bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Voltammetric Electronic Tongue for the Qualitative Analysis of Beers
Authors: Cetó Xavier , Gutiérrez Juan Manuel , Mimendia Aitor , Céspedes Francisco , del Valle Manel
Published: June 2013

This paper deals with the application of a voltammetric electronic tongue (ET) towards beers classification. For this purpose, samples were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry without performing any sample pretreatment, albeit its dilution with distilled water. The voltammetric signals were first preprocessed employing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Then, using the obtained coefficients, responses were evaluated using three different clustering techniques: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS‐DA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). In this case, the ET has demonstrated a good capability to correctly discriminate and classify the different beer samples according to its type (Lager, Stout and IPA) and manufacture process (commercial and craft).
A Solid‐State Electrochemiluminescence Sensor for Label‐Free Analysis of Leukemia Cells
Authors: Liu Afang , Qing Meng , Pan Yuliang , Peng Ying , Guo Manli , Huang Yan , Nie Zhou , Yao Shouzhuo
Published: June 2013

A novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) method for label‐free detection of cancer cells was proposed for the first time by capturing negatively charged Jurkat cells onto Ru(bpy′)${{{2+\hfill \atop 3\hfill}}}$‐immobilized indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode via electrostatic interaction. The ECL sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity, good stability and a linear response to Jurkat cells in the concentration range from 1×103 to 2×105 cells/mL, with a detection limit of 730 cells/mL. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied in the study of cell growth and cell apoptosis, which was supported by fluorescent images analysis. The proposed protocol is simple, rapid, inexpensive and universally targetable for tumors, offering a novel platform for the development of an ECL biosensor for cell detection.
Degradation of aniline by plate and rod electrode fered‐fenton reactors: Effects of current density, Fe2+, H2O2, and aniline concentrations
Authors: Su Chia‐Chi , Pagaling Eric D. , Peralta Genandrialine L. , Lu Ming‐Chun
Published: June 2013

This study investigates the degradation of aniline by the Fered‐Fenton process with a plate and rod electrode. The effects of electric current, H2O2, Fe2+, and aniline concentrations on the kinetic models, H2O2 efficiency, and energy consumption in aniline and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were examined. The kinetics of aniline degradation using the Fered‐Fenton process was second‐order. The H2O2, Fe2+, and aniline concentrations affected the COD removal efficiency more than electric current. The kinetics of aniline degradation using the Fered‐Fenton process was second‐order. In both Fered‐Fenton reactor systems, increasing the electric current, H2O2, Fe2+ and aniline concentrations significantly decreased the efficiency of H2O2 in reducing aniline and COD. The reactor design substantially affected the rate constant of aniline degradation. In general, the rate constants of aniline degradation in the plate electrode Fered‐Fenton reactor were around 1.1–6.3 times higher than that in the rod electrode Fered‐Fenton reactor. At various H2O2 concentrations, the rod electrode Fered‐Fenton reactor consumed twice as much energy in removing aniline and COD compared with the plate electrode Fered‐Fenton reactor. Additionally, COD removal required twice the energy needed to remove aniline. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 410–418, 2014
Designer laying hen diets to improve egg fatty acid profile and maintain sensory quality
Authors: Goldberg Erin M. , Ryland Donna , Gibson Robert A. , Aliani Michel , House James D.
Published: June 2013

The fatty acid composition of eggs is highly reflective of the diet of the laying hen; therefore, nutritionally important fatty acids can be increased in eggs in order to benefit human health. To explore the factors affecting the hen's metabolism and deposition of fatty acids of interest, the current research was divided into two studies. In Study 1, the fatty acid profile of eggs from Bovan White hens fed either 8%, 14%, 20%, or 28% of the omega‐6 fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA) (expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids), and an additional treatment of 14% LA containing double the amount of saturated fat (SFA) was determined. Omega‐6 fatty acids and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in the yolk were significantly (P < 0.05) increased, and oleic acid (OA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were significantly decreased with an increasing dietary LA content. In Study 2, the fatty acid and sensory profiles were determined in eggs from Shaver White hens fed either (1) 15% or 30% of the omega‐3 fatty acid, alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) (of total fatty acids), and (2) low (0.5), medium (1), or high (2) ratios of SFA: LA+OA. Increasing this ratio resulted in marked increases in lauric acid, ALA, EPA, DPA, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), with decreases in LA and arachidonic acid. Increasing the dietary ALA content from 15% to 30% (of total fatty acids) did not overcome the DHA plateau observed in the yolk. No significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) in aroma or flavor between cooked eggs from the different dietary treatments were observed among trained panelists (n = 8). The results showed that increasing the ratio of SFA: LA+OA in layer diets has a more favorable effect on the yolk fatty acid profile compared to altering the LA content at the expense of OA, all while maintaining sensory quality.
An analysis of measures of effect size by age of onset in cancer genomewide association studies
Authors: Raynor L.A. , Pankratz Nathan , Spector Logan G.
Published: June 2013

