bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heme acts through the Bach1b/Nrf2a-MafK pathway to regulate exocrine peptidase precursor genes in porphyric zebrafish
Authors: Zhang Shuqing , Xu Minrui , Huang Jian , Tang Lili , Zhang Yanqing , Wu Jingyao , Lin Shuo , Wang Han
Published: March 2014

Using a zebrafish model for hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP), we found a new mechanism underlying heme regulation of exocrine zymogens. Zebrafish bach1b, nrf2a and mafK are all expressed in the zebrafish exocrine pancreas. Overexpression of bach1b and knockdown of nrf2a result in downregulation of the zymogens, whereas overexpression of nrf2a and knockdown of bach1b cause their upregulation. In vitro luciferase assays demonstrated that heme activates the zymogens in a dosage-dependent manner, and the zymogens promoter activities require the integral MARE (Maf Recognition Element) motif. The Bach1b:MafK heterodimer represses the zymogens, whilst the Nrf2a:MafK heterodimer activates them. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that MafK binds the MARE sites in the 5'; regulatory regions of the zymogens, heme triggers replacing Bach1b with Nrf2a within the MafK-occupied MARE sites in the regulatory regions of the zymogens, and particularly in heme-deficient porphyria, the repressing Bach1b:MafK heterodimer dominates, which can be switched to the activating Nrf2a:MafK heterodimer by hemin treatment. These results provide novel insights into regulation of exocrine function as well as the pathogenesis of porphyria, and should be useful for designing therapies for diseases of both categories.
Histopathology reveals correlative and unique phenotypes in a high throughput mouse phenotyping screen
Authors: Adissu Hibret A. , Estabel Jeanne , Sunter David , Tuck Elizabeth , Hooks Yvette , Carragher Damian M. , Clarke Kay , Karp Natasha A. , Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Sanger Mouse Genetics Project , Newbigging Susan , Jones Nora , Morikawa Lily , White Jacqui K. , McKerlie Colin
Published: March 2014

The Mouse Genetics Project (MGP) at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute aims to generate and phenotype over 800 genetically modified mouse lines over the next 5 years to gain a better understanding of mammalian gene function, and provide an invaluable resource to the scientific community for follow up studies. Phenotyping includes generation of a standardized biobank of paraffin embedded tissues for each mouse line, but histopathology is not routinely performed. In collaboration with the Pathology Core of the Centre for Modeling Human Disease (CMHD) we report the utility of histopathology in a high-throughput primary phenotyping screen. Histopathology was assessed in an unbiased selection of 50 mouse lines with (n=30) or without (n=20) clinical phenotypes detected by the standard MGP primary phenotyping screen. Our findings revealed that histopathology added correlating morphological data in 19 of 30 lines (63.3%) in which the primary screen detected a phenotype. In addition, 7 of the 50 lines (14%) presented significant histopathology findings that were not associated with or predicted by the standard primary screen. Three of these 7 lines had no clinical phenotype detected by the standard primary screen. Incidental and strain-associated background lesions were present in all mutant lines with good concordance to wild type controls. These findings demonstrate the complementary and unique contribution of histopathology to high throughput primary phenotyping of mutant mice.
Scaffolding by MUPP1 regulates odorant-mediated signaling in olfactory sensory neurons
Authors: Baumgart Sabrina , Jansen Fabian , Bintig Willem , Kalbe Benjamin , Herrmann Christian , Klumpers Fabian , Köster S. David , Scholz Paul , Rasche Sebastian , Dooley Ruth , Metzler-Nolte Nils , Spehr Marc , Hatt Hanns , Neuhaus Eva M.
Published: March 2014

The olfactory signal transduction cascade transforms odor information into electrical signals by a cAMP-based amplification mechanism. The mechanisms underlying the very precise temporal and spatial organization of the relevant signaling components remains poorly understood. Here, we report that co-immunoprecipitation experiments identified a macromolecular assembly of signal transduction components in mouse olfactory neurons, organized via MUPP1. Disruption of the PDZ signaling complex through an inhibitory peptide strongly impaired odor responses and changed the activation kinetics of olfactory sensory neurons. In addition, our experiments demonstrated that response termination is dependent on PDZ-based scaffolding. These findings provide new insights into the functional organization and regulation of olfactory signal transduction.
Characteristics of Turbulent Confined Jets during Fast Filling of H2 Tank at High Pressure
Authors: Setoguchi T. , Alam M.M.A. , Monde M. , Kim H.D.
Published: March 2014

This paper presents computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies on turbulent confined jets of H2 gas during fast filling of a cylindrical tank at high pressure. The CFD model is validated by comparison with experimental results. An attempt is made to study the thermo-fluid dynamics of hydrogen gas alongside the characteristics of confined jets in the tank during filling. A pressure-velocity coupling algorithm is applied to solve the Favre averaged Navier-Stokes equations with an SST k-ω turbulence model. The real gas model using Redlich-Kwong equation of state is considered for density computation to model compressibility effects at high pressure. Convective heat transfer from the compressed gas to tank wall is estimated through the coupling between the energy equations of gas and solids. A standard type III, 74L hydrogen cylinder composed of aluminum and CFRP for liner and laminate is used in the present study.
Homogeneous Condensation in Supersonic Impinging Jets onto Cylindrical Cavity
Authors: Alam M.M.A. , Setoguchi T. , Matsuo S. , Kim H.D.
Published: March 2014

