bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tool wear and surface quality of metal matrix composites due to machining: A review
Authors: Hakami Ferial , Pramanik Alokesh , Basak Animesh K
Published: September 2016

Higher tool wear and inferior surface quality of the specimens during machining restrict metal matrix composites’ application in many areas in spite of their excellent properties. The researches in this field are not well organized, and knowledge is not properly linked to give a complete overview. Thus, it is hard to implement it in practical fields. To address this issue, this article reviews tool wear and surface generation and latest developments in machining of metal matrix composites. This will provide an insight and scientific overview in this field which will facilitate the implementation of the obtained knowledge in the practical fields. It was noted that the hard reinforcements initially start abrasive wear on the cutting tool. The abrasion exposes new cutting tool surface, which initiates adhesion of matrix material to the cutting tool and thus causes adhesion wear. Built-up edges also generate at lower cutting speeds. Although different types of coating improve tool life, only diamond cutting tools show considerably longer tool life. The application of the coolants improves tool life reasonably at higher cutting speed. Pits, voids, microcracks and fractured reinforcements are common in the machined metal matrix composite surface. These are due to ploughing, indentation and dislodgement of particles from the matrix due to tool–particle interactions. Furthermore, compressive residual stress is caused by the particles’ indentation in the machined surface. At high feeds, the feed rate controls the surface roughness of the metal matrix composite; although at low feeds, it was controlled by the particle fracture or pull out. The coarser reinforced particles and lower volume fraction enhance microhardness variations beneath the machined surface.
Prediction and optimization of the mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir welding of aluminum alloys using design of experiments
Authors: Palanivel R , Laubscher RF , Vigneshwaran S , Dinaharan I
Published: September 2016

Friction stir welding is a solid-state welding technique for joining metals such as aluminum alloys quickly and reliably. This article presents a design of experiments approach (central composite face–centered factorial design) for predicting and optimizing the process parameters of dissimilar friction stir welded AA6351–AA5083. Three weld parameters that influence weld quality were considered, namely, tool shoulder profile (flat grooved, partial impeller and full impeller), rotational speed and welding speed. Experimental results detailing the variation of the ultimate tensile strength as a function of the friction stir welding process parameters are presented and analyzed. An empirical model that relates the friction stir welding process parameters and the ultimate tensile strength was obtained by utilizing a design of experiments technique. The models developed were validated by an analysis of variance. In general, the full impeller shoulder profile displayed the best mechanical properties when compared to the other profiles. Electron backscatter diffraction maps were used to correlate the metallurgical properties of the dissimilar joints with the joint mechanical properties as obtained experimentally and subsequently modeled. The optimal friction stir welding process parameters, to maximize ultimate tensile strength, are identified and reported.
A new design knowledge retrieval model based on granularity and clustering theories
Authors: Liu Hongwei , Li Yan , Chen Jian , Xiong Yan , Du Xiaojiao , Shi Qian
Published: September 2016

Former research has proved that the design knowledge involved in the conceptual design stage has multiple attributes/perspectives, which can be further abstracted into the concepts with different abstract/granularity levels, from coarse to fine. Based on this, we believe that it is necessary to use multiple attributes to describe design knowledge during the knowledge retrieval process. Firstly, an attribute ontology with multi-perspective and multi-granularity is built in the new retrieval model. Therefore, the knowledge documents can be abstracted by the concepts of the ontology. Based on the correlation of the concepts, the clustering theory is introduced into the new model to cluster knowledge documents, and the combined keyword concepts of the clusters are generated as well. The keyword concepts of the clusters, rather than the keyword concepts of documents, are used as the index of the retrieval. During the knowledge matching process, the keywords and their semantic extension of design problems are extracted, and the similarity between the abstract descriptions of the knowledge clusters and design problems is calculated, so the best cluster can be found by the calculated results. Based on the granularity levels of the keywords (concepts) the design problems, finally the documents in the selected cluster are ranked in the order of granularity levels. The selected document by the model is that with the highest relevance and most suitable granularity level about the design problem. In the last section of the paper, we used a simple real case to evaluate the new model, and also develop the scheme of the whole design knowledge retrieval system for the future work.
Experiments on transient performance of a low specific speed centrifugal pump with open impeller
Authors: Zhang Yu-Liang , Zhu Zu-Chao , Li Wen-Guang
Published: September 2016

