bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure Evolution During Spark Plasma Sintering of Metastable (ZrO2–3 mol% Y2O3)–20 wt% Al2O3 Composite Powders
Authors: Suffner Jens , Lattemann Martina , Hahn Horst , Giebeler Lars , Hess Christian , Cano Irene Garcia , Dosta Sergi , Guilemany Josep Maria , Musa Clara , Locci Antonio Mario , Licheri Roberta , Orrú Roberto , Cao Giacomo
Published: April 2010

Metastable ZrO2 (3 mol% Y2O3)–20 wt% Al2O3 oxide composite powders are obtained by liquid nitrogen quenched plasma spraying of commercially available powders. During passage of the plasma, Al2O3, ZrO2, and Y2O3 are molten and rapidly solidified upon impact on the liquid nitrogen cooled substrate. Aluminum cations are nearly completely incorporated into zirconia leading to the stabilization of the cubic zirconia phase. Spark plasma sintering of these powders is successfully performed to obtain a dense composite with grain sizes in the range of 300–500 nm. Phase separation of the immiscible phases accompanied by homogeneous precipitation of Al2O3 occurs during sintering. Because of the short holding times applied during densification, complete phase separation may be suppressed and the metastable character is partially retained. The detected Al2O3 content in ZrO2 is still larger than the equilibrium solubility. Phase evolution during all phases of the process is recorded by means of X‐ray diffraction, scanning as well as transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy.
Age‐specific mortality analysis of the dry forest kissing bug, Rhodnius neglectus
Authors: Rabinovich Jorge E. , Nieves Eliana L. , Chaves Luis F.
Published: April 2010

Age‐specific mortality patterns can be very different across insects with different life histories. Some holometabolous insects (like mosquitoes, fruit flies) show a pattern where mortality rate decelerates at older ages, whereas other holometabolous insects (bruchid beetles) and hemimetabolous insects (cotton stainers, milkweed bugs, and kissing bugs) show an age‐specific mortality pattern that increases through all ages. Kissing bugs are strictly hematophagous and are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. Here, we tested whether cohort data from the dry forest kissing bug, Rhodnius neglectus Lent (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), supports an increase of mortality rate that decelerates with age. We analyzed the age‐specific mortality pattern of a cohort of 250 individuals of R. neglectus. We used a suite of seven models with different degrees of complexity, to model age‐dependent forms of change in mortality rate increase in R. neglectus in the laboratory. We used the Akaike model selection criterion to choose between models that consider absence or presence of mortality deceleration. Five of the seven models (logistic, Gavrilovs, Gompertz, DeMoivre, and exponential) showed a statistically significant fit to the mortality rate. Weak late‐age mortality deceleration in R. neglectus was supported by the best fit (logistic model), and this result is consistent with predictions of the disposable soma theory of senescence.
Brain functional changes (QEEG cordance) and worsening suicidal ideation and mood symptoms during antidepressant treatment
Authors: Hunter A. M. , Leuchter A. F. , Cook I. A. , Abrams M.
Published: April 2010

Hunter AM, Leuchter AF, Cook IA, Abrams M. Brain functional changes (QEEG cordance) and worsening suicidal ideation and mood symptoms during antidepressant treatment.

Objective:  Antidepressant medications are efficacious overall; however, some individuals experience worsening mood symptoms and increased suicidal ideation (SI) during treatment. We examined the quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) cordance biomarker of brain function biomarker in relation to treatment‐emergent symptom worsening.

Method:  Seventy‐two major depressive disorder (MDD) subjects were treated with fluoxetine 20 mg (n = 13), venlafaxine 150 mg (n = 24), or placebo (n = 35) under double‐blind conditions. Behavioral ratings determined whether each subject demonstrated worsening of depressed mood, anxiety, or SI during treatment. QEEG cordance data were analyzed to determine whether symptom worsening was associated with neurophysiological changes.

Results:  Antidepressant treatment‐emergent SI (13.5%) was associated with a large transient decrease in midline‐and‐right‐frontal (MRF) cordance 48 h after start of medication.

Conclusion:  Hypothesis‐generating results suggest a pattern of functional changes in midline and right frontal brain regions associated with antidepressant treatment‐emergent SI in MDD.
Influence of titanium implant surface characteristics on bone regeneration in dehiscence‐type defects: an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Sager Martin , Kadelka Ines , Ferrari Daniel , Becker Jürgen
Published: April 2010

Schwarz F, Sager M, Kadelka I, Ferrari D, Becker J. Influence of titanium implant surface characteristics on bone regeneration in dehiscence‐type defects: an experimental study in dogs. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 466–473 doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01533.x.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare bone regeneration in dehiscence‐type defects at titanium implants with chemically modified sandblasted/acid‐etched (modSLA) or dual acid‐etched surfaces with a calcium phosphate nanometre particle modification (DCD/CaP).

Materials and Methods: Buccal dehiscence‐type defects were surgically created following implant site preparation in both the upper and the lower jaws of 12 fox hounds. Both types of implants were randomly allocated in a split‐mouth design and left to heal in a submerged position for 2 and 8 weeks. Dissected blocks were processed for histomorphometrical analysis [e.g. new bone height (NBH), percentage of bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC), area of new bone fill (BF), and area of mineralized tissue (MT) within BF].

