bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paléogéographie de l’Europe dans la première partie du Paléolithique supérieur – Premiers travaux
Authors: Demars Pierre-Yves
Published: March 2022

Entre 40000 et 10000 ans BP environ, au Paléolithique supérieur, à la fin de la glaciation du Würm, l’Europe a été occupée par des sociétés de chasseurs de grands mammifères terrestres. Il s’agissait d’Hommes anatomiquement modernes comme les “ hommes de Cro-Magnon”, qui avaient remplacé les Néandertaliens au début de cette époque. Ce travail est limité à deux “ cultures” du Paléolithique supérieur, l’Aurignacien et le Gravettien entre 35000 et 21000 ans BP environ. La répartition des faunes montre une structuration de l’Europe entre deux gradients, Nord -Sud (plus froid -plus tempéré) et Est -Ouest (plus sec -plus humide). La répartition des occupations humaines est très inégale dans l’espace. Certaines zones sont vides ou quasiment vides (Alpes, Europe du Nord, Plateau ibérique…). Les sites se concentrent surtout dans deux régions : la “ Corne-Aquitano-Cantabrique” autour du Golfe de Gascogne et le Nord du Bassin Pannonien. Il existe des pôles moyennement peuplés comme la Wallonie, le Haut-Danube pendant l’Aurignacien, le Plateau de Moldavie pendant le Gravettien. Des recherches de paléogéographie régionale permettent de commencer à comprendre les raisons de des concentrations humaines.
Les perles en valves de Unio dans l’habitat énéolithique de Hârşova-tell (département de Constanţa)
Authors: Mărgărit Monica
Published: March 2022

Abstract : In the settlement from Hârșova-tell has been identified a series of valve-shells of the species Unio, in different processing stages, from entire valve-shells, simply perforated, and irregular chips, to finished pearls, used as decorative objects. The material we studied has been attributed to Gumelnița culture. The goal of such an approach is to recover the processes of raw matter acquisition, production, use and abandon, and sometimes reuse, with a view to understanding the way how the pearls were made and their possible social or symbolical implications.
Un vase énéolithique zoomorphe inédit de la collection du Complex Naţional Muzeal Curtea Domneasca Târgovişte
Authors: Ana Ilie , Dumitru Florin
Published: March 2022

Résumé : Nous présentons une pièce exceptionnelle provenant d''une site de la culture Gumelnița -un vase zoomorphe qui montre la capacité d'innovation artistique de ces communautés, mais aussi l'existence de thèmes spirituels qui dépassent les limites d''une culture ou d''une autre.
Trade and handicrafts in the urban areas in the political circumstances of the 17th and 18th centuries
Authors: Şchiopu Ştefan
Published: March 2022

Abstract : Moldavia’s economy during the 17th and the 18th centuries it’s more and more affected by the needs of the suzerain power which consolidates its position as a primordial pole in the orientation of the productive activities. The requests of The Ottoman Porte (concerning grain, cattle and other animal products) which are growing as they try to keep the integrity of the empire, impose a more important role for the grain and cattle forming economy in the area between the Carpathians and the Danube. A consequence of this reality is the birth of the great boyard’s and monastic estates, a process which began a century before, having many consequences on the economy in general and especially on the limitation of the processing degree of some raw materials. The importance of the Romanian Countries for the Ottoman Empire in this context, the underestimation of the Romanian products sold on the Ottoman market, paying in nature (grain and cattle) some debts of some voivodes, or for the annual tribute paid to the Porte, plus the needs of the Ottoman army hired in different military missions, all these made the court and the suzerain power to be both interested in expanding the feudal estates that will produce for satisfying the Empire. This situation will become permanent during the 17th century, manifesting itself more significantly during the following century.
Les relations roumano-françaises pendant le règne de Al.I. Cuza (1859-1866)
Authors: Oncescu Iulian
Published: March 2022

Abstract : represented an extremely important stage in point of the Romanian-French relations. France had been, as we have shown, the European power who looked upon the Romanian aspirations with sympathy and constantly supported the Union and the ruler whom the Romanian nation had chosen. However, it supported the Romanians starting from its more comprehensive interests towards Oriental Europe, namely economic, political and strategic interests. The double election of Al. I. Cuza caused, from the very beginning, a strong reaction abroad and a vivid agitation in the European capitals of the guaranteeing powers. Consequently, the French government showed itself positive from the very beginning concerning the acknowledgement of Al. I. Cuza’s double election, trying at the same time to win Russia and Great Britain on its side. After the acknowledgement of Al. I. Cuza’s double election, the perfection of the Union was the problem that dominated the general politics of the new state both domestically and abroad. The institutionalization of the Diplomatic Agency of the United Principalities was possible after the return of Ed. Thouvenel to Paris and after the dialogue carried out tactfully and with professionalism by Ioan Alecsandri in the company of the French foreign minister, in the afternoon of the day of 14/ 26 August 1860. In this context, the authorities acknowledged the Agency of the Romanian Principalities, though not officially recognizing it. During Al. I. Cuza’s reign, another extremely significant and interesting chapter of the Franco-Romanian relations is the one referring to the military collaboration. Drawing on the organizational model of the French system, which he had known personally, Al. I. Cuza and his main collaborators wanted to turn the Principalities into a modern European state. Napoleon III’s France represented a moral and material support for the creation of modern state institutions within the comprehensive program initiated by the Romanian ruler. Al. I. Cuza benefited most of the time of the emperor’s support, through the French diplomats. The perfection of the Union in 1861, the secularization of the monasteries’ fortune, the overthrow, the agrarian reform, the Developing Statute are just a few of Al. I. Cuza’s acts that, on the whole, had France’s agreement and support. France’s protective help, the diplomatic assistance, the political support, the inspiration from the French model were all possible after 1859 thanks to Napoleon III’s politics, which included a supportive component for the national movements, interweaved with a personal strategy in the Orient of Europe.
The archaeological sites Trinca - La Șanț, Cucuteni B2, Edineț District, Republic of Moldova
Authors: Leiţki Oleg , Alaiba Ruxandra
Published: March 2022

Abstract : The archaeological sites Trinca -La Şanţ, Cucuteni B2, Edineţ District, Republic of Moldova. The exploratory excavation carried out in 1999, on the hill situated at the southwest extremity of Trinca village, in the point known as La Şanţ, Edineţ District, Republic of Moldova, was carried to establish the period of construction the defensive system still visible (Fig. 10/ 1-5 ; 11/ 1). During the excavation there were identified a considerable quantity of fine ceramic ware of Cucuteni, ordered it in three categories : ceramic ware without painting (Fig. 2 ; 3/ 4-6), ware with painted ornamentation, specific to styles Cucuteni B2, groups M and ☒(Fig. 3/ 1-3 ; 4-7), ceramic ware of type Cucuteni C (Fig. 8). Morphologically, however fragmented the material may be, there can be identified all basis categories of recipients characteristic for the Cucuteni culture, subphase B2. Three anthropomorphic statuettes, one of which was represents a masculine personage, were kept in different conservation conditions (Fig. 9).
Formations in Maramureş during the First Half of the 14th Century (A Few Considerations concerning the Status of the Romanian Nobility)
Authors: Cârciumaru Radu
Published: March 2022

Abstract : Formations in Maramureș during the First Half of the 14th Century (A Few Considerations concerning the Status of the Romanian Nobility). During the first half of the 14th century, Maramureș will go through the last stage of its organization under the form of a Romanian principality. The Hungarian royalty tried to bring in the territory its so-called royal hosts (noblemen of Hungarian origin) who received numerous liberties economically. Gradually, their possessions will cross over the old Romanian princely ownership, determining numerous conflicts. Even though the first measures meant to limit the Romanian freedoms in Maramures date back since the time of King Carol-Robert de Anjou, the transformation of the principality of Maramures into royal comitat is completed only during the reign of his son, Lewis I.
Rumänien und das europäische Modell der Organisierung in der Zeit des Fürsten Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859-1866)
Authors: Ivănescu Dumitru
Published: March 2022

Abstract : Romania and the European Political Model during the Prince Al. Ioan Cuza’s Reign (1859-1866).

The organization of the United Principalities according to the Convention of Paris (August 7-19, 1859) imposed a difficult administrative system and gave electoral rights to a small part of the country’s population, especially to those who were not interested in introducing reformative measures. With the help of the French consul in Iasi, Victor Place, Al. I. Cuza elaborates, in November 1859, a program, influenced by the 1852 French Constitution, concerning the judicial, financial, industrial, commercial, administrative, military, public works and educational organization in the recently constituted state. The respective program is amplified in a new document presented before the Parliament by the prince on December 6/ 18, 1859. Using the organizational model provided by the French system, Al. I. Cuza and his main collaborators managed to turn the United Principalities into a modern and European state, because during the seven years of his reign absolutely all the human activity domains were reformed.
Mindsets and perceptions across Europe: Karl Gustaf Idman’s portray of Romanian corruption in the 1930s
Authors: Miloiu Silviu
Published: March 2022

Abstract : Mindsets and perceptions across Europe : Karl Gustaf Idman’s portray of Romanian corruption in the 1930s. This article deals with the mindsets and perceptions of a Finnish envoy concerning the malpractices, misconducts and corruption of the Romanian society. It starts from the premise that mindsets, perceptions and stereotypes can play an important role not only in the everyday or casual encounters between nationals of different ethnic background, but can also influence to some extent the forging of the relations between nations and countries. The article is based on the careful analyse of Karl Gustaf Idman’s diplomatic reports to Hesinki found in the Finnish archives. The findings are referred to Rasma Karklins’s typology of the acts of corruption.
Political Decay and Cultural Achievements: The Politics of Cultural Patronage During the Phanariot Administration of the Romanian Principalities
Authors: Negrău Elisabeta
Published: March 2022

