bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract CN04-01: Aspirin for cancer prevention: Are we there yet?
Authors: Chan Andrew T.
Published: January 2014

Remarkably consistent experimental and epidemiologic evidence demonstrates that aspirin is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer. Four placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) among individuals with a history of colorectal neoplasia showed that aspirin reduced the risk of recurrent adenomas, the precursors of the vast majority of cancers. Nonetheless, in 2007 the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended against the routine use of aspirin to prevent colorectal cancer in individuals at average risk. However, since the USPSTF statement, new information has emerged, persuasively making the case for a broader role for aspirin in cancer prevention. These data include long-term follow-up of a RCT of aspirin among individuals with Lynch syndrome, a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome and secondary analyses of RCTs of aspirin for cardiovascular prevention. The latter collection of studies also showed a lower risk of all cancer and cancer-related deaths among individuals randomized to aspirin, a finding which could substantially alter the risk-benefit calculus for regular aspirin use in the general population. In addition, there are mounting data supporting an association between aspirin use and improved outcomes among colorectal cancer survivors. In this presentation, we will review the evidence supporting a role for aspirin in the prevention and treatment of cancer, with a focus on novel strategies for risk stratification.

Citation Format: Andrew T. Chan. Aspirin for cancer prevention: Are we there yet? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr CN04-01.
Abstract ED01-03: Planning, design, and execution of cancer screening and early detection trials: Application to the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST)
Authors: Hu Ping , Prorok Philip
Published: January 2014

Consider a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the benefit of screening an asymptomatic population. Suppose that subjects are randomized into a usual care and a study group. The study group receives one or more periodic early detection examinations aimed at diagnosing disease early, when there are no signs or symptoms. Early detection clinical trials differ from therapeutic trials in that power is affected by: (i) the number of exams, (ii) the time between exams and (iii) the optimal time of analysis and length of follow-up. These design options do not exist in therapeutic trials. Furthermore long-term follow-up may result in a reduction of power. In general power increases with number of examinations, and the optimal follow-up time is dependent on the spacing between examinations. Clinical trials in which the usual care group receives benefit are also briefly discussed. Two designs are presented, i.e. The “Up-front Design” in which all subjects receive an initial exam and then are randomized to the usual care and study groups and the “Close-out Design” in which the usual care group receives an exam which is timed to be given at the same time as the last exam in the study group. Both families of designs significantly reduce the power. The optimization criterion is to maximize the power of the statistical test for comparing mortalities. Application is made to National Lung Screening Trials (NLST).

Citation Format: Ping Hu, Philip Prorok. Planning, design, and execution of cancer screening and early detection trials: Application to the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr ED01-03.
Abstract ED02-02: Notch defines the tumor initiating cell in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Zheng Yanyan , Cruz Cecile de la , Sayles Leanne C. , Alleyn-Chin Chris , Knaak Tim D. , Bigos Marty , Xu Yue , Hoang Chuong D , Shrager Joseph , Sweet-Cordero E. Alejandro , Jackson Erica L.
Published: January 2014

We investigated heterogeneity of tumorigenic capacity in KrasG12D and KrasG12D; Trp53 fl/fl mouse models of non-small cell lung cancer. Loss of Trp53 greatly enhances self-renewal in vitro and tumor propagating capacity in vivo. A conserved set of markers including CD24, ITGB4 and Notch enriches for a rare population of tumor initiating cells (TICs) in tumors driven by oncogenic Kras regardless of disease stage, or the presence or absence of Trp53. Notch marks TICs and Notch signaling is also required for their self-renewal and tumor propagating capacity. Using primary human NSCLC ex vivo cultures, we demonstrate a role for Notch signaling in the self-renewal of human tumor cells. Using multiple methods of Notch3 specific inhibition we demonstrate a Trp53-independent role for Notch3 in the maintenance of TICs in mouse lung tumor models.

Citation Format: Yanyan Zheng, Cecile de la Cruz, Leanne C. Sayles, Chris Alleyn-Chin, Tim D. Knaak, Marty Bigos, Yue Xu, Chuong D Hoang, Joseph Shrager, E. Alejandro Sweet-Cordero, Erica L. Jackson,. Notch defines the tumor initiating cell in non-small cell lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr ED02-02.
Abstract ED04-03: Genomic profiles of infection-related cancers in Asia
Authors: Tan Patrick B.
Published: January 2014

Malignancies caused by infectious pathogens represent a unique opportunity for cancer prevention research. In Asia, several highly lethal cancers are known to be caused by pathogens, such as stomach cancers (H. pylori), bile duct cancers (liver flukes), and certain lymphoma subtypes (Epstein-Barr Virus). For many of these conditions, treatment options are still highly limited. In this Educational Session, I will describe how genomic analysis of infection-related Asian cancers can provide insights into cellular processes disrupted by these pathogens, and how such data can be used to identify new therapeutic targets.

