bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Protein and Carbohydrate Supplementation on Musculoskeletal Injuries in Army Initial Entry Training Soldiers
Authors: McGinnis Kaitlin D. , McAdam Jeremy S. , Lockwood Christopher M. , Young Kaelin C. , Roberts Michael D. , Sefton JoEllen M.
Published: December 2018

This project investigated whey protein and/or carbohydrate supplementation effects on musculoskeletal injury (MSI) outcomes. Four groups of Initial Entry Training soldiers consumed either: (1) one protein (38.6 g, 293 kcal); (2) one carbohydrate (63.4 g, 291 kcal); (3) two protein (77.2 g, 586 kcal); or (4) two carbohydrate servings/day (126.8 g, 582 kcal) after physical training and before bed, or before bed only. Odds Ratio, Chi-square and Wilcoxon ranked-sum test compared supplementation/no supplementation, number of servings, and protein/carbohydrate for MSI and limited/missed duty rates and limited/missed training days. Non-matched pairs group averages were compared to 2015/2016 historical data. Non-supplemented soldiers were approximately 5× more likely to sustain a MSI (χ2 = 58.48, p < 0.001) and 4× more likely to miss training (χ2 = 9.73, p = 0.003) compared to two servings. Non-supplemented soldiers missed five additional training days compared to two servings (W = 6059.5, p = 0.02). Soldiers consuming one serving were approximately 3× more likely to sustain a MSI than two servings (χ2 = 9.55, p = 0.002). There was no difference in limited/missed duty rates or limited/missed training days between consuming one or two servings. There was no difference between consuming one serving versus no supplementation or protein versus carbohydrate supplementation for any outcome variable. Soldiers consuming 2 servings/day of protein or carbohydrate had lower MSI rates, limited/missed duty rates, and limited/ missed training days compared to non-supplemented soldiers.
Railway Actuator Made of Magnetic Elastomers and Driven by a Magnetic Field
Authors: Umehara Yasuhiro , Yamanaga Yusuke , Akama Shota , Kato Shunsuke , Kamoshita Shogo , Kawai Mika , Mitsumata Tetsu
Published: December 2018

We fabricated a mono-link using bimodal magnetic elastomers that demonstrate drastic changes in the elastic modulus by magnetic fields. The magnetic elastomer is bimodal consisting of large magnetic particles and nonmagnetic fine particles. The storage modulus for bimodal magnetic elastomers was altered from 2.2 × 105 to 1.7 × 106 Pa by a magnetic field of 500 mT. Compression tests up to a strain of 20% also revealed that the on-field stress for the bimodal magnetic elastomer was 1.24 times higher than the off-field stress. The bimodal magnetic elastomer was synthesized for the mono-link and was mounted on the bogie of a railway vehicle. A running test exhibited that the wheel lateral force was reduced by 20% by applying a magnetic field of 390 mT.
Low-Threshold-Voltage and Electrically Switchable Polarization-Selective Scattering Mode Liquid Crystal Light Shutters
Authors: Liang Zhe-Yung , Tu Ching-Yen , Yang Tsung-Hsun , Liu Cheng-Kai , Cheng Ko-Ting
Published: December 2018

Low-threshold-voltage (Vth) and electrically switchable, polarization-selective scattering mode light shutters (PSMLSs) using polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) are demonstrated in this work. The optimized weight ratio of the nematic liquid crystals (LCs) to the adopted monomer (NBA107, Norland Optics) in the low-Vth PDLCs based on NBA107 is 7:3, [7:3]-PDLCsNBA107. The properties of the low-Vth PDLCsNBA107, such as light-scattering performance, initial transmission, Vth, and droplet size were investigated. Experiment results show that the surface anchoring (threshold-voltage) of NBA107 is weaker (lower) than or equal to that of the common NOA65. The cost is that the response time of the proposed PDLCsNBA107 is relatively long. A method to reduce the decay time, which can be applied to all other PDLC devices, will be elucidated. In addition to the low Vth of the proposed PDLCsNBA107, the operation voltage (~6 Vrms) to approach the maximum transmission is relatively low in a 7 μm-thick PDLCsNBA107 cell. Moreover, the polarization-selective light-scattering performances of the proposed PSMLSs based on the [7:3]-PDLCsNBA107, mainly driven by in-plane and vertical fields, are also demonstrated.
Contemporary Polymer-Based Nanoparticle Systems for Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Vines Jeremy B. , Lim Dong-Jin , Park Hansoo
Published: December 2018

Current approaches for the treatment of cancer, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery, are limited by various factors, such as inadvertent necrosis of healthy cells, immunological destruction, or secondary cancer development. Hyperthermic therapy is a promising strategy intended to mitigate many of the shortcomings associated with traditional therapeutic approaches. However, to utilize this approach effectively, it must be targeted to specific tumor sites to prevent adverse side effects. In this regard, photothermal therapy, using intravenously-administered nanoparticle materials capable of eliciting hyperthermic effects in combination with the precise application of light in the near-infrared spectrum, has shown promise. Many different materials have been proposed, including various inorganic materials such as Au, Ag, and Germanium, and C-based materials. Unfortunately, these materials are limited by concerns about accumulation and potential cytotoxicity. Polymer-based nanoparticle systems have been investigated to overcome limitations associated with traditional inorganic nanoparticle systems. Some of the materials that have been investigated for this purpose include polypyrrole, poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), polydopamine, and polyaniline. The purpose of this review is to summarize these contemporary polymer-based nanoparticle technologies to acquire an understanding of their current applications and explore the potential for future improvements.
The Impact of International Management Standards on Academic Research
Authors: Pohle Anna , Blind Knut , Neustroev Dmitry
Published: December 2018

