bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduced Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Size to Sea Surface Temperature in a Radiative-Convective Equilibrium Environment
Authors: Wang Shuai , Toumi Ralf
Published: June 2018

It has been challenging to project the tropical cyclone (TC) intensity, structure and destructive potential changes in a warming climate. Here, we compare the sensitivities of TC intensity, size and destructive potential to sea surface warming with and without a pre-storm atmospheric adjustment to an idealized state of Radiative-Convective Equilibrium (RCE). Without RCE, we find large responses of TC intensity, size and destructive potential to sea surface temperature (SST) changes, which is in line with some previous studies. However, in an environment under RCE, the TC size is almost insensitive to SST changes, and the sensitivity of intensity is also much reduced to 3% °C−1–4% °C−1. Without the pre-storm RCE adjustment, the mean destructive potential measured by the integrated power dissipation increases by about 25% °C−1 during the mature stage. However, in an environment under RCE, the sensitivity of destructive potential to sea surface warming does not change significantly. Further analyses show that the reduced response of TC intensity and size to sea surface warming under RCE can be explained by the reduced thermodynamic disequilibrium between the air boundary layer and the sea surface due to the RCE adjustment. When conducting regional-scale sea surface warming experiments for TC case studies, without any RCE adjustment the TC response is likely to be unrealistically exaggerated. The TC intensity–temperature sensitivity under RCE is very similar to those found in coupled climate model simulations. This suggests global mean intensity projections under climate change can be understood in terms of a thermodynamic response to temperature with only a minor contribution from any changes in large-scale dynamics.
Cross-National Comparisons of Union Stability in Cohabiting and Married Families With Children
Authors: Musick Kelly , Michelmore Katherine
Published: June 2018

Increases in cohabitation, nonmarital childbearing, and partnership dissolution have reshaped the family landscape in most Western countries. The United States shares many features of family change common elsewhere, although it is exceptional in its high degree of union instability. In this study, we use the Harmonized Histories to provide a rich, descriptive account of union instability among couples who have had a child together in the United States and several European countries. First, we compare within-country differences between cohabiting and married parents in education, prior family experiences, and age at first birth. Second, we estimate differences in the stability of cohabiting and married parents, paying attention to transitions into marriage among those cohabiting at birth. Finally, we explore the implications of differences in parents’ characteristics for union instability and the magnitude of social class differences in union instability across countries. Although similar factors are associated with union instability across countries, some (prior childbearing, early childbearing) are by far more common in the United States, accounting in part for higher shares separating. The factors associated with union instability—lower education, prior childbearing, early childbearing—also tend to be more tightly packaged in the United States than elsewhere, suggesting greater inequality in resources for children.
The pathway from childhood maltreatment to adulthood obesity: The role of mediation by adolescent depressive symptoms and BMI
Authors: O'Neill Allison , Beck Kenneth , Chae David , Dyer Typhanye , He Xin , Lee Sunmin
Published: June 2018

Aim: to examine associations between childhood maltreatment and adulthood obesity, and mediating effects of adolescent depressive symptoms and BMI, using the U.S. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 10,894).

Individuals who reported sexual maltreatment were 27% more likely to be obese (BMI≥30; AOR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.98–1.63) and 72% more likely to be extremely obese (BMI≥40) in adulthood (AOR = 1.72, 1.18–2.51) than those who did not. Individuals who reported physical maltreatment were 37% more likely to be extremely obese than those who did not (AOR = 1.37, 1.11–1.70). These relationships were true for males and females, and interaction terms by sex were not statistically significant. Adolescent depressive symptoms and BMI were statistically significant mediators between sexual and physical maltreatment and extreme obesity (p < .05), and between physical maltreatment and self‐rated obesity (p < .05). Therefore, adolescent characteristics are mechanisms on the causal pathway between maltreatment and obesity in adulthood. Further research should explore these mechanisms.
Time-optimal trajectories of generic control-affine systems have at worst iterated Fuller singularities
Authors: Boarotto Francesco , Sigalotti Mario
Published: June 2018

We consider in this paper the regularity problem for time-optimal trajectories of a single-input control-affine system on a
n
-dimensional manifold. We prove that, under generic conditions on the drift and the controlled vector field, any control
u
associated with an optimal trajectory is smooth out of a countable set of times. More precisely, there exists an integer
K
, only depending on the dimension
n
, such that the non-smoothness set of
u
is made of isolated points, accumulations of isolated points, and so on up to
K
-th order iterated accumulations.
Metacarbonate-terrigenous complex of the Derba block (East Sayan): petrogeochemical and isotope parameters, metamorphism, and time of formation
Authors: Nozhkin A.D. , Turkina O.M. , Dmitrieva N.V. , Travin A.V. , Likhanov I.I.
Published: June 2018

The Derba block is one of the largest Precambrian terranes of the Sayan–Yenisei accretionary belt in the southwestern margin of the Siberian Platform. It is composed of metamorphosed terrigenous-carbonate rocks of the Sayan Group, injected by granitoids. The geochemical features of gneiss–schist associations indicate the low maturity of their sedimentary protoliths corresponding in composition mainly to graywackes and terrigenous-carbonate rocks (marls). According to the results of U–Pb (LA–ICP-MS) dating of detrital zircons from gneisses and schists, the sedimentary protolith formed in the Vendian. Neoproterozoic subduction complexes were probably the major provenance for terrigenous material, and Early Precambrian rocks made a limited contribution. The Ar–Ar and U–Pb isotope data testify to nearly coeval and multistage events of metamorphism (up to the amphibolite facies) and granitoid magmatism (~510–500 and 480–465 Ma) in the Derba block. These processes were reflective of the Early Caledonian orogenic processes in the structures of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The similarity in the composition, time of sedimentation, and provenances of metaterrigenous-carbonate complexes of the Derba block (Sayan Group), West Sangilen block of the Tuva–Mongolian massif (Erzin and Moren complexes), and the Khamar-Daban terrane (Slyudyanka Group) suggests that these structures were a single Vendian continental margin with lateral variations in depositional environments and the sources of terrigenous material.
The P–T path of metamorphism and age of migmatites from the northwestern Irkut block (Sharyzhalgai uplift of the Siberian Platform)
Authors: Sukhorukov V.P. , Turkina O.M.
Published: June 2018

We study migmatized aluminous gneisses in the northwest of the Irkut granulite complex in the southeastern Sharyzhalgai uplift of the Siberian Platform basement. Migmatized gneisses with the mineral assemblage Grt + Sil + Bt + Kfs + Pl + Qz (+ Crd + Opx + Spl) contain a leucosome and widespread cordierite-bearing (+ orthopyroxene, quartz, and spinel) symplectites developed after garnet and sillimanite. Study of the microstructural relationships of minerals and modeling using the PERPLEX 672 software have shown a retrograde P–T path of metamorphism for the metasedimentary gneisses, close to the isothermal decompression (ITD). The parameters of the peak of metamorphism are T = 850–870 °C and P ≥ 7 kbar. The weighted average age of zircon from the metasedimentary gneisses (1856 ± 13 Ma, SHRIMP) corresponds to the time of metamorphism. The decompression type of retrograde metamorphism of the rocks in the northwest of the Irkut block indicates their formation in the crust extension and thinning setting. The presence of domal structures in the section of the Irkut block on the shore of Lake Baikal suggests that the dome tectogenesis was involved in the exhumation processes. The Paleoproterozoic metamorphism and granite formation were associated with the same stage of collision processes, when the compression setting was changed by an extension one (1.88–1.85 Ga).
Kant's Power of Imagination
Authors: Horstmann Rolf-Peter
Published: June 2018

This Element is a study of how the power of imagination is, according to Kant, supposed to contribute to cognition. It is meant to be an immanent and a reconstructive endeavor, relying solely on Kant's own resources when he tries to determine what material, faculties, and operations are necessary for cognition of objects. The main discourse is divided into two sections. The first deals with Kant's views concerning the power of imagination as outlined in the A- and B- edition of the Critique of Pure Reason. The second focuses on the power of imagination in the first part of the Critique of Judgment.
Cost–Benefit Analysis
Authors: Johansson Per-Olov , Kriström Bengt
Published: June 2018

This Element on cost-benefit analysis provides a summary of recent theoretical and empirical developments and summarizes state-of-the-art stated-preference and revealed-preference valuation methods. The Element discusses how to assess small (or marginal) as well as large (or non-marginal) projects that have a significant impact on prices and/or other economic variables. It also discusses distortions like taxes, market power, and sticky prices. In addition, risk/uncertainty is considered. A novel feature is the elaboration on flexible evaluation rules for reasonably small projects. Conventional point-estimates of projects should be used with care, because they typically give biased results.
RAPOPORT–ZINK SPACES OF HODGE TYPE
Authors: KIM WANSU
Published: June 2018

When$p>2$, we construct a Hodge-type analogue of Rapoport–Zink spaces under the unramifiedness assumption, as formal schemes parametrizing ‘deformations’ (up to quasi-isogeny) of$p$-divisible groups with certain crystalline Tate tensors. We also define natural rigid analytic towers with expected extra structure, providing more examples of ‘local Shimura varieties’ conjectured by Rapoport and Viehmann.
Palaeoenvironmental and climatic inferences from the late early Pleistocene lacustrine deposits in the eastern Tiberino Basin (central Italy)
Authors: Bizzarri Roberto , Corrado Paolo , Magri Donatella , Martinetto Edoardo , Esu Daniela , Caprai Valentina , Colacicchi Roberto , Napoleone Giovanni , Albianelli Andrea , Baldanza Angela
Published: June 2018

Within the Neogene-Quaternary evolution of the Mediterranean intermountain basins, the eastern Tiberino Basin provides new multifaceted chronological, biostratigraphic, palaeoecological, and palaeoenvironmental information, appreciably improving the knowledge of palaeoenvironmental and climate conditions during the middle-late Matuyama Chron (late early Pleistocene). Shallow to relatively deep lacustrine deposits and alluvial plain deposits, magnetostratigraphically calibrated, hold malacofaunas, ostracofaunas, and carpological remains, as well as a pollen record. Palaeocarpological remains widely originated from the local (azonal) vegetation of waterlogged environments. Nonetheless, some taxa show transitional morphology between possibly extinct Pliocene-Pleistocene forms and living taxa. The pollen record highlights a conifer-dominated forest phase, indicating a temperate-wet interglacial period, well aligned inside the schemes for the same latitudinal band. The abundance of tree taxa currently absent from the Italian peninsula points to pre-Jaramillo late early Pleistocene biostratigraphical characters, here compared to other sections from central Italy, and contributes to a better definition of modes and timing of their disappearance in southern Europe. Malacofaunas and ostracods, still with late early Pleistocene features, together with Charophyte, mark repeated fluctuations in energy, temperature, and chemical composition of water. The overall record identifies an incipient diachronous cooling trend, for the first time recognized in southern Europe.
Geochemistry, age and origin of the Mons Claudianus TTG batholith (Egypt): insight into the role of Pan-African magmatism in uniting plates of Gondwana
Authors: ABDEL-RAHMAN ABDEL-FATTAH M.
Published: June 2018

The tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) Mons Claudianus Batholith (MCB) of Egypt is subsolvus, metaluminous to mildly peraluminous, exhibits wide ranges of SiO2, Al2O3, Sr, Rb, Zr, shows large Ba enrichment, is moderately enriched in rare earth elements (REE) and is depleted in K, Ti, Nb, Y, Hf and heavy REE (HREE), reflecting strong arc geochemical signatures. Moderate fractionation of REE and lack of Eu anomaly characterize the MCB. It is typical of high-Al TTGs of volcanic-arc affinities. U–Pb–zircon dating produced a Pan-African age of 664.12 ± 0.38 Ma. The MCB exhibits 87Sr/86Sr isotopic compositions of 0.70352–0.70626 (initial Sr ratio of 0.70259) and 143Nd/144Nd ratios of 0.51261–0.51276 (εNd; –0.5 to +2.4), suggestive of a mantle source. Anatexis of a basaltic slab under eclogitic conditions leaving garnet in the residue produces high-Al TTG rocks characterized by low Yb values (<1.8 ppm). Values (in ppm) of Yb (0.65–1.8), Y (2.2–19), Nb (1.2–6.4), and ratios of Nb/Ta (7–17), (La/Yb)N of 11.7, Sr/Y and Zr/Sm (58 and 45, respectively) are all consistent with anatexis of a basaltic slab under eclogitic conditions, leaving garnet in the residue to produce this high-Al TTG suite. The data conform to magma generation via partial melting (F = 0.25–0.50) leaving 15–25 % garnet in the residue. Voluminous synorogenic magmatic pulses, resulting from slab melting during the closure of the Mozambique Ocean via convergence of east and west Gondwana, produced the MCB and similar large batholiths forming the core of Pan-African belts. These belts welded together vestiges of fragmented Rodinia, assembling them into a united Gondwana.
FISCAL RULES AND UNEMPLOYMENT
Authors: Gehrke Britta
Published: June 2018

This paper shows how fiscal policy affects unemployment in a New Keynesian model with search and matching frictions and distortionary taxation. The model is estimated using US data that includes labor market flows and distinct fiscal instruments. Several findings stand out. First, unemployment multipliers for spending and consumption tax cuts are substantial, even though output multipliers turn out to be less than one. Second, multipliers for labor tax cuts are small. Third, fiscal rules enhance the positive effects of discretionary fiscal policy. However, these expansionary effects on the multipliers are modest compared to earlier studies.
STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE EUROZONE: MEASURING FINANCIAL STABILITY BY FCI
Authors: Foglia Matteo , Cartone Alfredo , Fiorelli Cristiana
Published: June 2018

In this paper, we apply two novel methodological approaches, Tucker three-way principal component analysis and locally weighted principal component analysis, to construct financial conditions index for Eurozone countries. The aim is to point out how real and financial macroeconomic variables affect the credit channel and which variables are more relevant in each occasion, highlighting structural differences within the Eurozone. The results suggest that the Eurozone is involved into a low easing pattern, which is difficult to reverse and affects considerably the financial conditions, surrounding the hypothesis that this pattern has been worsened by structural differences between the European Monetary Union (EMU) countries. Empirical evidence shows that European Central Bank (ECB) policy has managed to cool financial tensions and has made financial conditions homogeneous, but it has not been able to restore them at a precrisis level.
Characterization of Lithium Ion Battery Materials with Valence Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy
Authors: Castro Fernando C. , Dravid Vinayak P.
Published: June 2018

Cutting-edge research on materials for lithium ion batteries regularly focuses on nanoscale and atomic-scale phenomena. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is one of the most powerful ways of characterizing composition and aspects of the electronic structure of battery materials, particularly lithium and the transition metal mixed oxides found in the electrodes. However, the characteristic EELS signal from battery materials is challenging to analyze when there is strong overlap of spectral features, poor signal-to-background ratios, or thicker and uneven sample areas. A potential alternative or complementary approach comes from utilizing the valence EELS features (<20 eV loss) of battery materials. For example, the valence EELS features in LiCoO2 maintain higher jump ratios than the Li–K edge, most notably when spectra are collected with minimal acquisition times or from thick sample regions. EELS maps of these valence features give comparable results to the Li–K edge EELS maps of LiCoO2. With some spectral processing, the valence EELS maps more accurately highlight the morphology and distribution of LiCoO2 than the Li–K edge maps, especially in thicker sample regions. This approach is beneficial for cases where sample thickness or beam sensitivity limit EELS analysis, and could be used to minimize electron dosage and sample damage or contamination.
Snow Depth Structure, Fractal Behavior, and Interannual Consistency Over Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland
Authors: Clemenzi I. , Pellicciotti F. , Burlando P.
Published: June 2018