Over half a century researchers have engaged themselves in doing research on supersonic impinging jets for their fundamental fluid dynamic perspectives as well as their huge practical applications. In a variety of engineering applications steam or moist air is used as working gas. Rapid expansion of steam or moist air leads to an occurrence of non-equilibrium homogeneous condensation at the region between downstream of nozzle exit and an obstacle. Surrounding gas is heated due to the release of latent heat of condensation, and may affect the jet flow features. The present numerical work deals with the effect of condensation on the aerodynamic and oscillatory flow features of supersonic impinging jets onto a cylindrical cavity. A TVD scheme is used to solve the RANS equations and droplet growth equations for simulating condensation in the jet flowfield. The numerical code is validated through comparison with experimental results. Predicted flow and oscillatory properties of jets are presented.
Molecular-Kinetic Approach to Gas-Flow Problems
Authors: Tsukamoto M. , Sakurai A.
Published: March 2014

The primary aim of this paper is to analyze the feasibility of the molecular kinetic approach to problems with computation of compressible flows. We present the Boltzmann equation methods and its application to various gas-flow problems.
A Study on Behavior of Underexpanded Jet and Induced Vortex
Authors: Suzuki Hiromasa , Endo Masaki , Sakakibara Yoko
Published: March 2014

In this paper, the oscillation phenomena of underexpanded jet and the motion of the vortex induced by the jet are discussed. The jet becomes underexpanded when the nozzle pressure ratio of convergent nozzle discharging it exceeds the critical value. The underexpanded jet is not uniform and has a typical cell structure because the expansion wave, the compression wave and the shock wave are periodically formed in it. A vortex is induced one after another in the vicinity of the jet boundary due to shear stress and interacts with the jet as it moves downstream. The interaction of vortex and jet is closely related to the strong noise radiating from such flow field. This flow field is often observed as the assist gas of laser cutting, the exhaust jet of VSTOL aircraft and rocket, and so on. In this paper the flow field is experimentally visualized in order to analyse the behavior of cell structure of jet. Furthermore, a simple system for measuring the advective velocity and the frequency of vortex generation is proposed.
Acoustic Heating Effects in Hartmann Whistle
Authors: Narayanan S. , Behera Bholanath , Sundararajan T. , Srinivasan K.
Published: March 2014

This paper systematically explores the heating effects in a Hartmann whistle. Effects of thermal losses on the end-wall heating of the whistle are demonstrated by conducting experiments on bare metal cavities, insulated metal cavities, and in wooden cavities. The heating studies are done on wooden cavities of three different configurations, namely, regular cylindrical, stepped and conical ones. The cavity with conical geometry is observed to provide the maximum heating effect at the end-wall. Further, the effects of various parameters such as nozzle pressure ratio, cavity length, and stand-off distance on the end-wall heating of the cavities are also studied. The relationship between acoustic resonance and heating effects are established.
Thermoregulation strategies in ants in comparison to other social insects, with a focus on red wood ants (Formica rufa group)
Authors: Kadochová Štěpánka , Frouz Jan
Published: March 2014

Temperature influences every aspect of ant biology, especially metabolic rate, growth and development. Maintenance of high inner nest temperature increases the rate of sexual brood development and thereby increases the colony fitness. Insect societies can achieve better thermoregulation than solitary insects due to the former’s ability to build large and elaborated nests and display complex behaviour. In ants and termites the upper part of the nest, the mound, often works as a solar collector and can also have an efficient ventilation system. Two thermoregulatory strategies could be applied. Firstly the ants use an increased thermal gradient available in the mound for brood relocation. Nurse workers move the brood according to the thermal gradients to ensure the ideal conditions for development. A precise perception of temperature and evolution of temperature preferences are needed to make the correct choices. A second thermoregulatory strategy used by mound nesting ants is keeping a high temperature inside large nests. The unique thermal and insulation properties of the nest material help to maintain stable conditions, which is the case of the Wood ant genus Formica. Ants can regulate thermal loss by moving nest aggregation and alternating nest ventilation. Metabolic heat produced by ant workers or associated micro organisms is an important additional source of heat which helps to maintain thermal homeostasis in the nest.
Understanding and Managing Intravenous Container Overfill; Potential Dose Confusion
Authors: Cohen Michael R. , Smetzer Judy L.
Published: March 2014

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them at your inservice training programs.

Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) Medication Errors Reporting Program. Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers’ names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below.

Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported directly to ISMP through the ISMP Web site ( www.ismp.org ), by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE, or via e-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters’ wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.
Extended Stability of Intravenous 0.9% Sodium Chloride Solution after Prolonged Heating or Cooling
Authors: Puertos Enrique
Published: March 2014

Purpose

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the stability and sterility of an intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride solution that had been cooled or heated for an extended period of time.

Methods

Fifteen sterile 1 L bags of 0.9% sodium chloride solution were randomly selected for this experiment. Five bags were refrigerated at an average temperature of 5.2°C, 5 bags were heated at an average temperature of 39.2°C, and 5 bags were stored at an average room temperature of 21.8°C to serve as controls. All samples were protected from light and stored for a period of 199 days prior to being assayed and analyzed for microbial and fungal growth.

Results

There was no clinically significant difference in the mean sodium values between the refrigerated samples, the heated samples, and the control group. There were no signs of microbial or fungal growth for the duration of the study.

Conclusion

A sterile intravenous solution of 0.9% sodium chloride that was heated or cooled remained stable and showed no signs of microbial or fungal growth for a period of 199 days. This finding will allow hospitals and emergency medical technicians to significantly extend the expiration date assigned to these fluids and therefore obviate the need to change out these fluids every 28 days as recommended by the manufacturer.
Issues Facing Pharmacy Leaders in 2014: Suggestions for Pharmacy Strategic Planning
Authors: Khandoobhai Anand , Weber Robert J.
Published: March 2014

In 2013, the Director's Forum published our assessment of issues facing pharmacy leaders to assist pharmacy directors in planning for the year ahead. The issues include health care reform and the Affordable Care Act, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Pharmacy Practice Model Initiative, the health care workforce, patients’ perceptions of pharmacists, and the changing landscape of pharmacy education. Based on our environmental scan, the issues addressed in 2013 are pertinent to a department's plan for 2014. The goal of this article is to provide practical approaches to each of these issues to help pharmacy directors focus their department's goals for 2014 to support the development of patient-centered pharmacy services. This column will address (1) strategies to reduce medication costs and generate new pharmacy revenue streams, (2) innovative approaches to improving medication safety and quality, (3) steps to advance the clinical practice model, and (4) ways to create mutually beneficial student experiences.
Was a Mobile Health Strategy One of Your New Year's Resolutions?
Authors: Felkey Bill G. , Fox Brent I.
Published: March 2014

Culture change is hard in any organization. However, it can often lead to positive results. We believe that the culture of health care needs to focus on how mobile health tools can assist in care provision in hospitals and health systems. In this installment, we explore some of the steps necessary to help move mobile health into the mainstream of health care.
How Did They Do It? Explaining Queensland Labor's Second Electoral Hegemony
Authors: Williams Paul D.
Published: March 2014

Australia's entrenched liberal democratic traditions of a free media, fair and frequent elections and robust public debate might encourage outside observers to assume Australia is subject to frequent changes in government. The reality is very different: Australian politics have instead been ‘largely unchanged’ since the beginning of our bipolar party system in 1910 (Aitkin 1977, p. 1), with Australians re-electing incumbents on numerous occasions for decades on end. The obvious federal example is the 23-year dominance of the Liberal-Country Party Coalition, first elected in 1949 and re-endorsed at the following eight House of Representatives elections. Even more protracted electoral hegemonies have been found at state level, including Labor's control of Tasmania (1934–82, except for 1969–72) and New South Wales (1941–65), and the Liberals' hold on Victoria (1952–82) and South Australia (1938–65, most unusually under one Premier, Thomas Playford). It is therefore not a question of whether parties can enjoy excessively long hegemonies in Australia; it is instead one of how they achieve it.
Occurrence of the genus Tolypiocladia F. Schmitz (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: de Castro Nunes José Marcos , de Jesus Priscila Barreto , Caires Taiara Aguiar , de Beauclair Guimarães Silvia Maria Pita
Published: March 2014

A survey of Rhodophyta on the coast of Bahia state, northeast Brazil, revealed new records for the occurrence of a red alga. The specimens were identified as Tolypiocladia glomerulata. We describe the morphological characters of this species and compare them with literature reports of other species belonging to the genus. This is the first record of the genus Tolypiocladia from the Atlantic Ocean.
Big denominators and analytic normal forms
Authors: Stolovitch Laurent
Published: March 2014

We study the regular action of an analytic pseudo-group of transformations on the space of germs of various analytic objects of local analysis and local differential geometry. We fix a homogeneous object F
0 and we are interested in an analytic normal form for the whole affine space

{

F
0

+
h.o.t.
}

${\lbrace F_0 + \text{h.o.t.}\rbrace }$

. We prove that if the cohomological operator defined by F
0 has the big denominators property and if a formal normal form is well chosen, then this formal normal form holds in analytic category.
We also define big denominators in systems of nonlinear PDEs and prove a theorem on local analytic solvability of systems of nonlinear PDEs with big denominators.
Moreover, we prove that if the denominators grow “relatively fast”, but not fast enough to satisfy the big
denominators property, then we have a normal form, respectively local solvability of PDEs, in a formal Gevrey category. We illustrate our theorems by explanation of known results and by new results in the problems of local classification of singularities
of vector fields, non-isolated singularities of functions, tuples of germs of vector fields, local Riemannian metrics and conformal structures.
Multivariate Fractional Regression Estimation of Econometric Share Models
Authors: Mullahy John
Published: March 2014

