bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIV-19 Dietary spray dried plasma on immune responses of lactating sows and their litters
Authors: Kim Byeonghyeon , Kim Junsu , Kim Kwangwook , Kim Sheena , Lee Jeongjae , Kang Joowon , Mun Daye , Baek Jangryeol , Kim Soyun , Ji Peng , Choe Jeehwan , Song Minho
Published: July 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of spray dried plasma (SDP) in lactation diets on immune responses of lactating sows and their litters. A total of 12 lactating sows (227.75 ± 7.50 kg BW; parity = 2.0 ± 0.7) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments were a typical lactation diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented with 1% of SDP (SDP). Sows were fed experimental diets from d 30 before expected farrowing to weaning. Blood Samples were collected from sows on d 0, 3, and 7 after farrowing and randomly selected 2 piglets in each sow on d 3 and 7 after birth. Measurements were serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, and immunoglobulin (Ig)G, M, and A from their litters by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed using the PROC GLM of SAS. Sows fed SDP tended (P < 0.10) to have lower serum TNF-α on d 3 (264.94 vs. 281.96 pg/ml) and d 7 (249.35 vs. 272.15 pg/ml) than sows fed CON. Moreover, SDP tended (P < 0.10) to decrease of serum TGF-β (311.37 vs. 448.07 pg/ml) and cortisol (0.47 vs. 0.55 ng/ml) on d 3 compared with CON. The litters from sows fed SDP tended (P < 0.10) to reduce serum TNF-α (349.87 vs. 423.57 pg/ml), TGF-β (853.49 vs. 980.41 pg/ml), and cortisol (0.62 vs. 1.05 ng/ml) on d 7 than litters from sows fed CON. However, there were no differences on CRP, IgG, IgM, and IgA of sows and their offspring between CON and SDP. In conclusion, supplementation of dietary spray dried plasma in lactation diets may reduce inflammatory responses of sows and their litters.
PSV-7 Effects of a Bacillus-based probiotic on sow and litter performance, fecal consistency, and fecal microflora
Authors: Menegat Mariana Boscato , Gourley Kiah M , Braun Michaela B , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Bryte Jim , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D
Published: July 2019

This study evaluated the effects of supplementation of sow diets with Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (Calsporin®, Calpis Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) during gestation and lactation. A total of 29 sows (DNA 241) with confirmed pregnancy on d 30 of gestation were assigned to dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design based on BW and parity. Treatments were: control diet or probiotic diet with Calsporin® at 500,000 and 1,000,000 CFU/g of diet in gestation and lactation, respectively. Data were collected on d 30 and 112 of gestation and d 2 and 19 of lactation. Fecal consistency was assessed on a 1-to-5 scale for each litter. Fecal samples were collected from sows and piglets for microbial analysis by culture method and bacterial quantification of Bacillus subtilis C-3102, total Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp., Enterococcus sp., Enterobacteriaceae, total aerobes, and total anaerobes. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model (PROC GLIMMIX, SAS®) with sow as experimental unit. Probiotic-fed sows had a marginally significant (P < 0.10) increase in lactation ADFI, but it did not result (P > 0.10) in improvement in sow or piglet weight at weaning. Probiotic-fed sows had a marginally significant (P < 0.10) larger litter size after cross-fostering, but it did not result (P > 0.10) in larger litter size at weaning. Fecal consistency of piglets was not influenced (P > 0.10) by sow diet. Microbial analysis revealed an increase (P < 0.01) in Bacillus subtilis C-3102 and, consequently, total Bacillus sp. in fecal microflora of probiotic-fed sows and piglets born and nursed by probiotic-fed sows. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that providing Calsporin® to sows during gestation and lactation improved lactation ADFI and cross-fostering litter size, although further larger-scale studies are required for elucidation. The probiotic diet did not influence fecal consistency, but altered the fecal microbial population in sows and nursing piglets by increasing total Bacillus sp.
PSV-10 Effects of storing three phytase sources for 90 days under high temperature and humidity on phytase stability, growth performance, and bone mineralization of nursery pigs
Authors: Vier Carine M , Menegat Mariana Boscato , Gourley Kiah M , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Bergstrom Jon R , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C
Published: July 2019

This study evaluated storing 3 commercial phytases for 90 d in an environmental chamber set at 29.4°C and 75% humidity on phytase stability and nursery pig growth performance and bone mineralization. The phytases [HiPhos GT (20,000 FYT/g, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ); Axtra Phy TPT (20,000 FTU/g, Dupont, Wilmington, DE), and Quantum Blue G (40,000 FTU/g, AB Vista, Plantation, FL)] were kept as pure forms or blended in a vitamin-trace mineral (VTM) premix and sampled on d 0, 30, 60, and 90 of storage. Regardless of source and form, analyzed phytase activity decreased (linear, P < 0.001) as storage increased. Afterwards, 300 nursery pigs (11.7 kg BW) were assigned to 1 of 8 treatments in a RCBD with 4-5 pigs/pen and 8 pens/treatment. Treatments included a negative (NC, 0.12% aP) and positive control (PC, 0.27% aP) without phytase; or NC with added phytase to provide 0.15% aP (1,000, 651 and 500 FTU/kg for HiPhos, Axtra Phy, and Quantum Blue, respectively). Negative control with added phytase treatments were manufactured with each phytase source previously stored in pure form or VTM premix for 90d. Pigs fed PC had greater (P < 0.001) ADG compared to pigs fed Axtra Phy stored in VTM or NC. Feed intake was similar for PC, phytases stored in pure forms, and HiPhos and Quantum Blue stored in VTM, and greater (P < 0.001) than pigs fed NC. Pigs fed PC or HiPhos stored in pure form had improved (P < 0.001) G:F compared to pigs fed NC. Bone mineralization was greater (P < 0.001) for pigs fed PC compared to NC, phytases stored in VTM, and Axtra Phy and Quantum Blue stored in pure form. Regardless of source and form, phytase activity decreased as storage increased. In this study, bone ash was reduced when phytases were stored for 90d in a VTM compared to the PC.
PSV-13 Effects of increasing iron dosage in newborn pigs on subsequent nursery performance and hematological criteria
Authors: Williams Hayden E , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Holtcamp Andrew
Published: July 2019

