bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Migration, Remittances and Public Transfers on Technology Adoption: The Case of Cereal Producers in Rural Kenya
Authors: Tshikala Sam Kaninda , Kostandini Genti , Fonsah Esendugue Greg
Published: October 2018

Risk and liquidity constraints are major obstacles to the adoption of modern technologies in many rural African countries. Migration and remittances can help rural households overcome these constraints and increase the adoption of modern technologies. We analyse the impact of migration, remittances and government transfers on the adoption of improved seeds in rural Kenya. Using data from the World Bank, two stage least‐squares estimates show that both migration and remittances positively affect the adoption of improved seeds. However, three stage least‐squares estimates reveal that the adoption of new technologies is more related to migration than remittances.
Polyphenols in Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): Chemistry, Analysis, and Factors Affecting Composition
Authors: Yang Qiong‐Qiong , Gan Ren‐You , Ge Ying‐Ying , Zhang Dan , Corke Harold
Published: October 2018

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important grain legumes worldwide. Polyphenols are the predominant bioactive components with multifold bioactivities in diverse common bean cultivars. Phenolic acids, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins are the main polyphenols in common beans, and colorful common beans are overall rich in polyphenols, mainly in their pigmented seed coats. In addition, factors of influence, such as genotype, environmental conditions, storage, and processing methods, play a critical role in the content and composition of common bean polyphenols. Besides, analytical methods, including extraction, separation, and identification, are of importance for precise and comparable evaluation of polyphenols in common beans. Therefore, in order to provide a comprehensive and updated understanding of polyphenols in common beans, this review first summarizes the content and different compositions of polyphenols in common beans, and next discusses the factors affecting these compositions, followed by introducing the analytical methods for common bean polyphenols, and finally highlights the antioxidant activity of polyphenols in common beans. Considering the recent surge in interest in the use of grain legumes, we hope this review will further stimulate work in this field by providing a blueprint for further analytical studies to better utilize common bean polyphenols in food products to improve human nutrition.
High Efficiency Removal of Cytokines and HMGB‐1 by Continuous Hemofiltration With a Dual Layered Polyethersulfone Membrane: An Ex Vivo Study
Authors: Ohchi Yoshifumi , Goto Koji , Yasuda Norihisa , Koga Hironori , Kitano Takaaki
Published: October 2018

Cytokines and high mobility group box chromosomal protein‐1 (HMGB‐1) play key roles in inflammatory conditions. While hemofiltration has been shown to remove cytokines, removal of cytokines and HMGB‐1 by hemofiltration using a polyethersulfone membrane has not been reported. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the polyethersulfone membrane will achieve higher removal performance for substances including inflammatory cytokines compared to other hemofilters, while retaining low albumin removal capacity. Subjects were eight healthy volunteers. We collected 400 mL each of blood samples into containers with heparin and added 30 mg of lipopolysaccharide to spike cytokines and HMGB‐1. After incubation at 39ºC for 12 h, each blood sample was circulated through a hemofiltration circuit with a polyethersulfone hemofilter (2.1 m2 or 1.1 m2) at a filtration flow rate of 2 L/h. Measurement samples were collected from arterial, venous, and ultrafiltrate sampling points. Concentrations of cytokines (IL‐1ß, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐ 10, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF‐a]), HMGB‐1, and albumin were determined at each time point (1, 4, 8, 12, and 24h). High sieving coefficients (SCs) above 0.8 were obtained for all cytokines except for TNF‐a as well as HMGB‐1, whereas the SC for albumin was less than 0.04 with both hemofilters. The hemofilter with a larger membrane area achieved significantly higher clearances for TNF‐a and HMGB‐1, and slower decreases in SCs over time for IL‐1ß, IL‐6, IL‐8, TNF‐a, and albumin. Continuous hemofiltration with a polyethersulfone membrane achieved high efficiency removal of cytokines and HMGB‐1, without excessive removal of albumin.
Revisiting the methionine salvage pathway and its paralogues
Authors: Sekowska Agnieszka , Ashida Hiroki , Danchin Antoine
Published: October 2018

Methionine is essential for life. Its chemistry makes it fragile in the presence of oxygen. Aerobic living organisms have selected a salvage pathway (the MSP) that uses dioxygen to regenerate methionine, associated to a ratchet‐like step that prevents methionine back degradation. Here, we describe the variation on this theme, developed across the tree of life. Oxygen appeared long after life had developed on Earth. The canonical MSP evolved from ancestors that used both predecessors of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) and methanethiol in intermediate steps. We document how these likely promiscuous pathways were also used to metabolize the omnipresent by‐products of S‐adenosylmethionine radical enzymes as well as the aromatic and isoprene skeleton of quinone electron acceptors.
National surveys of UK and Italian neonatal units highlighted significant differences in the use of non‐invasive respiratory support
Authors: Bresesti Ilia , Zivanovic Sanja , Ives Kevin Nicolas , Lista Gianluca , Roehr Charles Christoph
Published: October 2018

Aim

This study compared how non‐invasive respiratory support (NRS) was provided in neonatal units in Italy and the UK.

Methods

An NRS questionnaire was sent to tertiary neonatal centres, identified by national societies, from November 2015 to May 2016.

