bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting Health Behaviors From Attitudes and Subjective Norms: Between‐Subjects and Within‐Subjects Analyses
Authors: Finlay Krystina A. , Trafimow David , Jones Donna
Published: August 2006

Much previous research (Trafimow & Fishbein, 1994a, 1994b) indicates that some behaviors are mostly under attitudinal control and some are mostly under normative control. Further, other research (Trafimow & Finlay, 1996) demonstrates that people, as well as behaviors, can be generally under attitudinal or normative control. The present research applies these ideas to the domain of health behaviors. Analyses conducted between‐subjects for each behavior, and within‐subjects across all of the behaviors, demonstrate that both behaviors and people can be under attitudinal or normative control when responding to items pertaining to health.
Managing Conflict in Dutch Organizations: A Test of the Relevance of Deutsch's Cooperation Theory1
Authors: Tjosvold Dean , Dreu Carsten De
Published: August 2006

Deutsch's theory of cooperative and competitive conflict may be usefully extended to Dutch people. Results of LISREL analyses on data collected from interviews of Dutch employees in 2 companies indicate that competitive goals interfered with the open, constructive discussion of opposing views. However, cooperative goals were not found to contribute to constructive controversy. Dutch who discussed their opposing views openly made progress on the task, worked efficiently, and strengthened their work relationship and their confidence in future collaboration. These results do not argue that Dutch and North Americans handle conflict similarly, for how these groups operationalize the theory may differ significantly. Goal interdependence may have the potential to be a framework for promoting conflict management between Dutch and North Americans.
Children and Videogames: Leisure Activities, Aggression, Social Integration, and School Performance1
Authors: van Schie Emil G. M. , Wiegman Oene
Published: August 2006

A survey was conducted among 346 children from the 7th and 8th grade of 7 elementary schools to examine possible positive and negative effects of playing videogames. Analyses revealed that playing videogames did not appear to take place at the expense of children's other leisure activities, social integration, and school performance. A gender difference arose: Boys spent more time playing videogames than did girls. There was no significant relationship between the amount of time children spent on videogames and aggressive behavior. A negative relationship between time spent playing videogames and prosocial behavior was found; however, this relationship did not appear in separate analyses for boys and girls. Furthermore, a positive relationship was found between time spent on videogames and a child's intelligence.
Perceptual Ambiguity, Gender, and Target Intoxication: Assessing the Effects of Factors That Moderate Perceptions of Sexual Harassment
Authors: Johnson James D. , Benson Carmel , Teasdale Anthony , Simmons Sarah , Reed William
Published: August 2006

Subjects read a passage which described an interaction between a man and a woman at an office party. The woman was either sober or intoxicated, and eventually the man engaged in 1 of 3 behaviors which involved varying degrees of sexual innuendo and/or aggression: (a) verbal comment, (b) verbal request, and (c) nonverbal physical display. The results indicated that perceptions did not vary as a function of target person's intoxication in the nonverbal‐display condition. On the other hand, in the verbal‐comment and verbal‐request conditions, subjects in the intoxicated‐target‐person condition perceived the initiator more favorably than subjects in the sober‐target‐person condition. In addition, they indicated that perceptions did not vary as a function of target‐person intoxication level in the nonverbal‐display condition. On the other hand, in the verbal‐comment and verbal‐request conditions, male subjects were more favorable toward the initiator than toward female subjects.
The Role of Affect in Predicting Social Behaviors: The Case of Road Traffic Violations
Authors: Lawton Rebecca , Parker Dianne , Manstead Antony S. R. , Stradling Stephen G.
Published: August 2006

Increasing support for the relationship between road traffic violations and accident liability has led to research focusing on the motivational factors that promote these behaviors. In Study 1, a large sample of young (17–40 years) drivers were asked to complete the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ; Parker, Reason, Manstead, & Stradling, 1995). Factor analysis revealed 3 factors: errors, highway code violations, and more interpersonally aggressive violations. In Study 2, a smaller sample of drivers was recruited (17–70 years) to investigate further this distinction between different types of violation and also the role of affect in predicting behavior. Factor analysis of a modified DBQ revealed 3 types of violation. Measures of positive affect were found to be good predictors of all 3 violation types. Discussion focuses on social psychological and applied implications.
Feeling Economically Dependent on One's Job: Its Origins and Functions With Regard to Worker Well‐Being
Authors: Brief Arthur P. , Brett Joan F. , Raskas Daphna , Stein Emily
Published: August 2006

