bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT POLICIES FOR URBAN WATER SUPPLY1
Authors: Allee David J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

.This paper attempts to spell out the difficult conditions faced by urban water supply managers in achieving overall efficiency. Based upon these conditions, and changes that are likely in the next decade, it then tries to suggest strategies that would lead to even higher levels of efficiency in the future. A blending of political and economic concepts is used to make what is hoped to be a realistic analysis.

What do we mean by “efficient”? The usual welfare economics definition is attainable only under a very special and highly unrealistic set of institutional arrangements. As soon as we delegate responsibility to a specialized agency we provide the opportunity, indeed we make it imperative that, in a social sense, a sub‐optimization will take place.

From the specifics of the indictment of this sub‐optimization we can learn something about the opportunities for more efficient management in the future. In general there is an under‐exploitation of multiple‐function, multiple‐objective opportunities.

The pressures for sub‐optimization hinge very directly on the sources of support and opposition to the water supply agency. A change requires the creation of a broader political base.

The search for regional solutions is largely a political problem, and probably the development of flexible, responsive regional agency, so long sought, is still the answer.
INCREASING THE AGRICULTURAL USE OF SALINE WATER BY MEANS OF TRICKLE IRRIGATION1
Authors: Goldberg D. , Gornat B. , Shmueli M. , Ben‐Asher I. , Rinot M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

.A study was conducted in two arid zones to determine the effect of saline water applied to various crops growing in coarse‐textured soil, using trickle irrigation. The test crops responded most favorably to this new method of water application in terms of plant development and yield. The method provides us with the possibility of raising the permissible salinity level of irrigation water, and thus to increase the water reserves suitable for agricultural use in the world.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR EVALUATING THE POTENTIAL OF DESALTING1
Authors: Rothermel Terry W. , Sachs Milton S. , O'Shaughnessy Frank
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

The Office of Saline Water, which has federal responsibility for developing low‐cost, saline sources of fresh water, has recognized the need for an improved method of forecasting the future potential of desalting in this country. The magnitude of the role of desalting will influence the plans of federal, state, and local water resource agencies and the research and development programs of manufacturers. A dynamic simulation model has been developed by Arthur D. Little, Inc. under contract by OSW to translate relevant factors of water supply and demand into a forecast of desalting potential. The model projects the needs for desalting in 20 hydrologic regions of the U.S. Model performance has thus far been demonstrated by the development of a forecast and a battery of related sensitivity tests. Current results indicate the following potential desalting capacities: 225 MGD in 1980; 2,250 MGD in 2000; and 7,000 MGD in 2020. Significant improvements in desalting economics promise to increase these potentials by a factor of four or five by 2000‐2020. Model inputs and results are continuing to be refined. When completed, OSW will have a dynamic tool with which to guide its R&D program.
GEOCHEMICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEMS1
Authors: Back William , Hanshaw Bruce B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Interest in the geochemistry of groundwater is increasing owing to the great number of current projects involving underground liquid waste storage, artificial recharge of potable water, accidental contamination of groundwater bodies, sanitary landfills, and pollution monitoring. Geochemical techniques used to facilitate the understanding of a groundwater system range from extremely simple to those requiring sophisticated theories, equipment, and procedures. An interpretation of the simple trilinear diagram for samples collected from the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico provided evidence that the fresh‐water body was only a few tens of meters thick and was underlain everywhere by an extensive body of salt water. A geochemical technique that has been used effectively to identify the source of salt water in coastal aquifers is measurement of the carbon‐14 concentrations. Carbon‐14 has been used in a regional carbonate aquifer to determine the velocity of groundwater movement, rates of chemical reactions, and distribution of hydraulic conductivity. The application of principles of irreversible thermodynamics to groundwater systems provides a basis for constructing models which permit prediction, over both time and space, of changes in head distribution and chemical character of the water resulting from imposed stresses on the system. In essence, proper application of irreversible thermodynamics combines the potential theory of Hubbert with principles of reversible chemical thermodynamics, such as solution of carbonate minerals, to describe and explain controlling chemical reactions and processes of groundwater systems.
SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WATER DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Biswas Asit K. , Dune Robert W.
Published: June 2007

Decisions to develop water resources systems so far have been primarily taken on the basis of engineering and economic feasibilities. Very rarely, if ever, sociological feasibility has been considered, except in a very broad sense. Planning is for the people, and it should improve the quality of life. Hence, it is argued that water resources decisions ought to be primarily social ones, and that the success or failure of any resource development should not only be judged by its techno‐economic excellence but also by its impact on people.

