bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Externalities and the Calculation of Exchange Outcomes
Authors: Mundt JoNel , Houston Franklin S.
Published: March 2007

Externalities have been defined by marketers as the uncalculated costs and/or benefits of exchange, where uncalculated refers to costs and benefits that have not been accurately included in the exchange valuation (Mundt 1993). This article suggests that anticipation and valuation are necessary for accurate calculation of exchange outcomes and discusses their difficulties as they relate to externalities. A dyadic exchange relationship is then studied, as it relates to exchange parties having symmetric or asymmetric knowledge, to determine whether the uncalculated effects are first-or third-party effects. This design manifests a tripartite analysis. The article concludes with a discussion of how first parties and third parties attempt to manage externalities.
Synthesis of Control Systems for Manipulators Using Multivariable Robust Servomechanism Theory
Authors: Desa S. , Roth B.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a framework for synthesizing control laws for manipulators based on robust servomechanism theory for multivariable linear systems. This framework takes into account the coupled and nonlinear nature of the differen tial equations describing the manipulator as well as the fact that the inputs and outputs are subject to large excursions.

The robust servomechanism theory is applied to the linear system that results when the overall, nonlinear, dynamic system is split, in the standard manner, into a nominal sys tem and a (linear) system linearized about the nominal. A control law for the linear system is then derived on the basis of linear quadratic regulator theory. To ensure good dynamic response, the implicit model-following technique is used to choose the weights in the resulting performance index.

The theory is then applied to design a control law for a two-degree-of-freedom spatial manipulator following a pre scribed trajectory. The effect of changing the speed and iner tias of the manipulator on the gains prescribed by the control law is also discussed.
Global versus Local Optimization in Redundancy Resolution of Robotic Manipulators
Authors: Kazerounian Kazem , Wang Zhaoyu
Published: March 2007

In redundancy resolution of robotic manipulators with more than the required degrees of freedom at the kinematic level, the minimization of the Euclidean norm of the joint velocities at the dynamic level, and the minimization of the kinetic energy of the manipulator at any moment of the task execu tion have long been suggested in the literature. In this paper the global optimization of the above characteristics are worked out by using integral-type criteria. The results are in surprisingly simple and elegant forms and give new insights to the redundancy resolution of robotic manipulators. The relations between local and global optimization are discussed.
A New Parallel Algorithm for Inverse Dynamics
Authors: Hashimoto Koichi , Kimura Hidenori
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes a new parallel computational scheme for inverse dynamics based on a new description of the Newton- Euler formulation. This description, which is essentially identical to Kane's formulation for manipulator dynamics, resolves the task of kinematic and dynamic computations into a set of subtasks. The potential parallelism of the serially connected rigid body dynamics is exploited in these subtasks. The parallel scheme, called the resolved Newton-Euler algo rithm, is mapped onto a model of computation without any complex task scheduling. This model is composed of process ing elements with regular and local connections, which is suitable for very large scale integration (VLSI) implementa tion. This model allows computation of the resolved Newton- Euler algorithm with an iteration interval of 60 floating-point operations and a response time of 60n + 193 floating-point operations for a manipulator with n joints. This efficiency seems to be sufficient for real-time control.
Hidden Markov Models as a Process Monitor in Robotic Assembly
Authors: Hovland Geir E. , McCarragher Brenan J.
Published: March 2007

A process monitor for robotic assembly based on hidden Markov models (HMMs) is presented. The HMM process monitor is based on the dynamic force/torque signals arising from interaction be tween the workpiece and the environment. The HMMs represent a stochastic, knowledge-based system in which the models are trained off-line with the Baum-Welch reestimation algorithm. The assem bly task is modeled as a discrete event dynamic system in which a discrete event is defined as a change in contact state between the workpiece and the environment. Our method (1) allows for dynamic motions of the workpiece, (2) accounts for sensor noise andfriction, and (3) exploits the fact that the amount of force information is large when there is a sudden change of discrete state in robotic assembly. After the HMMs have been trained, the authors use them on-line in a 2D experimental setup to recognize discrete events as they occur. Successful event recognition with an accuracy as high as 97% was achieved in 0.5-0.6 s with a training set size of only 20 examples for each discrete event.
Modal Properties and Control System Design for Two-Link Flexible Manipulators
Authors: Damaren Christopher J.
Published: March 2007