Management standards serve as an effective knowledge diffusion channel, considering that they offer comprehensive scientific and practical knowledge for many different stakeholders. This research aims to study the potential of management standards to diffuse knowledge, especially within the scientific community. Therefore, it analyzes the relationship between management standards and the academic literature. It focuses on international management standards, namely ISO 14001 and ISO 9001 and their ‘European counterparts’ EMAS and the EFQM Excellence model. We tested whether scientific publications, which address these international and European management standards, are more likely to lead to follow-up research than comparable scientific publications measured by the impact on average forward citations. Hence, we applied a negative binominal regression model on bibliometric data. Findings show that publications addressing ISO 14001 alone or in combination with other standards lead to higher average forward citations than the comparison group. In conclusion, international management standards foster the academic research progress of the topics addressed by the respective standard. Our research implies the importance of monitoring standards for the scientific community and suggests Standard Setting Organizations to foster actively the research progress.
Collective Civic Petitions in Urban Neighborhoods: A Comparative Study between Two Different-Tier Chinese Cities
Authors: Tang Le , Zhou Fengqin , Feng Xueliang , Luo Yali
Published: December 2018

This paper engages with civic development in urban neighborhoods in China after the period of reform that began in 1978. Examining the collective civic petitions that have occurred in urban neighborhoods, the paper offers a comparative analysis of changing trends, internal mechanisms, and their spatial distribution between two different-tier cities. Data pertaining to the collective civic petitions was drawn from open archives in two municipal bureaus, and related to the years 2013 to 2015. The data was then split into three types of petition typology—claim, protest, and hybrid. Certain similarities and differences emerged from the analysis relating to the types of petition that have occurred against different petition counterparties, namely, state authorities, real developers, and property management companies. Similarities among the two cities could be capable of indicating advancing urban civic developments with internal mechanisms among petition typology and contexts of individual petitions. Differences among the two cities could be related to various differences in their urban contexts, and may also reflect different levels of citizen civic consciousness and behavior.
Antiviral RNA Interference Activity in Cells of the Predatory Mosquito, Toxorhynchites amboinensis
Authors: Donald Claire L. , Varjak Margus , Aguiar Eric Roberto Guimarães Rocha , Marques João T. , Sreenu Vattipally B. , Schnettler Esther , Kohl Alain
Published: December 2018

Arthropod vectors control the replication of arboviruses through their innate antiviral immune responses. In particular, the RNA interference (RNAi) pathways are of notable significance for the control of viral infections. Although much has been done to understand the role of RNAi in vector populations, little is known about its importance in non-vector mosquito species. In this study, we investigated the presence of an RNAi response in Toxorhynchites amboinensis, which is a non-blood feeding species proposed as a biological control agent against pest mosquitoes. Using a derived cell line (TRA-171), we demonstrate that these mosquitoes possess a functional RNAi response that is active against a mosquito-borne alphavirus, Semliki Forest virus. As observed in vector mosquito species, small RNAs are produced that target viral sequences. The size and characteristics of these small RNAs indicate that both the siRNA and piRNA pathways are induced in response to infection. Taken together, this data suggests that Tx. amboinensis are able to control viral infections in a similar way to natural arbovirus vector mosquito species. Understanding their ability to manage arboviral infections will be advantageous when assessing these and similar species as biological control agents.
Removal of Organic Micropollutants by Grainy Bentonite-Activated Carbon Adsorbent in a Fixed Bed Column
Authors: Kamińska Gabriela
Published: December 2018

Organic micropollutants enter effluent streams and then flow into receiving waters. The volume adversely affects aquatic biota substantially. Therefore, many efforts have been made to develop methods for their elimination. The aim of this study was the removal of organic micropollutants with different properties from WWTP (wastewater treatment plant) effluent in fixed bed columns packed with several combinations of sand, granular activated carbon (GAC), and granular clay-carbonaceous composite. Two types of bentonite-powder activated carbon-based granules (Ben-AC) were prepared within this work, with different calcination temperature. It was found that higher calcination temperature enhanced the surface porosity and adsorption potential versus studied micropollutants due to dihydroxylation resulting in higher chemical activity. Introduction of these granules in the place of GAC in a fixed bed column enhances the removal degree of micropollutants and typical water quality parameters. For example, the reduction degree of color, phosphate, and nitrate concentrations increased from 83%, 69%, and 4% to 95%, 83%, and 24% for column I and II, respectively. The concentration of carbamazepine, octylphenol, nononylphenol, and anthracene was reduced by 75%, 83%, 72%, 99% in column I, while using column II or III their removal was: 86%, 97%, 99%, 99%, respectively. Independent of the column filling, the removal of carbamazepine was the lowest (75–86%), while the highest retention was obtained for anthracene (99%). The study of column performance in the treatment of effluent in time showed that column filled with Ben-AC-400 guaranteed high removal degree in the operating time. The batch adsorption data were better described by both the Langmuir model.
Analyzing the Impacts of Climate Variability and Land Surface Changes on the Annual Water–Energy Balance in the Weihe River Basin of China
Authors: Deng Wenjia , Song Jinxi , Bai Hua , He Yi , Yu Miao , Wang Huiyuan , Cheng Dandong
Published: December 2018

The serious soil erosion problems and decreased runoff of the Loess Plateau may aggravate the shortage of its local water resources. Understanding the spatiotemporal influences on runoff changes is important for water resource management. Here, we study this in the largest tributary of the Yellow River, the Weihe River Basin. Data from four hydrological stations (Lin Jia Cun (LJC), Xian Yang (XY), Lin Tong (LT), and Hua Xian (HX)) and 10 meteorological stations from 1961–2014 were used to analyze changes in annual runoff. The Mann–Kendall test and Pettitt abrupt change point test diagnosed variations in runoff in the Weihe River basin; the time periods before and after abrupt change points are the base period (period I) and change period (period II), respectively. Within the Budyko framework, the catchment properties (ω in Fu’s equation) represent land surface changes; climate variability comprises precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (ET0). All the stations showed a reduction in annual runoff during the recording period, of which 22.66% to 50.42% was accounted for by land surface change and 1.97% to 53.32% by climate variability. In the Weihe River basin, land surface changes drive runoff variation in LT and climate variability drives it in LJC, XY, and HX. The contribution of land surface changes to runoff reduction in period I was less than that in period II, indicating that changes in human activity further decreased runoff. Therefore, this study offers a scientific basis for understanding runoff trends and driving forces, providing an important reference for social development, ecological construction, and water resource management.
FLUORIDŲ ŠALINIMO IŠ POŽEMINIO VANDENS TYRIMAI
Authors: BIRGĖLAITĖ Miglė , VALENTUKEVIČIENĖ Marina
Published: December 2018

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, ar galima sumažinti fluoridų koncentracijas požeminiame geriamajame vandenyje, naudojant adsorbcijos procesą su sorbentais. Tyrimo metu buvo išbandyti šie sorbentai: polonitas, iškaitintos kriauklės, betonitas, apdorotos geležies prisotintos paplavos bei išdegintas molio ir paplavų mišinys. Patikrinus sorbentus, dėl geriausių sorbcinių savybių tolesnius tyrimus buvo pasirinkta atlikti su iškaitintu molio ir paplavų mišinio sorbentu. Minėto sorbento gamybai naudojamos apdorotos geležies prisotintos paplavos, kurios susidaro plovimo metu vandens gerinimo įrenginiuose ir molio milteliai, skirti keramikai gaminti. Vanduo tyrimams atlikti buvo paimtas iš Kalotės vandens ruošyklos gręžinio. Atlikus eksperimentą buvo nustatyta, kad 60–78 % fluoridų yra pašalinama iš požeminio vandens, vidutinė sorbento sorbcinė geba lygi 6,6∙10–3 mg/g, sorbento atsigavimo laipsnis jį regeneruojant su natrio šarmo tirpalu yra 39,3 %. Tyrimo metu buvo išmatuotas visų mėginių pH, elektrinis laidis, temperatūra.
LENGVAI SKAIDOMŲ ORGANINIŲ MEDŽIAGŲ SUSIDARYMO PIRMINIO DUMBLO HIDROLIZĖS PROCESO METU TYRIMAI
Authors: ŠIAULENSKIS Edgaras , DAUKNYS Regimantas
Published: December 2018

Siekiant užkirsti kelią eutrofikacijos procesui biogeninėms medžiagoms valytose nuotekose taikomi griežti reikalavimai. Biologiškai skaidomų organinių medžiagų trūkumas yra viena iš priežasčių, dėl kurios azoto ir fosforo junginiai iš nuotekų šalinami neefektyviai. Pirminio dumblo hidrolizės procesas yra vienas iš būdų, kurio metu galima pagaminti lengvai biologiškai skaidomų organinių medžiagų ir taip užtikrinti reikalaujamą biogeninių medžiagų pašalinimą iš nuotekų. Pirminio dumblo hidrolizės tyrimams naudotas pirminis dumblas iš Vitebsko (Baltarusija) nuotekų valyklos ir Vilniaus nuotekų valyklos. Pirminio dumblo hidrolizės proceso efektyvumui nustatyti buvo analizuota pirminio dumblo išbuvimo trukmė, ChDSfilt., trumpos grandinės lakiųjų riebalų rūgščių susidarymas, bepelenių sausų medžiagų suskaidymas. Tyrimų atlikti, esant 20,8 ˚C vidutinei temperatūrai, 7,4 pradinei pH reikšmei, 76,7 % pradinei BSM koncentracijai SM koncentracijos atžvilgiu. Nustatyta rekomenduojama optimali dumblo išbuvimo trukmė – 6 paros. Pagal minėtas sąlygas ChDSfiltr. susidarymo efektyvumas lygus 66,5 %, TGLRR susidarymo efektyvumas lygus 59,5 %. Šie rezultatai pasiekti, kai BSM suskaidymas buvo 4,6 %.
EVENT RISK COVENANTS, DESIGN PARAMETERS AND AGENCY ISSUES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HIGH YIELD VERSUS INVESTMENT GRADE BONDS
Authors: Tewari Manish
Published: December 2018

We analyse security design parameters of 1,115 high yield (HY) and investment grade (IG) event risk covenants (ERC) protected issues between 1986 and 2012 from the agency conflict perspective. We find positive and significant stock price reaction to the issuance of HY but not the IG issues. Although, majority of these issues carry a call provision, we find significant design differences in the call provision between HY and IG issues. We find that HY issues provide strong call protection to mitigate the risk of a call due to ratings upgrade, compromising firm’s financial flexibility; resulting financial distress is mitigated by the ERC. IG issues provide weak call protection to fully exploit growth options however, role of ERC is not apparent. We also find evidence of increase in managerial entrenchment due to the presence of ERC in HY firms however, reduction in agency cost of debt supersedes cost of managerial entrenchment.
IMPACT OF SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF SMES ON THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE
Authors: Belas Jaroslav , Gavurova Beata , Toth Peter
Published: December 2018

The optimal capital structure is a key precondition for business, even though defining the optimal capital structure is difficult. The available studies present many different and mutually contradictory factors that need to be taken into account in the strategic financial decisions of managers. Their importance and intensity are different for individual business entities. Given the specificities of companies in the SME segment, achieving an optimal capital structure is a challenging task as there is no model of an optimal capital structure that can be universally applied in corporate practice. For this reason, we decided to realize our research. The main aim of the paper is to identify determinants of the SME’s capital structure. We studied the impact of four determinants: region, business area, number of employees and business duration, on the manager’s decisions about capital structure in the enterprise. Our research is based on the database ‘Albertina’, which consist of all SME in the Czech Republic. We applied ordinal logistic regression and estimated five models. These models were used to predict attitude of SME to the capital structure. Analysis was done in R Software. The main finding is that the size of the company measured by the number of employees effects its attitude to volume of foreign and own capital used to finance its activities. Analysis also showed that entrepreneurs with longer duration of taking their business prefer more foreign capital than their own capital. Business area and region where enterprise is located do not significantly affect capital structure.
COLLABORATION AND URBAN TRANSPORT: A SHORT REVIEW OF THE SPECIAL ISSUE
Authors: Gonzalez-Feliu Jesus , Pronello Cristina , Grau Josep Maria Salanova , Skačkauskas Paulius
Published: December 2018

"Collaboration and urban transport: a short review of the special issue" Transport, 33(4), pp. 861-866
CHOOSING THE RIGHT PUBLIC TRANSPORT SOLUTION BASED ON PERFORMANCE OF COMPONENTS
Authors: Bruun Eric , Allen Duncan , Givoni Moshe
Published: December 2018

Planners often focus on a specific mode too early in the design and selection process, especially on the choice between bus and rail technology. It may be that available Right of Way (RoW), alignment characteristics and other design features are more important. In this paper, we first identify the principal components central to performance of a particular role common to all major Public Transport (PT) investments. The primary aim is to offer a more mode-neutral alternative selection process that benefits from ex-post cost and performance information about a substantial number of actual PT systems broken down into these components to the extent that is possible. Less quantitative components and features, such as passenger experience, scalability, and implementability are then discussed for their role in increasing or diminishing the attractiveness of alternative candidate component packages in the desired range of the quantitative criteria. The results show that investment costs increase with the degree of separation of RoW, regardless of rail or bus technology, with rail having an additive “technology premium”. Higher Average Operating Speed (AOS) reduces investment in vehicles and the Operating and Maintenance (O&M) cost, regardless of technology. At low/moderate passenger traffic densities, Semirapid Bus modes have lower O&M costs than Semirapid Rail. At the highest densities, Rapid Rail and Regional Rail modes exhibit clear economies of scale. For mixed street running, rail-related components cause a far more expensive total investment on per unit of Productive Capacity (PC) basis. As the required PC increases, rail modes become consistently less expensive. The main conclusion is that in order to improve value-for-money of PT it is critical to develop innovative component technologies and construction techniques, which are not necessarily rail or bus specific.
Detecting Ocean Glint on Exoplanets Using Multiphase Mapping
Authors: Lustig-Yaeger Jacob , Meadows Victoria S. , Tovar Mendoza Guadalupe , Schwieterman Edward W. , Fujii Yuka , Luger Rodrigo , Robinson Tyler D.
Published: December 2018

Rotational mapping and specular reflection (glint) are two proposed methods to directly detect liquid water on the surface of habitable exoplanets. However, false positives for both methods may prevent the unambiguous detection of exoplanet oceans. We use simulations of Earth as an exoplanet to introduce a combination of multiwavelength, multiphase, time-series direct-imaging observations and accompanying analyses that may improve the robustness of exoplanet ocean detection by spatially mapping the ocean glint signal. As the planet rotates, the glint spot appears to “blink” as Lambertian scattering continents interrupt the specular reflection from the ocean. This manifests itself as a strong source of periodic variability in crescent-phase disk-integrated reflected light curves. We invert these light curves to constrain the longitudinal slice maps and apparent albedo of multiple surfaces at both quadrature and crescent phase. At crescent phase, the retrieved apparent albedo of ocean-bearing longitudinal slices is increased by a factor of 5, compared to the albedo at quadrature phase, due to the contribution from glint. The land-bearing slices exhibit no significant change in apparent albedo with phase. The presence of forward-scattering clouds in our simulated observation increases the overall reflectivity toward crescent, but we find that clouds do not correlate with any specific surfaces, thereby allowing for the phase-dependent glint effect to be interpreted as distinct from cloud scattering. Retrieving the same longitudinal map at quadrature and crescent phases may be used to tie changes in the apparent albedo with phase back to specific geographic surfaces (or longstanding atmospheric features), although this requires ideal geometries. We estimate that crescent-phase time-dependent glint measurements are feasible for between 1 and 10 habitable zone exoplanets orbiting the nearest G, K, and M dwarfs using a space-based, high-contrast, direct-imaging telescope with a diameter between 6 and 15 m.
Radio-loud Active Galactic Nucleus Variability from Three-dimensional Propagating Relativistic Jets
Authors: Li Yutong , Wiita Paul J. , Schuh Terance , Elghossain Geena , Hu Shaoming
Published: December 2018

The enormous sizes and variability of emission of radio-loud active galactic nuclei arise from the relativistic flows of plasma along two oppositely directed jets. We use the Athena hydrodynamics code to simulate an extensive suite of 54 propagating three-dimensional relativistic jets with wide ranges of input jet velocities and jet-to-ambient matter density ratios. We determine which parameter sets yield unstable jets that produce jet-dominated Fanaroff–Riley I (FR I) radio galaxy morphologies and which tend to produce stable jets with hot spots and FR II morphologies. Nearly all our simulations involve jets with internal pressures matched to those of the ambient medium but we also consider over-pressured jets and discuss differences from the standard ones. We also show that the results are not strongly dependent on the adiabatic index of the fluid. We focus on simulations that remain stable for extended distances (60–240 times the initial jet radius). Scaled to the much smaller sizes probed by very long baseline interferometry observations, the fluctuations in such simulated flows yield variability in the observed emissivity on timescales from months. Adopting results for the densities, pressures, and velocities from these simulations, we estimate normalized rest frame synchrotron emissivities from individual cells in the jets. The observed emission from each cell is strongly dependent upon its variable Doppler boosting factor. We sum the fluxes from thousands of zones around the primary reconfinement shock. The light curves and power spectra, with red-noise slopes between −2.1 and −2.5, so produced are similar to those observed from blazars.
Constraining the Dark Matter Vacuum Energy Interaction Using the EDGES 21 cm Absorption Signal
Authors: Wang Yuting , Zhao Gong-Bo
Published: December 2018

The recent measurement of the global 21 cm absorption signal reported by the Experiment to Detect the Global Epoch of Reionization Signature (EDGES) Collaboration is in tension with the prediction of the ΛCDM model at a 3.8σ significance level. In this work, we report that this tension can be released by introducing an interaction between dark matter and vacuum energy. We perform a model parameter estimation using a combined data set including EDGES and other recent cosmological observations, and find that the EDGES measurement can marginally improve the constraint on parameters that quantify the interacting vacuum, and that the combined data set favors the ΛCDM at a 68% confidence level. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential power of future 21 cm experiments to constrain the interacting dark energy models.
Nightside Winds at the Lower Clouds of Venus with Akatsuki/IR2: Longitudinal, Local Time, and Decadal Variations from Comparison with Previous Measurements
Authors: Peralta Javier , Muto Keishiro , Hueso Ricardo , Horinouchi Takeshi , Sánchez-Lavega Agustín , Murakami Shin-ya , Machado Pedro , Young Eliot F. , Lee Yeon Joo , Kouyama Toru , Sagawa Hideo , McGouldrick Kevin , Satoh Takehiko , Imamura Takeshi , Limaye Sanjay S. , Sato Takao M. , Ogohara Kazunori , Nakamura Masato , Luz David
Published: December 2018

We present measurements of the wind speeds at the nightside lower clouds of Venus from observations by JAXA’s mission Akatsuki during 2016, complemented by new wind measurements from ground-based observations acquired with the TNG/Near Infrared Camera Spectrometer (NICS) in 2012 and IRTF/SpeX in 2015 and 2017. The zonal and meridional components of the winds were measured via cloud tracking on a total of 466 Akatsuki images of Venus acquired by the camera IR2 using the 2.26 μm filter, with spatial resolutions ranging from 10 to 80 km per pixel and covering 2016 March 22 to October 31. More than 149,000 wind vectors were obtained using an automatic template-matching technique, and 2947 wind vectors were inferred using a manual procedure. The meridional profiles for both components of the winds are found to be consistent with results from the Venus Express mission during 2006–2008, although stronger wind variability is found for the zonal component at equatorial latitudes where Akatsuki observations have better viewing geometry than Venus Express. The zonal winds at low latitudes also suggest a zonal variability that could be associated with solar tides or vertically propagating orographic waves. Finally, the combination of our wind measurements from TNG/NICS, IRTF/SpeX, and Akatsuki images with previously published data from 1978 to 2017 suggests variations of up to 30 m s−1 in the winds at the nightside lower clouds of Venus.
What Environmental Conditions Reduce Predation Vulnerability for Juvenile Colorado River Native Fishes?
Authors: Ward David L. , Vaage Ben M.
Published: December 2018

The incompatibility of native Colorado River fishes and nonnative warm-water sport fishes is well documented, with predation by nonnative species causing rapid declines and even extirpation of native species in most locations. In a few rare instances, native fishes can survive and recruit despite the presence of nonnative warm-water predators, indicating that specific environmental conditions may help reduce predation vulnerability. We experimented with turbidity, artificial blue water colorant (artificial turbidity pond treatment), woody debris, rocks, and aquatic vegetation in a laboratory setting to determine whether any of these types of cover could reduce predation vulnerability and confer survival advantages for juvenile Bonytail Gila elegans (mean = 70 mm total length), Roundtail Chub Gila robusta (mean = 35 mm total length), Humpback Chub Gila cypha (mean = 67 mm total length), and Razorback Sucker Xyrauchen texanus (mean = 74 mm total length). We exposed selected species of juvenile native fishes to predation by adult Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides, Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu, Green Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus, Flathead Catfish Pylodictis olivaris, and Black Bullhead Ameiurus melas in overnight trials. Razorback Suckers served as prey in trials conducted with Largemouth Bass and Black Bullhead. Bonytail served as prey in trials conducted with Largemouth Bass and Flathead Catfish. Roundtail Chub served as prey in trials conducted with Smallmouth Bass and Green Sunfish. We matched sizes of predator and prey so that the maximum body depth of the prey never exceeded 40% of the maximum anatomical gape of the predators. Turbidity of 500 nephlometric turbidity units reduced effectiveness of sight-feeding predators such as Largemouth Bass, Smallmouth Bass, and Green Sunfish by up to 50% but also increased predation vulnerability to non–sight-feeding predators (Flathead Catfish and Black Bullhead) by up to 55%. Turbidity was the only treatment that significantly altered predation mortality of native fish. These results may help explain recent patterns of wild juvenile native fish recruitment to adult life stages at the Colorado River inflow in to Lake Mead and at the inflow of the San Juan River into Lake Powell. Both areas possess abundant introduced predatory fishes but are also very turbid.
Effectiveness of Acoustic Lures for Increasing Indiana Bat Captures in Mist-Nets
Authors: Samoray Stephen T. , Gumbert Mark W. , Roby Piper L. , Janos Gregg A. , Borthwick Richard R.
Published: December 2018

