation and education, provide a gross measure of children's social status. The conclusion rests on analysis of data from 144 families.
Patterns in Gender-Related Perceptions: Mothers' Work History, Personal Attributes, and Feminist Orientation
Authors: Shotola Robert W. , Farr Kathryn Ann
Published: August 2011

Perceptions of mothers' work history (temporal patterns, reasons why mothers worked or did not work outside the home) were examined in relation to 153 male and 188 female college students' self-reported personal attributes and feminist orientation. Men, more than women, reported their mothers had not worked and had wanted to be full-time homemakers. Women more frequently recalled that then-mothers had worked full time and were more likely to attribute mothers' not working to their husbands' objections. Respondents' personal attributes or (feminist) values were unrelated to their perceptions of their mothers' work patterns, but some were associated—differentially for daughters and sons—with reported reasons their mothers worked or did not work.
Update on the Parallel Analysis Criterion for Determining the Number of Principal Components
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: August 2011

Recent developments in parallel analysis with unities in the diagonal are reviewed, and the application of the parallel analysis criterion is illustrated with three examples. It is shown that the results of various approaches do not always agree. Investigators are encouraged to employ the parallel analysis criterion, along with one or more other criteria, in deciding on the number of principal components.
Personality Correlates of Anxiety about Public Speaking
Authors: Sloan Jennifer , Slane Steve
Published: August 2011

McCroskey (1982) has hypothesized that there are various forms of apprehension about communication some of which are situation specific and some of which are best thought of as traits. Other research has established a relationship between personality variables and a trait conception of apprehension about communication. If McCroskey's distinction between trait and situation-based state is appropriate, personality variables ordinarily associated with trait apprehension about communication should not correlate as highly with forms defined as more situation specific, such as anxiety about public speaking. Multiple regressions were performed using trait measures of apprehension about communication (the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension) and situation-based anxiety (the public speaking factor of the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension) as dependent variables. As hypothesized, contributions of personality were less for trait than situation-specific apprehension about communication. The inclusion of self-monitoring as a moderator variable added additional information about the contributions of personality to situation-specific apprehension about communication, with personality being more predictive of apprehension about public speaking for low self-monitors.
Immunization against Learned Helplessness in the Cockroach (Periplaneta Americana)
Authors: Brown Gary E. , Howe Angela R. , Jones Thomas E.
Published: August 2011

Cockroaches exposed to one day of escapable shock prior to three days of inescapable shock did not become helpless on a shuttlebox-escape task. Like dogs and rats, cockroaches are immunized against learned helplessness by prior experience with escapable shock.
Accountancy, Teaching Methods, Sex, and American College Test Scores
Authors: Heritage Jeannette , Harper Betty S. , Harper J. Phillip
Published: August 2011

This study examines the significance of sex, methodology, academic preparation, and age as related to development of judgmental and problem-solving skills. Sex, American College Test (ACT) Mathematics scores, Composite ACT scores, grades in course work, grade point average (GPA), and age were used in studying the effects of teaching method on 96 students' ability to analyze data in financial statements. Results reflect positively on accounting students compared to the general college population and the women students in particular.
Love of Animals and Interpersonal Affectionate Behavior
Authors: St-Yves A. , Freeston M. H. , Jacques C. , Robitaille C.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between humans' affectionate behavior with other humans and with animals was investigated. 149 adults (81 current pet-owners and 68 nonowners) completed the two affection scales of Schutz's 1966 FIRO-B and Ray's Love of Animals questionnaire. Current pet owners scored higher on Love of Animals than nonowners, who in turn scored higher than those that had never owned a pet. Factor analysis of the Love of Animals Scale gave a large factor (Attitudes Towards Pet Ownership) and a smaller one (Value of Animals). No relationship was found between Wanted or Expressed Affection and either of the Love of Animals factor scores once sociodemographic factors were partialled out. No differences were found between pet-type for Wanted or Expressed Affection. It is concluded that there is no support for a relationship between affection for animals and interpersonal affectionate behavior, at least for casual pet-owners.
Maier's (1931) Two-String Problem Revisited: Evidence for Spontaneous Transfer?
Authors: Landrum R. Eric
Published: August 2011

