bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise de parâmetros macroscópicos e microbiológicos de amostras comerciais de capim- cidreira (Cymbopogon citratus) do interior de Pernambuco
Authors: Denise Soares Farias Vitória , Das Graças de F. Negromonte Danielle , Mendes da Silva Thallys , De Oliveira Conceição Dário César , Daísa de Melo Santos Gleyka
Published: April 2024

A Cymbopogon citratus, conhecida popularmente como capim-cidreira, é uma espécie vegetal medicinal com ampla utilização em decorrência de sua diversidade de propriedades terapêuticas, sendo bastante utilizada na forma de chá. Os chás são enquadrados como alimentos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) e devem seguir os critérios aceitáveis de produção e comercialização. A não conformidade de tais especificações vem se tornando uma grande preocupação de saúde pública, visto que estes podem atribuir riscos à saúde dos consumidores. Desse modo, este estudo teve como objetivo, analisar parâmetros de controle de qualidade de amostras comerciais de capim-cidreira adquiridas no interior do estado de Pernambuco. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter exploratório e descritivo com dados qualitativos e quantitativos acerca da legalidade de chás de capim-cidreira de marcas distintas. Foram realizados testes de controle de qualidade para rotulagem, peso correspondente ao rótulo, presença de materiais estranhos, triagem fitoquímica e perfil microbiológico. Os resultados demonstram que a análise de rotulagem revelou a não conformidade de todas as amostras no quesito de denominação comercial e em uma delas, para o critério de ausência de finalidade terapêutica. A análise do peso correspondente ao rótulo por outro lado, revelou que todas as amostras estavam dentro da variação permitida. Em relação à verificação de materiais estranhos, identificou-se impurezas em duas das amostras estudadas. Além disso, foi identificado um resultado positivo para a presença de taninos e negativo para a presença de saponinas. Já a pesquisa microbiológica, revelou contaminação fúngica e bacteriana nas cinco amostras estudadas. Estes achados reforçam, portanto, a importância de que haja um controle de qualidade rígido e uma fiscalização mais firme por parte dos órgãos competentes, visando, assim, garantir a saúde do consumidor.
Regresión múltiple desde el punto de vista de la gestión-administración con un enfoque sustentable caso ganadería Rubio
Authors:   Instituto Tecnológico Superior De Guasave, Alzate Espinoza Juan Héctor , Graciano Obeso Adalid ,   Instituto Tecnológico Superior De Guasave, Báez Hernández Grace Erandy ,   Instituto Tecnológico Superior De Guasave
Published: April 2024

La Ganadería Rubio es una empresa con más de 25 años de experiencia en el sector ganadero, reside en una de las zonas con mayor comercialización de productos cárnicos en el estado de Sinaloa, asumiendo una filosofía orientada a la mejora continua, medioambiente y la calidad de su ganado; constante-mente está en búsqueda de estrategias y alternativas que le permitan seguir manteniéndose en la mente de sus clientes cómo una opción prioritaria en el mercado frente a negocios mejor posicionados como grupo SuKarne, se busca obtener un mejor rendimiento de sus productos, extrayendo la mayor cantidad de carne en su ganado, manteniendo el nivel de calidad estándar, permitiendo expandir el alcance de la empresa a un mercado más amplio y diversificar la cantidad de productos que maneja, durante este proceso se utilizará la meto-dología de regresión lineal como herramienta para alcanzar la sustentabilidad y rentabilidad de la Ganadería Rubio.
Aplicaciones de redes neuronales recurrentes en el análisis cuantitativo de series temporales para la gestión sostenible de recursos naturales y medioambientales
Authors:   Instituto Tecnológico Superior De Guasave, Bojórquez Delgado Gilberto , Bojórquez Delgado Jesús ,   Instituto Tecnológico Superior De Guasave, Graciano Obeso Adalid ,   Instituto Tecnológico Superior De Guasave
Published: April 2024

La gestión eficiente y sostenible de los recursos naturales y medioambientales es uno de los mayores retos que enfrenta la humanidad en el siglo XXI (Rodríguez Morales et al., 2011). Este desafío se ve exacerbado por la complejidad inherente a los sistemas naturales, los patrones climáticos en constante cambio y la necesidad urgente de adaptar nuestras prácticas a una realidad ambiental que evoluciona rápidamente (Jaquenod De Zsögön, 2019). En este panorama, el análisis de series temporales emerge como una herramienta crítica, esencial para entender, predecir y manejar fenómenos ambientales con una precisión sin precedentes. Aquí, la justificación para centrarse en las Redes Neuronales Recurrentes (RNR) se hace evidente, ya que estas poseen una capacidad única para procesar y aprender de datos temporales, ofreciendo un enfoque innovador y más efectivo para enfrentar estos desafíos ambientales complejos.
Cuantificación de recursos naturales pétreos a partir de métodos aerofotogramétricos y análisis en sistemas de información geográfica
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma De Sinaloa, Parra Galaviz Román Edén , Pérez Valdez Manuel De Jesús ,   Universidad Autónoma De Sinaloa, Díaz Hernández Ciro De La Concepción ,   Universidad Autónoma De Sinaloa
Published: April 2024

