bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corruption's Effect on Business Venturing Within the United States
Authors: Mitchell David T. , Campbell Noel D.
Published: October 2009

Abstract

In developing countries with high levels of corruption, people are often forced into small‐business venturing or survivalist entrepreneurship because larger, more efficient firms do not exist. In developed countries, however, low corruption means that people choose entrepreneurship as a better means of innovating. In this article we use federal convictions of state and local officials and the Small Business Administration's firm formation data to test whether corruption within the United States forces some people into business venturing. We find that business venturing within the United States is caused in part by corruption.
Henry George Under the Microscope: Comments on “Henry George's Political Critics”
Authors: Giles Richard
Published: October 2009

Abstract

The annual supplement of the AJES for 2008 titled Henry George: Political Ideologue, Social Philosopher, and Economic Theorist had as its first and longest essay “Henry George's Political Critics” by Professor Michael Hudson. It offered a multitude of criticisms, most of which Prof. Hudson seemed to agree with. All purported to be criticisms of George as a political strategist, though some seem more to originate from Hudson's disagreement with theoretical positions George was bound to take. The purpose of this short paper is to show that Professor Hudson's long article fails to do what it seems intended to do. That is, it fails to show that trade unionists and especially socialists were “natural allies” of the Georgist movement, that it was George's fault that that they were not, and that George “allied” his movement irrevocably to “capital,” rejecting its “natural allies.”
Seven Vea (Vel) Negative Members in Three Generations of a Family
Authors: Levine Philip , White Jane A. , Stroup Marjory
Published: October 2009

A family with seven Vel negative (VeVe) members in three generations was found because the propositus had a hemolytic transfusion reaction. She had had four full‐term pregnancies and two miscarriages and one previously uneventful transfusion. The anti‐Vel antibody in her serum gave both hemolysis and agglutination. Study of the blood groups of the family shows that Vea is not in the MNS system. Six of the VeVe individuals were tested with anti‐Fya and all were found to be Fy(a+). Some Ve(a+) bloods were noted to react more strongly with anti‐Vea than others. The explanation of van Loghem and van der Hart that the differences in the intensity of Ve(a+) reactions is due to subgroups, the stronger termed Ve(a1) and the weaker Ve(a2), is accepted by the authors.
Studies of Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: Abelson Neva M. , Rawson Arnold J.
Published: October 2009

Examples of blood group antibodies were subjected to density gradient ultracentrifugation and anion‐cation chromatography on modified cellulose adsorbents and three fractions were collected. The first fraction owed its serologic activity to the presence of γ2 globulins with a 7S sedimentation constant; the principal serologically‐active component in fraction two was γ1 globulin of the 7S class; in most cases the serologically‐active component of the third fraction was γ1 globulin of the 19S class. Two anti‐A donors were found to have most of the serologic activity in fraction three before injection of blood group substance and a marked rise in fractions two and three after stimulation. In anti‐M, anti‐P and saline anti‐D sera the serologic activity associated with S19 globulins equalled or exceeded the activity with the S7 globulins. Group O serums were studied before injection of A and B substances and S7 activity was preponderant in 48 per cent whereas post‐immunization it was preponderant in 88 per cent. Fraction one activity was also preponderant in examples of anti‐K, anti‐Fya, anti‐s, anti‐Jka and anti‐Good. Those antibodies which are most likely to cause erythroblastosis fetalis are those which are characterized by a predominance of the S7, γ2 component.
Electrophoretic Analyses of Red Cell Hemolysates Before and During Storage of Blood from Diseased Individuals
Authors: Smith Claude A. , Chanutin Alfred
Published: October 2009

The bloods of six healthy young male students were stored anaerobically in the cold and at intervals the stroma‐free red cell hemolysates were analyzed in a cacodylate buffer at pH 6.5 and .05M concentration. From these data, a control range was established.

Results are presented which show the effect of anaerobic storage on the B/2 values of red cell hemolysates of the bloods of 23 patients with a variety of diseases. In 21 cases, the B/2 values decreased rapidly or showed an initial increase followed by a decrease. Attempts to relate the type of storage curve to specific diseases were unsuccessful. It is concluded that water‐soluble protein components of the red cells may be altered by disease.
An Evaluation of the Plasmacrit Test for Syphilis in a Clinical Laboratory
Authors: Balows Albert , Mcclellan James T. , Allen Sue
Published: October 2009

The plasmacrit (PCT) is a modification of the VDRL slide test for syphilis in which plasma instead of serum is used as the source of reagin. The plasma inhibitory component is neutralized by using 10 per cent choline chloride as the diluent in the preparation of the VDRL antigen suspension. We performed the PCT and VDRL simultaneously on the plasma and serum of 2,458 individuals. There was complete agreement between the two tests in 99.4 per cent of the total number tested. Different results were obtained with 15 specimens and with only one exception, these results indicated a greater sensitivity for the PCT. We believe that the PCT may be satisfactorily employed as a screening test in a clinical laboratory or blood bank.—. A. Balows.
Effects of Salt Concentration, pH, and Certain Ions on the Agglutination of Human Erythrocytes by Isohemagglutinins
Authors: Yokoyama M. , Finlayson J. S.
Published: October 2009

The effect of molarity of NaCl, KC1, LiCl, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate, CaCl2, MgCl2, Na2SO4, K2SO4) and MgSO4 solutions on the agglutination of human erythrocytes by isohemagglutinins of the ABO series has been studied, as has that of pH in “tris acetate” buffer. In all cases the maximum agglutination titer occurred at the isotonic or a slightly hypertonic concentration and was generally the same as that determined by diluting the given cells and serum with isotonic saline. Moreover, all salts exerted quantitatively similar effects on agglutination, the titer decreasing regularly as the molarity increased from 0.1544‐308 to 1.0. Apparent variations in the effects of different classes of salts were induced by expressing salt concentration as ionic strength or normality rather than molarity.

