bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Computation for Large-scale Multi-objective Optimization: A Decade of Progresses
Authors: Hong Wen-Jing , Yang Peng , Tang Ke
Published: January 2021

Large-scale multi-objective optimization problems (MOPs) that involve a large number of decision variables, have emerged from many real-world applications. While evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been widely acknowledged as a mainstream method for MOPs, most research progress and successful applications of EAs have been restricted to MOPs with small-scale decision variables. More recently, it has been reported that traditional multi-objective EAs (MOEAs) suffer severe deterioration with the increase of decision variables. As a result, and motivated by the emergence of real-world large-scale MOPs, investigation of MOEAs in this aspect has attracted much more attention in the past decade. This paper reviews the progress of evolutionary computation for large-scale multi-objective optimization from two angles. From the key difficulties of the large-scale MOPs, the scalability analysis is discussed by focusing on the performance of existing MOEAs and the challenges induced by the increase of the number of decision variables. From the perspective of methodology, the large-scale MOEAs are categorized into three classes and introduced respectively: divide and conquer based, dimensionality reduction based and enhanced search-based approaches. Several future research directions are also discussed.
Modification of Double Oxide Film Defects with the Addition of Mo to An Al-Si-Mg Alloy
Authors: Chen Qi , Griffiths W. D.
Published: January 2021

In this work, Mo was added into Al melt to reduce the detrimental effect of double-oxide film defect. An air bubble was trapped in a liquid metal (2L99), served as an analogy for double-oxide film defect in aluminum alloy castings. It was found that the addition of Mo significantly accelerated the consumption of the entrapped bubble by 60 pct after holding for 1 hour. 2 sets of testbar molds were then cast, with 2L99 and 2L99+Mo alloy, with a badly designed running system, intended to deliberately introduce double oxide film defects into the liquid metal. Tensile testing showed that, with the addition of Mo, the Weibull modulus of the Ultimate Tensile Strength and pct Elongation was increased by a factor of 2.5 (from 9 to 23) and 2 (from 2.5 to 4.5), respectively. The fracture surface of 2L99+Mo alloy testbars revealed areas of nitrides contained within bi-film defects. Cross-sections through those defects by Focused Ion Beam milling suggested that the surface layer were permeable, which could be as thick as 30 μm, compared to around 500 nm for the typical oxide film thickness. Transmission Electron Microscopy analysis suggested that the nitride-containing layer consisted of nitride particles as well as spinel phase of various form. The hypothesis was raised that the permeability of the nitride layers promote the reaction between the entrapped atmosphere in the defect and the surrounding liquid metal, reducing the defect size and decreasing their impact on mechanical properties.
High HDL-Cholesterol Paradox: SCARB1-LAG3-HDL Axis
Authors: Rodriguez Annabelle
Published: January 2021

Purpose of the Review

To evaluate recent studies related to the paradox of high HDL-C with mortality and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk.

Recent Findings

Two observational studies (Cardiovascular Health in Ambulatory Care Research Team [CANHEART] and Copenhagen City Heart Study and the Copenhagen General Population Study [Copenhagen Heart Studies]) of adults without pre-existing ASCVD have shown a significant U-shaped association of HDL-C with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Both studies showed that low HDL-C levels consistently increased hazard risk (HR) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality. In the CANHEART study, high HDL-C levels, HDL-C > 90 mg/dL, were associated with increased HR for non-CVD/non-cancer mortality. In the Copenhagen Heart Studies, women with HDL-C ≥ 135 mg/dL showed increased HR for all-cause and CVD mortality, while men with HDL-C > 97 mg/dL showed increased HR for all-cause and CVD mortality. Genetic association studies failed to show that genetic etiologies of high HDL-C significantly reduced risk for myocardial infarction (MI), while hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 (HNF4A) was significantly associated with high HDL-C and increased MI risk. Candidate gene studies have identified scavenger receptor B class I (SCARB1) and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3) as genes significantly associated with high HDL-C and increased MI risk.

Low HDL-C remains as a significant factor for increased disease risk while high HDL-C levels are not associated with cardioprotection. Clinical CVD risk calculators need revision.
Isolation and characterization of a high-efficiency marine diesel oil-degrading bacterium
Authors: Gao Jin , Ming Jie , Xu Meng , Fu Xinge , Duan Liang-Feng , Xu Cong-Chao , Gao Yu , Xue Jian-Liang , Xiao Xin-Feng
Published: January 2021

In the recent 50 years, marine oil spills had resulted in severe environmental pollution problems worldwide. In this study, 12 petroleum-degrading strains named MJ1 to MJ12, which can use diesel oil as the sole carbon source for growth, were isolated from the seawater in Jiaozhou Bay, China. Strain MJ4 has the highest diesel-degrading rate which is up to 26.54% in 5 days with the diesel oil concentration of 10 g/L. According to the BLAST research, 16SrRNA sequence of MJ4 showed 99% similarity to Bacillus megaterium strain. Single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were carried out to optimize the environmental factors and their reciprocal action for affecting the diesel oil degradation process of Bacillus sp. MJ4. Results of single-factor experiments revealed that the highest degradation rate was obtained with temperature of 28 °C, pH of 8.8, diesel oil concentration of 25 g/L, P/N ratio of 0.56, nitrogen and phosphorus dosage quantity of 0.35 g/L and 0.18 g/L, respectively. A nonlinear regression equation of diesel oil degradation rate and pH, temperature, P/N ratio was obtained. The model predicted the maximum degradation rate of 72.21% with temperature of 28 °C, pH of 8.88, P/N ratio of 0.31, respectively.
Metallic Graphene Nanoribbons
Authors: Xie Sheng-Yi , Li Xian-Bin
Published: January 2021

