bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuropathic Orofacial Pain Part 1‐Prevalence And Pathophysiology
Authors: Vickers E. Russell , Cousins Michael J.
Published: February 2010

Neuropathic pain is defined as “pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system''. Neuropathic orofacial pain has previously been known as “atypical odontalgia” (AO) and “phantom tooth pain''. The patient afflicted with neuropathic oral/orofacial pain may present to the dentist with a persistent, severe pain, yet there are no clearly identifiable clinical or radiographic abnormalities. Accordingly, multiple endodontic procedures may be instigated to remove the likely anatomical source of the pain, yet the pain persists. There have been few studies and limited patient numbers investigating the condition. Two retrospective studies revealed the incidence of persistent pain following endodontic treatment to be 3–6% and 5% of patients; one author with wide experience in assessing the condition estimated its prevalence at 125,000 individuals in the USA alone. In one study, 50% of neuropathic orofacial pain patients reported persistent pain specifically following endodontic treatment. Patients predisposed to the condition may include those suffering from recurrent cluster or migraine headaches.

Neuropathic pain states include postherpetic neuralgia (shingles) and phantom limb/stump pain. The aberrant developmental neurobiology leading to this pain state is complex. Neuropathic pain serves no protective function, in contrast to physiological pain that warns of noxious stimuli likely to result in tissue damage. The relevant clinical features of neuropathic pain include: (i) precipitating factors such as trauma or disease (infection), and often a delay in onset after initial injury (days ‐ months), (ii) typical complaints such as dysaesthesias (abnormal unpleasant sensations), pain that may include burning, and paroxysmal, lancinating or sharp qualities, and pain in an area of sensory deficit, (iii) on physical examination there may be hyperalgesia, allodynia and sympathetic hyperfunction, and (iv) the pathophysiology includes deafferentation, nerve sprouting, neuroma formation and sympathetic efferent activity.
Central Giant Cell Granuloma
Authors: Heithersay Geoffrey S. , Cohn Steven A. , Parkins David J.
Published: February 2010

Central giant cell granuloma, a fibro‐osseous lesion, is more commonly found in the mandible and mainly in children and young adults. The lesion, which has a greater incidence in females, may be uni or multilocular. On the basis of clinical, radiological and histologic features, central giant cell granulomas can be classified as “non‐aggressive” or “aggressive”. Management involves surgical removal and in most cases the dentition can be maintained.

Three cases of central giant cell granuloma are reported and they illustrate clinical features of the lesion, how differential diagnosis can be assisted by ORAD (a special software program), treatment, and the importance of recall examinations.
Bacterial Adhesins — Their Role In Tubule Invasion And Endodontic Disease
Authors: Love Robert M.
Published: February 2010

Bacterial invasion of dentinal tubules is critical to the progression of dental caries and the development of pulp and periapical disease, and may also influence the progression of periodontal disease. However, little is known about the host or bacterial mechanisms involved in tubule invasion. Recent work has demonstrated that bacterial interactions with dentine, and salivary and tissue molecules influence invasion. Salivary molecules such as mucin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) co‐aggregate with bacterial cells, which inhibits dentine invasion, while deposition of dentinal tubule fluid molecules e.g. albumin, IgG, or fibrinogen within dentinal tubules also inhibits invasion. Dentine invasion by streptococci has been shown to be associated with a bacterial growth response and adhesion to unmineralised collagen, which are mediated by streptococcal cell‐surface antigen I/II polypeptides. These adhesins possess diverse binding properties including binding to salivary glycoprotein, other bacteria, and to collagen. Additionally, some antigen I/II polypeptides facilitate species‐specific co‐invasion between streptococci and obligate anaerobes that lack the ability to invade by themselves. An understanding of the mechanisms involved in bacterial invasion of dentine should allow development of new control strategies.
Identification Of Second Canals In The Mesiobuccal Root Of Maxillary First And Second Molars Using Magnifying Loupes Or An Operating Microscope
Authors: Schwarze T. , Baethge C. , Stecher T. , Geurtsen W.
Published: February 2010

Various authors have investigated the frequency of second canals (MB2) in the mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars, predominantly first molars. Further, it has been reported that the percentage of MB2 canals that are treated during routine endodontic therapy is much lower than the number of second canals identified in vitro.

It was the purpose of this study to investigate whether the use of an operating microscope may improve the diagnosis of MB2 canals in mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars. The canal orifices of 100 maxillary first and second molars (50 of each) were initially inspected by Examiner I using individually‐adapted ×2 magnifying loupes. Subsequently, all teeth were examined by a second investigator using an operating microscope (OPM) with ×8 magnification. Finally, the mesiobuccal roots of all teeth were separated. Then, the sections were analysed histologically and by SEM. The histological investigation revealed a total number of 63 MB2 canals, 39 in first, and 24 in second molars. Only 26 (41.3%) of those canals were identified using magnifying loupes, whereas 59 (93.7%) were found by means of an operating microscope.
Behaviour Of Hero NiTi Instruments Used By An Experienced Operator Under Access Limitations
Authors: Yared G.M.
Published: February 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the failure incidence of Hero 642 nickel‐titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments (HRI) when used by an experienced operator in conjunction with different motors and under limitations of access. HRI were used by an experienced operator in a crown‐down technique. The teeth were mounted in resin arches of a phantom head to reproduce limitations of access. In Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, air, high torque control, low torque control and very low torque control motors were used respectively. Each group included 30 canals in extracted human molars. One set of HRI was used for each canal; the HRI were sterilised before each case. A 2.5% NaOCl solution was used as an irrigant. An experienced operator performed all the cleaning and shaping procedures after application of a rubber dam. The opening of the mouth in the phantom head was standardised for the four groups. Instrument fracture did not occur in any of the groups. The air, high torque control and low torque control motors were as safe as the very low torque control motor when HRI were used by an experienced operator in a crown‐down manner at 300 rpm.
The Mechanism Of Pulpal Wound Healing
Authors: Tjäderhane Leo
Published: February 2010

The favourable response of exposed pulp tissue against a variety of materials used for pulp capping in experimental conditions, as observed by hard tissue (reparative dentine) formation, demonstrates an intrinsic capacity of pulp tissue for healing. However, in the clinical situation, in which a pulpal exposure is usually accompanied by a long‐term external irritation with the subsequent long‐term inflammatory response to that irritation, the outcome of pulp capping procedures is not as predictable. While some of the factors related to the defensive reactions and healing after pulp exposure and capping procedures are well understood, the mechanisms and importance of others remain less well‐known. Understanding the mechanisms regulating the spread of inflammation and necrosis in pulp tissue, and the factors regulating healing after closure of the wound, would facilitate the development of new and better treatment procedures with more predictable outcomes. In this review, some of the aspects considered to be important in pulpal wound healing are discussed.
Clinical Aspects Of Pulpal‐Periodontal Lesions
Authors: Selxas F.H. , Garrido A.D.B. , Vieira M.L.S.O. , Pécora J.D. , Saquy PC. , Sousa‐Neto M.D.
Published: February 2010

It is well known that the main purpose of dentistry is to keep teeth in the oral cavity so that they may fulfil their various roles. This case report demonstrates a method to treat a situation involving a pulpal‐periodontal lesion, by using a simple and efficient combined therapy. The clinician can thereby determine the cause of the lesion (pulpal and/or periodontal) and subsequently establish the correct treatment, thus improving the prognosis of the case.
Discuss That The Coronal Seal Is More Important Than The Apical Seal For Endodontic Success
Authors: Sritharan Anjella
Published: February 2010

One of the main principles for successful root canal treatment is the prevention of microorganisms and toxins from the oral flora penetrating through the root canal system into the periapical tissues (1). This is achieved by obturating the root canal system completely, including the coronal and apical ends. Inadequate obturation of the root canal system has been found to be the most frequent cause of failure after endodontic treatment (2). A number of studies have indicated that leakage, whether from a coronal or apical direction, adversely affects the success of root canal treatment (3–7). The significance of the coronal seal has been increasingly recognized in the dental literature (4, 5, 8, 9) and in more recent times, it has been suggested that apical leakage may not be the most important factor leading to the failure of endodontic treatment — but that coronal leakage is far more likely to be the major determinant of clinical success or failure (10). This paper will discuss aspects of: endodontic success and failure; the use of leakage studies to assess the quality of the seal; the significance of both apical and coronal leakage; followed by a review of the literature.
Pulp Biology: Progress During The Past 25 Years
Authors: Trowbridge Henry O.
Published: February 2010

During the past 25 years there has been a rapid expansion in our knowledge of the dentine and pulp complex. This paper provides representative examples of important advances that researchers have made in this field. Topics to be considered include: differentiation of odontoblasts, dentine matrix proteins, extent of odontoblast processes, pulpal stem cells, apoptosis, interstitial fluid pressure in normal and inflamed pulps, class II antigen‐presenting cells of the pulp, cytokines, antibodies, pulpal calcifications, tertiary dentine and pulpal inflammation associated with bacterial contamination of exposed dentine beneath restorations.
Effective Cleaning Protocols For Rotary Nickel‐Titanium Files
Authors: Parashos Peter , Linsuwanont Pairoj , Messer Harold H.
Published: February 2010

Cleaning of dental instruments before sterilisation is an essential part of processing for re‐use. Rotary nickel‐titanium (NiTi) files as obtained from the manufacturer are mostly not sterile and require cleaning and sterilisation both before first use and for re‐use. We describe here two simple, practical cleaning protocols that are effective in removing organic debris from files. Rotary NiTi files can be safely re‐used from an infection control perspective.
An In Vitro Study Of Coronal Microleakage In Endodontically‐Treated Teeth Restored With Posts
Authors: Ravanshad Shohreh , Ghoreeshi Nemat
Published: February 2010