In tris acetate buffers of ionic strengths 0.154 (isotonic) and 0.308, the titer was constant in the pH range 5.5 to 7.5–8.0 and decreased at either extreme.
A New Antibody, Anti‐Ku (anti‐Peltz), in the Kell Blood‐Group System
Authors: Corcoran Patricia A. , Allen Fred H. , Lewis Marion , Chown Bruce
Published: October 2009

Analysis was made of isoantibody in the serum of Mrs. Peltz, who is of the very rare Kell type K—,k—,Kp(a—b—). Successive adsorptions and elutions were done using three bloods selected in such a way that the eluate finally obtained could contain no previously known blood‐group antibody. It agglutinated all of 525 bloods chosen at random, and failed to agglutinate only very rare bloods that were of highly unusual Kell types.
Leukoagglutinin Studies as a Routine Procedure in Blood Banking
Authors: Howell Eleanor , Taylor Barbara
Published: October 2009

For the past four years, the method presented here for the detection of leukoagglutinins has been successfully integrated into the routine procedures of a community blood bank. Patients' sera are tested against leukocytes from 12 Group O donors. White cell suspensions are prepared from defibrinated blood using 4 per cent polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a sedimenting agent. Tests have been performed on 276 patients, among whom 89 (32 per cent of the total) were found to possess leukoagglutinins. Of the 89 individuals in whose sera leukoagglutinins were demonstrated, 85 had a reported history of febrile transfusion reactions, frequently accompanied by chills, occasionally with urticaria. These 85 patients made up 57 per cent of 150 cases who had been reported as experiencing nonhemolytic febrile reactions shown by several workers to occur in patients with leukoagglutinins.

Also described are methods used for the preparation of leukocyte‐poor units requested for patients whose sera have been shown to contain leukoagglutinins.
Eleven Cases of “Bombay” Phenotype in Six Families: Suppression of ABO Antigen Demonstrated in Two Families
Authors: Hakim S. A. , Vyas G. N. , Sanghvi L. D. , Bhatia H. M.
Published: October 2009

Eleven cases of “Bombay” phenotype in six different Indian families are reported. Two of the families show evidence for the suppression of the ABO antigens. In one family B antigen was involved in two sibs with “Bombay” phenotype and in the other suppression was evident but the true ABO groups could not be ascertained. Most cases are identified due to crossmatching difficulty but a few cases are reported in this article which were detected through the cells. The common occurence of these cases from Bombay is pointed out and the importance of using anti‐H as one of the reagents in doing ABO grouping in India is stressed.
R°(D‐ ‐) in Two Japanese Families with a Note on Its Genetic Interpretation
Authors: Yokoyama Mitsuo , Solomon Joel M. , Kuniyuki Masayori , Stroup Marjory
Published: October 2009

Members of two Japanese families residing in the same small village were shown to carry the (D‐ ‐) gene when antibodies in the sera of the two probands presented a crossmatching problem. A study of their sera revealed a complex array of Rh antibodies, including perhaps anti‐Hr8.

The (D‐ ‐) complex is considered to have arisen by mutation of several sub‐elements (mutons) according to the cistron theory of genetopology.
Citrate‐Phosphate‐Dextrose Solution for Preservation of Human Blood: A Further Report
Authors: Gibson John G. , Gregory Clinton B. , Button Lawrence N.
Published: October 2009

A comparison of clinically significant in vitro characteristics of ACD and CPD blood is presented.

In clinical trials conducted at three hospitals, 586 units of blood collected in CPD in plastic bags were utilized for 622 individual treatments as single units or subdivided aliquots of whole blood, and as packed red cells in 332 patients. The expiration period was 28 days, and five bloods were discarded as outdated. There was one reported pyrexial reaction and one proven bacterial contamination.

Forty‐two per cent of the bloods or components were issued during the first week, 43 per cent during the second and third weeks, and 15 per cent during the fourth week of storage.

Of the total bloods or components issued, 9 per cent of the whole bloods, 25 per cent of the subdivided blood aliquots, and 23 per cent of the packed red cells were transfused during the fourth week of storage.

