bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Event-based Geospatial Data Updating
Authors: Zhou Zhao , Sun Qun , Lyu Xiaohua
Published: July 2019

Abstract. How to update the geospatial data timely and accurately has become the focus of surveying and mapping. However, an efficient updating system has not been set up so far. Still the updating operations depend on human-computer interaction, which is less efficient, labour-consuming and prone to error. Accordingly, this paper proposes a new event-based updating method of geospatial data in order to improve the automation and intelligence of data updating. The main contents of the paper are as follows:On the basis of the five classical categories of spatio-temporal change typology, the paper proposes a new classification which includes create, transform, death, disappear, reappear, split，divide，combine，merge and so on. The above new classification of spatio-temporal change type is more compatible with geospatial data updating.The paper proposes a new conception about the life cycle of geospatial features which simulates spatio-temporal changing process of the geospatial entity on the world. The life cycle of geospatial features is composed of three stages: emergence, existence and death. The rules of the above life cycle of geospatial features are also set up.The paper gives a definition of geographical events and also sets up the conceptual model of geographical eventswhich is composed of time, location, geospatial feature, geographical event type and procedure. To better meet the demand of geospatial data updating, the geographical events are also reclassified into create event, transform event,death event, disappear event, reappear event, evolution event, split event, divide event, combine event and merge event.The paper suggests that homologous geographical feature matching and change detecting should be used to deduce spatio-temporal change type and extract geographical events. The thesis intends to set up an up-to-down matching pattern with four layers so as to improve the efficiency and accuracy of matching. Buffer area matching and attribute matching are used to match the point features of the same names. Both the minimum bounding rectangle overlap area and discrete Fréchet distance are used to match the line features of the same names. As for area features, feature overlapping area and Hausdorff distance are employed in matching. In addition, the thesis proposes to use XML to organize and store dynamic updating operation.Under the guidance of event-based geospatial data updating method, the related prototype system has been established and tested in the updating experiments of residence community and roads.
Visualizing and Mining Social Media Data for Smart Emergency Management
Authors: Zou Lei
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The ability of a community to prepare for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to disastrous events is defined as disaster resilience. Disaster resilience can be better understood by investigating human behaviors during the four phases of emergency management – preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. However, a major challenge is that data describing communities’ behaviors in different phases of emergency management are difficult to access through traditional databases. Social media such as Twitter is increasingly being used as an effective platform to observe human behaviors in disastrous events. These responses and behaviors could be better understood by analyzing real-time social media data through categorizing them into different phases of the emergency management.This research studies the Twitter use during 2012 Hurricane Sandy and 2017 Hurricane Harvey, which struck the U.S. northeast and south coasts, respectively. The objectives are fourfold: (1) to develop a Twitter data mining and visualization framework and a set of indexes for emergency management and resilience analysis; (2) to visualize the spatial-temporal patterns of disaster-related Twitter activities during the two hurricane events; (3) to examine and compare the social-geographical disparities of disaster-related Twitter activities during Sandy and Harvey; and (4) to build applications using social media data for smart management, including surveying human behaviors and emergency rescue.
Design and Analysis of a Wake Steering Controller with Wind Direction Variability
Authors: Simley Eric , Fleming Paul , King Jennifer
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Wind farm control strategies are being developed to mitigate wake losses in wind farms, increasing energy production. Wake steering is a type of wind farm control in which a wind turbine's yaw position is misaligned from the wind direction, causing its wake to deflect away from downstream turbines. Current modeling tools used to optimize and estimate energy gains from wake steering are designed to represent wakes for fixed wind directions. However, wake steering controllers must operate in dynamic wind conditions and a turbine's yaw position cannot perfectly track changing wind directions. Research has been conducted on robust wake steering control optimized for variable wind directions. In this paper, the design and analysis of a wake steering controller with wind direction variability is presented for a two-turbine array using the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State (FLORIS) control-oriented wake model. First, the authors propose a method for modeling the turbulent and low-frequency components of the wind direction, where the slowly varying wind direction serves as the relevant input to the wake model. Next, we explain a procedure for finding optimal yaw offsets for dynamic wind conditions considering both wind direction and yaw position uncertainty. We then performed simulations with the optimal yaw offsets applied using a realistic yaw offset controller in conjunction with a baseline yaw controller, showing good agreement with the predicted energy gain using the probabilistic model. Using the Gaussian wake model in FLORIS as an example, we compared the performance of yaw offset controllers optimized for static and dynamic wind conditions for different turbine spacings and turbulence intensity values. For a spacing of 5 rotor diameters and a turbulence intensity of 10 %, robust yaw offsets optimized for variable wind directions yielded an energy gain improvement of 128 %. In general, accounting for wind direction variability in the yaw offset optimization process was found to improve energy production more as the separation distance increased, whereas the relative improvement remained roughly the same for the range of turbulence intensity values considered.
Corporate Governance Application, Audit Quality and Audit Report Lag: The Moderating Role of Law Compliance
Authors: Handayani Yenny Dwi , Ibrani Ewing Yuvisa
Published: July 2019

