bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective Rhodium‐Catalysed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Linear Allene–Ene/Yne–Allene Substrates: Reactivity and Theoretical Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Haraburda Ewelina , Torres Òscar , Parella Teodor , Solà Miquel , Pla‐Quintana Anna
Published: March 2014

Allene–ene–allene (2 and 5) and allene–yne–allene (3 and 7) N‐tosyl and O‐linked substrates were satisfactorily synthesised. The [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction catalysed by the Wilkinson catalyst [RhCl(PPh3)3] was evaluated. Substrates 2 and 5, which bear a double bond in the central position, gave a tricyclic structure in a reaction in which four contiguous stereogenic centres were formed as a single diastereomer. The reaction of substrates 3 and 7, which bear a triple bond in the central position, gave a tricyclic structure with a cyclohexenic ring core, again in a diastereoselective manner. All cycloadducts were formed by a regioselective reaction of the inner allene double bond and, therefore, feature an exocyclic diene motif. A Diels–Alder reaction on N‐tosyl linked cycloadducts 8 and 10 allowed pentacyclic scaffolds to be diastereoselectively constructed. The reactivity of the allenes on [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions was studied for the first time by density functional theory calculations. This mechanistic study rationalizes the order in which the unsaturations take part in the catalytic cycle, the reactivity of the two double bonds of the allene towards the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction, and the diastereoselectivity of the reaction.
Out‐of‐Water Constitutional Self‐Organization of Chitosan–Cinnamaldehyde Dynagels
Authors: Marin Luminita , Moraru Simona , Popescu Maria‐Cristina , Nicolescu Alina , Zgardan Cristina , Simionescu Bogdan C. , Barboiu Mihail
Published: March 2014

An investigation of the constitutional adaptive gelation process of chitosan/cinnamaldehyde (C/Cy) dynagels is reported. These gels generate timely variant macroscopic organization across extended scales. In the first stage, imine‐bond formation takes place “in‐water” and generates low‐ordered hydrogels. The progressive formation of imine bonds further induces “out‐of‐water” increased reactivity within interdigitated hydrophobic self‐assembled layers of Cy, with a protecting environmental effect against hydrolysis and that leads to the stabilization of the imine bonds. The hydrophobic swelling due to Cy layers at the interfaces reaches a critical step when lamellar self‐organized hybrids are generated (24 hours). This induces an important restructuration of the hydrogels on the micrometric scale, thus resulting in the formation of highly ordered microporous xerogel morphologies of high potential interest for chemical separations, drug delivery, and sensors.
Trapping of Organophosphorus Chemical Nerve Agents in Water with Amino Acid Functionalized Baskets
Authors: Ruan Yian , Dalkiliç Erdin , Peterson Paul W. , Pandit Aroh , Dastan Arif , Brown Jason D. , Polen Shane M. , Hadad Christopher M. , Badjić Jovica D.
Published: March 2014

We prepared eleven amino‐acid functionalized baskets and used 1H NMR spectroscopy to quantify their affinity for entrapping dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP, 118 Å3) in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH=7.0±0.1; note that DMMP guest is akin in size to chemical nerve agent sarin (132 Å3). The binding interaction (Ka) was found to vary with the size of substituent groups at the basket′s rim. In particular, the degree of branching at the first carbon of each substituent had the greatest effect on the host‐guest interaction, as described with the Verloop′s B1 steric parameter. The branching at the remote carbons, however, did not perturb the encapsulation, which is important for guiding the design of more effective hosts and catalysts in future.
m‐Metallaphenol: Synthesis and Reactivity Studies
Authors: Han Feifei , Wang Tongdao , Li Jinhua , Zhang Hong , Xia Haiping
Published: March 2014

Treatment of the osmium complex [Os{CHC‐(PPh3)CH(OH)‐η2‐C≡CH}(PPh3)2(NCS)2] (1) with excess triethylamine produces the first m‐metallaphenol complex [Os{CHC(PPh3)CHC(OH)CH}(PPh3)2(NCS)2] (2). The NMR spectroscopic and structural data as well as the nucleus‐independent chemical‐shift (NICS) values suggest that osmaphenol 2 has aromatic character. The reactivity studies demonstrate that 2 can react with different isocyanates to form the annulation reaction products [Os{CHC(PPh3)CHC(OCONR)C}(PPh3)2(NCS)2] (R=Ph (3), iPr (7), Bn (8)) via the carbamate intermediates [Os{CHC(PPh3)CHC(O‐CONHR)CH}(PPh3)2(NCS)2] (R=Ph (4), iPr (5), Bn (6)). In addition, the similar annulation reactions can be extended to other unsaturated compounds containing N–C multiple bonds, for example, isothiocyanates, pyridine, and sodium thiocyanate, which can produce the corresponding fused osmabenzene complexes. In contrast, the reactions of 2 with common electrophiles, such as NOBF4, NO2BF4, N‐bromosuccinimide, and N‐chlorosuccinimide only led to the decomposition of the metallaphenol ring. The experimental results suggest that 2 is very electrophilic and readily reacts with nucleophiles, which is mainly due to the metal center and the strong electron‐withdrawing phosphonium group.
RhIII‐Catalyzed Hydroacylation Reactions between N‐Sulfonyl 2‐Aminobenzaldehydes and Olefins
Authors: Zhang Tao , Qi Zisong , Zhang Xueyun , Wu Lamei , Li Xingwei
Published: March 2014

