bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus infection in Malaysia: a retrospective study
Authors: Sivagurunathan Amilan , Atwa Asem M , Lobetti Remo
Published: March 2018

Objectives

Feline ownership is popular and represents the largest segment of the pet population in Malaysia. Most feline owners own, on average, 2–3 cats, with some having >10 cats per household. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) are two clinically important viral infections in cats. Documenting the prevalence of these diseases in the feline population is important for both veterinarians and the public.

Methods

This was a retrospective study, using data collected from the domestic cat population seen at a 24 h private veterinary hospital in Malaysia, to determine the prevalence of FIV and FeLV in an urban area and risk factors associated with these infections. Between 2010 and 2016, 2230 blood samples were collected and tested for FIV antibodies and FeLV antigen using commercially available ELISA test kits.

Results

In total, 10.0% (n = 224; 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.80–11.26) were seropositive for FIV; 12.0% (n = 267; 95% CI 10.62–13.32) were seropositive for FeLV; and 2.6% (n = 58; 95% CI 2.01–3.17) were seropositive for both.

Conclusions and relevance

The prevalence of FIV is lower and FeLV higher than previously documented for this region. Because of the immunosuppressive potential of both viruses, client education and use of appropriate control strategies such as routine screening, vaccination and eradication should be considered.
Respondent Robotics: Simulating Responses to Likert-Scale Survey Items
Authors: Arnulf Jan Ketil , Larsen Kai R. , Martinsen Øyvind L.
Published: March 2018

The semantic theory of survey responses (STSR) proposes that the prime source of statistical covariance in survey data is the degree of semantic similarity (overlap of meaning) among the items of the survey. Because semantic structures are possible to estimate using digital text algorithms, it is possible to predict the response structures of Likert-type scales a priori. The present study applies STSR in an experimental way by computing real survey responses using such semantic information. A sample of 153 randomly chosen respondents to the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was used as target. We developed an algorithm based on unfolding theory, where data from digital text analysis of the survey items served as input. Upon deleting progressive numbers (from 20%-95%) of the real responses, we let the algorithm replace these with simulated ones, and then compared the simulated datasets with the real ones. The simulated scores displayed sum score levels, alphas, and factor structures highly resembling their real origins even if up to 86% were simulated. In contrast, this was not the case when the same algorithm was operating without access to semantic information. The procedure was briefly repeated on a different measurement instrument and a different sample. This not only yielded similar results but also pointed to need for further theoretical and practical developments. Our study opens for experimental research on the effect of semantics on survey responses using computational procedures.
Acute Trigeminal Neuralgia Associated with Initiation of Emtricitabine/Tenofovir for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
Authors: Van Slyke Loraine , Scott Mia
Published: March 2018

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with emtricitabine (FTC) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) fixed-dose combination (FTC/TDF) is undergoing rapid scale-up in the United States. While FTC/TDF is typically well tolerated, to our knowledge, cranial nerve pathology associated with FTC/TDF has not been previously described. We report the case of a 35-year-old patient who began FTC/TDF PrEP and developed acute trigeminal neuralgia. The neurologic symptoms resolved after treatment discontinuation and recurred upon rechallenge, resulting in permanent discontinuation of PrEP treatment.
Reconsidering Return-to-Play Times: A Broader Perspective on Concussion Recovery
Authors: D’Lauro Christopher , Johnson Brian R. , McGinty Gerald , Allred C. Dain , Campbell Darren E. , Jackson Jonathan C.
Published: March 2018

Background:

Return-to-play protocols describe stepwise, graduated recoveries for safe return from concussion; however, studies that comprehensively track return-to-play time are expensive to administer and heavily sampled from elite male contact-sport athletes.

Purpose:

To retrospectively assess probable recovery time for collegiate patients to return to play after concussion, especially for understudied populations, such as women and nonelite athletes.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Medical staff at a military academy logged a total of 512 concussion medical records over 38 months. Of these, 414 records included complete return-to-play protocols with return-to-play time, sex, athletic status, cause, and other data.

Results:

Overall mean return to play was 29.4 days. Sex and athletic status both affected return-to-play time. Men showed significantly shorter return to play than women, taking 24.7 days (SEM, 1.5 days) versus 35.5 days (SEM, 2.7 days) ( P < .001). Intercollegiate athletes also reported quicker return-to-play times than nonintercollegiate athletes: 25.4 days (SEM, 2.6 days) versus 34.7 days (SEM, 1.6 days) ( P = .002). These variables did not significantly interact.