In order to meet the needs in engineering, an existing low specific speed centrifugal pump may have to be run at a high rotating speed. Unfortunately, experiments on transient performance of such a kind of centrifugal pump in starting and stopping periods at a high speed have been unavoidable so far. In this paper, the transient hydraulic performance of a low specific speed centrifugal pump with an open impeller during starting and stopping periods is measured with an updated test rig. The correlations of rotating speed, flow rate, head, static pressures at the pump inlet and outlet, and shaft power with time are obtained at different discharge valve openings. The results show that the flow rate rises slowly at the beginning of starting period, and suddenly drops at the end of stopping process. There is an obvious impact phenomenon in local static pressure curves at the pump inlet and outlet during starting period. With the augment of discharge valve opening, the required time for flow rate to reach a steady value is gradually prolonged, and the impact phenomenon in local static pressures at the pump inlet is postponed and the impact difference is also decreased step by step. The impact phenomenon in shaft powers is also very prominent, especially at small discharge valve openings. At the beginning of stopping process, the flow rate declining delay phenomenon becomes weak with increasing discharge valve opening, and the time for flow to stop fully is also extended gradually.
Organizational stressors and burnout in public librarians
Authors: Lindén Magnus , Salo Ilkka , Jansson Anna
Published: September 2016

We investigated the relationship between organizational factors and three dimensions of burnout in a sample of 53 Swedish public librarians. We also qualitatively identified specific library-related stressors based on the organizational factors investigated. The results showed that the organizational factors workload and community predicted higher levels of emotional exhaustion while the organizational factors community and values predicted higher levels of cynicism. Beyond that we also found that the most frequent stressors reported by the participants were overload of working tasks, technostress, patrons, management feedback problems and isolation. It is suggested that structural interventions to deal with burnout among librarians can be managed by both changing the work-organization and training the employees in stress-management strategies.
Lupus and lupoid misnomer: issues and challenges
Authors: Pourazizi M , Kabiri S , Saffaei A , Abtahi-naeini B
Published: September 2016

Misnomers are terms for any of medical conditions whose name does not reflect the pathophysiological reality. In the field of dermatology, it is interesting to note that there are some misnomers about lupus. Lupus is Latin for wolf, and it comes from the facial appearance that was thought to resemble the bites of a wolf. Until the 19th century, lupus was most commonly caused by cutaneous tuberculosis (TB), so some of the misnomer related to TB. Other misnomers encountered in lupus have arisen from the lack of understanding of the underlying etiology, pathogenesis and histopathological features, due to imprecise translations.
Embodying algorithmic war: Gender, race, and the posthuman in drone warfare
Authors: Wilcox Lauren
Published: September 2016

Through a discussion of drone warfare, and in particular the massacre of 23 people in the Uruzgan province in Afghanistan in 2010, I argue that drone warfare is both embodied and embodying. Drawing from posthuman feminist theorists such as Donna Haraway and N Katherine Hayles, I understand the turn toward data and machine intelligence not as an other-than-human process of decisionmaking that deprives humans of sovereignty, but as a form of embodiment that reworks and undermines essentialist notions of culture and nature, biology and technology. Through the intermediation of algorithmic, visual, and affective modes of embodiment, drone warfare reproduces gendered and racialized bodies that enable a necropolitics of massacre. Finally, the category of gender demonstrates a flaw in the supposed perfectibility of the algorithm in removing issues of identity or prejudice from security practices, as well as the perceptions of drone assemblages as comprising sublime technologies of perfect analysis and vision. Gender as both a mode of embodiment and a category of analysis is not removed by algorithmic war, but rather is put into the service of the violence it enables.
Nurses’ perception of ethical climate at a large academic medical center
Authors: Lemmenes Donna , Valentine Pamela , Gwizdalski Patricia , Vincent Catherine , Liao Chuanhong
Published: September 2016

Background:

Nurses are confronted daily with ethical issues while providing patient care. Hospital ethical climates can affect nurses’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment, retention, and physician collaboration.

Purpose:

At a metropolitan academic medical center, we examined nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate and relationships among ethical climate factors and nurse characteristics.

Design/participants:

We used a descriptive correlational design and nurses ( N = 475) completed Olson’s Hospital Ethical Climate Survey. Data were analyzed using STATA.

Ethical considerations:

Approvals by the Nursing Research Council and Institutional Review Board were obtained; participants’ rights were protected.

Results:

Nurses reported an ethical climate total mean score of 3.22 ± 0.65 that varied across factors; significant differences were found for ethical climate scores by nurses’ age, race, and specialty area.

Conclusion:

These findings contribute to what is known about ethical climate and nurses’ characteristics and provides the foundation to develop strategies to improve the ethical climate in work settings.
Undergraduate nursing students’ ability to empathize: A qualitative study
Authors: Heggestad Anne Kari Tolo , Nortvedt Per , Christiansen Bjørg , Konow-Lund Anne-Sophie
Published: September 2016

Background:

Empathy is of great importance in nursing, as it helps us to see and meet the needs of patients and hence to care for patients in an appropriate way. Therefore, it is of great importance that nursing students and nurses develop their ability to empathize.

