bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Three Social Cognitive-Motivational Structure Types
Authors: Malerstein Abraham J. , Ahern Mary M. , Pulos Steven
Published: August 2011

Previously, using interviews from Baumrind's longitudinal study, three cognitive-motivational structures (CMSs) were predicted in 68 adolescents from caregiving settings and from the CMS types of their mothers, based on the mothers' interviews elicited six years earlier. CMS theory proposes that during Piaget's Concrete Operational Period care-receiving influences the child's adoption of a social cognitive style, which corresponds to one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development. One who is classified as an Operational experiences the caregiving setting as tuned to the child's long-term interests, becomes focused on function and control of function and grasps the distinctions between and gradations of social attributes. One classified as future Intuitive experiences the caregiving as insufficient or unreliable and becomes focused on getting and having, and assesses social situations based on current striking dimensions. A person classified as being future Symbolic experiences the caregiving as out of tune with the self or the world, becomes focused on identity and emotional closeness, and may define self or object by a single attribute. This previous study did not distinguish between the influence of caregiving (including mothers' CMS) on the formation of adolescent CMS type and the possible constancy of CMS type from ages 9 to 15 years. The current study was designed to distinguish between these two possibilities, using data from 67 of the same mothers. Mothers' interviews were purged of descriptions of her child's behavior. Another interview was composed of the purged descriptions of child behavior. This was also done for interviews held when the child was 4 and 15 as well as at 9. From interviews with descriptions of child behavior purged, mother's CMS type at the child's age of 4 and 9 yr. agreed with her adolescent's previously assigned CMS type ( p < .05), and caregiving setting at 9 years predicted the adolescent's CMS type ( p < .05). From interviews composed of descriptions of only the child's behavior, adolescent CMS type agreed with previously assigned adolescent CMS type ( p < .01). Findings were consonant with the idea that CMS type formation is influenced at about Age 9 and sufficiently established to be recognized at Age 15.
Construct Validity for Self-Acceptance and Fear of Negative Evaluation
Authors: Durm Mark W. , Glaze Patricia E.
Published: August 2011

For 55 students (13 men, 42 women) there was a significant inverse correlation for scores on the Self-acceptance Scale and scores on the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, thereby giving credence to the construct validity of both scales, that is, the more one accepts oneself, the less negative evaluation there is of oneself.
Remembering Stories as a Function of the Medium of Presentation
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: August 2011

Participants (50 women, 35 men) either watched, listened to, or read a piece of fiction for television. An immediate cued recall test showed, as predicted, that the group who read the piece remembered more than either of the other two groups. This confirms previous findings on adults that recall of material presented in the print medium is superior to that from audio-only and audio-visual presentation.
Students' Reports of Athletic Involvement as Predictors of Drinking: A Pilot Study
Authors: Higgs Sharolyn R. , McKelvie Stuart J. , Standing Lionel G.
Published: August 2011

54 undergraduates' reports indicated that the amount of alcohol consumed per week did not differ among university athletes, intramural athletes, and nonathletes, but it was positively related to male gender and to reported smoking.
An Inventory to Measure Helplessness, Hopelessness, and Haplessness
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Using a sample of 69 undergraduates, scales were devised to measure helplessness, hopelessness, and haplessness and shown to have good reliability. Briefer scales were also developed whose scores were independent of one another in a factor analysis. Scores for 19 male and 50 female undergraduates on the 4-item scales of Helplessness and Hopelessness were associated with two different measures of depression, but scores on Hopelessness provided the stronger correlate.
Further Evidence of Reliability and Validity for the Driving Anger Expression Inventory
Authors: Deffenbacher Jerry L. , Deffenbacher David M. , Lynch Rebekah S. , Oetting Eugene R.
Published: August 2011

This study provided evidence of reliability and validity for the four scales of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory. Alpha reliabilities for scales ranged from .84 to .89. Measures of aggressive anger expression while driving (Verbal Aggressive Expression, Personal Physical Aggressive Expression, and Use of the Vehicle to Express Anger scales) correlated positively with each other and negatively with the Adaptive/Constructive Expression scale. Scores on the three aggressive forms of anger expression correlated positively with trait anger and measures of driving-related anger, aggression, and risky behavior, whereas scores on the Adaptive/Constructive Expression scale correlated negatively with these variables. Reports of aggressive and risky behavior correlated most strongly with the Use of the Vehicle to Express Anger scale. Forms of anger expression were minimally or uncorrelated with rated trait anxiety and reports of moving violations, close calls, and accidents. Findings replicated earlier findings and provided further evidence for the reliability and validity of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory.
Perceptions of Body Hair on White Women: Effects of Labeling
Authors: Basow Susan A. , Willis Joanna
Published: August 2011

