bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FABRICATION OF ELASTOMER BLENDS INVOLVING CORE (POLYSTYRENE)@SHELL (POLYANILINE) APPROACH, THEIR CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING
Authors: Panigrahi Ritwik , Srivastava Suneel Kumar , Pionteck Jürgen
Published: July 2017

Fabrication of rubber blends (EPDM, NBR, and NR) with the polystyrene (PS)-polyaniline (PANI) core-shell (PS@PANI) approach are reported for the first time, and their performance is compared with similar blends prepared by simple individual mixing of PS, PANI, and rubber under identical conditions. It is noted that the unique core-shell morphology accounted for its high surface to volume ratio, leading to the homogeneous dispersion of polyaniline shell and the slow release of polystyrene core into rubber matrix as established by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared studies show that property enhancement of rubber blends is not significantly affected by the interaction between respective blend components. Conductivity of core-shell rubber blends is found to be relatively higher due to the presence of the interconnected conducting network of PS@PANI within the rubber matrix. These rubber blends also exhibit superior mechanical and thermal properties due to dispersion and slow release of polystyrene core from the polyaniline shell. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding analysis indicated the high shielding efficiency of rubber/PS@PANI blends (∼30 dB: 1–8 GHz) compared to the blends prepared individually from PS, PANI, and rubber (∼18 dB: 1–8 GHz). Such high performance of rubber blends is attributed to the trapping of electromagnetic waves through enhanced internal reflection due to the typical core-shell morphology of PS@PANI. It is anticipated that such low cost, light weight, corrosion resistant and environmentally stable sheets of PS@PANI rubber blends could provide an effective alternative as EMI shielding material for commercial application purposes.
Interobserver Agreement in the Study of 2D and 3D Sonographic Criteria for Adenomyosis
Authors: Puente José M. , Alcazar Juan L. , Martinez-Ten Pilar , Bermejo Carmina , Troncoso María T. , García-Velasco Juan A.
Published: July 2017

Objective

To study the degree of interobserver agreement for already known two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) sonography criteria of adenomyosis.

Methods

Fifty cases (25 adenomyosis cases, 25 non-adenomyosis cases) were studied by four expert observers and a less-experienced researcher. Each sonographic adenomyosis criterion was separately studied. Interobserver agreement was analysed by the kappa index with 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

The degree of agreement about diagnosing adenomyosis was high or very high in all pair-wise comparisons (kappa values of 0.58–0–92). The agreement on identifying intra-myometrial cysts (kappa values of 0.46–0.79) and evaluating the junctional zone (JZ) by 3D-transvaginal ultrasound (3D-TVS) (kappa index of 0.46–0.88) was good. The agreements reached when evaluating the other criteria varied, but good agreement was generally reached.

Conclusions

Both the 2D-TVS and 3D-TVS criteria employed in diagnosing adenomyosis were reproducible parameters in adenomyosis diagnostics. The results were reproducible, even by a less experienced observer.
Management of Transposed Arteriovenous Fistula Swing Point Stenosis at the Basilic Vein Angle of Transposition by Stent Grafts
Authors: Nassar George M. , Beathard Gerald , Rhee Edward , Khan Abdul Jabbar , Nguyen Binh
Published: July 2017

Introduction

Transposed basilic vein arteriovenous fistulas suffer from stenosis at their basilic angle of transposition (BAT). This lesion exhibits frequent recurrence after angioplasty. The primary goal of this study was to determine the effect of stent-graft placement on BAT lesion- and access-patency. The secondary goals were to determine the frequency of intervention pre- and post-stent placement and stent-associated stenosis.

Methods

Thirty-seven cases had stent-grafts placed at their BAT to manage stenosis. Cases served as their own controls by analyzing their lesion- and access-patency pre- and post-stent placement. Student's t-test was used for analysis of continuous variables. Categorical variables were evaluated by Fisher's exact test. Tests were considered significant when p was ≤0.05.

Results

At 6 and 12 months, pre-stent lesion primary patency rates were 29% and 3%, and post-stent were 57% and 40%, respectively. Lesion primary assisted patency rates were 39% and 13%, and post-stent were 91% and 80%, respectively. At 6 and 12 months, pre-stent access primary patency rates were 29% and 3%, and post-stent were 26% and 19%, respectively. Pre-stent primary access assisted patency rates were 36% and 10%, and post-stent were 82% and 75%, respectively. Lesion intervention rates averaged 0.47/month pre-stent and 0.13/month post-stent. Access intervention rate averaged 0.50/month pre-stent, and 0.15/month post-stent. Stent-associated stenosis was seen in 23 cases.

