bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The bulk parameterizations of turbulent air-sea fluxes in NEMO4: the origin of Sea Surface Temperature differences in a global model study
Authors: Bonino Giulia , Iovino Doroteaciro , Brodeau Laurent , Masina Simona
Published: January 2022

Abstract. Wind stress and turbulent heat fluxes are the major driving forces which modify the ocean dynamics and thermodynamics. In the NEMO ocean general circulation model, these turbulent air-sea fluxes (TASFs), which are components of the ocean model boundary conditions, can critically impact the simulated ocean characteristics. This paper investigates how the different bulk parametrizations to calculated turbulent air-sea fluxes in the NEMO4 (revision 12957) drives substantial differences in sea surface temperature (SST). Specifically, we study the contribution of different aspects and assumptions of the bulk parametrizations in driving the SST differences in NEMO global model configuration at ¼ degree of horizontal resolution. These include the use of the skin temperature instead of the bulk SST in the computation of turbulent heat flux components, the estimation of wind stress and the estimation of turbulent heat flux components which vary in each parametrization due to the different computation of the bulk transfer coefficients. The analysis of a set of short-term sensitivity experiments, where the only experimental change is related to one of the aspects of the bulk parametrizations, shows that parametrization-related SST differences are primarily sensitive to the wind stress differences across parametrizations and to the implementation of skin temperature in the computation of turbulent heat flux components. Moreover, in order to highlight the role of SST-turbulent heat flux negative feedback at play in ocean simulations, we compare the TASFs differences obtained using NEMO ocean model with the estimations from Brodeau et al. (2017), who compared the different bulk parametrizations using prescribed SST. Our estimations of turbulent heat flux differences between bulk parametrizations is weaker with respect to Brodeau et al. (2017) differences estimations.
Advancing stream classification and hydrologic modeling of ungaged basins for environmental flow management in coastal southern California
Authors: Adams Stephen , Bledsoe Brian , Stein Eric
Published: January 2022

Abstract. Environmental streamflow management can improve the ecological health of streams by returning modified flows to more natural conditions. The Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration (ELOHA) framework for developing regional environmental flow criteria has been implemented to reverse hydromodification across the heterogenous region of coastal southern California (So. CA) by focusing on two elements of the flow regime: streamflow permanence and flashiness. Within ELOHA, classification groups streams by hydrologic and geomorphic similarity to stratify flow-ecology relationships. Analogous grouping techniques are used by hydrologic modelers to facilitate streamflow prediction in ungaged basins (PUB) through regionalization. Most watersheds, including those needed for stream classification and environmental flow development, are ungaged. Furthermore, So. CA is a highly heterogeneous region spanning a gradient of urbanization, which presents a challenge for regionalizing ungaged basins. In this study, we develop a novel classification technique for PUB modeling that uses an inductive approach to group regional streams by modeled hydrologic similarity followed by deductively determining class membership with hydrologic model errors and watershed metrics. As a new type of classification, this “Hydrologic Model-based Classification” (HMC) prioritizes modeling accuracy, which in turn provides a means to improve model predictions in ungaged basins, while complementing traditional classifications and improving environmental flow management. HMC is developed by calibrating a regional catalog of process-based rainfall-runoff models, quantifying the hydrologic reciprocity of calibrated parameters that would be unknown in ungaged basins, and grouping sites according to hydrologic and physical similarity. HMC was applied to 25 USGS streamflow gages in the south coast region of California and was compared to other hybrid PUB approaches combining inductive and deductive classification. Using an Average Cluster Error metric, results show HMC provided the most hydrologically similar groups according to calibrated parameter reciprocity. Hydrologic Model-based Classification is relatively complex and time-consuming to implement, but it shows potential for advancing ungaged basin management. This study demonstrates the benefits of thorough stream classification using multiple approaches, and suggests that Hydrologic Model-based Classification has advantages for PUB and building the hydrologic foundation for environmental flow management.
Impact of distributed meteorological forcing on snow dynamic and induced water fluxes over a mid-elevation alpine micro-scale catchment
Authors: Gupta Aniket , Reverdy Alix , Cohard Jean-Martial , Voisin Didier , Hector Basile , Descloitres Marc , Vandervaere Jean-Pierre , Coulaud Catherine , Biron Romain , Liger Lucie , Valay Jean-Gabriel , Maxwell Reed
Published: January 2022

Abstract. From the micro to mesoscale, water and energy budgets of mountainous catchments are largely driven by topographic features such as terrain orientation, slope, steepness, elevation together with associated meteorological forcings such as precipitation, solar radiation and wind. This impact the snow deposition, melting and transport, which further impact the overall water cycle. However, this microscale variability is not well represented in Earth System Models due to coarse resolutions, and impacts of such resolution assumptions on simulated water and energy budget lack quantification. This study aims at exploring these effects on a 15.28 ha small mid-elevation (2000–2200 m) alpine catchment at Col du Lautaret (France). This grass-dominated catchment remains covered with snow for 5 to 6 months per year. The surface-subsurface coupled hyper-resolution (10 m) distributed hydrological model ParFLOW-CLM is used to simulate the impacts of meteorological variability at spatio-temporal micro-scale on the water cycle. These include 3D simulations with spatially distributed forcing of precipitation, solar radiation and wind compared to 3D simulations with non-distributed forcing simulation. Our precipitation distribution method encapsulates the spatial snow distribution along with snow transport. The model simulates the snow cover dynamics and spatial variability through the CLM energy balance module and under the different combinations of distributed forcing. The resulting subsurface and surface water transfers are solved by the ParFLOW module. Distributed forcing induce a snowpack with a more spatially heterogeneous thickness, which becomes patchy during the melt season and shows a good agreement with the remote sensing images. This asynchronous melting results in a longer melting period and smoother hydrological response than the non-distributed forcing, which does not generate any patchiness. Amongst the tested distributed meteorological forcing that impacts the hydrology, precipitation distribution, including snow transportation, is the most important. Solar insolation distribution has an important impact in reducing evapotranspiration depending on the slope orientation. For the studied catchment mainly facing east, it adds small differential melting effect. Wind distribution in the energy budget calculation has a more complicated impact on our catchment as it participate to accelerate the melting when meteorological conditions are favourable but does not generate patchiness at the end in our test case.
DEEP LEARNING: NEW APPROACH FOR DETECTING SCHOLAR EXAMS FRAUD
Authors: El Kohli S. , Jannaj Y. , Maanan M. , Rhinane H.
Published: January 2022

Abstract. Cheating in exams is a worldwide phenomenon that hinders efforts to assess the skills and growth of students. With scientific and technological progress, it has become possible to develop detection systems in particular a system to monitor the movements and gestures of the candidates during the exam. Individually or collectively. Deep learning (DL) concepts are widely used to investigate image processing and machine learning applications. Our system is based on the advances in artificial intelligence, particularly 3D Convolutional Neural Network (3D CNN), object detector methods, OpenCV and especially Google Tensor Flow, to provides a real-time optimized Computer Vision. The proposal approach, we provide a detection system able to predict fraud during exams. Using the 3D CNN to generate a model from 7,638 selected images and objects detector to identify prohibited things. These experimental studies provide a detection performance with 95% accuracy of correlation between the training and validation data set.
Integrated drought risk assessment to support adaptive policy making in the Netherlands
Authors: Mens Marjolein , van Rhee Gigi , Schasfoort Femke , Kielen Neeltje
Published: January 2022

Abstract. Adaptive policy-making to prepare for current and future drought risks requires an integrated assessment of policy actions and combinations of those under changing conditions. This entails quantification of drought risks, integrating drought probability and socio-economic consequences for all relevant sectors that are potentially impacted by drought. The investment costs of proposed policy actions and strategies (various actions combined) can then be compared with the expected risk reduction to determine the cost-effectiveness. This paper presents a method to quantify drought risk in the Netherlands under changing future conditions and in response to policy actions. It illustrates how to use this information as part of a societal cost-benefit analysis and in building an adaptive long-term strategy. The method has been successfully applied to support decision making on the Netherlands’ national drought risk management strategy as part of the National Delta Program for climate change adaptation.
A waveform skewness index for measuring time series nonlinearity and its applications to the ENSO–Indian monsoon relationship
Authors: Schulte Justin , Policelli Frederick , Zaitchik Benjamin
Published: January 2022

Abstract. Many geophysical time series possess nonlinear characteristics that reflect
the underlying physics of the phenomena the time series describe. The
nonlinear character of times series can change with time, so it is important
to quantify time series nonlinearity without assuming stationarity. A common
way of quantifying the time evolution of time series nonlinearity is to compute sliding skewness time series, but it is shown here that such an approach can be misleading when time series contain periodicities. To remedy this
deficiency of skewness, a new waveform skewness index is proposed for
quantifying local nonlinearities embedded in time series. A waveform
skewness spectrum is proposed for determining the frequency components that
are contributing to time series waveform skewness. The new methods are
applied to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian monsoon to test a recently proposed hypothesis that states that changes in
the ENSO–Indian monsoon relationship are related to ENSO nonlinearity. We show that the ENSO–Indian rainfall relationship weakens during time periods of high ENSO waveform skewness. The results from two different analyses
suggest that the breakdown of the ENSO–Indian monsoon relationship during time periods of high ENSO waveform skewness is related to the more frequent
occurrence of strong central Pacific El Niño events, supporting
arguments that changes in the ENSO–Indian rainfall relationship are not solely related to noise.
Biotite supports long-range diffusive transport in dissolution–precipitation creep in halite through small porosity fluctuations
Authors: Schwichtenberg Berit , Fusseis Florian , Butler Ian B. , Andò Edward
Published: January 2022

Abstract. Phyllosilicates are generally regarded to have a reinforcing effect on chemical compaction by dissolution–precipitation creep (DPC) and thereby
influence the evolution of hydraulic rock properties relevant to groundwater resources and geological repositories as well as fossil fuel
reservoirs. We conducted oedometric compaction experiments on layered NaCl–biotite samples to test this assumption. In particular, we aim to analyse
slow chemical compaction processes in the presence of biotite on the grain scale and determine the effects of chemical and mechanical feedbacks. We
used time-resolved (4-D) microtomographic data to capture the dynamic evolution of the porosity in layered NaCl–NaCl/biotite samples over 1619 and
1932 h of compaction. Percolation analysis in combination with advanced digital volume correlation techniques showed that biotite grains influence
the dynamic evolution of porosity in the sample by promoting a reduction of porosity in their vicinity. However, the lack of preferential strain
localisation around phyllosilicates and a homogeneous distribution of axial shortening across the sample suggests that the porosity reduction is not
achieved by pore collapse but by the precipitation of NaCl sourced from outside the NaCl–biotite layer. Our observations invite a renewed discussion
of the effect of phyllosilicates on DPC, with a particular emphasis on the length scales of the processes involved. We propose that, in our
experiments, the diffusive transport processes invoked in classical theoretical models of DPC are complemented by chemo-mechanical feedbacks that
arise on longer length scales. These feedbacks drive NaCl diffusion from the marginal pure NaCl layers into the central NaCl–biotite mixture over
distances of several hundred micrometres and several grain diameters. Such a mechanism was first postulated by Merino et al. (1983).
Incorporación de segunda dosis de la vacuna de la varicela al Calendario Nacional de Vacunación de Argentina
Authors: Sigal Tamara , Terceiro Diego
Published: January 2022

A partir de 2022, a la dosis de vacuna contra la varicela contemplada a los 15 meses de edad en el Calendario Nacional de Vacunación de Argentina, se suma una segunda dosis al ingreso escolar. En este artículo se repasan los aspectos clave para la implementación de esta práctica de inmunización universal, gratuita y obligatoria.
СИСТЕМА ИНДИКАТОРОВ И ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ
Authors: ЛЕВЧЕНКО ЯРОСЛАВ ВАСИЛЬЕВИЧ , МАМИЙ СИМА АСЛАМБЕЧЕВНА
Published: January 2022

Данная работа посвящена исследованию различных индикаторов и показателей экономической безопасности, возможности их использования на теории и практике.

This work is devoted to the study of various indicators and indexes of economic security, the possibility of their use in theory and practice.
Para salvar la desmemoria: Lucía Victoria Bacardí, precursora de la escultura en Santiago de Cuba.
Authors: Fleitas Monnar María Teresa
Published: January 2022

El artículo valora la significación de la escultora Lucía Victoria Bacardí Cape dentro del arte cubano. Analiza el repertorio iconográfico de piezas ubicadas en el museo Emilio Bacardí Moreau de Santiago de Cuba. Se aborda su figura como creadora en un contexto cultural que la convierte en una artista excepcional en Cuba.  Expone la estatura artística de una creadora prácticamente ignorada por la literatura y por el público. En un primer momento se examinan sus etapas de formación artística, en correspondencia con el contexto socio-histórico y cultural que generó su creación.  A continuación se ofrece una valoración del conjunto creativo de la artista mediante el análisis de su valor estético, la identificación de sus principales referentes artísticos y el lugar que ocupa esta mujer dentro del panorama de la escultura cubana. Estudiar su obra es reconocer su personalidad artística y humana transgresora, al dedicarse a un arte que había estado vedado a la mujer y en el que ella sobresalió.
Investigating the Link Between Macroeconomic Factors and Income Inequality of Asian Countries
Authors: Aman Ameenullah , Ahmad Usman , Sumera Muhammad Saleem
Published: January 2022

The main purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of macroeconomic factors on income inequality. The panel data analysis is conducted on the sample data of 36 Asian countries. The data of 19 years from the period 2001 to 2019 is collected to analyze the impact of interest rate, economic growth, FDI and exports. The findings revealed the positive relationship between income inequality and economic growth whereas FDI and exports have negative relationship with income inequality. Result of the study implies that authorities should pay special attention to design policies that encourage inward FDI and increase exports.
Opieka społeczna u protestantów w Polsce w XVI-XVIII wieku
Authors: Surdacki Marian
Published: January 2022

W porównaniu do katolików opieka społeczna u protestantów miała bardziej świecki wymiar. Dotyczyło to szczególnie ewangelików augsburskich, u których ciężar pomocy nad potrzebującymi przejęły miasta. Jednocześnie luteranie całkowicie zanegowali koncepcję chrześcijańskiego rozdawnictwa jałmużny i do minimum ograniczyli pole do działań typowo charytatywnych. Z kolei we wspólnotach kalwińskich, również ariańskich i braci czeskich, decydującą rolę we wspomaganiu swoich pauperes, odgrywali możni protektorowie zborów i podległych im ziem. U nich jednak zachowano jałmużnę jako ważny środek działań dobroczynnych, zalecany również na synodach kalwińskich.
Biskup Michał Korczyński – zapoznany sługa Chrystusa. Szkic biograficzny
Authors: Maj Stanisław
Published: January 2022

