bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENYULUHAN TENTANG PEMBUATAN SABUN CUCI PIRING DARI LIDAH BUAYA
Authors: Indrasari Ferika , Toyo Eleonora Maryeta , Solichah Ayu Ina , Suwarni Sri , Widiyaningrum Anggita Suci
Published: January 2024

Sabun cuci piring merupakan pembersih yang dibuat dengan reaksi kimia antara kalium atau natrium dengan asam lemak dari minyak nabati atau lemak hewani. Permasalahan yang sering terjadi pada sabun cuci piring adalah adanya Dermatitis Kontak Iritan yang merupakan efek sitotoksik pada kulit berupa reaksi peradangan non imunologik melalui jalur eksogen ataupun endogen yang berkontak langsung dengan tubuh. Lidah buaya (Aloe vera) merupakan tanaman serba guna untuk kesehatan. Karena memiliki banyak manfaat dan khasiat bagi kehidupan manusia maka tanaman ini mendapatkan julukan tanaman ajaib. Komposisi serat pangan dalam tanaman lidah buaya anatara lain meliputi, selulosa, substansi pektat, lignin dan mannan.  Tujuan : untuk memberikan pengetahuan tentang cara pembuatan sabun cuci piring dari lidah buaya. Metode : pengukuran pengetahuan awal dan akhir dengan mengisi kuisioner, untuk penyuluhannya dilakukan dengan ceramah/presentasi, diskusi, dan tanya jawab. Hasil : penyuluhan yang dilaksanakan telah berjalan sesuai rencana dan berhasil dengan baik. Hasil evaluasi sebelum (pretest) dan sesudah penyuluhan (post-test), terlihat bahwa nilai signifikansinya 0,000 (< 0,05). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan bagi responden setelah diadakan kegiatan penyuluhan.
International Comparison of Constitutional Reform Processes in Terms of the Requirements of Indirect and Direct Democracy
Authors: Kitamura Takashi
Published: January 2024

This paper is an international comparison of the requirements for indirect and direct democracy in the constitutional revision process. It aims to examine whether a “comparison with other countries’ constitutional revision procedures” is a valid basis for amending Article 96 of the Constitution of Japan by making an international comparison of the requirements for indirect and direct democracy in the constitutional revision process.
Alternativas para proteger a las víctimas de las noticias falsas en Tarija, Bolivia
Authors: Vásquez Fernández Bernardino Jesús
Published: January 2024

La desinformación, más conocida como las noticias falsas o fake news, limitan nuestra libertad de expresión y debilitan los sistemas democráticos; así, la era de la posverdad afecta a nuestra sociedad apelando más a las emociones que a la razón. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es generar material que permita trazar estrategias de educación, para proteger a las principales víctimas de las noticias falsas. La investigación se desarrolló mediante revisión documental y la aplicación de encuestas de opinión a mayores de 15 años en una población estimada de 157522 personas que viven en la zona urbana de la ciudad de Tarija - Bolivia. Los resultados destacados señalan que las redes sociales más utilizadas son el Facebook y Whastapp. Se determinó que los tipos de noticias falsas que más circulan son los engaños económicos con otros tipos de estafas; las apariciones y temas sobrenaturales; así como el desprestigio a personas específicas. Las principales razones para difundir noticias falsas son la necesidad de compartir material de utilidad y contenido simplemente interesante, siendo los mayores de 51 años, jubilados, mujeres y personas encargadas de las labores del hogar los que más difunden este tipo de noticias. Otro resultado señala que las noticias falsas generan ira o sorpresa, convirtiendo a los usuarios en víctimas y emisores de contenido engañoso al mismo tiempo. Se evidencia la urgencia de generar una cultura de educación digital que permita hacer un uso responsable de las redes sociales para fortalecer nuestra libertad de expresión y valores democráticos.
En voldtægtsmand på din vej
Authors: Thygesen Alexander Ulrich
Published: January 2024

This article studies how the Chilean street performance Un violador en tu camino reorganized what Jacques Rancière calls the distribution of the sensible and simultaneously facilitated the emergence of new collective subjects. Theoretically anchored in Ann Rigney’s memory-activism nexus, it explores the performance’s role as part of an inherited Chilean protest repertoire, while arguing that the performance’s redistribution of the sensible and inherent collectivization of experiences did not only affect contemporary conditions, but also the remembrance of the past. The article demonstrates that Un violador en tu camino is an integrated part of a decades-long tradition of performative activist interventions in the public space in Chile and therefore serves as an example of how activists learn from earlier social movements and repurpose their practices in new contexts of contention. Furthermore, through the analysis of the performance’s lyrics, choreography, visual expression, and placement in the public space, the article concludes that the performance made visible the continuity of state perpetrated sexual violence in Chile: from the military dictatorship to the estallido social protest wave in 2019-2020 that together with the coherent emergence of new collective subjects, united activists from different generations in a multitemporal denouncement of the patriarchy’s abuse.
De fyrstefødte og fyrsteløse
Authors: Ulvedahl Carlsen Rikke
Published: January 2024

