bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organizations as Wrongdoers
Authors: Collins Stephanie
Published: February 2023

Organizations do moral wrong. States pursue unjust wars, businesses avoid tax, charities misdirect funds. Our social, political, and legal responses require guidance. We need to know what we’re responding to and how we should respond to it. We need a metaphysical and moral theory of wrongful organizations. This book provides a new such theory, paying particular attention to questions that have been underexplored in existing debates. These questions include: where are organizations located as material objects in the natural world? What’s the metaphysical relation between organizations and their members? Can organizations be blameworthy for attitudes and character traits, as well as for actions? What about feelings of guilt, remorse, and shame—can organizations feel these emotions and why does this matter? How and why are members implicated in organizations’ wrongs? How should organizations’ reparative costs be apportioned among members? The book answers these questions. It argues that organizations are material objects with humans as material parts—much like how a pizza is a material object with slices as material parts. This picture helps us make sense of organizations’ blameworthiness, including blame for organization-level actions, attitudes, and character traits. The book argues that organizations can experience moral self-awareness—a crucial component of guilt, remorse, and shame. Members can be implicated in organizations’ actions in numerous ways—and, it is argued, members’ level of implication should determine their share of organizations’ reparative burdens.
Organizations’ Moral Self-Awareness
Authors: Collins Stephanie
Published: February 2023

This chapter raises a problem for organizations’ blameworthiness: organizations’ agency is analogous to the agency of complex machines, yet complex machines are not blameworthy. If we are to vindicate holding organizations blameworthy, we need a principle that can separate organizations’ blameworthiness from machines’ (lack of) blameworthiness. The chapter proposes such a principle: entities that are blameworthy must be capable of ‘moral self-awareness’. The challenge for organizations’ blameworthiness, then, is to explain how organizations have the capacity for moral self-awareness. The chapter considers and rejects two possible explanations, before proposing that an organization has a capacity for moral self-awareness just in case at least one member has the capacity for moral self-awareness while performing their role in the organization and adopting the organization’s rational point-of-view. The surprising upshot is that organizations have phenomenology, under certain conditions.
The Monarchy and Archival Searches
Authors: Oldfield Paul
Published: February 2023

This chapter offers an exploration of other modes of recording historical memory beyond traditional historical writing. It examines, via the production of documentation, how individuals and communities interacted with their past in reaction to the presence of the monarchy. Archives were searched and documents (re-)discovered, created, and presented to central authorities. Sometimes these searches were in response to crises (linked to periods of significant unrest, such as the 1130s and the period from c.1189 to c.1220), sometimes connected to continuing local disputes, and sometimes as proactive strategies to protect status or to respond to royal/imperial requests to present documentation about historic grants, rights, and revenues. As part of this, the monarchy’s programmes of documentary recall in the 1220s and 1230s (via the Assizes of Capua and Constitutions of Melfi, respectively) and knowledge acquisition are closely examined. This programme asked individuals and communities to present documentation produced since 1189 for royal/imperial revalidation and thus demonstrates the continued interaction of local communities with numerous interweaving histories recovered or created from personal and institutional archives.
The Papacy
Authors: Oldfield Paul
Published: February 2023

This chapter looks beyond the borders of the kingdom and analyses the role played by the papacy in the recovery of the past. The rising status of papal authority also engendered a concomitant valorization of papal privileges, and the memory of their issuing could function as key moments mapping important coordinates in a community’s past. For similar reasons, communities also increasingly appealed for papal intervention in dispute resolution, and this process often required the summarizing of various historic stages in that dispute. It primarily explores the role of the papacy in relation to certain Pugliese religious communities (for example, at Brindisi, Gargano, Siponto, Trani), but also tracks how this extended to include the lay community as well (for example, at Foggia and Troia).
Inward and Outward Atheism
Authors: Holden Thomas
Published: February 2023

Hobbes regards inward atheism—that is, a failure to believe in the existence of God—as a failure of right reason. However, in other respects he is surprisingly non-judgmental about it, and advances arguments that place this sort of inward unbelief beyond the reach of moral assessment, natural law, divine positive law, and regulation by the civil state. Outward atheism--the failure to offer God worship in outward words and deeds—is a different matter, and is properly persecuted by the civil sovereign. In the final section of the chapter, I survey the evidence regarding Hobbes’s view of how common inward atheism actually is, and consider his place in the seventeenth-century debate over the putative common consent of humanity in the existence of God.
Argument structure
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: February 2023

