bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probability of intense precipitation from polarimetric GNSS radio occultation observations
Authors: Cardellach E. , Padullés R. , Tomás S. , Turk F. J. , Ao C. O. , de la Torre‐Juárez M.
Published: September 2017

There is currently a gap in satellite observations of the moisture structure during heavy precipitation conditions, since infrared and microwave sounders cannot sense water‐vapour structure near the surface in the presence of intense precipitation. Conversely, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultations (RO) can profile the moisture structure with high precision and vertical resolution, but cannot indicate the presence of precipitation directly. Polarimetric RO (PRO) measurements have been proposed as a method to characterize heavy rain in GNSS RO, by measuring the polarimetric differential phase delay induced by large size hydrometeors. Previous studies have shown that the PRO polarimetric phase shift is sensitive to the path‐integrated rain rate under intense precipitation scenarios, but there is no current method to invert PRO measurements into quantitative estimates of the path‐averaged rain rate. In this manuscript, a probabilistic inversion approach to the GNSS PRO observables is proposed, where the GPM precipitation products are used for the construction of an a priori look‐up table (LUT) database. The performance of the LUTs is assessed for use in the inversion of satellite‐based GNSS PRO observations, based on synthetically generated PRO data of actual events, which correspond to co‐locations between GNSS RO profiles and the TRMM observations. The synthetic data include end‐to‐end propagation effects of the polarimetric observables and a simple separation algorithm to isolate the hydrometeor component of the observation. The assessment results in agreement better than ±1 mm/hr between the reference LUT and the actual rain statistics of the synthetic data, proving the suitability of the GPM‐based probabilistic inversion tool. These findings indicate that the GNSS PRO products are capable of extending the current GNSS RO ones by associating indications of rain‐rate probabilities at different altitudes, at ∼250 m vertical resolution and under intense precipitation scenarios with the standard vertical thermodynamic profiles.
Mesoscale precipitation characteristics near the Western Ghats during the Indian Summer Monsoon as simulated by a high‐resolution regional model
Authors: Flynn Wendilyn J. , Nesbitt Stephen W. , Anders Alison M. , Garg Piyush
Published: September 2017

This study investigates (i) the role of orography in precipitation along and upstream of the Western Ghats (WG) and (ii) a diurnal cycle of precipitation in western India during the summer monsoon, using a high‐resolution meteorological model and a network of surface rain‐gauges over the WG. The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF‐ARW) was used to simulate the 2008, 2009 and 2010 summer monsoons at 5 km horizontal grid spacing and allows resolved convection, with initial and boundary conditions provided by ERAInterim. The highest daily mean precipitation is found immediate to the WG escarpment and coastal plain between 11.5° and 18°N, but areas receiving the most rainfall do not necessarily receive it most frequently. The greatest percentage of rainy days occurs over the escarpment of the WG and slightly inland, corresponding to the topography, and high percentages (over 75%) of rainy days occur along the coast, along the coastal plain and the WG. These findings are in agreement with several recent studies using high spatial resolution Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation data. Analysis of WRF output at time increments of 30 min reveals a clear diurnal pattern of rainfall, with an early morning maximum offshore and afternoon maxima over inland regions that occur later in the day with distance inland. A weak land breeze circulation is observed, as nocturnal cooling of the land surface results in deceleration of westerly flow upstream of the WG. Offshore moisture convergence and destabilization of low‐level air results in the offshore morning maximum. Rainfall maxima over inland regions indicate that, while orography is the primary impetus for lift, rainfall is also convectively driven. Analysis of convective parameters and landsurface variables such as soil moisture and latent and sensible heat fluxes supports this weak land–sea breeze circulation embedded in prevailing westerly monsoonal flow.
Th@C76. Computational characterization of larger actinide endohedral fullerenes
Authors: Jin Peng , Liu Chang , Li Ying , Li Lanlan , Zhao Yujun
Published: September 2017

The actinide endohedral fullerene Th@C76 was successfully prepared in a very recent experiment (Wang et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 5110) yet without any structural information. In this work, density functional theory calculations revealed that this novel molecule bears a Td(19151)‐C76 cage obeying the isolated pentagon rule. The internal Th atom is off‐centered and resides under a sumanene‐type hexagonal ring, formally donating 4e to the carbon cage. The metal position was rationalized by the structure and charge distribution of the negatively charged cage. Interestingly, an octahedron‐like dynamic trajectory of metal inside the C76 cage at high temperature was found based on the cage symmetry and located transition state structures. Furthermore, the infrared, NMR, and UV/vis spectra of Th@C76 were simulated to assist future experimental characterization.
Thoracic splenosis: diagnosis without invasive investigations
Authors: Williams Kirryn , Simpson Graham
Published: September 2017

This case report describes a case of thoracic splenosis. Splenosis is often interpreted as malignancy on initial imaging. Case reports described in the literature reveal that diagnosis is most often confirmed with invasive investigations. A 99 m technetium‐labelled sulphur colloid scan when used with single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) is highly specific for splenic tissue and more readily available and time efficient than other modalities used for this purpose. Awareness of this may prevent unnecessary or dangerous invasive diagnostic procedures.
Expeditious Synthesis and Biological Characterization of Enantio‐Enriched (‐)‐Nutlin‐3
Authors: Fantinati Anna , Bianco Sara , Cristofori Virginia , Cavazzini Alberto , Catani Martina , Zanirato Vinicio , Pacifico Salvatore , Rimondi Erika , Milani Daniela , Voltan Rebecca , Secchiero Paola , Trapella Claudio
Published: September 2017