En la actualidad, es imprescindible hablar acerca de la educación ambiental como punto de partida para la preservación y conservación de los espacios y/o recursos naturales (Chirinos et al., 2017), con el objetivo de lograr una mejor planificación del desarrollo sostenible, el cual se concibe según (Barbera et al., 2019) como un proceso continuo orientado al logro de metas o propósitos comunes, establecidos mediante el diálogo y la comunicación entre los actores de una organización, comunidad, etc., para alcanzar una mejor calidad de vida. Por lo anterior, es de suma importancia buscar la relación y el trabajo coor-dinado entre investigadores de distintas universidades públicas, cuya finalidad esté orientada no únicamente en la solución de problemáticas locales, sino que a través de la implementación de diferentes metodologías, se aporte en buena medida a la agenda 2030 y los Objetivos del Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS).
Designing and Offering a Customer Trust Model in the Marketing Ecosystem Based on Blockchain Technology
Authors: Ghavidast Kouhpayeh Mahbubeh , Doshman Ziari Esfandiar , Rousta Alireza
Published: April 2024

Objective: The main purpose of the current research is to designing and presenting a model for building customer trust in the marketing ecosystem based on blockchain technology and based on the identification and introduction of trust-building elements and functions arising from blockchain technology in marketing actions. Methodology: In this study, by adopting a qualitative approach, the researcher seeks to identify the antecedents and consequences of building customer trust in the marketing ecosystem based on blockchain technology. In this regard, the required data were collected based on the opinions of experts in the field of digital marketing and advanced information technology and semi-structured interview tools and were analyzed based on thematic analysis method and the use of MaxQDA software. Findings: The analysis of the collected data in the research resulted in the extraction of 64 main themes with a frequency of 264 codes which after the final categories, these themes provided seven general antecedents and two general consequences of applying blockchain technology in order to build trust among customers of a marketing ecosystem. Conclusion: Therefore, in this context, it is possible to design a mechanism to paying commissions to agents and brokers in case of implementing this technology.
Identification and Ranking of Business Intelligence Components Using the Fuzzy TOPSIS Technique
Authors: Yaghoobi Alireza , Mirabi Vahidreza , Jalali Seyed Mehdi
Published: April 2024

Objective: The primary objective of this research is to identify and prioritize the components of business intelligence within subsidiaries of the National Bank by employing the fuzzy TOPSIS technique. This endeavor aims to establish a foundation for presenting a scientific approach to enhance business intelligence capabilities. Methodology: This study adopts a mixed-methods approach, initially gathering qualitative data through semi-structured interviews with senior managers from the bank's subsidiaries, followed by quantitative data collection using questionnaires. The fuzzy TOPSIS method was employed to handle the inherent ambiguity and uncertainty in the data, with linguistic variables used to represent the acceptability of each business intelligence component. Findings: Final model was including the dimensions of technical factors (components of information tools, characteristics of information and data, and analysis), business factors (components of stakeholders, economic and financial factors, and customer orientation), and intangible factors (including components of human capital and organizational capital) and 27 indicators. Subsequently, the identified components were ranked using the fuzzy TOPSIS technique, ultimately selecting "information confidentiality", "data reliability", and "high profit margin" as the most important indicators. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the dimensions of innovation in online advertising and its implications in digital marketing are interpretable, and legal supports for innovation in online advertising through the enforcement of laws, enactment and amendment of specific laws and regulations for digital marketing, removal of legal barriers to investment, revenue generation, and clarification of legal ambiguities and definitions in digital marketing are effective.
Yoğun Bakım Hemşirelerinin Beyin Ölümü ve Organ Transplantasyonuna Yönelik Tutumları ile Yapay Organ Nakline Yönelik Görüşlerinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Kalaycı Meltem , Koyuncu Aynur , Yava Ayla , Olgun Nermin
Published: April 2024

Özet
Amaç: Yoğun bakımda çalışan hemşireler beyin ölümü gerçekleşen ve organ nakli planlanan hastayla yakından ilgilenip bakım veren sağlık profesyonelidir. Bu çalışma yoğun bakımda çalışan hemşirelerin beyin ölümü ve organ transplantasyonuna yönelik tutumları ile yapay organ nakline yönelik görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yapıldı.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı türdedir. Bir devlet hastanesinin yoğun bakım ünitelerinde çalışan hemşireler ile 1 Ocak- 15 Ocak 2023 tarihleri arasında 124 hemşire ile yapıldı. Veri toplama formu hemşirelerin tanıtıcı özellikleri, organ transplantasyonu ile yapay organ nakline yönelik görüşlerinin yer aldığı anket formu ve “Yoğun Bakım Hemşirelerinin Beyin Ölümü ve Organ Transplantasyonuna Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği” nden oluşmaktadır. Veriler Windows için SPSS 23.0 (Statistical Package For Social Science) paket programında değerlendirildi. Tanımlayıcı istatistiksel analizlerde sayı, yüzde, ortalama, standart sapma, minimum, maksimum değerler belirlendi. Bağımsız guruplar arası farklılıklar Bağımsız Örneklem T-Testi ile birlikte Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi (ANOVA) kullanılarak belirlendi. İstatistiksel anlamlılık için p
Heparin Enjeksiyonu Uygulamasına Yönelik YouTube™ Videolarının Bilgi, Güvenilirlik ve Kalite Analizi
Authors: Demircan Burcu , Kıyak Yasemin , Kaya Hatice
Published: April 2024

