bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multitemporal Soil Moisture Retrieval over Bare Agricultural Areas by Means of Alpha Model with Multisensor SAR Data
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Tang Xinming , Gao Xiaoming , Zhao Hui
Published: May 2018

The objective of this research is to optimize the Alpha approximation model for soil moisture retrieval using multitemporal SAR data. The Alpha model requires prior knowledge of soil moisture range to constrain soil moisture estimation. The solution of the Alpha model is an undetermined problem due to the fact that the number of observation equations is less than the number of unknown parameters. This research primarily focused on the optimization of Alpha model by employing multisensor and multitemporal SAR data. The disadvantage of the Alpha model can be eliminated by the combination of multisensor SAR data. The optimized Alpha model was evaluated on the basis of a comprehensive campaign for soil moisture retrieval, which acquired multisensor time series SAR data and coincident field measurements. The agreement between the estimated and measured soil moisture was within a root mean square error of 0.08 cm3/cm3 for both methods. The optimized Alpha model shows an obvious improvement for soil moisture retrieval. The results demonstrated that multisensor and multitemporal SAR data are favorable for time series soil moisture retrieval over bare agricultural areas.
A Comparative Study Based on Different Control Algorithms for Suppressing Multistage Gear Transmission System Vibrations
Authors: Sun Wenhao , Zhang Feng , Zhu Weidong , Wang Han , Luo Shunan , Li Haiyan
Published: May 2018

A modal analysis (MA) was preconsidered to determine a novel active vibration control (AVC) structure of multistage gear transmission system (MGTS) and an appropriate actuating position for the piezoelectric actuator (PZT); the results of the calculating method and the finite element method (FEM) were compared to validate the reliability of MA. The controllers based on different control algorithms were designed to drive the PZTs to output the control force for suppressing the host structure vibrations. To analyze the feasibility of the applied control schemes and discuss the control effects dominated by the different control algorithms, a series of active vibration control numerical simulations were studied. The cosimulation results validate the practicability of the proposed control schemes and provide a forcible guidance for the further experimental works.
Management of a Parturient with Mast Cell Activation Syndrome: An Anesthesiologist’s Experience
Authors: Kumaraswami Sangeeta , Farkas Gabriel
Published: May 2018

Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is a disorder in which patients experience symptoms and signs attributable to inappropriate mast cell activation and mediator release. Multiorgan involvement in patients can result in significant morbidity and possible mortality. Limited literature exists regarding anesthetic management of patients with MCAS. We report a case of vaginal delivery with neuraxial labor analgesia in a parturient with this condition and highlight the importance of multidisciplinary planning for uneventful outcomes. Stress can trigger life-threatening symptoms, and counseling is important to allay patients’ fears. Optimum medical control, adequate premedication, avoidance of triggers, and preparedness to treat serious mediator effects are key. We review MCAS and discuss anesthetic considerations for patients with this mast cell disorder.
Nonspecific Symptoms in a Rare Case of Urethral Adenocarcinoma in a 58-Year-Old Female
Authors: Gustafson Line Winther , Christiansen Anne Gamst , Majeed Huda , Humaidan Peter
Published: May 2018

Cancer of the urethra is very rare with an age-adjusted incidence of only 0.6 per million women in Europe. The etiology is multifactorial and the incidence increases with age, with the highest rates in patients 75 years or older. We herein describe a 58-year-old woman referred to our unit due to pollakisuria and repeated lower urinary tract infections. The gynecological examination revealed a suspect area in the anterior wall of vagina. Subsequently, ultrasound examination, MRI, and PET-CT scan followed by vaginal biopsies revealed a urethral adenocarcinoma.
Uncertainty Analysis for Natural Gas Transport Pipeline Network Layout: A New Methodology Based on Monte Carlo Method
Authors: Zeng Jun , Sun Chaoxu , Zhu Zhenjun , Wu Jiangling , Chen Hongsheng
Published: May 2018

Natural gas plays an increasing important role in the China’s energy revolution. The rapid market development and refined government regulation demand improvements in the natural gas transport pipeline network. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to conduct a study regarding the layout of pipeline networks. To reflect the comprehensive benefits of pipeline projects and obtain global optimal solution, this study introduces the dominance degree model (DDM). Aiming at optimizing the layout of natural gas transport pipeline networks, this paper studies the uncertainty of the DDM and the corresponding method for network layout. This study proposes an uncertainty analysis based on the Monte Carlo method to quantify the uncertainty of the DDM and its influential factors. Finally, the methodology is applied to the real case of a natural gas transport pipeline project in Zhejiang Province, China. The calculation results suggest that the methodology appropriately addresses the problem of pipeline network layout for natural gas transport. This has important implications for other potential pipeline networks not only in the Zhejiang Province but also throughout China and beyond.
Effect of High Protein Diet and ProbioticLactobacillus caseiShirota Supplementation in Aflatoxin B1-Induced Rats
Authors: Nurul Adilah Z. , Liew Winnie-Pui-Pui , Mohd Redzwan S. , Amin I.
Published: May 2018