This study examined 118 college students' perceptions of a White woman with body hair as a function of two different possible attributions. Participants reacted to a video of a young woman described as being either a feminist or as having a medical condition that hindered shaving. Students rated the woman on a variety of interpersonal traits. Analysis showed a main effect for body hair and for description but no interaction. The woman with body hair, whether for feminist or alternative reasons, was rated as significantly less friendly, moral, and relaxed, as well as more aggressive, unsociable, strong, nonconformist, dominant, assertive, independent, and in better physical condition than the same woman without body hair. Implications and directions for research are suggested.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Survivors of a Kamikaze Attack
Authors: Chara Paul J. , Chara Kathleen A.
Published: August 2011

26 sailors who survived a Kamikaze attack during the battle for Okinawa in World War II were given two adapted forms of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist–Civilian to assess the psychological reactions they had to the sinking of their ship. Depending on the assessment criteria used, their responses indicated significant stress reactions ranging from 8.3% to 44% of the sample. The findings provide evidence that a single combat experience can have lifelong, averse psychological effects.
Diverse Thinking-Style Preferences in a University Course in Mathematics
Authors: Maree Jacobus G. , Steyn Tobia
Published: August 2011

At the University of Pretoria during 1999 the thinking-style preferences of three groups of students ( ns = 50, 31, and 13) taking a first course in calculus were assessed using the Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument. Analysis affirmed diversity in thinking-style preferences among the students and that the groups' scores represent a composite range of such preferences. Clearly, teachers of mathematics should be aware of and accommodate this diversity in instructional activities.
Comparison of Childhood Problem Behaviors in Boys with Subsequent Schizophrenic, Antisocial, and Good Adult Outcomes
Authors: Roff James D.
Published: August 2011

Childhood problem behaviors for 145 boys seen in child guidance clinics were used to compare four adult outcome groups: antisocial men, schizophrenic subjects with good outcomes, schizophrenic subjects with poor outcomes, and subjects with good outcomes. Delinquent and aggressive factor scale scores distinguished the antisocial outcomes from the other groups. A preschizophrenic factor along with lower IQ separated schizophrenics with poor outcome from the others. Subjects with good outcomes had lower scores on factor scales, higher IQ, and less disturbed families. Schizophrenics with good outcomes were the most difficult to identify correctly.
Attitudes towards the Use of Tests and Test Scores
Authors: Gellman Estelle , Guarino Anthony J. , Witte James E.
Published: August 2011

This exploratory study compared the perceived use of tests and test scores of 43 adult education teachers and 130 teachers in the K-12 system tested earlier.
Breast Cancer: Education, Counseling, and Adjustment—A Pilot Study
Authors: Hoskins Carol Noll , Haber Judith , Budin Wendy C. , Cartwright-Alcarese Frances , Panke Joan , Kowalski Mildred Ortu , Maislin Greg
Published: August 2011

The feasibility of a randomized clinical trial to implement and compare the effectiveness of three components of an intervention for women with breast cancer and their partners was tested. The intervention components, standardized education by videotape (SE), telephone counseling (TC), and education with telephone counseling (SE + TC), were designed with a complementary approach to disease management of breast cancer at each of four phases of the breast cancer experience: diagnostic, postsurgery, adjuvant therapy, and ongoing recovery. A standardized Telephone Counseling Training Manual was developed. A nonprobability sample of 12 patient-partner pairs was accrued. Four pairs were randomly assigned to each of the three intervention components. A set of questionnaires was completed by each patient and partner at baseline and following each intervention for assessment of emotional, physical, and social adjustment, and perceived support. Attrition was minimal and return rate for the completed questionnaires at all five data-collection points was high. Validation of the SE and the TC, one of the objectives, was by data from the preliminary descriptive study (Hoskins, 1990–1994), pretests and posttests for standardized education, audiotapes for each phase-specific telephone counseling session, and evaluation forms for each intervention session. The positive findings included significant changes from pre- to postmeasurement in patients' and partners' scores for the standardized education in each of the four phases. Even with the limited statistical power, the effects were marked, lending support for a full-scale randomized clinical trial, to understand better the relative treatment efficacy and differential benefit of one or some interventions over others.
Inference of Personality Projected onto Fictional Characters Having an Author's First Name
Authors: Barry Herbert
Published: August 2011

Jane Austen projected some of her personality characteristics onto her fictional namesakes Jane Bennet in the novel Pride and Prejudice and Jane Fairfax in the novel Emma. Wishful fantasy seems satisfied by two attributes of both Janes. They are very beautiful, and they marry rich men they love. A feeling of inferiority was expressed by two attributes of both Janes, depicted as deficient in social communication and subordinate to the heroine of the novel.
Quality of Life before and after Lung Transplantation in Patients with Emphysema versus other Indications
Authors: TenVergert E. M. , Vermeulen K. M. , Geertsma A. , van Enckevort P. J. , de Boer W. J. , van der Bij W. , Koëter G. H.
Published: August 2011

Whether lung transplantation improves Health-related Quality of Life in patients with emphysema and other end-stage lung diseases before and after lung transplantation was examined. Berween 1992 and 1999, 23 patients with emphysema and 19 patients with other indications completed self-administered questionnaires before lung transplantation, and at 4, 7, 13, and 25 mo. after transplantation. The questionnaire included the Nottingham Health Profile, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Self-rating Depression Scale, the Index of Well-being, the self-report Karnofsky Index, and four respiratory-specific questions. Neither before nor after transplantation were significant differences found on most dimensions of Health-related Quality of Life between patients with emphysema and other indications. Before transplantation, both groups report major restrictions on the dimensions Energy and Mobility of the Nottingham Health Profile, low experienced well-being, depressive symptoms, and high dyspnea. About 4 mo. after transplantation, most Health-related Quality of Life measures improved significantly in both groups. These improvements were maintained in the following 21 mo.
Use of Abnormal and Health Psychology as Topics in a Classroom Format to Reduce Alcohol and other Drug Abuse among College Students at Risk
Authors: Miley William M.
Published: August 2011

This study was done to assess whether classes containing topics derived from two college courses, Abnormal Psychology and Health Psychology, could be used in a class room format to reduce alcohol and other drug abuse among at-risk college students. Topics covered included stress and stress management, alcohol and other drug use and abuse, chronic illnesses and psychological disorders that develop from an unhealthy lifestyle, and factors that play a role in good health and well-being. Students were enrolled in a semester-long course for college credit as an alternative to punitive sanctions for on-campus alcohol violations and other drug violations. The Midwest Institute on Drug Use Survey and the CORE Alcohol and Drug Survey were administered on the first and last days of class. Analysis indicated a significant self-reported reduction in drug use and associated negative symptoms and behavioral effects. Women were more likely to report reductions in drug use than men.
Anger vs Guilt: Inference of Responsibility Attribution and Interpersonal Reactions
Authors: Karasawa Kaori
Published: August 2011

This study examined reactions toward an expression of anger or guilt. Participants' reactions were assessed after their partner for a collaborative task expressed anger or guilt due to failure on the task. Analysis indicated that participants inferred the attribution of responsibility made by the partner based on the expressed emotions; anger elicited an inference that the partner attributed the failure to the participant, while guilt led to an inference that the partner attributed the failure to the self. Further, expressers of anger were perceived as having more negative traits and were avoided more than those who expressed guilt. Discussion considered negative interpersonal effect of an expression of anger.
Relations of Psychological Distress with Objective Individual, Family, and Neighborhood Characteristics of Urban Adolescents
Authors: Rosenthal Beth Spenciner , Wilson W. Cody
Published: August 2011

This paper describes the relations of psychological distress with 11 ecological factors (5 community, 4 family, and 2 individual) among 423 older urban adolescents who are predominantly people of color. Data were obtained by means of self-report via group-administered questionnaires given between 1994 and 1996; most scales are multi-item. There is wide variation in distress. There are very few statistically significant relationships between the ecological factors and distress, and those are negligible. Girls whose parents have less education and live in extended families have higher distress; family and individual domains are correlated .04 and .03 with distress and the community domain .00, so this ecological model accounts for a mere 7% of the common total variance in distress.
Narcissism and Belief in the Paranormal
Authors: Roe Chris A. , Morgan Claire L.
Published: August 2011

The present study was designed to assess whether the relationship between narcissistic personality and paranormal belief identified by Tobacyk and Mitchell earlier could be replicated with a general population and to see whether the effect could be found with a narrower definition of paranormal beliefs that focuses only on belief in psychic phenomena. 75 participants completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and two measures of paranormal belief, the Paranormal Belief Scale and the Australian Sheep–Goat Scale. There was no correlation between narcissism and Paranormal Belief Scale scores, but narcissism and Australian Sheep–Goat Scale scores were significantly positively correlated. Of the three subscales to the Australian Sheep–Goat measure, scores for narcissism correlated with belief in ESP and PK but not in Life after death. These relationships were interpreted in terms of need for control.
An Evaluation of a Required Computer-Applications Course for Psychology Majors
Authors: Perkins David , Cozby P. Chris , Cassens Michael R , Eddy Rebecca M.
Published: August 2011

This study describes and evaluates a psychology course specifically focused on computer skills for undergraduate psychology majors. Learning by 136 undergraduates was evaluated on a 57-item objective test. Mean posttest scores were significantly higher than the mean pretest scores in all classes across all topic areas.
Introversion–Extra Version, Tempo, and Guided Imagery
Authors: Strelow Barbara R. , Davidson William B.
Published: August 2011

This research tested the hypotheses that (a) introverts would produce more vivid imagery than would extraverts, and (b) introverts would produce better mental imagery if the background auditory tempo was slow, and extraverts would produce better mental imagery of the background auditory tempo was fast. Participants ( N = 240) were classified as introverts or extraverts and were randomly assigned one of three tempo conditions: slow, fast, or none. They were instructed to form mental images while listening individually to one of two stories Clicks (slow or fast) sounded in the background during the stories. All participants then completed detailed questionnaires about the vividness of their mental imagery. Analysis showed that introverts reported significantly more vividness in their imagery than did extraverts. The hypothesized interaction between personality and tempo was not found. Implications were drawn for therapeutic applications of mental imagery.
Age, Sex, Education, Religion, and Perception of Tattoos
Authors: Lin Yang
Published: August 2011

Tattooing has become more acceptable in the mainstream American culture in recent years. Based on a survey with face-to-face interviews of 335 nontattooed adults randomly selected from a city with a population of 444,000, this study explored the relationship of individuals' demographic variables, attitudes toward religion, and their perceptions of tattoos. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that age and attitude toward religion were associated with individuals' perception of tattoos.
Age and Sex Differences for Anxiety in Relation to Family Size, Birth Order, and Religiosity among Kuwaiti Adolescents
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: August 2011

Differences in rated anxiety among 2,453 boys ( n = 1,229) and girls ( n = 1,224), Kuwaiti secondary school students, were reported for five age groups from 14 to 18 years. For girls at all ages but 14 years, mean rated anxiety was significantly higher than the means for the boys. Mean anxiety scores increased across age groups from 14 to 18 years. Not all comparisons between age groups with the same sex, however, were significant. Analysis showed nonsignificant correlations for anxiety with both family size and number of siblings, but significant and positive correlations for anxiety with birth order were found for boys ( r = .10, p < .01) and girls ( r = .06, p < .05). The predictive and practical values of these very small correlations are negligible, being significant merely because N is so large. Pearson correlations between anxiety and self-rating of religiosity were –.22 and –.22 ( p < .01) for boys and girls, respectively. This result was interpreted in the light of high intrinsic religious orientation among Kuwaitis. In the Islam proper, multiple practices are said to relieve anxiety.
Sex Differences in the Personal Conceptions of Intelligence: Particularities of the Portuguese Cultural Context
Authors: Faria Luísa
Published: August 2011

Several empirical studies have implicated helplessness as a problem in girls' lack of achievement, generally associated with static conceptions of intelligence. Yet, two studies aiming to explore sex differences in personal conceptions of intelligence, carried out with Portuguese samples of 222 and 2,106 subjects, respectively, using a 15-item rating scale to measure personal conceptions of intelligence adapted for Portuguese adolescents (11 to 17 years old), did not find sex differences, suggesting that certain specific characteristics of the Portuguese cultural context and its underlying socialization processes may have altered the expected kind of differentiation. Researchers should investigate whether success is not stereotypically attributed to male role norms and the importance of arousal of standards of achievement for women in the Portuguese culture.
Various Types of Exercise and Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory
Authors: Ahmadi Jamshid , Samavat Foroozandeh , Sayyad Marzieh , Ghanizadeh Ahmad
Published: August 2011

This study investigated scores on depression of students in sports. 311 ( ns = 60, 100, 100, 40, 11) female athletic candidates were selected randomly and administered the Beck Depression Inventory. Initially, 60 persons who had gone through a body-building course for less than 1 month took the inventory and again after 4 wk. The mean score difference was −3.5. This decline in mean depression score after 4 wk. of exercise was significant. In the next step, 100 women new to body building and 100 women who had completed 2 mo. body building were compared. Their mean scores were 13.3 for newcomers and 10.2 for the 2-mo. group, a significant difference. Finally, 40 female athletes who had swum for less than 1 mo. were compared with professional swimmers from the Fars province. Their mean depression scores were 10.5 and 6.5, respectively. This difference was also significant. We concluded that exercising is associated with lower mean scores on the Beck Depression Inventory.
Suggestions regarding Cross-Cultural Environment as Context for Aging and Human Development in Non-Western Cultures
Authors: Eyetsemitan Frank E.
Published: August 2011

An individual's aging and human development always occur within a particular cultural context, but given the dominance of Western culture, the environment of non-Western societies is cross-cultural—it includes not only a non-Western dimension, but also Global and Western dimensions. The Western dimension is made up of those characteristics associated with Western societies, which are now found in non-Western societies, for example, Western education, healthcare services, and industrialization. The non-Western dimension, on the other hand, is made up of those attributes that are indigenous to the people, e.g., traditional healing. The Global dimension is characterized by standards that all societies should adhere to, e.g., human rights, equality for women, or by biological changes that are universally shared. Given this situation, six possible interaction patterns between the individual and his environment are mentioned as they have implications for different aging and human development pathways. These cross-cultural environmental dimensions also have implications for immigrants and refugees from non-Western societies in Western cultures and for ethnic minority group members in dominant cultures. This initial proposal may stimulate further detailed development.
Policy Shifts in the Presidential Debates
Authors: McIntosh Everton G.
Published: August 2011

To assess whether hearing a debate will be followed by a change in potential voters' ratings of candidates' policy views, 45 undergraduates completed a questionnaire immediately before and after viewing the third presidential debate of 2000 between Bush and Gore. Analysis indicated that agreement with Gore's domestic policy showed a significant shift of 1.2 from pretest to posttest.
Family Coherence and ADHD
Authors: Niederhofer H. , Hackenberg B. , Lanzendorfer K. , Staffen W. , Mair A.
Published: August 2011

A lack of perseverance, poor attention, and poorly modulated behaviour are important criteria of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Instructions often must be repeated, sometimes even by different family members, before a child with ADHD attends and complies. The hyperkinetic child might cause less disruption in families with high coherence. Families of 15 boys (aged 6 to 12 years) diagnosed with ADHD using the Mannheim Parent's Interview and the teacher's form of the Conners scale were compared with a matched healthy control group of 15 boys. Parents completed a form assessing the family's cooperation and child-rearing practices. Intrafamilial coherence seems to have little positive association with the family's characteristics, especially for boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Low coherence among family members may reduce ADHD symptoms and may have protective effects on children with ADHD.
An Exploratory Factor Analysis of Children's Depression Inventory Scores in Young Children of Substance Abusers
Authors: Drucker Philip M. , Greco-Vigorito Carolyn
Published: August 2011

A factor analytic study of scores obtained on the Children's Depression Inventory from a sample of 202 young children ( M = 7.5 yr., SD = 2.2) of alcoholics and substance abusers was completed. A principal components factor analysis with an oblique rotation yielded five separate factors related to Negative Self-concept, Acting-out, Somatic/Disturbed Symptoms, Mood, and Hopelessness. In previous factor analytic studies of the Children's Depression Inventory with normal and clinical populations the primary factor obtained was formed by mood-related items. In contrast, the primary factor of the present analysis was formed by items concerning perceptions of self-concept, not mood. These results corroborated previously reported data from the Child Behavior Checklist suggesting that the depressive symptoms displayed by children of substance abusers are related to self-concept and externalization.
Friendship Closeness Inventory: Development and Psychometric Evaluation
Authors: Polimeni Anne-Maree , Hardie Elizabeth , Buzwell Simone
Published: August 2011

This study developed a psychometrically sound measure of closeness in Australian men's ( n = 59) and women's ( n = 77) same-sex friendships, the Friendship Closeness Inventory. Subscales were developed to measure both masculine and feminine styles of closeness in three domains of Emotional Closeness, Behavioural Closeness, and Cognitive Closeness. The inventory was subjected to reliability checks which supported the reliability of each scale, and factor analyses which supported the 3-factor design. Correlations among ratings on subscales suggested that the affective, behavioural, and cognitive dimensions are distinguishable but related components of friendship. Group comparisons indicated that women rated themselves closer to their same-sex friends on the affective dimension than men. Researchers have suggested that sex-role socialisation may partly account for sex differences in self-ratings of emotional expressiveness in friendships. There were no significant differences between men's and women's ratings on the behavioural and cognitive aspects of friendships. The cognitive element may need further exploration in further scale development as it measures only one aspect of cognitive closeness: the perceived influence of friends. Pending further validation, the inventory appears potentially useful for research exploring affective, behavioural, and cognitive elements of young men's and women's friendships.
Effects of Bilingual and Monolingual Presentations and Time on Concept- and Language-Matching Tasks
Authors: Ayçiçeği Ayşe , Peynircioğlu Zehra F.
Published: August 2011

Balanced Turkish-English bilingual participants viewed word pairs, presented both monolingually (English-English or Turkish-Turkish) or bilingually (English-Turkish or Turkish-English) and both for short and long durations. They made decisions on whether the simultaneously presented words in a pair were in the same language or not, or whether they denoted the same concept or not. In the short presentation condition, we found no evidence for subliminal processing. In cases in which both words were consciously identified, participants were more accurate, although not faster in the long than in the short presentation condition for both language and concept decisions. In the long presentation condition, language decisions were more accurate than concept decisions, although not faster. In addition, language decisions were not affected by whether the words were synonyms (concept identity), and concept decisions were not affected by whether the presentation was monolingual or bilingual (language identity), although in the monolingual conditions, “same” decisions were faster but not more accurate, and in the bilingual conditions a speed-accuracy trade-off was observed in that “same” decisions were faster but “different” decisions were more accurate.
National Character and Rates of Suicide and Homicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Hofstede's personality scores for workers in 50 nations were not associated with national homicide rates in 1980. Suicide rates were, however, negatively associated with power-distance scores.
Homework, Stress, and Mood Disturbance in Senior High School Students
Authors: Kouzma Nadya M. , Kennedy Gerard A.
Published: August 2011

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between hours of homework, stress, and mood disturbance in senior high school students, 141 boys and 228 girls, recruited from high schools across Victoria, Australia. Participants' ages ranged from 16 to 18 years ( M = 16.6, SD = .6). A 1-wk. homework diary, a Self-reported Stress scale, and the Profile of Mood States were administered to students. Analysis showed that the number of hours spent completing homework ranged from 10 to 65 hours per week ( M = 37.0, SD = 12.2). Independent samples t-test analyses showed significant sex differences, with female students scoring higher on hours of homework, stress, and mood disturbance compared to male students. Pearson product-moment correlations were significant and positive for hours of homework with stress and for hours of homework with mood disturbance.
Sex and Attributions on Reactions toward Alleged Spousal Abuse Victims
Authors: Heater Jill , Walsh John , Sande Gerry
Published: August 2011

This study examined the emotional and behavioral reactions of 118 predominantly Euro-American, middle-class university students toward an alleged spousal abuse victim. In the context of a decision-making task, participants encountered another male or female student (a confederate) who was supposedly injured in an accident or a spousal abuse incident. Participants completed the Trait Questionnaire, Emotional Reaction Measure, and Social Distancing Measure. Generally, participants felt less sympathy and more anger and ascribed less positive traits to the abuse victim than to the accident victim. In addition, they distanced themselves socially from the abuse victim. Further analyses showed that female participants displayed more negative trait ascriptions and behavioral reactions to the abuse victims than did male participants.
Comparison of the Function of Exchange in Couples of Similar and Differing Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Murstein Bernard I. , Reif Jeffrey A. , Syracuse-Siewert Gia
Published: August 2011

Couples (22 young, married, 18 young unmarried) completed the Exchange Orientation Scale, which measures how much individuals believe equality of exchange should characterize their social relationships, as well as the Norman Personality Trait Scale, which gives measures for the self and ideal-self. Couples also rated their sexual satisfaction, their partners' physical attractiveness, their own attractiveness, and had their photographs evaluated for attractiveness by disinterested raters. Subgroups were formed of physically attractive couples, couples in which the members were of disparate attractiveness, and couples in which the individuals perceived themselves as equal to their partners in attractiveness or as inferior. In accordance with exchange theory, the hypotheses were (1) unmarried men would show higher exchange scores than married men, (2) attractive men in disparately attractive couples would show greater exchange scores than attractive men in both-attractive couples, (3) attractive members of disparately attractive couples would possess lower self-acceptance and (4) experience greater sexual satisfaction than attractive members of both-attractive couples. Results supported all hypotheses in varying extents.
Multivariate Multiple Regression Analyses: A Permutation Method for Linear Models
Authors: Mielke Paul W. , Berry Kenneth J.
Published: August 2011

A multivariate extension of a univariate procedure for the analysis of experimental designs is presented. A Euclidean-distance permutation procedure is used to evaluate multivariate residuals obtained from a regression algorithm, also based on Euclidean distances. Applications include various completely randomized and randomized block experimental designs such as one-way, Latin square, factorial, nested, and split-plot designs, with and without covariates. Unlike parametric procedures, the only required assumption is the randomization of subjects to treatments.
Correlations for Organizational, Nonorganizational, and Intrinsic Religiosity with Social Support among Intercollegiate Athletes
Authors: Storch Eric A. , Storch Jason B.
Published: August 2011

The present study was a preliminary examination of the correlations among organizational, nonorganizational, and intrinsic religiosity and social support as measured by the Duke Religion Index and the Nonsupport scale of the Personality Assessment Inventory for 105 intercollegiate athletes (51 women). Scores among these measures were not correlated (–.05 to –.14).
Workaholism among a Sample of Turkish Managers and Professionals: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Koksal Hayal
Published: August 2011

This exploratory study attempted to replicate previous North American research on workaholism and the relationship of workaholism components proposed by Spence and Robbins to potential antecedents and consequences. Data were obtained from 60 managers and professionals in Istanbul using anonymous questionnaires. These questionnaires contained measures previously used in North America translated into Turkish. Most measures had acceptable internal consistency reliability, and the pattern of findings were generally consistent with previous North American results. However, two of the three measures of workaholism components did not produce acceptable reliabilities, which suggests reconsideration of these specific measures and their items.
Factor Analysis of Furnham's Money Attitude Scale
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: August 2011

This paper offers a critique of Yang and Lester's analysis of Furnham's Money Attitude Scale.
Evaluating the Aware Inventory as a Measure of Relationship Factors among a Sample of High School Students
Authors: Silliman Benjamin , Schumm Walter R.
Published: August 2011

The Awareness of Attitudes and Relationship Expectations (AWARE) Inventory was administered to 160 high school students in Wyoming. Factor analysis showed the inventory did not have the expected 11 dimensional factor structure. Most of the intended 10-item scales yielded unacceptably low estimates of internal consistency reliability. Through an iterative process, one internally consistent scale of 17 items (α = .80) was derived. Researchers should be careful to evaluate the AWARE Inventory with their own samples before proceeding under an assumption that its scales reliably assess the 11 dimensions expected.
Physically Active Students' Intentions and Self-Efficacy towards Healthy Eating
Authors: Bebetsos Evagelos , Chroni Stiliani , Theodorakis Yannis
Published: August 2011

This study investigated intentions and self-efficacy of physically active university students towards healthy eating. The application of Planned Behavior theory has shown that attitudes, intention, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms play an important role in shaping people's behavior. 96 students, who participated in physical activities, voluntarily completed the Questionnaire for the Planned Behavior Model and the Health Behavior Questionnaire. The former examines attitudes, intentions, perceived behavioral control, and the lately added attitude strength, and role identity towards the behavior factors. The latter assesses one's efficacy expectations towards healthy eating. The regression showed strong associations between the examined variables, signifying that attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and role identity could account for one's intention towards healthy eating behaviors. On the other hand, one's self-efficacy for healthy eating could be explained from the attitudes, intention, perceived behavioral control, and attitude strength held. Overall, systematic participation in physical activities appeared to be accompanied with a relatively healthier diet, while self-efficacy had a significant association with maintaining the healthy eating behaviors. Possible interpretations, limitations, and implications for health professionals are discussed.
Bulimic Symptomatology, Body-Image, and Personality Characteristics of University Men
Authors: Finlayson R. A. , Kelly I. W. , Saklofske D. H.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationships, using regression analysis, among bulimic symptomatology, body-image characteristics, and personality factors in a nonclinical sample of 46 undergraduate university men. They completed the Bulimia Test—Revised (a measure of bulimic symptomatology), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised (a measure of personality characteristics), and the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (a multidimensional measure of body-image parameters). Statistically significant relationships were identified among Appearance Evaluation, Neuroticism and Psychoticism, and the BULIT-R scores.
Holocaust Survivors in a Primary Care Setting: Fifty Years Later
Authors: Trappler Brian , Braunstein Jeffrey W. , Moskowitz George , Friedman Steven
Published: August 2011

Past studies have not assessed the prevalence of emotional disturbances in Holocaust survivors seeking medical treatment in a family practice environment. The present study examined the prevalence of lifetime (the presence of symptomatology at any time) and current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, general anxiety, and depression in Holocaust survivors seeking medical treatment in a primary care setting. 20 of the 27 Holocaust survivors in our sample received a current diagnosis of PTSD and reported significant symptoms of depression and general anxiety. Although 74% of the survivors were currently diagnosed with PTSD, participants in this study had reported an overall decline in reexperiencing, hyperarousal, and overall PTSD symptoms but exhibited increased avoidance and numbing symptoms throughout the lifespan. These preliminary results suggest that removing avoidance as a defense mechanism during the course of psychotherapy may leave these survivors without an adequate way for coping with their trauma, subsequently increasing their vulnerability to psychopathology. Implications for psychological interventions are provided.
Variations in a University Subject Pool as a Function of Earlier or Later Participation and Self-Report: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Bernard Larry C. , Walsh R. Patricia
Published: August 2011

The present study replicated and extended earlier research on temporal sampling effects in university subject pools. Data were obtained from 236 participants, 79 men and 157 women, in a university subject pool during a 15-wk. semester. Without knowing the purpose of the study, participants self-selected to participate earlier (Weeks 4 and 5; n = 105) or later (Weeks 14 and 15; n = 131). Three hypotheses were investigated: (1) that the personality patterns of earlier and later participants on the NEO Personality Inventory–Revised and the Personality Research Form differ significantly, with earlier participants scoring higher on the latter scales reflecting social responsibility and higher on former Conscientiousness and Neuroticism scales; (2) that there are similar significant differences between participants in the earlier and later groups compared to the male and female college normative samples for the two tests; and (3) that earlier participants will have higher actual Scholastic Assessment Test scores and Grade Point Averages. Also investigated was whether participants' foreknowledge that their actual Scholastic Assessment Test scores and Grade Point Averages would be obtained would affect their accuracy of self-report. In contrast to prior research, neither the first nor second hypothesis was supported by the current study; there do not appear to be consistent differences on personality variables. However, the third hypothesis was supported. Earlier participants had higher actual high school Grade Point Average, college Grade Point Average, and Scholastic Assessment Test Verbal scores. Foreknowledge that actual Scholastic Assessment Test scores and Grade Point Averages would be obtained did not affect the accuracy of self-report. In addition, later participants significantly over-reported their scores, and significantly more women than men and more first-year than senior-year subjects participated in the early group.
Note on the Relationships among Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Lowery Christopher M. , Beadles N. A. , Krilowicz Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

Previous research which has established a relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and job satisfaction has involved primarily white collar workers. This study extends the prior research to a different sample—blue collar workers—and investigates the relations of organizational citizenship behavior to the various facets of job satisfaction as measured by the Job Descriptive Index. We also examine the relative effects of organizational commitment and job satisfaction on citizenship behaviors. Analysis of responses from a sample of 91 machine operators employed by a clothing manufacturer in the southeastern United States indicates that citizenship behaviors of blue collar workers are related to satisfaction with coworkers, satisfaction with supervision, and satisfaction with pay, but not satisfaction with opportunities for advancement, satisfaction with the work itself, or organizational commitment.
Team Climate Inventory with a Merged Organization
Authors: Dackert Ingrid , Brenner Sten-Olof , Johansson Curt R.
Published: August 2011

The present study examines the team climate for innovation in work teams within a newly merged organization. Four teams working at a regional head office of a Social Insurance organization answered the Team Climate Inventory. The results were compared to those of a study by Agrell and Gustafson of more stable teams. The comparison showed that participative safety and support for innovation were rated lower and that vision was rated higher in the newly merged teams. The 38-item original inventory was used and based on the results, a 1999 proposed shortened version of 14 items by Kivimäki and Elovainio was compared with the original one. Analysis indicated that the short version can be a valid alternative to the original version but that further testing of the short version is needed.
Sex Differences in Cerebral Tissue Volume and Cognitive Performance during Adolescence
Authors: Yurgelun-Todd Deborah A. , Killgore William D. S. , Young Ashley D.
Published: August 2011

Adolescent development is associated with progressive increases in the ratio of cerebral white-to-gray matter volume, but it is unclear how these changes relate to cognitive development and whether they are associated with sex-specific variability in cerebral maturation. We examined sex differences in the relation between cerebral tissue volume and cognitive performance in 30 healthy adolescents (ages 13 to 17 years) using morphometric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the 10 boys, greater white matter volume during adolescence was positively correlated with faster speed of information processing and better verbal abilities, while cerebrospinal fluid volume was negatively correlated with verbal abilities. No significant relations between cerebral tissue volume and cognitive abilities were found for the sample of 20 girls, raising the possibility of a different developmental trajectory for females that was not sampled in the age range of this study. Findings suggest sex-specific developmental differences in the relations between cerebral structure and function.
Identification and Remediation of Reading Difficulties Based on Successive Processing Deficits and Delay in General Reading
Authors: Churches Melinda , Skuy Mervyn , Das J. P.
Published: August 2011

Widespread learning problems among South African children are associated with the apartheid era and show a need for effective reading programs. In selecting these programs, it is useful to differentiate between children with dyslexia and children whose reading is poor because teaching was inadequate. In this study, the Woodcock Tests of Reading Mastery-Revised and tests modelled on the Cognitive Assessment System were used to define a group of children with deficits in successive processing associated with dyslexia and a group of children with general reading delay. There were two girls and five boys in each group. For the children with successive processing deficit, the mean age was 9 yr., 8 mo. For the other group, mean age was 9 yr., 3 mo. Control groups were matched for age and sex and kind of reading difficulty. The first group received Das's PASS Reading Enhancement Program, and the second participated in a remedial program based on Whole Language principles. The treatment groups received 24 1-hr. long sessions. Gains in successive processing were shown for the first group, as measured by the tests modelled on Cognitive Assessment System subtests but not for the second group. Both groups showed gains in phonics and word identification, relative to their respective control groups, suggesting the respective intervention program was effective for each group.
Clustering in Rampage Murders
Authors: Lester David , Stack Steven , Schmidtke Armin , Schaller Sylvia , Müller I.
Published: August 2011

A study of 81 incidents of rampage murders in the USA from 1988 to 1999 yielded no evidence for clustering.
Ethics in Family vs Nonfamily Owned Businesses
Authors: Hebert Frederic J. , Bass Kenneth E. , Tomkiewicz Joseph
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the ethical judgments in family vs nonfamily owned businesses. Respondents rated their ethical evaluations of 5 scenarios which involved ethical issues, e.g., promotion of a family member ahead of an equally qualified nonfamily employee. Analysis of responses from 120 participants yielded no statistically significant differences between the ethical judgment ratings of owner/managers of family and nonfamily owned firms.
Measurements in the Future: Beyond the 20th Century
Authors: Merenda Peter F.
Published: August 2011

This article presents a brief history of psychometrics and the development in the USA shortly after the end of World War II of university graduate programs to educate and train psychometricians. Three decades later these programs in North America were on a steady decline. But, at the same time there was a surge in universities abroad in producing well-trained psychometricians, particularly in Western European countries, especially The Netherlands. Broad implications of the effect of this movement on psychological testing are suggested.