bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
USE OF STAGE DATA TO CHARACTERIZE HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS IN AN URBANIZING ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: McMahon Gerard , Bales Jerad D. , Coles James F. , Giddings Elise M. P. , Zappia Humbert
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of a study on the use of continuous stage data to describe the relation between urban development and three aspects of hydrologic condition that are thought to influence stream ecosystems—overall stage variability, stream flashiness, and the duration of extreme‐stage conditions. This relation is examined using data from more than 70 watersheds in three contrasting environmental settings—the humid Northeast (the metropolitan Boston, Massachusetts, area); the very humid Southeast (the metropolitan Birmingham, Alabama, area); and the semiarid West (the metropolitan Salt Lake City, Utah, area). Results from the Birmingham and Boston studies provide evidence linking increased urbanization with stream flashiness. Fragmentation of developed land cover patches appears to ameliorate the effects of urbanization on overall variability and flashiness. There was less success in relating urbanization and streamflow conditions in the Salt Lake City study. A related investigation of six North Carolina sites with long term discharge and stage data indicated that hydrologic condition metrics developed using continuous stage data are comparable to flow based metrics, particularly for stream flashiness measures.
NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION CRITERIA AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PATTERNS IN TROPHIC STATE FOR RIVERS IN HETEROGENEOUS LANDSCAPES1
Authors: Snelder Ton H. , Biggs Barry J.F. , Weatherhead Mark A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A method is demonstrated for the development of nutrient concentration criteria and large scale assessment of trophic state in environmentally heterogeneous landscapes. The method uses the River Environment Classification (REC) as a spatial framework to partition rivers according to differences in processes that control the accrual and loss of algae biomass. The method is then applied to gravel bed rivers with natural flow regimes that drain hilly watersheds in New Zealand's South Island. An existing model is used to characterize trophic state (in terms of chlorophyll a as a measure of maximum biomass) using nutrient concentration, which controls the rate of biomass accrual, and flood frequency, which controls biomass loss. Variation in flood frequency was partitioned into three classes, and flow data measured at 68 sites was used to show that the classes differ with respect to flood frequency. Variation in nutrient concentration was partitioned at smaller spatial scales by subdivision of higher level classes into seven classes. The median of flood frequency in each of the three higher level classes was used as a control variable in the model to provide spatially explicit nutrient concentration criteria by setting maximum chlorophyll a to reflect a desired trophic state. The median of mean monthly soluble reactive phosphorus and soluble inorganic nitrogen measured at 68 water quality monitoring sites were then used to characterize the trophic state of each of the seven lower level classes. The method models biomass and therefore allows variation in this response variable to provide options for trophic state and the associated nutrient concentrations to achieve these. Thus it is less deterministic than using reference site water quality. The choice from among these options is a sociopolitical decision, which reflects the management objectives rather than purely technical considerations.
MULTICRITERION DECISION MAKING FOR FLOOD CONTROL OPERATIONS: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS1
Authors: Chen Shouyu , Hou Zhaocheng
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Flood control operations are generally complex in nature, as they are often associated with a large quantity of uncertain factors in combination of noncommensurable criteria. It has been found that the use of fuzzy set theory coupled with multicriterion decision making (MCDM) methods is very promising. In this paper, a multicriterion fuzzy recognition model is established for flood control operations. A subjective preference and iterative weights method is proposed for weight assessment. First, an initial solution of criteria weights, which is directly analyzed from the selected alternatives, is obtained by using the proposed fuzzy recognition model. Then, according to their knowledge related to real time flood operations, operators may modify the initial weights if necessary. When the relative membership grades of alternatives belonging to all rankings are fixed, a defuzzification equation is used to calculate the rank feature value vector. Based on the rank feature value vector, one can evaluate the alternative set. Two flood operation cases are provided to illustrate the application of the proposed model. With the incorporation of the operator's knowledge related to flood operations, the proposed model is flexible in giving weights and realizes more practical flood control operations.
HYDRODYNAMIC MODELS OF HUMAN STABILITY IN A FLOOD1
Authors: Lind Niels , Hartford Desmond , Assaf Hamed
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Major loss of life can occur in a flood when people are toppled by floodwater currents. Three approximate mechanical models and two empirical models of the hydrodynamics of toppling are presented and calibrated to align with available experimental observations to assist the analysis of the risk of life loss. The mechanical models consider circular cylindrical, square cylindrical and cylindrical composite, heavy bodies assembled to represent a human immersed in a flow field and subject to drag and buoyancy forces. The models can account for the height and weight of the exposed persons, and the velocity and depth of the flow. The models are in good mutual agreement and, when calibrated, yield failure functions that can be used to calculate the probability of loss of stability.
INFLUENCE OF REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY SOURCE ON QUANTIFICATION OF RIPARIAN LAND COVER/LAND USE1
Authors: Lattin Peter D. , Wigington Parker J. , Moser Thomas J. , Peniston Barbara E. , Lindeman Dale R. , Getter Doug R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper compares approaches to quantifying land cover/land use (LCLU) in riparian corridors of 23 watersheds in Oregon's Willamette Valley using color infrared aerial photography (AP) and Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. For each imagery source, LCLU adjacent to stream networks were quantified across a range of lateral and longitudinal scales. Single‐date AP data had higher LCLU class accuracies than the multi‐date TM data, except for row crops. Correlations among LCLU classes for the two imagery sources increased with increased spatial extent. In general, LCLU proportions for AP and TM differed, but lateral/longitudinal patterns were similar. An aggregated vegetation class comprised of forest, shrub/scrub, and grass/forb was strongly associated with a fish index of biotic integrity (IBI) for both AP and TM data, although AP correlations were higher. Highest fish IBI correlations for both data sources were with the aggregated vegetation class close to the stream and for the longest longitudinal scales. The row crop class was strongly associated with stream nitrate for both data sources, although correlations for the TM data were higher. Stream nitrate correlations were strongest for the widest lateral and longest longitudinal scales. Overall, both single‐date AP and multi‐date TM imagery appear to have potential for use in estimating indicators of stream ecological condition.
SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT YIELD PREDICTION ACCURACY USING WEPP1
Authors: Laflen John M. , Flanagan Dennis C. , Engel Bernard A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this paper are to discuss expectations for the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) accuracy, to review published studies related to WEPP goodness of fit, and to evaluate these in the context of expectations for WEPP's goodness of fit. WEPP model erosion predictions have been compared in numerous studies to observed values for soil loss and sediment delivery from cropland plots, forest roads, irrigated lands and small watersheds. A number of different techniques for evaluating WEPP have been used, including one recently developed where the ability of WEPP to accurately predict soil erosion can be compared to the accuracy of replicated plots to predict soil erosion. In one study involving 1,594 years of data from runoff plots, WEPP performed similarly to the Universal Soil Loss Erosion (USLE) technology, indicating that WEPP has met the criteria of results being “at least as good with respect to observed data and known relationships as those from the USLE,” particularly when the USLE technology was developed using relationships derived from that data set, and using soil erodibility values measured on those plots using data sets from the same period of record. In many cases, WEPP performed as well as could be expected, based on comparisons with the variability in replicate data sets. One major finding has been that soil erodibility values calculated using the technology in WEPP for rainfall conditions may not be suitable for furrow irrigated conditions. WEPP was found to represent the major storms that account for high percentages of soil loss quite well—a single storm application that the USLE technology is unsuitable for—and WEPP has performed well for disturbed forests and forest roads. WEPP has been able to reflect the extremes of soil loss, being quite responsive to the wide differences in cropping, tillage, and other forms of management, one of the requirements for WEPP validation. WEPP was also found to perform well on a wide range of small watersheds, an area where USLE technology cannot be used.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING1
Authors: Miller Ryan C. , Guertin D. Phillip , Heilman Philip