ProbioticLactobacillus caseiShirota (LcS) is a potential decontaminating agent of aflatoxin B1(AFB1). However, few studies have investigated the influence of diet, especially a high protein (HP) diet, on the binding of AFB1by probiotics. This research was conducted to determine the effect of HP diet on the ability of LcS to bind AFB1and reduce aflatoxin M1(AFM1) in AFB1-induced rats. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: A (HP only), B (HP + 108 CFU LcS + 25 μg AFB1/kg BW), and C (HP + 25 μg AFB1/kg BW). Levels of AST and ALP were higher in all groups but other liver function’s biomarkers were in the normal range, and the liver’s histology showed no structural changes. The urea level of rats in group B (10.02 ± 0.73 mmol/l) was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of rats in group A (10.82 ± 0.26 mmol/l). The presence of carcinoma in the small intestine and colon was more obvious in group C than in group B. Moreover, rats in group B had significantly (p<0.05) lower AFM1concentration (0.39 ± 0.01 ng/ml) than rats in group C (5.22 ± 0.28 ng/ml). Through these findings, LcS supplementation with HP diet alleviated the adverse effects of AFB1by preventing AFB1absorption in the small intestine and reducing urinary AFM1.
Comprehensive Profiling of DNA Repair Defects in Breast Cancer Identifies a Novel Class of Endocrine Therapy Resistance Drivers
Authors: Anurag Meenakshi , Punturi Nindo , Hoog Jeremy , Bainbridge Matthew N. , Ellis Matthew J. , Haricharan Svasti
Published: May 2018

Purpose: This study was undertaken to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the role of DNA damage repair (DDR) defects in poor outcome ER+ disease.

Experimental Design: Expression and mutational status of DDR genes in ER+ breast tumors were correlated with proliferative response in neoadjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy trials (discovery dataset), with outcomes in METABRIC, TCGA, and Loi datasets (validation datasets), and in patient-derived xenografts. A causal relationship between candidate DDR genes and endocrine treatment response, and the underlying mechanism, was then tested in ER+ breast cancer cell lines.

Results: Correlations between loss of expression of three genes: CETN2 (P < 0.001) and ERCC1 (P = 0.01) from the nucleotide excision repair (NER) and NEIL2 (P = 0.04) from the base excision repair (BER) pathways were associated with endocrine treatment resistance in discovery dataset, and subsequently validated in independent patient cohorts. Complementary mutation analysis supported associations between mutations in NER and BER genes and reduced endocrine treatment response. A causal role for CETN2, NEIL2, and ERCC1 loss in intrinsic endocrine resistance was experimentally validated in ER+ breast cancer cell lines, and in ER+ patient-derived xenograft models. Loss of CETN2, NEIL2, or ERCC1 induced endocrine treatment resistance by dysregulating G1–S transition, and therefore, increased sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibitors. A combined DDR signature score was developed that predicted poor outcome in multiple patient cohorts.

Conclusions: This report identifies DDR defects as a new class of endocrine treatment resistance drivers and indicates new avenues for predicting efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibition in the adjuvant treatment setting. Clin Cancer Res; 24(19); 4887–99. ©2018 AACR.
Diclofenac Sodium 3% in Hyaluronic Acid 2.5% Gel Significantly Diminishes the Actinic Keratosis Area and Severity Index
Authors: Schmitz Lutz , Gupta Girish , Segert Marc Hanno , Kost Ricarda , Sternberg Julia , Gambichler Thilo , Stockfleth Eggert , Dirschka Thomas
Published: May 2018

Background/Aims: Actinic keratosis area and severity index (AKASI) is a new assessment tool to quantify the severity of actinic damage on the head. Thus far, it has not been evaluated in monitoring the efficacy of field-directed topical treatments in actinic keratosis (AK) in routine clinical practice. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine treatment outcomes by using AKASI 3 months after the initiation of topical application of diclofenac sodium 3% in hyaluronic acid 2.5% gel (DFS) in patients with AKs on the head. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with AKs who had AKASI scores prior to and after treatment with DFS. Results: Of the 24 patients included, 20 (83.3%) showed an improvement in AKASI, 2 (8.3%) a stable AKASI, and 2 (8.3%) a worsening of AKASI after a median (interquartile range) follow-up period of 91.5 days (89.8–104.3). The median AKASI reduction was 31.4% (16.7–59.1). The Wilcoxon test showed significant differences (p = 0.0008) between baseline and posttreatment AKASI values. Conclusions: AKASI is an easy-to-use quantitative tool for assessing the treatment outcome of field-directed therapies. Field-directed therapies of AK should no longer be monitored by assessments based on lesion counts alone.
Highly Tumorigenic Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Cells Are Produced by Coculture with Stromal Cells
Authors: Lin Zhiguang , Chen Bobin , Wu Ting , Xu Xiaoping
Published: May 2018

Background/Aims: Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is heterogeneous. We aimed to explore how tumor microenvironment promotes lymphoma cell aggressiveness and heterogeneity. Methods: We created a coculture system using human DLBCL cells and mouse bone marrow stromal cells. Proliferative capacity, drug resistance, clonogenicity, and tumorigenicity were compared in lymphoma cells from the coculture system and lymphoma cells cultured alone. Expression of Notch signaling associated genes was evaluated using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and Western blot. Results: Lymphoma cells in the coculture system differentiated into a suspended cell group and an adherent cell group. They acquired a stronger proliferative capacity and drug resistance than lymphoma cells cultured alone, and differences existed between the adherent cell and suspended cell groups. The suspended cell group acquired the most powerful clonogenic and tumorigenic potential. However, Notch3 was exclusively expressed in the adherent lymphoma cell group and the use of N-[N-(3, 5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester, an inhibitor of Notch pathway, could abolish the emergence of highly aggressive lymphoma cells. Conclusion: Highly tumorigenic lymphoma cells could be generated by coculture with stromal cells, and it was dependent on Notch3 expression in the adjacent lymphoma cells through interaction with stromal cells.
Lymphadenectomy and Adjuvant Therapy Improve Survival with Uterine Carcinosarcoma: A Large Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Versluis Marco A.C. , Pielsticker Cindy , van der Aa Maaike A. , de Bruyn Marco , Hollema Harry , Nijman Hans W.
Published: May 2018

Objective: Uterine carcinosarcoma is a rare, aggressive subtype of endometrial cancer. Treatment consists of hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and lymphadenectomy (LND). The survival benefit of LND in relation to adjuvant radio- and/or chemotherapy is unclear. We evaluated the impact of LND on survival in relation to adjuvant therapy in uterine carcinosarcoma. Methods: Retrospective data on 1,140 cases were combined from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR) and the nationwide network and registry of histo- and cytopathology in the Netherlands (PALGA). LND was defined as the removal of any nodes. Additionally, cases where 10 nodes or less (LND ≤10) or more than 10 nodes (LND > 10) were removed were analyzed separately. Adjuvant therapy was evaluated as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or radiochemotherapy. Associations were analyzed by χ2 test, log-rank test, and Cox regression analysis. Results: Overall survival (OS) had improved after total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with LND > 10 (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.47–0.83). Adjuvant therapy was related to OS with an HR of 0.64 (95% CI 0.54–0.75) for radiotherapy, an HR of 0.65 (95% CI 0.48–0.88) for chemotherapy, and an HR of 0.25 (95% CI 0.13–0.46) for radiochemotherapy. Additionally, adjuvant treatment was related to OS when lymph nodes were positive (HR 0.22, 95% CI 0.11–0.42), but not when they were negative. Conclusion: LND is related to improved survival when more than 10 nodes are removed. Adjuvant therapy improves survival when LND is omitted, or when nodes are positive.
Iodine-Induced Fetal Hypothyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment with Intra-Amniotic Levothyroxine
Authors: Hardley Macy T. , Chon Andrew H. , Mestman Jorge , Nguyen Caroline T. , Geffner Mitchell E. , Chmait Ramen H.
Published: May 2018

Background: Iodine is necessary for fetal thyroid development. Excess maternal intake of iodine can cause fetal hypothyroidism due to the inability to escape from the Wolff-Chaikoff effect in utero. Case Report: We report a case of fetal hypothyroid goiter secondary to inadvertent excess maternal iodine ingestion from infertility supplements. The fetus was successfully treated with intra-amniotic levothyroxine injections. Serial fetal blood sampling confirmed fetal escape from the Wolff-Chaikoff effect in the mid third trimester. Early hearing test and neurodevelopmental milestones were normal. Conclusion: Intra-amniotic treatment of fetal hypothyroidism may decrease the rate of impaired neurodevelopment and sensorineural hearing loss.
Toll-Like Receptor 3 Signaling Contributes to Regional Neutrophil Recruitment in Cultured Human Glomerular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Liu Qiang , Imaizumi Tadaatsu , Kawaguchi Shogo , Aizawa Tomomi , Matsumiya Tomoh , Watanabe Shojiro , Tsugawa Koji , Yoshida Hidemi , Tsuruga Kazushi , Joh Kensuke , Kijima Hiroshi , Tanaka Hiroshi
Published: May 2018

Background: Given the importance of neutrophil recruitment in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis (GN), the representative neutrophil chemoattractant C-X-C motif chemokine 1 (CXCL1)/GROα and the adhesion molecule E-selectin in glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) play a pivotal role in the development of GN. Endothelial Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is thought to be involved in the inflammatory response via innate immunity. However, the role of endothelial TLR3 signaling in the expression of neutrophil chemoattractants and adhesion molecules remains to be elucidated. Thus, we aimed to examine this issue. Methods: We treated normal human GECs with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC), an authentic double-stranded RNA, and analyzed the expressions of CXCL1 and E-selectin using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To further elucidate the poly IC-induced signaling pathway, we subjected the cells to RNA interference against TLR3, interferon (IFN)-β, nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, and IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 3. We also used immunofluorescence to examine the endothelial expression of CXCL1 in biopsy specimens from patients with crescentic and non-crescentic purpura nephritis (PN). Results: We found that the activation of TLR3 induced the endothelial expression of CXCL1 and E-selectin, and that this involved TLR3, ­NF-κB, IRF3, and IFN-β. Intense endothelial CXCL1 expression was observed in biopsy specimens from patients with crescentic PN. Conclusion: These findings support a role for glomerular antiviral innate immunity in the pathogenesis of GN. Intervention of glomerular TLR3 signaling may therefore be a suitable therapeutic strategy for treating GN in the future.
Deterioration of Cortical Bone Microarchitecture: Critical Component of Renal Osteodystrophy Evaluation
Authors: Sharma Ashish K. , Toussaint Nigel D. , Masterson Rosemary , Holt Stephen G. , Rajapakse Chamith S. , Ebeling Peter R. , Mohanty Sindhu T. , Baldock Paul , Elder Grahame J.
Published: May 2018

Background: Cortical bone is a significant determinant of bone strength and its deterioration contributes to bone fragility. Thin cortices and increased cortical porosity have been noted in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the “Turnover Mineralization Volume” classification of renal osteodystrophy does not emphasize cortical bone as a key parameter. We aimed to assess trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture by histomorphometry and micro-CT in patients with CKD G5 and 5D (dialysis). Methods: Transiliac bone biopsies were performed in 14 patients undergoing kidney transplantation (n = 12) and parathyroidectomy (n = 2). Structural parameters were analysed by histomorphometry and micro-CT including trabecular bone volume, thickness (TbTh), number (TbN) and separation and cortical thickness (CtTh) and porosity (CtPo). Indices of bone remodelling and mineralisation were obtained and relationships to bone biomarkers examined. Associations were determined by Spearman’s or Pearson’s rank correlation coefficients. Results: By micro-CT, trabecular parameters were within normal ranges in most patients, but all patients showed very low CtTh (127 ± 44 µm) and high CtPo (60.3 ± 22.5%). CtPo was inversely related to TbN (r = –0.56; p = 0.03) by micro-CT and to TbTh (r = –0.60; p = 0.024) by histomorphometry and correlated to parathyroid hormone values (r = 0.62; p = 0.021). By histomorphometry, bone turnover was high in 50%, low in 21% and normal in 29%, while 36% showed abnormal patterns of mineralization. Significant positive associations were observed between osteoblast surface, osteoclast surface, mineralization surface and bone turnover markers. Conclusions: Deterioration of cortical ­microarchitecture despite predominantly normal trabecular parameters reinforces the importance of comprehensive cortical evaluation in patients with CKD.
The Roman Coins from the Iberian Peninsula and from Palestine and Syria: An Attempt of Comparison
Authors: Porto Vagner Carvalheiro
Published: May 2018

Este trabalho tem a intenção de promover o debate sobre a relação existente entre Roma e suas províncias. Para isso, utilizaremos exemplos de moedas produzidas do lado ocidental do Império, com as moedas da Península Ibérica, e do lado oriental do Império, com as moedas da Síria-Palestina. A partir da recorrência de elementos iconográficos e informações nas legendas dessas moedas pretendemos mostrar possíveis padrões de ocupação tanto no Leste como no Oeste a partir do Culto Imperial e da elevação do estatuto jurídico-administrativo das cidades.
Blood Pressure Patterns and Subsequent Coronary Artery Calcification in Women Who Delivered Preterm Births
Authors: Catov Janet M. , Snyder Gabrielle G. , Fraser Abigail , Lewis Cora E. , Liu Kiang , Althouse Andrew D. , Bertolet Marnie , Gunderson Erica P.
Published: May 2018

Women who delivered preterm infants have excess cardiovascular disease, but vascular pathways linking these conditions are not understood. We considered that higher blood pressure over 25 years among women with preterm delivery may be associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC). The CARDIA study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) enrolled 1049 black and white women with births between 1985 and 2010 (n=272 ever preterm [<37 weeks]; n=777 all term births [≥37 weeks]). Latent mixture modeling identified blood pressure trajectories across 20 years, and these were related to CAC at years 20 and 25. Three systolic blood pressure (SBP) patterns were identified: low stable (n=563; 53%), moderate (n=416; 40%), and moderate increasing (n=70; 7%). Women with moderate-increasing SBP were more likely to have delivered preterm compared with those in the low-stable group (40% versus 21%;
P
<0.0001), and they were more likely to have CAC (38.5% versus 12.2%). The SBP and CAC association varied by preterm birth (
P
interaction=0.04). Women with preterm delivery and a moderate-increasing SBP had a 2.17-fold higher hazards of CAC (95% confidence interval, 1.14–4.12) compared with women with term births and a lower SBP pattern, adjusted for cardiovascular disease risk factors and other pregnancy features. There was no excess CAC in women with moderate-increasing SBP and term births (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.49–2.14). Associations were stronger in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy but also detected in those with normotensive preterm deliveries. Women who deliver preterm infants are more likely to follow a high-risk blood pressure pattern throughout the childbearing years that is associated with CAC at midlife.
Attending to What and Where: Background Connectivity Integrates Categorical and Spatial Attention
Authors: Tompary Alexa , Al-Aidroos Naseem , Turk-Browne Nicholas B.
Published: May 2018

Top–down attention prioritizes the processing of goal-relevant information throughout visual cortex based on where that information is found in space and what it looks like. Whereas attentional goals often have both spatial and featural components, most research on the neural basis of attention has examined these components separately. Here we investigated how these attentional components are integrated by examining the attentional modulation of functional connectivity between visual areas with different selectivity. Specifically, we used fMRI to measure temporal correlations between spatially selective regions of early visual cortex and category-selective regions in ventral temporal cortex while participants performed a task that benefitted from both spatial and categorical attention. We found that categorical attention modulated the connectivity of category-selective areas, but only with retinotopic areas that coded for the spatially attended location. Similarly, spatial attention modulated the connectivity of retinotopic areas only with the areas coding for the attended category. This pattern of results suggests that attentional modulation of connectivity is driven both by spatial selection and featural biases. Combined with exploratory analyses of frontoparietal areas that track these changes in connectivity among visual areas, this study begins to shed light on how different components of attention are integrated in support of more complex behavioral goals.
A Tale of Two Kufans: Abū Yūsuf’s Ikhtilāf Abī Ḥanīfa wa-Ibn Abī Laylā and Schacht’s Ancient Schools
Authors: Hanif Sohail
Published: May 2018

In this article, I address the long-standing debate on the existence of regionally defined schools of law in Islam’s formative period by focusing on the early Kufan tradition, with special attention to Ikhtilāf Abī Ḥanīfa wa-Ibn Abī Laylā, attributed to Abū Yūsuf (d. 182/798). By studying reports and legal opinions in the text, I argue that the legal thought of Kufan jurists in Abū Ḥanifa’s generation was based on a general deference to regional, Kufan authorities and that this larger legal project may meaningfully be termed a school. I provide a model for legal method in these early schools, taking into account the contributions of supporters and detractors of the regional-school concept. I suggest that formative-period legal methods are also expressed in the classical Ḥanafī school, enabling us to view questions of ijtihād, taqlīd and madhhab formation in a new light.
Resource variability and the collapse of a dominance hierarchy in a colour polymorphic species
Authors: Brown Dawson M. , Lattanzio Matthew S.
Published: May 2018

Intraspecific social dominance hierarchies should be influenced by environmental variation; however, in colour polymorphic species, dominance hierarchies are often assumed fixed, and thus insensitive to environmental variability. We ran a series of experiments using the colour polymorphic long-tailed brush lizard (Urosaurus graciosus) to challenge this assumption. We staged contests between orange and yellow morph males over a single heated perch, two perches at the same temperature, or two perches differing in temperature. Our first experiment revealed that orange-throated males are socially dominant. However, this hierarchy collapsed in our other experiments as yellow males became more aggressive. Interestingly, both males only ever secured their own perch where the perches differed in temperature. These findings mirror observations of morph behavioural flexibility in nature and studies of behaviour–environment interactions in non-polymorphic taxa. We conclude that colour morphs may have an underappreciated ability to assess resource-level changes and respond with concomitant flexibility in behaviour.
International Organizations as ‘Experts’ on Indicators and Measurements: Understanding the Politics of OECD’s Technocratization of Innovation
Authors: Singh Manasi
Published: May 2018

International Organizations (IOs) act as powerful actors in construction and constitution of knowledge. This role becomes even more critical as new agendas emerge for global governance in a multi-actor world, making the process of knowledge generation and dissemination even more contentious. One of the tools to exercise such organizational power is through rankings and ratings. These indicators, designed scientifically using expert knowledge, are increasingly being used as tools of statecraft. As good governance synonymizes good business, a technocratic lens has become a preferred practice of present day policymaking. This article attempts to exploreIOs’ role as authoritative knowledge actors, designing indicators for governmentality and policy advocacy. It particularly looks atOECD’s ‘utilitarian’ measurement of innovation based on a technocratic approach.
From Discourse to Action: An Analysis on Securitization Policies in Turkey
Authors: Kurgan Sarp
Published: May 2018

This article analyzes the results of two general elections in Turkey, June and November 2015, in light of the securitization policies applied by theAKPgovernment. The aim is to shed light on the reasons forAKP’s recovery between the two elections, despite ongoing economic, social, and political problems. The article explainsAKP’s grip on a strong support base through three interdependent reasons—the specter of the 1980 military coup, identity-based voting preferences, and successfully implemented securitization policies of theAKP. The first two reasons best explain the election successes of theAKPfrom 2002 to 2013, among other factors. In addition, these two factors constitute the political context in which theAKPmanaged to build an authoritarian regime.AKP’s implementation of securitization policies, on the other hand, is more adequate in explaining post-2013 policies and electoral successes, especially its recovery from June to November 2015. In addition, this article also aims to provide insights, based on the Turkish case, on how authoritarian governments manage to gather and secure public support, despite economic, social, and political turmoil and when and how securitization policies might fail and succeed.
Planning from the Margin—The European Union’s Potential Role in Spatial Planning for Managing Activities in the Marine Arctic
Authors: Langlet David
Published: May 2018

The Arctic is subject to increasing levels of human activities and environmental stresses. The need to protect Arctic ecosystems and utilize the region’s resources sustainably necessitates effective and coordinated management of human activities. A potentially important instrument is marine spatial planning (MSP). The article analyses the potential of the European Union (EU) to contribute to the development and implementation of MSP, or related instruments, in the marine Arctic. Although we conclude that EU law relevant to MSP currently has very limited applicability in the region, either directly or through the so-called EEA EFTA States, there are still ways in which the EU may contribute to making activities in the marine Arctic more sustainable. In this context, the EU’s new ‘policy for the Arctic’ could be an important instrument, but it will not by itself affect the region’s development or even guarantee concerted action by the EU Member States.
Performance Indicators for International(ised) Criminal Courts – Potential for Increase of an Institution’s Legacy or ‘Just’ a Means of Budgetary Control?
Authors: Ambach Philipp
Published: May 2018

Performance indicators are usually employed to measure the efficiency of business processes. In past decades, their use has steadily expanded into an array of different businesses, including the judicial sector. Many courts have adopted indicators measuring their average case resolution, and used this as general benchmarks for performance. This has recently expanded into the area of international (criminal) courts, too. The present contribution analyses the performance indicator exercise at the International Criminal Court compared to alternative approaches taken by international(ised) criminal tribunals to date. It will assess what results performance indicators can deliver for international courts and to what benefit. Particular attention will be paid to the question whether the use of performance indicators can contribute to increasing an institution’s legitimacy through enhanced transparency and accountability. At the same time, performance indicators are a means of budgetary control. Potential tension between these factors will also be explored.
“Religious Education” or “Teaching about Religion”? A Review of Compulsory Religious Culture and Ethics Lessons in Turkish Primary and Secondary Schools
Authors: Gündüz Turgay
Published: May 2018

Religious Culture and Ethics (RCE), a compulsory course in Turkish primary and secondary schools, is a highly debated issue with respect to education on religion. Discussions focus on whether the class is “religious education” with a confessional approach or “religious culture and ethics teaching” that adopts a non-confessional view. Following a short history of religious education courses in Turkish primary and secondary education, this study analyses the curriculum and the content of the RCE course from the perspective of two Islamic sects (madhhab) and religious education approaches to discuss the principal educational approach applied in the country. The study also analyses the argument that holds that RCE is a non-confessional lesson in terms of both content and application; and that, accordingly, there is no problem with its presence among compulsory courses in primary education. It is rather concluded that, since its inclusion within the primary and secondary education curricula as a compulsory lesson, RCE has never been non-confessional in terms of including other religions and beliefs as well as other sects within Islam. An examination of the sectarian sources of information on worship provided in these courses reveals that the current textbooks are explicitly grounded in the Hanafi School with regard to issues of Muslim obligations.
Rickenella danxiashanensis, a new bryophilous agaric from China
Authors: ZHANG MING , LI TAI-HUI , CHEN FANG
Published: May 2018

A new fungal species growing on moss bed, Rickenella danxiashanensis, is described, illustrated and compared with phenotypically similar and phylogenetically related species. Morphologically, the new species is characterized by its omphalinoid basidiomata, yellow to deep orange pileus, decurrent lamellae, abundant lageniform to obclavate cystidia on cap and stipe surface, and small basidiospores (3.5–)4–6 × 3–4 μm. Phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region recognized it as a distinct species, which contribute to settle its taxonomic position in genus Rickenella.
An updated checklist of the herpetofauna from Guerrero, Mexico
Authors: PALACIOS-AGUILAR RICARDO , FLORES-VILLELA OSCAR
Published: May 2018

We present an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles for the state of Guerrero, Mexico. This list is based on bibliographic records, the revision of scientific collections and the authors’ field notes. The herpetofauna of the state includes 259 species (78 amphibians, 181 reptiles), of which three are introduced. The conservation status of all native species was assessed using three independent systems (NOM-059, IUCN and EVS). Finally, the geographic distribution of amphibians and reptiles is discussed in the context of both the biogeographic provinces within the state and the influence of road location on specimen collection patterns.
A new species of the genus Paraholcostethus Belousova (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Carpocorini) from Korea
Authors: ROCA-CUSACHS MARCOS , KIM JUNGGON , LEE HODAN , PARK HAECHUL , JUNG SUNGHOON
Published: May 2018

The genus Paraholcostethus Belousova is reported from the Korean Peninsula for the first time with the description of a new species, Paraholcostethus irumiae sp. nov. The generic diagnosis of Paraholcostethus is slightly modified to accommodate the new species. Habitus, male and female internal and external genitalia are illustrated. A key to the species of the genus is also given.
On the generic names proposed in Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) by Gustaf Johan Billberg
Authors: BEZDĚK JAN , BIONDI MAURIZIO
Published: May 2018

The genus names proposed by Billberg (1820a) for Chrysomelidae are reviewed. Mesops Billberg, 1820 is considered an unavailable name. Apelma Billberg, 1820 is confirmed as synonym of Macroplea Samouelle, 1819. Chrysomela concolor Fabricius, 1781, the type species of Isosoma Billberg, 1820, is a representative of Phygasia Dejean, 1836. To save the generic name Phygasia we propose Isosoma as nomen oblitum for Phygasia (nomen protectum). Chrysomela flavipes Linnaeus, 1767 is designated as type species of Lyperus Billberg, 1820 and Lyperus is proposed as new synonym of Luperus Geoffroy, 1762. Galleruca lausoniae Fabricius, 1798 is designated as type species of Adimus Billberg, 1820 and Adimus is proposed as new synonym of Altica Geoffroy, 1762. Galleruca lausoniae Fabricius, 1798 is confirmed as synonym of Altica caerulea (Olivier, 1791).
Detection of Severe Weather Events in a High-Resolution Ensemble Prediction System Using the Extreme Forecast Index (EFI) and Shift of Tails (SOT)
Authors: Raynaud Laure , Touzé Benoît , Arbogast Philippe
Published: May 2018

The extreme forecast index (EFI) and shift of tails (SOT) are commonly used to compare an ensemble forecast to a reference model climatology, in order to measure the severity of the current weather forecast. In this study, the feasibility and the relevance of EFI and SOT computations are examined within the convection-permitting Application of Research to Operations at Mesoscale (AROME-France) ensemble prediction system (EPS). First, different climate configurations are proposed and discussed, in order to overcome the small size of the ensemble and the short climate sampling length. Subjective and objective evaluations of EFI and SOT for wind gusts and precipitation forecasts are then presented. It is shown that these indices can provide relevant early warnings and, based on a trade-off between hits and false alarms, optimal EFI thresholds can be determined for decision-making.
Religion and aggregate support for redistribution
Authors: Jæger Mads Meier
Published: May 2018

Aggregated data on regions within countries have been used to analyze the effect of religion and religiosity on aggregate support for redistribution. The data are from the International Social Survey Programme and a panel data set was constructed at the level of regions that were observed several times over the period 1985–2010. Empirical analyses show that a higher share of Catholics within a region has a positive effect on aggregate support for redistribution; a higher share of Protestants has a negative effect; religiosity (measured by church attendance) has no effect; and the effect of a religious denomination is non-linear and depends on whether or not it has a weak or a strong presence in a region. It was also found that Scandinavia is unusual in combining a high share of Protestants with high aggregate support for redistribution.
Earnings of Academic Scientists and Engineers: Intersectionality of Gender and Race/Ethnicity Effects
Authors: Tao Yu
Published: May 2018

While research increasingly examines the intersection of gender and race/ethnicity in science and engineering, not much is known regarding how they work together to affect career outcomes. This article examines gender earnings gaps among academic scientists and engineers by race/ethnicity. Using data from National Science Foundation’s Survey of Doctorate Recipients (2003, 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2013), I find that White women earned less than their male counterparts in 2003 and 2006, but the earnings gap closed over time. African American women did not earn less than their male counterparts in any year. Asian American women earned less only in 2013 (due to the high income of Asian American men), and Hispanic women earned less only in 2010 (due to their low income relative to other groups). The findings of relative improvement in gender earnings equality are analyzed in the context of disadvantages women face in other aspects of their careers.
Demand management by electronic gatekeeping of test requests does not influence requesting behaviour or save costs dramatically
Authors: Pema Aarti K , Kiabilua Olivia , Pillay Tahir S
Published: May 2018

Background

Healthcare budgets face constraints, and laboratories have developed strategies to adapt to the concomitant increase in workload. Some of the tests (7.4%) may be attributed to unnecessary repeat testing. Electronic gatekeeping has been implemented at selected laboratories in South Africa to limit unnecessary repeat testing. We performed a study of chemistry tests subjected to electronic gatekeeping to determine its effectiveness as a sustainable demand management tool.

Methods

A 22-month retrospective study of chemistry test requests at a Pretoria hospital was performed. Tests violating electronic gatekeeping rules were rejected upon registration before analysis, and cost-savings were estimated from electronic gatekeeping-held tests. The impact of electronic gatekeeping on the test requesting pattern of clinicians was derived from the percentage cost of electronic gatekeeping-held tests.

Results

The total savings generated from electronic gatekeeping test rejections amounted to $84,380. Greatest savings were generated from high-cost tests: glycated haemoglobin ($14,139), urea ($8661) and thyroid-stimulating hormone ($7514). The average number of electronic gatekeeping-held tests as a percentage of their total requested number over 22 months was 3.18%.

Discussion

The savings from electronic gatekeeping-held tests were not as dramatic as anticipated, but were modest and may have some impact in a cost-constrained setting. Electronic gatekeeping was concluded not to have a substantial effect on the clinician test requesting pattern, demonstrated by the largely unchanged monthly percentage of electronic gatekeeping-held tests. As a solitary demand management strategy, electronic gatekeeping does not appear to be as effective as anticipated or as demonstrated in other studies.
Performance of an Additional Task During Level 2 Automated Driving: An On-Road Study Comparing Drivers With and Without Experience With Partial Automation
Authors: Solís-Marcos Ignacio , Ahlström Christer , Kircher Katja
Published: May 2018

Objective:

To investigate the influence of prior experience with Level 2 automation on additional task performance during manual and Level 2 partially automated driving.

Background:

Level 2 automation is now on the market, but its effects on driver behavior remain unclear. Based on previous studies, we could expect an increase in drivers’ engagement in secondary tasks during Level 2 automated driving, but it is yet unknown how drivers will integrate all the ongoing demands in such situations.

Method:

Twenty-one drivers (12 without, 9 with Level 2 automation experience) drove on a highway manually and with Level 2 automation (exemplified by Volvo Pilot Assist generation 2; PA2) while performing an additional task. In half of the conditions, the task could be interrupted (self-paced), and in the other half, it could not (system-paced). Drivers’ visual attention, additional task performance, and other compensatory strategies were analyzed.

Results:

Driving with PA2 led to decreased scores in the additional task and more visual attention to the dashboard. In the self-paced condition, all drivers looked more to the task and perceived a lower mental demand. The drivers experienced with PA2 used the system and the task more than the novice group and performed more overtakings.

Conclusions:

The additional task interfered more with Level 2 automation than with manual driving. The drivers, particularly the automation novice drivers, used some compensatory strategies.

Applications:

Automation designers need to consider these potential effects in the development of future automated systems.
The effect of social capital on non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviors among college students in Greece during the current economic crisis
Authors: Koutra Kleio , Roy Ann W , Kokaliari Efrosini D
Published: May 2018

This cross-sectional study examines the effects of social capital on non-suicidal self-injury and self-injurious behaviors among 632 Greek college students during the current economic crisis. This is a quantitative study which uses a set of normed instruments to measure non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviors. After controlling for a set of demographic variables, and negative affective states, social capital was not found to have an effect on non-suicidal self-injury or suicidal behaviors ( p > .05). Results suggest that negative affective states such as depression and stress are important factors in the likelihood that students will engage in non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviors. Implications for social work practice and education are discussed.
Zimbabwean Dispensation, Special and Exemption Permits in South Africa: On Humanitarian Logic, Depoliticisation and Invisibilisation of Migrants
Authors: Moyo Inocent
Published: May 2018

Cross-border migration from Zimbabwe to South Africa has existed for a long time. Given this context, the governance of migrants, especially the undocumented Zimbabweans by South Africa, has come to the fore. Starting in 2009, South Africa granted undocumented Zimbabwean migrants Zimbabwean Dispensation Permits, which were replaced by Zimbabwean Special Dispensation Permits in 2014. In turn, the Zimbabwean Special Dispensation Permits were replaced by Zimbabwean Exemption Permits in September 2017. Although these are steps in the right direction, the changes in the conditions of these permits demonstrates humanitarian logic, which depoliticises and excludes the affected migrants.
Label Jars Not People
Authors: Bassman Ronald
Published: May 2018

A commentary on the article, Can There Be a Recovery-Oriented Diagnostic Practice examines both the positive and negative consequences of this alternative to diagnosis. The importance and efficacy of collaboration is emphasized along with a critical exploration of the inequality of influence and power inherent in the professional–client relationship. Contextual problems in the relationship, regarding differing motivations and their effect on collaboration are discussed. The key question: Can there be genuine collaboration, when the diagnosis or any form of naming will become a strong determinant in a client’s life course
Improved timed-mating, non-invasive method using fewer unproven female rats with pregnancy validation via early body mass increases
Authors: Stramek Agata K , Johnson Michelle L , Taylor Victoria J
Published: May 2018

For studies requiring accurate conception-timing, reliable, efficient methods of detecting oestrus reduce time and costs, whilst improving welfare. Standard methods use vaginal cytology to stage cycle, and breeders are paired-up using approximately five proven females with proven males to achieve at least one conception on a specific day. We describe an alternative, fast, consistent, non-invasive method of timed-mating using detection of lordosis behaviour in Wistar and Lister-Hooded rats that used unproven females with high success rates. Rats under reverse lighting had body masses recorded pre-mating, day (d) 3–4, d8, d10 and d18 of pregnancy. Using only the presence of the oestrus dance to time-mate females for 24 hours, 89% of Wistar and 88% of Lister-Hooded rats successfully conceived. We did not observe behavioural oestrus in Sprague-Dawleys without males being present. Significant body mass increases following mating distinguished pregnant from non-pregnant rats, as early as d4 of pregnancy (10% ± 1.0 increase cf. 3% ± 1.2). The pattern of increases throughout gestation was similar for all pregnant rats until late pregnancy, when there were smaller increases for primi- and multiparous rats (32% ± 2.5; 25% ± 2.4), whereas nulliparous rats had highest gains (38% ± 1.5). This method demonstrated a distinct refinement of the previous timed-mating common practice used, as disturbance of females was minimised. Only the number required of nulli-, primi- or multiparous rats were mated, and body mass increases validated pregnancy status. This new breeding management method is now established practice for two strains of rat and has resulted in a reduction in animal use.
Empathy Rituals: Small Conversations about Emotional Distress on Twitter
Authors: Brownlie Julie , Shaw Frances
Published: May 2018

There is growing research interest in the sharing of emotions through social media. Usually centred on ‘newsworthy’ events and collective ‘flows’ of emotion, this work is often computationally driven. This article presents an interaction-led analysis of small data from Twitter to illustrate how this kind of intensive focus can ‘thicken’ claims about emotions, and particularly empathy. Drawing on Goffman’s work on ritual, we introduce and then apply the idea of ‘empathy rituals’ to exchanges about emotional distress on Twitter, a platform primarily researched using big data approaches. While the potential of Goffman’s work has been explored in some depth in relation to digital performances, its emotional dimension has been less fully examined. Through a focus on Twitter conversations, we show how reading small data can inform computational social science claims about emotions and add to sociological understanding of emotion in (digital) publics.