Metal‐catalyzed hydroacylation of olefins represents an important atom‐economic synthetic process in CH activation. For the first time highly efficient RhIIICp*‐catalyzed hydroacylation was realized in the coupling of N‐sulfonyl 2‐aminobenzaldehydes with both conjugated and aliphatic olefins, leading to the synthesis of various aryl ketones. Occasionally, oxidative coupling occurred when a silver(I) oxidant was used.
Silent diffuse low‐grade glioma: Toward screening and preventive treatment?
Authors: Mandonnet Emmanuel , de Witt Hamer Philip , Pallud Johan , Bauchet Luc , Whittle Ian , Duffau Hugues
Published: March 2014

We show that people with a silent glioma have more chances to die from their gliomas than from another unrelated cause. This result, combined with the knowledge that diffuse low‐grade gliomas remain clinically silent for a very long period (>10 years), grounds the screening and preventive treatment of silent diffuse low‐grade glioma.
Practical color barrier‐free illumination for deuteranopia using LEDs
Authors: Tamura Shigeharu , Okamoto Yosuke , Nakagawa Seiji , Sakamoto Takashi , Shigeri Yasushi
Published: March 2014

Here, we propose a color barrier‐free illumination consisting of white, red, and blue LEDs for people with deuteranopia‐type defects in color perception. Color perceptions of 20 volunteers with normal vision and four examinees of deuteranopia were evaluated by both the Ishihara test for color blindness and the Farnsworth Panel D‐15 test under color barrier‐free illumination. The illumination was comparably effective, not only for discriminating between red and green but also for discrimination of the hues on a color chip continuously. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 218–223, 2015
Pharmacokinetics of rabeprazole granules versus tablets, and the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of rabeprazole granules in healthy adults—cross‐study comparison
Authors: Thyssen An , Solanki Bhavna , Gonzalez Martha , Leitz Gerhard , Treem William , Mannaert Erik
Published: March 2014

The primary objective was to compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) of rabeprazole granules versus rabeprazole tablets, and assess the effect of food on the PK of rabeprazole granules. Data from three phase 1, open‐label, single‐dose, randomized, crossover studies in healthy adult participants are presented separately and as a cross‐study comparison; study 1: PK of phase 1 rabeprazole granules versus rabeprazole tablets under fasting conditions; study 2: PK of phase 3 rabeprazole granules versus phase 1 rabeprazole granules; study 3: bioequivalence of to‐be‐marketed rabeprazole granules (sprinkle capsules) versus phase 3 rabeprazole granules; and assessment of the food effect for the to‐be‐marketed rabeprazole granules. Overall, 123 of 130 participants enrolled completed the studies. The overall plasma exposure as measured by area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) was comparable between rabeprazole granules and tablets; mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was lower for the granules compared with tablets. The plasma elimination half‐life was short and independent of formulation. Food intake prior to administration of the to‐be‐marketed granules delayed the absorption and reduced the estimated parameters for bioavailability by 55% (Cmax) and 28% (AUCinf). Rabeprazole was well‐tolerated.
Low Effective Activation Energies for Oxygen Release from Metal Oxides: Evidence for Mass‐Transfer Limits at High Heating Rates
Authors: Jian Guoqiang , Zhou Lei , Piekiel Nicholas W. , Zachariah Michael R.
Published: March 2014

Oxygen release from metal oxides at high temperatures is relevant to many thermally activated chemical processes, including chemical‐looping combustion, solar thermochemical cycles and energetic thermite reactions. In this study, we evaluated the thermal decomposition of nanosized metal oxides under rapid heating (∼105 K s−1) with time‐resolved mass spectrometry. We found that the effective activation‐energy values that were obtained using the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa isoconversional method are much lower than the values found at low heating rates, indicating that oxygen transport might be rate‐determining at a high heating rate.
Sol–Gel Titanium Dioxide Blocking Layers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: Electrochemical Characterization
Authors: Kavan Ladislav , Zukalova Marketa , Vik Ondrej , Havlicek David
Published: March 2014

Compact, thin TiO2 films are grown on F‐doped SnO2 (FTO) by dip‐coating from precursor solutions containing poly(hexafluorobutyl methacrylate) or hexafluorobutyl methacrylate as the structure‐directing agents. The films are quasi‐amorphous, but crystallize to TiO2 (anatase) upon heat treatment at 500 °C in air. Cyclic voltammetry experiments performed using Fe(CN)63−/4− or spiro‐OMeTAD as model redox probes selectively indicate the pinholes, if any, in the layer. The pinhole‐free films on FTO represent an excellent rectifying interface at which no anodic faradaic reactions occur in the depletion state. The flat‐band potentials of the as‐grown films are upshifted by 0.2–0.4 V against the values predicted for a perfect anatase single‐crystal surface, but they still follow the Nernstian pH dependence. The optimized buffer layer is characterized by a combination of quasi‐amorphous morphology (which is responsible for the blocking function) and calcination‐induced crystallinity (which leads to fast electron injection and electron transport in the conduction band). The latter manifests itself by a reversible charging of the chemical capacitance of TiO2 in its accumulation state. The capacitive‐charging capability and pinhole formation significantly depend on the post‐deposition heat treatment.
Anticancer Activity of Half‐Sandwich RhIII and IrIII Metalla‐Prisms Containing Lipophilic Side Chains
Authors: Gupta Gajendra , Mahesh Kumar Jerald , Garci Amine , Rangaraj Nandini , Nagesh Narayana , Therrien Bruno
Published: March 2014

