bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response
Authors: Brueggemann Walter
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, Walter Brueggemann responds to the other essays in the volume. He likens phenomenology to the methods of “close reading” and “thick description” advocated by George Lindbeck and Gilbert Ryle based on Clifford Geertz’s anthropological method. He argues that such approaches have an important political function: they resist our culture’s totalizing impulse to master and control meaning by exploring the richness of texts. Brueggemann also helpfully situates phenomenology as “readings from and in a third place.” First, there are the “canonical” readings of scripture, reflecting the church’s practices of reading. Second, there are the reading practices of the critical academy, which are often in tension with the church. Phenomenology offers a third mode of reading, drawing from both the church and the academy while in thrall to neither.
Saussure’s Dream
Authors: Pourciau Sarah M.
Published: January 2018

Chapter Two investigates the transformations to which Ferdinand de Saussure, who was educated in comparative linguistics at the German center of Leipzig, subjects this nature-philosophical model of language change in his private notes. It argues that the Saussurean vision of a purely differential notation takes aim not, as has traditionally been assumed, at some naïve, Cratylan investment in the motivated character of the sign, but rather at the far more sophisticated model of 19th century language spirit: Saussure, like his predecessors, insists on the scientific necessity of a language-internal dynamism; he accepts this fundamentally nature-philosophical premise, however, only in order to deflate the twin notions of interiority and dynamism on which it rests, by uncoupling them from the profundity of any conceivable animating force.
Pythagoras in the Laboratory
Authors: Pourciau Sarah M.
Published: January 2018

Chapter Five unfolds the startling consequences of this Wagnerian harmony theory both for the development of avant-garde poetic principles (particularly in France and Russia), and for the concurrent, late-19th century emergence of a new discipline called “psychophysiology” (a forerunner of modern-day experimental psychology). It argues that the widely received theories of Gustav Fechner, Wilhelm Wundt, and their followers, strive to translate the nature-philosophical “energy” of Wagner’s sounding spirit into a natural-scientific dialect of countable psychic vibrations and measurable psychic “tones.” The result is a new model of language science and a new understanding of poetics, which together both fulfill and pervert the thrust of their early 19th century predecessors.
Resistance of the Sensible World
Authors: Alloa Emmanuel , Barbaras Renaud
Published: January 2018

A philosophy that was prematurely cut short by the death of its author cannot be criticized for being inconclusive. But there has often been too great a tendency to see the suspension of Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s oeuvre as the ultimate expression of a mode of thought whose strength would lie entirely in its incompletion. Rather than treating it as a kind of open-air quarry, from which concepts and arguments could be extracted to one’s liking, this book aims at reconstructing the organic trajectory of a living thought. Drawing both on published works and unpublished manuscripts, Emmanuel Alloa suggests a completely novel approach, that accounts for both the evolution and the internal coherence of an ongoing interrogation: what does it mean for a world to be a sensible world? Highlighting the importance of the so far underestimated ‘middle phase’, The Resistance of the Sensible World provides both a refreshing new look at a modern classic as well as a guide for the perplexed. While showing how Merleau-Ponty’s oeuvre foreshadows some of the crucial openings of contemporary philosophy, the book also argues why sense ever only exists for sensible beings, i.e. for embodied, entangled, situated beings.
“Emmanuel Alloa reads Merleau-Ponty as if for the first time, as if nothing of what has been repeated again and again could be taken for granted.” (Renaud Barbaras)
Ontology of the Visible
Authors: Alloa Emmanuel
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the ‘late’ phase, associated with the ‘ontological turn’. It explains the reasons for this turn, gives a precise account of complex concepts such as ‘flesh’ and ‘chiasmus’, and of the crucial importance dialogue with visual arts. By spelling out what ‘proximity in distance’ means, it shows the implications of an aesthesiology of sensible difference.
Subchapters: Thinking According to the Image, The Styles of the World, Ontology of the Flesh, Touching the Visible, Diplopia
Arabic, Latin, and the Discipline of Grammar in the Worlds of Qushayrī and Gerson
Authors: Longo F. Dominic
Published: January 2018

The place of the Arabic and Latin languages in the respective cultural milieux in which Qushayrī and Gerson authored their “spiritual grammars” is as important as the significance of the intellectual discipline of grammar in the educational systems of their respective societies. This chapter offers the most detailed comparison to date of the medieval Arab Islamic and Latin Christian diglossic sociolinguistic situations, where grammar was inextricable from education and religion, and where these languages were “father tongues” holding considerable prestige and power. In both Qushayrī’s 11th century Persia and Gerson’s 15th century France, a vernacular mother tongue was on the historical verge of challenging the societal “father tongue” for dominance in literary and intellectual realms. The two medieval masters both used the power of the “father languages” of Arabic and Latin to give force to their “spiritual grammars” as part of a pedagogical project of what Michel Foucault would call forming the self and constructing the subject.
Genres and Genders of Gerson
Authors: Longo F. Dominic
Published: January 2018