This study aims to examine the effect of corporate governance application and audit quality on audit report lag. Special attention is paid to investigate the moderating role of law compliance in the relationships. 180 manufacturing companies are observed during the three years of observation (2013-2015). Data are analyzed using moderated regression analysis (MRA). The results show that corporate governance application and audit quality have no effect on audit report lag. While law compliance moderates the relationship between corporate governance application and audit report lag.
Emerging Options for Biologic Enhancement of Stress Fracture Healing in Athletes
Authors: Miller Timothy L. , Kaeding Christopher C. , Rodeo Scott A.
Published: July 2019

In an era of continual single-sport specialization and year-round training, overuse injuries, including stress injuries of bone, are increasingly common. These injuries can be season- or even career-ending. For many elite and professional athletes, the traditional treatment strategy of immobilization and extended rest from sports participation is often not practical or acceptable. An understanding of modern strategies for evaluating and treating stress fractures is paramount for maintaining athletic participation and optimal athletic performance. This begins with the ability to categorize and stratify bony stress injuries by both severity and risk of fracture progression. Surgical procedures such as open reduction and internal fixation or intramedullary fixation with possible bone grafting remain the standard of care for chronic or severe stress fractures. However, emerging techniques to augment the biologic environment are a minimally invasive adjunct for stimulating and supporting bone healing in elite-level athletes to optimize bone health, expedite recovery, and decrease the risk of nonunion or catastrophic fracture.
Strategies for the seismic upgrading of pairs of buildings in a historic precinct
Authors: Charleson Andrew , Southcombe Mark
Published: July 2019

This paper reports on a theoretical student design project to seismically upgrade buildings in a historic precinct of Wellington. The unique feature of the structural upgrading, heritage retention and adaptation, and new building interventions in the precinct was that all retrofitting designs were applied to pairs or clusters of buildings in order to develop new strategies for their seismic retrofit.

The tying of buildings together as part of retrofitting is rarely encountered in earthquake engineering practice but this can be an important retrofitting approach as shown by the following design outcomes and case-study example. The main finding from the architectural design and seismic retrofit of 70 clusters of two to three buildings was the diversity of the retrofitting strategies that were applied. Two primary categories of retrofitting were identified; tying existing buildings together, and tying existing buildings to new buildings, with each category incorporating several variants. This paper highlights the advantages of retrofitting clusters of buildings to prevent seismic pounding, and for other economic and architectural reasons.
Ground performance in Wellington waterfront area following the 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake
Authors: Orense Rolando P. , Mirjafari Yasin , Asadi Sadeq , Naghibi Milad , Chen Xiaoyu , Altaf Omer , Asadi Baqer
Published: July 2019

Although located about 200 km away from the epicentre of the 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake, the waterfront areas of Wellington City suffered varying degrees of damage as a result of soil liquefaction and associated ground deformations. This paper presents a summary of the major observations made following reconnaissance inspections of the geotechnical effects caused by the earthquake, with emphasis on the ground performance in the affected areas near the waterfront. Except for CentrePort, summarised elsewhere in this Special Issue, the inspections concentrated mostly on the waterfront areas and the impact to buildings built on reclaimed lands. Cracks and minor ground subsidence were observed in many parts of the waterfront, but the damage was less than that in CentrePort where significant liquefaction-induced damage was evident. The age of reclamation appears to have significant effect on the distribution of liquefaction-induced damage, while reclaimed areas where improvement techniques have been implemented performed well.
Resilience and fragility of the telecommunication network to seismic events
Authors: Giovinazzi Sonia , Austin Andrew , Ruiter Rob , Foster Colin , Nayyerloo Mostafa , Nair Nirmal-Kumar , Wotherspoon Liam
Published: July 2019

This paper provides an overview on the physical and functional performance of the New Zealand telecommunication network following the 14 November 2016 Kaikōura earthquake (Mw 7.8). Firstly, the paper provides an overview of the New Zealand telecommunications infrastructure. Secondly, the paper presents preliminary information on the impacts of the Kaikōura earthquake on the telecommunication network following the format proposed by [1] for post-earthquake assessment and resilience analysis of infrastructure systems, namely: extent of earthquake-induced physical impacts on the components of the telecommunication networks, identified according to a proposed taxonomy; main observed dependency issues; identification of resilience attributes and strategies that allowed an effective and rapid reinstatement of the telecommunication service. Finally lessons learned and research needs are discussed.
Ground motion and site effect observations in the wellington region from the 2016 Mw7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand earthquake
Authors: Bradley Brendon A. , Wotherspoon Liam M. , Kaiser Anna E.
Published: July 2019