Two hexacationic pentamethylcyclopentadienyl rhodium(III) and iridium(III) metalla‐prisms, [(η5‐C5Me5)6M6(μ3‐tpt‐κN)2(μ4‐C6HRO4‐κO)3]6+ (tpt=2,4,6‐tri‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)‐1,3,5‐triazine; R=(CH2)10CH3; M=Rh, [3]6+; M=Ir, [4]6+) isolated as their triflate salts, have been synthesised from the dinuclear complexes (η5‐C5Me5)2M2(μ4‐C6HRO4‐κO)Cl2 (M=Rh, 1; M=Ir, 2) and AgCF3SO3. The antiproliferative activity of the neutral and cationic complexes has been evaluated in vitro in human cancer cell lines. The positively charged metalla‐prisms appear to target mitochondria, which ultimately induce apoptosis in cancer cells. All biological studies suggest that the rhodium derivative [3][CF3SO3]6 possesses excellent activities, not only in vitro but also in vivo in tumour‐induced C57L6/J mice.
Influencing the Orientation of Jahn–Teller Axes in Butterfly‐Like MnIII4 Clusters
Authors: McLellan Ross , Palacios Maria A. , Brechin Euan K. , Dalgarno Scott J.
Published: March 2014

A bis‐phenolate that has structural similarities to both calix[4]arene and the oxacalix[n]arenes provides access to a “butterfly”‐like Mn4 cluster in which all metals are in the oxidation state+3. Specific properties of this ligand, in comparison to others in the literature, offer a route to influencing the orientation of the Jahn–Teller axes within this cluster motif, which possesses a rare oxidation state arrangement.
Renewable and Functional Wood Materials by Grafting Polymerization Within Cell Walls
Authors: Cabane Etienne , Keplinger Tobias , Merk Vivian , Hass Philipp , Burgert Ingo
Published: March 2014

A “grafting‐from” polymerization approach within and at the complex and heterogeneous macromolecular assembly of wood cell walls is shown. The approach allows for the implementation of novel functionalities in renewable and functional wood‐based materials. The native wood structure is retained and used as a hierarchical multiscale framework for a modular two‐step polymerization process. The versatility and potential of the approach is shown by a polymerization of either hydrophobic or hydrophilic and pH‐responsive monomers in the wood structure. Characterization of the modified wood reveals the presence of polymer in the cell wall, and the new properties of these wood materials are discussed.
Kitchen chemistry: A scoping review of the diversionary use of pharmaceuticals for non‐medicinal use and home production of drug solutions
Authors: Van Hout Marie Claire
Published: March 2014

Misuse of pharmaceuticals is of increasing drug policy and public health concern. A scoping review was conducted on the diversionary use of pharmaceuticals for non‐medicinal use and home production of drug solutions. The research question was broad: What is known from the existing literature about the diversion of pharmaceuticals for non‐medicinal use and for home production of drug solutions? The scoping process centred on the systematic selection, collection, and summarization of extant knowledge within this broad thematic remit. One hundred and thirty‐four records were grouped into discrete thematic categories namely: non medicinal use and tampering with pharmaceuticals, oral misuse of codeine cough syrups, homemade drug solutions, and home‐produced drug‐related harms in the narrative review design. Forms of abuse of codeine cough syrup include mixtures with alcohol or soft drinks (‘Purple Drank’), with kratom leaves (‘Kratom cocktails’), or chemically altered to extract dextromorphan (‘Lemon Drop’). Production of homemade opiates (‘Cheornaya’, ‘Kolyosa’, Himiya’, ‘Braun’, ‘Krokodil’), methamphetamine (‘Vint’, ‘Pervitin’), methcathinone (‘Jeff’), and cathinone (‘Boltushka’) are described. Displacement patterns between the non‐medical use of pharmaceuticals, commercial, and homemade drugs appear dependent on availability of opiates, prescribing practices, supervision of substitution drug dosing, availability of cheap ingredients, policing, and awareness of harms. Adverse health and social consequences relate to the use of unknown and contaminated (end) substances, injecting practices, redosing, medical complications, and death. The review highlights a public health imperative requiring a multidisciplinary approach to quantify potential impact and required integrated policy responses incorporating international regulation, enforcement, health surveillance and service delivery. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron(III)‐Catalyzed Denitration Reaction: One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine Derivatives
Authors: Yan Hao , Wang Yuling , Pan Congming , Zhang Hao , Yang Sizhuo , Ren Xiaoyu , Li Jian , Huang Guosheng
Published: March 2014

An iron(III)‐catalyzed one‐pot three‐component cross‐coupling nitration reaction of 2‐aminopyridines, aldehydes and nitroalkanes, straightforwardly forms imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine derivatives and is described in this report. The system shows good functional‐group tolerance and proceeds smoothly in moderate to good yields.
Construction of an Amperometric Glucose Biosensor by Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase on Nanocomposite at the Surface of FTO Electrode
Authors: Marand Zahra Rezay , Shahtahmassebi Nasser , Housaindokht Mohammad Reza , Rounaghi Golam Hossien , Razavipanah Iman
Published: March 2014

