bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: The Boundaryless Career A New Employment Principle for a New Organizational Era
Authors: Arthur Michael B , Rousseau Denise M
Published: November 2023

Work gets done. Time passes. Careers— sequences of work experiences over time—unfold. A career depicts the person, the elementary unit in work arrangements. Careers invoke relationships within and among firms. Careers spell economic and social outcomes. Put simply, everyone who works has a career. And everyone’s life outside work is connected to the career. As lives are lived, a focus on careers, rather than on jobs, insists that we account for time and its implications. Careers matter!
Transfer Of Sound-Induced Vibrations To Sensing Cells
Authors: Geisler C Daniel
Published: November 2023

The sound-sensing cells of the mammalian cochlea are situated in a geometrically complex structure that transfers the sound-induced vibrations of the cochlear partition to its embedded sensory cells. Anatomical and physiological evidence indicates that this transfer is efficient, providing the sensory cells with a faithful, robust version of the partition’s vibrations. Examining the nature of that transfer is the main task of this chapter. Also considered are attributes of the fluids that bathe the sensory cells. The strikingly different chemical properties and electrical potentials of endolymph and perilymph create for these cells a unique electrochemical environment.
Transduction Processes In Hair Cells
Authors: Geisler C Daniel
Published: November 2023

The hearing organs in vertebrates, their vestibular apparatus, and (in fish and some amphibians) the lateral line organs, share the need to transduce minute mechanical disturbances into receptor potentials. These organs, which together make up the acousticolateralis system, accomplish this task with specialized displacement-sensing cells. Although they come in various shapes and sizes, each of these hair cells is characterized by a group of cilia or “hairs” protruding from an approximately flat surface making up one end of the cell (Flock, 1971). The deflection of these cilia is the crucial mechanical step in the hair cell’s transduction process (Hudspeth and Corey, 1977).
Cochlear Amplifier
Authors: Geisler C Daniel
Published: November 2023

Displacements of the basilar membrane at threshold sound pressures are measured in fractions of a nanometer (Russell et al., 1995). The wavelengths of visible light, on the other hand, are about half a micrometer, three orders of magnitude greater. As displacement measurements made with ordinary (mixed-wavelength) light are limited in resolution to magnitudes on the or­ der of the wavelengths used, von Bekesy, who employed ordinary visible light in his experiments, was forced to use sound pressures intense enough to produce basilar membrane displacements in that same micrometer range. We now know that such sound levels (> 100 dB SPL) are high enough to eliminate the effects of the “cochlear amplifier,”‘ indeed high enough to damage cochleas quickly. Measurements of cochlear motions produced by sounds in the normal physiological range had to wait therefore for the invention of submicron measurement techniques.
Responses of Primary Auditory Neurons to Speech Sounds
Authors: Geisler C Daniel
Published: November 2023

We depend on speech to an extent not often appreciated for both physical well-being (“watch out”) and emotional health (solitary confinement is a dreaded punishment). Therefore knowledge about how the inner ear responds to speech has much practical value-for the design of prosthetic devices as well as being of great theoretical interest. It would be convenient if we could obtain that information in an easy manner, such as predicting it from the responses to simple stimuli such as tones or clicks (see Chapters 12, 13). Unfortunately, because of the ear’s strong nonlinearities and our limited understanding of them, accurate predictions are currently impossible. There is no choice but to measure those responses directly, using the speech sounds themselves as the acoustic stimuli.
Feedbaci< From the Central Nervous System
Authors: Geisler C Daniel
Published: November 2023

We have followed the acoustic signal step by step through the auditory periphery, from pinna to primary afferent neuron. We have considered enough of the myriad mechanisms involved to enable us to predict with some accuracy the neural responses to many types of acoustic stimuli. Regardless, the story is still incomplete, as the ear, though serving as the portal through which auditory information enters the brain, does not operate rigidly. Adaptable, the ear modifies itself in response to signals from the brain as well as sending information into it.
The Politics of Culture O’Sullivan and the Democratic Review
Authors: Widmer Edward L
Published: November 2023

In May 1823 U.S. authorities at Buenos Aires seized the brig Dick “on suspicion of her being engaged in piratical pursuits.” The Dick’s captain was an American merchant of noble Irish extraction, John Thomas O’Sullivan. A year later he drowned in a shipwreck off South America, still trying to recover his confiscated fortune. An ancient family title, the count of Bearhaven, ultimately descended to his second son after an elder brother also perished at sea. Unfortunately, the papers proving the title were also lost in the shipwreck.
Democracy and Literature
Authors: Widmer Edward L
Published: November 2023