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Watershed management decision making is a complex process. Cooperation and communication among federal, state, and local stakeholders is required while balancing biophysical and socioeconomic concerns. The public is taking part in environmental decisions, and the need for technology transfer from public agencies to stakeholders is increasing. Information technology has had a profound influence on watershed management over the past decade. Advances in data acquisition through remote sensing, data utilization through geographic information systems (GIS), and data sharing through the Internet have provided watershed managers access to more information for management decisions. In the future, applications incorporating hydrologic simulation models, GIS, and decision support systems will be deployed through the Internet. In addition to challenges in making complex modeling technology available to diverse audiences, new information technology issues, such as interoperability, Internet access, and security, are introduced when GIS, simulation models, and decision support systems are integrated in an Internet environment. This paper presents a review of current use of information technology in watershed management decision making and a discussion of issues created when developing Internet based, integrated watershed management decision support systems. A prototype spatial decision support system (SDSS) for rangeland watershed management was developed using web services, which are components that communicate using text based messages, thus eliminating proprietary protocols. This new framework provides an extensible, accessible, and interoperable approach for SDSS.
LOS ALAMOS FOREST FIRE IMPACT MODELING1
Authors: Earles T. Andrew , Wright Kenneth R. , Brown Christopher , Langan Thomas E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A controlled burn at Bandelier National Monument got out of control and burned about 43,000 acres (17,400 hectares) near Los Alamos, New Mexico, in May 2000. The wildfire caused dramatic changes in infiltration capacity and wettability of soils in many of the watersheds above Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and destroyed the duff layer, dramatically reducing the interception and infiltration capacity of the formerly forested watersheds. These sudden changes in basin hydrology necessitated a rapid assessment of hydrology and hydraulics for the canyons running through LANL property to evaluate flood risk, plan emergency flood protection measures, and assess potential sediment and actinide transport. This paper presents the results of hydrologic and hydraulic modeling of Los Alamos Canyon following the wildfire. The large scale modeling effort, with over 13,000 cross sections for the hydraulic model (5,000 for Los Alamos Canyon, 8,000 for Guaje Canyon), relied heavily on a geographic information system (GIS) for model input and floodplain delineation. The HEC‐geoRAS model provided good integration between the hydraulic model (HEC‐RAS, Version 3.0.1) and the GIS (ArcView, v. 3.3). These modeling results are being used in drainage master planning efforts at LANL and in the development of sediment transport models using HEC‐6T. Sediment transport modeling results will be used to develop actinide transport models for the canyons at LANL.
SIMULATING THE IMPACT OF DRAINAGE DESIGN IN A COLD CLIMATE WITH ADAPT1
Authors: Mendez Aida , Sands Gary R. , Basin Berangere , Jin Chang‐Xing , Wotzka Paul J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Surface and subsurface drainage make crop production economically viable in much of southern Minnesota because drainage allows timely field operations and protects field crops from extended periods of flooded soil conditions. However, subsurface drainage has been shown to increase nitrate/nitrogen losses to receiving waters. When engaging in drainage activities, farmers are increasingly being asked to consider, apart from the economic profit, the environmental impact of drainage. The Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport model (ADAPT) was used in this study to evaluate the impact of subsurface drainage design on the soil water balance over a two‐year period during which observed drainage discharge data were available. Twelve modeling scenarios incorporated four drainage coefficients (DC), 0.64 cm/d, 0.95 cm/d, 1.27 cm/d, and 1.91 cm/d, and three drain depths, 0.84 m, 1.15 m, and 1.45 m. The baseline condition corresponded to the drainage system specifications at the field site: a drain depth and spacing of 1.45 m and 28 m, respectively (DC of 0.64 cm/d). The results of the two‐year simulation suggested that for a given drainage coefficient, soils with the shallower drains (but equal DC) generally have less subsurface drainage and can produce more runoff (but reduced total discharge) and evapotranspiration. The results also suggested that it may be possible to design for both water/nitrate/nitrogen reduction and crop water needs.
NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER LOSSES IN NO‐TILL CORN CROPPING SYSTEMS1
Authors: Tiscareño‐López Mario , Velásquez‐Valle Miguel , Salinas‐Garcia Jaime , Báez‐González Alma Delia
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Intensive cropping systems based on mechanical movement of soil have induced land degradation in most agricultural areas due to soil erosion and soil fertility losses. Thus, farmers have been increasing fertilization rates to maintain an economically competitive crop yield. This practice has resulted in water quality degradation and lake eutrophication in many agricultural watersheds. Research was conducted in the Patzcuaro watershed in central Mexico to develop appropriate technology that prevents nonpoint source pollution from fertilizers. Organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) losses in runoff and nitrate (NO3‐N) percolation in Andisols with corn under conventional till (CT) and no‐till (NT) treatments using variable percentages of crop residue as soil cover were investigated for steep‐slope agriculture. USLE type runoff plots were used to collect water runoff, while suction tubes with porous caps at 30, 60, and 90 cm depth were used to sample soil water solutes for NO3‐N analyses. Results indicated a significant reduction of N and OM losses in runoff as residue cover increased in the NT treatments. Inorganic N in runoff was 25 kg/ha for NT without residue cover (NT‐0) and 6 kg/ha for the NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). Organic matter losses in runoff were 157 and 24 kg/ha for the NT‐0 and NT‐100 treatments, respectively. Nitrate‐N percolation was evident in CT and NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). However, NT‐100 had higher NO3‐N concentration at the root zone, suggesting the possibility of reducing fertilization rates with the use of NT treatments.
MODELING THE IMPACT OF MULTICOMPONENT VOCs ON GROUND WATER USING THE STEFAN‐MAXWELL EQUATION1
Authors: Evans Craig A. , McLeary Kevin S. , Partridge George P. , Huebner Richard S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Computer programs that model the fate and transport of organic contaminants through porous media typically use Fick's first law to calculate vapor phase diffusion. Fick's first law, however, is limited to the case of a single, dilute species diffusing into a stagnant, high concentration, bulk vapor phase. When dealing with more than one diffusing species and at higher concentrations, the multicomponent coupling effects on vapor phase diffusion and advection of the various constituents become significant. VLEACH, a one‐dimensional finite difference model developed for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), is typical of the models using Fick's first law to model vapor‐phase diffusion. The VLEACH model was modified to accommodate up to 10 components and to calculate the binary diffusion coefficients for each of the components based on molecular weight, molecular volume, temperature and pressure, and to address the coupling effects on multiple component vapor phase diffusion and its impact on ground water. The resulting model was renamed MC‐CHEMSOIL. At low vapor phase concentrations, MC‐CHEMSOIL predicts identical ground water impacts (dissolved phase loading) to those from VLEACH 2.2a. At higher vapor phase concentrations, however, the relative difference between the models exceeded 20 percent.
EFFECTIVENESS OF TIMBER HARVEST PRACTICES FOR CONTROLLING SEDIMENT RELATED WATER QUALITY IMPACTS1
Authors: Rashin Edward B. , Clishe Casey J. , Loch Andrew T. , Bell Johanna M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Timber harvest best management practices (BMPs) in Washington State were evaluated to determine their effectiveness at achieving water quality standards pertaining to sediment related effects. A weight‐of‐evidence approach was used to determine BMP effectiveness based on assessment of erosion with sediment delivery to streams, physical disturbance of stream channels, and aquatic habitat conditions during the first two years following harvest. Stream buffers were effective at preventing chronic sediment delivery to streams and physical disturbance of stream channels. Practices for ground‐based harvest and cable yarding in the vicinity of small streams without buffers were ineffective or only partially effective at preventing water quality impacts. The primary operational factors influencing BMP effectiveness were: the proximity of ground disturbing activities to streams; presence or absence of designated stream buffers; the use of special timber falling and yarding practices intended to minimize physical disturbance of stream channels; and timing of harvest to occur during snow cover or frozen ground conditions. Important site factors included the density of small streams at harvest sites and the steepness of inner stream valley slopes. Recommendations are given for practices that provide a high confidence of achieving water quality standards by preventing chronic sediment delivery and avoiding direct stream channel disturbance.
Negligible direct lactate oxidation in subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria obtained from red and white rat skeletal muscle
Authors: Yoshida Yuko , Holloway Graham P. , Ljubicic Vladimir , Hatta Hideo , Spriet Lawrence L. , Hood David A. , Bonen Arend
Published: June 2007