Amaç: YouTube hastalar ve sağlık profesyonelleri tarafından bilgiye erişim sitesi olmakla birlikte sağlık okuryazarlığı için eğitim aracı rolü gören bir video paylaşım sitesidir. Araştırma, YouTube video platformunda yer alan heparin enjeksiyonu uygulamasına yönelik videoların bilgi içeriği, kalite ve güvenilirliğini belirlemek amacıyla tanımlayıcı tipte gerçekleştirildi.
Yöntemler: YouTube’da 01.02.2024 tarihinde “deri altına enjeksiyon, “heparin enjeksiyonu” ve “kan sulandırıcı iğne” anahtar kelimeleri ile yapılan arama sonucunda ulaşılan 31 Türkçe video bağımsız iki gözlemci tarafından Faydalılık, Tüketici Sağlığı Kalite Kriterleri (DISCERN), Küresel Kalite Skalası (GQS), video süresi, görüntüleme sayısı, beğeni sayısı, yorum sayısı, YouTube’daki süresi açısından analiz edildi.
Bulgular: Videoların %80,6’sının faydalı, %58,1’inin orta kalitede, %38,7’sinin orta derecede eğitim bilgisine sahip olduğu görüldü. Hemşireler tarafından yüklenen videoların USEFULNESS puanlarının hekimler ve bireysel olarak yüklenen videolara göre (P=,048), Sağlık kuruluşları ve hemşireler tarafından yüklenen videoların sırasıyla DISCERN (P=,025; P=,030) ve GQS puanlarının (P=,035; P=,005) bireysel olarak yüklenen videolara göre anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu sonucuna ulaşıldı. Video süresi ile DISCERN (r=,499; P=,004), görüntüleme sayısı ile USEFULNESS (r=,370; P=,040) ve GQS (r=,499; P=,004), beğeni sayısı ile GQS (r=,483; P=,006) arasında pozitif yönde orta düzeyde bir ilişki bulundu.
Sonuç: YouTube’da yer alan heparin enjeksiyonu videolarının orta kalitede olduğu ve hemşireler tarafından yüklenen videoların daha faydalı olduğu bulundu.
Evaluation of clinical examination and preoperative imaging in patients with right iliac fossa pain and a medium or high risk score for appendicitis (RIFT-2)
Authors: RIFT Study Group
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Clinical risk models can be used to safely stratify UK patients with suspected appendicitis with low scores to ambulatory pathways, preventing admissions and unnecessary surgery. This study aimed to examine the diagnostic pathways in patients with medium or high risk scores.

Methods: This prospective cohort study included patients admitted with suspected appendicitis in the UK. Patients aged ≥16 years were included if they had a medium or high risk score for appendicitis (Appendicitis Inflammatory Response score >2 in men, Adult Appendicitis Score >8 in women). The primary outcome measure was the normal appendicectomy rate (NAR). The AIRS and AAS risk prediction models were validated against pre-determined criteria.

Results: This UK study included 2,231 women and 1,958 men. Overall, 57.7% of patients underwent surgery. The NAR was 18.4% in women aged 16-45 years, 9.5% in men aged 16-45 years, 4.5% in women aged ≥46 years, and 2.1% in men aged ≥46 years. Risk prediction models did not achieve the pre-determined threshold to be used to identify patients with appendicitis. Ultrasound was the most common imaging modality in women aged 16-45 years, whereas CT was most common in the other subgroups. CT was performed in 12.8% women aged 16-45 years, 21.1% in men aged 16-45 years, 69.3% in women aged ≥46 years, and 74.5% in men aged ≥46 years. The overall NAR in patients who had CT imaging alone (3.6%) was lower than in patients who had no imaging (12.4%) or ultrasound imaging alone (19.0%).

Conclusion: Patients with right iliac fossa pain should be risk scored, with low-risk patients triaged to ambulatory management and medium and high-risk patients routinely CT scanned. Normal appendicectomy should become a specific therapeutic option rather than a chance finding.
Clinical Image: surgery under battery operated headlights
Authors: Alexander Philip
Published: April 2024

Surgery needs electricity. Dependable power supplies are a major problem in the Global South. Diesel generators, when available, provide a heavily polluting alternative. This image shows Dr. Philip Alexander operating in Kaaza, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India, using a battery-operated camping headlight, theatre lights powered with a car battery, and diathermy powered by a diesel generator. Clean, reliable energy that will improve patient outcomes and simultaneously protect the local environment is a priority for hospitals in low and middle income countries.
Appendix mucoceles and pseudomyxoma peritonei: Avoiding a sticky situation
Authors: Glasbey James , Bhangu Aneel
Published: April 2024

