bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practices and Attitudes toward Returning Genomic Research Results to Low-Resource Research Participants
Authors: Raymond Megan B. , Cooper Kayla E. , Parker Lisa S. , Bonham Vence L.
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Many research programs are challenged to accommodate low-resource research participants’ (LRRP) ancillary care needs when returning genomic research results. We define LRRP as those who are low income, uninsured, underinsured, or facing barriers to act upon the results returned. This study evaluates current policies and practices surrounding return of results (RoR) to LRRP, as well as the attitudes of investigators toward providing ancillary care to LRRP. Methods: A semi-structured interview study was conducted with representatives of 35 genomic research programs nationwide. Eligible programs were returning, or planning to return, medically actionable genomic results to participants. Results: Three content categories emerged from this study, including: (1) RoR structures, (2) barriers to RoR to LRRP, and (3) solutions to meet community and LRRP needs. Three major structures of RoR emerged: (1) RoR Embedded in Clinical Care, (2) RoR Independent of Clinical Care, and (3) Reliance on Clinical Partnerships to Facilitate RoR. Inadequacy of program resources to address the needs of LRRP was commonly considered a significant obstacle. The attitudes and views of informants regarding responsibility to provide ancillary care for LRRP receiving genomic results were highly varied. Some informants believed that genomic sequencing and testing was not a priority for LRRP because of other pressing issues in their lives, such as housing and food insecurity. Research programs differ regarding whether clinical and social support for LRRP is considered within the purview of the research team. Some programs instituted accommodations for LRRP, including social work referral and insurance enrollment assistance. Conclusion: Support to access downstream treatment is not readily available for LRRP in many genomic research programs. Development of best practices and policies for managing RoR to LRRP is needed.
Acute Esophageal Necrosis Secondary to a Paraesophageal Hernia
Authors: Li Chris J. , Claxton Benjamin B. , Block Peter , Reilly Sean , Manski Scott , Choudhary Cuckoo
Published: July 2021

Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN) or “black esophagus” is a rare clinical entity caused by necrosis of distal esophageal mucosa stemming from esophageal ischemia. Possible etiologies are broad but most commonly include possible triggers of low-flow vascular states in the esophagus, including infections, broad-spectrum antibiotic use, and gastric volvulus, among others. Patients most commonly present clinically with acute onset hematemesis and melena. Here, we describe a patient who initially presented with multiple nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain and nausea, that progressed over a 10-day period, culminating in multiple episodes of hematemesis prior to presentation. Endoscopic evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of AEN and unveiled a possible paraesophageal hernia (PEH) as the causative factor. A subsequent videofluoroscopic barium swallow was utilized to better characterize the upper gastrointestinal anatomy and confirmed the PEH as a likely etiology. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) can often identify PEH independently, but in patients with AEN secondary to a possible, but unclear, PEH on EGD, a videofluoroscopic barium swallow is an appropriate and useful next step in confirming the diagnosis. While treatment of AEN traditionally involves fluid resuscitation, intravenous protein pump inhibitors, and total parenteral nutrition, surgical intervention is often indicated in patients who have a contributing and symptomatic PEH.
The Development and Use of an EHR-Linked Database for Glomerular Disease Research and Quality Initiatives
Authors: Eikstadt Richard N. , Desmond Hailey E. , Lindner Clare , Chen Liz Yao , Courtlandt Cheryl D. , Massengill Susan F. , Kamil Elaine S. , Lafayette Richard , Pesenson Anne , Elliott Matthew , Gipson Patrick E. , Gipson Debbie S.
Published: July 2021

Background and Objective: The use of electronic health record (EHR) data can facilitate efficient research and quality initiatives. The imprecision of ICD-10 codes for kidney diagnoses has been an obstacle to discrete data-defined diagnoses in the EHR. This manuscript describes the Kidney Research Network (KRN) registry and database that provide an example of a prospective, real-world data glomerular disease registry for research and quality initiatives. Methods: KRN is a multicenter collaboration of patients, physicians, and scientists across diverse health-care settings with a focus on improving treatment options and outcomes for patients with glomerular disease. The registry and data warehouse amasses retrospective and prospective data including EHR, active research study, completed clinical trials, patient reported outcomes, and other relevant data. Following consent, participating sites enter the patient into KRN and provide a physician-confirmed primary kidney diagnosis. Kidney biopsy reports are redacted and uploaded. Site programmers extract local EHR data including demographics, insurance type, zip code, diagnoses, encounters, laboratories, procedures, medications, dialysis/transplant status, vitals, and vital status monthly. Participating sites transform data to conform to a common data model prior to submitting to the Data Analysis and Coordinating Center (DACC). The DACC stores and reviews each site’s EHR data for quality before loading into the KRN database. Results: As of January 2021, 1,192 patients have enrolled in the registry. The database has been utilized for research, clinical trial design, clinical trial end point validation, and supported quality initiatives. The data also support a dashboard allowing enrolling sites to assist with clinical trial enrollment and population health initiatives. Conclusion: A multicenter registry using EHR data, following physician- and biopsy-confirmed glomerular disease diagnosis, can be established and used effectively for research and quality initiatives. This design provides an example which may be readily replicated for other rare or common disease endeavors.
Mapeamento de Estudos da Linguística Contrastiva Português/Alemão: Dados Bibliográficos no Brasil
Authors: Sipriano Flaviana da Silva , Souza Rebeca Santos de , Pereira Rogéria Costa
Published: July 2021

