bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidation of bacillithiol during killing ofStaphylococcus aureusUSA300 inside neutrophil phagosomes
Authors: Ashby Louisa V , Springer Reuben , Van Loi Vu , Antelmann Haike , Hampton Mark B , Kettle Anthony J , Dickerhof Nina
Published: May 2022

Targeting immune evasion tactics of pathogenic bacteria may hold the key to treating recalcitrant bacterial infections. Staphylococcus aureus produces bacillithiol (BSH), its major low-molecular-weight thiol, which is thought to protect this opportunistic human pathogen against the bombardment of oxidants inside neutrophil phagosomes. Here, we show that BSH was oxidized when human neutrophils phagocytosed S. aureus, but provided limited protection to the bacteria. We used mass spectrometry to measure the oxidation of BSH upon exposure of S. aureus USA300 to either a bolus of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or a flux generated by the neutrophil enzyme myeloperoxidase. Oxidation of BSH and loss of bacterial viability were strongly correlated (r = 0.99, p < 0.001). BSH was fully oxidized after exposure of S. aureus to lethal doses of HOCl. However, there was no relationship between the initial BSH levels and the dose of HOCl required for bacterial killing. In contrast to the HOCl systems, only 50% of total BSH was oxidized when neutrophils killed the majority of phagocytosed bacteria. Oxidation of BSH was decreased upon inhibition of myeloperoxidase, implicating HOCl in phagosomal BSH oxidation. A BSH-deficient S. aureus USA300 mutant was slightly more susceptible to treatment with either HOCl or ammonia chloramine, or to killing within neutrophil phagosomes. Collectively, our data show that myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants react with S. aureus inside neutrophil phagosomes, leading to partial BSH oxidation, and contribute to bacterial killing. However, BSH offers only limited protection against the neutrophil's multifaceted killing mechanisms.
Ethnoracial comparisons in anxiety and depression outcomes among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander college students
Authors: Cline Jared I. , Larsen Ross A. , Griner Derek , Beecher Mark E. , Allen G. E. Kawika , Lee Chien‐Ti , Lefrandt Jason B. , Worthen Vaughn
Published: May 2022

We explored differences in distress scores at intake as well as the change in anxiety and depression scores over the course of 12 therapy sessions for Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) college students. Data were collected from the Center for Collegiate Mental Health (N = 256,242). Results support the notion that NHPI college students experience anxiety and depression in therapy differently from other ethnic groups with moderate‐to‐large magnitudes of effect.
Chemical and sensory characterization of coffee from Coffea arabica cv. Mundo Novo and cv. Catuai Vermelho obtained by four different post‐harvest processing methods
Authors: van Mullem Joshua Johannes , de Sousa Bueno Filho Júlio Sílvio , Dias Disney Ribeiro , Schwan Rosane Freitas
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND

After the harvest, green coffee beans are dried on the farm using several methods: the wet process, natural process, pulped natural process, or mechanical demucilaging. This study evaluated how the choice of a specific processing method influenced the volatile organic compounds of the coffee beans, before and after roasting, and the sensory characteristics of the beverage. Coffea arabica beans of two varieties (cv. Mundo Novo and cv. Catuai Vermelho) were subjected to these four processing methods on a single farm in the Cerrado area of Brazil.

RESULTS

Analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry headspace solid‐phase microextraction identified 40 volatile organic compounds in green coffee beans and 37 in roasted beans. The main difference between post‐harvest treatments was that naturally processed green beans of both varieties contained a different profile of alcohols, acids, and lactones. In medium‐roasted beans, those differences were not observed. The coffee beverages had similar taste attributes but distinct flavor profiles. Some of the treatments resulted in specialty‐grade coffee, whereas others did not.

CONCLUSION

The choice of a specific post‐harvest processing method influences the volatile compounds found in green beans, the final beverage's flavor profile, and the cupping score, which can have a significant impact on the profitability of coffee farms’ operations. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Emulsifying and whipping properties of mixing polysaccharide dispersions: effect of ratio between insoluble soybean fiber and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
Authors: Cai Yongjian , Zeng Di , Huang Lihua , Zhao Mouming , Zhao Qiangzhong , Van der Meeren Paul
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND

The interactions between various food colloids in different systems (e.g., dispersions, emulsions, creams) have a bearing on the processing and characteristics of food systems. Hydrophilic polysaccharides have been proven to have the potential to fabricate the above systems. In the present work, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was partially replaced by the insoluble soybean fiber (ISF) extracted from defatted okara to prepare mixing dispersions, oil‐in‐water emulsions and whipped creams.

RESULTS

The presented work showed that as the proportion of ISF increased, the foaming properties of ISF/HPMC dispersions were enhanced, the absolute value of the ζ‐potential and the particle size of the emulsions increased, while the heat stability and centrifugal stability first increased and then decreased. Upon whipping, the loss angle (tan δ) decreased first and then increased, while the overrun, foam stability and cream stability, as well as the elastic modulus (G′), presented the opposite trend.

