bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Interactions of WSC1, TOR and PKC1 in myo1Δ strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Pagan‐Mercado Glorivee , Santiago‐Cartagena Ednalise , Rodríguez‐Medina José R.
Published: June 2021

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae myosin type II null strain (myo1Δ) is a cytokinesis mutant that exhibits regulation of both the TOR and PKC1 stress signaling pathways. Our objective was to assess if these pathways share upstream regulators for mounting the stress response in myo1Δ strains. To address this question, we tested for TOR1 activity in null mutants of the Wsc family of plasma membrane stress sensors carrying the myo1Δ mutation, by analyzing the phosphorylation state of Npr1p. The activation of PKC1 was monitored in these strains by the level of Mpk1p/Slt2p phosphorylation. We then analyzed the functional interaction between TOR2 and PKC1 by testing the levels of phosphorylated‐Mpk1p/Slt2p in a TOR2‐21tsmyo1Δ strain at the restrictive temperature. The results show that the double mutant wsc1Δmyo1Δ activated Tor1p, which was previously repressed in the myo1Δ strain, and up regulated Mpk1p/Slt2p phosphorylation. Synthetic rescue of TOR2‐21ts lethality by myo1Δ was observed along with up regulation of Mpk1p/Slt2p phosphorylation. We conclude that WSC1, an upstream regulator of PKC1, is involved in cross‐talk with TOR1. Synthetic rescue of TOR2‐21ts lethality by myo1Δ suggests the activation of Tor2p‐redundant function(s) in the myo1Δ cytokinesis mutant. Supported by NIGMS‐NIAID (SC1AI081658‐03), NCRR‐RCMI (G12RR03051) and MBRS‐RISE (R25GM061838).
Early Intervention by Targeting inhibitors of Multiple Signal Transduction Pathways in LPS induced Human PBMCs
Authors: Zindel Kristin , Wiewel Kurstin , McGivern Meghan , Mendis Chanaka , Jett Marti
Published: June 2021

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin that induces the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in many cells as well as septic shock in humans. This project is aimed at developing a rapid diagnostic method to combat the effects of LPS by utilizing signal transduction pathways induced by LPS in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) as a prototype module. A set of LPS induced genes were identified through micro array analysis and three common signaling pathways were found (p38, JNK, and MAPK). Further investigation of the pathways led to the identification of common components to multiple pathways that have the potential to serve as diagnostic markers. After inhibiting of three pathways by specific inhibitors 4‐[4‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐[4‐(methylsulfinyl)phenyl]‐1H‐imidazol‐5‐yl]‐pyridine, monohydrochloridem (SB203580), anthrax[1,9‐cd]pyrazol‐6(2H)‐one (SP600125), and 2‐(2‐Amino‐3‐methoxyphenyl)‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐one (PD98059) we analyzed a few targets by evaluating the time dependent gene expression pattern and then by investigating the impact on components that are indirectly associated with the targets. We will further evaluate the effect of the specific inhibitors by correlating the observed gene expression pattern to the protein expression pattern using ELISA. We believe the study will allow us to better understand the complex interactions of multiple signal transduction pathways induced by LPS.
Community exercise program improves blood pressure and activity level for those with and at‐risk for diabetes
Authors: Turner Carol W.
Published: June 2021

Methods

The On the Road: Keep Moving Keep Healthy (KMKH) program targets people with diabetes (PWD), plus family and concerned loved ones to attend, thus attracting high‐risk individuals socially and biologically related to PWD.

Results

Among 300 participants at baseline, 66.0% had income <$25,000, 79.3% were Hispanic, 39.1% had no health insurance, and 28.7% were PWD. Of the 203 people without diabetes, 98 (48.3%) had baseline A1C>=5.7, or ‘people with pre‐diabetes' (PWPD). Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 142.2±20.9 in PWD, and 129.3±19.1 in PWPD. 200 (66.7%) participants returned for the three month follow‐up, of which 180 had complete data for analysis. Those who did not follow‐up were generally younger with no significant difference in baseline A1C or SBP compared to those who returned. Returning PWD and PWPD showed significant improvement in days of self‐reported exercise (2.5 to 3.6 days, p<0.001) and SBP (140.6 to 131.1 in PWD, p<0.001; 130.6 to 125.6 in PWPD, p<0.017). PWD and PWPD who reported increased days exercised had a mean SBP change of −10.4 versus −3.7 in those who reported no change or fewer days exercised, p<0.031.

Conclusion

KMKH demonstrates that an exercise program can successfully target both people with and at‐risk for diabetes and result in improvement in both physical activity and SBP.
Can small changes in a summer camp program for the rural impoverished make a difference in healthy eating?
Authors: Champagne Catherine M , McCabe‐Sellers Beverly J , Allen Raymond , Bogle Margaret L
Published: June 2021

The current epidemic of obesity now affects children, both rural and urban. Rural nutrition education efforts are challenging due to inability to work with children/families closely. The Delta Obesity Research Prevention Unit (DOPRU) has worked Phillips County, AR via a summer camp program. In 2007, DOPRU reviewed camp menus and identified changes needed. Subsequent years introduced more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and dairy. Camp included access to food and sessions on nutrition and physical activity conducted by DOPRU trained interns. To assess diet, campers consented to 24‐hour dietary recalls at beginning and end of camp in 2007 (n=120), with a third collection one month post camp in 2008 (n=73) and 2009 (n=36). Total HEI scores averaged 45.2% in 2007, 43.6% in 2008, and 45.0% in 2009, compared to a reported HEI score for children 6–11 years of 54.7% reported nationally. These children, compared to US, consumed fewer fruits, vegetables and milk; and high in fat, saturated fat, other discretionary calories and sodium. Emphasis on whole grains in 2009 doubled the HEI score from 0.4, to 0.5, to 1.0 in years 2007, 2008 and 2009 respectively. Despite small changes with positive results, Delta children still have lower HEI scores compared to US. Increasing awareness of healthy diets is desperately needed and plans are in place to bring families on board with nutrition education efforts.