Este trabalho tem como propósito relatar o desenvolvimento, a metodologia e os resultados de um Projeto de Iniciação Científica que propõe a construção de uma base de dados da bibliografia da linguística contrastiva Português/Alemão. De natureza documental-bibliográfica, a coletânea bibliográfica foi realizada em bases de dados brasileiras de publicações em português, e as referências compiladas no software Zotero. As buscas foram realizadas entre agosto e dezembro de 2019 e se utilizou as palavras-chave (Língua Alemã; Língua Portuguesa; Alemão; Português; Linguística; Linguística Contrastiva), assim como as grandes áreas da Linguística (Morfologia; Fonética; Fonologia; Semântica; Pragmática e Sintaxe). Foram identificadas ao todo 48 pesquisas, publicadas entre os anos de 1972 e 2019, classificadas entre Literatura Branca e Literatura Cinzenta. Os dados apontam uma prevalência de artigos publicados no periódico Pandaemonium Germanicum, da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), especialmente na década de 1990, assim como um grande número de pesquisas na área de semântica.
Apresentação
Authors: Espinosanos Cadernos
Published: July 2021

Apresentação da edição de número 44
Nocturnal Hypertension and Heart Failure: Mechanisms, Evidence, and New Treatments
Authors: Kario Kazuomi , Williams Bryan
Published: July 2021

Heart failure (HF) is a common condition with an increasing prevalence. Despite a variety of evidence-based treatments for patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction, morbidity and mortality rates remain high. Furthermore, there are currently no treatments that have yet been shown to reduce complication and death rates in patients who have HF with preserved ejection fraction. Hypertension is a common comorbidity in patients with HF, contributing to disease development and prognosis. For example, hypertension is closely associated with the development of left ventricular hypertrophy, which an important precursor of HF. In particular, nighttime blood pressure (BP) appears to be an important, modifiable risk factor. Both nighttime BP and an abnormal circadian pattern of nighttime BP dipping have been shown to predict development of HF and the occurrence of cardiovascular events, independent of office BP. Key mechanisms for this association include sodium handling/salt sensitivity and increased sympathetic activation. These pathogenic mechanisms are targeted by several new treatment options, including sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and renal denervation. All of these could form part of antihypertensive strategies designed to control nighttime BP and contribute to the goal of achieving perfect 24-hour BP management. Nevertheless, additional research is needed to determine the effects of reducing nighttime BP and improving the circadian BP profile on the rate of HF, other cardiovascular events, and mortality.
Effective Aspirin Treatment of Women at Risk for Preeclampsia Delays the Metabolic Clock of Gestation
Authors: Li Xiqi , Milosavljevic Aleksandar , Elsea Sarah H. , Wang Chi Chiu , Scaglia Fernando , Syngelaki Argyro , Nicolaides Kypros H. , Poon Liona C.
Published: July 2021

Preeclampsia, characterized by the onset of hypertension with significant proteinuria after 20 weeks’ gestation, is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Prophylactic low-dose aspirin treatment reduces the rate of preterm preeclampsia in high-risk women, but a significant proportion still develops preeclampsia. The mechanism of the prophylactic response is unknown. Here, the untargeted metabolomics analysis of 144 plasma samples from high-risk pregnant women before (11–13 weeks) and after (20–23 weeks) aspirin/placebo treatment elucidated metabolic effects of aspirin and metabolic differences potentially associated with the variation of the treatment response. We demonstrated that aspirin treatment resulted in a strong drug-associated metabolomics signature and that the preeclamptic or nonpreeclamptic outcome in response to treatment was significantly associated with the level of internal aspirin exposure ascertained from metabolomics data (
t
test,
P
=0.0083). Comparing women with and without preeclampsia after aspirin treatment, differences in 73 metabolites were detected, some of which involve pathways whose regulation is of importance in pregnancy and placental functions, such as glycerophospholipids metabolism, polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. To further examine the hypothesis that aspirin delays gestational age advancement and thus the onset of preeclampsia, we constructed a metabolic clock on pretreatment and placebo-treated samples that estimated gestational age with high accuracy and found that aspirin significantly decelerated metabolic gestational age by 1.27 weeks (95% CI, 0.66–1.88 weeks), and partially reversed one-fourth of the metabolites changed over gestational age advancement, suggesting that aspirin treatment slowed down the metabolic clock of gestation.
Resetting the Evaluation Indicators for School Garden Education Service
Authors: Hong In-Kyoung , Yun Hyung-Kwon , Jung Young-Bin , Lee Sang-Mi , Lee Choon-soo
Published: July 2021