Weaned pigs (n = 308; 5.7 kg BW) were used in a 42-d study evaluating the effects of increasing injectable Fe dose at processing (d 3 after farrowing) on subsequent nursery pig performance and hematological criteria. Pigs were weaned on d 21 and allotted to pens based on previous Fe treatment with BW balanced across pens within a treatment with 5 or 6 pigs/pen and 10 pens/treatment. Treatments applied at processing were a negative control receiving no Fe injection or increasing injectable Fe (Gleptoforte, Ceva Animal Health, Lenexa, KS) to provide 50, 100, 150, 200-mg, or 200-mg plus 100-mg on d 11 post-farrowing. All pigs were fed the same diets after weaning containing 110 mg/kg of Fe from FeSO4 provided from the trace mineral premix. Growth data were analyzed as a CRD with pen as the experimental unit. Hematological criteria were analyzed as a repeated measure with pig as the experimental unit. Overall, increasing injectable Fe improved (linear; P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI (Table 1). Increasing injectable Fe up to 150 mg improved (quadratic; P = 0.011) G:F with a worsening G:F thereafter. There was no evidence of difference in growth performance (P > 0.10) between the 200-mg and the 200 + 100 mg injectable Fe treatments. Significant treatment×day interactions (P < 0.001) were observed for Hgb and Hct because pigs receiving an Fe injection less than 150-mg had increasing values through nursery while all other pigs had values remaining constant until d 63 after birth with no evidence of difference (P > 0.10) amongst all treatments at d 63 after birth. These results suggest that providing a 200-mg Fe injection at processing provides the greatest growth performance in the nursery and Fe in the diet is sufficient to meet the pigs’ Fe requirement to restore blood Fe status at the end of the nursery.
PSV-15 Effects of isoquinoline alkaloids on growth performance and blood characteristics of weanling pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets
Authors: Rundle Carly , Artuso-Ponte Valeria , Stein Hans H
Published: July 2019

An experiment was conducted to determine effects of isoquinoline alkaloids (IQ) on growth performance and blood characteristics of weanling pigs fed corn-soybean meal-based diets. A total of 160 pigs (6.33 ± 0.61 kg) were allotted to 4 corn-soybean meal-based treatments, with 4 pigs per pen and 10 replicate pens per treatment. A 3-phase feeding program was used with d 0 to 8 as phase 1, d 8 to 21 as phase 2, and d 21 to 34 as phase 3. Within each phase, the 4 diets were identical except for the inclusion of IQ in the feed: 0, 90, 180, or 360 mg IQ/kg complete feed. Pig weights and the feed left in the feeders were recorded on the last d of each phase to calculate average daily gain and average gain:feed ratio. A blood sample was collected from 1 pig per pen on d 8, 21, and 34. Data were analyzed by linear and quadratic contrasts using the Proc MIXED of SAS with coefficients for unequally spaced treatments being generated from Proc IML. Results indicated that there were no differences among treatments in growth performance over the entire experimental period (Table 1). A quadratic increase (P < 0.05) of total protein in plasma was observed in phase 1, with the highest value in plasma of pigs fed the 180 mg/kg IQ diet, and there was a tendency for plasma urea N to increase in phases 2 and 3 (linear; P = 0.07) if IQ was added to the diet. In conclusion, although IQ supplementation did not effect overall growth performance, results indicate that absorption of amino acids was likely improved by inclusion of IQ in the diets as evidenced by the increased plasma urea nitrogen and increased total protein in plasma.
PSV-18 Effects of varying ratio of L-Arginine and Lysine on the performance of sows and their litters
Authors: Ahn Jemin , Yang Yi , Kim In Ho
Published: July 2019

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different ratios of L-Arginine and lysine on the performance of sows and their piglets. A total of 12 (Landrace×Yorkshire) sows, with an average parity of 2.3 (from 1 to 4), were subjected to 3 treatments with 4 sows per treatment. Treatments were as follows: 1) CON, Basal diet (L-arginine: Lysine= 0.95), 2) TRT1, CON + Arginine (A: L = 1), and 3) TRT2, CON + Arginine (A: L = 1.05). The supplementation of 1.05 A: L showed reduction in body weight loss after farrowing (linear, P = 0.0105), at weaning (linear, P = 0.0492), and increased the back-fat thickness loss after farrowing (0.00498) and at weaning (0.0204). Dietary supplementation of 1.05 A: L increased (linear, P = 0.0226) body weight of piglets at weaning. In addition, dietary supplementation of L-Arginine tended to increase (linear, P = 0.0103) the average daily gain (ADG) of piglets at weaning. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with L-arginine (A: L = 1.05) exerted positive effects on some of the reproductive performance parameters in sows and growth performance in suckling piglets. These findings may provide an insight into a new nutritional strategy for sows.
PSVI-10 Essential oils and benzoic acid, associated or not with antibiotic, in diets for weaned piglets on cecum microbiota composition
Authors: Júnior Cláudio Silva , Silva Claudia C , Falleiros Francine T , Pereira Rafaela , Tizioto Polyana , Paula Vinícius , Coutinho Luiz Lehmann , Budiño Fábio , Ruiz Urbano Santos
Published: July 2019

