bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responding to a Tragedy: Evaluation of a Postvention Protocol Among Adult Psychiatry Residents
Authors: Agrawal Alpna , Gitlin Michael , Melancon Sir Norman T. , Booth Brittany Irshay , Ghandhi Jennifer , DeBonis Katrina
Published: March 2021

Objective

In a time of “zero suicide” initiatives and rising suicide rates, resident physicians are particularly susceptible to the psychological and professional ramifications of patient suicide. An adult psychiatry residency program developed and implemented a postvention protocol to address the impact of patient suicide among resident physicians. The current study is a formal evaluation of a training program’s postvention protocol from June 2018 to April 2020.

Methods

Process and outcome indicators were identified to assess protocol implementation and effectiveness. Process indicators included were postvention protocol adherence. Outcome indicators were perceived helpfulness of postvention protocol–related supports, occupational and general health measures, posttraumatic growth, and posttraumatic stress symptoms following resident participation in the postvention protocol.

Results

Study response rate was 97% (n= 57/59) and 81% completed the entire survey (n= 48/59). Twenty percent of residents (n= 10/48) experienced patient suicide during residency. Postvention protocol adherence was between 57 and 100%. Protocol-related supports, such as speaking with attendings who had previously experienced an adverse event, were more helpful than other supports (p< 0.01). Compared to residents who had not experienced patient suicide, mean work empowerment, burnout, mental health, and quality of life scores were not significantly different from residents who participated in the postvention protocol (p> 0.05). Posttraumatic growth was positively correlated with self-determination at work (p= 0.01).

Conclusions

The postvention protocol was helpful to residents and potentially effective at mitigating the psychological and professional consequences of patient suicide. Study findings may inform standardization of postvention protocols among psychiatry training programs.
Immunoreactivity of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 and Its Correlation with Dysmenorrhea and Lesional Fibrosis in Adenomyosis
Authors: Yang Bingxin , Gu Nihao , Shi Shu , Zhang Chen , Chen Lan , Ouyang Jing , Lin Yu , Sun Feng , Xu Hong
Published: March 2021

Adenomyosis is associated with dysmenorrhea, infertility, and lesional fibrosis. The pathogenesis of adenomyosis is still unclear. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) plays important roles in pathological activities like tumor metastasis and endometriosis. Our objective was to investigate the expression and localization of PAI-1 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium with adenomyosis and in endometrium without adenomyosis. We also sought to determine the relationship between PAI-1 immunoreactivity and the severity of dysmenorrhea and the extent of lesional fibrosis in adenomyosis. PAI-1 expression was significantly higher in the ectopic endometrium of patients with adenomyosis than in both the eutopic endometrium of patients with adenomyosis and the endometrium of controls. Ectopic PAI-1 expression correlated positively with dysmenorrhea visual analog scale (VAS) scores and the extent of lesional fibrosis in adenomyosis. High PAI-1 expression increased the likelihood of moderate to severe dysmenorrhea in adenomyosis. These results suggest that PAI-1 is involved in the adenomyosis-associated dysmenorrhea and lesional fibrosis, which provide a potential target in treating symptomatic adenomyosis.
Salafism and Traditionalism
Authors: Hamdeh Emad
Published: March 2021

One of the most contentious topics in modern Islam is whether one should adhere to an Islamic legal school or follow scripture directly. For centuries, Sunni Muslims have practiced Islam through the framework of the four legal schools. The 20th century, however, witnessed the rise of individuals who denounced the legal schools, highlighting cases where they contradict texts from the Qur'ān or Sunna. These differences are exemplified in the heated debates between the Salafi ḥadīth scholar Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī and his Traditionalist critics. This book examines the tensions between Salafis and Traditionalists concerning scholarly authority in Islam. Emad Hamdeh offers an insider's view of the debates between Salafis and Traditionalists and their differences regarding the correct method of interpreting Islam. He provides a detailed analysis of the rise of Salafism, the impact of the printing press, the role of scholars in textual interpretation, and the divergent approaches to Islamic law.
Invariance of Modules under Automorphisms of their Envelopes and Covers
Authors: Srivastava Ashish K. , Tuganbaev Askar , Guil Asensio Pedro A.
Published: March 2021

The theory of invariance of modules under automorphisms of their envelopes and covers has opened up a whole new direction in the study of module theory. It offers a new perspective on generalizations of injective, pure-injective and flat-cotorsion modules beyond relaxing conditions on liftings of homomorphisms. This has set off a flurry of work in the area, with hundreds of papers using the theory appearing in the last decade. This book gives the first unified treatment of the topic. The authors are real experts in the area, having played a major part in the breakthrough of this new theory and its subsequent applications. The first chapter introduces the basics of ring and module theory needed for the following sections, making it self-contained and suitable for graduate students. The authors go on to develop and explain their tools, enabling researchers to employ them, extend and simplify known results in the literature and to solve longstanding problems in module theory, many of which are discussed at the end of the book.
Civil War and Citizens' Demand for the State: An Empirical Test of Hobbesian Theory
Authors: Blair Robert A.
Published: March 2021

