bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Murder and criminal responsibility: An examination of MMPI profiles
Authors: Rogers Richard , Seman William
Published: June 2007

The clinical forensic applications of the MMPI in: (1) the identification of violent behavior, including murder, and (2) the determination of sanity, is briefly reviewed. Samples of evaluatees charged with murder were obtained in Chicago and Toledo, and were examined for differences on MMPI profiles for evaluatees clinically determined to be sane versus insane. Further comparisons were made between these evaluatees and a group of treated patients previously found not guilty by reason of insanity for murder. Results suggested that the MMPI is limited in its discriminability between sane and insane evaluatees, and specifically questioned the usefulness of certain profiles in rendering sanity opinions. The MMPI did demonstrate expected differences between insane evaluatees and their treated counterparts.
Post traumatic stress disorders
Authors: Horowitz Mardi J.
Published: June 2007

A clinical overview of the Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) is presented emphasizing altered qualities of experience and behavior. A schema of human psychological responses to stressful life events is reviewed as an introduction to the extensive development of concepts of pathological stress response syndromes: Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorders; post‐traumatic stress disorder, chronic type; delayed Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder. An illustrative case history is presented. The potential development of PTSD in individuals experiencing less than overwhelming stressors is conceptualized.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans: Assessment in a forensic setting
Authors: Lipkin John O. , Scurfield Raymond M. , Blank Arthur S.
Published: June 2007

The recognition and proper evaluation of Vietnam veterans' demonstrating Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder syndromes is reviewed. The special problems of accurate diagnosis and assessment of former Vietnam combatants is emphasized. The forensic evaluation of Vietnam veterans' raising the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder syndrome in either civil or criminal proceedings is comprehensively discussed. The question “What are the clinical techniques necessary to accomplish a competent forensic evaluation of the Vietnam veterans?” is specifically addressed with special emphasis on legal dispositions and treatment implications. The relationship between the criminal acts of combat veterans and their exposure to the psychological trauma of war is explored.
The Vietnam veteran on wal: The relation of post‐traumatic stress disorder to criminal behavior
Authors: Wilson John P. , Zigelbaum Sheldon D.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize the relationship of Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam veterans to criminal behavior. A conceptual framework is discussed which proposes that the disposition to criminal behavior is determined by whether or not the veteran enters into the survivor mode of functioning as a behavioral defense mechanism against the disorder. It is hypothesized that there exists a relationship between the severity of PTSD and the tendency to commit illegal acts. The Vietnam Era Stress Inventory (Wilson and Krauss, 1980) was used to assess PTSD among a volunteer national sample of Vietnam combat veterans (N = 114) participating in the Veterans Administration's counseling program known as Operation Outreach. The results strongly supported the hypothesis and indicated that combat role variables, exposure to stressors in Vietnam and the severity of PTSD were significantly correlated with criminal acts.
Rape trauma syndrome
Authors: Burgess Ann Wolbert
Published: June 2007

The relationship of rape trauma syndrome to the official diagnostic nomenclature of Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder in the DSM‐III is extensively discussed. The theoretical and practical clinical issues involved in rape trauma are reviewed as well as the early court rulings on the admissibility of rape trauma syndrome in criminal and civil cases.
Legal ethics and the use of mental health experts in criminal cases
Authors: Fitch W. Lawrence , Petrella Russell C. , Wallace John
Published: June 2007

The ethical norms of attorneys in mental health law practice are guided by regulatory codes, professional standards, constitutional, evidentiary, and procedural laws, and personal moral values. This article addresses the contours of ethical practice for attorneys in their relationship with mental health experts. In particular, it examines the attorney's responsibility to zealously represent their clients and the ethical limits on such advocacy.
Use and abuse of mental health experts in child custody determinations
Authors: Bolocofsky David N.
Published: June 2007

Changes in standards for child custody determinations have resulted in an increased demand for mental health professionals to serve as expert witnesses. However, the entry of mental health professionals into custody disputes has been met with harsh criticism of the value of their contributions. Critics have generally pointed to the absence of substantive requirements for who may serve as an expert mental health witness, the ambiguities inherent in the best interests standard, the weak scientific basis for psychology and psychiatry, and the questionable measurement techniques employed by mental health professionals as reasons for increased regulation of forensic mental health services. This article critically reviews these concerns and proposes a regulatory model that addresses the salient issues.
Psychiatric predictions and the death penalty: An unconstitutional sword for the prosecution but a constitutional shield for the defense
Authors: Wyda James , Black Bert
Published: June 2007

The Supreme Court continues to permit psychiatrists and other mental health professionals to testify regarding capital defendants' propensity to future dangerousness. Virtually all scientific evidence indicates that these predictions are unreliable. However, capital juries are particularly likely to rely heavily on such testimony. The admission of this evidence violates the safeguards mandated by the Supreme Court's own case law demanding that a capital jury's discretion be guided. The Court must consider the reliability of evidence of future dangerousness, deny its admissibility on behalf of the prosecution, but structure a rule that does not infringe on capital defendants' right to present evidence in mitigation that may implicate future dangerousness.
Perspectives on the role of the eyewitness expert
Authors: Lindsay R. C. L. , MacDonald Paula , McGarry Susan
Published: June 2007