Results

Responses were received from 49/57 (86%) UK units and 103/115 (90%) Italian units. NRS was started in the delivery room by 61% of UK units and 85% of Italian units. In neonatal intensive care units, 33% of UK units used nasal high‐flow therapy (HFT) as primary support, compared to 3% in Italy. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was used in 57% of UK units and 90% of Italian units. The commonest starting flow rate on nasal HFT for term and preterm infants was 6 L/min in the UK, while Italian units mainly used this flow for term infants. In the UK, 67% of units decreased nasal HFT by 1 L/min per day. In Italy, infants on nasal CPAP were weaned by 1 cm H2O per day in 39% of units.

Conclusion

The way that NRS was managed for very preterm infants differed between the UK and Italy, reflecting a lack of evidence on optimal NRS and the use of local protocols.
Randomised clinical trial: reducing the intake of dietary FODMAPs of breastfeeding mothers is associated with a greater improvement of the symptoms of infantile colic than for a typical diet
Authors: Iacovou Marina , Craig Simon S. , Yelland Greg W. , Barrett Jacqueline S. , Gibson Peter R. , Muir Jane G.
Published: October 2018

Background

Therapeutic diets for infantile colic lack evidence. In breastfed infants, avoiding “windy” foods by the breastfeeding mother is common.

Aim

To examine the effects of a maternal low‐FODMAP (Fermentable, Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, And Polyols) diet compared to a typical‐Australian diet on infant crying‐fussing durations of infants with colic in a randomised, double‐blind, crossover feeding study.

Methods

Between 2014 and 2016 exclusively breastfed infants aged ≤9 weeks meeting Wessel criteria for colic were recruited. Mothers were provided a 10‐day low‐FODMAP or typical‐Australian diet, then alternated without washout. Infants without colic (controls) were observed prospectively and mothers remained on habitual diet. Infant crying‐fussing durations were captured using a Barr Diary. Measures of maternal psychological status and samples of breast milk and infant faeces were collected.

Results

Mean crying‐fussing durations were 91 min/d in seven controls compared with 269 min/d in 13 colicky infants (P < 0.0001), which fell by median 32% during the low‐FODMAP diet compared with 20% during the typical‐Australian diet (P = 0.03), confirmed by a two‐way mixed‐model analyses‐of‐variance (ƞp2 = 0.719; P = 0.049) with no order effect. In breast milk, lactose concentrations remained stable and other known dietary FODMAPs were not detected. Changes in infant faecal calprotectin were similar between diets and groups, and faecal pH did not change. Median maternal anxiety and stress fell with the typical‐Australian diet (P < 0.01), but remained stable on the low‐FODMAP diet.

Conclusions

Maternal low‐FODMAP diet was associated with enhanced reduction in crying‐fussing durations of infants with colic. This was not related to changes in maternal psychological status, gross changes in breast milk or infant faeces. Mechanisms require elucidation. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): 12616000512426 ‐ anzctr.org.au
Marginal soft tissue stability around conical abutments inserted with the one abutment‐one time protocol after 5 years of prosthetic loading
Authors: Canullo Luigi , Pesce Paolo , Tronchi Mauro , Fiorellini Joseph , Amari Yoshiyuki , Penarrocha David
Published: October 2018

Background

Soft tissue stability is crucial to obtain and maintain optimal esthetic results.

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate, over 5 years, the soft tissue response using a conical abutment together with the “one‐abutment one‐time” (OA‐OT) protocol in the restoration of implants inserted in the anterior esthetic area.

Material and Methods

From January 2011 to January 2012, all consecutive patients requiring an implant n the maxillary area between canines were enrolled. After submerged healing and osseointegration, a definitive abutment with a provisional crown was inserted. After 1 month, the definitive crown was delivered (Tdef). Analog impressions were taken before tooth extraction (T0), at implant insertion Timpl, and Tdef, and at 12 months (T1) and 60 months (T5). Casts were scanned and superimposed using a dedicated software. Differences in vertical height of soft tissue margins between the digitized model casts were calculated and paired sample t test was conducted to compare results. To detect the potential role of biotype, groups (thick vs. thin) were compared by analysis of variance with general linear model.

Results

Twenty‐five patients were enrolled. Three patients dropped out. At the 60‐month, 22 patients (12 men and 10 women with mean age of 68.3 ± 11 years) concluded the study follow‐up. Horizontal changes demonstrated gain of 1.06 mm at Timpl, 0.94 mm at Tdef, 0.92 mm at T1 and 0.97 mm at T5 compared to T0. Vertical changes demonstrated gain of 0.84 mm at Timpl, 0.11 mm at Tdef, 0.29 mm at T1 and 0.59 mm at T5 compared to T0. The analysis of variance showed a significant better performance of thick biotype in soft tissue horizontal width (P = .022). No statistical differences were noticed for vertical width (P = .111).

Conclusions

The use of a conical abutment together with the OA‐OT approach allowed longitudinal stable soft tissue dimensions.
Dental implant register: Summary and consensus statements of group 2. The 5th EAO Consensus Conference 2018
Authors: Klinge Björn , Sanz Mariano , Alcoforado Gil , Bienz Stefan P. , Cosyn Jan , De Bruyn Hugo , Derks Jan , Figuero Elena , Gurzawska Katarzyna , Heitz‐Mayfield Lisa , Jung Ronald E. , Ornekol Turker , Salgado Alberto
Published: October 2018

Objectives

This publication reports the EAO Workshop group‐2 and consensus plenary discussions and statements on a narrative review providing the background and possible facilities and importance of a dental implant register, to allow for a systematic follow‐up of the clinical outcome of dental implant treatment in various clinical settings. It should be observed that the format of the review and the subsequent consensus report consciously departs from conventional consensus publications and reports.