Water resources planning process is discussed, and the difficulties associated with the evaluation of sociological feasibility of projects are enumerated. The social consequences of water development projects are traced through planning, construction, operation and management impacts. Finally, it is suggested that the foremost factor in the success of any water management program is the public understanding and acceptance of that program.
STREAM TYPES IN THE DES MOINES RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Stephenson Richard A.
Published: June 2007

Stream tributaries in the Des Moines River basin have been classified according to the glacial terrain through which they flow. Three stream types were categorized as follows: (1) streams that flow entirely on Wisconsin drift, (2) streams that flow entirely on Kansan drift, and (3) streams that have their headwaters located on new drift but have their lower reaches flowing on older drift. Selected channel and valley characteristics were measured and used to verify the stream type classification. Five variables were chosen for use in a multiple linear discriminatory analysis, which is a statistical technique developed for the purpose of classifying observations into one of several categories which have been predetermined. The streams in each group were verified with the exception of three anomalies based on the probability associated with the largest linear discriminant function. The rationale for the three anomalous streams is not easily determined. But, they are considered to be associated with pre‐glacial drainage or at least pre‐Wisconsin age drainage. Otherwise, the analysis shows that the major channels and valleys in the Des Moines River basin tend to reflect the glaciated upland surface.
MULTISTRUCTURED MUNICIPAL WATER DEMAND MODEL1
Authors: Reid George W.
Published: June 2007

Any system, such as an urban cluster, is always embedded in a larger system either in space or time, and each subsystem is affected by both its subscriptions and the large system of which it is a part. Central to this system model is the development of the interactions of these systems with particular regard to resources. This model provides forecasts of the urban cluster as a result of its interactions with other systems and the realization of alternative goals.

The Demand Model is composed of an economic, population, reconciliation and life style submodel. The population is forecast for the large system (nation) and disaggregated to the subsystems (regions, state, counties, urban, etc.) based on resource concepts both probable and possible. Transducers are used to describe the life style of urban areas. Again the transducers are goal oriented. Technical coefficients which are also alternative goal oriented are then used to produce individual or total water needs.

As a result a demand model which is goal oriented and also applicable to a wide range of supplydemand studies has been developed.
AN INSULATED EVAPORIMETER1
Authors: Haveren Bruce P. Van , Farmer Eugene E.
Published: June 2007

Evaporation was measured from a circular evaporation pan, 18 inches in diameter and 8 inches deep. The pan was insulated on the sides and bottom using 2 inches of freon‐blown polyurethane foam. A U.S. Weather Bureau Class A evaporation pan was used to obtain reference evaporation measurements. Water evaporation from the Class A pan and the insulated pan were highly correlated. Using a water‐methanol mixture, the insulated pan may be operated at temperatures below 32 F; the equivalent liquid water evaporation may be determined using a regression equation.
ESTIMATION OF SURFACE WATER LAG TIME FROM THE KINEMATIC WAVE EQUATIONS1
Authors: Overton D. E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Numerous concepts of surface water lag time have been developed and applied in the past. In this report, hydraulic solutions of a lag time derived by Overton [1970] are presented for several idealistic surfaces using the kinematic wave equations. These surfaces are: (1) a uniform plane; (2) hillslope as a cascade of planes; (3) V‐shaped watershed; (4) V‐shaped watershed with hill‐slopes; (5) converging surface; (6) concave surface.

The lag times are shown to be related to roughness, length and catchment slope, and the input rate. These relations may be used immediately in predicting lag time as the parameter in a unit response function. A lag relation has been developed for a nonuniform catchment in terms of the lag of a uniform plane and a convergence factor. A numerical procedure is shown whereby the convergence factor can be evaluated for any nonuniform catchment from observed input and output data.
PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR AQUIFER EVALUATION1
Authors: Sternberg Yawn M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A discussion of the various tools and techniques available for evaluation of aquifers is presented. Data for evaluation studies can be obtained from laboratory experiments, geological maps, well logs and field studies. Such data can be used in analytic or electric analog models to determine the sustained yield of the aquifer under various operating conditions.
ATMOSPHERIC CONTROLS OF WATER EXCHANGE IN GREAT LAKES BASIN1
Authors: Changnon Stanley A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Existing meteorological controls of water exchange by precipitation and evaporation on the Great Lakes are almost entirely inadvertent and related to man's urban‐industrial complexes and their effect upon precipitation processes. These inadvertent effects have led to 10 to 40% increases in precipitation in localized areas within the basin. Envisioned growth of urban‐industrial complexes within the Great Lakes region should lead to more inadvertent weather modification in the Basin. The only existing planned weather modification efforts are those at Lake Erie which are attempting to eliminate by redistribution the concentration of lake‐derived heavy snowfall along the south shore. It appears reasonable to assume that practical increases of lake precipitation on the order of 5‐20% could be achieved on an operational basis over the Great Lakes in the next 10 years, but the time of accomplishment will depend on national priorities, international cooperation, and economic factors. These activities would certainly produce a sizeable increase in the water quantity of the Great Lakes and should result in an improvement in water quality. Operational methods of evaporation suppression applicable to the lakes are just not available. Meteorological controls to ameliorate certain undesirable lake‐effect snowstorms are a near reality.
GENERATED MONTHLY STREAMFLOWS FOR THE MIDWESTERN AND SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES1
Authors: Rogers Jerry R. , Gemmell Robert S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A critical examination of single gage site, monthly streamflow statistical characteristics for two southern Illinois rivers, an Oklahoma river and a Texas river was made using a digital computer at Northwestern University. High flow variability for the rivers was evident in that, for the rivers tested, 8 to 11 months had coefficients of variation in excess of unity.