Conclusion:

Mean recovery time across all groups (29.4 days) showed considerably longer return to play than the most commonly cited concussion recovery time window (7-10 days) for collegiate athletes. Understudied groups, such as women and nonelite athletes, demonstrated notably longer recovery times. The diversity of this sample population was associated with longer return-to-play times; it is unclear how other population-specific factors may have contributed. These inclusive return-to-play windows may indicate longer recovery times outside the population of elite athletes.
Implementing Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Special Education Eligibility Assessment in Rural County Elementary Schools: Pilot Project
Authors: Hoover John J. , Erickson Jennifer R. , Herron Shelley R. , Smith Clara E.
Published: March 2018

Consideration of cultural and linguistic features is mandated by law and one of the most important contributors to the appropriate placement of diverse learners for special education services. This article describes the results of a pilot project designed to assist rural educators to deliver an equitable and unbiased assessment process for English learners (ELs) in Grades K–5. Project setting was a remote rural county district in a mountain Western state with a significant percentage of ELs in special education. Project findings illuminate the importance of incorporating cultural and linguistic features into the special education assessment process for ELs. Results also include a process for examining an assessment body of evidence from competing perspectives to increase objectivity. Recommendations for rural educator preparation and district assessment processes are provided.
Filgrastim enhances T-cell clearance by antithymocyte globulin exposure after unrelated cord blood transplantation
Authors: de Koning Coco , Gabelich Julie-Anne , Langenhorst Jurgen , Admiraal Rick , Kuball Jurgen , Boelens Jaap Jan , Nierkens Stefan
Published: March 2018

Key Points

Residual ATG exposure delays CD4+ T-cell reconstitution more severely after CBT than after BMT. Filgrastim (G-CSF), given early after CBT, enhances ATG-mediated T-cell clearance in patients with residual ATG exposure.
MECOM-associated syndrome: a heterogeneous inherited bone marrow failure syndrome with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia
Authors: Germeshausen Manuela , Ancliff Phil , Estrada Jaime , Metzler Markus , Ponstingl Eva , Rütschle Horst , Schwabe Dirk , Scott Richard H. , Unal Sule , Wawer Angela , Zeller Bernward , Ballmaier Matthias
Published: March 2018

Key Points

Germ line mutations in MECOM cause a heterogeneous bone marrow failure syndrome with congenital hypomegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia. MECOM-associated syndrome includes various organ malformations with variable penetrance, including radioulnar synostosis.
Drug repurposing in malignant pleural mesothelioma: a breath of fresh air?
Authors: Boyer Arnaud , Pasquier Eddy , Tomasini Pascale , Ciccolini Joseph , Greillier Laurent , Andre Nicolas , Barlesi Fabrice , Mascaux Celine
Published: March 2018

Drug repurposing is the use of known drugs for new indications. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare cancer with a poor prognosis. So far, few treatments have been approved in this disease. However, its incidence is expected to increase significantly, particularly in developing countries. Consequently, drug repurposing appears as an attractive strategy for drug development in MPM, since the known pharmacology and safety profile based on previous approvals of repurposed drugs allows for faster time-to-market for patients and lower treatment cost. This is critical in low- and middle-income countries where access to expensive drugs is limited. This review assesses the published preclinical and clinical data about drug repurposing in MPM.

In this review, we identified 11 therapeutic classes that could be repositioned in mesothelioma. Most of these treatments have been evaluatedin vitro, half have been evaluatedin vivoin animal models of MPM and only three (i.e.valproate, thalidomide and zoledronic acid) have been investigated in clinical trials, with limited benefits so far. Efforts could be coordinated to pursue further investigations and test promising drugs identified in preclinical experiments in appropriately designed clinical trials.
Exacerbations of COPD
Authors: Viniol Christian , Vogelmeier Claus F.
Published: March 2018

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide. While COPD is a mainly chronic disease, a substantial number of patients suffer from exacerbations. Severe exacerbations are related to a significantly worse survival outcome. This review summarises the current knowledge on the different aspects of COPD exacerbations. The impact of risk factors and triggers such as smoking, severe airflow limitation, bronchiectasis, bacterial and viral infections and comorbidities is discussed. More severe exacerbations should be treated with β-agonists and anticholinergics as well as systemic corticosteroids. Antibiotic therapy should only be given to patients with presumed bacterial infection. Noninvasive ventilation is indicated in patients with respiratory failure. Smoking cessation is key to prevent further COPD exacerbations. Other aspects include choice of pharmacotherapy, including bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, long-term antibiotics and mucolytics. Better education and self-management as well as increased physical activity are important. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination is recommended. Treatment of hypoxaemia and hypercapnia reduce the rate of COPD exacerbations, while most interventional bronchoscopic therapies increase exacerbation risk within the first months after the procedure.
The potentially beneficial central nervous system activity profile of ivacaftor and its metabolites
Authors: Schneider Elena K. , McQuade Rachel M. , Carbone Vincenzo C. , Reyes-Ortega Felisa , Wilson John W. , Button Brenda , Saito Ayame , Poole Daniel P. , Hoyer Daniel , Li Jian , Velkov Tony
Published: March 2018

Ivacaftor–lumacaftor and ivacaftor are two new breakthrough cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance modulators.

The interactions of ivacaftor and its two metabolites hydroxymethylivacaftor (iva-M1) and ivacaftorcarboxylate (iva-M6) with neurotransmitter receptors were investigated in radioligand binding assays.

