bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adjuvant Trastuzumab: Does Time Really Matter?
Authors: Swain Sandra M.
Published: April 2013

Trastuzumab is now the standard of care for metastatic and early breast cancer; however, questions remain regarding the optimal schedule of trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting. This commentary discusses the results from recent clinical trials with regard to the optimal duration of trastuzumab treatment, as well as the benefits of providing trastuzumab sequentially versus concurrently to chemotherapy.
Solvent exchange in sulphoaluminate phases. Part I: ettringite
Authors: Khoshnazar Rahil , Beaudoin James , Raki Laila , Alizadeh Rouhollah
Published: April 2013

The change in the microstructure of ettringite and concomitant changes in volume due to the application of organic solvent exchange methods were investigated. Ettringite samples conditioned to 11% relative humidity were treated with methanol, ethanol and iso-propanol, and were examined using different analytical techniques (x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen BET surface area measurement) to explore the limitations of using these organic solvents in the study of ettringite microstructure. The results suggest that methanol interacts with ettringite and therefore is not recommended for characterisation of this sulphoaluminate phase. Ethanol and iso-propanol did not significantly change the crystalline structure of ettringite, but did result in a higher surface area of the treated sample compared with the surface area of the untreated one. The length-change of ettringite in these alcohols was also determined and the results are presented.
Supply- and demand-side management of water in Gujarat, India: what can we learn?
Authors: Kishore Avinash
Published: April 2013

Agriculture in Gujarat has grown rapidly over the last decade, driven at least partly by diversification to high value crops and dairying. High value agriculture requires better water control and offers higher returns for irrigation. Farmers, farm communities and the state government in Gujarat have responded to this requirement by implementing large-scale water supply and demand management projects like interlinking of rivers, the world's largest popular recharge movement, electricity distribution reforms to limit use of subsidized energy for groundwater irrigation and rapid expansion of areas under micro-irrigation. Some of these programmes have already been declared successful and are being scaled up in Gujarat (like the Saurashtra recharge movement) and emulated elsewhere (like the Jyotirgram Yojana) without much critical scrutiny. Other programmes like the initiative to spread micro-irrigation have not received the attention they deserve from the research community in spite of their apparent success. This paper subjects the biggest on-going supply- and demand-side initiatives for water management in Gujarat to critical scrutiny in light of the recent data and tries to draw lessons for the state and other parts of India facing sustainable water management challenges.
MEFV Variants in Patients with PFAPA Syndrome in Japan
Authors: Taniuchi Shoichiro , Nishikomori Ryuta , Iharada Anna , Tuji Shoji , Heike Toshio , Kaneko Kazunari
Published: April 2013

Background:

The pathogenesis of PFAPA (periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, adenitis) syndrome is unknown as yet. In order to understand whether genes implicated in other auto-inflammatory diseases might be involved in the pathogenesis of PFAPA, all variants in the genes causing familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), and Hyper IgD syndrome were analyzed in children with PFAPA.

Patients and Methods:

All variants inMEFV,TNFRSF1A, andMVKwere analyzed in 20 patients with PFAPA. PFAPA were diagnosed by previous published criteria. The findings of all analyses in PFAPA patients were compared with those of unaffected normal subjects (n=62).

Results:

In the 13 children of 20 with PFAPA, the heterozygous variants ofMEFV(5 patients:E148Q-L110P, 2 patients:E148Q, 1 patient:E148Q-L110P/E148Q, 1 patient:E148Q-P369S-R408Q-E84K, 1 patient:E148Q-L110P-P369S-A408G, 1 patient:R202Q, 1 patient:P115R) were found. No variants belonging toTNFRSF1Aor MVK were detected in children with PFAPA. The frequency of theE148Q-L110Pvariants in children with PFAPA was significantly higher than that observed in unaffected normal subjects (7/20 versus 8/62). The duration of the episodes of illness in PFAPA children withMEFVvariants was shorter than that of patients without variants.

Conclusion:

Genes involved in the development and progression ofMEFVmay affect the incidence and the phenotype of PFAPA in children.
Inflammatory Cells in Tissues of Gout Patients and Their Correlations with Comorbidities
Authors: Lai Syeling , Zhou Xiaodong
Published: April 2013

Background:

The major pathological finding of gout is the deposition of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals with inflammatory infiltrate in the tissue. There have been many reports of in vitro analysis of inflammatory mechanism and comorbidities in gout. However, the associations of immune response cells and comorbidities of gout have not been well documented. Our studies aimed to examine the immune cell types and quantity in gout tissues, and to define the association of individual cell type with comorbidities.

Methods:

Surgically resected or biopsied tissues from 48 patients diagnosed as gout were used for this study. Cell count was performed on Hemotoxylin and Eosin stained sections for macrophages, plasma cells, neutrophils and on immunostained slides for T and B lymphocytes.

Results:

Hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were seen in 70.8%, 87.5% and 37.5% of patients, respectively. There were 35.6% and 37.8% of patients who admitted history of smoking and alcohol intake, respectively. Mean serum uric acid level was 8.5 mg/dl. The average body mass index was 30.1 kg/m2. H&E stained tissue sections demonstrated the crystalline deposits rimmed by palisading multinucleated giant cells, macrophages, neutrophils, plasma cells, T and B cells. Significant correlations between the clinical features and tissue inflammatory cells were observed in hyperlipidemia with number of T cells (p = 0.0363), hypertension with number of T cells and B cells (p = 0.0138 and 0.0033, respectively), diabetes mellitus with macrophages (p = 0.0016), and uric acid level with giant cells (p = 0.0088).