Extensive controversy over the appropriate application of expert knowledge regarding issues of eyewitness accuracy led to a conference and a special issue of taw and Human Behavior in 1986. Arguments were presented both in support of and against the eyewitness researcher as expert testifier. The current research explored the views of the general public (N = 50), defense attorneys (N = 14), and prosecutors (N = 10) with regard to the use of eyewitness expertise in each of four roles (court‐appointed expert, consultant, researcher, expert tesdfier for the defense). Extensive differences of opinion were found across both samples and expert roles. In general, prosecutors held significantly more negative views of the usefulness of expert witnesses for the defense than did the public or defense attorneys. The role of court‐appointed expert was viewed positively by all three groups and may present a useful alternative to the battles of experts that may result from current practices.
Elements of secrecy: Implications for children's testimony
Authors: Pipe Margaret‐Ellen , Goodman Gail S.
Published: June 2007

This article reviews studies dealing with children's secrets—i.e., their concealment of information regarding events they have witnessed or been involved in. Potentially important implications for children's testimony are considered.
Assessment of sexually abused children with anatomically detailed dolls: A critical review
Authors: Maan Cathy
Published: June 2007

The use of anatomically detailed (AD) dolls is widespread, especially with young children who have been, or may have been, sexually abused. A number of empirical studies have compared the responses of sexually abused and non‐abused children to AD dolls. Additional research has assessed AD doll play among non‐abused children only. Methodological limitations notwithstanding, virtually all empirical data support the use of AD dolls for data gathering in cases of sexual abuse.
Criminal victimization among primary care medical patients: Prevalence, incidence, and physician usage
Authors: Koss Mary P. , Woodruff W. J. , Koss Paul G.
Published: June 2007

The study addressed the extent to which primary care physicians encounter crime victims in their practices. Crime prevalence and incidence rates were calculated from responses to a mailed survey of 2,291 women medical patients (45% response rate). The prevalence of crime victimization was 57%. The 12 month incidence of violent crime was 118 per 1,000 patients. Most notable was the finding that rape incidence was approximately 15 times higher than National Crime Survey estimates for women, even after adjustment for telescoping. Post‐crime physician usage was documented by medical chart review. Although few crime victims required hospitalization for injuries, virtually all made out‐patient physician visits in each of two post‐crime years. The findings suggest that physicians are an important potential source of assistance for traumatized crime victims.
Effects of prior juror experience on jury sentencing
Authors: Himelein Melissa J. , Nietzel Michael T. , Dillehay Ronald C.
Published: June 2007

The effect of prior juror service on jury sentencing was investigated in an archival study of 143 criminal trials resulting in convictions. Trials took place over two calendar years in a state circuit court requiring jurors to serve 30‐day terms. Jurors sentenced defendants in each case according to a set of guidelines determined by trial judges. The severity of the sentences imposed by jurors was rated by 101 subjects on a scale of 1 (least severe) to 100 (most severe). The results indicated that the more experienced juries gave significantly more severe sentences than did the less experienced juries. This finding was unchanged when civil court experience was considered in addition to criminal court experience. Possible interpretations of these results are discussed.
Power imbalances in therapeutic and forensic relationships
Authors: Perlin Michael L.
Published: June 2007

This article examines the ways that power imbalances affect relationships in the forensic mental disability system and between therapists and their clients. It considers the impact of the “dual loyalty” dilemma on forensic relationships, the manner in which courts deal with this dilemma, and suggests several points of commonality that arise around such power conflicts. It also examines recent litigation involving therapeutic relationships, and attempts to extract doctrinal threads from these cases. Finally, it recommends that, in order for the judicial system to attempt to correct any of the underlying imbalances, courts and jurors must openly come to grips with the psycho‐dynamic issues that underlie these imbalances.
Trying to remodel the children and youth service system: Observations about barriers and opportunities
Authors: Sarata Brian , Provorse Dave
Published: June 2007

From their perspective as participant observers, the authors discuss the initial phase of an attempt to remodel the child/family mental health service delivery system. Conceptualizing families as being at varying levels of risk for dismemberment is seen as: (a) providing a politically viable terminology, (b) permitting each agency to develop a continuum of services tailored to its mandate and clientele, and (c) facilitating legislative efforts to analyze simultaneously the budgets of all those state agencies with major responsibilities for children's services. A planning team endorsed cooperative planning between a state‐level coordinating council and individual locales. Cultural communities were invited to participate in a manner paralleling the planning role of local communities. A model for a free standing case management entity is proposed. The concept of empowerment is discussed as a criterion for multi‐level outcome evaluation.
Obstacles and advocacy in children's mental health services: Managing the Medicaid maze
Authors: Small Mark A.
Published: June 2007

