bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facing the Crisis of Global Governance—GCYILJ’s Twentieth Anniversary at the Intersection of Continuity and Dynamic Progress
Authors: Ziccardi Capaldo Giuliana
Published: February 2022

The twentieth anniversary of the Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence is a cause for celebration. This editorial introduction traces the history of the Yearbook from its debut in 2001 and its subsequent evolution to the present day. A presentation of the Yearbook’s intellectual trajectory, as developed from its original roots, shows important differences across time but also intriguing prospects for an annual publication that aims for relevancy and impact at the very forefront of events in law, politics, ethics, and jurisprudence in a global society. Our anniversary is a time to reflect on how the Yearbook and its interdisciplinary context have developed in synergy by looking back at some of the changes we made and, at the same time, to strategize for the future. In particular, we plan to shift the focus in response to the unfortunate conjuncture of the current crisis in global governance, the decline of global organizations, and the revival of nationalism.
The Disruptor-in-Chief Wrecks the Nuclear Arms Control Architecture
Authors: Thakur Ramesh
Published: February 2022

President Donald Trump’s narcissistic personality, abrasive style, and disdain for international institutions and rules make him the disruptor-in-chief of the global order, including the nuclear order. US nuclear policies both reflect and fuel the fraying regimes, provoking countermeasures by adversaries, sowing doubts in allies, and stiffening support among the non-nuclear states for the Ban Treaty. This chapter examines the effect of the Trump administration’s nuclear policies on four categories of states: the potential nuclear adversaries, in particular Russia and China; US allies in Europe and the Pacific that are dependent on the US nuclear umbrella for their own security; the two major countries of proliferation concern over the past decade, namely, Iran and North Korea; and the non-nuclear weapon states that are outside the nuclear umbrella of the nine countries with the bomb.
Contemporary International Tribunals
Authors: Trindade Antônio Augusto Cançado
Published: February 2022

In the course of 2020, international human rights tribunals (European Court of Human Rights, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights), as well as the International Criminal Court, have continued the practice of cross-referencing to each other’s case law, as well as to that of other international tribunals. The continuing jurisprudential cross-fertilization by contemporary international tribunals keeps on evidencing their essentially complementary labour, and the unity of the law, in the exercise of their common mission of realization of justice. Jurisprudential cross-fertilization is essential to the cohesion of law.
Introductory Note
Authors: Benito Elizabeth Odio
Published: February 2022

This note highlights some of the innovative developments in the Inter-American Court’s jurisprudence during 2019, as well as some of the criteria that reaffirm the jurisprudence already established by the Court. This evolution of jurisprudence establishes important standards for domestic judicial organs and officials when they carry out the control of conventionality within their respective spheres of competence.
Celebration of the 20th Anniversary of the Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence
Authors: Ziccardi Capaldo Giuliana
Published: February 2022

Giuliana Ziccardi Capaldo

Founding General Editor

Giuliana Ziccardi Capaldo, Emeritus Professor of International Law, University of Salerno, is internationally renowned as a pioneer of global law and global community. As the architect of the integrated approach, in her book The Pillars of Global Law (2008), she pioneered her vision of global constitutionalism based on the idea of securing globally shared governance in terms of constitutional democracy as well as constitutional principles within the global community as a whole....
Addressing Philosophical Challenges to Supersensuous Perception
Authors: Medhananda Swami
Published: February 2022

Chapter 6 addresses some of the most important objections to different premises of the argument for the epistemic value of supersensuous perception—reconstructed in detail in the previous chapter—as well as Anantanand Rambachan’s influential criticisms of Swami Vivekananda’s views on supersensuous perception. The chapter responds to these objections and criticisms by engaging recent work in philosophy of religion and epistemology and by building on Vivekananda’s own ideas. In particular, the chapter addresses the crosscheckability objection, the speckled hen objection, the gullibility objection, the conflicting claims objection, and the Mīmāṃsaka Kumārila Bhaṭṭa’s criticisms of yogic perception and testimony. The chapter concludes by responding to Rambachan’s criticisms of Vivekananda’s views on spiritual experience and the “science of religion.”
The Will to Realize
Authors: Medhananda Swami
Published: February 2022

Chapter 8 reconstructs Vivekananda’s nuanced cosmopolitan account of the dynamics of religious faith. Vivekananda made a unique intervention in late nineteenth-century debates about faith and reason by steering a middle course between the stringent evidentialism of W. K. Clifford and T. H. Huxley and the anti-evidentialist fideism of William James. Vivekananda justifies religious faith on the basis of an “expanded evidentialism,” arguing that supersensuous perception and mystical testimony are valid sources of evidence that support the rationality of religious belief. Vivekananda’s various remarks about faith hint at a dynamic conception of religious faith, according to which one’s faith evolves in the following three stages: (1) faith as sub-doxastic intellectual assent, (2) faith as belief, and (3) faith as self-authenticating realization. The chapter concludes by bringing Vivekananda into critical dialogue with William Alston, who was one of the first Western philosophers to distinguish doxastic and non-doxastic forms of religious faith.
The First-Century Scribal Setting
Authors: Hill C. E.
Published: February 2022