This paper presents ground motion and site effect observations in the greater Wellington region from the 14 November 2016 Mw7.8 Kaikōura earthquake. The region was the principal urban area to be affected by the earthquake-induced ground motions from this event. Despite being approximately 60km from the northern extent of the causative earthquake rupture, the ground motions in Wellington exhibited long period (specifically T = 1 - 3s) ground motion amplitudes that were similar to, and in some locations exceeded, the current 500 year return period design ground motion levels. Several ground motion observations on rock provide significant constraint to understand the role of surficial site effects in the recorded ground motions. The largest long period ground motions were observed in the Thorndon and Te Aro basins in Wellington City, inferred as a result of 1D impedance contrasts and also basin-edge-generated waves. Observed site amplifications, based on response spectral ratios with reference rock sites, are seen to significantly exceed the site class factors in NZS1170.5:2004 for site class C, D, and E sites at approximately T=0.3-3.0s. The 5-95% Significant Duration, Ds595, of ground motions was on the order of 30 seconds, consistent with empirical models for this earthquake magnitude and source-to-site distance. Such durations are slightly longer than the corresponding Ds595 = 10s and 25s in central Christchurch during the 22 February 2011 Mw6.2 and 4 September 2010 Mw7.1 earthquakes, but significantly shorter than what might be expected for large subduction zone earthquakes that pose a hazard to the region. In summary, the observations highlight the need to better understand and quantify basin and near-surface site response effects through more comprehensive models, and better account for such effects through site amplification factors in design standards.
Performance of reinforced concrete buildings in the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes and seismic design in Japan
Authors: Sarrafzadeh Mehdi , Elwood Ken J. , Dhakal Rajesh P. , Ferner Helen , Pettinga Didier , Stannard Mike , Maeda Masaki , Nakano Yoshiaki , Mukai Tomihisa , Koike Takuya
Published: July 2019

This report outlines the observations of an NZSEE team of practitioners and researchers who travelled to the Kumamoto Prefecture of Japan on a reconnaissance visit following the April 2016 earthquakes. The observations presented in this report are focussed on the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings throughout Kumamoto Prefecture. It was found overall that modern RC buildings performed well, with patterns of damage which highlighted a philosophy of designing stiffer buildings with less of an emphasis on ductile behaviour. To explore this important difference in design practice, the Japanese Building Standard Law (BSL) is summarised and compared with standard New Zealand seismic design practices and evaluation methods.
Experimental study on the seismic behaviour of RC beams with standing and hanging walls
Authors: Kusunoki Koichi , Nishikura Chikashi , Tasai Akira
Published: July 2019

Recently, earthquake damage to non-structural walls has become one of the important issues in Japan. Some buildings were demolished after the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake due to damage of non-structural walls without any significant damage in structural members. After that, several projects were launched to develop a new method to take into account the effect of non-structural walls (hanging, standing, and wing walls). In this paper, experimental test results for beam-column joints with non-structural walls are presented. The objectives of the tests were to investigate the equivalent length and hinge location of beams with hanging and standing walls. The results showed that the yield hinge located at the surface of the wing walls and beam-column joint should be modelled as rigid to estimate the deformation of the beams, regardless of the thickness and height of the wall. A tri-linear modelling method for beams with hanging and standing walls was also proposed, and its applicability was confirmed with the test results.
Seismic performance of repaired lightly-reinforced concrete walls
Authors: Motter Christopher J. , Clauson Aaron B. , Petch James C. , Hube Matias A. , Henry Richard S. , Elwood Kenneth J.
Published: July 2019

As a result of the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes, over 60% of the concrete buildings in the Christchurch Central Business District have been demolished. This experience has highlighted the need to provide guidance on the residual capacity and repairability of earthquake-damaged concrete buildings. As limited testing has been performed on repaired components, this study focuses on the performance of severely-damaged lightly-reinforced concrete walls repaired through replacement of reinforcement and concrete in the damaged region. The damage prior to repair included buckling and fracture of longitudinal reinforcement, crushing and spalling of concrete, and, for one of the two specimens, out-of-plane instability of the gross section. Prior to repairing the wall specimens, tensile testing of reinforcement with welded connections was conducted to verify acceptable performance of welds suitable for reinstating the damaged reinforcement. Repairs to the specimens consisted of removal of damaged concrete through either hydro-demolition or jack hammering, followed by cutting and removal of damaged reinforcement and reinstatement of new reinforcement and repair mortar. The two repaired wall specimens were tested using a standard protocol that was identical to that used for one of the two original wall specimens. Aside from a difference in the elastic stiffness, the load-deformation responses of the repaired specimens were similar to that of the originally-tested specimen through to the first loading cycle at 2.0% drift, beyond which strength degradation was more pronounced for the repaired specimens. The overall performance of the repaired walls relative to the original wall indicates that it is feasible to achieve acceptable performance of severely-damaged concrete walls repaired through replacement of reinforcement and concrete in the damaged region.
Computational modelling of a four storey post-tensioned concrete building subjected to shake table testing
Authors: Watkins Jonathan , Sritharan Sri , Nagae Takuya , Henry Richard S.
Published: July 2019

