bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Aptamer Sensors
Authors: Shaban Samy M. , Kim Dong-Hwan
Published: February 2021

Recently, aptamers have attracted attention in the biosensing field as signal recognition elements because of their high binding affinity toward specific targets such as proteins, cells, small molecules, and even metal ions, antibodies for which are difficult to obtain. Aptamers are single oligonucleotides generated by in vitro selection mechanisms via the systematic evolution of ligand exponential enrichment (SELEX) process. In addition to their high binding affinity, aptamers can be easily functionalized and engineered, providing several signaling modes such as colorimetric, fluorometric, and electrochemical, in what are known as aptasensors. In this review, recent advances in aptasensors as powerful biosensor probes that could be used in different fields, including environmental monitoring, clinical diagnosis, and drug monitoring, are described. Advances in aptamer-based colorimetric, fluorometric, and electrochemical aptasensing with their advantages and disadvantages are summarized and critically discussed. Additionally, future prospects are pointed out to facilitate the development of aptasensor technology for different targets.
The Simulated Characterization and Suitability of Semiconductor Detectors for Strontium 90 Assay in Groundwater
Authors: Turkington Graeme , Gamage Kelum A. A. , Graham James
Published: February 2021

This paper examines the potential deployment of a 10 mm × 10 mm × 1 mm cadmium telluride detector for strontium-90 measurement in groundwater boreholes at nuclear decommissioning sites. Geant4 simulation was used to model the deployment of the detector in a borehole monitoring contaminated groundwater. It was found that the detector was sensitive to strontium-90, yttrium-90, caesium-137, and potassium-40 decay, some of the significant beta emitters found at Sellafield. However, the device showed no sensitivity to carbon-14 decay, due to the inability of the weak beta emission to penetrate both the groundwater and the detector shielding. The limit of detection for such a sensor when looking at solely strontium-90 decay was calculated as 323 BqL−1 after a 1-h measurement and 66 BqL−1 after a 24-h measurement. A gallium-arsenide (GaAs) sensor with twice the surface area, but 0.3% of the thickness was modelled for comparison. Using this sensor, sensitivity was increased, such that the limit of detection for strontium-90 was 91 BqL−1 after 1 h and 18 BqL−1 after 24 h. However, this sensor sacrifices the potential to identify the present radionuclides by their end-point energy. Additionally, the feasibility of using flexible detectors based on solar cell designs to maximise the surface area of detectors has been modelled.
Assessment of the Shank-to-Vertical Angle While Changing Heel Heights Using a Single Inertial Measurement Unit in Individuals with Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Wearing an Ankle-Foot-Orthosis
Authors: de Jong Lysanne A. F. , Kerkum Yvette L. , de Groot Tom , Vos-van der Hulst Marije , van Nes Ilse J. W. , Keijsers Noel L. W.
Published: February 2021

Previous research showed that an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) on the anterior side of the shank can accurately measure the Shank-to-Vertical Angle (SVA), which is a clinically-used parameter to guide tuning of ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs). However, in this context it is specifically important that differences in the SVA are detected during the tuning process, i.e., when adjusting heel height. This study investigated the validity of the SVA as measured by an IMU and its responsiveness to changes in AFO-footwear combination (AFO-FC) heel height in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI). Additionally, the effect of heel height on knee flexion-extension angle and internal moment was evaluated. Twelve persons with an iSCI walked with their own AFO-FC in three different conditions: (1) without a heel wedge (refHH), (2) with 5 mm heel wedge (lowHH) and (3) with 10 mm heel wedge (highHH). Walking was recorded by a single IMU on the anterior side of the shank and a 3D gait analysis (3DGA) simultaneously. To estimate validity, a paired t-test and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the SVAIMU and SVA3DGA were calculated for the refHH. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed to evaluate the differences between the heel heights. A good validity with a mean difference smaller than 1 and an ICC above 0.9 was found for the SVA during midstance phase and at midstance. Significant differences between the heel heights were found for changes in SVAIMU (p = 0.036) and knee moment (p = 0.020) during the midstance phase and in SVAIMU (p = 0.042) and SVA3DGA (p = 0.006) at midstance. Post-hoc analysis revealed a significant difference between the ref and high heel height condition for the SVAIMU (p = 0.005) and knee moment (p = 0.006) during the midstance phase and for the SVAIMU (p = 0.010) and SVA3DGA (p = 0.006) at the instant of midstance. The SVA measured with an IMU is valid and responsive to changing heel heights and equivalent to the gold standard 3DGA. The knee joint angle and knee joint moment showed concomitant changes compared to SVA as a result of changing heel height.
Influence of Noise-Limited Censored Path Loss on Model Fitting and Path Loss-Based Positioning
Authors: Karttunen Aki , Valkama Mikko , Talvitie Jukka
Published: February 2021