Material and methods

The publication was a narrative review on the presence and significance of quality registers regarding select medical conditions and procedures. The group discussed and evaluated the publication and made corrections and recommendations to the authors and agreed on the statements and recommendations described in this consensus report.

Results

Possible registrations to be included in an implant register were discussed and agreed as a preliminary basis for further development, meaning that additional parameters be included or some be deleted.

Conclusions

It was agreed to bring the idea of an implant quality register, including the presented results of discussions and proposals by the group‐ and plenary sessions, to the EAO Board for further discussion and decision.
The clinical performance of all‐ceramic implant‐supported single crowns: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Rabel Kerstin , Spies Benedikt Christopher , Pieralli Stefano , Vach Kirstin , Kohal Ralf‐Joachim
Published: October 2018

Objective

This review aimed at evaluating the survival and technical complication rates of all‐ceramic implant‐supported single crowns (SC).

Material and Methods

Three electronic databases were searched for clinical studies conducted at ≥ 15 patients examining implant‐supported all‐ceramic SCs over ≥ 12 months. Survival rates of implants and restorations plus technical complication rates of SCs were calculated and tested for statistical correlation with confounding variables. Statistical analysis was performed using a negative binomial distribution model to calculate 5‐ and 10‐year survival and complication estimates.

Results

Forty‐one included studies reported on implant‐supported SCs made of veneered and monolithic high‐strength oxide ceramics, monolithic, and veneered glass‐based ceramics and of a monolithic resin‐nano‐ceramic (RNC). Survival estimates for SCs of 93% (95% CI: 86.6%–96.4%) after 5 years and 94.4% (95% CI: 91.1%–96.5%) after 10 years were calculated, corresponding values for implant survival were 95.3% (95% CI: 90.6%–97.7%) and 96.2% (95% CI: 95.1%–97.1%). Technical complication rates after 5/10 years were as follows: chipping 9.0% (95% CI: 5.4%–14.8%)/2.7% (95% CI: 2.1%–3.5%), framework fractures 1.9% (95% CI: 0.7%–4.9%)/1.2% (95% CI: 1%–1.5%), screw loosening 3.6% (95% CI: 1.6%–8.4%)/5.2% (95% CI: 3.6%–7.5%), and decementations with 1.1% (95% CI: 0.4%–2.8%) after 5 years. Some confounding variables influenced the above‐mentioned estimates significantly.

Conclusions

All‐ceramic implant‐supported SCs showed—with the exception of a RNC material—high survival rates. However, failures and technical complications occurred which have to be considered when informing patients on the treatment with implant‐supported all‐ceramic SCs.
The importance of considering multiple interacting species for conservation of species at risk
Authors: Burgar Joanna M. , Burton A. Cole , Fisher Jason T.
Published: October 2018

Conservation of species at risk of extinction is complex and multifaceted. However, mitigation strategies are typically narrow in scope, an artifact of conservation research that is often limited to a single species or stressor. Knowledge of an entire community of strongly interacting species would greatly enhance the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of conservation decisions. We investigated how camera trapping and spatial count models, an extension of spatial‐recapture models for unmarked populations, can accomplish this through a case study of threatened boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). Population declines in caribou are precipitous and well documented, but recovery strategies focus heavily on control of wolves (Canis lupus) and pay less attention to other known predators and apparent competitors. Obtaining necessary data on multispecies densities has been difficult. We used spatial count models to concurrently estimate densities of caribou, their predators (wolf, black bear [Ursus americanus], and coyote [Canis latrans]), and alternative prey (moose [Alces alces] and white‐tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus]) from a camera‐trap array in a highly disturbed landscape within northern Alberta's Oil Sands Region. Median densities were 0.22 caribous (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI] = 0.08–0.65), 0.77 wolves (95% BCI = 0.26–2.67), 2.39 moose (95% BCI = 0.56–7.00), 2.64 coyotes (95% BCI = 0.45–6.68), and 3.63 black bears (95% BCI = 1.25–8.52) per 100 km2. (The white‐tailed deer model did not converge.) Although wolf densities were higher than densities recommended for caribou conservation, we suggest the markedly higher black bear and coyote densities may be of greater concern, especially if government wolf control further releases these species. Caribou conservation with a singular focus on wolf control may leave caribou vulnerable to other predators. We recommend a broader focus on the interacting species within a community when conserving species.
Disturbance of approach‐avoidance behaviors in non‐human primates by stimulation of the limbic territories of basal ganglia and anterior insula
Authors: Saga Yosuke , Ruff Christian C. , Tremblay Léon
Published: October 2018

