bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Légaliser le cannabis au Canada : les défis à venir
Authors: Beauchesne Line
Published: May 2018

Le gouvernement libéral du Canada élu majoritaire le 19 octobre 2015 avait dans ses promesses électorales la légalisation du cannabis. Il tiendra parole. Un document de discussion fut publié en juin 2016 donnant les assises au Groupe de travail sur la légalisation et la réglementation du cannabis qui a rendu son rapport le 30 novembre 2016. Ce rapport, a expliqué le gouvernement, sera un des outils pour élaborer son cadre législatif et servira de base aux discussions avec les provinces et territoires, de même qu’avec les experts qui auront à gérer ce cadre réglementaire. Dans cet article, nous verrons les principaux défis politiques, sociaux et économiques qui attendent le gouvernement dans ces discussions avec les provinces et territoires, de même qu’avec les experts en ce qui a trait aux recommandations du rapport. Il s’organise autour des questions posées sur les cinq aspects de la réglementation dans le document de discussion. Pour identifier ces défis, en plus des apprentissages retenus par les études sur la situation au Colorado et à Washington, se grefferont les apprentissages des études quant à la gestion actuelle des drogues légales. En premier lieu sont exposés les défis liés à l’arrivée même de cette loi, puis ceux qui touchent à l’objectif de santé publique, au système de production, de transformation et de distribution, au contrôle du cadre réglementaire, et enfin, à la question plus spécifique du cannabis à des fins thérapeutiques. Nous verrons pourquoi l’application de cette loi sera complexe, coûteuse et pourra aisément dévier des objectifs de départ. Une surveillance à court et à long terme sera nécessaire pour s’assurer que les différents niveaux de gouvernement conservent la primauté de la santé publique et considèrent l’usage du pénal en dernier recours.
Temporally-aware algorithms for the classification of anuran sounds
Authors: Luque Amalia , Romero-Lemos Javier , Carrasco Alejandro , Gonzalez-Abril Luis
Published: May 2018

Several authors have shown that the sounds of anurans can be used as an indicator of climate change. Hence, the recording, storage and further processing of a huge number of anuran sounds, distributed over time and space, are required in order to obtain this indicator. Furthermore, it is desirable to have algorithms and tools for the automatic classification of the different classes of sounds. In this paper, six classification methods are proposed, all based on the data-mining domain, which strive to take advantage of the temporal character of the sounds. The definition and comparison of these classification methods is undertaken using several approaches. The main conclusions of this paper are that: (i) the sliding window method attained the best results in the experiments presented, and even outperformed the hidden Markov models usually employed in similar applications; (ii) noteworthy overall classification performance has been obtained, which is an especially striking result considering that the sounds analysed were affected by a highly noisy background; (iii) the instance selection for the determination of the sounds in the training dataset offers better results than cross-validation techniques; and (iv) the temporally-aware classifiers have revealed that they can obtain better performance than their non-temporally-aware counterparts.
A ELABORAÇÃO DO PLANO ESTADUAL DE CULTURA DA BAHIA
Authors: Rocha Sophia Cardoso
Published: May 2018

Este artigo pretende apresentar e avaliar a trajetória de elaboração do Plano Estadual de Cultura da Bahia realizado entre os anos 2012 e 2013. A construção desse Plano, coordenado pela Secretaria de Cultura da Bahia, fez parte do “Projeto de Apoio à Elaboração de Planos Estaduais de Cultura”, parceria do Ministério da Cultura, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, e governos estaduais, no âmbito da implantação do Sistema Nacional de Cultura.
SOBRE A RECURSIVIDADE DA CULTURA E SUAS ÊNFASES NO PLANO NACIONAL DE CULTURA
Authors: Da Rolt Clóvis
Published: May 2018

Com este texto pretende-se realizar uma breve reflexão sobre as variações conceituais em torno do campo da cultura de modo a compreender os novos agenciamentos que este campo vem promovendo ao associar-se às noções de “recurso” e “conveniência”, especialmente do modo como são abordadas por George Yúdice. Através deste itinerário, intenta-se avaliar, de forma introdutória, alguns encaminhamentos e projeções que estão surgindo como balizadores de um novo status para a cultura no contexto atual e que terão grande impacto na formulação de políticas públicas para o setor cultural a partir das diretrizes do Plano Nacional de Cultura (PNC).

Palavras-chave: Plano Nacional de Cultura, Política cultural, Recurso, Cultura.
CULTURA VIVA: NOVOS ATORES NA CENA POLÍTICA BRASILEIRA
Authors: F. Rodrigues Luiz Augusto , Santini Rodrigues Alexandre
Published: May 2018

O artigo busca apresentar e discutir a emergência de agentes juvenis e de movimentos sócio-culturais que surgem como consequência de políticas culturais implementadas a partir do governo Lula e da gestão de Gilberto Gil no Ministério da Cultura, especialmente do Programa Cultura Viva e dos Pontos de Cultura, tomando como estudo pontual o projeto Ponto de Cultura Niterói Oceânico. Examina a construção de um movimento social de novo tipo que emerge a partir do campo das políticas culturais
Indústria cultural e educação patrimonial: reflexões ainda necessárias
Authors: Maranhão Carolina Machado Saraiva de Albuquerque , Sousa Ingrid Anastácia
Published: May 2018

