bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electron Preacceleration in Weak Quasi-perpendicular Shocks in High-beta Intracluster Medium
Authors: Kang Hyesung , Ryu Dongsu , Ha Ji-Hoon
Published: May 2019

Giant radio relics in the outskirts of galaxy clusters are known to be lit up by the relativistic electrons produced via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) in shocks with low sonic Mach numbers, M
s ≲ 3. The particle acceleration at these collisionless shocks critically depends on the kinetic plasma processes that govern the injection to DSA. Here, we study the preacceleration of suprathermal electrons in weak, quasi-perpendicular (Q
⊥) shocks in the hot, high-β (β = P
gas/P
B) intracluster medium (ICM) through two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. Guo et al. showed that, in high-β Q
⊥-shocks, some of the incoming electrons could be reflected upstream and gain energy via shock drift acceleration (SDA). The temperature anisotropy due to the SDA-energized electrons then induces the electron firehose instability (EFI), and oblique waves are generated, leading to a Fermi-like process and multiple cycles of SDA in the preshock region. We find that such electron preacceleration is effective only in shocks above a critical Mach number

. This means that, in ICM plasmas, Q
⊥-shocks with M
s ≲ 2.3 may not efficiently accelerate electrons. We also find that, even in Q
⊥-shocks with M
s ≳ 2.3, electrons may not reach high enough energies to be injected to the full Fermi-I process of DSA, because long-wavelength waves are not developed via the EFI alone. Our results indicate that additional electron preaccelerations are required for DSA in ICM shocks, and the presence of fossil relativistic electrons in the shock upstream region may be necessary to explain observed radio relics.
On the Anomalous Acceleration of 1I/2017 U1 ‘Oumuamua
Authors: Seligman Darryl , Laughlin Gregory , Batygin Konstantin
Published: May 2019

We show that the P ∼ 8 hr photometric period and the astrometrically measured A
ng ∼ 2.5 × 10−4 cm s−2 non-gravitational acceleration (at r ∼ 1.4 au) of the interstellar object 1I/2017 (‘Oumuamua) can be explained by a nozzle-like venting of volatiles whose activity migrated to track the subsolar location on the object’s surface. Adopting the assumption that ‘Oumuamua was an elongated a × b × c ellipsoid, this model produces a pendulum-like rotation of the body and implies a long semi-axis

. This scale agrees with the independent estimates of ‘Oumuamua’s size that stem from its measured brightness, assuming an albedo of p ∼ 0.1, which is appropriate for ices that have undergone long-duration exposure to the interstellar cosmic-ray flux. Using ray tracing, we generate light curves for ellipsoidal bodies that are subject to both physically consistent subsolar torques and to the time-varying geometry of the Sun–Earth–‘Oumuamua configuration. Our synthetic light curves display variations from chaotic tumbling and changing cross-sectional illumination that are consistent with the observations, while avoiding significant secular changes in the photometric periodicity. If our model is correct, ‘Oumuamua experienced mass loss that wasted ∼10% of its total mass during the ∼100 days span of its encounter with the inner solar system and had an icy composition with a very low [C/O] ≲ 0.003. Our interpretation of ‘Oumuamua’s behavior is consistent with the hypothesis that it was ejected from either the outer regions of a planetesimal disk after an encounter with an embedded M
p ∼ M
Nep planet, or from an exo-Oort cloud.
Consequences of Tidal Dissipation in a Putative Venusian Ocean
Authors: Green J. A. Mattias , Way Michael J. , Barnes Rory
Published: May 2019

The solar tide in an ancient Venusian ocean is simulated using a dedicated numerical tidal model. Simulations with varying ocean depth and rotational periods ranging from −243 to 64 sidereal Earth days are used to calculate the tidal dissipation rates and associated tidal torque. The results show that the tidal dissipation could have varied by more than 5 orders of magnitude, from 0.001 to 780 GW, depending on rotational period and ocean depth. The associated tidal torque is about 2 orders of magnitude below the present day Venusian atmospheric torque, and could change the Venusian daylength by up to 72 days per million years depending on rotation rate. Consequently, an ocean tide on ancient Venus could have had significant effects on the rotational history of the planet. These calculations have implications for the rotational periods of similarly close-in exoplanetary worlds and the location of the inner edge of the liquid water habitable zone.
Effect of the Interstellar Magnetic Field Draping around the Heliopause on the IBEX Ribbon
Authors: Gamayunov Konstantin V. , Heerikhuisen Jacob , Rassoul Hamid K.
Published: May 2019

A dominant feature in all-sky maps of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) from NASA’s Interstellar Boundary EXplorer (IBEX) is a ribbon of enhanced fluxes. This ribbon was not predicted before IBEX, but all the up-to-date IBEX observations support a secondary ENA mechanism for the ribbon formation. There are two different classes of the secondary ENA model; the first class assumes a weak pitch angle scattering of energetic protons in the local interstellar medium (LISM), and the second class assumes strong, but spatially localized, scattering. A recent work by Gamayunov et al. strongly supports a “weak scattering” version, and here we extend the scope of the Gamayunov et al. model by using a more realistic interstellar magnetic field (ISMF) from our global MHD-plasma/kinetic-neutral simulation of the heliosphere–LISM interaction in place of the simple analytical model used previously. The main conclusions of our analysis are summarized as follows. (1) Pitch angle scattering of energetic protons in the LISM is not the primary mechanism that controls the width of ribbon. Instead, the ribbon width is mainly determined by draping of the ISMF around the heliopause. (2) The intensity of the ribbon is controlled by pitch angle scattering of energetic protons in the LISM. A model–IBEX comparison suggests that generation of the small-scale local turbulence is suppressed in the LISM. On the other hand, the large-scale interstellar turbulence (LSIT) alone or an interplay between the LSIT and the case of no scattering leads to a good agreement between the model and IBEX fluxes.
Reinstatement of the corticioid genus Leifia (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) with a new species L. brevispora from Hubei, Central China
Authors: Liu Shi-Liang , Gafforov Yusufjon , Zhang Xian-Ying , Wang Hong-Ling , Wang Xue-Wei , Zhou Li-Wei
Published: May 2019

