bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feynman integral treatment of the Rosen–Morse potential with a centrifugal term approximation
Authors: Diaf Ahmed , Hachama Mohamed
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we present analytic solutions of the Feynman propagator with the Rosen–Morse potential. To this end, an approximation of the centrifugal potential for any l state is used and nonlinear space–time transformations in the radial path integral are applied. A transformation formula that relates the original path integral to the Green function of a new quantum soluble system is derived. Explicit expressions of the bound state energy spectra and the eigenfunctions are obtained and compared to those of Schrödinger formalism. The Eckart potential is also treated as a special case.
The bicomplex quantum Coulomb potential problem
Authors: Mathieu J. , Marchildon L. , Rochon D.
Published: July 2013

Generalizations of the complex number system underlying the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics have been known for some time, but the use of the commutative ring of bicomplex numbers for that purpose is relatively new. This paper provides an analytical solution of the quantum Coulomb potential problem formulated in terms of bicomplex numbers. We define the problem by introducing a bicomplex hamiltonian operator and extending the canonical commutation relations to the form [Formula: see text], where ξ is a bicomplex number. Following Pauli’s algebraic method, we find the eigenvalues of the bicomplex hamiltonian. These eigenvalues are also obtained, along with appropriate eigenfunctions, by solving the extension of Schrödinger’s time-independent differential equation. Examples of solutions are displayed. There is an orthonormal system of solutions that belongs to a bicomplex Hilbert space.
Cluster of erythrocyte band 3: a potential molecular target of exhaustive exercise-induced dysfunction of erythrocyte deformability
Authors: Xiong Yanlian , Li Yaojin , Xiong Yanlei , Zhao Yajin , Tang Fuzhou , Wang Xiang
Published: July 2013

The aim of this study is to explore the effect of exhaustive exercise on erythrocyte band 3 (SLC4A1; EB3). The association between the alterations of EB3 and red blood cell (RBC) deformability induced by exercise-induced dysfunction has been investigated. Rats were divided among 2 groups: (i) control (C), and (ii) exercise exhausted (E). RBC deformability was investigated in the rats in the exhaustive exercise and control groups. Erythrocytes from the control and exercise-exhausted groups were evaluated for the expression of erythrocyte band 3 through immunoblotting and immunofluorescence studies. Exhaustive exercise led to significant increments in the levels of clustering of erythrocyte band 3 along with the conjugation of membrane proteins to form high-molecular-weight complexes (P < 0.05). Under shear stresses, RBC deformability was found to decline significantly in the exhaustive exercise groups compared with the control group. These data suggest that the RBC dysfunction observed during exercise-induced oxidative stress could be associated with alterations in the structure and function of erythrocyte band 3, which in turn leads to dysfunction in the rheological properties of RBCs. These results provide further insight into erythrocyte damage induced by exhaustive exercise.
Spontaneous activity in peripheral diaphragmatic lymphatic loops
Authors: Moriondo Andrea , Solari Eleonora , Marcozzi Cristiana , Negrini Daniela
Published: July 2013

The spontaneous contractility of FITC-dextran-filled lymphatics at the periphery of the pleural diaphragm was documented for the first time “in vivo” in anesthetized Wistar rats. We found that lymphatic segments could be divided into four phenotypes: 1) active, displaying rhythmic spontaneous contractions (51.8% of 197 analyzed sites); 2) stretch-activated, whose contraction was triggered by passive distension of the vessel lumen (4.1%); 3) passive, which displayed a completely passive distension (4.5%); and 4) inert, whose diameter never changed over time (39.6%). Smooth muscle actin was detected by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy in the vessel walls of active but also of inert sites, albeit with a very different structure within the vessel wall. Indeed, while in active segments, actin was arranged in a dense mesh completely surrounding the lumen, in inert segments actin decorated the vessels wall in sparse longitudinal strips. When located nearby along the same lymphatic loop, active, stretch-activated, and passive sites were always recruited in temporal sequence starting from the active contraction. The time delay was ∼0.35 s between active and stretch-activated and 0.54 s between stretch-activated and passive segments, promoting a uniform lymph flux of ∼150/200 pl/min. We conclude that, unlike more central diaphragmatic lymphatic vessels, loops located at the extreme diaphragmatic periphery do require an intrinsic pumping mechanism to propel lymph centripetally, and that such an active lymph propulsion is attained by means of a complex interplay among sites whose properties differ but are indeed able to organize lymph flux in an ordered fashion.
Exhaled nitric oxide measurement to monitor pulmonary hypertension in a pneumonectomy-monocrotaline rat model
Authors: Strobl Magdalena , Schreiber Catharina , Panzenböck Adelheid , Winter Max-Paul , Bergmeister Helga , Jakowitsch Johannes , Mascherbauer Julia , Lang Irene M. , Wexberg Paul , Bonderman Diana
Published: July 2013

The use of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) has been suggested as a quantitative marker for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in humans. To further characterize FeNO in PAH we investigated this marker in a rodent model. Since there is no standardized technique for FeNO measurement in animals, we intended to reduce measuring errors and confounders of an existing published method by mathematical modification and tested its applicability in an NO-regulating therapy concept of PAH. Thirty-three male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent unilateral pneumonectomy and monocrotaline (MCT) injection and were observed for 49 days. A telemetric catheter was introduced into the left pulmonary artery to continuously record mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), and FeNO was assessed. After 35 days, animals were randomized to receive either oral l-arginine (300 mg/kg) in combination with tetrahydrobiopterin (20 mg/kg) therapy ( n = 12) or vehicle ( n = 11) daily over a period of 14 days. mPAP at baseline was 17.19 ± 9.62 mmHg, which increased to 53.1 ± 10.63 mmHg 28 days after monocrotaline exposure ( P < 0.001). Using the modified technique, we found an inverse correlation between exhaled NO and pulmonary pressures before ( r = −0.366, P = 0.043) and after MCT ( r = −0.363, P = 0.038) as well as after therapy administration ( r = −0.657, P = 0.02). Our modified technique proved robust in a rodent model, since valid and reproducible data were gained and showed an inverse correlation between exhaled NO and mPAP, whereas the existing method did not.
Unique DNA Methylation Loci Distinguish Anatomic Site and HPV Status in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Lleras Roberto A. , Smith Richard V. , Adrien Leslie R. , Schlecht Nicolas F. , Burk Robert D. , Harris Thomas M. , Childs Geoffrey , Prystowsky Michael B. , Belbin Thomas J.
Published: July 2013

Purpose: We have used a genome-wide approach to identify novel differentially methylated CpG dinucleotides that are seen in different anatomic sites of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), as well as those that might be related to HPV status in the oropharynx.

Experimental Design: We conducted genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of primary tumor samples and corresponding adjacent mucosa from 118 HNSCC patients undergoing treatment at Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, using the Illumina HumanMethylation27 beadchip. For each matched tissue set, we measured differentially methylated CpG loci using a change in methylation level (M-value).

Results: When datasets were individually analyzed by anatomic site of the primary tumor, we identified 293 differentially methylated CpG loci in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 219 differentially methylated CpG loci in laryngeal SCC, and 460 differentially methylated in oropharyngeal SCC. A subset of these differentially methylated CpG loci was common across all anatomic sites of HNSCC. Stratification by HPV status revealed a significantly higher number of differentially methylated CpG loci in HPV+ patients.

Conclusion: Novel epigenetic biomarkers derived from clinical HNSCC specimens can be used as molecular classifiers of this disease, revealing many new avenues of investigation for this disease. Clin Cancer Res; 19(19); 5444–55. ©2013 AACR.
Onartuzumab (MetMAb): Using Nonclinical Pharmacokinetic and Concentration–Effect Data to Support Clinical Development
Authors: Xiang Hong , Bender Brendan C. , Reyes Arthur E. , Merchant Mark , Jumbe Nelson L. ‘Shasha’ , Romero Mally , Davancaze Teresa , Nijem Ihsan , Mai Elaine , Young Judy , Peterson Amy , Damico-Beyer Lisa A.
Published: July 2013

Purpose: We characterized the pharmacokinetics of onartuzumab (MetMAb) in animals and determined a concentration–effect relationship in tumor-bearing mice to enable estimation of clinical pharmacokinetics and target doses.

Experimental Design: A tumor growth inhibition model was used to estimate tumoristatic concentrations (TSC) in mice. Human pharmacokinetic parameters were projected from pharmacokinetics in cynomolgus monkeys by the species-invariant time method. Monte Carlo simulations predicted the percentage of patients achieving steady-state trough serum concentrations (Ctrough ss) ≥TSC for every 3-week (Q3W) dosing.

Results: Onartuzumab clearance (CL) in the linear dose range was 21.1 and 12.2 mL/d/kg in mice and cynomolgus monkeys with elimination half-life at 6.10 and 3.37 days, respectively. The estimated TSC in KP4 pancreatic xenograft tumor-bearing mice was 15 μg/mL. Projected CL for humans in the linear dose range was 5.74 to 9.36 mL/d/kg with scaling exponents of CL at 0.75 to 0.9. Monte Carlo simulations projected a Q3W dose of 10 to 30 mg/kg to achieve Ctrough ss of 15 μg/mL in 95% or more of patients.

Conclusions: Onartuzumab pharmacokinetics differed from typical bivalent glycosylated monoclonal antibodies with approximately 2-times faster CL in the linear dose range. Despite this higher CL, xenograft efficacy data supported dose flexibility with Q1W to Q3W dose regimens in the clinical setting with a TSC of 15 μg/mL as the Ctrough ss target. The projected human efficacious dose of 10 to 30 mg/kg Q3W should achieve the target TSC of 15 μg/mL. These data show effective pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling to project doses to be tested in the clinic. Clin Cancer Res; 19(18); 5068–78. ©2013 AACR.
Phase-Edge Features and the Syntax of Polarity Particles
Authors: Authier J.-Marc
Published: July 2013

In this article, I argue that the phase edge in the C field shares features via Agree with an intermediate layer (FinP) and with a lower projection (ΣP), allowing it to determine the type of clause and its polarity. I adopt a feature-sharing relation of Agree that connects all of the polarity features present on heads (be they Σ, Fin, and, in some cases, VFoc) to a polarity feature in Force, the relevant phase-edge position for clausal typing. This explains, among other things, why embedded clauses containing a polarity feature can only satisfy the selectional properties of a particular class of (matrix) verbs.
Children’s Rights Research Moving into the Future – Challenges on the Way Forward
Authors: Quennerstedt Ann
Published: July 2013