Objective:

The study aimed at gaining knowledge on what characterizes undergraduate nursing students’ ability to empathize with patients during their first practice in a nursing home. In addition, the aim of the study was to investigate what nursing students think is important with regard to upholding their ability to empathize with patients in a professional way.

Research design:

This research has a phenomenological and hermeneutic design, based on qualitative interviews.

Participants and research context:

A total of 11 undergraduate nursing students participated in interviews during or right after their first practice in a nursing home.

Ethical considerations:

Norwegian Social Science Data Services approved the study. Participants were informed that their participation was voluntary. The participants were also assured confidentiality, and they were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time, without providing any reasons.

Findings:

What the findings show is that affective empathy is strong among undergraduate nursing students in their first practice. They think the emotions are important to be able to empathize, and they are afraid of becoming indifferent. At the same time, they are afraid that the feelings will hinder them from acting in a professional manner.

Discussion:

The findings are discussed in light of previous theories on empathy, and especially perspectives on empathy, emotions, and morality.

Conclusion:

Affective empathy seems to be strong among nursing students, and this may be of great importance to be sensitive to patients’ well-being. However, affective and cognitive empathy should be balanced if nurses will have to meet patients in a professional way.
Why network structure and coordination matter: A social network analysis of sport for disadvantaged people
Authors: Dobbels Lies , Voets Joris , Marlier Mathieu , De Waegeneer Els , Willem Annick
Published: September 2016

Although local governments attempt to promote sports among all layers of society, people with a lower socio-economic status are still under-represented in grassroots sports. Previous studies indicate that inter-sectoral networks and joint efforts can contribute to an increase in sport participation among these groups, but a systematic analysis of the structure, coordination and interactions in the networks is still missing. Insight into networks to promote sport for disadvantaged people may help in designing effective networks. Therefore, we conducted a social network analysis to explore the network structure and characteristics of networks that promote sport participation among disadvantaged people in three Flemish cities. Our results show that the networks needed to be coordinated by a sport administrator, in the initial stage. Once the network is up and running, coordination can be shared so that the sport administration can rely on the experiences of other sectors. More sport initiatives and a better network structure were found in the cities with a community sport development program, through which the sport-for-all policy is implemented and coordinated, compared to a city without such a program.
Emergency psychiatry: a product of circumstance or a growing sub-speciality field?
Authors: Cammell Paul
Published: September 2016

Objectives:

This article reviews recent trends in the provision of psychiatric services to the emergency departments of tertiary hospitals in Australia, involving the establishment of specialised in-reach or liaison services as well as various forms of short stay unit attached to emergency departments. The Emergency Psychiatry Service at Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia, is described as a case example. Its specialised models of assessment and clinical care are described, highlighting how these are differentiated from more traditional models in inpatient, community and general hospital consultation–liaison psychiatry.

Conclusions:

Emergency psychiatry, and in particular the application of specialised psychiatric models of in-reach service and short stay units, is an increasingly important and growing field of psychiatry that warrants further exploration in research. The Emergency Psychiatry Service at Flinders Medical Centre has developed a distinct group of assessment and treatment approaches that exemplifies this growing field.
Violence risk instruments may be culturally unsafe for use with Indigenous patients
Authors: Shepherd Stephane M
Published: September 2016

Objective:

Violence risk assessment assumes a critical medico-legal role addressing offender/patient needs and informing forensic mental health decision making. Yet questions remain over the cross-cultural applicability of such measures. In their current form, violence risk instruments may not reflect the unique life and cultural experiences of Indigenous Australians rendering them culturally unsafe.

Conclusions:

To realize equitable forensic assessment, it is necessary to ascertain whether there are cultural differences across risk factors for violence and that risk instruments are validated as culturally appropriate. Greater cross-cultural rigour in forensic mental health risk assessment, research and practice is proposed.
Development of a double magnetic circuit yield stress measurement device for magnetorheological fluid
Authors: Wu Xiang-Fan , Xiao Xing-Ming , Tian Zu-Zhi , Chen Fei , Wang Jian , Miao Pan
Published: September 2016

On the basis of shear working mode of magnetorheological fluid, in this article, a novel temperature controllable yield stress measurement device is designed, and the double magnetic circuit structure and the heating structure are proposed. And then, the magnetic field and temperature field of the measurement device are simulated, respectively, by the finite element method. Furthermore, several experiments are carried out to evaluate the magnetic field, measurement precision, and repeatability of the self-designed device. The results indicate that the proposed measurement device has uniform magnetic field distribution and controllable temperature and also has high yield stress testing accuracy and repeatability.
Maternal Interleukin Genotypes Are Associated With NICU Outcomes Among Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Authors: Baumgartel Kelley L. , Groer Maureen W. , Cohen Susan M. , Ren Dianxu , Spatz Diane L. , Conley Yvette P.
Published: September 2016

Background:

Maternal interleukin (IL) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with obstetrical outcomes. Conversely, infant SNPs are associated with subsequent neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) outcomes. Little is known about relationships between maternal SNPs and neonatal outcomes.