How does violence during civil war shape citizens' demand for state-provided security, especially in settings where non-state actors compete with the state for citizens' loyalties? This article draws on Hobbesian theory to argue that in post-conflict countries, citizens who were more severely victimized by wartime violence should substitute away from localized authorities and towards centralized ones, especially the state. The author tests the theory by combining two original surveys with existing media and non-governmental organization data on wartime violence in Liberia. The study shows that citizens who were more severely affected by violence during the Liberian civil war are more likely to demand state-provided security, both in absolute terms and relative to non-state alternatives. More sporadic collective violence in the post-conflict period does not reverse this substitution effect. Also consistent with Hobbesian theory, citizens who were more severely victimized are more fearful of threats to peace almost a decade later.
Causal inference with observational data: the need for triangulation of evidence
Authors: Hammerton Gemma , Munafò Marcus R.
Published: March 2021

The goal of much observational research is to identify risk factors that have a causal effect on health and social outcomes. However, observational data are subject to biases from confounding, selection and measurement, which can result in an underestimate or overestimate of the effect of interest. Various advanced statistical approaches exist that offer certain advantages in terms of addressing these potential biases. However, although these statistical approaches have different underlying statistical assumptions, in practice they cannot always completely remove key sources of bias; therefore, using design-based approaches to improve causal inference is also important. Here it is the design of the study that addresses the problem of potential bias – either by ensuring it is not present (under certain assumptions) or by comparing results across methods with different sources and direction of potential bias. The distinction between statistical and design-based approaches is not an absolute one, but it provides a framework for triangulation – the thoughtful application of multiple approaches (e.g. statistical and design based), each with their own strengths and weaknesses, and in particular sources and directions of bias. It is unlikely that any single method can provide a definite answer to a causal question, but the triangulation of evidence provided by different approaches can provide a stronger basis for causal inference. Triangulation can be considered part of wider efforts to improve the transparency and robustness of scientific research, and the wider scientific infrastructure and system of incentives.
KOLMOGOROV BOUNDS FOR THE NORMAL APPROXIMATION OF THE NUMBER OF TRIANGLES IN THE ERDŐS–RÉNYI RANDOM GRAPH
Authors: Röllin Adrian
Published: March 2021

We bound the error for the normal approximation of the number of triangles in the Erdős–Rényi random graph with respect to the Kolmogorov metric. Our bounds match the best available Wasserstein bounds obtained by Barbouret al.[(1989). A central limit theorem for decomposable random variables with applications to random graphs.Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B47: 125–145], resolving a long-standing open problem. The proofs are based on a new variant of the Stein–Tikhomirov method—a combination of Stein's method and characteristic functions introduced by Tikhomirov [(1976). The rate of convergence in the central limit theorem for weakly dependent variables.Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta158–159, 166].
PROBING THE CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF LLAMA_D AS A MEASURE OF IMPLICIT LEARNING APTITUDE
Authors: Suzuki Yuichi
Published: March 2021

A subtest of the LLAMA test battery (LLAMA_D) has been proposed as a potential test of implicit learning aptitude. To improve its construct validity, in the present study, the original LLAMA_D (a) instructions for incidental learning were modified, and (b) confidence ratings of test responses and (c) reaction time (RT) measurements were added. This revised LLAMA_D was administered along with the other LLAMA subtests (LLAMA-B, -E, and -F). Unconscious knowledge that may (not) result from the exposure was assessed through the relationship between the accuracy/RT and confidence ratings. The results suggest that LLAMA_D accuracy largely reflects conscious retrieval of previously heard sound sequences. However, an index derived from the LLAMA_D RT measure (coefficient of variance) was associated with an aspect of oral fluency, which is presumably dependent on proceduralization. Several recommendations are proposed to redesign and extend LLAMA_D as a potential aptitude test for proceduralization.
Presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on playground surfaces and water fountains
Authors: Kozer Eran , Rinott Ehud , Kozer Guy , Bar-Haim Adina , Benveniste-Levkovitz Patricia , Klainer Hodaya , Perl Sivan , Youngster Ilan
Published: March 2021

The possibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission by fomites or environmental surfaces has been suggested. It is unclear if SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in outdoor public areas. The objective of the current study was to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in environmental samples collected at public playgrounds and water fountains, in a country with high disease prevalence. Environmental samples were collected from six cities in central Israel. Samples were collected from drinking fountains and high-touch recreational equipment at playgrounds. Sterile pre-moistened swabs were used to collect the samples, put in viral transfer media and transferred to the laboratory. Viral detection was achieved by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, targeting four genes. Forty-three samples were collected from playground equipment and 25 samples from water fountains. Two of the 43 (4.6%) samples from playground equipment and one (4%) sample from a drinking fountain tested positive. It is unclear whether the recovery of viral RNA on outdoor surfaces also indicates the possibility of acquiring the virus. Adherence to environmental and personal hygiene in urban settings seems prudent.
Critical Ebstein’s anomaly with circular shunt: from successful fetal therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to biventricular repair using Da Silva cone technique
Authors: Lopes Lilian M. , Bezerra Rodrigo F. , da Silva Jose Pedro , da Fonseca da Silva Luciana
Published: March 2021

