bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mig-6
modulates uterine steroid hormone responsiveness and exhibits altered expression in endometrial disease
Authors: Jeong Jae-Wook , Lee Hee Sun , Lee Kevin Y. , White Lisa D. , Broaddus Russell R. , Zhang Yu-Wen , Vande Woude George F. , Giudice Linda C. , Young Steven L. , Lessey Bruce A. , Tsai Sophia Y. , Lydon John P. , DeMayo Francesco J.
Published: May 2009

Normal endometrial function requires a balance of progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2) effects. An imbalance caused by increased E2 action and/or decreased P4 action can result in abnormal endometrial proliferation and, ultimately, endometrial adenocarcinoma, the fourth most common cancer in women. We have identified mitogen-inducible gene 6 (
Mig-6
) as a downstream target of progesterone receptor (PR) and steroid receptor coactivator (SRC-1) action in the uterus. Here, we demonstrate that absence of
Mig-6
in mice results in the inability of P4 to inhibit E2-induced uterine weight gain and E2-responsive target genes expression. At 5 months of age, the absence of
Mig-6
results in endometrial hyperplasia. Ovariectomized

Mig-6
d/d

mice exhibit this hyperplastic phenotype in the presence of E2 and P4 but not without ovarian hormone. Ovariectomized

Mig-6
d/d

mice treated with E2 developed invasive endometrioid-type endometrial adenocarcinoma. Importantly, the observation that endometrial carcinomas from women have a significant reduction in
MIG-6
expression provides compelling support for an important growth regulatory role for
Mig-6
in the uterus of both humans and mice. This demonstrates the
Mig-6
is a critical regulator of the response of the endometrium to E2 in regulating tissue homeostasis. Since
Mig-6
is regulated by both PR and SRC-1, this identifies a PR, SRC-1,
Mig-6
regulatory pathway that is critical in the suppression of endometrial cancer.
The British Newspaper Industry Supply Chain in the Digital Age
Authors: Graham Gary , Hill John
Published: May 2009

Newspapers are operating in increasingly competitive and fragmented markets for audiences and advertising revenues, government media policy and changing audience requirements for news and the ways in which it is presented and delivered. A growing army of bloggers and amateur citizen journalists now delivers—but rarely edits—content for all media platforms, while new media technologies, combined with the changing structure of global news industries, are changing radically the ways in which newspapers and media business functions and struggles for profitability. Our research sought to answer the question of how the Internet is impacting on different value activities in the newspaper industry supply chain. To answer these questions, 15 semi‐structured in‐depth interviews were conducted at three regional newspapers in the Manchester area. The findings showed that in spite of initial fear and rejection, the Internet is now firmly embedded in newspaper industry supply chain operations. Firms are now using the Internet as an operant resource and working proactively with consumers to develop various forms of relationship value. We highlight the role of consumers in the creation of news (editorial) content and consumer‐driven moves toward a merged media platform of distribution (including television, online, mobile and printed forms). Newspapers will probably survive if they supply an ‘elite’ service to a leadership news audience. This will be in the form of ‘hybrid’ content: analysis, interpretation and investigative reporting in a print product that appears less than daily combined with constant updating and reader interaction on the Web.
Material Transfer Agreements: A Review of Modes and Impacts
Authors: Rodriguez Victor
Published: May 2009

Sharing or exchanging research material is typically formalised through material transfer agreements. The aim of this article is to put into critical perspective the empirical findings on modes and impacts of these agreements vis‐à‐vis commonly accepted concerns formulated in a Mertonian fashion for the case of academic science, and from the perspective of the anticommons theory for the case of academic commercialisation. Empirically, scholars have used statistical evidence in surveys of perceptions and dedicated measures through bibliometrics to study these agreements. These statistical studies have thus helped make progress in the understanding of the mode and impact, but such implications need to integrate diverse results from anecdotal evidence that is currently considered separately.
Introduction: Parties and voters in a multi-level electoral setting
Authors: Conti N. , Roux C. , Tronconi F.
Published: May 2009

In this article the main contents of this special issue are introduced. In particular, some of the main problems related to multi-level electoral competition in Italy are presented and how this work intends to analyse them. It will be shown that both parties and voters have strategically adapted and responded to the challenges of multi-level electoral competition to an extent that was probably unexpected in a system undergoing transformation and whose inefficiencies are a conventional wisdom.
The Italian regionalisation: a story of partisan logics
Authors: Mazzoleni Martino
Published: May 2009

