bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raman study of aqueous zinc oxide-alkali metal hydroxide system
Authors: Sharma Shiv Kumar
Published: February 2004

Analysis of Raman spectra of concentrated alkali metal hydroxide solutions and the solutions of ZnO in concentrated alkali metal hydroxide solutions has contradicted the tetrahedral structure of zincate ions that has been accepted so far. Two low frequency bands, which were earlier assigned to a tetrahedral structure of zincate ions, have been attributed to the formation of ion pairs between alkali metal ions and OH− ions in concentrated KOH and NaOH solutions. The band at 425 cm−1 originates due to the formation of polynuclear aggregates in the solutions. The results have indicated that the zincate ions exist as linear ZnO22− species.
Intrinsic mobility of molecular glasses
Authors: Johari Gyan P.
Published: February 2004

The dielectric relaxation study of glass-forming liquids show the presence of two relaxation regions at temperatures above TQ. The low frequency relaxation is attributed to the cooperative rearrangement of molecules. The high frequency relaxation, which continues to exist in the glassy state, is suggested to arise from the hindered rearrangement of the molecules encaged by large regions which have been made relatively immobile by the stringent requirement of a cooperative motion. The hindered reorientation of dipoles in liquids at low viscosity has about the same Arrhenius energy as the β process seen in glasses. The results emphasize the role of intermolecular potential barriers in producing relaxation characteristics which have been generally accepted to arise from intramolecular rearrangement.
Calculation of vibrational and rotational energy transfer between HF, DF, HCl, and CO2
Authors: Dillon T. A. , Stephenson J. C.
Published: February 2004

A theory of vibrational energy transfer which retains the exponential form of the scattering operator is applied to energy transfer between vibrationally excited HF, DF, HCl, and CO2. The calculations contain several new features, including use of curved classical trajectories and vibrational wavefunctions obtained numerically from an RKR potential. Cross sections for multiquantum pure rotational changes caused by the dipole-quadrupole interaction are calculated. These multiquantum rotational transitions play an important role in vibrational energy exchange by allowing large vibrational energy defects to be absorbed by the rotational degrees of freedom. Agreement between theory and experiment is excellent. Cross sections calculated for simultaneous transfer of two vibrational quanta from HF or HCl to CO2 are very small. However, for DF–CO2 the calculated two-quantum-transfer cross section is only a factor of 2–6 smaller than that for single-quantum transfer.
Chemical effects on the fine structure of L111 absorption edge of rhenium
Authors: Padalia B. D. , Gupta S. N. , Krishnan V.
Published: February 2004

Fine structure of the L111 absorption edge of rhenium in its freshly prepared five complexes has been investigated with a 1 m curved mica crystal spectrograph. A prominent absorption maximum (white line) has been detected at the L111 edge. Chemical effects on the fine structure are restricted in the energy region lying within nearly 100 eV of the main edge. It appears that the EFS is independent of the symmetry of the absorbing crystal. The shape of L111 edge suggests octahedral coordination for rhenium in the complexes under investigation. Bond lengths are determined employing x-ray fine structure methods. It is found that the present results favor Lytle's method for the metal and that of Levy's for complexes.
Infrared and Raman spectra of solid and matrix isolated diimide, HNNH
Authors: Bondybey Vladimir E. , Nibler Joseph W.
Published: February 2004

Diimide (HNNH) has been prepared as a discharge product of N2H4, and infrared and Raman spectra have been obtained for both solid and matrix isolated HNNH, HNND, and DNND. The five in-plane vibrations of isolated trans-HNNH have all been determined: Raman Ag modes, 3128, 1583, and 1529 cm−1; infrared Bu modes, 3131 and 1286 cm−1. Isotopic substitution establishes the characteristic NN stretch as the 1529 cm−1 band. The Au out-of-plane torsion was not definitely assigned but could be a weak infrared feature observed at 832 cm−1. cis-Diimide was not detected. Studies of solid discharge products show that a variety of hydrogen bonded complexes form between HNNH and NH3, and some conclusions are reached regarding the structures of these.
Time dependence of the fluorescence of the B state of CN
Authors: Luk C. K. , Bersohn R.
Published: February 2004

The alteration of the fluorescence of the B 2Σ state of the CN radical on collisions with foreign gases has been studied by their effect on the decay. A vacuum uv nanosecond flash lamp was used to dissociate the ICN molecule with the direct formation of the CN(B 2Σ). A value for its lifetime extrapolated to zero pressure of the parent gas is 60.8±2.0 nsec. Some gases such as He, Ar, and CF4 do not give any measurable quenching cross section. Others such as Xe appear to quench by promoting the B2Σ → A2Π radiationless transition. There is a remarkable difference between the quenching effects of N2 and CO; a quasistable intermediate complex is proposed for the latter gas in analogy with the effect of these gases on Hg(3P1) atoms. Many gases appear to quench by hydrogen abstraction, e.g., H2, CH4, C2H4. In its chemical properties there is a useful analogy of B 2Σ CN with the F atom. As a consequence, in hydrogen abstraction reactions, the resultant HCN is expected to be vibrationally excited as is the corresponding HF.
Bulk recombination of charge carriers in polymer films: Poly-N-vinylcarbazole complexed with trinitrofluorenone
Authors: Hughes R. C.
Published: February 2004