Results: At 2 and 8 weeks, both groups revealed comparable mean BF (2.3±0.6 to 2.5±0.6 mm2versus 2.0±0.6 to 1.4±0.5 mm2) and MT (31.1±14.3–83.2±8.2%versus 38.9±15.9–84.4±6.3%) values. However, modSLA implants revealed significantly higher mean NBH (2.4±0.8 to 3.6±0.3 mm versus 0.9±0.8 to 1.8±1.4 mm) and BIC (53.3±11.3–79.5±6.6%versus 19.3±16.4–47.2±30.7%) values than DCD/CaP implants.

Conclusion: ModSLA implants may have a higher potential to support osseointegration in dehiscence‐type defects than DCD/CaP implants.
Impact of guided bone regeneration and defect dimension on wound healing at chemically modified hydrophilic titanium implant surfaces: an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Jung Ronald E. , Fienitz Tim , Wieland Marco , Becker Jürgen , Sager Martin
Published: April 2010

Schwarz F, Jung RE, Fienitz T, Wieland M, Becker J, Sager M. Impact of guided bone regeneration and defect dimension on wound healing at chemically modified hydrophilic titanium implant surfaces: an experimental study in dogs. J Clin Peridontol 2010; 37: 474–485. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01551.x.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of guided bone regeneration and defect dimension on wound healing at chemically modified titanium implant surfaces (modSLA).

Materials and Methods: ModSLA implants were placed at chronic‐type lateral ridge defects of different heights (H1–H4: 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm) and randomly allocated to either (a) GBR (polyethylene glycol membrane + biphasic calcium phosphate) or (b) untreated control. At 2 and 8 weeks (n=6 dogs each), dissected blocks were processed for histomorphometrical analysis [e.g., percentage linear fill (PLF), regenerated area (RA)].

Results: At 8 weeks, both groups revealed comparable mean PLF (%) [Control: H1 (26.1 ± 5.8)–H4 (60.4 ± 11.8); GBR: H1 (8.3 ± 5.3)–H4 (50.7 ± 23.1)] and RA (mm2) [Control: H1 (2.5 ± 0.4)–H4 (7.4 ± 4.1); GBR: H1 (1.8 ± 1.0)–H4 (10.8 ± 5.9)] values. A significant difference was observed for the mean PLF values at H1 defects.

Conclusion: It was concluded that (i) modSLA titanium implants supported bone regeneration and osseointegration at H1–H4 defects and (ii) the present GBR procedure did not seem to improve the outcome of vertical bone regeneration, but tended to increase the mean RA values.
Predicting range expansion of an ectoparasite – the effect of spring and summer temperatures on deer kedLipoptena cervi(Diptera: Hippoboscidae) performance along a latitudinal gradient
Authors: Härkönen Laura , Härkönen Sauli , Kaitala Arja , Kaunisto Sirpa , Kortet Raine , Laaksonen Sauli , Ylönen Hannu
Published: April 2010

The range expansion of organisms towards higher latitudes and altitudes is often limited by colder temperatures and the shorter growth season. In parasites, survival outside the host is most likely to affect their potential establishment in novel environments. We conducted a large scale transplant experiment to predict the potential spread of the deer kedLipoptena cervi(Diptera: Hippoboscidae), a blood‐feeding ectoparasite of boreal cervids. We studied the off‐host survival and pupal development of deer ked in five sites along a latitudinal gradient reaching from its current range in central Finland to northernmost Fennoscandia. We showed that the deer ked is able to survive and complete its development even in arctic environments, 500 km northwards beyond the current range. Performance deteriorated steadily towards north, where lower summer temperatures prolonged the developmental period and shortened the suitable host search time by several weeks. The relevance of the experiments for estimating the spread of deer ked to the north is discussed.
Predicting growth of mat‐forming lichens on a landscape scale – comparing models with different complexities
Authors: Jonsson Čabrajič Anna V. , Moen Jon , Palmqvist Kristin
Published: April 2010

During the 20th century, forestry practices has adversely affected lichen‐rich habitats. Mat‐forming lichens are important components of the vegetation of boreal and arctic ecosystems and are the main reindeer forage during the winter. To support the long‐term management of lichens in such habitats we developed models for predicting the growth of two common species. The lichens were transplanted across northern Scandinavia along a west‐east gradient varying in precipitation, temperature and irradiance. Growth was recorded seasonally over 16 months and ranged from −4.8 to 34.6% and −12.7 to 34.7% dry weight change for Cetraria stellaris and Cladina islandica, respectively. Growth was light limited below canopies with more than ca 60% cover and highest at the more humid sites when light levels were optimal. The models were based on various meteorological parameters, irradiance, physiological data and lichen hydration status; the latter was derived from a recently developed lichen hydration model. Our models' abilities to predict growth, both annually and seasonally (i.e. in summer), were evaluated in relation to their complexity and their potential usefulness from a management perspective. One parameter related to irradiance (the logarithm of site openness) was valuable in the prediction of annual growth for both species and could, in combination with precipitation, explain 52% of the variation in annual growth for C. stellaris and, in combination with total wet time and the irradiance received while wet, explain 66% of the variation in annual growth for C. islandica. The best simplified model explained 43% of the variation in annual growth for C. stellaris, using stem basal area and the annual normal temperature, and 24% for C. islandica using basal area alone. It is concluded that ensuring sufficient irradiance below the forest canopy is of crucial importance in the long‐term management of mat‐forming lichens and that simplified models can be used to identify appropriate habitats.
Variation partitioning as a tool to distinguish between niche and neutral processes
Authors: Smith Tyler W. , Lundholm Jeremy T.
Published: April 2010

