bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXPLOITING COLD-HARDINESS TO SEPARATEPISSODES STROBI(PECK) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) FROM ASSOCIATED INSECTS IN LEADERS OFPICEA SITCHENSIS(BONG.) CARR.
Authors: Hulme Michael A. , Dawson Allan F. , Harris John W.E.
Published: November 2009

The cold-hardiness ofPissodes strobi(Peck) and of its insect associates in leaders ofPicea sitchensis(Bong.) Carr. was tested to determine whether the insect associates could be retrieved free ofP.strobifor use in biological control attempts onP.strobi. Leaders were stored at −8, −16, or −26°C for periods from 1 to 14 days. AllP.strobiwere dead after 14 days at −16°C, whereas their dipteran predator,Lonchaea corticisTaylor, and hymenopteran parasites,Eurytoma pissodisGirault andRhopalicus pulchripennis(Crawford), continued development after storage at −26°C. The scarcerDolichomitus terebrans(Ratzeburg) (Ichneumonidae) survived similarly although we did not always find it in our samples; and the equally scarceBracon pini(Muesebeck) (Braconidae) seemed susceptible to −26°C but continued development at −16°C. Of the fewAllodorus crassigaster(Provancher) (Braconidae) obtained one adult emerged after 7 days at −16°C. These results show that in leader clipping operations now used for attempted control ofP.strobi, most of the insect associates could be retrieved from the leaders after suitable cold treatment. Additional tests showed that cold-treated leaders could be stored outdoors in temperatures at least down to −20°C with little effect on adult emergence of insect associates. The field testing also showed that fewP.strobiin leaders ofP.sitchensiscan survive overnight temperatures near −20°C.
THE BIOLOGY OF IPS CALLIGRAPHUS AND IPS GRANDICOLLIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN JAMAICA
Authors: Garraway Eric
Published: November 2009

Ips calligraphus (Germar) has previously been recorded from Jamaica but this is the first record of Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) in the island. In Jamaica, both bark beetles attack 5 species of Pinus, 4 of which had not been previously recorded. The beetles thrive mainly on freshly cut logs and weakened trees, but recently they have been rising to economic importance in plantations. Successful attack on live trees is enhanced by mass aggregation of dispersing adults during invasion. Some adults may re-emerge after a phase of oviposition and disperse to new food sources. There is degeneration of flight muscles during oviposition, and regeneration to allow for another dispersive flight. In I. calligraphus attacking Pinus caribaea there was a mean of 26.74 ± 6.86 (mean ± SE) eggs per gallery, while in I. grandicollis there was 19.29 ± 3.04. The proportion of females at emergence was 0.57 ± 0.03 and 0.05 ± 0.02 in I. calligraphus and I. grandicollis, respectively.
DEUX NOUVELLES FOURMIS NÉARCTIQUES: LEPTOTHORAX RETRACTUS ET L. SPHAGNICOLUS (FORMICIDAE, HYMENOPTERA)
Authors: Francoeur André
Published: November 2009

Two new Nearctic ants of the genus Leptothorax (sensu stricto) are described. One, L. retractus, has a transcontinental range, while the other, L. sphagnicolus, was found until now only in the spruce bogs of the Saguenay–Lac-St-Jean region in Quebec. Their chromosome numbers are, respectively, n = 17–18 and n = 13. Both species exhibit an unusual production of intermorphic females and a boreo-temperate geographic distribution. Available bio-ecological data and their taxonomic position within the genus are discussed.
QUELQUES TRICHOPTÈRES DE L’EXTRÊME-ORIENT SOVIÉTIQUE
Authors: Schmid F. , Levanidova I.M.
Published: November 2009

Setodes furcatulus Martynov, S. amurensis Martynov, S. crossotus Martynov et Leptocerus moselyi Martynov sont redéfinis. Setodes obscurus n.sp. et Rhyacophila sutchanica n.sp. sont décrits comme nouveaux. Setodes argentatus Matsumura, Trichosetodes polonorum Botosaneanu et Agapetus inaequispinosus Schmid sont signalés pour la première fois de la Province Maritime.
PHARPA, A NEW GENUS OF NEOTROPICAL AGATHIDINAE (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) WITH A DISCUSSION OF PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Sharkey M.
Published: November 2009

The genus Pharpa is erected to include three species of Braconidae in the subfamily Agathidinae, viz. P. dubiosum (Szépligeti), P. basimacula (Cameron), and P. simulatrix (Cameron) all new combinations. Microdus albitarsis Cameron is newly synonymized with P. basimacula (Cameron). The genus Pharpa is distributed widely throughout the neotropics from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. Phylogenetic relationships with other agathidine genera are discussed, as is the possibility that the various species represent a polytypic, conspecific, mimetic complex.
RESPONSE TO CARBON DIOXIDE OF TABANUS QUINQUEVITTATUS WIEDEMANN FEMALES (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE) IN RELATION TO RELATIVE ABUNDANCE, PARITY, FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT, AND SPERM AND FRUCTOSE PRESENCE
Authors: Leprince D.J. , Jolicoeur P.
Published: November 2009

Carbon dioxide increased by 9-fold on the average the number of Tabanus quinquevittatus Wiedemann females collected in canopy traps without affecting parity rates, prevalence of sperm and fructose, and stage of terminal follicle development within nullipars, pars, or both groups together. Results were consistent whether the 2 years were pooled or considered separately.
PITCHER-PLANT SARCOPHAGIDS FROM MANITOBA AND ONTARIO
Authors: Farkas Martha J. , Brust Reinhart A.
Published: November 2009

