bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orígenes de las villas en la ciudad de Buenos Aires hacia una revisión crítica de las perspectivas tradicionales
Authors: Snitcofsky Valeria Laura
Published: September 2017

A partir del relevamiento y sistematización de un conjunto de fuentes primarias sobre la existencia de los primeros barrios precarios en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, es posible redefinir las características generales de su conformación, estableciendo un análisis crítico sobre las perspectivas tradicionales en torno a la cuestión. De esta forma, para la delimitación temporal del proceso constitutivo de las villas, se toma distancia de las periodizaciones que sitúan sus orígenes hacia mediados del siglo XX, durante el auge de las migraciones internas y la consolidación de la industrialización sustitutiva. A diferencia de estos enfoques, las evidencias indican que el proceso mencionado puede identificarse entre fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, coincidiendo con la inmigración masiva de origen europeo, durante el Modelo Agroexportador.
Šolska klima pri medvrstniškem nasilju: zaznave opazovalcev in aktivnih udeležencev
Authors: Pečjak Sonja , Pirc Tina
Published: September 2017

Medvrstniško nasilje (MVN) je pojav, prisoten v vseh šolah. Pri omejevanju MVN ima šola kot institucija pomembno vlogo. Glavni cilj naše študije je bil ugotoviti, kako posamezne skupine učencev glede na vlogo v MVN (aktivni udeleženci: nasilneži, žrtve, žrtve-nasilneži in neaktivni udeleženci: opazovalci) zaznavajo šolsko klimo v povezavi z medvrstniškim nasiljem. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 414 učencev iz 18 osnovnih in srednjih šol. Uporabili smo Vprašalnik šolske klime pri medvstniškem nasilju (SCBS, Cornell, 2012), ki meri pojavnost različnih oblik MVN ter tri dimenzije šolske klime (dopuščanje nasilja, dopuščanje agresivnih stališč in spodbujanje iskanja pomoči). Rezultati so pokazali, da aktivni udeleženci MVN poročajo o pogostejši prisotnosti verbalnega in odnosnega nasilja (v 54 in 40 %) ter o pomembno manjši pogostosti pojavljanja fizičnega in spletnega nasilja (14 %). V zaznavah dimenzij šolske klime smo med skupinami učencev našli največje razlike pri dopuščanju agresivnih stališč učencev in iskanju pomoči. Ugotovili smo, da v zaznavah obeh dimenzij obstaja precejšnja podobnost med skupinama nasilnežev in nasilnežev-žrtev ter med skupinama žrtev in opazovalcev. Prvi dve skupini v pomembno večji meri zaznavata, da šolsko okolje dopušča agresivnost kot način afirmacije med vrstniki in v šoli nasploh ter da niti učitelji niti vrstniki ne zaustavljajo nasilja in da zato pri njih ni smiselno iskati pomoči. Rezultati potrjujejo obstoj povezanosti učenčevih zaznav šolske klime pri MVN in njihovega vedenja (vlog) pri tem nasilju.
Symptome et diagnostic dans la Clinique Psychanalytique: Enjeux epistemiques, cliniques, politiques et societaux
Authors: Askofaré Sidi
Published: September 2017

Este artigo tem por objetivo retomar a problemática do diagnóstico em uma perspectiva mais ampla, tentando examinar questões clínicas, epistêmicas, éticas e políticas a partir das incidências do último ensino de Lacan na teoria psicanalítica, em particular no que concerne às formas de assujeitamento às estruturas clínicas. Propomos cinco pontos para examinar essas questões: a questão clínica geral do diagnóstico; os fundamentos do diagnóstico em psicanálise; a perspectiva estruturalista no diagnóstico; a integração da crítica do estruturalismo ; o lugar de consideração do sintoma. Enfim, terminamos com um debate em torno das questões políticas, para o hoje e o futuro próximo, da questão diagnóstica, notadamente em seus efeitos de segregação e exclusão.
AKTIVITAS PROTEASE DAN AMILASE PADA IKAN SIDAT Anguilla bicolor McClelland)
Authors: Taufik Mohamad , Hana Hana , Susilo Untung
Published: September 2017

This study was experimental, conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 x 2 factorial design, and four replicates have been carried out to evaluate the protease and amylase activities of Anguilla bicolor McClelland. A total of 71 individuals divided into three weight groups were used in this study.  The first group with an average weight of 41.25 ± 0.898 g consisted of 51 eels,  the second with an average weight of 319.8 ± 4.666 g composed of 14 eels, and the third with a mean weight of 569.5 ± 9.150 g consisted of 6 eels. The results showed the protease activity differed significantly based on eel size and intestinal segment (P ˂ 0.05). This research recorded the highest protease activity was in eels within the smallest weight group (41.25 ± 0.898 g). This study also revealed the protease activity in the anterior intestine was higher than the posterior in all size of eels. The amylase activity did not differ significantly (P>0.05) by eel size and intestinal segment. This study concluded the protein digestion capacity of smaller eels was higher than larger eels, and the protein digestion capacity was greater in the anterior intestine than the posterior intestine. The carbohydrate absorption capacity in eel was not affected by the variety of fish size which indicates no change in the feed category.
PERBEDAAN PROFIL LIPID DAN KADAR ASAM URAT PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS TIPE II DENGAN DAN TANPA HIPERTENSI
Authors: Savitri Filliana , Savitri Intani Kurnia , Samodro Pugud , Rujito Lantip
Published: September 2017