The vibration modes of a generic two-link fiexible manipulator are studied as a function of the link, rotor, and tip (statorlpayload) mass distribution. Necessary and sufficient conditions are devel oped for all vibration modes to exhibit a node at the manipulator endpoint. A rigorous treatment of the relevant kinematics and dy namics shows that this property can be closely achieved for large tip/link mass ratio and sufficiently small rotor inertia. The major impacts of this result on feedforward/feedback controller design are uncovered. First, the nonlinear joint torque to end-effector motion dynamics become essentially equivalent to those of the rigid case. Second, an output involving the endpoint rates and elastic motions is shown to possess the passivity property for suitably defined inputs. This permits the design of simple controllers that furnish endpoint stabilization with simultaneous vibration suppression. A numeri cal example is used to illustrate the results and demonstrate the achievable performance using the controller design concepts.
Family Dynamics and Family Scripts: A Case Study of Musical Development
Authors: Davidson Jane W. , Borthwick Sophia J.
Published: March 2007

This paper adds to the literature on the development of musical abilities in children. In particular, it examines the role of parental influence, adopting a much more psychodynamic approach than previous studies in the field, and by so doing is focused around a detailed case study of the Brown family, a white middle-class English family whose members all play musical instruments. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis is used to examine the impact of the parents' beliefs and behaviours on their two sons' musical progress. In particular, the eldest son's sense of self is tied up with his mother's "script" about his musical ability is examined. We see that a believed symbiosis between mother and son leads the boy to develop a very positive self image as a musician; whereas the younger brother, who is excluded from the special mother-son "script" rebels against the emphasis on music within the home and seeks his sense of self and identity elsewhere. Byng-Hall's "Family Script Theory" from psychodynamic work in Family Therapy is integrated into our theorising on the outcome of the study.
A Predictive Study of an Experimental College Version of the Musical Aptitude Profile with Certain Music Achievement of College Music Majors
Authors: Schleuter Stanley L.
Published: March 2007

Pretraining scores from an experimental college version of the Musical Aptitude Profile (CMAP) were analysed as predictors of music major achievement. Scores were collected from 23 students over a two-year time span, and a stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed. Significance occurred for CMAP scores as predictors of end of first-year sight-singing scores. No significance occurred for CMAP scores as predictors of applied music ratings or ear training scores.
The Effects of Grade Level on Secondary Music Students' Perceptive-Descriptive Skills
Authors: Nierman Glenn E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of grade level (9-12) on student capability to select appropriate verbal responses describing perceptions of musical components in recorded music. Significant differences among grade levels were found to exist regardless of whether musical vernacular or common vernacular descriptors were used.
The "Pitch" Subtest of Bentley's Measures of Musical Abilities: A Test from the 1960s Reconsidered in the 1980s
Authors: Mills Janet I.
Published: March 2007

Bentley's Measures of Musical Abilities (MMA) (1966), is currently used to assess the "musical ability" of some British schoolchildren. Hence, it is relevant to consider some discrepancies which are found when statistics derived from the Bentley Pitch Discrimination (BPD) responses of 311 contemporary schoolchildren are compared with statistics given in the MMA test manual. These discrepancies appear to result, at least partially, from inaccuracies in the frequencies of some of the recorded BPD tones which differ from their item specifications, waver in pitch, and probably vary from record to record. When the test responses of 640 schoolchildren to a re-recorded version of BPD (Test A) are considered, these discrepancies appear to be eliminated. However, the extent to which the mean score of Test A exceeds that of BPD implies that the capacity of Test A to discriminate between high scorers will be inadequate. Hence, the case for developing, and publishing, a new test of "musical ability" is argued.
An Investigation of Burnout Assessment and Potential Job Related Variables among Public School Music Educators
Authors: Hamann Donald L. , Daugherty Elza , Mills Charlotte R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate burnout symptoms among public school music educators (N = 101) using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and to determine potential demographic and job related factors that may be associated with burnout using the Demographic and Data Sheet (DDS) questionnaire. Based on multiple regression analyses it was found that the DDS variables; work load and time to complete the work, desire to change professional careers, contentment with job, unclear goals from administration, and lack of personnel goals in career plans, lack of recognition by students, and lack of cooperation among teachers in the district outside the area of music, significantly contributed to the variance in the regression models and were determined to be reliable predictors of burnout as measured by the MBI.
A Survey of Treatment Procedures in Improvisational Music Therapy
Authors: Bruscia Kenneth E.
Published: March 2007