High concentrations of photocarriers have been produced in the bulk of a thin film of the photoconducting polymer, poly-N-vinylcarbazole: trinitrofluorenone, (PVK:TNF) by a Q-switched ruby laser, and the bulk (bimolecular) recombination of the charge carriers has been observed. The kinetics of recombination are in quantitative agreement with a theory originally developed by Langevin for the diffusion-controlled recombination of ions in high pressure gases. The recombination rate constant is proportional to the carrier mobility, and despite the low carrier mobility, the rate constant is as large as is found in many semiconductors.
Coherent potential theory for interacting bands: Phonons and excitons in substitutionally disordered molecular crystals
Authors: Hong Hwei-Kwan , Kopelman Raoul
Published: February 2004

A coherent potential approximation (CPA) theory for disordered molecular solids with interacting bands is reported here. This theory has a wide range of applications. Various examples of interacting bands can be cited, such as electronic states coupled via vibronic or spin-orbit couplings, vibrational states with degeneracies in the gas phase or coupled by Fermi resonance, triplet magnetic sublevels coupled via exciton interactions, and phonons in general. The theory is developed using the self-consistent condition with a single-site and single-band approximation. In particular, two approaches are adopted. In the first approach, a self-energy is assigned for each subband. In the second approach, a common self-energy is assumed for all the subbands. The two different approaches require different inputs to the theory. In one case, the entire dispersion relations of the pure system are called for; in the other, only the partial density-of-states functions for each degree of freedom are needed. It is also shown that in the limit of infinite dilution, the formalism reduces to the proper single-impurity levels within the single-band approximation.
EPR of Mn2+ in As–S–I and As–Te–I glasses
Authors: Nicklin R. C. , Poole Charles P. , Farach Horacio A.
Published: February 2004

The EPR spectra of Mn2+ were studied in the As–S–I and As–Te–I glass systems over a range of iodine concentration. For all samples the main spectral line was centered at g=2.00. Exchange narrowing was sometimes present with the higher manganese concentrations. Some of the As–S–I glasses exhibited partially resolved hyperfine structure. In the case of the As–Te–I glasses, under certain conditions an additional line was observed at g=4.3. This line was explained as arising from a particular zero field splitting, and it was found that |E|∼ |D/3|.
High temperature phase transitions in (CH3)4NCl
Authors: Albert Shmuel , Ripmeester John A.
Published: February 2004

The high temperature structural modifications of tetramethylammonium chloride [(CH3)4NCl] which exist between 298 and 607°K were investigated by static and rotating frame proton spin-lattice relaxation times T1 and T1p, respectively. Polycrystalline samples treated in different manners were studied in order to understand the mechanism of the phase transition near 418°K. Two possible processes are consistent with our observations. At the transition temperature to the high temperature cubic form, 536°K, a discontinuity in the spin-lattice relaxation times was evident. We find that T1 either depends on temperature very little, or is temperature invariant in the cubic phase, while T1ρ reveals the onset of a very slow (τC>10−4 sec) self-diffusion of the cations with an activation energy of about 20± 3 kcal/mole. The diffusion may be associated with the decomposition of the salt.
Thermal annealing of radiation damage in NaCl crystals studied by positron annihilation techniques
Authors: Nicholas J. Blair , Tumosa Charles S. , Ache Hans J.
Published: February 2004

The thermal annealing of radiation damage induced by gamma radiation in NaCl crystals is studied by positron annihilation techniques. The results show that the concentration of positron annihilation centers (A center) decreases quickly at first upon heating, but then more slowly until a very slowly decreasing region, a ``pseudoplateau'' is reached. The A-center concentrations at which these pseudoplateaus are obtained depend on the temperatures at which the annealing processes are carried out. The kinetics of the annealing as observed by the positron annihilation technique is consistent with a bimolecular reaction model. The experimentally obtained activation energy for this process is ≈ 1.2 eV; this suggests the elimination of positive ion vacancies aggregates, which act as positron annihilation centers, by migrating anion vacancies at elevated temperatures.
Comparison of diffusion theory adsorption and desorption rate constants with experimental lifetimes
Authors: Pagni Patrick J.
Published: February 2004

Stimulated by the success of the diffusion theory for nonequilibrium gas phase recombination and dissociation, an analogous theory for nonequilibrium adsorption and desorption has been formulated. Experimental adsorption and desorption lifetimes are compared with the resulting steady state adsorption, and desorption rate constants. The goal of this comparison is to obtain gas-surface potential parameters for each adatom-substrate species combination for which data is available. The adatom energy distribution is obtained from a diffusion equation approximation to the governing master equation. The energy transition kernel is developed using an harmonic potential in the soft-cube model for the gas-surface collision. It is found that the pre-exponential factor in the desorption lifetime may be represented by a power series in the nondimensional potential well depth, δ = D / kTg. Gas surface potential parameters are derived for cadmium, gallium, titanium, cesium, silver, and rubidium on tungsten by comparison with desorption lifetimes. Adsorption lifetimes are predicted for these species. Good agreement is obtained with experimental measurement of the adsorption lifetime of xenon on tungsten. Adsorption and desorption lifetimes for xenon, krypton, and argon on tungsten; xenon, argon, and neon on gold; xenon, krypton, and argon on platinum; and xenon, krypton, and argon on silver are predicted over a wide range of gas and surface temperatures for comparison with future experiments.
Nitrogen-14 and sodium-23 nuclear magnetic resonance of sodium and potassium cyanide
Authors: O'Reilly Donald E. , Peterson E. M. , Scheie C. E. , Kadaba P. K.
Published: February 2004

The temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time of nitrogen-14 in the cubic phases of NaCN and KCN yields the correlation time τ2 and the activation energy ΔER of the reorientational motion of the CN− ion. For NaCN, Δ ER= 1.41± 0.20 kcal mole−1 and τ2= 1.2× 10−10 sec at 300°K; for KCN Δ ER= 0.50± 0.25 kcal mole−1 and τ2= 2.3× 10−10 sec at 300°K. Previous carbon-13 relaxation data of Fukushima on KCN are reinterpreted in terms of the spin-rotation interaction to yield the spin-rotational correlation time τ1. The product of τ1 and τ2 does not obey the Hubbard relationship, demonstrating that the motion of the cyanide ion in the cubic phase of KCN is not simply small step rotational diffusion over a sphere. Sodium-23 relaxation times (T1) in the cubic phase of NaCN were measured over the temperature range 285–435°K. The T1 data exhibit an Arrhenius behavior with an activation energy of 1.51± 0.20 kcal mole−1. Sodium-23 NMR has been observed in the orthorhombic phase of NaCN, and the quadrupolar coupling constant (e2q Qn/h= 1.28± 0.06 MHz) and asymmetry parameter (η = 0.37± 0.07) have been measured at 263°K. Nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance has been observed in the monoclinic phase of NaCN from 5 to 110°K. At 0°K, e2q Qn/h = 4.004 MHz and η = 0.097 for nitrogen-14 in the CN molecule-ion.
Theoretical studies of atom-solid elastic scattering: He+LiF
Authors: Wolken George
Published: February 2004

The elastic scattering of an atom from a solid surface is considered in the close-coupling formulation. The resulting sets of coupled differential equations are solved by a technique developed by Gordon and previously applied to atom-molecule inelastic scattering. For the example of He+LiF, utilizing the Lennard-Jones, Devonshire model potential, it is shown that basis sets consisting of only low order diffraction channels can be seriously in error. Results are presented using typically 29 coupled channels but as many as 41 channels are included for individual cases. Several calculations including only five coupled channels are also presented. These results are shown to be very useful in interpreting the causes of various effects seen in the 29 channel computations even though providing a poor over-all approximation to the 29 channel results. Various diffraction processes (with emphasis on the specular intensity) are studied as functions of the coupling between the specular and diffracted beams, the incident direction, and for the two isotopes He3, He4. The direct numerical approach used here automatically includes the effect of bound state resonances. These are seen to have a significant effect on the specular intensity. This is found to be the usual behavior at the threshold for the first nonspecular channel, but can also occur when there are already many channels open. Many of the trends observed in experimental data are also observed in the present results.
Orthogonal-function expansions applied to solution of the diffusion-kinetic equations of radiation chemistry
Authors: Haskin F. E. , Faw R. E.
Published: February 2004

A new method is presented for solving the diffusion-kinetic equations describing diffusion and reaction of chemically active species along the tracks of ionizing radiations in liquids. Orthogonal-function expansions reduce the partial differential equations to interlinked ordinary differential equations which may be solved readily using standard numerical techniques. The convergence of the orthogonal-function expansion technique and its applicability for complex chemical reaction mechanisms are discussed and a comparison is made between experimental and theoretical results for radiolysis of cyclohexane.
Invariant expansion III: The general solution of the mean spherical model for neutral spheres with electostatic interactions
Authors: Blum L.
Published: February 2004

The partial solution for the mean spherical model of neutral spheres with electrostatic interactions obtained in a previous communication [L. Blum, J. Chem. Phys. 57, 1862 (1972).] is extended to the general case, in which the electrostatic interactions of odd parity, like the dipole-quadrupole interaction, are included. The solution is given in terms of a linear transform of the direct correlation function, which is shown to be a polynomial in r inside the hard core diameter. The coefficients of this polynomial are determined from a sufficient number of boundary conditions. The method of solution employs the so-called second Baxter form of the Ornstein-Zernike equation [Australian J. Phys. 21, 563 (1968).] which is derived for this particular case. Also, alternative forms of the Ornstein-Zernike equation in coordinate space are obtained. The case of molecules with linear dipole and quadrupole moments is summarily illustrated.
Mössbauer and magnetic investigation of point defects in iron-doped cadmium fluoride
Authors: Steger J. , Kostiner E.
Published: February 2004