CONCLUSION

These results indicated that an appropriate amount (40–60%) of ISF in the ISF/HPMC systems enhanced the foaming and emulsifying capacities of mixtures and the stability of the resultant emulsion; subsequently, the whipping performance and whipped cream network structure were strengthened, suggesting that ISF has great potential for application in whipped cream as a ‘green’ and safe food ingredient. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Association of gut microbiota characteristics and metabolites reveals the regulation mechanisms under cadmium consumption circumstance
Authors: Dai Zhen , Liu Jinguang , Yao Xuan , Wang Anqi , Liu Yuqian , Strappe Padraig , Huang Weining , Zhou Zhongkai
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND

Cadmium is a non‐biodegradable heavy metal with a long biological half‐life. Although its negative impact on human health has been previously reported, the association of cadmium consumption overdose with changes in the gut microbiota and its corresponding metabolites has not been fully elucidated so far.

RESULTS

Cadmium consumption overdose led to a reduced body weight gain accompanied by an enhanced level of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6, and histamine in the serum of the rats in comparison with normal rats. Furthermore, hepatotoxicity was also observed to be induced by cadmium, which was consistent with abnormal hepatic activities of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase and oxidative stress. In contrast, Lactobacillus rhamnosus‐fermented Ganoderma lucidum (FGL) slice supplementation improved the aforementioned physiological properties. More importantly, microbiome and metabolites analysis indicated cadmium exposure significantly reduced the generation of short‐chain fatty acids in the gut, particularly butyrate. However, rats in the FGL group had the highest level of butyrate in the feces, characterized with significantly enriched probiotics (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium) and butyrate‐producing bacteria (Roseburia).

CONCLUSION

The targeted regulation of the gut microbial community and its metabolites might be the essential association for attenuating body dysfunction induced by cadmium. The supplementation of FGL, as evidenced in this study, might highlight a novel approach to this field. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Cochlear implantation performance outcomes in patients over 80 years old
Authors: Wichova Helena , Mills Dawna , Beatty Sarah , Peng Kevin , Miller Mia
Published: May 2022

Objective

To examine device datalogging characteristics and postoperative performance in the very elderly CI users.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of postoperative speech recognition outcomes and datalogging characteristics in patients older than 80 years old who underwent cochlear implantation and remain active users with longer than 6 months post‐activation follow‐up.

Results(s)

The mean age at implantation was 84.8 ± 3.8 years old. Pre‐ and post‐operative AzBio sentences in quiet scores were 12.4 ± 16.4% and 53.0 ± 23.5%, respectively (p < .001). Pre‐ and post‐operative consonant‐nucleus‐consonant (CNC) word scores were 9.4 ± 12.8% and 40.5 ± 20.7%, respectively (p < .001). A nonsignificant negative correlation was noted between the age of implantation and postoperative CNC words and AzBio sentence performance. Significantly decreased performance was noted in the subpopulation with a preoperative diagnosis of dementia. Mean daily use was 10.9 h per day. When available the mean daily usage distribution was 16% speech in noise, 19.1% speech, 51% quiet, 3.8% music, and 9.6% noise. A significant positive correlation was noted between daily use and AzBio sentence and CNC word performance.

Conclusions

Very elderly patients have significant postoperative auditory performance benefits after CI. Mean daily use is comparable to previously published results in the younger population. Age of implantation does not play a significant role in overall performance. Elderly patients who are medically cleared for implantation receive significant postoperative benefits.
Recent Progress toward Physical Stimuli‐Responsive Emulsions
Authors: Wu Yutian , Zeng Min , Cheng Quanyong , Huang Caili
Published: May 2022

Emulsion as a fine dispersion of immiscible liquids has involved widespread applications in industry, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and personal care. Stimuli‐responsive emulsions capable of on‐demand demulsification or changing their properties are required in many cases such as controllable release cargo, oil recovery, emulsifier recycling, and product separation, great progress is achieved in these areas. Among these various triggers, much effort is made to develop physical stimuli, due to the noninvasive and environmentally friendly characteristics. Physical stimuli‐responsive emulsions provide plenty of valuable practical applications in the fields of sustainable industry, biomedical reaction, drug delivery. Here, the recent development in the field of emulsions in response to physical stimuli consisting of temperature, light, magnetic fields, electrical fields, etc., is summarized. The preparation methods and mechanisms of physical stimuli‐responsive emulsions and their applications of catalysis reaction, drug delivery, and oil recovery are highlighted in this review. The future directions and outstanding problems of the physical stimuli‐responsive emulsions are also discussed.
The significance of the fusion partner gene genomic neighborhood analysis in translocation‐defined tumors
Authors: Mosaieby Elaheh , Martínek Petr , Ondič Ondrej
Published: May 2022

Introduction

This study presents a novel molecular parameter potentially co‐defining tumor biology—the total tumor suppressor gene (TSG) count at chromosomal loci harboring genes rearranged in fusion‐defined tumors. It belongs to the family of molecular parameters created using a black‐box approach.

Method

It is based on a public curated Texas TSG database. Its data are regrouped based on individual genes loci using another public database (Genecards). The total TSG count for NTRK (NTRK1; OMIM: 191315; NTRK2; OMIM: 600456; NTRK3; OMIM: 191316), NRG1 (OMIM: 142445), and RET (OMIM: 164761) rearranged tumors in patients treated with a theranostic approach is calculated using the results of recently published studies.

Results

Altogether 138 loci containing at least three TSGs are identified. These include 21 “extremely hot” spots, with 10 to 28 TSGs mapping to a given locus. However, the study falls short of finding a correlation between tumor regression or patient survival and the TSG count owing to a low number of cases meeting the study criteria.

