bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lexical Chunks Formulaic Sequences and Yukuai: Study of Terms and Definitions of English Multiword Units
Authors: Zhang Ling , Lu Ping
Published: February 2017

According to the theory of mental lexicon, lexical chunks refer to the multiword units with chunking effects while being processed in utterences. Language acquisition studies hold that formulaic sequences undertake more pragramatic functions bearing more conceptual processing and cultural information. There are some overlaps in the two terms. In the SLA studies in China, researchers attempted to use the coined term Cikuai to be the substitute of these two literally-translated terms—Cihui Zukuai for lexical chunks in Chinese and Chengshi Yu for formulaic sequences in Chinese. This paper proposes that lexical chunks and formulaic sequences have respective linguistic and cognitive features, which direct L1 and L2 speakers to process lexico-semantic multiword units in discourse in different ways. They are the subordinate terms of multiword units in English. This paper claims that the present terms can refer to holistically processed multiword units due to their formulaic and chunking effects.The significant differences lie in their degree of compositionality and semantic productivity. The lexical chunks have higher compositionality and semantic transparency, whereas the formulaic sequences are dynamic lexico-semantic multiword units, which offer exemplars instead of chunks for the reconstruction of lexical items in certain discourses. With regard to the lexical features of meaning extension, recursion and creativeness, we figure out their working definitions and come to the conlusion that Yukuai is not a good terminology to cover all the features entailed in them.
Student Awareness and Use of Rubrics in Online Classes
Authors: Haught Patricia A. , Ahern Terence C. , Ruberg Laurie F.
Published: February 2017

The design, development and deployment of online instruction has become standard practice. The focus of the study was on student perceptions of course rubrics and not on the rubrics, themselves, or the instructors. In order to improve student engagement online we conducted an exploratory study of the awareness and perceptions of course rubrics. Fifty graduate students completed an online survey at the end of the semester about their awareness and perceptions of course rubrics. All students reported that they were aware that course rubrics existed. They indicated that they had learned about this information through the course syllabus, professor announcements via email and posts to LMS. Most students reported reviewing rubrics prior to submitting an assignment. One of the key findings from this study was that students see rubrics as a mechanism for scaffolding their performance, and thus, instructors need to focus more effort on designing rubrics to accomplish more than student assessment.
The Relationship between the Styles of Coping with Stress and the Levels of Hopelessness of Preschool Teachers
Authors: Ekici Fatma Yasar
Published: February 2017

The main aim of this research is to examine the relationship between the styles of coping with stress and the levels of hopelessness of preschool teachers. Relational survey method was used in this research. The research sample consists of 108 preschool teachers working in preschool education institutions in Küçükçekmece district of Istanbul in the spring term of 2015-2016 and selected by the random sampling method. The Teacher Information Form, Styles of Coping with Stress Scale and Beck Hopelessness Scale were used in the data collection. Data collected for the study were analysed using SPSS 20 program. At the end of the research, it was found out that the most used sytle by preschool teachers to cope with stress is the self-confident approach and the least used style is the submissive approach. As the preference rates of the self-confident approach and optimistic approach in coping with stress of preschool teachers increase, the level of hopelessness decreases; as the preference rates of the helpless approach increase, the levels of hopelessness increase. The styles of coping with stress and the levels of hopelessness of preschool teachers do not vary by age, marital status, professional seniority, the number of children they have, the level of income and the school type that they work in.
Genetic Dissection of Stem Water-Soluble Carbohydrates and Agronomic Traits in Wheat under Different Water Regimes
Authors: Nadia Khan , Chang Xiaoping , Jing Ruilian
Published: February 2017

Drought is a major environmental stress threatening wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity worldwide. Although drought impedes wheat performance at all growth stages, it is more critical during the flowering and grain-filling phases and results in substantial yield losses. In this context, stem water-soluble carbohydrates (SWSC) were dissected at flowering and grain filling stages under drought stress (DS) and well-watered (WW) conditions using a population consisted of 116 wheat accessions in this research. The main goal was to dissect the genetic basis of water-soluble carbohydrates and the agronomic traits using association mapping approach and identify linked molecular markers. The results showed significant and positive correlations for stem water-soluble carbohydrates at grain filling (SWSCG) with accumulating efficiency of stem water-soluble carbohydrates (AESWSC) and grain filling efficiency at the late stage (GFEL). The accumulating and grain filling efficiency at grain filling stage could play an important role for SWSC especially under DS condition. Four favorable alleles for plant height (PH) and grain yield (GY) were identified in two water environments. Xbarc78-4A163and Xbarc78-4A155 were variant alleles for PH which were identified in both water regimes. Whereas Xwmc25-2D151 and Xgwm165-4B191 positively linked with GY in WW. Although Xwmc420-4A121and Xwmc112-2D215 were alleles for stem water-soluble carbohydrates at flowering (SWSCF) and SWSCG in DS but the frequency were < 5% so they were considered as rare alleles. These SSR markers which explained significant level of phenotypic variability for chosen traits could be used for selection of genotypes in wheat breeding programs through marker-assisted selection.
Realizing Farmers’ Rights through Community Seed Banks in Uganda: Experiences and Policy Issues
Authors: Otieno Gloria Atieno , Kiwuka Catherine , Mulumba John Wasswa
Published: February 2017

