bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing Fluid Administration Protocols in Bovine Practice
Authors: McGuirk Sheila M.
Published: February 2023

In a variety of clinical disorders of cows and calves, dehydration develops because of fluid losses from the body. Normally, the volume and composition of body fluids are maintained in an extremely narrow range as excretion is matched to intake. Water intake from ingested water and feeds as well as endogenous water production balances water loss through the urine, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and skin. The amount of a substance added by intake and endogenous production is equal to the amount eliminated by excretion or endogenous utilization. The urinary and gastrointestinal tracts are the major means by which cattle maintain water and electrolyte balance. Excesses can be managed by increased excretion but deficits must be corrected by increased intake.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the clinical conditions that are associated with dehydration in cattle, and to provide the assessment parameters that guide trained farm personnel to chose the best route of administration for an appropriate volume and concentration of rehydration fluids. The fluid protocols discussed in this paper will be based on body weight assumptions for a calf and cow of 100 and 1200 lb ( 45 and 550 kg), respectively.
Fundamental Considerations in Developing Vaccination Protocols
Authors: Callan Robert J.
Published: February 2023

A tremendous amount of time, effort and expense is placed on vaccination programs in the cattle industry. Recent surveys of vaccination practices in the U.S. suggest that many producers are not effectively vaccinating their animals for optimum immunity. Development of an effective vaccination program requires a thorough understanding of vaccine immunology. Antigen processing and presentation are key mechanisms of an appropriate immune response and affect the type of response that can be expected from different types of vaccines. Modified live vaccines provide effective humoral and cytotoxic immunity that is long lived. Killed vaccines can provide effective humoral immunity when appropriate adjuvants are used. New concepts in antigen presentation and adjuvants will undoubtedly improve the immune response elicited by future killed vaccines. Vaccination programs should adopt a concept of strategic vaccination in order to provide the most effective immunity to the animals prior to stress or exposure. Vaccination programs may be monitored in the field by evaluating specific serological responses. This information can be used to compare vaccines and vaccination programs as well as provide information that can be used to differentiate vaccine responses from recent infection. While vaccines are instrumental in decreasing disease incidence and severity, there are inherent risks. Adverse reactions include systemic responses to endotoxin, anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions, vaccine induced disease, and reproductive effects including infertility and abortion. These risks can be minimized by appropriate use of vaccines. Ultimately, we expect vaccines to be efficacious and provide a positive economic return to the producer.
Pasteurella Vaccination with Metaphylaxis for Calf Health
Authors: Loan Raymond W. , Purdy Charles W. , Briggs Robert E. , Chirase Norbert K.
Published: February 2023

The objective of the study was to determine the benefit of simultaneous Pasteurella/Mannheimia vaccination as an addition to metaphylaxis for the prevention of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC).
Development of a Centrally Based Dairy Performance Benchmark Program with the Capability of also Performing as a Sensitive Dairy Management Diagnostic Monitor
Authors: Standaert F. E. , Hanigan M. D. , Mahoney J. H. , Faldet M. A. , Prange R. W.
Published: February 2023

A dairy herd performance monitoring/bench-marking system was developed with the objective to serve dual roles. First, as a central database of basic herd performance parameters, the program serves as a benchmarking system to allow comparison of one herd against a set of other herds, as defined by the user. Second, as a repository of performance data, the program serves as a performance monitoring tool for dairy managers and/or their consultants, veterinarians and advisers. Herd performance can be observed as recent trend analyses, or performance comparisons to previous time periods. Periodic summaries are also made available on a quarterly or as-needed basis. Emphasis was placed on minimizing lag time in parameters selected for monitoring.
Serological Evaluation of Five Unvaccinated Heifers as a Method for Detecting Herds Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Pillars Roxanne , Grooms Dan
Published: February 2023

Cattle persistently infected (Pl) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are the major reservoir of infection within and between herds. The key to eradicating BVDV is the identification and removal of all PI cattle. This requires testing all cattle within a herd, which is costly and labor-intensive for the producer. It would be desirable to accurately identify herds infected with the virus prior to committing the resources necessary for whole-herd screening. The objective of this study was to determine if the evaluation of BVDV antibody titers in five randomly selected unvaccinated heifers (sentinel heifers) was an accurate way to predict if a herd was infected with the virus.
Descriptive Epidemiology of Udder Cleft Dermatitis in a Dairy Herd with Sarcoptic Mange
Authors: Warnick L. D. , Nydam D. V. , Maciel A. E. , Guard C. L.
Published: February 2023

Udder rot, or intertrigo of the udder, is characterized by foul-smelling, necrotic lesions between the lateral udder and medial thigh or between the halves of the udder. The etiology is unknown, but suspected causes include periparturient edema and mite infestation. The purpose of our study was to describe the occurrence of udder cleft dermatitis in a dairy herd experiencing an outbreak of sarcoptic mange.
Use of Ovsynch/TAI for Postpartum or Post-service Anestrus in Dairy Cows and Effects of Some Factors Affecting Conception Rate
Authors: Yamada K. , Nakao T. , Matsuda G. , Tanaka T. , Tokunaga T. , Numayama N. , Saito J. , Arai K.
Published: February 2023

Postpartum as well as post-service anestrus is a major cause of a prolonged interval between calving and conception.