Snow depth patterns over glaciers are controlled by precipitation, snow redistribution due to wind and avalanches, and the exchange of energy with the atmosphere that determines snow ablation. While many studies have advanced the understanding of ablation processes, less is known about winter snow patterns and their variability over glaciers. We analyze snow depth on Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, in the two winter seasons 2006–2007 and 2010–2011 to (1) understand whether snow depth over an alpine glacier at the end of the accumulation season exhibits a behavior similar to the one observed on single slopes and vegetated areas; and (2) investigate the snow pattern consistency over the two accumulation seasons. We perform this analysis on a data set of high‐resolution lidar‐derived snow depth using variograms and fractal parameters. Our first main result is that snow depth patterns on the glacier exhibit a multiscale behavior, with a scale break around 20 m after which the fractal dimension increases, indicating more autocorrelated structure before the scale break than after. Second, this behavior is consistent over the two years, with fractal parameters and their spatial variability almost constant in the two seasons. We also show that snow depth patterns exhibit a distinct behavior in the glacier tongue and the upper catchment, with longer correlation distances on the tongue in the direction of the main winds, suggesting spatial distinctions that are likely induced by different processes and that should be taken into account when extrapolating snow depth from limited samples.
On the Relative Robustness of the Climate Response to High‐Latitude and Low‐Latitude Warming
Authors: Hay Stephanie , Kushner Paul J. , Blackport Russell , McCusker Kelly E.
Published: June 2018

Two coupled climate models, CESM1 and CanESM2, are used to isolate the climate response to Arctic sea ice loss (high‐latitude warming). The sea ice loss and radiative forcing protocols differ between the sets of experiments. This response is compared to the remaining climate change signal, which is dominated by low‐latitude warming. Some aspects of the wintertime circulation response to sea ice loss are remarkably robust: warming over much of the high latitude and midlatitude; weak cooling over eastern Eurasia, strengthening of the Aleutian Low and Siberian High, equatorward intensification of the lower tropospheric winds, and increased precipitation over high latitudes. Pattern scaling separates the parts of the response that scale with low‐latitude warming and with sea ice loss. The thermal response patterns, for both sea ice loss and low‐latitude warming, are similar between the models. However, the circulation response patterns that scale with low‐latitude warming differ between the models. Preliminary evidence shows that these conclusions apply to other models driven by distinctive sea ice loss protocols.
Diurnal Variation of Liquid Water Path Derived From Two Polar‐Orbiting FengYun‐3 MicroWave Radiation Imagers
Authors: Tang Fei , Zou Xiaolei
Published: June 2018

MicroWave Radiation Imagers (MWRIs) onboard the afternoon FengYun‐3B (FY‐3B) and midmorning FengYun‐3C (FY‐3C) satellites provide global observations almost 4 times a day at any location. This study examines the diurnal cycle of the liquid water path (LWP) over the southeast Pacific Ocean using MWRI data. A double‐difference calibration method is first used to evaluate the MWRI calibration bias based on Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager (TMI) measurements. LWP diurnal cycle characteristics are derived from FY‐3B/C MWRI data measured in 2014. The diurnal variation of LWP from combined FY‐3B/C MWRI measurements are consistent with that derived from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager data. Maximum and minimum LWPs occurred in the early morning and afternoon, respectively. The largest diurnal amplitude (~40% of the mean LWP) was located near 85°W/20°S. The diurnal amplitude varied from season to season. MWRI data can provide important constraints for models simulating the cloud diurnal cycle.
The 1 May 2017 British Columbia‐Alaska Earthquake Doublet and Implication for Complexity Near Southern End of Denali Fault System
Authors: He X. , Ni S. , Zhang P. , Freymueller J.
Published: June 2018

On 1 May 2017, two MW6.2 earthquakes occurred near the border of northwestern British Columbia and Alaska separated by about 2 hr in time. Despite their close distance (~10 km), the two events have different focal mechanisms, with the first featuring a reverse focal mechanism and the second strike slip. Both focal plane solutions are inconsistent with the nearby southeastern Denali fault system. To resolve their ruptured fault planes, we invert for the earthquake point source parameters and analyze rupture directivity via regional and teleseismic waveforms. We also model the near‐field GPS data and relocate the aftershocks to determine the fault planes. The results indicate that the first event ruptured updip along a steep SW‐dipping fault and the second event ruptured to the ESE along a left‐lateral fault. We infer that the earthquake doublet was related to the regional stress field and slip on the active Duke River fault. The involved faults are associated with transpression caused by the oblique collision of the Yakutat block.
Controls on Lunar Basaltic Volcanic Eruption Structure and Morphology: Gas Release Patterns in Sequential Eruption Phases
Authors: Wilson L. , Head J. W.
Published: June 2018