Prior research into low-damage wall systems has predominately focused on the walls behaviour in isolation from other building components. Although the response of these isolated walls has been shown to perform well when subjected to both cyclic and dynamic loading, uncertainty exists when considering the effect of interactions between walls and other structural and non-structural components on the seismic response and performance of entire buildings. To help address this uncertainty a computational model was developed to simulate the response of a full-scale four-storey building with post-tensioned precast concrete walls that was subjected to tri-axial earthquake demands on the E-Defence shake table. The model accurately captured the buildings measured response by incorporating the in-plane and out-of-plane non-linear behaviour of both the wall and floor elements. The model was able to simulate the deformation demands imposed on the floor due to compatibility with the post-tensioned walls, closely matching the behaviour and damage observed during the test. Dynamic loading and wall-to-floor interaction were shown to significantly increase the over-strength actions that developed when compared to the wall system considered in isolation.
International research framework and priorities for reinforced concrete wall buildings
Authors: Henry Richard S. , Elwood Kenneth J. , Wallace John W.
Published: July 2019

Recent earthquakes have highlighted discrepancies between the intended and observed performance of RC walls and significant research is in progress to improve the seismic performance of RC wall buildings. An international group of researchers and practitioners developed a research framework in order to conduct a project mapping and prioritisation exercise for RC wall research. The process by which this research framework and mapping exercise were conducted is described. The framework was used to identify research priorities that would provide a basis for the direction of future research. High priority topics included, shear demands and capacities, effect of load-rate and loading history, seismic assessment of older walls, residual capacity and repairability, non-rectangular and core walls, and whole of building response.
Education Activities to Realize Green Campus
Authors: Fachrudin Hilma Tamiami , Fachrudin Khaira Amalia , Utami Wahyu
Published: July 2019

The application of green concepts on campus starts from the formulation of the vision and mission, ratification of policies and development processes. The main problems in the effort to realize a green campus include a lack of involvement and individual awareness of sustainability issues and campus users are unaware of the sustainability that occurs on campus. Individual awareness and involvement of staff and students are needed to create a green campus. The purpose of this study was to analyze what educational activities should be carried out to increase awareness of realizing a green campus. There are several educational activities regarding green concepts aimed to campus users. Education activities such as courses on sustainable environment, research, seminars, student organizations in environmental activities, green campus promotions/campaign and paperless became independent variables in this study. This study uses quantitative methods with Factor analysis. The research was conducted at the Universitas Sumatera Utara. Data was collected by distributing questionnaire forms with respondents as many as 400 students. The results showed that education, practical and seminar activities about the importance of green concepts, green campus campaigns, and green applications on campus such as paperless needed to be done in raising awareness to realize a green campus.
Women’s Knowledge and Attitudes on Established Breastmilk Bank in Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Mantji Mahlatjie , Makoma Bopape , Tebogo Mothiba
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding is recommended as the best practice which results in normal growth and development of the healthy infants.  In cases where the mother is unable to provide adequate breastmilk due to unavoidable circumstances, pasteurised donated breastmilk from the bank should be considered for hospitalized or preterm babies.

OBJECTIVES: To explore and describe women’s knowledge and attitudes related to established breastmilk bank in Mankweng area.

METHODS: An explorative descriptive contextual qualitative research was conducted. Data was collected using semi-structured, one-on-one interviews at the rural hospital and a rural clinic in Limpopo province. Purposive sampling method was used to select participants of this study. Adherence to criteria for trustworthiness was aimed at ensuring that the findings become credible, transferable, confirmable and dependable. Ethical standards were adhered to in order to protect identity, dignity, rights and welfare of the study participants. Data was analysed using Tesch’s open coding method.

FINDINGS: Women at the hospital have knowledge related to breastmilk bank whilst the ones at the clinic have insufficient knowledge about breastmilk bank. The participants have shown positive attitudes towards donating breastmilk to the bank, whilst on the other hand negative attitudes towards receiving donated breastmilk from the bank were identified due to fears of contracting infections mainly HIV.