Ivacaftor displayed significant affinity to the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) 5-HT2Creceptor (pKi=6.06±0.03), β3-adrenergic receptor (pKi=5.71±0.07), δ-opioid receptor (pKi=5.59±0.06) and the dopamine transporter (pKi=5.50±0.20); iva-M1 displayed significant affinity to the 5-HT2Creceptor (pKi=5.81±0.04) and the muscarinic M3 receptor (pKi=5.70±0.10); iva-M6 displayed significant affinity to the 5-HT2Areceptor (pKi=7.33±0.05). Thein vivocentral nervous system activity of ivacaftor (40 mg·kg−1intraperitoneally for 21 days) was assessed in a chronic mouse model of depression. In the forced swim test, the ivacaftor-treated group displayed decreased immobility (52.8±7.6 s), similarly to fluoxetine (33.8±11.0 s), and increased climbing/swimming activity (181.5±9.2 s). In the open field test, ivacaftor produced higher locomotor activity than the fluoxetine group, measured both as mean number of paw touches (ivacaftor 81.1±9.6versusfluoxetine 57.9±9.5) and total distance travelled (ivacaftor 120.6±16.8 cmversusfluoxetine 84.5±16.0 cm) in 600 s. Treatment of 23 cystic fibrosis patients with ivacaftor–lumacaftor resulted in significant improvements in quality of life (including anxiety) in all five domains of the AweScoreCF questionnaire (p=0.092–0.096).

Our findings suggest ivacaftor displays potential clinical anxiolytic and stimulating properties, and may have beneficial effects on mood.
Management of hypertension and multiple risk factors to enhance cardiovascular health in Singapore: The SingHypertension cluster randomized trial
Authors: Jafar Tazeen H. , Tan Ngiap Chuan , Allen John C. , Finkelstein Eric A. , Goh Paul , Moey Peter , Quah Joanne Hui Min , Hwang Siew Wai , Bahadin Juliana , Thiagarajah Anandan Gerard , Chan Jason , Kang Gary , Koong Agnes
Published: March 2018

Background

Hypertension is a serious public health problem in Singapore and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) with considerable implications for health-care resources. The goal of the trial is to compare a multicomponent intervention (MCI) to usual care to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the MCI for lowering blood pressure (BP) among adults with uncontrolled hypertension in Singapore primary-care clinics.

Methods/design

The study is a cluster randomized trial in eight polyclinics in Singapore: four deliver a structured MCI and four deliver usual care. The components of the MCI are: (1) an algorithm-driven antihypertensive treatment for all hypertensive individuals using single-pill combination (SPC) and lipid-lowering medication for high-risk hypertensive individuals, (2) a motivational conversation for high-risk hypertensive individuals, (3) telephone-based follow-ups of all hypertensive individuals by polyclinic nurses, and (4) discounts on SPC antihypertensive medications.

The trial will be conducted with 1000 individuals aged ≥ 40 years with uncontrolled hypertension (systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg, based on the mean of the last two of three measurements) in eight polyclinics in Singapore. The primary outcome is change in systolic BP from baseline to follow-up at 24 months post-randomization. The incremental cost of MCI per CVD disability adjusted life years (DALY) averted and quality adjusted life years (QALY) saved will be computed.

Discussion

The demonstration of an effective and cost-effective hypertension control program that is implementable in busy polyclinics would provide compelling evidence for upscaling the program across all primary-care centers in Singapore, and possibly other regional countries with a similar health-care structure.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02972619. Registered on 23 November 2016.
RANKL/RANK Pathway and Its Inhibitor RANK-Fc in Uterine Leiomyoma Growth
Authors: Ikhena Deborah E , Liu Shimeng , Kujawa Stacy , Esencan Ecem , Coon John S , Robins Jared , Bulun Serdar E , Yin Ping
Published: March 2018

Context

Uterine leiomyomas are the most common type of gynecologic tumor in women.

Objective

To determine the role of the cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-Β ligand (RANKL); its receptor, receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-Β (RANK); and the RANKL/RANK pathway inhibitor RANK-Fc in leiomyoma growth.

Design

Messenger RNA (mRNA) or protein levels of RANKL, RANK, and proliferation markers cyclin D1 and Ki67 were assessed in various leiomyoma tissues and cell populations. Human xenograft experiments were performed to determine the effects of RANK-Fc on leiomyoma growth in vivo.

Setting

Research laboratory.

Patients

Twenty-four regularly cycling premenopausal women (age 28 to 49 years) who were not receiving hormone therapy.

Interventions

None.

Main Outcome Measure

Tumor growth in a murine xenograft model following targeting of the RANKL/RANK pathway with RANK-Fc.

Results

RANKL mRNA levels in leiomyoma were significantly higher than those in myometrial tissues. The highest RANK levels were found in the leiomyoma stem cell population, which is deficient in progesterone receptor (PR). Conversely, the highest RANKL levels were found in the PR-rich leiomyoma intermediate cell (LIC) population. R5020, a PR agonist, specifically increased RANKL expression in LICs. RANK-Fc blocked RANKL-induced expression of the proliferative gene cyclin D1. Treatment with RANK-Fc also significantly decreased tumor growth in vivo and diminished the expression of proliferation marker Ki67 in tumors (P < 0.01; n = 4).