No difficulty with clotting was observed during collection, storage, or transfusion.
Principles of Blood Group Serology and Nomenclature: A Critical Review
Authors: Wiener Alexander S.
Published: October 2009

The A‐B‐O group system of man is used as a model to explain the principles of blood group serology and nomenclature. A correct nomenclature must take into account three kinds of entities, genes, the gene products (agglutinogens or phenogroups), and the serological specificities (or blood factors). The tendency in the past to equate agglutinogen with blood factor has been a pitfall, which has given rise to fallacies and errors in studies on the human A‐B‐O groups and especially the Rh‐Hr types. The requirements for a suitable terminology for the A‐B‐O groups are demonstrated, and it is pointed out that the same principles have universal applicability not only to other blood group systems in man, but also to studies on the blood groups of infra‐human species, and antigens of soluble proteins, bacteria and viruses.
Changes in the Nucleotides of Stored or Incubated Human Blood
Authors: Bishop Charles
Published: October 2009

Human blood was stored in ACD solution (add citrate dextrose) for up to eight weeks at 4 C. or up to 72 hours at 37 C. The changes in the blood nucleotides were followed serially by fractionation on Dowex‐1‐formate resin. The breakdown of ATP in aging blood followed the pattern, ATP→ ADP→ AMP→ IMP→ hypoxanthine, causing a steady decrease in ATP concentration and a continuing rise in hypoxanthine concentration with a transient rise and fall in the intermediate nucleotides. The reactions were roughly similar at both temperatures but required eight weeks at 4C. as against only three days at 37 C. The changes in the nucleotide pattern of stored blood are so characteristic that they may be used to date stored blood or to compare different methods of storage. The exact correlation between the nucleotide pattern of stored blood and red cell survival is not known, but it generally is accepted that both are related to the length of time and storage conditions of blood.
Factors in the In Vitro Maintenance of the Nucleotide Pattern of Whole Human Blood
Authors: Bishop Charles
Published: October 2009

The effects of various glycolytic inhibitors on the relatively stable nucleotide pattern of freshly drawn heparinized human blood, incubated for two hours at 37 C. was observed. Fluoride, iodoacetate, arsenate, or 2‐deoxyglucose caused a similar high‐energy nucleotide breakdown as observed on hemolysis, viz., rapid disappearance of ATP, GTP, ADP, with simultaneous increase in AMP and IMP. The maintenance of a normal blood nucleotide pattern in vitro thus depended on cellular integrity and a source of energy. The addition of compounds believed to enhance or inhibit the pentose shunt pathway had no effect on the blood nucleotide pattern. This is interpreted to mean that under essentially in vivo conditions, the major source of energy for the red cell is derived from the Embden‐Meyerhof cycle.
List of Plants Tested for Hemagglutinating Activity
Authors: Boyd William C. , Waszczenko‐Zacharczenko Eugenia , Goldwasser Sandra M.
Published: October 2009

Lists are given of all the plants tested in the authors' laboratory for hemagglutinating activity. The plants, arranged alphabetically by their scientific names, are grouped into three tables: (1) plants found to contain blood group specific lectins, (2) plants which gave negative or nonspecific extracts, and (3) plants which yielded hemolytic extracts.
Incidence of the Blood Group Antigen Mia in the Caucasian and Negro Populations of Western New York
Authors: Mohn James F. , Lambert Reginald M. , Rosamilia Harold G.
Published: October 2009

The incidence of the blood group antigen Mia among Caucasians of Western New York was found to be one in 715; among Negroes one in about 305.
The Specificity of Anti‐Human Gamma Globulin Reagents
Authors: Pollack W. , Hager H. J. , Hollenbeck L. L.
Published: October 2009

DEAE cellulose chromatography and immuni‐electrophoresis demonstrated immunochemical and serological differences between gamma globulin molecules with anti‐D and Anti‐Fya specificity. Partial neutralization of anti‐gamma globulin sera with specific subtractions of human gamma globulin showed that anti‐Fya frequently appears to occur exclusively in the fast migrating components of gamma globulins whereas anti‐D occurs in both the “fast” and “slow” components. Other blood group systems were also studied with the same antiglobulin reagents.

The antigenic determinant groups of the fast migrating components of whole gamma globulin and papain split gamma2 globulin appear to be identical.

The standardization of anti‐gamma globulin (Coombs) reagents is discussed in the light of these findings.
How to Conduct a Workshop in Blood Banking
Authors: Rymer Marion R.
Published: October 2009

The practical aspects of conducting workshops in blood banking are discussed under the topics of invitations and advance registration, registration and follow up, purpose, location, time, equipment, literature and teaching aids, specimens for testing, subject matter and presentation, items to avoid, and problems. Many useful and workable suggestions are offered for implementing this teaching technic.
Major Surgery in Hemophilia
Authors: Ingram G. I. C.
Published: October 2009

The commercial development in Britain of antihemophilic factor (AHF) from ox and pig blood represents a notable advance in the treatment of hemophilia. With these materials, the hemostatic mechanism of even severe hemophiliacs may be made completely normal for a significant period of time, and major surgery safely undertaken. Nevertheless, in their present form the materials are antigenic and have other drawbacks. Each may therefore only be used for one period of treatment in any one hemophiliac, and should be reserved for life‐saving procedures. Administration must be controlled by frequent assays of the AHF activity resulting in the patient's blood.