The chapter is concerned, on the one hand, with the meaning of interactives. It is argued that interactives have both an expressive and a descriptive meaning component, that they are depictions rather than descriptions, and that they show a number of similarities to gestures. Like gestures, interactives are accessed immediately from the situation of discourse. On the other hand, it is demonstrated that interactives exhibit a discourse valence structure akin to that of sentence grammar, distinguishing two main arguments having a deictic foundation. These arguments highlight the central role played by the speaker (S) and the hearer (H) as the main protagonists of discourse processing. In addition, a third argument is distinguished, called the theme (T), which relates interactive expressions to the surrounding text.
Enlightenment Science
Authors: Golinski Jan
Published: February 2023

This chapter charts the development of scientific practices and ideas during the eighteenth-century Enlightenment. It looks at the increasingly important place of scientific knowledge in the growing public sphere—in print, through different kinds of public performance, and in new kinds of scientific institutions—and the increasing importance and contentiousness of scientific ideas and debates in political and religious contexts. It examines the different ways in which eighteenth-century thinkers positioned themselves and their work in relation to Newtonianism and the growing interest in new electrical, magnetic, and other phenomena. It charts the growth of natural history, fuelled by voyages of exploration.
The Burden of Inherited Aspirations
Authors: Karki Shrochis
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents an inter-generational analysis of education experiences to examine the evolution of people’s aspirations and expectations over time. Education’s role as a tool for differentiation in the past has directly fuelled people’s current aspirations from education as a vehicle for upward mobility. As a result, formal schooling has now become a dominant part of children’s lives. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in a village and a public school on the outskirts of Lalitpur, I establish the role of education as a positional good, where even a few years of schooling have differentiated some people from the rest of the village at the time. Education experiences from the past few decades then affect current decisions about pursuing schooling. The empirical evidence provided in this chapter illustrates people’s aspirations from education and how they have evolved over time, its value as a social and a positional good, and the significant difficulties poor and disadvantaged people face in their pursuit of education.
Drawing Out Migration
Authors: Burack Sarah , Childs Geoff , Quinn Elizabeth A. , Sangmo Jhangchuk , Hunleth Jean
Published: February 2023

This chapter documents the rural to urban migration experiences of children and adolescents from Nubri, a culturally and linguistically Tibetan enclave in the highlands in Nepal, to boarding schools in Kathmandu. The authors explore three themes through the students’ own drawings and explanations: (1) difficulties encountered when moving out of the village and into boarding schools, including separation from parents and cultural and linguistic adjustments, (2) the formation of new kin-like relationships in the institutional setting, and (3) a vision of futures rooted in professional achievement that contrasts sharply with parents’ agropastoral lifestyles, and that involve aspirations of becoming agents for development in their natal communities. The chapter contributes to educational studies in Nepal and South Asia by providing new insights into how children perceive their participation in a migration phenomenon that is driven by structural inequalities, and by exploring how education with its embedded development discourses transforms the ways youths from rural areas imagine their opportunities, social relations, and natal communities.
Locating Multilingual Education in Nepal
Authors: Weinberg Miranda
Published: February 2023

While Nepal’s schools for many years attempted to homogenize the population through adherence to a single way of being Nepali citizens, recent years have seen official recognition and even support for the diversity of Nepal’s populace. Policies supporting multilingual education using students’ ‘mother tongues’ is one such attempt. Fulfilling the constitutional right to education in the mother tongue is a challenge, not only due to practical challenges and ideological opposition but also because language shift towards using more dominant languages, such as Nepali, in the home means that many children today do not learn minority languages before arriving in school. In the case of the Dhimal community in the southeastern plains of Nepal, the small number of children who acquire the Dhimal language as young children has posed a challenge for introducing Dhimal language classes in schools. In this chapter, which draws from 13 months of ethnographic fieldwork, I investigate discursive connections drawn between the Dhimal language and the location of the community. In some cases, activists employed the connection of the language to the place, rather than the needs of students, as an argument for teaching Dhimal in school. In Dhimal language classes, though, textbooks and teachers located the Dhimal language in the Nepali nation, rather than emphasizing the place where Dhimal is most often spoken. This investigation of multilingual education and location illustrates some of the myriad tensions and challenges involved in developing inclusive, multilingual schooling.
Composite Objects are Mere Manys
Authors: Thunder Simon
Published: February 2023

A ubiquitous assumption about composite material objects is that—if they exist at all—they are single things. This chapter articulates and defends manyism, which rejects that assumption. According to manyism, each composite object is simply its many parts. Since manyism accepts the existence of composite objects, it is distinct from nihilism; since manyism denies that composite objects are each one in number in addition to being many in number, it is distinct from the view known as composition as identity (CAI). What’s more, manyism is both coherent and attractive. Manyism is coherent because it can be underwritten by a defensible quasi-Quinean metaontology, and because it’s not analytic that objects are each one in number. Manyism is attractive because it shares all of the benefits of CAI without having to join CAI in objectionably positing many–one identities, and without incurring other serious costs.
Introduction
Authors: Houston Lloyd (Meadhbh)
Published: February 2023