Conclusions

Treatment of BAT stenosis with stent-grafts had positive impact on the target lesion and the dialysis access circuit.
Two Annotated Piers Plowman Manuscripts from London and the Early Reception of the B and C Versions
Authors: Wood Sarah
Published: July 2017

London, British Library MS Additional 35287 of the B version and San Marino, Huntington Library MS HM 143 of the C version are two of the most important manuscripts for the study of Piers Plowman's early reception. Each witnesses to the development, among the London scribes involved in the transmission of Langland's and Chaucer's works, of some of the earliest commentary on the two long versions of Langland's poem. The manuscripts, however, adopt different attitudes towards the authority of the apparatus they inherited from earlier exemplars in the London booktrade. Viewed alongside the marginal glosses to the Canterbury Tales produced by the same network of scribes, the annotations in metropolitan copies of both B and C can reveal much about early readers' perceptions of the issues of authorship, authority, and audience raised by the work of the two London poets.
The Benefits of the Proprioceptive Method Used in Learning English via Facebook by Thai Government Officials
Authors: Cedar Payung , Singhara Itdharom Mitsuvan
Published: July 2017

Good listening and pronunciation skills lead to successes in foreign language learning. The main purpose of this study was to examine the benefits of adopting the Proprioceptive Method in learning English by Thai local government officials with the help of Facebook. A seventeen-day training course was implemented, comprising two days of face-to-face training, fourteen days of online training via Facebook, and one day of course wrap-ups and evaluation. The crucial training instruments used in the study was online conversations, a minimal-pair listening test, a satisfaction survey and a Facebook chat room for participants’ written comments. The statistical results showed that after the training, the trainees’ ability to segment English consonant sounds that were problematic for Thais significantly increased. It is inferred that the Proprioceptive Method tended to be effective for training English via Facebook. However, looking closely to the participants’ perceptions of the sounds in each pair, the rise was statistically significant in certain pairs, but not all. Additionally, the result from a satisfaction survey demonstrated that the training method was perceived to be at the highest level of satisfaction. Nonetheless, participants’ written comments indicate advantages and disadvantages of the training.
Evaluation of Heart Rate in Daily Life Based on 10 Million Samples Database
Authors: Komazawa Makoto , Itao Kenichi , Lopez Guillaume , Luo Zhiwei
Published: July 2017

This research uses a very-large amount of heart rate data (approximately 10 millions entries) collected on one million persons to investigate heart rate trends in daily life. Trends were examined regarding both human characteristics (gender, age, BMI), and environmental properties (hour of the day, day of the week, season). Concerning the relation between heart rate and gender, women’s heart rate trend was significantly lower compared to men’s. As for the relation between heart rate and age, on one hand, women’s heart rate tends to become lower with aging. On the other hand, men’s heart rate tends to keep increasing until the 50’s. Also, men’s heart rate is lower than women’s in the 10’s and 20’s, the trend becomes opposite from the 30’s. In the relation between heart rate and BMI (Body Mass Index), heart rate is significantly higher for users with higher BMI. Regarding diurnal fluctuation of heart rate, it has been confirmed to take its lowest between 3 A.M. and 6 A.M., then increasing regularly until the peak between noon and 3 P.M., after which it decreases during the evening through the night. As for in-week fluctuation, the trend of higher heart rate during the week and lower heart rate during week-ends and holidays has been comfirmed. Specialy, heart rate remarkably increases from Sunday to Monday. Finally, concerning seasonal fluctuation trend, heart rate is decreasing from summer to autumn, and is at his highest level in winter. The results of this research tend to correspond with previous studies that have been carried out on smaller samples and fewer subjects, demonstrating the credibilitay and validity of the data measured by our system. Moreover, on a public health point of view, we can say that it is important to take into account various human properties and spatio-temporal characteristics when having a comparative analysis of people’s health distribution. We think the knowledge obtained in this research can be applied practically to the whole society as an indication for health care and various diseases prevention.
Influence of the Subtle Energetic Changes on the Treatment Response in Patients with Insomnia
Authors: Kryzhanovskii Edvard V. , Yavorsky Alexander B. , Lim Kwong C.
Published: July 2017

The article examines the questions of the treatment of insomnia in patients who do not have neurological, mental, and somatic disorders. A nonmedicamental method of sleep disturbance correction in persons with psychophysiological insomnia is considered. In particular, it is proposed to use AM-therapy as a method of insomnia treatment which implies that the patients sleep on the special activated mattresses. To assess the condition of patients before and after the treatment, clinical, psychophysiological and electroencephalographic (EEG) methods are used. The effectiveness of applying this type of insomnia therapy is provided by the improvement of the psychological indicators and EEG data.
Evaluation of Gas Chromatography Stationary Phases Based on Morpholinium Ionic Liquids by McReynolds Constants and Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution
Authors: Yavir Kateryna , Marcinkowski Łukasz , Kloskowski Adam , Namieśnik Jacek
Published: July 2017

In this work, four ionic liquids (ILs) based on the N-alkyl-N-methylmorpholinium cation ([Mor1,R], in which R = 2, 4, 8, or 10) and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion were synthesized. Using GLC, a number of parameters describing the sorption properties of the investigated ILs were determined. The values of Kovats indices, McReynolds constants, and activity coefficients at infinite dilution were the basis for the evaluation of intermolecular interactions. The effect of the chain length of the alkyl substituent in the cation, which was used to modify their polarity, has been discussed. Comparison of the characteristics of the investigated IL-based stationary phases with commercially available ones allowed for the statement that the investigated ILs were more polar. The tested ILs had a relatively high polarity. Increasing the length of the alkyl chain in the morpholinium ring reduced polarity. ILs based on the morpholinium cation were tunable in a wide range of their polarity.
Isolation and Purification of β-Carotene from Morinda citrifolia as HPLC Standard and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient
Authors: Rashidi Othman  , Fatimah Azzahra Mohd Zaifuddin  , Norazian Mohd Hassan
Published: July 2017

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of individual carotenoids content and composition are complicated, time consuming and in fact very costly. The crucial and vital part is the availability and reliability of the pure standards. Most of the individual carotenoids are commercially available either in natural or synthetic form but they are quite expensive and some of it not available in the market anymore. These problems strongly associated with the accuracy and reliability of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis data. Therefore, this study aimed to set up an analytical scheme of obtaining β-carotene standard from the leaves of Morinda citrifolia as one of the carotenoid standards for HPLC analysis. M. citrifolia has been selected due to its abundance throughout the year with tropical climate. The scheme via open column chromatography (OCC) established that the purity of β-carotene standard was 97% and the coefficient of correlation was 0.9923. However after 30 day storage period of time, the purity decreased to 95.46%. Although these had an effect on the carotenoid standard stability but it can be a reliable source of β-carotene standard for HPLC analysis as well as active pharmaceutical ingredient for cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, food and beverage industries.
Coumarin and Safrole Content in Cinnamon-Flavored Food Products on the Syrian Market
Authors: Raw'aa Solaiman  , Joumaa Al-Zehouri
Published: July 2017

Some plants that are processed into foods often contain natural substances that may be hazardous to human health. One example is coumarin, which is known to cause liver and kidney damage in rats, mice and probably humans. Coumarin is found in different Cinnamomum species such as Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum loureiroi, and Cinnamomum burmannii; all commonly referred to as cassia. Another hazardous substance is Safrole. Safrole is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals; and is mainly present in cinnamon leaf oil and could be a possible contaminant in cinnamon powder. European Council’s Directive on food flavourings 88/388/EEC limits safrole in foodstuffs to 1ppm. The content of coumarin is regulated in the European Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008. In the present study, coumarin and safrole levels were analyzed in locally bought cinnamon samples and cinnamon-flavored food products using a validated HPLC method with diode array detector (DAD). Appreciable amounts of coumarin were found in bakery products with concentrations up to 39.466 mg/kg in certain kinds of cookies, whereas safrole was undetectable. Our exposure data on coumarin in bakery products show that there is still a need for a continued regulation of coumarin in foods. A toxicological re-evaluation of coumarin with the aim to derive scientifically founded maximum limits should be conducted with priority.
Jeg havde ikke stemt, hvis jeg havde siddet alene: En receptionsanalyse af sms-deltagelsen til det europæiske Melodi Grand Prix [I wouldn’t have voted if I was sitting alone: A reception analysis of SMS voting during the Eurovision Song Contest]
Authors: Bjørner Thomas
Published: July 2017

In this article the phenomenon of SMS TV in relation to the Eurovision Song Contest is described from a reception analysis perspective. The article describes how young viewers experience the structure of the Song Contest and the special social event of the TV programme, with its opportunities for interactive SMS voting. It is implied that the Eurovision Song Contest’s interactive opportunities entail a series of complex conditions, where the communication situation and the TV-show experience are important factors.
Et risikabelt foretagende. At tale om børn i børnelitteraturforskningen
Authors: Gubar Marah
Published: July 2017

“Risky Business. Talking about Children in Children’s Literature Criticism”Embracing a critical paradigm which holds that children do not participate in the realm of children’s literature and culture has itself caused scholars to ignore what young people have said, written, and done in the realm of children’s literature and culture. This essay contends that the time has come to articulate not only new theories about what it means to be a child, but also a new paradigm for how to do children’s literature criticism; one that builds on but also decisively departs from Jacqueline Rose’s vision of children’s literature as an adult practice.
En krig i det fjerne. Børne- og ungdomslitteratur om krigen i Afghanistan (2001-)
Authors: Skyggebjerg Anna Karlskov
Published: July 2017

“A War in the Distance. Children’s and Young Adult’s Literature about the War in Afghanistan (2001-)”In the last decade several Danish children’s books about the war in Afghanistan and other ongoing military conflicts have been published. These books belong to various genres from novels to non-fiction picture books, and they have several purposes; from entertainment to classroom reading. They depict war in many ways and they address child readers at different levels. What they have in common is an ambition of realism and sharing of knowledge (or education) about war. The key questions in this article are: how is war constructed and how is the child reader confronted with extreme situations and the crucial consequences of war? The theoretical background for this article is research in descriptions of war in children’s literature and literature in general, theory about the construction of childhood in children’s literature and genre theory focused on the relation between fiction and non-fiction in children’s literature.
Magten i sundhed: Om sundhedsprofessionalisme i kommunale sundhedshuse
Authors: Møller Marie Østergaard
Published: July 2017

Artiklen undersøger, hvordan det ændrede fokus på sundhed (afstedkommet af strukturreformen i 2007) har haft betydning for udviklingen af sundhedsprofessionalisme i kommunale sundhedshuse og for de sundhedsprofessionelles kamp for status. Hvordan udøves sundhedsprofessionalisme i fraværet af læger og deres bio-medicinske forståelsesramme, i fraværet af hospitalets kliniske rammer og ikke mindst i fraværet af ”diagnosen” som klassificerende og statusgivende redskab? Artiklens teoretiske afsæt er professionel udvikling og status. Teori peger her på at professionalisme får sin endelige form i mødet med individet og de administrative, sociale og fysiske rammer, der betinger udøvelsen af aktiviteter og graden af formalisering. Artiklen undersøger hvilken status, der knytter sig til de sundhedsrelaterede aktiviteter udøvet under de lokale administrative og forvaltningsmæssige rammer i sundhedshusene, ligesom det undersøges, hvilken status sundhedshuset ser ud til at have for de borgere, der kommer der.The power of health: Health professionalism in municipal health housesThe article examines how the altered focus on health (brought about by structural reform in 2007) has had an impact on the development of health professionalism in municipal health houses and health professionals’ struggle for status? How is the health professionalism exercised in the absence of doctors and their bio-medical framework of understanding, in the absence of hospital clinical setting and not least in the absence of »the diagnosis« as a classifying and status-giving tool? The article’s theoretical basis is professional development and status. Theory suggests that professionalism gets its final form in the meeting with the individual and in the meeting with the administrative, social and physical environment that determines the performance of activities and the degree of formalization. The article examines the status related to the health-related activities pursued under the local administrative and governance structures in health houses, just as it is examined what status the health house seems to have for the citizens who come there.
Diagnoser: Organisation, kultur og mennesker
Authors: Nielsen Mikka , Petersen Anders , Risør Mette Bech , Rønberg Mette
Published: July 2017

Der er rav i den. I skrivende stund (medio september 2016) er det i Dagbladet In- formation kommet frem, at psykiatriske diagnoser til børn nogle gange stilles på et meget løst grundlag. I en kronik underskrevet af 50 psykologer, sygeplejersker, læger og psykiatere står der blandt andet:

»Som læger og psykologer har vi stillet diagnoser på børn på baggrund af andres vur- deringer beskrevet kort i patientens journal, og andre gange har barnet mødt mange forskellige behandlere på sin vej til en diagnose. Mange af disse børn er i forvejen sårbare i forhold til at danne nye relationer, og de bliver mødt af en psykiatri, hvor der ikke længere er mulighed for at skabe den relation, der skal til for at forstå barnet.«

Nogle børn har, med andre ord, fået stillet en diagnose, uden at de har mødt en læge, psykolog eller psykiater. Det får naturligt nok debatten til at rase. I relation til den verserende debat er fokus for dette nummer særligt rettet imod tre forhold: Den politisk fastsatte udrednings- og behandlingsgaranti. Den organisatoriske ramme skal kunne håndtere denne garanti, og selve den måde hvorpå diagnoser- ne stilles. Baggrunden for behandlingsgarantien er først og fremmest et politisk ønske om hurtigt at stille diagnoser, så patienten kan indgå i et behandlingsforløb - i sig selv et sympatisk ønske, der dog løber ind i en række problemer og utilsig- tede konsekvenser, når den skal eksekveres i praksis, som det fremgår af lægernes debatindlæg. Et centralt omdrejningspunkt for de ophedede diskussioner, som avisindlæggene har medført – og som allerede nu har fået politiske konsekven- ser – er samtidens omgang med, forståelse- og brug af diagnoser. Diagnoser er på alles læber for tiden. Diagnoser har, som den amerikanske medicinhistoriker Charles Rosenberg skriver, ”altid spillet en væsentlig rolle i den medicinske prak- sis” (Rosenberg 2002: 237) som et værktøj/model, der sammenfatter symptomer og fund og angiver behandling. I vores samtid er diagnoserne imidlertid rejst ud af den medicinske praksis, og de har indlejret sig i alle mulige andre sammenhænge: Sociale, politiske, økonomiske, kulturelle og så videre. Et væsentligt spørgsmål i denne sammenhæng er, hvordan vi skal forstå diagnosernes nuværende status, hvordan de tillægges mening, udvikles, defineres, anvendes, og hvordan diag- noser får indflydelse på konkrete sygdomsforhold og på processer generelt, som spiller ind på, hvordan vi opfatter sundhed, krop og behandling.
Egg clutch dehydration induces early hatching in red-eyed treefrogs, Agalychnis callidryas
Authors: Salica María José , Vonesh James R. , Warkentin Karen M.
Published: July 2017

Terrestrial eggs have evolved repeatedly in tropical anurans exposing embryos to the new threat of dehydration. Red-eyed treefrogs, Agalychnis callidryas, lay eggs on plants over water. Maternally provided water allows shaded eggs in humid sites to develop to hatching without rainfall, but unshaded eggs and those in less humid sites can die from dehydration. Hatching responses of amphibian eggs to dry conditions are known from two lineages with independent origins of terrestrial eggs. Here, we experimentally tested for dehydration-induced early hatching in another lineage (Agalychnis callidryas, Phyllomedusidae), representing a third independent origin of terrestrial eggs. We also investigated how dehydration affected egg and clutch structure, and egg mortality. We collected clutches from a pond in Gamboa, Panama, and randomly allocated them to wet or dry treatments at age 1 day. Embryos hatched earlier from dry clutches than from wet clutches, accelerating hatching by ∼11%. Clutch thickness and egg diameter were affected by dehydration, diverging between treatments over time. Meanwhile, mortality in dry clutches was six-fold higher than in control clutches. With this study, early hatching responses to escape mortality from egg dehydration are now known from three anuran lineages with independent origins of terrestrial eggs, suggesting they may be widespread. Further studies are needed to understand how terrestrial amphibian eggs can respond to, or will be affected by, rapid changes in climate over the next decades.
Geodetic constraint on the motion of a slab window: Implication for the Mendocino Crustal Conveyor model
Authors: Peng Y. , Dong D. , Yan J. , Chen W.
Published: July 2017

The migration of the slab window in the Northern California Coast Ranges provides a unique setting to study the viscous coupling between crust and asthenosphere flow. The mechanisms of these dynamic processes are explained by the Mendocino Crustal Conveyor model, which predicts a 2‐D “double‐humped” surface uplift rate pattern on a 400 km long profile. To evaluate the Mendocino Crustal Conveyor (MCC) model using accurate geodetic measurements, we derive the vertical velocity field from 43 continuous GPS (CGPS) stations in the Coast Ranges region and project it onto the profile along three possible orientations of the slab window. The CGPS measured uplift rates are in good agreement with the MCC prediction, when the slab window orientation is parallel to the symmetry axis of the region of thickened crust. Thus, the CGPS solutions not only provide a complementary means to diagnose the MCC model but also provide an effective way to constrain the orientation of the slab window.
CAD: A Multifunctional Protein LeadingDe NovoPyrimidine Biosynthesis
Authors: Moreno‐Morcillo María , Ramón‐Maiques Santiago
Published: July 2017

Pyrimidines are essential precursors for DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) synthesis, protein glycosylation and lipid synthesis. In resting cells, pyrimidines are largely obtained through salvage pathways, but in proliferating cells, particularly in tumours, the synthesis of pyrimidinesde novois indispensable to fuel the high demand of nucleic acids and other cellular components. In animals, thede novopathway is initiated and controlled by CAD, a ∼240‐kDa multifunctional protein with four different enzymatic domains: glutaminase (GLN), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), dihydroorotase (DHO) and aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATC). In contrast, in bacteria, archaeans and plants, GLN, CPS, DHO and ATC are distinct monofunctional proteins. The structures of a number of these enzymes from bacteria and archaea are known, but until recently, there was no structural information about CAD other than that it self‐assembles into ∼1.5‐megaDa hexamers.

Key Concepts

De novosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides is essential for cell growth and proliferation.

In animals, the multifunctional protein CAD catalyses the first three reactions ofde novopyrimidine synthesis.

CAD is a 243‐kDa polypeptide with four enzymatic domains [glutaminase (GLN), carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), dihydroorotase (DHO) and aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATC)] that oligomerises into 1.5‐megaDa hexamers.

In bacteria, GLN, CPS, DHO and ATC are individual proteins for which structural information is available.

The crystal structures of the DHO and ATC domains of human CAD were recently reported.

The GLN and CPS domains of CAD are expected to be similar to theEscherichia coliCPS and human mitochondrial CPS1 crystal structures.

A model of CAD is proposed that sets the DHO and ATC domains as the central framework of the hexameric particles.
Adventure Novel
Authors: Schierenbeck Daniel
Published: July 2017

In discussions of the British adventure novel, critics tend to cast their eyes back to one of its earlier examples, Daniel Defoe's
Robinson Crusoe
(1719), or towards its flourishing later in the nineteenth century in works by R.M. Ballantyne, G.A. Henty, Rudyard Kipling, Robert Louis Stevenson, H. Rider Haggard, and Joseph Conrad. The Romantic period, however, offers a unique glimpse into the changes in British society – including its movement from a colonial power to an imperial power – that are reflected in generic and thematic changes in adventure tales themselves. Indeed, the popularity of adventure novels can be connected with the popularity of the accounts of voyages, by James Cook and others, which opened British eyes to exotic lands and people and promoted British scientific and mercantile pursuits. Though at its core the adventure novel takes the reader far from home (either in time or space) and usually focuses on the development of a male hero, the richness of this genre cannot be captured so simply. Further, because the adventure novel marks an intersection between different genres of prose writing – including travel writing, missionary accounts, explorer narratives, children's fiction, didactic fiction, and the romance – prominent forms of adventure fiction manifest the generic options within Romantic‐era fiction.
A
ikin,
L
ucy
Authors: Lewes Darby
Published: July 2017

While most women authors of the Romantic period had to overcome tremendous obstacles to achieve the education and writing skills necessary for a successful literary career, the educator, biographer, translator, historian, and historical fiction author Lucy Aikin (6 Nov. 1781–29 Jan. 1864) was fortunate indeed. She was reared in a highly intellectual Unitarian family that placed tremendous importance on literature in general and children's education in particular. Her father was Dr John Aikin, a medical doctor with literary tastes, who edited Richard Phillips'
The Monthly Magazine
, a publication whose interests ranged from algebra to the French Revolution to Chaucer to inland navigation and beyond. Dr Aikin also wrote several historical works, including his
Annals of the Reign of George III
(1816), and co‐authored the widely popular six‐volume children's series
Evenings at Home, or The Juvenile Budget Opened
, with his sister, Anna Laetitia Aikin Barbauld. Mrs Barbauld was of course a well‐known author of poetry, essays, and children's literature in her own right. This scholarly environment was not wasted on young Lucy, who became fluent in English, French, Italian, and Latin literature and history, aided her father in his researches, and began to publish her own magazine articles – all by the ripe old age of 17.
Austen,Jane
Authors: Ford Susan Allen
Published: July 2017