An illustrative case (a partial gastrectomy) is described and a number of practical details are discussed.
A Study of Comparative Antihemophilic Factor Levels in Fresh Frozen Plasma in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Hawkey Christine M. , Anstall Harold B. , Grove‐Rasmussen Morten
Published: October 2009

The stability of AHF in fresh frozen plasma stored at −30 C. was found to be the same for plasma stored in glass containers, silicone‐coated or plastic containers. Less than 24 per cent of the original AHF was lost during storage for periods up to 126 days. Shaking the plasma during thawing was shown to have a deleterious effect on the AHF activity. The rate of loss of AHF activity from plasma kept at room temperature after thawing was rapid, regardless of the nature of the storage vessel.

In vivo experiments demonstrated good correlation between AHF levels in fresh frozen plasma and the actual rise in AHF activity of a patient with severe hemophilia.
Autologous and Isologous Bone Marrow Storage and Infusion in the Treatment of Myelo‐Suppression*
Authors: Kurnick N. B.
Published: October 2009

During the past five years we have stored bone marrow from 82 individuals in 87 separate collections and freezings. All of these were autologous marrows collected prior to extensive radiotherapy or chemotherapy except for two infusions from a twin brother and two unsuccessful homologous donations. Since most patients did not suffer dangerous depression of the leukocyte and platelet counts, only 21 infusions of the bone marrow were performed in a total of 18 patients. Storage is accomplished by slow freezing in a glyceroltissue culture medium. Slow thawing and dilution with one‐half volume concentrated glucose solution is used for preparation for reinfusion. Recovery of peripheral blood counts in ten to 28 days, reticulocytosis in 11 to 25 days, and hyperplasia of the bone marrow in ten to 30 days following bone marrow infusion, contrasted with long‐standing or even permanent bone marrow hypoplasia in the controls indicate that successful replacement therapy with autologous and isologous bone marrow was possible. Extension of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and possible storage against occupational risk, are therefore feasible.
Further Observations on the Blood Factors RhA, RhB, RhC and RhD
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Unger Lester J.
Published: October 2009

The findings in 18 cases of individuals with Rho‐positive blood who had antibodies in their serum resembling anti‐Rho in specificity are briefly summarized. One interesting finding is the relatively high frequency of such individuals among Negroes, especially with the blood type Rhdo and Rhabdo. The significance of these findings is discussed.
The Rho Variant — Du
Authors: Sturgeon Phillip
Published: October 2009

A series of experiments to assess the influence of several variables in a direct tube test for the Du factor and a set of conditions that give optimal results are reported. The most important of the latter is the maintenance of a high protein content. The reagent should have a 25 per cent albumin concentration; its titer should approximate 1/128 and it should be specific, particularly for the various types of weak “low grade” Du. The applicator stick method for transferring the unknown cells from clotted or whole blood reduces the dilution of reagent that occurs when one drop of a light cell suspension in serum is used. Centrifugation at the relatively high R.C.F. of 1,200 is the other salient point of the test; following this, the test is completed by the addition of one drop of saline and a direct reading.

A scheme is proposed for the application of the direct Du tube test, in conjunction with an anti‐CDE reagent, to typing donor bloods. It permits, in one direct test, the division of D negative bloods into a group consisting exclusively of type ccddee and a small group which includes all combinations of D negative bloods having factors C, Du and E. The phenotypes of the latter bloods can then be readily established in conjunction with routine methods and the direct Du tube test.

Using the direct Du tube and the indirect antiglobulin methods in parallel tests of 28 Du positive bloods, the former was the equal in accuracy and sensitivity of the antiglobulin test. The conditions which lead to false positive reaction with the tube test also gave false positive reactions with the antiglobulin test. With cells of very “low grade” type CcDuee and/or ccDuEe, false negative reactions were encountered with both methods. However, 13 examples of low grade type ccDuee bloods were studied; all gave relatively strong positive reactions with both methods.

These studies indicate that the direct Du tube method is deserving of trial under the conditions of a routine blood typing program, particularly as experienced in the collection of large numbers of donor bloods. They also suggest that the test will be found the equal of the indirect antiglobulin test both in sensitivity and accuracy at a significant reduction in technician time and reagents.
The Stability of Factor VIII (Antihemophilic Globulin) in Fresh‐Frozen Blood Bank Plasma
Authors: Perkins Herbert A. , Rolfs Mary R. , Acra D. Jose
Published: October 2009

Factor VIII (antihemophilic globulin) levels in normal donors varied between 50 and 200 per cent of the mean. The level of Factor VIII in stored fresh‐frozen plasma was directly related to the level of the donor and appears likely to be far less influenced by the duration of storage. Collection of blood in plastic bags with the aid of a rocking vacuum device and storage of the plasma at –28 C. for two months resulted in loss of only 10 per cent of Factor VIII activity. Results were definitely inferior when blood was collected by a simple gravity technic. Re‐exploration of factors previously shown to influence Factor VIII stability confirmed the fact that temperatures well below freezing and a low pH (such as occurs in ACD plasma) are essential to prevent loss of activity. It is concluded that plasmas with high levels of Factor VIII activity can be obtained best by selecting donors with known high concentrations of this factor.
I. Analysis of the Immune Agglutination of Red Cells
Authors: Goodman Harold S.
Published: October 2009