Conclusion:

Comorbidity factors including hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes are significantly associated with the inflammatory cells in the tissues.
Cortical Brain Activity is Influenced by Cadence in Cyclists
Authors: Hottenrott Kuno , Taubert Marco , Gronwald Thomas
Published: April 2013

The importance of the central nervous system in endurance exercise has not yet been exhaustively investigated
because of difficulties in measuring cortical parameters in sport science. During exercise there are a lot of artifacts and
perturbations which can affect signal quality of cortical brain activity. The technical developments of surface
electroencephalography (EEG) minimize such influences during standardized test conditions on a bicycle ergometer. The
aim of this study was to investigate how movement frequency affects cortical brain activity and established physiological
parameters during exercise. In cycling peak performance is affected by cadence. The analysis of brain cortical activity
might lead to new insights in the relation of power and cadence. In a laboratory study sixteen male, endurance-trained
cyclists completed a 60 min endurance exercise on a high-performance bicycle ergometer. Cadence was changed every 10
min (90-120-60-120-60-90 rpm). EEG was used to analyze changes in cortical brain activity. Furthermore, heart rate,
blood lactate and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured after each cadence change. The results indicate that
heart rate, blood lactate and RPE were higher at 120 rpm compared to 60 rpm. The spectral EEG power increased
statistically significantly in the alpha-2 and beta-2 frequency range by changing cadence from 60 to 120 rpm. By
lowering the cadence from 120 to 60 rpm the spectral power dropped statistically significantly in all analyzed EEG
frequency bands. The data also showed a statistically significant decrease of spectral EEG power in all frequency ranges
over time. In conclusion, the analyzed EEG data indicate that cadence should be considered as an independent exercise
normative in the training process, because it directly influences metabolic, cardiac and cortical parameters.
Comparison Between Aerobic Power Parameters at Different Time-
Averaging Intervals in Swimming: An Update
Authors: A Sousa , K de Jesus , P Figueiredo , M Sousa , JP Vilas-Boas , RJ Fernandes
Published: April 2013

Sousa et al. (Open Sports Sci J, 3: 22 – 24, 2010) showed that different time averaging
intervals lead to distinct VO2 values in a maximal 200m front crawl effort, evidencing
higher VO2 values for breath-by-breath sampling, and differences between this latter
data acquisition and all the other less frequent time intervals studied (5, 10, 15 and 20
s). These are interesting outputs in the field of exercise physiology applied to swimming
once: (1) VO2 assessment is conducted in a swimming pool with a portable gas analyser
which allowed breath-by-breath measurements, and not in a swimming flume with a
Douglas bag technique or mixing chamber analyser, as traditionally occurs, and (2) the
comparison between different time-averaging intervals used to remove breath-by-breath
fluctuations during exercise periods has remained neglected, in sport in general and
swimming in particular. Therefore, in the present study, we investigate the influence
that different time averaging intervals have in aerobic power related parameters
(VO2peak and VO2max). Ten subjects performed 200m front crawl effort at supra-maximal
intensities (all-out test) and other ten subjects performed 200m front crawl effort at
maximal aerobic intensities (100% of VO2max).The intensity at which the 200m front
crawl was performed (supra-maximal and maximal intensities) had a significant effect
on VO2peak and VO2max values obtained for each averaging intervals studied.
Generalization of the Grace-Heawood theorem
Authors: Bakic Rados
Published: April 2013

Using the theorem of Walsh we give a generalization of the theorems of Grace.
Quasi-regular relations: A new class of relations on sets
Authors: Romano Daniel
Published: April 2013

Following Jiang Guanghao and Xu Luoshan?s concept of conjugative, dually
conjugative, normal and dually normal relations on sets, the concept of
quasi-regular relations is introduced. Characterizations of quasi-regular
relations are obtained and it is shown when an anti-order relation is
quasiregular. Some nontrivial examples of quasi-regular relations are given.
At the end we introduce dually quasi-regular relations and give a connection
between these two types of relations.
L-Ponomarev system and images of locally separable metric spaces
Authors: An Tran , Tuyen Luong
Published: April 2013

We introduce the notion of an L-Ponomarev system (f,M,X, P*n), and give characterizations of certain msss-images (resp., mssc-images) of locally separable metric spaces. As an application, we get a new characterization of
quotient msss-images (mssc-images) of locally separable metric spaces, which
is helpful in solving Velichko?s question (1987).
Some new multidimensional hardy-type inequalities with kernels via convexity
Authors: Oguntuase James , Durojaye Philip
Published: April 2013

We prove some new multidimensional Hardy-type inequalities involving general
Hardy type operators with positive kernels for functions ? which may not
necessarily be convex but satisfy the condition A?(x) ? ?(x) ? B? (x), where
? is convex. Our approach is mainly the use of convexity argument and the
results obtained are new even for the one-dimensional case and also unify
and extend several inequalities of Hardy type known in the literature.
Impact of inlet fogging and fuels on power and efficiency of gas turbine plants
Authors: Basha Mehaboob , Shaahid S.M. , Al-Hadhrami Luai
Published: April 2013