Abstract : Political Decay and Cultural Achievements : The Politics of Cultural Patronage During the Phanariot Administration of the Romanian Principalities. The study presents some observations regarding the diligent cultural activity of the Phanariot governors in the Romanian Principalities (1711/ 1716-1821), in response to the necessity to gradate with notes and details the general negative overview of the scholars regarding the cultural achievements of the Southeastern Europe and particularly of the Romanian Principalities in this late period of political decay, i. e. of accentuation of the Greek political dominance against the Romanian people in the times of Ottoman economics’ and ideas’ decadence.
The military potential of small countries: Austria before World War II
Authors: Ştefănescu Alexandru V.
Published: March 2022

Abstract : The military potential of small countries : Austria before World War II. Restricted by the peace treaty, the Austrian army would practically become a police force, the part of which, in the troubled inter-bellum history of the new state would increase as the danger of losing independence was growing. Under these circumstances, the Republic of Austria, missing a border with a great democracy and having only the platonic sympathy of the West and small border fortifications, and defended by a thinned army, could not face the Reich. Despite these factors, the Austrian military thinking was defensive, lucid and pragmatic especially thanks to the acknowledgement of country’s limits, without useless heroism, un excellent exemple for other small powers like Roumania.
The collaborators of Charles de Gaulle at the Matignon and Elysee
Authors: Panagoreţ Ioana
Published: March 2022

Abstract : The collaborators of Charles de Gaulle at the Matignon and Elysee. Leading figure of French and European policy, especially during the period he was as president of France, Charles de Gaulle created the Gaullist current liability which has given its name, and addressed the social, economic and political problems taking attitude in their evolution them. Founder of the V Republic, the general was able to choose employees that were part of his entourage, an entourage of otherwise quite limited in choosing the collaborators, both at the Elysée and Matignon, de Gaulle returned to the first people who knew him, he worked with and which they felt devotion and discretion, qualities that he appreciated first.
L’exploitation du bois dans l’habitat énéolithique de Bordușani-Popină (dép. de Ialomiţa)
Authors: Mărgărit Monica , Popovici Dragomir , Vlad Florin
Published: March 2022

Abstract : Antler exploitation in the eneolithic site of Bordu ani-Popin (Ialomi a County). The significant quantity of antlers, in different processing stages, from finite pieces to useless chopping remains helps us reconstruct the ways this matter was used, the processing techniques, and the activities carried out using antler tools. The series of horn-made tools is a privileged testimony concerning the activity of the prehistoric men. It is made up of a large variety of objects of domestic use, involved in most of the daily activities : for providing food (hunting and fishing) or in skin, vegetal material, stone or bone processing.
Le privilège commercial accordé aux marchands de Lvov par Alexandre le Bon (Octobre, 1408) peut-il être un repère pour les villes de la Moldavie ?
Authors: Matei Mircea D.
Published: March 2022

Abstract : Can the commercial privilege granted by Alexander the Good to the Lvov merchants (october 1408) help mapping the Moldavian towns ? The commercial privilege awarded to the merchants from the Polish town of Lwow, on October 8, 1408, by Alexandru cel Bun, the voivode of Moldova, is considered an essential written document, both illustrating the voivode’s politics for introducing Moldova into a large international economic circuit, and highlighting the voivode’s efforts to improve the relations with the Polish kingdom. Yet, this written document has never been considered as a faithful reflection of the economic realities of the Moldova of the beginning of the 15th century, one of the things missed about it being its importance concerning the knowledge on the main urban network of the Romanian villages east of the Carpathians. Especially this second observation represents the starting point for the observations made in the present study, the comparison with the content of the following confirmations of the same privilege allowing us to note the entrance of new towns (not mentioned in the 1408 document) in the economic circuit of Moldova, towards the middle and the second half of the 15th century. At the same time, however, the comparison between the initial privilege and the successive confirmations awarded by the successors of Alexandru cel Bun up to tefan cel Mare, including the latter, illustrates, from the economic viewpoint, a significant process of increase and diversification of the list of merchandises sold by the merchants of Lwow in Moldova. And, as anyone can see, especially the diversification of the products brought by the merchants of Lwow in Moldova (the observation being valid concerning the activity of other foreign merchants in Moldova as well, who were as well beneficiaries of other commercial privileges), expresses the capacity of the local market to “ absorb” the respective goods and, implicitly, the improvement of the civilizational level of the Moldavian society, a reality illustrated, as well, by the results of the archaeological research carried out in urban and rural settlements of those times. Among the conclusions drawn by the present study, we will highlight especially one : the 1408 commercial privilege is the first known document to legislate a customs regime established by the voivodes of Moldova, concerning exclusively the international commerce.
Interpretation of lithic remains in fluvial terrace contexts: an example from Central Portugal
Authors: Rosina Perluigi , Cura Sara
Published: March 2022

Interpretation of lithic remains in fluvial terrace contexts : an example from Central Portugal.

Archaeological remains, mainly lithic artefacts, are recovered in quaternary fluvial deposits all around the world. Fluvial systems are dynamic and diversified ; the same goes for their deposits, thus differentially affecting the implements found. The deposits, coexisting at the same time, are correlated to different lithologies, from the coarsest of the channel fillings (pebbles, gravels and sands) to the finest of the floodplain sediments (silts). During a fluvial sedimentary cycle, water energy can change, with repercussion on deposit formation, position of lithic remains and their physical alteration. In order to define a taphonomy of archaeological remains, the geoarchaeological understanding of these implements has to be based on an accurate characterization of the deposits along with a detailed record of artefact orientation and observation of physical alteration. We aim to discuss these issues by referring to the Middle and Late Pleistocene archaeological site of Ribeira da Ponte da Pedra, where we identified lithic implements in several different fluvial depositional morphologies. Preliminary geoarchaeological interpretation allows us to define five archaeological contexts formed by different alluvial processes.
„Măgura” Uroiului (Hunedoara County, Romania). An Archaeological Site from the perspective of Landscape Archaeology
Authors: Măruia Liviu , Micle Dorel , Cîntar Adrian , Balos Angelica , Pescaru Adriana , Stavilă Andrei , Bolcu Lavinia
Published: March 2022

The archaeological site of “Măgura Uroiului” (Hunedoara County) is one of the most complex sites in Romania due to its geomorphologic qualities and continuously habitation from prehistory through the Middle Ages. It is a hill with volcanic origin and a series of natural platforms. It was a favorable place both for military fortifications, for civil settlements, and also for quarrying stone. In 2008 a wide-landscape archaeology study was started that includes a detailed digital cartography of the terrain and a 3D reconstruction of the whole archaeological complex and a paleomorphology study. Integrated remote sensing methods (satellite images analysis and geophysical prospects) were used. The first step was a detailed topographical measurement of the site’s surface with the help of a total station (over 100 hectares) in order to reveal all micro-relief details, both natural and manmade. The second step was the editing of GIS spatial data, 2D and 3D graphic reconstructions. The third step was the analysis of the geomorphologic evolution of the terrain, the identification and interpretation of man-made features, the recognition of the ways of human intervention in the environment and of the causes and effects generated in the local ecosystem. The fourth step was a interdisciplinary analysis combining remote sensing and geophysical prospects in order to establish the exact inhabited areas, fortification system, road network, etc. Our study is meant to be a multidisciplinary analysis and aims to establish the relationship between man and environment, the difficult part being the extraordinary complexity of this site and its dimensions.
Negru Vodă reflected in several less known historiographic sources from the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century
Authors: Cârciumaru Radu
Published: March 2022

Negru Vodă reflected in several less known historiographic sources from the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century According to the chronicles, Negru Vodă (Black Voivode) represents a character who supposedly ruled over two small Transylvanian territories. Around 1290, he crossed over the Carpathian Mountains and moved into the extra-Carpathian area, contributing to the appearance of the first Romanian medieval state. The scarcity of the information transmitted to us prevented the Romanian historians from formulating a firm viewpoint demonstrating the solidity or the irrelevance of the evidence concerning thee existence of this character. The first historiographic approaches from the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, though containing some historical and chronological inadvertences, managed to bring forth a series of hypotheses on which many of the important theories emitted during the last decennia have relied afterwards.
La cour princière et la ville dans la Moldavie médiévale. La recherche de l’espace social
Authors: Petrică Florin Gabriel
Published: March 2022

La recherche de l’espace social. Un des grands chapitres de l’histoire roumaine est celui de la ville médiévale. Quoiqu’on ait publié de nombreux articles et travaux sur les structures urbaines, les détails sur la relation fonctionnelle entre la cour princière et l’aire de sa proximité ont été apparemment moins exploités du point de vue historique. La relation entre la résidence princière et la ville, reflétée dans l’évolution et la transformation de l’aire centrale de la ville, appartenant, selon nous, à l’espace social, pourrait représenter une des principales possibilités de connaître le habitat urbain dans toutes ses formes.
About the organic material industry from the Gumelniţa settlement Seciu - Prahova District
Authors: Frînculeasa Alin , Mărgărit Monica , Popa Ioan Elek
Published: March 2022

The studied material was recovered during the prevention archaeological researches, in Seciu quarter, Boldești-Scăeni city (Prahova district). Based on the discovered archaeological material, the settlement can be framed in the Eneolithic Period, Gumelnița culture, stage A2, without excluding the possibility that the settlement may be founded somewhere at the end of stage A1. The organic material industry is represented by an ensemble formed by 25 pieces, 14 made of bone and 11 of antler. From the typological perspective, the chisels prevail, followed by points, not to mention the knapping rests or the pieces under fabrication, a fact that demonstrates a processing in situ.
Recherches sur le terrain et sondages archéologiques dans la Vallée du Sighiştel,commune de Câmpani, département de Bihor
Authors: Cârciumaru Marin , Dobrescu Roxana
Published: March 2022

Archeological fieldwork and surveys in the Valley of Sighiștel, Câmpani Commune, Bihor County.

Because the observations made during the fieldwork a few years ago (1988) have remained unpublished, we have considered it necessary to publish them in order to evaluate certain Romanian regions’ potential for human inhabitance during the Paleolithic.
Three medieval stove tiles from the Princiary Court of Târgoviste
Authors: Petrică Florin Gabriel
Published: March 2022

The town of Târgovişte, once the capital of Walachian rulers, has recently undergone a new stage of the restoration process meant to reintegrate it into the national touristic circuit. The process concerned also digging cables, water and sanitary sewer ditches, so the medieval archeological site was involved in massive excavation work, resulting in 1.70-2 m deep ditches, which were submitted to archeological surveillance. As much of the numerous items in the archeological inventory are yet to be analyzed, this article presents three fragmentary stove tiles.
Prehistoric art: meta-language and landscape
Authors: Seglie Dario
Published: March 2022

In a particular moment of Man’s history on our planet, the phenomenon of Prehistoric Art appeared, more or less 40,000 years ago. This huge coacervation of signs that men have impressed on the surrounding world is not the result of an immediate transformation of Homo Sapiens’s intellectual activity, but is the effect of the maturation of a long cognitive process based on the psychic dimension and comporting stages leading to a more enlarged Self knowledge. To undertake the study of Prehistoric Art, some basic concepts from the science of signs are useful to navigate on the ocean of information that is presently disposable. Concerning Prehistoric Art, since we are confronted with situations that derive their peculiar characters in connection with space, with time and with different individuals that interact within a complex of signs, it is possible to utilize theoretic patterns deriving from the semiologic and meta-linguistic fields. In consideration of the territory and its ancient or actual anthropization, Prehistoric Art sites could be classified in three categories : “fossil” sites ; “historic” sites ; “living” sites. All these sites forming, today, the “residue” of prehistoric landscapes, theatre of the human adventures that have produced Prehistoric Art as one of the signs of communication and social externalization. “Powerful places” instanced by the presence of Prehistoric Art, considered as “genius loci” present us with data relating to a fundamental phenomenon of the human culture : landscaping. In the light of these considerations, landscape is not simply a portion of territory or a geographical notion, but assumes the valence of the highly spiritual building up of Humanity.
Digital terrain analysis as a tool for the identification of possible areas with rural post – Roman archaeological sites in the S-W Dacia
Authors: Török-Oance Marcel , Micle Dorel
Published: March 2022

The study areas are located in the western part of Romania, in the historic region Banat, with a relatively varied relief formed of low fields, high fields, piedmonts and hills. The identification of areas with a high probability of new archaeological sites was done through the GIS modeling using complex data sources. The first step was to establish the essential factors in the location and the spatial distribution of known sites. The factors considered are : altitude, slope, aspect and distance from water courses ; the values of these parameters are slightly different from one type of relief to the other. Based on statistic analysis of the values of considered factors for each archeological site, values intervals with the greatest favorability were identified. The second step had to standardize these factors. Because all analyzed factors vary in space, the most appropriate method to standardize is by using Fuzzy membership functions, different for each factor. With their help, these factors were standardized on a scale from 0 (least favorable) to 255 (extremely favorable). Finally, the combination of all these factors allows the identification of high probability areas for archaeological sites. Because the factors considered don’t have the same importance for the favorability of finding a possible site, before the combination of the previous standard factors, each factor was assigned a relative weight to use in the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) implemented by the IDRISI Andes software. The combination of factors considering each weight resulted in the creation of the final model, which presents the probability of identifying new archaeological sites. The probability degree varies continuously in space, from a very high probability (255) to a very low probability (0) depending on the combination mode in a certain area of the considered factors and their weight. Thus generated models, for each relief type, were applied to the archaeological sites from the third and fourth century C. E. and were verified in the field, noting its utility in the identification of new archeological sites.
Molecular data: clues to trace the origin of archaeological organic materials
Authors: Charrie-Duhaut Armelle , Connan Jacques , Bastien Claire
Published: March 2022

Molecular studies of archaeological remains using a fractionation scheme of organic extracts and mass spectrometric techniques (GC-MS) allow identification of specific biomarkers. Such components are likely to provide information about the type of organic substances present and, more extensively on their history. In this paper, special emphasis has been put on the necessity for precise structural identification to distinguish beeswax and cuticular waxes. The results of the analysis of two unknown residues are also reported : the content of a pilgrim flask (Egypt, XXVI th dynasty, 664-525 BC) and the wall coating of Middle Age undergrounds (Corrèze, France).
Nouvelles considérations concernant l’industrie lithique taillée du Néolithique ancien (culture Starčevo-Criş) de l’établissement de Copăcelu-Valea Răii (département de Vâlcea, Roumanie)
Authors: Niţu Elena-Cristina , Tulugea Claudiu Aurel
Published: March 2022

New considerations on knapped lithic industry belongind to Early Neolithic (Starcevo-Cris culture) from Copacelu-Valea Raii setting (Vâlcea County, Romania).

In this paper, we will present a technological and techno-functional analysis of some knapped lithic industry of the settlement from Copăcelu-Valea Răii (Vâlcea County, Romania), attributed to the Starcevo-Cris (Körös) culture. The goal of our study is to determine the specific features of the lithic set, but also to try to impose a modern approach in the study of the lithic industries in Romania. In order to determine the traces of use, we have carried out a series of microscopic analyses. We hope that the results obtained will allow us to enrich the knowledge on the technical behaviors of the communities belonging to the Early Neolithic.
Paleolithic chert mines on the Avas Hill in Bükk Mountains, Nord-East Hungary
Authors: Ringer Árpád
Published: March 2022

The first chert mine excavation on the Avas Hill of Miskolc, in the Bükk Mts NE Hungary, was conducted by Jenő Hillebrand, between 1928 and 1935. Hillebrand, originally, classified the phenomena to the Hungarian Solutrean. Later the dating became totally uncertain. The first real Paleolithic chert mine were unearthed since 1988 at the part of the Avas called “Tűzköves”. These belong to both two transitional industries, Middle to Upper Paleolithic. The first is a Bohunician-like industry with Levallois technique and the second is similar to the Denticulate Mousterian. The letter occurs also in Szeleta Cave at several levels. In 2004-2005 at the western part of “Tűzköves” any others chert mine and workshops have been explored. The interpretation of this chert mine objects exploited by fire-aided stopping and heat treatment, as well as that of the attached processing and camp sites are in progress. The heat-treated chert was used by some kind of prehistoric trade. The typical brown-grey striped, translucent, heat-treated chalcedony of Tűzköves was found in many sites of Bükk Mountain.
Historiographic Views on the so-called Battle of “Rovine” and its Consequences of Mircea the Elder’s Rule
Authors: Cârciumaru Radu
Published: March 2022

Mircea the Elder remains one of the outstanding figures of the Romanian Middle Ages in a stage in which southeastern Europe was deeply marked by the Ottomans’ ascension in Asia Minor. The policy of territorial reunification pursued in the prejudice of the Kingdom of Hungary, which was undergoing the change of the powerful Angevine dynasty, and of the Ottoman Empire, which had reached as far as the mouths of the Danube, prefigured an important reign. In terms of an ample historical analysis, the evolution of Wallachia, in late 14th century, still clusters several conflicting aspects. The battle called by the Serbian chronicles that of “Rovine” marks such a moment. Whether we talk about the chronology of the event or the place where this formidable confrontation occurred, historiography was unable to reach common ground. It is thus necessary to once again lay stress on the important historiographic contributions and establish the consequences of the Romanian victory.
Hypostases et gestes religieux de la Grande Déesse identifiés dans l’art anthropomorphe néo-énéolithique du nord du Danube
Authors: Rădoescu Livian
Published: March 2022

Religious aspects and gestures of the Great Godess identified in neo-eneolithical plastic art to the north of the Danube.

The particularity of ancestral religious gestures can be pointed out not only by analysing the behavioural sequences identified on the occasion of certain individual/ collective rituals but also by examining the archaeological context within which the traces of the cults are well defined. Ritual manipulation of symbols (signs-symbols) in the context of some key moments during the religious processions take into account the communication with the divinity, carried out by means of gestures, words and attitudes, suggesting permanent search for divine energy. The manifestation of the sacred through hierophanies lead to a diversification of behavioural religious gestures, words and movements expressing various forms of communication and communion with the Deity sometimes identified at archaeological level through artistic depictions. The spirituality of Neo-Eneolithic communities was based on "religion of the mother", where the male element, subservient to the great Goddess played a secondary role, which is why it is utilised in the specialised literature by the Goddess mother and her male acolyte syntagm.
Some consideration regarding the “package” burials in the necropolises belonging to the Monteoru Culture
Authors: Comşa Alexandra
Published: March 2022

The present paper refers to the so-called “package” burials of the Monteoru Culture, but this kind of interments are known since Neolithic times. We have attempted to make a comparison between such individuals discovered in three necropolises : Sǎrata Monteoru III, IV and Pietroasa Micǎ.
An iron belt-buckle from the Late Iron Age discovered in Arad – Aurel Vlaicu Boulevard
Authors: Pădureanu Eugen D.
Published: March 2022