Jean Gerson used genres to engender saintly subjectivities. His texts are different kinds of genre performances coming out of his various positions as university professor, master of theology, preacher, and speaker in the public square. The sermon, the central genre of religious literature in the medieval West, and the tract, a new genre in early fifteenth century French society, provide specific examples of Gerson’s adaptive versatility as a writer and theologian. In his Sermon Against Gluttony, Gerson donned the illustrious gown of the University master and preached in the “father tongue.” In his French sermon, Videmus nunc, Gerson put on the robe of the parish priest and evangelized in the mother tongue. In his tract De pollutione nocturna Gerson used an innovative, streamlined genre to write in the voice of a “sexual theologian,” addressing a pressing moral question for clerics of his day.
From the Names of God to the Grammar of Hearts
Authors: Longo F. Dominic
Published: January 2018

The genres in which Qushayrī wrote exemplify both the early historical role of the Sufi shaykh as a scholarly pedagogue and the later role of the Sufi shaykh as a spiritual guide. The theme of dhikr, that is, the ritual recitation of the names of God, provides a red thread to trace throughout a range of literary genres where the intersection of spiritual and linguistic concerns are particularly evident in Qushayrī’s thought. This chapter examines as examples of the genres of Sufi literature in which Qushayrī wrote, his Risālah, the handbook used for centuries to introduce students to Sufism; Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt, his work of tafsīr or Qur’anic exegisis; Sharḥ ʾasmāʾ Allāh al-ḥusnā, his commentary on the names of God; and a work of Qushayrī’s on spiritual direction,Tartīb al-sulūk fī ṭarīq Allāh. Besides analyzing how Qushayrī used genre in the Sufi literature he produced, this chapter provides familiarity with Qushayrī’s scholarly concerns, historical milieu, and authorial character so as to prepare for a close reading of his Grammar of Hearts.
The Fruits of Comparison
Authors: Longo F. Dominic
Published: January 2018

Comparative literary and theological analysis of Qushayrī’s The Grammar of Hearts and Gerson’s Moralized Grammar make possible a fuller description of “spiritual grammar” as a genre, which in turn begins the construction of a theology of grammar. Like actual grammar instructors, Qushayrī and Gerson hoped to teach students about the spiritual realities in which they were already deeply and inescapably situated. Grammar enables us to see, understand, and operate in the reality in which we live. Picking up Paul Ricoeur’s thought, we can see that, in adopting an ontological frame that depicts the subject as embedded in a reality that is linguistic and structured by grammar, these “spiritual grammars” model the relationship between textuality and subjectivity that holds for all texts. Islamic and Christian “spiritual grammars” thus help contemporary readers who are trying to find their own way to being spiritually adept in the structures of ultimate reality.
A Matter of Method
Authors: Marion Jean-Luc
Published: January 2018

In this chapter Marion distinguishes between history of philosophy and philosophy of history. He explains the importance of knowing the history of philosophy and being familiar with its central debates for rigorous philosophical work in the present. He argues for a direct relationship between great philosophers. In this context he briefly evaluates the relationship between analytical and continental philosophy. He addresses the role art, literature, and theology/religion can play in philosophical investigation. Overall, he argues for rigorous work on the phenomena as they appear and give themselves. He concludes with a brief discussion of the role of psychoanalysis.
The Return of Nature
Authors: Bennington Geoffrey
Published: January 2018

Even supposing that Kant can solve the fundamental questions of political philosophy in the foundation of “the” State, nature-as-violence returns at the level of the relation between states. Solving this (external) problem turns out to be a pre-requisite for solving the “internal” problems of state organization: nature supposedly uses the spherical nature of the globe to force a solution and it seems at first as though cosmopolitanism and perpetual peace provide the answer to that external problem. It turns out that analogically speaking, this is difficult to accept given the antinomies of pure reason—and politically difficult, given that the best image of perpetual peace always might be a graveyard.
Fictitious Capital
Authors: Holt Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2018

The ups and downs of silk, cotton and stocks synchopated with serialized novels in the late nineteenth-century Arabic press; time itself was changing. Khalīl al-Khūrī, Salīm al-Bustānī, Yūsuf al-Shalfūn, Jurjī Zaydān and Yaʿqūb Ṣarrūf wrote novels of debt, dissimulation, and risk, increasingly legible as tools of French and British empire unseating the Ottoman legacy in Beirut, Cairo and beyond. As silk dominated Beirut’s markets and the hopes of its reading public, Cairo speculated in cotton shares, real estate and the stock market, which crashed in 1907. Hoping against fear, at the turn of the century, serialized Arabic fiction negotiated a struggle with its historical moment of finance. While scholars of Arabic prose in this period often write of a Nahḍah, a sense of Renaissance, Fictitious Capital argues instead that we read the trope of Nahḍah as Walter Benjamin might have, as “one of the monuments of the bourgeoisie that is already in ruins.” Gardens appear and reappear in these novels, citations of a botanical dream of the Arabic press that for a moment tried to manage the endless sense of uncertainty on which capital preys. Novel Migration charts the migration from Beirut to Cairo of Fāris Nimr and Ṣarrūf, their journal Al-Muqtaṭaf, and their student Jurjī Zaydān, who would soon publish Al-Hilāl. Leaving behind Salīm al-Bustānī and Beirut’s Al-Jinān years, al-Bustānī’s fiction would continue to profoundly shape the novels Ṣarrūf and Zaydān would go on to write.
Fictions of Capital in 1870s and 1880s Beirut
Authors: Holt Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2018