An attempt has been made to clarify the basis of the agglutination reaction of red cells and to indicate how immunological factors such as antigen and antibody heterogeneity, number of antigenic sites and temperature influence this reaction. Experimentally the influence of antibody heterogeneity and temperature on the stability of the antigen‐antibody complex was illustrated by quantitatively comparing the agglutination obtained by two chromatographic fractions of a human anti‐A serum at three different temperatures. The influence of antigenic heterogeneity, and the number of antigenic sites per cell was illustrated by comparing antibody absorption by A1 and A2 cells at different temperatures. The agglutination reactions characteristic of the human A subgroups and the quantitation of agglutinin activity have been analyzed.
II. Analysis of the Agglutination Reactions Characteristic of the Rh System
Authors: Goodman Harold S. , Masaitis Lillian
Published: October 2009

Based upon our previous description of the agglutination reaction and the factors which influence it, we have attempted to analyze the agglutination reactions characteristic of the Rh system. From this analysis it appeared that the characteristic ability of the γ1 high molecular weight Rho (D) antibody to produce agglutination in saline is due to its ability to form a sufficient number of antigen‐antibody reactions per cell of sufficient stability to provide a stable linkage between cells. The failure of the γ2 low molecular weight Rho (D) antibody to produce agglutination in saline is due to a marked disparity in the combining properties of the bivalent sites of the antibody molecule. Although one combining site is capable of a relative stable linkage with the Rho (D) antigen, the second site does not provide the stability necessary for linkage between cells. Antiglobulin serum provides the necessary linkage between two stably attached Rho (D) antibody molecules. The agglutination enhancement by enzymatic treatment of the red cells were found to have an effect due to the ability of such enzymes to increase the stability of the antigen‐antibody complex, rather than to an “uncovering” of antigenic sites. The weak reactions associated with Rh (D) positive cells classified as Rho (Duu) would appear to have a basis similar to that found for the weakly reacting A subgroups, the weak agglutination reactions of such cells being contributed to by both a deficiency in the number of antigenic sites and the weakness of the union formed by such sites with antibody.
Reaction of I131 Anti‐Rho(D) with Enzyme Treated Red Cells
Authors: Masouredis S. P. ,   With the technical assistance of Mary E. Dupuy and Margaret Elliot
Published: October 2009

The effect of proteolytic enzymes (papain, trypsin, ficin and bromelin) on Rho(D) positive and negative red cells was studied with I131 anti‐Rho(D). Enzymatic pretreatment of red cells results in almost a two‐fold increase in the amount of I131 antiRho(D) bound to these cells. The “enzyme exposed Rho(D)” antigen by some criteria (stability to hemolysis, absence of an increase in negative cells and studies on the supernatant solutions) appears to have the same specificity as the Rho(D) antigen on the untreated cell. The ability of proteolytic enzymes to produce this effect on Rho(D) positive red cells does not correlate directly with the ability of these enzymes to digest casein, although the effect appears to be associated with the proteolytic activity of these enzymes. The amount of increase in uptake of I131 anti‐Rho(D) induced by enzymes is directly proportional to the quantity of antibody bound by the untreated cell, irrespective of the Rh phenotype or zygosity of the red cell.
Effectiveness of Technics in Demonstrating Isohemagglutinins
Authors: Griffitts James J. , Schmidt R. Pauline
Published: October 2009

The referral of blood samples from many sources to this laboratory has afforded an opportunity to search for antibodies, using multiple methods, with a deliberateness not often possible in a busy transfusion service.

This report summarizes the finding of 668 antibodies in 518 serum specimens after the application of seven methods to the study of each serum. No single technic was outstanding in the detection of all antibodies. In addition, variability in reactivity of human antibodies of the same specificity was noted.
Denaturation of Protein by in Vacuo Drawing of Blood
Authors: Krumhaar D. , Lee W. H. , Maloney J. V.
Published: October 2009

In two experimental series dog blood was drawn under high vacuum and by gravity into glass flasks containing heparin sodium solution as anticoagulant. After centrifugation various tests were applied to detect possible changes in the proteins of the supernatant plasma. These tests included viscosity measurement, protein solubility determination, and paper electrophoresis. The results obtained by viscosity measurement and paper electrophoresis demonstrate that drawing of blood into high vacuum and the foaming that occurs therewith results in measurable denaturation of plasma proteins. The precise clinical significance of this finding is uncertain, but it seems logical to assume that denaturation of plasma proteins may be undesirable.
Another Example of Anti‐Jsa
Authors: Jarkowski T. L. , Hinshaw C. P. , Beattie K. M. , Silberberg B.
Published: October 2009

The fourth example of anti‐Jsa probably stimulated by blood transfusion is described. Thirty‐four of 244 Negroid bloods were Js(a+). All 103 Caucasians and three Indian blood samples were Js(a–).
Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Due to Interdonor Incompatibility
Authors: Zetiner Alfred , Bove Joseph R.
Published: October 2009

A hemolytic transfusion reaction due to interdonor incompatibility is reported. In a Kell negative recipient without irregular antibodies, Kell positive erythrocytes from one transfusion reacted with high‐titered anti‐Kell antibodies present in a unit of blood transfused subsequently. It was possible to demonstrate in vitro sensitization of mixed populations of Kell positive and Kell negative red cells exposed to antibody dilutions analogous to those in the patient.
Blood Bank Refrigerator Alarms: Improving Coverage and Preventing Trouble
Authors: Pesenti Aurelius J. , Elworth Edward L. , Prichard R. W.
Published: October 2009