We report an innovative treatment strategy for fetal Ebstein’s anomaly with a circular shunt. We used transplacental non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, at the 29th gestational week, to constrict the ductus arteriosus avoiding fetal demise. We addressed the critical neonate with an urgent Starnes procedure. Finally, instead of following the usual single-ventricle palliation pathway after the Starnes procedure, we achieved successful two-ventricle repair with the cone technique at 5 month old.
Physical exercise as an add-on treatment to cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety: a systematic review
Authors: Frederiksen Kristian Pihl , Stavestrand Silje Haukenes , Venemyr Simen Kildahl , Sirevåg Kristine , Hovland Anders
Published: March 2021

Background:

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is currently the treatment of choice for most anxiety disorders. Yet, with recovery rates of approximately 50%, many patients fail to achieve complete remission. This has led to increased efforts to enhance treatment efficacy. Physical exercise (PE) has in recent years been advocated as means to augment the effects of CBT for anxiety disorders. PE appears to reduce anxiety through other mechanisms than CBT, some of which might also have the potential to augment the effects of psychological treatment.

Aims:

The current review aimed to summarize and discuss the current research status on CBT augmented with PE for anxiety.

Method:

A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PsychInfo, Medline and Web of Science to evaluate the potential augmentative effect of combining PE with CBT for anxiety disorders. These effects were intended to be evaluated in a meta-analysis, but findings from the few and diverse studies were better summarized in a systematic review.

Results:

Eight articles were included in this review, of which two had no control group, while six had from two to four experimental arms. Six of the studies concluded in favour of benefits of add-on PE, while two studies found no added benefits of the combined interventions.

Conclusions:

The combination of PE and CBT appears feasible. Add-on PE seems to be more beneficial for clinical populations, when administered regularly several times per week, across several weeks. Future studies should investigate further how and for whom to best combine PE and CBT.
Malnutrition pathway for the impact of in utero drought shock on child growth indicators in rural households
Authors: Abiona Olukorede
Published: March 2021

This paper evaluates the short-term health effects of in utero drought shock using repeated cross-section household data on Malawi. The main finding reveals that the effects of in utero harvest variability caused by rainfall shocks on child growth indices are driven by the deleterious effects of negative rainfall deviations, namely droughts. Negative rainfall deviation during the agricultural season prior to the gestational period of a child leads to a 21.8 per cent average local level reduction in age-standardized height scores, with the counterpart positive rainfall deviation having no apparent effect. The paper also uses harvest and consumption patterns to establish an important link between early-life malnutrition and growth serving as a precursor for the fetal period programming hypothesis in the literature. The direct impact of embryonic period shocks on growth provides supportive evidence on potential interaction between nutritional and environmental pathways.
The role of the bovine respiratory bacterial microbiota in health and disease
Authors: Alexander Trevor W. , Timsit Edouard , Amat Samat
Published: March 2021

Increased antimicrobial resistance in bovine respiratory bacterial pathogens poses a threat to the effective control and prevention of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). As part of continued efforts to develop antimicrobial alternatives to mitigate BRD, the microbial community residing within the respiratory tract of feedlot cattle has been increasingly studied using next-generation sequencing technologies. The mucosal surfaces of upper and lower respiratory tracts of cattle are colonized by a diverse and dynamic microbiota encompassing commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic bacteria. While a direct causal relationship between respiratory microbiota and the development of BRD in feedlot cattle has not been fully elucidated, increasing evidence suggests that the microbiota contributes to respiratory health by providing colonization resistance against pathogens and maintaining homeostasis. Certain management practices such as weaning, transportation, feed transition, and antibiotic application can disrupt the respiratory microbiota, potentially altering pathogen colonization. Microbiota-based approaches, including bacterial therapeutics that target restoring the normal respiratory microbiota, may provide new methods for mitigating BRD in feedlot cattle in place of antibiotics. In addition, the distinct bacterial respiratory microbial communities observed in BRD-affected and healthy feedlot cattle may allow for future application of microbiota-based techniques used in the diagnosis of BRD.
Spiritual well-being, self-transcendence, and spiritual practices among Filipino women with breast cancer
Authors: Soriano Gil P. , Calong Calong Kathyrine A.
Published: March 2021

Objective

The study was conducted in order to determine the relationship between spiritual well-being and self-transcendence and to identify the spiritual practices utilized by Filipino patients who are recovering from breast cancer.

Methods

A descriptive correlational study was used, and a purposive sampling technique was utilized to select the participants in the study. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson'srcorrelation.

Results

The study revealed that the overall mean score of the spiritual index of well-being among the participants was 4.41 (±0.54), while the mean score of self-transcendence was 3.64 (±0.50). The results showed that there was a significant relationship between spirituality and self-transcendence among Filipino women with breast cancer.