The paper interrogates the role of community seed banks (CSBs) and related initiatives in the realization of farmers’ rights in Uganda and the policy and legislative space for the functioning of CSBs. The study finds that although community seed banks are a relatively new phenomenon in Uganda, there have been community based seed banking initiatives that have been instrumental in the realization of farmers’ rights to save and exchange seed and information; and especially providing a wide range of diversity of seed to farmers and improving access to good quality seed. Through partnerships with local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), research and government institutions, CSBs have received technical and financial support for conservation and seed production activities, thus enabling them to participate in seed value-chains through production of quality declared seed (QDS) and participate in decision making. Although the policy and legal environment for the functioning of CSBs is not well defined, various pieces of draft legislation provide positively for ways through which CSBs can be recognized and supported for the benefit of farmers. The study recommends that CSBs activities should be rolled-out to other parts of the country through a government financing mechanism that is suggested in the draft national policy on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. The development of a policy and legal environment that includes an act that has provisions for the recognition of CSBs and the protection of farmers’ rights is important. Secondary information, interviews with key informants and Focus Group discussions (FGDs) are the primary sources of data used.
Travail-famille : un défi pour les femmes à Cotonou
Authors: Adjamagbo Agnès , Gastineau Bénédicte , Kpadonou Norbert
Published: February 2017

En Afrique de l’Ouest, le taux d’activité des femmes est élevé. Souvent cantonnées dans le secteur informel, elles contribuent pourtant de façon importante aux revenus du ménage. Toutefois, les rôles socialement prescrits imposent aux femmes la quasi-intégralité des tâches domestiques et des soins aux enfants. Cet article étudie la manière dont les femmes actives à Cotonou, au Bénin, gèrent leur quotidien entre contraintes familiales et obligations professionnelles. L’analyse montre que la conciliation incombe à toutes les femmes, quel que soit leur milieu socioéconomique. La différence se joue plutôt dans les ressources sociales et financières dont elles disposent pour pallier le fardeau de la double journée.
L’agression sexuelle envers les aînées : un problème social en mal de reconnaissance
Authors: Beaulieu Marie , Lussier-Therrien Marika
Published: February 2017

En s’appuyant sur une collection de textes de référence, les auteures présentent un état des connaissances sur les agressions sexuelles envers les personnes aînées et les différentes pratiques (prévention, dépistage et intervention) s’y rapportant. Les agressions sexuelles commises envers les aînées, problème social en croissance dans divers milieux, prennent de multiples formes. Par ailleurs, la réponse des professionnelles et des professionnels de la santé et des services sociaux est teintée de méconnaissance et de non-reconnaissance. La faible quantité de textes réunis, indice du peu d’attention accordé au problème, devrait inciter le milieu de la recherche à acquérir et à développer des connaissances et des pratiques sur le sujet.
Les pratiques professionnelles genrées : le cas des journalistes québécoises correspondantes à l’étranger
Authors: Gobeil Anne-Sophie
Published: February 2017

L’auteure examine les pratiques professionnelles genrées des journalistes québécoises correspondantes à l’étranger. Dans une démarche constructiviste alliant théorie du point de vue et analyse de discours, elle considère les rapports sociaux de sexe dans l’expérience des correspondantes. Au pays, affectations et attentes genrées, harcèlement sexuel, système « à deux poids, deux mesures » et valorisation de comportements « masculins » les désavantagent. Plus sympathiques et moins menaçantes, à l’étranger, elles accèdent à davantage de sources, mais elles sont aux prises avec le harcèlement sexuel. Malgré un malaise à l’idée d’un journalisme « féminin », leur vision du métier semble porter humanité, équité et complexité.
Portrait de la situation du nématode à kyste du soja (Heterodera glycines) au Québec (2013-2015)
Authors: Mimee Benjamin , Gagnon Annie-Ève , Colton-Gagnon Katia , Tremblay Éléonore
Published: February 2017

Le nématode à kyste du soja (NKS), Heterodera glycines, est un nématode phytoparasite causant des pertes de rendement considérables dans la culture de soja. Il a été détecté pour la première fois au Québec en 2013. Nous présentons ici les résultats d’une enquête visant à déterminer les régions affectées par ce ravageur et la densité de populations présentes au Québec. Au cours des trois dernières années (2013-2015), le NKS a été détecté dans 54 échantillons (32 % des champs testés) répartis dans les 10 régions productrices de soja du Québec. Les densités de populations trouvées étaient par contre très faibles, à la limite de détection. Parmi les régions testées, l’Estrie présentait la plus forte proportion de champs positifs (63 %). Étonnamment, cette proportion n’était que de 7 % en Montérégie-Ouest, là où la première détection a pourtant eu lieu et où se concentre la production de soja. Dans l’ensemble, la qualité des kystes récupérés était pauvre et le nombre d’oeufs très faible. Même si les populations sont encore négligeables, le NKS est bel et bien présent au Québec et il ne pourra pas être éradiqué. Diverses mesures devraient donc être mises en oeuvre afin de limiter la dispersion et l’accroissement des populations de ce ravageur important.
Illustration of Typical Situations of Fatal Traffic Accidents Involving Cyclists Within the Territory of the City of Belgrade
Authors: Vukšić Vedran , Ivanišević Tijana
Published: February 2017

This paper analysed traffic accidents involving cyclists that occurred within the territory of the City of Belgrade, based on traffic technical forensics case files, over the period from 2009 to 2013. Within the analysed sample, identified and illustrated are typical situations in which there are fatal injuries of cyclists in traffic.
Estimation of External Costs of Transport in Canton Sarajevo for 2014
Authors: Račić Ivan
Published: February 2017