The gamma distribution was not as efficient as the normal distribution for fitting power or logarithmic transforms of the historical monthly flow data (i.e., F1‐0, F0‐5, F0‐25, Fa125, F0.085, and log F). No single transform to a normal distribution was adequate for all twelve monthly flows, since definite seasonal grouping patterns were found for the four rivers examined. The highly variable flow in the low‐flow season(s) indicated much more skewness than was typical of the remainder of the year. For the low‐flow seasons, the higher‐root (smaller exponent) transforms were particularly useful.

Flows were generated from a linear regression model of lag one utilizing two or more transforms for the twelve periods. The definite seasonal patterns found historically were reproduced quite well in the generated streamflows. The effect of a change in data transform from one season to the next was insignificant after one month. Thus the use of different transforms within the year did not bias the results from the linear regression model appreciably, but did help in reproducing the seasonal distribution pattern. The technique seems especially well suited for rivers with highly variable flows.
THERMAL MAPPING OF STREAMS FROM AIRBORNE RADIOMETRIC SCANNING1
Authors: Atwell B. Houston , MacDonald R. B. , Bartolucci Luis A.
Published: June 2007

This paper begins with a brief review of radiation theory as applied to water temperature determinations. Errors introduced in “radiant” temperature measurements due to nonblackness of the water surface and the effects of the atmosphere are included in this discussion.

The airborne scanner system is described. Analysis and display of scanner data using the Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing (LARS) display system are discussed.

Thermal maps of four sections of the Wabash River are included and points of interest of each map are discussed in the text.
THE DELTA‐CROSSROADS OF CALIFORNIA'S WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS1
Authors: Cook James E.
Published: June 2007

A general sketch of the important role of the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta in the redistribution of the water supply of the State of California. Paper includes a brief description of the role of the Bureau of Reclamation and California Department of Water Resources in the state's water development, describing major units of the Federal Central Valley Project, State Water Project and evolution of the Federal‐State Peripheral Canal Unit proposed for moving water supplies around the Delta. Environmental problems associated with movement of water supplies around and/or through the Delta are briefly enumerated.
STABLE PROFILES OF PLUNGE BASINS1
Authors: Chee S. P. , Kung T.
Published: June 2007

The characteristics of scour holes were discussed including the problems created by them in relation to the hydraulic structures associated with their formation. The philosophy on the design and use of deflector buckets together with the need for plunge basins to dissipate the energy of the high velocity jets were reviewed.

Laboratory observations were made to study the erosion of beds of gravel caused by water jets projected from spillway buckets. Flip buckets with 15, 30, 45 and 60 degrees exit angles were utilized. One‐quarter inch and %‐inch nominal size bed materials were used in the investigation. The gravel was placed in a large comprehensive scour basin to observe their behavior when subjected to the water jets.

Besides the formula derived for the maximum depth of scour, a set of dimensionless equations were developed to describe the three‐dimensional configuration of scour holes. The dimensions of stable plunge basins could be obtained from these profiles.
WATER RESERVOIR SYSTEMS1
Authors: Kalvinskas John J. , Moser Wallace A. , Bullock Thomas E.
Published: June 2007

. Water Reservoir Systems were investigated for urban areas as an alternative or complement to storm water drainage systems for flood control which could provide benefits in water conservation and reduce drainage system costs. The study consisted of: (1) gathering of engineering data on the topographical, hydrological, and precipitation characteristics of the area and urban development and economic statistics
COMMENTS ON THE CATCHMENT EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE VEGETAL EFFECTS ON WATER YIELD1
Authors: Hewlett John D.
Published: June 2007