The monotypic genus Leifia was previously considered to be a later synonym of Odonticium. With the morphological and phylogenetic evidence provided by an additional four East Asian specimens, we propose to reinstate Leifia as an independent genus in Hymenochaetales. Leifia morphologically differs from Odonticium by its grandinioid hymenophore with hyphal strands, numerous thick-walled cystidia with an invaginated apical end and narrowly and thick-walled basidia. The phylogeny generated from the current data set of ITS and 28S regions indicates that Leifia forms a sister clade to Odonticium. Besides the generic type Leifiaflabelliradiata in the Leifia clade, two specimens, collected from Hubei, Central China, are newly introduced as Leifiabrevispora. This new species is the second species of Leifia and differs from the generic type by its shorter basidiospores and distribution in warm-temperate to subtropical areas in East Asia. The additional two specimens, collected from Da Lat, Viet Nam, differ morphologically, both from each other and from known species of Leifia, but more samples need to be examined before further taxonomic decisions can be made.
Two new species of Yunnanomonticola Telnov (Coleoptera, Anthicidae) from China
Authors: Zhao Yu-Chen , Wang Zhang-Xun , Wang Xin-Pu
Published: May 2019

Two new species of the genusYunnanomonticolaTelnov, 2002 are described based on the specimens collected in China.Yunnanomonticolalatissimasp. n.is collected from Yunnan andY.tenuipenissp. n.is from Guizhou. Photographes of the new species are provided, with a key to the three species ofYunnanomonticola.
Control of Movement and Fracture Stiffness Monitoring With External Fixation
Authors: Harris J D , Kenwright J , Evans M , Tanner K E , Gwillim J
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT: External fixation of fractures, unlike other forms of treatment, can provide an accurate and variable control of the mechanical conditions of the fracture. Extremely stable conditions, with correct positioning of the bone screws, will reduce the risk of overloading the bone screws and bone interface, which would otherwise cause necrosis and bone loosening. This paper describes the development of a rigid single-side fixation system with a controllable degree of relative axial movement of the fractured bone to promote bone consolidation and healing. This single-side system has been used to measure fracture stiffness throughout rehabilitation by the attachment of a specially developed strain gauge transducer. Over the last three years, patient analysis has been carried out in a routine clinic using this system. Typical examples of results of these tests are shown. Test results are used by the clinician to monitor different regimens of treatment and as a guide to indicate when the fixator should be removed.
Bilateral Floating Knees in a Multiple Injured Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Ram Anant
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT: Bilateral floating knees are rarely seen in orthopedic practice. Ipsilateral fractures of the femur and tibia are becoming more common due to an increase of high-velocity accidents. The following case presents a 23-year-old male motorcyclist who sustained multiple musculoskeletal injuries including a burst fracture of the elbow and fractures of both femurs and both tibiae. Early operative stabilization of all the fractures was performed. A comminuted fracture of the ulna was fixed with a Dynamic Compression Plate (DCP) and the fractures of both femurs and both tibiae were fixed with Enders nailing. Operative treatment produced excellent results without significant complications. As a result of this study it is concluded that Enders nailing of long bone fractures is a useful procedure in selected patients and can produce desirable results.
Effect of Spherical Equivalent Error on Visual Acuity at Various Distances in Eyes With a Trifocal Intraocular Lens
Authors: Hayashi Ken , Sato Tatshuhiko , Igarashi Chizuka , Yoshida Motoaki
Published: May 2019

PURPOSE:

To examine the effect of manifest refraction spherical equivalent error on visual acuity at various distances in eyes that received a trifocal intraocular lens (IOL).

METHODS:

Sixty eyes of 30 patients who underwent bilateral implantation of a trifocal IOL (Alcon PanOptix TFNT00; Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX) were enrolled. Corrected visual acuity from far to near distances was measured using an all-distance vision tester after simulating the spherical equivalent error by adding spherical lenses with refractive powers of +1.00, +0.50, 0.00, −0.50, and −1.00 diopters (D); addition of a plus lens simulates myopia, whereas addition of a minus lens simulates hyperopia.

RESULTS:

Mean visual acuity at all distances differed significantly among the spherical lens added groups (
P
≤ .0374). Mean distance visual acuity at infinity, 5, and 3 m was significantly worse in all lens added groups (+1.00, +0.50, −0.50, and −1.00 D) than in the no lens group (
P
< .0001). Mean intermediate visual acuity at 1 and 0.7 m did not differ significantly between each of the lens added groups and the no lens group. Mean near visual acuity at 0.3 m was significantly better in the +1.00 and +0.50 D groups and significantly worse in the −0.50 and −1.00 D groups than in the no lens group (
P
≤ .0044).

CONCLUSIONS:

A manifest spherical equivalent error of slight myopia significantly improved near visual acuity but worsened distance visual acuity, whereas that of slight hyperopia worsened both distance and near visual acuity in eyes with trifocal IOLs, suggesting that slight myopia is a better target refraction than slight hyperopia, although emmetropia is the optimum target.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2019;35(5):274–279.]
Underground Drainage Systems and Geothermal Flux
Authors: Badino Giovanni
Published: May 2019

V članku opišem pomen interakcije med geotermičnim tokom in mrežo globokega kraškega odvodnjavanja. Problem geotermičnega toka, ki ga prestrežejo vodni kanali, ki v splošnem zaheva tudi izračun temperaturnega polja, obravnavam z inženirskim pristopom, ki pri tem vpelje t.i. faktorje oblike. Tok vode v kraških kanalih zmoti celotno temperaturno polje v okoliškem masivu in sčasoma pritegne nase ves geotermični tok širšega območja. Že majhna količina vode, ki teče v masiv, zmoti temperaturno polje masiva vse do površja. Vpel­java geotermičnega preseka struktur podzemnega odvodnjavanja, omogoča izboljšanje klasične formule za oceno minimalne globine vira geotermalne vode. Tej dodamo faktor povečave, ki je odvisen od razmerja med povprečnim in kritičnim pretokom Qc, ki ga določa geotermični presek. V članku opišem tudi geotermične »stožce senčenja«, ki nastanejo v masivu nad kraškimi kanali. An analysis of the interaction between the geothermal flux and the water or air- deep drainage networks. The problem of geothermal power intercepted by deep structures and, in general, the temperature field calculations, is converted to classical thermo-engineering problems in terms of shape factors. It is shown that the fluid flow in a conduit perturbs the whole deep rock temperature field until the geothermal flux of a large area is focalised onto the conduit. It is shown that either small water masses flowing into a mountain are able to perturb the rock temperature up to the surface, on sizes that do not depend on water mass dimension, but on its depth, and then on enormous volumes. The introduction of the "geothermal cross section" of an underground drainage structure allows us to improve the classical formula of minimum provenance depth of geothermal water. Enlarging factors are applied to the classical estimation in dependence of the ratio between the actual average discharge and the critical discharge Qc, which depends on the conduit geothermal cross section. The geothermal "umbra cones"created in the overlying rock by deep underground structures are described. It is shown that the geothermal flux can play a significant role in the underground drainage phenomenology.
The Montello hill: The “Classical Karst” of the Conglomerate Rocks
Authors: Ferrarese Francesco , Sauro Ugo
Published: May 2019

Grič Montello je najbrž najbolj tipična morfološka enota krasa, razvitega v konglomeratnih kamninah. Lahko ga štejemo za klasični kras v konglomeratu, primerljivim s klasičnim krasom na apnencu, Tržaškim Krasom. Montello je v tlorisu ovalen, dolg približno 13 km v ZJZ – VSV smeri ter širok okoli 5 km. Razvit je v »montelskem konglomeratu« poznomiocenske starosti (mesinij), ki ga gradijo največ karbonatni prodniki zlepljeni s kalcitnim vezivom, debeline do 2000 m. Montello je oblikovan v cel sistem oblik, nastalih zaradi rečnega uravnavanja in vrezovanja, vidnih na osrednji planoti in sedmih živoskalnih uravnanih teras. Terase so vrezane v pobočje opuščene anticedentne doline. Na rečni uravnavi so se razvile vrtače, večinoma iz grezov pa tudi zaradi točkovnega prenikanja. Vsega skupaj jih je preko 2000. Vrtače na sedmih živoskalnih terasah kažejo različen razvoj in različno velikost glede na starost površja. Kaže, da je bil v začetni fazi morfogeneze vrtač vpliv strukture, to je lezik in razpok, šibak; nasprotno pa je bila poroznost odločujoči dejavnik za razvoj kraškega odtoka.   The Montello hill is, probably, the most typical morphounit between the karsts developed in conglomerate rocks. It may be considered the classical karst of the conglomerates comparable with the Classical Karst of limestones: the Carso of Trieste. The Montello hill consists in an elliptical plan figure, elongated for about13 km in a WSW-ENE direction and a width of about 5 km. The rock unit involved is the “Conglomerato del Montello” of late Miocene age (Messinian), mostly composed by carbonate pebbles bound by a calcitic cement, which is 2000 m thick. The Montello is shaped by a complex system of fluvial planation and incision forms in which are distinguishable a main plateau and a stairs of seven planation rock cut terraces. The terraces are cut in the slope of a dead antecedent valley. On the fluvial planation forms, dolines, mostly of the draw down type but also of the point recharge type, have evolved. In total more than 2000 dolines are present. In the seven rock cut terraces the dolines show different development and dimensions according with the ages of the surfaces. In the first morphogenesis of these dolines and of the caves the control of the plan structures as the bedding surfaces and the fractures seems to have been feeble; on the contrary the porosity of the conglomerate has been a determinant factors for the developmente of the karst drainage.
Conglomerate Karst in Slovenia : History of Cave Knowledge and Research of Udin Boršt (Gorenjsko)
Authors: Kranjc Andrej
Published: May 2019

Folk tales and tradition evidence that people in Udin Boršt were aware of caves from old. In the 19th century a special type of outlaws occurred in Gorenjska. One of the centres was in Udin Boršt where brigands hid in caves. Under the French occupation the villagers hid in the caves, while during the 2nd World War they were partisans. Water is another factor playing an important role at studying Udin Boršt. Most of the villages were water supplied from Udin Boršt, partly out of caves. As elsewhere in conglomerates in Udin Boršt also there are traces of rock cutting for millstones. The first printed news about the caves in Udin Boršt are found in Valvasor’s Die Ehre des Herzothums Crain. The book History of the Ljubljana Bishop’s Diocese cites seven caves. The modern caving research started in 1946. In 1954 the members of the Natural Science Circle of the 1st Grammar School, Kranj started to visit caves in Udin Boršt. About that time a co-worker of the Karst Research Institute from Postojna started to research these caves. The caves in Udin Boršt were revisited in the seventieth of the past century in connection with the project “Speleological Map of Slovenia”. The connection between the people and the land can be seen from the topographical names too. The last part of the paper deals with these names, including the explanation of the name Udin Boršt. Da so ljudje jame v Udin borštu že dolgo poznali, se odraža v ljudskem blagu in izročilu. V 19. stol. je nastalo rokovnjaštvo. Eno od središč je bilo v Udin borštu, kjer so se rokovnjači skrivali po jamah. Pred Francozi so se skrivali po jamah tudi vaščani, med II. svetovno vojno pa partizani. Drugi dejavnik, ki je igral veliko vlogo pri spoznavanju jam v Udin borštu, je voda. Večina vasi je dobivala vodo iz Udin boršta, deloma iz jam. Kot drugod v konglomeratu, so tudi v Udin borštu sledi lomljenja kamine za mlinske kamne. Prva tiskana vest o jamah v Udin borštu je v Valvasorjevem delu »Slava vojvodine Kranjske«. V Zgodovini fara Ljubljanske škofije je omenjenih sedem jam. Sodobno jamarsko raziskovanje se je pričelo leta 1946. 1954 so pričeli obiskovati jame v Udin borštu člani Prirodoslovnega krožka I. gimnazije iz Kranja. V istem času se je raziskovanja teh jam lotil sodelavec Inštituta za raziskovanje krasa SAZU iz Postojne. Jame v Udin borštu so bile ponovno obiskane sredi sedemdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja, v okviru velikega projekta »Speleološka karta Slovenije«. Povezanost človeka z zemljo se vidi tudi iz krajevnih in ledinskih imen. Zadnji del prispevka se ukvarja s temi imeni, vključno z razlago imena Udin boršt.
DETECTING NONLINEAR AND NONSTATIONARY PROPERTIES OF POST-APNEIC SNORING SOUNDS USING HILBERT–HUANG TRANSFORM
Authors: Mikami Tsuyoshi , Takahashi Hirotaka , Yonezawa Kazuya
Published: May 2019

This study focuses on patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and clarifies the existence of nonlinear and nonstationary properties in post-apneic snoring sounds. Many researchers have tried to discover intrinsic properties of the snoring sounds in OSAS patients for the past decades using linear frequency analysis, but no one has shown any evidence of the existence of nonlinearity and nonstationarity based on the quantitative evaluation of the post-apneic snoring sounds. In this study, Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT), which is designed for analyzing nonlinear and nonstationary signals, is adopted to generate a time-frequency map and the temporal variation in the spectral density is quantitatively evaluated using the averaged Kullback–Leibler divergence (AKL). As a result, for six OSAS patients, there is a tendency that most of AKL calculated from post-apneic snores are higher than those from non-apneic snores, which indicates that post-apneic snores are more nonstationary. In addition, we also evaluated the difference between the HHT time-frequency maps and spectrograms using short-time fourier transforms (STFT). Such analyses revealed that frequency fluctuations inherent to snoring can be adequately represented through HHT, but not with STFT. These nonlinear and nonstationary properties seem to be highly related to the physiological phenomena of OSAS, two of which are the explosive airflow after reopening of the closed airway and the collision vibration of the soft tissues.
Urinary antigene and PCR can both be used to detect Legionella pneumophila in children’s hospital-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Mojtahedi Sayed-Yousef , Rahbarimanesh Aliakbar , Noorbakhsh Samileh , Shokri Hossein , Jamali-Moghadam-Siyahkali Saeedreza , Izadi Anahita
Published: May 2019

Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of more than 95% cases of severe Legionella pneumonia. Nosocomial pneumonias in different hospital wards is an important medical and pharmaceutical concern. This study aimed to detect Legionella with two methods: polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and detection of urine antigenic test (UAT) in patients suffering from nosocomial pneumonia admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of children hospitals. This study was conducted in PICU wards of Rasool Akram and Bahrami children hospitals, Tehran, Iran during 2013 - 2014. In patients diagnosed with hospital-acquired pneumonia, intratracheal secretion samples for PCR and urine sample for UAT were taken. Simultaneously, PCR and urinary antigen test were conducted using commercial kits. The results of urinary antigen test and PCR were analyzed by SPSS v.19 for statistical comparison. In this study, 96 patients aging 2.77 years on average with two age peaks of less than 1 year and 7-8 year were enrolled. More than half of the patients were under 1 year old. The most common underlying diseases were seizure, Acute Lymphoblastic Lymphoma, Down syndrome and metabolic syndromes. The positivity rate of Legionella urinary antigen test was 16.7% and positivity rate of PCR test was 19.8%. There were no significant associations between the results obtained by both assays with age, gender or underlying diseases. In conclusion, PCR is a better detection method for Legionella infection than urinary antigen test, but the difference between the two methods was not significant.
Marginal adaptation of implant ceramic crowns produced with cerec® system
Authors: Mecca Silvio , Ramos Elimário Venturin , Carvalho Geraldo Alberto Pinheiro , Kreve Simone , Franco Aline Batista Gonçalves , Dias Sergio Candido
Published: May 2019

Aim: This study aimed to assess the marginal adaptation of two different ceramic materials produced with CEREC system. Materials and Methods: A master die was digitized with an intraoral scanner (CEREC Omnicam) and produced 20 lithium silicate crowns – 10 VITA Suprinity® (VS) and 10 Celtra Duo® (CD). Marginal disadaptation was measured using the replica method and optical microscopy. Results: The Student’s t-test showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) between VS (63.65 μm) and CD (97.05 μm). Results also showed statistical difference within the CD group (P < 0.005); on the other hand, there was no significant difference within the VS group. Conclusion: Based on the methodology used here, we are able to conclude that the VS group shows less marginal disadaptation and that, in addition to a larger marginal discrepancy, the CD crowns failed to maintain homogeneity since samples varied largely within the group.
Early Childhood Anemia in a Birth Cohort in Coastal Kenya: Links to Infection and Nutrition
Authors: Kao Julia , Mutuku Francis , Martin Shanique , Lee Justin , Mwandi Jackson , Mukoko Dunstan , Malhotra Indu , King Charles H. , LaBeaud Angelle Desiree
Published: May 2019

Anemia is known to impact a child’s growth and development, but not all anemias are caused by iron deficiency, and the CDC and WHO have emphasized investigating other contributors to anemia. This cross-sectional sub-study of a 2012–2016 maternal-child cohort in coastal Kenya evaluated 244 children and found 185 (76%) to have been anemic on at least one time point since birth. At the time of assessment in 2016, evaluation included a complete blood count, nutritional assessment, and testing for parasitic infections, focusing on the primary outcome of anemia, defined as hemoglobin (Hb) < 11 g/dL. The average age at assessment was 20.5 ± 7 months. Ninety-five percent had a lifetime average Hb in the anemic range. Adjusting for age and gender, prior or current malaria infection (prior: Hb β = −0.99, 95% CI: −1.49 to −0.49, P = 0.01), or having any current infection with hookworm, Trichuris, Strongyloides, Ascaris, and/or malaria (β = −0.84, 95% CI: −1.36 to −0.33, P = 0.01) was associated with decreased current Hb. Nutritional evaluation revealed that children with a declining Hb ate fewer vitamin-A–rich vegetables per week (P = 0.01) or eggs (P = 0.01), drank more milk (P = 0.07), and ate more bread (P = 0.01), and were more likely to live in a household that experienced food shortage (P = 0.05). The high prevalence of anemia, polyparasitism, and dietary insufficiency among children in rural coastal Kenya suggests that remedial interventions will need to address both diet and parasitic infections to effectively combat this significant health threat.
Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis B in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Thompson Peyton , Parr Jonathan B. , Holzmayer Vera , Carrel Margaret , Tshefu Antoinette , Mwandagalirwa Kashamuka , Muwonga Jérémie , Welo Placide O. , Fwamba Franck , Kuhns Mary , Jhaveri Ravi , Meshnick Steven R. , Cloherty Gavin
Published: May 2019

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is endemic throughout Africa, but its prevalence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is incompletely understood. We used dried blood spot (DBS) samples from the 2013 to 2014 Demographic and Health Survey in the DRC to measure the prevalence of HBV using the Abbott ARCHITECT HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) qualitative assay. We then attempted to sequence and genotype HBsAg-positive samples. The weighted national prevalence of HBV was 3.3% (95% CI: 1.8–4.7%), with a prevalence of 2.2% (95% CI: 0.3–4.1%) among children. Hepatitis B virus cases occurred countrywide and across age strata. Genotype E predominated (60%), and we found a unique cluster of genotype A isolates (30%). In conclusion, DBS-based HBsAg testing from a nationally representative survey found that HBV is common and widely distributed among Congolese adults and children. The distribution of cases across ages suggests ongoing transmission and underscores the need for additional interventions to prevent HBV infection.
Comparison of Kato-Katz Thick Smear, Mini-FLOTAC, and Flukefinder for the Detection and Quantification of Fasciola hepatica Eggs in Artificially Spiked Human Stool
Authors: Zárate-Rendón Daniel A. , Vlaminck Johnny , Levecke Bruno , Briones-Montero Andrea , Geldhof Peter
Published: May 2019

We compared the diagnostic performance of the standard method (Kato-Katz) with two recently developed methods (Mini-FLOTAC and Flukefinder) for the detection and quantification of Fasciola hepatica eggs in human stool. Uninfected human stool samples were artificially spiked with F. hepatica eggs to reach final concentrations of 14, 28, 41, or 96 eggs per gram of stool (epg). Only Flukefinder showed 100% sensitivity in all but the samples with the lowest concentration of eggs (14 epg), in which it had a sensitivity of 60%. Each of the methods underestimated the true fecal egg counts (FECs), Flukefinder resulting in the most biased egg counts (egg counts 0.18 times lower than the expected FECs). Only the Flukefinder resulted in more precise results (coefficient of variance < 30%) from FECs of 96 epg onward. The outcome of this study indicates that the Flukefinder is a useful alternative diagnostic method for human fascioliasis in stool.
Dinâmica produtiva e ordenamento territorial dos agronegócios do Mato Grosso do Sul pós-2003
Authors: Costa Cunha Roberto Cesar , Farias Fernando Rodrigo
Published: May 2019

Os diferentes agronegócios sul-mato-grossenses constituem-se em um dos principais setores econômicos geradores de renda no estado. Entre 2008-2017, o Valor Bruto da Produção dos principais produtos do agronegócio do Mato Grosso do Sul cresceu de R$ 18,3 bilhões para R$ 28,7 bilhões. Nas exportações, o valor gerado em 2018, foi de US$ 5,4 bilhões, o que representa 96,4%, do valor total do estado, e 5,3%, do valor total dos agronegócios brasileiros. Assim sendo, o objetivo geral deste texto é identificar o desempenho produtivo dos agronegócios do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul com base nos indicadores de área plantada, valor bruto da produção, produtividade e participação na pauta exportadora do estado. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, a método de análise decorreu de a economia brasileira ter desenvolvido um ciclo dinâmico de crescimento condicionado por fatores internos e externos, entre eles: investimentos em infraestrutura, recursos naturais e consumo de massa; a liquidez financeira mundial, e a elevada demanda mundial por produtos agroalimentares e minerais.
O processo de reestruturação da avicultura no Mato Grosso do Sul: a relação entre as empresas JBS e BRF e os produtores integrados
Authors: Lima Fábio De , Faccin Ana Carolina Torelli Marquezini
Published: May 2019

O objetivo desse artigo é caracterizar o processo de reestruturação agroindustrial da avicultura no centro-sul de Mato Grosso do Sul, a partir das relações entre as empresas JBS e BRF e os produtores integrados. A presença destes grupos internacionalizados, tem provocado um processo de reestruturação da avicultura Sul-Matogrossense. Para os avicultores, tem sido discutido uma nova etapa de produção, conhecida como sistema "Dark House", que exige um alto grau de investimento. Assim, a atuação dessas empresas internacionalizadas com investimentos do BNDES, pode gerar a concentração e centralização da produção de frangos, fazendo que alguns produtores se automatizem e aumentem suas escalas de produção, tornando-os mais capitalizados e, podendo acarretar na diminuição dos avicultores integrados insatisfeitos com a nova lógica de atuação dessas empresas.
A expansão do agronegócio cooperativo na Região Sul do Brasil nos anos 2000
Authors: Padilha Wilian , Sampaio Fernando Dos Santos
Published: May 2019

Após os anos 2000, as cooperativas agropecuárias da Região Sul do país apresentaram um novo ciclo de expansão, com aumento no número de associados, empregados, produção, territórios e receitas. O crescimento geoeconômico do cooperativismo ocorreu em todos os estados do Sul, todavia, com maior intensidade nas instituições paranaenses e catarinenses, que, dessa maneira, tornaram-se o centro mais dinâmica do cooperativismo regional e nacional. O objetivo do artigo é verificar a expansão geoeconômica das cooperativas agropecuárias no Sul do Brasil a partir de 2000, analisando as particularidades de sua recente evolução em cada um dos estados sulistas. Metodologicamente, o trabalho apoiou-se no levantamento bibliográfico e tratamento e análise de dados estatísticos.
Caracterização socioeconômica e ambiental da população das comunidades rurais da chapada do Apodi/RN
Authors: Pinto Filho Jorge Luís de Oliveira , Gonçalves Gustavo Leite , Da Silva Lunes Anderson Rodrigo
Published: May 2019

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os aspectos socioeconômicos e ambientais da população das comunidades rurais da Chapada do Apodi/RN. Para isso, identificou-se com entrevistas o perfil socioeconômico e ambiental da população e, determinou-se com matriz de interação os conflitos existentes na área de estudo. Contatou-se que a maioria da população tem ensino fundamental incompleto, desenvolve atividades de agricultura, pecuária e produção de mel, que proporcionam renda familiar de até um salário mínimo. Evidenciou-se conflitos socioeconômicos e ambientais entre agronegócio e a agricultura familiar. Portanto, para atenuar a problemática investigada faz se necessário desenvolver diretrizes de Gestão Ambiental.
Unlocking the Full Potential of Wake Steering: Implementation and Assessment of a Controls-Oriented Model
Authors: Bay Christopher J. , King Jennifer , Fleming Paul , Mudafort Rafael , Martínez-Tossas Luis A.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In this work, a controls-oriented wake model is modified and compared to an analytical Gaussian wake model and high-fidelity simulation data. This model, called the curled wake model, captures a wake phenomenon that occurs behind yawed turbines, modeled as a collection of vortices shed from the rotor plane. Through turbine simulations, these vortices are shown to have a significant impact on the prediction of wake steering's performance. Also, optimizations using the model are performed and produce results consistent with recent published research. Results indicate that wind farm controllers designed and analyzed with the curled wake model produce wake steering controllers which can realize larger gains in power production than previously estimated. Overall, the results support the concept of secondary steering, or a yawed turbine's ability to deflect the wake of a downstream turbine, and suggest that future turbine wake studies and yaw optimizations should include the curled wake phenomenon.
Color Connotations in Two Cultures; the Arabic and American Culture-A Contrastive Study
Authors: Qtaishat Wafa , Al-Hyari Dania
Published: May 2019

Every color has many different meanings in different cultures. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to study the different meanings for the same color in two different cultures; the Arabic culture and the American culture. It is very important to understand what the impact of communication and color use. The researchers will focus on the use of colors in connotations. Consequently, the data will be collected by using dictionaries. In addition, the researchers will test the understanding of the associations of the selected colors. Therefore, there will be two questionnaires; the first one will be written for Jordanian students who are specialized in the English language, however, the second will test the understanding of American students who are studying Arabic at the language center at the University of Jordan for the meanings of colors in the Arabic culture. Finally, the researchers will discuss the results with providing some recommendations.
A Comparative Study of Language Policies for Minorities in Italy vs. Macedonia
Authors: Poshka Agim , Conforti Emilia
Published: May 2019