Os estudos sobre Indústria Cultural desde o surgimento das reflexões com Adorno e Horkheimer no livro Dialética do Esclarecimento, são relevantes não apenas por buscar compreender a sociedade, mas, principalmente, por gerar uma reflexão sobre a forma como a cultura vem sendo reconfigurada, de modo a perder sua aura crítica e de emancipação do sujeito, graças às intervenções capitalistas que buscam através desta, implicitamente ou não, gerar valor e atingir seus próprios interesses. Objetiva-se então, iniciar uma reflexão a fim de analisar a efetividade das relações concretas e dialéticas próprias às intervenções privadas no âmbito da educação patrimonial, que tem em sua essência formar indivíduos críticos e autônomos capazes de reconhecer o passado como formador da identidade individual e coletiva dos cidadãos, sob a perspectiva dos estudos críticos organizacionais.
A consolidação da política externa cultural da Espanha para o Brasil e o papel das associações de imigrantes
Authors: Riscado Júlia Erminia
Published: May 2018

O presente artigo tem como intuito analisar a consolidação da política externa da Espanha para o Brasil a partir da via cultural. Nesse sentido, a presença das associações de imigrantes espanhóis na cidade do Rio de Janeiro ao longo da década de 1980 torna-se um instrumento relevante para a observação da atuação do governo espanhol na valorização dessas organizações, utilizando-as como instrumento para a consolidação de uma política externa cultural.
Estado, cultura e ideologia: desafios à invenção de uma cultura política nova no Brasil
Authors: Bomfim Maria Inês Do Rego Monteiro
Published: May 2018

Partindo do exame crítico de um recente acontecimento na cena cultural brasileira, isto é, o embate ideológico entre o Ministro da Cultura e o escritor Raduan Nassar durante a entrega do Prêmio Camões, em fevereiro de 2017, busca-se problematizar as possibilidades de uma “cultura política nova”, nos termos propostos por Marilena Chauí. Para tanto, o artigo resgata aspectos históricos, econômicos e políticos da formação social brasileira, a fim de compreender como a dominação autoritária se consolidou no país. Ressalta-se que as marcas do autoritarismo transcendem as formas de governo, pois dizem respeito à estrutura hierarquizada da nossa sociedade. Sublinha, entretanto, a necessidade de se considerar a cultura como alvo permanente de disputa de sentidos, inclusive no âmbito do Estado.
Relationship Between Patient‐Reported Swelling and Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Defined Effusion‐Synovitis in Patients With Meniscus Tears and Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: MacFarlane Lindsey A. , Yang Heidi , Collins Jamie E. , Guermazi Ali , Mandl Lisa A. , Levy Bruce A. , Marx Robert G. , Safran‐Norton Clare E. , Losina Elena , Katz Jeffrey N. ,   the Meniscal Tear in Osteoarthritis Research Investigator Group
Published: May 2018

Objective

Synovitis is a prevalent feature in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and meniscal tear and is associated with pain and cartilage damage. Patient‐reported swelling is also prevalent in this population. The aim of this study was to investigate the cross‐sectional association between patient‐reported swelling and effusion‐synovitis detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with OA and meniscal tear.

Methods

We used baseline data from a multicenter, randomized controlled trial, Meniscal Tear in Osteoarthritis Research (METEOR). MRI‐identified effusion‐synovitis, a proxy for effusion and synovitis on noncontrast MRIs, was graded as none/small versus medium/large. Using MRI‐identified effusion‐synovitis as the gold standard, we assessed the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of patient self‐reported swelling in the previous week (none, intermittent, constant) to detect effusion and synovitis.

Results

We analyzed data from 276 patients. Twenty‐five percent of patients reported no swelling, 40% had intermittent swelling, and 36% had constant swelling. Fifty‐two percent had MRI‐identified medium/large–grade effusion‐synovitis. As compared with MRI‐identified effusion‐synovitis, any patient‐reported swelling (versus none) had a sensitivity of 84% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 77–89), a specificity of 34% (95% CI 26–43), and a positive predictive value of 57% (95% CI 54–61). A history of constant swelling (versus none or intermittent) showed a sensitivity of 46% (95% CI 37–54), a specificity of 75% (95% CI 67–82), and a positive predictive value of 66% (95% CI 58–74).

Conclusion

We found that the sensitivity and specificity of patient‐reported swelling were modest when compared with effusion‐synovitis detected by MRI. These data urge caution against using patient‐reported swelling as a proxy of inflammation manifesting as effusion‐synovitis.
Aniline Catalysed Hydrazone Formation Reactions Show a Large Variation in Reaction Rates and Catalytic Effects
Authors: Trausel Fanny , Fan Bowen , van Rossum Susan A. P. , van Esch Jan H. , Eelkema Rienk
Published: May 2018

Hydrazone formation reactions from aldehydes and hydrazides have the remarkable qualities that they proceed in water and the kinetics can be controlled by organocatalysis. For these reasons, this class of reactions finds widespread use in biological as well as material settings. We recently reported a protected aniline catalyst for hydrazone formation that can be activated using a chemical signal. In our search to find a suitable hydrazone formation reaction to investigate the activation of this pro‐catalyst, we found a wide variety in reaction rates and response to catalysis. Here we report an overview of hydrazone formation reactions, their reaction rates and response to aniline catalysis, their compatibility for kinetic analysis by UV/Vis spectroscopy, and their compatibility with the reaction environment and with the pro‐catalyst pro‐aniline.