So far most applicable knowledge about forests and water yield has come from catchment experiments. Perhaps even more practical information might have been secured during the past twenty years if more and better designed catchment experiments had been undertaken. At the very least, the old question of the main effects of vegetation on total basin water yield should now be settled, and we should be in a position to write management prescriptions containing reliable estimates of differing water yields under crop, pasture, brush and forest lands. As things are, managers and policy makers are being forced to decide what combinations of vegetal cover and land use best favor water yield before the scientific community has fully agreed on some of the salient aspects of the problem. This has led to considerable confusion in the minds of land managers in many regions of the world and may continue to do so for some time. The catchment experiment remains the surest way to furnish each region with practical knowledge of local vegetation‐water‐yield relations.
NATIONWIDE STUDY OF THE STREAMFLOW DATA PROGRAM
Authors: Carter R. W. , Benson M. A.
Published: June 2007

During 1970 the Geological Survey conducted a study to evaluate the surface‐water data collection program. Objectives were formulated, specific goals were set, a massive analysis of available data was made to determine the extent to which the present system enables the goals to be met, alternatives were considered for meeting the remaining goals, and finally, specific elements were identified for inclusion in the future program. The results of the evaluation will be used in planning the future streamflow data program. Less productive elements in the present program can be weeded out, and the effort devoted to more critically needed water data. The study provides the groundwork for redirection of efforts towards a more efficient system for satisfying present and future needs.
WATER PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENTS OF THE PAST1
Authors: Nace Raymond L.
Published: June 2007

Present‐day climatic conditions of the Earth were reached between 5,000 and 8,000 years ago. These are essentially the conditions under which the earliest civilizations arose. Ancient basic water problems were the same as those of today, and remarkable technologies for coping with these problems were developed. Few water technologies, except for water treatment, are modern creations.

Dry farming began about 8000 B.C. Irrigation began about 5000 B.C. and became extensive by about 3500 B.C., principally in Mesopotamia, the Nile Valley of Egypt, and the Indus Valley of Pakistan. Ancient irrigators developed ingenious structures for obtaining groundwater without the use of wells or sweeps. One device, the Khanat (a kind of infiltration gallery), is still widely used in the Mediterranean area, southwest Asia and China. The khanat was invented during the First Millenium B.C.

Ancient peoples also learned to collect surface runoff in areas of scanty precipitation and to use it for local groundwater recharge. The water was recovered from dug wells and used for domestic supply and stock watering.

Damming of rivers began at least by the early part of the First Millenium B.C. in the Arabian Peninsula. Most early dams were for irrigation but some were also for city water supply. Many canals in various areas served the dual purposes of water supply and navigation.

Soil and water salinity have been persistent problems throughout the history of irrigation and we still have not solved these problems.

Irrigation practices were developed independently in the New World but much later than in the Old. North American Indians in some areas still follow the ancient practices. The chinampa system, still used in Mexico, is one of the most intensive methods of farming ever devised.

Ancient peoples in the Old World also developed ingenious methods for conserving and increasing soil moisture and for retarding runoff and erosion.