We assess the potential of different forms of variation partitioning to distinguish between environmental control and dispersal limitation in communities structured by combinations of niche and neutral processes. Simulation data reveal interactions between dispersal limitation, environmental control, and the spatial structure of environmental factors in the detected levels of variance fractions. The degree of dispersal limitation contributes to both the pure environmental and pure spatial variance partitions. This undermines the common practice of interpreting these partitions as direct expressions of niche and neutral processes, respectively. Furthermore, the proportion of variation attributed to environmental variation depends not only on the strength of environmental control, but also on the specific spatial configuration of the environmental variable. This has important implications for the interpretation of empirical studies. In particular, use of these analytical techniques to compare processes governing community structure among different study systems is unwarranted, as the results will reflect not only differences in the strength of the processes of interest, but also the influence of the unique spatial arrangement of the environmental variables in each system.
Management and supportive care measures for adverse events in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes treated with azacitidine*
Authors: Santini Valeria , Fenaux Pierre , Mufti Ghulam J. , Hellström‐Lindberg Eva , Silverman Lewis R. , List Alan , Gore Steven D. , Seymour John F. , Backstrom Jay , Beach Charles L.
Published: April 2010

Objective:  Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) treatment can initially worsen patients’ clinical condition and they may discontinue therapy before achieving benefit. We present previously unpublished data from two large phase III trials describing common adverse events (AEs) associated with azacitidine and methods to manage them.

Methods:  In the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 9221 study, patients with any French‐American‐British (FAB) subtype of MDS were randomized to azacitidine or best supportive care (BSC). After 56 d, patients randomized to BSC with disease progression could cross over to receive azacitidine. In the AZA‐001 study, patients with higher‐risk MDS (FAB‐defined refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), RAEB in transformation, or chronic myelomonocitic leukaemia and IPSS int‐2 or high) were randomized to azacitidine or to conventional care regimens (CCR), which included low‐dose ara‐C, BSC, or intensive chemotherapy. In both studies, azacitidine dose was 75 mg/m2/d SC for 7 d every 28 d. AEs were graded per National Cancer Institute’s Common Toxicity Criteria version 2.0 (AZA‐001) or CALGB Expanded CTC (CALGB 9221).

Results:  In safety‐evaluable patients in AZA‐001 (N = 175) or CALGB 9221 (N = 150), the most common AEs with azacitidine included hematologic (eg, cytopenias) and non‐hematologic administration‐related events (eg, injection‐site reactions and gastrointestinal disorders). Most AEs were transient and resolved during ongoing therapy (> 83%). Hematologic AEs, most frequently observed during early treatment cycles, decreased during subsequent cycles and were usually managed with dosing delays (23–29%). Gastrointestinal symptoms were primarily managed with anti‐emetics and laxatives.

Conclusion:  Hematologic and non‐hematologic AEs with azacitidine decreased in frequency as treatment continued. Awareness of the onset, duration and management of AEs can facilitate treatment, permitting patients to continue therapy for maximum benefit.
Hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA): a serine protease that links tissue injury to activation of hepatocyte growth factor
Authors: Miyazawa Keiji
Published: April 2010

Growth factors are a group of proteins that regulate a wide variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, motility, adhesion, and apoptosis of target cells. They play crucial roles in the formation and maintenance of tissue architecture in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Because aberrations in growth factor signaling often result in pathological conditions, the activities of growth factors are tightly controlled by extracellular and intracellular regulators. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a mesenchymal cell‐derived growth factor that affects various target cells, including epithelial and endothelial cells. HGF is synthesized and secreted as a latent form, and is proteolytically activated in response to tissue injury, thus participating in tissue regeneration and repair. Interestingly, HGF has a unique structural feature: it is homologous to plasminogen, a key enzyme in the fibrinolytic system. Elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of HGF activity has revealed that a blood coagulation factor XII‐like serine protease, hepatocyte growth factor activator, efficiently converts HGF from the latent form to the active form. Hepatocyte growth factor activator itself is activated downstream of the blood coagulation cascade, and links tissue injury to activation of HGF. HGF thus has structural as well as functional relevance to the blood coagulation/fibrinolytic system.
Hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA): pathophysiological functions in vivo
Authors: Kataoka Hiroaki , Kawaguchi Makiko
Published: April 2010

Hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA) is a serine protease initially identified as a potent activator of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor is known to be critically involved in tissue morphogenesis, regeneration, and tumor progression, via its receptor, MET. In vivo, HGFA also activates macrophage‐stimulating protein, which has roles in macrophage recruitment and inflammatory processes, cellular survival and wound healing through its receptor, RON. Therefore, the pericellular activity of HGFA might be an important factor regulating the activities of these multifunctional cytokines in vivo. HGFA is secreted mainly by the liver, circulates in the plasma as a zymogen (pro‐HGFA), and is activated in response to tissue injury, including tumor growth. In addition, local production of pro‐HGFA by epithelial, stromal or tumor cells has been reported. Although the generation of HGFA‐knockout mice revealed that the role played by HGFA in normal development and physiological settings can be compensated for by other protease systems, HGFA has important roles in regeneration and initial macrophage recruitment in injured tissue in vivo. Insufficient activity of HGFA results in impaired regeneration of severely damaged mucosal epithelium, and may contribute to the progression of fibrotic lung diseases. On the other hand, deregulated excess activity of HGFA may be involved in the progression of some types of cancer.
Contribution of exofacial thiol groups in the reducing activity of Lactococcus lactis
Authors: Michelon D. , Abraham S. , Ebel B. , De Coninck J. , Husson F. , Feron G. , Gervais P. , Cachon R.
Published: April 2010

Lactococcus lactis can decrease the redox potential at pH 7 (Eh7) from 200 to −200 mV in oxygen free Man–Rogosa–Sharpe media. Neither the consumption of oxidizing compounds or the release of reducing compounds during lactic acid fermentation were involved in the decrease in Eh7 by the bacteria. Thiol groups located on the bacterial cell surface appear to be the main components that are able to establish a greater exchange current between the Pt electrode and the bacteria. After the final Eh7 (−200 mV) was reached, only thiol‐reactive reagents could restore the initial Eh7 value. Inhibition of the proton motive force showed no effect on maintaining the final Eh7 value. These results suggest that maintaining the exofacial thiol (–SH) groups in a reduced state does not depend on an active mechanism. Thiol groups appear to be displayed by membrane proteins or cell wall‐bound proteins and may participate in protecting cells against oxidative stress.
Shall we see Michael's like again?
Authors: Morgan Kenneth O.
Published: April 2010

Kenneth O. Morgan pays tribute to veteran Labour politician Michael Foot, who died in March 2010
Implications of magnetar non-precession
Authors: Glampedakis K. , Jones D. I.
Published: April 2010

The objects known as anomalous X-ray pulsars and soft gamma repeaters are commonly identified with magnetars, neutron stars with ultrastrong magnetic fields. The rotational history of these objects has, so far, revealed no evidence of free precession. At the same time, these objects do not generally appear to have magnetic axes nearly parallel or orthogonal to their spin axes. In this Letter we show that the combination of these two observations, together with simple rigid-body dynamics, leads to non-trivial predictions about the interior properties of magnetars: either (i) elastic stresses in magnetar crusts are close to the theoretical upper limit above which the crustal matter yields or (ii) there is a ‘pinned’ superfluid component in the magnetar interior. As a potentially observable consequence of these ideas we point out that in the case of no pinned superfluidity, magnetars of stronger magnetic field strength than those currently observed would have to be nearly aligned/orthogonal rotators.
Magnetic field detection in the B2 Vn star HR 7355
Authors: Rivinius Th. , Szeifert Th. , Barrera L. , Townsend R. H. D. , Štefl S. , Baade D.
Published: April 2010

The B2Vn star HR7355 is found to be a He-rich magnetic star. Spectropolarimetric data were obtained with FORS1 at UT2 on Paranal Observatory to measure the disc-averaged longitudinal magnetic field at various phases of the presumed 0.52d cycle. A variable magnetic field with strengths between 〈Bz〉=−2200 and +3200G was found, with confidence limits of 100 to 130G. The field topology is that of an oblique dipole, while the star itself is seen about equator-on. In the intensity spectra, the Hei lines show the typical equivalent width (EW) variability of He-strong stars, usually attributed to surface abundance spots. The amplitudes of the EW variability of the Hei lines are extraordinarily strong compared to other cases. These results not only put HR7355 unambiguously among the early-type magnetic stars, but confirm its outstanding nature: with v sin i= 320kms−1, the parameter space in which He-strong stars are known to exist has doubled in terms of rotational velocity.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FREEZING RATES AND THAWING RATES ON THE MANUFACTURING PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF PORK
Authors: YU X.L. , LI X.B. , ZHAO L. , XU X.L. , MA H.J. , ZHOU G.H. , BOLES J.A.
Published: April 2010

