bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of revised methane and nitrous oxide profiles from MIPAS-ENVISAT
Authors: Plieninger J. , Laeng A. , Lossow S. , von Clarmann T. , Stiller G. P. , Kellmann S. , Linden A. , Kiefer M. , Walker K. A. , Noël S. , Hervig M. , McHugh M. , Lambert A. , Urban J. , Elkins J. W. , Murtagh D.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Improved versions of CH4 and N2O profiles derived at the Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research and Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC) from spectra measured by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) have become available. For the MIPAS full resolution period (2002–2004) these are V5H_CH4_21 and V5H_N2O_21 and for the reduced resolution period (2005–2012) these are V5R_CH4_224, V5R_CH4_225, V5R_N2O_224 and V5R_N2O_225. Here, we compare CH4 profiles to those measured by the Fourier Transform Spectrometer on board of the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE-FTS), the HALogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) and to the Global Cooperative Air Sampling Network (GCASN) surface data. We find the MIPAS CH4 profiles below 25 km to be typically higher in the order of 0.1 ppmv for both measurement periods. N2O profiles are compared to those measured by ACE-FTS, the Microwave Limb Sounder on board of the Aura satellite (Aura-MLS) and the Sub-millimetre Radiometer on board of the Odin satellite (Odin-SMR) as well as to the Halocarbons and other Atmospheric Trace Species Group (HATS) surface data. The mixing ratios from the satellite instruments agree well for the full resolution period. For the reduced resolution period, MIPAS produces similar values as Odin-SMR, but higher values than ACE-FTS and HATS. Below 27 km, the MIPAS profiles show higher mixing ratios than Aura-MLS, and lower values between 27 and 41 km. Cross comparisons between the two MIPAS measurement periods show that they generally agree quite well, but, especially for CH4, the reduced resolution period seems to produce slightly higher mixing ratios than the full resolution data.
Detection of ground fog in mountainous areas from MODIS day-time data using a statistical approach
Authors: Schulz H. M. , Thies B. , Chang S.-C. , Bendix J.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The mountain cloud forest of Taiwan can be delimited from other forest types using a map of the ground fog frequency. In order to create such a frequency map from remotely sensed data, an algorithm able to detect ground fog is necessary. Common techniques for ground fog detection based on weather satellite data can not be applied to fog occurrences in Taiwan as they rely on several assumptions regarding cloud properties. Therefore a new statistical method for the detection of ground fog from MODIS data in mountainous terrain is presented. Due to the sharpening of input data using MODIS bands 1 and 2 the method provides fog masks in a resolution of 250 m per pixel. The new technique is based on negative correlations between optical thickness and terrain height that can be observed if a cloud that is relatively plane-parallel is truncated by the terrain. A validation of the new technique using camera data has shown that the quality of fog detection is comparable to that of another modern fog detection scheme developed and validated for the temperate zones. The method is particularly applicable to optically thinner water clouds. Beyond a cloud optical thickness of ≈ 40, classification errors significantly increase.
Improvement of the retrieval used for Karlsruhe TCCON data
Authors: Kiel M. , Wunch D. , Wennberg P. O. , Toon G. C. , Hase F. , Blumenstock T.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. We present a modified retrieval strategy for solar absorption spectra recorded by the Karlsruhe Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer which is operational within the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). In typical TCCON stations, the (3800–11 000) cm−1 spectral region is measured on a single extended Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) detector. The Karlsruhe setup instead splits the spectrum across an Indium Antimonide (InSb) and InGaAs detector through the use of a dichroic beam splitter. This permits measurements further into the mid infrared (MIR) that are of scientific interest, but are not considered TCCON measurements. This optical setup induces, however, larger variations in the continuum level of the solar spectra than the typical TCCON setup. Here we investigate the appropriate treatment of continuum level variations in the retrieval strategy using the spectra recorded in Karlsruhe. The broad spectral windows used by TCCON require special attention with respect to residual curvature in the spectral fits. To accommodate the unique setup of Karlsruhe, higher order discrete Legendre polynomial basis functions have been enabled in the TCCON retrieval code to fit the continuum. This improves spectral fits and airmass dependencies for affected spectral windows. After fitting the continuum curvature, the Karlsruhe greenhouse gas records are in good agreement with other European TCCON datasets. A new version (R1) of the Karlsruhe data using the modified retrieval strategy is available through CDIAC (http://tccon.ornl.gov). Future scientific studies should use this superior R1 data, instead of the obsolete R0 data.
Association of radiation belt electron enhancements with earthward penetration of Pc5 ULF waves: a case study of intense 2001 magnetic storms
Authors: Georgiou M. , Daglis I. A. , Zesta E. , Balasis G. , Mann I. R. , Katsavrias C. , Tsinganos K.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Geospace magnetic storms, driven by the solar wind, are associated with increases or decreases in the fluxes of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt. We examine the response of relativistic electrons to four intense magnetic storms, during which the minimum of the Dst index ranged from −105 to −387 nT, and compare these with concurrent observations of ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves from the trans-Scandinavian IMAGE magnetometer network and stations from multiple magnetometer arrays available through the worldwide SuperMAG collaboration. The latitudinal and global distribution of Pc5 wave power is examined to determine how deep into the magnetosphere these waves penetrate. We then investigate the role of Pc5 wave activity deep in the magnetosphere in enhancements of radiation belt electrons population observed in the recovery phase of the magnetic storms. We show that, during magnetic storms characterized by increased post-storm electron fluxes as compared to their pre-storm values, the earthward shift of peak and inner boundary of the outer electron radiation belt follows the Pc5 wave activity, reaching L shells as low as 3–4. In contrast, the one magnetic storm characterized by irreversible loss of electrons was related to limited Pc5 wave activity that was not intensified at low L shells. These observations demonstrate that enhanced Pc5 ULF wave activity penetrating deep into the magnetosphere during the main and recovery phase of magnetic storms can, for the cases examined, distinguish storms that resulted in increases in relativistic electron fluxes in the outer radiation belts from those that did not.
Temperature changes derived from phenological and natural evidence in South Central China from 1850 to 2008