Iron impurity point defects in cadmium fluoride are investigated by 57Fe Mössbauer effect spectroscopy, which offers an extremely sensitive probe into the environment of the iron atoms. This study on dilute iron in cadmium fluoride has not revealed any static Jahn-Teller distortion or static off-center stabilization of Fe2+ for temperatures above 2.08°K. The system can be characterized by the presence of nearest neighbor point defects and random strains from distant defects distributed statistically throughout the lattice. Lattice statistics for codoped systems are developed and used to explain the results for iron-ytterbium and iron-sodium codoped cadmium fluoride. Magnetic susceptibility measurements coorrborate the presence of divalent iron and indicate the onset of antiferromagnetic ordering below 5°K (θ=−5.7°K).
Interaction of carbon monoxide with (110) nickel surfaces
Authors: Madden H. H. , Küppers J. , Ertl G.
Published: February 2004

The interaction of CO with a (110) nickel surface has been investigated using a number of techniques. Auger electron spectroscopy was used to follow the chemical composition of the surface. Using LEED, two ordered chemisorbed CO structures were found to form on the clean surface at room temperature. A (2 × 1) structure is stable at pressures above 5 × 10−8torr. This structure is replaced by a one-dimensionally incoherent structure at lower pressures. The isosteric heat of adosorption, determined from LEED structure stability and from Kelvin-method work function measurements, was approximately 25 kcal/mole for both of the ordered structures. These structures occur for CO coverages greater than 0.7 monolayer. For coverages below 0.7 the isosteric heat rose to approximately 30 kcal/mole. Work function changes greater than +1.3 eV accompany the reversible CO adsorption. Mass-spectrometric studies of CO desorption indicated that the adsorbed CO can be removed by heating to 450°K. The mean heat of desorption calculated from CO-desorption spectra was 25.4± 1.1 kcal/mole. Surface decomposition of CO was caused by heating the sample in CO and also by the interaction of impinging electrons with chemisorbed CO. Interaction with CO caused the reduction of an oxygen-covered surface for sample temperatures above 500°K. An increase in carbon dioxide was detected in the gas phase during this interaction. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy provided additional information on the interaction of CO with the surface.
Variational calculations on Feshbach-type resonance states of three-electron atoms
Authors: Eliezer I. , Moualem A.
Published: February 2004

The possible application of the MCEB method (for two-electron Feshbach resonances) to calculate the energies of resonance states of three-electron atoms is discussed. As an illustration, the method is applied to the 1s 2s2 2S resonance of He−. The value obtained is improved by CI stabilization procedures.
Study of the σ-electron distribution in azines by ir-absorption intensities
Authors: Seydewitz H. H. , Schmid E. D.
Published: February 2004

The polarity of the CH bonds in the series pyridine, 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-diazine and s-triazine is studied by the measurement of the ir-absorption intensities of the CH-stretching vibrations which are regarded as linearly related to the CH-bond ionicities. The outstanding result is that the ring-N-atom is repelling the CH-bond electrons in the α-position. This result is confirmed by CNDO/2-calculation and explained as an example of an −I+ effect.
Total electron impact ionization cross section in rubidium from threshold to 250 eV
Authors: Nygaard Kaare J. , Hahn Yu Bong
Published: February 2004

A study of ionization in rubidium has been made in a crossed atom-electron beam apparatus. At an electron energy of about 10 eV there is a maximum in the cross section corresponding to the maximum probability for removal of the 5s valence electron. At 16.5 eV we have observed a new peak that is caused by the mechanism of autoionization. For energies below 30 eV there is a good agreement, both in shape and magnitude, between the present measurements and the empirical formula of Lotz. The over-all uncertainty in the measurements is ± 12% which is mostly accounted for by the uncertainty in the determination of the rubidium number density.
Superstructure in dissolved long chains
Authors: Brady George W. , Kaplan Martin L.
Published: February 2004

A series of experiments on solutions of long (C20H41I) and short (C2H5I) chain molecules has verified that the longer molecules form a host micelle for the shorter ones, which appear to interpenetrate the ordered C20− molecules to give an aggregate of similar external morphology. Further measurements on the two systems resulted in a technique to evaluate the contributions of close order I–I, C–C, and C–I terms in the intensity, and from this analysis the I–I superstructure scattering function could be isolated from the rest of the scattering. The scattering function fitted that of a hollow sphere of radius 17 Å, as predicted from earlier experiments.
Paramagnetoelectric effect in rare-earth garnets
Authors: Kambara T. , Haas W. J. , Spedding F. H.
Published: February 2004

It is shown in this work that site selectivity in magnetically equivalent sites of rare-earth garnets may be profitably investigated by means of the paramagnetoelectric effect. The dependence of the macroscopic magnetically induced electric polarization upon site preference parameters and applied magnetic field direction is determined, and it is shown how the measured polarizations may be useful for experimental determination of relative site preferences. The usefulness of the paramagnetoelectric effect in studies of garnets for which rare-earth ion site selectivities cannot explain the observed noncubic magnetic anisotropy is also discussed, and it is suggested that the Stark effect may be another fruitful means of determining the relative populations of magnetically equivalent sites in garnets.
Infrared emissions of the F center and of compound color centers in RbCl
Authors: Brada Y.
Published: February 2004