Uniform design was adopted, and three factors, i.e., freezing rates with two levels, thawing rates with six levels and individual (six pork M. Longissimus dorsi from three pigs), were investigated. After thawing, thaw loss (TL), cook loss (CL), water‐holding capacity (pressing loss) and protein solubility were measured. Structure was also viewed using transmission electron micrographs and scanning electron micrographs. The results showed that freezing rates, thawing rates and individual significantly affected TL and CL. Eliminating the effects of fixed factors of different individuals, the effects of thawing rates and freezing rates on TL and CL were nonlinear. Significant interactions between freezing rates and thawing rates on both TL and CL were observed. Water‐holding capacity was correlated to different animals and was independent of freezing rates and thawing rates. Thawing rates and animal had some effects on total protein solubility (TPS) and myofibrillar protein solubility (MPS); however, freezing rates had almost no effects on them. Considering the CL, TL, TPS and MPS comprehensively, fast freezing rate and slower thawing rates (0.75 cm/h) were the optimal combination. Scanning electron micrograms of meat frozen at different freezing rates showed that ice crystals formed at different sizes and distribution. Slow freezing rates resulted in intercellular ice crystals, while quick freezing rates resulted in intracellular ice crystals. Freezing and thawing processing had some negative effects on the structure of meat. Thawed meat showed a reduction in the density of the Z‐disks, and the overall integrity of the myofibril was lost; the quicker the thawing rates were, the more severe the disruption of the myofibril.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The freezing of meat has been widely used as an economically favorable way of storage, and generally, frozen meat should be thawed before it is used in the subsequent production. However, freezing procedures, frozen storage and the thawing procedures could affect meat quality attributes such as thaw loss, color and tenderness. Although there are many different methods of thawing, air thawing and water thawing are still the methods widely used in the food industry, especially in China, for its priority in price and convenience. Therefore, experiments were carried out to research the effect of freezing rate and thawing rate, which were similar to the present practice of the food industry in China. We found that fast freezing and low thawing were the optimal combination, which can decrease thaw loss, cook loss and pressing loss, and can maintain the functional properties of frozen pork meat. The result of our research was operable and very useful for both the food industry and the consumers to control the quality of frozen meat and to enhance the eating quality and the monetary value.
COMPARISON OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS ON POULTRY CARCASSES IN ORGANIZED SLAUGHTERHOUSES AND RETAIL OUTLETS IN AND AROUND MUMBAI CITY
Authors: VAIDYA VILAS M. , PATURKAR ASHISH M. , WASKAR VIKAS S. , ZENDE RAVINDRA J. , DUBAL ZUNJAR B.
Published: April 2010

A total of 324 swab samples were collected from organized slaughterhouses and retail outlets at various processing steps from poultry carcasses, and the samples were processed for total viable counts (TVCs) and differential counts. The TVCs (log10 cfu/cm2 ± standard error) in organized slaughterhouses at different processing steps were found to be 5.18 ± 0.09 after shackling, 5.24 ± 0.15 after bleeding, 3.95 ± 0.14 after scalding and defeathering, 5.26 ± 0.15 after evisceration and 4.98 ± 0.17 after cutting, while the same in retail outlets were 6.63 ± 0.21 before slaughter, 7.29 ± 0.20 after bleeding, 6.53 ± 0.24 after removal of skin with feathers, 7.24 ± 0.26 after evisceration and 7.40 ± 0.22 after cutting, respectively. Analysis of variance for TVC during different steps in both revealed highly significant differences (P < 0.01). Also, the contamination during various steps varied significantly. The differential counts revealed that Escherichia coli was predominant in all processing steps in organized slaughterhouses, whereas Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Clostridium spp. were present in all steps in retail outlets. Twenty samples in retail outlets showed the presence of Salmonella spp. The average prevalence of all organisms isolated during various processing steps in organized slaughterhouses and retail outlets are 9.13 and 82.21% S. aureus, 0 and 47.49% Bacillus cereus, 14.99 and 39.23% Clostridium spp., 17.46 and 81.52% E. coli, and 0 and 10.55% Salmonella spp.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The study concluded that retail outlets showed highest bacterial counts as well as maximum number of isolates as compared with organized slaughterhouses. Bacillus cereus and Salmonella spp. were absent in hygienically processed carcasses. Evisceration, as well as scalding and defeathering, was found to be the critical operations in organized slaughterhouses, while cutting, bleeding, evisceration and removal of skin with feathers were noted as the critical operations in retail outlets. The presence of pathogenic microbes on poultry carcasses in organized slaughterhouses and retail outlets delineates the different hazards to the consumers from such pathogens and the need for a comprehensive quality assurance program especially in small poultry slaughtering and dressing units to ensure safe and wholesome meat to consumers.
EFFECT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN CARRAGEENAN, GELLAN GUM AND FLAXSEED GUM ON QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF STARCH‐FREE EMULSION‐TYPE SAUSAGE
Authors: ZHOU WEI WEI , MENG LINGYI , LI XINGMIN , MA LIZHEN , DAI RUITONG
Published: April 2010