Positioning is considered one of the key features in various novel industry verticals in future radio systems. Since path loss (PL) or received signal strength-based measurements are widely available in the majority of wireless standards, PL-based positioning has an important role among positioning technologies. Conventionally, PL-based positioning has two phases—fitting a PL model to training data and positioning based on the link distance estimates. However, in both phases, the maximum measurable PL is limited by measurement noise. Such immeasurable samples are called censored PL data and such noisy data are commonly neglected in both the model fitting and in the positioning phase. In the case of censored PL, the loss is known to be above a known threshold level and that information can be used in model fitting and in the positioning phase. In this paper, we examine and propose how to use censored PL data in PL model-based positioning. Additionally, we demonstrate with several simulations the potential of the proposed approach for considerable improvements in positioning accuracy (23–57%) and improved robustness against PL model fitting errors.
The Application of Electromagnetic Sensors for Determination of Cherenkov Cone Inside and in the Vicinity of the Detector Volume in Any Environment Known
Authors: Savu Valeriu , Rusu Mădălin Ion , Savastru Dan
Published: February 2021

The neutrinos of cosmic radiation, due to interaction with any known medium in which the Cherenkov detector is used, produce energy radiation phenomena in the form of a Cherenkov cone, in very large frequency spectrum. These neutrinos carry with them the information about the phenomena that produced them and by detecting the electromagnetic energies generated by the Cherenkov cone, we can find information about the phenomena that formed in the universe, at a much greater distance, than possibility of actually detection with current technologies. At present, a very high number of sensors for detection electromagnetic energy is required. Thus, some sensors may detect very low energy levels, which can lead to the erroneous determination of the Cherenkov cone, thus leading to information errors. As a novelty, we propose, to use these sensors for determination of the dielectrically permittivity of any known medium in which the Cherenkov detector is used, by preliminary measurements, the subsequent simulation of the data and the reconstruction of the Cherenkov cone, leading to a significant reduction of problems and minimizing the number of sensors, implicitly the cost reductions. At the same time, we offer the possibility of reconstructing the Cherenkov cone outside the detector volume.
No Reference, Opinion Unaware Image Quality Assessment by Anomaly Detection
Authors: Leonardi Marco , Napoletano Paolo , Schettini Raimondo , Rozza Alessandro
Published: February 2021

We propose an anomaly detection based image quality assessment method which exploits the correlations between feature maps from a pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The proposed method encodes the intra-layer correlation through the Gram matrix and then estimates the quality score combining the average of the correlation and the output from an anomaly detection method. The latter evaluates the degree of abnormality of an image by computing a correlation similarity with respect to a dictionary of pristine images. The effectiveness of the method is tested on different benchmarking datasets (LIVE-itW, KONIQ, and SPAQ).
Signal Diversity for Laser-Doppler Vibrometers with Raw-Signal Combination
Authors: Schewe Marvin , Rembe Christian
Published: February 2021

The intensity of the reflected measuring beam is greatly reduced for laser-Doppler vibrometer (LDV) measurements on rough surfaces since a considerable part of the light is scattered and cannot reach the photodetector (laser speckle effect). The low intensity of the reflected laser beam leads to a so-called signal dropout, which manifests as noise peaks in the demodulated velocity signal. In such cases, no light reaches the detector at a specific time and, therefore, no signal can be detected. Consequently, the overall quality of the signal decreases significantly. In the literature, first attempts and a practical implementation to reduce this effect by signal diversity can be found. In this article, a practical implementation with four measuring heads of a Multipoint Vibrometer (MPV) and an evaluation and optimization of an algorithm from the literature is presented. The limitations of the algorithm, which combines velocity signals, are shown by evaluating our measurements. We present a modified algorithm, which generates a combined detector signal from the raw signals of the individual channels, reducing the mean noise level in our measurement by more than 10 dB. By comparing the results of our new algorithm with the algorithms of the state-of-the-art, we can show an improvement of the noise reduction with our approach.
Middle-Scale Ionospheric Disturbances Observed by the Oblique-Incidence Ionosonde Detection Network in North China after the 2011 Tohoku Tsunamigenic Earthquake
Authors: Wang Jin , Chen Gang , Yu Tao , Deng Zhongxin , Yan Xiangxiang , Yang Na
Published: February 2021

The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and the following enormous tsunami caused great disturbances in the ionosphere that were observed in various regions along the Pacific Ocean. In this study, the oblique-incidence ionosonde detection network located in North China was applied to investigate the inland ionospheric disturbances related to the 2011 tsunamigenic earthquake. The ionosonde network consists of five transmitters and 20 receivers and can monitor regional ionosphere disturbances continuously and effectively. Based on the recorded electron density variations along the horizontal plane, the planar middle-scale ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) associated with the 2011 Tohoku tsunamigenic earthquake were detected more than 2000 km west of the epicenter about six hours later. The MSTIDs captured by the Digisonde, high-frequency (HF) Doppler measurement, and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellite provided more information about the far-field inland propagation characteristics of the westward propagating gravity waves. The results imply that the ionosonde network has the potential for remote sensing of ionospheric disturbances induced by tsunamigenic earthquakes and provide a perspective for investigating the propagation process of associated gravity waves.
Collaborative Indoor Positioning Systems: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pascacio Pavel , Casteleyn Sven , Torres-Sospedra Joaquín , Lohan Elena Simona , Nurmi Jari
Published: February 2021

Research and development in Collaborative Indoor Positioning Systems (CIPSs) is growing steadily due to their potential to improve on the performance of their non-collaborative counterparts. In contrast to the outdoors scenario, where Global Navigation Satellite System is widely adopted, in (collaborative) indoor positioning systems a large variety of technologies, techniques, and methods is being used. Moreover, the diversity of evaluation procedures and scenarios hinders a direct comparison. This paper presents a systematic review that gives a general view of the current CIPSs. A total of 84 works, published between 2006 and 2020, have been identified. These articles were analyzed and classified according to the described system’s architecture, infrastructure, technologies, techniques, methods, and evaluation. The results indicate a growing interest in collaborative positioning, and the trend tend to be towards the use of distributed architectures and infrastructure-less systems. Moreover, the most used technologies to determine the collaborative positioning between users are wireless communication technologies (Wi-Fi, Ultra-WideBand, and Bluetooth). The predominant collaborative positioning techniques are Received Signal Strength Indication, Fingerprinting, and Time of Arrival/Flight, and the collaborative methods are particle filters, Belief Propagation, Extended Kalman Filter, and Least Squares. Simulations are used as the main evaluation procedure. On the basis of the analysis and results, several promising future research avenues and gaps in research were identified.
Low Distortion of Noise Filter Realization with 6.34 V/μs Fast Slew Rate and 120 mVp-p Output Noise Signal
Authors: Yu Fang-Ming , Lee Kun-Cheng , Jwo Ko-Wen , Chang Rong-Seng , Lin Jun-Yi
Published: February 2021

In order to reduce Gaussian noise, this paper proposes a method via taking the average of the upper and lower envelopes generated by capturing the high and low peaks of the input signal. The designed fast response filter has no cut-off frequency, so the high order harmonics of the actual signal remain unchanged. Therefore, it can immediately respond to the changes of input signal and retain the integrity of the actual signal. In addition, it has only a small phase delay. The slew rate, phase delay and frequency response can be confirmed from the simulation results of Multisim 13.0. The filter outlined in this article can retain the high order harmonics of the original signal, achieving a slew rate of 6.34 V/μs and an almost zero phase difference. When using our filter to physically test the input signal with a noise level of 3 Vp-p Gaussian noise, a reduced noise signal of 120 mVp-p is obtained. The noise can be suppressed by up to 4% of the raw signal.
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds Removal Methods from Wastewater in the United Kingdom: A Review
Authors: Gadupudi China K. , Rice Louis , Xiao Libin , Kantamaneni Komali
Published: February 2021

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are contaminants with estrogenic or androgenic activity that negatively impact human and animal communities. These compounds have become one of the most significant concerns for wastewater treatment in recent decades. Several studies have evaluated EDC removal methods from wastewater across the globe, including the United Kingdom (UK). Accordingly, the current study reviews EDC removal methods from municipal/domestic wastewater in the United Kingdom (UK) for the period of 2010–2017. The current study analysed original research articles (250), review articles (52), short communication (43), and other associated documents via the ScienceDirect.com database. A total of 25 published articles, which covered EDC removal methods from UK wastewaters, were reviewed rigorously. The research highlights that despite the relative efficacy of existing chemical and physical methods for removing certain EDCs from wastewater, there is emerging evidence supporting the need for more widespread application of nature-based and biological approaches, particularly the use of biofilms. The analysis reveals that there have been relatively few research studies on EDC removal methods carried out in the UK in the 2010–2017 period. Only four papers addressed the removal of specific endocrine disrupting compounds from UK municipal wastewater, and none of the studies addressed EDC removal by using direct biofilms. Finally, this review suggests that more research is needed to remove EDCs, particularly through the application of biofilms, from municipal wastewater in current scenarios.
Effects of Spent Drilling Fluids from Natural Gas Fields on Seed Germination and Root Development of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Wang Zhe , Hao Mingde
Published: February 2021

The use of drilling waste for land reclamation is a cost-effective way to improve soil fertility and to decrease landfills. However, the potential phytotoxic and cytotoxic effects of this waste on crops have not been investigated in detail. Here, we evaluated the toxicity of spent drilling fluids (SDFs) from a natural gas field using the non-target plant Zea mays L. (maize). Four different concentrations of SDFs (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%, w/w) were used to test the toxic effects in two soils (aeolian and loessal). Different endpoints, including germination, root elongation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, antioxidant activity, mitotic index, and chromosomal abnormalities, were used to test the effects of SDFs after four days of exposure. Higher levels (≥6%) of SDFs inhibited seed germination and root growth, and altered the oxygen status by increasing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and inhibiting superoxide ion (O2−) accumulation in the roots. SDFs-induced oxidative stress caused member damage, exacerbated cell injury, and reduced cell viability in the roots, compared with those untreated plants. The plants responded to high SDFs levels (≥6%) by upregulating antioxidants such as peroxidase, superoxide dismutase ascorbate peroxidase, and proline. A reduction in the mitotic index and induction of chromosomal abnormalities in root meristematic cells were indicators of the cytotoxicity of SDFs in maize seedlings. The upregulation of antioxidants due to the change of ROS and the induction of chromosomal abnormalities were more severe in roots grown in aeolian soil than in those grown in loessal soil. The present results provide insight into the mechanism underlying the phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of SDFs and have implications for land reclamation to minimize deleterious effects on non-target crops.
Estimation of Spatial and Seasonal Variability of Soil Erosion in a Cold Arid River Basin in Hindu Kush Mountainous Region Using Remote Sensing
Authors: Safari Ziauddin , Rahimi Sayed Tamim , Ahmed Kamal , Sharafati Ahmad , Ziarh Ghaith Falah , Shahid Shamsuddin , Ismail Tarmizi , Al-Ansari Nadhir , Chung Eun-Sung , Wang Xiaojun
Published: February 2021