The main aim of this paper is to raise awareness of the necessity to estimate the external costs of transport, and in particular in urban area of Canton Sarajevo. It does not provide full extent of the costs as it focuses only on two components, air pollution and accidents. It focuses on the concise methodology for estimation of external expenses of air pollution from road and air transport and road traffic accidents, using official statistical data for modeling emissions (COPERT 4, Copert Street Level, IPPC Tier 3A methodology) and for accounting road traffic accidents. Statistical significance of correlation between traffic flow and measured concentration of pollutant at Otoka location is determined by Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Air pollution and traffic accidents are monetized according to the Synapse Energy Economics cost estimation of metric ton of CO2, and Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, for other pollutants, while estimation methodology for both air pollution and traffic accidents is done in line with Handbook on External Costs of Transport, European Commission.
The Effects of ITS Application in Speed Management on State Road From Mali Pozarevac to Kragujevac
Authors: Petrović Tomislav , Milosavljević Miloš , Božović Milan , Drašković Danislav , Radović Milija
Published: February 2017

The application of intelligent transport systems (hereinafter ITSs) on roads enables continuous monitoring of road users during a whole year with the aim to collect good-quality data based on which the more complex analyses could be done, such as monitoring of certain traffic safety indicators. Automatic traffic counters are one of the most commonly implemented ITSs for collecting traffic flow parameters that are relevant for traffic management on state roads in Republic of Serbia. This paper presents one of the possible ways to collect, analyze and present data on road users’ speeds using automatic traffic counters, where certain traffic safety indicators are analyzed in terms of road users’ compliance with the speed limit on the road section from Mali Pozarevac to Kragujevac. Based on the analyses of data downloaded from automatic traffic counters, it is observed that an extremely high percentage of vehicles drive at speed higher than the speed limit, indicating clearly to higher traffic accident risk, as well as to the need for a tendency to implement speed management on roads using ITS in the forthcoming period.
UTICAJ INFORMACIONO KOMUNIKACIONIH TEHNOLOGIJA NA RAD JAVNE
Authors: Tepšić Milica , Šušić Ilija , Bakić Slobodanka
Published: February 2017

Informaciono-komunikacione tehnologije (ICT) u sve većoj mjeri preuzimaju i najvitalnije funkcije ljudske djelatnosti, pa tako i javnu upravu. Ovaj rad treba da ukaţe da sadašnji nivo razvoja javne uprave nije zadovoljavajući i neophodno je brţe uvoĊenje novih elektronskih servisa, nedupliranje nekih aktivnosti, te brţe uoĉavanje i rješavanje problema u vezi sa usklaĊivanjem pravnih propisa i racionalizacijom procedura kako bi rad javne uprave bio еfikаsniјi. Budući dа dјеlоkrug rada оrgаnа uprаvе оbuhvаtа gоtоvо svе sеgmеntе ţivоtа društvеnе zајеdnicе, bеz kvаlitеtnе јаvnе uprаvе kоја је spоsоbnа sprоvоditi оdlukе vlаsti društvо stаgnirа ili nаzаduје, stvаrа sе nеzаdоvоlјstvо grаĊаnа i privrednih subjekata, а pоslјеdicе sе оdrаţаvајu nа svа pоdruĉја društvenog ţivota.
EFEKTI DIREKTNIH STRANIH ULAGANJA NA EKONOMSKI RAZVOJ BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
Authors: Šušić Ilija , Šušić Milan
Published: February 2017

Sa makrostanovišta, investicije su determinanta privrednog razvoja u cjelini, ali i razvoja privrednih subjekata sa mikrostanovišta. Investicije ĉine nezaobilazan element svake ekonomske politike, jer se njihovom realizacijom ostvaruju pretpostavke, ne samo ekonomskog razvoja, već i stabilnosti privrednih i društvenih tokova. Strane direktne investicije predstavljaju veoma znaĉajan oblik u finansiranju globalne ekonomije i najzastupljenije su u finansiranju nacionalnih privredâ zemalja u razvoju i zemalja u tranziciji. Motivi investitora za transfere kapitala u druge zemlje su brojni, pa strane direktne investicije u svijetu kontinuirano rastu. Ekonomija Evropske unije je vodeća svjetska privreda sa najvišim stepenom otvorenosti, kako za uvoz, tako i za izvoz kapitala.U radu je posebna paţnja posvećena i uticaju stranih direktnih ulaganja na ekonomski razvoj Bosne i Hercegovine. Naglasak je stavljen na aktivnosti koje je neophodno sprovoditi kako bi bila realizovana veća ulaganja. Uz korišćenje statistiĉko-kvantitativne analize, u radu je pokazano da je priliv inostranog kapitala osnovna pretpostavka generisanja i akcelerisanja ekonomskog razvoja i da priliv inokapitala ima pozitivan uticaj na ekonomski razvoj Bosne i Hercegovine. Praćenje i analiza razliĉitih instrumenata priliva inostranog kapitala, sa naglaskom na ulaganja u poslovne i slobodne zone i zajedniĉko ulaganje sa inoinvestitorima, nam nedvosmisleno ukazuje na ĉinjenicu da oni imaju razliĉit, ali dokazano pozitivan uticaj na makroekonomske veliĉine u Bosni i Hercegovini.
MJERENJE REZULTATA IZ OBLASTI ZNANJA I ULOGA MENADŢMENTA U ORGANIZACIJI, RAZVOJU I PROMJENAMA PRIVREDNOG SUBJEKTA
Authors: Hujdurović Emir
Published: February 2017

