bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review and Development of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell with Intelligent Materials
Authors: Wang Ying Lian , Ye Jun Yao
Published: August 2011

The application of solar cell has offered human society renewable clean energy. As intelligent materials, crystalline silicon solar cells occupy absolutely dominant position in photovoltaic market, and this position will not change for a long time in the future. Thereby increasing the efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells, reducing production costs and making crystalline silicon solar cells competitive with conventional energy sources become the subject of today's PV market. The working theory of solar cell was introduced. The developing progress and the future development of mono-crystalline silicon (c-Si), poly-crystalline silicon (p-Si) and amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cell have also been introduced.
Grey Unbiased GRM(1,1) Model Based on Accumulated Generating Operation in Reciprocal Number and its Application
Authors: Liao De Gang , Luo You Xin
Published: August 2011

The accuracy of the grey model is not high for the monotonic decreasing data and the error can not avoided. The model can not satisfy the compatibility conditions and then it is not accordant with the linear transformation. The paper adopts the equal interval unbiased model and takes one of the components in as the initial values. By this method it induces the parameters in the grey unbiased GRM(1,1) model and establishes the equal interval unbiased model based on the reciprocal AGO process. The model has high accuracy and has good value in the theory and practice. The examples show it is practical and reliable.
Numerical Approximation of Stochastic Systems for Composite Materials Based on Markov Chains
Authors: Yang Hua , Jiang Feng
Published: August 2011

The crack density and crack growth rate are important parameters which are used to describe the fatigue damage and predict fatigue life of a composite material. Even the same good manufacturing practice, the fatigue damage of materials may be different. Also material properties often accompany random fluctuation. Thus stochastic systems are used to present the crack density and crack growth rate. It is surprising that there are not any numerical schemes established for hybrid stochastic systems in composite materials. In this paper, based on Markov chains, the Euler-aruyama method is developed, and the main aim is to show the convergence of the numerical solutions under the non-Lipschitz condition for hybrid stochastic material systems.
Sorption and Desorption of DDTs to Natural Surface Coatings
Authors: Ding Xiao Ou , Hua Xiu Yi , Zhao Fei , Guo Zhi Yong , Song Xing , Dong De Ming
Published: August 2011

The sorption/desorption of DDTs to surface coatings were investigated using the bath equilibration technique. Freundlich isotherm was applied to describe the sorption/desorption of DDTs to surface coatings. The results showed that desorption of DDTs from surface coatings presented hysteresis which was described by hysteresis index (HI). Influences of pH values of solutions and the coexistence of Cu and Pb on sorption and desorption were also studied in the same method. The results indicated that the sorption of DDTs decreased and desorption increased when the values of pH increased from 5 to 9. The coexistence of Cu and Pb inhibited the sorption of DDTs, meanwhile had facility to desorption of DDTs.
Fabrication Study on Rectangular Luminous Layer for Field Emission Display Panel
Authors: Zhu Yong Sheng , Bai Chun Tao , Zhou Dong Feng , Wang Qian
Published: August 2011

Using carbon nanotube as field emitter, the field emission display (FED) panel with rectangular luminous layer was fabricated. The etched indium tin oxide (ITO) film was used as the ITO electrodes, and the phosphor powder was prepared to form the phosphor layer, so the rectangular luminous layer was fabricated on the anode back plane. In one anode pixel, the three anode sub-pixels would be included, which would reside on the same ITO electrode surface. The insulation layer would separate the adjacent anode sub-pixels and the adjacent ITO electrode, and the fabricated anode extension line was mainly used to reduce the excessive voltage drop. The FED panel with rectangular luminous layer possessed good field emission characteristic and high image brightness.
CO Emission Characteristics in a Designed Premixed Burner
Authors: Liu Feng Guo , You Xue Yi , Wang Qi , Liu Wen Bo , Zhang Rui
Published: August 2011

Carbon monoxide (CO) formed in gas instantaneous water heater combustion systems is a significant pollutant source in the domestic environment. With the advance of reaction science and computer performance, mathematical modeling is working for comprehensive simulation of CO formation to provide a valuable tool to study the insight and understanding of the CO reaction of combustion systems. In this approach, the chemical reactions of combustion are described by nine species and six steps. Numerical results show that the predicted CO level is less than 0.1% when diameter of round fire hole is 0.6 or 0.7mm and the excess air ratio is 1.3. The vortex appearing between two bunch of round fire holes results in a thermal agglomeration and O2 decrease. At this place, CO2 is decomposed into CO and O and CO and the reaction is mainly controlled by CO2 pyrolysis. At this time, the increase of excess air is helpful to reduce CO production. Our results indicate the excess air ratio should be kept above 1.3 to meet with the fifth class of NO emission in gas instantaneous water heater standard GB 6932－2001.
Test and Analysis of Shengma Pure Yarn and Shengma/Modal Blended Yarn Mechanical Property
Authors: Yang Qing Bin
Published: August 2011