Diabetes Mellitus type 2 is the 7th world of death problem with the 95% proportion rate. Hypertension has also a correlation with this condition. The mortality of cardiovascular is 2-3 times over from diabetics with hypertension than diabetics with normotension which caused by lipid and aciduric disturbations. This study was conducted using cross-sectional design. Twenty-five sample of diabetics normotension and 25 sample of diabetics patient along with hypertension in Ajibarang Hospital District Banyumas and comply with inclusion-exclusion criteria were taken suing consecutive sampling. Data from the cholesterol and triglyceride total test were collected and analyzed with Mann-Whitney test. Additionally, HDL cholesterol and LDL was analyzed using T-Test.  This Study showed that average total cholesterol from diabetics along with hypertension patients was in a range of 185.16 ± 36.59 and Diabetics patient without hypertension was 196.76 ± 44.62 (p = 0,503). Besides, the average rate of triglyceride level on diabetics patient with hypertension was 181.76 ±72.68 and diabetics patient along without hypertension was 180.28 ± 125.75 (p=0,367). The average rate of HDL cholesterol level on diabetics patient with hypertension was 39.12 ± 11.07 and diabetics patient along without hypertension was 42.37 ± 14.98  (p = 0,387). In addition, Average rate of LDL level on diabetics patient with hypertension was 112.57 ± 24.77 and diabetics patient along without hypertension was 118.33 ± 37.41 (p = 0,524). The average rate of uric acid on diabetics patient with hypertension was  6,120 ± 1,45 and diabetics patient along without hypertension was 5,768 ± 2,45 (p=0,200).  As a conclusion, there is no difference with total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL cholesterol, and uric acid significant from diabetics patient with or without hypertension in Ajibarang Hospital District Banyumas in 2016.
The Didactic Case in Teaching International Law
Authors: Badin Michelle Ratton Sanchez , Castro Douglas , Giannattasio Arthur Roberto Capella
Published: September 2017

According to a theoretical and empirical framework, didactic cases are an important tool to teacho International Law. This instrument increase students’ active participation in the classroom, empowers them to exercise their autonomy in the learning process, helps professors to present the foundations of the discipline and its complexity in the real world and helps to build the interdisciplinary bridge between International Law and International Relations.
Overview of the OGC CDB Standard for 3D Synthetic Environment Simulation & Modeling
Authors: Saeedi Sara , Liang Steve , Graham David , Lokuta Michael F. , Mostafavi Mir Abolfazl
Published: September 2017

Recent advances in sensor and platform technologies such as satellite systems, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), manned aerial platforms, and ground-based sensor networks have resulted in massive volumes of data is produced and collected about the earth. Processing, managing, and analyzing these data is one of the main challenges in 3D synthetic representation used in modeling and simulation (M&S) of the natural environment. M&S devices, such as flight simulators, traditionally require a variety of different databases to provide a synthetic representation of the world. M&S often requires integration of data from a variety of sources stored in different formats. Thus, for simulation of a complex synthetic environment, such as a 3D terrain model, tackling interoperability among its components (geospatial data, natural and man-made objects, dynamic and static models) is a critical challenge. Conventional approaches used local proprietary data models and formats. These approaches often lacked interoperability and created silos of content within the simulation community. Therefore, open geospatial standards are increasingly perceived as a means to promote interoperability and reusability for 3D M&S. In this paper, the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) CDB Standard is introduced. “CDB” originally refers to Common DataBase which is currently considered as a name with no abbreviation in the OGC community. The OGC CDB is an international standard for structuring, modeling, and storing geospatial information required in high performance modeling and simulation applications. CDB defines the core conceptual models, use cases, requirements, and specifications for employing geospatial data in 3D M&S. The main features of the OGC CDB Standard are described as run-time performance, full plug-and-play interoperable geospatial data store, usefulness in 3D and dynamic simulation environment, ability to integrate proprietary and open-source data formats. Furthermore, compatibility with the OGC standards baseline reduces the complexity of discovering, transforming, and streaming geospatial data into the synthetic environment and makes them more widely acceptable to major geospatial data/software producers. This paper includes an overview of OGC CDB version 1.0 which defines a conceptual model and file structure for the storage, access, and modification of a multi-resolution 3D synthetic environment data store. Finally, this paper presents a perspective of future versions of the OGC CDB and what the steps are for humanizing the OGC CDB standard with the other OGC/ISO standards baseline.
Relative Quality and Popularity Evaluation of Multilingual Wikipedia Articles
Authors: Lewoniewski Włodzimierz , Węcel Krzysztof , Abramowicz Witold
Published: September 2017

Despite the fact that Wikipedia is often criticized for its poor quality, it continues to be one of the most popular knowledge base in the world. Articles in this free encyclopedia on various topics can be created and edited in about 300 different language versions independently. Our research showed that in language sensitive topics quality of information can be relatively better in the relevant language versions. However, in most cases it is difficult for the Wikipedia readers to determine the language affiliation of the described subject. Additionally, each language edition of Wikipedia can have own rules in manual assessing of the content quality. This makes automatic quality comparison of articles between various languages a challenging task. The paper presents results of relative quality and popularity assessment of over 28 million articles in 44 selected language versions. In addition, a comparative analysis of the quality and popularity of articles in some topics was conducted. The proposed method allows to find articles with information of better quality that can be used to automatically enrich other language editions of Wikipedia.
Conceal Carry and Race: A Test of Minority Threat Theory in Law Generation
Authors: Mullins Christopher W. , Kavish Daniel R.
Published: September 2017

