bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychological well-being in mid to late life: The role of generativity development and parent–child relationships across the lifespan
Authors: An Jeong Shin , Cooney Teresa M.
Published: November 2006

This study examined the association between generativity and psychological well-being for a subsample of 1882 mid- to late-life parents using the MIDUS data set. Guided by Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, we tested a structural model of psychological well-being that also included direct and indirect effects (via generativity) of remembered pre-adult relationships with parents and current parental experiences with offspring on well-being. Respondents who recalled positive, trusting relationships with parents in childhood reported more positive parental experiences with their adult offspring and better psychological well-being. Current parental experiences had both indirect and direct effects on well-being too, but generativity had the strongest direct effects. Thus, it appears that the achievement of generativity plays a substantial role in well-being in mid- and late life. Findings also reveal that the impact of generativity on well-being is stronger for females than males. Implications for intervention with older adults, such as promoting volunteer work, are discussed.
Temperament, environment, and antisocial behavior in a population sample of preadolescent boys and girls
Authors: Veenstra René , Lindenberg Siegwart , Oldehinkel Albertine J. , De Winter Andrea F. , Ormel Johan
Published: November 2006

Antisocial behavior can be triggered by negative social experiences and individuals' processing of these experiences. This study focuses on risk-buffering interactions between temperament, perceived parenting, socio-economic status (SES), and sex in relation to antisocial behavior in a Dutch population sample of preadolescents ( N = 2230). Perceived parenting (overprotection, rejection, emotional warmth) was assessed by the EMBU (a Swedish acronym for My Memories of Upbringing) for children, temperament (effortful control and frustration) by the parent version of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised, SES by information on parental education, occupation, and income, and antisocial behavior by the Child Behavior Checklist (parent report) and the Youth Self-Report (child report). All parenting and temperament factors were significantly associated with antisocial behavior.The strongest risk-buffering interactions were found for SES which was only related to antisocial behavior among children with a low level of effortful control or a high level of frustration. Furthermore, the associations of SES with antisocial behavior were more negative for boys than for girls. Thus, the effects of SES depend on both the temperament and sex of the child.
A cohort-sequential multivariate latent growth curve analysis of normative CBCL aggressive and delinquent problem behavior: Associations with harsh discipline and gender
Authors: Prinzie P. , Onghena P. , Hellinckx W.
Published: November 2006

The aim of this study was to examine the normative developmental trajectories of aggressive and delinquent behavior in young children. Cohort-sequential univariate latent growth modeling (LGM) analyses were employed to conceptualize and analyze intraindividual changes in children's aggressive and delinquent behavior and interindividual differences in these changes. A multivariate model was tested that related the two developmental trajectories to each other and to harsh discipline. The longitudinal data included mother and father ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach, 1991), the “Leuvens Instrument voor Coërcief Opvoedingsgedrag” (Leuvens Instrument of Coercive Parenting Behavior, LICO) (Hellinckx et al., 2000) and the Parenting Scale (Arnold, O'Leary, Wolff, & Acker, 1993) of 674 school-aged boys and girls of a proportional stratified general population sample, assessed annually for three years. A significant nonlinear decline in aggressive and a significant linear decline in delinquent problem behavior were found both in the mother and in the father ratings. A multivariate latent growth analysis indicated that trajectories in aggressive and delinquent problem behavior were positively associated. The association was stronger for boys than for girls. Parenting behaviors were differentially related to children's aggressive and delinquent problem behavior. Coercion was significantly related to aggressive behavior but not to delinquent behavior. Higher scores on coercion were related to higher initial levels and a slower decrease of aggressive behavior. High scores on overreactivity were associated with higher initial levels of aggressive and delinquent problem behavior but not with the growth rates. Boys were higher than girls in initial status. Conversely, the rate of change was not related to gender. The results were replicated in the father reports.
Divided we fall: Children's friendships and peer victimization
Authors: Malcolm Kenya T. , Jensen-Campbell Lauri A. , Rex-Lear Madeline , Waldrip Amy M.
Published: November 2006

This study examined the contributions of peer acceptance and friendship (i.e., number and quality) on children being relationally or overtly peer victimized. Fifth-and sixth-grade children (N= 207, 92 boys) provided self-and peer-reports of victimization, friendship, and peer acceptance. General peer acceptance and high-quality friendships uniquely predicted both overt and relational victimization. Fall victimization did not predict spring friendship quality; however, fall friendship quality did predict spring victimization levels. For children with lower peer acceptance, high-quality friendships appeared to play an especially important role in determining the targets of peer abuse. Approaches that include friendship quality as well as interactive models of relationship dimensions may be informative for understanding victimization as well as children's general adjustment.
The divorce decree, communication, and the structuration of coparenting relationships in stepfamilies
Authors: Schrodt Paul , Baxter Leslie A. , McBride M. Chad , Braithwaite Dawn O. , Fine Mark A.
Published: November 2006

Using Giddens's (1984) structuration theory, this study explored the communicative processes surrounding the divorce decree in coparenting relationships in stepfamilies. Participants included 21 adults who were coparenting children in stepfamilies who completed diary entries of all interactions with coparents over a 2-week period, and who completed follow-up interviews. Results revealed two structures of signification with respect to the divorce decree that enabled and constrained coparenting interactions. The first signification structure was one in which the decree was framed as a legal document, dictating the rights and responsibilities of parenting, especially with respect to child access and financial issues. The second signification structure was one in which the decree was viewed as a negotiating guide for more informal coparental decision-making processes.
Linking adolescent family and peer relationships to the quality of young adult romantic relationships: The mediating role of conflict tactics
Authors: Crockett Lisa J. , Randall Brandy A.
Published: November 2006

This study examined the associations between the quality of adolescents' peer and family relationships and the quality of their young adult romantic relationships. Adolescents (N = 253) completed self-report measures of their family and peer relationships in grades 10–12; 7 years later, they reported on connectedness, discord, and the conflict tactics used by both partners in their current romantic relationships. Family relationship quality in adolescence predicted the levels of connectedness, discord, and specific conflict behaviors youth reported in their adult romantic relationships. The use of discussion to resolve conflict mediated the association between adolescent family relationships and the level of connectedness in adult romantic relationships. Moreover, use of discussion and physical conflict/threat each partially mediated the effect of family relationship quality on romantic discord. Possible mechanisms linking family of origin relationships to adult romantic relationships are discussed.
Couples share similar changes in depressive symptoms and marital satisfaction anticipating the birth of a child
Authors: Salmela-Aro Katariina , Aunola Kaisa , Saisto Terhi , Halmesmäki Erja , Nurmi Jari-Erik
Published: November 2006

The birth of a child is a demanding family life situation. This longitudinal study investigated to what extent spouses' depressive symptoms and marital dissatisfaction associated with pregnancy and childbirth (and their changes over time) were characteristic of the spousal relationship and/or the individual spouses. Pregnant women (N= 320) and their spouses (N = 259) were examined twice before and twice following childbirth. Results indicated that changes in depressive symptoms and marital satisfaction during pregnancy were characteristic of the spousal relationship, whereas changes after birth were characteristic of both the relationship and the individual spouses. Couples with initially high marital satisfaction reported a later decrease, whereas those with initially low satisfaction reported an increase.
Female waist-to-hip and male waist-to-shoulder ratios as determinants of romantic partner desirability
Authors: Braun Margaret F. , Bryan Angela
Published: November 2006

This study examines the effects of body shape (women's waist-to-hip ratio and men's waist-to-shoulder ratio) on desirability of a potential romantic partner. In judging desirability, we expected male participants to place more emphasis on female body shape, whereas females would focus more on personality characteristics. Further, we expected that relationship type would moderate the extent to which physical characteristics were valued over personality. Specifically, physical characteristics were expected to be most valued in short-term sexual encounters when compared with long-term relationships. Two hundred and thirty-nine participants (134 females, 105 males; 86% Caucasian) rated the desirability of an opposite-sex target for a date, a one-time sexual encounter, and a serious relationship. All key hypotheses were supported by the data.
The effects of tie strength and tie diversity on job search, pay increases, and promotions in Singapore and Thailand
Authors: Lee Soo-Hoon , Phan Phillip H.
Published: November 2006

This study assessed the effects of an employee's strength and diversity of network ties within the organization to job-search behavior, pay increases, and promotions in two East Asian countries (Singapore and Thailand). Contrary to predictions, there were no significant associations between the strength of ties with one's supervisor or peers with job-search behavior, pay increases, or promotions. However, as predicted, the diversity of ties was positively associated with job-search behavior, pay increases, and promotions. Finally, the community in which an employee is embedded had no moderating influence on job-search behavior, pay increases, or promotions after accounting for employee tenure, suggesting a convergence of results for these relationships in Singapore and Thailand.
The Catalan Counter-revolutionary Coalition and the Primo de Rivera Coup, 1917-23
Authors: Smith Angel
Published: November 2006

This article focuses on the key role in Catalonia played in the genesis of the military coup by the captain general of Barcelona, Miguel Primo de Rivera, in September 1923. From 1917 the rise of labour agitation and the radicalization of Catalan nationalism precipitated the formation of a counter-revolutionary coalition between the armed forces and right-wing sectors of Catalan society. Along with the military, the coalition took in, on the one hand, the territory’s business, Catholic, Monarchist and regionalist organizations, and on the other, some working-class elements integrated within the Sindicatos Libres. The former championed what we have termed the ‘Catalan road’ to authoritarianism, calling for the construction of independent Catalan institutions in order to deal with the threat of subversion. However, the coalition proved unstable. Divisions opened up between conservative rightists and the radical rightists of the Sindicatos Libres. Moreover, once Primo de Rivera came to power he reneged on his regionalist pronouncements and put in place a centralizing regime. The ‘Castilian road’ to authoritarianism had triumphed.
The Political Control of Orthodoxy in the Construction of the Romanian State, 1859-1918
Authors: Leustean Lucian N.
Published: November 2006

This article analyses the relationship between Orthodoxy and state from the unification of the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859 to the creation of Greater Romania in 1918. Examining the attitudes of political leaders towards the dominant religion, this article argues that during the reigns of Prince Cuza and King Carol I the Church became a state institution closely connected to the development of political regimes. It is suggested that by claiming doctrinal religious connections with Constantinople and independence from foreign intervention in the Church’s affairs, religious and political leaders from 1859 to 1918 amplified the construction of Romanian national mythology which contributed towards the political unity of the state.
Police and Politics in Marseille, 1936-8
Authors: Kitson Simon
Published: November 2006

This article deals with the relationship between the police and national and local politics in France during the mid-1930s. A new left-wing coalition, the Popular Front, had come to power to try to ward off a perceived fascist threat. This threat was felt very keenly in France because most of the surrounding countries were falling under far right control and France had had its own extreme-right demonstrations in 1934. It was important for the new coalition to be able to dispose of a reliable police force. In Marseille, the police was politically divided particularly between those who considered themselves apolitical and the supporters of the ‘fascist’ Sabiani and the socialist Tasso. The battle-lines were drawn partly on ideological lines but essentially around clientelistic considerations. Undoubtedly the socialists dominated the local force and the Popular Front was thus welcomed by the police rank and file, but not without some of their hopes being frustrated.
World Anthropologies
Authors: Ribeiro Gustavo Lins
Published: November 2006

In this article, anthropology is seen as a Western cosmopolitics that consolidated itself as a formal academic discipline in the 20th century within a growing Western university system that expanded throughout the world. Like other cosmopolitics, anthropology reflects the historical dynamics of the world system, especially those related to the changing roles ‘alterity’ may play in international and national scenarios. Some of the most fundamental changes in anthropology in the last century were due to changes in the subject position of anthropology’s ‘object’ par excellence, native peoples all over the planet. But, currently, there is another element which was never duly incorporated by previous critiques and is bound to impact anthropology: the increased importance of the non-hegemonic anthropologists in the production and reproduction of knowledge. Changes in the conditions of conversability among anthropologists located in different loci of the world system will impact the tension between metropolitan provincialism and provincial cosmopolitanism, increase horizontal communication and create more plural world anthropologies.
Pots not People
Authors: Hudson Mark J.
Published: November 2006

This article considers the relationship between identity politics and archaeological interpretations of ethnicity in postwar Japan. Although race and ethnicity were important concepts in early Japanese archaeology, from the 1930s a new interpretive paradigm based on archaeological cultures began to dominate the discipline. After the end of the Second World War, Japanese archaeologists became increasingly concerned with sociopolitical issues relating to democracy and peace, but the continued absence of explicit discussion of prehistoric ethnicity has tended to reinforce the primordialist view of ethnic identity that became common in postwar Japanese society. This article discusses the use of ethnicity in Japanese archaeology, citing examples from Hokkaido, Okinawa, and the Jômon-Yayoi transition. It is argued that the lack of emphasis afforded to ethnicity in postwar archaeology in Japan reflects interest in other sociopolitical issues rather than theoretical naivety with respect to identity politics.
Changing Idioms of Shame: Expressions of Disgrace and Dishonour in the Narratives of Turkish Women Living in Denmark
Authors: Mirdal Gretty M.
Published: November 2006

The present article is based on interviews conducted in 1980-1 with 75 Turkish women in Denmark, and re-interviews of the same women by the same interviewers in 2000-1. The aim of the original interviews was to collect the women’s accounts of their immigration, and to study their subjective evaluation of their physical, psychological and social situation at the time. Twenty years later, 85 percent of the sample could be located and 61 percent were re-interviewed. In the meantime, these women had lived and worked in Denmark, been in contact with the Danish health, educational and social systems, and their living conditions had improved considerably. There were several noteworthy changes in both objective and subjective dimensions between the two interviews, not least in the conception of shame. The analysis of the original and follow-up narratives is conducted here with a special emphasis on the relation between shame, gender roles and emancipation.
Catastrophic Evolution, Culture and Diversity Management Policy
Authors: Moghaddam Fathali M.
Published: November 2006

Two parallel debates, on cultural diversity and on diversity in animals and plants, are underway with insufficient meaningful contact, but a shared focus on declining diversity. Underlying the sharp decline in diversity in many human and non-human domains is cultural change, bringing about sudden contact between life forms with no previous experience of contact with one another. A common consequence of sudden contact is catastrophic evolution, involving a rapid and often fatal decline in the numbers of a particular life form; this is more likely for life forms low in both preadaptiveness and postcontact adaptation speed. Greater efforts are needed, particularly on the part of cultural researchers, to develop an integrative ‘bio-cultural’ policy to manage diversity, recognizing that cultural changes impact on diversity in all life forms, and that cultural diversity and diversity in animals and plants are inter-connected.
Redefining Sudden Contact
Authors: Mahoney Caitlin , Galis Tiberiu
Published: November 2006

In this article we address the premise that globalization leads to sudden contact and that sudden contact, in turn, dictates selective extinction. We argue that it is because of globalization that sudden contact is unlikely to occur in present-day interactions. We propose a refined definition of ‘sudden contact’, which finds its base in a more fluid conception of culture, and suggest that ‘sudden contact’ is most likely to occur at the personal level of meaning making. In light of our refined definition we argue that declines in diversity, at least in number, do not exist. Rather, we assert that while certain cultural ascriptions might be eliminated, new forms emerge to take their place, which not only serve the same culturally relevant function, but also allow for the retention of group diversity.
Considering Diversity: Multivoicedness in International Academic Collaboration
Authors: Akkerman Sanne , Admiraal Wilfried , Simons Robert Jan , Niessen Theo
Published: November 2006

International collaboration projects in academic work can be considered boundary-crossing projects with learning potential. Contrary to perceiving diversity as a barrier for understanding, we depart from dialogical arguments in perceiving ambiguity and diversity as continuous resources for meaning enrichment. Here, we report a study of an international academic project to gain more insight into how this resource is exploited. Using Bakhtin’s theory, negotiation processes are analysed and explained by distinguishing voices stemming from different socio-cultural backgrounds. Project members did not explore fully the voices being expressed in their negotiation processes and therefore did not come to face their differences. We conclude that diversity should neither be seen as an obstacle for understanding, nor be presupposed as a resource for meaning generation. Rather, diversity should be actively worked on by group members in collaboration, starting by perceiving each other as real ‘others’ and receiving arguments initially as not understood.
Time, Models and Narratives: Towards Understanding the Dynamics of Life
Authors: van Geert Paul
Published: November 2006

Whereas Rudolph’s (2006a) article provides a discussion of mathematical models of time, Yamado and Kato (2006a) present a particular image of time—circular time—as a key feature of an entirely different model of temporality, namely people life-span narratives. In the present article, I attempt to apply some aspects of Rudolph’s models to actual developmental research, namely math learning by children in special education, social development, attachment and the timing of puberty. The dynamics of these processes require not only an understanding of how they unfold in time—and which model of time to choose in order to adequately describe them—but also an understanding of the participants’ narratives, in an attempt to understand their actions as intentional, with concerns or goals that determine their sequencing and timing. I conclude by saying that, metaphorical or not, the models and narratives presented in the key articles by Rudolph and Yamada and Kato have contributed to at least my own understanding of developmental dynamics by providing particular challenges for reformulating existing issues.
Disabling Beliefs? Impaired Embodiment in the Religious Tradition of the West
Authors: Hutchinson Nichola
Published: November 2006

A general dearth of theoretical engagements with the embodied, historical, and especially the religious dimensions of disablement pervades the social sciences. Paradoxically, the religious heritage of the West is commonly identified as the implicit catalyst of many disabling attitudinal barriers impinging on impaired bodies. Addressing this inconsistency, this article extends dominant disability conceptualizations through combining embodiment theories and humanities perspectives. Ultimately the article seeks to demonstrate how interdisciplinary investigation can produce fresh insights into the relationships between attitudes towards physical impairment and Christianized forms of Western sociality. First, the radicalization of the definition of disability in the field of disability studies is briefly discussed. Second, aspects of the sociology of the body are examined in order to illustrate how the concepts of ‘effervescent’ and ‘emergent’ embodiment, through highlighting the persistence of the sacred in ‘somatic society’, can assist in the formulation of an analytical framework, suitable for analysing the religio-cultural dimensions of impairment. Finally, the dynamism of Christian attitudes towards physical impairment is illustrated through a survey of historical and contemporaneous theological examples. The confluence of these fields, it is argued, enables the interconnected terrain between impairment, embodiment and the sacred to be mapped.
Mendel’s Generation: Molecular Sex and the Informatic Body
Authors: Garlick Steve
Published: November 2006

The use of informatic metaphors and models derived from mid-20th-century cyberscience in molecular biology has been the subject of much controversy. Many social critics have argued that informatic discourses implicitly privilege a disembodied or implicitly masculine conception of life that is most fully realized in contemporary genomics. In this paper, I offer a different perspective on these issues by returning to the 18th-century work of Gregor Mendel, who conducted a series of experiments that are generally regarded as having laid down the basic rules of heredity underlying genetic science. I attempt to show that a nascent informatic understanding of the body is already present in Mendel’s work, and that the implications of his approach for the politics of gender and social life are much more ambiguous than is generally recognized. More specifically, I argue that the meaning of ‘sex’, and of its relation to the organic body, is implicitly at stake in Mendel’s thought. I suggest that his text contains certain unresolved questions of sexual propriety that are today still being worked out in the context of contemporary genomics.
Kimeand the Moving Body: Somatic Codes in Japanese Martial Arts
Authors: Cohen Einat Bar-On
Published: November 2006

This article concerns kime, a somatic code used in the ‘empty hand’ Japanese martial art of karate. Kime is a tactile-kinesthetic entity born out of practice, coming into being in a social setting through the specific organization of the body-self, fusing body and self into one stance and movement. Kime is entirely embodied, yet can only be operated and recognized inter-subjectively. It plays a crucial role in combat and at the same time also indicates a spiritual possibility that depends on eradication of emotion and volition. An analysis of kime shows how cultural understandings can emerge without necessarily using symbolic representations or verbal discourse in their construction. These somatic non-dual understandings can come to form an entire world-of-meaning directly through the moving body. The moving body shapes itself within itself even as it interacts with and contributes to shape its immediate environment. This is a world-of-meaning that includes complex inter-subjectivity founded on the speed and ambiguity of the interface between the innerness and the outerness of the body.
Performing the Divine: Neo-Pagan Pilgrimages and Embodiment at Sacred Sites
Authors: Rountree Kathryn
Published: November 2006

This article discusses Neo-Pagan journeys to archaeological or heritage sites (such as ancient temples and stone circles) associated with pre-Christian religions and deities. It argues that within the rationale of a Neo-Pagan worldview, several common binaries dissolve and reveal themselves as continuities at sacred sites: human body and earth body, the past and the present, inner and outer worlds, self and other, human and deity. In the course of Pagans’ bodily performances at sites, inner and outer landscapes co-create and flow into one another: the lived body becomes a fundamental text and starting point for knowledge. Through somatic modes of attention - by attending to and with their bodies in surroundings that frequently include the embodied presence of others - Neo-pagan pilgrims experience themselves not as isolated subjectivities but as sharing an intersubjective milieu with other pilgrims and with the Earth itself. For women in particular, journeys to sacred sites potentially contribute to a radical re-inscription of the female body by exposing women to alternative representations of the feminine and by providing contexts in which the feminine can be re-imagined, re-experienced and performed differently through symbolic activity and ritual. In Butlerian terms, women potentially perform gender differently at sacred sites.
Premeditations of performance in recent live television
Authors: Ytreberg Espen
Published: November 2006

The article discusses the ways that performances in television are premeditated. Its focus is on practices of scripting performances in current interactive and reality TV. With a basis in empirical material on television production, the article describes concretely some cases of scripting in international television formats. Its focus is particularly on forms of scripting that are seldom recognized as such, thus contributing to a feel of the real, the authentic and the immediate. Three forms of scripting are discussed: ‘cueing’, scripting of social settings and scripting of temporal sequencings. The article shows how current television formats that strive for the unscripted feel in fact could be said to involve radical extensions of scripting beyond conventional practices. In more general theoretical terms, the article suggests looking to the scripting of mediated performances as an alternative approach to the tradition of media production studies.
Beyond the audience
Authors: Briggs Matt
Published: November 2006

This article considers the place of the ‘everyday’ and ‘practice’ in media ethnography and audience research in cultural and media studies as well as this tradition’s relationship to textual analysis. Drawing on an auto-ethnographic study of the author’s family, the research considers the way in which they made meanings with the preschool children’s television programme Teletubbies. The analysis considers how television viewing is regulated discursively across a number of different sites that constitute ‘parenthood’. In this respect, Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of ‘habitus’ is developed to account for the ways in which the textual and discursive address articulates with, develops and reproduces the family’s childcare practices. The research also presents a method of analysis that explores the micro-example to ‘write singularity’ and suggests the benefits of exploring the ways in which meanings are made beyond the moment of reception. As such, a case is made for the need to move beyond conceptualizations of ‘the audience’.
Adsorption of benzidines and anilines on Cu- and Fe-montmorillonites studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Soma Y. , Soma M.
Published: November 2006

Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been used to observe the formation of cation radicals in the adsorption of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMBD), benzidine, N,Ndimethylaniline (DMA) and aniline on Na-, Cu- and Fe-montmorillonites. Cation radicals of benzidine and TMBD, and their dications were formed at acid sites on the montmorillonite surface, or through the reduction of Cu or Fe interlayer ions, and were adsorbed in the interlayer. Their structures are represented by biphenoquinone type structure, where the inter-ring CC bond and the ring C-N bond have double bond characters. It was demonstrated from Raman spectra that DMA and aniline adsorbed on Cu-montmorillonite from the vapour phase dimerize to form TMBD and benzidine dications.
An 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction study of New Zealand glauconites
Authors: Cardile C. M. , Brown I. W. M.
Published: November 2006

A comprehensive Mössbauer spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction study of six purified glauconites is presented. The Mössbauer spectra were computer-fitted with three Fe3+ and three Fe2+ doublets, both Fe species occupying the trans-OH and two cis-OH octahedral sites. In addition, a seventh smaller doublet is assigned to Fe3+ in tetrahedral coordination. It has been shown that an increasing IVFe3+ content directs VIFe3+ substitution to the cis-OH octahedrally coordinated sites. A correlation between the d(060) reflection and elemental composition is demonstrated.
A contribution to the study of the catalytic action of clays on the polymerization of styrene: II. Reaction mechanism
Authors: Njopwouo D. , Roques G. , Wandji R.
Published: November 2006