Background and objective The vitalization of urban agriculture has increased various forms of experience-based education using school gardens, which raised the importance of school gardens in terms of value as well as the need to develop an implementation system for education-based agricultural experience service using school gardens. Thus, we reset the evaluation indicators from the previous study to establish objective evaluation indicators that enable quantitative comparison of school garden education services. Methods Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and direct question (DQ) surveys were conducted on 20 experts from October 12 to 19, 2020 after establishing the purpose and subjects of evaluation, and then the weights were calculated using the Expert Choice 2010 program. Results First, we analyzed the problems of the previous indicators by categorizing the performance indicators and comparing and verifying them with six requirements of valuation. Then, we added ‘welfare values’ and established sub-indicators accordingly. The importance of value indicator in AHP was in the order of education values (0.544), health values (0.182), welfare values (0.164), environmental values (0.062), and economic values (0.049). The importance of environmental and economic values was relatively low, less than 0.1. The importance of sub-indicators was highest in cultivating character (0.144), followed by enhancing ecological sensitivity (0.141) > promoting mental health (0.134) > cultivating agricultural literacy (0.120) > improving social skills (0.104). And mitigating climate change in environmental values was lowest (0.009). Increase in income was the lowest (0.036). This can be regarded as the expression of change to increase the educational effect based on collective life and the connotative meaning of ‘school’. In the case of DQ, the AHP weight and order were the same, but the environmental and economic values were relatively low, and the result was different from AHP weight. For sub-indicators, the importance in DQ was highest in promoting mental health (0.136), followed by promoting physical health (0.085), ]cultivating character (0.082), social integration (0.072), and enhancing ecological sensitivity (0.071). After reviewing related experts, we came up with 5 evaluation indicators and 16 sub-indicators for school garden education service, which are objective evaluation indicators that enable quantitative comparison. Conclusion In the future, we will validate the socioeconomic values of school garden education services and contribute to revitalizing school gardens by establishing policy alternatives for effective operation and management of school gardens.
Expansion of the orchid genus Coelogyne (Arethuseae; Epidendroideae) to include Bracisepalum, Bulleyia, Chelonistele, Dendrochilum, Dickasonia, Entomophobia, Geesinkorchis, Gynoglottis, Ischnogyne, Nabaluia, Neogyna, Otochilus, Panisea and Pholidota
Authors: CHASE MARK W. , GRAVENDEEL BARBARA , SULISTYO BOBBY P. , WATI RICHA KUSUMA , SCHUITEMAN ANDRÉ
Published: July 2021

Coelogyne has been shown in analyses of molecular data to be polyphyletic with 14 other genera of Coelogyninae (Arethuseae) embedded. Three possible solutions to establish an alternative classification are considered: lumping all of these in the oldest genus, in this case Coelogyne, distinguishing two genera corresponding to the two main clades in the alliance or recognition of many new genera to accommodate the groups of Coelogyne that are more closely related to some of these other genera. The second and third alternatives are considered non-viable because there are no reliable morphological characters that can be used to identify these taxa. Here, we make the necessary combinations and new names to make the first option possible.
Sophianus palawanensis sp. nov., the first Isometopine (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae) from the Philippines
Authors: TASZAKOWSKI ARTUR , KIM JUNGGON , HERCZEK ALEKSANDER , JUNG SUNGHOON
Published: July 2021

A new species, Sophianus palawanensis sp. nov. (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae, Sophianini) is described from the Palawan Island in the Philippines. Photographs of the male habitus and genital structures, as well as detailed SEM micrographs of selected morphological structures, are presented. Trichobothrial patterns of Sophianini and their importance for the hypothesizing relationships within Isometopinae are discussed.
Redescription of the last instar larva of Stenophylax fissus (McLachlan 1875) and the DNA barcode of Stenophylax crossotus McLachlan 1884 (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) with an updated diagnostic matrix of the known larvae of Stenophylax species of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: RUIZ-GARCÍA ANTONIO , GARZÓN ANDRÉS , ZAMORA-MUÑOZ CARMEN
Published: July 2021

The larva of Stenophylax fissus (McLachlan 1875) is redescribed, illustrated, and compared with morphologically similar Limnephilidae larvae from the Iberian Peninsula. In addition, the sequence of the mtCOI gene in the barcode region of one individual is reported. Likewise, the barcode and the conspecificity between two larvae and one female of the non-sequenced species S. crossotus are given. In addition, the high genetic diversity among S. sequax populations is highlighted, suggesting a complex of cryptic species. Finally, a diagnostic matrix of the known larvae of Stenophylax species from the Iberian Peninsula is provided.
Taxonomic revision of the genus Lecithocera (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae) from Japan, with descriptions of two new species
Authors: OKU JOHEI , SAKAMAKI YOSITAKA , HIROWATARI TOSHIYA
Published: July 2021