Fluorinetin oxide (FTO) nanostructure was developed on the surface of a glass plate using spray payroliziz method. A new electrochemical biosensor was fabricated based on a layer by layer process. In this process chitosanFe3O4 (CHFe3O4) nanocomposite film was prepared at the surface of FTO electrode by dipcoating method. In the next step, the glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized on the CHFe3O4/FTO nanocomposite electrode. The GOx/CHFe3O4/FTO bioelectrode has a linear range of 10–270 µM and a detection limit of 5 µM. The highest sensitivity was obtained at 1.2 µA mM−1 cm−2.
Discovery of human urinary biomarkers of aronia‐citrus juice intake by HPLC‐q‐TOF‐based metabolomic approach
Authors: Llorach Rafael , Medina Sonia , García‐Viguera Cristina , Zafrilla Pilar , Abellán José , Jauregui Olga , Tomás‐Barberán Francisco A. , Gil‐Izquierdo Angel , Andrés‐Lacueva Cristina
Published: March 2014

Metabolomics has emerged in the field of food and nutrition sciences as a powerful tool for doing profiling approaches. In this context, HPLC‐q‐TOF‐based metabolomics approach was applied to unveil changes in the urinary metabolome in human subjects (n = 51, 23 men and 28 women) after regular aronia‐citrus juice (AC‐juice) intake (250 mL/day) during 16 weeks compared to individuals given a placebo beverage. Samples were analyzed by HPLC‐q‐TOF followed by multivariate data analysis (orthogonal signal filtering‐partial least square discriminant analysis) that discriminated relevant mass features related to AC‐juice intake. The results showed that biomarkers of AC‐juice intake including metabolites coming from metabolism of food components as proline betaine, ferulic acid, and two unknown mercapturate derivatives were identified. Discovery of new biomarkers of food intake will help in the building up of the food metabolome and facilitate future insights into the mechanisms of action of dietary components in population health.
Cervical esophageal cancer: A population‐based study
Authors: Grass G. Daniel , Cooper S. Lewis , Armeson Kent , Garrett–Mayer Elizabeth , Sharma Anand
Published: March 2014

Background

The purpose of this study was to present our analysis of outcomes, prognostic factors, and treatment for cervical esophageal carcinoma using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.

Methods

A query of the SEER database from 1998 to 2008 was performed for patients with nonmetastatic adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervical esophagus. Disease‐specific survival (DSS) rates were calculated using Kaplan–Meier method, and predictive factors were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results

We identified 362 patients; 92% of the patients had SCC, 16% received no definitive therapy, 5% received surgery, 71% received radiation therapy (RT), and 8% received both. Chemotherapy data were not available. Median DSS was 49 months for adenocarcinoma and 15 months for SCC. On multivariate analysis, histology (p = .02), RT (p < .001), and surgery plus RT (p < .001) were associated with DSS.

Conclusion

Survival in patients with cervical esophageal carcinoma remains poor. Further studies should define the use of RT, surgery, and chemotherapy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 808–814, 2015
Sinusoidal endothelial cells direct traffic at the intersection of regeneration and fibrosis
Authors: Huebert Robert C. , Shah Vijay H.
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Chemical or traumatic damage to the liver is frequently associated with aberrant healing (fibrosis) that overrides liver regeneration. The mechanism by which hepatic niche cells differentially modulate regeneration and fibrosis during liver repair remains to be defined. Hepatic vascular niche predominantly represented by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells deploys paracrine trophogens, known as angiocrine factors, to stimulate regeneration. Nevertheless, it is not known how pro-regenerative angiocrine signals from liver sinusoidal endothelial cells is subverted to promote fibrosis. Here, by combining an inducible endothelial-cell-specific mouse gene deletion strategy and complementary models of acute and chronic liver injury, we show that divergent angiocrine signals from liver sinusoidal endothelial cells stimulate regeneration after immediate injury and provoke fibrosis after chronic insult. The pro-fibrotic transition of vascular niche results from differential expression of stromal-derived factor-1 receptors, CXCR7 and CXCR4 in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. After acute injury, CXCR7 upregulation in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells acts with CXCR4 to induce transcription factor Id1, deploying pro-regenerative angiocrine factors and triggering regeneration. Inducible deletion of Cxcr7 in sinusoidal endothelial cells (Cxcr7iΔEC/iΔEC) from the adult mouse liver impaired liver regeneration by diminishing Id1-mediated production of angiocrine factors. By contrast, after chronic injury inflicted by iterative hepatotoxin (carbon tetrachloride) injection and bile duct ligation, constitutive FGFR1 signaling in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells counterbalanced CXCR7-dependent pro-regenerative response and augmented CXCR4 expression. This predominance of CXCR4 over CXCR7 expression shifted angiocrine response of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, stimulating proliferation of desmin+ hepatic stellate-like cells and enforcing a pro-fibrotic vascular niche. Endothelial-cell-specific ablation of either Fgfr1 (Fgfr1iΔEC/iΔEC) or Cxcr4 (Cxcr4iΔEC/iΔEC) in mice restored the pro-regenerative pathway and prevented FGFR1-mediated maladaptive subversion of angiocrine factors. Similarly, selective CXCR7 activation in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells abrogated fibrogenesis. Thus, we demonstrate that in response to liver injury, differential recruitment of pro-regenerative CXCR7-Id1 versus pro-fibrotic FGFR1-CXCR4 angiocrine pathways in vascular niche balances regeneration and fibrosis. These results provide a therapeutic roadmap to achieve hepatic regeneration without provoking fibrosis.
Identification of MicroRNA-214 as a negative regulator of colorectal cancer liver metastasis by way of regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 expression
Authors: Chen Dong-liang , Wang Zhi-qiang , Zeng Zhao-lei , Wu Wen-jing , Zhang Dong-sheng , Luo Hui-yan , Wang Feng , Qiu Miao-zhen , Wang De-shen , Ren Chao , Wang Feng-hua , Chiao Lucia J. , Pelicano Helene , Huang Peng , Li Yu-hong , Xu Rui-hua
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this study was to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in the pathology of colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis and investigate their underlying mechanisms. A total of 39 miRNAs were identified to be differentially expressed between 16 primary CRC tissues with liver metastases and 16 CRC tissues without liver metastases from 32 patients by Affymetric miRNA microarrays. A panel of eight miRNAs were confirmed to be significantly and differentially expressed between CRC tissues with and without liver metastases through quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis in the 32 patients. In a validated cohort of 99 CRC patients (44 with and 55 without liver metastases), only miR-214 was validated to be significantly down-regulated in CRC with liver metastases, which was associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Ectopic expression of miR-214 suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, tumor growth and liver metastasis in an in vivo xenograft mouse model, whereas miR-214 knockdown promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion in CRC cell lines. Further studies indicated that fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) was a potential target of miR-214. Restoring miR-214 expression in CRC cells decreased endogenous FGFR1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. FGFR1 knockdown mimicked the tumor suppressive effect of miR-214 on CRC cells, while reintroduction of FGFR1 abolished the tumor suppressive effect of miR-214 on CRC cells. Moreover, miR-214 expression levels were inversely correlated with FGFR1 in CRC patients. Conclusion: Down-regulation of miR-214 expression was correlated with increased FGFR1 expression levels, which may contribute to increased CRC liver metastasis. miR-214 may serve as a potential marker to predict survival, and the miR-214-FGFR1 axis may be a therapeutic target in CRC patients. (Hepatology 2014;60:598–609)
Effects of a protein‐rich drink or a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir in healthy Japanese male subjects: A randomized, three‐way crossover study
Authors: Shiomi Mari , Matsuki Shunji , Ikeda Atsushi , Ishikawa Tomohiro , Nishino Noriaki , Kimura Miyuki , Irie Shin
Published: March 2014