Of federal programs available, Medicaid offers the greatest potential for serving children's mental health needs. Obstacles to children receiving services through Medicaid are largely determined by a state's policy of regulating services. State policies affect the delivery of mental health services for children in two ways: first, by determining which services to make available, and second, by specifying the conditions of access to those services. Accordingly, this article focuses on obstacles within states' policies that prevent effective utilization of services by children. Specifically, states' choices of eligibility criteria, services, and the procedural obstacles present within payment options are examined. Suggestions for future research are made.
Out‐of‐home placement of children: Selected issues and prospects for the future
Authors: Schwartz Ira M.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the recent trends in the child welfare and children's mental health systems and their implications for public policy. Despite the rhetoric calling for preserving families and treating children and youth in their own homes, the best available evidence indicates that the rates of out‐of‐home placement are increasing at an alarming rate. More concerted and comprehensive efforts are needed if this trend is to be reversed in the near future.
Recent research on the relationship between illicit drug use and crime
Authors: Nurco David N. , Hanlon Thomas E. , Kinlock Timothy W.
Published: June 2007

This article reviews research on the relationship between illicit drug use and crime conducted since 1980. Significant advances are noted in studies of the crime of known drug abusers and in studies of the drug use of individuals processed by the criminal justice system. Major conclusions supported by the results of studies of the criminal activity of narcotic abusers are that both a higher prevalence and higher rates of crime are associated with more frequent use of heroin and/or cocaine, although addicts vary with regard to the type, amount, and severity of crime they commit. Rates of lifetime and recent illicit drug use, particularly the use of cocaine, among prisoners, parolees, probationers, and arrestees are high compared to the general population. Issues discussed include the etiology of drug abuse, the effects of treatment and criminal justice interventions on drug use and crime, and drug‐related violence.
The needle‐borne HIV epidemic: Causes and public health responses
Authors: Gostin Larry
Published: June 2007

Needle sharing among intravenous drug users is fueling the modern HIV epidemic. A public health approach to needle‐borne infection has three components: prevention and education, availability of sterile injection equipment, and drug treatment. This essay examines the most controversial aspect of this strategy–sterile needle distribution and exchange. The sharing of drug injection equipment is the critical factor in the transmission of HIV in the drug using population. Sharing is not merely a learned response, but is also the result of a limited supply of needles and syringes. Limiting the supply of sterile equipment results from a policy choice which includes: (i) the adoption of drug paraphernalia statutes which criminalize the possession of equipment with the intention of using it for drug injection; (ii) the adoption of needle prescription statutes which criminalize the sale of needles and syringes without a medical prescription; and (iii) the failure to adopt a comprehensive program for the distribution, exchange, or sterilization of equipment. A public health approach to reduce the needle‐borne HIV epidemic would repeal needle prescription laws, limit drug paraphernalia laws so they apply only to illicit sellers, and establish needle exchange programs with an array of education and drug treatment services attached.
The debate over drug testing in the workplace: A novel opportunity for public scientific education
Authors: Imwinkelried Edward J.
Published: June 2007

In several respects, American evidence law has an anti‐scientific bias. A number of the admissibility and legal sufficiency rules in American evidence law reflect this bias. The assumption underlying the bias is that the typical citizen–‐the potential juror–‐is incapable of critically evaluating technical evidence. The results of national educational tests demonstrate that scientific illiteracy is widespread in the United States. However, the current controversy over drug testing presents forensic scientists with a unique opportunity to educate the average citizen about some of the rudiments of scientific proof. In the course of the debate, the scientific community can help familiarize the American public with such concepts as the limited nature of scientific findings, experimentation as the means of scientific validation, and the importance of proper test protocol. Perhaps more than any other scientific controversy, the debate over drug testing is of intense personal interest to the average citizen. This article pleads with the participants in the drug testing debate to capitalize on that interest and conduct their debate at a high level to aid the citizenry to develop a broader understanding of scientific evidence.
Medicalizing the drug war
Authors: Fishbein Diana H.
Published: June 2007

Recent findings in the field of psychopharmacology pertain to the abuse of drugs and alcohol among criminal offenders and have implications for new management techniques. Drugs of abuse exert their effects on areas of the brain responsible for pleasure, providing a powerful reinforcement for drug usage. Furthermore, there is a prevalence of psychological, psychiatric and social dysfunctions that antedate drug use which are identifiable at an early age. It is suggested that drugs of abuse differentially influence users via these biological, psychological and social mechanisms, reinforcing the development of serious and chronic abuse in a vulnerable subgroup. Studies of drug abuse specially indicate that within this subgroup, antisocial behavior precedes and exacerbates drug abuse, and multiple risk factors contribute to the concomitant development of criminality and drug abuse. Early detection and comprehensive treatment of underlying disorders that may both precipitate and result from drug abuse promise to improve possibilities for prevention and reducing relapse rates. Furthermore, the inclusion of pharmacologic treatments may further enhance the success of conventional drug treatments. This article proposes that incorporating scientific data and medicalizing our approach to drug abuse is essential to win the war against drugs.
Enter the prenuptial: A prelude to marriage or remarriage
Authors: Kaslow Florence
Published: June 2007

Although prenuptial agreements have existed in the United States for many decades, they did not catapult into the public foreground during the courtship/engagement/just before marriage or remarriage stage of the life cycle until the 1980s. In the past decade, this particular kind of document has received a great deal of attention in the media, in lawyers' offices, and in courtrooms. This article explores the raison d'ěre of antenuptials and their psychological, familial, and legal ramifications. Some guidelines are offered to defuse the high anxiety they arouse in some individuals as well as to provide signals as to when the contents of the prenuptial herald “danger” ahead. The potential positive aspects of both psychosocial prenuptial accords and legal prenuptial agreements are explored as is the role of the psychologist as therapist or “mediator” when a prenuptial is in the offing.
Parent interaction after divorce: Comparison of mediated and adversarial divorce processes
Authors: Kelly Joan B.
Published: June 2007