CONCLUSION: Women at the clinic, have insufficient knowledge and negative attitudes towards the established breastmilk bank. However, they were more willing to donate rather than to accept donated human milk from the bank. On the other hand, women at the hospital are knowledgeable about the breastmilk bank and they revealed positive attitudes towards the established breastmilk bank. It is recommended that the established breastmilk bank should be well promoted and well publicised to the community members in order to utilise the bank effectively and efficiently.
Eliminating Poverty Through Educational Approaches-The Indian Experience
Authors: Buheji Mohamed
Published: July 2019

This empirical paper studies the different approaches of India in speeding-up education spectrum to eradicate poverty. The research focuses on means for transforming poverty education formula towards ‘Capacity vs Demand’ rather than ‘Supply vs Demand’ which would help to improve the quality of the education delivered to the poor with minimal resources.

The research involves a thorough descriptive analysis of India’s poverty elimination schools, or its educational approach means, through using observation as a tool. The researcher reviews the current Indian approaches that could overcome the unique barriers of poor quality education. Six types of educational approaches are evaluated in relevance to their capacity to deliver ‘lifelong learning’, ‘learning by doing’, and ‘self-sufficiency’, besides the ‘assets of wealth’ of the poor. These variables are taken in relevance to the poverty areas where the educational setup are explored. The paper concludes with recommendation about the level of educational focus need to improve the quality of education outcome in relevance to poverty elimination.
The Emergence of International Commercial Courts in India: A Narrative for Ease of Doing Business?
Authors: Garimella Sai Ramani , Ashraful M.Z.
Published: July 2019

The Emergence of International Commercial Courts in India: A Narrative for Ease of Doing Business?

The liberal globalised order has brought increased focus on the regulation of international commerce, and especially dispute resolution. Enforcement of contracts has been a concern largely owing to the insufficiencies of the legal systems, especially relating to the institutional structure, and it holds true for India as well. The commercial courts mechanism – international and domestic – with innovative features aimed at providing expedited justice is witnessing much traction. India, similar to many other jurisdictions, legislated in favour of specialized dispute resolution mechanisms for commercial disputes that could help improve the procedures for enforcement of contracts. This research attempts to critique the comparable strengths and the reform spaces within the Indian legislation on commercial courts. It parses the status of commercial dispute resolution in India especially in the context of cross-border contracts and critiques India’s attempt to have specialised courts to address commercial dispute resolution.
Matchmaking International Commercial Courts and Lawyers’ Preferences in Europe
Authors: Themeli Erlis
Published: July 2019

Matchmaking International Commercial Courts and Lawyers’ Preferences in Europe

France, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands have taken concrete steps to design and develop international commercial courts. Most of the projects claim to be building courts that match the preferences of court users. They also try to challenge England and Wales, which evidence suggests is the most attractive jurisdiction in the EU. For the success of these projects, it is important that their proposed courts corresponds with the expectations of the parties, but also manages to attract some of the litigants that go to London. This article argues that lawyers are the most important group of choice makers, and that their preferences are not sufficiently matched by the new courts. Lawyers have certain litigation service and court perception preferences. And while the new courts improve their litigation service, they do not sufficiently addressed these court perception preferences.
‘Ik ben een beunhaas in de criminologie’
Authors: Daems Tom , van Swaaningen René
Published: July 2019

‘I am a bungler in criminology’: interview with Pieter Spierenburg

In this article Tom Daems and René van Swaaningen discuss work and life of the late Dutch historian Pieter Spierenburg. The article is based on an interview the authors conducted with Spierenburg in November 2018 as well as his published work and excerpts of an unpublished biography. The article discusses in particular themes related to his interest in, and contributions to, the history of crime and punishment, in particular Spierenburg’s path-breaking book The Spectacle of Suffering (1984), his relation to Norbert Elias and the Amsterdam School and his critique of Michel Foucault.
El valor de los datos
Authors: Tena-Parera Daniel
Published: July 2019

La investigación se nutre de los datos que los investigadores obtienen de las fuentes primarias o secundarias. En este texto se pone de relieve una tendencia, poco conocida todavía, consistente en la compartición de los datos de investigación. Es una adición a la publicación científica en Open Acces. Se presenta pues una estrategia que ha de contrarrestar los frenos por parte de los investigadores a compartir sus datos en bruto y al establecimiento de protocolos compartidos para su la divulgación.
Intelligence and creativity of adolescents in the context of their parents’ educational attitudes
Authors: Bakiera Lucyna Teresa , Sagan-Paprocka Agnieszka
Published: July 2019