Sarcophagid larvae were occasionally found in pitcher-plant (Sarracenia purpurea L.) leaves from mid-June until early September during 1982–1984, in bogs located at The Pas (53°50′N, 101°15′W) and Patricia Beach (50°25′N, 96°36′W), Manitoba, and Kenora, Ontario (49°47′N, 94°29′W). Larvae were collected primarily from “new” leaves (current year's growth), but also from “old” leaves (leaves from the previous summer which retain water throughout the current season). Only one sarcophagid larva was found per leaf.
SUBSAHARAN CERATOPOGONIDAE (DIPTERA).X. REPORT ON SPECIES COLLECTED IN THE DRAKENSBERG, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: de Meillon Botha , Downes J. Antony
Published: November 2009

Study of a collection of biting midges made by Stewart and Jarmila Peck in the Drakensberg Mountains, Natal, South Africa, yielded records of 42 species of Ceratopogonidae, of which the following 21 species are described as new: Forcipomyia aenigma, F. arcis, F. campanula, F. montana, F. stewarti, F. brunnea, Dasyhelea salta, D. falcata, Notoceratopogon minutus, N. vockerothi, Fanthamia aniculae, F. draconis, F. forsteri, F. montana, F. sani, Alluaudomyia rudolfi, Kolenohelea jarmilae, K. monticola, Serromyia silvatica, Stilobezzia fulva, and Palpomyia armigera. The genus Notoceratopogon with 4 species, all from southern Africa, is described as new with N. minutus n.sp. as the type species. A key is given for the separation of the 12 known species of Fanthamia, all from Subsaharan Africa.
SUMMER DIAPAUSE IN PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (FABR.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Laing J.E. , Heraty J.M. , Corrigan J.E.
Published: November 2009

The life stages of Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.) were monitored in an orchard at Guelph, Ontario in 1981 and 1982 and the results showed discrepancies with the previous concept of a trivoltine species occurring throughout its range in eastern North America. Sleeve cages were used to monitor the development of the second, mid-summer generation of leaf miners in a low-maintenance orchard at Guelph in 1982 and 1984 and 2 commercial orchards at Simcoe, Ontario in 1984. The flight period of the first-generation adults occurred over approximately a 6-week period. From eggs laid early in the flight period, a large proportion of the larvae developed quickly and emerged to give a second-generation adult flight. As the flight period continued, there was an increase in the number of progeny whose development was delayed in the early instars. These larvae did not pupate until late fall and overwintered as pupae. Of the second-generation larvae, about 70–90% at Guelph and 35% at Simcoe had a delayed development (summer diapause) and formed a large proportion of the overwintering population.
REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD SPECIES OF PARAGUS LATREILLE (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)
Authors: Vockeroth J.R.
Published: November 2009

A revision of the New World species of Paragus is presented. Seven Nearctic species (6 new) of the subgenus Paragus and 1 Holarctic species of the subgenus Pandasyopthalmus are recognized. Figures of the male terminalia and a distribution map are given for each species.
EVIDENCE FOR MONOPHYLY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF CHALCIDOIDEA, MYMARIDAE, AND MYMAROMMATIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: TEREBRANTES)
Authors: Gibson Gary A.P.
Published: November 2009

Twenty-three characters or character systems of adults and larvae of Terebrantes are analyzed for evidence of monophyly and phyletic relationships of Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae, and Mymarommatidae. The taxa are considered to be a monophyletic group based on 3 hypothesized synapomorphies: mesotrochanteral depressor without fu2-tr2 or mesoscutal portion of t2-tr2; axillar phragma as site of origin for all or part of t,-tr2 muscle; and independent basal ring absent from male genitalia. The family Mymaridae is considered to be monophyletic based on at least 3 apomorphies: fore wing with hypochaeta; head with frontal, median, and supraorbital sulci; and toruli distinctly closer to inner margin of eye than to each other. Chalcidoidea, including Mymaridae, is considered to be a monophyletic taxon based on 3 apomorphies: prepectus externally visible, at least dorsally adjacent to lateral edge of mesoscutum; mesothoracic spiracle positioned at exposed lateral edge of mesoscutum; and multiporous plate sensilla of antenna with unique structure, as described in text. Mymarommatidae is considered to be the monophyletic sister group of Chalcidoidea based on several apomorphies, including 4 autapomorphies: head composed of frontal and occipital sclerites, which are connected by pleated membrane along hyperoccipital region; hind wing stalk-like, without membrane and terminated in bifurcation that clasps fore wing; fore wing with reticulate pattern formed by raised lineations of membrane; and axillar portion of t2-tr2 muscle absent. Phyletic relationship of Serphitidae with Mymarommatidae is deemed inconclusive because relevant internal character states of amber fossil serphitids cannot be determined. It is suggested that mymarommatids be accorded family status, but not be assigned to superfamily until phyletic relationships are more accurately determined in Terebrantes. A matrix summarizes character-state distribution of most characters analyzed for Terebrantes, and a cladogram illustrates hypotheses of character-state evolution and proposed relationships.
METHODS OF MEASURING BLOOD MEAL SIZE AND PROTEINASE ACTIVITY FOR DETERMINING EFFECTS OF MATED STATE ON DIGESTIVE PROCESSES OF FEMALE AEDES AEGYPTI (L.) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Houseman Jon G. , Downe A.E.R.
Published: November 2009