Conceal carry weapon (CCW) laws have generated a great deal of public discussion in the past decades, but little social science attention. Scholarly worked on the topic has been focused on finding potential effects of such laws on crime and victimization; little has attempted to explain the trends behind the adoption of the laws. This paper attempts to fill that gap by testing a series of hypotheses grounded in minority threat approaches. Our paper examines whether or not changes in the racial and ethnic composition of a county predict the voting outcome of Missouri’s 1999 conceal-carry referendum. Findings fail to reject the null hypothesis and show the best predictor of the vote within a county was how that county voted in the 2000 Presidential election.
Investigation of Offshore Fault Modeling for a Source Region Related to the Shakotan-Oki Earthquake
Authors: Ohsumi Tsuneo ,   National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Japan, Fujiwara Hiroyuki
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study is to verify fault modeling in the source region of the 1940 Shakotan-Oki earthquake using active faults offshore of Japan. Tsunami heights simulated in previous studies are found to be lower than observed levels, which makes it difficult to explain historical tsunami records of this earthquake. However, the application of appropriate slip magnitudes in the fault models may explain these differences. In the “Project for the Comprehensive Analysis and Evaluation of Offshore Fault Informatics (the Project),” a new fault model is constructed using marine seismic data and geological and geophysical data compiled by the Offshore Fault Evaluation Group, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) as part of the Project for Fault Evaluation in the Seas around Japan (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, MEXT). Single-channel and multichannel reflection seismic data were used that includes information from a new fault identified in previous surveys. We investigated fault geometries and their parameters using the above data. Here, we show that the geometric continuity of these faults is adjusted by increasing the magnitude of fault slip. Standard scaling laws are applied on the basis of strong ground motion of the fault parameters, and the validity of the fault model is examined by comparing tsunami heights along the Japanese coastline from historically observed records with tsunami height from simulation analysis. This verification quantitatively uses Aida’s K and κ scale and variance parameters. We determine that the simulated tsunami height determined using the new model approach the heights observed historically, which indicates that the model is valid and accurate for the source region.
Characteristics of Groundwater Response to Precipitation for Landslide Prevention at Kiyomizu-Dera
Authors: Danjo Toru , Ishizawa Tomohiro , Fujimoto Masamitsu , Sakai Naoki , Fukagawa Ryoichi ,   Department of Storm, Flood and Landslide Research, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) 3-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan,   College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
Published: September 2017

Every year in Japan, slope failures often occur due to heavy rainfall during the wet season and typhoon season. The main reasons for soil failure are thought to be the increase of soil weight from infiltrated precipitation, the decrease in shear strength, and effects of the increase groundwater elevation. It is therefore important to consider to characteristics of groundwater behavior to improve slope disaster prevention. Kiyomizu-dera experienced major slope failures in 1972, 1999, and 2013, and a large slope failure occurred nearby in 2015. The two most recent events occurred since observation of precipitation and groundwater conditions began at the site in 2004. In this research, we determine the relationship between rainfall and groundwater level using both a full-scale model experiment and field measurements. Results indicate strong connection between rainfall intensity and the velocity of increase in groundwater level, indicating that it is possible to predict changes in the groundwater level due to heavy rainfall.
THE PERCEPTION OF TOURIST ELDERLY VISIT TO ANCOL
Authors: Ratnasari Kania , Bhudiharty Susy
Published: September 2017

This study aims to find out the profile of elderly tourists who come to visit Ancol Beach, find out how important attributes / facilities Ancol Coast needed by elderly tourists, knowing the performance of the attributes / facilities provided by the Ancol and know how the perception of elderly tourists in a visit to the Beach Ancol. The method used for this research is the method of Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) by using Cartesian diagram. Data collection techniques obtained through interviews and questionnaires distributed for elderly visitors as many as 40 people. Data processing using the calculation of the average importance and performance, the calculation of the level of conformity followed by the making of Cartesian diagram.Results of the calculation of the level of interests and performance of visitors Ancol Coast by using the level of conformity that indicates a mismatch between expectations with the reality of respondents. Thus, the existing attributes have not been able to give satisfaction to the visitors of Ancol Beach. From the side of Cartesian diagram, there are 11 attributes that enter into Quadrant I and there are 2 attributes that enter into Quadrant II, whereas there is not one attribute that enter into Quadrant III and IV. The ideal attributes are in quadrant II for attributes of fresh coastal air climate and cafÃ© / resto availability.
THE INFLUENCE OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON EARNING PER SHARE (EPS)
Authors: Utami Eristy Minda , Hidayah Riski Taufik
Published: September 2017

The purposes of this research are finding the influence of Capital Structure on Earning Per Share partially and simultaneously. The research method used is descriptive analysis verificative using secondary data. Statistic method is using multiple correlation regression statistic method to test the effect of indenpendent variables (capital structure) on the dependent variable (Earning Per Share) on Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) 2011 - 2016. Results of research using a significance level of 0.95 and 0.05 error rate indicates that the capital structure represented by the ratio of DAR has no effect on Earning Per Share (EPS), DER also has no effect on Earning Per Share (EPS), LDAR has a negative effect on EPS.
The economic impact of providing dengue vaccination in the workplace in Brazil
Authors: Durand Laure , Grailles Louise , Boissière Christophe , Beucher Sophie
Published: September 2017