Three alarm systems, one warning of temperatures above and below the acceptable range for blood preservation, the other two designed to prevent temperature rises due to unclosed refrigerator doors and power supply failure, are described and diagrammed. The temperature alarm gives its audible and visual signal in a constantly manned, distant area, identifies the refrigerator which failed, automatically signals the restoration of proper temperature after repairs, and is independent of building electric power supply. The door alarm is automatically turned on and off so it is operating only when the blood bank staff is absent. The power supply interruption alarm anticipates a temperature rise due to power failure by as much as an hour. The installation cost $160.
Biochemical and Electron Microscopic Study of Preserved Erythrocytes
Authors: Rimon A. , Rimon S. , Danon D.
Published: October 2009

The age population distribution as judged by the ultrastructure of red cell membranes (“ghosts”), prepared by gradual osmotic hemolysis, was studied during storage in parallel with some of the biochemical changes that characterize the storage lesion. The loss of cholesterol and phospholipids and the decrease in DPG and the delayed decrease of ATP together with the increase in inorganic phosphate indicated a typical storage lesion, however, no significant modification in the proportion of structurally old red cell membranes was found. It is concluded that the storage lesion can not be morphologically identified with physiological aging of erythrocytes from the electron microscopical point of view.
Preservation of the Clot‐Retracting Activity of Platelets by Freezing in Dimethylsulfoxide and Plasma
Authors: Iossifides I. , Geisler P. , Eichman M. F. , Tocantins L. M.
Published: October 2009

The clot retracting activity (CRA) of frozen platelets was studied as the in vitro test best representing the functional “integrity” of platelets. Dimethylsulfoxide as an additive in the preservation by freezing of platelets acts most effectively in the presence of plasma. Freezing of the platelets in a suspending medium consisting of 50 per cent plasma in saline with 15 per cent DMS, resulted in a 10 to 15 per cent loss over the fresh control CRA values. Freezing rates ranging from 3 C. to 30 C. per minute can be used without modifying the final result. Storage in liquid nitrogen for 38 days resulted in a 34 per cent CRA reduction over the frozen but not stored platelets. These results seem to justify trials of the in vivo survival of platelets preserved by these methods.
Blood Groups in Man and Lower Primates: A Review*
Authors: Wiener Alexander S.
Published: October 2009

The field of the human blood groups has become so vast and complex that it is impossible to do justice to the subject in a short review such as this. Therefore, this presentation has been limited mainly to those aspects of the A‐B‐O, M‐N and Rh‐Hr types of man and lower primates which illustrate principles of fundamental significance from the point of view of the nature of serological specificity, and of biochemical evolution.
Relation between Anti‐antibodies and Gm‐Agglutinins
Authors: Andresen P. H.
Published: October 2009

The paper gives the results of some studies on anti‐antibodies, which differ in some directions from the agglutinins found by Milgrom.

The most of these anti‐antibodies did not react with all incomplete Rh‐antibodies, but only with some. Some react only with cells coated with incomplete Rh‐antibodies from persons of serum‐group Gma and others only with cells coated with Rh‐antibodies from persons of serum group Gmb.
Seropheresis: Plasmapheresis for Serum Production
Authors: Kliman Allan
Published: October 2009

A method of seropheresis is described by which serum is obtained from blood donors instead of plasma or whole blood. The donor is bled into a dry plastic bag and the serum is separated from the red cells by centrifugation before the blood has time to clot. The red cells are then mixed with anticoagulant and returned to the blood donor immediately. Seropheresis can be performed as a single venipuncture procedure and permits the production of large amounts of serum from an individual blood donor.
Three Members of One Family with the Phenotype i; One with an Anti‐I Antibody
Authors: Claflin Alice J.
Published: October 2009

In 1956, the anti‐I antibody was first described in connection with a cold hemolytic anemia. Since that time, healthy individuals have been found with the anti‐I antibody and the phenotype i. The anti‐I antibody reacts best at 4 C. and weakly or not at all with cord blood and erythrocytes of known phenotype i. The I antigen is unstable with increasing age of the cell. Survival study with I incompatible erythrocytes labeled with Cr51 is reported for the first time and shows a T1/2 of 6.5 days.

The identification of the anti‐I antibody in this patient and subsequent typing of his family has supplied three names for the rare donor file. A complete family study would be of interest and could possibly further establish evidence of genetic control of the Ii antigens.
Blood Platelets and Extracorporeal Circulation*
Authors: Salzman Edwin W.
Published: October 2009

Platelet adhesiveness has been studied in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Conventional doses of heparin do not alter platelet adhesiveness. With the onset of perfusion, however, there is a precipitous fall in platelet count and in the adhesiveness of those platelets remaining. It appears that a circulating inhibitor of platelet sticking is present during perfusion. In most cases, this defect gradually disappears after perfusion. In a few patients with excessive bleeding, persistent abnormalities in platelet adhesiveness have been demonstrated.
Erythroblastosis Due to Anti‐Rh6
Authors: Freda Vincent J. , D'Esopo D. Anthony , Rosenfield Richard E. , Haber Gladys V.
Published: October 2009