The history of the Italian Republic's territorial structure has always been intertwined with party competition. Partisan logics have notably played a relevant role in the ways regions have been moulded, set up and run. This article illustrates the discourse of Italy's political parties on the ‘ordinary’ statute regions throughout the successive phases of regionalisation. After the consensus reached in the Constituent Assembly, a paralysis due to party contrasts followed. The Centre-left governments in the 1960s re-started the process, which culminated in the 1970s–also thanks to the Communists’ support–in the establishment of the 15 ordinary-statute regions. The 1990s inaugurated a period of further devolution, which reached constitutional status in the early years of the millennium. Once again, partisan motivations were of primary importance, notably because of the electoral threat posed to mainstream parties by the Northern League. In recent years, party positions have differentiated consistently according to inter-coalition competitive dynamics.
Tied hands? Italian political parties and Europe
Authors: Conti Nicolò
Published: May 2009

Italian political parties have been involved for almost three decades in a multi-level electoral game encompassing the election of national, supranational and local institutions. The content of the electoral competition has also changed to include not only nationwide, but also sub-national and supranational issues. This article analyses the interaction between Italian parties and the theme of European integration. The aim is to explore the role of contentious European Union matters in domestic electoral competition, specifically at the time of European elections. Such a role is important to understand to what extent the Italian parties politicise the EU issues during EP elections, and to determine the impact of such issues on the Italian party system and on its patterns of policy competition. In particular, the article will explore whether Europe as an issue has been internalised along the main patterns of party competition or has produced a disruptive effect and forms of realignment.
Counselling marginalised young people: A qualitative analysis of young homeless people's views of counselling
Authors: Cormack Johanna
Published: May 2009

Aims: This study explored young homeless people's views of counselling, with a view to considering how the counselling profession can better meet their needs. Method: A small scale qualitative research project was undertaken in two residential projects for young homeless people. Data was gathered through focus groups and then analysed using grounded theory. Findings: The study revealed a lack of trust in counsellors and counselling, as well as a dislike of the counselling process. Implications for practice: Some suggestions for how best to work with this particularly marginalised client group are discussed. These include ways of making counselling more engaging, raising the profile of the counsellor in the young person's environment and having an awareness of the needs specific to at‐risk young people.
The Comoros and the crisis of building a national state
Authors: Hassan Hamdy A.
Published: May 2009

This article gives an overview of the Comoro Islands and the struggle and obstacles in building a unified nation-state. This often-overlooked member of the Arab League has been rocked by no fewer than 19 coup- and coup attempts characterized by mercenary intervention, especially that of Robert Denard, and French post-colonial involvement. The article covers historical and major interisland politics and issues of national concern; involvement with the Arab League and the African Union; as well as succession crises and important Comorian leaders including Ahmed Abdullah, Mohammed Bacar and Maoist Ali Soilih.
A struggle for legitimacy: the Muslim Brotherhood and Mubarak, 1982–2009
Authors: al-Awadi Hesham
Published: May 2009

This article argues that Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak’s policy changes towards the Muslim Brotherhood were based on their ability to effectively challenge the legitimacy of the regime. This rested on the Islamists’ ability to provide social services via a well-organized structure and network of contact with the ultimate result being that the Muslim Brotherhood garnered a de facto societal legitimacy, if not an official one from the state. In the 1990s, this social Islamist legitimacy was politicized and employed to impel the state to officially recognize the banned Islamists. However, instead of conceding to Islamist pressures, the state launched an offensive campaign to uproot their influence.
The Palestinian States of Exception and Agamben
Authors: Abujidi Nurhan
Published: May 2009

This paper questions the applicability of Giorgio Agamben’s understanding and articulation of the ‘State of Exception’ concept in the Occupied Palestinian territories. Through a detailed analysis of the Palestinian spatial conditions, it presents the different hierarchies, forms and experiences of exception Palestinians confront in their daily lives. It classifies four States of Exception: the State of Exile and Refuge; the State of Paradox; the State of Occupation and Siege: and the State of Urbicide. A detailed analysis of the States of Occupation, Siege and of Urbicide to demonstrate the several levels and experiences of exception is also presented. These experiences can be noted in phenomena from the legal and juridical framework of the Israeli occupation to the spatial surveillance, to the sociocultural and economic dimensions of daily life, to the perceptual impacts of Urbicide on people’s understanding of self, other and place. An analysis of the Palestinian modus of resilience and resistance is then explored. The paper’s main arguments and analyses demonstrate that there are different forms of exception that are not limited to the juridical and legal aspects of Agamben’s explanations of the State of Exception. These analyses also reveal how the Palestinians, through their resistance, constitute a real agency in shaping the geometry of the conflict. Agamben presents the State of Exception as the normal state of affairs versus the State of Exception, inside/outside sovereign/homo sacer, normal/abnormal, private/public and so on. The State of Exception for him is where an absolute use of power is performed by the sovereign against the victim who has no agency of resistance or rights as all laws are suspended and all notions are confused. It is argued that although these conditions are present in the Palestinian States of Occupation, Siege and Urbicide, using the previous juridical argument of Agamben alone might prove a barrier as it will hinder the understanding of the other hidden tensions and actions that take place within that State of Urbicide. However, it can be stated that there is a Palestinian State of Exception, but the Exception takes different forms and operates with different dynamics. The Palestinian States of Exception entail all aspects of life – not only the juridical and legal – creating multilevels of Exception that perpetually destroys and regenerates itself in an extreme form. Thus, this paper calls for a redefinition of the Palestinian States/Spaces of Exception that can explain this condition in its complicated, interconnected, and interactive layers, forms and dynamics.
GeV telescopes: results and prospects for Fermi
Authors: Johnson R P , Mukherjee R
Published: May 2009