The Introduction establishes the literary, historical, and theoretical contexts for this study and articulates the nature of its intervention in the fields of Irish Studies, Modernist Studies, and the Medical Humanities. Drawing on the work of figures such as Michel Foucault, Sander Gilman, and Alain Giami, and building on the work of Greta Jones, Maria Luddy, and Diarmaid Ferriter, it offers a detailed account of the medicalization and politicization of sex in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Irish, European, and Anglo-American culture, and delineates the normative ideal of ‘sexual health’ to which these processes gave rise. In doing so, it identifies the four conceptual components of sexual health that will structure this study—hygiene, autonomy, heredity, and fertility—and, through a survey of recent scholarship on ‘sexual modernism’, modernism in Ireland, and Ireland’s contribution to modernism, outlines their implications for critical understandings of the emergence and development of Irish modernism.
‘Sterilization of the mind and apotheosis of the litter’
Authors: Houston Lloyd (Meadhbh)
Published: February 2023

Chapter 4 situates Samuel Beckett’s personal, journalistic, and literary responses to the 1929 Censorship of Publications Act, and its infamous prohibition of all printed material related to birth control, in relation to the comments of other modernists (W. B. Yeats, Oliver Gogarty, George Bernard Shaw) and a range of public and political figures, to demonstrate how wider European debates over fertility, population control, and eugenics became bound up with a competition for political influence and cultural capital between intellectual, governmental, and confessional factions within the emergent Free State. In doing so, it complicates the traditional picture of Beckett’s heroic opposition to censorship by emphasizing the debts which Beckett’s infamous anti-natalism in texts such as Murphy (1936), Premier amour/First Love (written c. 1946), and the early play Eleutheria (written c. 1947) owes to a strand of Irish sectarian eugenicism which both contributed to and was intensified by the passage of the Act.
Conclusion
Authors: Houston Lloyd (Meadhbh)
Published: February 2023

The Conclusion recapitulates the study’s key arguments, outlines its implications for the wider terrain of Irish Studies, Modernist Studies, and Early Twentieth-Century Literary Studies, and suggests future avenues for scholarship in these areas. It explores how a focus on the medicalized and politicized model of sex surveyed in the preceding chapters raises questions about the period boundaries within which Irish modernism may be situated, and asks how the ‘sexual revolution’ of the 1960s should factor in to emerging critical theorizations of late modernism in Ireland and elsewhere. It considers which figures and institutions in the nation’s cultural and political history, such as the Gate Theatre, might take on new significance as contributors to Irish modernism when read in such a light. Finally, drawing on the work of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and the New British Queer History, it invites historians of culture, medicine, and sexuality in Ireland, and further afield to explore the ramifications of the medicalization and politicization of sex for late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century literary culture at large, particularly in its ‘popular’ and ‘middle-brow’ manifestations.
A Flattened Protagonist
Authors: Bateman Benjamin
Published: February 2023

Building on Jean-Luc Nancy’s reflections on sleep and the suspension of sovereignty, this chapter argues that Lydia Millet’s novel How the Dead Dream connects somnolent tendencies to environmental reprieve and restoration. As the novel’s primary protagonist endures a series of personal losses, he simultaneously loses faith in the mitigation techniques, or set-asides, used to protect endangered species on the land he develops. The novel’s form echoes the untenability of a compartmentalizing approach to conservation, laminating its protagonist with the natural environments he previously sought dominion over and limning his sleeping body alongside animals ranging from his household dog to a threatened tapir. Flattening rather than developing its central character while refusing to sentimentalize his personal losses, the novel delivers a powerful critique of the affective and acquisitive norms subtending conventional notions of human flourishing.
Civil Liability, Regulation, and Accountability
Authors: Bennett Belinda , Freckelton Ian , Wolf Gabrielle
Published: February 2023

Chapter 9, ‘Civil Liability, Regulation, and Accountability’, engages with a cross-section of the civil litigation and regulatory issues that have arisen during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the bringing of actions by persons who have been detrimentally affected by public health measures. This chapter examines legal actions that have been brought in tort and contract, and cases that have dealt with the construction of insurance policies. It considers issues of civil liability that have arisen in the context of debates arising out of the COVID-19 pandemic, including immunity for health practitioners for vaccination services and other forms of provision of care during the health crisis, as well as the introduction of no-fault state compensation schemes. This chapter explores measures taken by consumer protection and therapeutic goods regulators to inhibit the making of false representations about the efficacy of devices, medications, and prophylactics. In addition, it considers steps taken by regulators of health practitioners to restrain the making of unscientific claims and assertions that have called into question the measures adopted by public health authorities to inhibit the spread of the virus.
Law, Regulation, and Rights: Reflections on the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Bennett Belinda , Freckelton Ian , Wolf Gabrielle
Published: February 2023