Arabic readers in the late nineteenth century struggled to negotiate the contradictions of their position in the world economy: Beirut was at once a peripheral hub of speculation, a market for finished French textiles, and an industrializing source of the unrefined silk off which French factory owners profited. While Al-Muqtaṭaf, founded in 1876, was averse (at least in its Beirut years) to speculation and instead championed the local production of commodities in all their materiality, for Salīm al-Bustānī and Al-Jinān, it was becoming clear that finance, through the many fictions it enabled, was decisively changing the future of the region. Al-Bustānī offered late nineteenth-century Beirut and more generally readers of Arabic lessons in how the credit-driven consumption of material goods allowed the keeping up of appearances in his novels Budūr (1872), Bint al-ʿaṣr (1875, Daughter of the Age) and the early 1880s Sāmiyyah.
Mourning the Nahḍah
Authors: Holt Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2018

The 1880s, witnessing disappointing returns on silk in Syria, Salīm al-Bustānī’s far too early death in 1884, the increasing censure of the Sublime Porte, and the emigration to Cairo of Jurjī Zaydān, Fāris Nimr and Yaʿqūb Ṣarrūf -- fleeing the collapse of the Syrian Protestant College intellectual community --, disillusioned the dreams of material and intellectual progress that fueled the rise of the private Arabic press and the serialized Arabic novel in 1860s and 1870s Beirut. It is a macabre, melancholic turn for the Arabic novel, haunted by Salīm al-Bustānī, whose novels lie buried, Zaydān tells us, “in the pages of Al-Jinān.” Zaydān’s early 1892 novel Asīr al-Mutamahdī (Captive of the Self-Made or Would-Be Mahdi) emblematically pivots around a bloody lock of hair locked in a box in Cairo since the novel’s protagonist fled 1860 Mt. Lebanon. In Egypt, debts to British and French banks simultaneously funded the speculative irrigation of cotton land as well as the transformation of Cairo’s city center, sedimented in the public garden of Ezbekiyya. The addictive, illicit, nocturnal pleasures of Ezbekiyya would cast an anxious pall over its Edenic grounding of Egypt’s own Nahḍah, if only readers would decode its specious, speculative foundations.
Coda
Authors: Holt Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2018

Historians of the Arabic novel typically tell a tale of the rise of the novel and the nation. Overlooked in the process has been the centrality of finance to the early Arabic novel. Reading serialized fiction allows for the novel form to be seen as open to its historical moment and agentive in generating the fictions that subtend it. The nation and the anticolonial movement from the first World War are in Arabic critiques of an earlier Arabic dream of a cosmopolitan Eden of empire. Tethered to maritime risk, the novel of finance would be replaced with a return to the village and its land, much of it now mortgaged.
Alma Mater, Mater Exulum. Jesuit Education and Immigration in America
Authors: Canaris Michael M.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores both the history and commitment surrounding 225 years of Jesuit higher education in the United States to provide the so-called moral framework of this study. It examines the history of the Society of Jesus in the United States in terms of its relationship to immigrant populations, and discusses contemporary themes which make such a continued commitment to the often excluded and underappreciated population of migrant students viable and fruitful today. It argues that that Jesuit higher education shares a mission and commitment across generations to provide access to education; and in the U.S. context, especially to help immigrant families have an opportunity to earn their share of the American dream.
Getting, Staying, and Being in College
Authors: Nichols Laura , Guzmán Maria
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents the experiences of undergraduate students at Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States based on interviews with twenty-five enrolled students at six of the twenty-eight private, nonprofit Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States who were undocumented at the time of the interview. The students' experiences provide insight into the experiences of hard-working students pursuing uncertain futures and encountering career-limiting laws under the constant fear of deportation. The chapter starts with a discussion of students' experiences coming to the United States followed by a focus on college: getting in, challenges to staying in college, what it is like to be in college while undocumented, to thoughts about moving on after graduation. It ends with suggestions for colleges from students themselves.
The Matter with Pantheism: On Shepherds and Goat-Gods and Mountains and Monsters
Authors: Rubenstein Mary-Jane
Published: January 2018

This chapter reflects critically upon the position that most straightforwardly aligns materiality and divinity: pantheism. First, the chapter diagnoses the nearly-universal denigration of this term among western theologians and philosophers as something like queer panic: a fear of the coincidence of categories that “ought” to be kept separate like God and dirt, spirit and matter, divinity and sexuality. Second, it sketches a conceptually viable “pantheism” by reanimating the “pan.” From the hills of Arcadia through the stable in Bethlehem to a New Jersey suburb, we begin to glimpse a “multipantheology” that affirms the autopoetic, emergent, vibrantly material universe as what we mean by “God.”
Vascularizing the Study of Religion: Multi-Agent Figurations and Cosmopolitics
Authors: Vásquez Manuel A.
Published: January 2018