We present a review of the current status and future prospects of the field of high-energy gamma-ray astrophysics in the 30 MeV to 30 GeV regime. Scientific studies in this energy range are carried out by satellite-based gamma-ray instruments. We have now entered a new era in space-based gamma-ray astrophysics with the operation ofAGILEand theFermiGamma Ray Space Telescope. We summarize here highlights from earlier experiments such as the EGRET on board the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and describe some of the first results fromAGILEandFermi.
Formation and Characterization of ZrO3 and HfO3 Molecules in Solid Argon
Authors: Gong Yu , Zhou Ming-fei
Published: May 2009

ZrO3 and HfO3 molecules were prepared via reactions of metal monoxides with dioxygen in solid argon and were characterized using matrix isolation infrared absorption spectroscopy as well as theoretical calculations. Unlike the titanium monoxide molecule, which reacted spontaneously with dioxygen to form TiO3, the ZrO and HfO molecules reacted with dioxygen to give the ZrO3 and HfO3 molecules only under visible light irradiation. Density functional calculations predicted that both the ZrO3 and HfO3 molecules possess a closed-shell singlet ground state with a non-planar Cs geometry, in which the side-on coordinated O2 falls into the peroxide category.
One and Two Photon Excitation of Radiofrequency Trapped Ca+
Authors: Zumsteg C. , Champenois C. , Guyomarc'h D. , Hagel G. , Houssin M. , Knoop M.
Published: May 2009

Radiofrequency (rf) trapped ions are versatile candidates for a large panel of applications ranging from quantum information to the creation of cold molecules. Sample size can range from a single to 106 ions, and the internal and external energy states of the atoms can be controlled with high precision. In the experiment, we focus on different protocols related to frequency metrology using rf trapped Ca+.
Photoionization and Dissociative Photoionization Study of Cholesterol by IR Laser Desorption/Tunable Synchrotron VUV Photoionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Pan Yang , Zhang Li-dong , Guo Hui-jun , Yin Hao , Qi Fei
Published: May 2009

Elementary cholesterol was analyzed with IR laser desorption/tunable synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. An exclusive molecular ion of cholesterol is observed by near threshold single-photon ionization with high efficiency. Fragments are yielded with the increase of photon energy. The structures of various fragments are determined with commercial electron ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Dominant fragmentation pathways are discussed in detail with the aid of ab initio calculations.
Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy of H2X (X = O, Te, Po): Theoretical Treatment of Spin-Orbit Effects
Authors: A. A. Ndoye Cherif , Daniel Chantal
Published: May 2009

The electronic spectroscopy of H2X (X = O, Te, Po) was investigated by means of spin-orbit configuration interaction (EPCISO) and restricted active space state interaction (SO-RASSI). The transition energies to the low-lying singlet and triplet states of H2O, in which the SO interaction is zero, compare rather well with the experimental data as well as to other theoretical values. The theoretical electronic absorption spectrum is characterized by three allowed transitions A1B1 (2px(O)*g/3s(O)), B1A1(g*g/3s(O)) and A1B2(g*u) calculated at 7.68, 9.94, and 11.72 eV, respectively. The theoretical absorption spectra of H2X (X = Te, Po) are shifted to the red with the A1B1 (npx(X)*g) states calculated at 5.06 eV (H2Te) and 4.40 eV (H2Po) and the A1B2 (g*u) states calculated at 7.89 eV (H2Te) and 7.77 eV (H2Po). The largest SO splitting amounts to 0.34 eV and is found for the lowest a3A1 of H2Po. In H2Te the SO effects are still negligible with a maximum splitting of 0.04 eV for the lowest a3B2. The two methods lead to comparable results but the EPCISO approach depends strongly on the reference wavefunction.
Molecular Frame Photoemission: Probe of the Photoionization Dynamics for Molecules in the Gas Phase
Authors: Dowek D. , J. Picard Y. , Billaud P. , Elkharrat C. , C. Houver J.
Published: May 2009