Significance of results

Filipino women with breast cancer rely on their spirituality, which enables them to find meaning in their illness. Hence, assessing spirituality among this population group will enable nurses to provide holistic nursing care, as this can help them cope with the challenges associated with their illness.
CARNAP’S PROBLEM FOR MODAL LOGIC
Authors: BONNAY DENIS , WESTERSTÅHL DAG
Published: March 2021

We take Carnap’s problem to be to what extent standard consequence relations in various formal languages fix the meaning of their logical vocabulary, alone or together with additional constraints on the form of the semantics. This paper studies Carnap’s problem for basic modal logic. Setting the stage, we show that neighborhood semantics is the most general form of compositional possible worlds semantics, and proceed to ask which standard modal logics (if any) constrain the box operator to be interpreted as in relational Kripke semantics. Except when restricted to finite domains, no modal logic characterizes exactly the Kripkean interpretations of
$\Box $
. Moreover, we show that, in contrast with the case of first-order logic, the obvious requirement of permutation invariance is not adequate in the modal case. After pointing out some known facts about modal logics that nevertheless force the Kripkean interpretation, we focus on another feature often taken to embody the gist of modal logic: locality. We show that invariance under point-generated subframes (properly defined) does single out the Kripkean interpretations, but only among topological interpretations, not in general. Finally, we define a notion of bisimulation invariance—another aspect of locality—that, together with a reasonable closure condition, gives the desired general result. Along the way, we propose a new perspective on normal neighborhood frames as filter frames, consisting of a set of worlds equipped with an accessibility relation, and a free filter at every world.
Clumped‐Isotope Geothermometry and Carbonate U–Pb Geochronology of the Alta Stock Metamorphic Aureole, Utah, USA: Insights on the Kinetics of Metamorphism in Carbonates
Authors: Brenner Dana C. , Passey Benjamin H. , Holder Robert M. , Viete Daniel R.
Published: March 2021

To assess thermal and kinetic influences on atomic mobility and mineral (neo)crystallization, clumped‐isotope abundances of calcite and dolomite were measured alongside dolomite cation ordering and U–Pb dates, across metamorphic grade within the c. 35–30 Ma Alta stock contact metamorphic aureole, Utah, USA. Average Δ47 values of dolomite inside the metamorphic aureole reflect the blocking temperature of dolomite (300°C–350°C) during cooling from peak temperatures. Dolomite Δ47 values outside the metamorphic aureole record a temperature of ∼160°C. At the talc isograd, dolomite Δ47 values abruptly change, corresponding to a decrease of ∼180°C over <50 m in the down‐temperature direction. This observed step in dolomite Δ47 values does not correlate with cation ordering in dolomite or U–Pb dates, neither of which correlate well with metamorphic grade. The short distance over which dolomite Δ47 values change indicates strong temperature sensitivity in the kinetics of dolomite clumped‐isotope reordering, and is consistent with a wide range of clumped‐isotope reequilibration modeling results. We hypothesize that clumped‐isotope reordering in dolomite precedes more extensive recrystallization or metamorphic reaction, such as the formation of talc. Dolomite U–Pb analyses from inside and outside the metamorphic aureole populate a single discordia ∼60 Myr younger than depositional age (Mississippian), recording resetting in response to some older postdepositional, but premetamorphic process.
Magnetotail‐Inner Magnetosphere Transport Associated With Fast Flows Based on Combined Global‐Hybrid and CIMI Simulation
Authors: Lin Y. , Wang X. Y. , Fok M.‐C. , Buzulukova N. , Perez J. D. , Cheng L. , Chen L.‐J.
Published: March 2021

Using the combined Auburn global hybrid simulation code in 3‐D (ANGIE3D) and the Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere (CIMI) model, we investigate the self‐consistent connection of fast flow injections from the tail plasma sheet and the inner magnetosphere under a southward IMF. In the dynamic run, the hybrid results provide the CIMI model with 3‐D magnetic field and the electric potential at the high latitude ionosphere boundary as well as the full ion phase space distribution function at the CIMI outer boundary at the equator. The simulation shows that magnetotail reconnection, which has a dawn‐dusk size of ∼1–5 RE, recurs with a period of several minutes, resulting in recurring localized fast flow injections. Strong ion temperature anisotropy and non‐Maxwellian distributions are present in the fast flows, and the braking of fast flows due to the dipole‐like field results in further perpendicular heating in the injection sources. Multiple fast flow injections lead to multiple peaks in the particle fluxes in the inner magnetosphere as well as layers of upward and downward field‐aligned currents at the ionosphere, and low energy particles penetrate deeper radially than the high energy particles. The combined ANGIE3D‐CIMI model can be used to calculate the global kinetic physics that contains both Region‐1 and Region‐2 field‐aligned currents.
The Viscous and Ohmic Damping of the Earth's Free Core Nutation
Authors: Triana Santiago Andrés , Trinh Antony , Rekier Jérémy , Zhu Ping , Dehant Véronique
Published: March 2021

The cause for the damping of the Earth's free core nutation (FCN) and the free inner core nutation eigenmodes has been a matter of debate since the earliest reliable estimations from nutation observations were made available. Numerical studies are difficult given the extreme values of some of the parameters associated with the Earth's fluid outer core, where important energy dissipation mechanisms can take place. We present a fully 3D numerical model for the FCN capable of describing accurately viscous and Ohmic dissipation processes taking place in the bulk of the fluid core as well as in the boundary layers. We find an asymptotic regime, appropriate for Earth's parameters, where viscous and Ohmic processes contribute to the total damping, with the dissipation taking place almost exclusively in the boundary layers. By matching the observed nutational damping, we infer an enhanced effective viscosity matching and validating methods from previous studies. We suggest that turbulence caused by the Earth's precession can be a source for the enhanced viscosity.
Insight Into the Seasonal Variations of the Sea‐Land Breeze in Los Angeles With Respect to the Effects of Solar Radiation and Climate Type
Authors: Shen Lixing , Zhao Chuanfeng , Yang Xingchuan
Published: March 2021

This study uses 20 years of observation data to analyze the long‐term trend of the sea‐land breeze (SLB) in the city of Los Angeles. The focus of the study is on the seasonal variation of the SLB and the main influencing factors both regionally and at a large scale. A new method which is suitable for automatic processing is introduced to analyze the SLB and determine the specific characteristics of the local SLB. The results show the sea wind speed has an obvious seasonal variation with peak value in summer and minimum value in winter. Note the sea wind speed is generally positively related to the in situ solar radiation. In contrast, the seasonal variation of the land wind speed is much weaker. Two main factors are responsible for this phenomenon. First, the response of the temperature difference between land and sea (TDLS) to the season is much more insensitive during nighttime than during daytime, and the TDLS is the direct driver of SLB. Second, the magnitude of the upper layer westerlies has an obvious seasonal variation under the local climate background, which is called the Mediterranean climate. During winter, the stronger upper westerlies enhance the land wind circulation, which further offsets the seasonal gap, and this even causes the fact that there is no corresponding relationship between the season and wind speed. In contrast, the seasonal variation of the westerlies has little effect on the sea wind speed, and the in situ solar radiation remains the determinant factor.
Distinct Features of Atmospheric Rivers in the Early Versus Late East Asian Summer Monsoon and Their Impacts on Monsoon Rainfall
Authors: Park Chanil , Son Seok‐Woo , Kim Hyemi
Published: March 2021

Atmospheric river (AR) and its impact on monsoon rainfall in East Asia are investigated by considering their month‐to‐month variations during the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). The AR in the EASM, defined as an anomalously enhanced plume‐like water vapor transport, frequently forms over eastern China, Korea and western Japan. However, its characteristics vary from the early (June‐July) to the late (August‐September) period of the EASM. In the early EASM, AR is typically characterized by a quasi‐stationary monsoon southwesterly along the northern boundary of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH), which is further intensified by a migrating extratropical cyclone in the north. In contrast, the late‐EASM AR, which is less frequent than the early EASM AR, is primarily organized by a migrating extratropical cyclone. The quasi‐stationary monsoon southwesterly is less influential as the northern boundary of the WNPSH shifts northward, being decoupled from the subtropical ocean. Both the early‐ and late‐EASM ARs contribute substantially to monsoon rainfall, especially to heavy rainfall events. In the early EASM, 35%–70% of total rainfall amount and 60%–80% of heavy rainfall events in eastern China, Korea and western Japan are associated with AR. Although weakened, AR‐related rainfall is still significant in the late EASM in Korea and western Japan. These results indicate that AR is a key ingredient of EASM precipitation and its subseasonal variations should be taken into account to better understand and predict AR‐related extreme precipitation in East Asia.
Flume Experiments on the Erosive Energy of Bed Load Impacts on Rough and Planar Beds
Authors: Larimer Jeffrey E. , Yager Elowyn M. , Yanites Brian J. , Witsil Alex J. C.
Published: March 2021

Understanding bed load impact dynamics on exposed bedrock in rivers is crucial to quantifying the erosive energy of a stream. Observations of the bed load saltation trajectories and impact energies are lacking, particularly in channels with nonplanar bed topography. In this study, we performed four flume experiments of saltating gravel to offer new insights on the dependence of particle impact dynamics on transport stage and bed topography. Our experiments used two different boundary shear stresses (τb = 36.5 and 25.4 Pa) and two different bed configurations, planar and nonplanar (bedrock disks uniformly oriented at 10° from the bed surface). For each experiment, we indirectly estimated the impact energies from the trajectories of particles with high‐speed video imaging and measured the erosion rates of rock samples embedded in the flume floor. The planar and nonplanar beds had negative and constant relationships, respectively, between energy delivered to the bed and transport stage. The nonplanar bed had a heavier tailed distribution of impact energy than the planar bed, which implies a greater number of rare highly erosive impacts. Probabilistic formulations of particle trajectories better predict the increase or decrease in erosion rate across experiments than deterministic regression equations. Our findings suggest that bedrock erosion models should consider a distribution of possible bed load impact energies, particularly for natural river channels that have rough surfaces.
Can the Hranice Abyss, the Deepest Underwater Cave in the World, Really Reach 1 km Depth? A Comment on the Paper by Klanica et al. (2020)
Authors: Bábek O. , Faimon J. , Geršl M. , Sracek O.
Published: March 2021