With a deconstructive method and theoretical starting point in Raewyn Connell’s theory of masculinity as well as various queer theoretical perspectives, this article examines the gender-critical potential of Cecilie Eken’s science-fiction trilogy for children The Karana Galaxy (2018-2019). The thematic interpretation points to an unraveling of conventional gender perceptions in which diversity triumphs over conformity. But does the text indeed break with heteronormative assumptions, or are the descriptions of gender and sexuality (or the lack thereof) more like a modified version of gender binarism? The analysis shows that The Karana Galaxy both transcends and respects the logics of the heterosexual matrix. At the surface level of the text, the genders in the galaxy are defined by compulsory heterosexuality. At the same time, the text’s depiction of female masculinity breaks with these logics. Thus, the text can be interpreted as a homoerotic love relationship between a man and a masculine woman. However, the text’s bid to portray alternative forms of gender identities seems to contradict such a reading. Overall, the article therefore concludes that although the conventional understanding of masculinity and femininity is modified in The Karana Galaxy, the text’s constructions of gender and sexuality are still shaped by binary logics.
At sætte kønnet på begreb
Authors: Ploug Anna Cornelia
Published: January 2024

Anmeldelse af

Judith Butler:Kroppe af betydning

Klim, Aarhus, 2023. Oversat af Peter Borum
Universalismos en disputa y convergencia: jesuitas, letrados y los primeros relatos en China sobre el “descubrimiento” y la evangelización de América
Authors: Vidal Kunstmann José Miguel
Published: January 2024

Objetivo/Contexto: Este artículo investiga cómo siete letrados de las dinastías Ming (1368-1644) y Qing (1644-1912), cuyas obras versan sobre la geografía e historia mundial, interactuaron y negociaron con las narrativas jesuitas en chino sobre el “descubrimiento” y evangelización de América. El objetivo principal es dilucidar las diferencias y similitudes entre las perspectivas de ambas partes sobre estos eventos, resaltando el papel que el encuentro entre los universalismos del confucianismo y el cristianismo jugó en dichas interpretaciones. Metodología: Se emplea un análisis textual, comparativo e histórico-contextual, enmarcado en las perspectivas teóricas de Nicolas Standaert y Pingyi Chu sobre el encuentro sino-jesuita como un caso de intercambio cultural. En él se negociaron conocimientos mediante la selección de elementos textuales y de la reestructuración de marcos conceptuales. Con ello, se contrastan las narrativas sobre el “descubrimiento” y evangelización de América en obras chinas con la descripción jesuita sobre estos eventos, y se investigan los factores contextuales que determinaron tanto la creación de estas narrativas por parte de la misión jesuita en China como las reacciones de letrados chinos hacia ellas. Originalidad: Este es un estudio pionero en examinar la recepción de los primeros relatos en China sobre contactos euroamericanos. Busca contribuir al campo de la historia intelectual china y global, al poner en discusión cómo un evento fundacional de la cosmovisión europea fue resignificado desde diversas perspectivas por letrados chinos interesados en incorporar los relatos sobre el “descubrimiento” en sus obras y en integrarlos en el camino del universalismo confuciano. Conclusiones: Las narrativas sobre estos eventos fueron espacios discursivos donde tuvieron lugar disputas y convergencias entre los proyectos civilizadores del cristianismo y el confucianismo. El modo en que letrados chinos las integraron en sus trabajos refleja cómo la transmisión de la visión de mundo cristiano se sometió a marcos locales que reforzaron ideas etnocéntricas. Inevitablemente, esto condujo a la emergencia de interpretaciones alternativas a la europea sobre la historia de América en la China imperial tardía. Esto último desafió la mirada etnocéntrica europea, que en buena medida se fundamentó en el “descubrimiento” y evangelización de América, y muestra cómo los letrados chinos usaron sus narrativas para la defensa de su propia civilización.
Primary Angiitis of Central Nervous System related intracranial aneurysm with spontaneous occlusion after immunomodulatory treatment
Authors: John Seby , Khan Muhammad , Kesav Praveen , Raj Divya , Hussain Syed Irteza
Published: January 2024

Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS) is an uncommon disease with kaleidoscopic clinical manifestations. Ischemic strokes are commoner than their hemorrhagic counterpart. Intracranial pseudoaneurysms are rarely reported in PACNS cohorts. We hereby describe the case of a 39-year-old female, who presented for evaluation of acute onset of left middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic stroke, with cerebral angiogram showing multifocal stenosis and irregularities in intracranial blood vessels with an aneurysm arising from the lenticulostriate branch of the left MCA M1 segment. A diagnosis of probable PACNS was made and patient initiated on immunomodulatory treatment with corticosteroids. 12 weeks follow up neuroimaging studies revealed resolution of the previously described intracranial aneurysm, thereby postulating the possibility of a pseudoaneurysm related to the underlying angiitis.
The structural repertoire of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici effectors revealed by experimental and computational studies
Authors: Yu Daniel S. , Outram Megan A. , Smith Ashley , McCombe Carl L. , Khambalkar Pravin B. , Rima Sharmin A. , Sun Xizhe , Ma Lisong , Ericsson Daniel J. , Jones David A. , Williams Simon J.
Published: January 2024