The origins and functions of feeling economically dependent on one's job were examined among a sample of 168 hospital workers. As predicted, economic dependency was found to be greater the more dependents workers have, the less money they earn from their jobs, the less other income they have in their family units, the more they adhere to an instrumental work orientation, and the less mobile they perceive themselves to be. Also as predicted, it was found that economic dependency fully mediated the relationship between 4 of the 5 antecedents (number of dependents, other income, instrumental values, and perceived mobility) and the subjective well‐being of workers. Job‐related income was observed to have both direct and indirect effects. Further, the relationship between economic dependency and subjective well‐being was negative. These latter findings are discussed and implications drawn for the future use of the economic dependency construct.
How Groups Merge: The Effects of Merger Integration Patterns on Anticipated Commitment to the Merged Organization1
Authors: Mottola Gary R. , Bachman Betty A. , Gaertner Samuel L. , Dovidio John F.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the influence of merger integration patterns on expectations about the merger process. The integration patterns included the absorb, in which the merged organization closely resembled the acquiring company; the blend, in which features of both companies were maintained, and the combine, in which the organization resembled neither pre‐merger company. Undergraduates role‐played employees of a merging organization and written scenarios manipulated the integration pattern and membership in the acquired or acquiring organization. Participants' commitment to the merged organization was most favorable in the combine pattern. Path analyses indicated that the relationship between merger integration pattern and organizational commitment is mediated by the conditions of intergroup contact, perceptions of organizational support, organizational unity, and the degree of threat experienced.
The Effects of Information About AIDS Risk and Self‐Efficacy on Women's Intentions to Engage in AIDS Preventive Behavior1
Authors: Yzer Marco C. , Fisher Jeffrey D. , Bakker Arnold B. , Siero Frans W. , Misovich Stephen J.
Published: August 2006

Female college students' perceived vulnerability to AIDS and their perceived self‐efficacy regarding AIDS preventive behavior (APB), were manipulated in a 2 × 2 design. Consistent with protection motivation theory (e. g., Rogers. 1983), the results showed that intention to engage in APB was highest among subjects who received information that their risk of getting infected with HIV was high, and who experienced relatively high feelings of self‐efficacy. These subjects also seemed least likely to engage in denial of their AIDS risk. The implications of these findings for AIDS education programs are discussed.
Social Dominance Orientation and the Ideological Legitimization of Social Policy1
Authors: Pratto Felicia , Stallworth Lisa M. , Conway‐Lanz Sahr
Published: August 2006

Much of politics is involved with the distribution of resources and the regulation of intergroup relations. Social dominance theory posits that social ideologies provide social justification for policies that have unequal effects on different social groups. In the present studies, we examine the mediating role that ideologies have in transforming people's general orientation toward group inequality into policy support. Using data from 5 samples, we offer evidence that social dominance orientation orients people to support discriminatory ideologies, which in turn influence support for policies. Support for the theoretical model was shown in studies of both long‐standing social policy attitudes, such as toward social welfare and military programs, and of unfolding political events, including Clarence Thomas' nomination to the Supreme Court, the Persian Gulf War, and reinstitution of the death penalty in California.
Swiss Adolescent Drug Users' and Nonusers' Optimism About Their Future1
Authors: Schmid Holger
Published: August 2006

Swiss adolescents, aged 16 to 17 years, were asked about their past drug use, their intended drug use, their optimism about their future health, their negative emotions, and their well‐being. On the basis of their self‐reports, they were divided into 3 types of drug users: nonusers, experimenters, and frequent users. Compared with nonusers, experimenters and frequent users reported low optimism and more negative feelings. Females reported more negative feelings and less psychological well‐being than did males, but the genders did not differ regarding optimism. Logistic regression demonstrated that optimism about future health was a protective factor for the intention to use drugs. Students who perceived themselves as less vulnerable to harm had in the past not used drugs and intended not to accept drugs when given the occasion. The implications of the findings for prevention of drug use are discussed.
The Black‐Sheep Effect: How Positive and Negative Advertisements Affect Voters' Perceptions of the Sponsor of the Advertisement1
Authors: Matthews Douglas , Dietz‐Uhler Beth
Published: August 2006

Participants read a positive or negative (mock) political advertisement that was sponsored by either an in‐group (subject and sponsor were members of the same political party) or an out‐group (subject and sponsor were members of different political parties) member. The results found support for a black‐sheep effect. An in‐group sponsor of a positive advertisement was evaluated more positively than any out‐group member, regardless of advertisement type, or an in‐group member who sponsored a negative advertisement. However, an in‐group sponsor of a negative advertisement was evaluated more negatively than either an in‐group sponsor of a positive advertisement. or an out‐group sponsor. regardless of advertisement type. The results are discussed in terms of social identity theory.
Ethnic Minority Identity and Psychological Well‐Being: The Mediating Role of Collective Self‐Esteem
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Lay Clarry
Published: August 2006