A concise and operationally simple synthesis of enantio‐enriched Nutlin‐3 featuring the desymmetrization of 1,2‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine as the key step is described. The easy‐to‐make N‐((1R,2R)‐2‐(3‐(3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thioureido)cyclohexyl)‐3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (and N‐((1S,2S)‐2‐(3‐(3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thioureido)cyclohexyl)‐3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide)) involved as anion binding in the key desymmetrization step is the completely recoverable chiral auxiliary. An array of biological tests performed with the 84:16 (‐)‐Nutlin‐3 scalemic mixture showed activities comparable to those of the commercial eutomer.
A Detail Description on Catalytic Conversion of Waste Palm Cooking Oil into Biodiesel and Its Derivatives: New Functionalized Ionic Liquid Process
Authors: Ullah Zahoor , Bustam Mohamad Azmi , Man Zakaria , Khan Amir Sada , Muhammad Nawshad , Sarwono Ariyanti , Farooq Muhammad , Ullah Riaz , Mengal Ali Nawaz
Published: September 2017

This work is focusing on the synthesis and application of new potential ionic liquids (ILs) for biodiesel production from waste palm cooking oil. For this propose total eleven ionic liquids were synthesized containing various types of cations and anions and characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and elemental analyser (CHNS). The Hammett acidity of the ionic liquids were determined using Ultraviolet (UV) visible spectrometer and correlated with their catalytic properties. The process of biodiesel preparation has been optimized with respect of different factors (catalysts concentrations, methanol to oil ratio, temperature, agitation speed and time) affecting the transesterification reaction. The highest yield of 96.25% for 3‐methyl‐1‐(4‐sulfo‐butyl)‐3H‐imidazol‐1‐ium trifluoromethanesulfonate [BSMIM][CF3SO3] was obtained under optimal conditions. The obtained product was characterized using gas chromatography (GC), NMR, FTIR, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The physicochemical properties like kinematic viscosity, flash point, density etc were determined and compared with the standard of American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) and European Standard (EN) methods. The by‐product of reaction i.e. glycerol was further esterified to minimize the waste of glycerol. The kinetic study shows that the transesterification reaction catalysed by prepared ILs follow the pseudo‐first order reaction. The kinetic energy (Ea) of the reaction was calculated around 19.89 kJ/mol.
Facile Preparation of Porous Graphene Oxide‐Based Nanocomposite Xerogel for Selective Absorption
Authors: Zhu Zhao‐Qi , Dai Jian‐Feng , Ma Chong‐Hua , Sun Han‐Xue , Liang Wei‐Dong , Li An
Published: September 2017

The removal of trace water from hydrophobic solvents or oils is great technological significance for industrial oil dehydration. In this paper, polymeric nanocomposite hydrogel with semi‐interpenetrating network structure was synthesized using the polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone as the matrix, glutaraldehyde as crosslinker and graphene oxide (GO) as the nanofillers. After simply freeze‐drying treatment of the GO‐based hydrogel in swollen state, GO‐based nanocomposite xerogel was obtained, which shows a three‐dimensional structure composed by interconnected macropores. The GO concentration has an apparent influence on the morphologies of the resulting sample. With the increase of GO concentration, the polymer network tends to compact accompanying with a decrease in pore size. The GO nanosheets could serve as a barrier to hinder the collapse of the polymer network both in salt solution and organic solvents. Besides, the GO‐based nanocomposite xerogel exhibits high separation ability for removal of trace water from oils. The efficiency of GO‐based nanocomposite xerogel for removal of water in diesel oil could be reached up to 99.9%, which is of great technologically significance for selective separation and absorption of hydrophilic components from hydrophobic solvents, for example oil dehydration and so on.
Mesomorphic Properties of Novel Supramolecular Calix[4]arene Schiff Base Ester Derivatives: Design and Biological Investigation
Authors: Sharma Vinay S. , Singh Hemant K. , Vekariya Rajesh H. , Sharma Anuj S. , Patel Roshan B.
Published: September 2017

Two homologues series of liquid crystals based on calix[4]arene core have been prepared by the condensing of Schiff base derivatives of 4‐n‐alkoxy benzaldehyde and 4‐amino benzoic acid at the lower rim of tert‐butyl calix[4]arene. They have been designed to a correlation between the molecular structure and mesomorphism with reference to ‐CH=N‐ and ‐COO‐ linkage group. All these compounds were characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR. Mesomorphic behaviour of novel materials were studied by polarising optical microscope (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction measurements to confirm the presence of mesophase. Comp.C7‐I to C18‐I (Series‐1) and C4‐II to C18‐II (Series‐2) shows smectic and nematic mesophase enantiotropically manner. Comp.C3‐I, C7‐I, C6‐II, C7‐II, C12‐II subjected to in vitro antimicrobial screening against two gram ( +ve) bacteria ( S.aureus, S.Pyogenes), two gram (‐ve) bacteria (E.coli, P.aeruginosa) and three fungal strains (C.albicans, A.Niger, A.clavatus).
Easy Preparation of Tannin‐Based Ag Catalysts for Ethylene Epoxidation
Authors: Schaefer Sébastien , Ramirez Adrian , Mallada Reyes , Izquierdo Maria T. , Santamaria Jesus , Celzard Alain , Fierro Vanessa
Published: September 2017