Isolated graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) usually have energy gaps, which scale with their widths, owing to the lateral quantum confinement effect of GNRs. The absence of metallic GNRs limits their applications in device interconnects or being one-dimensional physics platform to research amazing properties based on metallicity. A recent study published in Science provided a novel method to produce metallic GNRs by inserting a symmetric superlattice into other semiconductive GNRs. This finding will broader the applications of GNRs both in nanoelectronics and fundamental science.
Membrane distillation: recent technological developments and advancements in membrane materials
Authors: Hussain Altaf , Janson Arnie , Matar Joel Minier , Adham Samer
Published: January 2021

Membrane distillation (MD) is a novel desalination technology that has potential to produce distilled quality water from high salinity brine streams. The driving force for MD is the vapor pressure difference across a hydrophobic membrane resulting in transfer of water vapor from hot to cold side. This vapor contacts a cold surface and condenses to produce distillate. This paper reviews recent and/or multi-year research programs that focused on MD pilot or field testing. The various investigations concluded that while MD can produce distilled water quality, the energy efficiency remains the key bottleneck for future deployment of MD. Membrane wetting and fouling also presents key challenges for desalination due to both the high salinity and the presence of organics in the feed water. The authors contacted several MD vendors requesting updates on their latest products and technology developments. MD vendors with innovative module designs, some of which promise a step change in performance, have recently emerged on the market. In addition to water desalination, MD has a wide range of industrial applications such as hydrogen sulfide removal, the treatment of wastewater from the pharmaceutical, metal finishing industries, direct sewer mining, oily wastewater, and water recovery from flue gas. This paper also reviews novel membrane chemistries with emphasis on membranes prepared by phase inversion and electrospinning techniques to which nanomaterials have been added. The primary objectives in adding various nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, silicon dioxide, fluorinated compounds) are to increase hydrophobicity (to reduce wetting) and increase mass transfer rates (to increase flux and lower cost).
Organo-Modification of Montmorillonite
Authors: Guo Yi Xuan , Liu Jia Hui , Gates Will P. , Zhou Chun Hui
Published: January 2021

Modification of the surfaces of montmorillonite (Mnt) by organic molecules is an effective method for improving their affinity toward non-aqueous substances, and has resulted in extensive industrial applications as rheological control agents, drilling fluids, and other functional materials used in applications ranging from environmental remediation to coatings. The present study reviewed recent progress in organo-modification of Mnt, and provides state-of-the-art insights into proposed modification mechanisms and the peculiar functionalities of the resulting organo-montmorillonite (OMnt). Several routes have been employed to modify Mnt, including ion exchange with organic ions, surface adsorption, and grafting of organics. Commonly used organic modifiers include cationic, anionic, zwitterionic, non-ionic, and polymeric species. Organo-modification is driven by multiple interactions: van der Waals forces, cation exchange, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonds, and ion–dipole interaction. OMnt, in general, exhibits synergistic and/or antagonistic effects when used in oil-based drilling fluids, environmental remediation, or layered silicate/polymer nanocomposites. The detailed mechanisms of non-ionic and zwitterionic modification of Mnt remain unclear. This literature survey suggests that future work should emphasize deeper understanding of interactions between the Mnt and the organic modifiers, and meanwhile expand the applications of OMnt into catalysis, drug carriers, and the biomedical field.

Graphical abstract
DISJUNCTIONS WITH STOPPING CONDITIONS
Authors: KOSSAK ROMAN , WCISŁO BARTOSZ
Published: January 2021

We introduce a tool for analysing models of$\text {CT}^-$, the compositional truth theory over Peano Arithmetic. We present a new proof of Lachlan’s theorem that the arithmetical part of models of$\text {CT}^-$are recursively saturated. We also use this tool to provide a new proof of theorem from [8] that all models of$\text {CT}^-$carry a partial inductive truth predicate. Finally, we construct a partial truth predicate defined for a set of formulae whose syntactic depth forms a nonstandard cut which cannot be extended to a full truth predicate satisfying$\text {CT}^-$.
Kant, Animal Minds, and Conceptualism
Authors: Hutton James
Published: January 2021

Kant holds that some nonhuman animals “are acquainted with” objects, despite lacking conceptual capacities (“understanding”). What does this tell us about his theory of human cognition? Numerous authors have argued that this is a significant point in favour of Nonconceptualism—the claim that, for Kant, sensible representations of objects do not depend on the understanding. Against this, I argue that Kant’s views about animal minds can readily be accommodated by a certain kind of Conceptualism. It remains viable to think that, for Kant, (i) humans’ sensible representations necessarily represent objects as temporally structured in ways that allow us to have thoughts about them, and (ii) such representations are produced, and could only be produced, by the understanding. This allows Conceptualists to maintain that humans’ sensible representations depend on the understanding, while accepting that animals have sensible representations of objects too. We must, therefore, reassess both the warrant for Nonconceptualism and the shape Conceptualist readings must take.
An e-leadership training academy for practicing clinicians in primary care and public health settings
Authors: Sullivan Erin E. , Moftah Dena , Mbye PaMalick , Weilnau Taylor , Tobin Jonathan N.
Published: January 2021