The thesis focuses on perceived educational attitudes of adolescents’ parents in relation to the development of the intellectual and creative potential of adolescents. Basic theories used to analyse this subject were: the parental attitudes typology by Anna Roe and Marvin Siegelman, the theory of fluid intelligence by Charles Spearman, and the theory of creativity by Stanisław Popek. The study has been conducted among pupils of a grammar school who were of legal age and come from villages or small towns. The following tests were used: the Parent-Child Relations Questionnaire (PCR), both “My mother” and “My father” versions, Raven's Progressive Matrices and KANH Questionnaire. The results indicate a correlation between protective and liberal attitudes of parents as perceived by the adolescents and their creativity and intelligence.
Between confidentiality policy and an obligation to denounce – does polish law ignore or protect professional secrecy of psychologists?
Authors: Bocheński Maciej
Published: July 2019

Confidentiality is without a doubt one of the most important rules in psychologist's profession. Polish law guarantees the protection of professional secrecy of psychologists (also in the provisions of the penal code which criminalize its violation). However, the same law (Polish penal code) forces psychologists to break the policy of confidentiality in the case of gathering a reliable information about certain crimes by. The aim of the current publication is to elaborate on the collision of the values of keeping professional secrecy and of public security and justice system. The outcome of the analysis can with certainty be helpful for psychologists in solving a conflict between professional secrecy and a legal obligation regarding reporting a crime
The amendment of the Code of Ethics for Psychologists – assumptions and basis of the project
Authors: Bogatyńska-Kucharska Anna , Sikora Katarzyna , Steć Małgorzata
Published: July 2019

The amendment to the Polish Code of Ethical and Professional Conduct in Psychology has resulted in the creation of a new Code of Ethics for the Psychologist of the Polish Psychological Society (PTP) adopted by the decision of the General Assembly of PTP Delegates in December 2018. The new code is the result of several years of cooperation between the team established for this purpose only and the environment of Polish psychologists.bWorking on the project included, among others, a formal consolidation of the new code within the space of already existing, similar normative acts in force in the European and international context. The assumptions and foundations of the project also assumed setting the main values proposed in the code on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A three-stage, hierarchical structure of the act has been introduced, which was guided by the idea of the openness of the new code to possible changes, discussions and subsequent amendments.
R/S CBT. Religiously/spiritually sensitive cognitive-behavioral therapy – ethical remarks
Authors: Sikora Katarzyna
Published: July 2019

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one of the most prominent psychotherapeutic perspectives, which clinical efficacy has gained strong empirical validation, but at the same time it is considered as characterized by reductionistic view of humanity. Since the 1980’a development of the so-called R/S CBT, or religiously/spiritually sensitive cognitive-behavioral therapy, can be observed. The article presents the R/S CBT in its most important aspects; the issue of its effectiveness in the treatment of mental disorders and existential crises is also considered. Including religious/spiritual issues in the process of psychotherapy may raise ethical questions. The decision to include religious content in the process of psychotherapy puts high demands on psychotherapists’ professional ethics, not only in terms of compliance with the ethical and professional standards, but with regard to the development of personal competences or professional virtues.
„Ethics of care” and its limitations in psychotherapy and psychological counselling
Authors: Melonowski Michał
Published: July 2019

The problematic field in this article is one of the most vivid, contemporary dispute, i.e. the dispute between “ethics of care” and “ethics of justice”. “Ethics of care” is Carol Gilligan’s concept derived from her controversy with Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. “Ethics of justice” is a summary term for different concepts developed within the traditional ethics. This traditional ethics tried to name universal principles of acting, independent from the acting person and her feelings. The central categories were “justice” and “the Good”. For the second kind of ethics the central category is “care” and moral duties are gradable. In this article I analyse the controversy in the field of psychotherapy. I maintain that dynamics of psychotherapeutic relation is such that it “imposes” the “ethics of care”. Referring to some examples from clinical practice I tend to prove how dangerous absence of the “ethics of justice” can be in psychotherapy. I claim that using only the “ethics of care” approach in understanding and approaching the patient’s acting may narrow the therapeutic process and slow down the patient’s moral growth.
The Oppression of Nonhuman Life
Authors: Kretz Lisa ,   Center for Environmental Philosophy, The University of North Texas
Published: July 2019

Karen Warren’s work has helped to transform the landscape of environmental philosophy, contributing theoretical grounding for Western ecofeminism and opening the range of theoretical perspectives one can adopt when doing Western environmental ethics. Although her work is laudable, there are substantive worries about how potential subjects of oppression are characterized in her later work. Warren’s work and relevant secondary literature can be used as a foil to illuminate inadequate justification for the failure to include all living entities as potential subjects of the harm of oppression. The failure to provide conceptual room to include all entities that can rightfully be the potential subjects of oppression limits our understanding of oppression and the multiple ways in which it functions. Additionally, failure to attend to all potential subjects of oppression limits practical opportunities for anti-oppressive solidarity in political action. If oppression is correctly described as the harm of particular group members by others, and the class of living entities can be subjected to harm, then nonhuman living entities can potentially be subjects of oppression. The aim here is to provide conceptual support for the possibility that nonhuman life can be oppressed.
Have You Benefitted from Carbon Emissions? You May Be a “Morally Objectionable Free Rider”
Authors: Atkins J. Spencer ,   Center for Environmental Philosophy, The University of North Texas
Published: July 2019