Chapter 13 reflects on the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of law and regulation in relation to how governments have responded to it. It considers the evolving nature of the pandemic and the potential contributions of law and regulation to living with the ongoing presence of COVID-19. It draws together the themes of the book, and considers each of them in turn, namely: layers of law and polycentricity, the role and scope of law, legal responses to risk, human rights, and civil law and regulatory obligations. This chapter identifies lessons that can be learned from the COVID-19 pandemic for tackling global health crises in the future and, in particular, so that responses to the next pandemic can be quicker and more effective. It also considers the potential role that might be played by a pandemic treaty.
Sentencing and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Ryberg Jesper , Roberts Julian V.
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides an introduction to the use of artificial intelligence (AI) at sentencing. It deals with the questions: What does it mean to talk about using artificial intelligence at sentencing? And why is it important to consider the ethical and penal theoretical aspects of the use of artificial intelligence in the determination of sentences? Furthermore, it provides an overview of the varied topics that are considered in the ensuing chapters of the book.
Learning to Discriminate
Authors: Davies Benjamin , Douglas Thomas
Published: February 2023

It is often thought that traditional recidivism prediction tools used in criminal sentencing, though biased in many ways, can avoid direct racial discrimination. They can avoid this by excluding race from the list of variables employed to predict recidivism. A similar approach could be taken to the design of newer, machine learning-based (ML) tools for predicting recidivism: information about race could be withheld from the ML tool during its training phase, ensuring that the resulting predictive model does not use race as an explicit predictor. However, if race is correlated with measured recidivism in the training data, the ML tool may “learn” a perfect proxy for race. Is this a problem? We argue that, on some explanations of the wrongness of discrimination, it is. On these explanations, the use of an ML tool that perfectly proxies race would (likely) be more wrong than the use of a traditional tool that imperfectly proxies race. We end by drawing out four implications of our arguments.
Reconciling Artificial and Human Intelligence
Authors: Schwarze Mathis , Roberts Julian V.
Published: February 2023

Proposals to incorporate AI into the sentencing process range from merely supporting judges, to replacing them entirely. This chapter discusses the appropriate role of AI at sentencing and explores some of its potential applications. We argue that the more ambitious proposals overlook several key characteristics of sentencing that render it an inherently human task. Nevertheless, AI is capable of making a much greater contribution to the sentencing process than at present. We discuss the benefits of what we term an Advisory Sentence—a sentence recommendation derived by an AI program based on past judicial practice. The Advisory Sentence has the potential to support and improve judicial decision-making, for example, by reducing discrimination at sentencing, detecting local sentencing anomalies, and facilitating appellate review. Lastly, the chapter touches on AI’s potential to shape and enhance existing sentencing guidelines.
Choral Artistry
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This book is a practical and organic approach to teaching choral singing and sight-reading. The text is grounded in current research from choral pedagogy, music theory, music perception, and cognition. Topics include (1) framing a choral curriculum based on the Kodály concept, (2) launching the academic year for beginning, intermediate, and advanced choirs, (3) building part-work skills, (4) teaching sight-reading, (5) building progressive music theory sequences for middle school to college-level choirs, (6) developing choral rehearsal plans, as well samples of how to teach specific repertoire from medieval to contemporary choral composers. We include two models for learning choral literature. The first is the Performance Through Sound Analysis model for understanding commercial songs, global folk musics, and arrangements. The second is the Performance Through Sound Analysis and Notation model for learning classical music and recently composed music. Both models delineate an approach to teaching a choral work that significantly improves students’ musicianship while engaging the ensemble in learning the overall composition in partnership with the conductor. The final chapter includes rubrics for assessing the effectiveness of a choral program. This book does not purport to be a comprehensive choral pedagogy text. It is a detailed guide to helping choral directors at all levels improve the choral singing and musicianship of their students from a Kodály perspective.
Choral Sight Reading
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