The infrared emissions of electron color centers in single crystals of RbCl were investigated between the temperatures of 6°K and 145°K. Influences of sample purity and of center concentrations were observed. The shape of the F-band emission was studied in detail. The emission (and absorption) peaks of the various centers at 78°K were as follows: F center 1.07 eV (2.04 eV). FA (K) center 0.95 eV (1.80 eV), M center 1.09 eV (1.43 eV), R center 0.86 eV (1.67 eV, 1.56 eV), N center (1.19 eV). Ruby laser light was used to excite the F, FA and R emissions. Photochemical changes occurred at 78°K under laser illumination creating a F3+ band which overlapped with the N band. The different ways of representing emission data of color centers are critically discussed. It is shown that the differences in the radiative lifetimes of the F centers in different alkali halides as reported by various authors only reflect the v3 dependence of the transition probability on the average frequency.
Proton relaxation study of paraffinic chain motions in a lyotropic liquid crystal
Authors: Charvolin J. , Rigny P.
Published: February 2004

In the phases of lyotropic liquid crystals, such as soap-water systems, a large scale periodic organization of aqueous and paraffinic media coexists with a short range disorder of both media. We present here a nuclear magnetic resonance study of the paraffinic protons in the mesophases of the potassium laurate-D2O system. Special aspects of the NMR properties of the proton spin system in such phases are discussed. Taking benefit of the geometrical features of the lamellar, cubic, and hexagonal phases we can distinguish several motions: rapid diffusion of the molecules with their polar heads remaining on the soap-water interface; configurational changes which can be due to flexion, torsion, or isomeric rotations. Owing to the existence of the interface and to the presence of neighboring molecules the local deformation motions are highly anisotropic. The diffusion coefficient, measured in the cubic phase, with the field gradient method, has a value of 2 × 10−6cm2sec−1 at 90°C its activation energy is 0.25 eV. The characteristic times of the chain deformations studied by relaxation measurements (T1,T1 ρ,TD), are distributed from 3 × 10−6sec to about 10−9sec at 90°C. Possible correlations between diffusion and deformations are discussed.
Emerging diet-related surrogate end points for colorectal cancer: UK Food Standards Agency diet and colonic health workshop report
Authors: Sanderson Peter , Johnson Ian T. , Mathers John C. , Powers Hilary J. , Downes C. Stephen , McGlynn Angela P. , Dare Rae , Kampman Ellen , Pool-Zobel Beatrice L. , Bingham Sheila A. , Rafter Joseph J.
Published: February 2004

The UK Food Standards Agency convened a group of expert scientists to review current research investigating emerging diet-related surrogate end points for colorectal cancer (CRC). The workshop aimed to overview current research and establish priorities for future research. The workshop considered that the validation of current putative diet-related surrogate end points for CRC and the development of novel ones, particularly in the emerging fields of proteomics, genomics and epigenomics, should be a high priority for future research.
Phenolic acid metabolites as biomarkers for tea- and coffee-derived polyphenol exposure in human subjects
Authors: Hodgson Jonathan M. , Yee Chan Shin , Puddey Ian B. , Devine Amanda , Wattanapenpaiboon Naiyana , Wahlqvist Mark L. , Lukito Widjaja , Burke Valerie , Ward Natalie C. , Prince Richard L. , Croft Kevin D.
Published: February 2004

Tea and coffee are rich in polyphenols with a variety of biological activities. Many of the demonstrated activities are consistent with favourable effects on the risk of chronic diseases. 4-O-methylgallic acid (4OMGA) and isoferulic acid are potential biomarkers of exposure to polyphenols derived from tea and coffee respectively. 4OMGA is derived from gallic acid in tea, and isoferulic acid is derived from chlorogenic acid in coffee. Our major objective was to explore the relationships of tea and coffee intake with 24 h urinary excretion of 4OMGA and isoferulic acid in human subjects. The relationships of long-term usual (111 participants) and contemporaneously recorded current (344 participants) tea and coffee intake with 24 h urinary excretion of 4OMGA and isoferulic acid were assessed in two populations. 4OMGA was related to usual (r 0·50, P<0·001) and current (r 0·57, P<0·001) tea intake, and isoferulic acid was related to usual (r 0·26, P=0·008) and current (r 0·18, P<0·001) coffee intake. Overall, our present results are consistent with the proposal that 4OMGA is a good biomarker for black tea-derived polyphenol exposure, but isoferulic acid may be of limited usefulness as a biomarker for coffee-derived polyphenol exposure.
Diet, nutrition and the prevention of osteoporosis
Authors: Prentice A
Published: February 2004

Objective:

To review the evidence on diet and nutrition relating to osteoporosis and provide recommendations for preventing osteoporosis, in particular, osteopototic fracture.

Approach:

Firstly, to review the definition, diagnosis and epidemiology of osteoporosis, to discuss the difficulties in using bone mineral density to define osteoporosis risk in a world-wide context and to propose that fragility fracture should be considered as the disease endpoint. Secondly, to provide an overview of the scientific data, the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence and the conceptual difficulties in interpreting studies linking diet, nutrition and osteoporosis. The following were considered: calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium, protein and fluorine. Other potential dietary influences on bone health were also discussed, including vitamins, trace elements, electrolytes, acid–base balance, phyto-oestrogens, vegetarianism and lactose intolerance.