Although her four novels released during her lifetime were published anonymously, Jane Austen (1775–1817) is now recognized as the most significant novelist of the Romantic period. Her six published novels, written in the realist mode, rely on the structure of the courtship plot and the novel of education, but through the use of free indirect discourse Austen creates extraordinarily textured fictions characterized by irony and emotional depth.
B
aillie,
J
oanna, Drama
Authors: Burroughs Catherine
Published: July 2017

Joanna Baillie (1762–1851) was a prolific playwright, distinguished theorist of theatre and drama, influential lyric poet, and contributor to the theological debates of her era. She was also celebrated as a ‘songstress’ and a kind of ‘folklorist’, especially in Scotland. Today she is better known for her 27 plays – a quarter of which were staged during her lifetime with the most famous actors of the day (John Philip Kemble, Sarah Siddons, and Edmund Kean) – as well as for the prefaces she attached to these dramas, which offer one of the most impressive bodies of theory about playwrighting, acting, and stage practices published before 1900.
Ballad, Literary
Authors: Jackson‐Houlston CM.
Published: July 2017

The ballad becomes self‐consciously literary towards the end of the eighteenth century, at the point at which its oral transmission and constant recreation begin to come under substantial threat from the mobility caused by social change (Stewart 1994). That icon of Romanticism,
Lyrical Ballads
(1798), implies in its title the loss of a whole mode of oral narrative culture and its reconfiguration with a concentration on personal emotion. For Wordsworth and Coleridge, the ballad was a form that exemplified simple, affecting statement, because of its roots as far back as a supposed medieval past and its links with ordinary, unsophisticated people. However, Wordsworth's explanation in the Preface to the expanded 1800 edition insists that the emotion of the poems gives significance to the action, not vice versa. This puts the emphasis on the lyrical aspect of the collection, marginalizing the narrative that would be central to a modern, folklorist definition of the ballad. Such an emphasis was characteristic of the period, and the modes of generic adaptation practised by Wordsworth and Coleridge were more widespread than their claims and earlier Romantic scholarship give cause to suppose.
Bentham, Jeremy
Authors: Simmons Clare A.
Published: July 2017

Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), philosopher and legal theorist, was a major influence on nineteenth‐century ideas about the rights and responsibilities of citizens and of government and their dependence on human emotions. He was born in London, the eldest of the seven children of Jeremiah Bentham (1712— 92), a wealthy lawyer, and Alicia Woodward Whitehorn. His mother died when he was 11, and the only other child to live more than few years was his youngest brother Samuel (1757–1831). Bentham's father encouraged him to study Latin at the age of three; at seven, he enrolled at Westminster School, and at 12 he became a student at Queen's College, Oxford. An MA by 1767, he fulfilled his father's desire by studying at Lincoln's Inn and was admitted to the bar in 1769. He was, however, more interested in legal theory than in its practice.
Bildungsroman
Authors: Pfau Thomas
Published: July 2017

A predominantly German development within the broader formal‐aesthetic project of the modern novel, the
Bildungsroman
first makes its appearance in the later eighteenth century and continues well into literary modernism and beyond. Not without deeper historical reasons, attempts to define this sub‐genre often come across as rather banal: ‘a novel in which the chief character, after a number of false starts or wrong choices, is led to follow the right path and to develop into a mature and well‐balanced man’
(Oxford Companion to German Literature)
. To understand better the nature and significance of this formal innovation and its distinctive fusion of quotidian life with the development of average individuals, some preliminary remarks on the idea of
Bildung are
in order.
Bloomfield, Robert, Prose
Authors: Andrews Kerri
Published: July 2017

Robert Bloomfield was, and still is, known primarily for his poetry, having enjoyed enormous popularity and celebrity after the publication of his debut poem,
The Farmer's Boy
, in 1800.
The Farmer's Boy
brought Bloomfield to the attention of the Romantic poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, as well it might: more than ten times as many copies of Bloomfield's poem were sold than of
Lyrical Ballads
. But later in his literary career Bloomfield began to explore other modes of writing, including a prose work for children published in 1815,
The History of Little Davy's Hat
, and a play,
Hazelwood Hall, a Village Drama, in Three Acts
, which was published shortly before Bloomfield's death in 1823. Bloomfield was also a keen letter‐writer, corresponding with the family he had left behind in rural Suffolk when he moved to become a cobbler in London. If it was poetry which brought Bloomfield fame, it is his prose works and letters which reveal the challenges of creating a lasting literary career in the early nineteenth century.
Bulwer‐Lytton, Edward
Authors: Page Michael R.
Published: July 2017

Edward Lytton Bulwer (1803–73) was among the most prominent young literary stars in the late Romantic period in the wake of Byron's death. Seldom read today and known more for giving his name to the notorious Bulwer‐Lytton Awards for the worst fiction of the year, Sir Edward Bulwer‐Lytton was, from the late 1820s until his death in 1873, one of the most popular and celebrated literary and political figures of his day. Though his career would extend well into the Victorian era, when he was as widely read as Dickens, Bulwer began his career as novelist in the transitional period that Richard Cronin has aptly designated the ‘Romantic Victorians’. During the late 1820s Bulwer was famous first for the dissemination of ideas of Byronism and Dandyism and then their critique and reformulation. His reputation began to falter soon after his death, leading Bulwer to be unjustly neglected as an early originator of many literary genres, including modern tales of the supernatural and occult, mystery, suspense and detection, the sensation novel, and science fiction. Among his early admirers was the American writer Edgar Allan Poe, whose tales of mystery and horror were heavily influenced by Bulwer's fiction. Before Dickens and Thackeray emerged in the late 1830s, Bulwer was the most original and important novelist in England.
Byron, Lord, Drama
Authors: Cochran Peter
Published: July 2017