The study of 13C NMR spectra of polystyrene thermally obtained on clays shows that thermal polymerization of styrene on these minerals proceeds by two parallel reaction mechanisms: the radical mechanism due to the thermal effect, and the cationic mechanism in which the initiatory cation H+ is provided by the clay. The latter mechanism, accelerated by increase in temperature, becomes more important as the clay content increases in the reaction medium. Otherwise, the thermal polymerization on clays is accompanied by the hydrogenation of some α carbons of the polystyrene molecule and the oxidation of certain aromatic carbons.
Effect of amino acid (glycine) on the distribution of transition metal (Co-Ni-Zn-Cu) and magnesium divalent ions between silicate gels and aqueous solutions: an experimental study
Authors: Dabira M. , Delbove F. , Perruchot A. , Trichet J.
Published: November 2006

Abstarct

The study of M and Mg ion exchange (M = Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), between silicate gels SiO2.q(M, Mg)O.nH2O and amino acid (glycine) saline aqueous solutions (M, Mg)SO4, shows that the introduction of the complexing agent completely upsets the original distribution equilibria of M and Mg between the two types of phases. The values of the measured bulk distribution coefficient

are lowered considerably relative to the inorganic reference distribution coefficients. The lowering of D may be accounted for by calculating the contents of the different species, MA, MA+, M2+, under which the metallic element M is present in the solutions. The values of

resulting from the calculated M2+ contents are identical to the values of Dref, determined in systems without a complexing agent.
Relations between single mineral equilibrium models and equilibrium models with a solid-solution of q end-members
Authors: Pages J. , Aurousseau P.
Published: November 2006

Minerals studied by an equilibrium model with a single mineral are similar to those studied in solid-solution models with q end-members. After discussing solid-solution models with q end-members where the limits of this kind of models are specified, the mathematical relations between the two kinds of models are developed. These relations show that the equilibrium model with a single mineral is compatible with the geochemical assumption of solid-solution. A method for estimation of equilibrium between a single mineral and a homogeneous set of aqueous solutions is proposed.
The effect of an Fe(II)-silicate on selected properties of a montmorillonitic clay
Authors: Oscarson D. W. , Heimann R. B.
Published: November 2006

A montmorillonite clay and an X-ray amorphous Fe(II)-silicate were suspended in a synthetic groundwater solution under oxic and anoxic conditions at 23 and 70°C for 200 days. The clay samples were then analysed for total Fe, Fe(II), dithionite- and oxalate-extractable Fe (Fedand Feo), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and diffuse reflectance spectrometry (DRS). The total iron content and Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio of the clay increased with an increase in temperature and both were greater under anoxic than oxic conditions, as were the amounts of Fedand Feo. The CEC of the clay was lower in the presence of the Fe-silicate, suggesting that Fe-hydroxide had precipitated at the edges of the clay blocking some cation-exchange sites. No changes in the clay were detected by XRD or DRS after contact with the Fe-silicate, nor was there any evidence for Fe-hydroxide material in the interlayer region of the clay. However, it is shown that the amount and nature of iron associated with clay can be significantly altered and certain properties of the clay, such as CEC, can be affected when the clay is in contact with Fe(II)-containing materials.
High-charge to low-charge smectite reaction in hydrothermal alteration processes
Authors: Bouchet A. , Proust D. , Meunier A. , Beaufort D.
Published: November 2006

Illite/smectite mixed-layered minerals (I/S) occurring in hydrothermally altered dacite from the island of Martinique were studied using X-ray powder diffraction, electron microprobe and CEC measurement techniques. Microprobe analyses and X-ray identification of high- and low-charge smectite layers indicate that the I/S hydrothermal alteration operates from wall-rock to hydrothermal veins, with conversion of high-charge to low-charge smectite and formation of illite layers. The overall alteration reaction can be expressed as: mixed-layered high-charge smectite + Si4++ K+→ mixed-layered low-charge smectite + illite. This reaction requires Si and K from external sources and differs from the currently invoked mechanisms for diagenetic illitization where Si is released. The proposed reaction appears, therefore, to be the first step of I/S alteration under low-temperature hydrothermal conditions, prior to the crystallization of newly-formed I/S.
Thermal transformations of synthetic allophane and imogolite as revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Wilson M. A. , Wada K. , Wada S. I. , Kakuto Y.
Published: November 2006

Imogolite, protoimogolite and two synthetic allophanes (A and B) with very different Si/Al ratios have been pyrolysed over a range of temperatures, and the reactions followed by high-resolution solid-state 27AI and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The Si(OAloct)3OH groups of protoimogolite are destroyed at relatively low (∼ 200°C temperatures, whereas the same structures in imogolite are stable to ∼ 300°C. During pyrolysis of both materials there is little change in the observed coordination of AI at temperatures of < 500°C but at 500°C or higher, ∼25% of the NMR-visible Al is converted to tetrahedral coordination. The mechanism of decomposition of both protoimogolite and imogolite is shown to involve the formation of highly branched Si-O-Si chains. As far as can be discerned by 27Al and 29Si NMR, allophanes A and B both appear to produce products similar to protoimogolite on pyrolysis.
Interaction of Kaolinite with Calcite on Heating: III. Effect of Different Kaolinites
Authors: Mackenzie R. C. , Heller-Kallai L. , Rahman A. A. , Moir H. M.
Published: November 2006