Plant pathogens secrete proteins, known as effectors, that function in the apoplast or inside plant cells to promote virulence. Effector recognition by cell-surface or cytosolic receptors results in the activation of defence pathways and plant immunity. Despite their importance, our general understanding of fungal effector function and recognition by immunity receptors remains poor. One complication often associated with effectors is their high sequence diversity and lack of identifiable sequence motifs precluding prediction of structure or function. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated that fungal effectors can be grouped into structural classes, despite significant sequence variation and existence across taxonomic groups. Using protein x-ray crystallography, we identify a new structural class of effectors hidden within the secreted in xylem (SIX) effectors from
Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp.
lycopersici
(
Fol
). The recognised effectors Avr1 (SIX4) and Avr3 (SIX1) represent the founding members of the

Fol
d

ual-domain (FOLD) effector class, with members containing two distinct domains. Using AlphaFold2, we predicted the full SIX effector repertoire of
Fol
and show that SIX6 and SIX13 are also FOLD effectors, which we validated experimentally for SIX6. Based on structural prediction and comparisons, we show that FOLD effectors are present within three divisions of fungi and are expanded in pathogens and symbionts. Further structural comparisons demonstrate that
Fol
secretes effectors that adopt a limited number of structural folds during infection of tomato. This analysis also revealed a structural relationship between transcriptionally co-regulated effector pairs. We make use of the Avr1 structure to understand its recognition by the I receptor, which leads to disease resistance in tomato. This study represents an important advance in our understanding of
Fol-
tomato, and by extension plant-fungal interactions, which will assist the development of novel control and engineering strategies to combat plant pathogens.
Aβ-driven nuclear pore complex dysfunction alters activation of necroptosis proteins in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Bansal Vibhavari Aysha , Tan Jia Min , Soon Hui Rong , Zainolabidin Norliyana , Saito Takashi , Ch’ng Toh Hean
Published: January 2024

The emergence of Aβ pathology is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the mechanisms and impact of Aβ in progression of the disease is unclear. The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a multi-protein assembly in mammalian cells that regulates movement of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope and its function is shown to undergo age-dependent decline during normal aging and is also impaired in multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Yet not much is known about the impact of Aβ on NPC function in neurons. Here, we examined NPC and nucleoporin (NUP) distribution and nucleocytoplasmic transport using a mouse model of AD (

App
NL-G-F/NL-G-F

) that expresses Aβ in young animals. Our studies revealed that a time-dependent accumulation of intracellular Aβ corresponded with a reduction of NPCs and NUPs in the nuclear envelope which resulted in the degradation of the permeability barrier and inefficient segregation of nucleocytoplasmic proteins, and active transport. As a result of the NPC dysfunction AD neurons become more vulnerable to inflammation-induced necroptosis – a programmed cell death pathway where the core components are activated via phosphorylation through nucleocytoplasmic shutting. Collectively, our data implicates Aβ in progressive impairment of nuclear pore function and further confirms that the protein complex is vulnerable to disruption in various neurodegenerative diseases and is a potential therapeutic target.
Loss of CTRP10 results in female obesity with preserved metabolic health
Authors: Chen Fangluo , Sarver Dylan C. , Saqib Muzna , Velez Leandro M , Aja Susan , Seldin Marcus M. , Wong G. William
Published: January 2024

Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. Intriguingly, there is a subset of metabolically healthy obese (MHO) individuals who are seemingly able to maintain a healthy metabolic profile free of metabolic syndrome. The molecular underpinnings of MHO, however, are not well understood. Here, we report that CTRP10/C1QL2-deficient mice represent a unique female model of MHO. CTRP10 modulates weight gain in a striking and sexually dimorphic manner. Female, but not male, mice lacking CTRP10 develop obesity with age on a low-fat diet while maintaining an otherwise healthy metabolic profile. When fed an obesogenic diet, female
Ctrp10
knockout (KO) mice show rapid weight gain. Despite pronounced obesity,
Ctrp10
KO female mice do not develop steatosis, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, or low-grade inflammation. Obesity is largely uncoupled from metabolic dysregulation in female KO mice. Multi-tissue transcriptomic analyses highlighted gene expression changes and pathways associated with insulin-sensitive obesity. Transcriptional correlation of the differentially expressed gene (DEG) orthologous in humans also show sex differences in gene connectivity within and across metabolic tissues, underscoring the conserved sex-dependent function of CTRP10. Collectively, our findings suggest that CTRP10 negatively regulates body weight in females, and that loss of CTRP10 results in benign obesity with largely preserved insulin sensitivity and metabolic health. This female MHO mouse model is valuable for understanding sex-biased mechanisms that uncouple obesity from metabolic dysfunction.
Effect of Drought Stress at Growth and Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Fatima Sana , Aslam Romail , Shahzadi Kiran , Awan Hafsa , Nadeem Muhammad , Shabir Minahil , Shafiq Yousuf , Hamid Mahek
Published: January 2024