To discuss yarn mechanics property of shengma pure yarn or shengma modal blended yarn with different twist factor and different blending ratio were spun, yarn properties were analyzed. The test shows that shengma contents is about 70%, yarn breaking strength is the lowest, when shengma contents is about 30%-40%, the influences on yarn breaking strength and elongation is simultaneity. 70% is the suitable ratio for shengma fiber in spinning production.
Study on the Prediction Model and Software of Heavy Metals Pollutant in Coal-Burning Power Plants
Authors: Zeng Feng , Zhang Xiao Yu
Published: August 2011

It established a model for estimating the concentrations of heavy metals pollutants in exhaust gas and waste water from coal-burning power plants. By studying the sources, forming processes and the probable effects to environment of the main heavy metals pollutants(（Hg，As，Cd，Pb，Cr）)in exhaust gas and waste water from coal burning power plants. The prediction of heavy metals pollutants in exhaust gas was based on conventional calculating model. The key factors were ascertained, the material conservation theory and the on-line data of coal quality were used to build the formula for calculating the quantity and the concentration of the gas contaminants. The predict of heavy metals pollutants in water had aimed at the status of ash-flushing system in power plants, ash-water in two different types ash-flushing systems was researched separately. Not only the material conservation for macroscopically consideration, but also several chemical reaction that probably exit in ash-water were took into account. The power plant monitor and prediction software using VB and access database were developed based on the above prediction model.
A Non-Intrusive on Line Detection Device Based Wireless Network Electromagnetic Valve
Authors: Dai Min Qiang , Zhao Sheng Dun , Yuan Xiao Mei
Published: August 2011

In the paper, we developed a non-intrusive on line detection device based on wireless network electromagnetic valve for the on-line detection problem of electromagnetic valve in hydraulic system. The device used the vibration detection of non-intrusive and magnetic detection method. When sensitive electromagnetic coil is energized, the coil produced the changed signal. Besides, with the movement of electromagnetic valve’s core, it produced the vibration signal and transmitted the signal to the surface of valve body. For these two kinds of signal, then we used frequency bands energy based on wavelet decomposition. We could distinct the normal state and fault state of electromagnetic valve. So we could determine the work state and fault mode of the electromagnetic valve under test. And the designed detection device could achieve non-intrusive valve on-line detection of the valve, which was verified by experiments.
Interaction of Point Defects with Impurities in the Si-SiO2 System and its Influence on the Interface Properties
Authors: Kropman Daniel , Mellikov Enn , Kärner Tiit , Heinmaa Ivo , Laas Tõnu , Londos Charalampos A. , Misiuk Andrzej
Published: August 2011

The results of an investigation of the point defects (PD) generation, redistribution and interaction with impurities in the Si-SiO2 system during the process of its formation in use of of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra are presented. The type and density of the point defects that are generated in the Si surface layer during thermal oxidation depend on the oxidation conditions: temperature, cooling rate, oxidation time and impurity content. The difference between interface properties of n- and p-type wafers could be related to different Fermi level position at the interface and to different PD densities in volume.
Effect of additional carbon source on biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate by las-utilizing bacteria
Authors: Eniola Kehinde I. Temitope
Published: August 2011

Aerobic biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) by LAS-utilizing bacteria (LUB) in the presence of other sources of carbon (glucose and soluble starch) was examined. Biodegradation of LAS was monitored as primary degradation in terms of half-life (t½) of the surfactant. Biodegradation of LAS by the individual LUB was slower in the presence of Glucose. Biodegradation of the surfactant by the various consortia of LUB was slower in the presence of the carbon sources: t½ increased to 3 days. The rates of biodegradation by the consortia can be ranked as: four-membered (t½=9 days) > three-membered (t½=9 to 13 days) > two-membered consortia (t½=10 to 15 days). Generally, degradation in the presence of the carbon sources was faster with the consortia than the individual species. Degradation of the surfactant by the LUB was generally fastest in the absence of additional carbon sources. The possible role of additional carbon sources in persistence of surfactant in water bodies and the application of the observation in management of LAS-containing-effluent is suggested.
Repeat Transabdominal Laparoscopic Encerclage
Authors: Raghuwanshi SR , Shashikala ST , Rao KA
Published: August 2011

We report here the first case of placement of a repeat laparoscopic abdominal cervicoisthmic cerclage by using a suture passer. The report is on a 34-year-old G5P1L1A3with a history of repeated second trimester pregnancy loss with one successful laparoscopic cerclage term LSCS delivery, again underwent repeat laparoscopic abdominal encerclage in present pregnancy at 12 weeks using suture passer suprapubically. Patient underwent procedure safely with blood loss less than 40 ml and discharged after 24 hours of observation without any postoperative complication. Repeat laparoscopic abdominal encerclage can be done safely in previous LSCS patient who had term pregnancy following laparoscopic abdominal cerclage using a simple instrument suture passer without any postoperative complication or discomfort to the patient.
Laparoscopic Myomectomy for Multiple Submucous Myomas
Authors: Sinha Rakesh , Gupta Seema , Kadam Pratima , Sundaram Meenakshi , Sood Nupur , Adlakha Sharda
Published: August 2011