Leadership is an essential competency for clinicians; however, these skills are not a standard part of health professionals’ education and training. Access to resources (time, money) is frequently cited as a barrier for clinicians to participate in leadership development programs. We aimed to tackle this barrier within postgraduate health professions education and training through establishing an online e-Leadership Academy. The e-Leadership Academy was developed as a community–academic partnership between Clinical Directors Network, Inc. (CDN) and the Harvard Medical School Center for Primary Care to train clinicians and healthcare staff in the fundamental concepts and skills for leading within a clinical practice. For this article, the primary outcome analysis examined participants’ responses to both formative and summative evaluations that took place throughout and at the end of the course. Results were used to assess course quality, participant satisfaction, participant engagement, and provide recommendations about future course offerings for a similar audience. The authors propose that future training programs could measure the changes in team behavior and clinical outcomes using expanded evaluations. Proposed plans for expansion of the e-Leadership Academy include developing additional modules, virtual coaching and mentoring, and the potential integration of an in-person component.
Rate the Raters: A Note on Wine Judge Consistency
Authors: Bodington Jeffrey
Published: January 2021

Much literature shows that the ratings assigned by wine judges are uncertain, some authors have proposed that judges be tested, and a few wine competitions do test judges. However, no literature or competition has yet proposed a test or rating for judges based on realistic competition conditions. This article uses coefficients of multiple correlation to rate each of 54 judges who assigned ratings to 2,811 wines entered in a commercial competition. Results show that there is a strong and positive correlation between the ratings assigned by most judges to most wines. However, those correlations also show that the ratings assigned by approximately 10% of judges are indistinguishable from random assignments. Using correlations to rate the raters, a program is underway to monitor those judges and variations in competition protocol that may affect their ratings. (JEL Classifications: A10, C00, C10, C12, D12)
The hierarchical structure of error-related negativities elicited from affective and social stimuli and their relations to personality traits
Authors: Suzuki T. , Novak K. D. , Ait Oumeziane B. , Foti D. , Samuel D. B.
Published: January 2021

Psychophysiological measures have become increasingly accessible to researchers and many have properties that indicate their use as individual difference indicators. For example, the error-related negativity (ERN), an event-related potential (ERP) thought to reflect error-monitoring processes, has been related to individual differences, such as Neuroticism and Conscientiousness traits. Although various tasks have been used to elicit the ERN, only a few studies have investigated its variability across tasks when examining the relations between the ERN and personality traits. In this project, we examined the relations of the ERN elicited from four variants of the Flanker task (Arrow, Social, Unpleasant, and Pleasant) that were created to maximize the differences in their relevance to personality traits. A sample of 93 participants with a history of treatment for psychopathology completed the four tasks as well as self-report measures of the general and maladaptive five-factor model (FFM) traits. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) of ERN amplitudes indicated that three of the four tasks (Arrow, Social, and Unpleasant) were unidimensional. Another set of CFAs indicated that a general factor underlies the ERN elicited from all tasks as well as unique task-specific variances. The correlations of estimated latent ERN scores and personality traits did not reflect the hypothesized correlation patterns. Variability across tasks and the hierarchical model of the ERN may aid in understanding psychopathology dimensions and in informing future endeavors integrating the psychophysiological methods into the study of personality. Recommendations for future research on psychophysiological indicators as individual differences are discussed.
RADIOCARBON, TRACE ELEMENTS AND PB ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF PINE NEEDLES FROM A HIGHLY INDUSTRIALIZED REGION IN SOUTHERN POLAND
Authors: Sensuła Barbara , Fagel Nathalie , Michczyński Adam
Published: January 2021

We determined the chemical composition of pine needles to monitor environmental contamination in an urban forest environment in the most industrialized part of southern Poland. The concentrations of radiocarbon (14C), trace elements (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba, Ce, Pb) and the Pb isotope composition were measured in needles from Pinus sylvestris L. growing in nine urban forests near five factories. The investigated young pine needles were collected in January 2013 and September 2013, respectively. 14C concentration was determined by liquid scintillation counter, trace elemental concentration and Pb isotope ratio were determined by ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS, respectively. Analysis of trace metal pollution is based on the assumption that element concentrations in tree foliage represent element availability in the environment. Different space-time patterns of element accumulation in pine needles were observed. The variation in isotopic composition reflects a mix between different anthropogenic sources.
SOVEREIGNTY AND THE LEGAL LEGACIES OF EMPIRE IN EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY PRUSSIA
Authors: JOHANN CHARLOTTE
Published: January 2021

The traceless disappearance of the Holy Roman Empire from the map and the minds of nineteenth-century Germany was until recently a pervasive historiographical trope. Revisionist scholarship has since uncovered the empire's modern afterlife as a model for federative political order and archetype of the greater German (großdeutsche) nation. This article identifies a different kind of legacy, by examining the empire's role in shaping the constitutional configuration of an individual successor state – Prussia. In a debate over Prussia's unwritten historical constitution unfolding in the 1840s, narratives of the empire's constitutional history became the basis on which the juridical structure of the kingdom's sovereignty was negotiated by jurists and political actors. These included, among others, King Frederick William IV and his brother William, the leaders of the German historical school of jurisprudence Savigny and Eichhorn, and the Prussian statesman Kamptz. The article contrasts two rival interpretations of the imperial legacy: a teleological narrative focusing on the evolution of state sovereignty within the imperial constitution and a genealogical narrative highlighting the origins of sovereignty as a hereditary fiefdom. In doing so, it questions the rigid distinction that historians have drawn between the empire and the statehood that replaced it in 1806.
Cash Holdings, Capital Structure, and Financing Risk
Authors: Sun Qi , Xia Junjie
Published: January 2021