The degree of distortion of the calcite endotherm on differential thermal analysis (DTA) curves for kaolinite-calcite mixtures depends on the kaolinite sample used as well as on the factors previously established. Although no two of the ten kaolinite samples employed, even if from the same general locality, produced identical effects under all experimental conditions, a general relationship between locality of origin and degree of distortion was noted. The crystalline species detected in the products of heating, after standing in air at room temperature, included portlandite, calcite, aragonite, vaterite and the high-temperature phases gehlenite, α′-Ca2SiO4, and 12CaO. 7Al2O3. The actual species present again depended on the kaolinite sample. Although the results cannot be directly related to the volatiles evolved along with water on dehydroxylation of the different kaolinites, a tentative explanation is offered on the basis of the effects of the volatiles on the surfaces of the particles present.
Tryptophan Photo-Oxidation by Clay-Adsorbed Sensitizers
Authors: Cenens J. , Schoonheydt R. A.
Published: November 2006

The photo-oxidation of tryptophan (TRP), photosensitized by methylene blue (MB) exchanged on hectorite, Wyoming bentonite and laponite is strongly influenced by three factors: (i) Fe(III) in the structure, which quenches the excited state of MB; (ii) the adsorption site of MB, as photo-oxidation only takes place with MB on the external surface; (iii) dye aggregation, which reduces the yield. Rose bengal (RB), chemically anchored on the external surface of Barasym does not sensitize the photo-oxidation of TRP.
Interactions between hydroxy-aluminium species and homoionic Na- and Ca-montmorillonite particles, as manifested by ζ potential, suspension stability and X-ray diffraction
Authors: Bottero J. Y. , Bruant M. , Cases J. M.
Published: November 2006

The interactions between and higher molecular weight hydroxy-Al species with homoionic Na- and Ca-montmorillonite have been studied by measuring adsorption of the hydroxy-Al on to the clay, turbidity of the resulting suspensions, electrokinetic potential, and d(001) basal spacing. The isolated “Al13” ions are adsorbed according to a cation-exchange process which causes flocculation of the tactoids at low concentrations. At higher concentrations, the adsorption of either isolated “Al13” or/and higher molecular weight species is mainly responsible for the dispersion of clay particles with a net positive surface charge (ζ ∼ + 50 mV). Consequently, the tactoids are destroyed.
Odinite, a new dioctahedral-trioctahedral Fe3+-rich 1:1 clay mineral
Authors: Bailey S. W.
Published: November 2006

Odinite is a Fe3+-rich green clay that is widespread in the form of infillings or replacements of microtests, bioclasts, faecal pellets, or mineral debris on shallow marine shelfs and reef lagoonal areas in tropical latitudes. The structure is based on a 1 : 1 serpentine-type layer that is intermediate between dioctahedral and trioctahedral. Octahedral cation totals range from 2·30 to 2·54 cations per 3·0 sites for 10 samples. The structural formula for the purest sample isBoth monoclinic and trigonal polytypes are present in most samples, with 1Mmore abundant than 1T. Unit-cell dimensions are 1M:a= 5·373(3),b= 9·326(7),c= 7·363(6) Å,β= 104·0(1)°; 1T:a= 5·366(5),b= 9·334(9),c= 7·161(8),β= 90° (on orthohexagonal axes). The name is for Dr. Gilles Serge Odin, Département de Géologie Dynamique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, who has done most of the pioneering work on this new mineral.
Readily-extractable hydroxyaluminium interlayers in clay- and silt-sized vermiculite
Authors: Farmer V. C. , Smith B. F. L. , Wilson M. J. , Loveland P. J. , Payton R. W.
Published: November 2006

The dominant source of oxalate-soluble Al in the B horizon of a brown podzolic soil developed on andesite appears to be hydroxyaluminium interlayers in a dioctahedral vermiculite in the clay and silt fractions, of which the latter contributes most to the total extractable Al and fluoride reactivity of the whole soil. Cold sodium carbonate solutions extract as much interlayer Al as does oxalate, indicating that this fraction of the interlayer material is highly reactive, and sharply distinguished from more resistant interlayers which are also present.
Characteristics of clays in an Oxisol-Spodosol toposequence in Amazonia (Brazil)
Authors: Bravard S. , Righi D.
Published: November 2006

The clay fraction of soils from a toposequence developed on a sandy clay Tertiary sediment in the Brazilian Amazonia was studied. Clayey Acrorthox located at the upper part of the sequence have transformed progressively into sandy Tropohumods down the slope. Along the slope important chemical and mineralogical changes linked to modifications in the weathering conditions were observed. In the Acrorthox the hydrolysis process largely prevails and the clay fraction is composed mainly of Fe-rich kaolinite. Fe and Al amorphous compounds become increasingly abundant along the slope. In the Spodosols, hydrolysis and acidocomplexolysis processes have both been effective, and the clay fractions contain not only more gibbsite, but also amorphous materials which are particularly abundant in the Bh horizons.
The nature of an iron oxide—organic iron association in a peaty environment
Authors: Schwertmann U. , Murad E.
Published: November 2006

Fe oxides deposited in ditches draining a bog in the Harz Mountains, Northern Germany, consist essentially of a two-XRD line ferrihydrite that has a magnetic hyperfine field of only 46·5 T at 4·2 K. Pyrophosphate extraction led to an incomplete separation of this from organically-bound Fe, which was depleted in the residue and particularly enriched in the dialysate of the extract. Decomposition of humics with H2O2 led to a further depletion of organic Fe, but also increased the number of XRD lines of the ferrihydrite to six, and raised the hyperfine field by ∼1 T. These modifications are probably the result of an improved interparticle coherence.
Study of a chlorite-smectite interstratified mineral by means of the Inter program
Authors: Ruiz-Amil A. , Vila E. , Aragón de la Cruz F.
Published: November 2006

A chlorite-smectite interstratified mineral in a pottery stone from Niwatorizawa mine, Izushi-Cho, Hyogo Prefecture (Japan), has been studied by means of Fourier transform methods, together with interlamellar sorption of ethylene glycol and glycerol. The calculations were carried out with the INTER program (using an Olivetti M-24 personal computer with MS-DOS operating system) which allows the analysis of two-component interstratified structures by two Fourier transform based methods: the X-ray diffraction intensity function method, and the interlayer distances distribution function method. The material studied contains a 1:1 chlorite-smectite interstratification and shows a marked tendency to alternation, i.e., the interstratification is almost regular.
Decomposition of alkylammonium cations intercalated in vermiculite
Authors: Pérez-Rodríguez J. L. , Morillo E. , Maqueda C.
Published: November 2006

Decomposition of decylammonium cations on vermiculite surfaces as a result of acidity has been studied. The vermiculite-decylammonium complex was treated with solutions of HCl in water and butanol, and solutions of chlordimeform in butanol. X-ray powder diffraction and IR spectroscopy data showed the presence after treatment of ammonium cations in addition to aliphatic chain compounds in the interlamellar space. The ammonium cation is produced by breaking of the C-N bond of alkylammonium due to the low pH of the medium and, when using butànol as solvent, to the dissociation of the scarce water molecules on the clay surface. The influence of the different solutions on the period of decomposition of alkylammonium cations is discussed. Vermiculite-decylammonium complex treated with HCl solutions for a year released structural Mg2+ due to the acidity of the medium. This Mg2+ partially displaced ammonium cations from the interlamellar space.
Structural alteration of sepiolite by dry grinding
Authors: Cornejo J. , Hermosin M. C.
Published: November 2006

The effects of dry grinding on the structure of sepiolite were studied by XRD, surface area measurement, TG-DTA and IR spectroscopy techniques. The results show that the sepiolite framework is rather resistant to mechanical stress and its alteration by dry grinding occurs through three successive, overlapping processes: (i) thinning of the fibrous particles without structural alteration; (ii) distortion of the parallel units of sepiolite fibres, affecting essentially the particle surface which transforms into an amorphous protective coating; (iii) disruption of the inner structure and a prototropy effect, producing an amorphous phase with some residual order.
Chemical and mineralogical characterization of a Cretaceous clay from the Lousã Basin (Central Portugal)
Authors: Prudêncio M. I. , Waerenborgh J. C. , Cabral J. M. P.
Published: November 2006

Samples of two lenticular clay bodies from a Cretaceous deposit near Padrão (Lousã basin) were characterized by INAA, XRD and Mössbauer spectroscopy. This clay is believed to be the raw material used to manufacture the Iron Age and Roman fine grey pottery from Conímbriga. The differences observed in the chemical and mineralogical compositions of the clay samples and of different size fractions are consistent with the high variance found in the compositional group corresponding to that archaeological site.
Halloysite Formation ThroughIn SituWeathering of Volcanic Glass from Trachytic Pumices, Vico's Volcano, Italy
Authors: Quantin P. , Gautheyrou J. , Lorenzoni P.
Published: November 2006

The weathering of a trachytic pumice within a pyroclastic flow underlying an andic-brown soil on the volcano Vico has been studied. The main mineral formed is a spherical 10 Å halloysite which has been shown by SEM andin situmicroprobe analysis to have formed directly from the glass. The major mineralogical characteristics as determined by XRD, IR, DTA, TEM and microdiffraction are typical of 10 Å halloysite. However, some minor mineralogical properties and the high Fe and K contents, suggest that it is an interstratification of 74% halloysite and 26% illite-smectite. The calculated formula of the hypothetical 2:1 minerals reveals an Fe- and K-rich clay, with high tetrahedral substitution, like an Fe-rich vermiculite, but the detailed structure of this mineral remains uncertain.