The interactions and perceptions of two groups of divorcing parents using different dispute resolution processes were compared at final divorce and at 1 and 2 years post‐divorce. Using objective and standardized measures, the effectiveness of a comprehensive divorce mediation process was contrasted to the more customary two attorney adversarial process. The 153 parents at final divorce were part of a larger, longitudinal study of 435 divorcing men and women who were followed from the beginning of divorce to 2 years post‐divorce. Parents in the divorce mediation group reported less conflict during the divorcing period, and less conflict, more contact and communication, and a more positive attitude toward the other parent at final divorce, results which remained significant after controlling for several baseline group differences. The majority of differences favoring the mediation intervention continued through the first year after divorce, and disappeared by the 2 year post‐divorce data collection. The nature of the mediation process is discussed in relation to these parental behaviors and attitudes.
Psychological effects of custody disputes on children
Authors: Wolman Richard , Taylor Keith
Published: June 2007

This two‐group, repeated measures examination of the psychological impact of child custody contests on children reports a subset of data from an ongoing longitudinal study of 95 children and their parents from 43 divorcing families. The authors report clinical observations concerning children's experience of custody litigation, as well as comparisons of baseline and post‐test responses of contested and uncontested groups on measures of locus of control, separation anxiety and family concept. Contested children exhibited significantly greater internality of control orientation than the normative sample. Contested children's test scores also suggested significantly less separation anxiety and significantly more positive family concept than the uncontested group at post‐test. The implications of these unanticipated findings are discussed.
Impact of joint versus sole custody and quality of co‐parental relationship on adjustment of adolescents in remarried families
Authors: Crosbie‐Burnett Margaret
Published: June 2007

The effects of legal custody arrangement and quality of the co‐parental relationship on the adjustment of adolescents in remarried families was examined. Joint custody was associated with better relationships with step‐parents and more family cohesion. Girls in sole custody families and boys in joint custody families reported high anxiety. Girls in sole custody families reported the remarriage to have a negative effect on their relationships with their custodial biological parents. Hostility in the co‐parental relationship was associated with more loyalty conflicts and more increase in psychosomatic and psychosocial problems around the time of the remarriage.
Sexual abuse allegations in divorce and custody disputes
Authors: Wakefield Hollida , Underwager Ralph
Published: June 2007

Child sexual abuse allegations arising during divorce and custody conflicts are complicated and difficult. Most professionals believe that the highest percentage of false allegations occurs in this circumstance, but there is disagreement over just how many of these allegations are false. In evaluating cases of suspected sexual abuse, the professional must remain open and objective, carefully examine each case, and take an empirical stance. Assessment and evaluation must be done with rigorous adherence to the highest standards of the profession, and professionals must attend to the characteristics of real versus false allegations. They must not immediately dismiss an allegation as false because the parents are in the midst of a divorce but must also guard against presuming guilt and aligning themselves with the reporting parent's agenda.
A review and critique of honesty test research
Authors: Guastello Stephen J. , Rieke Mark L.
Published: June 2007

This paper reviews and critiques research pertaining to the three most commonly used honesty tests. Honesty tests, sometimes called integrity tests, purportedly predict theft by employees. Secondary analyses were performed to remove the effect of faking good from validity coefficients with various self‐report criteria, and to supplement other analyses. The honesty tests were found to have: (a) virtually no foundation in personality or attitude theory, (b) a corrected average correlation of 0.08 with objective indices of theft (95′/0 confidence interval: 0.03 < r < 0.14), (c) a Taylor‐Russell utility of approximately 1% above base rate of success, and (d) a false positive rate of 0.44 if only nontrivial thefts are considered. The honesty tests reviewed are of such marginal validity (less than 1% of the criterion variance accounted for) that their continued use in preemployment settings is seriously questioned. The comparability of these review results with those of other reviewers is discussed along with the social and legal implications of honesty testing.
General population and institutional elite support for social control of new religious movements: Evidence from national survey data
Authors: Bromley David G. , Breschel Edward F.
Published: June 2007

The cult controversy has now spanned two decades. New religious movements clearly have engendered considerable opposition, but there is relatively little information concerning the impact of the cult controversy on public opinion. This article reports on the results of a national survey of both the general public and institutional elites. Support for four specific forms of social control was assessed. The results indicate considerable support for controls among the general population but lower levels of support among institutional elites. The least support is observed for blocking publication of the Unification Church sponsored Washington Times and the greatest support is registered for prohibiting proselytization of teenagers by all new religious groups. The findings are helpful in interpreting the outcome of the cult controversy to date and suggest that the potential for redrawing church‐state boundaries remains.
Adults sexually abused as children: Legal actions and Issues
Authors: Bulkley Josephine A. , Horwitz Mark J.
Published: June 2007