This article quantifies a new motive of holding cash through the channel of financing risk. We show that if access to future credit is risky, firms may issue long-term debt now and save funds in cash to secure the current credit capacity for the future. We structurally estimate the model and find that this motive explains approximately 24% to 30% of cash holdings in the data. Counterfactual experiments indicate that the value of holding cash is approximately 8% of shareholder value.
Evaluation of the frequency of mutation genes in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strains in Beijing, China
Authors: Liu Y. , Sun Y. , Zhang X. , Zhang Z. , Xing Q. , Ren W. , Yao C. , Yu J. , Ding B. , Wang S. , Li C.
Published: January 2021

The aim of this study was to explore the frequency and distribution of gene mutations that are related to isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF)-resistance in the strains of the multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) in Beijing, China. In this retrospective study, the genotypes of 173 MDR-TB strains were analysed by spoligotyping. The katG, inhA genes and the promoter region of inhA, in which genetic mutations confer INH resistance; and the rpoB gene, in which genetic mutations confer RIF resistance, were sequenced. The percentage of resistance-associated nucleotide alterations among the strains of different genotypes was also analysed. In total, 90.8% (157/173) of the MDR strains belonged to the Beijing genotype. Population characteristics were not significantly different among the strains of different genotypes. In total, 50.3% (87/173) strains had mutations at codon S315T of katG; 16.8% (29/173) of strains had mutations in the inhA promoter region; of them, 5.5% (15/173) had point mutations at −15 base (C→T) of the inhA promoter region. In total, 86.7% (150/173) strains had mutations at rpoB gene; of them, 40% (69/173) strains had mutations at codon S531L of rpoB. The frequency of mutations was not significantly higher in Beijing genotypic MDR strains than in non-Beijing genotypes. Beijing genotypic MDR-TB strains were spreading in Beijing and present a major challenge to TB control in this region. A high prevalence of katG Ser315Thr, inhA promoter region (−15C→T) and rpoB (S531L) mutations was observed. Molecular diagnostics based on gene mutations was a useful method for rapid detection of MDR-TB in Beijing, China.
Court Allows ERISA Plan Participants to Sue Administrator for Physicians' Actions
Authors: B.G.
Published: January 2021

On December 7, 1994, the U.S. District Court of the Northern District of Illinois ruled that ERISA preempts a participant in an ERISA plan from suing the plan's administrator under a state common law theory of respondeat superior (Rice v. Panchal, 875 F. Supp. 471 (N.D. Ill. 1994)) (see, “Recent Developments in Health Laws,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 23 (1995): at 208). On September 12, 1995, the Seventh Circuit of the U.S. Court of Appeals reversed this decision and ordered that the case be tried in state court (Rice v. Panchal, 65 F.3d 637 (7th Cir. 1995)). The court held that the case had been improperly removed to federal court. The court of appeals stated that the federal court did not have jurisdiction because the plaintiff's claim did not fall within ERISA's provisions.

In this case, plaintiff David Rice brought a medical malpractice suit against two doctors who provided treatment to him in accordance with his ERISA insurance plan.
Health Care: Mandatory Nurse-to-Patient Staffing Ratios in California
Authors: Berman Stefanie
Published: January 2021

On January 22, 2002, California Governor Gray Davis released the state's long-anticipated, proposed regulations establishing hospital nurse-to-patient ratio requirements. The Safe Staffing Law (A.B. 394) mandating minimum ratios was enacted in October 1999 in response to legislators concerns that [q]uality of patient care is jeopardized because of staffing changes implemented in response to managed care. While the law was scheduled to take effect by January 1, 2002, conflict within the medical community regarding appropriate ratios slowed down the rulemaking process. Lawmakers now anticipate that the rule will be implemented by January 2003. Approximately 5,000 new nurses will need to be hired for California's hospitals to come into compliance with the proposed regulation.
Does voluntary assisted dying cause public stigma for the bereaved? A vignette-based experiment
Authors: Philippkowski Sarah , O'Connor Moira , Eisma Maarten C. , Willmott Lindy , Johnson Andrew R. , Breen Lauren J.
Published: January 2021

Objective

Studies in countries where assisted dying is legal show that bereaved people express concern over the potential for social disapproval and social stigma because of the manner of death. There are indications that voluntary assisted dying is judged as less acceptable if the deceased is younger. A vignette-based experiment was used to determine whether public stigma (i.e., negative emotional reactions and desired social distance) and expected grief symptoms are higher for conjugally bereaved people through voluntary assisted dying (vs. long-term illness), when the deceased is a young adult (vs. older adult).

Method

A 2 × 2 randomized factorial design was conducted with 164 Australian adults (130 women, 34 men, Mage = 37.69 years). Each participant was randomized online to read one of four vignettes and completed measures of anger, fear, prosocial emotions, desire for social distance, and expectations of grief symptomatology.

