bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Tween® Surfactants in Sol-Gel Processing for the Production of TiO2 Thin Films
Authors: Anderson Ann-Louise , Binions Russell
Published: December 2014

Titanium dioxide thin films were deposited using a Tween® surfactant modified non-aqueous sol-gel method onto fluorine doped tin oxide glass substrates. The surfactant concentration and type in the sols was varied as well as the number of deposited layers. The as deposited thin films were annealed at 500 °C for 15 min before characterisation and photocatalytic testing with resazurin intelligent ink. The films were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Photocatalytic activity of the films was evaluated using a resazurin dye-ink test and the hydrophilicity of the films was analysed by water-contact angles measurements. Characterisation and photocatalytic testing has shown that the addition of surfactant in varying types and concentrations had a significant effect on the resulting thin film microstructure, such as changing the average particle size from 130 to 25 nm, and increasing the average root mean square roughness from 11 to 350 nm. Such structural changes have resulted in an enhanced photocatalytic performance for the thin films, with an observed reduction in dye half-life from 16.5 to three minutes.
A Validated Analytical Model for Availability Prediction of IPTV Services in VANETs
Authors: Wolfinger Bernd , Hübner Arian , Momeni Sadaf
Published: December 2014

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), besides the original applications typically related to traffic safety, we nowadays can observe an increasing trend toward infotainment applications, such as IPTV services. Quality of experience (QoE), as observed by the end users of IPTV, is highly important to guarantee adequate user acceptance for the service. In IPTV, QoE is mainly determined by the availability of TV channels for the users. This paper presents an efficient and rather generally applicable analytical model that allows one to predict the blocking probability of TV channels, both for channel-switching-induced, as well as for handover-induced blocking events. We present the successful validation of the model by means of simulation, and we introduce a new measure for QoE. Numerous case studies illustrate how the analytical model and our new QoE measure can be applied successfully for the dimensioning of IPTV systems, taking into account the QoE requirements of the IPTV service users in strongly diverse traffic scenarios.
Next-Generation Sequencing of Genomic DNA Fragments Bound to a Transcription Factor in Vitro Reveals Its Regulatory Potential
Authors: Kurihara Yukio , Makita Yuko , Kawashima Mika , Hamasaki Hidefumi , Yamamoto Yoshiharu , Matsui Minami
Published: December 2014

Several transcription factors (TFs) coordinate to regulate expression of specific genes at the transcriptional level. In Arabidopsis thaliana it is estimated that approximately 10% of all genes encode TFs or TF-like proteins. It is important to identify target genes that are directly regulated by TFs in order to understand the complete picture of a plant’s transcriptome profile. Here, we investigate the role of the LONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) transcription factor that acts as a regulator of photomorphogenesis. We used an in vitro genomic DNA binding assay coupled with immunoprecipitation and next-generation sequencing (gDB-seq) instead of the in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-based methods. The results demonstrate that the HY5-binding motif predicted here was similar to the motif reported previously and that in vitro HY5-binding loci largely overlapped with the HY5-targeted candidate genes identified in previous ChIP-chip analysis. By combining these results with microarray analysis, we identified hundreds of HY5-binding genes that were differentially expressed in hy5. We also observed delayed induction of some transcripts of HY5-binding genes in hy5 mutants in response to blue-light exposure after dark treatment. Thus, an in vitro gDNA-binding assay coupled with sequencing is a convenient and powerful method to bridge the gap between identifying TF binding potential and establishing function.
Inhibitory Effects of Benzaldehyde Derivatives from the Marine Fungus Eurotium sp. SF-5989 on Inflammatory Mediators via the Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Kim Kyoung-Su , Cui Xiang , Lee Dong-Sung , Ko Wonmin , Sohn Jae , Yim Joung , An Ren-Bo , Kim Youn-Chul , Oh Hyuncheol
Published: December 2014

Two benzaldehyde derivatives, flavoglaucin (1) and isotetrahydro-auroglaucin (2), were isolated from the marine fungus Eurotium sp. SF-5989 through bioassay- and 1H NMR-guided investigation. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of these compounds in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. We demonstrated that compounds 1 and 2 markedly inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by suppressing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression without affecting cell viability. We also demonstrated that the compounds reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 inhibited LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation by suppressing phosphorylation of IkappaB (IκB). These results indicated that the anti-inflammatory effects of these benzaldehyde derivatives in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were due to the inactivation of the NF-κB pathway. In addition, compounds 1 and 2 induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression through the nuclear transcription factor-E2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) translocation. The inhibitory effects of compounds 1 and 2 on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and on NF-κB binding activity were reversed by HO-1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin (SnPP). Thus, the anti-inflammatory effects of compounds 1 and 2 also correlated with their ability of inducing HO-1 expression.
Synthetic Biology: A Bridge between Artificial and Natural Cells
Authors: Ding Yunfeng , Wu Fan , Tan Cheemeng
Published: December 2014

