bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF TIME ON THE DRYING SHRINKAGE OF CLAYS1
Authors: Geller R. F.
Published: June 2006

The drying shrinkage or clays were studied to determine how quickly different types can be dried and to note whether or not the time of drying influences the amount of shrinkage. Three shales, two ball clays and one fire‐clay were tested and the following conclusions reached: (a), drying time depends largely on water content; (b), the structure of the clay is an important factor; (c), the amount of total shrinkage is proportional to the water content; (d), the amount of total shrinkage is not influenced by the rapidity of drying.
THE RELATION OF THE ARTIST TO THE MANUFACTURER1
Authors: Dressler Conrad
Published: June 2006

The achievements of the past owed their beauty to the artist. The excellent technique of the present is due to the efforts of the manufacturer and scientist. The latter quality has now almost superseded the former; yet the esthetic needs are eternal and can not be denied. The efforts of solitary artists are unavailing in a modern world of vast undertakings. It is for the modern factory to reintroduce the artistic spirit.
MECHANISM OF PLASTICITY FROM COLLOID STANDPOINT1
Authors: Bole G. A.
Published: June 2006

ABSTSRACT

Introduction.—Brief statement of present conceptions of the colloid chemists.

Theory.—Plasticity is caused by the, enveloping film of colloidal material which surrounds the clay grains, this film being of opposite polarity to the grain proper. Addition of electrolyte acting as deflocculant causes outer layer of film to be attracted to ion of same polarity as clay particle, thus reducing effective diameter and increasing polarity of plasticity inducing particles. Particles which were held by surface forces of “particles in contact” are no longer in contact and are actually repelling each other due to like and increased polarity. A flocculating ion drives action in opposite direction causing an increase in depth of colloid film thereby increasing surface in actual contact and decreasing repulsive force of plasticity inducing particles. Transport numbers as well as polarity are governing factors in ions of electrolytes.

Measurements.—Touch method is proven to be unreliable. Desirability of a unit of measurement. Plea for a unit of colloidality and standard method for measurement.
NOTES ON SHIVERING OF TERRA COTTA1
Authors: Carruthers John L.
Published: June 2006

Six terra cotta clays are tested for shivering as a body trouble using a white mat glaze, at cone 3 starting. One non‐shivering clay and one badly shivering clay are experimented with, to produce and overcome shivering.

Causes of Shivering.—From this work and that of others which has been checked, uses are

presence of finely divided silica in the body, from

highly siliceous clays

finely ground grog of a siliceous nature

presence of soluble salts in the clay, grog, or tempering water

longer firing periods

Methods of Eliminating Shivering.

Use of a flux such as feldspar, felsite, or similar rock to overcome action of fine silica

Use of coarse grog or sand

Use of barium carbonate to overcame effects of salts
THE ITALIAN MAJOLICA PROCESS AND PAINTING OVER TIN ENAMELS1
Authors: Rhead Frederick H.
Published: June 2006

Reference is made to historical types. Practical conditions are discussed, types of glazes are given, and methods of application are outlined. There are also comments in connection with one‐fire products.

The processes involved are discussions A‐3 and A‐4: “The Italian Majolica Process,”“Painting over Tin Enamels,” are so closely related that they are taken together.
A CONVENIENT INSTRUMENT FOR MAKING SHRINKAGE MEASUREMENTS1
Authors: Broga W. C. , Hudson C. J.
Published: June 2006

See Figure 1.
TALC AS A FLUX FOR HIGH TENSION INSULATOR PORCELAINS1
Authors: Twells Robert
Published: June 2006

MgO has some possibilities as a partial or total flux in high tension insulator porcelains. To be practical for this purpose it must be introduced into the body through some cheap material which will not make a large percentage of calcine necessary.

Talc seems to fulfill these requirements better than other sources of MgO more commonly used.

A typical high tension insulator body of the general formula 0.21 K2O, 1.0 Al2O3, 4.45 SiO2 was used as a standard. The experimental work consisted chiefly in the partial replacement of the K2O by MgO, the RO being varied between 0.14 and 0.30 equivalents. Talc was used as the source of MgO.

The bodies were fired to temperatures ranging between cones 9 and 11 and were tested in most cases only for absorption and transverse strength.

The results at cone 10½ indicate (1) a small addition of talc greatly decreases the percentage of feldspar necessary for vitrification, (2) additional small amounts of talc have much less effect than the first small addition, (3) about 0.16 equivalents of Ro are needed for vitrification at this temperature when small percentages of talc are used. This corresponds to about 15 to 22.5% of feldspar and about 2.5% to 0.75% of talc, (4) in the properly vitrified bodies the addition of the MgO at the expense of the K2O, within the limits tested, tends to increase the transverse strength. Vitrified bodies of this general type show little improvement, if any, over regular triaxial porcelains. The writer recommends as the next logical step a trial of the effect of the replacement of feldspar entirely or almost entirely by talc and the use of higher temperatures to obtain vitrification.
WATER SMOKING WITH INDUCED DRAFT1
Authors: Ittner W. W.
Published: June 2006

Recitation of experience with induced draft shortening the periods of water smoking, burning of dry pressed brick and economizing on fuel.
MANUFACTURING CLAY PRODUCTS 14,000 FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL1
Authors: King E. O.
Published: June 2006

A description of the clays and methods employed by an American mining and smelting company in the Andes Mountains for the manufacture of common and refractory brick.
EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF MAKING ABSORPTION DETERMINATIONS AS APPLIED TO HOLLOW BUILDING TILE1
Authors: Foster Harry D.
Published: June 2006

The experimental work consisted primarily in selecting specimens from hollow tile from seventeen sources and saturating them for the absorption determination by (1) immersion in water at room temperature for various periods ranging from fifteen minutes to nine days, (2) boiling for various periods ranging from 1 hour to 5 hours and then cooling in water at room temperature for at least one hour, and (3) repeated vacuum treatments. The true porosity for some of the specimens was then obtained from the specific gravity and the per cent saturation reached by the various methods was calculated.

