bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation des classes, luttes populaires et discours religieux au Nicaragua
Authors: Guzman Garcia Luis , Puente de Guzman Maria
Published: March 2007

The article describes in the first part the constitution of the social classes in Nicaragua. In the first periode, after Indepen dence till the 1850ies, the major groups were constituted by a class of owners of cattle (ganaderos) and another one of peasants. Cof fee plantation introduced Nicaragua into the world capitalist eco nomic structure, but this became more acute still after the intro duction of cotton in the 1950ies. The international importance of the region has been underlined by the frequent interventions of the USA in the country, considered as a part of its zone of secu rity. The US marines left Nicaragua only after the organization of the Guarda Nacional, headed by Somoza. After 45 years of dicta torship, the regime was overthrown by a coalition of popular for ces, organized by the Sandinist Front and a part of the bourgeoisie (conservative and liberal).
The Church and Social Conflicts in Guatemala
Authors: Sierra Pop Oscar Rolando
Published: March 2007

L'article couvre les années 1954 à 1982 et se divise en quatre périodes: le pouvoir de la bourgeoisie libérale (1954-1964); la modernisation capitaliste (1964-1970); la prise de pouvoir par l'armée (1970-1976) et le développement de la lutte révolution naire (1976-1982). L'auteur y étudie des diverses modalités de la participation de l'Église et des chrétiens dans ce processus. Il mon tre d'abord les liens entre la politique économique, fortement influencée par les intérêts américains, et les formes de pouvoir politique. Il analyse les transformations de l'action des chrétiens et les contradictions qui existent aujourd'hui. Il relie les diverses positions, d'appui au pouvoir militaire, de projets réformistes et enfin d'engagement révolutionnaire, aux positions ou options de classe, tout en indiquant aussi l'importance majeure du phéno mène ethnique dans l'ensemble de ce processus.
The Differential Socio-Religious Impact of the Definition of Religious Elite in Christianity and Islam
Authors: Eccel A. Chris
Published: March 2007

Cet article examine les affirmations d'Ernest Gellner dans "Pendulum Swing Theory of Islam" (son article, et son livre inti tulé Saints of the Atlas). L'auteur y perçoit un nombre suffisant d'affirmations non-fondées pour justifier le rejet de cette théorie. Il s'agit d'affirmations concernant les caractéristiques principales de l'orientation premiere (abstraite et légale) dans l'Islam, de la seconde orientation (rituelle et mystique), des première et seconde orientations dans le christianisme, et de leurs origines dans les dynamiques socioculturelles inhérentes à la dichotomie ville- campagne. Par l'apport d'observations historiques communé ment acceptées, le paradigme de Gellner est reformulé, résultant d'une caractérisation différente de ces développements religieux, d'un rejet de l'importance étiologique attribuée à la dichotomie ville-campagne et d'une théorie alternative de leur développe ment. La perspective présentée et défendue par l'Auteur est qu'il y a trois orientations religieuses élémentaires inhérentes à la condi tion humaine, et en correspondance, trois types idéal-typiques d'élites religieuses. À l'origine de ces deux religions, ces types furent clairement établis, découragés ou écartés, par les écritures et par le leadership de concordance des fondateurs. Ainsi établies, les élites religieuses élaborèrent des institutions essentielles à leur type d'élite religieuse, et les orientations des deux traditions reli gieuses furent fortement influencées par leurs définitions premiè res de l'élite religieuse. De plus, quand l'argument de Gellner et celui présenté ici sont appliqués aux développements courants du monde musulman, le dernier révèle un meilleur ajustement entre théorie et observation.
Secularization Theories and Sociological Paradigms : Convergences and Divergences
Authors: Dobbelaere Karel
Published: March 2007

Dans cet article, l'Auteur cherche à mettre en évidence les divergences dans l'analyse de la sécularisation liées aux paradig mes employés par quatre sociologues qui ont fortement influencé les travaux en sociologie des religions. Il compare Berger et Luck mann comme représentants du paradigme basé sur la «définition sociale» d'une part, et Luhmann et Wilson, comme représentants de l'approche du social comme «fait social» d'autre part. Après avoir donné une synthèse de leurs études, il décrit l'explication de la sécularisation et son influence sur la religion (tableau 1), ensuite il cherche les points faibles des approches et essaie de démontrer les convergences entre les différentes approches paradigmatiques (tableau 2).
Le défi de la modernité: la stratégie de la hiérarchie catholique aux XIXe et XXe siècles et l'idée de chrétienté
Authors: Remy Jean
Published: March 2007

Basing himself on the notion of modernity, the Author compares the case of Belgium to that of other contexts in order to study the reactions of the Catholic Church faced with socio-political situations of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Constitution, communautés et conflits intercommunautaires au Liban : stratégies maximalistes et politiques de participation (analyse des projets d'entente: 1982-1987)
Authors: El Hachem Bassam
Published: March 2007

