bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of inhibition on tyrosinase and melanogenesis of Agastache rugosa Kuntze by lactic acid bacteria fermentation
Authors: Kim Nam Young , Kwon Hee Souk , Lee Hyeon Yong
Published: August 2016

Background

This work presents the first report that A. rugosa could have tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibition and that its activities also be improved by fermentation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus paracasei. It was found that the tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibition was correlated with antioxidant activity of acacetin, the major biologically active substances in A. rugosa.

Aims

we pursued an improvement in tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibition of A. rugosa extract by fermentation process.

Methods

A. rugosa was extracted by lactic acid fermentation process; we measured antioxidant activities and tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibition of A. rugosa extracts.

Result

In particular, reducing power of the extract from fermentation process (FE) was measured as 0.562 (O.D.), whereas reducing power of the extracts from 70% ethanol extraction (EE) was lower than the FE as 0.496 (O.D.). Polyphenols and flavonoids in the FE were higher than the EE: 69.3 mg/g vs. 60.5 mg/g, and 187 mg/g vs. 138 mg/g. The FE was estimated as 51.04% tyrosinase inhibition and 41.88% for the EE. Similarly, melanin inhibition in melanocyte B16F10 was observed as 66.60% vs. 42.23% for the FE and EE. The increase in tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibition activity was confirmed by high elution of acacetin through fermentation process such as 289.97 mg/100 g vs. 198.04 mg/100 g in the FE and EE.

Conclusion

These results indicate that tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibition activities of the extracts should be associated with antioxidant activity because acacetin is known to have strong antioxidant activity, which can also positively affect whitening activities.
Transition from an open‐plan to a two‐cot neonatal intensive care unit: a participatory action research approach
Authors: Broom Margaret , Gardner Anne , Kecskes Zsuzsoka , Kildea Sue
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectives

To facilitate staff transition from an open‐plan to a two‐cot neonatal intensive care unit design.

Background

In 2012, an Australian regional neonatal intensive care unit transitioned from an open‐plan to a two‐cot neonatal intensive care unit design. Research has reported single‐ and small‐room neonatal intensive care unit design may negatively impact on the distances nurses walk, reducing the time they spend providing direct neonatal care. Studies have also reported nurses feel isolated and need additional support and education in such neonatal intensive care units. Staff highlighted their concerns regarding the impact of the new design on workflow and clinical practice.

Design

A participatory action research approach.

Methods

A participatory action group titled the Change and Networking Group collaborated with staff over a four‐year period (2009–2013) to facilitate the transition. The Change and Networking Group used a collaborative, cyclical process of planning, gathering data, taking action and reviewing the results to plan the next action. Data sources included meeting and workshop minutes, newsletters, feedback boards, subgroup reports and a staff satisfaction survey.

Results

The study findings include a description of (1) how the participatory action research cycles were used by the Change and Networking Group: providing examples of projects and strategies undertaken; and (2) evaluations of participatory action research methodology and Group by neonatal intensive care unit staff and Change and Networking members.

Conclusion

This study has described the benefits of using participatory action research to facilitate staff transition from an open‐plan to a two‐cot neonatal intensive care unit design. Participatory action research methodology enabled the inclusion of staff to find solutions to design and clinical practice questions. Future research is required to assess the long‐term effect of neonatal intensive care unit design on staff workload, maintaining and supporting a skilled workforce as well as the impact of a new neonatal intensive care unit design on the neonatal intensive care unit culture.

Relevance to clinical practice

A supportive work environment for staff is critical in providing high‐quality health care.
Evaluation of an inpatient fall risk screening tool to identify the most critical fall risk factors in inpatients
Authors: Hou Wen‐Hsuan , Kang Chun‐Mei , Ho Mu‐Hsing , Kuo Jessie Ming‐Chuan , Chen Hsiao‐Lien , Chang Wen‐Yin
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectives

To evaluate the accuracy of the inpatient fall risk screening tool and to identify the most critical fall risk factors in inpatients.

Background

Variations exist in several screening tools applied in acute care hospitals for examining risk factors for falls and identifying high‐risk inpatients.

Design

Secondary data analysis.

Methods

A subset of inpatient data for the period from June 2011–June 2014 was extracted from the nursing information system and adverse event reporting system of an 818‐bed teaching medical centre in Taipei. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and logistic regression analysis.

Results

During the study period, 205 fallers and 37,232 nonfallers were identified. The results revealed that the inpatient fall risk screening tool (cut‐off point of ≥3) had a low sensitivity level (60%), satisfactory specificity (87%), a positive predictive value of 2·0% and a negative predictive value of 99%. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0·805 (sensitivity, 71·8%; specificity, 78%). To increase the sensitivity values, the Youden index suggests at least 1·5 points to be the most suitable cut‐off point for the inpatient fall risk screening tool. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a considerably increased fall risk in patients with impaired balance and impaired elimination. The fall risk factor was also significantly associated with days of hospital stay and with admission to surgical wards.

Conclusions

The findings can raise awareness about the two most critical risk factors for falls among future clinical nurses and other healthcare professionals and thus facilitate the development of fall prevention interventions.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study highlights the needs for redefining the cut‐off points of the inpatient fall risk screening tool to effectively identify inpatients at a high risk of falls. Furthermore, inpatients with impaired balance and impaired elimination should be closely monitored by nurses to prevent falling during hospitalisations.
A comparison of job descriptions for nurse practitioners working in out‐of‐hours primary care services: implications for workforce planning, patients and nursing
Authors: Teare Jean , Horne Maria , Clements Gill , Mohammed Mohammed A
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectives

To compare and contrast job descriptions for nursing roles in out‐of‐hours services to obtain a general understanding of what is required for a nurse working in this job.

Background

Out‐of‐hours services provide nursing services to patients either through telephone or face‐to‐face contact in care centres. Many of these services are newly created giving job opportunities to nurses working in this area. It is vital that nurses know what their role entails but also that patients and other professionals know how out‐of‐hours nurses function in terms of competence and clinical role.

Design

Content analysis of out‐of‐hours job descriptions.

Method

Content analysis of a convenience sample of 16 job descriptions of out‐of‐hours nurses from five out‐of‐hours care providers across England was undertaken. The findings were narratively synthesised, supported by tabulation.

Results

Key role descriptors were examined in terms of job titles, managerial skills, clinical skills, professional qualifications and previous experience. Content analysis of each out‐of‐hours job description revealed a lack of consensus in clinical competence and skills required related to job title although there were many similarities in skills across all the roles.

Conclusion

This study highlights key differences and some similarities between roles and job titles in out‐of‐hours nursing but requires a larger study to inform workforce planning.

Relevance to clinical practice

Out‐of‐hours nursing is a developing area of practice which requires clarity to ensure patient safety and quality care.
Effects of intradialytic exercise on the physical function, depression and quality of life for haemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Chung Yu‐Chu , Yeh Mei‐Ling , Liu Yueh‐Min
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectives

To determine the efficacy and safety of intradialytic exercises for haemodialysis patients, this study conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Background

Patients receiving haemodialysis have poor physical function, psychological status and quality of life than the general population. Exercise training may improve these parameters for haemodialysis patients.

Design

Systemic review was performed, and a meta‐analysis was conducted.

Methods

Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,SPORTDiscus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Airiti Library were systematically searched for studies up to January 2015. In addition, the reference lists of eligible studies and relevant reviews were assessed.

Results

Seventeen studies with a total of 651 participants were included. Compared with no resistance exercise, nonexercise and walks at home, intradialytic exercises significantly improved the peak oxygen consumption (SMD = 0·50, 95%CI: 0·26–0·74), haemoglobin (SMD = 0·34, 95%CI: 0·13–0·55), depression (SMD = −0·80, 95%CI: −1·10 to −0·50) and physical component of the quality of life (SMD = 0·46, 95%CI: 0·20–0·73). Intradialytic exercises are safe with no adverse events. However, significant improvements were not observed in the albumin level and mental component of the quality of life.

Conclusions

The study results facilitate selecting intradialytic exercise that improves and provides safety with respect to the peak oxygen consumption, haemoglobin, depression and physical component of the quality of life. Furthermore, regular exercise should be considered a crucial therapeutic modality for patients undergoing haemodialysis.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study suggests that performing intradialytic exercises for 30 minutes per session three times a week for at least ≥8 weeks is beneficial. Regular exercise should be considered as a crucial therapeutic modality of managing patients undergoing haemodialysis, thus guiding in clinical practice.
Altruism, Liquidity Constraint, and Investment in Education
Authors: IHORI TOSHIHIRO , KAMADA KIMIYOSHI , SATO TAKASHI
Published: August 2016

In Japan and other East Asian societies, household educational expenditures per child (especially private tutoring expenditures) have increased sharply, perhaps to an excessive degree. This paper suggests a rationale for many families to invest extensively in education, whereas other relevant literature rarely addresses the possibility of excessive educational investment. Introducing altruism and liquidity constraints into a model in which parent and child interact for determining investment in the child's education, we show that educational investment may be excessive unless the family is profoundly liquidity‐constrained. Our result extends previous findings incorporating the Samaritan's Dilemma. We also discuss public policy designed to remedy the inefficiency in educational investment.
The Time‐Consistent Public Goods Provision
Authors: MORITA SHIGEO
Published: August 2016

In this study, we reconsider the optimal nonlinear tax problem with the public good from the perspective of the commitment issue and examine how it affects the condition of the public good provision. We show that the Samuelson rule should be modified when the government cannot commit and the skill types of taxpayers are revealed in the first period. This is true even if the preference of the taxpayers is separable and additive with respect to consumption and leisure. Our analysis also shows how the lack of commitment affects the formula of the marginal cost of public funds and the level of public good provision. Our findings imply that the level of the public good may be excessive in comparison to the case where the government can commit to its tax policy.
Metacognitive perspectives on the development of reading comprehension: a classroom study of literary text‐talks
Authors: Varga Anita
Published: August 2016

The current study is a contribution to reading research dealing with tuition in reading comprehension and specifically with the issue of arranging tuition to support the development of metacognition. The empirical findings referred to in this study are from textual discussions of works of fiction in grades 6 and 7. The specific focus of the study is the correlation between the linguistic strategies used by the teacher and the pupils' opportunities to develop metacognitive perspectives as a consequence of these strategies. The study shows how the teachers, by use of a series of linguistic strategies, can offer pupils support in order to (1) identify and visualise the premises of their personal queries; (2) observe and verbalise their processes of interpretation together with their emotional reactions when reading; (3) survey, adjust and communicate their use of reading comprehension strategies and (4) recognise the text as an aesthetic construction and the interaction/transaction between texts and the reader.
Low serum transferrin correlates with acute‐on‐chronic organ failure and indicates short‐term mortality in decompensated cirrhosis
Authors: Bruns Tony , Nuraldeen Renwar , Mai Martina , Stengel Sven , Zimmermann Henning W. , Yagmur Eray , Trautwein Christian , Stallmach Andreas , Strnad Pavel
Published: August 2016

Background & Aims

Iron represents an essential, but potentially harmful micronutrient, whose regulation has been associated with poor outcome in liver disease. Its homeostasis is tightly linked to oxidative stress, bacterial infections and systemic inflammation. To study the prognostic short‐term significance of iron parameters in a cohort study of patients with decompensation of cirrhosis at risk of acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF).

Methods

Ferritin, transferrin, iron, transferrin saturation (TSAT) and hepcidin were determined in sera from 292 German patients hospitalized for decompensation of cirrhosis with ascites, of which 78 (27%) had ACLF. Short‐term mortality was prospectively assessed 30 and 90 days after inclusion.

Results

Transferrin concentrations were significantly lower, whereas ferritin and TSAT were higher in patients with ACLF compared to patients without ACLF (P≤.006). Transferrin, TSAT and ferritin differentially correlated with the severity of organ failure, active alcoholism and surrogates of systemic inflammation and macrophage activation. As compared with survivors, 30‐day non‐survivors displayed lower serum transferrin (P=.0003) and higher TSAT (P=.003), whereas 90‐day non‐survivors presented with higher ferritin (P=.03) and lower transferrin (P=.02). Lower transferrin (continuous or dichotomized at 87 mg/dL) and consecutively higher TSAT (continuous or dichotomized >41%) indicated increased mortality within 30 days and remained significant after adjustment for organ failure and inflammation in multivariate regression models and across subgroups of patients.

Conclusion

Among the investigated indicators of iron metabolism, serum transferrin concentration was the best indicator of organ failure and an independent predictor of short‐term mortality at 30 days.
Spatial and ecologic distribution of neglected microinvertebrate communities across endangered ecosystems: meiofauna in Bali (Indonesia)
Authors: Leasi Francesca , Gaynus Camille , Mahardini Angka , Moore Tiara N. , Norenburg Jon L. , Barber Paul H.
Published: August 2016

Biodiversity estimations, particularly in vulnerable tropical regions, are essential to understanding ecosystem structure, function and conservation. While threats to marine and terrestrial ecosystems have fueled increased interest in biodiversity research, information on meiofauna, a key trophic and ecologic community of microscopic organisms that lives within sediments, is still lacking. Here we report the results of a faunistic investigation conducted in Bali, Indonesia. The results reveal that the biodiversity of marine meiofauna in Bali is very high. Meiofauna from coral reefs, sand flats and seagrass beds differed significantly in abundance and diversity. Nonetheless, overall community compositions show that meiofauna communities are affected by environmental variables. The high meiofaunal diversity observed in Bali, a low diversity region of the Coral Triangle, indicates the importance of further meiofaunal research across this region and across a broader diversity of habitats. The data presented provide an important baseline for future studies on biodiversity conservation in the face of environmental changes due to anthropogenic impacts and/or natural events.
How do plants read their own shapes?
Authors: Hamant Olivier , Moulia Bruno
Published: August 2016

Although the sensing of shape and deformation was historically involved in the control of animal locomotion, it is now increasingly being incorporated in developmental biology. Proprioception, the perception of the self, is particularly key to the question of the reproducibility of shapes: the many regulators of growth may lead to a large array of geometries, but shape sensing restricts these diverse outputs to a limited number of forms. Mechanistically, and in addition to geometrical feedback onto the diffusion and transport of molecular factors, we highlight the role of shape‐derived mechanical stress and strain in this process. Through examples at the cell, tissue and organism scales, it appears that such mechanical feedback adds robustness to morphogenesis. Interestingly, synergies exist between shape sensing and response to external cues, such as wind and gravity. Understanding the molecular basis of proprioception is now within reach and opens up many avenues for an integrative view of development.

Contents

Summary
333

I.
Introduction: a brief history of proprioception
333

II.
The possible mechanisms behind shape sensing
334

III.
Evidence for a role of mechanical cues in proprioception
334

IV.
Conclusion: proprioception and the control of growth and form
336

Acknowledgements
336

References
337
Does the healing of the esophageal mucosa improve the function of the esophageal submucosal and salivary glands?
Authors: Sarosiek Jerzy
Published: August 2016

The esophageal pre‐epithelial barrier encompasses components of secretions from both the esophageal submucosal and salivary glands. We demonstrated, in patients with reflux esophagitis (RE), significantly diminished luminal release of esophageal epidermal growth factor (EGF). The rate of luminal release of esophageal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was significantly higher compared with controls and significantly declined after healing of RE. Patients with RE also exhibited significant declines in esophageal mucin secretion; however, after healing of RE with rabeprazole, this rate increased significantly. The rate of salivary EGF and bicarbonate secretion in patients with RE was significantly lower than in controls. We have demonstrated that mastication of tasteless parafilm, which could be substituted with sugarless chewing gum in the clinical scenario, resulted in profound and significant increases in the rate of secretion of salivary protective factors, such as bicarbonate, mucin, protein, EGF, and PGE2, in patients with RE. Our data clearly indicate that there is a relationship between the form or the structure of the esophageal mucosa and the secretory function of not only the esophageal submucosal glands but also the salivary glands. Application of masticatory stimulation in a clinical scenario may also have some therapeutic potential.
Distribution and factors associated with salivary secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor concentrations
Authors: Rahman S , Pierce Campbell CM , Torres BN , O'Keefe MT , Ingles DJ , Villa LL , Carvalho da Silva RJ , Cintra RC , Lazcano‐Ponce E , Salmeron J , Quiterio M , Giuliano AR
Published: August 2016

Objectives

This cross‐sectional study examined the distribution and correlates of salivary secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) concentrations within a multinational cohort of men.

Methods

Extracellular SLPI was measured in oral gargle cell supernatants of 378 men from three countries using an ELISA‐based assay. Risk factor data were collected by a questionnaire. Factors associated with SLPI were assessed using linear and logistic regression for continuous and categorical SLPI, respectively.

Results

Among men aged 18–73 years, the median SLPI concentration was 492.0 ng ml−1 (range: 2.3–1919.9). In multivariable modeling, men in Brazil and younger men (18–30 years) were more likely to have higher levels of SLPI [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.84; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.94–7.59, and aOR 3.84; 95% CI: 1.98–7.43, respectively]. Men with a self‐reported sexually transmitted diseases diagnosis in the past 6 months were more likely to have higher SLPI levels (aOR 2.98; 95% CI: 1.1–7.83) and men reporting bleeding/swollen gums were less likely to have higher SLPI (aOR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.15–0.79). Similar results were observed for linear regression models.

Conclusions

Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor concentrations varied significantly by country and decreased with increasing age. The interaction between SLPI, modifiable factors, and oral infections that influence cancer risk warrants further investigation.
A Survey of Ismaili Studies Part 1: Early Ismailism and Fatimid Ismailism
Authors: Andani Khalil
Published: August 2016

This article discusses the major scholarly developments in the study of Ismaili Muslim history and thought. Scholarship on the Ismailis, the second largest branch of Shi‘i Islam, once relied on hostile depictions produced by their adversaries. With the recovery of more primary sources over the last several decades, Ismaili studies is now progressing at a rapid pace. The Ismaili movement originated from a schism in the Imami Shi‘i community over the succession to Ja‘far al‐Sadiq, the fifth Shi‘i Imam. The Ismailis upheld the succession rights of al‐Sadiq's son and designated heir, Isma‘il, and his lineal descendants. The earliest Ismailis directed a revolutionaryda‘wahin the ninth century and established the Fatimid Caliphate (909‐1171). Ismaili doctrine during these periods evolved from a gnostic cosmology into a Neoplatonic metaphysics. It also featured cyclical conceptions of Prophethood and Imamat and stressed the distinction between the exoteric (zahir) and esoteric (batin) dimensions of Islam. Major scholarly debates and thematic areas in the study of the pre‐Fatimid and Fatimid periods of Ismaili history pertain to the doctrinal character of early Imami Shi‘ism,Ismaili historiography, the origins of the earliest Ismailis, the emergence of the Ismailida‘wah, the earliest Ismaili conceptions of Imamat, the different facets of Fatimid rule, the genealogy of the Fatimid Imam‐Caliphs, and the philosophical dimensions of Fatimid Ismaili thought.
Experience of living with nonspecific building‐related symptoms
Authors: Söderholm Anna , Öhman Ann , Stenberg Berndt , Nordin Steven
Published: August 2016

Nonspecific building‐related symptoms (NBRS) is a combination of general, skin and mucosal symptoms related to certain buildings. Despite high prevalence in the general population and severe symptomatology in certain cases there is no scientific documentation of quality of life in NBRS. The purpose of this study was to illuminate how individuals with NBRS experience daily life. Data were collected through descriptive, written texts and through telephone interviews with 11 individuals diagnosed with NBRS, and qualitative content analysis was conducted. Three main content areas were identified: (1) attitudes from the surrounding (categories: being questioned and lack of understanding from others; from zero to full support); (2) consequences (difficulties with daily activities; financial difficulties; affecting family and friends; emotional consequences); and (3) coping (learning to accept and finding solutions; avoiding; struggling; finding the positive; making one's home a sanctuary). As a conclusion, NBRS may affect several aspects of daily life, resulting in considerable alterations, limitations and emotional impact for the afflicted person and his/her family. Both environmental factors and attitudes from the surrounding can contribute to this impact on daily life. Strategies needed to cope with this impact may include both problem‐focused and emotion‐focused strategies, such as struggling, avoiding trigger factors and finding positive aspects.
ERIL1, the plant homologue of ERI‐1, is involved in the processing of chloroplastic rRNAs
Authors: Mermigka Glykeria , Helm Jutta Maria , Vlatakis Ioannis , Schumacher Heiko Tobias , Vamvaka Evgenia , Kalantidis Kriton
Published: August 2016

Proteins belonging to the enhancer of RNA interference‐1 subfamily of 3′–5′ exoribonucleases participate in divergent RNA pathways. They degrade small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), thus suppressing RNA interference, and are involved in the maturation of ribosomal RNAs and the degradation of histone messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Here, we report evidence for the role of the plant homologue of these proteins, which we termed ENHANCED RNA INTERFERENCE‐1‐LIKE‐1 (ERIL1), in chloroplast function. In vitro assays with AtERIL1 proved that the conserved 3′–5′ exonuclease activity is shared among all homologues studied. Confocal microscopy revealed that ERL1, a nucleus‐encoded protein, is targeted to the chloroplast. To gain insight into its role in plants, we used Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana plants that constitutively overexpress or suppress ERIL1. In the mutant lines of both species we observed malfunctions in photosynthetic ability. Molecular analysis showed that ERIL1 participates in the processing of chloroplastic ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). Lastly, our results suggest that the missexpression of ERIL1 may have an indirect effect on the microRNA (miRNA) pathway. Altogether our data point to an additional piece of the puzzle in the complex RNA metabolism of chloroplasts.
Integration of Financial Markets: A Study of Egypt and Palestine Stock Markets
Authors: Hadi Abdul Razak Abdul , Hamad Shadi , Hiung Eddy Yap Tat
Published: August 2016

The objective of this study is to determine the existence of equilibrium and dynamic relations between Egyptian Stock Exchange (EGX) and Palestine Stock Exchange (PEX). Utilising the framework of international trade theories, this paper employs the Engle-Granger Co-integration (1987) procedure as an estimation model on monthly time series data from February 1998 to April 2012. Results indicate that there is a significant equilibrium nexus between EGX and PEX but no empirical evidence was found on the existence of dynamic relations between them via Granger Causality tests. However, analysis of dynamic interactions of the post-sample period by means of Impulse-Response Functions and Variance Decomposition indicate sensitivity in EGX towards changes in PEX.
A simulation study on the constancy of cardiac energy metabolites during workload transition
Authors: Saito Ryuta , Takeuchi Ayako , Himeno Yukiko , Inagaki Nobuya , Matsuoka Satoshi
Published: August 2016

Key points

The cardiac energy metabolites such as ATP, phosphocreatine, ADP and NADH are kept relatively constant during physiological cardiac workload transition.

How this is accomplished is not yet clarified, though Ca2+ has been suggested to be one of the possible mechanisms.

We constructed a detailed mathematical model of cardiac mitochondria based on experimental data and studied whether known Ca2+‐dependent regulation mechanisms play roles in the metabolite constancy.

Model simulations revealed that the Ca2+‐dependent regulation mechanisms have important roles under the in vitro condition of isolated mitochondria where malate and glutamate were mitochondrial substrates, while they have only a minor role and the composition of substrates has marked influence on the metabolite constancy during workload transition under the simulated in vivo condition where many substrates exist.

These results help us understand the regulation mechanisms of cardiac energy metabolism during physiological cardiac workload transition.

The cardiac energy metabolites such as ATP, phosphocreatine, ADP and NADH are kept relatively constant over a wide range of cardiac workload, though the mechanisms are not yet clarified. One possible regulator of mitochondrial metabolism is Ca2+, because it activates several mitochondrial enzymes and transporters. Here we constructed a mathematical model of cardiac mitochondria, including oxidative phosphorylation, substrate metabolism and ion/substrate transporters, based on experimental data, and studied whether the Ca2+‐dependent activation mechanisms play roles in metabolite constancy. Under the in vitro condition of isolated mitochondria, where malate and glutamate were used as mitochondrial substrates, the model well reproduced the Ca2+ and inorganic phosphate (Pi) dependences of oxygen consumption, NADH level and mitochondrial membrane potential. The Ca2+‐dependent activations of the aspartate/glutamate carrier and the F1Fo‐ATPase, and the Pi‐dependent activation of Complex III were key factors in reproducing the experimental data. When the mitochondrial model was implemented in a simple cardiac cell model, simulation of workload transition revealed that cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) within the physiological range markedly increased NADH level. However, the addition of pyruvate or citrate attenuated the Ca2+ dependence of NADH during the workload transition. Under the simulated in vivo condition where malate, glutamate, pyruvate, citrate and 2‐oxoglutarate were used as mitochondrial substrates, the energy metabolites were more stable during the workload transition and NADH level was almost insensitive to [Ca2+]cyt. It was revealed that mitochondrial substrates have a significant influence on metabolite constancy during cardiac workload transition, and Ca2+ has only a minor role under physiological conditions.
Mechanical activation of angiotensin II type 1 receptors causes actin remodelling and myogenic responsiveness in skeletal muscle arterioles
Authors: Hong Kwangseok , Zhao Guiling , Hong Zhongkui , Sun Zhe , Yang Yan , Clifford Philip S. , Davis Michael J. , Meininger Gerald A. , Hill Michael A.
Published: August 2016

Key points

Candesartan, an inverse agonist of the type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1R), causes a concentration‐dependent inhibition of pressure‐dependent myogenic tone consistent with previous reports of mechanosensitivity of this G protein‐coupled receptor.

Mechanoactivation of the AT1R occurs independently of local angiotensin II production and the type 2 angiotensin receptor.

Mechanoactivation of the AT1R stimulates actin polymerization by a protein kinase C‐dependent mechanism, but independently of a change in intracellular Ca2+.

Using atomic force microscopy, changes in single vascular smooth muscle cell cortical actin are observed to remodel following mechanoactivation of the AT1R.

The Gq/11 protein‐coupled angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) has been shown to be activated by mechanical stimuli. In the vascular system, evidence supports the AT1R being a mechanosensor that contributes to arteriolar myogenic constriction. The aim of this study was to determine if AT1R mechanoactivation affects myogenic constriction in skeletal muscle arterioles and to determine underlying cellular mechanisms. Using pressure myography to study rat isolated first‐order cremaster muscle arterioles the AT1R inhibitor candesartan (10−7–10−5 m) showed partial but concentration‐dependent inhibition of myogenic reactivity. Inhibition was demonstrated by a rightward shift in the pressure–diameter relationship over the intraluminal pressure range, 30–110 mmHg. Pressure‐induced changes in global vascular smooth muscle intracellular Ca2+ (using Fura‐2) were similar in the absence or presence of candesartan, indicating that AT1R‐mediated myogenic constriction relies on Ca2+‐independent downstream signalling. The diacylglycerol analogue 1‐oleoyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycerol (OAG) reversed the inhibitory effect of candesartan, while this rescue effect was prevented by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF 109203X. Both candesartan and PKC inhibition caused increased G‐actin levels, as determined by Western blotting of vessel lysates, supporting involvement of cytoskeletal remodelling. At the single vascular smooth muscle cell level, atomic force microscopy showed that cell swelling (stretch) with hypotonic buffer also caused thickening of cortical actin fibres and this was blocked by candesartan. Collectively, the present studies support growing evidence for novel modes of activation of the AT1R in arterioles and suggest that mechanically activated AT1R generates diacylglycerol, which in turn activates PKC which induces the actin cytoskeleton reorganization that is required for pressure‐induced vasoconstriction.
A Documentary Analysis of Abstracts Presented in European Congresses on Adapted Physical Activity
Authors: Sklenarikova Jana , Kudlacek Martin , Baloun Ladislav , Dunn Janice Causgrove
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the study was to identify trends in research abstracts published in the books of abstracts of the European Congress of Adapted Physical Activityfrom 2004 to 2012. A documentary analysis of the contents of 459 abstracts was completed. Data were coded based on subcategories used in a previous study by Zhang, deLisle, and Chen (2006) and by Porretta and Sherrill (2005): number of authors, data source, sample size, type of disability, data analyses, type of study, and focus of study. Descriptive statistics calculated for each subcategory revealed an overall picture of the state and trends of scientific inquiry in adapted physicalactivity research in Europe.
Effects of a Dance Program on Static Balance on a Platform in Young Adults With Down Syndrome
Authors: Gutiérrez-Vilahú Lourdes , Massó-Ortigosa Núria , Costa-Tutusaus Lluís , Guerra-Balic Miriam , Rey-Abella Ferran
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the study was to compare postural control in static standing in young adults with and without Down syndrome (DS), with eyes closed and eyesopen, before and after an 18-wk dance-based training program. The study included 11 young people with DS age 20.5 (1.3) yr and 11 without DS age 20.2 (2.0) yr.All parameters were recorded before and after the training program. Parameters related to center of pressure (COP; closed and open eyes) were recorded from aplatform with the participant in bipedal standing position during 30 s. The results suggest that young people with DS have worse COP control in both visual conditions (closed and open eyes) and are affected by visual information in a different way than their peers without DS. In the group of young adults with DS, thedance-based training program improved some parameters related to the use of visual input in controlling COP.
Concurrent Validity of activPAL and activPAL3 Accelerometers in Older Adults
Authors: Klenk Jochen , Büchele Gisela , Lindemann Ulrich , Kaufmann Sabrina , Peter Raphael , Laszlo Roman , Kobel Susanne , Rothenbacher Dietrich
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to assess concurrent validity between activPAL and activPAL3 accelerometers in a sample of 53 community-dwelling older adults ≥ 65 years. Physical activity (PA) was measured simultaneously with activPAL and activPAL3 while performing scripted activities. The level of agreement between both devices was calculated for sitting/lying, standing, and walking. In addition, PA was measured over one week using activPAL to estimate the expected agreement with activPAL3 in real life. Overall agreement between activPAL and activPAL3 was 97%. Compared with activPAL, the largest disagreement was seen for standing, with 5% categorized as walking by activPAL3. For walking and sitting/lying, the disagreement was 2%, respectively. The expected daily differences between activPAL3 and activPAL were +15.0 min (95% CI: 11.3ߝ18.8) for walking and +29.5 min (95% CI: 6.2–52.7) for standing. ActivPAL and activPAL3 showed good agreement in older adults. However, if using these devices interchangeably, observed differences might still bias results.
Multidrug Intrinsic Resistance Factors in Staphylococcus aureus Identified by Profiling Fitness within High-Diversity Transposon Libraries
Authors: Rajagopal Mithila , Martin Melissa J. , Santiago Marina , Lee Wonsik , Kos Veronica N. , Meredith Tim , Gilmore Michael S. , Walker Suzanne
Published: August 2016

