bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOBRE PREJUICIOS, DEPENDENCIAS E INTEGRACIÓN. EL LIBERTO EN LA SOCIEDAD COLONIAL DE SANTIAGO DE CUBA, 1780-1803
Authors: Belmonte Postigo Jose Luis
Published: May 2022

La figura del liberto ha sido una de los grandes desconocidas en las sociedades afroamericanas caribeñas del periodo colonial dado el vacío historiográfico existente. Buena parte del rol jugado por este sector poblacional estaba determinado por la forma en que obtenía la libertad. En Santiago de Cuba, la mayor parte de estas manumisiones fueron compradas por los propios esclavos, por lo que el grado de dependencia respecto a su antiguo propietario debía ser menor que en aquellas regiones donde la actitud graciosa del propietario dictaba la libertad del esclavo. El liberto, a la hora de integrarse en la sociedad de libres, encontraba una serie de dificultades, que no le impidieron implementar relaciones de dominación sobre la población esclava. Este trabajo pretende realizar una redefinición de las clases propietarias de esclavos por encima de cuestiones raciales.
TRISTES TÓPICOS. IDEOLOGÍAS, DISCURSOS Y VIOLENCIA EN LA INDEPENDENCIA DE LA NUEVA GRANADA 1810-1821
Authors: Cuño Bonito Justo
Published: May 2022

Dos caras de una misma moneda. En el presente trabajo se analiza el origen del discurso de los partidos que se enfrentaron en el proceso de independencia colombiano (1810-1821). Enfrentados con las armas, pero usando las mismas técnicas discursivas y los mismos referentes de autoridad, cada uno supo adaptarlos a la circunstancia y momento político concretos. Un mismo autor, un mismo pensamiento, era utilizado para justificar actos brutales y arbitrarios que pretendían conseguir la libertad o un pretendido legítimo derecho a la dominación. En medio de las luchas de partidos, de las guerras civiles y de las grandes campañas militares, todos los sectores compartieron también un justificado legítimo derecho al saqueo, violencia y extorsión contra los mismos aterrorizados sectores populares.
Intereses y rivalidades regionales en la Venezuela caribeña
Authors: Urdaneta Quintero Arlene
Published: May 2022

Durante su primer gobierno (1870–1877), el Presidente Antonio Guzmán Blanco desarrolló un programa que aspiraba a centralizar política y económicamente a Venezuela. Una de las disposiciones aprobadas fue el cierre de los puertos de Maracaibo y La Vela, para las operaciones de importación y exportación realizadas desde los Andes venezolanos y colombianos, a través del Caribe. Estas funciones fueron transferidas al distante Puerto Cabello. Gran parte del occidente del país fue afectado por esta medida que no consideraba la larga tradición histórica de centros económicos que por centurias habían liderado las actividades agroexportadoras de sus respectivos ámbitos comerciales. La medida no sólo perjudicó los intereses de la región histórica del Lago y de Coro, favoreció a grupos económicos rivales establecidos en la región norcentral, asociados con el presidente de la república. En el caso particular del Zulia, el cierre del puerto de Maracaibo afectó a financistas, pequeños y grandes comerciantes, transportistas, navegantes, marineros, productores y diferentes colectivos del estado; otros sectores perjudicados fueron los comerciantes vinculados con esta actividad en Colombia y Curazao.
Rodeados por las Murallas Conflictos por el territorio en La Boquilla, Cartagena
Authors: Buitrago Villamizar Alejandra
Published: May 2022

La Boquilla, es un corregimiento que pertenece al Distrito de Cartagena de Indias, ubicado a dos kilómetros al norte de esta ciudad por la Vía al Mar. Los boquilleros son en su mayoría afrodescendientes, quienes se dedicaban a mediados del siglo XX a la pesca, la agricultura y a la ganadería en pequeña escala. Sin embargo, los procesos de modernización, urbanización y el desarrollo económico de Cartagena, estuvieron acompañados por la expropiación de sus tierras y el debilitamiento de sus prácticas tradicionales de subsistencia, lo que ha menoscabado sus condiciones de vida. Por estos motivos, los proyectos de convertir a La Boquilla en un exclusivo destino turístico internacional, son una amenaza para la supervivencia de su población y de su cultura.
Haitian immigrants and the Greater Caribbe an community of New York City: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Pierre-Louis Francois
Published: May 2022

Haitians are one of the largest post 1965 immigrant groups in New York City. In 2009, there were some 118,769 Haitian immigrants in the city, and this figure does not include the undocumented and the many thousands of children born in the United States to foreign-born Haitian parents. Unlike the English speaking Caribbean immigrants that are recognized as a model minority in America, Haitian immigrants had a different treatment. They were not viewed as a model minority despite the fact that they also came fr o m the Caribbean and shared similar narrative. This paper addresses the two most important periods of Haitian migration to New York City and the mechanisms and structures that they developed in the past several decades to gain acceptance in the US and forge political alliances with the English-speaking Caribbean immigrants to empow er their communi ty.
Migración femenina desde el caribe colombiano. Una mirada a sus espacios laborales en destino
Authors: Rodríguez López Mercedes , Bonilla Vélez Gloria Estela
Published: May 2022

Con el presente artículo se intenta reflexionar sobre la migración femenina desde Cartagena y Barranquilla -ciudades del Caribe colombiano- a diversos destinos internacionales, partiendo de los hallazgos de investigaciones desarrolladas por las autoras sobre el tema. Desde una perspectiva de género, se visibilizan aquí, experiencias narradas por migrantes y familiares sobre los procesos de vinculación al trabajo doméstico, actividades de cuidado y la prostitución como espacios laborales donde ocurren diversas formas de explotación y discriminación hacia las mujeres en los países de destino.
The Couple Satisfaction Questionnaire: Development and Validation with Two Italian Samples
Authors: Antonelli Elena , Ronconi Lucia
Published: May 2022

This paper reports on the development and validation of a questionnaire to measure couple satisfaction in the Italian population, the Couple Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ). The CSQ is focused to assess global couple satisfaction, that is the subjective evaluation of one’s couple relationship as a whole.  Results: The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in the pilot study indicated the existence of two dimensions, one positive and one negative with  respect to couple satisfaction. This separation has been interpreted as a methodological artifact due to item phrasing. In fact, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in the validation study supported our hypothesis of one latent factor. The CSQ showed to have good psychometric properties, including high internal consistency, and excellent convergent validity. Discriminant validity referring to social desirability was acceptable. Conclusion: The pilot and validation studies’ results suggest that the CSQ is a reliable instrument to assess couple satisfaction in couple or family counselling, and encourage further studies of its psychometric properties.
Risk mitigation by design of autonomous maritime automation systems
Authors: Dittmann Kjeld , Blanke Mogens
Published: May 2022

Autonomous marine surface vehicles rely on computer systems with computer intelligence making decisions to assist or replace the navigating officer. A fundamental requirement for the design and implementation of such a cyber-physical system is seamless, predictable, and secure interoperability between vendor-specific hardware and software subsystems. The article describes a system design that includes mechanisms to mitigate the risks and consequences of software defects, individual component malfunction, and harmful cyber interference. It addresses international regulations in the field and demonstrates a system design that can meet the requirements for safe behaviour in foreseeable events while also having the ability to call for human assistance if the autonomous system is unable to handle a situation. The paper presents a design for highly automated vessels with several inherent risk-reducing features, including the ability to isolate and encapsulate abnormal behaviours, built-in features to support resilience to unexpected events, and mechanisms for internal defence against cyber-attacks. The article shows how this is provided by a novel middleware that supports risk mitigation, dependability, and resilience.
Towards semi-autonomous operation of an over-actuated river ferry
Authors: Koschorrek Philipp , Kosch Martin , Nitsch Maximilian , Abel Dirk , Jürgens Dirk
Published: May 2022

The automation of ships will in the long run enable new mobility concepts and profitable business models both for offshore and inland vessels. However, automation in shipping can already today offer significant benefits for the environment as well as for the safety of people, infrastructure and the vessel itself. To gain these advantages, sophisticated sensors, reliable propulsion systems and intelligent algorithms are required. In this context, the project AKOON is investigating the potential of the automation of a river ferry. The ferry under investigation operates on the Rhine near Mainz in Germany and is being converted to a fully automated vessel as part of the research project. This article gives an overview of the guidance, navigation and control (GNC) modules of the automation with focus on the trajectory planning and trajectory tracking modules. The trajectory planning uses hybrid-state A* to find safe and fuel-efficient routes. The subsequent trajectory tracking is achieved by a two-level approach that uses a state-space controller and an optimization-based thrust allocation to efficiently operate the over-actuated propulsion system consisting of four cycloidal propellers. Results from a high-fidelity vessel simulator based on state-of-the-art hydrodynamic simulations show that the presented approach allows the generation of collision-free reference trajectories, that can be tracked safely even in cases of model mismatches and disturbances.
Review of pose estimation within European ship-automation projects using GNSS-based navigation
Authors: Liu Shuchen , Gehrt Jan-Jöran , Abel Dirk
Published: May 2022

Accurate and reliable navigation systems are necessary to deploy autonomous shipping. For this purpose, georeferenced vehicle-pose information is often generated using sensor data fusion consisting of GNSS data, inertial measurement, and other applicable aiding sensors. This technical overview summarizes current European projects and international work in the field of GNSS-based maritime navigation and introduces and discusses the sensors and methods involved. The review focuses on approaches with proprioceptive sensor technology. Therefore, as a limitation, environment sensing algorithms (e. g., SLAM) are explicitly not included. It is concluded that highly accurate and reliable sensor fusion should include complementary and redundant onboard sensors, which are tightly coupled.
Automation of maritime shipping for more safety and environmental protection
Authors: Ehlers Tobias , Portier Martin , Thoma Doreen
Published: May 2022

The demands on maritime shipping, one of the oldest and most international industries in the world, are increasing. The complexity of the transport chains, their constantly increasing size and the evolving regulatory requirements with regard to safety and sustainability continuously present new challenges. In addition, unforeseeable developments and the increasing utilization of the seas by other industries cause a constant uncertainty, by political and military conflicts along main shipping routes, as well as changed routing schemes caused by introduction of new environmental protection areas. Highly automated, remote-controlled or fully autonomous ships are intended to improve safety at sea and lead shipping into a more sustainable future.

Experts in the maritime domain recommend the automation of ships (completely or partly unmanned) and the implementation of Artificial intelligence (AI) for more safety in navigation with a harmonized Maritime Cyber Risk Management. In a technology development platform such highly complex maritime systems can be validated and tested under realistic conditions, for instance to engage in determining positions more reliably and resiliently in view of the susceptibility and vulnerability of satellite-based Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), such as GPS, GLONASS or Galileo.
Genome-wide identification and characterization of NBS-encoding genes in the sweet potato wild ancestor Ipomoea trifida (H.B.K.)
Authors: Si Zengzhi , Qiao Yake , Zhang Kai , Ji Zhixin , Han Jinling
Published: May 2022

The most predominant type of resistance (R) genes contain nucleotide-binding sites and leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) domains, characterization of which is helpful for plant resistance improvement. However, the NBS genes of Ipomoea trifida (H.B.K.) remain insufficient to date. In this study, a genome-wide analysis of the NBS-encoding gene in I. trifida (H.B.K.) was carried out. A total of 442 NBS encoding genes were identified, amounting to 1.37% of the total genes of I. trifida (H.B.K.). Based on the analysis of the domains, the identified ItfNBS genes were further classified into seven groups: CNL, NL, CN, N, TNL, TN, and RNL. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the I. trifida NBS genes clustered into three independent clades: RNL, TNL, and CNL. Chromosome location analysis revealed that the distribution of ItfNBS genes in chromosomes was uneven, with a number ranging from 3 to 45. Multiple stress-related regulatory elements were detected in the promoters of the NBS-encoding genes, and their expression profiles were obtained. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that IbNBS10, IbNBS20, IbNBS258, and IbNBS88 responded to stem nematode infection. These results provide critical proof for further characterization and analysis of NBS-encoding genes with important functions.
Association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of NKX2.5 and congenital heart disease in Chinese population: A meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Huan , Li Tianjiao , Wu Yuqing , Wang Xi , Wang Mingyuan , Wang Xin , Fang Xiaoling
Published: May 2022

NKX2.5 is a transcription factor that plays a key role in cardiovascular growth and development. Several independent studies have been previously conducted to investigate the association between the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 606G >C (rs3729753) in the coding region of NKX2.5 and congenital heart disease (CHD). However, the results of these studies have been inconsistent. Therefore, the present study aimed to reveal the relationship between NKX2.5 SNP 606G >C and the risk of CHD as possible in the Chinese population through meta-analysis. After retrieving related articles in PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of science, Cochrane, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang DATA, and VIP database until August 2021, a total of eight studies were included in the present meta-analysis. The qualified research data were then merged into allele, dominant, recessive, heterozygous, homozygous, and additive models. Overall results of the current meta-analysis showed that 606G >C was not associated with CHD of the Chinese population in any model. In addition, subgroup analysis based on CHD type gave the same negative result. Results of sensitivity analysis showed that there was no significant correlation after the deletion of each study. Furthermore, it was noted that the results were negative and the heterogeneity was not significant. In conclusion, it was evident that NKX2-5 SNP 606G >C may not lead to the risk of CHD in Chinese population.
Trace-Class and Nuclear Operators
Authors: Kubrusly Carlos S.
Published: May 2022

This paper explores the long journey from projective tensor products of a pair of Banach spaces, passing through the definition of nuclear operators still on the realm of projective tensor products, to the of notion of trace-class operators on a Hilbert space, and shows how and why these concepts (nuclear and trace-class operators, that is) agree in the end.
Influence of Three Gorges Dam on earthquakes based on GRACE gravity field
Authors: Wang Yaxiang , Cao Ziyi , Pang Zhaojun , Liu Yan , Tian Jiawei , Li Juan , Yin Lirong , Zheng Wenfeng , Liu Shan
Published: May 2022

After the completion of the Three Gorges Dam, it increases the risk of inducing an earthquake. We use the GRACE Gravity Field Model to analyze the relationship between the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir and the change of gravity field in western Sichuan. The research results indicate that the reservoir water level and the western Sichuan gravitational field are positively correlated. In the early stage of rising water level, the change of gravity field is not apparent, and the change of gravity field gradually increases with time. Therefore, the change of reservoir water level affects the gravity field in western Sichuan. The dynamic changes of the gravity field can reflect the Earth’s material change and deformation process and are closely related to earthquakes. Consequently, the Three Gorges Dam will indirectly affect the seismicity in western Sichuan by affecting the gravity field. The research provides valuable information for studying regional reservoir earthquake disasters and supports related policy decisions.
Ulam’s type stability of impulsive delay integrodifferential equations in Banach spaces
Authors: Scindia Pallavi S. , Nisar Kottakkaran S.
Published: May 2022

In this paper, by applying Pachpatte’s type integral inequality with integral impulses, we investigate Ulam–Hyers and Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stabilities for the impulsive Volterra delay integrodifferential equation Banach spaces. Suitable examples are given to support the obtained results.
How Does a “Green” Good Affect Environmental Quality and Social Welfare?
Authors: Brumme Anja
Published: May 2022

In this paper an impure public good model is applied to analyze the effects of introducing a green good, i.e. a consumption good that contributes to preservation of environmental quality. I distinguish three types of consumers: “grays”, who consume the green good and a private good; “greens”, who consume the green good and make additional donations to environmental organizations; and “edge” consumers, who consume only the green good. With respect to environmental quality I find that the gap between voluntary provision and optimal provision is unaffected by the introduction of the green good, no matter if consumers are gray or green. However, in the case of gray agents environmental quality is improved in absolute terms after the green good has been launched whereas it remains at the same level as before if consumers are green. The effect of the green good on the social welfare gap is more likely to be beneficial if agents are gray. The gaps with respect to environmental quality and social welfare are both closed if the agents are edge consumers.
UGRC 2021 recommendations on GME transition: pros and cons, opportunities and limitations
Authors: Gimpel John R. , Swails Jennifer L. , Bienstock Jessica L. , Lin Grant L. , Roett Michelle A. , Patel Juhee K. , Giang Daniel W.
Published: May 2022

The Coalition for Physician Accountability’s Undergraduate Medical Education-Graduate Medical Education (UME-GME) Review Committee (UGRC): Recommendations for Comprehensive Improvement of the UME-GME Transition final report includes a total of 34 recommendations and outlines opportunities to transform the current processes of learner transition from a US-based MD- or DO-granting medical school or international medical education pathway into residency training in the United States. This review provides a reflection on the recommendations from the authors, all members of the UGRC, describing the pros and cons and the opportunities and limitations, in the hopes that they might inspire readers to dig deeper into the report and contribute to meaningful improvements to the current transition. The UGRC Recommendations highlight the many opportunities for improvement in the UME-to-GME transition. They are built on the connection to the system of education and formation of physicians to a more just healthcare system, with attention to diversity, equity, and inclusion to improve health disparities and to the quality of care that patients receive. However, there are justifiable concerns about changes that are not fully understood or that could potentially lead to unintentional consequences. This analysis, reached through author consensus, considers the pros and cons in the potential application of the UGRC Recommendations to improve the UME-to-GME transition. Further debate and discussion are warranted, without undue delay, all with the intention to continue to improve the education of tomorrow’s physicians and the care for the patients who we have the privilege to serve.
Ultralow loss visible light metamaterials assembled by metaclusters
Authors: Zhao Jing , Chen Huan , Song Kun , Xiang Liqin , Zhao Qian , Shang Chaohong , Wang Xiaonong , Shen Zhijie , Wu Xianfeng , Hu Yajie , Zhao Xiaopeng
Published: May 2022

Optical metamaterials give birth to the control and regulation of light. However, because of strong energy dissipation and fabrication difficulty in meta-atoms, low-loss isotropic three dimensional negative index metamaterials (NIMs) in the visible spectrum has long been regarded as an extremely challenging. Here, we report an ultralow loss isotropic metamaterials for visible light and its inverse Doppler effect. The ball-thorn-shaped metaclusters with symmetrical structure consisting of the dielectric and its surface dispersed super-thin silver layer was proposed, the surface plasma resonance is formed by discrete silver layer with a thickness of two or three atomic layers. We invented a unique technique for preparing ultralow loss isotropic clusters and three-dimensional large block samples. The negative refractive index and the inverse Doppler effect of green and red light is measured by the prism method for the first time. The discrete super-thin silver layer produced by the photoreduction method greatly reduces the generation of loss and break through noble metal high energy losses of traditional optical frequency metamaterial, the metaclusters unfold bottleneck of the nano-assemble visible light metamaterials, opening a door for disorder assembling ultralow loss isotropic three-dimensional large block NIMs devices of arbitrary shape.
Remember Death: An Examination of Death, Mourning, and Death Anxiety Within Islam
Authors: Davoudi Nilou
Published: May 2022

Scholarship and research in the field of thanatology require creative responses to address contemporary concerns regarding how people – individually and collectively – make sense of events and experiences associated with death and dying. This present study focuses on the broader Islamic traditions of the experience of death and the afterlife and provides a conceptual overview of the practices of mourning and memoria. This overview offers an exploration of considerations for the well-being of the deceased, interactions between the living and the dead, as well as how dreams act as conduits between the seen and unseen worlds. Additionally, this study draws from the narratives contained within the fortieth and final book of the eleventh-century Persian Muslim philosopher and jurist, Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī’s epic, titledThe Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife, to address and juxtaposition Muslim conceptions pertaining to death and the afterlife with death anxiety research not currently articulated within the wider Islamic scholarship. Through the exploration of Islamic traditions and the contribution of al-Ghazālī’s citations withinThe Remembrance, this work will demonstrate how broader reflections on recognising the inevitability of death and the importance of relinquishing earthly attachments posit a creative response to contemporary death anxiety research. Bearing in mind the commonly studied tenets within the wider corpus of al-Ghazālī’s impressive epic,The Revival of the Religious Sciences, it is the literature presented here which warrants full consideration for creative responses to the discussion on death that may consequently be of pastoral significance and provide techniques for lessening death anxiety.
Synthesis, properties and catalysis of quantum dots in C–C and C-heteroatom bond formations
Authors: Das Dwaipayan , Saha Moumita , Das Asish. R.
Published: May 2022

Luminescent quantum dots (QDs) represent a new form of carbon nanomaterials which have gained widespread attention in recent years, especially in the area of chemical sensing, bioimaging, nanomedicine, solar cells, light-emitting diode (LED), and electrocatalysis. Their extremely small size renders some unusual properties such as quantum confinement effects, good surface binding properties, high surface‐to‐volume ratios, broad and intense absorption spectra in the visible region, optical and electronic properties different from those of bulk materials. Apart from, during the past few years, QDs offer new and versatile ways to serve as photocatalysts in organic synthesis. Quantum dots (QD) have band gaps that could be nicely controlled by a number of factors in a complicated way, mentioned in the article. Processing, structure, properties and applications are also reviewed for semiconducting quantum dots. Overall, this review aims to summarize the recent innovative applications of QD or its modified nanohybrid as efficient, robust, photoassisted redox catalysts in C–C and C-heteroatom bond forming reactions. The recent structural modifications of QD or its core structure in the development of new synthetic methodologies are also highlighted. Following a primer on the structure, properties, and bio-functionalization of QDs, herein selected examples of QD as a recoverable sustainable nanocatalyst in various green media are embodied for future reference.
Polyaniline mediated heterogeneous catalysis in the preparation of heterocyclic derivatives through carbon–heteroatom bond formations
Authors: Vaidya Jayathirtha Rao , Durga Nageswar Yadavalli Venkata
Published: May 2022

Green-bond forming reactions in organic chemistry are very much essential for the sustainability and it is a continuous evolutionary process. Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the catalysts can offer a green-bond forming chemistry. The present chapter is designed to explain PANI mediated reactions leading to the synthesis of heterocycles. PANI and PANI-doped catalyst preparation methods and together with characterization of PANI catalyst using modern analytical tools is explained. Several heterocycles were prepared using PANI or doped-PANI catalyst in a one pot reaction conditions or sometimes multicomponent reaction conditions. Ease of PANI preparation, simple reaction conditions, PANI recovery and reusability and quick-way of product isolation or workup procedure are the highlights of this chapter.
Chemistry of the elements at the end of the actinide series using their low-energy ion-beams
Authors: Sato Tetsuya K. , Nagame Yuichiro
Published: May 2022

Studies of the chemical properties of the elements at the uppermost end of the Periodic Table are extremely challenging both experimentally and theoretically. One of the most important and interesting subjects is to clarify the basic chemical properties of these elements as well as to elucidate the influence of relativistic effects on their electronic configuration. Isotopes of these elements produced at accelerators, however, are short-lived, and the number of produced atoms is so small; any chemistry to be performed must be done on an atom-at-a-time basis that imposes stringent limits on experimental procedures. Here we describe our recent achievements in the effective production of low-energy ion-beams of the elements at the end of the actinide series, fermium (Fm, atomic number Z = 100), mendelevium (Md, Z = 101), nobelium (No, Z = 102), and lawrencium (Lr, Z = 103), using a surface ionization ion-source installed in the ISOL (Isotope Separator On-Line) at the Tandem accelerator facility of JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency). Then the successful measurements of the first ionization potentials (IP1) of these elements with the ISOL setup are reviewed. The measured IP1 values increased up to No via Fm and Md, while that of Lr was the lowest among the actinides. Based on the variation of the IP1 values of the heavy actinides with the atomic number in comparison with those of the heavy lanthanides, the results clearly demonstrated that the 5f orbitals are fully filled at No, and the actinide series ends with Lr. Furthermore, the IP1 value of Lr provoked controversy over its position in the Periodic Table, so a short introduction to this issue is presented. The feasibility of the extension of chemical studies to still heavier elements with their ion-beams generated by ISOL is briefly discussed.
Der neue (Kalte?) Krieg. Das russische Ultimatum vom Dezember 2021 und die Folgen für die westliche Allianz
Authors: Adomeit Hannes , Krause Joachim
Published: May 2022

Mit der Veröffentlichung zweier Ultimaten an die USA und die NATO will Russland eine grundlegende Veränderung der sicherheitspolitischen Ordnung erzwingen und ist – wie der Überfall auf die Ukraine gezeigt hat – fest entschlossen, seine Vorstellungen auch mit militärischer Gewalt durchzusetzen. Dieser bewaffnete Konflikt hat nicht nur eine spezifisch russisch-ukrainische Dimension: Er markiert den Beginn des zweiten Kalten Kriegs in Europa, und es ist nicht sicher, ob er dieses Mal „kalt“ bleiben wird. Die russische Führungsclique hat sich in ein Bild der Rolle Russlands in Europa hineingesteigert, das zwar aus der Zeit gefallen scheint, angesichts der russischen Militärpotenziale aber die westliche Staatengemeinschaft zwingt, sich mit der russischen Herausforderung auseinanderzusetzen. Noch sind die Konturen des kommenden Kalten Kriegs nicht klar erkennbar, doch es lassen sich bereits Faktoren und Dynamiken identifizieren, die ihn strukturieren werden.
Deutschlands Russlandproblem
Authors: Lough John
Published: May 2022

Kurzfassung

Deutschland verfügt über eine Vielzahl von Wissen und Erfahrungen über Russland und den Umgang mit Russland. Dennoch haben sich die politischen Entscheidungsträger in Deutschland über viele Jahre schwer damit getan, zu begreifen, dass Moskaus Versuche, die Mächtebalance in Europa neu zu strukturieren, einen frontalen Angriff auf Deutschlands Interessen darstellen, die auf Integration in die EU und NATO basieren. Für Deutsche sind Konflikte mit Russland etwas zutiefst Unbehagliches; allein der Gedanke weckt Emotionen, die klares Denken und konsistentes Handeln behindern. Dieser Artikel beleuchtet die Herausforderung, die diese Einstellungsmuster für Deutschland bei der Entwicklung politischer Strategien im Umgang mit Russland darstellt. Er analysiert, wie mehrere aufeinanderfolgende Bundesregierungen zwischen 1991 und 2014 die russischen Absichten missverstanden und unbeabsichtigt die Herausbildung eines russischen Systems gefördert haben, das deutschen Interessen gegenüber feindlich gesonnen ist.
Strategies for converting non-edible biomass into value-added chemicals: Economical and reliable biorefining processes
Authors: Lee Kang Hyun , Chun Youngsang , Yoo Hah Young , Kim Seung Wook
Published: May 2022

About 35% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions come from the energy sector, which accelerates global warming and sea-level rise. As a renewable resource, biomass not only can replace conventional fossil energy with renewable energy, but it is also a key component of the circular bioeconomy (CBE). To achieve efficient use of bioresources, the concept of biorefinery with CBE strategy is increasingly being considered in several countries. In particular, it aims to reduce crude oil consumption and build an economy that is favorable for the climate and nature by replacing carbon-intensive products such as plastics, synthetic rubber, and synthetic fibers with renewable bio-based resources. The purpose of this article is to investigate biomass conversion technologies for building a CBE and to consider successful biorefinery strategies. In particular, five implications of using biomass are suggested as ways to secure the economic feasibility of biorefinery. We propose a biorefinery that produces value-added chemicals from non-edible biomass through saccharification and fermentation as a strategy to achieve the 2050 goal of net-zero carbon.
Effect of structural features of plant biomass as a dewatering aid for digested sludge from a wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Tanifuji Keishi , Yamasaki Yukiyo , Miyamoto Toyohisa , Shigemura Hiroyuki
Published: May 2022

Large amounts of plant biomass are produced by public work projects. This plant biomass was evaluated as an aid for the dewatering of sludge from a sewage treatment plant. The relationships were investigated between the different structural types of plant biomass (grass clippings, pruned branches of Japanese black pine, and bamboo powder) and their dewaterability potential in digested sludge. Microscopic observations revealed that grass fibrous materials and Japanese black pine needles had hollow structures. However, xylem, bark parts of Japanese black pine, and bamboo culms exhibited woody cell structures. The difference in water retention value of grass clippings after filtration and centrifugation was higher than that of Japanese pine and bamboo, indicating that the water present within the pores of grass fibrous materials could be easily removed. Plant biomass was captured inside the floc when digested sludge was mixed with plant biomass and flocculation was performed by adding a flocculant. The addition of grass clippings exhibited better dewaterability compared with both Japanese black pine and bamboo. The grass fibrous materials used as a dewatering aid effectively improved the dewaterability of the digested sludge because the water in a sludge floc may be drained from within the grass fibrous materials.
Public perception of the wood products industry in Malaysia and its implication on the future workforce
Authors: Ratnasingam Jegatheswaran , Latib Hazirah Ab , Liat Lim Choon , Mariapan Manohar , Jegatheswaran Natkuncaran , Othman Kamaruzaman , Amir Mohd Afthar
Published: May 2022

Despite contributing almost RM 20 billion (USD 4.9 billion) in exports earnings annually, the public perception of the wood products industry in Malaysia remains unknown. Therefore, this study attempted to assess public perceptions about the industry in Malaysia among the public, including teenagers, based on 3,010 reliably answered questionnaire-surveys. Generally, the public perceived the wood products industry to be a low-wage economy, labor-intensive, predominated by foreign contract workers, and unsustainable in the long-term. In essence, the public appear to have stronger negative images of the industry compared to the positive images. The main drivers for such negative perceptions, identified through the factor analysis, were the prevailing business environment in the industry and its workforce characteristics. Consequently, teenagers and school-leavers tend to be less interested in pursuing a career in the industry, let alone pursuing further studies in the wood-related fields. The main reasons cited for this were the limited career growth opportunity due to the predomination of family-controlled small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the industry and the discouragements from family members and friends. The provision of reliable, timely, and transparent information is important to boost the public’s awareness and build positive beliefs and perception of the wood industry.
Polyhydroxyalkanoate production by Cupriavidus necator with inedible rice
Authors: Tu Wei-Lin , Chu Hsiao-Kai , Huang Chun-Mei , Chen Chia-Hsin , Ou Chung-Mao , Guo Gia-Luen
Published: May 2022

Because of their lower environmental impact, biodegradable polymers such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) produced within cultured bacteria represent promising alternatives to petroleum-based plastics. PHA production in flasks yielded optimal results with a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 22. The 5-L scale experimental results revealed that when glucose was used as the carbon source, Cupriavidus necator could produce 4.74 g/L PHA with 77.6% of PHA content in the microorganism 72 h after the initiation of the experiment. When the hydrolysis liquid from inedible rice was used as the carbon source, the highest concentration of PHA and ratio of PHA content in the microorganism were 4.82 g/L and 68.6%, respectively, after 72 h. Using the hydrolysis liquid from inedible rice as the carbon source reduced the culture cost and shortened the culture time, without affecting the structure of the PHA during production. Using the hydrolysis liquid from rice as the carbon source in PHA production (by C. necator) yielded optimal results, and the results may serve as a reference for applications involving other PHA-producing bacteria. Employing alternative carbon sources to culture bacteria might become a means of increasing the productivity and ensuring the quality of PHA products in the future.
Effect of Cavity Disinfection Protocols on Microtensile Bond Strength of Universal Adhesive to Dentin
Authors: Bilgili Can Dilber , Dundar Ayse , Barutcugil Çagatay
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different disinfection protocols of dentin on bond strength of an MDP-containing universal adhesive. Twelve extracted mandibular third molars were separated horizontally at the mid-coronal of crown to get smooth and sound dentin surfaces using low-speed diamond saw. The teeth were randomly fallen into four groups: chlorhexidine (CHX), ozone, Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation (LASER) and no treatment (control). After cavity disinfection application, a universal adhesive (G-Premio Bond) was applied to the surface of dentin according to self-etch mode as instructed by the manufacturer. After incremental built-up of composite resin (Charisma Smart), the specimens were immersed in distilled water at 37°C for 24h. Dentin/composite beams with 1 mm² cross sectional area were produced and micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) was applied on these beams (n=20). Failure mods were determined under a stereomicroscope at ×40. The resin penetration of samples stained with Rhodamine B fluorochrome dye was examined with a confocal laser scanning microscope. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS-22. Test results were analyzed using One-way Anova and Tukey HSD Post-Hoc tests (p<0.05). The µTBS value of control (35.13±6.20) was the highest statistically among the groups (p<0.05). The lowest µTBS were obtained by LASER (19.25±4.66) and CHX (23.07±7.01). There was no significant difference between CHX and LASER, and between CHX and ozone (p>0.5). All applications of cavity disinfection procedures decreased the µTBS of the resin-dentin interface.
New Cohesion and Regional Development Policy in the Period 2021-2027
Authors:   Institute of National Economy, Romanian Academy, Romania, Antonescu Daniela
Published: May 2022

This paper contains the main aspects and elements to the next programming period and future regional policy of the European Union. From the perspective of the next programming period, cohesion policy keeps on investing in all regions, still on the basis of three categories (less-developed; transition; more-developed). The allocation method for the funds is still largely based on GDP per capita, but the new criteria are added (youth unemployment, low education level, climate change, and the reception and integration of migrants) to better reflect the reality on the ground.
County-level method for identifying Romanian ecological corridors: environmental and spatial planning issues
Authors:   National Institute for Research and Development URBAN-INCERC, Bucharest, Romania, Tache Antonio Valentin , Popescu Oana-Cătălina ,   National Institute for Research and Development URBAN-INCERC, Bucharest, Romania, Petrișor Alexandru-Ionuț ,   Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism,   National Institute for Research and Development in Tourism, Bucharest, Romania,   National Institute for Research and Development URBAN-INCERC, Bucharest, Romania
Published: May 2022

A solution for the habitat fragmentation, decline of biodiversity, loss of ecosystems and ecosystem services can be to increase the number of protected areas and the connectivity between them, by creating ecological corridors. Since this conservation practice is becoming more relevant considering the climate change, the concept of ecological connectivity must be integrated in most political frameworks, especially in relation with the spatial development, requiring appropriate legislation. The article aims at proposing a new technique of ecological connectivity modeling, demonstrated by a specific methodology aiming to identify the ecological corridors used the brown bear (Ursus arctos) within the Natura 2000 sites in the Romanian Carpathian Mountains covered by the Buzau County. The processed GIS layers together with the ArcGIS.x Corridor Design Tool were used to map the permeability in the studied area and thus to identify the ecological corridors. The obtained results are useful tools for spatial planners that must integrate, adapt and accept these corridors in their plans. It is the first study published at national level, a novel one, in which ecological corridors for the brown bear are identified based on a County Land Use Plan, embedding the ecological dimension in the concept of spatial planning.
Characterization of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates in a Moroccan hospital
Authors: Benaissa Elmostafa , Abassour Tilila , Belouad Elmehdi , Maleb Adil , Elouennass Mostafa
Published: May 2022

Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are two pathogens with an important power of adaptation to antibiotics thus, both pose a real public health problem. Our study investigated epidemiological characteristics, antibiotic sensitivity profile and resistance genes of imipenem resistant A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa. This was a retrospective study carried out in the bacteriology laboratory of Mohammed V military training hospital, spanning from January 2018 to April 2021. Antibiotic susceptibility was studied by Mueller Hilton agar diffusion method with OXOID® type antibiotic discs and interpreted according to the recommendations of EUCAST 2021. Carbapenemase detection was performed by CarbaNP-test®. The molecular study was performed using conventional PCR. During the study period, we collected 1,072 imipenem-resistant isolates namely, 820 A. baumannii and 252 P. aeruginosa. The molecular study showed that out of 108 A. baumannii isolates 102 carried the bla
OXA-51 and 100 isolates carried the bla
OXA-23 gene. The coexistence of bla
OXA-23 and bla
NDM genes was detected in only 4 isolates. Altogether 50% of P. aeruginosa strains carried bla
VIM-2. All investigated A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa strains were colistin susceptible in this study. Multiresistant bacterial infections are associated with longer hospitalization, higher hospital costs and higher mortality rates. Therefore, a collective action including the different actors of the healthcare system is necessary.
AUTENTIFIKASI AL-QUR’AN MELALUI KRITIK TEKS (KAJIAN ATAS THE AGELESS QUR’AN TIMELESS TEXT: A VISUAL STUDY OF SURA 17 ACROSS 14 CENTURIES AND 19 MANUSCRIPTS)
Authors: Asnawi Aqdi Rofiq , Bin Ismail Ahmad Thaqif
Published: May 2022

Sejak lama kajian teks terus dilakukan, seolah ia tidak pernah lekang oleh waktu, terutama terhadap validitas teks Al-Qur’an. Di era permulaan Islam, para sarjana sudah menggunakan metode kritik teks dalam mengkaji manuskrip al-Qur’an, namun penerapannya sering kali menuai  kritik karena berasal dari studi teks Bibel. Padahal prinsip-prinsip kritik teks ini telah dipakai oleh para sahabat Nabi meski istilah textual criticism (kritik teks) belum muncul. Artikel ini berusaha melacak sejauh mana penerapan kritik teks A’zami yang meneliti 18 manuskrip al-Qur’an tertuang dalam karyanya Ageless Qur’an timeless text: A visual study of Sura 17 across 14 centuries and 19 manuscripts. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan cara menganalisis karya A’zami tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa A’zami menerapkan beberapa prinsip kritik teks, seperti pencarian kesalahan teks, analisa perbandingan manuskrip, dan perbedaan tulisan al-Qur’an dari masa ke masa. Namun, A‘zami tidak mengajukan perbaikan teks atau menerbitkan edisi kritis al-Qur’an sebagaimana efek penerapan kritik teks pada Bibel. Keunikan kajian A’zami terletak pada visualisasi proses kritik teks. Artikel ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa penelitian mengenai manuskrip-manuskrip al-Qur’an menggunakan prinsip-prinsip kritik teks dapat membuktikan keaslian al-Qur’an.
THE EFFECTS OF L2 PRAGMATIC AUTONOMOUS AND CONTROLLED MOTIVATIONS ON ENGAGEMENT WITH PRAGMATIC ASPECT
Authors: Sanjaya I Nyoman Suka , Sitawati Anak Agung Raka , Suciani Ni Ketut , Putra I Made Ardana , Yudistira Cokorda Gede Putra
Published: May 2022

No study has investigated the relationship between student engagement per se and student motivation within second language (L2) pragmatics, notwithstanding the significance of engagement for L2 learning. The present study aimed to explore the effects of two global motivational orientations (autonomous and controlled motivations) on behavioral engagement within the perspective of L2 pragmatics by drawing on self-determination theory. A total of 76 college students agreed to participate and were requested to fill out a tailor-made, 34-item, 6-point Likert-scale questionnaire. The results of data analysis using standard multiple linear regression revealed that both Autonomous and Controlled Motivations significantly predicted and explained a large amount of variance in Engagement, F(2, 71) = 161.28, p < .01, R2 = .82, adjusted R2 = .81, and that the effect of Controlled Motivation, B = .33, t(71) = 8.05, p < .01, was twice as large as that of Autonomous Motivation, B = .16, t(71) = 4.91, p < .01. These findings indicate that students’ controlled motivation is more powerful in enhancing their engagement in learning L2 pragmatics. Pedagogically, it implies that teachers should bolster students’ motivation to learn L2 pragmatics, which can eventually lead to their increased engagement.