This story is a series of paradoxes.
C
arlyle,
T
homas
Authors: Simmons Clare A.
Published: July 2017

Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881), translator, historian, and essayist, has such a reputation as a Victorian sage that it is easy to forget that he was only a few weeks younger than John Keats. Actually his publications prior to Queen Victoria's accession were relatively few, Carlyle deserves consideration as a Romantic prose writer because of his distinctive style, his anti‐materialist philosophy, and his advocacy of the thinking and language of the European Romantics, especially those writing in German.
Coleridge,Sara
Authors: Ruwe Donelle
Published: July 2017

Sara Coleridge Coleridge (1802–52), the daughter of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, was a brilliant scholar who authored children's literature, scholarly essays and reviews, and translations of Latin and French texts. She was also the primary editor of her father's works and is largely responsible for establishing Samuel Taylor Coleridge as an important Victorian sage.
Comedy
Authors: Rayner Alice
Published: July 2017

From one perspective comedy as a distinctive genre largely disappeared from the British stage in the Romantic period. Yet it would be no less true to say only that the clear line between genres became more complex as the genres became variegated. The Aristotelian qualities of comedy and tragedy dispersed into multiple arenas that qualified, altered, or otherwise absorbed classical comedic concerns. In the process of that absorption, any academic or historical distinction between comedy and tragedy remained academic while stage practices celebrated the mélange of genres. Social regulation was beginning to be felt as a constriction rather than a support of individual value as notions of revolution captured the imagination. Certainly the sense of comic assumptions remained: any number of kinds of play ended with a reconciliation of generations and a marriage. Certainly the comic plays from earlier in the century persisted on stage, usually with modifications that made situations and characters better aligned with the sentimentality that guided social norms. But equally certain was a translation or a transference of the comic scene into more variable emotional experiences for an audience. Comedies still celebrated a kind of social order even as a mixture of entertainment styles took the stage.
Davy,Humphry
Authors: Knight David
Published: July 2017

Humphry Davy (1778–1829) was the most brilliant natural philosopher and chemist of his day, competing successfully in his Royal Institution lectures with London's entertainment industry, isolating potassium, inventing a safety‐lamp for coal miners, and in 1820 elected President of the Royal Society. He was the friend of Coleridge, Southey, Wordsworth and Scott, seeingLyrical Ballads(2nd edn.) andThalabathrough the press; his inaugural lecture of 1802 is echoed in Mary Shelley'sFrankenstein.
Diaries and Journals
Authors: Dyer Gary
Published: July 2017

Hundreds of diaries survive from the Romantic era, either entire or in part. A person interested in exploring these diaries can rely upon the fourth and fifth volumes of Handley's bibliography (2002), which cover the years 1780–1846, and can supplement Handley with such standard older works as Matthews (1950) and Batts (1976). Few generalizations can be made about Romantic‐era diarists, who are not remarkably different in style or method from diarists of earlier or later periods. ‘Diaries’ and ‘journals’ were not differentiated consistently in the eighteenth or nineteenth centuries; a ‘diary’, according to Samuel Johnson's dictionary (1755), is ‘An account of the transactions, accidents, and observations of every day; a journal’, while a ‘journal’ is ‘A diary; an account kept of daily transactions’. The characteristic feature of diaries and journals is their claim to immediacy, their appearance of having been written day‐by‐day, or at least the diarist's apparent concern with trying to represent fairly, if not completely, each day's activities.
E
gan,
P
ierce
Authors: Kelly Gary
Published: July 2017

Pierce Egan was the Romantic period's leading practitioner of militantly populist prose and print. Like the floating world of popular culture he described, Egan himself remains an uncertain figure, of uncertain birth date (probably 1772, possibly 1775), birthplace (likely London), lineage (he claimed Irish), and marriage date (possibly 1812), and unknown parentage and education. By 1812 he was a compositor for a downmarket printer at the onset of mass print. The experience formed his writing and founded his career, based on combining stylistic with typographical exuberance. The context was middle‐class culture war against popular sports and pastimes and popular culture generally, as both common cultural ground between labouring and landed classes and occasions for reasserting plebeian ‘rights’ and entitlements. With the revolutionary and Napoleonic crisis, this war became a struggle to define the ‘national’ identity; with the onset of mass print, cheap literature asserted popular‐genteel resistance to pious middle‐class social and cultural ‘reform’.
Equestrian Drama
Authors: Marra Kim
Published: July 2017

