bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyzing Street Art to Present the Heritage of George Town, Malaysia
Authors: Sadatiseyedmahalleh Seyedehelham , Rahman Suraiyati , Abdullah Aldrin
Published: July 2016

Street art comprises all kinds of art developed in public locations. This form of art has spread to all heritage streets in George Town, the capital of Penang Island, which is also a known UNESCO World Heritage Site. However, instead of its heritage, food, and interesting past life and structure, the rapid multiplication of street art in George Town has created a new and unusual art that attracts tourists. Street art has spread to small roads and heritage streets in the city. This art increases the awareness of spectators by introducing them to the rich history of these streets and inducing a lively concept in the inner city of George Town. Accordingly, the impact of iron rod sculptures and murals, which comprises approximately 90% of street art in George Town, were determined to explore and identify the effects of this street art on this world heritage site. The findings were obtained from 263 out of 306 questionnaires accomplished by tourists in George Town. The results confirm that tourists prefer murals over iron rod sculptures. Iron rod sculptures are designed to tell the history of the street, whereas murals are designed to create aesthetic value. The findings indicated that similar to iron rod sculptures, more control should be exercised on the subjects of murals.
British Diplomacy in Bulgaria During the Cold War
Authors: Metodiev Kaloyan
Published: July 2016

The article surveys the British diplomatic goals, activities and efforts in Bulgaria during the Cold war. It argues that the British embassy in Sofia seemed to focus not only on the country itself but to be more or less an instrument to a large degree in light of the British interests in the Balkan region and a wider geopolitical field (USSR, East Europe, Turkey). British diplomats always acted in the context of the prevailing Bulgarian proximity of Germany and Russia, and constant fear of Turkey. The mission was mainly interested in the Russian sphere of influence in Bulgaria, Muslim minority issues and regional developments on the Balkans.
The Avatars of Culture in Website Localization
Authors: Bahri Hossein , Tengku Mahadi Tengku Sepora
Published: July 2016

The aim of the present paper is to investigate the most important cultural aspects involved in website localization by drawing on the data obtained from a number of Iranian website localizers. A questionnaire was given to 18 participants with varied degrees of expertise and experience who worked on website localization projects in either of English ↔ Persian, Arabic ↔ Persian, and French ↔ Persian directions for at least 3 years. The participants of the study were asked to rate as many factors as they perceived crucial in determining the cultural content of websites. Variables as diverse as ideology, pictures, symbols, colors, branding, navigation, and the written content were investigated. The questionnaire measured the importance of cultural variables and the items were evaluated on a scale of 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). A final item asked why the localizers found any of the cultural variables difficult to localize. The results of the study show that ideology, pictures, and symbols were considered to be the most important variables in website localization, while localization of branding was the trickiest. This study emphasizes the unique cultural nature of website localization based on the analysis of the examples provided by the participants.
How should we teach diverse students? Cross-cultural comparison of diversity issues in K-12 schools in Japan and the US
Authors: Shimomura Fuyu
Published: July 2016

Increasing student diversity in K-12 schools has gained attention in Japan and the US. In the US, racial diversity has historically shaped inequity in educational access and teacher quality. In Japan, regardless of its reputation for cultural homogeneity among its residents, issues surrounding student diversity have gained attention because of the increasing number of returnees—Japanese students raised overseas because of their parents’ expatriation.  This paper compares and contrasts the diversity issues in K-12 school settings in both countries, and explores potential approaches to improve the accommodation of diversity in K-12 schools.
Editorial
Authors: Oro Ieda Margarete
Published: July 2016

Editorial
FOCO E ESCOPO
Authors: Diersmann Admin Débora
Published: July 2016

Foco e escopo
EMPREENDEDORISMO INTERNACIONAL: UMA ANÁLISE DE EXPORTADORAS DO SEMIÁRIDO NORDESTINO
Authors: Leite Yákara Vasconcelos Pereira , Moraes Walter Fernando Araújo de , Salazar Viviane Santos
Published: July 2016

Nesta pesquisa teve-se o objetivo geral de analisar o empreendedorismo internacional nas exportadoras de frutas localizadas no Semiárido Nordestino. O estudo de múltiplos casos de modo longitudinal foi desenvolvido com base na perspectiva qualitativa. Empresas de quatro Estados do Semiárido Nordestino foram analisadas, a saber: Agrícola Famosa, Agro Melão (pseudônimo), Special Fruit e Ara Agrícola. Trinta gestores e consultores participaram das entrevistas semiestruturadas, examinadas com apoio da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicam que a comercialização arrojada é uma dimensão do empreendedorismo internacional que emergiu na fase empírica da investigação. A ausência de contratos e a centralização das atividades por parte do empreendedor são as propriedades da comercialização arrojada. Esses achados são relevantes para a área de conhecimento da Administração por revelarem que a influência de relações comerciais realizadas por dirigentes afeta diretamente a internacionalização empresarial.