U poĉetnom dijelu rada dat je kratki uvod za upoznavanje i cilj teme. Centralni dio rada zauzima oblast mjerenje rezultata u oblasti znanja, što u praksi predstavlja poseban izazov za menadţment organizacije. S tim u vezi, predstavljene su dvije odrednice za mjerenje rezultata. To su mjerenje rezultata u organizacijama koje uĉe i mjerenje rezultata u ekonomiji znanja. Kao bitan elemenat u funcionisanju organizacije predstavljena je uloga menadţmenta u razvoju i promjenama organizacija. Izgradnja organizacije koja uĉi, kroz teoriju, metode i instrumente funkcionisanja, te integracija u organizacionu infrastrukturu su dio koji je osnov za pravilan pristup menadţmenta. U završnom dijelu izneseni su praktiĉni prijedlozi za izgradnju organizacije koja uĉi. Na kraju je dat zakljuĉak na predstavljenu tematiku u radu.
KORUPCIJA
Authors: Jež Zdravko
Published: February 2017

Korupcija je sveopšta i univerzalna društvena pojava i javlja se kada i samo društvo, samo što usavršava svoje metode i stalno nalazi naĉina da se širi i bude sve prisutnija. Njen osnovni karakter je slabljenje uloge drţave i nosilaca javne vlasti da bi uzurpacijom opštedruštvena svojina bila pretvorena u privatnu i liĉnu nesaglasno aktuelnim pozitivnopravnim propisima. Najslabije i najosetljivije tkivo društva gde se korupcija utemeljuje jeste, pre svega, zloupotreba ovlašćenja nosilaca javnih funkcija i izraţena privatna pohlepa da se ima što više pa ĉak i ono što je zaštićeno bogatstvo društva, s tim što apetiti liĉnog i privatnog na raĉun opšteg društvrnog stalno rastu. Sve ove konstatacije zahtevaju usklaĊenu meĊunarodnu, nacionalnu sihhronizaciju i borbu protiv korupcije, pre svega putem pravne drţave, odgovarajuće legislative pa do preduzimanja konkretnih aktivnosti od strane nadleţnih organizacija i institicija.
ZAŠTITA PRAVA RADNIKA
Authors: Komljenović Brana , Komljenović Goran
Published: February 2017

Institut zaštite prava radnika iz radnog odnosa propisan je Zakonom o radu i omogućava radniku da, ako doĊe do povrede nekog prava, zahtijeva njegovo ostvarivanje. Radnik koji smatra da mu je povrijeĊeno pravo iz radnog odnosa moţe da se obrati poslodavcu; pokrene postupak za mirno rješavanje radnog spora; podnese tuţbu nadleţnom sudu za zaštitu tog prava, ili pak da se obrati inspektoru rada radi zaštite prava iz radnog odnosa.
KOMPJUTERSKI VOĐENO DIZAJNIRANJE I IZRADA ZUBNIH NADOKNADA
Authors: Šušić Ilija , Tepšić Milica , Šušić Milan
Published: February 2017

CAD/CAM (raĉunarom voĊeno dizajniranje / raĉunarom kontrolisana izrada) tehnologija u suštini omogućuje kreiranje dvodimenzionalnih ili trodimenzionalnih modela i njihovu materijalizaciju putem numeriĉki voĊenih mašina. Najvaţniji segment izrade zubnih nadoknada pomoću sistema koji koriste CAD/CAM tehnologiju, predstavlja premjeravanje preparacije zuba u ustima pacijenta ili na radnom modelu. CAD/CAM je akronim od engleskih rijeĉi computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture, odnosno stomatološki raĉunarski podrţan dizajn i raĉunarski podrţana izrada inleja, onleja, krunica i mostova. U cilju efikasnijeg rada, smanjenja troškova, povećanja zadovoljstva kod korisnika-pacijenta i konaĉno ostvarenja profita, mnoge stomatološke ordinacije u svijetu su njihovu paţnju bile usmjerile na implementaciju savremenih IT rješenja u svakodnevnoj praksi. Pored specijalizovanih softvera za upravljanje ordinacijom, upravljanje zalihama i sliĉno ili hardvera poput upotrebe lasera u estetskoj stomatologiji ili intraoralnih kamera, u skorije vreme na znaĉaju dobija i primjena CAD/CAM tehnologije na polju protetike. Brojni istraţivaĉi su prezentovali razliĉite pristupe metodi 3D skeniranja preparacije zuba. Najvaţnije osobine zbog kojih su optiĉke metode izrasle u lidera 3D skeniranja su: visoka preciznost, široko polje i brzina skeniranja, kao i ergonomija samog instrumenta. U radu su prikazane prednosti korišćenja ove tehnologije, kao i zadovoljstvo pacijenata i stomatologa korišćenjem sistema kao: Cercon, Celay, Cerec, Lava, Everest, koji predstavljaju imperativ u savremenoj stomatologiji u kreiranju fiksnih nadoknada zuba.
The cortical connectivity of the periaqueductal gray and the conditioned response to the threat of breathlessness
Authors: Faull Olivia K , Pattinson Kyle TS
Published: February 2017