One of the most important environmental factors that can has the significant effects on growth and development of the plant is drought stress. Drought condition causes the plant to undergo several physiological and biochemical changes that may have an impact on how well it functions overall. Peas belongs to a family Leguminosae which is cultivated as an edible seed all over the world which have the high nutritional importance. They are an effective source of fiber, vitamins, minerals, and plant-based protein. Legumes are essential for crop rotation because they fix nitrogen in the soil, enhancing soil fertility and lowering the demand for artificial fertilizers. Around 9,000 years ago, this crop has been cultivated in the Near East and the Mediterranean region. By altering numerous physiological and biochemical processes, including photosynthesis, water uptake, and nutrient assimilation, drought stress can drastically lower the productivity of this crop due to the numerous alterations of physiological and biochemical process such as photosynthesis, water absorption ratio and nutrients uptakes. Lack of water can cause pea plants to grow slowly, have fewer leaves, and causes the crop production decline. Drought stress not only affects growth and photosynthesis but also has the potential to affect the reproductive development of plants. Not only can drought stress cause fewer flowers to be formed, but it can also cause the size and weight of the seeds to diminish. Additionally, it might lead to a decline in pea quality and production. Pea plants have a number of defense mechanisms to deal with drought stress, such as altered root systems, osmotic adjustment, the synthesis of antioxidants, and stomatal modulation. The activation of genes that control the synthesis of osmo-protectants, including proline and sugars, as well as the expression of stress-responsive proteins, like LEA proteins and chaperones, is part of the molecular defense system against drought. by understanding the effect of drought stress and its mechanism activated under the stress condition to tolerate this stress.
Diverse Ocular Affections in Bovines : A Study of 33 Clinical Cases
Authors: Sharma Rohit Kumar , Das Jagdish , Sharma Manish , Sharma Shiv Kumar
Published: January 2024

The present clinical study on diagnosis and management of diverse ocular affectionswas conductedon 33clinical cases of both cattle and buffaloes at College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Navania, Udaipur, Rajasthan. The aim of the study was to determine different ocular structures in bovines. All the findings like, incidence, case history, age, sex, breed, general body condition and clinical observations of various ocular affections were recorded with managemental practices and associated outcomes during the period from Feb. 2021 to Dec. 2021. More than 150(presented in medicine, surgery and gynaecology department) bovines were screened for various eye disorders by a thorough clinical and feasible ophthalmological examinations (like menace reflex test, corneal reflex test, papillary light reflexes test, Schirmer’s tear test, fluorescein dye test, obstacle course test, dazzle reflex test). Diverse ocular disorders like eyelid lacerations, conjunctivitis, adenexal growth, corneal ulcers/erosions, full thickness corneal defects, iris protrusion (lens protrusion with penetrating cornea), dermoids, cataract, etc. were diagnosed and managed with possible treatment available during study.
Nutri-Gardens: A Way to Manage Malnutrition and Ensure Food Security
Authors: Selvarani K.  , Subathra B.
Published: January 2024

Aims: This opinion article aims to discuss about the origin of Nutri-garden and different designs of Nutri-garden and its major contributions on eradicating malnutrition/under nutrition and ensuring food security and diet diversity in India.

Origin: Nutri-garden is the advanced form of home/kitchen garden and the recent awareness on importance of Nutri-garden /Poshan Vatikas is created by Union Ministry of Women and Child Development and the Ministry of Ayush, Government of India.

Nutri-Garden Layout and Model: Generally, circular and rectangle designs are followed in Nutri-garden. Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bengaluru, preferred rectangular shape Nutri-garden when compared to square shape garden.

Impacts of Nutri-Garden on Nutritional/Health Disorders: Fruits and vegetable are the important sources of micronutrients needed for disease and disorder free life. Healthier diets can be maintained by consuming fruits and vegetables, the supplementation of macro and micronutrients from fruits and vegetables maintain healthy blood pressure, fiber content in fruits and vegetables reduces blood cholesterol and lowers the risk of heart diseases.

Nutri-garden Design, Development and Dissemination: For individual family the Nutri-garden can be designed according to the family members requirements and the availability of land. If the garden designed and developed for particular location by KVKs and Research Institutes can be disseminated through various trainings and rural women and Self Help Groups (SHGs).

Nutri-garden for Self-sustainability under Climate Change: Global development practitioners have attempted to capture the diverse coping mechanisms and adaptive tactics used by the farming community. Kitchen gardening is one such strategy that improves farm-family resilience in the face of climate change

Conclusion: Nutri-garden is the efficient tool to combat against human malnutrition and health disorders. The low farm yield under climate change can be compensated through increasing number of self sustained Nutri-Gardens. Nutri-Garden shall be maintained also in School campus and public buildings. Nutri-garden ensures the house hold nutritional security and it is the cheapest strategy to maintain human health.
Principal Component Analysis of Grain Yield and its Attributing Traits in Recombinant Inbred Lines of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Developed for Submergence Tolerance
Authors: Vaidya Nairita , Nayak Gyanisha , Parida Madhuchhanda , Parameswaran C.  , Sharma R. S. , Verma Ramlakhan , Katara J. L. , Samantaray Sanghamitra , Sharma Stuti , Nema Sushma , Gaur V. S. , Kumar Aashish , Ramakrishnan R. Shiv
Published: January 2024