Objective: To estimate the economic value of implementing a workplace dengue vaccination program from an employer perspective. Methods: The cost of a vaccination program was compared with the economic benefits in terms of reduced absenteeism and presenteeism in companies in Brazil. Input data were obtained from published literature and national databases. The time horizon was five years, including a 2-year vaccination program. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of key parameters’ uncertainty. Results: 846 cases were simulated among the employees over five years, accountable for 2,112 sick leave days and 7,120 sick days at work. Assuming a coverage rate of 30%, vaccination reduced the number of sick leave days and sick days at work by 17.5% over five years compared to no vaccination. Considering an employee vaccine copayment of 50%, the levels of remaining investment per dose administered for the employer in the retail sector ranged from US$ 17.99 to US$ 27.99, according to different vaccine price scenarios, and from US$ 6.10 to US$ 16.10 in the service sector. In the energy sector, vaccination was cost-saving in all price scenarios, ranging from a profit for the employer of US$ 21.14 to US$ 31.14. Results were most sensitive to the level of co-payment, overall time horizon of the analysis, dengue incidence, and employee contribution to operating income. Conclusions: Dengue contributes a significant proportion of absenteeism and presenteeism in private companies. Our analysis suggests that dengue vaccination in the workplace may be considered as a valuable investment and, in some cases, a cost-saving option for employers.
Structural Equation Modeling of Cover Crop Effects on Soil Nitrogen and Dry Bean
Authors: Hill Erin C. , Renner Karen A. , Sprague Christy L. , Fry Jessica E.
Published: September 2017

Core Ideas

Structural equation modeling is utilized to explore how cover crops influence dry beans.

Cover crop C/N ratio and incorporation timing can indirectly affect dry bean yield.

Cover crops quality needs to be managed to benefit cash crops.

The direct impact of cover crops on nutrient cycling and yield has been studied in many different systems, however limited datasets have prevented larger scale modeling of the complex relationships among these variables. The reduced model generated from this analysis demonstrated that in an organic dry bean system, both higher cover crop C/N ratio and shorter time from cover crop incorporation until dry bean planting could negatively affect yield through lower soil inorganic N availability at the time of bean planting (mid‐ to late June). Days between cover crop incorporation and dry bean planting ranged from 1 to 64, with the model showing that less time also reduced yield through reduced dry bean population. These findings support the premise that cover crop quality and time for decomposition are important parameters to manage to benefit the subsequent cash crop.
Five‐Year Forage Dynamics Arising from Four Legume–Grass Seed Mixes
Authors: Bork Edward W. , Gabruck Danielle T. , McLeod Erin M. , Hall Linda M.
Published: September 2017

Core Ideas

Mixtures of legumes and grasses were dynamic in composition over time.

Forage mixtures with more legume had less biomass but had stable protein yield.

Alfalfa persisted better than clover, and was favored when grown with bunchgrasses.

When grown with meadow brome, alfalfa biomass in mixtures was 18 to 42% after 5 yr.

Species identity regulated forage productivity more than the proportion legume seeded.

To evaluate the comparative role of different legume–grass mixtures on long‐term forage yield, alfalfa (AL) (Medicago sativa L.) or clover (CL) (Trifolium sp.) were seeded at two sites in various combinations (0, 11, 22, 33, 67, or 100 kg 100 kg−1 of mix) with either rhizomatous grasses (smooth brome [Bromus inermis Leyss.] and Kentucky bluegrass [Poa pratensis L.]) or the bunchgrass meadow brome [Bromus riparius Rehmann]) to determine forage yield, quality, and legume persistence over 5 yr. Peak herbage yields were similar among swards initially seeded with 11 to 33 kg 100 kg−1 legumes, and occurred during the first 3 yr. Pure legume swards were slow to reach maximum biomass and increased crude protein yield (CPY) throughout the study. Regardless of companion grass identity, alfalfa‐based swards had more biomass and CPY than those containing clover. The proportion of alfalfa in mixed swards stabilized after 4 to 5 yr, and both legumes had greater abundance when grown with the bunchgrass rather than rhizomatous grasses. Although alfalfa was suppressed by rhizomatous grasses, their combined biomass was greater than in alfalfa–bunchgrass mixes, leading to similar CPY. Clover did not persist beyond 3 yr. The primary benefit of legumes in mixtures was an improvement in forage quality (i.e., CPY) rather than biomass. When establishing forage, species identity was critical to short‐term forage maximization, as was the presence of both legumes and grasses. In contrast, the relative proportion of legumes and grass at seeding had less influence on long‐term forage availability.
Biomass and Sweet Sorghum Fertilized with Swine Lagoon Effluent for Bioenergy
Authors: Heitman Adam J. , Castillo Miguel S. , Smyth T. Jot , Crozier Carl R. , Wang Zan , Gehl Ronald J.
Published: September 2017

Core Ideas

Dry matter yields were not different between the two sorghums in 11 out of 12 yr–location combinations.

Nitrogen, P, and K removals averaged 138, 28, and 313 kg ha–1, respectively.

Both sorghum cultivars, ES5200 and M81‐E, were productive biomass crops at swine spray fields and may be a feasible alternative for producers that desire the flexibility of an annual crop and high dry matter yields in a single clipping event at the end of the growing season (15.7 ± 5.1 Mg ha–1 yr–1.