Authors: Zheng J. , Hua Z. , Liu Y. , Hao Z.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Annual temperature anomalies in South Central China from 1850 to 2008 are reconstructed by synthesizing three types of proxies: spring phenodates of plants recorded in historical personal diaries and observations, snowfall days extracted from historical archives and observed at meteorological stations, and five tree-ring width chronologies. Instrumental observation data and the leave-one-out method are used for calibration and validation. The results show that the temperature series in South Central China exhibits interannual and decadal fluctuations since 1850. The first three cold decades were the 1860s, 1890s, and 1950s, while 1893 was very likely the coldest year. Except for the three warm decades that occurred around 1850, 1870, and 1960, along with the 1920s to the 1940s, the recent warm decades of the 1990s and 2000s represent unprecedented warming since 1850.
Review Article: Atmospheric conditions inducing extreme precipitation over the eastern and western Mediterranean
Authors: Dayan U. , Nissen K. , Ulbrich U.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. This review discusses published studies of heavy rainfall events over the Mediterranean Basin, combining them in a more general picture of the dynamic and thermodynamic factors and processes that produce heavy rain storms. It distinguishes the western and eastern Mediterranean in order to point out specific regional peculiarities. The crucial moisture for developing intensive convection over these regions can be originated not only from the adjacent Mediterranean Sea but also from distant upwind sources. Transport from remote sources is usually in the mid-tropospheric layers and associated with specific features and patterns of the larger-scale circulations. The synoptic systems (tropical and extratropical) that account for most of the major extreme precipitation events and the coupling of circulation and extreme rainfall patterns are presented. Heavy rainfall over the Mediterranean Basin is caused at times in concert by several atmospheric processes working at different atmospheric scales, such as local convection, upper synoptic-scale-level troughs, and mesoscale convective systems. Under tropical air-mass intrusions, convection generated by static instability seems to play a more important role than synoptic-scale vertical motions. Locally, the occurrence of torrential rains and their intensity is dependent on factors such as temperature profiles and implied instability, atmospheric moisture, and lower-level convergence.
Study of the overturning length scales at the Spanish planetary boundary layer
Authors: López P. , Cano J. L.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The focus of this paper is to analyze the behaviour of the maximum Thorpe displacement (dT)max and the Thorpe scale LT at the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), extending previous research with new data and improving our studies related to the novel use of the Thorpe method applied to ABL. The maximum Thorpe displacements varies between −900 and 950 m for the different field campaigns. The Thorpe scale LT ranges between 0.2 and 680 m for the different data sets which cover different stratified mixing conditions (turbulence sher-driven and convective regions). We analyze the relation between dT)max and the Thorpe scale LT and we deduce that they verify a power law. We also deduce that there is a difference in exponents of the power laws for convective conditions and shear-driven conditions. This different power laws could identify overturns created under different mechanisms.
Tidal elevation, current and energy flux in the area between the South China Sea and Java Sea
Authors: Wei Z. X. , Fang G. H. , Susanto R. D. , Adi T. R. , Fan B. , Setiawan A. , Li S. J. , Wang Y. G. , Gao X. M.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The South China Sea (SCS) and the Java Sea (JS) are connected through the Karimata Strait, Gaspar Strait, and the southern Natuna Sea, where the tides are often used as open boundary condition for tidal simulation in the SCS or Indonesian seas. Tides, tidal currents and tidal energy fluxes of the principle constituents K1, O1, Q1, M2, S2 and N2 at five stations in this area have been analyzed using in-situ observational data. The results show that the diurnal tides are the dominant constituents in the entire study area. The constituent K1 has the largest amplitude, exceeding 50 cm, whereas the amplitudes of M2 are smaller than 5 cm at all stations. The amplitudes of S2 may exceed M2 in Karimata and Gaspar Straits. Tidal currents are mostly of rectilinear type in this area. The major semi axis lengths of the diurnal tidal current ellipses are about 10 cm s−1, and those of the semi-diurnal tidal currents are smaller than 5 cm s−1. The diurnal tidal energy flows from the SCS to the JS. The semi-diurnal tidal energy flows from the SCS to the JS through the Karimata Strait and the eastern part of the southern Natuna Sea but flows in the opposite direction in the Gaspar Strait and the western part of the southern Natuna Sea. Harmonic analysis of sea level and current observation also suggest that the study area is located in the loop band of the diurnal tidal waves, and in the nodal band of the semi-diurnal tidal waves. Comparisons show that the existing models are basically consistent with the observational results, but further improvements are necessary.
Growth of a young pingo in the Canadian Arctic observed by RADARSAT-2 interferometric satellite radar
Authors: Samsonov S. V. , Lantz T. C. , Kokelj S. V. , Zhang Y.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Advancements in radar technology are increasing our ability to detect earth surface deformation in permafrost environments. In this paper we use satellite Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) to describe the growth of a previously unreported pingo in the Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands. High-resolution RADARSAT-2 imagery (2011–2014) analyzed with the Multidimensional Small Baseline Subset (MSBAS) DInSAR revealed a maximum 2.7 cm yr−1 of domed uplift located in a drained lake basin. Observed changes in elevation were modeled as a 348 m × 290 m uniformly loaded elliptical plate with clamped edge. Model results suggest that this feature is one of the largest diameter pingos in the region that is presently growing. Analysis of historical aerial photographs showed that ground uplift at this location initiated sometime between 1935 and 1951 following lake drainage. Uplift is largely due to the growth of intrusive ice, because the 9 % expansion of pore water associated with permafrost aggradation into saturated sands is not sufficient to explain the observed short- and long-term deformation rates. The modeled thickness of permafrost using the Northern Ecosystem Soil Temperature (NEST) was consistent with the maximum height of this feature and the 1972–2014 elevation changes estimated from aerial photographs, suggesting that permafrost aggradation is resulting in the freezing a sub-pingo water lens. Seasonal variation in the uplift rate seen in the DInSAR data also matches the modeled seasonal pattern in the deepening rate of freezing front. This study demonstrates that interferometric satellite radar can successfully contribute to understanding the dynamics of terrain uplift in response to permafrost aggradation and ground ice development in remote polar environments, and highlights possible application of detecting deformation of Martian landscapes. However, our DInSAR data did not show clear growth at other smaller pingos in contrast with field studies performed mainly before the 1990s. Further investigation of this apparent discrepancy may help define limitations of our processing methodology and DInSAR data.
The storied mind: A meta-narrative review exploring the capacity of stories to foster humanism in health care
Authors: Rose Rachel , Chakraborty Saugata , Mason-Lai Ping , Brocke Willow , Page Stacey A. , Cawthorpe David
Published: November 2015