This article first briefly discusses the problem of delayed memories and long‐term effects of child sexual abuse and the current trend to bring civil lawsuits or criminal prosecutions for childhood sexual abuse. The article addresses the primary obstacle to such actions—the statute of limitations—which in most states places a time limit on when legal actions can be commenced. It describes the purpose of the statute of limitations and the need for changing or extending it in child sexual abuse cases; it then summarizes and analyzes the methods used by state legislation and judicial decisions to change or extend the statute of limitations in both criminal and civil actions. The article examines the pros and cons of bringing legal actions for child sexual abuse many years later, and concludes with a discussion regarding the current debate about the accuracy and authenticity of long‐term memory and the advisability of legal reforms to extend or eliminate the statute of limitations in this area.
Counterfactual thinking in mock juror assessments of negligence: A preliminary investigation
Authors: Wiener Richard L. , Gaborit Mauricio , Pritchard Christine C. , McDonough Erin M. , Staebler Caryn R. , Wiley Deane C. , Goldkamp Kristen S.
Published: June 2007

This Research Report presents an initial attempt to apply the theory of counterfactual thinking to study the cognitive processes that underlie judgments of negligence. Subjects reviewed a summary of an appellate case involving a work accident and listed all the ways in which the accident could have been undone (mutated). Participants' evaluations of the defendant's behavior were influenced by the ease of mutation of the negligent act and other mutations of the defendant's behavior, but not by the number of mutations of the plaintiffs conduct. Exploratory path analysis suggested that counterfactual thinking may have its greatest impact not as a direct influence on verdicts and damages, but rather as an indirect influence impacting verdicts through lower level judgments about the normality of the defendant's behavior and the standard of care. The results also suggest that contrary to the law, subjects base their negligence verdicts on assessments of normal care along with due care.
Extra‐legal factors and product liability: The influence of mock jurors' demographic characteristics and intuitions about the cause of an injury
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Rajki Michelle
Published: June 2007

Two experiments were performed to investigate the role of extra‐legal factors in a simulated product liability trial. In cases where the factual evidence was identical, subjects' liability judgments varied as a function of the case‐specific factor of the alleged source of the plaintiffs injury. In deciding cases differently depending on the alleged cause, subjects relied on intuitions about what injury sources are more or less likely to cause a certain kind of injury. Juror‐specific factors also influenced subjects' verdicts. There was no difference between students and non‐students, but race and SEC—factors that are often correlated with student status—did affect subjects' verdicts. Low‐SES and minority subjects were more likely to find the defendant liable than high‐SES and white subjects. The results are considered in terms of general decision‐making processes, and the implications for jury selection and mock jury research are discussed.
Damage awards and jurors' responsibility ascriptions in medical versus automobile negligence cases
Authors: Vidmar Neil , Lee Jessica , Cohen Elaina , Stewart Anne
Published: June 2007

Many critics of the tort system have accused juries of assessing larger awards against defendants perceived to have the ability to pay. Juries are said to be particularly prone to go after the [deep pockets] of doctors in medical malpractice cases as compared to defendants found negligent in automobile accidents. This hypothesis was put to a test in an experiment that manipulated cause of the injury (medical malpractice versus negligent driving) and degree of possible contributing responsibility by the plaintiff (mandatory versus elective surgery and plaintiff as another driver or as a passenger). Responsibility ascriptions to the plaintiff differed across conditions, but jurors did not differentially award pain and suffering damages across conditions.
Drawing on the experiences of alternative decision‐makers: Can we preserve the jury in complex civil litigation?
Authors: Johnson Molly Treadway , Wiggins Elizabeth C.
Published: June 2007

Many have questioned the wisdom of using traditional juries to decide cases involving complex scientific and technical evidence. Alternative decision‐makers that have been proposed include: judges; expert arbitrators; special juries composed of people who possess either a minimum level of higher education or knowledge especially relevant to the issues in the particular trial; and panels of experts in the particular field, acting as either a jury or a non‐jury tribunal. These alternatives differ from the traditional jury not only in their composition but also, to varying degrees, in terms of the resources available to them and the procedures under which they operate. In this article, we explore the advantages that these alternative decision‐makers have over juries and discuss how the same resources and procedures enjoyed by the alternatives could be made available to and enhance the abilities of the traditional jury in cases involving complex evidence.
Perceptions of civil justice: The litigation crisis attitudes of civil jurors
Authors: Hans Valerie P. , Lofquist William S.
Published: June 2007

Public perceptions that the civil justice system is in crisis are apparently widespread, but little is known about the causes or correlates of such views. This article analyzes the litigation crisis attitudes of a sample of civil jurors. Like the public, jurors endorsed a number of statements suggesting that there is a litigation crisis. Factor analysis identified two independent components: general concern over excessive litigation, and criticism of the civil jury. Litigation crisis views were found in all demographic and attitudinal subgroups. However, attitudes about the civil justice system were related to the respondent's political efficacy, claims consciousness, belief in a just world, age, religion, and race.
Forensic sexual abuse evaluations of older children: Disclosures and symptomatology
Authors: Elliott Diana M. , Briere John
Published: June 2007