Citation Format: Patrick B. Tan. Genomic profiles of infection-related cancers in Asia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr ED04-03.
Abstract FO02-01: Lessons learned from 20 years of chemoprevention research
Authors: Vogel Victor G.
Published: January 2014

A preventive strategy is more attractive than treating progressive or advanced cancer, but neither the primary care community nor medical oncologists have embraced chemoprevention as their own responsibility, despite the fact that professional organizations have endorsed primary prevention as a standard of care. In order for a preventive strategy to be both effective and efficient, we need an easily identified target population, criteria for identifying those who would benefit from risk reduction, a safe and effective agent, an informed group of practitioners who can provide care to the high-risk group, and an educated population of patients who understand the advantages and the risks of taking a drug to modify their risk. Despite strong evidence that it is efficacious, chemoprevention has been underused. For breast cancer risk reduction, for example, the number needed to treat to prevent a single case of breast cancer are comparable to similar costs of statins to reduce cardiovascular events or of antihypertensives to lower the risk of stroke. Reasons not to adopt and initiate strategies to reduce risk include the fear of adverse effects, medication costs, lack of reasonably accurate and feasible methods for assessing personal and individual risks, and the lack of established risk thresholds that clearly and objectively maximize benefit and minimize harms. Lack of reimbursement for the cost of risk counseling and for the agents administered to reduce risk are also impediments to widespread adoption of preventive strategies. Methods to improve this situation include both professional and public education, tort reform, inclusion of preventive drugs in health care insurance coverage, and the identification of safer, more effective agents for risk reduction.

Citation Format: Victor G. Vogel. Lessons learned from 20 years of chemoprevention research. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr FO02-01.
Abstract PL01-02: Early life environmental exposures, sentinel reproductive events and cancer risk in women
Authors: Forman Michele Robin
Published: January 2014

A woman's age at menarche and her age at menopause are the alpha and omega of her reproductive years. The timing of these milestones is critical for a woman's health trajectory over her lifespan, as they are indicators of ovarian function and aging. Both early and late timing of either event are associated with risk for adverse health, in particular risk for hormonal cancers in women, quality of life and lifespan. Thus, the search for a relationship between age at menarche and menopause has consequences for chronic disease prevention and implications for public health. Trends in ages at menarche and menopause worldwide and in sub-populations will be presented, however challenges exist in constructing trends. Among 36 studies that examine the association between the two sentinel events, 10 reported a significant direct association, and two reported an inverse association, while the remaining 26 had null results. Over the life course, exposures to environmental and hormonal factors during the prenatal, postnatal and adolescent periods have the potential to initiate, promote, and/or alter mammary and ovarian changes that may affect both age at menarche and natural menopause. This presentation will focus on epidemiological research from several longitudinal prospective cohort studies of multiple factors including hormonal and environmental exposures, socioeconomic status and stress that are hypothesized to influence the tempo of growth including body size and height, development, menarche, menopause and the aging process in women.

Citation Format: Michele Robin Forman. Early life environmental exposures, sentinel reproductive events, and cancer risk in women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL01-02.
Abstract PL04-03: SERM breast cancer pharmacogenomics: Beyond biomarkers
Authors: Weinshilboum Richard
Published: January 2014

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen and raloxifene can reduce the occurrence of breast cancer in high risk women by approximately 50%. This presentation will describe the use of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify novel genes associated with breast cancer risk during SERM prevention therapy. Those results were pursued by functional genomic experiments that defined mechanisms responsible for the associations observed during the GWAS. These observations not only moved “beyond biomarkers” to function and underlying mechanism, but they also provided novel insight into mechanisms responsible for individual variation in SERM response phenotypes.