The basal ganglia (BG) are involved in motivation and goal‐directed behavior. Recent studies suggest that limbic territories of BG not only support reward seeking (appetitive approach) but also the encoding of aversive conditioned stimuli (CS) and the production of aversive‐related behaviors (avoidance or escape). This study aimed to identify inside two BG nuclei, the striatum and pallidum, the territories involved in aversive behaviors and to compare the effects of stimulating these territories to those resulting from stimulation of the anterior Insula (aIns), a region that is well‐known to be involved in aversive encoding and associated behaviors. Two monkeys performed an approach/avoidance task in which they had to choose a behavior (approach or avoidance) in an appetitive (reward) or aversive (air‐puff) context. During this task, either one (single‐cue) or two (dual‐cue) CS provided essential information about which context‐adapted behavior should be selected. Microstimulation was applied during the CS presentation. Stimulation generally reduced approaches in the appetitive contexts and increased escape behaviors (premature responses) and/or passive avoidance (noninitiated action) in aversive context. These effects were more pronounced in ventral parts of all examined structures, with significant differences observed between stimulated structures. Thresholds to induce effects were lowest in the pallidum. Striatal stimulation led to the largest diversity of effects, with a subregion even leading to enhanced active avoidance. Finally, aIns stimulations produced stronger effects in the dual‐cue context. These results provide causal evidence that limbic territories of BG, like aIns, play crucial roles in the selection of context‐motivated behaviors.
Damasus and the derelict relics
Authors: Lewis Nicola Denzey
Published: October 2018

This article considers the language of ‘mapping’ and ‘topography’ often invoked to describe the activities of Pope Damasus (366–84). Damasus, widely seen as an impresario of the saints, is credited with creating a systematic Christian topography around Rome. This article challenges this perspective, asserting instead that Damasus worked neither systematically nor holistically to transform landscape; his modest interventions relied upon forgotten cemeterial sites of little interest to Rome's dominant Christian power‐brokers. To see Damasus's activities as transformative of the Christian landscape, then, is to confuse later evaluations of his work and to ignore the complex political processes that ‘mapped’ Christianity onto the urban and suburban landscape of late fourth and early fifth‐century Rome.
Assessing connectivity patterns among management units of the Newfoundland and Labrador shrimp population
Authors: Le Corre Nicolas , Pepin Pierre , Han Guoqi , Ma Zhimin , Snelgrove Paul V. R.
Published: October 2018

The Eastern Canadian northern shrimp population, representing one of the most important fisheries in the region, decreased dramatically since the mid‐2000s to a historical low in 2017, but changes were not spatially uniform. Applying a biophysical model within Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) management areas, we investigated connectivity processes during the long pelagic larval phase (2–3 months) of Pandalus borealis and key drivers of larval dispersal in different environmental conditions. We selected 3 years representative of contrasting North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phases to assess potential larval dispersal patterns of the northern shrimp population in NL, and hierarchically assessed the impact of the timing of release (yearly and daily), release location, and vertical migration behaviour on shrimp larval dispersal. Overall, we found that populations located on the northern Newfoundland and Labrador shelf supplied potential settlers to southern populations because of the dominant Labrador Current. Ocean circulation and current velocities during the NAO positive year differed from other years, generating contrasting settlement spatial patterns. Larval release location and vertical migration behaviour were the two most important influences on the strength of larval supply and settlement patterns. Inclusion of diel and ontogenic swimming behaviour increased settlement success of larvae released from inshore areas, regardless of study years. Our study improves understanding of northern shrimp stock‐recruitment relationships, their sensitivity to changing environmental conditions, and spatially non‐homogeneous population decline for bentho‐pelagic species with a long larval phase, which could potentially help improve management strategies.
Art, Empathy and the Divine
Authors: O’Brien Dan
Published: October 2018

Religious art can reconfigure our conception of God’s omniscience. This should be seen in terms of divine understanding, with empathy and love required for God’s understanding of human beings. §I surveys reasons to think that God can empathize with us. §II and §III consider different ways that religious art has attempted to represent such empathetic relations. There are images of Christ’s suffering that elicit empathy in the viewer, and there are depictions of God’s empathetic understanding of humanity. §IV and §V consider the epistemic roles of art and how religious art can reconfigure how we think of God’s omniscience.
Clinicopathological effect of PLAG1 fusion genes in pleomorphic adenoma and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma with special emphasis on histological features
Authors: Asahina Miki , Saito Tsuyoshi , Hayashi Takuo , Fukumura Yuki , Mitani Keiko , Yao Takashi
Published: October 2018

Aims

Pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) rearrangement is well known in pleomorphic adenoma (PA), which is histologically characterised by admixed epithelial and mesenchymal components. Multiple fusion variants of PLAG1 and HMGA2 have been reported; currently, however, little is known regarding the clinicopathological impacts of these fusion types

Methods and results

We examined the PLAG1‐ and HMGA2‐related fusion status in 105 PAs and 11 cases of carcinoma ex PAs (CXPA) arising from salivary glands and lacrimal glands to elucidate their correlation to the clinicopathological factors. Forty cases harboured PLAG1 fusion genes: CTNNB1–PLAG1 in 22 cases, CHCHD7–PLAG1 in 14 cases and LIFR–PLAG1 in four cases. Only two cases possessed HMGA2 fusion genes. The mean age of LIFR–PLAG1‐positive cases was significantly higher than that of CTNNB1–PLAG1‐ and CHCHD7–PLAG1‐positive cases (P = 0.0358). PAs located in the submandibular gland demonstrated CTNNB1–PLAG1 fusion at a significantly higher rate than other fusions (P = 0.0109). Histologically, PLAG1 fusion‐positive cases exhibited chondroid formation and plasmacytoid features more commonly (P = 0.043, P = 0.015, respectively) and myxoid abundant feature less frequently (P = 0.031) than PLAG1 fusion‐negative cases. For CXPAs, four CTNNB1–PLAG1 fusions were detected in two salivary duct carcinomas and two myoepithelial carcinomas. Ductal formation was observed frequently (90.9%) in residual PA.