During the time of classical Greece and imperial Rome practical water engineering developed to a high degree. Water tunnels, aqueducts, canals, drainage ditches, and dams become commonplace. Even so, water supply and management came relatively late in Europe, where dependence had been largely on natural supply and distribution until the 19th Century.
INFLUENCES OF A FOREST ON THE HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY OF TWO MOUNTAIN STREAMS1
Authors: Heede Burchard H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The influence of a forest on the formation of steps in two small streams of the Colorado Rocky Mountains was studied. Steps provided by logs fallen across the channel added to flow energy reduction. The streams required additional gravel bars to adjust to slope. Average step length between logs and gravel bars was strongly related to channel gradient and median bed material size. Based on the average number of log steps per 50 feet of channel, an average of 116 percent of gravel bars were added at Fool Creek and 60 percent at Deadhorse Creek. The latter had 52 percent more logs in the channel and therefore required less bed material movement than the former. Although these are “rushing mountain streams,” most flow velocities ranged between 0.5 and 2.5 f.p.s. Exponents of a function relating rate of change of depth or velocity to discharge indicated that dynamic stream equilibrium was attained. Implications for forest management are that sanitation cuts (removal of dead and dying trees) would not be permissible where a stream is in dynamic equilibrium and bed material movement should be minimized.
RESPONSE OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS TO ELIMINATING THERMAL STRATIFICATION IN A RESERVOIR1
Authors: Lackey Robert T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The effects of maintaining a 19 ha Colorado montane reservoir in a thermally destratified condition for one year were evaluated. Water temperatures were kept nearly vertically agd horizontally isothermal throughout the year. The weighted mean temperature of the lake was 1‐4°C colder in winter and 1‐2°C warmer in summer than normal. Deep water in summer was up to 6°C warmer than typical hypolimnion temperatures, but summer surface temperature was unaltered. Without destratification dissolved oxygen depletion develops in summer and winter, but by eliminating stratification, oxygen was kept near saturation throughout the year. Alkalinity, pH, conductivity, and total residue were not significantly affected. Seston decreased which was probably due to declines in planktonic diatom populations. Increases in iron and manganese did not occur in deep water during destratification. Calcium concentrations increased slightly. Magnesium and most anions (chloride, nitrate‐N, and silica) were not greatly altered, but sulfate concentration was reduced. Artificial destratification, as a reservoir management tool, will be very useful in altering chemical problems; particularly increasing oxygen and decreasing iron and manganese concentrations.
CAN STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ASSUME MORE OF THE COSTS OF WATER DEVELOPMENT?1
Authors: Hoggan Daniel H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT As availability of funds in the federal budget for water development has decreased recently, pressure has increased for state and local governments to pay a larger share of the costs. In this situation a difficult question immediately arises‐what is the capability of state and local governments to pay a larger share? Of course, there is no easy answer. Expenditures of public funds are policy outcomes of a government's political process in which political, economic, legal and other factors are involved in complex relationships. The traditional sources of capital funds for state and local governments include bond proceeds, tax revenues, and federal financial aid (state aid is also a major source of local government funds). The issuing of bonds is hampered by a variety of legal debt limitations, but there are means for circumventing the limitations. State and local governments vary widely in amounts of taxable resources available and in the extent to which these resources have been tapped. More effective use of revenue resources could be made in some cases. New sources of capital funds for water development ought to be considered‐a fee on the use of water per se, for example. Costs associated with water use currently are imposed to cover development costs, but a state might impose additional use fees earmarked for a state water development fund.
AN APPROACH TO EVALUATING ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC FACTORS IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Bishop A. Bruce
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Decisions among water resources planning alternatives must consider, along with engineering and economics, a variety of environmental and social effects which are viewed and weighted differently by different interest groups. This paper briefly discusses present methods of project evaluation and then describes an approach adapted from highway planning literature for evaluating both monetary and non‐monetary variables and presenting them to decision makers at all levels. Social and environmental consequences are analyzed and presented using a graphical description called a “factor profile,” which measures in appropriate units all relevant non‐monetary effects of each alternative. Then, using the factor profile and engineering‐economic analysis, a series of paired comparisons are made to obtain a preference ranking among alternatives. Since preference decisions are extremely complex, a step by step procedure to simplify the decision‐making process is described. A case example considering four proposed flood control alternatives with the relevant environmental and social impacts is given to illustrate the use of the factor profile and the decision making procedure.
THE CONCEPT OF SAFE GROUNDWATER YIELD IN COASTAL AQUIFERS1
Authors: Fetter C W.
Published: June 2007

The traditional factors used to determine safe yield of a groundwater basin (water supply, economics, water quality and water rights) do not include environmental effects. Because of the unique estuarine ecosystems associated with many coastal aquifers, environmental effects should be included in the determination of the safe yield of these aquifers. Controlled saline‐water intrusion should be considered as a management tool in coastal aquifers. Artificial aquifer recharge using treated wastewater may be used to increase the safe yield of a coastal aquifer system while preserving the ecology of the coastal ecosystems.
ONE APPROACH TO IRRIGATION MODELING UNDER RISK1
Authors: Smith Douglas V.
Published: June 2007