Ovulation synchronization/timed artificial insemination (OVS/TAI) is known to be effective to increase a submission rate after voluntary waiting period without heat detection. However, conception rates after OVS/TAI vary greatly among different herds. Factors contributing to the variation need to be clarified to improve the conception rate after OVS/TAI.

Occurrence of estrus prior to the day of timed insemination is another problem with this protocol. Objectives of this study are to show the effect of OVS/TAI for the treatment of postpartum or post-service anestrus, describe effects of some factors on the conception rate and to investigate the occurrence of estrus before the day of TAI.
Vaccination of Young Dairy Calves against Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Aubry Pascale , Warnick Lorin D. , Guard Charles L. , Hill Bruce W. , Witt Michael F.
Published: February 2023

Enzootic calf pneumonia is responsible for significant economic losses in the dairy industry because of its high morbidity and mortality. An effective vaccine could help reduce these losses. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial Mannheimia haemolytica - Pasteurella multocida vaccine in young dairy calves.
Comparison of the Effects of Two Approaches to Retained Placenta on the Uterine Bacteriology, Cytology and Fertility of Dairy Cows
Authors: Bolourchi M. , Karami H. , Hovareshti P. , Barin A. , Salehi T. Zahrai
Published: February 2023

Retained placenta, common in postpartum dairy cows, involves those animals not releasing their placenta within 8-24 hours after parturition. Cows with retained placenta (RP) are more prone to metritis and cystic ovarian disease than healthy ones. On the other hand, metritis complex, in the presence and/or the absence of retained placenta, has a detrimental effect on reproductive performance. Although retained placenta can be minimized by application of preventive and control measures in the herd, removing the placenta by manual, hormonal, antibacterial and antiseptic ways are other suggested methods. The aim of the present study was to compare manual removal, conservative treatment and control (non-retained healthy cows) based on uterine bacteriological and cytological state and reproductive performance.
Production and Financial Losses Associated with Preweaning Disease in Beef Cattle
Authors: G. A. Dewell , Hungerford L. L. , Dewell R. D. , Laegreid W. W.
Published: February 2023

Cost of preweaning pneumonia was calculated from the treatment cost ($6.02), calf price ($0.83/lb), morbidity rate (5.6 %), case fatality rate (6.0 %), and medium- weight calf loss (20.69 lbs-9.4 kg). Cost per case was $6.02 (treatment), $17.17 (weight loss) and $27.27 (percentage death loss) for a total of $50.46, not including labor. More importantly, this equates to a $2.83 per-calf cost for pneumonia, which can be used to determine the value of a preventive health program.
Neospora caninum and Milk Production
Authors: Duffield T. , Hobson J. , Kelton D. , Peregrine A. , McEwen B. , Hietala S. , Lissemore K. , Leslie K. , Cramer G.
Published: February 2023

Recent research on Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle and its effect on milk production has yielded conflicting results, ranging from positive to negative effects. These differences may be related to experimental factors such as study design, sample selection criteria, statistical techniques, or an as-yet undetermined biological effect. While analysing N. caninum serology and milk production data from two distinct samples of Ontario Holstein dairy cows, a different production effect was identified in each sample. The objective of the work reported here was to compare this effect and propose a potential theory explaining the effect of N. caninum serostatus on milk production in these two populations of Ontario cows.
Titer Response in Cows Vaccinated with a Neospora caninum Vaccine
Authors: Janssen Dorothee , Choromanski Leszek
Published: February 2023

In a 65-cow herd located north of lthaca, 12 abortions had occurred during 1999; four between mid-January and mid-February, one in March and one more in July. The remaining six abortions had occurred between the beginning of September and mid-October, three of them within one week during mid-October. Submission of a blood sample from the last aborting cow revealed a positive Neospora caninum titer. Upon screening 15 cows including most of the cows that had previously aborted, nine animals were found positive to Neospora caninum. It was decided to try and controlling the problem by vaccinating with a Neospora caninum vaccine.
Effect of Rumen Transfaunation on Selected Rumen Parameters, Blood Metabolites and Feed Intake in Dairy Cows with Left Displaced Abomasums
Authors: Rager K. R. , George L. , Dueger E. L.
Published: February 2023

Transfaunation for the treatment of rumen disorders and for prolonged anorexia has been utilized for over 30 years and is becoming increasingly popular. There has been no work evaluating its efficacy. The objective of this study was to determine if ruminal transfaunation of cows surgically treated for left displaced abomasums increases the rate at which rumen fermentation, energy metabolism, and feed intake returns to normal levels compared to non-transfaunated cows.
In vitro Fertilization of Cumulus-Free Bovine Oocytes in Caffeine and Different Concentrations of Calf Serum
Authors: Tajik P. , Niwa K.
Published: February 2023

Bovine in vitro fertilization (IVF) has been of great importance and the subject of different studies in animal lab oratories around the world. Different protein supplements have been used for IVF in these laboratories. In our previous study2 fetal bovine serum (FBS), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and calf serum (CS) had been added to fertilization medium containing caffeine and heparin, and different results were observed. One of the most interesting points was that, in 20% CS, limited penetration rates were observed in media containing caffeine and heparin. In the present study, the same concentrations of CS were added to the fertilization medium, with or without caffeine, to study whether exclusion of heparin can support IVF of cumulus-free bovine oocytes in high concentrations of CS.
Comparison of Three Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays for the Detection and Genotyping of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Isolates
Authors: Ahn Byung Chul , Walz Paul H. , Kapil Sanjay
Published: February 2023

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important infectious disease in cattle. Isolates of BVDV are classified into type I or type II based upon the genomic sequences. Several reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques utilizing different genomic regions, such as 5'UTR, E0, and NS5B, have been developed for detecting and genotyping BVDV isolates. The purpose of this study was to compare the agreement among RT-PCR assays based upon these three different BVDV genomic regions in detecting and genotyping BVDV field isolates.
Differential Diagnosis of Colic in Calves
Authors: Wendel H. , Rademacher G. , Klee W.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this prospective study was a quantification of the diagnostic validity of age, gender, selected clinical signs, intensity of colic, selected laboratory parameters, and duration of illness, with respect to different disease categories. The ultimate aim was to produce information that can help in the diagnostic work-up of colic in calves.
Comparison of an Ovsynch Protocol with a PGF2α Treatment Based on Rectal Palpation
Authors: Wittke M. , Drillich M. , Tenhagen B.-A , Heuwieser W.
Published: February 2023

Systematic breeding programs are used to induce estrus, or may even allow timed artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cows. We conducted a trial in a commercial dairy herd to compare an Ovsynch protocol to a protocol using Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) in cows with a corpus luteum (C.L.) diagnosed by rectal palpation. Further objectives of the study were to analyze the timing of ovulation in the Ovsynch group by ultrasound, and effect of the stage of estrus cycle at the start of an Ovsynch protocol on the conception rate using timed AI.
Incorporating Consulting Into Veterinary Practice
Authors: Tyler Donald H.
Published: February 2023

Our advice is important to every operation for which we provide consultation. Helping our clients make the right decision is not solely dependent on our ability to provide a logical analysis of all the factors that affect the current situation, but also on our ability to show the value, personal benefits and possible ramifications of utilizing the advice. The best advice possible has no value ifwe cannot help our clients understand it and make timely decisions concerning the welfare of their operation.

In my work in advising clients in the area of personnel management, manager coaching and professional development, transfer of the business to the next generation, and achieving higher production goals, it has become extremely important for me to help owners and managers alike make tough decisions. Though they understand the logic involved in the decision, emotion sometimes clouds the process and evokes hesitation. Many times our clients know that they must make a change, but tradition, habit, fear of failure and a natural resistance to change get in the way. This hesitation is only exacerbated by the emotions of depression, confusion and grief from extended financial distress.

An advisory methodology that incorporates an appreciation for these factors with an understanding of the emotional implications will provide greater success. Additionally, this appreciation will enhance a sense of camaraderie among all the decision-makers involved in the process.
Factors Affecting Profitability of the Cow-Calf Enterprise
Authors: Dunn Barry H.
Published: February 2023

One hundred and eighty five cow-calf enterprises were analyzed for production and financial performance measures that may affect profitability. Results of these analyses would indicate that for cow-calf enterprises in the Northern Great Plains, high levels of profit are a function of lower than average levels of investment, at least average levels of biological production (with particular attention paid to measures of weaning and pregnancy percentage), achieved with lower than average total expenses, and higher than average market values for calves produced. Neither high nor low levels of production, geographical region, size of operation, or year were factors that explained differences in profitability. The levels of profitability measured as return on assets (ROA) in the High Profit group are competitive with opportunities available in other sectors of the economy. The profit levels in the Medium and Low Profit groups are not competitive, and the long-term sustainability of the operations in these groups would be difficult without other sources of income and investment.
Bedding Management and Udder Health
Authors: Reneau Jeffrey K. , Bey Russell F. , Farnsworth Ralph J.
Published: February 2023

The role of bedding management in controlling mastitis infection in lactating cows is often underestimated. Bedding management for heifers and dairy cattle that are in their dry period is frequently overlooked and often poorly managed. This is a costly mistake on many dairies.
Leptin
Authors: Baker Jerome , Brown Dan T. , Pence Mel , Vann Rhonda , Keisler Duane H.
Published: February 2023

Lutenizing hormone production and pulse frequency are the keys to initiating puberty in heifers. Thus, leptin appears to be a key element in partitioning of energy resources in direct response to energy availability. Energy partitioning in the bovine allocates available energy first to body maintenance, and as more energy becomes available, to growth, then to lactation and lastly to reproduction. Fat reserves accumulate as energy becomes abundant. The production of leptin by adipocytes affects leptin concentration at the neuro-receptor site level, and that determines how energy resources are partitioned. If this concept is accurate, then a threshold level of leptin, greater than that required to maintain body homeostasis and provide for growth, must be available to initiate the onset of puberty in beef heifers.
Pasteurization Effects on Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Green Lorissa , Godden Sandra , Feirtag Joellen , Fetrow John , Wells Scott
Published: February 2023

This study evaluated the efficacy of on-farm commercial pasteurization units and their effectiveness in destroying Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus in saleable bulk-tank milk inoculated with both a low inoculum level (between -102 and 103 CFU/ml) and a higher inoculum (between -105 and 106 CFU/ml).
Impact of Prepartum Administration of Rumensin CRC on Milk Production in Lactating Dairy Cows in Quebec
Authors: Brodeur M. , DesCôteaux L. , Bouchard E. , Dutil L. , DuTremblay D. , Bagg R. , Duffield T. , Dick P.
Published: February 2023

This study evaluated the use of Rumensin CRC on milk production in lactating dairy cows.
Project Planning, Stakeholder Involvement, Risk Management, and Project Success - A Case of Selected NGOs in South Sudan
Authors: Elly Amule Robert
Published: February 2023

Despite the huge inflow of billions of donors into the country for humanitarian and development programs, South Sudan communities have remained vulnerable to natural and humanmade disasters, this has resulted into massive poverty, loss of human lives and property, and internal and cross border displacements as the best coping options. This study was aimed at investigating the factors perceived to influence NGOs projects’ success in saving lives and restoring the human dignity of the most vulnerable populations in the Country. These factors studied include Project planning, stakeholder involvement, and Risk Management. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches for data collection through a sample size of 144 respondents, selected from 233 sample frames of NGOs’ staff in South Sudan. The sample size was determined by Krejcie Robert V. Morgan W. (1970) table). The study findings show positive relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable as follows; Project Planning and Projects Success at (r = 0.348, P-value < 0.01); Project Planning and Risk management at (r = 0.528, P-value < 0.01); Risk management and Projects success at (r = 0.523, P-value < 0.01); Stakeholder’s involvement and Risk management at (r = 0.503, P-value < 0.01); and A Regression analysis of (R = 0.541). Therefore, in consideration of the positive correlations’ independent variable, NGOs are advised to ensure sufficient project planning, risk management, and stakeholders’ involvement; to ascertain intervention success. Keywords: Project Planning, Stakeholder Involvement, Risk Management and Project success.
Evaluation Steering and Strategy Performance of Local NGOs in Uganda
Authors: Okello Lawrence Rafaih
Published: February 2023

This article interrogates the contextual relevance and application of evaluation steering in a strategy implementation discourse by local NGOs in Uganda. The study hinges on the assumption that evaluation outputs from local NGOs are often less utilized due to inept leadership, yet critical programmatic and policy issues of strategic relevance can best be utilized through a steering score. The study’s main purpose was to examine the relationship between evaluation steering and the strategy performance of local NGOs. The study drew findings from a cross-sectional study conducted using quantitative methods. In total, 349 participants comprising of field workers, mid-level staff, and executives from local NGOs from all parts of Uganda, were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Results of the study showed that there was a positive correlation between evaluation steering and strategy performance constructs of fund stability (r = .243**), community satisfaction (r = .201**), and timeliness (r=.134**). The study concludes that evaluation steering has a high potential to improve fund stability, community satisfaction, and timeliness despite a weaker level of positive correlations. The national NGO bureau and NGO associations should establish executive capacity-building initiatives to support local NGOs to overcome the weakness in the current evaluation steering process. Consultants, volunteers, and NGO forums should advocate for donor resources to deepen organizational development, which supports an effective steering process. Keywords: Evaluation steering, Localization, Strategy performance.
Dereplication of Sclerotiorin-Like Azaphilones Produced by Penicillium meliponae Using LC-MS/MS Analysis and Molecular Networking
Authors: Peres Eldrinei , Souza Mayane , Sousa Thiago , da Silva Carlos , Barros André , da Silva Felipe , Costa Emmanoel , de Medeiros Lívia , Forim Moacir , de Souza Afonso , Paz Weider , da Silva Gilvan , de Souza Antonia , Koolen Hector
Published: February 2023

Penicillium meliponae, a recently described and rare species, was isolated as an endophytic fungus from the Amazonian plant Duguetia sthelechantha, and has been proven to be a pigment producer. Considering the high productivity of this species and the lack of data on its chemical composition, the present study aimed to characterize the chemical profile of P. meliponae and evaluate the influence of agitation and the use of different culture media. For this purpose, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and molecular networking were used, allowing the identification of 17 azaphilone molecules with sclerotiorin-like skeletons, becoming the first chemical report of this species. In addition, the different production patterns in the tested culture media were indicative that this species is sensitive to changes in the composition of the carbon source and to the presence of agitation. Furthermore, this work contributes to the fragmentation mechanisms of the different possible structural arrangements for azaphilones of the sclerotiorin type and serves as a repository of information on the gas-phase behavior of this type of metabolite in mass spectrometry experiments and will assist future studies aimed at the discovery of azaphilones.
Cooling towerLegionella pneumophilasurveillance results: Vancouver, Canada, 2021
Authors: Radziminski Christopher , White Phillip
Published: February 2023

Cooling towers have been linked to Legionnaires' disease cases and outbreaks. Legionella pneumophila results (from a culture-based method) are presented for 557 cooling towers across the City of Vancouver, Canada for 2021. Results of 10 CFU/mL or greater (defined as exceedances) were reported for 30 cooling towers (5.4%), including six >1,000 CFU/mL, and L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (sg1) was identified in 17 of these cooling towers (out of 28 with serogroup-level analysis). The data indicate highly localised Legionella issues, with exceedances concentrated within 16 facilities, including two hospitals. In the 3 months preceding each cooling tower exceedance, the nearest municipal water sampling station had a free chlorine residual of at least 0.46 mg/L and a temperature of <20 °C. There was not a statistically significant correlation between the L. pneumophila concentration of a cooling tower in exceedance and the municipal water free chlorine residual, temperature, pH, turbidity or conductivity. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the concentrations of L. pneumophila sg1 and other L. pneumophila serogroups in cooling towers. This unique dataset underscores the pivotal role of building owners and managers in preventing the growth of Legionella bacteria and the value of regulations to verify operations and maintenance practices.
“Si no tengo esto, no tengo nada”: mujeres porteadoras durante el cierre fronterizo entre España y Marruecos
Authors: Granda Lucía , Soriano Miras Rosa Maria
Published: February 2023

El cierre de la frontera sur española entre Marruecos y la ciudad española de Melilla por la COVID-19 ha roto la trayectoria laboral y vital de miles de porteadoras marroquíes que se dedicaban al contrabando transfronterizo. Este trabajo analiza sus estrategias de supervivencia tras el cierre de esta frontera marcada por la desigualdad y las transformaciones macro en la región. Siguiendo la Teoría Fundamentada, en 2021 se realizó observación participante en Melilla, y se entrevistó a porteadoras e informantes clave. Los resultados señalan como alternativas de subsistencia: la migración, el apoyo familiar y otros trabajos precarios feminizados. Se concluye que este cierre y los cambios en la región de Nador suponen el fin de este medio de vida para estas mujeres. Este análisis contribuye al introducir nuevos supuestos de la feminización global de la supervivencia, aunque es necesario seguir investigando estas estrategias ante los cambios constantes de esta frontera.
Deuterium Solvent Kinetic Isotope Effect on Enzymatic Methyl Transfer
Catalyzed by Catechol O-methyltransferase
Authors: Zipeng Zhao , Fangya Li , Jianyu Zhang
Published: February 2023

Introduction::

Catechol o-methyltransferase plays a key role in the metabolism of
catecholamine neurotransmitters. At present, its catalytic mechanism, overall structure, and kinetic
characteristics have been basically clarified, but few people have paid attention to the function of
solvents on enzymatic methyl transfer reactions. The influence of solvents on enzymatic reactions has
always been a fuzzy hot topic. In addition, as a well-studied typical methyltransferase, COMT is a
good test bed for exploring the source of the solvent isotope effect, which is a powerful tool in
enzymatic mechanism research.

Methods::

We have measured the kinetic parameters of methyl transfer catalyzed by COMT in both
normal water (H2O) and heavy water (D2O) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in
the range of pL 6 ~ 11

Results::

The kinetic characteristics of COMT in H2O and D2O were significantly different under
different pH/pD conditions. Significant solvent kinetic isotope effects (SKIE) were obtained, especially
inverse solvent kinetic isotope effects (SKIE < 1) were observed in this methyl transfer reaction for the
first time.

Conclusion::

Traditional factors which could interpret the solvent isotope effect were ruled out. It’s
suggested that the solvent might affect the overall conformation as well as the flexibility of protein
through non-covalent forces, thus altering the catalytic activity of COMT and leading to the solvent
isotope effect.
Triazolopyrimidine Derivatives: An Updated Review on Recent
Advances in Synthesis, Biological Activities and Drug Delivery Aspects
Authors: Abdelkhalek Ahmed S. , Attia Mohamed S. , Kamal Mohammad A.
Published: February 2023

Molecules containing triazolopyrimidine core showed diverse biological activities,
including anti-Alzheimer's, anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-tuberculosis,
anti-viral, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-parkinsonism, and anti-glaucoma activities.
Triazolopyrimidines have 8 isomeric structures, including the most stable 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-
a] pyrimidine ones. Triazolopyrimidines were obtained by using various chemical reactions,
including a) 1,2,4-triazole nucleus annulation to pyrimidine, b) pyrimidines annulation to
1,2,4-triazole structure, c) 1,2,4-triazolo[l,5-a] pyrimidines rearrangement, and d) pyrimidotetrazine
rearrangement. This review discusses synthetic methods, recent pharmacological
actions and drug delivery perspectives of triazolopyrimidines.
Efficacy and Safety of Alirocumab and Evolocumab as Proprotein
Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Inhibitors in Familial
Hypercholesterolemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ghasempour Ghasem , Zamani-Garmsiri Fahimeh , Shaikhnia Farhad , Soleimani Ali Akbar , Hosseini  Fard Syed Reza , Leila Janani , Teimuri Shohreh , Parvaz Najmeh , Mohammadi Payam , Najafi Mohammad
Published: February 2023

Background:

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a prevalent and potentially fatal illness
that causes a substantial elevation in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).

Methods:

A comprehensive search was done on PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science
(WOS/ ISI), Scopus, ClinicalTrials (www.ClinicalTrials.gov), and conferences/ congress research
papers. Random effect models were used to calculate mean differences (%) and risk ratios (RRs),
and confidence intervals (95%).

Results:

Ten studies (n=1489 patients) were included in this study. PCSK9 inhibitors decreased the
levels of LDL-C by -49.59% (95%CI -55.5%, -43.67%) as compared to placebo. They also didn’t
alter the Treatment-Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE) and neuronal events by RR 0.92 (0.75, 1.13)
and 1.31 (0.66, 2.59), respectively. PCSK9 inhibitors were effective and safe in treating patients
with FH.

Conclusion:

There was high-quality evidence showing that monoclonal antibodies (alirocumab &
evolocumab) lower LDL-C (GRADE: high), lipoprotein (a) (GRADE: High), triglycerides (TG)
(GRADE: High), total cholesterol (GRADE: High), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-
HDL-C) (GRADE: Moderate), and apolipoprotein B (GRADE: High), and increase the HDL-C
(GRADE: High) as well as apolipoprotein A1 (GRADE: High). Comparing PCSK9 inhibitors
against placebo, neither TEAE (GRADE: high) nor neuronal events (GRADE: moderate) were
changed.

Registration number:

PROSPERO-CRD42022334035
DL-3-n-butylphthalide Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
by Inhibiting Mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2-Mediated Apoptosis
Authors: Huang Shuo , He Qianyan , Sun Xin , Qu Yang , Abuduxukuer Reziya , Ren Jiaxin , Zhang Kejia , Yang Yi , Guo Zhen-Ni
Published: February 2023

Background:

Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide and
results from inadequate cerebrovascular blood supply; mitochondrial dysfunction plays an essential
role in its pathogenesis. DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is an effective medicine for ischemic stroke
that reduces cell apoptosis and improves long-term prognosis.

Objective:

Whether and how NBP regulates mitochondria-associated apoptosis in cerebral ischemia-
reperfusion injury remains unclear.

Methods:

Male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)
stroke and treated with low (20 mg/kg) or high (80 mg/kg) concentrations of NBP. The Omi/HtrA2
inhibitor UCF-101 was used as a positive control. Cerebral infarction, neuron injury and neuronal
apoptosis were assessed to determine the efficacy of NBP compared to UCF-101. We assessed the
expression of the Omi/HtrA2 signaling pathway by western blotting and tested the mRNA expression
of mitochondrial metabolism-related genes by PCR.

Results:

Compared to the MCAO group, both low and high concentrations of NBP substantially
improved cerebral infarction, neuron injury, and neuronal apoptosis; high concentrations of NBP
were more potent than low concentrations. The expression of proteins of the mitochondrial
Omi/HtrA2 signaling pathway, including Omi/HtrA2, XIAP, PARL, OPA1, CHOP, and ClpP, was
inhibited in the NBP group.

Conclusion:

Overall, early application of NBP attenuated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by
inhibiting mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2-mediated apoptosis in rats. Our study supports a novel neuroprotective
mechanism of NBP, making it a promising therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.
Assessment of Wine Quality, Traceability and Detection of Grapes Wine,
Detection of Harmful Substances in Alcohol and Liquor Composition
Analysis
Authors: Shahrajabian Mohamad Hesam , Sun Wenli
Published: February 2023

Wine production is the result of the interaction between various strains and grapes, and its
good quality is also affected by many factors. Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Candida, Filobasidium,
Hanseniaspora, Hannaella, Saccharomyces, Wickerhamomyce, Alternaria, Starmerella, Acetobacter,
Papiliotrema, Bradyrhizobium, Leuconostoclia, Gluconobacter, Comamonas, and Massilia, are significantly
correlated with changes of physiological properties and volatile compounds. Phenolic compounds,
shortened as phenolics, are a vital parameter to the quality of wine, and wine phenolics include two main
families: non-flavonoids, which consist of hydroxybenzoic acids (HBAs), hydroxycinnamic acids
(HCAs), and stilbenes, and flavonoids, comprising flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and anthocyanins. Wine quality
is determined by either sensory tests or physicochemical tests, and the latter analyse the wine’s chemical
parameters such as sugar, pH, and alcohol level. The most important constituents found in wine are
Terpenes; Aldehydes, Pyrazines, Esters, Ketones and diketones, Mercaptans, and Lactones. In wine quality
analysis, the most chief variables are volatile acidity, alcohol, sulphates, citric acid, density, total sulfur
dioxide, chlorides, pH, fixed acidity, free sulfur dioxide, and residual sugar. Some classifiers utilized for
wine quality prediction in machine learning are: k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest, Decision
Tree, Support Vector Machines, Linear Regression, Stochastic Gradient Descent, Artificial Neural Networks
(ANN), and Naive Bayes. This article is aimed to review wine quality parameters, detection and
traceability of wine, and detection of harmful substances in alcohol and liquor composition analysis.
Azo Based Chromogenic Sensor: An Approach for Naked Eye Detection of Biologically Relevant Anions and Metal Cations
Authors: Damade Kanchan Ramsingh , Hiraman More Dhananjay
Published: February 2023

It was previously reported that azo compounds are vigorous and chemically stable compounds
and well-known chromophores. Having different chromophores, the azo dyes act as probing
units for capturing the charged particles either by electron transfer or deprotonation mechanisms. The
probing efficiency usually exhibits in the magnitude of variations in UV absorbance, NMR peaks and
visually observed color changes. The sensing application is a prerequisite for numerous analytical
techniques involved in pharmaceutical as well as pathological discipline. In the last two decades,
numerous azo based sensors have been developed, which render low cost and effective sensing approaches
towards ionic diagnosis through instantaneous eye beaming chromogenic change. This
sensing approach is simple, cost-effective, and precise and provides reliable quantitative and qualitative
statistics of an analyte present in a complex environment. Our present study culminates the recent
progress on the synthesis of azo compounds and their chromogenic sensing application towards
various reactive analytes through reviewing spectral variations and colorimetric observations. This
review article assesses the potential of azo dyes in chromogenic sensing for different analytes. We
believe this review will be of interest and important for researchers working on designing azo-based
chromogenic sensors.
The Perceived Support Received by Women with Breast Cancer during
the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Heidari Haydeh , Mardani-Hamooleh Marjan , Pezaro Sally
Published: February 2023

Background:

Women with breast cancer in Iran face challenges requiring support. Yet the
provision of support may have changed during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to explore the perceptions of women with breast cancer
about the support they received during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:

This study was qualitative in nature. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Iranian
women with breast cancer. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed via conventional
content analysis.

Results:

Participants (n = 33) were Iranian women aged 29-58 years. All women included were married
and were working in the role of a housewife. Women's perceptions of breast cancer during the
COVID-19 pandemic of support were identified under two main categories; Constructive support and
Lack of support. Sub-categories related to constructive support included receiving support from family,
peers, and nurses. Sub-categories related to lack of support included a perceived lack of spousal
and sociocultural support.

Conclusion:

Anti-stigma interventions (AS interventions) are suggested to increase both spousal and
sociocultural support in this context. Further studies may usefully be conducted with the participation
of Iranian women's family members in order to gain a deeper understanding of the support received
and required by Iranian women with breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
Synthesis and SAR of Potential Anti-Cancer Agents of Quinoline
Analogues: A Review
Authors: Tyagi Sonakshi , Salahuddin  , Mazumder Avijit , Kumar Rajnish , Datt Vimal , Shabana Km , Yar Mohammad Shahar , Ahsan Mohamed Jawed
Published: February 2023

Quinoline has recently become an important heterocyclic molecule due to its numerous
industrial and synthetic organic chemistry applications. Quinoline derivatives have been used in clinical
trials for a variety of medical conditions that causes cancer. The present literature study is composed
of recent progress (mainly from 2010 to the present) in the production of novel quinoline derivatives
as potential anti-cancer agents, as well as their structure-activity relationship, which will
provide insight into the development of more active quinoline hybrids in the future.

:

The present review comprises the synthetic protocols of biologically active Quinoline analogs with
their structure-activity relationship studies as anti-cancer agents, which provide depth view of work
done on quinoline derivatives to the medicinal chemist for future research.
Tacrolimus and Azole Derivatives of Agricultural and Human Health
Importance: Prediction of ADME Properties
Authors: Antypenko Lyudmyla , Shabelnyk Konstyantyn , Kovalenko Sergiy
Published: February 2023

Introduction:

Agricultural chemicals are impacting health nowadays. Recently, promising
synergistic antifungal interaction between tacrolimus and some azole compounds was studied.

Objectives:

To determine ADME parameters, potential side effects of test substances to reduce
time and resources in the future

Methods:

All descriptors and molecular parameters were obtained by the protocols of
SwissADME and ProTox II.

Results:

In the result, the following physicochemical and drug-likeness parameters were calculated.

Conclusion:

Studied triazoles 1 and 2 showed good ADME characteristics and promising toxicity
levels suitable to be checked for in vitro toxicology in case of future advanced results in the
agricultural field.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Remdesivir in the Treatment of
COVID-19 Outpatients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Foroghi Ghomi Seyed Yaser , Mohammadbeigi Abolfazl , Ahmadi Abbas , Ahmadpour Sajjad , Shakeri Mansoureh , Adeli Seyed Hasan , Vafaeimanesh Jamshid , Tabaraii Reihane , Shajari Rasoul , Vahedian Mostafa , Asghari Akram
Published: February 2023

Background:

The outbreak of acute respiratory syndrome with novel coronavirus 2019
(COVID-19) in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, caused a worldwide outbreak of the disease. To
treat the disease, some drugs were identified and introduced that did not show a significant effect on
the recovery of the disease. Due to the need to manage inpatient beds, this study was conducted to
evaluate the effectiveness of Remdesivir in the treatment of outpatients with moderate to severe
COVID-19.

Methods:

The present study was a retrospective cohort with a convenience sampling method. It was
conducted by referring to the records of COVID-19 patients who were referred to the respiratory clinic
of Shahid Beheshti Hospital as outpatients in the period from April to August 2021.