Many of the genetic variants identified via genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) appear to have larger parameter estimates for younger onset cancers compared with adult onset cancers. We used data from the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHRGI) Catalog of Published GWAS to test the hypothesis that the magnitude of the parameter estimates is larger in younger onset compared to adult onset cancers. We found that the odds ratios in individuals categorized as childhood or young adult cancers were significantly higher than the odds ratios in individuals with adult cancers. The presence of larger effect sizes may mean that the variants associated with younger onset cancers explain a greater proportion of the population attributable risk estimates than the SNPs associated with adult onset cancers, which could improve early detection, treatment, and/or prevention. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiple clock drawing scoring systems: simpler is better
Authors: Mainland Brian J. , Amodeo Sean , Shulman Kenneth I.
Published: June 2013

Objective

The clock drawing test (CDT) is a widely used cognitive screening tool that has been well accepted among clinicians and patients for its ease of use and short administration time. Although there is ample interest in the CDT as a screening instrument, there remains a range of CDT administration and scoring systems with no consensus on which system produces the most valid results while remaining user friendly. The aims of this review are to synthesize the available evidence on CDT scoring systems' effectiveness and to recommend which system is best suited for use at the clinical frontlines.

Design

A Pubmed literature search was carried out from 2000 to 2013 including manual cross‐referencing of bibliographies in order to capture studies published after Shulman's comprehensive review published in 2000. A brief summary of all original scoring systems is included, as well as a review of relevant comparative studies.

Results

The consensus from multiple comparison studies suggests that increasing the complexity of CDT scoring systems does little to enhance the test's ability to identify significant cognitive impairment. Moreover, increased complexity in scoring adds to the administration time, thereby reducing the test's utility in clinical settings.

Conclusions

In comparing scoring systems, no system emerged as consistently superior in terms of predictive validity. The authors conclude that when scoring the CDT as a screening instrument in a primary/general medicine/community setting, simpler is better, and perhaps qualitative assessment of “normal” versus “abnormal” may be sufficient for screening purposes and the establishment of a baseline for follow‐up. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictors and timing of recovery in patients with immediate facial nerve dysfunction after parotidectomy
Authors: Tung Bau‐Kuei , Chu Pen‐Yuan , Tai Shyh‐Kuan , Wang Yi‐Fen , Tsai Tung‐Lung , Lee Tsung‐Lun , Hsu Yen‐Bin
Published: June 2013

Background

Identification of predictors for permanent facial nerve dysfunction and timing of recovery are important for the management of patients who experience immediate facial nerve dysfunction after parotidectomy.

Methods

In this 6‐year retrospective cohort study, 54 such patients were analyzed to determine the associated prognostic factors and timing of recovery.

Results

All 54 patients with immediate postparotidectomy facial nerve dysfunction experienced weakness of the marginal mandibular branch; 7% had coexisting zygomatic branch dysfunction. Forty‐five patients (83%) achieved complete recovery. The cumulative rates of recovery at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postparotidectomy were 31%, 70%, 81%, and 83%, respectively. Immediate postparotidectomy facial nerve dysfunction higher than House–Brackmann (H–B) grade III was the only poor prognostic factor (odds ratio, 6.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–35.4). Advanced age, malignant tumor, larger tumor size, and postoperative steroids did not exert significant effect on the recovery of facial nerve dysfunction.

Conclusion

Immediate postparotidectomy facial nerve dysfunction greater than H–B grade III was a significant predictor of permanent dysfunction. Only 2% of patients achieved any improvement beyond 6 months postoperatively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 247–251, 2014
Oncologic outcomes of transoral laser microsurgery for radiorecurrent laryngeal carcinoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of English‐language literature
Authors: Ramakrishnan Yujay , Drinnan Mike , Kwong Foon Ng Kee , Grant David G. , Mehanna Hisham , Jones Terry , Paleri Vinidh
Published: June 2013

Background

The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to assess the oncological and functional outcomes of transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) in radiorecurrent laryngeal cancer.

Methods

The review was performed using search strategies including Medline, Embase, Zetoc, conference proceedings, and a manual search. Pooled estimates of local control at 24 months, disease‐free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) rates were calculated.

Results

The pooled mean estimates were: local control rate at 24 months after first TLM (n = 249), 56.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47.4–66.1); local control after repeat TLM (n = 186), 63.8% (95% CI, 57.1–70.2); DFS (n = 174), 70.9% (95% CI, 60.8–80); and OS (n = 276), 74.8% (95% CI, 68.2–80.9). Pooled mean laryngeal preservation (n = 286) was 72.3% (95% CI, 68.4–76.1).

Conclusion

TLM is oncologically sound in the salvage setting with high larynx‐preservation rate, but there is a trend toward inferior local control rates compared to open partial laryngectomy techniques. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 280–285, 2014
Predictors of postoperative complications and survival in patients with major salivary glands malignancies: A study highlighting the influence of age
Authors: Peters Thomas T. A. , van Dijk Boukje A. C. , Roodenburg Jan L. N. , Plaat Boudewijn E. C. , Wedman Jan , van der Laan Bernard F. A. M. , Halmos Gyorgy B.
Published: June 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to reveal prognostic factors for surgical complications and survival in young and elderly patients with malignant salivary gland tumors.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of surgically treated patients with malignant major salivary gland tumors was performed. Of the 111 patients, 33 patients were 70 years or older and 78 patients were under 70. Comorbidity was recorded using the Adult Comorbidity Evaluation‐27 index and complications using the Clavien–Dindo classification.

