bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching Gender in the Colony: The Education of "Outsider" Teachers in Late-Nineteenth-Century Bengal
Authors: Sengupta Parna
Published: July 2012

The need to expand women's education in late-nineteenth-century Bengal, an endeavor primarily aimed at upper-caste Hindu society, paradoxically resulted in greater educational opportunities for lower-caste women. The staffing requirements for zenana missions and single-sex primary schools prompted the department of public instruction and missionary societies to establish institutions to train women teachers formally. The difficulty of attracting higher-status students to normal schools, however, meant that they were largely attended by lower-caste Bairagi and native Christian trainees. Bairagi and native Christian women came out of very different traditions of literacy and religiosity; many were widows, orphans, or mendicants and thus mobile in a way that was essential for modern teaching and still unusual in the late nineteenth century. The lower caste status of Bairagi and native Christian women convinced both government officials and evangelicals that teacher training was not only necessary to extend women's education but also a means to "civilize" and make more "respectable" lower-caste teachers themselves.
She Said, He Said, and They Said: Claims of Abuse and a Community's Response in Late Medieval Marseille
Authors: McDonough Susan
Published: July 2012

This article examines two court cases from Marseille's civil court in 1424 and the three competing goals of the people involved. Silona Calverie initiated the suits to dissolve her marriage and reclaim her dowry from her husband, whom she claimed had mismanaged her dowry, usurped her inheritance, beaten and imprisoned her. Johannes Calverie dismissed Silona's claim, saying the court had no jurisdiction over marriage, and he had a right to chastise his wife as he saw fit. Having recently survived a Catalan attack, Silona's witnesses, from her neighborhood and the city's hierarchy, intervened to limit the violence in their midst. Unlike other studies, which have found communities rallying behind abused women and supporting their desire to separate from their husbands, the witnesses in this case did not stand entirely behind Silona's story. The discrepancy between Silona's claims and the witness testimony in her case suggests anxieties about unattached women and maintaining a peaceful neighborhood.
Cherokee Women and the Trail of Tears
Authors: Perdue Theda
Published: July 2012

One hundred and fifty years ago, in 1839, the United States forced the Cherokee Nation west of the Mississippi River to what later would become the state of Oklahoma. The Cherokees primarily occupied territory in the Southeast that included north Georgia, northeastern Alabama, southeastern Tennessee, and southwestern North Carolina. In the three decades preceding removal, they experienced a cultural transformation. Relinquishing ancient beliefs and customs, the leaders of the Nation sought to make their people culturally indistinguishable from their white neighbors in the hope that through assimilation they could retain their ancestral homeland. White land hunger and racism proved too powerful, however, and the states in which the Cherokees lived, particularly Georgia, demanded that the federal government extinguish the Indians' title and eject them from the chartered boundaries of the states. The election of Andrew Jackson in 1828 strengthened the states' cause.
Spirited Youth or Fiends Incarnate: The Samarcand Arson Case and Female Adolescence in the American South
Authors: Cahn Susan
Published: July 2012

This article examines the 1931 arson trial of sixteen inmates of the North Carolina reformatory for delinquent girls. The sensational trial triggered a public debate on the meaning of "sexual delinquency" in working-class white girls. While the reaction to the case typifies a century-long pattern of ambivalence about female adolescent sexuality in the United States, it can best be understood in the context of the class and racial politics of a modernizing South. Concern about the sexual behavior of poor working girls in the New South formed part of a larger effort to fortify the existing social order of the region. Although white North Carolinians remained uncertain as to whether the defendants were salvageable "good girls" or degenerate "low-class" women, the state responded with harsh treatment that revealed an abiding distrust of poor, sexually active adolescent girls.
Christian Morality Revealed in New Spain: The Inimical Nahua Woman in Book Ten of the Florentine Codex
Authors: Overmyer-Velázquez Rebecca
Published: July 2012

The introduction of Spanish Christianity to the Central Valley of Mexico brought an understanding of the world that was radically different from the Nahua (Aztec) worldview. The Florentine Codex , a sixteenth-century Spanish Franciscan text, illustrates how the Christian moral system upset traditional Nahua notions of sexuality and proper relations between men and women. With its emphasis on the conflict between good and evil and its explicit gender hierarchy, which put men above women, Christianity challenged Nahua ideas of gender complementarity and a complex, interconnected cosmos. Such a challenge did not bode well for Nahua women, whose status prior to the Spanish invasion became threatened ideologically and literally by the decline of Nahua political and religious institutions.
The Feminist Uses of Psychoanalysis: Beatrice M. Hinkle and the Foreshadowing of Modern Feminism in the United States
Authors: Wittenstein Kate
Published: July 2012

This article uses the career and writings of feminist psychoanalyst Beatrice M. Hinkle (1874-1953) to explore the impact of psychological thinking on American feminism in the immediate presuffrage and postsuffrage era. Feminism (as distinct from suffragism) first emerged in the United States prior to World War I. Its early adherents, many of whom such as Hinkle belonged to New York City's feminist network, the Heterodoxy Club, used psychoanalytic insights to broaden the definition of the political to include inner personal emancipation and to further women's gains in the postsuffrage period. Hinkle's psychoanalytically informed feminism questioned the significance of formal legal equality alone and prefigured the notion of the personal as political, usually associated primarily with the rebirth of feminism in the 1960s. Her writings constitute an important, if little known, chapter in the intellectual history of modern American feminism.
From Concubines to Capitalists: Women, Property, and Power in Eighteenth-Century Cairo
Authors: Fay Mary Ann
Published: July 2012

This article shows how property rights granted to women under Islamic law empowered women in the eighteenth century. Elite women exercised their property rights to amass estates of considerable size. Their ownership, inheritance, and management of property as well as the importance of marriage alliances and concubinage to the reproduction of power enhanced women's power within households. Also, women supplied important elements of cohesion, stability, and continuity crucial to the household's survival. The major source for this study is the records of women's pious endowments ( waqf ), which provide detailed information about the donor's property as well as personal information about the donor, including her sexual and marital history, the household to which she belonged, and the relationships within her family and household.
Women's Activism and the Vicissitudes of Hindu Nationalism
Authors: Basu Amrita
Published: July 2012

This article explores why Hindu nationalism gives expression to relatively extensive, militant women's activism. Why, to put the question starkly, should larger numbers of women pour onto the streets to destroy a sixteenth-century mosque than to protest their victimization as women? If we reject the assumption that these women were duped, then we must examine what Hindu nationalists had to offer them. The first part of this article asks whether Hindu women's activism can be attributed to the peculiarities of communalism, and, in particular, the traits that distinguish it from fundamentalism. Whereas a central feature of fundamentalism is the attempt to restore women to traditional roles, a key facet of communalism is its political expediency, which may include support for certain women's rights. The second half of the article points to the affinities between communalism and fundamentalism. Both may be shaped by the prevailing political context and electoral considerations, and both are varieties of religious nationalism which depend upon stigmatizing certain communities in order to unify others. Furthermore, women's activism does not challenge patriarchal domination or foster women's empowerment in either communalism or fundamentalism.
Subject to Change: Theories and Paradigms of U.S. Feminist History
Authors: Thurner Manuela
Published: July 2012

This essay is an abridged and substantially revised translation of an article originally written in German to familiarize a German audience with the development of and the theoretical debates within U.S. women's history. As such, it does not proclaim to suggest new directions for research or to offer new conceptual models, but rather hopes to be useful as a survey of the many paradigms and perspectives employed by United States women's historians over the past approximately three decades. By taking as its leitmotif the notion of "difference," it traces the changing subjects of feminist history and argues that a diversity of approaches and topics is a strength in U.S. women's history.
Hallelujah Lasses in the Battle for Souls: Working- and Middle-Class Women in the Salvation Army in the United States, 1872-1896
Authors: Taiz Lillian
Published: July 2012

The Salvation Army is a largely understudied religious movement in late nineteenth-century America. Traditionally, American historians regard the Salvation Army as part of the Protestant response to urban life. Discussions have focused exclusively on the organization's urban welfare work and influence on the emerging social gospel movement, ignoring its role as a cross-class religious institution. Women's historians have also neglected the Salvation Army, although female Salvationists frequently exercised surprising levels of spiritual and administrative authority in the organization. Indeed, the rationale for women's activities in the Salvation Army provides an arresting contrast to the Protestant middle-class female reform model. While female reformers argued that women must become social housekeepers because of their special qualities as women, this article demonstrates that Salvationists believed sanctified women had an obligation to take to the streets in the name of Jesus, precisely because they were the same as sanctified men.
The Beleaguered Rulers: The Public Obligation of the Professional
Authors: May William F.
Published: July 2012

Modern professionals wield considerable power by virtue of their knowledge. However, they also feel beleaguered by the constraints they face and the public disapproval they often experience. These pressures combine to diminish the professional's sense of public responsibility and convert him or her in self-perception to a careerist.
Triage and Equality: An Historical Reassessment of Utilitarian Analyses of Triage
Authors: Baker Robert , Strosberg Martin
Published: July 2012

We distinguish and review aspects of the history of two models of triage: egalitarian and utilitarian. Egalitarian triage is widely and successfully practiced in battlefield medicine, as well as in the emergency room and the ICU. Utilitarian triage has been sporadically practiced and typically collapses under the pressure of public scrutiny. Unfortunately, the two models tend to be conflated, confusing our understanding of the past and confounding our ability to plan for the future.
Toward a Virtue-Based Normative Ethics for the Health Professions
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D.
Published: July 2012