We report an interesting case of multiple submucous fibroids which was removed by laparoscopic myomectomy. The patient presented with severe menorrhagia and a large uterus of clinically 24 weeks size. She was 29 years and nulliparous. The ultrasonography showed multiple echoes in the endometrial cavity. We did a diagnostic hysteroscopy and found the uterine cavity studded with multiple fibroids of varying sizes. We did a laparoscopy and removed 64 submucous fibroids laparoscopically. We report this interesting case where we removed the submucous fibroids laparoscopically in a single sitting. This reduces the complications of hysteroscopic myomectomy for such large and multiple submucous fibroids. Medline search did not reveal any report of laparoscopic removal of submucous fibroids.
O papel social do bibliotecário
Authors: Cunha Miriam Figueiredo Vieira da
Published: August 2011

Reflexão sobre o papel social do bibliotecário. Enfoca ainda as mudanças que estão ocorrendo na área da informação, decorrentes do desenvolvimento da sociedade do conhecimento e da globalização e a diversidade da nomenclatura profissional.
Hygroscopicity and composition of Alaskan Arctic CCN during April 2008
Authors: Moore R. H. , Bahreini R. , Brock C. A. , Froyd K. D. , Cozic J. , Holloway J. S. , Middlebrook A. M. , Murphy D. M. , Nenes A.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. We present a comprehensive characterization of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) sampled in the Alaskan Arctic during the 2008 Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) project, a component of the POLARCAT and International Polar Year (IPY) initiatives. Four distinct air mass types were sampled including relatively pristine Arctic background conditions as well as biomass burning and anthropogenic pollution plumes. Despite differences in chemical composition, inferred aerosol hygroscopicities were fairly invariant and ranged from κ = 0.1–0.3 over the atmospherically-relevant range of water vapor supersaturations studied. Analysis of the individual mass spectral m/z 43 and 44 peaks from an aerosol mass spectrometer show the organic aerosols sampled to be well-oxygenated, consistent with with long-range transport and aerosol aging processes. However, inferred hygroscopicities are less than would be predicted based on previous parameterizations of biogenic oxygenated organic aerosol, suggesting an upper limit on organic aerosol hygroscopicity above which κ is less sensitive to the O:C ratio. Most Arctic aerosol act as CCN above 0.1 % supersaturation, although the data suggest the presence of an externally-mixed, non-CCN-active mode comprising approximately 0–20 % of the aerosol number. CCN closure was assessed using measured size distributions, bulk chemical composition measurements, and assumed aerosol mixing states; CCN predictions tended toward overprediction, with the best agreement (± 0–20 %) obtained by assuming the aerosol to be externally-mixed with soluble organics. Closure also varied with CCN concentration, and the best agreement was found for CCN concentrations above 100 cm−3 with a 1.5- to 3-fold overprediction at lower concentrations.
Plant communities as drivers of soil respiration: pathways, mechanisms, and significance for global change
Authors: Metcalfe D. B. , Fisher R. A. , Wardle D. A.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Understanding the impacts of plant community characteristics on soil carbon dioxide efflux (R) is a key prerequisite for accurate prediction of the future carbon (C) balance of terrestrial ecosystems under climate change. However, developing a mechanistic understanding of the determinants of R is complicated by the presence of multiple different sources of respiratory C within soil – such as soil microbes, plant roots and their mycorrhizal symbionts – each with their distinct dynamics and drivers. In this review, we synthesize relevant information from a wide spectrum of sources to evaluate the current state of knowledge about plant community effects on R, examine how this information is incorporated into global climate models, and highlight priorities for future research. Despite often large variation amongst studies and methods, several general trends emerge. Mechanisms whereby plants affect R may be grouped into effects on belowground C allocation, aboveground litter properties and microclimate. Within vegetation types, the amount of C diverted belowground, and hence R, may be controlled mainly by the rate of photosynthetic C uptake, while amongst vegetation types this should be more dependent upon the specific C allocation strategies of the plant life form. We make the case that plant community composition, rather than diversity, is usually the dominant control on R in natural systems. Individual species impacts on R may be largest where the species accounts for most of the biomass in the ecosystem, has very distinct traits to the rest of the community and/or modulates the occurrence of major natural disturbances. We show that climate vegetation models incorporate a number of pathways whereby plants can affect R, but that simplifications regarding allocation schemes and drivers of litter decomposition may limit model accuracy. We also suggest that under a warmer future climate, many plant communities may shift towards dominance by fast growing plants which produce large quantities of nutrient rich litter. Where this community shift occurs, it could drive an increase in R beyond that expected from direct climate impacts on soil microbial activity alone. We identify key gaps in knowledge and recommend them as priorities for future work. These include the patterns of photosynthate partitioning amongst belowground components, ecosystem level effects of individual plant traits, and the importance of trophic interactions and species invasions or extinctions for ecosystem processes. A final, overarching challenge is how to link these observations and drivers across spatio-temporal scales to predict regional or global changes in R over long time periods. A more unified approach to understanding R, which integrates information about plant traits and community dynamics, will be essential for better understanding, simulating and predicting patterns of R across terrestrial ecosystems and its role within the earth-climate system.
Sulfation rates of cycled CaO particles in the carbonator of a Ca‐looping cycle for postcombustion CO2 capture
Authors: Arias B. , Cordero J. M. , Alonso M. , Abanades J. C.
Published: August 2011

Calcium looping is an energy‐efficient CO2 capture technology that uses CaO as a regenerable sorbent. One of the advantages of Ca‐looping compared with other postcombustion technologies is the possibility of operating with flue gases that have a high SO2 content. However, experimental information on sulfation reaction rates of cycled particles in the conditions typical of a carbonator reactor is scarce. This work aims to define a semiempirical sulfation reaction model at particle level suitable for such reaction conditions. The pore blocking mechanism typically observed during the sulfation reaction of fresh calcined limestones is not observed in the case of highly cycled sorbents (N > 20) and the low values of sulfation conversion characteristic of the sorbent in the Ca‐looping system. The random pore model is able to predict reasonably well, the CaO conversion to CaSO4 taking into account the evolution of the pore structure during the calcination/carbonation cycles. The intrinsic reaction parameters derived for chemical and diffusion controlled regimes are in agreement with those found in the literature for sulfation in other systems. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 2012
A new weighted optimal combination of ANNs for catalyst design and reactor operation: Methane steam reforming studies
Authors: Arcotumapathy Viswanathan , Siahvashi Arman , Adesina Adesoji A.
Published: August 2011

Catalyst design and evaluation is a multifactorial multiobjective optimization problem and the absence of well‐defined mechanistic relationships between wide ranging input‐output variables has stimulated interest in the application of artificial neural network for the analysis of the large body of empirical data available. However, single ANN models generally have limited predictive capability and insufficient to capture the broad range of features inherent in the voluminous but dispersed data sources. In this study, we have employed a Fibonacci approach to select optimal number of neurons for the ANN architecture followed by a new weighted optimal combination of statistically‐derived candidate ANN models in a multierror sense. Data from 200 cases for catalytic methane steam reforming have been used to demonstrate the veracity and robustness of the integrated ANN modeling technique. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 2412–2427, 2012
Branchial arch defects and 19p13.12 microdeletion: Defining the critical region into a 0.8 M base interval
Authors: Kosaki Kenjiro , Saito Hideyuki , Kosaki Rika , Torii Chiharu , Kishi Kazuo , Takahashi Takao
Published: August 2011

We present a patient with preauricular tags, preauricular and branchial pits, stenosis of the external auditory canals, mild hearing loss, and mild developmental delay who had a de novo 19p13.12 submicroscopic deletion. The size of the deletion was 760‐kb, extending from 15,300,338 to 16,064,271 (hg18; NCBI Build 36.1). Our finding supports the notion that 19p13.12 represents a unique microdeletion syndrome characterized by branchial arch defects and the concept of exclusion mapping indicates that the putative locus for the branchial arch development is included in the 0.8‐Mb interval defined by the deletion in the presently reported patient. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Individual differences in the effects of mobile phone exposure on human sleep: Rethinking the problem
Authors: Loughran Sarah P. , McKenzie Raymond J. , Jackson Melinda L. , Howard Mark E. , Croft Rodney J.
Published: August 2011

Mobile phone exposure‐related effects on the human electroencephalogram (EEG) have been shown during both waking and sleep states, albeit with slight differences in the frequency affected. This discrepancy, combined with studies that failed to find effects, has led many to conclude that no consistent effects exist. We hypothesised that these differences might partly be due to individual variability in response, and that mobile phone emissions may in fact have large but differential effects on human brain activity. Twenty volunteers from our previous study underwent an adaptation night followed by two experimental nights in which they were randomly exposed to two conditions (Active and Sham), followed by a full‐night sleep episode. The EEG spectral power was increased in the sleep spindle frequency range in the first 30 min of non‐rapid eye movement (non‐REM) sleep following Active exposure. This increase was more prominent in the participants that showed an increase in the original study. These results confirm previous findings of mobile phone‐like emissions affecting the EEG during non‐REM sleep. Importantly, this low‐level effect was also shown to be sensitive to individual variability. Furthermore, this indicates that previous negative results are not strong evidence for a lack of an effect and, given the far‐reaching implications of mobile phone research, we may need to rethink the interpretation of results and the manner in which research is conducted in this field. Bioelectromagnetics 33:86–93, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microsecond and nanosecond electric pulses in cancer treatments
Authors: Breton Marie , Mir Lluis M.
Published: August 2011

