bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Encounters and the Orient: A Study in the Politics of Knowledge
Authors: Visvanathan Shiv
Published: November 2003

Johann Galtung in one of his lectures talks of a painting that hung in the ante-room of the late Ghanaian leader Kwame Nkrumah. It was a giant picture of Nkrumah himself struggling loose from his chains. There is thunder and lightning in the air, and in one corner of the picture are three men, three white men. The first is a capitalist and he carries a briefcase. The second is a missionary and he clutches a Bible. The third, the meekest looking carries a book whose title can be barely read. It is African Political Systems, and the third man is an anthropologist.
East–West Cultural Relationship: Some Indian Aspects
Authors: Chattopadhyaya D. P.
Published: November 2003

Cultural space knows no official boundary. Civilizational interaction, recorded and unrecorded, is an ongoing process. Diffusionism and parallelism get interfused in civilizational studies. To think of one-sided borrowing or lending in the realm of culture rests on bias or prejudice, perhaps both. To think that originally there was only one culture (Egypt or India or China) and that all other cultures are its diffused or dispersed form is incorrect, both theoretically and evidentially. Comparably incorrect is the anthropological hypothesis that different cultures, in response to diverse social and natural stimuli or conditions, developed quite independently and in parallel manner. Once we believe, as I think we must, that cultural space is a continuum, the parallelistic thesis is bound to collapse. If, on the other hand, we totally reject the possibility of independent, relatively independent, origin and development of different cultures, we are obliged to deny the differentiable identity and personality and distinct cultures. To deny cultural pluralism is psychologically untenable and ideologically pernicious, and I have argued the point at length elsewhere.
‘East versus West’: Beyond Dichotomy and towards an Acknowledgement of Differences
Authors: Kawada Junzo
Published: November 2003

The theme ‘East versus west’ is an old topic for discussion, but one that is constantly being rehashed. Though it has many aspects, a number of elements remain vague. Do East and West each form a monolithic bloc? Where does the East begin in the West's eyes, and vice versa, the West for the East? What, if any, are the basic differences separating the two?

Palaeontologists tell us that a dividing line indicating a divergence of traditions in stone tools can be traced back to the Lower Palaeolithic era, that is, a million years ago, in the western region of India. To the east of that line, in other words in East and South-east Asia, the most common tools are choppers and chopping-tools, while to the west, in western Asia, Europe and Africa, the main tools are hand-axes. The former are suitable for working vegetable materials and making bamboo or wooden, therefore perishable, objects, which for this reason leave no trace in the form of archaeological clues. The hand-axes are capable of being worked into stylized shapes and are appropriate for dismembering large herbivores and cutting up their meat.
At the Dawn of the Call: From Human to Animal before the Division of the World
Authors: Dor Rèmy
Published: November 2003

‘In the beginning was the word And the word was aardvark’

Oulipo, Aux origines du langage, Bibliothéque oulipienne no. 121

First I think I should explain that call. It echoed in my ears for the first time a very long time ago and far, far away: on the Roof of the World, the Afghan Pamir, more than 30 years ago. It was uttered by a Kirghiz shepherd following a herd of sheep. Even if it is not in fact possible to transcribe that call accurately - the combination of the phonetic parameters that determine it would necessitate a representation using a graph or numerical matrices - I will attempt to give it a written shape, HAY, while admitting that this transcription denotes an abstraction that subsumes many possible realizations. But be that as it may. A few years later, when I was living in the Haut-Livradois, in the deepest heart of rural France, I was surprised to hear that call again on the lips of an Auvergnat peasant who was taking his sheep to the meadow. This unlikely coincidence led me to take a closer interest in the problem of communication between humans and animals. It is the essence of that thinking that I would today like to pass on to the readers of Diogenes in an issue devoted to the East/West contrast.
My Personal Experience of East–West Cultural Exchange
Authors: Hirayama Ikuo
Published: November 2003

On 6 August 1945, I was exposed to radiation in Hiroshima during the atomic bombing. At that time I was 15 years old, a third-year junior high school student, and working at a factory in Hiroshima under the wartime student mobilization plan. A total of 201 people from my school (13 teachers and 188 students) were killed outright in the bombing. I narrowly escaped death, but suffered from radiation sickness for many years afterwards. At one point, my white blood cell count dropped sharply, endangering my life.

When I chose painting as my vocation, I decided to put on canvas my prayer for world peace that stems from my experience in Hiroshima. In 1959, I painted Arrival of Buddhism, a picture depicting the 17-year-long journey to India of Xuanzang (600–664), a Chinese priest during the Tang Dynasty, in search of enlightenment. This work made my name known as a painter among the general public.
How to Counter Islamic Extremism
Authors: Wahid Abdurrahman
Published: November 2003

Two great challenges for reform of education have to be addressed if Muslim society is to respond meaningfully to the threat of terrorism.