Transfer occurs when previous experiences facilitate problem solving, and often experimental subjects are explicitly informed of the connection between earlier source information and the target problem. Spontaneous transfer occurs when subjects are uninformed of the connection between events, yet benefit from the prior experience. Maier's two-string problem was used in four conditions: two conditions providing uninformed “hints” for target solution, one explicit hint condition, and a control condition. Two separate experiments indicated significant informed transfer when subjects were explicitly told to think of a pendulum, and a spontaneous transfer effect approached significance for subjects who saw the string swing during the instructions. The results are discussed in terms of the subtle yet consistent appearance of spontaneous transfer across many studies.
Sex-Role Egalitarianism and Androgyny: Discriminant Evidence
Authors: King Lynda A. , King Daniel W.
Published: August 2011

The two alternate full forms of the Sex-role Egalitarianism Scale and the full form of the Bern Sex-role Inventory were separately administered on three occasions to a college student sample of 99. Findings suggest that the attitudinal construct of egalitarianism and the gender trait of androgyny are not associated.
Effects of Customer Service Communication on Employees' Satisfaction
Authors: Abramis David J. , Thomas Cher
Published: August 2011

This study has two parts. The first study, based on content analyses of the printed media, identifies general categories of customer service practices used today. The second study, based on surveys of 100 working adults, shows the importance of “customer service practices” which are internal to organizations. To maximize employees' satisfaction, rewards for customer service should be emphasized and clearly provided. In addition, management must use and evaluate data about customers which are gathered by direct service providers.
Effects of Freudian Sexual Symbolism in Advertising on Self-Reported Purchasing Tendencies: A Preliminary Intrabrand Analysis
Authors: Ruth William J.
Published: August 2011

A preliminary study measured the effects of Freudian sexual symbolism in liquor advertisements on self-reported purchasing tendencies by comparing symbolic versus nonsymbolic advertisements of the same brand of liquor (intrabrand). The analysis generally indicated greater purchasing tendencies for symbolic than for nonsymbolic advertisements. Findings suggest that symbolic advertisements may unconsciously motivate consumers to purchase certain products and, when sexual symbols are present versus absent, advertisements of the same product may influence consumers differently.
More on the Discredibility of Eyewitnesses
Authors: Elliott Rogers
Published: August 2011

This study examined the hypothesis that the extent to which discreditations of eyewitness testimony are effective is in part a function of the strength of the basic physical and noneyewitness circumstantial evidence to which eyewitness testimony adds. Specific guilt-inducing facts were varied within each of two case contexts. In these and other designs, both within- and between-subjects, the hypothesis was supported, though the main result was that it is not difficult to discredit eyewitness testimony. The rival hypothesis that the outcome is an artifact of ceiling effects cannot be rejected for these data.
Note on the Construct Validity of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery
Authors: Lee Myung Sook , Wallbrown Fred H. , Blaha John
Published: August 2011

A Wherry-Wherry (1969) hierarchical factor solution was obtained for the intercorrelations among subtests of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery for a sample of 3,121 high school students reported by Jackson (1984). An hierarchical arrangement of abilities consisting of a strong g-factor and two primaries corresponding to the verbal-education ( v.ed) and spatial-perceptual-mechanical ( k:m) parameters from Vernon's 1950 structural model were obtained. This ability arrangement provides construct validity for the Full Scale IQs, Verbal IQs, and Performance IQs from the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery.
The Harter Self-Perception Profile: Some Normative and Psychometric Data
Authors: Masciuch Sonia W. , McRae Lissa S. E. , Young Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2011

The Harter Self-perception Profile was administered to 102 undergraduate students in business courses at two Canadian universities. Men's and women's ratings differed over-all for global self-worth and the “What I am like” domains of Creativity, Athletic Competence, and Appearance. Men and women did not differ significantly on the importance ratings.
Malingering in the Clinical Setting: Practical Suggestions for Intervention
Authors: Rabinowitz Stanley , Mark Mordechai , Modai Ilan , Margalit Chaim
Published: August 2011

The complex nature of malingering observed in the military is examined, and a practical approach to the handling of such behaviour in the clinical setting is outlined. The complementary tasks of the mental health professional, the primary care physician, and other community agents are discussed.
Debate Reawakened: Premorbid Factors for Soldiers with Refractory Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Rabinowitz Stanley , Margalit Chaim , Mark Mordechai , Solomon Zahava , Bleich Avi
Published: August 2011