New local treatments based on electromagnetic fields have been developed as non‐surgical and minimally invasive treatments of tumors. In particular, short electric pulses can induce important non‐thermal changes in cell physiology, especially the permeabilization of the cell membrane. The aim of this review is to summarize the present data on the electroporation‐based techniques: electrochemotherapy (ECT), nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs), and irreversible electroporation (IRE). ECT is a safe, easy, and efficient technique for the treatment of solid tumors that uses cell‐permeabilizing electrical pulses to enhance the activity of a non‐permeant (bleomycin) or low permeant (cisplatin) anticancer drug with a very high intrinsic cytotoxicity. The most interesting feature of ECT is its unique ability to selectively kill tumor cells without harming normal surrounding tissue. ECT is already used widely in the clinics in Europe. nsPEFs could represent a drug free, purely electrical cancer therapy. They allow the inhibition of tumor growth, and interestingly, nsPEF can target intracellular organelles. However, many questions remain on the mechanism of action of these pulses. Finally, IRE is a new ablation procedure using pulses that provoke the permanent permeabilization of the cells resulting in their death. This technique does not result in any thermal effect, which is its main advantage in current physical ablation technologies. For both the nsPEF and the IRE, the preservation of the normal tissue, which is characteristic of ECT, has not yet been shown and their safety and efficacy still have to be investigated thoroughly in vivo and in the clinics. Bioelectromagnetics 33:106–123, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Designing biomaterials for in situ periodontal tissue regeneration
Authors: Sun Hai‐Hua , Qu Tie‐Jun , Zhang Xian‐Hua , Yu Qing , Chen Fa‐Ming
Published: August 2011

The regeneration of periodontal tissue poses a significant challenge to biomaterial scientists, tissue engineers and periodontal clinicians. Recent advances in this field have shifted the focus from the attempt to recreate tissue replacements/constructs ex vivo to the development of biofunctionalized biomaterials that incorporate and release regulatory signals in a precise and near‐physiological fashion to achieve in situ regeneration. The molecular and physical information coded within the biomaterials define a local biochemical and mechanical niche with complex and dynamic regulation that establishes key interactions with host endogenous cells and, hence, may help to unlock latent regenerative pathways in the body by instructing cell homing and regulating cell proliferation/differentiation. In the future, these innovative principles and biomaterial devices promise to have a profound impact on periodontal reconstructive therapy and are also likely to reconcile the clinical and commercial pressures on other tissue engineering endeavors. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Significance of interfacet distance, facet joint orientation, and lumbar lordosis in spondylolysis
Authors: Chung Sang‐Bong , Lee Sungjoon , Kim Hoon , Lee Sun‐Ho , Kim Eun Sang , Eoh Whan
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study is to reveal the association between lumbar spondylolysis and several radiologic parameters, which had been suggested to be significant. The authors examine interfacet distance (IFD), facet joint orientation (FJO), and lumbar segmental lordosis (LSL) all together on the basis of lumbar computed tomography (CT) scan of 35 patients with L5 spondylolysis and 36 unaffected control groups. Thirty‐five Korean military recruits, aged 19–23 (mean 20.9 years), were diagnosed as L5 spondylolysis by lumber CT scans. As a control group, 36 male Korean military recruits, aged 18–25 (mean 21.3 years), were reconfirmed as not affected by lumbar spondylolysis by CT scan when they visited our hospital complaining of back pain. This study compares IFD, FJO, and LSL for each lumbar segment between the spondylolytic and unaffected groups. We also propose the use of normal mean data of IFD, FJO, and LSL of lumbar vertebrae from 36 Korean young military recruits because each measurement has power as an absolute value, like data from an osteologic collection in other studies. Comparison of IFD between spondylolytic and unaffected individuals reveals significant differences at the L3, L4, and L5 level (P = 0.0384, P = 0.0219, and P < 0.0001, respectively). In the group of spondylolysis, the increase of IFD from L4 to S1 was less pronounced (P < 0.0001) and the LSL at L5‐S1 was more lordotic (P = 0.0203). Interfacet distance and lumbar lordosis were significantly different between patients with L5 spondylolysis and individuals without pars defect on L5. In the spondylolysis group, and the increase of IFD from L4 to S1 was less pronounced and the LSL at L5‐S1 was more lordotic. Clin. Anat. 25:391–397, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Homothiacalix[4]arenes: Synthetic Exploration and Solid‐State Structures
Authors: Thomas Joice , Van Hecke Kristof , Robeyns Koen , Van Rossom Wim , Sonawane Mahendra P. , Van Meervelt Luc , Smet Mario , Maes Wouter , Dehaen Wim
Published: August 2011

Homothiacalix[n]arenes have been largely underexposed compared with related (homo)heteracalixarenes, although their inherent structural features are particularly attractive for supramolecular host–guest chemistry. In this contribution, the synthetic macrocyclization protocols that afford homothiacalix[n]arenes have been reinvestigated and optimized, providing straightforward access to the parent homothiacalix[4]arene skeleton. Moreover, inner‐rim (bis and tetrakis) ester functionalization and dimethylenethia bridge oxidation were successfully performed as well. Solution‐phase (variable‐temperature) NMR spectroscopy studies and solid‐state X‐ray structures provided complementary information on the conformational features of the novel macrocycles.
Effects of Oxbow Reconnection Based on the Distribution and Structure of Benthic Macroinvertebrates
Authors: Obolewski Krystian , Glińska‐Lewczuk Katarzyna
Published: August 2011