Submergence is an important abiotic stress affecting yield and productivity of rice. There are many landraces such as AC 42088, AC 42087 and AC 38575 which show tolerance to long duration flooding. These landraces can be used as donors in breeding programs for development of improved varieties which show increased yield as well as tolerance to submergence. To study the variability in yield and its attributing traits in the population, principal component analysis was carried out. The present investigation was studied in recombinant inbred lines (RIL) population consisting of 120 lines where principal component analysis was carried out on different agromorphological traits viz. days to fifty percent flowering, plant height, panicle length, total tillers per plant, number of effective tillers per plant, number of filled grains and Spikelet fertility, test weight, grain yield per plant, biomass per plant and harvest index to assess the relative contribution of various traits towards total variability. It was found that first five components with Eigen values greater than 1 accounted for 74.33% of total explained variability. The highest positive eigenvalue was observed for plant height and panicle length in PC1, revealing their maximum contribution to variation in the lines.
Optimizing Fodder Sorghum Quality: Unveiling the Impact of Varied Nitrogen Levels in Multicut Genotypes
Authors: Mopagar Manjunath Madhukar , Venkatesha, M. M.  , Goudra Shivanand , Emmiganur Kiran , Kavyashee, C.
Published: January 2024

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of varied levels of nitrogen on the quality of multicut fodder sorghum genotypes at the ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra in Vijayapur, during the Kharif 2019–20 under irrigated conditions. The soil, characterized by a clay texture, exhibited a medium level of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium availability. The experiment involved two fodder sorghum genotypes (CoFS-29 & CoFS-31) and five nitrogen levels (100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 kg N ha-1), arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. The genotype CoFS-29 and CoFS-31 are multicut fodder sorghum varieties, one can harvest 5-6 cuts in one year at 60 days interval. The crop has highly succulent leaves and stem, the green fodder is highly relished by cattle. It contains high protein and less crude fibre and hence higher digestibility. The study aimed to assess the nutritional quality and yield of multicut fodder sorghum comprising genotypes and nitrogen levels. Results indicated that the CoFS-31 genotype outperformed CoFS-29, demonstrating higher yields in terms of crude protein (438 kg ha-1), crude fiber (1237 kg ha-1), green fodder (130.49 t ha-1), and dry matter (29.67 t ha-1). Furthermore, in comparison to lower nitrogen levels across all cuttings, the application of 200 kg N ha-1 significantly increased yields in crude protein (554 kg ha-1), crude fiber (1495 kg ha-1), green fodder (154.32 t ha-1), and dry matter (34.97 t ha-1). The study concludes that the application of 200 kg N ha-1 enhances the yield of green forage and improves the quality of fodder produced by multicut fodder sorghum genotypes.
RUS ELÇİSİ FİLİPP NAZAROV’UN GÖZÜYLE 19. YÜZYILIN BAŞLARINDA HOKAND HANLIĞI
Authors: Kara Gülnar
Published: January 2024

19. yüzyılın başlarında Çarlık Rusya’sının en az bilgi sahibi olduğu ülkelerden biri Hokand Hanlığıydı. Coğrafi açıdan stratejik önemi olan bir bölgede bulunan hanlığın giderek güçlenmesi ve izlediği yayılmacı politika Rusya’nın dikkatini çekmekteydi. Ayrıca tarımsal üretim bakımından verimli topraklara sahip olması ve ticaret yollarının kesiştiği noktada bulunması da önemli bir faktördü. İngiltere’nin de Türkistan hanlıklarına ilgisinin artması bu sömürgeci iki büyük gücün rekabetini körüklemekteydi. Bütün bunlar Çarlık Rusya’sının Hokand Hanlığı ile ilişkilerini geliştirmek istemesindeki önemli etkenler arasındaydı. Hokand-Rusya ilişkilerinin oluşmasına bu sırada Rusya’nın himayesini kabul etmiş olan bazı Kazak hanları ve sultanları aracılık etmişlerdir. Böylece 19. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Rus elçileri, tüccarları ve seyyahları farklı zamanlarda Hokand Hanlığı’na gelmişlerdir. Onlardan birçoğu casusluk görevi de yaptığından dolayı topladıkları bilgiler nesnel ve önemliydi, kendi mesleki ilgi alanlarına göre verileri kaydetmişlerdi. Bu çalışmada Hokand Hanlığı’na ilk gelen elçilerinden biri olan F. Nazarov’un yaklaşık bir yıl kadar kaldığı Hokand Hanlığı’nda geçirdiği süre ve seyahati boyunca elde ettiği bilgiler diğer kaynaklarla karşılaştırılmak suretiyle irdelenmiştir.
The history of the radon problem in mines and homes
Authors: Jacobi W.
Published: April 2004

The radon saga is a scientific thriller with tragic features and political confounders. The historical roots of this saga reach back to the 15th century. It is a field full of dilemmas, controversies and frustrations, some of which still persist. One should learn from this history which has been described in part by Schüttmann (1988) and Stannard (1988).
GDNF augments survival and differentiation of TH‐positive neurons in neural progenitor cells
Authors: Sun Zhao‐hui , Lai Yan‐lai , Li Peng , Zuo Huan‐cong , Xie Zuo‐ping
Published: April 2004