Land receiving waste effluent from swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) production systems (also known as spray fields) may provide a unique opportunity for bioenergy feedstock supply from sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Information on dry matter (DM) production and nutrient uptake from on‐farm trials is needed to determine the viability of this practice. The objectives of the study were to compare DM production and nutrient removal of two sorghum cultivars (high biomass Blade ES5200 and sweet sorghum M81‐E) planted at three on‐farm swine effluent spray field locations. The study was conducted in North Carolina for 4 yr (2012–2015). Dry matter yields ranged from 8.1 to 27.7 Mg ha−1 and were no different between sorghum entries in 11 out of 12 location‐year combinations. Nitrogen concentration in the plant tissue ranged from 5.9 to 12.9 g kg−1 reflecting the wide range of N loadings (41–624 kg ha−1). Nitrogen removal ranged from 54 to 287 kg ha−1. Phosphorus concentration in the plant tissue ranged from 1.4 to 2.5 g kg−1 and removal ranged from 15.4 to 51.3 kg ha−1. Potassium concentration and removal were not different between entries and averaged 20.4 g kg−1 and 313 kg ha−1, respectively. The results indicate that if sorghum is to be the only crop per annual cycle, then irrigation management and nutrient loading need to be less intensive (lower amounts), specially for N and K, than in current bermudagrass (Cynodonon dactylon L.)‐based systems to prevent soil nutrient accumulation.
Phosphorus Fertilizer Placement and Tillage Affect Soybean Root Growth and Drought Tolerance
Authors: Hansel Fernando D. , Amado Telmo J.C. , Ruiz Diaz Dorivar A. , Rosso Luiz H.M. , Nicoloso Fernando T. , Schorr Marcio
Published: September 2017

Core Ideas

Phosphorus placement affect root system growth.

Strip‐till plus deep band P enhance deeper soybean root growth

Soybean root growth at deeper soil layers improve resilience to induced drought.

Tillage system and P fertilizer placement can affect plant root growth and therefore water and nutrient uptake. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of P fertilizer placement and tillage system on soybean [Glycine max (L.)] root growth and grain yield under induced drought stress. A field study was performed at two locations in southern Brazil, during the 2014/2015 season. Phosphorus fertilizer placement and tillage combinations were evaluated using triple superphosphate at 31 kg P ha−1. Treatments included: (i) strip‐tillage with deep band (ST–DB); (ii) strip‐tillage with band‐applied 5 by 5 cm (ST–B); (iii) no‐till with broadcast (NT–BR); (iv) no‐till with band‐applied 5 by 5 cm (NT–B); and (v) no‐till with surface‐band (NT–SB). Root length density (RLD) and root diameter were evaluated at 0‐ to 25‐cm depth in 5‐cm intervals. Yield was evaluated under rainfed as well as under induced drought conditions. The ST–DB treatment showed increased total RLD among treatments, with about 58% greater RLD than the NT–BR treatment, and 46% greater RLD than the NT–B treatment at the 15‐ to 25‐cm soil depth. Furthermore, the soybean yield penalty with the ST–DB treatment was lower than any other treatment with a yield reduction of about 9 and 0.3% at respective locations under induced drought stress. Results from our study showed that the ST–DB treatment contributed to enhance soybean root growth at deeper soil layers and improved overall resilience to induced drought.
Potassium Rates Affected Potassium Uptake and Use Efficiency in Drip‐Irrigated Tomato
Authors: Zhu Qiang , Ozores‐Hampton Monica , Li Yuncong C. , Morgan Kelly T. , Lu Yanyan
Published: September 2017

Core Ideas

Potassium input at early growth stage should be low when initial soil K level was high.

Increasing K rate reduced the proportion of K uptake distributed to tomato fruits.

Efficiency of converting K fertilizer into yield decreased with increasing K rate.

Potassium rate of 192 kg ha–1was considered the sufficient total K input.

Knowledge regarding K accumulation and partitioning is essential for improving potassium use efficiency (KUE). The objective of this study was to determine K uptake, distribution, and KUE in tomato (Solanum lycopersicumL.) production with multiple K rates. Field trials were conducted during the winter seasons of 2014 and 2015. Potassium was applied at 0, 56, 93, 149, 186, and 223 kg ha−1and divided into pre‐plant dry fertilizer and weekly drip fertigation. Total potassium uptakes (TKU) at 30 d after transplanting (DAT) were not significantly affected by K rates, and averaged 5 and 14 kg ha−1in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The response of TKU at 95 DAT was predicted by a linear‐plateau model with a critical rate of 192 kg ha−1and a maximum uptake of 264 kg ha−1in 2014, whereas a linear response was observed in 2015. The highest proportion of TKU at 95 DAT was accumulated in fruit, which ranged from 66 to 80% and 37 to 54% in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The ratio of fruit K uptake to TKU decreased with increasing K rate predicted by linear‐plateau models with critical rates of 187 and 218 kg ha−1in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Results indicated the efficiency of converting K fertilizer into marketable yield also decreased with increasing K rate. Therefore, 192 kg ha−1was considered the sufficient K fertilizer requirement for tomato production on calcareous soils with 99 to 112 mg kg−1of Mehlich‐3 extractable K.
Rice Grain Yield and Nitrogen Uptake as Affected by Urea Amendment and Rainfall Timing
Authors: Dempsey Randy J. , Slaton Nathan A. , Roberts Trenton L. , Norman Richard. J.
Published: September 2017

Core Ideas

Use of NBPT‐treated urea maximized N uptake and grain yield of rice regardless of soil moisture.

