bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydroacoustic assessment of mono‐ and polymorphic Coregonus density and biomass in subarctic lakes
Authors: Malinen Tommi , Tuomaala Antti , Lehtonen Hannu , Kahilainen Kimmo K.
Published: September 2013

Density and biomass estimates of pelagic fish are essential to understand food web interactions and ecosystem functioning. We conducted surveys of six subarctic lakes for assessing both mono‐ and polymorphic whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (L.) populations. Monomorphic whitefish lakes were inhabited by a habitat and diet generalist, large sparsely rakered (LSR) morph, whereas polymorphic whitefish lakes had a littoral benthivorous LSR morph, a pelagic planktivorous densely rakered (DR) morph and in two cases a benthivorous small sparsely rakered (SSR) morph inhabiting the profundal zone. In addition, an introduced specialist zooplanktivore, vendace Coregonus albula (L.), inhabited one of the monomorphic lakes. Hydroacoustics was found to be an appropriate method for estimating coregonid densities and biomasses in large and deep polymorphic lakes occupied by the planktivorous DR morph or vendace, but only during dark nights in autumn. The suitability of hydroacoustic assessment for benthivorous LSR and SSR morphs was low, especially in polymorphic whitefish lakes due to their preference for near‐bottom habitat or shallow areas not sampled with hydroacoustics. The pelagic density of DR morph varied from 330 to 1780 fish·ha−1 and biomass from 1.4 to 13.3 kg·ha−1 in polymorphic whitefish lakes, whereas corresponding estimates for LSR morph were 10–320 fish·ha−1 and 0.5–8.4 kg·ha−1 in monomorphic whitefish lakes. In general, polymorphism tended to increase the density and biomass of whitefish in the pelagic area compared with monomorphic systems.
The importance of spatial scales to analysis of fish diversity in Amazonian floodplain lakes and implications for conservation
Authors: Freitas Carlos E.C. , Siqueira‐Souza Flávia K. , Florentino Alexandro C. , Hurd Lawrence E.
Published: September 2013

The Amazon River Basin has the highest fish species diversity of any region in the world, but is under threat from anthropogenic perturbations including overharvesting, alien species and drought. We asked whether species diversity in this region is more a function of within‐lake species richness (i.e., α diversity) or differences among lakes (β diversity). Although many studies have reported on species richness and diversity in single habitats, the importance of measuring diversity at different spatial scales is not yet well established. We collected fish in 10 floodplain lakes along the Solimões River (Brazil), divided evenly between two lake types: those on islands in the river channel (island lakes) and those on the margins of the river (coastal lakes) during 2006. We partitioned fish diversity into three spatial scales: α = within each lake; β1 = among lakes of the same type (coastal or island) and β2 = between the two types of lakes, and compared their relative contributions to regional (γ) diversity. β1 + β2 contributed as much or more to γ diversity than did α. Although many of the 116 fish species were shared between lake types (S = 72), 32 species were found exclusively in coastal lakes and 12 species were found exclusively in island lakes. Coastal lakes, which were deeper and cooler than island lakes, consistently had higher fish species richness than island lakes. We suggest that it will be necessary to set areas large enough to contain multiple lakes of both types to preserve regional fish diversity.
Is there a one‐way street from essential tremor to Parkinson's disease? Possible biological ramifications
Authors: Louis E. D. , Ottman R.
Published: September 2013

There is considerable evidence for an association between essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD), although the topic remains somewhat controversial. An important issue, not previously addressed, is what seems to be the unidirectional nature of the relationship (ET→ET + PD and not PD→PD + ET). The aims of this review are (i) to discuss the evidence for and against a unidirectional relationship and (ii) to discuss the implications of such a unidirectional relationship, if it exists, for disease mechanisms. Evidence ‘for’ a unidirectional relationship includes (i) abundant clinical anecdotal observation and (ii) clinical and epidemiological studies. Evidence ‘against’ is theoretical rather than empirical. Overall, the evidence ‘for’ is stronger, although additional studies are needed in order to be certain; for the time being, it might be best to leave this as an open question. The biological ramifications/extensions of such a unidirectional relationship include (i) that the association is causal (i.e. some aspect of ET pathophysiology predisposes an individual to develop PD) and (ii) that some ET cases may have a circumscribed form of Lewy body disease, and the secondary development of PD may represent a spread of those Lewy bodies in the brainstem. The presence and nature of the links between ET and PD are controversial. Further primary data (epidemiological and pathological) are needed to improve understanding of the relationship and its implications for the pathogenesis of both disorders.
Deciphering the pro‐fibrotic phenotype of fibroblasts in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Maier Christiane , Distler Jörg H. W. , Beyer Christian
Published: September 2013

LeRoy's seminal work on the phenotypic features of scleroderma fibroblasts has been directing fibrosis research in the field of systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) for the past 30 years. His principal experiment, to culture skin fibroblasts from patients with SSc and study their pro‐fibrotic phenotype in comparison with skin fibroblasts from healthy individuals, has been used by most basic and translational fibrosis studies in SSc. LeRoy's findings have revolutionized our understanding of the disease pathogenesis and guided the development of novel antifibrotic therapies towards fibroblast‐specific approaches.
A S52P mutation in the ‘α‐crystallin domain’ of Mycobacterium leprae HSP18 reduces its oligomeric size and chaperone function
Authors: Nandi Sandip K. , Rehna Elengikal A. A. , Panda Alok K. , Shiburaj Sugathan , Dharmalingam Kuppamuthu , Biswas Ashis
Published: September 2013

Mycobacterium leprae HSP18 is a small heat shock protein (sHSP). It is a major immunodominant antigen of M. leprae pathogen. Previously, we have reported the existence of two M. leprae HSP18 variants in various leprotic patients. One of the variants has serine at position 52, whereas the other one has proline at the same position. We have also reported that HSP18 having proline at position 52 (HSP18P52) is a nonameric protein and exhibits chaperone function. However, the structural and functional characterization of wild‐type HSP18 having serine at position 52 (HSP18S52) is yet to be explored. Furthermore, the implications of the S52P mutation on the structure and chaperone function of HSP18 are not well understood. Therefore, we cloned and purified these two HSP18 variants. We found that HSP18S52 is also a molecular chaperone and an oligomeric protein. Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and far‐UV CD measurements revealed that the S52P mutation altered the tertiary and secondary structure of HSP18. This point mutation also reduced the oligomeric assembly and decreased the surface hydrophobicity of HSP18, as revealed by HPLC and 4,4′‐dianilino‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐5,5′‐disulfonic acid binding studies, respectively. Mutant protein was less stable against thermal and chemical denaturation and was more susceptible towards tryptic cleavage than wild‐type HSP18. HSP18P52 had lower chaperone function and was less effective in protecting thermal killing of Escherichia coli than HSP18S52. Taken together, our data suggest that serine 52 is important for the larger oligomerization and chaperone function of HSP18. Because both variants differ in stability and function, they may have different roles in the survival of M. leprae in infected hosts.

Structured digital abstract

HSP18 and HSP18 bind by molecular sieving (View interaction)
Manipulation of colony environment modulates honey bee aggression and brain gene expression
Authors: Rittschof C. C. , Robinson G. E.
Published: September 2013

The social environment plays an essential role in shaping behavior for most animals. Social effects on behavior are often linked to changes in brain gene expression. In the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.), social modulation of individual aggression allows colonies to adjust the intensity with which they defend their hive in response to predation threat. Previous research has showed social effects on both aggression and aggression‐related brain gene expression in honey bees, caused by alarm pheromone and unknown factors related to colony genotype. For example, some bees from less aggressive genetic stock reared in colonies with genetic predispositions toward increased aggression show both increased aggression and more aggressive‐like brain gene expression profiles. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to a colony environment influenced by high levels of predation threat results in increased aggression and aggressive‐like gene expression patterns in individual bees. We assessed gene expression using four marker genes. Experimentally induced predation threats modified behavior, but the effect was opposite of our predictions: disturbed colonies showed decreased aggression. Disturbed colonies also decreased foraging activity, suggesting that they did not habituate to threats; other explanations for this finding are discussed. Bees in disturbed colonies also showed changes in brain gene expression, some of which paralleled behavioral findings. These results show that bee aggression and associated molecular processes are subject to complex social influences.
Release of Chromium from Soils with Persulfate Chemical Oxidation
Authors: Kaur Kawalpreet , Crimi Michelle
Published: September 2013

An important part of the evaluation of the effectiveness of persulfate in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) for treating organic contaminants is to identify and understand its potential impact on metal co‐contaminants in the subsurface. Chromium is a redox‐sensitive and toxic metal the release of which poses considerable risk to human health. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of persulfate chemical oxidation on the release of chromium from three soils varying in physical‐chemical properties. Soils were treated with unactivated and activated persulfate [activated with Fe(II), Fe(II)‐EDTA, and alkaline pH] at two different concentrations (i.e., 41 mM and 2.1 mM persulfate) for 48 h and 6 months and were analyzed for release of chromium. Results show that release of chromium with persulfate chemical oxidation depends on the soil type and the activation method. Sandy soil with low oxidant demand released more chromium compared to soils with high oxidant demand. More chromium was released with alkaline pH activation. Alkaline pH and high Eh conditions favor oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), which is the main mechanism of release of chromium with persulfate chemical oxidation. Unactivated and Fe(II)‐activated persulfate decreased pH and at low pH in absence of EDTA chromium release is not a concern. These results indicate that chromium release can be anticipated based on the given site and treatment conditions, and ISCO system can be designed to minimize potential chromium release when treating soils and groundwater contaminated with both organic and metal contaminants.
Preterm delivery risk in women initiating antiretroviral therapy to prevent HIV mother‐to‐child transmission
Authors: Short C‐ES , Douglas M , Smith JH , Taylor GP
Published: September 2013

Objectives

The aim of the study was to describe the relationship between preterm delivery (PTD; < 37 weeks of gestation) and antiretroviral therapy in a single‐centre cohort of pregnant women with HIV infection.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of data for 331 women who received care in a dedicated HIV antenatal clinic between 1996 and 2010 was carried out. Data on first CD4 cell count and viral load (HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL) recorded in pregnancy, class and timing of antiretroviral therapy, gestational age at delivery, and risk factors for and causes of PTD were available from a clinical database.

Results

Overall, 13.0% of deliveries were preterm, of which 53% were severe preterm (< 34 weeks of gestation). The lowest rate of PTD was observed in women treated with zidovudine monotherapy (6.2%). Higher rates of PTD were observed in women starting combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in pregnancy compared with women conceiving while on cART [odds ratio (OR) 2.52; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22–5.20; P = 0.011]. Of the women who were eligible for zidovudine monotherapy on the basis of CD4 counts and HIV viral load but who were treated with short‐term cART to prevent HIV mother‐to‐child transmission, 28.6% delivered preterm. Women on short‐term cART remained at the highest risk of PTD compared with zidovudine monotherapy in multivariate analysis (OR 5.00; 95% CI 1.49–16.79; P = 0.015).

Conclusions

The causes of PTD are multiple and poorly understood. The timing of initiation and type of antiretroviral therapy administered during pregnancy appear to contribute to PTD risk. Understanding this association should improve the safety of antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy without increasing the risk of transmission.
Microstructural Aspects of the CePO4:Tb3+ Phosphor for Luminescence Sensing
Authors: Fujihara Shinobu , Takano Yuina , Kitsuda Mami
Published: September 2013

Ceramic powders and thin films of cerium phosphate doped with trivalent terbium ions (CePO4:Tb3+) were synthesized from liquid phases, and their microstructures were modulated to investigate the relationship between the structure and the luminescence switching property responsive to redox reactions. Aqueous KMnO4 and L(+)‐ascorbic acid solutions were used to evaluate the redox response of CePO4:Tb3+, appearing as luminescence quenching and recovering, respectively. The particle shape and size of the powder samples depended on heat‐treatment conditions, which had also a large influence on the switching property. As‐prepared nanorod particles were more sensitive to the redox reactions than heat‐treated larger spherical particles, indicating that the switching was governed by the surface state of the particles. The thickness of the thin‐film samples was also an important factor to determine the response to the redox reactions. In any case, our results demonstrate that it is important to control the microstructure of the CePO4:Tb3+ materials for their use in luminescence switching devices for the redox monitoring.
Program for the Epidemiological Evaluation of Stroke in Tandil, Argentina (PREVISTA) Study: Rationale and Design
Authors: Sposato Luciano A. , Coppola Mariano L. , Altamirano Juan , Guerrero Brenda Borrego , Casanova Jorge , De Martino Maximiliano , Díaz Alejandro , Feigin Valery L. , Funaro Fernando , Gradillone María E. , Lewin María L. , Lopes Renato D. , López Daniel H. , Louge Mariel , Maccarone Patricia , Martens Cecilia , Miguel Marcelo , Rabinstein Alejandro , Morasso Hernán , Riccio Patricia M. , Saposnik Gustavo , Silva Damián , Suasnabar Ramón , Truelsen Thomas , Uzcudun Araceli , Viviani Carlos A. , Bahit M. Cecilia
Published: September 2013

The availability of population-based epidemiological data on the incident risk of stroke is very scarce in Argentina and other Latin American countries. In response to the priorities established by the World Health Organization and the United Nations, PREVISTA was envisaged as a population-based program to determine the risk of first-ever and recurrent stroke and transient ischemic attack incidence and mortality in Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

The study will be conducted according to Standardized Tools for Stroke Surveillance (STEPS Stroke) methodology and will enroll all new (incident) and recurrent consecutive cases of stroke and transient ischemic attack in the City of Tandil between May 1st, 2013 and April 30, 2015. The study will include patients with ischemic stroke, non-traumatic primary intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and transient ischemic attack. To ensure the inclusion of every cerebrovascular event during an observation period of two years, we will instrument an ‘intensive screening program’, consisting of a comprehensive daily tracking of every potential event of stroke or transient ischemic attack using multiple overlapping sources. Mortality would be determined during follow-up for every enrolled patient. Also, fatal community events would be screened daily through revision of death certificates at funeral homes and local offices of vital statistics. All causes of death will be adjudicated by an ad-hoc committee.

The close population of Tandil is representative of a large proportion of Latin-American countries with low- and middle-income economies. The findings and conclusions of PREVISTA may provide data that could support future health policy decision-making in the region.
FAST INdiCATE Trial Protocol. Clinical Efficacy of Functional Strength Training for Upper Limb Motor Recovery Early after Stroke: Neural Correlates and Prognostic Indicators
Authors: Pomeroy Valerie M. , Ward Nick S. , Johansen-Berg Heidi , van Vliet Paulette , Burridge Jane , Hunter Susan M. , Lemon Roger N. , Rothwell John , Weir Christopher J. , Wing Alan , Walker Andrew A. , Kennedy Niamh , Barton Garry , Greenwood Richard J. , McConnachie Alex
Published: September 2013

Rationale

Functional strength training in addition to conventional physical therapy could enhance upper limb recovery early after stroke more than movement performance therapy plus conventional physical therapy.

Aims

To determine (a) the relative clinical efficacy of conventional physical therapy combined with functional strength training and conventional physical therapy combined with movement performance therapy for upper limb recovery; (b) the neural correlates of response to conventional physical therapy combined with functional strength training and conventional physical therapy combined with movement performance therapy; (c) whether any one or combination of baseline measures predict motor improvement in response to conventional physical therapy combined with functional strength training or conventional physical therapy combined with movement performance therapy.

Design

Randomized, controlled, observer-blind trial.

Study

The sample will consist of 288 participants with upper limb paresis resulting from a stroke that occurred within the previous 60 days. All will be allocated to conventional physical therapy combined with functional strength training or conventional physical therapy combined with movement performance therapy. Functional strength training and movement performance therapy will be undertaken for up to 1·5 h/day, five-days/week for six-weeks.

Outcomes and Analysis

Measurements will be undertaken before randomization, six-weeks thereafter, and six-months after stroke. Primary efficacy outcome will be the Action Research Arm Test. Explanatory measurements will include voxel-wise estimates of brain activity during hand movement, brain white matter integrity (fractional anisotropy), and brain–muscle connectivity (e.g. latency of motor evoked potentials). The primary clinical efficacy analysis will compare treatment groups using a multilevel normal linear model adjusting for stratification variables and for which therapist administered the treatment. Effect of conventional physical therapy combined with functional strength training versus conventional physical therapy combined with movement performance therapy will be summarized using the adjusted mean difference and 95% confidence interval. To identify the neural correlates of improvement in both groups, we will investigate associations between change from baseline in clinical outcomes and each explanatory measure. To identify baseline measurements that independently predict motor improvement, we will develop a multiple regression model.
Protocol for Seizure Prophylaxis following Intracerebral Hemorrhage Study (SPICH): A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Short-Term Sodium Valproate Prophylaxis in Patients with Acute Spontaneous Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Hu X. , Fang Y. , Li H. , Liu W. , Lin S. , Fu M. , Li X. , Cao X. , Zhang H. , You C. , Liu M.
Published: September 2013

Rationale

Seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage are a common complication and may adversely affect neurological outcome. However, studies are inadequate on the utility of prophylactic anticonvulsant therapy in patients with hemorrhagic stroke, and the results remains controversial.

Aims

This study aims to determine if short-duration sodium valproate prevents seizure onset or improves the survival and neurological outcome in adults after acute spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage.

Design

In this randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled trial, 258 patients meeting the inclusion criteria will be enrolled in the Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital. In addition to standard care, patients will be randomly assigned to receive seven-day prophylaxis of sodium valproate 500 mg daily (alternatively 400 mg daily by intravenous infusion in 250 ml 0·9% normal saline) or matching placebo. Patients will be followed up at seven-days, 3, 6, and 12 months.

Study outcomes

The primary outcomes are early (≤7 days) and late onset seizures (>7 days). Secondary outcomes include midline shift, enlargement of hematoma, death (all cause), adverse effects, and functional outcome assessed by Glasgow Outcome Scale and modified Rankin Scale.

Discussion

Given the lack of evidence for seizure prophylaxis in patients with acute supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage, randomized controlled trials are desperately needed. The results from our study are believed to directly influence future prophylactic anticonvulsant therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage.
Intensity and temporal variability as components of stress gradients: implications for the balance between competition and facilitation
Authors: Bulleri Fabio , Xiao Sa , Maggi Elena , Benedetti‐Cecchi Lisandro
Published: September 2013

The mechanisms regulating switches in species interactions along gradients of stress are yet to be fully elucidated. In particular, the role of temporal variability in environmental severity or consumer pressure has been not explored either empirically or theoretically. Here, through a spatially explicit model (i.e. a two‐dimensional lattice), we show that variations in the temporal variance of environmental stress can be as important as those in the mean intensity in regulating the spatial distribution and coexistence range of species differing in their relative competitive ability and tolerance to stress, as well as the direction and magnitude of their interactions. In addition, our simulations suggest that enhanced temporal fluctuations in environmental stressors can enhance absolute levels of stress perceived by interacting species. This study shows that tests including both the mean and temporal variance of environmental stress will be key to forecast changes in species interactions under different scenarios of climate change.
Meiofauna affect the macrobenthic biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship
Authors: Piot Adeline , Nozais Christian , Archambault Philippe
Published: September 2013

The biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (B–EF) relationship has become of main interest in the last few decades, mostly because of the worldwide increase in species extinctions. However, most of these studies only consider species within single size‐class or trophic level, thereby most likely underestimating ecosystem complexity. To reach more realistic scenarios, we assessed the role of meiofauna (lower size‐class level) on the relationship between macrofaunal biodiversity and multiple benthic ecosystem properties. Experiments took place under controlled conditions using three macrofaunal species (Alitta(formerlyNereis)virens, Macoma balthicaandMya arenaria). A total of eight combinations of zero to three functionally different macrofaunal species were maintained in microcosms for 34 days in either the presence or absence of a different size‐class grouping (a meiofaunal mixture). The organic matter content and bacterial abundance in sediments and the oxygen and nutrient (NH4+, NOx−, PO43−) fluxes across the sediment‐water interface were measured and used as proxies of ecosystem properties. Overall, macrofaunal species richness did not modify any of the measured properties; however, we observed changes associated to the presence ofA. virensandM. balthica. This study also revealed a strong impact of the presence of meiofauna on ecosystem properties. They changed interactions between macrofaunal species, which led to modifications in the ecosystem properties. Thus, even if this size‐class group has been poorly considered in previous studies, this experiment suggests that future studies should consider the meiofauna with greater attention, particularly in the context of B–EF.
Mobilization and Toxicity Potential of Aluminum from Alum Floc Deposits in Kensico Reservoir, New York
Authors: Driscoll Charles T. , Lee Ashley , Montesdeoca Mario , Matthews David A. , Effler Steven W.
Published: September 2013