GDNF plays an important role in the survival and differentiation of primary dopaminergic neurons, but it requires multiple factors for its entire range of activities. This study investigated the effects of GDNF and its cofactors on the development of bFGF‐responsive neural progenitor cells (NPCs), mesencephalic and cortical progenitor cells (MP and CP). Various factors were found to have significant inductive effects on the survival and maintenance of these cells in late developmental stages. MP had greater potential than CP to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons. Treatment of NPCs with GDNF and its cofactors enhanced MAP‐2 and TH expression, particularly the latter. These findings suggest that NPCs, particularly MP, could develop into more specific neurons if the appropriate factors were applied during the final cell fate specification. They might thus become beneficial sources of donor cells in the treatment of neurological disorders.
Alcohol consumption and other maternal risk factors for fetal alcohol syndrome among three distinct samples of women before, during, and after pregnancy: The risk is relative
Authors: May Philip A. , Gossage J. Phillip , White‐Country Mary , Goodhart Karen , Decoteau Sara , Trujillo Phyllis M. , Kalberg Wendy O. , Viljoen Denis L. , Hoyme H. Eugene
Published: April 2004

Data were obtained from three samples of women of childbearing age. One sample of women is from prenatal clinics serving Plains Indian women. The second sample is of women from the Plains whose children were referred to special diagnostic developmental clinics, as their children were believed to have developmental issues consistent with prenatal alcohol consumption. The third sample is of women from South Africa, each of whom has given birth to a child diagnosed with full fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Data across samples conform to expected trends on many variables. For example, the maternal age at time of pregnancy, a major risk factor for FAS, ranged from a mean of 23.5 years for the prenatal clinic sample, to 23.8 years for the developmental clinic sample, to 27.6 for the sample of women who have delivered children with FAS. Other variables of maternal risk for FAS expected from the extant literature, such as high gravidity and parity, binge drinking, heavy intergenerational drinking in the mother's extended family and immediate social network, and length of drinking career, were compared across the three samples with variable results. However, normative measures of drinking problems are unreliable when reported across cultures. An unexpected finding from this three‐sample comparison was the differential risk found when comparing U.S. women to South African women. Women in the U.S. Plains Indian samples report a high consumption of alcohol in a binge pattern of drinking, yet there is less detectable damage to the fetus than among the South African women. Body mass index (BMI) and lifelong and current nutrition may have a substantial impact, along with the above factors, in relative risk for an FAS birth. The level of risk for producing a child with FAS is influenced by environmental and behavioral conditions that vary between populations and among individual women. Also, because many syndromes are genetically based, there is a need for full behavioral and genetic histories of the mother, family, and child being studied. Collecting extensive behavioral information as well as genetic histories will provide the requisite information for making an accurate diagnosis of FAS. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primate phylogeny, evolutionary rate variations, and divergence times: A contribution from the nuclear gene IRBP
Authors: Poux Céline , Douzery Emmanuel J.P.
Published: April 2004

The first third (ca. 1200 bp) of exon 1 of the nuclear gene encoding the interstitial retinoid‐binding protein (IRBP) has been sequenced for 12 representative primates belonging to Lemuriformes, Lorisiformes, Tarsiiformes, Platyrrhini, and Catarrhini, and combined with available data (13 other primates, 11 nonprimate placentals, and 2 marsupials). Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood on nucleotides and amino acids robustly support the monophyly of primates, Strepsirrhini, Lemuriformes, Lorisiformes, Anthropoidea, Catarrhini, and Platyrrhini. It is interesting to note that 1) Tarsiidae grouped with Anthropoidea, and the support for this node depends on the molecular characters considered; 2) Cheirogaleidae grouped within Lemuriformes; and 3) Daubentonia was the sister group of all other Lemuriformes. Study of the IRBP evolutionary rate shows a high heterogeneity within placentals and also within primates. Maximum likelihood local molecular clocks were assigned to three clades displaying significantly contrasted evolutionary rates. Paenungulata were shown to evolve 2.5–3 times faster than Perissodactyla and Lemuriformes. Six independent calibration points were used to estimate splitting ages of the main primate clades, and their compatibility was evaluated. Divergence ages were obtained for the following crown groups: 13.8–14.2 MY for Lorisiformes, 26.5–27.2 MY for Lemuroidea, 39.6–40.7 MY for Lemuriformes, 45.4–46.7 MY for Strepsirrhini, and 56.7–58.4 MY for Haplorrhini. The incompatibility between some paleontological and molecular estimates may reflect the incompleteness of the placental fossil record, and/or indicate that the variable IRBP evolutionary rates are not fully accommodated by local molecular clocks. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing intrasample variation: Analysis of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) museum cranial collections example
Authors: Stefan Vincent H.
Published: April 2004