Purpose:

To examine the relationships between maternal IL genotypes and neonatal outcomes.

Methods:

An ancillary study was conducted among mothers ( N = 63) who delivered very low-birth-weight infants ( N = 74). Maternal DNA was extracted from breast milk and genotyped. Outcomes included fecal calprotectin, length of stay, scores for neonatal acute physiology with perinatal extension (SNAPPE-II), weight gain, oxygen needs, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, sepsis, retinopathy of prematurity, blood transfusions, and feeding intolerance. Multivariate analyses examined the relationships between maternal IL SNPs and outcomes, controlling for gestational age and the ratio of maternal milk to total milk.

Results:

Absence of a minor allele in 2 IL6 SNPs was associated with fecal calprotectin ( p = .0222, p = .0429), length of stay ( p = .0158), SNAPPE-II ( p = .0497), weight gain ( p = .0272), and days on oxygen ( p = .0316). IL6 genotype GG (rs1800795) was associated with length of stay ( p = .0034) and calprotectin ( p = .0213). Minor-allele absence in 2 IL10 SNPs was associated with days on oxygen ( p = .0320). There were associations between IL10 genotype TT (rs1800871) and calprotectin ( p = .0270) and between IL10 genotypes AA (rs1800872 and rs1800896) and calprotectin ( p = .0158, p = .0045).

Conclusion:

Maternal IL SNPs are associated with NICU outcomes. A potential clinical application includes an antenatal risk profile to identify neonatal needs.
Salivary Biomarkers, Oral Inflammation, and Functional Status in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Dekker Rebecca L. , Lennie Terry A. , Moser Debra K. , Miller Craig S. , Ebersole Jeffrey L. , Chung Misook L. , Campbell Charles L. , Bailey Alison , Tovar Elizabeth G.
Published: September 2016

Aims:

To describe correlations and agreement between salivary and serum B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 and determine which biomarkers predict worse functional class in patients with heart failure (HF).

Methods:

Serum and saliva were collected from 75 hospitalized patients with HF (57 ± 12 years, 43% female, New York Heart Association [NYHA] Classes I [4%], II [43%], and III [53%]). Oral inflammation was rated as good, fair, or poor. Spearman’s ρ and Bland–Altman were used to determine correlations and agreement of the salivary and serum forms of each biomarker. Logistic regressions were used to determine which biomarkers predicted worse NYHA functional class, controlling for depression, body mass index, smoking, and oral inflammation.

Results:

Median biomarker concentrations were as follows: BNP (serum 361 pg/ml, saliva 9 pg/ml), CRP (serum 13 ng/ml, saliva 25.6 ng/ml), IL-6 (serum 19.3 pg/ml, saliva 10.5 pg/ml), and IL-10 (serum 64.1 pg/ml, saliva 4.7 pg/ml). There was a moderate-to-strong correlation for serum–salivary CRP, weak correlation for serum–salivary IL-6, and no correlations for serum–salivary BNP and IL-10. The Bland–Altman test showed good salivary–serum agreement for all biomarkers, but as serum concentrations rose, salivary measures underestimated serum levels. Visible oral inflammation was the only predictor of worse NYHA class.
Benefits and harms from Internet use: A differentiated analysis of Great Britain
Authors: Blank Grant , Lutz Christoph
Published: September 2016

Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of digital divides by investigating outcomes of Internet use. We extend this research to analyse positive and negative outcomes of Internet use in the United Kingdom. We apply structural equation modelling to data from a large Internet survey to compare the social structuration of Internet benefits with harms. We find that highly educated users benefit most from using the web. Elderly individuals benefit more than younger ones. Next to demographic characteristics, technology attitudes are the strongest predictors of online benefits. The harms from using the Internet are structured differently, with educated users and those with high levels of privacy concerns being most susceptible to harm. This runs counter to intuitions based on prior digital divide research, where those at the margins should be most at risk. While previous research on digital inequality has only looked at benefits, the inclusion of harms draws a more differentiated picture.
New abolition, criminology and a critical carceral studies
Authors: Brown Michelle , Schept Judah
Published: September 2016