Virtue is the most perdurable concept in the history of ethics, which is understandable given the ineradicability of the moral agent in the events of the moral life. Historically, virtue enjoyed normative force as long as the philosophical anthropology and the metaphysics of the good that grounded virtue were viable. That grounding has eroded in both general and medical ethics. If virtue is to be restored to a normative status, its philosophical underpinnings must be reconstructed. Such reconstruction seems unlikely in general ethics, where the possibility of agreement on the good for humans is remote. However, it is a realistic possibility in the professional ethics of the health professions where agreement on the telos of the healing relationship is more likely to arise. Nevertheless, virtue-based ethics must be related conceptually and normatively to other ethical theories in a comprehensive moral philosophy of the health professions.
The Impact of HIV Infection on Society's Perception of Clinical Trials
Authors: Levine Robert J.
Published: July 2012

All international codes of research ethics and virtually all national legislation and regulation in the field of research involving human subjects project an attitude of protectionism. Written with the aim of avoiding a repetition of atrocities like those committed by the Nazi physician-researchers, calamities like the thalidomide experience, or ethical violations like those of the Tuskegee syphilis study, their dominant concerns are the protection of individuals from injury and from exploitation. In recent years, however, society's perception of clinical research has shifted dramatically. Now, largely as a consequence of the efforts of the AIDS activists, clinical research is widely perceived as benign and beneficial. Although this shift in attitude has resulted in some important improvements in research policies and practices, this new perception is just as wrong-headed as was the earlier excessive protectionism. It is necessary to maintain a balanced perspective; our policies should encourage the conduct of ethical research while maintaining the vigilance necessary to safeguard the rights and welfare of the subjects.
Forgoing Life-Sustaining Treatment: Limits to the Consensus
Authors: Veatch Robert M.
Published: July 2012

While substantial progress has been made in reaching a moral and policy consensus regarding forgoing life-sustaining treatment, several holes exist in that consensus where more public discussion and moral analysis is needed. First, among patients who have not been found to be legally incompetent there is controversy over whether certain treatments can be refused. Controversies also remain over damages for treatment without consent, limits based on third-party interests and the ethical integrity of the medical profession, and cases where it cannot be agreed whether the patient is competent. Even greater dispute exists over care of incompetent patients. Perhaps the greatest gap in the consensus arises over limits to the use of the best interests standard. This article proposes replacing it with a "reasonableness standard" that takes into account disputes about what is literally the best for the patient and conflicts of interest between the patient and others.
The Legal Consensus About Forgoing Life-Sustaining Treatment: Its Status and Its Prospects
Authors: Meisel Alan
Published: July 2012

The legal consensus that has evolved through adjudication and legislation since the Karen Quinlan case in 1976 is founded on the premise that there is a bright line between passive euthanasia and active euthanasia. Indeed, the term passive euthanasia is often eschewed in favor of less emotionally-laden terminology such as "forgoing life-sustaining treatment" or "terminating life support" so as to further sever any possible connection with active euthanasia. Legal approval has been bestowed upon passive euthanasia under certain circumstances while active euthanasia is routinely condemned. This consensus was put to a test in 1990 when the United States Supreme Court ruled on the Cruzan case. However, the Court's narrow decision did not upset the consensus, and in the most significant appellate decisions handed down by state courts since Cruzan , there has been a reaffirmation-and possibly even an extension-of the consensus. Two other threats to the legal consensus about forgoing life-sustaining treatment have begun to manifest themselves: the increasing pressure for mercy killing and "futility" cases. Both of these challenge the fundamental premises on which the consensus is grounded.
The Dead Donor Rule: Should We Stretch It, Bend It, or Abandon It?
Authors: Arnold Robert M. , Youngner Stuart J.
Published: July 2012

The dead donor rule—that persons must be dead before their organs are taken—is a central part of the moral framework underlying organ procurement. Efforts to increase the pool of transplantable organs have been forced either to redefine death (e.g., anencephaly) or take advantage of ambiguities in the current definition of death (e.g., the Pittsburgh protocol). Society's growing acceptance of circumstances in which health care professionals can hasten a patient's death also may weaken the symbolic importance of the dead donor rule. We consider the implications of these efforts to continually revise the line between life and death and ask whether it would be preferable to abandon the dead donor rule and rely entirely on informed consent as a safeguard against abuse.
Social Justice, Federal Paternalism, and Feminism: Breast Implants in the Cultural Context of Female Beauty
Authors: Parker Lisa S.
Published: July 2012

