bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stabilisation effects of phosphane ligands in the homogeneous approach of sunlight induced hydrogen production
Authors: Strabler C. M. , Sinn S. , Pehn R. , Pann J. , Dutzler J. , Viertl W. , Prock J. , Ehrmann K. , Weninger A. , Kopacka H. , De Cola L. , Brüggeller P.
Published: October 2016

Most of the systems for photochemical hydrogen production are not stable and suffer from decomposition. With bis(bidentate) tetraphosphane ligands the stability increases enormously, up to more than 1000 h. This stability was achieved with a system containing osmium(ii) as a light harvesting antenna and palladium(ii) as a water reduction catalyst connected with a bis(bidentate) phosphane ligand in one molecule with the chemical formula [Os(bpy)2(dppcb)Pd(dppm)](PF6)4. With the help of electrochemical measurements as well as photophysical data and its single crystal X-ray structure, the electron transfer between the two active metal centres (light harvesting antenna, water reduction catalyst) was analysed. The distance between the two active metal centres was determined to be 7.396(1) Å. In a noble metal free combination of a copper based photosensitiser and a cobalt diimine–dioxime complex as water reduction catalyst a further stabilisation effect by the phosphane ligands is observed. With the help of triethylamine as a sacrificial donor in the presence of different monophosphane ligands it was possible to produce hydrogen with a turnover number of 1176. This completely novel combination is also able to produce hydrogen in a wide pH-range from pH = 7.0 to 12.5 with the maximum production at pH = 11.0. The influence of monophosphane ligands with different Tolman cone angles was investigated. Monophosphane ligands with a large Tolman cone angle (>160°) could not stabilise the intermediate of the cobalt based water reduction catalyst and so the turnover number is lower than for systems with an addition of monophosphane ligands with a Tolman cone angle smaller than 160°. The role of the monophosphane ligand during sunlight-induced hydrogen production was analysed and these results were confirmed with DFT calculations. Furthermore the crystal structures of two important Co(i) intermediates, which are the catalytic active species during the catalytic pathway, were obtained. The exchange of PPh3 with other tertiary phosphane ligands can have a major impact on the activity, depending on the coordination properties. By an exchange of monophosphane ligands with functionalised phosphane ligands (hybrid ligands) the hydrogen production was raised 2.17 times.
Interfacing digital microfluidics with high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Swyer Ian , Soong Ronald , Dryden Michael D. M. , Fey Michael , Maas Werner E. , Simpson André , Wheeler Aaron R.
Published: October 2016

We introduce a digital microfluidic method for interfacing with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DMF–NMR) for microscale chemical analysis.
Motion in microfluidic ratchets
Authors: Caballero D. , Katuri J. , Samitier J. , Sánchez S.
Published: October 2016

In this Focus article we discuss recent advances in the use of ratchet-like geometries in microfluidics which could open new avenues in biomedicine for applications in diagnosis, cancer biology, and bioengineering.
Coordination of o-benzosemiquinonate, o-iminobenzosemiquinonate, 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline anion radicals to oxidovanadium(iv)
Authors: Shit Madhusudan , Maity Suvendu , Bera Sachinath , Weyhermüller Thomas , Ghosh Prasanta
Published: October 2016

Coordination of semiquinonate and heterocyclic α-diimine anion radicals to oxidovanadium(iv) is authenticated.
Novel red-emitting LiGd(WO4)2:Eu3+phosphor with high thermal stability and high color purity for application in white light-emitting diodes
Authors: Zhang Yang , Gong Weitao , Ning Guiling
Published: October 2016

Novel red-emitting LiGd(WO4)2:Eu3+phosphors with high thermal stability and high color purity have been developed for ultraviolet-excited white light-emitting diodes.
Regioselective oxidation and metalation of meso-unsubstituted azuliporphyrins
Authors: Adiraju Venkata A. K. , Ferrence Gregory M. , Lash Timothy D.
Published: October 2016

Treatment of meso-unsubstituted azuliporphyrins with cobalt or copper(ii) reagents gave internally oxidized derivatives, while silver acetate triggered ring contraction reactions to form silver(iii) benzocarbaporphyrins.
Single electron transfer promoted photoaddition reactions of α-trimethylsilyl substituted secondary N-alkylamines with fullerene C60
Authors: Jeong Ho Cheol , Lim Suk Hyun , Cho Dae Won , Kim Sung Hong , Mariano Patrick S.
Published: October 2016

Single electron transfer (SET) promoted photoaddition reactions of secondary N-α-trimethylsilyl-N-alkylamines to C60 were explored to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanistic pathways.
Enediyne-based protein capture agents: demonstration of an enediyne moiety acting as a photoaffinity label
Authors: Das Joyee , Roy Sayantani , Halnor Swapnil , Das Amit Kumar , Basak Amit
Published: October 2016

Two enediyne based protein-capture compounds 1 and 2 were synthesized.
Protein elicitor isolated from Escherichia coli induced bioactive compound biosynthesis as well as gene expression in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch adventitious roots
Authors: Li Jianli , Wang Juan , Li Jing , Li Jinxin , Liu Shujie , Gao Wenyuan
Published: October 2016

This study explored the ability of three rhizobacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Penicillium fellutanum and Escherichia coli) to trigger metabolism.
Porous silicon–polyaniline hybrid composites synthesized through electroreduction of an aryldiazonium salt: preparation and photocurrent properties
Authors: Tiddia Mariavitalia , Mula Guido , Mascia Michele , Sechi Elisa , Vacca Annalisa
Published: October 2016

Porous Si–polyaniline composites were realized by electropolymerization with an underlayer of phenylamine. The composite showed photocurrent properties higher than those of porous Si or Si–polyaniline composites realized without underlayer.
Carbon dioxide activation and transformation to HCOOH on metal clusters (M = Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag & Au) anchored on a polyaniline conducting polymer surface – an evaluation study by hybrid density functional theory
Authors: Shanmugam Ramasamy , Thamaraichelvan Arunachalam , Ganesan Tharumeya Kuppusamy , Viswanathan Balasubramanian
Published: October 2016

Computational electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to HCOOH was achieved on different metal-anchored polyaniline using density functional theory. Cu was found to perform better than other metals at an applied potential −0.58 V through the H*COO pathway.
Fusion and leakage of catanionic surfactant vesicles induced by α-helical peptides: the effect of membrane charge
Authors: Wang Dong , Cao Yueying , Chen Cuixia , Cao Meiwen , Sun Yawei , Wang Jiqian , Xu Hai
Published: October 2016

Leakage and fusion of vesicles have triggered great interest because they are important steps in the transportation of materials in living systems.
Solvation chemistry through synergism: static and dynamic features of n-amyl alcohol–chloroform binary solvent mixture
Authors: Gupta Shradhey
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we shed some light on the origin of the synergistic solvation structure in a n-amyl alcohol–chloroform (n-PtOH–CHCl3) binary solvent mixture.
Chitosan as a rainfastness adjuvant for agrochemicals
Authors: Symonds Brett L. , Lindsay Christopher I. , Thomson Niall R. , Khutoryanskiy Vitaliy V.
Published: October 2016

Chitosan has been identified as an excellent rainfastness aid for a model agrochemical.
The substitution of the platinum counter electrode in a plasmonic photoelectrochemical system with near-infrared absorption for solar water splitting
Authors: Chen Chih-Jung , Chen Chih Kai , Lu Tzu-Hsiang , Hu Shu-Fen , Liu Ru-Shi
Published: October 2016

A plasmonic photoelectrochemical system was constructed by alternating the conventional Pt electrode for utilizing a wide range of the solar spectrum.
Elastomers with tunable dielectric and electromechanical properties
Authors: Dünki Simon J. , Nüesch Frank A. , Opris Dorina M.
Published: October 2016

A one-step process to prepare novel electroresponsive silicone elastomers M(x : y) with tunable dielectric permittivity from 4.3 to 17.4 is presented.
The roles of the exoribonucleases DIS3L2 and XRN1 in human disease
Authors: Pashler Amy L. , Towler Benjamin P. , Jones Christopher I. , Newbury Sarah F.
Published: October 2016

RNA degradation is a vital post-transcriptional process which ensures that transcripts are maintained at the correct level within the cell. DIS3L2 and XRN1 are conserved exoribonucleases that are critical for the degradation of cytoplasmic RNAs. Although the molecular mechanisms of RNA degradation by DIS3L2 and XRN1 have been well studied, less is known about their specific roles in the development of multicellular organisms or human disease. This review focusses on the roles of DIS3L2 and XRN1 in the pathogenesis of human disease, particularly in relation to phenotypes seen in model organisms. The known diseases associated with loss of activity of DIS3L2 and XRN1 are discussed, together with possible mechanisms and cellular pathways leading to these disease conditions.
Nucleotide modifications in messenger RNA and their role in development and disease
Authors: Dezi Veronica , Ivanov Chavdar , Haussmann Irmgard U. , Soller Matthias
Published: October 2016

Modified nucleotides in messenger RNA (mRNA) have been discovered over 40 years ago, but until recently little was known about which transcripts contain them and what their function is. High-throughput sequencing approaches revealed a dynamic landscape of the ‘Epitranscriptome’ for many mRNA modifications in various organisms from yeast to humans. Meanwhile, also many genes encoding mRNA-modifying enzymes and auxiliary proteins have been identified yielding functional insights by reverse genetics into their role in development and disease.
Regulation of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases by their C-terminal tail domains
Authors: Barnea Maayan , Olender Tsviya , Bedford Mark T. , Elson Ari
Published: October 2016

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) perform specific functions in vivo, despite being vastly outnumbered by their substrates. Because of this and due to the central roles PTPs play in regulating cellular function, PTP activity is regulated by a large variety of molecular mechanisms. We review evidence that indicates that the divergent C-terminal tail sequences (C-terminal domains, CTDs) of receptor-type PTPs (RPTPs) help regulate RPTP function by controlling intermolecular associations in a way that is itself subject to physiological regulation. We propose that the CTD of each RPTP defines an ‘interaction code’ that helps determine molecules it will interact with under various physiological conditions, thus helping to regulate and diversify PTP function.
Regulatory mechanisms of phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL)-3
Authors: Rubio Teresa , Köhn Maja
Published: October 2016

The phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL)-3 is overexpressed in many human cancer types and tumor metastases when compared with healthy tissues. Different pathways and mechanisms have been suggested to modulate PRL-3 expression levels and activity, giving some valuable insights but still leaving an incomplete picture. Investigating these mechanisms could provide new targets for therapeutic drug development. Here, we present an updated overview and summarize recent findings concerning the different PRL-3 expression regulatory mechanisms and posttranslational modifications suggested to modulate the activity, localization, or stability of this phosphatase.
Accuracy analysis of electromechanical mode estimation under ambient conditions
Authors: Jia Yong , He Zhengyou , Liao Kai
Published: October 2016

Electromechanical modes estimated from ambient wide area measurement systems measurements are often used as a basis for system dynamic security assessment. It is therefore important to know the accuracy of the mode estimates. There are two interesting phenomena widely reported in ambient mode estimation: (i) the accuracy of the mode parameter estimates improves under the lighter damping conditions and (ii) the frequency estimates are more accurate than the damping ratio estimates. This study aims to systematically investigate the estimation accuracy of ambient mode analysis. An analytical differentiation‐based perturbation method is presented to examine the variance propagation along the mode estimation procedure. Monte Carlo simulations in the two‐area system are carried out to analyse the influences of varying the mode parameters on the estimation accuracy of the inter‐area mode, in which the estimated variances are served as quantitative measures of the accuracy analysis. In addition, theoretical explanations for the observations in ambient mode estimation are also provided as a supplementary. The investigations and discussion of the estimation accuracy are of value for yielding insight into the variability of the mode estimates under ambient conditions.
Relations causales entre santé et travail
Authors: Barnay Thomas
Published: October 2016

Les économistes s’intéressent aux liens entre santé et travail en examinant en particulier trois relations : l’effet négatif de la santé dégradée sur la position sur le marché du travail, l’influence positive du travail sur la santé mais aussi le rôle délétère de certaines conditions de travail et d’emploi sur l’état de santé. Si la littérature internationale est abondante sur la question, la littérature française est plus récente. En France, les effets d’événements de santé sont plus pénalisants sur la trajectoire professionnelle lorsqu’ils surviennent en seconde partie de carrière invitant à la mise en place d’une prévention précoce en entreprise. Les études soulignent aussi des populations fragiles face aux ruptures de trajectoires professionnelles ou de santé telles que les hommes anxieux.
Zur Verwendung des sozioökonomischen Status in der Gesundheitsforschung am Beispiel Rückenschmerz – systematisches Review
Authors: Fliesser M , Klipker K , Wippert P.-M
Published: October 2016

Ziel der Studie Welche Indikatoren zur Messung des SES werden in sozialepidemiologischen Studien zum Thema Rückenschmerzen wie häufig eingesetzt, wie wird dies begründet und zeigen sich systematische Unterschiede in den Ergebnissen abhängig von der verwendeten Operationalisierungsweise?

Methodik Um diese Frage zu beantworten wurde ein systematisches Literaturreview durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse 13 Aufsätze genügten den Einschlusskriterien. Dabei zeigt sich, dass Bildung am häufigsten als Indikator für den SES verwendet wird gefolgt von Einkommen, Berufsklasse, Berufskategorie und mehrdimensionalem Index. 8 Studien verwendeten mehr als einen Indikator. Begründet wurde die Auswahl in 2 Studien. Ein Vergleich der Effektgrößen der in den unterschiedlichen Studien verwendeten Indikatoren zeigt kein einheitliches Bild.

Schlussfolgerungen Es ist zu hinterfragen, inwieweit die Verwendung des SES als globales Maß sinnvoll ist. Gemäß den hier vorliegenden Ergebnissen ist zu empfehlen anstelle des SES die jeweils verwendeten Indikatoren zu benennen und, gerade aufgrund der selten erfolgten Begründung, keine über die jeweiligen Indikatoren hinausgehenden Vermutungen anzustellen.
Thermodynamic balance of perylene self-assembly on Ag(110)
Authors: Bobrov Kirill , Kalashnyk Nataliya , Guillemot Laurent
Published: October 2016

We present a room temperature STM study of perylene adsorption on Ag(110) at the monolayer coverage regime. We found that structure and symmetry of the perylene monolayer are settled by thermodynamic balance of the three factors: (i) the ability of perylene molecules to recognize specific adsorption sites on the (110) lattice, (ii) the intermolecular interaction, and (iii) the accommodation of thermal motion of the molecules. The moderate strength of the site recognition and the intermolecular interaction, of the same order of magnitude as kT ∼ 25 meV, represents a key feature of the thermodynamic balance. It bestows to this system the unique quality to form the quasi-liquid monolayer of epitaxial as well as self-assembling character. The perylene monolayer accommodates the short-range motion of the molecules instead of quenching it. It precludes the formation of possible solid nuclei and maintains common registry of the included molecules. The surface registry of the quasi-liquid phase is provided by locking of a structure-related fraction of the perylene molecules into specific adsorption sites of the (110) lattice favorable in terms of intermolecular interaction.
Generation of arbitrary radially polarized array beams by manipulating correlation structure
Authors: Zhu Shijun , Wang Jing , Liu Xianlong , Cai Yangjian , Li Zhenhua
Published: October 2016

We demonstrate a convenient approach for simultaneously manipulating the amplitude and polarization of light beams by means of the modulation of the correlation structure. As an illustration, an arbitrary radially polarized array (RPA) beam of a radial or rectangular symmetry array is obtained by focusing a conventional radially polarized beam with specially designed correlation structure. The physical realizability conditions for such source and the far-field beam condition are derived. It is illustrated that the far-field beamlet shape and the state of polarization are strictly controlled by the initial correlation structure and the correlation parameter. Furthermore, by designing the source correlation structure, a tunable OK-shaped RPA beam and an optical cage are demonstrated, which can find widespread applications in micro-nano engineering and non-destructive manipulation of living biological cells.
Nonlinear laser ultrasound formation in silicon
Authors: Voitenko Kateryna , Veleschuk Vitaliy , Isaiev Mykola , Kuzmich Andrey , Lyashenko Oleg , Vlasenko Oleksandr , Melnychenko Mykola , Malyarenko Eugene , Zhelnakov Sergey , Lysenko Vladimir , Burbelo Roman
Published: October 2016

In this paper, the mechanisms of laser ultrasound response formation in monocrystalline silicon are discussed. The ultrasound waves in the test specimen were generated with laser pulses of two different wavelengths and registered with a piezoelectric transducer. The amplitude of the measured signal was found to be a nonlinear function of the laser radiation intensity. It was shown, that the observed nonlinearity is related to the features of optical absorption and thermoelastic sources formation in the material. A simple model taking into account temperature dependencies of the thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient was developed. An excellent agreement between experimental and simulation for different wavelengths was demonstrated.
Effects of flow measurement resolution on quasi-steady body force estimation in dielectric-barrier-discharge plasma actuator
Authors: Ota Kosuke , Sekiya Tsubasa , Nishida Hiroyuki
Published: October 2016

The quasi-steady body force field of Dielectric-Barrier-Discharge plasma actuator can be estimated by analyzing the time-sequence velocity field data. In this study, the effects of the time and spatial resolution in the velocity field data on the body force field estimation are investigated using the PIV measurement and numerical simulation. As a result of the investigation, following conclusions are obtained; (1) the time resolution is important for the accurate body force field estimation; lower time resolution generates positive and negative overestimation of the body force at the upstream and downstream of AC electrode edge, respectively, and the volume-integrated body force decreases at the lower time resolution, (2) the spatial resolution gives little effects on the overall characteristics of the force distribution; however, the volume-integrated body force increases at lower spatial resolution, and (3) the dominant error source of the body force field estimation are the calculation error of the pressure gradient term of the Navier-Stokes equation. The estimation errors in the pressure gradient can be reduced by higher time resolution.
The reach and flow of health information in two Aboriginal communities: a social network analysis
Authors: Winch Scott , Ahmed Nageen , Rissel Christopher , Maxwell Michelle , Coutts Joanna , Lucas Kerri
Published: October 2016

The aim of the present paper was to explore how social networks enable dissemination of health information within two Aboriginal communities in New South Wales. The study design was modelled on a social network analysis socio-centric model. Data collection was conducted primarily by Aboriginal community members who were trained as community researchers. Participants reported on their patterns of interaction and who they provided or received health information from, and awareness of the Aboriginal Enhancement of the Get Healthy Information and Coaching Service. In total, 122 participants across two sites participated in the study. Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHSs) and Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) were cited as the main provider of health information in both sites. Between-ness, degree and closeness centrality showed that certain community members, ACCHS and ACCHO within the two communities in the present study were considerable enablers [actors] in enhancing the reach and flow of health information to their respective Aboriginal community. There is potential for future health-promotion activities to be increasingly targeted and effective in terms of reach and influence, if guided by local Aboriginal organisations and by key Aboriginal community members within and across family networks and communities.
Historical reconstructions of California wildfires vary by data source
Authors: Syphard Alexandra D. , Keeley Jon E.
Published: October 2016

Historical data are essential for understanding how fire activity responds to different drivers. It is important that the source of data is commensurate with the spatial and temporal scale of the question addressed, but fire history databases are derived from different sources with different restrictions. In California, a frequently used fire history dataset is the State of California Fire and Resource Assessment Program (FRAP) fire history database, which circumscribes fire perimeters at a relatively fine scale. It includes large fires on both state and federal lands but only covers fires that were mapped or had other spatially explicit data. A different database is the state and federal governments’ annual reports of all fires. They are more complete than the FRAP database but are only spatially explicit to the level of county (California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection – Cal Fire) or forest (United States Forest Service – USFS). We found substantial differences between the FRAP database and the annual summaries, with the largest and most consistent discrepancy being in fire frequency. The FRAP database missed the majority of fires and is thus a poor indicator of fire frequency or indicators of ignition sources. The FRAP database is also deficient in area burned, especially before 1950. Even in contemporary records, the huge number of smaller fires not included in the FRAP database account for substantial cumulative differences in area burned. Wildfires in California account for nearly half of the western United States fire suppression budget. Therefore, the conclusions about data discrepancies and the implications for fire research are of broad importance.
CLIL and SLA
Authors: García Mayo María del Pilar , Basterrechea María
Published: October 2016

The Interaction Hypothesis is one of the explanations for second language acquisition (SLA) (Hatch 1978; Long 1983). Numerous studies have shown that interaction facilitates SLA because learners have the opportunity to negotiate language input, receive feedback and modify their output (Long 1996; Pica 2013). However, there is little experimental research on interaction from this perspective in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) settings. The main goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of the main constructs of the interactionist framework and to see how they have been researched in studies that analyze the interlanguage of CLIL learners regarding their negotiation routines, attention to form and corrective feedback episodes.
Genre and appraisal in CLIL history texts
Authors: McCabe Anne , Whittaker Rachel
Published: October 2016

This chapter offers a perspective on texts written in a CLIL class, highlighting the role of the interpersonal meanings covered by the appraisal framework (Martin & White 2005) in constructing the different genres of history, which are not only factual, but also include assigning value and indicating point of view. An analysis of appraisal in an 11,000-word longitudinal corpus of CLIL secondary student writing shows how texts are more or less successful in their selection of features from the Appraisal systems as they respond to prompts, the higher-rated texts creating a more appropriate voice for the genre (Coffin 2006). Awareness of the categories of interpersonal meanings can allow teachers to make genre expectations explicit, helping improve student writing.
Assessment for learning in CLIL classroom discourse
Authors: Pascual Irene , Basse Rachel
Published: October 2016

This chapter explores the significance of metacognitive questions in primary CLIL classrooms in which teachers implement Assessment for Learning (AfL), a methodology which requires the teacher to help students assess learning gaps and work toward closing them (Black & Wiliam 1998a, 1998b; Black et al. 2003). We present illustrative data from a study comprising 9 AfL lessons belonging to a larger corpus. These sessions were analyzed qualitatively, focusing on extracts featuring metacognitive questions and how they affected teacher-student interaction. Using examples from the data, we show how metacognitive questions, as essential to an AfL approach, encourage students to reflect upon and verbalize their learning processes. Furthermore, they engage students in peer‑ and self-assessment, which also contributes to the awareness of learning gaps and prompts motivation to fill these gaps.
Problems for Mainstream Evidentialism
Authors: Piazza Tommaso
Published: October 2016

Evidentialism says that a subject S’s justification is entirely determined by S’s evidence. The plausibility of evidentialism depends on (1) what kind of entities constitute a subject S’s evidence and (2) what one takes the support relation to consist in. Conee and Feldman’s mainstream evidentialism (ME) incorporates a psychologist answer to (1) and an explanationist answer to (2). ME naturally accommodates perceptual justification. However, it does not accommodate intuitive cases of inferential justification. In the second part of the paper, I consider and reject a reply based on a refined explanationist theory of the support relation proposed by K McCain.
Influence of Basin- and Local-Scale Environmental Conditions on Nearshore Production in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Biela Vanessa R. , Zimmerman Christian E. , Kruse Gordon H. , Mueter Franz J. , Black Bryan A. , Douglas David C. , Bodkin James L.
Published: October 2016

Nearshore marine habitats are productive and vulnerable owing to their connections to pelagic and terrestrial landscapes. To understand how ocean basin- and local-scale conditions may influence nearshore species, we developed an annual index of nearshore production (spanning the period 1972–2010) from growth increments recorded in otoliths of representative pelagic-feeding (Black Rockfish Sebastes melanops) and benthic-feeding (Kelp Greenling Hexagrammos decagrammus) nearshore-resident fishes at nine sites in the California Current and Alaska Coastal Current systems. We explored the influence of basin- and local-scale conditions across all seasons at lags of up to 2 years to represent changes in prey quantity (1- or 2-year time lags) and quality (within-year relationships). Relationships linking fish growth to basin-scale (Pacific Decadal Oscillation, North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, and multivariate El Niño–Southern Oscillation index) and local-scale (sea surface temperature, sea surface height anomalies, upwelling index, photosynthetically active radiation, and freshwater discharge) environmental conditions varied by species and current system. Growth of Black Rockfish increased with cool basin-scale conditions in the California Current and warm local-scale conditions in the Alaska Coastal Current, consistent with existing hypotheses linking climate to pelagic production on continental shelves in the respective regions. Relationships for Kelp Greenlings in the California Current were complex, with faster growth related to within-year warm conditions and lagged-year cool conditions. These opposing, lag-dependent relationships may reflect differences in conditions that promote quantity versus quality of benthic invertebrate prey in the California Current. Thus, we hypothesize that benthic production is maximized by alternating cool and warm years, as benthic invertebrate recruitment is food limited during warm years while growth is temperature limited by cool years in the California Current. On the other hand, Kelp Greenlings grew faster during and subsequent to warm conditions at basin and local scales in the Alaska Coastal Current.

Received November 3, 2015; accepted May 5, 2016
1. Introduction
Authors: Hill Jonathan
Published: October 2016

This introductory chapter begins by explaining the nature of the subject known as conflict of laws or private international law, which deals with cases before the English court which have connections with foreign countries. The foreign elements in the case may be events which have taken place in a foreign country or countries, or they may be the foreign domicile, residence, or place of business of the parties. In short, any case involving a foreign element raises potential conflict of laws issues. The conflict of laws is concerned with the following three questions: jurisdiction; choice of law; and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. The remainder of the chapter discusses the various stages of proceedings which raise conflict of laws issues.
3. Foreign judgments
Authors: Hill Jonathan
Published: October 2016

This chapter deals with the recognition of enforcement of foreign judgments by English courts. The crucial question is not whether foreign judgments should be recognised and enforced in England but which judgments should be recognised and enforced. There are, broadly speaking, two theories. The first is the theory of obligation, which is premised on the notion that if the original court assumed jurisdiction on a proper basis the court's judgment should prima facie be regarded as creating an obligation between the parties to the foreign proceedings which the English court ought to recognise and, where appropriate, enforce. The alternative theory is based on the idea of reciprocity: the courts of country X should recognise and enforce the judgments of country Y if, mutatis mutandis, the courts of country Y recognise and enforce the judgments of country X. Whichever theory is adopted, the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments is limited by a range of defences which may be invoked by the party wishing to resist the judgment in question. It would be unrealistic to expect the English court to give effect to a foreign judgment which conflicts with fundamental notions of justice and fairness. So, the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments is a two-stage process: Are the basic conditions for recognition or enforcement satisfied? If so, is there a defence by reason of which the foreign judgment should nevertheless not be recognised or enforced? The remainder of the chapter discusses the recognition and enforcement at common law; statutory regimes based on the common law; recognition and enforcement under the Brussels I Recast; and United Kingdom judgments.
8. Matrimonial causes
Authors: Hill Jonathan
Published: October 2016

This chapter examines the jurisdiction of the English court and the choice of law process in proceedings for divorce, judicial separation, and annulment of marriage, and the extent to which the decrees of foreign courts in such matrimonial cases are recognised in England. It discusses similar rules which have been introduced in relation to same-sex marriage and civil partnership. Finally, the chapter considers the powers of the English court to grant financial relief and to recognise foreign maintenance orders. The Domicile and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1973 introduced new uniform grounds of jurisdiction for matrimonial proceedings. These grounds were based on the policy that at least one of the parties, whether husband or wife, applicant or respondent, should have a sufficient connection with England to make it reasonable for the English court to deal with the case and likely that the divorce would be recognised in other countries. The Brussels II bis Regulation imposes uniform jurisdictional rules throughout the European Union (except Denmark, which did not participate in the adoption of the Regulation) and provides for almost automatic recognition of divorces, annulments, and separations granted by the courts of the Member States.
1. Exam Skills for Success in Human Rights and Civil Liberties Law
Authors: Foster Steve
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, caution advice, suggested answers, illustrative diagrams and flowcharts and advice on gaining extra marks. Q&A Human Rights and Civil Liberties offers expert advice on what to expect from your human rights and civil liberties exam, how best to prepare, and guidance on what examiners are really looking for. Written by experienced examiners, it provides: clear commentary with each question and answer; bullet point and diagram answer plans; tips to make your answer really stand out from the crowd; and further reading suggestions at the end of every chapter. The book should help you to: identify typical law exam questions; structure a first-class answer; avoid common mistakes; show the examiner what you know; make your answer stand out from the crowd; and find relevant further reading.

This chapter briefly sets out the book’s purpose, which is to assist students preparing for an examination in human rights and civil liberties, and also offers some suggestions regarding coursework and taking exams.
3. The European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Foster Steve
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, caution advice, suggested answers, illustrative diagrams and flowcharts and advice on gaining extra marks. Q&A Human Rights and Civil Liberties offers expert advice on what to expect from your human rights and civil liberties exam, how best to prepare, and guidance on what examiners are really looking for. Written by experienced examiners, it provides: clear commentary with each question and answer; bullet point and diagram answer plans; tips to make your answer really stand out from the crowd; and further reading suggestions at the end of every chapter. The book should help you to: identify typical law exam questions; structure a first-class answer; avoid common mistakes; show the examiner what you know; make your answer stand out from the crowd; and find relevant further reading.

This chapter examines the European Convention on Human Rights and the role of the European Court of Human Rights.
9. The Right to Private Life
Authors: Foster Steve
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, caution advice, suggested answers, illustrative diagrams and flowcharts and advice on gaining extra marks. Q&A Human Rights and Civil Liberties offers expert advice on what to expect from your human rights and civil liberties exam, how best to prepare, and guidance on what examiners are really looking for. Written by experienced examiners, it provides: clear commentary with each question and answer; bullet point and diagram answer plans; tips to make your answer really stand out from the crowd; and further reading suggestions at the end of every chapter. The book should help you to: identify typical law exam questions; structure a first-class answer; avoid common mistakes; show the examiner what you know; make your answer stand out from the crowd; and find relevant further reading.

This chapter covers the right to private and family life, including the scope of privacy and private and family life, protection in domestic law and under the ECHR, privacy and press freedom and surveillance powers and privacy.
12. Skills for Success in Coursework Assessments
Authors: Foster Steve
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, caution advice, suggested answers, illustrative diagrams and flowcharts and advice on gaining extra marks. Q&A Human Rights and Civil Liberties offers expert advice on what to expect from your human rights and civil liberties exam, how best to prepare, and guidance on what examiners are really looking for. Written by experienced examiners, it provides: clear commentary with each question and answer; bullet point and diagram answer plans; tips to make your answer really stand out from the crowd; and further reading suggestions at the end of every chapter. The book should help you to: identify typical law exam questions; structure a first-class answer; avoid common mistakes; show the examiner what you know; make your answer stand out from the crowd; and find relevant further reading.

This chapter covers freedom of religion, freedom of association, and the right to peaceful assembly, including the scope of those rights, their protection in domestic law and under the ECHR and their application to matters such as religious practices, trade unions, and political organizations, and the right to demonstrate

This chapter covers the skills required from students when completing assessments in human rights law, including how to achieve success and high marks in those assessments. It highlights the nature of human rights’ assessments and the approach that needs to be taken when writing course work in this legal area—one which combines substantive law with theory and political and constitutional principles and arguments. The need for logical structured answers is also stressed.
Concentrate Questions and Answers Criminal Law
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. Concentrate Q&A Criminal Law offers advice on what to expect in exams and how best to prepare. The book starts off looking at exam and assessment techniques and then moves on to consider the elements of a crime (including actus reus and mens rea), murder and manslaughter, non-fatal offences, and sexual offences. It examines defences in detail before looking at inchoate offences, property offences, and concludes with some mixed examination questions.
9. Mixed Questions
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This chapter presents sample exam questions on mixed topics. The styles adopted for criminal law examination questions can vary enormously. Some examiners will set problem questions that focus largely on one area, others will set mixed questions which cut right across the syllabus. A mixed question requires knowledge of a wide variety of often unrelated topics. There are some classic combinations such as sexual offences and offences against the person or murder/manslaughter, but candidates should be aware that some topics, such as defences and actus reus and mens rea are pervasive. Mixed questions will generally be of two types: (1) where candidates have to cover a vast number of issues briefly; (2) where candidates need to cover some issues briefly, but others in some depth. This chapter presents examples of mixed questions and suggested answers. Some typical areas for combination are presented.
2. Companies and Corporate Personality
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. This chapter considers the main legal forms used for businesses in the UK— particularly sole traders, general partnerships, limited liability partnerships (LLPs) and companies. It then examines how registered companies limited by shares come into existence. On registration a company becomes a legal person, separate from its shareholders and directors. This chapter explores this ‘corporate personality’ and the popular topic of when the ‘veil of incorporation’ can be lifted or pierced by statute or the courts.
4. Shares and Shareholders
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. Shareholders in a company own shares, but the nature of a share and the rights of a shareholder are not easily defined. This chapter discusses the definition and characteristics of a share; the differences between different types of share, particularly ordinary and preference shares; transfer of shares; pre-emption rights; share certificates and estoppel; and variation of class rights.
9. Share Capital
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. This chapter examines the law on share capital. The doctrine of capital maintenance ensures that the company has raised the capital it claims to have raised; and that the capital is not subsequently returned, directly or indirectly, to the shareholders. There is a great deal of (mainly statutory) law surrounding this doctrine This chapter considers the capital maintenance doctrine itself and many related topics, including the issue of shares for non-cash consideration; issue of shares at a discount; reduction of capital; purchase of a company’s own shares; redeemable shares; payment of dividends; and financial assistance by a company for the purchase of its own shares.
11. Corporate Insolvency
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. This chapter examines the law on corporate insolvency. It considers the important and topical subject of corporate rescue, reviewing, in particular, administration (including pre-packaged administrations) and Company Voluntary Arrangements. The chapter addresses several issues relating to liquidation, including: winding up petitions and the meaning of ‘inability to pay debts’; assets available to creditors; distribution of assets to creditors; priority of claims; the pari passu principle; and transaction avoidance (dispositions of property after the commencement of winding up; transactions at an undervalue; preferences; voidable floating charges; and transactions defrauding creditors). The potential liability of directors on a company’s insolvent liquidation is considered, concentrating on wrongful and fraudulent trading and disqualification.
12. Mixed Topic Questions
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: October 2016

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. This chapter looks at mixed topic questions and considers a variety of topics, including directors’ duties; shareholder remedies; de facto and shadow directors; corporate personality; lifting/piercing the veil of incorporation; pre-incorporation contracts; wrongful trading; disqualification; and the articles of association.
Concentrate Questions and Answers Public Law
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: October 2016

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions; diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, key debates on each topic and suggestions on further reading. Q&A Public Law covers a wide range of issues relating to public law. The first chapter offers an introduction to the subject, with particular emphasis on exams. The second chapter contains advice on coursework. This is followed by an examination of constitutions in terms of the nature and sources of the UK constitution, the rule of law, and the separation of powers. The text moves on to look at the royal prerogative, Parliament, and parliamentary sovereignty. Next the book considers the Human Rights Act 1998, followed by chapters looking at freedom to protest, police powers, and freedom of expression. Finally, the book considers administrative law and judicial review.
12. Coursework
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: October 2016

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions; diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic and suggestions on further reading. This chapter contains some advice on writing coursework. The contents range from the mechanics of how coursework fits into the assessment of the module to the rules on presentation and referencing. The standard referencing system used for law is OSCOLA, the Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities. There is advice on researching coursework, such as the use of primary legal materials and articles, an explanation about how the coursework might be marked and some straightforward advice on plagiarism is given.
2. Interests in land
Authors: MacKenzie Judith-Anne
Published: October 2016

Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on series provide an accessible overview of the key areas on the law curriculum. This chapter explains how one person may have rights over land owned by another. It identifies the people who may have rights over Trant House—rights that could be enforced not only against Vernon, the fee simple owner, but also against anyone who acquires the property from him. The discussions cover interests in land; legal interests; equitable interests; legal and equitable interests compared; the multiplicity of rights; and the classification of property.