A mixture design approach was used to evaluate interactions between carrageenan, gellan gum and flaxseed gum and their effect on total expressible fluid, texture and color of starch‐free emulsion type sausage. Increase in the content of carrageenan in the mixture lead to higher total expressible fluid, lower cohesiveness and springiness. Gellan gum had a notable effect in reducing total expressible fluid and improving sausage texture, producing better emulsion stability, increasing viscosity and springiness of the product. Flaxseed gum enhanced emulsion stability and hardness and springiness. All the three gums can improve redness of sausage. Interaction between carrageenan, gellan gum and flaxseed gum improved water‐holding capacity, texture and color of the sausage. The optimal values of carrageenan, gellan gum and flaxseed gum in the mixture were 11–27%, 67–82%, 0–12%, respectively.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Starch and nonmeat protein are very important extenders in emulsion‐type sausage production. To prevent water and fat loss during cooking processes is very critical for the quality attributes of emulsion‐type sausage without starch and nonmeat protein. Results of this study can be applied to this kind of sausage to prevent water and fat loss. By applying the optimal condition, we can obtain the sausages with good water‐ and fat‐holding capacity and desirable texture.
THE EFFECT OF POST‐TRANSPORT ELECTROLYTE‐GLUCOSE SOLUTION WHILE IN LAIRAGE ON CARCASS AND MEAT QUALITY OF YOUNG BULLS
Authors: ÖNENÇ ALPER
Published: April 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of electrolyte‐glucose solution (EG) while in lairage on carcass and meat quality of young bulls. Twenty Holstein Friesian young bulls were allocated to two groups, a control group (group C, n = 10) and an electrolyte‐glucose therapy group (group EG, n = 10). Muscle glycogen content was significantly higher in EG (11.6 mmol/L) compared with C (8.8 mmol/l). Cooler shrinkage, muscle pH 24 h postmortem were lower in EG than in C; however, differences were found insignificant. Steaks in EG preserved color vividness along the blooming time, and had less thawing loss. Shear force of EG were significantly lower those of C (P < 0.05) and consumer sensory evaluations indicated that EG steaks were preferred to C steaks (P < 0.001). It was concluded that EG therapy for 18 h in lairage improved carcass and meat quality.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In this study, the efficacy of liquid post‐transit antemortem electrolyte‐glucose therapy on carcass and meat quality of young bulls held in lairage was examined. Our results confirmed previous research results that have shown prevention from muscle glycogen loss in cattle before slaughter improved pH and meat texture. It was concluded that attributes (odor, flavor, tenderness and overall acceptability) at all aging periods (24 h, 4, 7 and 14 days) the electrolyte glucose treatment (EG) was significantly superior to the control. The study clearly showed that preslaughter EG treatment can be effective in improving carcass and meat quality.
EFFECTS OF ON‐FARM MAGNESIUM SUPPLEMENTATION THROUGH WATER ON PORK QUALITY UNDER TWO SLAUGHTER CONDITIONS
Authors: HEUGTEN E. VAN , HANSON D. , ANGE III D. , SEE M.T.
Published: April 2010

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pre‐harvest Mg supplementation and stunning method on longissimus (LM) and semitendinosus (SM) pork muscle quality. Magnesium was supplemented for 2 days in drinking water (300 ppm) before pigs were harvested at a commercial packing plant using either electrical or CO2 stunning. Magnesium supplementation did not affect (P > 0.10) ultimate pH, initial fluid loss, retail display purge loss or color of the LM and SM. Pork quality was generally improved in LM and SM samples obtained from the plant using CO2 stunning as evidenced by reduced initial fluid loss (P < 0.001), reduced purge loss (P < 0.05) and lower L* (darker), a* (less red) and b* (less yellow) values (P < 0.05) during an 8‐day retail display. Pork quality was improved when using CO2 stunning technology; however, Mg supplementation did not improve pork quality in either plant.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Pork quality is one of the main issues for the pork industry to consider in order to remain competitive in a global market. We evaluated the supplementation of Mg through the water in collaboration with a swine production company and two large commercial packing plants. Clear differences in pork quality were evident, with the packing plant using CO2 stunning having superior pork quality compared with the plant using electrical stunning. Supplementation of Mg through water can be applied on the farm immediately at a very low cost, but was not effective in improving pork quality in two commercial packing plants under practical conditions.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEASON ON LIPID CONTENT AND FATTY ACIDS PROFILE OF EUTHYNNUS ALLETTERATUS FILLETS AND BY‐PRODUCTS
Authors: SELMI SALAH , SADOK SALOUA
Published: April 2010

The seasonal lipid variation and fatty acids compositions were assessed in white and red muscles, head, viscera, liver and gonads of little tuna Euthynnus alletteratus. Lipid contents showed a significant variation (P < 0.05) throughout the year, the maximum level was found in the liver during winter season (27.28 g/100 g). The lowest fat contents were found in gonads during the winter and spring seasons, with levels of 1.56 and 1.49 g/100 g, respectively. White and red muscle fat levels increased significantly from winter to summer; viscera lipids, however, showed a significant decrease during the same period. Generally, the increase of the polyunsaturated fatty acids percentage in most organs was usually accompanied with a decrease of saturated fatty acids. It was shown that lipid content was higher in the head and liver compared to other compartments, and the fatty acid composition in the different organs of little tuna was significantly influenced by spawning and season. All lipids extracted contained significant amounts of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaeneoic acid, which have various physiological functions.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Most of the available literature showed little information about biochemical composition of fillets and by‐products of some fish species and are, therefore, not complete for industrial purposes as application in food or feed nutriment. The practical application of this study was performed by the determination of fatty acids levels of little tuna fillets (white and red muscles) and by‐products (head, viscera, liver and gonads) to further explain the evolution of lipid and fatty acids throughout the year. Finally, this manuscript may provide some valuable information for other scientists working in the field of food technology.
Modeling Microbial Spoilage and Quality of Gilthead Seabream Fillets: Combined Effect of Osmotic Pretreatment, Modified Atmosphere Packaging, and Nisin on Shelf Life
Authors: Tsironi Theofania N. , Taoukis Petros S.
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT:  The objective of the study was the kinetic modeling of the effect of storage temperature on the quality and shelf life of chilled fish, modified atmosphere‐packed (MAP), and osmotically pretreated with the addition of nisin as antimicrobial agent. Fresh gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fillets were osmotically treated with 50% high dextrose equivalent maltodextrin (DE 47) plus 5% NaCl. Water loss, solid gain, salt content, and water activity were monitored throughout treatment and treatment conditions were selected for the shelf life study. Untreated and osmotically pretreated slices with and without nisin (2 × 104 IU/100 g osmotic solution), packed in air or modified atmosphere (50% CO2–50% air), and stored at controlled isothermal conditions (0, 5, 10, and 15 °C) were studied. Quality assessment and modeling were based on growth of several microbial indices, total volatile nitrogen, trimethylamine nitrogen, lipid oxidation (TBARS), and sensory scoring. Temperature dependence of quality loss rates was modeled by the Arrhenius equation, validated under dynamic conditions. Pretreated samples showed improved quality stability during subsequent refrigerated storage, in terms of microbial growth, chemical changes, and organoleptic degradation. Osmotic pretreatment with the addition of nisin in combination with MAP was the most effective treatment resulting in significant shelf life extension of gilthead seabream fillets (48 days compared to 10 days for the control at 0 °C).
Post‐traumatic stress symptoms and trauma exposure in youth with first episode bipolar disorder
Authors: Strawn Jeffrey R. , Adler Caleb M. , Fleck David E. , Hanseman Dennis , Maue Danielle K. , Bitter Samantha , Kraft Elizabeth M. , Geracioti Thomas D. , Strakowski Stephen M. , DelBello Melissa P.
Published: April 2010