Conclusions

Treatment with the RANKL/RANK pathway inhibitor RANK-Fc significantly decreased human leiomyoma cell proliferation and tumor growth. This suggests that the RANKL/RANK pathway could serve as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of uterine leiomyoma.
Streamlined histone-based fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) for studying chromatin organisation
Authors: Sherrard Alice , Bishop Paul , Panagi Melanie , Villagomez Maria Beatriz , Alibhai Dominic , Kaidi Abderrahmane
Published: March 2018

Changes in chromatin structure are key determinants of genomic responses. Thus, methods that enable such measurements are instrumental for investigating genome regulation and function. Here, we report further developments and validation of a streamlined method of histone-based fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) that robustly detects chromatin compaction states in fixed and live cells, in 2D and 3D. We present a quality-controlled and detailed method that is simpler and faster than previous methods, and uses FLIMfit open-source software. We demonstrate the versatility of this chromatin FLIM through its combination with immunofluorescence and its implementation in immortalised and primary cells. We applied this method to investigate the regulation of chromatin organisation after genotoxic-stress and provide new insights into ATM's role in controlling chromatin structure independently of DNA damage. Collectively, we present an adaptable chromatin FLIM method for examining chromatin structure and establish its utility in mammalian cells.
The hidden function of egg white antimicrobials: egg weight-dependent effects of avidin on avian embryo survival and hatchling phenotype
Authors: Krkavcová Eva , Kreisinger Jakub , Hyánková Ludmila , Hyršl Pavel , Javůrková Veronika
Published: March 2018

Avidin is key egg white antimicrobial protein with strong binding capacity for biotin, an essential growth and immune cell precursor. As such, it is assumed to have a pronounced, though still poorly explored, effect on hatchling phenotype. We tested the effect of experimentally increased egg white avidin concentration (AVIDIN+) on hatching success, chick morphology, post-hatching growth performance and innate immune function in a model bird, Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica). Probability of embryo survival in the late embryonic phase increased with increasing egg weight in control eggs, but not in AVIDIN+ eggs. Chicks hatching from lighter AVIDIN+ eggs had a shorter tarsus than chicks hatching from heavier AVIDIN+ eggs. This suggests that an increase in egg white avidin favours embryo survival in lighter eggs during late embryogenesis, but at the expense of reduced structural body size. Plasma complement activity in 6-day old AVIDIN+ chicks decreased with increasing body mass and tarsus length; the opposite was true for control chicks, implying that the later post-hatching innate immune function of larger chicks was compromised by an increase in egg white avidin concentration. Here, we first documented important role of egg white antimicrobials on maintenance of embryo viability, avian hatchlings morphology and immune phenotype.
Identification of protective postexposure mycobacterial vaccine antigens using an immunosuppression-based reactivation model in the zebrafish
Authors: Myllymäki Henna , Niskanen Mirja , Luukinen Hanna , Parikka Mataleena , Rämet Mika
Published: March 2018

Roughly one third of the human population carries a latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, with a 5-10% lifetime risk of reactivation to active tuberculosis and further spreading the disease. The mechanisms leading to the reactivation of a latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection are insufficiently understood. Here, we used a natural fish pathogen, Mycobacterium marinum, to model the reactivation of a mycobacterial infection in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). A low-dose intraperitoneal injection (∼40 colony-forming units) led to a latent infection, with mycobacteria found in well-organized granulomas surrounded by a thick layer of fibrous tissue. A latent infection could be reactivated by oral dexamethasone treatment, which led to disruption of the granuloma structures and dissemination of bacteria. This was associated with the depletion of lymphocytes, especially CD4+ T cells. Using this model, we verified that ethambutol is effective against an active disease but not a latent infection. In addition, we screened 15 mycobacterial antigens as postexposure DNA vaccines, of which RpfB and MMAR_4207 reduced bacterial burdens upon reactivation, as did the Ag85-ESAT-6 combination. In conclusion, the adult zebrafish-M. marinum infection model provides a feasible tool for examining the mechanisms of reactivation in mycobacterial infections, and for screening vaccine and drug candidates.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Immune regulation by Tim-3
Authors: Banerjee Hridesh , Kane Lawrence P.
Published: March 2018

T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) is a transmembrane protein that in both mice and humans has been shown to possess various functions in a context-dependent manner. Thus, Tim-3 has been associated with both inhibitory and co-stimulatory function, depending in part on the specific cell type and immune response course. Though originally described on T cells, Tim-3 is now known to be expressed by both lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells within the immune system and even by non-immune cells. In addition, though widely thought of as a negative regulator of immunity, Tim-3 has been shown in more recent studies to have a positive function on both myeloid and lymphoid cells, including T cells. Tim-3 is often expressed at a high level on exhausted T cells in tumors and chronic infection and may engage in crosstalk with other so-called “checkpoint” molecules such as PD-1. Thus, Tim-3 has emerged as a possible therapeutic target, which is being actively explored both pre-clinically and clinically. However, recent research suggests a more complex in vivo role for this protein, compared with other targets in this area.
Loss of Zbtb32 in NOD mice does not significantly alter T cell responses.
Authors: Coley William D. , Zhao Yongge , Benck Charles J. , Liu Yi , Hotta-Iwamura Chie , Rahman M. Jubayer , Tarbell Kristin V
Published: March 2018

Background:We previously identified the transcriptional regulator Zbtb32 as a factor that can promote T cell tolerance in the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse, a model of Type 1 diabetes. Antigen targeted to DCIR2+dendritic cells (DCs)in vivoinhibited both diabetes and effector T cell expansion in NOD mice. Furthermore, Zbtb32 was preferentially induced in autoreactive CD4 T cells stimulated by these tolerogenic DCIR2+DCs, and overexpression of Zbtb32 in islet-specific T cells inhibited the diabetes development by limiting T cell proliferation and cytokine production.

