bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective Professionalisation of Political Campaigning: A Test of the Party-Centred Theory of Professionalised Campaigning in the Context of the 2006 Swedish Election
Authors: Strömbäck Jesper
Published: April 2008

During the last few decades, political campaigns appear to have become increasingly professionalised. However, at present most of the evidence for the professionalisation of political campaigning comes from countries such as the United States and Britain, and there is less evidence with regard to countries with party-centred systems, proportional elections and multiple parties. Moreover, there is a noticeable lack of systematic and comparative research on the extent to which political campaigns have become professionalised. At present, the only theory of professionalised campaigning that has been operationalised to allow systematic comparisons is the party-centred theory of professionalised campaigning. However, so far it has only been applied once. Thus the usefulness and validity of the theory remains largely unclear. Against this background, the purpose of this study is to elaborate on the party-centred theory of professionalised campaigning, and to test this theory in the context of the 2006 Swedish election.
The interaction between baseline trait anxiety and trauma exposure as predictor of post‐trauma symptoms of anxiety and insomnia
Authors: LARSSON MAGNUS R. , BÄCKSTRÖM MARTIN , JOHANSON AKI
Published: April 2008

In this study a prospective design was used to investigate the interaction between baseline trait anxiety and exposure to traumatic situations on post‐trauma symptoms of anxiety and insomnia in a sample of Swedish peacekeeping soldiers serving in Kosovo. The result showed that pre‐trauma trait anxiety interacted with exposure to traumatic situations predicting a higher post‐trauma distress. Further, baseline trait anxiety and baseline symptoms of anxiety and insomnia predicted post‐trauma symptoms of anxiety and insomnia. The results support a diathesis stress model in which high trait anxiety interacts with trauma exposure in the elicitation of anxiety‐related distress but the study needs to be replicated before further conclusions can be drawn.
Exploring Children's Stereotypes Through Drawings: The Case of Musical Performance
Authors: Colley Ann , Mulhern Gerry , Relton Sarah , Shafi Suzana
Published: April 2008

Drawings of ‘a person’ and of ‘a person playing music’ were collected from children aged seven to eight years and 10–11 years to discover whether children's musical representations would reflect gender differences evident in musical learning and performance, and the increased gender rigidity with age found in instrument preferences. As in previous drawing studies, same sex figures were overwhelmingly portrayed, although older girls drew more opposite sex figures than the other children. All except the older girls overwhelmingly drew same sex musicians irrespective of the gender stereotype of the instrument portrayed. The older girls drew similar numbers of male and female figures playing masculine instruments. Fewer feminine instruments were drawn by older than by younger boys. The increased gender rigidity with age accords with the results of the preference studies, but gender stereotyping was much weaker. This is discussed in relation to what the different methodologies measure.
Solitary‐functional Play and Solitary‐pretend Play: Another Look at the Construct of Solitary‐active Behavior Using Playground Observations
Authors: Nelson Larry J. , Hart Craig H. , Evans Cortney A.
Published: April 2008

Although the construct of solitary‐active behavior calls for the aggregation of solitary‐functional play and solitary‐pretend play, there is little empirical support for combining them into one construct. Furthermore, little work has been done in early childhood to examine these behaviors on the playground. The purpose of this study was to observe children's behavior on the playground to explore whether solitary‐functional and solitary‐pretend behaviors are related to one another and to other indices of social adjustment/maladjustment. Examining a sample of 361 preschoolers, results revealed that (1) solitary‐functional and solitary‐pretend play were not related, (2) solitary‐functional play was associated with solitary‐passive and reticent behaviors, as well as less social play, co‐operative rough and tumble play, sociable/friendliness, assertiveness, and lower peer acceptance, and (3) solitary‐pretend play was linked to lower peer acceptance and more social maladjustment, including venting, reactive aggression (but not proactive aggression), active exclusion, victimization, and being distractible.
De statistitche analyse in dienst van het herstel
Authors: van Ettinger Ir J.
Published: April 2008

Versterking van het kwaliteits‐bewustzijn in de massafabricage dringend noodzakelijk.
Over toleranties on passingen in den machinebouw
Authors: Sittig J.
Published: April 2008

Tolerance problems in mechanical engineering ought to be treated with statistical methods.

It is shown that the use of range (instead of standard deviation) for measuring variability in tolerances and fits leads to systematic errors.

The suggestion is made to measure variability in mechanical engineering by T= 4,65 s̀, being the 98%‐range in the case of normal distribution.

A simple statistical approach to selective assembling is mentioned.
De betrouwbaarheid van stukscontrôle
Authors: Enters J. H.
Published: April 2008

Een methode voor het vergelijken van de bekwaamheid van controleurs tot het verrichten van massale metingen

The reliability of sampling inspection is usually being judged by comparing its results with those of a 100% inspection of the same batch. Obviously the need arises to find a method with which it will be possible to determine the reliability of 100% inspection itself.

It is shown that this may be done by means of an experiment.

A description is given of an experiment carried out at “Van der Heem N.V.”

The diameters of 600 rotors were determined with the aid of six precision measuring instruments by six inspectors in turn.

A method developed by Spearman is applied which makes it possible to express the capacity of the inspectors involved in a “saturation‐coefficient” which is computed from the correlation coefficients between the six series of measurements.
Statistica
Authors: Bok Dr S. T. , Vervolgd Wordt
Published: April 2008

A series of articles will be given to explain the principles underlying the science of statistics.
Statistische hulpmiddelen bij de kwaliteitsbeheersing I
Authors: Enters J. H.
Published: April 2008

An exposition is given of the methods of statistical quality control as applied to the results of measurements on a continuous scale. Examples are given of the information which may be obtained about production processes by using control charts for the mean and range of small samples taken with regular intervals out of a flow of products from a particular machine.
Slaapmiddelen en karaktertype
Authors: Bok Prof. Dr S. T.
Published: April 2008

Before the war the Institute of Praeventive Medicine issued an inquiry about the personal use of narcotics by physicians, part of it regarding the influence of the character. The scheme of Heymans and Wiersma being considered most apt to render characterising numbers, questions were included to diagnose whether “activity”, “emotionality” and/or “secondary function” are present. Statistical analysis of the returns from 1593 physicians, shows that emotionality highly enlarges the use of narcotics (not only by the fact that it is combined with more disturbances in sleep). Activity showed no influence, whereas it is possible that secondary function stimulates the use in a small degree. The different types of character act by their different amount of these three qualities only.
Toepassing der waarschijnlijkheidsrekening op enkele verkeersproblemen in de automatische telefonie
Authors: de Bruyn M. van Dobben
Published: April 2008

An investigation is made about the probabilities of loss and delay in automatic telephone traffic, using the method of the statistical equilibrium.

The validity of several formulae found by Erlang, is discussed in connection with the fundamental formula of Poisson.
Weersverwachting op lange termijn
Authors: Visser Dr S. W.
Published: April 2008

On behalf of the long term weatherforecast a great number of correlations between the weatherconditions elsewhere and those in our country have to be calculated and considered.

In this paper the Kon. Ned. Meteorologisch Instituut at De Bilt presents a method to find the best applicable meteorological elements to determine our weatherconditions in future. For the calculation of the best multiple coefficients of correlation, the partial coefficients of correlation are arranged in a so called correlationtriangle.
Het object van het opinie‐onderzoek
Authors: Hugos A.
Published: April 2008

In research of public opinion the selection of the subjects is of the greatest importance, which makes it necessary to raise as much as possible the level of this research‐work, not in the least by restraint.
Scheefheid en exces bij frequentie‐ en kansverdeelingen
Authors: van Uven Prof. Dr M. J.
Published: April 2008

An empirical frequency distribution, belonging to a certain quantity x, can be considered as the realization of a {theoretical) probability distribution. This latter furnishes i. the mathematical expectation (theoretical mean), 2. the (theoretical) moments with respect to, i.e. the math. exp. of the different powers of t = x —, denoted by m = tk, in particular m2— t2=s̀2, the square of the standard deviation.

The deviations of a probability distribution from‐ the normal type are often characterized by the Skewness S and the Excess E, defined by

Plotting the probability density y = ‐ as an ordinate against the abscissa x, we obtain the density curve.

The author shows how far, under certain simplifying conditions, the algebraic sign of S and E can be predicted from the course of the density curve.

Skewness: If an asymmetrical density curve ascends more steeply to the left of the top than it descends to the right, and if, in particular, at any pair of points with equal y, the curve is left steeper than right, the Skewness S is proved to be positive. If, on the other hand, the curve is right steeper than left, S is negative.

Excess: With a symmetrical, not normal curve, S = o, whilst E can differ from zero. Such a curve can be confronted with a normal curve having the same centre and equal a. Then these two curves must have at least two points of intersection on both sides of the centre (top). Provided that there are precisely two points of intersection, the sign of the Excess E is connected with the height of the top of the given curve. If this top is higher than that of the corresponding normal curve (leptokurtosis), E is positive; if it is lower (platykurtosis), E is negative.

In case there are more than two points of intersection on either side of the centre, there is no close connection between the top‐height and the sign of E. This is illustrated by the behaviour of density curves of the type y = C (1 — t2)3 (1 +αt2+βt4).
Volkshuisvesting en statistiek1
Authors: van Ettinger Ir J.
Published: April 2008

Summary  (Statistics and the Housing Problem)

Between now and 1960, the Netherlands will have to build about 900000 houses. Rents and prices being what they are at the present (index‐number of building costs = 350), realization of this program means expenditure of a vast amount of capital (7500000000 Guilders) which will not yield any interest.

The houses necessary will not be built unless building costs can be cut to half their present value. This cannot be done whilst building houses in the old way but only by attacking the housing problem with the means of industrial mass production: standardization of a small number of types, industrial design, scientific preparation.

Statistics can take an important part in realizing the housing program. Three aspects of applications of statistical methods are mentioned:

Qualitative analysis of the types needed, by public opinion research. In this connection the problem of sample surveys arises.

Measuring and analysing the productivity of labour by multiple correlation and analysis of variance.

Controlling the dimensions of pre‐fabricated parts by the statistical approach to tolerances and statistical quality control.
De betrouwbaarheid van controleurs
Authors: Somermeijer Mr W. H.
Published: April 2008

Summary  (The reliability of 100% inspection).

The article of Mr, Enters on The reliability of 100% inspection in the first issue of Statistica is critizised.

The criterion of goodness of control as the sum of the coefficients of correlation between the measurements of the individual inspectors and each of their colleagues does not agree with the everyday use of that criterion, i.e. the correlation between the observed' and the real diameters etc. Nor is this criterion identical with the Spearman criterion of saturation coefficients.

Some suggestions are given for solution of the problem, e.g. psychotechnical testing the inspectors, analysis of the frequency curves of their measurements and computation of the coefficients of correlation between the measurements of each inspector and the corresponding average measurements of all inspectors.
Statistica II. Verdeling van kansen
Authors: Bok Prof. Dr S. T.
Published: April 2008

Summary  (Statistica 2, Probability distributions).

In the previous article the chance of surpassing was said to be a measure for the likelihood of conclusions. Every chance belongs to a probability distribution, where the unity of chance is divided into distinct portions, or smeared out over a chance line. A certain type, called normal, is peculiarly important, because it is closely approximated by concrete probability distributions and because it can be easily handled. In the majority of cases the chance of surpassing is computed on the assumption of normally distributed observations. The results are little afflicted by moderate departures from normality in the observations. There are many different normal distributions, varying in localisation and slope (fig. 2). Each of them is completely described by its centre M and its standard deviation S (horizontal distance between M and one of the points of inflexion). The distance between an observation x and M is called the deviation D of x. The quotient of D and S is called the excentricity T of x. The chance of surpassing of x is completely fixed by its T (fig. 3) and has been tabled.
Toevals‐cijfers
Authors: Hamaker H. C.
Published: April 2008

Summary  (Random sampling numbers).

This paper describes a simple dice‐throwing technique for producing random sampling numbers. The technique has been tested in various ways on series of up to 40.000 throws without showing evidence of bias.
Enkele frequentieverdelingen in de muziek
Authors: Lisman J. H. C.
Published: April 2008

Summary  (Some frequency distributions in music).

A frequency distribution of the 12 notes of apiece of music may teach us something about its nature (tonality, chromatic character). There is some indication that the frequency distributions of different pieces by the same composer show similarity.

It is possible that further investigation in this unknown territory may lead to interesting results.
De plaats van de statisticus in het bedrijf
Authors: Lisman J. H. C.
Published: April 2008

Summary  (The position of the statistician with regard to general management).

Analysis of the statistical work to be done in a great concern leads to a determination of the position of the statistician in the usual organisation scheme.
Mogelijkheden en moeilijkheden bij het toepassen van de sequentietest
Authors: Enters J. H.
Published: April 2008

Summary  (Possibilities and Difficulties in Applying Sequential Sampling)

The application of sequential sampling schemes may be much simplified by chasing H and b (in Barnard's notation) in such a way that H/(b+ 1) = integer and (b + 1) = integer. A decision to accept can now be taken only after each (b + 1) items and samples of (b + 1) items may therefore be chosen from the batch.

A handicap of H/(b + 1) points is now allowed to the batch. One point is added to the score whenever no defectives are found in the sample; 0, 1, 2, points are subtracted whenever respectively 1, 2, 3. … defectives are found in a sample. The acceptance boundary is 2H/(b + 1) points; the rejection boundary is 0 points.

For given 1 in 20 producer's and consumer's risk points (p1%and p2%), values of H and b are given in table 1 and fig. 3.
Enkele opmerkingesn over de mogelijkheid van toepassing van mathematisch‐statistische methoden bij tijdstudieproblemen en in het bijzonder bij het Bedaux‐systeem
Authors: de Leeuw Th. A.
Published: April 2008

Summary  (Some remarks on the possibility of applying mathematical‐statistical methods to time‐study problems and in particular to the Bedaux system.)

Time and motion study are based on observations of the workman's movements and an estimation of his efficiency.

The time spent on a certain action in mass‐production is not constant but shows a considerable variation, due to various causes. The time‐study‐man who investigates this action and expresses it in a rate, causes still more variations by certain inaccuracies in using the stopwatch and calculating the rate itself. Considered from a statistical point of view, these cumulating variations result in a standard‐error in the calculated rate; this gives rise to some interesting phenomena.

A more statistical approach tot the whole problem is shown in this article to be possible.

In the discussion, the application of the Beaux‐system is assumed, but the conclusions hold good for all time study systems.
Statistische ervaringen in 1948 *
Authors: van Ettinger Ir J.
Published: April 2008

Statistical experiences in 1948.

A great difficulty in the execution of our building programme is caused by the continual changes in the prices of building materials, and by the financial risks occasioned thereby.

Since complete discounting of these risks for each finished building separately would require an enormous administration, a statistical solution of the problem has been sought. The risks are computed not for the buildings themselves, but for “equivalent” buildings composed of suitably chosen, standardized component parts and building elements. This procedure, which has been found sufficiently accurate and has been adopted by the Dutch government, is described in outline. Details have been published elsewhere.
Statistische research in de verzekeringswetenschappen*
Authors: van Tulder J. J. M.
Published: April 2008

Statistical research in the science of insurance.

This article brings a survey of some of the statistical problems, solved or unsolved, encountered in the science of insurance. Whereas life insurance rests on a fairly sound basis, the foundations of fire insurance still involve some speculative arguments, owing to lack of data and to the irregular influence of meteorological and economic factors. The insurance against hospital costs has to take into account the fact that the length of stay in hospital is not independent of the amount insured. These various problems are briefly discussed.
Ein statistisches Verfahren zur qualitativen Bestimmung der Immunität mittels Hautreaktionen
Authors: von Noss C. A. G.
Published: April 2008

A statistical method for the detection of immunity by means of the rabbit skin test.

This paper discusses the statistical basis of a technique that has already, without detailed explanation, been applied in a previous paper by Dr Winsser (1).

5 plots, arranged in 5 rows (25 plots in all) laid across the skin of a rabbits back, are injected with infectious matter in amounts inc easing in geometric progression. To four of these rows sera prepared from four different test persons are added; and the immunity is judged by the resulting decline in skin reaction as compared with the row, mostly situated at the caudal end, which serves as control.

Since at the lowest concentrations of infectious matter the skin reactions were altogether too weak to show any marked decline, these were ignored. The sum, y, for each serum of the reaction values at the remaining four concentrations is compared with the corresponding sum, yk, for the control, and for the difference (yk‐y), 5 % and 1 % levels of significance are determined.

To determine these limits, variations in sensibility between animals and over the area of skin of each individual had to be taken into account. This was done by analysing the skin reactions of 5 animals infected without serum; the use of more animals being considered too costly. The results show significant differences between individual means, insignificant differences between individual regressions along the back, and a significant common regression. In calculating the 5% and 1% percent limits it was assumed that the residuals with respect to individual regression lines are normally distributed, which they clearly are not; and that the individual regressions are equal, which, despite the insignificance observed, is probably not correct. To atone for these deficiencies the limits imposed were more severe than those commonly adopted. Some of the criticisms that may be directed against this procedure are recognized and discussed.
De betekenis van marsaal consumenten‐onderzoek voor her bedrijfcleven*
Authors: van der Waf G.
Published: April 2008

Large‐scale consumers research and its importance to industrial economy. This paper describes in broad outline the part statistical research has to play in the internal organisation of department stores. I t is pointed out that, though the importance of studying the turnover of these stores is gradually coming to the fore, the problem has not yet attracted the attention it deserves. Researches in this field, which can only be conducted on a statistical basis, should be an important guide in planning future economic policy. Some of the problems to be solved are briefly indicated. As a n example of what may be done, an extensive research is mentioned regarding the distribution of the body measurement of Dutch women, which was cariied out in order to establish, on a sound scientific foundation, an effective system of ready‐made clothes. This investigation was entrusted by one of the largest department stores in the Netherlands to an independent firm of statistical consultants, which seemed advisable in order to ensure a completely unbiassed interpretation.
Over de ongelijkheid van Camp en Meidell
Authors: Theil H.
Published: April 2008

A note on the inequality of Camp and Meidell.

This paper describes a simple and illustrative proof of the inequality of Camp and Meidell according to a line of argument originally due to Dr B.‐H. d e Jong. The conditions to be satisfied in order that the inequality shall be applicalbe are discussed, while in a final section some practical applications are considered.
Enige Statistische problemen in de textielindustrie1
Authors: van der Burg A. R.
Published: April 2008

Some statistical problems in the textile industry

Part A. Production control in a spinning mill.

It is pointed out that the function of planning is as important as the functioit of inspection. Sound planning requires reliable knowledge of the actual performances of men and machines. As to the machines, the actual amount of drafting of a spinning mill can not be computed from the speed and diameters of the rollers; instead it is necessary to use a working diameter of the roller found by experimental determination of the lengths of the ingoing and outgoing yarn. The amount of variation in outgoing yarn thickness can be computed from the variation in the ingoing yarn, the amount of draft and the amount of doubling. The necessary formulae are developed and illustrated.

Part B. Weavers' efficiency

Apart from servicing the machines, the weaver has to spend a certain portion of his time in reparing breaks in the yarn. If too many weavers are employed, they will part of their time have nothing to do; if too few, the machines will stand idle, because breaks can not be repaired soon enough. A formula is developed for finding the number of personnel that will reduce losses to a minimum.
Het ontstaan van een frequentieverdeling*
Authors: de Wolff P.
Published: April 2008

The genesis of frequency distributions

The next set of six short papers reproduces the contents of a series of six talks given at the annual meeting of the ‘Vereniging voor Statistiek’ (Statistical Society) having ‘frequency distributions’ for their subject.

In this first and introductory paper the various ways in wich we may conceive a frequency distributions to be generated aye briefly indicated, and the useful conclusions with regard to the underlying sources of variation that may often be drawn from the shape of an observed frequency distribution are pointed out.
Zitplaats‐accomodatie van bioscopen in Nederland, en de factoren die haar bepalen; een econometrisch onderzoek
Authors: Somermeijer Mr. W. H. , Hamaker H. C.
Published: April 2008

Cinema accomodation in the Netherlands and the factors by wich it is determined.

The demand for cinema accomodation, B, measured by the number of seats limes the number of performances per week, is correlated with the average income, I, the population density, D, and the denomination of the people, G. This last factor is measured by the proportion of members in the provincial councils coming from those political parties which are acting on orthodox protestant principles. The quantities B, I, D, and G are computed for each of the n provinces in the Netherlands, and subsequently a multiple correlation analysis is carried out with the purpose of explaining log B as a junction oj log /, log D and log G. The resultant regression equation reads

log B — log 1.48 + 0.40 log /+ 0.56 log D – 0.41 log G,

the multiple correlation coefficient amounting to o.c/65. Since I and D are highly correlated (see fig. 1) the coefficients of log I and log D in the above formula are uncertain.

This is particularly pointed out in an editorial postscript where the numerical analysis has been carried out to some detail. It is found that by omitting either I or D the multiple correlation coefficient would be reduced from 0.965 only to 0.95
Het nomografisch bepalen van de parameters van een steekproefschema
Authors: Quintelier G. , Hama H. C.
Published: April 2008

Nomographic determination of the parameters of a sampling plan. For ordinary single sampling plans, and for single and double sampling plans according to Wharton we may, under Poisson conditions, determine the sample size, n, and the maximum number of defectives, c, permitted in a sample, by means of a very simple nomogram. We have to enter this nomogram by means of the, discriminating power of the plan which is defined as the ratio of the lot tolerance percent defective to the acceptable quality level.
Enkele historische betrekkingen tussen mathematische en verzamelende statistiek*
Authors: van Dantzig D.
Published: April 2008

Some historical relations between mathematical and descriptive statistics.

Both mathematical and descriptive statistics may be said to have commenced in the middle of the 17th century; the former with a correspondence between Pascal and F e r m at (1654), and the latter with the observations on bills of mortality by John G r aunt(1662). These early stages are discussed in some detail, while the development of the statistical argument in later periods is more briefly mentioned. In section 8 the present structure of statistical thought is summarized. In a concluding section, falling slightly outside the scope of the paper, some opinions prevailing in the 17th century concerning Holland and its people are quoted.
De gereduceerde X2‐methode*
Authors: Hemelrijk J.
Published: April 2008

In these notes the author endeavours to describe in elementary form the theory of reduced chi‐square, which formed the subject of two lectures given by Professor N eyman in Amsterdam on the 8th and qth of May, 1950.

If the theoretical frequencies occurring as denominators in the usual expression of x2 are replaced by the observed frequencies, we obtain an expression x'2 which asymptotically possesses a%%‐distribution. If the theoretical frequencies depend on a number of parameters these may be estimated by reducing either x2 or x'2 to a minimum; mathematically the latter method is often much more tractable.

The method of reduced x2 is illustrated by a simple example in § 2. The importance of this theory is explained in § 3. In §§ 4 and 5 the general formulation of Neyman's theory and its application to the estimation of parameters and the testing of hypotheses are briefly summarized.
De wiskundige behandeling van het onderscheidingsvermogen van een steekproef schema
Authors: Quintelier G.
Published: April 2008

Mathematical treatment of the discriminating power of a sampling plan.

In a foregoing paper the advantage of using the discriminating power for finding a sampling plan fitting practical requirements has been explained. In this paper the discriminating power, δ, is mathematically treated. By making use of the relation between Poisson and the X2 probabilities, and of the Wilson‐Hilfer‐t y approximation for the x2‐distribution, simple mathematical relations can be established between d and the fundamental parameters of a sampling plan. By comparing various types of plans corresponding to the same value of 6 a measure of efficiency is obtained. Single sampling plans and the single and double sampling plans of Wharton are intercompared in this manner.
Correlatierekening in de toegepaste psychologie
Authors: de Groot A. D.
Published: April 2008

Correlation analysis in applied psychology

Some of the problems treated by correlation methods are, in applied psychology (test psychology):

investigation of test reliability

item‐validation

validation of tests and testing programs

relationships between tests

factor analysis.

As an example the author discusses the validation of a selection test used in Dutch technical schools.

Statistical psychology in the Netherlands is still in its infancy, but the greatest obstacle to its growing up has been removed, viz. the opinion that quantitative methods are not, as a matter of principle, applicable to problems in psychology.
Verdelingsvrije methoden in de regressieanalyse van twee variabelen*
Authors: Theil H.
Published: April 2008

Distribution‐free methods in the regression analysis of two variables.

This paper gives an expository survey of the distribution‐free methods of A. Wald (1940), G. W. Housner and J. F. Brennan (1948) and H. Theil (1950). A discussion of the efficiency in a simple case is given.
Existentiële gedachten over Statistiek
Authors: Kuiler H. C.
Published: April 2008

Existentialisme and Statistics.

Logics are an useful tool for philosophy. But at the same time we must be aware that life is more than can be explained by logics alone. There are especially irrational decisions of laws: the governing ideas behind text and jurisdiction give ultimately the possibility to take a decision. Even in mathematics, approximations based on a sound feeling, are indispensable.

Sartre, in his philosophy, trying to explain the reality of life, felt the same difficulty: with logics the problems of life remained in darkness. In his works one sees the human being in the world who has to meet hostile forces. The sage grows is mental strength, connected with all other men. For Sartre these hostile forces are formed by the power over life and death (birth control and gun).

A decision in a problem of life may be irrational, but the sage man takes a decision without restriction. Hesitation is cowardice and laziness.

So the modern statistics have to face many hostile forces. Modern statistics, which try to give a full quantative knowledge of life in its different aspects of national accounts, econometric analysis, sampling and complexes of more or less individual statistics, have to give information and guidance to studies and politics of science, government and enterprise.

The statistics carefully prepared by the statistician in his office become part of the struggle for life of nations, enterprises and individuals. Will these statistics stand this severe trial, bearing in mind that practically all figures are more or less biassed?

A figure which promises to give more than it can actually do is contrary to the statistical conscience. It asks for clarification. This is stated clearly by Boulding: “The whole problem of the proper treatment of spatial political aggregates is of great interest and much work needs to be done on it…aggregates are no reality…the significance of averages depends on frequency of distribution, …it must not be thought that aggregative thinking is without danger…”etc.

So the statistician has to face the same problem as the extentialist. The statistician will have to look after the deepest values of statistics and to use the still hidden forces in it, seeing statistics as part of reality and connected with it with many visible and invisible strings.

As the extentialism had to surmount many prejudices, so the statistician has now to surmount many old‐time statistical practices to build up a new set of statistics which will be strong enough to stand the hostile forces of the users who find one or more figures useless for their special purpose, though they ought to know the restricted possibilities of the figure used. This can be fatal for statistics, unless statistics give as much as possible a good picture of reality for which reorientation is wanted, while, if necessary, a statistician must have the courage to refuse a weak figure.
De Nationale Rekeningen
Authors: Oomens C. A.
Published: April 2008

National Accounting

A description is given of the development of national accounting in the Nether‐lands.

The basic principles of the system are discussed, while the system supplemented by a so‐called input‐output table, is given for 1951.
Een experiment met toevalsreeksen
Authors: Visser S. W. , van der Bijl W.
Published: April 2008

An experiment with random series.

The authors constructed a random series by writing down in a haphazard sequence the 411 numbers from 1519 to i92g. The average distance between

tops (which is 3 in a random series) differs significantly from this value. Shuffling of the numbers results in a series which is random as measured by the average distance between tops.
Matriks‐omkering met Hollerith‐masjiene
Authors: Burger A. P.
Published: April 2008

Inversion of matrices with the aid of punched card machines.

A description is given of a method of inversion cf a symmetrical matrix, which was developed and applied in the South African Weather Bureau.
Variantie‐analyse
Authors: Kuiper N. H.
Published: April 2008

Analysis of variance.

Introduction: Some theory of I inear vector spaces can be applied at not too hard a mathematical level to some problems of analysis of variance. It is then possible to define some much used notions (main effect, interaction, confounding, orthogonality) and many experimental designs and their analysis get rather transparent, partly as a consequence of simple notations.

§ 1. A function (y1, …yN) defined over N points (= e.g. experimental units in agricultural field trials) assigns a real number to any of these points. Such functions can be added and they can be multiplied with a real number: they can be considered as vectors and then form an N‐dimensional vector space E. Subspaces are: the I‐dimensional space of constant functions (of general means); the space of functions that are constant within the classes of a classification of the N points (fig. 2). If the classification corresponds with some influence A (amount cf phosphor added to the field; variety; fertility) then this space denoted by A is called the space of impure main‐effects of influence A. An independent basis, and hence the dimension of A are determined. The number of degrees of freedom of a sub‐space of E is defined to be its dimension. Also a space of impure interactions of two (or more) influences A and B is defined.

§2. The stochastic variables y1, …yn have a normal distribution with expectation values y̌1…, y̌N and all with the same variance a. They are combined to a stochastic N‐dimensional vector y with expectation vector y̌.

It has sense to define a metric in the vector space, determined by a scalar product:(a, b) = a1 b2+ a2 b2+…+ aN bN. The length of a vector is √(a,a) The angle between a and b isϕ :cosϕ= (a, b)/√(a,a).(b,b) The orthogonal projection of a vector yon a linear space A is denoted by yA. It follows that

§ 3. The space A* of pure main effects of the influence A is the linear subspace of A perpendicular to the space of general means.

§4. The space of pure interactions of A and B is defined to be the subspace of the space A X B of impure interactions, perpendicular to the spaces A and B.

§5. Two influences or interactions are confounded, if their (pure) spaces meet in a space of dimension > o. Confounding may be complete or partial.

§6. All orthogonal two‐way classifications are determined.

§7‐ Statistical considerations are given. In particular the F‐test is mentioned.

§8. Two examples of orthogonal two‐way‐classifications.

§9. How to deal with non‐orthogonal classifications. An iteration technique to approximate likelihood estimates for two main effects, given by Stevens and Ha mm in g, is proved and understood in terms of vectors.

§10. An example with two effects, one of which is linear fertility, is given in detail.

§11. Latin squares.

§12. Factorial designs.
Voorspellen van historische ontwikkelingen
Authors: Baudet H.
Published: April 2008

Prediction of historical developments.

Apart from the thirst for knowledge concerning the past, the urge to see into the future has invariably fulfilled an important function in the historical activity of the mind. Our ancestors in the middle ages, who gave a mystic interpretation to historical events, regarded history purely as a divine plan which would ultimately lead to the end of the world and the Day of Judgment. Their successors of the Renaissance period, after the Middle Ages, looked back to the ancient classical times by cultivating the notion that the historical process constituted a cycle with a continuous rise and fall, which would continue unchanged in the historical future. Modern history then created two notions regarding the future — developed from historical interpretation — which, although widely different, found each other and entered into a close union in the eighteenth and the nineteenth century. These were the notion of History as a Human Plan and the notion of History as Evolution.

It is interesting to observe how at the present time, whilst eagerly weighing the chances of our Western future, new prognoses are actually being tried out — with more extensive material than ever before — but also how these prognoses of our time have changed nothing in and have added nothing to the four older systems. In the present era the four themes are powerfully active — completely at random — in our world of thought.
Voorspellen van het weer
Authors: Visser S. W.
Published: April 2008

Prediction of the weather.

The daily predictions of the minimum temperature to be expected during the night, which have been published by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute since 21st September, 1952, fulfil the statistical requirements, but on closer inspection it appears that the weak point in these predictions is the tolerance factor. The correlation coefficient of the expected and the observed tolerance during 86 observation days is only + 0.21.

By replacing the tolerance factor in the prediction by its average value the Royal Netherland Meteorological Institute at De Bilt attains a correlation coefficient of + 0.884 between the observed and the expected minimum temperature, while the result of the persistency test (tomorrow the same weather as to‐day) is + 0.760.

The investigation into variation (fig. 2) indicates the natural differences between the coastal areas and the inland areas; the variation decreases from the coast to the inland areas.

The temperature differences between Den Helder and De Bilt (fig. 3, curve H) during the winter (average values for approximately 1000 observation days) increase according as the minimum temperature at De Bilt decreases. This effect is also observed in the summer (1950 and very high temperatures in 1947).

The high correlation coefficient attained proves the reliability of the predictions.
Voorspellen van waterstanden
Authors: Mazure J. P.
Published: April 2008

Prediction of water levels.

Predicting of water levels may consist of: a. Prediction of the level on a given moment, b. Prediction of change through hydraulic works. c. Indication of the level to be used as a basis for the design of hydraulic works.

As only c is of a statistical nature, most attention is given to it. Examples are given, but when — as in deciding about the height of dikes — the consequences of higher waterlevels than were used as a basis may be disastrous — much reluctance is met to accept this decision as a statistical one. It is shown how nevertheless the statistical approach is the best with regard to the safety of the areas protected by the dikes and how this approach may be used even when circumstances are new (as in the case of the IJssel lake) and no frequency‐distribution based on experience is available.
Voorspellen van productie‐resultaten
Authors: de Jong A. J.
Published: April 2008

Prediction of production results.

The possibility of the prediction of what is going to happen in the future on the basis of what has happened in the past is demonstrated. A simple explanation of the principles of the statistical control chart and of its manupulation in practice is given. By the application of control chart technique the producer is shown to be in a position to discern between two types of causes affecting the quality of his product, viz. mere chance causes which are unavoidable and other causes which might well prove to be avoidable. Statistical methods, of which the control chart is only one example, are recommended as valuable and powerful fools in handling and solving various types of production problems.
Methoden voor het vergelijken, toetsen en schatten van onbekende kansen1
Authors: van Eeden Constance
Published: April 2008

Methods for comparing, testing and estimating unknown probabilities.

This expository paper deals with the 2 times 2‐table for comparing two probabilities. It gives the exact distribution under the hypothesis tested, the normal approximation and several methods for combining independent tests of this kind.

Furthermore it deals with a test for the hypothesis H0: p = p0 and gives exact methods and approximations for determining a confidence interval for an unknown probability.
Waarneming en rationeel gedrag
Authors: Hartog J. A.
Published: April 2008

Observation and Rational Behaviour.

Wald's theory of Decision Functions is illustrated by means of an example, using D. J. Bross' terminology. This paper is meant to supplement prof. D. van Dantzig's 1952 paper, entitled “Playing against Nature”, also read before the Vereniging voor Statistiek.
De verantwoordelijkheden van de statisticus1
Authors: van Dantzig D.
Published: April 2008

In this lecture the responsibilities of the statistician are discussed. He always has to find a compromise between his mathematical and his social conscience, because he hardly ever would be allowed to apply the mathematical theory to practical problems if he would consult his mathematical conscience only. This is explained by an example in which his research serves for preparing the important government decisions to be taken in order to prevent future flood calamities like the one that happened on February 1st,1953.
Kwantificering in de sociale wetenschappen
Authors: Somermeyer W. H.
Published: April 2008

Quantification in the social sciences

After some remarks about the psychological background of quantification, four kinds of entities are distinguished: measurable, scalable, modal or classifiable variables, and finally variables that cannot even be classified

Difficulties of characterizing entities with respect quantifiability are exemplified by the notion of utility in economics, and to toleration in sociology.

Practical problems of measurement in the social sciences are traced back to man's ability to lie and his dis inclination to speak, when questioned about matters of importance to him.

The limitations of summarizing measures, such as totals and averages, are brought to the fore, while the neglect of variances in social sciences is criticized.

Because the mathemical form of economic and social relationships is rarely specified by theory, measures such as coefficients of elasticity cannot be determined with precision. Moreover, the latter are not really constants, since time cannot be explained away altogether.
Kwantificering in medisch onderzoek
Authors: Rümke Chr. L
Published: April 2008

Quantification in Medical Research

In medecine statistical methods can be used in the comparison of efficiency of several treatments. In the past in most cases intuition was used to come to a judgment on the results of the comparison. Quantification of the results of treatments is made possible by the application of statistical methods, and so the exactness of judgments can be enlarged. For this reason we may speak of the power of statistics in this field. Some examples of this power are given.

The application of statistical methods in comparing results of treatments bring along some ethical problems of which both physician and statistician ought to be aware. It is necessary that observations in patients are used as efficiently as possible!
Kwantificering in taal encrypto‐analyse1
Authors: de Vries M.
Published: April 2008

Quantification in language and Crypto‐analysis

In this paper the statistical properties of different languages are considered and it is shown howevery language may be charactarised by a parameter, the so called “invariant paramete”. This parameter, and the character of a language in general, can be changed by crypto‐transformations. Statistical methods for finding the key of crypto‐transformations are discussed and illustrated by examples. It is shown how these methods can be made ineffectual by using special crypto‐transformations, eradicating those statistical properties of the language, which constitute systematic deviations from randomness in the numbers and combinations of letters used.
Het matchen in de psychologie
Authors: Spitz J. C.
Published: April 2008

Matching in Psychology

In experimental psychology the matching method seems to be one of the most promising methods. This paper deals with the matching of a series of t elements against a series of t other elements. The stated null hypothesis is: for a fixed order of one of the series each permutation of the second series has the same probability.

As a test criterion in the case of one matching is defined: the number r of matches, e.g. the number of “right pairs”; for n matchings: .

As the distribution of for t=3 cannot be found in literature, a table of is given for n=I(I)30: see table I. The way of calculating and verifying is discussed.

For the problem of t=3 and n 31 the degree of approximation by the normal distribution and by the Pearson's Type III distributions is examined. With the application of a correction for continuity the former gives for n=30 a reasonable approximation, the latter a very good approximation: see table 2.
Tables for use in rank correlation
Authors: Kaarsemaker L. , van Wijngaarden A.
Published: April 2008

Samenvatting

Rangcorrelatietabellen

In het artikel worden tabellen gegeven voor de verdeling onder de nulhypothese van de toetsingsgrootheid S van Kendall's rangcorrelatiemethode in het geval van ongelijke waarnemingen. (Zie M. G. Kendall, Rank Correlation Methods, London 1948, hoofdstukken 1, 4 en 5). Getabelleerd zijn de eenzijdige overschrijdingskansen van alle voorkomende S‐waarden voor n=4, 5,…, 40 (Tabellen I en II), de kritieke waarden met eenzijdige overschrijdingskansen 0,01, 0,025, 0,01 en 0,1 voor n = 4, 5,…, 40 (Tabel III) en de spreiding van de verdeling van S voor n=40, 41,…, 100 (Tabel IV).