Osteological studies both old and new have utilized various Polynesian cranial samples, individually or in combination, to assess the racial composition of prehistoric Polynesians as a group, with regards to other Pacific populations, or to represent the Polynesian peoples as a whole in various multivariate analyses of worldwide populations. However, few of these studies have assessed the degree of intrasample variation produced when data derived from skeletal samples from different Polynesian islands (populations) are pooled to represent “Polynesians” as a whole. A similar argument can be made when data derived from various museum skeletal samples of the same Polynesian population are pooled to produce a larger sample representing that particular Polynesian population (Murrill [1968] Cranial and postcranial skeletal remains from Easter Island; Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; Stefan [2002] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. [Suppl.]34:147). This study examined Easter Island crania curated at various museums in North America, South America, and Europe to assess whether significant differences exist among the museum collections of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) skeletal material. A NORM statistical program (Schafer and Olsen [1997] NORM, version 1.01; University Park: Pennsylvania State University) for multiple imputation of incomplete multivariate datasets was utilized to estimate missing data. A variance comparison method, which utilizes variance/covariance matrices derived from “hypothesis” and “baseline/reference” samples (Key and Jantz [1990] Hum. Evol.5:457–469; Key and Jantz [1990] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.82:53–59) was used to compare the Rapa Nui museum samples. This method is designed to test whether variability in a “hypothesis” museum sample exceeds “normal within‐group variability” represented by the “baseline/reference” sample. The method was applied to six Rapa Nui museum samples (AANMW, MNHN‐KB, MNHN‐NAE, NHM, MH, and AMNH). The results indicate that the museum “hypothesis,” male and female samples, exhibited little intrasample variability from the “baseline/reference” sample (MAPSE), though the samples were collected at different times and by different individuals. These results show the ability of multiple imputation and variance comparison methodologies to predict missing variables while maintaining the inherent variance/covariance structure and to discriminate sample variation in artificially assembled samples. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dental health of elderly confederate veterans: Evidence from the Texas State Cemetery
Authors: Wols Helen Danzeiser , Baker Joan E.
Published: April 2004

Analysis of the skeletal remains of 50 Confederate veterans provided a unique opportunity to explore the dental health of a geriatric sample. These men, who died between 1907–1932, had an average age at death of 76.7 years. Ninety percent were institutionalized at the Confederate Home for Men (Austin, TX) prior to their deaths. This elderly sample was assessed in terms of caries, antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), abscesses, and linear enamel hypoplasias. On a per tooth basis, the AMTL rate was 57.2%. Of 39 dentate men, 33 (84.6%) had dental caries, and 24.4% (121 of 496) of teeth were carious. Ten (25.0%) of the dentate men had hypoplastic teeth. At least one abscess was seen in 14 (28%) of 50 individuals. Results from this geriatric institutionalized sample are compared to contemporaneous historical samples. Disparities in dental health among these groups may be due to differences in average age at death, and these comparisons allow a better understanding of dental changes that occur with age. The sample is also compared to modern elderly samples: modern groups have higher caries rates, possibly because they retained more teeth. This finding may be due in part to diets in the United States becoming increasingly cariogenic over time. In addition, dental care has moved from the reactive practices seen in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (such as tooth extractions) to modern proactive solutions dedicated to preserving and restoring teeth (such as tooth brushing, fluoride treatments, and dental fillings). Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regional isolation in the Balkan region: An analysis of craniofacial variation
Authors: Ross Ann H.
Published: April 2004

Biological variation is investigated among contemporary Croatians, Bosnians, American whites, and other multitemporal Balkan populations (World War II Croatians, Macedonians, and Greeks) via multivariate statistics and distance measures of the craniofacial complex. This study demonstrates that there is considerable variation among groups of European ancestry. Bosnians and Croatians who are thought to be relatively homogenous and historically to originate from the same Slav ancestry show local variations. While environmental plasticity has been used to explain cranial changes among human groups, it does not adequately explain the variation observed between Bosnians and Croatians. It is an oversimplification to exclusively attribute the vast range of variability observed among local as well as geographic populations to environmental adaptations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal change in terrestriality of chimpanzees in relation to microclimate in the tropical forest
Authors: Takemoto Hiroyuki
Published: April 2004

Seasonal change in time spent for terrestrial behavior of chimpanzees was investigated from the viewpoint of the distribution of food and microclimate in the forest at Bossou, Guinea, West Africa. Daily and monthly data for activity budgets of three focal animals, climatic variables in the forest, and indices of fruit availability and distribution of fruit‐bearing trees were estimated and analyzed. Mean activity budgets calculated by monthly means were 23.4% for terrestrial behavior (range, 2.9% in August to 42.1% in November) and 76.6% for arboreal behavior. Chimpanzees spent more time on the ground in warm or dry months. Chimpanzees also spent less time in trees in months with high fruit production (trees of diameter at breast height ≥10 cm). The daily percentage of terrestrial behavior showed a positive correlation with maximum temperature and a negative correlation with the minimum humidity of the day. Only maximum temperature of the observation day influenced time spent on the ground significantly, as analyzed by generalized linear models (GLZ), which included all variables (fruit production, distribution of fruit‐bearing trees, and climatic variables). It was concluded that the reason why arboreal behavior increased in the rainy season was not owing to the vertical distribution of food, but rather in order to reduce thermoregulation costs by resting in trees during cool periods and taking advantage of the vertical structure of the microclimate in the tropical forest (i.e., higher temperatures in higher positions). Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of Pst‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PSt copolymers by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Peng Hui , Cheng Shiyuan , Fan Zhiqiang
Published: April 2004

