bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three years experience in a Dutch public awareness campaign on photovoltaic system performance
Authors: Tsafarakis Odysseas , Moraitis Panagiotis , Kausika Bala Bhavya , van der Velde Henrik , ’t Hart Saskia , de Vries Arthur , de Rijk Peer , de Jong Minne M. , van Leeuwen Hans‐Peter , van Sark Wilfried
Published: May 2017

To raise awareness on the importance of monitoring photovoltaic (PV) systems in the Netherlands, a public campaign was organised in three consecutive years. During 1 week in the spring of 2014, 2015, and 2016, as part of the Dutch Solar Days, participants were asked to measure or determine the amount of energy generated by their PV systems. All in all over 8000 participants were recruited via social media and a national television show. This study analyses the variation of weekly yield and performance ratio (PR) of the systems of the participants for 3 years. On average, for each year, a PR was found of 0.74 with a left‐skewed distribution, indicating that most systems perform well. Further analysis was made, which showed the ineffectiveness of an undersized inverter in low radiation conditions. It was also found that the performance difference between mono‐ and multicrystalline silicon panels was small, and that micro‐inverters are effective in reaching high performance for PV systems that suffer from shading. Generally, this work demonstrated the usefulness of citizen science approaches in PV system performance analysis.
Extraction des proprietes mecaniques locales d’un elastomere par nanoindentation : developpement des protocoles et application
Authors: Fradet Clémence , Lacroix Florian , Berton Gaëlle , Méo Stéphane , Le Bourhis Eric
Published: May 2017

La réponse mécanique locale d’un fluoroélastomère est présentée au travers de résultats de nanoindentation. Les propriétés des élastomères présentent notamment une dépendance à la vitesse de sollicitation et sont ainsi impactées par les variables du protocole expérimental choisies, telles que la force maximale appliquée ou les vitesses de chargement. Cette caractéristique, intrinsèque à ce type de matériaux, est considérée avec soin dans le cadre d’essais à échelle globale et doit, au même titre, faire l’objet d’une attention particulière lors d’essais de nanoindentation. L’objectif de cette étude est d’appréhender l’impact de la dépendance au temps des élastomères lors de leur caractérisation en nanoindentation. In fine, les investigations doivent pouvoir mener à une méthodologie robuste capable de donner des mesures quantitatives des propriétés mécaniques locales d’élastomères de pièces réelles industrielles. Ce papier dresse donc une description de la technique de nanoindentation appliquée aux élastomères et discute les résultats qui apparaissent clairement dépendants de la manière dont les essais sont conduits. Enfin, les éléments apportés par cette prospection ont été appliqués à la caractérisation d’un composite multicouche caoutchouc/polymère. Cette étude applicative a prouvé l’aptitude de la nanoindentation à détecter des gradients de propriétés au sein du composite.
Internal Audit of the Canadian Neonatal Network Data Collection System
Authors: Seidlitz Wendy , Chan Priscilla , Yeh Sonny , Musrap Natasha , Lee Shoo , Shah Prakesh ,   on behalf of data abstractors of the Canadian Neonatal Network
Published: May 2017

Background Neonatal databases worldwide have become a prominent tool for benchmarking, evaluation of outcomes, and quality improvement initiatives. We aimed to assess the precision of the Canadian Neonatal Network (CNN) database by conducting an internal audit of data extraction.

Methods An audit was conducted in all 31 neonatal units participating in the CNN. Ninety-five data items selected for reabstraction were classified into categories (critical, important, less important) based on predefined agreement rates. Five records were randomly selected at each site for reabstraction, including one short (3–7 days), two medium (8–12 days), and two long (18–22 days) stay cases. Agreement rates for each data item were calculated for individual units and across the network.

Results A total of 155 cases and 14,725 data fields were reabstracted. The overall agreement rates for critical, important, and less important data items were 98.0, 96.1, and 96.3%, respectively. Individual site variation for discrepancies ranged between 0.2 and 12.8% for all collected data items.

Conclusion Neonatal data extraction within the CNN database structure exhibited high precision; thereby, revealing the reliability of our data abstraction for neonatal demographic, processes of care, and outcomes information. An independent external audit of data extraction would be beneficial.
Validierung der deutschen Version des Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI)
Authors: Brüggemann Petra , Szczepek Agnieszka , Kleinjung Tobias , Ojo Michael , Mazurek Birgit
Published: May 2017

Tinnitus ist eine Dysfunktion im Hörsystem mit deutlicher Beeinträchtigung der Patienten durch assoziierte Komorbidität wie Hörstörungen, Schlaf- und Konzentrationsprobleme oder affektive Verstimmungen. Mind. 5% der Bevölkerung sind von Tinnitus betroffen, mind. 2% Prozent leiden unter einem behandlungsbedürftigen Ohrgeräusch. Im englischsprachigen Raum wurde ein neuer Fragebogen zur Diagnostik und zur Messung von Therapieeffekten entwickelt, der Tinnitus-Functional Index (TFI).

Die vorliegende Validierung einer deutschsprachigen Version des Tinnitus-Functional Index (TFI) wurde an 229 Patienten mit chronischem Tinnitus durchgeführt. Als Referenzskala diente der Tinnitusfragebogen von Goebel u. Hiller und die „Hamburger Allgemeine Depressionsskala“ (HADS). Eine Messwiederholung nach 7 Tagen Therapie diente zur Messung der Veränderungssensitivität.

Die faktorenanalytische Überprüfung resultiert in 8 Subskalen wie von Meikle et al. [2012] für das Original beschrieben. Die deutsche Fassung des TFI erreicht eine exzellente Reliabilität (Cronbach’s α=0,93) und die interne Skalenkonsistenz entsprach der TFI-Originalversion. Die Korrelation des TFI mit dem Tinnitusfragebogen betrug r=0,83, und mit dem HADS r=0,49 für die Depressionsitems und r=0,51 für die Angstitems.

Die Ergebnisse sprechen für die Validität des deutschsprachigen TFI. Er erweist sich als ein schnelles und statistisch belastbares Instrument zur Bestimmung der Tinnitusbeeinträchtigung und zur Messung von Veränderungseffekten durch Therapie.
Phake Intraokularlinsen
Authors: Hengerer Fritz H. , Conrad-Hengerer Ina
Published: May 2017

Die Implantation von phaken Intraokularlinsen stellt eine etablierte Therapieform zur Korrektur von höhergradigen Ametropien bei Myopie und Hyperopie sowie kombinierten Refraktionszuständen mit Astigmatismen dar. Bei der Anwendung sind gewisse anatomische und refraktive Voraussetzungen zu beachten. Der Artikel beschreibt die aktuell gängigen Verfahren und Intraokularlinsensysteme unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Möglichkeiten und Grenzen.
Virtuelle Planung bei der epithetischen Orbitaversorgung
Authors: Veit Johannes , Thierauf Julia , Egner Kornelius , Wiggenhauser Paul , Friedrich Daniel , Greve Jens , Schuler Patrick , Hoffmann Thomas , Schramm Alexander
Published: May 2017

Die optimale epithetische Versorgung von Patienten mit orbitalen Defekten stellt eine Herausforderung dar. Sowohl das Wählen des Implantations-Winkels als auch die Positionierung der Einzelimplantate kann bei inkorrekter Ausführung bei der Abformung, der Herstellung und dem Tragen der Epithese zu Problemen führen.

Wir führten eine virtuelle Planung der enossalen Implantation an einem 3D-CT-Datensatz mit der Software CoDiagnostiX ™(DentalWings, Montréal, Kanada) durch. Mittels 3D-Druckverfahren erfolgte die Herstellung einer plastischen-Insertionsschablone (Med-610™, Stratasys, Rehovot, Israel).

Bei einem 41-jährigen Patienten wurde bei Schrumpfung des Lidapparates nach Enukleation und Radiatio der linken Orbita vor 20 Jahren, nun eine Exenteratio orbitae durchgeführt. Im Anschluss erfolgte das Einbringen von 4 Vistafix-3 Implantaten (Cochlear™ Centennial, USA) mittels 3D-Schablone. Die Abformung und Epithesenanpassung im Verlauf war problemlos möglich und ergab eine sehr gute funktionelle und ästhetische Rehabilitation des Patienten.

Die virtuelle 3D-Planung der knochenverankerten epithetischen Versorgung von Orbitadefekten ist gut durchführbar und führt zu einer optimalen Platzierung der Implantate insbesondere bei posttherapeutisch veränderten anatomischen Verhältnissen der Orbitaregion.
Wie geht es Menschen nach dem Tod eines schwerkranken Angehörigen? – Onlinebefragung zur psychischen Belastung und Versorgungszufriedenheit von Hinterbliebenen
Authors: Gottschalk-Fleischer Antje , Köhler Norbert , Brähler Elmar , Mehnert Anja , Götze Heide
Published: May 2017

Ziel der Studie Ziel der Arbeit ist die Darstellung der psychosozialen Belastungssituation sowie der Versorgungszufriedenheit von Hinterbliebenen nach Versterben eines gepflegten Angehörigen.

Methodik In einer querschnittlichen Online-Befragung von Hinterbliebenen nach Versterben eines gepflegten Angehörigen wurden Ängstlichkeit und Depressivität (HADS) erhoben und einer Vergleichsgruppe aus der Bevölkerung gegenüber gestellt. Erfasst wurden weiterhin die Zufriedenheit mit der Versorgung des Patienten am Lebensende (ZUF-8) sowie die Beurteilung des Sterbeprozesses und der Unterstützung danach (HOPE-Modul, ESSI). Zusammenhänge von soziodemografischen und versorgungsrelevanten Faktoren mit der psychischen Belastung der Hinterbliebenen wurden analysiert.

Ergebnisse Von den 200 Hinterbliebenen (93% weiblich, im Mittel 306 Tage seit Versterben des Angehörigen vergangen) waren 31% die Hauptpflegeperson des Angehörigen. Die Hinterbliebenen gaben eine hohe psychische Belastung an (starke Ängstlichkeit: 41%/starke Depressivität: 35%). Die Versorgung am Lebensende war aus Sicht der Hinterbliebenen teilweise ungenügend: etwa ein Drittel der sterbenden Patienten hatte Schmerzen und etwa 20% wurden nicht würdig behandelt. Nach dem Tod des Angehörigen erhielten 44% der Hinterbliebenen keine Informationen zu Unterstützungsangeboten, jeder dritte vermisste seelischen Beistand. Unzufriedenheit mit der Versorgung und Unterstützung ging mit einer höheren psychischen Belastung einher, ebenso wie höheres Alter und eine kurze Pflegedauer.

Schlussfolgerung Die hohe psychische Belastung Hinterbliebener impliziert einen hohen Unterstützungsbedarf, dem in der Praxis häufig nicht entsprochen wird. Auch die Versorgung der Patienten am Lebensende ist teilweise ungenügend. Neben einer guten Vorbereitung auf den bevorstehenden Tod des Angehörigen und die Zeit danach, benötigen Hinterbliebene niedrigschwellige psychosoziale Unterstützungsangebote.
Veränderungen von Aufgaben und Tätigkeitsprofilen in der vollstationären psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutischen Intensivbehandlung in Deutschland
Authors: Löhr Michael , Längle Gerhard
Published: May 2017

Mit Inkrafttreten der Psych-PV im Jahr 1990 wurden in Deutschland erstmals verbindliche Personal-Strukturvorgaben für die stationäre und teilstationäre psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutische Behandlung vorgelegt. Die Tätigkeitsprofile der klinischen Berufsgruppen unterlagen seitdem infolge rechtlicher, fachlicher und gesellschaftlicher Ursachen einem erheblichen Wandel. Neben den allgemeinen strukturellen Veränderungen in den psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutischen Kliniken und Abteilungen wird im vorliegenden Artikel insbesondere auf den Bereich der stationären psychiatrischen Intensivbehandlung fokussiert.
Over-the-scope clip (OTSC) reduces surgery rate in the management of iatrogenic gastrointestinal perforations
Authors: Khater Sherine , Rahmi Gabriel , Perrod Guillaume , Samaha Elia , Benosman Hedi , Abbes Leila , Malamut Georgia , Cellier Christophe
Published: May 2017

Background and study aims Over-the-scope clip (OTSC) has been recently used in management of gastrointestinal perforations, but data on it are still limited. The aim of this study was to compare management of iatrogenic perforations before and after the OTSC was available in our endoscopy unit.

Patients and methods We conducted a monocentric retrospective study from June 2007 to June 2015. All iatrogenic gastrointestinal perforations detected during endoscopy were included. Two time periods were compared in terms of surgery and mortality rates: before use of OTSC (June 2007 to June 2011) and after OTSC became available (June 2011 to June 2015).

Results During the first period, 24 perforations were recorded. Fifteen (62.5 %) were managed with surgery. The mortality rate was 8 %. During the second period, 16 perforations occurred. In 11 patients (68.7 %), an OTSC was used to close the perforation, with complete sealing of the perforation in 100 % of cases. However, 2 patients with sigmoid perforation had to undergo surgery due to right ureteral obstruction by the clip in 1 case and to presence of a localized peritonitis in the other. The surgery rate during this period was 12.5 % (2 /16), with a statistically significant difference compared to the first period (P = 0.002). There was no mortality in the second period versus 8 % in the first one (P = 0.23).

Conclusions OTSC is effective for endoluminal closure of iatrogenic perforations and results in a significant decrease in surgery rate.
Selbstwirksamkeit von Angehörigen bei früher Integration von Supportiv-/Palliativversorgung in die Onkologie
Authors: Bär K. , Preisler M. , Rohrmoser A. , Letsch A. , Goerling U.
Published: May 2017

Hintergrund Ein Qualitätsmerkmal von integrierter Palliativversorgung in der Onkologie ist die Förderung der Lebensqualität bei Angehörigen von Tumorpatienten. Die Förderung der Selbstwirksamkeit (SW) durch das Behandlerteam ist ein möglicher Ansatzpunkt. Ziel dieser qualitativen Studie ist es, Hinweise zur Förderung der SW zu identifizieren.

Methodik Zwei Fokusgruppen mit je vier Angehörigen wurden anhand der allgemeinen SW, erhoben mittels Skala von Schwarzer und Jerusalem 1, gebildet. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels modifizierter Grounded Theory nach Strauss und Corbin 2.

Ergebnisse Die Analyse ergab Ungewissheit als zentralen Belastungsfaktor. Als wesentliche Anforderungsbereiche wurden 1) Ungewissheit aushalten, 2) Interaktion mit Ärzten, 3) Instrumentelle Unterstützung geben und 4) Umstrukturierung des eigenen Lebens identifiziert.

Schlussfolgerung Zur Förderung der SW von Angehörigen ist v. a. Unterstützung bei der Bewältigung von Ungewissheiten notwendig. Dies kann über eine aktive Einbindung in die Behandlung erfolgen. Ein personalisierter Ansatz, orientiert an der individuellen Lebenssituation, sowie Screenings zu Bedürfnissen und Ressourcen sind notwendig.
Revision of biliary sphincterotomy by re-cut, balloon dilation or temporary stenting: comparison of clinical outcome and complication rate (with video)
Authors: Donatelli Gianfranco , Dumont Jean-Loup , Cereatti Fabrizio , Tuszynski Thierry , Vergeau Bertrand , Meduri Bruno
Published: May 2017

Background and study aims Revision of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be necessary following previous biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy for recurrent biliary symptoms related to biliary stone recurrence, cholangitis or post-biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy (bEST) papillary stenosis and cholestasis. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical outcome and complication rate associated with re-cut, balloon dilation and biliary metal stenting in revision ERCP.

Patients and methods From January 2010 to January 2015, 139 subjects with stigma of a previous sphincterotomy required a revision ERCP (64 Men/75 Women; mean age 71 years; range 32 – 101 years). The most appropriate technique (re-cut, balloon dilation or fully covered self-expandable metal stent [FCSEMS] placement) was tailored according to underlying pathologies and anatomical features.

Results Technical success was achieved in all cases (100 %).

Clinical success (definitive clearance of common bile duct stones and liver test normalization) was achieved in 127 out of 139 patients (91.4 %) with a mean follow up of 12 months.

12 clinical failures occurred: 11 patients required a new ERCP after an average of 9 months meanwhile 1 patient required surgery for definite treatment. The overall complication rate was 9 % (13 /139) with 5 acute complications (intra-procedural) and 8 short-term complications (before 1 month). Group specific overall complication rates were as follow: re-cut 11.5 % (8 bleeds and 3 perforations), balloon dilation 25 % (4 mild PEP [post-ERCP pancreatitis]), FCSEMS 14.3 % (1 moderate PEP), re-cut + balloon dilation and re-cut + FCSEMS 0 %. A statistically significant higher risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis was highlighted in the balloon dilation group meanwhile re-cut was burdened by a higher risk of bleeding and perforation.

Conclusions Revision ERCP following previous bEST is a feasible procedure enabling clinical success in most cases. Different approaches are available and must be considered according to underlying pathologies. Re-cut is burdened by a higher risk of perforation and bleeding compared to balloon dilation and SEMS meanwhile balloon dilation is associated to increased risk of PEP.
Evaluation of Bone Mineral Density in Children with Type I Diabetes Mellitus and Relationship to Serum Levels of Osteopontin
Authors: Saki Forough , Sheikhi Abdolkarim , Omrani Gholam , Karimi Hamid , Dabbaghmanesh Mohammad , Mousavinasab Seyed
Published: May 2017

Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients are at risk of osteoporosis and fracture due to the osteoblast and osteoclast malfunction. Osteopontin (OPN) as the major non-collagenous bone matrix protein is produced by osteoblasts and osteoclasts and involve in bone resorption, formation and remodeling. To evaluate the serum levels of OPN, bone mineral density (BMD) and correlation in patients with T1DM this study was designed.

In this case-control study, 87 children with T1DM and 87 age/sex-matched healthy subjects were enrolled. Blood samples were tested for OPN levels by ELISA. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure BMD.

The mean levels of BMD in patients was significantly lower than control group (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference between patients and healthy subjects regarding the levels of OPN. However, in patients with high levels of OPN (mean+1.5 standard deviation) the BMD was significantly lower than other patients (p<0.0001). Totally there was a negative correlation between serum levels of OPN and BMD in patients with T1DM (p<0.016).

These results indicated that the BMD in T1DM is less than healthy children and elevated level of OPN in patients could be associated with low BMD. A linear negative correlation between serum OPN and total BMD of T1DM patients compared to control group was noticed in this study indicating that the amount of serum OPN could be effective on BMD and a good predicting factor for osteoporosis in patients.
Diagnose- und Verordnungsverhalten von Haus- und Fachärzten bei Patienten mit Demenz 2005 und 2015 in Deutschland
Authors: Bohlken Jens , Kostev Karel
Published: May 2017

Fragestellung Ändern sich von 2005 – 2015 die ärztlichen Diagnose- und Therapiegewohnheiten bei Patienten mit Demenz (PmD)?

Methoden Retrospektive Auswertung von Diagnose- und Verordnungsdaten von 398 Hausarzt- (HA) und 50 Facharztpraxen (FA).

Ergebnisse HA: Demenz-Prävalenzzunahme um 40,4 % mit leichter Senkung des Anteils von Alzheimer-Patienten von 20,8 % auf 19,2 %. FA: Demenz-Prävalenzzunahme um 52,4 % mit gleichzeitigem Anstieg des Alzheimer-Anteils von 45,6 % auf 61,7 %.

Schlussfolgerungen Veränderungspotenzial in HA-Praxen gering. Lassen sich zukünftig HA-Gewohnheiten ändern? Wie können FA-Praxen besser integriert werden?
Fabrication of silicon films from patterned protruded seeds
Authors: Zeng Huang , Zhang Wei , Li Jizhou , Wang Cong , Yang Hui , Chen Yigang , Chen Xiaoyuan , Liu Dongfang
Published: May 2017

Thin, flexible silicon crystals are starting up applications such as light-weighted flexible solar cells, SOI, flexible IC chips, 3D ICs imagers and 3D CMOS imagers on the demand of high performance with low cost. Kerfless wafering technology by direct conversion of source gases into mono-crystalline wafers on reusable substrates is highly cost-effective and feedstock-effective route to cheap wafers with the thickness down to several microns. Here we show a prototype for direct conversion of silicon source gases to wafers by using the substrate with protruded seeds. A reliable and controllable method of wafer-scaled preparation of protruded seed patterns has been developed by filling liquid wax into a rod array as the mask for the selective removal of oxide layer on the rod head. Selectively epitaxial growth is performed on the protruded seeds, and the voidless film is formed by the merging of neighboring seeds through growing. And structured hollows are formed between the grown film and the substrate, which would offer the transferability of the grown film and the reusability of the protruded seeds.
Evaluating the ability of a lifetime nutrient-partitioning model for simulating the performance of Australian Holstein dairy cows
Authors: Phuong H. N. , Friggens N. C. , Martin O. , Blavy P. , Hayes B. J. , Wales W. J. , Pryce J. E.
Published: May 2017

The present study determined the ability of a lifetime nutrient-partitioning model to simulate individual genetic potentials of Australian Holstein cows. The model was initially developed in France and has been shown to be able to accurately simulate performance of individual cows from various breeds. Generally, it assumes that the curves of cow performance differ only in terms of scaling, but the dynamic shape is universal. In other words, simulations of genetic variability in performance between cow genotypes can be performed using scaling parameters to simply scale the performance curves up or down. Validation of the model used performance data from 63 lactations of Australian Holstein cows offered lucerne cubes plus grain-based supplement. Individual cow records were used to derive genetic scaling parameters for each animal by calibrating the model to minimise root mean-square errors between observed and fitted values, cow by cow. The model was able to accurately fit the curves of bodyweight, milk fat concentration, milk protein concentration and milk lactose concentration with a high degree of accuracy (relative prediction errors <5%). Daily milk yield and weekly body condition score were satisfactorily predicted, although slight under-predictions of milk yield were identified during the last stage of lactation (relative prediction errors ≈11.1–15.6%). The prediction of feed intake was promising, with the value of relative prediction error of 18.1%. The results also suggest that the current recommendation of energy required for maintenance of pasture-based cows might be under-estimated. In conclusion, this model can be used to simulate genetic variability in the production potential of Australian cows. Thus, it can be used for simulation of consequences of future genetic-selection strategies on lifetime performance and efficiency of individual cows.
Towards a dated molecular phylogeny of the Tanypodinae (Chironomidae, Diptera)
Authors: Krosch M. N. , Cranston P. S. , Bryant L. M. , Strutt F. , McCluen S. R.
Published: May 2017

A dated molecular phylogeny is proposed for the Tanypodinae, a diverse subfamily of Chironomidae (Diptera). We used molecular data from fragments of one ribosomal gene (28S), one nuclear protein-coding gene (CAD), and one mitochondrial protein-coding gene (COI), analysed using mixed model Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference methods. All proposed tribes were sampled, namely, Anatopyniini, Clinotanypodini, Coelopyniini, Fittkauimyiini, Macropelopiini, Natarsiini, Pentaneurini, Procladiini and Tanypodini. A multilocus dataset of 1938 characters was compiled from 123 individuals including outgroups. Monophyly was supported for all tribes although some relationships were not robust. Relationships between tribes and some genus groups are highly congruent with a morphology-based estimate. Relationships within tribe Pentaneurini mostly find weak support, yet previously hypothesised groupings and monophyly or lack thereof in well-sampled genera are revealed. The tempo of diversification of the family was deduced by divergence time analysis (BEAST). Origination of a subfamily stem group in the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous was inferred, with all tribes and many genera of Pentaneurini originating and diversifying in the Cretaceous. Some nodes are biogeographically informative. Gene sections supported the backbone, but more extensive sampling is needed to estimate shallower phylogenies and to better understand the tempo and diversification of Tanypodinae.
Von Coimbra nach Tobol’sk
Authors: Pandžić Zvonko
Published: May 2017

Worldwide missionary activities from the 16th century onward were not limited to the New World and overseas in general, but also in East Central Europe in the wake of sectarian struggles following the Reformation. Soon after the Tridentine Council (1545–1563), the Jesuits spread their activities to all countries between the Baltic and Adriatic Seas. Not only Catholic but also Lutheran and Calvinist missionaries went to Poland-Lithuania, Hungary, Slovenia, and other countries. The first Polish grammar (Statorius 1568) was published principally for the Calvinist mission in Poland, while the first Slovenian grammar was printed in Wittenberg (Bochorizh 1584) for the use of Lutheran missionaries in the predominantly Catholic Slovenia. This article examines the missionary background and the vernacular character of two further missionary grammars of the Slavic languages. The first Croatian grammar by Bartul Kašić (1575–1650) was printed in Rome for the use of Catholic Jesuit missionaries from Italy working in Illyricum (Kašić 1604). Kašić’s choice of thešto-dialect to be the literary norm in missionary publications substantially determined the further standardization history of the Croatian language. Almost a hundred years later H. W. Ludolf (1696) succeeded in printing the first Russian grammar for the Lutheran-Pietistic mission in Muscovy, a milestone on the way to the “refinement” of the Russian vernacular intended by Ludolf to make it the literary language of the Russian Empire. The first grammars of the Slavic vernacular languages can, therefore, be rightly called missionary grammars. This designation also applies to the first grammars of the non-Slavic languages in the Baltic States and Hungary (and, beyond Europe, in the largely Eastern Orthodox Armenia and Ethiopia). Whatever their sect, the authors of these missionary grammars were motivated by rivalry with other Christian denominations in Slavic and non-Slavic speaking countries of the Christian East.
From Description to Prescription
Authors: Zabarah Hana
Published: May 2017

Once the need to learn a language arises, grammatical instructional manuals evolve from descriptive grammars of that language. Language description involves the uncovering of the rules of the language from collected data, and teaching those rules is the reason grammatical manuals exist. The most comprehensive descriptive grammar of Arabic is Sībawayhi’sKitāb(d. ca.161–94 AH/777–810 A.D.). He includes the rules of Arabic as he deduced them from the language of the Arabs. As time passed and the need to learn Arabic increased, many grammarians started to write grammatical manuals for beginners. Sībawayhi’s monumental work was too speculative and highly theoretical for this task and was never suitable for instruction. The descriptiveness of Sībawayhi’sKitābneeded to morph into a more approachable grammar. Zağğāğī’sĞumal(d. ca.337–340/948–951) and Ibn Bābašāḏ’sMuqaddima(d.469/1077) are two instructional manuals that are concise and more suitable for beginners. This study examines how pedagogy in Zağğāğī’sĞumaland Ibn Bābašāḏ’sMuqaddimaevolved from the descriptive rules of Sībawayhi’sKitābthrough a careful analysis ofistiṯnā’“exception” rules presented by each grammarian in this study. Although the rules are essentially the same in all three books, presentation and description or lack thereof are sufficiently different illustrating their distinct objectives.
Compulsory African language learning at a South African university
Authors: Rudwick Stephanie
Published: May 2017

While many universities in the world are making provisions to include the English language in their institutional structure, the South African University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) is opposing the hegemony of English in its institution. The University has launched a language policy and planning (LPP) strategy that makes provisions first to incorporate the vernacular language Zulu as language of learning and teaching, and second, to promote it as a subject. In this vein, the institution recently made an unprecedented decision for the South African higher education system. Since the first semester of 2014, a specific Zulu language module is a mandatory subject for undergraduate students who have no proficiency in the language. Although considered a watershed moment among many African language promoters, the mandatory ruling is fiercely discussed and debated in the institution and beyond. Theoretically grounded in Language Management Theory (LMT) and empirically based on semi-ethnographic fieldwork, this article examines the interplay between macro and micro language dynamics at UKZN in the context of the mandatory Zulu module. In juxtaposing interview discourses of language policy stakeholders with those of Zulu lecturers, the study reveals a stark discrepancy between macro and micro language management at this university. The article argues that this mismatch between the language policy intents and actual practices on the ground is symptomatic for South Africa’s language policy in education being shaped more by ideological interests than by pedagogical regards.
Buttering their bread on both sides?
Authors: De Meulder Maartje , Murray Joseph J.
Published: May 2017

In the past two decades, a wave of campaigns to recognise sign languages have taken place in numerous countries. These campaigns sought official recognition of national sign languages, with the aim of enhancing signers’ social mobility and protecting the vitality of sign languages. These activities differ from a long history of sign language planning from a ‘language as a problem’ approach largely used by educators and policymakers to date. However, the instrumental rights and social mobility obtained as a result have thus far been limited with educational linguistic and language acquisition rights especially lacking. This article identifies two reasons for this situation. First, a view of Sign Language Peoples (SLPs) from a medical perspective has led to confusion about the meaning of linguistic rights for them and led governments to treat sign language planning differently than that for spoken languages. Furthermore, SLPs political participation is hindered by recognition being offered by governments without substantial commitments to financial resources, changes in government practices or greater inclusion of sign languages in public life. One exception to this trend are sign language planning bodies, but even these face challenges in the implementation phase. Going forward, we argue that sign language recognition legislation should centre on deaf communities’ concerns regarding sign language vitality. In addition to a need to ensure acquisition for deaf signers, we contend that while the expansion of hearing (and deaf) new signers can be interpreted in terms of language endangerment it can also be seen as strengthening sign languages’ vitality.
Dozing eyes and drunken faces
Authors: von Prince Kilu
Published: May 2017

Like many languages of the world, the Oceanic language Daakaka (Vanuatu) uses idiomatic combinations of body-part terms and verbs to express emotions, medical conditions and related concepts. However, languages differ in how they express the same concepts nominally. I will contrast the nominalization strategy found in Daakaka with other languages and discuss the differences. I will argue that the nominalization strategy in Daakaka is less transparent than its alternatives but that it allows for the formation of a paradigm that also includes meteorological expressions. This phenomenon highlights the need to look beyond individual lexemes when comparing lexical classes and derivational processes cross-linguistically.1
Iconicity in argument structure
Authors: Oomen Marloes
Published: May 2017

A long tradition of psych-verb research in spoken languages has demonstrated that they constitute a class of their own, both semantically and syntactically. This study presents a description and analysis of psych-verbs in Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT) in order to investigate whether this verb type displays comparable peculiarities in sign languages. The study is primarily based on data from the Corpus NGT (Crasborn et al. 2008). Firstly, the data indicate that all psych-verbs in NGT select a subject Experiencer. Secondly, it is shown that there is an iconic property of psych-verbs in NGT that lays bare a conceptual link between psychological states and locative relations: body-anchoring. The location singled out by the place of articulation of a psych-verb is associated with the metaphoric location of an emotion, or a type of behavior associated with the expression of an emotion. It is furthermore argued that the body as a whole iconically represents the container of a psychological state. The body is analyzed as a possessive determiner that may receive a first person specification as a consequence of body-anchoring. The data support such an analysis, as they suggest that sentences without an overt Experiencer yield a default first person interpretation. Thus, it is claimed that iconicity affects sentence structure and as such should be incorporated into the formal grammar system. Given that body-anchoring is the source of the effects mentioned above, it may be hypothesized that psych-verbs in NGT do not constitute a class of its own, but rather belong to a larger class of iconically motivated body-anchored verbs that share the properties mentioned above.
Downstream Migration and Multiple Dam Passage by Atlantic Salmon Smolts
Authors: Nyqvist D. , McCormick S. D. , Greenberg L. , Ardren W. R. , Bergman E. , Calles O. , Castro-Santos T.
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate behavior and survival of radio-tagged wild and hatchery-reared landlocked Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar smolts as they migrated past three hydropower dams equipped with fish bypass solutions in the Winooski River, Vermont. Among hatchery-reared smolts, those released early were more likely to initiate migration and did so after less delay than those released late. Once migration was initiated, however, the late-released hatchery smolts migrated at greater speeds. Throughout the river system, hatchery-reared fish performed similarly to wild fish. Dam passage rates varied between the three dams and was highest at the dam where unusually high spill levels occurred throughout the study period. Of the 50 fish that did migrate downstream, only 10% managed to reach the lake. Migration success was low despite the presence of bypass solutions, underscoring the need for evaluations of remedial measures; simply constructing a fishway is not synonymous with providing fish passage.

Received July 8, 2016; accepted April 29, 2017 Published online June 30, 2017
The desmoplakin–intermediate filament linkage regulates cell mechanics
Authors: Broussard Joshua A. , Yang Ruiguo , Huang Changjin , Nathamgari S. Shiva P. , Beese Allison M. , Godsel Lisa M. , Hegazy Marihan H. , Lee Sherry , Zhou Fan , Sniadecki Nathan J. , Green Kathleen J. , Espinosa Horacio D.
Published: May 2017

The translation of mechanical forces into biochemical signals plays a central role in guiding normal physiological processes during tissue development and homeostasis. Interfering with this process contributes to cardiovascular disease, cancer progression, and inherited disorders. The actin-based cytoskeleton and its associated adherens junctions are well-established contributors to mechanosensing and transduction machinery; however, the role of the desmosome–intermediate filament (DSM–IF) network is poorly understood in this context. Because a force balance among different cytoskeletal systems is important to maintain normal tissue function, knowing the relative contributions of these structurally integrated systems to cell mechanics is critical. Here we modulated the interaction between DSMs and IFs using mutant forms of desmoplakin, the protein bridging these structures. Using micropillar arrays and atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate that strengthening the DSM–IF interaction increases cell–substrate and cell–cell forces and cell stiffness both in cell pairs and sheets of cells. In contrast, disrupting the interaction leads to a decrease in these forces. These alterations in cell mechanics are abrogated when the actin cytoskeleton is dismantled. These data suggest that the tissue-specific variability in DSM–IF network composition provides an opportunity to differentially regulate tissue mechanics by balancing and tuning forces among cytoskeletal systems.
Overview of Hospital Neurology
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee , Baňez Monico Peter
Published: May 2017

Hospital neurology is a rapidly growing subspecialty. In addition to hospital-based general neurologists, there has been an expansion of hospital-based specialty care services, including stroke centers, epilepsy centers, and neuro-critical care services. There is a clear need for more neurologists of all types, but particularly hospital neurologists. Hospital neurology services have been shown to improve the quality and efficiency of neurologic care.
Mental Status Change
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

Disorders of mental status are among the most common reasons for neurologic consultation, second only to stroke in most institutions. Mental status change may be the reason for admission, or it may develop during hospitalization. Among the mental status changes defined and described here are confusional state, dementia, delirium, encephalopathy, amnesia, lethargy, persistent vegetative state, coma, and brain death.
Language and Hearing Deficits
Authors: Kirshner Howard S. , Misulis Karl E.
Published: May 2017

The most common speech and language difficulties to come to the attention of hospital neurologists are aphasia and dysarthria. Important elements of language and hearing are presented in overview with subsequent more detailed discussion.
Dizziness, Vertigo, and Imbalance
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

Dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, and falls often prompt neurologic consultation. These presentations can have central or peripheral etiologies. The differential diagnosis of dizziness, vertigo, and imbalance is discussed.
Cognitive Disorders
Authors: Kirshner Howard S. , Misulis Karl E.
Published: May 2017

Dementia is usually evaluated and managed in the outpatient arena, but neurologists deal with hospitalized patients with dementia as an exacerbation of the mental status with concurrent illness or suspicion of dementia in a patient with hospital-acquired delirium. This chapter discusses the presentation, diagnosis, and management, both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, of several of the most commonly seen cognitive disorders.
Neuromuscular Disorders
Authors: Murray E. Lee , Vedanarayanan Veda V.
Published: May 2017

The hospital neurologist may encounter neuromuscular disorders as known chronic conditions that are exacerbated by a hospital stay, be the principal reason for admission, or develop during a prolonged hospitalization. This chapter details the presentation, diagnosis, and management of conditions affecting the peripheral nerves and neuromuscular junction, such as myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton (myasthenic) syndrome, botulism, and tick paralysis; as well as muscular weakness from various causes such as rhabdomyolysis, critical illness neuromyopathy, inflammatory myopathies, muscular dystrophies, periodic paralysis, and metabolic and endocrine myopathies. Also discussed are motoneuron degeneration, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and progressive muscle atrophy, and neuromuscular respiratory failure.
CSF Circulation Disorders
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

The most common CSF circulation disorders encountered in hospital neurology practice are high CSF pressure, low CSF pressure, and suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). This chapter discusses the presentation, diagnosis, and management of a number of the most common CSF circulation disorders.
Pregnancy and Neurology
Authors: Montouris Georgia , Stefanidou Maria
Published: May 2017

The most common problems for which neurologists see pregnant patients in the ED and hospital are headache, seizure, confusion/encephalopathy, and focal neurologic deficit. This chapter discusses the presentation, diagnosis, and management of various neurologic disorders in pregnancy.
Nutritional Deficiencies and Toxicities
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

Nutritional disorders are often encountered in hospital neurology practice, especially deficiencies of vitamins B1 and B12. Medical conditions can predispose to nutritional disorders. This chapter discusses the presentation, diagnosis, and management of B12 deficiency, B1 deficiency, protein-energy malnutrition, folate deficiency especially in the context of pregnancy, B6 deficiency, B6 toxicity, copper deficiency, and vitamin D deficiency. Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome are also discussed.
Neurotoxicology
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

Toxin exposure is a common reason for an ED visit, and although most of these are managed by emergency physicians and internists, neurologists are often called on for assistance with selected toxin exposures. This chapter focuses on some of the most important toxic exposures, selected by virtue of frequency or severity.
Neuro-Ophthalmology
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

Visual disorders are a common cause for neurologic consultation in the hospital. Many disorders are discussed in other chapters. This chapter covers predominately vascular disorders affecting the eye.
Neuro-Otology
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

Hospital neurology consultation in the field of neuro-otology is usually for vertigo, hearing loss, or tinnitus. The role of the neurologist is to ensure that neurologic causes are considered and to promote appropriate ENT evaluation and treatment as needed.
Developmental and Genetic Disorders
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

There are innumerable developmental and genetic disorders associated with the brain and central nervous system. This chapter does not address conditions that primarily affect children because of the adult focus of this book. Instead, the chapter focuses on those disorders that are likely to come to the attention of the hospital neurologist.
Toolkit
Authors: Misulis Karl E. , Murray E. Lee
Published: May 2017

This section is a toolkit contains some key reference information for hospital neurologists. This chapter concerns assessments.
Case Studies in Pharmacy Ethics
Authors: Veatch Robert M. , Haddad Amy , Last E.J.
Published: May 2017

The third edition of Case Studies in Pharmacy Ethics presents a comprehensive series of cases faced by pharmacists that raise ethical issues, with chapters arranged in a manner that simultaneously presents the topics that would be covered in a course on ethical theory. After an introduction, the book is divided into three parts. The introduction takes up four basic issues in ethical theory: the source, meaning, and justification of ethical claims; the two major ways of determining if acts are morally right; how moral rules apply to specific situations; and what ought to be done in specific cases. Part I deals with conceptual issues. Chapter 1 presents a five-step model the pharmacist can use for ethical problem solving. Chapter 2 addresses identification of value judgments in pharmacy and separation of ethical from nonethical value judgments. Chapter 3 looks at where the pharmacist should turn to find the source of ethical judgments. Part II presents cases organized around the major principles of ethics: beneficence and nonmaleficence, justice and the allocation of resources, autonomy, veracity (dealing honestly with patients), fidelity (including confidentiality), and avoidance of killing. Part III presents cases organized around topics that present ethical controversy: abortion, sterilization, and contraception; genetics and birth technologies; and mental health and behavior control. The remaining chapters cover drug formularies and drug distribution systems; health insurance, health system planning, and rationing; pharmaceutical research; consent to drug therapies; and terminally ill patients. The book includes links to professional codes of ethics and a glossary.
Justice
Authors: Veatch Robert M. , Haddad Amy , Last E. J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the pharmacist’s duty based on the principle of justice. It addresses issues of allocation of health resources. It first addresses allocations among patients, then the tension between the interests of patients and others, and finally justice in broad issues of public policy. The cases deal with the pharmacist’s conflicts between serving a patient in crisis and a hypochondriac, funding compassionate use pharmaceuticals, the tension between the interests of a patient and her husband, obesity and the allocation of a scarce drug, payment for erectile dysfunction therapy, and the conflict between giving attention to a patient in great need and a promise to give attention to another less urgent patient.
Veracity
Authors: Veatch Robert M. , Haddad Amy , Last E. J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter, which covers the principle of veracity (truth telling), addresses the topic of honesty as an element of the general moral concept of respect for persons. The tension between honest disclosure as a moral principle and the potential for lying to produce benefits is explored. In doing so, the moral justification for lying to benefit the patient or others is explained. Further, the ethical implications of withholding information about care or treatment are discussed. Cases in this chapter focus on the challenges faced by pharmacists when honesty considerations arise in practice: what patients should be told when the pharmacist is not yet sure what the facts are, lying to patients in order to benefit them, lying to patients to benefit others, and disclosure to patients who ask to see their medical records.
Health Insurance, Health System Planning, and Rationing
Authors: Veatch Robert M. , Haddad Amy , Last E. J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins with a description of the various reasons for the accelerating costs of prescription drugs in the United States. It then discusses benefits and burdens of drug therapy within public and private insurance programs. Insurance risk pooling is examined in light of the requirement in the Affordable Care Act to buy health insurance and the consequences when people decide not to buy insurance. Disagreements between the personal beliefs of the owners of a privately held company and the Affordable Care Act’s requirement to cover contraceptives through employee insurance plans are discussed. The chapter also addresses co-pay coupons that encourage patients to ask for expensive, brand-name drugs and the increasing costs of specialty or biotechnology pharmaceuticals, highlighting the problems insurers face in their efforts to manage costs. Finally, the common problems of high-cost drugs that have marginal impact and off-label uses of drugs are examined.