bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An NF-κB- and Therapy-Related Regulatory Network in Glioma: A Potential Mechanism of Action for Natural Antiglioma Agents
Authors: Vartholomatos Evrysthenis , Mantziou Stefania , Alexiou George A. , Lazari Diamanto , Sioka Chrissa , Kyritsis Athanassios , Markopoulos Georgios S.
Published: April 2022

High-grade gliomas are among the most aggressive malignancies, with significantly low median survival. Recent experimental research in the field has highlighted the importance of natural substances as possible antiglioma agents, also known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. We have previously shown that natural substances target several surface cluster of differentiation (CD) markers in glioma cells, as part of their mechanism of action. We analyzed the genome-wide NF-κB binding sites residing in consensus regulatory elements, based on ENCODE data. We found that NF-κB binding sites reside adjacent to the promoter regions of genes encoding CD markers targeted by antiglioma agents (namely, CD15/FUT4, CD28, CD44, CD58, CD61/SELL, CD71/TFRC, and CD122/IL2RB). Network and pathway analysis revealed that the markers are associated with a core network of genes that, altogether, participate in processes that associate tumorigenesis with inflammation and immune evasion. Our results reveal a core regulatory network that can be targeted in glioblastoma, with apparent implications in individuals that suffer from this devastating malignancy.
Temporal and Locational Values of Images Affecting the Deep Learning of Cancer Stem Cell Morphology
Authors: Hanai Yumi , Ishihata Hiroaki , Zhang Zaijun , Maruyama Ryuto , Kasai Tomonari , Kameda Hiroyuki , Sugiyama Tomoyasu
Published: April 2022

Deep learning is being increasingly applied for obtaining digital microscopy image data of cells. Well-defined annotated cell images have contributed to the development of the technology. Cell morphology is an inherent characteristic of each cell type. Moreover, the morphology of a cell changes during its lifetime because of cellular activity. Artificial intelligence (AI) capable of recognizing a mouse-induced pluripotent stem (miPS) cell cultured in a medium containing Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cell culture-conditioned medium (cm), miPS-LLCcm cell, which is a cancer stem cell (CSC) derived from miPS cell, would be suitable for basic and applied science. This study aims to clarify the limitation of AI models constructed using different datasets and the versatility improvement of AI models. The trained AI was used to segment CSC in phase-contrast images using conditional generative adversarial networks (CGAN). The dataset included blank cell images that were used for training the AI but they did not affect the quality of predicting CSC in phase contrast images compared with the dataset without the blank cell images. AI models trained using images of 1-day culture could predict CSC in images of 2-day culture; however, the quality of the CSC prediction was reduced. Convolutional neural network (CNN) classification indicated that miPS-LLCcm cell image classification was done based on cultivation day. By using a dataset that included images of each cell culture day, the prediction of CSC remains to be improved. This is useful because cells do not change the characteristics of stem cells owing to stem cell marker expression, even if the cell morphology changes during culture.
Facial Expression Time Processing in Typical Development and in Patients with Congenital Facial Palsy
Authors: Belluardo Mauro , De Stefani Elisa , Barbot Anna , Bianchi Bernardo , Zannoni Cecilia , Ferrari Alberto , Rayson Holly , Di Nuovo Santo , Belluardo Giovanni , Sessa Paola , Ferrari Pier Francesco
Published: April 2022

Temporal dynamics of behavior, particularly facial expressions, are fundamental for communication between individuals from very early in development. Facial expression processing has been widely demonstrated to involve embodied simulative processes mediated by the motor system. Such processes may be impaired in patients with congenital facial palsy, including those affected by Moebius syndrome (MBS). The aims of this study were to investigate (a) the role of motor mechanisms in the processing of dynamic facial expression timing by testing patients affected by congenital facial palsy and (b) age-dependent effects on such processing. Accordingly, we recruited 38 typically developing individuals and 15 individuals with MBS, ranging in age from childhood to adulthood. We used a time comparison task where participants were asked to identify which one of two dynamic facial expressions was faster. Results showed that MBS individuals performed worse than controls in correctly estimating the duration of facial expressions. Interestingly, we did not find any performance differences in relation to age. These findings provide further evidence for the involvement of the motor system in processing facial expression duration and suggest that a sensorimotor matching mechanism may contribute to such timing perception from childhood.
Clinical Characterization and Founder Effect Analysis in Chinese Patients with Phospholipase A2-Associated Neurodegeneration
Authors: Cheng Hao-Ling , Chen Yi-Jun , Xue Yan-Yan , Wu Zhi-Ying , Li Hong-Fu , Wang Ning
Published: April 2022

PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by PLA2G6 mutations. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and mutation spectrum of PLAN and to investigate the founder effects in Chinese PLAN patients. Six Chinese PLAN families were clinically examined in detail and whole-exome sequencing was performed in the probands. Haplotype analysis was performed in five families with the PLA2G6 c.991G > T mutation using 23 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Furthermore, all previously reported PLA2G6 mutations and patients in China were reviewed to summarize the genetic and clinical features of PLAN. Interestingly, we found that one patient had hereditary spastic paraplegia and showed various atypical clinical characteristics of PLAN, and five patients had a phenotype of parkinsonism. All probands were compound heterozygotes for PLA2G6 variants, including four novel pathogenic/likely pathogenic mutations (c.967G > A, c.1450G > T, c.1631T > C, and c.1915delG) and five known pathogenic mutations. Haplotype analyses revealed that patients carrying PLA2G6 c.991G > T mutations shared a haplotype of 717 kb. The frequencies of psychiatric features, cognitive decline, and myoclonus in Chinese patients with PLA2G6-related parkinsonism were significantly different from those in European patients. Thus, our study expands the clinical and genetic spectrum of PLAN and provides an insightful view of the founder effect to better diagnose and understand the disease.
Shear Strength of Headed Stud Connectors in Self-Compacting Concrete with Recycled Coarse Aggregate
Authors: Saleh Samoel Mahdi , Majeed Fareed Hameed
Published: April 2022

This study investigated the use of self-compacting concrete (SCC) made with recycled coarse aggregates (RCAs), which represents a trend of producing environment-friendly concrete, integrated with hot-rolled steel sections by means of headed stud shear connectors in composite structures. Therefore, thirty-six push-out test specimens were examined to assess the shear strength and behavior of the headed stud connectors embedded in RCA-SCC, with the concrete compressive strength, stud diameter, and RCA ratio as the main variables. Four ratios of RCAs ranging from 0 to 60% were used to produce concrete with three different compressive strengths (25, 33, and 40 MPa) for each one. It was found that the use of SCC with RCAs had a negative effect on the shear strength of headed stud connectors. This negative effect could be reduced by increasing the concrete compressive strength and/or the stud diameter. Similarly, a reduction in the shear stiffness of the tested specimens was inversely proportional to the RCA ratio, while the ultimate slip was directly proportional to the RCA ratio. An evaluation of the test results was made by comparing them with those determined by Eurocode 4 and AASHTO LRFD.
Sphingolipids and Lymphomas: A Double-Edged Sword
Authors: Pherez-Farah Alfredo , López-Sánchez Rosa del Carmen , Villela-Martínez Luis Mario , Ortiz-López Rocío , Beltrán Brady E. , Hernández-Hernández José Ascención
Published: April 2022

Lymphomas are a highly heterogeneous group of hematological neoplasms. Given their ethiopathogenic complexity, their classification and management can become difficult tasks; therefore, new approaches are continuously being sought. Metabolic reprogramming at the lipid level is a hot topic in cancer research, and sphingolipidomics has gained particular focus in this area due to the bioactive nature of molecules such as sphingoid bases, sphingosine-1-phosphate, ceramides, sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, globosides, and gangliosides. Sphingolipid metabolism has become especially exciting because they are involved in virtually every cellular process through an extremely intricate metabolic web; in fact, no two sphingolipids share the same fate. Unsurprisingly, a disruption at this level is a recurrent mechanism in lymphomagenesis, dissemination, and chemoresistance, which means potential biomarkers and therapeutical targets might be hiding within these pathways. Many comprehensive reviews describing their role in cancer exist, but because most research has been conducted in solid malignancies, evidence in lymphomagenesis is somewhat limited. In this review, we summarize key aspects of sphingolipid biochemistry and discuss their known impact in cancer biology, with a particular focus on lymphomas and possible therapeutical strategies against them.
The Quasimesenchymal Pancreatic Ductal Epithelial Cell Line PANC-1—A Useful Model to Study Clonal Heterogeneity and EMT Subtype Shifting
Authors: Ungefroren Hendrik , Thürling Isabel , Färber Benedikt , Kowalke Tanja , Fischer Tanja , De Assis Leonardo Vinícius Monteiro , Braun Rüdiger , Castven Darko , Oster Henrik , Konukiewitz Björn , Wellner Ulrich Friedrich , Lehnert Hendrik , Marquardt Jens-Uwe
Published: April 2022

Intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is an intrinsic feature of malignant tumors that eventually allows a subfraction of resistant cancer cells to clonally evolve and cause therapy failure or relapse. ITH, cellular plasticity and tumor progression are driven by epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the reverse process, MET. During these developmental programs, epithelial (E) cells are successively converted to invasive mesenchymal (M) cells, or back to E cells, by passing through a series of intermediate E/M states, a phenomenon termed E–M plasticity (EMP). The induction of MET has clinical potential as it can block the initial EMT stages that favor tumor cell dissemination, while its inhibition can curb metastatic outgrowth at distant sites. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), cellular models with which to study EMP or MET induction are scarce. Here, we have generated single cell-derived clonal cultures of the quasimesenchymal PDAC-derived cell line, PANC-1, and found that these differ strongly with respect to cell morphology and EMT marker expression, allowing for their tentative classification as E, E/M or M. Interestingly, the different EMT phenotypes were found to segregate with differences in tumorigenic potential in vitro, as measured by colony forming and invasive activities, and in circadian clock function. Moreover, the individual clones the phenotypes of which remained stable upon prolonged culture also responded differently to treatment with transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 in regard to regulation of growth and individual TGFβ target genes, and to culture conditions that favour ductal-to-endocrine transdifferentiation as a more direct measure for cellular plasticity. Of note, stimulation with TGFβ1 induced a shift in parental PANC-1 cultures towards a more extreme M and invasive phenotype, while exposing the cells to a combination of the proinflammatory cytokines IFNγ, IL1β and TNFα (IIT) elicited a shift towards a more E and less invasive phenotype resembling a MET-like process. Finally, we show that the actions of TGFβ1 and IIT both converge on regulating the ratio of the small GTPase RAC1 and its splice isoform, RAC1b. Our data provide strong evidence for dynamic EMT–MET transitions and qualify this cell line as a useful model with which to study EMP.
Updated Functional Roles of NAMPT in Carcinogenesis and Therapeutic Niches
Authors: Lin Tsung-Chieh
Published: April 2022

