bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of religious unorthodoxy on family choices and women’s well-being in Turkey
Authors: Kızılca F. Kemal
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides evidence from Turkey, a Muslim-majority country, on how religious unorthodoxy is related to the number of children and generations living in a household, both of which strongly link to women's time burden and, consequently, their well-being. It uses data from Turkish Household Consumption Surveys, which contain rich information regarding household-level consumption, household characteristics, and individual characteristics. The evidence from Turkish Household Budget Surveys supports the idea that women who live in ‘sinful’ households, that is households which do not follow Sunni dogmas in their consumption patterns, are faced with lesser burdens of childcare and elder care responsibilities.
Introduction: some reflections in these promising and challenging times
Authors: Anitha Sundari , Lewis Ruth
Published: January 2019

This introduction discusses the context and contours of some of the recent and emerging debates on gender based violence (GBV) in university communities. It begins by defining GBV as ‘behaviour or attitudes underpinned by inequitable power relations that hurt, threaten or undermine people because of their (perceived) gender or sexuality’. GBV encompasses a continuum of behaviours and attitudes such as domestic violence, sexual violence, and expressions on social media which normalise sexism and sexual objectification. This introduction explains the nature of the problem associated with GBV, how to understand and respond to the possibilities and challenges that it presents, and how gender as a lens is increasingly becoming obscured when considering the causes and consequences of GBV. It also argues that we need to rethink the punitive responses, service provision and prevention education used to address GBV in universities. Finally, it provides an overview of the chapters that follow.
Grounds for concern: an Australian perspective on responses to sexual assault and harassment in university settings
Authors: Durbach Andrea , Grey Rosemary
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the limited attention given to prevention within Australian policy responses to sexual assault and harassment in university settings. It draws on the findings of Change the Course: National Report on Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment at Australian Universities, released by the Australian Human Rights Commission in 2017. The chapter first describes the historical and political context for the survey, which was initiated in response to the problem of sexual violence in Australian campuses. It then considers the initial steps taken following the release of the survey with the goal of strengthening Australian university responses to sexual harassment and assault. It also discusses recent developments from universities with regard to the problem of sexual violence and some of the key challenges that need to be addressed. Finally, it suggests a long-term approach to address sexual assault and harassment that shifts the focus from risk management to harm prevention.
Preventing gender based violence in UK universities: the policy context
Authors: Donaldson Anni , McCarry Melanie , McCullough Aimee
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the policy context of prevention work on gender based violence (GBV) in UK universities, with a focus on Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. It first provides an overview of the current situation facing UK universities as they develop their responses to GBV before contextualising this by identifying the key factors that influence GBV policy in each country using a three-point conceptual framework. It then reviews current developments in universities' approaches to the issue of GBV in their national context and concludes with a discussion of the opportunities and challenges facing the UK higher education sector as it develops its approach to GBV prevention. The chapter proposes a theoretical framework that involves a gendered analysis and a whole sector response, along with intervention and prevention programmes that include universities getting involved in local coordinated community responses to GBV and adopting a whole systems approach to GBV.
Understanding student responses to gender based violence on campus: negotiation, reinscription and resistance
Authors: Jordan Ana , Anitha Sundari , Jameson Jill , Davy Zowie
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the possibilities for crafting student responses to gender based violence (GBV) in UK universities. Drawing upon the findings of the ‘Stand Together’ action research project at the University of Lincoln (UOL), it explores the possibilities and complexity of challenging gendered attitudes, behaviours and the broader cultural norms underpinning GBV in two sites where gender norms and everyday forms of GBV are re-inscribed, negotiated and resisted — social media and the night-time economy (NTE). The chapter first provides an overview of how the BI model at UOL was developed before discussing the research methods used. It then considers students' experiences of online ‘lad culture’; responses to objectification, sexism and rape culture on social media; students' experiences of sexual harassment in the NTE; and responses to sexual harassment in the NTE. The chapter concludes by outlining some of the key challenges and potential of prevention education in a university context.
Tackling gender based violence in university communities: a practitioner perspective
Authors: Hutchinson Ellie
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes an approach, dubbed Get Savi (Students Against Violence Initiative), for tackling gender based violence (GBV) in university communities. Get Savi was developed and delivered in Scotland between 2012 and 2015. The chapter first provides an overview of the broader policy and political context in which the Get Savi programme was developed, with particular emphasis on the importance of a political consensus around the causes of violence against women and girls (VAWG). It then examines the practical process underlying the development of the Get Savi programme, along with the role of partnerships in the development and in the re-imagining of the prevention education programme for a Scottish audience. Finally, it considers some of the ongoing challenges and draws together learnings from the project to make recommendations for future policies and programmes on prevention education for student communities in the UK and beyond.
Conclusion: setting the agenda for challenging gender based violence in universities
Authors: Lewis Ruth , Anitha Sundari
Published: January 2019