Appendix mucoceles and pseudomyxoma peritonei are commonly tested in surgical postgraduate examinations, but are rare to see in practice. Understanding their pathology, diagnosis, management, and prognosis will support decision making of surgeons in training via a colorectal multidisciplinary team. This article aims to serve as a short, accessible guide for medical students and surgical trainees preparing for examinations.
Đặc điểm lâm sàng, cận lâm sàng và kết quả điều trị bệnh nhân viêm màng não tại Bệnh viện Trung ương Thái Nguyên
Authors: Nguyễn Thị Minh Nguyệt , Trần Văn Tuấn , Lê Thị Quyên , Hoàng Thùy Trang , Món Thị Uyên Hồng
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Meningitis is a devastating disease with a high case fatality rate, which can lead to serious long-term sequelae if not timely diagnosed, and treated.Objectives: Describing on the clinical, subclinical characteristics and analysing some factors related to the treatment results in meningitis patients at Thai Nguyen National Hospital.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 48 meningitis patients were treated at the Department of Neurology and Department of Tropical Diseases at Thai Nguyen National Hospital.Results: The average age of patients in the study was 43.27±15,31 (year); The percentage of male patients was 75,0%. The most common clinical symptom was headache (89.6%), fever (75%); The average white blood cell count in the CSF on admission was 509.92±681.27 (cells/ml) and at discharge was 94.42±102.60 (cells/ml); Protein in CSF on admission was 1.70±1.45 (g/L) and at discharge was 0.72±0.55 (g/L). The everage day of treatment was 12.57.Conclusion: The popularr symptoms of patients with bacterial meningitis are headache, fever, vomiting, nausea, constipation, and stiff neck. There was no relationship between age, gender, white blood cell count and white blood cell count in the CSF at admission to the number of treatment days in meningitis patients.
Artificial intelligence for SDG 4 of the 2030 agenda: Transforming education to achieve quality, equality, and inclusion
Authors: Pimenta Arruda Eucidio , Pimenta Arruda Durcelina
Published: April 2024

The objective of this article is to discuss the possibility of using generative artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance teaching practices and pedagogical support to improve the quality of education provided to young people in elementary and secondary schooling. This issue is linked to the global perspective of a shortage of teachers, which directly affects Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4), concerning the enhancement of education quality as a target for global sustainable development. From this viewpoint, the potential use of AI may also relate to the improvement of educational quality and the reduction of social inequalities, yielding indirect effects on other sustainable development goals. As a method, we intend to conduct an extensive theoretical discussion addressing the challenges for teacher education and work worldwide, utilizing existing data from databases such as UNESCO, the UN, and the OECD, among others. In addition to data on teachers, we plan to analyze the potential for creating artificial intelligence based on existing ones but trained for the specific contexts of each country’s educational system. The goal is to examine the potential for formatting artificial intelligence to provide pedagogical support for teachers, such as: grading of objective and discursive assessments; individualized intelligent tutoring; analysis of students’ individual pedagogical development; preparation of individual student diagnoses; suggestions of specific pedagogical actions based on curricula and materials used; and all other pedagogical actions that support teachers in their educational journey. This work was funded by CAPES, CNPq, and FAPEMIG.
Analisis Penerapan SAK-EMKM Dalam Penyusunan Laporan Keuangan (Studi Kasus Pada UMKM Ligastore Makassar)
Authors: Syah Sri Rahayu , Irmawati Ika , Alacoque Margaretha
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan penerapan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Entitas Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (SAK-EMKM) dalam penyusunan laporan keuangan dan juga mengetahui kendala-kendala yang dihadapi dalam proses penerapan SAK-EMKM Pada UMKM Ligastore Makassar.

Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu metode deskriptif kualitatif. Dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi pada UMKM Ligastore Makassar kemudian menganalisis dan membandingkan antara Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Entitas Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (SAK-EMKM) dengan penyusunan laporan keuangan di UMKM Ligastore Makassar.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) UMKM Ligastore Makassar belum menerapkan SAK-EMKM pada laporan keuangannya, dilihat dari segi pencatatan, pengikhtisaran, dan pelaporan. Pemilik Ligastore hanya membuat laporan penjualan sebagai laporan keuangan, meskipun laporan tersebut tidak memenuhi standar akuntansi yang seharusnya. 2) Terdapat kendala yang menghambat penerapan SAK-EMKM pada UMKM Ligastore Makassar, antara lain kurangnya pemahaman pemilik tentang SAK-EMKM dan tidak adanya staf khusus yang bertanggung jawab dalam menyusun laporan keuangan.
青少年非自杀性自我伤害行为的家校社协同教育策略探析
Authors: 胡 春梅
Published: April 2024

胡春梅1，邓公明2，李方珍3
1. 重庆文理学院心理健康教育与咨询中心，重庆；
2. 重庆市铜梁中学校，重庆；
3. 重庆市永川职业教育中心，重庆
摘要：青少年非自杀性自我伤害行为(简称自伤行为)是社会公共健康问题，会严重危害青少年的身心健康，应结合家庭、学校、社会因素对自伤行为的影响，构建和实施家校社协同教育策略，提高青少年自伤行为教育的针对性和有效性。首先，以家庭为自伤行为教育主导，协同家校社共育：提升家庭教育素养，营造和谐家庭氛围，优化亲子互动，良好管理子女，培养和提高子女情绪调控及自我控制能力。其次，以学校为自伤行为教育主阵地，推动家校社共育：面向学生，提高教育力度，加强教育实施；面向家庭，推动家校共育，引领教育实施；面向社会，开发潜在力量，助力教育实施。第三，以社会为自伤行为教育延伸平台，联动家校社共育：相关管理部门制定政策文件推进教育实施，加强网络传媒监管阻断负面信息影响，激发医院、社区、服务机构协同参与自伤行为教育。
形成性评价视阈下高阶英语写作学习者的三重身份
Authors: 周 Submission-01
Published: April 2024