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is notable for its regulatory roles in tumor development and progression. Emerging evidence regarding NAMPT somatic mutations in cancer patients, NAMPT expressional signatures in normal tissues and cancers, and the prognostic significance of NAMPT in many cancer types has attracted attention, and NAMPT is considered a potential biomarker of cancer. Recent discoveries have demonstrated the indirect association and direct biological functions of NAMPT in modulating cancer metastasis, proliferation, angiogenesis, cancer stemness, and chemoresistance to anticancer drugs. These findings warrant further investigation of the underlying mechanisms to provide knowledge for developing novel cancer therapeutics. In this review article, we explore recent research developments involving the oncogenic activities of NAMPT by summarizing current knowledge regarding NAMPT somatic mutations, clinical trials, transcriptome data, and clinical information and discoveries related to the NAMPT-induced signaling pathway in modulating hallmarks of cancer. Furthermore, the comprehensive representation of NAMPT RNA expression in a pancancer panel as well as in specific normal cell types at single-cell level are demonstrated. The results suggest potential sites and cell types that could facilitate NAMPT-related tumorigenesis. With this review, we aim to shed light on the regulatory roles of NAMPT in tumor development and progression, and provide information to guide future research directions in this field.
CeO2-Based Heterogeneous Catalysts in Dry Reforming Methane and Steam Reforming Methane: A Short Review
Authors: Manan Wan Nabilah , Wan Isahak Wan Nor Roslam , Yaakob Zahira
Published: April 2022

Transitioning to lower carbon energy and environment sustainability requires a reduction in greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) that contribute to global warming. One of the most actively studied rare earth metal catalysts is cerium oxide (CeO2) which produces remarkable improvements in catalysts in dry reforming methane. This paper reviews the management of CO2 emissions and the recent advent and trends in bimetallic catalyst development utilizing CeO2 in dry reforming methane (DRM) and steam reforming methane (SRM) from 2015 to 2021 as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper focus on the identification of key trends in catalyst preparation using CeO2 and the effectiveness of the catalysts formulated.
Efficient CO2 Electroreduction over Silver Hollow Fiber Electrode
Authors: Li Shoujie , Dong Xiao , Chen Wei , Song Yanfang , Li Guihua , Wei Wei , Sun Yuhan
Published: April 2022

Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to fuels and chemicals is one of the most attractive routes for CO2 utilization. However, low efficiency and poor stability restrict the practical application of most conventional electrocatalysts. Here, a silver hollow fiber electrode is presented as a novel self-supported gas diffusion electrode for efficient and stable CO2 electroreduction to CO. A CO faradaic efficiency of over 92% at current densities of above 150 mA∙cm−2 is achieved in 0.5 M KHCO3 for over 100 h, which is comparable to the most outstanding Ag-based electrocatalysts. The electrochemical results suggest the excellent electrocatalytic performance of silver hollow fiber electrode is attributed to the unique pore structures providing abundant active sites and favorable mass transport, which not only suppresses the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) but also facilitates the CO2 reduction kinetics.
Advances in the Catalytic Conversion of Biomass Components to Ester Derivatives: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Licursi Domenico
Published: April 2022

Sustainable conversion of biomass feedstocks into valuable bio-fuels and bio-products plays a strategic role within modern industrial catalysis [...]
Combination of CENP-B Box Positive and Negative Synthetic Alpha Satellite Repeats Improves De Novo Human Artificial Chromosome Formation
Authors: Okazaki Koei , Nakano Megumi , Ohzeki Jun-ichirou , Otake Koichiro , Kugou Kazuto , Larionov Vladimir , Earnshaw William C. , Masumoto Hiroshi
Published: April 2022

Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) can be formed de novo by introducing large (>30 kb) centromeric sequences consisting of highly repeated 171-bp alpha satellite (alphoid) DNA into HT1080 cells. However, only a subset of transformed cells successfully establishes HACs. CENP-A chromatin and heterochromatin assemble on the HACs and play crucial roles in chromosome segregation. The CENP-B protein, which binds a 17-bp motif (CENP-B box) in the alphoid DNA, functions in the formation of alternative CENP-A chromatin or heterochromatin states. A balance in the coordinated assembly of these chromatin states on the introduced alphoid DNA is important for HAC formation. To obtain information about the relationship between chromatin architecture and de novo HAC formation efficiency, we tested combinations of two 60-kb synthetic alphoid sequences containing either tetO or lacO plus a functional or mutated CENP-B box combined with a multiple fusion protein tethering system. The combination of mutated and wild-type CENP-B box alphoid repeats significantly enhanced HAC formation. Both CENP-A and HP1α were enriched in the wild-type alphoid DNA, whereas H3K27me3 was enriched on the mutant alphoid array. The presence or absence of CENP-B binding resulted in differences in the assembly of CENP-A chromatin on alphoid arrays and the formation of H3K9me3 or H3K27me3 heterochromatin.
MicroRNAs as Regulators of Phagocytosis
Authors: Gierlikowski Wojciech , Gierlikowska Barbara
Published: April 2022

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and thus act as important regulators of cellular phenotype and function. As their expression may be dysregulated in numerous diseases, they are of interest as biomarkers. What is more, attempts of modulation of some microRNAs for therapeutic reasons have been undertaken. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the influence of microRNAs on phagocytosis, which may be exerted on different levels, such as through macrophages polarization, phagosome maturation, reactive oxygen species production and cytokines synthesis. This phenomenon plays an important role in numerous pathological conditions.
Determination of WWOX Function in Modulating Cellular Pathways Activated by AP-2α and AP-2γ Transcription Factors in Bladder Cancer
Authors: Kołat Damian , Kałuzińska Żaneta , Bednarek Andrzej K. , Płuciennik Elżbieta
Published: April 2022

Following the invention of high-throughput sequencing, cancer research focused on investigating disease-related alterations, often inadvertently omitting tumor heterogeneity. This research was intended to limit the impact of heterogeneity on conclusions related to WWOX/AP-2α/AP-2γ in bladder cancer which differently influenced carcinogenesis. The study examined the signaling pathways regulated by WWOX-dependent AP-2 targets in cell lines as biological replicates using high-throughput sequencing. RT-112, HT-1376 and CAL-29 cell lines were subjected to two stable lentiviral transductions. Following CAGE-seq and differential expression analysis, the most important genes were identified and functionally annotated. Western blot was performed to validate the selected observations. The role of genes in biological processes was assessed and networks were visualized. Ultimately, principal component analysis was performed. The studied genes were found to be implicated in MAPK, Wnt, Ras, PI3K-Akt or Rap1 signaling. Data from pathways were collected, explaining the differences/similarities between phenotypes. FGFR3, STAT6, EFNA1, GSK3B, PIK3CB and SOS1 were successfully validated at the protein level. Afterwards, a definitive network was built using 173 genes. Principal component analysis revealed that the various expression of these genes explains the phenotypes. In conclusion, the current study certified that the signaling pathways regulated by WWOX and AP-2α have more in common than that regulated by AP-2γ. This is because WWOX acts as an EMT inhibitor, AP-2γ as an EMT enhancer while AP-2α as a MET inducer. Therefore, the relevance of AP-2γ in targeted therapy is now more evident. Some of the differently regulated genes can find application in bladder cancer treatment.
Mechanisms of Ischemic Heart Injury
Authors: Del Re Dominic P.
Published: April 2022

Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide [...]
Arterial Thrombosis in an Unusual Site (Ulnar Artery) after COVID-19 Vaccination—A Case Report
Authors: Sessa Aurelio , Gattamorta Marco , Punginelli Maurizia , Maggioni Gianluigi
Published: April 2022

Spontaneous events have been reported after COVID-19 vaccination. In this case, we report a thrombotic event in an unusual site (ulnar artery) after COVID-19 vaccination. The patient (69 year-old-male) had no changes after a laboratory investigation regarding thrombophilic pattern, but nevertheless had atherothrombotic predisposing conditions. Arterial thrombotic events have more frequently been reported after mRNA vaccines than after adenovirus vaccines. This is the first case reported of thrombosis of the ulnar artery occurring in the same side of the body where the vaccination took place. However, it must be noted that COVID-19 vaccines cumulatively offer a net positive effect, despite rare adverse effects.
Combining Wake-Up-Back-to-Bed with Cognitive Induction Techniques: Does Earlier Sleep Interruption Reduce Lucid Dream Induction Rate?
Authors: Erlacher Daniel , Furrer Vitus , Ineichen Matthias , Braillard John , Schmid Daniel
Published: April 2022