Rainfall between urea application and flooding may be detrimental to rice grain yield.

Dry soil conditions before and after urea application maximize fertilizer‐N recovery by rice.

Nitrogen loss in the delayed‐flood method of rice (Oryza sativa L.) production is minimized by applying urea to a dry soil, use of a urease inhibitor, and immediate flooding. The time required to flood fields is often a factor limiting fertilizer‐N recovery. Our objectives were to compare the effects of simulated rainfall timing, N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) rate, and nitrapyrin (NP) rate on rice aboveground‐N content and grain yield. Field experiments evaluated rice growth as affected by NBPT rate (0 and 0.89 g NBPT kg−1 urea), NP rate (0 and 572 g NP ha−1), and three simulated rainfall timings (no simulated rainfall [NOSR], simulated rainfall before nitrogen [SRBN], and simulated rainfall after nitrogen [SRAN]). Yield was unaffected by simulated rainfall timing when rice was fertilized with NBPT‐treated urea (7904–8264 kg ha−1). When rice was fertilized with untreated urea, grain yields were greater with NOSR than with SRAN or SRBN. Within each simulated rainfall timing, rice yields were 6.9 to 21.3% greater when NBPT‐treated urea was applied. Nitrapyrin rate had no effect on yield in 2013, but, compared to untreated urea, NP‐treated urea decreased yield by 5.6% in 2014. Application of urea to moist soil followed by dry conditions or dry soil followed by rainfall are field environments that result in lower yields presumably to fertilizer N loss than when urea is applied to a dry soil that remains dry until rice is flooded. Use of urea amended with NBPT maximized grain yield in each simulated rainfall scenario.
Adapting DSSAT Model for Simulation of Cotton Yield for Nitrogen Levels and Planting Dates
Authors: Arshad Muhammad Naveed , Ahmad Ashfaq , Wajid Syed Aftab , Cheema Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud , Schwartz Mark W.
Published: September 2017

Experiment was conducted to test and validate DSSAT model for dynamic simulation of growth, development, and seed‐cotton yield.

Simulated values of days to anthesis, maturity, dry matter, and yield by model were reliable with recorded data.

Seasonal analysis showed 23.0, 4.2, and 14.9% yield reduction at Faisalabad, Sahiwal, and Multan, respectively under future changing climate.

Strategy analysis showed that May sown of cultivar FH‐142 at Faisalabad and Sahiwal and MNH‐886 at Multan with 200 kg N ha−1can be a viable option to get maximum yield.

The DSSAT module for Cotton Crop Modeling has been widely evaluated as a tool to predict the effect of climate change on productivity. A 2‐yr multifactorial experiment was conducted at three locations of Pakistan (Faisalabad, Sahiwal, and Multan) to test and validate this model for dynamic simulation of growth, development, and seed‐cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) yield of cultivars (3) at varying N increments (three levels) sown at two different timings (1 May and 1 June). The model was first calibrated with field data collected during 2014 based on the best performing treatment (May sown and 200 kg N ha−1). Data of year 2015 was then used for further validation. Modeled values of various phenological attributes (e.g., days to anthesis and maturity) by model were reliable with recorded data, having root mean square error (RMSE) less than 2 d during both years. The RMSE values for total dry matter and seed‐cotton yield were reasonably good (278–573 kg ha−1and 237–422 kg ha−1, respectively). Applying 1980 to 2015 climate histories for the three regions, we found Faisalabad to be vulnerable up to 23.0% reduction of yield followed by Multan (14.9%), whereas the Sahiwal region is modeled as much more resilient, with less than 5% predicted reductions in yield. Finally, we found that strategic cultivar choice and timing of planting can alleviate many of the adverse impacts of changing climates on cotton yield. We conclude that the DSSAT model can be effective as a tool to make strategic cotton planting choices under changing climates.
Maize Residue Removal and Cover Crop Effects on Subsequent Soybean Crops
Authors: Riedell Walter E. , Osborne Shannon L. , Dagel Kurt J.
Published: September 2017

Core Ideas

Corn residue removal and cover crop effects on soybeans were measured.

Treatments had no effects in years with average temperature and precipitation.

Residue removal reduced soybean yield in years characterized by drought.

Cover crops also reduced soybean yield in years characterized by drought.

Residue management and cover crops are important cropping system components. Maize (Zea mays L.) residue removal and cover crop effects on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed moisture at harvest, grain yield, and seed mineral concentrations were examined. Maize residue removal treatments [low‐residue removal (LRR) (grain harvest only), medium‐residue removal (MRR) (stalks chopped and baled after grain harvest), and high‐residue removal (HRR) (stalks cut and removed as silage)] under no‐till maize/soybean rotations were established near Brookings, SD, in 2000. Subplot treatments, begun in 2005, were the absence or presence of the cover crops fall‐planted slender wheatgrass [Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners] in maize and hairy vetch [Vicia villosa (Roth)] plus oats (Avena sativa L.) in soybean. Soybean data from 2009 through 2012 were evaluated. Across years and cover crops, LRR maintained 3587 ± 280 kg ha−1 preseason maize residue, MRR had 2269 ± 227 kg ha−1, and HRR had 1414 ± 172 kg ha−1. Grain moisture was greater (P = 0.03) in LRR (119.6 ± 1.8 g kg−1) than MRR (114.0 ± 1.4 g kg−1) or HRR (114.7 ± 1.5 g kg−1). Grain N was less (P = 0.04) under LRR (62.4 ± 0.5 g kg−1) than MRR (63.4 ± 0.6 g kg−1) or HRR (63.8 ± 0.5 g kg−1). Only during 2012, which had a warm and very dry summer, did MRR (3294 ± 88 kg ha−1) or HRR (3363 ± 141 kg ha−1) have less grain yield than LRR (3766 ± 145 kg ha−1). Cover crops reduced yield in 2012 (3233 ± 78 kg ha−1 with cover crops; 3716 ± 102 kg ha−1 without). Maize residue removal or cover crop cultivation reduced yield only during a growing season with a warm and very dry summer.
Influence of Biochar on Deposition and Release of Clay Colloids in Saturated Porous Media
Authors: Haque Muhammad Emdadul , Shen Chongyang , Li Tiantian , Chu Haoxue , Wang Hong , Li Zhen , Huang Yuanfang
Published: September 2017