Aims:To examine the prevalence of trauma exposure as well as the rates and effects of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents with bipolar disorder following a first manic episode.

Methods:Adolescents (12–18 years) with DSM‐IV bipolar I disorder and experiencing their first manic or mixed episode were recruited. Participants underwent structured diagnostic interviews, completed the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC), and were prospectively evaluated using diagnostic, symptomatic and functional assessments over the course of 12 months.

Results:Seventy‐six adolescents (14.9 ± 1.7 years) completed the TSCC and 66% (50 individuals) reported exposure to traumatic events. Two (3%) subjects met DSM‐IV criteria for PTSD, 11 (14%) had post‐traumatic stresst‐scores ≥65, the threshold for clinically significant symptoms. Subjects with and without post‐traumatic stresst‐scores ≥65 did not differ in demographic characteristics. When compared byt‐score, TSCC subscores of the first episode bipolar adolescents were similar to normative data. Regression models incorporating TSCC subcomponents, did not predict syndromic recovery or recurrence or symptomatic recovery.

Conclusions:Rates of PTSD were lower in this sample of bipolar adolescents at the time of their first hospitalization compared with rates in samples of bipolar adults. These differences coupled with the low incidence of PTSD and trauma symptoms in this young sample suggests that bipolar disorder may be a risk factor for the development of PTSD later in the course of illness or following recurrent affective episodes.
Clinical and social determinants of a longer duration of untreated psychosis of schizophrenia in a Japanese population
Authors: Nishii Herbert , Yamazawa Ryoko , Shimodera Shinji , Suzuki Michio , Hasegawa Tomonori , Mizuno Masafumi
Published: April 2010

Aim: To measure the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) among patients with schizophrenia in a Japanese population and to investigate clinical and social determinants of the DUP.

Methods: A multicentre, retrospective study at seven medical centres in three cities (Tokyo, Toyama and Kochi) was performed. In total, 150 consecutive patients (78 men) with neuroleptic‐naïve first‐episode schizophrenia were investigated; their DUP and demographic, clinical and social variables were obtained from their medical charts and analysed.

Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient for the DUP was quite good (ICC = 0.849). The mean DUP of all the subjects attending the seven psychiatric services was 20.3 months, and the median DUP was 6.0 months. Fourteen patients (9.3%) had a DUP of more than 60 months, and 47 patients, or about one‐third, had a DUP of more than 24 months. No significant differences in the mean DUPs were observed among the three cities. Patients who were employed or who were students had a significantly shorter DUP (14.3 months). The median DUP for those with an insidious onset of psychosis (n = 85) was 18.0 months, compared with a median of 2.0 months for those with a sudden and acute onset (n = 61). However, no other clinical or social variables examined in this study were associated with differences in the DUP.

Conclusions: The DUP of patients with schizophrenia is relatively long in Japan. The provision and modification of psychiatric services for easy access and a system for the early recognition and detection of mental illness are needed.
A Simple Framework for Incorporating Seasonal Streamflow Forecasts into Existing Water Resource Management Practices1
Authors: Gong Gavin , Wang Lucien , Condon Laura , Shearman Alastair , Lall Upmanu
Published: April 2010

Gong, Gavin, Lucien Wang, Laura Condon, Alastair Shearman, and Upmanu Lall, 2010. A Simple Framework for Incorporating Seasonal Streamflow Forecasts Into Existing Water Resource Management Practices.Journal of the American Water Resources Association(JAWRA) 46(3):574‐585. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00435.x