Objective: Healthcare organizations are increasingly engaging the voice of patients and families through storytelling initiatives in hopes that this will yield compassionate and humanistic outcomes. To date, very little research is available that directly guides and justifies storytelling initiatives as a mechanism for promoting humanistic culture shifts in healthcare. This review aimed to uncover diverse research and evidence on how storytelling can be utilized to promote humanistic shifts in healthcare organizations.Methods: A meta-narrative review and analysis was undertaken including qualitative, quantitative, theoretical, and conceptual papers. Searches were restricted to English Language journals, and no time frame restrictions were made. A literature assessment form was created to guide the review using a consistent taxonomy to appraise each paper. Analysis was done in two-stages: firstly, identifying emergent themes within each research discipline; secondly, comparing and contrasting themes from the different disciplines.Results: A total of 115 papers were identified for review resulting from the literature review protocol. Eighty-three papers were included in the final review: 48 papers from Healthcare/Medicine combined, 28 from Business, 14 from Education, 5 from Organizational Development and 19 from Humanities (inclusive of Psychology and Communications). There were three key findings: 1) Storytelling promotes sense-making while also perpetuating bias; 2) Stories are uniquely primed to elicit empathy and compassion; 3) Story listening and how stories are interacted with by the listener are key considerations for organizations aiming to shift culture.Conclusions: This review solidifies storytelling as a mechanism suited to furthering humanistic practices in healthcare while contributing new knowledge in support of developing policies, strategies and research initiatives that account for how stories are understood and the processes that encourage reflection and interaction by listeners.
Fatigue and Vitamin D Status in Iranian Female Nurses
Authors: Masoudi Alavi Negin , Madani Mahla , Sadat Zohre , Haddad Kashani Hamed , Reza Sharif Mohammad
Published: November 2015