The expansion of the research into children’s rights during the last 20 years has constituted children’s rights research as an established and legitimate field of study. The time may now be ripe to reflect on the work undertaken so far and to consider the future of children’s rights research. In recent years, self-critical voices have surfaced within the research field, pointing out possible areas of concern. The ambition of this paper is to contribute to such deliberations within children’s rights research. In the paper, comments and concerns that have been put forward are brought together and developed further, leading to the suggestion that research into children’s rights issues will need to address three major challenges on the way forward: advancing critique, increasing theorisation and contextualising research.
Formation of the Enhanced-V Infrared Cloud-Top Feature from High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Radar Observations
Authors: Homeyer Cameron R.
Published: July 2013

The responsible mechanism for the formation of the enhanced-V infrared cloud-top feature observed above tropopause-penetrating thunderstorms is not well understood. A new method for the combination of volumetric radar reflectivity from individual radars into three-dimensional composites with high vertical resolution (1 km) is introduced and used to test various formation mechanisms proposed in the literature. For analysis, a set of 89 enhanced-V storms over the eastern continental United States are identified in the 10-yr period from 2001 to 2010 using geostationary satellite data. The background atmospheric state from each storm is determined using the Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) and radiosonde observations. In conjunction with the infrared temperature fields, analysis of the radar data in a coordinate relative to the location of the overshooting convective top and in altitudes relative to the tropopause suggests that above-anvil (stratospheric) cirrus clouds are the most likely mechanism for the formation of the enhanced V.
Shear at the Base of the Oceanic Mixed Layer Generated by Wind Shear Alignment
Authors: Brannigan Liam , Lenn Yueng-Djern , Rippeth Tom P. , McDonagh Elaine , Chereskin Teresa K. , Sprintall Janet
Published: July 2013

Observations are used to evaluate a simple theoretical model for the generation of near-inertial shear spikes at the base of the open ocean mixed layer when the upper ocean displays a two-layer structure. The model predicts that large changes in shear squared can be produced by the alignment of the wind and shear vectors. A climatology of stratification and shear variance in Drake Passage is presented, which shows that these assumptions are most applicable to summer, fall, and spring but are not highly applicable to winter. Temperature, salinity, and velocity data from a high spatial resolution cruise in Drake Passage show that the model does not predict all large changes in shear variance; the model is most effective at predicting changes in shear squared when it arises owing to near-inertial wind-driven currents without requiring a rotating resonant wind stress. The model is also more effective where there is a uniform mixed layer above a strongly stratified transition layer. Rotary spectral and statistical analysis of an additional 242 Drake Passage transects from 1999 to 2011 confirmed the presence of this shear-spiking mechanism, particularly in summer, spring, and fall when stratification is stronger.
The Effects of Variations in Buffer Gas Mixing Ratios on Commercial Carbon Dioxide Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy Sensors
Authors: Long D. A. , Gameson L. , Truong G.-W. , Bielska K. , Cygan A. , Hodges J. T. , Whetstone J. R. , van Zee R. D.
Published: July 2013

Primary gas standards, gas chromatography, and frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy measurements have been used to assess the effect of variations in the argon mixing ratio on the CO2 mixing ratios reported by commercial cavity ring-down spectroscopy sensors. Supporting calculations demonstrate that the use of argon-free, synthetic air standards can lead to a bias of ≈0.7 μmol mol−1 at atmospheric concentration levels of CO2 as a result of pressure-broadening effects. This bias is an order of magnitude greater than the precision of the best commercial sensors and significantly exceeds the World Meteorological Organization's target compatibility goal.
Cardiovascular Medicine at High Altitude
Authors: Whayne Thomas F.
Published: July 2013

Altitude physiology began with Paul Bert in 1878. Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) was defined by Carlos Monge in the 1940s in the Peruvian Andes as consisting of excess polycythemia. Hurtado et al performed studies in the Peruvian Andes in the 1950s to 1960s which defined acclimatization in healthy altitude natives, including polycythemia, moderate pulmonary hypertension, and low systemic blood pressure (BP). Electrocardiographic changes of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) were noted. Acclimatization of newcomers to altitude involves hyperventilation stimulated by hypoxia and is usually benign. Acute mountain sickness (AMS) in travelers to altitude is characterized by hypoxia-induced anorexia, dyspnea, headache, insomnia, and nausea. The extremes of AMS are high-altitude cerebral edema and high-altitude pulmonary edema. The susceptible high-altitude resident can lose their tolerance to altitude and develop CMS, also referred to as Monge disease. The CMS includes extreme polycythemia, severe RVH, excess pulmonary hypertension, low systemic BP, arterial oxygen desaturation, and hypoventilation.
Association Between Serum Fetuin-A levels, Carotid Artery Stiffness, and Intima–Media Thickness in Patients With Normotensive Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Akyuz Aydın , Oran Mustafa , Alpsoy Seref , Mutlu Levent Cem , Akkoyun Dursun Cayan , Guzel Savas , Alp Recep
Published: July 2013

Increased carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) and stiffness, reflecting subclinical atherosclerosis, are associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The relationship between serum fetuin-A, which inhibits ectopic calcification, and atherosclerosis is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the association between serum fetuin-A levels and carotid artery stiffness and cIMT in patients with normotensive OSAS (n = 50) and non-OSAS controls (n = 38). Compared with controls, there were lower fetuin-A levels (59.4 ± 6.5 vs 68.2 ± 5.8 ng/mL, P = .029), higher mean cIMT (0.73 ± 0.2 vs 0.63 ± 0.3 mm, P < .001), and greater stiffness (β) index (7.45 ± 0.9 vs 5.2 ± 0.7, P = .001) in the OSAS group. The cIMT and stiffness (β) index were inversely correlated with fetuin-A levels ( r = −.324, P = .033; r = −.466, P < .001, respectively) and positively correlated with apnea hypopnea index ( r = .498, P < .001; r = .422, P = .001, respectively) in the OSAS group. Decreased serum fetuin-A levels were associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in patients with normotensive OSAS.
Complex Versus Simple Modeling for DIF Detection
Authors: Jin Ying , Myers Nicholas D. , Ahn Soyeon
Published: July 2013

Previous research has demonstrated that differential item functioning (DIF) methods that do not account for multilevel data structure could result in too frequent rejection of the null hypothesis (i.e., no DIF) when the intraclass correlation coefficient (ρ) of the studied item was the same as the ρ of the total score. The current study extended previous research by comparing the performance of DIF methods when ρ of the studied item was less than ρ of the total score, a condition that may be observed with considerable frequency in practice. The performance of two simple and frequently used DIF methods that do not account for multilevel data structure, the Mantel–Haenszel test (MH) and logistic regression (LR), was compared with the performance of a complex and less frequently used DIF method that does account for multilevel data structure, hierarchical logistic regression (HLR). Simulation indicated that HLR and LR performed equivalently in terms of significance tests under most conditions, and MH was conservative across most of the conditions. Effect size estimate of HLR was equally accurate and consistent as effect size estimates of LR and MH under the Rasch model and was more accurate and consistent than LR and MH effect size estimates under the two-parameter item response theory model. The results of the current study provide evidence to help researchers further understand the comparative performance between complex and simple modeling for DIF detection under multilevel data structure.
Probability‐Based Compatibility Curves for Calcium and Phosphates in Parenteral Nutrition Formulations
Authors: Gonyon Thomas , Carter Phillip W. , Phillips Gerald , Owen Heather , Patel Dipa , Kotha Priyanka , Green John‐Bruce D.
Published: July 2013

Background: The information content of the calcium phosphate compatibility curves for adult parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions may benefit from a more sophisticated statistical treatment. Binary logistic regression analyses were evaluated as part of an alternate method for generating formulation compatibility curves. Materials and Methods: A commercial PN solution was challenged with a systematic array of calcium and phosphate concentrations. These formulations were then characterized for particulates by visual inspection, light obscuration, and filtration followed by optical microscopy. Logistic regression analyses of the data were compared with traditional treatments for generating compatibility curves. Results: Assay‐dependent differences were observed in the compatibility curves and associated probability contours; the microscopic method of precipitate detection generated the most robust results. Calcium and phosphate compatibility data generated from small‐volume glass containers reasonably predicted the observed compatibility of clinically relevant flexible containers. Conclusions: The published methods for creating calcium and phosphate compatibility curves via connecting the highest passing or lowest failing calcium concentrations should be augmented or replaced by probability contours of the entire experimental design to determine zones of formulation incompatibilities. We recommend researchers evaluate their data with logistic regression analysis to help build a more comprehensive probabilistic database of compatibility information.
Parenteral Nutrition Decreases Paneth Cell Function and Intestinal Bactericidal Activity While Increasing Susceptibility to Bacterial Enteroinvasion
Authors: Heneghan Aaron F. , Pierre Joseph F. , Tandee Kanokwan , Shanmuganayagam Dhanansayan , Wang Xinying , Reed Jess D. , Steele James L. , Kudsk Kenneth A.
Published: July 2013

Introduction: Parenteral nutrition (PN) increases the risk of infection in patients with contraindication to enteral feeding. Paneth cells produce and secrete antimicrobial products that protect the mucosa from pathogens. Their loss is associated with increased host‐pathogen interactions, mucosal inflammation, and altered microbiome composition. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that PN reduces Paneth cell product expression, and these changes would reduce bactericidal properties of tissue secretions following cholinergic stimulation, increase mucosal enteroinvasion, and shift the intestinal microbiome. Method: Experiment 1: Male ICR mice were randomized to Chow (n = 8) or PN (n = 8). Ileum tissue was collected for Paneth cell antimicrobial expression using RT‐PCR, stimulated with a cholinergic agonist degranulate Paneth cells bactericidal activity, or used to assess bacterial enteroinvasion in EVISC. Experiment 2: Mice were randomized to Chow (n = 11) or PN (n = 8) and ileum washing was collected for 16s pyrosequencing analysis. Results: Compared to Chow, PN decreased tissue expression of REGIII‐g (p < 0.002), lysozyme (p < 0.002), and cryptdin‐4 (p < 0.03). At the phylum level, PN decreased total Firmicutes but increased total Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. Functionally, secretions from PN tissue was less bactericidal (p < 0.03) and demonstrated increased susceptibility to enteroinvasion by E coli (p < 0.02). Conclusion: PN without enteral nutrition impairs innate mucosal immune function. Tissue expression of Paneth cell antimicrobial proteins decreases associated with compositional shifts to the microbiome, decreased bactericidal activity of mucosal secretions and greater susceptibility of to enteroinvasion by E coli. These changes may explain in‐part the increased risk of infection in parenterally fed patients.
Pancreaticopleural fistula: an overlooked entity
Authors: Altasan Turki , Aljehani Yasser , Almalki Ahmad , Algamdi Saleh , Talag Ali , Alkattan Khalid
Published: July 2013

Pleuropulmonary complications of pancreatitis are well known. Less commonly encountered is pancreaticopleural fistula. We describe the case of a 15-year-old boy with a presumed episode of pancreatitis, complicated by pseudocyst and development of a pancreaticopleural fistula. Successful medical management was achieved, and he made a full recovery. This case demonstrates that the rarity of such a condition leads to delay as well as challenges in diagnosis and management.
Cytochrome P450-isoenzyme 1A1 in susceptibility to tobacco-related lung cancer
Authors: Sadeck Nabil El , Ibrahim Bedir M , Alassal Mohamed A
Published: July 2013

Background

Tobacco smoke contains many carcinogens that may mediate susceptibility to lung cancer. Cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 1A1 activity and expression increases several fold in lung cancer due to smoking. Finding the role of cytochrome P450 1A1 in susceptibility to tobacco-related lung cancer may be important to predict the outcome in early stage cancer, and may result in an improved survival rate.

Patients and methods

This study was carried on 2 groups of patients: group A was 20 patients with operable smoking-related lung cancer, who underwent surgery at the time of diagnosis; group B was 20 nonsmokers without lung cancer who underwent chest exploration following road traffic accidents. Specimens were obtained from tumor tissue and surrounding healthy tissue in group A patients, and from healthy lung tissue in group B patients. These specimens were sent for measurement of protein content and cytochrome P450 1A1 activity.

Results

There was significantly greater tissue cytochrome P450 1A1 activity in group A compared to group B. Patients with stage II cancer showed significantly higher levels of tissue cytochrome P450 1A1 activity than those with stage I. There was also a significant difference in tissue cytochrome P450 1A1 activity between the tumor tissue and the tissue surrounding the tumor.

Conclusion

Carcinogens in smoke increase cytochrome P450 1A1 activity, which might be considered to play a role in cigarette smoking-induced lung cancer.
Thinking about television audiences: Entertainment and reconstruction in nature documentaries
Authors: Cabeza San Deogracias José , Mateos-Pérez Javier
Published: July 2013

Documentary reconstruction is a creative production decision which involves reconstructing a reality or event rather than filming it as it occurs spontaneously. This article studies the use of the resource in the filming of nature documentaries for the series El Hombre y la Tierra. All of the action scenes in the series were reconstructions, which required rehearsals and involved a large amount of editing work. Without documentary reconstruction and the handling of animals it would have been impossible to film the majority of the hunting sequences, and the series never would have achieved the success that it did. Even today El Hombre y la Tierra is a point of reference in entertainment in nature documentaries and continues to raise debate about how to communicate the lives of wild animals in a respectful and truthful way to ever more demanding audiences, as well as about the need for, and boundaries of, entertainment in scientific television programmes.
Equity and Ethical Environmental Influences on Regulated Business-to-Consumer Exchange
Authors: Baker Brent L. , Lesch William C.
Published: July 2013

Macromarketing has traditionally accounted for the influences of political, social, technological, legal, and economic forces on marketing. Equally powerful and prevalent, the ethical and equitable expectations resident in the environment have more typically been addressed at the more granular level of relationships. Here, the authors introduce these factors as a priori, macro-level environmental influences shaping consumer expectations for ethicality and the equitability of the exchange environment at the macro level. Empirical examination of the insurance industry reveals that consumers’ expectations arising outside of the contractual realm govern perceptions of actual or anticipatory exchange equitability, including the rationalization of otherwise unethical acts and their normative standing. The more complete model addresses the interplay of the macro- and consumer-level variables contributing to the perpetuation of a socially sanctioned, dysfunctional relationship.
Detection of prostate cancer in peripheral zone: comparison of MR diffusion tensor imaging, quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, and the two techniques combined at 3.0 T
Authors: Li Chunmei , Chen Min , Li Saying , Zhao Xuna , Zhang Chen , Luo Xiaojie , Zhou Cheng
Published: July 2013

Background

Previous studies have shown that the diagnostic accuracy for prostate cancer improved with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) or quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) only. However, the efficacy of combined DTI and quantitative DCE-MRI in detecting prostate cancer at 3.0 T is still indeterminate.

Purpose

To investigate the utility of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), quantitative DCE-MRI, and the two techniques combined at 3.0 T in detecting prostate cancer of the peripheral zone (PZ). Material and Methods: DTI and DCE-MRI of 33 patients was acquired prior to prostate biopsy. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn according to biopsy zones which were apex, mid-gland, and base on each side of the PZ. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA), volume transfer constant (Ktrans), and rate constant (kep) values of cancerous sextants and non-cancerous sextants in PZ were calculated. Logistic regression models were generated for DTI, DCE-MRI, and DTI + DCE-MRI. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the ability of these models to differentiate cancerous sextants from non-cancerous sextants of PZ.

Results

There were significant differences in the ADC, FA, Ktrans, and kep values between cancerous sextants and non-cancerous sextants in PZ ( P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001, respectively). The area under curve (AUC) for DTI + DCE-MRI was significantly greater than that for either DTI (0.93 vs. 0.86, P = 0.0017) or DCE-MRI (0.93 vs. 0.84, P = 0.0034) alone.

Conclusion

The combination of DTI and quantitative DCE-MRI has better diagnostic performance in detecting prostate cancer of the PZ than either technique alone.
Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions in the Mammary Gland of 24 Pet Rabbits
Authors: Schöniger S. , Horn L.-C. , Schoon H.-A.
Published: July 2013

The aim of this retrospective study (2004–2011) was to examine mammary tumors and tumor-like lesions in 24 pet rabbits by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Rabbits were aged 2 to 8 years. Seventeen were female and 7 female-spayed. Diagnosed tumor-like lesions were lobular hyperplasia (2 rabbits) and multiple cysts (10 rabbits). Tumors included cystadenoma (7 tumors; 3 rabbits), intraductal papilloma (2 tumors; 1 rabbit), intraductal papillary carcinoma (1 tumor), adenocarcinoma (14 tumors; 13 rabbits), adenosquamous carcinoma (2 tumors; 2 rabbits), and matrix-producing carcinoma (1 tumor). The most frequently diagnosed lesion was invasive carcinoma ( n = 17). Ten rabbits had several lesions. Immunohistochemistry for calponin and p63 showed that the diagnosed tumor-like lesions, benign tumors, and noninvasive carcinoma had a peripheral myoepithelial layer that was lacking in the invasive carcinomas. In 13 of 14 (93%) of the invasive carcinomas, however, there were variable numbers of calponin- and/or p63-immunopositive cells ranging from 0.1% to 40% with morphological features of either retained nonneoplastic myoepithelial cells or neoplastic epithelial cells with a myoepithelial differentiation. Tumor recurrence was reported in the rabbit with the matrix-producing carcinoma and in 3 rabbits with mammary adenocarcinomas displaying ≥20 mitotic figures in 10 high-power fields and high numbers of neoplastic cells with a myoepithelial differentiation (19%–39%). The rabbit with the matrix-producing mammary carcinoma developed cutaneous metastases confirmed by histopathology. This study shows that different types of mammary tumor-like lesions and tumors can occur in pet rabbits.
Reovirus-Associated Meningoencephalomyelitis in Baboons
Authors: Kumar S. , Dick E. J. , Bommineni Y. R. , Yang A. , Mubiru J. , Hubbard G. B. , Owston M. A.
Published: July 2013

Baboon orthoreovirus (BRV) is associated with meningoencephalomyelitis (MEM) among captive baboons. Sporadic cases of suspected BRV-induced MEM have been observed at Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC) for the past 20 years but could not be confirmed due to lack of diagnostic assays. An immunohistochemistry (IHC)–based assay using an antibody against BRV fusion-associated small transmembrane protein p15 and a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based assay using primers specific for BRV were developed to detect BRV in archived tissues. Sixty-eight cases of suspected BRV-induced MEM from 1989 through 2010 were tested for BRV, alphavirus, and flavivirus by IHC. Fifty-nine of 68 cases (87%) were positive for BRV by immunohistochemistry; 1 tested positive for flavivirus (but was negative for West Nile virus and St Louis encephalitis virus by real-time PCR), and 1 virus isolation (VI) positive control tested negative for BRV. Sixteen cases (9 BRV-negative and 7 BRV-positive cases, by IHC), along with VI-positive and VI-negative controls, were tested by PCR for BRV. Three (of 9) IHC-negative cases tested positive, and 3 (of 7) IHC-positive cases tested negative by PCR for BRV. Both IHC and PCR assays tested 1 VI-positive control as negative (sensitivity: 75%). This study shows that most cases of viral MEM among baboons at SNPRC are associated with BRV infection, and the BRV should be considered a differential diagnosis for nonsuppurative MEM in baboons.
Assessing Child Care Providers’ Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Support of Breastfeeding in a Region with Low Breastfeeding Prevalence
Authors: Lucas Ashley , McMahon Pamela M. , Asling Marci Brewer , Knobloch Annette , Kosh Emily , Sims Kacie
Published: July 2013

Background:

Working mothers who place their infants into out-of-home child care face many challenges to sustaining breastfeeding. Child care providers, who are in frequent close contact with young families, may be potential resources for promoting breastfeeding.

Objectives:

This study focused on identifying child care providers’ attitudes toward and knowledge about breastfeeding as well as providers’ perceptions about strategies to increase breastfeeding rates among mothers of infants in child care centers.

Methods:

Seventy-five providers from 11 child care centers in the Baton Rouge, Louisiana, area were surveyed using paper and pencil questionnaires. Self-reported demographics, attitudes, knowledge, and perceptions about breastfeeding were collected.

Results:

Responses demonstrated a generally positive attitude toward breastfeeding among child care providers but a knowledge deficit in terms of the health impacts and proper handling of breast milk. A minority of providers reported that their center’s staff currently receives breastfeeding education, but most providers believed that measures to promote the use of breast milk in their center should target parents rather than the center staff.

Conclusion:

Child care providers need resources about the benefits of human milk, proper handling of expressed milk, and ways to make centers more breastfeeding friendly. Many providers feel ineffective in supporting breastfeeding and are unaware of the role they may play in mothers’ infant feeding decisions. Though child care providers do not appear to believe they can influence parents’ decisions about breastfeeding, educating and empowering them could play an important role in increasing breastfeeding rates.
Performance analysis of unreinforced and reinforced polyetheretherketone with carbon/glass using polycrystalline diamond and K15 tools
Authors: Mata Francisco , Özel Emre , Öteyaka Mustafa Özgür
Published: July 2013

The polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites are high-performance materials. These composites have potential applications in various structural components. It is necessary to investigate the cutting parameters of PEEK composites. In this article, an attempt is made to investigate the effect of cutting parameters on the cutting force of carbon and glass fiber-doped PEEK and compare it with unreinforced PEEK when cutting with polycrystalline diamond (PCD) or cemented carbide (K15) tools. The results of statistical analyses highlight that each machining force ( Fx, Fy, and Fz) is influenced by the main factors (cutting tools ( A), material type ( B), feed rate ( C), and cutting speed ( D)) and some of the interactions ( AB, AC, BC, BD, and CD). For the main factors, the material type has a higher effect on Fx and Fy, while Fz is influenced more by feed rate. Cutting tools have no significant effect on Fx and Fy. The regression models used fit 99.56, 92.75, and 90.65% of Fz, Fx, and Fy, respectively. Developed models show that the feed rate has a higher effect on machining force than the cutting speed. The model graphs illustrate that reinforced PEEK has a higher machining force compared with unreinforced PEEK when cutting with PCD or K15. Furthermore, machining with K15 tools increases the cutting force of PEEK-reinforced carbon, while it decreases that of PEEK-reinforced glass and unreinforced PEEK. The investigation of the interaction with the machining force shows that Fx is more influenced by AB, BC, and BD interactions. Fy shows similar results as Fx, but it is also influenced by AC interaction. However, Fz is influenced by all the interactions except BD.
Effect of environmental degradation and mechanical properties of polyamide 6-grafted carbon fiber/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co- 3-hydroxyvalerate) composites
Authors: Zhang Jianguo
Published: July 2013

The measured mechanical properties of carbon fiber/polyamide 6 (CF/PA6) laminates decreased with exposure time at 60°C and 100% relative humidity. Both the bending stiffness and the strength degraded to a level of about 65%, whereas interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) dropped to about 87% of the property values of the unexposed material. The bending stiffness and strength at −45°C are about 87% of the properties at room temperature, whereas at 115°C, the stiffness drops to 75% and the strength drops to 60% of the properties at room temperature. The ILSS values also drop to about 75% at both −45°C and 115°C. Extreme temperatures and longtime exposure to humidity of quasi-isotropic CF/PA6 laminates can thus reduce the bending stiffness and strength by up to 35% and the ILSS by up to 25%.
Optimisation of maintenance track possession time: A tamping case study
Authors: Famurewa Stephen M , Xin Tao , Rantatalo Matti , Kumar Uday
Published: July 2013

Optimum allocation and efficient utilisation of track possession time are becoming important topics in railway infrastructure management due to increasing capacity demands. This development and other requirements of modern infrastructure management necessitate the improvement of planning and scheduling of large-scale maintenance activities such as tamping. It is therefore necessary to develop short-, medium- and long-term plans for performing tamping on a network or track section within a definite time horizon. To this end, two key aspects of infrastructure maintenance planning are considered in this paper, deterioration modelling and scheduling optimisation. An exponential deterioration function is applied to model the geometry quality of a series of 200 m segments of a 130 km line section, and an empirical model for recovery after tamping intervention is developed. These two models are subsequently used to generate a methodology to optimise a schedule for tamping intervention by minimising the total cost of intervention including the cost of track possession while geometry quality is ascertained to be within a desirable limit. The modelling considers two types of tamping interventions, preventive and corrective, with different intervention limits and tamping machines. The result of this paper suggests a tamping plan which will lead to optimum allocation of track possession time while maintaining the track geometry quality within specified limits.
Measurement in psychology: A case of ignoramus et ignorabimus? A rejoinder
Authors: Trendler Günter
Published: July 2013

The Millean Quantity Objection—that is, the claim that the measurement of psychological attributes is impossible (Trendler, 2009)—has been countered with partly vigorous opposition (Kyngdon, 2013; Markus & Borsboom, 2012; Saint-Mont, 2012). Kyngdon’s response is of particular interest, since he asserts that measurement may already have been established. If correct, it would definitely invalidate any quantity objection and end the century-long discussion about the measurability of psychological attributes. Therefore the focus of the rejoinder will be on the question of when measurement is reached. First the meaning of measurement is elaborated. On this basis, criteria for the successful establishment of measurement are formulated and it is outlined how these are satisfied in the case of intensive quantities. It is concluded that the evidence presented by Kyngdon is insufficient and inadequate. The approach will also serve as background to discuss objections raised against the Millean Quantity Objection.
Reasoning and personal epistemology: A critical reconstruction
Authors: Falmagne Rachel Joffe , Iselin Marie-Geneviève , Todorova Irina L. G. , Welsh Jen Arner
Published: July 2013

This article aims to initiate a critical reconstruction of theory and research on reasoning and personal epistemology prompted by socio-philosophical critiques of rationalism and by a theoretical perspective according to which both discourses of knowledge and modes of thought are constituted in a power-infused sociocultural order structured materially and discursively by gender, ‘race,’ and socioeconomic class. A new qualitative methodology is introduced, particularizing participants in terms of their social location and modes of thought while also formulating cross-sectional analytical constructs. New analytical constructs for characterizing epistemic resources ostensibly brought into reasoning are interpretively induced from data through a quasi-inductive process informed by critical philosophical perspectives on knowledge. Theoretical implications point to the functional interplay of dominant and subversive discourses of knowledge in the constitution of thought, the complex assemblage of discursive resources flexibly deployed in reasoning, and the social constitution and biographical particularity of reasoners as epistemic agents.
Acute hydrofluoric acid exposure reported to Taiwan Poison Control Center, 1991–2010
Authors: Wu M-L , Yang C-C , Ger J , Tsai W-J , Deng J-F
Published: July 2013

Background:

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a dangerous chemical that can cause severe cutaneous burns as well as possible systemic toxicity.

Methods:

We retrospectively analyzed all human HF exposure cases reported to the National Poison Control Center of Taiwan between 1991 and 2010.

Results:

In this 20-year survey, 324 calls were identified, with a majority of dermal exposure (84%). Occupational exposure accounted for 80% of all cases, with workers in semiconductor industry (61%), cleaning industry (15%), chemical or metal industry (13%), and other industries (11%). Electrolyte imbalances were uncommon, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypokalemia were recorded in 8.6%, 1.2%, and 1.5% of all cases, respectively. Most cases (64%) of dermal exposure received antidotal treatment. Treatment modalities of dermal exposure included calcium gluconate soaking, 49.8%; intravenous calcium, 20.6%; and topical use of calcium gluconate gel, 13.9%. Twenty patients (7%) received surgery. Following HF exposure, the majority of patients presented with mild (56.5%) or moderate (36.7%) toxic effects. However, four patients were severely intoxicated; two patients died of HF-related dysrhythmia and shock.

Conclusions:

Significant symptomology may occur following HF exposure, and most of the HF exposure required hospitals evaluation. Calcium gluconate soaks appear to be effective in reducing local pain and tissue damage. Hyperkalemia should not be overemphasized as a common finding in HF exposure, hypokalemia tends to occur in cases of severe HF poisoning.
Depression in systemic lupus erythematosus patients is associated with link-polymorphism but not methylation status of the 5HTT promoter region
Authors: Xu J , Cheng YQ , Chen B , Bai R , Li S , Xu XF , Xu L , Wen JF , Lu ZP , Zeng XF
Published: July 2013

A higher prevalence of depression in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients has been reported, though the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. The present study was conducted to explore whether the polymorphism and methylation status of the serotonin transporter gene (5HTT) promoter region (PR-5HTT) contribute to depression in SLE patients from both genetic and epigenetic perspectives. In this study, 96 SLE patients and 96 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Depression levels of all subjects were evaluated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). The serotonin transporter-linked polymorphism (5HTTLPR) and the DNA methylation status of PR-5HTT were detected in peripheral lymphocytes of SLE patients and HCs. The differences in 5HTTLPR and DNA methylation of PR-5HTT between SLEs and HCs were compared. In SLE patients, the frequencies of short allele (S) and SS genotype of 5HTTLPR were higher in depressive SLE (SLE-D) patients than in non-depressive SLE (SLE-ND) patients. The mean HDRS score of SS homozygote patients was higher than that of patients with SL/LL genotypes. Conversely, PR-5HTT was hypomethylated in HCs as well as SLE patients. There was no difference in the methylation status between HCs and SLEs. Thus, the functional expression of PR-5HTT may be primarily regulated by gene polymorphism and not by DNA methylation. The risk allele of 5HTTLPR appears to be a major contributor to depression in SLE patients.
Furry and Feathered Family Members—A Critical Review of Their Role in Palliative Care
Authors: Chur-Hansen Anna , Zambrano Sofia C. , Crawford Gregory B.
Published: July 2013

This article presents a comprehensive critical review of the peer-reviewed literature on palliative care and companion animals (CAs), reporting on the evidence and knowledge base regarding CAs and their role for people at end of life. PubMed, PsycINFO, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for studies pertaining to CAs, end of life, and hospice palliative care. Six studies dealt specifically with empirical research. The remaining literature addressed the topic peripherally or anecdotally. The evidence for efficacy and the knowledge base about the role of CAs at end of life in hospice and palliative care is weak. Further efforts are required to study the conditions under which CAs may be beneficial for patient care, including acceptability to staff, family, and other patients, and with consideration of welfare for the animals involved.
The Main Idea Strategy
Authors: Boudah Daniel J.
Published: July 2013

This article introduces the Main Idea Strategy, a strategy to improve the performance of students with disabilities and students who perform poorly on reading comprehension tasks. The rationale, research background, and detailed implementation information are presented.