Methods:To further understand the role of Zbtb32 in T cell tolerance induction, we have now used CRISPR to target the Zbtb32 gene for deletion directly in NOD mice and characterized the mutant mice. We hypothesized that the systemic loss of Zbtb32 in NOD mice would lead to increased T cell activation and increased diabetes pathogenesis.

Results:Although NOD.Zbtb32-/-male NOD mice showed a trend towards increased diabetes incidence compared to littermate controls, the difference was not significant. Furthermore, no significant alteration in lymphocyte number or function was observed. Importantly,in vitrostimulation of lymphocytes from NOD.Zbtb32-/-mice did not produce the expected hypersensitive phenotype observed in other genetic strains, potentially due to compensation by homologous genes.

Conclusions:The loss of Zbtb32 in the NOD background does not result in the expected T cell activation phenotype.
Burden of neurodevelopmental disorders in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bitta Mary , Kariuki Symon M. , Abubakar Amina , Newton Charles R.J.C
Published: March 2018

Background: Childhood mortality from infectious diseases has declined steadily in many low and middle-income (LAMIC) countries, with increased recognition of non-communicable diseases such as neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). There is lack of data on the burden of NDD in LAMIC. Current global burden of these disorders are largely extrapolated from high-income countries. The main objective of the study was therefore to estimate the burden of NDD in LAMIC using meta-analytic techniques.

Methods: We systematically searched online databases including Medline/PubMed, PsychoInfo, and Embase for studies that reported prevalence or incidence of NDD. Pooled prevalence, heterogeneity and risk factors for prevalence were determined using meta-analytic techniques.

  Results: We identified 4,802 records, but only 51 studies met the eligibility criteria. Most studies were from Asia-Pacific (52.2%) and most were on neurological disorders (63.1%). The median pooled prevalence per 1,000 for any NDD was 7.6 (95%CI 7.5-7.7), being 11.3 (11.7-12.0) for neurological disorders and 3.2 (95%CI 3.1-3.3) for mental conditions such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The type of NDD was significantly associated with the greatest prevalence ratio in the multivariable model (PR=2.6(95%CI 0.6-11.6) (P>0.05). Incidence was only reported for epilepsy (mean of 447.7 (95%CI 415.3-481.9) per 100,000). Perinatal complications were the commonest risk factor for NDD.

Conclusion: The burden of NDD in LAMIC is considerable. Epidemiological surveys on NDD should screen all types of NDD to provide reliable estimates.
SYSTEMATIZATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FACTORS FOR AGRARIAN SECTOR
Authors: Мукамбаева Ирина , Mukambaeva Irina
Published: March 2018

Definition of sustainable development factors for agrarian sector is in need of specification and systematization in view of considerable quantity of expert approaches. Classification of these factors on responsibility levels of a state and a business make it possible to divide them into inside and outside ones for sectoral entrepreneurs, as well as distribute them among social, economic, and environmental spheres.
Things We Do for No Reason: Hospitalization for the Evaluation of Patients with Low‐Risk Chest Pain
Authors: Caulfield Christopher A. , Stephens John R.
Published: March 2018

The “Things We Do for No Reason” (TWDFNR) series reviews practices that have become common parts of hospital care but may provide little value to our patients. Practices reviewed in the TWDFNR series do not represent “black and white” conclusions or clinical practice standards, but are meant as a starting place for research and active discussions among hospitalists and patients. We invite you to be part of that discussion.
Stochastic Optimization Models for Workforce Planning, Operations, and Risk Management
Authors: Davis Michael J. , Lu Yingdong , Sharma Mayank , Squillante Mark S. , Zhang Bo
Published: March 2018

A framework for unified decision making under uncertainty that supports financial planning, operations management, and risk management for workforce applications is proposed and analyzed. The management of enterprise workforce is conducted at the granularity of cohorts of individuals with similar attributes of interest. A time inhomogeneous Markov chain is developed to model the evolution of these cohorts over time. Stochastic control problems based on versions of the controlled Markov chain are formulated to maximize profit under a set of workforce decisions. Extensive data analysis and innovative computational approaches enable us to solve these stochastic control problems for large-scale systems, with real-world business case studies demonstrating the use of this unified decision support capability for large-scale enterprises.
The options for a tooth that requires root canal treatment
Authors: Eliyas Shiyana , Briggs Peter , Gallagher Jennifer E
Published: March 2018

Abstract: There have been many advances in the replacement of teeth, especially using dental implants. There are a number of other options for when a tooth is lost; however, there is also value in maintaining a tooth with the provision of root canal treatment and a good coronal seal. This article summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each option with supporting evidence from the literature.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: This review article provides an updated practical perspective to decision-making when it comes to teeth requiring root canal treatment.
Post-operative sensitivity and posterior composite resin restorations: a review
Authors: Sabbagh Joseph , Fahd Jean Claude , McConnell Robert J
Published: March 2018