Based on shallow geophysical data, Klanica et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005663) argued that the deepest undewater cave in the world, the Hranice Abyss (HA) had formed by epigenic karstification related to mid‐Miocene opening of ∼1 km deep Carpathian Foredeep (CF) and, hence, could be ∼1 km deep. However, the CF subsided and the abyss was uplifted due to post mid‐Miocene faulting with at least 460 m vertical offset, which makes the depth estimate of Klanica et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005663) invalid. It remains unclear under which geological circumstances the HA, if formed by epigenic karstification, could be backfilled with water column reaching ∼400 m of height.
Determination of the Azimuthal Extent of Coherent E‐Region Scatter Using the ICEBEAR Linear Receiver Array
Authors: Huyghebaert Devin , McWilliams Kathryn , Hussey Glenn , Galeschuk Draven , Chau Jorge L. , Vierinen Juha
Published: March 2021

The Ionospheric Continuous‐wave E‐region Bistatic Experimental Auroral Radar (ICEBEAR) is a VHF coherent scatter radar that operates with a field‐of‐view centered on 58°N, 106°W and measures characteristics of ionospheric E‐region plasma density irregularities. The initial operations of ICEBEAR utilized a wavelength‐spaced linear receiving array to determine the angle of arrival of the ionospheric scatter at the receiver site. Initially only the shortest baselines were used to determine the angle of arrival of the scatter. This publication uses this linear antenna array configuration and expands on the initial angle of arrival determination by including all the cross‐spectra available from the antenna array to determine both the azimuthal angle of arrival and the azimuthal extent of the incoming ionospheric scatter. This is accomplished by fitting Gaussian distributions to the complex coherence of the signal between different antennas and deriving the azimuthal angle and extent based on the best fit. Fourteen hours of data during an active ionospheric period (March 10, 2018, 0–14 UT) were analyzed to investigate the Gaussian fitting procedure and determine its feasibility for implementation with ICEBEAR. A comparison between mapped scatter, both neglecting azimuthal extent and including azimuthal extent is presented. It demonstrates that the azimuthal extent of the ionospheric E‐region scatter is very important for accurately portraying and analyzing the ICEBEAR measurements.
Assessment of Peak Flow Scaling and Its Effect on Flood Quantile Estimation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Formetta Giuseppe , Over Thomas , Stewart Elizabeth
Published: March 2021

Regional flood frequency analysis (RFFA) methods are essential tools to assess flood hazard and plan interventions for its mitigation. They are used to estimate flood quantiles when the at‐site record of streamflow data is not available or limited. One commonly used RFFA method is the index flood method (IFM), which assumes that peak floods satisfy the simple scaling hypothesis.

In this work we present an integrated approach to assess the spatial scaling behavior of floods in the United Kingdom (UK) for 540 catchments, where the IFM is currently used operationally. This assessment employs product moments, probability weighted moments, and quantile analysis, and is applied to two different types of “hydrologically homogeneous” UK regions: geographical regions as defined in the Flood Studies Report (NERC, 1975) and pooling‐groups as defined in the updated Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH; Institute of Hydrology, 1999). To understand which variables play a significant role in the flood‐peak generating mechanism, the assessment approach considers scaling not only of drainage area alone but also of other hydro‐geomorphological variables. Results provided by the different methodologies consistently showed that only part (ranging from 30% to 70%) of the peak flow variability is explained by drainage area alone; this fraction increases (up to 80%–95%) when multiple regression is used. Supported by the peak flow spatial scaling assessment, we compared the proposed approach for peak flow quantile estimation with the current FEH method in ungauged catchments. The quantile regression method based on the pooling‐group outperforms the current FEH‐ungauged method, providing a 14% relative improvement in root mean square error over the entire country.
Modulation of Compound Extremes of Low Soil Moisture and High Vapor Pressure Deficit by Irrigation in India
Authors: Ambika Anukesh Krishnankutty , Mishra Vimal
Published: March 2021