Results

A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted. Death at a young age (28 years) was significantly associated with stronger negative emotional reactions of fear ($\eta _p^2 = 0.04$, P = 0.048) and anger ($\eta _p^2 = 0.06$, P = 0.010). There were no differences in outcomes associated with the mode of death, nor was there an interaction between mode of death and age group.

Significance of results

Concerns that voluntary assisted dying elicits public stigma appear unfounded. The fact that participants reported significantly higher anger and fear in response to bereaved people experiencing loss at a younger (vs. older) age, irrespective of cause of death, indicates that young people who lose their spouse might benefit from additional support.
Federalism, Representation, and Direct Democracy in 1920s India
Authors: Parasher Tejas
Published: January 2021

This article reconstructs an overlooked tradition of direct democracy within early twentieth-century Indian political thought. It focuses on four political thinkers—Radhakumud Mookerji (1884–1964), Brajendranath Seal (1864–1938), Radhakamal Mukerjee (1889–1968), and Beni Prasad (1900–1945)—all of whom were central figures in a genre of federalist historiography of premodern Indian politics which emerged in the 1910s. The article interprets these thinkers as critics of the Indian nationalist movement's embrace of electoral government in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Through a contextual reading of their major written works in the late 1910s and the 1920s, the article traces the rise of a distinct theory of federalist constitutionalism, modelled on premodern state structures and oriented towards the legislative empowerment of local citizens’ assemblies.
STUWA: Ein multifaktorielles Inventar zur Erfassung von Studienwahlmotivation
Authors: Janke Stefan , Messerer Laura A. S. , Merkle Belinda , Krille Claudia
Published: January 2021

Zusammenfassung: Forschung zu Studienwahlmotivation von Lehramtsaspirantinnen und -aspiranten hat gezeigt, dass verschiedene Motivationen die Studienwahlentscheidung beeinflussen können. Leider mangelt es an reliablen und validen Instrumenten, die verschiedene Facetten von Studienwahlmotivation studienfachübergreifend erfassen. Diese Lücke im testtheoretischen Arsenal der empirischen Bildungsforschung soll durch die Entwicklung eines multifaktoriellen Inventars zur Messung der Studienwahlmotivation (STUWA) geschlossen werden. Das vorgestellte Instrument erfasst fünf in der Selbstbestimmungstheorie der Motivation sowie der Erwartungs-Wert-Theorie fundierte Facetten von Studienwahlmotivation testökonomisch (jeweils drei Items): intrinsische, extrinsisch-materialistische, extrinsisch-soziale, sozial-induzierte und bewältigungsorientierte Studienwahlmotivation. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht es die Erfassung des Ausmaßes, in dem die Studienwahlentscheidung mit Unsicherheit verbunden ist oder alternativenorientiert gegen ein eigentlich aspiriertes Studienfach getroffen wurde. Die Gesamtskala wurde in zwei Studien auf ihre Reliabilität und Validität getestet. In einer ersten Studie ( N = 413 Erstsemesterstudierende) ließ sich mit Hilfe explorativer Faktoranalysen eine sieben-faktorielle Skalenstruktur aufzeigen. Diese Struktur konnte in einer zweiten Studie ( N = 716 Erstsemesterstudierende) durch eine konfirmatorische Faktoranalyse repliziert werden. Die einzelnen Subskalen zeichnen sich durch akzeptable interne Konsistenz aus. Außerdem zeigten sich bedeutsame Zusammenhänge zwischen einzelnen Facetten der Studienwahlmotivation mit motivationalen Zielorientierungen und der Studienzufriedenheit. Insbesondere intrinsische Studienwahlmotivation zeichnete sich wie erwartet durch ein adaptives Assoziationsmuster aus. Das Ausmaß der unsicheren oder alternativenorientierten Studienwahl zeigte hingegen maladaptive Außenkorrelationen. Des Weiteren ließ sich in der zweiten Studie skalare Messinvarianz für Geschlecht sowie zwischen Studienfächern nachweisen, was auf die Eignung des Instruments für Fachvergleiche hinweist. Entsprechende Vergleiche konnten zeigen, dass sich BWL-Studierende in stärkerem Ausmaß als Studierende anderer Fächer durch eine extrinsisch-materialistische Studienwahlmotivation auszeichnen. Lehramtsstudierende gaben hingegen eher extrinsisch-soziale und sozial-induzierte Studienwahlmotivation an. Die aufgeführten Belege für die Validität des Instruments verdeutlichen seine Eignung für den Einsatz zur studienfachübergreifenden Messung von Studienwahlmotivation. Auch wenn weitere Forschung zur Bedeutung der einzelnen Facetten im Längsschnitt noch aussteht, wird erst durch das präsentierte Instrument solche Forschung (über Lehramtsstudiengänge hinaus) überhaupt möglich.
Long wavelength single photon like driven photolysis via triplet triplet annihilation
Authors: Huang Ling , Zeng Le , Chen Yongzhi , Yu Nuo , Wang Lei , Huang Kai , Zhao Yang , Han Gang
Published: January 2021