When scribes first began copying Christian works, the Greek scribal tradition in which they participated allowed for very little in the way of readers’ aids, such as spaces, punctuation, and paragraph or chapter divisions. Even a vocabulary for textual division hardly existed. Yet our earliest Christian manuscripts, particularly Scriptural ones, display various scribal techniques of articulating a text. Chapter 1 outlines the Greek, the Latin, and the Jewish traditions of textual articulation in the first century. It concludes, against often prevailing views, that (a), the same features that occur in early Christian manuscripts are slowly making their way into copies of Greek and Latin literary works at the same time, and (b), Christian practices of textual division owe much less to Greek ‘non-literary’ prototypes and much more to Jewish literary ones, and particularly to Jewish copies of Scriptural books, both in Hebrew and in Greek.
Epilogue
Authors: Hill C. E.
Published: February 2022

The aim of the Epilogue is to show that the First Chapters had a broader and longer-lasting influence than has been appreciated up until now, and to illuminate the role they played in the history of exegesis. These Chapters, at least for several centuries, got to serve the purposes their creators must have envisioned for them, as informative guides to the reading and interpretation of Scripture. In early sixth-century Alexandria they are found in the commentaries and teaching ministry of Olympiodorus of Alexandria, for whom they served both as hermeneutical tool and as an organizing principle for the exposition of Scripture. With greater attention now given to these ancient articulations of Holy Scripture, perhaps their role in its study and exposition has not yet come to an end.
British Romanticism and Peace
Authors: Bugg John
Published: February 2022

This is the first book to bring perspectives from the field of Peace Studies to bear on the writing of the Romantic period. Particularly significant is that field’s attention not only to anti-war protest but more purposefully to considerations of how peace can actively be fostered, established, and sustained. Resisting discourses of military propaganda, writers such as Helen Maria Williams, William Wordsworth, William Cobbett, and Jane Austen embark on the challenging and urgent rhetorical work of imagining, and inspiring others to imagine, the possibility of peace. The writers considered in this book formulate a peace imaginary in various registers. Sometimes this means identifying and eschewing traditional militaristic tropes in order to craft alternative figurations of a patriotism that is compatible with peace. Other times it means turning away from xenophobic discourse to write about relations with other nations in terms other than those of conflict.
Helen Maria Williams and the 1783 Peace of Paris
Authors: Bugg John
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines Helen Maria Williams’s Ode on the Peace (1783), written in the fraught months between the preliminary agreement and the definitive treaty that ended the War of American Independence. Williams’s poem explores a fundamental question: how is peace achieved? Active in London Dissenting circles in the early 1780s, Williams knew that peace does not come merely when the war machines are exhausted but is an achievement that must be earned. Crucial to her Ode on the Peace is her sense that the poet can play a crucial role in working for peace.
Afterword
Authors: Bugg John
Published: February 2022

This Afterword cautions against projecting post-Romantic naturalizations of war and modern pessimism about perpetual war onto the Romantic period. Many writers of the Romantic era took seriously the view that they inherited from Enlightenment-era philosophers that peace was the more “natural” state of affairs and war a socially constructed corruption of human impulses. Our anachronistic projections onto the Romantic period put us at risk of losing sight of the rich culture of peace forged by the Romantics. The Afterword suggests looking to the modern discipline of Peace Studies, which has returned to the idea of war as a socially enculturated aberration, as a way of understanding and appreciating the widespread belief in and strivings for peace that characterized the Romantic period.
Economic Geographies of Digital Work in Africa
Authors: Braesemann Fabian
Published: February 2022

Workers perform a diverse range of digital economy activities both in BPOs and on platforms. This chapter provides a snapshot of how and where these diverse work activities get done in Africa, showing that African workers remain very much a part of contemporary digital capitalism. They perform a wide range of digital work activities from diverse locations—from an office block in the centre of a lively metropolis, to a makeshift room in a town recovering from civil war, as well as a multitude of bedrooms, cafes, and libraries across the continent. In summary, this chapter offers a visual and descriptive outline of the various types of digital activities being performed in newer spaces that are connecting to the global information economy. In doing so, it asks what types of work get done in Africa, and what that means for value creation and capture.
Visual Signs
Authors: Ferris Natalie
Published: February 2022