Palavras-chave: Empreendedorismo internacional. Internacionalização. Comercialização arrojada.
PRODUÇÃO ACADÊMICA DAS TEORIAS ENFATIZADAS NOS ESTUDOS DIVULGADOS NOS PERIÓDICOS NACIONAIS
Authors: Ribeiro Henrique César Melo , Corrêa dos Santos Marianne
Published: July 2016

O objetivo com este estudo foi investigar a produção acadêmica de Teorias colocadas em evidência nos estudos divulgados nos periódicos nacionais da área de Administração, Contabilidade e Turismo no período de 1999 a 2013. Metodologicamente, utilizaram-se as técnicas de análise bibliométrica e de rede social, visto que esta última focou a análise two-mode. Os principais achados foram: evolução de estudos que colocaram em destaque Teorias a partir de 1999, alcançando seu ápice em 2013. O periódico Cadernos EBAPE.BR ficou em destaque neste trabalho. A Teoria Institucional ficou em evidência em 32 estudos publicados; o tema mais publicado nesta pesquisa foi estratégia organizacional, com 33 manuscritos publicados. Em relação à análise de rede social two-mode, as Teorias Institucional e a das Restrições ficaram em realce; e o tema estratégia organizacional apareceu com maior ênfase. Conclui-se, de maneira geral, um perfil macro das Teorias que foram colocadas em proeminência nos 364 artigos investigados, contribuindo para entender e compreender quais Teorias se encontram legitimadas na literatura acadêmica nacional, cooperando para a difusão e a socialização do conhecimento científico, mediante a divulgação de temas maduros e/ou emergentes na área de Administração, Contabilidade e Turismo, colaborando, assim, para uma maior densidade e robustez desse campo do saber.

Palavras-chave: Teorias. Produção acadêmica. Periódicos nacionais. Pesquisa bibliométrica.
Komercjalizacja ciała ludzkiego w społeczeństwie ryzyka biomedycznego
Authors: Gałuszka Mieczysław
Published: July 2016

Autor artykułu omawia przemianę modelu medycyny naprawczej w medycynę spełniania pragnień. Zasadnicza część ludzkich pragnień związana jest z funkcjonowaniem ciała, jego ekspozycją, odczuwaniem i postrzeganiem. Medycyna dostosowuje się do potrzeb społeczeństwa konsumpcyjnego i odpowiada na zapotrzebowanie „ciała kulturowego”. Syndromem współczesności jest ekspansja czynników kulturowych, ingerujących w cechy biologiczne, które poddaje się opresyjnym zabiegom doskonalącym i upiększającym. Ciało ludzkie jest komercjalizowane, zarówno wtedy, gdy zostaje biorcą, jak i wtedy, gdy staje się dawcą narządów, tkanek, produktów biomedycznych i farmaceutycznych. Komercjalizacja ciała, rozumiana jako proces zakończony wymianą handlową, zostanie przedstawiona przez pryzmat analizy problemów takich subdyscyplin biomedycznych, jak: transplantologia, medycyna wspomaganego rozrodu, medycyna estetyczna, inżynieria genetyczna. Autor stara się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy nowe technologie i medycyna spełniania pragnień wpisują się w projekt „cywilizowania ciała”, czy raczej wywołują efekt kultury strachu i tworzą nowe problemy etyczne w społeczeństwie ryzyka biomedycznego.
Nierównowaga zewnętrzna w krajach strefy euro
Authors: Janicka Małgorzata
Published: July 2016

Kryzys finansowy, który dotknął strefę euro, spowodował konieczność ponownego rozważenia mechanizmów jej działania, ponieważ część uwarunkowań powstania kryzysu w strefie ma ponad wszelką wątpliwość charakter systemowy. W strefie euro nie działał (i nadal nie działa) symetryczny mechanizm wyrównawczy, prowadzący do wyrównania sald obrotów bieżących zarówno w krajach nadwyżkowych, jak i deficytowych. Za główny powód kryzysu strefy euro należy uznać narastającą nierównowagę zewnętrzną krajów strefy oraz zablokowanie przez procesy integracji mechanizmów wyrównawczych pozwalających tę równowagę przywrócić. Celem opracowania jest analiza stanu równowagi zewnętrznej krajów członkowskich strefy euro na podstawie kształtowania się dwóch wybranych wskaźników: salda bilansu obrotów bieżących i międzynarodowej pozycji inwestycyjnej netto, odniesionych do PKB, w kontekście działań podejmowanych przez Unię Europejską wobec problemu nierównowag makroekonomicznych.
Unia monetarna a intensywność wymiany towarowej studium przypadku strefy euro
Authors: Sledziewska Katarzyna , Czarny Elżbieta
Published: July 2016

Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu znalezienie empirycznego dowodu na potwierdzenie tezy o pozytywnych efektach handlowych i endogeniczności kryteriów akcesyjnych w przypadku europejskiej unii monetarnej. Analizujemy, jak europejska unia walutowa wpływa na handel towarowy jej państw członkowskich, jak również – dla porównania – nowych państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej oraz członków EFTA. Dodatkowo badamy wpływ utworzenia strefy euro na gospodarki jej państw członkowskich mających największe problemy gospodarcze, zwłaszcza od czasu ostatniego kryzysu (2008 r.) – tzw. grupa PIGS (Portugalia, Irlandia, Grecja i Hiszpania). Analizie poddano nie tylko ogólne zmiany w wymianie towarowej, lecz także zmiany w wymianie wewnątrzgałęziowej. Na końcu zbadano też zmiany w handlu wewnątrzgałęziowym w podziale na handel poziomy i pionowy. Analiza obejmuje lata 1995–2013. Artykuł rozpoczyna krótka prezentacja efektów handlowych integracji monetarnej oraz przegląd metod pomiaru handlu wewnątrzgałęziowego.
Model integracji gospodarczej jako wzorzec scalania systemów biznesowych koncepcja i jej interpretacja (na wybranych przykładach)
Authors: Rosińska-Bukowska Magdalena
Published: July 2016