陈秋仙，范宏雅
山西大学外国语学院，山西太原
摘要：写作的难教和难学及其重要性为二语习得领域所公认。用英语这一世界范围的科技通用语写作的重要性对我国高阶二语学习群体而言尤为凸显。然而，写作技能的获得是一项涉及到语言、认知、心理、文化和个人等诸多因素的复杂工程，它需要一种能提升学习者主体地位、赋权及空间给学习者、使其能够充分发挥主观能动性的新型教学模式。本文从形成性评价理论出发，结合过程写作理论及身份研究，提出高阶英语写作学习者的写者、读者、评者三重身份一体化的观点，希图为二语写作的“瓶颈效应”提供一种解决思路和方法。
Aportes de universidades venezolanas a la formación en valores para una ciudadanía democrática
Authors: Juárez José Francisco , Vázquez Ercilia , Da Silva José Luis , Angelucci Luisa , Cantera Eduardo , Cámara María Elizabeht
Published: April 2024

La presente investigación corresponde a un estudio que tuvo por objetivo describir la percepción de los estudiantes y profesores universitarios acerca de la formación que se ofrece en las instituciones de educación superior venezolana en relación con el fomento de los valores para una ciudadanía democrática. La población estuvo integrada por 154 docentes y 360 estudiantes de universidades privadas y públicas, cuya muestra fue seleccionada no probabilísticamente. Se administró en línea una encuesta construida en el presente estudio a través de Google Forms. El instrumento consistió en una escala tipo Likert contentiva de 33 ítems que apuntan a las percepciones de los valores para la ciudadanía que se pueden fomentar en las ofertas curriculares y extracurriculares de las instituciones universitarias. De acuerdo con los resultados, tanto profesores como estudiantes destacan la tolerancia, el diálogo y la justicia como valores predominantes y las conductas relacionadas con la participación y la solidaridad como valores con poca promoción desde la universidad.
La moral en la inmortalidad transhumanista: Consideraciones sobre la moral y la finitud a partir de una lectura de El inmortal
Authors: Bello Andrea V.
Published: April 2024

El presente trabajo tiene como propósito el análisis del papel de la moral en una de las promesas más grandes profesadas por el transhumanismo, la promesa por la inmortalidad humana. Dicho propósito se llevará a cabo mediante la interpretación del breve cuento: El inmortal del literato Jorge Luis Borges. Esto con el fin de develar la estrecha relación que existe entre la dimensión moral del hombre – la pregunta por el qué debo hacer – y el reconocimiento de su finitud, de su devenir, como ser que va formando su propia narrativa en el mundo.
Plastic Design of Biaxially Loaded Beam-Columns
Authors: Ringo B.C. , McDonough J.F. , Baseheart T.M.
Published: April 2024

In the field of engineering design, it is normal to design steel wide-flange columns as if they were loaded by direct compression or by a thrust with some eccentricity about only one of the principal axes. Only limited design information is available concerning the case where there exists, simultaneously, some eccentricity with respect to each of the major axes. Where careful consideration is given to the true loading on a wide-flange column, it is frequently found that the longitudinal thrust on most columns does have some eccentricity in both principal directions. Figure 1 illustrates this general loading situation. The AISC Specification1 contains plastic design rules for axially loaded wide-flange columns with either no moment or with moment about only one principal axis. The design criteria for the ultimate load-carrying capacity of a biaxially loaded beam-column is obtained by an implied extension of Formulas (2.4-2) and (2.4-3). It has, therefore, been desirable for some time not only to predict the ultimate loadcarrying capacity of a member loaded in this manner, but to provide additional design criteria for the selection of such members. This paper presents a design technique for determination of the maximum plastic strength of biaxially loaded beamcolumns. The loading situation is caused by a compressive force eccentric to each of the two principal axes. The eccentricities are not restricted in any way. The member is an open section, composed of prismatic elements, of the wideflange class, in which no stress reversals occur. The material is assumed to be ideally elastic-perfectly plastic, but may contain residual stresses. The analytical procedure used to determine the ultimate load is based on an equilibrium technique in which the external forces acting on the cross section are equated to the internal resistances of that section as determined by the distribution of longitudinal stresses. The procedure is iterative and non-incremental. The principles of the procedure are presented in this paper as well as the results in the form of an interaction curve, design charts, and the equations of forces as used in the analytical procedure.
Dynamic Analysis of Multistory Buildings
Authors: Sandhu Balbir S.
Published: April 2024

Analysis and design of common types of buildings to resist earthquake forces is done by the method described in the Uniform Building Code. Approximate formulas for natural periods of fundamental mode of buildings are available and are used in the static method of aseismic design of Uniform Building Code. However, some building codes in the seismic regions require dynamic analysis of tall buildings and other important structures. The dynamic analysis of multistory structures is laborious and time consuming because of the many degrees of freedom involved. Modern electronic computers have made possible the dynamic analysis of multidegree freedom systems which was prohibitive by hand calculations. However, when the number of degrees of freedom is large, the dynamic analysis requires the use of digital computers of large capacities and the computer time used can be very expensive. In the modal method of dynamic analysis, the natural periods and mode shapes for various modes of vibrations are determined by computer analysis. The objective in this paper is to develop simplified methods for determining natural periods of vibrations of multistory buildings so that expensive computer time is kept to a minimum. Since the aseismic design by dynamic analysis require a few preliminary trials before final satisfactory design is achieved, the simplified methods can save laborious computer calculations in the preliminary design. The simplified methods discussed in this paper are developed using the concept of an elastic shear wave equation in solid uniform bars. A numerical example is presented to compare the simplified methods with the more rigorous analysis.
Panel Zone Effect on the Strength and Stiffness of Steel Rigid Frames
Authors: Becker Roy
Published: April 2024