Much of the climate ethics discussion centers on considerations of compensatory justice and historical accountability. However, little attention is given to supporting and defending the Beneficiary Pays Principle as a guide for policymaking. This principle states that those who have benefitted from an instance of harm have an obligation to compensate those who have been harmed. Thus, this principle implies that those benefitted by industrialization and carbon emission owe compensation to those who have been harmed by climate change. Beneficiary Pays is commonly juxtaposed with Polluter Pays Principle and the Ability to Pay Principle in the relevant literature. Beneficiary Pays withstands objections that raise suspicion for the latter two.
Efeito do lodo de esgoto na produção e nutrição de mudas de angico-vermelho (Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan)
Authors: Santos Rafael Pires dos , Costa Alice Lemos , Pedroso Lana Dorneles , Travessas Amanda Oliveira , Vestena Silvane
Published: July 2019

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes substratos, contendo lodo de esgoto, no teor de macro e micronutrientes em tecidos vegetais (raiz e parte aérea) de mudas de Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan. Os tratamentos foram: T1 (50% substrato comercial Plantmax® + 50% cama de equino (composto orgânico), T2 (20% lodo de esgoto + 80% composto orgânico), T3 (40% lodo de esgoto + 60% composto orgânico) e T4 (60% lodo de esgoto + 40% composto orgânico). Decorridos 180 dias após a semeadura foram mensuradas as características biométricas de altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, massa seca da parte aérea e radicular, e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. Também foram determinados os teores de macro e micronutrientes no sistema radicular e na parte aérea das mudas cultivadas. Observou-se que a ordem crescente do teor total dos macronutrientes avaliados no sistema radicular foi de N > K > Mg > Ca > P > S e na parte aérea Ca > N > K > P > Mg > S; para os micronutrientes, o teor no sistema radicular e na parte aérea foi de  Fe > Zn > Mn  > B > Cu. O uso do lodo de esgoto como substrato proporcionou mudas de melhor qualidade nutricional, com melhor crescimento e aumento de biomassa aérea e radicular.
Desplazados medioambientales y Derechos Humanos: una construcción conceptual sine qua non para su protección jurídica internacional | Environmental displaced people and human rights: a conceptual construct as previous step for their international legal protection
Authors: Gracia Pérez Daniel
Published: July 2019

Resumen: El presente trabajo parte de la hipótesis de que no es posible diseñar un régimen de protección internacional para las personas desplazadas por disrupciones medioambientales sin antes aclarar qué se entiende por “desplazado medioambiental” y cómo se ha llegado a tal entendimiento. Así, el artículo se estructura en dos partes. La primera de ellas pretende reconstruir el íter que ha configurado la figura del desplazado medioambiental en el pensamiento académico, tanto desde los estudios medioambientales como desde los migratorios. La segunda, por su parte, analiza la primera definición de desplazado ambiental, con vocación jurídica, que aparece en plano internacional y la influencia que en su redacción han tenido las corrientes anteriores.
Abstract:  This paper is based on the hypothesis that it is not possible to design an international protection regime for people displaced by environmental disruptions without first clarifying what is meant by "environmental displaced" and how this understanding has been reached. Thus, the article is structured in two parts. The first of them aims to reconstruct how the concept of environmentally displacement has been shaped in academic thinking, both from environmental and migratory studies. The second one, on the other hand, analyzes the first definition of environmental displaced which appears, with a legal vocation, on the international scene and the influence that those previous streams have had on it.
Los derechos humanos en el centro de la Esfera internacional y nacional: nuevos paradigmas hacia la paz y la justicia | Human rights at the center of the international and national Sphere: new paradigms towards peace and justice
Authors: Salvioli Fabián
Published: July 2019

Los derechos humanos en el centro de la Esfera internacional y nacional:  nuevos paradigmas hacia la paz y la justicia | Human rights at the center of the international and national Sphere: new paradigms towards peace and justice
70 años de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos: introducción a una colección plural de reflexiones | 70 years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: an introduction to a plural collection of reflections
Authors: García Sáez José Antonio
Published: July 2019