The study focuses on the psychological significance of ethnic minority identity among youth of Chinese origin living in the Netherlands. Relations of perceived group status and cultural values (allocentrism) with 3 measures of psychological well‐being are examined. In addition, the mediating role of components of collective self‐esteem (self‐evaluation of ethnic in‐group) is assessed. Collective self‐esteem and psychological well‐being depended more on perceived group status than on cultural values. Evidence was found primarily for the idea that components of collective self‐esteem act as a mediating variable between perceived social status and psychological well‐being. Different components function as mediators for different measures of well‐being, suggesting that there are different mechanisms through which ethnic identity factors influence different aspects of psychological functioning.
Exposing Pluralistic Ignorance to Reduce Alcohol Use Among College Students1
Authors: Schroeder Christine M. , Prentice Deborah A.
Published: August 2006

Research has shown that students' beliefs about alcohol use are characterized by pluralistic ignorance: The majority of students believe that their peers are uniformly more comfortable with campus alcohol practices than they are. The present study examines the effects of educating students about pluralistic ignorance on their drinking behavior. Entering students (freshmen) participated in either a peer‐oriented discussion, which focused on pluralistic ignorance, or an individual‐oriented discussion, which focused on decision making in a drinking situation. Four to 6 months later, students in the peer‐oriented condition reported drinking significantly less than did students in the individual‐oriented condition. Additional results suggest that the peer‐oriented discussion reduced the prescriptive strength of the drinking norm. The implications of these results for models of social influence and for the representation of peer opinion are discussed.
Factors Affecting Health‐Care Allocation Decisions: A Case of Aversive Racism?
Authors: Murphy‐Berman Virginia A. , Berman John J. , Campbell Emily
Published: August 2006

A distributive justice framework is used to examine how individuals make judgments about what is fair when making different types of health‐care allocation decisions. The effects of 4 patient characteristics are assessed: (a) prognosis, (b) degree of responsibility for illness, (c) employment status, and (d) race. Results reveal that when the patient was defined as being more versus less responsible for his illness, respondents gave him a significantly lower priority score for obtaining health‐care services, and they felt that he should be more responsible for paying for or soliciting funds to cover the costs of his health needs. Respondents also reacted with more negative emotion to the responsible patient and described him in more negative trait terms. Although patient's race produced no main effects, race did interact with employment status on several key variables. When the patient was described as being unemployed, the White patient compared to the Black patient was given a higher health‐care priority score, he was resented less, and respondents were more willing to contribute money to pay for his health‐care costs; but when the patient was described as being employed, the direction of differences between the races on these variables was reversed.
The Effects of Training on Perceptions of Sexual Harassment Allegations
Authors: Blakely Gerald L. , Blakely Eleanor H. , Moorman Robert H.
Published: August 2006

This study of 176 college juniors examined the effects of respondent gender and sexual harassment training on the perceptions of what constitutes sexual harassment in the workplace. Variation in these perceptions, due to severity of the sexually oriented behavior, was also examined. Regardless of the subject's gender, individuals who 6 weeks earlier had seen a training film about sexual harassment rated severe sexually oriented work behaviors as more harassing than did individuals who had not seen the film. Additionally, males who had not seen the film rated ambiguous sexually oriented behaviors as less harassing than did males and females who had seen the film, and as less harassing than females who had not seen the film. Implications for the importance of training in addressing sexual harassment are discussed.
The Effects of Competition on the Decision Quality of Diverse and Nondiverse Groups
Authors: Pate Sandy , Watson Warren E. , Johnson Lynn
Published: August 2006

Research has validated that intragroup cooperation, rather than competition, produces more positive group interaction and interpersonal acceptance which leads to better performance. The unique values of culturally diverse group members, however, may influence group processes and performance if these group members respond differently to situational cues. Research on the interaction between cultural diversity and competitive team situations would benefit organizations that employ an increasingly diverse work force. The primary purpose of this study is to explore the effects of cultural diversity on group performance and group processes by comparing culturally diverse and culturally nondiverse groups under conditions of intergroup competition and noncompetition. This experiment was conducted using 500 upper‐level undergraduate students enrolled in a principles of management course at a large university in the southwestern United States. The results of this experiment indicate that the competitive nondiverse groups performed better than did the noncompetitive diverse groups in terms of quality of performance. Results also suggest that both the culturally diverse and culturally nondiverse groups outperformed their best individual members' scores when they were matched with competitive situations that enhanced their innate group processing styles. Organizations can increase their effectiveness by appreciating that diverse and nondiverse groups respond differently under conditions of competition and noncompetition.
Personal Theories of Hunger and Eating1
Authors: Assanand Sunaina , Pinel John P. J. , Lehman Darrin R.
Published: August 2006

