bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shading the truth: The patterning of adolescents' decisions to avoid issues, disclose, or lie to parents☆
Authors: Cumsille Patricio , Darling Nancy , Martínez M. Loreto
Published: November 2009

Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to examine the patterning of adolescents' strategy choice when discussing issues with parents in a sample of 1678 Chilean 11–19 year olds (mean age = 14.9). Adolescents reported whether they fully disclosed, partially disclosed, avoided the issue, or lied for six core areas that bridged personal autonomy and safety concerns. Five patterns were identified: two in which adolescents were likely to either share information about all issues or lie about them and three in which adolescents used a combination of strategies that included sharing some information while concealing other. Membership in the full disclosure class was highest among middle class youth and those who reported the highest obedience, legitimacy beliefs, parental agreement, maternal warmth and knowledge, and the fewest problem behaviors. Interestingly, adolescents in the Lie class reported both the highest level of parental monitoring and low maternal knowledge.
Did I Choose the Right University? How Post-Purchase Information Affects Cognitive Dissonance, Satisfaction and Perceived Service Quality
Authors: Mao Wen , Oppewal Harmen
Published: November 2009

This paper investigates the effects of post-purchase reinforcement and choice-inconsistent information, the latter of which arouses cognitive dissonance, on consumer satisfaction and perceived service quality (SQ). A field experiment was conducted in which university students are provided with university rankings information that is either consistent with their choice of university (choice-reinforcing) or inconsistent with their choice. It is found that provision of choice-inconsistent information affects neither satisfaction nor perceived SQ. In contrast, while not affecting perceived SQ, provision of post-purchase reinforcement does enhance satisfaction. The paper demonstrates this to result from a reduction in psychological discomfort regarding the choice made, which is the emotional aspect of cognitive dissonance. The paper also finds that both information conditions result in an increase in Word-of-Mouth behaviour compared to a control group. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
11C-PIB PET in subjective cognitive impairment
Authors: Rodda J. , Okello A. , Edison P. , Dannhauser T. , Brooks D.J. , Walker Z.
Published: November 2009

People with Subjective Cognitive Impairment (SCI) may be at increased risk of dementia. In this study we examined amyloid load in 5 SCI subjects and 14 controls using PIB PET scanning. One SCI subject had significantly increased PIB retention in the cortical areas of interest. Larger, longitudinal studies are indicated.
Study of the psychometric qualities of the Brief Social Phobia Scale (BSPS) in Brazilian university students
Authors: Osório F.L. , Crippa J.A.S. , Loureiro S.R.
Published: November 2009

Purpose

To perform a psychometric analysis of the Brazilian version of the Brief Social Phobia Scale (BSPS).

Materials and methods

Hundred and seventy-eight university students of both genders aged on average 21.2 years and identified as Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) cases and non-cases was studied, with the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV being used as a parameter. The different instruments were applied in an individual manner in the presence of a rater and of an observer.

Results

The BSPS showed adequate internal consistency (0.48–0.88) and concurrent and divergent validity with the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (0.21–0.62), Social Phobia Inventory (0.24–0.82) and Self Statements During Public Speaking Scale (SSPS) (0.23–0.31). Discriminative validity revealed a sensitivity of 0.88–0.90 and a specificity of 0.81(0.83 for cut-off notes of 18/19. Factorial analysis demonstrated the presence of six factors that jointly explained 71.79% of data variance. Construct validity indicated some limits of the scale regarding the diagnosis of SAD. Inter-rater reliability was strong (0.86–1.00,p< 0.001).

Conclusions

The BSPS is adequate for use with university students, although further studies in different cultures, samples and contexts are still necessary.
Caregiver psychoeducation for first-episode psychosis
Authors: McWilliams Stephen , Egan Patrick , Jackson Deirdre , Renwick Laoise , Foley Sharon , Behan Caragh , Fitzgerald Emma , Fetherston Alastair , Turner Niall , Kinsella Anthony , O’Callaghan Eadbhard
Published: November 2009

Introduction

International best-practice guidelines for the management of first-episode psychosis have recommended the provision of psychoeducation for multifamily groups. While there is ample evidence of their efficacy in multiepisode psychosis, there is a paucity of evidence supporting this approach specifically for first-episode psychosis. We sought to determine whether a six-week caregiver psychoeducation programme geared specifically at first-episode psychosis improves caregiver knowledge and attitudes.

Methods

Caregivers of people with first-episode psychosis completed a 23-item adapted version of the self-report Family Questionnaire (KQ) and a 17-item adapted version of the self-report Drug Attitudes Inventory (DAI) before and after the six-week DETECT Information and Support Course (DISC). Using a Generalised Linear Repeated Measures Model, we analyzed the differences in proportions of correct answers before and after the programme.