Conclusions

The presence of PLAG1 fusion was associated with specific histological features in PA. Detecting the PLAG1 fusion gene and searching residual ductal formation in salivary gland malignant tumours with extensive hyalinisation could be useful for diagnosis.
From Procedural Justice to Procedural Injustice: Understanding Prison Staff and Inmate Conflict
Authors: TRAMMELL REBECCA , COOK ANTHONY ROGER , MARQUEZ MARIA VICTORIA DELEON , HINKLE PAUL , PROTZE LUCY MARIE , RODRIGUEZ NATHALY
Published: October 2018

This article focuses on the idea of procedural justice in prison. Prison employees in our case study explain that using respectful language improves their interactions with the inmates. However, some interviewees describe harsh language and threats used against the inmates. We identify this as procedural injustice where they force the inmates to comply by threatening them with harsh punishment. The choice to use respectful behaviour is dependent on whether or not inmates question their authority. Training needs to focus on helping prison workers present themselves as legitimate authority figures rather than authoritarians.
‘Fits and fancies’: the Taylor Review, the construction of preference and labour market segmentation
Authors: Moore Sian , Tailby Stephanie , Antunes Bethania , Newsome Kirsty
Published: October 2018

The Taylor Review asserts that ‘certain groups are also more likely to place a greater importance on flexibility such as carers, women, those with disabilities and older workers’. This article draws upon the experiences of workers on non‐standard contracts to explore the notion of worker preference and to expose how the discourse of work–life balance is usurped to provide justification for flexibility in the interest of employers rather than workers, reconstructing labour market segregation.
Enhancements of dielectric and energy storage performances in lead‐free films with sandwich architecture
Authors: Pan Hao , Zhang Qinghua , Wang Meng , Lan Shun , Meng Fanqi , Ma Jing , Gu Lin , Shen Yang , Yu Pu , Lin Yuan‐Hua , Nan Ce‐Wen
Published: October 2018

High‐performance film dielectrics are crucial for capacitive energy storage applications and electronic industries. In this work, improvements of dielectric and energy performance in BiFeO3‐based films are realized by constructing sandwich architectures, which integrates complementary features of spatially organized dielectric layers in a synergistic manner to realize concurrently high permittivity/polarization and low loss/leakage. Moreover, by rationally modifying the sandwich configuration, ie, with insulating layers on the outside, the interfacial Schottky emission is suppressed, leading to further reductions of leakage and conduction loss. Large energy density of ~44 J cm−3 (superior to that of either single layer) along with high efficiency of ~76% is thus achieved in the sandwich film. This work proves the feasibility and effectiveness of sandwich architecture in improving dielectric, leakage, and energy storage performances, providing a new paradigm for the development of high‐energy‐density dielectrics.
Planetary ball‐milling of AlON powder for highly transparent ceramics
Authors: Feng Zhao , Qi Jianqi , Huang Xu , Guo Xiaofeng , Yu Yin , Cao Xiuxia , Wang Yuezhong , Wu Di , Meng Chuanmin , Lu Tiecheng
Published: October 2018

A detailed investigation of planetary ball‐milling for coarsened AlON powder was carried out. Our results showed that the weight ratios of milling ball‐to‐powder, the revolution rate and the planetary ball‐milling time have significant impacts on the microscopic morphology, particle size distribution and average particle size of powder. The process and mechanism were analyzed, and the outcome of our study can be used to optimize the complicated planetary ball‐milling method by controlling the planetary ball‐milling time or adjusting the revolution rate at the final stage of planetary ball‐milling. Sequentially, using fine and uniform AlON powder by optimized planetary ball‐milling with an average particle size below 300 nm and excellent sintering properties, highly transparent AlON ceramic with an in‐line transmittance of 84% at 2000 nm was successfully prepared through pressureless sintering at 1880°C for 6 hours using the elaborative treated powder synthesized from carbothermal nitridation method.
Nurses as role models in health promotion: Piloting the acceptability of a social marketing campaign
Authors: Wills Jane , Kelly Muireann , Frings Daniel
Published: October 2018

Aim

To pilot the acceptability to practising nurses of the concept of being healthy role models as regards obesity and weight.

Background

Nursing standards expect nurses to act as role models of professionalism, including maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Many healthcare employers wish to instigate values and social norms about professional behaviour in staff.

Methods

A mixed methods study comprising two stages. In Stage One, an online survey was used to develop an intervention, which was then evaluated by a rapid intercept survey with open‐ended questions. Insights from 71 obese nurses, recruited at a 2016 nursing conference, were used to develop a social marketing campaign encouraging a social norm around professional behaviour as regards healthy lifestyles and obesity, with the message that “first impressions count” in staff‐patient encounters. The campaign was tested with 79 nurses at three English hospitals.

Results

In Stage One, 58% agreed that nurses should be role models and 48% that being obese made the public less likely to trust their public health messages. In Stage Two, the campaign concept of “first impressions count” was widely understood and accepted, but nurses found the introduction of a professional expectation around personal behaviours unacceptable.

