bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ribosomes: Effect of Interferon on Their Interaction with Rapidly Labeled Cellular and Viral RNA's
Authors: Carter William A. , Levy Hilton B.
Published: October 2006

Rapidly labeled RNA of mouse L cells and labeled RNA of Mengo virus, unlike cellular RNA labeled under steady-state conditions, form detectable complexes with L-cell ribosomes. These ribosome-RNA complexes formed in vitro appear analogous to those assembled during polysome formation in vivo. When ribosomes are prepared from L cells exposed to homologous interferon, their capacity to associate with cell messenger is preserved, while their ability to interact with viral RNA is markedly reduced. The ribosomes from cells exposed to interferon are thus altered selectively to permit only certain messages to be bound and translated.
Silica in Sea Water: Control by Silica Minerals
Authors: Mackenzie Fred T. , Garrels Robert M. , Bricker Owen P. , Bickley Frances
Published: October 2006

Silicate minerals typical of those carried in the suspended load of streams release silica to silica-deficient sea water and abstract silica from silica-enriched sea water. Experimental rates of release and uptake permit the conclusion that the suspended solids carried into the oceans by streams are a major control of the concentration of silica in the ocean.
Activity Coefficients of Aqueous Potassium Chloride Measured with a Potassium-Sensitive Glass Electrode
Authors: Hostetler Paul B. , Truesdell Alfred H. , Christ C. L.
Published: October 2006

Values of γ
±KCl
over temperature and molality ranges of 10° to 50°C and 0.01 to 1.0 molal were determined with an electromotive-force cell: potassium-sensitive glass electrode, KCl (molality), Ag-AgCl. A more satisfactory method than is commonly employed was devised for treating the experimental measurements of potential.
Pleistocene Shoreline Sediments in Coastal Georgia: Deposition and Modification
Authors: Hoyt John H. , Hails John R.
Published: October 2006

New evidence invalidates the former concept that Pleistocene shorelines are "terrace" cut and fill structures. Comparison of Pleistocene and Holocene sediments with morphology of the shoreline indicates that Pleistocene deposits accumulated in barrier-island environments and that the "terraces" are former lagoon-salt marshes. Stratigraphic evidence supports six major Pleistocene shorelines below an elevation of 100 feet (30 meters).
Mutagenesis by Near-Visible Light
Authors: Kubitschek H. E.
Published: October 2006

Mutants resistant to bacteriophage T5 were produced both in continuous and in stationary cultures of
Escherichia coli
by near-visible light, 320 to 400 millimicrons, at rates greatly exceeding spontaneous rates in the absence of light. Aerobic mutation rates were about twice anaerobic rates, which shows that mutations were induced in either of at least two different processes. Mutations induced by near-visible light involve different photochemical processes than those induced by ultraviolet light.
Phosphorylase
b
Kinase Inheritance in Mice
Authors: Lyon John B. , Porter Jean , Robertson Mary
Published: October 2006

The gene for phosphorylase
b
kinase, a skeletal muscle enzyme, has been located on the X chromosome of mice. The inheritance of the enzyme through two generations from original matings between one inbred strain of mice, the I, which lacks the enzyme, and another strain, the C
57
, follows the classical Mendelian pattern.
Ethanolamine Phosphoglycerides: Effect on the Properties of Myelinoid Lecithin Water Systems
Authors: Fast Paul G.
Published: October 2006

The amount of swelling solution trapped when mixtures of ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides were dispersed in 0.145
M
glucose-C
14
is dependent on, but not linearly related to, the amount of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride in the mixture. The leakage of swelling solution out of such myelinoid lipid-water dispersions was, however, linearly related to the proportion of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride.
Rapid Methods of Determining Cooling Rates of Iron and Stony Iron Meteorites
Authors: Short James M. , Goldstein Joseph I.
Published: October 2006

Two rapid and simple methods have been developed for determining the approximate cooling rates of iron and stony-iron meteorites in which kamacite formed by diffusion-controlled growth along planar fronts. The first method requires only measurements of the mean kamacite bandwidth and the bulk nickel content. The second method requires the determination of the nickel composition near the taenite-kamacite interface with an electron microprobe.
Gastrovascular System of Small Hydromedusae: Mechanisms of Circulation
Authors: Roosen-Runge E. C.
Published: October 2006

Small medusae possess a circulatory system of narrow tubes subdivided into several compartments by functional "sphincters." Flow is activated by gastrodermal flagella twice as long as the diameter of the tubes. The flow may be reversed in any part of the system through pressure waves generated by muscular action of the gastric pouches. The combination of flagellar and muscular action provides an adjustable, low-pressure circulation.
Adenosine Triphosphate Usage by Flagella
Authors: Brokaw C. J.
Published: October 2006

Comparison of beat frequencies with rates of dephosphorylation of adenosine triphosphate by glycerinated sea urchin spermatozoa as functions of adenosine triphosphate concentration suggests that each molecule of the flagellar adenosine triphosphatase, dynein, dephosphorylates one adenosine triphosphate molecule during each beat cycle.
Radio-Controlled Model Boat Samples Air and Plankton
Authors: Schlichting Harold E. , Hudson James E.
Published: October 2006

A radio-controlled model boat obtained surface samples of plankton and of air over water; it was especially useful in obtaining samples of neuston in water less than 15 centimeters in depth. It can be used to sample highly radioactive areas. The boat functions best in calm water or where surface currents are less than 3 knots.
Intensity Fluctuations of a Relativistically Expanding Source
Authors: Petschek Albert G.
Published: October 2006