This article analyses language rights in the larger language context between Italy, a country who is well established in language minority rights sphere in European Union and Republic of Macedonia. Language diversity is an on-going process impacted by migration and globalization. In this regard, this paper analyses the language policy development of the same language but in two different context. The first scenario is Arbreshi/Albaninan language spoken in Southern Italy after their immigration from Albania in the 15th century, and the Albanian language spoken in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Although it is the same language, the dynamics of globalization, absence of economic opportunities, local and the international political context and the status of a minority language in both countries have stirred the same language in different directions in Italy and Macedonia. The study investigates the possible scenarios that these languages could be considered endangered as a result of assimilation in Southern Italy or massive emigration which the case in Macedonia is. The biggest challenges seem to be the disability to fight in the aggressive economic race and are lacking vitality and policy mechanisms to survive. The study investigates how languages are overpowered because they do not present an economic factor in their community and as a consequence they first lose their rank in the local community and consequently they lose their chance for revitalization The paper also analyses the current legal status of these languages in both aforementioned countries and possible scenarios of being endangered languages as a result of urbanization and economic competition in this globalized reality.
A target-oriented approach to neutrality in vowel harmony: Evidence from Hungarian
Authors: Ozburn Avery
Published: May 2019

This paper provides a novel perspective on neutrality in vowel harmony, using evidence from Hungarian. Despite the extensive study of Hungarian vowel harmony, the intermediate neutrality of [e:], which can alternate harmonically with [a:], is rarely addressed in existing analyses. While many standard accounts of harmony assume that front unrounded vowels like [e:] are neutral due to the lack of back counterpart, the [a:]~[e:] alternation makes this approach unsupportable. Specifically, since both [a:] and [e:] lack harmonic counterparts, but [a:] participates in harmony by re-pairing to [e:], the theory must explain why [e:] is not consistently harmonic. I argue that this pattern forces a new, target-focused approach, where participation is based on the vowel-specific drive to undergo harmony; neutrality results when this drive is insufficient to force unfaithfulness. This idea is motivated by cross-linguistic and phonetic facts suggesting that vowels that are low and/or rounded are inherently better targets of front/back harmony. I implement this approach formally in Harmonic Grammar; the harmony constraint is scaled by the quality of a vowel as a potential target, parallel to Kimper’s (2011) trigger strength scaling. This account can capture not only the basic Hungarian facts, but also the gradience of neutrality (the height effect) and the variability in Hungarian harmony. Moreover, I argue that this view of harmony is necessary beyond Hungarian and beyond front/back harmony: neutrality is crucially about the quality of a vowel as a potential target of harmony, where target quality is determined in a cross-linguistic, phonetically motivated way.
Crenças de adolescentes frente a diferentes contextos de tentativa de suicídio
Authors: Gonçalves Annie Larissa de Carvalho , Faro André
Published: May 2019

Esta pesquisa avaliou as crenças de adolescentes frente à tentativa de suicídio em cinco contextos de explicação do ato. Para tanto, analisou-se a importância atribuída aos fatores considerados suicidógenos, investigando-se se um recebe maior destaque que o outro e se os mesmos variam a depender da situação evocadora. Participaram 478 estudantes, entre 15 e 18 anos. Coletaram-se dados sociodemográficos e aplicou-se um conjunto de perguntas relativas à influência dos fatores suicidógenos perante uma tentativa fictícia de suicídio. Executaram-se testes de comparação de médias entre contextos, os fatores suicidógenos e o perfil sociodemográfico. Ao final, viu-se que o Desespero, a Separação dos Pais e o Sentimento de Inadequação foram importantes contextos para uma suposta explicação da tentativa de suicídio.
Teoria da Ação Planejada: aplicabilidade e eficácia
Authors: Fernandes Sheyla Christine Santos , Bezerra Daniela Santos , De Sousa Davison Danilo Silva , Da Silva Géssica Gabrielle Gomes , Lima Mariana Diniz
Published: May 2019

Este estudo objetivou descrever como a Teoria da Ação da Planejada (TAP) vem sendo utilizada como suporte teórico e metodológico no estudo e predição do comportamento. Pretendeu-se identificar quais áreas de conhecimento vêm utilizando a TAP, analisar os diferentes tipos de comportamento em que vem sendo utilizada e investigar as intervenções elaboradas. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura, a partir das bases: SciELO, PePSIC, Index Psi, LILACS, PsycINFO, Web of Science, PsyArticles e PubMed, com os descritores: “teoria da ação planejada”, “teoria do comportamento planejado”, “planned behavior theory” e “teoría del comportamiento planificado”. O banco final contou com 183 artigos, onde a psicologia se destaca, aparecendo em 98 deles. Estes apresentaram, em sua maioria, questões relacionadas à saúde. Os estudos a partir da TAP podem favorecer a construção de políticas públicas e a realização de campanhas educativas, visando minimizar a ocorrência de comportamentos que comprometem à saúde da população.
Empowerment and Rights-Based Social Work Interventions for Widows in Zimbabwe: A Literature Review
Authors: Dube Misheck
Published: May 2019