This paper is a study of the effect of the panel zone on the strength and stiffness of steel rigid frames. The panel zone is defined as the portion of the frame whose boundaries are within the rigid connection of two or more members which have webs lying in a common plane. Design criteria for calculating the shear capacity of the panel zone are given in the Commentary to the AISC Specification (Sect. 1.5.1.2 for allowable stress design and Sect. 2.5 for plastic design). The results of this study provide answers to the five questions posed in the introduction of the paper. However, it must been emphasized that the conclusions are based entirely on the results of tests using a W14x61 shape of A36 material, and that extrapolation to other sizes of members must be done with caution. Thus, the conclusions primarily apply to steel rigid frames which have light wide-flange shapes as columns.
Errata: Drift Reduction Factors for Belted High-Rise Structures
Authors: McNabb J.W. , Muvdi B.B.
Published: April 2024

Errata
Tension-Field Design of Tapered Webs
Authors: Falby W.E. , Lee G.C.
Published: April 2024

This paper deals with the formulation of design guides for tapered webs based on post-buckling strength. Following the basic format and approach used in earlier studies and Baslers tension-field model, allowable stress expressions are derived for tapered webs. They are compared with the current AISC Specification. It is shown that for small or even moderately large tapering ratios, the average depth of the tapered segment can be used in the AISC prismatic girder design formula for tapered members. The results of this study can be used in the design of tapered roof girders of the gable frames commonly encountered. Beams and girders having small or moderate tapers comprise over 90% of tapered beams used in practice. The allowable shear stress of such beams may be obtained either by employing the present AISC provision based on tension-field acton, with the average depth replacing the uniform depth, Eq. (1a), or it may be obtained by employing Eq. (17) or(19). The latter expressions will give results that are somewhat more accurate.
Errata: Seismic Design Practice for Steel Buildings
Authors: Teal Edward J.
Published: April 2024

Errata
A Simple Approach to Truss Deflections
Authors: Tsai Wan-Tswan
Published: April 2024

The determination of deflections for a longspan truss has long been considered a troublesome subject by structural engineers. Truss deflection is estimated by considering the truss as a beam. The deflection is composed of two portions. One is the bending deflection, which is determined as for a regular beam with moment of inertia evaluated from chord members. The other portion is the shear deflection, which is evaluated from the deformation of web members. The most remarkable feature of this approach is that no member stresses are required. The deflection is given by the direct calculation of simple formulas which already involve the properties of material and geometry.
Errata: A Practical Method of Second Order Analysis Part 1; Pin Jointed Systems
Authors: LeMessurier William J.
Published: April 2024

Errata
Multistory Rigid Frames with Composite Girders Under Gravity and Lateral Forces
Authors: Schaffhausen Robert J. , Wegmuller Anton W.
Published: April 2024

Much work has been done in the area of composite design using the strength of the concrete floor slab and steel girders acting together by means of shear connectors. The major portion of the work done to date has pertained to beams or girders, simply supported or continuous, acted upon by vertical loads. Little information is found in the literature on the design and use of composite girders in multistory rigid frames, when horizontal loads govern the design of the girders. The use of composite design of girders in multistory rigid frames subjected to severe horizontal loads can lead to substantial material savings.9 Using recent research involving the response of composite sections in positive moment regions adjacent to columns, stiffness factors can be developed for use in analysis and subsequent design. This paper compares preliminary designs, with and without composite girders, of a 12-story, two-bay, asymmetrical rigid frame subjected to wind loading. The effects of governing design parameters, such as varying story height, longitudinal steel in the negative moment region, and the length of composite partial slab width adjacent to columns, are discussed and a recommended procedure for designing with composite girders is presented.
Fire Safety Of External Building Elements--The Design Approach
Authors: Law Margaret
Published: April 2024

The adoption of a design approach to fire safety in buildings has gained increasing acceptance as it has become clear that the traditional rules are not always sufficiently flexible or may not be adequate to cope with modern developments in the use and construction of buildings. For elements of structure, building codes have a performance requirement based on a specified exposure period of the element to the standard fire resistance test of ASTM E119, and while it has been recognized that the building fire exposure may not be the same as the standard fire exposure, the tendency has been more to criticize the required period of fire resistance than to question the standard test conditions themselves. However, a major difficulty with the standard test has been encountered when buildings are designed with external structural steel elements. These elements are required by the codes to have the same minimum periods of fire resistance and hence the same cladding as internal elements, even though the external fire exposure conditions are known to be less severe. The fire exposure of external structural elements cannot be simulated by the standard fire resistance test, but it can be calculated. The heat transfer to these elements depends on the flame trajectory and temperature, the temperature in the fire compartment, the position of the element, and the cooling of the element to the surroundings. As for internal elements, the structural performance depends on the steel temperature, and a calculation method for estimating the temperature rise can be established. The calculation method is based on comprehensive studies with models and on a number of large scale experimental fire tests in realistic buildings. The calculated steel temperatures are in satisfactory agreement with values measured in the large-scale experimental fire tests.
Design of an Eccentrically Braced Steel Frame
Authors: Popov Egor P. , Roeder Charles W.
Published: April 2024