In April 1992 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced it was restricting the availability of silicone gel-filled breast implants to women enrolled in clinical trials. All candidates for breast reconstruction, but only a "very limited" number of augmentation candidates, would have access to the implants. This policy has been criticized as paternalistic, sexist, and unjustified by scientific data. I examine these charges and conclude that controversy surrounding the scientific data weakens the FDA's paternalistic mandate and that its policy of treating reconstruction and augmentation candidates differently results in increased social injustice and perpetuates cultural biases concerning female beauty and women's rights to control their bodies. I also argue that these cultural biases shape women's subjective experience of their physical selves and should not, contrary to some feminist arguments, be viewed as precluding their giving informed consent to breast surgery.
Improved Standards for Laboratory Animals?
Authors: McCarthy Charles R.
Published: July 2012

In February 1993, Judge Charles R. Richey of the United States District Court issued a summary judgment in the case of Animal Legal Defense Fund, et al. v. The Secretary of Agriculture, et al. The decision, which was in favor of the Animal Legal Defense Fund, requires the U.S. Department of Agriculture to withdraw its current regulations governing exercise for dogs and the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates used for biomedical research and to issue new regulations containing only minimum, measurable standards. Both plaintiffs and defendants contended that they were seeking the best interests of the laboratory animals. The issue at stake is whether animals are better protected if the government establishes limited minimal standards or is allowed to require institutions to provide additional standards, which will be judged on the basis of their effectiveness in maintaining healthy animals. The Court avoided this dispute, however, by placing primary emphasis on applying the Administrative Procedures Act and stating that it was merely interpreting the "plain meaning" of the Animal Welfare Act, as amended. In this article, arguments are presented for interpreting the law in a far more flexible way than Judge Richey did. The conclusion is also reached that there were no winners in the Animal Legal Defense Fund case and that the real losers are the laboratory animals.
Mixed Race Peoples in the Korean National Imaginary and Family
Authors: Lee Mary
Published: July 2012

This article discusses the production of “mixed-race” subjectivity in South Korea. It asks: how can we understand the lived experiences and histories of mixed-race people as integral to the logic of national governance, both past and present? Instead of regarding mixed-race people in Korea as an aberration or regrettable phenomenon, this article contends that their “otherness” is an outcome of the intensions, contradictions, and insecurities of national governance which coheres around discourse and legislation on the family. The testimony of various mixed-race people living in Korea reveals the racial, gendered, and sexual discursive modalities through which they were rendered outside the scope and meaning of Koreanness. Their testimony also corresponds with the discursive limits set forth by the government, particularly in the establishment of laws that govern desired familial relations within the climate of Cold War militarism, industrialization, and the post-democratization era of globalization and official multiculturalism. The longstanding and still practiced abjection of mixed-race people from South Korean society cannot be understood without exploring the intersection between a racial politics of “blood purity” and a gendered politics of patriarchy that works in service of an imagined Korean homogeneity.
Active/agentive case marking and its motivations
Authors: Mithun Marianne
Published: July 2012

A kind of case marking—termed variously active, active-neutral, active-inactive, active-static, stative-active, agentive, agent-patient, split S, and split intransitive—is shown to be less arbitrary than is sometimes assumed. Its semantic bases can be missed if sought only in immediate one-to-one correspondences between meaning and form. Case systems of this kind are often the products of successive diachronic developments, each individually motivated. Several factors can obscure the motivations, including not only crosslinguistic differences in detail, but also shifts of defining features over time, grammaticization, and lexicalization. To explain why these case systems have the shapes they do, we must appreciate both the diversity of features that can underlie them and the dynamic processes that mold them.
Ultimate attainment in second language acquisition
Authors: Birdsong David
Published: July 2012

On the prevailing view of ultimate attainment in second language acquisition, native competence cannot be achieved by postpubertal learners. The present study offers convergent experimental evidence which suggests there are exceptions to this generalization. At the same time, early arrival in the host country—even if past puberty—correlates with attainment of native norms on a variety of measures. Also investigated are the loci of competence differences in the syntax of the target language (French). Contrary to findings by Coppieters 1987, experimental performance is not predicted by the status of a given linguistic variable as within or outside the theoretical domain of Universal Grammar.
Dialect acquisition
Authors: Chambers J. K.
Published: July 2012

Immigrants from one dialect region to another acquire features of the new dialect with varying degrees of proficiency. In modern societies regional mobility is commonplace, and for modern dialectology, involved as it is with variability, mechanisms of change, and adaptation, it is a rich source of hypotheses. This article postulates eight general principles by which immigrants adapt dialectologically to their new surroundings, based mainly on results of a developmental study of six Canadian youngsters in two families who moved to southern England in 1983 and 1984, with supporting evidence from several other studies. The principles provide a set of empirically testable hypotheses about the determinants of dialect acquisition.
Resumptive restrictive relatives: A crosslinguistic perspective
Authors: Suñer Margarita
Published: July 2012

