bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(247) Genetic and Environmental Effects on Glucosinolate Content in Chinese Cabbage
Authors: Kang Ji Yeon , Ibrahim Khalid E. , Kim Doo Hwan , Kang Wha-Jeung , Juvik John A.
Published: February 2019

Gluconasturtiin is a glucosinolate (GS) present in Chinese cabbage and its breakdown product, phenelethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), inhibits phase I enzyme activation of endogenous carcinogenic compounds and enhances phase II enzyme detoxication, reducing cancer risk and promoting health in humans. This study was conducted to evaluate the interaction between the genotype and the environment to influence GSs in Chinese cabbage. Twenty-five accessions were grown in three environments and tissue quantified for GS levels by HPLC. While gluconasturtiin was observed to be the most abundant GS form, 3-indolylmethyl GS (glucobrassicin) and 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl-GS (neoglucobrassicin) were also found. Significant differences were observed among tissues, genotypes and environments in GS concentration and composition. Gluconasturtiin ranged from 0.56 μmol·g-1

DW in leaf tissue of Hau No. 2 to 11.89 μmol·g-1 DW in Chilsung. There were dramatic differences among different tissues of the same genotype with young leaf and root tissues having significantly higher concentrations of gluconasturtiin than other tissues. Gluconasturtiin in Sandong No. 5 ranged from 1.69 μmol·g-1 DW in mature leaves to 18.69 μmol·g-1 DW in root tissue. GS content of the same genotypes in three different environments indicated that plants grown in the greenhouse had higher GS content compared to field grown plants. Results of this study indicate that genotypic variation and the growing environment have substantial effects on GS content in Chinese cabbage. This investigation provides important information for future genetic and molecular studies and has identified Chinese cabbage genotypes that offer superior health benefits to consumers.
(423) Effect of Seed Radiography on Seed Quality
Authors: Tay David , Hu Xiaolei
Published: February 2019

Radiography is a simple and nondestructive technique to detect empty, immature, and insect- and mechanically damaged seed during seed processing and testing. However, there is a lack of information on the effect of X-ray on seed quality despite recommendations by the Association of Official Seed Analysts for testing agricultural and forest tree seeds since 1979. Two experiments were carried out using lettuce seed of Seed Dynamics, Inc. (No. 52694) and Faxitron MX-20 cabinet X-ray unit set at 20 kilovoltage (kV) for 20 seconds, a standard setting to observe many species of flower seeds. In both experiments, the focus-object distance was 34 cm with no image magnification. The treatments in Experiment 1 were 0 (control), 4, 8, and 12 times of X-ray exposures and Experiment 2 were 0 (control), 15, 30, and 60 times of X-ray exposures on non- and 5-hour imbibed seed. In Experiment 1, germination was done in 288-cell seedling trays in soilless potting mix under greenhouse conditions with four replications of 50 seeds per replicate to observe germination rate, and cotyledon and young leaf discoloration and deformation. Experiment 2 was analyzed using computerized seedling imaging system on germination paper to examine seed vigor and germination rate. There were no significant differences in germination rate in both the non- and imbibed seed in the two experiments. The mean germination rates were 77.75% in Experiment 1 and 94.81% in Experiment 2. No cotyledon and young leaf discoloration and deformation were observed in Experiment 1 and no significant differences in vigor index were found in Experiment 2. The conclusion is that there was no observable effect of repeated X-ray exposures up to 60 times at 20 kV and 20 seconds on a seed lot for both non- and imbibed lettuce seed.
(341) Weed Resistant Cowpeas: Experiments and Models
Authors: Wang Guangyao , Ehlers Jeff D. , Roberts Philip A. , Ogbuchiekwe Eddie J. , McGiffen Milton E.
Published: February 2019

Competitive cover crop varieties are needed to reduce weed problems and herbicide use. Identifying specific crop traits related to competitive ability would provide breeders with useful information that could be used to develop an ideotype for highly competitive cover crop varieties. Cowpea varieties with different growth habits were grown with sunflower or purslane to determinate which growth habit (erect, semi-erect, and prostrate) is more likely to be most competitive with tall or short growing weeds. Regression models were used to analyze additive and replacement series experiments. The results showed that erect varieties were more competitive with weeds than semi-erect varieties and prostrate varieties. However, the simple regression models did not provide much information about competitive mechanisms helpful to breeders. An ecophysiological model, INTERCOM, was used to understand competitive mechanisms. Validated INTERCOM model provided us with more information about competitive cover crop traits, including competitive growth habit.
(343) Weed Controlin Vineyard Following Fall and Spring Application of Selected Herbicide Combinations
Authors: Kadir Sorkel , Al-Khatib Kassim
Published: February 2019