This study focuses on the assessment of relationships between flow and macrozoobenthos structure that was performed in a reconnected oxbow lake located in the Słupia River floodplain (northern Poland). The lake was created during river straightening at the beginning of 20th century by cutting off the right‐bank meander. The oxbow restoration was performed to enhance the ecological viability of this water body and restore riverine wetland. In July 2000 the oxbow was connected with the river channel through PVC pipes which enabled free water movement. Macrozoobenthos sampling, as well as chemical analyses of water and hydrological measurements, took place both before and after the oxbow reconnection. Before the oxbow reconnection, the dominant species was Asellus aquaticus, whereas after the reconnection the structure of benthic species changed significantly. During the first year it was replaced by bivalves and Chironomidae larvae and then A. aquaticus. After the reconnection, macrozoobenthos mean density was 5‐fold higher and the mean wet biomass was 77‐fold higher than before the reconnection. The number of taxa increased from 4 before the oxbow reconnection to 17 during the first year after the performed works and 20 in the next year. We stated that the revitalization process of the reconnected oxbow lake has long‐term consequences for the benthic communities. The most significant feature of the oxbow reconnection is the qualitative and quantitative recolonization by riverine macrozoobenthos species. The performed restoration significantly improved ecological status of the oxbow lake by the increase in biodiversity and water quality.
Electrocortical and behavioral measures of response monitoring in young children during a Go/No‐Go task
Authors: Torpey Dana C. , Hajcak Greg , Kim Jiyon , Kujawa Autumn , Klein Daniel N.
Published: August 2011

The current study examined behavioral measures and response‐locked event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) derived from a Go/No‐Go task in a large (N = 328) sample of 5‐ to 7‐year‐olds in order to better understand the early development of response monitoring and the impact of child age and sex. In particular, the error‐related negativity (ERN, defined on both error trials alone and the difference between error and correct trials, or ΔERN), correct response negativity (CRN), and error positivity (Pe) were examined. Overall, the ERN, CRN, and the Pe were spatially and temporally similar to those measured in adults and older children. Even within our narrow age range, older children were faster and more accurate; a more negative ΔERN and a more positive Pe were associated with: increasing age, increased accuracy, and faster reaction times on errors, suggesting these enhanced components reflected more efficient response monitoring of errors over development. Girls were slower and more accurate than boys, although both genders exhibited comparable ERPs. Younger children and girls were characterized by increased posterror slowing, although they did not demonstrate improved posterror accuracy. Posterror slowing was also related to a larger Pe and reduced posterror accuracy. Collectively, these data suggest that posterror slowing may be unrelated to cognitive control and may, like the Pe, reflect an orienting response to errors. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:139‐150, 2012.
Pulling to stand: Common trajectories and individual differences in development
Authors: Atun‐Einy Osnat , Berger Sarah E. , Scher Anat
Published: August 2011

This longitudinal study of 27 infants examined the development of pulling‐to‐stand (PTS). In general, infants began PTS using a two‐leg strategy and transitioned to a half‐kneel strategy. As a group, infants showed no preference for either strategy at the onset of PTS, switching between strategies until half‐kneeling became the dominant pattern about 1 month after the onset of PTS. Examination of individual developmental trajectories revealed variability in age at PTS onset, time between PTS onset and half‐kneel strategy onset, duration of the two‐leg strategy as the dominant pattern, time until the half‐kneel strategy became the dominant pattern, shape of the transition between strategies (gradual vs. abrupt), and timing of PTS relative to onset of other motor milestones. We discuss variation in developmental trajectory in terms of adaptive behavior during the acquisition of new skills and as a process shaped by infants' unique experiences prior to and during the acquisition period. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:187‐198, 2012.
Second Generation Calix[6]trenamides – Highly Selective Graftable Receptors for Neutral Guests and Contact Ion Pairs
Authors: Lascaux Angélique , Delahousse Guillaume , Ghostin Jean , Bouillon Jean‐Philippe , Jabin Ivan
Published: August 2011

With the aim of designing graftable calix[6]tren‐based receptors, calix[6]trenamides decorated with an appended functional arm were synthesized through [1+1] macrocyclization reactions between calix[6]trisamines and NTA‐lysine derivatives. NMR spectroscopy and ESI‐MS studies showed that one of these calix[6]trenamides, 5, behaves as a unique heteroditopic receptor towards charged or neutral species. Notably, it can selectively bind contact ammonium fluoride salts through a highly cooperative process. In addition, acid–base control of its binding properties was clearly evidenced. This second generation of graftable receptors opens new perspectives in the design of sensors for charged or neutral species.
Does Information Help Intra‐Day Volatility Forecasts?
Authors: McMillan David G. , García Raquel Quiroga
Published: August 2011