Results

Over a 24-month study period, 31 caregivers (13 higher socioeconomic; 13 lower socioeconomic; five unspecified socioeconomic; 19 female; 12 male) participated in the DISC programme and completed inventories before and after the course. Knowledge of psychosis and specific knowledge of medication treatment improved among caregivers overall (p < .01; effect sizes 0.78 and 0.94 respectively). There were no significant gender or socioeconomic differences in any improvement.

Discussion

This study confirms that caregiver psychoeducation specifically for first-episode psychosis directly improves knowledge of the illness overall and, in particular, knowledge of medication. Gender is not a factor in this, while the lack of any socioeconomic differences dispels the myth that patients in lower socioeconomic groups are disadvantaged because their caregivers know less.
Attentional networks in euthymic patients with unipolar depression
Authors: Preiss M. , Kramska L. , Dockalova E. , Holubova M. , Kucerova H.
Published: November 2009

Background

The capacity to focus and concentrate or to direct attention supports many aspects of cognitive functioning including short-term memory and higher-level cognitive functions. The purpose was to assess attentional networks in euthymic patients with unipolar depression using the Attentional Network Test (ANT).

Materials and methods

We investigated performance of attention by virtue of ANT during remission from unipolar depressive disorder and tested a hypothesis that there are no differences between outpatient group (euthymic patients, N = 32) and matched controls in attentional variables, the relationship of attentional networks and everyday cognitive failures.

Results

No differences between the groups in attentional networks were found and no relationship between attentional networks and cognitive failures was found.

Limitations

One assessment during remission could be insufficient to recognize long-term pattern of cognitive functions.

Conclusions

These data show non-impaired attentional networks possibly explained by sufficient level of remission and ameliorated influence of high education on cognition.
On the alignment of the purposes and views of process models in project management
Authors: Browning Tyson R.
Published: November 2009

A project manager makes decisions based on what he or she sees and understands. In large, complex projects (or programs), a manager cannot see the entire “territory” between project start and completion and therefore must rely on models or “maps” to support planning and decisions. When it comes to planning and coordinating work, project managers commonly use a variety of process model views such as flowcharts, Gantt charts, responsibility assignment matrices, and narrative descriptions. However, these views may not contain the right information to best support the purpose or decision at hand. This paper investigates the fit between model views (a kind of technology) and the managerial decisions (a kind of task) they support. Through analysis of the literature and case study data, this research identifies: (1) a set of 28 purposes for which managers draw upon process models for decision support, (2) a set of 15 views of process models, and (3) a set of 56 information attributes involved in supporting the purposes and provided by the views. The paper develops new measures of the sufficiency and extraneousness of the attributes for each purpose and view. Analysis of the evidence suggests substantial misalignment between managers’ purposes and tools. Drawing on task‐technology fit theory, the paper discusses the theoretical and managerial implications of these results and contributes a new construct, purpose‐view alignment, which may help explain project success in future studies. The paper also presents insights for researchers and managers on how to develop customized views that are more suitable for particular managerial tasks.
Rehabilitation Outcomes After Anoxic Brain Injury: A Case‐Controlled Comparison With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Cullen Nora K. , Crescini Charmagne , Bayley Mark T.
Published: November 2009

Objective

To investigate the functional outcomes of patients with anoxic brain injury (AnBI) compared with control patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) during inpatient rehabilitation.

Design

Matched case‐controlled design.

Setting

Inpatient neurorehabilitation program.

Participants

Fifteen patients with AnBI and 15 patients with TBI.

Methods

Data of 15 patients with a primary diagnosis of AnBI were retrospectively reviewed and matched to 15 patients with TBI admitted within the same time frame on age, acute care length of stay, and functional status at admission.

Main Outcome Measure

Functional outcome was assessed by the use of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM).

Results

Compared with the control patients with TBI, patients with AnBI achieved significantly lower FIM motor gain (16.3 ± 15.6 versus 5.7 ± 10.7, respectively) and efficiency scores (0.27 ± 0.28 versus 0.06 ± 0.13), discharge FIM cognition scores (25.9 ± 5.9 versus 21.7 ± 7.3), total FIM gain (22.5 ± 19.6 versus 9.1 ± 12.1), and total FIM efficiency scores (0.39 ± 0.38 versus 0.10 ± 0.16; all P < .05).

Conclusions

Results suggest a slower rate of recovery for patients with AnBI compared with TBI, with physical recovery being slower than cognitive recovery as measured by the FIM during inpatient rehabilitation when matched according to preinjury characteristics and functional status at rehabilitation admission. Future studies on larger samples of patients with AnBI and TBI that use a case‐controlled design and longer‐term outcome measurement are warranted to further clarify the differences in functional outcomes between these groups and to assess whether optimal rehabilitation interventions differ for these groups.
The Control of Worm-infestation in Sheep by Grazing Management
Authors: Spedding C. R. W.
Published: November 2009

1. A method of management of sheep at pasture is described which appeared successful in preventing reinfection by nematodes parasitic in the alimentary tract, with the exception of Strongyloides papillostts.

2. A significant depression of liveweight gain was observed, due to a sub-clinical infestation in lambs at pasture.

3. Reseeded pasture sown on land that had carried sheep 11 months before appeared to be worm-free.
A Routine Method for the Maintenance of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro
Authors: Robinson D. L. H.
Published: November 2009

1. The method of maintaining schistosomes in vitro is described in detail.

2. Observations made on cultured S. mansoni are given.

3. Investigation of glycogen content shows that there is no significant difference between the reserve of glycogen in fresh and cultured worms. It is suggested that the worms do not rely on their reserve of glycogen but can take up carbohydrate from the medium.

4. The method could be adapted for the culture of other helminths besides schistosomes.
Sur l'identité des espèces Rhabditis longistoma Stefanski, 1922 et Cylindrogaster coprophaga Goodey, 1927
Authors: Stefanski Witold
Published: November 2009

En 1927 Journal of Helminthology a publié une note de Goodey sur Cylindrogaster coprophaga gen. et sp. nov., provenant d'une culture des excréments de rat (Rattus norvegicus). La note donne une description détaillée de la nouvelle espèce, accompagnée d'excéllentes figures.
Parastrongyloides winchesi gen. et sp. nov. A Remarkable New Nematode Parasite of the Mole and the Shrew
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: November 2009

The species of the Nematode genus Strongyloides are of considerable interest to helminthologists and extensive studies on the biology of their life-history have been carried out by various workers. Their chief interest lies in the fact that the parasitic stage consists of hermaphroditic forms only, while in the free-living stage there may be a differentiation into males and females before reaching the infective stage. This alternation in the life-cycle is also exhibited by the allied genus Rhabdias, with the exception that, according to Railliet (1899) and Goodey (1922), certain species from the snake do not appear to have this differentiation in the free-living stage.
On Some Parasites of the Rusty Tiger Cat (Felis planiceps)
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: November 2009

In October, 1927, a rusty tiger cat, Felis planiceps, died at the Zoological Gardens, London, three weeks after imporation from the Malay States. An examination of the intestinal tract and of certain portions of the connective tissue revealed the presence of at least a dozen different species of helminths, embracing many diverse groups of worms. In the connective tissue, in addition, were a number of small oval cysts, somewhat resembling a trichina cyst in outline, but much larger in size and with a totally different structure. Fat globules were seen at the poles. It was not found possible to identify them but it is possible that they were parasitic in origin.
Observations on the Morphology of Syngamus of some Wild and Domestic Birds
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: November 2009

It has been shown that turkeys (Ransom, 1921, and Ortlepp, 1923) and starlings (Lewis, 1925 and 1926) play an important rôle in the distribution of gapes disease.
On a New Species of the Nematode Genus Oswaldocruzia from the Newt
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: November 2009

The following description of a new species of the genus Oswaldocruzia is based on the examination of a considerable number of specimens collected from the intestines of 80 newts caught at Aberystwyth. They were found to be equally common in the Smooth Newt (Molge vulgaris Linn.) and the Palmate Newt (Molge palmata Dum. and Bibr.).
On the habitat of Ælurostrongylus abstrusus, the lung worm of the Cat
Authors: Cameron T. W. M.
Published: November 2009

Ælurostrongylus abstrusus, discovered by Mueller in the lungs of cats in Germany, has since been reported from various other countries in Europe. In many cases the diagnosis has been based on the recovery of the characteristic larva but occasionally a few adults have been found. These have generally been isolated by teasing up the lung substance in normal saline and then searching through the fluid by means of a low-powered objective or a dissecting microscope. The technique adopted by the writer was to cut thin slices of lung tissue, to compress these between two ordinary glass slides, and to examine them with an inch objective. The larvæ could be easily found in the expressed fluid and adults could be noticed as dark masses in the lung itself. When seen, the adults were removed by means of dissecting needles.
Preface
Authors: Jones Justin
Published: November 2009

On 10–11 December 2007, a conference was held in Trinity College, Cambridge, in honour of Dr Rajnarayan Chandavarkar (1953–2006), at which a large number of his former doctoral students and closest colleagues offered research presentations. This special issue of Modern Asian Studies brings together a selection of these papers, revised and extended for publication. It is intended to offer a partial record of the event, and the breadth of research covered within these eight essays is itself testament to the diversity of scholars whom Raj influenced, and the wide array of subjects upon which his work has continued to have an impact.
Quantitative trait loci for resistance to Heligmosomoides bakeri and associated immunological and pathological traits in mice: comparison of loci on chromosomes 5, 8 and 11 in F2 and F6/7 inter-cross lines of mice
Authors: BEHNKE J. M. , MENGE D. M. , NAGDA S. , NOYES H. , IRAQI F. A. , KEMP S. J. , MUGAMBI R. J. M. , BAKER R. L. , WAKELIN D. , GIBSON J. P.
Published: November 2009

A comparison of F2 and F6/7 inter-cross lines of mice, derived from CBA and SWR parental strains, has provided strong evidence for several previously undetected quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to Heligmosomoides bakeri. Five QTL affecting average faecal egg counts and/or worm burdens in week 6 were detected on mouse chromosomes 5 (Hbnr9 and Hbnr10), 8 (Hbnr11) and 11 (Hbnr13 and Hbnr14). Three QTL for faecal egg counts in weeks 4 and 6 were found on both chromosomes 5 (Hbnr9) and 11 (Hbnr13 and Hbnr14). Two QTL for the mucosal mast cell protease 1 (MCPT1) response were located on chromosomes 8 (Hbnr11) and 11 (Hbnr13), two for the IgG1 antibody response to adult worms on chromosomes 5 (Hbnr10) and 8 (Hbnr11), two for PCV in week 6 on chromosomes 5 (Hbnr9) and 11 (Hbnr13), and two for the granulomatous response on chromosome 8 (Hbnr12) and 11 (Hbnr15). Our data emphasize that the control of resistance to H. bakeri is multigenic, and regulated by genes within QTL regions that have a complex range of hierarchical relationships.
Celebrating Tom's century – 100 issues of English Today
Authors: Algeo John , Bailey Richard W. , Cen'ien Evelyn , Crystal David , Cruz Isagani R. , Davis Daniel , Edwards John , Hashim Azirah , Honna Nobuyuki , Kachru Braj B. , Kachru Yamuna , Kirkpatrick Andy , Knowles Gerry , Lowenberg Peter , Moody Andrew , Mufwene Salikoko , Nunan David , Peters Pam , Romaine Suzanne , Saraceni Mario , Schneider Edgar W. , Seidlhofer Barbara , Smith Larry E. , Todd Loreto , Wales Katie , Walter Catherine
Published: November 2009

On the occasion of the 100th issue of English Today, scholars from around the world were invited to send their thoughts. Excerpts from messages received up to September 6th, 2009 are presented here.
The ET Column: Thoughts from Kolkata on English in India
Authors: Graddol David
Published: November 2009

One new feature of English Today in this issue, and for future issues, is The ET Column, where we'll be asking people in the know – academics, broadcasters, educators, linguists, teachers and others concerned with English worldwide – to write a column for the journal on issues of controversy, debate, work in the field, and matters of topical and immediate interest. In this issue, David Graddol is writing from India, where he's currently researching English Next: India.
Celebrating 100 issues of English Today and musing on museums
Authors: Crystal David
Published: November 2009

Looking back over 100 issues of English Today, and forward at the prospects for English language museums.

‘ET's success’, said a young-looking Tom McArthur in his first editorial, ‘will depend on keeping one's balance and getting all the ingredients right’. A hundred issues later, we can say with some confidence that he certainly managed it. At the time, I don't think anyone knew exactly what all the ingredients were. Now, looking back over the coverage of those hundred issues, we have a pretty good idea. Who would have expected the journal to be so diverse? There are 18 themes identified in the Index to the first 60 issues, published in ET61. Take a look at them in the panel. It is the extraordinary range of the subject-matter, along with its copious and often quirky illustrations, both textual and pictorial, which has given the journal its identity and appeal. The models we looked at when planning the journal, such as History Today, seem staid by comparison.
English in Slovenia: status, functions, and features
Authors: MeŽek Špela
Published: November 2009

Slovenia, like many former Eastern bloc countries, is now coming to terms with the increasing popularity of English.

Today English is the most widely used foreign language in Europe. It is used in business, education, science, the media, advertisements, music, graffiti, and in many other places, although its greatest use can be found in commerce, culture, science and education (Phillipson, 2003). The presence of English is felt more in some parts of Europe than in others, however. In the Scandinavian countries, for example, English manifests itself in all parts of society and the knowledge of English is so high that some consider it a second language (McArthur, 1996). In Eastern Europe, the acquisition and use of English has traditionally not been as widespread, although in recent years, the picture has changed greatly, as English has become more and more popular in what were formerly Eastern bloc countries.

In many ways Slovenia has been following the trends in other Central and Eastern European countries. The influence of English has been growing since the Second World War and in particular after the end of the Cold War. Its influence has intensified even more after Slovenia became an independent country. Today, Slovenes feel both cautious and enthusiastic about English. There is extensive legislation to protect the Slovene language, while at the same time there is a ‘certain enthusiasm for both “western” ideas and the world language, English’ (Schlick, 2003: 4).
Electronic English in Malaysia: features and language in use
Authors: Hassan Norizah , Hashim Azirah
Published: November 2009

In Malaysia, English on the Internet is creating its own hybrid variety.

The Internet has been described as not just a technological revolution, but also a social. Different modes of communication on the internet such as chat, blogs and Twitter are speedily overtaking traditional forms of communication for both professional and leisure activities. In response to the communicative limitations of technology, a unique form of communication has emerged involving the use of new word forms, structures and styles of expression.

This paper discusses the impact of technology on English in Malaysia by examining data samples from blogs, chats/instant messages (IM), e-mails and text messages. We highlight the distinctive features of Malaysian English users from different ethnic groups in this medium. Since Malaysians are generally bilingual and multilingual, we examine how and when different languages are used and comment on the innovation and creativity involved. It is hypothesised that technology impacts on this variety of English which has itself arisen from the globalisation of English, further shaping it, and thus giving rise to new blends and new styles of communication.
The craze for English-medium education in China: driving forces and looming consequences
Authors: Hu Guangwei
Published: November 2009

The problematic of the use of English as a teaching medium in China.

This paper presents a critical review of the Chinese-English bilingual education initiative from a sociological perspective. It consists of three major sections. The first section briefly discusses French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's (1986, 1991) theoretical work which informs the current critical review. The second section examines some of the major driving forces behind the runaway expansion of English-medium instruction. The final section analyses the implications and consequences of such instruction for China.
II. Description of the Ruins of Buddha Gáya
Authors: Hamilton Francis Buchanan
Published: November 2009

Buddha Gáya was probably, at one time, the centre of religion in India, and the residence of a powerful king. I am informed by the mahanta of the Sannyásís, who now possesses the great convent at the place, that when his predecessor Chétan Gírí came, which may be perhaps one hundred and twenty years ago, it was entirely overrun with bushes and trees; and the sect of Buddha, in its vicinity, may be considered as completely extinct. A few persons, indeed, come occasionally from distant countries to visit its ancient monuments. Last year (1811) a man of some rank, with several attendants, came from a country called Tamsa-dwíp-mahá-amarapura-paigú, sent by Mahá-dharma-rájá, in the sixty-seventh year of his age, a Cshatriya of the family of the sun. This is, no doubt, the king of the Burmas; and hence we infer that the old man, since the year 1795, when I visited his capital, has been induced to set up the doctrine afresh. In the year 1795 the priests of Buddha were seriously alarmed at the influence which the Bráhmans had then acquired.
III. Observations respecting the Small-Pox and Inoculation in Eastern Countries; with some Account of the Introduction of Vaccination into India
Authors: Ainslie Whitelaw
Published: November 2009

There was a time, when to treat of the small-pox must have been a task truly painful; when, alas! little more could be done than to trace its devastations and its horrors: but, thanks to heaven and the perseverance of the benevolent, those days are long past, and the subject can at length be viewed in a very different light. Relieved from the distressing office of but too frequently having to offer a vain consolation to a virtuous mother sorrowing for the loss of a darling child, medical men can now speak of the disease with far other feelings; with the same satisfaction, to use a metaphor, that is felt in painting the blessings of an honourable peace, which have succeeded to a long and disastrous war; or the joy of a private family, which has finally risen into comfort and security, through a protracted struggle of domestic affliction.
VI. Geographical Notice of the Frontiers of the Burmese and Chinese Empires, with the Copy of a Chinese Map
Authors: Davis John Francis
Published: November 2009

The great interest which now attaches to the geography of the Burmese empire and to its relations with the Chinese, seems to call for as much information as can by any means be procured on these subjects from different quarters. In the Chinese library of the East-India Company at Canton is a MS. map, chiefly compiled from the labours of the missionaries; and as its extreme accuracy can be vouched for with respect to those parts of the empire through which Lord Amherst's embassy passed, it is entitled to a degree of credit, which is not hastily to be awarded to Chinese maps in general. An exact copy has been taken from this map of the western part of Yun-nan province. Our latest geographical knowledge of the Burmese country is contained in a map recently published at Calcutta, with the permission of the Bengal government; and as that portion which relates to the Chinese frontier was likely to have been obtained from Burmese sources, it may be worth while to compare it with the Chinese map. As far as relates to the names of places, the Chinese character is the only sure guide within their own territory. Little accuracy can be expected from, or stress laid on, the names written by one set of strangers, the English, and obtained by them through the mouths, or the writing, of another set of strangers, the Burmese. Notwithstanding this difficulty, however, it will perhaps be found that a considerable degree of correspondence exists between the two maps.
X. Notices of Western Tartary
Authors: Davis John Francis
Published: November 2009

The late rebellion of the Muhammedan Tartars against the Emperor of China, by whose predecessor, Kien-Lung, they were subdued, in the year 1759, has given a fresh interest to regions which still remain very imperfectly known to Europeans. Père L'Amiot,* whom thirty years residence at Peking has rendered very capable of affording useful information relating to China and its dependencies, having placed at my disposal some notes concerning the above-mentioned countries, I proceed to subjoin a few extracts from them:
XII. An Essay on the best Means of ascertaining the Affinities of Oriental Languages
Authors: Humboldt William
Published: November 2009

I have the honour to return you Sir James Mackintosh's interesting memoir. It possesses (like every thing which comes from the pen of that gifted and ingenious writer) the highest interest; and the ideas which are so luminously developed in it have the more merit, if we consider, that, at the period when this memoir was published, philosophical notions on the study and nature of languages were rarer and more novel than they are at present.
XIII. Sketch of Buddhism, derived from the Bauddha Scriptures of Nipál
Authors: Hodgson Brian Houghton
Published: November 2009

“Soon after my arrival in Nipál (now six years ago), I began to devise “means of procuring some accurate information relative to Buddhism: “for, though the regular investigation of such a subject was foreign “to my pursuits, my respect for sci ence in general led me cheerfully “to avail myself of the opportunity afforded, by my residence in a “Bauddha country, for collecting and transmitting to Calcutta the “materials for such investigation. There were, however, serious “obstacles in my way, arising out of the jealousy of the people in “regard to any profanation of their sacred things by an European, and “yet more, resulting from the Chinese notions of policy adopted by this “government. I nevertheless persevered; and time, patience, and “dexterous applications to the superior intelligence of the chief minister, “at length rewarded my toils.
XV. On the Religious Establishments of Méwar
Authors: Tod James
Published: November 2009

In all ages the ascendancy of the hierarchy is observable; it is a tribute paid to religion through her organs. Could the lavish endowments and extensive immunities of the various religious establishments in Rajast'han be assumed as criteria of the morality of the inhabitants, we should be authorized to assign them a high station in the scale of excellence. But they more frequently prove the reverse of this position; especially the territorial endowments, often the fruits of a death-bed repentance, which, prompted by superstition or fear, compounds for past crimes by posthumous profusion, although vanity not rarely lends her powerful aid. There is scarcely a state in Rajpootana in which at least one-fifth of the soil is not assigned for the support of temples, their ministers, the secular Brahmans, bards, and genealogists. But the evil was not always so extensive; the abuse is of modern growth.
XVI. An Account of some Sculptures in the Cave Temples of Ellora
Authors: Grindlay Robert Melville
Published: November 2009

The accompanying drawings of some of the sculptures in the cave temples of Ellora were made in the year 1813 ; since which time, until very recently, they have been in the possession of the Honourable Lady Hood (now Mrs. Stewart Mackenzie), for whom they were executed : and I have availed myself of that lady's permission to make them public through the medium of the Royal Asiatic Society.
Japanese mimetic palatalisation revisited: implications for conflicting directionality
Authors: Alderete John , Kochetov Alexei
Published: November 2009

This article re-examines ‘conflicting directionality’ in Japanese mimetic words, a distributional pattern in which palatalisation is preferentially realised on the rightmost of two coronal consonants, but on the leftmost consonant in a word without coronals. Analysis of the original dictionary evidence given in support of this generalisation and an exhaustive search of the Japanese mimetic stratum reveal both several counterexamples to conflicting directionality and the fact that the datasets are far too small to support linguistic generalisation. The theoretical assumptions employed to account for Japanese mimetic palatalisation are thus re-examined, with a focus on clarifying the predictions for future valid examples of conflicting directionality.
Biological indicators of soil quality in organic farming systems
Authors: Stockdale E.A. , Watson C.A.
Published: November 2009

The health of the soil, recognized by its active role in the linked processes of decomposition and nutrient supply, is considered as the foundation of agriculture by the organic farming movement. Nutrient management in organically managed soils is fundamentally different from that of conventional agricultural systems. Crop rotations are designed with regard to maintenance of fertility with a focus on nutrient recycling. Where nutrients are added to the system, inputs are in organic and/or non-synthetic fertilizer sources that are mostly slow release in nature. Hence a greater reliance is placed on soil chemical and biological processes to release nutrients in plant-available forms. In this respect, nutrient availability in organically farmed soils is more dependent upon soil processes than is the case in conventional agriculture. The development and use of biological indicators of soil quality may therefore be more important in organic (and other low input) farming systems. The aim of this paper is to evaluate current evidence for the impact of organic farming systems on soil biological quality and consider the identification of appropriate biological indicators for use by organic farmers and their advisors. Organic farming systems are generally associated with increased biological activity and increased below-ground biodiversity. The main impacts on biological fertility do not result from the systemsper sebut are related to the amount and quality of the soil organic matter pool and disruptions of soil habitat via tillage. Even within the constraints of organic farming practices it is possible for farmers to make changes to management practices which will tend to improve soil biological quality. It is, however, by no means clear that distinct indicators of soil biological quality are needed for organic farming systems. It is important not only to identify the most appropriate indicators but also to ensure that farmers and land managers can understand and relate to them to support on-farm management decisions.
Rethinking sovereignty with reference to history and anthropology
Authors: Wachspress Megan
Published: November 2009

While legal practice and scholarship are driven by the use and understanding of complex legal terminology, there has been little effort to incorporate the humanistic scholarship of anthropologists and historians into theoretical or practical accounts of these words and their usages. This paper attempts to historicise and complicate a term that serves as a bridge or meeting point between the legal and the political; sovereignty has been conceptualised since the sixteenth century as both a framing device that produces unity within the state while establishing mutual equality within the interstate order, and as the capacity to make law without being subject to that law. Recent anthropological literature has challenged the personification implicit in political–theoretical definitions of sovereignty, arguing instead for a theory of sovereignty that can be applied to ‘complicated’, post-colonial contexts, where legal orders are plural or overlapping and the state is weak or non-existent. What such critiques cannot explain, however, is how the concept of the ‘sovereign state’ became so central to political discourse on a global scale. This paper draws upon legal historical case-studies concerned with the production of the colonial or post-colonial state or the deployment of ‘sovereignty’ as a justificatory concept in colonial settings. In doing so, this paper argues for understanding sovereignty both as a practice across time and space that organises legal institutions and as a justificatory strategy in the intellectual and social history of those institutions, an approach that allows scholars to draw upon the insights of political theorists, anthropologists and historians. While primarily intended to instigate a broader interdisciplinary conversation, this paper also suggests a preliminary conclusion: sovereignty has historically been deployed as a means of including that which cannot be considered the same, mediating the colonial tension between ‘otherness’ and legal homogeneity.
Buckets of Ash Track Tephra Flux From Halema'uma'u Crater, Hawai'i
Authors: Swanson Don , Wooten Kelly , Orr Tim
Published: November 2009

The 2008–2009 eruption at Kīlauea Volcano's summit made news because of its eight small discrete explosive eruptions and noxious volcanic smog (vog) created from outgassing sulfur dioxide. Less appreciated is the ongoing, weak, but continuous output of tephra, primarily ash, from the new open vent in Halema'uma'u Crater. This tephra holds clues to processes causing the eruption and forming the new crater‐in‐a‐crater, and its flux is important to hazard evaluations.

The setting of the vent–easily accessible from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)—is unusually favorable for neardaily tracking of tephra mass flux during this small prolonged basaltic eruption. Recognizing this, scientists from HVO are collecting ash and documenting how ejection masses, components, and chemical compositions vary through time.
Hazardous waste and air regulation compliance data released
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2009

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released, on 6 November, new information on the enforcement of hazardous waste and air regulations by the agency and states. The information includes new summary reports and data from 2004 through 2008 on federal and state enforcement program performance with Clean Air Act (CAA) and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) requirements. The agency also updated its Enforcement and Compliance Online (ECHO) Web site.

Information on facility compliance with water, air, and hazardous waste requirements provides the public with more information about the environmental footprint of each facility. EPA noted that the compliance data do not relate directly to overall hazardous waste management or air quality, which have improved in the United States over the past 30 years owing to the implementation of various environmental programs.
Pesticide levels decline in corn belt rivers
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2009

Reducing the use of pesticides is an effective and reliable strategy for reducing pesticide contamination in streams, according to a 9 November report by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), “Trends in pesticide concentrations in corn‐belt streams, 1996–2006.” The report found that from 1996 to 2006, concentrations of several major pesticides mostly declined or stayed the same in U.S. rivers and streams in the corn belt—a region that generally includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Ohio, and parts of other states. This region has the highest pesticide use in the nation. The study also found that the declines in pesticide concentrations closely followed declines in their annual applications.
Multiagency Initiative to Provide Greenhouse Gas Information: Global Greenhouse Gas Information System Workshop; Albuquerque, New Mexico, 20–22 May 2009
Authors: Boland Stacey W. , Duren Riley M.
Published: November 2009

The second Greenhouse Gas Information System (GHGIS) workshop brought together 74 representatives from 28 organizations including U.S. government agencies, national laboratories, and members of the academic community to address issues related to the understanding, operational monitoring, and tracking of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon offsets. The workshop was held at Sandia National Laboratories and organized by an interagency collaboration among NASA centers, Department of Energy laboratories, and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. It was motivated by the perceived need for an integrated interagency, community‐wide initiative to provide information about greenhouse gas sources and sinks at policy‐relevant temporal and spatial scales. Such an initiative could significantly enhance the ability of national and regional governments, industry, and private citizens to implement and evaluate effective climate change mitigation policies.
Understanding the Mediterranean Water Cycle: 3rd Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMEx) Workshop; Gouves, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 1–5 June 2009
Authors: Chronis Themis G.
Published: November 2009

The Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMEx) project aims for better understanding and quantification of the hydrological cycle and related processes in the Mediterranean. The main goals of the 3rd HyMEx Workshop were to promote a synergistic approach to (1) provide an in‐depth description of the Mediterranean water cycle, its variability, and trends; (2) understand how water cycle processes contribute to the regional climate; and (3) validate the regional oceanic, atmospheric, and hydrological models and suggest improved parameterizations.
AGU Council to Consider Three Position Statements
Authors: Landau Elizabeth
Published: November 2009

Two AGU position statements—on NASA issues and ocean research—are being revised, and one position statement written by the American Meteorological Society (AMS), about geoengineering, is being submitted to the AGU Council for consideration. In December, Council will vote on adopting these three statements as official Union position statements. AGU members have the opportunity to provide comments during the AGU position statement writing process.

The position statement panel revising the NASA statement (see box) has been charged with updating it to reflect current policy and budgetary developments of concern to the geophysics community. The statement is meant to reflect the recent condition of NASA's budget and missions and concerns about these matters in the near future. A separate AGU statement is aimed at the more long‐term subject of the role of the U.S. government in supporting Earth and space science research.
Opportunity to Nominate Candidates for the William Kaula Award
Authors: Albarède Francis
Published: November 2009

The William Kaula award recognizes unselfish service to the scientific community through extraordinary dedication to, and exceptional efforts on behalf of, AGU's publications program. Individuals may be recognized for such contributions as outstanding reviewing, editorial service beyond expectations, and innovative leadership. It is fitting that the award is named in honor of William Kaula, who gave unstintingly of his talents and energies to AGU publications. He served as editor of Reviews of Geophysics and Journal of Geophysical Research—Solid Earth, led the development of a number of policies and practices during his service on the Publications Committee, was a mentor to other scientists serving as journal associate editors and editors, and always pressed for higher standards for AGU journals.

In even‐numbered years, the Publications Committee selects a recipient, who will be recognized at one of the Editors' Evenings and through Eos. Past recipients include Alex Dessler, Marcia Neugebauer, William Hinze, and Karl Turekian.
The Environment in International Relations
Authors: Young Oran R.
Published: November 2009

In this lucid and well‐organized text, Kate O'Neill provides a survey of current thinking in the field of international environmental politics. To make her effort manageable, she approaches this task as an analysis of the “politics of global environmental governance” (p. 1). This approach has the effect of orienting the survey toward research on efforts to develop cooperative and lasting solutions to a variety of environmental problems.

The downside of this approach is a relative lack of emphasis on various forms of environmental conflict that lead to outcomes such as growth in the number of environmental refugees and the destruction of important ecosystems. But the virtue of the decision to focus on environmental governance is that it provides a coherent and easily understandable framework for the chapters that follow.
Ice‐sheet elevations from across‐track processing of airborne interferometric radar altimetry
Authors: Hawley R. L. , Shepherd A. , Cullen R. , Helm V. , Wingham D. J.
Published: November 2009

Interferometric Radar Altimeters (IRA's) use dual receive antennas to overcome one of the spatial limitations of pulse‐limited altimeters. In a conventional IRA measurement, the range and across‐track direction of a scatterer are determined using the phase difference between the antennas. We demonstrate a method of determining multiple elevation points across a swath orthogonal to the instrument ground track in regions of steep terrain, such as ice‐sheet margins. We use data from an airborne IRA (a prototype of the CryoSat‐2 instrument), and compare the results to simultaneous Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) observations. This application results in a 75‐fold increase in measurement density compared to conventional radar altimetry. Along a ∼2.5 km ground track, the RMS departure between the IRA‐ and ALS‐derived measurements was 1.67 m. Based on our result, although our approach is limited to areas of relatively steep slope, a 25‐ to 75‐fold increase in elevation measurements could be achieved in coastal regions of Antarctica and Greenland with similar processing of CryoSat‐2 data.
Importance of the mesoscale in the decadal changes observed in the northern Canary upwelling system
Authors: Relvas P. , Luís J. , Santos A. M. P.
Published: November 2009

Analysis of sea surface temperature (SST) time series since 1960 from existing data bases shows a generalized warming trend in the northern Canary upwelling system. The field of the satellite‐derived SST trends off Western Iberia was built at the pixel scale (4 × 4 km) for the period 1985–2008, revealing significant spatial differences in the warming rates. Weaker warming trends fit to the known upwelling pattern off the southern part of the Western Iberia, pointing out the intensification of this feature since 1985, particularly during the peak summer months. A more regular behavior is found further north suggesting significant decadal changes in the mesoscale patterns of the northern Canary upwelling system.
Infrasound observation of the apparent North Korean nuclear test of 25 May 2009
Authors: Che Il‐Young , Kim Tae Sung , Jeon Jeong‐Soo , Lee Hee‐Il
Published: November 2009

On 25 May 2009, a seismic event (mb 4.6) was recorded from a source in northeastern North Korea, close to the location of a previous seismic event on 9 October 2006. Both events have been declared to be nuclear tests by North Korea. For the more recent test, five seismo‐acoustic arrays in South Korea recorded epicentral infrasonic signals. The signals are characterized by amplitudes from 0.16 to 0.35 microbar and dominant frequencies between 0.8 and 4.3 Hz. Celerities determined for the arrivals suggest that most of the infrasonic energy travelled as a stratospheric phase. Based on observed stratospheric amplitudes, the epicentral infrasonic energy was estimated to be equivalent to that expected from 3.0 tons of high explosives detonated on the surface. We conclude that this small energy estimate is due to the atmospheric coupling from the strong surface ground motion rather than the direct transfer of explosion energy to the air. This relatively small infrasonic to seismic energy ratio could be used to distinguish the event from a common surface explosion.