Artificial cells are simple cell-like entities that possess certain properties of natural cells. In general, artificial cells are constructed using three parts: (1) biological membranes that serve as protective barriers, while allowing communication between the cells and the environment; (2) transcription and translation machinery that synthesize proteins based on genetic sequences; and (3) genetic modules that control the dynamics of the whole cell. Artificial cells are minimal and well-defined systems that can be more easily engineered and controlled when compared to natural cells. Artificial cells can be used as biomimetic systems to study and understand natural dynamics of cells with minimal interference from cellular complexity. However, there remain significant gaps between artificial and natural cells. How much information can we encode into artificial cells? What is the minimal number of factors that are necessary to achieve robust functioning of artificial cells? Can artificial cells communicate with their environments efficiently? Can artificial cells replicate, divide or even evolve? Here, we review synthetic biological methods that could shrink the gaps between artificial and natural cells. The closure of these gaps will lead to advancement in synthetic biology, cellular biology and biomedical applications.
An Update on 2,5-Diketopiperazines from Marine Organisms
Authors: Huang Ri-Ming , Yi Xiang-Xi , Zhou Yuying , Su Xiangdong , Peng Yan , Gao Cheng-Hai
Published: December 2014

2,5-Diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs) are an important category of structurally diverse cyclic dipeptides with prominent biological properties. These 2,5-DKPs have been obtained from a variety of natural resources, including marine organisms. Because of the increasing numbers and biological importance of these compounds, this review covers 90 marine originated 2,5-DKPs that were reported from 2009 to the first half-year of 2014. The review will focus on the structure characterizations, biological properties and proposed biosynthetic processes of these compounds.
Vaporization and Poor Wettability as the Main Challenges in Fabrication of TiB2-Cu Cermets Studied by SPS
Authors: Ziemnicka-Sylwester Marta
Published: December 2014

TiB2-Cu cermets with various volume fractions of copper (from 3 to 30 vol. %) were produced via liquid phase sintering at the temperature range 1100–1200 °C in vacuum using spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. Full densification could not be achieved as the consequence of poor wettability and vaporizing Cu. The quantitative Rietveld analysis indicated that insignificant reduction in Cu content occurred only in sample with initially 3 vol. % of Cu, but then densification was negligible. The relative density improved along with increasing volume content of Cu (10–20 vol. %), but then predominant amount of Cu introduced was reduced as the effect of vaporization or swelling, which caused that pellet with intended 20 or 30 vol. % of Cu contained respectively only 6 or 17 vol. % after sintering. Moreover, Cu droplets were released from the die at the temperature of 1000–1030 °C near the Cu melting point. The effect of vaporization was successfully reduced by increased heating rate and when isothermal annealing process was skipped, however, it could not be entirely eliminated. The experimental results on Cu vaporization are confronted with parameters that are commonly considered in the production of cermets, such as oxidation, wettability, contact angle and viscosity as well as their impact on densification.
Is Development of High-Grade Gliomas Sulfur-Dependent?
Authors: Wróbel Maria , Czubak Jerzy , Bronowicka-Adamska Patrycja , Jurkowska Halina , Adamek Dariusz , Papla Bolesław
Published: December 2014

We characterized γ-cystathionase, rhodanese and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activities in various regions of human brain (the cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum and subcortical nuclei) and human gliomas with II to IV grade of malignancy (according to the WHO classification). The human brain regions, as compared to human liver, showed low γ-cystathionase activity. The activity of rhodanese was also much lower and it did not vary significantly between the investigated brain regions. The activity of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase was the highest in the thalamus, hypothalamus and subcortical nuclei and essentially the same level of sulfane sulfur was found in all the investigated brain regions. The investigations demonstrated that the level of sulfane sulfur in gliomas with the highest grades was high in comparison to various human brain regions, and was correlated with a decreased activity of γ-cystathionase, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase and rhodanese. This can suggest sulfane sulfur accumulation and points to its importance for malignant cell proliferation and tumor growth. In gliomas with the highest grades of malignancy, despite decreased levels of total free cysteine and total free glutathione, a high ratio of GSH/GSSG was maintained, which is important for the process of malignant cells proliferation. A high level of sulfane sulfur and high GSH/GSSG ratio could result in the elevated hydrogen sulfide levels. Because of the disappearance of γ-cystathionase activity in high-grade gliomas, it seems to be possible that 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase could participate in hydrogen sulfide production. The results confirm sulfur dependence of malignant brain tumors.
A New Solid Phase Extraction for the Determination of Anthocyanins in Grapes
Authors: Ferreiro-González Marta , Carrera Ceferino , Ruiz-Rodríguez Ana , Barbero Gerardo , Ayuso Jesús , Palma Miguel , Barroso Carmelo
Published: December 2014