As bat (Chiroptera) populations continue to decline in the eastern United States due to threats such as white-nose syndrome and interactions with wind facilities, capturing already rare species such as the federally endangered Indiana bat Myotis sodalis to assess health and demographics has become increasingly difficult. Mist-nets are a standard method for capturing and studying bats, but bats have the ability to escape from or avoid mist-nets. Past research has shown that the use of acoustic lures may increase mist-net capture success. Using prerecorded Indiana bat social calls, we tested the effectiveness of acoustic lures on capture rates across 24 nights at 37 sites in summers 2013 and 2014 in north-central Kentucky. Each site consisted of two nets (treatment and control) placed >35 m apart: we placed an acoustic lure set 1 m in front of the treatment net, whereas the control net received no lure. At the species level, we recorded significantly more captures in treatment nets (n = 262) than in control nets [n = 128; t(36) = 5.08, P < 0.001]. However, although we found a trend toward higher Indiana bat captures, the only species' with significant positive responses were evening bats Nycticeius humeralis [t(15) = 6.25, P < 0.001] and eastern red bats Lasiurus borealis [t(36) = 3.60, P < 0.001]. Further study is required to determine whether modifications to lure settings or call types result in increased Indiana bat captures.
Ornette : Equality is… something else !
Authors: Hubert François-Xavier
Published: December 2018

Cet article se propose d’examiner la dimension politique propre à la pensée et la pratique musicale initiées par Ornette Coleman. En effet, sa manière d’aborder la création musicale continue de déranger et de résister à toutes formes de consensus. Comment expliquer cela ? Ornette Coleman était-il un génie incompris ? Un imposteur ? Nous reviendrons, dans un premier temps, sur les controverses qui ont nourri la réception du jazz en France et à l’étranger et nous verrons dans quelle mesure l’approche d’Ornette Coleman va contribuer à déplacer ces modes d’appréciation, se jouant des dualismes habituels entre tradition et modernité. Nous verrons ensuite comment sa « pensée pratique » de l’harmolodie puise sa force dans une reconfiguration permanente des espaces et des temporalités qui permettent à chacun d’être « au présent » par l’expérience de la musique et du son. Enfin, nous nous interrogerons sur la valeur politique de l’harmolodie en ce qu’elle nous renvoie sans cesse aux possibilités d’inventer individuellement et collectivement d’autres manières de vivre et d’habiter le monde.
“ZYX music”. Les dérives continentales de l’italo disco
Authors: Birgy Philippe
Published: December 2018

L’italo disco, en tant que champ de production musicale, a fréquemment été décrit comme le chaînon manquant entre le disco et les scènes musicales alternatives qui se développèrent en Amérique du Nord à la fin des années 1980. Son histoire sur une période d’environ huit ans est attestée par un très large éventail de productions qui témoignent d’une vitalité et d’une persistance remarquables. L’italo disco s’est certainement prêté à ces fins, mais c’est précisément sa capacité à jouer ce rôle de passeur qui pose problème : sans lien direct avec un substrat local, faisant fi de toute identité ou intégrité artistique et disposé à s’accommoder des circonstances de sa marchandisation, il ne semblait posséder aux yeux de ses détracteurs aucun des traits définitoires qui auraient pu en faire un vecteur de pratiques subculturelles collectives ou communautaires. Toutes les tentatives de description du genre ont été compliquées par le réseau intriqué des interactions et des influences croisées qui fragmentaient son unité supposée. Néanmoins, en pratique, et à toutes fins utiles, l’italo disco a permis le maintien d’une « culture des clubs » tout comme l’entretien d’un dialogue entre ses producteurs, ses auditeurs et ses usagers, toutes choses qui supposaient, bien que l’appellation elle-même fut disputée, l’établissement d’un « consensus » au sujet de son existence. Ce sont les éléments de ce discours polémique que nous souhaitons examiner ici afin d’envisager l’italo disco comme arrangement discursif et comme opérateur assurant par intérim la continuation d’une formation subculturelle antérieure.
Les objets qui conduisent à l’action : transformations des fanzines punk Do-It-Yourself dans les années 2000-2010 en Russie
Authors: Zaytseva Anna
Published: December 2018