One of the aims of linguistic theory is to account for language variation. This article contributes to that objective by examining resumptive restrictive relative clauses crosslinguistically. The major claims are (1) the core-grammar distinction between conventional and resumptive restrictive relatives is due to the feature composition of the relative complementizer; (2) the prohibition against pied-piping that some languages adhere to correlates with the lack of lexical relative pronouns; (3) particular grammars need to accommodate language-specific properties such as preferences for which elements may, must, or cannot acquire a phonological matrix; and (4) resumptive pronouns which appear in relatives in the absence of an island are inserted at PF for other than interpretive reasons.
* I amn't
Authors: Hudson Richard
Published: July 2012

In most standard dialects of English, there is a gap in the paradigm of the verb BE where we expect to find amn't . But how do we know that this gap exists, since learners have no positive evidence that amn't is ungrammatical? It is even more puzzling since there is no gap when the subject is inverted ( aren't I . . . ?). Familiar explanations for this gap fail; in particular, it cannot be the result of conservative acquisition strategies. The explanation offered here is based crucially on a combination of multiple-default inheritance and function-based morphology, as embodied in word grammar. The gap is due to a Nixon-diamond conflict between two competing values for the same morphological function required by the categories negative and first-person. The inverted form is supplied by stipulation because of the functional pressure to supply a 'casual' form. Various dialect alternatives to the Standard English pattern are also considered. The success of this explanation shows that language must use default inheritance, multiple nonorthogonal inheritance, and morphological functions.
The characterization of exclamative clauses in Paduan
Authors: Zanuttini Raffaella , Portner Paul
Published: July 2012

In this descriptive report we outline the structural pattern of exclamative clauses in Paduan. Because of the close similarity between exclamative and interrogative clauses in this language, we begin by developing a number of tests which allow us to distinguish these two clause types. We then present the range of exclamative structures. A variety of factors interact to mark a clause as an exclamative, yielding a quite complex array of facts. We view this work as the basis for future study in the syntax and semantics of exclamatives.
Quid Pro Quo: Information Sharing in Leisure Activities
Authors: Fulton Crystal
Published: July 2012

This article explores information sharing in the context of amateur genealogists researching their Irish ancestry. Information sharing is an important feature of this hobby, with individuals networking with others to supplement information they have found when searching sources. Because of the nature of the hobby, reciprocal sharing behavior may be significant in this process. This study adopted a multi-case, exploratory approach to learning about amateur genealogists' sharing behavior associated with their information seeking. Twenty-four amateur genealogists from around the world participated in semi-structured telephone interviews about their hunt for their Irish ancestors. Data were transcribed and analyzed to identify patterns and conditions of information sharing between participants as they researched their genealogy. Participants in this study were avid information seekers, who prized information sharing as a means of advancing their research. The Internet played a central role in information sharing. Particular social norms surrounded the sharing of information that shaped interactions, including expectations of reciprocal information sharing. The findings of this study suggest that information sharing is an important feature of hobby participation for amateur genealogists, supporting learning as well as achievement in locating one's ancestors. Reciprocal information behavior strengthened social relationships between genealogists and multiple information sharing events solidified the network positions of individuals as information champions.
Using the Life Course Perspective to Study Library and Information Science Careers
Authors: Marshall Victor , Rathbun-Grubb Susan , Gard Marshall Joanne
Published: July 2012

This article provides an overview of the life course perspective as an approach to studying work and careers, and outlines the ways in which it was used by the Workforce Issues in Library and Information Science 1 (WILIS1) survey to capture the context of LIS graduates' career choices, transitions, outcomes, and perceptions over time. We describe the types of analyses that can be conducted when a survey instrument is grounded in the life course perspective. We will argue that the approach taken to understanding individual lives in a broader social context implicit in the life course perspective is particularly appropriate for studying library and information science careers using either or both quantitative or qualitative measures. As such, we can add the life course perspective to the wide range of theories from the social sciences that can be used as frameworks for examining issues of importance to the field.
An Overview of International Research into the Library and Information Needs of Visually Impaired People
Authors: Davies J. Eric
Published: July 2012

The background to general user needs assessment, including its value in service design and development, and the range of applicable methodologies is discussed. The diverse nature of users is recognized and the inappropriateness of a "one size fits all" approach is emphasized, with particular reference to visually impaired people. The place of research in supporting an evidence-based approach to service design and development is noted. A contextual section identifies some of the drivers that underpin appropriate and adequate provision to visually impaired people. They include legislation, international conventions, and codes of practice. Key features of the research agenda are identified. Much of the recent research relating to user needs coalesces around the theme of information technology, particularly the Internet, and assistive technology; another component of the research agenda comprises investigation of the general needs of visually impaired people in achieving a fulfilling lifestyle that includes access to information and libraries. Selected examples of completed research work from different countries are described in terms of scope, methods, and outcomes. An assessment of the need for future research concludes the article.
Defining Digital Sustainability
Authors: Bradley Kevin
Published: July 2012

