bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidation of Some Organic Sulfides by Benzyltrimethylammonium Chlorobromate: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Approach
Authors: Tiwari V. , Meena A. , Daiya A. , Prasadrao Posani Tsrk , Sharma Vinita
Published: July 2012

The oxidation of 34 sulfides by benzyltrimethylammonium chlorobromate (BTMACB) resulted in formation of the corresponding sulfoxides. The reaction is first order with respect to both BTMACB and the sulfide. The solvent composition effect indicated that the rate of reaction increases with increase in the polarity of the medium. The reaction failed to induce the polymerization of acrylonitrile. There is no effect of added benzyltrimethylammonium chloride or potassium bromide. Chlorobromate ion is postulated as the reactive oxidizing species. The rates of oxidation of meta- and para-substituted phenyl methyl sulfides were correlated with Charton's LDR equation. The rates of oxidation of the ortho-compounds showed excellent correlation with the LDRS equation. The oxidation of meta-compounds exhibited a greater dependence on the field effect. The reaction is subject to steric inhibition when an ortho-substituent is present. The oxidation of alkyl phenyl sulfides is subject to both polar and steric effects of the alkyl groups. The polar reaction constants are negative, indicating an electron-deficient sulfur centre in the rate-determining step. A mechanism has been proposed involving formation of a halogenosulfonium cation in the slow step.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Formation of [Fe(Cn)5Inh]3- by Ligand Substitution in Acidic Media (Inh = Isoniazid)
Authors: Naik Radhey Mohan , Kumar Basant
Published: July 2012

The kinetics and mechanism of formation of [Fe(CN)5INH]3- by a ligand substitution reaction between aquapentacyanoferrate(II) ion and isoniazid, (pyridine-4-carboxylic acid hydrazide) (INH) have been investigated spectrophotometrically in acidic media at 435 nm (Λmax of product), under pseudo-first order conditions, using excess of INH over [Fe(CN)5H2O]3-. The reaction was studied as a function of [Fe(CN)5H2O3-], [INH], pH, ionic strength and temperature, by varying only one of these variables while other variables were held constant. The reaction exhibited first-order kinetics in [INH] while it was independent of [Fe(CN)5H2O3-] in the chosen concentration range. The effect of temperature on the reaction rate yielded the activation parameters. The most plausible mechanism consistent with the experimental results has been proposed.
Ab Initio Study and Nbo Analysis of the Unimolecular Decomposition Kinetics of 2,2-Dimethyloxetane
Authors: Shiroudi Abolfazl , Zahedi Ehsan
Published: July 2012

Theoretical study of the thermal decomposition kinetics of 2,2-dimethyloxetane has been carried out at the B3LYP/6-311 + G**, B3PW91/6-311 + G**, and MPW1PW91/6-311 + G** levels. The MPW1PW91/6-311 + G** method was found to give a reasonably good agreement with the experimental kinetics and thermodynamic parameters. Two parallel unimolecular reactions occur to give either isobutene and formaldehyde [reaction (1)] or ethene and acetone [reaction (2)]. The calculated data demonstrate that the polarization of the O1-C2 bond in reaction (1) and C4-O1 bond in reaction (2), are rate determining. The analysis of bond order and NBO charges, bond indices, synchronicity parameters, and IRC calculations suggest reactions (1) and (2) occur through a concerted and asynchronous four-membered cyclic transition state type of mechanism.
Kinetic Study of the Oxidation of Quercetin and Catechin in the Absence and Presence of Nitrite Ion
Authors: Khalafi Lida , Rafiee Mohammad , Boutorabi Leila
Published: July 2012

The electrochemical oxidation of two flavonoids, quercetin and catechin, has been studied in the absence and presence of nitrite ion. A reaction mechanism has been proposed, based on cyclic voltammetry. Variation in the cathodic peak, due to the competition between the intramolecular Michael addition of hydroxy group and the intermolecular addition of nitrite ion, was studied as a critical parameter. The results indicate an EC mechanism for both electrode reactions. The observed homogeneous rate constant ( kobs) for the Michael addition was estimated by comparing the experimental cyclic voltammetric responses with the digital simulated results.
Effects of Insecticides on Sugarcane Termites in Modhupur Tract
Authors: Alam MN , Alam MA , Abdullah M , Begum M , Ahmed T
Published: July 2012

An experiment was conducted with insecticides, namely Krisban 50WP,   Neptune 48EC, Aincoban 48EC, Greater 48EC, Chlorguard 48EC, Chlorban 40.8EC, Vifos 20EC, Luciban 20EC, Bismark 20SP, Imidagold 20SL, Lorsban 15G to find out their effectiveness for controlling sugarcane termites and on the growth and yield of sugarcane at Sreepur. All these insecticides were applied @ 2.25/0.20 Kg ha-1 or l ha-1 during plantation, April and May. All of them except Aincoban, Chlorgaurd and Bismark provided 71-97% termite population control. Germination of sugarcane bud was higher in chemical treated plot than the untreated control. Yield of cane increased in Greater 48EC, Chlorban 40.8EC, Luciban 20EC, Imidagold 20SL and Lorsban 15G treated plots. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i2.11232 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 37(2): 295-299, June 2012
Profitability of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) Seed Production Under Contract Farming in Bangladesh: A Farm Level Study
Authors: Haque MA , Zaman Monir Uz , Rahman MS , Alam QM
Published: July 2012

The study was conducted with three catagories of seed producers, namely BADC farms at Dattanagar, Jhenaidah and Tabunia, Pabna as public agency, LAL TEER Seed Company in Lalmonirhat district as private company and BRAC farm in Bogra district as NGO during Rabi season of 2007-08 to know the present status and profitability of hybrid maize seed production. A total of 60 hybrid maize seed contract growers and 120 maize (Non-seed) growers were selected randomly for the study. The cost of production was found higher for NGO (Tk. 66472/ha) than the public agency (64836/ha) and private company (Tk. 59352/ha). The yield of hybrid seed was highest under NGO (3780 kg/ha) than that of public agency and private company. Net return of hybrid seed production for contract growers was higher under public agency (Tk. 78204/ha) compared to private company (Tk. 39088/ha) and NGO (Tk. 33246/ha). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was higher for the contract growers of public agency (2.21) Net return of hybrid maize seed production was 50% higher than that of non-seed production. High price of seed and lack of technical knowledge were major constraints of hybrid maize seed production in the study areas. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i2.11237 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 37(2): 327-334, June 2012
Vegetative Growth, Harvesting Time, Yield and Quality of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) as Influenced by Soil Drench Application of Paclobutrazol
Authors: Sarker Babul C , Rahim M A
Published: July 2012

The experiment was conducted during the fruiting season of 2005-06 to  investigate the effects of paclobutrazol in manipulating the harvesting time,  increasing yield and quality in mango (Mangifera indica) cv. BARI Aam-3  (Amrapali) plants at the BAU Germplasm Centre, FTIP, Department of  Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Paclobutrazol  at 2500, 5000, 7500, 10000 ppm, and control (water application) and two times  of application (15 October and 15 December) were included in the study as  treatments. Soil drench application of paclobutrazol at 10000 ppm and 7500  ppm on 15 October was more effective in suppressing vegetative growth i.e.  terminal shoot length, number of leaves and leaf area compared to control. Both  7500 ppm and 10000 ppm paclobutrazol applied as soil drench on 15 October  caused earlier panicle emergence by 19 days as well as harvesting by 15 days  compared with control. Applying paclobutrazol at 7500 ppm on 15 October  produced the highest number of fruits as well as yield per plant and the heaviest  fruit compared with the lowest yield in control. Paclobutrazol at 7500 ppm  applied on 15 October also resulted in higher edible portion, lower stone pulp  ratio and peel pulp ratio, longer shelf life, higher TSS, increased vitamin C,  lower titratable acidity, higher dry matter, reducing, non-reducing and total  sugar contents as compared to control plants. The present results suggest that the  application of paclobutrazol at 7500 ppm in October enhances yield and quality  in mango. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i2.11238 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 37(2): 335-348, June 2012
Morphological and Physiological Characters of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Cultivars under Water Stress
Authors: Nahar K , Ullah SM
Published: July 2012

Not available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i2.11240 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 37(2): 355-360, June 2012
CLINICAL AND LABORATORY DIAGNOSES OF COMMON BACTERIAL DISEASES OF BROILER AND LAYER CHICKENS
Authors: Hasan AKM Rakibul , Ali MH , Siddique MP , Rahman MM , Islam MA
Published: July 2012

The study was undertaken with a view to compare clinical and laboratory diagnoses of various bacterial diseases of poultry during the period from March 2009 to February 2010 in the laboratory of the Dept. of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. A total of 135 sick and dead chickens (47 broilers and 88 layers) were collected from 12 different poultry farms (4 broilers and 8 layers) of Mymensingh and Gazipur districts which were subjected for clinical followed by laboratory diagnosis. Clinical diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical history, clinical signs and postmortem findings of the affected birds whereas; confirmatory diagnosis was made by using cultural examination, Grams staining and different biochemical tests. In this study, out of 47 broilers, 16 (34%) chickens were clinically diagnosed as colibacillosis, 11 (23.40%) as salmonellosis and 2 (4.25%) as fowl cholera. In the same way, out of 88 layer chickens, 28 (31.82%) were diagnosed as colibacillosis, 16 (18.18%) as salmonellosis and 11 (12.50%) as fowl cholera. In laboratory, out of 47 suspected broiler chickens, 12 (25.53%) chickens were diagnosed as colibacillosis, 7 (14.89%) as salmonellosis and 0 (0%) as fowl cholera. Correspondingly of the 88 layer chickens 22 (25%) were diagnosed as colibacillosis, 11 (13.64%) as salmonellosis and 8 (9.09%) as fowl cholera. So the findings concluded that clinical diagnosis is not always accurate like laboratory diagnosis because in most cases clinical history, clinical signs and post-mortem lesions of different bacterial diseases including mixed infections are almost similar to other related diseases and it is recommended to confirm laboratory diagnosis before treatment of the diseases.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.11188 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8 (2) : 107-115
CLINICAL AND LABORATORY DIAGNOSES OF NEWCASTLE AND INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASES OF CHICKENS
Authors: Hasan AKM Rakibul , Ali MH , Siddique MP , Rahman MM , Islam MA
Published: July 2012