USDA/ARS 6251 5100 008 00D
The relative vitamin A value of 9‐cis‐ and 13‐cis‐β‐carotene did not differ in vitamin A‐depleted Mongolian gerbils
Authors: Bresnahan Kara Allison , Davis Christopher , Tanumihardjo Sherry
Published: June 2021

The provitamin A biofortification of staple crops is a novel approach to ameliorating vitamin A status in countries where deficiency is prevalent. To assess the vitamin A impact of these crops, the unique bioefficacies of cis‐isomers, formed during cooking, as compared to all‐trans β‐carotene must be determined. We evaluated the vitamin A (VA) efficacy of 9‐cis‐ (9c) and 13‐cis (13c) isomers as compared with all‐trans (at) β‐carotene and VA‐positive and negative control groups in VA‐depleted Mongolian gerbils (n = 56). All gerbils were fed a VA‐deficient diet throughout the study. A 4‐wk depletion phase was followed by 3‐wk treatment with β‐carotene in cottonseed oil (7.33 ± 0.23 μg/day). The 13c group serum retinol concentrations (1.43 ± 0.13 μmol/L) differed from control groups (>1.67 μmol/L), but did not differ from the 9c, at, or VA groups. No treatment group maintained baseline liver stores (0.70 ± 0.21 μmol/liver). at liver stores (0.54 ± 0.15 μmol/liver) did not differ from the VA group (0.56 ± 0.10 μmol/liver) when fed 2:1, but did differ significantly from 13c (0.41 ± 0.14 μmol/liver) and 9c (0.44 ± 0.18 μmol/liver). The level of β‐carotene fed in this study did not maintain baseline liver reserves. In order to determine a true difference among isomers, a future study is needed at a higher dose. (Supported by a College of Agricultural and Life Sciences Honors Scholarship, Standard Process, Inc., and HarvestPlus 8907).
Spirulina can Increase the Total Body Vitamin A Storage of Chinese Children
Authors: LI LEI , HU YUMING , ZHAO XIANFENG , WANG JIE , MUZHINGI TAWANDA , SUTER PAOLO M , YIN SHI‐AN , TANG GUANGWEN
Published: June 2021

Objective

To assess the efficacy of spirulina supplement rich in β‐carotene on vitamin A status of Chinese school‐age children.

Method

Two hundred and twenty eight children (6–11 y) were randomly divided into 3 groups and ate their meals at school with 0, 2 or 4 g of spirulina in their breakfast 5 day /wk for 10 wk. Before and after intervention, each child was given 0.5 mg [2H4] retinly acetate and [2H8] retinyl acetate, respectively. Blood samples (3 mL) were collected on 3rd and 21st days after each labeled vitamin A doses. Concentrations and enrichments of retinol and β‐carotene in serum samples were determined by using HPLC and a mass spectrometer.

Results

After 10 wk intervention, serum β‐carotene concentrations of children with 2 g or 4 g spirulina supplement increased from 0.06 mg/L to 0.14 and 0.27 mg/L, respectively. Total‐body vitamin A stores increased significantly with a median increase of 0.227 and 0.397 mmole, respectively.

Conclusion

Spirulina is a good dietary source of β‐carotene and retinol, which can improve vitamin A status of Chinese school‐age children. (Funded by the Nestle Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland)
Ginkgo biloba extract and saikosaponin a suppress lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammatory cytokines in human U‐937 monocytes
Authors: Huang Li‐Ting , Chao Jane C‐J , Jiang Bo‐Shu , Ho Hsin‐Jung
Published: June 2021

Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) contains a large number of flavonoids, ginkgolides and bilobalide, and many studies have reported its activities on enhancing antioxidative defense, increasing blood flow, and improving memory. Saikosaponin a (SSa), one of Bupleurum's major active ingredient, was found to have anti‐inflammatory effect. This study investigated the effects of EGb 761 and/or SSa on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory responses in differentiated human monocyte U‐937 cells. The differentiation from monocytes to macrophages was induced by 160 nM phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate for 48 hours. Cells were then incubated with 200 μg/ml EGb 761 (EGb group), 5 μg/ml SSa (SSa group), or 200 μg/ml EGb 761 and 5 μg/ml SSa (combined group) for 24 hours, and 1 μg/ml LPS was added to the medium for another 24 hours to induce inflammation. The results showed that all treatment groups significantly decreased the secretion of LPS‐induced tumor necrosis factor‐α, (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐10, and prostaglandin E2 and protein expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (p<0.05). Additionally, EGb treatment alone or combination treatment with SSa significantly scavenged NO compared with the control group (p<0.05). The combined treatment had synergistic inhibitory effect on TNF‐α secretion and NO scavenging ability. In conclusion, 200 μg/ml EGb 761 and 5 μg/ml SSa alleviate inflammation via scavenging NO and inhibiting inflammatory cytokines produced by LPS‐induced U937 macrophages. Combined EGb and SSa have synergistic inhibitory effects on inflammatory responses.

Sponsored by the National Science Council (NSC97‐2320‐B‐038‐034‐MY3)
Effects of alternate day modified fasting on LDL particle size and distribution in obese adults
Authors: Varady Krista A , Bhutani Surabhi , Klempel Monica C
Published: June 2021

Alternate day modified fasting (ADMF) beneficially modulates several indicators of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, but its effects on LDL particle size have never been tested. Accordingly, we examined the effects of ADMF on LDL particle size and distribution in obese adults. Sixteen obese subjects participated in a 10‐week trial with three consecutive phases: 1) 2‐week control phase, 2) 4‐week ADMF controlled feeding phase, and 3) 4‐week ADMF self‐selected feeding phase. After 8 weeks of diet, body weight and waist circumference were reduced (P < 0.05) by 5.6 ± 0.9 kg, and 4.0 ± 0.9 cm, respectively. LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations decreased (P < 0.05) by 25 ± 10%, and 32 ± 6%, respectively. Peak LDL particle size increased (P < 0.05) from 266 ± 1 to 268 ± 1 Å. Additionally, the proportion of small LDL particles decreased (P < 0.05) from 13 ± 2% to 9 ± 3%, while the proportion of large LDL particles increased (P < 0.05) from 68 ± 4% to 76 ± 4% post‐treatment. These findings suggest that ADMF is an effective diet strategy for increasing LDL particle size and decreasing the proportion of small, dense LDL particles in obese adults.
Leucine and Branched‐Chain Amino Acids Modulate Translation in Rat Primary Hepatocytes
Authors: Singer Dustin , Chotechuang Nattida , Chaumontet Catherine , Gaudichon Claire , Fromentin Gilles , Tomé Daniel , Azzout‐Marniche Dalila
Published: June 2021

We have previously demonstrated that high amino acids (AA) and insulin are required for stimulation of translation in hepatocytes. Three hepatic sensing pathways are regulated by dietary protein, i.e. mTOR, GCN2 and AMPK. However, the nature of the AA signal is still unknown. We aimed to identify this signal and clarify the relationship between the transduction pathways using primary hepatocyte culture. We examined the role of branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) and L‐leucine (Leu) in these pathways. With similar findings to the ones we obtained upon high AA treatment, BCAA or Leu stimulated phosphorylation of mTOR, 4E‐BP1 and S6K1 and decreased phosphorylation of AMPK and GCN2. We further characterized the roles of mTOR and AMPK in the pathway by using AICAR, an activator of AMPK, and rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR. Our results show that AICAR not only induced AMPK phosphorylation with or without insulin, but also decreased mTOR phosphorylation. Rapamycin treatment further decreased mTOR phosphorylation. Surprisingly, 4E‐BP1, a well known target of mTOR was dramatically decreased by AICAR, but not by rapamycin. These results suggest that BCAA and Leu are the key amino acids sensed by hepatocytes, and that AMPK may act as a general switch during high AA thereby controlling protein synthesis. To characterize the hierarchy of the system more in detail we next aim to identify the protein phosphatases induced by high AA.
Metabolic adaptations of rats fed diets with different concentrations of proteín exposed to a cold temperature
Authors: Flores‐Galicia Isabel , Castro Ana Laura , Torre‐Villalvazo Ivan , Palacios‐Gonzalez Berenice , Lopez‐Romero Patricia , Torres Nimbe , Aleman Gabriela , Tovar Armando R
Published: June 2021

The use of energy substrates under different environmental conditions change according to the physiological needs of the body. Exposure to a cold temperature stimulates the use of fatty acid for thermogenesis. However, there is scarce evidence about the molecular adaptations that occur when animals are exposed to 4°C and short term fed with different concentrations of dietary protein. The aim of this work was to study the effect of 12 hr exposure to a 4°C on the expression of genes of amino acid catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and fatty oxidation in liver, brown (B) and white (W) adipose tissue (AT) of rats fed a 6, 20 or 50% casein diets. Expression of the amino acid degrading enzymes SDH, HAL, TAT and TDO in liver increased as the amount of dietary protein increased. Similarly, Hepatic PEPCK expression increased as the amount of dietary protein increased. Interestingly, PEPCK expression also increased in BAT as dietary protein increased, and it was accompanied with an increase in the phosphorylation state of AMPK and ACC. PGC1α and UCP‐1 increased independently of the amount of protein in the diet. These results suggest that amino acid surplus is oxidized in the liver, possibly sparing fatty acids that are actively esterified in BAT due to an elevated rate of glyceroneogenesis in BAT to maintain a high level of substrate for thermogenesis. Supported by CONACYT Grant No. 41799‐M.
Large chronic protein intake does not affect markers of renal damage in healthy resistance trainers
Authors: Lowery Lonnie Michael , Daugherty Allison , Miller Brian , Bernstein Eric , Smurawa Troy
Published: June 2021

It is controversial whether high protein diets induce renal damage. We hypothesized that urinary microalbumin concentrations (a marker of renal damage) would not be significantly elevated in a group of protein‐seeking male resistance trainers (PRO, n=12) compared to non‐protein‐seeking counterparts (NPRO, n=10). The diets of male resistance trainers (healthy, ≥3 y of weight training) were analyzed using seven‐day food diaries. Compared to NPRO, PRO consumed a larger amount of absolute and relative protein for a self reported mean duration of nine years (250.2 ± 87 g/day [2.5 ± 0.8 g/kg] vs. 104.5 ± 23g/day [1.3 ± 0.3 g/kg]). Fasting urine samples were taken at 0800 h, while 12‐hour collections extended through 2000 h. Microalbumin values did not differ (p>0.05) and were normal in the fasting samples (PRO 9.7 ± 10 mg/L vs. NPRO 12.8 ± 18.1 mg/L) and in the 12H collection (PRO 6.2 ± 3.2 mg/L vs. NPRO 15.0 ± 19.6 mg/L). Per‐kg comparisons were also non‐significant. The groups did not differ in training intensity (perceived exertion) or volume (kcal expended weekly). Within the limitations of this design, we conclude that a long‐term ample protein diet did not result in renal damage. Supported by The University of Akron Research Office, Akron, OH.
Production‐cycle‐related changes in indices of lysine catabolism in turkey liver
Authors: Gatrell Stephanie K , West Brittany N , Engels Juanita G , Berg Levi E , Barnard John T , Moritz Joseph S , Blemings Kenneth P
Published: June 2021