Criminology has been slow to open up a conversation about decarceration and abolition in comparison with other disciplines, including history, geography, and gender, race, and critical ethnic studies. Scholars from these areas and actors on the ground—close up to confinement—have done most of the organizing against mass incarceration and theorizing of alternative possibilities. Why those experiences—and the theoretical traditions that inform their work—have been less recognized and developed in criminology is of pivotal concern as more criminologists move forward with the political project of decarceration. The extent to which criminology can sustain an alternative or abolitionist politics remains an open question. Amid growing conversations about decarceration and shifting rhetorics on punishment, we address some of the obstacles that limit criminology as a site from which to engage the abolitionist project, asking where criminologists might turn for interventionist models that move away from imprisonment and the violence of the carceral state. In this article, we advocate for and discuss the contours of critical carceral studies, a growing interdisciplinary movement for engaged scholarly and activist production against the carceral state. We discuss the imperatives for criminological engagement with critical carceral studies and sketch some of the terrain on which the discipline can contribute to the project, including important work to counter criminological discourses and knowledge production that reify and reproduce carceral logics and practices.
Penalized complexity priors for degrees of freedom in Bayesian P-splines
Authors: Ventrucci Massimo , Rue Håvard
Published: September 2016

Bayesian penalized splines (P-splines) assume an intrinsic Gaussian Markov random field prior on the spline coefficients, conditional on a precision hyper-parameter [Formula: see text]. Prior elicitation of [Formula: see text] is difficult. To overcome this issue, we aim to building priors on an interpretable property of the model, indicating the complexity of the smooth function to be estimated. Following this idea, we propose penalized complexity (PC) priors for the number of effective degrees of freedom. We present the general ideas behind the construction of these new PC priors, describe their properties and show how to implement them in P-splines for Gaussian data.
An interpretation of political argument
Authors: Bosworth William
Published: September 2016

How do we determine whether individuals accept the actual consistency of a political argument instead of just its rhetorical good looks? This article answers this question by proposing an interpretation of political argument within the constraints of political liberalism. It utilises modern developments in the philosophy of logic and language to reclaim ‘meaningless nonsense’ from use as a partisan war cry and to build up political argument as something more than a power struggle between competing conceptions of the good. Standard solutions for ‘clarifying’ meaning through descriptive definition encounter difficulties with the biases of status quo idioms (long noted by theorists like William Connolly and Quentin Skinner), as well as partisan translations and circularity. Collectively called linguistic gerrymandering, these difficulties threaten political liberalism’s underlying coherency. The proposed interpretation of political argument overcomes this with a new brand of conceptual analysis that can falsifiably determine whether rhetoric has hijacked political argument.
Current Advances and Future Directions in Behavior Assessment
Authors: Riley-Tillman T. Chris , Johnson Austin H.
Published: September 2016

Multi-tiered problem-solving models that focus on promoting positive outcomes for student behavior continue to be emphasized within educational research. Although substantial work has been conducted to support systems-level implementation and intervention for behavior, concomitant advances in behavior assessment have been limited. This is despite the central role that data derived from behavior assessment methods must play in making defensible multi-tiered decisions such as those for screening and progress monitoring. In this commentary, the role of assessment in the evidence-based practice movement is described, alongside necessary features of behavior assessment methods utilized in multi-tiered systems. The relevance of these features to articles in this special issue is described. Finally, observations and suggestions for future directions regarding the current state of behavior assessment in educational research are offered.
Una Familia Unida
Authors: Binkley Jessica , Koslofsky Shahana
Published: September 2016

This article describes the brief treatment of a Mexican American teenager who presented for family therapy to address major depressive disorder (MDD) and comorbid binge-purge behaviors. Treatment was brief and integrated components of family-based therapy (LeGrange, 2010) and narrative therapy with an overarching multicultural lens. Progress was measured through self-report (Children’s Depression Inventory), parent-report, and concrete behavioral markers (e.g., reduced number of purging events). By the end of treatment, there was a reduction of depressive symptoms (e.g., elimination of suicidal ideation and cutting behaviors, reduction of fatigue, anhedonia, and low mood) as well as disrupted eating behaviors. By supporting the teenager and family to identify and leverage their individual and family strengths, treatment also strengthened family communication, increased shared positive family experiences (e.g., family meals), and supported the teenager in engaging in community activities consistent with the family’s values. This case adds to the existing literature by reviewing ways in which treatment was modified across multiple domains to provide culturally sensitive care, as well as by identifying weaknesses in the approach, which may serve to illuminate gaps in the existing literature and highlight areas where clinicians may want to adapt their treatment so as to strengthen client outcomes.
Building a Better Prelims
Authors: McLaughlin Anne Collins
Published: September 2016

During the fall of 2015, the Human Factors and Applied Cognition Area at North Carolina State University entirely revised the preliminary exam for Ph.D. candidacy to match human factors pedagogical goals and the real-world needs of the students. Emphasis in the new preliminary exam is on transparency, objectivity, and productivity, particularly the re-use of materials. The new exam assesses depth and breadth of knowledge, requires demonstration of research and teaching skills, and is preparation for work in either academia or industry. The following paper details the process and products relating to the new “portfolio” preliminary exam.
Developing Game-Based Learning Requirements to Increase Female Middle School Students Interest in Computer Science
Authors: Bonner Desmond , Dorneich Michael
Published: September 2016