Results

Comorbidity and complications were significantly more frequent in elderly patients (p < .05). Age, comorbidity, and length of surgery were not significant independent predictors of complications. Stage was the only independent predictive factor for postoperative complications and disease‐specific survival.

Conclusion

Based on this retrospective analysis reviewing surgically treated patients, age alone should not be a reason to treat elderly patients differently, as it was not a predictor of either complications or disease‐specific survival. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 369–374, 2014
Dose‐dependent effect of mitomycin C on human vocal fold fibroblasts
Authors: Li Nicole Y. K. , Chen Fei , Dikkers Frederik G. , Thibeault Susan L.
Published: June 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and antifibrotic effects of mitomycin C on normal and scarred human vocal fold fibroblasts.

Methods

Fibroblasts were subjected to mitomycin C treatment at 0.2, 0.5, or 1 mg/mL, or serum control. Cytotoxicity, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot for collagen I/III were performed at days 0, 1, 3, and 5.

Results

Significant decreases in live cells were measured for mitomycin C‐treated cells on days 3 and 5 for all doses. Extracellular staining of collagen I/III was observed in mitomycin C‐treated cells across all doses and times. Extracellular staining suggests apoptosis with necrosis, compromising the integrity of cell membranes and release of cytosolic proteins into the extracellular environment. Western blot indicates inhibition of collagen at all doses except 0.2 mg/mL at day 1.

Conclusion

A total of 0.2 mg/mL mitomycin C may provide initial and transient stimulation of collagen for necessary repair to damaged tissue without the long‐term risk of fibrosis. Head Neck 36: 401–410, 2014
Gross examination by the surgeon as an alternative to frozen section for assessment of adequacy of surgical margin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Chaturvedi Pankaj , Datta Sourav , Nair Sudhir , Nair Deepa , Pawar Prashant , Vaishampayan Sagar , Patil Asawari , Kane Shubhada
Published: June 2013

Background

The cost‐effectiveness of the frozen section for assessment of margin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is still contentious. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether gross examination of margin is an alternative to frozen section.

Methods

It was a prospective observational study in 145 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for HNSCC. Surgical margins were first assessed by the surgeons with a metallic scale. All specimens were then examined using frozen section and permanent section.

Results

Overall, 83% of inadequate margins were detected by frozen section. The chances of inadequate margin were very low if gross surgical margin were 7 mm or more. Gross examination alone (with 7 mm as cutoff) predicted 88% of the inadequate surgical margin. There was no difference in precision of frozen section vis‐à‐vis gross examination with 7 mm cut off (p ≤ .8).

Conclusion

Achievement of 7 mm surgical margin measured by a surgeon obviates the need for frozen section. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 557–563, 2014
Next steps in the development of ecological soil clean-up values for metals
Authors: Wentsel Randall , Fairbrother Anne
Published: June 2013

This special series in Integrated Environmental Assessment Management presents the results from 6 workgroups that were formed at the workshop on Ecological Soil Levels—Next Steps in the Development of Metal Clean-Up Values (17–21 September 2012, Sundance, Utah). This introductory article presents an overview of the issues assessors face when conducting risk assessments for metals in soils, key US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) documents on metals risk assessment, and discusses the importance of leveraging from recent major terrestrial research projects, primarily to address Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical Substances (REACH) requirements in Europe, that have significantly advanced our understanding of the behavior and toxicity of metals in soils. These projects developed large data sets that are useful for the risk assessment of metals in soil environments. The workshop attendees met to work toward developing a process for establishing ecological soil clean-up values (Eco-SCVs). The goal of the workshop was to progress from ecological soil screening values (Eco-SSLs) to final clean-up values by providing regulators with the methods and processes to incorporate bioavailability, normalize toxicity thresholds, address food-web issues, and incorporate background concentrations. The REACH data sets were used by workshop participants as case studies in the development of the ecological standards for soils. The workshop attendees discussed scientific advancements in bioavailability, soil biota and wildlife case studies, soil processes, and food-chain modeling. In addition, one of the workgroups discussed the processes needed to frame the topics to gain regulatory acceptance as a directive or guidance by Canada, the USEPA, or the United States. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:342–345. © 2013 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management Published by SETAC

Key Points

World expert workshop attendees on metals risk assessment issues met to work toward developing a process for establishing ecological soil clean-up values (Eco-SCVs) for metals. The goal of the workshop was to progress from ecological soil screening values (Eco-SSLs) to final clean-up values by providing regulators with methods and processes to incorporate bioavailability, normalize toxicity thresholds, address food-web issues, and incorporate background concentrations. The REACH data sets were used by workshop participants as case studies in the development of ecological standards for metals in soils. The special series publications are compilations of state-of-the-art information and provide usable recommendations on metal bioavailability, soil processes, food-chain modeling, and the procedures needed to frame the topics to gain regulatory acceptance of soil biota and wildlife clean-up values.
Monomethylated trivalent arsenic species disrupt steroid receptor interactions with their DNA response elements at non‐cytotoxic cellular concentrations
Authors: Gosse Julie A. , Taylor Vivien F. , Jackson Brian P. , Hamilton Joshua W. , Bodwell Jack E.
Published: June 2013