Do tej pory brak osobnej biografii biskupa Michała Korczyńskiego, pomimo tego, że dobrze zasłużył się dla Kościoła i dla Polski. Niniejszy szkic jest pierwszą próbą opracowania takiej biografii. Zebrałem w nim rozproszone na ogół informacje dotyczące nie tylko kolejnych etapów życia, ale także obfitej twórczości M. K. Szkic daje możliwość poznania niezwykłego człowieka. Towarzysząc mu w drodze od małego przysiółka w pobliżu Mielca do rezydencji biskupiej w Przemyślu można dostrzec jego pracowitość, pokorę i poczucie obowiązku. Analizując twórczość – troskę o życie religijne i narodowe. Staranie M. K. o wiarę znajduje swój wyraz w takich pracach czy tłumaczeniach jak: „Katechizm dla dzieci wiejskich ku wygodzie parochów spisany…”, „Wykład nauki Kościoła katolickiego…”, „Ksiądz Pleban…” a może przede wszystkim pierwsze polskie czasopismo teologiczne „Przyjaciel Chrześcijańskiej Prawdy”. Staranie o polskość – w opracowaniu „Początków gramatyki języka polskiego”, z których obszerne cytaty z mogą zaskoczyć czytelnika.
Polscy ojcowie Soboru Watykańskiego II. Wstęp do badań nad episkopatem Kościoła katolickiego w PRL w latach sześćdziesiątych XX wieku
Authors: Białkowski Michał
Published: January 2022

Wśród polskich ojców soborowych – uczestników Soboru Watykańskiego II – wyodrębniono trzy kategorie związane ze sprawowanymi godnościami, urzędami oraz święceniami (biskupi ordynariusze; biskupi sufragani i rezydujący w Rzymie; wyżsi przełożeni zakonni). Analiza prozopograficzna całej zbiorowości przeprowadzona została w oparciu o cztery cechy służące opisowi: wykształcenia i formacji intelektualnej; doświadczenia pasterskiego – pokolenie sakry biskupiej (urzędu wyższego przełożonego zakonnego); udziału w obradach soborowych; aktywności w obradach soborowych. Badania pozwalają na sformułowanie następujących wniosków końcowych: 1) zdecydowana większość posiadała co najmniej stopień doktora, przy czym lepsze wykształcenie (stopień doktora habilitowanego oraz tytuły profesorskie), było udziałem przede wszystkim biskupów ordynariuszy; 2) ponad 25% polskich ojców soborowych studiowało na uczelniach rzymskich, a blisko 75% posiadało dyplomy uczelni polskich (najczęściej wybierano Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski); 3) wśród biskupów ordynariuszy dominowało pokolenie sakry (urzędu wyższego przełożonego zakonnego) 1946-1955, natomiast wśród biskupów i rezydujących w Rzymie pokolenie 1956-1965, a więc hierarchów młodych, często tylko z kilkuletnim doświadczeniem posługi biskupiej; 4) we wszystkich czterech sesjach Soboru Watykańskiego II uczestniczyło tylko 10 spośród wszystkich polskich biskupów; 5) w I sesji soborowej dominowali liczebnie biskupi ordynariusze, w trzech kolejnych biskupi sufragani i rezydujący w Rzymie; 6) najczęściej wystąpienia publiczne w auli soborowej wygłaszali biskupi ordynariusze – prawie 75% wszystkich przemówień polskich ojców soborowych, szczególną rolę spośród nich odegrali Pry-mas Polski kardynał Stefan Wyszyński oraz arcybiskup krakowski Karol Wojtyła; 7) odmiennie niż w przypadku wystąpień publicznych, większość animadversiones (pisemne uwagi), składali przede wszystkim biskupi sufragani i rezydujący w Rzymie (ponad 56%); 8) polscy ojcowie soborowi stanowili największą delegację spośród episkopatów krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, często pełnili rolę przedstawicie-li Kościoła milczenia zza „żelaznej kurtyny”, a ich udział w pracach Soboru Watykańskiego II miał znaczący wpływ na finalny kształt dokumentów soborowych.
Z Rudomina do Shuntehfu. Życie misyjne we wspomnieniach ks. Franciszka Arciszewskiego CM (1910-2006) – przyczynek do dziejów prefektury apostolskiej Zgromadzenia Misji w północnych Chinach
Authors: Brzegowy Joanna
Published: January 2022

Ks. Franciszek Arciszewski CM, misjonarz w Chinach, Australii i Stanach Zjednoczonych pozostawił po sobie bogatą spuściznę w postaci dokumentów, notatek własnych, listów oraz wspomnień i fotografii, związanych również z pracą w Chinach, przechowywanych obecnie w Archiwum Polskiej Prowincji Księży Misjonarzy na Stradomiu. Ks. Arciszewski przebywał w Chinach zaledwie czternaście lat, jednak był to okres nieustannych walk, zarówno z wrogiem zewnętrznym – Japonią, jak i wewnętrznych tarć na linii nacjonaliści – komuniści. Ze wspomnień ks. Arciszewskiego, spisanych w roku 1990, a więc przeszło pięćdziesiąt lat po wspominanych wydarzeniach, wyłania się obraz kraju ogarniętego wojenną zawieruchą, gdzie najbardziej pokrzywdzonymi okazują się być zwykli ludzie, z którymi na co dzień przebywali i wśród których mieszkali księża misjonarze.
Kebijakan Program Kartu Prakerja Dalam Mengurangi Pengangguran Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Pamungkas Nikmatul Choyroh
Published: January 2022

ABSTRAK             Pandemi covid-19 berdampak pada perekonomian di Indonesia dari karyawan dirumahkan, PHK dan pengurangan pendapatan bagi mereka yang bekerja. Permasalahn tersebut membuat tingkat pengangguran semakin tinggi daripada tahun sebelumnya, maka pemerintah secara cepat membuat kebijakan untuk mengurangi tingkat pengangguran di Indonesia. Kebijakan tersebut adalah program kartu prakerja yang difokuskan kepada mereka yang telah kehilangan pekerjaan atau pengurangan penghasilan selama masa pandemi covid-19 ini. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana kebijakan program kartu prakerja memperdayakan masyarakat untuk mengurangi pengangguran. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literatur review dimana sumber dari beberapa jurnal dan data yang di olah menjadi deskriptif. Dalam artikel ini juga menghasilkan bahwa kebijakan program kartu prakerja mebantu memberikan intensi bagi peserta yang lolos dan dapat mengikuti pelatihan yang disediakan sesuai dengan keadaan saat ini. Pelatihan tersebut diharapkan dapat membantu membangun perekonomian karena pelatihan tersebut dapat membuka lapangan pekerjaan bagi mereka yang mengikuti program kartu pra kerja yang di sediakan pemerintah. Kata kunci : Kebijakan, program prakerja, pengangguran abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the economy in Indonesia from employees being laid off, layoffs, and reduced income for those who work. This problem made the unemployment rate higher than the previous year, so the government quickly made policies to reduce the unemployment rate in Indonesia. The policy is a pre-employment card program that is focused on those who have lost their jobs or reduced their income during  pandemic COVID-19. The purpose of this study is to find out how the pre-employment card program policy empowers the community to reduce unemployment. This study uses a literature review method were sources from several journals and data are processed to be descriptive. This article  showing that the pre-employment card program policy helps provide intentions for participants who pass and can take part in the training provided according to current conditions. The training expected to help build the economy because the training can create job opportunities for those who take part in the pre-employment card program provided by the government. Keywords: Policy, pre-employment program, unemployment
Normative acts in the system of national tax security provision
Authors: Maslov K. V.
Published: January 2022

The subject. The article characterizes the role of Russian Constitution, federal laws and bylaws in ensuring tax security.

The purpose of the article is to identify legal norms that ensure the tax security of the state, and to confirm the hypothesis that such norms hat such norms are effective in systemic interaction.

The methodology. The author uses methods of system analysis of scientific papers devoted to the provision of various types of security. Formal logical and legal interpretation of Russian regulatory legal acts is used also.

The main results. Regulatory documents in the field of tax security can be classified into: the Constitution of the Russian Federation at the highest level; program documents (conventions, strategies, charters, concepts, programs, doctrines, standards, directives) as acts of the first level, the legislation of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities is at the second level; departmental regulatory legal acts are at the third level. The law on security should be an act of direct action that determines the content of the management activities of public authorities to ensure security by fixing its goals, principles, the most general forms and means of implementation. The basis of legal provision of tax security at the legislative level should be defined in the federal law on security as well as in the federal law "On Tax Authorities of the Russian Federation" (in intra-governmental relations context because tax authorities are the main subjects of tax administration) and in the Russian Tax Code (concerning relations between public administration bodies and private entities). Any draft legislative acts affecting issues of tax relations and economic management should be examined for compliance with national interests in the field of tax security and the effectiveness of minimizing threats. Each legislative act should take into account the implementation of the goals and principles of ensuring tax security (as well as other types of security) enshrined in the concept document. Such expertise is possible in the process of approving draft laws by the Russian Government as well as when registering relevant bylaws by the Russian Ministry of Justice

Conclusions. The Russian Constitution should consolidate a unified approach to the essence of security as a whole. Legislative acts (first of all, the laws on security, on tax authorities, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) should provide for the main directions of countering threats to tax security arising in the relevant areas of regulation. By-laws and regulations are designed to fix specific managerial ways of dealing with such threats.
The role of legal responsibility in the implementation of the principle of the unity of public authority in Russia
Authors: Malko A. V. , Lipinsky D. A. , Markunin R. S.
Published: January 2022

The subject. The article presents a comprehensive general theoretical analysis of the institution of legal responsibility and its role, taking into account the consolidation of the new constitutional and legal principle of the unity of the system of public power.

The purpose of the research is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that it is necessary to legislate a full-fledged mechanism of legal responsibility of state bodies and local self-government bodies in order to implement the constitutional principle of the unity of public power.

Methodology. The formal legal method, the method of comparative legal analysis, dialectical method and systemic approach were used.

The main results, scope of application. The authors found the manifestation of dualism in the work of the institution of legal responsibility. It consists in the ability to bear responsibility both to the state, in connection with various offenses, and to the population itself. A brief description of the loss of trust as a basis for the responsibility of officials is given, taking into account contemporary legislation. Directions for the further development of this legal institution are highlighted. The article examines the opinion of the Russian Constitutional Court on the legitimacy of using the loss of trust as a basis for the responsibility of public authorities. The article examines the normative legal acts, which fix the mechanism for the implementation of the principle of maintaining trust in the activities of the authorities on the part of society. For example, in relation to state civil and municipal employees, a prohibition has been established on statements about the activities of authorities and their assessment, if such actions are not included in the list of their official duties. Such a mechanism for maintaining public confidence in the work of government bodies should contribute to strengthening the unity of the public power system. At the same time we can talk about the existing trend towards a decrease in the level of public confidence in the work of authorized bodies exercising public authority. The corruption and bureaucratization of the activities of officials, the expansion of the powers of law enforcement agencies, a decrease in the independence of the political opposition are pointed to among the possible reasons most often. In this regard, the paper proposes expanding the grounds for responsibility when implementing the procedure for recalling an official.

Conclusions. It is necessary to consolidate a full-fledged legislative mechanism of legal responsibility of state bodies and local self-government bodies, which will contribute to the implementation and strengthening of the new principle of the unity of public authority.
Increasing the prestige of local self-government bodies and the effectiveness of activities should begin in the process of studying at the university
Authors: Shugrina E. S.
Published: January 2022

The subject of the research are the materials of judicial practice (texts of court decisions and information sources, the content of information about the results of court hearings), data from sociological surveys.

The purpose of the article is to identify the relationship between the knowledge of municipal law, local self-government or urbanism obtained during training at a university and subsequent professional activities related to local self-government carried out at different levels of public authority.

The methodology. A comprehensive methodology was used, including legal and sociological research methods. Formal legal, legal technical and comparative legal were used among the legal methods. The sociological methods include the method of expert survey and the method of content analysis, which makes it possible to reveal the real position of the respondent, if he wants to disguise it not only the positions expressed, but also the words actually used were analyzed. The most repeatable ones were identified with the help of special software products.

The main results, scope of application. Quite significant amendments were made to the Russian Constitution in 2020. One of the novels concerns a unified system of public power, the inclusion of a new term in the text of the constitution. The implementation of these novels in the legislation on local self-government is expected after the completion of the formation of the updated composition of the Federal Assembly. For this, it is necessary not only to reveal the term itself and list the levels of public authority, but also to establish new principles of their relationship, incl. in a sense, uniform standards, rules and requirements for state and local authorities. One of the possible consequences of this may be an increase in the prestige of work in local self-government bodies, a change in attitudes towards work in local self-government bodies.

Conclusions. The analysis of the materials of law enforcement practice, the data of opinion polls on trust in local self-government bodies, attitude to the results of the work of local self-government bodies and their officials show that of all levels of government the municipal level is least trusted. Unfortunately, such an attitude begins to form in the process of training future employees of public authorities at different levels.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF THE SPRAY BASED ON IBUPROFEN AND LIQUID WORMWOOD EXTRACT
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, Sushinskaya O. A. , Golyak N. S. ,   Belarusian State Medical University
Published: January 2022

The article presents the results of determining anti-inflammatory activity of the spray based on ibuprofen and liquid wormwood extract. Anti-inflammatory activity was studied on the model of local acute carrageenan inflammation. As a result of the studies it was found that the increase in paw weight averaged 49,66% in the control group of rats, in the group of rats receiving the comparison drug «Ibuleve» - 11,26%. For the group of rats receiving combined composition and the same composition without ibuprofen, the average increase in paw weight was 7,11% and 15,07%, respectively. The index of inflammatory inhibition when using combined composition was 85,68%, the composition with liquid extract of wormwood without ibuprofen was 69,65%, the liquid extract of wormwood 1:1 was 53,00%. The index of edema suppression proves that combined composition of the spray containing ibuprofen and liquid extract of wormwood has the most pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, for which the percentage of edema suppression exceeds the value for the comparison drug on the average by 8,36%.
Role of Microorganisms in Bioremediation
Authors: Aslam Komal , Saeed Hafiza Iqra , Alyas Jessica , Saeed Aysha , Majeed Tanveer , Anjum Iram
Published: January 2022

Bioremediation involves the use of natural microorganisms for the purpose ofdegrading numerous types of industrial and environmental waste. Microorganismsrequire carbon, nutrients, and energy to live and multiply as all living organisms do. Inorder to obtain energy, such microorganisms break down organic pollutants into simplerorganic compounds like carbon, salts, water, and similar harmless products. Thisapproach of degrading contaminants using microorganisms has proved much beneficialand has been proven to be cost-effective and efficient. There are a lot of naturally occurringmicroorganisms that have been reported essential in the degradation of organic pollutants.Different industries use different types of bioremediation methods. Specificenvironmental conditions may be required for optimal functioning of microbes e.g., pH,temperature, humidity, etc. Bioremediation has been proven as an environment-friendlyand cost-effective approach to deal with industrial contaminants. Descriptive informationof microbes involved in bioremediation has been explained in this review.
Bacterial Coated Fertilizer Induced Resistance Against Wheat Stripe Rust
Authors: Riaz Hasan , Khan Zulqurnain , Shah Syed Shahid Hussain , Khurshid Muhammad Yasir , Ali Muhammad Asif
Published: January 2022

Wheat is the second largest consumed cereal by humans after Rice and its high yield and production is very critical for ever increasing global population. The wheat crop is grown all over Pakistan and threatened by several limiting factors. Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis, is the most destructive wheat pathogen and can reduce yield up to 70% in Pakistan. The present study aimed at exploring the role of Zabardast urea, a bacterial coated urea with zinc,  in inducing resistance against wheat stripe rust. The study involved the collection and maintenance of stripe rust inoculum on Morroco cultivar which later used to inoculate seedlings of Akbar-2019 and Galaxy-2019 resistant and susceptible varieties with three different fertilizer levels viz. specialty fertilizer zabardast urea, plain urea with zinc and plain urea. The results demonstrated the positive role of bacterial coated urea with zinc and reduced the disease severity by 10% and 5% in susceptible and resistant cultivars, respectively, leaving resistant variety asymptomatic. The plain urea with zinc also decreased disease severity in susceptible variety Galaxy-2013 by 6% in comparison with plain urea treatment underlying the role of zinc in combating stripe rust. The study underlines the importance of specialty fertilizers in inducing resistance against stripe rust in wheat and needs further experimentation exploring the mechanisms involved in disease resistance under field conditions.
Prediction of Human proteins having interactions with HPV16 proteins using virus and host sequence motifs.
Authors: Malik Rabbiah Manzoor , Fazal Sahar , Abbas Syed Touqeer , Bhatti Aamer , Ullah Mukhtar , A. Kamal M.
Published: January 2022

Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been found to be the major cause of cancer of cervical region, in females.  Genome of HPV codes for 6 functional proteins E1, E2, E4, E5, E6 and E7. These proteins play different roles in development of HPV infection and its progression towards cervical cancer. The interactions of HPV proteins with human DNA and proteins occurs in the presence of short linear peptide motifs on these proteins, have similar sequence to those found on proteins in human cells.
Methods: After identification of human motifs in HPV proteins, by use of ELM resource, their counter domains were found from PROSITE. The proteins of human proteome containing these counter domains were predicted as the proteins having possibility of interactions with HPV proteins.   
Results: we predicted 9468 human proteins for having interactions with HPV proteins. Our predicted proteins were enriched with the host proteins having possibility of being interacted by HPV proteins. 10% of our predicted proteins were already reported to be affected by one or more HPV proteins. The list of predicated proteins can be utilized to find out the connectivity between the virus HPV and human host. It can also be used to determine the pathways involved in pathogenesis of HPV leading towards the cervical cancer
Conclusion: The list of predicated proteins can be utilized to find out the connectivity between the virus HPV and human host. It can also be used to determine the pathways involved in pathogenesis of HPV leading towards the cervical cancer.
Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene plastics by fungi isolated from waste disposal site at district Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Ali Hyder  , Khan Muddasir , Saifullah Khan  , Madiha Iqbal  , Sohail Ahmad Jan  , Syed Hussain Shah  , Abdullah  , Zia ur Rahman  , Umer Iqbal
Published: January 2022

Plastics are resistant to microbial attack, which has become a major cause of environmental pollution. The current study aimed to identify the fungi, capable of the biodegradation of low-density polyethylene plastics from different waste disposal sites at Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 15 soil samples were collected from different waste disposable sites of Peshawar. From these samples, five fungal isolates Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, White rot, and Brown rot fungi were identified based on their colony morphology and microscopic examination. The biodegradation ability of these isolates against low-density polyethylene plastics was studied through the weight loss percentage method on 30 days of incubation. The weight loss percentage showed that Aspegillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, Brown rot, and white rot fungi showed 22.9%, 16.1%, 18.4%, and 22.7% biodegradation, respectively. This study concluded that Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, White rot, and Brown rot fungi are capable to degrade polyethylene plastics.Low density polyethylene, Plastics, Fungi, Biodegradation
Phytochemical evaluation and antioxidant activities in flower and leaves of Cassia fistula and Terminalia arjuna
Authors: Nawwal Komal , Saeed Amjad , Hussain Tanveer , Ajmal Sana , Choudry Anum , Umair Muhammad , Altaf Muhammad , Nasir Junaid , Riaz Umair , Babar Muhammad , Khan Raja Muhammad Rameez , Hamed Muhammad H. , Hassan Ahtesham ul , Khan Muhammad Asif
Published: January 2022

Abstract: The plants Cassia fistula and Terminalia arjuna are medicinally important and produce leaves and colourful blossoms that belong to the Caesalpinioideae of the legume family and the family of Combretaceae. The antioxidant, hydrogen peroxide, and phytochemical assessment (qualitative and quantitative) of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Cassia fistula and Terminalia arjuna flowers and leaves were investigated in this work. In qualitative phytochemical evaluation, the presence of ten different chemicals of varying degrees and classes was observed, and alkaloids, steroids, tannis, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, and terpinoids were confirmed during qualitative screening. During quantitative analysis, the Cassia fistula L. leaves showed the highest TFC (32.783A ± 0.073) and the TPC was observed highest in Terminalia arjuna flowers (42.800A ± 0.028). The highest DPPH percentage was recorded in C. fistula flowers (21.825A ± 0.069) compared to its lowest value observed in C. fistula leaves (10.660B ± 0.053). The highest hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity among both plants was found in C. fistula (12.526A ± 0.146) and the lowest in its leaves (7.1470B ± 0.045). The methanolic extracts showed promising antioxidant activity. The presence of bioactive components in the leaves and flowers of Terminalia arjuna and Cassia fistula suggests that these flowers and leaves might be used as a phytochemical source and are also effective and safe as natural remedies. The biochemical analysis proved that the extracts of Cassia fistula and Terminalia arjuna plants have glycosides, flavonoids, and alkaloids that play a role in antioxidant activity.
Development of Tool for Case Submission and Review as Foundation for Department Patient Safety / Quality Improvement Program
Authors: Brinkmeier Jennifer
Published: January 2022