An approach is proposed in the present study to estimate the soil erosion in data-scarce Kokcha subbasin in Afghanistan. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model is used to estimate soil erosion. The satellite-based data are used to obtain the RUSLE factors. The results show that the slight (71.34%) and moderate (25.46%) erosion are dominated in the basin. In contrast, the high erosion (0.01%) is insignificant in the study area. The highest amount of erosion is observed in Rangeland (52.2%) followed by rainfed agriculture (15.1%) and barren land (9.8%) while a little or no erosion is found in areas with fruit trees, forest and shrubs, and irrigated agriculture land. The highest soil erosion was observed in summer (June–August) due to snow melting from high mountains. The spatial distribution of soil erosion revealed higher risk in foothills and degraded lands. It is expected that the methodology presented in this study for estimation of spatial and seasonal variability soil erosion in a remote mountainous river basin can be replicated in other similar regions for management of soil, agriculture, and water resources.
The Effect of Various Hydroxide and Salt Additives on the Reduction of Fluoride Ion Mobility in Industrial Waste
Authors: Dambrauskas Tadas , Baltakys Kestutis , Grineviciene Agne , Rudelis Valdas
Published: February 2021

In this work, the influence of various hydroxide and salt additives on the removal of F− ions from silica gel waste, which is obtained during the production of AlF3, was examined. The leaching of the mentioned ions from silica gel waste to the liquid medium was achieved by the application of different techniques: (1) leaching under static conditions; (2) leaching under dynamic conditions by the use of continuous liquid medium flow; and (3) leaching in cycles under dynamic conditions. It was determined that the efficiency of the fluoride removal from this waste depends on the w/s ratio, the leaching conditions, and the additives used. It was proven that it is possible to reduce the concentration of fluorine ions from 10% to <5% by changing the treatment conditions and by adding alkaline compounds. The silica gel obtained after the leaching is a promising silicon dioxide source.
Observational Evidence of the Need for Gender-Sensitive Approaches to Wildfires Locally and Globally: Case Study of 2018 Wildfire in Mati, Greece
Authors: Zabaniotou Anastasia , Pritsa Anastasia , Kyriakou E-A
Published: February 2021

The study takes an equality justice perspective to compare resilience against the controlled management of wildfires, for an effective preparedness, which is a prerequisite for equitable mitigation. The objectives were (a) conceptualizing wildfire mitigation by exploring the ties with gender equality to wildfire hazards, (b) taking the case of wildfire 2018 in Mati, Greece, to contribute reducing the country’s gender inequality, and (c) increasing resilience to climate change hazards by considering lessons learnt. The authors underscore the benefits of a workshop-based and instrumental case study methodology for unravelling evidence on the need for gender-sensitive approaches and tools for future planning at local, regional, and global scales. The case study unravels women’s lack of preparedness to wildfires in Greece, their absence in decision-making for fire management, and the need for capacity building to transform communities’ resilience. The literature research and the specific interviews conducted helped bring awareness to the wildfire’s dynamics, in alignment with the fundamental aspect of gender equality, and to ground recommendations for socio-ecological resilience transition and gender-sensitive approaches in fire management, from reactive fire-fighting to proactive integration. Although in the geographical-context, the study can bring widespread geographical awareness, bringing insights for relevance to similar areas worldwide.
Characterization of SDGs towards Coastal Management: Sustainability Performance and Cross-Linking Consequences
Authors: Schipper Cor A. , Dekker Gerben G.J. , de Visser Beer , Bolman Bas , Lodder Quirijn
Published: February 2021

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and associated targets focus on a wide range of global issues and can be useful in coastal challenges such as climate change and green economic growth. The aim of this study is to tailor the SDGs, as a universally recognized policy framework, to assess the sustainability performance for coastal flood protection management to enhance climate-resilient and adaptable coastal development. To operationalize this aim, the SDG Sustainability Impact Score (SDG-SIS) framework was developed. Based on system functionalities for the land–sea interface, 38 SDGs were identified in the SDG-SIS framework. Given the availability of public numeric data, only 12 SDG targets are connected with Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). The SDG-SIS framework was applied to two different sets of cases, including five coastline and five sand nourishment cases. This study shows that the geographical and socioeconomic characteristics of the two sets of cases should be considered in the selection of system functionalities as well as the consideration of SDG targets. Moreover, cross-linking cumulative consequences of SIS do not directly indicate the level of sustainability, but the individual SDG target data are essential to reveal the underlying details. This stresses the importance of prioritizing SDGs to serve as leverage for policymakers to optimize the climate resilience and adaptation of coastal management. The SDG-SIS framework enables the support of coastal policy by addressing long-term measures and providing a sustainable vision for future implementation.
Stock Assessment for Seven Fish Species Using the LBB Method from the Northeastern Tip of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh
Authors: Al-Mamun Md. Abdullah , Liu Qun , Chowdhury Sayedur Rahman , Uddin Md. Sharif , Nazrul K. M. Shahriar , Sultana Rokeya
Published: February 2021

Assessment of fish stock status is generally required for fisheries management, which is difficult when the data are limited. The length-based Bayesian Biomass (LBB) approach is a powerful and new method, where only the length-frequency data are used for estimating the status of fisheries resources. Here, we applied the LBB method to assess the status of seven commercially valuable marine fishes from the northern tip of the Bay of Bengal (BoB), Bangladesh. These species were Lepturacanthus savala, Pampus argenteus, Nemipterus japonicas, Nemipterus randalli, Ilisha filigera, Saurida tumbil, and Upeneus sulphurous. The current relative biomass (B/B0) ratios were smaller than the BMSY/B0 in five stocks, except for N. japonicas and N. randalli, and this indicates that, of the seven populations assessed, two are grossly overfished, three are overfished, and two are healthy stocks. Moreover, the length at first capture (Lc) was lower than the optimal length at first capture (Lc_opt) in all seven populations, which indicates growth overfishing, suggesting that increasing the mesh sizes would be beneficial. The present findings confirm that Bangladesh’s coastal water fishery resources are declining. More specific targeted management measures should be taken to recover the country’s marine fishery resources.
Relationship between Statistics Anxiety and Academic Dishonesty: A Comparison between Learning Environments in Social Sciences
Authors: Eshet Yovav , Steinberger Pnina , Grinautsky Keren
Published: February 2021

The current research examines the impact of Statistics Anxiety on academic ethical behavior as manifesting in undergraduate social science students attending introductory statistics courses in different learning environments: Covid-19-Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT), Planned Online Environment (POE), and Face-to-Face (F2F) courses. Data were collected from students in academic institutions studying for a bachelor’s degree in the social sciences. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to examine the relationship between students’ previous academic achievements and Academic Dishonesty mediated by Statistics Anxiety. The results of multi-group analysis show that path coefficients differ between the three learning environments (POE, F2F, and ERT). Specifically, the results support a model in which previous math and academic achievements are significantly related to Academic Dishonesty mediated by Statistics Anxiety in a POE context only. Accordingly, POE statistics learning is less effective than F2F instruction and practice. Our research shows that instructors’ presence in the learning process reduces students’ anxiety levels and unethical behavior. Thus, we recommend that in POE, the instructor’s presence includes supportive, emphatic, and interpersonal interaction to reduce virtual distance. We conclude that introductory courses in statistics need to empower students experiencing Statistics Anxiety for a better sustainable statistical literacy population.
The Inland Container Transportation Problem with Separation Mode Considering Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Authors: He Wenqing , Jin Zhihong , Huang Ying , Xu Shida
Published: February 2021

This paper investigates the Inland Container Transportation (ICT) problem with carbon dioxide emissions. The separation mode that the tractor and semi-trailer could be detached and it permits multitasking to reduce fuel and carbon emission costs. A mixed-integer programming model with Full-Empty container integration has been built. An improved ant colony optimization with two-dimensional variable matrix encoding and Infeasible-Arc filtration strategy has been proposed. Numerical experiments with different scales and characteristics are simulated and validated in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The comparison result indicates the excellent stability for our approach with different task characteristic distribution.
Spatial Evolution of Urban Expansion in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Coordinated Development Region
Authors: Tang Zhanzhong , Zhang Zengxiang , Zuo Lijun , Wang Xiao , Zhao Xiaoli , Liu Fang , Hu Shunguang , Yi Ling , Xu Jinyong
Published: February 2021

Against the background of coordinated development of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region (BTH), it is of great significance to quantitatively reveal spatiotemporal dynamics of urban expansion for optimizing the layout of urban land across regions. However, the urban expansion characteristics, types and trends, and spatial coevolution (including urban land, GDP, and population) have not been well investigated in the existing research studies. This study presents a new spatial measure that describes the difference of the main trend direction. In addition, we also introduce a new method to classify an urban expansion type based on other scholars. The results show the following: (1) The annual urban expansion area (UEA) in Beijing and Tianjin has been ahead of that in Hebei; the annual urban expansion rate (UER) gradually shifted from the highest in megacities to the highest in counties; the high–high clusters of the UEA presented an evolution from a “seesaw” pattern to a “dumbbell” pattern, while that of the UER moved first from Beijing to Tianjin and eventually to Hebei. (2) Double high speed for both UEA and UER was the main extension type; most cities presented a U-shaped trend. (3) Qinhuangdao has the largest difference between the main trend direction of spatial distribution of urban land, GDP and population; the spatial distribution of GDP is closer to that of urban land than population. (4) The area and proportion of land occupied by urban expansion varied greatly across districts/counties. BTH experienced dramatic urban expansion and has a profound impact on land use. These research results can provide a data basis and empirical reference for territorial spatial planning.
A Review of Lysimeter Experiments Carried Out on Municipal Landfill Waste
Authors: Dabrowska Dominika , Rykala Wojciech
Published: February 2021

The groundwater risk assessment in the vicinity of landfill sites requires, among others, representative monitoring and testing for pollutants leaching from the waste. Lysimeter studies can serve as an example of dynamic leaching tests. However, due to the bacteriological composition of the municipal waste, they are rarely carried out. These tests allow for the proper design of the landfill protection system against migration of pollutants into the ground, assessment of bacteriological, biochemical and chemical risk for the groundwater, determination of the water balance of leachate as well as examination of the course of processes taking place in the waste landfill with a diversified access to oxygen. This paper addresses the issue of performing lysimeter studies on a sample of municipal waste in various scientific centers. It analyzes the size of lysimeters, their construction, the method of water supply, the duration of the experiment, the scope of research, and the purpose of lysimeter studies.
Oral Sub-Chronic Ochratoxin a Exposure Induces Gut Microbiota Alterations in Mice
Authors: Izco María , Vettorazzi Ariane , de Toro Maria , Sáenz Yolanda , Alvarez-Erviti Lydia
Published: February 2021

Gut microbiota plays crucial roles in maintaining host health. External factors, such as diet, medicines, and environmental toxins, influence the composition of gut microbiota. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most prevalent and relevant mycotoxins and is a highly abundant food and animal feed contaminant. In the present study, we aimed to investigate OTA gut microbiome toxicity in mice sub-chronically exposed to low doses of OTA (0.21, 0.5, and 1.5 mg/kg body weight) by daily oral gavage for 28 days. Fecal microbiota from control and OTA-treated mice was analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing followed by metagenomics. OTA exposure caused marked changes in gut microbial community structure, including the decrease in the diversity of fecal microbiota and the relative abundance of Firmicutes, as well as the increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes at the phylum level. At the family level, six bacterial families (unclassified Bacteroidales, Porphyromonadaceae, unclassified Cyanobacteria, Streptococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae) were significantly altered by OTA exposure. Interestingly, OTA-induced changes were observed in the lower-dose OTA groups, while high-dose OTA group microbiota was similar to control group. Our results demonstrated that sub-chronic exposure at low doses of OTA alters the structure and diversity of the gut microbial community.
Advancements in mRNA Encoded Antibodies for Passive Immunotherapy
Authors: Deal Cailin E. , Carfi Andrea , Plante Obadiah J.
Published: February 2021

Monoclonal antibodies are the fastest growing therapeutic class in medicine today. They hold great promise for a myriad of indications, including cancer, allergy, autoimmune and infectious diseases. However, the wide accessibility of these therapeutics is hindered by manufacturing and purification challenges that result in high costs and long lead times. Efforts are being made to find alternative ways to produce and deliver antibodies in more expedient and cost-effective platforms. The field of mRNA has made significant progress in the last ten years and has emerged as a highly attractive means of encoding and producing any protein of interest in vivo. Through the natural role of mRNA as a transient carrier of genetic information for translation into proteins, in vivo expression of mRNA-encoded antibodies offer many advantages over recombinantly produced antibodies. In this review, we examine both preclinical and clinical studies that demonstrate the feasibility of mRNA-encoded antibodies and discuss the remaining challenges ahead.
Physicochemical Interactions in Systems C.I. Direct Yellow 50—Weakly Basic Resins: Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Auxiliaries Addition Aspects
Authors: Wawrzkiewicz Monika , Polska-Adach Ewelina
Published: February 2021

Intensive development of many industries, including textile, paper or plastic, which consume large amounts of water and generate huge amounts of wastewater-containing toxic dyes, contribute to pollution of the aquatic environment. Among many known methods of wastewater treatment, adsorption techniques are considered the most effective. In the present study, the weakly basic anion exchangers such as Amberlyst A21, Amberlyst A23 and Amberlyst A24 of the polystyrene, phenol-formaldehyde and polyacrylic matrices were used for C.I. Direct Yellow 50 removal from aqueous solutions. The equilibrium adsorption data were well fitted to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Kinetic studies were described by the pseudo-second order model. The pseudo-second order rate constants were in the range of 0.0609–0.0128 g/mg·min for Amberlyst A24, 0.0038–0.0015 g/mg·min for Amberlyst A21 and 1.1945–0.0032 g/mg·min for Amberlyst A23, and decreased with the increasing initial concentration of dye from 100–500 mg/L, respectively. There were observed auxiliaries (Na2CO3, Na2SO4, anionic and non-ionic surfactants) impact on the dye uptake. The polyacrylic resin Amberlyst A24 can be promising sorbent for C.I. Direct Yellow 50 removal as it is able to uptake 666.5 mg/g of the dye compared to the phenol-formaldehyde Amberlyst A23 which has a 284.3 mg/g capacity.
Neural Network Approach to Retrieving Ocean Subsurface Temperatures from Surface Parameters Observed by Satellites
Authors: Cheng Hao , Sun Liang , Li Jiagen
Published: February 2021

The extraction of physical information about the subsurface ocean from surface information obtained from satellite measurements is both important and challenging. We introduce a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) method to determine the subsurface temperature of the North Pacific Ocean by selecting the optimum input combination of sea surface parameters obtained from satellite measurements. In addition to sea surface height (SSH), sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS) and sea surface wind (SSW), we also included the sea surface velocity (SSV) as a new component in our study. This allowed us to partially resolve the non-linear subsurface dynamics associated with advection, which improved the estimated results, especially in regions with strong currents. The accuracy of the estimated results was verified with reprocessed observational datasets. Our results show that the BPNN model can accurately estimate the subsurface (upper 1000 m) temperature of the North Pacific Ocean. The corresponding mean square errors were 0.868 and 0.802 using four (SSH, SST, SSS and SSW) and five (SSH, SST, SSS, SSW and SSV) input parameters and the average coefficients of determination were 0.952 and 0.967, respectively. The input of the SSV in addition to the SSH, SST, SSS and SSW therefore has a positive impact on the BPNN model and helps to improve the accuracy of the estimation. This study provides important technical support for retrieving thermal information about the ocean interior from surface satellite remote sensing observations, which will help to expand the scope of satellite measurements of the ocean.
Structural Changes in French VF Treatment Wetland Porous Media during the Rest Period: An Ex Situ Study Using X-ray Tomography
Authors: Martinez-Carvajal German Dario , Oxarango Laurent , Adrien Jérôme , Molle Pascal , Forquet Nicolas
Published: February 2021

Clogging constitutes a major operational issue for treatment wetlands. The rest period is a key feature of French Vertical Flow (VF) treatment wetlands and serves to mitigate clogging. An ex-situ drying experiment was performed to mimic the rest period and record structural changes in the porous media using X-ray Computed Tomography (CT). Samples containing the deposit and gravel layers of a first stage French VF treatment wetland were extracted and left to dry in a control environment. Based on CT scans, three phases were identified (voids, biosolids, and gravels). The impact of the rest period was assessed by means of different pore-scale variables. Ultimately, the volume of biosolids had reduced to 58% of its initial value, the deposit layer thickness dropped to 68% of its initial value, and the void/biosolid specific surface area ratio increased from a minimum value of 1.1 to a maximum of 4.2. Cracks greater than 3 mm developed at the uppermost part of the deposit layer, while, in the gravel layer, the rise in void volume corresponds to pores smaller than 2 mm in diameter. Lastly, the air-filled microporosity is estimated to have increased by 0.11 v/v.
PKM Penguatan Regimen Terapeutik Penderita Diabetes Mellitus dengan Senam DM, Konseling, Pemeriksaan Sensasi Kaki dan Diabetic Neuropathy Symptomps
Authors:   Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Sari Dyah Wiji Puspita , Setyawati Retno , Amal Ahmad Ikhlasul , Suyanto Suyanto , Abdurrouf Muh , Janitra Fitria Endah , Wahyuni Indah Sri
Published: February 2021

Complications from diabetes mellitus can be prevented by strengthening the therapeutic regimen of people with diabetes mellitus. This Community Service Program (PKM) aims to support government programs in handling non-communicable diseases especially diabetes mellitus through effective community-based strategies to improve the quality of life for people with DM. The targets in this PKM are people with diabetes who are members of the prolanist program under the auspices of the Bangetayu Community Health Center in Semarang. The method of implementing PKM is the empowerment method which is carried out through several stages, namely socialization, implementation of activities, as well as monitoring and evaluation. The results in this program are increased knowledge of people with DM in understanding the concept of physical activity training for DM patients and diabetic neuropathy symptoms and their prevention, increased ability to practice physical activity with DM exercises from 10% to 80%, participants with diabetes know the results of examination of decreased foot sensation and the appearance of signs symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. The PKM follow-up is that people with diabetes can check their feet sensation and enhance the therapeutic regimen periodically to prevent DM complications. It is hoped that they can maintain physical activity training.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF CARBON FARMS ON FOREST SITE
Authors: Morkovina Svetlana , Panyavina Ekaterina , Shanin I. , Avdeeva Irina
Published: February 2021

The article considers the possibilities of developing forest entrepreneurship through expanding the range of ecosystem services and organizing sequestration Inustry on forest lands. The new type of forest management is based on the ability to balance carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The economic aspects of creating and using forest carbon farms are considered. To determine the standard costs for creating poplar and pine carbon plantations, the standard method was used. Creating carbon farms on forest land is a costly process, but carbon storage activities can bring numerous economic and environmental effects in addition to maintaining the carbon balance. The cost of creating one hectare of forest carbon farm is from 262 to 304 thousand rubles, while the economic effect of their use can significantly exceed the investment. The first stage in the organization of carbon farms should be the creation of test plantations-carbon polygons. It is proved that the necessary resources and prerequisites are available for the implementation of the actual practice-oriented task of creating carbon polygons in the Voronezh region.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Origanum vulgare and Its Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: ÖZGEN Arzu , TAN Nurcihan , TAŞTAN Ömer , PEHLEVAN Funda
Published: February 2021

Our country is home to many endemic plant species including medicinal, aromatic and spice. One of these species is thyme plant used both in daily life and for medical purposes. One of the most popular methods of phylogenetic classification of plants is the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region which locates between the ITS1 and ITS2 regions that highly conserved. In this paper, a thyme species was used, which grows naturally in Sultan Murat Sarıkaya High-plateau in eastern Black Sea Region (Turkey) and phylogenetic analysis of oregano plant was carried out and antioxidant and antibacterial activity was investigated. The assessment of the antioxidant activity of the plant was researched using DPPH method using plant excretes prepared at various time intervals. The antibacterial activity of plant was studied by using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods against Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. The phylogenetic analysis was performed by obtaining the genomic DNA of the plant by the analysis of the specific DNA sequences used in the species identification, and the species of the plant was identified as Origanum vulgare and was identified as MH174928.1 (Origanum vulgare isolate SRY61) from Gen Bank. O. vulgare showed a high rate of antioxidant properties and showed antibacterial effect in accordance with the literature.
Rośliny naczyniowe obcego pochodzenia zadomowione w lasach Polski
Authors: Danielewicz Władysław , Wiatrowska Blanka , Dajdok Zygmunt , Tokarska-Guzik Barbara
Published: February 2021

The forest environment is considered to be more resistant to penetration by alien plant species than other terrestrial environments, which generally are significantly modified by humans. A major environmental threat to vegetation is posed by alien species that are capable of spontaneous expansion in natural or semi-natural communities, and above all in forests. This paper presents a naturalization scale of alien vascular plants in forests of Poland, based on knowledge of species classified as naturalized elements of the Polish flora. Using the research results and observations of other authors, as well as literature data, a list of 180 taxa of such plants was compiled. The classification uses the following categories: life form, systematic affiliation, and origin or status in the Polish flora. The analysis revealed that not all of the considered alien species showed an ability to penetrate forest communities and that only a few of them have developed stable populations in the best-preserved natural and semi-natural phytocoenoses. About 20% of the anthropophytes found in forest communities strongly affect the composition and structure of the forest phytocoenoses.
Educación tributaria y recaudación fiscal de rentas de primera categoría en estudiantes universitarios del Perú
Authors: Callohuanca Edgar , Flores Ludwing , Sucari Wilson
Published: February 2021

The objective was to evaluate the level of tax education related to the first category income tax collection in Peruvian university students. This work is in the quantitative approach, descriptive type, and cross-correlational design. The sample consisted of 3,560 students (between men and women between 18 and 25 years old), which was obtained using the non-probabilistic and convenience sampling technique. To obtain data, the Tax Education Questionnaire was applied, which was prepared by the authors under the theoretical assumptions of the Tax Court attached to the Ministry of Economy and Finance of Peru. The statistical processing was carried out using the variance analysis technique (ANOVA) of the variables tax education (1) and tax collection (2). The results indicated that there is a direct association between the mentioned variables with a p-value = 0.001. In conclusion, tax education is directly related to tax collection.
Pertumbuhan Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) yang diberikan pakan kombinasi pelet dan maggot (Hermetia illucens) kering dengan presentasi berbeda
Authors: Sepang Daniella A. , Mudeng Joppy D. , Monijung Revol D. , Sambali Hariyani , Mokolensang Jeffrie F.
Published: February 2021

This study aimed to determine the effect of providing a combination of natural feed maggots and pellets on the growth performance of Nile Tilapia and to ratio between maggots and pellets that promote growth of Nile Tilapia. The research was conducted from June to August 2020. The research method was using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications with the following treatments: treatment A = 100% pellets, treatment B = 75% pellets and 25% maggots, treatment C = 50% pellets and 50% maggot, treatment D = 25% pellets and 75% maggot, treatment E = 100% maggot. The test fish used Nile Tilapia fingerling with average weighing 4 g / fish with density of 5 fish / container and maintained for 21 days. The containers used in this study were 15 plastic trays with a diameter of 40 cm and a height of 20 cm each with a water capacity of 15 liters. Growth performance data were Weight gain (WG), Specific growth rate (SGR), relative growth rate (SGR), feed convertion rate (FCR) and feed intake (FI). Based on the results of this study, it shows that the use of a combination of pellet and maggot feed as Nile tilapia juvenile has an effect on the growth performance of Nile tilapia so that maggot can be used as an alternative feed that has high nutritional content for tilapia fish cultivation. The treatment that gave the best growth effect on tilapia seeds was found at the dose of a combination of 50% pellet feed + 50% maggot, with Weight gain (5.5±1.1g), SGR (3.7±0.5%), RGR (139.4±53.4) and FCR (1.2±0.2)