Coronal microleakage has received considerable attention as a factor related to failure of endodontic treatment and much emphasis is placed on the quality of the final restoration. Posts are frequently used for the retention of coronal restorations. These can be custom‐made or prefabricated. Many authors have examined coronal microleakage with respect to gutta‐percha root fillings and plastic coronal restorations, but few have investigated the coronal seal afforded by various post systems. The seal provided by a cemented post depends on the seal of the cement used. The purpose of this study was to compare coronal microleakage around cast and prefabricated posts using a dye‐penetration method. Sixty extracted single‐rooted human teeth were chemomechanically prepared. The root canals were filled with gutta‐percha and sealer and they were then prepared for standard posts. Six groups, each of 10 teeth, were restored with either cast post or prefrabricated post. The posts were cemented with either glass ionomer cement (GIC), Variolink II or Durelon. The teeth were thermocycled and placed in Indian ink for one week. They were then demineralised and rendered transparent. Linear coronal dye penetration around the post was measured and compared. The least dye‐penetration was observed in roots restored with a cast post and Variolink II. Dentatus posts demonstrated the most microleakage. It appears that the dentine‐bonding cements have less microleakage than the traditional, non‐dentine‐bonding cements and adaptation of the post with the canal may be more important than the cement used.
The Influence Of Filling Technique On Depth Of Tubule Penetration By Root Canal Sealer: A Study Using Light Microscopy And Digital Image Processing
Authors: De Deus Gustavo A. , Gurgel‐Filho Eduardo Diogo , Maniglia‐Ferreira Cláudio , Coulinho‐Filho Tauby
Published: February 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare the depth of sealer penetration into dentinal tubules by three root‐filling techniques using light microscopy and digital image processing. Thirty‐two maxillary central incisors were prepared. Two teeth were separated for the control group. The rest were divided into three equal groups and obturated as following — G1: lateral condensation; G2: warm vertical compaction of gutta‐percha and G3: Thermafil system. Each sample was sectioned longitudinally and prepared for microscopic analysis. A sequence of photomicrographs with magnifications of ×50, ×200 and ×500 were taken. Through digital image analysis and processing, measurements for each field were obtained. A non‐parametric ANOVA Kruskal‐Wallis analysis was used to determine whether there were significant differences among the groups. Significant differences between G2 and G1 (p = 0.034) and between G3 and G1 (p = 0.021) were identified. There were no significant differences between G2 and G3 (p > 0.05). The results of this research suggest that samples root‐filled by thermoplasticised gutta‐percha techniques lead to deeper penetration of the root canal sealer into the dentinal tubules.
A Comparative Study Of White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate And White Portland Cements Using X‐ray Microanalysis
Authors: Asgary Saeed , Parirokh Masoud , Eghbal Mohammed Jafar , Brink Frank
Published: February 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the composition of white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) and two different white Portland cements (WPCs). Samples of WMTA and WPCs were prepared and then imaged in a JEOL JSM6400 scanning electron microscope, equipped with an Oxford Instruments light element energy dispersive spectrometer detector for determining the elemental composition. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) results indicated that lime (CaO) and silica (SiO2) were the dominant compounds in each case. The results showed that the trace elements are similar in all of the samples but there was no detectable trace of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) in WPCs. The range of crystal sizes observed in WMTA was found to be distinctly smaller than those observed in the WPCs. It was concluded that there is no significant difference between the dominant compounds in both WMTA and WPCs except the presence of bismuth oxide in WMTA.
Role Of Occlusion In Endodontic Management: Report Of Two Cases
Authors: Yu Christine Y.
Published: February 2010

The two clinical cases reported demonstrate that traumatic occlusion can play a role in the initiation and progression of pulp and periradicular inflammation. The symptom of persistent pain did not subside after the commencement of endodontic treatment. Traumatic occlusion was identified in both cases to be the main cause and hence occlusal adjustment was performed. This resulted in the gradual resolution of the symptoms. The findings suggest that occlusal trauma is often overlooked in the diagnosis and management of endodontic diseases.
Treatment Planning Dilemmas Resulting From Failed Root Canal Cases
Authors: Peikoff Marshall D.
Published: February 2010

Endodontics is one of the least forgiving branches of dentistry in terms of treatment success or failure. As a result, re‐treatment has become a significant part of today's endodontic practice.

In the past, it was felt that surgical treatment with root‐end filling would result in the highest degree of success. It has been subsequently demonstrated that microorganisms remaining in the root canal system after treatment were the main aetiological factor in post‐treatment disease. Hence, non‐surgical orthograde re‐treatment has become the treatment of choice. While most authors support this method of re‐treatment, some feel the surgical approach is still the best, and others advocate a combination of treatments.

While treatment planning may appear to be straightforward, there are many grey areas in actual practice. This paper attempts to show a number of situations where the treatment planning may not be black and white.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate
Authors: Basrani Bettina
Published: February 2010

The aim of root canal treatment is to eliminate bacteria from the infected root canal and to prevent reinfection. Biomechanical cleaning and shaping greatly reduces the number of bacteria. Nevertheless, due to anatomical complexity of the root canal system, residues and bacteria cannot be removed completely. Therefore, various substances have been used during canal preparation to remove debris, necrotic tissue, bacteria and smear layer. The most common irrigant of choice is sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI): it is an effective antimicrobial agent and tissue solvent. However, NaOCI can be toxic. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) is a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial agent. As a root canal irrigant and intracanal medicament, CHX has an antibacterial efficacy comparable to that of NaOCI, and is effective against resistant bacterial strains. CHX may result in residual antimicrobial activity of the dentine surface after prolonged exposure of the root canal to CHX. CHX also has a low grade of toxicity. In this review CHX will be discussed in detail.
In vitro Evaluation Of Three Techniques To Obturate 0.06 Taper Canal Preparations
Authors: Al‐Hadlaq Solaiman M. , Al‐Rabiah Abdulmohsen A.
Published: February 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of three obturation methods to seal root canals prepared using 0.06 taper rotary instruments. Forty‐five extracted human single‐rooted teeth were instrumented with 0.06 taper Profile nickel‐titanium rotary files and randomly divided into three experimental groups containing 15 teeth each. The first group was obturated using the System B technique with 0.06 taper standardised gutta‐percha points, the second group was obturated using the System B technique with non‐standardised MF guttapercha points, the third group was obturated by cold lateral condensation technique using standardised 0.02 taper master gutta‐percha points. Apical leakage of the roots was evaluated by dye penetration using a stereomicroscope after sectioning the roots. The group obturated using System B and 0.06 taper guttapercha points showed the least dye penetration. However, the difference in the linear extent of dye penetration was not statistically significant.
Determination Of Root Canal Curvatures Before And After Canal Preparation (Part 1): A Literature Review
Authors: Sonntag D. , Stachniss‐Carp S. , Stachniss V.
Published: February 2010

