bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A major milestone in the history of Albanian kidney transplant
Authors: Seikaly Mouin G. , Barbullushi Myftar , Allabjeu Klodian ,   International Albanian Transplant Team (IATT)
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  Albania is a young Democracy emerging from under 40 yr of dictatorship. During this era Albanians were subjected to isolation, purges, shortages, repression of civil, political and religious rights. This resulted in the least developed healthcare system in Europe. After the mid 90s, there have been relentless attempts to modernize Albania. Recently an international medical team collaborated with an Albanian team of physicians to perform the first successful renal transplant. With continued cooperation and perseverance developing a transplant program in Albania is within reach.
Management of Two Potentially Iron Toxic Benchmark Wetlands Using Integrated Approach for Rice Production in Nigeria
Authors: Olaleye A. O. , Ogunkunle A. O.
Published: March 2008

To manage iron toxic rainfed lowlands on a sustainable basis for rice production, a trial was conducted using an integrated approach (i.e. tolerant genotype and fertilizer nutrients). This trials involved two rice cultivars ITA 212 and Suakoko 8 in two cropping seasons (1994 and 1995) and on two potentially iron toxic soil types with excessively high active Fe contents of between 4.43 % and 5.15 %, respectively, located in two agro‐ecological zones in Nigeria. The effects of fertilizer nutrients (N, P, K, Zn, N+P, N+K, N+Zn, N+P+K, N+P+K+Zn and control) were evaluated on the grain yield (GY) and nutrient uptake (leaf analyses) of the rice plants using stepwise multiple regression analysis (SMRA). Results showed that these soils are acidic and had sub‐optimal macronutrient and micronutrient contents coupled with excessively high active Fe (FeH) of between 4.43 % and 5.15 %. Fertilizer nutrients N+K, N+P+K and N+P+K+Zn consistently appeared to result in higher GY compared to others on both soil types. Plant analysis of both rice cultivars showed no apparent deficiencies in elemental composition with regard to macronutrients and micronutrients. Results of SMRA showed that tissue K, Zn and Mg contents were significantly related (P < 0.01) to the GY of the two rice cultivars.
Drip Irrigation Frequency: The Effects and Their Interaction with Nitrogen Fertilization on Sandy Soil Water Distribution, Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency Under Egyptian Conditions
Authors: El‐Hendawy S. E. , Hokam E. M. , Schmidhalter U.
Published: March 2008

Irrigation frequency is one of the most important factors in drip irrigation scheduling that affects the soil water regime, the water and fertilization use efficiency and the crop yield, although the same quantity of water is applied. Therefore, field experiments were conducted for 2 years in the summer season of 2005 and 2006 on sandy soils to investigate the effects of irrigation frequency and their interaction with nitrogen fertilization on water distribution, grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) of two white grain maize hybrids (Zea mays L.). The experiment was conducted by using a randomized complete block split‐split plot design, with four irrigation frequencies (once every 2, 3, 4 and 5 days), two nitrogen levels (190 and 380 kg N ha−1), and two maize hybrids (three‐way cross 310 and single cross 10) as the main‐plot, split‐plot, and split‐split plot treatments respectively. The results indicate that drip irrigation frequency did affect soil water content and retained soil water, depending on soil depth. Grain yield with the application of 190 kg N ha−1 was not statistically different from that at 380 kg N ha−1 at the irrigation frequency once every 5 days. However, the application of 190 kg N ha−1 resulted in a significant yield reduction of 25 %, 18 % and 9 % in 2005 and 20 %, 13 % and 6 % in 2006 compared with 380 kg N ha−1 at the irrigation frequencies once every 2, 3 and 4 days respectively. The response function between yield components and irrigation frequency treatments was quadratic in both growing seasons except for 100‐grain weight, where the function was linear. WUE increased with increasing irrigation frequency and nitrogen levels, and reached the maximum values at once every 2 and 3 days and at 380 kg N ha−1. In order to improve the WUE and grain yield for drip‐irrigated maize in sandy soils, it is recommended that irrigation frequency should be once every 2 or 3 days at the investigated nitrogen levels of 380 kg N ha−1 regardless of maize varieties. However, further optimization with a reduced nitrogen application rate should be aimed at and will have to be investigated.
Improving Drought Tolerance by Exogenous Application of Glycinebetaine and Salicylic Acid in Sunflower
Authors: Hussain M. , Malik M. A. , Farooq M. , Ashraf M. Y. , Cheema M. A.
Published: March 2008

Water shortage is a severe threat to the sustainability of crop production. Exogenous application of glycinebetaine (GB) and salicylic acid (SA) has been found very effective in reducing the adverse affects of drought stress. This study was conducted to examine the possible role of exogenous GB and SA application in improving the yield of hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under different irrigation regimes. There were three levels of irrigation, viz. control (normal irrigations), water stress at vegetative stage (irrigation missing at vegetative stage) and water stress at flowering stage (irrigation missing at flowering stage). GB and SA were applied exogenously at 100 and 0.724 mm, respectively, each at the vegetative and at the flowering stage. Control plants did not receive application of GB and SA. Water stress reduced the head diameter, number of achene, 1000‐achene weight, achene yield and oil yield. Nevertheless, exogenous GB and SA application significantly improved these attributes under water stress. However, drought stress increased the free leaf proline and GB, and were further increased by exogenous application of GB and SA. However, exogenous GB application at the flowering stage was more effective than other treatments. Oil contents were also reduced under water stress; however, GB and SA application could not ameliorate the negative effect of water stress on achene oil contents. The effects of water stress and foliar application of GB were more pronounced when applied at the flowering stage than at the vegetative stage. Moreover, exogenous GB application was only beneficial under stress conditions.
Cognitive strategy use by children with Asperger's syndrome during intervention for motor‐based goals
Authors: Rodger Sylvia , Pham Christine , Mitchell Sarah
Published: March 2008

Background:  Cognitive Orientation for (daily) Occupational Performance (CO‐OP) is a cognitive approach utilised by occupational therapists to help guide children in the discovery of appropriate strategies for effective task performance through a structured problem‐solving process. There has been limited research into its utility for children with Asperger's syndrome (AS). These children often present with motor difficulties, although these are not required for diagnosis of the syndrome. A recent study found that children with AS were able to use the CO‐OP framework to enhance their performance of motor‐based goals.

Methods:  This paper presents two case studies demonstrating the use of CO‐OP with children with AS, and explores the global and domain‐specific strategies and types of guidance utilised to improve their task performance. Two children with AS, aged 9 and 11, with above average intellectual ability, engaged in 10 sessions of CO‐OP. All sessions were videotaped. One hundred minutes of randomly selected footage were coded per child using the Observer Software Package version 5.0.

Results:  The mean interrater agreement for the two children was 94.06% and 89.30%. Both children (i) utilised the global strategies ‘do’, followed by ‘plan’ and ‘check’, (ii) used at least three domain‐specific strategies in each session with ‘task specification/modification’ and ‘body position’ utilised most, and (iii) used limited verbal self‐guidance.

Conclusion:  These two children with AS were able to utilise cognitive strategies to effectively solve their motor performance problems. Children with AS and those with DCD used similar strategies to achieve motor goals. CO‐OP appears to have potential as an effective intervention for children with AS. Study limitations, clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
RARE INTRACRANIAL TUMORS*
Authors: Tanaka Kenji
Published: March 2008

Eight cases of unusual intracranial tumors are reported, three of them being granulomas.

Tubercles are more frequent in Japan (Nakata. 6 percent) than in the United States (Cushing, 1.5 percent; Davis, 1.0 percent) but apparently less frequent than in Chile (Asenjo, 19.8 percent).

Rare tumors in unusual situations make difficulties for diagnosis and treatment.
ON THE BASIS OF NEW STOCHASTICAL APPROACH FOR QAULIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF EHG DATA.*
Authors: Satô Kensuke
Published: March 2008

1. Sample mean intensity (XN) in successive N alpha waves is similar to the product of sample number of alpha component (ηN/2) and sample mean intensity of an alpha component (2rϕ/N) in the same N alpha waves, i. e.

(7.6) X̄n=ηNσ2/N

2. In many human EEG data under a relaxed state, the points (ηNσ2/N) form a rectangular hyperbola and the points (logηN, logσ2/N) form a straight line with a gradient of fourty five degrees, because of the very small fluctuation of sample mean intensity Xn.

3. Above results are obtained not only in alpha rhythms, but also in theta rhythms.

4. Herewith an important possibility arises in sofar that in the characterisica of the above straight line or band some biological meaning, apart from the resultant from sample mean amplitude or sample mean intensity of brain waves is strongly suggested.
A CASE OF SLEEP PARALYSIS
Authors: Terayama Koichi , Yoshikama Hiroo
Published: March 2008

While it has been long assumed that there should actually be more cases of sleep paralysis than those reported in Americo, this is the first report in Japan until this date. Of three opinions concerning the genuine nosological form we have adopted that of Schneck treating the case chiefly psychoanalytically. It seems that we have fairly well succeeded in segregating homosexual conflict factor existent; t hereby it was clearly brought out that the ambivalence attitude against the factor played an important role in the symptom formation of the disease.
ON THE HYPERGLYCEMIC FACTOR IN URINE OF PSYCHOSES
Authors: Shiraishi Junkichi
Published: March 2008

The urine of schizophrenics, epileptics, and depressives contains hyperglycemic facor which causes a raise of the blood glucose level of rabbits.

Compared with the schizophrenic cases with prospect for brighter prognosis or much tended to recovery, those tending into psychic deterioration excrete factor much stronger in effect, cases with brighter prognosis may, however, excrete factor of stronger effect at the aggravation period, whereas they excrete, at the recovery period, stronger factor until the factor goes fully extinguished.

Concerning epileptics, one among five cases, gave rather stronger hyperglycemic factor, while the same from the remaining cases lied within the range obtained from normal cases.

Concerning depressive cases, there was one case with brain damage excreting much stronger hyperglyacemic factor, while the remaining gave values ranging within any normal.

As the summary of the biochemical data: in accordance to Mayer‐Gross method, urine of schizophrenics were adjusted to pH 4.5 with CH3COOH, absorbed by kaolin, dissolved in NH4OH, and precipitated with acetone. With this starting material kept dry at room temperature, its hyperglycemic activity decreased by 1/2 one year later and by 1/5–1/6 by two years later.

The starting material was fractionated by means of the acid precipitation and the fractions went treated with ethanol and sodium sulfate. The final product was able to raise the blood glucose level of rabbit to that extent of 1.14 mg% per 1 mg.

The final product is considered to belong to mucoprotein.
CLINICAL AND ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHICAL STUDIES ON CATATONIA
Authors: Ando Moriaki , Ito Katsuhiko
Published: March 2008

A clinical and electroencephalographical investigation of six cases of schizophrenia in states of catatonic stupor through the whole course was surveyed and revealed as the result significant parallel relations between the clinical courses and electroencephalographical changes, chronologically.

The electroencephalographical changes of these cases in order of each stage throughout the whole stupor course are summarized in the table, nearly in accord with the descriptions of the other authors.

Concerning clinical symptoms, especially subjective experiences of stupor and stuporous states, these patients are inclined to have the anxious, fearful, depressive and pessimistic feelings together with a variety of delusional ideas derived of these feelings.
Physiologic neurocirculatory patterns in the head‐up tilt test in children with orthostatic intolerance
Authors: Qingyou Zhang , Karmane Sumou I , Junbao Du
Published: March 2008

Background: Orthostatic intolerance (OI) is a common clinical manifestation in clinical pediatrics. The head‐up tilt (HUT) table test is considered the standard of orthostatic assessment, but the physiologic neurocirculatory profile during HUT has not been fully realized in children with OI. The present study, therefore, was designed to investigate the physiologic patterns that occur during HUT in children with OI.

Methods: Ninety children (56 girls; mean age, 11.6 ± 2.3 years) with OI underwent HUT under quiet circumstances. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored simultaneously.

Results: Forty‐nine children with OI (54.4%) had vasovagal response with HUT testing; 33 (36.7%), vasodepressor response; six (6.7%), cardioinhibitory response; and 10 (11.1%), mixed response. Twenty‐eight children (31.1%) had postural orthostatic tachycardia; one (1.1%), orthostatic hypotension (OH); and 12 (13.3%), normal physiologic response. Patterns of cerebral syncope response and chronotropic incompetence were not observed.

Conclusions: Classical vasovagal response was the major physiologic pattern seen in children with OI during HUT testing, and postural orthostatic tachycardia response ranked second.
Neurokinin A level in hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy
Authors: Nassar May F. , El‐Sayed Hoda L. , Fouad Nermine T. , El‐Toukhy Hazem I.
Published: March 2008

Background: The present study was performed to investigate the effect of neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) on the neurotransmitter neurokinin A (NKA) and determine its relation to the severity of neonatal hypoxia.

Methods: Eighteen neonates suffering from HIE were compared to 10 clinically healthy full‐term neonates acting as the control group. Maternal history of each neonate was collected, then deliveries were attended, resuscitation details including the Apgar score and thorough clinical examination of the neonates were performed. Routine laboratory work‐up was done for the enrolled neonates, including complete blood count and C‐reactive protein as well as estimation of NKA by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in the cord blood and after clinical stabilization.

Results: NKA was significantly lower in HIE patients compared to the controls at delivery with improvement in the follow‐up sample. Additionally, the maximum decrease was detected in the neonates who suffered severe hypoxia compared to those who suffered mild hypoxia. Significant positive correlations were demonstrated between NKA at birth and Apgar scores at the 10th and 15th min. Regression showed that stage of HIE was the strongest determinant factor for the level of NKA at birth.

Conclusion: NKA levels are decreased in HIE and this is more profound in the severe degrees of hypoxia compared to the mild ones. This emphasizes its role in pathogenesis of HIE and further proves that an imbalance in the central neuropeptide system results from HIE in the neonatal period.
Validity of using pallor to detect children with mild anemia
Authors: Yurdakök Kadriye , Güner Şükrü N. , Yalçın S. Songül
Published: March 2008

Background: The World Health Organization recommends the assessment of pallor as an indicator for the presence of anemia in children under 5 years of age at a primary care level where anemia is prevalent. The aim of the present study was to study the validity and interobserver agreement of pallor examination in recognition of anemia in children under 2 years of age.

Methods: Healthy children aged 6–24 months (n = 141) admitted to well baby clinic were assessed for the presence of pallor at three anatomic sites (palm, conjunctiva, buccal mucosa) on admission by two blinded observers (Integrated Management of Childhood Illness [IMCI] certificate pediatrician and a pediatric resident). Clinical examination for pallor was made without having the information on the child’s hemoglobin level or of the other observer’s assessment for pallor. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin level <11 g/dL. The exclusion criteria included the presence of any acute or chronic illness on admission, and treatment for anemia within the 3 months preceding the study.

Results: The mean age of the children was 8.0 ± 2.7 months; 71 (50%) were boys. Blood samples indicated anemia in 33 children (23%). Palmar pallor alone significantly had highest sensitivity (sensitivity 72% and specificity 75%, positive predictive value 48%) to detect anemia for the IMCI‐trained pediatrician. The interobserver agreement was highest for buccal and conjunctival pallor (κ = 0.64 and 0.63, respectively), and lowest for palmar pallor (κ = 0.49).

Conclusion: Palmar pallor is a sensitive and specific sign of mild anemia when used by the IMCI‐trained pediatrician.
Threshold citation analysis of influential articles, journals, institutions and researchers in accounting
Authors: Chan Kam C. , Liano Kartono
Published: March 2008

We use a threshold citation approach to measure the influence of articles, journals, institutions and researchers in accounting research. The Journal of Accounting Research, the Journal of Accounting and Economics and Accounting Review are the 3 most influential journals in accounting research. The 3 most influential institutions in accounting research are the University of Chicago, the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Michigan, while the 3 most frequently cited authors in accounting research are Richard G. Sloan, Robert E. Verrecchia and Paul M. Healy.
A SURVEY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LITERATURE OF FINANCE AND GROWTH
Authors: Ang James B.
Published: March 2008

Abstract This paper provides a survey of the recent progress in the literature of financial development and economic growth. The survey highlights that most empirical studies focus on either testing the role of financial development in stimulating economic growth or examining the direction of causality between these two variables. Although the positive role of finance on growth has become a stylized fact, there are some methodological reservations about the results from these empirical studies. Several key issues unresolved in the literature are highlighted. The paper also points to several directions for future research.
MEASURING PROTECTION: MISSION IMPOSSIBLE?
Authors: Cipollina Maria , Salvatici Luca
Published: March 2008

Abstract There seems to be some confusion between ‘openness’ and ‘protection’ measures in the international trade literature. The aim of this paper is to bring together the state of the art in quantifying trade policy measures and, for this reason, we focus on the extent of the protection granted by policies rather than on the degree of openness of the economy. Given the considerable amount of literature that deals with these issues, we will limit our review as follows. On the one hand, we focus on trade policies implemented at the border and therefore do not consider all the other possible public interventions influencing trade flows. On the other hand, we only take into account indexes that explicitly adopt a metric expressed in a ‘scalar aggregate’ (tariff‐ and quota‐equivalent measures, or an index in a closed interval). We distinguish between indexes that aggregate across products (same barrier for more products) and indexes that aggregate across instruments (more barriers for the same product). Finally, in order to classify the large number of indexes covered in our review, we propose a typology based on three categories: incidence, outcome and equivalence.
ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATION AND CONTROL IN A HEALTH DEPARTMENT
Authors: Cummins C. J.
Published: March 2008

I have endeavoured to describe the factors, personal and environmental, which in my experience influence the medical administrator in his statutory capacities, and the techniques of administrative law in a public health department. I appreciate that the survey is superficial and intrudes a personal bias, and also that the problem of administrative regulation and control in a health department is of special character, which may not cast much light on the more general issues.
CENTRAL CO‐ORDINATION OF COMMONWEALTH POLICY‐MAKING: ROLES AND DILEMMAS OF THE PRIME MINISTER'S DEPARTMENT
Authors: Crisp L. F.
Published: March 2008

The Cabinet, in a word, is a board of control chosen by the legislature, out of persons whom it trusts and knows, to rule. the nation…A Cabinet is a combining committee—a hyphen which joins, a buckle which fastens, the legislative part of the State to the. executwe part of the State. In its origin it belongs to the one, in its funcuons it belongs to the other…The real power is not in the sovereign, it is in the Prune Minister and in the Cabinet—that is, in the hands of a committee appointed by Parliament, and of the chairman of that committee. Walter Bagehot: The English Constitution, 1867.
THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN THE GROWING CITY
Authors: Warburton J. W. , Eliot T. S.
Published: March 2008