Recent research on hunger and eating has shown that (a) among individuals with adlibitum access to food, hunger and eating are not regulated by deviations in the body's energy resources from set‐points, and (b) it is healthier for people to consume their daily caloric intake as several small snacks than as 3 large meals. People's beliefs about hunger and eating were assessed in 2 questionnaire studies. In Study 1, a large sample of undergraduates was surveyed; in Study 2, dietetics students, nursing students, medical students, dietitians, nurses, and doctors were surveyed. Both studies revealed that people's personal theories of hunger and eating were inconsistent with research findings in ways that could promote overconsumption. These results suggest that educational programs designed to modify the beliefs about hunger and eating of people suffering from problems of overconsumption and of health professionals who treat problems of overconsumption may increase the effectiveness of current treatment regimens.
Heterogeneity of Incentives for Physical Activity and Self‐Efficacy in Highly Active and Moderately Active Women Exercisers
Authors: Rodgers Wendy M. , Gauvin Lise
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this investigation was to examine whether persons exercising 2 times per week or less versus 3 times per week or more, with intentions to maintain current level of activity form a homogenous group in terms of motivational features. A group of 86 women recruited from local fitness clubs reported on their exercise incentives, self‐efficacy, exercise behavior, and exercise intentions. A discriminant function analysis revealed that self‐efficacy and incentives for stress reduction and mental health discriminated highly active from moderately active women. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of stage theory and research in exercise adherence.
Locus of Control for Consumer Outcomes: Predicting Consumer Behavior1
Authors: Busseri Michael A. , Lefcourt Herbert M. , Kerton Robert R.
Published: August 2006

In order to predict which persons approach the task of shopping strategically, we constructed a measure of locus of control focused specifically on consumer behaviors and outcomes. Psychometric evaluations of the 14‐item Consumer Locus of Control scale indicated that it was a reliable instrument whose characteristics were replicated in two separate samples. The scale was used to predict shopping behavior ranging from impulsive to strategic. The measure of consumer locus of control was significantly related to consumer behavior, whereas measures of economic and generalized locus of control proved to be unrelated to shopping effort, planning, and product knowledge. The more internal their consumer control beliefs, the more likely were subjects to be planful and purposive in the act of shopping.
Components of Burnout, Resources, and Gender‐Related Differences1
Authors: Greenglass Esther R. , Burke Ronald J. , Konarski Roman
Published: August 2006

The present study examined gender‐related differences in the ways social support and coping contribute to burnout, as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Specific hypotheses were made regarding relationships between antecedent conditions and MBI subscales, including emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. Respondents were teachers, and data from 2 waves (1 year apart) were examined. Using LISREL structural equation analyses, results were that in women, co‐worker support led to lower emotional exhaustion, and in men, supervisor and co‐worker support led to higher personal accomplishment. Higher levels of internal control were associated with greater accomplishment in men only. Results were discussed from a gender role perspective.
Effects of War‐Induced Maternal Separation on Children's Adjustment During the Gulf War and Two Years Later1
Authors: Pierce Penny F. , Vinokur Amiram D. , Buck Catherine L.
Published: August 2006

Military personnel deployed to the Middle East included an unprecedented number of women, many of whom were mothers. Using a structural equation modeling approach, we examined the predictors of children's adjustment problems in data collected from a representative sample of 263 Air Force mothers 2 years after the Gulf War. Using a retrospective survey, we found that the main predictors of children's adjustment problems at the time of the war were mothers' difficulties in providing for the care of the children, mothers' deployment in the theater of the war (vs. deployment elsewhere), and degree of change in children's lives. Most important, war‐related adjustment problems were not related to children's adjustment 2 years later, suggesting that the effects of maternal separation during the war were transient.
Belief Importance in Expectancy‐Value Models of Attitudes1
Authors: van der Pligt Joop , de Vries Nanne K.
Published: August 2006

In this study, 312 respondents were asked to indicate their attitude toward smoking and their smoking behavior. Attitudes were assessed by a direct attitude measure (4 items) and a series of 15 belief statements about the possible consequences of smoking. Next, respondents were asked to select the 3 consequences they found most important. Attitude scores derived from these important beliefs were more predictive of behavior than those based on all 15 beliefs, and far superior to attitude scores based on the remaining 12 beliefs. Differences between the 2 groups (smokers vs. nonsmokers) were more pronounced when attitude scores were based on important beliefs, and disappeared for scores based on nonselected, less important beliefs. It is argued that incorporating belief importance in expectancy‐value models helps to assess the structure of attitudes and could improve our insight in the determinants of behavioral preference.
Homophobia and Perceptions of People With AIDS
Authors: D'Angelo Robert J. , McGuire John M. , Abbott David W. , Sheridan Kathleen
Published: August 2006