This concluding chapter consolidates some of the book's key themes, such as the analysis of gender based violence (GBV) in university settings as part of the continuum of violence that includes sexual violence and sexual harassment; a gendered understanding of and approach to GBV in universities; and student activism to challenge GBV. It also discusses a jigsaw of responses to tackle GBV, including curriculum-based initiatives such as bystander programmes; the roles of various actors, such as academics, students and feminist communities — in collaboration and as collectives — in this jigsaw of strategies; and gaps and possibilities in current research and practice. Finally, the chapter considers the future directions of activism, policy, practice and research on the issue of GBV in university communities and offers some suggestions about the nature of activism and action that can address this problem as well as the role that academic research can play in this process.
Human rights and equality in education: Introduction
Authors: Fredman Sandra , Campbell Meghan , Taylor Helen
Published: January 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the relationship between human rights and equality in education. Education has been recognised as a fundamental human right at least since 1948, when the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declared that everyone has the right to free and compulsory education. Importantly, the right extends beyond access to education; it also includes quality education. Indeed, education must be ‘directed to the full development of the human personality’ and ‘promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups’. The right to education has also been recognised in the major international human rights instruments, and in the domestic law of numerous countries. This book then determines what role human rights can play in addressing some of the most challenging issues in the quest for quality education for all.
Equality and the right to education: let’s talk about sex education
Authors: Campbell Meghan
Published: January 2019

This chapter addresses the challenges girls face in accessing human rights-based sex education. Sex education sharply brings into focus the discriminatory gender norms that influence and undermine a girl's right to education and the accountability challenges that are becoming increasingly pervasive throughout all of education. The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the prominent legal instrument on women's rights, offers new ways of conceptualising and addressing these challenges. There are specific obligations referring to sex education in the treaty and most importantly there is a positive obligation on the state to provide sex education to fulfil the fundamental rights of girls and women. Indeed, sex education is a necessary measure to ensure girls and women's right to life, health, education, gender equality, and freedom from violence.
The Ideal Victim
Authors: Christie Nils
Published: January 2019

It is often useful within the social sciences to rely on personal experiences, or at least take this as our point of departure. So, given the challenge to lecture on the topic “Society and the victim”, I started out with some reflections on my own past history. Had I ever been a victim, and if so, when and how? And I will ask you in this audience to engage in the same exercise. Have you ever been victims? When was that? Where was it? What characterized the situation? How did you react? How did your surroundings react? Maybe I could ask you to scribble down just a few words from your own personal histories as a victim, not for my use, but for your own. Such personal memories might prove valuable during my presentation, and particularly during our later discussions....
The ideal victim through other(s’) eyes
Authors: Bosma Alice , Mulder Eva , Pemberton Antony
Published: January 2019

Following up on the illuminating article ‘The Ideal Victim’ by Nils Christie, this chapter expands on and reacts to its key arguments. Christie assumes that the most important reasons for perceiving a victim as legitimate and blameless lie in the specific attributions of the victim, and those of the relationship between victim and offender. The article aims at expanding these two arguments on the basis of more contemporary theories in victimology such as the Stereotype Content Model and the Moral Typecasting Theory. However, the importance of two observer related aspects that Christie leaves underdeveloped will also be emphasized. Firstly, the individual’s sense of threat and subsequent coping when confronted with a victim will be discussed. Secondly, the society’s particular interests and values at the time of victimization will be considered. The concept of framing is of particular importance in both aspects, because it can be used to explain how victims may (ex-post) be accepted as ideal or non-ideal, irrelevant of their ‘objective’ attributes, but dependent on the framer, either on collective or individual level.
The lived experiences of veiled Muslim women as ‘undeserving’ victims of Islamophobia
Authors: Zempi Irene
Published: January 2019

Following the terrorist attacks of 9/11 and 7/7, and more recently the ISIS-directed attacks in Paris and Brussels the religion of Islam is associated with terrorism and the global ‘war on terror’. Muslim women who wear the veil in public are stigmatised as ‘other’ and demonised as ‘dangerous’. The wearing of the veil is understood as a practice synonymous with religious fundamentalism and Islamist extremism. Correspondingly, media discourses and political rhetoric about Islamist extremism are often illustrated by the image of a Muslim woman in veil. The veil is understood as a ‘threat’ to notions of integration and national cohesion, and a visual embodiment of gender oppression and gender inequality. Consequently, veiled Muslim women are vulnerable to hate crime attacks in public. Drawing on Christie’s (1986) concept of the ‘ideal victim’, this chapter considers the implications of the label of ‘undeserving victims’ for veiled Muslim women who have experienced anti-Muslim hate crime. It argues that they are often denied the ‘ideal victim’ identity due to the demonisation and criminalisation of the veil, especially in light of the banning of the veil in European countries such as France and Belgium.
Conceptualising victims of antisocial behaviour is far from ‘ideal’
Authors: Heap Vicky
Published: January 2019

This chapter uses Christie’s (1986) ideal victim’s framework to critically deconstruct notions of anti-social behaviour (ASB) victimisation, by conceptualising individual and community experiences of ASB. An examination of 'personal' ASB (ONS, 2012) assesses how far Christie's thesis can be applied to individual victims of targeted non-criminal behaviour, with a focus on social housing, stigmatisation and vulnerability. As 'environmental' and 'nuisance' ASB (ONS, 2012) can be experienced by more than one victim, perceptions of communities suffering from ASB victimisation is also considered, with examples from both residential neighbourhoods and public spaces explored to provide a contemporary understanding of these phenomena. Overall, the chapter illustrates how political priorities, societal and media discourses, and hierarchies of victimisation make conceptualising victims of ASB far from ideal.
The ‘ideal’ rape victim and the elderly woman: a contradiction in terms?
Authors: Bows Hannah
Published: January 2019

There is now an extensive body of literature examining sexual violence against women and girls. However, there remains an important gap in relation to ‘older’ women, who have been almost entirely absent from research, policy and practice developments. Traditionally, older age has been reviewed as a protective factor for violent crime, including sexual violence, and both criminologists and feminists have largely neglected those aged over 60 in their scholarship. This chapter examines this absence and argues that ‘real rape’ myths and stereotypes have contributed to the invisibility of older victims. Findings from the first national study to examine sexual violence against people aged 60 and over are presented and discussed in light of the existing literature.
Male prisoners’ vulnerabilities and the ideal victim concept
Authors: Anne Jennifer , Rainbow Sloan
Published: January 2019

Men in prison are often seen as the creators of victims and are positioned completely in opposition to the 'ideal victim'. Yet many prisoners are actually victims themselves, in their past, present and future lives, physically, mentally and emotionally. Whilst this does not sit well with feminist positions of offender blaming and punishment, it is necessary that we confront male victimisation and vulnerabilities in prisons in order to reduce future offending and harm that results from the vulnerable positionality. Drawn from interviews conducted as part of an ethnographic study, this chapter examines the vulnerabilities of men in prison and the unseen victimisation processes that they undergo. Male prisoners may, in many cases, be victims of the socio-structural inequalities and class based ‘structural violence’ which Christie (1986: 24) highlighted; however, in addressing the subjective identities occupied by these ‘non-ideal’ victims, a greater understanding of the truths and experiences of the ‘non-ideal’ offender is provided.
A decade after Lynndie: non-ideal victims of non-ideal offenders – doubly anomalised, doubly invisibilised
Authors: Cohen Claire
Published: January 2019

Lynndie England’s conviction, and highly publicised dishonourable discharge from the United States military, for crimes that included photographically documented acts of sexual violence against male detainees in her care, finally succeeded in bringing female sexual offending against male victims to the fore, and served as a watershed moment that forever changed the discourse. Except it didn’t. This event did not disrupt orthodox discourse. It did not breach the gendered binary that casts men as offenders and women as victims. A decade later, it can instead be argued to have bolstered it – being pivotal in maintaining ‘discursive equilibrium’ in preservation of those gendered, normative, binaristic, subject positions that serve to cast men outside of legitimate victimhood; particularly men assaulted by women. This Foucauldian analysis of knowledge production in the academy will examine this stasis, and articulate the discursive mechanisms underlying it - arguing that the ideal victim binary, in the area of sexual violence, constitutes a gender-normative taxonomy that functions as a governmentalised ‘regime of truth’. Ironically, this influence is most stymieing amongst those best placed to resist it.This chapter complexifies Christie’s (1986) concept of the ideal victim through the lens of Foucauldian theory, presenting a clarion call to victimology.
Methods of policy analysis: the US and Turkish cases
Authors: Gül Hüseyin , Acar Muhittin
Published: January 2019

