bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Task-switching: positive and negative priming of task-set
Authors: Allport Alan , Wylie Glenn
Published: November 2023

The first half of this chapter provides a critical review of experiments on task-switching, with reference to the theoretical interpretation of behavioural ‘switch-costs’. Our review focusses on intrinsically competing pairs of tasks, such as object naming in either of two languages; competing arithmetic operations; and Stroop colour-naming vs. word-reading. We argue that the behavioural costs of switching between competing tasks of this kind result from components of the task-set for the preceding task(s), which can remain primed involuntarily (‘task-set inertia’).
The Role of Ion Channels and Neurotransmitter Receptors in Glial Cell Development
Authors: Gallo V , Ghiani C A , Yuan X
Published: November 2023

The expression of functional neurotransmitter receptors and voltage-dependent ion channels was once thought to be a unique property of neurons, and glial cells were considered to be isolated and silent cellular elements of the nervous system. Several years of electrophysiological, biochemical and molecular research have now challenged this dogma, and have provided a detailed characterization of the properties of membrane ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors in glia (Coles and Abbott, 1996; Giaume and McCarthy, 1996; Newman and Reichenbach, 1996; Ransom and Orkand, 1996; Sontheimer et al., 1996; Steinhauser and Gallo, 1996; Theodosis and MacVicar, 1996; Verkhratsky and Kettenmann, 1996). Furthermore, in view of recent physiological studies on synaptic transmission, we currently regard glial cells as being engaged continuously in cross-talk with neurons (Kriegler and Chiu, 1993; Chiu and Kriegler, 1994; Nedergaard, 1994; Parpura et al., 1994; Porter and McCarthy, 1996; Bergles and Jahr, 1997; Clark and Barbour, 1997; Linden, 1997; Araque et al., 1998; Robitaille, 1998).
Genetic analysis of gliogenesis in Drosophila
Authors: Granderath S , Klämbt C
Published: November 2023

Neural circuits are made up of interconnecting neurons, and processing of information can be explained purely on the basis of neuronal properties. However, in all complex nervous systems, non-neuronal cells—the glial cells—also have to be considered. During the evolution of metazoans, the number of glial cells increases in relation to the complexity of the nervous system. In the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), glial cells even outnumber neuronal cells by a ratio of 10 to 1. In contrast, only 10% of the cells of the Drosophila nervous system are glia. Glial cells are found in the CNS as well as in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In the following, we will focus on the development of the embryonic CNS glial cells of Drosophila, the determination and differentiation of which is best understood. Detailed descriptions of peripheral glial cells, and glial cells found in the adult nervous system, have been published (Campos-Ortega and Hartenstein, 1985; Winberg et al., 1992; Giangrande et al., 1993; Giangrande, 1995; Tix et al., 1997; Hartenstein et al.,1998).
Glial influences on axonal regeneration
Authors: Filbin M T , Qiu J , Cai D
Published: November 2023

It has been recognized since prehistory times that damage to the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) does not repair itself. However, it was not until early in the 20th century that Ramon y Cajal recorded the observation that while the CNS does not regenerate, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of adult mammals does (Ramon y Cajal, 1928). From his observations in vivo, Ramon y Cajal concluded that CNS axons did not regrow because of the presence of CNS-specific obstacles in their path. Since that time, a tremendous effort has been made to identify the characteristics of the PNS that allow regeneration, with the goal of converting the physiology of damaged CNS neurons to that of the PNS after injury, including regeneration and restored function. Unfortunately, this objective has not yet been achieved. However, enough has been elucidated about the differences between regeneration in the CNS and the PNS to begin to take steps toward encouraging regeneration in the adult CNS (Schwab and Bartholdi, 1996; Fawcett and Geller, 1998).
Host-plant selection: variation is the rule
Authors: Schoonhoven Louis M , Loon Joop J A van , Dicke Marcel
Published: November 2023

Variation is a basic characteristic of life. Obvious levels of variability are between species, families, orders, phyla, kingdoms, etc., but a surprisingly large variability also exists within species. This applies not least to host-plant choices in herbivores. The host-plant range of an insect species is not a fixed and unchangeable property.
Functional mapping with single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography
Authors: Heinz Andreas , Romero Berenice , Weinberger Daniel R
Published: November 2023

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a brain imaging method that allows the measurement of cerebral blood flow and radioligand binding sites such as neuroreceptors and transporters (e.g. Celsis et al. 1981; Eckelman et al. 1985; Kung et al. 1990). In this chapter, we will give an overview of the history of SPECT, describe the method, and discuss some of its research and clinical applications.
Non-Centered Parameterizations for Hierarchical Models and Data Augmentation
Authors: Papaspiliopoulos Omiros , Roberts Gareth O , Sköld Martin
Published: November 2023

In this paper, we will compare centered and non-centered parameterizations for classes of hierarchical models. Our examples will include variance component models, random effect models, hidden Markov process models, and partially observed diffusion models. We will investigate the construction of noncentered methods by the use of state space expansion techniques, and will introduce methods for devising partially non-centered parameterizations, many of which are data-dependent.
Bayesian Modeling of Hospital Bed Occupancy Times using a Mixed Generalized Erlang Distribution
Authors: Lillo M Concepción , Ausín Rosa E , Wiper Fabrizio Ruggeri Michael P
Published: November 2023

In this paper we model the distribution of length of stay in hospital of geriatric patients. We assume that length of stay has a mixed generalized Erlang distribution and, given data from patients in a geriatric ward of a London hospital, reversible jump methods are used to estimate the predictive distribution of length of stay in hospital. We also address the problem of optimizing the number of beds in hospital with respect to average cost per unit of time where costs are based on lost demand, the number of unoccupied beds and the different types of patients in the hospital.
Intrinsic Estimation
Authors: Bernardo José M , Juárez Miguel A
Published: November 2023

In this paper, the problem of parametric point estimation is addressed from an objective Bayesian viewpoint. Arguing that pure statistical estimation may be appropriately described as a precise decision problem, where the loss function is a measure of the divergence between the assumed model and the estimated model, the information-based intrinsic discrepancy is proposed as an appropriate loss function. The intrinsic estimator is then defined as that minimizing the expected loss with respect to the appropriate reference posterior distribution. The resulting estimators are shown to have attractive invariance properties. As demonstrated with illustrative examples, the proposed theory either leads to new, arguably better estimators, or provides a new perspective on well-established solutions.
Modelling Gene Expression Data over Time: Curve Clustering with Informative Prior Distributions
Authors: Wakefield Jon C , Zhou Chuan , Self Steve G
Published: November 2023

The aim of many microarray experiments is to discover genes that exhibit similar behavior, that is, co-express. A common approach to analysis is to apply generic clustering algorithms that produce a single cluster allocation for each gene. Such a strategy does not account for the experimental context, and provides no measure of the uncertainty in this classification. The model introduced in this paper is specifically tailored to the application in hand, so allowing the incorporation of prior information, and the probabilistic quantification of cluster membership. In this paper, we are interested in the situation in which the experiments are indexed by a variable that has a natural ordering such as time, temperature or dose level, and propose a four-stage hierarchical model for the analysis of such data. This model assumes that each gene follows one of a number of underlying trajectories, where the number may be assumed unknown, and the specific form of the trajectory depends on the experimental context. An initial filter based on a Bayes factor reduces the dimensionality of the data. The model is illustrated using two experiments carried out on yeast, one during sporulation, and another during cell-cycle. A summary measure that we emphasize is the posterior probability of co-expression which, in the context of our model, corresponds to the probability that two or more genes fall in the same group.
Applied Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Ockendon John , Howison Sam , Lacey Andrew , Movchan Alexander
Published: November 2023

Partial differential equations are used in mathematical models of a huge range of real-world phenomena, from electromagnetism to financial markets. This new edition of Applied PDEs contains many new sections and exercises Including, American options, transform methods, free surface flows, linear elasticity and complex characteristics.
Brain energy metabolism and the physiological basis of the haemodynamic response
Authors: Gjedde Albert
Published: November 2023

Under normal conditions the brain derives almost all of its energy from the oxidation of glucose: for this it needs a nearly constant supply of glucose and oxygen, delivered by the blood supply through a rich network of vessels. Although the brain accounts for only about 2 per cent of the total body mass, it consumes 20 per cent of the body’s glucose and oxygen, and receives 20 per cent of its blood supply. A remarkable feature of brain metabolism, fundamental to many functional imaging methods, is that blood flow and energy metabolism are tightly linked to local neuronal activity. This implies that maps of local glucose consumption, local oxygen consumption, or local blood flow each provide information on neuronal activity. A good understanding of the mechanisms responsible for regulating these processes is needed in order to interpret such functional imaging data.
Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance and MRI
Authors: Jezzard Peter , Clare Stuart
Published: November 2023

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has a long history dating back to the 1940s, when researchers at Harvard University and Stanford University simultaneously detected a resonance phenomenon in samples placed in a magnetic field (Bloch et al. 1946; Purcell et al. 1946). Edward Purcell at Harvard and Felix Bloch at Stanford later shared the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for their joint discovery. Over subsequent decades the NMR phenomenon has found substantial use in chemistry departments as an analytical chemistry technique, able to resolve chemical species and to provide information on bond lengths and dynamics. Imaging using NMR was first demonstrated in the 1970s, and has since seen huge application in diagnostic radiology.
Preparing fMRI data for statistical analysis
Authors: Smith Stephen M
Published: November 2023

This chapter (along with Chapter 13) describes the various pre-processing steps necessary to take raw data from the scanner and prepare it for the ‘heart’ of fMRI analysis, namely statistical analysis (estimating where significant activation occurred, described in Chapter 14). These pre-processing steps take the raw MR data, convert it into images that actually look like brains, then reduce unwanted noise of various types, and precondition the data, in order to aid the later statistics. Later statistical analysis is often seen as the most ‘important’ part of £MRI analysis; however, without the pre-processing steps, the statistical analysis is, at best, greatly reduced in power, and at worst, rendered invalid.
Head motion and its correction
Authors: Brammer Mick J
Published: November 2023

The aim of fMRI data analysis is, in simple terms, to identify small, spatially localized changes in image intensity that accompany the performance of some experimental task. This is normally accomplished by collecting a series of images covering part or all of the brain at intervals of a few seconds and analysing the resulting time-series obtained at each voxel. The experimentally-associated intensity changes are frequently only a few per cent of the mean value at that spatial location and are embedded in a noisy signal contaminated by electronic and physiological effects. Head motion is one further and critically important confound. Very small movements of the head, on a scale of less than a millimetre, can be a major source of error in fMRI analysis if not identified and treated correctly-a problem drawn to the attention of workers in this area in 1994 by Hajnal et al. This problem can be particularly acute in areas lying close to a high-contrast boundary in the brain image, where movement-related changes in image intensity may be large. In analysing the image intensity at each voxel over a time series of brain volumes, we make the assumption that we are sampling an identical region of the brain at every point in an experiment.
FMRI: applications to cognitive neuroscience
Authors: Owen Adrian M , Epstein Russell , Johnsrude Ingrid S
Published: November 2023

Structural and functional imaging methods already have had an enormous impact on the way we assess human cognition in vivo. Detailed anatomical images, acquired through computerised tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can now be combined with functional information from positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), quantitative electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) to produce a cohesive picture of normal and abnormal brain function. In less than a decade, the combination of high resolution structural MRI and fMRI in particular has become perhaps the single most powerful general pair of tools available to neuropsychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, and many others in the wider neuroscientific community with an interest in understanding the relationship between brain and behaviour.
The Functional Organization of the Ventral Visual Pathway and its Relationship to object Recognition
Authors: Grill-Spector Kalanit
Published: November 2023

Humans recognize objects at an astonishing speed and with remarkable ease. However, the functional organization of the system that enables this remarkable human ability is not well understood. Here we examine whether the human ventral stream is organized more around stimulus content or recognition task. We scanned subjects while they performed one of two tasks: object detection (objects versus textures) or subordinate identification (e.g. pigeons versus birds). In order to limit success at recognition, pictures were presented briefly and then masked. For each subject we searched for cortical regions where activity was correlated with correct answers, separately for each category and task. Analysis by task revealed that, for each category, regions correlated with correct detection and correct identification were similar.
Audio-Visual Associative Learning Enhances Responses to Auditory Stimuli in Visual Cortex
Authors: Gonzalo Désirée , Büchel Christian
Published: November 2023

This study aimed to test whether audio-visual learning is mediated by modulation in sensory cortices (i.e. visual or auditory cortex). During fMRI scanning, subjects were exposed to repeated presentations of three tones and three visual stimuli. In 50% of presentations, one tone was paired with a face, and another one with a moving noise pattern. The third sound was not paired with any visual stimulus and was the target in an incidental detection task. Over time, activation in extrastriate visual cortex (V4) and the fusiform face area (FFA) increased in response to the sound that predicted the face, but not in response to the other two sounds.
Grasses and Grassland Ecology
Authors: Gibson David J
Published: November 2023

Grasslands, in particular managed pastures and rangelands, are widespread, covering approximately 40% (52 million km2) of the Earth’s land surface. They are dominated by members of the Poaceae— the fourth largest plant family with over 7,500 species, and also the most widespread. Grasslands constitute a major biome on all continents except Antarctica and also represent the most important food crop on Earth with corn, wheat, maize, rice and millet accounting for the majority of our agricultural output. Grasses and Grassland Ecology provides an ecologically orientated introduction to this influential group of plants, summarizing the most recent scientific research in ecology and agriculture in the context of the older, classic literature. Ten chapters cover the morphology, anatomy, physiology and systematics of grasses, their population, community and ecosystem ecology, their global distribution, and the effects of disturbance and grassland management. This comprehensive and accessible textbook is suitable for graduate level students as well as professional researchers in the fields of plant ecology, rangeland science, crop science, and agriculture.
The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon , Richler Jennifer , Bisarya Dheraj , Gurunathan Nhishanth , Wheelwright Sally
Published: November 2023

The weak central coherence hypothesis of Frith is one of the most prominent theories concerning the abnormal performance of individuals with autism on tasks that involve local and global processing. Individuals with autism often outperform matched no autistic individuals on tasks in which success depends upon processing of local features, and underperform on tasks that require global processing. We review those studies that have been unable to identify the locus of the mechanisms that may be responsible for weak central coherence effects and those that show that local processing is enhanced in autism but not at the expense of global processing. In the light of these studies, we propose that the mechanisms which can give rise to ‘weak central coherence’ effects may be perceptual.
Beyond measure
Authors: Baggott Jim
Published: November 2023

Quantum theory is one of the most important and successful theories of modern physical science. It has been estimated that its principles form the basis for about 30 per cent of the world's manufacturing economy. This is all the more remarkable because quantum theory is a theory that nobody understands. Baggott brings the reader up to date with the results of experimental tests of quantum non-locality and complementarity that have been successfully he also reviews the latest thinking on alternative interpretations - pilot waves, decoherence, consciousness, many worlds and God - and the frontiers of quantum cosmology, quantum gravity and potential applications of quantum entanglement in computing, cryptography and teleportation. Quantum theory emerges largely unscathed, only serving to reinforce the point that the theory remains the most powerful framework for explaining observations of the quantum world, but that its orthodox interpretation continues to offer little in the way of understanding in terms of underlying physical processes. Quantum theory remains a mysterious theoretical black top hat from which white rabbits continue to be pulled. Students are usually advised not to ask how this particular conjuring trick is done.
Plantation Forestry in the Tropics
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W
Published: November 2023

Development of planted forests in tropical and subtropical countries is accelerating to satisfy the ever-growing global demands for wood products. Indeed, it is expected that within 20 years half of all wood fibre in the world will be sourced from plantations, of which more than half are in the tropics and subtropics. As well as intensively-managed, industrial wood plantations, trees are increasingly being planted as part of farming systems, and to control erosion and rehabilitate degraded lands and forests. Active community involvement in tree planting as part of rural development is now widespread and welcome. This book provides an overview that sets plantation silviculture in the wider context of the development processes and their social, environmental and ecological impacts. For this new edition, the structure and approach of previous editions have been retained but every chapter has been comprehensively revised and updated. Two new chapters -‘clonal forestry’ and ‘ecological restoration’ have been added. The central theme remains the silviculture that underpins successful industrial planted forests. Overall the book provides an up-to-date account of silvicultural practices, some of the socio-economic essentials and the key role tree planting now plays in natural resource management and improving rural livelihoods in the tropics. Contemporary issues such as full stakeholder participation and sustainable management practices in planted forests are also addressed. This expanded third edition provides a comprehensive introduction to plantation forestry practices in the tropics as part of sustainable land use. Both the historical context and recent developments are presented so that students, professional foresters, development specialists, and all with an interest in tropical forest management will find this a valuable reference text.
Introduction
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W
Published: November 2023

Plantation forestry in the tropics is a large subject. The aim of Chapter 1 is to indicate the scope of this title by defining and describing briefly for the purpose of this book, the tropics, the tropical environment, forest plantations, and tropical tree species. Most forest plantations are distinct from rain forest or savannah because their orderliness and uniformity show they are artificial. But more careful definition of ‘plantation’ or ‘planted forest’ is needed since much tree-planting is not done in regular blocks. Many trees are planted within exist-ing forest, that is, enrichment planting, or as single rows, that is, linear planting.
Convexity
Authors: Webster Roger
Published: November 2023

Convexity provides a wide-ranging introduction for final year undergraduates and graduate students. Convex sets and functions are studied in the Euclidean space IRn, thus allowing an exposition demanding only an elementary knowledge of analysis and linear algebra, and enabling concepts to be motivated through simple geometric examples. The fundemental ideas of convexity are natural and appealing, and does not have to travel far along its path, before meeting significant, aesthetically pleasing results. It develops geometric intuition, and is a showcase for displaying interconnections amongst different parts of mathematics, in addition to have ties with economics, science and engineering. Despite being an active research field, it abounds in unsolved problems having an instant intuitive appeal. One distinctive feature of the book is the diverse applications that it highlights: number theory, geometric extremum problems, combinatorial geometry, linear programming, game theory, polytopes, bodies of constant width, the gamma function, minimax approximation, and linear, classical and matrix inequalities. Several topics make their first appearance in a general introduction to convexity, while a few have not appeared outside research journals. The account has a self-contained treatment of volume, thus permitting a rigorous discussion of mixed volumes, is operimetry and Brunn-Minkowski theory. Full solutions to most of the 241 exercises are provided and detailed suggestions for further reading are given.
Algebraic Methods in Philosophical Logic
Authors: Dunn J Michael , Hardegree Gary M
Published: November 2023

This comprehensive text demonstrates how various notions of logic can be viewed as notions of universal algebra. It is aimed primarily for logisticians in mathematics, philosophy, computer science and linguistics with an interest in algebraic logic, but is also accessible to those from a non-logistics background. It is suitable for researchers, graduates and advanced undergraduates who have an introductory knowledge of algebraic logic providing more advanced concepts, as well as more theoretical aspects. The main theme is that standard algebraic results (representations) translate into standard logical results (completeness). Other themes involve identification of a class of algebras appropriate for classical and non-classical logic studies, including: gaggles, distributoids, partial- gaggles, and tonoids. An imporatant sub title is that logic is fundamentally information based, with its main elements being propositions, that can be understood as sets of information states. Logics are considered in various senses e.g. systems of theorems, consequence relations and, symmetric consequence relations.
An Atlas Of Graphs
Authors: Read Ronald C , Wilson Robin J
Published: November 2023

Graph theory is a fast-developing discipline and has, over the past few decades, been seen to have important applications, particularly in operations research and in computer science. For this reason there is a need for a reference in the area, comprehensively cataloguing the properties of graphs and accessible to both graph theorists and other researchers. This book contains a wealth of information, including over 10000 diagrams and extensive tables of associated properties. It is the first book to present this information on such a scale, and as such will be an invaluable resource.
Sets: An Introduction
Authors: Potter Michael D
Published: November 2023

This textbook provides a first course in set theory suitable for final year undergraduates of mathematics. The author develops the subject from first principles and presupposes little more than an elementary grounding in logic. Throughout much attention is paid to the historical and philosophical background which illuminates the subject's development. This book differs from most textbooks of set theory by providing a particularly elegant and intuitive approach based on Scott's formulation of standard set theory in which sets are built up stage by stage. This approach has the advantage of introducing the axioms of set theory in a natural way and shows how they come to take the form they do. The text covers all the basic tools of set theory; the natural numbers, cardinals, ordinals, and the axiom of choice in some detail. It also provides an account of the representation theory of lattices and how this is closely connected with various forms of the axiom of choice.
Groups and Geometry
Authors: Neumann Peter M , Stoy Gabrielle A , Thompson Edward C
Published: November 2023

Available for the first time in published form, Groups and Geometry contains the Oxford Mathematical Institute notes for undergraduates and first-year postgraduates, although guided by the Oxford syllabus much other material is also included. Symmetry is visable in all parts of mathematics, and in many other areas, and geometrical symmetry is the most visible of all. For this reason, groups and geometry are such close neighbours. Also included are a number of exercises that will be invaluable to any reader wishing to gain a fuller understanding of this area of mathematics.
On generic normal subgroups
Authors: Borovik Alexandre V , Thomas Simon R
Published: November 2023

Uniformly definable families of subgroups. Let G be an w-stable group of finite Morley rank.
On Frobenius groups of finite Morley rank I
Authors: Nesin Ali
Published: November 2023

Frobenius groups play an important role in the theory of permutation groups because a group is a Frobenius group if and only if it is a transitive and non-regular permutation group where only the identity element fixes two distinct points. For example if G is a Zassenhaus group (a doubly transitive group where only the identity element fixes three distinct points) which is not a sharply 2-transitive group, then a one-point stabilizer B of G is a Frobenius group. Since the subgroup B of a Zassenhaus group of finite Morley rank is known to be definable (Delahan and Nesin, in press), the results of this article and of the next one in this volume can be useful in the classification of Zassenhaus groups of finite Morley rank.
On Frobenius groups of finite Morley rank II
Authors: Epstein David , Nesin Ali
Published: November 2023

This is a continuation of the previous article by Nesin in this volume. The reader is invited to read the introduction of that article. We shall adopt the same notation throughout.

In this article, we will first show that if T < B is a Frobenius group of finite Morley rank where Tis finite, then Bis split as U × T (Theorem 3.1). Then we will deal with the minimal counterexamples to the following two conjectures.
Banach and Locally Convex Algebras
Authors: Helemskii A YA
Published: November 2023

A reference textbook that summarizes the "algebra of analysis" that includes some mention of the contemporary trends in the development of history. This text provides an up-to-date account of Banach and locally convex algebras with emphasis on general theory, representations and homology. In its description of general theory and in the examples it considers it is faithful to earlier traditions in the subject but differs from those books in being based on an approach through homological algebra. This approach leads Helemskii to consider topics not covered at this level in any other book. These topics include: complemented and uncomplemented ideal; projective and weak tensor products of banach algebras; Taylors multivariable holomorphic functional calculus; the Wedderburn decomposition of Banach algevras; a whole chapter on the homology of Banach algebras.
On some rank 3 partial geometries
Authors: Hughes D R
Published: November 2023

Such geometries have been studied in a large number of special cases, and we wish to draw together some of these different results in this paper. In section 2 we give a survey of many known results; some of the material in this section was covered long ago in Buekenhout (1979), and we include it for completeness, and to make this paper easier to read. In section 3 we give some constructions of rank 3 pGs.
Intersection numbers of quasi-multiples of symmetric designs
Authors: Jungnickel D , Tonchev V D
Published: November 2023

We assume that the reader is familiar with the basic notation and facts from design theory. Our notation follows that from Beth et al. (1985), Cameron and van Lint (1980), Hall (1986), Hughes and Piper (1985), and Tonchev (1988).
(40, 13, 4)-designs derived from strongly regular graphs
Authors: Spence E
Published: November 2023

In this article we consider (40, 27, 18) graphs, or more precisely, their complements, (40, 12, 2, 4) graphs, and show how they may be used to construct at least 389 non-isomorphic (40, 13, 4) designs. It turns out that many of these designs possess ovals, an oval being a set of four points, no three of which belong to the same block. We shall also describe, using maximal arcs, how these 389 designs themselves may be used to construct many 2-(10, 4,4) designs.
Practical Methods for Reliability Data Analysis
Authors: Ansell J I , Phillips M J
Published: November 2023

This is a practical text for those who wish to analyse data from Reliability studies. The emphasis is on clear explanation of the techniques used, supported by extensive mathematical and statistical background and nature of the data before it is analysed. There are chapters on survival analysis, using illuminating case studies.
Algebraic Independence of Drinfeld Exponential and Quasi-Periodic Functions
Authors: Brownawell W Dale
Published: November 2023

We extend previous work of J. Yu to determine natural conditions for the algebraic independence of quasi-periodic Drinfeld functions with respect to A-lattices (this includes the class of Drinfeld exponential functions).
Geometric Quantization
Authors: Woodhouse N M J
Published: November 2023

The geometric approach to quantization was introduced by Kostant and Souriau more than twenty years ago. It has given valuable and lasting insights into the relationship between classical and quantum systems. It continues to be a popular research topic. The ideas have proved useful in pure mathematics, notably in representation theory, as well as in theoretical physics. The most recent applications have been in conformal field theory and in the Jones-Witten theory of knots. The original edition of this book was published in 1980. For this edition it has been completely revised and extensively rewritten. The presentation has been simplified and a large number of examples have been added. The material on field theory has been expanded.
Ordinal Arithmetic in IΔ0
Authors: Sommer Richard
Published: November 2023

We show that much of the basic theory of the ordinal functions and relations that are involved in proof-theoretic ordinal analysis, can be carried out in a very weak fragment of arithmetic, namely IΔ0  , on an arbitrary recursive ordinal. General conditions are given for the Δ0-representability of ordinal relations and functions, and IΔ0-provability of their basic properties.
Meta-languages, Reflection Principles and Self-Reference
Authors: Perlis Donald , Subrahrnanian V S
Published: November 2023

Self-reference or self-applicability is an important theme throughout computer science, from recursive programs to undecidability results, from compiler bootstrapping to program semantics. A relative latecomer to this list is artificial intelligence, for only recently has self-reference been seen as an important attribute of intelligent systems. This chapter will give a bird’s-eye view of some of the issues surrounding self-reference in AI, especially those related to non-monotonicity, reification, and intentionality. The notions of meta-language and reflection principle will arise as natural concomitants of self-reference.
AI and Nonmonotonic Reasoning *
Authors: Ginsberg Matthew L
Published: November 2023

The view that Franklin was expressing is that virtually every conclusion we draw is an uncertain one. We all believe that the sun will rise tomorrow, but no one has a real proof of it. I believe that I have no brother, since if I did have one, I would know about it. But it is still possible that, unbeknownst to me, I have a brother after all.
The soundness and completeness of axioms for CSP processes
Authors: Blamey Stephen
Published: November 2023

A model for CSP-for example the classic failures model (Brookes et al. 1984)-is standardly presented as the totality of mathematical structures, of a specific type, that satisfy certain ‘axioms’. These structures are taken to represent processes and are used to interpret terms of CSP. Here, the value of looking for a more basic ‘implemen tational’ definition of a given model is stressed. Any explicit set of axioms will then be required to be sound and complete with respect to this definition.
Term Rewriting Systems
Authors: Klop1 J W
Published: November 2023

Term rewriting systems (TRSs) play an important role in various areas, such as abstract data type specifications, implementations of functional programming languages and automated deduction. In this chapter we introduce several of the basic concepts and facts for TRSs. Specifically, we discuss abstract reduction systems; general TRSs including an account of Knuth Bendix completion and (E-)unification; orthogonal TRSs and reduction strategies; strongly sequential orthogonal TRSs. The paper concludes with a discussion of conditional term rewriting systems. The emphasis throughout the chapter is on providing information of a syntactic nature.
Introduction
Authors: Hughes Barry d.
Published: November 2023

The elementary concepts of the theory of probability, and its first applications, arose in the seventeenth century from the study of games of chance. The application of probability to scientific and technological problems has a shorter history, confined in the main to the last hundred years. Probabilistic themes may now be identified in a myriad physical phenomena, and it is the development of two of these themes, the random process and the random system, that is the subject of the present work. The first theme has a longer history (100 years) than the second (30 to 40 years).
Random Walks And Random Flights
Authors: Hughes Barry d.
Published: November 2023

For the invention of the term ‘random walk’ we are indebted to the statistician Karl Pearson, who wrote the following brief letter (Pearson 1905a) to the English journal Nature, which appeared in the issue of 27 July 1905: The problem of the random walk Can any of your readers refer me to a work wherein I should find a solution of the following problem, or failing the knowledge of any existing solution provide me with an original one? I should be extremely grateful for aid in the matter.
An Introduction to Discrete Mathematics, Formal System Specification, and Z
Authors: Ince D C
Published: November 2023

Formal specification is the name given to the use of discrete mathematics in computer science for describing the function of both hardware and software systems. Poor specification often gives rise to severe problems in software and hardware installation. This textbook is an introduction to both the theory and practice of formal specification, and this new edition includes two new chapters on Z, one giving a number of small examples in Z, the other covering design and Z. Prerequisites in this edition have been kept to a minimum since Professor Ince is at pains to develop the techniques of requirement analysis and discrete mathematics that are needed. Throughout the book are numerous worked examples and exercises which include many real examples of software and computer systems.
Features and Fluents
Authors: Sandewall Erik
Published: November 2023

Techniques for reasoning about actions an change in the physical world is one of the classical research topics in artificial intelligence. It is motivated by the needs of autonomous robots which must be able to anticipate their immediate future, to plan their future actions, and to figure out what went wrong in case of problems. It is also motivated by the needs of common-SCDse reasoning for example in the understanding of natural language texts, where processes and change over time is an ever-preSCDt phenomenon. The same set of problems arises in several other areas of computing such as in conceptual modelling for data bases, and in the rapidly growing area of intelligent control. The preSCDt research monograph preSCDts and uses a novel methodology for reasoning about actions and change. Traditional research contributions have proposed new logic variants which were only supported by episodical examples. The work described here uses a systematic methodology for identifying the exact range of applicability of a given logic. For a number of previously proposed logics, as well as for some new ones, the preSCDt work characterizes exactly the class where it does not. This book will be a necessary source of reference for researchers in knowledge repreSCDtation, cognitive robotics, and intelligent control in the years to come. Particularly because of its emphasis on a strict and systematic methodology, it can also be recommended as a textbook for graduate university courses in these areas.
The Multi-Layer Perceptron
Authors: Bishop Christopher M
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 3, we discussed the properties of networks having a single layer of adaptive weights. Such networks have a number of important limitations in terms of the range of functions which they can represent. To allow for more general map pings we might consider successive transformations corresponding to networks having several layers of adaptive weights. In fact we shall see that networks with just two layers of weights are capable of approximating any continuous functional mapping. More generally we can consider arbitrary network diagrams (not necessarily having a simple layered structure) since any network diagram can be converted into its corresponding mapping function. The only restriction is that the diagram must be feed-forward, so that it contains no feedback loops. This ensures that the network outputs can be calculated as explicit functions of the inputs and the weights.
Error Functions
Authors: Bishop Christopher M
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters we have made use of the sum-of-squares error function, which was motivated primarily by analytical simplicity. There are many other possible choices of error function which can also be considered, depending on the particular application. In this chapter we shall describe a variety of different error functions and discuss their relative merits. For regression problems we shall see that the basic goal is to model the conditional distribution of the output variables, conditioned on the input variables. This motivates the use of a sum-of-squares error function, and several important properties of this error function will be explored in some detail.
Bayesian Techniques
Authors: Bishop Christopher M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we consider the application of Bayesian inference techniques to neural networks. A simple example of the Bayesian approach was described in Section 2.3 where we considered the problem of inferring the mean of a one dimensional Gaussian distribution from a set of training data. In the context of neural networks, Bayesian methods offer a number of important features including the following: The conventional training method of error minimization arises from a particular approximation to the Bayesian approach. Regularization can be given a natural interpretation in the Bayesian frame work. For regression problems, error bars, or confidence intervals, can be assigned to the predictions generated by a network. Bayesian methods allow the values of regularization coefficients to be selected using only the training data, without the need to use separate train ing and validation data. Furthermore, the Bayesian approach allows relatively large numbers of regularization coefficients to be used, which would be computationally prohibitive if their values had to be optimized using cross-validation. Similarly, the Bayesian approach allows different models (e.g. networks with different numbers of hidden units, or different network types such as multi-layer perceptrons and radial basis function networks) to be compared using only the training data. More generally, it provides an objective and principled framework for dealing with the issues of model complexity which avoids many of the problems which arise when using maximum likelihood.
Exploiting user models to avoid misconstruals
Authors: Hemerly Andrea S , Casanova Marco A , Furtado Antonio L
Published: November 2023

When interacting with a database, a user is typically tempted to infer further information from that explicitly obtained from previous queries. However, his inferences are not necessarily valid, because his model of the world is often incomplete or even faulty. This chapter addresses the problem of avoiding users’ faulty inferences or misconstruals. It describes a cooperative interface to deductive databases that alters the processing of users’ requests to include additional information that will block faulty inferences. The interface is governed by predefined user models, created during the design of the database. It also maintains a log of previous interactions with each user that records all information he has already acquired in his current session. The inferences of a given user are identified with those possible from the user model and the information in ,the log. The main result of the chapter says that, given any user model and any deductive database, all logs produced by the interface indeed contain sufficient information to block all misconstruals.
Labelled abduction and relevance reasoning
Authors: Gabbay Dov , Kempson Ruth , Pitt Jeremy
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to explore modelling a more non-standard interaction between a human and a database. We try to equip the database with the capability of understanding queries in natural language and answering them in a more ‘intelligent’ manner than by mere yes/no factual answers. This capability of the database requires (at least) two components. First the database must possess a front-end logic module which can parse the natural language input I and translate it into a query (or update) Q1 in its own (logical) query language. Second, and in fact more difficult, it must cope with the logical patterns of human query and answer, which is logically more (non-monotonic) commonsense than ordinary query languages.
Simplex algorithms
Authors: Maros István , Mitra Gautam
Published: November 2023

Linear inequality systems were studied by Fourier, Motzkin and Farkas (see [14]) but only in the late 1940s did the work of Dantzig in the USA and Kantorovich in the former USSR make linear programming a leading research topic with wide ranging applications to problems of planning and scheduling as found in business, industry and government [14]. Dantzig developed the celebrated simplex method (in the tableau form) for finding the maximum or minimum of a linear function subject to linear restrictions. The resulting optimization problem because of its many planning applications was called linear programming (LP). Since that time there has been considerable curiosity driven research, as well as applicable research, on the topic of LP.
Branch and cut algorithms
Authors: Lucena Abilio , Beasley John E
Published: November 2023

As is frequently the case for MIP, instead of attempting to optimize (1.3) directly over P, it may be advantageous to divide that region into a finite number of smaller regions and optimize the objective function over each smaller region individually.
What is a Logical System?*
Authors: Avron Arnon
Published: November 2023

What is a logical system? Well, one possible answer is that this is what all mathematical logicians had thought they knew until they were seriously asked to give a precise answer Personally, I was forced to start thinking about this question when I participated, back in 1986, in the construction of the Edinburgh LF ([18], [21) - the first computerized system aiming to provide a ‘logical framework’ for implementing a variety of logical systems. The results of my first investigations on this question were published in [5]. They were further elaborated and extended in [7]. Below I shall heavily draw on these two papers, which still contain most of what I have to say about the issue. Neither of them provides a complete answer, though, and I don’t believe that anybody has one yet. Still, a lot of progress has been made by now. I believe, first of all, that we understand now what should be the three main ingredients of any logical system. Moreover, we completely understand at least one of them (and I believe that it is safe to say that we understand two), and we have a substantial (though partial) understanding of the other(s).
The Ramsey Test Revisited*
Authors: Lindström Sten , Rabinowicz Wlodzimierz
Published: November 2023

Frank Plumpton Ramsey (1903-1930)—the brilliant Cambridge philosopher whose short but very intensive career started when he was still a teenager only to be interrupted by his untimely death about a decade later—made important contributions to logic and even more fundamental contributions to decision theory. As is well known, he and de Finetti— independently of each other—were the founders of the so-called subjectivist (or ‘personalist’) approach to probability. It should be mentioned here that the first comprehensive monograph on the different aspects of Ramsey’s work has only recently been published [27].