INTRODUCTION: Given that nurses are among professions with frequent ‎problems of fatigue, and given the nature of their profession that ‎provides little exposure to sunlight and the subsequent deficiency of vitamin D, the ‎present study examined the relation between fatigue and circulating vitamin D levels ‎in female nurses working in Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan, Iran in 2013. ‎

MATERIAL & METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 200 female nurses working in Shahid Beheshti Hospital. To measure fatigue, fatigue questionnaire containing 9 ‎questions eliciting the subject’s feeling in scales of 1 to 7, getting a possible score of 9 to ‎‎63, and Visual Analogue Scale ‎in which nurses specified their fatigue in a band of zero to 10 were used. ‎The 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which is the most important vitamin D metabolite, also was determined. The data was analyzed by SPSS-16. The Pearson’s correlation of coefficients, t-test, and multiple regression analysis were used in this study.‎

RESULTS: The mean fatigue score of nurses was 38.76±12.66 in questionnaire and 5.73±2.12 in Visual Analog Scale. The 89 per cent of nurses suffered from vitamin D deficiency, ‎‎9.5 percent of them had normal level and 1.5 per cent had toxicity level of vitamin D.‎ There was a significant relationship between vitamin D level and fatigue scores (P<0.0001), and visual fatigue scores (P<0.0001). According to multivariate regression analysis, vitamin D level accounted for 13 per cent ‎of the fatigue based on data on questionnaire and‎ ‎18.6 per cent of ‎fatigue according to Visual Analog Scale. ‎

CONCLUSION: High prevalence of fatigue among nurses could be attributed to vitamin D ‎deficiency.
Quality of Life Variables Assessment, Before and After Pancreatoduodenectomy (PD): Prospective Study
Authors: Arvaniti Maria , Danias Nikolaos , Theodosopoulou Eleni , Smyrniotis Vassilis , Karaoglou M. , Sarafis Pavlos
Published: November 2015

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of pancreatic cancer is a complex problem, due to late diagnosis, the need for specialized surgical treatment, the large number of relapses and poor survival.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of life of patients with periampulary pancreatic cancer before and after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD).

MATERIAL & METHOD: The sample was collected in the "Attikon" University General Hospital (Chaidari). It consists of 20 subjects with a mean age of 65.9 years (SD = 10,2 years). For the quality of life measurement, we used the (EORTC) QLQ-C30 version 3.0., as well as the EORTC QOL-PAN26.

RESULTS: From the sample of 20 patients who participated, full data were collected for 18 of them during the first month, 17 during the third month and 16 during the sixth month.

Regarding symptoms, as they were recorded with the QLQ-30 questionnaire, there was a significant increase of fatigue, a significant reduction of pain and constipation, while economic difficulties increased.  As for the mean and median values for the dimensions of the PAN-26 questionnaire during monitoring, there was a significant decrease in pancreatic and liver pain symptoms during follow-up, while the gastrointestinal symptoms increased in frequency. In addition, the body image and sexuality worsened.

CONCLUSIONS: The surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer with pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), according to the early survey data using the (EORTC) QLQ-C30 version3.0, and the EORTC QOL-PAN26 questionnaires, seems to have a favorable impact on quality of life, as evidenced by the improvement of most parameters evaluated during the study period.
A Review of Visiting Policies in Intensive Care Units
Authors: Khaleghparast Shiva , Joolaee Soodabeh , Ghanbari Behrooz , Maleki Majid , Peyrovi Hamid , Bahrani Naser
Published: November 2015

Admission to intensive care units is potentially stressful and usually goes together with disruption in physiological and emotional function of the patient. The role of the families in improving ill patients’ conditions is important. So this study investigates the strategies, potential challenges and also the different dimensions of visiting hours’ policies with a narrative review. The search was carried out in scientific information databases using keywords “visiting policy”, “visiting hours” and “intensive care unit” with no time limitation on accessing the published studies in English or Farsi. Of a total of 42 articles, 22 conformed to our study objectives from 1997 to 2013. The trajectory of current research shows that visiting in intensive care units has, since their inception in the 1960s, always considered the nurses’ perspectives, patients’ preferences and physiological responses, and the outlook for families. However, little research has been carried out and most of that originates from the United States, Europe and since 2010, a few from Iran. It seems that the need to use the research findings and emerging theories and practices is necessary to discover and challenge the beliefs and views of nurses about family-oriented care and visiting in intensive care units.
Simplified Civil Procedure in Japan
Authors: Sugiyama Etsuko
Published: November 2015

Simplified Civil Procedure in Japan

Japanese civil procedure covers four types of simplified procedures: ordinary proceedings in summary courts; actions on bills, notes, and checks; actions on small claims; and payment orders. Actions on small claims were newly introduced as civil procedure in 1996 to promote public access to justice. Summary courts have jurisdiction over these actions. The use of actions on small claims once increased to adjudicate a number of cases for the reimbursement of overpayment against consumer loan companies (Kabaraikin Suits). Although they have been used with less frequency recently due to the decrease of Kabaraikin Suits and increase of the use of other ADR procedures, they have a good reputation among their users and have successfully eased the burden on judges of district courts regardless of budget constraint. However, as more and more difficult cases are filed as actions on small claims, the burden of summary courts and court clerks seems to have increased. Providing information on simplified proceedings by courts and institutions of ADRs to citizens will solve this new problem by helping them to choose appropriate proceedings.
Politiële analyse van eerzaken in de rechtszaal
Authors: Janssen Janine , Ten Voorde Jeroen
Published: November 2015