The continuing development of methods and materials for root canal preparation is resulting in enhanced preparation techniques with only minor alterations to the canal morphology. Improved evaluation methods are required for differentiated assessment of these innovations. One criterion for assessment of the preparation quality of curved root canals is preparation‐induced straightening of the canal.

The first canal curvature measurements served to divide teeth into different curvature classes. However, their actual execution represented mere angular measurement rather than root curvature assessment. This purely graphic method lacked precision, nor could it be readily applied to all tooth groups. Further developments of that method resulted in it being applicable to molars and to canals with multiple curvatures.

Some years ago, the graphically determined curvature radius was added as a further parameter to measurement of the canal deviation angle, thus permitting a curvature to be correctly described for the first time in geometric and analytic terms. The first mathematically accurate description was presented by Dobó‐Nagy et al. (20), who correctly described the mean canal curvature in a two‐dimensional image in concrete terms by means of fourth‐degree polynomial functions.

Recent developments in the application of microcomputed tomography of extracted teeth permit non‐destructive three‐dimensional assessment of root canal configurations. It remains to be seen whether this resource‐intensive form of in vitro examination can assert itself.
Calcium Hydroxide And Zinc Oxide Eugenol As Root Canal Filling Materials In Primary Molars: A Comparative Study
Authors: Damle S. G. , Nadkarni U. M.
Published: February 2010

Calcium hydroxide, a material widely used for the treatment of permanent teeth has not been used frequently for endodontic treatment in primary teeth. A comparative evaluation of calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide eugenol used as root canal filling materials in primary molars is presented.
Seasonal Impacts of Solar UV Radiation on Photosynthesis of Phytoplankton Assemblages in the Coastal Waters of the South China Sea
Authors: Wu Yaping , Gao Kunshan , Li Gang , Walter Helbling Eduardo
Published: February 2010

We carried out experiments to evaluate seasonal changes in the impacts of UV radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) on photosynthetic carbon fixation of phytoplankton assemblages. Surface water samples were obtained in the coastal area of the South China Sea, where chlorophyll a ranged 0.72–3.82 μg L−1. Assimilation numbers (photosynthetic carbon fixation rate per chl a) were significantly higher during summer 2005 than those in spring and winter 2004. The mean values obtained under photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were 2.83 (spring 2004), 4.35 (winter 2004) and 7.29 μg C (μg chl a)−1 h−1 (summer 2005), respectively. The assimilation numbers under PAR + UVR were 1.58, 2.71 and 5.28 μg C (μg chl a)−1 h−1, for spring, winter and summer, respectively. UVR induced less inhibition of photosynthesis during summer 2005 than during the other seasons, in spite of the higher UVR during summer. The seasonal differences in the productivity and photosynthetic response to UV were mainly due to changes in water temperature, while irradiance and vertical mixing explained >80% of the observed variability. Our data suggest that previous studies in the SCS using UV‐opaque vessels might have overestimated the phytoplankton production by about 80% in spring, 61% in winter and 38% in summer.
Temperature and Solar Radiation Interactions on 3H‐leucine Incorporation by Bacterioplankton in a Subtropical Estuary
Authors: Bullock Avery K. , Jeffrey Wade H.
Published: February 2010

Although the effects of UV radiation are thought to be temperature independent, the photoinhibition of aquatic bacteria may be temperature dependent owing to enzymatic repair kinetics, an important consideration for climate change analyses. We examined the interactions between temperature and solar radiation in water samples collected from the Blackwater River, Pensacola Bay, and the coastal Gulf of Mexico (Florida) in July 2008. Subsamples were incubated in the dark for 20 h at either the in situ temperature, +5°C from in situ or −5°C from in situ after which they were amended with 3H‐leucine and irradiated in full sunlight at their respective temperatures and compared to samples incubated simultaneously in the dark. Temperature and light significantly affected 3H‐leucine incorporation at all locations and interactive effects between temperature and sunlight were found for Pensacola Bay and the Gulf. Generally, warmer waters reduced photoinhibition. The −5°C treatment was always significantly more inhibited than the +5°C treatment, but the in situ temperature and +5°C and −5°C treatments were not always significantly different. Photoinhibition reduction at warmer temperatures suggests specific effects on photobiology not observed in general cellular activity may be important in determining interactive ecosystem effects of climate change.
Photophysics of Zinc (II) Phthalocyanine Polymer and Gel Formulation
Authors: Rodriguez Myriam E. , Diz Virginia E. , Awruch Josefina , Dicelio Lelia E.
Published: February 2010

The photophysical properties of lipophilic phthalocyanines encapsulated into a polymer and two different gels were studied in order to predict their photosensitizing efficacy in vivo. Photophysical techniques for solid phase were adapted for light dispersing samples. Gel formulation of two tetrasubstituted phthalocyanines, tetra‐t‐butylphthalocyaninato zinc(II) (1), tetrakis(1,1‐dimethyl‐2‐phthalimido)ethylphtalocyaninatozinc(II) (2) and two octasubstituted phthalocyanines, 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24‐octakis(decyloxy)phthalocyaninatozinc(II) (3) and 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24‐octakis[(N,N‐dimethylamino)ethylsulfanyl]phthalocyaninatozinc(II) (4) were investigated for their possible use in photodynamic therapy for topical purposes. Supporting the fact that gel formulation improves the photophysical properties of phthalocyanines, singlet molecular oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) values for 1–4 zinc(II) phthalocyaninates in Lutrol® F 127‐Cremophor® RH 40 were 0.60, 0.60, 0.20 and 0.26, respectively. Permeation studies showed that no release of phthalocyanines occurs, thus indicating there should be no risk of generalized skin photosensitivity in areas other than the dye‐deposition site.
A Photochemical Study of Diclofenac and Its Major Transformation Products
Authors: Eriksson Johan , Svanfelt Jesper , Kronberg Leif
Published: February 2010

The photolytic transformation of 2‐(2‐(2,6‐dichlorophenylamino)phenyl)acetic acid (diclofenac) and its transformation products (TPs) (8‐chloro‐9H‐carbazol‐1‐yl) acetic acid (Cz1), 2‐(2‐chloro‐phenylamino)‐benzaldehyde (Ald) and (1,4‐dioxo‐4,9‐dihydro‐1H‐carbazol‐8‐yl) acetic acid (Cz4) in aqueous solutions have been studied. The previously unreported TP (Cz4) was isolated by LC and completely characterized by NMR and MS. UV‐absorption spectra of diclofenac and three of its TPs were determined and used to calculate disappearance quantum yields. The dominating transformation pathway of diclofenac occurs via initial formation of Cz1 and proceeds to form mainly (Cz4) over 200 min of UV‐irradiation. A second minor transformation pathway, which yields Ald as the sole product, was observed only under deaerated conditions.
Factors associated with the use of emergency dental care facilities in a French public hospital
Authors: Tramini Paul , Al Qadi Nassar Buthaïna , Valcarcel Jean , Gibert Philippe
Published: February 2010

This study was undertaken to qualitatively analyze patients’ profiles and to identify the sociodemographic and oral health factors associated with emergency visits to the public dental service in Montpellier, France. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in the dental care service at Montpellier Hospital. Socioeconomic and clinical variables were compared between the patients using the emergency dental care service and those utilizing the general dental services, which were by appointment.

An evaluation of the results indicated that younger patients and people from lower socioeconomic groups used the emergency dental service more frequently. Unemployed people (OR = 1.60) and manual workers (OR = 1.86) were also more likely to use this service. The need for treatment of caries was significantly higher in the group that used the emergency service. It appeared that the two groups of patients had different attendance behavior and showed significantly different socioeconomic and oral health status.
Drug‐induced gingival enlargement: Biofilm control and surgical therapy with gallium–aluminum–arsenide (GaAlAs) diode laser—A 2‐year follow‐up
Authors: De Oliveira Guaré Renata , Costa Soraya Carvalho , Baeder Fernando , De Souza Merli Luiz Antonio , Dos Santos Maria Teresa Botti Rodrigues
Published: February 2010

Drug‐induced gingival enlargement has been reported in patients treated with various types of anticonvulsant drugs, and is generally associated with the presence of plaque, gingival inflammation, and a genetic predisposition. Effective treatment includes daily oral hygiene and periodic professional prophylaxis. However, in some patients, surgical removal of the gingival tissue overgrowth becomes necessary. The patient in this case report was mentally impaired and had severe drug‐induced gingival enlargement. This report describes the initial protocol, the gingivectomy, and a 2‐year follow‐up. A diode laser was used as an effective and safe method to remove the patient's overgrown gingival tissue.
Access to dental care—parents' and caregivers' views on dental treatment services for people with disabilities
Authors: Prabhu Neeta T. , Nunn June H. , Evans D. J. , Girdler N. M.
Published: February 2010

The goal of this study was to elicit the views of patients or parents/caregivers of patients with disabilities regarding access to dental care. A questionnaire was generated both from interviews with patients/parents/caregivers already treated under sedation or general anesthesia as well as by use of the Delphi technique with other stakeholders. One hundred thirteen patients from across six community dental clinics and one dental hospital were included. Approximately, 38% of the subjects used a general dental practitioner and 35% used the community dental service for their dental care, with only 27% using the hospital dental services. Overall waiting time for an appointment at the secondary care setting was longer than for the primary care clinics. There was a high rate of parent/caregiver satisfaction with dental services and only five patients reported any difficulty with travel and access to clinics. This study highlights the need for a greater investment in education and training to improve skills in the primary dental care sector.
Perceived Value of the Mass‐Customized Product and Mass Customization Experience for Individual Consumers
Authors: Merle Aurélie , Chandon Jean‐Louis , Roux Elyette , Alizon Fabrice
Published: February 2010

The operations management literature on mass customization mainly focuses on the questions of whether and how manufacturers can efficiently deliver customization. Researchers have analyzed the trade‐offs between customization and dimensions of operational performance such as delivery times, quality, and costs. However, we argue that providing efficient customization is not sufficient per se to assess the value of mass customization. From this perspective, this paper focuses on complementary mechanisms for creating value: the benefits perceived by individual consumers. Two global components of perceived value within the context of mass customization are identified: mass‐customized product, with three dimensions, and mass customization experience, with two dimensions. The Consumer‐Perceived Value Tool (CPVT) is proposed to empirically measure the five perceived benefits related to the mass‐customized product and to the codesign process from the consumer viewpoint. The psychometric properties of the CPVT are assessed using three samples. The implications of this approach are discussed, along with directions for further research.
Mass Customization in the Automotive Industry: Comparing Interdealer Trading and Reconfiguration Flexibilities in Order Fulfillment
Authors: Brabazon Philip G. , MacCarthy Bart , Woodcock Andrew , Hawkins Robert W.
Published: February 2010

Mass customization has been viewed as desirable but difficult to achieve in the volume automotive sector. Here we consider flexibility in automotive order fulfillment systems to enhance the ability to satisfy customers with their desired vehicle variants within acceptable delivery lead times. Two types of flexibility are compared in a Virtual‐Build‐to‐Order system—reconfiguration in the planning pipeline and interdealer trading. A representative simulation model is used to investigate the impact of the two types of flexibility across a wide spectrum of product variety levels. The impacts on major stakeholders in the system—the producer, dealers, and customers—are considered. The study shows that both types of flexibilities can bring significant benefits in terms of reductions in lead time and inventory holding. The level of product variety strongly influences the observed effects—an important finding in the mass customization context. Upstream reconfiguration flexibility brings greater benefits than downstream trading flexibility. Reconfiguration tends to dominate trading as a fulfillment mechanism when both are in operation. The findings have implications for the design and management of automotive order fulfillment systems in improving their ability to offer mass customization. The study has relevance for companies in other sectors with high levels of variety that seek to combine efficiency, speed, and flexibility in order fulfillment.
Resonance Fluorescence of a Single Artificial Atom
Authors: Astafiev O. , Zagoskin A. M. , Abdumalikov A. A. , Pashkin Yu. A. , Yamamoto T. , Inomata K. , Nakamura Y. , Tsai J. S.
Published: February 2010

Superconducting Quantum Optics

The coherence properties of superconducting circuits enable them to be developed as qubits in quantum information processing applications.

Astafiev
et al.

(p.
840
) now show that these macroscopic superconducting devices also behave as artificial atoms and can exhibit quantum optical effects. The ability to fabricate and integrate these superconducting devices in electronic circuitry may help toward developing a fully controlled quantum optics system on a chip.
Measuring Food Insecurity
Authors: Barrett Christopher B.
Published: February 2010

Food security is a growing concern worldwide. More than 1 billion people are estimated to lack sufficient dietary energy availability, and at least twice that number suffer micronutrient deficiencies. Because indicators inform action, much current research focuses on improving food insecurity measurement. Yet estimated prevalence rates and patterns remain tenuous because measuring food security, an elusive concept, remains difficult.
Radical Ligands Confer Nobility on Base-Metal Catalysts
Authors: Chirik Paul J. , Wieghardt Karl
Published: February 2010

The oxidation state of metals such as copper and iron can be stabilized by organic ligands that add or lose electrons and facilitate catalysis.
Smart Investments in Sustainable Food Production: Revisiting Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems
Authors: Herrero M. , Thornton P. K. , Notenbaert A. M. , Wood S. , Msangi S. , Freeman H. A. , Bossio D. , Dixon J. , Peters M. , van de Steeg J. , Lynam J. , Rao P. Parthasarathy , Macmillan S. , Gerard B. , McDermott J. , Seré C. , Rosegrant M.
Published: February 2010

Farmers in mixed crop-livestock systems produce about half of the world’s food. In small holdings around the world, livestock are reared mostly on grass, browse, and nonfood biomass from maize, millet, rice, and sorghum crops and in their turn supply manure and traction for future crops. Animals act as insurance against hard times and supply farmers with a source of regular income from sales of milk, eggs, and other products. Thus, faced with population growth and climate change, small-holder farmers should be the first target for policies to intensify production by carefully managed inputs of fertilizer, water, and feed to minimize waste and environmental impact, supported by improved access to markets, new varieties, and technologies.
Precision Agriculture and Food Security
Authors: Gebbers Robin , Adamchuk Viacheslav I.
Published: February 2010

Precision agriculture comprises a set of technologies that combines sensors, information systems, enhanced machinery, and informed management to optimize production by accounting for variability and uncertainties within agricultural systems. Adapting production inputs site-specifically within a field and individually for each animal allows better use of resources to maintain the quality of the environment while improving the sustainability of the food supply. Precision agriculture provides a means to monitor the food production chain and manage both the quantity and quality of agricultural produce.
Quantum-State Controlled Chemical Reactions of Ultracold Potassium-Rubidium Molecules
Authors: Ospelkaus S. , Ni K.-K. , Wang D. , de Miranda M. H. G. , Neyenhuis B. , Quéméner G. , Julienne P. S. , Bohn J. L. , Jin D. S. , Ye J.
Published: February 2010

Colliding in the Cold

Chemical reactions occur through molecular collisions, which, in turn, are governed by the distributions of energy in each colliding partner. What happens when molecules are cooled so that they no longer have sufficient energy to collide?Ospelkauset al.(p.853; see the Perspective byHutson) explored this question by preparing a laser-cooled sample of potassium rubidium (KRb) diatomics with barely any residual energy in any form (translational, rotational, vibrational, or electronic). By monitoring heat release over time, evidence was gathered for exothermic atom exchange reactivity through quantum mechanical tunneling. As predicted by theory, these reactions were exquisitely sensitive to the molecular states, with rates changing by orders of magnitude on varying minor factors such as nuclear spin orientation.
Ice Age Rhythms
Authors: Edwards R. Lawrence
Published: February 2010

Evidence for high sea level ∼81,000 years ago provides new insight into ice age history.
Ultracold Chemistry
Authors: Hutson Jeremy M.
Published: February 2010

Cooling atoms and molecules to ultralow temperatures allows the study of quantum-controlled chemical reactions.
Radically Rethinking Agriculture for the 21st Century
Authors: Fedoroff N. V. , Battisti D. S. , Beachy R. N. , Cooper P. J. M. , Fischhoff D. A. , Hodges C. N. , Knauf V. C. , Lobell D. , Mazur B. J. , Molden D. , Reynolds M. P. , Ronald P. C. , Rosegrant M. W. , Sanchez P. A. , Vonshak A. , Zhu J.-K.
Published: February 2010

Population growth, arable land and fresh water limits, and climate change have profound implications for the ability of agriculture to meet this century’s demands for food, feed, fiber, and fuel while reducing the environmental impact of their production. Success depends on the acceptance and use of contemporary molecular techniques, as well as the increasing development of farming systems that use saline water and integrate nutrient flows.
CO Prefers the Aisle Seat
Authors: Altman Michael S.
Published: February 2010

Carbon monoxide molecules can alter the catalytically important defect structure of platinum surfaces.
Bement to Leave NSF Before Term Ends
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: February 2010

National Science Foundation Director Arden Bement announced last week that he will be leaving NSF on 1 June to lead a new public policy institute at Purdue University, where he's been on leave since 2001.
Proposed Revisions to Psychiatry's Canon Unveiled
Authors: Miller Greg , Holden Constance
Published: February 2010

After more than a decade of labor, the American Psychiatric Association has released draft proposals for the upcoming fifth version of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
, the most influential book in psychiatry.
Replacing an Immune System Gone Haywire
Authors: Couzin-Frankel Jennifer
Published: February 2010

Bone marrow transplants are a last-ditch experiment for many autoimmune diseases. Assessing how and why they work, and whether they can help more patients, is an exercise in perseverance.
Dialing Up Knowledge—and Harvests
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: February 2010

Nothing is currently having a more profound effect on farmers in the developing world than telecommunications networks. Cell phones and expanding broadband Internet coverage are helping farmers boost yields by disseminating information.
Evaluation of Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays and IgG Avidity Assays Using a Protein A-Peroxidase Conjugate for Serological Distinction between
Brucella abortus
S19-Vaccinated and -Infected Cows
Authors: Pajuaba Ana C. A. M. , Silva Deise A. O. , Mineo José R.
Published: February 2010

This study aimed to evaluate the use of protein A-peroxidase (horseradish peroxidase [HRPO]) in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (iELISAs) and IgG avidity assays for serological distinction between
Brucella abortus
S19-vaccinated and -infected cows. Four groups were analyzed: GI, 41 nonvaccinated seropositive cows; GII, 79 S19-vaccinated heifers analyzed at 3 months postvaccination; GIII, 105 S19-vaccinated cows analyzed after 24 months of age; and GIV, 278 nonvaccinated seronegative cows. IgG levels and avidity to
B. abortus
smooth lipopolysaccharide (S-LPS) were determined using anti-bovine IgG-HRPO or protein A-HRPO conjugates. Similar levels of IgG anti-S-LPS were found with GI using both conjugates. Lower IgG levels were detected with GII, GIII, and GIV using protein A-HRPO. Both conjugates showed high performance in discriminating GI from GIII, with high sensitivity (Se; 97.6%) and specificity (Sp; 97.1%). Protein A-HRPO was better in distinguishing GI from GIV (Se, 97.6%; Sp, 94.6%) and GI from GII (Se, 80.5%; Sp, 94.9%). Protein A-HRPO excluded a higher number of positive samples with GII and GIV. IgG avidity showed that protein A-HRPO, but not anti-IgG-HRPO, was able to distinguish nonvaccinated from vaccinated cattle, showing a higher avidity index (AI) with GI than with GII, with 78% of serum samples in GII showing an AI of <50%. Therefore, the iELISA using
B. abortus
S-LPS antigen and protein A-HRPO conjugate for preferential detection of the IgG2 subclass was shown to be suitable for serological distinction between S19-vaccinated and -infected cows. Also, antibodies generated after vaccination showed lower avidity, suggesting a role for the IgG2 subclass as an antibody of higher-affinity maturation after infection, constituting an additional tool for differentiating vaccinated from infected cattle.
Multicenter External Quality Assessment of Molecular Methods for Detection of Human Herpesvirus 6
Authors: de Pagter P. J. , Schuurman R. , de Vos N. M. , Mackay W. , van Loon A. M.
Published: February 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of laboratories for the detection and quantification of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) by an external quality assessment (EQA) evaluation. The HHV-6 EQA panel consisted of eight samples containing various concentrations of HHV-6 type A (strain GS) or type B (strain Z29), two samples containing other herpesviruses (i.e., human cytomegalovirus [HCMV] and Epstein-Barr virus [EBV]), and two HHV-6-negative samples. Panel samples were prepared in human plasma, heat inactivated, and lyophilized. Panel distribution, data management, and analysis were coordinated by Quality Control for Molecular Diagnostics (QCMD), Glasgow, United Kingdom. Fifty-one laboratories participated and submitted 57 data sets. Eleven (19.3%) data sets were generated using conventional in-house assays, 11 (19.3%) data sets using commercial real-time PCR assays, and 35 (61.4%) data sets using in-house real-time PCR assays. The presence of HHV-6 DNA at viral loads exceeding 6,000 copies/ml was detected by all participants, and over 80% of the participants still reported correct qualitative results for the sample containing just over 200 copies/ml. The false-positivity rate was 1.8% for both the negative samples and the samples containing HCMV or EBV DNA. The majority (23/33; 69.7%) of quantitative data sets were generated using in-house real-time PCR assays. The standard deviations of the geometric means of the samples ranged from 0.5 to 0.7 log
10
. The results of this first international EQA demonstrate encouraging analytical sensitivity for the detection of HHV-6-DNA in human plasma, although we observed extensive interlaboratory variation of quantitative HHV-6 DNA results. Standardization needs to be improved to allow further elucidation of the clinical significance of HHV-6 loads.
Prognostic Features of Galactomannan Antigenemia in Galactomannan-Positive Invasive Aspergillosis
Authors: Koo Sophia , Bryar Julie M. , Baden Lindsey R. , Marty Francisco M.
Published: February 2010

Prognostic features of serum galactomannan (GM) remain poorly defined in patients with GM-positive invasive aspergillosis (GPA). We identified 93 patients with proven or probable invasive aspergillosis (IA) and GM values of ≥0.50 from January 2005 to March 2009. We used Cox modeling of time to 6- and 12-week mortality for the GM level at the time of diagnosis (GM
0
), GM decay in the week following diagnosis in 72 patients with ≥2 GM values, other predictors of mortality, and antifungal use during the week following diagnosis. Six-week mortality was 55% in the whole cohort and 43% in patients with ≥2 GM determinations. The hazard ratio (HR) of GM
0
per unit increase and 1-week GM decay per unit decline per week were 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.54;
P
= 0.04) and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.63 to 0.96;
P
= 0.02), respectively, adjusting for other predictors of IA mortality; these values remained stable after adjusting for antifungal use and were predictive of all-cause mortality at 12 weeks with similar adjusted HR values. We conclude that the combination of GM
0
and 1-week GM decay is predictive of all-cause mortality in patients with GPA, independent of other traditional risk factors for mortality and antifungal exposure, supporting GM decay as a potential surrogate endpoint for future antifungal therapeutic trials.
Type I Interferon-Sensitive Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus for Oncolytic Virotherapy
Authors: Elankumaran Subbiah , Chavan Vrushali , Qiao Dan , Shobana Raghunath , Moorkanat Gopakumar , Biswas Moanaro , Samal Siba K.
Published: February 2010

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus, is tumor selective and intrinsically oncolytic because of its potent ability to induce apoptosis. Several studies have demonstrated that NDV is selectively cytotoxic to tumor cells but not normal cells due to defects in the interferon (IFN) antiviral responses of tumor cells. Many naturally occurring strains of NDV have an intact IFN-antagonistic function and can still replicate in normal human cells. To avoid potential toxicity issues with NDV, especially in cancer patients with immunosuppression, safe NDV-oncolytic vectors are needed. We compared the cell killing abilities of (i) a recombinant NDV (rNDV) strain, Beaudette C, containing an IFN-antagonistic, wild-type V protein (rBC), (ii) an isogenic recombinant virus with a mutant V protein (rBC-Edit virus) that induces increased IFN in infected cells and whose replication is restricted in normal human cells, and (iii) a recombinant LaSota virus with a virulent F protein cleavage site that is as interferon sensitive as rBC-Edit virus (LaSota V.F. virus). Our results indicated that the tumor-selective replication of rNDV is determined by the differential regulation of IFN-α and downstream antiviral genes induced by IFN-α, especially through the IRF-7 pathway. In a nude mouse model of human fibrosarcoma, we show that the IFN-sensitive NDV variants are as effective as IFN-resistant rBC virus in clearing the tumor burden. In addition, mice treated with rNDV exhibited no signs of toxicity to the viruses. These findings indicate that augmentation of innate immune responses by NDV results in selective oncolysis and offer a novel and safe virotherapy platform.