Soldiers with severe Posttraumatic Stress Disorder who did not respond favourably to the front echelon treatment units, were treated in a rear echelon treatment centre, named Combat Fitness Retraining Unit, an alternative to psychiatric hospitalization. The soldiers were given individual clinical interviews; their combat potential scores were measured to tap premorbid factors which may have contributed to the development of symptoms. Analysis indicated that (1) in the clinical interview subjects showed clear interpersonal, school, family, and army adjustment problems prior to the trauma, (2) soldiers with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder treated in the rear unit tended to come from the lower end of the military combat potential level. Ramifications of these findings were carefully elucidated.
Who Does Have a Test for AIDS?
Authors: Duncan David F.
Published: August 2011

Of 184 persons (18 to 78 yr.) presenting at one site for HIV testing, 112 were men, 173 were white, and 179 were HIV-. Principal risk groups identified were 53 gay/bisexual males, 46 with multiple heterosexual sex partners, and 33 transfusion recipients.
Argumentativeness among Selected Finnish and American College Students
Authors: Klopf Donald W. , Thompson Catherine A. , Sallinen-Kuparinen Aino
Published: August 2011

Compared on the Infante/Rancer Argumentativeness scale, 247 Finnish university students had a significantly higher mean score on argumentativeness as a trait than 155 American university students. No significant difference was noted on the desire to approach arguments, but the American students were significantly more inclined to avoid arguments than the Finnish students.
Social Styles of Finns and Americans
Authors: Sallinen-Kuparinen Aino , Thompson Catherine A. , Klopf Donald W.
Published: August 2011

Using the Assertiveness-Responsiveness Measure, scores of 230 Finnish university students were compared with those of 251 American university students. These American students' scores indicated that they were significantly more assertive and responsive than were the Finnish participants, the American men scored as more assertive than the Finnish men, and both groups of women as more responsive than both groups of men.
The Developmental Nature of Self-Disclosure
Authors: Prisbell Marshall , Dallinger Judith M.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the nature of self-disclosure in developing relationships. After completing various tasks on three separate occasions, 88 students completed a measure of self-disclosure. Analysis indicated that amount of disclosure increased consistently, while depth of disclosure consistently decreased across time. The dimensions of honesty and intent of disclosure fluctuated across time, while positiveness of disclosure did not change. Discussion concerned suggestions for research.
Correlates of Condom Use among Fraternity Men
Authors: Mink Edward M. , Mareth Linda , Russell Jo , Young Michael
Published: August 2011

89 sexually active men from four fraternities were surveyed concerning their sexual behavior and condom use. Significantly associated with frequency of condom use were high school sex education, preferred method of birth control, partner's attitude toward use of condoms, and feelings that condoms were inconvenient, uncomfortable, or limiting.
A Retrospective Study of Career Development: I. Relationship among First Aspirations, Parental Occupations, and Current Occupations
Authors: Trice Ashton D.
Published: August 2011

Brief interviews were conducted with 620 full-time employed adults between the ages of 40 and 55 years to identify their first realistic career aspirations and the ages at which they were made. A majority (59%) indicated a first career aspiration before the age of 13. Exact matches with current occupations were rare but increased in frequency with higher age of first aspiration. Aspirations and occupations were classified according to Holland's (1985) six occupational categories. Forty-one percent of the childhood aspirations and 46% of the adolescent aspirations matched current occupations. Those reporting early aspirations within the same category as their fathers' occupations were more likely to remain within the same category at middle age than those whose early career aspirations did not match their fathers' occupations.
Age Differences and Structural Validity for the Greek Version of the Body Cathexis Scale
Authors: Theodorakis Yiannis , Doganis George , Bagiatis Konstantinos
Published: August 2011

To examine age differences and the internal structure of the Greek version of the Body Cathexis Scale, 152 women 18 to 45 yr. of age and participating in physical fitness programs took the scale. High internal consistency was evident: in item analysis rs ranged from .29 to .68, split-half r was .89, and Cronbach alpha .92. Factor analysis yielded six factors: (1) Physical Fitness, (2) Total Appearance, (3) Health and Skills, (4) Face, (5) Ears and Chin, and (6) Extremities. These explained 52.5% of the total variance. The higher body satisfaction was observed on the factors, Health and Skills, Ears and Chin, and Extremities. Multivariate analysis of variance of body satisfaction across factors indicated no differences.
How Business Professionals View Their Stress
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M. , Ginther Dean W. , Tomcala Maryjane , Bryant George W.
Published: August 2011