A case of erythroblastosis fetalis is described in which the sole demonstrable antibody was anti‐Rh6. The mother is the third reported example of the phenotype Rh:1,2,3,4,5,‐6 who has produced anti‐Rh6.
The Maintenance of ATP in Stored Blood by Adenosine and Inosine
Authors: Crouch Shirley K. , Bishop Charles
Published: October 2009

In order to resolve a controversy concerning the relative effectiveness of adenosine and inosine for maintaining the high energy phosphates of incubating red blood cells, experiments were performed in which either of the nucleosides was added, sometimes at the beginning of incubation and sometimes later. The results indicated that the relative effectiveness varied according to the concentration and time of addition of the nucleoside. The variability of the results with time is attributed to the fact that adenosine and inosine affect different ATP synthetic reactions whose rates change during incubation. Experiments with adenine indicated that adenine moiety is important for ATP maintenance.
Red Cell Preservation in Citrate‐Phosphate‐Dextrose and in Acid‐Citrate‐Dextrose
Authors: Bowman Herbert S.
Published: October 2009

In a series of red cell survival experiments, autotransfusions of erythrocytes drawn in CPD solution maintained better viability than those in ACD solution (NIH, Formula A), after 28 days continuous storage at 4 ± 1 C. Augmented erythrocyte preservation in CPD was accompanied by lesser amounts of hemoglobin in the plasma of the donor blood, and in the recipient's plasma at 15 minutes after the transfusion. It was also shown by an appreciably higher 24‐hour posttransfusion erythrocyte survival and by a longer half‐life beyond the initial 24 hours as estimated by T/2, Cr‐51.
Hemorrhagic and Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Due to Anti‐Lea
Authors: Macpherson C. R. , Teteris Nicholas J. , Claassen Leon G.
Published: October 2009

A case is described in which a severe hemolytic and hemorrhagic reaction occurred as the result of incompatibility involving an anti‐Lea antibody of “immune” type. This antibody must have developed before the surgical procedure at which the reaction occurred, but was not detected because patient specimens for crossmatching had not been obtained frequently enough during multiple transfusions. The patient had a stormy postoperative course, mainly as a result of hematoma formation and renal shutdown, but recovered completely. Five months after the reaction, the antibody was detectable only after EDTA treatment of the serum or the addition of complement. This appears to be the first example of a hemorrhagic syndrome due to anti‐Lea.
“Naturally Occurring” Anti‐Kell (Kl): Two Examples
Authors: Morgan Perry , Bossom Edith L.
Published: October 2009

“Naturally occurring” anti‐Kell(Kl) is reported for the first time and was found in the sera obtained from two male adults. The two examples of this antibody were detected as a result of routine screening of donors' blood for atypical antibodies. Both strongly agglutinated type K:l cells in saline solution at room temperature. The mechanism of formation of the anti‐Kl was not known in either case.
A Pair of Newborn Human Blood Chimeric Twins
Authors: Chown Bruce , Lewis Marion , Bowman J. M.
Published: October 2009

A pair of newborn, clinically normal, diamniotic, dichorionic twins, a group A2 boy and a group O girl, were found on routine blood grouping to be chimeras. In each about 85 per cent of the red cells were of the girl's type, O, the chimerism also being evident in the MNSs, Rh, Kell and Kidd systems. Of the girl's cultured white cells 70 per cent were XX, 30 per cent XY, while of the boy's 78 per cent were XX, 22 per cent XY. A greater per cent of the boy's than of the girl's polymorphs had drumsticks, but his polymorphs were more numerous and more mature than hers. The red cell percentages had not changed up to three months after birth.
Analysis of Work Load in Blood Bank
Authors: Guy L. Ruth
Published: October 2009

In the analysis of blood bank work load, the kind of institution whether it serves the community or one hospital, the variety of services offered, the kind of patients involved, and emergency coverage are considered. An attempt is made to determine a safe work load per technical employee. The need for further study of these problems is stressed.
The Third Example of Anti‐hrS
Authors: Grobbelaar B. G. , Moores P. P.
Published: October 2009

A third example of anti‐hrS, first described by Shapiro in 1960, was detected in the serum of a Bantu woman whose newborn infant suffered from mild hemolytic disease of the newborn.
From Donor to Patient: Another Safety Factor
Authors: Butterfield Lcdr. Barbara
Published: October 2009

A standardized technical procedure effectively utilizes the inherent value of imprinted numbers on integral donor tubing of a plastic blood container. For crossmatching technics particularly, the described method facilitates the handling of the specific portion of the tubing segment imprinted with numbers. Small pieces of the plastic tubing, cut after draining the segment blood sample, bear the manufacturer's serial digits. These “tabs” of plastic are retained by a simple method for final comparison with the numbers on tubing still attached to the plastic bag. Photographs show details of the procedure, which has proved safe and practical in four years of usage. The resulting consistency and reliability of such donor blood sample confirmation minimize the inevitable problems of human error.
The National Clearinghouse Program of the AABB
Authors: Hemphill Bernice M.
Published: October 2009

Most blood banks operate on the principle that blood provided for transfusions should be replaced on a voluntary basis by members of the patient's family, friends or by community response. Banks also recognize that the outdating of whole blood should be kept to a minimum. The National Clearinghouse Program of the American Association of Blood Banks was established to enable the exchange of donor replacement credits between banks throughout the country and to facilitate the borrowing and lending of blood to alleviate unavoidable shortages and surplus.
Quantitative Studies of the Reactions of Ulex europeus Extracts
Authors: Solomon Joel M.
Published: October 2009

Ulex europeus anti‐H reacts best at low temperatures, is insensitive to 2‐mercaptoethanol treatment, and possesses some molecules which combine irreversibly with the H antigen although most reverse readily.