Soil residual herbicides registered for use on grapes can be applied from fall to spring, before weed emergence. However, ample early-spring moisture and warm weather may enhance weed emergence before herbicide application in the spring and prevent timely application. Therefore, fall application of herbicides can be beneficial if herbicides would provide adequate weed control in the following spring. Warm and wet winters may enhance herbicide degradation and shorten herbicide residual activity that result in poor weed control the following spring. Fall and spring application of oryzalin or norflurazon applied alone or in combination with diuron, simazine, or oxyfluorfen were evaluated for weed control in commercial vineyards at Oskaloosa and Eudora in northeast Kansas in 2003 and 2004. Weeds were not controlled adequately with oryzalin or norflurazon applied alone. At the end of the growing season, however, weed control was greater with spring than fall application. In addition, weed control with norflurazon was slightly greater than oryzalin. Norflurazon or oryzalin applied in combination with simazine, diuron, or oxyfluorfen controlled more weeds than norflurazon or oryzalin applied alone. The greatest control was with norflurazon or oryzalin applied with oxyfluorfen. In general, all herbicide combinations applied in the spring and fall provided similar weed control 4 months after spring application. However, at the end of the growing season, weed control was 10% to 20% greater when herbicides applied in the spring than fall. This study showed that acceptable weed control can be achieved when norflurazon or oryzalin is applied with oxyfluorfen and diuron in the fall.
(362) Assessment of Woody Ornamental Plants for Resistance to Three Meloidogyne Species
Authors: Sharma Jyotsna , Rich Jim
Published: February 2019

Plants infected with Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematodes) often are stunted and lose aesthetic value due to chlorosis, wilting, and leaf margin necrosis. We assessed reproduction of three root-knot nematode species, Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica, on five plant taxa native to the southeastern U.S. The plant taxa included were: Hydrangea quercifolia `Oakleaf', Viburnum obovatum `Densa', Itea virginica `Little Henry', Illicium parviflorum, and Clethra alnifolia `Ruby Spice'. Three commonly grown non-native shrubs, Ligustrum japonicum `Texanum', Ilexcrenata `Compacta', and Buxus microphylla `Wintergem', also were included in the study to serve as susceptible, positive controls. Highest gall rating (10) was observed on roots of I. crenata `Compacta' infected with M. incognita, but highest number of eggs (6397 eggs/g of roots) was observed in plants of this cultivar inoculated with M. javanica. Few or no galls were observed on roots of the five native plant taxa, and nematode eggs were recovered only from roots of I. virginica `Little Henry' inoculated with M. arenaria and M. javanica (13 and 20 eggs/g of roots, respectively). Fresh weights of shoots or roots were not affected by nematode inoculation. Due to lack of root gall development and little or no reproduction on the native taxa, we conclude that these are resistant or immune to the three species of Meloidogyne and might be suitable for planting in infested soil.
(309) Effect of Chitin-incubated Solution (CIS) Spray on Tree Growth and Fruit Quality of `Niitaka' Asian Pear
Authors: Kim Wol-Soo , Jo Jung-An , Chung Soon-Ju , Kim Kil-Yong , Choi Hyun Sug
Published: February 2019

The shells of crab, shrimp, beetles, etc., could be decomposed by chitinase to chitin, calcium, and protein, respectively. We incubated the mixture solution of 1.5 kg crab shell, 1.5 kg multinutrient, 2 kg compost with microorganisms to decompose the chitin substance, 3 kg sugar, and 700 L water at room temperature for 7 days. During the incubation, aeration with an air pump was essential. We sprayed the chitin-incubated solution (CIS) after filtering to `Niitaka' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) trees at 15-day intervals from May to Sept. 2004. Leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf specific weight, and chlorophyll contents were increased by the treatment with CIS. In fruit characteristics, fruit weight, soluble solids, fruit firmness, and Hunter values “a” and “b”were increased by the CIS treatment. Flesh browning after peeling the fruit was delayed by the CIS treatment, and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activities were lowered.
(44) Postharvest Physiology and Quality of Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]
Authors: Wszelaki Annette , Deza-Duran Karla , Harper Carol
Published: February 2019

Pigeon pea is an important food crop for the Puerto Rican diet, as well as the economy. Pigeon pea ranks fourth in production among edible legumes in production worldwide. It can be consumed dried or as a vegetable (fresh, frozen, or canned). Canned, frozen, and dried peas are commonly used when fresh peas are no longer available. Due to the preferred flavor of fresh pigeon pea, it commands a higher market premium, selling for more than twice the price of the dried product. Although there is a great demand for this vegetable in Puerto Rico, virtually no research has been done on fresh pigeon pea postharvest physiology and its overall keeping quality. Baseline data on pigeon pea physiology, including respiration and ethylene production rates, soluble solids, titratable acidity, color reflectance, chlorophyll content, and responses to ethylene are presented here in order to establish the optimum storage temperature. Using this information, fresh pigeon pea consumption could increase locally, and exporting opportunities for shipping pigeon pea to alternative markets could be expanded.
(46) Foliar-applied Potassium: Effects on Muskmelon Quality, Sugar, Ascorbic Acid, and Beta-carotene
Authors: Lester Gene E. , Jifon John L. , Rogers Gordon
Published: February 2019