A computational study to assess the performance of different gas turbine
power plant configurations is presented in this paper. The work includes the
effect of humidity, ambient inlet air temperature and types of fuels on gas
turbine plant configurations with and without fogger unit. Investigation also
covers economic analysis and effect of fuels on emissions. GT frames of
various sizes/ratings are being used in gas turbine power plants in Saudi
Arabia. 20 MWe GE 5271RA, 40 MWe GE-6561B and 70 MWe GE-6101FA frames are
selected for the present study. Fogger units with maximum mass flow rate of 2
kg/s are considered for the present analysis. Reverse Osmosis unit of
capacity 4 kg/s supplies required water to the fogger units. GT PRO software
has been used for carrying out the analysis including; net plant output and
net efficiency, break even electricity price and break even fuel LHV price
etc., for a given location of Saudi Arabia. The relative humidity and
temperature have been varied from 30 to 45 % and from 80 to 100? F,
respectively. Fuels considered in the study are natural gas, diesel and heavy
bunker oil. Simulated gas turbine plant output from GT PRO has been validated
against an existing gas turbine plant output. It has been observed that the
simulated plant output is less than the existing gas turbine plant output by
5%. Results show that variation of humidity does not affect the gas turbine
performance appreciably for all types of fuels. For a decrease of inlet air
temperature by 10 ?F, net plant output and efficiency have been found to
increase by 5 and 2 %, respectively for all fuels, for GT only situation.
However, for GT with Fogger scenario, for a decrease of inlet air temperature
by 10 ?F, net plant output and efficiency have been found to further increase
by 3.2 and 1.2 %, respectively for all fuels. For all GT frames with fogger,
the net plant output and efficiency are relatively higher as compared to GT
only case for all fuels. More specifically, net plant output and efficiency
for natural gas are higher as compare to other fuels for all GT scenarios.
For a given 70 MWe frame with and without fogger, break even fuel price and
electricity price have been found to vary from 2.2 to 2.5 USD/MMBTU and from
0.020 to 0.0239 USD/kWh respectively. It has been noticed that turbines
operating on natural gas emit less carbon relatively as compared to other
fuels.
Effect of bevacizumab on angiogenesis and growth of canine osteosarcoma cells xenografted in athymic mice
Authors: Scharf Valery F. , Farese James P. , Coomer Alastair R. , Milner Rowan J. , Taylor David P. , Salute Marc E. , Chang Myron N. , Neal Dan , Siemann Dietmar W.
Published: April 2013

Objective—To investigate the effects of bevacizumab, a human monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, on the angiogenesis and growth of canine osteosarcoma cells xenografted in mice.

Animals—27 athymic nude mice.

Procedures—To each mouse, highly metastasizing parent osteosarcoma cells of canine origin were injected into the left gastrocnemius muscle. Each mouse was then randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatment groups: high-dose bevacizumab (4 mg/kg, IP), low-dose bevacizumab (2 mg/kg, IP), or control (no treatment). Tumor growth (the number of days required for the tumor to grow from 8 to 13 mm), vasculature, histomorphology, necrosis, and pulmonary metastasis were evaluated.

Results—Mice in the high-dose bevacizumab group had significantly delayed tumor growth (mean ± SD, 13.4 ± 3.8 days; range, 9 to 21 days), compared with that for mice in the low-dose bevacizumab group (mean ± SD, 9.4 ± 1.5 days; range, 7 to 11 days) or control group (mean ± SD, 7. 2 ± 1.5 days; range, 4 to 9 days). Mice in the low-dose bevacizumab group also had significantly delayed tumor growth, compared with that for mice in the control group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that bevacizumab inhibited growth of canine osteosarcoma cells xenografted in mice, which suggested that vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors may be clinically useful for the treatment of osteosarcoma in dogs.

Impact for Human Medicine—Canine osteosarcoma is used as a research model for human osteosarcoma; therefore, bevacizumab may be clinically beneficial for the treatment of osteosarcoma in humans.
The role of nesfatin-1 in metabolism regulation: an overview / Rola nesfatyny-1 w regulacji metabolizmu: artykuł przeglądowy
Authors: Bulc Michał , Gonkowski Sławomir , Całka Jarosław
Published: April 2013

The hypothalamus synthesizes molecules involved in the regulation of feeding behaviour. Nesfatin- 1 is a recently discovered substance expressed in both the brain and peripheral tissues and exerts a strong anorectic action. Nesfatin-1-immunoreactive cell bodies are distributed in arcuate (ARC), paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei, where the peptide has been found to be co-expressed with pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), oxytocin (OX) and vasopressin (VP). More detailed studies have shown a wide distribution of nesfatin-1-positive neurons in several brain areas, such as the forebrain, hindbrain, brainstem and spinal cord. Moreover, nesfatin-1 has been also expressed in peripheral tissues, colocalizing with ghrelin in the gastric mucosa and insulin in β-cells of the endocrine pancreas and adipose tissue. Functional studies have revealed that exogenous nesfatin-1 administered into the brain ventricles, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, was able to decrease both food intake in the dark phase as well as body weight gain in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, recent findings suggest the involvement of nesfatin-1 in the control of insulin secretion as well as immune and stress-related responses. However, since there is still a deficiency of data concerning the nesfatin-1 receptor, the possible implementation of nesfatin-1 analogs during human metabolic disorders requires further study.
Performance characteristics of a rapid method for iodine determination in milk / Szybka metoda oznaczania jodu w mleku – walidacja i akredytacja zgodnie z normą ISO/IEC 17025:2005
Authors: Gąsior Robert , Szczypuła Marta , Szybiński Zbigniew
Published: April 2013

Streszczenie

Badania powtarzalności i odtwarzalności przeprowadzono na 72 próbkach. Określono najważniejsze parametry walidacji, w tym składowe niepewności. Wyniki analiz porównano z wartościami referencyjnymi. Powtarzalność i odtwarzalność metody nie przekraczały 8 i 10%, odpowiednio. LOQ w oznaczanym roztworze próbki mleka wynosił 14 μg/L. Zakres roboczy krzywej kalibracji wynosił od 7 do 200 μg/L. Niepewność metody (P≤0,05) uwzględniająca błędy odtwarzalności wewnątrzlaboratoryjnej, odzysku, czystości wzorca oraz błędy szkła miarowego wynosiła (%) 17.8 i 22.8 (n = 2 i n = 1). Podczas wykonywania rutynowych analiz powinien być sprawdzany współczynnik zmienności dla powtarzalności, który nie powinien przekraczać granicy powtarzalności wynoszącej 16%. Metoda cechuje się wystarczającą wiarygodnością, co zostało potwierdzone wynikami walidacji. Procedura jest szybka, prosta i ma niską wartość LOQ. Metodę akredytowano zgodnie z normą ISO/IEC 17025:2005.
Quality of Bus Services Performance: Benefits of Real Time Passenger Information Systems
Authors: Monzon Andres , Hernandez Sara , Cascajo Rocio
Published: April 2013

One of the main problems in urban areas is the steady growth in car ownership and traffic levels. Therefore, the challenge of sustainability is focused on a shift of the demand for mobility from cars to collective means of transport. For this purpose, buses are a key element of the public transport systems. In this respect Real Time Passenger Information (RTPI) systems help people change their travel behaviour towards more sustainable transport modes.

This paper provides an assessment methodology which evaluates how RTPI systems improve the quality of bus services performance in two European cities, Madrid and Bremerhaven. In the case of Madrid, bus punctuality has increased by 3%. Regarding the travellers perception, Madrid raised its quality of service by 6% while Bremerhaven increased by 13%. On the other hand, the users´ perception of Public Transport (PT) image increased by 14%.
A New Species of the Genus Herina (Diptera, Ulidiidae) from Dominica (Lesser Antilles)
Authors: Kameneva E. P.
Published: April 2013

Herina caribbeana Kameneva, sp. n. from Dominica is described and figured. It is related to the narytia group of species, to date represented by 4 North American species, but differs from these by the wing pattern (dark spots at apex of R1 and on the crossbands r-m and dm-cu separated, not forming crossband), as well as male genitalia (prensisetae long and close together). This is the first record of the genus Herina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 from the Neotropical Region. A key to the New World species is provided.
Morphological Traits of the Radula in Viviparidae (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) as a Master Key to Discrimination of Closely Related Species
Authors: Anistratenko V. V. , Ryabceva Yu. S. , Degtyarenko E. V.
Published: April 2013

The radula morphology and variability in four European species of the family Viviparidae viz. Viviparus viviparus (Linnaeus, 1758), V. sphaeridius (Bourguignat, 1880), V. ater (Cristofori et Jan, 1832) and Contectiana listeri (Forbes et Hanley, 1853) were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical methods reveal a certain value of rachidian tooth dimensional parameters as an efficient tool for taxonomy and discrimination of closely related species of the family.
Neuroprotective Effect of Melatonin: A Novel Therapy against Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemia
Authors: Alonso-Alconada Daniel , Álvarez Antonia , Arteaga Olatz , Martínez-Ibargüen Agustín , Hilario Enrique
Published: April 2013

One of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity in children is perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). In spite of the advances in neonatology, its incidence is not diminishing, generating a pediatric population that will require an extended amount of chronic care throughout their lifetime. For this reason, new and more effective neuroprotective strategies are urgently required, in order to minimize as much as possible the neurological consequences of this encephalopathy. In this sense, interest has grown in the neuroprotective possibilities of melatonin, as this hormone may help to maintain cell survival through the modulation of a wide range of physiological functions. Although some of the mechanisms by which melatonin is neuroprotective after neonatal asphyxia remain a subject of investigation, this review tries to summarize some of the most recent advances related with its use as a therapeutic drug against perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, supporting the high interest in this indoleamine as a future feasible strategy for cerebral asphyctic events.
Review on Electrodynamic Energy Harvesters—A Classification Approach
Authors: Cepnik Clemens , Lausecker Roland , Wallrabe Ulrike
Published: April 2013

Beginning with a short historical sketch, electrodynamic energy harvesters with focus on vibration generators and volumes below 1dm3 are reviewed. The current challenges to generate up to several milliwatts of power from practically relevant flows and vibrations are addressed, and the variety of available solutions is sketched. Sixty-seven different harvester concepts from more than 130 publications are classified with respect to excitation, additional boundary conditions, design and fabrication. A chronological list of the harvester concepts with corresponding references provides an impression about the developments. Besides resonant harvester concepts, the review includes broadband approaches and mechanisms to harvest from flow. Finally, a short overview of harvesters in applications and first market ready concepts is given.
Extractions of High Quality RNA from the Seeds of Jerusalem Artichoke and Other Plant Species with High Levels of Starch and Lipid
Authors: Mornkham Tanupat , Wangsomnuk Preeya , Fu Yong-Bi , Wangsomnuk Pinich , Jogloy Sanun , Patanothai Aran
Published: April 2013

Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is an important tuber crop. However, Jerusalem artichoke seeds contain high levels of starch and lipid, making the extraction of high-quality RNA extremely difficult and the gene expression analysis challenging. This study was aimed to improve existing methods for extracting total RNA from Jerusalem artichoke dry seeds and to assess the applicability of the improved method in other plant species. Five RNA extraction methods were evaluated on Jerusalem artichoke seeds and two were modified. One modified method with the significant improvement was applied to assay seeds of diverse Jerusalem artichoke accessions, sunflower, rice, maize, peanut and marigold. The effectiveness of the improved method to extract total RNA from seeds was assessed using qPCR analysis of four selected genes. The improved method of Ma and Yang (2011) yielded a maximum RNA solubility and removed most interfering substances. The improved protocol generated 29 to 41 µg RNA/30 mg fresh weight. An A260/A280 ratio of 1.79 to 2.22 showed their RNA purity. Extracted RNA was effective for downstream applications such as first-stranded cDNA synthesis, cDNA cloning and qPCR. The improved method was also effective to extract total RNA from seeds of sunflower, rice, maize and peanut that are rich in polyphenols, lipids and polysaccharides.
Large-Scale Oceanic Variability Associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation during the CINDY/DYNAMO Field Campaign from Satellite Observations
Authors: Shinoda Toshiaki , Jensen Tommy , Flatau Maria , Chen Sue , Han Weiqing , Wang Chunzai
Published: April 2013

During the CINDY/DYNAMO field campaign (fall/winter 2011), intensive measurements of the upper ocean, including an array of several surface moorings and ship observations for the area around 75°E–80°E, Equator-10°S, were conducted. In this study, large-scale upper ocean variations surrounding the intensive array during the field campaign are described based on the analysis of satellite-derived data. Surface currents, sea surface height (SSH), sea surface salinity (SSS), surface winds and sea surface temperature (SST) during the CINDY/DYNAMO field campaign derived from satellite observations are analyzed. During the intensive observation period, three active episodes of large-scale convection associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) propagated eastward across the tropical Indian Ocean. Surface westerly winds near the equator were particularly strong during the events in late November and late December, exceeding 10 m/s. These westerlies generated strong eastward jets (>1 m/s) on the equator. Significant remote ocean responses to the equatorial westerlies were observed in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres in the central and eastern Indian Oceans. The anomalous SSH associated with strong eastward jets propagated eastward as an equatorial Kelvin wave and generated intense downwelling near the eastern boundary. The anomalous positive SSH then partly propagated westward around 4°S as a reflected equatorial Rossby wave, and it significantly influenced the upper ocean structure in the Seychelles-Chagos thermocline ridge about two months after the last MJO event during the field campaign. For the first time, it is demonstrated that subseasonal SSS variations in the central Indian Ocean can be monitored by Aquarius measurements based on the comparison with in situ observations at three locations. Subseasonal SSS variability in the central Indian Ocean observed by RAMA buoys is explained by large-scale water exchanges between the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal through the zonal current variation near the equator.
Transport Pathways for Light Duty Vehicles: Towards a 2° Scenario
Authors: Fulton Lewis , Lah Oliver , Cuenot François
Published: April 2013

The transport sector is the second largest and one of the fastest growing energy end-use sectors, representing 24% of global energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. The International Energy Agency has developed scenarios for the transport sector within the overall concept of mitigation pathways that would be required to limit global warming to 2 °C. This paper builds on these scenarios and illustrates various passenger travel-related strategies for achieving a 2° transport scenario, in particular looking at how much technology improvement is needed in the light of different changes in travel and modal shares in OECD and non-OECD countries. It finds that an integrated approach using all feasible policy options is likely to deliver the required emission reductions at least cost, and that stronger travel-related measures result in significantly lower technological requirements.
Quelques remarques sur les conditions et les principes de la ligature dans l’écriture romaine
Authors: De Robertis Teresa
Published: April 2013

During the first and second centuries A. D., Roman cursive developed a system of ligatures between letters that was to remain virtually unchallenged until a new cursive structure came about in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. This remarkably coherent system was based on top-down connections, in the form of angular joins between the last, horizontal stroke of one letter and the first, vertical and downward stroke of the next; but from the outset different combinations, although sporadic, even exceptional, are evidence that other solutions were technically possible, namely bottom-up connections, particularly between vertical strokes. Why, then, was a broad range of artifices developed to enable the use of top-down, angular connections even with letters whose «natural» forms were incompatible, instead of resorting more widely to upstrokes? Mainly because this type of ligature was quite similar to the manner in which scribes tended to arrange the strokes constituting letters; the ligatures were consistent with a certain organisation of handwriting, which they in turn conditioned. This is all the more apparent in the fourth century when the structure of cursive letter forms and ligatures both developed in the same direction: although bottom-up connections remained relatively scarce and specific to certain variant letter forms (quite different in nature from medieval cursive ligatures), they henceforth became part of the system.
Topographie et vestiges du Haut Empire à Augustomagus (Serais, Oise). Un nouvel état des questions
Authors: Durand Marc
Published: April 2013

Up until the sixties, the scientific world had an imperfect and erroneous conception of the topography of Senlis in the early years of the Roman Empire. The archaeological evidence available today is insufficient to enable the formulation of a plan of Augustomagus' urban space. There subsist large gaps in our knowledge of the street system and the administrative and commercial structures peculiar to any expanding urban area. Future research will need to be directed along these lines.
Défi et Combat dans l'Iliade
Authors: Létoublon Françoise
Published: April 2013

L'étude de la récurrence des scènes de combat singulier dans l'Iliade permet de remarquer que le duel est régulièrement précédé d'un discours de défi, consistant en une apostrophe (nom et patronyme) ou une interrogation sur l'identité de l'adversaire, des injures et un exposé généalogique. Deux exceptions à la régularité de cette séquence sont analysées, l'une comme un exemple de discours indirect, l'autre comme témoin de la liberté de l'auteur épique. Cette séquence régulière correspond selon nous à un rite guerrier en vigueur dans la société archaïque grecque et à un système de valeurs mettant au premier plan le prestige du héros, son excellence au combat et la représentation que se font les autres de sa qualité.
Reconstructing the evolution and biogeographic history of tribe Cardueae (Compositae)
Authors: Barres Laia , Sanmartín Isabel , Anderson Cajsa Lisa , Susanna Alfonso , Buerki Sven , Galbany‐Casals Mercè , Vilatersana Roser
Published: April 2013

• Premise of the study: Tribe Cardueae (thistles) forms one of the largest tribes in the family Compositae (2400 species), with representatives in almost every continent. The greatest species richness of Cardueae occurs in the Mediterranean region where it forms an important element of its flora. New fossil evidence and a nearly resolved phylogeny of Cardueae are used here to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of this group.

• Methods: We performed maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic inference based on nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast DNA markers. Divergence times and ancestral area reconstructions for main lineages were estimated using penalized likelihood and dispersal–vicariance analyses, respectively, and integrated over the posterior distribution of the phylogeny from the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis to accommodate uncertainty in phylogenetic relationships.

• Key results: The phylogeny shows that subtribe Cardopatiinae is sister to the remaining subtribes, and subtribes Carlininae and Echinopsinae appear as consecutive sister‐clades to the Carduinae/Centaureinae. Tribe Cardueae is inferred to have originated around the Mid Eocene in West Asia, which is also the ancestral area of most subtribes within Cardueae. Diversification within each subtribe began during the Oligocene‐Miocene period.

• Conclusions: Most diversification events within Cardueae are related to the continuous cycles of area connection and division between the Anatolian microplate and the western Mediterranean Basin during the Oligocene‐Miocene and with the uplift of the Himalayan range from the Miocene onward. From these two regions, thistles dispersed and colonized the rest of the continents (e.g., the New World, Africa, and Australia), most likely during the colder Pliocene‐Pleistocene period.
Toward a predictive understanding of the fitness costs of heterospecific pollen receipt and its importance in co‐flowering communities
Authors: Ashman Tia‐Lynn , Arceo‐Gómez Gerardo
Published: April 2013

• Premise of the study: While we have a good understanding of how co‐flowering plants interact via pollinator foraging, we still know very little about how plants interact via heterospecific pollen (HP) receipt. To fill this gap, we sought to illuminate the extent of HP receipt and quantitatively evaluate the fitness consequences of HP receipt. We consider plant traits that could mediate the fitness costs of HP receipt in an effort to better understand the potential consequences of pollinator sharing in natural communities.

• Methods: We survey the literature for occurrence of HP receipt and assess variation in the fitness effects of a standard HP treatment. We develop a conceptual framework for understanding variation in fitness consequences of HP receipt.

• Key results: We find evidence for variation in HP receipt and its costs. Our framework predicts that certain traits (self‐incompatibility, small, highly aperaturate or allelopathic pollen) will lead to detrimental HP donors, whereas others (self‐compatibility, small or wet stigmas, short styles) will lead to vulnerable HP recipients. We also predict that detrimental effects of HP receipt will increase with decreasing phylogenetic distance between donor and recipient.

• Conclusions: Our framework can guide much needed additional work so that we can evaluate whether and which plant traits contribute to the variation in the effects of HP receipt. This will be a step toward predicting the consequences of HP receipt in natural communities, and ultimately transform our understanding of the role of postpollination interactions in floral trait evolution and pollinator sharing.
Seed development in Trimenia (Trimeniaceae) and its bearing on the evolution of embryo‐nourishing strategies in early flowering plant lineages
Authors: Friedman William E. , Bachelier Julien B.
Published: April 2013

• Premise of the study: Seeds of most families in the ancient angiosperm lineage Austrobaileyales produce a full‐fledged genetically biparental embryo‐nourishing endosperm. However, seeds of fossil and extant Trimeniaceae have been described as having a perisperm, a maternal nutrient‐storing and embryo‐nourishing tissue derived from the nucellus of the ovule. Because perisperm is also found in Nymphaeales, another ancient angiosperm clade, the presence of a perisperm in Trimeniaceae, if confirmed, would be congruent with the hypothesis that the first angiosperms used a perisperm in addition to a minute (nutrient‐transferring) endosperm.

• Methods: Seed development was studied from fertilization through maturity/dormancy in Trimenia moorei and in maturing fruits of T. neocaledonica.

• Key results: A persistent layer of nucellar tissue surrounds the endosperm but does not contain stored nutrients and does not function as a perisperm. The nutrient‐storing and embryo‐nourishing tissue in Trimenia seeds is an endosperm, as is the case in all other members of the Austrobaileyales studied to date.

• Conclusion: The absence of a perisperm and the presence of a typical nutrient‐storing and embryo‐nourishing endosperm in Trimeniaceae may represent the ancestral condition for angiosperms. However, the combination of a copious nutrient‐storing and embryo‐nourishing perisperm with a minute endosperm, as in Nymphaeales, remains a plausible plesiomorphic condition for angiosperms as a whole. In either case, the developmental and functional biology of the diploid endosperm of Trimenia (and other Austrobaileyales) differs markedly from the diploid endosperm of Nymphaeales, and is fundamentally similar to the triploid endosperms of most other angiosperms.
La laïcité républicaine. Déterminations, implications et enjeux
Authors: Hayat Pierre
Published: April 2013

Historiquement inséparable de l’idée démocratique, la laïcité républicaine s’est constituée dans la France des xix et xx e siècles autour de l’école publique et de l’État providence, ferments d’intégration nationale. Mais la laïcité républicaine se comprend aussi par ses implications philosophiques : l’individualisme moral, la socialité solidaire, la rationalité critique, l’humanisme universaliste. On mesure alors l’enjeu politique de la laïcité républicaine dans des sociétés fragmentées et minées par la régression communautariste, à travers la concurrence de trois modèles du peuple : le demos , le laos , l’ ethnos .
La République et la question sociale
Authors: Blais Marie-Claude
Published: April 2013

Cet article présente la manière dont la iii e République a affronté sa problématique majeure, la question sociale. Pour surmonter l’opposition désastreuse entre l’individualisme libéral et le collectivisme autoritaire, elle s’est appuyée sur un ensemble de penseurs qui, à la suite de Charles Renouvier, ont appliqué leur réflexion aux deux problèmes cruciaux posés par l’avènement de la République : qu’est-ce au juste qu’une société composée d’individus déclarés libres ? Comment préserver la justice sans porter atteinte aux libertés individuelles ? C’est au travers de l’idée de solidarité que la France des années 1900 élabore cette « synthèse démocratico-libérale » qui caractérisera désormais le régime républicain.
Républicanisme et libéralisme – points de rencontre
Authors: Leboyer Olivia
Published: April 2013

La pensée républicaine est parfois considérée comme l’envers, l’antithèse, du libéralisme. Il manquerait, en quelque sorte, quelque chose à la liberté des libéraux pour être véritablement substantielle. A l’inverse, chez les républicains, les idées de vertu et de participation politique représenteraient une assise solide. La distinction est-elle aussi claire ? Nous examinerons quelques zones tangentes entre les deux traditions de pensée, qu’un même souci démocratique peut imprégner.
Le nouvel idéal républicain
Authors: Kacenelenbogen Edwige
Published: April 2013

Cet article examine la nature du politique sur lequel les nouvelles théories républicaines se fondent. Je propose de montrer que, plutôt qu’une conception verticale et « autoritaire » du pouvoir politique, ces théories défendent et reposent sur une vision « horizontale » et « auto-organisée » du pouvoir et de l’ordre politiques, vision que je nommerai « spontanéiste » en référence au concept néo-libéral d’« ordre spontané ». Quelques conséquences importantes de cette thèse sont ensuite éclairées, tant au niveau de la pertinence de la doctrine néo-républicaine qu’à celui des potentiels dangers que son épistémologie recèle 1 .
Camus et son maître d'école : la pédagogie républicaine de Monsieur Bernard est-elle désuète ?
Authors: Jacomino Baptiste
Published: April 2013

Dans Le premier homme , Camus présente la pédagogie de Monsieur Bernard. Alain Finkielkraut la voit comme l’image de ce qui faisait encore dans l’entre-deux-guerres et qui ne serait plus possible aujourd’hui. Nous soutenons, au contraire, que la pédagogie de Monsieur Bernard est originale, même si, par certains aspects, elle est représentative, non pas de « l’école républicaine » ou de « la pédagogie républicaine », mais d’une certaine école de la Troisième République. Il s’agit d’une pédagogie républicaine singulière qui demeure actuelle, parce qu’elle est une pédagogie fraternelle.
Rousseau : une économie politique républicaine ?
Authors: Bachofen Blaise
Published: April 2013

Rousseau, contre la pensée dominante de son temps, affirme l’existence d’une res publica , d’un bien public irréductible à la juxtaposition des intérêts privés. Aussi sa pensée économique résiste-t-elle à l’idée selon laquelle l’économie ne serait scientifique qu’à condition de s’affranchir du politique. Il déconstruit l’illusion selon laquelle, dans les sociétés existantes, la division sociale du travail ne ferait que des gagnants. Ses propositions de politique économique visent alors à rendre possible une collaboration dont tous les agents tireraient profit en proportion de leur contribution effective. Il cherche également à promouvoir le goût d’une richesse d’un autre ordre que celle qui résulte du développement de la production et du commerce : la jouissance morale d’une contribution au bien public.
La démocratie à rebours. Hobbes et la question de la règle de majorité
Authors: Foisneau Luc
Published: April 2013

Cet article entend montrer que, bien que Hobbes ne soit pas un démocrate, il accorde dans son œuvre un rôle important à la règle de majorité, cette règle de procédure permettant de produire des décisions collectives en régime d’assemblée. Si Hobbes dénie à cette règle la possibilité de fonder la légitimité d’une souveraineté, c’est que cette fondation procède non pas d’une élection à la majorité mais d’un contrat qui repose sur un principe d’unanimité. Nous proposons une explication de la raison de ce choix.
Les beautés de Platon
Authors: Obadia Claude
Published: April 2013

L’idée platonicienne de la beauté artistique comme mimésis ne doit pas être envisagée seulement comme un concept esthétique. Si elle procède d’un questionnement fondé dans l’observation des arts d’imitation, elle possède par ailleurs une valeur qui est celle d’un paradigme puisqu’elle permet à Platon d’élaborer une théorie critique du discours, une théorie de la vérité et, pour tout dire, une théorie de la connaissance. Mais la beauté, au-delà de sa dimension mimétique, est aussi ce à travers quoi se développe une psychologie et une sociologie, fondant elles-mêmes une théorie politique, une philosophie de l’éducation et une politique culturelle, tant l’équilibre et l’harmonie qui, cette fois, la définissent et font la belle âme des gardiens de la Cité, fondent aussi la possibilité d’une politique juste.
Le lien social selon Auguste Comte
Authors: Muglioni Jean-Michel
Published: April 2013

La philosophie est une parce qu’elle est philosophie de l’Humanité, une et toujours la même. Comprendre cette double systématicité est essentiel à l’unité de notre société : la philosophie, pouvoir spirituel, peut seule fonder le lien social. Les hommes font société seulement s’ils s’accordent sur la vérité. La philosophie des sciences est déjà sociologie, comprenant les sciences à partir de leur élaboration par l’ensemble des hommes. Synthèse subjective , elle tient l’unité de l’ensemble du savoir en le rapportant à l’Humanité. La liaison des hommes entre eux a pour principe la liaison de leurs pensées : la conséquence philosophique , unifiant l’esprit d’un homme, lui permet de rallier les autres. Le lien social selon Comte n’est pas comme chez Durkheim coercition mais libre concours .
Morfología y funcionamiento del ensamble en construcción ligera
Authors: Reyes González J. Miguel
Published: April 2013

Se pretende en este artículo llamar la atención sobre la falta de normalización existente relativa a la representación y manejo del ensamble en la construcción ligera (morfología y funcionamiento) y sus consecuencias. También se propone una clasificación del mismo desde tales planteamientos.
Se trata de definir la propia naturaleza de "la construcción ligera" como "construcción flexible" y se la relaciona con la construcción por componentes compatibles y la construcción popular contemporánea de la ciudad.
Desde este punto de vista se enuncian los criterios y objetivos con que se lleva a cabo el análisis del ensamble, tras un repaso a la documentación obtenida a partir de bibliografía, catálogos y "la experimentación popular":
— Un lenguaje que identifique claramente los procedimientos de montaje.
— Un acercamiento a "los sistemas del aparejo en la construcción ligera".
— Señalar las directrices del "ensamble compatible": cualificado (de fácil manejo), sencillo (pocas piezas), abierto (varias aplicaciones).
— Una base desde la que modificar o a la que referir los procedimientos del montaje.
Estradiol Promotes Functional Responses in Inflammatory and Steady-State Dendritic Cells through Differential Requirement for Activation Function-1 of Estrogen Receptor α
Authors: Seillet Cyril , Rouquié Nelly , Foulon Eliane , Douin-Echinard Victorine , Krust Andrée , Chambon Pierre , Arnal Jean-François , Guéry Jean-Charles , Laffont Sophie
Published: April 2013

17β-Estradiol (E2) has been shown to regulate GM-CSF– or Flt3 ligand–driven dendritic cell (DC) development through estrogen receptor (ER) α signaling in myeloid progenitors. ERα regulates transcription of target genes through two distinct activation functions (AFs), AF-1 and AF-2, whose respective involvement varies in a cell type– or tissue-specific manner. In this study, we investigated the role of ERα AFs in the development and effector functions of inflammatory DCs, steady-state conventional DCs, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDC), using mouse lacking either AF-1 or AF-2. In agreement with previous works, we showed that E2 fostered the differentiation and effector functions of inflammatory DCs through ERα-dependent upregulation of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-4 in GM-CSF–stimulated myeloid progenitors. Interestingly, whereas AF-1 was required for early IRF-4 upregulation in DC precursors, it was dispensable to enhance IRF-4 expression in differentiated DCs to a level compatible with the development of the more functional Ly6C− CD11b+ DC subset. Presence of E2 had no effect on progenitors from either knock-in mice with 7-aa deletion in helix 12 of ERα, lacking AF-2, or ERα−/− mice. By contrast, in Flt3 ligand–driven DC differentiation, activation of AF-1 domain was required to promote the development of more functionally competent conventional DCs and pDCs. Moreover, lack of ERα AF-1 blunted the TLR7-mediated IFN-α response of female pDCs in vivo. Thus, our study demonstrates that ERα uses AF-1 differently in steady-state and inflammatory DC lineages to regulate their innate functions, suggesting that selective ER modulators could be used to target specific DC subsets.