Arsenic (As) is considered a top environmental chemical of human health because it has been linked to adverse health effects including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and reproductive and developmental problems. In several cell culture and animal models, As acts as an endocrine disruptor, which may underlie many of its health effects. Previous work showed that steroid receptor (SR)‐driven gene expression is disrupted in cells treated with inorganic As (arsenite, iAs+3). In those studies, low iAs+3 concentrations (0.1–0.7 μM) stimulated hormone‐inducible transcription, whereas somewhat higher but still non‐cytotoxic levels (1–3 μM) inhibited transcription. This investigation focuses on the mechanisms underlying these inhibitory effects and evaluates the role of methylated trivalent As metabolites on SR function. Recent evidence suggests that, compared with iAs, methylated forms may have distinct biochemical effects. Here, fluorescence polarization (FP) experiments utilizing purified, hormone‐bound human glucocorticoid (GR) and progesterone receptor (PR) have demonstrated that neither inorganic (iAs+3) nor dimethylated (DMA+3) species of trivalent As affect receptor interactions with glucocorticoid DNA response elements (GREs). However, monomethylated forms (monomethylarsenite, MMA+3 and monomethylarsonic diglutathione, MADG) strongly inhibit GR‐GRE and PR‐GRE binding. Additionally, speciation studies of iAs+3‐treated H4IIE rat hepatoma cells show that, under treatment conditions that cause inhibition of hormone‐inducible gene transcription, the intracellular concentration of MADG is sufficient to inhibit GR‐GRE and PR‐GRE interactions in vivo. These results indicate that arsenic's inhibitory endocrine disruption effects are probably caused in part by methylated metabolites' disruption of SR ability to bind DNA response elements that are crucial to hormone‐driven gene transcription. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dependence of cellular activity at protein adsorbed biointerfaces with nano‐ to microscale dimensionality
Authors: Nune C. , Misra R. D. K. , Somani M. C. , Karjalainen L. P.
Published: June 2013

Protein adsorption is one of the first‐few events that occur when a biomedical device comes in contact with the physiological system. The adsorption process is subsequently followed by communication with cells and formation of tissue. Given the strong interest in nanostructured surfaces, we describe here the impact of grain structure from nanograined (NG) regime to coarse‐grained (CG) regime on the self‐assembly of proteins (bovine serum albumin) and consequent functional response of osteoblasts. The objective is accomplished using the innovative concept of “phase reversion” that enables a wide range of grain size (from NG to CG regime) to be obtained using an identical set of parameters, besides additional attributes of high strength/weight ratio and wear resistance. Depending on the grain structure a consistent and significant change in the adsorption characteristics of protein was observed at biointerface, such that the cell density was statistically different. The high surface coverage and leaf‐like conformation of adsorbed protein on NG surface as compared to bare branch‐like structure with low surface coverage on the CG surface, was beneficial in favorably modulating cellular activity (osteoblast functions: cell attachment, proliferation, actin, vinculin, and fibronectin expression). This is the first report that elucidates the impact of grain structure from NG to CG regime on cellular activity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1663–1676, 2014.
Heterogeneous photo‐Fenton oxidation of Acid Orange II over iron–sewage sludge derived carbon under visible irradiation
Authors: Tu Yuting , Xiong Ya , Descorme Claude , Kong Lingjun , Tian Shuanghong
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

The disposal of sewage sludge has become an issue of particular concern due to its continuously increasing quantity. In this study, sewage sludge derived carbon (SC) was employed as support for iron‐oxide‐containing catalyst (FeSC). The catalysts were characterized in terms of inorganic elemental composition, XRD, SEM and TGA‐FTIR. The catalytic activity of the catalyst was evaluated from the discoloration and mineralization of acid orange II (AOII) in the presence of H2O2 and visible light.

RESULTS

The FeSC catalyst pyrolyzed at 800oC for 2 h displayed the highest catalytic activity. Almost complete discoloration and 67% mineralization of 100 mg L–1 AOII were achieved after 30 min adsorption and 60 min oxidation under visible light irradiation, using 1.5 g L–1 catalyst, 15.0 mmol L–1 H2O2 and initial pH 4.0. The prepared FeSC also exhibited very limited iron leaching (0.56 mg L–1 after 90 min reaction) and high stability since the activity remained constant over ten consecutive runs.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated the high activity and stability of the sewage sludge‐derived carbon‐supported iron oxide catalyst in photo‐Fenton‐like reaction. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Hemispheric asymmetries of the Venus plasma environment
Authors: Jarvinen R. , Kallio E. , Dyadechkin S.
Published: June 2013

We study the Venus‐solar wind interaction and the hemispheric asymmetries of the Venus plasma environment in the global HYB‐Venus hybrid simulation. We concentrate especially on the role of the flow‐aligned interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) component (i.e., the Parker spiral angle or the IMF cone angle) and analyze the dawn‐dusk and Esw asymmetries between four magnetic quadrants around Venus. Using the simulation model, we study two upstream condition cases in detail: the perpendicular IMF to the solar wind flow case and the nominal Parker spiral case (dominant flow‐aligned IMF component). Several differences and similarities were found in these two simulation runs. Common features of the Venus plasma environment between the two cases include asymmetric magnetic barrier and tail lobes and asymmetric planetary ion escape in the direction of the solar wind convection electric field. Further, protons of planetary origin and of solar wind origin were found to follow similar velocity patterns in the Venus plasma wake in both cases. The differences when the IMF flow‐aligned component is dominating compared to the perpendicular IMF case, the so‐called (magnetic) dawn‐dusk asymmetries, include the parallel bow shock and the foreshock region, the asymmetric magnetic barrier, the asymmetric tail current system, and the asymmetric central tail current sheet. Further, the escaping planetary H+ and O+ ion fluxes are concentrated more on the hemisphere of the parallel bow shock. When interpreting in situ plasma and magnetic observations from Venus, the features of at least these two basic IMF configurations should be considered.
Modeling Birkeland currents in the expanding/contracting polar cap paradigm
Authors: Milan S. E.
Published: June 2013

We present a simple mathematical model of the region 1 and 2 Birkeland current system intensities for differing dayside and nightside magnetic reconnection rates, consistent with the expanding/contracting polar cap paradigm of solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling. The current intensities are shown to be dependent on the cross‐polar cap potential, which is the average of the dayside and nightside reconnection rates. Current intensities are expected to maximize on the dayside or the nightside when magnetopause or magnetotail reconnection dominates. Current intensities are also dependent on the ionospheric conductance, the width of the merging gaps, the width of the ionospheric convection return flow region, and on the size of the polar cap.
PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN EDUCATION: A PROMISING MODEL FROM BRAZIL
Authors: Chattopadhay Tamo , Nogueira Olavo
Published: June 2013

Public–private partnership in education is increasingly viewed as an effective strategy for improving basic education in developing countries. The current paper presents a case study from Brazil about an emerging public–private partnership in secondary education between the State of Rio de Janeiro and two leading Brazilian private corporations. By employing a ‘co‐management’ governance strategy, the partnership leverages resources and technical knowledge of the private sector and offers a qualitatively different mix of academic‐focused and technology‐focused education for Brazil's public school students. The paper argues that the partnership represents a promising model for addressing the challenges of secondary education in Brazil. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The unique liquid chromatographic properties of Group 11 transition metals for the separation of unsaturated organic compounds
Authors: Aponte José C. , Dillon James T. , Huang Yongsong
Published: June 2013

Silver(I) and copper(I) are known to form reversible complexes with π bonds, which have been exploited in LC for separating unsaturated organic compounds. Prominent examples include the use of AgNO3‐impregnated silica gel in LC, and the use of copper(I) salts for selective extraction of alkenes from hydrocarbon mixtures. The Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model is often invoked to explain the interaction between Ag(I) and Cu(I) and π bonds. However, it is unclear if such a reversible interaction is directly related to their d10 outer electronic configurations. Particularly, Au(I) has not been reported to separate olefins with different numbers of double bonds in LC. Also, there has not been a systematic comparison of the liquid chromatographic properties of other d10 transition metal salts (e.g., Zn(II), Cd(II)), making it difficult to fully understand the observed reversible interactions of Ag(I) and Cu(I) with π bonds. We demonstrate for the first time that silica gel impregnated with all three Group 11 transition metals with 1+ oxidation state strongly and similarly retain olefin compounds in LC, while transition metals from Groups 10 and 12 do not. We also tested a range of functionalized silica gels to improve the stability of Cu(I) and Au(I) ions on the surface of the silica.
Counterintuitive Photomodulation of the Thermal Phase Transition of Poly(methoxy diethylene glycol acrylate) in Aqueous Solution by trans–cis Isomerization of Copolymerized Azobenzenes
Authors: Miasnikova Anna , Benítez‐Montoya C. Adrián , Laschewsky André
Published: June 2013

The non‐ionic monomer (methoxy diethylene glycol) acrylate is copolymerized with its azo‐dye‐functionalized acrylate analogue using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Copolymerization is increasingly difficult with increasing amounts of the azo‐dye‐bearing monomer. The resulting water‐soluble polymers are thermosensitive, exhibiting lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior, which can be modulated by the photoinduced trans–cis isomerization of the dye. While already small contents of the hydrophobic azobenzene group reduce the phase‐transition temperatures of the copolymers strongly, photoisomerization of the apolar trans‐state to the more‐polar cis‐state has only a small effect, and decreases rather than increases the cloud points.

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A Novel Bioabsorbable Gel Formed from a Mixed Micelle Solution of Poly(oxyethylene)‐block‐poly(L‐lactide) and Poly(oxyethylene)‐block‐poly(D‐lactide) by Concomitant Stereocomplexation and Chain Extension
Authors: Hsu Yu‐I , Masutani Kazunari , Kimura Yoshiharu , Yamaoka Tetsuji
Published: June 2013

Furan‐terminated poly(oxyethylene)‐block‐poly(L‐lactide) (MePEG‐PLLA‐F) and poly(oxyethylene)‐block‐poly(D‐lactide) (MePEG‐PDLA‐F) are synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization of L‐ and D‐lactides, respectively, in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (MePEG) and the following terminal reaction with furfuryl isocyanate. Their mixed micelle solution turns to gel quickly with stereocomplexation of the enantiomeric PLLA and PDLA. When 1,8‐bis(maleimido)diethylene glycol (BMG) is added to the mixed micelle solution, the gelation is promoted by the terminal coupling of the copolymers driven by the Diels–Alder reaction of the furanyl groups and BMG giving a gel having higher strength.

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What makes protein indigestible from tissue‐related, cellular, and molecular aspects?
Authors: Becker Petra M. , Yu Peiqiang
Published: June 2013

This paper gives an insight into key factors, which impair enzymatic protein digestion. By nature, some proteins in raw products are already poorly digestible because of structural peculiarities, or due to their occurrence in plant cytoplasmic organelles or in cell membranes. In plant‐based protein, molecular and structural changes can be induced by genetic engineering, even if protein is not a target compound class of the genetic modification. Other proteins only become difficult to digest due to changes that occur during the processing of proteinaceous products, such as extruding, boiling, or acidic or alkaline treatment. The utilization of proteinaceous raw materials in industrial fermentations can also have negative impacts on protein digestibility, when reused as fermentation by‐products for animal nutrition, such as brewers’ grains. After consumption, protein digestion can be impeded in the intestine by the presence of antinutritional factors, which are ingested together with the food or feedstuff. It is concluded that the encircling matrix, but also molecular, chemical, and structural peculiarities or modifications to amino acids and proteins obstruct protein digestion by common proteolytic enzymes in humans and animals.
Efficacy and safety of repeated dosing of netupitant, a neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist, in treating overactive bladder
Authors: Haab F. , Braticevici B. , Krivoborodov G. , Palmas M. , Zufferli Russo M. , Pietra C.
Published: June 2013

Aim

NK‐1 receptors in sensory nerves, the spinal cord and bladder smooth muscle participate in complex sensory mechanisms that regulate bladder activity. This study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of a new NK‐1 receptor antagonist, netupitant, in patients with OAB.

Methods

This was a phase II, multicenter, double‐blind study in which adults with OAB symptoms >6 months were randomized to receive 1 of 3 doses of netupitant (50, 100, 200 mg) or placebo once daily for 8 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was percentage change from baseline in average number of daily micturitions at week 8. Urinary incontinence, urge urinary incontinence (UUI), and urgency episodes were also assessed.

Results

The primary efficacy endpoint was similar in the treatment groups (−13.85 for placebo to −16.17 in the netupitant 200 mg group) with no statistically significant differences between netupitant and placebo. The same was true for most secondary endpoints although a significant difference for improvement in UUI episodes and a trend for the greatest decrease in urgency episodes were seen in the netupitant 100 mg group. Netupitant was well tolerated with most treatment emergent adverse events (AEs) being mild. While the overall incidence of AEs increased with netupitant dose, there was no evidence for this dose dependency based on relationship to treatment, intensity, or time to onset.

Conclusions

The study failed to demonstrate superiority of netupitant versus placebo in decreasing OAB symptoms, despite a trend favoring netupitant 100 mg. There were no safety concerns with daily administration of netupitant over 8 weeks. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:335–340, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polydipsia with water intoxication in treatment‐resistant schizophrenia
Authors: Adetoki Adeniyi , Evans Robert , Cassidy Geraldine
Published: June 2013

Primary polydipsia affects a significant proportion of patients with chronic schizophrenia and is associated with the use of conventional antipsychotics and acute relapse. This case report describes a man with treatment‐resistant paranoid schizophrenia who developed hyponatraemia as a consequence of drinking copious volumes of water following his admission to hospital due to an acute relapse of schizophrenia.
Characteristics and duration of mania: implications for continuation treatment
Authors: Titmarsh Steve
Published: June 2013

In the continuation phase of treatment for acute mania, knowledge of the natural duration of an untreated episode and the recognition of mixed states are key issues. Steve Titmarsh reports on Professor Allan Young's lecture on this important topic given at a satellite symposium organised by Lundbeck at the 12th Latest Advances in Psychiatry meeting in London in March.
Synthesis and characterization of new poly(ethyleneimine)‐g‐poly(methyl methacrylate) star‐block copolymers with hyperbranched cationic core
Authors: Beckmann Ralph , Beginn Uwe
Published: June 2013

Hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (hb‐PEI) is used as polymeric scaffold to synthesize new PEI‐g‐polymethylmethacrylate (PEI‐g‐PMMA) block copolymers, consisting of a hyperbranched, partially quarternized cationic core, and PMMA‐arms. The arms are grafted to the PEI scaffold by means of the “grafting to” method. Ammonium groups, covalently bond to the hyperbranched core, provide good adhesion to negatively charged surfaces, even in case of low‐surface charges. The PMMA strands provide compatibility of the macromolecules to PMMA matrices, hence generating potential dispersants, and compatibilizers for PMMA. A peculiar association behavior in organic solution is observed as supported by dynamic light scattering and DOSY measurements. First evidences of the applicability of the macromolecules as dispersants to prepare PMMA‐nanocomposites are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3700–3715
Regio‐selective peroxybromination of poly(vinyl methyl ketone) as versatile tool for generation active ATRP initiation sites on solid surfaces
Authors: Kumru Baris , Gure Baris , Bicak Niyazi
Published: June 2013

Peroxybromination or so‐called radical bromination is an environmentally friendly process which involves the use of in situ generated bromine by action of hydrogen peroxide on sodium or ammonium bromide in acid medium. The reaction takes place at room temperature without eliminating hydrobromic acid and no needs the use of elemental bromine. The reaction with poly(vinyl methyl ketone) in biphasic system was demonstrated to result in quantitative bromination exclusively at the methyne carbon of the polymer. The brominated polymer was successfully used as multifunctional macroinitiator for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene and MMA to give bottlebrush polymers, as evidenced by 1H NMR and GPC. This strategy was demonstrated to provide a means of easy bromination of solid polystyrene microspheres (210–420 μm) constituting with vinyl methyl ketone copolymer segments. Bromoalkyl groups generated (1.3 mmol g−1) in aqueous mixture were used for surface initiated ATRP of glycidyl methacrylate and styrene monomers to give dense graft chains tethered to the surfaces with hydrolysis‐proof linkages. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3892–3900
Spray‐processable thiazolothiazole‐based copolymers with altered donor groups and their electrochromic properties
Authors: Akpinar Hava Zekiye , Udum Yasemin Arslan , Toppare Levent
Published: June 2013

Two novel thiazolo[5,4‐d]thiazole containing donor–acceptor type alternating copolymers, poly[2‐(5‐(2‐decyl‐2H‐benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol‐4‐yl)thiophen‐2‐yl)‐5‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)thiazolo[5,4‐d]thiazole] (BTzTh) and poly[2‐(5‐(2‐decyl‐2H‐benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol‐4‐yl)furan‐2‐yl)‐5‐(furan‐2‐yl)thiazolo[5,4‐d]thiazole] (BTzFr) were synthesized by Stille coupling polymerization and their electrochemical and electrochromic properties were explored. Electrochemical activities of the spray‐casted polymer films were determined by cyclic voltammetry. To evaluate the effect of thiophene and furan moieties on the optical properties of the copolymers, spectroelectrochemistry studies were performed. To examine the switching abilities, copolymer films were subjected to a double potential step chronoamperometry in their local maximum absorptions. Both thiazolothiazole‐containing copolymers showed multichromic properties with low band‐gap values 1.7 and 1.9 eV for BTzTh and BTzFr, respectively. The decent electrochromical properties together with solution processability make them important candidates for electrochromic applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3901–3906
Serum Mac‐2 binding protein levels as a novel diagnostic biomarker for prediction of disease severity and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Kamada Yoshihiro , Fujii Hideki , Fujii Hironobu , Sawai Yoshiyuki , Doi Yoshinori , Uozumi Naofumi , Mizutani Kayo , Akita Maaya , Sato Motoya , Kida Sachiho , Kinoshita Noriaki , Maruyama Nobuhiro , Yakushijin Takayuki , Miyazaki Masanori , Ezaki Hisao , Hiramatsu Naoki , Yoshida Yuichi , Kiso Shinichi , Imai Yasuharu , Kawada Norifumi , Takehara Tetsuo , Miyoshi Eiji
Published: June 2013

Purpose

Mac‐2 binding protein (Mac‐2bp) is one of the major fucosylated glycoproteins, which we identified with glycol‐proteomic analyses. We previously reported that fucosylated glycoproteins are secreted into bile, but scarcely secreted into sera in normal liver and hypothesized that the fucosylation‐based sorting machinery would be disrupted in ballooning hepatocytes due to the loss of cellular polarity. In the present study, we investigated the availability of Mac‐2bp for differential diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a biomarker.

Experimental design

Serum Mac‐2bp levels were determined with our developed ELISA kit. Our cohort of 127 patients with NAFLD had liver biopsy to make a histological diagnosis of NASH and simple fatty liver.

Results

Mac‐2bp levels were significantly elevated in NASH patients compared with non‐NASH (simple steatosis) patients (2.132 ± 1.237 vs. 1.103 ± 0.500 μg/mL, p < 0.01). The area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve for predicting NASH by Mac‐2bp was 0.816. Moreover, multivariate logistic regression analyses showed Mac‐2bp levels could predict the fibrosis stage and the presence of ballooning hepatocytes in NAFLD patients.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

These results support the potential usefulness of measuring Mac‐2bp levels in clinical practice as a biomarker for NASH.
Interaction between docetaxel resistance and castration resistance in prostate cancer: Implications of twist1, YB‐1, and androgen receptor
Authors: Shiota Masaki , Kashiwagi Eiji , Yokomizo Akira , Takeuchi Ario , Dejima Takashi , Song YooHyun , Tatsugami Katsunori , Inokuchi Junichi , Uchiumi Takeshi , Naito Seiji
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Taxanes, including docetaxel, are currently the only cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents proven to confer survival benefit in patients with castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the merits of taxanes remain modest, and efforts are needed to improve their therapeutic efficacy.

METHODS

We evaluated the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to various agents using cytotoxicity assays. Gene and protein expression levels were evaluated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis, respectively.

RESULTS

Hydrogen peroxide‐resistant and castration‐resistant cells that overexpressed Twist1 and Y‐box binding protein‐1 (YB‐1) were cross‐resistant to cytotoxic agents, including docetaxel. Twist1 regulated YB‐1 expression in prostate cancer cells, supported by the induction of Twist1 and YB‐1 by transforming‐growth factor‐β, which is critical for taxane resistance. Twist1 and/or YB‐1 were activated in docetaxel‐resistant prostate cancer cells, and YB‐1 was activated by docetaxel treatment. Conversely, Twist1 and YB‐1 knockdown sensitized prostate cancer cells to cytotoxic agents, including docetaxel. In addition, androgen receptor (AR) knockdown increased cellular sensitivity to docetaxel, though AR expression in docetaxel‐resistant LNCaP cells was paradoxically lower than in parental cells. Intriguingly, androgen deprivation treatment was more effective in docetaxel‐resistant LNCaP cells compared with parental cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Twist1/YB‐1 and AR signaling promote docetaxel resistance in CRPC cells. However, docetaxel‐resistant cells were collaterally sensitive to androgen deprivation because of down‐regulation of AR expression, suggesting that the therapeutic effect of initial taxane treatment in hormone‐naïve prostate cancer may be superior to that of salvage taxane treatment in CRPC. Prostate 73:1336–1344. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermal conductivity of silicon nanowires: From fundamentals to phononic engineering
Authors: Zhang Gang , Zhang Yong‐Wei
Published: June 2013

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Silicon nanowires have attracted great interest in recent years due to their ideal interface compatibility with silicon‐based electronic technology and their various potential applications, such as energy harvest and generation, and thermal management. A variety of theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted to understand the thermal properties of silicon nanowires. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in this field from the perspective of both theoretical calculations and experiments. First, we introduce the fundamental physics underlying the thermal conduction of silicon nanowires. Then, the various approaches to manipulate the thermal conductivity of silicon nanowires are discussed. Finally, based on the understanding of dominant scattering mechanisms in different phonon frequency regimes, we present the basic concept of phononic engineering to control the thermal conductivity of silicon nanowires. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Selective collision‐induced fragmentation of ortho‐hydroxybenzyl‐aminated lysyl‐containing tryptic peptides
Authors: Simon E. S. , Papoulias P. G. , Andrews P. C.
Published: June 2013

RATIONALE

In protein studies that employ tandem mass spectrometry the manipulation of protonated peptide fragmentation through exclusive dissociation pathways may be preferred in some applications over the comprehensive amide backbone fragmentation that is typically observed. In this study, we characterized the selective cleavage of the side‐chain Cζ–Nε bond of peptides with ortho‐hydroxybenzyl‐aminated lysine residues.

METHODS

Internal lysyl residues of representative peptides were derivatized via reductive amination with ortho‐hydroxybenzaldehyde. The modified peptides were analyzed using collision‐induced dissociation (CID) on an Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometer. Theoretical calculations using computational methods (density functional theory) were performed to investigate the potential dissociation mechanisms for the Cζ–Nε bond of the derivatized lysyl residue resulting in the formation of the observed product ions.

RESULTS

Tandem mass spectra of the derivatized peptide ions exhibit product peaks corresponding to selective cleavage of the side‐chain Cζ–Nε bond that links the derivative to lysine. The ortho‐hydroxybenzyl derivative is released either as a neutral moiety [C7H6O1] or as a carbocation [C7H7O1]+ through competing pathways (retro‐Michael versus Carbocation Elimination (CCE), respectively). The calculated transition state activation barriers indicate that the retro‐Michael pathway is kinetically favored over CCE and both are favored over amide cleavage.

CONCLUSIONS

The application of ortho‐hydroxybenzyl amination is a promising peptide derivatization scheme for promoting selective dissociation pathways in the tandem mass spectrometry of protonated peptides. This can be implemented in the rational development of peptide reactive reagents for applications that may benefit from selective fragmentation paths (including crosslinking or MRM reagents). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analyzing Students’ Learning in Classroom Discussions about Socioscientific Issues
Authors: RUDSBERG KARIN , ÖHMAN JOHAN , ÖSTMAN LEIF
Published: June 2013

In this study, the purpose is to develop and illustrate a method that facilitates investigations of students’ learning processes in classroom discussions about socioscientific issues. The method, called transactional argumentation analysis, combines a transactional perspective on meaning making based on John Dewey's pragmatic philosophy and an argument analysis based on Toulmin's argument pattern. This analytical method consists of three steps. In the first step, we analyze the direction of the students’ meaning making, that is, the relations construed in and by action. In the second step, we use a functional interpretation of Toulmin's argument pattern to clarify the meanings in terms of argumentative elements. Finally, we investigate the students’ learning progress, both in terms of the way the arguments are constructed and the knowledge content used, by comparing each student's arguments over time. The empirical material consists of a video‐recorded lesson in a Swedish upper secondary school. Two examples of learning processes identified during the classroom discussion are described: learning to specify the conditions for one's claim and learning to find new solutions. These examples show that the suggested method can be used to identify the different kinds of learning progressions that take place during students’ argumentative discussions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 97:594–620, 2013