In the design of earthquake resistant structures, two basic requirements must be met. First, the structure must remain serviceable during the ordinary, frequently occurring load applications. This is usually accomplished by designing the structure so that it remains elastic and provides adequate stiffness to limit deflections. The second requirement is to preclude a disaster during a major earthquake. For such an extreme event, considerable inelastic deformation is usually allowed. Thus, structures must possess sufficient ductility and inelastic stability to withstand these extreme excitations. Recent studies have shown that eccentrically braced frames offer considerable potential as seismic resistant structures. They are very stiff and can easily satisfy story drift limitations, and they can be designed to provide excellent inelastic behavior and energy dissipation characteristics. Therefore, such structures are likely to remain serviceable during the smaller, more frequently occurring earthquakes, and prevent collapse during severe, infrequent earthquakes. Eccentrically braced steel frames also appear to be very economical structures, indicating savings for some framing arrangements on the order of 30% in weight of steel over unbraced frames. This unique structural system offers several design advantages, but it also employs several unusual design requirements. The purpose of this paper is to summarize these special design requirements and to show a simple example illustrating their application.
Behavior of Bearing Critical Double-Angle Beam Connections
Authors: Birkemoe Peter C. , Gilmor Michael I.
Published: April 2024

The design of bolted connections generally incorporates limiting or allowable loads or stresses on the fastener and on the connected parts in such a way that the strength of the connected part or member, not that of the fastener, governs the ultimate behavior of the structure. For simple bolted lap splices, the net section strength, the bearing strength, and the fastener shear strength are evaluated in terms of nominal stresses for a particular loading to determine the adequacy of the connection detail. In an effort to ensure that one of the basic strength mechanisms of the connected member will control the ultimate behavior, the fastener allowable stresses have traditionally been quite conservative. While the philosophy of ensuring that member failure governs is reasonable, a critical evaluation of recent bolted connection research by Fisher and Struik has led to recommendations of higher allowable shearstresses on bolts (potentially, 20 to 30 percent fewer bolts are required according to the shear stress requirements). However, a margin of safety is maintained for member control of behavior. The bearing strength criteria were also reevaluated and higher allowable bearing stresses based on a new bearing strength model were recommended.
Detailing to Achieve Practical Welded Fabrication
Authors: Blodgett Omer W.
Published: April 2024

The thousands of highway bridges, scores of high-rise buildings, and other impressive structures framed with welded steel certainly testify to the knowledge and skills of design engineers and structural steel fabricators. But, even sophisticated engineers do make mistakes— and there are very few designers or fabricators who are completely up-to-date on modern welding technology or structural design. The author, in his consulting work, often sees the errors that engineers make and has observed their lack of awareness of improved principles in design and advances in the welding arts. Before discussing examples of good and bad detailing, one point should be stressed: Anything done five years ago in welding design or fabrication could be obsolete! Every welded detail should be re-evaluated to determine (1) if it incorporates new knowledge about how to handle forces; (2) if it takes advantage of new provisions in governing codes; (3) if it is compatible with new advances in welding equipment, electrodes, processes, and procedures; and (4) if it offers opportunity to minimize costs through use of more precise determinations made possible with the advent of the programmable calculator.
Eccentrically Loaded Weld Groups; AISC Design Tables
Authors: Tide Raymond H.R.
Published: April 2024

Historically the design tables for eccentric loads on weld groups presented by the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) in the Manual of Steel Construction have been based on the assumption that the bolt or weld element furthest from the group centroid controlled the design load of the total group. The remaining bolts or weld elements were assumed to carry a proportional amount of load depending on the relative distance from the centroid. The overall stiffness of the configuration was considered to be a function of the polar moment of inertia. This procedure was known to give a generally conservative solution to a complex problem. It was known that, with the exception of nearly square configurations and relatively low loads, the polar moment of inertia does not adequately represent the stiffness of a joint, especially if inelastic deformations are considered. The preceding discussion has explained how the design tables for eccentrically loaded weld groups have been developed for use in the new 8th Edition Manual.2 The tables result in substantially increased values, in some cases depending upon the group geometry and load eccentricity. However, because of the limited available research, which involved only A36 steel and E60 electrodes, a certain amount of conservatism had to be introduced to keep stresses within the Specification limits.
Connections Between Steel Frames and Concrete Walls
Authors: Roeder Charles W. , Hawkins Neil M.
Published: April 2024

Theoretically, the most desirable connection between a moment resistant steel frame and concrete shear wall is a rigid connection. With such connections the frame-shear wall system can be made stiffer and the members lighter than with flexible frame to shear wall connections. However, in practice those benefits are likely to be accompanied by a decrease in the rotational capacity of the connection and the increase in the likelihood of a brittle failure of the connection. Those disadvantages are an important consideration for structures located in high risk seismic zones. Flexible frame-wall connections result in a more flexible structure and require larger member sizes than rigid connections. However, flexible connections can be designed so as to have reliable strength and ductility characteristics. Reliable design characteristics can be achieved with the procedures developed and experimentally verified in this paper.
Acceptability Criterion for Occupant-Induced Floor Vibrations
Authors: Murray Thomas M.
Published: April 2024

Improved methods of construction and design, which make use of materials with low weight-to strength ratios, may make large floor areas, free of partitions, susceptible to transient vibrations induced by small impacts such as human footfalls. Under certain circumstances these vibrations can be very annoying to occupants of buildings. Since the occupants are both source and sensor, the vibration cannot be isolated as with mechanical equipment and must be controlled by the structural system. In the past, it was possible for the structural designer to safely overlook these vibrations for two reasons. The first and most important is that the vibrations have no effect on the structural integrity of the building. Occupant induced vibrations are so small (initial amplitude from 0.005 to 0.08 in.) they may be ignored structurally. Second, the vibrational response of older floor systems is usually negated by damping in the heavy structural floor system or that associated with closely spaced partitions. If the response of the completed floor system is such that occupants are uneasy or annoyed, the intended use of the building can be radically affected. The writer is aware of the closing of a new department store because of uncomfortable floor motion and of the complete loss of secretarial efficiency in a new office building due to occupant induced floor vibration. Correcting such situations is usually very difficult and expensive, and success has been limited. Equally important is the tremendous waste of material in trying to prevent the problem. Most structural designers are acutely aware of potential floor vibration problems, but, until very recently, guidelines were not available to aid in the determination of the suitability of a proposed floor system. As a consequence, design tends to be overly conservative, resulting in heavier than necessary floor systems. The unneeded material in the floor system causes a pyramiding effect because additional material is required in the remaining structural system and foundations to support the added weight. Various scales for determining the acceptability of steel beam- and steel joist-concrete slab floor systems subject to occupant-induced floor vibrations have been reviewed and compared. The scales were shown to be inconsistent and, in general, to underestimate the strong dependence of acceptability on damping. A new criterion, based on experimental results from 91 floor systems, was presented. The proposed criterion is strongly dependent on damping and is suitable for design office use for evaluating the acceptability of steel beam or joist-concrete slab floor systems subject to occupant-induced vibrations.
Rapid Determination of Ultimate Strength of Eccentrically Loaded Bolt Groups
Authors: Brandt G. Donald
Published: April 2024

The Eighth Edition Manual of Steel Construction of the American Institute of Steel Construction1 bases its Tables X through XVIII for "Eccentric Loads on Fastener Groups" on an ultimate strength method. In this method, relative rotation of the connected parts occurs about a given instantaneous center, causing, on each connector, a force which acts perpendicular to the ray joining that connector to the instantaneous center.
Effect of Hole-Making on the Strength of Double Lap Joints
Authors: Iwankiw Nestor R , Schlafly Thomas
Published: April 2024

Engineers familiar with structural steel and the available fabricating operations have expressed concern over the effect various hole-forming methods have on the ultimate strength of bolted connections, in particular, the use of flame-cutting. In response to these concerns, AISC had conducted tests comparing the performance of connections with holes made by six commonly used methods. The intent of the comparison is to determine whether a need exists to restrict the use of specific hole-making methods and whether connections using holes made with particular methods have any structural advantages. This portion of the study addresses only standard holes subjected to gradually applied loads and compares different hole-forming methods.
Design of Single Plate Framing Connections with A307 Bolts
Authors: Richard Ralph M. , Kriegh James D. , Hormby David E.
Published: April 2024

The analysis and design of single plate framing connections using A325 and A490 high-strength bolts was presented in Ref. 1 and design aids for this connection with these high strength bolts was presented in Ref. 2. Recent research completed at the University of Arizona has shown that A307 bolts may also be used in single plate framing connections if slotted holes are provided either in the beam web or the framing plate. The use of these bolts may result in a more economical connection design because field inspection is not required and, additionally, significantly less connection moment is developed.
Simplifications in the Solution of Column Interaction Problems
Authors: Hooper Ira , Rapp Robert E.
Published: April 2024

This paper outlines time saving procedures that may be employed by structural engineers to design columns subjected to combined axial and bending stress. Two procedures are described, each of which involves precalculated coefficients for insertion in the present column tables of the AISC Manual. A discussion of these tables and their use has already been published. Method A provides a short-cut procedure for selecting a column shape from the Manual tables with a reasonable degree of accuracy. It is a rapid method for preliminary design, sufficiently accurate for many commonly encountered design problems. Method B is a modification of the existing interaction Equations (6), (7a) and (7b) which appear on page 3—10 of the AISC Manual, which are derived directly from formulas in the AISC Specification.
Design of Headed Anchor Bolts
Authors: Shipp John G. , Haninger Edward R.
Published: April 2024

In current practice the design of base plates is controlled by bearing restrictions on the concrete; shear is transmitted to the concrete largely through anchor bolts, shear lugs or bars attached to the base plate and the tensile anchorage steel is generally proportioned only for direct stress. The embedment requirements for anchorage steel are not clearly defined by most codes and are left largely to the discretion of the design engineer. Also, there are no provisions to prevent a brittle failure in the concrete as opposed to a ductile failure in the anchor bolt, as provided for with a probability-based limit states design or Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for steel. Larger design forces now mandated in many areas due to the revised seismic and wind loads require design capacities for anchor bolts beyond any existing code values. Therefore, there is a need for a complete design procedure for anchor bolts that will accommodate these larger loads and incorporate the proposed design philosophy, i.e., probability-based limit states design (PBLSD).