While much research related to forecasting return volatility does so in a univariate setting, this paper includes proxies for information flows to forecast intra‐day volatility for the IBEX 35 futures market. The belief is that volume or the number of transactions conveys important information about the market that may be useful in forecasting. Our results suggest that augmenting a variety of GARCH‐type models with these proxies lead to improved forecasts across a range of intra‐day frequencies. Furthermore, our results present an interesting picture whereby the PARCH model generally performs well at the highest frequencies and shorter forecasting horizons, whereas the component model performs well at lower frequencies and longer forecast horizons. Both models attempt to capture long memory; the PARCH model allows for exponential decay in the autocorrelation function, while the component model captures trend volatility, which dominates over a longer horizon. These characteristics are likely to explain the success of each model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Humidity and Oxygen Partial Pressure on LSM–YSZ Cathode
Authors: Knöfel C. , Chen M. , Mogensen M.
Published: August 2011

Two series of anode supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) were prepared, one with a composite cathode layer of lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) on top and the other further has a LSM current collector layer on top. The fuel cells were heat treated at 1,000 °C in air or nitrogen choosing dry or humid (70% steam) conditions. XRD, SEM, and XPS investigations were performed on the various samples. The most severe modifications were observed in humid nitrogen atmosphere at low oxygen partial pressure. LSM surface change goes along with a decrease of manganese concentration and strontium enrichment on the surface of the materials. Formation of monoclinic zirconia and zirconate phases was also observed. These results give a closer insight into possible degradation mechanisms of SOFC composite cathode materials in dependence of humidity and oxygen partial pressure.
Evolution of Water Distribution in PEMFC during On/Off Cycling
Authors: Morin A. , Xu F. , Gebel G. , Diat O.
Published: August 2011

The evolution of membrane water concentration profile has been studied by small angle neutron scattering during on/off cycling PEMFC operation with fully humidified air in co‐flow configuration. The water concentration profiles during on/off cycling evolve in opposite ways close to the gas inlet and outlet. Whereas the global membrane water content increases at the gas inlet as the fuel cell delivers current, the membranes are dried out at the gas outlet. The balance between the diffusion of water from cathode to anode and the electroosmostic drag from anode to cathode gives a net flow which is different close to the gas inlet and gas outlet. The equilibrium is reached in less than 15 min and it is faster when the fuel cell is switched on that is to say when a proton flows is imposed. Moreoever, the time to equilibrium decreases as the membrane content is increased.
Catalytic Steam Methane Reforming Over Ir/Ce0.9Gd0.1O2–x: Resistance to Coke Formation and Sulfur Poisoning
Authors: Postole G. , Girona K. , Toyir J. , Kaddouri A. , Gélin P.
Published: August 2011

This work investigates the catalytic properties of Ir/Ce0.9Gd0.1O2–x (Ir/CGO) catalyst and CGO support in steam reforming of methane in the absence or presence of H2S (50 ppm) for further application in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) working under methane at intermediate temperatures and integrating a gradual internal reforming concept. The catalytic activity was measured at 750 °C by using a 50 mol.% CH4/5 mol.% H2O/45 mol.% N2 mixture and a 10 mol.% CH4/90 mol.% N2 mixture. The addition of Ir to CGO improves the catalytic activity in hydrogen production by two orders of magnitude with respect to that of CGO alone. Temperature programmed oxidation experiments were performed after reaction in both types of mixtures to study the eventual formation of carbon deposits. Over Ir/CGO, carbon formed in little amounts (even in the absence of H2O in the feed), being highly reactive toward O2. Upon H2S addition, the CGO support exhibited surprisingly an improved catalytic activity on the contrary to Ir/CGO which partly deactivated. Upon suppression of H2S in the feed the initial catalytic activity was fully restored for both catalysts. The catalytic behavior of CGO in the presence of H2S was discussed, based upon temperature programmed reaction of CH4.
Multivariate downside risk: Normal versus Variance Gamma
Authors: Wallmeier Martin , Diethelm Martin
Published: August 2011

Although several types of options on multiple assets are popular in today's financial markets, valuing multiasset options is still a challenge in finance. The standard framework of multivariate normality is often inappropriate, since it ignores fat tails and other stylized facts of asset returns. The variance gamma (VG) model appears to be a promising alternative. In the univariate case, it has become a standard tool in finance. The traditional way to extend the model to the multivariate case is to subordinate a Brownian motion through a univariate subordinator. In recent years, generalizations with multivariate subordinators have been proposed. Our objective is to study two versions of the multivariate VG model in a large‐scale application with multiasset options traded in an active market. Our database consists of 468 multivariate barrier reverse convertibles at the Swiss market for structured products. The Swiss market ranks among the largest in the world and is characterized by an exceptional popularity of multiple asset options. We find that there is a trade‐off between the two VG models considered: one performs better in capturing the smile, the other is more often able to capture the correlation structure. In all, based on our calibration, only 316 of 468 products can be evaluated with at least one of the two VG models. We conclude that there is a need for more flexible extensions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
Different DNA damage and cell cycle checkpoint control in low‐ and high‐risk human papillomavirus infections of the vulva
Authors: Santegoets Lindy A.M. , Baars Romy van , Terlou Annelinde , Heijmans‐Antonissen Claudia , Swagemakers Sigrid M.A. , van der Spek Peter J. , Ewing Patricia C. , Beurden Marc van , van der Meijden Willem I. , Helmerhorst Theo J.M. , Blok Leen J.
Published: August 2011