Most Muslims are strongly opposed to acts of violence, in any form, undertaken in the name of religion. Consequently, it hurts us to constantly see the name of Islam, ‘the religion of peace’, linked with international terrorism. Nevertheless, as Muslims we must face the reality that if we fail to address the challenges before us we will find ourselves constantly confronted with accusations of harbouring terrorists - regardless of how fair those generalized accusations might be. If, however, we are prepared seriously to address these two challenges, people such as Osama Bin Laden will find increasingly little solace or support in Muslim society.
Jalaluddin Rumi’s Religious Understanding: A Prelude to Dialogue in the Realm of Religious Thought
Authors: Jalali Ahmad
Published: November 2003

In the course of human civilization, religion has underpinned the development of values of human respect, tolerance, peace, and the culture of peace. Unfortunately, at the same time, religion has also played the opposite role during some periods of history. Therefore, it is important to investigate how and to what extent religious faiths, or if I may say more accurately religious paradigms, have been and are ready to educate their believers in the above-mentioned value support system, and how they could set about so doing. How can religion provide us with an ambiance and a paradigm within which we can create an atmosphere of dialogue among different value systems? In this brief article, I try to seek light from the teachings of the great Persian thinker and poet, Jalaluddin Mowlavi Rumi, to be able to elaborate on this topic.
Halogen- and Phosphorus-free Flame Retardant PC Plastic with Excellent Moldability and Recyclability
Authors: Nishihara Hajime , Suda Yoshikazu , Sakuma Toshiharu
Published: November 2003

Silicon compounds containing R3SiO1/2 (M-unit), R2SiO (D-unit), RSiO3/2 (T-unit), and SiO2 (Q-unit) in various combinations are commonly used as flame-retardant auxiliaries for polycarbonate (PC) plastics, and the use of branched DT-type silicones as the main flame retardant has also gained interest. We have found, based on cone calorimetry, that the flame retardant effect of such silicones is determined primarily by silicone mobility during combustion and the silicon content in the plastic, and conversely that the aromatic units and branched structure of the silicone are of little importance. The flame retardant effect of linear D-type silicone, in particular, was found to be superior to that of DT-type as well as other silicones, apparently because of its relatively simple molecular structure and a resulting high mobility in the plastic under combustion. We found that D-type silicones increase PC resin recyclability, whereas the branched structure of DT-type silicones tends to lower recyclability. Our investigation indicates that the linear D-type silicones cause little or no PC decomposition during molding, in contrast to the PC decomposition encountered with DT-type silicones due to interaction with their numerous chain ends. The results indicate that the excellent flame retardance, high impact resistance, and superior moldability and recyclability of PC resin containing linear D-type silicone will make it suitable for applications in office machines, computers, and other equipment. Furthermore, the most important and essential fact is that silicon plays an important role of flame retardance, not silicone.
Evaluation of Intumescent Coatings for Shipboard Fire Protection
Authors: Sorathia U. , Gracik T. , Ness J. , Durkin A. , Williams F. , Hunstad M. , Berry F.
Published: November 2003

In response to several claims from Manufacturers that intumescent coatings could be used in place of fire insulation and provide equal protection to shipboard structures during a fire, U.S. Navy conducted an extensive investigation of several fire protective coatings for use aboard ship. These fire protective coatings included water and solvent based coatings, insulative coatings, and foams. The objective of this program was to identify passive fire protection (PFP) coatings for shipboard interior applications capable of meeting U.S. Navy (USN) fire resistance requirements (DRAFT MIL-PRF-XX 381) of 30 min rating with backside average temperature rise less than 139 C using UL-1709 fire curve (post flashover fire). This evaluation consisted of small scale fire, adhesion, and impact tests; intermediate scale room corner fire tests, and full scale fire tests conducted aboard ex-USS SHADWELL. The test results with steel substrate show that all candidate coatings failed to meet minimum U.S. Navy fire resistance criteria when used as stand-alone coatings. Furthermore, many coatings demonstrated poor adhesion, and fell off from the substrate during the fire test. These data have led the Navy to conclude that intumescent coatings tested in this study are not sufficient to protect shipboard spaces during a fire and are not equivalent when used alone as direct replacement for batt or blanket type fibrous fire insulation (mineral wool, StructoGard) installed aboard U.S. Navy ships. However, U.S. Navy smallscale fire tests have also demonstrated that some of the intumescent coatings, when applied over substrates such as Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP), did reduce flame spread and smoke generation.
Preliminary Real-scale Experimental Studies on Cable Fires in Plenum
Authors: Fei You , Jianjun Zhou , Yanghui Zou , Peide Li , Lin John Z. , Chow T. T.
Published: November 2003