We examined the controversial notion of whether lactate is directly oxidized by subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria obtained from red and white rat skeletal muscle. Respiratory control ratios were normal in SS and IMF mitochondria. At all concentrations (0.18–10 mm), and in all mitochondria, pyruvate oxidation greatly exceeded lactate oxidation, by 31‐ to 186‐fold. Pyruvate and lactate oxidation were inhibited by α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamate, while lactate oxidation was inhibited by oxamate. Excess pyruvate (10 mm) inhibited the oxidation of palmitate (1.8 mm) as well as lactate (1.8 mm). In contrast, excess lactate (10 mm) failed to inhibit the oxidation of either palmitate (1.8 mm) or pyruvate (1.8 mm). The cell‐permeant adenosine analogue, AICAR, increased pyruvate oxidation; in contrast, lactate oxidation was not altered. The monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and 4 were present on SS mitochondria, but not on IMF mitochondria, whereas, MCT2, a high‐affinity pyruvate transporter, was present in both SS and IMF mitochondria. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity associated with SS and IMF mitochondria was 200‐ to 240‐fold lower than in whole muscle. Addition of LDH increased the rate of lactate oxidation, but not pyruvate oxidation, in a dose‐dependent manner, such that lactate oxidation approached the rates of pyruvate oxidation. Collectively, these studies indicate that direct mitochondrial oxidation of lactate (i.e. an intracellular lactate shuttle) does not occur within the matrix in either IMF or SS mitochondria obtained from red or white rat skeletal muscle, because of the very limited quantity of LDH within mitochondria.
Exercise hyperaemia in the heart: the search for the dilator mechanism
Authors: Duncker Dirk J. , Merkus Daphne
Published: June 2007