Six Japanese species of the genus Lecithocera Herrich-Schäffer, 1853 (Gelechioidea: Lecithoceridae) are treated: L. chersitis Meyrick, 1918; L. daebuensis Park & Lee, 1999; L. duplicata (Gozmány, 1978); L. tridentata Wu & Liu, 1993; L. fascimaculata sp. nov.; and L. fuscialaris sp. nov.. One species, L. duplicata (Gozmány, 1978), is reported for the first time from Japan. The male and female genitalia, wing venation, and adult appearance are illustrated for all the species.
Pumilio RNA Binding Family Member 2 Promotes the Proliferation and Metastasis of Lung Cancer Cells by Regulating Ca2+ Signaling Pathway via Targeting C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4
Authors: Shang Zhijie , Wang Yuxuan , Chai Lixun , Yang Gengpu
Published: July 2021

The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism by which pumilio RNA binding family member 2 (PUM2), an RNA-binding protein (RBP) of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), exerts its effects on the development of lung cancer. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were utilized
to measure the expression of PUM2 in several lung cancer cell lines. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation assay, transwell- and wound healing assays were employed to determine the proliferation, invasion and migration of NCI-H520 cells, respectively. Next, the expression of CXCR4
was measured using western blot analysis, and the combination between PUM2 and CXCR4 was verified by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay and RNA pull down assay. Finally, whether the expression of PUM2 can affect the Ca2+ signaling pathway was confirmed by western blot assay. Results
revealed that the expression level of PUM2 was notably upregulated in lung cancer cells, and knockdown of PUM2 significantly inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration of NCI-H520 cells. PUM2 was confirmed to be the RBP of CXCR4, and PUM2 knockdown decreased the expression of CXCR4.
In addition, PUM2 silencing inhibited the phosphorylation of CaMKII, ERK, and MEK. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that PUM2 could promote the proliferation and metastasis of lung cancer cells by regulating Ca2+ signaling pathway via targeting CXCR4, which may provide
a novel insight for the future treatment of lung cancer.
Dependence of Ice Microphysical Properties On Environmental Parameters: Results from HAIC-HIWC Cayenne Field Campaign
Authors: Hu Yachao , McFarquhar Greg M. , Wu Wei , Huang Yongjie , Schwarzenboeck Alfons , Protat Alain , Korolev Alexei , Rauber Robert M , Wang Hongqing
Published: July 2021

High Ice Water Content (HIWC) regions above tropical mesoscale convective systems are investigated using data from the second collaboration of the High Altitude Ice Crystals and High Ice Water Content projects (HAIC-HIWC) based in Cayenne, French Guiana in 2015. Observations from in-situ cloud probes on the French Falcon 20 determine the microphysical and thermodynamic properties of such regions. Data from a 2-D stereo probe and precipitation imaging probe show how statistical distributions of ice crystal mass median diameter (MMD), ice water content (IWC), and total number concentration (Nt) for particles with maximum dimension (Dmax) > 55 μm vary with environmental conditions, temperature (T), and convective properties such as vertical velocity (w), MCS age, distance away from convective peak (L), and surface characteristics.IWCis significantly correlated withw, whereasMMDdecreases andNtincreases with decreasingTconsistent with aggregation, sedimentation and vapor deposition processes at lower altitudes.MMDtypically increases withIWCwhenIWC< 0.5 g m-3, but decreases withIWCwhenIWC> 0.5 g m-3for -15 °C ≤T≤ -5 °C. Trends also depend on environmental conditions, such as presence of convective updrafts that are the ice crystal source,MMDbeing larger in older MCSs consistent with aggregation and less injection of small crystals into anvils, andIWCs decrease with increasingLat lowerT. The relationship betweenIWCandMMDdepends on environmental conditions, with correlations decreasing with decreasingT. The strength of correlation betweenIWCandNtincreases asTdecreases.
Seasonal mode-1 M2 internal tides from satellite altimetry
Authors: Zhao Zhongxiang
Published: July 2021

The seasonal variability of mode-1 M2 internal tides is investigated using 25 years of multi-satellite altimeter data from 1992–2017. Four seasonal internal tide models are constructed using seasonally-subsetted altimeter data and World Ocean Atlas seasonal climatologies. This work is made possible by a newly-developed mapping procedure that can significantly suppress model errors. Seasonal-mean and seasonally-variable internal tide models are derived from the four seasonal models. All the models are inter-compared and evaluated using independent CryoSat-2 data. The seasonal-mean model is overall the best model because averaging the four seasonal models further reduces model errors. The seasonally-variable models are better in the tropical zone, where large seasonal signals may overcome model errors. Each seasonal model works best in its own season and worst in its opposite season. These internal tide models reveal that mode-1 M2 internal tides are subject to significant seasonal variability and their seasonal variations are a function of location. Large seasonal variations dominantly occur in the tropical zone, where the World Ocean Atlas climatology shows strong seasonal variations in ocean stratification. Seasonal phase variations are obtained from the directionally-decomposed internal tide components. They are dominantly ±60° at the equator and up to ±120° in the central Arabian Sea. Incoherence caused by seasonal phase variations is usually <10%, but may be up to 40–50% in the tropical zone.
Validation of X-band multi-parameter phased array weather radar by comparing data from Doppler weather radar with a parabolic dish antenna
Authors: Asai Keitaro , Kikuchi Hiroshi , Ushio Tomoo , Hobara Yasuhide
Published: July 2021