The accidental discovery in the year 2001 of an iron bracelet, with snake head ornaments in Arad (Aurel Vlaicu Boulevard, near Betel Pentecostal Church) has signalled the existence of an archaeological site in the area. In the year 2011, from this very site, we have saved a piece used in clothing, a belt buckle with iron plates, covered with bronze sheeting (partially conserved). It belongs to the Babes II type (Rustoiu 6b). Similar pieces can be found in the “ Geto-Dacian” group, having been made in 1 century BC. Across the territory of the modern city Arad, traces of numerous archaeological sites have been found dating from the 2nd century BC to 1st century AD some of the more important being Arad – Gai I, Arad -Sala Polivalentă, Arad – Strada Caisului, Micălaca – Deluţ and Micălaca – Old Cemetery.
The Genesis of Outer Carpathian Romanian Medieval Towns according to Nicolae Iorga
Authors: Căprăroiu Denis
Published: March 2022

The paper analyses the effect of Henri Pirenne’s economist theory in the crystallization of Nicolae Iorga’s conception about the decisive features involved in the urban genesis in outer Carpathian area. The core of the great Romanian historian’s view stands in the importance of commercial routes and foreign merchants in both state formation and Romanian medieval towns’ genesis.
The Dacian red deer antler sleeve discovered at Unip, Timiș County
Authors: Beldiman Corneliu
Published: March 2022

Complex no. 7 was discovered during the 2011 archaeological campaign in the multi-layered fortified settlement from Unip – „Dealul Cetăţuica” / “Little Fortress Hill” – dated from the Second Iron Age (Geto-Dacian culture, probably 1st century AD). It is a ritual pit containing ceramic pots, other small pieces in clay, stone and metal, a bone handle and a red deer antler sleeve. The antler sleeve is a piece quite rare, less studied in the area of Dacian civilisation. It is entirely and in exceptional state of conservation. It is cone-shaped and he has 40.30 mm length and 50.42 mm maximum diameter. The surfaces were carefully finished. Three of the exterior surfaces were engraved with 14 double circles with a central dot. The circles are arranged in two rows, each of them having seven circles. This type of ornamentation is usual for bone and antler artefacts corresponding to the same chrono-cultural level both from Romania and Europe (handles, combs etc.). In order to analyse the piece, the optical and digital microscopic techniques were used (x10 – x200 magnifications). The artefact was probably used as sheath for a sword or a dagger. The use-wear traces revealed the fact that the sleeve was used before it had been put in the pit, quite habitual situation in the Geto-Dacian area. As analogies we may mention the pieces discovered in the sites from Sighişoara-“Wietenberg”, Mureş County and Poiana, Galaţi County. The close analysis of the artefact discovered at Unip offers an example regarding the way in which the methodology of study of osseous materials industry can be applied for Geto-Dacian materials.
A candidate to the Walachian throne. Vlad Țepeș and his exile in Moldavia (1449-1452)
Authors: Cârciumaru Radu
Published: March 2022

The exile of the young Wallachian Prince was of great interests for the Romanian and foreign historiographers for more than a century. Because of the rapid sequence of events, these times seem to transcend the our purely historical narrative and appear to belong to a chivalry romance. Vlad Țepes’ refuge in Moldavia is a very significant moment in history ; it is also the time when he became an opponent of the Ottoman Empire. Just like in other states, towards the middle of the 15th century, intrigues, conspiracies and political biases were part of the political scene of the Moldavian State. As Prince Vlad managed to successfully overcome all the obstacles that he encountered, he became once again one of the candidates to the throne of Wallachia. This time he was supported by Iancu de Hunedoara, the powerful ruler of Transylvania.
The pottery from the Bronze Age settlement of Timisoara – “Fratelia”. A general statistical approach
Authors: Stavilă Andrei
Published: March 2022

The proposed study aims the presentation of statistical results of ceramics analysis from Timişoara-“Fratelia” archaeological site. The pottery, saved from the 25 researched dwellings, was analyzed according to our own methodology, mentioning here the singularity of this type of analysis on shards belonging to Cruceni-Belegiš culture. Such analysis need to mainstream, on representative samples, considering the need for standardization of speech, correlation of such statistical data and the possibility to identify potential patterns which can characterize the pottery of this ethnical-cultural manifestation.
The wooden churches of Dâmbovița County. Archaeological and historical considerations
Authors: Olteanu Gheorghe , Năstase Mihai Claudiu
Published: March 2022