This study investigated the effects of ingested food types on the pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir as a single‐tablet regimen (STR) in Japanese HIV‐negative healthy subjects. In this open‐label, randomized, three‐way crossover study, the pharmacokinetic profiles of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir were evaluated when administered with a standard breakfast, under fasting conditions, or with a nutritional protein‐rich drink. All subjects (N = 11) received a single morning dose of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (150/150/200/300 mg). Administration under fasting conditions resulted in decreases in the mean AUCinf of elvitegravir and tenofovir by 50% and 28%, respectively, relative to administration with a standard breakfast, whereas the bioavailabilities of elvitegravir and tenofovir were comparable when administered with a standard breakfast or a nutritional protein‐rich drink. Under fasting conditions, it appears that the bioavailabilities of elvitegravir and tenofovir were not equivalent to those when they were administered with either type of food, although they were bioequivalent to each other under fed conditions. Cobicistat and emtricitabine were bioequivalent under all conditions. These findings suggest that elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be administered with food, and that the bioavailability of elvitegravir and tenofovir is not affected by the type of meal ingested.
Prevention of gastric mucosal injury induced by anti‐platelet drugs by famotidine
Authors: Uotani Takahiro , Sugimoto Mitsushige , Nishino Masafumi , Ichikawa Hitomi , Sahara Shu , Yamade Mihoko , Iwaizumi Moriya , Yamada Takanori , Osawa Satoshi , Sugimoto Ken , Umemura Kazuo , Watanabe Hiroshi , Miyajima Hiroaki , Furuta Takahisa
Published: March 2014

Anti‐platelet drug‐induced gastric mucosal injury correlates with intragastric pH. Our aim was to investigate prophylaxis effects of famotidine, one of the representative histamine‐2 receptor antagonists (H2RA), on gastric mucosal injury induced by dual therapy with low‐dose aspirin and clopidogrel in relation to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and CYP2C19 genotypes. This study was conducted for 20 healthy Japanese volunteers (10 H. pylori‐positive and 10‐negative subjects) with 100 mg aspirin plus 75 mg clopidogrel (AC) once‐daily dosing and AC plus 20 mg famotidine twice‐daily dosing (ACH). Mucosal injury was endoscopically assessed on day 3 and 7 and 24‐hour intragastric pH and antiplatelet‐function test was performed on day 7. Median pH in ACH was similar between CYP2C19 extensive metabolizer (EM) and intermediate metabolizer (IM)/poor metabolizer (PM) and was significantly higher in H. pylori‐positive than negative subjects (P < .05). Mucosal injury with ACH significantly decreased in both day 3 and 7 compared with AC, irrespective with H. pylori and CYP2C19 genotypes (P < .05). Although antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel in EM was significantly higher than that in IM/PM, the additional famotidine did not affect the effect. Anti‐platelet drug‐induced gastric injury was alleviated by famotidine without attenuation of anti‐platelet functions irrespective of H. pylori and CYP2C19 genotypes.
Serum cytokine profiles of children with human enterovirus 71‐associated hand, foot, and mouth disease
Authors: Han Jun , Wang Ying , Gan Xing , Song Juan , Sun Peng , Dong Xiao‐Ping
Published: March 2014