Lucid dreaming offers the chance to investigate dreams from within a dream and by real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep. This state of consciousness opens a new experimental venue for dream research. However, laboratory study in this field is limited due to the rarity of lucid dreamers. In a previous study, we were able to induce in 50% of the participants a lucid dream in a single sleep laboratory night by combining a wake-up-back-to-bed (WBTB) sleep routine and a mnemonic method (Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams, MILD). In three experiments, we tried to replicate our earlier findings while we adapted our procedure in shortening (Exp1–3: 4.5 vs. 6 h of uninterrupted sleep in the first half of the night), simplifying (Exp2: time-based wakening vs. REM wakening in the second half of the night), and applying another induction technique (Exp3: reality testing vs. MILD). In the three conditions, four out of 15 (26%), zero out of 20 (0%), and three out of 15 (20%) participants reported a lucid dream. Compared to the original study, the earlier sleep interruption seems to reduce the lucid dream induction rate. Furthermore, without REM awakenings in the morning, lucid dream induction failed, whereas reality testing showed a lower success rate compared to MILD. Further systematic sleep laboratory studies are needed to develop reliable techniques for lucid dream research.
A Bioactive Enamel Sealer Can Protect Enamel during Orthodontic Treatment: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Abbassy Mona Aly
Published: April 2022

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an experimental bioactive enamel resin sealer in protecting the enamel adjacent to orthodontic brackets against erosion. Methods: Orthodontic brackets (n = 50) were bonded to freshly extracted, sound maxillary premolars using Transbond™ XT Primer (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) and Transbond Plus Color Change adhesive (3M Unitek, USA). Five experimental groups (n = 10) had the following treatments applied: a resin bioactive sealer with 45S5 bioglass, 35% by weight; a resin sealer without bioactive glass; fluoride; the orthodontic sealer, Opal Seal (Opal-Orthodontics, South Jordan, UT, USA); and, in the control group, an untreated surface. All the specimens were stored for 18 min in 1% citric acid. All the specimens were examined by SEM and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the enamel surfaces covered by the sealers before and after the acid challenge. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy detected the degree of the experimental resins’ conversion to verify their suitability for clinical use. Results: The percentage of the bioactive resin sealer and Opal Seal groups’ protection against enamel erosion was 100%, which was significantly more than the other groups, p < 0.05. The degree of conversion for the bioactive and unfilled resins was 42.4% ± 3.6% and 48.57% ± 5%, respectively. Conclusion: The bioactive resin sealer and the Opal Seal both protected the enamel from erosion.
Metal Release and Surface Degradation of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances during the Dental Levelling and Aligning Phase: A 12-Week Study
Authors: Fróis António , Mendes Alexandra Ricardo , Pereira Sónia Alves , Louro Cristina Santos
Published: April 2022

The purpose of the present study is twofold: (i) to assess the salivary nickel, chromium, and iron concentrations and (ii) to characterize the surface microstructure of the typical commercially available Ni-containing metallic appliances during the first 12-week orthodontic treatment period. A total of 85 unstimulated saliva samples were collected from patients before treatment, after 2 days, and after 1, 4, and 12 weeks. Salivary ion concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS) software. The recorded mean metal concentrations were in the ranges of 132–175 µg/L for Ni, 171–192 µg/L for Cr, and 826–1023 µg/L for Fe. No statistically significant variations were observed between the different study times, and the null hypothesis (the concentrations of metallic ions in patients’ saliva did not significantly change after the placement of the orthodontic appliances) was accepted (p > 0.05). Mean salivary metallic ions were below toxic levels, and no adverse clinical reactions were registered. The intraoral surface degradation of the fixed components was corroborated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometry. Microstructural analysis after complete orthodontic procedure confirmed different corrosion types, from pitting to biocorrosion.
A Review of Blockchain in Fintech: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Future Directions
Authors: Nelaturu Keerthi , Du Han , Le Duc-Phong
Published: April 2022

The primary purpose of this paper is to bridge the technology gap between Blockchain and Fintech applications. Blockchain technology is already being explored in a wide number of Fintech sectors. After creating a unique taxonomy for Fintech ecosystems, this paper outlines a number of implementation scenarios. For each of the industries in which blockchain is already in use and has established itself as a complementary technology to traditional systems, we give a taxonomy of use cases. In this procedure, we cover both public and private blockchains. Because it is still believed to be in its infancy, especially when it comes to financial use cases, blockchain has both positive and negative aspects. As a result, it is critical to be aware of all of the open research issues in this field. Our goal is to compile a list of open research challenges related to various aspects of the blockchain’s protocol and application layers. Finally, we will provide a clear understanding of the applications for which blockchain can be valuable, as well as the risks associated with its use in parallel.
Experimental Study on the Influence of Dry–Wet Cycles on the Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Fiber-Modified Lime and Fly Ash-Stabilized Iron Tailings at Early Curing Age
Authors: Jiang Ping , Zhou Xuhui , Qian Jian , Li Na
Published: April 2022