A method for the concentration and cleaning of red grape extracts prior to the determination of anthocyanins by UPLC-DAD has been developed. This method is of special interest in the determination of phenolic maturity as it allows the analysis of the anthocyanins present in grapes. Several different SPE cartridges were assessed, including both C-18- and vinylbenzene-based cartridges. C-18-based cartridges presented a very low retention for the glucosylated anthocyanidins while vinylbenzene-based cartridges showed excellent retention for these compounds. The optimized method involves the initial conditioning of the cartridge using 10 mL of methanol and 10 mL of water, followed by loading of up to 100 mL of red grape extract. Ten mL of water was used in the washing step and anthocyanins were subsequently eluted using 1.5 mL of acidified methanol at pH 2. This method simplifies the determination of individual anthocyanins as, on the one hand, it cleans the sample of interference and, on the other hand, it increases the concentration to up to 25:1.5. The developed method has been validated with a range of different grapes and it has also been tested as a means of determining the different anthocyanins in grapes with different levels of maturity.
Anti-Depressant-Like Effect of Kaempferitrin Isolated from Justicia spicigera Schltdl (Acanthaceae) in Two Behavior Models in Mice: Evidence for the Involvement of the Serotonergic System
Authors: Cassani Julia , Dorantes-Barrón Ana , Novales Lilian , Real Guadalupe , Estrada-Reyes Rosa
Published: December 2014

We evaluated the antidepressant-like effect of kaempferitrin (Km) isolated from the plant Justicia spicigera (Asteraceae), which is used in traditional medicine for relieving emotional disorders, such as “la tristeza” (sadness or dysthymia) and “el humor” (mood changes). The actions of Km were evaluated in a forced swimming test (FST) and a suspension tail test (TST) in mice. We explored the involvement of the serotonergic system and the hypothalamic-hypophysis-adrenal axis (HPA) in the antidepressant-like effect of Km. To evaluate nonspecific effects of Km on general activity, the open field test (OFT) was performed. Km at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg induced an antidepressant-like effect. Sub-effective dose of Km (1 mg/kg) produced a synergistic effect with imipramine (6.25 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) but not with desipramine (3.12 mg/kg). Pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (PCPA), a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, N-{2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl}-N-(2-pyridinyl)cyclohexecarboxamide (WAY-100635), a selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, and 8OH-DPAT, a selective 5-HT1A agonist, but not pindolol (10 mg/kg) blocked the anti- immobility effect induced by Km. Taken together, these results indicate that the antidepressant-like effect of Km is related to the serotonergic system, principally 5-HT1A. This effect was not related to changes in locomotor activity.
Distribution and Determinants of Plasma Homocysteine Levels in Rural Chinese Twins across the Lifespan
Authors: Ji Yuelong , Kong Xiangyi , Wang Guoying , Hong Xiumei , Xu Xin , Chen Zhu , Bartell Tami , Xu Xiping , Tang Genfu , Hou Fanfan , Huo Yong , Wang Xiaobin , Wang Binyan
Published: December 2014

Plasma homocysteine (Hcy) is a modifiable, independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is affected by both environmental and genetic factors. This study aimed to describe the gender- and age-specific distribution of Hcy concentration for 1117 subjects aged 10–66 years, a subset of a community-based rural Chinese twin cohort. In addition, we examined environmental and genetic contributions to variances in Hcy concentration by gender and age groups. We found that the distribution pattern for Hcy varied by both age and gender. Males had higher Hcy than females across all ages. Elevated Hcy was found in 43% of male adults and 13% of female adults. Moreover, nearly one fifth of children had elevated Hcy. Genetic factors could explain 52%, 36% and 69% of the variation in Hcy concentration among children, male adults and female adults, respectively. The MTHFR C677T variant was significantly associated with Hcy concentrations. Smokers with the TT genotype had the highest Hcy levels. Overall, our results indicate that elevated Hcy is prevalent in the children and adults in this rural Chinese population. The early identification of elevated Hcy will offer a window of opportunity for the primary prevention of CVD and metabolic syndrome.
Improved One-Way Hash Chain and Revocation Polynomial-Based Self-Healing Group Key Distribution Schemes in Resource-Constrained Wireless Networks
Authors: Chen Huifang , Xie Lei
Published: December 2014

Self-healing group key distribution (SGKD) aims to deal with the key distribution problem over an unreliable wireless network. In this paper, we investigate the SGKD issue in resource-constrained wireless networks. We propose two improved SGKD schemes using the one-way hash chain (OHC) and the revocation polynomial (RP), the OHC&RP-SGKD schemes. In the proposed OHC&RP-SGKD schemes, by introducing the unique session identifier and binding the joining time with the capability of recovering previous session keys, the problem of the collusion attack between revoked users and new joined users in existing hash chain-based SGKD schemes is resolved. Moreover, novel methods for utilizing the one-way hash chain and constructing the personal secret, the revocation polynomial and the key updating broadcast packet are presented. Hence, the proposed OHC&RP-SGKD schemes eliminate the limitation of the maximum allowed number of revoked users on the maximum allowed number of sessions, increase the maximum allowed number of revoked/colluding users, and reduce the redundancy in the key updating broadcast packet. Performance analysis and simulation results show that the proposed OHC&RP-SGKD schemes are practical for resource-constrained wireless networks in bad environments, where a strong collusion attack resistance is required and many users could be revoked.
Special Issue on “Medical Imaging and Image Processing”
Authors: Zhang Yudong , Dong Zhengchao
Published: December 2014