Due to the patriarchal and oppressive nature of the communities, Zimbabwean widows need interventions through empowerment and rights-based approaches. This article argues that those in rural area such as Binga District are more prone to oppression and widowhood has a greater impact on them as they lack the necessary resources coupled with lack of prioritisation in professional interventions. With the aim of refocusing social work interventions on empowerment and rights of widows, the article reviews literature from various sources to discuss how social work may intervene. Literature is reviewed thematically to give structure and to ensure focus on relevant discussion points. This revealed the current perspectives on widowhood elucidating on the loopholes existing within these perspectives suggesting that a more comprehensive and context specific understanding of widowhood is needed especially taking into account the young generation of widows in Zimbabwe that needs empowerment and rights-based intervention approaches. This paper has shown that such social work interventions are possible as it is a professional and ethical requisite to intervene where people are marginalised and oppressed in an endeavor to restore their worth and dignity.
Tubular Injury and Dendritic Cell Activation Are Integral Components of Light Chain–Associated Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Authors: Cheng Mingyu , Gu Xin , Turbat-Herrera Elba A. , Herrera Guillermo A.
Published: May 2019

Context.—

Light chain–associated acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (LC-ATIN) is a variant of light chain proximal tubulopathy (LCPT). It is characterized by interstitial inflammation with tubulitis and deposition of monoclonal light chains in the tubulointerstitium. LC-ATIN is a rather poorly recognized pattern of LCPT and not much is known about this entity.

Objective.—

To determine the clinicopathologic features of patients with LC-ATIN and investigate the proximal tubular injury and mechanism of interstitial inflammation in LC-ATIN.

Design.—

A total of 38 cases of LC-ATIN were identified from the archives of 5043 renal biopsy specimens. In all cases, routine light microscopic examination, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic examination were performed. In selected cases, immunofluorescent staining of dendritic cells and immunohistochemical staining for 4 tubular injury markers—KIM-1, p53, bcl-2, and Ki-67—were performed.

Results.—

A characteristic finding in LC-ATIN cases was immunofluorescence staining of monoclonal light chains along tubular basement membranes in linear fashion and inside proximal tubular cells with a granular pattern. No monoclonal light chains were present in glomerular or vascular compartments confirmed with immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and ultrastructural gold labeling. Ten of 15 LC-ATIN cases (67%) were concurrently positive for the 4 tubular injury markers. Dendritic cells were identified within the tubulointerstitium in the renal biopsy specimens, interacting with surrounding tubules with light-chain deposits and inflammatory cells.

Conclusions.—

Significant proximal tubular injury occurs associated with LC-ATIN, and the monoclonal light chains accumulated in proximal tubular cells contribute to the injury. Dendritic cells are involved in the pathogenesis of interstitial inflammation in LC-ATIN.
Cytologic Evaluation of Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography–Positive Lymph Nodes Sampled by Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration: Experience at a Large Cancer Center
Authors: Gan Qiong , Stewart John M. , Valik Erik , Eapen George , Caraway Nancy P.
Published: May 2019

Context.—

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is routinely used to evaluate mediastinal lymph nodes (LNs), especially for cancer staging. There are limited large studies evaluating the cytologic, radiologic, and clinical features of 18F-fluorodeoxy glucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography–positive (PET-CT+) LNs.

Objective.—

To compare cytologic, radiologic, and clinical features of PET-CT+, cytology-malignant (PET-CT+/Cyto+) and PET-CT+, cytology-benign (PET-CT+/Cyto−) LNs.

Design.—

The pathology database was searched for cases of mediastinal LNs obtained by EBUS-TBNA from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015. The cytologic, radiologic, and clinical features were collected for all PET-CT+ LNs.

Results.—

Of 2267 mediastinal LNs obtained by EBUS-TBNA during this period, 577 LNs met the criteria. Of the latter, 263 (46%) were PET-CT+/Cyto+ and 314 (54%) were PET-CT+/Cyto−. All of the patients with PET-CT+/Cyto+ results had a prior or concurrent diagnosis of malignancy as compared to 89% of patients with PET-CT+/Cyto− results. Of the 224 patients with PET-CT+/Cyto+ LNs, 177 (79%) had metastases from lung primary, 43 (19%) had metastases from nonlung primaries, and 7 (3%) had lymphoma. Average LN size was larger in the PET-CT+/Cyto+ group than in the PET-CT+/Cyto− group (14.6 mm versus 9.58 mm), and mean standardized uptake value in PET-CT+/Cyto+ LNs was higher than that of PET-CT+/Cyto− LNs (10.05 versus 5.99). Significant cytologic findings in PET-CT+/Cyto− cases were necrosis and granulomatous inflammation, including 3 cases with fungal organisms.

Conclusions.—

PET-CT positivity alone was nonspecific for malignancy and insufficient to guide management of patients with mediastinal adenopathy, but specificity could be improved when combined with LN size and standardized uptake value.
UMA ABORDAGEM COMPARADA ACERCA DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ENTRE BRASIL E ESTADOS UNIDOS
Authors: Wedy Miguel Tedesco , Horbach Lenon Oliveira
Published: May 2019

A proposta do presente estudo é analisar, por meio de uma perspectiva comparada, a possibilidade de censura quando evidenciado discurso de ódio, problematizando quais fundamentos que caracterizam a censura e consequente relativização do direito à liberdade de expressão em face de discursos vexatórios. Demonstra-se a relevância do direito de liberdade de expressão no constitucionalismo brasileiro e americano, contrapondo a postura liberal norte-americana à do Estado brasileiro, que utiliza da censura como tentativa de propagação da igualdade. Como método de abordagem, aplica-se o dedutivo, partindo de uma perspectiva jurídico-constitucional nacional e internacional, para posterior aplicação dos conhecimentos em casos concretos. Em linhas gerais, mesmo que uma opinião carregue ódio, não há base suficiente para censura, sugere-se a responsabilização a posteriori, repelindo-se o cerceamento da liberdade de pensamento, ainda que a opinião seja intolerante.