Recent progress in operations research has refined stochastic programming with recourse sufficiently to significantly increase its potential for use in water resource planning. To demonstrate its strengths and weaknesses this paper considers an irrigation planning problem and illustrates how more and more refined variants of this problem are successively cast into stochastic programming with recourse forms. The result is an outline of the state of the art with method limitations and demands on model formulation clearly indicated.
SEDIMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF GORGE‐TYPE RESERVOIRS1
Authors: Chee S. P. , Sweetman A. P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. An investigation of the hydraulics of gorge‐type reservoirs was conducted with scale models. Reservoir shapes were moulded within a large basin. Water was circulated using a centrifugal pump‐motor unit and uniform sediment (specific gravity 2.65) with mean diameters of 0.20 mm and 0.60 mm were utilized. Observations were made to study sedimentation patterns from the commencement of sediment inflow until the final stage of a fully silted reservoir. In particular, the mode of deposition of the sediment beds, the mechanics of transportation and sediment bed slopes were investigated. These aspects of reservoir siltation were examined in relation to the factors which influence it, which included sediment characteristics and flow parameters. Bed slopes and flow depths were analyzed by various methods; the Kalinske equation in conjunction with the Manning and Einstein‐Barbarossa relations as proposed by Doland‐Chow produced the best results.
COOPERATIVE COMMUNITY‐UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCE PLANNING: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH1
Authors: Bedrosian Allen J. , Bennett William O. , Berry James E. , Ditton Robert B. , Kolka James W. , Thompson Thomas W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. This paper outlines an approach to planning the management of a lake heavily used for recreation and of substantial importance to the tourist economy of Northeastern Wisconsin. A framework, utilizing a three dimensional matrix, is developed to analyze levels of public concern, management alternatives and action agencies. Structural and non‐structural alternatives are examined and evaluated on the basis of social and economic criteria, long‐ and short‐term environmental impact and legal‐political feasibility. Data requirements which created the necessity for an interdisciplinary approach involving social, physical, and biological sciences are enumerated. The authors examine the role of universities in assisting communities with resource management planning and detail the attributes of academic institutions which desire to successfully attack resource planning problems.
INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF THE RIO GRANDE BASIN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO1
Authors: Day J. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Despite radical differences in water laws, water management agencies, approaches to water planning, and financial resources, Mexico and the United States forged a common program to manage water and related land on the Rio Grande. Actions of Rio Grande Commissions related to stream gaging, boundary definition, and multiple‐purpose construction projects are among the more successful international water‐management efforts in the world. Cost‐sharing arrangements promoted rapid completing of international works. However, joint action accomplished only part of expectations. International developments were competitive rather than complementary until basin water appropriation was virtually complete. Moreover, Commissions were not empowered to consider long‐range competitive water needs, or regional water requirements, throughout the basin. International groundwater use coordination does not exist. International structures produce less than anticipated benefits. Hydroelectric generators are financial liabilities, irrigated acreage exceeds dependable streamflow, and soil salinization is experienced. Unanticipated environmental changes occurred in every major program. The Rio Grande experience points to the need for society to specify goals to which the use of water should contribute and to specify priorities for water use among different sectors of river basins and various segments of society.
FLOW ROUTING MODELS FOR STREAM SYSTEM STUDIES1
Authors: Jennings M. E. , Sauer K B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Studies to determine frequency characteristics of regulated streams at points within a stream system require the use of flow routing models. This study compares several different flow routing methods using data from six river reaches. Results indicate that approximate flow routing methods yield good flow estimates when compared with observed flows. The unit response method, recently introduced, performed as well as other approximate methods for all reaches studied and gave better results for reaches subject to power releases.
FLEXIBLE PRICING IN WATER SUPPLY PLANNING–FOR FLEXIBLE ENGINEERS1
Authors: Gysi Marshall
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Preliminary results from a digital simulation model designed to test time‐varying water pricing policies are presented. Stochastic inflows feeding a water supply reservoir are assumed for a hypothetical community with defined demand functions. Prices are allowed to vary as a function of reservoir level, generally rising as reservoir levels fall. Increasing, decreasing and constant rates are tested. It is concluded that varying the price to reflect the increased value of scarce supplies can greatly reduce the risk of water supply shortages. It is also concluded that varying incremental (conservational) pricing policies not only reduces the risk of shortages, but also lowers the average price to the community while rewarding the low consumption user with lower average rates.
HYDRO‐POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION TECHNIQUE1
Authors: Abraham Charles E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The non‐power requirements of a large hydro‐power system of multiple‐purpose projects often conflict with the best power peaking operation. In order to schedule an optimum multiple‐purpose operation, advanced procedures that necessitate the use of computers are required. Special techniques are used in a computer program developed in the Reservoir Control Center, North Pacific Division of the Corps of Engineers that provide the ability to define operating constraints in order of priority. These techniques are easily adapted to practical reservoir regulation problems so that the program is useful in daily reservoir regulation scheduling.
NUTRIENT BALANCES FOR THE EVALUATION OF NUTRIENT SOURCES IN WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Peters Roger H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. This paper describes the methodology for a nutrient balance to evaluate the sources and distribution of nutrients in a small river basin. Loadings for total nitrogen and phosphorus are calculated from measured nutrient concentration and river discharge data. Using a special retrieval program and a data storage and processing system, loadings are accumulated over a given time period to allow for time of passage through the basin and seasonal changes in nutrient distribution. Nutrient balances are made with the accumulated loadings to obtain the relative contribution of each nutrient source and the retention of nutrients within the basin through sedimentation and aquatic growth. The methodology has been used to study nutrients in the Qu'Appelle River Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada.
DEVELOPING BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Cairns John , Lanza Guy R. , Sparks Richard E. , Waller William T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Management of aquatic ecosystems requires a clear understanding of the goals to be achieved, appropriate information and the means to achieve the goals. Control measures applied to aquatic ecosystems, in the absence of information on the condition of the system, are apt to be inappropriate and thus may overprotect the receiving system at times and underprotect it at other times since the ability of ecosystems to receive wastes is not constant. A major determinant of the effectiveness and efficiency of ecological quality control is the lag time in the feedback of information. If the lag is too great, the control measures may repeatedly overshoot or undershoot the desired goal. Present techniques for measuring the responses of aquatic organisms and communities require days or weeks, whereas information for ecosystem quality control and prevention of ecological crises should be generated in minutes or hours as is the case for other quality control systems. Two biological monitoring systems have been developed to generate information rapidly. One system measures changes in the movement and breathing of fish in order to provide an early warning of developing toxicity in the wastes of an industrial plant. The other system measures changes in the diversity of algal comunities in streams by means of laser holography. The incorporation and use of these systems in industrial plants is discussed.
WATER RESOURCES AND SOCIAL CHOICES1
Authors: Burke Roy , Heaney James P. , Pyatt Edwin E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The problem of water resources management can be viewed as one requiring the existence and application of some type of “collective decision” mechanism. Currently, the general water resource decision problem is solved using an “individual decision” format without explicit consideration of the dominant social decision system. This paper demonstrates the need for blending technical planning activities with organized societal processes and then proposes a specific public decision framework to satisfy this requirement. The key element in this planning framework is a generalized “bargaining arena” which serves to link technical activities with the social system. Using this bargaining device we can (1) specify policy at a local level, (2) incorporate “social decision” rules into the planning process, and (3) provide local access to the decision process. A simple case of regional water quality management is used to describe the application of this planning procedure and to offer encouragement for successful use in more complex real‐world cases.
SUPPLEMENTATION OF MISSING VALUES IN WATER QUALITY DATA1
Authors: Krishnan K. P. Radha , Fan L. T. , Erickson L. E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The problem of estimating missing values in water quality data using linear interpolation and harmonic analysis is studied to see which one of these two methods yields better estimates for the missing values. The data used in this study consisted of midnight values of dissolved oxygen from the Ohio River collected over a period of one year at Stratton station. Various hypothetical cases of missing data are considered and the two methods of supplementing missing values are evaluated using statistical tests. The results indicate that when the percentage of missed data points exceeded ten percent of the total number in the original sample, harmonic analysis usually yielded better estimates for both the regularly and irregularly missed cases. For data that exhibit cyclic variation, examples of which are dissolved oxygen concentration and water temperature, harmonic analysis as a data generation technique appears to be superior to linear interpolation.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF RECREATIONAL BOATING ACTIVITIES1
Authors: Dietz Arlene L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT This paper is concerned with the portion of harbor improvement planning which identifies the refuge and transient service needs at points along Lake Michigan. The travel behavior model developed to predict this use is sensitive to five criteria: boater characteristics which influence travel behavior; entry rates into the Lake from each access site; site characteristics; weather conditions; and planning parameters. The information provided by this computer model includes: the number of boaters demanding a given access point at a given time; the length of stay at that point; the probability of travel to specific access sites in given amounts of time; and those facilities used during a specified time period. The simulation modelling boat movement consists of two parts; a traffic generation routine and an activity simulation. The former schedules the entry of boats into the Lake from each site and the latter establishes the probabilistic movement of boats on the Lake. This simulation of interport movements and port activities enables the planner to investigate some impacts of alternative small boat harbor development plans.
AESTHETIC PREFERENCE FOR WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS: AN APPLICATION OF Q METHODOLOGY1
Authors: Gauger Stephen E. , Wyckoff J. B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Many of the resources generating aesthetic and visual benefits are publically owned and their optimum use and development depends upon public investment. Traditionally, public investment decisions have been couched in economic terms requiring quantitative measurement of benefits and costs. Since many of the benefits these resources provide are not consumed when they are enjoyed, the total contribution of the resource is imperfectly measured in the usual market sense. Thus, if the provision of these public goods is left to the conventional market mechanism, less than socially optimal investment may occur. This study was designed to investigate whether aesthetic preferences related to water projects could be determined, and whether they differ among different groups of people. A Q sort of 44 photographs of a wide variety of water development projects was conducted with two groups, i.e., photographers (aesthetic man) and town assessors (economic man). The resultant analysis identified two significant factors. Factor 1 provided insight into a hypothesis of nature dominant or man dominant scenes. Factor 2 indicated that the respondents had a negative preference for projects which were in varying stages of completion or appeared to be polluted. Preferences were consistent between the two groups tested. The test revealed that people do not necessarily equate only naturalness with aesthetic appeal, but will accept development as aesthetic, provided that it is designed to complement the natural landscape.
NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO PARTICLE DEPOSITION DURING SLOT FLOW1
Authors: Copenhaver Thomas W. , Deshpande Pradeep B. , Babcock Robert E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A mathematical model is presented of the process of particle sedimentation from a fluid‐solid slurry while flowing through a vertical slot. The differential equations describing the process consist of 1st order, non‐linear, partial differential equation and a 1st order, ordinary differential equation. These two equations have been solved using a forward difference technique. Results for typical sets of system parameters are presented and discussed. The model finds practical application to solid‐waste disposal processes and to petroleum reservoir stimulation processes.
GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE CORTARO AREA NORTHWEST OF TUCSON, ARIZONA1
Authors: Schmidt Kenneth D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The Cortaro Area is currently the depository for much of the liquid waste from the City of Tucson. In the past, more than one‐half of the sewage effluent was used for crop irrigation. However, since 1970 virtually all of the sewage effluent has been percolated in the normally dry Santa Cruz River channel. Nitrate and chloride contents were monitored monthly in water samples from about 20 large‐capacity irrigation wells. Contents and seasonal trends for these constituents were closely related to the disposal of sewage effluent. Water quality problems other than nitrate include total dissolved solids, boron, coliform, and lead. High lead contents in the area appear to be a natural phenomenon and the coliform contents are likely related to poor well construction. The other quality problems are primarily due to sewage effluent.
AQUATIC ORGANISMS AND HEAVY METALS IN MISSOURI'S NEW LEAD BELT1
Authors: Gale Nord L. , Wixson Bobby G. , Hardie Michael G. , Jennett J. Charles
Published: June 2007

The New Lead. Belt of southeastern Missouri has recently become the largest lead producing region of the world. The impact of this rapid development on the previously rural and undeveloped region of the Missouri Ozarks is the subject of a continuing interdisciplinary study. Since the industrial development began, there have been a number of nuisance biological blooms in several of the small streams receiving effluent from the mines and mills. The major constituents of the problem algal growths were identified and found to include: Cladophora, Oscillatoria, Mougeotia, Zygnema, Spirogyra, Cymbella, and a variety of other stalked and non‐stalked diatoms. Secondary blooms of Sphaerotilus were observed to reach problem proportions in some streams, particularly in the autumn. Finely ground rock flour and mineral particles escaping from tailings dams were found to be trapped by the stream vegetation. Concentrations of lead, zinc, copper, and manganese in the algal and bacterial mats were found to be inversely related to distance downstream from the tailings dams. Consumer organisms, including crayfish, snails, aquatic insects, tadpoles, minnows and larger sunfish were analyzed to determine the extent of dissemination and concentration of the heavy metals through food chains. Preliminary results indicated insignificant concentrations of heavy metals in those consumer organisms studied, though in at least one problem stream the normal consumer organisms mentioned were markedly reduced in numbers.
SOCIO‐ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Biswas Asit K.
Published: June 2007

Historically, the main objective of water resources development has been economic efficiency, and the technique for its evaluation has been benefit‐cost analysis. Gradually other objectives have emerged, and these in order of their emergence are regional income redistribution, environmental quality and social well‐being. These multi‐objectives have given rise to multifarious problems, and have made the planning process much more complex than ever before. The different objectives are not mutually exclusive, and, hence, contributions to one can only be made at the expense of others. Trade‐off studies between different objectives are difficult to make. It is suggested that one way to overcome this difficulty could be to design a system to perform optimally in terms of one objective, subject to a specified level of performance of the other, which in effect becomes a constraint. The paper also discusses the pros and cons of the desirability of public participation in our decision‐making processes, and the necessity of developing social sciences models to aid water planning and management.
DRAWDOWN AT TIME‐DEPENDENT FLOWRATE1
Authors: Lai Robert Y. , Karadi Gabor M. , Williams Roy A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The exact solution for the drawdown in and around a well in a homogeneous, isotropic, and confined aquifer is presented if the well discharge is a function of time. The effect of the storage capacity of the well is also taken into consideration. Two types of flowrate functions are studied, namely linear and exponential functions, and the results are plotted in graphs.
ADMINISTRATION OF GROUND WATER AS BOTH A RENEWABLE AND NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE1
Authors: Ralston Dale R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Ground water is intended to be administered in many western states as a flow or renewable resource. In Idaho, this administration is based on the appropriation doctrine of water rights. Two generalizations may be made concerning ground water. First, water artificially discharged from an aquifer system must deplete the total resource by that amount; water consumptively pumped from a well must be derived from either increased recharge, decreased discharge or a decrease of water in storage. Second, the annual rate of recharge to a ground‐water system is often only a small percentage of the total resource in storage. Ground water may be divided into flow and stock portions. In those basins where the second generalization is true, most ground water may be classified as stock. However, only the flow portion of ground water may be developed if utilization of the resource is to be enjoyed over an infinite period. Data from the Raft River Basin in Idaho indicate that the flow and stock characteristics of ground water are time dependent. The resource exhibits the characteristics of both a renewable and nonrenewable resource. As a result, present administrative techniques do not provide for effective management of the resource.