Over the last decade, Medical Imaging has become an essential component in many fields of bio-medical research and clinical practice. Biologists study cells and generate 3D confocal microscopy data sets, virologists generate 3D reconstructions of viruses from micrographs, radiologists identify and quantify tumors from MRI and CT scans, and neuroscientists detect regional metabolic brain activity from PET and functional MRI scans. On the other hand, Image Processing includes the analysis, enhancement, and display of images captured via various medical imaging technologies. Image reconstruction and modeling techniques allow instant processing of 2D signals to create 3D images. In addition, image processing and analysis can be used to determine the diameter, volume, and vasculature of a tumor or organ, flow parameters of blood or other fluids, and microscopic changes that have not previously been discernible.[...]
Mettre en pratique une autre idée de la démocratisation de la culture : le cas du panier culture
Authors: Kogan Anne-France , Anberré Alice
Published: December 2014

De nouvelles structurations sociales émergent pour répondre aux enjeux de démocratisation qui traversent le secteur culturel. Elles visent à réactiver les valeurs démocratiques via l’usage d’internet. Le cas d’un circuit-court de la culture créé en 2011, permet d’interroger la place d’internet dans la mise en œuvre d’activités co-créées entre des artistes et un public. Internet est un media qui opère tout au long d’un continuum d’espaces : public, ouvert, fermé, interpersonnel. La description du fonctionnement de ce « panier culture » permet de situer les difficultés liées à l’enjeu de la démocratisation aux interfaces de ces différents espaces.
Représentation du sens linguistique II
Authors: Person Cédric
Published: December 2014

Nous étudions dans cet article un des problèmes liés à l’implémentation informatique d’un modèle linguistique de la temporalité et de la modalité, celui de L. Gosselin (1996 ; 1999 ; 2000). Celui-ci se fonde sur une représentation avec intervalles. Nous étudions plus spécifiquement le rapport entre le procès et l’intervalle qui lui est associé. Le problème rejoint alors celui de la structure temporelle utilisée et débouche sur les conséquences pour la compréhension automatique d’un texte, et plus particulièrement l’extraction de la chronologie.
La formation professionnelle continue
Authors: Berton Fabienne
Published: December 2014

Résumé Le paradoxe de la situation française en matière de formation des adultes est né du fait d’avoir institutionnellement rattaché celle-ci au travail et donc à la responsabilité de l’entreprise. Il en a résulté l’occultation des initiatives individuelles de formation qui ont néanmoins pu se concrétiser à travers des dispositifs qui ont vu leur nombre et leur volume se restreindre au cours du temps. Si l’on interroge directement les personnes, celles-ci se déclarent pourtant à l’origine de leurs formations dans une proportion beaucoup plus importante que ce que laisse penser le comptage des dispositifs institutionnels de formation dédiés à cette catégorie. Or un contexte où l’autonomie des personnes devient une norme sociale nécessite la reconnaissance de ces initiatives individuelles afin de fournir aux individus les moyens de construire leur autonomie à travers leurs décisions en matière d’orientation professionnelle, de mobilité et de formation.
La formation professionnelle continue
Authors: Sellin Burkart
Published: December 2014

Résumé Ce chapitre 2 résume un projet mené conjointement par le Centre européen pour le développement de la formation professionnelle (CEDEFOP) et la Fondation européenne pour la formation (ETF)  2 entre 1998 et 2002. Dans le cadre de ce projet, des experts ont élaboré des scénarios et des stratégies pour adapter les systèmes et sous-systèmes de formation et d’enseignement professionnels aux défis actuels et futurs pour une période d’une dizaine d’années. La méthode des scénarios permet de mettre en évidence quelques-unes des tendances les plus importantes et les plus probables, en particulier ici dans le contexte européen. L’objectif de cette méthode consiste notamment à inciter les décideurs et les acteurs à prendre en compte, dans leurs décisions de tous les jours, non seulement les exigences de court terme mais également les conséquences prévisibles à long et à moyen terme. Cette méthodologie, appliquée largement aux différents niveaux décisionnels, peut aider à la mise en place d’une approche dont les caractéristiques souhaitées sont la durabilité et la « proactivité ». Une synthèse des rapports nationaux sur le Luxembourg et la Région wallonne de Belgique rédigés par Marc Ant (2000) et Jimmy Bedin (2001) est proposée en annexe.
Famille, culture et handicap
Authors: Latrouite-Ma Monia
Published: December 2014

Nous abordons ici le handicap dans la famille et la culture chinoises par le biais de la notion de « handicap » et de la façon dont elle est pensée dans la culture chinoise. Ce qui nous fait passer par une introduction aux deux dimensions fondamentales de la culture chinoise : la pensée déployée autour de la notion de tao et la démarche dite « confucianiste » établissant les règles de comportements sociaux. Nous pouvons alors suivre la question centrale qui oriente ce texte : que devient la notion de « handicap » une fois passée dans « la culture chinoise » ? Interrogation qui conduit à analyser comment la notion de « handicap » est représentée dans la pensée chinoise et donc dans sa langue. Pour ce faire, nous voyons quels idéogrammes sont utilisés pour indiquer cette notion dans la langue actuelle puis, pour en approfondir le sens, nous sommes amenés à en faire une approche étymologique en nous référant aux textes fondateurs de la pensée chinoise. Nous découvrons ainsi la notion chinoise de défaut s ous-jacente à celle de « handicap ». C’est alors cette notion de défaut que nous suivons à travers son utilisation subjective et les transformations qu’elle permet. Des références rapides au cas d’une patiente chinoise donnent corps aux processus présentés.
Mutuelles de santé et État de santé des populations au Cameroun : une enquête conduite dans la région du Centre pour estimer l'effet de l'adhésion à une mutuelle sur l'état de santé déclaré
Authors: Ndongo Jean Colbert Awomo , Mahieu Pierre-Alexandre , Nanfosso Roger Tsafack
Published: December 2014

Au Cameroun, les principaux indicateurs socio-sanitaires semblent montrer que l’état de santé des populations est relativement mauvais, notamment pour les ménages les plus modestes. Pour faire face à cette situation, les mutuelles de santé (MS) se développent. L’objectif de cet article est d’étudier l’effet de l’adhésion d’un individu à une MS sur son état de santé. Les principaux résultats de nos estimations économétriques montrent que le fait d’adhérer à une MS augmente d’environ 9% la probabilité qu’un individu se déclare être en bonne santé. Cette analyse empirique infirme les résultats obtenus par certaines études. L’originalité de cet article est de permettre une analyse quantitative de l’effet des MS sur la santé des populations dans ce pays. Ainsi, les résultats de notre étude suggèrent que les politiques de promotion et de développement des MS au Cameroun pourraient réduire les obstacles financiers à l’accès aux soins et à l’amélioration de l’état de santé des individus exclus du système formel de sécurité sociale.
Les partenariats multipartites pour l'aide à la santé : fondements et ambiguïtés
Authors: Barry Mamadou , Boidin Bruno , Yaya Sanni
Published: December 2014

Cet article étudie la pertinence des partenariats multipartites (PMP) dans l’aide au développement pour la santé. À partir d’une revue de littérature, d’une revue documentaire et d’entretiens effectués auprès de membres de partenariats, nous mettons d’abord en évidence l’argumentaire gagnant-gagnant et le discours éthique privilégiés dans la construction de ces partenariats. Pourtant, derrière ces principes, l’ambiguïté des partenariats multipartites est patente. Elle tient à l’absence d’objectifs clairs et à la nature relativement indéterminée des motivations qui président au lancement de ces initiatives. Le cas de l’initiative Roll Back Malaria illustre ces faiblesses.
Les véritables causes de l'état d'ignorance ..., Jean-François Boëly, 1806
Authors: Meeùs Nicolas
Published: December 2014

L’ouvrage publié par Jean-François Boëly en 1806, suite à l’adoption du Traité d’harmonie de Catel par le Conservatoire de Paris, a retenu l’attention surtout par son ton polémique. Pourtant, les points de théorie malheureusement à peine esquissés par Boëly ne manquent pas d’intérêt. En particulier, Boëly lie très fortement la fonction des accords à leur forme : accord parfait pour la tonique, « accord sensible » (c’est-à-dire de septième de dominante) pour la dominante-tonique, de « sixte dissonante » pour la sous-dominante et de « simple septième » pour le deuxième degré. On aimerait en savoir plus sur ce théoricien.
La « fugue phrasée » dans les écrits et les œuvres d'Antoine Reicha
Authors: Bernard de Raymond Louise
Published: December 2014

Si les fugues de Reicha et leurs originalités ont fait l’objet de nombreux articles musicologiques, le principe de « fugue phrasée » exposé dans le Traité de haute composition a peu été étudié. La récente publication des écrits inédits du compositeur permet de jeter un regard nouveau sur ses écrits théoriques bien connus : cet article commence ainsi par examiner la genèse théorique du principe de « fugue phrasée », depuis les Philosophish-practische Anmerkungen du début du siècle, jusqu’au grand traité français de 1824. Différentes pièces de Reicha sont ensuite analysées à l’aune de ce principe, fortement lié à la rhétorique verbale et à la question de l’intelligibilité du discours, qui semble unifier son corpus de fugues. Enfin, la question de l’interprétation des fugues de Reicha, pensée en lien avec leur analyse, est soulevée à travers un exemple pris dans le Quatuor scientifique .
Au nom de la volonté de rapprocher les services de la population ? Comprendre la création des nouveaux districts d'administration locale en Ouganda
Authors: Awortwi Nicholas , Helmsing A.H.J (Bert)
Published: December 2014