Two techniques for measuring size of ingested blood meal and 5 methods of measuring proteinase activity in the midgut of Aedes aegypti are compared. Protein, measured after trichloroacetic acid precipitation, was found to be most suitable for determining blood meal size and loss of protein from the gut. Of 5 proteinase substrates tested (BAPNA (benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide), hemoglobin, casein, azocasein, and hide powder azure), BAPNA was considered most suitable for trypsin measurements. These techniques were used to show that virgin females, 6 and 10 days after eclosion, consumed smaller meals than mated females. Virgin females also showed delays in both onset of protein loss from the gut and the increase in proteinase activity after blood feeding.
A REVIEW OF THE LASIONYCTA LEUCOCYCLA COMPLEX (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SUBSPECIES
Authors: Lafontaine J.D. , Kononenko V.S. , McCabe T.L.
Published: November 2009

The 9 species of the Lasionycta leucocycla complex are reviewed and the number of species reduced to 4. Populations of these species are arranged in 18 subspecies, of which 3 are described as new: L. leucocycla magadanensis Kononenko and Lafontaine, from Magadanskaya Oblast’, L. staudingeri sajanensis Kononenko, from southern Siberia, and L. quadrilunata yukona Lafontaine, from northwestern Canada. Lasionycta dovrensis (Wocke), of the Palaearctic region, is treated as a subspecies of L. leucocycla. Characters to distinguish the species and subspecies, and their distributions are given. The larva of L. staudingeri is described.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF IMMATURE STAGES OF MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (FAB.) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) TO NOSEMA CUNEATUM HENRY (MICROSPORIDA: NOSEMATIDAE) AND ITS EFFECT ON HOST FECUNDITY
Authors: Erlandson M.A. , Ewen Al B. , Mukerji M.K. , Gillott C.
Published: November 2009

Second- and 3rd-instar nymphs of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fab.) were more susceptible to Nosema cuneatum Henry infection than were 5th-instar nymphs. Lethal times were significantly lower for 2nd- and 3rd-instar nymphs inoculated with 1.0 × 106 and 104N. cuneatum spores/individual than for similarly treated 5th-instar nymphs and a much higher percentage of the latter were uninfected at the end of the experimental period (40–60 days post-inoculation). Fifth-instar nymphs inoculated with 1.0 × 106 spores/individual showed reduced adult longevity. The number of eggs laid per female was not significantly different for inoculated or untreated 5th-instar nymphs. However, the dry weights of eggs laid by inoculated grasshoppers were significantly lower and fewer eggs hatched than for those laid by untreated grasshoppers. Twenty to 30% of the progeny from inoculated 5th-instar nymphs had detectable levels of N. cuneatum sporoblasts and spores.
THE PHENOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPRUCE BUDMOTH, ZEIRAPHERA CANADENSIS (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), AND WHITE SPRUCE IN NORTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Turgeon Jean J.
Published: November 2009

The relationship between the phenological development of the spruce budmoth (SBM), Zeiraphera canadensis, and that of its primary host, white spruce, was studied in New Brunswick using descriptive indices for both insect and host development. Larval emergence of SBM was synchronized with bud burst of white spruce, the species on which most eggs are laid. Subsequent SBM larval development can be estimated through reference to the development index for white spruce. For black, Norway, and red spruce, initial bud burst occurred approximately 15, 3, and 15 days, respectively, later than white spruce and this asynchrony is probably one of the reasons why the SBM is not an important pest on these tree species.
SEASONAL HISTORY, ADULT FLIGHT ACTIVITY, AND DAMAGE OF THE OBLIQUEBANDED LEAFROLLER, CHORISTONEURA ROSACEANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN FILBERT ORCHARDS
Authors: AliNiazee M.T.
Published: November 2009

Seasonal history, adult flight activity, and damage of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), on filbert were studied during a 7-year period between 1976 and 1984. Data from periodic field counts and moth catches in sex-attractant traps indicated two generations per year. The first-generation adult capture peak was generally higher than the second, except in 1978 when about an equal number of moths were trapped from both generations. A physiological time scale, using degree-days (DD), was devised for predicting emergence of obliquebanded leafroller adults. The first adults from overwintering larvae emerged at approximately 374 DD above a threshold of 10 °C starting 1 March. A total of 1172 DD were required between the first and the last adult emergence during the first generation and about 519 DD during the second generation. The obliquebanded leafroller causes both foliar and nut damage in filbert orchards of Oregon. Foliar damage was insignificant, but nut damage, caused exclusively by the first-generation larvae during June and early July, was highly destructive. Larval feeding on nuts caused staining and premature drop of infested nuts resulting in substantial yield reduction in heavily infested orchards.
DESCRIPTION OF FIRST-INSTAR LARVA OFMETRIUS CONTRACTUSESCHSCHOLTZ (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) WITH REMARKS ABOUT PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND RANKING OF THE GENUSMETRIUSESCHSCHOLTZ
Authors: Bousquet Yves
Published: November 2009

The 1st-instar larva ofMetrius contractusEschscholtz is described and illustrated. The larva differs from those of other Carabidae (except some species of ozaenines) by having the epipleurites of the 9th segment and the tergum of the 8th segment transformed into a plate and by having the urogomphi antler-like and located in a vertical plane. These character states support the hypothesis, based on published analysis of the adult structures, that the monogeneric tribe Metriini is closely related to the tribes Ozaenini and Paussini. The ranking ofMetrius, Ozaenini, and Paussini is re-evaluated and it is proposed that these three groups be combined in one tribe, the Paussini (sensu novo). The tribe Paussini, thus constituted, is placed with the tribes Brachinini and Crepidogastrini in the subfamily Paussinae. The relationships of the subfamily are unclear, but it probably represents a primitive element of the Carabidae. Based on the available data on bionomics and larval morphology of paussines, it is suggested that larvae ofMetriuslive in rotten logs and depend for their survival on some kind of animal which they attract through a secretion released at the extremity of the abdomen. The kind of animal and the type of interaction between the animal and theMetriuslarvae remain unknown.
INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS: PROMISING EFFECTS ON CITRUS THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE)
Authors: Grout T.G. , Morse J.G.
Published: November 2009