Series fire tests simulating cable fires in plenum caused by exposed and aged combustible cables were carried out in a real-scale flatletmodel containing burn room, ceiling plenum, and target room. A special communication cable type insulated with HDPE and sheathed with LLDPE was utilized. A related fire reference scenario was designed to simulate how cables in plenum were involved in a fire from potential fire loads to substantial fuel by the role of an external flaming source and to characterize related fire issues. Major concerns are that how various amounts, various ignition means and different ventilation rates impact on fire performances (heat release rate, smoke temperature, smoke obscuration, combustion products, and toxicity) of cables in plenum. It is found that influences of these parameters are obvious. The burning of exposed tested cables in plenum easily poses a high potential of fire hazard even at a relatively low fire load.
Cross-Cultural Pedagogy and the Passion for Ignorance
Authors: Jones Alison
Published: November 2003

On its psychological surface, this article considers anxieties generated among some Pakeha (white) students in a feminist university classroom in Aotearoa/New Zealand when Maori and Pacific Islands teachers take positions of authority. At another level, the article queries the pedagogical ideal of `increasing cross-cultural knowledge', and discusses this ideal's inevitable production of ignorance, and its mobilization of complex Pakeha desires. More fundamentally, the article is a Pakeha teacher's (my) attempt to use the work of some psychoanalytic feminist theorists to make sense of student confessions and resistances that Pakeha feminist teachers cannot bear to hear, and that we cannot ignore.
Matauranga Wahine: Teaching Maori Women's Knowledge Alongside Feminism
Authors: Jenkins Kuni , Pihama Leonie
Published: November 2003

There are always at least two stories that emerge when students on a course are split into separate ethnic groups. This is the story of the Maori women academics who taught and tutored Maori, Pacific Islands and Asian women in a university course exploring feminism and matauranga wahine (women's knowledge) (see Jones, this issue). They tell of their own experiences and also what they saw happening to students who were facilitated in exploring their own cultural stories before encountering white feminism. They also talk of their experience of teaching non-Maori students.
Happily Never after: Young Women's Stories of Abuse in Heterosexual Love Relationships
Authors: Jackson Sue
Published: November 2003

Although repeated exposure to narratives of romance in popular culture from an early age may lead young women to expect idealized romance in their heterosexual love relationships, a good number encounter abusive experiences. This article draws on young women's stories of abuse in heterosexual love relationships gathered from interviews with 23 young women aged 16-18 years. These stories are examined using a feminist, poststructuralist form of narrative analysis to explore the extent to which young women draw on cultural narratives of romance or alternative narratives and to explore how self and boyfriends are positioned within these narratives. Although at one level romance seemed to be a trap that prevented young women from abandoning an abusive boyfriend, at another it was a resource that they used in an active way to make sense of what had happened. Ways in which this work might usefully inform prevention, education and counselling are discussed.
A Feminist Discourse Analysis of Sex `Work'
Authors: Weatherall Ann , Priestley Anna
Published: November 2003

The present research investigates how explanations for sex `work', and constructions of it as a market exchange just like any other, function to reinforce and perpetuate the current shape of the sex industry in New Zealand. It also examines how key themes in feminist theories of sex work are used by participants to account for their experiences in the job. The data were from semi-structured interviews with 19 people who were working, or who had worked, in the sex industry. The sample was diverse in terms of gender and sexuality identifications. There was also diversity in the areas of sex work that had been experienced. The analysis takes a feminist discursive psychology approach that investigates the contradictions and dilemmas raised by different constructions of social objects. Insights that emerged from the analysis include that the construction of sex work as a service industry relies, in part, on the notion of an uncontrollable male sex drive; that the idea of sex work as an ordinary market exchange both highlights and hides important features of the sex industry; and that participants could account for both the violent and liberatory aspects of sex work that feature in feminist explanations.
`Cry Wolf', Cried the Wolf: Constructing the Issue of False Rape Allegations in New Zealand Media Texts
Authors: Gavey Nicola , Gow Virginia
Published: November 2003

In this article we analyse New Zealand media texts about so-called false rape allegations from 1995 to 1999, in relation to legislative and social change towards rape. In particular, we focus on a critical reading of a magazine article that stands out as being (the only) relatively balanced investigation into false rape'. We argue that despite the surface neutrality of this text, it privileges an interpretation of the issue in which it is taken for granted that reports of rape claimed to be false by police really are false (that is, women's lies). We show how this happens through the framing of the article, the tacit construction of `the issue' and the denial of the broader social and historical context of rape. In these ways, we argue that it perpetuates contemporary rape myths. Widespread circulation and adherence to such myths, we suggest, hinder the criminal justice system and broader cultural responses to rape that are sympathetic to women who are raped. We further suggest that this construction of the `new issue' of false rape allegations can be read as an expression of `backlash anxiety' about the emergent gains made by feminists in challenging rape-supportive discourses and practices in society.
Subjectivities and Silences, Mother and Woman: Theorizing an Experience of Silence as a Speaking Subject
Authors: Morgan Mandy , Coombes Leigh
Published: November 2003