Cytokine profiles may impact the pathogenicity and severity of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by human enterovirus (HEV) 71. In 91 severe or mild HEV 71‐associated hand, foot, and mouth disease children, serum was collected between days 2 and 10 or day >10. Serum cytokines including Type 1 T helper (Th1) cytokines: interleukin (IL)‐2, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), IL‐12, and IL‐18, Type 1 T helper (Th2) cytokines: IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐13, proinflammatory cytokines: IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐17, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), were assessed during the early stage and recovery. In the patients with mild illness, the peaks of IL‐8 and IL‐10 were observed on day 6 and that of IL‐18 was on day 4. In the patients with severe illness, all cytokines spiked on day 3 and peaked on day 11. All cytokines except IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐18, and TNF‐α were significantly correlated with immunoglobulin M levels by the end of the disease course. Cytokine profile variations between the patients with mild and severe illness may indicate prognosis and strain virulence, useful in clinical treatment of patients. J. Med. Virol. 86:1377–1385, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lightcone dualities for hypersurfaces in the sphere
Authors: Izumiya Shyuichi , Jiang Yang , Pei Donghe
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we consider hypersurfaces in the unit lightlike sphere. The unit sphere can be canonically embedded in the lightcone and de Sitter space in Minkowski space. We investigate these hypersurfaces in the framework of the theory of Legendrian dualities between pseudo‐spheres in Minkowski space.
A Trudinger–Moser inequality in a weighted Sobolev space and applications
Authors: Furtado Marcelo F. , Medeiros Everaldo S. , Severo Uberlandio B.
Published: March 2014

We establish a Trudinger–Moser type inequality in a weighted Sobolev space. The inequality is applied in the study of the elliptic equation

urn:x-wiley:dummy:mana201200315:equation:mana201200315-math-0001where , f has exponential critical growth and h belongs to the dual of an appropriate function space. We prove that the problem has at least two weak solutions provided is small.
Time to redefine PD? Introductory statement of the MDS Task Force on the definition of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Berg Daniela , Postuma Ronald B. , Bloem Bastiaan , Chan Piu , Dubois Bruno , Gasser Thomas , Goetz Christopher G. , Halliday Glenda M. , Hardy John , Lang Anthony E. , Litvan Irene , Marek Kenneth , Obeso José , Oertel Wolfgang , Olanow C. Warren , Poewe Werner , Stern Matthew , Deuschl Günther
Published: March 2014

With advances in knowledge disease, boundaries may change. Occasionally, these changes are of such a magnitude that they require redefinition of the disease. In recognition of the profound changes in our understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD), the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society (MDS) commissioned a task force to consider a redefinition of PD. This review is a discussion article, intended as the introductory statement of the task force. Several critical issues were identified that challenge current PD definitions. First, new findings challenge the central role of the classical pathologic criteria as the arbiter of diagnosis, notably genetic cases without synuclein deposition, the high prevalence of incidental Lewy body (LB) deposition, and the nonmotor prodrome of PD. It remains unclear, however, whether these challenges merit a change in the pathologic gold standard, especially considering the limitations of alternate gold standards. Second, the increasing recognition of dementia in PD challenges the distinction between diffuse LB disease and PD. Consideration might be given to removing dementia as an exclusion criterion for PD diagnosis. Third, there is increasing recognition of disease heterogeneity, suggesting that PD subtypes should be formally identified; however, current subtype classifications may not be sufficiently robust to warrant formal delineation. Fourth, the recognition of a nonmotor prodrome of PD requires that new diagnostic criteria for early‐stage and prodromal PD should be created; here, essential features of these criteria are proposed. Finally, there is a need to create new MDS diagnostic criteria that take these changes in disease definition into consideration. © 2014 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Design of ProCAs (Protein‐Based Gd3+ MRI Contrast Agents) with High Dose Efficiency and Capability for Molecular Imaging of Cancer Biomarkers
Authors: Xue Shenghui , Qiao Jingjuan , Jiang Jie , Hubbard Kendra , White Natalie , Wei Lixia , Li Shunyi , Liu Zhi‐Ren , Yang Jenny J.
Published: March 2014

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the leading imaging technique for disease diagnostics, providing high resolution, three‐dimensional images noninvasively. MRI contrast agents are designed to improve the contrast and sensitivity of MRI. However, current clinically used MRI contrast agents have relaxivities far below the theoretical upper limit, which largely prevent advancing molecular imaging of biomarkers with desired sensitivity and specificity. This review describes current progress in the development of a new class of protein‐based MRI contrast agents (ProCAs) with high relaxivity using protein design to optimize the parameters that govern relaxivity. Further, engineering with targeting moiety allows these contrast agents to be applicable for molecular imaging of prostate cancer biomarkers by MRI. The developed protein‐based contrast agents also exhibit additional in vitro and in vivo advantages for molecular imaging of disease biomarkers, such as high metal‐binding stability and selectivity, reduced toxicity, proper blood circulation time, and higher permeability in tumor tissue in addition to improved relaxivities.
Ground state solutions for asymptotically periodic Schrödinger equations with indefinite linear part
Authors: Zhang Hui , Xu Junxiang , Zhang Fubao
Published: March 2014