The present research specifically assessed the roles of homophobia, gender, means of AIDS transmission, and sexual orientation on attitudes toward people with AIDS. Two hundred participants were asked to read 1 of 8 fictional newspaper articles, each of which described a person with AIDS (PWA). PWA descriptions varied in terms of gender, sexual orientation, and mode of AIDS transmission. Attitudes were measured with a multidimensional experimental questionnaire which assessed disrespect and blame toward PWAs. Results found that homophobic attitudes are related to negative perceptions of PWAs. Additionally, findings supported the proposition that generally, more negative attitudes toward PWAs are associated with sexual, as opposed to medical transmission. Men were significantly more disrespectful and blaming than were women.
Women Recruits' Perceptions of Workforce Diversity Program Selection Decisions: A Procedural Justice Examination
Authors: Richard Orlando C. , Kirby Susan L.
Published: August 2006

This study explores the attitudes of women and how their attitudes relate to diversity management practices. Specifically, we utilize organizational justice to examine women's attitudes toward the perceived fairness of outcomes and procedures in the context of managing diversity. We utilize Cox and Blake's (1991) marketing argument as a procedural justification for the need for diversity in the workplace. Our findings indicate that diversity programs that are not justified result in negative beneficiary attitudes, regardless of a positive outcome produced.
The Search for Employment: Motivation to Engage in a Coping Behavior1
Authors: Caska Barbara A.
Published: August 2006

The search for employment was examined as coping through engagement in motivated behavior. A model predicting social networking and employer contact behavior was tested with a sample of persons anticipating college graduation. Proposed relations among behavioral antecedents were primarily drawn from Ajzen's (1985) theory of planned behavior, with the addition of cognitively appraised challenge. Structural equations analysis revealed general support for hypothesized relations among attitude, norms, perceived behavioral control, intentions, and behaviors. Cognitively appraised challenge partially mediated the effects of perceived behavioral control on job search intentions. Significant variance in job search attitude was attributed to a valence by outcome expectancy interaction. Findings may be useful in promoting job search efforts, as well as furthering theoretical delineation of the search process.
Undermining the Undermining Effect of Reward on Sustained Interest1
Authors: Cialdini Robert B. , Eisenberg Nancy , Green Beth L. , Rhoads Kelton , Bator Renee
Published: August 2006

Sometimes, without recourse to controlling rewards, it is difficult to secure desirable behaviors. Yet, much work has demonstrated the damaging effect that such rewards can have on subsequent independent interest in the reward‐induced behavior. Therefore, one who feels required to use controlling rewards to increase desirable action in another faces a dilemma: Failing to employ the rewards means foregoing the desired conduct in the immediate situation, hut applying them risks undermining the other's long‐term interest in the conduct. We tested a technique designed to avoid this dilemma by (a) providing a controlling reward to obtain the desired action, but (b) then attributing the action to an abiding trait of the actor. Using this technique, we were able to reverse the damaging impact of a controlling reward on children's motivation to write well.
When Physical Disabilities Are Not Liabilities: The Role of Applicant and Interviewer Characteristics on Employment Interview Outcomes
Authors: Nordstrom Cynthia R. , Huffaker Bill J. , Williams Karen B.
Published: August 2006

An applied sample was randomly assigned to evaluate the credentials of a job candidate with or without a physical disability and whose interview responses varied in quality (positive vs. average vs. negative). In addition to making hiring decisions, participants completed a number of measures including the Marlowe‐Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1964), the Interaction with Disabled Persons Scale (Gething, 1991), an interview comfort measure, and an EEOC knowledge quiz. Results consistently indicated that participants evaluated the job candidate with a disability more favorably than the job candidate without a disability. Data also indicated a relationship between participants' level of comfort when interacting with persons with disabilities and their interview evaluations of such individuals. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for diversity management.
Conceptualizing and Measuring a Power/Interaction Model of Interpersonal Influence1
Authors: Raven Bertram H. , Schwarzwald Joseph , Koslowsky Meni
Published: August 2006

In response to new theoretical conceptualizations (Raven, 1992, 1993), an instrument was developed to measure 11 bases of power, the original 6 French and Raven (1959; Raven, 1965) bases of power, with 3 of these further differentiated: reward (personal, impersonal), coercion (personal. impersonal), legitimate (position, reciprocity, equity, dependence), expert, referent, and information. In Study 1, 317 American student respondents rated the likelihood that each of these power bases contributed to a supervisor successfully influencing a subordinate in a series of hypothetical situations. The internal consistency of the items which made up the 11 power bases proved adequate. Factor analysis found 7 factors and 2 categories of bases: harsh and soft. In Study 2, which used 101 Israeli health workers, the earlier findings were generally supported. In addition, job satisfaction was found to be positively related to the attribution of soft bases to the supervisor.
Some Effects of Brief Training Interventions on Perceptions of Sexual Harassment1
Authors: Moyer Robert S. , Nath Anjan
Published: August 2006