The article theorizes the positioning implications of a specific occasion of silence told through an autobiographical narrative. Positioning theory is discussed, as are modifications to speech act theory. These discussions raise questions concerning the social power relations that enable specific silences. The article reads an account of a mother's silence to argue that that silence may enable subject positions that marginalize or exclude the silent participant, reproduce criteria of inadmissibility or incompetence, or code some experiences as ineffable. The article also discusses silence as an effect of potentially contradictory positioning.
Jekyll and Hyde: Men's Constructions of Feminism and Feminists
Authors: Edley Nigel , Wetherell Margaret
Published: November 2003

Research and commentary on men's responses to feminism have demonstrated the range of ways in which men have mobilized both for and against feminist principles. This article argues that further analyses of men's responses require a sophisticated theory of discourse acknowledging the fragmented and contradictory nature of representation. A corpus of men's talk on feminism and feminists was studied to identify the pervasive patterns in men's accounting and regularities in rhetorical organization. Material from two samples of men was included: a sample of white, middle-class 17-18-year-old school students and a sample of 60 interviews with a more diverse sample of older men aged 20 to 64. Two interpretative repertoires of feminism and feminists were identified. These set up a `Jekyll and Hyde' binary and positioned feminism along with feminists very differently as reasonable versus extreme and monstrous. Both repertoires tended to be deployed together and the article explores the ideological and interactional consequences of typical deployments along with the identity work accomplished by the men as they positioned themselves in tandem with these.
Constructing a Feminist Identity: Discourse and the Community of Practice
Authors: Stapleton Karyn
Published: November 2003

The relationship between language and gender features prominently in contemporary feminist scholarship. In particular, feminist linguists and feminist psychologists have highlighted the ways in which language works to maintain (and potentially transform) hierarchical gender arrangements and ideologies. However, despite such (political) commonalities, divergent theoretical and methodological commitments have frequently resulted in a lack of dialogue between the two disciplines. In this article, I suggest that the `communities of practice' (CoP) approach, currently influential in feminist linguistics, may provide a means of bridging feminist research within psychology and linguistics. Specifically, I explore the potential for integrating CoP theory with the version of Discourse Analysis most commonly utilized in psychological research. Thus, drawing on one woman's situated negotiations of a feminist identity, I discuss both the potential difficulties of such a synthesis, together with the additional insights it offers.
Pregnancy and Working: A Critical Reading of Advice and Information on Pregnancy and Employment
Authors: Gross Harriet , Pattison Helen
Published: November 2003

As more women remain in paid employment during pregnancy, women's public role as worker is enacted in parallel with the transition to the private role of mother. Cultural resources, such as books, magazines and other literature, may support this transition and help to identify the expectations of new and changing roles. Information and advice about working contained in such publications may also be implicated in the continuation of public and private beliefs about pregnancy and employment. Investigation of the representations of work in literature available to pregnant women suggests several topics with-in which material on working can occur; these are health, rights, and work and home. This coverage is discussed in relation to the different discourses of pregnancy, particularly a discourse of responsibility, and how these may position women as workers or mothers.
What Makes Feminist Counselling Feminist?
Authors: Chester Andrea , Bretherton Diane
Published: November 2003

Feminist counselling is often characterized as a belief system. Described broadly in this way it has been difficult to clearly articulate its boundaries. The aims of this study were to provide clarification by exploring understandings of feminism among feminist practitioners and implications of these definitions for the rhetoric and practice of feminist counselling. Descriptions of feminism and feminist counselling were collected, via self-administered questionnaire, from 140 Australian feminists who were counsellors. Definitional categories were compared with previous North American research. Although comparisons across time and continent revealed few differences, inconsistencies emerged within the sample. These discrepancies underscored the need for a stronger theoretical base within feminist counselling in Australia.
Feminist Research with Non-Feminist and Anti-Feminist Women: Meeting the Challenge
Authors: Andrews Molly
Published: November 2003

Feminist scholars conducting research with non-feminist and anti-feminist women are confronted with a dilemma that is rarely articulated in feminist writing: how can we represent these women's lives as they experience them while at the same time challenging women's oppression? A related dilemma is whether a feminist researcher is justified in describing a woman as a feminist if that term is not one that the woman herself would select. The article surveys four strategies that are most commonly used when difference of gender consciousness becomes apparent in a research setting: (1) reliance on the concept of false consciousness, (2) the construction of research as a platform for `dialogue' culminating in the resolution of differences, (3) the redefinition of feminism, and (4) constructing gender and gender consciousness as a culturally and historically situated phenomenon. Drawing on interviews with a small group of old women, I discuss my own struggles with these and related issues.
Experiences of Family Caregiving among Middle-Aged Australian Women
Authors: Lee Christina , Porteous Jenny
Published: November 2003