Photolysis has enabled the occurrence of numerous discoveries in chemistry, drug discovery and biology. However, there is a dearth of efficient long wavelength light mediated photolysis. Here, we report general and efficient long wavelength single photon method for a wide array of photolytic molecules via triplet-triplet annihilation photolysis. This method is versatile and “LEGO”-like. The light partners (the photosensitizers and the photolytic molecules) can be energetically matched to adapt to an extensive range of electromagnetic spectrum wavelengths and the diversified chemical structures of photoremovable protecting groups, photolabile linkages, as well as a broad array of targeted molecules. Compared to the existing photolysis methods, our strategy of triplet-triplet annihilation photolysis not only exhibits superior reaction yields, but also resolves the photodamage problem, regardless of whether they are single photon or multiple photon associated. Furthermore, the biological promise of this “LEGO” system was illustrated via developing ambient air-stable nanoparticles capable of triplet-triplet annihilation photolysis.
Green synthesis of graphite from CO2 without graphitization process of amorphous carbon
Authors: Liang Chu , Chen Yun , Wu Min , Wang Kai , Zhang Wenkui , Gan Yongping , Huang Hui , Chen Jian , Xia Yang , Zhang Jun , Zheng Shiyou , Pan Hongge
Published: January 2021

Environmentally benign synthesis of graphite at low temperatures is a great challenge in the absence of transition metal catalysts. Herein, we report a green and efficient approach of synthesizing graphite from carbon dioxide at ultralow temperatures in the absence of transition metal catalysts. Carbon dioxide is converted into graphite submicroflakes in the seconds timescale via reacting with lithium aluminum hydride as the mixture of carbon dioxide and lithium aluminum hydride is heated to as low as 126 °C. Gas pressure-dependent kinetic barriers for synthesizing graphite is demonstrated to be the major reason for our synthesis of graphite without the graphitization process of amorphous carbon. When serving as lithium storage materials, graphite submicroflakes exhibit excellent rate capability and cycling performance with a reversible capacity of ~320 mAh g–1 after 1500 cycles at 1.0 A g–1. This study provides an avenue to synthesize graphite from greenhouse gases at low temperatures.
Enantioselective extraction of unprotected amino acids coupled with racemization
Authors: Huang Haofei , Jin Yingji , Shirbhate Mukesh E. , Kang Dayoung , Choi Misun , Chen Qian , Kim Youngmee , Kim Sung-Jin , Byun Il-Suk , Wang Ming , Bouffard Jean , Kim Seong Kyu , Kim Kwan Mook
Published: January 2021

Scalable and economical methods for the production of optically pure amino acids, both natural and unnatural, are essential for their use as synthetic building blocks. Currently, enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) underpins some of the most effective processes. Here we report the development of enantioselective extraction coupled with racemization (EECR) for the chirality conversion of underivatized amino acids. In this process, the catalytic racemization of amino acids in a basic aqueous solution is coupled with the selective extraction of one enantiomer into an organic layer. Back-extraction from the organic layer to an acidic aqueous solution then completes the deracemization of the amino acid. The automation of the EECR process in a recycling flow reactor is also demonstrated. Continuous EECR is made possible by the sterically hindered chiral ketone extractant 5, which prevents the coextraction of the copper racemization catalyst because of its nonplanar geometry. Furthermore, the extractant 5 unexpectedly forms imines with amino acids faster and with greater enantioselectivity than less bulky derivatives, even though 5 cannot participate in intramolecular resonance-assisted hydrogen bonding. These features may allow EECR to challenge the preponderance of enzymatic DKR in the production of enantiomerically enriched amino acids.
Block copolymer–nanodiamond coassembly in solution: towards multifunctional hybrid materials
Authors: Sutisna Burhannudin , Janssens Stoffel D. , Giussani Alessandro , Vázquez-Cortés David , Fried Eliot
Published: January 2021

Coassembly between block copolymers and nanodiamonds (NDs) leads to transparent UV-protective coatings and hybrid superstructures with hierarchical assembly of NDs.
Oxygen vacancy-rich doped CDs@graphite felt-600 heterostructures for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes
Authors: Chen Yashi , Huang Danlian , Lei Lei , Chen Sha , Liu Xigui , Cheng Min
Published: January 2021

Carbon dots (CDs) have attracted much attention owing to their distinctive 0D chemical structure, ultra-small size, and intrinsic surface/edge defects, and have been widely used in many kinds of research fields.
Copper-catalyzed one-pot amine-alkylation of quinones with amines and alkanes
Authors: Yang Jian , Wang Bei , Zhang Yuankang , Zhang Shuqing , He Shuai , Shi Zhi-Chuan , Wang Ji-Yu
Published: January 2021

Copper-catalyzed three-component amine-alkylation of quinones with amines and alkanes.
Cd-driven surface reconstruction and photodynamics in gold nanoclusters
Authors: Liu Xu , Yao Guo , Cheng Xinglian , Xu Jiayu , Cai Xiao , Hu Weigang , Xu Wen Wu , Zhang Chunfeng , Zhu Yan
Published: January 2021

With dual modifications of the surface and electronic structure, Au38Cd4(DMBT)30 exhibits distinct excitonic behaviors and photocatalytic performances compared to Au44(DMBT)28.
2-Mercaptomethyl-thiazolidines use conserved aromatic–S interactions to achieve broad-range inhibition of metallo-β-lactamases
Authors: Rossi Maria-Agustina , Martinez Veronica , Hinchliffe Philip , Mojica Maria F. , Castillo Valerie , Moreno Diego M. , Smith Ryan , Spellberg Brad , Drusano George L. , Banchio Claudia , Bonomo Robert A. , Spencer James , Vila Alejandro J. , Mahler Graciela
Published: January 2021

Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are major culprits of resistance to carbapenems in bacteria. A series of thiazolidines are potent MBL inhibitors, restoring the activity of carbapenems. Metal binding and sulphur–π interactions are key to inhibition.
Object recognition for power equipment via human‐level concept learning
Authors: Xiong Siheng , Liu Yadong , Yan Yingjie , Pei Ling , Xu Peng , Fu Xiaofei , Jiang Xiuchen
Published: January 2021

Inspection robots are popularized in substations due to the lack of personnel for operation and maintenance. However, these inspection robots remain at the level of perceptual intelligence, rather than cognition intelligence. To enable a robot to automatically detect defects of power equipment, object recognition is a critical step because criteria of infrared diagnosis vary with types of equipment. Since this task is not a big‐sample learning problem, prior knowledge needs to be added to improve existing methods. Here, an object recognition model based on human‐level concept learning is proposed, which utilizes relationship between equipment. The proposed method is composed of three parts: Mask RCNN, Bayesian Context Network and human‐level concept learning. As the backbone network, Mask RCNN, a pixel‐wise segmentation network, gives preliminary recognition results. Then, based on the object relationship graph of Bayesian Context Network, human‐level concept learning corrects the results in sequence by maximizing the conditional probability of an object given its neighbourhood. Experiments show that the accuracy of the proposed method increases 9.7% compared with its backbone network, making industrial application of this technology possible.
Soft‐switching modulation of the multilevel cascaded H‐bridge inverter under DC source fault
Authors: Xiong Jinfei , Zhou Fulin , Li Qunzhan
Published: January 2021

Cascaded H‐bridge inverter (CHBI) is widely used in the industry application for its outstanding features. However, CHBI needs a large number of isolated DC sources. If some of the DC sources are out of work, the DC voltage cannot maintain the desired value and even decreases to zero, thus degrading the quality of the output voltage of the CHBI. Thus, a soft‐switching modulation strategy based on the carrier phase shift SPWM is proposed in this paper to cope with the DC source failure. The strategy is proposed to achieve two goals: 1) one is to adjust the DC voltage of faulty cells back to the normal; 2) the other one is to make the pulse width modulation (PWM) pulses of each cell change without cell voltage level‐skip. The correction and efficiency are verified by a prototype of three‐cell CHBI built in the laboratory.
Dense connection decoding network for crisp contour detection
Authors: Xu Guili , Lin Chuan , Cheng Yuehua
Published: January 2021

In the past few years, contour detection algorithm has made obvious progress with the help of convolutional neural networks. The aim of this paper is to present a novel network connecting low‐ and high‐resolution features to make the network achieving richer feature representation. First, VGG net is used as encoding part with outputting the features of different resolutions, and then the feature maps are combined in some specific resolution with up‐ or down‐sample method. The combining process can be stack step‐by‐step. The proposed network makes the encoding part deeper to extract richer convolutional features. The experiments have shown that the proposed method improves the contour detection performances and outperform some existed convolutional neural networks based methods on BSDS500 and NYUD‐V2 datasets.
An EKF‐SVM machine learning‐based approach for fault detection and classification in three‐phase power transformers
Authors: Kazemi Zahra , Naseri Farshid , Yazdi Mehran , Farjah Ebrahim
Published: January 2021

In this paper, a hybrid approach for effective diagnosis of power transformers is proposed. In the proposed method, the extended Kalman filter is used for the estimation of three‐phase currents in the primary windings of the transformer. Three residual signals are defined as the differences between the measured and estimated three‐phase currents. When the transformer is healthy, the EKF perfectly estimates the primary currents and hence, the residual signals are nearly zero. However, when the transformer is faulty, the EKF cannot suitably estimate the currents due to the large model mismatch resulting from the transformer internal faults. Consequently, large residual signals are generated, which are used as the key signatures for discriminating the internal faults from energisation conditions. Besides, the proposed method uses the entries of the covariance matrix of the estimation error to locate and classify the internal faults. For these purposes, support vector machine classifiers are used. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by a large number of simulation test cases obtained using PSCAD/EMTDC software. Also, hardware‐in‐the‐loop experiments are conducted using dSPACE1104 development platform and real‐time feasibility of the proposed method is authenticated.
Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and corrosion properties of cast duplex stainless steels
Authors: Fedorov Aleksandr , Zhitenev Andrey , Strekalovskaya Darya
Published: January 2021

The effect of the quenching temperature on the pitting corrosion resistance of lean duplex stainless steel (DSS) were examined. Using thermodynamic modeling of phase formation processes in steel during solidification and subsequent cooling was shown that the equal amount of austenite and ferrite is achieved at 1210°С for examined composition. Experimental steel samples were quenched from 1100 and 1200°С. It was found that as the temperature rises, the pitting potential increases significantly due to the achievement of a favorable phase ratio. The results of this experimental study made it possible to develop a heat treatment that provides high corrosion properties of lean DSS.
The Study of the Electrical Conductivity of Apples and Grapes as an Object of Electrical Processing
Authors: Radjabov Abdurahman , Ibragimov Matkarim , Eshpulatov Nodir
Published: January 2021