Major models of improvisational music therapy are described in terms of clinical applications, goals, session formats, media selection, and methodo- logical procedures. Details are given on procedural steps or cycles that occur within a typical session in each model. Two prototypes for improvisatory sessions are identified, and procedural objectives found in most models of improvisational music therapy are summarized.
Movement Responses of Pre-School Children, Primary Grade Children, and Pre-Service Classroom Teachers to Characteristics of Musical Phrases
Authors: Sims Wendy L.
Published: March 2007

Two studies were completed to compare responses of pre-school children. primary grade children, and pre-service teachers to a movement-to-music task. In Study 1, pre-school and college aged subjects were divided into experimental groups, which responded to the stimulus piece its original form, and control groups, which responded to a version of the piece in which phrase order had been altered. Subjects individually performed a movement activity designed to elicit reactions to the varying phrase structures and stylistic characteristics of the music. Subjects appeared to respond to style rather than to structure, with differing patterns of responses between age groups evident. It was hypothesized that responses obtained might be explained by developmental stage and centration theories. Study 2 was undertaken to explore this hypothesis by expanding the age levels tested to primary grade students. Results suggest that developmental stages in subjects' ability to demonstrate decentration in response to a musical stimulus may be identifiable, and that this ability may begin earlier and take longer to develop than predicted by developmental theory.
The Effect of Movement-Based Instruction on First- and Third- Graders' Achievement in Selected Music Listening Skills
Authors: Lewis Barbara E.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effects of movement-based instruction on the achievement of first- and third-graders in selected listening skills. Sixty-one normal first-graders and 52 normal third-graders received a total of 12 instructional periods focusing on the concept areas of dynamics, tempo, melodic direction, meter, and rhythm. Each session was 30 minutes in length. While the lessons for both the control and experimental groups were based on the Silver Burdett Music (1981) series, the treatment received by the experimental group included the addition of psychomotor activities. The dependent variables were operationalized through five achievement subtests of aural perception-Dynamics, Tempo, Melodic Direction, Meter, and Rhythm. The data were analyzed through analysis of variance and analysis of covariance. The results indicated that movement-based instruction significantly affected achievement on the Dynamics test for the first-graders and Dynamics, Melodic Direction, and the Music Listening Composite measures for the third-graders.
Competitive and Non-Competitive Goal Structures: An Analysis of Motivation and Achievement among Elementary Band Students
Authors: Austin James R.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effects of competitive and non-competitive goal structures, level of music self-esteem, and pre-post administration on dependent measures of student achievement and motivation in music. Forty- eight, 5th- and 6th-grade band students were randomly assigned to either a competitive (rewards based on absolute standards) or non-competitive (all participants rewarded for typing their best) goal structure. Goal structures were operationalised as music contest settings; all students prepared and performed accompanied solos for adjudication.

Pre-test and post-test data were obtained for two measures of music achievement (aural-visual discrimination, performance) and two measures of music motivation (attribution orientation, intrinsic interest). Data were analysed using split-plot analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) procedures with an alpha significance level of t)S.

Results indicated no significant goal structure effects. Music self-esteem did have significant effects on motivation outcomes, but not on achievement. Similarly, there were significant pre-test versus post-test differences for motivation, but not achievement. Students' future goal structure preference (competitive versus non-competitive) was significantly related to the type of goal structure they had experienced within this study. Implications of these findings are discussed.
The Effects of Practice Strategies, Individual Differences in Cognitive Style, and Gender upon Technical Accuracy and Musicality of Student Instrumental Performance
Authors: Barry Nancy H.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of field dependence! independence and gender upon technical accuracy and musicality of student instrumental performance under both structured and free practice conditions. Field-dependence/independence was assessed by the Group Embedded Figures Test. Fifity-five brass and woodwind students between grades 7 and 10 were assigned to either a free practice group or a structured practice group. Subjects had four short practice sessions distributed across two weeks. Performances were evaluated by three independent judges. ANCOVA tests revealed significant main effects for practice condition for all dependent variables. Two significant interactions were observed for rhythmic accuracy: Practice Condition x Gender and Practice Condition x Gender x Field Dependence/Independence. The data indicate that the practice procedures used by the structured practice group were more conducive to improvement in musical performance. These findings are consistent with the literaturc, suggesting that a highly organised and systematic regimen of supervised practice is an effective means of improving musical performance.
Research Note: Personality and Music Preference: Extraversion and Excitement Seeking or Openness to Experience?
Authors: Dollinger Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