This paper presents work on the development of a Game-Based Learning (GBL) application’s requirements for female middle school students which teaches fundamental concepts of programming. Currently, there are not enough students who desire to pursue Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematic (STEM) career fields. Additionally, female are underrepresented in STEM fields, and increased female participation may help partially address this gap. GBL was used to encourage middle school student interest in STEM by allowing them to practice computer science concepts in engaging contexts outside the classroom. The game Sorceress of Seasons was built to teach fundamental programming concepts, and was based on six requirements specifically targeted at female middle school students. The game was tested with 15 middle school-aged students. Playing the game had a positive effect on students’ attitudes towards programming, with female students reporting a larger increase in computer science interest than males when compared with their previous attitudes. The results suggest that the game may be successful in increasing interest in STEM in these students. The requirements developed to guide the design of the game played a role in the game’s effectiveness, and may be useful when developing an educational tool targeting female STEM interest.
Evaluation of Etiquette Strategies to Adapt Feedback In Affect-Aware Tutoring
Authors: Yang Euijung , Dorneich Michael C.
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this research is to investigate how to mitigate user frustration and improve task performance in the context of human-computer interaction (HCI). Even though user frustration plays a role in many aspects of HCI and studies have looked into the consequences of frustration in various fields, the ways to mitigate frustration are less deeply examined. Once the system has the ability to understand and include user emotions as factors in HCI, the interaction between the user and the computer system could be adapted if the computers are able to modify its behavior with users in appropriate ways to further joint performance. Specifically, a preliminary study was conducted to explore the task performance, motivation, and confidence implications of changing the interaction between the human and the computer via different etiquette strategies. Participants solved a total of twenty mathematics problems under different frustration condition with feedback given in different styles of etiquette. Changing etiquette strategies in tutoring led to changes in performance, motivation, and confidence. The most effective etiquette strategies changed when users were frustrated. This work provides the foundation for the design of adaptive intelligent tutoring system based on etiquette strategies.
Development of a Human Factors Methods Blog for an Audience of Game Developers
Authors: Trowbridge Francis A. , Pybus Lawton , Mudrick Nicholas , Taub Michelle
Published: September 2016

We, as human factors practitioners and researchers, often must describe what we study, how we do it, and why it matters. As a part of those efforts, we developed a blog introducing human factors methods and their applications for an audience of game developers. Each method is discussed and illustrated using examples applied to games. We also describe our goals for the blog’s style and structure, and ideas for further refinement.
Environmental Design in Education and Training
Authors: Stone Nancy J. , Bazley Conne Mara , Jacobs Karen , Robertson Michelle M. , Boring Ronald Laurids , Rice Valerie , Caldwell Barrett S.
Published: September 2016

Increasingly, individuals are using more blended, hybrid, and online deliver formats in education and training. Although research exists about how the physical and social environment impact learning and training in traditional face-to-face settings, we have limited knowledge about how the environment affects learners when they are interacting with technology in their learning situations. In particular, concerns arise about levels of engagement, whether learning is enhanced, the impact or helpfulness of robotics, and how the social dynamics change. These five panelists bring expertise in education at the undergraduate and graduate levels, training within industry and the military, and the use of various teaching and training methods. The panelists will present their perspectives to several questions relative to how the environment can (or cannot) accommodate enhanced learning in education and training when technology is involved. Ample time will remain for audience participation.
The Attention Grabbing Salience of Viscerally Engaging Images
Authors: Resnick Marc , Albert William , Huang Yunzhi
Published: September 2016

Banner ads remain a core component of the marketing mix for companies in both the analog and digital domains. Consumers spend much of their time on websites, whether through mobile or desktop devices, and marketers need to target them where they are. Unfortunately, inattention blindness is a serious impediment to the effectiveness of banner advertising; consumers have become proficient at ignoring banners when they appear in areas predictably associated with advertising. Research has uncovered some strategies to overcome banner blindness, but many of these require customer analytics and can evoke privacy concerns. Others degrade the user experience by interfering with the user’s task. One possible alternative is to use innately salient advertising content, but there is a dearth of research investigating the effectiveness of this approach. The current study fills this gap with an empirical investigation using established, innately salient images in banner ads and a primary task that involved reading text articles that were either intrinsically interesting or boring. Eye-tracking was used to assess the impact on participants’ visual scan patterns and visual attention. The results were mixed. Participants’ visual attention was drawn to banner ads that contained sexually suggestive content, but not for other innately salient categories. The effect of the intrinsic salience of the content was complicated and requires further research to resolve.
A Process for Evaluating the Gender and Professionalism of Web Design Elements
Authors: Stonewall Jacklin , Dorneich Michael C.
Published: September 2016