This study examines the results of forensic evaluations of 399 children between the ages of 8 and 15 who were seen at an urban evaluation center regarding allegations of sexual abuse. Data collected included demographic, family environment, and abuse variables, outcome of a multidisciplinary forensic evaluation, and psychological distress as measured by the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC Briere, in press). Children were grouped according to the outcome of the evaluation: nonabused, abused‐disclosing, and abused‐nondisclosing (composed of children for whom there was external evidence of abuse but who denied being abused). A number of variables predicted group membership, including subject race, sex, cognitive delays, mother's belief or disbelief in the allegation, and psychological distress. Sexually abused children who disclosed abuse reported particularly high levels of distress, abused but nondisclosing children reported the lowest levels, and nonabused children reported intermediate symptom levels. The data are discussed in terms of the role of denial, maternal support, and symptomatology in forensic evaluations.
Factors to consider in assessing adult litigants' complaints of childhood sexual abuse
Authors: Rogers Martha L.
Published: June 2007

Based on limited research, clinical and forensic experience and observations, factors hypothesized to be potentially useful in forensic evaluation of claims of decades‐delayed discovery of childhood sexual abuse are delineated. Factors considered include: (1) alleged victim factors, (2) memory factors, (3) therapist/examiner factors, (4) external influences on the abuse account, (5) evidential patterns. Differences among a limited sample of cases seen by the author are described. Present knowledge does not provide a basis for reliable determination of whether a specific recollection is true or false, based only upon the claimant's account. At this time, there is no empirically validated method for discriminating valid from invalid cases. Experts testifying for either side must exercise caution and restraint as it may be premature and even unethical in many cases to propound opinions about the validity or invalidity of the memories.
Apolitical courts? Rape sentencing in Montana
Authors: Yarnold Barbara M.
Published: June 2007

This analysis examines dockets of the state courts of Montana for the years 1987‐1989 in rape cases to determine whether sentencing decisions are significantly related to three political variables: the percentage of women in county executive office as a measure of a relevant judicial constituency, the extent to which the county in which a court is located is Democratic, and whether the judge who enters a decision was appointed or elected. The analysis suggests that two legally relevant facts—the crime rate and multiple charges against a defendant—are significantly related to outcome. Political factors do not appear to influence state court sentencing decisions in rape cases since: (1) sentencing decisions in rape cases are not ‘major’, publicized issues; (2) the selection of state court judges (appointed and elected) is nonpartisan; and (3) interest groups were not involved in rape sentencing cases.
Healthcare's greatest challenge: Providing services for people with severe mental illness in managed care
Authors: Durham Mary L.
Published: June 2007

The delivery of services for people with severe mental illness (SMI) is described as healthcare's most difficult challenge because SMI patients suffer from the combined effects of conditions that have 1) a chronic course, 2) disabling consequences, and 3) a high risk of poverty. The fundamental advantages of managed care for persons with chronic, disabling conditions are discussed along with an examination of how well these assumptions hold in actual practice for persons with SMI. The legal risks assumed by clinicians in managed care are reviewed, including the inherent risk of discriminating against high cost enrollees, such as patients with SMI. Finally, recommendations are made regarding the measures that might be taken to increase the “match” between the principles of managed care and the specialized needs of people with severe mental illness.
Managed mental health care and professional compensation
Authors: Sederer Lloyd I.
Published: June 2007

Managed care and organized systems of care are restructuring the delivery of care in the United States. As care is reorganized, physician practice styles, autonomy, and compensation are undergoing profound changes.

To successfully integrate physicians into the new managed systems of care, their organizational relationship to and their compensation within these systems must be carefully considered. This paper first explores physician motivation as it is related to compensation. The paper then describes a variety of emerging organizational designs aimed at aligning the interests of physicians and hospitals. The author considers fully integrated, physician‐hospital organizations with target income compensation arrangements to be most suitable to the collective success of professionals and organized systems of care. The paper concludes with a discussion of the many dilemmas and challenges posed by the intertwining of managed care, organized networks of care, and professional compensation.
Diagnosis of psychological impairment in employment discrimination claims
Authors: Greene Edith , Goodman‐Delahunty Jane
Published: June 2007

The United States Supreme Court recently held that while psychological harm or injury is not a prerequisite to proof of liability in employment discrimination lawsuits, such harm or injury may be considered in determining employer liability. Other recent legal developments have also greatly expanded the opportunity for psychologists and other mental health professionals to contribute to determinations of both liability and damages in this legal context. This article briefly examines some of the aspects of workplace claims that evaluating mental health experts We need to address. Then the article focuses on the role of psychodiagnostic testing in the context of legal decisionmaking. Finally, the article points to gaps in knowledge regarding the role of psychodiagnostic testing in employment cases and suggests areas for future research on this timely but understudied topic.
Forensic evaluations in immigration cases: Evolving issues
Authors: Frumkin I. Bruce , Friedland Joan
Published: June 2007

To date little attention has been paid to forensic mental health assessments in immigration cases. This article briefly reviews the law relevant to assessments in these cases, and then examines some of the individual, family, community and cultural issues that impact upon forensic evaluations in immigration cases.
The impact of expertise and sufficient information on psychologists' ability to detect malingering
Authors: Bourg Sherrie , Connor Edward J. , Landis Edward E.
Published: June 2007