Ultramicroporous carbons loaded with silver (Ag) nanoparticles were synthesised by submitting tannins to hydrothermal treatment in aqueous solutions of silver nitrate at different concentrations, followed by a pyrolysis step. The resultant materials were oxidised with dioxygen diluted in argon for removing the carbon partly coating the Ag nanoparticles and thus increasing the active metal surface area. Morphological, chemical, structural and textural characterisations were carried out in order to establish relationships between the physicochemical properties of the materials and their performances as catalysts for ethylene epoxidation. The latter reaction was increasingly promoted at higher silver content, and the efficiency of the oxidative post‐treatment was evidenced. The relation between selectivity and Ag content was nonlinear, in favour of the improved availability of silver nanoparticles after the removal of the carbon coating, at constant surface area and micropore size distribution of the carbon support. A favourable effect of Ag nanoparticles agglomeration on the selectivity was suggested.
Fabrication and Photosensitivity of CdS/Silicon Nanoscrew Photoresistor
Authors: Liu Jing , Yi Futing , Zhou Yue , Wang Bo , Zhang Tianchong , Wang Yuting
Published: September 2017

Silicon nanoscrews with aspect ratio of 3, 6 and 9 corresponding to 4, 8 and 12 etching cycles are fabricated by CsCl self‐assembly lithography and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) dry etching with “Bosch Process”, which can reduce the reflection to below to 10% for wavelength from 400 to 1000 nm. A layer of Cadmium sulfide (CdS) film covers onto the silicon nanoscrews surface to photoresistor. The XRD pattern shows the CdS packed both on the nanoscrew and planar surface are well‐crystallized. The nanoscrew substrate with the large surface ratio can increase the light absorption and quantity of sensitive material, which can improve the photosensitivity of the CdS photoresistor compared to the planar one obviously. However, the aspect ratio of nanoscrew is not the larger the better for that the high aspect ratio also increases the difficulty of CdS package. The photosensitivity response test results show that the nanoscrew photoresistor with 6 aspect ratio has the best performance under different illumination. With 10000 μW/cm2, the best photosensitivity response achieves to 141 for nanoscrew sample.
A New Methodology for Detection and Assessment of Nitric Oxide in Biological Samples
Authors: Singh Nimisha , Patel Khushbu , Nayak Jyotsna M. , Yadav Jyoti , Sahoo Suban K. , Kumar Rajender
Published: September 2017

Inspired by the biochemical reaction of of L‐4‐Thiazolidinecarboxylic acid (thioproline, TCA) with nitric oxide in human body, a novel method was developed to quantify the NO2− in biological matrix at very high sensitivity and selectivity. The developed assay has added advantage over traditional Griess reagent and can be employed for the clinical assays of NO2− at room temperature using thioproline.
Three‐Dimensional Hierarchical NiCo2O4 Nanosheets/Carbon Nanotubes/Carbon Cloth as a Flexible Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitors
Authors: Zhang Jia‐Nan , Liu Ping , Jin Li‐Na , Jin Chun , Bian Shao‐Wei
Published: September 2017

In order to achieve superior energy storage performances, the design of electrode materials with complex heterostructure has attracted intensive attention. In this study, the NiCo2O4/carbon nanotubes/carbon cloth (NiCo2O4/CNTs/CC) composite electrode material with a three‐dimensional (3D) and hierarchically porous structure was prepared by using ZnO‐assisted template method and followed the electrodeposition and thermal decomposition processes. The vertical carbon nanotube arrays on carbon cloth formed a 3D conductive network, which facilitates to achieve fast electron transportation. After further growing ultrathin NiCo2O4 nanosheets on the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the resultant NiCo2O4/CNTs/CC electrode material exhibited remarkable electrochemical performances. It showed a maximum specific capacitance of 1518 F/g at a scan rate of 5 mV/s in 2 mol/L KOH aqueous solution and excellent stability under the conditions of long term cycling, mechanical bending and twisting conditions. The solid‐state symmetric electrochemical capacitor assembled by the NiCo2O4/CNTs/CC electrode material delivered an energy density of 13.0 Wh/kg at the power density of 1276 W/kg.
The Preparation and Characterization of Two Composite Energetic Salts Based on 3,4‐Dinitraminofurazan
Authors: Huang Haifeng , Zhou Junhong , Shi Yameng , Yang Jun
Published: September 2017

Composite energetic salts (CES) of 3,4‐dinitraminofurazan based on hydroxylammonium and ammonium in the ratio of 3:1 (salt7) and 1:1 (salt8) were successfully prepared for the first time and their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Salt7showed better thermal stability, higher density and lower impact sensitivity while possessing the detonation performance equally to that of the corresponding hydroxylammonium salt.
An economic case forCSR:The comparative efficiency of for‐profit firms in meeting consumer demand for social goods
Authors: Kaul Aseem , Luo Jiao
Published: September 2017

Research Summary

We develop a formal model of CSR, with both a for‐profit and a non‐profit organization providing social goods to needy recipients and competing for resources from consumers. We show that CSR results in financial benefit if it is either related to the firm's core business, or non‐overlapping with non‐profit efforts, but only leads to social benefit if both conditions apply, with these relationships being moderated by the firm's core business capabilities. Our article thus makes a case for CSR based on the comparative efficiency of for‐profits in providing social goods relative to non‐profits, while also highlighting the potential divergence between the financial and social impact of CSR. In addition, it offers new insights into the heterogeneity of CSR, and the role of non‐profits and hybrids.