There is detailed literature on the mobilization of aluminum (Al) from soil to surface waters as a result of elevated acidic deposition to base‐poor forest watersheds. There is considerably less information on the mobilization and effects of Al from the application of alum that is used in some water supplies to control turbidity during high‐flow events. We report on the results of field measurements, laboratory sediment release experiments, and chemical equilibrium calculations conducted to evaluate the potential for the mobilization of Al from alum floc deposits in sediments of Kensico Reservoir, New York. Under ambient water quality conditions, mobilization of sediment Al is not a noteworthy concern at Kensico Reservoir. However, under experimental conditions of low pH, low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), and low temperature, the inorganic fraction of monomeric Al can be mobilized from Kensico sediments to concentrations that would likely impair the health of aquatic organisms (>2 μmol/l). Elevated concentrations of monomeric Al were observed only when ANC decreased below 50 μeq/l, which is outside the range of values observed in Kensico during the 1997‐2007 interval (120‐460 μeq/l). Concentrations of complexing ligands are relatively low in Kensico waters (i.e., fluoride, naturally occurring organic solutes) and do not appear to substantially contribute to potential Al mobilization. For other water supplies with low ANC, the potential for sediment release of Al may exist.
Modeling Discharge Rates Using a Coupled Modeled Approach for the Merced River in Yosemite National Park
Authors: Shupe John , Potter Christopher
Published: September 2013

This study describes the application of the NASA version of the Carnegie‐Ames‐Stanford Approach (CASA) ecosystem model coupled with a surface hydrologic routing scheme previously called the Hydrological Routing Algorithm (HYDRA) to model monthly discharge rates from 2000 to 2007 on the Merced River drainage in Yosemite National Park, California. To assess CASA‐HYDRA's capability to estimate actual water flows in extreme precipitation years, the focus of this study is the 2007 water year, which was very dry, and the 2005 water year, which was a moderately wet year in the historical record. Prior to comparisons to gauge records, CASA‐HYDRA snowmelt algorithms were modified with equations from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Snowmelt‐Runoff Model (SRM), which has been designed to predict daily streamflow in mountain basins where snowmelt is a major runoff factor. Results show that model predictions closely matched monthly flow rates at the Pohono Bridge gauge station (USGS#11266500), with R2 = 0.67 and Nash‐Sutcliffe (E) = 0.65. By subdividing the upper Merced River basin into subbasins with high spatial resolution in the gridded modeling approach, we were able to determine which biophysical characteristics in the Sierra differed to the largest degree in extreme low‐flow and high‐flow years. Average elevation and snowpack accumulation were found to be the most important explanatory variables to understand subbasin contributions to monthly discharge rates.
3D Cardiovascular Navigation System: Accuracy and Reduction in Radiation Exposure in Left Ventricular Lead Implant
Authors: VALDERRABANO MIGUEL , GREENBERG STEVEN , RAZAVI HEDI , MORE ROHAN , RYU KYUNGMOO , HEIST E. KEVIN
Published: September 2013

Accurate 3D Navigation System for LV Lead Implant

Introduction

Cardiac resynchronization therapy implants entail significant radiation exposure for patients and physicians. A novel 3D electromagnetic cardiovascular navigation system (MediGuide™) was designed to superimpose the real‐time location of sensors embedded in delivery tools on prerecorded coronary sinus (CS) venograms while adjusting for patient movement and variations in heart rate under different C‐arm angulations. We studied the accuracy and efficacy of MediGuide™ in reducing radiation exposure during LV lead implants.

Methods and Results

Fluoroscopy durations and radiation exposures were measured in 6 canines undergoing both conventional and MediGuide™‐guided LV lead implants. The in vivo accuracy of MediGuide™ was evaluated by obtaining CS venograms at 3 different C‐arm angulations at 3 different heart rates and measuring the separation between the projected sensor icon of a MediGuide™ sensor‐enabled guidewire and the encompassing branch on prerecorded venograms.

Results

Mediguide™‐guided implants resulted in significant reductions in fluoroscopy time (52 ± 120 [median 6] vs 129 ± 118 [median 90] sec, P < 0.001) and radiation exposure (13.8 ± 32.4 [median 1.7] vs 49.2 ± 45.3 [median 27.2] μGym2, P = 0.03) compared to conventional implants. LV lead delivery time was not significantly different between the 2 implant techniques (P = 0.27). The mean separation between the projected guidewire sensor icon and its encompassing branch was 0.48 ± 0.94 (median 0.00) mm. System accuracy was not affected by variations in heart rate or C‐arm angulations.

Conclusion

The novel 3D cardiovascular navigation system enabled accurate and reliable tracking of sensor‐enabled tools at varying heart rates and C‐arm angulations with minimal need for fluoroscopy guidance, significantly reducing fluoroscopy time and radiation exposure.
Long‐lived high‐T, low‐P granulite facies metamorphism in the Arunta Region, central Australia
Authors: Morrissey L. J. , Hand M. , Raimondo T. , Kelsey D. E.
Published: September 2013

In situ LA–ICP–MS U–Pb monazite geochronology from the Boothby Hills in the Aileron Province, central Australia, indicates that the region records more than 80 Ma of high‐T, low‐P (HTLP) anatectic conditions during the Early Mesoproterozoic. Monazite ages from granulite facies rocks and leucosomes span the interval 1576–1542 Ma. Pegmatites that overprint the regional gneissic fabric and are interpreted to record the last vestiges of melt crystallization give ages between 1523 and 1513 Ma. Calculated P–T pseudosections suggest peak metamorphic conditions in excess of 850 °C at 0.65–0.75 GPa. The retrograde evolution was characterized by a P–T path that involved minor decompression and then cooling, culminating with the development of andalusite. Integration of the geochronological data set with the inferred P–T path trajectory suggests that suprasolidus cooling must have been slow, in the order of 2.5–4 °C Ma−1. In addition, the retrograde P–T path trajectory suggests that HTLP conditions were generated within crust of relatively normal thickness. Despite the long duration over which anatectic conditions occurred, there is no evidence for external magmatic inputs or evidence that HTLP conditions were associated with long‐lived extension. Instead, it seems probable that the long‐lived HTLP metamorphism was driven to a significant extent by long‐lived conductive heating provided by high crustal heat production in voluminous pre‐metamorphic granitic rocks.
Robust suppression of env‐SHIV viremia in Macaca nemestrina by 3‐drug ART is independent of timing of initiation during chronic infection
Authors: Peterson Christopher W. , Younan Patrick , Polacino Patricia S. , Maurice Nicholas J. , Miller Hannah W. , Prlic Martin , Jerome Keith R. , Woolfrey Ann E. , Hu Shiu‐Lok , Kiem Hans‐Peter
Published: September 2013

Background

Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are an important model organism for studies of HIV pathogenesis and preclinical evaluation of anti‐HIV therapies. The successful translation of NHP‐derived data to clinically relevant anti‐HIV studies will require better understanding of the viral strains and NHP species used and their responses to existing antiretroviral therapies (ART).

Methods

Five pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were productively infected with the SIV/HIV chimeric virus SHIV‐1157 ipd3N4 following intravenous challenge. After 8 or 27 weeks, ART (PMPA, FTC, raltegravir) was initiated. Viral load, T‐cell counts, and production of SHIV‐specific antibodies were monitored throughout the course of infection and ART.

Results

ART led to a rapid and sustained decrease in plasma viral load. Suppression of plasma viremia by ART was independent of the timing of initiation during chronic infection.

Conclusions

We present a new NHP model of HIV infection on antiretroviral therapy, which should prove applicable to multiple clinically relevant anti‐HIV approaches.
Drosophila as a screening tool to study human neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Lenz Sarah , Karsten Peter , Schulz Jörg B. , Voigt Aaron
Published: September 2013

In an aging society, research involving neurodegenerative disorders is of paramount importance. Over the past few years, research on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases has made tremendous progress. Experimental studies, however, rely mostly on transgenic animal models, preferentially using mice. Although experiments on mice have enormous advantages, they also have some inherent limitations, some of which can be overcome by the use of Drosophila melanogaster as an experimental animal. Among the major advantages of using the fly is its small genome, which can also be modified very easily. The fact that its genome lends itself to diverse alterations (e. g. mutagenesis, transposons) has made the fly a useful organism to perform large‐scale and genome‐wide screening approaches. This has opened up an entirely new field of experimental research aiming to elucidate genetic interactions and screen for modifiers of disease processes in vivo. Here, we provide a brief overview of how flies can be used to analyze molecular mechanisms underlying human neurodegenerative diseases.
Compromise of Endogenous Neuropeptide W Production Abrogates the Dipsogenic and Pressor Effects of Angiotensin II in Adult Male Rats
Authors: Pate A. T. , Yosten G. L. C. , Samson W. K.
Published: September 2013

Neuropeptide W (NPW), an endogenous ligand for the G‐protein coupled receptor GPR7, is produced in neurones in the rat hypothalamus and brain stem known to be important in the control of food intake and the neuroendocrine response to stress. In previous studies, central administration of NPW during the light phase increased food and water intake and elevated prolactin and corticosterone levels in conscious, unrestrained male rats. In the present study, central administration of small‐interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced NPW levels in the hypothalamus and resulted in a failure of angiotensin II to stimulate water drinking or increase mean arterial pressure. In addition, siRNA‐treated animals failed to mount a significant prolactin response to immobilisation stress, at the same time as maintaining a normal corticosterone response. These results suggest that endogenous NPW may be a physiologically relevant, downstream mediator of the central actions of angiotensin II to stimulate thirst and increase arterial pressure. In addition, NPW‐producing neurones appear to participate in the hypothalamic mechanisms controlling prolactin (but not corticosterone) secretion.
Temporal and Concentration‐Dependent Effects of Oestradiol on Neural Pathways Mediating Sexual Receptivity
Authors: Micevych P. , Sinchak K.
Published: September 2013

The acceptance of oestradiol signalling through receptors found in the cell membrane, as well as, the nucleus, has provided for a re‐examination of the timing and location of the actions of oestradiol on neural circuits mediating sexual receptivity (lordosis). Oestradiol membrane signalling involves the transactivation of metabotrophic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) that transduce steroid information through protein kinase C signalling cascades producing rapid activation of lordosis‐regulating circuits. It has been known for some time that oestradiol initially produces an inhibition of the medial preoptic nucleus. We have demonstrated that underlying this inhibition is oestradiol acting in the arcuate nucleus to induce β‐endorphin release, which inhibits the medial preoptic nucleus through a μ‐opioid receptor mechanism. This transient inhibition is relieved by either subsequent progesterone treatment or longer exposure to higher doses of oestradiol to facilitate lordosis behaviour. We review recent findings about oestradiol membrane signalling inducing dendritic spine formation in the arcuate nucleus that is critical for oestradiol induction of sexual receptivity. Moreover, we discuss the evidence that, in addition to oestrogen receptor α, several other putative membrane oestrogen receptors facilitate lordosis behaviour through regulation of the arcuate nucleus. These include the GRP30 and the STX activated Gq‐mER. Finally, we report on the importance of GABA acting at GABAB receptors for oestradiol membrane signalling that regulates lordosis circuit activation and sexual receptivity.
An analytical perspective on detection, screening, and confirmation in phycology, with particular reference to toxins and toxin‐producing species
Authors: de la Iglesia Pablo , Fernández‐Tejedor Margarita , Trobajo Rosa , Diogène Jorge
Published: September 2013

Knowledge concerning the ability of microalgae to produce metabolites of interest such as toxins or high‐value secondary metabolites requires exhaustive details to be supplied on how the research was conducted. These should include the microalgal species and strain characterization, the culture conditions, the cell density, and physiological state at the time of harvesting, the harvesting method, the sample pre‐treatment protocol, and the subsequent instrumental analytical separation/detection system. In this comment, we discuss issues that affect algal research from an analytical chemistry perspective, particularly (i) the need to specify detection capabilities of the entire method (i.e., limits of detection or threshold detection levels), which we illustrate in relation to classification of a species or strain as being “toxin producing” or “non‐toxin producing”; and (ii) the requirements that have to be satisfied to confirm a microalgal species (new or not) as a producer of a particular chemical of interest for phycologists, which again we illustrate in relation to toxins. A successful collaboration among phycologists and analytical chemists will only be achieved as a result of a synergistic collaboration between the two disciplines, with a reciprocal understanding at least at a background level.
Guided bone regeneration using acellular bovine pericardium in a rabbit mandibular model: in‐vitro and in‐vivo studies
Authors: Bai M. , Zhang T. , Ling T. , Zhou Z. , Xie H. , Zhang W. , Hu G. , Jiang C. , Li M. , Feng B. , Wu H.
Published: September 2013

Background and Objective

To investigate the feasibility of acellular bovine pericardium (BP) for guided bone regeneration (GBR) in vitro and in vivo. The success of GBR relies on the fact that various cellular components possess different migration rates into the defect site and that a barrier membrane plays a significant role in these processes.

Material and Methods

BP membrane was isolated and decellularized using an enzymatic method. The microarchitecture, mechanical properties, cytotoxicity and cell chemotaxis properties of the acellular BP were evaluated in vitro, and the in‐vivo efficacy of the acellular BP was also investigated in a rabbit mandibular model.

Results

The acellular BP membrane possessed an interconnected fibrous structure. Glutaraldehyde (GA) treatment was efficient for enhancement of the mechanical properties of the acellular BP bur and resulted in negligible cytotoxicity. After 16 wk, standardized osseous defects created in the rabbit mandible, and covered with acellular BP, were associated with an enhanced deposition of mineralized tissue when compared with defects left to spontaneous healing.

Conclusion

GA‐treated acellular BP is promising as a barrier membrane for GBR for further in‐vivo and clinical studies.
Surgical Outcomes and Patients' Satisfaction with Suprapubic Phalloplasty
Authors: Terrier Jean-Étienne , Courtois Frédérique , Ruffion Alain , Morel Journel Nicolas
Published: September 2013

Introduction

Many techniques, specifically forearm free flap phalloplasty, are used in penile reconstructive surgery. Although satisfying, a major disadvantage is the large, stigmatizing scar on the donor site, which leads many patients to explore alternatives.

Aim

The aim of this study is to assess the outcomes and satisfaction of patients offered the choice between metaidioplasty, forearm free flap, and suprapubic phalloplasty.

Methods

Medical outcomes from the three-stage surgery were collected from the hospital files of 24 patients, who were also interviewed to assess their satisfaction, sexual function, and psychosexual well-being.

Main Outcome Measures

Medical complications, anthropometric measures, and interviewing questionnaire on satisfaction with appearance, sexual function, and psychological variables.

