bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Structural Changes in Kyrgyz Economy using Input-Output Technique (2005-2009)
Authors: Turdalieva Ainura , Özdil Tuncer
Published: December 2019

Structural changes in economy become the important goal of economic development in the developing countries. During the ongoing globalization process, the successful execution of special analysis and approaches caused the growing interest in macroeconomic planning and development policies. In this context, input-output analysis is emerging as an alternative research method among the other economic planning methods.
The purpose of the present paper is to describe the structural changes in production, compare the structural parameteres of production for the years 2005-2009, investigate the sources of differences and give recommendations that will bring solutions to the problems.
Research is based on input-output analysis and used input-output tables prepared for the years 2005 and 2009 by The National Statistical Committee Kyrgyz Republic. Industrial structure dependency, production techniques, efficiency of input usage, were calculated in this paper.
The results are as follows: there were found some sub-sectors in agriculture, manufacturing and service sector, on which economy depends on; equal efficiency of production techniques and input usage. It is notable that for achieving economic growth, economy needed investments to stimulate the production capacity, which strengthening inter-sectoral relationship and stable macro-economic planning.
A Comparison of European Union and Turkey from the Perspective of Social Parafiscal Burden (1995-2008)
Authors: Gümüş Sevilay
Published: December 2019

While the need for human to protect themselves againist dangers they may face all through their lifes has introduced the social security concept; reducing the harm caused to humans faced with dangers has conceived the social insurance concept. In time, the context of social security broadend and following World War II it has became an increasingly important issue around the world. The main area of the study regarding this issue is to make a comparison between the social security subsidies paid by EU member countries and Turkish Republic citizens between 1995-2008 in terms of social parafiscal burden on the citizens of that country. İn this context, the data of EuroStat, OECD, SPO and Turkish Republic Social Security Institution has been benefited from in order to make an assessement. In conclusion, the EU shows a more balanced profile in terms of social parafiscal burden and social expenditure compare to Turkey and even though the social parafiscal burden depending on the observed high informal economy, seems low in terms of numbers; it can be said that the social parafiscal burden on Turkish citizens quite heavy.
An Analysis of Differences in Firms’ Perception of Banks based on Sectors and Number of Monthly Transactions
Authors: Ekşi İbrahim Halil , Akçi Yavuz
Published: December 2019

In this study, it was aimed to put forward the perception differences of banks, one of the most important tool of the capital market which is a political tool to develop financial improvement on owners and managers of firms. The data was collected by means of face to face meetings with the managers of 520 companies from manufacturing, trading and service sectors, randomly selected from Adana, Mersin and Gaziantep provinces. The relationship between the perception of banking services and the number of monthly transactions and provinces with the banks with which their firms have business activities was studied by analyzing the collected data and doing the frequency, percentage and ANOVA tests. According to the results of the analysis, even though there was no difference in terms of sectors, there was seen an important difference in terms of the number of monthly transactions and provinces. The satisfaction of different products and services for the firms having relatively fewer number of monthly transactions is also crucial today, when the customer satisfaction is of great importance.
An Analysis of Cultural Tourism Cluster: The Case of Aksaray Province
Authors: Saygın Muhammet , Karadal Himmet
Published: December 2019

A business cluster is a geographic concentration of interconnected businesses, suppliers, and associated institutions in a particular field. Clusters are considered to increase the productivity with which companies can compete, nationally and globally, so the cluster arises because it provides the increase of productivity and innovation abilities; for this reason its development should be supported not only by central governments but also by the local authorities. It is a known fact that tourism, one of the most effective aims for development, is considered to be a leading factor in cultural, economical and social perspectives through cluster types. In this study, the potential of cultural tourism cluster and competitiveness of Aksaray province has been analyzed in terms of Porter’s Diamond Model. Several data sources including strategic development plan and academic literature have been taken into consideration. In this regard, findings about whether there is really a tourism cluster in Aksaray province have been stated and recommendations have been suggested to empower the innovative advantage of cultural tourism cluster.
The Development and Interregional Integration Processes of Afghanistan
Authors: Kayumov Nuriddin
Published: December 2019