Molecular frame photoemission is a very sensitive probe of the photoionization (PI) dynamics of molecules. This paper reports a comparative study of non-resonant and resonant photoionization of D2 induced by VUV circularly polarized synchrotron radiation at SOLEIL at the level of the molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions (MFPADs). We use the vector correlation method which combines imaging and time-of-flight resolved electron-ion coincidence techniques, and a generalized formalism for the expression of the I(, e, e) MFPADs, where is the orientation of the molecular axis with respect to the light quantization axis and (e, e) the electron emission direction in the molecular frame. Selected MFPADs for a molecule aligned parallel or perpendicular to linearly polarized light, or perpendicular to the propagation axis of circularly polarized light, are presented for dissociative photoionization (DPI) of D2 at two photon excitation energies, h = 19 eV, where direct PI is the only channel opened, and h = 32.5 eV, i.e. in the region involving resonant excitation of Q1 and Q2 doubly excited state series. We discuss in particular the properties of the circular dichroism characterizing photoemission in the molecular frame for direct and resonant PI. In the latter case, a remarkable behavior is observed which may be attributed to the interference occurring between undistinguishable autoionization decay channels.
Multiple Ionic-Covalent Couplings in Molecules and Clusters
Authors: Jeung Gwang-Hi
Published: May 2009

The electronic states of molecules made of electropositive and electronegative components result from the interference between the covalent configurations and the ionic configurations. This work shows complex aspects of these ionic-covalent couplings in small molecules such as Li2H, Li2F, and Li4F. The extension of this type of analysis to the adsorption of the electrophilic molecules on the metal clusters or on the metal surfaces is supposed to lead to a radically new interpretation of the observed physical and chemical properties.
UV Photodissociation Dynamics of Nitric Acid: The Hydroxyl Elimination Channel
Authors: Wang Feng-yan , Chen Zhi-chao , Zhang Yong-wei , Shuai Quan , Jiang Bo , Dai Dong-xu , Wang Xiu-yan , Yang Xue-ming
Published: May 2009

Sliced velocity mapping ion imaging technique was employed to investigate the dynamics of the hydroxyl elimination channel in the photodissociaiton of nitric acid in the ultraviolet region. The OH product was detected by (2+1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization via the D2 electronic state. The total kinetic energy spectra of the OH+NO2 channel from the photolysis of HONO2 show that both NO2(X2A1) and NO2(AB2) channels are present, suggesting that both 11A and 21A excited electronic states of HONO2 are involved in the excitation. The parallel angular distributions suggest that the dissociation of the nitric acid is a fast process in comparison with the rotational period of the HNO3 molecule. The anisotropy parameter for the hydroxyl elimination channel is found to be dependent on the OH product rotational state as well as the photolysis energy.
Identification of Intermediates in Pyridine Pyrolysis with Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometry and Tunable Synchrotron VUV Photoionization
Authors: Hong Xin , Zhang Tai-chang , Zhang Li-dong , Qi Fei
Published: May 2009

The pyrolysis of pyridine (5.26% pyridine in argon) was performed with tunable synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization and molecular-beam mass spectrometry technique at the temperature range of 12551765 K at 267 Pa. About 20 products and intermediates, containing major species H2, HCN, C2H2, C5H3N, C4H2, and C3H3N, were identified by near-threshold measurements of photoionization mass spectra and their mole fractions vs. temperatures were estimated. The major reaction pathways are analyzed based on the experimental observations.
The Signaling Mucins Msb2 and Hkr1 Differentially Regulate the Filamentation Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway and Contribute to a Multimodal Response
Authors: Pitoniak Andrew , Birkaya Barbara , Dionne Heather M. , Vadaie Nadia , Cullen Paul J.
Published: May 2009

A central question in the area of signal transduction is why pathways utilize common components. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the HOG and filamentous growth (FG) MAPK pathways require overlapping components but are thought to be induced by different stimuli and specify distinct outputs. To better understand the regulation of the FG pathway, we examined FG in one of yeast's native environments, the grape-producing plant Vitis vinifera. In this setting, different aspects of FG were induced in a temporal manner coupled to the nutrient cycle, which uncovered a multimodal feature of FG pathway signaling. FG pathway activity was modulated by the HOG pathway, which led to the finding that the signaling mucins Msb2p and Hkr1p, which operate at the head of the HOG pathway, differentially regulate the FG pathway. The two mucins exhibited different expression and secretion patterns, and their overproduction induced nonoverlapping sets of target genes. Moreover, Msb2p had a function in cell polarization through the adaptor protein Sho1p that Hkr1p did not. Differential MAPK activation by signaling mucins brings to light a new point of discrimination between MAPK pathways.
Making Marriage Modern
Authors: Simmons Christina
Published: May 2009

As a modern female style undermined a Victorian motherhood‐centered ideal, whites and African Americans debated conceptions of women's sexuality and marriage. In the 1910s social hygiene reformers anxious about venereal disease called for scientific sex education but still romanticized motherhood, while sex radicals demanded birth control, free love, or the right to interracial relationships or homosexuality. The book emphasizes more conventional reformers, who by the 1920s hoped to contain the potential for modern women's independence from men and marriage in “companionate marriage.” This incorporated birth control, easier divorce, and intensified sexual intimacy. The most popular version involved free‐spirited flappers who did not seriously challenge male authority or women's ultimate focus on motherhood. Some more equitable minority versions were African American partnership marriage, which included wives' employment, and feminist marriage, in which white and black women imagined a more thoroughgoing equality of work and sex. Sexual advice literature flooded onto the market in the 1930s, offering women conflicting messages about achieving sexual pleasure but also pleasing husbands. Despite the unsettling of an older femininity, deep and persistent structural inequalities between men and women limited efforts to create gender parity in sex and marriage. Yet these cultural battles subverted patriarchal culture and raised women's expectations of marriage in ways that grounded second‐wave feminist claims.
5 Sexual Advice for Modern Marriage
Authors: Simmons Christina
Published: May 2009

Freer from censorship by 1930, reformers from the birth control and marriage education movements, many of them physicians, published a large body of sexual advice literature. Through it, they sought to assist couples in finding satisfactory forms of sexual relations for the new marriage. In these writings, strains of feminist support for women's sexual pleasure contended with demands for more sexual activity in the context of ongoing male control. Advice writers separated sex from reproduction by promoting birth control and more frequent intercourse. Unlike psychoanalysts, they made the clitoris central to women's pleasure and underplayed the vaginal orgasm. Yet they also sustained male initiative and symbols of male dominance like the missionary position. The highly unequal partnership of marriage limited women's ability to act on the advice, but the books normalized a new female heterosexuality for American women.
Physiology of axons
Authors: RITCHIE J. MURDOCH
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses axonal physiology. Topics covered include the energetic aspects of conduction, ionic basis of the nerve impulse, conduction velocity in axons, inhomogeneity of channel distribution in mammalian myelinated nerve, and complementary distribution of sodium and potassium channels in the mammalian node and internode.
The Schwann cell: Morphology and development
Authors: KLEITMAN NAOMI , BUNGE RICHARD P.
Published: May 2009

This chapter describes the sequential phenomena observed during the development of the peripheral nerve, with emphasis on the Schwann cell. It presents research elucidating the mechanisms by which these phenomena are controlled. The use of tissue culture models of nerve development is emphasized inasmuch as these have contributed greatly to the understanding of the role of each of the peripheral nerve cell types at each stage of differentiation. The chapter reviews how these studies have elucidated the interactions that create the fully functional nerve. Finally, it discusses ways in which understanding these cellular interactions may be exploited to maximize regeneration in the wake of injury.
Molecular biology of voltage-dependent potassium and sodium channels
Authors: BARCHI ROBERT L.
Published: May 2009

Excitation and conduction in axons depends on the time- and voltage-sensitive modulation of ionic conductances in the axon surface membrane. This chapter discusses the molecular biology of sodium and potassium ion channels, and the relationships between structure and function that characterize this family of related voltage-dependent ion channels.
Voltage-clamp studies in axons: Macroscopic and single-channel currents
Authors: VOGEL WERNER , SCHWARZ JÜRGEN R.
Published: May 2009

This chapter describes macroscopic membrane currents measured in amphibian and mammalian nodes of Ranvier with the voltage-clamp method. These results are compared with those of single-channel recordings, which provide important data on channel characteristics in myelinated axons. The results obtained from the calculation of the action potentials with voltage-clamp data obtained from frog, rat, and human nerve fibers are also reviewed. It is shown that the properties of the various new ionic channel types detected with the patch-clamp technique help explain previously unsolved problems concerning the ionic basis of accommodation, resting potential, and various pathophysiological phenomena.
Modulation of axonal excitability by neurotransmitter receptors
Authors: KOCSIS JEFFERY D. , SAKATANI KAORU
Published: May 2009

This chapter describes axonal regions in the mammalian nervous system that have well-defined neurotransmitter receptors and discusses their possible functional significance. It focuses on the axonal GABAa receptor, which may be the best studied neurotransmitter receptor on axons in mammals. The chapter reviews evidence for expression of GABAareceptors on certain axons and describes their electrophysiological properties and possible modulatory role on impulse conduction. Evidence is presented for the transient presence and release of astrocytically derived GABA and its functional GABAa receptors at a critical time during optic nerve development. A model is presented that could account for a trophic influence of axonal GABAA receptor activation on the development of optic nerve axons.
Pathophysiology of demyelinated axons
Authors: WAXMAN STEPHEN G. , KOCSIS JEFFERY D. , BLACK JOEL A.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the pathophysiology of demyelinated axons. It reviews available data concerning cellular and molecular substrates for abnormal conduction and mechanisms underlying recovery of conduction after demyelination. It shows that multiple mechanisms contribute to disturbed conduction, and to the restoration of function in demyelinated axons. Passive and active mechanisms interact to shape the conduction properties of demyelinated axons.
Anoxic/ischemic injury in axons
Authors: STYS PETER K. , RANSOM BRUCE R. , BLACK JOEL A. , WAXMAN STEPHEN G.
Published: May 2009

Nerve fibers in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system must maintain adequate membrane polarization and transmembrane ion gradients to sustain action potential propagation and maintain normal biochemical homeostasis for survival. Maintenance of adequate transmembrane ion gradients is the single most expensive task performed by nerve fibers. Axons are critically dependent on adequate supplies of oxygen and glucose for normal function and survival. Anoxia/ischemia—the pathological state wherein one of both substrates is limited—is a major mechanism of injury in many human diseases involving both central and peripheral axons. This chapter reviews cellular energy metabolism as it relates to axons.
Regeneration of peripheral nervous system axons
Authors: BISBY MARK A.
Published: May 2009

This chapter focuses on regeneration in mammals. It begins with an overview of regeneration. It then discusses axon sprouting, axonal elongation, cell body reaction and regeneration, environment of the regenerating peripheral axon, and restoration of function.
Overview of clinical aspects of multiple sclerosis, including cognitive deficit
Authors: McDONALD W. IAN
Published: May 2009

One of the most striking characteristics of multiple sclerosis is how complete recovery usually is after quite devastating relapses early in the course of the disease. The lesions nevertheless persist and remain visible by magnetic resonance imaging. This creates a clinicopathological paradox: Extensive pathology often is evident, with but minor clinical deficit. This chapter aims to resolve the clinicopathological paradox by reviewing the present understanding of the pathological and physiological dynamics of multiple sclerosis and how they determine its symptomatology.
“Terribly Strange and Paradoxical”: Literary Evidence of Sacrificing Gods
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine
Published: May 2009

There appears to be nothing in ancient Greek literature that sheds light on the possible religions meaning of gods pouring libations. Contemporaneous written interpretations of Olympian gods who pour out wine offerings from cultic bowls are lost, or never existed. This chapter considers known ancient literary evidence that may bear upon the question of divine libations in classical art. These comprise both descriptions of actual cult statues and a more nebulous category made up of classical passages in which gods take part in the performance of ritual—with or without editorializing on the part of the ancient author.
Fiber Pathways of the Brain
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This book studies the organization of the white matter pathways of the brain. The book analyzes and synthesizes the corticocortical and corticosubcortical connections of the major areas of the cerebral cortex in the rhesus monkey. The result is a detailed understanding of the constituents of the cerebral white matter and the organization of the fiber tracts. The findings from the thirty-six cases studied are presented on a single template brain, facilitating comparison of the locations of the different fiber pathways. The summary diagrams provide a comprehensive atlas of the cerebral white matter. The text is enriched by close attention to functional aspects of anatomical observations. The clinical relevance of the pathways is addressed throughout the text and a chapter is devoted to human white matter diseases. The introductory account gives a detailed historical background. Translations of seminal original observations by early investigators are presented, and when these are considered in the light of the authors' new observations, many longstanding conflicts and debates are resolved.
Architecture and Nomenclature of Rhesus Monkey Cerebral Hemisphere
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents the photomicrographs of the medial, lateral, and basal surfaces of the rhesus monkey cerebral hemisphere that researchers used as the template brain, to show the various sulci. Diagrams representing the medial, lateral, and basal surfaces of the cerebral hemisphere show the various architectonic areas, and photomicrographs of coronal sections of the template brain taken at the levels depicted on the lateral surface of the hemisphere are also shown. The chapter outlines the trajectories in the coronal plane of the various fiber pathways in the experimental cases 1 through 36 and all the summary diagrams correspond to the images shown in these photomicrographs. The photomicrographs also designate the location of the sulci and demarcate the borders of the architectonic areas referred to throughout this book.
Superior Temporal Region
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter describes the isotope injection cases in the superior temporal region of five rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the caudal part of the superior temporal gyrus involving area Tpt (Case 7), the caudal part of the superior temporal gyrus in areas paAlt and Tpt (Case 8), the midportion of area TPO in the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus, the ventral superior temporal gyrus in area TAa and the caudal part of primary auditory area KA (Case 9), the rostral part of area TS3 (Case 10), and area Pro and area TS1 encroaching on area TS2 (Case 11).
Motor Cortex
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter describes the isotope injections placed in the motor cortex of six rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the frontal operculum in the precentral aspects of areas 1 and 2 (Case 24), ventral area 4 in the face representation (Case 25), area 4 behind the arcuate spur in the hand representation (Case 26), the dorsal precentral gyrus in the trunk representation region of area 4 (Case 27), the dorsal part of area 4 in the foot representation (Case 28), and the medial part of the superior frontal gyrus, rostral area MII, involving the face representation (Case 29).
Extreme Capsule
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the extreme capsule (EmC) of rhesus monkey brains. It shows that the EmC is the principal association pathway linking the middle superior temporal region with the caudal parts of the orbital cortex and the ventral-lateral prefrontal cortex. In addition to carrying these long association fiber connections, the fibers destined for the claustrum from the parietal, temporal, and frontal lobes also traverse the EmC.
Fronto-Occipital Fasciculus
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

The fronto-occipital fasciculus (FOF), also known as the occipitofrontal fasciculus, is one of the long association systems of the dorsal visual stream. The subcallosal fasciculus of Muratoff that links the cerebral cortex with the caudate nucleus was mistaken for the FOF, and this conceptual and terminological confusion continues to the present day. This chapter begins with historical accounts of the FOF and Muratoff bundles. It then presents the results of the investigation of the FOF of rhesus monkey brain. Observations confirm the existence of the FOF where Dejerine located it in the human, and provide compelling evidence that it is a true association fasciculus linking parieto-occipital regions with the dorsolateral premotor and prefrontal areas. The present study also adds detail to the understanding of its location and to the origin and termination of its fibers.
Muratoff Bundle (Subcallosal Fasciculus) and the External Capsule
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the Muratoff bundle in rhesus monkey brains. The MB is a semilunar, compact, fiber bundle located immediately above the head and body of the caudate nucleus, below and medial to the fronto-occipital fasciculus (FOF). Both the MB and the FOF are situated beneath the corpus callosum and medial to the corona radiata. The MB contains densely packed, horizontally running fibers leading to the caudate nucleus. These fibers arise from the dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal region, the supplementary motor area, cingulate gyrus, posterior parahippocampal gyrus, medial and dorsal superior parietal lobule, and the caudal inferior parietal lobule, caudal superior temporal gyrus, and the medial and dorsal preoccipital region. Thus, the MB may be conceived of principally as a corticostriatal system from association and limbic areas. It also conveys fibers to the body of the caudate nucleus from the dorsal part of the motor cortex corresponding to the foot and trunk representations.
Internal Capsule
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with a historical account of the study of the internal capsule. It then discusses the results of the investigation of the internal capsule of rhesus monkey brains. Topics covered include the anterior limb of the internal capsule, genu of the internal capsule, posterior limb of the internal capsule, internal capsule fibers from the posterior parietal cortex, and internal capsule fibers from the superior temporal region.
Sagittal Stratum
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with a historical account of the study of the saggital stratum (SS). It then discusses the results of the investigation of the SS of rhesus monkey brains. The SS is a major corticosubcortical white matter bundle that conveys fibers from the parietal, occipital, cingulate, and temporal regions to subcortical destinations in the thalamus, the nuclei of the basis pontis, and other brainstem structures. It also conveys afferents principally from the thalamus to the cortex. It may therefore be viewed as equivalent to the internal capsule in that it is a major subcortical fiber system and not exclusively a fiber tract linking the lateral geniculate nucleus with the calcarine cortex.
Are Single Cortical Neurons Soloists or Are They Obedient Members of a Huge Orchestra?
Authors: Kenet Tal , Arieli Amos , Tsodyks Misha , Grinvald Amiram
Published: May 2009

This chapter shows that the spontaneous firing of single neurons is tightly linked to the cortical networks in which they are embedded. The idea of a network is a central concept in theoretical brain research and it is now finally possible to directly visualize the cortical networks and their states in action, at high spatiotemporal resolution.
Are Neurons Adapted for Specific Computations? Examples from Temporal Coding in the Auditory System
Authors: Carr C. E. , Iyer S. , Soares D. , Kalluri S. , Simon J. Z.
Published: May 2009

This chapter makes the case that neurons may be adapted for particular tasks, using the example of temporal coding cells in the vertebrate auditory system because their function is well known. It shows that auditory neurons that phase lock, detect coincidences, and encode temporal patterns all exhibit a suite of physiological and morphological adaptations that suit them for their task. Other neuronal systems exhibit similarly well-equipped neural circuits.
How Is Time Represented in the Brain?
Authors: Herz Andreas V. M.
Published: May 2009

This chapter addresses the question of how time is represented in the brain. It presents a collection of basic computing principles, focusing on algorithms that deal with sensory pattern sequences that vary over time scales from a few to a few hundred milliseconds. It shows that transmission delays, input currents that decay in time, and synaptic short-time dynamics, such as depression or facilitation, support interesting calculations in the time domain that would otherwise require much more elaborate architectures and algorithms.
How General Are Neural Codes in Sensory Systems?
Authors: McAlpine David , Palmer Alan R.
Published: May 2009

This chapter shows that careful attention to the frequency range over which interaural time difference (ITD) -processing is carried out has important consequences both for the form of the sensory representation of ITDs and the means by which this sensory representation is translated in the central nervous system. Cross-species comparisons have proved to be a powerful tool in furthering the understanding of the brain. However, in some instances, even when basic neural mechanisms appear completely analogous, care needs to be exercised before accepting that this implies a complete commonality.
How Does Our Visual System Achieve Shift and Size Invariance?
Authors: Wiskott Laurenz
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins by summarizing psychophysical and neurophysiological evidence for shift and size invariance and its limitations. It provides a list of constraints from neuroanatomy and physiology that need to be taken into account when developing biologically plausible models. From a computational point of view, there are two basic approaches by which shift and size invariance can be achieved: normalizing the image or extracting invariant features. Models following these two computational approaches are presented and the extent to which they can account for different aspects of the visual system are discussed. Open questions in modeling shift and size invariance in the visual system are addressed.
Brain Serotonin and Aggressive Disposition in Humans and Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Manuck Stephen B. , Kaplan Jay R. , Lotrich Francis E.
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with a brief introduction to the neurobiology of serotonin, including common methods of investigation and sources of serotonin-associated genetic variation. It briefly addresses comparative conceptualizations of aggressive behavior in nonhuman primates and people, including the role of antagonistic interaction in primate social dominance and human psychopathology. It summarizes the substantial literature on CNS serotonergic activity as a correlate of aggressive disposition, as seen in studies employing neurochemical indices of serotonergic function, neuropharmacologic challenges, functional neuroimaging, and neurogenetic methodologies. Finally, the chapter attempts to integrate observations derived from studies on monkeys and humans, identify implications of these findings for models of serotonergic influences on aggression, and speculate briefly regarding possible evolutionary origins of these associations.
The Role of Estrogen Receptors in the Regulation of Aggressive Behaviors
Authors: Ogawa Sonoko , Nomura Masayoshi , Choleris Elena , Pfaff Donald
Published: May 2009

At least two types of estrogen receptors (ERs), the classical ER-α and the more recently identified ER-β, have been localized in the central nervous system. ER-α and ER-β are very similar estrogen binding proteins that act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Although somewhat overlapping, brain distributions of ER-α and ER-β are not identical. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the possible differential roles played by the two types of ERs in the expression of aggressive behavior. It also discusses potential brain mechanisms of ER-mediated regulation of aggression.
Development of Aggression
Authors: Delville Yvon , Newman Matt L. , Wommack Joel C. , Taravosh-Lahn Kereshmeh , Cervantes M. Catalina
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with a discussion of the development of agonistic behavior in mammals. It then discusses the adaptive value of play and play fighting, sex differences and hormonal control of play fighting, neural control of play fighting, and controlling the time course of the maturation of agonistic behavior. It shows a correlation between that maturation of aggressive behavior and maturation of the the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). The HPA axis controls the maturation of aggressive behavior during puberty. It is also likely that adrenarche, the onset of the activity of the HPA axis, controls the appearance of aggressive responses before puberty. This regulation mechanism may provide an explanation for interactions between genes and the environment, as the activity of the HPA axis differs between individuals and can be affected by external stimuli, such as stress.
Drugs of Abuse and Aggression
Authors: Grimes Jill M. , Ricci Lesley , Rasakham Khampaseuth , Melloni, Jr. Richard H.
Published: May 2009

This chapter summarizes studies examining the link between drugs of abuse and the behavioral neurobiology of aggressive behavior in animal models. It considers studies examining how drug abuse affects the aggressive response patterns of animals, as well as the development, activity, and function of neural systems implicated in aggression control. It shows that the effects of many commonly abused drugs, illegal and prescribed, on aggression are dependent upon the sex and species of the animal, the dosing and treatment regimen, and the behavioral testing paradigm. Although very few drugs, or drug classes, have been shown to consistently influence aggressive behavior regardless of the aforementioned factors (i.e., species, age, sex, dosing, testing paradigm), there are notable exceptions, including some anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), nicotine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and mescaline. The administration of various types of AAS has consistently increased aggression in various animal species of varying ages regardless of experimental paradigm, whereas nicotine, MDMA, and mescaline have been shown to consistently decrease aggressive responding.
The Origin of Broca’s Area and Its Connections from an Ancestral Working Memory Network
Authors: Aboitiz Francisco , García Ricardo , Brunetti Enzo , Bosman Conrado
Published: May 2009

This chapter provides an updated version of the theory that language networks emerged as a specialization of temporoparietal-prefrontal networks involved in cognitive processes that require sustained activity, like working memory, attention, and movement imitation. It begins with a brief overview of the original proposals and then discusses new evidence from comparative neuroanatomy, brain imaging, and cognitive neuroscience. The chapter ends with a discussion on the possible role of neuropsychological processes like working memory in semantic and syntactic processing.
Broca’s Area in System Perspective: Language in the Context of Action-Oriented Perception
Authors: Arbib Michael
Published: May 2009

A neurolinguistic approach to language is part of a performance approach that analyzes both perception and production. For production, there is much that could be possibly talked about which might be represented as cognitive structures from which some aspects are selected for possible expression. Further selection and transformation yield semantic structures (hierarchical constituents expressing objects, actions, and relationships) that constitute a semantic form. Finally, the ideas in the semantic form should be expressed in phonological form, that is, as words whose markings and ordering reflect the relationships within semantic form. This chapter extends the phonological form to embrace a wide range of ordered expressive gestures that may include speech, sign, and orofacial expressions.