Celem artykułu jest prezentacja koncepcji modelu integracji biznesowej, wzorowanej na klasycznym modelu integracji B. Balassy. W początkowej części opracowania starano się wykazać, że mechanizm integracji jest niezależny od typu obiektu. Działania integracyjne stanowią bowiem sposób dostosowań do wymogów zmieniającego się otoczenia – wyzwań globalizacji i liberalizacji. W kolejnej części przedstawiono koncepcję sześcioetapowego modelu integracji biznesowej. W ostatniej części opracowania (podzielonej na uwagi teoretyczne oraz case studies) podjęto próbę egzemplifikacji modelu na przykładach scalania systemów biznesowych korporacji transnarodowych.
Świadczenia rentowe dla osób bezpośrednio poszkodowanych w wypadkach drogowych
Authors: Celczyńska Anna
Published: July 2016

Wypadki drogowe są poważnym problemem społecznym. Obecnie państwa wysoko rozwinięte przyjęły, że ofiary ruchu drogowego powinny być traktowane nie jako uboczny skutek podwyższonej mobilności, lecz jako istotny problem zdrowia publicznego. W opracowaniu przedstawiono zarówno analizę interpretacyjną i ilościową roszczeń przysługujących osobom poszkodowanym w wypadkach drogowych, jak i aktualną tendencję w obszarze świadczeń rentowych.
Stan opieki długoterminowej w Polsce w latach 2010–2013
Authors: Gwarda-Żurańska Joanna
Published: July 2016

Opracowanie ma na celu przybliżenie sytuacji opieki długoterminowej w Polsce w latach 2010–2013, przede wszystkim na podstawie regulacji prawnych oraz statystyk opublikowanych przez GUS. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie najważniejszych problemów związanych z organizacją opieki długoterminowej w Polsce. Autorka pomija szeroki aspekt finansowy, skupia się na pozostałych, równie ważnych kwestiach, m.in. na: sytuacji demograficznej, kadrowej oraz prawnej osób niesamodzielnych. Oprócz powszechnie znanych problemów związanych z opieką długoterminową, jak starzenie się społeczeństwa, brak odpowiedniego systemu gromadzenia informacji czy niski poziom świadczeń, Autorka porusza bardziej szczegółowe zagadnienia, jak problemy kadrowe, psychologiczne oraz związane z opieką pielęgniarską. Przedstawia zarys informacji na temat opieki długoterminowej w Szwecji, gdzie opieka nad niesamodzielnymi jest uznawana za najbardziej rozwiniętą w Europie.
Dodatkowe ubezpieczenia zdrowotne jako instrument mogący usprawnić funkcjonowanie systemu ochrony zdrowia w Polsce
Authors: Jeziorska Małgorzata
Published: July 2016

W artykule poruszono tematykę zwiększającego się popytu na świadczenia w ramach systemu opieki zdrowotnej w Polsce. Zaprezentowane zostały czynniki determinujące ten wzrost. Omówiono zasady funkcjonowania systemu ochrony zdrowia. Wskazano dodatkowe ubezpieczenia zdrowotne jako instrument pozwalający na odciążenie państwowego systemu. Źródłem informacji ilościowych wykorzystywanych w pracy były opracowania GUS-u i Eurostatu.
Poziom i uwarunkowania akceptacji społecznej współpłacenia za porady lekarza podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej oraz lekarza specjalisty
Authors: Piechota Anna Maria
Published: July 2016

Niniejszy artykuł szeroko omawia problematykę współpłacenia w polskim systemie ochrony zdrowia w zakresie porady lekarza podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej oraz lekarza specjalisty. Zaprezentowane zostały możliwości uzyskania i poziom korzystania z porad lekarskich. Ponadto przedstawiono propozycje objęcia tychże świadczeń współpłaceniem oraz rozwiązania zastosowane w krajach Unii Europejskiej.Celem pracy było przedstawienie poziomu i uwarunkowań akceptacji społecznej w zakresie współpłacenia za porady lekarza podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej oraz lekarza specjalisty na podstawie badań opinii społecznej i badań własnych.
Składki i roszczenia w ubezpieczeniach odpowiedzialności cywilnej podmiotu wykonującego działalność leczniczą
Authors: Szymańska Anna Edyta
Published: July 2016

Zmiany legislacyjne w Polsce w 2011 r. wprowadziły obowiązek ubezpieczenia odpowiedzialności cywilnej podmiotów prowadzących działalność leczniczą. W momencie wprowadzenia ustawy trudno było ocenić koszty związane z ubezpieczeniem dla prowadzących działalność szpitali. Celem pracy jest analiza struktury oraz dynamiki składek i roszczeń z tytułu tych ubezpieczeń na przykładzie łódzkich szpitali.
Place-Based Initiatives to Improve Health in Disadvantaged Communities: Cross-Sector Characteristics and Networks of Local Actors in North Carolina
Authors: Dupre Matthew E. , Moody James , Nelson Alicia , Willis Janese M. , Fuller Lori , Smart Allen J. , Easterling Doug , Silberberg Mina
Published: July 2016

Objectives. To examine the leadership attributes and collaborative connections of local actors from the health sector and those outside the health sector in a major place-based health initiative.

Methods. We used survey data from 340 individuals in 4 Healthy Places North Carolina counties from 2014 to assess the leadership attributes (awareness, attitudes, and capacity) and network connections of local actors by their organizational sector.