Conclusion

Nurses accept an expectation that they are healthy role models but refute its value when confronted with real‐life scenarios. Other aspects of identity were privileged to avoid engaging with the healthy role model message. Personal health behaviour was seen as part of a private domain and not part of their public presentation in professional life.
Chronotype, nursing activity, and gender: A systematic review
Authors: López‐Soto Pablo J. , Fabbian Fabio , Cappadona Rosaria , Zucchi Beatrice , Manfredini Fabio , García‐Arcos Aurora , Carmona‐Torres Juan Manuel , Manfredini Roberto , Rodríguez‐Borrego María Aurora
Published: October 2018

Aim

To synthesize evidence about the effect of individual circadian preference (chronotype) and gender in the development of sleep and mood problems in nursing professionals.

Background

Shift workers are more prone to having unhealthy habits and unfavourable clinical conditions than nonshift workers. These associations are mediated by chronotype and gender differences have also been detected.

Design

A quantitative systematic review.

Data sources

Electronic searches were performed in MEDLINE, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science from 1 July 2012 ‐ 1 July 2017.

Review methods

A systematic review was conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and two quality assessment tools: the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and GRADE. Inclusion criteria were quantitative studies where the sample consists entirely of nurses, analysing circadian rhythms or individual chronotype or gender and sleep/mood disturbances in nursing activity. The review was reported using the PRISMA statement.

Results

A total of 23 studies were included in the review (five cohort studies and 18 cross‐sectional studies). Data on gender‐specific attention were scarce (two studies) and showed a higher incidence of sleep problems. Female nurses with eveningness‐oriented personality seem to be more prone to having sleep disorders, insomnia, fatigue, and anxiety than male and morningness ones.

Conclusions

Evidence seems to show that female nurses with an evening‐oriented preference suffer more problems of insomnia, sleepiness, fatigue, and anxiety. The impact of our results may affect nurses, patient safety and the quality of clinical practice.
Long‐term stability of intrabony defects treated with minimally invasive non‐surgical therapy
Authors: Nibali Luigi , Yeh Yi‐Chun , Pometti Daniela , Tu Yu‐Kang
Published: October 2018

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the stability over time of periodontal intrabony defects treated with minimally invasive non‐surgical therapy (MINST) and supportive periodontal therapy (SPT).

Methods

Clinical and radiographic analysis was carried out in 21 intrabony defects treated with MINST in 14 consecutive patients included in a prospective study and reassessed after 5 years of SPT. Baseline, 1‐ and 5‐year radiographs were analysed, and bone levels were compared by multilevel linear regression adjusted by latent variable method.

Results

None of the 21 teeth with intrabony defects was lost at 5 years. Average probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level and radiographic intrabony vertical defect depth reductions were 3.6, 3.5 and 2.6 mm, respectively, 5 years after treatment (p < 0.001 compared with baseline). Further non‐statistically significant reductions were seen in clinical and radiographic measures between 1 and 5 years. Deeper initial defects and narrower angles were predictive of a bigger reduction in defect depth (p < 0.001 and p = 0.017, respectively).

Conclusions

Clinical and radiographic improvements in intrabony defects after MINST seen at 1 year are stable up to 5 years, bringing evidence to support its long‐term efficacy for the treatment of intrabony defects in non‐smokers.
Accuracy of flash glucose monitoring in insulin‐treated patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Sato Tatsuya , Oshima Hiroto , Nakata Kei , Kimura Yukishige , Yano Toshiyuki , Furuhashi Masato , Tanno Masaya , Miki Takayuki , Miura Tetsuji
Published: October 2018

The present study evaluated the accuracy of interstitial glucose measurements by flash glucose monitoring (FGM) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Five diabetes patients simultaneously underwent FGM (FreeStyle Libre Pro) and CGM (iPro™2), and their glucose levels were compared with venous blood and capillary blood glucose levels. The range of daily venous blood glucose levels (30 measurements) was 70–245 mg/dL, with a median of 138 mg/dL. There were good correlations of glucose levels measured by FGM (r2 = 0.90, mean absolute relative difference 8.2 ± 5.6%), CGM (r2 = 0.86, mean absolute relative difference 9.2 ± 9.1%) and capillary blood (r2 = 0.87, mean absolute relative difference 7.2 ± 7.2%) with venous blood glucose levels. The accuracy of FGM measurements was also shown against CGM, with 99.9% of the FGM values (1,279 measurements) being within the Parkes error grid zones A and B. The results suggest that the accuracy of FGM is similar to that of CGM, and that FGM is a useful tool for determining daily glucose profile.
Inhibitory effects of high pressure processing on Photobacterium phosphoreum and Morganella psychrotolerans in vacuum packed herring (Clupea harengus)
Authors: Ucak Ilknur , Gokoglu Nalan , Toepfl Stefan , Galanakis Charis M.
Published: October 2018

Herring fillets were inoculated with Photobacterium phosphoreum and Morganella psychrotolerans, vacuum packed and subjected to high‐pressure processing (HPP) treatment (100, 200, 300, and 500 MPa for 5 min) or left untreated as controls. The samples were stored at 4 ± 1 °C up to 21 days, and subjected to microbial quality evaluation. The results revealed that 500 MPa pressure treatment significantly (p < .05) delayed the growth of P. phosphoreum and M. psychrotolerans until 12th and 7th days of the storage, respectively, as compared to the controls. Total psychrophilic bacterial growth was not observed until 19th day of the storage in 500 MPa pressure treated herring fillets inoculated with both P. phosphoreum and M. psychrotolerans. In the samples inoculated with P. phosphoreum and treated with 500 MPa pressure, H2S‐producing bacteria were not observed during 14 days for M. psychrotolerans, while for entire storage period for P. phosphoreum.