Bon nombre de gouvernements en Afrique, mais aussi en Asie et Amérique latine, ont créé de nouvelles instances d’administration locale dans le cadre de leurs politiques de décentralisation. La plupart des études sur la décentralisation portent cependant sur la répartition des attributions budgétaires, politiques et administratives entre les échelons de gouvernement et s’intéressent beaucoup moins au nombre et à la taille de ces instances d’administration locale. Celles-ci sont souvent considérées comme un accident de l’histoire, mais la réalité est tout autre. Dans le présent article, nous examinons cinq propositions concernant les raisons à l’origine de la création de ces instances d’administration locale et examinons leur pertinence dans le contexte ougandais. Nous verrons, dans notre conclusion, que la création des instances d’administration locale en Ouganda ne répond ni à l’objectif stratégique visant à rapprocher les services de la population, ni à la volonté de promouvoir la gouvernance démocratique participative. Cette pratique répond plutôt à une volonté du gouvernement central de remanier les circonscriptions en vue de forger une alliance électorale avec les circonscriptions de petite taille et d’étendre les réseaux néo-patrimoniaux dans le but de remporter des voix pour rester au pouvoir. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Les bailleurs de fonds et les praticiens du développement ont souvent exprimé leurs frustrations concernant les politiques de décentralisation et leurs résultats en Afrique subsaharienne car ils analysent la politique sur la base des intentions déclarées des gouvernements. Tant qu’ils n’auront pas compris l’économie politique de la décentralisation en Afrique, ils resteront perplexes non seulement face au décalage entre les objectifs stratégiques et les résultats, mais aussi face aux nombreuses raisons inexprimées de mettre en œuvre des réformes axées sur la décentralisation. La décentralisation peut être une façade derrière laquelle des pratiques relativement différentes se cachent. Dans beaucoup de pays d’Afrique subsaharienne, il s’agit d’un processus politique qu’appliquent les gouvernements au pouvoir dans leur intérêt personnel (ou qu’ils acceptent d’appliquer sous la pression des bailleurs de fonds là où cela leur fait le moins mal), et non pour donner suite à des déclarations politiques joliment tournées axées sur l’amélioration des services.
Learning to Think Like a Nurse: Stories From New Nurse Graduates
Authors: Etheridge Sharon A.
Published: December 2014

One aim of nursing education is to help students learn to be beginning practitioners, which includes making clinical judgments that ensure patient safety. Clinical judgments often determine how quickly nurses detect a life-threatening complication, how soon patients leave the hospital, or how quickly patients learn to take care of themselves. However, current research shows that new graduates do not perform well when making clinical judgments, despite having graduated from accredited schools of nursing and passing the NCLEX examination. This descriptive, qualitative study examined the perceptions of recent nursing graduates about learning to make clinical judgments. Graduates with baccalaureate degrees in nursing were interviewed three times in 9 months to determine their perceptions of how they learned to think like nurses. The results of this study should be useful in identifying strategies to help new graduates make the transition from students to registered nurses.
Developing Clinical Leadership Capability
Authors: Pintar Kristi A. , Capuano Terry A. , Rosser Gwendolyn D.
Published: December 2014

Nursing facilities must be committed to ongoing leadership development and to developing and retaining their staff in the increasingly competitive healthcare market. In this article, the authors share the processes involved in creating a focused small group approach to developing clinical leaders. Programmatic approaches to development, clarity of needs of those targeted for development, individual development plans, external expertise partnerships, and small group session dynamics are discussed. Applications of the process and lessons learned from the program will benefit others in their efforts to enhance organization succession planning, leadership development, group learning, and program administration.
Outcomes of Continuing Education in the Care of Children With Asthma for Pediatric Healthcare Providers
Authors: Cheng Yu-Fen , Hsu Ling-Nu , Yang Kuender D. , Yeh Shu-Hui , Shu Shu-Shung
Published: December 2014

In this study, the authors assessed the knowledge of healthcare providers regarding asthma care, examined the outcomes of continuing education for asthma care, and explored the relationships among demographic characteristics of the healthcare providers and the improvement in asthma care knowledge. Thirty-one pediatricians and 38 nurses in the pediatric units of a medical center completed a questionnaire before and after an asthma care program. Pediatricians and pediatric nurses provided correct answers to asthma care questions 84.45% and 61.97% of the time, respectively, before the program and 93.06% and 88.03% of the time, respectively, after the program, which was a significant improvement (
p
< .001). No significant correlations or differences were found between the changes in asthma care knowledge and the demographic characteristics of healthcare providers. Results from this study suggest that continuing education can improve the knowledge of asthma care among pediatric healthcare providers.
A Medication Safety Education Program to Reduce the Risk of Harm Caused by Medication Errors
Authors: Dennison Robin D.
Published: December 2014

A medication safety education program was developed and implemented to reduce the harm caused to patients by medication errors, specifically errors related to the intravenous infusion of high-alert medications. Participants were required to complete two 30-minute computer modules focusing on medication safety. Changes in the climate of safety, nurses’ knowledge and behavior, and the number of infusion pump alerts and reported medication errors were evaluated both before and after completion of the education program. A statistically significant change in knowledge regarding medication errors occurred, but there was no change in the climate of safety scores, the use of behaviors advocated in the medication safety education program to improve medication infusion safety, the number of infusion pump alerts, or the number of reported errors. It was concluded that there was a need for strong administrative support and follow-up to foster changes in behavior, which can lead to a reduction in harm caused by medication errors.
Unhinged: a memoir of enduring, surviving, and overcoming family mental illness
Authors: Iyer Varsha , Choi Brian , Bota Robert G.
Published: December 2014