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Selection of preimplantation embryos using time‐lapse microscopy in in vitro fertilization: State of the technology and future directions
Authors: Aparicio‐Ruiz Belén , Romany Laura , Meseguer Marcos
Published: May 2018

In this review, our aim is to give an overview of the state of the technology and clinical outcomes of time‐lapse microscopy in improving embryo selection as a key step in in vitro fertilization (IVF). Using traditional incubators, morphologic assessment of the fertilized embryos is limited to snapshots at a few discrete points in time, reducing the amount of information that could potentially be obtained. Time‐lapse monitoring overcomes this limitation without exposing the embryos to environmental changes. Moreover, time‐lapse may introduce new dynamic markers of embryo competence as well as a versatile embryo evaluation and provides novel information regarding human embryo development. In the last few years, various algorithms have been developed correlating the kinetics of early embryo development to blastocyst formation, implantation potential, chromosomal content and live birth rate. There is not yet a universally accepted algorithm, and significant knowledge gaps remain that can provide opportunities for further research in this field.
Theoretical Development of Near‐Infrared Bioluminescent Systems
Authors: Cheng Yuan‐Yuan , Liu Ya‐Jun
Published: May 2018

The luciferin/luciferase system of the firefly has been used in bioluminescent imaging to monitor biological processes. In order to enhance the efficiency and expand the application range, some efforts have been made to tune the light emission, especially the effort to obtain NIR light. However, those case‐by‐case studies have not together revealed the nature and mechanism of the color tuning. In this paper, we theoretically investigated the fluorescence of all kinds of typical oxyluciferin analogues. The present systematical modifications of both oxyluciferin and luciferase indicate that the essential factor affecting the emission color is the charge distribution (or the electric dipole moment) on the oxyluciferin, which impacts on the charge transfer to form the light emitter and, subsequently, influence the strength and wavelength of the emission light. More negative charge distributed on the “thiazolone moiety” of the oxyluciferin or its analogues leads to a redshift. Based on this conclusion, we theoretically designed optimal pairs of luciferin analogue and luciferase for emitting NIR light, which could inspire new synthetic procedures and practical applications.
Charge and Potential Balancing for Optimized Capacitive Deionization Using Lignin‐Derived, Low‐Cost Activated Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Zornitta Rafael Linzmeyer , Srimuk Pattarachai , Lee Juhan , Krüner Benjamin , Aslan Mesut , Ruotolo Luis Augusto Martins , Presser Volker
Published: May 2018

Lignin‐derived carbon is introduced as a promising electrode material for water desalination by using capacitive deionization (CDI). Lignin is a low‐cost precursor that is obtained from the cellulose and ethanol industries, and we used carbonization and subsequent KOH activation to obtain highly porous carbon. CDI cells with a pair of lignin‐derived carbon electrodes presented an initially high salt adsorption capacity but rapidly lost their beneficial desalination performance. To capitalize on the high porosity of lignin‐derived carbon and to stabilize the CDI performance, we then used asymmetric electrode configurations. By using electrodes of the same material but with different thicknesses, the desalination performance was stabilized through reduction of the potential at the positive electrode. To enhance the desalination capacity further, we used cell configurations with different materials for the positive and negative electrodes. The best performance was achieved by a cell with lignin‐derived carbon as a negative electrode and commercial activated carbon as a positive electrode. Thereby, a maximum desalination capacity of 18.5 mg g−1 was obtained with charge efficiency over 80 % and excellent performance retention over 100 cycles. The improvements were related to the difference in the potential of zero charge between the electrodes. Our work shows that an asymmetric cell configuration is a powerful tool to adapt otherwise inappropriate CDI electrode materials.
Pacific Decadal and El Niño oscillations shape survival of a seabird
Authors: Champagnon Jocelyn , Lebreton Jean‐Dominique , Drummond Hugh , Anderson David J.
Published: May 2018

Understanding and modeling population change is urgently needed to predict effects of climate change on biodiversity. High trophic‐level organisms are influenced by fluctuations of prey quality and abundance, which themselves may depend on climate oscillations. Modeling effects of such fluctuations is challenging because prey populations may vary with multiple climate oscillations occurring at different time scales. The analysis of a 28‐yr time series of capture–recapture data of a tropical seabird, the Nazca Booby (Sula granti), in the Galápagos, Ecuador, allowed us to test for demographic effects of two major ocean oscillations occurring at distinct time‐scales: the inter‐annual El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and inter‐decadal oscillations. As expected for a tropical seabird, survival of fledgling birds was highly affected by extreme ENSO events; by contrast, neither recruitment nor breeding participation were affected by either ENSO or decadal oscillations. More interesting, adult survival, a demographic trait that canalizes response to environmental variations, was unaffected by inter‐annual ENSO oscillations yet was shaped by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and small pelagic fish regime. Adult survival decreased during oceanic conditions associated with higher breeding success, an association probably mediated in this species by costs of reproduction that reduce survival when breeding attempts end later. To our knowledge, this is the first study suggesting that survival of a vertebrate can be vulnerable to a natural multidecadal oscillation.
Interactive effects of climate change and biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning
Authors: Pires Aliny P. F. , Srivastava Diane S. , Marino Nicholas A. C. , MacDonald A. Andrew M. , Figueiredo‐Barros Marcos Paulo , Farjalla Vinicius F.
Published: May 2018