The NEO Personality Inventory and an abbreviated version of the Little and Zuckerman (1986) Music Preference questionnaire were administered to university students to test the relation of openness and extraversion to music preferences. Replicating the findings of other researchers, extraversion was positively related to one kind of music with high arousal properties (jazz), and excitement seeking to another (hard rock). However, as predicted, openness to experience related to enjoyment of a variety of musical forms outside the mainstream of popular and rock music.
The Limits of Experimentation: On Researching Music and Musical Settings
Authors: Persson Roland S. , Robson Colin
Published: March 2007

In recent years the maintaining of music psychology as a strictly experimental discipline has run into difficulties. Although the need for breaking new grounds has been observed by several eminent researchers, few suggestions on how to proceed have actually been made. On the basis of the current debate within the social sciences, and our own experience of field research amongst performing musicians, this article will make some proposals to this effect. We argue the significance of investigating the "real world" of music in the field, discuss potential obstacles which need to be overcome, and propose a strategy which may facilitate field work specifically amongst musicians. Our intention is also to provide an aid to the traditional experimenter with a limited experience of research outside the laboratory, as well as to furnish prospective field workers into music with appropriate literature for further study.
Research Note: Factors Affecting Eye Movements During the Reading of Short Melodies
Authors: Polanka Mark
Published: March 2007

Eighteen subjects silently read six melodies while their eye movements were measured to determine whether factors such as subject expertise, pitch pattern size, or pitch pattern complexity affected the size of their perceptual unit, measured as saccade length. Subjects were divided into three expertise groups based on a pretest. Stimuli were six melodies in equal quarter note rhythms consisting of two pattern sizes (three note/four note) and three complexity levels for each pattern size. Dependent measures were saccade length and fixation duration. Three-note pattern melodies consisted of 19 notes, while four-note pattern melodies consisted of 25 notes. Subjects in all groups were generally found to read note by note. However, factors such as pattern complexity and pattern size did affect the size of their perceptual units. They also tended to read triadic material in larger units than stepwise material especially when that material was composed of root position triads.
Influence of Linguistic Factors on Young School Children's Responses to Musical Pitch Tests: A Preliminary Test
Authors: Durkin Kevin , Townsend Julie
Published: March 2007

An experimental training study was conducted to investigate children's difficulties with language relating to musical pitch. Participanits were tested on Spatial and Pitch tests before and after a training intervention. One group received training which reinforced the spatial metaphor of pitch, another received training in the same vocabulary but without spatial reinforcement, and a control group received no training. Results confirmed that children perform better on spatial tests than on pitch tests using the same terms, and improvements on the Pitch test were obtained at post-test. However, since gains were obtained in each group, the benefits of specific training require future research
Eye Movements in a Simple Music Reading Task: A Study of Expert and Novice Musicians
Authors: Waters Andrew J. , Underwood Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the eye movements of expert and novice musicians as they performed a simple music-reading task. In this task, subjects were required to report whether two successively presented melodic fragments were the same or different. The tonal and contour structure of the stimuli were systematically manipulated. As expected, the experts performed the task more accurately and rapidly than the novices, especially for tonally simple material. The eye movement data showed that the experts used more fixations than the novices when reading the music for the first time, and the duration of the experts' first fixation on the stimulus was shorter. Although there were clear effects of the tonal structure of the stimuli on the accuracy and reaction time performance of the experts, there were little obvious effects of the tonal structure on the eye movements of the experts the first time the stimuli were read. These results are discussed, and the usefulness of the task to the study of eye movements in music reading is considered.
`Mathematical Machines' of the Cold War
Authors: Gerovitch Slava
Published: March 2007

Soviet science in the post-WWII period was torn between two contradictory directives: to `overtake and surpass' Western science, especially in defence-related fields; and to `criticize and destroy' Western scholarship for its alleged ideological flaws. In response to this dilemma, Soviet scientists developed two opposite discursive strategies. While some scholars `ideologized' science, translating scientific theories into a value-laden political language, others tried to `de-ideologize' it by drawing a sharp line between ideology and the supposedly value-neutral, `objective' content of science. This paper examines how early Soviet computing was shaped by the interplay of military and ideological forces, and affected by the attempts to `de-ideologize' computers. The paper also suggests some important similarities in the impact of the Cold War on science and technology in the Soviet Union and the United States.
Could the 1978 Nobel Prizewinner in Chemistry Have Been Predicted?
Authors: Oppenheim Charles
Published: March 2007

The 1978 Nobel Prizewinner for Chemistry (Peter Mitchell) would not have been predicted by tests previously proposed, unless his exceptional tendency to publish as sole author could have been taken into account.
Multivariate Citation Analysis and the Changing Cognitive Organization in a Specialty of Physics
Authors: Nadel Edward
Published: March 2007

A retrospective review-textbook account of the history of superconductivity was synthesized and compared with citation and co-citation data for two examples of historical periods which lacked major cognitive events. It was asked whether the formal cognitive organization (the cited documents and the co-cited relationships) remained stable in such periods A thorough cognitive reorganization was observed in both examples in spite of a lack of major events.
Normative Reflexions on Constructivist Approaches to Science and Technology
Authors: Radder Hans
Published: March 2007

Systematic and fundamental thinking on normative, or normatively relevant, questions is virtually absent in the highly influential constructivist studies of science and technology. This paper is an attempt at changing this situation. After reviewing and assessing the role of normativity and reflexivity, in so far as it has been acknowledged within constructivism, a number of `normative reflexions' are presented. Three general approaches—social constructivism, ethnography and actor-network theory—are analyzed in detail. The main themes of these analytical and critical reflexions are: `missing issues', `locality', `relativism', `the winner's perspective', and `technoscientific success'. It turns out that constructivist views concerning these themes have a number of normatively questionable consequences. These consequences can be avoided if certain constructivist assumptions, which are empirically unwarranted or unnecessary anyway, are rejected. Instead, some constructive alternatives are proposed for a social study of science and technology that is both empirically adequate and normatively satisfactory.
Theory Selection in Particle Physics: A Quantitative Case Study of the Evolution of Weak-Electromagnetic Unification Theory
Authors: Koester David , Sullivan Daniel , White D. Hywel
Published: March 2007

Drawing a distinction between the micro-level process of theory choice and the macro-level process of theory selection within science, this paper presents an analysis of the development of the weak-electromagnetic unification programme within the specialty of weak interactions in high energy physics. Bibliometric techniques are used to understand the process of theory selection during the rapid interaction of new theoretical and empirical developments. Employing an evolutionary analogy, the interplay of theory and experiment is analyzed during the theory selection process in the context of the history of the specialty. From this perspective, theory and experiment are seen to be closely dependent, as theorists depend heavily on experimental results for both the construction and confirmation of models, while at the same time experimental work depends on theory for understanding the relevance of results.
The Discourse of Physical Power and Biological Knowledge in the 1930s: A Reappraisal of the Rockefeller Foundation's `Policy' in Molecular Biology
Authors: Abir-Am Pnina
Published: March 2007

This paper uses three case studies in order to examine the implementation of a policy of biological progress, initiated by the Rockefeller Foundation in the 1930s. In discussing the social and scientific goals of this research policy, the paper challenges views which have attributed to the Foundation's policy a direct impact upon the rise of molecular biology; it also suggests that this policy, conceived around the idea of technology transfer from the physical sciences to biology, had inherent limitations for revolutionizing biology. The paper concludes by offering a new interpretation of the historical impact of the Foundation's policy towards molecular biology.
Assessing Basic Research: The Case of the Isaac Newton Telescope
Authors: Irvine John , Martin Ben R.
Published: March 2007

In a parallel paper, we have outlined a methodology for assessing the comparative scientific performance of large basic research facilities (and their associated user groups) working in the same specialty, and applied this method of `converging partial indicators' to an evaluation of the contributions to science made by a number of radio telescopes. In this paper, we employ this methodology to evaluate the scientific performance of various optical telescopes — in particular, the 2.5-metre Isaac Newton Telescope, operated as a central facility by the Royal Greenwich Observatory in South-East England. For several years, this was Britain's only major optical telescope, as well as being the largest such instrument in Europe. We compare its performance over the last decade with that of three American telescopes of similar size. This paper has three aims: first, to ascertain whether the method of converging partial indicators, originally applied to radio astronomy, provides a more general policy tool that can be extended to other specialties; second, to determine just how successful each optical telescope has been in producing new astronomical knowledge over the past decade; and, third, to discuss whether our results on the comparative scientific performance of the Isaac Newton Telescope may have any implications for British astronomy policy in general.
Scientists, Inventors and the Military in Britain, 1915-19: The Munitions Inventions Department
Authors: Pattison Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the previously unaccounted activities of the Munitions Inventions Department of the UK Ministry of Munitions — one of the largest and most productive of several government advisory bodies which held responsibility for inventions research during World War I. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between that Department, the War Office, and similar wartime scientific institutions, both in Britain and abroad, and to criticisms about the lack of formal co-ordination between those institutions made to the Prime Minister by Sir Henry Norman, MP. A study of the department's role, especially in anti-aircraft research, illustrates the nature and development of scientific inquiry in the context of military organization during World War I, and highlights the tension which existed between scientists and the military over the qualification of civilians to deal authoritatively with matters relating to munitions research.
The Utilization of Request-A-Print
Authors: Onuigbo Wilson I.B.
Published: March 2007

This Note suggests that reprint requests can provide useful data for sociologists of science.
Modern Evolution of the Experimental Report in Physics: Spectroscopic Articles in Physical Review, 1893-1980
Authors: Bazerman Charles
Published: March 2007

Recent studies of scientific texts need to be set against the history of the genre, which in part establishes the institutional framework within which any individual text is created. The definition of the appropriate form of communication is part of how a discipline constitutes itself, and is part of the achievement of that discipline. This paper examines the changing features of spectroscopic articles in Physical Review since its founding. Analyses of article length, use of references, sentence length and syntax, vocabulary, graphic features, organization and argument indicate that articles become increasingly theory-based and knowledge-embedded through time. Self-consciousness about the theoretical character of argument also increases. The changing character of communication within a scientific community also has implications for the social structure of that community.
A Relativistic Account of Einstein's Relativity
Authors: Latour Bruno
Published: March 2007

This paper explores in some detail a semi-popular text written by Einstein to present his theory of relativity. Semiotic tools are used to compare what Einstein says about the activity of building spaces and times with what sociologists of science can tell us. Einstein's text is read as a contribution to the sociology of delegation. Once the drama of Einstein's argument has been reconstructed, it is possible to learn from his theory of relativity something about the classical problem of `relativity' in the STS field. A comparison is established between the notion of social context and that of the aether, and an argument is developed to lead us beyond `social' explanations. The goal of such a semiotic study is twofold: to allow the adaptation of the strong programme to the peculiar conditions of the theoretical sciences; and to find a vocabulary for an activity best defined as infra-physics.
National Scientific Strategies in Tropical Soil Sciences
Authors: Arvanitis Rigas , Chatelin Yvon
Published: March 2007

A bibliometric analysis of the publications on tropical soils and agriculture shows that different strategies can be found across countries, in the way scientists publish and disseminate their results, choose their research topics (fertilization and microbiology of soil being the research priorities in the Third World), and distribute their effort across fields. We propose some indicators measuring these orientations, and a reconsideration of the data sources used in the evaluation of research activity in the Third World, and of the influence of the North on the South, since we have found that Third World production is substantially higher than is usually estimated. Finally, we indicate some guidelines for policy definition in the light of these results, focusing on the necessity of an active and mobile scientific community, and of more important communication between scientists working in similar ecological environments.
The Relationship between Science, Technology and the Economy in Lesser Developed Countries
Authors: Drori Gili S.
Published: March 2007

Economic development is a goal of all nation-states, and a life necessity for lesser developed countries. Strategies for economic development stress the importance of science and technology in accomplishing such goals. This Note examines the relationship between science and technology in the context of the economic conditions in lesser developed countries. Two competing models conceptualize science, technology, and their relationship, and predict their simultaneous effects on the economy. These models are referred to as the `hierarchical model' and the `symmetric model'. Using empirical analysis for the effects of published papers and patent applications on the Gross National Product, this Note examines the applicability of these two competing models to lesser developed countries during the 1970s and 1980s. On the basis of the results found, the Note concludes that there is no support for the applicability of the hierarchical model to lesser developed countries. Thus, the assumption of a hierarchical relationship between science and technology where economic development is concerned is refuted. This Note's findings call for a reassessment of development policies that are based on the assumptions of hierarchical relations between science and technology.
Transformation of the Research Systems of Post-Communist Central and Eastern Europe: An Introduction
Authors: Balázs Katalin , Faulkner Wendy , Schimank Uwe
Published: March 2007

The radical transformations in the former communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (C&EE) have prompted a growing body of scholarship concerned to analyze both the dramatic decline and the de facto restructuring of research systems throughout the region, and future opportunities for rebuilding them. This paper provides some basic background information on how science and technology (S&T) were organized before the transformations, and the changes since. It then briefly indicates why the topic is important for the field of science and technology studies (S&TS), and describes some trends in the development of S&TS in and on C&EE, before introducing the individual contributions in this Special Issue.
Mind in the World: Cognition and Practice in the Invention of the Telephone
Authors: Gorman Michael E.
Published: March 2007

Traditionally, we think of `mind' as something in the head or brain. But when one studies scientists and inventors, one quickly realizes that much of their cognition is distributed in the world. This paper applies a cognitive framework to a fine-grained analysis of the invention of the telephone, in which we look closely at a series of Bell's experiments and show how his devices serve as representations of his intentions and understandings. This kind of analysis also establishes that, although Bell and his chief rival, Elisha Gray, built devices that appeared similar, their representations of their function and potential were different.
Recombination, Rationality, Reductionism and Romantic Reactions:
Authors: Helmreich Stefan
Published: March 2007

The genetic algorithm (GA) is a computational procedure that `evolves' solutions to optimization problems by generating populations of possible solutions, and then by treating these solutions metaphorically as individuals that can `mate' and `compete' to `survive' and `reproduce'. In this paper, I explore how culturally specific notions of evolution, population, reproduction, sex/gender, and kinship inflect the ways GAs are assembled and understood. Combining the results of fieldwork among GA workers with analysis of GA texts, I contend that the picture of `nature' embedded in GAs is resonant with the values of secularized Judeo-Christian white middle-class US-American and European heterosexual culture. I also maintain that GA formulations are accented by languages inherited from sociobiology. I argue that examining GAs can help us track how dominant meanings of `nature' are being stabilized and refigured in an age in which exchanges of metaphor between biology and computer science are increasingly common.
Concrete Practices
Authors: Sims Benjamin
Published: March 2007

Successful testing depends upon projecting from a test situation to the performance of a technology under working conditions. Some have argued that projection is made possible primarily through a collective agreement that the test circumstances and working conditions are similar in crucial ways. This paper argues that projection is better understood in many cases as a set of local practices through which testing produces change in a wider context of technology use. In the earthquake-engineering laboratory described here, this connection depends upon the circulation of skilled people, material objects and symbolic representations across distinct work settings, in such a way as to construct a continuous `chain of practices' between the laboratory and the worlds of construction, academia and design engineering. This analysis highlights the importance of the division of labour in shaping technical practice both inside and outside the laboratory.
Cyborg Agonistes
Authors: Mirowski Philip
Published: March 2007

The importance of the rise of Operations Research (OR) for the postwar development of economics is a theme entirely absent from both the history of science and the history of economics. This paper explores a number of theses which will help to rectify that situation: (1) the existing history of OR, including the landmark paper by Fortun and Schweber (1993), stands in need of revision; (2) the neoclassical tradition in America had encountered some daunting obstacles in the 1930s; (3) the recruitment of a generation of economists into OR during World War II created a possible way out of this impasse; and (4) differences in analytical content of various schools of OR can be mapped on to postwar differences between schools of American neoclassical economics and, in particular, the Chicago School and the Cowles Commission. This narrative constitutes the outline of a thesis that World War II marked the second large-scale incursion of physicists into neoclassical economics.
Multiply Acting Out Adolescents: Developmental Correlates and Response to Secure Treatment
Authors: Nielson Gary , Young Delton , Latham Susan
Published: March 2007

A secure residential treatment program for severely acting out adolescents is described. Of 150 adolescents discharged from treatment over the past four years, a sub-group of 29 is identified on the basis of their multiply acting out pattern. Early parental separation data and follow up data support the con clusion that this may be a distinct clinical subgroup, behaviorally and prognostically different from other types of delinquent or antisocial personalities. Prognosis for them is poor, and it is suggested that by early diagnosis, it may be possible to devise new and innovative treatment for this group.
August Aichorn's Legacy: The Treatment of Narcissism in Criminals
Authors: Wulach James S.
Published: March 2007

The treatment of narcissism in criminals is traced from Aichorn's early discoveries to the modern psychoanalytic theories of Kohut, Kernberg and Bursten. Theoretical and prac tical differences between Kernberg and the others regarding the management of the idealizing narcissistic transference are elaborated, with the author advocating an integrative approach. The implications of the narcissistic transference for group and cult allegiances among offenders are briefly discussed.
Causes of Conformity: An Application of Control Theory to Adult Misdemeanant Probationers
Authors: Lindquist Charles A. , Smusz Terry Daniels , Doerner William
Published: March 2007

The present study represents an attempt to expand Hirschi's social control theory of delinquency causation to include adult misdemeanant offenders on probation; in addition, the study proposed to see if social control theory can provide a theoretical framework for probation prediction studies. A quota sample of 328 cases was drawn from a population of 3,320 closed case files in three Florida counties where misdemeanant probation supervision was provided by a vendor agency from the private sector. The authors hypothesized that various measures of three bonding elements (attachment, commitment and involvement) were positively associated with conformity (successfulprobation outcome). Results indicated qualified support for several of the hypotheses with education and time on present job emerging as salient variables. Analysis of the data directed attention to several methodological problems and suggestions for future research.
Variations in Juvenile Investigations
Authors: Bellermann Hans
Published: March 2007

The results of a recent survey of juvenile probation officers are presented which describe demographic features, work patterns, and philosophies of the officers. Presented is a description of the contents of juvenile defendant reports prepared by the juvenile officers. The results of both databases are correlated and highlighted with two suggested sample reports.
Jails as a Repository for Former Mental Patients
Authors: Adler Freda
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses and explores one aspect of the relationship between the mental health system and the criminal justice system. Specifically, it deals with that portion of a jail population which, at one time or another, had been in the care of psychiatric hospitals. The data were collected from 339 inmates serving time in three New Jersey institutions (urban, suburban and rural). The findings suggest that the deinstitutionalization movement, marked by stringent requirements for hospitalization in mental hospitals, and less onerous criteria for fitness to be discharged, has created a socially marginal class of people who are increasingly becoming a burden on our lock-ups and jails.
Psychiatric Contributions to the Understanding of International Terrorism
Authors: Turco Ronald M.
Published: March 2007

A summary of the psychodynamics and personality types of terrorists is presented. The Stockholm syndrome is discussed in the context of survival identification and the issue of hostage negotiation is addressed. The differentiation of the emotional aspects of terrorists is presented in the context of different authors' opinions.
Immoral Judgement, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Criminal Behaviour
Authors: Addad Moshe , Leslau Avraham
Published: March 2007

The present article examines delinquent behaviour by integrating two approaches which have heretofore been employed separately—Eysenck's theory linking delinquency to extraversion and neuroticism and Kohlberg's theory of moral development and its connection to moral behaviour. It analyses the relations between extraversion, neuroticism and moral judgement—as well as their independent and/or interactive effect upon the development of anti-social behaviour. The relationships are tested via retrospective measurements of personality traits and moral judgement in three groups: delinquency (N= 203), control (N= 82) and comparative (N= 407) groups.

Findings indicate that criminals are higher than control subjects on neuroticism and immoral judgement but not on extraversion. Similar relationships were found between criminals and the comparative group. The implications of these results for the differential development of anti-social behaviour is discussed.
Violence in Juvenile Corrections: Correlates of Victimization in Group Homes
Authors: Mutchnick Robert J. , Fawcett Margaret R.
Published: March 2007

The issue of victimization in our institutions has received considerable attention in the past years—especially the adult institution. This study, through the use of self-report, examines the incidence of resident-resident and staff-resident victimization in nine community based juvenile group home facilities. The findings of the study indicate that there is no significant relation-ship between the victim of assault in these group home facilities and the age of the juvenile or the offense for which the juvenile was confined. In addition, an attitude section of the self-report demonstrated that the respondents believed themselves to be relatively safe from assault.
The Use of Specialized Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies in the Treatment of Adolescent Sexual Offenders
Authors: Hunter John A. , Santos David R.
Published: March 2007

A specialized approach to the treatment of adolescent sexual offenders is presented. Etiological issues leading to treatment innovation are discussed with particular attention given to the utilization of cognitive-behavioral methodologies for the amelioration of impulse control problems and deviant sexual arousal. Preandpost-treatment data are presentedforfifteen adolescent child molesters of prepubescent females and twelve adolescent child molesters of prepubescent males. Adolescent child molesters of both young males and females demonstrated stable responses to deviant stimuli across baseline conditions (two assessments, one to four months apart), but a marked reduction in deviant arousal at a two-month treatment interval (39.3% reduction to male pedophilic cues, p <.05; 33.5% reduction to female pedophilic cues, p <.01) using plethysmographic assessment. Contrastingly, arousal to description of consensual sexual activity with a same age female remained high across baseline and treatment conditions creating a greater positive differential between non-deviant and deviant arousal following treatment. Directions for future research and clinical work with this population are discussed.
Exploring the Gender, Race, and Class Dimensions of Victimization: A Left Realist Critique of the Canadian Urban Victimization Survey
Authors: DeKeseredy Walter S. , MacLean Brian D.
Published: March 2007

The Canadian Urban Victimization Survey (CUVS) has made an important contribution to the development of victimology in Canada. This research has major limitations that preclude it from providing an adequate understanding of the gender, class, and ethnic dimensions of criminal victimization. This article argues that British left realist survey technology can be productively employed in a Canadian program of local crime survey research to produce a more detailed description of patterns of victimization, its impact, and control.