Previously we observed differential activation in individual columns of the periaqueductal grey (PAG) during breathlessness and its conditioned anticipation (Faull et al., 2016b). Here, we have extended this work by determining how the individual columns of the PAG interact with higher cortical centres, both at rest and in the context of breathlessness threat. Activation was observed in ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) and lateral PAG (lPAG), where activity scaled with breathlessness intensity ratings, revealing a potential interface between sensation and cognition during breathlessness. At rest the lPAG was functionally correlated with cortical sensorimotor areas, conducive to facilitating fight/flight responses, and demonstrated increased synchronicity with the amygdala during breathlessness. The vlPAG showed fronto-limbic correlations at rest, whereas during breathlessness anticipation, reduced functional synchronicity was seen to both lPAG and motor structures, conducive to freezing behaviours. These results move us towards understanding how the PAG might be intricately involved in human responses to threat.
FlpStop, a tool for conditional gene control in Drosophila
Authors: Fisher Yvette E , Yang Helen H , Isaacman-Beck Jesse , Xie Marjorie , Gohl Daryl M , Clandinin Thomas R
Published: February 2017

Manipulating gene function cell type-specifically is a common experimental goal in Drosophila research and has been central to studies of neural development, circuit computation, and behavior. However, current cell type-specific gene disruption techniques in flies often reduce gene activity incompletely or rely on cell division. Here we describe FlpStop, a generalizable tool for conditional gene disruption and rescue in post-mitotic cells. In proof-of-principle experiments, we manipulated apterous, a regulator of wing development. Next, we produced conditional null alleles of Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (Gad1) and Resistant to dieldrin (Rdl), genes vital for GABAergic neurotransmission, as well as cacophony (cac) and paralytic (para), voltage-gated ion channels central to neuronal excitability. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we manipulated cac in a specific visual interneuron type and discovered differential regulation of calcium signals across subcellular compartments. Thus, FlpStop will facilitate investigations into the interactions between genes, circuits, and computation.
EFL Teachers’ and Learners’ Perceptions of Grammatical Difficulties
Authors: Alhaysony Maha , Alhaisoni Eid
Published: February 2017

This paper investigates grammatical difficulty from the perspective of Saudi university students, of EFL as well as from the perspective of university teachers. It aims to find out which English grammar features are more difficult/less difficult than others. Furthermore, it attempts to determine the reasons and causes that account for such grammar difficulty. Questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were the two research instruments used in this study. A total number of 103 students and 85 university teachers took part in the questionnaire, while only 20 teachers and 25 students responded in the interview. All the participants were from Aljouf University (males and females). The results showed that some English grammar features were more difficult and some were less difficult than others. The obtained difficulty order determined by EFL learners and the one obtained by the teachers’ perceptions were compared. Some similarities and differences were found to exist in the rank order of the features for the two groups. The findings of the study may be beneficial to syllabus designers, material developers, teachers and EFL learners.
Observations of flooding and snow‐ice formation in a thinner Arctic sea‐ice regime during the N‐ICE2015 campaign: Influence of basal ice melt and storms
Authors: Provost Christine , Sennéchael Nathalie , Miguet Jonas , Itkin Polona , Rösel Anja , Koenig Zoé , Villacieros‐Robineau Nicolas , Granskog Mats A.
Published: February 2017

Seven ice mass balance instruments deployed near 83°N on different first‐year and second‐year ice floes, representing variable snow and ice conditions, documented the evolution of snow and ice conditions in the Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard in January–March 2015. Frequent profiles of temperature and thermal diffusivity proxy were recorded to distinguish changes in snow depth and ice thickness with 2 cm vertical resolution. Four instruments documented flooding and snow‐ice formation. Flooding was clearly detectable in the simultaneous changes in thermal diffusivity proxy, increased temperature, and heat propagation through the underlying ice. Slush then progressively transformed into snow‐ice. Flooding resulted from two different processes: (i) after storm‐induced breakup of snow‐loaded floes and (ii) after loss of buoyancy due to basal ice melt. In the case of breakup, when the ice was cold and not permeable, rapid flooding, probably due to lateral intrusion of seawater, led to slush and snow‐ice layers at the ocean freezing temperature (−1.88°C). After the storm, the instruments documented basal sea‐ice melt over warm Atlantic waters and ocean‐to‐ice heat flux peaked at up to 400 W m−2. The warm ice was then permeable and flooding was more gradual probably involving vertical intrusion of brines and led to colder slush and snow‐ice (−3°C). The N‐ICE2015 campaign provided the first documentation of significant flooding and snow‐ice formation in the Arctic ice pack as the slush partially refroze. Snow‐ice formation may become a more frequently observed process in a thinner ice Arctic.
Estimating surface water mixing ratios using salinity and potential alkalinity in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio mixed water regions
Authors: Kakehi Shigeho , Ito Shin‐ichi , Wagawa Taku
Published: February 2017

We used salinity and potential alkalinity data from hydrographic observations to investigate surface mixing ratios in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio mixed water region in the western North Pacific. In addition to mixing between the Kuroshio Extension (KE) and Oyashio, we assessed freshwater input/removal. A mixing scenario with three end‐members was assumed in the surface layer ≤100 m. The results indicate that water masses near the sea surface in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio mixed water region were mainly the result of mixing between the KE and Oyashio. The freshwater contribution was approximately 2.2% at depth 10 m. The volume of freshwater estimated from this percentage was consistent with surface water budgets estimated from reanalysis precipitation and evaporation data. The estimated mixing ratio of the KE (rk) along the quasi‐stationary jet in the western North Pacific, which splits from the KE and flows northeastward toward the subarctic region, decreased downstream from 95% to 27% in only 42 days, suggesting that water properties were changed rapidly by mixing. Correlation between rk around the quasi‐stationary jet and nutrients concentration was significantly negative in the layer where photosynthesis was negligible, indicating that the mixing between the KE and Oyashio is an important determinant of the horizontal distribution of nutrients in this area.
Variability and change of sea level and its components in the Indo‐Pacific region during the altimetry era
Authors: Wu Quran , Zhang Xuebin , Church John A. , Hu Jianyu
Published: February 2017