Choral Sight-Reading: A Kodály Perspective for Middle School to College-Level Choirs is a practical approach to teaching sight-reading according to the Kodály concept. The overarching goal is to provide choral directors with a musical way to include teaching sight-reading and music theory as part of their choral rehearsals. This book also aims to guide students in developing their capacity to think about sound and apply that aural experience to learning music notation and choral repertoire. In the text, this twofold procedure is laid out in a specific order in which each unit focuses on a particular element of music theory and provides sight-singing examples for practicing the element. The units progress from basic and easy concepts to more complex ones and end with exercises for practicing singing styles from various periods in Western music history. All music concepts are taught from both a basic level and an advanced viewpoint.
Beat, Meter, and Rhythm
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit teaches students how to aurally identify aspects of music associated with rhythm. After working with a focus melody, students are introduced to elements of beat and meter, including the notation of rhythmic values of varying lengths on the staff. Sight-reading exercises reinforce the learning of rhythmic values, time signatures, and duple, triple, and quadruple meters and their notation.
The Extended Pentatonic Scale
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit presents the notes of the extended major pentatonic scale, focusing on low la (l1) and low so (s1). Examples in a variety of key are given, and assesment tools are provided.
Syncopation
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit introduces syncopation, or syncopated rhythm. It continues with the practice of the extended pentatonic scale with syncopated rhythmic patterns. It provides numerous examples in a variety of keys and offers assessment tools.
Dotted Notes
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit adds to students’ knowledge of rhythm patterns by addressing the dotted quarter note and eighth note. This unit continues the extended pentatonic scale and adds both dotted note patterns and syncopated rhythmic patterns. Examples are given in a variety of keys, and assessment tools are included.
The Major Scale
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit builds on the information presented in previous units about pentatonic, pentachord, and hexachord scales and enlarges the number of notes in the scale to eight. Numerous exercises are presented in a variety of keys, and assessment tools are included.
Triple Meter and Changing Meter
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit presents a triple meter as well as changing meter. Examples are given in a variety of keys, and assessment tools are included.
The Melodic Minor Scale
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit presents the melodic minor scale, the third type of minor scale structure. Examples are given in a variety of keys, and assessment tools are included.
Renaissance-Style Compositions
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit presents Renaissance literature for sight-reading
Dreamgirls, Size, and the Body Politics of Padding
Authors: Donovan Ryan
Published: February 2023

Body shaming, fat phobia, and fat stigma run rampant in the United States. This chapter opens with a discussion of size and how casting Broadway musicals reiterates dominant attitudes toward all fat women, and fat Black women in particular. It then traces the multiple and conflicting narratives around Jennifer Holliday’s casting and performance as Effie in Dreamgirls, and how her presence continues to loom over the role even when it’s played by another actor. The chapter’s final sections highlight how casting and recasting Effie became the locus for a myriad of labor issues. Broadway musicals, even ostensibly fat-positive ones, are complicit in labor practices that prolong a fat stigma at the same time they enforce gendered and racialized stereotypes of size—sometimes including racist, sexist, and size-ist representations. The onstage and offstage narratives of Dreamgirls demonstrate how Broadway musicals and US society reify the structural inequalities that regulate gender, race, and size. Broadway is a battleground for body politics, and it demands that fat ladies sing.
Writing Dance
Authors: Ma Nan
Published: February 2023

Chapter 4 investigates the origin of (modern) Chinese ethnic dance in relation to modern dance by examining the life, career, and choreographies of Dai Ailian, the Trinidad-born Chinese dancer who collected and adapted ethnic dances in China’s southwestern borderlands in the mid-1940s. In existing historiography, Dai’s experiences are subsumed within a narrative of “homecoming” and “root-searching” through dance. Consequently, the account of the origin of Chinese ethnic dance has become a nationalist and nativist one, predicated on a coherent “Chinese” identity. To challenge this narrative, the chapter recasts Dai’s experiences into a framework of “multi-diaspora” along the geopolitical borders between “empires.” Dai’s multi-diasporic anxieties and aspirations, as an undercurrent, rode on the nationalist mainstream and vice versa, but with diverging momentums. This suggests that the emergence of Chinese ethnic dance was not just a nationalist response to China’s political imperatives, but an outgrowth of the extensive global circuit of intercultural exchanges conditioned by the world colonial hierarchy. Moreover, dance per se turned out to be inadequate in addressing the precarity of Dai’s multi-diasporic experiences. Ethnic dances, in Dai’s case, must be (trans)mediated by labanotation (developed by Rudolf Laban) to enter her negotiation of gender, racial, and national identities on both domestic and international stages. That is, Dai’s adaptation of ethnic dances was informed and mediated by the theory and symbols of modern dance, and by distributing Chinese ethnic dances in Labanotation on the international stage, Dai expanded Laban’s vision of “a literature of dance” into “a world literature of dances.”
Divide and Conquer
Authors: Jordan Daniel David
Published: February 2023

This chapter reveals that the Sección Femenina’s missions of cultural diplomacy in the United States, France, and Belgium were designed to fuel anti-communist sentiments and gain support for the Franco regime during the first years of the Cold War (1947–1953). Cartee (1997) in her analysis of political campaigns writes that propaganda is better at strengthening people’s views rather than changing them. While cultural diplomacy can promote a sense of mutual understanding, it can also help enlarge strategic political divisions within the host nation. Rivera, leader of the Sección Femenina, knew that there was no chance of gaining the support of foreign citizens who were already anti-Franco. In fact, she and other Spanish diplomats saw protests against the touring Coros y Danzas as unavoidable. Instead, Rivera used the tours of the Coros y Danzas as a means of identifying and ostracizing the Franco regime’s critics. The Western Bloc’s general animosity toward leftist politics helped the Franco regime conflate exiled Spanish Republicans, the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, and other anti-Fascist protesters with the USSR. Referring to literature on cultural diplomacy and political campaigns, this chapter shows how the Sección Femenina used American and European anti-communist rhetoric to extract itself from political isolation.
Nigidius Figulus and the Birth of a Future Dominus for the World
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

The future Augustus was born on September 22, 63 b.c. in the midst of a serious political crisis when Cicero, the senior consul for the year, was beginning to face an attempted coup d’état. The birth was announced when the Roman Senate was debating at an emergency meeting about how to respond to the apparent threat of insurrection on the part of Catilina and his fellow conspirators. Upon hearing the news of the birth, the Roman mathematicus Nigidius Figulus, who was taking minutes at the meeting, is said to have declared before the Senate that a future dominus for the world had been born. The source of his pronouncement was the celestial display before sunrise on this day.
Celestial Display and Cicero’s Consular Year
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

Cicero watched the heavens carefully during his consular year, 63 b.c. He placed a report of his celestial observations in his De Consulatu Suo, an epic poem that he wrote about his consulship and published in 60 b.c. The verses from this poem, which are spoken by Urania, the Muse of Celestial Matters, are evidence for Cicero’s attempt to use planetary celestial display in a political context to support the controversial decision he made in early December 63 b.c. to execute five Catilinarian conspirators without trial. Cicero was the first leading politician at Rome to use celestial display in this way.
Cicero’s Aratea and the Education of Octavius in the Fixed Constellations
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

Systematic study of observational astronomy was a recognized and respected part of elite education in the Late Roman Republic. Octavius began studying the celestial sphere formally as a young man, perhaps in the year 46 b.c., a time when interest in the celestial sphere was at a high point in Rome. The most useful source for an introduction to the study of the constellations at this time was Cicero’s Latin translation of Aratus’ Phaenomena. By means of a three-part “curriculum” based on Cicero’s translation, Octavius, like other Roman aristocratic young men, could have gained a thorough introduction to the fixed constellations and their bright stars.
Theogenes of Apollonia and the Geniturae of Agrippa and Octavius
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

Octavius and his close friend Agrippa, while still young men, are said by Suetonius to have visited the mathematicus Theogenes in Apollonia and requested astrological forecasts. It is possible to reconstruct, in part, the natal horoscope of Agrippa based on the birth data that can be gathered from various ancient sources as well as the full natal horoscope of Octavius based on the more comprehensive birth data that is found in the biography of Suetonius and the account of the historian Dio. Theogenes’ interpretation of the geniturae (natal horoscopes) of Octavius and Agrippa is consistent with the interpretive guidance found in contemporary astrological sources that date to the period of the saeculum Augustum or before.
Triumphs and Temples after the Battle of Actium
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

Four important celebratory events took place after the Battle of Actium in 31 b.c. and the deaths of Cleopatra and Antonius in Alexandria that followed about a year later in 30 b.c.: the closing of the twin doors of the Shrine of Janus in 29 b.c.; the triple triumph for Octavianus’ victories in the Dalmatian campaigns, at Actium, and over Egypt in 29 b.c.; Octavianus’ dedication of the long-delayed Temple of Divus Iulius in 29 b.c.; and Octavianus’ dedication of the Temple of Apollo Palatinus in 28 b.c. All four coincided with notable celestial displays demonstrating the presence of Octavianus’ Julian celestial kin for the celebrations of his victory in the civil wars and the peace that came afterwards.
Deaths in the Family and the Ara Pacis Augustae
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

In the several years following celebration of the Ludi Saeculares, Augustus endured the deaths of several close members of his family: his son-in-law Agrippa, his stepson Drusus, and his younger sister Octavia. These years were also marked by three important public milestones. In 12 b.c., Augustus assumed the position of Pontifex Maximus upon the death of Lepidus. In 11 b.c., Augustus saw to completion the Theater of Marcellus, which commemorated the life of his nephew and son-in-law Marcellus, who had died in 23 b.c. And in 9 b.c., Augustus dedicated the Ara Pacis Augustae, a monument to the Augustan Peace. These three public events were accompanied by meaningful celestial displays that reinforced the connection of Augustus and his family to the celestial sphere.
“To Share Music with Children”
Authors: Yang Mina
Published: February 2023

In the fall of 2018, the Los Angeles Philharmonic’s celebrated conductor, Gustavo Dudamel, star architect Frank Gehry, the orchestra’s board chair and philanthropist Thomas Beckmen, Inglewood mayor James Butts, and other local luminaries unveiled plans for a new concert hall, the Beckmen YOLA Center, in the heart of Inglewood. Attendees touted the state-of-the-art building as a sign of the success of Los Angeles Philharmonic’s youth orchestra program and a proof of the impact of classical music outreach programs in underserved—and in this particular case, predominantly black and brown—neighborhoods. This chapter situates this gift within the expanding sphere of neoliberal philanthropy, particularly in the arts for social change sector, and global discourses of classical music and “starchitecture” as saviors of distressed communities. The author weighs the actual costs and benefits of neoliberal philanthropy, interrogates who really benefits from starchitecture like the Beckmen YOLA center, and unpacks the neocolonialist subtext that underlies much of this recent wave of classical music social programs.
Disability Representation in Opera
Authors: Armstrong Charlotte
Published: February 2023

Deadly diseases and unhealing wounds, visual impairments and deafness, lost limbs and spinal deformities: opera has long been an art form that depicts disability. In addition to disability’s representation in librettos and scores, opera productions both on stage and on our screens provide a form of mediation between the cultural-historical origins of opera’s disability narratives and the politics and practice of “performing” disability amid contemporary debates about diversity, equity, and inclusion. In this way, opera provides a vantage point from which to explore key issues in music and disability studies: from inaccessible spaces and education programs, to demeaning, stereotypical roles and problematic performance practices. This chapter unpacks some of these issues by exploring the data gathered in the Musical Representations of Disability Database, and by highlighting operatic works and practices that interrogate and extend the creative possibilities of opera’s frequent engagement with disability.
Gender and Class
Authors: Higham-Edwards Beth
Published: February 2023

This chapter draws on the author’s lived experience as a female percussionist reflecting on personal educational and class background to highlight barriers to instrumentalists in the classical music industry based on gender and access. Key challenges that are discussed in this chapter include: the presence of “lad culture” (a British subculture) within conservatoires and the profession; difficulties of women in obtaining secure and prestigious freelance positions (such as in an orchestra or teaching in a conservatoire); and the effects of schooling, and therefore social class, on musicians’ ability to enter conservatoires and the profession. The author writes about how experiences led to activism, and shares insights from activist work.
(Un)Silencing Blacktivism in Opera
Authors: Cuyler Antonio C.
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores “Blacktivism” in opera in the US from the perspective of Black opera administrators. Blacktivism refers to Black people’s use of advocacy, personal agency, and political action to actualize racial equity and justice. The chapter recounts a conversation between Antonio Cuyler, an academic and an access, diversity, equity, and inclusion consultant, and the founder of Black Administrators of Opera, Quodesia Johnson. The chapter describes how Blacktivists have made noteworthy progress using Blacktivism to advocate for racial equity and justice in opera. But despite this, some levers of power remain obstructed by opera’s White supremacy culture, defined as internalized attitudes and behaviors that do not serve humans because they target and violate Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) and communities with the intent to destroy them. White supremacy also targets and violates White people with a persistent invitation to collude that will inevitably destroy their humanity.
Urban and Rural Road Planning and Finance before the Automobile
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2023

Long before the advent of the freeway, local, state, and in a few instances the federal government were involved with building and paying for city streets and major roads between cities. For most of American history, though, relatively little planning for streets and highways took place. During the more than two centuries that preceded the automobile’s arrival, urban and rural road planning in colonial and then post-Revolutionary America was a haphazard affair, with roads built and maintained using an irregular and rudimentary finance system. But when planning for roads did occur, there were important differences between planning and paying for roads within cities and for roads between them.
The Rise of the Freeway Era
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2023