Coronary blood flow is tightly coupled to myocardial oxygen consumption to maintain a consistently high level of myocardial oxygen extraction over a wide range of physical acitivity. This tight coupling has been proposed to depend on periarteriolar oxygen tension, signals released from cardiomyocytes (adenosine acting on KATP channels) and the endothelium (prostanoids, nitric oxide, endothelin) as well as neurohumoral influences (catecholamines, endothelin), but the contribution of each of these regulatory pathways, and their interactions, to exercise hyperaemia in the human heart are still incompletely understood. Thus, in the human heart, nitric oxide, prostanoids, adenosine and KATP channels each contribute to resting tone, but evidence for a critical contribution to exercise hyperaemia is lacking. In dogs KATP channel activation together with adenosine and nitric oxide contribute to exercise hyperaemia in a non‐linear redundant fashion. In contrast, in swine nitric oxide, adenosine and KATP channels contribute to resting coronary resistance vessel tone control in a linear additive manner, but are not mandatory for exercise hyperaemia in the heart. Rather, exercise hyperaemia in swine appears to involve KCa channel opening that is mediated, at least in part, by exercise‐induced β‐adrenergic activation, possibly in conjunction with exercise‐induced blunting of an endothelin‐mediated vasoconstrictor influence. In view of these remarkable species differences in coronary vasomotor control during exercise, future studies are required to determine whether exercise hyperaemia in humans follows a canine or porcine control design.
Rapid Formation of Supermassive Black Hole Binaries in Galaxy Mergers with Gas
Authors: Mayer L. , Kazantzidis S. , Madau P. , Colpi M. , Quinn T. , Wadsley J.
Published: June 2007

Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are a ubiquitous component of the nuclei of galaxies. It is normally assumed that after the merger of two massive galaxies, a SMBH binary will form, shrink because of stellar or gas dynamical processes, and ultimately coalesce by emitting a burst of gravitational waves. However, so far it has not been possible to show how two SMBHs bind during a galaxy merger with gas because of the difficulty of modeling a wide range of spatial scales. Here we report hydrodynamical simulations that track the formation of a SMBH binary down to scales of a few light years after the collision between two spiral galaxies. A massive, turbulent, nuclear gaseous disk arises as a result of the galaxy merger. The black holes form an eccentric binary in the disk in less than 1 million years as a result of the gravitational drag from the gas rather than from the stars.
Ewing family of tumours involving the vulva and vagina: report of a series of four cases
Authors: McCluggage W Glenn , Sumathi Vaiyapuri P , Nucci Marisa R , Hirsch Michelle , Cin Paola Dal , Wells Michael , Flanagan Adrienne M , Fisher Cyril
Published: June 2007

Background:Ewing’s sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour (pPNET) are now regarded as two morphological ends of a spectrum of neoplasms, characterised by a t(11;22) or other related chromosomal translocation involving the EWS gene on chromosome 22 and referred to as Ewing family of tumours (EFTs). EFTs are extremely rare in the vulva and vagina, a review of the literature revealing only 13 previously reported possible cases, most of which have not had molecular confirmation. In this study, four new cases of EFTs involving the vulva (three cases) or vagina (one case) are reported.

Results:The tumours occurred in women aged 19, 20, 30 and 40 years and ranged in size from 3 to 8 cm. Morphologically, all neoplasms had a lobulated architecture and were composed of solid aggregates of cells. In one case, occasional rosettes were formed. In all the tumours, there was diffuse membranous staining with CD99; nuclear positivity with FLI-1 was present in two cases. Three cases were focally positive with the broad-spectrum cytokeratin AE1/3, all were diffusely positive with vimentin and all were desmin negative. In two cases, a t(11;22) (q24;q12) (EWSR1-FLI-1) chromosomal translocation was demonstrated by reverse transcriptase-PCR (one case) and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) (one case), and in another case a rearrangement of the EWSR1 gene on chromosome 22 was demonstrated by FISH. In the other case, a variety of molecular studies did not reveal a translocation involving the EWS gene but this tumour, on the balance of probability, is still considered to represent a neoplasm in the EFTs. Follow-up in two cases revealed that one patient developed pulmonary metastasis and died and another is alive without disease at 12 months.

Conclusions:This report expands the published literature regarding EFTs involving the vulva and vagina and stresses the importance of molecular techniques in firmly establishing the diagnosis, especially when these neoplasms arise at unusual sites.
MAGNETOSTATIC SURFACE WAVES IN FERRITE-NONLINEAR NONMAGNETIC NEGATIVE PERMITTIVITY MATERIAL STRUCTURE
Authors: ASS'AD A. I. , ASHOUR H. S. , SHABAT M. M.
Published: June 2007

Magnetostatic surface waves have been investigated in a layered system of a nonlinear nonmagnetic negative permittivity material (NPM) and Ferrite (YIG). We derived the dispersion relation before numerically solving the dispersion relation of the TE nonlinear magnetostatic surface waves (NMSSW) in the proposed structure and the power flow. We found out that the wave effective nonlinear refractive index is much smaller in the forward direction than in the backward direction and consequently, the power flow is lower for the forward direction than the backward direction.
INVARIANT EIGEN-OPERATOR METHOD FOR SOLVING ENERGY GAP FOR SOME HAMILTONIANS IN MOLECULAR PHYSICS
Authors: FAN HONG-YI , WANG TONG-TONG
Published: June 2007

We show that the recently proposed invariant eigen-operator method is particularly applicable to solving the energy levels for some Hamiltonians in molecular physics. These are tri-atom molecules, the identical d-dimensional coupled harmonic oscillators and the dissipative linear-chain molecular model etc. The calculation is more direct and simpler than the usual diagonalization method for dynamic Hamiltonians.
A MODIFICATION OF THE CHEN–NESTER QUASILOCAL EXPRESSIONS
Authors: SO LAU LOI
Published: June 2007

Chen and Nester proposed four boundary expressions for the quasilocal quantities using the covariant Hamiltonian formalism. Based on these four expressions, there is a simple generalization that one can consider, so that a two parameter set of boundary expressions can be constructed. Using these modified expressions, a nice result for gravitational energy–momentum can be obtained in holonomic frames.
ASTROPHYSICS OF WORMHOLES
Authors: KARDASHEV N. S. , NOVIKOV I. D. , SHATSKIY A. A.
Published: June 2007

We consider the hypothesis that some active galactic nuclei and other compact astrophysical objects may be current or former entrances to wormholes (WHs). A broad mass spectrum for astrophysical WHs is possible. We consider various new models of the static WHs including WHs maintained mainly by an electromagnetic field. We also discuss observational effects of a single entrance to WH and a model for a binary astrophysical system formed by the entrances of WHs with magnetic fields and consider its possible manifestation.
TIME VARIATION OF THE FINE STRUCTURE CONSTANT IN DECRUMPLING OR TVSD MODEL
Authors: NASSERI FOROUGH
Published: June 2007