In 2 experiments, college undergraduates received brief sexual harassment training or were assigned to a control group; all participants then judged whether sexual harassment occurred in brief written scenarios which had been evaluated previously by experts. In the first study, training increased the tendency to perceive sexual harassment but did not enhance expertise. In the second experiment, training significantly increased perceptual expertise for men but not for women—thereby eliminating a gender difference which has been consistently reported in the sexual harassment literature. These are the first experimental demonstrations that training can influence perceptions of sexual harassment in a laboratory setting; whether training can measurably affect the perception, reporting, or incidence of sexual harassment in real life is not yet known.
Group Consensus and Psychological Well‐Being: A Large Field Study1
Authors: Bliese Paul D. , Halverson Ronald R.
Published: August 2006

Models of group process propose that stressful social environments develop when there is a lack of consensus among group members about issues of relevance to the group. Based on these models, we expected that levels of consensus would be positively related to the average levels of psychological well‐being in naturally occurring work groups. An examination of data from 3,546 respondents within 73 work groups revealed that levels of consensus about leadership and peer relations were positively related to the average psychological well‐being of the group members, even after controlling for absolute level effects and covariates. In contrast, levels of consensus were not related to the average psychological well‐being of group members when identical analyses were conducted using pseudogroups.
Generalizing Behavioral Findings Across Times, Samples, and Measures: A Study of Condom Use1
Authors: Albarracin Dolores , Fishbein Martin , Middlestadt Susan
Published: August 2006

Data from a Knowledge, Attitude, Belief, and Practices (KABP) Survey, administered to a sample of residents of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, were used to replicate a previous study (Fishbein, Trafimow, Francis, et al., 1995) that investigated the relative importance, as predictors of condom use, of selected theoretical variables from the theory of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975), and the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen & Madden, 1986). Besides addressing generalization problems, the study tested a more internally valid formulation of the role of past behavior that supported the argument that past condom use is better viewed as a predictor of current intention than as a criterion variable. Perhaps more important, the influence of past behavior was found to be partially mediated by its effect on attitudes and norms.
Social Value Orientations and Decisions to Take Proenvironmental Action1
Authors: Cameron Linda D. , Brown Paul M. , Chapman Judith G.
Published: August 2006

This study assessed whether social value orientations influence decisions to actively support a proposal for a transportation pollution reduction program. Participants with prosocial or proself orientations were given the opportunity to send letters of support or opposition to the program director. Proself participants were more likely to send letters opposing the program, whereas prosocial participants were more likely to send letters of support. Although proself and prosocial participants reported equivalent support for the program and equivalent perceptions of the program's environmental benefits, proself participants reported higher perceptions of personal costs associated with the program. Social value orientations may lead to differences in environmental behaviors, primarily because of differences in perceptions of the personal costs incurred from engaging in these behaviors.
Individual Differences in the Effectiveness of Sexual Harassment Awareness Training1
Authors: Perry Elissa L. , Kulik Carol T. , Schmidtke James M.
Published: August 2006

Little research has investigated the effectiveness of sexual harassment awareness training videos on potential harassers' knowledge, behavior, or attitudes. A laboratory study was conducted that assessed the effects of a sexual harassment awareness training video on several training outcomes: sexual harassment knowledge, touching behavior, and attitudes associated with the likelihood of harassing others. Participants' propensity to harass was measured prior to their participation in the study. Results indicated that video‐based training increased knowledge acquisition and reduced the inappropriate behavior of men who had a high propensity to harass. However, the training did not influence participants' long‐term attitudes associated with the propensity to harass others. The research and practical implications of the study results are discussed.
A Social Dilemma Analysis of Commuting Preferences: The Roles of Social Value Orientation and Trust1
Authors: Van Lange Paul A. M. , Vugt Mark Van , Meertens Ree M. , Ruiter Rob A. C.
Published: August 2006

The current research advances a social dilemma analysis of commuting, examining the roles of preexisting personality differences in social value orientation (i.e., prosocial vs. proself orientation) and trust (i.e., a general belief in the honesty and cooperative intentions of others) in determining preferences for collectively desirable commuting options: preferences for commuting by public transportation (Study 1) and carpooling (Study 2). Consistent with predictions, both studies revealed that, relative to p of prosocials, preferences of proselfs were more strongly associated with beliefs about the relative efficiency of cars (i.e., an outcome affecting personal well‐being). Also, greater preferences for collectively desirable actions were observed among prosocials with high trust—relative to prosocials with low trust and proselfs with high or low trust—providing support for the claim that 2 conditions (i.e., prosocial goals and trust in others) must be met to obtain collectively desirable commuting preferences.
Prejudice Toward Immigrants1
Authors: Stephan Walter G. , Ybarra Oscar , Bachman Guy
Published: August 2006