The opening chapter examines the aesthetic philosophy and critical influence of Herbert Read, holding in balance his activities as establishment figure, art historian, and poet. It argues for the centrality of his undervalued poetic sequence 'Vocal Avowals' (1959), to which he returned repeatedly throughout the final decade of his life, to suggest that this collection was the most radical attempt made by Read to disturb the expressive potential of language. Referring to correspondence with T. S. Eliot, Ben Nicholson, and other contemporaries, the discussion considers the occasion of the collection’s composition—his ‘abstract’ poetry—as one charged with a confluence of Read’s intellectual, creative, and philosophical motivations, as well as an attempt to bring together Continental and American influences drawn from art and literature both before and after World War Two.
Introduction
Authors: Sapsford Tom
Published: February 2022

This chapter lays out the challenges of tracing a cultural history of the kinaidos. Ancient sources often speak euphemistically on the particularities of the kinaidos’ deviance or present him in an exaggeratedly pejorative or contradictory manner; contemporary scholars focus on his significance in proving the existence, or not, of sexual orientations in Greco-Roman cultures. It highlights the conflicting etymologies of the word kinaidos and provides examples of some of the seemingly paradoxical poses he is described as striking in Greek and Latin literature. It argues that recent analyses overlook the wealth of evidence pointing to kinaidoi as performers of poetry and dance in ancient Mediterranean cultures. Furthermore, it proposes that by applying a queer theoretical lens to ancient sources—rooted in the scholarship of Foucault, Sedgwick, and Butler—a restorative reading of the kinaidos becomes possible, whereby sex and gender deviance, rather than being this figure’s sole claim to significance, are seen as part of a larger series of non-normative practices associated with the kinaidos, which include, among others, dance (a much-mentioned shaking of the buttocks) and poetry (a racy Ionic verse meter called the Sotadean).
Ancient Effeminates
Authors: Sapsford Tom
Published: February 2022

This chapter connects earlier portrayals of effeminate men mentioned in archaic lyric poetry and Attic Old Comedy to the first extant use of the word kinaidos in Plato’s Gorgias at the beginning of the fourth century BCE. By comparing Anacreon’s presentation of a certain Artemon (PMG 388), a lowlife hawker who feigns aristocratic luxury, with Aristophanes’ Agathon, who in the Thesmophoriazusae blurs distinctions between both sexual genders and textual genres, it argues that the principal significance of these effeminates is their ability to cross and confuse conceptual binaries. Artemon’s effeminacy becomes laughable for its counterfeit nature, revealing his former lowly background and now badly performed affluence; Agathon’s elite effeminacy, however, stands in opposition to the man of the demos in Athens and thus becomes non-normative. Lastly, it re-evaluates the significance of Plato’s brief mention of the “life of the kinaidoi” in the Gorgias (494e) to propose that, if viewed as an appetitive creature, the kinaidos can be read as an example not only of excessive living but also of foul speaking.
“I’m a Kinaidos and Don’t Deny It”
Authors: Sapsford Tom
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the materiality of the kinaidos, i.e., whether any real-life individuals existed who were identified using, or themselves identified with, this term as a category marker. It centers this debate around evidence from Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, where the word kinaidos appears on several papyri, two temple inscriptions, and one ostracon. By comparing these sources with literary evidence (Herodas’ second mimiamb), other papyri, inscriptions, as well as graffiti from around the Roman world, it demonstrates that actual people were given and took on this identity. Moreover, in several cases kinaidos designates an occupational category whose bearers undertook some form of performance accompanied by flute playing. However, it also points out some of the limits in analyzing this evidence—in particular, the problems which arise in interpreting the scant and often damaged papyri and the difficulties in determining precisely how these individuals might have performed.
Japanese in the world
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuko
Published: February 2022

The genesis and trajectories of Japanese diaspora communities around the world reflect the history of international population movement, cultural and educational orientation, and the language situations of those communities. The diversity of Japanese communities ranges from the older sites of migrant labour diaspora in North and South America and the Pacific—with the disappearance of their historic nihon machi in Southeast Asia—to the shrinkage of colonial Japanese speech communities in the northwest Pacific. It ranges from the modern lifestyle communities of permanent and long-term residents in European cities like Düsseldorf and Paris, to the social fluidities of kikokushijo and reverse-migration of Nikkei. These communities—historic and contemporary—encompass numerous themes in the study of the sociology of the language and sociolinguistics: lingua francas, diglossia, bilingualism, code-switching, heritage language education, borrowing, mixed varieties, ethnolects, and koineization. The global increase in Japanese language education suggests new transnational communities of heritage and foreign language learners.
Japanese in Japan
Authors: Hibiya Junko
Published: February 2022