Results. Respondents’ leadership attributes—scored on 5-point Likert scales—were similar across Healthy Places North Carolina counties. Although local actors reported high levels of awareness and collaboration around community health improvement, we found lower levels of capacity for connecting diversity, identifying barriers, and using resources in new ways to improve community health. Actors outside the health sector had generally lower levels of capacity than actors in the health sector. Those in the health sector exhibited the majority of network ties in their community; however, they were also the most segregated from actors in other sectors.

Conclusions. More capacity building around strategic action—particularly in nonhealth sectors—is needed to support efforts in making widespread changes to community health.
Mezclas gasolina-etanol en motores de combustión interna en Colombia
Authors: Mantilla Juan , Galeano Carlos , Muñoz Alejandro
Published: July 2016

En este trabajo se analiza el cambio sobre el desempeño y las emisiones de los motores encendidos por chispa cuando la gasolina es reemplazada por una mezcla de gasolina y etanol. Inicialmente se investiga la diferencia en las propiedades fisicoquímicas del combustible, y sus posibles efectos sobre el motor. Posteriormente se examina el efecto documentado del cambio de combustible en el desempeño y las emisiones del motor. Para llevar a cabo estos objetivos se realizó una revisión bibliográfica profunda de estos temas que sirve para proponer nuevas preguntas de acuerdo con el entorno colombiano. Los resultados de todos los puntos considerados indican que para que el cambio de combustible se convierta en una política efectiva, diferentes modificaciones deben realizarse al combustible y a los motores. Las inquietudes planteadas, junto con los resultados del análisis llevado a cabo, pueden utilizarse además como insumo para continuar con el desarrollo de trabajos de investigación e innovación tendientes a aprovechar el potencial del etanol como combustible.
Online appropriations: collaborative technologies, digital texts, and Shakespeare’s authority
Authors: Ramone Jenni
Published: July 2016

This article considers the impact of digital technologies on Shakespeare's status as author. Digital technology encourages a more democratic engagement with literature which privileges the reader and thereby moderates the author's powerful hold over their text. As a result, it is to be expected that with the increased availability of digital tools, Shakespeare's status and conventional, universalist readings of his works might decline. Technologies have the potential to open up Shakespeare's works to new kinds of readers: these include academics studying Shakespeare's works perspectives outside the traditional disciplines of literary and performance studies, but also the general public who appropriate Shakespeare when shaping their online identities, or contribute to digital repositories of Shakespeare references. My paper considers the contradiction that while, in theory, digital technologies invite the reader to wrest control from the author, in practice those tools are sometimes used to bolster Shakespeare's universal value and genius. I consider the ultimate effect on Shakespeare's author status when digital technologies are applied to his works, and suggest that one way to measure this might be to explore appropriations of Shakespeare's characters online by individual internet users.
Frankenstein’s Monster Comes Home: The ‘Two Cultures’ in Remix
Authors: Barrett James
Published: July 2016

Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley (1818) is the starting point for this reading of remix in relation to authorship and its implications for creative work. The monster in Frankenstein has no single author, or father, and is damned by his mixed parentage as much as by his inability to recreate himself. Alone, he falls into the waste as a product of the divide between poetry and science. The ‘two cultures’ coined by C. P. Snow (1956) address this same divide and lament its dominance in mid twentieth-century intellectual life. But contemporary remix culture that relies on digital media closes this gap as poets now write code and artists are technicians. In my close reading of five remixes I show that origin is no longer relevant in the mixed material realization of processes that are performed or ‘re-authored’ in reception. In these remixes the creator reinterprets by changing the context of remixed elements in the works. The result is textual hybrids that are remixed further in reception.
John Clare and Poetic ‘Genius’
Authors: White Adam
Published: July 2016

The first half of this essay is an analysis of John Taylor’s Introduction to John Clare’s Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery. It argues that Taylor—Clare’s editor and publisher—made claims for Clare’s special poetic ‘genius’ by combining an emphasis on his unpropitious personal and social circumstances with a thus far under-scrutinised presentation of the Romantic aspects of his poetic practice and verse. The second half of the essay connects Taylor’s Introduction to Clare’s own writing on ‘genius’. Clare wrote a number of poems to, or about, his Romantic contemporaries. In the particular cases in question here, Clare treats the ‘genius’ of Lord Byron’s ‘sublime’ work and poetic status and the ‘genius’ of William Wordsworth’s attention to the beauties of nature and ‘human kind’. A defining quality of Romantic genius, then, is imagined by Clare in aesthetic terms. Taylor constructed a very influential idea of Clare’s genius, but the poet also shows himself to participate in significant ways in a contemporary debate on the nature of poetic genius.
"The Brain-Sucker: Or, the Distress of Authorship”: A Late Eighteenth-Century Satire of Grub Street
Authors: Berensmeyer Ingo , Guttzeit Gero , Jameson Alise
Published: July 2016

Originally printed in the first issue of The British Mercury in 1787, “The Brain-Sucker: Or, the Distress of Authorship” is a piece of satirical short fiction that has so far received only little attention in discussions of eighteenth-century print culture and practices of authorship. Probably written by the Scottish radical John Oswald (c. 1760-1793), “The Brain-Sucker” is told in the form of a letter by a farmer who tells an absent friend about his unfortunate son Dick, whose brain has become infected by poetry. This “disorder” leads Dick to London, where he falls prey to a ruthless publisher, known as “the Brain-sucker”, who keeps him like a slave in a Grub Street garret. The farmer then travels to London to save his son from the clutches of the Brain-Sucker. We present the text, for the first time, in a critical edition, collated from the three surviving copies, with textual and explanatory notes. In the accompanying essay, we discuss the text’s context of origin in late eighteenth-century Grub Street and the cultural implications of its satirical presentation of authorship.
Authors and Their ‘Mischievous’ Books: The Salutary Experience of Southey v Sherwood
Authors: Richardson Megan
Published: July 2016