Not required
A next generation sequencing of Arctic bacteria in snow and frost flowers: identification, abundance and freezing nucleation
Authors: Mortazavi R. , Attiya S. , Ariya P. A.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. During the spring of 2009, as part of the Ocean–Atmosphere–Sea Ice–Snowpack (OASIS) campaign in Barrow, Alaska, USA, we examined the identity, population, freezing nucleation ability of the microbial communities of five different snow types and frost flowers. In addition to the conventional culture-based PCR identification approach, we deployed a state-of-the-art genomic Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technique to examine diverse bacterial communities in Arctic samples. 11–18 known phyla or candidate divisions were identified with the great majority of sequences (12.3–83.1%) belonging to one of the five major phyla: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria. At the genus level, 101–245 different genera were detected. The highest number of cultivable bacteria in cultured samples was observed in frost flowers (FF) and accumulated snow (AS) with 325 ± 35 and 314 ± 142 CFU mL−1, respectively; and for cultivable fungi 5 ± 1 CFU mL−1 in windpack (WP) and blowing snow (BS). Complementary morphology and ice-nucleating abilities of the identified taxa were obtained using high resolution electron microscopy and ice nucleation cold-plate, respectively. Freezing point temperatures for bacterial isolate ranged from −20.3 ± 1.5 to −15.7 ± 5.6 °C, and for melted samples from 9.5 ± 1.0 to 18.4 ± 0.1 °C. An isolate belonging to the Bacillus species (96% similarity) had ice nucleation activity of −6.8 ± 0.2 °C. Comparison with Montreal urban snow, revealed a seemingly diverse community of bacteria exists in the Arctic with many originating from distinct ecological environments, and we discuss the potential impact of microbial snow in the freezing and melting process of the snowpack in the Arctic.
Validation of first chemistry mode retrieval results from new limb-imaging FTS GLORIA with correlative MIPAS-STR observations
Authors: Woiwode W. , Suminska-Ebersoldt O. , Oelhaf H. , Höpfner M. , Belyaev G. V. , Ebersoldt A. , Friedl-Vallon F. , Grooß J.-U. , Gulde T. , Kaufmann M. , Kleinert A. , Krämer M. , Kretschmer E. , Kulessa T. , Maucher G. , Neubert T. , Piesch C. , Preusse P. , Riese M. , Rongen H. , Sartorius C. , Schardt G. , Schönfeld A. , Schuettemeyer D. , Sha M. K. , Stroh F. , Ungermann J. , Volk C. M. , Orphal J.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. We report first chemistry mode retrieval results from the new airborne limb-imaging infrared FTS (Fourier transform spectrometer) GLORIA and comparisons with observations by the conventional airborne limb-scanning infrared FTS MIPAS-STR. For GLORIA, the flights aboard the high-altitude research aircraft M55 Geophysica during the ESSenCe campaign (ESa Sounder Campaign 2011) were the very first in field deployment after several years of development. The simultaneous observations of GLORIA and MIPAS-STR during the flight on 16 December 2011 inside the polar vortex and under the conditions of optically partially transparent polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) provided us the unique opportunity to compare the observations by two different infrared FTS generations directly. The retrieval results of temperature, HNO3, O3, H2O, CFC-11 and CFC-12 show reasonable agreement of GLORIA with MIPAS-STR and collocated in-situ observations. For the horizontally binned hyperspectral limb-images, the GLORIA sampling outnumbered the horizontal cross-track sampling of MIPAS-STR by up to one order of magnitude. Depending on the target parameter, typical vertical resolutions of 0.5 to 2.0 km were obtained for GLORIA and are typically by factors of 2 to 4 better compared to MIPAS-STR. While the improvement of the performance, characterisation and data processing of GLORIA are subject of ongoing work, the presented first results already demonstrate the considerable gain in sampling and vertical resolution achieved with GLORIA.
Dynamics and mechanics of bed-load tracer particles
Authors: Phillips C. B. , Jerolmack D. J.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Understanding the mechanics of bed load at the flood scale is necessary to link hydrology to landscape evolution. Here we report on observations of the transport of coarse sediment tracer particles in a cobble-bedded alluvial river and a step-pool bedrock tributary, at the individual flood and multi-annual timescales. Tracer particle data for each survey are composed of measured displacement lengths for individual particles, and the number of tagged particles mobilized. For single floods we find that measured tracer particle displacement lengths are exponentially distributed; the number of mobile particles increases linearly with peak flood Shields stress, indicating partial bed load transport for all observed floods; and modal displacement distances scale linearly with excess shear velocity. These findings provide quantitative field support for a recently proposed modeling framework based on momentum conservation at the grain scale. Tracer displacement is weakly negatively correlated with particle size at the individual flood scale; however cumulative travel distance begins to show a stronger inverse relation to grain size when measured over many transport events. The observed spatial sorting of tracers approaches that of the river bed, and is consistent with size-selective deposition models and laboratory experiments. Tracer displacement data for the bedrock and alluvial channels collapse onto a single curve – despite more than an order of magnitude difference in channel slope – when variations of critical Shields stress and flow resistance between the two are accounted for. Results show how bed load dynamics may be predicted from a record of river stage, providing a direct link between climate and sediment transport.
Modelling the role of fires in the terrestrial carbon balance by incorporating SPITFIRE into the global vegetation model ORCHIDEE – Part 2: Carbon emissions and the role of fires in the global carbon balance
Authors: Yue C. , Ciais P. , Cadule P. , Thonicke K. , van Leeuwen T. T.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Carbon dioxide emissions from wild and anthropogenic fires return the carbon absorbed by plants to the atmosphere, and decrease the sequestration of carbon by land ecosystems. Future climate warming will likely increase the frequency of fire-triggering drought; so that the future terrestrial carbon uptake will depend on how fires respond to altered climate variation. In this study, we modelled the role of fires in the global terrestrial carbon balance for 1901–2012, using the global vegetation model ORCHIDEE equipped with the SPITFIRE model. We conducted two simulations with and without the fire module being activated, with a static land cover. The simulated global fire carbon emissions for 1997–2009 are 2.1 Pg C yr−1, which is close to the 2.0 Pg C yr−1 as given by the GFED3.1 data. The simulated land carbon uptake after accounting for emissions for 2003–2012 is 3.1Pg C yr−1, within the uncertainty of the residual carbon sink estimation (2.8 ± 0.8 Pg C yr−1). Fires are found to reduce the terrestrial carbon uptake by 0.32 Pg C yr−1 over 1901–2012, that is 20% of the total carbon sink in a world without fire. The fire-induced land sink reduction (SRfire) is significantly correlated with climate variability, with larger sink reduction occurring in warm and dry years, in particular during El Niño events. Our results suggest a symmetrical "respiration equivalence" by fires. During the ten lowest SRfire years (SRfire = 0.17 Pg C yr−1), fires mainly compensate the heterotrophic respiration that would happen if no fires had occurred. By contrast, during the ten highest SRfire fire years (SRfire = 0.49 Pg C yr−1), fire emissions exceed their "respiration equivalence" and create a substantial reduction in terrestrial carbon uptake. Our finding has important implication for the future role of fires in the terrestrial carbon balance, because the capacity of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester carbon will be diminished by future climate change characterized by increased drought and more severe El Niño events.
Technical Note: Remote sensing of sea surface salinity using the propagation of low-frequency navigation signals
Authors: Astin I. , Feng Y.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. This paper introduces a potential method for the remote sensing of sea surface salinity (SSS) using measured propagation delay of low-frequency Loran-C signals transmitted over an all-seawater path between the Sylt station in Germany and an integrated Loran-C/GPS receiver located in Harwich, UK. The overall delay variations in Loran-C surface waves along the path may be explained by changes in sea surface properties (especially the temperature and salinity), as well as atmospheric dynamics that determine the refractive index of the atmosphere. After removing the atmospheric and sea surface temperature (SST) effects, the residual delay revealed a temporal variation similar to that of SSS data obtained by the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite.
Power over Pain: A Brief Review of Current and Novel Interventions for Endometriosis-Associated Pain
Authors: Ray Kristeena L. , Mitchell Brenda L. , Santanam Nalini
Published: December 2014