The results show that the five‐hour boiling treatment gives results 1.2 greater than 72 hours immersion in cold water for the shale tile, 1.35 greater for the fire clay tile, 1.20 greater for the surface clay tile, 1.25 greater for the mixed clay tile and 1.28 greater for an average of all tile. They also show that the cold water immersion treatment gives 73.5 per cent saturation, the boiling treatment 92.7 per cent saturation, and the vacuum treatment 97.0 per cent saturation.

In general the paper shows that the most consistent and practical way of determining the absorption of hollow tile is by boiling for five hours and then cooling for at least one hour before the saturated weight is taken.
NOTE ON LADLE BRICK1
Authors: Moulton D. A.
Published: June 2006

Review of Literature on Ladle Brick.—(1) American ladle in which it is stated no chemical reactions occur; (2) English ladle in which four or five chemical reactions occur simultaneously.

Fusion Point of Ladle Brick ranging from cones 17 to 30 depending on behavior of clay at temperatures below the fusion point.

Process of Manufacture.—Two processes, namely dry press and stiff‐mud with preference for dry press. Modification of standard refractories is suggested.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FACTORY CONTROL OF FISH‐SCALING1
Authors: Grainer John S.
Published: June 2006

An analysis of fish‐scaling, its causes and prevention, based upon observations and experience of practical work. Three principal causes of fish‐scaling are: (1) Improper firing, either underfiring or overfiring, especially the latter since its effects arc usually not evident until the ware is finished and marketed; (2) The use of a clay which does not give a free running uniform coat without the use of excessive amounts of flotation agents. Clays which, when stirred up with water give a persistent suspension are recommended. (3) Improper type of furnace for the firing operation. The author prefers the open type furnace for the firing of enameled ware.
MANUFACTURE OF SINGLE COAT GRAY ENAMELED WARE1
Authors: Arnold Howard C.
Published: June 2006

The manufacture of single coat, mottled gray enameled ware presents a diversity of problems as will be evident from a casual consideration of the following specifications.

1.—The black shape has to be completely covered in one coat as the lack of a second, or cover coat makes it impossible to hide a blemish, scratch or mark.

2.—This coat must have all the gloss, luster and appearance of a finish coat.

3.—It must show two colors, and these colors must be produced from the same enamel and in a single dipping.

4.—The two colors must be present in correct amounts and, at the same time, must be distributed in such a way as to give a pleasing effect.
COMPARISON OF HOT AND COLD MODULUS OF RUPTURE FOR SILICA BRICK
Authors: McGee E. N.
Published: June 2006

Purpose of the Investigation.—(1) To obtain relative values for the cross‐breaking strength of silica brick at temperatures encountered in coke oven practice.

(2) To correlate the hot modulus of rupture test, if possible, with the cold modulus of rupture, or cold crushing test, either of which is cheaper and more easily conducted.

This report gives the method of making the test, difficulties encountered and results obtained. The report shows a comparison of cold crushing, cold modulus of rupture and hot modulus of rupture on a series of silica brick made from special mixes, commercially burned.

Conclusions.—The modulus of rupture of a silica brick at 1350°C is approximately one‐third the strength at atmospheric temperature. For this series it averaged from 130 to 189 lbs. per square inch.

Too rapid or eccentric heating up to red heat may cause such weakening of the structure or bond that the brick will break under very low pressure.

Cross‐breaking strength decreases as the temperature increases.

Hot modulus of rupture test appears to give results, in most respects, comparable to the cold test, and for routine testing it would seem advisable to use the cold test since it can be made in much shorter time.
CARBORUNDUM BRICK1
Authors: Peters M. F.
Published: June 2006

A study of carborundum‐clay mixtures with reference to the relation between the proportioning and sizing of the constituents and the properties of the refractory as expressed by the tensile strength, the load test, the slagging and the spalling tests. For good working conditions the amount of clay must suffice to cover the grains of SiC. When subjected to crushing the linear compression varies as the second power of the percentage of carborundum. Oxidizing furnace conditions and the presence of iron oxide, lead oxide and lime reduce the resistance to slag action. The resistance to spalling depends upon the content of SiC, the tensile strength, the coefficient of expansion and the thermal conductivity of the clay. A formula is proposed for the estimation of the life of the carborundum refractories, and a theoretical explanation of their physical properties is offered.
THE TESTING OF SILICA BRICK
Authors: Endell K. H
Published: June 2006

The Steger Load Test Apparatus. —Pressure was applied, in a granular‐carbon resistance furnace, to the small test cylinders by means of a hollow carborundum rod. The temperature was read with an optical pyrometer sighted through this hollow pressure red. The volume changes were indicated by a pointer and scale and recorded by means of a rotating drum. (See Fig. 1.)

Estimation of Quartz and Cristobalite in the Finished Br —The areas occupied by each type of crystal on the photomicrograph were determined with the aid of a transparent cross‐section grating.

Suggested Specifications for A1 Silica Brick. —Trust specific gravity not greater than 2.38; not more than 2% permanent Linear expansion after heating to 1600°C in one and one‐half hours, and holding at that temperature for one‐half hour; the amount of quartz land silicates) as determined by the grating method applied to photomicrograph should not exceed 15%.
TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF DRESSLER TUNNEL KILN1
Authors: Harrison T. R.
Published: June 2006

The method of graded adjustment of fuel supply was adopted. Adjustments to compensate for variations in quality of fuel gas, which often amounted to as high as 30% change in the gas pressure at the burners within two or three minutes, are produced through the agency of the variation in the length of a bunsen burner flame as different kinds of gas are supplied under the same pressure. The adjustment is thus made without the temperature departing from the desired value.

Further minor adjustments are made according to slight departures from normal of the combustion chamber temperatures. The pyrometer control contacts are moved away from the normal position simultaneously as the gas pressure is adjusted, the magnitude of this adjustment being proportional to the necessary motion of the contact points to bring them to the momentary position of the pyrometer pointer. The contact points are then automatically returned to their normal position at a predetermined (constant or variable) rate which is the estimated rate at which the kiln should return to its normal value when the correct adjustment has been made. A sufficient correction is thus made promptly without over‐correction during the necessary period of recovery as demanded by the kiln lag.
OPHTHALMIC GLASS—A NEW AMERICAN PRODUCT
Authors: Montgomery Robert J.
Published: June 2006

Most of the ophthalmic or spectacle glass used in this country was imported prior to 1914. At present very little is imported and the industry is firmly established in the United States. The various glasses used are listed and their defects discussed. The problem of fusing bifocal lenses is covered in considerable detail. Marked improvement has been made in goggle glasses and colored glasses are being standardized. The effect of sunlight on certain clear and colored glasses is given.
THE FLINT CLAY SITUATION IN OHIO1
Authors: Stout Wilbur
Published: June 2006

A discussion of the flint clays of Ohio with special reference to Sciotoville, Lower Kittanning, Oak Hill and Lower Freeport clays. It is shown that (1) flint clay beds of high heat duty quality in Ohio are small but well‐defined (2) there is small prospect of finding other deposits under deeper covering (3) the most easily available material is exhausted (4) the present supply will last present plants at least fifty years but will not permit much increased consumption (5) conservation of high heat duty clays should begin now before supply is gone.
REFRACTORY CLAYS OF THE ALBERHILL, CALIFORNIA DEPOSITS
Authors: Burchfibl B. M.
Published: June 2006

A brief description of the clay deposits at Alberhill, Calif., is presented. The more important refractory clays of these deposits are described. Chemical analyses are given, along with shrinkage, water of plasticity, and fusion point data.
A SKIAGRAPHIC STUDY OF FABRICATED GLASS ARTICLES1
Authors: Spencer C. D. , Badger A. E.
Published: June 2006

A method is described whereby defective construction may be determined in fabricated glass articles. The principle is the same as that of the immersion method of grading optical glass. The glass object is immersed in a fluid whose refractive index for some monochromatic source of illumination is approximately equal to that of the article. Under these conditions it is possible to observe defects in the structure of complicated glass objects.
A BETTER DESIGN FOR A JUG MOLD CLINCH
Authors: Cox Paul E.
Published: June 2006

A design of a clinch is shown that is suitable for all shouldered ware. This design will give longer life to the molds, yield a better looking product, and do away with cracking at the clinch, and the jiggerman can work more rapidly and easily.
THE ANALYSIS OF REFRACTORIES
Authors: Underwood C. A.
Published: June 2006

Methods for use in the analysis of refractories are described, including the preparation and solution of the sample and the determination of the content of silica, alumina precipitate, iron, titanium, alumina, lime, magnesia, and alkalies.
THE RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF RADIATION AND CONVECTION HEATING IN A MUFFLE KILN1
Authors: Littleton J. T.
Published: June 2006

Rates of Heating by Convection and by Radiation in a Muffle Kiln, 38°×18°× 36° high, were each determined for temperatures from 350° to 800°C from measurements with a steady flow water calorimeter whose surface was first gold plated and then covered with a mixture of platinum black and lamp black. Taking the reflecting powers as 91 and 4 per cent, respectively, for the two surfaces, the radiation heating increases approximately according to the Stefan‐Boltzmann fourth power law, while the convection heating comes out proportional to the temperature difference between calorimeter and muffle; that is, C=γ(T‐t) where γ= 2.34×10−4 gm. cal./cm.2 sec. The ratio of convection to radiation decreases from about .40 at 350° to .10 at 800°C, so that for the higher temperatures the convection heating may be neglected in rough computations of the rate of heating in such a kiln.
VITREOUS ENAMELING WITH ELECTRIC HEAT1
Authors: COLLINS E. F.
Published: June 2006

This paper is descriptive of the suitability of the metallic resistor furnace for the application of vitreous enamels. Comparisons are made with fuel fired furnaces. Uniformity and perfect fusion of enamel results from the high grade temperature control of the electric furnace. Atmospheres vitiated with products of combustion can not be present in the electric furnace to give defective coatings. Examples of operating furnaces for watch dials and for bath tubs are given and the average performance, in time and input, for bath tub furnaces. It is believed by the author that the electric heating process can not long be considered as anything but the most economical over all, and its standardization for this purpose will eventually result.
FURTHER STUDIES ON CAST GLASS POTS
Authors: Geller R. F. , Finn A. N.
Published: June 2006

This paper is a progress report covering the work done by the Bureau of Standards during the past three years on the problem of cast glass pots. The work done is essentially an application of the results of research reported in previous Bureau publications and contains data on body compositions, the arching of pots and their resistance to optical glass. The following conclusions were made: (a) The casting of porcelain glass pots has passed the experimental stage; (b) The content of plastic clay is not of prime importance as long as the body will cast satisfactorily; (c) Proper watersmoking practically eliminates fissures and surface cracks; (d) Pots should be arched to the highest temperature consistent with the refractoriness of the body.
CLAY SEWER PIPE MANUFACTURE
Authors: Schurecht H. G.
Published: June 2006

Purpose.—Experiments were conducted to remove coarse iron bearing minerals from clays magnetically in order to prevent their formation of black blisters on sewer pipe.

Results.—It was found that most of the coarse iron bearing minerals can be removed by means of a high intensity magnetic separator. Although the cost of this treatment on the roasted clays is too great, the separation from the raw material is not prohibitive to plants suffering large losses due to this defect.
SUGGESTIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT IN ENAMELING TECHNOLOGY1
Authors: Stalby Homer F.
Published: June 2006

This paper comprises the address of the Chairman of the Enamel Division of the American Ceramic Society at the Atlantic City Meeting, February, 1924. Among the suggestions for development in enameling technology are: The more general use of melted weights in representing enamel compositions; the use of coefficient of thermal expansion factors; improvement in the mechanical properties of enamel glasses by increasing the percentages of zinc oxide, boric oxide and titanium oxide, and by the use of thinner coatings; the widening of the heat range of ground coat enamel compositions by the use of more complex compositions than are now employed; and, finally, the more careful control of variation in the composition of the feldspars used in making enamels.
SILLIMANITE1 DEVELOPMENT IN SOME TYPICAL CLAYS2
Authors: Kraner Hobart M.
Published: June 2006

The question of sillimanite development in clays during firing is given theoretical consideration. References are cited which indicate a change in the structure of the clay molecule immediately after dehydration. Since most materials in the amorphous condition have lower indices of refraction than crystals or crystalline aggregates of the same chemical composition, the development of sillimanite is traced by increase of the mean indices of refraction of the fired clay aggregates.

Results based upon this method show a rapid development of sillimanite between 900 and 1100°C.
WHAT HAS BEEN THE EXPERIENCE IN SUBSTITUTING DOMESTIC SECONDARY AND ‐PRIMARY KAOLINS FOR ENGLISH CHINA CLAYS?1
Authors: Langenbeck Karl
Published: June 2006

The duty of the U. S. Tariff Commission with respect to ascertaining if the rates of import on foreign clays are bringing about freedom of commercial competition in domestic clay.

Two instances, in the manufacture of electrical porcelain, were brought out, in which the consumers buy foreign or domestic china and ball clays. in which competition is free. That is to say, experience with competitive clays is sufficiently complete to enable all purchases to be made on the basis of price, f.O.b. factory.

The factor of uniformity in deliveries, brought out indictment of domestic china clays and English ball clays, as irregular in quality.

The inadequacy of analytical and experimental methods and practices, in failing to give comparable data, as between clays similar in kind, was charged by all producers. No defense to the charge was made by any ceramist present.

The claimants of the electrical porcelain industry, of experience enabling them to substitute competitive clays for each other, gave no information on the character and limits of their tests.

As there was manifest lack of progress in the testing of clays, that would lead to safe subsitution, the failure of free competition between foreign and domestic production does not lie in the economic field. It must be charged to the ceramic profession as a whole.
THE OXIDATION OF CERAMIC WARES DURING FIRING.—II. THE DECOMPOSITION OF VAFUOUS COMPOUNDS OF IRON WITH SULPHUR UNDER SIMULATED KILN CONDITIONS1
Authors: Jackson Frederick G.
Published: June 2006

The progress of sulphur evolution is traced from a series of clay bars containing known amounts of various iron‐sulphur compounds, both with and without the addition of carbon, when heated in imitation of a kiln schedule in atmospheres varying from pure oxygen to those commonly encountered in kiln practice, including neutral and reducing atmospheres. The varying degree of incompleteness of sulphur evolution is noted. The residual sulphur is found to be practically insoluble in water or aqua regia, but is rendered soluble by hydrofluoric acid. As a plausible explanation there is advanced the theory of the formation of “ferrous sulpho‐silicate.”
NOTE ON THE RATIONAL ANALYSIS OF CLAYS1
Authors: Tilley G. S. , Sullivan J. D.
Published: June 2006

Several feldspars, muscovite, biotite and quartz, as well as diaspore clay and kao linite, in fairly pure state, were severally subjected to the procedure of “rational analysis” of clays. It was shown by analysis of the residues and solutions obtained:

That all the feldspars were attacked to a greater or less extent

That the micas were attacked more than the kaolinite

That kaolinite was not wholly decomposed by the treatment

That diaspore clay was not approximately decomposed by the treatment

That the amount of decomposition of all the substances depends to a considerable extent on the time and temperature of treatment.

As a result of these conclusions, it would not be possible to draw any conclusion as to the clay substance content of a particular clay from the results of a rational analysis.
EXACT NOTIONS OF FLUORINE ENAMELS
Authors: Musiol Charles
Published: June 2006

The theories of Vogt, Grunwald, Mayer and Havas, and others regarding the role of fluorine in enamels are proved by mathematical rather than chemical means to be incorrect. Fluorine is not volatilized as SiF4, but disappears during the smelting process as F2, although in the presence of B2O3 it may be volatilized as BF3. Enamel formulas should be studied by means of the “subtractive” analysis method.
A DUST COLLECTING SYSTEM1
Authors: Whitsell R. E.
Published: June 2006

This paper describes the principle on which a dust collecting system installed at the Salina Plant of the Kier Fire Brick Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., operates. It also includes some of the factors considered in the designing and a description of the installation and operation.
THE OXIDATION OF CERAMIC WARES DURING FIRING. V.—A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE NATURE OF SULPHUR EVOLUTION IN KILN‐FIRING.1 (Part I)
Authors: Jackson Frederick G.
Published: June 2006

The absorption and evolution of sulphur gases in four industrial brick kilns were studied. Curves are shown giving the cumulative amounts of sulphur entering and leaving the kilns, and of the kiln content of sulphur. Surfaces and hearts of draw trials are analyzed to show the progressive change in nature of the sulphur compounds in the ware.
A STUDY OF SLIPS FOR STANDARD FINISH TERRA COTTA (CONES 4–5)1
Authors: Davis H. E. , Lathrop J. S.
Published: June 2006

The objects of the study were (1) to ascertain proportional limits of Cornwall stone, feldspar, flint and clays in terra cotta slips at cones 4–5, and (2) to evolve a slip that will be (a) highly vitreous, (b) white, (c) have a firing range which will not be affected by normal kiln variations and (d) freedom from crazing, checking, peeling and flaking. Compositions for various slips are given.
SOME FORMS OF SULPHURING ON EARTHENWARE GLAZES1
Authors: Shegog Thomas A.
Published: June 2006

A discussion is given of the sources and effects of soluble sulphates on the glaze and body.
A MODERN BRICK PLANT1
Authors: Robson J. T.
Published: June 2006

A detailed description is given of the layout and construction of a shale brick plant. This plant fires its ware in a tunnel kiln and is built to conform accordingly.
THE PARTICLE ANALYSIS OF CLAYS BY SEDIMENTATION1
Authors: Schramm Edward , Scripture E. W.
Published: June 2006

As a result of the analysis of Odén, it is possible to apply the sedimentation method quantitatively to the determination of particle distribution of clays in the dispersed state. An experimental procedure is described by which a number of points on the curve may be determined without the aid of any special apparatus. Sedimentation without the aid of a deflocculating agent gives valuable information as to the condition of the clay. Flocculated clays behave like jellies and the method of particle analysis cannot be applied in this case. Data concerning the usual physical properties are presented and these are found consistent with the results of the sedimentation tests as confirmed by microscope observations. The dispersed and fine grained clays are characterized by high dry strength, and the effect of deflocculating a clay is to increase its dry strength.
REFLECTIONS UPON ART AND MANUFACTURE1
Authors: Woodward Ellsworth
Published: June 2006

The writer is struck by the interesting fact that in all manufactured articles in which there is an appeal to taste, those articles sell best and bring the highest return in money which possess the imprint of art. A truly beautiful thing increases rather than diminishes in value. Objects of pure utility, making no appeal to taste, are priced according to the exigencies of competition. They possess no added value, recognized as inherent in art. It would seem that the recognition of this intangible quality, which differentiates a beautiful and at the same time useful thing from that which is purely useful, but possesses no beauty, might be a subject of very great interest for a manufacturer. The great mass of the purchasing world is content to pay the higher price for the article which stimulates his imagination and affords him pleasure.
SELECTION OF FIRE BRICK BY COMPARATIVE TESTS WITH A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD USED TO MEASURE THE TEMPORARY EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION OF FIRE BRICK AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES1
Authors: Kohlmeybr F. A.
Published: June 2006

This paper discuses the laboratory tests employed by the Electric Light and Power Company with which the author is connected, in selecting several brands of fire brick suitable for use in the construction of a power plant. A detailed description is given of the method used to measure the temporary expansion or contraction of fire brick at various temperatures and the procedure followed in the inspection of fire brick briefly outlined.
PROGRESS REPORT ON RESEARCH OF PAVING BRICK FROM IOWA SHALES1
Authors: Moulton D. A.
Published: June 2006

Test on full size pavers made from 11 shales showed that five would make an excellent paving material and others had possibilities of making a block that would give service. Various processes were tried as soft‐mud, roller expression machine, dry‐press, and a new belt machine, also additions of magnesium and colloidal materials. The soft‐mud, roller expression machine gave equal if not better results than the stiff‐mud process, and the other processes required higher temperatures to get a suitable block for test. Magnesium reduced the rattler test from 27% to 22% and changed the color to buff similar to that of fire clay. The colloidal materials made the shale more refractory and hence the brick were too soft for the rattler test.2
NEW TYPE OF OXY‐ACETYLENE FUSION FURNACE, WITH NOTES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF REFRACTORIES AT CONE 401
Authors: Gorton A. F. , Groves W. H.
Published: June 2006

The furnace described in this paper differs from the usual type of fusion furnace in that acetylene is used as fuel and the burner is applied vertically instead of horizontally. Advantages offered by this novel design are rapidity and uniformity of heating, convenience as regards regulation and observation of the cones, economy of operation and simplicity of maintenance.
THE OXIDATION OF CERAMIC WARES DURING FIRING.1 VI. A LABORATORY STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF VARYING THE RATE OF GAS FLOW AND OF HEATING ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF PYRITE IN CLAY
Authors: Jacks Frederick G.
Published: June 2006

This investigation shows that varying the rate of heating has little effect on the evolution of sulphur as gases from pyrite. Varying the rate of atmospheric flow, how‐ever, exerts a very marked effect. With a rapidly moving atmosphere the sulphur is 90% removed below 510°C (950°F), even when heated rapidly. Explanations are made and the application of the results to industry is pointed out.
A DISCUSSION ON “THE COMMERCIAL DECORATION OF GLASSWARE”1
Authors: Lenchner Theodore
Published: June 2006

A discussion of art in connection with glassware as existing among the glass manufacturers of America, and a comparison with European manufacturers. The probable causes of this situation are brought out and a suggestion for the remedy is given.
ENAMELING DEFECTS DUE TO CAST IRON
Authors: Krynitsky A. I.
Published: June 2006

A discussion of Malinovszky's paper on enameling defects due to cast iron. Problems are suggested for further investigation on the subject.
A LABORATORY LOAD FURNACE1
Authors: Helser P. D.
Published: June 2006

This paper illustrates the advantages of the laboratory load furnace. The points emphasized are: (1) direct application of load to specimen; (2) perfect alignment of specimen beneath the load; (3) control of temperature; (4) control of specimen chamber atmosphere; and (5) measurement of volume changes of the specimen throughout the test.
OPERATING CONDITIONS IN THE OPEN HEARTH AS THEY AFFECT THE LIFE OF REFRACTORIES
Authors: Smith Charles A.
Published: June 2006

A discussion of the deterioration of refractories under operating conditions of the acid and basic types of open hearth furnaces is given.
INTRODUCTORY STUDY OF THE PUGET SOUND SHALE AND GLACIAL CLAYS12
Authors: Smith Thad. O.
Published: June 2006

Type and character of clays of Puget Sound are described.
REDESIGNED DRIERS1
Authors: Kraner Hobart M. , Fessler A. H.
Published: June 2006

Inefficient driers used for drying dry‐press porcelain were converted into flexibly controlled, efficient driers with a minimum of expense. Changes in handling, ware routing, etc. were thus averted.
GAS PRODUCES BETTER RESULTS AT LESS COST
Authors: Wilkinson George D.
Published: June 2006

A comparison of gas‐ and coal‐fired sheet iron enamel furnaces is presented. Automatic control is possible with gas with lower amount of discount ware, fewer furnace repairs, increased production capacity, and lower operating cost. Operating cost data are given.
ENDURANCE OF FLOORING MATERIALS1
Authors: Geister Carl H.
Published: June 2006

The findings of a practical investigation of flooring materials are summarized. The endurance and sanitary properties of the materials were determined by use of the abrasion, absorption, indentation, chemical, stain, and age tests. The methods used are described.
THE DESIGN OF ARCHES FOR KILNS AND FURNACES1
Authors: Norton F. H.
Published: June 2006

The design of arches is considered from the view point of minimizing the static and temperature stresses. The catenary shape of arch is most satisfactory, as it allows the use of a high arch with good stability. Some actual designs are worked out to illustrate the method of calculating a catenary arch.
A PRACTICAL GAS‐FIRED TEST FURNACE FOR PLANT USE1
Authors: Fisk H. G.
Published: June 2006

A gas‐fired test furnace of quite general application is described.
THE LIMITS OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF CERAMIC MATERIALS1
Authors: Bleininger A. V.
Published: June 2006

A general discussion of the gaps in our knowledge of the basic raw materials of the ceramic industries and the contradictory results reported in the literature. The paper is a plea for the more complete and accurate study of the principal materials.
THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS ON THE LOAD TEST FOR REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Sheerar Leonard Francis
Published: June 2006

The literature relative to the investigation was reviewed and criticized. Iron pyrite was added to clays in amounts varying from 0 to 5%. Test pieces 2×2×41/2 inches were fabricated by the stiff‐mud, and dry‐press processes. After firing to cone 8 these were subjected to load tests at 1350°C under oxidizing, neutral, and reducing conditions. Expansion and contraction values were plotted against time and temperature. Results under reducing conditions. Expansion and contraction increased with increase of pyrite content.
THE MERCURY BALANCE‐AN APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE BULK VOLUME OF BRICK1
Authors: Westman A. E. R.
Published: June 2006

A new apparatus for measuring the bulk volume of bricks, called the mercury balance, has been described and its method of operation given in detail. Its great accuracy and other advantages would recommend its use when a large number of very accurate measurements of bulk volume are required.
THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC HEAT TO GLASS ANNEALING1
Authors: Otis A. N.
Published: June 2006

A descriptive paper in which the author refers to electrically heated travelling leers and stationary furnaces now in use for annealing various kinds of glassware, including special ware, miniature lamp bulbs and stems, conveyor leers for bottles, and box furnaces for optical glass.

The operating characteristics of the conveyor leers are discussed, and the electric energy consumed for a typical week's run is given, from which as a basis, costs of operation may be estimated.

An equipment for annealing lenses and prisms of optical glass is described in some detail, and a proposed furnace with control equipment of great accuracy for annealing large disks for telescopes is illustrated and discussed at some length.
THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SOME CERAMIC MATERIALS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES AND A SIMPLE COMMERCIAL METHOD FOR ITS DETERMINATION.1
Authors: King Robert Maynard
Published: June 2006

This paper gives the values obtained by some resistivity measurements of several well known minerals used in the ceramic field. The values for some ceramic bodies are also given. A simple apparatus and method with which these values were obtained are described in detail.
A MODERN SEWER PIPE PLANT1
Authors: Richardson W. D.
Published: June 2006

A sewer pipe plant design including radical departures from plants in operation now is described. Tunnel driers of special design are suggested as most practical. Salt glazing in continuous kilns, using gas or oil as fuel, is discussed. A feeder for introducing the salt into the kiln is described.
RECENT FACTORY EXPERIENCE AND EXPERIMENTS IN DRYING TERRA COTTA1
Authors: Bowman James R.
Published: June 2006

An attempt was made to determine by experiment the best conditions with respect to temperature, circulation of air, and its relative humidity, by which to obtain shorter drying time, a minimum of war page, and cracking of the ware generally. Also, a very tender clay was given special study with the object of finding a set of drying conditions by which its extreme tendency to warp and crack would be reduced to a point that would permit practical use of this clay for terra cotta body. The drying time was reduced about 407, by increasing the steam pressure in the heating coils and apparently some showing made in reducing the tendency of the ware to warp and crack. A schedule of drying that gave satisfactory results with the tender clay was developed on an experimental scale, but could not be applied to the factory driers because of limitations in the heating and circulation equipment.
PRACTICAL CHEMICAL CONTROL OF PICKLING ROOM SOLUTIONS1
Authors: Sweely B. T.
Published: June 2006

This paper gives a brief outline of pickle room practice, and gives in detail a rapid method of titration of solutions by use of especially graduated cylinders and the addition of indicator to normal or fractionally normal solutions.
REFRACTORIES FOR OIL‐GAS MANUFACTURE1
Authors: Knoliman J.
Published: June 2006

The present investigations of refractories by the oil‐gas industry on the Pacific Coast were stimulated by sporadic independent tests in the past whereby it was observed that different qualities of fire brick not only had varying lengths of service but also had an apparent influence on the amount and quality of gas made and on the efficiency of gas manufacture.

The essential differences in generator design, including that of brick‐work construction, in the two‐shell type of generator as compared with the single‐shell generator are such that longer refractories life is obtained in the former type. The operations in the manufacture of oil gas for the two‐generator types are briefly discussed, showing that the refractories are subjected to alternating oxidizing and reducing conditions.

Other causes contributing to ultimate refractories failures are carbon deposition in the brick, abrasion of hot gases and the impinging of long flames on the brick, heavy checker‐brick loads on arches, faulty construction of arches, and erratic working conditions. In addition, super‐saturated steam, heavy hydrocarbons, and salts and sulphur in the oil, are contributing causes to checker‐brick disintegration, especially in the generator zones where the oil and steam are introduced. It is hoped that specifications for refractories may be drawn up from the results of practical service tests now being conducted.

The heat‐transfer and heat‐absorption properties of various refractories, such as conductivity, specific heat, density, diffusivity, heat capacity, and time required for the refractories to reach near‐heat saturation, are discussed, particular attention being given to their possible application as oil‐gas generator checker brick. The need for more complete and accurate data on the fundamental constants necessary in heat‐transfer calculations is pointed out.

Researches on refractories with thermal properties superior to fire brick are now being conducted in generators in an endeavor to increase gas capacity and operating efficiency along the lines indicated by theoretical considerations.
ELIMINATION OF LIMESTONE FROM CLAY1
Authors: Horning Roy A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A successfully tried method of stone elimination is described.
THE DEFLOCCULATION OF CLAY SLIPS AND RELATED PROPERTIES1
Authors: Scripture E. W. , Schramm Edward
Published: June 2006

In an earlier paper2 the authors have given the particle analysis and other tests of a number of English china clays, one English ball clay and several domestic kaolins. In this paper are presented the following additional data for the same clays: the carbon content as a measure of organic matter; the change in state of dispersion with pH for 20% slips as determined by settling tests; the change in viscosity with pH as determined with 40% slips; the alkali absorption for 20% and 40% slips. The more plastic clays are characterized by high organic content, high alkali absorption, and dispersion at low pH. Casting slips made up with the different china clays and two ball clays in varying proportions show that ball clay causes fluidity and that the plastic china clays produce more viscous slips than the less plastic.
STANDARDIZED PROPORTION OF THE GREEK VASE AND ORNAMENT1
Authors: Gardner Robert W.
Published: June 2006

This paper demonstrates that in Greek art geometry and not inspiration was the basis of proportion and the fundamental of design. It gives the actual method, hitherto lost, that was employed in the application of geometry to design by artists and craftsmen of the fifth century B.C. The subject matter contained in this article was obtained by its writer in an investigation into the proportions of the Parthenon. In his book2“The Parthenon: Its Science of Forms,” the writer deals only with the temple and the design of the Acropolis and of the city of Athens and its port of the Piraeus, but in this article he gives in a simplified form the canon of proportion which can be applied today in every branch of art, the canon which the Greeks employed in producing the masterpieces of the Golden Age of Pericles.
A PHENOMENAL CASE OF TILE BREAKAGE1
Authors: Harts R. A.
Published: June 2006

In 1921 an interesting case of tile breakage was discovered at Hinckley, Utah, in a drain which had been laid for three years, the backfill ranging from 2 to 6 feet. The breakage was inversely proportional to the depth of the backfill and the tile had broken upward, all conditions of fracture being reversed. Some of the tile did not break until a portion of the backfill was removed. Investigation showed that the tile had been laid in a trench but slightly wider than the outside diameter of the tile, the material being a highly colloidal clay, extremely dry. The line was for relief of another drain and no water entered the line until the latter was tapped. Water percolating through the joints and saturating the adjacent clay caused an expansion which crushed the tile laterally. Subsequent laboratory studies showed the clay to have a coefficient of expansion of 178.5.
AN ATTEMPT TO SECURE A UNIFORM MIXTURE OF FINE AND COURSE PARTICLES IN GROG FROM A BIN1
Authors: Hull W. A.
Published: June 2006

A sloping chute or trough down which the stream of grog flows to the bottom of the bin, instead of dropping with a free fail places grog in bin in such a way that it comes out of the bin fairly well averaged as to sizing.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS SODIUM SILICATES AND OTHER ELECTROLYTES ON CLAY SLIPS1
Authors: McDowell Samuel J.
Published: June 2006

Attention is drawn to the fact that different brands of sodium silicate vary 250 % in their soda to silica ratio. Four silicates with ratios from 1:1.8 to 1:4 were added on a basis of per cent Na2O to slips of six clays commonly used in the whiteware industry. Rate of flow, hydrogen‐ion concentration, and settling behavior were studied. Maximum rate of flow was produced in each case while the slip was acid. Those silicates high in silica were the most potent in their effect on rate of flow for a given amount of Na2O. The effect was also more pronounced than that of NaOH, Na2CO3, or silica sol which were used as comparisons. Possible explanations of the mechanism of deflocculation are discussed to explain the results.
HYDROGEN‐ION CONTROL IN CERAMICS1
Authors: Taylor W. A.
Published: June 2006

Many technical, as well as nontechnical, men hesitate to use hydrogen‐ion control because they feel that its application requires the services of a highly trained chemist. This paper shows, by a simple nontechnical discussion of the subject and by a demonstration of the method of making measurements, that a plant foreman can apply it just as easily and accurately as a trained chemist.
THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF TYPICAL FELDSPARS AND FLINTS1
Authors: Sceramm Edward , Scripture E. W.
Published: June 2006

The results of particle size analyses of a number of commercial feldspars and flints by the sedimentation method are reported. A comparison of batch and continuous grinding is given as well as a study of the progress of ball mill grinding.
THE ELIMINATION OF LAMINATION IN CLAY BARS1
Authors: Greaves‐Walker A. F.
Published: June 2006

The cause of lamination and methods of reducing or eliminating it are discussed.

Lamination in stiff‐mud clay bars may be caused by either auger or die, or both, or may be due to physical properties of the clay. Each clay is an individual problem.

Trouble may be partially or wholly eliminated by varying auger distance, changing type of barrel, taper of die, length of die, changing speed of column, proper lubrication, and other means.
THE EFFECT OF FINE GRINDING ON AN INDURATED CLAY1
Authors: Walker Thomas C.
Published: June 2006

Fine grinding develops certain desired physical properties of a clay that has become hard by the pressure of the overlying stratas and the heat produced by this pressure. The fineness of grind produces in direct proportion an increase in the plasticity, plastic tensile strength, and shrinkage, and a decrease in the absorption and porosity. An indurated clay can be made to produce required properties by the proper fineness of grinding.
Standardizing Shop Practices Relative to Making and Application of Steel Ground Coat Enamels. I
Authors: Jaeger F. G.
Published: June 2006

I The effect of manganese dioxide on the physical properties of ground coat enamels is: (1) to give a good gloss; (2) to give a harder enamel; (3) to reduce the coefficient of expansion of the glass in which it is used; (4) when used with cobalt a uniform color desirable in stove work is obtained; (5) no difference in the adhesion of the ground coat between enamels using manganese, cobalt, or combinations of dioxides is apparent; (6) no effect on chipping is apparent; (7) while not absolutely essential in ground coats it is very desirable for use from an economy stand point. II. A theory of ground coat adherence based on the fact that part of the steel is oxidized to iron oxide which is partly absorbed by the fused enamel and into which some of the enamel penetrates is set forth, and an explanation given of various effects obtained. III. Most of the things which should be done to maintain control in making and firing of ground coats for sheet steel are emphasized. IV. The method of control for application of ground coat enamel by weighing the amount of dry enamel on a sheet of metal of known area is described. This is used to maintain a uniform consistency of the enamel. Other essential features which have in the past caused trouble to many enamelers are mentioned.