In the present study, 4 variables (realistic threats, symbolic threats, intergroup anxiety, and negative stereotypes) were used to predict prejudice toward immigrants from Cuba, Mexico, and Asia in samples of students from states in the United States that are affected by immigration from these areas (Florida, New Mexico, and Hawaii, respectively). All 4 variables were significant (or marginally significant) predictors of attitudes toward these immigrant groups. Evidence is presented that the predictor variables are conceptually and empirically distinct. However, these variables do appear to be tied together by an underlying theme: They all concern threats to the in‐group or its members. Some of the implications of the results for intergroup relations are discussed.
Psychological Reactions to the Drunk Driver: Associations With Intervention and Their Success1
Authors: Hernandez Anthony C. R. , Newcomb Michael D. , Rabow Jerome
Published: August 2006

Research on psychological factors in helping behavior has been undertaken primarily in laboratory settings. Although this work has been instrumental in identifying psychological factors that influence helping, their role in naturally occurring helping behavior, such as informal drunk‐driving intervention, is largely unknown. College students (N= 192) completed a questionnaire that assessed 11 possible reactions to the drunk driving situation, types of interventions, and their success. Over half of the students (55%,N= 10) reported having intervened to prevent someone from driving drunk. Using structural modeling, we examined the effect of various emotions and affective and cognitive reactions on the frequency and success of different types of informal drunk‐driving intervention. Different reactions to the drunk driving situation influenced the number, type, and success of interventions used.
Mitigating Burnout Among High‐NA Employees in Health Care: What Can Organizations Do?
Authors: Zellars Kelly L. , Perrewe Pamela L. , Hochwarter Wayne A.
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which factors in the nursing environment have differential effects on burnout levels among nurses high and low in negative affectivity (NA). Specifically, this field study examined the moderating relationships among role ambiguity, role conflict, and collective efficacy on the NA–burnout relationship among nurses in a hospital setting. Findings suggest that perceived role conflict exacerbates while perceptions of collective efficacy reduce specific dimensions of burnout for nurses high in NA. These results offer some evidence regarding which environmental characteristics may mitigate burnout for high‐NA nurses.
Weapon Focus and Gender Differences in Eyewitness Accuracy: Arousal Versus Salience
Authors: Shaw Jerry I. , Skolnick Paul
Published: August 2006

Competing theories of arousal versus salience and object enhancement vs. reduced perceptual processing as explanations for the weapon focus effect in eyewitness identification were examined. Male and female students (N= 200) viewed a videotape of a male or female intruder rudely barging into a classroom while carrying a book, a gun, or an unusual object and demanding to know the whereabouts of another student. Feature accuracy recall of both the intruder and the object were assessed on a postexperimental questionnaire. Results supported the salience and reduced‐perceptual‐processing hypotheses, suggesting that weapon focus may be a special instance of a more general salient object effect. An own‐gender bias in eyewitness identification was replicated when no weapon or unusual objects distracted eyewitnesses, but was reversed when a weapon or an unusual object was present.
Attributional Biases in Sexually Coercive Males1
Authors: Flores Stephen A.
Published: August 2006

A social cognitive framework was applied to sexually coercive behavior. Sixty‐two male undergraduates completed a self‐report measure of sexually coercive behavior, as well as several questionnaires assessing trait aggression, the encoding of sexual behaviors, attributions of hostile intent, and traditional attitudes toward women. Results demonstrate a relationship between the encoding of sexual behaviors and committing sexually coercive behaviors. A tendency to encode ambiguous dating behaviors as admissions of sexual intent related strongly to initiating sexually coercive behavior, while none of the variables examined were strongly related to persisting in sexually coercive behavior. Similar effects were found when controlling for all of the other variables. Implications for intervention designs are discussed.
Ethnic Consciousness and Its Relationship to Conservatism and Blame Among African Americans1
Authors: Brown Lisa M. , Johnson Susan D.
Published: August 2006

Ethnic consciousness is “a set of political beliefs and action orientations arising out of the awareness of similarity” (Gurin, Miller, & Gurin, 1980, p. 30). We suggest that these beliefs relate to political values and views among African Americans. Correlational data revealed that ethnic consciousness is negatively correlated with conservative values. Experimental data revealed that students high in ethnic consciousness blamed a White firm for the termination of an African American employee more than a Black firm for terminating a European American employee. Those low in ethnic consciousness did not discriminate between the Black firm versus the White firm. Consciousness may operate as a means of connecting ethnic identity and political views.
Explaining Proenvironmental Intention and Behavior by Personal Norms and the Theory of Planned Behavior1
Authors: Harland Paul , Staats Henk , Wilke Henk A. M.
Published: August 2006