The given report considers the integration processes within the Central Asian Region and EAEC region space and their influence on economic situation of Afghanistan. It is emphasized, that the globalization of the world economy, new challenges and threats, especially intraregional integration becomes the predominant tendency of the world economy. Today practically the whole world is considered as a complex regional coalition, union or federation. By integrating between each other these countries protect their corporative interests.
Central Asian sub-region has all prerequisites and possibilities of becoming the new zone for the world development. However, during the years of sovereignty and independence the integration processes even aggravated. Integration processes in the framework of EAEC region are also not effective. All these do not allow rendering assistance and support to the neighboring country Afghanistan. The situation in this country, especially in the sphere of economy constitutes a threat not only to the Central Asian countries, but also for USA, Russia, China and the whole world. The ways of solving Afghan problems lie in the sphere of economy. The author considers possibilities and ways of achieving peace and stability in this country.
The Effect of Information Technology on Innovation Abilities: A Research on SMEs
Authors: Karadal Himmet , Saygın Muhammet
Published: December 2019

The use of information technologies (IT) and increase of innovation activities within Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) which can easily adapt to the dynamics and changes can contribute to the regional development process. Though some studies have been concerned about the effect of information technologies or innovation on management performance, it can be easily seen that there has been very little empirical work for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of information technologies within Small and Medium Sized Enterprises on innovation (product or process innovation) and management performance. In this study data will be collected through SMEs in Aksaray province and in this way study will deal with the relationship between information technology, innovation and management performance. Data for the research will be collected through survey system. The questions of the survey will be created by using the theoretical and applied literature (validity and reliability tested in various contexts) including information technologies, innovation and performance. Unlike some of the questions taken from previous studies, the new ones will be developed in terms of literature review, recommendations of academic staffs and business managers. The analysis of collected data will be carried out through SPSS package program and by using the techniques of some tests like single sample –t- test and ANOVA test.
An Analysis of Links between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan from Economic and Commercial Perspectives
Authors: Çetin Semih , Sertkaya Burak
Published: December 2019

Kyrgyzstan has become an attractive market because the country has a central location in Central Asia and kept pace with the free market faster than other countries in the region. Since Kyrgyzstan is a member of the World Trade Organization country become more important than the other countries in the region. In this study the recent history and the development of foreign trade relation between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan and the problems encountered in this relation are considered. Despite the growing trend of bilateral trade and economic relations since the early 90s, contraction experienced in the trade volume in 1998 and 1999 depending on the Russian crisis. Since the early 2000s, again the increasing trend of economic relations was observed. In this context by examining the trade relations between the two countries, the trade relations between the two countries are discussed and problems that encountered in the development process of the relations are investigated and solutions suggested.
Perceived Service Quality in Public and Private Health Sector in Turkey in the Context of
Authors: Hacıoğlu Deniz Müjgan , Haykır Hobikoğlu Elif
Published: December 2019

As a result of the fast and radical changes in Turkish health sector during the last ten years, a dual structure has emerged in Turkey. In this study we have tried to point out basic variables on which patient preferences towards getting health care from public or private sector depends, and also by what percentage these variables provide satisfaction to patients in the context of value-based health care system. By taking a poll we have measured the magnitude of health expenditures goes to public and private hospitals and in return of these expenditures, the level of satisfaction people get in the context of value-based health system. We have also tried to compare these two different kinds of hospitals by considering service quality and different prices. In health sector which is one of the biggest and basic sectors of Turkey, in order to achieve efficiency in using resources, we can benefit from the "value-based healthsystem" which will pave the way for optimum allocation of resources. Around the globe and especially in developed and rich countries like UK and USA, the "value-based health system" is getting more and more importance and having a crucial role in optimising resources in health industry. Considering the dual structure of health sector, people’s satisfaction level in comparison with their health expenditures was searched and end up with a conclusion about the satisfaction level according to prices charged by different hospitals.
The Importance of Unemployment Insurance in Underdeveloped Countries
Authors: Andaç Faruk
Published: December 2019

In the absence of unemployment insurance, unemployment descends over like a nightmare on the personnel in business life and constitutes his/her utmost anxiety. Particularly in underdeveloped countries where population increase is rapid whereas speed of industrialization is back, unemployment introduces with itself a good number of adverse effects as well.
On accounts of these reasons there is a substantial need for Unemployment Insurance which is a state-enforced social security in order to meet maintenance and living expenses of the dependant personnel whose active business life has been, due to socio-economic accounts, terminated against their will. Indeed, Unemployment Insurance not only provides fiscal support to the worker but it also guarantees future employment and gains collective bargaining power to the person. By means of an effective job-oriented training and effective operating job-placement system the insurance system also offers a chance of obtaining a new job to the unemployed. In other terms “it provides the power and opportunity to acquire in better conditions a new job with appropriate payment answering to the competency and skill of the unemployed”.
Unemployment insurance that is desperately needed to make people live happy under the security of job must be, as it is the case for the rest of other countries as well, established in underdeveloped states as well.
Postponement of Bankruptcy in Capital Stock Companies and Cooperatives
Authors: Sayın Uğur
Published: December 2019