This work lays the foundation for creating gender neutral web design guidelines by determining the following: the gendering of web design element examples (including whether some examples are distinctly masculine or feminine), the perceived professionalism of design elements, and whether there is an interaction between gender and professionalism. Designing for a particular gender is common in both product and web design, but in many situations is exclusionary. In the study, participants rated a series of graphical element examples in six categories: Font, Color, Image, Shape, Texture and Mixed Elements. Participants rated each element on their femininity, masculinity and professionalism. Some element examples were found to be strongly feminine or masculine, while others were neutral. In three of the six elements (Color, Shape, Mixed Elements), there was a positive correlation between professionalism and masculinity. Similarly, in the same three elements, there was a negative correlation between professionalism and femininity. This information will aid designers in making principled decisions on how they wish the gender of their website to be perceived.
Touchscreen Voting Interface Design for Persons with Disabilities
Authors: Ismirle Jennifer , O’Bara Ian , Swierenga Sarah J. , Jackson James E.
Published: September 2016

Using specifications gathered from previous research focused on mobile and/or accessible design, our research team designed and created a mobile voting user interface prototype for individuals with and without disabilities. Thirty-two participants, including individuals who have dexterity limitations, dyslexia, low vision, and those with no disabilities, evaluated the usability of our mobile voting prototype. Our study generally confirmed previous research, and we discovered further considerations for a universal mobile voting interface design. The majority of participants had a positive reaction and experience while voting using our prototype, and indicated they would use it in an election if it were available. Based on our results, recommendations are provided to inform user interface designers, election officials, voting system manufacturers, and the general public on the specific needs of different user groups and design considerations for a universal mobile voting interface.
The effect of temperature change rate on user thermal sensation and its implication for tablet computer heat dissipation design
Authors: Zhang Han , Hedge Alan
Published: September 2016

Past research has shown that the rate of change of skin surface temperature can affect thermal sensation. This study investigated users’ thermal responses to a tablet heating surface with different heat pads and different temperature change rates. The test conditions included: A. keeping the surface at a constant 42°C, B. increasing the surface temperature from 38°C to 42°C at a rate of 0.02°C/s in progressive intervals, C. increasing the temperature at 0.15°C/s in progressive intervals, and D. Heating two left and right side pads alternately from 38°C to 42°C at 0.15°C/s in progressive intervals. Overall results showed the lowest temperature change rate of 0.02°C/s was most preferred in terms of thermal comfort. The findings suggest a potential to improve user thermal experience by dissipating tablet computer heat at a lower temperature change rate, or by alternating the dissipation areas.
HomCam
Authors: Peck Brian , Gilbert Stephen , Winer Eliot , Ray Robert C.
Published: September 2016

The growth of mobile and wearable technologies has enabled a host of new applications, including remote situational awareness, in which a device worn by a remote partner can simulate being present in the remote location for an observer. We illustrate this idea by constructing the HomCam, a helmet-based omnidirectional video system that gives an observer the 360-degree perspective of a remote wearer. To our knowledge, the HomCam was the ﬁrst wearable system that enabled real-time streaming of 360-degree video to a remote location built from commercial-of-the-shelf hardware. This paper describes related efforts, the HomCam prototype, its visual display, and an initial test of network performance. This prototype demonstrates some of the challenges of remote situation awareness and contributes to designers’ implementation of related systems.
Adaptive Control-Display Ratios for Smartphones
Authors: Hayes Sean T. , Adams Julie A.
Published: September 2016

Smartphones pose new design challenges for precise interactions, prompting the development of indirect interaction techniques that improve performance by reducing the occlusion caused by touch input. Direct touch interaction (e.g., tap to select) is imprecise, due to occlusion and the finger’s surface area. Many cursor-based interaction techniques address this issue; however, these techniques do not dynamically adjust the control-to-display movement ratio ( CDratio ) to improve accuracy and interaction times. This paper analyzes the performance benefits of applying adaptive CDratio enhancements to smartphone interaction for target-selection tasks. Existing desktop computer enhancements and a new enhancement method, Magnetic Targets, are compared. Magnetic Targets resulted in significantly shorter target selection times compared to the existing enhancements. Further, a simple method that combined enhancements to provide a CDratio based on a greater context of the interactions demonstrated performance improvements.
Influences of Task Management Strategy on Performance and Workload for Supervisory Control
Authors: Bowden James R. , Rusnock Christina F.
Published: September 2016