Climate change and biodiversity loss are expected to simultaneously affect ecosystems, however research on how each driver mediates the effect of the other has been limited in scope. The multiple stressor framework emphasizes non‐additive effects, but biodiversity may also buffer the effects of climate change, and climate change may alter which mechanisms underlie biodiversity–function relationships. Here, we performed an experiment using tank bromeliad ecosystems to test the various ways that rainfall changes and litter diversity may jointly determine ecological processes. Litter diversity and rainfall changes interactively affected multiple functions, but how depends on the process measured. High litter diversity buffered the effects of altered rainfall on detritivore communities, evidence of insurance against impacts of climate change. Altered rainfall affected the mechanisms by which litter diversity influenced decomposition, reducing the importance of complementary attributes of species (complementarity effects), and resulting in an increasing dependence on the maintenance of specific species (dominance effects). Finally, altered rainfall conditions prevented litter diversity from fueling methanogenesis, because such changes in rainfall reduced microbial activity by 58%. Together, these results demonstrate that the effects of climate change and biodiversity loss on ecosystems cannot be understood in isolation and interactions between these stressors can be multifaceted.
Photosynthetic tolerance to non‐resource stress influences competition importance and intensity in an invaded estuary
Authors: Tang Long , Wolf Amelia A. , Gao Yang , Wang Cheng Huan
Published: May 2018

In an attempt to clarify the role of environmental and biotic interactions on plant growth, there has been a long‐running ecological debate over whether the intensity and importance of competition stabilizes, increases or decreases across environmental gradients. We conducted an experiment in a Chinese estuary to investigate the effects of a non‐resource stress gradient, soil salinity (from 1.4‰ to 19.0‰ salinity), on the competitive interactions between native Phragmites australis and invasive Spartina alterniflora. We linked these effects to measurements of photosynthetic activities to further elucidate the underlying physiological mechanism behind the competitive interactions and the driver of invasion. The experiments revealed that while biomass of both species decreased in the presence of the other, competition did not alter photosynthetic activity of either species over time. P. australis exhibited high photosynthetic activity, including low chlorophyllase activity, high chlorophyll content, high stomatal conductance and high net photosynthetic rate, at low salinity. Under these conditions, P. australis experienced low competitive intensity, leading to high biomass production and competitive exclusion of S. alterniflora. The opposite was observed for S. alterniflora: while competitive intensity experienced by P. australis increased with increasing salinity, and photosynthetic activity, biomass, competitive dominance and the importance of competition for P. australis growth decreased, those of S. alterniflora were stable. These findings demonstrate that S. alterniflora invasion driven by competitive exclusion are likely to occur and expand in high salinity zones. The change in the nature of competition along a non‐resource stress gradient differs between competitors likely due to differences in photosynthetic tolerance to salinity. The driver of growth of the less‐tolerant species changes from competition to non‐resource stress factors with increasing stress levels, whereas competition is constantly important for growth of the more‐tolerant species. Incorporating metrics of both competition intensity and importance, as well as linking these competitive outcomes with physiological mechanisms, is crucial to understanding, predicting, and mediating the effects of invasive species in the future.
Study on the investment timing of carbon capture and storage under different business modes
Authors: Wang Xiping , Qie Shaoyuan
Published: May 2018

In this paper, the optimal investment timing decision in carbon capture and storage (CCS) is studied under different business modes. Two analytical models of the optimal CCS investment threshold are presented: one is the ‘single mode,’ meaning that CCS investment is performed only by the power producer; the other is the ‘cooperation mode,’ referring to CCS investment can be conducted by cooperation between the power producer and the CCS operator. In the single mode, this study pictures the investment decision for a CCS project based on real options theory considering uncertainties in carbon prices, government incentives, and CCS investment costs. On this basis, a model for the cooperation mode is proposed by integrating real options theory and game theory to analyze the CCS investment threshold. The results of a numerical example show that CCS investment in cooperation mode requires a much larger threshold than in single mode. Moreover, the CCS investment threshold is positively affected by carbon price volatility and the transfer payments coefficients, but negatively affected by government incentives and learning effects. These conclusions provide a theoretical foundation for decision making regarding CCS investment and related policy making. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective removal of calcified deposits on microstructured titanium fixture surfaces of dental implants with erbium lasers
Authors: Takagi Toru , Aoki Akira , Ichinose Shizuko , Taniguchi Yoichi , Tachikawa Noriko , Shinoki Takeshi , Meinzer Walter , Sculean Anton , Izumi Yuichi
Published: May 2018

Background

Recently, the occurrence of peri‐implantitis has been increasing. However, a suitable method to debride the contaminated surface of titanium implants has not been established. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphologic changes of the microstructured fixture surface after erbium laser irradiation, and to clarify the effects of the erbium lasers when used to remove calcified deposits from implant fixture surfaces.

Methods

In experiment 1, sandblasted, large grit, acid etched surface implants were treated with Er:YAG laser or Er,Cr:YSGG laser at 30 to 60 mJ/pulse and 20 Hz with water spray. In experiments 2 and 3, the effects of erbium lasers used to remove calcified deposits (artificially prepared deposits on virgin implants and natural calculus on failed implants) were investigated and compared with mechanical debridement using either a titanium curette or cotton pellets. After the various debridement methods, all specimens were analyzed by stereomicroscopy (SM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS).

Results

Stereomicroscopy and SEM showed that erbium lasers with optimal irradiation parameters did not influence titanium microstructures. Compared with mechanical debridement, erbium lasers were more capable of removing calcified deposits on the microstructured surface without surface alteration using a noncontact sweeping irradiation at 40 mJ/pulse (ED 14.2 J/cm2/pulse) and 20 Hz with water spray.

Conclusion

These results indicate that Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers are more advantageous in removing calcified deposits on the microstructured surface of titanium implants without inducing damage, compared to mechanical therapy by cotton pellet or titanium curette.
Gallbladder carcinoma: An analysis of the national cancer data base to examine hispanic influence
Authors: Liu Chrissy , Berger Nicholas G. , Rein Lisa , Tarima Sergey , Clarke Callisia , Mogal Harveshp , Christians Kathleen K. , Tsai Susan , Gamblin T. Clark
Published: May 2018

Background

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a lethal disease with high incidence among Hispanics. Overall survival (OS) among races/ethnicities has not been described using the most recent National Cancer Database. This study hypothesized that prognosis is worse for Hispanics compared to similar non‐Hispanic populations.

Methods

Patients with GBC were identified from the National Cancer Database and categorized as White, Black, Hispanic, and Other. Descriptive statistics, OS, and Cox regression were examined.

Results

The study identified 12 952 patients. Median age was 71 years and 68.8% were female. The study characterized 69.8% White, 13.9% Black, 11.0% Hispanic, and 5.4% other patients. A 5‐year OS curves differed, with survival highest in Hispanic patients (27% vs 23% Other, 18% White, and 17% Black, P < 0.001). Hispanics presented at younger ages (67 vs 72 years, P < 0.001), were more likely to be uninsured (17.3% vs 3.9% P < 0.001), had lower income (P < 0.001), and education levels (P < 0.001) compared to Whites. Following multivariable modeling, treatment at an academic facility (HR 0.90, 95%CI 0.84‐0.97) and year of diagnosis (HR 0.90, 95%CI 0.88‐0.92) related to survival. Hispanic ethnicity did not show significance (P = 0.207).

Discussion

Hispanic ethnicity exhibits the highest OS for GBC, but after adjusting for covariates, this influence is not significant.
Complete Posterior Sagittal Anorectal Mobilization (PSAM): A new surgical approach for pediatric pelvic‐perineal tumor resections
Authors: Martucciello Giuseppe , Pio Luca , Avanzini Stefano , Garaventa Alberto
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Diffuse or massive tumors involving the perineal and pelvic compartments may require aggressive surgical treatment in children. The authors, propose and present their results using a Posterior Sagittal Anorectal Mobilization (PSAM)

Methods

The oncologic patient is placed in a prone position with the pelvis elevated, without a previous colostomy. A 10 Ch bladder catheter is positioned. A midline sagittal incision is performed from the coccyx to the posterior margin of the anus. Fine electrocautery is used to obtain an accurate dissection all around the anal margin itself. The incisional so involves the midline dissection into the perineal body. Reconstruction is achieved by the classical pelvic‐perineal anatomical structure approximation.

Results

The authors describe for the first time a novel posterior anorectal mobilization technique for four children with pelvic‐perineal tumors. No intraoperative or post‐operative complications occurred. The oldest boy presented at follow‐up a complete normal faecal and urinary continence (Krickenbeck criteria).

Conclusion

The presented technical approach, defined as PSAM, is completely suitable for surgical resection of perineal‐pelvic tumors, without the need of more invasive operations including transpubic dissection and/or anorectal split. Moreover, nervous and muscular sphincter structures are easily identified and preserved.
Evaluation of ptarmigan management with a population reconstruction model
Authors: Sturludottir Erla , Nielsen Olafur K. , Stefansson Gunnar
Published: May 2018

The rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) is a popular game bird in Iceland, but the population has endured a long‐term decline. A hunting ban was enforced in 2003, but 2 years later hunting was allowed again with added restrictions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a change in hunting regulations on the ptarmigan population in northeast Iceland, 1998–2013, using a population reconstruction model and to estimate the abundance of juveniles and adults, natural survival, and harvest mortality. The estimated abundance at the beginning of the hunting season ranged from 42,000 (95% CI = 36,000–49,000) birds in 2002 to 158,000 (95% CI = 105,000–250,000) in 1998. The natural survival of adult rock ptarmigan was density dependent and ranged from 36% to 65% (95% CI = 30–75%). Survival for juveniles was constant and was estimated to be 19% (95% CI = 18–20%). We included a change point in the model to account for a change in the harvest mortality that could have occurred with the changes in the hunting regulations. The results indicated that the change in hunting regulations did reduce ptarmigan harvest mortality and changed the harvest strategies of hunters. Inclusion of a change point in models is useful for managers to test if a change in regulations had an effect on the target population. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Mortality of mule deer fawns in a natural gas development area
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Anderson Charles R. , Northrup Joseph M. , Doherty Paul F.
Published: May 2018