Abstract: With an increasing use of posterior composite resin restorations, the incidence of post-operative sensitivity has become an everyday clinical problem. The aim of this paper is to identify the possible causes of post-operative sensitivity and explore how it can be avoided and treated.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: This paper addresses the different causes responsible for post-operative sensitivity following composite placement. Also the management of this situation is discussed.
Understanding our patient base: an introduction to data analytics in dental practice
Authors: Pritchett Rosie , Coleman Shirley , Campbell James , Pabary Shiv
Published: March 2018

Abstract: Dental practices are continually collecting patient data but it is often an underutilized resource. There is a growing trend towards use of data analytics within companies to guide business decisions. For dental practices which use digital systems, a large reserve of patient information is readily available. Simple data analytic techniques are presented which can be used to extract substantial insight into patient demographics, DNA (did not attend) rates and many other areas of practical relevance to clinical service delivery and business management.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: Data analytics is well established in many industries and has the potential for encouraging colleagues to look at their data and understand their patient base and changes over time; practice owners can gain insight into patient demographics to guide business decisions and improve patient care.
A expressão do passado absoluto em variedades argentinas
Authors: Araujo Leandro Silveira de
Published: March 2018

Este trabalho analisa a expressão do passado absoluto (PA – El Ministerio de Seguridad difundió ayer la identidad de las víctimas) em Buenos Aires e San Miguel de Tucumán. O interesse decorre da variação observada entre as formas do perfecto compuesto (PC – han tirado) e simple (PS – difundió) na expressão desse sentido e das descrições ainda limitadas, que proporcionam um conhecimento incipiente sobre o uso do PC e do PS expressando PA nas duas regiões argentinas. Em complemento, o estudo diacrônico dessas formas indica a existência de um processo de mudança que opera sobre o PC – originalmente marcada por valores aspectuais –, transformando-a em uma construção temporal que expressa valor de anterioridade à fala, isto é, antepresente e, mais adiante, passado absoluto. A fim de proceder ao estudo desse comportamento do pretérito perfecto, valemo-nos do referencial teórico-metodológico da Sociolinguística Variacionista, isso para identificar o encaixamento dessa variação nas variedades e avaliar se os estados descritos correspondem a diferentes estágios de evolução. A análise de dados pautou-se em um corpus constituído por enunciados de entrevistas radiofônicas, pois esse gênero propicia um contexto para a recorrência do PA e resgata uma fala mais espontânea. Finalmente, procedemos a análise multivariada que indicou estatisticamente fatores que ajudam a explicar o encaixamento dessa variação nas duas variedades diatópicas. Os resultados apontam um uso mais recorrente da forma composta em San Miguel de Tucumán. Em especial, essa variedade aponta um percentual maior no uso do PC no PA. Em Buenos Aires, por sua vez, observa-se um uso quase categórico do PS no PA.
Sistema de alerta para estudiantes con discapacidad visual en la UTM
Authors: Cruz Felipe Marely Del Rosario , Pinargote Ortega Jenmer Maricela , Demera Ureta Gabriel Primitivo , Vera Zambrano Edisson Manuel , Mosquera Alcívar Rosa Antonia
Published: March 2018

El traslado de estudiantes con discapacidad visual en la Universidad Técnica de Manabí (UTM) ha reportado accidentes al pasar por algunas rampas y otros obstáculos, sobre todo en los días de lluvia. El presente artículo hace parte una investigación para la realización de un sistema de alerta para estudiantes con discapacidad visual. El objetivo de la implementación de este sistema es orientar a estudiantes con discapacidad visual sobre diferentes obstáculos que existen en su traslado por la universidad. Para llevar a cabo la implementación fueron analizados los sistemas de alertas y las tecnologías que se emplean actualmente como resultado de un profundo estudio del arte a nivel nacional e internacional; se describieron las herramientas y tecnologías utilizadas en la solución desarrollada (metodología, tecnologías para censar el desplazamiento de las personas, software, lenguajes de programación, etc.). Esto facilitó una implementación eficiente en corto tiempo del sistema propuesto mediante tecnología RFID (identificación por radio frecuencia). Lo anterior se refleja de manera positiva en la orientación para el traslado de 32 estudiantes con discapacidad visual por la universidad y, por consiguiente, mejora su calidad de vida.
Mass media zamiast psychologa? Rola środków społecznego przekazu w zmniejszaniu stresu w sytuacjach zagrożenia
Authors: Mydlarska Joanna
Published: March 2018

Artykuł akcentuje rolę mediów masowych w kontekście utrzymania dobrostanu psychicznego uczestników i obserwatorów sytuacji zagrożenia o charakterze niejednostkowym. Podkreślony jest potencjał mediów masowych w zmniejszaniu stresu u uczestników i obserwatorów sytuacji zagrożenia. U około 70% uczestników sytuacji zagrażających życiu stres osiąga poziom utrudniający planowanie czy racjonalne działania. Naturalnie pojawiające się w tej sytuacji reakcje, takie jak: panika, brak zachowania zasad bezpieczeństwa lub inne nieskoordynowane działania, mogą zostać złagodzone poprzez rzetelne i systematyczne informowanie społeczności o naturze zagrożenia i sposobach przeciwdziałania im. Większość uczestników katastrofy w momencie jej wystąpienia ma poczucie zagubienia i bezradności i potrzebuje głównie informacji ułatwiającej zapewnienie przeżycia, zwiększenie poczucia bezpieczeństwa i własnego wpływu na sytuację oraz zwiększenia szans na odnalezienie bliskich. Choć wydaje się, że rola mediów masowych jako pomagających w radzeniu sobie ze stresem jest sprzeczna z główną ideą działania mediów masowych w Polsce, dążeniem do sensacyjności, pozostaje nam kibicować dobrym przykładom z praktyki i mieć nadzieję, że wzrastać będzie świadomość tej doniosłej mediów masowych.
Praca środkiem do ograniczenia wykluczenia społecznego, marginalizacji i ubóstwa
Authors: Heigelmann Małgorzata
Published: March 2018