An estimated 10%-15% of women of reproductive age suffer from endometriosis and can be plagued with one or many forms of pain. It is no mystery that endometriosis is an extremely complex disease, with several factors leading to the predominant symptoms of infertility and pain. Although there are currently multiple options available for treating endometriosis-associated pain, none have the ability to completely relieve the symptoms. This review both highlights the current trends in treatment of endometriosis-associated pain and explores some novel options available for therapy directed towards oxidative stress, inflammation and nociceptive mechanisms of pain. A PubMed search was conducted to identify the most recent publications on the topic of pain associated with endometriosis, and further research was performed to clarify the mechanism by which current treatments target pain. Lastly, the authors include a review of pharmacological options at the forefront of endometriosis research. A more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms behind endometriosis-associated pain will ultimately lead to more effective treatments and improved prognoses for patients.
Dilemma as a Tragic Figure of Thought in Lucan’sBellum Ciuile
Authors: Pandey Nandini B.
Published: December 2014

This paper explores the role of dilemma in the rhetoric, plot, and metaphysics of Lucan’s Bellum Ciuile. In passages including Nigidius Figulus’ speech in book 1, the narrator’s outcry at the beginning of book 2, and some descriptions of battle, dilemma resonates with Senecan tragedy to create generic dissonances within the epic and polarize readers’ responses to Roman history. It also provides a model for decision-making that favors Caesar’s headlong embrace of the inevitable civil war over other characters’ equivocation.
De nieuwe Algemene Groepsvrijstellingsverordening
Authors: Saanen Nienke
Published: December 2014

De nieuwe Algemene Groepsvrijstellingsverordening

De nieuwe Algemene Groepsvrijstellingsverordening, die op 1 juli 2014 in werking is getreden, bevat een forse uitbreiding van de categorieën steunmaatregelen die niet door de Europese Commissie hoeven te worden goedgekeurd voordat ze ten uitvoer mogen worden gelegd. In dit artikel worden de nieuwe categorieën kort besproken en wordt stilgestaan bij de betekenis van deze nieuwe verordening voor de Europese Commissie, de lidstaten en de nationale rechters.

Algemene Groepsvrijstellingsverordening (Verordening (EU) 651/2014, Pb. EU 2014, L 187/1)