Using the method of the Nehari manifold, we study the existence of ground state solutions for asymptotically periodic Schrödinger equations with indefinite linear part and superlinear nonlinearity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Homogenization of a diffusion‐reaction system with surface exchange and evolving hypersurface
Authors: Dobberschütz Sören
Published: March 2014

This paper is concerned with the homogenization of a diffusion‐reaction process in a domain undergoing an evolution of the microstructure. The main novelty is the consideration of a chemical process on a hypersurface, where the surface itself is evolving. After transformation to a description in a fixed domain, we employ methods of periodic homogenization to arrive at a limit problem in the bulk coupled with problems in a reference cell. Here, the structural evolution takes place only in the reference structure. Additional problems come from nonlinear reaction rates, which require the Kolmogoroff compactness criterion for the derivation of suitablea prioriestimates. The results can be used as a modeling tool and for the investigation of complex biological and chemical systems in porous media, for example, carbon sequestration or biological enhanced oil recovery. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An inverse coefficient problem for a quasilinear parabolic equation with periodic boundary and integral overdetermination condition
Authors: Baglan Irem , Kanca Fatma
Published: March 2014

In this paper, the inverse problem of finding the time‐dependent coefficient of heat capacity together with the solution periodic boundary and integral overdetermination conditions is considered. Under some natural regularity and consistency conditions on the input data, the existence, uniqueness, and continuous dependence upon the data of the solution are shown. Some considerations on the numerical solution for this inverse problem are presented with an example. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual‐band CPW‐fed slot antenna for LTE and WiBro applications
Authors: Ojaroudi Nasser , Ghadimi Noradin
Published: March 2014

In this article, we present a dual‐band coplanar waveguide‐fed slot antenna for 1.7/2.3 GHz long term evolution and wireless broadband frequencies. The proposed antenna is fabricated on an FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4. By cutting a pair of rotated T‐shaped slits in the circular radiating stub, a new resonance at the lower frequencies is generated, and also by embedding a meander‐line slit in the ground plane a good dual‐band operation antenna can be achieved. The measured impedance bandwidth for 10 dB return loss is from 1.57 to 1.73 GHz (13%) and 2.21 to 2.38 GHz (10.0%), covering the 1.7/2.3 GHz for the dual‐band wireless operations. Simulated and experimental results obtained for this antenna show that the proposed slot antenna has a good antenna gain and radiation behavior. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1013–1015, 2014
A compact CPW‐fed antenna with dual band‐notched characteristics for UWB applications
Authors: Wang Xiaochuan , Wang Liming , Zhou Heng , Lu Wenzhong
Published: March 2014

A compact CPW‐fed ultrawideband antenna with 3.9/5.5 GHz dual band‐notched characteristics is presented in this article. The antenna consists of a cup‐like radiating patch and a 50‐Ω coplanar waveguide transmission line. The dual band‐notched characteristics are obtained by etching a pair of L‐shaped slots on the edge of ground plane and introducing two symmetrical L‐shaped stubs on the radiating patch. Simulated and measured results show that the proposed antenna has a wide bandwidth from 2.5 to 11.0 GHz with stable gain and omnidirectional radiation pattern. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1047–1049, 2014
A compact fourth‐order unconditionally stable six‐stages split‐step FDTD method and numerical analysis
Authors: Kong Yong‐Dan , Chu Qing‐Xin , Li Rong‐Lin
Published: March 2014

A compact fourth‐order six‐stages split‐step finite‐difference time‐domain method is developed, which is based on the compact fourth‐order scheme. The proposed method improves the efficiency of computation by reducing the bandwidth of the matrix to be inversed from seven to five for the fourth‐order scheme. Furthermore, the proposed method is proven to be unconditionally stable. The numerical dispersion error of this new approach is studied by comparison to the original second‐order method and fourth‐order method. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1031–1036, 2014
Single‐layer standalone wideband substrate‐integrated waveguide directional coupler
Authors: Venanzoni Giuseppe , Mencarelli Davide , Morini Antonio , Farina Marco , Angeloni Giacomo , Renghini Chiara , Carta Pasquale , Potenza Paolo , Losito Onofrio , Mescia Luciano , Prudenzano Francesco
Published: March 2014

The design and characterization of a single‐layer wideband substrate integrated waveguide 3‐dB standalone directional coupler are described. The device exhibits a bandwidth of 2 GHz, ranging from 10.7 to 12.7 GHz, and both return loss and isolation better than 15 dB. The coupler has been built using a TACONIC RF‐35 A2 substrate. A very good agreement between simulations and experimental results is obtained. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1141–1144, 2014
Design and development of an equilateral patch sensor for determination of permittivity of homogeneous dielectric medium
Authors: Biswas Manotosh , Mandal Anirban
Published: March 2014

A simple and fast computer aided design oriented cavity model and single resonant parallel R‐L‐C circuit are proposed to design an inverted equilateral patch used as a sensor to predict the permittivity of homogeneous dielectric medium. The numerical results obtained with the present model are validated with measured results. We have also used electromagnetic softwares to validate this structure. This structure will be very useful for optimal integration of external components (active or passive devices). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1097–1104, 2014
A miniaturized flexible surface attachable interrogator for hybrid optical fiber sensing
Authors: Ramakrishnan Manjusha , Rajan Ginu , Semenova Yuliya , Wolinski Tomasz , Domański Andrzej , Farrell Gerald
Published: March 2014