Managerial Summary

Firms that undertake socially responsible actions are often rewarded for these actions by supporters of social causes, enabling the firms to make additional profits from CSR. Whether CSR is socially beneficial, however, depends on how the firm compares to a non‐profit serving the same cause. CSR activities that are non‐overlapping with existing non‐profit efforts, and that are closely related to the firm's core business, are likely to most strongly benefit society, especially when undertaken by high‐performing firms. Where this is not the case, CSR adds little social value and may even be harmful. Managers seeking to maximize both firm profits and social welfare through CSR should thus ask themselves: What is my firm's unique advantage in serving this cause relative to alternative providers, for example, non‐profits?
The impact of strategic dissent on organizational outcomes: A meta‐analytic integration
Authors: Samba Codou , Van Knippenberg Daan , Miller C. Chet
Published: September 2017

Research summary:Strategic dissent represents divergence in ideas, preferences, and beliefs related to ideal and/or future strategic emphasis. Conventional wisdom in strategic management holds that such differences in managerial cognitions lead to higher‐quality strategic decisions, and thus to enhanced firm performance. However, 4 decades of empirical research have not provided consistent findings or clear insights into the effects of strategic dissent. Hence, we analyze the relative validity of predictions about these effects from both social psychological theories of group behavior and information processing perspectives on decision‐making. Then, we conduct a meta‐analytic path analysis (MASEM) based on current empirical evidence. Synthesizing data from 78 articles, we put to rest the notion that strategic dissent leads to positive outcomes for organizations and estimate how negative its effects actually are.

Managerial summary:Top management teams (TMTs) set the tone and direction for their firms in important ways. Top managers, however, often disagree over fundamental issues related to strategy. Such strategic dissent affects how important decisions are made, and thus how the firm performs. In more specific terms and contrary to popular belief, strategic dissent creates not only dysfunctional relationships among top managers, but also disrupts the process by which these managers exchange, discuss, and integrate information and ideas in making strategic decisions. In short, firms have not yet generated value through numerous perspectives, ideas, and opinions among their top managers. We discuss interventions that could prove helpful in efforts to benefit from having diverse cognitions in a TMT.
Localized Surface Plasmon Induced Position‐Sensitive Photodetection in Silicon‐Nanowire‐Modified Ag/Si
Authors: Mei Chunlian , Liu Shuai , Huang Xu , Gan Zhikai , Zhou Peiqi , Wang Hui
Published: September 2017

Surface plasmon‐based approaches are widely applied to improve the efficiency of photoelectric devices such as photosensors and photocells. In order to promote the light absorption and electron–hole pair generation in devices, metallodielectric nanostructures are used to boost the growth of surface plasmons. Here, silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are used to modify a metal–semiconductor structure; thus, Ag/SiNWs/Si is manufactured. In this system, a large increased lateral photovoltaic effect (LPE) is detected with a maximum positional sensitivity of 65.35 mV mm−1, which is ≈53‐fold and 1000‐fold compared to the conventional Ag/Si (1.24 mV mm−1) and SiNWs/Si (0.06 mV mm−1), respectively. It is demonstrated that localized surface plasmons (LSPs) contribute a lot to the increment of LPE. Furthermore, through the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectra of rhodamine‐6G and finite‐difference time‐domain simulation, it is illustrated that silver‐coated SiNWs support strong LSPs. The results propose an enhancement mechanism based on LSPs to facilitate the photoelectric conversion in LPE and offer an effective way to improve the sensitivity of photodetectors.
Monitoring data‐based aging analysis for the high speed train axle
Authors: Xie Guo , Ye Minying , Hei Xinhong , Qian Fucai , Cao Yuan , Cai Baigen
Published: September 2017

As the key component of the locomotive bogie, the axles have an important influence on the railway safety. The axles are usually maintained or replaced entirely and regularly after a certain running mileage or running time. This means that some damaged axles may not be replaced in time, and some others may be replaced before their running life, which not only poses potential safety risks but also result in wastage of resources. To address this problem, we propose an aging analysis method for high‐speed train axles based on the variation rate of axle temperature, which can diagnose each individual axle. The main steps in this are as follows: (i) preprocessing the original data to correct the isolated zero points and complementing the missing values; (ii) eliminating the measurement error and noise for the automatic extraction of the beginning and end of every temperature rising stage; (iii) calculating the temperature rising rate and evaluating the health status (or the aging level) of axle based on the temperature rising rate. Finally, the proposed method is validated based on the data from an actual operating line of a high‐speed train. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Repatriation of international dual‐career couples
Authors: Kierner Agnieszka , Suutari Vesa
Published: September 2017