Equestrian drama, also known as hippodrama, was a hybrid genre combining circus and theatre – and featuring trained horses and virtuosic acts of equestrianism – in plays that took various dramatic forms (chiefly melodrama, pantomime, and burletta), which flourished in England in the first half of the nineteenth century. While this hybrid also gained popularity in Paris and was exported to New York and elsewhere, its primary locus and inspiration came from London, most prominently, Astley's Amphitheatre, built by former cavalryman Philip Astley (1742–1814) in a working‐class area near Westminster Bridge on the south side of the Thames. By 1811, equestrian entertainments had grown so popular at Astley's and other ‘minor’ theatres that the patent theatres were compelled to hire Astley's performers and horses so that they, too, could offer hippodramas – on the same bills with tragedies featuring Sarah Siddons and J.P. Kemble – to fill depleted coffers. The genre reached its zenith during the years 1824 to 1842, when Astley's most famous actor‐manager, Andrew Ducrow (1793–1842), otherwise known as ‘the Emperor of Horseflesh’, held the reins. Ducrow and his second wife, ballerina equestrienne Louisa Woolford (1814–1900), along with their famous stud, became huge stars at Drury Lane as well as their home theatre and its Parisian satellite. Theirs was the Astley's immortalized by Dickens in
Sketches by Boz
(1836). Critics railed at the ‘pollution’ of literary drama – literally by the sounds and ordure of horses on the stage floor, and figuratively by the mixing of genres – while audiences of all classes flocked by the thousands to cheer their thrilling performances.
Farce
Authors: Nuss Melynda
Published: July 2017

‘A farce‐writer may be a great man,’ writes William Hazlitt, ‘for Molière was but a great farce‐writer’ (Hazlitt 1991: 137). In the age following Molière, as the farce gained its footing on the English stage, its rebellious energies came to represent the upwardly mobile lawlessness of English culture. Its unlikely, extravagant, and improbable situations, its flat and exaggerated characters, fast pacing, word play and physical humour might not have earned it literary respect, but its flagrant flouting of rules and propriety made it an appropriate form for a society beginning to question old norms and establish new ones.
G
alt,
J
ohn
Authors: Hewitt Regina
Published: July 2017

John Galt (1779–1839) stands out as one of the most generically innovative authors of the Romantic period, especially because of the fictionalized ‘theoretical histories’ and ‘fictional autobiographies’ he began publishing during the 1820s. Presenting sociological observations from an imaginative and personal perspective, these works elide divisions between fictional and non‐fictional prose. The complexity of Gait's generic experiments is only beginning to be recognized in studies such as Robert Crawford's
Scotland's Books
(2009) and Ian Duncan's
Scott's Shadow
(2007), which explain them in the context of Scottish literary history.
G
ibbon,
E
dward
Authors: Crosby Mark
Published: July 2017

Edward Gibbon's major work,
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
(1776–88), combines two strands of eighteenth‐century historiography to examine the development of civilization over 13 centuries. Moderating the Enlightenment zeal for critical reason by incorporating the antiquarian's obsession with facts, Gibbon (1737–94) conceived
Decline and Fall
as an instructive attempt to shed light on human nature. Vast in scope and dense in detail, Gibbon's chronicle is a stylistic
tour de force
that is part historical narrative, part ethnographical study, and part philosophical meditation.
Gothic Drama
Authors: Hoeveler Diane Long
Published: July 2017

Gothic drama evolved out of the melding of Shakespeare's dramatic ghosts with the themes and plots of the new Gothic novel as written by Horace Walpole, Clara Reeve, and Ann Radcliffe. These dramas enjoyed a heyday from 1790 to 1810, but were gradually displaced in popularity by the melodrama, a French‐derived dramatic form imported by Thomas Holcroft. Exploring a variety of religious, social, and political ideologies that were current in the 1790s, the major Gothic dramas can be understood as dramatic adaptations of the most popular Gothic novels of the period: Matthew Lewis'sCastle Spectre(Drury Lane, 1797) is arguably the most successful Gothic drama produced during the period; Henry Siddons'sSicilian Romance; or the Apparition of the Cliff(Covent Garden, 1794) is based on Ann Radcliffe's novel (1791); and James Boaden'sFontainville Forest(Covent Garden, 1794) is a Gothic drama based on a vivid vignette drawn from a larger and unwieldy Gothic novel, in this case Ann Radcliffe's popular Gothic novelThe Romance of the Forest(1791).
Hamilton, Elizabeth
Authors: Lewes Darby
Published: July 2017

The novelist, satirist, educationalist, and essayist Elizabeth Hamilton (1758–1816) was born in Belfast. Her father was Charles Hamilton, a Scottish merchant who had tried his luck in Ireland. Unfortunately, Charles Hamilton's business sense was poor, and when he died of typhus in 1759, he left his widow Katherine with three children and a prodigious amount of debt. But this financial embarrassment actually worked to his daughter's advantage. Since Katherine was unable to care for her brood, in 1762 she sent the four‐year‐old Elizabeth to be reared by her prosperous Scottish aunt and uncle. According to Elizabeth's later accounts of her childhood, her years in Scotland bordered on idyllic, at least by eighteenth‐century standards: not only did she enjoy an unusual amount of physical liberty, but she was permitted a good deal of intellectual freedom as well. She was permitted to attend a boarding school from 1766 to 1781, and when she returned at 13 to the home of her uncle and aunt, she began a correspondence with her brother Charles who, although stationed in India, managed to direct her ‘second education’ by suggesting books for her to read and discussing them with her.