Compound extremes of low soil moisture and high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) have implications on terrestrial carbon sequestration, vegetation growth, and net primary productivity (NPP). Yet, the role of irrigation on the occurrence of compound extremes remains unexplored in India. Here, we use satellite observations, reanalysis data sets, and high‐resolution simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to show that irrigation significantly reduces the frequency of compound extremes of low soil moisture and high VPD in India. The Indo‐Gangetic plain witnessed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in mean annual soil moisture while a substantial reduction in VPD during 1979–2018. Moreover, irrigation caused considerable cooling over the Indo‐Gangetic plain during 1982–2018. The increase in soil moisture and the decline in VPD partly contributed to a substantial rise in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and NPP. We conducted high‐resolution simulations using the WRF model to examine the role of irrigation in modulating the frequency of compound extremes during 1979–2018. The WRF simulations under the irrigation‐on show a considerably reduced frequency of the compound extremes compared to the irrigation‐off (control) simulations. Irrigation modulates compound extremes by changing the land surface energy budget and planetary boundary layer height. Therefore, there is a need to consider irrigation for reliable projections of compound extremes under a warming climate in intensively irrigated regions.
Hyperproduction of 3-hydroxypropionate by Halomonas bluephagenesis
Authors: Jiang Xiao-Ran , Yan Xu , Yu Lin-Ping , Liu Xin-Yi , Chen Guo-Qiang
Published: March 2021

3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3HP), an important three carbon (C3) chemical, is designated as one of the top platform chemicals with an urgent need for improved industrial production. Halomonas bluephagenesis shows the potential as a chassis for competitive bioproduction of various chemicals due to its ability to grow under an open, unsterile and continuous process. Here, we report the strategy for producing 3HP and its copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxypropionate) (P3HB3HP) by the development of H. bluephagenesis. The transcriptome analysis reveals its 3HP degradation and synthesis pathways involving endogenous synthetic enzymes from 1,3-propanediol. Combing the optimized expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldDHb), an engineered H. bluephagenesis strain of whose 3HP degradation pathway is deleted and that overexpresses alcohol dehydrogenases (AdhP) on its genome under a balanced redox state, is constructed with an enhanced 1.3-propanediol-dependent 3HP biosynthetic pathway to produce 154 g L−1 of 3HP with a yield and productivity of 0.93 g g−1 1,3-propanediol and 2.4 g L−1 h−1, respectively. Moreover, the strain could also accumulate 60% poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-32–45% 3-hydroxypropionate) in the dry cell mass, demonstrating to be a suitable chassis for hyperproduction of 3HP and P3HB3HP.
Predicting orientation-dependent plastic susceptibility from static structure in amorphous solids via deep learning
Authors: Fan Zhao , Ma Evan
Published: March 2021

It has been a long-standing materials science challenge to establish structure-property relations in amorphous solids. Here we introduce a rotationally non-invariant local structure representation that enables different predictions for different loading orientations, which is found essential for high-fidelity prediction of the propensity for stress-driven shear transformations. This novel structure representation, when combined with convolutional neural network (CNN), a powerful deep learning algorithm, leads to unprecedented accuracy for identifying atoms with high propensity for shear transformations (i.e., plastic susceptibility), solely from the static structure in both two- and three-dimensional model glasses. The data-driven models trained on samples at one composition and a given processing history are found transferrable to glass samples with different processing histories or at different compositions in the same alloy system. Our analysis of the new structure representation also provides valuable insight into key atomic packing features that influence the local mechanical response and its anisotropy in glasses.
Pressure-induced ferroelectric-like transition creates a polar metal in defect antiperovskites Hg3Te2X2 (X = Cl, Br)
Authors: Cai Weizhao , He Jiangang , Li Hao , Zhang Rong , Zhang Dongzhou , Chung Duck Young , Bhowmick Tushar , Wolverton Christopher , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. , Deemyad Shanti
Published: March 2021

Ferroelectricity is typically suppressed under hydrostatic compression because the short-range repulsions, which favor the nonpolar phase, increase more rapidly than the long-range interactions, which prefer the ferroelectric phase. Here, based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction and density-functional theory, we provide evidence of a ferroelectric-like transition from phase I213 to R3 induced by pressure in two isostructural defect antiperovskites Hg3Te2Cl2 (15.5 GPa) and Hg3Te2Br2 (17.5 GPa). First-principles calculations show that this transition is attributed to pressure-induced softening of the infrared phonon mode Γ4, similar to the archetypal ferroelectric material BaTiO3 at ambient pressure. Additionally, we observe a gradual band-gap closing from ~2.5 eV to metallic-like state of Hg3Te2Br2 with an unexpectedly stable R3 phase even after semiconductor-to-metal transition. This study demonstrates the possibility of emergence of polar metal under pressure in this class of materials and establishes the possibility of pressure-induced ferroelectric-like transition in perovskite-related systems.
Complex yeast–bacteria interactions affect the yield of industrial ethanol fermentation
Authors: Senne de Oliveira Lino Felipe , Bajic Djordje , Vila Jean Celestin Charles , Sánchez Alvaro , Sommer Morten Otto Alexander
Published: March 2021