Analysis of honour based violence by the police in the court room

To improve the way honour cases are dealt with by the Dutch police, a national centre of expertise, the LEC EGG, was set up. When complex cases are at hand, the LEC EGG offers nationwide assistance to the regional police units. In this contribution the authors look into the use of the analysis by the LEC EGG in the courtroom. What role does analysis by the LEC EGG of honour-based violence have in the court’s decision making?
De OM-strafbeschikking en de minderjarige bestrafte
Authors: Van Es Petra
Published: November 2015

The public prosecutor’s penalty decision and the juvenile suspect

This article tries to answer the question whether the right to due process, especially for minors receiving a public prosecutor’s penalty decision in the Netherlands is sufficiently guaranteed. To answer this question, formal legislature with respect to this topic, the concept of ‘due process’ as well as the actual legal guarantees for minors, have been explored. In juvenile criminal law, contrary to adult criminal law, the pedagogic aspect plays an important role. The pedagogic point of view is also taken into account. A recent report by the Attorney General of the Dutch Supreme Court showed undoubtedly that after six years of experience, the processes surrounding the instrument of the public prosecutor’s penalty decision are far from being executed flawlessly. Both from a judicial perspective as well as a pedagogic perspective, this is a serious problem. The most important procedural aspects that require substantial improvement are related to determining guilt, attorney accessibility and the presence of parents.
Historische criminologie: een vakgebied
Authors: Bijleveld Catrien , De Koster Margo , van der Heijden Manon
Published: November 2015

Historical criminology: a discipline

Throughout history people have committed theft, fraud and murder. However, the frequency and severity of crimes are not static, but varies across time and space. The ways in which people respond to crime also change over time: penalties such as banishment, corporal punishment and capital punishment were frequently imposed in early modern Europe, but do not exist here anymore. Our thinking about crime and crime control changed over time as well. In addition to so-called hard crimes such as theft and homicide, various kinds of conduct were – in some times and periods – labeled as criminal (adultery, fornication and blasphemy). In crime control, state formation resulted in the emergence and expansion and professionalization of police forces and judicial systems, which development was accompanied by increasing interactions and interplays between supranational governments, private crime fighters, and informal forms of social control. Criminologists study fluid phenomena which vary across time and space. This makes exchange of knowledge and research cooperation between historians and criminologists particularly fruitful, or as Paul Knepper put it: ‘From what has been done so far, one thing is clear enough: the most interesting criminology arises at the point that history and criminology meet’ (Knepper, 2013, 2081).
‘Dat het uwe Majesteit moge behagen de innigste wensch van een uwer onderdanen te vervullen’
Authors: Weevers Marian
Published: November 2015

‘In the hope that it pleases your Majesty to fulfill the most sincere wish of one of your inhabitants’: Requests for reprieve of women in the State Labor Institution 1886-1907

The files of the women in the State Labor Institution who submitted a request for reprieve showed that they were well aware of the prevailing discourses. They referred for example to their indispensability at home as mother and spouse. In case they were in the Institution for the first time and had no ‘unfavorable’ reputation they mainly succeeded. The main consideration to grant a pardon was the prospect of maintenance to prevent recurrence and consequently nuisance for society. Those who were seriously ill were pardoned because they could not work, the youngest residents to save them from the bad influence of their older inmates. Nevertheless many returned in the State Labor Institution.
Militaire actoren en accenten in de veiligheidszorg in twintigste-eeuws België
Authors: Campion Jonas
Published: November 2015

Security provision and the militarization of policing in twentieth-century Belgium

Since mid-January 2015, nearly 300 soldiers were mobilized by the Belgian government to ensure the safety of public places in Liège, Brussels, Antwerp and Verviers, providing assistance to local and federal police forces. This provoked intense political and public debate about the issue of the provision of security in a democratic society, raising questions such as: which are the goals of security policies and what kind of risks are they supposed to address? Which control instances should be responsible for the provision of security and how should they operate? The central issue, here, is whether either civilian or military actors and practices are the most appropriate for surveillance and policing tasks. As a matter of fact, this discussion goes back to the Belgian independence and has marked the entire history of the Belgian police system, since at the heart of it, there has long been a military police force, the gendarmerie. In this contribution, we examine how the militarization of security and policing tasks evolved across the twentieth century in Belgium, which socio-political conditions shaped these evolutions, and what kind of arguments pro or contra military approaches have been advanced in this process.
Stapels koopwaar als eene bestendige aanlokking voor dieven’. De economische visie op criminaliteit en criminaliteitscontrole in de haven van Antwerpen (1880-1940)
Authors: Leloup P.
Published: November 2015

‘To plunder wherever an opportunity offers’. An economic perspective on crime and crime control in the port of Antwerp (1880-1940).

