bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of p16 in Urothelial Carcinoma of Urinary Bladder and its Association with Histologic Grade and Invasion: A Cross-sectional Study from Kerala, India
Authors: Nath Ambili R , Mathews Rebecca , Jessy MM
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Bladder cancer is the seventh most common cancer worldwide and is the most prevalent malignant neoplasm of the urinary tract. More than 90% of bladder cancer cases are urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma. Histologic grading is one of the most important prognostic factors in bladder cancer. Based on infiltration, it is classified as invasive or non invasive, and further categorised as high-grade or low-grade carcinoma. The management and prognosis of patients is based on the accurate grading of these tumours. Loss of p16 has been found to be associated with high-grade tumours and invasion in urothelial carcinoma. Understanding the expression of p16 can aid in determining the grade of the tumour and predicting its invasive nature. Aim: To study the expression of p16 and its association with the grade and invasiveness of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study, done over a period of one year and six months, from December 2019 to May 2021, in the Department of Pathology at Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences in Thiruvalla, a tertiary care centre in South Kerala, India. A total of 37 cases of urothelial carcinoma were selected for histomorphological and Immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation, and the results were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. The IHC panel used was mouse monoclonal p16 antibody. The frequency of p16 expression, along with its association with age, gender, grade, and invasion in urothelial carcinoma, was studied. Results: There 14 cases of invasive urothelial carcinoma, among which 11 cases (78.57%) showed loss of p16 with a negative staining pattern, one showed normal staining, and two cases showed high expression. Most of the non invasive tumours, comprising 21 cases (91.30%) showed normal p16 expression, while two cases showed high p16. In the present study, there were 18 cases of high-grade urothelial carcinoma, 11 cases showed loss of p16 with a negative staining pattern, four cases showed normal staining, and three cases showed high p16 expression. There were 19 cases of low-grade urothelial carcinoma; 18 of which showed low/normal p16 expression, and one case showed overexpression of p16. Conclusion: p16 was found to be negative or lost in high-grade and invasive urothelial carcinomas. Analysing the expression of p16 can aid in determining the grade and invasive nature of the lesion, especially when biopsy samples are limited, in the absence of deep biopsy, or when muscle tissue is not sampled, and when tissue architecture is altered by cautery artifacts.
A Narrative Review on the Management of Diabesity: The Modern Epidemic
Authors: Garg Pooja , Aggarwa Aditya
Published: October 2024

Diabesity is a contemporary condition in which obesity and diabetes mellitus co-exist, suggesting a pathophysiological cause-andeffect relationship. The global decline in conventional lifestyles and dietary habits is contributing to a sharp rise in the prevalence of diabetes, which is expected to become a major global health concern. Diabesity is a complex phenomenon involving both obesity and impaired glycaemic control. The intricate pathogenesis of this condition, along with the role of antidiabetic medications that can lead to weight gain, complicates its management. Therefore, managing diabesity requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and surgical intervention. Novel strategies for controlling and preventing diabetes in obese individuals need to be researched and evaluated. This review discusses the pathogenesis and management of diabesity. Due to changes in lifestyle and eating habits, the burden of diabesity is increasing globally. Thus, it is important to understand its pathophysiology and address this public health concern.
Rethinking Therapeutics: Drug Repurposing in Periodontal Therapy: A Narrative Review
Authors: Jayachandran Gauri , Thomas Biju , Karthika G
Published: October 2024

Drug repositioning investigates new uses for existing drugs, including both approved and discontinued medications. This strategy offers lower failure risks, faster development times and higher success rates while reducing reliance on antibiotics. Current treatments for periodontitis focus on modulating the immune response to combat pathogens. A promising approach involves using pharmaceuticals to reduce inflammation, which is the main cause of bone resorption, and to promote regeneration. Metformin, an antidiabetic drug, can enhance alveolar bone formation. Statins, known for lowering cholesterol levels, possess antimicrobial and anti-infective properties. Bisphosphonates, used to improve bone density, can affect osteoblast and osteoclast morphology and have antibacterial properties. Melatonin, typically used for sleep disorders, is an antioxidant that reduces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The present review explores the multifaceted benefits of repurposing these drugs for the management of periodontal disease.
Impact of Exercise Intervention on Cardiovascular Fitness in Patients with Epilepsy: A Quasi-experimental Study
Authors: Bhatt Geeta , Mukkamala Neha
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Epilepsy is a disorder characterised by two or more recurrent seizures that are unprovoked by any immediately identifiable cause. Additionally, it can lead to psychological issues, including anxiety and depression, as well as societal problems such as increased social stigma and withdrawal. Physical exercise regimens incorporated into the treatment plan can benefit epilepsy patients; however, these are often not included by medical experts or epilepsy patients themselves due to the stigma associated with the condition, apprehension that exercise might trigger seizures, or a lack of knowledge about the benefits of physical activity. Aim: To evaluate the effect of physical exercise on cardiovascular endurance and fitness levels in adults with and without epilepsy. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study consisting of a pre-and post-design with a control group was conducted over a duration of six months. For both groups, participants were given exercise interventions three times a week for six months (from March 2022 to August 2022), with each session lasting 60 minutes. The outcome measures evaluated included the Shuttle Walk Test (SWT) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max). For normally distributed data, an unpaired t-test was used to compare data between groups, while repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare data within the same group. A significance level of p-value ≤0.05 was considered. Results: The mean SWT scores in the control group at baseline, at the end of the 1st month, the 3rd month, and the 6th month were 6.62±1.32 m, 6.94±3.62 m, 7.46±2.69 m, and 8.36±3.16 m, respectively. In the experimental group, the mean SWT scores were 5.96±0.02 m, 6.68±2.24 m, 7.02±1.41 m, and 7.90±2.08 m, respectively. The mean VO2 max values in the experimental group at baseline, at the end of the 1st month, the 3rd month, and the 6th month were 29.76±4.29 m, 30.24±4.01 m, 33.40±2.17 m, and 35.45±3.68 m, respectively. In the control group, the mean VO2 max values were 29.59±5.68 m, 30.09±5.60 m, 31.22±3.48 m, and 33.88±4.26 m, respectively. Conclusion: The study concluded that the physical exercise intervention conducted for adults with and without epilepsy improved cardiovascular fitness and aerobic endurance. Therefore, patients with epilepsy should be encouraged to participate in some form of physical activity.
Anaesthetic Management of Simultaneous Pancreas and Kidney Transplant Surgery: A Case Report
Authors: Deshmukh Shilpa , Avirneni Vaishnavi , Bhatia Jayant
Published: October 2024

End-stage renal disease is commonly attributed to chronic conditions such as Diabetes Mellitus (DM), a primary factor in the development of nephropathy. As awareness of organ donation grows, the availability of transplantable organs has also increased. Multiorgan transplants, such as Simultaneous Pancreas and Kidney (SPK) transplants, have become viable options, though very few cases have been reported, especially in India. The SPK transplant offers freedom from renal replacement therapy and dependence on insulin, drastically improving the quality of life for the patient. This case report discusses a 31-year-old male who was a known case of type I DM and had been on haemodialysis for end-stage renal failure for seven years. He was posted for an SPK transplant. A multidisciplinary approach was adopted, beginning in the preoperative period with the preparation of the patient through haemodialysis, immunosuppression, and optimisation of other co-morbidities. During the intraoperative period, the focus was done on focused on maintaining sufficient tissue perfusion without maximising cardiac filling and managing fluctuations in blood glucose levels and electrolyte abnormalities. In the postoperative period, vigilance and utmost care were prioritised to ensure successful management of this SPK transplant. Given the benefits that SPK transplants can provide to patients, it is likely that this will become the treatment modality of choice for these long-term debilitating conditions. Therefore, in addition to understanding appropriate anaesthesia management for such cases, the importance of good team coordination should be emphasised to enhance graft survival and function, with the ultimate aim of improving the quality of life for transplant recipients.
Radiological Findings of Extramedullary Haematopoiesis of Spleen in Beta Thalassaemia Major: A Case Report
Authors: Debnath Soumyabrata , Santoshi Pulkit Kumar , Debnath Monali
Published: October 2024

Extramedullary Haematopoiesis (EMH) is a compensatory response occurring secondary to inadequate bone marrow function and is observed in many haematological conditions. EMH can occur in many haemoglobinopathies. Extramedullary haemopoiesis favours certain sites such as the liver, the spleen, and the paraspinal regions of the thorax. However, in addition to these common sites of extramedullary haemopoiesis, the process can involve virtually any organ or tissue and can often manifest as a mass mimicking a neoplasm. Although EMH is usually asymptomatic, clinical symptoms can appear due to mass effect. Radiological evaluation can be done using Ultrasonography (USG), Computed Tomography (CT) scan, and T2, T1 weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Both conservative and surgical treatments are practiced depending on the organ involvement. Here, is a rare case of a young female in her mid-20s, who was a known case of beta thalassaemia major. She presented with a mass insidiously growing in left flank region, which on radiological imaging was found to be focal mass in the spleen. The pathological diagnosis after elective splenectomy was EMH of spleen. Due to chronic transfusions in patients of beta thalassaemia major, EMH is rarely seen. In-fact, the incidence of EMH in beta-thalassaemia major is thought to be less than 1%, which makes the present case a rare entity
Cognitive Impairment in Long COVID Patients Presenting with Psychiatric Sequelae: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Das Riyal , Mukherjee Aniket , Sarkhel Sujit , Kumar Mayank
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) affects mental health, causing various psychiatric symptoms, including cognitive impairment, which may persist for a long time. To develop effective strategies for combating this global health burden, it is necessary to ascertain whether COVID-19 itself causes cognitive decline or whether other factors also play any role. Aim: To determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment in long COVID patients who present with post-COVID-19 psychiatric sequelae, and to investigate its association with socio-demographic factors, depression, anxiety, and stress. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2022 to June 2023 at a ‘Post-COVID Mental Health Clinic’ in a tertiary care medical college in Kolkata, India. A total of 204 subjects were selected through simple random sampling, aged between 18 and 65 years, of both sexes, who had recovered from COVID-19 more than three months but less than six months prior, and who presented with post-COVID-19 psychiatric sequelae, excluding those with a history of psychiatric disease before contracting COVID-19. The dependent variable, cognition, was measured using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score, while independent variables included socio-demographic factors, depression, anxiety, and stress, measured by the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale -21 (DASS-21) scores. The Chisquare test was used to find the association between cognition and socio-demographic variables and Pearson’s correlation test was applied to measure the association of cognition with depression, anxiety, and stress scores. Results: The prevalence of cognitive impairment was found to be 86.8%. Chi-square tests of association showed no significant association with socio-demographic factors. However, there was a significant correlation between the severity of depression (r-value=-0.337, p-value<0.001), anxiety (r-value=-0.275, p-value<0.001), and stress (r-value=-0.277, p-value<0.001) with cognitive impairment. When controlling for anxiety and stress, only depression showed a significant correlation (r-value=- 0.221, p-value=0.002). Simple linear regression indicated that the severity of depression significantly predicted the severity of cognitive impairment {R2 =0.114, F(1, 202)=25.88, p-value<0.001}. Conclusion: Cognitive impairment was found to be unrelated to socio-demographic factors, post-COVID-19 anxiety, or stress, except for post-COVID-19 depression, which was identified as a significant predictor of cognitive dysfunction in some patients. This suggests that COVID-19 infection itself may be the most important factor contributing to post-COVID-19 cognitive impairment in patients with post-COVID-19 psychiatric sequelae.
Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction in Right Ectopic Pelvic Kidney and Left Blind Ureter: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Sabale Vilas , Gavade Ashish , Satav Vikram
Published: October 2024

One in seven neonates on antenatal scan detected hydronephrosis has Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction (PUJO), making PUJO one of the most common cause of congenital urinary tract obstruction, with an incidence of one in 1000 to one in 2000 live births. Hereby, the authors present a case report of 19-year-old female who presented with pain in abdomen since, two weeks. There was no history of dysuria, haematuria. No history of lower urinary tract symptoms. No history of fever. There was no history of comorbidity. No similar episodes of pain in past. All blood investigations were within normal limits with serum creatinine of 0.78 mg/ dL. Computed Tomography (CT) Intravenous Urography (IVU) showed right ectopic kidney with Pelviureteric junction obstruction with left small atrophic kidney. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid (DTPA) reported crossed fused kidneys. Two investigations gave two different diagnoses. It made diagnosis and treatment challenging. Cystoscopy showed two ureteric orifices are normal position. Retrograde pyelogram showed left blind ureter. Right pelvic kidney was seen. Delayed drainage of contrast made diagnosis of pelvi ureteric junction obstruction. So it ruled out diagnosis of crossed fused kidneys with help of cystoscopy and retrograde pyelogram. Such anomalous kidneys are rare to find in day to day life. As anomalous kidneys usually have abnormal blood supply it makes surgery challenging. Abnormal position of kidney, malrotation makes surgery difficult. So decision was made to do open surgery for present patient. Open pyeloplasty was performed for right pelvi ureteric obstruction. Also, DTPA interpretation as anatomical investigation should be used with pinch of salt.
Perfusion Index as a Reliable Tool for Prediction of Hypotension during Subarachnoid Block in Caeserean Section: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Raghavendran S Sai , . Monika , Tripathi Deepshikha
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Hypotension after subarachnoid block is a common occurrence due to sympathetic blockade leading to vasodilation, which causes a decrease in cardiac preload and results in a decrease in cardiac output. Early detection of hypotension and prompt treatment during caesarean delivery under subarachnoid block is the primary responsibility of the anaesthesiologist. Aim: To evaluate and validate the Perfusion Index (PI) as a predictor of hypotension following Subarachnoid Block (SAB) in patients undergoing Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS) and to assess the usefulness of perioperative pulse oximetryderived PI as a monitoring tool. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective hospitalbased observational study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesiology at BJMC Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India over a period from March 2020 to February 2021, that included 60 American Society of Anaesthesiolgy (ASA) II pregnant patients, divided into two groups (A and B) based on PI, who were planned for elective caesarean delivery under regional anaesthesia. Variables recorded included heart rate, blood pressure, SpO2 , and PI at different time intervals. The quantitative data were presented as mean and standard deviation and compared using the Student’s t-test. Results: Demographic parameters of both groups A and B, such as mean age (26.93±3,24 years, 28.33±4.02 years), mean height (155.56±4.29 cm, 155.17±4.31 cm), mean weight (62.70±5.87 kg, 60.36±5 kg), Body Mass Index {BMI (25.92±2.42, 25.01±2.14 kg/m2 )}, and gestational age (36.03±0.32, 36.53±0.32 weeks) respectively, were comparable between the two groups. There was a statistically significant drop in Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) in both Group A and Group B after induction, from one minute to 70 minutes (p<0.05) from the baseline. The difference in the proportion of PI between the hypotension groups was statistically significant (p-value=0.002). The number of episodes of hypotension and the total dose of Mephenteramine were significantly higher in Group B (Chi-square=52.500 with 2 degrees of freedom; p<0.001) than in Group A. Conclusion: Parturients with a baseline PI>3.5 were at a higher risk of developing hypotension following a subarachnoid block compared to those with a baseline PI<3.5. Therefore, appropriate preventive measures can be instituted preoperatively to prevent hypotension and improve outcomes in such patients.
Effect of Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercise on Hamstring Length and Functional Disability in Subjects with Chronic Low Backache: A Quasi-experimental Study
Authors: Nagaraj S , Kumar KU Dhanesh , Aaron Pravin
Published: October 2024

Introduction: The diaphragm is one of the most significant skeletal muscles in the human body, performing vital respiratory functions. It is not only the primary inspiratory muscle but is also involved in non respiratory activities and plays a dynamic role in Postural stabilisation. Low Back Pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability worldwide, presenting a significant health issue that imposes substantial social and economic costs on both the community and healthcare systems. Although the precise cause of non specific LBP is still unknown, its progression has been greatly affected by mechanical factors that are generally agreed upon. Aim: To determine the effect of diaphragmatic breathing exercises on hamstring length and functional disability in subjects with chronic LBP. Materials and Methods: A single-group pre- to post-test quasi-experimental study was conducted with 66 subjects at the Padmashree Rehabilitation Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India from June 2023 to August 2023. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Padmashree Institutional Ethical Committee, and the subjects were recruited based on specific selection criteria. Baseline variables, including age, gender, and Body Mass Index (BMI), were recorded. The main outcomes measured were the Active Knee Extension (AKE) test and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) Questionnaire. Values before and after the intervention were recorded and a paired sample t-test was used to compare the scores before and after the intervention. Results: The pretest mean score was 27.85±2.40, while the post-test mean score was 24.77±2.26 (AKE RT). The paired t-test indicated a significant improvement in AKE postintervention for both the right and left lower limb (p-value<0.001). The ODI scores significantly decreased from a pretest mean of 40.41±12.86 to a post-test mean of 36.30±10.08 (p-value<0.001). Conclusion: The diaphragmatic breathing exercise demonstrated a significant improvement in AKE scores and the disability index. The improvements were statistically significant, indicating the effectiveness of the intervention in enhancing flexibility and reducing disability in participants with chronic LBP.
Development of Jelly Cake and Its Sensory Evaluation by Using Millet and Amla
Authors: Chauhan Trishali , Singh Neetu , Sagar Prashant , Nanda Alka
Published: October 2024

One cereal with a short growth season that is resistant to disease, pests, and drought is millet. Future human needs will depend more and more on this agricultural product as the world's population rises and water supplies decrease. Grain-free millet can be used to make gluten-free dishes for those with coeliac disease. To increase the baking capabilities of flour, it can be treated physically and with additions due to the inferior quality of baked goods prepared from gluten-free cereals.
The growing awareness of health and nutrition has resulted in an increased demand for functional foods. Multimillet cakes with amla jelly combine the fibre and nutrient-dense benefits of several millets with the antioxidant characteristics of amla. This one-of-a-kind product promises to offer a nutritious, gluten-free dessert choice that will appeal to health-conscious consumers.
Main Methods: Ingredient Selection: Millets (including ragi, jowar, bajra) were chosen for their nutritional value. Amla was turned into jelly. Recipe Development: Different ratios of millets and amla jelly were explored to increase texture, flavour, and nutritional value. Baking Procedure: The cakes were cooked according to normal procedures, with temperature and duration adjusted to guarantee optimal cooking and moisture preservation. Nutritional Analysis: Proximate analysis was used to determine the nutritional value, with particular emphasis on protein, fibre, fat, carbohydrates, ash and moisture content. Sensory Evaluation: A panel of tasters assessed the cakes' flavour, texture, and overall acceptability.
Health professionals and customers are placing more and more pressure on food firms to produce healthier food products. Gluten-free flours (such as millet, soy, flax, etc.) are becoming more and more in demand, which presents food firms with new sales opportunities. In light of this, a study was conducted to create millet-based sponge cakes with amla jelly with the goal of enhancing the product's nutritional and sensory qualities. Apart from a reference sample that contained solely refined flour, an alternative cake was made by adjusting the proportions of wheat flour.
Nutritious Value: The multimillet cake contains much more nutritious fibre and protein than conventional cakes, and the addition of amla jelly provides a high concentration of vitamin C and antioxidants.
Sensory Acceptance: The majority of panelists rated the cakes positively, noting the amla jelly's unusual flavour and moist texture.
Stability: The jelly's capacity to hold moisture allowed the cakes to stay fresh for several days.
Conclusion: Millet cake with amla jelly successfully combines health benefits and palatability, offering a healthy option in the dessert market. This product not only meets customers' desire for healthier eating options, but it also promotes the use of traditional ingredients in modern cuisine. Future studies may focus on enhancing shelf life and optimising flavour profiles.
Evaluating Customers’ Perceptions on the Reliability of Healthcare Services Provided by Government Hospitals: A Case Study of Ilala District Council
Authors: Majele Isaack Brown , Mwaikambo Naomi William
Published: October 2024

This article aims to evaluate customers’ perceptions on the reliability of healthcare services provided by government hospitals. This study employed a descriptive research design and quantitative research approach. The target population includes customers of Mnazi Mmoja Hospital and Amana Referral Hospital. A sample size of 384 respondents was used. Data were collected by using the SERVQUAL questionnaire and interview method, and the collected data were analysed by using average scores and gap scores for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data. This study revealed significant gaps in service delivery and reliability. Service reliability meets expectations in timeliness; improvements are needed in consistency and accuracy. Medical staff show strengths in timely service but struggle with handling complaints promptly. Positive perceptions of trustworthiness and safety contrast with communication gaps in treatment plans and privacy protection. If these gaps are not addressed, the healthcare system risks higher rates of patient dissatisfaction, increased infections, longer recovery times, and potentially higher mortality rates, leading to declining public trust and worsened public health outcomes. The urgent need to evaluate and improve healthcare reliability is ensuring that government hospitals do not fall short in providing safe, timely, and consistent services. This study fills a gap by focusing on the specific reliability aspect in service delivery, particularly in Tanzanian government hospitals, where systemic inefficiencies often go unchecked. Based on the findings, it is recommended that quality assurance teams should develop and implement standard operating procedures to ensure consistent and reliable service delivery across all departments. The IT department should invest in and manage electronic health record systems to improve the accuracy and efficiency of patient information management. Department heads should strengthen processes to ensure timely delivery of services, including reducing wait times and providing prompt responses to patient needs.
Production and Characterization of Bio-oil Derived from Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) using Fast Pyrolysis
Authors: Rahimi Humapar Azhar , Haidary Abdul Jamil , Omari Anisa
Published: October 2024

This study uses GC-MS and FTIR analyses to investigate the chemical composition of bio-oil derived from the pyrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) at 500°C. The heating rate was 50-100°C/min, and the time residual was around 1 min. The GC-MS results showed a lot of different compounds. The leading group was phenol derivatives, but phenols, esters, acids, and other oxygenated organic compounds were also found. The presence of lighter and heavier organic molecules, ranging from C1 to C44, further emphasizes the bio-oil's complex nature. FTIR analysis provided additional insights into the functional groups present in the bio-oil, revealing strong O–H stretching vibrations indicative of phenols and alcohols, C–H stretching and bending vibrations corresponding to alkanes, C=C stretching vibrations from conjugated alkenes, and N–O stretching vibrations suggesting nitro compounds. Carbonyl-containing groups such as alcohols, carboxylic acids, ethers, and esters were also detected. There were 3 main products: bio-oil 50- 70 %, biochar 15-25 %, and syngas 10-20 %. The high oxygen content and diverse functional groups in the bio-oil indicate its potential for use in various industrial applications, including fuel production and chemical synthesis. However, the presence of oxygenated compounds suggests that further refining may be necessary to enhance its properties for use as a biofuel. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the bio-oils composition and potential applications.
Compatibility of Most Efficient Rhizobium Strain with Different Seed Dressing Fungicides in Mung Bean Crop
Authors: Pawar V. R. , Sontakke P. L. , Sarode S. B. , Kale H. P.
Published: October 2024

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is considered as an important source of nitrogen on earth. Numerous leguminouscrop fix about 200 – 300 kg N/ha.Some microorganisms especially bacteria are able to colonise and fix nitrogen biologically in the soil through symbiotic process. A pot culture experiment was conducted to examine the compatibility of Rhizobium with nine fungicides and their combination used for seed treatment. The combination effects of inoculation with fungicide growth and number of nodules, dry weight of nodules, dry matter parameters etc. were studied. The seed treatment of mungbean seed with copper oxychloride was found most effective among all the seed treatments. Seed treatment with different seed dressing fungicide had no adverse effect on germination, nodulation, yield-attributing characters and grain yield when applied alone or in combination with Rhizobium inoculant, thus, indicating the compatibility amongst all the two components, viz. fungicide and Rhizobium inoculant for seed treatment in (mungbean). Laboratory studies have also shown fungicides containing high levels of metalaxyl or metalaxyl-M have an inhibitory effect on rhizobia and nodulation, and so applying a granular inoculant or liquid or slurry inoculant in furrow is recommended when these fungicides are applied to seed. Treating seed with fungicide before sowing is a common method of protecting seedlings from fungal pathogens.  While some fungicides are toxic to rhizobia, if these toxic effects are avoided, seed applied fungicides can increase plant health and root growth which in turn can benefit nodulation and N fixation. However, where the inoculants applied to seed come in direct contact with the fungicide, toxicity issues can occur.Compatibility
Diagnosis of Viral Diseases in Pepper (Capscium sp.) within Bouaké and Abidjan localities and Characterization of Associated Begomoviruses
Authors: SEKA Koutoua , KOFFI Attoumou Lionel Franck Hervé , Eba Mah
Published: October 2024

Objective: This study aims at gaining a better understanding of Pepper Begomovirus diseases in order to improve yield in a sustainable way.
Study Design: Demonstrate the symptoms associated with viral diseases, as well as the agent responsible for this disease in peppers, in order to set up an effective and efficient control method.
Location: Abidjan and Bouaké (Côte d'Ivoire); Study duration: 12 months
Methodology: A phytosanitary survey was carried out in Abidjan and Bouaké, and symptomatic samples were collected. A total of 60 samples with single and complex viral disease symptoms were observed and collected from the two study areas. Results: The severity of symptoms observed was virtually identical in both localities, in contrast to prevalence, which was higher in the Bouaké locality. Two of the samples from Bouaké reacted positively to the PCR test for Begomovirus. The Pepper Yellows Vein Mali Virus was thus identified as a potential cause of the viral diseases observed. The sequences of this virus recorded a similarity rate of 97.16 and 99.42% with its homologues found on GenBank under accession numbers MH460532 and MH778694, respectively.
Conclusion: A clear identification of pepper pathogenic viruses could better guide the control of these viral diseases.
An Analysis of Millets in Odisha and Madhya Pradesh, India: A Comparative Study
Authors: Rajput Ankita , Chaturvedi Poonam , Dubey Priyanka Mishra , Mishra Iti Gontia
Published: October 2024

The study examined the growth in area, production and yield of millets in Odisha and  Madhya Pradesh, India. The data for the study was obtained from the website of  indiastat.com. The crops selected were bajra, jowar, ragi and small millets. The data on area, production and productivity were collected from 2000-01 to 2020-21. The analytical tools used in the study are compound growth rate and coefficient of variation. The results showed that millet area had been declining over time but the production has increased. Area and production of bajra was declining in Odisha, it was increasing in Madhya Pradesh. Jowar’s area and production are declining in both states but the yield is increasing. In terms of yield, ragi exhibited the highest variability in Odisha, whereas in Madhya Pradesh, the highest variability was observed in the area and production of ragi. Odisha showed the highest growth rate in the yield of bajra, while in Madhya Pradesh, the highest growth rate was observed in the yield of small millets. Millets consumption needs to be promoted among people who require gluten-free fiber rich diet, and wants to consume organic products for health benefits. The promotion of organic farming in millets by state governments should be encouraged, considering its inherent resistance to a wide range of pests and diseases.
Assessing the Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Bovine Brucellosis in Meghalaya, North-east India
Authors: Kylla Hosterson , Dkhar Laureata , Dkhar Lahun R. , Basaiawmoit Ernestine , Warjri Iadarilin , Sumer Evando
Published: October 2024

Aim: A cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted from 2015 to 2018 in Meghalaya state (India) to determine prevalence of bovine brucellosis by serological tests such as Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Indirect ELISA (iELISA) and Milk Ring Test (MRT).
Materials and Methods: Serum samples were collected from 3193 cattle aged 1 year to 12 years and screened for Brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Indirect ELISA (iELISA). The samples were collected from both male and female cattle reared in organized farms and smaller private holdings. Individual milk samples (n=896) from representative dairy cattle were screened for brucellosis using the Milk Ring Test (MRT).
Results: The iELISA revealed a serum positivity rate of 9.89% while the RBPT detected a positive rate of 9.33%. The prevalence rate was higher in females (12.32%) compared to males (2.21%). Cattle aged 1-4 showed higher susceptibility (11.66%) than other age groups. Higher prevalence were detected from organized farms maintaining high number of animals (13.09%) compared to smaller private holdings (9.02%). Cattle with a history of abortion and related clinical symptoms also had a higher and significant association with sero-positivity. The MRT indicated a high positivity of 17.29% among sampled dairy cattle.
Conclusion: Brucellosis is prevalent in the hilly state of Meghalaya, India. This study insight into the prevalence of bovine brucellosis in the state highlighting potential risk factors for transmission to human. The high prevalence of brucellosis highlights the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and control measures in Meghalaya such as implementing targeted vaccination programs of all eligible female calves and intense information education campaign (IEC) to all the farmers and general public which could significantly reduce the disease's impact.
Coupled mesoscale‐LES modeling of a diurnal cycle during the CWEX‐13 field campaign: From weather to boundary‐layer eddies
Authors: Muñoz‐Esparza Domingo , Lundquist Julie K. , Sauer Jeremy A. , Kosović Branko , Linn Rodman R.
Published: April 2017

Multiscale modeling of a diurnal cycle of real‐world conditions is presented for the first time, validated using data from the CWEX‐13 field experiment. Dynamical downscaling from synoptic‐scale down to resolved three‐dimensional eddies in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) was performed, spanning 4 orders of magnitude in horizontal grid resolution: from 111 km down to 8.2 m (30 m) in stable (convective) conditions. Computationally efficient mesoscale‐to‐microscale transition was made possible by the generalized cell perturbation method with time‐varying parameters derived from mesoscale forcing conditions, which substantially reduced the fetch to achieve fully developed turbulence. In addition, careful design of the simulations was made to inhibit the presence of under‐resolved convection at convection‐resolving mesoscale resolution and to ensure proper turbulence representation in stably‐stratified conditions. Comparison to in situ wind‐profiling lidar and near‐surface sonic anemometer measurements demonstrated the ability to reproduce the ABL structure throughout the entire diurnal cycle with a high degree of fidelity. The multiscale simulations exhibit realistic atmospheric features such as convective rolls and global intermittency. Also, the diurnal evolution of turbulence was accurately simulated, with probability density functions of resolved turbulent velocity fluctuations nearly identical to the lidar measurements. Explicit representation of turbulence in the stably‐stratified ABL was found to provide the right balance with larger scales, resulting in the development of intra‐hour variability as observed by the wind lidar; this variability was not captured by the mesoscale model. Moreover, multiscale simulations improved mean ABL characteristics such as horizontal velocity, vertical wind shear, and turbulence.
Addendum to Methyl bromide [BAT Value Documentation 2014]
Authors: Hallier E. , Müller M. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the BLW (“Biologischer Leitwert”) for methyl bromide, using bromide in serum/plasma to characterise the internal exposure. The critical effect of methyl bromide is a high acute and chronic neurotoxicity. It can pass through the skin so that biological monitoring is highly recommended.

On the basis of results of a human study the occurrence of abnormal findings in the EEG is comparable for unexposed persons and persons with exposure to methyl bromide in concentrations below 12 mg bromide/l plasma. Thus the BLW of 12 mg bromide/l plasma or serum was confirmed. The sampling time for long‐term exposure is at the end of exposure/shift after several previous shifts.

The evaluation of an EKA for methyl bromide in the air and S‐methylcysteine‐albumin adducts in blood is not possible as there is insufficient data available.
Di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) [MAK Value Documentation, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the developmental toxicity of di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) [117‐81‐7]. In 2014, the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) of DEHP has been set to 2 mgm for the inhalable fraction.

In some studies, a correlation between prenatal DEHP exposure and effects on anogenital distance of male newborns, birth weight and pregnancy duration in humans are found, however, the results are not consistent.

Teratogenicity is observed in rats only at maternally toxic doses of 1000 mg/kg bw and day and above, in mice at 91 mg/kg bw and day. NOAELs for teratogenicity are 200 mg/kg bw and day for rats and 44 mg/kg body weight and day for mice, the latter corresponding to 29 mg/m3after scaling to a concentration at the work place. In contrast to mouse and marmoset the rat is very sensitive to DEHP effects on the male reproductive organs. From a three generation study the Commission deduces a NOAEL for pre‐ and postnatal developmental toxicity to the male reproductive organs and for fetotoxicity of 46 mg/kg bw and day for rats, corresponding to 54 mg/m3after scaling to a concentration at the work place. The reported effects, small testes, reduced absolute weights of testis and epididymis, are considered by the Commission as not being adverse because they do not show correlating consequences for the next generation or dose‐response relationship and changes in relative organ weights and histopathological correlates are not observed. After in utero exposure, germ cell organization, mRNA expression and protein level of StAR („steroidogenic acute regulatory protein“) in testes are affected at 100 mg/kg bw and day and above. These effects resulted in a NOAEL for prenatal developmental effects of the male reproductive organs of 30 mg/kg bw and day for rats, corresponding to 35 mg/m3. For mice in prenatal developmental studies a NOAEL for fetotoxicity as well as prenatal developmental toxicity of 48 mg/kg bw and day is derived, corresponding to 32 mg/m3. Damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and DEHP is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C.
N‐Ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (vapour) [MAK Value Documentation, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) of N‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone [
2687‐91‐4
] of 2 ml/m
3
, considering the endpoints irritation of the respiratory tract and developmental toxicity.

The critical effect of N‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone is degeneration of the olfactory epithelia in rats in a new 13‐week‐inhalation study. Since 2014, the Commission uses an empirical approach to set MAK values for substances with critical effects on the upper respiratory tract or the eyes. According to these proposals, the NOAEC of 62.6 mg/m
3
(13.3 ml/m
3
vapour) corresponds to a work place air concentration of 31 mg/m
3
(6.6 ml/m
3
). The irritating response in the 13 week study is not more pronounced than after shorter exposition times. Therefore the MAK‐value is increased to 5 ml/m
3
for the vapour phase only. Local effects are critical and only minimal irritation occurs at the LOAEC, therefore the assignment of N‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone to Peak Limitation Category I and excursion factor 2 established in 2014 are retained. Also with the increased MAK value, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed. Therefore, classification of N‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone in Pregnancy Risk Group C is confirmed.
Iodine and inorganic iodides [MAK Value Documentation, 2014]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) of iodine and inorganic iodides [7553‐56‐2], considering all endpoints.The critical effect of iodine and inorganic iodides are disturbances in thyroid function occurring after increased iodine or iodide intake. Because of the long history of iodine deficiency in Germany, there is a high prevalence of subclinical and manifest thyroid gland diseases. An increase in iodine intake is suspected of producing further disturbances in damaged thyroid glands. No MAK value has been established, and iodine remains listed in Section IIb of the List of MAK and BAT Values. This also applies for inorganic iodides. A relationship between the introduction of iodine supplementation and an increase in papillary thyroid tumours in humans cannot be confirmed. Iodine and inorganic iodides are not classified in the categories for Carcinogens or Germ Cell Mutagens. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and iodine and inorganic iodides are designated with an “H” notation. Sensitization is not expected from the limited data.
Increased respiratory volume at the workplace – Significance for the derivation of the MAK value [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated whether MAK values which are derived from systemic effects in inhalation experiments in animals or in volunteers at rest should reflect that the respiratory volume at the workplace, and therefore the amount taken up, is higher than under these experimental conditions.

Assuming that the same external concentration in the air leads to the same internal exposure in all species at rest, it is taken into account when extrapolating data from inhalation studies in animals to humans that in the case of systemic effects the body burden (related to kg body weight) of the worker at the workplace, with an assumed respiratory volume of 10 m
3
in 8 hours, is about twice as high as that of the experimental animal in the usual 6‐hour experiment. The equivalent external concentration at the workplace is, therefore, half of that used in the experiment. This extrapolation applies only for gases and vapours with a blood:air distribution coefficient of > 5 and for aerosols, provided that the effect is the product of cd7;t. If it can be shown that the critical effect depends more on the concentration than the product of cd7;t and that the steady state was reached within the duration of the experiment, the equivalent concentration at the workplace is two thirds of the concentration used in the experiment, as then extrapolation of the usual 6‐hour exposure in animal experiments to the 8‐hour exposure at the workplace is no longer necessary.

When deriving MAK values for systemic effects from studies with volunteers at rest, the MAK value is established at half of the concentration used in the volunteer study, which is calculated from the ratio of the respiratory volume of workers to that of persons at rest. Gases and vapours with a blood:air distribution coefficient of < 5 represent an exception. In addition, the results are extrapolated to the longer daily exposure at the workplace, unless there are toxicokinetic data available that show this to be unnecessary. If there are valid PBPK models of exposure with the relevant metabolites in humans and animals, these are used for extrapolation from the experimental animal to persons at the workplace.
Simultaneous Tenfold Brightness Enhancement and Emitted‐Light Spectral Tunability in Transparent Ambipolar Organic Light‐Emitting Transistor by Integration of High‐k Photonic Crystal
Authors: Natali Marco , Quiroga Santiago D. , Passoni Luca , Criante Luigino , Benvenuti Emilia , Bolognini Gabriele , Favaretto Laura , Melucci Manuela , Muccini Michele , Scotognella Francesco , Di Fonzo Fabio , Toffanin Stefano
Published: April 2017

In organic light‐emitting transistors, the structural properties such as the in‐plane geometry and the lateral charge injection are the key elements that enable the monolithic integration of multiple electronic, optoelectronic, and photonic functions within the same device. Here, the realization of highly integrated multifunctional optoelectronic organic device is reported by introducing a high‐capacitance photonic crystal as a gate dielectric into a transparent single‐layer ambipolar organic light‐emitting transistor (OLET). By engineering the photonic crystal multistack and bandgap, it is showed that the integration of the photonic structure has a twofold effect on the optoelectronic performance of the device, i.e., i) to modulate the spectral profile and outcoupling of the emitted light and ii) to enhance the transistor source–drain current by a 25‐fold factor. Consequently, the photonic‐crystal‐integrated OLET shows an order of magnitude higher emitted power and brightness with respect to the corresponding polymer‐dielectric device, while presenting as‐designed electroluminescence spectral and spatial distribution. The results validate the efficacy of the proposed approach that is expected to unravel the technological potential for the realization of highly integrated optoelectronic smart systems based on organic light‐emitting transistors.