The multi-parameter phased array weather radar (MP-PAWR) was the first dual-polarized phased array weather radar to be commissioned in Japan (2017). When conducting a volume scan, the MP-PAWR respectively uses electronic and mechanical scanning in the elevation and azimuth angles to achieve rapid scanning and high-density observations. Although the effectiveness of the MP-PAWR has been demonstrated in case studies, its observation accuracy is yet to be quantitatively analyzed. Therefore, this study compared data of MP-PAWR with that of an operational dual-polarized weather radar with a parabolic-type antenna (X-MP radar) using 2,347,097 data samples obtained over 14 h. The results showed that the observation accuracy of the MP-PAWR was approximately the same as that of the X-MP radar at low elevations. The correlations of observational parameters (radar reflectivity factor, differential resistivity, specific differential phase, and Doppler velocity) between the MP-PAWR and X-MP radar ranged from 0.77–0.99 when MP-PAWR data were recorded within 15 s of the X-MP radar observations. The correlation between the observational parameters of the two radars decreased as the observation time difference between the X-MP radar and MP-PAWR increased. In particular, the correlation coefficients between the specific differential phase and the differential reflectivity were considerably lower than the single-polarization parameter at observation time difference of 240–300 s. By providing high-frequency and high-density dual-polarization observations, the MP-PAWR can contribute to rainfall prediction in Japan and reduce the damage caused by localized, rapidly developing cumulonimbus clouds.
Fast Storm Surge Ensemble Prediction using Searching Optimization of a Numerical Scenario Database
Authors: XIE YANSHUANG , SHANG SHAOPING , CHEN JINQUAN , ZHANG FENG , HE ZHIGAN , WEI GUOMEI , WU JINYU , ZHU BENLU , ZENG YINDONG
Published: July 2021

Accurate storm surge forecasts provided rapidly could support timely decision-making with consideration of tropical cyclone (TC) forecasting error. This study developed a fast storm surge ensemble prediction method based on TC track probability forecasting and searching optimization of a numerical scenario database (SONSD). In a case study of the Fujian Province coast (China), a storm surge scenario database was established using numerical simulations generated by 93,150 hypothetical TCs. In a GIS-based visualization system, a single surge forecast representing 2562 distinct typhoon tracks and the occurrence probability of overflow of seawalls along the coast could be achieved in 1–2 min. Application to the cases of Typhoon Soudelor (2015) and Typhoon Maria (2018) demonstrated that the proposed method is feasible and effective. Storm surge calculated by SONSD had excellent agreement with numerical model results (i.e., mean MAE/RMSE: 7.1/10.7 cm, correlation coefficient: >0.9). Tide prediction also performed well with MAE/RMSE of 9.7/11.6 cm versus the harmonic tide, and MAE/RMSE of phase prediction for all high waters of 0.25/0.31 h versus observations. The predicted high-water level was satisfactory (MAE of 10.8 cm versus observations) when the forecasted and actual positions of the typhoon were close. When the forecasted typhoon position error was large, the ensemble surge prediction effectively reduced prediction error (i.e., the negative bias of −58.5 cm reduced to −5.2 cm versus observations), which helped avoid missed alert warnings. The proposed method could be applied in other regions to provide rapid and accurate decision-making support for government departments.
Capital Punishment and the Legacies of Slavery and Lynching in the United States
Authors: Rigby David , Seguin Charles
Published: July 2021

Capital punishment in the United States is racialized: those convicted of the murder of Whites are much more likely to receive the death penalty than those convicted for the murder of Blacks. Capital punishment is more commonly practiced in places where lynching of Blacks occurred more frequently and in states in which slavery was legal as of 1860. Accordingly, scholars have debated whether capital punishment reflects a legacy of lynching or a legacy of slavery. Our analysis shows that lynching on its own is a significant predictor of contemporary executions, but that once slavery is accounted for, slavery predicts executions, while lynching does not. We argue that slavery’s state-level institutional legacy is central to contemporary capital punishment.
Historical Racist Violence and Intergenerational Harms: Accounts from Descendants of Lynching Victims
Authors: Gaston Shytierra
Published: July 2021

African Americans are disproportionately victimized by various forms of racialized violence. This long-standing reality is rooted in America’s history of racist violence, one manifestation being racial lynchings. This article investigates the long-term, intergenerational consequences of racial lynchings by centering the voices and experiences of victims’ families. The data comprise in-depth interviews with twenty-two descendants of twenty-two victims lynched between 1883 and 1972 in the U.S. South. I employed a multistage qualitative analysis, revealing three main domains of harmful impacts: psychological, familial, and economic. The findings underscore that racist violence has imposed harm beyond victims and for many decades and generations after the violent event. These long-term, intergenerational harms, especially if multiplied across countless incidents, can fundamentally impact the well-being of individuals, families, and communities as well as contribute to structural and macrolevel forces. Findings from this study have implications for research, policy, and practice, including efforts toward redress and reparations.
Historical Mob Violence and the 2016 Presidential Election
Authors: Abbott Rebecca , Bailey Amy Kate
Published: July 2021