Family caregiving is an unpaid activity that falls inequitably on women. As one component of the Women's Health Australia survey, this article uses quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the impact of family caregiving among middle-aged women. Of 13,888 women, 1775 responded to specific items about caregiving and 185 made openended comments about their experiences. Quantitative analyses showed that caregivers experienced more financial difficulties, poorer physical and psychological health, higher levels of stress and higher use of health care services. Content analysis of comments supported these findings, and in addition identified emerging themes including difficulties with travel, inadequacies in health and welfare systems, a sense of exploitation and fear for the future. These findings support the view that interventions to assist family caregivers must address systemic in addition to individual factors.
Shifting Conversations on Girls' and Women's Self-Injury: An Analysis of the Clinical Literature in Historical Context
Authors: Shaw Sarah Naomi
Published: November 2003

Through a historical review of girls' and women's episodic and repetitive self-injury -scholarship focusing primarily on white, middle-class women in North America and Britain - in the clinical literature from 1913 to the present, the author identifies four shifts over time. These are: 1) varying degrees of clinical interest in and numbers of publications on self-injury, 2) changing conceptualizations of self-injury, 3) changing treatment approaches for self-injury, and 4) changing characterizations of women who self-injure. Moving from research studies which indicate that self-injury typically presents in females during adolescence, this article elucidates how self-injury may reflect girls' developmental struggles within a patriarchal culture and embody a narrative of women's experiences of violation. Bringing together the history of self-injury and a feminist, relational analysis, it is argued that the historical discourse on self-injury mimics women's experiences of objectification and violence by silencing and distorting their self-injury.
The Narrative Study of Feminist Psychologist Identities
Authors: Cressy Erin Crawford , Harrick Elizabeth A. , Fuehrer Ann
Published: November 2003

The struggle involved in identifying as both feminist and psychologist has previously been explored. This project, which grew out of our experiences in a graduate course entitled `Theory and Practice of Narrative Research', examined our identities as Feminist Psychologists. In the tradition of social constructionist, hermeneutic, narrative work, we told stories, conducted interviews and engaged in dialogue based on our identities. The results indicate that it is not only feasible, but necessary for us, and possibly others, to identify as Feminist Psychologists. Based on the functional, multiple-case analysis of our narratives, we concluded that the meanings constructed through narratives, interviews and dialogues are our identities; conducting feminist psychological research enacts our identities. We found that combining identities was important, feminist process was essential, critiquing dominant paradigms was significant and creating and maintaining a safe space to do this identity work was necessary.
Work Role and Health in a Sample of Spanish Women
Authors: Matud Manra Pilar , Hernandez Juan Andres , Marrero Rosario J.
Published: November 2003

In this study, the relationship between work role and health was analysed in a sample of 712 women from the Canary Islands. The women, who ranged in age from 18 to 65 years old (mean = 37.5; SD = 19.5), came from different socio-cultural and work backgrounds. The results of the study show that the most relevant variable in the well-being of these women was their work role satisfaction. The most satisfied women showed less anxiety and depression, and had higher self-esteem and a higher overall level of satisfaction. After adjusting for differences in age, no significant health differences remained among women with a different number of roles and different occupational status. We have concluded that a woman's well-being fundamentally rests in her opportunity to perform the work role she desires, without having to restrict herself to the traditional role of homemaker or being forced to become a high-achieving professional.
Can an HIV-positive Woman Find True Love?: Romance in the Stories of Women Living with HIV
Authors: Squire Corinne
Published: November 2003

The majority of new HIV infections worldwide occur in women, and women's experiences of living with HIV have special connections with heterosexual relationships, reproduction and romance. Romance is also an important narrative genre for feminism, generating controversy over whether it can resignify or only reinforce dominant discourses and practices of gender and sexuality. This article reports on a longitudinal semi-structured interview study of UK HIV support. It focuses on the heterosexual romances told by HIV-positive women in the sample. It argues that these stories were, like all romances, strongly but implicitly situated in historical and social contexts, and that stories of romance and HIV emphasize such contexts. HIV-positive women's narratives of `true love', and their more ironic, Bridget Jones-like narratives of problematic relationships, all had this situated quality. In addition, women reported storytelling about HIV and romance as enabling them to talk about and conceptualize wider relationship and reproductive possibilities dialogically, with other HIV-positive women. Their romance stories also allowed the women to register desires that more conventional HIV narratives ignore or rationalize. The article argues that the HIV romance genre enabled these women to tell about, and perhaps think of and act on, problematic areas of their lives in new and useful ways.
Balancing Power: The Discursive Maintenance of Gender Inequality by Wo/Men at University
Authors: Peace Paul
Published: November 2003