Drawing from Bruno Latour and using the case of La Luz del Mundo, a Mexican Pentecostal church in Atlanta, as an example, this chapter demonstrates the payoffs of a non-reductive, materialist, networks approach to the study of religion. By embedding embodied, historical human actors in vascularized and inter-active ecological figurations from which they have evolved, and through and within which they carve out shared and contested spaces of livelihood, this approach moves beyond the Cartesian-Kantian model of the sovereign, unified, and buffered subject dominant in Western modernity and religious studies, more specifically, allowing for a rich exploration of the multiple processes and materials that make religious phenomena efficacious. The chapter concludes by endorsing Isabelle Stengers’s notion of a cosmopolitics that is maximally inclusive in its engagement with alterity.
The Door of No Return: An Africana Reading of Complexity
Authors: Ortega-Aponte Elías
Published: January 2018

This chapter traces how ancestral fragments evidenced in the embodied epistemology of afro-Caribbean “bomba” dancing and drumming haunt social and material reality as well as their theorization. Opening a space in affect studies for conversation between complexity theory, Dionne Brand, and Édouard Glissant, the chapter argues that the ghosts created by trauma, and the knowledge-fragments they keep, not only inform justice claims fragments, but may shape the fabric of reality.
The Trouble with Commonality: Theology, Evolutionary Theory, and Creaturely Kinship
Authors: Marovich Beatrice
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the multispecies kinship sentiments that congeal around the theological figure of creaturely life. Analyzing confessions of creaturely kinship from both theologians and evolutionary science, the chapter argues against a reading of creaturely kinship that sees this bond as merely a form of commonality, or sameness. Working with contemporary figures such as Jacques Derrida and Karen Barad, as well as the early modern philosopher Anne Conway, the essay argues for a reading of creaturely kinship as a diffractive relational bond—one that highlights the differences and plurality in creaturely life and sees, in creatureliness, a “connective distinction” or a difference that also binds.
Intercarnations
Authors: Keller Catherine
Published: January 2018

Affirmations of body, flesh, and matter pervade current theology and inevitably echo with the doctrine of the incarnation. Yet, in practice, materialism remains contested ground—between Marxist and capitalist, reductive and postmodern iterations. Current theological explorations of our material ecologies cannot elude the tug or drag of the doctrine of “the incarnation.” But what if we were to redistribute, rather than repress, that singular body? Might we free it—along with the bodies in which it is boundlessly entangled—from a troubling history of Christian exceptionalism? This book proposes to liberate the notion of the divine made flesh from the exclusivity of orthodox Christian theology's Jesus of Nazareth. The book attends to bodies diversely religious, irreligious, social, animal, female, queer, cosmopolitan, and cosmic, highlighting the intermittencies and interdependencies of intra-world relations. According to the book, when God is cast on the waters of a polydoxical indeterminacy, she/he/it returns manifold. For the many for whom theos has become impossible, the book exercises new theological possibilities through the diffraction of contextually diverse multiplicities. It enriches and challenges current theological thinking. The chapters reach back into feminist, process, and postcolonial discourses, and further back into messianic and mystical potentialities.
The Becoming of Theopoetics: A Brief, Incongruent History
Authors: Keller Catherine
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines a pre-Augustinian spiritual practice that comes into an uneasy relation with a modernist theopoetics. The latter turns out to have a surprising pedigree, closer to death of God theology than to any ancient mysticism. However, certain recent embodiments of theopoetics link its insistent poiesis, beyond deconstruction, to a cosmological creativity. The becoming-divine signified by theopoiesis now flows through the divine becoming of “the poet of the world.” The chapter considers how theopoetics may intersect with nontheistic networks of material solidarity in ways that are intensified by minding its deeper theological history. It traces a theopoetic genealogy through an ancient theopoiesis to a modernist and then a current theopoetics and explains how each comes to materialize in the present project by way of a negative theology rooted in the ancient theopoiesis, a deconstruction working through modernist radical theology, and then an ecological solidarity hosted by a theopoetics of process.
Favelas for Sale
Authors: da Costa Bezerra Kátia
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes the short-story “Maria Déia” written by Lia Vieira, which traces the story of some residents who were evicted from Morro de Santo Antonio in the 1950s. It also examines the video ImPACtos produced in 2010 by the collective multimedia group Favela em Foco. These two cultural productions enable us to trace a series of discourses/modes of representation that have been used to legitimize and justify urban interventions. This chapter examines the way both cultural productions challenge the recurring, dominant representations of favelas as a space of otherness and/or spectacles of consumption. The chapter illustrates how these cultural productions allow us to understand that these urban interventions are not simply a dispute over the control of a territory, but are part of the continuing struggle over the meanings and boundaries vis-à-vis conflicting views of citizenship and belonging.
An Irish Regiment in the Nutmeg State
Authors: Keating Ryan W.
Published: January 2018