Probit assays revealed qualitative variations among human adult H antigens, positively correlated with the ABO phenotype, and characteristic of each of them. A hypothesis is advanced that relates these qualitative differences to steric influences of the various A and B determinants on the H receptor detected with Ulex.
Blood Group Chimerism as a Clue to Generalized Tissue Mosaicism
Authors: Beattie Kathryn M. , Zuelzer Wolf W , McGuire Delores A. , Cohen Flossie
Published: October 2009

Blood group studies disclosed mosaicism of the red cells in a healthy male Negro donor who was subsequently also found to have mosaicism of skin and bone marrow with respect to XX‐XY chromosomal constitution and whose skin showed unequal pigmentation. The two red cell populations were unequal in numbers with a ratio of approximately 10:1. The major population was group A, Jka negative and showed the sickling trait in wet films and by electrophoresis. The minor population was group B, Jka positive, did not sickle and contained only hemoglobin A. Both red cells were Lea positive despite the fact that the propositus was a secretor. However, only A substance was secreted and it was demonstrated by salivary studies and with the help of complete family studies, that the minor genetic product which had produced the group B erythrocytes represented the gene contribution se se and was the source of Lea substance sufficient to coat both red cell populations. The family studies showed that the propositus had received a 2 allele contribution from each parent and was therefore the result of double fertilization of a double egg nucleus presumably an ovum and a polar body.
Behavior of Incomplete Antibodies in Quantitative Hemagglutination Reactions
Authors: Solomon Joel M.
Published: October 2009

The increase in agglutinating activity of group O sera following centrifugation has been related to incomplete, cross‐reactive antibodies in these sera. The effect is thought to be due to steric interference of smaller 7S, cross‐reactive molecules by the larger 19S agglutinins rather than to any lack of equilibrium in the agglutinating system.

An increase in activity was also demonstrated with anti‐Rh sera containing saline agglutinins and incomplete antibodies following centrifugation. With anti‐Rh sera, centrifugation at 17,750 × g for 7.5 minutes was required to produce the same effect apparent with group O sera centrifuged at 100 × g for two minutes.

High speed centrifugation produced saline agglutination with incomplete anti‐Rh antibodies equivalent to that produced in 20 per cent bovine albumin.
The Rh Antigen EW
Authors: Kaita Hiroko , Lewis Marion , Chown Bruce
Published: October 2009

A second white family carrying Ew is reported, the antigen being traced through three generations.
Phosphorylated Carbohydrate Intermediates of the Human Erythrocyte during Storage in Acid Citrate Dextrose:
Authors: Shaker A. William , Trombold John S.
Published: October 2009

Blood was stored at 4 C. in ACD without additive or supplemented with adenine, inosine, inosine‐adenine, or adenosine. After six weeks of storage the carbohydrate intermediates of the erythrocytes were studied by column chromatography. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (DPG) had disappeared from blood stored without additive or with adenine. Both ATP and DPG remained in erythrocytes stored with the other additives. Concentration of ATP was highest in blood stored with inosine‐adenine, and the level of DPG was highest with the addition of adenosine to the storage solution.
Blood Groups of Relatives of the Principal Parties in Paternity Tests
Authors: Allen Fred H.
Published: October 2009

Two cases are presented in which blood typing tests of relatives provided critical evidence regarding the genotypes of the accused men in bastardy proceedings. In one case, the tests confirmed the supposition of non‐paternity. In the second case, the tests overturned the presumption of nonpaternity. Tests of relatives of the three principal parties can sometimes be very important, and they should be done when they can contribute substantially to justice, as in the cases described.
Antigen Reactivity in Pilot Tube Blood Specimens: Clotted Blood vs. Blood Stored in Acid‐Citrate‐Dextrose
Authors: Sussman Leon N. , Butler John
Published: October 2009

Present blood bank practices of using either clotted blood or ACD pilot tubes stored at 4 C. give equally satisfactory antigen preservation up to 21 days of storage. Thereafter, there is a distinct difference, in that the pilot tube blood sample stored in ACD retains antigen reactivity for a longer period of time than does the blood stored as a clot. The added difficulty of the repeated washings of the ACD stored sample required to remove traces of plasma and anticoagulant must be considered in evaluating the advantages of either system. The anticipated use of storage formulae capable of maintaining better preservation of the stored blood for periods up to 42 days requires that the problem of the “proper” pilot tube be reconsidered. In this light, the preliminary serum screening of all recipients, using fresh pools of red cells bearing all the important known blood factors, becomes valuable. It is therefore recommended that the screening test be adopted by all blood banks and that particularly careful attention be directed to crossmatching tests on stored blood approaching the expiration date.