Muskmelonfruit[Cucumis melo L. (Retiulatus Goup)] sugar content is related to potassium (K)-mediated phloem loading and unloading of sucrose into the fruit. During fruit growth and maturation, soil fertility is often inadequate (due to poor root uptake) to satisfy the demand for K. Potassium uptake also competes with the uptake of Ca and Mg, two essential minerals needed for melon fruit membrane structure, function and postharvest shelf-life. Supplemental foliar-applied K could alleviate this problem especially during the critical fruit growth/maturation period. We conducted experiments to determine the effects of timing of supplemental foliar K applications on fruit quality and health attributes of orange-flesh muskmelon `Cruiser'. Plants were grown in a greenhouse and fertilized with a regular soil-applied N–P–K fertilizer throughout the study. Entire plants, including the fruit were sprayed with a solution of a novel glycine amino acid-complexed potassium (Potassium Metalosate, 24% K), diluted to 4.0 mL·L-1, 3 to 5 d after anthesis (fruit set) and up to 3 to 5 d prior to abscission (full-slip). Three sets of plants were either sprayed weekly, or bi-weekly or not sprayed (control). Fruit from plants receiving supplemental foliar K matured on average 2 days earlier, and had significantly higher fruit K concentrations, soluble solids, total sugars, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), beta-carotene, and were firmer than fruit from control plants. In general, there were few differences in fruit quality aspects between bi-weekly or weekly treatments. The data demonstrate that fruit quality and marketability as well as some of the developmentally induced K deficiency effects can be alleviated through foliar nutrition.
(194) Productivity and Quality of 14 “Saladette”-type Tomato Varieties under Field Conditions
Authors: Macias-Duarte Rubén , Grijalva-Contreras Raul Leonel , Robles-Contreras Fabián , Valenzuela-Ruiz Manuel de Jesus
Published: February 2019

In the north of Sonora, Mexico, it is possible to obtain high yields and quality in “saladette”-type tomato production in two cycles, spring and summer. However, seed varieties adapted to the temperature conditions of these seasons that have a high potential for quality and yield are needed. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate 14 varieties of “saladette”-type tomato (indeterminate). The evaluation was carried out in the INIFAP-CIRNO Experimental Station (Magdalena of Kino, Sonora) in Spring–Summer 2002 under field conditions, in furrows 2 m apart and three plants per linear meter (15,150 plants/ha). The date of seedling transplant was 29 May under a drip-irritation system. In the trials, we used a completely randomized design with two replications. We measured the yield, fruit weight, and shape. The harvest period was from 20 Aug. to 30 Nov. The results indicated that the highest yields were obtained from SSC-1020, `Brigade', `Azteca', `Purepecha', and `Yaqui' with 77.7, 74.8, 73.3, 71.8, and 69.7 t·ha-1, respectively. The lowest yields corresponded to `Rio Grande', `Silvestre', and `Fierce Rio' with 51.5, 50.4, and 36.9 t·ha-1, respectively. The highest fruit weights were from `Purepecha', SSC-1020, and `Yaqui' with 109, 108, and 102 g, respectively. The fruit shape was oval-square in all varieties.
(447) Response of Two Salt-stressed Cultivars of Sweetpotato to Changes in Calcium Levels under In Vitro Conditions
Authors: Potluri Devi Prasad V. , Nwami Nkechiyere
Published: February 2019

Two cultivars of sweetpotato, `Commensal' and `Salyboro', were subjected to salt stress using axillary bud cultures. The salt levels ranged from 0 to 10 g·L-1. After the initial experiments, levels of calcium in the medium were changed from 3 mm in the MS medium to 1.5, 6, and 12 mm. After 10 weeks of growth, plantlet shoot height, dry weight, number of nodes, levels of proline, soluble carbohydrate, and protein were measured. `Commensal' was tolerant to salt levels up to 4 g·L-1, but `Salyboro' was sensitive to concentrations of salt even at lower concentrations as evidenced by the growth and dry weight. Proline accumulation was higher in the shoot than in the root. The protein: carbohydrate ratios did not change much in `Commensal', but levels of carbohydrates increased in `Salyboro'. Reduction in calcium levels had a synergistic affect on salt-stressed cultivars. Enhanced levels of calcium reduced the inhibitory affects of salt stress. This was more pronounced in `Salyboro', which was susceptible. Proline levels were higher in plants subjected to salt stress and higher levels of calcium than controls, but lower than the plants subjected to salt stress. These and other metabolic changes suggest that calcium can reduce the adverse affects of salt stress in these two sweetpotato cultivars.
(449) Influence of Irrigation Frequency on Establishment and Growth of Ilex cornuta `Burfordii Nana' and Viburnum odoratissimum in Landscapes
Authors: Scheiber Sloane M. , Paz Maria , Gilman Edward F. , Moore Kimberly A. , Vyapari Sudeep , Beeson Richard C.
Published: February 2019

Landscape water consumption has become a prime target for water conservation and regulation. Imposing water restrictions during landscape establishment is detrimental to plants that have not developed sufficient root systems to compensate for transpirational water losses. Generally, municipalities regulate irrigation frequency but not application rate. Application frequency affects establishment rates of shade trees, but the effects on shrub establishment are not well documented. This study evaluated three irrigation frequencies during establishment of Ilex cornuta `Burfordii Nana' and Viburnum odoratissimumin a landscape. To simulate maximum stress, both species were transplanted into field plots in an open-sided, clear polyethylene covered shelter. Each species was irrigated either every 2, 4, or 7 days, and received 9 L of water per plant per event. Predawn, midday, and dusk water potentials were recorded at 28-day intervals and cumulative stress intervals calculated. Water potentials were taken the day prior to irrigation (maximum stress day) and the day of irrigation (minimum stress). Growth indices were also recorded. As days after transplant (DAT) increased, significant declines in cumulative water stress of Ilexwere found among treatments on the day of maximum stress. The 7-day treatment declined at a faster rate than the other treatments tested. No differences were found for Viburnum. No significant differences were found on the day of irrigation as DAT increased. Differences in canopy size were not significant among treatments for either species.
(453) Effect of Drought Stress on Growth and Secondary Compound Production in Greenhouse-grown Guayule
Authors: Veatch-Blohm Maren E. , Ray Dennis T.
Published: February 2019

As a native of the Chihuahuan desert, guayule (Partheniumargentatum Gray) has a history of dealing with low water availability. Agronomic studies have shown that increasing irrigation increases overall rubber yields, but decreases rubber concentration per plant. As water availability is an important factor in agricultural production, this study was conducted to examine how drought affects plant growth and secondary compound distribution throughout the plant. One-year-old guayule plants were subjected to water stress from June through August, in 2003 and 2004. The well-watered treatment was irrigated daily, and the drought-stressed plants were irrigated when the soil water potential reached 6 (0.6) or 3 (0.3) bars (megapascals) in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Plant growth was monitored by measuring height, width, and stem diameter. Fresh weight of shoots and roots was recorded at harvest, and a subset of plants were defoliated and used to determine leaf weight and area. Resin and rubber were extracted from dried and ground plant samples. Growth, leaf weight, and leaf to stem ratio were decreased in the drought-stressed plants compared to the well-watered plants. Rubber concentration, but not resin concentration, was higher in the drought-stressed plants. There were no significant differences in resin and rubber concentration in the leaves and roots of the different treatments; however, they were both higher in the stems of the drought-stressed plants. In guayule, rubber is deposited mainly in the bark parenchyma of the stems. The drought-stressed plants had a greater contribution of stem biomass to overall biomass and a reduced stem diameter with higher bark to wood ratio, which could account for the higher rubber concentration in the drought-stressed plants.
(454) Detecting Plant Stress by Chlorophyll Fluorescence
Authors: Al-Amier Hussein , Lussier Robert , Coler Ming , Stoltzman Margaret , Craker Lyle
Published: February 2019

The stress level in a plant may be directly associated with the intensity of the Kautsky effect (the sudden increase in fluorescence emission by chlorophyll following a dark adaptation). The decrease in photosynthetic efficiency, linked with the rate of photochemistry of plants under stress, provides a definitive signature (graphical pattern) that can be quantified and monitored, even for plants that have no visible stress symptoms. Using a prototype GrowScanner®, signature differences in plants under nitrogen and water stress, as compared with plants not under stress, could be detected and measured. Returning stressed plants to a nonstressed condition returned the stress signatures to that of control plants not under stress. Development of the technology may provide a relatively quick, presymptomatic methodology for detecting plant stress without sacrificing plant tissue.
(140) Survey of Student Perceptions for Course Delivery Methods
Authors: Moore Kimberly K. , Fitzpatrick George E. , Slane Jane E.
Published: February 2019

The University of Florida College of Agriculture and Life Sciences offers the Bachelor of Science degree program in Environmental Horticulture at the Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center (FLREC). Instructors at the FLREC deliver course work and course work is also presented using a variety of distance education (DE) technologies. These DE technologies include interactive video conferencing, videotape, and web-based courses. The question often arises as to how many courses should be delivered using DE versus live onsite instruction. This survey was conducted to ascertain how students perceive the quality of education they are receiving using a mixture of delivery methods.
(141) Blending Interactive Video Conferencing Classes with WebCT
Authors: McKenney Cynthia B. , Peffley Ellen B.
Published: February 2019

Teaching at a distance has many rewards and challenges inherent in its delivery. Interactive video conferencing has the advantages of having audio and visual contact with students during a set class period while having the disadvantages of scheduling multiple locations and keeping the equipment functioning at peak performance. Likewise, using a web platform such as WebCT provides a framework with excellent options to develop a course that is both audio and visually rich. This solution also presents its own difficulties as required textbooks change and the platform version may be upgraded. In this presentation, the advantages and disadvantages of both formats will be reviewed. In addition, helpful hints for blending these two teaching methods together to create a custom course will be discussed.
(146) Plantation, Beverage, and Tropical Nut Crops: Enhancing the Instructional Portfolio of the Horticulture Curriculum
Authors: Picha D.H.
Published: February 2019

A course entitled “Plantation, Beverage, and Tropical Nut Crops” was developed in order to expand the content and diversity of the horticulture curriculum at Louisiana State University. The course was designed for both upper division undergraduates and graduate students in the plant sciences. The course was intended to broaden the exposure of both domestic and international students to the world's most important plantation, beverage, and tropical nut crops. These crops are generally not commercially grown in the United States, but include some of the world's most economically significant commodities. The selected crops are typically not covered in existing horticulture or agronomy classes. Details of the individual crop cultural practices, harvesting methods, postharvest care, agro-processing, and international marketing are provided. The instructional materials were formatted for delivery via compressed video and transmitted to off-campus sites to afford the opportunity of long-distance learning to nontraditional students. The course was successful in attracting nonhorticulture students and facilitated interdisciplinary interaction among students from diverse curricula.
(148) A Lab Exercise to Enhance a Student's Understanding of Botany in Everyday Life using Fresh Produce
Authors: McCluskey Melinda McVey
Published: February 2019