This chapter traces Irish immigration to Connecticut and the formation of the Ninth Connecticut Volunteer Infantry. Despite nativist challenges in the decade before the Civil War, Irish immigrants nevertheless secured their place in many of Connecticut’s cities, playing important roles in the state’s growing industrial centers. When war broke out, Irish leaders in the state pushed for the organization of an Irish regiment and, in doing so, drew connections between the Connecticut Irish and the military prowess of regiments such as the 69th New York and the 23rd Illinois. The outspoken patriotism of Connecticut’s Irish as well as the national acclaim earned by these other regiments did little to curb lingering questions surrounding Irish loyalty. As the men of the Ninth Connecticut marched to war in the winter of 1862 they struggled to dispel accusations of disorderly conduct that appeared in the press and only through sacrifice on the battlefield were they finally able to earn acceptance at home.
Wounded Warriors, Public Wards: The Consequences of Military Service
Authors: Keating Ryan W.
Published: January 2018

The men who marched to war in 1861 and 1862 returned home during and after the war and attempted to rejoin the communities they had left months and years before. Many veterans experienced trials and tribulations as they negotiated post-war America in search of stability and success. But their experiences were by no means unique, for many Americans, veterans and otherwise, immigrant and native born, struggled to secure their place in the bourgeoning cities and towns of late 19th century America. For the veterans of these Irish regiments from Connecticut, Illinois, and Wisconsin, their post-war lives were a mixture of success and failure, of hardship and triumph. Often proud of their service, these veterans were active participants in the social and economic development of the United States after mid-century and actively pursued opportunities that would better themselves and their place within American society.
Tending the Holy in Pursuit of Social Justice
Authors: Rademacher Nicholas K.
Published: January 2018

The spiritual dimension of Furfey’s social justice project and his opposition to war are the focus of this chapter. It traces his program for the spiritual life for laity who commit to social justice as articulated in his This Way to Heaven. The chapter presents Furfey’s spiritual direction of Catherine de Hueck Doherty, paying special attention to her vocational discernment concerning the future of Friendship House. Additionally, the chapter addresses Furfey’s criticism of immoderate nationalism, the bombing of non-combatants, just war, and his condemnation of anti-Semitism.
Epilogue: Identifying the Role of the Catholic Intellectual
Authors: Rademacher Nicholas K.
Published: January 2018

Furfey’s legacy is considered. A succinct summary of Furfey’s professional accomplishments leads to a consideration of Furfey’s view on the role of the Catholic intellectual in society. He advises that the Catholic intellectual should avoid the extremes of ultra-conservatism or ultra-liberalism. Instead, the intellectual must remain open to facts through intelligent study of social reality; she must reflect on that data through the sources of Christian revelation; she must act on that data to promote the common good. Reference is made to the University of Central America as an example of a university that has made a total commitment to participating in social change for social justice.
Challenges of the English Teacher in the Engineering Faculty
Authors: Astrid Ramirez Valencia , Isabel Borja-Alarcon , Alfonso Lopez-Vega
Published: January 2018

Changes experienced in recent times focus their attention on new and multiple challenges that must be assumed by the English teacher, in the engineering context, which becomes a challenge against the demands by the current world from the English teacher in Colombia.This situation needs to be analyzed and studied. This article addresses the challenges of teaching English in the engineering context in Colombia, in order to glimpse actions in terms of perspectives, reflecting on how these aspects promote this new teacher, in the new century in which we are living.
Exploring Construction of College English Writing Course from the Perspective of Output-Driven Hypothesis
Authors: Ying Zhang
Published: January 2018

English writing is regarded as the most difficult task by Chinese EFL learners. Due to the existing problems in present college English writing instruction, teachers fail to provide effective guidance in students’ writing process and students report a low level of motivation and confidence in writing tasks. Through purposeful reading discussions driven by writing tasks, students are provided with sufficient opportunities to receive language input. Reading-to-writing activities, based on output-driven hypothesis, help students consolidate and internalize linguistic and stylistic knowledge acquired in reading. This study mainly focuses on integrated reading-to-writing mode applied in teaching college English writing based on output-driven hypothesis, aiming at helping teachers guide students to improve their language proficiency so as to enhance the efficiency of writing.
Enzymatic Kinetics of Enzymatically Extruded Degerminated Maize Using Glucamylase
Authors: Ma Chengye , Yu Shuangshuang , Fan Yuyan , Wu Shuhua , Zhang Zhehao , Song Yuedong , Li Hongjun
Published: January 2018

In this study, the reaction rates of native degerminated maize, extruded degerminated maize and enzymatically extruded degerminated maize using glucoamylase were evaluated and the extrudate models were investigated. The effects of enzyme concentration, substrate pH, temperature and incubation time on the reaction rates were studied. The Lineweaver–Burk equation was used in order to obtain the parameters of the kinetics equation of catalysed hydrolysis. The results show that NDM’s vm is 0.0845g/(mL·min) and km is 0.0032, EDM’s vm is 0.6251g/(mL·min) and km is 0.0167, EEDM’s vm is 1.897g/(mL·min) and km is 0.0240. The reaction rate of EEDM is quicker than those of NDM and EDM. The kinetics equation of EEDM is in accordance with the Michaelis–Menten equation.
2017/43 Mobility of employees and entitlement to annual leave (AU)
Authors: Schöffmann Peter C. , Tinhofer Andreas
Published: January 2018