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections may result in benign hyperplasia, caused by low‐risk HPV types, or (pre)malignant lesions caused by high‐risk HPV types. The molecular basis of this difference in malignant potential is not completely understood. Here, we performed gene profiling of different HPV infected vulvar tissues (condylomata acuminata (n = 5), usual type vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (uVIN) (n = 9)) and control samples (n = 14) using Affymetrix Human U133A plus 2 GeneChips. Data were analyzed using OmniViz®, Partek® and Ingenuity® Software. Results were validated by real‐time RT‐PCR and immunostaining. Although similarities were observed between gene expression profiles of low‐ and high‐risk HPV infected tissues (e.g., absence of estrogen receptor in condylomata and uVIN), high‐risk HPV infected tissues showed more proliferation and displayed more DNA damage than tissues infected with low‐risk HPV. These observations were confirmed by differential regulation of cell cycle checkpoints and by increased expression of DNA damage‐biomarkers p53 and γH2AX. Furthermore, FANCA, FANCD2, BRCA1 and RAD51, key players in the DNA damage response, were significantly upregulated (p < 0.05). In addition, we compared our results with publicly available gene expression profiles of various other HPV‐induced cancers (vulva, cervix and head‐and‐neck). This showed p16INK4a was the most significant marker to detect a high‐risk HPV infection, but no other markers could be found. In conclusion, this study provides insight into the molecular basis of low‐ and high‐risk HPV infections and indicates two main pathways (cell cycle and DNA damage response) that are much stronger affected by high‐risk HPV as compared to low‐risk HPV.
Specific interactions and binding free energies between thermolysin and dipeptides: Molecular simulations combined with Ab initio molecular orbital and classical vibrational analysis
Authors: Dedachi Kenichi , Hirakawa Tatsuya , Fujita Seiya , Khan Mahmud Tareq Hassan , Sylte Ingebrigt , Kurita Noriyuki
Published: August 2011

Thermolysin (TLN) is a metalloprotease widely used as a nonspecific protease for sequencing peptide and synthesizing many useful chemical compounds by the chemical industry. It was experimentally shown that the activity and functions of TLN are inhibited by the binding of many types of amino acid dipeptides. However, the binding mechanisms between TLN and dipeptides have not been clarified at the atomic and electronic levels. In this study, we investigated the binding mechanisms between TLN and four dipeptides. Specific interactions and binding free energies (BFEs) between TLN and the dipeptides were calculated using molecular simulations based on classical molecular dynamics and ab initio fragment molecular orbital (FMO) methods. The molecular systems were embedded in solvating water molecules during calculations. The calculated BFEs were qualitatively consistent with the trend of the experimentally observed inhibition of TLN activity by binding of the dipeptides. In addition, the specific interactions between the dipeptides and each amino acid residue of TLN or solvating water molecules were elucidated by the FMO calculations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Revisiting the origin of the vertebrate Hox14 by including its relict sarcopterygian members
Authors: Feiner Nathalie , Ericsson Rolf , Meyer Axel , Kuraku Shigehiro
Published: August 2011

BilaterianHoxgenes play pivotal roles in the specification of positional identities along the anteroposterior axis. Particularly in vertebrates, their regulation is tightly coordinated by tandem arrays of genes [paralogy groups (PGs)] in four gene clusters (HoxA‐D). Traditionally, the uninterruptedHoxcluster (Hox1‐14) of the invertebrate chordate amphioxus was regarded as an archetype of the vertebrateHoxclusters. In contrast to Hox1‐13 that are globally regulated by the “Hox code” and are often phylogenetically conserved, vertebrate Hox14 members were only recently revealed to be present in an African lungfish, a coelacanth, chondrichthyans and a lamprey, and decoupled from the Hox code. In this study we performed a PCR‐based search of Hox14 members from diverse vertebrates, and identified one in the Australian lungfish,Neoceratodus forsteri. Based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis, this gene was designatedNfHoxA14. Our real‐time RT‐PCR suggested its hindgut‐associated expression, previously observed also in cloudy catsharkHoxD14and lampreyHox14α. It is likely that this altered expression scheme was established before theHoxcluster quadruplication, probably at the base of extant vertebrates. To investigate the origin of vertebrate Hox14, by including this sarcopterygian Hox14 member, we performed focused phylogenetic analyses on its relationship with other vertebrate posterior Hox PGs (Hox9‐13) as well as amphioxus posteriorHoxgenes. Our results confirmed the hypotheses previously proposed by other studies that vertebrate Hox14 does not have any amphioxus ortholog, and that none of 1‐to‐1 pairs of vertebrate and amphioxus posteriorHoxgenes, based on their relative location in the clusters, is orthologous.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 316:515–525, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.