With the passage of the landmark Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, the federal government had followed the lead of California in establishing a trust fund to serve as a repository for motor fuel tax and related highway-user revenues. Money was disbursed from both federal and state trust funds to state highway departments for road design, construction, operations, and maintenance. With this political decision, the conflicts between urban and rural highway planning principles, and between financial imperatives and planning ones, came to a head. Finance now trumped planning, as authority over highways within cities as well as between them was now jointly vested in Washington and the state capitals. With money in hand and the mandate to build, the mass production of freeways, including in cities, commenced in the late 1950s and proceeded at a furious pace into the early 1970s. City officials’ willingness to surrender control of planning decisions in exchange for the state and federal dollars needed to build the freeways resulted in a triumph of rural planning ideals and principles over urban ones, with a cascading set of consequences for cities.
Turning Back the Clock
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2023

With the advent of the post-Interstate era in the 1990s, the U.S. transportation-planning process came full circle—from local, to national, to local again; from multimodalism, to a myopic focus on the auto, and then back to multimodalism; and from relative penury, to wealth, and back to penury. This is nowhere more evident than in the federal surface-transportation program and its partnerships with state departments of transportation, which have eroded considerably amidst a return to a more decentralized transportation policy. The shift back to more local control has raised public transit investment in metropolitan areas, increased attention paid to the environmental costs of travel, and resulted in little consensus over whether to build new roads or rebuild the nation’s now-aging freeways systems. This lack of policy consensus helps to explain the persistent lack of fiscal consensus over how to pay for street, highway, and transit systems. Into this vacuum, states and metropolitan areas have experimented with many ways to increase revenues to pay for aging road infrastructure and invest in public transit. These range from increased general fund expenditures, to increased borrowing (and, at the federal level, deficits), to increased state fuel taxes, to earmarking sales tax increases for transportation, to new forms of electronic tolling. While this fiscal innovation has increased transportation spending substantially in some places, the results have varied across the U.S. and no obvious fiscal successor to fuel taxes has yet to emerge.
Conclusion
Authors: Taylor Brian D. , Morris Eric A. , Brown Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2023

Freeways in the U.S. are enormously consequential. Research on them finds they have contributed significantly to economic efficiency and growth, improved goods movement, and increased traffic safety. In metropolitan areas they connect center cities with suburban living favored by many. On the other hand, the economic benefits of additional freeway investment are diminishing and they generate substantial emissions and noise, to the detriment of public health. These negative effects are especially problematic in cities, where freeways disproportionately cut through poor, Black, and Latino neighborhoods. The state of metropolitan transportation planning in the U.S. today is not so different from a century ago. The geopolitics of transportation finance remain firmly established at all levels of government. The emphasis on flashy transportation capital investments over operations and maintenance spending shows little sign of abating. The transportation policy challenges today are many. The balance between federal and local control has swung back toward the latter, to the detriment of, for example, effective goods movement planning. The inequities inherent in transportation decision-making are myriad and need to be more comprehensive addressed. Public participation is often not representative and tends to stop all manner of projects. Looking ahead, electric vehicles are likely to substantially reduce emissions, benefitting both the climate and public health. Post-pandemic working and shopping from home are fundamentally changing travel patterns. Less likely are the imminent arrival of automated vehicles and whether we will even summon the political will to finally tame congestion in metropolitan areas. But whatever the future holds for transportation, we will have to reckon with urban freeways for decades to come.
Greening the Universe
Authors: Owe Andrea
Published: February 2023

“Greening the Universe: The Case for Ecocentric Space Expansion” puts forth the claim that while humanity’s greatest immediate challenge is to survive the next century or two, our greatest achievement will be eventually greening the universe and bringing it to life. The idea of becoming multiplanetary is relevant to many moral values inherent in the Earth ecosphere. Contrary to many of my fellow environmentalists’ hesitation toward a civilizational expansion into space, this chapter makes a deeply environmental case for space expansion. Specifically, it advances an argument for ecocentric space expansion and an ecocentric argument for space expansion: the long-term space future is about the continuation and potentiality of the total story of life on and from Earth.
What else can go wrong with your memory?
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

Common causes of memory loss include side effects of medications (especially anticholinergics, antihistamines, typical antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines). Vitamin deficiencies can also cause memory loss (especially vitamin B12, B1, and D). Hormonal imbalances, particularly thyroid disorders, can mimic memory disorders. Memory problems can also come from bodily stress, infections, and diseases (including Lyme disease, COVID-19, encephalitis, diabetes, major surgeries and anesthesia, organ failure, and poor sleep). Many neurologic disorders can cause memory problems, particularly if the hippocampus, frontal lobes, or temporal lobes are involved. Neurologic disorders include brain tumors, epilepsy and seizures, multiple sclerosis, strokes, transient global amnesia, and traumatic brain injury. Psychiatric disorders can also cause memory problems, including anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disease, schizophrenia, electroconvulsive therapy, dissociative amnesia, and alcohol or drug use.