Citation Format: Richard Weinshilboum. SERM breast cancer pharmaco-genomics: Beyond biomarkers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL04-03.
Abstract PL04-04: How will genomic information be useful to limit cancer risk behaviors?
Authors: Amos Christopher I.
Published: January 2014

In this presentation I describe the development of genomic profiling approaches for application for population based studies. The advent and application of large scale genomic methods raises major issues and opportunities for individuals. My focus in this talk is towards describing specific examples to describe benefits and pitfalls in genomic medicine and disease prevention. Variation in several variants are already being used to understand disease development. A first issue in application relates to the describing the population of study. Genomic analysis provides a very detailed evaluation of population membership, and this information is relevant to risk profiling but its application is problematic for selected groups according to their beliefs about group membership and historical origins. Within some populations, genetic profiling has had a very significant effect on disease managment. For example carbamazepine use can lead to Stevens-Johnson syndrome which confers a lethal side effects in some individuals according their HLA genotypes. Population-wide assessment was implemented in Taiwan leading to a near eradication of this disease. With a very limited number of genotypes some phenotypes such as eye and skin color can be deduced very effectively. Genetic analysis of the alpha 5 nicotinic receptor shows a very dramatic correlation with ability to quit smoking. Finally more complex sets of genotypes are useful for predicting risk for some common cancers such as prostate and breast cancer. These collections of genotypes are useful for designing research studies to identify high risk subjects and will be increasingly useful for organizing screening.

Citation Format: Christopher I. Amos. How will genomic information be useful to limit cancer risk behaviors? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL04-04.
Abstract PR-01: Systemic inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling by metformin
Authors: Quinn Brendan J. , Dallos Matthew , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Kunnumakkara Ajaikumar B. , Memmott Regan M. , Gills Joell J. , Hollander M. Christine , Dennis Phillip A.
Published: January 2014

Metformin is the most commonly prescribed drug for type II diabetes and is associated with decreased cancer risk. Previously, we showed that metformin prevents tobacco carcinogen (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis in mice, which was associated with decreased IGF-I/insulin receptor signaling in lung tissues, decreased circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin, but not activation of AMPK. Here, we used liver-IGF-1-deficient (LID) mice to determine the importance of IGF-1 in tobacco carcinogen-induced lung tumorigenesis and chemoprevention by metformin. NNK-induced lung tumor multiplicity and burden were significantly decreased in LID mice, identifying IGF-1 as an oncogenic factor. Metformin further decreased lung tumorigenesis in LID mice, suggesting that metformin acts through IGF-1-independent mechanisms. In lung tissues, metformin decreased phosphorylation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), independent of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Tissue distribution of [14C]-metformin was high in liver but much lower in lungs, suggesting that the suppression of RTK activation by metformin occurs predominantly via systemic, cell-autonomous effects. Indeed, metformin decreased plasma levels of several cognate ligands for these RTK. These results identify systemic inhibition of RTK signaling as a new mechanism of action for metformin that could underlie its chemopreventive effects.

This abstract is also presented as Poster B60.

Citation Format: Brendan J. Quinn, Matthew Dallos, Hiroshi Kitagawa, Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara, Regan M. Memmott, Joell J. Gills, M. Christine Hollander, Phillip A. Dennis. Systemic inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling by metformin. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PR-01.
Warfarin Use and the Risk for Stroke and Bleeding in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Dialysis
Authors: Shah Mitesh , Avgil Tsadok Meytal , Jackevicius Cynthia A. , Essebag Vidal , Eisenberg Mark J. , Rahme Elham , Humphries Karin H. , Tu Jack V. , Behlouli Hassan , Guo Helen , Pilote Louise
Published: January 2014

Background—

Current observational studies on warfarin use and the risk for stroke and bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing dialysis found conflicting results.

Methods and Results—

We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study of patients aged ≥65 years admitted to a hospital with a primary or secondary diagnosis of AF, in Quebec and Ontario, Canada from 1998 to 2007. The AF cohort was grouped into dialysis (hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis) and nondialysis patients and into warfarin and no-warfarin users according to the first prescription filled for warfarin within 30 days after AF hospital discharge. We determined the association between warfarin use and the risk for stroke and bleeding in dialysis and nondialysis patients. The cohort comprised 1626 dialysis patients and 204 210 nondialysis patients. Among dialysis patients, 46% (756/1626) patients were prescribed warfarin. Among dialysis patients, warfarin users had more congestive heart failure and diabetes mellitus, but fewer prior bleeding events in comparison with the no-warfarin users. Among dialysis patients, warfarin use, in comparison with no-warfarin use, was not associated with a lower risk for stroke (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–1.67) but was associated with a 44% higher risk for bleeding (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–1.85) after adjusting for potential confounders. Propensity score–adjusted analyses yielded similar results.