Twenty‐two forensic diplomates and 22 general clinical psychologists were asked to review a variety of psychological data from one of four cases (two cases of malingering and two cases of legal insanity) to determine whether data suggested malingering or insanity. Of the 44 psychologists who reviewed cases, 86.4% accurately determined whether their protocol was from a malingerer or an insane person. Forensic diplomates and clinical psychologists were equally accurate in their determinations; only three subjects from each group misidentified their case. In spite of their success, confidence levels for both groups were reported as moderate. These results contradict previous studies that have found psychologists to not only be poor detectors of malingering, but also overconfident in their ability to detect it. It is believed that the success of psychologists in this study compared to previous studies was due to improved methodology.
Heterocyclische Verbindungen, III. Über höherkondensierte Flavazole
Authors: Henseke Günter , Lemke Waltraut
Published: June 2007

Die in der II. Mitteil. beschriebenen isomeren 2‐[D‐arabo‐Tetrahydroxy‐butyl]‐benzo‐chinoxaline I und II sowie das 2′‐[D‐arabo‐Tetrahydroxy‐butyl]‐[chinoxalino‐7′.6′: 2.3‐chinoxalin] (VIII) wurden mit Phenylhydrazin in saurer Lösung zu kondensierten Flavazolderivaten umgesetzt. In neutraler Lösung konnten mit Phenylhydrazin die Benzo‐chinoxalin‐aldehyd‐phenylhydrazone erhalten werden. Das Chinoxalin‐, das 6.7‐Benzo‐chinoxalin‐ und die beiden isomeren Benzochinoxalin‐aldehyd‐phenylhydrazone wurden in neuartiger Reaktion zu den 1′‐Phenyl‐pyrazolo‐chinoxalinen cyclisiert. Das 1′‐Phenyl‐[(benzo‐1″.2″: 6.7)‐(pyrazolo‐4′.5′: 2.3)‐chinoxalin] (IV c) und das 1′‐Phenyl‐[(benzo‐1″. 2″: 7.8)‐(pyrazolo‐4′.5′: 2.3)‐chinoxalin] (Vc) sind außerdem durch Decarboxylierung der entsprechenden Benzo‐flavazol‐carbonsäuren zugänglich. Die 1‐Phenyl‐3‐[trihydroxy‐propyl]‐benzo‐flavazole wurden oxydativ zu den entsprechenden Carbonsäuren und Aldehyden abgebaut.
Ein Beitrag zur Theorie der optischen Sensibilisierung von photographischen Emulsionen
Authors: Neunhoeffer Otto , Keiler Albrecht
Published: June 2007

Theoretische Überlegungen führten zu der Auffassung, daß zwischen dem Sensibilisierungsvermögen von Farbstoffen und dem Grad ihrer Fähigkeit, im angeregten Zustand als Elektronenacceptoren zu wirken, ein Zusammenhang bestehen müsse. Systematische Untersuchungen bei substituierten N‐Phenyl‐benzimidazol‐trimethincyaninen scheinen diese Annahme zu bestätigen. Halogensubstitution wirkt auf Grund eines alternierenden Effektes.
Derivate der Zucker‐mercaptale, X. Synthese der 3.4.5‐Tribenzoyl‐2‐desoxy‐al‐D‐ribose
Authors: Zinner Helmut , Nimz Horst , Venner Harry
Published: June 2007

Die Mercaptale der 2‐Desoxy‐d‐ribose werden in gut kristallisierte Tribenzoate übergeführt; daraus gewinnt man durch Abspalten von Mercaptan die kristallisierte 3.4.5‐Tribenzoyl‐2‐desoxy‐al‐D‐ribose in sehr guter Ausbeute.
Zur Kenntnis des Acetylen‐dimagnesium‐dibromides
Authors: Werner Robert
Published: June 2007

Die analytische Untersuchung des als ätherfreies Öl beschriebenen Acetylen‐dimagnesium‐dibromides (gleiches gilt für das ‐dijodid) zeigt, daß auch diese durch ihre Schwerlöslichkeit in Äther sich auszeichnende Grignard‐Verbindung als Ätherat erhalten wird. Ein auch bei wechselnden Darstellungsbedingungen stets gefundener Gehalt an Äthylmagnesiumbromid liefert eine schlüssige Erklärung für unerwünschte Seitenreaktionen bei der Verwendung von BrMgCCMgBr zur Synthese polymerer Derivate.
Mehrkernige Thiophene, V. Ringschlüsse von Arylketosulfiden zu Thionaphthenen
Authors: Dann Otto , Kokorudz Michael
Published: June 2007

Ringschlüsse von Arylketosulfiden zu Thionaphthenen in Schwefelsäure, in Fluorwasserstoff und in Polyphosphorsäure werden mitgeteilt. In Fluorwasserstoff bilden sich aus Aryl‐phenacyl‐sulfiden ebenso wie aus 3‐Phenylthionaphthenen durch Phenylwanderung bei Raumtemperatur 2‐Phenylthionaphthene. – Für die Cumaronreihe wird diese Umlagerung in Fluorwasserstoff durch den Ringschluß von ω‐Phenoxy‐acetophenon zu 2‐Phenylcumaron demonstriert.
Über die Reaktionswärme der Sulfochlorierung höhermolekularer geradkettiger Alkane
Authors: Geiseler Gerhard , Nagel Hans‐Dieter
Published: June 2007