In typical turkey production diets, lysine is frequently the second limiting amino acid. Understanding its catabolism could provide opportunities to increase the efficiency of lysine use for protein synthesis. We hypothesize that indices of lysine catabolism in turkey liver vary throughout the production cycle. Two commercial strains of turkey, Hybrid and Nicolas, were analyzed 8 times over a period of 17 weeks (n=8 birds/sampling time/strain) for lysine α‐ketoglutarate (LKR) and saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and mRNA abundance, in vitro lysine oxidation (LOX) and amino acid oxidase (AAOX) activity. We found differences in LKR mRNA (P<0.01), SDH activity (P<0.05) and LOX (P<0.0001) and a trend for differences in LKR activity (P=0.09), SDH mRNA (P=0.07) and AAOX activity (P=0.06) throughout the production cycle. No consistent strain differences were detected for any variable. Interestingly, the average LKR and SDH activities across strains and weeks was 230 and 400 nmol per minute per gram of liver, respectively, as opposed to the average AAOX activity and LOX was 1.25 and 13.6 nmol per minute per gram liver, respectively. These data indicate that the saccharopine‐dependent pathway is the predominant pathway of lysine degradation in turkey liver and that indices of hepatic lysine catabolism vary throughout the production cycle. (Support; HATCH WVA 470, Virginia Poultry Growers Cooperative)
Homocysteine, oxidative stress and depression among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Al‐Maskari Masoud Y. , Waly Mostafa I. , Ali Amanat , Al‐Shuaibi Yusra S.
Published: June 2021

Oxidative stress was recently involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In this case‐control study we measured homocyseteine (HCY), vitamin B12 and folate as well as oxidative stress markers [glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and antioxidant enzymes (GPX, glutathione peroxidase, SOD, superoxide dismutase and CAT, catalase)], in the sera of type 2 diabetic Omani patients. One hundred subjects (50 patients and 50 controls) were recruited for this study. Depression and anxiety were assessed for all study participants. Dietary folate and vitamin B12 intake of cases were lower than controls and the recommended dietary allowances (RDA). Depression and anxiety were higher among cases as compared to controls. The mean serum HCY was higher in cases as compared to normal values of serum HCY. Cases have low levels of GSH, TAC, GPX, SOD and CAT as compared to controls. Depression and anxiety were significantly correlated with low levels of dietary and serum folate and vitamin B12. The findings of this study indicate that, among the studied type 2 diabetic Omani subjects, the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety were attributed to (1) high serum level of HCY, (2) low levels of dietary and serum folate and vitamin B12, and (3) oxidative stress as indicated by low levels of GSH, TAC and antioxidant enzymes.
Development and validation of an isotope dilution ultra‐high pressure liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitation of serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3, D2 and 3‐epi‐D3
Authors: Paliakov Ekaterina M. , Encisco Sara , Chaudhary‐Webb Madhulika , McCoy Leslie F. , Schleicher Rosemary L.
Published: June 2021

Our aim was to develop and validate a method for separate quantitation of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D2 (25OHD2) and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) and its epimer (epi‐25OHD3), with complete chromatographic resolution of 25OHD3 and epi‐25OHD3. Serum (100 uL) was diluted with internal standards (d3‐25OHD2 and d6‐25OHD3) and extracted with hexanes. The organic layer was evaporated, reconstituted and injected onto a Kinetex PFP column (2.1 × 100 mm × 1.7 um) using an Accela UHPLC system coupled with a triple quadrupole Vantage mass spectrometer. All analytes were isocratically eluted with 72% MeOH/H2O flowing at 0.4 mL/min within 14 min. The mass spectrometer was set in positive APCI mode and two SRM transitions (quantitation and confirmation ions) were monitored for each analyte. Calibration was performed in 4% albumin‐PBS and verified with NIST standard reference materials. Inter‐assay precision was < 10% when concentrations were > 12.5 nmol/L. Method bias was < 5%. Limits of detection were 2 to 5 nmol/L. The method showed excellent performance in proficiency testing programs. Convenience samples from blood donors (n=36) and pregnant women (n=35) showed median values (nmol/L) for 25OHD2, 25OHD3, and epi‐25OHD3 of 0.3, 43, 0.7 and 1.8, 88, 4, respectively. This method is accurate, precise, robust and suitable for the assessment of vitamin D status in populations.
Supplemental Instruction Increases Course Performance of Undergraduates in Cell Biology
Authors: Saunders Cheston Andrew
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of supplemental instruction (SI) in increasing student performance for students enrolled in cell biology from 2008–2010 at the University of North Carolina Wilmington. The more SI sessions students participated in for cell biology, the higher their end‐of‐semester grade point average. Qualitative and quantitative data in support of using SI for undergraduate instruction in cell biology will be presented.
NAFLD and Celiac Disease in adult patients
Authors: Trovato Guglielmo M. , Trovato Francesca M , Pirri Clara , Martines G. Fabio , Pennisi Alessia , Puglisi Claudia , Catalano Daniela
Published: June 2021

Celiac Disease (CD) is a syndrome affecting any age, with a prevalence of 1/100–150. Non‐Alcoholic‐Fatty‐Liver‐Disease (NAFLD) is a condition related to metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and nutritional behavior as steatogenic factors. Fatty liver in CD was ascribed to malnutrition. The aim is to investigate relationship of nutritional state and insulin resistance in newly diagnosed adult's CD and NAFLD.

Methods

1941 adult patients referred both for comprehensive Ultrasound procedure assessment and nutritional counseling were studied; NAFLD and CD diagnosis were made according to established criteria, including biopsy. Malnutrition was assessed by Bio‐impedance and anthropometry, bio‐markers (Albumin, B12 Vit., Folic Acid) and insulin resistance, using the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA; cut off value for HOMA at 1.7).

Results

the prevalence of CD is 21/1941, 1.17%, (i.e. 1/85). The prevalence of NAFLD is 219/1941, 11.28%, (i.e. 1/9); NAFLD prevalence is 3/21 (14.3%) CD patients (p: n.s.). No sign of malnutrition is observed in CD‐NAFLD patients. Greater BMI (29,67±4,72 vs. 23,84±4,61; p<0.0001) and slightly greater insulin resistance, assessed by HOMA (2.31±1.04 vs. 1.84±1.01; p: 0.051) are overall present in NAFLD vs. CD.

Conclusion

NAFLD and insulin resistance are observed in CD without clear signs of malnutrition. This suggests the possible involvement of other steatogenic factors.
Baker's Yeast Beta‐Glucan Supplement Reduces Allergy Symptoms and Improves Quality of Life in Ragweed Sufferers
Authors: Talbott Shawn M , Talbott Julie A , Talbott Tracy L , Dingler Elaine
Published: June 2021

Ragweed is a leading cause of seasonal allergy symptoms and affects 36 million Americans. Typical symptoms include nasal congestion, sneezing, itchy eyes, and difficulty breathing caused by an immune system overreaction to ragweed pollen. Several studies show Baker's yeast beta‐1,3/1,6 D‐glucan (BG), extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is effective in reducing the incidence of cold/flu symptoms. This study evaluated the effect of a BG supplement (Wellmune) on allergy symptoms, ragweed‐specific IgE, and quality of life (QOL) indices in self‐described ragweed sufferers. Forty‐eight healthy subjects consumed a placebo (P, N=24) or 250mg of Wellmune (W, N=24) daily for 4‐weeks during Sept/Oct (high local pollen count). Allergy surveys, including the validated Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ), were used to assess differences in allergy symptoms. There were no differences between groups on IgE markers. Subjects in the Wellmune group reported fewer allergy symptoms (W = 4.2 v. P = 5.8) and reduced severity of allergy symptoms (W = 6.9 v. P = 14.3) compared to placebo (p<0.05). Subjects in the Wellmune group reported significant reductions in nasal (W = 0.7 v. P = 1.6) and eye symptoms (W = 0.6 v. P = 0.8) with a 56% improved QOL Index. These data show that daily supplementation with Wellmune reduces allergy symptoms and improves quality of life in individuals that suffer from ragweed allergy.
Comparative effects of genistein, daidzein and ¥â‐estradiol on adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 cell
Authors: Park Jee‐Ho , Jun Young Hee , Jeong Da‐Hee , Kim Sun Hee , Chang Moon Jeong
Published: June 2021

One aspect of the effects of isoflavones against fat mass might be at least associated with the mechanism by inhibiting adipocyte differentiation. The aim of this study was to determine the anti‐adipogenic impact of genistein, daidzein and 17 β‐estradiol at the onset of adipose cell maturation. In steroid free conditions, 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate in the presence of genistein(0~100uM), daidzein(0~400uM) or 17β‐estradiol(0~10uM) for 2 days. Cell proliferation and lipid levels, and the expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ, and CCAT‐enhancer‐binding proteins (C/EBP) beta were measured on day of 0, 3, 5 and 8 after differentiation. Genistein at a level of 100 uM potently blocked adipocyte proliferation, lipid accumulation and markers of maturation, compared to untreated control cell. However, daidzein caused a weak delay in adipogenesis by decreasing PPAR‐γ, not affecting C/EBP β. These results demonstrate that genistein was stronger than daidzein in affecting gene expression in adipocyte, targeting many proteins in adipocyte differentiation.
Point‐of‐care technology for early detection of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: To Wilson James , Wakizaka Jason , Chen Peter , Cheung Anthony
Published: June 2021

This study introduces innovative application technologies into mobile healthcare by pairing a widely‐available smartphone platform with computer‐assisted intravital microscopy (CAIM) to provide cost‐effective point‐of‐care analysis of the in vivo microcirculation to detect diabetic microangiopathy in children in developing countries. In diabetes mellitus, symptoms or pathologies present themselves only after significant vasculopathic damages have occurred. Since it has been previously shown that changes in the microcirculation are reflective of early changes that manifest in a disease, it would be during this small time window that the greatest potential exists for ameliorating and managing the deleterious effects of the disease.

CAIM is an objective and quantitative real‐time technology designed to non‐invasively capture in vivo video images of the conjunctival microcirculation. The design concept uses state‐of‐the‐art image processing algorithms for visual detection of active adjustments in blood vessel tone (morphometry –diameter and tortuosity) and subsequent changes in flow dynamics (velocity). A simple user interface allows clinicians to easily navigate the application to calculate vessel tortuosity and diameter, and simultaneously determine blood flow velocity on a mobile device. By providing a robust platform to view, analyze and detect vasculopathy on a device that spans across various socioeconomic boundaries, healthcare can be provided to low‐resource environments in order to improve the overall welfare of the community.

This study was partially funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Sequencing the mitochondrial ATP6 synthase gene: comparing variations in Limulus and Argopecten to human SNPs
Authors: Ferrara Austin , Cisto Rachael , Finnucan Kate , Fusco Sarah , Geer Emily , Lacourciere Lauren , Messologitis Katerina , Mitchell Kyle , Popolizio Christina , Vogel Briana , Paolella Mary Jane
Published: June 2021

Mt‐ATP6 is a highly conserved gene belonging to the ATPase family, a group of enzymes required for cellular respiration in the electron transport chain. Human mutations in this gene result in neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and Leigh Syndrome. Target organisms: Argopecten irradians and Limulus polyphemus, are declining in Long Island Sound (LIS) respectively affecting the fishing industry and the availability of Limulus blue blood used in medicine.