Resumen: Tras una breve reflexión introductoria, este texto presenta algunos de los trabajos derivados del Congreso Internacional sobre el 70 Aniversario de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, que tuvo lugar en Valencia en diciembre de 2018. Los trabajos se han clasificado en siete secciones: 1) Ponencias invitadas; 2) Violencia de género y derechos de las mujeres; 3) Empresas multinacionales y derechos humanos; 4) Memoria histórica y derechos humanos; 5) Nuevos escenarios y nuevas garantías para los derechos; 6) Contextos y vulnerabilidades; 7) Perspectivas.
Abstract: After a brief introductory reflection, this text presents some of the works derived from the International Congress on the 70th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which took place in Valencia in December 2018. The works have been classified into seven sections: 1) Invited papers; 2) Gender violence and women's rights; 3) Multinational companies and human rights; 4) Historical memory and human rights; 5) New scenarios and new guarantees for rights; 6) Contexts and vulnerabilities; 7) Perspectives.
Children’s attitudes towards animals are similar across suburban, exurban, and rural areas
Authors: Schuttler Stephanie G. , Stevenson Kathryn , Kays Roland , Dunn Robert R.
Published: July 2019

The decline in the number of hours Americans spend outdoors, exacerbated by urbanization, has affected people’s familiarity with local wildlife. This is concerning to conservationists, as people tend to care about and invest in what they know. Children represent the future supporters of conservation, such that their knowledge about and feelings toward wildlife have the potential to influence conservation for many years to come. Yet, little research has been conducted on children’s attitudes toward wildlife, particularly across zones of urbanization. We surveyed 2,759 4–8th grade children across 22 suburban, exurban, and rural schools in North Carolina to determine their attitudes toward local, domestic, and exotic animals. We predicted that children who live in rural or exurban areas, where they may have more direct access to more wildlife species, would list more local animals as “liked” and fewer as “scary” compared to children in suburban areas. However, children, regardless of where they lived, provided mostly non-native mammals for open-ended responses, and were more likely to list local animals as scary than as liked. We found urbanization to have little effect on the number of local animals children listed, and the rankings of “liked” animals were correlated across zones of urbanization. Promising for conservation was that half of the top “liked” animals included species or taxonomic groups containing threatened or endangered species. Despite different levels of urbanization, children had either an unfamiliarity with and/or low preference for local animals, suggesting that a disconnect between children and local biodiversity is already well-established, even in more rural areas where many wildlife species can be found.
Effect of Natural Preservatives (Lemon Grass and Bay Leaf Marinade) on the Microbial Load and Shelf Life of Smoke-dried Clarias gariepinus
Authors: Benjamin O. G. , Omoruyi K. , Nneli A. E.
Published: July 2019

This study was carried out to determine the effect of lemon grass marinade (sample A), bay leaf marinade (sample B) and a combination of both spices (sample C) on the microbial load of stored smoked-dried Clarias gariepinus. Comparative analysis of the microbial load of each treated fish samples during ambient storage was done biweekly for six (6) weeks and then samples of each treatment were taken to the laboratory periodically. The fish samples were analysed using Potato Dextrose Agar and Nutrient Agar for fungi and bacteria respectively. The initial microbial load before storage showed that the highest number of bacteria counts occurred in smoke-dried Clarias gariepinus treated with bay leaf marinade (4.7´103) while the lowest was in smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with lemon grass marinade (1.3´103). The highest fungi count was observed in smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with the combination of both spices (9.5´102) while the least fungi count was in fresh fish sample (1.4´103), although the fresh fish sample had the highest bacteria mean count (5.1´103) when compared with the treated samples. After 6 weeks of ambient storage, the result of smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with bay leaf marinade was also significantly different from the mean population of smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with lemon grass marinade and smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with the combination of both spices. Smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with bay leaf marinade again had the highest bacteria and fungi mean count of 1.7´105 and 2.3´104 respectively. Smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with lemon grass marinade and smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with the combination of both spices had similar bacteria mean count of 1.5´105 while smoke-dried C. gariepinus treated with lemon grass marinade had the lowest fungi mean count of 1.6´104. The study revealed that all three smoked-dried fish sample treatment had a relatively low bacterial and fungal count below the 5 x 105cfu/g recommended by the International Commission of Microbial Specification for Food and Food Products (ICMS, 2002).
Deficit Financing and Economic Growth in Nigeria: 1987-2017
Authors: Okah John Okachukwu , Chukwu Kenechukwu Origin , Ananwude Amalachukwu Chijindu
Published: July 2019

The debt profile of the Government of Nigeria has been on the increase from 1986; climaxing during the worst recession Nigeria economy has entered into after the structural adjustment programme (SAP). With the reduction in government revenue occasioned by the fluctuations of price of crude oil in the international market and absolute recklessness on the part of successive government, the government has no option than to borrow to fund its day to day activities.  This study examined the effect of deficit financing on economic growth of Nigeria from 1987 to 2017. Vector Autoregressive Estimates was used in estimating the model.  The analysis performed revealed that deficit financing has positive but insignificant effect on Nigerian economic growth. We recommended that government should strive to diversify its revenue base and also demonstrate a high level of transparency in both its monetary and fiscal operations among others.