Using fiber, lime and fly ash to modify iron tailings and apply them to a road base is an effective way to utilize iron tailings as resources. To explore the influence of fiber on lime and fly ash-stabilized iron tailings (EIT) under dry and wet cycles at an early curing age, the static and dynamic characteristics of EIT and fiber-modified lime and fly ash-stabilized iron tailings (FEIT) under dry and wet cycles were studied through an unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, splitting test and dynamic triaxial test. The results show the following. (1) EIT and FEIT still have high UCS and splitting strength after dry–wet cycles, and the dry–wet cycles can promote the static properties of FEIT. (2) The dry–wet cycle is the main factor affecting the change in the dynamic elastic modulus of EIT and FEIT. The dynamic elastic modulus of EIT first increases and then decreases with the increase in dry–wet cycles, and the dynamic elastic modulus of FEIT first decreases and then increases with the increase in dry–wet cycles. The damping ratio of EIT and FEIT decreases with the increase in dry–wet cycles, and then tends to be stable. (3) After seven dry–wet cycles, the compressive performance, tensile performance, deformation resistance and vibration resistance of FEIT are better than those of EIT. This study can provide a reference for the resource application of iron tailings in road engineering.
Demographic Circumstances and People’s Sentiments towards Elephants in the Human–Elephant Conflict Hotspot Villages of Keonjhar Forest Division in Eastern India
Authors: Tripathy Bismay Ranjan , Liu Xuehua , Ranga Vikram
Published: April 2022

The socio-economic aspects of the people who directly share space with elephants not only influence the occurrence of human-elephant conflict (HEC) but also shape their sentiments towards coexistence with elephants. The objectives of this paper are to (i) assess the demographic situation and map people’s sentiments towards elephants in the HEC hotspot villages of the Keonjhar forest division in India and (ii) rank the most suitable policy instruments and the urgency of mitigation strategies. The results indicated that cultivation and marginal agriculture were positively related with HEC incidences, whereas literacy and employment were negatively associated. Despite being severely affected by human–elephant conflict, many of the respondents (78%) in the HEC hotspot regions still had positive sentiments towards elephants. According to expert opinions, strengthening of laws regarding land use facilitation and interlinking conservation values to socio-cultural aspects need urgent implementation in order to balance infrastructural development and protection of ecosystems by enhancing community participation. Communal crop guarding, chilly-dung and honeybee fencing, accompanied by tracking and maintaining an elephant locational database are suggested as the HEC mitigation methods with highest urgency.
Unselected Population Genetic Testing for Personalised Ovarian Cancer Risk Prediction: A Qualitative Study Using Semi-Structured Interviews
Authors: Gaba Faiza , Oxley Samuel , Liu Xinting , Yang Xin , Chandrasekaran Dhivya , Kalsi Jatinderpal , Antoniou Antonis , Side Lucy , Sanderson Saskia , Waller Jo , Ahmed Munaza , Wallace Andrew , Wallis Yvonne , Menon Usha , Jacobs Ian , Legood Rosa , Marks Dalya , Manchanda Ranjit
Published: April 2022

Unselected population-based personalised ovarian cancer (OC) risk assessments combining genetic, epidemiological and hormonal data have not previously been undertaken. We aimed to understand the attitudes, experiences and impact on the emotional well-being of women from the general population who underwent unselected population genetic testing (PGT) for personalised OC risk prediction and who received low-risk (<5% lifetime risk) results. This qualitative study was set within recruitment to a pilot PGT study using an OC risk tool and telephone helpline. OC-unaffected women ≥ 18 years and with no prior OC gene testing were ascertained through primary care in London. In-depth, semi-structured and 1:1 interviews were conducted until informational saturation was reached following nine interviews. Six interconnected themes emerged: health beliefs; decision making; factors influencing acceptability; effect on well-being; results communication; satisfaction. Satisfaction with testing was high and none expressed regret. All felt the telephone helpline was helpful and should remain optional. Delivery of low-risk results reduced anxiety. However, care must be taken to emphasise that low risk does not equal no risk. The main facilitators were ease of testing, learning about children’s risk and a desire to prevent disease. Barriers included change in family dynamics, insurance, stigmatisation and personality traits associated with stress/worry. PGT for personalised OC risk prediction in women in the general population had high acceptability/satisfaction and reduced anxiety in low-risk individuals. Facilitators/barriers observed were similar to those reported with genetic testing from high-risk cancer clinics and unselected PGT in the Jewish population.
Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Oral Diseases: Applications and Pitfalls
Authors: Patil Shankargouda , Albogami Sarah , Hosmani Jagadish , Mujoo Sheetal , Kamil Mona Awad , Mansour Manawar Ahmad , Abdul Hina Naim , Bhandi Shilpa , Ahmed Shiek S. S. J.
Published: April 2022

Background: Machine learning (ML) is a key component of artificial intelligence (AI). The terms machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning are erroneously used interchangeably as they appear as monolithic nebulous entities. This technology offers immense possibilities and opportunities to advance diagnostics in the field of medicine and dentistry. This necessitates a deep understanding of AI and its essential components, such as machine learning (ML), artificial neural networks (ANN), and deep learning (DP). Aim: This review aims to enlighten clinicians regarding AI and its applications in the diagnosis of oral diseases, along with the prospects and challenges involved. Review results: AI has been used in the diagnosis of various oral diseases, such as dental caries, maxillary sinus diseases, periodontal diseases, salivary gland diseases, TMJ disorders, and oral cancer through clinical data and diagnostic images. Larger data sets would enable AI to predict the occurrence of precancerous conditions. They can aid in population-wide surveillance and decide on referrals to specialists. AI can efficiently detect microfeatures beyond the human eye and augment its predictive power in critical diagnosis. Conclusion: Although studies have recognized the benefit of AI, the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning has not been integrated into routine dentistry. AI is still in the research phase. The coming decade will see immense changes in diagnosis and healthcare built on the back of this research. Clinical significance: This paper reviews the various applications of AI in dentistry and illuminates the shortcomings faced while dealing with AI research and suggests ways to tackle them. Overcoming these pitfalls will aid in integrating AI seamlessly into dentistry.
A Hybrid Data-Differencing and Compression Algorithm for the Automotive Industry
Authors: Belu Sabin , Coltuc Daniela
Published: April 2022