Staphylococcus aureus
is a leading cause of life-threatening infections worldwide. The MIC of an antibiotic against
S. aureus
, as well as other microbes, is determined by the affinity of the antibiotic for its target in addition to a complex interplay of many other cellular factors. Identifying nontarget factors impacting resistance to multiple antibiotics could inform the design of new compounds and lead to more-effective antimicrobial strategies. We examined large collections of transposon insertion mutants in
S. aureus
using
t
ransposo
n seq
uencing (Tn-Seq) to detect transposon mutants with reduced fitness in the presence of six clinically important antibiotics—ciprofloxacin, daptomycin, gentamicin, linezolid, oxacillin, and vancomycin. This approach allowed us to assess the relative fitness of many mutants simultaneously within these libraries. We identified pathways/genes previously known to be involved in resistance to individual antibiotics, including
graRS
and
vraFG
(
graRS/vraFG
),
mprF
, and
fmtA
, validating the approach, and found several to be important across multiple classes of antibiotics. We also identified two new, previously uncharacterized genes,
SAOUHSC_01025
and
SAOUHSC_01050
, encoding polytopic membrane proteins, as important in limiting the effectiveness of multiple antibiotics. Machine learning identified similarities in the fitness profiles of
graXRS/vraFG
,
SAOUHSC_01025
, and
SAOUHSC_01050
mutants upon antibiotic treatment, connecting these genes of unknown function to modulation of crucial cell envelope properties. Therapeutic strategies that combine a known antibiotic with a compound that targets these or other intrinsic resistance factors may be of value for enhancing the activity of existing antibiotics for treating otherwise-resistant
S. aureus
strains
.

IMPORTANCE
Bacterial resistance to every major class of antibiotics has emerged, and we are entering a “post-antibiotic era” where relatively minor infections can lead to serious complications or even death. The utility of an antibiotic for a specific pathogen is limited by both intrinsic and acquired factors. Identifying the repertoire of intrinsic resistance factors of an antibiotic for
Staphylococcus aureus
, a leading cause of community- and hospital-acquired infections, would inform the design of new drugs as well as the identification of compounds that enhance the activity of existing drugs. To identify factors that limit the activity of antibiotics against
S. aureus
, we used Tn-Seq to simultaneously assess fitness of transposon mutants in every nonessential gene in the presence of six clinically important antibiotics. This work provides an efficient approach for identifying promising targets for drugs that can enhance susceptibility or restore sensitivity to existing antibiotics.
Pyrophosphate-Dependent ATP Formation from Acetyl Coenzyme A in Syntrophus aciditrophicus, a New Twist on ATP Formation
Authors: James Kimberly L. , Ríos-Hernández Luis A. , Wofford Neil Q. , Mouttaki Housna , Sieber Jessica R. , Sheik Cody S. , Nguyen Hong H. , Yang Yanan , Xie Yongming , Erde Jonathan , Rohlin Lars , Karr Elizabeth A. , Loo Joseph A. , Ogorzalek Loo Rachel R. , Hurst Gregory B. , Gunsalus Robert P. , Szweda Luke I. , McInerney Michael J.
Published: August 2016

Syntrophus aciditrophicus
is a model syntrophic bacterium that degrades key intermediates in anaerobic decomposition, such as benzoate, cyclohexane-1-carboxylate, and certain fatty acids, to acetate when grown with hydrogen-/formate-consuming microorganisms. ATP formation coupled to acetate production is the main source for energy conservation by
S. aciditrophicus
. However, the absence of homologs for phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase in the genome of
S. aciditrophicus
leaves it unclear as to how ATP is formed, as most fermentative bacteria rely on these two enzymes to synthesize ATP from acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) and phosphate. Here, we combine transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolite, and enzymatic approaches to show that
S. aciditrophicus
uses AMP-forming, acetyl-CoA synthetase (Acs1) for ATP synthesis from acetyl-CoA.
acs1
mRNA and Acs1 were abundant in transcriptomes and proteomes, respectively, of
S. aciditrophicus
grown in pure culture and coculture. Cell extracts of
S. aciditrophicus
had low or undetectable acetate kinase and phosphate acetyltransferase activities but had high acetyl-CoA synthetase activity under all growth conditions tested. Both Acs1 purified from
S. aciditrophicus
and recombinantly produced Acs1 catalyzed ATP and acetate formation from acetyl-CoA, AMP, and pyrophosphate. High pyrophosphate levels and a high AMP-to-ATP ratio (5.9 ± 1.4) in
S. aciditrophicus
cells support the operation of Acs1 in the acetate-forming direction. Thus,
S. aciditrophicus
has a unique approach to conserve energy involving pyrophosphate, AMP, acetyl-CoA, and an AMP-forming, acetyl-CoA synthetase.