In this article, we propose a miniaturized flexible interrogator for polarimetric and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors based hybrid sensing scheme embedded in composite materials. The flexible interrogation module comprises of an arrayed waveguide (AWG) for FBG demodulation and an electro optic mach–zehnder interferometric (EO‐MZI) intensity modulator for polarimetric sensor demodulation. A customized design of AWG and EO‐MZI are presented, and the designed performance resulted in a wide channel spacing of 5 nm and low cross talk of −34 dB between adjacent channels for the AWG, and a low Vπ voltage of ±1.5 V for the MZI‐EO. The method for fabrication of the flexible interrogator device is also presented, based on post processing of platinum coated polyimide substrate. The film type interrogation module is compact, with a size of 3.4 × 0.1 × 0.01 cm3. The surface attachable flexible hybrid sensor interrogator is proposed to integrate with photo detector arrays and wireless communication technology to enhance the competency of hybrid sensing scheme in smart sensing composite parts in motion for applications in aircraft, wind rotor blades and so forth. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1167–1174, 2014
Fast uniform theory of diffraction diffraction coefficient using only one square‐root
Authors: Legendre Jean‐Francois , Marsault T.
Published: March 2014

This article describes an uniform three‐dimensional coefficient for diffraction above a perfectly conducting wedges. Contrary to the usual form of the coefficient of Pathak and Koujoumjian, it uses a square root and simple mathematical operations to reach the result. This form is obtained by limited development around the optical transition ISB and RSB. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1238–1239, 2014
Corrections to “A stable solution of time domain electric field integral equation using weighted laguerre polynomials”
Authors: Geranmayeh Amir
Published: March 2014

Corrections to the final equations in (Chung et al., Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49 (2007), 2789–2793) are presented. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1263–1264, 2014
Design of compact broadband high gain microstrip patch antennas with modified ground plane
Authors: Mondal Kalyan , Sarkar Partha P.
Published: March 2014

This article deals with compact microstrip patch antennas designed for broadband mobile communication covering the range from 0.88 to 5.43 GHz. The simulated results of patch antenna parameters, such as return loss, bandwidth, radiation patterns, VSWR, and gain are presented.All the antennas are fabricated using PCB etching technology. Measurements have been done using standard microwave test bench. Measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1255–1259, 2014
Design of resistive double‐balanced mixer in 0.18‐μm CMOS technology with low‐power bulk‐injection technique for 5.8‐GHz DSRC applications
Authors: Huang Chien‐Chang , Changlin Guu George , Chen Chia‐Kai , Huang Chih‐Wen
Published: March 2014

This article shows a 0.18‐µm CMOS resistive double‐balanced mixer design with low‐noise figure and high‐linearity performances, consuming only 0.21‐mW dc power, for 5.8‐GHz dedicated short‐range communications (DSRC) applications. The local oscillator (LO) signal is applied to the bulk and the source terminals differentially to reduce the required LO power without needs of impedance matching. The on‐chip central‐taped transformers are utilized as balance‐to‐unbalance function for RF and LO ports, and the differential output is used as well for intermediate‐frequency (IF) port. The measured data exhibit −8‐dB conversion gain and 8‐dB noise figure at 5.8 GHz of RF frequency and 100 MHz of IF frequency, while the input 1‐dB compression point and the input interception point in the third order (IP3) are about −7.5 and 3 dBm, respectively, to fulfill the DSRC requirements. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1248–1251, 2014
Preparation and properties of gas barrier resin/rubber nanolaminated composites
Authors: Liu Qin , Wei‐Min Yang , Yu‐Mei Ding , Zhi‐Wei Jiao
Published: March 2014

An extremely high gas barrier resin was highly oriented and uniformly distributed in a rubber matrix layer by layer by the micro‐layer coextrusion technology and a special composite laminating device. The resulting composite had excellent gas barrier properties because of its alternating multilayer structure. Experimental tire samples were prepared and tested for high‐speed, endurance, and pressure performance. The results showed that because the barrier resin was evenly dispersed in the rubber matrix, the tire inner liner made of the composite showed excellent fatigue resistance and gas barrier performance. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:190–195, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation of supramolecular thermally repairable elastomer by crosslinking of maleated polyethylene‐octene elastomer with 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole
Authors: Kashif Muhammad , Chang Young‐Wook
Published: March 2014

A supramolecular thermally repairable elastomer was prepared by crosslinking of semicrystalline maleated polyethylene‐octene elastomer (mPOE) with 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (ATA) via melt mixing method. Crosslinking of mPOE with ATA induced supramolecular hydrogen bonding networks; the nature of the networks was affected by the amount of ATA, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, at 3 phr ATA content or above, a small number of ionic domains were observed in the tan δ curves of dynamic mechanical analysis. Dynamic mechanical analysis also showed that the storage modulus increased with increasing ATA content along with increase in the relaxation transition temperature which revealed strengthening of the network structures. Differential scanning calorimetry showed a reduction in melting temperature and degree of crystallinity of the mPOE with increasing ATA content which is attributed to hydrogen bonding networks. The shape memory property of the mPOE matrix imparted a thermal healing capability which was greatly enhanced in the presence of hydrogen bonding networks. The scratch marked on the polymer surface healed within 20 s after being heated at around 80 °C. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry