bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity, Spatial Population Dynamics, and the Migration Rate
Authors: Rogers A
Published: October 2006

The literature on the impacts of heterogeneity and selection in population analysis has been limited largely to the conventional unistate perspective in which only decrements are considered; and their temporal (selectivity) impacts on independent subpopulations examined. In this paper, the focus is on the evolutionary dynamics of (multistate) multiregional populations whose interdependent subpopulations can experience increments as well as decrements. It is shown that in such instances migration rates that are not true occurrence-exposure rates are ambiguous, because they depend on the relative weightings existing during the initial model-fitting period. Net migration rates, lifetime migration rates, and return migration proportions all are imperfect measures of migration propensities, and their use as input measures to an analysis should be avoided whenever possible.
New Directions in the Growth of Tourism Employment?: Propositions of the 1980s
Authors: Townsend A
Published: October 2006

In a variety of European national contexts, the geography of tourist development turns heavily on relative spending by residents at home, by residents abroad, and by foreign visitors. Unpublished GB data for ‘tourism-related employment’, 1981–89, are employed to test the hypothesis that there has been a spread of activity from coastal resorts to many other types of area, particularly, as per the government emphasis, demonstrating the potential of urban tourism. Traditional coastal resorts are found to be identified with relative decline, but the growth of tourism employment in the cities is somewhat smaller still; analyses of museum and recreation employment show a decline of city employment, which offsets significant job increases in hotels and catering. Otherwise, there are elements of ‘urban-rural’ drift, with the growth of leisure jobs (which are indistinguishable from tourism) reflecting the growth both of resident population and of visitor attractions, which both generate car-based outings to successively less urban types of area.
Bidding, Auctions, and House Purchase
Authors: Gibb K
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the economics of house purchase are examined, in particular in relation to bidding in housing auctions. A small postal survey of recent movers in the City of Glasgow is analysed to indicate the factors associated with economic rent accruing to the seller. Although there are important a priori links between auction theory and house purchase through informational asymmetries which could yield testable propositions, there are fundamental areas of difficulty. Auction analysis is essentially static whereas house purchase is primarily a process wherein market makers have a pivotal role. Nonetheless the need for further research into housing auctions and purchase behaviour is identified and supported. In particular, further research of a more qualitative and experimental methodology is strongly urged. This should be the first step in the integration of housing economics with a more microeconomic study of process and outcome at the point of house purchase.
Complementary Perspectives as a Means of Understanding Regional Change: Frontier Settlement in the Ecuador Amazon
Authors: Brown L A , Sierra R , Southgate D , Labao L
Published: October 2006

Illustrated in this paper is a research protocol wherein regional change in the Ecuador Amazon, measured in terms of changing settlement patterns, is explored from three distinct but complementary vantage points—idiographic, context-dependent generalizations, and universally applicable frameworks. All analyses are anchored to the study area itself; the region's ground-level reality plays a prominent role throughout; and the Amazon as a place is the object of study. The more universal the explanation, the less information it provides about the Ecuador Amazon per se; but each conceptualization illuminates a distinct aspect of the Amazon experience. A comprehensive understanding is the end result. The research protocol is situated within current concerns over place, the new regional geography, and related research strategies.
Health Search Behavior of Parents in Rural Bangladesh: An Empirical Study
Authors: Paul B K
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the health seeking behavior of parents in a rural area of Bangladesh who were unsuccessful in their attempt to save their child's life is dealt with. With use of univariate and multivariate techniques, the role of some selected socioeconomic, demographic, cultural, and spatial factors on the utilization of qualified doctors of modern medicine is examined. The analysis of data indicates that demographic, cultural, and spatial factors have stronger effects on the health search behavior of the parents than the socioeconomic conditions of the parents. The parents' preference for boys emerges as the strongest factors followed by distance to qualified doctors and parity. Implications of the findings are also discussed.
‘Pearl Harbor without Bombs’: A Critical Geopolitics of the US—Japan ‘FSX’ Debate
Authors: Tuathail G Ó
Published: October 2006

In the spring of 1989 a proposed fighter-aircraft codevelopment and coproduction deal between General Dynamics and Mitsubishi Heavy Industry presented the Bush administration with its first foreign policy crisis. The deal to construct a modified version of General Dynamic's F-16 called the FSX (fighter support experimental) for the Japanese government with use of US technology was first approved by the Reagan administration and subsequently revised and supported by the Bush administration. The submission of the deal to Congress for approval by the Bush administration on 1 May 1989 provided the occasion for a sustained and wide-ranging debate within the US political system over the role of the USA in a changing world order. For many the question of the FSX fighter was symbolic of a series of larger issues which confronted the USA. Could the USA continue to conceptualize national security in geopolitical terms when its leading ally was also its leading competitor in world markets? Was the most significant threat to the USA from an East-West struggle with the Soviet Union, or with Japan? This paper is a critical geopolitics of the FSX debate in which the conflicting geographical scripts of Japan as both ally and threat are investigated. The debate provides a window into a larger struggle within the USA between an emergent geo-economic definition of national security and an increasingly materially unsustainable geopolitical vision of the US role in the world.
Spatial Uncertainty and Spatial Dominance in Interaction Modelling: A Theoretical Perspective on Spatial Competition
Authors: Pooler J
Published: October 2006

In this paper a theoretical index of spatial uncertainty is defined, which measures the degree of diversity faced by potential movers in a destination choice set. As a result of variations in attractiveness and distance, destinations are considered to exert varying degrees of spatial dominance on origins and to compete on that basis for the attention of would-be movers. It is hypothesized that at origins where dominances are more uniform, there is ‘less to choose’ among destinations and it is more difficult to predict accurately spatial interaction (and vice versa). The basic concept put forth is that spatial uncertainty and the spatial interaction-model performance are related to the relative location of origins with respect to destinations. The empirical analysis employs data on recreational day travel and population migration.
Market-Area Analysis and Accessibility to Primary Health-Care Centres
Authors: Martin D , Williams H C W L
Published: October 2006

In this paper, postcoded data are used to develop spatial interaction models for the registration of individuals with different health centres. With use of a cell-based representation of urban space, indices of accessibility to and market areas for such services are devised. The empirical work relates to a study area in the City of Bristol, and reveals patterns of use of general practitioners at a level of detail not previously available. Some implications for locational planning in the primary health-care sector are also considered.
Gaming in Spatial Expansion Tracks: The Case of the Swedish Brewery Industry
Authors: Finne S , Laulajainen R
Published: October 2006

Two competitors try to maximize their respective market shares by acquiring smaller, passive companies. The heavy logistics bill and inherent scale economies in production recommend contagious expansion. This process is channeled by physical barriers and population distribution. Rationalization of production and distribution is postponed. The historical example is derived from the Swedish brewery industry. It may be seen as a game with a set of rules and some probabilistic parameters. The game is played thirty-seven times, by two persons at a time. The results span a spectrum of spatial strategies, dominated by three main types, one of which corresponds to the historical outcome. To get a firmer hold of ‘good’ strategies, the probabilistic elements are replaced by a simple indicator, the territory is abstracted into a network, and the decisionmaking sequence is analyzed deductively. The same three main types of strategy reemerge. One of them is tentatively considered to be a Nash equilibrium.
Energy Use in an Era of Rapidly Changing Oil Price—How OPEC Did Not save the World from the Greenhouse Effect
Authors: Neuburger H
Published: October 2006

In this paper a statistical analysis of trends in energy use in six major OECD countries in the period 1968 to 1988 is reported. The traditional analyses are challenged, and it is concluded that one model, explaining the development of energy ratios in terms of the price of oil and a time trend, applies to all six countries. In each case there is a strong and steady downward trend of around 2% per annum and a price elasticity of less than 5%. It is argued that those accounts of energy use which attribute improvements in energy efficiency mainly to the oil price shocks of 1973 and 1979 are misspecified and wrong. It is suggested that the direct effect of the oil price on energy use is relatively small. This in turn implies that the use of general taxes such as a carbon tax is unlikely to be effective in reducing energy use without widespread collateral damage to the economy.
Equilibrium Models of Spatial Interaction with Locational-Capacity Constraints
Authors: Kantorovich Ye G
Published: October 2006

Two types of equilibrium models of urban spatial structures are considered. An equilibrium version of the production-constrained spatial interaction model involving zonal-capacity constraints on allocation is investigated. A model of equilibrium for interacting subsystems is defined (it is a generalisation of Nash equilibria and of some Lowry-type models) and connections between this model and Nash equilibria are investigated. An entropy-projection operator is used for equilibrium urban models with zonal-capacity constraints. Problems of uniqueness of an equilibrium and the convergence of the iterative computational process are studied for these models.
A Regional Supply and Demand Model for Inpatient Hospital Care
Authors: Bikker J A , de Vos A F
Published: October 2006

In this paper a regional supply and demand model for hospital admissions is developed which can be used for policymaking and planning purposes. It incorporates spatial factors such as travel-time costs into a model of market equilibrium in which waiting time acts implicitly as the equilibrating device. By distinguishing travel-time costs or distances it is shown that both supply and demand within local markets strongly influence admissions in a way which cannot be observed on aggregated levels: the tension between supply and demand is cushioned by a strong redistribution of patients. The model encompasses several well-known models for patient flows and hospital utilization originating in regional economics.
The Geographically Uneven Development of Privatisation: Towards a Theoretical Approach
Authors: Stubbs J G , Barnett J R
Published: October 2006

Over the least decade a plethora of privatisation policies have been initiated in many countries of the world both at national level and at local level. Few attempts, however, have been made to analyse, within a theoretical framework, the geographically uneven development of privatisation policies both within, and between, regions and nation-states. This paper is an examination of the uneven growth between regional hospital authorities in the private contracting of public hospital ancillary services in New Zealand. A significant, if somewhat surprising, finding is that, after a surge in privatisation in the early 1980s, the process has virtually stagnated in the last few years. Possible reasons for this, and the more general spatial uneven development of this form of privatisation, are advanced and, on the basis of this study, some avenues for further research are indicated.
Accessibility Measures Compared in an Analysis of the Impact of the M25 London Orbital Motorway on Britain
Authors: Linneker B J , Spence N A
Published: October 2006

A number of established methods exist for measuring levels of accessibility over space. Most notable are those based on market potential and access cost. This research is concerned with the comparison of these methods and the results that they produce in a particular empirical context. Accessibility costs for HGVs by road are measured for 1980s Britain with special reference to the M25 London Orbital Motorway. Specific calculations are made for accessibility which include and exclude the road and are dependent on an exogenously derived route minimisation procedure. These are assumed to represent the postroad and preroad situations, respectively. The findings point to significant differences in the results depending on the method chosen. This is contrary to previous research in the field.
Adelaide's Heart Transplant, 1970–88: 3. The Deployment of Capital in the Renovation and Redevelopment Submarkets
Authors: Badcock B A , Browett M A
Published: October 2006

In this, the last of three papers devoted to urban restructuring and its impact upon the built environment of an Australian city, the spatial focus narrows from the metropolitan region to an inner zone of Adelaide. This is the part of Adelaide that has gained most from the processes of residential reinvestment and gentrification over the last two decades.

The interest in the circulation of capital that has been maintained throughout the previous papers is explored more fully by measuring and evaluating investment activity in the renovation and redevelopment submarkets. The evidence presented on the organizational structure, levels of investment, and returns to investment within the two submarkets makes for a better-informed characterization of ‘property capital’. It also serves to make the accompanying role of public finance in the revitalization process much clearer.

In this paper, the interpretation of capital formation in the renovation and redevelopment submarkets suggests that all three tiers of government in Australia have been thoroughly implicated in the residential transformation of Inner Adelaide during the last two decades. Changes to the Commonwealth States Housing Agreement in 1973 released public funds for rehabilitating terrace housing in the City and inner suburbs, and the Hawke Government restructured taxation policy and the financial markets affecting investment in the home unit and town house submarket in the 1980s. Meanwhile the Dunstan administration in South Australia axed the freeway and high-rise-housing plans of the previous state government, and pressured City Hall to abandon its grandiose plans for commercializing the City's ‘square mile’. The residential development policies conceived in the mid-1970s as part of the replacement City of Adelaide Plan were emulated by other local government bodies in the nearby suburbs. Somewhat uncharacteristically, the state's public-housing agency gave a lead to project developers in the private sector by demonstrating what could be achieved in the submarket of inner-city-home units and town houses.
Destination Interdependence and the Competing-Destinations Model
Authors: Lo L
Published: October 2006

There are two types of destination interdependence; one arises because of people's preferences towards destination activities, and the other because of the locational arrangement of space. Destination interdependence affects spatial behaviour. In a previous paper it was shown that the conventional gravity model can handle neither aspect of destination interdependence. In this paper it is shown that the competing-destinations model, as a reformulated gravity prototype, is at best able to describe only locational structure effects.
Redisricting London: The Issues and Likely Political Effects
Authors: Rossiter D J , Johnston R J , Pattie C J
Published: October 2006

The Parliamentary Boundary Commission for England will soon be producing provisional recommendations for new constituencies for Greater London, which stands to lose as many as thirteen seats. In tackling this task, the Commission faces a substantial problem if it sticks to the previous practice of allocating seats separately to each London borough, and not being prepared to cross borough boundaries in the creation of constituencies. It is shown that the resultant underrepresentation and overrepresentation of boroughs will be greater than at previous reviews, and a procedure is suggested which will substantially overcome it, with as few as five pairs of boroughs created for purposes of constituency allocation and constituency definition.
Energy and Environmental Management in Eastern African Cities
Authors: Hosier R
Published: October 2006

Cities in eastern Africa have been growing at an unheralded pace, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Despite this rapid urbanization, very little research has been focused on energy and the environment in urban eastern Africa. This paper contains a review of what little work has been carried out to date. Several conclusions are pointed out. First, cities throughout the region remain small and have formed largely without industrial development. ‘Urbanization without industrialization’ means that the existing urban environmental problems are attributable to inadequate provision of service and not to the industrialization-linked problems found in more developed countries. Even if economic growth improves, action will be necessary to alleviate existing environmental problems. Second, the expected rapid pace of urban growth will impose tremendous costs at all levels. Increased user costs, either through reliance on private-sector alternatives or through public-sector tariffs, must be increasingly relied upon to defray the fiscal impacts of rapid urbanization and to assure the sustainability of urban infrastructural systems. Third, as the anticipated urban growth and industrialization take place, the focus of energy and environmental planners working on cities in eastern Africa will shift from basic service provision to increasingly complex problems. These shifts will require labor and financial resources far exceeding those currently found in these countries. Fourth, although energy and environmental needs may differ according to the size of the city, there has been little or no attention paid to problems outside of the primate cities. As a result, it is unclear how the problems and solutions will differ across the urban hierarchy. Clearly, urban planners need to consider the importance of energy and the environment. At the same time, energy and environmental researchers must pay greater attention to urban areas.
The Role of Services in Urban and Regional Development: Recent Debates and New Directions
Authors: Marshall J N , Wood P A
Published: October 2006

The growing prominence of service activities in the advanced economies poses a substantial challenge for studies of urban and regional development. This paper is a review of different approaches to the analysis of service growth. Studies directed specifically at the development of producer or information services have contributed a valuable sense of the way in which services are leading economic change. They are, however, constrained by the predominantly sectoral nature of their approach, which plays down the diverse character of services and the intimate links between services and other sectors. The conceptualisation of structural change is also too narrow, viewed almost solely through the lens of changes in the service sector. In contrast, a number of Marxist-inspired analyses provide a broader interpretation of the character of structural change, emphasising the role of services in changing phases of capitalist development. They also provide a more sophisticated analysis of the diverse character of services and the types of development they provide. However, they have generally so far been constrained by the limited and derivative role given to services in the dynamics of the economy. The authors argue for a ‘service-informed’ view of structural change which contains a broad analysis of the dynamics of the advanced economies and a sense of the significance of individual service activities in change.
Labor Migration Amongst Hierarchically Competing and Intervening Origins and Destinations
Authors: Fik T J , Amey R G , Mulligan G F
Published: October 2006

A spatial interaction methodology is developed for modeling flows in a hierarchical system. A competing and intervening destinations framework is employed to model and predict US state-to-state labor migration. This analysis is used to assess the importance of geographic variables in explaining variations in regional labor flows. Empirical findings suggest that US labor migration is largely explained by Newtonian and systemic forces—size, distance, locational accessibility, and intervening opportunities in a spatial hierarchy. It is also suggested that lagged migration or migrant stock is a product of the combined effect of these forces.
Comparing Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses of Residential Mobility and Migration
Authors: Clark W A V
Published: October 2006

A reevaluation of cross-sectional versus longitudinal models of residential mobility confirms the general results of earlier cross-sectional analysis and casts doubt on the study by Davies and Pickles in 1985 in which it was argued that cross-sectional analysis is inadequate and that cross-sectional analysis in behavioral geography “must be viewed with suspicion”. However, it is true that the results from models of time-series data reveal additional complexities not obvious in cross-sectional analysis of mobility and migration.
Manufacturing Employment Change in the American Midwest, 1977–86
Authors: Knudsen D C
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the changing pattern of manufacturing employment within the American Midwest for 1977–86 is examined as a function of four hypothesized trends in the US space-economy: national decline of industries concentrated in the Midwest; interregional shift in the focus of production within the USA; intraregional shift in the focus of production within the Midwest; and demetropolitanization of manufacturing. The degree to which each of these processes affects manufacturing employment change is treated here entirely as an empirical question and is examined by using an extended probabilistic shift-share model along the lines suggested by Theil and Gosh, and Knudsen and Barff. Results of the analysis indicate that change in manufacturing employment within the Midwest can be accounted for by interregional shift, intraregional shift, and the national decline of industries concentrated in the region, in that order. Once these other factors are accounted for, demetropolitanization of manufacturing played only a negligible role in changes in manufacturing employment within the region during the study period.
Towards a More General Theoretical and Mathematical Model of Probability for Policy Analysis
Authors: Tonn B E , Schaffhauser A
Published: October 2006

Uncertainty pervades policy analysis in ways that transcend classical concepts of probability. To benefit policy analysis, the concept of probability must be considerably broadened. It is argued that probability can be conceptualized with respect to the characteristics of policy problems that produce inherent uncertainty. Problems that encompass uncertainty can be characterized according to their: (1) fundamental requirements, for example forecasting, knowledge creation, fact establishment; (2) system properties such as disorderly versus orderly systems; (3) problem-solution strategy, for example subjective judgement, model-based analysis, data analysis; (4) problem-solution data requirements—from numerous and hard-to-measure variables to few and easy-to-measure variables, and (5) problem-solution frame—ranging from unbounded solution spaces to small and discrete solution spaces. The theory of lower probability is presented as a generalization of classical additive probability that can handle this generalized conceptualization of probability. Information-theoretic methods for integrating the two generalizations of probability are considered.
The Cost of Conservation: Where Now? A Response to Hodge Et Al
Authors: Brotherton D I
Published: October 2006

There is little point in making comprehensive comparisons of ESA (Environmentally Sensitive Areas) and SSSI (Sites of Special Scientific Interest) protection arrangements as Hodge et al contend, as the two approaches are not substitutable. In contrast, and despite Hodge et al's strictures, comparisons of payment rates may be instructive. Indeed the payment rate analysis in the author's previous work may provide support for Hodge et al's contention that a substantial number of ESA entrants have no intention of pursuing environmentally damaging practices.
The Wheel of Retail Gravitation?
Authors: Brown S
Published: October 2006

Reilly's Law of Retail Gravitation ranks among the classics of marketing geography. In this paper an examination of the evolution of Reilly's law is made, the contemporaneous wheel of retailing theory being used as an organisational framework. In line with the wheel, the gravity model commenced as a simple conceptualisation of consumer spatial behaviour, became increasingly sophisticated through time, and thereby created conditions conducive to the reemergence of the basic interaction model. The wheel theory, however, describes but does not explain the processes of change, and the need for a more comprehensive model of the evolution of retailing thought is discussed.
Do Regions Exist? Implications of Synergetics for Regional Geography
Authors: Stern D I
Published: October 2006

The principal critique of the regional concept was that a region could be no more than the sum of its parts and therefore it could have no separate existence. The synergetics paradigm effectively eliminates the reductionism — holism debate. Were the region to be considered as a self-organizing complex system, the reductionist critique of the regional concept could be countered. Additionally, there are parallels between the application of the synergetics paradigm to geography and some developments in ‘nonpositivist’ geography. These developments could answer parts of the nonpositivist critique of ‘positivist’ geography and possibly bring the two schools of thought closer together.
Modelling Sequential Choice Processes: The Case of Two-Stop Trip Chaining
Authors: Timmermans H , van der Waerden P
Published: October 2006

Traditional decompositional preferences and choice studies are focused on the prediction of single choices, such as choice of shopping centre or transport mode. Discrete choice experiments are used to derive choice models that predict the probability of choosing a choice alternative as a function of its attributes. In this paper these traditional models are extended by addressing the problem of sequential choice behaviour. It is demonstrated how discrete choice experiments and universal logit models may be used to predict a choice sequence. The approach is illustrated for the problem of trip chaining. The research findings support the suggested approach.
Is the Seesaw Tipping Back? The End of Thatcherism and Changing Voting Patterns in Great Britain 1979–92
Authors: Johnston R J , Pattie C J
Published: October 2006

Accounts of British voting behaviour in the 1980s stressed the development of growing spatial divides within the country, especially a north-south divide which reflected economic success in the increasingly Conservative-dominated south and depression in the Labour-supporting north. A new geography of recession was emerging in the early 1990s, however, and the first general election since (in April 1992) suggests that the period of divergence has ended, to be replaced by convergence in the electoral geography of Britain though at spatially varying rates and at a pace insufficient to close the political divides entirely and lead to the government's demise.
A Multistep Iterative Proportional Fitting Procedure to Estimate Cohortwise Interregional Migration Tables Where Only Inconsistent Marginals are Known
Authors: Saito S
Published: October 2006

The interregional cohort survival model developed by Rogers is an excellent one that includes all of the three population processes: birth-death, aging, and interregional migration. Rogers's model, however, has been rarely implemented because it requires detailed data concerning cohortwise (that is by age and sex) interregional migration tables which are not usually available as published data. The most usual case is that only marginal tables that are from different sources can be obtained. However, in this case, those marginal tables necessarily show inconsistency in the sense that they do not have identical common submarginals. This inconsistency prevents the standard iterative proportional fitting (IPF) procedure from converging to the estimate of the complete migration table which conforms to the given observed marginals. Thus to implement Rogers's model some method is needed to estimate the complete migration table where only inconsistent marginals are available. In this paper a multistep IPF procedure is proposed for that purpose and an actual application of the proposed method is shown. The multistep IPF procedure has universal applicability to a wide class of general problems concerned with the estimation of a joint table under inconsistent marginals.
Technological Change at the Regional Level: The Role of Location, Firm Structure, and Strategy
Authors: Tödtling F
Published: October 2006

Because of the increasing globalisation of the economy and reinforced competition, technological change has become an important factor in the restructuring process and in the competitive position of firms and regions. In this paper the author investigates to what extent the innovation process is differentiated across space and in particular how this process is shaped by the locational conditions as well as by the structures and strategies of firms in selected regions. To develop a framework for the analysis, contrasting views about the innovation process at the regional level are presented. In the traditional linear innovation model (product-cycle theory and innovation diffusion) relevant locational factors are stressed and an hierarchical pattern of innovation in space is arrived at. More recent approaches such as the evolutionary and network theories point to the relevance of historically evolved firm structures and strategies. The analysis of the Austrian case demonstrates that each of these models has a certain relevance. There was a pronounced differentiation of innovation across space, which was partly in line with the hierarchical model, such as a concentration of R&D and product innovation in the largest agglomerations. However, strong innovation activities, corresponding more with the evolutionary model, were in addition identified in newly industrialised or even in some of the peripheral rural areas. Structural and behavioural features of the firms, such as organisational characteristics (status, functions, and skills), the strategic orientation as well as network links, in addition to locational factors, were relevant for these patterns.
Increasing Access or Widening Choice: The Role of Resold Public-Sector Dwellings in the Housing Market
Authors: Williams N J , Twine F E
Published: October 2006

British housing policy has, since 1979, been dominated by a shift from collectivist to market-oriented strategies. The single most important element of this policy shift has been the sale of public-sector dwellings to sitting tenants. The patterns of such sales have been well documented, but the longer-term effects on the broader housing market are less well understood. This paper is a report of the results of a research project into the resale by purchasing tenants of Scottish Special Housing Association dwellings over the period 1979–90. The findings are placed in the broader context of the general government housing policy aimed at widening the access to owner occupation for lower-income households. The authors conclude that the long-term impact of the sale of public-sector dwellings is more likely to widen choice for existing owners rather than to increase access to owner occupation.
Japan's ‘Resort Archipelago’: Creating Regions of Fun, Pleasure, Relaxation, and Recreation
Authors: Rimmer P J
Published: October 2006

Changes have occurred in Japanese regional development policy to accommodate the decline in production and commercial activities. Initially, the thrust was on using high-tech activities to promote regional development within an emerging information society. Subsequently, this strategy has been complemented by a policy of regional development based on the leisure and construction industries. Before this policy is outlined attention is focused on examining a conceptual framework for tourism urbanisation and past resort development in Japan. Then the key features of the Comprehensive Regional Resort Preparation Plan, 1987 and its implementation are detailed with reference to case studies in Tohoku, Kanto, and Kyushu and Okinawa. An analysis is also undertaken of key resort facilities with particular reference to golf course development and theme parks. The relevance of concepts fashioned for tourism urbanisation in explaining tourism-led regional development is also considered. Apart from underlining the way in which resorts are blurring the distinction between urban and regional activities the task of monitoring Japanese resort development is highlighted.
Competition between Television Companies for Advertising Revenue in the United Kingdom: The Independent Television Regions Prior to Deregulation
Authors: Clarke D B , Bradford M G
Published: October 2006

This paper provides a contribution to the geographies of advertising and the media. The authors examine the ways in which commercial television companies try to attract advertising to their regions; advertising being their main source of revenue. Competition based on the cost of advertising in particular regions is effectively restricted. This market failure results in regionally uneven allocations of advertising money, and hence an uneven regional pattern of TV company revenues. Other forms of competition are used to attempt to change this. TV companies promote their regions to advertisers and advertising agencies in ways varying from the production of ‘hard’ data to full-blown campaigns designed to promote or alter regional ‘images’. They also provide various services and cost incentives. It is argued that the deregulation of commercial television, which introduces intraregional competition, will not correct the market failure and will, if anything, reinforce the uneven allocation of advertising monies and media revenues. It is also suggested that intraregional competition will reduce regional promotion, the main competitive strategy that has been used to try to offset regional differences.
On the Transformative Nature of Industrial Restructuring: A Comment on Rowley
Authors: Imrie R
Published: October 2006

Rowley's comment offers a partial view of industrial restructuring in the British pottery industry and is too dismissive of recent theoretical developments in industrial geography. The bounded time frame of his analysis weakens his substantive criticisms of my paper and his own research has little by way of an historical referent to comment on the transformative nature of industrial restructuring in the industry.
Industrial Policy of the European Community: Strategic Deficits and Regional Dilemmas
Authors: Sadler D
Published: October 2006

Industrial policy of the European Community (EC) shifted in emphasis towards a neoliberal approach in the late 1980s as one part of moves towards completion of the single internal market by 1992. Intervention by national governments was also to be curtailed (in theory at least) on the grounds that it would be contrary to fair competition and free trade. There is mounting evidence, however, that European industry is increasingly falling behind its main rivals based in the USA and Japan. This poses a sharp challenge for the future of companies in certain key sectors, and for the places and regions dependent on employment in those industries. These issues of industrial strategy and regional development are explored in this paper. First, the change which took place in EC industrial policy from the limited but deliberately interventionist stance of the early 1980s to a much more strongly market-led approach by the early 1990s is outlined. The implications of such free-market measures for the energy sector, in terms of security-of-supply considerations are identified, and these measures are compared with the difficulty experienced in formulating a response to the challenge of global competition in another key sector, automobile production. The uneven regional impacts of such changes are then considered, and the inadequacy, even in its own terms, of present EC regional policy is indicated. Finally, the emergent strategic deficit in EC industrial policy, the regional dilemma associated with the ‘1992’ proposals, and the potential scope for alternative policy directions are addressed.
Farmers' Interest Groups and Agricultural Policy in New Zealand during the 1980s
Authors: Roche M M , Johnston T , Heron R B Le
Published: October 2006

During the 1980s in New Zealand the fabric of state support which had gradually expanded after World War 2 was suddenly removed. Farmers' interest groups found they were unable to influence appreciably the general direction of macroeconomic policy or to contain the influence of deregulationist policies on agriculture. A political economy approach is used to conceptualise and offer preliminary theoretical suggestions about the changing interconnections between economy and state during the present restructuring crisis, especially the need to focus on the disintegration and recomposition of political constituencies and organisations when macropolicy and sectoral frameworks are dismantled. The changing strategies of farmers' interest groups and related agricultural politics amidst an unprecedented episode of state-sector restructuring in New Zealand over the decade are discussed.
Estimating the Economic and Demographic Effects of an Air Quality Management Plan: The Case of Southern California
Authors: Lieu S , Treyz G I
Published: October 2006

The 1991 Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) for the south coast air basin in California is designed to meet federal and state air quality standards. The direct effects of implementing the plan fall into the following categories: changes in business costs, shifts in the composition and amount of spending, and increases in the quality-of-life amenities. Inputting these effects into an economic and demographic forecasting and simulation model of the basin's economy, that includes business and human migration responses, we predict that up to the year 2000 employment will be increased by the AQMP, whereas real per capita disposable income (as it is traditionally meausred) will decrease. Net increases in employment result because decreases arising from increased costs are offset by net increases from spending changes and the effects of migration arising from amenity benefits derived from improved air quality.
Urban Growth and Industrial Restructuring: The Case of Pusan
Authors: Lim J D
Published: October 2006

In this paper is a discussion of the industrial restructuring process associated with changes in the labor-market condition in rapidly developed countries. The author deals with the case of Pusan, Korea, for the empirical verification. Slow growth in the labour supply and quickly rising wages in rapidly developed economies puts pressure on the existing industries and individual firms to restructure. Like other Asian newly industrialized economies, Korea has been experiencing a shortage of labor and rising wages since 1987. Because most of the industries are export oriented, rising wage levels mean declining competitiveness in the world market. Furthermore, a condition of less elastically changing labor supply makes wage levels even higher in every sector in the economy. Industrial restructuring in this sense means finding a way for survival rather than a simple transformation of industries and firms.

In terms of a region, restructuring means the regional relocation of industrial activities, the exit of firms from existing industries, or the internal and external transformation of firms by the changed economic conditions, especially in the labor market. Changing labor-market conditions and subsequent changes in industrial structure in Pusan are discussed in this paper. The causes and consequences of industrial restructuring are discussed on the basis of individual industries.
Recurrent Collapse of the Fire Service in New York City: The Failure of Paramilitary Systems as a Phase Change
Authors: Wallace R
Published: October 2006

Analysis of persistent and recurring episodes of large-scale collapse of the fire service in New York City suggests a striking inverse to Granovetter's ‘strength of weak ties’ analysis of social system integration: that hierarchical paramilitary systems can become fatally unstable if locally based, strong self-interacting equivalence classes of units are unable to answer the vast majority of calls for service without assignment of units from other classes. A simple network-based model finds that an incremental increase in the probability that units must be shared between geographically centered classes leads to a sharply nonlinear, system-wide ‘phase transition’ from stability and localized demand to instability and a ‘delocalized’ service demand.

Implications are explored for the continuing deterioration of the fire service in New York City and its considerable consequences for both public health and public order. More general questions of the interaction of extended but integrated social systems with paramilitary hierarchical structures are also examined.
Regional Differentiation in Trade Union Density
Authors: Van der Laan L
Published: October 2006

In general, regional economic analysis of trade unions is particularly directed at the effects of labour unions, whereas the conditions and causal aspects which influence the presence of labour unions in regions are studied far less. In this paper an attempt is made to fill part of this gap in knowledge by means of an analysis of the causes of the regional differentiation in labour union membership in the Netherlands. A theoretical survey into the causes of variation in regional membership is reported on. Subsequently, the effects of the potential causes of this regional differentiation are analysed empirically. First, it was found that several potentially important aspects do not explain the regional variation in membership. Second, those aspects that were relevant can be reduced to two common factors. Third, it can be concluded that the rather low level of explanation of the regional differentiation suggests that present economic locational analysis should be supplemented by an approach in which the economic historical context is taken into account too. Regional differentiation in trade union membership can only fully be understood from a regional economic historical approach.
Trading Blocs or Trading Blows? The Macroeconomic Geography of US and Japanese Trade Policies
Authors: Grant R
Published: October 2006

In this paper, US and Japanese trade policies are examined from an institutional perspective: an approach taken with renewed interest by researchers in political science and economics. An attempt is made, by taking this approach, to bridge international and domestic politics by positioning state institutions at the center of analysis. The institutional framework is situated within a cyclical context of Kondratieff cycles in the global economy. The findings demonstrate that the US and Japanese governments have altered their trade policies according to broader cyclical developments in the global economy. US and Japanese trade policies can be seen as the reverse of each other: the US pursued a policy of liberalization up to the 1970s, whereas Japan entertained protectionism, and recently the two have switched roles.
A Rational Economic Analysis of Public-School Closings in Saskatoon
Authors: Phipps A G , Anglin P M
Published: October 2006

The Saskatoon public board closed eleven elementary schools and one high school during the period 1978–88. The finding from two economic models is that the school board did not act as a discriminating rational economic decisionmaker in closing two elementary schools located in a case-study neighbourhood. The postponement of the closures resulted in an annual subsidy to the remaining students and their families for an amount eventually equivalent to 40% of the actual savings. The school board thus incorporated noneconomic factors into its decisions in anticipation of the community reactions to a closure.
A Framework for the Areal Interpolation of Socioeconomic Data
Authors: Goodchild M F , Anselin L , Deichmann U
Published: October 2006

Spatial data are collected and represented as attributes of spatial objects embedded in a plane. Basis change is defined as the transfer of attributes from one set of objects to another. Methods of basis change for socioeconomic data are reviewed and are seen to differ in the assumptions made in each about underlying density surfaces. These methods are extended to more general cases, and an illustration is provided by using Californian data. The implementation of this framework within a geographical information system is discussed.
Unobserved Heterogeneity in Dynamic Discrete Choice Models
Authors: Reader S
Published: October 2006

Monte Carlo simulation methods are used to confirm the identifiability of discrete choice models in which unobserved heterogeneity is specified as a random effect and modelled using the nonparametric mass-points approach. This simulation analysis is also used to examine alternative strategies for the estimation of such models by using a quasi-Newton maximum-likelihood estimation procedure, given the apparent sensitivity of model identification to choice of starting values. A mass-point model approach is then applied to a dataset of repeated choice involving household shopping trips between three types of retail centre, and the results from this approach are compared with those obtained from a conventional cross-sectional multinomial logit choice model as well as to results from a model in which a parametric distribution (the Dirichlet) is used to model the unobserved heterogeneity.