Practical applications

High‐pressure processing (HPP) is a nonthermal preservation technique that depends on the magnitude of the pressure, processing time/temperature, and product characteristics that allows microbial inactivation at low temperatures with mild changes in texture, color, and flavor of the product as compared to the conventional technologies. Targeted inhibition of specific spoilage bacteria rather than more drastic means inhibiting the total microflora may therefore be a useful approach to achieving lower rates of spoilage and may thereby extend shelf life. In this study, HPP treatment up to 200 MPa did not significantly (p > .05) affect the microbial growth of vacuum‐packed herring fillets, but further higher pressure levels (300–500 MPa) were effective to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Overall, the findings of this study suggested that HPP application of 300 MPa and above could help to industry for commercial production of microbiologically free fish and fish products.
Senior PharmAssist: Less Hospital Use with Enrollment in an Innovative Community‐Based Program
Authors: Herity Leah B. , Upchurch Gina , Schenck Anna P.
Published: October 2018

Objectives

To evaluate changes in acute health services use of Senior PharmAssist participants.

Design

Retrospective analysis.

Setting

Community‐based, nonprofit program in Durham County, North Carolina.

Participants

Adults aged 60 and older with income of 200% of the federal poverty level or less who enrolled in the Senior PharmAssist program (N = 191) between August 1, 2011, and March 15, 2017.

Intervention

Medication therapy management (MTM), customized community referrals, Medicare insurance counseling, and medication copayment assistance provided by Senior PharmAssist.

Measurements

Primary outcomes were self‐reported emergency department (ED) visits and hospital admissions in the previous year, assessed at baseline and every 6 months for up to 2 years.

Results

Mean number of ED visits declined over time (0.83 visits per year at baseline to 0.53 visits per year at 24 months, P = .002), as did the percentage of participants reporting an ED visit in the past year (49% at baseline to 31% at 24 months, P = .003). Mean hospital admissions also decreased (0.56 admissions per year at baseline to 0.4 admissions per year at 24 months, P = .02). There was no significant change in percentage of participants reporting a hospital admission in the past year (33% at baseline to 25% at 24 months, P = .23).

Conclusion

Older adults who enrolled in a community‐based program that helps them manage medications, connect with community resources, and overcome barriers to medication access experienced reductions in acute health services use. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2394–2400, 2018.
Babesia conradaeinfection in coyote hunting dogs infected with multiple blood‐borne pathogens
Authors: Dear Jonathan D. , Owens Sean D. , Lindsay LeAnn L. , Biondo Alex W. , Chomel Bruno B. , Marcondes Mary , Sykes Jane E.
Published: October 2018

Background

Babesia conradaeis an intraerythrocytic piroplasm infecting dogs in the southern United States. Ticks have been suspected, but unproven, as vectors. We identifiedB. conradaeand other blood‐borne pathogens in 2 kennels of sighthounds with a history of coyote fighting.

Objectives

To examine clinicopathologic abnormalities associated withB. conradaeinfection, risk factors for infection, and the prevalence of coinfections with other blood‐borne pathogens.

Animals

Fifty‐five Greyhounds and Greyhound mixes

Methods

Blood samples were collected from each dog for CBC, serum biochemistry panel, conventional and real‐time PCR assays (Babesiaspp., hemoplasmas,Ehrlichia canis,Bartonellaspp.,Anaplasmaspp., andRickettsiaspp.), vector‐borne pathogen ELISA, and immunofluorescent serology and culture forBartonellaspp andFrancisella tularensissero‐agglutination test. Associations betweenB. conradaeinfection and coyote fighting, age and laboratory abnormalities were investigated.

Results

Twenty‐nine dogs were PCR‐positive forB. conradae. Of these, 16 were PCR‐positive for other vector‐borne organisms includingMycoplasma haemocanis, “CandidatusMycoplasma haematoparvum,”E. canis,and aHepatozoon felis‐like organism. Twelve of the 20 dogs tested for seroreactivity toBartonellaspp. antigens were positive, but none were seropositive for tularemia. Infection withB. conradaewas associated with a history of aggressive interactions with coyotes; lower hematocrit, leukocyte count, MCHC, platelet count and serum albumin concentration; and higher MCV, MPV, and serum globulin concentration.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Babesia conradaeinfection should be considered in dogs with anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia. As withB. gibsoni, aggressive interactions with other canids may play a role inB. conradaetransmission.
In vivo and in vitro assessment of mirtazapine pharmacokinetics in cats with liver disease
Authors: Fitzpatrick Rikki L. , Quimby Jessica M. , Benson Kellyi K. , Ramirez Dominique , Sieberg Liberty G. , Wittenburg Luke A. , Gustafson Daniel L.
Published: October 2018

Background

Liver disease (LD) prolongs mirtazapine half‐life in humans, but it is unknown if this occurs in cats with LD and healthy cats.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To determine pharmacokinetics of administered orally mirtazapine in vivo and in vitro (liver microsomes) in cats with LD and healthy cats.

Animals

Eleven LD and 11 age‐matched control cats.

Methods

Case‐control study. Serum was obtained 1 and 4 hours (22 cats) and 24 hours (14 cats) after oral administration of 1.88 mg mirtazapine. Mirtazapine concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Drug exposure and half‐life were predicted using limited sampling modeling and estimated using noncompartmental methods. in vitro mirtazapine pharmacokinetics were assessed using liver microsomes from 3 LD cats and 4 cats without LD.

Results

There was a significant difference in time to maximum serum concentration between LD cats and control cats (median [range]: 4 [1‐4] hours versus 1 [1‐4] hours; P = .03). The calculated half‐life of LD cats was significantly prolonged compared to controls (median [range]: 13.8 [7.9‐61.4] hours versus 7.4 [6.7‐9.1] hours; P < .002). Mirtazapine half‐life was correlated with ALT (P = .002; r = .76), ALP (P < .0001; r = .89), and total bilirubin (P = .0008; r = .81). The rate of loss of mirtazapine was significantly different between microsomes of LD cats (–0.0022 min−1, CI: −0.0050 to 0.00054 min−1) and cats without LD (0.01849 min−1, CI: −0.025 to −0.012 min−1; P = .002).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Cats with LD might require less frequent administration of mirtazapine than normal cats.
Value‐at‐Risk bounds with two‐sided dependence information
Authors: Lux Thibaut , Rüschendorf Ludger
Published: October 2018

Value‐at‐Risk (VaR) bounds for aggregated risks have been derived in the literature in settings where, besides the marginal distributions of the individual risk factors, one‐sided bounds for the joint distribution or the copula of the risks are available. In applications, it turns out that these improved standard bounds on VaR tend to be too wide to be relevant for practical applications, especially when the number of risk factors is large or when the dependence restriction is not strong enough. In this paper, we develop a method to compute VaR bounds when besides the marginal distributions of the risk factors, two‐sided dependence information in form of an upper and a lower bound on the copula of the risk factors is available. The method is based on a relaxation of the exact dual bounds that we derive by means of the Monge–Kantorovich transportation duality. In several applications, we illustrate that two‐sided dependence information typically leads to strongly improved bounds on the VaR of aggregations.
Terrestrial species adapted to sea dispersal: Differences in propagule dispersal of two Caribbean mangroves
Authors: Hodel Richard G. J. , Knowles L. Lacey , McDaniel Stuart F. , Payton Adam C. , Dunaway Jordan F. , Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E.
Published: October 2018

A central goal of comparative phylogeography is to understand how species‐specific traits interact with geomorphological history to govern the geographic distribution of genetic variation within species. One key biotic trait with an immense impact on the spatial patterns of intraspecific genetic differentiation is dispersal. Here, we quantify how species‐specific traits directly related to dispersal affect genetic variation in terrestrial organisms with adaptations for dispersal by sea, not land—the mangroves of the Caribbean. We investigate the phylogeography of white mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa, Combretaceae) and red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle, Rhizophoraceae) using chloroplast genomes and nuclear markers (thousands of RAD‐Seq loci) from individuals throughout the Caribbean. Both coastal tree species have viviparous propagules that can float in salt water for months, meaning they are capable of dispersing long distances. Spatially explicit tests of the role of ocean currents on patterning genetic diversity revealed that ocean currents act as a mechanism for facilitating dispersal, but other means of moving genetic material are also important. We measured pollen‐ vs. propagule‐mediated gene flow and discovered that in white mangroves, seeds were more important for promoting genetic connectivity between populations, but in red mangroves, the opposite was true: pollen contributed more. This result challenges our concept of the importance of both proximity to ocean currents for moving mangrove seeds and the extent of long‐distance pollen dispersal. This study also highlights the importance of spatially explicit quantification of both abiotic (ocean currents) and biotic (dispersal) factors contributing to gene flow to understand fully the phylogeographic histories of species.
Biodiversity–function relationships in methanogenic communities
Authors: Sierocinski Pawel , Bayer Florian , Yvon‐Durocher Gabriel , Burdon Melia , Großkopf Tobias , Alston Mark , Swarbreck David , Hobbs Phil J. , Soyer Orkun S. , Buckling Angus
Published: October 2018

Methanogenic communities play a crucial role in carbon cycling and biotechnology (anaerobic digestion), but our understanding of how their diversity, or composition in general, determines the rate of methane production is very limited. Studies to date have been correlational because of the difficulty in cultivating their constituent species in pure culture. Here, we investigate the causal link between methanogenesis and diversity in laboratory anaerobic digesters by experimentally manipulating the diversity of cultures by dilution and subsequent equilibration of biomass. This process necessarily leads to the loss of the rarer species from communities. We find a positive relationship between methane production and the number of taxa, with little evidence of functional saturation, suggesting that rare species play an important role in methane‐producing communities. No correlations were found between the initial composition and methane production across natural communities, but a positive relationship between species richness and methane production emerged following ecological selection imposed by the laboratory conditions. Our data suggest methanogenic communities show little functional redundancy, and hence, any loss of diversity—both natural and resulting from changes in propagation conditions during anaerobic digestion—is likely to reduce methane production.