This contribution focuses on the manner in which between 1880 and 1940 private actors in the port of Antwerp, whether or not in cooperation with the public authorities, interpreted crime and crime control in terms of risk management, loss prevention and situational crime prevention through a strict economic approach, as opposed to the then dominant institutionalized and criminological discourse. Whereas crime control by the major criminal justice institutions put an emphasis on the biological, psychological and sociological characteristics of the offender, measures taken by maritime, industrial and commercial organizations were aimed exclusively at manipulating the temporal and spatial dimensions of the opportunity structures in which criminal activities, which posed a threat to the economic profitability, could develop.
Klaus Brummer: Innenpolitik der Außenpolitik: Die Groβe Koalition, „Governmental Politics“ und Auslandseinsätze der Bundeswehr
Authors: Šerfelová Stanislava
Published: November 2015

Wiesbaden: Springer VS. 2013. 307stran. ISBN 978-3-658-01506-0
L’expression du sujet en tant qu’« entité »
Authors: Thibeault Jimmy
Published: November 2015

Depuis le début des années 1980, plusieurs écrivains québécois se sont intéressés
au caractère américain de la société québécoise, c’est-à-dire à l’expérience historique de
cette société francophone qui a pris forme certes dans un rapport de filiation à la France,
mais également dans une proximité culturelle avec d’autres sociétés qui se sont formées en
parallèle sur le continent. Louis Hamelin occupe une place importante dans cette lignée
d’auteurs qui ont inscrit leur oeuvre sous le signe de l’américanité. Chez Hamelin, cette
américanité, si elle renvoie au territoire continental et à la culture états-unienne, est
néanmoins empreinte d’une certaine conscience francophone qui participerait à définir le
territoire, ouvrant ainsi la voie à une recomposition de l’imaginaire continental par sa
franco-américanité. Le présent article propose d’étudier comment Louis Hamelin participe à
la réflexion sur la franco-américanité en s’intéressant essentiellement au rapport
qu’entretient son écriture avec les discours identitaires qui marquent le Québec, notamment
dans son rapport avec la France et avec les États-Unis. Il sera question, dans un premier
temps, de la représentation de la France dans la construction identitaire du Québec telle
qu’elle apparaît dans quelques textes du livre Le voyage en pot et, dans un
deuxième temps, de la construction du sujet en marge d’une certaine représentation du mythe
américain dans Le joueur de flûte.
Le Ville Jacques-Cartier de Louis Hamelin
Authors: Laforest Daniel
Published: November 2015

Cet article porte sur la représentation du Ville Jacques-Cartier des années 1960 dans La constellation du Lynx. L’hypothèse est que dans le roman historique de Louis Hamelin l’accroissement de la documentation factuelle (ce qui s’est vraiment passé) dépend d’un accroissement proportionnel du mythe territorial québécois (le lieu où ça se serait vraiment passé). Le premier est un travail de reconstruction, le second d’imagination. En découle une figure de l’écrivain québécois très attaché aux lieux et qui se présente comme affabulateur scrupuleux ou comme conteur cherchant un surcroît d’authenticité dans les marges géographiques. Figure dont la critique de la fin des années 2000 s’est éprise et dont Hamelin serait le préfigurateur.
« L’Allemagne que j’abhorre. L’Allemagne que j’adore1. »
Authors: Filion Louise-Hélène
Published: November 2015

Le roman Ça va aller (2002), de Catherine Mavrikakis, entremêle les filiations littéraires, culturelles et généalogiques en empruntant à la fois au « roman familial » et au « récit de filiation » : c’est ainsi qu’il est notamment porteur d’un imaginaire allemand aux ramifications considérables. Le roman étonne par le traitement qu’il réserve aux cultures germanophones, sa narratrice oscillant entre germanophobie et germanophilie. Ambivalente, la perception de l’Allemagne fait souvent glisser le texte du côté de l’injonction ou de la sommation idéologique. Cet article a pour objectif de décrire la perception globale de l’Autre proposée dans Ça va aller, à partir d’analyses sémiologique, sociocritique, interdiscursive et intertextuelle, lesquelles dévoilent tour à tour la dimension polémique, voire éthique de la perception de l’Allemagne.
The effects of household wealth on HIV prevalence in Manicaland, Zimbabwe – a prospective household census and population‐based open cohort study
Authors: Schur Nadine , Mylne Adrian , Mushati Phyllis , Takaruza Albert , Ward Helen , Nyamukapa Constance , Gregson Simon
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Intensified poverty arising from economic decline and crisis may have contributed to reductions in HIV prevalence in Zimbabwe.

Objectives

To assess the impact of the economic decline on household wealth and prevalent HIV infection using data from a population‐based open cohort.

Methods

Household wealth was estimated using data from a prospective household census in Manicaland Province (1998 to 2011). Temporal trends in summed asset ownership indices for sellable, non‐sellable and all assets combined were compared for households in four socio‐economic strata (small towns, agricultural estates, roadside settlements and subsistence farming areas). Multivariate logistic random‐effects models were used to measure differences in individual‐level associations between prevalent HIV infection and place of residence, absolute wealth group and occupation.

Results

Household mean asset scores remained similar at around 0.37 (on a scale of 0 to 1) up to 2007 but decreased to below 0.35 thereafter. Sellable assets fell substantially from 2004 while non‐sellable assets continued increasing until 2008. Small‐town households had the highest wealth scores but the gap to other locations decreased over time, especially for sellable assets. Concurrently, adult HIV prevalence fell from 22.3 to 14.3%. HIV prevalence was highest in better‐off locations (small towns) but differed little by household wealth or occupation. Initially, HIV prevalence was elevated in women from poorer households and lower in men in professional occupations. However, most recently (2009 to 2011), men and women in the poorest households had lower HIV prevalence and men in professional occupations had similar prevalence to unemployed men.

Conclusions

The economic crisis drove more households into extreme poverty. However, HIV prevalence fell in all socio‐economic locations and sub‐groups, and there was limited evidence that increased poverty contributed to HIV prevalence decline.
Endothelial Ca2+ oscillations reflect VEGFR signaling-regulated angiogenic capacity in vivo
Authors: Yokota Yasuhiro , Nakajima Hiroyuki , Wakayama Yuki , Muto Akira , Kawakami Koichi , Fukuhara Shigetomo , Mochizuki Naoki
Published: November 2015

Sprouting angiogenesis is a well-coordinated process controlled by multiple extracellular inputs, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, little is known about when and how individual endothelial cell (EC) responds to angiogenic inputs in vivo. Here, we visualized endothelial Ca2+ dynamics in zebrafish and found that intracellular Ca2+ oscillations occurred in ECs exhibiting angiogenic behavior. Ca2+ oscillations depended upon VEGF receptor-2 (Vegfr2) and Vegfr3 in ECs budding from the dorsal aorta (DA) and posterior cardinal vein, respectively. Thus, visualizing Ca2+ oscillations allowed us to monitor EC responses to angiogenic cues. Vegfr-dependent Ca2+ oscillations occurred in migrating tip cells as well as stalk cells budding from the DA. We investigated how Dll4/Notch signaling regulates endothelial Ca2+ oscillations and found that it was required for the selection of single stalk cell as well as tip cell. Thus, we captured spatio-temporal Ca2+ dynamics during sprouting angiogenesis, as a result of cellular responses to angiogenic inputs.
Professionalization and Professionalism: the Case of Italian Dentistry
Authors: Vicarelli Giovanna , Spina Elena
Published: November 2015

The aim of this article is to reconstruct the process of professionalization of Italian dentists and the profession’s current configuration. It is based on three lines of inquiry. The first line adopts a historical perspective through the analysis of legislation that has regulated the dental sector over time. The second line depicts the current configuration of the profession through institutional and sectoral statistics. The third line focuses on the impact of the 2008 economic crisis, using the main findings of a survey conducted among the profession’s representatives. The economic crisis has exacerbated the profession’s structural weaknesses caused by the difficulties associated with self-regulation and by organizational–managerial inefficiency. Given this situation, one may inquire as to the actual professional nature of dentistry in Italy: It is not pointless to ask whether—and, if so, what type of—professionalism exists in dentistry in Italy today.

Keywords: Italian dental profession, professionalization, professionalism, economic crisis, occupational change.
Vesiculation in rhyolite at low H2O contents: A thermodynamic model
Authors: Ryan Amy G. , Russell James K. , Hess Kai‐Uwe , Phillion Andre B. , Dingwell Donald B.
Published: November 2015

We present experimental data on the thermodynamics and kinetics of bubble nucleation and growth in weakly H2O‐oversaturated rhyolitic melts. The high‐temperature (900–1100°C) experiments involve heating of rhyolitic obsidian from Hrafntinnuhryggur, Krafla, Iceland to above their glass transition temperature (Tg ∼ 690°C) at 0.1 MPa for times of 0.25–24 h. During experiments, the rhyolite cores increase in volume as H2O vapor‐filled bubbles nucleate and expand. The extent of vesiculation, as tracked by porosity, is mapped in temperature‐time (T‐t) space. At constant temperature and for a characteristic dwell time, the rhyolite cores achieve a maximum volume where the T‐t conditions reach thermochemical equilibrium. For each T‐t snapshot of vesiculation, we use 3‐D analysis of X‐ray computed tomographic (XCT) images of the quenched cores to obtain the bubble number density (BND) and bubble‐size distribution (BSD). BNDs for the experimental cores are insensitive to T and t, indicating a single nucleation event. All BSDs converge to a common distribution, independent of T, melt viscosity (η), or initial degree of saturation, suggesting a common growth process. We use these data to calibrate an empirical model for predicting the rates and amounts of vesiculation in rhyolitic melts as a function of η and thermochemical affinity (A): two computable parameters that are dependent on T, pressure and H2O content. The model reproduces the experimental data set and data from the literature to within experimental error, and has application to natural volcanic systems where bubble formation and growth are not diffusion limited (e.g., lavas, domes, ignimbrites, conduit infill).
Evidence of a decadal solar signal in the Amazon River: 1903 to 2013
Authors: Antico Andrés , Torres María E.
Published: November 2015