In the 1817 case of Southey v Sherwood Lord Eldon LC denied an injunction against the pirating of Robert Southey’s potentially ‘mischievous’ Wat Tyler, setting the tone for judgments in cases to come. The judges’ approach gave little account to the concerns of the authors whose interests in controlling their pirates lay in preserving their reputations and maintaining their livelihoods. The upshot was that the pirates prospered, large numbers of possibly seditious, blasphemous, defamatory and obscene books were published in England, and authors and judges were publicly excoriated. Eventually, judges had to reconsider their failed approach while authors looked for new ways to control their status and sources of income – as well as formulating some sharper distinctions between their public and private lives.
"The pleasure of writing is inconceivable": William Hutton (1723-1815) as an Author
Authors: Whyman Susan
Published: July 2016

William Hutton started life as a child labourer, but rose to become a bookseller, stationer, and wealthy paper merchant. Like many autodidacts, he longed to be an author and published 15 popular books. This article examines Hutton’s remarks on ‘writing’, which reveal his motives, methods, and goals of authorship. It also gauges his impact on the literary marketplace by analysing 65 periodical reviews of his works. Hutton’s books were based on personal experience, and mixed memoir and biography with historical, topographical, and travel writing. They suited the nation’s thirst for entertaining formats and established him as a new kind of writer, who produced lively, unlearned books for a commercial age. Hutton’s breach of polite norms and opinionated style horrified the literary establishment. But they also attracted readers lower down the social scale, who enjoyed irreverent views on political, religious, economic, and social issues. Hutton thus had an impact on two contrasting groups of readers and put Birmingham and northern regions on the national literary map. Together this author and his critics offer a portrait of the evolution of authorship, the spread of knowledge and taste, and the creation of cultural identity in a time of literary change.
Review: Lepore, Jill. The Secret History of Wonder Woman (New York: Knopf, 2014)
Authors: Henty Meta
Published: July 2016

A review of Jill Lepore's The Secret History of Wonder Woman. New York: Knopf, 2014. 408 pp. $29.95.
“The Brain-Sucker: Or, the Distress of Authorship”: A Critical Edition
Authors: Berensmeyer Ingo , Guttzeit Gero , Jameson Alise
Published: July 2016

Note on the text: “The Brain-Sucker: Or, the Distress of Authorship” was first published in The British Mercury in 1787, in two parts: the first part in “No. I. – May 12 1787”, pp. 14–27, and the continuation in “No. II. – May 26 1787”, pp. 43–48. The British Mercury was reissued in 1788, advertised as A New Edition. This edition survives in three copies. Our copy-text for the present edition is the Bodleian Library copy (shelfmark G Pamph 1192), which is identified with the siglum B in the notes below. This has been collated with Bodleian Library shelfmark Douce M 591 (siglum: D) and British Library shelfmark P.P.3557.mc (siglum: BL).Our choice of B as copy-text is motivated by the fact that occasional changes in spelling and wording indicate that this represents a corrected state, improving some verbal infelicities and also making the text more credible, stylistically, as a farmer’s letter, e.g. by replacing the formal “unpensioned” with the more concrete agricultural “unsown” (15), and also by giving the poor writer ‘frowzy hair’ instead of a ‘prominent beard’ (26). In editing, we have aimed for a moderately modernized text, changing long ‘s’ to round ‘s’, marking quotations with inverted commas at the beginning and end, deleting quotation marks in indirect speech, and adapting punctuation to modern usage in places where this seemed necessary or desirable. Some spellings, such as “stopt” for “stopped” or “grin’d” for “grinned” have also been modernized in order to enhance readability. Footnotes belong to the original text. All emendations and textual variants are recorded in the endnotes. Page breaks in the original text are indicated in square brackets. The explanatory endnotes refer to the original page numbers.
Introduction: Between Geniuses and Brain-Suckers. Problematic Professionalism in Eighteenth-Century Authorship
Authors: Hammerschmidt Sören
Published: July 2016

Introduction to the sixth issue of Authorship.
Appropriation: Towards a Sociotechnical History of Authorship
Authors: van der Weel Adriaan
Published: July 2016

The evolution of our literate culture across the millennia has been marked by clearly identified and well-documented milestones in the history of reading and writing technologies. Changes in literacy, understood as the sum of reading and writing practices, have always followed such milestones at some remove. Not only are they much more diffuse in character and much harder to identify and describe, but they stand in a tenuous cause-and-effect relationship to the technologies in question. This article makes a plea for a stronger awareness of the effects of technology on our literate culture. Reading has always received a fair amount of attention (with the history of reading being a prominent subdiscipline of the field of book studies), but it should be recognized that its corollary, authorship, is a central, and, as digital technology is becoming ubiquitous—at least in the Western world—, increasingly important part of our literate culture, too. With Web 2.0 technology enabling more people than ever in history to write for public or at least semi-public consumption, the concept, definition and status of authorship is in need of radical revision.
Keighren, Innes M., Charles W.J. Withers, Bill Bell. Travels into Print: Exploration, Writing, and publishing with John Murray, 1773-1859 (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2015)
Authors: Schelstraete Jasper
Published: July 2016

A review of Innes M. Keighren, Charles W.J. Withers, Bill Bell's Travels into Print: Exploration, Writing, and publishing with John Murray, 1773-1859. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2015. 392 pp. $45.
“She writes like a Woman”: Paratextual Marketing in Delarivier Manley’s Early Career
Authors: Ozment Kate
Published: July 2016