Cet article aborde les fanzines en tant que nœuds d’une chaîne de communication, constitutifs d’un système d’échanges d’objets. Ces échanges nourrissent des genres particuliers de publications dont j’analyse la genèse et les façons de constituer des milieux, reliés en une mouvance punk Do-It-Yourself au sein de l’espace post-soviétique et au-delà. L’échange d’objets avec des correspondants crée un milieu de reconnaissance fondé sur une incitation à rendre un don reçu, poussant les faiseurs de fanzines à rester actifs et à multiplier les activités pour fournir de nouveaux matériaux. Cette multi-activité met à mal l’impératif de périodicité, néanmoins primordial pour les fanzines visant à devenir des « médias ». L’avènement des TIC et des réseaux sociaux rend obsolète le zine « média » et favorise un format auparavant marginal : les zines « personnels » et « arty ». Les transformations des fanzines à l’âge numérique sont symptomatiques d’une mutation de l’ensemble du système de communication précédemment décrit, ainsi que de la place du fanzine au sein de celui-ci, donnant naissance à des formes inédites de symbiose entre communications numériques et zines-artefacts.
Influenza A Virus Infection Induces Muscle Wasting via IL-6 Regulation of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Atrogin-1
Authors: Radigan Kathryn A. , Nicholson Trevor T. , Welch Lynn C. , Chi Monica , Amarelle Luciano , Angulo Martín , Shigemura Masahiko , Shigemura Atsuko , Runyan Constance E. , Morales-Nebreda Luisa , Perlman Harris , Ceco Ermelinda , Lecuona Emilia , Dada Laura A. , Misharin Alexander V. , Mutlu Gokhan M. , Sznajder Jacob I. , Budinger G. R. Scott
Published: December 2018

Muscle dysfunction is common in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome and is associated with morbidity that can persist for years after discharge. In a mouse model of severe influenza A pneumonia, we found the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 was necessary for the development of muscle dysfunction. Treatment with a Food and Drug Administration–approved Ab antagonist to the IL-6R (tocilizumab) attenuated the severity of influenza A–induced muscle dysfunction. In cultured myotubes, IL-6 promoted muscle degradation via JAK/STAT, FOXO3a, and atrogin-1 upregulation. Consistent with these findings, atrogin-1+/− and atrogin-1−/− mice had attenuated muscle dysfunction following influenza infection. Our data suggest that inflammatory endocrine signals originating from the injured lung activate signaling pathways in the muscle that induce dysfunction. Inhibiting these pathways may limit morbidity in patients with influenza A pneumonia and adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Relationship Between Approved Clinical Instructors' Assessment of Athletic Training Student Clinical Performance and Their Clinical Grade
Authors: Ambegaonkar Jatin P. , Caswell Shane , Caswell Amanda
Published: December 2018

Context: Approved Clinical Instructors (ACIs) are integral to athletic training students' professional development. ACIs evaluate student clinical performance using assessment tools provided by educational programs. How ACI ratings of a student's clinical performance relate to their clinical grade remains unclear.

Objective: To examine relationships between ACI evaluations of student clinical performance using an athletic training-specific inventory (Athletic Training Clinical Performance Inventory; ATCPI) and the student's clinical grade (CG) over a clinical experience.

Design: Correlational.

Setting: Large metropolitan university.

Participants: 48 ACIs (M=20; F=28; Certified for 7.5+3.2yrs; ACIs for 3.2+1.5yrs) evaluating 62 undergraduate students (M=20; F=42).

Interventions: ACIs completed the ATCPI twice (mid-semester, and end-of semester) during their student's clinical experience. The ATCPI is a 21-item instrument: Items 1–20 assess the student's clinical performance based on specific constructs (Specific) and item 21 is a rating of the student's overall clinical performance (Overall). ACIs also assigned students a clinical grade (CG). Pearson product-moment correlations examined relationships between Specific, Overall, and CG, with separate paired t-tests examining differences (p<.05).

Main Outcome Measures: The ATCPI used a 4-point Likert-type scale anchored by 1 (Rarely) and 4 (Consistently), and CG (A=4, B=3, C=2 D =1, 0=F).

Results: Two-hundred and sixty-six ATCPI instruments were completed over 4 academic years. The ATCPI demonstrated acceptable reliability (Cronbach's alpha=.88). All three measures were positively correlated (Specific and Overall, r(264)=.65, P <.001; Specific and CG r(264)=.63, P <.001; Overall and CG r(264)=.55, P<.001). No differences existed between Specific (3.5±0.4) and CG (3.5±0.7; t=.60, P =.55). However, Overall (3.6±0.7) was significantly higher than both Specific (t=−3.45, P<.000) and CG (t=2.05, P =.04).

Conclusions: ACIs reliably assessed students' specific clinical performance and provided a relatively accurate grade. However, since the overall scores were higher than specific item scores, ACIs overestimated students' overall clinical performance. Additional research is necessary to examine the ATCPI as an assessment tool across multiple institutions and to determine how other variables affect ACI assessments of student performance.
The Effect of Self-Reported Efficacy on Clinical Skill Performance
Authors: Bobo Linda , Benson Amanda A. , Green Michael
Published: December 2018

Context: Self-efficacy can enhance an individual's perception of their ability to perform a challenging task.

Objective: To determine whether repeated performance of a skill would improve students' self-efficacy across a range of academic classifications.

Design: Cohort study.

Setting: Graduate and undergraduate professional athletic training education programs accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education.

Participants: Twenty-seven athletic training students (sophomores, n = 10; juniors, n = 10; graduate, n = 7).

Intervention: We assessed participants within one day of performing a psychomotor clinical skill (PCS) of joint mobilizations or an upper quarter screen before (PCS1) and after (PCS2) a video intervention. The video that provided augmented feedback was viewed between PCS1 and PCS2.

Main Outcome Measures: Outcome measures included self-efficacy scores from the Clinical Skill Performance Self-Efficacy Form assessed over five time points throughout the learning period, PCS performance scores pre- and post-intervention, and the correlation between these measures.