Previous studies have shown that regional sea level exhibits interannual and decadal variations associated with the modes of climate variability. A better understanding of those low‐frequency sea level variations benefits the detection and attribution of climate change signals. Nonetheless, the contributions of thermosteric, halosteric, and mass sea level components to sea level variability and trend patterns remain unclear. By focusing on signals associated with dominant climate modes in the Indo‐Pacific region, we estimate the interannual and decadal fingerprints and trend of each sea level component utilizing a multivariate linear regression of two adjoint‐based ocean reanalyses. Sea level interannual, decadal, and trend patterns primarily come from thermosteric sea level (TSSL). Halosteric sea level (HSSL) is of regional importance in the Pacific Ocean on decadal time scale and dominates sea level trends in the northeast subtropical Pacific. The compensation between TSSL and HSSL is identified in their decadal variability and trends. The interannual and decadal variability of temperature generally peak at subsurface around 100 m but that of salinity tend to be surface‐intensified. Decadal temperature and salinity signals extend deeper into the ocean in some regions than their interannual equivalents. Mass sea level (MassSL) is critical for the interannual and decadal variability of sea level over shelf seas. Inconsistencies exist in MassSL trend patterns among various estimates. This study highlights regions where multiple processes work together to control sea level variability and change. Further work is required to better understand the interaction of different processes in those regions.
Aerosol optical properties measurements by a CAPS single scattering albedo monitor: Comparisons between summer and winter in Beijing, China
Authors: Han Tingting , Xu Weiqi , Li Jie , Freedman Andrew , Zhao Jian , Wang Qingqing , Chen Chen , Zhang Yingjie , Wang Zifa , Fu Pingqing , Liu Xingang , Sun Yele
Published: February 2017

Aerosol optical properties were measured in Beijing in summer and winter using a state‐of‐the‐art cavity attenuated phase shift single scattering albedo monitor (CAPS PMssa) along with aerosol composition measurements by aerosol mass spectrometers and aethalometers. The SSA directly measured by the CAPS PMssa showed overall agreements with those derived from colocated measurements. However, substantial differences were observed during periods with low SSA values in both summer and winter, suggesting that interpretation of low SSA values needs to be cautious. The average (±σ) extinction coefficient (bext) and absorption coefficient (bap) were 336 (±343) Mm−1 and 44 (±41) Mm−1, respectively, during wintertime, which were approximately twice those observed in summer, while the average SSA was relatively similar, 0.86 (±0.06) and 0.85 (±0.04) in summer and winter, respectively. Further analysis showed that the variations in SSA can be approximately parameterized as a function of mass fraction of secondary particulate matter (fSPM), which is SSA = 0.74 + 0.19 × fSPM (fSPM > 0.3, r2 = 0.85). The contributions of aerosol species to extinction coefficients during the two seasons were also estimated. Our results showed that the light extinction was dominantly contributed by ammonium sulfate (30%) and secondary organic aerosol (22%) in summer, while organic aerosol was the largest contributor (51%) in winter. Consistently, SPM played the major role in visibility degradation in both seasons by contributing 70% of the total extinction.
Aerosol and cloud microphysics covariability in the northeast Pacific boundary layer estimated with ship‐based and satellite remote sensing observations
Authors: Painemal David , Chiu J.‐Y. Christine , Minnis Patrick , Yost Christopher , Zhou Xiaoli , Cadeddu Maria , Eloranta Edwin , Lewis Ernie R. , Ferrare Richard , Kollias Pavlos
Published: February 2017

Ship measurements collected over the northeast Pacific along transects between the port of Los Angeles (33.7°N, 118.2°W) and Honolulu (21.3°N, 157.8°W) during May to August 2013 were utilized to investigate the covariability between marine low cloud microphysical and aerosol properties. Ship‐based retrievals of cloud optical depth (τ) from a Sun photometer and liquid water path (LWP) from a microwave radiometer were combined to derive cloud droplet number concentration Nd and compute a cloud‐aerosol interaction (ACI) metric defined as ACICCN = ∂ ln(Nd)/∂ ln(CCN), with CCN denoting the cloud condensation nuclei concentration measured at 0.4% (CCN0.4) and 0.3% (CCN0.3) supersaturation. Analysis of CCN0.4, accumulation mode aerosol concentration (Na), and extinction coefficient (σext) indicates that Na and σext can be used as CCN0.4 proxies for estimating ACI. ACICCN derived from 10 min averaged Nd and CCN0.4 and CCN0.3, and CCN0.4 regressions using Na and σext, produce high ACICCN: near 1.0, that is, a fractional change in aerosols is associated with an equivalent fractional change in Nd. ACICCN computed in deep boundary layers was small (ACICCN = 0.60), indicating that surface aerosol measurements inadequately represent the aerosol variability below clouds. Satellite cloud retrievals from MODerate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and GOES‐15 data were compared against ship‐based retrievals and further analyzed to compute a satellite‐based ACICCN. Satellite data correlated well with their ship‐based counterparts with linear correlation coefficients equal to or greater than 0.78. Combined satellite Nd and ship‐based CCN0.4 and Na yielded a maximum ACICCN = 0.88–0.92, a value slightly less than the ship‐based ACICCN, but still consistent with aircraft‐based studies in the eastern Pacific.
Wet atmospheric deposition of organic carbon: An underreported source of carbon to watersheds in the northeastern United States
Authors: Iavorivska Lidiia , Boyer Elizabeth W. , Grimm Jeffrey W.
Published: February 2017