When the stranger says: “What is the meaning of this city? Do you huddle close together because you love each other?” What will you answer?“We all dwell together to make money from each other” or “This is a community”?
WATERPOWER AND WILDERNESS: POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS OF THE LAKE PEDDER CONTROVERSY
Authors: Davis B. W.
Published: March 2008

Not that even the truth was easy to discover: different eye‐witnesses give different accounts of the same events, speaking out of partiality for one side or the other or else from imperfect memories.
POLICE ADMINISTRATION: THE RESPONSE TO CHANGE*
Authors: Whitrod R. W.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The organizational structure of Australian police forces is based on the quasi‐military pattern established by the London Metropolitan Police Force. While community values, attitudes and aspirations remained comparatively static, this pattern seemed to both police and the public to be workable, if not completely satisfactory. However, it is becoming increasingly evident to police administrators that the traditional pattern of organization is experiencing difficulties in coping with a changing society. In America, in particular, attention has been given to attempts to replace the traditional police bureaucracy with a more flexible, participatory, science‐based structure. Changes in police structures come about very slowly for a variety of reasons, including bureaucratic resistance to change. Australian Commissioners of Police are usually career appointments from within the force of practical officers who are not necessarily interested in administrative principles. Ministerial heads also are often not committed to innovative programs. In most cases, changes within Australian police forces have resulted from outside pressures, and major reforms have usually been associated with outside appointments to the post of Commissioner. A Commissioner who elects to be an innovator needs powerful backing from his minister and from within his organization, the support of influential community voices, reasonably long tenure of office and adequate financial allocations. His freedom to introduce reform is also affected by the philosophy of his police union. Available data suggest that our traditional law enforcement system is not succeeding in its prime tasks of preventing and solving crimes. Several courses of action are open to enable Australia's law enforcement agencies to be more responsive to a changing society: senior police officers should establish a national forum to enable their views to be heard, opportunities should be provided for concerned civilians to be informed about and involved in crime prevention and criminal justice, and the feasibility of copying the American system of State Criminal Justice Planning Agencies should be examined.
THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT*
Authors: Cole R. W.
Published: March 2008

I was invited to give an address on the topic “The Changing Role of the Public Service”. With the agreement of the organizers I have changed my title to “The Role of the Public Service in a Changing Environment”. That is a small change—but it is a significant one. Our role has not really changed. It is easy in the public service, as elsewhere, to be preoccupied with contemporary challenges, and to imagine that these are new and different. But that says more about the way memory discounts the past than anything else—the latest problem or challenge is always the worst. When I joined the Treasury in 1952 the economy had just come through the Korean War boom and was in the process of adjusting to Fadden's so‐called “horror” budget. The world financial system was in disarray owing to the “shortage” of US dollars. The Arbitration Court in the two or three previous years had made some awards of great concern as to their inflationary consequences. I found the Treasury was a hive of frantic activity. Looking back from the perspective of today I merely note, as the French put it, that the more things change the more things stay the same.
PUBLIC PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: CORBETT D. C.
Published: March 2008

In 1960 a newcomer to public personnel administration in Australia would have been presented with two treatises and told that these were the alpha and omega of the subject. The first edition of R. N. Spann's Public Administration in Australia appeared in 1959, while the Boyer Report, the Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Public Service Recruitment, of which R. S. Parker was co‐author, was also published in that year. The newcomer would have found in these works not only an introduction to the then generally accepted ideas about personnel management in Australian public services, but also a critical assessment of those prevailing ideas, a critique which reveals the authors' beliefs and which influenced the succeeding generation of practitioners.
THE STUDY OF PUBLIC POLICY*
Authors: Weller Patrick
Published: March 2008

The study of public policy must be concerned with political activity, with the development and content of policies, with the processes which shape them and the institutions which mould them. These factors simply cannot be readily separated. Whether individual studies concentrate on policy or processes or institutions, the drawing together of those threads is at the centre of our concern.
A MUNICIPAL LAND POOLING PROJECT IN PERTH
Authors: Archer R. W.
Published: March 2008

Planning control of urban land use in most of the Australian States is by the planning scheme system and is authorized by legislation based on the English Town and Country Planning Act, 1932. Under this system each planning authority prepares a land use zoning and reservation plan designed to accommodate the forecast urban growth. It then reviews and regulates the proposals for urban development projects as they are brought forward to ensure that they conform to the plan.
THE PROFESSIONAL CAREER PUBLIC SERVICE: SOME REFLECTIONS OF A PRACTITIONER
Authors: Wheeler Sir Frederick
Published: March 2008