Delarivier Manley has long been discussed as a sensational and successful Tory political satirist of the early eighteenth century. In the late seventeenth century, however, she associated with Whigs, experimented with genres, and tested different techniques for marketing her texts. Mimicking the methods of celebrity actresses, Manley used paratextual addresses to engage public interest in a carefully curated identity, creating a commodity in her persona that she would employ throughout her career. This paper traces her developing persona in her first three publications: Letters Writen by Mrs. Manley, The Lost Lover, and The Royal Mischief. Although these texts are not explicitly political satire, they nevertheless explicate the preliminary and halting machinations of an astute businesswoman and the marketing tactics Manley would employ throughout her career. The result is a more complete and nuanced picture of Manley’s commercial authorship.
Making It News: Money and Marketing in the Expatriate Modernist Little Magazine in Europe
Authors: Rydsjö Celia Aijmer , Jonsson AnnKatrin
Published: July 2016

This article deals with practical and economic aspects of expatriate little magazine production and should be seen as furthering the understanding of the economic and promotional underpinnings of modernist cultural expression in the 1920s and 30s. In particular, the article indicates to what extent literary ambitions and idealistic actions associated with the editing of a little magazine on the European continent intermingled with material and promotional concerns. Moreover, by focusing on expatriate little magazines, the article emphasizes the significance of geographical location for both practical and marketing purposes. Marketing ambitions blended with tactics for gaining legitimacy, and promotional language provided a valuable tool for advancing sales as well as cultural credibility. One important way of catering to economic interests while upholding literary ambitions was to incorporate the magazines into the flow of news, suggesting an affinity with publication types dedicated to hot topics, large readerships, and the journalistic virtue of presence on the scene. Designating the little magazine and its literary content as news therefore complicates and troubles the boundary between elitist and popular culture.
Debating Point: ‘Articles’ or ‘Essays’? A View from the Bridge
Authors: Brake Laurel
Published: July 2016

Like many scholars working in media history, I am not a native. I have emigrated from another discipline, in my case literature, in English. Nor have I completely made the move. Having taught myself the language and explored the area, I remain on a bridge between where I came from and where I am going, clear about the direction of travel, but aware of what is behind. [...]
Adatbányászat üzleti szemmel II. rész
Authors: Harmati Attila
Published: July 2016

A cikk az adatbányászat technológiájának gyakorlati alkalmazását szemlélteti egy – a szerző által készített – adatbányászati projekt bemutatása révén. Az esettanulmány elkészítésének célja egy osztályozásimodell kialakítása volt logisztikus regressziós modellek, döntési fa és neurális háló felhasználásával. A megfelelő eljárás megtalálásával az adatállományt nyújtó vállalat egy jövőbeli direktmarketing-akcióhozkapcsolódóan tudatosan jelölheti ki azon ügyfelek körét, akik egy személyes levélre nagy valószínűséggel kedvezően reagálnának. A potenciálisan kedvező ügyfelek ezáltal hatékonyabban érhetőek el a véletlenkiválasztáshoz képest, így növelve a vállalat hatékonyságát és eredményességét. Az eredmények általánosítása alátámasztja az adatbányászat üzleti célú felhasználásának számos előnyét.

JEL kód: C25, C44, C45, C49, C88
Pénzügyi válság, gazdaságpolitika és a közgazdaságtudomány (Nemegyensúlyi paradigma)
Authors: Moczar Jozsef
Published: July 2016

A 2007–2009-es pénzügyi válság kapcsán számos politikus, közgazdász, de más tudományág képviselői is feltették a kérdést: miért nem lehetett elkerülni a válságot, miért nem bizonyult sikeresnek a közgazdaságtudomány a megelőzésében? E cikk az eddigiektől eltérően új választ ad e kérdésekre. Fő érve, hogy a gyakorlati gazdaságpolitika zsákutcába jutott, amikor a közgazdászok hosszú időre elfogadták a hatékony piac elméletén alapuló egyensúlyi modelleket. A múlt század közepén megjelent statikus egyensúlyi paradigma oly erősen uralkodik mind a mai napig, hogy sem Kornai (1971), sem Benassy (1982), sőt Goodwin (1991) intelmeit sem vették komolyan. A gazdaság ugyanis szinte sohasincs egyensúlyban, így „egyenletrendszereik” semmilyen útmutatást sem adhatnak a politikusoknak, hogy mit is kellene tenniük a felerősödött válságok idején. A Dornbusch-modell (1976) vagy Krugman–Obstfeld (2000) tankönyvi magyarázatai is pénzpiaci egyensúlyi helyzetből indulnak ki, és csak egy másik egyensúlyi helyzetbe történő átmenet mechanikáját írja le kis nyitott gazdaságokban. A szerző legújabb könyve (Móczár 2008) egy új paradigmához, a nemegyensúlyi modellezéshez nyit utat, aminek fel kell váltania az ortodox egyensúlyi paradigmát, hogy kezelni tudjuk a buborékokat, hogy megengedjük a pénzpiacok szabályozását stb. Itt most felvázoljuk ennek szükségességét.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: E00, E5, E6, G28
Nyugat-Balkán: a mezőgazdaság lehetőségei az EU-csatlakozás küszöbén
Authors: Mizik Tamás
Published: July 2016