Polystyrene‐b‐poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐b‐polystyrene (Pst‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PSt) triblock copolymers were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Commercially available difunctional PDMS containing vinylsilyl terminal species was reacted with hydrogen bromide, resulting in the PDMS macroinitiators for the ATRP of styrene (St). The latter procedure was carried out at 130°C in a phenyl ether solution with CuCl and 4, 4′‐di (5‐nonyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine (dNbpy) as the catalyzing system. By using this technique, triblock copolymers consisting of a PDMS center block and polystyrene terminal blocks were synthesized. The polymerization was controllable; ATRP of St from those macroinitiators showed linear increases in Mn with conversion. The block copolymers were characterized with IR and 1H‐NMR. The effects of molecular weight of macroinitiators, macroinitiator concentration, catalyst concentration, and temperature on the polymerization were also investigated. Thermodynamic data and activation parameters for the ATRP are reported. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3764–3770, 2004
The effect of maleic anhydride modified polypropylene on the mechanical properties of feather fiber, kraft pulp, polypropylene composites
Authors: Bullions T. A. , Gillespie R. A. , Price‐O'Brien J. , Loos A. C.
Published: April 2004

Composites made of feather fiber (Ff), kraft pulp fiber (Pf), polypropylene (PP), and maleic anhydride modified polypropylene (MaPP) were tested in tension and three‐point bend tests. Composite panels were compression molded from multiple plies of nonwoven, fabric‐like prepreg manufactured with wetlay papermaking equipment. Composites containing all four materials were manufactured with MaPP substitutions for PP of 0–10 wt % at 2 wt % increments. The best mechanical properties were observed with a substitution of 8 wt % MaPP. Composites containing either Pf or Ff were manufactured with MaPP substitutions for PP of 0, 4, and 8 wt %; mechanical properties improved with increases in MaPP content. The improvements in mechanical properties were attributed to fiber/matrix interface improvement by the addition of MaPP. Scanning electron microscopy revealed evidence of improved interfacial bonding on the tensile fracture surfaces. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3771–3783, 2004
Aspects of the crosslinking of polyethylene with vinyl silane
Authors: Shah Gul Bali , Fuzail Mohammad , Anwar Jamil
Published: April 2004

The crosslinking reaction of low‐density polyethylene with vinyl triethoxysilane was studied in great detail. The effects of a wide range of concentrations (0–27.33 phr silane and 0–1.25 phr benzoyl peroxide) on the mechanical properties, hot‐set testing, gel contents, and burning behaviors of the resulting crosslinked polyethylene were studied. The effect of variations in the concentration of silane was found to be a dictating parameter for all these properties. Moreover, at or above a certain threshold concentration of silane (4.56 phr), samples not only qualified for hot‐set testing but also showed other properties at an optimum level. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3796–3803, 2004
Use of acrylate‐based liquid rubbers as toughening agents and adhesive property modifiers of epoxy resin
Authors: Kar Sritama , Banthia Ajit K.
Published: April 2004

Carboxyl‐randomized poly(2‐ethyl hexyl acrylate) (CRPEHA) and epoxy‐randomized poly(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate) (ERPEHA) were synthesized by solution polymerization technique in the form of liquid rubbers. The liquid rubbers were characterized by IR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopic analysis, nonaqueous titration, and GPC. The liquid rubbers were pre‐reacted with the epoxy resin and the modified epoxy networks were made by curing with an ambient temperature curing agent. The modified epoxy networks containing different concentrations of CRPEHA (A‐1) and ERPEHA (B‐1) were evaluated with respect to their thermal and impact properties. The optimum properties were obtained at 10‐phr concentration of a (1 : 1) mixture of CRPEHA and ERPEHA. Fracture surface analysis by scanning electron microcopy indicated the presence of a two‐phase microstructure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3814–3821, 2004
Curing behavior of epoxy resin/tung oil anhydride exfoliated nanocomposite by differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Bao Suping , Shen Shijun , Liang Guodong , Zhai Hongbo , Xu Weibing , He Pingsheng
Published: April 2004

The nanocomposite of epoxy resin/tung oil anhydride/organic montmorillonite was prepared by casting and curing. The distance of the clay gallery rose and the exfoliated nanocomposite was formed. The exfoliation behaviors of the nanocomposite had been investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The curing mechanism and kinetics of epoxy resin with the different amounts of organic montmorillonite were studied using isothermal and dynamic methods by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Some parameters, the activation energy and reaction orders, were calculated by the modified Avrami equation in analysis of the isothermal experiment. The total curing mechanism and kinetics of curing reaction were also analyzed by the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method. It was noted that the instantaneous activity energy during the curing process could be obtained by the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method and the trend of the results was in agreement with those obtained from the modified Avrami equation. These results show that the activity energy decreases with the addition of organic montmorillonite. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3822–3829, 2004
Study on morphology behavior of PVDF‐based electrolytes
Authors: Tian Li‐ying , Huang Xiao‐bin , Tang Xiao‐zhen
Published: April 2004

Three nonelectrolyte samples and one gel polymer electrolyte sample were prepared from poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), propylene glycol carbonate (PC), and LiClO4 in the present article. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were used to study morphology structure of all the samples. Results showed that there were great interactions among PVDF, PC, and lithium salt, which led to different morphology properties of different samples. Interactions between PVDF and PC mainly occurred on the surface area of PVDF crystalline, while interactions between PC, PVDF, and lithium salt mainly occurred in the amorphous area. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3839–3842, 2004