Differences in stress for business professionals by sex, age, marital status, stress levels, job classification, having children and pets were investigated. Subjects were 80 business professionals who responded to the Tennessee Stress Scale-L inventory which provides three subscales (Stress Producers, Coping Mechanisms, and Stress Symptoms) and Total Stress. Significant differences were found between 40 men and 40 women and among stress level groups on Stress Producers, Stress Symptoms, and Total Stress scores.
Late Onset of Alcoholism among Older Midwestern Men in Treatment
Authors: Adams Scot L. , Waskel Shirley A.
Published: August 2011

60 men were administered a questionnaire to assess whether the prevalence of alcoholism in men over 60 years of age in alcoholism treatment centers parallels the reported rates of late-onset for one-third or more alcoholics. Analysis showed 11% of the subjects were of late onset while 33% were quasilate onset. There were no significant differences in life stress between alcoholics of early and later onset.
Use of the Hereford Parent Attitude Survey as An Outcome Measure in Parent Education Research
Authors: Brand Handré J. , Ellis Engela G.
Published: August 2011

Research on outcome evaluation published since 1980 on the Hereford Parent Attitude Survey was reviewed in terms of sample size, type of parent training program used, and the scales' sensitivity to change in parental attitudes after intervention. Some support for the sensitivity of the Hereford was found, and, as an evaluation device to assess whether program goals have been achieved, the scale proved to be a useful instrument. The Hereford scale can be applied with reasonable confidence in research on parenting and in strategies to enhance effective parenting.
The Leadership of Department Chairpersons: Time/Resource Management, Rewards, Frustrations, and Role Satisfaction
Authors: Meredith Gerald M. , Wunsch Marie A.
Published: August 2011

This study identified modal patterns of time/resource management, rewards, frustrations, and job satisfaction among 109 department chairpersons. A Multiple R = .64 was attained for predicting satisfaction level. The complex role of chairperson requires new selection, training, and support systems in higher education.
Family-Work Spillover in Dual-Career Couples: A Comparison of Two Time Perspectives
Authors: Burley Kim A.
Published: August 2011

In this study the associations between perceptions and use of time and experiences of family-work spillover for 277 men and women involved in dual careers were analyzed. Implications for research on work and family are discussed.
Intelligence and Race: Further Comments on J. P. Rushton's Work
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Zdenek
Published: August 2011

A review of some implications of J. P. Rushton's 1988 and 1990 work on racial differences in brain mass (size or weight) suggests that his comments do not constitute a viable scientific theory.
Health Locus of Control, Self-Concept, and Anxiety in Pediatric Cancer Patients
Authors: Goertzel Lillian , Goertzel Ted
Published: August 2011

In a study of 38 pediatric cancer patients, standardized measures of health locus of control achieved only modest to unsatisfactory reliability. Correlations between health locus of control and measures of self-concept and anxiety were low. Some of the items from the scales, however, were significantly related to the patients' feelings of well-being, positive self-concept, and reduced levels of anxiety. An examination of these item correlations and information from a qualitative interview suggest that hopefulness may be more salient for pediatric cancer patients than locus of control. Further research on children's health locus of control should distinguish between clinical and healthy populations.
On the Nature of Attachment in a Borderline Population: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Sperling Michael B. , Sharp James L. , Fishler Priscilla H.
Published: August 2011

Analyses of interpersonal behavior within a borderline population usually focus on object relations variables. In contrast, this preliminary research focuses on the nature of attachment styles and its relation to behavioral pathology. 24 hospitalized borderline patients were administered an Attachment Style Inventory and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. Analysis confirms predicted differences in attachment style between the borderline and normal control samples as well as indicates that a dependent style of attachment within this borderline sample is associated with less pathology than an avoidant, hostile, or resistant/ambivalent style. The implications of this preliminary work for full-scale research are addressed.
Parental Aspiration and Academic Achievement of Xhosa Children
Authors: Cherian Varghese Iepen
Published: August 2011

This study explored the relationship between parents' aspirations for the education of their children and children's academic achievement. The sample included 1021 Xhosa pupils (369 boys and 652 girls) in the age range of 13 to 17 yr., with a mean of 15.6 yr., and they were chosen at random from the Standard 7/Year 9 population of Transkei, South Africa. A questionnaire to measure parental aspiration, education, occupation, and income of parents was administered to the parents. The marks obtained by the pupils in the Standard 7 external examination conducted by the Department of Education of the government of Transkei in seven subject areas were aggregated as the criterion measure. Analysis of variance showed a significant positive association between parents' aspirations and their children's academic achievement.