Romanians’ traditions and their means of expression are enjoying today a higher and higher appreciation, the ethnographical and the artistic importance of wooden architecture is generally known even if the studies the wooden churches are still few. Those still preserved on the territory of Dâmboviţa County make up only a small part of the ones constructed in this area starting with the Early Middle Ages. In accordance with the local tradition, confirmed or not by historical documents and archaeological information, under or very close by, nearly all current churches or monasteries made out of stone or brick masonry have the confirmed or the very probable existence of a previous wooden place of worship. The wooden churches can be found spread across all geographical stages from the mountain area to the lowlands. The ones preserved across the territory of Dâmboviţa County are part of the series type made from the second half of the century the seventeenth-century, with a „in cross” site plan. Their proportions and plastic expressions, cover all the space between the mountain area up to the Danube. The relatively short life of this organic construction material gives us the main explanation why there can not be found preserved wooden churches older than eighteenth-century. Despite that, the construction technique, the plan or the decorative motifs allow us to get valuable information about the constructive techniques belonging to the Early Middle Ages.
Considerations on the discovery of a Bronze Age stone ax in the karst basin of Ciclova (Oraviţa Town, Caraș- Severin County)
Authors: Rogozea Octavian , Dincă Remus
Published: March 2022

Considerations on the discovery of a Bronze Age stone ax in the karst basin of Ciclova (Oraviţa Town, Caraş-Severin County). During the field research done in 2010 and 2011, we have discovered a relatively well-preserved stone ax, which appears to belong to the Early Bronze Age, in the Cave from Clanţul Burcului, Ciclova Montana region, located in Banat. In this article, we describe the context of discovery and its implications. The new discovery could represent a start in the identification of new prehistoric settlements related to the exploitation of the natural resources from this area
To see or to be seen. The Dacian fortresses from the Orăștie Mountains
Authors: Pupeză Luca-Paul
Published: March 2022

To see or to be seen. The Dacian fortresses from the Orăştie Mountains. The Dacian fortresses from Orăştie Mountains were considered to be military constructions with the main function to see in a territory, to control it and protect it. But only through the military function we cannot outline the whole picture of fortresses significance. Apart from this functionalist point of view, from an abstract angle, the Dacian fortresses were symbols of power, a direct result of an elite ideology. Materialized in different forms (walls, temples, roads) this ideology should be visible in order to transmit a distinctive message. So the fortresses have to see a territory but also to be seen from a territory.
Noviodunum. Data about the bone and antler artefacts
Authors: Beldiman Corneliu , Stănică Aurel Daniel , Sztancs Diana-Maria
Published: March 2022

The archaeological researches carried out during 2009-2012 period in various sectors of the Isaccea, “ Fortress” site (Noviodunum), Tulcea County made possible the recovery of an assemblage comprising osseous materials artefacts. Their study marks the beginning of the systematic analysis of this type of pieces discovered at the site. The reduced number of artefacts that is studied with this occasion (13) and their dispersion in various places of the site do not allow us to formulate some detailed conclusions. This analysis aims at highlighting the recent discoveries and the primary data related to this in an extensive manner. The catalogue offers all these significant data regarding the artefacts. They are presented according to the current methodology of the domain (C. Beldiman 2007). The typological categories that form the assemblage includes : I Tools ; III Adornments/ Accessories ; V Varia, Game pieces ; Technical pieces (Wastes). The quantitative repartition of the types illustrates a predomination of adornments/ accessories category (bone plates ; bone button), followed by the one of tools (bone points ; bone needles). Varia category comprises a bone dice and a red deer antler waste. The most of the pieces are dated from the Middle Ages (13th century) ; a piece was attributed to the Roman period (bone dice).
About the Sălcuţa Eneolithic culture
Authors: Pătroi Cătălin-Nicolae
Published: March 2022

The name of the Sălcuța eneolithic communities comes from the eponymous settlement in Dolj County. The area in which it spreads comprises Oltenia, eastern Banat, north– western Bulgaria, north– eastern Serbia, similar communities also being found in Macedonia and Albania. Sălcuţa culture is part of a big Eneolithic complex, along with the Krivodol (Bulgaria) and Bubanj (Serbia) groups. The best analogies for material culture elements can be found in Gumelniţa culture, phase B1. Anthropomorphic plastics are well represented, along with copper tools. Sălcuţa communities’ evolution spans over a three phases period, their ending being determined at the level of Herculane II-III – Sălcuţa IV cultures.
A possible attack direction used by the Roman army during the Dacian Wars
Authors: Pădureanu Eugen D.
Published: March 2022

The Dacian Wars present at this moment numerous unknown aspects, among these are the military operations of the Roman Army on the Lower and Middle basin of the Mureș Valley. The scholarly opinions on this matter are numerous, in regard to the advance directions, the troop composition, and the period in which the actions occurred -the first or the second war. The author brings into discussion another possible advance route towards the Mureș Valley, across the Lipovei Hills, on a via terrena road type, built and used during the Dacian -Roman Wars. The hypothesis is supported by the discovery of another possible roman road in 1977, which crosses in its turn the Lipovei Hills about 50 km to the east, at Bulci. Related to these events during the wars, the author presents a number of new fortifications at Bârzava, Neudorf and Secusigiu. The one from Secusigiu, judging by its size and analogies, might represent a temporary roman camp and could represent the first tangible proof of a Roman advance on the Mureș Valley during the Dacian Wars.