Students are often unable to relate the vegetables and fruits consumed as a snack or part of a meal to the plant parts discussed in botany class. Therefore, an exercise was developed for an introductory horticulture course to increase a student's awareness of botany in everyday life. Fresh produce was brought in from local gardens, grocery stores, or farmers markets. Vegetables and fruits were selected that are consumed for their roots, stems, leaves, flower, fruit, and seeds. As each vegetable or fruit was introduced, students named the plant and plant part. As each part was identified it was “dissected” to show the taxonomic features. The different fruit types, i.e., berry, hesperidium, pepo, drupe, and pome were explained. Students were encouraged to taste all vegetables and fruits as they were prepared. Most students sampled the produce as it was passed around the group. Students easily recognized much of the produce, i.e., carrots, asparagus, tomatoes, peas, oranges, and broccoli. The second part of the exercise exposed students to vegetables and fruits that were unfamiliar. Most of the students had little exposure to the more exotic fruits and vegetables that are now available. New vegetables and fruits that students said they would add to their diet include jicama, pomegranate, and star fruit.
(93) Evaluating the Effectiveness of Prohexadione-Ca as a Plant Growth Retardant on Buddleia, Dianthus, Eupatorium, and Lilium
Authors: Lopez Roberto G. , Runkle Erik S.
Published: February 2019

Prohexadione-Ca (ProCa) is a relatively new plant growth regulator (PGR) that inhibits internode length in rice, small grains, and fruit trees. However, little is known about its efficacy and potential phytotoxicity on floriculture crops and how it compares to other commercially available PGR chemicals. The effects of two foliar spray applications (2 weeks apart) of ProCa (500, 1000, or 2000 ppm), paclobutrazol (30 ppm), or a tank mix of daminozide plus chlormequat (2500 and 1000 ppm, respectively) were quantified on Dianthus barbatus L. `Interspecific Dynasty Red', Ageratina altissima R. King & H. Robinson (Eupatorium rugosum) `Chocolate', Lilium longiflorum Thunb. `Fangio', and Buddleia davidii Franch. `Mixed.' All plants were forced in a glass-glazed greenhouse with a constant temperature setpoint of 20 °C under a 16-h photoperiod. Two weeks after the second spray application of ProCa at 500, 1000, or 2000 ppm, plant height of Dianthus and Lilium was shorter than control plants by 56%, 60%, and 65% and by 6%, 26%, and 28%, respectively. However, ProCa bleached and reduced the size of Dianthus flowers. ProCa at 2000 ppm and daminozide plus chlormequat were effective at controlling the height of Eupatorium (64% and 53% reduction, respectively); however, leaves of Eupatorium were discolored and showed symptoms of phytotoxicity 1 week after the first ProCa application. Only daminozide plus chlormequat were effective on Buddleia. ProCa is an effective PGR for most of the crops we tested; however, its discoloration of red flowers and foliage may limit its application for commercial use.
(98) Impact of Selected Insecticides on Gas Exchange, Vegetative and Floral Development, and Overall Quality of Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii var. `Festival Salmon')
Authors: Spiers James D. , Davies Fred T. , He Chuanjiu , Bogran Carlos , Chau Amanda , Heinz Kevin M. , Starman Terri W.
Published: February 2019

This research focused on the influence of insecticides on gas exchange, chlorophyll content, vegetative and floral development, and overall plant quality of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii var. `Festival Salmon'). Insecticides from five chemical classes were applied weekly at 1× and 4× the recommended concentrations. Insecticides used were: abamectin (Avid® 0.15 EC), acephate (Orthene® Turf, Tree & Ornamental Spray 97), bifenthrin (Talstar® Nursery Flowable), clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil (Triact® 70), and spinosad (Conserve® SC). Phytotoxicity occurred in the form of leaf chlorosis on all acephate treatments, with the greatest damage occurring at the 4× concentration. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were significantly reduced in plants treated with neem oil extract. Plants treated with the neem oil extract (1× and 4×) flowered later and had reduced growth [lower shoot dry mass (DM) and total DM]. Plants that received 4× the recommended concentration of neem oil extract had reduced leaf area, thicker leaves (lower specific leaf area), higher leaf chlorophyll content, and reduced flower production, as determined by flower number and flower DM. Plants treated with acephate 4× concentration were the lowest quality plants due to extensive phytotoxicity (leaf burn), which also reduced photosynthesis. The highest quality plants were treated with spinosad and abamectin due to zero phytotoxicity and/or no thrips damage (thrips naturally migrated into the greenhouse). The control plants and plants treated with bifenthrin 1× were not marketable due to thrips damage; however, plant growth characteristics and gas exchange were not statistically different.
(463) Grapefruit Crop Load Affects Net Gas Exchange of Leaves, Tree Growth, and Fruit Quality
Authors: Li Kuo-Tan , Syvertsen Jim , Dunlop Jill
Published: February 2019

Effects of crop load on leaf characteristics, shoot growth, fruit shape, fruit quality, and return bloom were investigated in 13-year-old `Ruby Red' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) on `Swingle' citrumleo rootstock. Trees were hand thinned in June 2003 and 2004 at the end of physiological fruit drop to establish three to four levels of crop load ranging from normal (high crop load without thinning) to extremely low (near 90% fruit removal). Leaves on high crop load trees had higher net assimilation of CO2 (ACO2) than those on low crop load trees. Crop load enhancement of ACO2 continued until harvest. In 2004, however, the effects were diminished in October just prior to the beginning of the harvest season, after leaf and fruit loss from three consecutive hurricanes. There was no difference in leaf dry weight per leaf area and leaf nitrogen among treatments. Nonfruiting branches of high crop load trees produced fewer, but longer, summer flushes than those of low crop load trees. Fruiting branches generally produced few summer flushes with similar shoot lengths among treatments. High crop load trees developed a greater percentage of vegetative shoots, whereas low crop load trees developed more inflorescences. Crop load adjustments did not affect fruit size and total soluble solid content, but low crop load trees produced a higher percentage of irregular shape (sheepnosed) fruit with high acidity.
(278) Virus Resistance in Orchid Plants Transforme dwith a Mutated Movement Gene of Cymbidium mosaic virus
Authors: Obsuwan Kullanart , Borth Wayne B. , Hu John , Kuehnle Adelheid R.
Published: February 2019

A Cymbidium mosaic virus movement protein gene with a site-specific mutation (mut11) under control of a ubiquitin promoter was inserted using biolistics into two Dendrobium varieties with the intention of creating CymMV-resistant orchids. Presence of the transgene in regenerated plants of D. × Jaquelyn Thomas `Uniwai Mist' and D. x Jaq–Hawaii `Uniwai Pearl' was confirmed by PCR using genomic DNA, and mut11-positive plants were potted ex vitro. Forty-two transgenic plants and four non-transgenic control plants at the 4- to 6-leaf stage were inoculated with a 1:1000 dilution of CymMV obtained from infected orchids. Plants were analyzed for systemic infection using tissue blot immunoassay (TBIA). Seventeen plants from at least six independent transformations remained virus-free, whereas all control plants were infected with CymMV within 1 month. Further analysis by RT-PCR showed that the mut-11 mRNA was detectable in only two of these 17 plants. All plants were challenged again with a second CymMV inoculation as above, followed by TBIA analysis after 1 month. Thirteen of 17 plants remained free from virus. A third challenge of these plants with CymMV as above was followed by TBIA analysis at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after challenge. Results at 2 weeks post-inoculation showed that all six controls and four individual transgenic plants, including the RT-PCR-positive plants, became systemically infected. Nine transgenic plants from both varieties remained free from CymMV 12 months after the third challenge. Lack of detectable mut11 mRNA in these resistant lines suggests that a post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) mechanism may be conferring resistance to CymMV.
(284) Characterization of the Genus Corylopsis
Authors: Roh Mark S. , Cheong Eunju , Choi Ik-Young , Yoo Eun-Ha , Kim Jae-Young , Lee Nam Sook
Published: February 2019

We investigated the interspecific relationships and intraspecific variations in the genus Corylopsis using RAPD and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the internal transcribed spacer1(ITS1), 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene specific in C. glabrescens Franch. & Sav. Differences in species identification between morphological characteristics and RAPD result were noticed in some accessions. All C. glabrescens, C. coreana Uyeki, and C. glabrescens f. gotoana (Makino) T. Yamanaka accessions clustered in one major group. However, they could be divided into five subgroups that are not related to the geographical origins. For example, C. coreana accessions from Korea were clustered with C. glabrescens from Japan. Although grouping based on SNP data does not agree with that by RAPD markers, it revealed the limitation in identification and classification of the genus due to high intraspecific variations in SNP. At SNP positions 464, 465, 466, 467, and 496, most accessions of C. glabrescens and C. coreana have C, G, A, A, and T, respectively. In both analyses, C. glabrescens, C. coreana, and C. glabrescens f. gotoana Japan are closely related and this suggests that nomenclature for these three species should be discussed. Although ITS1 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene can not be used for identification at a subspecies level of C. glabrescens, it proved to be useful to differentiate C. sinensisfrom C. sinensis var. calvescens. It is suggested to use C. glabrescens f. gotoana or C. glabrescens f. coreana rather than using C. coreana.
(177) Evaluation of Different Factors on Regeneration of Plantlets from Embryos of Cycas revoluta Thunb.
Authors: Rinaldi Laura M. R.
Published: February 2019

The micropropagation of Cycas revoluta Thunb. via somatic embryogenesis was tested on immature and mature embryos using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in combination with benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin. In addition, the effect of media manipulation on the induction of adventitious buds was studied to optimize culture parameters for the regeneration of plantlets via organogenesis from mature embryos. Schenk and Hildebrandt basal medium containing six different NO3-: NH4+ ratios (from 90:10 to 65:35) and BA at 9 μm was used. The development of induced buds occurred on the medium containing the identical NO3-: NH4+ composition without growth regulators. The effects of two IBA concentrations on the rooting of elongated shoots were evaluated. The treatment of immature embryos with 2.26 μm 2,4-D and 0.44 μm BA and that of mature embryos with 0.9 μm 2,4-D and 4.40 μm BA promoted growth of embryogenic tissue followed by embryo formation that failed to develop further. Bud induction was obtained through the whole range of NO3-: NH4+ ratios tested. Small decrease in these ratios affected subsequent differentiation and growth. Adventitious shoots obtained on 70% NO3- showed two-fold increase in height and diameter compared with those regenerated on 75% NO3-. Furthermore, 7% of the former produced at the shoot base adventitious shoots that have similar morphology to offset growing at the base of mature plant. The rooting percentage of shoots was low. Considering the difficulty in achieving somatic embryogenesis, these results suggested that among micropropagation techniques organogenesis can be applicable for production of Cycas, although rooting is still the limiting factor.
(205) Root Restriction Improves Nutritional Values of Hydroponically Cultured Leafy Vegetables
Authors: Seo Tae-Cheol , Chun Changhoo , Yun Hyung-Kweon , Rhee Han-Cheol
Published: February 2019