Objective: Describe creation and implementation of secure case collection tool for the foundation of otolaryngology department Patient Safety/Quality Improvement (PSQI) program. Describe how tool decreased burden while fulfilling stakeholders’ reporting requirements.
Methods: Incorporation of elements of required reports into online tool, facilitating improved case submission for Morbidity and
Mortality conference (M&M) review. Reviewer commentary and conference discussion notes are recorded within the project. Regular reports tailored to each stakeholder were designed. Results: During first 8 months of implementation, 83 cases were submitted–5250 surgical procedures were performed by our department in that period—compared to 75 cases submitted via prior system in a same time period the year before (6930 surgical procedures performed). Elements of routine reports for interdepartmental use and external stakeholder requirements determined and reported. Discussion: Preliminary description of secure online tool with a single platform serving multiple stakeholders with unique reporting elements. This presents an opportunity to reduce the burden of essential administrative tasks while providing a reliable PSQI repository. Future metrics for ongoing evaluation will be identified and incorporated. Case submissions were maintained through a period of altered clinical activity (SARS-CoV-2 pandemic). Implications for Practice: This tool will allow our department to review cases for our required M&M with improved efficiency and efficacy, while supporting our PSQI program and generate necessary reports to stakeholders. Reduction of electronic task burden may reduce risk of physician burnout. Facilitating implementation of essential and required PSQI efforts will strengthen our curriculum and clinical work.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Business and Economic Research, Vol. 11, No. 4
Authors: Young Daisy
Published: January 2022

Business and Economic Research (BER) would like to thank the following reviewers for reviewing manuscripts from September 1, 2021, to December 1, 2021. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Many authors, regardless of whether BER publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Macrothink Publishing appreciates the following reviewers’ rigorous and conscientious efforts for this journal. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review during this period. Almir A. AlihodžićAzzam HannoonBratu (Simionescu) MihaelaGerasimos T. SoldatosHengky Sumisto HalimHui Shan LeeMohsen MohagheghNana Osei-BonsuNemer BadwanRoderikus Agus TrihatmokoRomeo Victor IonescuRoni BhowmikShyamkumar D. KalpandeYu HsingZi-Yi GuoZoran Wittine
Comparison of Analgesic Efficacy of Nalbuphine Versus Tramadol as Adjuvant to Local Anaesthetic in Caudal Block in Children
Authors: Sharif Muhammad , Arif Baloch Muhammad , Ahmed Nazeer , ullah Zafar , Reda Toble Yasir
Published: January 2022

Objective: To compare the mean time of first analgesia with nalbuphine versus tramadol as adjuvant to bupivacaine for caudal block in children. Patients and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, a total number of 60 children who were planned for caudal block after infra-abdominal surgeries having age 3-12 years were included. A caudal block was performed under general anaesthesia immediately after surgery for postoperative analgesia. Tramadol 2mg/kg body weight was given caudally to individuals in group A. Group B patients had 0.125 percent bupivacaine with 0.1mg/kg nalbuphine caudally. Time of requirement of first analgesia was noted in all patients. Paracetamol 10 mg/kg was given as rescue analgesic in all patients. Results: Mean age of patients was 8.30±3.03 years. Mean weight of patients was 23.33±6.92 Kg. There were 26 (43.33%) female patients and 34 (56.67%) male patients. There were 50 (83.33%) children who were having ASA status I, and remaining 10 (16.67%) children were having ASA status II. Mean pain score was 3.53±1.43 in tramadol group and 1.86±1.25 in Nalbuphine group (p-value <0.001. Mean time of first rescue analgesia was significantly prolonged in Nalbuphine group, mean time was 6.13±1.07 hours in Nalbuphine group versus 4.03±1.03 hours in tramadol group (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Single dose of nalbuphine as an adjunct to bupivacaine is superior as compared to tramadol in reducing the post-operative pain, it also significantly prolongs the duration of analgesia in children. Keywords: Caudal Block, Nalbuphine, Tramadol, Post-operative pain, Time of first rescue analgesia.
Covid-19 and dengue fever combine infection, a dangerous combination for the health system of Pakistan
Authors: Ibrahim Khan Muhammad , Imran Muhammad , Saeed Khalid , Sadiq Muhammad , Khalid Rabia , Aatique Muhammad , Ullah Atta , Aziz Israr
Published: January 2022

As the world struggles to deal with the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, dengue fever endemic regions are facing the threat of a double pandemic that might totally overwhelm administrations of health care service. In Latin America and Asia, simultaneous epidemics of dengue and COVID-19, as well as possible instances of co-infections, have already begun. Because the healthcare system is already stretched enough, a fatal combination like this may devastate hospital emergency departments and the economy as a whole. Frontline clinicians must use precise epidemiological and contact history-taking techniques, as well as pay close attention to false-positive dengue serology and the possibility of co-infections, to tackle this apparently overwhelming obstacle. Key words: Covid-19; Dengue fever; Co-infection; health system