Combining the realities of dual‐career couples (DCCs) and the requirements of international careers can be difficult. In order to improve the understanding of the repatriation experiences of international DCCs, we conducted interviews with both partners in 14 DCCs. Contrary to expectations, the majority of the interviewed couples reported very successful repatriation experiences, and only a few adjustment challenges were raised. The interviews address the factors explaining such repatriation adjustment issues, and also elicit four key factors (active self‐management of the expatriation process, earlier experience of expatriation and repatriation, the successful integration of work life and family life, and the realization of dual‐career interests upon repatriation) connected with successful repatriation adjustment experiences.
Storm Katie – Rapid cyclogenesis and damaging winds of Easter Monday 2016
Authors: Ramsdale Steven , Kelly Jason
Published: September 2017

Storm Katie was the 11th officially named storm of the winter and spring seasons of 2015/16, affecting primarily southern parts of England on Easter Monday (28 March 2016). The potential for disruptive winds was identified at a relatively long lead time, with communication to this effect being made by the Met Office 7 days before the storm arrived in the UK. This article looks at the forecasts and warnings in advance of the storm, examines the evolution of the system with a brief discussion on the application of conceptual models and then rounds up with the impacts from the associated wind, rain and snow.
Comparing three‐year extension of early intervention service to regular care following two years of early intervention service in first‐episode psychosis: a randomized single blind clinical trial
Authors: Malla Ashok , Joober Ridha , Iyer Srividya , Norman Ross , Schmitz Norbert , Brown Thomas , Lutgens Danyael , Jarvis Eric , Margolese Howard C. , Casacalenda Nicola , Abdel‐Baki Amal , Latimer Eric , Mustafa Sally , Abadi Sherezad
Published: September 2017

This study aimed to determine if, following two years of early intervention service for first‐episode psychosis, three‐year extension of that service was superior to three years of regular care. We conducted a randomized single blind clinical trial using an urn randomization balanced for gender and substance abuse. Participants were recruited from early intervention service clinics in Montreal. Patients (N=220), 18‐35 years old, were randomized to an extension of early intervention service (EEIS; N=110) or to regular care (N=110). EEIS included case management, family intervention, cognitive behaviour therapy and crisis intervention, while regular care involved transfer to primary (community health and social services and family physicians) or secondary care (psychiatric outpatient clinics). Cumulative length of positive and negative symptom remission was the primary outcome measure. EEIS patients had a significantly longer mean length of remission of positive symptoms (92.5 vs. 63.6 weeks, t=4.47, p<0.001), negative symptoms (73.4 vs. 59.6 weeks, t=2.84, p=0.005) and both positive and negative symptoms (66.5 vs. 56.7 weeks, t=2.25, p=0.03) compared to regular care patients. EEIS patients stayed in treatment longer than regular care patients (mean 131.7 vs. 105.3 weeks, t=3.98, p<0.001 through contact with physicians; 134.8 ± 37.7 vs. 89.8 ± 55.2, t=6.45, p<0.0001 through contact with other health care providers) and received more units of treatment (mean 74.9 vs. 39.9, t=4.21, p<0.001 from physicians, and 57.3 vs. 28.2, t=4.08, p<0.001 from other health care professionals). Length of treatment had an independent effect on the length of remission of positive symptoms (t=2.62, p=0.009), while number of units of treatment by any health care provider had an effect on length of remission of negative symptoms (t=−2.70, p=0.008) as well as total symptoms (t=−2.40, p=0.02). Post‐hoc analysis showed that patients randomized to primary care, based on their better clinical profile at randomization, maintained their better outcome, especially as to remission of negative symptoms, at the end of the study. These data suggest that extending early intervention service for three additional years has a positive impact on length of remission of positive and negative symptoms compared to regular care. This may have policy implications for extending early intervention services beyond the current two years.
Size‐resolved analysis of fine and ultrafine fractions of indoor particulate matter using energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence and electron microscopy
Authors: Hamdan Nasser M. , Alawadhi Hussain , Jisrawi Najeh , Shameer Mohamad
Published: September 2017

We used a multistage PIXE inertial impactor with nine different aerodynamic diameter ranges (between 16 and 0.06 μm) to sample indoor particulate matter (PM). X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) measurements performed at cutoff diameters (CoDs) of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 μm were used to identify elements in various size fractions. Anthropogenic sources were the dominant sources for fine and ultrafine particle sizes. The XRF results show that natural sources also contribute to the fine and ultrafine fractions of pollutants. Scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive system analysis were performed on membranes having PM CoDs of 4, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 μm. Elemental mappings show the membranes with PM of CoDs 0.25 and 0.5 μm having S as a dominant element, confirming the results obtained with XRF. Strong correlation among maps of S, N, and O show that ammonium sulfate is the major constituent at these size fractions. Other elements such as Si, Ca, Fe, Al, and Mg show up in smaller amounts at these size fractions but increase for membranes with larger particles. For size fractions larger than 0.5 μm, there is a good correlation between the elemental maps of these elements and oxygen, indicating that these elements exist mostly in oxide forms. The absence of clear N signals and the correlation between the Ca and S maps indicate that S in these size fractions is not due to ammonium sulfate. The presence of Mg, K, Cl, and Na at these CoDs shows that these elements are due to salts originating from sea breeze.
Prenatal Ultrasound Diagnosis of Diastematomyelia at 11–14 Week Scan
Authors: Lakshmy Selvaraj Ravi , Rose Nity , Kumar Masilamani Praveen , Shobana Umapathy
Published: September 2017

Diastematomyelia is a rare form of congenital spinal anomaly in which the spinal cord is longitudinally split by a rigid or fibrous septum. Prenatal diagnosis of this condition has mainly been reported in the mid trimester. The authors report two cases of diastematomyelia detected at the 11–14 week scan with a brief review of literature. One case detected in the late first trimester was associated with open spina bifida, and the other detected at 12 weeks was a case of isolated diastematomyelia. Though the sonographic features of diastematomyelia are the same in the first and the second trimester, the findings are better appreciated in late first trimester as the ossification in vertebral bodies is minimal before 12 weeks of gestation. Both of the cases presented with typical sonographic features and the ultrasound findings correlated well with postnatal examination. Intracranial signs were pivotal in arriving at the diagnosis of associated open spina bifida in first trimester.
Variable Appearances of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Calcifications on Digital Mammography, Synthesized Mammography, and Tomosynthesis: A Pictorial Essay
Authors: Hwang Esther , Szabo Janet , Sonnenblick Emily B. , Margolies Laurie R.
Published: September 2017

This pictorial essay demonstrates the variable appearances of ductal carcinoma in situ on full-field digital mammography, synthesized mammography, and digital breast tomosynthesis. The spectrum of intercase and intracase variability suggests further refinement of reconstruction algorithms for synthesized mammography may be necessary to maximize early detection of ductal carcinoma in situ.
Impaired action self-monitoring and cognitive confidence among ultra-high risk for psychosis and first-episode psychosis patients
Authors: Gawęda Ł. , Li E. , Lavoie S. , Whitford T.J. , Moritz S. , Nelson B.
Published: September 2017

Background

Self-monitoring biases and overconfidence in incorrect judgments have been suggested as playing a role in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Little is known about whether self-monitoring biases may contribute to early risk factors for psychosis. In this study, action self-monitoring (i.e., discrimination between imagined and performed actions) was investigated, along with confidence in judgments among ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis individuals and first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients.

Methods

Thirty-six UHR for psychosis individuals, 25 FEP patients and 33 healthy controls (CON) participated in the study. Participants were assessed with the Action memory task. Simple actions were presented to participants verbally or non-verbally. Some actions were required to be physically performed and others were imagined. Participants were asked whether the action was presented verbally or non-verbally (action presentation type discrimination), and whether the action was performed or imagined (self-monitoring). Confidence self-ratings related to self-monitoring responses were obtained.

Results

The analysis of self-monitoring revealed that both UHR and FEP groups misattributed imagined actions as being performed (i.e., self-monitoring errors) significantly more often than the CON group. There were no differences regarding performed actions as being imagined. UHR and FEP groups made their false responses with higher confidence in their judgments than the CON group. There were no group differences regarding discrimination between the types of actions presented (verbal vs non-verbal).

Conclusions

A specific type of self-monitoring bias (i.e., misattributing imagined actions with performed actions), accompanied by high confidence in this judgment, may be a risk factor for the subsequent development of a psychotic disorder.
Polygenic risk score of sporadic late‐onset Alzheimer's disease reveals a shared architecture with the familial and early‐onset forms
Authors: Cruchaga Carlos , Del‐Aguila Jorge L. , Saef Benjamin , Black Kathleen , Fernandez Maria Victoria , Budde John , Ibanez Laura , Deming Yuetiva , Kapoor Manav , Tosto Giuseppe , Mayeux Richard P. , Holtzman David M. , Fagan Anne M. , Morris John C. , Bateman Randall J. , Goate Alison M. ,   Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN),   Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI),   NIA‐LOAD family study, Harari Oscar
Published: September 2017

Objective

To determine whether the extent of overlap of the genetic architecture among the sporadic late‐onset Alzheimer's Disease (sLOAD), familial late‐onset AD (fLOAD), sporadic early‐onset AD (sEOAD), and autosomal dominant early‐onset AD (eADAD).

Methods

Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were constructed using previously identified 21 genome‐wide significant loci for LOAD risk.

Results

We found that there is an overlap in the genetic architecture among sEOAD, fLOAD, and sLOAD. The highest association of the PRS and risk (odds ratio [OR] = 2.27; P = 1.29 × 10−7) was observed in sEOAD, followed by fLOAD (OR = 1.75; P = 1.12 × 10−7) and sLOAD (OR = 1.40; P = 1.21 × 10−3). The PRS was associated with cerebrospinal fluid ptau181‐Aβ42 on eADAD (P = 4.36 × 10−2).

Conclusion

Our analysis confirms that the genetic factors identified for LOAD modulate risk in sLOAD and fLOAD and also sEOAD cohorts. Specifically, our results suggest that the burden of these risk variants is associated with familial clustering and earlier onset of AD. Although these variants are not associated with risk in the eADAD, they may be modulating age at onset.
Does Conservative Rehabilitation Program Lead to Long-Term Stiffness after Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair?
Authors: Ming Chan Chun , Hei Li Pang
Published: September 2017

Background

Evidence on the ideal rehabilitation program for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is lacking. Most data and results are conflicting with no consensus made. This study aims to compare between an early aggressive program with immediate postoperative range-of-motion (ROM) exercises and a more conservative program with early restriction of motion in Hong Kong Chinese population.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 37 arthroscopic rotator cuff repair cases who underwent a standardized delayed rehabilitation protocol of immobilization for 4 weeks to 6 weeks before formal passive ROM exercises. Patients were evaluated at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after the surgery, for which they would be tested on passive forward flexion (FF). They were categorized as “stiff if FF was less than 100°. Constant score, Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, and isometric abduction power deficit percentage were parameters to assess the functional outcome, and they were obtained in all of the patients’ last follow-up assessments.

Results

Two cases (5.4%) are considered “stiff 6 months after the surgery. At 1 year, the stiffness in both cases resolved, resulting in 0% rate of stiffness. The mean FF at 1 year was 153.33 ± 20.15, which is comparable to the literature. Two cases (5.4%) of clinical retear occurred. Mean Constant score at the latest follow-up was 62.4 ± 13.2. Mean VAS score was 1.1 ± 1.8 at rest and 2.8 ± 2.0 on exertion. Mean DASH score was 25.3 ± 21.9. Mean isometric abduction power deficit was 42.7% ± 0.2%.

Discussion

Historically, due to concerns on long-term stiffness, an early aggressive postoperative rehabilitation protocol was used. We found that an early restriction of ROM with 4 weeks to 6 weeks of immobilization did not lead to long-term stiffness and functional disadvantage. This includes patients with stiffness even before the operations.

Conclusions

Immobilization for 4 weeks to 6 weeks after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair does not result in long-term stiffness and may even be beneficial to cuff tendon healing.
A Brief Historical Perspective of Cancer Rehabilitation and Contributions From the National Institutes of Health
Authors: Gerber Lynn H. , Hodsdon Bonnie , Comis Leora Ellen , Chan Leighton , Gallin John I. , McGarvey Charles L.
Published: September 2017

People who have cancer diagnoses often need care throughout their lives through all stages of their illness. These stages include diagnosis, primary treatment, survivorship, and end of life. The management of people with cancer, now a common and chronic illness with long‐term survival improving, is complex, challenging, and rapidly changing. Rehabilitation for people with cancer diagnoses is a new specialty and is charged with providing care throughout the trajectory of illness and wellness to maximize potential for function and mitigate disability. Rehabilitation interventions include the application of physical and occupational therapeutics, speech and language interventions, and physical medicine in order to help patients reach their individual goals and to promote life satisfaction. The Department of Rehabilitation in the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health has pioneered this field through research and clinical care models over the past 40 years. Staff of this department has supported clinical research investigators at the National Institutes of Health in their exploration of new treatments using chemotherapies, surgery, radiation, and psychosocial interventions. They have also engaged in research specific to rehabilitation to devise and improve functional outcome measures, design exercise interventions, devise orthotics, and prosthetic devices for adaptation to functional loss. Collectively, the staff has published widely in oncology textbooks and professional journals in order to share findings and improve the quality of cancer rehabilitation treatment across the continuum of care.
Integrating Function‐Directed Treatments into Palliative Care
Authors: Cheville Andrea L. , Morrow Melissa , Smith Sean Robinson , Basford Jeffrey R.
Published: September 2017

The growing acceptance of palliative care has created opportunities to increase the use of rehabilitation services among populations with advanced disease, particularly those with cancer. Broader delivery has been impeded by the lack of a shared definition for palliative rehabilitation and a mismatch between patient needs and established rehabilitation service delivery models. We propose the definition that, in the advanced cancer population, palliative rehabilitation is function‐directed care delivered in partnership with other clinical disciplines and aligned with the values of patients who have serious and often incurable illnesses in contexts marked by intense and dynamic symptoms, psychological stress, and medical morbidity to realize potentially time‐limited goals. Although palliative rehabilitation is most often delivered by inpatient physical medicine and rehabilitation consultation/liaison services and by physical therapists in skilled nursing facilities, outcomes in these settings have received little scrutiny. In contrast, outpatient cancer rehabilitation programs have gained robust evidentiary support attesting to their benefits across diverse settings. Advancing palliative rehabilitation will require attention to historical barriers to the uptake of cancer rehabilitation services, which include the following: patient and referring physicians' expectation that effective cancer treatment will reverse disablement; breakdown of linear models of disablement due to presence of concurrent symptoms and psychological distress; tension between reflexive palliation and impairment‐directed treatment; palliative clinicians' limited familiarity with manual interventions and rehabilitation services; and challenges in identifying receptive patients with the capacity to benefit from rehabilitation services. The effort to address these admittedly complex issues is warranted, as consideration of function in efforts to control symptoms and mood is vital to optimize patients' autonomy and quality of life. In addition, manual rehabilitation modalities are effective and drug sparing in the alleviation of adverse symptoms but are markedly underused. Realizing the potential synergism of integrating rehabilitation services in palliative care will require intensification of interdisciplinary dialogue.
Can a single primary care paramedic configuration safely transport low-acuity patients in air ambulances?
Authors: Tien Homer , Sawadsky Bruce , Lewell Michael , Moore Sean , Peddle Michael , Ackery Alun , Nolan Brodie , MacDonald Russell D.
Published: September 2017

Objective

To determine if utilizing a single paramedic crew configuration is safe for transporting low acuity patients requiring only a primary care paramedic (PCP) level of care in Air Ambulances.