Within the framework of a model universe with time variable space dimension (TVSD), known as decrumpling or TVSD model, we study the time variation of the fine structure constant. Using observational bounds on the present time variation of the fine structure constant, we are able to obtain an upper limit for the absolute value of the present time variation of spatial dimensions.
GENERALIZED COMMUTATION RELATIONS AND NONLINEAR MOMENTA THEORIES: A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP
Authors: CALISTO HÉCTOR , LEIVA CARLOS
Published: June 2007

A revision of generalized commutation relations is performed, besides a description of nonlinear momenta realization included in some DSR theories. It is shown that these propositions are closely related, specially we focus on Magueijo–Smolin momenta and Kempf et al. and Chang generalized commutators. Due to this, a new algebra arises with its own features that is also analyzed.
Identification by biometrics
Authors: Guinier Daniel
Published: June 2007

Blometric methods can be used for people recognition
using their own human characteristics and differences guaranteeing interests of both the
controller
and the
controlled.
The
blometric factors retained
here are

Fingerprints, Retina vascularisation, Voice, Geometry of the hand, Dynamics of signature, Keyboard latencies, Genetic fingerprinting

A comparison of performance
of such methods including general remarks are given to show the necessity of establishing standards for objective comparison for validation and also for improving algorithms.Biometric methods for identification of people are in progress and can stengthen computer security. Biometrics represents the concept

"to be".

It can be mixed with the two other concepts

"to know"

and

"to have"

to solve security weaknesses like the

"fuzzy password choice problem."
Performance evaluation of three microcomputer based systems in a small business dataprocessing environment.
Authors: Lewis T. G.
Published: June 2007

In March, 1977 a team of students under the guidance of the author began studying three personal computer systems to determine their strengths and weaknesses when placed in a data processing environment. The three systems were chosen to represent a broad spectrum of contemporary microcomputer based data processing equipment. System W is a firmware BASIC computer originally designed for scientific applications but found being used in a variety of business processing applications. System T is a storage display graphics computer based on the Motorola 6800 microprocessor ROM BASIC, and ROM operating system. System D is an Intel 8080 based computer designed specifically for business dataprocessing.
The subsystem approach to enhancing small processor operating systems
Authors: Lane Malcolm G.
Published: June 2007

Operating systems for small processors often do not take full advantage of a small processor's resources. The implementation of a subsystem to enhance the standard operating system has proved to be an effective method to increase the utilization of a small processor's resources.

Several different subsystems for small processors are discussed. The advantages of using the subsystem approach in a small processor environment are given.
The design of a space efficient compiler
Authors: Donegan Michael K.
Published: June 2007

Writing a compiler for a small machine with minimal software support can be quite difficult because the program is long and debugging aids are usually inadequate. In addition, the usual techniques for compiler writing tend to produce programs which are quite large when compared to, for example, a BASIC interpreter. This frustrates efforts for producing compilers on small machines. We describe a method which can be used to reduce the size of a compiler and simultaneously provide good debugging tools. The resulting compiler sacrifices little in terms of execution speed (in part because compilers on minicomputers are often I/O bound). We have used this method to write an MPL [1] compiler for a Microdata 32/S minicomputer. The compiler requires approximately 12K bytes of memory as opposed to 32K bytes required by the compiler produced by the manufacturer, and compiles at essentially the same speed. Appendix II outlines the syntax of the MPL language and is included to illustrate the size of the language being compiled. MPL is based on PL/I and is quite similar to the PL/M* [2] language developed by the INTEL Corporation.

The method described here uses an interpretive language for writing the compiler. Thus the interpreter is the only machine language program written. We coded the interpreter in MPL and used a cross compiler to compile it, however, the interpreter could have been easily coded in assembly language. Figure 1 illustrates the savings of the interpretive language over machine code. The procedure IF_STAT is typical of a routine which might appear in a recursive descent compiler for MPL. The gain in space occurs because machine language instructions carry too much information content when applied to a special purpose (such as compiling). Note for example that a subroutine call for the Microdata requires 6 bytes, but all that is really needed is an opcode to indicate a call and a byte to indicate which of a few subroutines is to be called.
Structured design benefits to a process control software project
Authors: Benincasa G. P. , Daneels A. , Heymans P. , Serre Ch.
Published: June 2007

A 12-man-year process control software project has been successfully completed in 12 months without interruption of the production process of CERN PS accelerators. After 6 months of careful preparation by a small team, 9 man-years of software, i.e. around 100 control programs amounting to more than 40'000 instructions, have been produced in 6 months by 6 experienced full-time software engineers and 24 part-time engineers and technicians, part of whom had never programmed before. The delivered product met the users specifications, was completed within schedule, conformed to the standards and was fully documented.
Graphical problem solving in DSS
Authors: Jacob Jean-Paul , Sprague Ralph H.
Published: June 2007