We propose an innovative delta-differencing algorithm that combines software-updating methods with LZ77 data compression. This software-updating method relates to server-side software that creates binary delta files and to client-side software that performs software-update installations. The proposed algorithm creates binary-differencing streams already compressed from an initial phase. We present a software-updating method suitable for OTA software updates and the method’s basic strategies to achieve a better performance in terms of speed, compression ratio or a combination of both. A comparison with publicly available solutions is provided. Our test results show our method, Keops, can outperform an LZMA (Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain-algorithm) based binary differencing solution in terms of compression ratio in two cases by more than 3% while being two to five times faster in decompression. We also prove experimentally that the difference between Keops and other competing delta-creator software increases when larger history buffers are used. In one case, we achieve a three times better performance for a delta rate compared to other competing delta rates.
Development of the Perception of Achievement of Complex Thinking: A Disciplinary Approach in a Latin American Student Population
Authors: Vázquez-Parra José Carlos , Castillo-Martínez Isolda Margarita , Ramírez-Montoya María Soledad , Millán Antonio
Published: April 2022

This paper aims to identify whether there are statistically significant differences in the level of perceived achievement of complex thinking competence in a population of Latin American students from different disciplines. The intention is to corroborate or question the academic literature that categorizes certain types of thinking (systemic, scientific, and critical) as characteristic elements of some disciplines. Methodologically, the validated eComplexity instrument was applied to a sample of 370 undergraduate students from a Mexican university. The results showed that the highest means for systems thinking can be found in the disciplines of Engineering, Business, and Humanities, while the highest means for critical thinking can be found among architecture students. However, statistically, the results showed no significant differences upon an overall comparison of all disciplines. In conclusion, the findings of this study prove to be valuable for educational institutions seeking to develop complex thinking in their students, demonstrating that the disciplinary area is not a limiting factor in developing a perception of achievement in a particular competence and its sub-competences.
Weather-Conscious Adaptive Modulation and Coding Scheme for Satellite-Related Ubiquitous Networking and Computing
Authors: Zhang Shiqi , Yu Guoxin , Yu Shanping , Zhang Yanjun , Zhang Yan
Published: April 2022

As a crucial part of ubiquitous networking and computing (UNC) technologies, low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications aim at providing internet connectivity services everywhere. To improve the spectrum efficiency of satellite-to-ground communications, adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) are widely used, which can adjust the modulation and coding types according to the varying channel condition. However, satellite-to-ground communication channels have the characterizations such as fast dynamic change, fast switching, and significant fading. These characterizations make it challenging to predict the channel state information accurately and, thus, to perform accurate AMC. For example, rain loss is one of the crucial factors in satellite-to-ground channel fading. In general, it is difficult to build an integrated global model for rain loss because it varies in different regions around the world. Moreover, for the emerging applications of multiple antennas on satellites, the conventional look-up table method cannot cope with the high-dimensional inputs of the multiple antennas. To tackle the above challenges, we propose an AMC method based on deep learning (DL) and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for ubiquitous satellite-to-ground networks. The proposed method directly processes real-time global weather and location information in the environment and intelligently selects encoding schemes to maximize system throughput. Simulation results show that the proposed method can increase the total throughput. The total number of correctly transmitted bits per unit time is improved, and the efficiency of the satellite-to-ground communication is enhanced.
Forecast of Community Total Electric Load and HVAC Component Disaggregation through a New LSTM-Based Method
Authors: Gong Huangjie , Alden Rosemary E. , Patrick Aron , Ionel Dan M.
Published: April 2022

The forecast and estimation of total electric power demand of a residential community, its baseload, and its heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) power component, which represents a very large portion of a community electricity usage, are important enablers for optimal energy controls and utility planning. This paper proposes a method that employs machine learning in a multi-step integrated approach. An LSTM model for total electric power at the main circuit feeder is trained using historic multi-year hourly data, outdoor temperature, and solar irradiance. New key temperature indicators, TmHAVC, corresponding to the standby zero-power operation for HVAC systems for summer cooling and winter heating are introduced using a V-shaped hourly total load curve. The trained LTSM model is additionally run with TmHVAC and zero irradiance inputs yielding an estimated baseload, which is representative of typical occupancy patterns. The HVAC power component is disaggregated as the difference between total and baseload power. Total power forecasts of an aggregated residential community as seen by major distribution lines are experimentally validated with a satisfactory MAPE error below 10% based on a 4-year dataset from a representative suburban community with more than 1800 homes in Kentucky, U.S. Discussions regarding the validity of the separation method based on combined considerations of fundamental physics, statistics, and human behavior are also included.
Simulations and Analysis of the Optimum Uniformity for Pedestrian Road Lighting Focusing on Energy Performance and Spill Light in the Roadside Environment
Authors: Bouroussis Constantinos A. , Jägerbrand Annika K.
Published: April 2022