This paper investigates what is meant by digital sustainability and establishes that it encompasses a range of issues and concerns that contribute to the longevity of digital information. A significant and integral part of digital sustainability is digital preservation, which has focused on one technical concern after another as issues and fashions have shifted over the last twenty years. Digital sustainability is demonstrated as providing an appropriate context for digital preservation because it requires consideration of the overall life cycle, technical, and socio-technical issues associated with the creation and management of digital items.
Mistaken Prelude to Vietnam: The Truman Doctrine and "A New Kind of War" in Greece
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: July 2012

In 1965, Washington's policymakers drew the wrong lessons from history in using the Truman Doctrine in Greece to justify the deepening military involvement in Vietnam. The Greek experience proved to be a faulty model for dealing with alleged commumst-inspired insurrections. The Athens government defeated the insurgency only in part because of the United States' limited intervention. Not only was Soviet complicity minimal at best, but the insurgents exposed themselves to superior Greek firepower by switching to conventional tactics at a crucial time in the war. In addition, Yugoslavia's rift with the Soviet Union led Tito to close his country's borders and to deny continued refuge to the insurgents. The Greek armed forces, aided by American napalm and Navy Helldivers, put down the insurgency in 1949. The Johnson administration erroneously believed that American military power had brought victory in Greece and, therefore, sought a military solution in Vietnam. The result was a near disaster.
Gender-Related Discourses and Representations of Cultural Specificity in Nineteenth-Century and Twentieth-Century Greece
Authors: Bakalaki Alexandra
Published: July 2012

The nineteenth-century discourse on women's education in Greece was a part of a more general nationalist ideology aimed at promoting Greece's westernization. Arguments put forth by members of the educated elite concerning the quantity, form, and content of girls' schooling generally appealed to European examples. Curiously, many of this discourse's central ideas about the nature and callings of womanhood appear to be strikingly similar to gender-related ideas documented by ethnographers, and usually considered fundamental features of local communities or of Greek culture generally. The possible analogies and historical connections between nineteenth- and twentieth-century gender-related ideas suggest that ethnographers have overemphasized the Greeks' own sense of cultural specificity vis-à-vis "Europeans." Conversely, they have underestimated the extent to which Greeks see themselves through a "European" perspective and internalize a "European" identity.
Greek National Identity: Religious Minorities, Rights, and European Norms
Authors: Pollis Adamantia
Published: July 2012

The process of Greece's Europeanization, evident in its membership in the European Community and its adherence to the regional human rights instrument, is impeded by its deviance from European norms. This is particularly striking in the area of religious freedom, where Greece, in violation of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, restricts the rights of religious minorities. The constitutional prohibition of proselytism and a host of administrative, legislative, and judicial acts severely limit religious practice, especially that of Jehovah's Witnesses and Evangelicals. The difficulty Greece confronts in implementing religious freedom stems from its conception of Greekness, which is understood as an organic whole in which Greek Orthodoxy, the éthnos, and the state are a unity. This is buttressed, in turn, by a judicial philosophy of legal positivism. Violations of religious rights are dramatic; in addition, the ideological and legal foundations exist for potential restrictions of numerous individual rights. If Greece is to integrate into the European Community, a transformation of the notion of Greekness is essential.
Power and Solidarity in Modern Greek Conversation: Disagreeing to Agree
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kakava Christina
Published: July 2012

In Modern Greek conversation, disagreement, which can express power, can also be used to create solidarity among participants. Analysis of a segment of tape-recorded, naturally occurring conversation demonstrates that the three primary speakers are pursuing different frames—that is, they have different purposes in the conversation—and that they have different styles of disagreeing. The Greek man disagrees directly; the Greek woman briefly agrees before going on to disagree; the American woman disagrees indirectly. Analysis of other, briefer excerpts of casual conversation reveals that linguistic marfars of solidarity occur at points of disagreement. These markers are (1) first name or figurative kinship term, often in diminutive form, and (2) personal analogy. Finally, two linguistic markers frequently occur at points of disagreement: (1) the particle «ρε» and (2) what we call "adversative imperatives." This discussion furthers our understanding of the relationship between power and solidarity in conversation in general, and in Modern Greek conversation in particular.
Exploring Discourse Conditions on Word Order Phenomena in Greek
Authors: Goutsos Dionysis
Published: July 2012

Studies of Greek word order have largely ignored explanations that refer to discourse. This paper illustrates an example of a textual approach to word order phenomena that relates the placement of adjuncts to local and global text-strategic motivations. Data are drawn from five different translations into Greek of an English text. Relevant suggestions are made with regard to the further exploration of word order issues within a discourse perspective.
Political Ideology in Post-dictatorial Greece: The Experience of Socialist Dominance
Authors: Kioukias Dimitris
Published: July 2012