Results

Duration of surgery and of hospital stay was relatively short in the first (1 hour 30 minutes; 3 days) and last (1 hour 40 minutes; 3 days) stage of surgery involving tissue expansion and neophallus release. These two stages were associated with few complications (17% and 4% minor complications respectively, 12% additional complications with hospitalization for the first stage). The second stage involving tubing was associated with longer surgery and hospital stay (2 hour 15 minutes; 5 days) and had more complications (54% minor complications and 29% requiring hospitalization) although fewer than one-step surgery. No loss of neophallus was reported. Overall, 95% of patients were satisfied with their choice of phalloplasty, 95% with the appearance, 81% with the length (Mean = 12.83 cm), and 71% with the circumference (Mean = 10.83 cm) of their neophallus. Satisfactory appearance was significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with penile length (r = 0.69) and diameter (r = 0.77). Sexual satisfaction was significantly correlated with penile diameter (r = 0.758), frequency of orgasm (r = 0.71), perceived importance of voiding while standing (r = 0.56), presurgery satisfaction with sexuality (r = 0.58), current masculine–feminine scale (r = 0.58), attractive–unattractive scale (r = 0.69), and happy–depressed scale (r = 0.63).

Conclusion

Suprapubic phalloplasty, despite the lack of urethroplasty, offers an interesting alternative for patients concerned with the stigmatizing scar on the donor site.
Women with Provoked Vestibulodynia Experience Clinically Significant Reductions in Pain Regardless of Treatment: Results from a 2-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Davis Seth N.P. , Bergeron Sophie , Binik Yitzchak M. , Lambert Bernard
Published: September 2013

Introduction

Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a prevalent genital pain syndrome that has been assumed to be chronic, with little spontaneous remission. Despite this assumption, there is a dearth of empirical evidence regarding the progression of PVD in a natural setting. Although many treatments are available, there is no single treatment that has demonstrated efficacy above others.

Aims

The aims of this secondary analysis of a prospective study were to (i) assess changes over a 2-year period in pain, depressive symptoms, and sexual outcomes in women with PVD; and (ii) examine changes based on treatment(s) type.

Methods

Participants completed questionnaire packages at Time 1 and a follow-up package 2 years later.

Main Outcome Measures

Visual analog scale of genital pain, Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction, Female Sexual Function Index, Beck Depression Inventory, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and sexual intercourse attempts over the past month.

Results

Two hundred thirty-nine women with PVD completed both time one and two questionnaires. For the sample as a whole, there was significant improvement over 2 years on pain ratings, sexual satisfaction, sexual function, and depressive symptoms. The most commonly received treatments were physical therapy, sex/psychotherapy, and medical treatment, although 41.0% did not undergo any treatment. Women receiving no treatment also improved significantly on pain ratings. No single treatment type predicted better outcome for any variable except depressive symptoms, in which women who underwent surgery were more likely to improve.

Discussion

These results suggest that PVD may significantly reduce in severity over time. Participants demonstrated clinically significant pain improvement, even when they did not receive treatment. Furthermore, the only single treatment type predicting better outcomes was surgery, and only for depressive symptoms, accounting for only 2.3% of the variance. These data do not demonstrate the superiority of any one treatment and underscore the need to have control groups in PVD treatment trials, otherwise improvements may simply be the result of natural progression.
Vasa Nervorum in Rat Major Pelvic Ganglion are Innervated by Nitrergic Nerve Fibers
Authors: Beetson Karl A. , Smith Stephanie F. , Muneer Asif , Cameron Norman E. , Cotter Mary A. , Cellek Selim
Published: September 2013

Introduction

The vasa nervorum comprises a network of small diameter blood vessels that provide blood supply to nerves and ganglia. The cell bodies of autonomic nerves innervating the urogenital organs are housed in the major pelvic ganglia (MPG) in rats. The vasa nervorum of rat MPG have not been characterized previously, and it is not known whether these blood vessels are innervated by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) containing nitrergic nerves.

Aim

To characterize the blood vessels in and around the rat MPG and to assess their nitrergic innervation.

Main Outcome Measures

Characterization of small blood vessels in and around the rat MPG and expression of nNOS in nerve fibers around those blood vessels.

Methods

MPG were obtained from healthy Sprague Dawley rats, fixed in paraformaldehyde, frozen and sectioned using a cryostat. The blood vessels and their nitrergic innervation were assessed with immunohistochemistry using antibodies against alpha-smooth muscle actin (smooth muscle marker), CD31 (endothelial marker), collagen IV (basal membrane marker) and nNOS. The immunofluorescence was imaged using a laser scanning confocal microscope.

Results

The neuronal cell bodies were contained within a capsule in the MPG. Blood vessels were observed within the capsule of the MPG as well as outside the capsule. The blood vessels inside the capsule were CD31-positive capillaries with no smooth muscle staining. Outside the capsule capillaries, arterioles and venules were observed. The extra-capsular arterioles and venules, but not the capillaries were innervated by nNOS-positive nerve fibers.

Conclusions

This study, to our knowledge, is the first to demonstrate the blood vessel distribution pattern and their nitrergic innervation in the rat MPG. While similar studies in human pelvic plexus are warranted, these results suggest that the blood flow in the MPG may be regulated by nitrergic nerve fibers and reveal a reciprocal relationship between nerves and blood vessels.