Conclusion

The total TSG count alone cannot predict the biology of translocation‐defined tumors. The addition of other parameters, including microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor mutation burden (TMB), homologous recombination repair deficiency (HRD), and copy number heterogeneity (CNH), might be helpful. Thus a multi‐modal data integration is advocated. We believe that large scale studies should evaluate the significance and value of the total TSG count.
Breastfeeding: Maternally Transferred Allergens in Breast Milk: Protective or Sensitizing?
Authors: Schocker Frauke , Jappe Uta
Published: May 2022

According to a thorough literature search, the following allergen sources have been associated with allergy symptoms in the exclusively breastfed child: hen's egg, cow's milk, peanut, trout. Subsequently, several studies use the advantage of molecular allergology and investigate the potential transfer of single allergens into breastmilk. This is shown for caseins, whey proteins, gliadin, ovalbumin, ovomucoid, the peanut allergens Ara h 2 and Ara h 6, as well as the inhalant allergens Der p 1 and Blo t 5. It is still a matter of debate whether or not food allergens transferred via breastfeeding to the baby promote allergic sensitization or induce tolerance and via which mechanisms they may shift the immune response to the one or other side. Noteworthy, some breastfed children are described to be sensitized to foods before being exposed to solid foods, and this exposure may have occurred through breastmilk. In the light of these findings the investigation of food allergens transferred from the mother's diet into breastmilk and their impact on sensitization or allergy prevention remains a current topic in research. This review describes breastmilk in its composition and provides data on the identification of food allergens therein including human and mouse studies.
Feasibility of simultaneous high‐resolution anatomical and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of sciatic nerves in patients with Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 1A (CMT1A) at 7T
Authors: Sveinsson Bragi , Rowe Olivia E. , Stockmann Jason P. , Park Daniel J. , Lally Peter J. , Rosen Matthew S. , Barry Robert L. , Eichler Florian , Rosen Bruce R. , Sadjadi Reza
Published: May 2022

Introduction/Aims

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of peripheral nerves can provide image‐based anatomical information and quantitative measurement. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the feasibility of high‐resolution anatomical and quantitative MRI assessment of sciatic nerve fascicles in patients with Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) 1A using 7T field strength.

Methods

Six patients with CMT1A underwent imaging on a high‐gradient 7T MRI scanner using a 28‐channel knee coil. Two high‐resolution axial images were simultaneously acquired using a quantitative double‐echo in steady‐state (DESS) sequence. By comparing the two DESS echoes, T2 and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were calculated. The cross‐sectional areas and mean T2 and ADC were measured in individual fascicles of the tibial and fibular (peroneal) portions of the sciatic nerve at its bifurcation and 10 mm distally. Disease severity was measured using Charcot–Marie–Tooth Examination Score (CMTES) version 2 and compared to imaging findings.

Results

We demonstrated the feasibility of 7T MRI of the proximal sciatic nerve in patients with CMT1A. Using the higher field, it was possible to measure individual bundles in the tibial and fibular divisions of the sciatic nerve. There was no apparent correlation between diffusion measures and disease severity in this small cohort.

Discussion

This pilot study indicated that high‐resolution MRI that allows for combined anatomical and quantitative imaging in one scan is feasible at 7T field strengths and can be used to investigate the microstructure of individual nerve fascicles.
Surgical anatomy of the vaginal vault
Authors: Haylen Bernard T. , Vu Dzung
Published: May 2022

Aim

Vaginal vault (VV) surgery should be a key part of surgery for a majority of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). The surgical anatomy of the VV, the upper most part of the vagina, has not been recently subject to a dedicated examination and description.

Methods

Cadaver studies were performed in (i) 10 unembalmed cadaveric pelves (observation); (ii) 2 unembalmed cadaveric pelves (dissection); (iii) 5 formalinized hemipelves (dissection). The structural outline and ligamentous supports of the VV were determined. Further confirmation of observations in post‐hysterectomy patients were from a separate study on 300 consecutive POP repairs, 46% of whom had undergone prior hysterectomy.

Results

The VV is equivalent to the Level I section of the vagina, measured posteriorly from the top of the posterior vaginal wall (apex or highest part of the vagina) to 2.5 cm below this point. It comprises the anterior fornix (through which cervix protrudes or is removed at hysterectomy), posterior fornix and two lateral fornices. Before hysterectomy, the posterior aspects of the cervix and upper vagina are supported by the uterosacral (USL) and cardinal ligaments (CL), the distal segments of which fuse together to form a cardinal‐uterosacral ligament complex (cardinal utero‐sacral complex), around 2–3 cm long. Post‐‐‐hysterectomy, there is some residual USL support to the anterior fornix but the posterior fornix has no ligamentous support and is thus more vulnerable to prolapse.

Conclusion

Effective management of VV prolapse will need to be part of most POP repairs. Enhanced understanding of the surgical anatomy of the vaginal vault allows more effective planning of those POP surgeries.
The mediating role of alexithymia and cognitive flexibility in the relationship between behavioral inhibition system/behavioral activation system and depression in Turkish population
Authors: Bilge Yıldız , Tankut Ülkü
Published: May 2022

This study aims to examine the relationships between the behavioral inhibition system (BIS)/behavioral activation system (BAS), depression, cognitive flexibility, and alexithymia, and to determine the mediator role of cognitive flexibility and alexithymia in the relationship between BIS/BAS and depression. Data were collected from a community sample, consisting of 1,275 people, 904 women (70.90%) and 371 (29.10%) men, aged 18–65 years. It was detected that the whole variables in this research were interrelated. Additionally, for the mediation analyses, two significant models in which were determined the mediator role of cognitive flexibility and alexithymia in the relationship between the dimensions of BIS‐Fear and BAS‐Reward and depression were created. Consequently, high BIS‐Fear and low BAS‐Reward were associated with susceptibility to depression through decreased cognitive flexibility and increased alexithymia. Moreover, it may be possible to identify which subdimensions of alexithymia and cognitive flexibility play a role in the relationship between depression and reward/punishment systems and which of these are risk factors via the models tested in this study. In this way, clinical interventions for the factors that are both associated with depressive symptoms and mediators for depression can be planned and this can help to achieve effective results in the therapy process.
Quantitative understanding of HepaRG cells during drug‐induced intrahepatic cholestasis through changes in bile canaliculi dynamics
Authors: Sonoi Rie , Hagihara Yoshihisa
Published: May 2022

An understanding of the quantitative relationship between bile canaliculus (BC) dynamics and the disruption of tight junctions (TJs) during drug‐induced intrahepatic cholestasis may lead to new strategies aimed at drug development and toxicity testing. To investigate the relationship between BC dynamics and TJ disruption, we retrospectively analyzed the extent of TJ disruption in response to changes in the dynamics of BCs cultured with entacapone (ENT). Three hours after adding ENT, the ZO‐1‐negative BC surface area ratio became significantly higher (4.1‐fold) than those of ZO‐1‐positive BCs. Based on these data, we calculated slopes of surface area changes, m, of each ZO‐1‐positive and ZO‐1‐negative BC. BCs with m ≤ 15 that fell within the 95% confidence interval of ZO‐1‐positive BCs were defined as ZO‐1‐positive. To validate this method, we compared the frequency of ZO‐1‐positive BCs, FZ, with that of BCs with m ≤ 15, FT, in culture using drugs that regulate TJ, or induce intrahepatic cholestasis. FT values were correlated with FZ under all culture conditions (R2 = .99). Our results indicate that the magnitude of BC surface area changes is a factor affecting TJ disruption, suggesting that maintaining TJ integrity by slowing BC dilation inhibits cell death.
Are thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) and analog taltirelin viable reversal agents of opioid‐induced respiratory depression?
Authors: Algera Marieke Hyke , Cotten Joseph F. , van Velzen Monique , Niesters Marieke , Boon Martijn , Shoham Daniel S. , Dandrea Kaye E. , van der Schrier Rutger , Dahan Albert
Published: May 2022

Opioid‐induced respiratory depression (OIRD) is a potentially life‐threatening complication of opioid consumption. Apart from naloxone, an opioid antagonist that has various disadvantages, a possible reversal strategy is treatment of OIRD with the hypothalamic hormone and neuromodulator thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH). In this review, we performed a search in electronic databases and retrieved 52 papers on the effect of TRH and TRH‐analogs on respiration and their efficacy in the reversal of OIRD in awake and anesthetized mammals, including humans. Animal studies show that TRH and its analog taltirelin stimulate breathing via an effect at the preBötzinger complex, an important respiratory rhythm generator within the brainstem respiratory network. An additional respiratory excitatory effect may be related to TRH’s analeptic effect. In awake and anesthetized rodents, TRH and taltirelin improved morphine‐ and sufentanil‐induced respiratory depression, by causing rapid shallow breathing. This pattern of breathing increases the work of breathing, dead space ventilation, atelectasis, and hypoxia. In awake and anesthetized humans, a continuous infusion of intravenous TRH with doses up to 8 mg, did not reverse sufentanil‐ or remifentanil‐induced respiratory depression. This is related to poor penetration of TRH into the brain compartment but also other causes are discussed. No human data on taltirelin are available. In conclusion, data from animals and human indicate that TRH is not a viable reversal agent of OIRD in awake or anesthetized humans. Further human studies on the efficacy and safety of TRH’s more potent and longer lasting analog taltirelin are needed as this agent seems to be a more promising reversal drug.
Nano‐EMB‐SP improves the solubility, foliar affinity, photostability and bioactivity of emamectin benzoate
Authors: Gao Fei , Cui Bo , Wang Chong , Li Xingye , Li Bohao , Zhan Shenshan , Shen Yue , Zhao Xiang , Sun Changjiao , Wang Chunxin , Wang Yan , Zeng Zhanghua , Cui Haixin
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND

Emamectin benzoate (EMB), a frequently used biopesticide, is poorly soluble in water, making it difficult to wet the leaf surface, is prone to degrade in sunlight and readily loses its bioactivity. Traditional methods such as organic solvent application, pH adjustment and addition of photoprotectants either increase the economic and environmental costs or barely achieve the desired goal. We hypothesized that nanotechnology could improve the solubility, foliar affinity, photostability and bioactivity of EMB. This research set out to prepare a nano‐EMB solid powder (nano‐EMB‐SP) and test this hypothesis.

RESULTS

Nano‐EMB‐SP was prepared using a self‐emulsifying method combined with carrier solidification. The mean particle size and Polydispersity index (PDI) of nano‐EMB‐SP were 14.64 nm and 0.24, respectively. A scanning electron microscopy image showed that EMB nanoparticles were mainly spherical or ellipsoidal in shape. Without organic solvent, the aqueous solubility of EMB in nano‐EMB‐SP was 4500 mg L−1, at least 14‐fold that of the EMB soluble granule (EMB‐SG), which is solubilized by pH adjustment. Excellent foliar affinity of EMB was achieved by nano‐EMB‐SP, which completely wet and penetrated the superhydrophobic surface of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) leaf. Without photoprotectants, up to 82% of EMB content can be protected from ultraviolet (UV) damage in nano‐EMB‐SP. The combined effects of excellent photostability and foliar affinity of nano‐EMB‐SP led to the bioactivity of EMB being almost unchanged before and after UV radiation.

CONCLUSION

Nano‐EMB‐SP is an eco‐friendly and efficient way to improve the solubility, foliar affinity, photostability and bioactivity of EMB. This research provides a good approach to improving the efficacy of poorly soluble and UV‐sensitive pesticides. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Almost perfect sequence modulated multiplexing ion mobility spectrometry
Authors: Meng Qingyan , Jia Xu , Zhang Hanghang , Wang Zhiyan , Liu Wenjie
Published: May 2022

Rationale

Multiplexing ion mobility spectrometry with multiple ion injection pulses was used to achieve a high duty cycle and thus improve the signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratio while maintaining high resolving power compared with the traditional single‐pulse signal averaging method. Historically, an ion mobility spectrum was reconstructed by various multiplexing methods including Fourier transform ion mobility spectrometry (FT‐IMS), Hadamard transform ion mobility spectrometry (HT‐IMS), and linear frequency modulation correlation ion mobility spectrometry (LFM‐CIMS) sequence or Barker code.

Methods

To achieve an artifact‐free multiplexing ion mobility spectrum, an almost perfect sequence (APS) with correlation technique was proposed to modulate the Bradbury‐Nielson ion gate and was compared with FT‐IMS, HT‐IMS, LFM‐IMS, and the traditional single‐pulse signal averaging method.

Results

Experimental results showed that there are no artifact peaks in the APS‐IMS spectra except an inverted mirror peak, and the S/N ratio was improved 5–8 times with a repetition time of 40–60 ms, corresponding to the improvement in the duty cycle. With the same duty cycle and similar acquisition time, APS‐IMS showed a higher S/N ratio than HT‐IMS for its unique autocorrelation response.

Conclusions

The APS‐IMS technique offered a higher duty cycle and relatively shorter modulation period compared with reported multiplexing methods and is suitable to track rapidly changing signals without losing information and adding extra transformation artifact peaks.
A cognitive approach to the expected value of work integration social enterprises
Authors: Boulongne Romain
Published: May 2022

Research Summary

Oftentimes, social enterprises simultaneously pursue competing organizational goals. For example, this can mean having a social goal (e.g., integrating vulnerable populations into the labor market) and a commercial goal (e.g., being profitable). I propose a theory according to which for such social enterprises, how they are perceived depends on how their goals are presented and on the type of categorization process used by their evaluating audience. These two factors together impact a venture's legitimacy and expected value. I also show that these effects vary with the level of knowledgeability of the audience performing the evaluation. Taken together, the results of this paper have implications for the cognitive perspective on strategic entrepreneurship as well as the literature on categories in markets and on hybrid organizations.

Managerial Summary

I study the different category primings that influence the customer's perception of work integration social enterprises (WISEs). These social enterprises can either direct their customers' attention toward comparability with a category prototype (prototype‐based categorization), or toward a customer goal (goal‐based categorization). I find support for the idea that, depending on which organizational goal is emphasized first and foremost by a WISE (e.g., social or commercial), the activation of either category priming impacts the venture's capacity to create value. Ultimately, this work establishes the cognitive foundations of social enterprises' competitive advantage by showing the type of category priming (goal‐based vs. prototype‐based categorization) that positively impacts a WISE's expected value as a function of “who” the targeted customers (less vs. more knowledgeable customers) are.
A Nonstoichiometric Niobium Oxide/Graphite Composite for Fast‐Charge Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Tongtong , Liu Kuanting , Nam Gyutae , Kim Min Gyu , Ding Yong , Zhao Bote , Luo Zheyu , Wang Zirui , Zhang Weilin , Zhao Chenxi , Wang Jeng‐Han , Song Yanyan , Liu Meilin
Published: May 2022

Electrification of transportation has spurred the development of fast‐charge energy storage devices. High‐power lithium‐ion batteries require electrode materials that can store lithium quickly and reversibly. Herein, the design and construction of a Nb2O5−δ/graphite composite electrode that demonstrates remarkable rate capability and durability are reported. The presence of graphite enables the formation of a dominant Nb12O29 phase and a minor T‐Nb2O5 phase. The high rate capability is attributed to the enhanced electronic conductivity and lower energy barriers for fast lithium diffusion in both Nb12O29 and T‐Nb2O5, as unraveled by density functional theory calculations. The excellent durability or long cycling life is originated from the coherent redox behavior of Nb ions and high reversibility of lithium intercalation/deintercalation, as revealed by operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy analysis. When tested in a half‐cell at high cycling rates, the composite electrode delivers a specific capability of 120 mAh g–1 at 80 C and retains over 150 mAh g–1 after 2000 cycles at 30 C, implying that it is a highly promising anode material for fast‐charging lithium‐ion batteries.
Design Strategies of High‐Performance Positive Materials for Nonaqueous Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries: From Crystal Control to Battery Configuration
Authors: Tu Jiguo , Wang Wei , Lei Haiping , Wang Mingyong , Chang Cheng , Jiao Shuqiang
Published: May 2022

Rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs) have been paid considerable attention in the field of electrochemical energy storage batteries due to their advantages of low cost, good safety, high capacity, long cycle life, and good wide‐temperature performance. Unlike traditional single‐ion rocking chair batteries, more than two kinds of active ions are electrochemically participated in the reaction processes on the positive and negative electrodes for nonaqueous RABs, so the reaction kinetics and battery electrochemistries need to be given more comprehensive assessments. In addition, although nonaqueous RABs have made significant breakthroughs in recent years, they are still facing great challenges in insufficient reaction kinetics, low energy density, and serious capacity attenuation. Here, the research progresses of positive materials are comprehensively summarized, including carbonaceous materials, oxides, elemental S/Se/Te and chalcogenides, as well as organic materials. Later, different modification strategies are discussed to improve the reaction kinetics and battery performance, including crystal structure control, morphology and architecture regulation, as well as flexible design. Finally, in view of the current research challenges faced by nonaqueous RABs, the future development trend is proposed. More importantly, it is expected to gain key insights into the development of high‐performance positive materials for nonaqueous RABs to meet practical energy storage requirements.
A divide‐and‐conquer algorithm for core‐periphery identification in large networks
Authors: Yanchenko Eric
Published: May 2022

Core‐periphery structure is an important network feature where the network is broken into two components: a densely connected core and a loosely connected periphery. In this work, we propose a divide‐and‐conquer algorithm to identify the core‐periphery structure in large networks. By finding this structure on much smaller sub‐samples of the network and then combining the results across sub‐samples, this method yields fast and accurate core‐periphery labels. Additionally, the method provides a measure of the statistical significance of the structure. We apply our approach to synthetic data to find the algorithm's detection limit and on a real‐world network with more than 35,000 nodes.
Politics of Crisis: Threatening and Defending Journalistic Expertise—A Processual Account
Authors: Antony Alexander , Steets Silke , Pfadenhauer Michaela
Published: May 2022

In this article, we argue for making the frequently invoked notion of “crises of journalism” itself the proper subject of sociological analysis. Based on a case study of a public controversy over an adversarial TV interview with a well‐known politician on Austria's public service broadcaster ORF, we provide an analysis of the practical use of crisis claims in metajournalistic discourse. Drawing on ethnomethodology, interactionism, and situational analysis and suggesting the discursive trajectory as an analytic tool, we show that crisis accounts serve as an instrument of politicizing journalistic expertise, i.e., as a discursive strategy of mobilizing heterogeneous actors to impose interpretations of how journalism ought to be.
The derivation and visualization of supply network risk profiles from product architectures
Authors: McKay Alison , Chittenden Richard , Hazlehurst Thomas , de Pennington Alan , Baker Richard , Waller Tony
Published: May 2022

The architectures of extended enterprises, including the supply networks that design, develop and support large, complex, engineered products, often reflect system‐level design decisions made very early in the product development process. Design tools used at this, preliminary design, stage focus on the physics and optimization of product system behaviors. Comparable tools for the consideration of extended enterprise perspectives at this stage are not available despite the costs of non‐quality often attributed to supply chain issues related to early design decisions. This paper introduces an interface to a discrete event simulation package that derives supply chain processes from product system architectures, so enabling the quantification and visualization of supply chain risk in early design decisions. The interface uses input data, in the form of a product architecture and associated make‐buy scenarios, which are available in the preliminary design process. Supplier data needed to drive the simulations is predefined and editable by users. Results from a proof‐of‐concept software prototype demonstrate the feasibility of generating enterprise architectures from product architectures and coupling these with a systems design vee model to create executable simulation models that can be used to identify, quantify and visualize engineering supply chain process operations and consequential risks.
A rare case of vulvar discharge associated with exogenous oestrogen exposure in a spayed Weimaraner bitch
Authors: Ivaldi Francesca , Ogdon Camille , Khan Firdous A.
Published: May 2022

Objective

This report documents a rare case of vulvar discharge associated with exogenous oestrogen exposure in a large‐breed dog.

Case description

A 4‐year‐old spayed Weimaraner bitch was presented for evaluation of inappetence and intermittent sanguineous vulvar discharge. Physical examination, vaginal cytology, haematological, and ultrasonographic findings were indicative of a uterine stump pyometra. A celiotomy was performed, and the uterine stump appeared grossly cystic and thickened. Histopathological evaluation of the removed uterine stump and ovarian pedicles revealed cystic endometrial hyperplasia and no ovarian tissue. Fifteen days after surgery, the patient presented again with a sanguineous vulvar discharge. Vaginal cytology revealed predominantly superficial cells, indicating oestrogen influence. Further questioning of the owner revealed the long‐term use of a topical oestrogen cream by a member of the household. Serial examinations were performed, and the cytology remained uniform, with predominantly superficial cells, indicating continued oestrogen influence. Progesterone and anti‐Müllerian hormone tests were negative, which made the presence of ectopic ovarian tissue unlikely. These results coupled with the history of topical oestrogen cream use in the household suggested that the patient's clinical signs were most likely due to exogenous oestrogen exposure. After the owner implemented various recommendations made to prevent the exposure, the clinical signs resolved completely.

Conclusions

This case demonstrates that although rare, exogenous oestrogen exposure can be a cause of vulvar discharge in a large‐breed spayed bitch. Therefore, regardless of the breed, exogenous oestrogen exposure must be included in the list of differential diagnoses for all clinical presentations associated with oestrogenic influence in dogs.
Combined Analysis of Transcriptome and T-Cell Receptor Alpha and Beta (TRA/TRB) Repertoire in Paucicellular Samples at the Single-Cell Level
Authors: Litjens Nicolle H. R. , Langerak Anton W. , Azmani Zakia , den Dekker Xander , Betjes Michiel G. H. , Brouwer Rutger W. W. , van IJcken Wilfred F. J.
Published: May 2022

With the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) methodologies, the total repertoires of B and T cells can be disclosed in much more detail than ever before. Even though many of these strategies do provide in-depth and high-resolution information of the immunoglobulin (IG) and/or T-cell receptor (TR) repertoire, one clear disadvantage is that the IG/TR profiles cannot be connected to individual cells. Single-cell technologies do allow to study the IG/TR repertoire at the individual cell level. This is especially relevant in cell samples in which much heterogeneity of the cell population is expected. By combining the IG/TR repertoire with transcriptome data, the reactivity of the B or T cell can be associated with activation or maturation stages. An additional advantage of such single-cell technologies is that the combination of both IG and both TR chains can be studied on a per cell basis, which better reflects the antigen receptor reactivity of cells. Here we present the ICELL8 single-cell method for the parallel analysis of the TR repertoire and transcriptome, which is especially useful in samples that contain relatively few cells.
Bulk Sequencing from mRNA with UMI for Evaluation of B-Cell Isotype and Clonal Evolution: A Method by the AIRR Community
Authors: Gupta Nidhi , Marquez Susanna , Soto Cinque , Chen Elaine C. , Bostick Magnolia L. , Stervbo Ulrik , Farmer Andrew
Published: May 2022

During the course of an immune response to a virus such as influenza, B cells undergo activation, clonal expansion, isotype switching, and somatic hypermutation (SHM). Members of an antigen-experienced B-cell clone can have different sequence features including SHM in the immunoglobulin heavy-chain V (IGHV) gene and can use the same IGVH gene in combination with different constant regions or isotypes (e.g., IgM, IgG, IgA). To study these features of expanded clones in an immune response by AIRR-seq, we provide a bulk RNA-based sequencing experimental procedure with unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) and the accompanying bioinformatics analytical workflow.
IMGT® Immunoinformatics Tools for Standardized V-DOMAIN Analysis
Authors: Giudicelli Véronique , Duroux Patrice , Rollin Maël , Aouinti Safa , Folch Géraldine , Jabado-Michaloud Joumana , Lefranc Marie-Paule , Kossida Sofia
Published: May 2022

The variable domains (V-DOMAIN) of the antigen receptors, immunoglobulins (IG) or antibodies and T cell receptors (TR), which specifically recognize the antigens show a huge diversity in their sequences. This diversity results from the complex mechanisms involved in the synthesis of these domains at the DNA level (rearrangements of the variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) genes; N-diversity; and, for the IG, somatic hypermutations). The recognition of V, D, and J as “genes” and their entry in databases mark the creation of IMGT by Marie-Paule Lefranc, and the origin of immunoinformatics in 1989. For 30 years, IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system®http://www.imgt.org, has implemented databases and developed tools for IG and TR immunoinformatics, based on the IMGT Scientific chart rules and IMGT-ONTOLOGY concepts and axioms, and more particularly, the princeps ones: IMGT genes and alleles (CLASSIFICATION axiom) and the IMGT unique numbering and IMGT Collier de Perles (NUMEROTATION axiom). This chapter describes the online tools for the characterization and annotation of the expressed V-DOMAIN sequences: (a) IMGT/V-QUEST analyzes in detail IG and TR rearranged nucleotide sequences, (b) IMGT/HighV-QUEST is its high throughput version, which includes a module for the identification of IMGT clonotypes and generates immunoprofiles of expressed V, D, and J genes and alleles, (c) IMGT/StatClonotype performs the pairwise comparison of IMGT/HighV-QUEST immunoprofiles, (d) IMGT/DomainGapAlign analyzes amino acid sequences and is frequently used in antibody engineering and humanization, and (e) IMGT/Collier-de-Perles provides two-dimensional (2D) graphical representations of V-DOMAIN, bridging the gap between sequences and 3D structures. These IMGT® tools are widely used in repertoire analyses of the adaptive immune responses in normal and pathological situations and in the design of engineered IG and TR for therapeutic applications.
ARResT/Interrogate Immunoprofiling Platform: Concepts, Workflows, and Insights
Authors: Darzentas Nikos
Published: May 2022

ARResT/Interrogate was built within the EuroClonality-NGS working group to meet the challenge of developing and applying assays for the high-throughput sequence-based profiling of immunoglobulin (IG) and T-cell receptor (TR) repertoires. We herein present basic concepts, outline the main workflow, delve into EuroClonality-NGS-specific aspects, and share insights from our experiences with the platform.
cfDNA-Based NGS IG Analysis in Lymphoma
Authors: Pott Christiane , Kotrova Michaela , Darzentas Nikos , Brüggemann Monika , Khouja Mouhamad ,   on behalf of the EuroClonality-NGS Working Group
Published: May 2022

Liquid biopsy is a novel diagnostic approach at first developed to characterize the molecular profile of solid tumors by analyzing body fluids. For cancer patients, it represents a noninvasive way to monitor the status of the solid tumor with respect to representative biomarkers. There is growing interest in the utilization of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis also in the diagnostic and prognostic fields of lymphomas. Clonal immunoglobulin (IG) gene rearrangements are fingerprints of the respective lymphoid malignancy and thus are highly suited as specific molecular targets for minimal residual disease (MRD) detection. Tracing of the clonal IG rearrangement patterns in ctDNA pool during treatment can be used for MRD assessment in B-cell lymphomas. Here, we describe a reproducible next-generation sequencing assay to identify and characterize clonal IG gene rearrangements for MRD detection in cell-free DNA.
Immunoglobulin/T Cell Receptor Capture Strategy for Comprehensive Immunogenetics
Authors: Stewart James Peter , Gazdova Jana , Srivastava Shambhavi , Revolta Julia , Harewood Louise , Maurya Manisha , Darzentas Nikos , Gonzalez David
Published: May 2022

In the era of genomic medicine, targeted next generation sequencing strategies (NGS) are becoming increasingly adopted by clinical molecular diagnostic laboratories to identify genetic diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in hemato-oncology. We describe the EuroClonality-NGS DNA Capture (EuroClonality-NDC) assay, which is designed to simultaneously detect B and T cell clonal rearrangements, translocations, copy number alterations, and sequence variants. The accompanying validated bioinformatics pipeline enables production of an integrated report. The combination of the laboratory protocol and bioinformatics pipeline in the EuroClonality-NDC minimizes the potential for human error, reduces economic costs compared to current molecular testing strategies, and should improve diagnostic outcomes.
Impact of big data analytics on supply chain performance: an analysis of influencing factors
Authors: Gopal P. R. C. , Rana Nripendra P. , Krishna Thota Vamsi , Ramkumar M.
Published: May 2022

This paper aims to understand the impact of big data analytics on the retail supply chain. For doing so, we set our context to select the best big data practices amongst the available alternatives based on retail supply chain performance. We have applied TODIM (an acronym in Portuguese for Interactive Multi-criteria Decision Making) for the selection of the best big data analytics tools among the identified nine practices (data science, neural networks, enterprise resource planning, cloud computing, machine learning, data mining, RFID, Blockchain and IoT and Business intelligence) based on seven supply chain performance criteria (supplier integration, customer integration, cost, capacity utilization, flexibility, demand management, and time and value). One of the intriguing understandings from this paper is that most of the retail firms are in a dilemma between customer loyalty and cost while implementing the big data practices in their organization. This study analyses the dominance of the big data practices at the retail supply chain level. This helps the newly emerging retail firms in evaluating the best big data practice based on the importance and dominance of supply chain performance measures.
cRel and Wnt5a/Frizzled 5 Receptor-Mediated Inflammatory Regulation Reveal Novel Neuroprotectin D1 Targets for Neuroprotection
Authors: Calandria Jorgelina M. , Do Khanh V. , Kala-Bhattacharjee Sayantani , Obenaus Andre , Belayev Ludmila , Bazan Nicolas G.
Published: May 2022

Wnt5a triggers inflammatory responses and damage via NFkB/p65 in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells undergoing uncompensated oxidative stress (UOS) and in experimental ischemic stroke. We found that Wnt5a-Clathrin-mediated uptake leads to NFkB/p65 activation and that Wnt5a is secreted in an exosome-independent fashion. We uncovered that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and its derivative, Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), upregulate c-Rel expression that, as a result, blunts Wnt5a abundance by competing with NFkB/p65 on the Wnt5a promoter A. Wnt5a increases in ischemic stroke penumbra and blood, while DHA reduces Wnt5a abundance with concomitant neuroprotection. Peptide inhibitor of Wnt5a binding, Box5, is also neuroprotective. DHA-decreased Wnt5a expression is concurrent with a drop in NFkB-driven inflammatory cytokine expression, revealing mechanisms after stroke, as in RPE cells exposed to UOS. Limiting the Wnt5a activity via Box5 reduces stroke size, suggesting neuroprotection pertinent to onset and progression of retinal degenerations and stroke consequences.

Graphical Abstract

NPD1 disrupts Wnt5a feedback loop at two sites: (1) decreasing FZD5, thus Wnt5a internalization, and (2) by enhancing cREL activity, which competes with p65/NFkB downstream endocytosis. As a result, Wnt5a expression is reduced, and so is its inflammatory signaling in RPE cells and neurons in ischemic stroke.