Conclusions—

Our results suggest that warfarin use is not beneficial in reducing stroke risk, but it is associated with a higher bleeding risk in patients with AF undergoing dialysis.
Subcortical Projections of Area V2 in the Macaque
Authors: Ungerleider Leslie G. , Galkin Thelma W. , Desimone Robert , Gattass Ricardo
Published: January 2014

To investigate the subcortical efferent connections of visual area V2, we injected tritiated amino acids under electrophysiological control into 15 V2 sites in 14 macaques. The injection sites included the fovea representation as well as representations ranging from central to far peripheral eccentricities in both the upper and lower visual fields. The results indicated that V2 projects topographically to different portions of the inferior and lateral pulvinar and to the superficial and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. Within the pulvinar, the V2 projections terminated in fields P1, P2, and P4, with the strongest projection being in P2. Central visual field injections in V2 labeled projection zones in P1 and P2, whereas peripheral field injections labeled P1, P2, and P4. No projections were found in P3. Both central and peripheral field injections in V2 projected topographically to the superficial and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus. Projections from V2 to the pulvinar and the superior colliculus constituted cortical–subcortical loops through which circuits serving spatial attention are activated.
Bridging the Divide between Sensory Integration and Binding Theory: Using a Binding-like Neural Synchronization Mechanism to Model Sensory Enhancements during Multisensory Interactions
Authors: Billock Vincent A. , Tsou Brian H.
Published: January 2014

Neural information combination problems are ubiquitous in cognitive neuroscience. Two important disciplines, although conceptually similar, take radically different approaches to these problems. Sensory binding theory is largely grounded in synchronization of neurons responding to different aspects of a stimulus, resulting in a coherent percept. Sensory integration focuses more on the influences of the senses on each other and is largely grounded in the study of neurons that respond to more than one sense. It would be desirable to bridge these disciplines, so that insights gleaned from either could be harnessed by the other. To link these two fields, we used a binding-like oscillatory synchronization mechanism to simulate neurons in rattlesnake that are driven by one sense but modulated by another. Mutual excitatory coupling produces synchronized trains of action potentials with enhanced firing rates. The same neural synchronization mechanism models the behavior of a population of cells in cat visual cortex that are modulated by auditory activation. The coupling strength of the synchronizing neurons is crucial to the outcome; a criterion of strong coupling (kept weak enough to avoid seriously distorting action potential amplitude) results in intensity-dependent sensory enhancement—the principle of inverse effectiveness—a key property of sensory integration.
Observing, Performing, and Understanding Actions: Revisiting the Role of Cortical Motor Areas in Processing of Action Words
Authors: Rueschemeyer Shirley-Ann , Ekman Matthias , van Ackeren Markus , Kilner James
Published: January 2014

Language content and action/perception have been shown to activate common brain areas in previous neuroimaging studies. However, it is unclear whether overlapping cortical activation reflects a common neural source or adjacent, but distinct, sources. We address this issue by using multivoxel pattern analysis on fMRI data. Specifically, participants were instructed to engage in five tasks: (1) execute hand actions (AE), (2) observe hand actions (AO), (3) observe nonbiological motion (MO), (4) read action verbs, and (5) read nonaction verbs. A classifier was trained to distinguish between data collected from neural motor areas during (1) AE versus MO and (2) AO versus MO. These two algorithms were then used to test for a distinction between data collected during the reading of action versus nonaction verbs. The results show that the algorithm trained to distinguish between AE and MO distinguishes between word categories using signal recorded from the left parietal cortex and pre-SMA, but not from ventrolateral premotor cortex. In contrast, the algorithm trained to distinguish between AO and MO discriminates between word categories using the activity pattern in the left premotor and left parietal cortex. This shows that the sensitivity of premotor areas to language content is more similar to the process of observing others acting than to acting oneself. Furthermore, those parts of the brain that show comparable neural pattern for action execution and action word comprehension are high-level integrative motor areas rather than low-level motor areas.
Attention Biases Visual Activity in Visual Short-term Memory
Authors: Kuo Bo-Cheng , Stokes Mark G. , Murray Alexandra M. , Nobre Anna Christina
Published: January 2014

In the current study, we tested whether representations in visual STM (VSTM) can be biased via top–down attentional modulation of visual activity in retinotopically specific locations. We manipulated attention using retrospective cues presented during the retention interval of a VSTM task. Retrospective cues triggered activity in a large-scale network implicated in attentional control and led to retinotopically specific modulation of activity in early visual areas V1–V4. Importantly, shifts of attention during VSTM maintenance were associated with changes in functional connectivity between pFC and retinotopic regions within V4. Our findings provide new insights into top–down control mechanisms that modulate VSTM representations for flexible and goal-directed maintenance of the most relevant memoranda.
The Necessity of the Medial Temporal Lobe for Statistical Learning
Authors: Schapiro Anna C. , Gregory Emma , Landau Barbara , McCloskey Michael , Turk-Browne Nicholas B.
Published: January 2014

The sensory input that we experience is highly patterned, and we are experts at detecting these regularities. Although the extraction of such regularities, or statistical learning (SL), is typically viewed as a cortical process, recent studies have implicated the medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the hippocampus. These studies have employed fMRI, leaving open the possibility that the MTL is involved but not necessary for SL. Here, we examined this issue in a case study of LSJ, a patient with complete bilateral hippocampal loss and broader MTL damage. In Experiments 1 and 2, LSJ and matched control participants were passively exposed to a continuous sequence of shapes, syllables, scenes, or tones containing temporal regularities in the co-occurrence of items. In a subsequent test phase, the control groups exhibited reliable SL in all conditions, successfully discriminating regularities from recombinations of the same items into novel foil sequences. LSJ, however, exhibited no SL, failing to discriminate regularities from foils. Experiment 3 ruled out more general explanations for this failure, such as inattention during exposure or difficulty following test instructions, by showing that LSJ could discriminate which individual items had been exposed. These findings provide converging support for the importance of the MTL in extracting temporal regularities.
One True Anaphor
Authors: Safir Ken
Published: January 2014

I argue that there is only one true anaphor in natural language, which takes many shapes. Building on the idea that some pronouns are constructed and others are ‘‘natural-born’’ with features, as suggested by Kratzer (2009) , I suggest that all nonlocally anteceded bound variable pronouns that are traditionally bound (c-commanded) are the spell-out of a special, but universally available, dependent form, D-bound. The language-specific spell-out of D-bound in phase-internal contexts is responsible for Principle A effects, but not every language imposes phase-internal morphology for binding (thus, Principle A effects are not universal). This approach resolves morphological paradoxes that arise in ellipsis contexts when distance-bound antecedent forms behave as locally bound and vice versa. Finally, the distribution of Principle B and C effects is shown to be a consequence of the distribution of D-bound—the preferred form for anaphoric relations wherever it is available.
Topic-Comment Structure, Focus Movement, and Gapping Formation
Authors: Ai Ruixi Ressy
Published: January 2014

While canonical gapping in English can be analyzed as either VPellipsis (e.g., Sag 1976 , Pesetsky 1982 , Jayaseelan 1990 , Lasnik 1999a , Johnson 2000 , Coppock 2001 , Lin 2002 , Baltin 2003 , Takahashi 2004 ) or across-the-board V/VP-movement ( Johnson 1994 , 2004 , 2006 , 2009 ), certain English-like gapping constructions in Modern Mandarin are argued to be multiple sentence fragments, formed by a series of syntactic operations that involve topicalization, focus movement, and IP-deletion.
Radiative and Microphysical Properties of Cirrus Cloud Inferred from Infrared Measurements Made by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Part I: Retrieval Method
Authors: Iwabuchi Hironobu , Yamada Soichiro , Katagiri Shuichiro , Yang Ping , Okamoto Hajime
Published: January 2014

An optimal estimation–based algorithm is developed to infer the global-scale distribution of cirrus cloud radiative and microphysical properties from the measurements made by the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) at three infrared (IR) window bands centered at 8.5, 11, and 12 μm. Cloud-top and underlying surface temperatures, as a priori information, are obtained from the MODIS operational products. A fast-forward model based on semianalytical equations for the brightness temperature is used. The modeling errors in brightness temperature are mainly from the uncertainties in model parameters including surface emissivity, precipitable water, and cloud-base temperature. The total measurement–model errors are well correlated for the three bands, which are considered in the retrieval. The most important factors for the accurate retrieval of cloud optical thickness and the effective particle radius are cloud-top and surface temperatures, whereas model parameter uncertainties constitute a moderately significant error source. The three-band IR method is suitable for retrieving optical thickness and effective radius for cloud optical thicknesses within a range of 0.5–6, where the typical root-mean-square error is less than 20% in optical thickness and less than 40% in effective particle radius. A tropical-region case study demonstrates the advantages of the method—in particular, the ability to be applied to more pixels in optically thin cirrus in comparison with a solar-reflection-based method—and the ability of the optimal estimation framework to produce useful diagnostics of the retrieval quality. Collocated comparisons with spaceborne active remote sensing data exhibit reasonable consistency with respect to retrieved particle size.
A Study of the Distribution and Variability of Cloud Water Using ISCCP, SSM/I Cloud Product, and Reanalysis Datasets
Authors: Heng Zhiwei , Fu Yunfei , Liu Guosheng , Zhou Renjun , Wang Yu , Yuan Renmin , Guo Jingchao , Dong Xue
Published: January 2014