The Japanese language ranks ninth worldwide by number of L1 speakers and is used mainly by speakers within Japan. It is rich in regional and social variation. Standard Japanese (hyōjungo) was formed after the Meiji Restoration along with kokugo ‘national language’ and nihongo ‘Japanese language’. The alternative concept of a ‘common language’, kyōtsūgo was introduced after World War II for interdialectal communication. This variety is subject to considerable social differentiation. Gender differences in Japanese do not necessarily coincide with the traditionally accepted norm. There is wide variation among speakers within each gender group. A discrepancy between prescriptive ideology and actual language practice is evident among the younger generation. The distinction between bungo ‘literary language’ and kōgo ‘colloquial or vernacular language’ has narrowed. The number and standardization of kanji remains the central and controversial issue of language policy in Japan.
Korean
Authors: Hye-Gyeong Ohe
Published: February 2022

Korean speaking communities emerged in Asia in the 19th and 20th centuries because of war and massive geopolitical upheavals. There is a historic connection between Japan and Korea—language, migration and settlement, cultural exchange, and trade. The Korean community in Japan reflects the reality of a divided North-South Korea. Migration history from the Korean peninsula began in the pre-modern period when Korea served as the cultural conduit between Japan and China. Korea-Japan exchanges in language and culture have increased, together with a sustained ‘Korean language boom’, in a climate of popular culture and accelerated globalization. Zainichi Chōsen’go is an ethnolect, a Japanese influenced variety of spoken Korean. Extensive Korean-Japanese code-switching appears in literature and film. Urban Korea towns function as core centres of Korean culture, language, and community.
Nepali
Authors: Shrestha Tina
Published: February 2022

Nepali is one of the national languages of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, with an estimated 17 million speakers. The Nepali language is tied to the historical construction of Nepali diasporic consciousness and migrant-community formations worldwide, including Japan. The mass outmigration of Nepalis began with the democratization process in the 1990s. Nepalis are the largest South Asian community in Japan, and Nepali is one of the major migrant languages of Japan. The vibrant and ethno-linguistically diverse Nepalis contribute to various aspects of Japanese civic life—as long-term residents, newly arrived entrepreneurs, restauranteurs, trainees, student-workers, and caregivers. An emphasis on their status as a homogenous group of ‘temporary workers’ dominates media representations. This affects their social visibility and access to healthcare, education, translation, and interpretation of many first- and second-generation Nepali youth.
Vietnamese
Authors: Adachi Mayumi
Published: February 2022

Transnational cultural flows between Vietnam and Japan predate Japan’s occupation of Vietnam in 1940 and the Indo-Chinese refugee wave following the Vietnam War. Vietnamese refugees arrived in Kanto and Kansai in the late 1970s. The L1 of the second generation is shifting from Vietnamese to Japanese. Today there is a stream of students and technical intern trainees who speak Vietnamese as L1 and Japanese as L2. Literacy in Japanese is a barrier for linguistic and cultural adaptation. In multigenerational communities, often located in urban housing complexes, the need for children’s literacy in Japanese and educational advancement has compromised the ethnolinguistic vitality of Vietnamese. Vibrant community festivals, the wave of trainee-workers, Vietnamese-medium, Buddhist, and Catholic religious practice, a surge in Vietnamese studies in Japanese institutions, and widespread interest in Vietnamese food culture are changing the shape of the Vietnamese diaspora in Japan.
Filipino
Authors: Takahata Sachi
Published: February 2022

Filipino is the national language of the Republic of the Philippines and an official language, with English. Filipino has 150 million native speakers worldwide, including Japan, which hosts the third largest community of Filipino emigrants, more than 260,000, after the USA and Canada. Due to frequent mobility and intermarriage, many ethnically mixed children were raised in the Philippines with Filipino as a mother tongue. In Japanese public schools, Filipino is a widely used foreign language by children who need special education in the Japanese language. As a major migrant language in Japan, there is increasing demand for the training of bilingual interpreters and translators. There is a vibrant Filipino culture of ethnic media and social networking with Catholic churches, a focal point of linguistic and cultural contact. Filipino is rarely employed or transmitted as a home language in Japanese households.
Russian
Authors: Podalko Petr
Published: February 2022

Russian is a world language, widely used on the Eurasian continent and with a historic role in Japan. Maritime and cultural contacts in the 18th and 19th centuries led to the production of Russian dictionaries and grammars. Interest in Russian language and literature was propelled by the influx of ‘White Russian’ émigrés in the early 20th century, to Tokyo-Yokohama and Kobe. Russian influenced language reform and literary style in modern Japan. The teaching of Russian in Japan is conducted in universities, Orthodox Church schools, the broadcasting media, a Russian school in Tokyo, and a Russian-medium university. Russian has served as a commercial ‘lingua franca’ in the Hokuriku region and in Hokkaido as a tourist language, featuring in public signage. The Russian speech community comprises residents of numerous nationalities including Russian and post-Soviet states. Russian language maintenance is a pressing issue among bilingual children of international households.
Esperanto
Authors: Kimura Goro Christoph , Hitosi Gotoo
Published: February 2022

Esperanto is unique among the languages in Japan, which has been a major centre of the Esperanto movement since the start of the 20th century. Esperanto has been adopted by many learners as a language of additional identification. It has a dynamic community of users and it provides a forum for dialogue among people with various social, political, and religious backgrounds. Esperanto serves practical purposes and is not merely a utopian idea. Though Esperanto has lost its pioneering role as one of Japan’s bridges to the world, information technology, providing new possibilities and a social climate that accepts diversity, has created favourable conditions for further development.
Three Accounts of R-facts
Authors: Miller Kristie , Norton James
Published: February 2022

This chapter introduces three novel accounts of the R-relation. The first two are monistic accounts on which there is a unique R-relation: the symmetric dependence relation, and the necessitation relation, respectively. The third account we consider is a pluralist account on which there are multiple R-relations, each of them a correlational relation and each of various strengths. We defend these accounts against the objection that there are instances of these relations that do not seem explanatory, by pointing out that on the accounts we offer the presence of such relations is necessary, but not sufficient, for the presence of an everyday metaphysical explanation. We also show how a worldly conception of everyday metaphysical explanation can accommodate the psychological aspect of the phenomenon.
Introduction
Authors: Sancak Merve
Published: February 2022

This chapter presents the main puzzles addressed in this book, the book’s theoretical approach, and the data on which the research is based on. The chapter first highlights the importance of skill systems for middle-income countries such as the book’s case countries Turkey and Mexico. Then it discusses Mexico and Turkey and presents a detailed explanation on the logic behind studying these two countries. Next, it introduces the book’s multilevel research approach and explains the three main lines of inquiry carried out in the book. It finishes with a summary of the book’s main arguments, an outline of its chapters, and the book’s contribution to the debates in different literature.
The theoretical approach
Authors: Sancak Merve
Published: February 2022

This chapter presents the conceptual framework of the book and the theoretical approaches that inform the research in the book. The fields of study in this regard include labour economics focused on firm-level training and hiring practices, institutional analysis on comparative capitalisms and development, global value chain research on governance structures and supplier firms, human resource management studies on firm-level skilling practices, and the outcomes of these practices for workers and firms. The chapter first discusses the main arguments in each body of literature, and then offers explanations of the main bottlenecks of the literature. Later, it demonstrates how each body of literature is used in the book and how the bottlenecks are addressed. Last, the chapter explains the ‘cross-fertilisation’ and multilevel approach of the book.
The auto parts-automotive industry in Mexico and Turkey as the study case
Authors: Sancak Merve
Published: February 2022

This chapter familiarises the reader with the Mexican and Turkish auto parts producers operating in global automotive chains. It elaborates why the auto parts-automotive industry is an important industry for understanding the impact of globalisation and national institutions on firm behaviour and skill systems in middle-income countries. It then gives a brief background about the auto parts-automotive industry of Mexico and Turkey, which is followed by an explanation about the data collection and the interview processes for the research used in the book. Last, the chapter defines the key characteristics of interviewee firms, including their capacity and products, and it explains the key posts on the shop floors and the skills necessary for these posts.
The sickness response
Authors: Lekander Mats
Published: February 2022

If one thinks about how it felt the last time one came down with the flu or had a serious cold, negative emotions and bodily experiences are likely to come to mind. Feeling somewhat depressed, a bit worried or anxious, fatigued, and sore would be typical, as well as wanting to limit the number of social interactions. This chapter explains why these kinds of reactions are triggered when danger arises, especially when your body is threatened from within at the micro level, such as when bacteria or viruses are detected. These behavioral responses are collectively called sickness behavior or sickness response, and are displayed—as far as we can observe them—in very similar ways in animals and humans, to save energy and to improve survival. Even though the behavioral changes are adaptive in the short run, they are maladaptive if unabated. The chapter describes how healthy people, or even the researchers themselves, can be made purposely sick by injection of a small and non-dangerous fragment of a bacterium, resulting in a few hours of malaise during which the brain, behaviors, and the subjective health experience can be studied.
Disgust and prejudice in disease defense
Authors: Lekander Mats
Published: February 2022

The behavioral response seems to be a ubiquitous part of being sick. But considering the major threat of infection during evolution, it could be argued that a first line of defense, and perhaps a more cost-effective one, would be if behavior could be changed in order to avoid infection in the first place. Thus, a proactive system to avoid contagion should accompany the sickness response which kicks in if and when pathogens make their way into the body. Research on how animals keep healthy in nature has long since included the perspective of disease avoidance, but in later years, this perspective has more and more been applied to understanding human behaviors. Not surprising during a pandemic, models demonstrate substantial disease-containing effects from small adaptations in patterns of inter-individual contact. The chapter describes how non-verbal signs of ill health and inflammation can be observed from, for example, facial features, gait, posture, and smell. It likewise describes how such detection can lead to avoidance and more negative attitudes toward people who, from superficial cues, can be suspected of carrying threatening microorganisms. Values, attitudes, prejudices, and even xenophobic tendencies are thus seen to be affected as part of disease-avoidant mechanisms.
How do you rate your general health?
Authors: Lekander Mats
Published: February 2022

Subjective or self-rated health is a somewhat mysterious and still fascinating concept. Letting the individual decide for themselves what should be included in the definition of health, and how to appraise one’s general state of health, leaves it open for ambiguity. Still, this approach has been a successful strategy for letting physical, mental, and societal aspects be integrated and reflected in a personalized rating. Observing how this vague notion can predict objective future health beyond most other measures, one realizes the importance of the individual’s own estimation. This has been attended to in the transformation of healthcare, so that the patient’s perspective is increasingly taken care of in a systematic way. Except for the predictive powers that self-rated health has become famous for, the chapter describes what people typically take into account in their self-centered evaluation. Likewise, it describes factors that are known to modify self-rated health. Here, the book’s theme about behavior and immune defense is made topical again, describing how inflammatory signals from the body to the brain—and in fact those also produced in the brain—are interpreted as sickness signals. The chapter ends with a description of how attention to the body can be biased, so that either too little or too much bodily focus—which is a natural tendency when we are sick—contributes to ill health.
Feeling sick and other emotions
Authors: Lekander Mats
Published: February 2022

This chapter shows how the sickness response is functionally similar to classical emotions, such as fear. It describes how the regulation of how sick one feels is similar to the importance of regulating emotions and sensitivity to contextual factors. In the same way that classical emotions can become an all too typical response pattern—individuals with anxiety disorders, for example, have internal systems for fear and anxiety that are too easily and too often activated—it turns out that low-grade inflammation and easily triggered sickness responses can be part of troubling symptoms in both somatic and mental health. The sickness response is thus similar to a classic emotion, and the frequency and intensity with which we feel that we are sick seems to be part of how healthy we think that we are in a longer perspective. The interdisciplinary approach which has been used to understand emotions has been successful both to understand general human behavior as well as conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and borderline personality disorder. A similar functional perspective of sickness can help us understand how the sickness response, the stress response, and the health experience can be regulated in order to help people with subjective health complaints.
The subject system
Authors: Wolfe Sam
Published: February 2022

This chapter analyses the evolution of both overt subjects and null arguments in the history of French, both of which are domains undergoing extensive change and still displaying widespread variation in French varieties today. Latin and Old and Middle French are argued to make use of informational structure-sensitive subject positions in both the clausal core and the left periphery, which are subject to diachronic variation both in the period of Latinity and in Old and Middle French. By way of contrast, in Modern French varieties subjects typically target subject positions within an articulated inflectional layer. In the domain of null argument, it is argued that the history of French has seen a gradual progression away from a generalized null-argument grammar to one where null subjects are highly restricted in the modern language. The chapter concludes with a diachronic analysis of the evolution of null and overt subjects.
The Homeland of the Ottomans
Authors: Foss Clive
Published: February 2022

This chapter presents the Turkish tradition, especially the work of fifteenth century Aşıkpaşazade whose chronicle provides the framework for the discussion. It will focus on the lands where the Ottomans had their origins, using personal observation and early travelers to consider how the physical environment can help understand the rise of Osman, ruler of what was then a small emirate on the Seljuk/ Byzantine frontier. Places mentioned in the tradition will be identified and studied to test its authenticity.
The View from Byzantium
Authors: Foss Clive
Published: February 2022

This chapter is based on the Byzantine sources, especially the detailed history of the contemporary Pachymeres, who presents the decline of Byzantine power in western Asia Minor. Emperors could deal with settled states—the Seljuks and the Mongols—but they couldn’t keep out the marauding Turkish tribes, among whom Osman was still a minor figure who only appears on the scene in 1302 when he defeated a Byzantine army. It discusses the other Turcoman tribes as well as the Grand Catalan Company, hired by Byzantium in vain. Relations between Byzantium and the Mongols are another theme: this chapter advances a novel thesis that Osman met defeat and possibly death at the hands of the Mongols in 1307 and notes the 20-year gap in the Turkish tradition. Turning to the south, the spectacular career of Umur of Aydin who became an ally of the empire is presented.
Reconciling the Accounts
Authors: Foss Clive
Published: February 2022

This short discussion looking for information common to both Greek and Turkish sources begins by showing that three often cited Greek place names do not in fact have Turkish equivalents, but the crucial Byzantine fortress Malagina can be identified with APZ’s Akhisar, giving a firm chronology to Osman’s conquest of the Sangarius valley. The Turkish tradition includes some major discrepancies from established chronology involving Nicaea, Nicomedia, and the emirate of Karesi. The Turkish and Greek sources can complement each other but rarely present the same information.
An Introduction
Authors: Hossein Caroline Shenaz , Christabell P. J.
Published: February 2022

This collection is about mutual aid and thoughtful and deliberate forms of economic cooperation. This expertise in cooperative-building is not a new thing, and people of the Global South have a long legacy of self-help and cooperation from within. The money cooperatives known as rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs) are living proof that diverse solidarity economies do exist. People organizing ROSCAs draw on their own lived experience to come together to remake business that is equitable and mindful of the systemic biases that exist in a society. Case studies around the world show that ROSCAs may vary in structure and operation, but they have common characteristics that make them unique: decidedly informal, democratic, and locally owned cooperatives focused on strengthening solidarity and community economies. Community economies is embedded in the commoning experience of people everywhere and local knowledges point to this experience. There is a shared understanding that business and social exclusion exists, and that ROSCAs and other forms of economic cooperation rooted in self-help, activism, and the collective are able to push for ethical community-focused businesses.
Introduction
Authors: Falkner Robert , Buzan Barry
Published: February 2022

What role do great powers play in the international politics of climate change, and what are their special responsibilities with regard to climate change mitigation and adaptation? How does international power asymmetry intersect with the global climate crisis? Should great powers play a more prominent role internationally and take on more great power responsibility for the global climate? Or are they better seen as ‘great irresponsibles’, given their poor record of climate leadership in the past? The study of global environmental politics has highlighted the important impact that global inequalities have on environmental policymaking, but questions of power asymmetry in international relations, the nature of states’ environmental power, and what counts as a great power in the environmental field, have not attracted the kind of systematic attention that they deserve. This book seeks to fill these gaps, and this introductory chapter introduces the main themes and central questions that the contributions to this book address.
The European Union: A Green Great Power?
Authors: Biedenkopf Katja , Dupont Claire , Torney Diarmuid
Published: February 2022

Although the European Union (EU) is often neglected in the great powers literature owing to its lack of military and security clout, we argue that the EU should nevertheless be considered a great power in global environmental politics (GEP). We develop this argument by highlighting the multiple nature and sources of power at the EU’s disposal, its ability to project power, and its recognition as a great power in GEP. By examining two distinctive cases of GEP—climate change and chemicals governance—we show that the EU relies on different sources of power and deploys its power in different ways in GEP, but that in both cases it can indeed be considered a great power. However, the EU’s negative power (responsibility) is diminishing as it becomes more successful in resolving environmental issues, which demonstrates the paradox of the EU’s role in GEP generally. Therefore, the EU relies increasingly on its positive power and its ability to persuade, incentivize, and assist others in its role as a green great power.
Brazil: A Boundary Case of Environmental Power
Authors: Hochstetler Kathryn
Published: February 2022

This chapter uses a case study of Brazil to conceptualize what it means to be a boundary environmental power, as Brazil clearly embodies the term in certain ways and at certain times, but not in all. Much of the power of the emerging powers in global environmental governance has been an essentially negative power, stemming from their capacity to do a great deal of harm to their national environments and global environmental commons. Rampant deforestation in Brazil embodied this negative power for climate, biodiversity, and other environmental concerns. As deforestation dropped sharply in Brazil after 2005, it also began more varied and more constructive participation in international environmental negotiations, becoming a positive power as well—until it reversed course again after 2013. The chapter argues that the ambiguous material foundation of its power makes Brazil and other boundary cases more likely to exercise leadership inconsistently, and shows that Brazil in fact does so.
Introduction
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine
Published: February 2022

The Introduction begins by laying out David Jones’s concerns around the decline of Western civilisation and traces his decision to turn to ancient Rome to explore contemporary issues of decline and cultural renewal. It sets his approach within the contexts central to the study: political rhetoric, cyclical history, Catholic cultural theory, and Welsh nationalism. While providing a brief overview of current scholarship on Jones and on the reception of ancient Rome in twentieth-century discourse, it observes how Jones’s idiosyncratic approach to Rome was shaped by his unconventional education and his artistic intentions. It then makes the case for examining Jones’s reimagining of Rome holistically, in an interdisciplinary fashion and founded on extensive archival research so as to position his diverse works within their shifting intellectual contexts. After setting out the overarching structure and summaries of the chapters, it ends with an analysis of Jones’s poem ‘A, a, a, Domine Deus’.
Shaping Rome through ‘Contactual’ Experience
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine
Published: February 2022

Chapter 1 addresses Jones’s reception of the Roman Empire, which was marked indelibly by his personal experience of war and his growing disillusionment with the British Empire. Charting the transition from patriotic fervour—which drove him to enlist as a private in the First World War—through to post-war frustration with British imperialism and propaganda, provides the necessary context to examine the form, language and political ideology which underpin his early Roman poetry and visual artworks. This chapter explores the development of Jones’s vision of Rome across the period he was writing In Parenthesis (1937) and through his presentation of the experience of the ordinary soldier. In his poetry, Roman legionaries are also British Tommies, and their common humanity becomes the transhistorical unifier of all armies. It concludes by contextualising Jones’s creative approach to merging past and present within wider twentieth-century literary movements that were refashioning the relationship between ancient Rome and modern Britain.
British Imperial Rhetoric
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine
Published: February 2022

Chapter 2 is concerned with the political foundation of Jones’s Roman fragments, which stand as a challenge to British imperialism. In examining the Roman imperial analogy as it is appears in British political rhetoric across the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this chapter establishes the necessary context for understanding Jones’s poetry as a subversive response to imperial values, capitalism, and propaganda. Analysing the Roman fragments in this way provides the opportunity to explore both Jones’s engagement with British imperial rhetoric and his belief in the creative potential of the Roman analogy to speak to contemporary concerns. It demonstrates the ways in which he based his criticism of modern imperialism—whether of its hypocrisy or its direct acts of force (such as in the poem ‘Isis’ (1956) which responds to the Suez crisis)—within an ancient Roman setting.
The Antithesis of Culture and Civilisation
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine
Published: February 2022

Chapter 6 traces the complex dialogue Jones maintained with the works of Oswald Spengler from the 1930s onwards. While in the past critics have tried to distance him from the controversy that surrounded Spengler, this chapter examines Jones’s theories as direct and provocative responses to the historian’s ideas. Only by doing so can Jones’s concepts of ‘the Break’ between past and present, and the antithesis of culture and civilisation (in particular, through the divisions of truth-men and fact-men and of the feminine and masculine principles), be recognised as creative reformulations of Spengler’s ideas. When considered in this context, his visual artworks and poetic fragments—including ‘The Dream of Private Clitus’ (c.1940), ‘The Agent’ (c.1940), ‘The Tribune’s Visitation’ (1958) and ‘The Tutelar of the Place’ (c.1960)—act as creative spaces in which Jones was able to challenge Spengler’s nihilistic vision of decline and fight for the renewal of culture.
Sir Henry Savile and the early professors
Authors: Poole William
Published: February 2022

This opening chapter addresses the state of mathematical instruction in Oxford, both before and after the foundation in 1619 of Sir Henry Savile’s professorships in geometry and astronomy. After discussing the terms and conditions of his foundations, we situate Savile’s benefaction within the general context of Oxford teaching and learning structures. Savile personally appointed his first two professors, Henry Briggs and John Bainbridge, and this chapter discusses their performance and publications, asking what changed with their appointments. Finally, words are offered on their Savilian successors, Peter Turner and John Greaves.
A century of astronomers: from Halley to Rigaud
Authors: Chapman Allan , Hollings Christopher
Published: February 2022

Throughout the second half of the 17th century, John Wallis had successfully used his position as Savilian Professor of Geometry to promote pure mathematical research in Oxford. His successor, Edmond Halley (1656–1742), had different priorities. Now chiefly remembered as an astronomer, Halley took up the geometry chair following Wallis’s death, having previously failed to secure the chair of astronomy when it became vacant in 1691. Nevertheless, although he did produce some mathematical writings (most notably, his edition of Apollonius’s mathematical works), his main interests remained in astronomy. In this respect, he is characteristic of several of his 18th-century successors in Savile’s chair of geometry, two of whom eventually moved sideways to take up the chair of astronomy.
Education in Late Antiquity
Authors: Stenger Jan R.
Published: February 2022

Education in Late Antiquity explores how the Christian and pagan writers of the Graeco-Roman world between c.300 and 550 CE rethought the role of intellectual and ethical formation. Analysing explicit and implicit theorization of education, it traces changing attitudes towards the aims and methods of teaching, learning, and formation. Influential scholarship has seen the postclassical education system as an immovable and uniform field. In response, this book argues that writers of the period offered substantive critiques of established formal education and tried to reorient ancient approaches to learning. By bringing together a wide range of discourses and genres, Education in Late Antiquity reveals that educational thought was implicated in the ideas and practices of wider society. Educational ideologies addressed central preoccupations of the time, including morality, religion, the relationship with others and the world, and concepts of gender and the self. The idea that education was a transformative process that gave shape to the entire being of a person, instead of imparting formal knowledge and skills, was key. The debate revolved around attaining happiness, the good life, and fulfilment, thus orienting education toward the development of the notion of humanity within the person. By exploring the discourse on education, this book recovers the changing horizons of Graeco-Roman thought on learning and formation from the fourth to the sixth centuries.