New hardware and software to support conversational graphics provide a more natural interface between a decision-maker and his/her data/model. They also permit and facilitate the use of new algorithms that exploit the ability of humans to recognize patterns and process two-dimensional data structures (pictures). These capabilities are becoming a major part of the value of Decision Support Systems.
Speech-based cursor control
Authors: Dai Liwei , Goldman Rich , Sears Andrew , Lozier Jeremy
Published: June 2007

Speech recognition can be a powerful tool for use in human-computer interaction. Many researchers are investigating the use of speech recognition systems for dictation-based activities, resulting in dramatic improvements in recent years. However, this same experimentation has confirmed that recognition errors and the delays inherent with speech recognition result in unacceptably long task completion times and error rates for cursor control tasks. This study explores the potential of a speech-controlled grid-based cursor control mechanism. An experiment evaluated two alternative grid-based solutions, both using 3-3 grids. One provided a single cursor in the middle of the grid. The second allows users to select a target using any of nine cursors. The results confirm that the nine-cursor solution allowed users to select targets of varying size, distance and direction significantly faster than the one-cursor solution. Overall results are encouraging when compared to earlier evaluations of other speech-based cursor control solutions.
Text entry from power wheelchairs: edgewrite for joysticks and touchpads
Authors: Wobbrock Jacob O. , Myers Brad A. , Aung Htet Htet , LoPresti Edmund F.
Published: June 2007

Power wheelchair joysticks have been used to control a mouse cursor on desktop computers, but they offer no integrated text entry solution, confining users to point-and-click or point-and-dwell with on-screen keyboards. But on-screen keyboards reduce useful screen real-estate, exacerbate the need for frequent window management, and impose a second focus of attention. By contrast, we present two integrated gestural text entry methods designed for use from power wheelchairs: one for joysticks and the other for touchpads. Both techniques are adaptations of EdgeWrite, originally a stylus-based unistroke method designed for people with tremor. In a preliminary study of 7 power wheelchair users, we found that touchpad EdgeWrite was faster than joystick WiVik, and joystick EdgeWrite was only slightly slower after minimal practice. These findings reflect "walk up and use"-ability and warrant further investigation into extended use.
The ethnographically informed participatory design of a PD application to support communication
Authors: Davies Rhian , Marcella Skip , McGrenere Joanna , Purves Barbara
Published: June 2007

Aphasia is an acquired communication deficit that impacts the different language modalities. PDAs have a form factor and feature set that suggest they could be effective communication tools for people with aphasia. An ethnographic study was conducted with one participant both to learn about communication strategies used by people with aphasia, and to observe how a PDA is incorporated into those strategies. The most significant usability issues found were file access and organization. A participatory design phase followed, resulting in a paper prototype of a file management system that addressed the key usability issues identified. The participatory approach continued during the implementation of a high-fidelity prototype.
The minicomputer phenomenon-projections for the next five years
Authors: Churchman Wayne
Published: June 2007

In 1946, when the first electronic digital computer was unveiled, predictions were made that two such computers, one located on the East Coast and one located on the West Coast, would provide all of the computing power the U.S. would ever need. This prediction has proved particularly embarrassing in view of the proliferation of minicomputers over the last ten years. Heedless of the failure of this earlier prognosticator, this paper is an attempt to predict minicomputer trends over the next five years. Luckily, we have substantially more history on which to base our projections.
Interrupt driven fortran for laboratory support
Authors: Alpert Stephen R.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents a method to increase the efficiency of general purpose minicomputer usage in a laboratory environment through subroutines to a higher level language. As an example, the implementation of a general purpose routine for the complete support of an Analog-to-Digital Subsystem is given; both from the viewpoint of the implementation in an assembly language and the usage of the corresponding FORTRAN subroutine. To extend the capability of such a system, certain non-FORTRAN attributes were included in the implementation. These extensions include the ability to use FORTRAN completion subroutines. That is, after an event or series of events has occurred, it is possible for the assembly language event processor to interrupt the execution of the main FORTRAN program and start up correctly a FORTRAN completion routine to manipulate the data as required by that application. When that task is finished, the main program will be continued from where it was suspended with no apparent side effects. This feature allows a fairly complex (but nevertheless straight-forward) FORTRAN program to control several experiments or portions of the same experiment in a completely asynchronous way.
An operating system for the INTEL MDS system
Authors: Agoston Max K.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes a real-time interactive multiprocess operating system (RIMOS) which extends the INTEL MDS system. Only the kernel has been implemented and tested so far, but this includes a powerful message system which should give the final system a wide range of capabilities. The only supporting software needed for RIMOS is INTEL's ISIS. (The INTEL monitor is used only at the start to load ISIS.)
Custom programming/analysis in the small business environment
Authors: Cary Ted
Published: June 2007