Ideological politics in post-dictatorial Greece is an important subject yet one that has not been fully explored. In particular, the issue of the creation of a left-wing ideological hegemony has not received proper attention. Yet the ambition of the socialist party (PaSoK) to establish such a hegemony was part of a conscious and well-prepared policy which, once it was applied, made a great impact on Greek political life. PaSoK's ideology emerged as a response to a transition from the closed political system of the past to a new system open to the masses. Through the state, the party, the media, and educational institutions, the party sought to impose a new Weltanschauung based on participatory values and an organic view of society. This ideological project was partly successful insofar as it seems to have influenced many areas of Greek social life. It appears to have been partially unsuccessful, however, from the viewpoint of Greece's long-term democratic development, since it failed to promote the rule of law. Whether the new Greek Right can accomplish this task remains to be seen.
NATO and the Struggle for Cyprus
Authors: Holland Robert
Published: July 2012

This article examines the part played by NATO in the dispute over Cyprus between 1954 and February 1959. It shows that although the United Kingdom came to see advantages in using NATO as a means of facilitating its own proposals, it remained hostile to NATO "arbitration."Paradoxically, too, both Greece and Turkey opposed NATO intervention, though for contrary reasons. The narrative illustrates how the United States encouraged informal discussion of Cyprus in NATO forums as a way of renewing constructive negotiation after the deportation of Archbishop Makarios but shrank from formal mediation as being potentially harmful to "Western unity." Under these constraints, the optimal role for NATO lay in the personal "good offices" of the secretary-general. Paul-Henri Spaak 's exercise of this limited scope for initiative after May 1957 did help to promote "guaranteed independence" as a way out of the impasse. Nevertheless, the analysis shows that NATO remained marginal to the eventual negotiated settlement. The oblique relationship between NATO and the emergence of the Republic of Cyprus throws light on the vulnerability of the new state.
The Enchanter's Education: Nabokov's Lectures on Dickens and the Development of Lolita
Authors: Frye Mitch
Published: July 2012

Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita exhibits the influence of a Charles Dickens—not the biographical Dickens who lived and wrote, but the more or less fictional Dickens whom Nabokov creates in his lectures on European literature. In these lectures, taught at Cornell University during the period of Lolita 's composition, Nabokov rhapsodizes about an apolitical Bleak House . He overrides Dickens's obvious sociological concerns by replacing the biographical author with a fictional construct whose aesthetics and ethics mirror Nabokov's own. Nabokov's aggressive interpretation of Bleak House , representative of his struggle to master the English language and its literature, proves integral to his revision of 1939's The Enchanter into 1955's Lolita . He borrows characterization strategies from Dickens's novel and his own evaluation of the work. Most significantly, he introduces the theme of "false childishness" to the new draft, fashioning the relationship between Humbert Humbert and Dolores Haze after Dickens's oppositional pairing of Horace Skimpole and Charley Neckett. By usurping Dickens for his own use (thereby breaking severely from his friend Edmund Wilson's view of the author), Nabokov positions himself in both relation and opposition to canonical English prose.
Humbert's Arctic Adventures: Some Intertextual Explorations
Authors: Manolescu-Oancea Monica
Published: July 2012

This article attempts to explore the intertextual potential of the arctic episode in Lolita (part I, chapter 9), which has received little critical attention, and to analyze its place within the structure of the novel. Besides the overt reference to Melville's Pierre ("Pierre Point in Melville Sound"), I also take into account a number of diffuse intertextual echoes coming from Shakespeare's Othello and from Poe's Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym . Beyond the attempt to combine the annotation and interpretation of this particular episode, I also try to offer a covert meditation on Nabokovian intertextuality in general (which the author tended to present as a precise science in which specific pointers signal a precise source). My conclusion establishes a link between Humbert's arctic Canada and Alaska, the place of Lolita's death, and I argue that the two could be seen as avatars of Nabokov's "distant northern land," of Ultima Thule and Zembla.
Knight's Move: Nabokov, Shklovsky and the Afterlife of Sirin
Authors: Peterson Dale
Published: July 2012

In composing The Real Life of Sebastian Knight, Nabokov faced the challenge of transferring a distinctive literary persona into a foreign tongue. Appropriately, his debut English novel took the form of an obituary memoir by a surviving sibling in quest of the "real life" of a prematurely deceased writer. The rise of Vladimir Sirin coincided with the appearance in Berlin of Shklovsky's artistic treatise, Knight's Move (1923). Alluding to that shared moment of origin, Sebastian Knight's fictional remains, as reconstructed by his half-brother, display an unconventional talent of a decidedly Formalist cast of mind. In Nabokov's elegantly patterned novel, Sebastian's texts, V's quest, and Nabokov's biography appear to play a game of transferences in rapid lateral moves like the knight on a chess board. Read as a prismatic refraction of Nabokov's labile position between languages and cultures in 1940, RLSK performs the trick of side-stepping the end of a Russian literary career by translating V. Sirin into a "laughingly alive" afterlife in the "otherworld" of English prose.
Signs of Origin: Victor Hugo's Bug-Jargal
Authors: Bonin Kathrine M.
Published: July 2012