This study evaluated the effects of an alternative feed additive (benzoic acid and the essential oils of eugenol, thymus and piperine), associated or not with colistin, in weaned piglets feeding on α and β bacterial diversity, and on the percentages of operational taxonomic unit of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Escherichia, and Campylobacter in the cecum content of pigs. One hundred and eight crossbred piglets (5.3 ± 0.5kg) were housed 3 per pen and fed the following diets: a control diet (CON) with no addition of growth promoter feed additive; CON + 40 ppm of colistin; CON + 0.3% of essential oils and benzoic acid; and CON + 0.3% of essential oils and benzoic acid, and 40 ppm of colistin. The diets were based on corn, soybean meal, dairy products, and spray-dried blood plasma, and were formulated to provide 3.40 Mcal of ME/kg; 220 g of CP/kg; and 14.5 g of digestible lysine/kg. The animals were sanitary challenged, by spraying 2 L of diluted pig manure (60 % of manure to 40 % of water) at each nursery pen two days before the beginning of the trial. At the 14th day of the trial, 9 animals per diet were euthanized, and the cecum content was collected for microbial DNA extraction and sequencing. The data was submitted to ANOVA using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The α and β bacterial diversity, and the percentages of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Clostridium in the cecum of pigs were not affected (P > 0.05) by the experimental diets. There was a tendency (P = 0.09) for a lower concentration of Escherichia (3.5 vs. 1.46%) and lower percentage of Campylobacter (10.21 vs. 0.52%) in the cecum content of piglets fed diets containing essential oils and benzoic acid compared to pigs fed diets without the alternative feed additive. Inclusion of benzoic acid and essential oils in piglets feeding was effective in controlling intestinal pathogenic bacteria.
PSVI-17 Evaluation of a nutritional water supplement on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Sawyer Afton , Carter Scott , Cooper Carson , Aparachita Pornpim , Bible Megan R , Sandberg Fredrik
Published: July 2019

One-hundred forty weanling pigs (5.26 kg; 20 d of age) were used to determine the effects of a nutritional water supplement (WB; Water Boost, Furst-McNess, Freeport, IL) on growth performance of nursery pigs. Pigs were randomly allotted to two water treatments (7 pens/treatment; 10 pigs/pen). The water treatments were 0 and 62.5 mL WB/L of water (stock solution) supplied by water medicators (1:100 dilution). Pigs were fed simple, corn soybean meal diets (no plasma or crystalline lactose utilized) in four dietary phases (Phase 1: d 0-7, Phase 2: d 7-14, Phase 3: d 14-21, and Phase 4: d 21-42). The water treatments were provided on d 0 through d 3. Pigs and feeders were weighed weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Water meters were used to record and calculate water disappearance. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with pen serving as the experimental unit. Water disappearance (L/pig/d) was not affected from d 0-21, but it increased (P < 0.01) for pigs provided WB for d 21-42 (1.71 vs 2.12) and d 0-42 (1.11 vs 1.35). Growth performance was not affected by WB during d 0-21. However, from d 21-42, WB tended to increase (P < 0.10) ADG (483 vs 528 g/d) and ADFI (706 vs 767 g/d), but it had no effect on G:F. For the overall period, pigs provided WB from d 0-3 tended to have improved G:F (0.671 vs 0.684) and numerical increases in ADG (P = 0.14) and ADFI (P = 0.17) were observed. Final ending body weight tended to be increased (P < 0.10) for pigs provided WB (18.6 vs 19.9 kg). These results suggest providing WB for the first three days in the nursery to pigs fed corn soybean meal-based diets increased water disappearance and tended to improve growth performance of nursery pigs.
PSVI-25 Feed NSPase enzyme, Natugrain® TS, improves performance and carcass characteristics of grow-finishing pigs
Authors: Coelho Michael , Jones Robert , Parks Frank
Published: July 2019

In a separate data set reported on the same trial (Coelho, 2018) reported that Natugrain TS changed the microbiome by breaking down arabinoxylans into smaller oligosaccharides, decreasing intestinal E. coli and intestinal lesion score. This study data set evaluated the effect of a NSPase enzyme, Natugrain TS, on pig performance and carcass characteristics. A total of 3,750 weaned pigs (28 kg), (PIC 337 x Camborough), were used in a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as the fixed effect, and block as the random effect (25 pigs/pen x 5 treatments x 30 replications). Pigs were blocked by sex and weight and fed mash corn/soy/DDGs diets formulated to meet or exceed current NRC (2012) recommendations. Treatments were T1= 0 g/MT Natugrain TS, T2= 100 g/MT Natugrain TS, T3= 150 g/MT Natugrain TS, T4= 200 g/MT Natugrain TS and T5= 250 g/MT Natugrain TS. At the finishing phase, Natugrain TS significantly increased ADG up to 200 g/ton (841, 842, 847, 854 and 852 g, P < 0.05, respectively), decreased FCR up to a dose level of 200 g/ton (2.77, 2.76, 2.74, 2.72 and 2.73, P < 0.05, respectively), increased carcass yield up to a dose level of 200 g/ton (70.2, 70.6, 71.2, 71.4 and 71.2, P < 0.05, respectively), increased percent lean up to a dose level of 200 g/ton (50.1, 50.7, 51.2, 52.4 and 52.1%, P < 0.05, respectively) and decreased mortality up to a dose level of 200 g/ton (4.8, 3.6, 2.7, 1.9 and 2.1%, P < 0.05, respectively). In conclusion, Natugrain TS at 150 to 200 g/ton increased pig performance, carcass charateristics and decreased mortality.
PSVI-21 Interactive effects of Zn sources, Cu sources and phytase on growth performance in nursery pigs
Authors: Ren Ping , Cushing Joe , Wedekind Karen , Vazquez-Anon Mercedes
Published: July 2019

This study investigated the interactive effects of Zn sources, Cu sources and phytase on growth performance in nursery pigs. A total of 288 weaning barrows (BW = 5.71 ± 0.81 kg), blocked by initial body weight, were randomly allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments, with 9 pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. The 8 dietary treatments were arranged in 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, with 2 Zn sources [2000 ppm Zn from ZnO during phase 1 (d 1 to 14) and 2 (d 15 to 28), and 100 ppm Zn from ZnO during phase 3 (d 29 to 42); 100 ppm Zn from Zn methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (Zn-MHAC, MINTREX® Zn, Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO) during phase 1 to 3], 2 Cu sources [150 ppm Cu from CuSO4 or Cu-MHAC (MINTREX® Cu) during phase 1, and 80 ppm Cu from CuSO4 or Cu-MHAC during phase 2 and 3], and 2 phytase inclusion levels (0, 500 FTU/kg). Results showed that there were no differences (P > 0.10) between ZnO and Zn-MHAC groups in terms of growth performance during the entire nursery period. Compared with CuSO4, Cu-MHAC tended to increase ADG (P = 0.07) and G:F (P = 0.08) during the entire nursery period. There tended to be an interaction (P = 0.09) between Cu sources and phytase on G:F during phase 2. Specifically, without phytase supplementation, there was no difference (P = 0.63) on G:F during phase 2 between Cu-MHAC and CuSO4, whereas with phytase supplementation, Cu-MHAC increased G:F during phase 2 (P = 0.05) compared with CuSO4. In conclusion, Zn-MHAC supplementation at 100 ppm could replace pharmacological level of ZnO without affecting growth performance. Cu-MHAC could improve growth performance compared with CuSO4. Cu-MHAC exerted synergistic effect with phytase on improving feed efficiency.
PSVI-23 Feeding enzymatically digested food waste altered fecal microbiota of growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Jinno Cynthia , Saelao Perot , Maga Elizabeth , Liu Yanhong
Published: July 2019

Enzymatic digestion converted food waste from supermarkets into pasteurized liquid pig feed. This study was conducted to observe the fecal microbiota of growing-finishing pigs fed with enzymatically digested food waste. Fifty-six crossbred pigs (approximately 32.99 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of the 2 dietary treatments with 7 replication pens and 4 pigs per pen. A 3-phase feeding program was used with d 0 to 28 as Phase 1, d 28 to 53 as Phase 2, and d 53 to 79 as Phase 3. The 2 dietary treatments were: a corn-soybean meal control diet, and a liquid diet produced from enzymatically digested food waste. Pigs were fed control or liquid diet in phases 1 and 2, while all pigs were fed with control diet in phase 3. Fecal samples were collected on d 0, 28, 53, and 79 from the same pig per pen and fecal microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at the V4 hypervariable region and compositional data were analyzed using QIIME2 (2016.6). Observed species and Shannon diversity indexes were similar in both treatment groups on d 0, but pigs fed with food waste had greater (P < 0.05) Shannon diversity than control pigs on d 28, 53, and 79. Feeding food waste tended (P < 0.10) to decrease the relative abundance of Firmicutes compared with pigs fed control diet. Within this phylum, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae was increased (P < 0.05) and the abundance of Streptococcaceae and Clostridiaceae was decreased (P < 0.05). The analysis of Bray Curtis PCoA displayed a separate cluster between food waste and control groups on d 28 and 53. In summary, these results demonstrated that feeding enzymatic digested food waste modified the gut microbiome community of growing-finishing pigs.
PSVII-4 Optimal standardized ileal digestible lysine and methionine + cysteine to lysine ratio for 12 to 23 kg pigs fed antibiotic-free diets
Authors: Htoo John K , Ho Trung T , Dao Thi B A , Carpena Maria E , Le Nu A T , Ho Le Q C
Published: July 2019

Requirement of Lys is affected by lean gain capacity of the pigs. Methionine is the 3rd limiting AA in typical swine diets. In Exp. 1, 108 crossbred pigs (initial BW 11.8 kg) were assigned to 6 diets adequate in all AA but with increasing Lys content [0.90, 1.00, 1.10, 1.20, 1.30 and 1.40% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys] to determine the SID Lys requirement. In Exp. 2, 108 pigs (initial BW 11.9 kg) were assigned to 6 diets to determine the optimal SID Met+Cys:Lys ratio. Diets 1 to 5 were varied in SID Met+Cys:Lys (50, 55, 60, 65 and 70%) and 1.17% SID Lys (second limiting). Diet 6 was formulated to be adequate in all AA (1.25% SID Lys and 62% SID Met+Cys:Lys). There were 6 pens (2 barrows and 1 gilt) per treatment in both experiments and lasted for 21 d. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS. In Exp. 1, increasing SID Lys increased the overall ADG and G:F (linear, P < 0.001) and decreased plasma urea nitrogen (PUN; linear, P < 0.001). Regression analysis estimated the SID Lys to be 1.36, 1.38 and 1.28% for ADG, G:F and PUN, respectively with an average SID Lys requirement of 1.34% for 12-23 kg pigs. In Exp. 2, increasing SID M+C:Lys ratio (diets 1 to 5) increased ADG and G:F (linear and quadratic, P < 0.001) and decreased PUN (quadratic, P < 0.001). Pigs fed a high Lys diet (diet 6) tended to have a lower PUN (P = 0.076) but performance was not affected. The regression models estimated the optimum SID M+C:Lys ratio to be 63.1 and 60.7% for ADG, and 62.5 and 61.1% for G:F, respectively while 62.9% SID M+C:Lys optimized PUN. On average, the optimal SID M+C:Lys ratio for 12-23 kg pigs was 62%.
PSVII-5 Zinc overload in weaned pigs: tissue accumulation, pathology, and growth impacts
Authors: De Mille Carson , Gabler Nicholas K , Burrough Eric R
Published: July 2019

Pharmacological concentrations of zinc (Zn, 2000-3000 ppm) are commonly fed to nursery pigs. However, diet manufacturing errors can result in supra-pharmacological concentrations of Zn (>4000 ppm) being fed. Clinical and phenotypic data reflective of Zn associated morbidity in modern genotype pigs are poorly defined. Therefore, the study objective was to characterize the effect of dietary Zn overload on nursery pig performance, body mineral concentrations and pathologic changes. Fifty-five 21 d old weaned pigs (4.50 ± 0.2 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of five Zn diet treatments for 21 d. Diets included: 1) Control no additional Zn (NC), 2) 6000 ppm Zn for 21 d (Zn6), 3) 6000 ppm Zn for 7 d plus 4000 ppm Zn for 14 d (Zn64), 4) 3000 ppm Zn for 7 d and no additional Zn for 14 d (Zn3), and 5) 3000 ppm Zn for 7 d plus 2000 ppm for 14 d (Zn32). All pigs were bled and weighed at d 0, 7 and 21, and ADFI and G:F were determined for the overall 21 d test period. Thereafter, all pigs were necropsied for histopathology and serum, tissue and feed trace mineral concentrations were determined. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey-Kramer adjustment in JMP. Overall pig ADG, ADFI and G:F was not statistically different between treatments. Feeding greater than 6000 ppm Zn increased pancreatic Zn concentrations compared to other groups (P < 0.001), and pancreatic apoptosis was more frequent in pigs fed supra-pharmacological levels of Zn (P < 0.0001). Hepatic and serum Zn levels were highest in diet 2 and 3 pigs compared to the other diets (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0003 respectively) and only pigs from these treatments had serum Zn >2.0 ppm or hepatic Zn >500 ppm. Accordingly, these mineral levels should warrant further feed analysis if expected inclusion rates are 3,000 ppm Zn or less.
PSVII-11 Effects of a synbiotic (probiotic+prebiotic) on the reproductive efficiency of multiparous sows
Authors: Curry Shelby , Hendel Erika G , Petri Daniel , Gourley Gene G , Murugesan G R
Published: July 2019

Sow longevity plays an important role on the profitability of any sow operation in economically and efficiently producing pigs. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of a synbiotic (Biomin® PS, BIOMIN America Inc.) containing multi-strain live probiotic strains (Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus acidilactici, Bifidobacterium animalis, and Lactobacillus reuteri) and a prebiotic (fructo-oligosaccharaide) on sow reproductive performance. A total of 24 sows (4th and 5th parity) were divided evenly into 2 groups and fed either a control diet or a synbiotic diet during the gestation (starting on d 35 of gestation) at 1 kg/MT and lactation until weaning of piglets at 0.5 kg/MT. Daily sow feed intake was also measured during the lactation period. Sow BW was recorded pre-farrow (d 110 of gestation) and at weaning (d 21 of lactation). Piglet BW was recorded after cross-foster and on d 21 of lactation. Data were analysed using MIXED model in SAS. No significant difference was observed in sow feed intake. Relatively lower weight loss (14%) was observed during lactation in sows fed synbiotic (-24.3 kg/sow) in comparison to control fed sows (-28.4 kg/sow), although not statistically significant. A positive trend (P < 0.10) was observed with synbiotic fed sows having lower still-borns (-50%), increased number of piglets weaned per sow (+0.94 piglet/sow) and litter weight gain (+7.24 kg/litter) compared to control sows during lactation. Weaned litter weight was also increased (P < 0.05) with synbiotic feeding (78.5 kg/sow) in comparison to control (66.5 kg/sow). Overall, supplementation of the synbiotic formulation increased the sow reproductive performance by increasing weaned litter weight and number of pigs weaned while numerically lowering sow weight loss during lactation. Supplementation this synbiotic could be considered as part of sow feeding programs to improve sow reproductive efficiency.
PSVII-13 The effects of maternal dietary supplementation of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and 25(OH)D3 on sow and progeny vitamin D3 status
Authors: Thayer Morgan T , Nelssen Jim L , Langemeier Austin J , Morton Jodi M , Gonzalez John M , Kruger Stephanie R , Ou Zhining , Makowski Andrew J , Bergstrom Jon R
Published: July 2019

A total of 69 sows (DNA Line 200 × 400) and their progeny were used to determine if feeding a combination of vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 influences neonatal and sow vitamin D3 status. Within 3 d of breeding, sows were allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments fortified with 1,500 IU/kg vitamin D3 (CON), 500 IU/kg vitamin D3 + 25 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 (DL), or 1,500 IU/kg vitamin D3 + 50 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 (DH). There were treatment × time interactions for sow and pig serum metabolites (P < 0.001). Therefore, treatment means were compared within time period. At all time periods, sow serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations differed for all treatments with the magnitude of difference largest at weaning (P < 0.011), where serum 25(OH)D3 concentration was always the greatest when sows were fed the DH diet. At birth, piglets from DH fed sows had greater serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations than piglets from sows fed the DL treatment (P = 0.003), with piglets from sows fed CON treatment not differing from either (P > 0.061). At weaning, serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 in piglets from all sow treatments were different (P < 0.001), with the greatest concentration in piglets from DH sows, followed by CON, and followed by DL. There were no treatment × time interactions for any of the metabolites measured in milk and no main effects for 24,25(OH)2D3 concentration (P > 0.068). Colostrum collected within 12 h of parturition contained less (P = 0.001) 25(OH)D3 than milk collected on d 21 of lactation. Regardless of time, concentrations of 25(OH)D3 in milk were different (P < 0.030), with the largest 25(OH)D3 concentration from DH fed sows, followed by DL and then CON. In conclusion, combining vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 in the maternal diet improves the vitamin D3 status of the dam and progeny.
PSV-1 Effects of the protein level on growth performance and carcass grading in fattening pig fed ad libitum
Authors: Samson Arnaud , Launay Claire , Payola Francesc , Schetelat Eric , Fortune Hervé
Published: July 2019

Reducing dietary crude protein (CP) with synthetic amino acids (AA) supplementation is beneficial for sustainable swine industry. However some discrepancies regarding the consequences on growth performance are observed. Therefore, this trial aimed to assess the effect of dietary CP level on growth performance of pigs from 35 to 113 kg BW. Growth performance of 63 pigs fed ad libitum and allocated to three groups (HH, MM and LL) was compared. Each group received one level of CP (‘H’ for High, ‘M’ for Medium and ‘L’ for Low) during growing (d0–d35) and finishing (d35–slaugther day) periods: 15.1%, 16.2%, 17.2% and 13.0%, 14.0%, 15.1% respectively. Diets were mostly based on wheat, corn and soybean meal. Within each feeding phase, diets were formulated to be similar in apparent total tract digestible phosphorus, net energy and standardized ileal digestible (SID) essential AA, the SID Lys levels being 0.95% and 0.78% during the growing and finishing period respectively. Data were analyzed using a linear model (R, 3.1.2) with individual as the experimental unit as feed intake, body weight and carcass grading were individually recorded. From d0 to d14 and from d35 to d63, average daily gain (ADG) and Growth:Feed ratio (G:F) were significantly reduced as the CP level decreased (P < 0.05) while average daily feed intake (ADFI) remained unaffected by the dietary treatments. From d14 to d35 and in late finishing period (d63-slaugther day), growth performance was not significantly affected by the dietary CP level. Over the 82-d of the experiment, G:F was significantly higher for ‘HH’ pigs (P < 0.01). Overall, ADG tended to be reduced as CP levels decreased (P = 0.10). There was no difference among treatments for parameters concerning carcass grading (lean meat percentage and meat yield). In conclusion, reducing CP levels while maintaining essential AA levels impaired growth performances of pigs.
PSII-17 Effect of supplementing algae to heifers during breeding and early gestation on growth and reproduction
Authors: Nicholls Griffin , Funnell Bethany , Stewart Kara R , Lemenager Ron , Campbell Brian , Schoonmaker Jon P
Published: July 2019

Algae biomass provides a consistent source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, that could be used to alter hormonal profiles and improve reproduction of beef heifers. Eighty-eight Angus × Simmental heifers (427 ± 1.8 kg) were blocked by BW and allotted to 2 treatments (44/treatment, 4 pens/treatment, 11 heifers/pen). Control heifers were fed a diet that contained (DM basis) 52.8% mixed grass silage, 32% corn silage, and 15.2% concentrate. DHAgold (49% fat; 21.8% DHA; DSM Inc.) was included in the algae diet DM at 1.65%, replacing equal parts of corn and DDGS. Diets were formulated to contain 12% CP and 0.79 Mcal/kg NEg. Heifers were fed treatment diets from 54 d prior to the breeding season through the first trimester. Follicular fluid was collected on day 47 for hormonal analysis. Artificial insemination (AI) breeding was from d 55 to 98, after which open heifers were removed to 1 control and 1 algae pen and placed with a bull. The study ended on d 180. Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure and conception data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Dominant follicle diameter and follicular estrogen concentration were unaffected by the treatment (P ≥ 0.12). Follicular insulin-like growth factor-1 was greater in algae compared to control heifers (P = 0.03). During the pre-breeding period, algae heifers had lesser DMI (P = 0.006) compared to control heifers. Heifers supplemented with algae had greater ADG (P = 0.03) during the breeding period and BW tended to be greater for algae compared to control heifers on d 98 and 180 (P ≤ 0.07). First service conception rate did not differ between treatments (P = 0.67); however, second service tended (P = 0.08) and overall conception was (P = 0.03) lesser in algae compared to control heifers. These data suggest supplementing DHA-rich algae improved growth but decreased conception rates of beef heifers.
PSII-8 Defining pig sort loss with a simulation of various marketing options of pigs with the assumption that marketing cuts improve variation in carcass weight and leanness
Authors: Zhou Ziyu , Bohrer Benjamin M
Published: July 2019

The study offers clarification on pig sort loss and associated marketing strategies using a simulated pig marketing modeling system. The objective was to investigate the economic variability associated with marketing strategies using the simulated pig marketing models. Typically, individual pigs are assessed by measuring carcass weight and predicted leanness, which is then incorporated into a two-factor grid for producer payment, providing incentives for producers who consistently produce desirable carcasses and discounts for producers who produce inconsistent or undesirable carcasses. The simulation considered six producers with the presumption that each had a maximum capacity for 4,800 grow-finish pigs, in order to imitate commercial finishing barns with 48 pens of roughly 100 pigs per pen. The simulation dataset was created using a random number generator with the inverse of the cumulative normal distribution function on Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Inc., USA) with a targeted carcass weight (102.86 kg) and average predicted lean (60%) based on industry averages and previous research studies. Under the assumption that variability in carcass weight and predicted leanness decreased with the addition of each marketing cut, the simulation incorporated a standard deviation reduction of 20% per increase of one marketing cut for both carcass weight and predicted leanness of the population of pigs marketed on a given day. Consequently, there was an increase in profitability; as well as, a decrease in pig sort loss (defined with both carcass weight and predicted leanness) with each marketing cut, but these profitability improvements diminished (as a percentage improvement) with each additional marketing cut. Finally, this simulation provides an appropriate framework and the necessary equations to allow repetition of the different parameters and marketing grid specifically related to an individual producer and processing facility. Thus, helping the industry gain a better understanding of how market cuts can decrease variation and consequently improve profitability.
PSII-5 Carcass characteristics and growth performance of market pigs fed reduced lysine diets in bedded hoop barns
Authors: Lammers Peter J , Stahl Chad A , Honeyman Mark S
Published: July 2019

A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design was used to compare the effect of SID Lys:ME concentration (current vs. reduced), stocking density (1.30 vs. 4.05 m2/pig), and harvest month (August vs. March) on pigs raised in bedded hoop barns in Western Iowa. For each harvest month, 420 pigs produced from the mating of Duroc boars (Choice Genetics; West Des Moines, IA) to Camborough females (PIC; Hendersonville, TN) were sorted into 12 pens. Six pens were inside 3 large-scale (9.1 × 18.3 m) hoop barns and were stocked with 64 pigs/pen (32 barrows and 32 gilts; 1.30 m2/ pig). Six pens were inside 3 small-scale (6.0 × 10.8 m) hoop barns and were stocked with 6 pigs/pen (3 barrows and 3 gilts; 4.05 m2/pig). Within each stocking density, pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 diets which were fed in 2 phases. Corn-soybean meal diets were formulated to deliver 2.94 or 2.34 g SID Lys per Mcal ME in phase 1 (72.6–95.0 kg) and 2.34 or 1.76 g SID Lys per Mcal ME in phase 2 (> 95.0 kg). Pigs were individually weighed every 28 days and feed disappearance was recorded. When pigs in a pen averaged 129.3 kg the entire pen of pigs were harvested. A single chop (last-rib location; 2.54 cm thick) was collected from each carcass to assess pork quality. Pigs harvested in the summer grew faster, more efficiently, and with more intramuscular fat than those harvested in winter (P-value ≤ 0.05) but had lower 10th rib pH (P-value < 0.0001). Pigs allotted 4.05 m2/pig grew more efficiently but had reduced last rib pH as compared to pigs stocked at 1.30 m2/pig (P-value < 0.05). Reducing SID Lys:ME did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics (P-value > 0.10). Lower concentrations of SID Lys:ME may be adequate for pigs housed in bedded hoop barns but further study is warranted.
PSII-18 Greater feed amounts during late gestation do not improve piglets birth weight: a dose-response study performed in gilts
Authors: Mallmann Andre L , Camilotti Elisar , Fagundes Deivison , Vier Carlos , Mellagi Ana Paula , Ulguim Rafael , Bernardi Mari , Bortolozzo Fernando
Published: July 2019

In breeding farms, pork producers commonly use “bump feeding” as a feeding strategy. This technique consists of increasing daily feed amount on late gestation to improve piglets birth weight. A dose-response arrangement with 4 treatments (1.8, 2.3, 2.8, and 3.3 kg/d) was used to evaluate the effects on female reproductive performance and piglet birth weight. A total of 977 gilts were fed based on a corn-soybean meal diet from day 90 of gestation until farrowing. Gilts were weighed on days 90 and 112 of gestation and at weaning. Born alive and stillborn piglets were weighed within 12 h of birth. Colostrum yield and lactation feed intake were measured in a randomly selected sub-sample of 245 gilts. As expected, body weight gains were different at day 112 (P < 0.001) with the highest values observed in 3.3 kg/d treatment. As the feed amount increased during late gestation, greater were the body losses between d 112 and weaning (P < 0.001). Statistical tendencies for a quadratic effect of feeding level were observed for piglets born alive (P = 0.079), average birth weight of piglets (P = 0.083), and litter weight (P = 0.059). However, there were no differences among treatments on total born and mummified fetuses (P > 0.05). Gilts fed with lower feed amounts during late gestation had reduced stillborn percentages compared to those gilts fed with greater amounts. Colostrum yield and voluntary feed intake decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as the feed amount performed during late gestation increased. In conclusion, increasing the feed intake from day 90 of gestation until farrowing increased gilts body weight and stillborn rate, but reduced the colostrum yield and the lactation feed intake. In addition, there were no effects of the feeding level in late gestation on piglets birth weight.
PSII-9 Effect of avilamycin on nursery pig performance and health
Authors: Thompson Robyn , Greiner Laura , Graham Amanda , Knopf Brandon
Published: July 2019

Four hundred (PIC 337 X Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) and 800 (PIC 359 X C29) barrows and gilts were used to determine the impact of avilamycin (Kavault®, Elanco, Greenfield, IN) on nursery pig performance. Upon weaning, the lightest 10% of pigs were sorted off to form one replication and the remaining pigs were sorted by sex and placed into blocks with 25 pigs/pen. Six of the 48 pens were assigned to a non-feed grade medication control treatment. Remaining blocks were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (50 g Mecadox/ton, 73 g Kavault/ton d0 to d21, 73 g Kavault/ton d0 to d42). Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) recommendations. Pen weights and feed intake information were collected for calculation of ADG, ADFI, and F:G. Pigs were vaccinated against porcine circovirus, Mycoplasma hyopnuemoniae, Salmonella, and Lawsonia. Diagnostic samples showed presence of E. coli and Salmonella. Pigs were PRRSv and PEDv negative. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with pen as experimental unit and treatment as a fixed effect. LSMeans were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and considered a trend at P > 0.05 and P ≤ 0.10. Final body weight (d42) was not significantly different (P = 0.26), but there were numerical improvements in body weight for all medication treatments compared to the control (0.68, 0.68, and 1.5 kg for Mecadox, Kavault 21 d and Kavault 42 d respectively). Overall ADG (0.46, 0.45, 0.48, 0.45 kg, respectively) was greatest and F:G was lowest for the Kavault 42d treatment, although differences were not always significant (P > 0.05). Feeding medications numerically lowered the percentage of injectable medication intervention compared to controls (110.8, 12.7, 137.2, and 156.0%, respectively). Avilamycin appears to be an effective medication option for pigs in 42 d nursery programs but the anticipated response may differ depending on feeding duration.
PSI-11 Anti-inflammatory treatment modifies epigenetics changes to muscle tissue caused by altered nutrient demand in early lactation dairy cows
Authors: Cromer Carrie E , Ylioja Caroline M , Garcia Miriam , Mamedova Laman K , Bradford Barry J
Published: July 2019

Short-term treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been shown to alter whole-lactation milk yield; perhaps because epigenetic modifications are responsible for long-term effects, although mechanisms are unclear. Altered nutrient demand due to fasting or exercise in other species has been shown to affect DNA methylation in muscle tissue. Our objective was to determine if NSAID treatment or alterations to nutrient demand have epigenetic effects on muscle tissue in early lactation. In this study, 33 multiparous Holstein cows were enrolled at parturition and randomly assigned to milking frequency (MF; 1× or 3×/day), and either sodium salicylate (SS; 2.3 g/L administered via drinking water) or control (CTL; molasses carrier alone) treatment in a 2×2 factorial design, beginning ~24 h postpartum. Milking frequency treatments were designed to alter nutrient demand, and 3× milked increased milk yield by 24%. After 5 days of treatment, tissue biopsies were collected from the Longissimus dorsi muscle and snap-frozen. DNA was isolated and global methylation (GM) was assessed with a 5-methylcytosine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An interaction between MF and SS treatment was detected (P = 0.02), with GM of muscle tissue decreased by more frequent milking only in the CTL cows (4.9 and 1.4 ± 1.0% of DNA methylated for 1× and 3×, respectively; P < 0.001). No effect of MF was detected in SS-treated cows (2.9 and 2.4 ± 1.0% of DNA methylated for 1× and 3×, respectively; P > 0.1). Observed changes to DNA methylation in muscle tissue due to altered nutrient supply are consistent with results reported after fasting and exercise. Additionally, increased demand for milk component precursors in 3×-milked cows may alter the availability of methyl donors for DNA methylation. Our data support a link between SS and epigenetic changes, but further research is needed to determine how SS may have altered the muscle DNA methylation response to nutrient demand.
PSI-12 Performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef heifers managed in a bedded hoop barn versus an open feedlot in Central Missouri
Authors: Luebbering Heather R , Pettig George R , Shanks Bruce C , Markway Jeremia J , Kramer Matt J , Groose Eric G , Moeller Doug , Boeckmann Chris L , Wilbers Luke S , Caldwell James D
Published: July 2019

There is strong interest in feeding cattle in Missouri, but climatic extremes warrant exploring indoor management systems. Therefore, our objective was to compare performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef heifers managed in a bedded hoop barn versus an open feedlot. On February 14, 2018, a total of 60 (297.5 ± 34.53 kg BW) crossbred beef heifers were allocated randomly to two pens (4.8 m2 per head) in a hoop-barn (Indoor; n = 30) and to two pens (27 m2 per head) in an open feedlot (Outdoor; n = 30). Heifers had ad libitum access to a commercial feedlot ration and water. Heifers were weighed at the start, approximately every 30 d, and at the end of the study and then were transported and harvested in two groups based on visual BF evaluation at a commercial abattoir. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Start and final BW and final gain did not differ (P ≥ 0.32) between treatments. However, d 28 BW, final ADG, and d 119 gain tended (P ≤ 0.12) to be greater from Indoor compared to Outdoor. Also, d 58, d 89, and d 119 BW and d 28, d 58, d 89, and d 119 ADG, and d 28, d 58, and d 89 gain were greater (P ≤ 0.07) from Indoor compared to Outdoor. All carcass measurements were similar (P ≥ 0.40) between treatments. Therefore, finishing cattle in a bedded hoop barn may improve some performance measurements without impacting carcass quality and yield attributes. Hoop barns appear to be a viable consideration for finishing beef cattle in Missouri. This project was funded by the Missouri Department of Agriculture’s Missouri Agricultural Foundation Beef Initiative Grant Program.
PSI-16 Sow parity structure and body condition measurements throughout lactation and relationship to piglet growth
Authors: Cervantes Miguel A , Garcia Michelle R , Keel Brittney N , Oliver William T , Wells James E , Rempel Lea A
Published: July 2019

Energy demands during lactation can greatly influence sow body condition and piglet performance. Therfore, it was hypothesized that primiparous sows would have reduced sow body condition measurements and piglet growth. Eight weekly farrowing seasons (N=157 dams) were used to evaluate sow body condition (Post Farrowing; PF to Weaning; WN) and piglet growth. Final number of white composite sows within parity were as follows: Parity 1(P1), 62; P2, 50; P3, 30; and P4, 15. Body condition was measured at PF and WN using sow calipers (last rib and hip) and 10th rib ultrasound. Sows were categorized as thin, moderate, or fat by caliper. Piglets were weighed at Day 0 PF (D0), D10, WN, and D45. All data were analyzed using mixed models and reported as LSM ± SE. Fat sows at WN (last rib or hip) had the lightest (P < 0.05; Table 1) piglets at D10 and WN. However at D45, piglets from fat sows were heavier than piglets from moderate and thin sows(P < 0.05; Table 1). At WN, piglets from P1 sows weighed the least (P < 0.05; Table 1). Parity 4 sows had greater hip caliper measurement compared to P1 sows(P < 0.05; 15.5 ± 0.389 vs 13.92 ± 0.215). Sows had similiar (P > 0.10) PF last rib caliper measurements but at WN, P1 sows had the smallest caliper measurements compared to other parities (P < 0.05). Paraties 1, 2, and 3 sows had similiar (P > 0.10) loin eye area at PF; however, at WN P1 sows had the smallest loin eye area (P < 0.05; 38.2 ± 0.63 cm2). Parity 1 sows had the greatest (P < 0.05) reduction of backfat and loin eye area over the lactation period (-2.9 ± 0.31 mm and -2.6 ± 0.49 cm2, respectively). In conclusion, fat sows, had similar or smaller piglets throughout lactation, but by D45 piglet weights surpassed moderate and thin caliper groups.