As a 2016 presidential candidate, Donald J. Trump invoked racially charged rhetoric to galvanize conservative white voters who felt left behind in the “new economy.” In this article, we ask whether Trump’s ability to attract electoral support in that way was linked to local histories of racist mob violence. We use county-level data on threatened and completed lynchings of Black people to predict support for Trump in the 2016 Republican presidential primary and general election across eleven southern states. We find that fewer voters cast their ballots for Trump in counties that had suppressed a comparatively larger share of potentially lethal episodes of racist mob violence. Supplementary analyses suggest that counties’ histories of violence are also related to their electoral support for Republican presidential candidates more broadly. We posit that this correlation points to the durable effects of racist violence on local cultures and the imprint of community histories on the social environment.
Measuring Legacies of Collective Racial Violence
Authors: Gaby Sarah
Published: July 2021

The “legacy effect” of lynchings and other forms of racialized violence has shaped patterns of inequality in America. While past studies have been relatively similar in their design—relating basic counts of lynchings to various contemporary outcomes—I argue for and demonstrate a more nuanced approach. I show that if we think of racialized violence as more than just the act of lynching, and consider both the temporal and spatial proximity between historic events of racial violence and contemporary inequality, we can establish this relationship in a more fulsome way. In the case of this study, the relationship is drawn to housing segregation. I argue that expanding the conceptualization of racial violence is critical for both empirical inquiry and shaping community efforts around redress.
Telehealth Training for Surgeons to Empathetically Deliver Bad News Via Video-Mediated Communication
Authors: Rivet Emily B. , Edwards Cherie , Lange Patricia , Haynes Susan , Feldman Moshe , Cholyway Renee
Published: July 2021

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a sudden increase in the need to effectively use telehealth in all realms of health care communication, including the delivery of bad news.

Methods

A single arm, unblinded, feasibility study was performed at a tertiary care center located in Central Virginia to explore the value and utility of providing a telehealth training program based on SPIKES to teach surgical residents and faculty best practice for disclosing difficult news via video-mediated communication (VMC). Surgical interns (categorical and preliminary), surgical residents, and surgical faculty from General, Neuro, Pediatric, Plastics, Oncology, Urology, and Vascular surgical specialties were recruited via email to voluntarily participate in a telehealth simulation-based workshop, with 33 surgical learners participating in the training and 28 completing evaluation surveys.

Results

Only six respondents (22%) indicated they had prior formal training on telehealth communication with patients or families, while 13 (46%) said they had prior experience giving bad news via telehealth. Comments about improving the training focused on providing more scenarios to practice and more time for feedback. Overall, 25 learners (86%) agreed the activity was a valuable learning experience and the majority (61%) of responses were positive for future use of telehealth for breaking bad news.

Discussion

Practicing communication skills with VMC was found to be valuable by surgical interns, residents, and faculty. Formal training should be provided for surgeons at every stage of training and practice to improve skill in the delivery of bad news to patients and their families.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in School Discipline: The Interactive Effects of Gender and Parental Educational Attainment
Authors: Lehmann Peter S. , Azimi Andia M. , Fortney Kiarra , Alaniz Kayla
Published: July 2021

Prior research has provided consistent evidence that minority students are more likely than White youth to experience punitive forms of discipline in schools. Scholars have theorized that these disadvantages are closely connected to gender and socioeconomic status, but little research has explored how these factors independently and jointly might moderate the effects of race/ethnicity. Using data from the 2012 to 2018 8th and 10th grade cohorts of the Monitoring the Future survey ( N = 53,986), these analyses find that minority students are more likely than Whites to experience suspension/expulsion and office referrals, and this pattern is especially prominent among females. Further, racial/ethnic disparities are amplified for youth whose parents have higher levels of educational attainment, though some differences by gender also emerge.
Ballistic performance of quasi-isotropic CFRP laminates under low velocity impact
Authors: Patnaik Gyanesh , Kaushik Anshul , Rajput Abhishek , Prakash Guru , Velmurugan R
Published: July 2021

The perforation characteristics of fiber reinforced laminates is crucial for the design of protective civil and military structures. This paper investigates the perforation characteristics (ballistic limit velocity, residual velocity, perforation energy) of cross ply and quasi-isotropic (QI) carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates under the impact of a rigid conical steel bullet. The influence of thickness and ply orientation on these characteristics is also studied for a wide range of velocities. The perforation characteristics of these laminates were determined, numerically as well as experimentally. A numerical model is developed by using Hashin damage model to understand the behavior of laminates under high velocity impact. The accuracy of the model is assessed by comparing its prediction with experimental results of cross ply laminates. Then, impact perforation study of different possible configurations made of quasi-isotropic (QI) CFRP laminates, oriented at 0°, 90°, 45° and −45° directions are carried out with the help of validated numerical model. The perforation characteristics predicted with the help of numerical model is in good agreement with the experimental results. Optimal configuration is achieved in terms of energy absorption and damage resistance for better performance under impact loading.
Sticks and Stones? Connecting Insurgent Propaganda with Violent Outcomes
Authors: Cremin Maura R. , Popescu Bogdan G.
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between ISIS propaganda content and ISIS-inspired attacks by those outside of the group’s control. We examine the content of ISIS’ English language magazines, as well as speeches by two of its top leaders. We find that statements made about enemy countries in most contexts are not associated with a higher likelihood of violence in those countries. However, when a country is mentioned in ISIS propaganda in the context of its participation in the air campaign, this corresponds to an increased likelihood that the country will experience a violent attack. This suggests that propaganda highlighting key military adversaries may play a role in directing attackers that are outside the control of the organization’s hierarchy to the group’s preferred targets.
Evidence For Selective Adaptation and Recalibration in the Perception of Lexical Stress
Authors: Bosker Hans Rutger
Published: July 2021