Wśród najbardziej palących problemów współczesności wymienić należy ubóstwo, będące efektem wykluczenia społecznego i marginalizacji. Różne mogą być przyczyny tego zjawiska (systemowe, strukturalne, kulturowe i indywidualne). Jednym z trudnych do przyjęcia skutków zjawiska globalizacji jest wzrost bezrobocia i wzrastające dysproporcje poziomu życia. Wpływa to również na ograniczenie możliwości wyrównania szans życiowych. Ojciec Święty Franciszek zdecydowanie przeciwstawia się ekonomii wykluczenia i nierówności społecznej, ponieważ godzi ona w podstawowe prawo do życia. „Ekonomia wykluczenia i nierówności społecznej” prowadzi do najbardziej nieludzkiego potraktowania drugiego człowieka i skazania go na całkowite odrzucenie. Troska o jego integralny rozwój, który może owocować wychodzeniem z tego zaklętego koła, powinna być pierwszorzędnym zadaniem każdego człowieka. Doktor Wanda Błeńska jest przykładem osoby, która inspiruje do poszukiwania sposobów pomocy najuboższym.
Wolność osoby ludzkiej w średniowiecznych rozważaniach o małżeństwie niewolników. Na podstawie Summy teologicznej św. Tomasza z Akwinu oraz Ordinatio bł. Jana Dunsa Szkota
Authors: Niewiadomski Krzysztof
Published: March 2018

Artykuł podejmuje temat wolności człowieka na podstawie rozważań o małżeństwie niewolników św. Tomasza z Akwinu i bł. Jana Dunsa Szkota, zawartych w Summie teologicznej i Ordinatio. Obaj autorzy uważają, że niewolnik może zawrzeć małżeństwo nawet bez zgody swojego właściciela. Przy okazji wykazują, że człowiek nie ma prawa do wolności absolutnej rozumianej jako negacja zasad moralnych i sprawiedliwych umów społecznych. Z drugiej jednak strony żadnemu prawu ani osobie nie wolno ograniczać pewnej przestrzeni wolności w człowieku, dzięki której może on wykonywać akty cnót i w której także zapada decyzja o małżeństwie.
Człowiek – technika – środowisko – uwagi na marginesie encykliki papieskiej Laudato si’
Authors: Tomaszyk Mikołaj
Published: March 2018

Celem opracowania jest wskazanie i omówienie relacji materii i ducha w perspektywie odpowiedzialnego dialogu człowieka – techniki i środowiska w świetle ostatniej encykliki papieża Franciszka. Na marginesie wywodu toczy się dyskusja o zależnościach antropocentryzmu, ekocentryzmu i biocentryzmu. Franciszek, podejmując temat kondycji osoby ludzkiej, swoje ustalenia opiera na diagnozie współczesności, nawiązując zarówno do troski wyrażanej przez poprzednich papieży, Magisterium Kościoła, ale również sięga do prac badaczy spoza kręgów kościelnych. Wszystkich łączy troska o człowieka i przyszłe pokolenia. Różnice powstają w ocenie determinantów tego obrazu, działań niezbędnych do podjęcia celem poprawy sytuacji oraz roli i miejsca człowieka w tym planie.
Dyplomacja wobec problematyki ochrony środowiska naturalnego w świetle wypowiedzi Jana Pawła II i Benedykta XVI
Authors: Makowski Paweł Adam
Published: March 2018

Środowisko naturalne we współczesnym świecie podlega coraz większej degradacji. Sytuacja ta skłania do podjęcia działań nie tylko w skali lokalnej czy regionalnej, ale także międzynarodowej. Na poziomie międzynarodowym istotną rolę odgrywa dyplomacja, która angażując się w działania na rzecz ochrony środowiska naturalnego, może zapobiec wielu kataklizmom. Stąd tak ważne jest podjęcie refleksji w tym zakresie, aby odnaleźć drogi prowadzące do skutecznej ochrony środowiska naturalnego. Celem niniejszej publikacji jest ukazanie nauczania Jana Pawła II i Benedykta XVI skierowanego do dyplomatów w zakresie środowiska naturalnego oraz przedstawienie wymiaru normatywnego tego nauczania.
Assessing the usefulness of the photogrammetric method in the process of capturing data on parcel boundaries
Authors: Benduch Piotr , Pęska-Siwik Agnieszka
Published: March 2018