Road lighting uniformity is an essential lighting quality parameter for motorists and pedestrians and varies with lighting design parameters. Increased road lighting uniformity may result in benefits, such as increased reassurance and perceived safety for pedestrians or an increased overall visual perception. However, no previous study has investigated how road lighting uniformity varies with lighting design scenarios or how the uniformity of various lighting design scenarios affects other essential parameters, such as energy performance and obtrusive light. This study aimed to investigate: (I) how uniformity varies with different road lighting design scenarios, and (II) how uniformity correlates with energy performance and risk for increasing spill light. The study is limited to pedestrian roads. We performed photometric calculations in ReluxDesktop for more than 1.5 million cases with single-sided pole arrangements and for various geometries of road width, pole distance, pole height, overhang, and luminaire tilt. The results were analyzed with a set of five relevant metrics that were calculated and analyzed together with uniformity. For the evaluation, we used the minimum luminaire power needed to achieve an average illuminance of 10 lx, the power density indicator (DP), edge illuminance ratio (REI), and we introduced two new indicators for spill light on the ground in the border areas: the extended edge illuminance ratio (extended REI) and the spill flux ratio (RSF). The results show that increased uniformity levels may significantly increase energy consumption and spill light, but that both these impacts can be relatively controlled if uniformity is kept under certain limits. The investigated cases also demonstrated that improper lighting planning significantly increases adverse effects, such as spill light.
Investigation of Machining Performance of MQL and MQCL Hard Turning Using Nano Cutting Fluids
Authors: Tuan Ngo Minh , Duc Tran Minh , Long Tran The , Hoang Vu Lai , Ngoc Tran Bao
Published: April 2022

Cutting fluids used in the metal machining industry have exerted serious impacts on the environment and human health. In addition, the very high cutting heat and forces in machining-hardened steels have been a growing concern in the metal cutting field. Hence, new, eco-friendly cooling and lubricating techniques are necessary to study and develop. Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and minimum quantity cooling lubrication (MQCL) using nano cutting fluids have been proven as alternative solutions for machining difficult-to cut materials while retaining an environmentally friendly characteristic. Accordingly, this paper aims to analyze and evaluate the hard turning efficiency of 90CrSi (60 ÷ 62 HRC) steel using MQL and MQCL conditions, using Al2O3 and MoS2 nano cutting fluids. The 2k-p experimental design and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to study the influence of input parameters including fluid type, lubrication method, nanoparticle type, nanoparticle concentration, cutting speed and feed rate on surface roughness. The obtained results showed that the machinability of CNMG120404 TM T9125 carbide tools was improved and the highest machinable hardness was increased from 35 HRC to 60 ÷ 62 HRC (rising by approximately 71.4 ÷ 77.1%) by using the nanofluid MQL and MQCL methods. Furthermore, MQCL gives better performance than MQL, and the Al2O3 nanofluid exhibits the better result in terms of surface roughness values than the MoS2 nanofluid. Feed rate displays the strongest influence on surface roughness, while fluid type, nanoparticle concentration and cutting speed show low impacts. From these results, technical guidance will be provided for further studies using Al2O3 and MoS2 nano cutting fluids for MQL and MQCL methods, as well as their application in machining practice.
Solid or Liquid Food—The Intention to Eat Different Foods under Negative Emotions
Authors: Wu Chenjing , Huang Chuangbing , Zhu Hongyan , Yu Yuanlin , Zhang Caiyun , Zhang Wei , He Xianyou
Published: April 2022

Food can relieve an individual’s emotions, especially for emotional eaters. For instance, chewing alleviates negative emotions. Solid and liquid foods comprise a huge part of our daily lives, and the chewiness of solid foods is always high. Here, we explored whether people, especially emotional eaters, have higher eating intentions to eat highly chewy foods while experiencing negative emotions by comparing their eating intentions toward solid and liquid foods. To this end, we conducted a survey of 147 participants using a questionnaire (Experiment 1) to understand their eating intention toward five types of food (purple potato, maize, black soya bean, mango, and soybean; each food group contained a solid food and a liquid food) while experiencing negative emotions. The results showed that individuals exhibited higher eating intention toward solid food compared with liquid food while experiencing negative emotions. In Experiment 2, we selected 85 and 65 high-emotional and low-emotional eaters, respectively, and further explored their preference for solid foods. The results showed that individuals with high levels of emotional eating exhibited higher intentions toward solid food while experiencing negative emotions compared with those with low levels of emotional eating. In conclusion, this study proved that individuals’ higher eating intentions toward highly chewable food were pronounced among individuals with high levels of emotional eating under negative emotion conditions.