Individuals vary in how they produce speech. This variability affects both the segments (vowels and consonants) and the suprasegmental properties of their speech (prosody). Previous literature has demonstrated that listeners can adapt to variability in how different talkers pronounce the segments of speech. This study shows that listeners can also adapt to variability in how talkers produce lexical stress. Experiment 1 demonstrates a selective adaptation effect in lexical stress perception: repeatedly hearing Dutch trochaic words biased perception of a subsequent lexical stress continuum towards more iamb responses. Experiment 2 demonstrates a recalibration effect in lexical stress perception: when ambiguous suprasegmental cues to lexical stress were disambiguated by lexical orthographic context as signaling a trochaic word in an exposure phase, Dutch participants categorized a subsequent test continuum as more trochee-like. Moreover, the selective adaptation and recalibration effects generalized to novel words, not encountered during exposure. Together, the experiments demonstrate that listeners also flexibly adapt to variability in the suprasegmental properties of speech, thus expanding our understanding of the utility of listener adaptation in speech perception. Moreover, the combined outcomes speak for an architecture of spoken word recognition involving abstract prosodic representations at a prelexical level of analysis.
Computer assisted three-dimensional reconstruction of scene in firearm homicide
Authors: Kislov MA , Chauhan M , Zakharov SN , Leonov SV , Shakiryanova YP
Published: July 2021

Worldwide advances in computer techniques are not yet recognised in the practice of forensic medicine. A promising application is their use in making a three-dimensional reconstruction of the crime scene. This study analyses this technique in a homicide by firearm. Queries regarding the direction and number of shots, position of the victim inside the car when shot at and presence of the accused at the crime scene were answered by a scientific model. Similar reconstruction of the scene, nailing the accused in a heinous crime, has not previously been reported as a study or a case. The paper anticipates impetus to the growth of literature in criminology and forensic sciences. It will also expedite the delivery of justice based on scientific evidence in controversial causes of death.
Long Road to Freedom: Factors Delaying Prisoners’ Early Release from Prison
Authors: Timor Uri , Elisha Ety
Published: July 2021

The purpose of the study was to identify the factors that delay the granting of early release to prisoners who are eligible for early release according to the Israeli law. The study is based on participatory observations of parole board hearings, interviews with parole board members, and content analysis of protocols of parole boards and legal rulings. The main factors identified in delaying release are related to the numerous postponements of hearings and delays in receiving documents from relevant parties. These factors are discussed in detail, offering recommendation for improvement and thus increasing the number of early releases.
Working College Students’ Time Pressure and Work-School Conflict: Do Boundary Permeability and Dispositional Mindfulness Matter?
Authors: Wan Min (Maggie) , Feng Li , Meng Xiao , Zhai Muxin , Konopaske Robert
Published: July 2021

Although working college students are experiencing increasing demands on their time, the influence of time pressure on students’ work-school experience has been under-studied in the extant career development literature. Drawing on boundary theory and conservation of resources theory, the present research investigates the degree to which work or school time pressure is associated with working college students’ work-school conflict through work-school boundary permeability. Moreover, this study considers dispositional mindfulness as an individual resource that buffers the relationships above. Using a sample of 222 working college students in a large and diverse public university in the United States, we find support that work and school time pressures predict higher work-school conflict through work-school boundary permeability. Results also suggest that dispositional mindfulness moderates the indirect relationship among school time pressure, school-to-work boundary permeability, and school-to-work conflict. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.
The effects of a multi-disciplinary team on sleep quality assessment in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease patients with sleep disorders
Authors: Chen Zheli , Wang Lan , Chen Ke , Mi Qu , Zu Xin , Xu Qiuxia , Na Wanqiu , He Weiliang , Li Xuefeng , Xu Chunyun , Wang Fei , Shen Chunli , shao Lei , Tang Chenyun , Shen Xinhua
Published: July 2021

Background and Aims

Sleep disturbances are a severe problem among patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). By evaluating sleep quality in mild-to-moderate AD patients, this study aimed to assess the effects of multi-disciplinary team (MDT) in reducing the incidence of adverse reactions of AD patients. The reduction in the incidence of adverse reactions to predict multi-disciplinary team (MDT) treatment effects.