A parcel is the most important object of real estate cadastre. Its primary spatial attribute are boundaries, determining the extent of property rights. Capturing the data on boundaries should be performed in the way ensuring sufficiently high accuracy and reliability. In recent years, as part of the project “ZSIN – Construction of Integrated Real Estate Information System – Stage I”, in the territories of the participating districts, actions were taken aimed at the modernization of the register of land and buildings. In many cases, this process was carried out basing on photogrammetric materials. Applicable regulations allow such a possibility. This paper, basing on the documentation from the National Geodetic and Cartographic Documentation Center and on the authors’ own surveys attempts to assess the applicability of the photogrammetric method to capture data on the boundaries of cadastral parcels. The scope of the research, most importantly, included the problem of accuracy with which it was possible to determine the position of a boundary point using photogrammetric surveys carried out on the terrain model created from processed aerial photographs. The article demonstrates the manner of recording this information in the cadastral database, as well as the resulting legal consequences. Moreover, the level of reliability of the entered values of the selected attributes of boundary points was assessed.
Optimal Stratification and Allocation for the June Agricultural Survey
Authors: Lisic Jonathan , Sang Hejian , Zhu Zhengyuan , Zimmer Stephanie
Published: March 2018

A computational approach to optimal multivariate designs with respect to stratification and allocation is investigated under the assumptions of fixed total allocation, known number of strata, and the availability of administrative data correlated with thevariables of interest under coefficient-of-variation constraints. This approach uses a penalized objective function that is optimized by simulated annealing through exchanging sampling units and sample allocations among strata. Computational speed is improved through the use of a computationally efficient machine learning method such as K-means to create an initial stratification close to the optimal stratification. The numeric stability of the algorithm has been investigated and parallel processing has been employed where appropriate. Results are presented for both simulated data and USDA’s June Agricultural Survey. An R package has also been made available for evaluation.
Contrast relations in the early aber-clauses of German-speaking infants
Authors: Bartz Damaris , Bittner Dagmar
Published: March 2018

The paper focusses on the early production of aber- (‘but’-) clauses in German L1-acquisition. It aims to explain the delay in the realization of finite clause structure in aber-clauses reported in a previous study. Delayed realization of finite clause structure was also reported for clauses containing the additive particle auch (‘also/too’) by other researchers. It has been attributed to the information-structural properties of auch-clauses. Following this approach, we investigated the information-structural properties of the aber-clauses documented in the longitudinal data of five monolingual children (age range: 1;11–2;10) from the first documented aber-production to the emergence of finite clause structure in aber-clauses. Information-structural complexity is measured in terms of number and quality of the information-structural patterns of contrastive information in the aber-clause and the explicitness of the contrast realization. Analyses reveal a change in preference from topic-including contrasts to non-topic-including ones, that is, comment-located contrasts as well as a change from explicit to implicit contrast realization. We argue that the delayed realization of finite clause structure in aber-clauses is caused by an initial concentration on the complex content relations raised by the requirement of information-structural alignment of at least two different constituents as well as the anticipating of an implicit proposition.
Major Vault Protein, a Candidate Gene in 16p11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome, Is Required for the Homeostatic Regulation of Visual Cortical Plasticity
Authors: Ip Jacque P.K. , Nagakura Ikue , Petravicz Jeremy , Li Keji , Wiemer Erik A.C. , Sur Mriganka
Published: March 2018

Microdeletion of a region in chromosome 16p11.2 increases susceptibility to autism. Although this region contains exons of 29 genes, disrupting only a small segment of the region, which spans five genes, is sufficient to cause autistic traits. One candidate gene in this critical segment isMVP, which encodes for the major vault protein (MVP) that has been implicated in regulation of cellular transport mechanisms. MVP expression levels inMVP+/−mice closely phenocopy those of 16p11.2 mutant mice, suggesting thatMVP+/−mice may serve as a model of MVP function in 16p11.2 microdeletion. Here we show that MVP regulates the homeostatic component of ocular dominance (OD) plasticity in primary visual cortex.MVP+/−mice of both sexes show impairment in strengthening of open-eye responses after several days of monocular deprivation (MD), whereas closed-eye responses are weakened as normal, resulting in reduced overall OD plasticity. The frequency of miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) in pyramidal neurons is decreased inMVP+/−mice after extended MD, suggesting a reduction of functional synapses. Correspondingly, upregulation of surface GluA1 AMPA receptors is reduced inMVP+/−mice after extended MD, and is accompanied by altered expression of STAT1 and phosphorylated ERK, which have been previously implicated in OD plasticity. Normalization of STAT1 levels by introducing STAT1 shRNA rescues surface GluA1 and open-eye responses, implicating STAT1 as a downstream effector of MVP. These findings demonstrate a specific role for MVP as a key molecule influencing the homeostatic component of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, and potentially the corresponding phenotypes of 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMajor vault protein (MVP), a candidate gene in 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome, has been implicated in the regulation of several cellular processes including transport mechanisms and scaffold signaling. However, its role in brain function and plasticity remains unknown. In this study, we identified MVP as an important regulator of the homeostatic component of experience-dependent plasticity, via regulation of STAT1 and ERK signaling. This study helps reveal a new mechanism for an autism-related gene in brain function, and suggests a broader role for neuro-immune interactions in circuit level plasticity. Importantly, our findings might explain specific components of the pathophysiology of 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome.