bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate change causes declines and greater extremes in wetland inundation in a region important for wetland birds
Authors: Londe David W. , Davis Craig A. , Loss Scott R. , Robertson Ellen P. , Haukos David A. , Hovick Torre J.
Published: November 2023

Wetland ecosystems are vital for maintaining global biodiversity, as they provide important stopover sites for many species of migrating wetland‐associated birds. However, because weather determines their hydrologic cycles, wetlands are highly vulnerable to effects of climate change. Although changes in temperature and precipitation resulting from climate change are expected to reduce inundation of wetlands, few efforts have been made to quantify how these changes will influence the availability of stopover sites for migratory wetland birds. Additionally, few studies have evaluated how climate change will influence interannual variability or the frequency of extremes in wetland availability. For spring and fall bird migration in seven ecoregions in the south‐central Great Plains of North America, we developed predictive models associating abundance of inundated wetlands with a suite of weather and land cover variables. We then used these models to generate predictions of wetland inundation at the end of the century (2069–2099) under future climate change scenarios. Climate models predicted the average number of inundated wetlands will likely decline during both spring and fall migration periods, with declines being greatest in the eastern ecoregions of the southern Great Plains. However, the magnitude of predicted declines varied considerably across climate models and ecoregions, with uncertainty among climate models being greatest in the High Plains ecoregion. Most ecoregions also were predicted to experience more‐frequent extremely dry years (i.e., years with extremely low wetland abundances), but the projected change in interannual variability of wetland inundation was relatively small and varied across ecoregions and seasons. Because the south‐central Great Plains represents an important link along the migratory routes of many wetland‐dependent avian species, future declines in wetland inundation and more frequent periods of only a few wetlands being inundated will result in an uncertain future for migratory birds as they experience reduced availability of wetland stopover habitat across their migration pathways.
Addressing Battery Energy Storage Risks Crucial to Meeting Clean Energy Goals
Authors: Cartwright Echo D.
Published: November 2023

As society adapts to a changing climate and responds globally and locally to the undeniable and more frequent impacts of climate change, now more than ever government leaders are accelerating efforts to simultaneously mitigate these impacts and increase the speed of decarbonization. Summer 2023 witnessed more devastating and frequently occurring weather‐related events, including more severe hurricanes and tropical cyclones forming more rapidly and providing humans within their path little time to prepare. Damaging winds, torrential rains, higher storm surge and flash floods, record numbers of wildfires burning out of control—impacting the public health of people thousands of miles away from the fires, and the hottest summer of atmospheric and ocean temperatures ever recorded across the world are now approaching a new normal.
The Generative Artificial Intelligence Utility
Authors: DeCotis Paul A.
Published: November 2023

Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen AI) is still in its infancy, yet it has started to transform the way people live, work, and play. The cutting‐edge technological innovation of Gen AI has unbounded potential and its contributions to the economy and society are still mostly hypothetical. In the short run we might overestimate its transformative impact and in the long run we might underestimate its impact. In either case, unprecedented change is upon us. Think of the changes to the ways in which we live, work, and play as technology evolved from wall‐mounted landline telephones to car phones to satellite phones to mobile cell phones to hand‐held smart devices, and the explosion of applications and services available on the device platform.
High‐risk human papillomavirus distribution according to human immunodeficiency virus status among women with cervical cancer in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 2018 to 2020
Authors: Boni Simon P. , Tenet Vanessa , Horo Apollinaire , Heideman Daniëlle A. M. , Bleeker Maaike C. G. , Tanon Aristophane , Mian Boston , Mohenou Isidore D. , Ekouevi Didier K. , Gheit Tarik , Didi‐Kouko Coulibaly Judith , Tchounga Boris K. , Adoubi Innocent , Clifford Gary M. , Jaquet Antoine ,   on behalf The IeDEA West Africa Collaboration
Published: November 2023

As human papillomavirus (HPV) immunisation and HPV‐based cervical cancer (CC) screening programmes expand across sub‐Saharan Africa, we investigated the potential impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status on high‐risk (HR)‐HPV distribution among women with CC in Côte d'Ivoire. From July 2018 to June 2020, paraffin‐embedded CC specimens diagnosed in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire were systematically collected and tested for HR‐HPV DNA. Type‐specific HR‐HPV prevalence was compared according to HIV status. Of the 170 CC specimens analysed (median age 52 years, interquartile range: [43.0‐60.0]), 43 (25.3%) were from women living with HIV (WLHIV) with a median CD4 count of 526 [373‐833] cells/mm3 and 86% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART). The overall HR‐HPV prevalence was 89.4% [95% CI: 84.7‐94.1]. All were single HR‐HPV infections with no differences according to HIV status (P = .8). Among HR‐HPV‐positive CC specimens, the most prevalent HR‐HPV types were HPV16 (57.2%), HPV18 (19.7%), HPV45 (8.6%) and HPV35 (4.6%), with no significant differences according to HIV status. Altogether, infection with HPV16/18 accounted for 71.1% [95% CI: 55.9‐86.2] of CC cases in WLHIV vs 78.9% [95% CI: 71.3‐86.5] in women without HIV (P = .3). The study confirms the major role of HPV16/18 in CC in Côte d'Ivoire and should support a regional scale‐up of HPV16/18 vaccination programmes regardless of HIV status. However, vaccines targeting additional HR‐HPV types, including HPV45 and HPV35, could further decrease future CC incidence in Côte d'Ivoire, both for WLHIV and women without HIV.
Is There a Need for a Dedicated Pharmacokinetic Trial for a Drug in Obese Populations? A Drug Prioritization Decision Tree Framework
Authors: Langevin Brooke , Gobburu Jogarao V.S. , Gopalakrishnan Mathangi
Published: November 2023

Obesity is a growing global health concern associated with high comorbidity rates, leading to an increasing number of patients who are obese requiring medication. However, clinical trials often exclude or under‐represent individuals who are obese, creating the need for a methodology to adjust labeling to ensure safe and effective dosing for all patients. To address this, we developed a 2‐part decision tree framework to prioritize drugs for dedicated pharmacokinetic studies in obese subjects. Leveraging current drug knowledge and modeling techniques, the decision tree system predicts expected exposure changes and recommends labeling strategies, allowing stakeholders to prioritize resources toward the drugs most in need. In a case study evaluating 30 drugs from literature across different therapeutic areas, our first decision tree predicted the expected direction of exposure change accurately in 73% of cases. We conclude that this decision tree system offers a valuable tool to advance research in obesity pharmacology and personalize drug development for patients who are obese, ensuring safe and effective medication.
Dosing Strategy of Immunoglobulin (IgG) Replacement Therapies in Obese and Overweight Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases (PIDDs): A Meta‐Analysis of Clinical Trials
Authors: Zhou Tingting , Tegenge Million A. , Golding Basil , Scott John
Published: November 2023

The current dosing strategy of immune globulin products for the treatment of primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDDs) in the USA is based on total body weight (BW). The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between dose and trough level, and to determine whether an alternative dosing strategy should be considered for patients who are overweight or obese. We analyzed data in a total of 533 patients from 11 studies. We modeled the relationship between trough level and dose per week using a linear mixed model. We used an over‐dispersed Poisson model to model the relationship between infection and trough level. In these analyses, we then combined the study‐specific treatment effects using a random‐effect or fixed‐effect model. The mean administered dose per week was 9.77, 14.00, or 18.17 g in patients who were normal weight, overweight, or obese, respectively. Compared with a patient of normal weight, a 1 g increase in dose per week in a patient who was overweight was associated with a smaller increase in the trough level, 0.08 g/L less (95%CI –0.14 to –0.03 g/L), and a 1 g increase in dose per week in a patient who was obese was associated with a much smaller increase in trough level, 0.01 g/L less (95% CI –0.07 to 0.06 g/L). Last, for a 1 unit (g/L) increase in trough level, the expected number of infections remained the same, with a multiplicative factor of 1.01 (95%CI 0.98‐1.04). Overall, we found no compelling evidence to justify a reconsideration of the current dosing strategy based on total BW for patients with PIDDs who are overweight or obese.
Child and Adolescent Bariatric Surgery in an Urban Tertiary Center: Special Anesthetic Considerations for Obesity
Authors: Vaughns Janelle D. , McCullough‐Roach Reaundra , Williams Elaine F. , Nadler Evan P.
Published: November 2023

Children and adolescents with obesity who present for weight loss surgery are a unique subset of patients. A thorough understanding of the perioperative needs of these individuals is essential to avoid deleterious complications. This review illustrates the necessity for specialized care, including the continued need of specified drug dosing and a systematic approach in the management of the pediatric bariatric patient.
Split fertilizer nitrogen application with a cereal rye cover crop reduces tile nitrate loads in a corn–soybean rotation
Authors: Gentry Lowell E. , Green John M. , Mitchell Corey A. , Andino Luis F. , Rolf Michelle K. , Schaefer D. , Nafziger Emerson D.
Published: November 2023

Splitting fertilizer nitrogen (N) applications and using cover crops are management strategies to reduce nitrate in tile drainage water. We investigated split fertilizer N applications to corn (Zea mays L.) on crop yields and tile nitrate loss in both corn and soybean (Glycine max L.) in rotation from 2016 through 2019. We evaluated the inclusion of cover crops in a split‐N treatment. Fertilizer N treatments included 100% in the fall; 50% in the fall + 25% at planting + 25% at side‐dress; 100% as spring preplant; 75% as spring preplant (reduced N rate); 50% as spring preplant + 50% at side‐dress; and 50% as spring preplant + 50% at side‐dress with a cover crop. We did not find significant differences between split and single full rate N application treatments for corn yields or tile nitrate loss; however, the reduced N rate treatment significantly decreased corn yield by 10%. Cumulative tile nitrate losses (over four seasons) ranged from 115 kg ha−1 for all of the N in the fall to 65 kg ha−1 for 50% as spring preplant + 50% at side‐dress with a cover crop, a decrease of 43%. Tile nitrate loss responded similarly to (corn) N treatments under both corn and soybean, with 64% of the loss under corn and 36% under soybean. Our results suggest that decreasing the fertilizer N rate may impact corn yield more than nitrate loss, while split fertilizer N application with a cover crop has potential to reduce tile nitrate loss without decreasing crop yield.
Boron deficiency responses in maize (Zea mays L.) roots
Authors: Bienert Manuela Désirée , Junker Astrid , Melzer Michael , Altmann Thomas , von Wirén Nicolaus , Bienert Gerd Patrick
Published: November 2023

Background

Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants. Dicot plants respond to insufficient B supply by altering root architecture and root hair growth. How root systems of rather low‐B demanding monocot species such as maize (Zea mays L.) respond to B deficiency in terra has not been experimentally resolved, yet.

Aims

The study aims to investigate root responses and their physiological consequences under B deficiency during the vegetative growth of maize.

Methods

B73 wild‐type (WT) maize and its root hairless rth3 mutant were grown under varying B supply conditions in soil columns and in an automated root phenotyping facility. Biomass data, root system architecture traits, the mineral elemental composition and molecular B‐deficiency responses were quantified.

Results

Though having very low leaf B concentrations, no major growth deficit, apart from chlorotic stripes on leaves, was recorded on maize root and shoot development, with or without root hairs, on B‐deficient conditions. Although leaf B concentration of the rth3 mutant is significantly lower under B‐deficient and under B‐surplus conditions compared to the WT, the rth3 mutant neither developed a larger total root length, more fine roots nor displayed a higher expression of B uptake transporters as compensatory adaptations.

Conclusions

Strikingly, maize plants did neither react with an inhibited root growth nor by a compensatory root foraging behaviour to severe B‐deficient in terra growth conditions. This is rather atypical for plants. The performance and altered leaf B concentrations of rth3 mutants may be biased by secondary effects, such as an overall reduced root growth.
Seeing beyond the frames we inherit: A challenge to tenacious conservation narratives
Authors: Chignell Stephen M. , Satterfield Terre
Published: November 2023

Natural and social scientists everywhere are struggling to understand how to proceed in the face of continued biodiversity loss and the injustices brought upon people living in and around conservation landscapes. This has resulted in increasing calls for critical reflection on the narratives driving conservation research and practice.

Narratives can be understood as part of a larger process of “framing” within an intellectual community, which includes the way studies are defined and discussed. Identifying, reflecting on and even destabilizing entrenched frames can be helpful for understanding when and where our diagnosis or understanding of a problem fails. However, we also need to understand the scholarly processes that create and reify some frames (and not others) over time.

We address these needs by developing a mixed‐method approach that integrates qualitative frame analysis and quantitative science mapping to identify the origins of the dominant frame and trace its reproduction in the scientific literature over time.

We demonstrate this approach using the case of the Bale Mountains, an internationally recognised centre of species endemism in Ethiopia. Our results show the enduring influence of the perceptions and values of a few early conservation scientists working with limited data. This led to erroneous assumptions and conclusions that, in some cases, were corrected by later research, but in many cases were not. This was a function of the social and intellectual structure of the scientific network, minor but consequential decisions in data interpretation and specific citational habits.

Synthesizing these results, we identify several linked mechanisms that helped the dominant frame retain its tenacity and may also be at work in other contexts. We close with a discussion on how others might apply our approach and how future scientific research and conservation practice could proceed differently.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Robust compensation for active disturbance rejection control of a class of high‐order systems with large time delay: Simulation and experimental studies
Authors: Liu Shaojie , Wu Zhenlong , Dai Chengbo , Li Donghai , Zhu Min
Published: November 2023

Rejection of unknown disturbances and uncertainties in high‐order nonlinear systems with large delays is an important control problem. Active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) solves disturbances and uncertainties in a simple and effective way. In engineering, low‐order ADRC is often used to control high‐order large‐delay systems because of its ease of implementation and simplicity of operation. However, this leads to the problem that the low‐order ADRC has a limited ability to configure the high‐order nonlinear systems. The desired dynamics and the closed‐loop dynamics are almost always very biased. For a class of high‐order nonlinear systems with delay, a bias feedback compensation (BFC) approach to ADRC is suggested. This strategy works by adding a feedback loop based on the desired dynamics over the ADRC loop. The BFC strategy can improve the poor performance of low‐order ADRC for higher‐order nonlinear systems. In addition, a synthesis parameter tuning procedure of BFC‐ADRC is proposed in this article. Then, the stability problem is analyzed in this article. Finally, high‐fidelity simulation studies on a 1000 MW power plant for superheater steam temperature control and experiments on three interacting water tanks for level control are performed to verify the tracking, disturbance rejection, and robustness of the control strategy. Both simulation and experiments show that the method is highly robust and significantly improves both disturbance rejection and tracking performance.
Mechanically interlocked luminescent molecules
Authors: Zhang Shu , An Yi , Chen Xu‐Man , Aprahamian Ivan , Li Quan
Published: November 2023

Research into mechanically interlocked luminescent molecules (MILMs), which is the overlapping of mechanically interlocked molecules and luminescent molecules, has intensified over the past few decades. These studies have tapped into and exploited the benefits of mechanically interlocked structures to achieve outstanding and stimulus‐responsive optical characteristics, resulting in the synthesis of new types of luminescent systems and exploring their potential uses in different applications. This review describes the salient attributes of MILMs and showcases some of the latest advancements in this field of research.
Atomic Dynamics of Multi‐Interfacial Migration and Transformations
Authors: Sun Xianhu , Wu Dongxiang , Saidi Wissam A. , Zhu Wenhui , Yang Wei‐Chang D. , House Stephen D. , Li Meng , Sharma Renu , Yang Judith C. , Zhou Guangwen
Published: November 2023

Redox‐induced interconversions of metal oxidation states typically result in multiple phase boundaries that separate chemically and structurally distinct oxides and suboxides. Directly probing such multi‐interfacial reactions is challenging because of the difficulty in simultaneously resolving the multiple reaction fronts at the atomic scale. Using the example of CuO reduction in H2 gas, a reaction pathway of CuO → monoclinic m‐Cu4O3 → Cu2O is demonstrated and identifies interfacial reaction fronts at the atomic scale, where the Cu2O/m‐Cu4O3 interface shows a diffuse‐type interfacial transformation; while the lateral flow of interfacial ledges appears to control the m‐Cu4O3/CuO transformation. Together with atomistic modeling, it is shown that such a multi‐interface transformation results from the surface‐reaction‐induced formation of oxygen vacancies that diffuse into deeper atomic layers, thereby resulting in the formation of the lower oxides of Cu2O and m‐Cu4O3, and activate the interfacial transformations. These results demonstrate the lively dynamics at the reaction fronts of the multiple interfaces and have substantial implications for controlling the microstructure and interphase boundaries by coupling the interplay between the surface reaction dynamics and the resulting mass transport and phase evolution in the subsurface and bulk.
Dual‐Functional Ru/Ni‐B‐P Electrocatalyst Toward Accelerated Water Electrolysis and High‐Stability
Authors: Habib Md Ahasan , Burse Shalmali , Lin Shusen , Mandavkar Rutuja , Joni Mehedi Hasan , Jeong Jae‐Hun , Lee Sang‐Shin , Lee Jihoon
Published: November 2023

Development of advanced electrocatalysts for the green hydrogen production by water electrolysis is an important task to reduce the climate and environmental issues as well as to meet the future energy demands. Herein, Ru/Ni‐B‐P sphere electrocatalyst is demonstrated by a combination of hydrothermal and soaking approaches, meeting the industrial requirement of low cell voltage with stable high‐current operation. The Ru/Ni‐B‐P sphere catalyst demonstrates low overpotentials of 191 and 350 mV at 300 mA cm−2 with stable high current operation, ranking it as one of the best oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts. The bifunctional 2‐E system demonstrates a low cell voltage of 2.49 V at 2000 mA cm−2 in 6 m KOH at 60 °C of harsh industrial operation condition. It also demonstrates outstanding stability with continuous 120 h (5 days) CA operation at 1000 mA cm−2. Further, the hybrid configuration of Ru/Ni‐B‐P || Pt/C being paired with the conventional benchmark electrode demonstrates a record low 2‐E cell voltage of 2.40 V at 2000 mA cm−2 in 6 m KOH and excellent stability at high current of 1500 mA cm−2 under industrial operational condition.
Serum metabolomics study of anti‐aging mechanisms of different processed Schisandra chinensis fructus products
Authors: Dai Jinyang , Pang Bo , Gao Hui
Published: November 2023

This study aimed to investigate the anti‐aging mechanism of raw and various processed Schisandrae chinensis fructus (SF) products by examining differences in serum metabolites in D‐galactose (D‐gal)‐induced aging rats. The study provides a metabolomic basis for SF as a tonic. The ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐Q‐time of flight‐tandem mass spectrometry technique was employed for serum metabolomic analysis of the anti‐aging effects of differently processed SF products. Multivariate statistical analysis, MetaboAnalyst, and Human Metabolome Database were utilized for pattern recognition and identification of characteristic metabolites. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay results revealed significant differences between the aging model group and the blank group (p < 0.01). Treatment with various processed SF products significantly improved related indicators in aging rats (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Arginine and seven other metabolites exhibited direct effects on aging. Wine‐processed Schisandrae (WS) treatment adjusted these biomarkers in aging rats to normal levels. WS significantly delayed D‐gal‐induced aging in rats by modulating endogenous biomarkers in relevant metabolic pathways, providing a scientific basis for its enhanced suitability as a tonic from a metabolomic perspective.
Breast cancer screening attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of Zuni Pueblo women: identifying cornerstones for building effective mammogram screening intervention programs
Authors: Cartwright Kate , Kanda Deborah , Kosich Mikaela , Sheche Judith , Leekity Samantha , Edwardson Nicholas , Pankratz V. Shane , Mishra Shiraz I.
Published: November 2023

Purpose

Breast cancer is the leading form of cancer and has the second highest mortality rate of cancers for American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women. Early screening is critical. This study examines the breast cancer-related knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors of Zuni women in the Southwest United States (U.S.).

Methods

In 2020 and 2021, a survey was administered to better understand cancer screening patterns in Zuni Pueblo; 110 women from 50 to 75 years of age were recruited to respond to the breast cancer screening portion. Inclusion criteria included self-identifying as AI, a member of the Zuni tribe, or married to a Zuni tribal member, and meeting the age and gender requirements. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were conducted examining the associations between measures of breast cancer knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors and breast cancer screening status (never, ever/non-compliant, and ever/compliant).

Results

Of survey participants, 47.3% have had a breast cancer screening and are up-to-date, 39.1% have had a screening in the past but are not up-to-date, and 13.6% have never been screened. Age was the only statistically significant socioeconomic predictor of breast cancer screening; the median (interquartile range) ages of each group are 62 (54, 68) ever/compliant, 56 (54, 68) ever/non-compliant, and 53 (51, 55) never (p-value < 0.001). Significant differences by health status and access to medical care include having a regular health care provider and going to see a provider for routine check-ups. The survey also shows differences in knowledge about breast cancer risk factors, beliefs, and behaviors. Women across all three screening statuses reported that they would get screened if encouraged by a health care provider.

Conclusion

While survey respondents report a relatively high rate of ever having had a breast cancer screening, less than half are compliant with screening guidelines, which shows there is an opportunity to improve breast cancer screening rates. With culturally tailored interventions, providers have the potential to improve breast cancer screening for Zuni women.
Pump quantum efficiency optimization of 3.5 μm Er-doped ZBLAN fiber laser for high-power operation
Authors: Zhang Lu , Fu Shijie , Sheng Quan , Luo Xuewen , Zhang Junxiang , Shi Wei , Yao Jianquan
Published: November 2023

976 nm + 1976 nm dual-wavelength pumped Er-doped ZBLAN fiber lasers are generally accepted as the preferred solution for achieving 3.5 μm lasing. However, the 2 μm band excited state absorption from the upper lasing level (4F9/2 → 4F7/2) depletes the Er ions population inversion, reducing the pump quantum efficiency and limiting the power scaling. In this work, we demonstrate that the pump quantum efficiency can be effectively improved by using a long-wavelength pump with lower excited state absorption rate. A 3.5 μm Er-doped ZBLAN fiber laser was built and its performances at different pump wavelengths were experimentally investigated in detail. A maximum output power at 3.46 μm of ~ 7.2 W with slope efficiency (with respect to absorbed 1990 nm pump power) of 41.2% was obtained with an optimized pump wavelength of 1990 nm, and the pump quantum efficiency was increased to 0.957 compared with the 0.819 for the conventional 1976 nm pumping scheme. Further power scaling was only limited by the available 1990 nm pump power. A numerical simulation was implemented to evaluate the cross section of excited state absorption via a theoretical fitting of experimental results. The potential of further power scaling was also discussed, based on the developed model.

Graphical Abstract
Subsurface Geophysics and Hydrogeology at the Gun Carriage Factory, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Naik Pradeep K. , Mondal Kamalesh C. , Naik Prabir K. , Prasad Gulab , Gupta Prachi
Published: November 2023

India is at the brink of facing severe water scarcity situation. To overcome the challenge, the country plans to implement a mega managed aquifer recharge (MAR) scheme in pan-India scale with huge monetary investment, but for the scheme to succeed, it is essential that the MAR sites are favourable for recharge. The real challenge will be when the 10.6 million rooftop water harvesting structures under the scheme will be constructed in about 8000 towns and 500 urban agglomerates of India. Site-specific study will be essential for these structures to deliver their optimum performance. At present, many of these structures are constructed without adequate hydrogeological and subsurface geophysical investigations. As a result, demarcation of the exact depth of release of harvested rainwater in the aquifers becomes difficult. In an attempt to exemplify how these investigations could be carried out to effect favourable groundwater recharge, a case study has been taken up at the Gun Carriage Factory, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh in central India. Unlike similar geophysical studies carried out elsewhere with vertical electrical soundings, this technique was employed to decipher fracture depths, which were determined at a depth of about 15-35 m and confirmed subsequently by an on-the-spot recharge experiment. Fracture zones are porous and permeable horizons where harvested rainwater could be released at depth. This work recommends similar investigations to be carried out in specific areas where any kind of MAR scheme is envisaged so that the investments made deliver their optimum results.
Visions of Greater India
Authors: Spoelder Yorim
Published: November 2023

'Greater India' was a transimperial, Indocentric research paradigm that informed the colonial recovery of the ancient past in Central and Southeast Asia. Ancient India was postulated as the fount of an expansive classicism – an actor in world history on a par with ancient Greece and Rome. Under the Greater India movement, the scholarly quest for 'India in Asia' became tied to anti-colonial, pedagogical, nationalist and Asianist agendas. Yet although it provided a potent anti-colonial imaginary, the movement also bolstered visions of Indian exceptionalism and energized Hindu nationalist ideas of India as a civilizing, colonizing power. Speaking directly to debates that define and divide India today, this is essential reading for those interested in the legacies of Orientalist scholarship and interwar visions of Indian internationalism. This title is part of the Flip it Open Programme and may also be available Open Access. Check our website Cambridge Core for details.
Nursing and home aspects of the care of a child with tracheostomy
Authors: Jennings Penny
Published: November 2023

In this paper, I shall mention a survey I undertook in September 1986 on
the prevalence and aetiology of tracheostomy among children in the U.K.
(Jennings, 1987). Four hundred and fifty-five members of the British
Association of Otolaryngologists were circulated with a questionnaire and 58
per cent responded.
Avian haemosporidians of breeding birds in the Davis Mountains sky-islands of west Texas, USA
Authors: Martinez Viridiana , Keith Katrina D. , Grace Jacquelyn K. , Voelker Gary
Published: November 2023

Avian haemosporidians are protozoan parasites transmitted by insect vectors that infect birds worldwide, negatively impacting avian fitness and survival. However, the majority of haemosporidian diversity remains undescribed. Quantifying this diversity is critical to determining parasite–host relationships and host-switching potentials of parasite lineages as climate change induces both host and vector range shifts. In this study, we conducted a community survey of avian haemosporidians found in breeding birds on the Davis Mountains sky islands in west Texas, USA. We determined parasite abundance and host associations and compared our results to data from nearby regions. A total of 265 birds were screened and infections were detected in 108 birds (40.8%). Most positive infections were identified as Haemoproteus (36.2%), followed by Plasmodium (6.8%) and Leucocytozoon (0.8%). A total of 71 haemosporidian lineages were detected of which 39 were previously undescribed. We found that regional similarity influenced shared lineages, as a higher number of lineages were shared with avian communities in the sky islands of New Mexico compared to south Texas, the Texas Gulf Coast and central Mexico. We found that migratory status of avian host did not influence parasite prevalence, but that host phylogeny is likely an important driver.
In the ‘Display Case’: (Capitalist) Realism and Simon Stone's ‘Zoological’ Ibsen
Authors: HAMILTON MARGARET
Published: November 2023

How are theatre practitioners (re)defining the realist project, a form of theatre intrinsic to the ideological domestication of capitalism? This paper takes up this question through an examination of Simon Stone's production of The Wild Duck ‘after Ibsen’, staged at Belvoir Theatre in Sydney in 2011, and the late Mark Fisher's (2009) theorization of a market-dominated present as capitalist realism. In doing so, it refers to three different cultural contexts by making parallels to the German theatre director Thomas Ostermeier's work and pointing to developments in Britain. It argues that performances dependent upon the subject's capacity to know and represent the world are predicated on a subjective response and therefore risk locating systemic issues in the closed fictional cosmos of situational dramatic art as part of its exploration of the paralysis intrinsic to the capitalist realist politics of (theatre) spectatorship.
The Invincible Gender Gap in Political Ambition
Authors: Fox Richard L. , Lawless Jennifer L.
Published: November 2023

When we uncovered a large gender gap in political ambition in the early 2000s, our research highlighted how far the United States was from gender parity in politics. Given marked increases in women’s numeric representation throughout the past two decades, many might expect the gender gap in political ambition to have begun to close. Results from our new study of potential candidates, however, reveal that the magnitude of the gender gap is just as large 20 years later, and two primary explanations persist as well. We posit that even though candidate recruitment has propelled more women into electoral politics, patterns of traditional gender socialization persist. These dynamics, coupled with negative perceptions of how female candidates are treated, continue to depress women’s interest in elective office. As long as running for office is a more remote endeavor for women than men, women’s full political inclusion will remain a distant goal.
Response section
Authors: Çapan Zeynep Gülşah , Pardesi Manjeet S. , Younis Musab
Published: November 2023

In his response, Manjeet S. Pardesi argues that global international relations and relational scholarship rooted in global history can learn much from each other and must work together to overcome Eurocentrism while avoiding other forms of ‘centrisms’. The second contribution by Zeynep Gülşah Çapan aims to underline three interrelated dynamics: space (global), time (history), and knowledge. In the third and final response, Musab Younis draws on Edward Said's critique of ‘counter-conversion’ to suggest how anticolonial and postcolonial thinkers sought to create oppositional forms of knowledge while remaining alert, in ways not always replicated in recent writing, to the dangers of nativism.
High‐Angle Active Conjugate Faults in the Anza‐Borrego Shear Zone, Southern California
Authors: Zou Xiaoyu , Fialko Yuri , Dennehy Andrew , Cloninger Alexander , Semnani Shabnam J.
Published: November 2023

Orientations of active antithetic faults can provide useful constraints on in situ strength of the seismogenic crust. We use LINSCAN, a new unsupervised learning algorithm for identifying quasi‐linear clusters of earthquakes, to map small‐scale strike‐slip faults in the Anza‐Borrego shear zone, Southern California. We identify 332 right‐ and left‐lateral faults having lengths between 0.1 and 3 km. The dihedral angles between all possible pairs of conjugate faults are nearly normally distributed around 70°, with a standard deviation of ∼30°. The observed dihedral angles are larger than those expected assuming optimal fault orientations and the coefficient of friction of 0.6–0.8, but similar to the distribution previously reported for the Ridgecrest area in the Eastern California Shear Zone. We show that the observed fault orientations can be explained by fault rotation away from the principal shortening axis due to a cumulated tectonic strain.
Understanding the predictive accuracy of the InsuTAG index over other surrogate indices in normoglycaemic, non-obese males from Southern India
Authors: Jebasingh Felix K. , Anoop Shajith , Dasgupta Riddhi , Kurian Mathews Edatharayil , Joseph Aneez , Rebekah Grace , Mohan Venkataraghava , Thomas Nihal
Published: November 2023

We aimed to evaluate the predictive accuracy of InsuTAG index against M value of the hyperinsulinaemic-Euglycaemic clamp (HEC) procedure and fasting surrogate indices of insulin sensitivity/resistance in young, normoglycaemic, Asian Indian males. HEC studies were done in young (mean age 19.7 ± 1 years), non-obese (mean BMI 19.2 ± 2.6 kg/m2), normoglycemic Asian Indian males (n = 110) and the M value was calculated. Surrogate indices namely InsuTAG index, HOMA-IR, FG-IR, QUICKI and McAuley index were calculated. Pearson’s correlation and ROC-AUC at 95% CI were applied. Significant negative correlation was observed for InsuTAG index with the M value (r − 0.23, p = 0.01), McAuley index (r − 0.65, p < 0.01), QUICKI (r − 0.34, p < 0.01) and FGIR (r − 0.35, p < 0.01). Significant positive correlations of InsuTAG index were observed for BMI and waist circumference. The ROC-AUC was higher for InsuTAG index (0.75) than FGIR (0.30), QUICKI (0.31), and McAuley index (0.20). The InsuTAG cut-off value ≥ 19.13 showed 66.7% sensitivity and 69.2% specificity in this study group.
Identifying and fixing in-plane positioning and stability issues on a microscope using machine-readable patterned position scales
Authors: Acher Olivier , de Abreu Matheus Belisario , Grigoriev Alexander , de Bettignies Philippe , Vilotta Maxime , Nguyên Thanh-Liêm
Published: November 2023

Investigations of the in-plane positioning capabilities of microscopes using machine-readable encoded patterned scales are presented. The scales have patterns that contain absolute position information, and adequate software accurately determines the in-plane position from the scale images captured by the microscope camera. This makes in-plane positioning experiments simple and fast. The scales and software used in this study are commercially available. We investigated different microscopy systems and found that positioning performance is a system issue that is not determined solely by stage performance. In some cases, our experiments revealed software or hardware glitches that limited the positioning performance, which we easily fixed. We have also shown that it is possible to investigate vibrations using this approach and quantify their impact on image blurring. This is, for example, useful for experimentally determining the settling time after a stage movement.
Cost‐effective secondary voltage control in dc shipboard integrated power system
Authors: Shi Tianling , Wang Fei , Zhang Shengqi , Liu Heyu , Li Li
Published: November 2023

Fast and dramatic voltage disturbances caused by the electric propulsion and dynamic positioning process are severe issues in the DC shipboard integrated power system (DC‐SIPS). The secondary voltage control (SVC) equipped in the diesel genset (DG) and hybrid energy storage system (HESS) becomes an effective solution. However, the conventional SVC cannot distinguish the different voltage regulation characteristics between DG and HESS in a cost‐effective way when allocating the voltage regulation responsibility (VRR). The cost optimization achieved by the conventional tertiary control cannot be used for the DC‐SIPS due to frequent and unpredictable load fluctuations. In this paper, a cost‐effective secondary voltage control is proposed to realize voltage restoration and cost minimization simultaneously. First, the voltage regulation cost model is developed considering the different voltage regulation characteristics of DG and HESS. Then, the optimization problem of VRR distribution is addressed by minimizing the total voltage regulation cost function using a quadratic programming algorithm. Moreover, the voltage regulation ability of each energy storage system is fully used with the state of charge balance. Thus, the conflict among voltage restoration, cost minimization, and SoC balance is effectively addressed. Finally, promising hardware‐in‐loop test results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Retraction Note: Research on coordination and optimization of power generation, loading and integrated storage, flexible condition system and response
Authors: Li Dong , Liu Jiyan , Ju Wenjie , Xu Xiaolong , Song Lei , Song Peixin , Jiang Sichong
Published: November 2023

The authors have expressed the wish to retract this article on the ground that there are some technical issues that require to be corrected. The Publisher and Editor(s) approved to the retraction.
Growth and condition index of pokea clams (Batissa violacea var. celebensis, von Martens 1897) in Lasolo River Mouth, Southeast Sulawesi
Authors: Bahtiar  , Permatahati Yustika Intan , Ishak Ermayanti , Fekri Latifa
Published: November 2023

The somatic growth and condition index (CI) of pokea population aren’t yet fully known in the Lasolo river. This research aims to decide the somatic growth relationship between length and weight as well as the condition factor of pokea population. This research was carried out in the Lasolo river from January-December 2014. Pokea clams were taken from the river bed with traditional tool (tangge). The length and total weight of the clams were determined by employing a caliper with a precision of 0.5 cm and a digital scale with an accuracy of 0.01g. Meat and shells were then dried in an oven at 70°C about 48 hours. The dry weight of the meat and the shells of the pokea clams were weighed using a digital scale with an accuracy of 0.0001 g. Calculations obtained average b parameter values of the males and females about 2.52 and 2.70, respectively. The b values for both sex of clams were 2.37-3.05 and 2.24-3.15, respectively, which were within the negative allometric category. The CI values of the male (3.98±1.44) and female (4.27±1.52) putting them in the fat category. The condition index experienced three local peak periods in February-March, June, and November-December.
The condition of megabenthos and reef fish in coral reef ecosystems in Aru Islands National Conservation Area, Southeast Maluku, Indonesia
Authors: Souhoka Jemmy , Cappenberg H.A.W. , Hukom F.D. , Hafitz M. , Hadi T.A. , Salatalohi A. , Sidabutar T. , Wouthuyzen S.
Published: November 2023

The waters of the Aru Islands are part of the National Marine Protected Areas (MNR), and have extensive coral reefs with high biodiversity. The study was conducted in October 2016 at twelve stations to determine the status of coral cover, composition, and density of megabenthos and reef fishes. Coral reef data collection refers to the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT), and data processing uses Coral Point Count for Excel (CPCe). The Benthos Belt Transect (BBT) method was used for megabenthos data, and the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method was used for reef fish observations.The result of the benthic component analysis showed that the proportion of live corals at each station ranged from 10.60% to 54.27%, with an average cover value of 31.21%, which fell into the “fairly good” category. Megabenthos density analysis revealed that Drupella cornus had the highest density value (0.29 individuals/m2) and Holohuria edulis (0.01 individuals/m2) had the lowest density. Analysis of the reef fish community revealed that the indicator fish were 168 individuals from the family Chaetodontidae. The group of herbivore fish recorded 116 individuals from threee families: Acanthuridae, Scaridae, and Siganidae. Acanthurus auranticavus and Acanthurus pyroferus are common species found in the waters of the Aru Islands.
Food and feeding habits of Tor tambra (Valenciennes, 1842) in Cibareno River, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Amanda Lia , Prakoso Vitas Atmadi , Boer Mennofatria , Muhammad Wildan Dudi , Kurniawan Kurniawan , Rochman Fathur , Iswantari Aliati , Irawan Deni , Yudha P. Jaya Yohanes , Rosadi Imron , Sudarsono Sudarsono , Wibowo Arif
Published: November 2023

The Cibareno River in Sukabumi, West Java, is the habitat of Tor tambra, one of Indonesia's most highly valuable native freshwater fish species. The native fish population in this river may be threatened by the planned weir construction. The study aims to examine the food and feeding habits of Tor tambra in the Cibareno River. This study was carried out for four months (May, June, July, and September 2022) at six locations in the Cibareno River. A total of 61 individuals of T. tambra displayed an isometric growth pattern with good condition factor. Aquatic insects were the primary food, with nematodes and phytoplankton acting as supplements. Plant seeds were often eaten as an extra source of food. These results were supported by fish morphometric data such as relative mouthwidth and relative gut length, which showed that they are omnivorous and tend to be carnivorous. In addition, the relative eye diameter of the fish indicates that Tor tambra is a diurnal forager. The findings suggest that both in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods are viable options for the preservation of Tor tambra in the Cibareno River.
The in silico and toxicity study of fraction red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) extract on histology lymphoid organ and hepatopancreas in white shrimp (Litopanaeus vannamei)
Authors: Saputra Afandi , Maftuch  , Andayani Sri , Yanuhar Uun
Published: November 2023

The shrimp farming industry has experienced a high mortality caused by diseases in recent decades. One of the most common diseases is vibriosis. This research aims is to obtain information on compounds found in fraction one of Piper crocatum as a therapeutic agent using in silico prediction and evaluate the toxicity test with an LC50. The potential of active ingredient content from P. crocatum extract was analyzed by in silico methods. The LC50 test was conducted by injections of the fraction one extract of P. crocatum for 96 hours at doses of 0 (control), 2 μg/g, 4 μg/g, 6 μg/g, 8 μg/g, and 10 μg/g. In silico toxicity (LD50) analysis showed that citral had the highest toxicity value (LD50) at 500 mg/kg and was classified as toxicity class 4, with an abundance value of 3.71%. The 10 μg/g concentration showed an LC50 mortality value of 53.3±5.8%. The percentage of heavy damage was observed at the concentration of 10 μg/g (53.33). These results indicate that the higher the concentration of fraction one extract of P. crocatum, the higher the percentage of damage to white shrimp's hepatopancreas and lymphoid organs.
Application of gallic acid, rutin and quercetin from marine macroalgae Sargassum sp. to control Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Senggagau Betutu , Bond Manja Meyky
Published: November 2023

Sargassum sp is a type of brown marine macroalgae with bioactive or phytochemical compounds that function as antibacterial. This study aims to detect and isolate bioactive compounds and determine antibacterial activity of flavonoid compounds (rutin and quercetin) and phenols (gallic acid) from Sargassum sp to control Vibrio parahemolyticus. The methods were optimizing extraction and fractionation methods of Sargassum sp extract, as well as testing efficacy of antibacterial activity of flavonoid and phenol compounds from Sargassum sp extract against V. parahaemolyticus bacteria by observing the inhibition zone around the paper disc. The experimental design used the ONE-WAY ANOVA test. The results showed that the yield of Sargassum sp extract could be obtained optimally by the multi-staged maceration method around 82.56%, 89.78%, and 87.78% with n-hexane, ethanol, and ethyl-acetate solvents, respectively. Fractionation of Sargassum sp extract, which was dissolved with ethylacetate and ethanol separately to produce isolates of flavonoids (rutin and quercetin), and phenol (gallic acid). Antibacterial activity of the rutin compound from Sargassum sp extract has the highest inhibition and can inhibit the growth of V. parahaemolyticus bacteria with an inhibition diameter of > 25 mm. Sargassum sp extract can be used to control bacteria disease V. parahaemolyticus in-vitro.