I feel it a great honour to be invited to give the Robert Garran Memorial Oration of 1979. Although Sir Robert and I were of different generations, I did have some personal contact with him following my coming to Canberra in 1939. I also had the pleasure of knowing two of his sons, John and Andrew. Andrew and I were colleagues in our roles as Chairmen of the Victorian and Commonwealth Public Service Boards respectively. These small personal associations enable me to appreciate all the better the wide‐ranging and historic contributions made by Sir Robert to government in Australia.
AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Regional Groups FELLOWSHIP 1981
Authors: BAWTREE GEORGE
Published: March 2008

Applications are invited by the National Council of the Australian Institute of Public Administration for a Fellowship which will be tenable in 1981.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Forrest Martyn
Published: March 2008

In a number of ways 1980 has proved to be a difficult year for the government in Western Australia. Returned comfortably for a third term of office in February the government has found itself both constrained by the need to curb public expenditure and subjected to a great deal of pressure and criticism over the administration of various Acts, agencies and issues. The subjects of these complaints have varied enormously but a consistent theme has been the government's lack of sensitivity towards its employees, its clientele, the spirit of the laws it administers and the democratic traditions it has inherited. If a single characteristic were needed to denote the style of politics in Western Australia in 1980 it would undoubtedly be that of confrontation.
NORTHERN TERRITORY
Authors: Heatley Alistair
Published: March 2008

As a consequence of the constitutional development which has occurred in the Northern Territory since 1976, a veritable administrative revolution has taken place. The devolution of State‐type functions from Commonwealth to local control and the legal establishment of a Northern Territory government on 1 July 1978 necessitated fundamental changes to the administrative structure. However, the pace and scale of change, so dramatic a feature of the period between 1977 and 1979, were much less pronounced in 1980 which was a year of relative stability. In political terms, the highlight of 1980 was the Legislative Assembly elections in June which resulted in the return of the Country‐Liberal Party government. Its continuation in office was an important factor in ensuring a climate for administrative stability.
UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: A COMMENT
Authors: Parker R. S.
Published: March 2008

I am grateful indeed for the many kind things said in the book. I never expected to deserve the descriptions lavished there; they still leave me somewhat dazed. I am spared much intellectual criticism that could be made of my work. Most of the authors let it off very lightly: that could be because it is too bland to excite conflict. But there is some criticism in what I have managed to read: a little on intellectual matters and the rest on pedagogical matters. I suppose this is what you would like me to respond to.
CUTBACK MANAGEMENT IN CANADA*
Authors: Hicks Michael
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Although since 1975 the Government of Canada has been successful in containing its expenditure growth — partly as a result of the demands for value for money in government and the political implications of the large deficit — the drive for efficiency and economy has a long history. The Budget reforms of the 1970s (such as MBO, PPB and OPMS) have been joined at the Federal level by a new Policy and Expenditure Management System based on resource “envelopes”. This involves the preparation of a five‐year fiscal plan setting out projected revenue and total expenditure with a division of expenditure into ten “envelopes” for ten policy sectors. Expenditure priorities are determined by the Priorities and Planning Committee chaired by the Prime Minister, and five Cabinet Committees are responsible for managing the various policy sectors within the funds available. The intention is that “X‐budgets”, or across‐the‐board percentage cuts which were the earlier means of cutting back, will be replaced by the more sophisticated “envelope” system. In various ways all Provincial governments — even resource‐rich Alberta — have also cutback their expenditures. Ontario has used two blunt instruments in its cutbacks; an arbitrary growth target below the level of inflation and the limitation of public service manpower through the device of “person‐years”. The lesson from Ontario's experience is the importance of political will in cutback management.
CANADA'S INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS SPECIALISTS*
Authors: Warhurst John
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Over the last decade the federal government and each of the ten provincial governments in Canada have put in place in their administrations significant numbers of intergovernmental relations specialists. These specialists are public servants up to departmental head level who work solely on intergovernmental business. They are located in separate departments or as separate units within central agencies, and are responsible for the coordination of relations with other governments and of intergovernmental activities within their own government. Coming at a time of increasing intergovernmental tension within the Canadian federation, these specialists have been subject to a great deal of criticism. The critics have charged that the specialists have exacerbated and even produced intergovernmental conflict. Lately, some scholars have come to their defence, emphasizing the positive functions that the specialists perform, and arguing that their influence has, in any case, been exaggerated. Australia has its own relatively small number of intergovernmental relations specialists at both the federal and state levels. And it is possible that in the future additional positions will be created. The variety of the Canadian experience means that there are a number of models from which each Australian government, of whatever size, can learn.
COMPLAINTS AGAINST POLICE IN NEW SOUTH WALES: ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLITICAL DIMENSIONS
Authors: Page Robert W. , Swanton Bruce
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The issue of public complaints against police in New South Wales has assumed the dimensions of a substantial administrative and political debate. Attempts at administrative reform within a framework of political compromise have resulted in recent times in continuing conflict between police representatives and, principally, the Ombudsman. Present trends appear to favour increased external control of the complaint investigation process — the core of conflict. This article describes the development of the New South Wales Police Department's complaint procedures from their origin to the present, placing emphasis on administrative and political dimensions. Relevant complaints and disciplinary data are examined but, due to limited availability, little can be concluded therefrom. So far, at least, there is nothing to suggest that changes in complaints procedures reduce police employee malpractice or even that public opinion of police generally improves as a result. However, several more years will need to pass before firm conclusions can be advanced on such matters. The issue of complaints against police in NSW poses a lasting administrative and political dilemma. The issue deserves the close attention of concerned public administrators and politicians alike because the form of resolution eventually arrived at will be crucial to the growth of police professionalism.
PROGRAM BUDGETING REFORMS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Authors: Pugh Cedric
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This study describes and assesses the recent progress (1975–83) in implementing program budgeting in South Australia. It outlines (1) the leadership of South Australia in this field in Australia, (2) the ways in which administrators adapted program budgeting for successful implementation, (3) the changing emphases which occurred in the reform process, involving parliamentarians, central control departments of government, and responses in ordinary departments, and (4) the relationships of the reforms to political change where that change was reflective of different government attitudes to social reform and to the economic management of stagflation. The study also evaluates what more needs to be done, especially in the more difficult analytical components of program budgeting. In appreciation that program budgeting is of recent origin in Australian public administration, the writing is deliberately structured to explain the essential nature of program budgeting, using the relevant general principles to assess the progress of implementation in South Australia.
FIFTY YEARS OF THE COMMONWEALTH GRANTS COMMISSION*
Authors: Else‐Mitchell R.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The Commonwealth Grants Commission was established in 1933 to inquire into the payment of special grants to the States. It has retained this function to the present day, and has also conducted inquiries into grants to local government, the distribution of general revenue assistance to the States, and the financial position of the Territories. Although special grants had been paid for over twenty years before the establishment of the Commission, the principle upon which grants should be based had not been determined. The first members of the Commission, after debating the merits of grants based on financial need and grants based on disabilities due to federation, adopted in their third report the principle of fiscal equalization which the Commission still follows. Under this principle grants are assessed that enable each State to provide a standard level of service to its residents so long as it levies taxes at standard rates. The Commission operates as a semi‐judicial body, receiving written submissions and conducting public hearings at which witnesses from the States and the Commonwealth Treasury are examined on oath. It also conducts an extensive analysis of State government finances and other information in arriving at its conclusions. Over the years many distinguished Australians have served on the Commission, and their work has contributed to the high reputation enjoyed by the Commission in carrying out its task of maintaining a balance in the fiscal position of the States.
STRUCTURE AND ACTION AS CONSTRUCTS IN THE PRACTICE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION*
Authors: Degeling Pieter , Colebatch H. K.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In this paper we first examine the dominant instrumental paradigm of organization, and the critique to which it has been subjected from both social action theory and a more structural analysis of organizational life. Secondly, we draw on critical theory to construct an alternative paradigm. This addresses some of the problems left by critiques of the dominant paradigm, focuses on the relationship between structure and action, and the way in which each of these constitutes, and is constituted by, the other. In the final section we outline the implications of this analytical approach for analysis and practice in public administration. Public administration is about what people do, but also about how this activity is perceived and talked about. This distinction between thought and practice is not the same as the distinction between the academic and the practitioner. Although the academic operates largely in the world of thought — through teaching, research and writing — the work of the practitioner also rests on foundations in the world of thought, namely, the perception of the organization as an instrument for the accomplishment of some purpose, and of the administrator as the controller of that instrument for the better achievement of the end. We contend that these approaches to analysis and practice mask significant aspects of the ways that relationships within and between organizational contexts come to be structured and conducted, and do not provide a basis for understanding or evaluating either organizational processes or the activities of managers within these.
Book Review
Authors: Fletcher Brian H.
Published: March 2008

Arthur McMartin, Public Servants and Patronage, The Foundation and Rise of the New South Wales Public Service, 1786–1859, Sydney, Sydney University Press, 1983. Pp. xiii + 345.
IMPLEMENTING POLICY‐A BUREAUCRATIC POWER PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Marshall Neil
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This paper argues that theories of organisational power which are based on the concepts of dependence and uncertainty may constitute a useful approach for explaining the manner in which government policies come to be implemented. In the intra‐organisational context, studies by Crozier and Hickson demonstrate that subgroups which can control sources of uncertainty and create dependencies rise to positions of relative power within the organisation and may use this position to bargain for increased organisational rewards. Subgroups within public sector organisations that achieve power in these terms may, as their organisational reward, seek to impose particular values on policy programs carried out by the organisation as a whole. Activities in the inter‐organisational context may be viewed from a similar perspective. The work of J. D. Thompson indicates that organisations can possess positions of power relative to other organisations in their task environment. In the public sector such power may be used to influence the policy programs of dependent departments. The paper then suggests that in the public sector intra‐ and inter‐organisational theories of power may be combined to explain how subgroups can evolve into organisations in their own right and, in so doing, succeed in considerably changing the stated direction of government policy. To show how such a situation can occur, a case study of the evolution of Queensland's institutes of technology is included. The paper concludes that theories of organisational power can be of value to policy implementation theorists but require some modification to accommodate the particular characteristics of the public sector environment.
AN APPRAISAL OF AUSTRALIA'S DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOLLOWING THE ‘ASH WEDNESDAY’ BUSHFIRES IN VICTORIA, 1983*
Authors: Britton Neil R.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Australia's current disaster management system does not provide an appropriate interorganisational counter‐disaster structure, nor does it ensure an efficient operational structure. Even when allowance is made for the inadequate funding provisions that characterise this area of public operations, the present disaster management system falls short of the degree of protection which society has come to expect. A recent appraisal, requested by the Victorian State Government, which considers the reorganisation of Victoria's “emergency services” fails to address many of the significant aspects that are at the heart of Victoria's and Australia's disaster management problems.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT PROGRAM*
Authors: West Peter
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This article reports on the implementation of youth policy. It examines the literature on policy implementation and finds the literature pessimistic, especially in regard to federal programs locally delivered. It then reports on the Participation and Equity Program as designed by the Australian federal government and as implemented in TAFE Colleges in Western Sydney. The article ends by suggesting a model by which implementation may be judged.
QUEENSLAND RAILWAYS AND EXPORT COAL*
Authors: Galligan Brian
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The article first sketches the sorry state of Queensland Railways before export coal haulage when road and air transport were undermining its traditional monopoly on freight and passenger services. It then documents the Railways' growing reliance, since the mid 1960s, on revenue and profits from transporting export coal. The negotiating process for setting freight rates and the increasing entrepreneurial approach adopted by the state are examined in some detail, particularly for the early Thiess and Utah agreements. Rough estimates of the Railways' profit from carrying coal are made from the Railways' published accounts and from Utah's figures. These figures are intended to suggest the order of magnitude of the sums involved rather than to be accurate estimates.
THE EYE OF DOUBT: NEUTRALITY, RESPONSIBILITY, AND MORALITY*
Authors: Jackson M. W.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The conditions of employment of a professional public service together with the wide‐ranging consequences of the actions of public servants combine to require considerable moral responsibility. Whatever political neutrality means for public servants, it does not mean moral neutrality. If public servants were never to exercise moral judgement in moments of truth there would be little justification for endowing the profession with the status and security it now enjoys. After some discussion of the origins of the professional public service, several recent cases of morally responsible public servants are reviewed and the arguments frequently given to avoid or trivialise morality are evaluated. My claim is that courage is the key to morality. The ordinary moral obligations that lie upon us all apply with added force to public servants. The truth that the eye of doubt beholds is that political neutrality brings moral responsibility.

… the more civil servants, the more thieves…

The Great Elector

… not from the Castle … not from the village…

Kafka

… polite, upright, and mild…

Hegel
PUBLIC AND GOVERNMENT LAND—POST COLONIAL LAND SYSTEMS
Authors: Mant John
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effective management of state government property and the development of parcel‐based land information systems are inhibited by administrative, legal and accounting mechanisms dating from colonial days. For environmental and efficiency and effectiveness reasons, new ways of categorising Crown and other government land are required. A distinction needs to be drawn between operational and other property to enable mechanisms such as rent or interest to be applied to operational property. Land status as Crown land or freehold should no longer be a determinant of responsibility for management or financial accountability. In the process of reforming the machinery of government for property management, the opportunity should be taken to rearrange the responsibilities for the certification of title and for boundary establishment.
REGULATING THE ACCOUNTABILITY OF CHARITABLE ORGANISATIONS: THE VICTORIAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: McGillivray Mark , Romano Claudio A. , Williams David J.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This paper concentrates on the regulation of charitable organisations in the state of Victoria, where governments have sought to determine the bona fides of these organisations by obtaining their financial reports. A survey of the financial reports of registered Victorian charities indicates, however, that a significant proportion of charities do not supply this information. This deficiency indicates that government judgements about the bona fides of organisations cannot always be made, and the efficiency of regulation is therefore questioned. Other shortcomings in the regulation of charities are also identified. These include the problems incurred in seeking to implement these regulations and those which arise through the enforcement of the regulations themselves.