Conclusions:

There is insufficient knowledge linking bone mineral status, growth rates or bone turnover in children and adolescents to long-term benefits in old age for these indices to be used as markers of osteoporotic disease risk. For adults, the evidence of a link between intakes of any dietary component and fracture risk is not sufficiently secure to make firm recommendations, with the exception of calcium and vitamin D. For other aspects of the diet, accumulating evidence suggests that current healthy-eating advice to decrease sodium intake, to increase potassium intake, and to consume more fresh fruits and vegetables is unlikely to be detrimental to bone health and may be beneficial.
Exploring the need for emotional intelligence and awareness among sales representatives
Authors: Manna Dean R. , Smith Alan D.
Published: February 2004

The primary focus of this project is to see if emotional intelligence and awareness training should be introduced into sales training programs and to see if emotional intelligence training is necessary for success in the sales profession. A recent survey of 515 professional sales representatives located in Pittsburgh, PA area firms that were chosen based on relatively large size and established reputations in the area were asked to respond to a number of questions concerning sales training and related sales experience. Factor analysis results with industry type, insurance and financial type, as an example discovered four categories of data reduction: component 1 related to emotional intelligence (identifying personality types, presentation skills, controlling one's emotions, and adaptability to change) variables, component 2 was associated with experience (years of managerial experience and years of sales experience), component 3 for people skills (sales concepts and procedures and listening skills), and component 4 dealt with technical skills (writing skills and computer competencies). Not surprisingly, communication skills, negotiating skills, emotional intelligence, and presentation skills, and the need to differentiate personality types were found to be very important to the sales practitioners. Equally not surprising that they found their professional stressful and the relevance of college course in sales with somewhat mixed reviews.
Warranty cost estimation of a multi‐module product
Authors: Manna D.K. , Pal Surajit , Kulandaiyan A.
Published: February 2004

This article deals with the problem of cost estimation for increased warranty time of a multi‐module product. The warranty policy of interest is two‐dimensional involving warranty limits on both age and usage of the product. Failure of the product is caused due to malfunctioning of its module(s). Warranty service is rendered through repair or replacement of the respective module(s). From the past data, it is observed that age and usage are highly correlated. Based on life (age) data, the joint life distribution of the modules is well described by multivariate exponential distribution of Marshall and Olkin. The same is utilized to estimate cost for desired warranty times by the method of simulation.
Exploring the supervisor role as a facilitator of knowledge sharing in teams
Authors: Mary MacNeil Christina
Published: February 2004

This paper explores the themes and implications, concerning the role of the supervisor as a facilitator of knowledge sharing in teams. After describing the strategic context for devolving human resource responsibilities to line managers, the paper defines and discusses the line manager/supervisor role. The barriers to learning in the workplace are considered. It is suggested that supervisors, through their devolved responsibility for people (which, by implication, includes learning and development) have an influence as facilitators promoting knowledge sharing within their teams. The paper examines whether the supervisor's intervention as a facilitator, could provide the important link leading to the sharing of individual and collective tacit knowledge in teams.
Customer satisfaction and retention: the experiences of individual employees
Authors: Hansemark Ove C. , Albinsson Marie
Published: February 2004

The purpose of this study was to explore how the employees of a company experience the concepts of customer satisfaction and retention. A phenomenological method was used, allowing the informants’ own interpretations to be discovered. Satisfaction was discussed from three perspectives: definition of the concept, how to recognise when a customer is satisfied, and how to enhance satisfaction. The informants’ experience pertaining to these three categories varied, and a total of seven ways to define, recognise or enhance satisfaction were discovered. These were: service, feeling, chemistry, relationship and confidence, dialogue, complaints and retention. All except the first two of these categories of experience were found to enhance retention, implying that the informants have found that strategies for enhancing both satisfaction and retention are similar. The strongest connection between retention and satisfaction strategies turned out to be in terms of relationship and confidence.
The agenda for redefining corporate purpose: five key executive actions
Authors: Wilson Ian
Published: February 2004

In the post‐Enron/WorldCom/Tyco environment of public distrust and tightening regulation, corporations must proactively work to regain public trust. In this skeptical environment, they must do more to reflect the fact that corporate legitimacy depends on public acceptance. The new wave of legislation and regulation can achieve only limited results. What is needed is a more radical rethinking, by corporations themselves, of their true role and purpose in society. Restating corporate purpose in terms of social needs rather than solely of maximizing profit is the surest way to be distinguished from the competition, to regain public trust, and to ultimately increase stakeholder (not merely shareowner) value. To ensure the success of this reformation the agenda for executive action must address five key points: (1) develop consensus on a revised statement of corporate purpose and values; (2) clarify the role of profit in the business equation; (3) articulate and communicate the distinctions between the old purpose, values and behaviors and the new; (4) set a strong personal example; and (5) revise the management measurement and reward system.
Hormone Treatment Facilitates Penile Erection In Castrated Rats After Sleep Deprivation and Cocaine
Authors: Andersen M. Levy , Bignotto M. , Tufik S.
Published: February 2004