In this paper, the global distribution of cloud water based on International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) datasets is presented, and the variability of cloud water from ISCCP, the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), ERA-Interim, and CFSR data over the time period of 1995 through 2009 is discussed. The results show noticeable differences in cloud water over land and over ocean, as well as latitudinal variations. Large values of cloud water are mainly distributed over the North Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, eastern ITCZ, regions off the west coast of the continents as well as tropical rain forest. Cloud water path (CWP), liquid water path (LWP), and ice water path (IWP) from these datasets show a relatively good agreement in distributions and zonal means. The results of trend analyzing show an increasing trend in CWP, and also a significant increasing trend of LWP can be found in the dataset of ISCCP, ERA-Interim, and CFSR over the ocean. Besides the long-term variation trend, rises of cloud water are found when temperature and water vapor exhibit a positive anomaly. EOF analyses are also applied to the anomalies of cloud water, the first dominate mode of CWP and IWP are similar, and a phase change can be found in the LWP time coefficient around 1999 in ISCCP and CFSR and around 2002 in ERA-Interim.
Comparative Institutional Advantage in the European Sovereign Debt Crisis
Authors: Johnston Alison , Hancké Bob , Pant Suman
Published: January 2014

Excessive fiscal spending is commonly cited as a root of the current European debt crisis. This article suggests, like others, that the rise of competitiveness imbalances contributing to national imbalances in total borrowing is a better explanation for systemic differences toward Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) countries’ exposure to market speculation. We identify one driver of this divergence: a country’s capacity to limit sheltered sector wage growth, relative to wage growth in the manufacturing sector. Corporatist institutions that linked sectoral wage developments together in the surplus countries provided those with a comparative wage advantage vis-à-vis EMU’s debtor nations, which helps explain why the EMU core has emerged relatively unscathed from market speculation during the crisis despite the poor fiscal performance of some of the core countries during EMU’s early years. Using a panel regression analysis, we demonstrate that rising differentials between public and manufacturing sector wage growth, and wage-governance institutions that weakly coordinate exposed and sheltered sectors, are significantly correlated with export decline. We also find that weak-governance institutions are significantly associated with more prominent export decline inside as opposed to outside a monetary union.
Adherence to self-care interventions for depression or anxiety: A systematic review
Authors: Simco Russell , McCusker Jane , Sewitch Maida
Published: January 2014

Objective:

The objective of this study was to synthesise and describe adherence to intervention in published studies of supported self-care for depression or anxiety, and to identify participant characteristics associated with higher adherence.

Methods:

We searched the databases EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PSYCINFO for the period from January 1986 until September 2010. Eligible studies reporting on adherence to supported self-care interventions for depression or anxiety symptoms were identified.

Results:

We identified 40 studies of supported self-care interventions for depression and anxiety, of which 22 (55%) reported any measure of adherence to the intervention. Among these 22 studies, 18 (82%) reported the percentage of participants completing the entire self-care tool (20%–93%; Mean = 66%, SD 17), 13 studies reported the amount of self-care tools completed by the average participant (50.6%–96.4%; Mean = 80%, SD 11.6). Four studies (18%) reported the frequency of contacts with the self-care guide. Three (14%) studies reported participant characteristics associated with adherence.

Conclusion:

Overall, reported adherence levels to supported self-care interventions for depression and anxiety indicate a significant amount of patient involvement in these interventions. Routine reporting of adherence will improve our understanding of adherence to supported self-care interventions, and will allow researchers to link adherence with intervention outcome.
Tracing a Beginning Elementary Teacher’s Development of Identity for Science Teaching
Authors: Avraamidou Lucy
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this case study was to examine a beginning elementary teacher’s development of identity for science teaching from her first year at university, her field experience, and through her first year of teaching. Several kinds of data were collected over a period of 5 years through different sources: interviews, journal entries, drawing assignments, biographical assignments, lesson plans, and classroom observations. Grounded within a combined theoretical framework of identity and narrative, these data were analyzed by means of open coding techniques. The findings of the data analysis are presented under the following four main themes—(a) discourse identity: embracing and enacting scientific inquiry; (b) affinity identity: the impact of relationships and science learning experiences; (c) nature identity: women in science; and (d) institution identity: the role of the context. The findings are summarized in three main assertions, which are discussed alongside a set of implications for research and teacher preparation.
“A Fly in the Ointment”
Authors: Scott Sonya V. , Rodriguez Louie F.
Published: January 2014

This study draws from a larger phenomenological study on African American academic persistence and career aspirations in education. This article highlights three African American males’ experiences with concentrated forms of stereotype threat in teacher education. Their voices revealed dimensions of how power and privilege operate in teacher education. Three themes emerged as significant factors, stereotype threat, grappling with marginalization, and significant role models, in their schooling experiences and motivations to teach. Findings of this study suggest practical implications for teacher-credential programs, faculty practice, and prospective African American male teachers.
Public administration education in a continental European legalistic setting
Authors: Gellén Márton
Published: January 2014

The Trans-European Dialogue in 2013 was dedicated to the revisiting of the research undertaken by György Hajnal in 2003 (Hajnal, 2003) on public administration education in Europe. As part of the preparations to the conference, Hajnal also revisited his research after 10 years. The findings presented on the conference offer a theoretical framework to analyze the Hungarian case of public administration education. The claim is that the Hungarian public administration culture is still part of the “legalistic” model within the discipline. This article provides an analysis on the current institutional settings of public administrative education and also a content analysis on the curriculum of BA and MA courses in order to determine if Hajnal’s 2013 findings are still valid. In order to verify Hajnal’s 2013 findings, the article examines the contents of the current public administration programs and also formulates the latest steps for further development. In addition, the article offers an outline on being “legalistic” in terms of public administration education. Although the article states that the basic framework of public administration education – as a major driver of public administration culture – is still dominantly legalistic. It also introduces the ways in which the new public administration education system have tried to change the content of its degree programs and how it has tried to have an impact on the entire public administrative system to move from procedural orientation to a more solution-oriented mindset.
The dilemma of public administration education in South Africa
Authors: Kroukamp Hendri , de Vries Michiel S.
Published: January 2014

This article points to the adverse circumstances in which public administration education and training has to take place in developing countries, more specifically in South Africa. This is especially seen in the combination of scarce resources and rapidly increasing enrolment. The consequence thereof is that the didactics of education and training suffer in becoming characterized by mere teaching instead of the promotion of learning.

The article points to a serious dilemma especially faced under such difficult circumstances, namely that a curriculum either addresses all the subjects relevant from an academic perspective and conform to international accreditation criteria, and becomes deficient in the way all these topics are taught—or opts to prioritize topics based on a skills-needs analysis and optimizes the way in which this limited number of topics is learned.
Seamful Spaces
Authors: Vertesi Janet
Published: January 2014

Understanding contemporary environments in the laboratory and elsewhere requires grappling conceptually with multiple, coexisting, nonconforming infrastructures which actors engage at the same time. In this article, I develop the analytical vocabulary of “seams” for studying heterogeneous, multi-infrastructural environments. Drawing upon six years of ethnographic fieldwork with two distributed science teams, as well as studies in Ubiquitous Computing, I examine overlaps among infrastructures and how actors work creatively with and across their seams. Rather than suggesting that actors are hemmed in or incapacitated by multiple infrastructural commitments, inclusions, and exclusions, I show instead how they work artfully to align them in ways concordant with membership and how this produces both consequences for their work and opportunities for analysis.
Pathways to Power: Class, Hyper-Agency and the French Corporate Elite
Authors: Maclean Mairi , Harvey Charles , Kling Gerhard
Published: January 2014

This paper explores pathways to power from the perspective of the French corporate elite. It compares those who enter the ‘field of power’ with those who fail to reach this final tier. Adopting an innovative econometric approach, we develop and test three hypotheses. These underline the pivotal role of external networks and the strategic advantage of hyper-agency in maintaining power; and indicate that social origin remains a powerful driver in determining success. Birthright and meritocracy emerge as two competing institutional logics which influence life chances. Higher-status agents benefit from mutual recognition which enhances their likelihood of co-option to the extra-corporate networks that facilitate hyper-agency. The objectification of class-based differences conceals their arbitrary nature while institutionalizing the principles informing stratification. We re-connect class analysis with organizational theory, arguing that social origin exerts an enduring influence on selection dynamics which inform processes of hierarchical reproduction in the corporate elite and society at large.
Violent Innocence: A Contradiction at the Heart of Leadership
Authors: Vince Russ , Mazen Abdelmagid
Published: January 2014

The aim of this article is to inform a shift from the idea that we need to have “better leaders” towards a better appreciation of emotions and power relations that make leadership possible and impossible in practice. The article makes two inter-connected contributions to knowledge. First, “violent innocence” is introduced as a construct that is helpful in understanding inter-personal and organizational processes of projection and denial connected to leadership. Second, the construct is used to comprehend a “structure of innocence” in organizations arising from symbolic violence and connected to destructive relations of power that are accepted as normal. Three illustrations of violent innocence are discussed and linked with contradictions that are integral to leadership in practice. These contradictions emerge from particular dynamics: that leadership is often undertaken in a hostile environment covered up with positivity; that it is informed by strategies that create relations of dependence and domination; that it is inseparable from the exercise and experience of power; and that it is bound up with projective dynamics that connect the “unwanted self” of the leader with systemic processes of destruction. The article concludes with a discussion of the productive consequences of integrating the “dark side” into our understanding of leadership practice.
Radical empiricism, intersubectivity and the importance of praxis in the philosophy of Gabriel Marcel
Authors: Rodick David W.
Published: January 2014

The philosophy of Gabriel Marcel is informed by the classical tradition of American philosophy – most notably William James, William Ernest Hocking and Josiah Royce. At a time when Marcel scholarship is at risk of being eclipsed by abstract modes of philosophical discourse, a return to the classical American sources of Marcel's thought is vital. This article investigates Marcel's thought from the standpoint of James’ conception of radical empiricism, the primacy of intersubjective experience in Hocking’s philosophy, and the importance of praxis in the later Royce. Marcel’s openness to the classical American tradition in philosophy is a function of the Catholic character of Marcel’s thought.
Compensatory Connection
Authors: Villalobos Ana
Published: January 2014

In the past several decades, mothering has intensified by a number of measures. Explanations for this intensification tend to forefront women’s concerns about others, such as concerns about their children’s future economic security. This qualitative 3-year longitudinal study of U.S. mothers of young children looks at women’s own needs in relation to their mothering intensity. It finds an additional factor contributing to this intensity is “compensatory connection,” or increasing the attention and prioritization given to one element of one’s life in order to make up for insecurity experienced in other realms. Specifically, women who experience their partnerships or work lives to be insecure are the women most prone to draw on ideals of the centrality of the mother-child relationship and to exhibit pronounced attachment behaviors with their children. As partnership and work insecurities can occur across class, this study nuances prior work on class differences in mothering.
Strathern beyond the Human: Testimony of a Spore
Authors: Tsing Anna Lowenhaupt
Published: January 2014

How might Strathernian comparison extend anthropology beyond human exceptionalism? This essay explores how a fungal spore might guide attention to more-than-human nature. The exercise allows us to reflect on knowledge tools we use for understanding human as well as nonhuman social relations.
Plagiarism, Kinship and Slavery
Authors: Biagioli Mario
Published: January 2014

In conversation with Marilyn Strathern’s work on kinship and especially on metaphors of intellectual and reproductive creativity, this paper provides an analysis of plagiarism not as a violation of intellectual property but of the kinship relationships between author, work, and readers. It also analyzes the role of figures of kidnapped slaves and children in the genealogy of the modern concept of plagiarism.
Tourism, development and corporate social responsibility in Livingstone, Zambia
Authors: McLachlan Sam , Binns Tony
Published: January 2014

The city of Livingstone has experienced rapid tourism growth over the past 20 years, as Zambia has attempted to diversify its economy that has been traditionally driven by copper and natural resource extraction. As tourism has grown in Livingstone, the importance of the industry in providing more than just economic progress and growth has been debated, in line with changing global priorities for tourism development. Tourism, as a means for community growth and upliftment is now commonplace within tourism discourse, an issue which is reflected in discussions about poverty reduction and developing sustainable tourism in Livingstone. The potential of corporate social responsibility (CSR) as an agent for positive tourism development, however, remains largely unexplored. This paper examines different levels of CSR commitment within Livingstone, demonstrating that significant positive impacts among local communities have resulted from some CSR initiatives. Consideration is also given to possible future measures that might ensure that CSR becomes more commonplace in Livingstone and elsewhere, as an essential part of community empowerment and development associated with a growing tourism industry.