There is a substantial and growing critical and pro/feminist literature examining the interrelated topics of the discursive construction of masculinities, gender relations and gender inequality. However, despite discourse theory generally promoting an anti-essentialist view of gender and a turn to the text, there is a tendency towards focusing research on a particular biological sex - for example, research on `men and masculinity' and how men maintain their privileged position. This implies that only men construct masculinities, and that only men maintain their position of power (or only men are of interest), which absents women's voice and neglects women's contributions to the maintenance of an oppressive status quo. This article goes some way towards addressing this trend. A critical discourse analysis was performed on data obtained from five group discussions with female and male undergraduate psychology students. Three repertoires were identified: `equality as imminent/achieved', `women as oppressors/men as victims' and `women as manipulators'. These repertoires are read as serving the common ideological function of `balancing power' through painting a picture of equality between the sexes.
Alpha Bias and Beta Bias in Research on Labour and Love: The Case of Enhancement versus Scarcity
Authors: Febbraro Angela R.
Published: November 2003

In this article I analyse two research traditions in feminist psychology and apply them to the work/family literature. The similarities tradition (`beta bias') emphasizes how women and men are alike in order to promote the equality and integration of women into existing male-dominated structures. The differences tradition (`alpha bias') emphasizes women's distinct experiences in male-dominated structures in order to bring about more fundamental change. Using the concept of functional equivalence, I argue that the enhancement and scarcity hypotheses in the work/family literature provide a case in point. On the one hand, the enhancement hypothesis suggests that multiple roles (parent, worker, spouse) enhance women's wellbeing, and it has been used to promote the integration of women into existing male-dominated workplaces. On the other hand, the scarcity hypothesis suggests that women, more so than men, experience tremendous work/family stress, and it has been used to highlight the need to systemically transform male-dominated structures. In examining the functions that these hypotheses serve, their utility and consequences, I explore their ideological, epistemological and political implications. I suggest that, rather than viewing these hypotheses/traditions as mutually exclusive, dichotomous alternatives, it is more useful to view them as two sides of a necessary contradiction, each with its own strengths and weaknesses, in particular contexts.
A Multiple Perspective Product Modeling and Simulation Approach to Engineering Design Support
Authors: Yan Xiu-Tian
Published: November 2003

The competitive market requires better products designed and made in a shorter time with higher quality and lower cost. The speed of launching products onto the market and more importantly the quality of the products become increasingly important factors for a new product to become successful. With rapid advancement in computing power both in terms of hardware capability and software functionalities, product engineering designers are now better equipped to create and make new and novel products than ever before. Engineering designers have so far benefited from computer systems to aid their various design activities. Yet, at the same time, they still feel the inadequacy of these systems in coping with the increasing pressure for them to produce better products in a shorter time. Without committing further expense to develop super-computer design support systems, how the current systems are being best used becomes an important issue and research avenue for investigation. This paper describes an innovative design process model for computer based engineering design through an integrated and coherent use of these CAD systems. The design approach based on the computer multiperspective modeling and evaluation derived from the above design process model can provide comprehensive and integrated design support for various engineering design activities. The pragmatic approach derived in this research promotes the novel use of existing systems in an integrated yet manageable manner. Examples of how these systems have been used are described in the paper to illustrate the benefits.
The Liar's Club: Concealing Rework in Concurrent Development
Authors: Ford David N. , Sterman John D.
Published: November 2003

Successfully implementing concurrent development has proven difficult for many organizations. However, many theories addressing concurrent development treat either technical aspects of the development process (e.g., precedence relationships) or behavioral issues (e.g., creating effective cross-functional teams), but not their linkages. We argue that much of the complexity of concurrent development—and the implementation failures that plague many organizations—arises from interactions between the technical and behavioral dimensions. We use a dynamic project model that explicitly represents these interactions to investigate how a “Liar's Club”—concealing known rework requirements from managers and colleagues—can aggravate the “90% syndrome,” a common form of schedule failure, and disproportionately degrade schedule performance and project quality. We discuss the role of the incentives on and behavior of engineers and managers in concurrent development failure and explore policies to improve project performance.
Concurrent Engineering and Design Oscillations in Complex Engineering Projects
Authors: Loch Christoph , Mihm Jürgen , Huchzermeier Arnd
Published: November 2003

Coordination among many interdependent actors is key activity in complex product development projects. The challenge is made more difficult in concurrent engineering processes, as more activities happen in parallel and interact. This coordination becomes progressively more difficult with project size. We do not yet sufficiently understand whether this effect can be controlled with frequent and rich communication among project members, or whether it is inevitable. Recent work in complexity theory suggests that a project might form a “rugged landscape”, for which performance deterioration with system size is inevitable.