Individual differences between task management strategies in a dual task environment – as a possible contributing factor to failures in supervisory control – have not been heavily researched. The purpose of this study was to identify strategies utilized by human subjects operating in a dual task environment to determine the effect of task management strategy on performance and workload outcomes. Participants monitored 8 remote processes while simultaneously executing a cognitively demanding secondary task. Researcher observation and participant feedback were used to identify specifically how tasks were managed. Four competing strategies were identified: Balanced Interleaving, Balanced Multitasking, Adaptive Attack, and Adaptive Avoidance. Findings revealed that the Adaptive Attack and Balanced Multitasking strategies demonstrated more advantageous outcomes toward performance while also resulting in lower participant perceived workload; Balanced Interleaving showed marginally higher performance, but high workload; and Adaptive Avoidance resulted in both low workload and low performance.
Conceptualizing Sociotechnical System Boundaries in Healthcare Settings
Authors: Xie Anping , Gurses Ayse P. , Hundt Ann Schoofs , Steege Linsey , Valdez Rupa S. , Werner Nicole E.
Published: September 2016

Healthcare systems are complex dynamic sociotechnical systems, in which groups of people (e.g., patients and families, clinicians) interact with different technologies (e.g., clinical decision support system, consumer health information technology) in various physical (e.g., hospital, patient home) and organizational (e.g., teamwork, culture) environments (Carayon et al., 2006; Effken, 2002; Kleiner, 2007). The complex and dynamic nature of healthcare systems results in their boundaries being increasingly fuzzy (Carayon et al., 2011; Plsek & Greenhalgh, 2001). People are no longer constrained to work in single local work systems. Instead, they work in teams across different system boundaries, including organizational, hierarchical, cultural, spatial, temporal, and process boundaries (Carayon, 2006; Karsh & Alper, 2005). New conceptualizations of healthcare system boundaries are needed to take into consideration the characteristics of complex sociotechnical systems (Carayon et al., 2015). We convene this panel to address the general question of how to conceptualize sociotechnical system boundaries in healthcare. Five panelists present examples from their respective research to illustrate the conceptualization of sociotechnical system boundaries in different healthcare domains.
This Changes Everything
Authors: Thatcher Andrew , Waterson Patrick , Thatcher Andrew , Hancock Peter , Davis Matthew C. , Zink Klaus J. , Hilliard Antony , Waterson Patrick
Published: September 2016

Naomi Klein in her recent book ‘ This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate’ (Klein, 2014) argues that climate change represents the most pressing problem facing our age. As HFE professionals we share this view and believe there is a strong collective will to address what we see as a failure to protect the natural and social environments that support us. While still acknowledging that HFE professionals cannot address these issues alone, we believe we are in a unique position to apply relevant skills and knowledge to assist in addressing the commonly identified problem areas including pollution, climate change, renewable energy, land transformation, and social unrest amongst numerous other emerging global problems. In this panel discussion we present a number of possible contributions from the macroergonomics sub-discipline that we believe well help society find solutions to the current predicament that we find ourselves in.
General Motors Global Ergonomic Manufacturing Engineering Process Appling consistent strategies and methodologies for success
Authors: Malone Gwendolyn , Porto Ryan
Published: September 2016

General Motors (GM) ergonomics activity began over 30 years ago as a decentralized, ad-hoc effort in various plants and divisions. In the mid-80’s GM and The United Automobile Workers (UAW) Union participated in an ergonomics pilot project with the University of Michigan (resulting in several published articles). In 1990 UAW-GM- Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) entered into an agreement on Ergonomics. These were the catalyst for Ergonomics Program in General Motors.

By the mid-2000’s GM recognized how critical it was to shift more attention to “designing in” ergonomic principles and guidelines early in the vehicle and powertrain development process. Today, our Global Manufacturing Engineering Ergonomics team (Program Ergonomists) consist of individuals around the globe that execute our ergonomics process across several functional groups, as a single voice to ensure: Vehicle and Powertrain Product Engineering (PE) teams implement ergonomic principles in the products we make, and Manufacturing Engineering (ME) teams implement ergonomic principles when launching new programs in the manufacturing plants.

Our primary focus is to design out systemic product and manufacturing issues and prevent future ergonomics issues before the product goes into production.

GM’s ergonomics process is based on proactive assessments using internal and external ergonomic tools, research, and guidelines.
A Pilot Study of the Effects of Pulley Location and Design Parameters on Hand Movements during Pulley Threading Operations
Authors: Haney Justin M. , Owczarczak Mary , D’Souza Clive , Jones Monica L. H. , Reed Matthew P.
Published: September 2016

Three healthy individuals participated in a laboratory experiment that required routing a thin continuous thread through a series of pulleys mounted on a vertical work surface. Task precision demand was manipulated by altering pulley outer diameter (38 mm, 76 mm, and 152 mm) and groove width (3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm). The target location of each destination pulley relative to the origin at the mid-sagittal plane was also manipulated. These factors were hypothesized to influence hand motion trajectories, peak speed, and task completion time. Smaller pulley diameters and larger groove widths, representing lower precision demands, were associated with smoother trajectories and a faster task completion time. These preliminary findings suggest a systematic influence of task precision demands on movement kinematics and task performance.