Methods

We studied single-PCP transports of low acuity patients done by contract air ambulance carriers, organized by Ornge (Ontario’s Air Ambulance Service) for one year. We only included interfacility transports. We excluded all scene calls, and all Code 4 (emergent) calls. Our primary outcome was clinical deterioration during transport. We then asked a panel to analyze each case of deterioration to determine if a dual-PCP configuration might have reasonably prevented the deterioration or have better treated the deterioration, compared to a single-PCP configuration.

Results

In one year, contract carriers moved 3264 patients, who met inclusion criteria. 85% were from Northern Ontario. There were 21 cases of medical deterioration (0.6%±0.26%). Paper charts were found for 20 of these cases. Most were self-limited cases of pain or nausea. A small number of cases (n=5) were cardiorespiratory decompensation. There was 100% consensus amongst the panel that all cases of clinical deterioration were not related to team size. There was also 100% consensus that a dual-PCP team would not have been better able to deal with the deterioration, compared to a single-PCP crew.

Conclusions

We found that using a single-PCP configuration for transporting low acuity patients is safe. This finding is particularly important for rural areas where air ambulance is the only means for accessibility to care and where staffing issues are magnified.
Two tandem cylinders of different diameters in cross-flow: flow-induced vibration
Authors: Qin Bin , Alam Md. Mahbub , Zhou Yu
Published: September 2017

This paper presents a systematic study of the cross-flow-induced vibration on a spring-supported circular cylinder of diameter $D$ placed in the wake of a fixed cylinder of smaller diameter $d$. The ratios $d/D$ and $L/d$ are varied from 0.2 to 1.0 and from 1.0 to 5.5, respectively, where $L$ is the distance between the centre of the upstream cylinder to the forward stagnation point of the downstream cylinder. Extensive measurements are conducted to capture the cylinder vibration and frequency responses, surface pressure, shedding frequencies and flow fields using laser vibrometer, hot-wire, pressure scanner and particle image velocimetry techniques. Six distinct flow regimes are identified. It has been found that a violent vibration may erupt for the spring-supported cylinder, and its dependence on $d/D$ and $L/d$ is documented. A careful examination and analysis of the flow structure, along with the simultaneously captured pressure distribution around and vibration of the downstream cylinder, cast light upon the mechanisms behind this vibration and its sustainability. The roles of added mass, flow-induced damping and physical aspects in the process of initiating the vibration are discussed in detail.
Pleistocene deep-sea ostracods from the Oki Ridge, Sea of Japan (IODP Site U1426) and condition of the intermediate water
Authors: Yamaguchi Tatsuhiko , Kuroki Kentaro , Yamada Katsura , Itaki Takuya , Niino Kaoru , Motoyama Isao
Published: September 2017

The Sea of Japan (also termed the East Sea) has a circulation system isolated from the Pacific Ocean and East China Sea. The East Asian winter monsoon drives the circulation system and cools the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC) to form the Japan Sea Intermediate–Proper Water (JSIPW). The intermediate water conveys oxygen to deep-sea floors, which is available for benthic animals. During the Pliocene (3.5–2.8 Ma), Temperate Intermediate Water (TIW) was formed under the weak winter monsoon, and extinct ostracod TIW taxa were found. Little is known about early Pleistocene intermediate water and the extinction mode of benthic ostracods. We studied radiolarians and ostracods from deep-sea sediments between 2.0 and 1.3 Ma (Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage [MIS] 77 to MIS 41) at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1426, Sea of Japan. The ostracod faunas contained TIW and JSIPW taxa. The radiolarian subtropical-water taxa and the JSIPW ostracods indicate a small influx of the TWC and the JSIPW. The TIW occasionally expanded to the middle bathyal zone. By analogy with the relationship between the modern JSIPW and winter monsoon, weak winter monsoon possibly caused gentle temperature gradients in the water column and the expansion of the TIW. The JSIPW taxa expanded their ranges into the deep sea during interglacial periods.
“The Emotions” in Biblical Anthropology? A Genealogy and Case Study with
Authors: Lasater Phillip Michael
Published: September 2017

In the late nineteenth century, the British writer Lewis Carroll published a nonsensical poem calledThe Hunting of the Snarkin which an unlikely alliance hunts a fictional animal, which Carroll named the “snark.” Despite the alliance's intense search for the snark and their questions about how to describe and classify it (apparently, “a Boojum”), they do not find it. I want to suggest that any effort to locate “emotions” in the Hebrew Bible or the ancient Near East is comparable to hunting the snark. If we want our hunt to be successful, we will turn away from “the emotions” and toward something more like the psychological taxonomy that the emotions displaced in the late-modern period: namely, the taxonomy of “passions and affections.” “The emotions” are simply not to be found in the Hebrew Bible or in the historical contexts behind its emergence.