It has been shown that tropical climates can be notably influenced by the decadal solar cycle; however, the relationship between this solar forcing and the tropical Amazon River has been overlooked in previous research. In this study, we reveal evidence of such a link by analyzing a 1903–2013 record of Amazon discharge. We identify a decadal flow cycle that is anticorrelated with the solar activity measured by the decadal sunspot cycle. This relationship persists through time and appears to result from a solar influence on the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The amplitude of the decadal solar signal in flow is apparently modulated by the interdecadal North Atlantic variability. Because Amazonia is an important element of the planetary water cycle, our findings have implications for studies on global change.
Dynamics of density cavities generated by frictional heating: Formation, distortion, and instability
Authors: Zettergren M. D. , Semeter J. L. , Dahlgren H.
Published: November 2015

A simulation study of the generation and evolution of mesoscale density cavities in the polar ionosphere is conducted using a time‐dependent, nonlinear, quasi‐electrostatic model. The model demonstrates that density cavities, generated by frictional heating, can form in as little as 90 s due to strong electric fields of ∼120 mV/m, which are sometimes observed near auroral zone and polar cap arcs. Asymmetric density cavity features and strong plasma density gradients perpendicular to the geomagnetic field are naturally generated as a consequence of the strong convection and finite extent of the auroral feature. The walls of the auroral density cavities are shown to be susceptible to large‐scale distortion and gradient‐drift instability, hence indicating that arc‐related regions of frictional heating may be a source of polar ionospheric density irregularities.
Data‐driven modeling of the solar wind from 1 Rs to 1 AU
Authors: Feng Xueshang , Ma Xiaopeng , Xiang Changqing
Published: November 2015

We present here a time‐dependent three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) solar wind simulation from the solar surface to the Earth's orbit driven by time‐varying line‐of‐sight solar magnetic field data. The simulation is based on the three‐dimensional (3‐D) solar‐interplanetary (SIP) adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) space‐time conservation element and solution element (CESE) MHD (SIP‐AMR‐CESE MHD) model. In this simulation, we first achieve the initial solar wind background with the time‐relaxation method by inputting a potential field obtained from the synoptic photospheric magnetic field and then generate the time‐evolving solar wind by advancing the initial 3‐D solar wind background with continuously varying photospheric magnetic field. The model updates the inner boundary conditions by using the projected normal characteristic method, inputting the high‐cadence photospheric magnetic field data corrected by solar differential rotation, and limiting the mass flux escaping from the solar photosphere. We investigate the solar wind evolution from 1 July to 11 August 2008 with the model driven by the consecutive synoptic maps from the Global Oscillation Network Group. We compare the numerical results with the previous studies on the solar wind, the solar coronal observations from the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope board on Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, and the measurements from OMNI at 1 astronomical unit (AU). Comparisons show that the present data‐driven MHD model's results have overall good agreement with the large‐scale dynamical coronal and interplanetary structures, including the sizes and distributions of the coronal holes, the positions and shapes of the streamer belts, the heliocentric distances of the Alfvénic surface, and the transitions of the solar wind speeds. However, the model fails to capture the small‐sized equatorial holes, and the modeled solar wind near 1 AU has a somewhat higher density and weaker magnetic field strength than observed. Perhaps better preprocessing of high‐cadence observed photospheric magnetic field (particularly 3‐D global measurements), combined with plasma measurements and higher resolution grids, will enable the data‐driven model to more accurately capture the time‐dependent changes of the ambient solar wind for further improvements. In addition, other measures may also be needed when the model is employed in the period of high solar activity.
Tuning the Excitonic States in MoS2/Graphene van der Waals Heterostructures via Electrochemical Gating
Authors: Li Yang , Xu Cheng‐Yan , Qin Jing‐Kai , Feng Wei , Wang Jia‐Ying , Zhang Siqi , Ma Lai‐Peng , Cao Jian , Hu Ping An , Ren Wencai , Zhen Liang
Published: November 2015

The behavior of excitons in van der Waals (vdWs) heterostructures depends on electron–electron interactions and charge transfer at the hetero‐interface. However, what still remains to be unraveled is to which extent the carrier densities of both counterparts and the band alignment in the vdWs heterostructures determine the photoluminescence properties. Here, we systematically study the photoluminescence properties of monolayer MoS2/graphene heterostructures by modulating the carrier densities and contact barrier at the interface via electrochemical gating. It is shown that the PL intensities of excitons can be tuned by more than two orders of magnitude, and a blue‐shift of the exciton peak of up to 40 meV is observed. By extracting the carrier density of MoS2 using an electric potential distribution model, and the Schottky barrier using first‐principle calculations, we find that the controllable carrier density in MoS2 plays a dominant role in the PL tuning at negative gate bias, whereas the interlayer relaxation of excitons induced by the Schottky barrier has a major contribution at positive gate bias. This is further verified by controlling the tunneling barrier and screening field across MoS2 by inserting self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) at the interface. These findings will benefit to better understand the effect of many‐body interactions and hetero‐interfaces on the optical and optoelectronic properties in vdWs heterostructures.