In earning capital stock company which its financail structure failed, which cannot pay debts to creditors and which become deeply involved in debt, to trade economy, partnerships, working people of company and other companies that are creditors of company have a big utility. It effects state economy directly. One of the ways of earning a company or cooperative that is deeply involved in debt, is the institution to delay debt. Bankruptcy deferment, under the surveillance of judge, providing to continue its activity of capital stock company or cooperative that is deeply involved in debt with effectuating of presented healing project, is giving helping hand to company. In this way, both company become operation condition again and receiving credits of creditors are guarented. So, stabiliy in commercial life continues. Under this heading, procedures of delaying bankruptcy, conditions and the way of practising will be explained.
Restructuring as a Way to Improve the Financial Situation in Capital Stock Companies
Authors: Deynekli Adnan
Published: December 2019

Because of unexpected changes in economic situations, capital stock companies that can carry their economic entities may be faced with danger to stop their activity because of they cannot afford to pay promptly paid debts. This danger threatens the workers who are faced with the situation of being unable to receive their money as much as debtors. This threat effects legal and national economy. In the situations like this, providing them to continue their economic lifes with restructuring the capital stock companies that have an opportunity to continue their economic entity, is to the advantage of everybody.
Restructuring of capital stock companies and cooperatives with compromise way,is an institution that is accepted in Turkish law, in 2003. This institution based on the thought of providing to continue their activities in the situation of saving this company is possible, instead of deciding bankruptcy of company that is improved in last years in the world and is in financial straits.
Capital stock company or cooperative that is in financial straits compose with majority of creditors who have an amount of credits that are said in law, about restructuring debts. System works under the surveillance of court and acceptance or refuse require interference of judicial body. Under this heading, process of delaying bankruptcy, conditions and the way of practising will be explained.
Modeling the Determinants of Internal Migration in Turkey
Authors: Ercilasun Mustafa , Gencer Ayşen Hiç , Ersin Özgür Ömer
Published: December 2019

This paper aims to investigate major determinants of interprovincial migration in Turkey until 2010. In recent decades the magnitude of migration in absolute terms has increased considerably: During 1975-1980, 3.6 million people migrated, which constitutes 9.4% of the total population. These numbers have increased to 6.7 million people and 11.2% in the 1995-2000 period. The rate of increase is especially tremendous for the 1985-1990 period with 41%. Over the years the composition of migration has also changed: In the past rural-to-urban migration was predominant; however, today there is remarkable amount of urban-to-urban migration. During 1975-1980, 66% of the total migrants were towards urban centers, which increased to 75% during 1995-2000. On the other hand, the percentage of total migrants towards the village centers declined from 34 to 25 in the respective periods.
From 2008 on, the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) started publishing yearly unemployment statistics at provincial level, which permits an analysis of Turkey’s migration patterns within the Harris-Todaro framework. Moreover since 2007, TUIK started implementing Address Based Population Registration System, which enables tracking migration moves continuously, rather than by intermittent five to ten year periods. However, data was not adequate to test Turkey’s migration within the Harris-Todaro framework, especially due to lack of average wages at the provincial level. Therefore, utilizing the 2010 provincial level data, we tried to explain Turkey’s internal migration based on variables such as population born outside of their current province, number of university students, and a proxy variable we developed for average wages.
Modeling the Determinants of Import in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Çağlayan Akay Ebru , Oskonbaeva Zamira
Published: December 2019

Foreign trade plays an important role in development of each country. Kyrgyzstan, like other transition economies started to open up to foreign countries after achieving it's independence and began to practice it’s own foreign trade policies. But during a 21-year period, a surplus in the trade balance was recorded in 2000 and 2001. In other words, the country's economy has faced a chronic deficit of foreign trade. The main objective of this paper is to study the impacts of domestic income and exchange rate on imports by considering the period after 2000 through econometric method by using of monthly data and according to the results obtained to suggest policy recommendations.
Impacts of Redenomiantion on Economics Indicators
Authors: Suhendra Euphrasia Susy , Handayani Sri Wayhu
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of redenomination on inflation, currency exchange, economic growth and export value. While decisions on redenomination and design of currencies may seem more technical than political, a government’s control and administration of its currency and transactions within its boundaries are a few examples of the hallmarks of the modern nation-state. In this study, there are 27 countries which are involved in redenominating their currencies. The datas that are analyzed are rate of inflation, exchange rate, economic growth and export value which are obtained from the World Bank. Independent sample T-test was performed to analyze the impacts of redenomination on the mentioned variables. Result of the study indicates that inflation and economic growth were affected significantly by redenomination.
An Evaluation of Turkistan Tradesman in Terms of Social Policy
Authors: Yurtseven Ahmet
Published: December 2019

The Republic of Kazakhstan is one of those countries that declared their independency after collapse of former Soviet Union. It tries to implement the market economy. The petroleum sector is one of the top of the rapidly developing economic sectors. But it is not a labor intensive sector. Poverty and unemployment are the main socioeconomic problems. The level of the wages is low throughout the country. Even though poverty exhibits tendency to drop, it prevails in the rural area. In our study, socio-economic structure, organization, working relations, social-cultural life, consumers’ characteristics, and problems of bazaar tradesman in the Turkistan city are being introduced. The average of age of 66% of Turkistan bazaar tradesman, most of them are women, is between 20 and 40, the rate of marriage for 6-11 years is 30%, average number of children is 3, schooling rate is 100%. Turkistan bazaar tradesman’s saving habit is 24%, percentage of insured ones is 6%, the percentage of them who take advantage of laws that arrange the working life is 27%. Although the Republic of Kazakhstan has a large land, it has population problems. Literacy level is high with the rate of 98%. Policies in favor of increasing the number of population are being followed. The increase of the number of the children in the family is being encouraged. Policies for bringing the Kazakh citizens who live abroad and reaches up to 5-6 million into the country are being followed.
Corruption and Shadow Economy in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Karatalov Omurbek
Published: December 2019

This paper investigates the theoretical and practical bases of the appearance of corruption and shadow economy in the Kyrgyz Republic in terms of its sovereignty. We have used analytic data of law enforcement bodies, special agencies, the judiciary, the country's Statistics Committee, as well as the mass media information. The study has disclosed the reasons of the formation of corrupt schemes and the shadow economy in the country. Analyzed the major industries of the country where the corruption and the shadow economy have been revealed and the relationship, reasons between corruption and shadow economy have been investigated as well. Indentified that the government bodies related to public, finance, social services, law enforcement, and judicial authorities have worked with criminal structures. In this study the total amount of corruption and shadow economy damage amount for the country has been calculated during the regime of ex-presidents management. Eventually this paper gives practical recommendations in order to eliminate corruption and shadow economy in the country. On the basis of mathematical statistics defined negative effects of corruption and "shadow" economy on the budget of Kyrgyzstan. Finally, practical recommendations aimed at eliminating corruption and shadow economy in the country.
The Relationships between Debt and Economic Growth in Central Asia and Caucasus
Authors: Uzun A. Meral , Karaköy Çağatay , Emsen Ömer Selçuk
Published: December 2019

Central Asia both of which became politically independent in 1991 resemble each other with respect to social-cultural life. The most remarkable difference between them is of richness in terms of natural resources. In the 15 years process, a substantial jump in Central Asia economies has been observed while Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan economies could even not reach its income level in 1991. Despite these differences in terms of economic structure, it is seen that of them have a tendency to get increasingly indebted and has no direct contribution to their economic growth.
An Economic Analysis of Software Development Process based on Cost Models
Authors: Şaykol Ediz
Published: December 2019

Software development process generally includes requirement analysis, design, implementation, and testing phases. The overall process is called Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Each of these steps was executed sequentially in earlier times, i.e. the output of a step is used as the input to the following step. This sequential execution is called waterfall process, and since the total duration of SDLC has been increasing, more dynamic models need to be employed in today’s software engineering methodologies. V-Shaped model, Spiral model, Incremental or iterative software development model, are some examples of these methodologies. On the other hand, due to the increase in the total number of projects for a company and due to the product variability, reusability aspect has entered into the domain. This aspect gained importance in the recent years, leading to the execution of framework-based models and software product line engineering process. In this study, the above methodologies are analyzed from an economic perspective with respect to their cost models. Reusability will require upfront investment, but the gain will be higher as the number of common software items increases, which are determined in commonality/variability analysis phase. Improvements in SDLC might also require organizational changes to adapt new methodologies. These considerations are discussed along with the cost model analysis, and a cost-evaluation criterion is provided in the paper.
The Central Asian Countries and the Energy Sector: Economics, Politics and Legal Aspects
Authors: Gazioğlu Şaziye , Otcuoğlu Fatoş
Published: December 2019

This paper is written with aim of investigating the importance of the natural resources within the Central Asian energy sector. The geopolitics position of the Central Asian Countries place them in the centre of conflicting powers; that is to say, on the one hand they are providing energy to Europe and USA, and on the other hand they are next to China, which has the highest and growing demand for energy consumption. In political arena, China accordingly seeks to prevent the independence of East Turkistan, which has historical links to Turkistan (West) in Russia. In this regard, we examine the energy policies and trade between states, and we particularly focus on the gas and oil pipelines from said countries to Europe. We also examine the demand from Caucasian and the Central Asian Countries by European, and Pacific Countries and, as well as, the USA. Correspondingly, we discuss the political conflicts upon the energy investments, and mainly concentrate on the investments in Central Asian and Commonwealth of Independent States (“CIS”), and the political risks and legal disputes relating to foreign energy investment and stability implications in this regard.
Reasons for Ethical Problems in the Health Sector
Authors: Tepecik Filiz , Yazıcı Ayla
Published: December 2019

There are two main reasons of public interventions in the health market. First, the health care market cannot make efficient production on market conditions because of its attributes such as the unequal distribution of knowledge, being a public good, the presence of positive and negative externalities. Second, the public authority has also the aim to achieve justice. These qualities are also the source of ethical problems in the health sector, whether the service is generated, by the public or the private sector. Almost in all countries the health sector is usually provided by the public sector because of externalities. But because the side effects of the production of health services by the public sector emerged in recent years, the participation of the private sector was ensured to minimize these effects. For developing countries such as Turkey and Eurasian countries, a more effective use of the funds used for the health sector is recommended, and the space these expenditures cover in the budget are said can be scaled down with the opening of some areas for private entrepreneurs. However, the unique characteristics of the health sector seem to cause problems regardless whether it is produced by the public or the private sector. In this study it is attempted to give the attributes of the health sector in detail and to establish a relationship with ethical problems in the light of experiences in Turkey.
Turkish States' New Field Of Attack: Health Tourism
Authors: Yereli Ahmet Burçin , Kara Tuncay
Published: December 2019

The lifetime of human being has lengthened out depending on the developing medical technology and the incredible development of life conditions in accordance with the past. Subject to the lengthening lifetime, high expenditures are excessively spent for the health service in order to keep and develop their health level by both the individuals and the states that reserve high shares for health from their budgets. Through the direct flow of foreign currency into the economies of the States, the field where the easiest money transfer is performed is tourism. In the 21st century, the name of the meeting field of health sector and tourism. The Turkish States located just in the middle of the European Economic Region and the Arabian Economies and the developing Chinese Economy, will have the inarguable advantages at the field of health tourism in the years 2030 intended for being the countries whose 65+ population will reach at the 25% level of their whole populations where the health expenses of the current powerful economies are carried out by their population structures, the short distance of flight which effects the healing process of the ones getting treated, and also by their magnificent geographies. Turkish States will be able to have a say in the market of health service in the world of future providing huge economic acquisition by creating new employment areas for their young ones through health tourism. Turkish States should develop the policies to encourage their investors in order to investon this field.
Efficiency of Public Finance Management in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Asanov Turusbek
Published: December 2019

The article analyzes the importance of public finances as the main instrument of economic management. The main attention is paid to the clarifying the mechanism and forms of effective relationships between fiscal policy and economic growth. The criteria of the effectiveness of public financial management. In this paper attempted evaluating the effectiveness of public financial management in the Kyrgyz Republic based on generalization of the practice of the budget of Kyrgyzstan and other countries. Substantiated the need of improving budget planning, consolidation of public finances, transition to planning budget, and improving budget process.
Interaction of Political Stability and Economic Development in Central Asian Countries
Authors: Karaağaçlı Abbas
Published: December 2019

Central Asian Countries decolonized by break up of USSR, struggle with the important and unsolvable problems during the process of transition from an implicit and statist economic system to the capitalist system. Although 20 years have passed, the liberal countries adopted the free market economy, face the big handicaps in the transition process of their economic system to the modern capitalist system. I have been in these territories in the transition process from socialist system to the capitalist system. So I am sure that the field of tourism, trade, industry, agriculture and service has the important role in the development planning of the countries. In this study I will try to emphasize the significance and necessity of political stability and social peace and comfort to the development of tourism and trade. My former studies focused on some countries of the Central Asian Countries, had got great attention in the international congresses. Now I will try to review the importance of tourism and trade in the development of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, and necessity of political stability and the advantages and disadvantages of these countries in this way. Naturally underground and over ground treasures, geopolitical, geostrategic, geo-economic positions, political systems, social structures of this region and regional balances affect directly or deviously the political stability of above countries. In this study I will try to offer suggestions in view of the fact that these interactions.
A Study on the Regional Development Agencies as Project Based Development Model
Authors: Torlak Sülün Evinç , Gürsan Bilsev
Published: December 2019

Development concept, especially regional development concept has become the most important topic to even out the regional imbalances after the Second World War. The most important date has been after 1929, beginning with big crisis in the world. Regional development agencies which are the role of growth and development key have been established since the early of 1930’s, initially in America, and then in European Countries together with in some other Eastern Countries. Today, the key role of the development within the framework of ‘new development perception’ form the basis of project logic, in other words; project based development model which the agencies are intervening notably. This model is on the agenda, with the strong impact of regional and cohesion politics of European Union and takes the role excessively through grants and funds which development agencies are seen as the place of implementation of those policies. Many different sector-specific projects from infrastructure to protection of heritage, presented to the related authorities are being executed. Supported projects within grants and funds help people changing viewpoints; improve competences and direct people to act through project logic as well. This case carries the meaning of the strong impact of development by relieving the problems or needs through projects. In this study, some definitions related with development, development project examples to the published extent by European Commission and the case of the model that is very new to Turkey within project examples of development agencies have been examined using the comparative analysis method.
Employment of Women and Economic Development: An Example of Transition Economies
Authors: Özdemir Zekai , Noyan Yalman İlkay , Bayrakdar Seda
Published: December 2019

The participation of women in workforce has been accepted as an important factor of sustainable development. Especially in developing countries, the low workforce participation rate of women has been drawn attention, and therefore the importance of the concept in question on development process becomes a current issue. Albeit the importance of women in workforce markets and on development, being accepted of women as “secondary workforce” leads essential problems both economically and socially. With industrialization process, the necessity and wants of women to participate in work life on the one hand and the workforce need of economy on the other hand accelerate the entry of women in workforce market. Previously being employed in the works that do not require talents and skills and afterwards being employed in the more qualified works that require education exhibit the importance of education on women employment. That is, the education of women on development process, participation in workforce and receiving share from growth are important issues which should be interested by every developing countries. In the transition economies which have the status of a developing country, the education and employment of women workforce are important issues to study. In this sense, the women workforce structure in transition economies, as well as the education levels and economic growth rates will be analyzed with the help of statistical tables and the importance of the issue, current problems, solution proposals and policies will be placed in.
An Evaluation of the Major Indicators of Economical Crisis in Central Asian Countries within the Framework of Global Financial Crisis of 2008
Authors: Öngel Volkan , Kuzu Serdar
Published: December 2019

Several financial crises that have different causes and effects occured in financial markets in which globalization takes its effect increasingly. Central Asian Countries which have gained their independence after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 both faced important socio-cultural and political changes and were affected many global crises during 1991-2012. The global financial crisis which occured in the USA in 2008 as a mortgage crisis spreaded as a result of globalization and affected the developing economies. 2008 global financial crisis caused trouble especially in macroeconomic issues such as employment, production, supply, demand, level of welfare, openness, price stability, economic growth, inflation and unemployment. This study aims to imply how the selected Central Asian Countries have been affected by the 2008 global financial crisis and their future expectations by analysing leading macroeconomic indicators. In this context, the effects of the global financial crisis on macroeconomic variables of Kazakhistan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan will be interpreted. In the light of these indicators, it will be analysed if there are leading indicators for a coming economic crisis in Central Asian Countries and also how their economic structure will be in the near future.
Globalization, Competition and Competition Law
Authors: Göktepe Hülya
Published: December 2019

The growth of competition law in recent years has been enormous throughout the world. This development of competition law is certainly influenced by globalization. Also, with the impact of privatization and liberalization in the last decade competition law has turned out to be a major concept in developing economies. Competition law provides the formation and protection of free competition. Modern market economy is the basis of the principle of free competition. Free competition provides an effective utilization of resources, price goes down, saving to reduce costs, find new technologies and their use in production. Desired markets, although a perfect competition market, because of market failures rather than the ideal situation monopolies, cartels can occur. At this stage, competition policies become important because they provide an efficient resource allocation, and constitutes an important element in raising the level of social welfare. Competition in the market without any intervention from inside or outside freely determine in the liberal economic systems is important. Competition law, at this stage, stepped in for the formation and protection of free competition and plays an important role. Competition law is state intervention tool in order to establish and maintain free competition in the economy. Competition laws is seen as the constitution of the economy The aim of this study is to analyze competition law rules is implemented in Turkey and Kazakhstan and to determine differences and similarities. Also Examples of decisions issued by the Turkish competition authority will be presented.
The Position of Central Asian Republics in the World Energy Market
Authors: Kuzu Serdar
Published: December 2019

Central Asian Republics contain a grand potential in itself through their rich natural resources and strategic locations on the Silk Road between east and west. However, international production and trade share of Turkic Republics is very low. Natural resources are among the most important elements for economic structure. Natural resources that hold by Turkic Republics have had an increasing importance in the world energy market since the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Many international firms have focused on this district in order to have a say in the production and distribution of energy resources. Within this period, the starting up of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipe Line and studies on the Nabucco Project have contributed to the economies and stability of Turkic Republics. Important gas and petroleum exporting countries such as Kazakhistan, Azerbaijan have gotten high rates of growth depend especially on the natural resources export. However, gains provided by natural resources can create negative effects on income distribution of countries despite their positive effects on economic growth. Economic structure depend natural resources should be diversified for Turkic Republics in order to invest earnings come from natural resources efficiently. This is also very important for the intraregional trade and investment. Thus, logistic structure that could transport natural resources to other markets becomes very important. This study focuses on the positions of energy resources of Kazakhistan, Azerbaijan, Kirghizstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan as Turkic Republics in the world energy market and their effects on the economies of these countries.
The Relationship between Economic Liberalisation and Growth for the Central Asian Republics
Authors: Erdem Ekrem , Türker Oğuzhan
Published: December 2019

With the increase in globalization, the liberalisation tendencies have appeared on countries’ economic policies as well as at other areas. The countries have performed liberalisation in almost all the areas of economy by increasing their economic growth. Economic liberalisation movements have especially intensified on foreign trade and finance. The aim of this paper is to exhibit the relationship between economic liberalisation and economic growth for the Central Asian Republics. There are few studies that examine the relationship between economic liberalisation and growth for the Central Asian Republics. In this paper, the relationship between economic liberalisation and economic growth has been tested for 1998-2011 period on the six Central Asian Republics which are Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Nine variables about economic liberalisation have been taken into account in the analysis. We reached two main results. Firstly, the countries have high index scores in terms of business freedom, trade freedom, fiscal freedom, government size and monetary freedom, while they have low index scores in terms of investment freedom, financial freedom, property rights, freedom from corruption. Secondly, there is no long-term relationship between economic freedom and growth for all countries. The available relations that we found out are short-term character.
An Applied Study of International Trade between Turkey and Kazakhstan within the Transition Economies Context
Authors: Yayar Rüştü , Demir Yusuf , Birol Yunus Emre
Published: December 2019

The concept of transition economies covers a group of countries which were established in the aftermath of the fall of Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse of the former USSR in 1991. The main objectives of these countries are prices and foreign trade liberalization, privatizations realized, macroeconomic stability, obtaining foreign direct investment and improving marketing situations during the transition period. Today an effective foreign trade policy takes an important place in the improvement of a transition country economic performance. Kazakhstan is one of the newly independent states, transition country which was established in the aftermath of the USSR’s collapse in 1991. The aim of this study is prediction of foreign trade between Turkey and Kazakhstan using Box-Jenkins Method. We hope the study will contribute to development of foreign trade between Turkey and Kazakhstan which after gaining independence foreign trade reforms had been realized in such fields as setting free foreign trade prices, renewal of foreign trade system, market diversification and exchange system modification. Also, we hope the study will contribute to decision-makers and policy makers who doing short-term forecasts for the future in different fields.
An Evaluation of Percepctives of Students Studing in Turkey from Turkish Republics and Relative Communities about Instructional Progams
Authors: Barut Yaşar , Gökalp Murat , Akdenk Mürsel , Nazarov Agamurat
Published: December 2019

In this study, relative communications and Turk Republics’ students thought about instructional programs according to their sex, age, departments, marriage and nationality who attended Samsun Education Faculty In 19 May University were investigated The sample and universe of research consists 106 students who attended in different departments of Samsun Education Faculty. Data required a questionnaire developed by researcher with 5 Likert type with 20 items. Data was analyzed in terms of frequencies, percentages, t-Test, One way Anova, Post Hoch (LSD). The results of research show that there are meaningful differences between of variables about instructional programs. (p<0.05).
Poverty, Education Technologies and Eurasian Economies
Authors: Tezcan Mediha
Published: December 2019

While poverty has been a phenomenon encountered practically in all societies in the past, it still continues to exist as a significant social phenomenon in our day. In this study, poverty concepts, significance of education in fighting with poverty, opportunities offered by the latest innovations in education technologies for education and the contributions that can be provided by these innovations to education programs aimed to fight with poverty have been explained. How the Eurasian countries may use education technologies in the anti-poverty programs that they could collectively implement and the opportunities that could be offered by collective action have been discussed.
European Union’s Expansion and Globalization Strategies: A Special Investigation on Poland
Authors: ÖZTÜRK YUSUF KEMAL , Akgöz Selami Sedat
Published: December 2019

During the development process, particularly Middle and Eastern European Countries have increasingly integrated into the Union economy while parliaments, governments, public and private sectors have put forth significant effort to prepare for membership to European Union. European Union, on the other hand, prepared a financial framework in 1989 to actively support such efforts. Thus the Union financial and institutional regulations were realized to finance the process of transition to market economy. In this regard, Poland has quickly completed the necessary steps for harmonization and accelerated its efforts towards this goal. Following the radical change Poland experienced after 1989, the process of democratization and transition to open market economy. In our study we compared and investigated Poland economic and political situation before joining European Union, with the developments during the harmonization process and its economic structure today. In this process, it will be appropriate to take a look at Poland recent political and economic life as well as the reasons as to why Poland is an important state for Europe.
Farming as a Factor of Agricultural Development in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Mukambaeva Irina , Mukambaev Nurbek
Published: December 2019

In this article there were considered issues of the Kyrgyz agricultural sector development related to petty goods (peasant) economy. The state drive for speed-up of the agricultural production concentration can decrease people gainings particularly in riral area and lead to a social tension strenthening. For lightening impact of forced enlargement of the agricultural production, the authors offer to use the proved mechanism of voluntary and interested association of household economic activities into jamaats under donors’s grant support and the jamaat co-financing or low interest lending of poor families’ groups on the competition basis.
Immigration in Central Asia and its Effects on the Labor Market
Authors: Çelebi Boz Füsun , Durmaz Atakan
Published: December 2019

Many Central Asian countries declaring their independence after the splitting of the Soviet Union, cannot meet the economical and social needs of their citizens by falling much behind of the era in terms of industry despite the natural wealth they have. In addition to all these, the problems in the ruling class and the chaos environment have resulted in the immigration of many people to alternative living spaces. These immigrations have affected labor market both positively and negatively besides the social life. The labor demand increased by the entrance of the immigrants into the market has affected the employee wages and also this situation has affected the life standards of the citizens. In this study, the immigration that took place in the countries established after the splitting of the Soviet Union, forming one of the two poles of the world before the cold war, and the effects of this immigration on the labor market have been analyzed considering previous studies on the subject. The studies carried out on this subject have yielded various results according to the area in which it’s carried out, the time interval it includes, and the period’s structure. For this reason, the points of views on the subject are compared by making a long literature review.
Analysis of Factors Affecting the Development of Tourism in Kazakhstan
Authors: Küçüktopuzlu Kadir Faik , Çakır Musa
Published: December 2019

As in many countries of the world rapidly developing and modernizing the importance of tourism is growing in Kazakhstan. On the one hand each year a greater number of kazak citizens going to abroad and the other hand, many foreign visitors coming every year in to the Kazakhstan. Scope of this article is what components are effective for the development of tourism in Kazakhstan and how to change the direction in which these elements should. Espically Turkey's experience in the tourism sector has made planned and rapid growth, required to be shared with academics from Kazakhstan.