This paper describes and applies econometric strategies for estimating regression models of economic share data outcomes where the shares may take boundary values (zero and 1) with nontrivial probability. The main focus of the paper is on the conditional mean structures of such data. The paper proposes an extension of the fractional regression methodology proposed by (Papke, L. E., and J. M. Wooldridge. 1996. “Econometric Methods for Fractional Response Variables with an Application to 401(k) Plan Participation Rates.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 11: 619–632; Papke, L. E. and J. M. Wooldridge. 2008. “Panel Data Methods for Fractional Response Variables with an Application to Test Pass Rates.” Journal of Econometrics 145: 121–133.), in univariate cross-sectional and panel contexts. The paper discusses the stochastic aspects of share definition and measurement, and summarizes important features of the existing literature on econometric strategies for share model estimation. The paper then goes on to discuss the univariate fractional regression estimation strategies proposed by Papke and Wooldridge and to extend the fractional regression approach to estimation of and inference about regression models describing the multivariate share data. Some issues involving outcome aggregation/disaggregation are considered, as is a full likelihood estimation approach based on Dirichlet-multinomial models. The paper demonstrates the workings of these various empirical strategies by estimating models of financial asset portfolio shares using data from the 2001, 2004, and 2007 US Surveys of Consumer Finances.
Singular value decomposition for the cone-beam transform in the ball
Authors: Kazantsev Sergey G.
Published: March 2014

The X-ray computerized tomography is concerned to the reconstruction of a function
f from line (ray) integrals of f. In general, we may have the
parallel ray or divergent ray geometry.
In this paper we develop an analytical singular value decomposition method
for the cone-beam transform in divergent ray geometry.
For the parallel ray transform a singular value decomposition has been derived
by P. Maass in 1987.
Solution to the inverse Wulff problem by means of the enhanced semidefinite relaxation method
Authors: Ševčovič Daniel , Trnovská Mária
Published: March 2014

We propose a novel method of resolving the optimal anisotropy function. The idea is to construct the optimal anisotropy function as a
solution to the inverse Wulff problem, i.e. as a minimizer for the anisoperimetric ratio for a given Jordan curve in the plane. It leads to a nonconvex quadratic optimization problem with linear matrix inequalities. In order to solve it we propose the so-called enhanced semidefinite relaxation method which is based on a solution to a convex semidefinite problem obtained by a semidefinite relaxation of the original problem augmented by quadratic-linear constraints. We show that the sequence of finite-dimensional approximations of the optimal anisoperimetric ratio converges to the optimal anisoperimetric ratio which is a solution to the inverse Wulff problem. Several computational examples, including those corresponding to boundaries of real snowflakes, and discussion on the rate of convergence of numerical method are also presented in this paper.
On convergence rates for iteratively regularized Newton-type methods under a Lipschitz-type nonlinearity condition
Authors: Werner Frank
Published: March 2014

We investigate a generalization of the well-known iteratively regularized Gauss–Newton method where the Newton equations are regularized variationally using general data fidelity and penalty terms. To obtain convergence rates, we use a general error assumption which has recently been shown to be useful for impulsive and Poisson noise. We restrict the nonlinearity of the forward operator only by a Lipschitz-type condition and compare our results to other convergence rates results proven in the literature. Finally we explicitly state our convergence rates for the aforementioned case of Poisson noise to shed some light on the structure of the posed error assumption.
A nonstandard approximation of pseudoinverse and a new stopping criterion for iterative regularization
Authors: Bakushinsky Anatoly , Smirnova Alexandra , Liu Hui
Published: March 2014

A problem of solving a (non)linear operator equation, F(u) = y,
F : 𝒳 → 𝒴, on a pair of Hilbert spaces is addressed.
A generalized Gauss–Newton scheme
u

n+1 = ξ
n
- θ(F
'*(un
)F'(un
),τ
n
)F
'*(un
){F(un
) - y
δ - F'(un
)(un
- ξ
n
)}, u
0,ξ
n
∈ 𝒳,
is investigated. Three basic groups of generating functions are considered. A nonstandard approximation of pseudoinverse through a “gentle” iterative
truncation is presented. Its optimality on the class of generating functions with the same correctness coefficient is proven. A novel a posteriori
stopping rule, designed to accommodate noise in both the data and the source condition, is justified. Practical aspects are illustrated with numerical
simulations for a large-scale linear image de-blurring system as well as a nonlinear inverse scattering model.
Nanophotonics of protein amyloids
Authors: Bhattacharya Mily , Mukhopadhyay Samrat
Published: March 2014

Technological breakthroughs in the super-resolution optical imaging techniques have enriched our current understanding of a range of biological systems and biomolecular processes at the nanoscopic spatial resolution. Protein amyloids are an important class of ordered protein assemblies consisting of misfolded proteins that are implicated in a wide range of devastating human diseases. In order to decipher the structural basis of the supramolecular protein assembly in amyloids and their detrimental interactions with the cell membranes, it is important to employ high-resolution optical imaging techniques. Additionally, amyloids could serve as novel biological nanomaterials for a variety of potential applications. In this review, we summarize a few examples of the utility of near-field scanning optical imaging methodologies to obtain a wealth of structural information into the nanoscale amyloid assembly. Although the near-field technologies were developed several decades ago, it is only recently that these methodologies are being applied and adapted for amyloid research to yield novel information pertaining to the exciting nanoscopic world of protein aggregates. We believe that the account on the nanophotonics of amyloids described in this review will be useful for the future studies on the biophysics of amyloids.
Resources for Functional Genomics Studies in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Mohr Stephanie E , Hu Yanhui , Kim Kevin , Housden Benjamin E , Perrimon Norbert
Published: March 2014

Drosophila melanogaster has become a system of choice for functional genomic studies. Many resources, including online databases and software tools, are now available to support design or identification of relevant fly stocks and reagents or analysis and mining of existing functional genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, etc. datasets. These include large community collections of fly stocks and plasmid clones, “meta” information sites like FlyBase and FlyMine, and an increasing number of more specialized reagents, databases, and online tools. Here, we introduce key resources useful to plan large-scale functional genomics studies in Drosophila and to analyze, integrate, and mine the results of those studies in ways that facilitate identification of highest-confidence results and generation of new hypotheses. We also discuss ways in which existing resources can be used and might be improved and suggest a few areas of future development that would further support large- and small-scale studies in Drosophila and facilitate use of Drosophila information by the research community more generally.
Synthetic Cytotoxicity: Digenic Interactions with TEL1/ATM Mutations Reveal Sensitivity to Low Doses of Camptothecin
Authors: Li Xuesong , O’Neil Nigel J , Moshgabadi Noushin , Hieter Philip
Published: March 2014

Many tumors contain mutations that confer defects in the DNA-damage response and genome stability. DNA-damaging agents are powerful therapeutic tools that can differentially kill cells with an impaired DNA-damage response. The response to DNA damage is complex and composed of a network of coordinated pathways, often with a degree of redundancy. Tumor-specific somatic mutations in DNA-damage response genes could be exploited by inhibiting the function of a second gene product to increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to a sublethal concentration of a DNA-damaging therapeutic agent, resulting in a class of conditional synthetic lethality we call synthetic cytotoxicity. We used the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nonessential gene-deletion collection to screen for synthetic cytotoxic interactions with camptothecin, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, and a null mutation in TEL1, the S. cerevisiae ortholog of the mammalian tumor-suppressor gene, ATM. We found and validated 14 synthetic cytotoxic interactions that define at least five epistasis groups. One class of synthetic cytotoxic interaction was due to telomere defects. We also found that at least one synthetic cytotoxic interaction was conserved in Caenorhabditis elegans. We have demonstrated that synthetic cytotoxicity could be a useful strategy for expanding the sensitivity of certain tumors to DNA-damaging therapeutics.
Modular Skeletal Evolution in Sticklebacks Is Controlled by Additive and Clustered Quantitative Trait Loci
Authors: Miller Craig T , Glazer Andrew M , Summers Brian R , Blackman Benjamin K , Norman Andrew R , Shapiro Michael D , Cole Bonnie L , Peichel Catherine L , Schluter Dolph , Kingsley David M
Published: March 2014

Understanding the genetic architecture of evolutionary change remains a long-standing goal in biology. In vertebrates, skeletal evolution has contributed greatly to adaptation in body form and function in response to changing ecological variables like diet and predation. Here we use genome-wide linkage mapping in threespine stickleback fish to investigate the genetic architecture of evolved changes in many armor and trophic traits. We identify >100 quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the pattern of serially repeating skeletal elements, including gill rakers, teeth, branchial bones, jaws, median fin spines, and vertebrae. We use this large collection of QTL to address long-standing questions about the anatomical specificity, genetic dominance, and genomic clustering of loci controlling skeletal differences in evolving populations. We find that most QTL (76%) that influence serially repeating skeletal elements have anatomically regional effects. In addition, most QTL (71%) have at least partially additive effects, regardless of whether the QTL controls evolved loss or gain of skeletal elements. Finally, many QTL with high LOD scores cluster on chromosomes 4, 20, and 21. These results identify a modular system that can control highly specific aspects of skeletal form. Because of the general additivity and genomic clustering of major QTL, concerted changes in both protective armor and trophic traits may occur when sticklebacks inherit either marine or freshwater alleles at linked or possible “supergene” regions of the stickleback genome. Further study of these regions will help identify the molecular basis of both modular and coordinated changes in the vertebrate skeleton.
Native point defects in multicomponent transparent conducting oxides
Authors: Murat Altynbek , Medvedeva Julia E.
Published: March 2014

The formation of native point defects in layered multicomponent InAMO4 oxides with A3+=Al or Ga, and M2+=Ca, Mg, or Zn, is investigated using first-principles density functional calculations. We calculated the formation energy of acceptor (cation vacancies, acceptor antisites) and donor (oxygen vacancy, donor antisites) defects within the structurally and chemically distinct layers of InAMO4 oxides. We find that the antisite donor defect, in particular, the A atom substituted on the M atom site (AM) in InAMO4 oxides, have lower formation energies, hence, higher concentrations, as compared to those of the oxygen vacancy which is know to be the major donor defect in binary constituent oxides. The major acceptor (electron “killer”) defects are cation vacancies except for InAlCaO4 where the antisite CaAl is the most abundant acceptor defect. The results of the defect formation analysis help explain the changes in the observed carrier concentrations as a function of chemical composition in InAMO4, and also why the InAlZnO4 samples are unstable under a wide range of growing conditions.
High Rate Charge/Discharge Characteristics in Composite Film of Mesoporous TiO2 and Polyaniline for Photorechargeable Battery
Authors: Nomiyama Teruaki , Sakamoto Kenta , Yoshida Tomohito , Kagiyama Akinori , Horie Yuji
Published: March 2014

One of promising photorechargeable electrode, which has two functions of photovoltaic and electrical energy storage, is a composite film of mesoporous TiO2 and conducting polymer polyaniline. Galvanostatic charge/discharge characteristics of the TiO2-polyaniline composite were examined to reveal how fast the film was charged. The film with a specific capacity 60-120 mAh g–1 was found to be fully charged at high charging rate 20 mA cm–2 which is comparable to high performance solar cells. Such high charging rate was achieved by the compact polyaniline layer covering the large specific surface area of mesoporous TiO2 film.
Ultralow Gradient HGF-Grown ZnGeP2 and CdGeAs2 and Their Optical Properties
Authors: Schunemann Peter G. , Pollak Thomas M.
Published: March 2014

ZnGeP2 and CdGeAs2 have long been recognized as promising crystals for infrared frequency generation. They exhibit the highest nonlinear optical coefficients (d36 equals 75 pm/V and 236 pm/V for ZnGeP2 and CdGeAs2, respectively) among all known compounds that possess adequate birefringence for phase matching. ZnGeP2's transparency range (0.62−13 μm) makes it the optimum material for shifting the wavelength of 2-μm pump lasers into the 3–5-μm range via optical parametric oscillation (OPO), whereas that of CdGeAs2 (2.3–18 μm) is better suited for doubling the frequency of CO2 lasers (9–11 μm) into the same range via second-harmonic generation. In both cases however, the application of these materials has been hindered by great difficulty in achieving crack-free single crystals, and by large defect-related absorption losses.

The horizontal-gradient-freeze (HGF) growth technique has been instrumental in overcoming these difficulties. “Ultralow” axial gradients (1–3°C/cm) have been used to control stoichiometry by minimizing vapor transport as well as to eliminate cracking due to anisotropic thermal expansion. (The a-axis and c-axis thermal-expansion coefficients of ZnGeP2 differ by a factor of two, whereas those of CdGeAs2 differ by a factor of 15.) In addition, oriented seeds were used to ensure monocrystalline nucleation (because even a small degree of polycrystallinity can lead to cracking even in low gradients) and growth along preferred directions to facilitate fabrication of device crystals. Finally growth was performed in a two-zone, transparent furnace in order to monitor and control the seeding-and-growth process.
Developments in CVD-Diamond Synthesis During the Past Decade
Authors: Butler James E. , Windischmann Henry
Published: March 2014

The last decade and a half has seen an explosive growth in the synthesis of diamond materials by a variety of chemicalvapor-deposition (CVD) processes driven by both scientific curiosity and technological exploitation for diverse applications in the fields of hard coatings, tools, optics, passive and active electronics, thermal management, corrosion protection, and radiation detection. Beginning in the 1980s, micron-sized diamond particles were reported by a few groups using hot filaments and a seemingly magical (alchemical) recipe of hydrocarbons and hydrogen. Now near the end of the 1990s, the basic science of diamond growth by CVD is well-understood. Diverse plasma- and thermal-based techniques have been developed for deposition of diamond. Polycrystalline films several mm thick and over 12 in. (30 cm) in diameter are a reality. Many companies are commercializing a wide range of products, and the cost of deposition has dropped by over three orders of magnitude. This article reviews these developments and highlights challenges for the future. It is organized along two themes: scientific advances and technological progress.
The Scientific and Technological Route to the Manufacture of High-Modulus Polyethylene
Authors: Mackley Malcolm
Published: March 2014

Polyethylene has been manufactured commercially for over sixty years. However recently a high-modulus variant has become available. This article describes the background to the development of high-modulus polyethylene and describes the story behind the sequence of scientific discoveries and technological developments that occurred to enable this advance.

Polyethylene was discovered by accident in the 1930s when two scientists working for the ICI chemical company carried out a series of experiments to study the effect of pressure on the reaction kinetics of certain organic liquids and gases. During these experiments, the scientists noted a waxy deposit in their small reaction vessel which marked the birth of one of the world's largest commodity polymers. The crystallographic structure of polyethylene was determined by another ICI industrial scientist who at the time was pioneering x-ray techniques. The crystallography of polyethylene, shown in Figure 1, is relatively simple in that it shows the long CH2-CH2 polymer chains packed in the all “trans” configuration to form an orthorhombic cell.

Polyethylene rapidly developed as a commodity thermoplastic finding application in injection molding, extrusion, and packaging. Its prime material characteristics are its toughness, flexibility, and ease of processing. The stiffness of the polymer for most applications was found to be of the order of 1 GPa, which was similar to other thermoplastics but less than metals such as aluminum at 60 GPa and steel at 210 GPa.
Ultrahigh-Density Recording Technologies
Authors: Kryder Mark H.
Published: March 2014

Magnetic recording and optical recording are the major technologies used to provide long-term storage of information in today's computer systems. Magnetic recording has been used for data storage in computer systems for over 40 years, and the advances in technology that have occurred in that time frame are nothing short of phenomenal. One might expect that after 40 years of dominance, the rate of progress in magnetic recording would be slowing down and that other technologies would be moving in to replace it. However rather than slowing down its rate of progress, magnetic recording is now advancing at a faster rate than at any time in the past. Magnetic hard-disk drives represent the largest segment of the data-storage business, and the number of hard-disk drives sold is increasing at about 20% per year. Tape drives continue to enjoy a very substantial market and are also advancing at a rapid pace while flexible disk drives continue to appear in every personal computer sold and have recently increased capacity by nearly two orders of magnitude.

Optical recording was introduced into the marketplace in 1989 and has secured a significant market. However thus far, optical recording has primarily found new market niches, rather than being directly competitive with magnetic recording. CD-ROMs are widely used for the distribution of prerecorded information—a business that is now comparable in size to the magnetic-tape-drive business. On the other hand, erasable, optical drives, which were first introduced in 1989, have not had nearly as much success and have much smaller markets than either magnetic hard drives or tape drives.
Borosilicate Glass: Future Research Requirements or “What We Don't Know”
Authors: Grambow B.
Published: March 2014

Borosilicate glass is the principal solid matrix for immobilizing 99% of the highly radioactive, heat-generating nuclides extracted by reprocessing spent nuclear fuel. Production of the glass has begun in several countries, yet no final disposal site is available anywhere in the world. This is due partly to political issues and partly to the difficulties of credibly demonstrating that nuclear waste can be safely isolated in deep underground repositories for hundreds of generations. The release of hazardous quantities of radionuclides from a repository is prevented by a multiple barrier containment system, including a central engineered system consisting of the canistered glass, an overpack, and backfill materials. If the glass could retain all radionuclides upon contact with groundwater, it would not be necessary to demonstrate that geological isolation is safe. However, the glass corrodes slowly in water and humid air, and inevitably, certain quantities of radionuclides are mobilized. The glass is not inherently corrosion-resistant, but rather depends on the waste package and on surrounding geochemical and hydrological constraints. The difficulty is predicting the release/retention of radionuclides for long time periods while considering the interactions with other engineered and natural barriers.
Metastable Phase Formation in Thin Films and Multilayers
Authors: Clemens Bruce M. , Sinclair Robert
Published: March 2014

It is well known that thin-film technology relies increasingly on multilayered structures. As dimensions become smaller, the interfacial or contact region assumes a larger and often dominant role in the performance or properties. Many examples come readily to mind. In magnetic hard disks, the active cobaltalloy layer, itself only about 50 nm thick, is grown either on a crystalline chromium thin film or directly onto amorphous nickel-phosphorous, and capped with a protective carbon or chromium-carbon coating (see Figure 1). The recording head “flies” at 90 mph and about 0.1 ü above this combination, which is expected to be mechanically durable and magnetically reliable for thousands of recordings. Atomic-scale multilayers are being investigated to provide the ability to “tune” the magnetic properties of the active recording layer or head materials. Exchange coupled magneto-optical media consisting of a few tens of angstroms of cobalt or nickel layers on amorphous TbFeCo alloys are showing promise for improving magneto-optical coupling while maintaining perpendicular anisotropy. In microelectronic circuits, aluminum or silicide contacts to silicon are essential to any device, and multilevel integration involving a series of metal, alloy, silicon (amorphous, poly- or monocrystalline) and dielectric layers (some of which might be 1-10 nm thick) are increasingly required to achieve large-scale integration. Metal-metalloid (e.g., MoSi, W-C) multilayers are used for x-ray optical elements. Artificially produced metallic superlattices and multilayers are being used to probe the fundamental magnetic, electronic, mechanical, and structural properties of metal-metal interfaces.
Crack Formation and Propagation
Authors: Buck Otto
Published: March 2014

After Griffith's explanation of the decrease in the strength of a loaded material containing a disbonded area (a crack), it took about another quarter century before “Fracture Mechanics” as an engineering discipline became established. At that time it was the catastrophic failure of the Liberty ships and the basic contributions by Irwin2 that created a high interest in the quantification of the process by which a crack will grow. A series of accidents involving bridges, pressure vessels, generator rotors, aircraft, etc., contributed greatly — not only to further research but also to the opinion that cracks are basically “bad” and should be avoided under all circumstances.

I started to become acquainted with cracks in the early 1970s. The U.S. Air. Force had recently lost a few F-lll aircraft in southeast Asia due to wing-box cracking. In reaction, the Air Force decided that the new bomber, the B1, should be designed according to fatigue and fracture criteria. Since the materials were specified mostly by metallurgical engineers, they had to become concerned with the effects, for example, of the materials' microstructures on fatigue and crack propagation. At the same time, the interest in crack formation began to evolve.

Furthermore, the capabilities for quantitative nondestructive evaluation of a structure in service increased sharply since it was realized that we have to live with cracks and that not all cracks are necessarily “bad.”
Aluminum-Air Batteries: Materials Related Research
Authors: Maimoni Arturo
Published: March 2014

The aluminum-air power cell is being developed as a power supply for general purpose electric vehicles because it can provide them with the range, acceleration performance, and rapid refueling capability of current internal combustion engine vehicles. This paper describes the general characteristics of the systems and the materials research effort sponsored by DOE to improve the characteristics of the air and aluminum electrodes.
Up Close: Center for Advanced Materials at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Authors: Gilman John J.
Published: March 2014

The boundaries between the present performance of materials and the requirements of device designers have for centuries been moving forward. The steps taken to draw these two together are sometimes large; more often they are small. As they occur, we find materials that are stronger, have larger magnetic moments, have higher electron mobilities, etc. Each time the property profile improves, understanding of the physical and chemical properties advances, and new engineering devices based on the improved profile are invented and developed.

The purpose of the Center for Advanced Materials (CAM) at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) is to enhance the inter-play between advances in the property profiles of materials and advances in the chemical and physical understanding of them. For this purpose, the location of CAM can be described as ideal. The proximity of this national laboratory to the campus of the University of California at Berkeley provides an unusually rich intellectual setting for the Center. It also provides unique opportunities for the University students and faculty who conduct materials-related research. Indeed, the arrangement should be a model for similar organizations, and it represents a solid method for strengthening materials science and technology throughout the nation.

National policy in critical materials has given the national laboratories—including LBL—strong direction and incentive to collaborate with industry and the research universities. This incentive led to the establishment of CAM in order to build on the symbiosis between LBL and the University of California at Berkeley. It strives to extend this symbiosis by bringing industry into the ongoing educational process and by making its special facilities more readily available to industrial researchers.
"Las cosas singulares de piedras, animales, plantas": la formación y el funcionamiento de la red imperial española de remesas centíficas en el Virreinato del Río de la Plata
Authors: Pereira Magnus Roberto de Mello
Published: March 2014

El presente artículo acompaña el proceso de remesa de especímenes animales y vegetales de la región administrativa del Virreinato del Río de la Plata para las instituciones científicas españolas, tales como el Real Gabinete, el Real Jardín Botánico y las menageries del Retiro y de Aranjuez. El propósito fue intentar sorprender esas remesas en el exacto momento en que tales instituciones y sus redes de recolección estaban siendo creadas, buscando explicar las lógicas que las presidían, en un momento en que se mezclaban propósitos de orden económico; la cultura de la dádiva, típica del Antiguo Régimen; con las modernas prácticas científicas que estaban en construcción.
The co-influence of the sea breeze and the coastal upwelling at Cabo Frio: a numerical investigation using coupled models
Authors: Ribeiro Flávia Noronha Dutra , Soares Jacyra , Oliveira Amauri Pereira de
Published: March 2014

A coupled atmospheric-oceanic model was used to investigate whether there is a positive feedback between the coastal upwelling and the sea breeze at Cabo Frio - RJ (Brazil). Two experiments were performed to ascertain the influence of the sea breeze on the coastal upwelling: the first one used the coupled model forced with synoptic NE winds of 8 m s-1 and the sign of the sea breeze circulation was set by the atmospheric model; the second experiment used only the oceanic model with constant 8 m s-1 NE winds. Then, to study the influence of the coastal upwelling on the sea breeze, two more experiments were performed: one using a coastal upwelling representative SST initial field and the other one using a constant and homogeneous SST field of 26°C. Finally, two more experiments were conducted to verify the influence of the topography and the spatial distribution of the sea surface temperature on the previous results. The results showed that the sea breeze can intensify the coastal upwelling, but the coastal upwelling does not intensify the sea breeze circulation, suggesting that there is no positive feedback between these two phenomena at Cabo Frio.