Methods and Results

This study included 60 mild-to-moderate AD patients with sleep problems when hospitalized in Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital. The patients were randomly distributed into two groups, routine and MDT treatments. The cognitive functions, sleep conditions, and psycho-behavioral symptoms were compared between both the groups. Cognitive function declined significantly between pretherapy and follow-up in the routine treatment group (MMSE: t = −7.961, P < 0.001; MoCA: t = −4.672, P < 0.001). There was a significant decline in drowsiness in the MDT group compared to that in the routine treatment group (χ2 = 4.320, P = 0.038). Sleep quality improved significantly during the follow-up in the MDT treatment group (t = 6.098, P < 0.001). The results of the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) among family caregivers (FCGs) demonstrated that MDT treatment could alleviate caregivers' depression (t = −2.867, P = 0.042), and routine treatment can worsen their anxiety (t = 3.258, P = 0.003).

Conclusion

The MDT treatment method as an effective and meaningful therapy can help mitigate the suffering of patients with AD and FCGs.
A superhydrophobic and flame-retardant cotton fabric fabricated by an eco-friendly assembling method
Authors: Liu Xiang , Chen Junli , Gu Longxin , Nguyen Luc T , Cao Jiqiang , Liu Hongling , Du Zhaoqun , Yu Weidong
Published: July 2021

A novel eco-friendly and durable superhydrophobic and flame-retardant cotton fabric with fluorine-free, halogen-free was prepared via step-by-step dip-coating and spraying technology. At first, common cotton fabric was impregnated in the flame-retardant ethoxysilane-terminated phosphate polyurethane. Afterwards, methanol mixture containing silica nanoparticles, methyl triethoxysilane, and dihydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane was sprayed on the surface of the cotton fabric. Finally, a flame-retardant cotton fabric with micro-nano rough surface and low surface energy was formed. The resulting superhydrophobic and flame-retardant cotton fabric exhibited superamphiphobicity with the contact angle and sliding angle of 160° and 6°, respectively, while flame retardancy with limited oxygen index of 28.1%. and flame self-extinguishing. Furthermore, this superhydrophobic and flame-retardant cotton fabric showed robust superhydrophobicity and flame-retardancy after undergoing 1000 cycles of abrasion, 60 min of ultrasonic washing and 50 standard machine washing cycles, in sequence, indicating its potential as a multifunctional protective textile fabric. Additionally, the method proposed in this study can effectively solve durability and environmental problems currently faced by the coated fabric with superhydrophobicity and flame-retardancy.
Design of sports-abaya and its thermal comfort evaluation
Authors: Helmi Morooj , Tashkandi Salwa , Wang Lijing
Published: July 2021

The market for sports-abaya in Saudi Arabia is growing due to an increasing participation rate of Islamic women in fitness and sports activities. As mandated by religious law, an abaya must be worn over daily clothes or sportswear by women in order to hide their body contour. The additional layer of the abaya will affect thermal comfort and performance of the wearer. Hence, a sports-abaya needs to be specifically designed to facilitate thermal comfort. This necessitates the selection and evaluation of fabrics appropriate for use in the production of sports-abaya. This study compared two fabrics (100% cotton knit and 100% polyester woven) for their air permeability, thermal resistance and evaporative resistance. The fabrics were then incorporated as sole variable into two models of sports-abaya. The thermal properties of these abayas were evaluated using a female thermal manikin in both standing and walking positions. Comparison was made with the results of a traditional abaya. The research work revealed that polyester woven fabric has a higher air permeability (44.9 mL/cm2/s) than cotton knitted fabric (24.1 mL/cm2/s). The vapor resistance of polyester fabric was lower than cotton fabric and their thermal resistant did not show any significant difference. Consequently, thermal manikin evaluation showed results favoring sports-abaya containing polyester fabric in both standing and walking positions. Furthermore, the thermal resistant and vapor resistant values of sports-abayas were lower compared with those of the traditional abaya. This leads to the conclusion that the newly designed sports-abaya containing 100% polyester woven fabric provides better thermal comfort than traditional abaya and sports-abaya containing 100% cotton fabric.
Theorizing state stigmatization: A comparative perspective on South Africa and Israel
Authors: Hatuel-Radoshitzky Michal , Jamal Amal
Published: July 2021

This article deals with state stigmas in the international arena, and addresses the question: why do state-stigmas develop and become sustained in some cases, whereas in other cases they wither away? For parsimonious, analytical purposes we view the process of state stigmatisation through two, interrelated stages: the stigma’s development – where transnational civil society activists and the engagement of mainstream international media play an important role; and the stigma’s sustenance where these elements are joined by the target state’s coping strategy. For theoretical consistency, we limit ourselves to exploring states that are (a) involved in conflicts and (b) aspiring to be part of the Western-led ‘club’ of states. Through the analysis of press articles and UN documents relating to two vastly different case studies: South Africa (1985–1994) and Israel (2000–2019), we demonstrate that states in conflictual situations have limited manoeuvring space in dealing with their developing stigmas; and that the choice of tools utilized in the implementation of the same coping strategy can lead to different results.