The value of personal norms (Schwartz, 1977) for proenvironmental behavior has been demonstrated in previous studies (e.g., Vining & Ebreo, 1992), but not in addition to the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen & Madden, 1986). In the present study, this combination was investigated by means of a mail survey among a sample of 305 Dutch citizens who were enlisted to participate in a behavioral change intervention program on environmentally relevant behavior. Personal norms appear to increase the proportion of explained variance in 5 intentions and 4 self‐reported measures of performed environmentally relevant behaviors beyond that explained by three of the theory of planned behavior constructs (i.e., attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control). Issues evoked by these results are discussed.
When Interviewers Desire Accurate Impressions: The Effects of Notetaking on the Influence of Expectations1
Authors: Biesanz Jeremy C. , Neuberg Steven L. , Judice T. Nicole , Smith Dylan M.
Published: August 2006

The present study explored the possibility that notetaking would help accuracy‐minded interviewers to avoid cognitive expectation biases. Interviewers in simulated employment interviews were given bogus pre‐interview expectations about their applicants and were either encouraged or not encouraged to take extensive notes. Consistent with past research on accuracy‐motivated interviewers, both notetaking and non‐notetaking interviewers avoided creating self‐fulfilling prophecies. Of central interest, notetaking reduced the cognitive biasing effect of negative expectations on interviewers' overall impressions of their applicants, but failed to reduce cognitive bias in interviewers' evaluations of expectation‐specific applicant characteristics. In conjunction with the motivation to form accurate impressions, notetaking can help to reduce the impact of erroneous pre‐interview expectations in interviewer final evaluations.
Using Policy Capturing to Examine Tipping Decisions1
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G. , Ployhart Robert E. , Balzer William K. , Yonker Robert D.
Published: August 2006

Participants (n= 15) made tipping decisions for 80 restaurant situations. A policy‐capturing analysis was then conducted for each participant to quantitatively describe relations between his or her judgments and the information used to make those judgments. Participants possessed reliable, simple, and nonconfigural models. The majority of these individual models heavily weighted bill‐size information. In addition, service‐quality, server‐friendliness, or food‐quality information affected tipping decisions, to a lesser extent, for a number of individuals. Atmosphere, server gender, and restaurant cleanliness information were not considered in any tipping model. Unlike affect, social desirability, and gender, participants' dining‐out frequency was related to the types of information used when tipping. Finally, cluster analysis of the models revealed 11 general approaches to tipping.
Sexual Efficacy of Adolescents, Permissiveness, and the Transition Toward Nonvirginity: From Intention to Behavior1
Authors: Taris Toon W. , Semin Gün R.
Published: August 2006

The current study examines teenage sexual behavior (in terms of having had sexual intercourse) as a function of sexual attitudes and sexual efficacy. At the heart of the study lies the assumption that sexual attitudes such as permissiveness are related to sexual behavior, but that this relation is stronger for sexually efficacious teenagers than for others. Using longitudinal data from 253 British adolescents, a structural equation model is tested and fit. The results provide partial support for the expectations, demonstrating the usefulness of sexual efficacy in predicting sexual behavior. Limitations and implications of the study are discussed.
Predicting Evacuation in Two Major Disasters: Risk Perception, Social Influence, and Access to Resources1
Authors: Riad Jasmin K. , Norris Fran H. , Ruback R. Barry
Published: August 2006

The complex and somewhat bewildering phenomenon of why people sometimes decide not to evacuate from a dangerous situation is influenced by a combination of individual characteristics and 3 basic social psychological processes: (a) risk perception, (b) social influence, and (c) access to resources. This study used a combined sample of 777 adults interviewed after Hurricanes Hugo and Andrew. Although numerous variables significantly predicted evacuation, much variance in this behavior still remained unexplained. Different population subgroups gave different reasons for not evacuating (e.g., severeness of storm, territoriality). A multifaceted and tailored approach to both individuals and communities is needed; a simple warning is often not enough.
The Relation of Psychological Needs for Autonomy and Relatedness to Vitality, Well‐Being, and Mortality in a Nursing Home1
Authors: Kasser Virginia Grow , Ryan Richard M.
Published: August 2006

Drawing from both self‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1991) and Carstensen's (1993) socioemotional selectivity theory, we hypothesized that well‐being and health would be facilitated by: (a) greater personal autonomy; (b) perceived support for autonomy from both nursing‐home staff and residents friends and relatives; and (c) the emotional quality (rather than quantity) of residents' contacts with friends and family. Results based on structured interview and survey data from 50 nursing‐home residents, showed that both autonomy support and relatedness indexes correlated with psychological out‐comes. Personal autonomy also was significantly related to mortality at a 1‐year follow‐up. It also was found that subjective vitality (Ryan & Frederick, 1997) was associated with lower distress and greater well‐being, and perceived autonomy and relatedness.