IMPORTANCE
Bacteria use two enzymes, phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase, to make ATP from acetyl-CoA, while acetate-forming archaea use a single enzyme, an ADP-forming, acetyl-CoA synthetase, to synthesize ATP and acetate from acetyl-CoA.
Syntrophus aciditrophicus
apparently relies on a different approach to conserve energy during acetyl-CoA metabolism, as its genome does not have homologs to the genes for phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase. Here, we show that
S. aciditrophicus
uses an alternative approach, an AMP-forming, acetyl-CoA synthetase, to make ATP from acetyl-CoA. AMP-forming, acetyl-CoA synthetases were previously thought to function only in the activation of acetate to acetyl-CoA.
Oxygen as a Virulence Determinant in Polymicrobial Infections
Authors: Selleck Elizabeth M. , Gilmore Michael S.
Published: August 2016

Infections caused by multiple organisms, or polymicrobial infections, are likely more common than is broadly appreciated. Interaction among microbial communities (and with their host) can change the infection landscape by subverting immunity, providing nutrients and inhibiting competing microbes. Stacy et al. (A. Stacy, D. Fleming, R. J. Lamont, K. P. Rumbaugh, and M. Whiteley, mBio 7:e00782-16, 2016,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00782-16
) described a novel mechanism that results in synergistic growth of oral microbes
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
and
Streptococcus gordonii
. The authors used whole-genome fitness profiling by transposon sequencing (Tn-seq) to identify genes differentially required for growth
in vitro
versus in a mono- or coinfection in a thigh abscess model. They found that coinfection with
S. gordonii
allowed
A. actinomycetemcomitans
to shift from an anaerobic to an aerobic mode of growth. This shift involved the production of a terminal electron acceptor H
2
O
2
by
S. gordonii
and increased
A. actinomycetemcomitans
persistence—an interaction termed “cross-respiration.”
Neonatal isolated ACTH deficiency (IAD): a potentially life-threatening but treatable cause of neonatal cholestasis
Authors: Alsaleem Mahdi , Saadeh Lina , Misra Amrit , Madani Shailender
Published: August 2016

Isolated ACTH deficiency (IAD) is a rare cause of neonatal cholestasis and hypoglycaemia. This diagnosis has a 20% mortality potential if unrecognised. We describe a case of an infant presenting with cholestatic jaundice and hypoglycaemia. The patient had laboratory findings suggestive of IAD, which was later confirmed with molecular genetic testing. One of the mutations this patient had is a new finding. The patient was started on glucocorticoid replacement therapy after which his bilirubin and glucose levels normalised.
Non-compaction cardiomyopathy in an asymptomatic athlete
Authors: Manus Margaret Kapor , Roy Satyajeet , Stag Rosemarie , Hyman Daniel
Published: August 2016

Prevention of sudden cardiac death in athletes requires the screening and recognition of pathologies that often remain clinically silent for years until provoked by a physiologic stressor. This can result in the manifestation of disease and even death. Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC), newly classified as a distinct entity arising in the adult population, is a cardiomyopathy that at initial presentation can manifest as a wide spectrum of symptoms from asymptomatic to ventricular arrhythmias, systemic embolism and even sudden cardiac death. We present the case of an asymptomatic athlete found to have LVNC and discuss the implications this finding may have on sports participation.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in malignant hypertension secondary to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Abdullah Hafez Mohammad Ammar , Ullah Waqas , Ahmad Ejaz , Anwer Faiz
Published: August 2016

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a neurological condition that occurs secondary to a variety of causes like autoimmune diseases, uncontrolled hypertension and immunosuppressive agents. We report an unusual association of PRES and malignant hypertension secondary to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in a young woman, presenting with sudden loss of vision and seizures. She had uncontrolled hypertension and a Glasgow Coma Scale of 6/15. Brain MRI revealed high signals in cortical and subcortical white matter and some involvement of the periventricular areas. She improved dramatically with antihypertensive and antiepileptic medications and was discharged home in a stable condition. It is important to have a high clinical suspicion for this uncommon condition in an appropriate clinical setting, because a timely intervention can prevent long-term complications.
Helmet use and risk of head injuries in alpine skiers and snowboarders: changes after an interval of one decade
Authors: Sulheim Steinar , Ekeland Arne , Holme Ingar , Bahr Roald
Published: August 2016

Background

In a previous study, we concluded that a safety helmet can reduce the risk for head injury by 60%. Other studies reported similar effects, resulting in a general recommendation to wear a helmet while skiing or snowboarding.

Aim

To determine the effect of the expected increased helmet wear on the risk of head injury one decade after the recommendation.

Methods

Ski patrols reported injury cases in major Norwegian alpine ski resorts. Injury type, helmet use and other risk factors were recorded. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relation between individual risk factors and the risk of head injuries by comparing head injured skiers (cases) with skiers and snowboarders who reported other injuries (controls).

Results

Helmet use was associated with improved odds for head injuries (OR: 0.45, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.60; p<0.001) in 2002; this effect was attenuated in 2010 (OR: 0.79, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.98; p=0.02), and not significant in 2011 (OR: 0.80, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.06; p=0.12). For potentially severe head injuries, the protective effect of using a helmet was better sustained over the observation period, from an OR of 0.44 (95% CI 0.28 to 0.68, p<0.001) in 2002 to an OR of 0.74 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.97, p=0.02) in 2010 and 0.67 (95% CI 0.47 to 0.96; p=0.03) in 2011.

Conclusions

We observed an unexpected reduction in the protective effect of a skiing helmet. This may be due to new skiing trends in the alpine resorts.