After extracting DNA from Limulus hemocyanin and Argopecten adductor muscle, two sets of overlapping primers were designed to encompass the approximate 700 base pairs of the ATP6 gene using the mitochondrial genome GenBank entries (NC_003057 and NC_012977) as templates. PCR protocols were constructed accordingly; subsequent electrophoresis revealed appropriate products which were then purified, diluted and quantitated using a biophotometer.

At this writing, the primer sets will be further diluted to sequencing concentrations and the 38 templates of more than 400 base pairs each will be sequenced using the school's ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer, a single capillary automated sequencer. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and translated protein sequences will be compared to the control GB entries, to each other, and to the human mt‐ATP6 gene using NCBI, ClustalW, the SNP Database, and MITOMAP data files.

Women's Seamen's Friend Society of CT

Applied Biosystems

Whatman

NOAA, Milford CT

Carmela Cuomo, Ph.D
Selective activation of NADPH oxidase subunit 2 (NOX2) by A3 adenosine receptor in mouse aorta
Authors: El‐Awady Mohammed S. , Ansari Habib R , Fil Daniel , Tilley Stephen L , Mustafa S. Jamal
Published: June 2021

The NADPH oxidase (NOX) subunits 1, 2 and 4 are the major sources for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vascular tissue. We have shown earlier that activation of A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) leads to contraction of aorta as well a decrease in coronary flow (Talukder, et al., 2002; Ansari, et al., 2007). In conditions such as ischemia‐reperfusion and hypoxia, both ROS and adenosine are released suggesting a possible interaction. Our aim in this study was to examine the relationship between A3AR and NOX1, NOX2 (gp91 phox) and NOX4 in mouse aorta. The protein and mRNA expression of the NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4 were measured in aortic rings from WT and A3AR knockout (A3KO) mice. A3AR agonist Cl‐IBMECA (10−7 M) was used in the presence or absence of the NOX inhibitor (apocynin, 10−5M). Cl‐IBMECA selectively increased protein expression of NOX2 by 150±15% in WT but not in A3KO mouse aortas and this increase was inhibited by apocynin. Neither NOX1 nor NOX4 protein expressions were affected by Cl‐IBMECA. Interestingly, the mRNA of NOX2 was not changed by Cl‐IBMECA in either WT or A3KO aortas, suggesting that NOX2 protein increase by Cl‐IBMECA may be through either a change in protein translation or turnover. In conclusion, A3AR selectively activates NOX2 without affecting NOX1 or NOX4 in mouse aorta, suggesting a role for NOX2 in adenosine mediated control of vascular tone through A3AR (Supported by NIH grants HL 027339, HL 094447, HL071802).
Dietary supplementation with monosodium glutamate (MSG) is safe and improves growth performance in postweaning pigs
Authors: Rezaei Reza , Knabe Darrell , Tekwe Carmen , Ficken Martin , Fielder Susan , Eide Sarah , Lovering Sandra , Wu Guoyao
Published: June 2021

Glutamate is an abundant free and peptide‐bound amino acid in porcine milk to support growth and development of the piglet small intestine. However, after weaning, dietary intake of glutamate is markedly reduced due to low feed consumption. Piglets were weaned at 21 d of age to a corn‐ and soybean meal‐based diet supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4% MSG (n=10/group). MSG was added to the diet at the expense of cornstarch. At 42 d of age, blood samples (10 mL) were obtained from the jugular vein of pigs at 1 and 4 h after feeding for hematological and clinical chemistry tests, and then pigs (n=6/group) were euthanized to obtain tissues for histopathological examinations. Feed intake did not differ among the 5 groups of pigs. Compared with the control, dietary supplementation with 2 and 4% MSG increased (P < 0.05) weight gains of postweaning pigs by 10.2% and 15.5%, respectively. All variables in standard hematology and clinical chemistry tests did not differ among the 5 groups of pigs. Likewise, dietary supplementation with up to 4% MSG did not result in gross or microscopic lesions in any tissues examined, including brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, adrenal gland, stomach, cecum, small intestine, large intestine, gonads, and bone marrow. We conclude that dietary MSG supplementation is safe and improves growth performance in postweaning pigs. (Supported by International Glutamate Technical Committee)
Impact of dietary protein (PRO) intake and high‐intensity interval exercise on abdominal obesity (AbOb) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk in premenopausal women
Authors: Pilolla Kari , Sweat Whitney , Maddalozzo Gianni , Manore Melinda
Published: June 2021

Purpose

To evaluate a16‐wk energy (En)‐restricted diet with 2 levels of PRO, plus high‐intensity interval exercise (Zumba®), for reducing AbOb and MetS risk in women.

Methods

Sedentary, overweight, women (n=35, age=35.3±10.2y) were randomly assigned to −300kcal/d En‐restricted, Exchange‐based diets with either 15% PRO (15PRO) or 25% PRO including 20g/d supplemented whey PRO (25PRO). Exercise was 45min/d, 3d/wk of Zumba® and 45min/d, 2d/wk of self‐selected moderate‐intensity aerobic exercise. Body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), body fat, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), trigylcerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), and resting blood pressure (RBP) were assessed pre‐ and post‐intervention.

Results

There were significant time, but not group, differences between 15PRO and 25PRO, respectively, in BW (−5.8±2.7kg;−4.5±2.4kg, p=0.0141), WC (−8.0±3.6cm; −6.7±3.5cm, p<0.001), abdominal fat (−5.9±2.6%; −4.5±2.5%, p<0.0001), total body fat (−3.8±1.3%; − 2.9±1.8%, p=0.0002), and TG (−37.0±61.0mg/dl; −14.3±42.1mg/dl, p<0.05). There were no differences for time or group for FPG, HDL‐C, or RBP.

Conclusion

Both diets effectively reduced AbOb; thus, increasing PRO intake did not improve AbOb or MetS risk beyond En‐restriction, healthy eating and food selection behaviors, and high‐intensity exercise. Funded by Standard Process, Inc and USDA Nat'l Needs Graduate Fellowship.

Grant Funding Source : Standard Process, Inc
Impact of iron‐containing micronutrient supplementation on high hemoglobin concentration during pregnancy
Authors: Li Hong-tian , Mei Zuguo , Ren Aiguo , Serdula Mary , Cogswell Mary , Liu Jian-meng
Published: June 2021

Objective

We aimed to examine the impact of prenatal iron‐containing micronutrient supplementation on high hemoglobin (Hb) level during the second trimester and postpartum.

Methods

We conducted a randomized controlled trial among nulliparous Chinese pregnant women with Hb ≥100g/L. Women were enrolled before 20 weeks gestation and randomized to receive daily folic acid (FA), iron + folic acid (IFA), or iron, folic acid, + 13 other micronutrient (MN). Hb was measured at enrollment, 24–28 weeks gestation, and 4–8 weeks postpartum. High Hb was defined as Hb≥132g/L. Of 18,775 women randomized, 13,992 remained in the analysis after excluding 4102 women with baseline Hb ≥132g/L and 681 women without subsequent Hb tests.

Results

Baseline characteristics and adherence did not differ by groups. The rate of high Hb during 24–28 weeks gestation for FA, IFA, and MN group was 5.9%, 5.8%, and 6.4%, respectively; corresponding rate during 4–8 weeks postpartum was 11.9%, 12.3%, and 13.1%, respectively. Compared to FA, the relative risk (95% CI) of high Hb during 24–28 weeks was 0.96 (0.82, 1.13) for IFA and 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) for MN; corresponding relative risk at 4–8 weeks postpartum was 1.03 (0.93, 1.15) and 1.10 (0.99, 1.22).

Conclusion

Compared with FA, IFA or MN supplementation was not associated with high Hb concentration during pregnancy or postpartum.

The study is funded by a cooperative agreement between PUHSC and CDC.

Grant Funding Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Manganese downregulates ICAM‐1 expression in endothelial cells treated with high glucose
Authors: Burlet Elodie , Jain Sushil K
Published: June 2021

Diabetes is associated with low levels of manganese (Mn2+), an important component of many enzyme systems. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that Zucker diabetic fatty rats (ZDF) supplemented with Mn2+ lower cholesterol, triglycerides, MCP‐1, ICAM‐1 and higher adiponectin levels in blood. This study examined the potential mechanisms by which Mn2+ supplementation decreases blood cholesterol and triglycerides and atherosclerosis associated with diabetes. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with different concentrations of Mn2+ (0, 5, 10 and 20μM) for 24 hours, then exposed to high glucose (25mM) or MCP‐1 (250pg/mL) for another 24 hrs. ICAM‐1 expression was determined by Western blotting. Our results demonstrate that HG increases ICAM‐1 expression by two fold compared with controls, and that pre‐treatment with 5μM Mn2+ decreased ICAM‐1 expression back to control levels. Similar experiments with 3T3‐L1 adipocytes showed that pre‐treatment with 10μM Mn2+ inhibited HG‐induced secretion of MCP‐1 levels to control levels. ICAM‐1 and MCP‐1 are key players in the development of atherosclerosis and CVD in diabetes. This study suggests that Mn2+ supplementation inhibits MCP‐1 secretion and ICAM‐1 expression, which in turn may lower circulating triglycerides and cholesterol and risk of development of atherosclerosis in diabetes. Supported by NIDDK (RO1 DK072433), Office of Dietary Supplements and Malcolm Feist Chair in Diabetes.
Ethylamine increases intracellular protein levels of CCL3L1 in THP‐1 cells
Authors: Driscoll Denise F , Nantz Meri P , Percival Susan S
Published: June 2021

Leukocytes secrete chemokine ligand 3‐like‐1 (CCL3L1) upon stimulation. CCL3L1 is a non‐allelic isoform of CCL3, and the most potent ligand of the macrophage receptor, CCR5. Since CCR5 is the primary co‐receptor for macrophage‐tropic HIV‐1, higher levels of CCL3L1 are associated with decreased susceptibility to M‐tropic HIV‐1. In a previous study, we showed an increase in CCL3L1 mRNA in PBMCs stimulated with ethylamine that were obtained from subjects that consumed L‐theanine for 12wk. The goal of this study was to determine if ethylamine (formed by kidney hydrolysis of L‐theanine) caused an increased expression in the protein CCL3L1 and/or a decrease in CCR5 expression. THP‐1 cells (6 × 10^5 cells/mL) were treated with 2 mM ethylamine for 48 hours. They were then stimulated with LPS (1 ug/mL) for 1 hour. Protein levels of CCL3L1 in the culture medium and cell pellet were measured by ELISA. Flow cytometry was used for CCR5 expression using a FITC‐conjugated, anti‐CCR5 antibody. Results showed significantly higher CCL3L1 protein levels in the cell pellets that received ethylamine treatment compared to vehicle‐treated cells. There was no significant difference in CCL3L1 in the culture medium. This suggests that the THP‐1 cell synthesizes CCL3L1 in response to ethylamine, but does not secrete it under these culture conditions. Funded by UF/IFAS Agricultural Experiment Station
Food price increases and poverty negatively impact micronutrient intakes in Guatemala
Authors: Iannotti Lora , Robles Miguel , Chiarella Cristina , Pachon Helena
Published: June 2021

This study investigated the effects of rising food prices and poverty on micronutrient intakes in Guatemala. The 2006 National Living Conditions Survey with 13,686 households was analyzed to determine the probability of inadequacy, disparities in income and intakes, and model the response of intakes to price‐ and incomechange scenarios using the quadratic almost ideal demand system. Food budget share of total household budget was on average, 47% in urban and 56.5% in rural areas. Disparities in nutrient intakes were greatest for vitamin B12 (0.62 Gini coefficient) and vitamin A (0.49 Gini); these nutrients were highly and positively correlated with income. Increases in income, however, reduced to a larger degree the probability of inadequacy for zinc and iron, compared with other nutrients. In models simulating the food price crisis of 2007–2008 and a 10% change scenario, probability of inadequacy rose higher for zinc and folate when compared to other nutrients. Income‐nutrient elasticities, uniformly high in the poorest three quintiles (0.65–1.15), showed a dose response with income across nutrients. Price‐nutrient elasticities were highest for vitamin B12 and the meat group price (−0.503) and folate and the legumes group price (−0.343). Income was most closely associated with vitamins A, B12, and zinc, and food prices with zinc and folate intakes. Funding was received from Inter‐American Development Bank.
Dynamics of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Chan David , Ngo Huu , Chen Hsiuchen
Published: June 2021

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that fuse and divide. The study of mice lacking these dynamic processes has revealed physiological roles for mitochondrial dynamics. Recent studies indicate a link between mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) stability. To study this issue, we have performed structural studies on Tfam, a DNA binding protein that plays a central role in expression, maintenance, and organization of the mitochondrial genome. It activates transcription from mitochondrial promoters and organizes the mitochondrial genome into nucleoids. Using X‐ray crystallography, we show that human Tfam forces promoter DNA to undergo a U‐turn, reversing the direction of the DNA helix. The structural principles underlying DNA bending converge with those of the unrelated HU family proteins, which play analogous architectural roles in organizing bacterial nucleoids.
Cardiac responses to intravenous glucagon‐like peptide 1 are impaired in metabolic syndrome
Authors: Moberly Steven , Berwick Zachary , Kohr Meredith , Mather Kieren , Tune Johnathan
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to determine whether intravenous administration of glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) differentially affects hemodynamic and cardiometabolic responses to exercise in lean and metabolic syndrome (MetS) swine. Experiments were conducted in chronically instrumented Ossabaw swine at rest and during graded treadmill exercise with and without a 2 hr systemic infusion of GLP‐1 (7–36) at 1.5 pmol/kg/min. GLP‐1 did not affect blood pressure, heart rate, or myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) at rest or during exercise. In lean swine GLP‐1 increased coronary blood flow at all levels of MVO2 (P = 0.003), and also increased the slope of the relationship between myocardial glucose uptake and MVO2 (P = 0.05). These effects of GLP‐1 were absent in MetS swine. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry demonstrated no differences in expression of the GLP‐1 receptor between lean and MetS swine in coronary (P = 0.95) or cardiac (P = 0.46) tissue. In vitro studies using myocardial tissue slices revealed that GLP‐1 (1 to 5 nM) dose dependently increased p38 MAPK activity in lean (P =0.05) but not MetS (P = 0.5) swine, and did not affect PKA activity in either group. These data indicate that the impaired in‐vivo responses to GLP‐1 in MetS are not due to altered GLP‐1 receptor content or PKA activity, but may involve reduced GLP‐1 stimulation of p38 MAPK. Support: NIH HL092245 and HL092799
The UAN: Maximizing its Utility to Promote Science Education and Outreach
Authors: Grover Neena , Benore Marilee
Published: June 2021

The Undergraduate Affiliate Network of the UAN was created to form a community of undergraduate students and faculty members. The goals for the UAN include supporting faculty education efforts, student outreach and service learning, and outreach from the campus to the community. The UAN chapters have actively engaged with the schools and community, promoting science education, and serving as ambassadors of science. In this presentation we will discuss the successful programs in civic engagement, outreach and service learning course development.
Hyposmotic Stress‐induced Cytoplasmic Calcium Increase Involves TRPV4 and Src Family Kinase Activation
Authors: Mandal Amritlal , Shahidullah Mohammad , Delamere Nicholas A
Published: June 2021

Many cells respond to osmotic stress by releasing ATP that acts as an extracellular signal for purinergic receptors. Receptor‐triggered increases of calcium and activation of Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) have previously been observed in lens epithelium. Here we examined the effect of hyposmotic stress on cytoplasmic calcium [(Ca2+)i] response.

Hyposmotic solution caused an immediate increase in (Ca2+)i. The selective Src Family Kinase (SFK) inhibitor PP2 suppressed the calcium increase. Hyposmotic solution was found to cause SFK activation which is significantly suppressed by RN 1734, a selective TRPV4 antagonist. The hypotonicity‐induced (Ca2+)i increase also was prevented by RN 1734 or HC 067047. TRPV4 agonist, GSK1016790A or 4á‐PDD caused similar increase in (Ca2+)i as that caused by hyposmotic stress. Expression of TRPV4 was confirmed by western blot. Pertussis toxin pretreatment for 24h blocked the calcium response. The calcium response points to the involvement of P2‐purinoceptors and G protein. Consistent with this notion, intact lenses released ATP when exposed to hyposmotic solution.

The results suggest that the hyposmotic stress‐induced (Ca2+)i increase is the result of an interaction between purinergic P2 receptors and SFK. TRPV4 activation induced calcium entry could be the early mechanism for the complex signaling pathways in the lenses response to osmotic stress.