Experimental studies of the electrical conductivity of whole berries, peels, and pulp of apples and grapes were carried out according to the methods that the measurement voltage should not exceed the threshold and the measurement time should be minimal, and mechanical damage to the cells during contact with the electrodes was not allowed. To study the electrical conductivity (electrical resistance) of apples, grapes, and their constituent elements, a device is developed that represents a three–electrode system. The study of the specific volume resistance of the pulp of apple and grape. Development of a methodology for a three–electrode system to determine the electrical conductivity of the pulp and skin of fruits and grapes. Three–electrode system showed sufficient accuracy for apple and grape the electrical conductivity. The volumetric resistance of the skin was much greater than the pulp. The tissue resistance of fruits and grapes with an increase in the frequency of the measuring current decreases exponentially.
Utilization of Tofu Industry Waste and Banana Plant Waste for Growing Medium of Brown Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus cystidiosus [Jacq. Fr.] P.Kumm.)
Authors: Indratmi Dian , Dian Kurniasari Yossy , Hartawati Hartawati , Ikhwan Ali
Published: January 2021

Brown oyster mushroom is one of the consumption mushrooms with high economic value, so it is important to be cultivated commercially. Several types of plant and industrial wastes, such as dried banana leaves and tofu dregs, are available abundantly in the field. The waste has the potential to be used as medium for growing consumption mushrooms. This is because dried banana leaves and tofu dregs contain enough nutrients needed for the growth and development of oyster mushrooms. The study aimed to determine the growth response and yield of brown oyster mushrooms by giving various doses of dried banana leaves and tofu dregs flour. The research was carried out using factorial completely randomized design. First factor: dosage of tofu flour: 50 g per baglog, 150 g per baglog, and 250 g per baglog. Second factor: dosage of dried banana leaves, without dried banana leaves, 100 g dried banana leaves per baglog, and 250 g dried banana leaves per baglog. The results showed that the treatment of addition of tofu dregs flour with dried banana leaves interacted very significantly in the number of mushroom caps, diameter and thickness of the caps, the length of the mycelium, the fresh weight of the fungus, and biological efficiency.
Microalgae Microbial Fuel Cell (MMFC) using Chlorella vulgaris and “Batik” Wastewater as Bioelectricity
Authors: Faizi Polontalo Nadiyah , Alifsmara Joelyna Falvocha , Malik Islam Filardli Abdullah , Hadiyanto Hadiyanto , Akmar Zakaria Zainul
Published: January 2021

Nowadays, Indonesia is faced with an increase in human growth, and followed by increasing electricity demand. One of the environmental friendly alternative energy that can solve this problem is microbial fuel cell, which utilizes organic matter as a substrate of bacteria in carrying out its metabolic activities to produce electricity. In this study, investigated the electrical energy produced by Microalgae Microbial Fuel Cell (MMFC) using Chlorella vulgaris and “Batik” wastewater. This study aims to assess the performance of the MMFC system based on the influence of yeast (8 g L−1 and 4 g L−1), “Batik wastewater” concentration (50 % and 100 %), and graphite electrodes (1:1 and 2:2). The MMFC system was carried out by filling anode chamber with “Batik” wastewater and the cathode with C. vulgaris. MMFC simulation was operated for 7 d. Concentration of 100 % “Batik” wastewater and 2:2 number of electrodes gave the best result in MMFC with voltage 0.115 Volt, algae absorbance 0.666. The COD decreased from 824 mg L−1 to 752 mg L−1 after the MMFC. The addition of 8 g L−1 yeast gave the optimum of bioelectricity production reached 0.322 Volt and the microalgae grew until the absorbance reached 1.031.
Eco-agriculture and Farming in the Anthropocene Epoch: A Philosophical Review
Authors: Kala Mahaswa Rangga , Widhianto Agung , Hasanah Nurul
Published: January 2021

This article examines the complex interactions between agriculture, farming, and the Anthropocene environment. It discusses the challenges facing modern agriculture as a significant contributor to land degradation and climate change related to the planetary boundaries scale. Criticism of current agriculture is the effort to approach a philosophical view in considering eco-agriculture as part of environmental ethics. The holistic resolution that aligns the sustainability orientation for future agriculture is necessarily needed by social and political transformative movement. Therefore, the result finds the human moral value of land farming responsibility that agriculture is an ethical act requiring reflection at all planetary aspects, including food resilience, socio-economic changes, climate change adaptation, and natural preservation.
The Strategy of Salt Business Development: A Case Study in Sumenep, Indonesia
Authors: Diananing Rika , Destryana Amilia , Santosa Ribut , Illi Mohamad Puad Noor , Christela Melviana Agustine
Published: January 2021

Sumenep is one of the salt producers in Indonesia. The problem experienced by farmers is the production of salt using evaporation by solar energy that depends on the weather and the low price, caused by worse business management. Salt is a potential commodity, because its market is still wide open. This research aims to develop the salt production method and development strategy of salt business in Sumenep Regency by using SWOT analysis. The result of the analysis concludes that the priority of salt development business strategy in Sumenep Regency are: i) Geoisolator technology application strategy to produce good quality of salt; ii) cooperation strategy in group mechanism to build power and increasing the bargaining value of the farmers; iii) capital strengthening strategy through partner cooperatives; iv) broader marketing management management strategies to industrial salt user sectors.