Several insect growth regulators (IGRs) were tested against citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), in Munger cells. In all larval tests, the IGRs worked by preventing the thrips from developing to the pupal or adult stages. After exposing adult females to IGR residues, numbers of emerging progeny were reduced, although these results did not always rank the IGRs in the same order as the larval tests. The most effective IGR tested was UC84572, followed by cyromazine. Avermectin B1, a streptomycete-derived lactone, did not show IGR activity but acted as an insecticide and controlled the thrips at a much lower percentage active ingredient.
SOME ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC SOLITARY BEES COLLECTED AT INUVIK AND TUKTOYAKTUK, NWT, CANADA (HYMENOPTERA: APOIDEA)
Authors: Sakagami Shôichi F. , Toda Masanori J.
Published: November 2009

Nine species of solitary bees are recorded from a northern area of Northwest Territories:Osmia inermisfrom tundra at Tuktoyaktuk, andHylaeus ellipticus,Evylaeus comagenensis,E.borealis,Sphecodesaff.pusillus,Anthidium tenuiflorae,Megachile centuncularis,M.f.frigida, andAnthophora b.bomboidesfrom the northern limit of subarctic forest at Inuvik. All represent the northernmost records of the species. Some chorological and ecological notes are added to.
ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH STRIP-CLEARCUT AND DENSE SPRUCE-FIR FORESTS OF MAINE
Authors: Jennings Daniel T. , Houseweart Mark W. , Francoeur André
Published: November 2009

Four genera and 9 species of ants were collected by pitfall traps in a spruce budworm-infested forest of northern Maine. Myrmica detritinodis and Camponotus herculeanus were most abundant. In 1977, significantly more individuals and species were trapped in dense spruce-fir stands than in either uncut residual or clearcut strips. In 1978, clearcut-strip and dense-stand means were nonsignificant for individuals and species, but significantly more individuals and species were trapped in clearcut than in uncut residual strips. Ants were active during the spruce budworm’s developmental stages. Diversity of ant species was generally greater in dense stands than in strip-clearcut areas. Individuals were distributed unevenly among species but more evenly in dense stands than in strip-clearcut areas (residual + clearcut strips). Coefficients of community (CC) and percentage similarity (PS) values indicated ant species and individuals shared forest conditions in common; however, the most dissimilar neighboring habitats (uncut residual and clearcut strips) had few species in common. Neither age of strip clearcut (1–6 years) nor litter depth had much influence on mean catches and mean number of species of ants/trap/week.
SOME EFFECTS OF POST-HARVEST FUMIGATION, CONTROLLED-ATMOSPHERE STORAGE, AND COLD STORAGE ON SAN JOSE SCALE (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) SURVIVAL ON TWO VARIETIES OF APPLES
Authors: Angerilli N.P.D. , Gaunce A.P. , Logan D.M.
Published: November 2009

Red Delicious and Winesap apples infested with San Jose scale were placed into either regular (CS) or controlled-atmosphere (CA) cold storage, either with or without prior fumigation with methyl bromide. Fumigation with a dose of 32 g/m3 killed all infesting stages of the scale on Red Delicious apples in CS after 31 days and in CA after 137 days. Complete scale mortality on Winesap apples occurred after 167 days in CA and in CS if previously fumigated.
ENNOMOS ALNIARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE), A EUROPEAN MOTH RECENTLY DISCOVERED IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Covell Charles V. , Ferguson Douglas C. , Straley Gerald B.
Published: November 2009

On 5 September 1982, the third coauthor collected a single male of an unfamiliar geometrid moth in Vancouver, British Columbia. He sent it to the first coauthor, who recognized it as a species of Ennomos related to our native maple spanworm moth, E. magnaria Guenée. The second coauthor identified it as Ennomos alniaria (L.), a European species known in Britain as the canary-shouldered thorn.
ATTRACTION OF THE TWOLINED CHESTNUT BORER,AGRILUS BILINEATUS(WEBER) (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE), AND ASSOCIATED BORERS TO VOLATILES OF STRESSED WHITE OAK
Authors: Dunn James P. , Kimmerer Thomas W. , Nordin Gerald L.
Published: November 2009

The twolined chestnut borer,Agrilus bilineatus(Weber) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is associated with mortality of stressed oaks in the eastern deciduous forests of North America. Beetles were attracted to stressed trees within hours of the onset of stress. We hypothesized that adult beetles rapidly locate suitable hosts by olfactory detection of tree-released volatiles. Trees with sticky-band traps and vane traps baited with crude steam distillates from inner bark of stressed white oaks, or with combinations of ethanol and oak volatiles, captured significantly more beetles than did water controls. Ethanol alone did not attract significant numbers ofA.bilineatus. Eighty-two percent of beetles captured were females. Ethanol-baited traps captured large numbers of Cerambycidae, Scolytidae, and a few Cleridae, and these insects were not attracted to oak volatiles. Sticky-band traps were more effective than vane traps in capturingA.bilineatusand other Buprestidae, but Cerambycidae and Scolytidae were more effectively captured in vane traps. Our results show thatA.bilineatusis attracted to oak volatiles but later successional beetles are attracted to ethanol.
COMMENTS ON A PROPOSED “NEW” APPROACH FOR SELECTING AGENTS FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
Authors: Goeden R.D. , Kok L.T.
Published: November 2009

The “new approach” to selecting biological control agents, as proposed by Hokkanen and Pimentel in 1984, through the use of new exploiter–victim associations is inappropriate for the biological control of weeds because of certain misconceptions in their method. Examples of biological control of weeds cited in their analysis were biased towards cactaceous insects, and cacti are not representative of target weeds. Several of their “new” associations were inaccurate. These inaccuracies are discussed and additional examples are provided to refute the proposed method. Contrary to the recommendation of Hokkanen and Pimentel, new exploiter-victim associations offer limited opportunities for biological control of non-cactaceous weeds with insects, and should not be used as the preferred method in selecting biotic agents for the biological control of weeds.
FIRST RECORDS OF PHORETIC CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) ASSOCIATED WITH NYMPHS OFPTERONARCYS DORSATA(SAY) (PLECOPTERA: PTERONARCYIDAE)
Authors: Dosdall L.M. , Mason P.G. , Lehmkuhl D.M.
Published: November 2009

Eight species of Chironomidae (Diptera), includingCricotopussp. nr.tremulus,Tvetenia vitracies(Saether),Nanocladius(s.s.) cf.rectinervis(Kieffer),Nanocladius branchicolusSaether,Nanocladius(s.s.) cf.spiniplenusSaether,Paratanytarsus confususPalmen,Polypedilum(s.s.)convictum(Walker), andRheotanytarsussp., are reported for the first time in phoretic association with nymphs ofPteronarcys dorsata(Say) (Plecoptera: Pteronarcyidae). The stoneflies and associated chironomids were found in rivers of central and northern Saskatchewan.Rheotanytarsussp. andP.convictumwere the most common ectosymbionts onP.dorsata. Phoretic larvae were found most frequently attached to the host’s metathorax.Pteronarcys dorsatanymphs may be ideal hosts for phoretic inhabitants because of their abundance, large size, and detrivorous habit.
AERIAL DISPERSAL BEHAVIOR OF LARVAL BAGWORMS, THYRIDOPTERYX EPHEMERAEFORMIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE)
Authors: Cox David L. , Potter Daniel A.
Published: November 2009

Seasonal and daily patterns of ballooning, and behavioral processes involved in aerial dispersal of the bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth), were studied on Juniperus virginiana L. in Kentucky. The aerial dispersal period began in mid-May 1983 and lasted ca. 1 month. About 75% of dispersing larvae ballooned after making a bag. Settling velocities were determined for larvae with and without bags and trailing varying lengths of silk; a model was then developed that predicts dispersal distance for a particular wind speed and departure height. Most aerial dispersal is probably short-range. The bag reduced potential dispersal distance, but larvae with bags survived ca. 2 days longer than those without bags when exposed to abiotic factors off of a host. Larvae without bags ballooned mostly in morning, whereas 80% of the larvae dispersing with a bag ballooned in the afternoon. These patterns may be related to the diel periodicity of emergence of neonate larvae from old female bags, and the subsequent behavior of 1st instars prior to dispersal. A large proportion of each cohort emigrates regardless of host condition.
ANNOTATED LIST OFUROLEUCON(LAMBERSIUS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO, WITH A KEY AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES
Authors: Robinson A.G.
Published: November 2009

A key is given for 29 species in the subgenusLambersiusOlive in America north of Mexico. An annotated list is provided for 22 species, and descriptions for the following 7 new species:Uroleucon(Lambersius)carberriensisn. sp.,U. (L.)clydesmithin. sp.,U. (L.)coloradensisn. sp.,U. (L.)manitobensisn. sp.,U. (L.)nevadensisn. sp.,U. (L.)penderumn. sp., andU. (L.)suzannaen. sp.Uroleucon(Lambersius)tissoti(Boudreaux) is declared to be a synonym ofU. (L.)luteolum(Williams) andU. (L.)baccharidis(Clarke) as anomen dubium.
CONE AND SEED INSECTS OF TAMARACK, LARIX LARICINA (DU ROI) K. KOCH, AND ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL DAMAGE USING CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES
Authors: Amirault P.A. , Brown N. Rae
Published: November 2009

An investigation of the insects that damage cones (megasporangiate strobili) and seeds of tamarack [Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch] in New Brunswick was undertaken. During two growing seasons (1982 and 1983) cones were removed from natural and planted stands of tamarack on a weekly basis. These cones were dissected, the nature and amount of insect damage recorded, and insect habits documented. Efforts were made to rear to adults any destructive insects encountered in order to identify them and to isolate parasites. Insects destroyed from 24.6 to 88.0% of the seed produced in the stands under study. Larvae of the spruce budworm [Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)] and the cone maggot [Lasiomma viarium (Huckett) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)] were responsible for most of the damage. Among insects that caused lesser amounts of damage were a cone midge [Resseliella sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)], a seed chalcid [Megastigmus sp. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae)], and various lepidopterous larvae. Applications of the insecticides carbofuran and dimethoate reduced the amount of insect damage. Carbofuran applied at the rate of 13.5 g active ingredient per centimetre of diameter at breast height provided the best protection. Trees treated in this manner had 37.0% of their seeds destroyed by insects as opposed to 74.2% on control trees.
REFRIGERATION FOR MAINTENANCE OF PTEROMALUS PUPARUM (L.) (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) ADULT PARASITES
Authors: Lasota J.A. , Kok L.T.
Published: November 2009

Various temperatures were tested for maintaining Pteromalus puparum (L.) adult parasites in the laboratory. Survival of adults caged in groups and supplied with a 10% sugar solution exceeded 80% after 30 days at 15 and 23°C. When kept individually in small gelatin capsules at 3°C, survival was good only up to 15 days. The gelatin capsules, however, allowed easier handling of individual parasites without disturbing the entire group.
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), IN MANITOBA FIELD PEAS
Authors: Maiteki G.A. , Lamb R.J. , Ali-Khan S.T.
Published: November 2009

Pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), were sampled from 1980 to 1983 in field peas, Pisum sativum (L.), in Manitoba. Sweep and foliage samples were taken in commercial fields and plots. Aphids were found in late May or early June soon after the crop emerged, but populations were low throughout June. Populations increased in July, when the crop was flowering and producing pods, and peaked in the latter half of July or early August in 3 of the 4 years, when pods were maturing. Populations decreased rapidly after the peak, as the plants senesced. In 1980, a drought year, aphid densities were low and the populations peaked in the middle of August. From 1981 to 1983, densities exceeded the economic threshold in all commercial fields and all but one of the plots that were sampled.
EVALUATION OF HIGH-CAPACITY, NONSATURATING SEX PHEROMONE TRAPS FOR MONITORING POPULATION DENSITIES OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C.J.
Published: November 2009

The efficiency of two sticky-bottomed traps and seven high-capacity, nonsticky traps in catching male spruce budworm [Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)] moths was evaluated in a wind tunnel. The place where the male moths first contacted the trap, the length of time that passed until they entered the trap, and the number remaining in the trap after 5 min were recorded. The most efficient traps were the Pherocon 1 C, a sticky-bottomed trap, and the Multi-Pher and Uni-trap, both nonsticky traps with internal funnel-shaped baffles that prevent moths from escaping. As sticky traps become saturated at relatively low densities they are not suitable for monitoring wide changes in population density. The Multi-Pher and Uni-trap are therefore recommended for monitoring population changes of the spruce budworm, establishing thresholds for management action, and estimating population density.
PRIMARY TYPES OF SYMPHYTA (HYMENOPTERA) IN THE CANADIAN NATIONAL COLLECTION
Authors: Sarazin Michael J.
Published: November 2009

One hundred and four primary types of Symphyta housed in the Canadian National Collection were examined and listed. These were contributed by the following authors: Harrington (18), MacGillivray (19), Provancher (17), Smith (9), Goulet (8), Ross (7), Wong (4), Wong and Ross (4), Benson (3), Gibson (3), Middlekauff (3), Curran (2), Garlick (2), Peck (2), Burdick (1), Ries (1), and Wong and Milliron (1).
CALLING BEHAVIOR OF THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE),
Authors: Howlader M.A. , Gerber G.H.
Published: November 2009

The calling posture, diel periodicity of calling, calling pattern, photoperiodic cue of calling, and endogenous circadian rhythm of calling were studied in virgin females of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, at 20°C, 60% RH, and a 16 h light: 8 h dark photoperiod. The female had a definite calling posture: the ovipositor was extruded and curved downward at an angle of about 45°, the wings were raised above the abdomen in the form of a “V”, the antennae were directed posteriorly and held close to the sides of the thorax, and the abodmen was bent so that the two ends were raised slightly and the middle was lowered. Calling had a discrete diel periodicity, occurring in the last two-thirds of the scotophase. The calling pattern was characteristic of the continuous pattern of calling. The lights-off signal was the photoperiodic cue responsible for setting the timing of the diel periodicity of calling. The circadian rhythm of calling was endogenously based.
BIONOMICS OF THE DAMSEL BUG, NABIS AMERICOFERUS CARAYON (HEMIPTERA: NABIDAE), A PREDATOR OF THE ALFALFA BLOTCH LEAFMINER (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE)
Authors: Guppy J.C.
Published: November 2009

The damsel bug, Nobis americoferus Carayon, develops through two generations a year in eastern Ontario. In early fall, females of the second generation develop a reproductive diapause but both sexes continue to feed until freeze-up. Post-diapause development begins in late March. Eggs are deposited singly in plant stems but several may be laid in close proximity. In alfalfa, most eggs were found where stem diameter measured from 0.8 to 1.9 mm but height of oviposition site was not related to length of stem. Females reared at 23°C laid an average of 157 eggs during a 3-week oviposition period. The immature stages of the first generation occurred from mid-April to mid-July and those of the second generation from mid-July to early September. The duration of each stage of N. americoferus, fed pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), and held at four constant temperatures, 18, 23, 28, and 31°C, decreased with increasing temperature. There was a highly correlated linear relationship between rate of development and temperature for all stages. The theoretical temperature threshold for development of eggs was 11.1°C and that for the nymphal stage was 10.6°C; degree-day requirements for these stages were 123.5 and 370.4, respectively. Developmental rate of nymphs varied with host as well as temperature; nymphs fed larvae of the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rondani), developed significantly faster than those fed pea aphid.
ON THE DYNAMICS OF BLACKHEADED BUDWORM POPULATIONS
Authors: Berryman Alan A.
Published: November 2009

Based on a simple graphic analysis, I conclude that blackheaded budworm population density cycles are caused by delayed negative feedback processes, probably due to the numerical response of insect parasitoids. The parasitoid–host interaction, however, has a stable solution and continuous population density cycles can only be maintained in a variable environment.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON OVIPOSITION AND EGG DEVELOPMENT IN THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Trimble R.M.
Published: November 2009

The threshold temperature (t0) for both oviposition and egg development and the thermal constant (K) for egg development were determined using linear regression analysis for an Ontario population of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.). Fecundity was highly variable, ranging from 1 to 152 eggs, and was not significantly affected by temperature. Calculation of the daily oviposition rates for the first 4 days of the experiment and for the period from the beginning of the experiment until the day on which the last egg was laid resulted in estimates of the oviposition threshold of 9.1 and 8.9°C, respectively. The threshold temperature for egg development was estimated as 2.5°C and the thermal constant for egg development as 172.5 degree-days.
PRIMARY ATTRACTION OF IPS LATIDENS (LECONTE) AND HYLASTES GRACILIS LECONTE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TO HIGH-GIRDLED LODGEPOLE PINE, PINUS CONTORTA VAR. LATIFOLIA ENGELMANN
Authors: Miller D.R. , Madden J.L. , Borden J.H.
Published: November 2009

In the absence of secondary attraction, 2 species of Scolytidae, Ips latidens (LeConte) and Hylastes gracilis LeConte, showed significant preference while in flight for high-girdled over non-girdled lodgepole pines, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann. In contrast, beetles in 2 genera of Elateridae, Ampedus and Ctenicera, showed significant preference for non-girdled over high-girdled lodgepole pines. Beetles in 12 other families, as well as other scolytids and elaterids, did not show any significant preference or aversion to high-girdled trees. This is the first clear demonstration of primary attraction for a North American Ips species and the second for an Hylastes species.
LARVAL COLORATION OF HYBRIDS BETWEEN CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS AND C. RETINIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Liebhold Andrew M.
Published: November 2009

Larval color morph frequencies were observed in the offspring of hybrid and backcross matings between pure Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and C. retiniana (Walsingham) laboratory lines. Offspring of hybrid matings were mostly brown larval forms but intermediate and green larvae also occurred. Progeny of backcrosses to C. occidentalis were almost entirely brown larvae. Backcrosses to C. retiniana yielded mostly green larvae but a substantial number of intermediate and brown larvae also were in the progeny. There was no evidence that larval color is sex-linked or sex-limited.
A TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT MODEL OF REEMERGENCE OFIPS CALLIGRAPHUS(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Wagner Terence L. , Flamm Richard O. , Coulson Robert N.
Published: November 2009

Reemergence ofIps calligraphus(Germar) was studied at nine constant temperatures from 10 to 37.5°C. The relationship of adult residence time to temperature formed a backward "J"-shaped curve. Median residence times ranged from 6.25 days at 30°C to 163.5 days at 10°C. The distributions of residence times changed with temperature and were nearly uniform at the low temperatures, peaked and skewed to the right at the intermediate temperatures, and nearly symmetric at the high temperatures. Greater than 93% of all adults reemerged at temperatures from 12.5 to 35°C but only 56% reemerged at 37.5°C. Female residence time was about 26% longer than the male. A mathematical function of reemergence rates versus constant temperatures and a distribution function of normalized reemergence times predicted percentage reemergence of a population through time. In simulations, a multiple-cohort procedure was applied using frequency distributions of field attacks to identify the starting times of the model. Model predictions compared favorably with reemergence from three trees in each of four field plots.
REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD CHRYSOLAMPINAE (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA)
Authors: Darling D. Christopher
Published: November 2009

The taxonomy and biology of New World species of Chrysolampinae are reviewed with diagnoses given for the subfamily, genera, and species. A key to the species of Chrysolampus and a summary of geographic distribution and information on host and floral associations are presented. Three new species are described from North America (Chrysolampus improcerus, C. luridus and C. elegans); Chrysolampus lycti Crawford is transferred to Perilampus and synonymized with the European species P. micans Dalman. The genus Chrysomalla is recorded in the New World for the first time based on the new species Chrysomalla hesperis. An explanation of the historical biogeography of the genera is proposed that is consistent with Late Cretaceous and Tertiary geological, botanical, and climatic information. It is suggested that the extant species are descendents of elements of a widely distributed arid biota.
SPINY ELM CATERPILLARS, NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA (NYMPHALIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA), FEEDING ON SAINFOIN, ONOBRYCHIS VICIAEFOLIA (LEGUMINOSAE)
Authors: Byers J.R. , Richards K.W.
Published: November 2009

Larvae of the mourning cloak butterfly, Nymphalis antiopa (L.), are gregarious feeders occumng most commonly on Salix spp. (willows), Ulmus spp. (elms), Populus spp. (poplars), and Betula spp. (birches), but occasionally on other trees and shrubs (McGugan 1958; Tietz 1972; Howe 1975). They frequently cause noticeable defoliation of ornamental elms; hence the common name, spiny elm caterpillar (Rose and Lindquist 1982).
CERATOZETIDAE (ACARI: ORIBATEI) OF THE WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN SUBARCTIC
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M.
Published: November 2009

Representatives of the oribatid mite family Ceratozetidae of subarctic western North America, including 14 species in eight genera, are treated. A new genusLaminizetes, and eight new species,Diapterobates siccatus,Trichoribates ogilviensis,Laminizetes fortispinosus,Ceratozetes inupiaq,C.kutchin,C.fjellbergi,Sphaerozetes firthensis, andMelanozetes tanana, are proposed, andDentizetes rudentigerHammer,Diapterobates humeralis(Hermann),Neogymnobates luteus(Hammer),Trichoribates striatusHammer,Sphaerozetes castaneusHammer, andMelanozetes meridianusSellnick are redescribed. Immatures ofDentizetes rudentigerandSphaerozetes firthensisare described. A key to the adults of the 31 species of Ceratozetidae recorded from the western North American arctic and subarctic is given. Relationships among the 12 genera in the Ceratozetidae recorded from the North American arctic and subarctic are discussed.
A NOTE ON THE BIOLOGY OF ANOPLIUS TENUICORNIS (TOURNIER) IN NORTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA: POMPILIDAE)
Authors: Koponen S. , Wasbauer M.S.
Published: November 2009

Anoplius tenuicornis (Tournier) is a holarctic species with a broad distribution both in Europe (Wolf 1967) and North America (Wasbauer and Kimsey 1985). Despite the widespread occurrence of the species, individuals are not frequently encountered, so it is not surprising that biological information on it has not been available for North America and very little for Europe. Richards and Hamm (1939) gave two fragmentary reports of some significance on A. tenuicornis in England, reported as A. piliventris (Morawitz). In one case, cocoons of the wasp were found in dead thistle stems. In the other, an old burrow of Ectemnius continuus (Fabricius) (Sphecidae) (reported as Solenius) in rotten wood contained a series of wasp cocoons and fragments of clubionid spiders, the presumed prey.
A NEW BLIND CAVERNICOLOUS LYGROMMA (ARANEAE, GNAPHOSIDAE) FROM THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS
Authors: Peck Stewart B. , Shear William A.
Published: November 2009

Lygromma anops sp. nov. (Gnaphosidae, Araneae) is described from lava tubes on Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador. The species appears to have no known close relatives in the Galápagos Islands or on the South American mainland.
SPECIES COMPOSITION OF PEA APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PARASITOIDS IN WISCONSIN
Authors: Thiboldeaux R.L. , Hutchison W.D. , Hogg D.B.
Published: November 2009

The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), is an important pest of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., in Wisconsin because of its characteristic potential for exponential population growth (Hutchison and Hogg 1984, 1985) and the subsequent damage in both hay quality and quantity inflicted by high populations (Cuperus et al. 1982). In Wisconsin, as in most alfalfa-producing states, there is a vast complex of natural enemies (Hutchison and Hogg 1985) that influence pea aphid population dynamics, including the hymenopteran primary parasitoids from the Aphidiidae. These primary species, however, are also attacked by several secondary parasitoids from the families Megaspilidae, Pteromalidae, and Alloxystidae.
STONEFLIES (PLECOPTERA) OF THE LAKE ATHABASCA REGION OF NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN AND THEIR BIOGEOGRAPHICAL AFFINITIES
Authors: Dosdall L.M. , Lehmkuhl D.M.
Published: November 2009

Fifteen species of stoneflies (Plecoptera) were collected in the Lake Athabasca region of northern Saskatchewan. Capnia nearctica Banks is reported for the first time from Saskatchewan, and collection records of Isogenoides frontalis (Newman), Nemoura rickeri Jewett, and Paracapnia angulata Hanson represent significant range extensions. All species collected from lotic habitats have biogeographical affinities with streams from the Southern Boreal Ecoregion, but some species collected from Lake Athabasca have biogeographical affinities with the Southern Boreal Ecoregion and others have affinities with the Tundra.
EFFECTIVENESS AND PERSISTENCE OF THE GRANULOSIS VIRUS OF THE CODLING MOTH CYDIA POMONELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) ON APPLE
Authors: Jaques R.P. , Laing J.E. , Laing D.R. , Yu D.S.K.
Published: November 2009

Application of granulosis virus (CPGV) to plots of apple trees reduced deep-entry damage to apples by the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), compared with nontreated apples. However, shallow-entry damage to apples by codling moth was as great, or greater, in virus-treated plots than in nontreated plots. Protection was improved by applying CPGV at least three times during each of the two annual generations of the codling moth compared with less frequent application.

Bioassays showed that activity of deposits of CPGV on apples in the field was reduced to approximately 50% of original activity within 2 days after application and to 17% by the 10th day.
COMPARISON OF INSECT FAUNA CAPTURED IN SIX DIFFERENT TRAP TYPES IN A DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST
Authors: Canaday Christopher L.
Published: November 2009

Insects were sampled in a Douglas-fir forest in California to evaluate differences among inexpensive survey methods. Sampling was done with sweep nets and with window, sticky, light, suspended cone, and two kinds of yellow pan traps. Also examined were effects of trap location in the given tree and the following tree species: Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco), canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.), tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus Rehd.), Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii Pursh.), and big-leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum Pursh.). Relative abundance and faunistic similarity of the 9662 insects caught varied greatly by trap type and little by tree species or trap location. Family-level taxonomic richness differed among the diverse trap types, tree species, and trap locations.
TOXICITY OF SMOKE FROM SPOROPHORES OF THE INDIAN PAINT FUNGUS AND WOOD FROM WESTERN HEMLOCK TO YELLOWFEVER MOSQUITOES
Authors: Osborn W.P.L. , Borden J.H.
Published: November 2009

To mitigate the effects of mosquitoes, settlers in the Revelstoke area of British Columbia reportedly burned the sporophores of the Indian paint fungus, Echinodontium tinctorium (Ell. & Ev.) Ell. & Ev., a pathogen of western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., and true firs, Abies spp. Larval and adult yellowfever mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (L.), were exposed to aqueous extracts of smoke (smoke-waters) from E. tinctorium sporophores, and from western hemlock sapwood and heartwood. Smoke-waters were of approximately equal toxicity to larvae. Fungus smoke-water, but not sapwood or heartwood smoke-waters, lost 50% of its potency in 5 months. Vapors from fungus smoke-water were significantly more toxic to adult mosquitoes than those from sapwood or heartwood. Thus smoke from E. tinctorium sporophores and T. heterophylla wood apparently contain different water-soluble combustion products toxic to A. aegypti.
HYBOMITRA AGORA, A NEW SPECIES OF TABANIDAE (DIPTERA) FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Teskey H.J. , Shemanchuk J.A. , Weintraub J.
Published: November 2009

Both sexes of Hybomitra agora new species are described and differentiated from similar species in western North America. Notes are given on the known habitat of H. agora and on differences in mating behavior between this and three other sympatric species of Hybomitra. Known distribution of H. agora is summarized with a map.