Sugarcane ethanol fermentation represents a simple microbial community dominated by S. cerevisiae and co-occurring bacteria with a clearly defined functionality. In this study, we dissect the microbial interactions in sugarcane ethanol fermentation by combinatorically reconstituting every possible combination of species, comprising approximately 80% of the biodiversity in terms of relative abundance. Functional landscape analysis shows that higher-order interactions counterbalance the negative effect of pairwise interactions on ethanol yield. In addition, we find that Lactobacillus amylovorus improves the yeast growth rate and ethanol yield by cross-feeding acetaldehyde, as shown by flux balance analysis and laboratory experiments. Our results suggest that Lactobacillus amylovorus could be considered a beneficial bacterium with the potential to improve sugarcane ethanol fermentation yields by almost 3%. These data highlight the biotechnological importance of comprehensively studying microbial communities and could be extended to other microbial systems with relevance to human health and the environment.
Author Correction: Genome-enabled discovery of anthraquinone biosynthesis in Senna tora
Authors: Kang Sang-Ho , Pandey Ramesh Prasad , Lee Chang-Muk , Sim Joon-Soo , Jeong Jin-Tae , Choi Beom-Soon , Jung Myunghee , Ginzburg Daniel , Zhao Kangmei , Won So Youn , Oh Tae-Jin , Yu Yeisoo , Kim Nam-Hoon , Lee Ok Ran , Lee Tae-Ho , Bashyal Puspalata , Kim Tae-Su , Lee Woo-Haeng , Hawkins Charles , Kim Chang-Kug , Kim Jung Sun , Ahn Byoung Ohg , Rhee Seung Yon , Sohng Jae Kyung
Published: March 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21987-7
Author Correction: Evolution from unimolecular to colloidal-quantum-dot-like character in chlorine or zinc incorporated InP magic size clusters
Authors: Kwon Yongju , Oh Juwon , Lee Eunjae , Lee Sang Hyeon , Agnes Anastasia , Bang Gyuhyun , Kim Jeongmin , Kim Dongho , Kim Sungjee
Published: March 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22007-4
Author Correction: Direct energy transfer from photosystem II to photosystem I confers winter sustainability in Scots Pine
Authors: Bag Pushan , Chukhutsina Volha , Zhang Zishan , Paul Suman , Ivanov Alexander G. , Shutova Tatyana , Croce Roberta , Holzwarth Alfred R. , Jansson Stefan
Published: March 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22013-6
Author Correction: Continent-wide tree fecundity driven by indirect climate effects
Authors: Clark James S. , Andrus Robert , Aubry-Kientz Melaine , Bergeron Yves , Bogdziewicz Michal , Bragg Don C. , Brockway Dale , Cleavitt Natalie L. , Cohen Susan , Courbaud Benoit , Daley Robert , Das Adrian J. , Dietze Michael , Fahey Timothy J. , Fer Istem , Franklin Jerry F. , Gehring Catherine A. , Gilbert Gregory S. , Greenberg Cathryn H. , Guo Qinfeng , HilleRisLambers Janneke , Ibanez Ines , Johnstone Jill , Kilner Christopher L. , Knops Johannes , Koenig Walter D. , Kunstler Georges , LaMontagne Jalene M. , Legg Kristin L. , Luongo Jordan , Lutz James A. , Macias Diana , McIntire Eliot J. B. , Messaoud Yassine , Moore Christopher M. , Moran Emily , Myers Jonathan A. , Myers Orrin B. , Nunez Chase , Parmenter Robert , Pearse Sam , Pearson Scott , Poulton-Kamakura Renata , Ready Ethan , Redmond Miranda D. , Reid Chantal D. , Rodman Kyle C. , Scher C. Lane , Schlesinger William H. , Schwantes Amanda M. , Shanahan Erin , Sharma Shubhi , Steele Michael A. , Stephenson Nathan L. , Sutton Samantha , Swenson Jennifer J. , Swift Margaret , Veblen Thomas T. , Whipple Amy V. , Whitham Thomas G. , Wion Andreas P. , Zhu Kai , Zlotin Roman
Published: March 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22025-2
Association between the C-reactive protein/albumin ratio and prognosis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yamagata Kenji , Fukuzawa Satoshi , Ishibashi-Kanno Naomi , Uchida Fumihiko , Bukawa Hiroki
Published: March 2021

The systemic inflammatory response is known to be associated with poor outcomes in patients with various types of cancer. The C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin (Alb) ratio (CAR) has been reported as a novel inflammation-based prognostic marker. We have evaluated the prognostic value of inflammatory markers for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The study population included 205 patients treated with OSCC between 2013 and 2018. The primary predictor variable was the inflammatory markers. The primary outcome variable was overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using a Cox proportional hazards model to identify independent prognostic factors. The CAR had the highest area under the curve (AUC) values compared with other markers in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The cutoff value for CAR was 0.032 (AUC 0.693, P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in OS when patients were stratified according to CAR, with 79.1% for CAR < 0.032 and 35% for CAR ≥ 0.032 (P < 0.001). Cox multivariate analysis identified independent predictive factors for OS: age (hazard ratio [HR] 2.155, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.262–3.682; P = 0.005), stage (HR 3.031, 95% CI 1.576–5.827; P = 0.001), and CAR (HR 2.859, 95% CI 1.667–4.904; P < 0.001). CAR (≥ 0.032 vs. < 0.032) is a good prognostic marker in patients with OSCC in terms of age and stage.