It is shown that the relation between the size of an object and the period of a fluctuation in its brightness must be modified if the surface whose brightness is fluctuating is expanding at a relativistic velocity, in the sense that faster fluctuations are possible for the expanding surface.
Gastrin Antibodies: Induction, Demonstration, and Specificity
Authors: Schneider D. R. , Endahl G. L. , Dodd M. C. , Jesseph J. E. , Bigley N. J. , Zollinger R. M.
Published: October 2006

Antibodies to the antral hormone gastrin have been induced in the rabbit and detected by passive hemagglutination. Specificity of the antibody, as determined by three methods, is directed to gastrins I and II, gastrin pentapeptide, and gastrin tetrapeptide, as well as to the stage-I gastrin used for immunization.
Malic Dehydrogenase Isozymes: Distribution in Developing Nucleate and Anucleate Halves of Sea Urchin Eggs
Authors: Patton Grant W. , Mets Laurens , Villee Claude A.
Published: October 2006

Nucleate and anucleate halves of sea urchin eggs have seven and five forms of L-malic dehydrogenase, respectively. Fertilization results in reduction of the number of enzyme forms in both halves. The normal complement of seven isozymes in unfertilized eggs appears to be a synthesis of five soluble and four particulate forms. Reduction in the number of isozymes after fertilization takes place principally in soluble forms and appears to be under cytoplasmic control.
Red Sea: Detailed Survey of Hot-Brine Areas
Authors: Hunt John M. , Hays Earl E. , Degens Egon T. , Ross David A.
Published: October 2006

A bathymetric and geophysical survey of the Red Sea rift valley between 21°10′ and 21°30′N has defined three separate pools of hot brines. The brines and their associated heavy metals are believed to be periodically discharged from the eastern side of the largest deep,
Atlantis II
. Cores taken from the flanks of the deeps show repetitive cycles of sedimentation of hydrous amorphous iron oxides which fill most of
Atlantis II
Deep.
Blastomyces dermatitidis
: Production of the Sexual Stage
Authors: McDonough E. S. , Lewis Ann L.
Published: October 2006

Growth of five combinations of strains of
Blastomyces dermatitidis
in paired cultures on yeast-extract agar, plus bone meal, yielded the perfect stage for the first time. These cleistothecia, apparently of a new genus, produced eight spored asci. Monoascospore cultures developed hyphae and conidia typical of
B. dermatitidis
. Mice were successfully infected with inocula from a monoascospore culture.
Zonation of Uplifted Pleistocene Coral Reefs on Barbados, West Indies
Authors: Mesolella Kenneth J.
Published: October 2006

The coral species composition of uplifted Pleistocene reefs on Barbados is very similar to Recent West Indian reefs.
Acropora palmata
,
Acropora cervicornis
, and
Montastrea annularis
are quantitatively the most important of the coral species.
Steroid-Sensitive Single Neurons in Rat Hypothalamus and Midbrain: Identification by Microelectrophoresis
Authors: Ruf K. , Steiner F. A.
Published: October 2006

Minute amounts of Na-dexamethasone-21-phosphate administered by microelectrophoresis to the immediate extracellular environment promptly suppressed electrical activity of 15 out of 115 hypothalamic and mesencephalic neurons, the effect being readily reversible. Such neurons marked with fast green were found to lie in circumscribed areas of the periventricular gray of the third ventricle and aqueduct, and may represent a site of action of adrenocortical steroids in the regulation of corticotrophin releasing factor and/or adrenocorticotropin secretion by negative feedback.
Photooxidation of Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Aliphatic Aldehydes
Authors: Altshuller A. P. , Cohen I. R. , Purcell T. C.
Published: October 2006

A new group of gas-phase reactions have been shown to contribute to the photooxidation of hydrocarbons. The photooxidation of aliphatic aldehydes at wavelengths below 3400 angstroms produces intermediates that react with olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Although the photooxidation rates are slower than those induced by nitrogen oxide, the rates are significant, considering the interest in urban atmospheric reactions. These results may indicate that the control of nitrogen oxides alone may not effectively reduce photochemical air pollution.
Automobile Paint Effective as an Insect Attractant
Authors: Jantz Orlo K. , Gerta Richard F. , Wells Marcus T.
Published: October 2006

Two acrylic auto paints were effective attractants for sap beetles,
Stelidota geminata
(Say) and
Glischrochilus fasciatus
(Oliver). Response to the synthetic lures was sufficient to encourage additional testing of their potential in survey and control programs.
Efflux Time of Soap Bubbles and Liquid Spheres
Authors: Grosse A. V.
Published: October 2006

The efflux time, T, of gas from soap bubbles of radius, R, through their blow tube of length, 1, and radius, ρ, is given by the equation

T
start → end
= 2 ⋅ η ⋅ 1 / σ ⋅ ρ
4
(
R
4
start
-
R
4
end
)

where η is the viscosity of the gas and σ the surface tension of the bubble solution, all in centimeter-gram-second units. Similar relations between time and diameter were established for the flow from one bubble to another or from one bubble within another. The same relations hold for the flow of liquid spheres, suspended in another liquid of equal density, following Plateau's classic method. They have been extended to the flow of spheres to cylinders and catenoids of rotation. In all these cases the driving force is the surface or interfacial tension, creating an excess pressure as defined by Laplace's equation.
Oxygen-18 Composition of Oceanic Sulfate
Authors: Lloyd R. Michael
Published: October 2006