Recent natural gas development has caused concern among wildlife managers, researchers, and stakeholders over the potential effects on wildlife and their habitats. Specifically, understanding how this development and other factors influence mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawn (i.e., 0–6 months old) mortality rates, recruitment, and subsequently population dynamics have been identified as knowledge gaps. Thus, we tested predictions concerning the relationship between natural gas development, adult female, fawn birth, and temporal (weather) characteristics on fawn mortality in the Piceance Basin of northwestern Colorado, USA, from 2012–2014. We captured and radio‐collared 184 fawns and estimated apparent cause‐specific mortality in areas with relatively high or low levels of natural gas development using a multi‐state model. Mean daily predation probability was similar in the high versus low development areas. Predation was the leading cause of fawn mortality in both areas and decreased from 0–14 days old. Black bear (Ursus americanus; 22% of all mortalities, n = 17) and cougar (Felis concolor; 36% of all mortalities, n = 6) predation was the leading cause of mortality in the high and low development areas, respectively. Predation of fawns was negatively correlated with the distance from a female's core area to a producing well pad on winter or summer range. Contrary to expectations, predation of fawns was positively correlated with rump fat thickness of adult females. Well pad densities and development activity were relatively low during our study, indicating that the observed intensity of development did not appear to influence daily predation probability. Our results suggest maintaining development activity thresholds at levels we observed to potentially minimize the effects of development on fawn mortality. However, we caution that higher development intensity and drilling activity in flatter, less rugged areas with less concealment cover could influence fawn mortality. Managers should maintain low development densities in areas where topography and vegetation offer less concealment. Overall, region‐specific data (e.g., development intensity, topography, predator assemblages, and associated predation risk) are needed to better understand the effects of natural gas development on fawn mortality. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Distribution of a giant panda population influenced by land cover
Authors: Zhang Yuke , Wu Yongjie , Zhang Qiongyue , Ran Jianghong , Price Megan
Published: May 2018

The distribution of species and their causes are key questions for population ecology and conservation. Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in the Daxiangling Mountains, China are part of an isolated population on the edge of the species’ range and little is known regarding their distribution. Based on land cover, topography, human disturbance, and panda occurrence data in 2 national giant panda surveys, we used a species distribution model (i.e., MaxEnt) to simulate habitat distribution changes of the local panda population between 2001 and 2012. During this time the area of coniferous forest and broadleaf forest increased by 16.4% and 5.8%, respectively, whereas the shrub‐grass and agricultural land decreased by 45.1% and 4.0%, respectively. Panda habitat increased from 460.3 km2 in 2001 to 591.3 km2 in 2012. Panda distribution in the Daxiangling Mountains was primarily influenced by land cover, topography, and human activities. Our study demonstrates that habitat recovery in the Daxiangling Mountains created a favorable environment for the local panda population; thus, the boundary of panda reserves should be adjustable based on their use of the landscape. Future research should focus on dispersal and distribution of pandas to better understand their land use for effective conservation. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Radical Gastrectomy After Chemotherapy May Prolong Survival in Stage IV Gastric Cancer: A Korean Multi‐institutional Analysis
Authors: Seo Ho Seok , Song Kyo Young , Jung Yoon Ju , Park Seung Man , Jeon Hae Myung , Kim Wook , Chin Hyung Min , Kim Jin‐Jo , Kim Sung Keun , Chun Kyung Hwa , Kim Jeong Goo , Lee Jun Hyun , Lee Han Hong , Kim Dong Jin , Yoo Han Mo , Kim Chang Hyun , Kim Eun Young , Park Cho Hyun ,   the Catholic Gastric Cancer Study Group (CGCSG)
Published: May 2018

Abastract

Background

Despite the development of newer treatments, the prognosis for patients with stage IV gastric cancer remains grave. This study evaluated the efficacy of gastrectomy following response to chemotherapy in patients with stage IV gastric cancer.

Methods

A total of 419 patients who were diagnosed with stage IV gastric cancer were identified from the multi‐institutional Catholic Gastric Cancer Study Group database. The patients were divided into four groups: 212 were in the chemotherapy only (CTx) group, 124 were in the chemotherapy after palliative gastrectomy (G‐CTx) group, 23 were in the radical gastrectomy after chemotherapy (CTx‐G) group, and 60 were in the best supportive care group. To compensate for the effects of chemotherapy, cases of chemotherapy responsive were analyzed separately. To identify factors affecting survival rates, cure rates for surgery in the surgery group were analyzed.

Results

The 3‐year survival rate of the CTx‐G group was significantly higher than that of the CTx group (42.8 vs. 12.0%, p = 0.001). Moreover, the CTx‐G group’s 3‐year survival rate was greater than that of the G‐CTx group (42.8 vs. 37.1%, p = 0.207). Chemotherapy‐responsive patients in the CTx‐G group had a better 3‐year survival rate than those in the G‐CTx group (46.1 vs. 18.4%, respectively, p = 0.011). In the surgery group, R0 resection led to a significantly better 3‐year survival rate than palliative gastrectomy (61.1 vs. 16.2%, p = 0.003).

Conclusions

Adjuvant surgery might improve the survival rate of patients with stage IV gastric cancer, particularly in R0 resection cases.
Splenic Cysts: A Strong Indication for a Minimally Invasive Partial Splenectomy. Could the Splenic Hilar Vasculature Type Hold a Defining Role?
Authors: Manciu Simona , Tudor Stefan , Vasilescu Catalin
Published: May 2018

Background

The aim of the study is to assess the impact of the splenic hilar vasculature configuration on the amount of remnant splenic parenchyma volume after partial splenectomy for splenic cysts.

Methods

The data of all patients receiving a splenectomy for a splenic cyst from 2002 to 2016 at the Center of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation of Fundeni Clinical Institute were retrospectively reviewed. The size and location in the splenic parenchyma of the cyst and the splenic hilar vasculature type were assessed for each patient with a splenectomy.

Results

Thirty‐one patients with non‐parasitic and 32 patients with hydatid cysts were recorded. In cases of centrally located cysts, a total splenectomy was performed for the majority of cases, while in peripheral cysts a spleen‐preserving surgery was feasible for most of the patients (p = 0.001). The size of the cyst was significantly higher in the group of patients with a total splenectomy, compared with the group with a partial splenectomy (p = 0.003). In the subgroup with a distributed arterial pattern, preservation of more than 50% of the initial parenchyma was achieved in a significantly higher proportion of patients, compared with the subgroup of patients with a magistral pattern (p = 0.012).

Conclusion

Besides cyst size or peripheral location in the splenic parenchyma, the vascular pattern is also considered another decisive factor that associates with successful conservative or minimally invasive approach.
Intensive summer course in robotics – Robotcraft
Authors: Ferreira N.M. Fonseca , Araujo André , Couceiro M.S. , Portugal David
Published: May 2018

This paper describes a two-month summer intensive course designed to introduce participants with a hands-on technical craft on robotics and to acquire experience in the low-level details of embedded systems. Attendants started this course with a brief introduction to robotics; learned to draw, design and create a personalized 3D structure for their mobile robotic platform and developed skills in embedded systems. They were familiarize with the practices used in robotics, learning to connect all sensors and actuator, developing a typical application on differential kinematic using Arduino, exploring ROS features under Raspberry Pi environment and Arduino – Raspberry Pi communication. Different paradigms and some real applications and programming were addressed on the topic of Artificial Intelligence. Throughout the course, participants were introduced to programming languages (including Python and C++), advanced programming concepts such as ROS, basic API development, system concepts such as I2C and UART serial interfaces, PWM motor control and sensor fusion to improve robotic navigation and localization. This paper describes not just the concept, layout and methodology used on RobotCraft 2017 but also presents the participants knowledge background and their overall opinions, leading to focus on lessons learned and suggestions for future editions.
Adipose tissue-derived stem cells: a new approach to the treatment of Crohn's disease-associated perianal fistulae
Authors: Tavares Mónica Maria Ramos , Barbosa Laura Elisabete Ribeiro
Published: May 2018

Crohn's disease has an ever-increasing prevalence and incidence, with about 20% of patients developing perianal fistula with significant impact on their quality of life.

Despite the medical and surgical treatments currently used, Crohn's-related fistula treatment continues to pose a challenge due to the low rates of efficacy associated with high recurrence rates.

Recent clinical trials have shown promising results regarding safety and efficacy of local treatment of this condition with the use of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Besides being pluripotent and poorly immunogenic, they have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, which combined, may accelerate healing.

Our main objective is to summarize the clinical trials we found, highlighting the efficacy rates of this therapy and the main limitations we found in the analysis of the results.

We conclude that, in perianal fistulas refractory to conventional therapies, the treatment with adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal cells is safe with promising results that may change the current paradigm of Crohn's related fistula treatment.
Marine composites set sail
Authors: Nickels Liz
Published: May 2018

Liz Nickels spoke to marine composites company Nautech Composites about a recent shipyard move and about the current state of shipbuilding in the UK.
Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 2
Authors: Marin-Felix Y. , Hernández-Restrepo M. , Wingfield M.J. , Akulov A. , Carnegie A.J. , Cheewangkoon R. , Gramaje D. , Groenewald J.Z. , Guarnaccia V. , Halleen F. , Lombard L. , Luangsa-ard J. , Marincowitz S. , Moslemi A. , Mostert L. , Quaedvlieg W. , Schumacher R.K. , Spies C.F.J. , Thangavel R. , Taylor P.W.J. , Wilson A.M. , Wingfield B.D. , Wood A.R. , Crous P.W.
Published: May 2018

This paper represents the second contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series provides morphological descriptions and information regarding the pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms for the treated genera. In addition, primary and secondary DNA barcodes for the currently accepted species are included. This second paper in the GOPHY series treats 20 genera of phytopathogenic fungi and their relatives including:Allantophomopsiella, Apoharknessia, Cylindrocladiella, Diaporthe, Dichotomophthora, Gaeumannomyces, Harknessia, Huntiella, Macgarvieomyces, Metulocladosporiella, Microdochium, Oculimacula, Paraphoma, Phaeoacremonium, Phyllosticta, Proxypiricularia, Pyricularia, Stenocarpella,UtrechtianaandWojnowiciella. This study includes the new genusPyriculariomyces, 20 new species, five new combinations, and six typifications for older names.
JUMP OPERATIONS FOR BOREL GRAPHS
Authors: DAY ADAM R. , MARKS ANDREW S.
Published: May 2018

We investigate the class of bipartite Borel graphs organized by the order of Borel homomorphism. We show that this class is unbounded by finding a jump operator for Borel graphs analogous to a jump operator of Louveau for Borel equivalence relations. The proof relies on a nonseparation result for iterated Fréchet ideals and filters due to Debs and Saint Raymond. We give a new proof of this fact using effective descriptive set theory. We also investigate an analogue of the Friedman-Stanley jump for Borel graphs. This analogue does not yield a jump operator for bipartite Borel graphs. However, we use it to answer a question of Kechris and Marks by showing that there is a Borel graph with no Borel homomorphism to a locally countable Borel graph, but each of whose connected components has a countable Borel coloring.
DECIDING THE CHROMATIC NUMBERS OF ALGEBRAIC HYPERGRAPHS
Authors: SCHMERL JAMES H.
Published: May 2018

For each infinite cardinalκ, the set of algebraic hypergraphs having chromatic number no larger thanκis decidable.
A COMPUTABLE FUNCTOR FROM GRAPHS TO FIELDS
Authors: MILLER RUSSELL , POONEN BJORN , SCHOUTENS HANS , SHLAPENTOKH ALEXANDRA
Published: May 2018

Fried and Kollár constructed a fully faithful functor from the category of graphs to the category of fields. We give a new construction of such a functor and use it to resolve a longstanding open problem in computable model theory, by showing that for every nontrivial countable structure${\cal S}$, there exists a countable field${\cal F}$of arbitrary characteristic with the same essential computable-model-theoretic properties as${\cal S}$. Along the way, we develop a new “computable category theory”, and prove that our functor and its partially defined inverse (restricted to the categories of countable graphs and countable fields) are computable functors.
HIERARCHIES OF (VIRTUAL) RESURRECTION AXIOMS
Authors: FUCHS GUNTER
Published: May 2018

I analyze the hierarchies of the bounded resurrection axioms and their “virtual” versions, the virtual bounded resurrection axioms, for several classes of forcings (the emphasis being on the subcomplete forcings). I analyze these axioms in terms of implications and consistency strengths. For the virtual hierarchies, I provide level-by-level equiconsistencies with an appropriate hierarchy of virtual partially super-extendible cardinals. I show that the boldface resurrection axioms for subcomplete or countably closed forcing imply the failure of Todorčević’s square at the appropriate level. I also establish connections between these hierarchies and the hierarchies of bounded and weak bounded forcing axioms.
The Ban Jelačić Trust for Disabled Soldiers and Their Families: Habsburg Dynastic Loyalty beyond National Boundaries, 1849–51
Authors: Newman John Paul , Scheer Tamara
Published: May 2018

It is fitting that a story about charitable donations and their provenance should begin with a gesture of gift giving. In 1849 a group of Habsburg subjects came together with the intention of raising money to purchase a gift for Josip Jelačić, general of the Habsburg army and Ban (Governor) of Civil Croatia. Jelačić was identified as one of the notional “saviors” of the Habsburg Empire, whose actions in the field had helped quell the revolutionary and military perils of the previous months. The proposed gift was a suitable symbol of imperial honor and military prowess: a ceremonial sabre designed especially for the Ban. Jelačić was apparently moved by the gesture but had a more practical idea: better to use the money raised for his gift to help those less fortunate (and less celebrated) than himself, it should be put toward a fund to support soldiers who had served in his units and militias and who had been injured in fighting—and also to the families of those that had been killed. To this end, a committee was already operating, based in Vienna, but collecting funds through the Ban's Council (Bansko Vijeće) in Zagreb. This would become a mobilization of Habsburg society whose impetus rested on precisely the same values of dynastic loyalty and respect for the Habsburg military as the ceremonial sabre, except that many more people would have a chance to show their devotion and support to the “heroes” of 1848–49.
Tethered to Socialism: The Cultural Work of the German Minority in the Czech Lands around the Time of the Prague Spring, 1968–70
Authors: Croy B. Payson
Published: May 2018

The German national communityliving in the Czech lands enjoyed a prosperous history throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, one that, despite some tensions with the majority Czech population, featured cross-cultural cooperation in the economic, political, and social arenas. The Nazi German occupation and World War II, as well as the postwar expulsion of the Germans, turned neighbors into enemies and divided ethnic communities across the Czech lands. The expulsion of three million Germans in 1945–46 bore consequences not only for those who were subject to expulsion, but also for those who received permission from the Czechoslovak state to remain behind. The status and stature of this remnant minority group shifted throughout the postwar period, but its significance as a bearer of German cultural life never waned. The state's immediate reaction to the quarter million Germans who remained behind was one of forced assimilation. Many thousands of Germans succumbed to the pressures of forced assimilation in the late 1940s and 1950s when the Czechoslovak state presented them with no other option than to become Czechs. Methods of forced assimilation included the stripping away of minority rights, such as linguistic and educational rights and the right to form independent cultural organizations, as well as the collective conferral of Czechoslovak citizenship upon the entire German population in 1953. Despite these pressures, a significant cohort of Germans who steadfastly clung to German national identification found means to resist the state's assimilative methods and succeeded in supporting German cultural life and identity into the 1960s.