Results:

This study was conducted on 263 COVID-19 patients with a mean age of 51.16±14.39 years
from 19 and 90 years old. Data were collected through a researcher-made checklist and analyzed using
SPSS 20. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, paired t-test, and Mc Nemar's test were used to evaluate the data.
The significance level was considered at the level of 0.05.

Conclusion:

Findings revealed that no clear correlation was found between hospitalization and death
rate compared to other patients. In our study, the risk factors for severe COVID-19 did not affect the
rate of hospitalization or death of patients.
New Face of Job Quality Challenge in India: Gig Worker Studies
Authors:   XLRI Jamshedpur, Haque Farhat , Rahman Dard Abdul ,   Business Administration Department, Nangarhar University
Published: February 2023

Purpose This research aims to describe the gig worker challenge and opportunity including job quality in India remembering that gig work is spreading rapidly among nations and has been the source of earning for most of the destitute population. Design/methodology/approach This research uses qualitative method with descriptive approach. Author used semi-structured interview to 10 (ten) informants by using purposive sampling with snowballing technique. The informants are the GIG worker who work around Indian metro cities. Findings The way their economic, psychological and social aspects are grilled with least positive chances of betterment has been our concern. The three aggregate dimensions mainly focussing towards, economic, psychological and social well-being of employees. Research limitations/implications This research may use for government to improve the job quality of GIG worker. If nations could not come up with formal and permanent employment opportunities, the job quality of gig economy can at least be enhanced. Originality/value This study describes comprehensively by using interview to reveal challenge and opportunity in gig worker job quality in India.
High resolution spectroscopy of strongly interacting bands ν-=SUB=-4-=/SUB=-, ν-=SUB=-6-=/SUB=-, ν-=SUB=-7-=/SUB=-, ν-=SUB=-8-=/SUB=-, and ν-=SUB=-10-=/SUB=- of deuterated ethylene, C-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-H-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-D
Authors: Bekhtereva E. S.  , Belova A. S.  , Glushkov P. A.  , Gromova O. V.  , Sydow C.
Published: February 2023

Rotational structure of strongly interacting bands ν4, ν6, ν7, ν8, and ν10 of the C2H3D molecule is spectroscopically studied. Spectra were recorded by Fourier spectrometer Brucker 125HR in the laboratory of physical and theoretical chemistry of Technical University of Braunschweig. 27950 transitions with maximum values of Jmax = 40 and Kmaxa= 20 were assigned to the studied bands. The effective Hamiltonian parameters were determined in the model including the ν3 resonating state. The 4028 upper energy levels were used as incoming data. They are reproduced with root mean square deviation of drms =1.7· 10-4 cm-1. Corresponding value for more than 24000 line positions is drms = 2.1 · 10-4 cm-1. Keywords: ethylene, high resolution spectroscopy, strongly interacting bands, Fourier-spectroscopy.
Formation of In-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=- films by magnetron sputtering on Al-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=- (012) substrates
Authors: Tikhii A. A.  , Nikolaenko Yu. M.  , Svyrydova K.A.  , Zhikharev I. V.
Published: February 2023

The results of studies of the microstructure and optical characteristics of In2O3 films deposited by the dc-magnetron sputtering of a polycrystalline target onto single-crystal sapphire substrates are summarized. The technological regimes of films preparation differed in the deposition time, substrate temperature, and the presence of additional heat treatment of film structures in air. It has been established that the optical refractive index of films deposited on a "cold" substrate increases in the direction from the substrate to the external interface. Heat treatment of the films eliminates the inhomogeneity of the refractive index and leads to a decrease in the band gap. The observed optical properties are explained by the thickness inhomogeneous microstructure of the films, which is formed during sputtering of a target with a relatively low mechanical strength. Keywords: In2O3 films, magnetron sputtering, Al2O3 substrates, refraction index, bandgap width.
Spatial dynamics of light quasispin vector in an anisotropic medium with twisting
Authors: Aslanyan L. S.  , Ayvazyan A.E.
Published: February 2023

On the Poincar's sphere the spatial evolution of the light's polarization state has been studied quantitatively in the smoothly inhomogeneous anisotropic media with gyrotropy. The main features of the dependence on the sample?s thickness, the gyration vector and the azimuth of the polarization of the incident linearly polarized wave were revealed. An analytical solution of the system of coupled equations relative to Cartesian components of light's wave electric component obtained by transition to rotating coordinate system has been used for analysis. Keywords: Poincar' sphere, polarization evolution, medium with gyrotropy, rotating coordinate system.
Generation of unipolar pulses of terahertz radiation with a large electric area
Authors: Arkhipov M. V.  , Arkhipov R. M.  , Rosanov N. N.
Published: February 2023

A physical situation is proposed and theoretically analyzed, in which, in our opinion, it is possible to generate unipolar terahertz pulses with a large electric area. In this case, the gas in the tube is excited by a femtosecond IR laser pulse. In this case, the tube with gas is placed in a constant external electric field. The generation of a unipolar pulse is based on "three-step scheme" --- ionization of gas atoms by a femtosecond pulse, subsequent acceleration of a free electron in a dc external field and subsequent annihilation of an electron upon collision with a tube wall or another atom (ion). Keywords: unipolar pulses, ultrafast optics, electric pulse area, terahertz radiation, three-step model.