Comparison of experimental data with analyses of oceanic sulfate indicates that oceanic sulfate is not in oxygen isotope equilibrium with ocean water. Preliminary experiments suggest that the turnover of sulfate in the sulfur cycle is too rapid to allow equilibrium to be established. If this is so, the sulfur cycle must exert a significant influence on the oxygen balance of the ocean-atmosphere system.
Lepidocrocite, an Apatite Mineral, and Magnetite in Teeth of Chitons (Polyplacophora)
Authors: Lowenstam H. A.
Published: October 2006

X-ray diffraction patterns show that the mature denticles of three extant chiton species are composed of the mineral lepidocrocite and an apatite mineral, probably francolite, in addition to magnetite. Each of the three minerals forms a discrete microarchitectural unit of the chiton denticles. This is the first indication that lepidocrocite is precipitated by marine organisms and an apatite mineral by chitons.
Acropetal Movement of Auxin: Dependence on Temperature
Authors: Keitt George W. , Baker Robert A.
Published: October 2006

The amounts of radioactive indole-3-acetic acid that moved, both basipetally and acropetally, through short sections of bean epicotyl were measured at 15° and 25°C in the presence and absence of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid. Low temperature and this second compound each inhibited acropetal efflux of indole-3-acetic acid more than they did the influx. Results are interpreted as supporting a metabolically dependent component of the acropetal movement of auxin in bean epicotyls.
Phycomyces
Sporangiophores: Fungal Stretch Receptors
Authors: Dennison David S. , Roth Carolyn C.
Published: October 2006

The application of mechanical force to the sporangiophore of
Phycomyces
elicits a transient growth response. The immediate stimulus may be the deformation of the sporangiophore under the applied force. Compression of the cell causes an interval of faster growth, and extension causes an interval of slower growth.
Temperature Compensation in Short-Duration Time-Measurement by an Intertidal Amphipod
Authors: Enright J. T.
Published: October 2006

The duration of the swimming response of an intertidal amphipod to increases in hydrostatic pressure apparently serves to measure the timing of wave uprush on the beach. Experiments have demonstrated that this response to a standard pressure-increase stimulus varies in duration only slightly with temperature over the range from 10° to 28°C, with estimated
Q
10
values of 1.3 to 1.5. Relative insensitivity to temperature, such as here described, seems to be an essential component of biological time-measuring systems (including endogenous circadian, tidal, and lunar rhythms) that are ecologically keyed to the timing of temperature-independent environmental factors.
Hereditary Renal Disease in a Mutant Strain of Rats
Authors: Lozzio Bismarck B. , Chernoff Amoz I. , Machado Emilio R. , Lozzio Carmen B.
Published: October 2006

Disease of the kidney developed in breeding stock of Gunn rats. The renal lesion is the result of a new mutation. The genetic defect is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and is apparently lethal in the homozygous condition. The abnormality manifests itself as a congenital hydronephrosis with related cystic changes in the kidney.
Tetrodotoxin: Effects on Brain Metabolism in vitro
Authors: Chan S. L. , Quastel J. H.
Published: October 2006

A 3-micromolar concentration of tetrodotoxin completely inhibits the stimulation of respiration of rat brain cortex that takes place upon application of electrical impulses. It also inhibits increase in the rate of the respiration that occurs when calcium ions are omitted from the incubation medium. No effect of tetrodotoxin on brain respiration takes place when stimulation is brought about by the addition of 100 millimolar potassium chloride. Tetrodotoxin prevents the fall in the rate of oxidation of cerebral acetate that occurs during electrical stimulation but does not affect the increased rate of the oxidation that occurs in the presence of an increased concentration of potassium chloride. The data indicate that oxidation of cerebral acetate is diminished by influx of sodium ions, which is prevented by tetrodotoxin, and is increased by influx of potassium ions, which is unaffected by tetrodotoxin.
Non-inactivation of an X-Chromosome Locus in Man
Authors: Shapiro Larry J. , Mohandas Thuluvancheri , Weiss Roberta , Romeo Giovanni
Published: October 2006

Cloned fibroblasts from women heterozygous for X-linked ichthyosis (steroid sulfatase deficiency) were examined to see whether or not this locus is subject to X-inactivation. Of 103 clones examined, all had normal levels of steroid sulfatase activity. Two of the women studied were also heterozygous for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. This allowed the demonstration that both X chromosomes were represented as the active X in various clones and that selection did not account for these findings. Thus, the steroid sulfatase locus, like the

Xg
a

locus to which it is linked, appears to escape X-inactivation in man.
Chromosome Size-Dependent Control of Meiotic Recombination
Authors: Kaback David B. , Guacci Vincent , Barber Dianna , Mahon James W.
Published: October 2006

Smaller chromosomes have higher rates of meiotic reciprocal recombination (centimorgans per kilobase pair) than larger chromosomes. This report demonstrates that decreasing the size of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
chromosomal DNA molecules increases rates of meiotic recombination and increasing chromosome size decreases recombination rates. These results indicate that chromosome size directly affects meiotic reciprocal recombination.
High-Pressure Dissociation of Carbonic and Boric Acids in Seawater
Authors: Culberson C. , Kester D. R. , Pytkowicz R. M.
Published: October 2006

The apparent dissociation constants of carbonic and boric acids were determined for pressures up to 654 atmospheres in seawater of 34.8 per mille salinity at 22° C. Our values for the ratios of the apparent dissociation constants at 654 atmospheres to the constants at 1 atmosphere are 1.84 1.48, and 1.94 for
K
′
1
,
K
′
2
, and
K
′
B
, respectively. At this pressure the commonly accepted values of Buch and Gripenberg for these ratios are 2.03 and 1.30 for
K
′
1
and
K
′
2
, respectively.
Complement: Substitution of the Terminal Component in Immune Hemolysis by 1,10-Phenanthroline
Authors: Hadding Ulrich , Müller-Eberhard Hans J.
Published: October 2006

The participation of metal ions in the terminal step of immune cytolysis was investigated with chelating agents. 1,10-Phenanthroline induced lysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes which had reacted with the first eight components of human complement. Hemolysis caused by 1,10-phenanthroline resembled lysis produced by the ninth component of complement in dependence on cell-bound eighth component and on temperature and in inhibition by 0.09
M
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Bivalent metal ions reduced the hemolytic capacity of 1,10-phenanthroline, and Fe
++
inhibited the activity of the ninth component. Since trivalent iron had no such effects, it is postulated that the hemolytic activity of 1,10-phenanthroline and the ninth component of complement is a function of their affinity for Fe
++
.
Test of Continental Drift by Comparison of Radiometric Ages
Authors: Hurley P. M. , Rand J. R. , Pinson W. H. , Fairbairn H. W. , de Almeida F. F. M. , Melcher G. C. , Cordani U. G. , Kawashita K. , Vandoros P.
Published: October 2006

1) The distribution of age values obtained by potassium-argon determinations and whole-rock rubidium-strontium determinations appears to be almost identical for West African rocks of the pervasive Eburnean Orogenic Cycle and basement rocks at opposite locations in South America.

2) There is also a close correlation, with respect to potassium-argon age determinations on micas, rubidium-strontium determinations on total-rock samples, and the extent to which these two sets of values differ, between rocks of the Pan-African Orogenic Cycle and rocks of the Caririan Orogenic Cycle in Brazil, where these two groups of rocks lie opposite each other in the two continents.

3) When Africa and South America are "fitted together," the sharply defined boundary between the Eburnean and the Pan-African age provinces in West Africa strikes directly toward the corresponding age boundary in northeast Brazil.

4) The transition from the 550-million-year Pan-African age province to the 2000-million-year age province in the Congo Craton in Cameroun-Gabon is matched in the rocks near the corresponding part of the east coast of Brazil. However the geological and age data are insufficient to do more than suggest the possibility of another age-boundary correlation here.

5) The evidence reported here supports the hypothesis of continental drift.
Distortion of a Splashing Liquid Drop
Authors: Harlow Francis H. , Shannon John P.
Published: October 2006

The low-speed splash of a drop of liquid into a pool can result in a surprisingly complicated flow pattern, apparently not detected by previous experiments or theories. We examined the dynamics of this process by high-speed computer, obtaining a series of configuration plots at various stages of the splash.
Chromatographic Silica Gel: Surface Area Determined by Adsorption
Authors: Hoffmann R. L. , McConnell D. G. , List G. R. , Evans C. D.
Published: October 2006

The surface area of silicic acid, a form of silica gel, has been determined by adsorption of methanol from a benzene solvent. The method is straightforward, uses inexpensive apparatus, and should be applicable to other particulate adsorbents.
Addiction Liability of Albino Rats: Breeding for Quantitative Differences in Morphine Drinking
Authors: Nichols John R. , Hsiao Sigmund
Published: October 2006

Selective breeding produced two strains of rats that differ in their susceptibility to morphine addiction. Inbreeding the more susceptible rats in an unselected population produced susceptible offspring; inbreeding resistant rats produced resistant offspring. Further selection and inbreeding increased the strain difference in the F
2
and F
3
generations. The F
3
generation also differed in their susceptibility to alcohol addiction.
Surveyor I: Location and Identification
Authors: Spradley L. Harold , Steinbacher R. , Grolier M. , Byrne C.
Published: October 2006

Surveyor I landed on the lunar surface on 2 June 1966 and obtained more than 11,000 pictures of the environment with its television camera. The same region was photographed by the 24-inch (61-centimeter) camera of Orbiter III on 22 February 1967. Surveyor I has been located in these Orbiter photographs; its image was found and all search and identification criteria were satisfied by the site.
Antibody Formation: Stimulation by Polyadenylic and Polycytidylic Acids
Authors: Braun Werner , Nakano Masayasu
Published: October 2006

Complexes of polyadenylic and polyuridylic acids, or of polycytidylic acid and methylated bovine serum albumin, enhance the early rate of increase in numbers of antibody-forming spleen cells in mice immunized with sheep red blood cells or other particulate antigens. Polyadenylic and polycytidylic acids, respectively, appear to be the source of the critical stimulators which, as demonstrated by others in bacteria, may act by influencing nucleotide kinase activity. The stimulated antibody response, but not the normal response, is antagonized by kinetin riboside and by an adenosine derivative occurring in sRNA.
Flow Characteristics of Human Erythrocytes through Polycarbonate Sieves
Authors: Gregersen Magnus I. , Bryant Cyrus A. , Hammerle Walter E. , Usami Shunichi , Chien Shu
Published: October 2006

We used polycarbonate sieves with uniform cylindrical pores (2.4 to 6.8 microns in diameter) to filter suspensions of human erythrocytes (mean major diameter is 7.2 microns) in Eagle-albumin solution. With 6.8-micron sieves the pressure-flow curves are convexed to the pressure-axis at low pressures and become linear with high pressures. With 4.5-micron sieves, however, the pressure-flow relationship is linear throughout the range of study. In both types of sieves, flow rate is reduced progressively with increasing concentration of red blood cells (RBC) over a range of 0.5 to 95 percent. The resistance to flow of RBC suspensions is higher in 4.5-micron than in 6.8-micron pores. With filter pore diameters of 3.0 microns or more, the RBC concentration in the filtrate was 100 percent of that in the solution being filtered, but only 70 percent with 2.4-micron pores. The observed critical pore diameter for 100 percent cell transmission agrees with theoretical calculation based on the assumption that the RBC membrane is deformable but nonextensible. The importance of cell deformation in the passage of RBC's through small pores is shown by the inability of RBC hardened in acetaldehyde to pass pores with 6.8-micron diameter.
Increased Litter Size in the Rat X-Irradiated during the Estrous Cycle before Mating
Authors: Hahn Eric W. , Ward William F.
Published: October 2006

Average numbers of ovulations, implantations, and living fetuses obtained from rats x-irradiated during the estrous cycle before mating are a function of both the radiation dose and the time of exposure during the cycle. Animals irradiated during metestrus or the day thereafter exhibit significant increases in the factors studied, while those irradiated on the 3rd day after metestrus maintain fewer implantations after exposure to 300, 500, and 600 roentgens, and fewer living fetuses after exposure to 100 to 600 roentgens.
Polarized Protons as Nuclear Probes
Authors: Rosen Louis
Published: October 2006

Experiments based on the use of polarized protons led to (i) delineation of the spin-orbit part of the optical-model potential and (ii) an improved unified description of the nucleon-nucleus interaction within the framework of the optical model. Data obtained by means of a six-parameter potential are correlated for essentially all complex nuclei and over an energy region ranging from several hundred thousand to several tens of millions of electron volts for the following observables: polarization produced by elastic scattering, differential cross sections for elastic scattering, and reaction and total cross sections. None of the parameters varies with nuclear species, and only one varies with energy.
Sickle-Cell Trait in Human Biological and Cultural Evolution
Authors: Wiesenfeld Stephen L.
Published: October 2006

The particular agricultural adaptation we have been considering is the ultimate determinant of the presence of malaria parasites in the intracellular environment of the human red blood cell. This change in the cellular environment is deleterious for normal individuals, but individuals with the sickle-cell gene are capable of changing their red-cell environment so that intense parasitism never develops. Normal individuals suffer higher mortality rates and lower fertility rates in a malarious environment than individuals with the sickle-cell trait do, so the latter contribute proportionately more people to succeeding generations.
Euglena gracilis
: A Novel Lipid Energy Reserve and Arachidonic Acid Enrichment during Fasting
Authors: Rosenberg Abraham
Published: October 2006

In
Euglena gracilis
grown in the dark, wax esters, consisting of a combination of medium-chain fatty acids and alcohols that contain both odd and even numbers of carbon atoms, appear to be a reservoir for metabolic energy. When the organisms are fasted, their pellicular membrane systems become quite rich in long-chain polyenoic acids, mostly of the arachidonic acid family.
Phosphoribosylamidotransferase: Regulation of Activity in Virus-Induced Murine Leukemia by Purine Nucleotides
Authors: Reem Gabrielle H. , Friend Charlotte
Published: October 2006

Infection with Friend leukemia virus causes a marked increase in the activity of splenic phosphoribosylamidotransferase in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of purine nucleotides and their free bases inhibits this enzyme. This is the first example of the control of phosphoribosylamidostransferase in vivo in the mammalian system as well as in virus-induced leukemia. Experiments in vitro support the findings in vivo.
Embryonic Enzyme Patterns: Characterization of the Single Lactate Dehydrogenase Isozyme in Preimplanted Mouse Ova
Authors: Rapola J. , Koskimies O.
Published: October 2006

A single lactate dehydrogenase isozyme has been observed in mouse eggs from unfertilized eggs to blastocyst stage. As characterized by electrophoresis, substrate inhibition, and subunit dissociation-recombination experiments, it is identical to mouse lactate dehydrogenase 1.
Recovery of Masked Visual Targets by Inhibition of the Masking Stimulus
Authors: Dember William N. , Purcell Dean G.
Published: October 2006

Theories of visual backward masking all assume that a masked target is eliminated from the visual system. Experiments on reaction time to masked signals suggest otherwise, as does a recent demonstration that a masked target can be restored to phenomenal awareness by backward masking of the target's mask. Two experiments are reported here that substantiate the possibility of recovering a masked target, by using different stimulus materials and a more elaborate design than was employed in the first demonstration of this effect.
Anatomical Connections between Medial and Lateral Regions of the Hypothalamus Concerned with Food Intake
Authors: Arees Edward A. , Mayer Jean
Published: October 2006

No anatomical connections have yet been demonstrated from the ventromedial ("satiety") to the lateral ("feeding") areas of the hypothalamus. Lesions were induced with goldthioglucose in mice in the ventromedial region, including the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei. With the Fink-Heimer stain for degenerating axons, fiber connections between these two areas were demonstrated.
Martian Ionosphere: A Component Due to Solar Protons
Authors: Sagan Carl , Veverka Joseph
Published: October 2006

The small magnetic field strength observed near Mars by Mariner IV suggests that protons from the solar wind may enter the Martian atmosphere and produce ionization in addition to that produced by ultraviolet light and x-rays. It is found that solar protons produce a thin ionized layer at a rate of the order of 3 × 10
3
per cubic centimeter per second at a depth corresponding to the F
1
region in the terrestrial atmosphere. Unless the effective recombinative coefficient is very large (greater than 10
-5
centimeter cubed per second) or unless unusual diffusion effects are present, this layer should have been detected by Mariner IV, and therefore must be present in one of the observed ionized regions. Because of its very compact shape, the subsidiary maximum near 95 kilometers discovered in the Mariner-IV occultation experiment may be the proton ionization peak. If so, the major 120-kilometer maximum is an F
2
layer. Distinction between photon and proton ionization regions can be made by microwave occultation experiments aboard planetary orbiters.
Trans
-2-Hexenal: Mating Stimulant for Polyphemus Moths
Authors: Riddiford Lynn M.
Published: October 2006

The volatile compound from oak leaves which stimulates the female polyphemus moth to release her sex pheromone has been isolated and identified as
trans-2-hexenal
. Although leaves of other food plants contain
trans
-2-hexenal, they also release masking odors which block the activity of the hexenal.
Manned Submersibles for Research
Authors: Arnold Henry A.
Published: October 2006

The past decade has seen the development of small submersibles as a new and effective tool of geology, acoustics, marine biology, and physical oceanography. As with all tools, it has special capabilities and limitations. The methods of use and the needed engineering improvements are being identified. Scientists, engineers, government, and industry are responding so that advances toward both less-expensive simple vehicles and high-performance complex vehicles are proceeding.
Chemistry and Structure of Nucleic Acids of Bacteriophages
Authors: Cohen J. A.
Published: October 2006

The nucleic acids of bacteriophages are characterized by a surprising multiformity. RNA and DNA may occur, the latter in single- or double-stranded form, circular or linear, with or without breaks or single-strand ends. Terminal redundancy may exist and the populations of linear phages may be uniform or randomly permuted. A double-stranded circular DNA does not occur in extracellular bacteriophage, but is often if not always formed after infection of the bacterial host. Phage DNA may be glucosylated or methylated to a certain extent, and the glucose and methyl residues may influence the stability of the DNA inside the host.
Australian Desert Mice: Independence of Exogenous Water
Authors: MacMillen Richard E. , Lee Anthony K.
Published: October 2006

Certain Australian desert mice can survive and may gain weight on a diet of dry seed without drinking water. Urine concentrations for two of the three species studied are the highest recorded for mammals. The kidneys appear to be the major avenue of water conservation.
"Blastokinin": Inducer and Regulator of Blastocyst Development in the Rabbit Uterus
Authors: Krishnan R. Sivarama , Daniel Joseph C.
Published: October 2006

A protein fraction that induces blastulation of rabbit morula and stimulates blastocyst development has been isolated from the uterus of the rabbit at early pregnancy. Partial purification of this fraction indicates that the activity is restricted to a single homogeneous protein component. The term "blastokinin" is proposed to describe the compound.
Wax Microchannels in the Epidermis of White Clover
Authors: Hall D. M.
Published: October 2006

The application of conventional electron microscopy to the study of plant leaves and fruit readily displays the surface wax deposits, but not the wax pathways from the underlying cells. A modified freeze-etch technique shows both at the same time and indicates that wax is transported from the epidermal cells to the leaf surface in microchannels.
Leukocytes of Humans Exposed to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Lack of Chromosomal Damage
Authors: Loughman William D. , Sargent Thornton W. , Israelstam David M.
Published: October 2006

Leukocyte cultures from eight human subjects who had had recent exposure to large doses of lysergic acid diethylamide were examined for chromosome abnormalities. The number of abnormalities was not significantly greater than that in control cultures.
Surveyor V: Lunar Surface Mechanical Properties
Authors: Christensen E. M. , Choate R. , Jaffe L. D. , Spencer R. L. , Sperling F. B. , Batterson S. A. , Benson H. E. , Hutton R. E. , Jones R. H. , Ko H. Y. , Schmidt F. N. , Scott R. F. , Sutton G. H.
Published: October 2006

The mechanical properties of the lunar soil at the Surveyor V landing site seem to be generally consistent with values determined for soils at the landing sites of Surveyor I and III. These three maria sites are hundreds of kilometers apart. However, the static bearing capability may be somewhat lower than that at the previous landing sites (2 × 10
5
to 6 × 10
5
dynes per square centimeter or 3 to 8 pounds per square inch). The results of the erosion experiment, the spacecraft landing effects, and other observations indicate that the soil has significant amounts of fine-grained material and a measurable cohesion.
Ribonucleic Acid: Control of Steroid Synthesis in Endocrine Tissue
Authors: Villee Dorothy B.
Published: October 2006

Ribonucleic acid extracted from either adrenal or testis altered the enzyme activity of adrenals and ovaries maintained in organ culture. The pattern of steroid hormone synthesis of the cultured endocrine tissue reflected the origin of the RNA.
5-Hydroxytryptamine in the Carotid Body of the Cat
Authors: Chiocchio Sara R. , Biscardi Ana Maria , Tramezzani Juan H.
Published: October 2006

Glomus cells, at least in the carotid body of cats, contain catechol and indolamines. Cells containing adrenaline, noradrenaline, and 5-hydroxytryptamine were identified.
Tridymite Pseudomorphs after Wood in Virginian Lower Cretaceous Sediments
Authors: Mitchell Richard S.
Published: October 2006

Fossil wood composed of tridymite is abundant in Patuxent (Lower Cretaceous) arkose on Hazel Run, Fredericksburg, Virginia. X-ray diffraction studies of the tridymite indicate that it has a disordered structure in which hexagonal close packing predominates. The specimens, which contain trace amounts of aluminum, iron, and other elements, are soft and fibrous, varying from white to shades of brown.
Manganese and Related Elements in the Interstitial Water of Marine Sediments
Authors: Presley B. J. , Brooks R. R. , Kaplan I. R.
Published: October 2006

Analyses for manganese, nickel, iron, cobalt, sodium, and lithium in the interstitial water of cores from the southern California borderland and six deep-sea cores in the area of the East Pacific Rise show great variation in concentration of trace elements. Oxidizing near-shore sediments showed a 50-fold enrichment in manganese in contrast to sulfide-rich reducing sediments, which showed no enrichment. Deep-sea sediments were variable in their concentration of the trace metals. All but one core showed a high enrichment in dissolved manganese, with a maximum of 6.6 parts per million. Two cores showed a 100-fold enrichment in nickel and cobalt. The manganese appears to be in solution either as Mn
2+
or as a complex. The results appear to support manganese nodule formation in deep-sea sediments through a diffusion of manganese from depth to the surface.
Cholinergic Binding Capacity of Proteolipids from Isolated Nerve-Ending Membranes
Authors: De Robertis Eduardo , Fiszer Sara , Soto Eduardo F.
Published: October 2006

The capacity for binding dimethyl
d
-tubocurarine-C
14
was studied in isolated nerve-ending membranes from cerebral cortex and myelin. After treatment of the membrane with organic solvents most of the radioactivity was recovered in the extract. Preliminary evidence indicates that dimethyl
d
-tubocurarine-C
14
is not bound to lipids or glycolipids. While the proteolipids of myelin have a low binding capacity, the results obtained with the nerve-ending membranes rich in acetylcholinesterase suggest that the cholinergic receptor may be a special type of proteolipid.
Starfish Gonad: Action and Chemical Identification of Spawning Inhibitor
Authors: Ikegami S. , Tamura S. , Kanatani H.
Published: October 2006

The gamete-shedding substance obtained from the radial nerves induces spawning when it is applied to the gonads of mature starfish in vivo and in vitro. A substance that inhibits the action of this spawning factor is present in both ovary and testis; it has been isolated from testis of
Asterina pectinifera
and chemically identified as L-glutamic acid.
Galaxies as Gravitational Lenses
Authors: Sadeh Dror
Published: October 2006

The probability that a galaxy gathers light from another remote galaxy, and deflects and focuses it toward an observer on Earth, is calculated according to various cosmologic models. I pose the question of whether an object called a quasar is a single, intrinsically luminous entity or the result of accidental alignment, along the line of sight, of two normal galaxies, the more distant of which has its light amplified by the gravitational-lens effect of the nearer galaxy. If galaxies are distributed at random in the universe, the former alternative is true. But, if we assume that most galaxies exist in pairs, we can find about 30 galaxies occurring exactly one behind the other in such a way as to enable amplification of the order of 50. This model explains also the variations in intensity in quasars, but fails to explain others of their observed properties.
Undersea Penetration by Ambient Light, and Visibility
Authors: Busby Roswell F.
Published: October 2006

Undersea observations from various submersibles reveal penetration by ambient light to depths as great as 700 meters. The range of horizontal viewing under ambient light in offshore tropic and subtropic areas varies from 5 to 6 meters (estimated) at 300-meter depth to more than 60 meters at 183-meter depth. Such observations indicate that ambient light may be usable for undersea tasks to greater depths than was anticipated.
New High-Temperature Chlorella
Authors: Sorokin Constantine
Published: October 2006

Growth characteristics of
Chlorella
1-9-30, a new strain of green, high-temperature algae, are compared with those of the widely used
Chlorella
7-11-05. Under comparable conditions.
Chlorella
1-9-30 has the same temperature range for growth as has
Chlorella
7-11-05, but it generally has a higher growth rate. It also differs from
Chlorella
7-11-05 morphologically. Because of its high capacity for organic synthesis,
Chlorella
1-9-30 may be useful in biochemical, biophysical, and physiological research.
Silica in Alkaline Brines
Authors: Jones Blair F. , Rettig Shirley L. , Eugster Hans P.
Published: October 2006

Analysis of sodium carbonate-bicarbonate brines from closed basins in volcanic terranes of Oregon and Kenya reveals silica contents of up to 2700 parts per million at
p
H's higher than 10. These high concentrations of SiO
2
can be attributed to reaction of waters with silicates, and subsequent evaporative concentration accompanied by a rise in
p
H. Supersaturation with respect to amorphous silica may occur and persist for brines that are out of contact with silicate muds and undersaturated with respect to trona; correlation of SiO
2
with concentration of Na and total CO
2
support this interpretation. Addition of more-dilute waters to alkaline brines may lower the
p
H and cause inorganic precipitation of substantial amounts of silica.
Sierra Nevada Batholith
Authors: Bateman Paul C. , Eaton Jerry P.
Published: October 2006

The Sierra Nevada batholith is localized in the axial region of a complex faulted synclinorium that coincides with a downfold in the Mohorovicic discontinuity and in P-wave velocity boundaries within the crust. Observed P-wave velocities are compatible with downward increase in the proportion of diorite, quartz diorite, and calcic granodiorite relative to quartz monzonite and granite in the upper crust, with amphibolite or gabbro-basalt in the lower crust, and with periodotite in the upper mantle. The synclinorium was formed in Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata during early and middle Mesozoic time in a geosyncline marginal to the continent. Granitic magmas are believed to have formed in the lower half of the crust at depths of 25 to 45 kilometers or more, primarily as a result of high radiogenic heat production in the thickened prism of crustal rocks. Magma was generated at different times in different places as the locus of downfolding shifted. It rose into the upper crust because it was less dense than rock of the same composition or residual refractory rocks. Refractory rocks and crystals that were not melted and early crystallized mafic minerals that settled from the rising magma thickened the lower crust. Wall and roof rocks settled around, and perhaps through, the rising magma and provided space for its continued rise. Erosion followed each magmatic episode, and 10 to 12 kilometers of rock may have been eroded away since the Jurassic and 7 to 10 kilometers since the early Late Cretaceous.
Imidazole: Fungitoxic Derivatives
Authors: Tolkmith Henry , Seiber James N. , Budde Paul B. , Mussell Dorsey R.
Published: October 2006

Study of several new types of fungitoxic derivatives of imidazole reveals that imidazoles substituted on the imine nitrogen atom are likely to be active if the substituent is electron-attracting, and if the atom connecting it to the imidazolyl moiety has tetrahedral geometry. Fungitoxicity is high with phosphinamidothionate and triarylmethyl groups as substituents. The presence of an asymmetric phosphorus atom in the substituent has no effect on fungitoxicity, but affects mammalian toxicity.
Viral Neoplastic Transformation of Hamster Prostate Tissue in vitro
Authors: Paulson David F. , Rabson Alan S. , Fraley Elwin E.
Published: October 2006

Cultures of hamster prostatic tissues infected with simian virus 40 undergo transformation in vitro, and the transformed cells produce malignant tumors when injected into homologous hosts. Tartrate-inhibited acid phosphastase is found in the cultures of transformed cells and in the tumors they produce. Tartrate-inhibited acid phosphatase activity is elevated in the serum of tumor-bearing animals.
Binocularly Driven Neurons in Visual Cortex of Split-Chiasm Cats
Authors: Berlucchi Giovanni , Rizzolatti Giacomo
Published: October 2006

In cats with midsagittal section of the optic chiasm, some visual cortex neurons can be driven not only by the ipsilateral eye, through the direct geniculocortical pathways, but also by the contralateral eye, through the opposite visual cortex and corpus callosum. The receptive fields and the response characteristics observed upon stimulation of the contralateral eye are very similar to those observed upon stimulation of the ipsilateral eye; the two monocular receptive fields of a given cell lie in corresponding points of heteronymous halves of the visual field in close contact with the vertical meridian, thus adding in visual space and forming a binocular receptive area which crosses the vertical meridian and extends equally on either side of it.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase of
Drosophila
: Interconversion of Isoenzymes
Authors: Jacobson K. Bruce
Published: October 2006

Isoenzymes of alcohol dehydrogenase extracted from
Drosophila melanogaster
are interconvertible and can be distinguished by electrophoretic mobility. When adsorbed on diethylaminoethyl cellulose, the faster-moving forms are converted to the slowest-moving form; the latter is converted to the former in the presence of 0.05 molar nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide, and the conversion is accompanied by the binding of 3.5 moles of the dinucleotide per mole of enzyme. A change in heat stability accompanies the conversion of the slowest form of alcohol dehydrogenase to the fastest form; the latter becomes stable at 45°C. The increased heat stability may indicate that a conformational change in the alcohol dehydrogenase occurs along with the binding of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide.
Experimental Manufacture of Wooden Implements with Tools of Flaked Stone
Authors: Crabtree Don. E. , DAVIS E. L.
Published: October 2006

Several contemporary archeologists are recapturing an almost-lost art by developing skill at knapping (shaping) stone artifacts by pressure and percussion. However, little is known of how these artifacts could be used. We describe three experiments in the carving of wood implements with stone tools alone, and we outline some of the problems of making and applying a do-it-yourself lithic tool kit.
Ten-Armed Fossil Cephalopod from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois
Authors: Johnson Ralph Gordon , Richardson Eugene S.
Published: October 2006

Jeletzkya douglassae
Johnson and Richardson is described as the oldest known representative of an extant squid group. The species is known from a single specimen from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Illinois. This very unusual fossil consists of the complete tentacular crown and a fragile shell. The arms bear hooks in double rows.
Superconductivity and Antiferromagnetism in Boron-Rich Lattices
Authors: Matthias B. T. , Geballe T. H. , Andres K. , Corenzwit E. , Hull G. W. , Maita J. P.
Published: October 2006

Ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, or superconductivity has been discovered in most hexa- and dodecaborides.
Fish: Serologic Evidence of Infection with Human Pathogens
Authors: Janssen Werner A. , Meyers Caldwell D.
Published: October 2006

Specific antibodies to several bacteria pathogenic to humans were detected in the serums of white perch from surface waters adjacent to heavily populated areas on Chesapeake Bay. White perch from surface waters adjacent to sparsely populated areas were free of such antibodies. We suggest that fish may become actively infected with human pathogens by exposure to contaminated water and may constitute a hazard to public health.