As has often been stated, a business of any size can be considered as a general system (8, 11, 13, 28, 29, 30, 31) with identifiable external inputs and outputs typically consisting of goods, services, energy, money, and information. Internally, a business consists of several interacting parts which may be considered as subsystems, each of which has inputs from external sources or from other subsystems and outputs to external sinks or to other subsystems. Usually, each subsystem requires information as an input and, in turn, generates information as an output. As a business becomes larger and more complex, the need for information becomes greater and more critical.
Visual interactive production language systems
Authors: Ireland Patrick W. , Savage Herbert V. , Schweppe Earl J.
Published: June 2007

In earlier work on anticipation and prompting systems for programming languages it was recognized that a more formal approach to development of such interactions with programmers at display terminals was needed. It was observed that the bulk of the data involved in these interactions was in the displays themselves and that certain display drivers operated on action strings similar to those in production language systems. The development of special Floyd-Evans production languages oriented toward a visual interactive environment was therefore undertaken. Based on two experimental interpreters which have been implemented, the language itself has now been substantially refined and compilers for a common language have been designed with one being implemented. In the first implementation which was accomplished on a Datapoint 2200, a substantial portion of the effort was devoted to a pedogagic display of the parsing process. In the second implementation on an Interdata 85, all of the programming was made reentrant so that multiple users can be served using the same or different target languages. Furthermore, some of the basic functions were reduced to microcode, although it was not possible to carry this as far as had been hoped. It was also learned during development of the second systems that left-part matching and right-part replacement could be treated as generalized actions--thus simplifying the internal structure of the interpreter. Development of these systems is part of ongoing research with programming languages and automated programmer assistance.
Decision tables - an effective programming tool
Authors: Langenwalter Daniel F.
Published: June 2007

The manager or owner of a small to medium size business often has strong ideas on how he wants to run his business. The "packaged" software to go with the mini computer that he can afford just doesn't give him the flexibility he wants. To keep the software costs down and still be able to get the desired programs, a programming method that gets the results at low cost is needed. Two companies reported reduction of 3 to 1, i.e., costs were down to one-third of the previous methods, by using decision tables to write the logic. With such substantial reductions in costs, the mini computer owner can have the tailored programs he wants with a reasonable investment.
The personal computer and society
Authors: Nilles Jack M. , Gray Paul , Carlson F. Roy , Hayes John
Published: June 2007

The University of Southern California has initiated a technology assessment of the personal computer. The assessment is partially supported by the National Science Foundation. The ultimate purpose of a technology assessment is to help provide a more human future with less shock. This technology assessment is directed toward examining the potential future impacts of personal computers and identifying the public policy issues associated with these possibilities. This article summarizes the major factors that we intend to explore during the assessment.
The Digicast™ project
Authors: Warren Jim C.
Published: June 2007

Computers have been consumer products since 1975 (1). Individuals involved in the consumer computer industry estimate that there are 50,000-200,000 general-purpose digital computers installed in peoples' homes. Thus far, these have been exciting, educational, challenging toys--to the extent that they have been used for non-commercial, non-tax-deductible purposes. Their primary use as a consumer product has been in non-arithmetic or minimal-computation applications. One difference between their being an exciting toy, and making them into an obviously useful consumer product, of value to the general public, is the ability to attach them to large data bases of interest and use to the general public. The Digicast Project purposes to provide one of the first such "attachments" for personal computers.
Experiences with the muMath symbolic math program
Authors: Shochat David
Published: June 2007

About 20 Years ago, I had the opportunity to see a real computer, an IBM 709. When I asked whether it could do Calculus, I was told that a digital computer could do numerical differentiation and integration, but that symbolic manipulation of the function definition was inherently outside the domain of the computer.
Caregivers, cost, and complexity
Authors: Dawe Melissa
Published: June 2007

This research employs ethnographic and user-centered design methods in a multi-phase study designed to uncover usability issues and evolving user needs through the design and extended use of a handheld remote communication system for individuals with cognitive disabilities. This extended abstract focuses on the findings from the first phase of the research, an interview study exploring issues around adoption and usage of technology by individuals with cognitive disabilities.
The Aphasia project
Authors: Moffatt Karyn , Davies Rhian
Published: June 2007

The Aphasia Project is a multi-disciplinary research project spanning computer science, psychology, and speech-language pathology, investigating how technology can be designed to support individuals with aphasia in their daily life. Aphasia is a cognitive disorder affecting approximately 100,000 individuals in Canada and 1 million people in the United States [1]. It is usually acquired as a result of stroke, brain tumor, or other brain injury, and results in impairment to the production and/or comprehension of spoken and/or written language. Rehabilitation can reduce the level of impairment and mitigate its impact, but a significant number of individuals are left with a life-long chronic disability that influences a wide range of activities and prevents full re-engagement in life. The long-term impact of aphasia varies across individuals; however, given the importance of language communication in virtually all aspects of daily life, it is not surprising that most, if not all, individuals experience a reduction in their ability to participate in everyday activities, with the result that social isolation and depression are relatively common.