Die Reaktionswärmen der Chlorierung und Sulfochlorierung des n‐Dodecans unter den Bedingungen einer weitgehenden Monosubstitution wurden zu –35.4 ± 0.5 kcal/Mol und –39.0 ± 0.5 kcal/Mol gemessen. Beide Werte beziehen sich auf die in überschüssigem Dodecan gelösten Reaktionsprodukte. Mit den getrennt ermittelten Lösungswärmen erhöhen sich die Reaktionswärmen im Sinne des stöchiometrischen Reaktionsablaufes auf –35.7 und –39.3 kcal/Mol. Da bei Substitutionsreaktionen die sekundären Wasserstoffatome 3.25 mal schneller reagieren als die primären, werden im Falle des n‐Dodecans bei der Monosubstitution 8.5 % primäre und 91.5 % sekundäre Substitutionsprodukte erhalten. Demzufolge können die obigen Werte praktisch als Reaktionswärme der Bildung sekundärer Chloride bzw. Sulfochloride gelten. Weiterhin folgt, daß die Abspaltung von SO2 bei sekundären Sulfochloriden gemäß der Gleichung RSO2Cl(fi) = RCl(fl) + SO2(g) mit + 3.6 kcal/Mol schwach endotherm ist.
Sulfonamidspaltung durch Alkoholate
Authors: Klamann Dieter , Bertsch Helmuth
Published: June 2007

Durch Einwirkung von Alkoholaten werden p‐Toluolsulfonylverbindungen sekundärer N,N‐aliphatisch‐aromatisch oder ‐diaromatisch substituierter Amine unter Freisetzung der Basen in Alkyl‐p‐toluolsulfonate übergeführt, die unter Bildung von Dialkyläthern und Natrium‐p‐toluolsulfonat weiterreagieren. Das Verfahren eignet sich zur alkalischen Sulfonamid‐Spaltung. Sulfonamide primärer Amine sind unter den angewandten Bedingungen nicht spaltbar. Von den Tosylverbindungen sekundärer N,N‐dialiphatischer Amine werden nur die niedrigsten Vertreter sowie die Cyclohexylderivate angegriffen.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Schwefels, 48. Über die Reaktion von Sulfanen mit Chloral
Authors: Feher Franz , Winkhaus Günter
Published: June 2007

Durch Addition von Sulfanen H2Sn an Chloral wurden in einfacher Reaktion kristalline disubstituierte Derivate höherer Schwefelwasserstoffe der allgemeinen Form Cl3CCH(OH)Sn (HO)HCCCl3 (n = 2,3,4,5) erhalten und ebenso wie das schon bekannte entsprechende Monosulfid physikalisch‐chemisch charakterisiert. – Ferner wurde Disulfan mit o‐ und p‐Chlorbenzaldehyd umgesetzt.
Polycyclische Verbindungen, V. Synthesen des Terrylens
Authors: Buchta Emil , Vates Heinz , Knopp Hans
Published: June 2007

Das aus Dekalin‐dion‐(1.5) und δ‐Naphthyl‐lithium erhältliche 1.5‐Di‐δ‐naphthyl‐naphthalin bildet in der Aluminiumchlorid‐Natriumchlorid‐Schmelze Terrylen. Zwei andere Synthesen gehen über Derivate des 1.4‐Di‐δ‐naphthyl‐naphthalins.
Synthesen mit Dicarbonsäuren, XXIV. Über die „Carbobromierung”︁ von Mono‐ und Dicarbonsäuren
Authors: Treibs Wilhelm , Orttmann Harry
Published: June 2007

Aus Oxalylbromid und Carbonsäurehalogeniden entstehen unter HBr‐ und CO‐Entwicklung die in α‐Stellung carbobromierten Säurederivate. Die präparativ einfache Umsetzung wurde an mehreren gesättigten geradkettigen und verzweigten Monocarbonsäuren und einer Dicarbonsäure untersucht. Die Verseifung der Reaktionsprodukte führte zu Di‐ bzw. Tricarbonsäuren.
Mikroskopische Beobachtung von Anlauf‐ oder Umfällungs‐Reaktionen, II. Die Reaktion zwischen geschmolzenem Silbernitrat und festem Kaliumdichromat
Authors: Schwab Georg‐Maria , Skulikidis Theodor
Published: June 2007

Für die im Titel genannte Reaktion gilt bei Temperaturen zwischen der eutektischen Temperatur der beiden Nitrate und dem Schmelzpunkt des Silbernitrats die Tammannsche Anlaufparabel mit einer Aktivierungsenergie von 15 kcal/Mol. Die Anlaufkonstante ist dem Abstand der Konzentration des Silbernitrats vom eutektischen Punkt proportional. Die Reaktion wird durch Ausscheidung des gebildeten Kaliumnitrats aus der Schmelze verzögert und kommt bei völliger Bedeckung des Silberdichromats zum Stillstand.