We measured wet atmospheric deposition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) over 6 years at a network of 12 monitoring sites across Pennsylvania, quantified rates of wet DOC deposition, and developed the first statewide estimates of inputs of DOC to watersheds via wet deposition. Average annual volume‐weighted concentration of DOC was 0.71 mg C L−1. Annual wet deposition fluxes of DOC varied between sites and years, ranging from 3 to 13 kg C ha−1 yr−1, with an average value of 8 kg C ha−1 yr−1 across all sites and years and are of the same order of magnitude as literature values for riverine organic carbon fluxes in the northeastern United States. The rates of wet DOC deposition showed a pronounced seasonality and spatial distribution, with highest deposition rates observed in the summer, especially at the sites located in western Pennsylvania. Significant links between DOC and inorganic constituents in precipitation, such as sulfate and inorganic nitrogen forms, point to the similarity of sources and atmospheric processing and suggest that DOC may potentially affect their atmospheric transport and ecological fate. Observational data resulting from this study underscore the potential significance of atmospheric deposition as an external input of reactive carbon species to watersheds and may be useful for constraining atmospheric carbon models and evaluating atmospheric influences on ecosystems.
Physical controls on half‐hourly, daily, and monthly turbulent flux and energy budget over a high‐altitude small lake on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wang Binbin , Ma Yaoming , Ma Weiqiang , Su Zhongbo
Published: February 2017

Precise measurements of evaporation and understanding of the physical controls on turbulent heat flux over lakes have fundamental significance for catchment‐scale water balance analysis and local‐scale climate modeling. The observation and simulation of lake‐air turbulent flux processes have been widely carried out, but studies that examine high‐altitude lakes on the Tibetan Plateau are still rare, especially for small lakes. An eddy covariance (EC) system, together with a four‐component radiation sensor and instruments for measuring water temperature profiles, was set up in a small lake within the Nam Co basin in April 2012 for long‐term evaporation and energy budget observations. With the valuable measurements collected during the ice‐free periods in 2012 and 2013, the main conclusions are summarized as follows: First, a bulk aerodynamic transfer model (B model), with parameters optimized for the specific wave pattern in the small lake, could provide reliable and consistent results with EC measurements, and B model simulations are suitable for data interpolation due to inadequate footprint or malfunction of the EC instrument. Second, the total evaporation in this small lake (812 mm) is approximately 200 mm larger than that from adjacent Nam Co (approximately 627 mm) during their ice‐free seasons. Third, wind speed shows significance at temporal scales of half hourly, whereas water vapor and temperature gradients have higher correlations over temporal scales of daily and monthly in lake‐air turbulent heat exchange. Finally, energy stored during April to June is mainly released during September to November, suggesting an energy balance closure value of 0.97.
Can climate‐effective land management reduce regional warming?
Authors: Hirsch A. L. , Wilhelm M. , Davin E. L. , Thiery W. , Seneviratne S. I.
Published: February 2017

Limiting global warming to well below 2°C is an imminent challenge for humanity. However, even if this global target can be met, some regions are still likely to experience substantial warming relative to others. Using idealized global climate simulations, we examine the potential of land management options in affecting regional climate, with a focus on crop albedo enhancement and irrigation (climate‐effective land management). The implementation is performed over all crop regions globally to provide an upper bound. We find that the implementation of both crop albedo enhancement and irrigation can reduce hot temperature extremes by more than 2°C in North America, Eurasia, and India over the 21st century relative to a scenario without management application. The efficacy of crop albedo enhancement scales with the magnitude, where a cooling response exceeding 0.5°C for hot temperature extremes was achieved with a large (i.e., ≥0.08) change in crop albedo. Regional differences were attributed to the surface energy balance response with temperature changes mostly explained by latent heat flux changes for irrigation and net shortwave radiation changes for crop albedo enhancement. However, limitations do exist, where we identify warming over the winter months when climate‐effective land management is temporarily suspended. This was associated with persistent cloud cover that enhances longwave warming. It cannot be confirmed if the magnitude of this feedback is reproducible in other climate models. Our results overall demonstrate that regional warming of hot extremes in our climate model can be partially mitigated when using an idealized treatment of climate‐effective land management.
Improved meteorology and ozone air quality simulations using MODIS land surface parameters in the Yangtze River Delta urban cluster, China
Authors: Li Mengmeng , Wang Tijian , Xie Min , Zhuang Bingliang , Li Shu , Han Yong , Song Yu , Cheng Nianliang
Published: February 2017