This chapter reviews the methods and techniques of policy research and analysis commonly used in national and international policy studies, analyses and education. The chapter first discusses the positivist and post-positivist (interpretivist) approaches to policy analysis and research after a short introduction. The chapter goes on to investigate what types of policy research and analysis methods and techniques are commonly used in public policy studies and research courses, with particular focus on the United States (U.S.). The chapter will then provide a review of the research and analysis techniques and methods applied in public policy studies in Turkey. For this purpose, a sample of articles, books and course content in the fields of public policy and public policy analysis are identified and analyzed. Then, the findings of the survey on research techniques and methods, and the content analysis of the articles, courses and textbooks are presented. The chapter concludes by presenting a summary of the findings and comparing and contrasting the types of methods and techniques used in public policy studies and courses in the U.S. and Turkey.
Policy-making at local level: an analysis of Turkish municipalities
Authors: Bayraktar Ulaş
Published: January 2019

Turkish local governments have undergone a radical transformation since the 1980s. Accompanied by a rhetoric of decentralising and democratising reforms, related legal changes have been criticised in the light of either nationalist or democratic, participatory concerns. At the heart of such important waves of legal reforms lay the municipalities as the main service provider in urban settings. This chapter presents a general overview of the state of policy analysis in Turkish municipalities. It argues that municipalities governed by very strong executives, prioritise populist services delivered through subcontracts and controlled weakly by political and civil actors and arbitrarily by the central government. The classical public policy cycle approach will inform the discussion.
Policy analysis in civil society organisations
Authors: Ertan Güneş
Published: January 2019

This chapter is mainly concerned with providing a concise synopsis of the state of civil society in Turkey and an overview of the decision-making processes at civil society organizations (CSOs) by combining data from various empirical studies. The chapter begins with a discussion of the roots of weak civil society in Turkey followed by an illustration of the current state of civil society as a space. The chapter will then examine policy analysis practices in CSOs with a focus on prevalent decision making structures and the role of external funds in addition to agenda setting and evaluation processes. The chapter concludes by arguing that CSOs in Turkey are still yet to become effective implementers of policy analysis tools.
Policy analysis and capacity in the Central Bank of Turkey
Authors: Bakır Caner , Coban Mehmet Kerem
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines policy capacity and policy analysis in the context of the Central Bank’s role in policy design and implementation that relates to macroeconomic and financial stability in Turkey. Specifically, it focuses on agency-level (i.e. individual and organisational) complementarities that relate to the Bank’s policy capacity. These are related to the Bank’s knowledge and expertise, human capital, recruitment, and career development prospects, its ability to collect and analyse data, its formal organisation and departments related to policy analysis, its organisational culture emphasising measured risk taking in policy design and implementation (see also Bakir, 2007, 2012a) and its policy entrepreneurship linking its bureaucratic agenda with governmental agenda due mainly to its strong analytical, operational and political capacity. This chapter argues that proactive behaviour in monetary policy design and implementation is most likely when a central bank has strong analytical, operational and political policy capacity.
Public policy education in Turkey
Authors: Yıldız Mete , Babaoğlu Cenay
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the development and current state of public policy education in Turkey, based on the teaching of the subject in political science and public administration departments. The chapter analyses and explains the conditions under which public policy classes - among other relevant developments - have emerged and evolved over time, and the motivations of the faculty to introduce, develop and maintain public policy courses. To this end, studies on the teaching of public policy in the political science and public administration departments in Turkish universities at undergraduate and graduate levels are reviewed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the current and future challenges facing public policy education in Turkey, and recommendations for addressing these challenges.
Introduction
Authors: Vacchelli Elena
Published: January 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book aims to explore and situate the concept of ‘embodiment’ on the map of research methodologies at a time when what counts as data in qualitative research is expanding. The book attempts to systematize the current work on embodiment within migration studies and set it firmly in the field of qualitative data collection and analysis. Doing embodied research is crucial for deploying a noninvasive approach to working with research participants in vulnerable positions, such as migrant, refugee, and asylum-seeking women, as will become evident through the theoretical stances and the application of embodied research in the course of the book.
Collage-making with migrant, refugee and asylum-seeking women
Authors: Vacchelli Elena
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses collage making is an art-based, non-textual form of representation. The process of engaging in a group activity has the potential to elicit verbal explanations that alone might otherwise be too narrow and not necessarily include broader life experiences. Collage-making was used to engage migrant, refugee, and asylum-seeking women in order to elicit personal stories about individual experiences of sensitive nature, such as accessing mental health services. It should be noted that participants' subject position of vulnerable women is not an essential feature of their personality but a structurally determined, and hopefully transient, material condition. Most of the women are strong, assertive, and resourceful migrants who have been able to negotiate and embody their experiences of displacement in different ways.
Digital embodiments: a two-day workshop with migrant women
Authors: Vacchelli Elena
Published: January 2019

This chapter draws on Digital Storytelling (DS), a process that allows research participants to tell their stories in their own words through a guided creative workshop that includes the use of digital technology, participatory approaches, and co-production of personal stories. As such, it is a method devised for bridging the gap between theory and experience and can be considered a social practice as well as a research method. During a workshop with migrant women, DS enabled all research participants to express personal truths that are worked on using technologies of telling, listening to each other's stories, writing, and giving each other comments and feedback within the group. In this chapter, DS is interpreted as embodied feminist research as it draws on repertoires of co-production that are typical of feminist activism and research.
Conclusions
Authors: Vacchelli Elena
Published: January 2019

This chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. This book sought to address the question on the importance of embodied research by first highlighting the theoretical underpinnings of embodiment, and second by providing examples of embodied research which made use of creative and participatory approaches with migrant, refugee, and asylum-seeking women in London. Epistemologies such as post-phenomenology, sensory, and affective approaches concur that the body is material, socially constructed and the social relations it produces are generative and agentic. By looking at the intellectual tradition where embodiment is situated, this book interrogates the process of doing embodied research with migrant women in London.
Theoretical perspectives on technology and society: implications for understanding the relationship between ICTs and family life
Authors: Mauthner Natasha S. , Kazimierczak Karolina A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores four theoretical perspectives on technology and society — technological determinism, social constructivism, actor network theory (ANT), and posthumanism — and situates them within current empirical research on information and communication technologies (ICTs) and family dynamics. Technological determinism theorises the relationship between technological and social change that informs academic, policy and popular accounts about the place of technology in everyday life. Social constructivist approaches to technology include ‘social shaping of technology’, ‘social construction of technology’ and ‘technological systems’ perspectives. The chapter also explains the main assumptions of ANT and posthumanist approaches before proceeding with a discussion of how technological determinism, social constructivism and ANT have implicitly or explicitly shaped empirical research on ICTs and family life. It concludes by considering the implications of posthumanism for research on ICTs and family life.
From object to instrument: technologies as tools for family relations and family research
Authors: Casimiro Cláudia , Nico Magda
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the use of technologies as objects and tools in family research. It first considers four main sociological objects that are involved in the interplay between family life and information and communication technologies (ICTs): intimate couple life, intergenerational relationships, transnational or migrant families, and the life course. It then discusses the positive and negative social effects of ICT usage in family life before describing a project based on the life course approach, with a family-centred methodology as the privileged unit of analysis, that utilised CAQDAS (computer assisted qualitative data analysis software) to investigate the processes of social mobility in Portugal over recent decades. The chapter shows that technologies can be envisaged both as an object of study (technology usage and its impact on family relationships in a life course perspective) and as an instrument (technology as a tool).
Rescue chains and care talk among immigrants and their left-behind parents
Authors: Cuban Sondra
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) by Mexican immigrant families living in the United States to care for their aged left-behind parents and grandparents suffering from poor health. It introduces the concepts of ‘rescue chain’ and ‘care talk’ to account for the interplay between ICTs and transnational families. Drawing on the stories of ten participants, the chapter considers how Mexican immigrants and their siblings, locally and abroad, form rescue chains to deliver care to ageing left-behind parents with health problems through ICTs. It shows that the rescue chain communication involves care talk that focused on protecting, providing, and proving that the care needs of the person in crisis were addressed. The chapter also reviews the literature on ageing and long-distance caring through ICTs, discusses theories on care and ageing, and explains the methodology and sources used in the study.
‘Wherever you go, wherever you are, I am with you … connected with my mobile’: the use of mobile text messages for the maintenance of family and romantic relations
Authors: Kneidinger-Müller Bernadette
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how smartphones may function as a relevant digital tool for maintaining both family and romantic relationships. Using data from a quantitative diary study and follow-up qualitative interviews with twenty-four smartphone users aged 20–30 years as a part of a research teaching course at a German university in June 2015, the chapter considers the different reasons for using text messages. It first provides an overview of relationship maintenance in the age of mobile communication before discussing the research methodology and the findings. The results show that smartphones are used as everyday companions by the majority of respondents and allow perpetual contact with loved ones, independent of time or space. The study also revealed the content of the text messages and the perception that smartphones and texting pose a threat to relationships. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the limitations of the study.
Permeability of work-family borders: effects of information and communication technologies on work-family conflict at the childcare stage in Japan
Authors: Sakamoto Yuka
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the permeability of work/home boundaries in Japan, and consequently on work–family conflicts over childcare. Using data derived from a web questionnaire survey conducted in February 2013 with a sample of 20–49-year-old working parents residing in Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya, the chapter considers how intensive use of ICTs is exacerbating work–family conflicts. After providing an overview of the childcare stage in Japan, as well as the growing adoption of teleworking due to an increasingly widespread use of ICTs, the chapter reviews the literature on the effect of ICTs and telework on work–family life balance. It then explains the study's theoretical framework and hypotheses, along with the methodology used and the results. One major finding is that work–family conflict increases as the permeability of borders increases, and decreases with more frequent border-crossing communication with family.
Strategies for health promotion
Authors: Palfrey Colin
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on various strategies for health promotion in the UK. It begins with a discussion of two opposing routes to better health, known as health promotion doctrines: Approach A is a health education approach that seeks to influence individual lifestyle, while Approach B argues that health inequalities can be reduced and public health can be improved only through social change and political action. The chapter then considers the different causes of ill health, with particular emphasis on the link between health and poverty. It also examines poverty in the UK, taking into account various definitions of poverty in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, and health surveys that provide an annual update on current health behaviours and conditions in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Finally, it reviews health promotion strategies pursued in the four countries, such as tackling obesity, increasing physical activity and improving diet.
Health economics and health promotion
Authors: Palfrey Colin
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the techniques used by health economists to evaluate the value for money of health promotion initiatives. It first provides an overview of concepts related to economics and health economics, including efficiency, equality, equity and accessibility. Efficiency can be evaluated in terms of cost-minimisation, cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit and cost-utility. The chapter then considers the various rationing strategies by which the NHS can try to reduce expenditure, the use of QALYs to compare the cost-effectiveness of health promotion projects, and conjoint analysis. It also explains how health economists calculate the cost to society of unhealthy lifestyles such as obesity and smoking, and goes on to tackle the question of prevention vs cure in health promotion, the expenditure on the NHS, and the limitations of health economics in evaluation of health promotion endeavours. The chapter concludes with an assessment of how to estimate the costs of health promotion.
Health promotion and mental health
Authors: Palfrey Colin
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines health promotion campaigns and policies designed to raise the profile of mental health, and more specifically to help those suffering from mental illness. It begins with an overview of mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, and personality disorders. It then considers the NHS policy on mental health; the mental health promotion strategies in the UK, including the Scottish Health Survey of 2016, the All Wales Mental Health Promotion Network, and the Mental Health Foundation report in Northern Ireland; the implications of the coexistence of physical and mental illness for policy makers and practitioners; and mental health charities such as Anxiety UK, Centre for Mental Health, Rethink Mental Illness, SANE and Time to Change. The chapter also discusses various mental health promotion strategies throughout the UK, locations for mental health promotion, and economic evaluations of mental health promotion.
Understanding Trans Health
Authors: Pearce Ruth
Published: January 2019

What does it mean for someone to be ‘trans’? What are the implications of this for healthcare provision? Drawing on the findings of an extensive research project, this book addresses urgent challenges and debates in trans health. It interweaves patient voices with social theory and autobiography, offering an innovative look at how shifting language, patient mistrust, waiting lists and professional power shape clinical encounters, and exploring what a better future might look like for trans patients. These book aims to uncover how trans identities and experiences, along with conceptualisations of trans health, are understood in multiple contexts. The purpose is to grasp the social processes at play in encounters where trans patients feel marginalised, misunderstood, and/or discriminated against.
The politics of trans health: negotiating credible knowledge
Authors: Pearce Ruth
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyzes ‘epistemic politics’: that is, the politics of knowledge production. It focuses particularly on the process of trans patient advocacy, looking at how individual interventions may contribute to collective efforts for discursive and material change. Drawing on examples from the depathologisation movement, it further examines how trans activists have sought to challenge the practitioner/patient power differential in both the micro-setting of the healthcare encounter and the macro-setting of medical discourse. It demonstrates that these challenges are most successful when trans knowledge are reproduced and established as credible through continual acts of mutual recognition and iterative citation across multiple spaces and contexts.
How did we get to where we are now?1
Authors: Torry Malcolm
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the past and current state of the debate on the Citizen's Basic Income. It begins with the Poor Law of 1601 to the era of means-tested benefits. In particular, it cites William Beveridge's 1942 report which proposed a comprehensive system of National Insurance Benefits and centrally administered National Assistance. It then traces the origins of universal benefits in the UK, from Family Allowance to Child Benefit, and considers other failed proposals to reform the tax and benefits systems, including Tax Credits and attempts at a Citizen's Basic Income. It also explains why proposals such as ‘Universal Credit’ were and have been implemented, but not the proposal for a Citizen's Basic Income. Finally, it describes the National Health Service's (NHS) provision of universal, unconditional and nonwithdrawable healthcare and the global debate over the Citizen's Basic Income, and especially with respect to its feasibility and implementation.
Is it feasible?1
Authors: Torry Malcolm
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines whether a Citizen's Basic Income is feasible — that is, capable of being legislated and implemented. To answer this question, the chapter considers multiple feasibilities: financial feasibility (whether it would be possible to finance a Citizen's Basic Income, and whether implementation would impose substantial financial losses on any households or individuals); psychological feasibility (whether the idea is readily understood, and understood to be beneficial); administrative feasibility (whether it would be possible to administer a Citizen's Basic Income and to manage the transition); behavioural feasibility (whether a Citizen's Basic Income would work for households and individuals once it was implemented); political feasibility (whether the idea would cohere with existing political ideologies); and policy process feasibility (whether the political process would be able to process the idea through to implementation). After explaining each of these feasibilities in detail, the chapter asks whether they are additive, conjunctive, or disjunctive.
Options for implementation
Authors: Torry Malcolm
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers four different methods for implementing a Citizen's Basic Income. The first is ‘all in one go’, which abolishes means-tested benefits. The second is ‘all in one go’, but retains means-tested benefits. The third option is gradual roll-out, in which Child Benefit would no longer be payable beyond the sixteenth birthday; that is, the sixteen-year-olds would receive no Income Tax Personal Allowance. The last option involves inviting volunteers among the pre-retired, between the age of sixty and the state pension age. The chapter evaluates each of these methods, taking into account their advantages and disadvantages, and describes an implementation scenario based on the third method. It concludes by proposing an additional option: introducing a very small Citizen's Basic Income that will rise slowly as the rates and thresholds for Income Tax and National Insurance Contributions as well as means-tested benefits adapt.
Hearing the voice of the child: messages from research that expose gaps between theory, principle and reality
Authors: Murch Mervyn
Published: January 2019

This chapter draws attention to the developing field of policy and practice-related research which seeks to take account of the views and experiences of children, with a focus on parental breakdown and separation. The overall research into a wide range of children's life experiences is developing fast, representing something of a cultural shift since the 1970s. Even before then, certain pioneering researchers, such as Royston Lambert and Spencer Millham, in their research in the 1960s for the Public Schools Commission, sought to sample the views of children. This led on to a number of other studies concerned with listening to children in educational and other professional services contexts. The chapter considers research conducted in the 1990s and early 2000s, before the full impact of modern information technology had been felt and prior to the availability of smart phones for children.
Demolition and reconstruction in the family justice regime: what can be salvaged for children whose parents separate and divorce?
Authors: Murch Mervyn
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the needs for children coming into contact with the family justice system to receive impartial information, to have a voice in proceedings if they so wish, and to receive support during the course of proceedings. It examines these issues in the context of fundamental changes in the system. The story underlying this chapter is one where the old regime of family justice administering private family law has been dismantled by radical measures introduced by the Coalition government between 2010 and 2015. The first part outlines the development of these measures. The second part focuses on the new policy framework based on what has been termed the Child Arrangements Programme (CAP), which replaces the old regime.
Barriers obstructing a preventive mental health approach
Authors: Murch Mervyn
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers some barriers which need to be overcome in order to implement early intervention when children are facing critical family change. It begins by explaining marketization as it applies to children's access to services. It then discusses the shortcomings in Whitehall's capacity to view the mental health needs of children and their families as a whole. These include policy making that is short-termist, reactive, and uncoordinated; more reward for ministers and civil servants in ‘rising to the occasion’ than preventing such occasions arising in the first place; and most government responses are vertical (i.e. carried out in single departments) when most the key problems faced by government are horizontal (i.e. affect a number of different departments). The chapter then covers how to overcome shortcomings in established professional modes of thinking.
Introduction
Authors: Antonopoulos Georgios A. , Hall Alexandra , Large Joanna , Shen Anqi , Crang Michael , Andrews Michael
Published: January 2019

The first chapter outlines the book’s rationale and analytical approach. It introduces the reader to a number of complex and interdependent forces, processes and spaces that are analysed in the book.
Financial aspects of the counterfeit goods market
Authors: Antonopoulos Georgios A. , Hall Alexandra , Large Joanna , Shen Anqi , Crang Michael , Andrews Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter four provides a detailed account of the sources of capital to initiate and sustain a counterfeiting scheme, the settlement of payments in the business, costs incurred by counterfeiting entrepreneurs, and profits and investment of proceeds of counterfeiting.
Introduction
Authors: Gilmartin Mary , Wood Patricia Burke , O’Callaghan Cian
Published: January 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book addresses three key issues that are central to the current politicisation of migration and citizenship, but that take particular forms in the United Kingdom and the United States. These three issues, each of which is discussed in a separate chapter, are borders and walls, mobility, and belonging. Borders and walls are the material articulation of state boundaries and state sovereignty. The role of borders is increasingly seen as the regulation of the movement of people: facilitating easy movement across borders for some, but making that movement more difficult for most. In contrast, the mobility of capital, through the actions of transnational corporations in particular, receives little attention.
Modern slavery in the United Kingdom: an incoherent response
Authors: Craig Gary
Published: January 2019

This chapter reviews developments leading to the enactment of the 2015 Modern Slavery Act in England and Wales and parallel legislation in Northern Ireland and Scotland. It analyses the response of the UK government to growing pressure for legislation, and the failings of the actual legislation put in place, including a comparison with some key elements in its Scottish and Northern Irish counterparts. Despite claims to be world-leading, the Modern Slavery Act has already been found to be deficient in many key areas such as continuing protection for victims and linking slavery and immigration legislation, and is considered to be in need of substantial reform.
Outcomes-based approaches and the devolved administrations
Authors: Birrell Derek , Gray Ann Marie
Published: January 2019

Governments in all three devolved administrations of the UK (Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) have been adopting what they define as an outcome based approach to aspects of their policy making. This chapter examines the attraction of outcome based approaches and the outcome based accountability (OBA) model in particular. It assesses the conceptual issues arising from the OBA methodology and its application and examines arguments about the value of the OBA approach. The relationship between outcomes and indicators and the use of OBA for monitoring and evaluating performance is discussed. While there has been substantial buy-in to the principle of an outcomes based approach in the three administrations the paper questions whether there is evidence that these approaches have improved performance and policy.
Social policy and populism: welfare nationalism as the new narrative of social citizenship
Authors: Ketola Markus , Nordensvard Johan
Published: January 2019

This chapter investigates the relationship between far-right populism and social policy. The chapter argues that an approach anchored in framing and policy narratives will yield new understandings of how far-right populist discourses have come to challenge social democratic and neoliberal welfare narratives. The new narrative challenges and denigrates the economic and political elite as self-serving and corrupt, claiming to represent the interest of the ‘people’ instead. In defining ‘people’, the interests of certain societal groups are prioritised on the bases of culture or ethnicity. Importantly for social policy, this chapter argues, in this universal social rights and social citizenship are reframed in ethno-nationalist and welfare chauvinist terms. The chapter draws upon the case of Sweden in order to briefly exemplify the discursive strategies at play.
Back to the future of community cohesion? Learning from New Labour
Authors: Donoghue Matthew
Published: January 2019

New Labour developed an ambitious programme to address what it saw as increasing social divisions in British society caused, primarily, by ethnic and cultural difference. Developed in 2001, community cohesion became embedded in many other social policy areas, especially regarding social inclusion, a commitment to empowering both individuals and communities, and developing a sense of British identity compatible with a rapidly globalising world. Though it was marginalised during the Coalition and Conservative governments, rising uncertainty and increasing division in the current period warrants a re-assessment of the utility of a discrete social cohesion policy framework. This chapter assesses New Labour’s approach to community cohesion, drawing out lessons from its use in the New Labour years and asks whether policymakers should return to a focus on social cohesion and what, if anything, should be done differently in an uncertain political and social landscape.