A nyugat-balkáni országok deklarált célja azonos, mégpedig az Európai Unióhoz történő mielőbbi csatlakozás, aminek egyik fontos területe a mezőgazdaság. A vizsgált országok ebből a szempontból nagykülönbségeket mutatnak, azonban közös bennük, hogy a szektor súlya nagyobb, mint az uniós átlag. Jelen tanulmány áttekinti az alapvető mezőgazdasági indikátorokat, amelyek segítségével pontos képetlehet kapni az agrárszektor szerepéről, helyzetéről, termelési szerkezetéről, teljesítményéről és a külpiaci kapcsolatairól. A szektor teljesítményének változásait az azok hátterében meghúzódó okok követik (az inputfelhasználás alakulása, üzemszerkezet, árak és cserearányok, illetve az agrárpolitika). Az elemzés a legfrissebb elérhető évekre koncentrál. Az elmúlt néhány év alatt Szerbia a régió vezető mezőgazdasági termelőjévé és egyetlen nettó exportőrévé vált. A helyzet azonban számos veszélyforrást rejt magában (eltolódott ágazati egyensúly, elaprózódott birtokszerkezet, relatíve alacsony hozamok, előnytelen exportszerkezet, élelmiszerhigiénia és minőségellenőrzési rendszerek), amelyek miatt fájdalmas és nehéz feladatok várnak még a térség országaira.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: Q15, Q17, Q18
Marketingkoncepció, piacorientáció, marketingkompetenciák és érvényesülésük a kis- és középvállalatoknál
Authors: Kontor Enikő
Published: July 2016

Ez a tanulmány a marketingkoncepció és piacorientáció elméleti megközelítéseivel, ennek kis- és középvállalati vetületeivel, a kisvállalatok marketingjét meghatározó vállalkozói képességekkel, valamintmindezeknek a teljesítményt befolyásoló hatásaival foglalkozik, célja az ide vonatkozó irodalom áttekintése. Tanulmányok sora mutatja, egyrészről a koncepcionális marketinggondolkodás hiánya azegyik legnagyobb problémája a vállalkozások tulajdonos/menedzsereinek, amikor szembesülnek az üzleti folyamatokkal, másrészről pedig a marketing úgy tekinthető, mint az egyik legfontosabb üzleti tevékenység, amely elengedhetetlen a túléléshez és a vállalkozás növekedéséhez. Az irodalom állítása szerint a marketingkoncepció/piacorientáció alkalmazásában a legnagyobb korlátot a rendelkezésre állószűkös erőforrások (pénz, idő, képességek) jelentik.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: L26, M14, M31
The Conditions of and Requirements for the Formation of Clusters in Biotechnology
Authors: Domonkos David
Published: July 2016

In this article, with the help of the value chain model, I explain the functioning of biotech clusters. The “cluster” phrase was originally defined by Porter. In my opinion, the problem with Porter’s and other classical definitions of a cluster is that they are static, whereas the main feature of clusters’ is actually their dynamic nature. This is the reason why the following should also be included in the definition:– clusters emerge in a turbulent way: processes cannot be foreseen due to the lack of linearity.– a cluster, however, is a kind of an arena, because dense and changing vertical input-output relations and connections between horizontal organizations always generate a sort of a need for change.– clusters cause changes in the innovation policy, as they support the evolution of a policy which is appropriate for cluster formation. That is, they act as catalysts for the formation of better conditions.Accordingly, Porter’s original definition needs modification.

JEL classification: O32, L25, L65, D80
munkaerő-piaci intézmények hatásai a foglalkoztatásra szektorális megközelítésben
Authors: Máté Domicián
Published: July 2016

Az utóbbi években ismét felerősödtek a munkaerő-piaci intézmények szerepével kapcsolatos viták. A vizsgálatok azonban mára már nem elsősorban a miért léteznek és hogyan jöttek létre problémákra fokuszálnak, hanem sokkal inkább arra, hogy miért olyanok amilyenek és vajon milyen tényleges tartalommal bírnak a gazdasági szereplők számára. A tanulmányban a munkaerő-piaci intézmények közül a szakszervezetekre, a minimálbérekre, a munkanélküliek támogatására, valamint a piaci szabályozásra és politikákra koncentrálunk. Az empirikus elemzések eredményeként megállapítható, hogy a piaci és nem piaci szektorokban ezek eltérő módon befolyásolják a foglalkoztatás alakulását. Az elvégzett vizsgálatok továbbá rávilágítottak az időtényező releváns szerepére, ugyanis eltérő időtávokban ugyanazon intézmény különböző makrogazdasági hatásmechanizmusokat fejthet ki.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: J21, J45, E02.
Efficiency and resource allocation: the Hungarian managed health care system
Authors: Jona Gyorgy
Published: July 2016

The managed health care system (MHCS) was introduced and applied in Hungary between 1999 and 2009. The gradually expanding system covered only 22% of the population and included exclusively the curative-preventive health care, subsidy on medicaments, subsidy on therapeutic appliances and the spa service. Like anywhere else it was cost-effectiveness that was expected from the MHCS without the adverse effect in the quality of the health service. To decide whether the MHCS was successful in Hungary or not, we compare it with the results of those segments of the health system where the MHCS was not introduced. We use the method of the incremental cost analysis. We are making our comparison exclusively on the basis of health economics aspects, because no difference has evolved in the quality of the medical attendances. We will see that where the MHCS was applied, the medical attendance became cheaper, at those places where the MHCS was not applied the medical attendance became more expensive, causing a chronic financial deficit (137785 million HUF). Although the MHCS managed from less money, it gained 17767 million HUF during the mentioned ten years. We are going to present the general features of the MHCS and support the fact that the outcome of the managed care concept was rationalized and the savings in several segments of health care, by means of empirical evidence.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classification: I150, I180, G220, G320, H520.
Assessment of a relative contribution of terrestrial background radiation in the test field by using RADIAGEMTM 2000 portable survey meter
Authors: Avdic Senada , Gazdic Izet , Music Mersad , Pehlivanovic Beco
Published: July 2016