2017/43 Mobility of employees and entitlement to annual leave (AU)

Under Austrian law employees are entitled to more annual leave if they have worked for at least 25 years for the same employer. Employment with other employers is taken into account, but not for more than a total of five years. The ECJ will have to decide whether this limitation complies with EU law or whether it unlawfully restricts the freedom of movement of employees.
2017/47 Termination of employment contract for economic reasons may not be lawful if employees have been working overtime (SL)
Authors: Smolnikar Petra
Published: January 2018

2017/47 Termination of employment contract for economic reasons may not be lawful if employees have been working overtime (SL)

In February 2017, a female worker was served notice of termination of her employment contract for economic reasons (odpoved pogodbe o zaposlitvi iz poslovnih razlogov). The reasons for the termination were: (i) a substantial decrease in orders, (ii) reduced realisation and (iii) reduced demand for particular products. In particular, the company had lost one of its clients in the automotive industry. The worker brought an action claiming that (i) the reason for the termination was not logical (this included challenging the arguments made in the termination letter because the business results in 2012, when the notice was served, were better than in 2011); (ii) the employer continuously requested employees to work overtime (but note that the overtime was within the statutory limits); and (iii) she had been discriminated against and the working conditions were poor in various respects. The first and second instance courts denied her claim and found the termination lawful.
2017/48 Supreme Court rules on scope of collective dismissal procedure (PL)
Authors: Wujczyk Marcin
Published: January 2018

2017/48 Supreme Court rules on scope of collective dismissal procedure (PL)

The Polish Supreme Court has recently confirmed that the collective dismissal procedure should also cover cases where the employment relationship is terminated as a result of the termination of conditions of work or pay.
Cruz Piñol, M. (2017), Lingüística de corpus y enseñanza de español como 2/L, Madrid, Arco Libros
Authors: Olivé Ana
Published: January 2018

Review: Cruz Piñol, M. (2017), Lingüística de corpus y enseñanza de español como 2/L, Madrid, Arco Libros.
Presentación
Authors: Prados Megías M.ª Esther , Márquez García M.ª Jesús , Padua Arcos Daniela
Published: January 2018

Presentación del volumen 54/1: Voces silenciadas. Narrativas para la transformación educativa.
Historias de vida y narrativas sobre la subalternidad: Afrontar el desafío de lo inabordable de la relación con el Otro
Authors: Hernández-Hernández Fernando , Sancho Gil Juana María
Published: January 2018

En este artículo abordamos el desafío de llevar la investigación en historias de vida a las experiencias de los colectivos considerados menos favorecidos de la sociedad, de los individuos situados en posiciones subalternas a causa de la marginación sociocultural, la segregación por género y las diferencias culturales. Lo hacemos desde dos hilos conductores. En el primero revisamos los aportes de los estudios sobre la subalternidad para plantear y tratar de afrontar algunas de las tensiones que nos plantea acercarnos a Otro subalterno desde una institución hegemónica como es la universidad. En el segundo nos referiremos a cómo hemos afrontado estas tensiones en una investigación con jóvenes inmigrantes en la que no solo hemos tratado de descolonizar los modos de relación entre ellos y nosotros, sino también la representación de la alteridad. Todo ello con el fin de contribuir a generar relaciones que no eludan las tensiones ni las contradicciones, y que, además, generen otros tipos de representación del investigador y de los que generosamente nos regalan sus historias.
Alteritat i relació educativa en entorns vulnerables
Authors: Palou Juli , Fons Montserrat
Published: January 2018

L’article sorgeix d’un procés de formació realitzat en dos centres escolars que acullen alumnes que provenen d’entorns familiars vulnerables a nivell social. Els objectius eren diversos: saber què acosta els docents a aquests centres; fins a quin punt s’hi senten implicats i què els ajuda a fer front als reptes que hi van sorgint. Hem considerat tres espais per obtenir-ne les dades: les converses amb l’equip directiu, les sessions de formació amb els mestres i la producció de textos reflexius. En aquest treball ens centrem en els resultats obtinguts després d’analitzar els textos reflexius escrits pels mestres tot seguint categories de l’anàlisi del discurs. Els resultats posen en evidència dues qüestions. La primera és que la relació educativa es construeix partint d’una obertura cap a la diversitat de gramàtiques presents a les aules. La segona és que els reptes que presenten els centres que acullen una població vulnerable es poden afrontar quan hi ha una implicació col·lectiva. La nostra conclusió és que, per tal de conèixer com es construeix la relació educativa, és necessari saber què fan els docents i, a més, acostar-se a la disposició afectiva que mantenen envers l’experiència en la qual es troben implicats.
Comminuted Fractures of the Distal Femur Treated with Ilizarov External Fixator. Case Series Study
Authors: Szelerski Łukasz , Górski Radosław , Żarek Sławomir , Mochocki Karol , Małdyk Paweł
Published: January 2018