Assessment of mare basalt gas release patterns during individual eruptions provides the basis for predicting the effect of vesiculation processes on the structure and morphology of associated features. We subdivide typical lunar eruptions into four phases: Phase 1, dike penetrates to the surface, transient gas release phase; Phase 2, dike base still rising, high‐flux hawaiian eruptive phase; Phase 3, dike equilibration, lower flux hawaiian to strombolian transition phase; and Phase 4, dike closing, strombolian vesicular flow phase. We show how these four phases of mare basalt volatile release, together with total dike volumes, initial magma volatile content, vent configuration, and magma discharge rate, can help relate the wide range of apparently disparate lunar volcanic features (pyroclastic mantles, small shield volcanoes, compound flow fields, sinuous rilles, long lava flows, pyroclastic cones, summit pit craters, irregular mare patches, and ring moat dome structures) to a common set of eruption processes.
Arctic Sea Level and Surface Circulation Response to the Arctic Oscillation
Authors: Armitage Thomas W. K. , Bacon Sheldon , Kwok Ron
Published: June 2018

The Arctic Oscillation (AO) is the leading mode of extratropical northern hemisphere atmospheric variability, affecting surface pressure, winds, temperature, and precipitation. Here we use an altimeter sea level record spanning 2003–2014, covering the ice‐covered and ice‐free ocean, to examine the influence of the AO on Arctic sea level and surface geostrophic circulation. AO‐driven alongshore wind anomalies drive cross‐shelf Ekman transport and opposing barotropic sea level anomalies between the shelf seas and deep basins of the Arctic Ocean, with maximum sea level anomaly differences across the shelf‐break of ~3 cm per unit AO index. This pattern of sea level variability generates topographically steered (generally along‐shelf) current anomalies of around 0.5 cm/s per unit AO index. AO‐driven wind variability modulates surface currents associated with Atlantic and Pacific water inflow, with opposing inflow anomalies between the Barents Sea Opening and Bering Strait.
Multiyear Observations of Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes in the Midlatitude Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Region by Meteor Radar
Authors: Jia Mingjiao , Xue Xianghui , Gu Shengyang , Chen Tingdi , Ning Baiqi , Wu Jianfei , Zeng Xuanyun , Dou Xiankang
Published: June 2018

Multiyear high‐frequency gravity wave (GW) momentum fluxes and variances in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region are revealed using four meteor radars along 120°E longitude at Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes for the first time, which are located at Mohe (53.5°N, 122.3°E), Beijing (40.3°N, 116.2°E), Mengcheng (33.3°N, 116.5°E), and Wuhan (30.5°N, 114.2°E), respectively. The seasonal and latitudinal variations of GW momentum fluxes in the midlatitude are discussed. The directions of the monthly mean zonal momentum fluxes are mostly against the background mean zonal winds, which agree well with the selective filtering mechanism. The seasonal variations of meridional momentum fluxes have similar trends over all four stations. The latitudinal variations in the seasonal variation of GW momentum fluxes are mainly due to the latitudinal variations of background winds and GW sources. The unexpected eastward momentum fluxes in winter over Beijing are likely caused by the secondary GWs propagating eastward from the source region over the Tibetan Plateau (25°–40°N, 70–100°E). The GW variances show a V‐shaped structure indicating annual and semiannual variations over four stations in zonal component. A quasi‐4‐month oscillation was observed over Mohe, Mengcheng, and Wuhan in meridional component. The background winds play decisive roles in these GW variance structures.
Nitric Oxide Response to the April 2010 Electron Precipitation Event: Using WACCM and WACCM‐D With and Without Medium‐Energy Electrons
Authors: Smith‐Johnsen Christine , Marsh Daniel R. , Orsolini Yvan , Nesse Tyssøy Hilde , Hendrickx Koen , Sandanger Marit Irene , Ødegaard Linn‐Kristine Glesnes , Stordal Frode
Published: June 2018

Energetic electrons from the magnetosphere deposit their energy in the atmosphere and lead to production of nitric oxide (NO) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. We study the atmospheric NO response to a geomagnetic storm in April 2010 with WACCM (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model). Modeled NO is compared to observations by Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment/Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere at 72–82°S latitudes. We investigate the modeled NOs sensitivity to changes in energy and chemistry. The electron energy model input is either a parameterization of auroral electrons or a full range energy spectrum (1–750 keV) from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites and European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites/Meteorological Operational satellites. To study the importance of ion chemistry for the production of NO, WACCM‐D, which has more complex ion chemistry, is used. Both standard WACCM and WACCM‐D underestimate the storm time NO increase in the main production region (90–110 km), using both electron energy inputs. At and below 80 km, including medium‐energy electrons (>30 keV) is important both for NO directly produced at this altitude region and for NO transported from other regions (indirect effect). By using WACCM‐D the direct NO production is improved, while the indirect effects on NO suffer from the downward propagating deficiency above. In conclusion, both a full range energy spectrum and ion chemistry is needed throughout the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region to increase the direct and indirect contribution from electrons on NO.
Observed and Simulated Lake Effect Precipitation Over the Tibetan Plateau: An Initial Study at Nam Co Lake
Authors: Dai Yufeng , Wang Lei , Yao Tandong , Li Xiangyu , Zhu Lingjing , Zhang Xiaowen
Published: June 2018

Thousands of lakes are located on the Tibetan Plateau. However, few studies examine the impacts of these lakes on local climate. To investigate lake effect precipitation over the plateau environment, we take Nam Co Lake as a case study, due to its large size and the availability of in situ observations. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the impacts of Nam Co Lake on downwind precipitation events (i.e., the generation and causes) are studied quantitatively. First, we compare meteorological station observations downwind of the lake with observations from other nearby stations. In total, four stations are located around Nam Co Lake in different directions, and these stations accurately represent the spatial distribution of observed precipitation. The largest amount of precipitation is observed at Nam Co station (downwind) in October, and this precipitation amount is more than twice that observed at the other three stations. Second, simulations are carried out using the WRF model, and the results show that WRF model accurately captures the precipitation events that occurred at Nam Co station in October 2006. Finally, the WRF_lake and WRF_nolake simulations, which do and do not include the lake, respectively, are carried out using the WRF model. Nam Co Lake caused an increase in precipitation of up to 70% downwind of the lake on 24 October 2006. The simulation results also show that the lake caused an increase in precipitation of up to 60% over the lake's area and downwind of the lake in October of 2006.
Using the Linearized Observation Operator to Calculate Observation Space Ensemble Perturbations in Ensemble Filters
Authors: Shlyaeva Anna , Whitaker Jeffrey S.
Published: June 2018

Within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service, the hybrid ensemble‐variational system (Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation, GSI) is run together with the 80‐member ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) operationally for the global forecast data assimilation system. EnSRF uses observation operator from GSI: current operational configuration requires 81 runs of GSI in the observation operator mode to run EnSRF (for each of the 80 ensemble members and for the ensemble mean). To reduce data assimilation cycle computation time, a GSI‐EnSRF configuration that requires a single run of the GSI system in the observation operator mode was developed. In this configuration EnSRF uses full observation operator for the ensemble mean and linearized observation operator for the ensemble perturbations. Comparison of the two approaches shows that using linearized observation operator for ensemble perturbations compared to using full observation operator does not change the analysis results significantly and allows to reduce overall data assimilation cycle computation time.
Probabilistic Forecasting of Nitrogen Dynamics in Hyporheic Zone
Authors: Boso Francesca , Marzadri Alessandra , Tartakovsky Daniel M.
Published: June 2018

Nitrification‐denitrification processes in the hyporheic zone control the dynamics of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) species and can lead to production of nitrous oxide, which contributes to the greenhouse effect. We consider DIN dynamics in an advection‐dominated regime, wherein transport and reactions occur along streamlines crossing hyporheic sediments. Our focus is on the impact of uncertainty in both stream water quality and rate constants of the subsurface reactions on predictions of DIN concentrations. We derive equations for a joint probability density function (PDF), and corresponding marginal PDFs and cumulative distribution functions (CDFs), of the species concentrations. Their derivation requires a novel closure, which depends on the mean and (co)variance of the species concentrations. We use streamline coordinates to reduce the dimensionality of the PDF/CDF equations and, hence, the computational effort of solving them. For the sake of completeness, we also present similar equations in Cartesian coordinates. By providing a complete probabilistic description of species concentrations at the bedform scale, our PDF/CDF equations allow one to evaluate the impact of random spatiotemporal variability in the inputs on the DIN dynamics. They yield physically based prior distributions for data assimilation and can be deployed to guide measurement campaigns by identifying regions with the largest predictive uncertainty.
An International Perspective on Ethical Considerations in Health Economic Evaluation: A Primer for Pediatric Psychologists
Authors: Ungar Wendy J. , Denburg Avram E.
Published: June 2018

As health care systems grapple with economic pressures, the need to demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of interventions and services in pediatric clinical psychology to inform budget decision-making is becoming more urgent. Ethical considerations in economic evaluation overlap with those of clinical research related to respect for persons, concern for welfare, and justice, and extend beyond these to include those related to the production of economic evidence by clinical psychologist researchers through the conduct of economic evaluation, and to the consumption of this evidence by budget decision-makers. Consideration of ethical issues begins with the process of selecting a technology by researchers for evaluation. Guidelines for the conduct of economic evaluation promote the maximization of benefits in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) which may introduce inequity in how these benefits are distributed across the population. Equity concerns are addressed in diverse ways across jurisdictions. A health technology assessment framework that considers economic, effectiveness, and safety evidence alongside social, legal, environmental, and ethical concerns has been adopted in public payer systems to widen the scope of information for budget decision-makers. These decision-makers often use value frameworks that regard ethical issues alongside other evidence. As clinical psychologists are increasingly compelled to demonstrate the economic value of new and existing interventions, ethical concerns are becoming more prominent in health system decision-making and pediatric clinical psychologists can play a larger role among decision-making bodies. Knowledge of these issues will prove critical to sound development of behavioral and psychosocial interventions in the U.S. and internationally.
Contrasting effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi on early and late stage decomposition in a boreal forest
Authors: Sterkenburg Erica , Clemmensen Karina E , Ekblad Alf , Finlay Roger D , Lindahl Björn D
Published: June 2018

Symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi have received increasing attention as regulators of below-ground organic matter storage. They are proposed to promote organic matter accumulation by suppressing saprotrophs, but have also been suggested to play an active role in decomposition themselves. Here we show that exclusion of tree roots and associated ectomycorrhizal fungi in a boreal forest increased decomposition of surface litter by 11% by alleviating nitrogen limitation of saprotrophs–a “Gadgil effect”. At the same time, root exclusion decreased Mn-peroxidase activity in the deeper mor layer by 91%. Our results show that ectomycorrhizal fungi may hamper short-term litter decomposition, but also support a crucial role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in driving long-term organic matter oxidation. These observations stress the importance of ectomycorrhizal fungi in regulation of below-ground organic matter accumulation. By different mechanisms they may either hamper or stimulate decomposition, depending upon stage of decomposition and location in the soil profile.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Aberrant mannosylation profile and FTX/miR-342/ALG3-axis
contribute to development of drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Liu Bing , Ma Xiaolu , Liu Qianqian , Xiao Yang , Pan Shimeng , Jia Li
Published: June 2018

Drug-resistance is a major problem in acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
chemotherapy. Aberrant changes in specific N-glycans have been observed in leukemia multidrug resistance (MDR).
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) act as key players in the
development of AML resistance to chemotherapy. In the present study, the N-glycan profiles of membrane proteins were analyzed
from adriamycin (ADR)-resistant U937/ADR cells and sensitive line U937 cells using
mass spectrometry (MS). The composition profiling of high-mannose N-glycans differed in U937/ADR and U937 cell lines.
Lectin microarray showed that the strong binding of membrane proteins was observed
for MAN-M and ConA lectins, which were specific for mannose. These binding were also
validated by flow cytometry. Importantly, the alteration of high-mannose N-glycan was further confirmed by detecting the enzyme
level of ALG family. The altered level of ALG3 was found corresponding to the
drug-resistant phenotype of AML cell lines both in vitro and in vivo.
Mechanistically, miR-342 was found to be dysregulated and inversely correlated to
ALG3 expression, targeting its 3′-UTR. LncRNA FTX was a direct target of miR-342 and
positively modulated ALG3 expression by competitively binding miR-342 in AML cell
lines. Functionally, we found that FTX directly interacted with miR-342 to regulate
ALG3 expression and function, including ADR-resistant cell growth and apoptosis. The
observation suggested that high-mannose N-glycans
and mannosyltransferase ALG3 affected drug-resistance in AML cells. FTX/miR-342/ALG3
axis could potentially be used for the targets to overcome therapeutic resistance in
AML.
Dapsone protects brain microvascular integrity from high-fat diet induced LDL oxidation
Authors: Zhan Rui , Zhao Mingming , Zhou Ting , Chen Yue , Yu Weiwei , Zhao Lei , Zhang Tao , Wang Hecheng , Yang Huan , Jin Yinglan , He Qihua , Yang Xiaoda , Guo Xiangyang , Willard Belinda , Pan Bing , Huang Yining , Chen Yingyu , Chui Dehua , Zheng Lemin
Published: June 2018

Atherosclerosis was considered to induce many vascular-related complications, such as acute myocardial infarction and stroke. Abnormal lipid metabolism and its peroxidation inducing blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage were associated with the pre-clinical stage of stroke. Dapsone (DDS), an anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation drug, has been found to have protective effects on vascular. However, whether DDS has a protective role on brain microvessels during lipid oxidation had yet to be elucidated. We investigated brain microvascular integrity in a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model. We designed this study to explore whether DDS had protective effects on brain microvessels under lipid oxidation and tried to explain the underlying mechanism. In our live optical study, we found that DDS significantly attenuated brain microvascular leakage through reducing serum oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in HFD mice (p < 0.001), and DDS significantly inhibited LDL oxidation in vitro (p < 0.001). Our study showed that DDS protected tight junction proteins: ZO-1 (p < 0.001), occludin (p < 0.01), claudin-5 (p < 0.05) of microvascular endothelial cells in vivo and in vitro. DDS reversed LAMP1 aggregation in cytoplasm, and decreased the destruction of tight junction protein: ZO-1 in vitro. We first revealed that DDS had a protective role on cerebral microvessels through preventing tight junction ZO-1 from abnormal degradation by autophagy and reducing lysosome accumulation. Our findings suggested the significance of DDS in protecting brain microvessels under lipid metabolic disorders, which revealed a novel potential therapeutic strategy in brain microvascular-related diseases.
Near infrared light induced plasmonic hot hole transfer at a nano-heterointerface
Authors: Lian Zichao , Sakamoto Masanori , Matsunaga Hironori , Vequizo Junie Jhon M. , Yamakata Akira , Haruta Mitsutaka , Kurata Hiroki , Ota Wataru , Sato Tohru , Teranishi Toshiharu
Published: June 2018

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-induced hot-carrier transfer is a key mechanism for achieving artificial photosynthesis using the whole solar spectrum, even including the infrared (IR) region. In contrast to the explosive development of photocatalysts based on the plasmon-induced hot electron transfer, the hole transfer system is still quite immature regardless of its importance, because the mechanism of plasmon-induced hole transfer has remained unclear. Herein, we elucidate LSPR-induced hot hole transfer in CdS/CuS heterostructured nanocrystals (HNCs) using time-resolved IR (TR-IR) spectroscopy. TR-IR spectroscopy enables the direct observation of carrier in a LSPR-excited CdS/CuS HNC. The spectroscopic results provide insight into the novel hole transfer mechanism, named plasmon-induced transit carrier transfer (PITCT), with high quantum yields (19%) and long-lived charge separations (9.2 μs). As an ultrafast charge recombination is a major drawback of all plasmonic energy conversion systems, we anticipate that PITCT will break the limit of conventional plasmon-induced energy conversion.
On-surface synthesis of poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) molecular wires via in situ formation of carbon-carbon triple bond
Authors: Shu Chen-Hui , Liu Meng-Xi , Zha Ze-Qi , Pan Jin-Liang , Zhang Shao-Ze , Xie Yu-Li , Chen Jian-Le , Yuan Ding-Wang , Qiu Xiao-Hui , Liu Pei-Nian
Published: June 2018

The carbon–carbon triple bond (–C≡C–) is an elementary constituent for the construction of conjugated molecular wires and carbon allotropes such as carbyne and graphyne. Here we describe a general approach to in situ synthesize –C≡C– bond on Cu(111) surface via homo-coupling of the trichloromethyl groups, enabling the fabrication of individual and arrays of poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) molecular wires. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy reveals a delocalized electronic state extending along these molecular wires, whose structure is unraveled by atomically resolved images of scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy. Combined with density functional theory calculations, we identify the intermediates formed in the sequential dechlorination process, including surface-bound benzyl, carbene, and carbyne radicals. Our method overcomes the limitation of previous on-surface syntheses of –C≡C– incorporated systems, which require the precursors containing alkyne group; it therefore allows for a more flexible design and fabrication of molecular architectures with tailored properties.
Caffeine-inducible gene switches controlling experimental diabetes
Authors: Bojar Daniel , Scheller Leo , Hamri Ghislaine Charpin-El , Xie Mingqi , Fussenegger Martin
Published: June 2018

Programming cellular behavior using trigger-inducible gene switches is integral to synthetic biology. Although significant progress has been achieved in trigger-induced transgene expression, side-effect-free remote control of transgenes continues to challenge cell-based therapies. Here, utilizing a caffeine-binding single-domain antibody we establish a caffeine-inducible protein dimerization system, enabling synthetic transcription factors and cell-surface receptors that enable transgene expression in response to physiologically relevant concentrations of caffeine generated by routine intake of beverages such as tea and coffee. Coffee containing different caffeine concentrations dose-dependently and reversibly controlled transgene expression by designer cells with this caffeine-stimulated advanced regulators (C-STAR) system. Type-2 diabetic mice implanted with microencapsulated, C-STAR-equipped cells for caffeine-sensitive expression of glucagon-like peptide 1 showed substantially improved glucose homeostasis after coffee consumption compared to untreated mice. Biopharmaceutical production control by caffeine, which is non-toxic, inexpensive and only present in specific beverages, is expected to improve patient compliance by integrating therapy with lifestyle.
Meta-analysis of the diagnostic and clinical utility of genome and exome sequencing and chromosomal microarray in children with suspected genetic diseases
Authors: Clark Michelle M. , Stark Zornitza , Farnaes Lauge , Tan Tiong Y. , White Susan M. , Dimmock David , Kingsmore Stephen F.
Published: June 2018

Genetic diseases are leading causes of childhood mortality. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and whole-exome sequencing (WES) are relatively new methods for diagnosing genetic diseases, whereas chromosomal microarray (CMA) is well established. Here we compared the diagnostic utility (rate of causative, pathogenic, or likely pathogenic genotypes in known disease genes) and clinical utility (proportion in whom medical or surgical management was changed by diagnosis) of WGS, WES, and CMA in children with suspected genetic diseases by systematic review of the literature (January 2011–August 2017) and meta-analysis, following MOOSE/PRISMA guidelines. In 37 studies, comprising 20,068 children, diagnostic utility of WGS (0.41, 95% CI 0.34–0.48, I2 = 44%) and WES (0.36, 95% CI 0.33–0.40, I2 = 83%) were qualitatively greater than CMA (0.10, 95% CI 0.08–0.12, I2 = 81%). Among studies published in 2017, the diagnostic utility of WGS was significantly greater than CMA (P < 0.0001, I2 = 13% and I2 = 40%, respectively). Among studies featuring within-cohort comparisons, the diagnostic utility of WES was significantly greater than CMA (P < 0.001, I2 = 36%). The diagnostic utility of WGS and WES were not significantly different. In studies featuring within-cohort comparisons of WGS/WES, the likelihood of diagnosis was significantly greater for trios than singletons (odds ratio 2.04, 95% CI 1.62–2.56, I2 = 12%; P < 0.0001). Diagnostic utility of WGS/WES with hospital-based interpretation (0.42, 95% CI 0.38–0.45, I2 = 48%) was qualitatively higher than that of reference laboratories (0.29, 95% CI 0.27–0.31, I2 = 49%); this difference was significant among studies published in 2017 (P < .0001, I2 = 22% and I2 = 26%, respectively). The clinical utility of WGS (0.27, 95% CI 0.17–0.40, I2 = 54%) and WES (0.17, 95% CI 0.12–0.24, I2 = 76%) were higher than CMA (0.06, 95% CI 0.05–0.07, I2 = 42%); this difference was significant for WGS vs CMA (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, in children with suspected genetic diseases, the diagnostic and clinical utility of WGS/WES were greater than CMA. Subgroups with higher WGS/WES diagnostic utility were trios and those receiving hospital-based interpretation. WGS/WES should be considered a first-line genomic test for children with suspected genetic diseases.