This article builds a mathematical model of a complex concurrent design project. The model explicitly represents local component decisions, as well as component interactions in determining system performance. The model shows, first, how a rugged performance landscape arises from simple components with single-peaked performance functions, if the components are interdependent.

Second, we characterize the dynamic behavior of the system analytically and with simulations. We show under which circumstances it exhibits performance oscillations or divergence to design solutions with low performance. Third, we derive classes of managerial actions available to improve performance dynamics, such as limiting the “effective” system size of fully interdependent components, modularity, and cooperation among designers. We also show how “satisficing”, or a willingness to forego the last few percent of optimization at the component level, may yield a disproportionally large improvement in the design completion time.
Overcoming the 90% Syndrome: Iteration Management in Concurrent Development Projects
Authors: Ford David N. , Sterman John D.
Published: November 2003

Successfully implementing concurrent development to reduce cycle time has proven difficult due to unanticipated iterations. We develop a dynamic project model that explicitly models these interactions to investigate the causes of the “90% syndrome,” a common form of schedule failure in concurrent development. We find that increasing concurrence and common managerial responses to schedule pressure aggravate the syndrome and degrade schedule performance and project quality. We show how understanding of and policies to avoid the 90% syndrome require integration of the technical attributes of the project, the flows of information among participants, and the behavioral decision-making heuristics participants use to respond to unanticipated problems and perturbations.
ID2: A New Tool to Foster Innovation During the Early Phases of Design Projects
Authors: Legardeur J. , Boujut J. F. , Tiger H.
Published: November 2003

Innovation has been extensively studied both in the social sciences and in the engineering design field. In this paper we present the specifications and features of a new tool designed to coordinate the development of new solutions during the early phases of design projects. It is the result of 18 months of fieldwork within industrial companies during which we played an active role in the development of an innovative solution. We were also able to closely analyze the activities of certain actors (in this case materials experts) who are often behind proposals for new materials and processes. The Innovation Development and Diffusion (ID2) tool is geared to help innovative solutions emerge, on the one hand, and consolidate these solutions by circulating them to the company's different specialists on the other. The tool is based on a concepts/criteria table enabling the viewpoints of the different actors involved to be summarized during the design phase. In this paper we shall show how functional features such as links, questions, alarms, information enquiries, and the possibilities for exchanging information between actors can contribute to developing solutions for these different professionals. We will also see how the “innovative” solution proposed can be developed further by comparing and assessing it in relation to a list of criteria which is gradually drawn up by the actors involved in the project. This tool is designed to be managed by a coordinating actor who may also, depending on his/her strategy, consolidate the proposal by involving an increasing number of people.
Note: Relationships of Consumer Acceptability and Sensory Attributes of Yerba Mate (Ilex Paraguariensis St. Hilarie) using Preference Mapping
Authors: Cruz M. J. Santa , Garitta L. V. , Hough G.
Published: November 2003

A sensory profile and acceptability test of nine commercial brands of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hilarie) were carried out. The descriptors used by a trained sensory panel that best separated brands were: stick and leaf size, stick and leaf size uniformity, quantity ofsticks and quantity of dust, included in the appearance of the dry yerba; sediment, turbidity and brown colour that corresponded to appearance of the infusion; and initial impact, acid, humid, smoke, paper, chemical, green, toasted and residual, for aroma and flavour. A total of 106 consumers (half men, half women) tested overall acceptance of the 9 brands in a home location test. Average overall acceptance scores for the 9 samples ranged from 42 to 63 on a 0–100 non-structured scale with an LSD of 8. Gender did not influence consumer acceptability forthe different yerba mate brands. Based on overall acceptance consumers were clustered into five groups. Extended internal preference mapping showed the descriptors of yerba mate that drovethe preference of some of the consumers clusters. Both appearance and aroma/flavour descriptors were correlated to preference dimensions.
Effect of Olive Oil-Fried Sardine Consumption on Liver Lipid Composition and Fatty Acid Cholesterol Esterification in Hypercholesterolemic Rats
Authors: Viejo Jesus , Bastida Sara , Sanchez-Muniz Francisco J. , Garcia-Linares M. Carmen , Garcia-Arias M. Trinidad
Published: November 2003

PUFA n-3 diets have hypolipemic and cardiovascular protection properties, however their effects on liver lipids are not well established. This work aimed to find out the acceptability and effects of diets containing olive oil-fried sardines on serum cholesterol, liver lipid and fatty acids profile in hypercholesterolemic growing Wistar rats. Hypercholesterolemia was induced for three weeks by a casein plus DL-methionine, olive oil and cholesterol plus bovine bileas cholesterol-raising agent. Rats were later transferred for three weeks to semisynthetic diets containing casein plus DL-methionine and olive oil (CO), casein plus DLmethionine, olive oil and the cholesterol-raising agent (COC), sardines fried in olive oil (S), and sardines friedin olive oil and the cholesterol-raising agent (SC). SC or S diets were well accepted by the rats. The SC-diet markedly blocked and reversed the hypercholesterolemic induction of the cholesterol-raising agent. The cholesterol withdrawal decreased serum cholesterol in CO and S dietsby decreasing the serum non-HDL-cholesterol content but the S-diet totally normalised the serum cholesterol. Fried sardines did not change the triacylglycerol, free, esterified and total cholesterol contents of liver. Although long PUFA n-6 and PUFA n-3 were decreased by the dietary cholesterol, olive oil-fried sardine consumption maintained the docosahexaenoic acid and thedocosahexaenoic acid/linolenic acid ratio in liver and cholesterol ester fraction at a high level. Olive oil fried sardines blocked the hypercholesterolemic effect of the diet containing cholesterol and help normalising lipoprotein profile in a rather short period. The oleic acid esterification of cholesterol was kept high in all experimental diets as a mechanism to maintain the liver cholesterol ester/free cholesterol ratio as high as possible. The fat in the oliveoil-fried sardines was used similarly to the oleic acid by the liver of hypercholesterolemic rats but increased its PUFA n-3 content in the total liver and its cholesterol ester fraction.
Note: Effect of Some Spice Extracts on Bacterial Inhibition
Authors: Sagdic O. , Karahan A. G. , Ozcan M. , Ozkan G.
Published: November 2003

Eighteen extracts of spices commonly consumed worldwide and grown naturally in Turkey were tested against twenty three bacterial strains to compare their antibacterial effects with eleven antibiotics. Eight pathogens and fifteen lactobacilli isolated from chick intestine were used as the test microorganisms. Pathogens (six different Staphylococcus aureus strains, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Yersinia enterocolitica ATCC 1501) were grown in Nutrient broth and lactobacilli in MRS broth. Hop extracts formed inhibition zones against S. aureus strains of upto 36 mm. Inhibitory effects of hop extracts against S. aureuswere generally higher than that of erythromycin as antibiotic. Helichrysum compactum extract produced an inhibition zone of 23mm to E. coli ATCC 25922 and 26mm to Y. enterocolitica ATCC 1501. Helichrysum compactum extract inhibited the growth of Y. enterocolitica ATCC 1501 more than other spice extracts. While inhibition zones of these extracts against lactobacilli were found smaller than on S. aureus strains, inhibition zones of the same extracts against lactobacilli were found similar to those of E. coli ATCC 25922 and Y. enterocolitica ATCC 1501.
Antioxidant Activity of Hizikia fusiformis on Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition
Authors: Siriwardhana Nalin , Lee K.-W. , Jeon Y.-J. , Kim S.-H. , Haw J.-W.
Published: November 2003

Water and organic extracts (diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol and methanol) obtained from Hizikia fusiformis were screened on reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging assays (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical) and lipid peroxidation (inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation) inhibitory assays. Water, methanol and ethanol extracts showed significant ROS radical scavenging activities. Water extracts showed high scavenging activities on hydrogen peroxide (around 76%) and DPPH radicals (around 75%) while it presented a moderate scavenging activity on hydroxyl radicals (around 54%). Comparatively higher ROS scavenging activities were recorded in hydroxyl radical and DPPH scavenging assays. DPPH radical scavenging activities were well correlated with the polyphenolic content. ROS scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition activities indicated that H. fusiformis might be a valuable natural antioxidative source containing both water and fatsoluble antioxidative components.
Note: Volatile Profile from Caninha Aged in Oak (Quercus sp) and Balsam (Myroxylon sp) Barrels
Authors: Netto C. C. , Moreira R. F.A. , De Maria C. A.B.
Published: November 2003

Caninha is a Brazilian cane aguardent, with an alcoholic graduation from 38 to 54 GL, produced by distillation of fermented sugarcane juice.Volatile compounds (49) of caninha samples not aged and aged in oak or balsam barrels were determined by GC/FID, GC/MS and GC/Sniffing/aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Esters represented the largest group, followed by alcoholsand acids. The concentrations of ethyl decanoate and ethyl dodecanoate found in the caninha aged in oak were higher than those from samples not aged and aged in balsam. 2-Methylpropanol and 3-methylbutanol, and decanoic and dodecanoic were the major alcohols and acids, respectively, present in caninha samples. GC/Sniffing/ AEDA analysis indicated a lower content of off-odour notes in aged caninha (31–35%) when compared with not aged one (57%). Important odour notes of wood and caninha-like were sniffed in all the aged samples in the range from 70 to 78min, at a maximum dilution factor of 23. As the results of AEDA indicated, both methylbutanol,ethyl octanoate and 2-phenylethanol appeared to be important contributors to overall aroma of all the aged caninhas studied. Only 3-methylbutanol and ethyl octanoate were considered as important odourants to the not aged caninha aroma.