Background. Distal femoral fractures constitute a type of lower limb injuries that is rare and difficult to treat. Despite advances in surgical technique and development of implants used for internal fixation of fracture fragments, the treatment continues to result in numerous complications. The Ilizarov External Fixator reduces the risk of complications and allows for bone union.
Material and methods. Six men with distal femoral fractures resulting from multisite and multiorgan injuries were treated at the Department of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Traumatology of the Medical Uni­versity of Warsaw between 2008 and 2016. Mean age of the patients was 42.6 years. Four of them were mana­ged with the Ilizarov method as a primary treatment and two wore the apparatus as a second-line treatment following unsuccessful plate osteosynthesis.
Results. Mean treatment duration with the Ilizarov apparatus was 29 weeks. Bone union was achieved in all patients. After the treatment, the patients ambulated unassisted, without orthopaedic aids. All patients re­turned to work.
Conclusions. 1. The Ilizarov method allows for efficient fixation of comminuted distal femoral fractures, in­clud­ing C2 and C3 intra-articular fractures (AO/ASIF classification). 2. The use of the Ilizarov apparatus re­duces soft tissue laceration, preserves blood supply to the bone fragments, and allows for easier skin care, which is particularly important in the case of open fractures. 3. Early rehabilitation with the patient fully loading the operated limb reduces muscle atrophy and stimulates bone union.
Use of Functional Scores For Assessing Patients Following Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Hadamus Anna , Białoszewski Dariusz
Published: January 2018

This paper discusses key aspects of the use of functional scores, including their reliability conditions, differences between subjective and objective assessment and types. Functional scores used for assessing patients following total knee replacement, both objective and those including elements of patient-reported subjective evaluation, are discussed in detail, including scales that can be used in pre-operative assessment.
Race, Sympathy, and Missionary Sensibility in the New England Colonization Movement
Authors: Kenny Gale L.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the missionary ideas shared by those from New England who supported the African recolonization movement. It features Leonard Bacon and Lydia Sigourney and traces their motives for supporting the movement. It examines the belief that Chrsitians had a responsibility to civilize and evangelize the world, cultivating sympathy for others, and fighting slavery. According to the author, New England colonizationists saw the American Colonization Society’s efforts as an important part of a broader missionary movement.
The American Colonization Society’s Not-So-Private Colonization Project
Authors: Ericson David F.
Published: January 2018

Ericson traces the efforts of the American Colonization Society to gain the financial support of the U.S. government and the public-private partnership that ensued. He maintains that this partnership was not only one of the first of its kind on the federal level, but that it was also the most enduring prior to the Civil War. He concludes that without federal support, the society probably would never have founded Liberia and that the support was crucial to the colony’s survival.
Situating African Colonization within the History of U.S. Expansion
Authors: Mills Brandon
Published: January 2018

Mills addresses historians’ reluctance to place the African colonization movement within the history of American expansion and nation building. He maintains that the reluctance has resulted from historians’ preoccupations with the domestic side of the movement, as well as the difficulty of integrating such a distinct and mutli-faceted movement into traditional narratives of U.S. expansion. He suggests a fundamental reconsideration of the movement’s impact on early U.S. politics by examining how it connected domestic racial policies to the United States’s practices of both continental and overeas expansion.
“A Desire to Better their Condition”
Authors: Diemer Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter points out that colonizationist rhetoric was, in some ways, more important than the practical consequences of the movement. Even as the American Colonization Society facilitated some six thousand emancipations over the course of its existence, it also played a large role in shaping antislavery discourse that portrayed outright emancipation as too radical and colonization as the only practical solution. Colonizationists depicted the practicality of their movement by comparing it to the movement of European immigrants into the United States, and this chapter looks at this rhetoric.
The End of Emancipation Street
Authors: Murray Robert
Published: January 2018

Using the historiography of “whiteness studies,” Murray looks at race in new ways by examining the racial attitudes of indigenous Africans toward Liberian settlers. He also examines the attitudes of Liberians themselves. Through the process of emigration, black Americans became theoretically white, at least in the minds of their indigenous neighbors, and he explores this racial transformation. He also examines the geographical layout of the colony in terms of race and racial exclusion.
Rethinking Colonization in the Early United States
Authors: Guyatt Nicholas
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores a number of myths and misconceptions surrounding the colonization movement to reassess the role of the movement in early U.S. history. It focuses particularly on the arguments, first made by immediate abolitionists but later supported by many historians, that the movement was a proslavery effort as well as an effort to ensure that the United States would be a “white man’s country.” Guyatt argues that these familiar approaches code colonization as racist in its intentions and proslavery in its effects and have thus prevented us from confronting the awkward truth that many supporters of colonization were indeed opposed to both slavery and prejudice. To reconcile this, he explores the motives and tactics of the American Colonization Society (ACS), looking beyond the society and towards the full range of colonization thinking in the early United States.
The Reach and Limits of the Liberal Consensus
Authors: Gerstle Gary
Published: January 2018

Revisiting Godfrey Hodgson’s conceptualization of the “liberal consensus,” this chapter finds that during the postwar era a large majority of Americans had come to believe that this state ought to be strong enough to manage capitalism and cushion its destructive effects; to maintain a large enough standing military to contain communism wherever it reared its head in the world; and to operate a system of mass taxation that would yield revenues ample enough to manage capitalism and contain communism. But Americans in the 1950s had reached little agreement about the use of public power in three other major areas of life, race, religion, and sexuality, domains that state governments, not the federal government, traditionally possessed the authority to govern. Once an emboldened federal government began moving in the 1950s to assert its authority over matters of race, religion, and sexuality, it ran into fierce resistance. On these matters there was no consensus, and in consequence conflict emerged as the major theme of American history in the 1960s and beyond.
Gender in an Era of Liberal Consensus
Authors: Laville Helen
Published: January 2018

For many historians of American women, the postwar era of “liberal consensus” maps neatly onto a vacuum in women’s activism from 1945 through to the early 1960s; attempts to foster activism on gender issues in this period were astutely described by one scholar as “survival in the doldrums.” In part the absence of feminist political engagement reflected the strong cultural focus on gender and domesticity and a consequent discomfort with the place of women in the public sphere. It also testified to the determination of women’s civic associations to replace a politics of grievance and victimhood associated with feminist identity with a model of political participation that stressed responsibility and participation. This chapter critically assesses the way in which mainstream women’s organizations explicitly rejected gender identification as the basis of political engagement in the postwar years. It also contends that they contributed to the liberal consensus in promoting a political role for women that was based on inclusion rather than exclusion.
The Paradox of Paternalism
Authors: Manley Elizabeth S.
Published: January 2018

In the Dominican Republic, the period from the ascendancy of dictator Rafael Trujillo in the late 1920s through the twelve-year rule of his successor Joaquín Balaguer in 1978 has been understood through a highly masculine and paternalist lens. This book argues, however, that Dominican women throughout this period engaged in local and national politics, operated within complex inter-American relations, and employed the most current global political discourse to further their diverse personal and political agendas. Through various political circles and the maternalist discourse they engendered, women created viable avenues to formal and informal political participation at national and international levels. Concurrently, they also contributed to the continuity of dictatorial regimes and helped precipitate their downfalls. The Paradox of Paternalismdemonstrates that in working through both dictatorial regimes and transnational networks Dominican women built the foundations of a solid and practical women's movement. In addition to contributing to both the longevity of authoritarian leadership and its eventual demise, their efforts situate squarely the rise of late twentieth century women's liberation throughout the global south in both the complex networks of inter-American engagement and the maternalist politics of conservative rule.
Sangre sin Revolución
Authors: Manley Elizabeth S.
Published: January 2018

Chapter 6 addresses the ways in which many Dominican activists interrogated the role of Balaguer’s government in the regulation of individual’s women’s lives and families and challenged many of its violent, dictatorial tendencies. Refuting the regime’s argument for a “revolution without blood,” many women described the government’s agenda to national and inter-American audiences as “blood without revolution” and continued to mobilize within the opposition through the discourse of motherhood and family. However, the chapter also looks at the many cracks developing in the discourse of maternalism that, coupled with an ever-deepening awareness of the tools and tactics of international second-wave feminism, pushed many women to challenge a model of political participation that constructed their roles in the political arena merely as nurturers and caretakers.
Introducing Modes of Production in Archaeology
Authors: Rosenswig Robert M. , Cunningham Jerimy J.
Published: January 2018

Many readers (and especially those English-speakers under ~50 years of age) primarily employ secondhand knowledge of the writing of Marx and Engels. Basic Marxist concepts that structure analysis (such as mode of production) have been filtered through the writings of anthropologists and understood under different names and are now attributed to scholars of the second half of the twentieth century. We therefore begin by reviewing key concepts from Marx and Engels’ original writings and define basic Marxist terms.
Kin-Mode Contradictions, Crises, and Transformations in the Archaic Lower Mississippi Valley
Authors: Ensor Bradley E.
Published: January 2018

A Marxist perspective considers contradictions within modes of production that ultimately lead to crises and transformations to other modes, providing a framework for interpreting political economic change in human societies. This chapter describes how kinship and marriage structure social relations of production and contradictions in kin-modes that may lead to social transformations. An archaeological framework for making inferences on kinship and marriage is applied to the Archaic periods of the Lower Mississippi Valley to explain the enigmatic development of early mound-building foraging societies and their dissolution in the Tchefuncte period. The Archaic periods reflect competitive “Crow/Omaha” kinship and marriage—explaining mound building and widespread craft production and exchange—that experienced the disproportionate demographic growth among descent groups hypothesized to cause crises in social reproduction. This was followed by a social transformation in the Tchefuncte period to bilateral descent networks with a less competitive “complex” marriage system.