Abstract: Climate‐based streamflow forecasting, coupled with an adaptive reservoir operation policy, can potentially improve decisions by water suppliers and watershed stakeholders. However, water suppliers are often wary of straying too far from their current management practices, and prefer forecasts that can be incorporated into existing system modeling tools. This paper presents a simple framework for utilizing streamflow forecasts that works within an existing management structure. Climate predictors are used to develop seasonal inflow forecasts. These are used to specify operating rules that connect to the probability of future (end of season) reservoir states, rather than to the current storage, as is done now. By considering both current storage and anticipated inflow, the likelihood of meeting management goals can be improved. The upper Delaware River Basin in the northeastern United States is used to demonstrate the basic idea. Physically plausible climate‐based forecasts of March‐April reservoir inflow are developed. Existing simulation tools and rule curves for the system are used to convert the inflow forecasts to reservoir level forecasts. Operating policies are revised during the forecast period to release less water during forecasts of low reservoir level. Hindcast simulations demonstrate reductions of 1.6% in the number of drought emergency days, which is a key performance measure. Forecasts with different levels of skill are examined to explore their utility.
Evaluation of Short‐to‐Medium Range Streamflow Forecasts Obtained Using an Enhanced Version of SRM1
Authors: Harshburger Brian J. , Humes Karen S. , Walden Von P. , Moore Brandon C. , Blandford Troy R. , Rango Albert
Published: April 2010

Harshburger, Brian J., Karen S. Humes, Von P. Walden, Brandon C. Moore, Troy R. Blandford, and Albert Rango, 2010. Evaluation of Short‐to‐Medium Range Streamflow Forecasts Obtained Using an Enhanced Version of SRM. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):603‐617. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00437.x

Abstract:  As demand for water continues to escalate in the western United States, so does the need for accurate streamflow forecasts. Here, we describe a methodology for generating short‐to‐medium range (1 to 15 days) streamflow forecasts using an enhanced version of the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM), snow‐covered area data derived from MODIS products, data from Snow Telemetry stations, and meteorological forecasts. The methodology was tested on three mid‐elevation, snowmelt‐dominated basins ranging in size from 1,600 to 3,500 km2. To optimize the model performance and aid in its operational implementation, two enhancements have been made to SRM: (1) the use of an antecedent temperature index method to track snowpack cold content, and (2) the use of both maximum and minimum critical temperatures to partition precipitation into rain, snow, or a mixture of rain and snow. The comparison of retrospective model simulations with observed streamflow shows that the enhancements significantly improve the model performance. Streamflow forecasts generated using the enhanced version of the model compare well with the observed streamflow for the earlier leadtimes; forecast performance diminishes with leadtime due to errors in the meteorological forecasts. The three basins modeled in this research are typical of many mid‐elevation basins throughout the American West, thus there is potential for this methodology to be applied successfully to other mountainous basins.
Water Governance and Water Use Efficiency: The Five Principles of WUA Management and Performance in China1
Authors: Wang Jinxia , Huang Jikun , Zhang Lijuan , Huang Qiuqiong , Rozelle Scott
Published: April 2010

Wang, Jinxia, Jikun Huang, Lijuan Zhang, Qiuqiong Huang, and Scott Rozelle, 2010. Water Governance and Water Use Efficiency: The Five Principles of WUA Management and Performance in China. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 665‐685. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00439.x

Abstract:  In recent years China has attempted to reform water management by decentralizing water management responsibilities. The overall goal of our paper is to better understand the emergence of water user associations (WUAs) in China and assess if they are adhering to the practices spelled out by the Five Principles, a set of recommended practices that are supposed to lead to successful WUA operation. Using four sets of different types of villages to examine implementation and performance, we find that World Bank‐supported WUA villages (“Bank villages”) can be thought of as operating mostly according to the Five Principles. For example, the Bank villages were endowed with a more reliable water supply; were set up and were operating with a relatively high degree of farmer participation; and leaders were more consultative and the process more formal. When WUAs are run according to the Five Principals, we show that WUAs increase water use efficiency. The study also provides evidence that there is a perception in the Bank villages that water management is improving in general and that there is less conflict both within the village and among villages. Perhaps more importantly, we find that the Bank’s effort to promote WUAs extended beyond their own project villages. The openness, consultative nature, and transparency found in the Bank WUAs are also found (albeit at a somewhat lower level) in the non‐Bank WUA villages.
The Effect of Channelization on Floodplain Sediment Deposition and Subsidence Along the Pocomoke River, Maryland1
Authors: Kroes Daniel E. , Hupp Cliff R.
Published: April 2010

Kroes, Daniel E. and Cliff R. Hupp, 2010. The Effect of Channelization on Floodplain Sediment Deposition and Subsidence Along the Pocomoke River, Maryland. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 686‐699. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00440.x

Abstract:  The nontidal Pocomoke River was intensively ditched and channelized by the mid‐1900s. In response to channelization; channel incision, head‐cut erosion, and spoil bank perforation have occurred in this previously nonalluvial system. Six sites were selected for study of floodplain sediment dynamics in relation to channel condition. Short‐ and long‐term sediment deposition/subsidence rates and composition were determined. Short‐term rates (four years) ranged from 0.6 to 3.6 mm/year. Long‐term rates (15‐100+ years) ranged from −11.9 to 1.7 mm/year. 137Cs rates (43 years) indicate rates of 0.24 to 7.4 mm/year depending on channel condition. Channelization has limited contact between streamflow and the floodplain, resulting in little or no sediment retention in channelized reaches. Along unchannelized reaches, extended contact and depth of river water on the floodplain resulted in high deposition rates. Drainage of floodplains exposed organic sediments to oxygen resulting in subsidence and releasing stored carbon. Channelization increased sediment deposition in downstream reaches relative to the presettlement system. The sediment storage function of this river has been dramatically altered by channelization. Results indicate that perforation of spoil banks along channelized reaches may help to alleviate some of these issues.