Edible chrysanthemum, pak-choi, endive, chicory, and lettuce were hydroponically cultured under root-restricted conditions in DFT systems and their growth and nutritional values were investigated. Cylindrical plastic tubes 100 mm tall and 20, 25, and 30 mm in diameter were used for root restriction. Growth of all the species was retarded, as the roots were restricted. Pak-choi and edible chrysanthemum showed the greater reduction in growth compared with chicory and endive. Percentage of dry matter, C:N ratio, and ascorbic acid and anthocyanin contents increased in the root-restricted treatments. Changes in mineral contents as affected by root restriction were not consistent among tested species. Optimized root volumes to improve the nutritional values and to reduce the retarding of growth varied according to species of leafy vegetables. Tubes of Φ25mm × 10cm and Φ30mm × 10 cm gave the best results in chicory, endive, and lettuce, and edible chrysanthemum and pak-choi, respectively. Results indicate that nutritional values of hydroponically cultured leafy vegetables can be improved by root restriction using plastic tubes.
(213) Effect of Shading on Yield and Composition of Fruit and Leaves of Greenhouse Tomato
Authors: Gent Martin P. N.
Published: February 2019

Tomatoes were grown in spring and summer in Connecticut in greenhouses covered with a double layer of 4-mL clear polyethylene film. Some sections were covered with reflective aluminized shadecloth that provided 85%, 70%, or 50% transmittance of direct radiation, respectively. This shading was applied in mid-June, after fruit began to ripen, and remained for the rest of the summer. Fruit was picked through August. A similar experimental protocol was used in 2003 and 2004. The maximum shading only decreased daily integrated solar radiation to 69% of that without shade, as measured by PARsensors set at a 2-m height in each greenhouse. Shading reduced yield of ripe fruit from 16.6 and 13.1 kg·m-2, proportional to the measured decrease in radiation. Neither fruit size nor weight fraction of marketable fruit was affected by shading in 2004. Nutrient content was analyzed in tissues of ripe fruits, and uppermost expanded leaves harvested in early August. As shading decreased transmittance, it increased the concentration of most elements in leaves. Total N, P, and K concentrations followed this trend; however, Ca was not affected by shading. Fruit dry matter content declined slightly, from 5.9% to 5.7% of fresh weight, for plants grown with no shade or shade with 50% transmittance, respectively. However, there was no significant effect of shading on K, Ca, Mg, or on minor elements in fruit tissue, whether expressed on a fresh weight or dry weight basis. Thus, shading a greenhouse to improve fruit quality had no effect on the value of ripe tomatoes as a dietary source of mineral nutrients.
(399) Amino Levulinic Acid Effects on Basil Competition with Slender Amaranth
Authors: Morales-Payan J. Pablo , Stall William M.
Published: February 2019

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the biostimulant amino levulinic acid (5-ALA) on canopy and root competition of transplanted sweet and purple basils with the weed slender amaranth (Amaranthusviridus). Before transplanting, basil plants were sprayed with an aqueous solution of 5-ALA (0 and 15 mg·L-1 a.i.). Basil and amaranth were grown in plastic 19-L containers either: 1) individually (one plant per container = no interference); 2) one basil plant and one amaranth plant together in the same container (= full interference); 3) one basil plant and one amaranth plant together in the same container, training the shoots apart to avoid canopy interference (= below ground interference); or 4) basil and amaranth grown in different containers set side by side (= above ground interference). When 5-ALA was not applied, full-interference from slender amaranth reduced sweet basil shoot yield by 33%, and purple basil shoot yield by 48%. Above ground interference from slender amaranth was about 65% of the total interference effect. Basil plants treated with 5-ALA were less affected by amaranth interference than untreated basil plants, but the magnitude of the 5-ALA effect was greater in sweet basil than in purple basil. 5-ALA increased the yields of weed-free sweet basil and purple basil by about 15% and 10%, respectively.
(401) Broadleaf Cilantro (Eryngium foetidum) Growth as Affected by Selected Organic Biostimulants
Authors: Morales-Payan J. Pablo , Stall William M.
Published: February 2019

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) extract rich in triterpenic acid (TTA), a seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) extract with cytokinin-like activity (CSE), and a mixture of amino acids and short-chain peptides from fermented animal tissue (APC) on broadleaf cilantro (Eryngiumfoetidum) shoot weight and leaf area. Aqueous solutions of CSE, TTA, and APC at various rates were applied individually on the broadleaf cilantro leaves 15 and 30 days after transplanting. Broadleaf cilantro leaf area and shoot fresh and dry weights were determined after harvest (60 days after transplanting). APC, TTA, and CSE significantly increased broadleaf cilantro shoot weights and leaf area as compared to control plants. Aqueous solutions of APC at the rate of 900 g·L-1, CSE at the rate of 50 mg·L-1, and TTA at the rate of 300 mg·L-1 resulted in the highest broadleaf cilantro shoot weights.
(159) The Impact of Interior Houseplants in University Classrooms on Course Performance, Course Satisfaction, and Student Perceptions of the Course and Instructor
Authors: Doxey Jennifer , Waliczek Tina M.
Published: February 2019