Land surface parameters play an important role in the land‐atmosphere coupling and thus are critical to the weather and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. This work aims at improving the meteorology and air quality simulations for a high‐ozone (O3) event in the Yangtze River Delta urban cluster of China, through incorporation of satellite‐derived land surface parameters. Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) input to specify the land cover type, green vegetation fraction, leaf area index, albedo, emissivity, and deep soil temperature provides a more realistic representation of surface characteristics. Preliminary evaluations reveal clearly improved meteorological simulation with MODIS input compared with that using default parameters, particularly for temperature (from −2.5 to −1.7°C for mean bias) and humidity (from 9.7% to 4.3% for mean bias). The improved meteorology propagates through the air quality system, which results in better estimates for surface NO2 (from 11.5 to 8.0 ppb for mean bias) and nocturnal O3 low‐end concentration values (from −18.8 to −13.6 ppb for mean bias). Modifications of the urban land surface parameters are the main reason for model improvement. The deeper urban boundary layer and intense updraft induced by the urban heat island are favorable for pollutant dilution, thus contributing to lower NO2 and elevated nocturnal O3. Furthermore, the intensified sea‐land breeze circulation may exacerbate O3 pollution at coastal cities through pollutant recirculation. Improvement of mesoscale meteorology and air quality simulations with satellite‐derived land surface parameters will be useful for air pollution monitoring and forecasting in urban areas.
Metamaterial Based Passive Wireless Temperature Sensor
Authors: Karim Hasanul , Delfin Diego , Chavez Luis A. , Delfin Luis , Martinez Ricardo , Avila Jose , Rodriguez Carlos , Rumpf Raymond C. , Love Norman , Lin Yirong
Published: February 2017

This paper presents the fabrication, modeling, and testing of a metamaterial based passive wireless temperature sensor consisting of an array of closed ring resonators (CRRs) embedded in a dielectric material matrix. A mixture of 70 vol% Boron Nitride (BN) and 30 vol% Barium Titanate (BTO) is used as the dielectric matrix and copper washers are used as CRRs. Conventional powder compression is used for the sensor fabrication. The feasibility of wireless temperature sensing is demonstrated up to 200 °C. The resonance frequency of the sensor decreases from 11.93 GHz at room temperature to 11.85 GHz at 200 °C, providing a sensitivity of 0.462 MHz °C. The repeatability of temperature sensing tests is carried out to quantify the repeatability. The highest standard deviation observed is 0.012 GHz at 200 °C.
Thermodynamic modeling of HNO3‐H2SO4‐H2O ternary system with symmetric electrolyte NRTL model
Authors: Wang Meng , Kaur Harnoor , Chen Chau‐Chyun
Published: February 2017

The nitric acid concentration/sulfuric acid concentration (NAC/SAC) process has been widely used for concentrating dilute aqueous nitric acid and recovering spent sulfuric acid. Dilute nitric acid (65 to 80 wt %) is concentrated using sulfuric acid to bind water and break the nitric acid‐water azeotrope at approximately 68 wt % nitric acid. To support heat and mass balance calculations and process simulation for NAC/SAC processes, we develop a comprehensive thermodynamic model for nitric acid‐sulfuric acid‐water ternary system based on previously published thermodynamic models of nitric acid‐water and sulfuric acid‐water binary systems with eNRTL equation. The ternary system model correlates well the isobaric vapor‐liquid equilibrium data at one atmosphere and the water and nitric acid activities data at 273.15 K for the ternary. Contour plots of boiling points, vapor phase composition, and specific heat capacity of the ternary system, as well as a Merkel enthalpy‐concentration chart are generated for engineering use. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3110–3117, 2017
A Landau‐Lifshitz‐Gilbert‐Type equation and torsion effects on the dynamics of magnetization
Authors: Ferreira Cristine N. , Godinho Cresus F. L. , Neto J. A. Helayël
Published: February 2017

Based on the non‐relativistic regime of electrons described by a Dirac equation coupled to a torsion pseudo‐vector, we study the dynamics of magnetization and how it may be affected by the presence of this (background) torsion field. The latter describes some anisotropy of the bulk and it may be accounted for in two ways: by means of a minimal coupling in a covariant derivative endowed with spin connection and a gauge magnetic field; in addition, through a non‐minimal interaction term with the spin density. We show, within this framework, that it is possible to attain a version of the Landau‐Lifshitz equation in presence of the torsion background where its effects are included, re‐enforcing that torsion corresponds to a geometric anisotropy with relevant unfolds on the spin coupling mechanism. We also conclude that the torsion terms can open up two important landscapes in the magnetization dynamics: one of them, related with a damping effect; the other, related with the screw dislocation that gives us a global effect like a sharped‐helix damping. The whole effort here is then to pursue an investigation of torsion in connection with the precession dynamics of the magnetization.

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Absence of many‐body localization in a continuum
Authors: Gornyi I. V. , Mirlin A. D. , Müller M. , Polyakov D. G.
Published: February 2017

We consider an extended electronic system with localized single‐particle states coupled by short‐range interactions, in the absence of coupling to an external bath. We show that many‐body localization, which exists in tight‐binding models, is unstable in a continuum. Irrespective of the dimensionality of the system, many‐body localization does not survive the unbounded growth of the single‐particle localization length with increasing energy that is characteristic of the continuum limit. The system remains delocalized down to arbitrarily small temperature T, although its dynamics slows down as T decreases. Remarkably, the conductivity vanishes with decreasing T faster than in the Arrhenius law. The system can be characterized by an effective T‐dependent single‐particle mobility edge which diverges in the limit of . Delocalization is driven by interactions between hot electrons above the mobility edge and the “bath” of thermal electrons in the vicinity of the Fermi level.

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Reversible Stereoselective Folding/Unfolding Fueled by the Interplay of Photoisomerism and Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Opie Christopher R. , Kumagai Naoya , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: February 2017

A linear molecular architecture equipped with complementary three‐fold hydrogen‐bonding units embedded with a photoswitchable trans‐tetrafluoroazobenzene moiety was synthesized. The transto cis photoisomerism of the azobenzene unit induced drastic changes in the molecular architecture as a result of intramolecular hydrogen bonding as evidenced by NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. A minute stereogenic element in the linear trans state enabled stereoselective folding into the cis state, thus producing a globular architecture with enhanced chiroptical property.