Results: Following the intervention, PCS performance significantly improved in sophomores and juniors (Bonferonni post-hoc, P < .001); graduate students performed at a similar high level on PCS1 and PCS2 (Bonferonni post-hoc, P = .72). Academic classification affected baseline self-efficacy with graduate students reporting higher self-efficacy compared to sophomores (9.7 ± 4.1) and juniors (19.1 ± 4.1) (Bonferroni posthoc, P < .001). All groups experienced an increase in self-efficacy ahead of PCS1 with sophomores displaying a further increase between PCS1 and PCS2. With combined participants, we noted a positive correlation between self-efficacy assessed immediately following PCS1 and performance on PCS1 (r = 0.502, P = 0.007), and between relative increases in self-efficacy assessed immediately after PCS performance and relative increases in performance from PCS1 to PCS2 (r = 0.533, P = 0.02). Conclusions: The intervention positively affected performance in those who initially scored low. Students who reported higher degrees of self-efficacy immediately after the first PCS performance also performed better on this PCS. Student self-efficacy and PCS skill performance can be improved with the use of video feedback.
Religion, violence and abuse
Authors: Masango Maake J.
Published: December 2018

Abrahamic faith-based religions are always regarded as peaceful. The question to ask is as follows: how do its followers use violent text in order to justify their action? This article analyses how extremists within these faiths abuse the text and use violence as a means of forcing non-believers into their faith. They claim that God often sanctions their actions of violence.
A CONTAMINAÇÃO ACÚSTICA EM ÁGUAS CLARAS DEVIDO AO TRÁFEGO RODOVIÁRIO
Authors: Yusef Ali Matheus , Alves Cardoso William , Garavelli Sérgio , De Mendonça Maroja Armando
Published: December 2018

O ruído é um dos grandes problemas ambientais em nosso meio podendo afetar nocivamente os seres humanos, classifica-se como o segundo tipo de contaminação que atinge o maior número de pessoas no mundo, ficando atrás somente da poluição do ar. Com o intuito de avaliar a contaminação acústica na cidade de Águas Claras, Região Administrativa do Distrito Federal, apesar de ser uma cidade planejada e jovem, apresenta uma população de aproximadamente cento e cinquenta mil habitantes e problemas semelhantes aos de grandes centros urbanos já consolidados. Devido ao alto tráfego rodoviário buscou-se adquirir dados dos controladores estáticos de velocidade, que auxiliaram na coleta de dados referente ao fluxo, realizou-se medições acústicas com o sonômetro e filmagens do tráfego nas principais vias. Com o auxílio dos dados aferidos e o software SoundPlan produziu-se o mapa da cidade para identificar os locais mais críticos de ruído. Logo após, foram elaborados os mapas acústicos para os parâmetros Lden e Ln. Também foram determinados os percentuais de pessoas incomodadas (%I) e de pessoas altamente incomodadas (%AI) e os percentuais de pessoas com distúrbios no sono (%DS) e com elevados distúrbios no sono (%EDS). A comparação entre os valores dos níveis de pressão medidos in situ e os previstos pelos mapas apresentaram um desvio menor do que 3 dB(A). Os resultados indicam que os ruídos gerados pelo tráfego de veículos estão acima dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação e tem potencial de provocar incômodo e distúrbios no sono de uma parcela significativa da população
UTILIZAÇÃO DE RESÍDUO DE BLOCO DE CONCRETO COMO AGREGADO NA PRODUÇÃO DE ARGAMASSA DE ASSENTAMENTO
Authors: José de Andrade Vieira Joseano , De Fatima Formiga Pedrosa Maria , Nascimento Lins Luciana
Published: December 2018

A utilização de agregado reciclado em qualquer área de uma obra ou construção é beneficentepara o meio ambiente, a economia e a sociedade. A reciclagem, além de contribuir com alimpeza da cidade, poupa os rios, represas, terrenos baldios, esgotos sanitários, alivia oimpacto nos aterros sanitários e lixões, e até ameniza alagamentos e enchentes, pelo fato deevitar que os resíduos acumulem em bueiros, onde torna o sistema de drenagem local maiseficaz e o solo mais permeável. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar se é possível utilizar osresíduos de bloco de concreto como agregado miúdo para a produção de argamassas deassentamento. Para atingir tal objetivo, foi necessário seguir a norma de requisitos da ABNT epara isso foram feitos diversos ensaios laboratoriais, ambos com o intuito de verificar se essaargamassa passa em todos os requisitos que a norma descreve e exige. Seguindo o mesmodirecionamento, foi realizado também testes com uma argamassa industrializada para fazerum comparativo entre a supracitada e a de resíduo. Para obter os resultados de cadaargamassa, foram executados vários ensaios laboratoriais seguindo as normas da ABNT, ondeos principais fatores analisados são: resistência a compressão, densidade aparente no estadoendurecido e no estado fresco, resistência à tração na flexão, coeficiente de capilaridade,massa específica no estado fresco, retenção de água e resistência potencial de aderência àtração. O estudo constatou que a argamassa industrializada ficou classificada como U1 D1 R6P6 M3 C5 e a argamassa de resíduo foi classificada como U5 D4 R4 P3 M3 C5. Diante disso,concluiu-se que é possível a utilização dos blocos de concreto como agregado miúdo naprodução de argamassas de assentamento, pois apesar dela ter se mostrado inferior aargamassa industrializada em alguns aspectos, a argamassa de resíduo ficou dentro dosparâmetros exigidos pela ABNT NBR 13281:2005, mostrando-se ser viável economicamente eambientalmente na reutilização dos resíduos de bloco de concreto