Many individuals and businesses enhance the central design of their homes or offices with living interior plants. While the aesthetic values of interior greenery are obvious, some research has suggested that interior living plants may offer some psychological and restorative values, such as reduced tension, better coping mechanisms, and increased concentration and attention. The main objective of this research was to investigate the impact of plants within a university classroom setting on course performance, course satisfaction, and student perceptions of the instructor. The study was designed to include a minimum of two classes of the same coursework, taught by the same professor in the same room. Three sets of two classes each, and ≈500 students were included within the study. Throughout the semester, the experimental class of students was treated by including an assortment of tropical plants within the classroom. Plants were not present in the control classroom of the study. A survey administered to each classroom of students at the end of the semester asked students to provide demographic data including class rank, gender, and grade point average. The professor for each course provided information on each student's grade for the course, as well as overall quantitative information on how well students were satisfied with the experience they had within the course. The results demonstrate value added to the classroom experience and help to justify consideration of the added expense of interior plants in meeting the goals of instructor and curriculum.
(17) TRAP Markers Help Categorizea Pelargonium Collection
Authors: Palumbo Rose , Hong Wai-Foong , Hu Jinguo , Krause Charles , Tay David , Wang Guo-Liang
Published: February 2019

The Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center (OPGC) maintains a collection of herbaceous ornamental plants in order to protect future breeders from a loss of genetic diversity. The current Pelargonium collection includes ≈870 accessions. Our preliminary studies showed that TRAP (Target Region Amplified Polymorphism) has promise for analyzing the variation in our collection, and so we have expanded the study to analyze the entire Pelargonium collection. We have used the same primers for this screening of the Pelargonium collection as were used on sunflowers, and TRAP results run on a sequencing gel showed 90–150 bands that segregate the population into groups of similar accessions. In order to facilitate analysis of OPGC's large population, we have converted the method to a high throughput technique that efficiently analyzed the entire population. We used a 96-well DNA extraction kit from Qiagen that produced high quality DNA in spite of the high phenol levels in some Pelargonium species. Also, the use of labeled primers allowed analysis of the gels to be aided by a computer. These results produce a categorization of the collection that, combined with morphology and taxonomy, will form the basis for future studies that will use target genes specific to Pelargonium.
(417) The Chilean Organic Wine Industry
Authors: O'Ryan Jorge , Ozores-Hampton Monica
Published: February 2019

The Chilean organic wine industry has comparative advantages with Europe and the United States because of its ideal environmental conditions, resulting in low presence of pests and diseases and lower production cost. Additionally, the wine production process is one of the strictest in the world, so the transformation from conventional to organic wine production can be achieved economically. A survey was conducted of 32 Chilean organic vineyards during 2004. The survey included 18 questions about total surface area, certification, varieties, final market, etc. The survey covered 95% of the land under organic wine production, with a total of 1892 ha, of which 1088 ha have organic certification and 804 ha are in transition to organic production. The major vineyards and valleys with organic wine production are Maipo (33.7%), Colchagua (17.2%), El Maule (14.0%), Curicó (9.9%), and Cachapoal (8.8%). The most important organic red varieties currently under production are `Cabernet Sauvignon' (40.9%), `Merlot' (15.1%), `Syrah' (9.1%), `Carmenere' (7.3%), `Malbec' (3.3%), and `Pinot Noir' (2.5%). The white varieties are `Sauvignon Blanc' (6.4%), `Chardonnay' (5.1%), and `Semillón' (1.0%). The potential for the organic wine industry in Chile is tremendous since organic vineyards represent only 2% of the total vineyard industry.
(221) Controlled-release Nitrogen Fertilizer Release under Field Temperature and Precipitation Conditions for Potato Production in Northeast Florida
Authors: Pack Jeffery , Hutchinson Chad
Published: February 2019

Potato production in the Tri-County Agricultural Area of northeast Florida accounts for nearly half of the state's $120 M, 18-K hectare annual crop. Concern over nitrate movement into watersheds from potato production have stimulated research into alternative fertilizer sources and practices. This study evaluated the potential of several controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) products to release nutrients over a 100-day growing season under field temperature and precipitation conditions. In 2003 and 2004, 6 and 3 CRF products were evaluated, respectively. Meshbags containing 3 g of product mixed with 200 g of soil were buried 15 cm below the top of the potato row. Meshbags were removed at 2-week intervals. Samples were dried and sieved to remove soil. Fertilizer prills were ground and mixed with DI water to dissolve residual fertilizer. Samples were analyzed for total N by the Dumas (combustion) method (2003) or for TKN (2004). In 2003, initial release (after 20 days) ranged from 23% to 85% for the six products. In 2004, initial release (after 9 days) ranged from 34% to 65% for the three products. In 2003, total N release from CRF prills after 104 days ranged from 72% to 99%. In 2004, total N release from samples ranged from 79% to 92% release after 91 days. The shape of the release curve described some release patterns comparable to water-soluble fertilizers while others exhibited sustained-release properties. If release characteristics are designed to match potato plant uptake requirements in time and quantity, CRF products may be used to reduce off-site N movement while maintaining potato production.