There is no proof that Hawthorne’s description of Holgrave was intended to con­ jure John O’Sullivan. Yet the accuracy of the description and the intimacy of the two men suggests more than coincidental resemblance. To this day, extraordinarily, Hawthorne retains the image of the political na’if, unfamiliar with the real world, and more comfortable with antiquarian legends than the political currents pulsing through O’Sullivan. But like most writers of the period, even a sentimental versifier like Longfellow, he had shrewd insight into the politics of literature.
Introduction
Authors: Hartman Edwin
Published: November 2023

The field of business ethics divides roughly into those who are at home in business-some in organization theory or organizational behavior, some in economics-and those who are philosophers first of all. Apart from the past or current commitment to religion found among many practitioners on both sides, their orientation is significantly different. I grew up within the second group and am a convert to the first, but, like an ex-Catholic Baptist who no longer worries about transubstantiation but still prefers Gregorian chants to gospel hymns, I am incompletely made over.I hope this essay will engage both groups, not least organization theorists. I do say some things that will be familiar to one group but perhaps not to the other. To some readers the text will seem at times to move from the obvious to the obscure. I trust, however, that neither side will find any of it impossible to follow and that both sides will find something new to them even in what I have to say about their part of the field. There is perhaps more here than will interest some management scholars about the nature and status of business ethics as a discipline. These scholars will at least be gratified to see that I regard an understanding of business as a necessary condition of competent work in business ethics.
Utilitarianism and Its Difficulties
Authors: Hartman Edwin
Published: November 2023

If morality is supposed to make people better off, one might think that what is moral is whatever maximizes being well off in the aggregate. If the morality of an act is determined by whether it generates more goodness than does any possible alternative, and if goodness is a matter of the amount of well-being of one or more people, one might infer that the individual always has a moral obligation to try to maximize happiness for everyone. This is not a sound argument. For one thing, it is not clear that any old happiness can be the objective of moral activity, since some forms of happiness are not obviously good. Is it good to be happy because you believe something false? That hardly seems to count as being better off. More generally, traditional utilitarian theories give no adequate account of what is involved in well-being, or of the good life. Standard economic theory, which has been thought to be the realization of utilitarianism, makes some questionable presuppositions about the good life, in particular about its connection with the fulfilment of desire. This problem about utilitarianism is of particular interest to business ethicists because one of the criticisms of the culture of business is precisely that it socializes people to prefer and be content with a life inferior to what they might otherwise have lived.
Morality and Autonomy
Authors: Hartman Edwin
Published: November 2023

It is possible for morality to be in the moral person’s best interests, not because all rational people must be moral, but because there is a certain kind of good life in which rationality and morality are compatible. It is characteristic of the good community that in several ways it makes this compatibility possible for those who live there. So does the good organization for those who work there. It is therefore the moral task of the manager to create a productive organization in which, on the whole, it is rational to be moral. Morality is in the first instance about acting in others’ interests rather than just in one’s own, but, as I argued in Chapter 2, the notion of interests is subtler than the one implied by the utilitarianism that goes with standard economic theory. In particular, neither one’s values nor one’s interests need be narrowly selfish or otherwise inimical to others’ interests. That the moral life is a matter of acting in others’ interests is therefore compatible with the moral life’s being a happy life, a life lived for the most part to good advantage.
Problems of Corporate Culture
Authors: Hartman Edwin
Published: November 2023

If respect for autonomy is a moral requirement, then it is good, other things being equal, to permit people to do what they want to do. Other things are not equal in an organization, which almost by definition creates relationships that entail obligations and other limits on autonomy, but organizations can also increase one’s autonomy, which in any case remains an important moral consideration. Autonomy is not simply a matter of doing what one wants: if it were, then the weak-willed person, the addict, and the victim of brainwashing would all be autonomous. The threat to autonomy in the organization comes in part from the organization’s power to compel people to do what they do not want to do and have no legitimate obligation to do and also from people’s doing exactly what they want to do; people may act on desires they prefer not to have or would prefer not to have if they thought about them. Chapter 5 argued that to do what one wants to do when one wants to do something that is not the object of a rational desire is to act less than fully autonomously. The distinction between first-order and second-order desires provides us with an insight into human motivation but does not by itself enable us to distinguish between autonomous desires and others, since second order desires too may result from addiction or brainwashing. If an organization affects Smith’s second-order desires in a way that serves the interests of the stockholders or managers but not of Smith, then we surely have some reason to say that her autonomy has been violated. Defining autonomy, Chapter 5 showed, is a difficult philosophical problem; there is a practical difficulty, too, for the manager who wants to do what every manager has a moral obligation to do, which is to manage an organization that respects autonomy in a way that is consistent with effectively achieving legitimate corporate objectives.
Past Participle Agreement in French and Italian
Authors: Kayne Richard S
Published: November 2023

For many speakers, this agreement is not made in spoken French; for others it still is. In a certain number of cases even those who don’t use this agreement are capable of making differential judgments between cases in which agreement might be possible and cases in which it is clearly excluded.
A Note on Clitic Doubling in French
Authors: Kayne Richard S
Published: November 2023

In earlier work,11 took the deviance of (4) to directly reflect the obligatory character of the movement operation involved in the derivation of (5). That approach did not attach syntactic importance to the difference in form between the moi of (3)/(4) and the me of (5). In chapter 8, on the other hand, I have argued that moi and me differ in that moi is bimorphemic and me is not.
Notes on English Agreement
Authors: Kayne Richard S
Published: November 2023

Let us begin by setting aside the verb be. Then English subject-verb agreement has the following well-known properties: In the past tense, there is none. In the present, there are two forms, for example, like and likes. The form with the -s suffix is standardly characterized as co-occurring with subject NPs that are third person, singular.
Introduction
Authors: Puckett Anita
Published: November 2023

Perhaps a linguistic anthropological perspective has merit. These anecdotes are re-representations of fieldnotes of observed interactions recorded while I was living in a southeastern Kentucky community in the Appalachian coalfields I have given the pseudonym Ash Creek.21 found these contestations to be rare but strident in their aftermath because the nonlocal and local participants in them and the local residents hearing about them assessed them so differently. Perhaps they were interpreting the events from radically different perspectives. Perhaps certain verbal and nonverbal signs were functioning as contextualization cues to invoke different sets of presuppositions that participants "must rely on to . . . assess what is intended” (Gumperz 1992:230).
The Court
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: November 2023

By all accounts, William Rehnquist was to be a more effective chief justice, especially in terms of his relations with his colleagues, than his predecessor. Warren Earl Burger had certainly looked the part, and his opinions were entirely workman like, readable efforts. But a preoccupation with Court pomp and his early grounds beautification campaign had hardly enhanced his image with Court veterans, including Justice Black, who once described the then new chief as “a good man-with flowers.”
The Economics of Contract Law
Authors: Miceli Thomas J
Published: November 2023

In a world of perfect certainty and costless contracting, the parties to a contract will specify as part of the contract the manner in which they will react to all possible contingencies. That is, they will write fully contingent contracts. In reality, however, the parties will not be able to provide for all contingencies. Thus, there will occasionally arise circumstances in which one of the parties no longer values performance of the contract under the original terms. In this case, a dispute arises. Contract law provides rules for resolving disputes over non performance (or modified performance) that the parties are not able to resolve on their own. The two basic questions contract law addresses are: What contracts should be enforceable? and, What should be the remedies available to victims of broken but enforceable promises? (Cooter and Ulen, 1988, p. 213).

In this chapter, I focus on the second question by examining remedies for breach of contract.
On Word-structure and Conditions
Authors: Sciullo Anna-Maria Di
Published: November 2023

The derivation of words gives rise to a lively debate in generative grammar. The debate is actual and important, not only because the differences and the relations between words and phrases are not yet well understood but also because it has consequences for the internal architecture of the grammar. The central questions in this debate are whether the derivation of words is performed by the laws of the syntax or by the laws of another component, that is, the morphology, the phonology, or the lexicon; whether the derivation of words includes phrasal categories or is restricted to lexical categories; and whether word-structures are subject to the conditions that apply on syntactic structures, or to completely different or partly different conditions.
The Creation Of Coherence In Coming-Out Stories
Authors: Liang C
Published: November 2023

I ‘ve realized now that I can tell all my friends about the kind of guys I like to date I can write to some 30,000 Cal students a week on the importance of (and secrets to) drag makeup. And, honey, I don ‘t care if the whole world knows that I can ‘t take it as a bottom. But I can ‘t show these clippings of my newspaper columns to my dad. I can ‘t tell my grandma that the “ugliest” baby she has ever seen took first runner-up in a beauty pageant and has serious hopes of becoming a future Miss Gay Universe. I can ‘t tell my mom about my love life (or lack of it). I haven ‘t come out. At least not where it counts: to my family.
The Corporation Faces Issues of Race and Gender
Authors: R.Bergmann Barbara
Published: November 2023

The employment policies of American corporations-their handling of matters of race, ethnicity, and gender-are bound to have a profound effect on the American economy and American society. These policies will affect the corporation’s mode and efficiency of operation, its costs, and its flexibility. More than any other factors, they will determine whether large numbers of African-American and Hispanic American citizens will continue to have incomes and identities that set them apart from and distinctly below main stream Americans. These policies will also play a big part in determining the position of women in our society.
The Corporation as a Dispenser of Welfare and Security
Authors: Acs Gregory , Steuerle Eugene
Published: November 2023

The image of the modern corporation, run by managers trying to maximize shareholders’ profits, belies the vital role today’s corporations play in promoting the commonweal. Indeed, today’s corporations promote social welfare directly by serving as an agent for the employee in purchasing pension, health, and other welfare benefit plans and for the government in collecting records and revenue and partially administering related public programs like social security. Governments also enhance the corporation’s natural agency role by providing both public mandates and private incentives for it to perform a variety of social welfare functions.
Almost Everywhere: Surging Inequality and Falling Real Wages
Authors: Thurow Lester
Published: November 2023

The rapid and widespread increase in inequality in income in the United States over the past two decades has traditionally been the province of countries experiencing a revolution or a military defeat followed by occupation. Indeed, this is first time since the collection of income data began that the median real wages of American males have consistently fallen over a twenty-year period. And never before have a majority of American workers suffered real wage reductions while the real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) was increasing.
Centralization and Symmetry
Authors: Swanson Larry W
Published: November 2023

So far, we have considered protozoa and sponges, unicellular organisms and multicellular animals without a nervous system, along with the simplest animals with a nervous system—the jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydra that have a more or less diffuse nerve net. All of these organisms either lack symmetry or are radially symmetrical, and their bodies are so simple that they lack clearly differentiated tissues. These features change dramatically when we come to what is commonly regarded as the next major branch of the evolutionary tree, the flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes).
The Motor System
Authors: Swanson Larry W
Published: November 2023

By definition, the motor system is the output of the central nervous system. When I watch you eat a piece of candy, I am actually watching the immediate result of activity in your motor system, which, incidentally, is also controlling motor activity I can’t directly see—your swallowing, gut peristalsis, sphincters, and heartbeat. In contrast, the sensory system provides input to the central nervous system, and the behavioral state and cognitive systems are intrinsic to it. We may summarize the basic wiring diagram or plan outlined in the previous chapter by saying that information processing in the central nervous system directs behavior via the motor system, which in turn is controlled by the behavioral state, cognitive, and sensory systems. This chapter is an introduction to the basic organization of the motor system, including its own divisions; the following three chapters go on to discuss in a similar way the three functional systems that control its output. As the quote at the beginning of the chapter from the pioneering American comparative neuroanatomist J.B. Johnston alludes to, there is a long history of dividing bodily functions into two main categories: somatic and visceral. On one hand, there is the “body” or soma with its musculoskeletal system and integument that together deal with the external world; on the other hand, there are all of the various internal, more or less automatic, visceral functions related to digestion, the cardiovascular system, and reproduction.
Modifiability
Authors: Swanson Larry W
Published: November 2023

While it can be useful to think of the brain as a biological computer, it is a grave mistake to think about the brain’s circuitry in terms of hard-wired computer chips. In the first place, because of the chromosome mixing that accompanies sexual reproduction, every brain is different in detail, just as every face is unique. And in the second, the brain is an organ composed of tissues; as such, it is alive and constantly changing. It was a major breakthrough in late-twentieth-century neuroscience to realize that the chemistry of synaptic transmission is dynamic, that new neurons may be generated in adult mammals, and that it may become possible to regrow damaged axonal pathways.

The topic of neural plasticity is vast and is only touched on here to emphasize, with selected examples, the principle that brain architecture is not static. The structure of the brain is constantly changing because of influences from the internal and external environments and because of genetic factors associated with the normal life cycle of development, puberty, adulthood, and aging. Nevertheless, it is important to realize that there are two qualitatively different levels of brain organization: macrocircuitry and microcircuitry.
Gene Networks
Authors: Swanson Larry W
Published: November 2023

So far we have outlined the cellular composition of the nervous system, the spatial relationships of its basic. parts, and the network arrangement of its four basic functional systems. This is classical neuroscience. Like any organ the brain has a regional architecture and a number of functional systems, in this case motor, cognitive, state control, and sensory. The global architecture of the vertebrate nervous system seems to be based on the principle of segmentation, with particular neuromere segments differentiating to different extents in different groups of animals. Perhaps the most critical factor in this differentiation is the overall body plan of a particular animal group. The fundamental building block or component of all neural networks is the neuron, which has the same basic cell biology in all animals with a nervous system. What varies between species is the way neurons are used to build the neuromeres—or, alternatively, the way neurons are used to construct neural circuits or networks within the system as a whole.
Arizona Tewa Kiva Speech as a Manifestation of a Dominant Language Ideology
Authors: Kroskrity Paul V
Published: November 2023

‘What have you learned about the ceremonies?” Back in the summer of 1973, when I first began research on Arizona Tewa, I was often asked this and similar questions by a variety of villagers. I found this strange, even disconcerting, since the questions persisted after I explained my research interest as residing in the language “itself,” or in “just the language, not the culture.” But my response was very much a managed production. For though my originally formulated object of study was the Arizona Tewa language, even early on in what was to become long-term field research I had become very interested in the tangled relationship of Arizona Tewa language, culture, and society. But despite this interest, I had been coached by my academic advisers and informed by a scholarly tradition of research on Pueblo Indians to recognize the cultural sensitivity of research on religion and the suspicion directed at those who would nevertheless attempt to study it, even in its more esoteric forms. My professional training thus encouraged me to attribute these periodic inquiries to a combination of secrecy and suspicion regarding such culturally sensitive topics as ceremonial language.
Multiplicity and Contention among Language Ideologies
Authors: Gal Susan
Published: November 2023

The phenomena brought together in this volume as “language ideologies” would have been examined, some years ago, under several different rubrics. For example, the ethnography of speaking was from its beginnings concerned with cultural conceptions about the role of speaking in social life. Linguists and philosophers of language have pondered the implications for linguistic structure and use of the provocative fact that ordinary language is always and unavoidably its own metalanguage. Many students of interaction have noted that, to understand interaction, one has to have cultural categories for “what is going on,” and what can possibly be going on, in any strip of talk. Scholars of multilingualism and language contact, no less than the makers of language policy, have understood that choice of a language has political implications exactly because of speakers’ commonsense convictions about what a language is and what the use of a language is assumed to imply about political loyalty and identity. And historians of ideas have noted the important influence that linguistic theories and social movements have often had on each other. The studies in this volume suggest that reframing such apparently diverse yet familiar problems as all questions of “language ideology’’ will produce a Nekker cube effect: a switch in perception and perspective that will allow neglected, yet related, aspects of these phenomena to become newly visible.
Playing Soldier
Authors: Truesdell Matthew
Published: November 2023

One of Louis-Napoleon’s most common public roles was that of the military leader, the commander of troops. Indeed, nothing was more typical of Second Empire spectacle than the presence of large numbers of soldiers. Even for ostensibly civilian events such as inaugurations and legislative openings, mounted troops accompanied the imperial processions, and rows of soldiers lined both sides of the streets along the route. The emperor himself usually wore a general’s uniform and was often accompanied by his military staff. Other ceremonies gave the military an even more central place. The emperor often held mammoth troop reviews, for example, especially during the visits of foreign sovereigns, and the return of the troops from the Crimea and from Italy during the 1850s were occasions for huge military display.
Sustaining Competitiveness in Japan
Authors: Ahlbrandt Roger S , Fruehan Richard J , Giarratani Frank
Published: November 2023

Until very recently, the pressure for change in the Japanese steel industry stemmed primarily from the worldwide capacity glut. Steel prices were forced downward on international markets, and Japan’s foreign competitors were becoming more efficient because of their restructuring. This meant that Japan’s advantage in export markets was being eroded. Japanese steelmakers, like all others, had to respond by seeking ways to reduce costs. But the Japanese producers faced an added burden brought on by the strength of the yen, which made their steel more costly when priced in terms of dollars, pounds sterling, or francs. As a result, cost cutting in Japan became ingrained. Now, however, the powerful integrated steel firms in Japan are being forced to react to two new threats—this time in their domestic market: incursions by firms from the rapidly developing nations of Asia and by progressive Japanese minimills.
Negation in the Present Tense
Authors: Shlonsky Ur
Published: November 2023

This chapter serves two purposes at once. First, it constitutes a study of a particular brand of negative sentences, illustrated in (4-1), where the negative particle is IP-initial and the verb is in the Benoni form.
Subject-Verb Inversion
Authors: Shlonsky Ur
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with the conditions under which the marked order VS(O) is obtained in Hebrew.1 The earliest work on subject “inversion” relied primarily on Romance and distinguished “free” inversion from what I term Triggered Inversion. The former was thought to involve subject lowering and the latter V-Raising. (See e.g., Rizzi 1982, Jaeggli 1982, Shlonsky 1987, and Torrego 1984, among many others.)
Rhythm in Telephone Closings: An Analysis of Italian and German Data
Authors: Auer Peter , Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth , Müller Frank
Published: November 2023

In contrast to prior chapters, this chapter introduces an explicitly contrastive perspective: We discuss the same discourse-contextualizing functions of rhythm and tempo in similar conversational environments, using German and Italian data. The topic is telephone closings, another classic object of study in conversation analysis. As in the case of turn taking and preference organization, the role prosodic parameters play in achieving telephone closings has not been investigated in detail in orthodox CA. We try to show that a purely segmental treatment of telephone closings misses an essential aspect of their structuring.
The Social Actor
Authors: Earley P Christopher
Published: November 2023

The focus of my discussion in the last two chapters was on very specific aspects of a social actor--mianzi and lian. However, such a view understates the importance of contextual aspects of a person’s environment and general facets of a person’s personality and idea structure while it overstates particular internal facets. I do not mean to imply that a social actor responds to and influences his or her social context simply to regulate face. By focusing on the concept of face, I think that researchers can gain new insights into the social processes that we observe in organizations (and elsewhere), but I do not mean to imply that face is the only relevant motive underlying a person’s actions.
Organizational Context and Content
Authors: Earley P Christopher
Published: November 2023

The functioning of face and its regulation cannot be divorced from the organizational context in which it occurs. That is, the type of organization a person works and functions in, norms and socialized rules for proper conduct, scripts for action, and rituals and ceremonies governing expectations and behavior all contribute to the display of face and individuals’ attempts to secure it. The spouse of a friend who worked for a southwestern-based electronics company once described the process of getting “laid off.” Typically, a sales employee being laid off would come back from lunch to the large, open office area and see a security guard standing beside the salesperson’s desk.
Gender, Crime, and Criminology
Authors: Daly Kathleen
Published: November 2023

It is not possible to distill in one essay all that has been written, just in the last decade, on women, gender, and crime. The area continues to challenge criminology and related disciplines, to provoke the public’s anxieties about crime, and to inspire activism for legal change. In the second edition of Women and Crime, Frances Heidensohn (1996, pp. xiii-xv) identified the following developments in the academic arena: recognition, expansion, engendering the agenda, and deconstructing the categories. In the first of four sections in this chapter, I discuss these developments to highlight debates in the field. In the second section, I review research on girls’ and women’s lawbreaking (or gender differences in lawbreaking), and in the third, I analyze the ways it has been explained. In the final section, I consider future directions in light of two observations. First, women’s lawbreaking (or gender differences in lawbreaking) is informed by different kinds of knowledge, and researchers are taking different approaches toward what is to be explained and thus are producing diverse, and often incompatible, knowledges and theories. Second, feminist explanations for lawbreaking have become more complex and interesting than they were a decade ago. Female lawbreakers may be constructing themselves differently than before, and a recent generation of feminist scholars is more inclined to interpret women’s behavior through a lens of agency, action, and pleasure, even as that “agency” may serve to reproduce structures of gender inequality and male domination.
Sentencing
Authors: Reitz Kevin R
Published: November 2023

In the past twenty-five years the landscape of American sentencing has undergone vast changes. These include explosions in the number of sentenced offenders, as well as structural reorderings of the laws that govern sentencing. Putting these two trends together, we are in the midst of a period of ferment unprecedented in the history of U.S. criminal punishment.
Intermediate Sanctions
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

Since 1980, three major trends led to widespread development of intermediate sanctions, punishments that fall between prison and probation in their severity and intrusiveness. First, rehabilitative considerations lost credibility as rationales for sentencing (Allen 1964; Lipton, Martinson, and Wilks 1975; Sechrest, White, and Brown 1979). Second, “just deserts” became seen as the primary rationale for sentencing, bringing with it a logic of punishments proportioned to the seriousness of crimes committed and a movement to narrow officials’ discretion (e.g., Morris 1974; von Hirsch 1976). Third, crime control policy has become a staple political issue, and proponents of “law and order” have persistently called for harsher penalties. With this came a widespread belief that most sentences to ordinary probation are insufficiently punitive and substantial political pressure for increases in the severity of punishments.
The Problem Revisited: A Data-driven Approach
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M
Published: November 2023

The conclusions of the last two chapters leave the categorial status of prepositions and particles still unclear: What functions do they have in common and how are they different? Those conclusions lead me to argue in this chapter for a reconceptualization of the problem of P-one that looks beyond syntax and semantics to explain P’s versatility and idiosyncracies. Following the lead of discourse-functional research, as developed by Paul Hopper and Sandra Thompson (1980, 1984, 1985, 1993; Hopper, 1995) and others, I point out that pragmatic motivations are crucial in determining the syntactic or semantic use a speaker will make of a particular linguistic element. To uncover these motivations we must look carefully at the discourse contexts in which they occur.
A Derivational Approach to Syntactic Relations
Authors: David Samuel , Groat Epstein Erich M , Kawashima Ruriko , Kitahara Hisatsugu
Published: November 2023

Afundamental concept in all syntactic theories is that of a syntactic relation between syntactic objects. While recent work in the Minimalist Framework has attempted to explain the nature of syntactic objects in terms of simple and conceptually necessary assumptions regarding the language faculty, the relations that hold between syntactic objects has not been similarly explored. The authors initiate such an exploration and argue that certain fundamental relations such as c-command, dominance, and checking relations can be explained within a derivational approach to structure-building. This approach has significant consequences concerning the architecture of the syntactic component. Semantic and phonological interpretation need not operate upon the output phrase-structure representation created by the syntactic derivation. Interpretation is more readily computed derivationally, by interpreting the steps of a derivation, rather than the single output structure created by it. The result is a new and controversial level-free model of the syntactic component of the human language faculty. This topical and timely Minimalist analysis will interest professional and theoretical linguists, syntacticians, and anyone interested in contemporary approaches to syntactic theory.
The Best of All Worlds: Information Ecology
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence
Published: November 2023

The well-known ecologist Garrett Hardin has pointed out that if you want to manage an entire ecosystem, “you can never do just one thing.” Up to now, most companies have done a little better than that in managing information: they have undertaken two things. They’ve applied technology to information problems, and attempted to use machine-engineering methods to turn data into something of use on computers. Unfortunately, neither “thing” constitutes a holistic approach to information.
Information Architecture
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence
Published: November 2023

Throughout this book, I’ve hammered away at traditional approaches to information management—the techno-utopian view that all human needs can be “engineered,” structured to fit into a computer, designed via an architectural blueprint. In the above quote, Michael Schrage, who is both a journalist and an MIT researcher, describes, in a nutshell, how overemphasizing technology design often ignores the real human issues of information use.
Government Regulation of Broker-Dealer Firms
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W
Published: November 2023

Public policy presumes that the Securities and Exchange Commission should oversee self-regulation in the securities markets and not intervene directly unless self-regulation breaks down conspicuously. Enacting the federal securities laws in the 1930s depended on that presumption. The securities industry was vulnerable politically because of practices associated with the Depression, but it could threaten complete economic collapse if legislation disrupted financial markets too abruptly. The SEC’s architects and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had to orchestrate change in the industry while constrained by its political power. What resulted was an understanding that the industry must establish more extensive regulatory controls but could design and implement them, subject to SEC over­ sight and approval. Since then the SEC, courts, and the Congress have reinforced this understanding.
Economic and Technological Changes Coping with New Regulatory Problems
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W
Published: November 2023

The regulatory problems broker-dealers face depend on their customer base and the types of investments and activities they sell. Individual (or “retail”) investors have less information and economic leverage than institutional investors, and so the securities laws hold broker-dealers to high standards of fairness and care in managing individuals’ accounts. But modern finance’s complexity can overwhelm even sophisticated institutions, and several courts and regulators have punished broker-dealer firms for crudely exploiting their new informational advantages over institutional customers. Regulators, broker-dealers, investors, and the courts have struggled with defining more clearly broker-dealer responsibilities in contemporary finance and designing the controls to deal with its hazards. This chapter first discusses the prevalence of retail and institutional investment, then technological changes in finance and the regulatory issues these changes pose for broker-dealer firms.
Differences among Broker-Dealer Firms
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W
Published: November 2023

The U.S. securities industry is one of the nation’s economic successes mainly because it is highly competitive. Its firms generously reward those who develop and market successful financial innovations; who are especially able to persuade investors to buy products the investors usually do not understand very well; and who trade profitably when the difference between winning and losing is small. It also fires or demotes people who lag in sales, investment banking, or trading. People facing these incentives and pressures-including the managers who depend on employees’ production-can step easily over a line into unethical or illegal behavior. The line often is not clear, so whether conduct crosses it or not gets negotiated within firms and with regulators.
“Monarch of the Dailies”
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

Excitement, anticipation, experimentation, the steady drumbeat of an organization on the rise! Such ideas, such emotions and expressions permeated the Examiner offices at the beginning of 1890-and for good reason. Already a staff of talented professionals, well trained in “sniffing out” the news and gifted in writing attention-getting stories, had passed the circulation of one city rival, the Call, and had drawn even with the previously dominant Chronicle. Compensatory recognition in the form of large salaries and generous bonuses was equally satisfying, thereby encouraging excellence and heightening morale. But most important a youthful employer, a kindred spirit who at times seemed to personify “a mad bull in a China shop;’ labored with them oftentimes past midnight, stimulating their imagination with his creativity. They thus sought daring assignments, even concocted outlandish schemes, because their leader required, indeed demanded, only two work standards, ability and loyalty, requisites that they abundantly displayed.
Ideology in the Language of Judges
Authors: Philips Susan U
Published: November 2023

A text that will appeal to any reader interested in the relation of language to the law, or vice versa, Ideological Diversity in Courtroom Discourse focuses on the guilty plea as both a distinct procedure and a dialogue constrained by boundaries. The book argues that, although judges uniformly see themselves as formally and impartially ensuring the constitutional right to due process, a considerable variety exists in the interactions between judges and defendants. Susan Philips relates in much detail how this diversity stems from the judges’ various interpretations of written law, from their personal attitudes toward control of the courtroom, and from their individual and politicized views regarding due process. She also shows how the ideological struggles in a given courtroom are central yet largely hidden or denied. Such findings will contribute significantly to the study of how speakers create realities through their use of language.
Understanding the Causes of Behavior
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most fundamental question addressed by organization studies is how we are to understand what causes behavior. The question is important for those seeking to affect organizations and is equally important for those doing research on them, for, depending on how it is answered, attention focuses on some factors or variables and away from others. For much of its history, organization studies was dominated by a situationalist perspective, in which the causes of behavior were sought in the environment of the individual.
Measuring Fetal Exposure to Nicotine
Authors: Koren Gideon , Eliopoulos, Chrisoula , Klein Julia
Published: November 2023

In North America, approximately 30% of women 18 years old and older are regular cigarette smokers.’ 2 Nearly half of all pregnancies are unplanned. This means that many women will conceive while smoking, and approximately 60% of women who smoke before pregnancy continue to smoke during pregnancy.3-5 Since the fetus of a smoking mother is exposed to tobacco smoke, the fetus is a passive smoker.
Long-Term Nicotine Therapy
Authors: Murray Robert P , Daniels Kathleen
Published: November 2023

In this volume, there is a considerable review of the literature regarding the safety of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) from various perspectives. This chapter focuses on the recent experience of more than 3,000 NRT users (Nicorette 2 mg; nicotine polacrilex) in the Lung Health Study.1 This study provides the single largest source of data on the safety of nicotine medication. In the Lung Health Study, 5,887 volunteer participants were enrolled for 5 years. An intensive smoking cessation and maintenance program, which included the use of NRT, was provided. Over the course of the study, the use of NRT evolved into a relatively long-term treatment with relatively high doses provided for up to 5 years.
Conclusions
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

The central concern of this study has been the functional structure of the clause. The evidence reviewed here bearing on this question has pointed to the existence of a particularly rich functional make-up of the sentence; one that does not vary across languages.
Money and Ideology
Authors: Windlesham Lord
Published: November 2023

The critical nexus between the levels of federal spending authorized by legislation for specified purposes and the actual amounts subsequently appropriated by Congress is heightened if in the interval party control of one or both Houses changes hands. Although initially the Republican leadership in the 104th Congress had talked expansively about “fixing Clinton’s crime bill,” what this came down to in practice was a protracted and acrimonious conflict over the method and purposes of federal funding for community policing, prevention programs, and prison construction by states. In addition to these issues, a cluster of more sharply defined amendments were made to the 1994 Crime Act. Three direct responses to surges in public opinion were compulsory notification to protect local communities from previously convicted sexual offenders or child abusers; prison litigation reform; and an amendment to the U.S. Code clarifying the intent of Congress regarding the new federal crime of carjacking. The mainline provisions on gun control, the death penalty, three strikes, and violence against women, were preserved intact.
Congress and the Courts
Authors: Windlesham Lord
Published: November 2023

What three strikes had been to the 103rd Congress, Megan’s Law was to the 104th. Changes in federal law were already under consideration to protect the potential victims of further assaults by persons previously convicted of sexually violent offenses or criminal offenses against children when the rape and murder by strangling of a seven-year-old girl, Megan Kanka, occurred in New Jersey. Her assailant was a twice-convicted pedophile who had come to live with two companions, also convicted sex offenders, on the same street as the Kanka family. He had invited the child over to see a puppy when the fatal assault took place. As with the earlier killing of Polly Klaas in California, it was the horrifying and extensively publicized circumstances of such a dreadful crime occurring in a quiet suburban setting that caused it to enter the national consciousness. The last minute changes made to strengthen the Jacob Wetterling subtitle of the 1994 Crime Act were described in chapter 5. But the requirements of registration and discretionary notification to local law enforcement agencies were regarded by many legislators, state as well as federal, as not going far enough to meet the public demand for more rigorous safeguards against repeat sex offenders.