Although the potential application of biochar in soil remediation has been recognized, the effect of biochar on the transport of clay colloids, and accordingly the fate of colloid‐associated contaminants, is unclear to date. This study conducted saturated column experiments to systematically examine transport of clay colloids in biochar‐amended sand porous media in different electrolytes at different ionic strengths. The obtained breakthrough curves were simulated by the convection–diffusion equation, which included a first‐order deposition and release terms. The deposition mechanisms were interpreted by calculating Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek interaction energies. A linear relationship between the simulated deposition rate or the attachment efficiency and the fraction of biochar was observed (R2 ≥ 0.91), indicating more favorable deposition in biochar than in sand. The interaction energy calculations show that the greater deposition in biochar occurs because the half‐tube–like cavities on the biochar surfaces favor deposition in secondary minima and the nanoscale physical and chemical heterogeneities on the biochar surfaces increase deposition in primary minima. The deposited clay colloids in NaCl can be released by reduction of ionic strength, whereas the presence of a bivalent cation (Ca2+) results in irreversible deposition due to the formation of cation bridging between the colloids and biochar surfaces. The deposition and release of clay colloids on or from biochar surfaces not only change their mobilizations in the soil but also influence the efficiency of the biochar for removal of pollutants. Therefore, the influence of biochar on clay colloid transport must be considered before application of the biochar in soil remediation.

Core Ideas

We examined the transport of clay colloids in biochar‐amended sand porous media.

Clay colloids were more favorably deposited in biochar than in sand.

The half‐tube‐like cavities on biochar surfaces favor deposition in secondary minima.

Core Ideas Clay colloids were reversibly and irreversibly deposited in biochar in 1:1 and 2:1 electrolytes, respectively.
Kenaf Productivity as Affected by Agricultural Practices in Iowa
Authors: Bourguignon Marie , Moore Kenneth , Lenssen Andrew , Archontoulis Sotirios , Stokke Douglas , Baldwin Brian
Published: September 2017

Development and commercialization of biobased and bioenergy products contribute to new and expanded markets for agricultural feedstocks, reduce U.S. dependence on petroleum, and diversify agriculture. In Iowa, there are opportunities for development of manufacturing products from biobased feedstocks and the production of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), an annual, fast‐growing herbaceous crop. Different agronomic management practices from a single large field experiment were investigated for kenaf stem production in Iowa with the objectives to: (i) develop optimum agronomic practices (planting date, seeding rate, row spacing, N fertilization presence or absence) leading to optimal kenaf stem and fiber yield; (ii) assess the effects of crop management practices on kenaf morphology; and (iii) determine lignocellulosic composition of kenaf bast and core. Cultivar Tainung 2 was grown at Boone, IA, and measured at harvest for stem dry yield, stand density, stem height and diameter, core:bast ratio, and lignocellulose concentration. Results indicated that planting kenaf in early May in 20‐cm rows led to the greatest stem dry yields (13 Mg ha−1) and that 18.5 seed m−2 in 20‐cm was the optimal combination of practices for stem dry yield. Adding N was only favorable when kenaf was planted in early May. Crop management practices influenced stem height, diameter, and core:bast ratios; however, their effects on lignocellulose concentration in bast and core were nominal. It was concluded that kenaf responded well to Iowa's climate and that bast production could be improved by the selected agricultural practices.
Online Ring Testing to Elicit the Cause of Underdispersion in Seed Germination Tests
Authors: Deplewski Peter M. , Kruse Michael
Published: September 2017

According to International Rules for Seed Testing, a germination test is performed with 400 seeds, subdivided into four replicates of 100 seeds. The empirical variance between the four replicate results was found by many authors to be smaller than random sampling variation. Hypotheses for sources for this underdispersion were developed, but no experimental proof was possible, as the population's true germination value is unknown. To overcome this obstacle, we performed two online ring tests with computer‐generated seedling images. Seedlings had to be classified as normal, if the shoot/root ratio was between 0.5 and 2.0, otherwise as abnormal. Results showed significantly smaller variances between empirical replicate results than between true replicate values, confirming underdispersion. Rates of false normal and false abnormal classification of seedlings were 19.5 and 3.5%, respectively. Error rates are different between analysts and depend on the true replicate value. In replicates with many abnormal seedlings, the false normal rate is higher and the false abnormal rate is lower than in samples with few abnormal seedlings. This is the source of underdispersion and a direct result of decisions made by seed analysts. Pooling of replicate results of all analysts and recombining showed that underdispersion can be reduced significantly when each replicate is tested by a different analyst. Hence, replicates should be blinded and every replicate evaluated by another analyst.
Ploidy Level and Genetic Diversity in the Genus Paspalum, Group Disticha
Authors: Eudy Douglas , Bahri Bochra A. , Harrison Melanie L. , Raymer Paul , Devos Katrien M.
Published: September 2017