Victor Hugo's controversial Bug-Jargal (published 1820, revised 1826) is often read as either négrophile or négrophobe , monarchist or pro-revolution: an ongoing critical debate that stems in part from the novel's own fundamental contradictions. The revised Bug-Jargal endeavors to confront the Revolution (both in Haiti and in mainland France) without glossing over its complexities, introducing the formal æsthetic opposition of the sublime and grotesque in an ambitious effort to bring the chaos of revolutionary Terror within the higher order of Romantic art. However, grotesque elements within Bug-Jargal threaten to subvert other antithetical pairs which the novel nonetheless depends upon: black and white, rightful leadership and rebellion, "proper" and "improper" use of colonial discourses of authority. Multiple speakers within the novel conspire to reconfirm the existence of "original" categories of identity that the "cannibal" threat of the grotesque radically calls into question. (KMB)
The Space of Time: Delaroche's Depiction of Modern Historical Narrative
Authors: Wright Beth Segal
Published: July 2012

After 1814, the French looked to parallels in the past to explain the causes of contemporary events. For them historical time was doubled, understood through analogies. Signaling multiple times, easily accomplished in historiographic narratives, posed a challenge to historical painters. Delaroche utilized innovative approaches to representing time in his works, which were praised by contemporary historians and art critics as visual parallels to modern historical literature. In this essay I argue that Delaroche's repeated visual quotation of works from the Bowyer Historic Gallery enabled him to represent a doubled moment in his historical paintings. I examine his approach to temporality in Jane Grey (1834), Assassination of the duc de Guise (1834), a suite of watercolors (c.1825) on an episode in Rousseau's Confessions (1782), and Cromwell (1831). The latter was one of several works by Delaroche inspired by Chateaubriand's Les Quatre Stuarts (1828), an insistently multi-temporal text which compared Stuarts and Bourbons, written to ensure the stability of the newly restored Bourbon dynasty.
Imperfective Aspect and the Interplay of Aspect, Tense, and Modality in Torau
Authors: Palmer Bill
Published: July 2012

Torau displays a highly complex system of aspect, tense, and modal marking. One of the most complex elements of this system is the marking of imperfective aspect. Imperfective in Torau is marked by a construction employing a choice of two overt imperfective markers and the possible presence of reduplication. The range of imperfective semantics encoded by this construction varies widely, encompassing progressive, habitual, persistive, and progressive inchoative or inceptive. Which reading is given depends not only on the choice of imperfective marker and the presence or absence of reduplication, but on a complex interplay of these factors with other aspectual, modal, or tense marking, and the aspectual semantics of the verb itself. This paper teases apart each of these highly interdependent factors to determine the independent functional characteristics of each imperfective marker and of reduplication.
Proto-Oceanic *mana Revisited
Authors: Blust R. A
Published: July 2012

Few linguistic terms in the history of anthropology have had greater currency than mana. While anthropological debate about this term has tended to center on the correct interpretation of the native concept, little attention has been given to the etymology of the word. When this is pursued, a novel perspective on this pivotal concept emerges. Cognates meaning 'thunder'and 'wind' suggest that Proto-Oceanic *mana did not refer to a detachable spiritual or supernatural power that could be possessed by humans, but rather to powerful forces of nature such as thunder and storm winds that were conceived as the expression of an unseen supernatural agency. As Oceanic-speaking peoples spread eastward, the notion of an unseen supernatural agency became detached from the physical forces of nature that had inspired it and assumed a life of its own. It is argued that the process that gave rise to the canonical sense of mana, as this is commonly understood in the anthropology of religion, is part of a larger process in which widespread and apparently arbitrary features of human cultures were inspired by a prescientific attempt to understand the forces of nature.
Cebuano Passives Revisited
Authors: Tanangkingsing Michael , Huang Shuanfan
Published: July 2012

The view that the gi-clauses and/or their equivalents in other Philippine-type languages, specifically in Cebuano and closely related Bisayan languages, are active constructions has been widely accepted by a number of Austronesian linguists. In a recent study on the gi-verb clauses in Cebuano, however, another linguist reinterprets those with Verb-Patient-Agent (VPA) word order as passive. In this paper, we argue against such an interpretation, based on analyses of the semantics and discourse pragmatics of the gi- and naclauses in spoken data. A gi- attached to a verb implies a deliberate intention of an Agent; a na-clause directs attention to the often accidental effect of an action on a Patient without emphasizing any reference to an Agent. This renders a na-verb construction, especially one in which the Agent is missing, as a much more plausible candidate for passive in Cebuano.