This article constitutes a study of tendencies among Moslem and Christian communities in Lebanon, in their prolonged conflict. It will be limited to the period running from June 1982 (date of the Israeli invasion of this country) to June 1987 (when the Prime Minis ter Rachiel Karamé was assassinated). The Author shows that:
Sainte-Anne de Beaupré et ses pèlerins: vivre en lien avec une personne de l'au-delà
Authors: DORAN-JACQUES Anne
Published: March 2007

This article concentrates on the Sainte Anne de Beaupré pilgrimage which takes place in the Canadian Province of Quebec. This sanctuary, which receives more than a million visitors every year, was founded when the Beaupré coast was opened up to the first European settlers. The legendary aspect of its origins overlaps with the life experience of the first settlers: the discovery of a new land, which seems like a gift after all the dangers of the sea-crossing, and a sign of salvation from the Heavens. The holy potential of these new lands is confirmed by legends about their origins, and this new universe is heavily influenced by the importance given to religion.

The article attempts to convey those characteristic elements of the worship of Sainte Anne which relate to practice at the sanctuary of Sainte-Anne de Beaupré— e.g. the earth giving out water as a sign of salvation. Descriptions are based on study of the prayers, interviews with and letters of real pilgrims. The significance of links with the living are stressed; as are membership of the family and the community of mankind; the maternal nature of the mother of Christ; and the connections this makes with the environment of the family. The ability to live through time in a positive way and with trust opens up the route to experiencing the everyday reality of salvation as a fore-runner to its full accomplishment in the hereafter.
Les penseurs des Lumières face à l'Islam
Authors: CLEMENT Jean-François
Published: March 2007

Enlightenment thinkers dealt with Islam in two ways. Contemporaries living in Muslim countries recounted, according to their religious orientations (Anglican, Calvinist, Lutheran, liberal Catholic, Jansenist or Salesian), what they believed to have seen or understood. Their information was often superficial, especially in the area of theology, but globally they developed the corpus of texts which subsequently served the growth of orientalism. Theoreticians remaining in Europe essentially hoped to deconstruct the devout testimony of the preceding century. Islam was for them a simple pretext within a wider polemical context. This said, attitudes remained ambiguous due to the coexistence of forms of de-demonization and demonization of Islam; neutral attitudes were the exception rather than the rule.
Lumières et religion en Amérique latine: réforme religieuse et naissance d'un nouvel acteur social au 19ème siècle
Authors: BASTIAN Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2007

Accompanying the advance of absolutism, in the 18th century a major cultural mutation took place which we call by the convenient term “Enlightenment”. In Latin America it is more a question of a group of mutations in the domain of ideas, imagination, values and behaviour of an extraordinary complexity throughout the century, whose rhythms and geographies are multiple. We shall try to underline an essential aspect of this mutation, which can be considered to be at the heart of a new reference system: the victory of the individual, considered as the supreme value and reference criterion by which institutions as well as behaviours should be measured. Unlike in the Anglo-Saxon north where modernity found a place in harmony with religious culture, in Latin America modernity was forged in opposition to Catholic culture—hence the attempt to propagate a religious culture in elective affinity with liberal modernity. In examining the causes of the diffusion of Protestant societies in the mid-19th century, in measuring the density and implantation of these religious sociabilities, we need to understand the formation of this new social and political actor, the bearer of a project of democratic modernity, and grasp the bases of this cultural mutation.
The Italo-Brussels Jehovah's Witnesses Revisited: From First-generation Religious Fundamentalism to Ethno-religious Community Formation
Authors: LEMAN Johan
Published: March 2007

In 1976 a survey was conducted among two Italo-Brussels congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses and the results compared with a number of autochthonous Dutch-speaking and French-speaking control groups. Towards the end of 1996 the author put the same questionnaire to the same two Italo-Brussels congregations as part of a wider survey about allochthonous religious and social networks in Brussels. The results show how the Italo-Brussels community of Jehovah's Witnesses has evolved from being a specific movement, which took advantage of first-generation immigration, into a community in which kinship—as a source of support and as a symbolic frame of reference—and a traditional family ideology are very much in evidence, but which henceforth will be increasingly sustained, on the one hand, by a second generation who have been born and brought up in the “Truth” and, on the other hand, by a network that is based on kinship and social proximity.
Citizenship, Medical Expertise and the Capitalist Regulatory State in Europe
Authors: Abraham John , Lewis Graham
Published: March 2007

This article demonstrates how the concept of citizenship can be used to analyse the regulatory state, with particular reference to the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products in Western Europe. Empirical evidence on the citizenship dynamics of medicines regulation in Europe, which is drawn from documentary and interview data, is marshalled to interrogate theories of the decline in medical authority and `disorganized capitalism'. It is argued that late modernity has seen a pharmaceutical sector in which consumers have become more active and critically reflexive citizens, but the decline in producer power or in medical authority by the fracturing of expertise (or otherwise) has been minimal. It is concluded that the balance of evidence shows that the sector is highly organized, producer-driven, oligopolous and standardized, rather than disorganized, fragmented and flexible, despite consumers' growing activism and reflexivity.
Social Theory, the Civic Imagination and Documentary Film: A Past-modern Critique of the `Bloody Bosnia' Season's the Roots of War
Authors: Stones Rob
Published: March 2007

The major part of this article is taken up with an analysis of the television documentary The Roots of War, which played a pivotal role in the Channel 4 `Bloody Bosnia' season, screened in the summer of 1993. The analysis involves a critique of the programme's mode of argumentation in which a single, ostensibly authoritative account is given of deep-rooted ethnic conflict in the former Yugoslavia while failing to provide adequate substantiation and evidence. This fairly typical `serious' documentary is contrasted unfavourably with an ideal type of critical social theory. The latter is self-reflexive about its modes of reasoning, aware of multiple perspectives and ontological complexity, and scrupulous about its use of evidence and explanatory procedure (past-modern). The article leads up to the detailed critique of The Roots of War through prior reference to recent reflections on the quality of the public sphere and citizens' faculties of reasoning, empathy and moral deliberation in relation to distant and different others. This creates a frame for a brief survey of some generalized critiques of television's overall contribution to the public sphere in late modernity. A case is then made that generalized critiques need to be supplemented by the rigorous critical purchase that social theory can provide in detailed engagements with particular documentary films and current affairs programmes.
Consumption and Emotion: The Romantic Ethic Revisited
Authors: Boden Sharon , Williams Simon J.
Published: March 2007

This article revisits Campbell's (1987) The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism thesis in the light of new intersections with sociological issues of embodiment and emotions. A variety of themes and issues are raised: the persistence of mind/body, reason/emotion dualities in the consumption literature, the importance of `disappointment' in consumer culture, external factors which mediate the consumption experience, and finally the interpretation of both Romanticism and romantic, interpersonal relationships. A largely disembodied and socially disembedded account of consumption and emotion is on offer here, the implications of which extend far beyond the limits of Campbell's thesis to debates on consumer culture and the sociological enterprise in general. In making these claims, we highlight the need for a `passionate' sociology which would in turn integrate embodiment and emotions more fully into the consumption agenda. These key themes are discussed, with some sociological pointers for the future, in consumption and beyond.
Moving to `Age-appropriate' Housing: Government and Self in Later Life
Authors: Tulle Emmanuelle , Mooney Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to explore new ways of understanding and researching old age by drawing on Foucauldian analysis. The focus is on the government of populations and of the self, in a changing welfare climate. Recent theoretical developments in sociology have problematized dominant cultural and social constructions of ageing, and the ways in which old people make sense of their ageing selves against these normalizing processes, by highlighting the relevance of structural processes on the experience of old age. Drawing upon an exploratory study designed to explore the housing histories of older people, we evaluate the usefulness of a Foucauldian-based analysis as a way of bringing out the complexity of older people's lives and identity construction in a changing cultural context. The Foucauldian concept of government is proposed as a useful tool for accessing the interaction of broad structural processes with processes constitutive of old age.
Interviewer and Interviewee Relationships Between Women
Authors: Tang Ning
Published: March 2007

In this research note, I readdress the discussion of relationships in women interviewing women initiated by Ann Oakley in 1981. On examining existing feminist literature on interviewing relationships, I seek to further explore the differences of power relationships between women interviewers and interviewees. Based on my own experience of interviewing peers - academic mothers in both China and the UK - I argue that both the interviewer and interviewee's perceptions of social, cultural and personal differences have an impact on the power relationship in the interview, which is not simply an issue of quality of the interview, but the dynamics between the interview pair.
Increasing Cotton Carding Production
Authors: Bogdan J.F.
Published: March 2007

Means for obtaining a 50% increase in cotton carding production rates w ithout lower ing quality are described. Test results for cotton yarns carded at rates up to 100 lb./hr. are given.
A Two-Dimensional Load-Extension Tester for Fabrics and Film
Authors: Checkland P.B. , Bull T.H. , Bakker E.J.
Published: March 2007

Fabrics in use are rarely subjected to extensions in only one direction, though fabric load-extension testing is normally done in this way. A two-dimensional tester has been constructed with which load-extension curves for both weft and warp directions (or any other mutually perpendicular directions) are recorded simultaneously. The internal strain within the homogeneously strained portion at the center of the fabric is also recorded. The instrument is suitable for making measurements on both knitted and woven fabrics and on plastic hlm.
Using Popular Films to Challenge Preservice Teachers’ Beliefs about Teaching in Urban Schools
Authors: Grant Peggy A.
Published: March 2007

Three popular films reflect many ideas that preservice teachers have about teaching in urban schools: Dangerous Minds, Stand and Deliver, and 187. These movies reinforce naïve beliefs about teaching and learning by depicting classrooms in which students find right answers, authentic learning consists of using street language, and students are only extrinsically motivated. Teachers in these movies are defined by their personal involvement with students as they rescue them from the pathology of their homes and communities. These images can be used as starting points for reflection about learning and teaching, diversity, and working in educational communities.
The “City Migrant” Dilemma
Authors: Nakagawa Kathryn , Stafford Mary E. , Fisher Teresa A. , Matthews Linda
Published: March 2007

At many urban schools, city migrants—students who move numerous times throughout the year from school to school within the same district or between neighboring districts—are a growing problem. Little is known about schools that experience the city migrant challenge; in particular, the kinds of programs and practices these schools use to build stronger community links with families have not been examined. Using data from a survey of 174 elementary school principals from a southwestern urban area and through interviews and observations at three high-mobility schools, this study compares schools with different levels of student mobility and examines how schools with higher levels of mobility attempt to “build community.” Schools with high levels of mobility implemented many programs and practices that would help families, such as access to counseling services and adult education classes; they also provided many opportunities for parent involvement. However, although schools with higher levels of mobility make many attempts to build community, these attempts do not translate into greater involvement from families.
Creating Cross-Cultural Connections
Authors: Robinson Heljä Antola , Wolffe Robert , Hunt Patricia S. , Hoerr Norman A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a project of varied experiences crossing cultural boundaries by public school and university students and faculty members. The project addressed the gap experienced between the expectations and understandings of urban school students toward college students and of college students toward urban school students. Experience is an integral part of constructing knowledge in becoming multiculturally literate, crucial for future and practicing teachers and for students pondering their futures. Through e-mailing, letter writing, face-to-face experiences, literary experiences with multicultural themes, idea walks, reflections, webbing, and quilt making, this multidisciplinary project coaxed its participants to break institutional and social barriers in their personal systems.
Court-Ordered Desegregation and Extracurricular Activities
Authors: Darden Joe T. , Jacob Susan
Published: March 2007

Desegregation, court-ordered and sudden, has effects upon students' participation in extracurricular activities. The experience of wider society is in a way replicated.
Will Public Schools Benefit from Urban Redevelopment?
Authors: Tobin Gary A. , Anderson Barry D.
Published: March 2007

"Urban Redevelopment," often seen as a cure-allfor cities, may not remedy the cities' schools.
Implementing the Direct Instruction Pattern
Authors: Cicchelli Terry
Published: March 2007

The direct instruction pattern is an effective teaching style for a particular population of children, although more testing is yet needed.
Strengthening Connections between Schools and Communities
Authors: Wilson Stephen H.
Published: March 2007

Strategies, successful, and unsuccessful, for community involvement in the schools: outcomes, foreseen and unforeseen.
Poor Black Children Who are Successful Readers
Authors: Durkin Dolores
Published: March 2007

Like other successful readers, poor black children who are successful in reading began early and enjoy reading. Other factors contributing to success are harder to determine.
The Future of Ethnic Cultural Pluralism in America
Authors: Friedman Norman L.
Published: March 2007

Ways in which schooling can perpetuate multiculturalism.
Social Work Practice to Reduce Underachievement
Authors: Barth Richard P.
Published: March 2007

Techniques with pupils how are impulsive, truant, and aggressive and noncompliant.
Pay Incentives and Teacher Absence
Authors: Jacobson Stephen L.
Published: March 2007

Financial incentives reduce teacher absences in a suburban school system. This suggests clearer perspectives on teacher absences.
Decisions Fired with Emotion
Authors: Adler Louise
Published: March 2007

School system decisions are shaped by their organizations; for fundamentalists, common sense is self-evident.
Rationales of Educational Reform
Authors: Rich John Martin
Published: March 2007

"Reform" has several meanings and implications.
Assessing the Effectiveness of an Inner-City High School Peer Counseling Program
Authors: Diver-Stamnes Ann C.
Published: March 2007

In an inner-city high school, a peer counseling program, evaluated by testing and logs, seems successful.
Demographic Disparities of Inner-City Eighth Graders
Authors: Peng Samuel S. , Wang Margaret C. , Walberg Herbert J.
Published: March 2007

Inner-city pupils differed from others in racial and ethnic backgrounds, family incomes, parents' education and employmen4 and family composition.
New Urban Principals
Authors: Osterman Karen E , Crow Gary M. , Rosen Jacqueline L.
Published: March 2007

This study examines role conceptions of newly appointed urban principals within the context of their schools and districts as a means of identifying personal and organizational forces that influence the emergence of transformational leadership. Based on the responses to a survey regarding leadership beliefs, personal and organizational expectations, and problem-solving perspectives, the authors conclude that principals' role conceptions incorporate aspects of transformational leadership yet remain highly traditional in several respects directly corresponding to perceived expectations emanating from the district, school, and community. Responses also suggest that district leaders fail to provide the encouragement or support necessary for the development of transformational leadership.
The Race Factor in African Americans’ College Choice
Authors: Freeman Kassie
Published: March 2007

In this Spencer postdoctoral funded, qualitative inquiry across a range of cities, schools, and family circumstances, African American high school students were given the opportunity to voice their perceptions of the influences on African Americans’college choice—their decision making to participate or not to participate in higher education. The study concludes that to address the issues relating to African Americans’college choice, there is a great need to better understand these factors within a racial/cultural context.
Conceptions of Professional Authority in Child Protection
Authors: vanNIJNATTEN CAROLUS , van den ACKERVEKEN MARIËLLE , SLAATS MARIETTE
Published: March 2007

Research on authority relations between parents and juveniles showed that authority is differently assigned in different domains. This small-scale investigation extends this theoretical approach to look at the motivation of juveniles to obey authorities. In addition, both the authority relations between parents and juveniles and those between juveniles and the professional authorities of child welfare agencies are analyzed. The different conceptions of the mutual relationships held by 9 juveniles and 9 family supervisors are compared.
The First Time/Das Erstes Mal
Authors: CARPENTER LAURA M.
Published: March 2007

Cross-national studies link mass media presentation of sexuality to different patterns of adolescent sexual socialization and conduct but have not analyzed media texts in detail. Using ethnographic content analysis, the author evaluates 76 stories about virginity loss—a key sexual transition—from one German and one U.S. teen magazine. Consistent with culture-specific approaches to teen sexuality, editors at both publications made similar recommendations for virginity loss, but German editors portrayed suggested practices as more appealing and feasible.
Consequences of Unemployment in the Transition from Youth to Adulthood in a Life Course Perspective
Authors: HAMMER TORILD
Published: March 2007

A representative sample of nearly 2,000 young people in Norway participated in a postal survey in 1985 when they were 17 to 20 years old. The same sample was followed up again in 1987, 1989, and in 1993 when they had reached adulthood (25 to 28 years). Central Bureau of Statistics in Norway was responsible for the collection of data. This article focuses on the unemployment career from youth to adulthood and consequences for transition to adulthood. Results showed that unemployment seems to strengthen traditional gender roles. Previous unemployed young women have a higher probability of staying at home with children. However, young unemployed women leave their parental home early in spite of unemployment, the majority being supported by a husband. Young unemployed men had a higher probability of living in their parental home, compared to those in work or in school.
Young Nigerians' Perceptions of a “Good Husband” and a “Good Wife”
Authors: PFEFFER KAREN
Published: March 2007

Young Nigerians' perceptions of the qualities of a “good husband” and a “good wife” were examined. Results indicated that relationships were more frequently mentioned than personal characteristics or roles. Kinship relations were perceived to be an important aspect of the marital relationship. The influence of gender roles was noted. Caring was more frequently used than love when referring to relationships. The results emphasize the need to consider perceptions of intimate relationships in cultural context.
A Critique of the Technological Interpretation of Historical Materialism
Authors: Duquette David A.
Published: March 2007

This essay examines and criticizes G. A. Cohen's interpretation of Marx's materialistic conception of history as presented in Cohen's book Karl Marx's Theory of History. In particular, the author attacks Cohen's Primacy Thesis, the claim that (for Marx) human technology is the primary explanatory factor for economic and social change and for historical development generally. The focus of the attack is Cohen's way of distinguishing between the material and social characteristics, or the content and form, of a system of production. The argument is that Cohen's distinctions are defective and therefore fail to provide adequate support for the Primacy Thesis and that, moreover, the position that Cohen defends is not Marx's.
Popper and the Rationality Principle
Authors: Lagueux Maurice
Published: March 2007

Popper's short essay about the rationality principle has been the target of many criticisms which have raised serious doubts about its consistency. How could the well-known promoter of falsificationism suggest that we not reject a principle that he himself describes as false? Nonetheless, the essay can be read in a way that makes it appear much more consistent. Better sense can be made of Popper's own examples (the flustered driver, the pedestrian, etc.), by taking seriously his view that the rationality principle might be "approximately true" and falsified only in very rare cases, while also giving proper attention to his four rather elliptical arguments.
Rethinking Whewell
Authors: Wettersten John
Published: March 2007

The nineteenth-century appraisal of Whewell's philosophy as confused, eclectic, and metaphysical is still dominant today. Yet he keeps reappearing on the agenda of the historians and philosophers of science. Why? Whewell continues to be a puzzle. Historians evade the puzzle by deeming him to have had no serious philosophy but some interesting ideas and/or to have been socially important. Menachim Fisch's recent study offers promise of a new appraisal. But Fisch's account leads back to the puzzle. Fisch poses the question well, promises a new answer, but does not provide one. The puzzle will remain until the strength of Whewell's turn away from empiricist problems to Kantian ones has been appreciated.
The Quixotic Element in The Open Society
Authors: Munz Peter
Published: March 2007

While the ethics and the sociology of The Open Society can stand up to criticism after 50 years, it is argued that Popper's thesis that closed societies are prompted and promoted by "historicism" cannot. Moreover, Popper's conceptions of "historicism" and of "developmental law" are based on a misunderstanding of our knowledge of history, the practice of historical writing, and the discipline of sociology. In conclusion there is an attempt to explain why, of all people Popper ever criticized for their historicism, Darwin alone was singled out by him for exoneration.
Discrete-Time Hazard Regression Models with Hidden Heterogeneity
Authors: LAND KENNETH C. , NAGIN DANIEL S. , McCALL PATRICIA L.
Published: March 2007

Previous methodological research has shown that hidden heterogeneity in hazard rate regression models—in the form of systematic differences between sample members in the risk or hazard of making a transition due to unobserved variables not accounted for by the measured covariates—can produce biased parameter estimates and erroneous inferences. However, few empirical applications of hazard regression do more than pay lip service to the complications of hidden heterogeneity. In part, this is due to the relative inaccessibility of the mathematical apparatus of continuous-time hazard regression methodology with flexible nonparametric specifications on the hidden heterogeneity. This article presents new methods for incorporating nonparametric specifications of hidden heterogeneity into hazard regressions by developing discrete-time Poisson rate/complementary log-log hazard regression models with nonparametric hidden heterogeneity that are analogous to the continuous-time models of Heckman and Singer. Maximum-likelihood estimators and associated hypothesis tests are described. An empirical application to data on criminal careers, which illustrates the utility of models that explicitly incorporate hidden heterogeneity, is presented.
Reactivity in Panel Studies and its Consequences for Testing Causal Hypotheses
Authors: VAN DER ZOUWEN JOHANNES , VAN TILBURG THEO
Published: March 2007

The procedure of standardized repeated measurement, as used in panel studies, may hamper the quality of the data, due to the potential “reactivity” of survey interviewing on respondents' attitudes and behavior. In case respondents are interviewed in subsequent waves by different interviewers, differential interviewer effects may occur. These threats to data quality are illustrated with data from a longitudinal study among 2,819 older adults, conducted in the Netherlands. From an analysis of 100 interview protocols, it appears that the behavior of the interviewers has a significant impact on the data obtained. On one hand, interviewers seem to adjust their interviewing strategy to a norm regarding a “normal” personal network and, on the other hand, to a norm about the appropriate interviewing time. Suggestions are formulated to prevent misestimating actual change within respondents over time, leading to incorrect conclusions about causal relationships.
Rank Procedures for Repeated Measures with Missing Values
Authors: DOMHOF SEBASTIAN , BRUNNER EDGAR , OSGOOD D. WAYNE
Published: March 2007

This article presents a nonparametric approach to analyzing research designs that include repeated observations on the same set of individuals or units, such as longitudinal panel studies. The data collected from different individuals are generally assumed to be independent, while several observations from the same individual or unit may be dependent. The approach suggested in this study is nonparametric in the sense that only the distribution functions are used to define the treatment effects, and suggested procedures are extensions of well-established rank order methods. Missing observations are especially common in studies with repeated measures, and three strategies for addressing this problem are compared: complete case analysis, last observation carried forward, and complete set analysis. The authors demonstrate these methods with an analysis of age trends and sex differences in alcohol consumption in a sample of U.S. adolescents who completed questionnaires four times in the 7th through 10th grades.
Decomposition of Differences
Authors: Iams Howard M. , Thornton Arland
Published: March 2007

This paper examines methods of decomposing a difference in levels between groups for a dependent variable such as income. Applied to regression equations, this technique estimates the contribution to the difference from divergent characteristics and divergent rates of converting characteristics into the dependent variable. The consequences of an "interaction" component being present in the decomposition is examined. The paper, using data from the 1960 Census, shows how ignoring the interaction term can influence results.
The Factor Analysis of Ipsative Measures
Authors: Jackson David J. , Alwin Duane F.
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the problem of analyzing sets of ipsative variables using the common factor model. We demonstrate that the usual assumptions of the common factor model, especially the assumption of uncorrelated disturbances, are not appropriate for sets of ipsative variables. We develop a common factor model that takes into account the ipsative properties of such data and show how this model can be applied to any set of ipsative measures using the methods of confirmatory factor analysis. We then suggest that the application of this model may be useful in modeling the latent content of sets ofrankings and other measures that have the ipsative property as a result of the measurement procedure. Finally, we apply the model to Kohn's measures of parental values, using sample data from the General Social Surveys.
Sound-Image Data Records for Research on Social Interaction
Authors: GRIMSHAW ALLEN D.
Published: March 2007

Advances in film and video technology in recent years have made in increasingly feasible for students of social interaction to record, for fine-grained analyses, sound-image records (SIR). Such records have two principal advantages: density and permanence. Optimal data continues to require that investigators attend to ethnographic grounding and other criteria of data adequacy. The questions of what constitutes naturally occurring interaction and of the objectivity of SIR devices are briefly discussed.
The Dirichlet-Gamma-Poisson Model of Repeated Events
Authors: NELSON JAMES F.
Published: March 2007

A new multivariate statistical model of repeated events, the Dirichlet-gamma-Poisson model, is shown to account accurately for the multivariate distribution of four types of victimizations reported in city samples of the National Crime Survey. The lifestyle theory of victimization is used to interpret the compounding that defines the model. Parameter estimation, interpretation, and the prediction of future events based on past events are discussed. The model appears to be applicable to a variety of repeated events data.
Limitations of Centering for Interactive Models
Authors: TATE RICHARD L.
Published: March 2007

Several authors have proposed centering or transformation procedures to alleviate problems associated with the extreme multicollinearity often found in interactive models. Some of the claims made for these procedures are valid; others are not. Specifically, one of the transformations is very useful for improving coefficient stability. Conversely, arguments that centering will improve substantive interpretation or provide an orthogonal partition of explained variance for the original uncentered terms are not valid.
Association between Background and Educational Attainment in France
Authors: SMITH HERBERT L. , GARNIER MAURICE A.
Published: March 2007

Models for the analysis of association (ANOAS) are applied to cross-classifications of highest degree obtained by father's occupation among a sample of French men and women born between 1920 and 1949. These models allow us to establish the relative orderings of backgrounds with respect to degree outcomes, and degree outcomes with respect to background. Tests for homogeneity in multiway tables are used to assess trends in the association of these variables over time, as well as similarities between the sexes. Results are instructive with respect to both substance—educational stratification in France—and method—practical issues in the use of ANOAS models in sociological research.
Selection of an Equity Formula Appropriate for Organizational Behavior Research
Authors: MILES EDWARD W.
Published: March 2007

Although equity theory originated in an organizational behavior context, most formulas purporting to be correct mathematical definitions of equity have evolved from other disciplines. This article reviews and compares proposed equity formulas and assesses their appropriateness for organizational behavior applications. A series of situational, definitional, and utility criteria are developed throughout the text. Because of its soundness as a mathematical definition of equity and because of its superior process for integrating multiple inputs and outcomes, the Farkas-Anderson (1979) equity summation formula is recommended as most appropriate for organization behavior research applications.
Some Common Problems in Log-Linear Analysis
Authors: CLOGG CLIFFORD C. , ELIASON SCOTT R.
Published: March 2007

Several problems often encountered in research using log-linear models for categorical response variables are discussed. The issues covered are (a) determining the degrees of freedom for a model, (b) analyzing sparse data, (c) analyzing weighted data, (d) modeling rates, and (e) interpreting results.
Assessment of Fit in Overidentified Models with Latent Variables
Authors: WHEATON BLAIR
Published: March 2007

In recent years a number of measures have been suggested for the assessment of fit of overidentified models with latent variables (i.e., covariance structure models). This article discusses the logic of the fit problem, reviews the analytical intentions of six of these measures, with emphasis on their dependence on sample size, and compares the operational behavior of these measures in three-model situations: in a confirmatory factor model based on small N, and in two covariance structure models, one based on a slightly larger N and the other based on a large N. Given that these models and data are “typical,” results suggest that certain measures are both more stable across sample sizes and more sensitive to important variation in fit across substantively plausible models. The article concludes by suggesting a three-component approach to fitting: use of multiple measures, strategical overfitting, and comparison of parameter estimates in borderline versus more clearly sufficient models in terms of fit.
On Analyzing Earnings Inequality in Segmented Labor Markets
Authors: RAFFALOVICH LAWRENCE E.
Published: March 2007

In this article, I describe a methodology for analyzing the earnings distribution in segmented labor markets. I model earnings inequality as a function of labor market structure, then model change in the distribution of earnings between and within labor markets as a function of aggregate economic performance. Finally, I derive statistical models that can be estimated with existing data on earnings and employment. I conclude by discussing the relevance of this methodology for adjudicating theoretical issues in the political economy of inequality.
A General Statistical Framework for Adjustment of Rates
Authors: CLOGG CLIFFORD C. , SHOCKEY JAMES W. , ELIASON SCOTT R.
Published: March 2007

A general framework is presented that integrates standardization procedures common in demography, biometrics, and other areas with statistical methodology for the analysis of log-linear models. A family of rate-adjustment methods is derived from the log-linear model; the conventional method of direct standardization is a special case. Extensions of earlier methods include (a) adjustment for three-factor interaction, (b) adjustment for marginal association between composition and group, (c) adjustments that use a standard group, and (d) adjustments that control for both marginal composition-group interaction and three-factor interaction. Statistical inference for adjusted rates is facilitated in several ways: (a) by presenting key hypotheses that can be tested routinely with log-linear methods, (b) by efficient point and interval estimation of rates, (c) by assessing the sampling variability of absolute or relative comparisons of rates across groups, and (d) by smoothing the data. Examples illustrate the flexibility of the proposed framework.
Endogenous Switching Regression Models with Limited Dependent Variables
Authors: POWERS DANIEL A.
Published: March 2007

Social research often involves estimating the effects of a categorical treatment on a dependent outcome variable. Endogenous switching regression models are natural extensions of classical experimental designs, which allow tests of assumptions about the exogeneity of treatment effects from survey data. Endogenous switching regression applications are pervasive in the econometric literature and are becoming widely used by sociologists. However, sociologists have devoted somewhat less attention to endogenous switching models involving limited dependent variables. Switching regression models for continuous variables can be generalized to account for binary and censored dependent variables. These models are applied to estimate the effect of family structure on early family formation.
Using Panel Data to Estimate the Effects of Events
Authors: ALLISON PAUL D.
Published: March 2007

Although event history analysis provides a highly developed body of methods for studying the causes of events, there is little consensus on the best ways for studying the consequences of events. This article develops some methods for using multiwave panel data to estimate the effects of either naturally occurring events or planned interventions. It does this by synthesizing the literature on interrupted time series with econometric treatments of pooled time-series, cross-section data. The emphasis is on fixed-effects models and estimators because of their capacity to control for all stable differences across individuals, whether or not those differences are correlated with measured variables. In contrast to earlier treatments of the problem, the models allow for timevarying covariates and for events that can occur at different time periods for different individuals. For continuous dependent variables, the basic estimators are easily obtained with standard OLS regression programs. For dichotomous outcomes, logit models can be estimated by the method of conditional likelihood.
A Comparison of Poisson, Negative Binomial, and Semiparametric Mixed Poisson Regression Models
Authors: LAND KENNETH C. , McCALL PATRICIA L. , NAGIN DANIEL S.
Published: March 2007

Specifications and moment properties of the univariate Poisson and negative binomial distributions are briefly reviewed and illustrated. Properties and limitations of the corresponding poisson and negative binomial (gamma mixtures of Poissons) regression models are described. It is shown how a misspecification of the mixing distribution of a mixed Poisson model to accommodate hidden heterogeneity ascribable to unobserved variables—although not affecting the consistency of maximum likelihood estimators of the Poisson mean rate parameter or its regression parameterization—can lead to inflated t ratios of regression coefficients and associated incorrect inferences. Then the recently developed semiparametric maximum likelihood estimator for regression models composed of arbitrary mixtures of Poisson processes is specified and further developed. It is concluded that the semiparametric mixed Poisson regression model adds considerable flexibility to Poisson-family regression models and provides opportunities for interpretation of empirical patterns not available in the conventional approaches.
Application of Association-Marginal Models to the Study of Social Mobility
Authors: LANG JOSEPH B. , ELIASON SCOTT R.
Published: March 2007

Researchers studying social mobility are often interested in examining both the association between origins and destinations and the relationship between the marginal distributions of origins and destinations. Often, this has resulted in an attempt to partition various models into components of, or derive indexes for, exchange/circulation mobility and structural mobility. As an alternative, or perhaps supplement, to such concerns, here the authors present a relatively simple but useful way to directly and simultaneously model the association between origins and destinations on one hand and, on the other hand, the relationship between origin and destination marginal distributions.
Dowry and prestige in north India
Authors: Roulet Marguerite
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the current practice and representation of dowry marriage by members of Brahman, Gosain and Chamar families in semi-rural eastern Uttar Pradesh. The paper approaches dowry not primarily as an institution to do with the transfer of property at marriage, but more importantly as the currently most significant means of assessing and representing social status, honour and prestige in the region. As the most comprehensive public measure of social prestige, dowry was an important arena within which people represented their social positions and their relations to others. The paper explores people's discursive constructions of dowry marriage and the manner in which they used their understanding of dowry to reflect upon social relations within. their communities.