The importance of the warm‐season grass Paspalum vaginatum Sw. lies in its salt tolerance and its ability to serve as forage, ground cover for erosion control, and turf for sport surfaces in vulnerable areas in the tropics and subtropics. We conducted DNA content measurements using flow cytometry and diversity analyses using 43 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in a set of 97 Paspalum group Disticha accessions to resolve the relationship between the two group Disticha species, P. vaginatum Sw. and P. distichum L., and determine their ploidy level, genetic diversity, population structure, and distribution history. Using glume pubescence as a distinguishing characteristic, P. vaginatum accessions were largely diploid and P. distichum accessions largely polyploid, although exceptions were identified in both species. Transferability of genomic P. vaginatum SSRs to P. distichum confirmed the close genetic relationship between the two species. Similarity in SSR allele sizes between the two species may be an indication of gene flow. Population structure analyses grouped the germplasm into three subpopulations. One subpopulation consisted of accessions with mixed leaf texture, mixed glume pubescence phenotypes, and mixed ploidy levels. The other two subpopulations contained only diploid members with a typical P. vaginatum turf phenotype. Our data bring into question the distinguishing characteristics of P. distichum and P. vaginatum and whether they should be considered the same species. We also make some strategic recommendations for new collections and accession maintenance.
Genetics and Molecular Mapping of Heat Tolerance for Seedling Survival and Pod Set in Lentil
Authors: Singh Dharmendra , Singh Chandan Kumar , Singh Tomar Ram Sewak , Pal Madan
Published: September 2017

Heat stress is one of the most severe abiotic stresses affecting yield of agricultural crops. Its effects can be minimized through development of heat‐tolerant genotypes. In this study, the populations were developed through crossing heat‐stress‐sensitive (‘JL‐3’ and E‐153) and tolerant (PDL‐1 and PDL‐2) lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) genotypes for studying the genetics and molecular mapping of heat tolerance. The parents, F1, F2, F3, and backcross populations were exposed to heat stress at seedling (35/33°C) and reproductive (35/20°C) stages under hydroponic assay. The F1s were found tolerant, indicating dominance of heat tolerance based on seedling survival and pod set per plant. The segregation ratios obtained for heat tolerance in the F2, F3, and backcross populations were 3:1, 1:2:1, and 1:1 based on seedling survival and pod set per plant. This suggested the presence of a single dominant gene for seedling survival and pod set related to heat tolerance in PDL‐1 and PDL‐2. This matched with one major quantitative trait locus (QTL) in each trait (i.e., seedling survival and pod set per plant). Out of 495 simple sequence repeat markers used in this study, 13 distinguished the parental lines. However, tolerant and sensitive bulks could be distinguished by seven markers, which were used for genotyping the F2 mapping population. The QTL analysis using data for genotyping and phenotyping identified two major QTLs, qHt_ss and qHt_ps, with 12.1 and 9.23% phenotypic variance explained for seedling survival and pod set, respectively. These QTLs would provide further opportunities to dissect candidate genes and development of molecular markers for improving lentil cultivars with heat tolerance.
Sagebrush Wildfire Effects on Surface Soil Nutrient Availability: A Temporal and Spatial Study
Authors: Blank Robert R. , ClementsTye Charlie , Harmon MorganDan
Published: September 2017

Core Ideas

In sagebrush ecosystems, wildfire effects on surface soil nutrient availability varied spatially.

Wildfire increased surface soil nutrient availability long‐term, mostly in shrub canopies.

Soil nutrients of greatest increase with long‐lasting elevated levels included mineral N and Mn.

Wildfires occurring inArtemisia(sagebrush) ecosystems can temporarily increase soil nutrient availability in surface soil. Less is known, however, on how soil nutrient availability changes over time and microsite post‐wildfire. In October 2013 a wildfire approximately 30 km north of Reno, Nevada, occurred in anArtemisia tridentatassp.vaseyana(mountain big sagebrush) community. We quantified soil nutrient availability of surface soil (0–10 cm) by microsite (shrub interspace and shrub canopy), treatment (burned and unburned), and temporally (monthly from November 2013 through May 2015). Changes in nutrient availability, due to wildfire, largely occurred in shrub canopy microsites. For most months and relative to unburned shrub canopies, burned shrub canopies had elevated availability of mineral N (dominantly NH4+‐N), bicarbonate‐extractable P, DTPA‐extractable Mn, and solution‐phase Ca+2, Mg+2, SO4–2, K+, and ortho‐P. Burned shrub canopies also had, for most months, far less N mineralization potentials than unburned shrub canopies. The large increase in Mn availability in burned shrub canopies significantly correlates with mineral N and solution‐phase Ca+2and SO4–2, suggesting release via pyrolysis of soil organic matter. Except for a slight increase in solution‐phase Mg+2, SO4–2, and ortho‐P for particular months, there is little evidence for nutrient translocation from burned canopies to adjacent interspaces during the study. Density of the exotic annual grassBromus tectorumincreased from 5 to 10% cover pre‐wildfire to about 60% in the post‐wildfire growing season attesting to the importance of elevated soil nutrient availability to its growth.