Sleep deprivation is associated with cocaine‐enhanced genital reflexes in male rats, and castration of the male rat causes a decline in sexual behaviour, which can be reversed by hormone administration. We conducted two experiments to determine whether sleep deprivation and cocaine administration could also induce spontaneous penile erection in castrated rats after hormonal treatment (testosterone, progesterone and oestradiol). Different doses of hormones or vehicle were administered to rats during the 4‐day period of sleep deprivation, and in home‐cage control rats. Testosterone did not restore penile erection in castrated sleep‐deprived rats. Progesterone triggered penile erection, and 100 mg/day of progesterone induced the highest proportion of rats displaying penile erection, and restored the frequency of penile erection observed in noncastrated sleep deprived rats. Penile erection was absent in vehicle as well as oestradiol‐treated sleep‐deprived castrated rats. Whereas sleep deprivation increased progesterone concentrations in noncastrated rats, sleep deprivation decreased progesterone concentrations in castrated rats. Corticosterone concentrations were lower in the castrated sleep‐deprived rats than in respective control group. These data show that progesterone treatment facilitates penile erection in sleep deprived‐cocaine castrated rats.
Nationalism and Globalisation
Authors: Kaldor Mary
Published: February 2004

Abstract This article argues that the current wave of nationalism has to be understood as a response to globalisation and not as evidence for the enduring nature of the national idea, as Smith suggests. It defends the modernist paradigm as a way of explaining nationalism and emphasises the role of war in the construction of nationalism. It puts forward an explanation for the current wave of nationalism in terms of changes in the division of labour, in communications and in war and it describes the key characteristics of what the author calls the ‘new nationalism’. The final section defends the idea of a cosmopolitan or European identity.
Swedish mental health nurses’ responsibility in supervised community care of persons with long‐term mental illness
Authors: Magnusson Annabella , Högberg Torbjörn , Lützén Kim , Severinsson Elisabeth
Published: February 2004

The aim of the present study was to describe psychiatric nurses’ experience of how the changing focus of mental health care in Sweden, from in‐patient treatment to community‐based care, has influenced their professional autonomy. Eleven psychiatric nurses were interviewed and a qualitative content analysis was used to identify major themes in the data. Three main themes were found: pattern of responsibility, pattern of clinical judgement, and pattern of control through support and supervision. All themes were related to the nurse's identity, moral responsibility and the feelings of loneliness and independence in his/her daily work. Together, the three themes were found to constitute a process. This study shows the complexity involved in nursing care provided in the patient's home. Achieving control over the patient's everyday life through support and supervision does not imply taking over the patient's autonomy, but rather reducing the stigma attached to mental illness and facilitating the process of rehabilitation.
Evening Activities as a Potential Confound in Research on the Adrenocortical System in Children
Authors: Kertes Darlene A. , Gunnar Megan R.
Published: February 2004

The relation among children's evening activities, behavioral characteristics, and activity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis was assessed in normally developing children ages 7 to 10 years. Salivary cortisol at bedtime was compared on evenings when children had structured activities outside of the home with unstructured evenings at home in relation to parental reports of children's behavioral characteristics. Participating in evening activities, particularly sport activities, was associated with small increases in bedtime cortisol levels in boys but not in girls. Differences in cortisol on activity versus no‐activity nights were negatively related to children's social isolation. These results show that in studies with children, nights on which participants engage in sport activities should be avoided when collecting ambulatory measures of salivary cortisol concentrations.
The Role of Children's Lay Theories About the Malleability of Human Attributes in Beliefs About and Volunteering for Disadvantaged Groups
Authors: Karafantis Dina M. , Levy Sheri R.
Published: February 2004

Two studies with 9‐ to 12‐year‐old children supported the hypothesis that lay theories about the malleability of human traits impact judgments of and behavior toward groups in need of volunteer help. The more children endorsed an incremental view (attributes can change), the more they reported liking, desiring social contact with, and perceiving similarity between themselves and a disadvantaged outgroup (homeless, UNICEF‐funded children). Moreover, children endorsing more of a malleable view reported greater past volunteering, active participation in collecting money for a UNICEF event, and intentions to volunteer again. These findings held when controlling for the effects of participants' gender, self‐esteem, and perceived social pressure to help others. How a malleable view and intergroup volunteerism may be mutually sustaining is discussed.
Efficient Manipulation in a Repeated Setting
Authors: DEMSKI JOEL S. , FRIMOR HANS , SAPPINGTON DAVID E. M.
Published: February 2004

We analyze the optimal behavior of an organization when its employees can manipulate the organization's accounting system to their private advantage. We find that the organization may benefit by helping its employees manipulate the system. This help can reduce the employees' private returns from devoting effort to further manipulation of the accounting system, which reduces the cost of motivating the employees to devote their effort to improving the real (rather than the measured) performance of the organization.
Myxococcus xanthusChemotaxis Homologs DifD and DifG Negatively Regulate Fibril Polysaccharide Production
Authors: Black Wesley P. , Yang Zhaomin
Published: February 2004

The extracellular matrix fibrils ofMyxococcus xanthusare essential for the social lifestyle of this unusual bacterium. These fibrils form networks linking or encasing cells and are tightly correlated with cellular cohesion, development, and social (S) gliding motility. Previous studies identified a set of bacterial chemotaxis homologs encoded by thediflocus. It was determined thatdifA,difC, anddifE, encoding respective homologs of a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein, CheW, and CheA, are required for fibril production and therefore S motility and development. Here we report the studies of three additional genes residing at thediflocus,difB,difD, anddifG. difDanddifGencode homologs of chemotaxis proteins CheY and CheC, respectively.difBencodes a positively charged protein with limited homology at its N terminus to conserved bacterial proteins with unknown functions. Unlike the previously characterizeddifgenes, none of these three newly studieddifgenes are essential for fibril production, S motility, or development. ThedifBmutant showed no obvious defects in any of the processes examined. In contrast, thedifDand thedifGmutants were observed to overproduce fibril polysaccharides in comparison with production by the wild type. The observation that DifD and DifG negatively regulate fibril polysaccharide production strengthens our hypothesis that theM. xanthus difgenes define a chemotaxis-like signal transduction pathway which regulates fibril biogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of functional studies of a CheC homolog in proteobacteria. In addition, during this study, we slightly modified previously developed assays to easily quantify fibril polysaccharide production inM. xanthus.
Benzoate Decreases the Binding of
cis
,
cis
-Muconate to the BenM Regulator despite the Synergistic Effect of Both Compounds on Transcriptional Activation
Authors: Clark Todd J. , Phillips Robert S. , Bundy Becky M. , Momany Cory , Neidle Ellen L.
Published: February 2004

Fluorescence emission spectroscopy was used to investigate interactions between two effectors and BenM, a transcriptional regulator of benzoate catabolism. BenM had a higher affinity for
cis
,
cis
-muconate than for benzoate as the sole effector. However, the presence of benzoate increased the apparent dissociation constant (reduced the affinity) of the protein for
cis
,
cis
-muconate. Similar results were obtained with truncated BenM lacking the DNA-binding domain. High-level transcriptional activation may require that some monomers within a BenM tetramer bind benzoate and others bind
cis
,
cis
-muconate.
Integration of Environmental Signals Controls Expression of
Bordetella
Heme Utilization Genes
Authors: Vanderpool Carin K. , Armstrong Sandra K.
Published: February 2004

The
Bordetella pertussis
heme utilization gene cluster
hurIR bhuRSTUV
encodes regulatory and transport functions required for assimilation of iron from heme and hemoproteins. Expression of the
bhu
genes is iron regulated and heme inducible. The putative extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factor, HurI, is required for heme-responsive
bhu
gene expression. In this study, transcriptional activation of
B. pertussis bhu
genes in response to heme compounds was shown to be dose dependent and specific for heme; protoporphyrin IX and other heme structural analogs did not activate
bhu
gene expression. Two promoters controlling expression of the heme utilization genes were mapped by primer extension analysis. The
hurI
promoter showed similarity to σ
70
-like promoters, and its transcriptional activity was iron regulated and heme independent. A second promoter identified upstream of
bhuR
exhibited little similarity to previously characterized ECF σ factor-dependent promoters. Expression of
bhuR
was iron regulated, heme responsive, and
hurI
dependent in
B. pertussis
, as shown in a previous study with
Bordetella bronchiseptica
. Further analyses showed that transcription originating at a distal upstream site and reading through the
hurR-bhuR
intergenic region contributes to
bhuR
expression under iron starvation conditions in the absence of heme inducer. The pattern of regulation of the readthrough transcript was consistent with transcription from the
hurI
promoter. The positions and regulation of the two promoters within the
hur-bhu
gene cluster influence the production of heme transport machinery so that maximal expression of the
bhu
genes occurs under iron starvation conditions only in the presence of heme iron sources.
Role of human neutrophil peptides in lung inflammation associated with α1-antitrypsin deficiency
Authors: Spencer L. Terry , Paone Gregorino , Krein Peter M. , Rouhani Farshid N. , Rivera-Nieves Jesus , Brantly Mark L.
Published: February 2004

Individuals with α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) deficiency are at risk for early-onset destructive lung disease as a result of insufficient lower respiratory tract α1-AT and an increased burden of neutrophil products such as elastase. Human neutrophil peptides (HNP), the most abundant protein component of neutrophil azurophilic granules, represent another potential inflammatory component in lung disease characterized by increased numbers of activated or deteriorating neutrophils. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of HNP in lower respiratory tract inflammation and destruction occuring in α1-AT deficiency. α1-AT-deficient individuals ( n = 33) and healthy control subjects ( n = 21) were evaluated by bronchoalveolar lavage. HNP concentrations were significantly higher in α1-AT-deficient individuals (1,976 ± 692 vs. 29 ± 12 nM, P < 0.0001), and levels correlated with markers of neutrophil-mediated lung inflammation. In vitro, HNP produced a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on alveolar macrophages and stimulated production of the potent neutrophil chemoattractants leukotriene B4and interleukin-8 by alveolar macrophages, with a 6- to 10-fold increase in chemoattractant production over negative control cultures ( P < 0.05). A synergistic effect was noted between HNP and neutrophil elastase with regard to leukotriene B4production. Importantly, the proinflammatory effects of HNP were blocked by α1-AT. HNP likely play an important role in amplifying and maintaining neutrophil-mediated inflammation in the lungs.