This study is focused on the radiological investigation of terrestrial gamma
radiation in the test field with soil samples from different minefields in
the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Measurements of ambient dose
equivalent rate, commonly referred to as ?air dose rate?, in the test field
located in the Tuzla Canton, were performed by RADIAGEMTM 2000 portable
survey meter, based on energy-compensated Geiger-Muller counter. Its
performances were tested in the laboratory conditions with gamma point
sources. Since all the samples in the test field were exposed to the same
cosmic radiation, there was a possibility to assess a relative contribution
of terrestrial gamma radiation due to soil samples of different composition.
One set of measurements in the test field was performed with RADIAGEMTM 2000,
at a height of about one meter above the ground and basic statistical
parameters indicated that there was no significant difference of terrestrial
gamma radiation from different soil samples. The other set of measurements
was carried out with the same device placed on the ground in the test field.
Processing of experimental data on terrestrial gamma radiation has shown that
it was possible to make a difference between relative contributions of
terrestrial gamma radiation from individual soil samples. The results of
investigation could be useful for multiple purposes of public interest.
Evaluating Longitudinal Mathematics Achievement Growth
Authors: Shanley Lina
Published: July 2016

Accurately measuring and modeling academic achievement growth is critical to support educational policy and practice. Using a nationally representative longitudinal data set, this study compared various models of mathematics achievement growth on the basis of both practical utility and optimal statistical fit and explored relationships within and between early and later mathematics growth parameters. Common patterns included a summer lag in achievement between kindergarten and Grade 1 and an association between achievement at kindergarten entry and later achievement. Notably, there were no statistically significant relationships between early and later rates of growth, and there was minimal variability in achievement growth in the late elementary and middle school grades. Challenges related to assessing academic achievement in the middle grades and modeling academic skill development are discussed.
Too Many Fancy Bottles! In Nepal's New Power Sector Institutions Electricity Development Decade 2072
Authors: Pun Santa Bahadur
Published: July 2016

Seven years after Prime Minister Dr. BR Bhattarai’s 38 Point programs to Mitigate National Electricity Crisis, the Energy Ministry of Prime Minister KP Sharma (Oli) recently unveiled another program to Eradicate National Electricity Crisis along with a concept paper and work plan on Electricity Development Decade 2072. This article will focus only with the Energy Ministry’s institutional arrangements. The Energy Ministry appears to have come to the grand conclusion that the present state of Bungled power crisis is all due to the Bundled NEA. Hence, the Ministry’s prescription has been to unbundle NEA down to its bare skeleton! There is not a word on the Department of Electricity Development or the Nepal Investment Board – both high caste thread-bearing organizations! It is hoped that a thorough Implementation Completion Report (ICR) will be conducted on three decades of bungled/bundled power sector in Nepal by the World Bank, now that the prodigal son has returned after the 1995 Arun III debacle. Without the findings of that ICR/PCR, the multilaterals should refrain from the itch to unload their one billion US$ excess baggage on Nepal’s power sector.HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 19Page: 6-10
Elusive Springs and Hard Questions
Authors: Butler Christopher
Published: July 2016

Not Available.HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 19Page: 16-16
Data Filtering Based Recursive and Iterative Least Squares Algorithms for Parameter Estimation of Multi-Input Output Systems
Authors: Ding Jiling
Published: July 2016

This paper discusses the parameter estimation problems of multi-input output-error autoregressive (OEAR) systems. By combining the auxiliary model identification idea and the data filtering technique, a data filtering based recursive generalized least squares (F-RGLS) identification algorithm and a data filtering based iterative least squares (F-LSI) identification algorithm are derived. Compared with the F-RGLS algorithm, the proposed F-LSI algorithm is more effective and can generate more accurate parameter estimates. The simulation results confirm this conclusion.
Plant Fibre: Molecular Structure and Biomechanical Properties, of a Complex Living Material, Influencing Its Deconstruction towards a Biobased Composite
Authors: Sorieul Mathias , Dickson Alan , Hill Stefan , Pearson Hamish
Published: July 2016

Plant cell walls form an organic complex composite material that fulfils various functions. The hierarchical structure of this material is generated from the integration of its elementary components. This review provides an overview of wood as a composite material followed by its deconstruction into fibres that can then be incorporated into biobased composites. Firstly, the fibres are defined, and their various origins are discussed. Then, the organisation of cell walls and their components are described. The emphasis is on the molecular interactions of the cellulose microfibrils, lignin and hemicelluloses in planta. Hemicelluloses of diverse species and cell walls are described. Details of their organisation in the primary cell wall are provided, as understanding of the role of hemicellulose has recently evolved and is likely to affect our perception and future study of their secondary cell wall homologs. The importance of the presence of water on wood mechanical properties is also discussed. These sections provide the basis for understanding the molecular arrangements and interactions of the components and how they influence changes in fibre properties once isolated. A range of pulping processes can be used to individualise wood fibres, but these can cause damage to the fibres. Therefore, issues relating to fibre production are discussed along with the dispersion of wood fibres during extrusion. The final section explores various ways to improve fibres obtained from wood.