A comparative study was conducted to compare the disease diagnostic parameters (clinical signs & postmortem findings, organism isolation, serological test and molecular method) used to diagnose the Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) during the period from March 2009 to February 2010 in the laboratory of the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. A total of 187 sick and dead chickens (63 broilers and 124 layers) of different ages (1 week to >15 weeks) were collected from 12 selective poultry farms (4 broilers and 8 layers) of Mymensingh and Gazipur districts. Clinically, 7 (14.89%) of 63 affected broiler and 27 (30.68%) of 124 affected layer chickens were diagnosed as Newcastle disease (ND) whereas, 11 (23.4%) of 63 affected broiler and 6 (4.82%) of the 124 affected layer birds were diagnosed as IBD on the basis of clinical history, clinical signs and postmortem findings. Virus isolation from field samples was performed by inoculating each suspected sample into 10-day-old chicken embryos. Out of 34 ND suspected field samples, 26 (5 broilers and 21 layers) were positive for NDV isolation and 11 (8 broilers and 3 layers) of 17 IBD suspected field samples, were positive for IBDV isolation. For confirmatory diagnosis, virus detection was confirmed by serological tests (HI and AGID) and RT-PCR assay. Out of 34 clinically diagnosed ND field samples, 20 (5 broiler & 15 layer) were positive by RT-PCR assay and 15 (10 broiler & 5 layer) of 17 IBD suspected field samples, were positive by both AGIDT and RT-PCR assay. Of the 26 HA positive NDV suspected AF, 19 (4 broilers and 15 layers) were positive by both HI & RT-PCR assay whereas, 10 (7 broilers and 3 layers) of 11 IBDV isolation positive tissue suspension were positive by both AGIDT & RT-PCR assay in the laboratory. Therefore, it may be concluded that serological (HI & AGIDT) and molecular (RT-PCR) techniques which allow rapid identification of most of samples are the reliable, sensitive, specific and more accurate methods to detect the viruses for the confirmatory diagnosis of diseases.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.11196 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8 (2) : 131-140
STANDARDIZATION OF MULTIPLEX REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND TYPING OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS PREVALENT IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Zinnah MA , Islam MT , Rahman MM , Hossain MT , Zinnah MA , Bari MR , Haque MH , Khan MSR , Islam MA
Published: July 2012

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating viral disease of cattle that causes severe economic losses in terms of loss of production and calf mortality in Bangladesh. Despite of regular vaccination, outbreak of the disease has become a regular event throughout the country every year. Determination of prevailing serotypes of the causal agent foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is now crucial need for strategic vaccination programme. The present research work was aimed to standardize a multiplex RT-PCR assay typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes prevalent among cattle population of Bangladesh. Uniplex and multiplex RT-PCRs were successfully developed and standardized using the extracted RNA of reference FMDV (Type A, O and Asia 1) following adjustment of the concentration of the viral RNA of each serotype, volume of reaction mixture and thermal profile. The mPCR was evaluated on 82 field samples (vesicular fluid, tongue epithelium and tissue from inter-digital space) of the years 2007 and 2008. Of the 82 field samples, 56 (68.29%) were found positive for FMDV. The mPCR successfully differentiated single as well as dual serotypes infection. The serotypes A, O and Asia 1 were confirmed in the samples of the year 2007 and only serotype O in samples of the year 2008. Higher detection rate was found in vesicular fluid (100%) followed by tongue epithelium (79.66%). It may be concluded that the MRT-PCR standardized in this study could be used for detection and differentiation of FMDV serotypes using field samples.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.11199 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8 (2) : 149-155
PREVALENCE OF CLINICAL DISEASES OF PET DOGS AND RISK PERCEPTION OF ZOONOTIC INFECTION BY DOG OWNERS IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Tarafder M , Samad MA
Published: July 2012

A case control study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence of clinical diseases and/or clinical conditions of 3670 sick pet dogs presented to the Central Veterinary Hospital (CVH), Dhaka during the one year period from January to December 2009. A total of 57 types of diseases and conditions in 17 categories were recorded in these pet dogs and their variation in prevalence were analyzed on the basis of age, gender, season and breeds of dogs. The prevalent diseases and/or conditions from low to high rates included glaucoma (0.05%), babesiosis ( 0.08%), sinusitis (0.08%), tetanus (0.08%), spaying (0.14%), nail injury (0.19%), nephritis (0.19%), cataract (0.25%), metritis (0.25%), poisoning (0.33%), orchitis (0.35%), rabies (0.35%), pus in antrum (0.41%), purulent cough (0.46%), alopecia (0.52%), pharyngitis (0.52%), transmissible venereal tumor (0.54%), cystitis (0.52%) phimosis (0.52%), paraphimosis (0.60%), stomatitis (0.63%), pneumonia (0.63%), mastitis (0.71%), otitis (0.73%), taeniasis (0.74%), abscess (0.82%), anal gland disease (0.82%), dystocia (0.84%), conjunctivitis (0.90%), lice infestation (0.90%), lameness (0.95%), ottorrhea (1.06%), uterine prolapse (1.31%), posthitis (1.31%), dental disorders (1.34%), metabolic diseases (1.36%), protrusion of eye ball (1.44%), canine distemper (1.61%), liver disease (1.72%), nutritional deficiency diseases (1.77%), infertility (1.80%), coccidiosis (1.93%), toxocariasis (1.93%), urinary tract infection (2.10%), accidental wounds (2.32%), haematuria (2.34%), bronchitis (2.81%), arthritis (2.94%), dermatomycosis (3.30%), aspiration pneumonia (3.32%), mange (3.76%), echinococcosis (3.92%), dermatitis (4.99%), diarrhea (5.21%), ancylolostomiasis (6.20%), flea infestation (9.84%) and tick infestation (11.88%). Age-wise overall prevalence of clinical diseases revealed significantly (p <0.05) highest in age group above 36 months (48.12%) compared to that in 7 to 36 months (34.33%) and up to 6 months (17.55%) age groups of pet dogs. The significantly (p <0.05) highest prevalence of diseases and/or clinical conditions was recorded in local (33.35%) and German shepherd (22.53%) breeds of pet dogs in comparison to that in their counterpart breeds of Lhasa-Apso (7.57%), Greyhound (7.11%), Doberman (6.34%), Samoyed (6.23%), Dachshunds (5.20%), Spaniel (3.37%), Spitz (3.07%) and Poodle (3.18%). Results from season-wise analysis of overall prevalence of diseases and/or clinical conditions in pet dogs did not differ significantly (p >0.05) among spring (21.53%), summer (25.80%), autumn (22.83%) and winter (29.84%). The highest prevalence of arthropode infestation (22.62%), followed by intestinal parasitic diseases (14.80%) and diarrhea (5.20%) suggest a poor husbandry of these pets in Dhaka. Results of this study indicate that the risk of zoonotic infection by canine intestinal parasite may be high in Bangladesh.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.11201 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8 (2) : 163-174
DETERMINATION OF APHRODISIN GENE OF SYRIAN HAMSTER BY MOLECULAR TECHNIQUE
Authors: Khan MZI , De PK
Published: July 2012

Aphrodisin is a secretory protein expressed in the reproductive organs and parotid salivary gland of the female hamster and acts as an aphrodisiac pheromone. RT-PCR and cloning was applied for the determination of aphrodisin gene from the vaginal tissues of the hamster. In the present study, total RNA was extracted from hamster uterus by Trizol method and apparently undegraded 28S, 18S and 5S species of ribosomal RNA was clearly visible. After performing RT-PCR a distinct band of ~475 bp was obtained and showed in electrophoresis gel analysis which was the partial cDNA of aphrodisin protein. After purification of PCR product and its sequencing using OE-F and OE-R primers confirmed the PCR product was the full-length cDNA of mature aphrodisin of 151 amino acids. The pET 21 plasmid purified from DH5-? cell and ligated with Aph-insert of ~475 bp. Subsequent sequencing confirmed error free ligation and presence of aphrodisin insert. No sequence discrepancy was noted with the published cDNA sequence of mature aphrodisin except for a single base mismatch (GGg for GGA), which did not result in any change in the coded amino acid (glycine). SDS-PAGE analysis showed a major protein greater than 17-kDa was observed in the protein profiles of post-lysis pellet of IPTG induced BL-21 cells but not in their lysates. This 17 kDa protein band should represent recombinant aphrodisin protein which is present in the post-lysis pellet since it is not solubilized by simple sonication. Peptide mass fingerprinting and matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra analysis of the trypsin digested ~17 kDa recombinant protein, and mass spectrophotometrical (MS) analysis indicated that the overexpressed ~17 kDa protein was closely similar to aphrodisin of Syrian hamster.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.11202 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8 (2) : 175-184
A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FOR  MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM  ANTIBODIES IN NON-VACCINATED COMMERCIAL LAYER BIRDS IN KHULNA DISTRICT
Authors: Jalil MA , Islam MT
Published: July 2012

A cross-sectional study was carried out on 96 commercial layer farms of six upazilas of Khulna district to know the seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection during the period from August 2009 to July 2010. A total of 1268 sera samples were collected from randomly selected layer birds of different age groups and tested by serum plate agglutination (SPA) test by using commercial MG antigen (Nobilis® MG, Intervet International) to detect the presence of antibodies against MG. The overall prevalence of MG infection was recorded as 67.4%. Age-wise analysis revealed that there was significant relationship (p<0.001) between MG infection and age of birds. The highest prevalence of MG infection was 71.2% in 21-56 weeks age group followed by 66.8% in 8-20 weeks age group. There was significant (p<0.001) variation in the seroprevalence in terms of areas of study (upazilas). Significant (p<0.001) effect of seasons in the seroprevalence of MG infection in layer birds was observed in the present study. The prevalence of MG infection was the highest (75.6%) in winter season followed by summer (66.3%) and rainy (60.8%) seasons. The seroprevalence of MG infection was higher in most of the large flocks and lower in small flocks with some exceptions. It is evident from the present study that above 50% layer birds are infected with MG organism. Therefore, it may be suggested that the layer farms should be routinely checked to monitor MG infection and the reactor birds should be culled since MG organism has the potential to transmit vertically.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.9620Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8 (2) : 93-96
MORTALITY AND DISEASE STATUS IN HY-LINE AND ISA-BROWN STRAINS OF LAYER CHICKENS REARED IN CAGE SYSTEM IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Uddin MZ , Samad MA , Kabir SML
Published: July 2012

Mortality and disease status in Hy-Line (n= 3450) and ISA-Brown (n = 250) strains of layer chickens were carried out in three commercial layer farms in the district of Mymensingh from day-old to 65 weeks age of birds from September 2003 to December 2004. The management including housing, hygienic measures, vaccination practices, diseases occurred and mortality were observed and recorded daily. Diseases and disorders were diagnosed based on the disease history, clinical signs, characteristics necropsy lesions, morbidity and mortality rates, and laboratory investigations including bacteriological and parasitological examinations. The morbidity and mortality of chickens caused by different diseases and disorders were statistically analyzed on the basis of farms, strains of birds, age and seasons. An overall 32.38% (n = 1198) morbidity and 21.30% (n = 788) mortality was recorded among 3700 chickens. Etiological analysis showed that the highest mortality caused by bacterial diseases (7.08%), followed by viral diseases (5.81%), fungal diseases (2.18%), mycoplasmosis (1.89%), parasitic diseases (1.83%) and nutritional and other disorders (2.48%). Specific diseases and disorders caused mortality in chickens included Salmonellosis (3.14%), Colibacillosis (2.51%), Fowl cholera (0.46%), Infectious coryza (0.41%), Necrotic enteritis (0.59%), Infectious bursal disease (2.19%), Newcastle disease (1.76%), Avian leukosis (0.73%), Fowl pox ( 0.51%), Mareks disease (0.62%), Aspergillosis (1.54%), Aflatoxicosis (0.65%), Mycoplasmosis ( 1.89%), Ascaridiasis (0.22%), Tapeworm infection (0.16%), Coccidiosis (1.32%), Ectoparasitosis (0.14%), Nutritional deficiency (0.68%), Ascites, Hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (0.49%), Cannibalism (0.27%), Egg peritonitis (0.22%), Egg bound disorder (0.43%) and Heat stroke and cold (0.41%). Diseases caused highest mortality during laying period (8.43%), followed by growing (6.32%), pullet stage (4.65%) and brooding (3.78%) ages. Both the morbidity and mortality rates in ISA-Brown strain (62.60% and 37.20%) were found significantly (p < 0.01) higher in comparison to Hy-Line (30.17% and 20.14%) strain of chickens. Seasonal influences on mortality in layer type chickens showed significantly (p < 0.01) highest mortality during summer (8.57%), followed by winter (6.51%) and rainy (6.22%) months. It may be concluded that the infectious diseases even with vaccination associated with high morbidity and mortality in commercial egg type chickens in Bangladesh.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i1.11204 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2011). 9(1): 01-16
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE DISINFECTANTS AGAINST SALMONELLAE ISOLATED FROM INTERNAL ORGANS OF DEAD CHICKENS
Authors: Rumi NA , Rahman MM , Akter MR , Fakhruzzaman M , Hossain MK
Published: July 2012

The effectiveness of commercially available disinfectants was evaluated against Salmonellae isolated from different internal organs of 52 numbers of dead layer chickens in the district of Dinajpur during the period from July 2009 to June 2010. Bacterio-biochemical methods were used to isolate and identify the Salmonella organisms from 154 samples of liver, spleen, heart and lungs of birds, of which 36 (23.38%) samples had Salmonella infection. Organ-wise prevalence of Salmonella infection showed highest prevalence in liver ( 34.62%), followed by spleen (23.087%) , heart (20.00%) and lowest in lungs (4.00%). Effectiveness of disinfectants was tested at different concentration on Salmonella culture on SS agar media and measured by zone of inhibition incubated for 24 hours. Highest average zone of inhibition was recorded with Desinkap® (12.50 ± 2.08), followed by GPC (8) TM ® (11.33 ± 1.53) , and more or less similar patterns with TH 4 ® ( 10.50 ± 0.71), Virocid ® ( 10.50 ± 0.71) and Lysol ® ( 10.00 ± 0.00). It may be concluded from these results that Desinkap® is the most effective disinfectant against Salmonellae as it contains multiple ingredients.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i1.11211 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2011). 9(1): 43-52
Taro Leaf Blight—A Threat to Food Security
Authors: Singh Davinder , Jackson Grahame , Hunter Danny , Fullerton Robert , Lebot Vincent , Taylor Mary , Iosefa Tolo , Okpul Tom , Tyson Joy
Published: July 2012

Taro leaf blight (caused by the Oomycete Phytophthora colocasiae) is a disease of major importance in many regions of the world where taro is grown. Serious outbreaks of taro leaf blight in Samoa in 1993 and in the last few years in Cameroon, Ghana and Nigeria continue to demonstrate the devastating impact of this disease on the livelihoods and food security of small farmers and rural communities dependent on the crop. The spread of the disease to new geographical areas also poses a major threat to neighbouring countries and taro growing regions still free from the disease. Past research, particularly in the Pacific, has demonstrated that management measures such as chemical and cultural control are largely ineffective and that breeding for disease resistance is the most sustainable approach to manage the disease. Recently, the Pacific and South-east Asian regional taro networks have made excellent progress in developing cultivars resistant to taro leaf blight through enhanced utilization of taro genetic resources and close collaboration between farmers and researchers in breeding programs. These programs have secured vital taro genetic resources for future use. This paper provides an overview of the disease, its origin, distribution, biology, epidemiology, management and global impact. The paper will largely focus on breeding strategies to address the disease including challenges, opportunities and constraints. It also discusses how these breeding experiences and outputs can be scaled up to other geographical areas where the disease has been recently introduced or under threat of introduction.
The Spring-Time Boundary Layer in the Central Arctic Observed during PAMARCMiP 2009
Authors: Lampert Astrid , Maturilli Marion , Ritter Christoph , Hoffmann Anne , Stock Maria , Herber Andreas , Birnbaum Gerit , Neuber Roland , Dethloff Klaus , Orgis Thomas , Stone Robert , Brauner Ralf , Kässbohrer Johannes , Haas Christian , Makshtas Alexander , Sokolov Vladimir , Liu Peter
Published: July 2012

The Arctic atmospheric boundary layer (AABL) in the central Arctic was characterized by dropsonde, lidar, ice thickness and airborne in situ measurements during the international Polar Airborne Measurements and Arctic Regional Climate Model Simulation Project (PAMARCMiP) in April 2009. We discuss AABL observations in the lowermost 500 m above (A) open water, (B) sea ice with many open/refrozen leads (C) sea ice with few leads, and (D) closed sea ice with a front modifying the AABL. Above water, the AABL had near-neutral stratification and contained a high water vapor concentration. Above sea ice, a low AABL top, low near-surface temperatures, strong surface-based temperature inversions and an increase of moisture with altitude were observed. AABL properties and particle concentrations were modified by a frontal system, allowing vertical mixing with the free atmosphere. Above areas with many leads, the potential temperature decreased with height in the lowest 50 m and was nearly constant above, up to an altitude of 100–200 m, indicating vertical mixing. The increase of the backscatter coefficient towards the surface was high. Above sea ice with few refrozen leads, the stably stratified boundary layer extended up to 200–300 m altitude. It was characterized by low specific humidity and a smaller increase of the backscatter coefficient towards the surface.
Hasse-Schmidt Derivations and the Hopf Algebra of Non-Commutative Symmetric Functions
Authors: Hazewinkel Michiel
Published: July 2012

Let NSymm be the Hopf algebra of non-commutative symmetric functions (in an infinity of indeterminates): . It is shown that an associative algebra A with a Hasse-Schmidt derivation ) on it is exactly the same as an NSymm module algebra. The primitives of NSymm act as ordinary derivations. There are many formulas for the generators in terms of the primitives (and vice-versa). This leads to formulas for the higher derivations in a Hasse-Schmidt derivation in terms of ordinary derivations, such as the known formulas of Heerema and Mirzavaziri (and also formulas for ordinary derivations in terms of the elements of a Hasse-Schmidt derivation). These formulas are over the rationals; no such formulas are possible over the integers. Many more formulas are derivable.
Methane Hydrate Pellet Transport Using the Self-Preservation Effect: A Techno-Economic Analysis
Authors: Rehder Gregor , Eckl Robert , Elfgen Markus , Falenty Andrzej , Hamann Rainer , Kähler Nina , Kuhs Werner F. , Osterkamp Hans , Windmeier Christoph
Published: July 2012

Within the German integrated project SUGAR, aiming for the development of new technologies for the exploration and exploitation of submarine gas hydrates, the option of gas transport by gas hydrate pellets has been comprehensively re-investigated. A series of pVT dissociation experiments, combined with analytical tools such as x-ray diffraction and cryo-SEM, were used to gather an additional level of understanding on effects controlling ice formation. Based on these new findings and the accessible literature, knowns and unknowns of the self-preservation effect important for the technology are summarized. A conceptual process design for methane hydrate production and pelletisation has been developed. For the major steps identified, comprising (i) hydrate formation; (ii) dewatering; (iii) pelletisation; (iv) pellet cooling; and (v) pressure relief, available technologies have been evaluated, and modifications and amendments included where needed. A hydrate carrier has been designed, featuring amongst other technical solutions a pivoted cargo system with the potential to mitigate sintering, an actively cooled containment and cargo distribution system, and a dual fuel engine allowing the use of the boil-off gas. The design was constrained by the properties of gas hydrate pellets, the expected operation on continental slopes in areas with rough seas, a scenario-defined loading capacity of 20,000 m3 methane hydrate pellets, and safety as well as environmental considerations. A risk analysis for the transport at sea has been carried out in this early stage of development, and the safety level of the new concept was compared to the safety level of other ship types with similar scopes, i.e., LNG carriers and crude oil tankers. Based on the results of the technological part of this study, and with best knowledge available on the alternative technologies, i.e., pipeline, LNG and CNG transportation, an evaluation of the economic competitiveness of the methane hydrate transport technology has been performed. The analysis considers capital investment as well as operational costs and comprises a wide set of scenarios with production rates from 20 to 800 103 Nm3·h−1 and transport distances from 200 to 10,000 km. In contrast to previous studies, the model calculations in this study reveal no economic benefit of methane hydrate transportation versus competing technologies.
Stuxnet: What Has Changed?
Authors: Denning Dorothy E.
Published: July 2012

This paper considers the impact of Stuxnet on cyber-attacks and cyber-defense. It first reviews trends in cyber-weapons and how Stuxnet fits into these trends. Because Stuxnet targeted an industrial control system in order to wreak physical damage, the focus is on weapons that target systems of that type and produce physical effects. The paper then examines the impact of Stuxnet on various domains of action where cyber-attacks play a role, including state-level conflict, terrorism, activism, crime, and pranks. For each domain, it considers the potential for new types of cyber-attacks, especially attacks against industrial control systems, and whether such attacks would be consistent with other trends in the domain. Finally, the paper considers the impact of Stuxnet on cyber-defense.
Identification and Characterization of a Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae) Thermotolerance-Related Gene: Bx-HSP90
Authors: Wang Feng , Wang Zhiying , Li Danlei , Chen Qiaoli
Published: July 2012

Temperatures directly influence the distribution and intensity of pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. To date, however, little is known about the causation and mechanism of this influence. The molecular chaperone HSP90 is a key component that contributes to survival in the abiotic stress response. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the survival of B. xylophilus and the functionality of the HSP90 gene. Bx-HSP90 was cloned from a suppression subtractive hybridization library. In situ mRNA hybridization showed that Bx-HSP90 was constitutively expressed in response to all of the temperatures tested, and RT-PCR indicated that all of the temperatures could induce Bx-HSP90 transcription, with the highest transcript level detected at 30 °C. The suppression of the Bx-HSP90 transcript by RNA interference led to a 25% reduction in the number of nematodes at 30 °C after 44 h. Sharp declines in the survival of the RNAi-treated nematodes were observed after 8 days at 25 °C, 48 h at 30 °C and 24 h at 35 °C. Both heat shock and the knockdown of Bx-HSP90 hindered the growth of the B. xylophilus populations. The results indicate that Bx-HSP90 is essential for the survival of B. xylophilus, confirming the thermoregulatory function of the gene, and delineate the timeframe and temperature range within which the gene function occurs.
Leukocyte Mitochondrial DNA Alteration in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Its Relevance to the Susceptibility to Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Lee Hui-Ting , Lin Chen-Sung , Chen Wei-Sheng , Liao Hsien-Tzung , Tsai Chang-Youh , Wei Yau-Huei
Published: July 2012

The role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations in the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains unclear. We investigated sequence variations in the D310 region and copy number change of mtDNA in 85 SLE patients and 45 normal subjects. Leukocyte DNA and RNA were extracted from leukocytes of the peripheral venous blood. The D310 sequence variations and copy number of mtDNA, and mRNA expression levels of mtDNA-encoded genes in leukocytes were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and PCR-based direct sequencing, respectively. We found that leukocyte mtDNA in SLE patients exhibited higher frequency of D310 heteroplasmy (69.4% vs. 48.9%, p = 0.022) and more D310 variants (2.2 vs. 1.7, p = 0.014) than those found in controls. Among normal controls and patients with low, medium or high SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI), an ever-increasing frequency of D310 heteroplasmy was observed (p = 0.021). Leukocyte mtDNA copy number tended to be low in patients of high SLEDAI group (p = 0.068), especially in those harboring mtDNA with D310 heteroplasmy (p = 0.020). Moreover, the mtDNA copy number was positively correlated with the mRNA level of mtDNA-encoded ND1 (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1) (p = 0.041) and ATPase 6 (ATP synthase subunit 6) (p = 0.030) genes. Patients with more D310 variants were more susceptible to lupus nephritis (p = 0.035). Taken together, our findings suggest that decrease in the mtDNA copy number and increase in D310 heteroplasmy of mtDNA are related to the development and progression of SLE, and that the patients harboring more D310 variants of mtDNA are more susceptible to lupus nephritis.
Micronization of Taxifolin by Supercritical Antisolvent Process and Evaluation of Radical Scavenging Activity
Authors: Zu Shuchong , Yang Lei , Huang Jinming , Ma Chunhui , Wang Wenjie , Zhao Chunjian , Zu Yuangang
Published: July 2012

The aim of this study was to prepare micronized taxifolin powder using the supercritical antisolvent precipitation process to improve the dissolution rate of taxifolin. Ethanol was used as solvent and carbon dioxide was used as an antisolvent. The effects of process parameters, such as temperature (35–65 °C), pressure (10–25 MPa), solution flow rate (3–6 mL/min) and concentration of the liquid solution (5–20 mg/mL) on the precipitate crystals were investigated. With a lower temperature, a stronger pressure and a lower concentration of the liquid solution, the size of crystals decreased. The precipitation temperature, pressure and concentration of taxifolin solution had a significant effect. However, the solution flow rate had a negligible effect. It was concluded that the physicochemical properties and dissolution rate of crystalline taxifolin could be improved by physical modification such as particle size reduction using the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process. Further, the SAS process was a powerful methodology for improving the physicochemical properties and radical scavenging activity of taxifolin.
Solid-State Synthesis of Polyaniline/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: A Comparative Study with Polyaniline/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Abdiryim Tursun , Ubul Aminam , Jamal Ruxangul , Rahman Adalet
Published: July 2012

The polyaniline/single-walled carbon nanotubes (PANI/SWNTs) composites with a content of SWNTs varying from 8 wt% to 32 wt% were synthesized using a solid-state synthesis method. The structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical performances of the composites were investigated by galvanostatic charge–discharge and cycling stability measurements. The structure and properties of PANI/SWNTs were compared with those of PANI/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PANI/MWNTs) prepared under the same polymerization conditions. The results from FTIR and UV-vis spectra showed that the composites with SWNTs displayed a higher oxidation and doping degree than pure PANI, which is similar to that of PANI/MWNTs. The morphological studies revealed that PANI/SWNTs did not display any rod-like and granular-like features, which appeared in PANI/MWNTs. The galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements indicated that the specific capacitance of PANI/SWNTs is not higher than that of PANI/MWNTs, but the PANI/SWNTs exhibited higher cycling stability and more stable electrochemical behavior in neutral and alkaline electrolytes than PANI/MWNTs.
Stockpiling and Comprehensive Utilization of Red Mud Research Progress
Authors: Liu Dong-Yan , Wu Chuan-Sheng
Published: July 2012

With increasing production of red mud, the environmental problems caused by it are increasingly serious, and thus the integrated treatment of red mud is imminent. This article provides an overview of the composition and the basic characteristics of red mud. The research progress of safe stockpiling and comprehensive utilization of red mud is summarized. The safe stockpiling of red mud can be divided into two aspects: the design and safe operation of the stocking yard. The comprehensive utilization of red mud can be further divided into three aspects: the effective recycling of components, resource utilization and application in the field of environmental protection. This paper points out that the main focus of previous studies on red mud stockpiling is cost reproduction and land tenure. The recovery of resources from red mud has a high value-added, but low level industrialization. The use of red mud as a building material and filler material is the most effective way to reduce the stockpiling of red mud. Red mud used for environmental remediation materials is a new hotspot and worth promoting for its simple processing and low cost.
Laser Treatment of Cotton Fabric for Durable Antibacterial Properties of Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Nourbakhsh Shirin , Ashjaran Ali
Published: July 2012

In the present study, cotton fabric was exposed to laser exposure at different energy levels and then the silver nanoparticles were coated on untreated and laser treated cotton fabrics. Methylene blue dye was used to detect the presence of carboxylic acid groups (-COO−) on laser treated cotton and the dye absorption results were determined spectrophotometrically. ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy) analysis and antibacterial tests were carried out to investigate the silver ion content and bactericidal properties of silver nanoparticles on cotton fabrics. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR/ATR) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to identify chemical changes and to study the morphology of the surface of the fibers. EDAX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) analysis was calculated for SEM micrographs. The results showed according to the higher uptake of methylene blue dye that the negative charge of the carboxylic acid groups had been created by laser treatment. Although the FTIR spectroscopy results did not show an increase in carboxylic acid groups, the cationic dye absorption increased. The durability of the Ag+ ion particles on repeated laundered laser treated cotton was proven by antibacterial and ICP tests, particularly when the laser energy was increased.
Green Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Callicarpa maingayi Stem Bark Extraction
Authors: Shameli Kamyar , Bin Ahmad Mansor , Jaffar Al-Mulla Emad A. , Ibrahim Nor Azowa , Shabanzadeh Parvaneh , Rustaiyan Abdolhossein , Abdollahi Yadollah , Bagheri Samira , Abdolmohammadi Sanaz , Usman Muhammad Sani , Zidan Mohammed
Published: July 2012

Different biological methods are gaining recognition for the production of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) due to their multiple applications. The use of plants in the green synthesis of nanoparticles emerges as a cost effective and eco-friendly approach. In this study the green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callicarpa maingayi stem bark extract has been reported. Characterizations of nanoparticles were done using different methods, which include; ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXF) spectrometry, zeta potential measurements and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. UV-visible spectrum of the aqueous medium containing silver nanoparticles showed absorption peak at around 456 nm. The TEM study showed that mean diameter and standard deviation for the formation of silver nanoparticles were 12.40 ± 3.27 nm. The XRD study showed that the particles are crystalline in nature, with a face centered cubic (fcc) structure. The most needed outcome of this work will be the development of value added products from Callicarpa maingayi for biomedical and nanotechnology based industries.
Preparation and Preliminary Biological Evaluation of Novel 99mTc-Labelled Thymidine Analogs as Tumor Imaging Agents
Authors: Lu Chunxiong , Jiang Quanfu , Tan Cheng , Tang Jie , Zhang Jiankang
Published: July 2012

Two kinds of novel thymidine derivatives, N-thymidine-yl-N′-methyl-N′-{N′′-[2-sulfanyl-(ethylamino)acetyl]-2-aminoethylsulfanyl-1-hexanamide}-ethanediamine (TMHEA) and N-thymidine-yl-N′-methyl-N′-{N′′-[2-sulfanyl-(ethylamino)acetyl]-2-aminoethylsulfanyl-1-hexanamide}-hexanediamine (TMHHA) were prepared and successfully labeled with 99mTc in high labeling yields. The in vitro stability and in vivo biodistribution of 99mTc-TMHEA and 99mTc-TMHHA were investigated and compared. The biodistribution studies indicate that the radiotracer 99mTc-TMHEA displays selective tumor uptake, suggesting it is a potential tumor imaging agent.
A Low-Cost Sensor Buoy System for Monitoring Shallow Marine Environments
Authors: Albaladejo Cristina , Soto Fulgencio , Torres Roque , Sánchez Pedro , López Juan A.
Published: July 2012

Monitoring of marine ecosystems is essential to identify the parameters that determine their condition. The data derived from the sensors used to monitor them are a fundamental source for the development of mathematical models with which to predict the behaviour of conditions of the water, the sea bed and the living creatures inhabiting it. This paper is intended to explain and illustrate a design and implementation for a new multisensor monitoring buoy system. The system design is based on a number of fundamental requirements that set it apart from other recent proposals: low cost of implementation, the possibility of application in coastal shallow-water marine environments, suitable dimensions for deployment and stability of the sensor system in a shifting environment like the sea bed, and total autonomy of power supply and data recording. The buoy system has successfully performed remote monitoring of temperature and marine pressure (SBE 39 sensor), temperature (MCP9700 sensor) and atmospheric pressure (YOUNG 61302L sensor). The above requirements have been satisfactorily validated by operational trials in a marine environment. The proposed buoy sensor system thus seems to offer a broad range of applications.