bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved oligosaccharide synthesis by protein engineering of β‐glucosidase CelB from hyperthermophilic Pyrococcus furiosus
Authors: Hansson Therese , Kaper Thijs , van der Oost John , de Vos Willem M. , Adlercreutz Patrick
Published: August 2002

Enzymatic transglycosylation of lactose into oligosaccharides was studied using wild‐type β‐glucosidase (CelB) and active site mutants thereof (M424K, F426Y, M424K/F426Y) and wild‐type β‐mannosidase (BmnA) of the hyperthermophilic Pyrococcus furiosus. The effects of the mutations on kinetics, enzyme activity, and substrate specificity were determined. The oligosaccharide synthesis was carried out in aqueous solution at 95°C at different lactose concentrations and pH values. The results showed enhanced synthetic properties of the CelB mutant enzymes. An exchange of one phenylalanine to tyrosine (F426Y) increased the oligosaccharide yield (45%) compared with the wild‐type CelB (40%). Incorporation of a positively charged group in the active site (M424K) increased the pH optimum of transglycosylation reaction of CelB. The double mutant, M424K/F426Y, showed much better transglycosylation properties at low (10–20%) lactose concentrations compared to the wild‐type. At a lactose concentration of 10%, the oligosaccharide yield for the mutant was 40% compared to 18% for the wild‐type. At optimal reaction conditions, a higher ratio of tetrasaccharides to trisaccharides was obtained with the double mutant (0.42, 10% lactose) compared to the wild‐type (0.19, 70% lactose). At a lactose concentration as low as 10%, only trisaccharides were synthesized by CelB wild‐type. The β‐mannosidase BmnA from P. furiosus showed both β‐glucosidase and β‐galactosidase activity and in the transglycosylation of lactose the maximal oligosaccharide yield of BmnA was 44%. The oligosaccharide yields obtained in this study are high compared to those reported with other transglycosylating β‐glycosidases in oligosaccharide synthesis from lactose. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 203–210, 2001.
Formate accumulation due to DNA release in aerobic cultivations of Escherichia coli
Authors: Castan Andreas , Enfors Sven‐Olof
Published: August 2002

Three different aerobic fed‐batch processes of Escherichia coli were studied, two for the production of a recombinant protein and one process with a wild‐type E. coli strain. In all three processes, an accumulation of formate could be observed in the latter part of the process. Analysis of the concentration of DNA in the medium revealed that the release of DNA coincided with the accumulation of formate. It was found that increasing concentrations of DNA correlated in almost linearly increasing concentrations of formate. Formate accumulation is caused by mixed acid fermentation, although no oxygen limitation was measured with the DO electrode. It is proposed that extracellular DNA restrained mass transfer between the bulk medium and the cell. To investigate if the DNA accumulation caused formate production, DNA was removed by continuous feeding of a DNA binding polymer to the medium. The addition of the polymer decreased the content of free DNA in the broth and the formate was reassimilated. Furthermore, additional DNA early in the process resulted in early formate accumulation. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 324–328, 2002.
What judges and lawyers think about the testimony of mental health experts: a survey of the courts and bar
Authors: Redding Richard E. , Floyd Marnita Y. , Hawk Gary L.
Published: August 2002

The testimony of mental health experts is often important evidence considered by criminal courts in determining issues arising throughout the adjudicative process, but not all evidence provided by experts is equally valid or probative. Using a hypothetical insanity defense case, we compared the preferences of Virginia judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys for different types of forensic mental health evidence, including descriptive and diagnostic testimony, testimony about relevant research and actuarial data, and ultimate issue testimony. In addition, we determined their preferences for different types of mental health professionals. Four key findings emerged. First, many participants preferred that psychiatrists, rather than psychologists or other mental health professionals, conduct forensic evaluations for the court. Second, while participants were interested in most types of mental health evidence, they were primarily interested in clinical diagnosis, followed by an analysis of whether the condition met the relevant legal threshold, and an ultimate opinion on the legal issue. Third, participants were less interested in research or actuarial evidence. Fourth, participants differed in their evidentiary preferences in ways that reflect their respective roles in the adversary system. The findings suggest that while courts and attorneys find traditional clinical testimony useful in criminal cases, they also favor ultimate issue testimony, and view research data or statistically based information as less helpful. Mental health professionals should consider how to educate the courts and bar about the dangers inherent in over‐reliance on the conclusory legal testimony of mental health experts, the utility of scientific data as such information becomes more routinely introduced as evidence at trial, and the expertise available from various mental health professionals. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Death row inmate characteristics, adjustment, and confinement: a critical review of the literature
Authors: Cunningham Mark D. , Vigen Mark P.
Published: August 2002

This article reviews and summarizes research on death row inmates. The contributions and weaknesses of death row demographic data, clinical studies, and research based on institutional records are critiqued. Our analysis shows that death row inmates are overwhelmingly male and disproportionately Southern. Racial representation remains controversial. Frequently death row inmates are intellectually limited and academically deficient. Histories of significant neurological insult are common, as are developmental histories of trauma, family disruption, and substance abuse. Rates of psychological disorder among death row inmates are high, with conditions of confinement appearing to precipitate or aggravate these disorders. Contrary to expectation, the extant research indicates that the majority of death row inmates do not exhibit violence in prison even in more open institutional settings. These findings have implications for forensic mental health sentencing evaluations, competent attorney representation, provision of mental health services, racial disparity in death sentences, death row security and confinement policies, and moral culpability considerations. Future research directions on death row populations are suggested. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serratus posterior muscles: Anatomy, clinical relevance, and function
Authors: Vilensky Joel A. , Baltes Marsha , Weikel Laura , Fortin Joseph D. , Fourie Louis J.
Published: August 2002

The serratus posterior superior and inferior muscles are generally considered clinically insignificant muscles that, based on attachments, probably function in respiration. Interestingly, however, there is no evidence supporting a respiratory role for these muscles. In fact, some electromyographic data refute a respiratory function for these muscles. We suggest that the serratus posterior muscles function primarily in proprioception. Further, these muscles, especially the superior, have been implicated in myofascial pain syndromes and therefore may have greater clinical relevance than commonly attributed to them. Clin. Anat. 14:237–241, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a web‐based integrated manufacturing laboratory
Authors: Huang Samuel H. , Su Qi , Samant Nilesh , Khan Irfan
Published: August 2002

The internet is dramatically changing the ways we learn and teach, as well as the way we interact as a society. The “same time, same place, only some people” traditional instructional method is giving way to “anytime, anyplace, anybody” educational models. This paper deals with the development of a Web‐based integrated manufacturing laboratory (WIML), which represents a virtual mini‐manufacturing corporation, whose aim is to support core manufacturing curriculum and to provide students with hands‐on experience on various manufacturing functions and effective use of manufacturing software tools. Key components of the WIML include a manufacturing tutor, a data repository, message boards, customization pages, and links to the world‐wide web. The WIML not only can stimulate students' interest in related manufacturing courses but also allow them to strengthen their computer skills and develop ability to work as a team. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 9: 228–237, 2001; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com.); DOI 10.1002/cae.10006
Novel technique for stent delivery in tortuous coronary arteries: Report of three cases
Authors: Fernandes Valerian , Kałuża Grzegorz L. , Godlewski Boguslaw , Li George , Raizner Albert E.
Published: August 2002

We present a novel technique for stent delivery across tortuous lesions. Gentle forward pressure was applied on the stent balloon while the balloon was inflated to 2–3 atm. This resulted in the balloon and stent crossing the impeding segment and settling in the target site where it was deployed with excellent angiographic outcome. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:485–490. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous transluminal therapeutic ultrasound for high‐risk thrombus‐containing lesions in native coronary arteries
Authors: Brosh David , Bartorelli Antonio L. , Cribier Alain , Mesa Juan , Calderon Luis , Martyn Thomas , Amann Franz , Sampaolesi Alberto , Desmet Walter , Fajadet Jean , Rosenschein Uri
Published: August 2002

We assessed the short‐term outcome of percutaneous coronary ultrasound thrombolysis (CUT) for high‐risk thrombus‐containing lesions in native coronaries in the setting of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Data were prospectively collected in a multicenter (n = 32) registry of consecutive ACS patients. The study population (n = 126) had mostly (84%) totally occluded vessels. The mean age of clot was 5.7 ± 9.5 days (range, 0–60 days). CUT (41 kHz, 18 W) led to device success in 112 (89%) patients, with a residual stenosis of 69% ± 20%. Adjunct PTCA or stenting was used in 97% of the patients. Procedural success was achieved in 124 (98%) patients, with a final residual stenosis of 6% ± 10%. There were no major adverse clinical events during hospitalization. Ultrasound thrombolysis is a feasible procedure that offers a safe and probably effective adjuvant device solution for the treatment of high‐risk, thrombus‐containing lesions in the native coronary arteries. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:43–49. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
At home or away? An exploration of policy and practice in the placement of disabled children at residential schools
Authors: Morris Jenny , Abbott David , Ward Linda
Published: August 2002

Despite increasing policy commitment by government to the inclusion of children with special educational needs in mainstream services, significant numbers of disabled children continue to be placed away from their family home and community in residential schools. Reliable statistical information on them is elusive and there has been a dearth of research on how placement decisions are made and what the experience of such placements for disabled children and their families is like. This article reports on the policies and practice of 21 education and social service authorities in England in this area, the patterns of residential placements and the apparent reasons for them. It also highlights points of concern in relation to the protection and promotion of the welfare of disabled children in residential schools, and the apparent lack of clarity on the part of local authorities with regard to their duties in this area. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supramolecular assemblies of carotenoids
Authors: Zsila Ferenc , Deli József , Bikádi Zsolt , Simonyi Miklós
Published: August 2002

Carotenoid self‐assemblies were formed by aqueous dilution of ethanolic solutions. The four 3′,6′‐epimers of capsanthol ((all‐E,3R,5′R)‐3,3′,6′‐trihydroxy‐β,κ‐carotene) give rise to right‐ and left‐handed card‐pack and head‐to‐tail types of self‐assemblies detected by exciton couplets appearing in the CD spectra. Slow kinetics of formation followed for some of the aggregates indicate the complexity of the process. The exciton signals do not appear from equimolar mixtures of related compounds that produce identical type of aggregates of opposite sense on their own. Transformation of self‐assembly may reflect the population of κ‐ring rotamers. Chirality 13:739–744, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of S‐mosher acid as a chiral solvating agent for enantiomeric analysis of some trans‐4‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐3‐substituted‐1‐methylpiperidines by means of NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Navrátilová Hana
Published: August 2002

S‐Mosher acid 1 induced chemical‐shift differences (Δδ) in NMR spectra of chiral trans‐4‐fluorophenyl‐3‐substituted‐1‐methylpiperidines. The magnitude of Δδ in 1H and 19F NMR spectra varied with the substituent at position 3 of the piperidine ring. The magnitudes of Δδ observed for certain protons and for the fluorine in the 4‐fluorophenyl group were sufficiently large to allow determination of enantiomeric composition. Chirality 13:731–735, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of elongation factor 1α from Zea mays (ZmEF‐1α) with F‐actin and interplay with the maize actin severing protein, ZmADF3
Authors: Gungabissoon Ravine A. , Khan Safina , Hussey Patrick J. , Maciver Sutherland K.
Published: August 2002

EF‐1α is an abundant eukaryotic protein whose principle function appears to be to bind aminoacyl‐tRNA to the ribosome. However, it is also known that EF‐1α from other sources binds both microtubules and microfilaments. We report the expression of Zea mays EF‐1α (ZmEF‐1α) in bacteria and that this protein has similar actin‐binding properties as other EF‐1α members. ZmEF‐1α bundles actin filaments at low pH (6.5) and inhibits the addition of monomer at both filament ends, possibly as a consequence. ZmEF‐1α binds actin filaments at all pH values tested (pH 6.0–8.0), indicating that one actin binding site is not pH sensitive. One of the actin‐binding sites was determined to reside within domain I (1–223) of ZmEF‐1α, but this domain did not affect the kinetics of polymerisation. We show that the bundling activity of ZmEF‐1α is modulated by ZmADF3 a (a Zea mays ADF/cofilin), an actin filament severing protein, in vitro. Bundling of actin filaments caused by ZmEF‐1α was enhanced in the presence of ZmADF3. The pH‐dependent activities of both proteins in vitro suggests that they may work together to respond to temporal and spatial intracellular pH changes to regulate the pattern of the growth of plant cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 49:104–111, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ductal lavage and the clinical management of women at high risk for breast carcinoma
Authors: O'Shaughnessy Joyce A. , Ljung Britt Marie , Dooley William C. , Chang Jenny , Kuerer Henry M. , Hung David T. , Grant Michael D. , Khan Seema A. , Phillips Rogsbert F. , Duvall Karen , Euhus David M. , King Bonnie L. , Anderson Benjamin O. , Troyan Susan L. , Kim Julian , Veronesi Umberto , Cazzaniga Massimiliano
Published: August 2002

Ductal lavage, a procedure used to collect breast ductal epithelial cells for cytologic analysis, is performed in women who are considered to be at high risk for breast carcinoma to provide further risk stratification. The current article summarizes the opinions of ductal lavage investigators and practitioners to help guide the clinical interpretation of the results of ductal lavage cytology and the management of high‐risk women.
Male breast carcinoma in Israel
Authors: Brenner Baruch , Fried Georgeta , Levitzki Pavel , Rakowsky Erica , Lurie Hedwig , Idelevich Efraim , Neuman Avivit , Kaufman Bella , Sulkes Jaqueline , Sulkes Aaron
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Little information is available regarding male breast carcinoma. However, cumulative data have suggested a propensity for the disease among Ashkenazi Jews. Because Ashkenazi Jews comprise one of the major ethnic groups in Israel, the authors conducted a local study to shed more light on the features of this rare disease.

METHODS

From 1960 to 2000, 131 men with breast carcinoma were treated at the Rabin Medical Center or the Rambam Medical Center, and, from 1980 to 1997, 470 patients with this diagnosis were recorded in the Israel Cancer Registry. These two data bases were used to analyze the epidemiologic and clinicopathologic characteristics of male breast carcinoma in Israel.

RESULTS

Seventy‐eight percent of the 131 Jewish patients were Ashkenazi. Most of their clinical characteristics were similar to those of their Sephardic counterparts. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the pattern of comorbidity between these groups (P= 0.000), and there was a trend toward a younger age at onset and more advanced tumor stage at the time of diagnosis for the Sephardim. It also was found that Sephardic origin was associated with poorer outcome (P= 0.03). Analysis of the Cancer Registry data base revealed an 80% increase in the risk of the disease for Ashkenazi Jews compared with Sephardic Jews (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–2.3;P= 0.001). Survival analysis from this source suggested a poorer outcome for Sephardic Jews compared with Ashkenazi Jews (62% vs. 64.3% estimated 5‐year survival rates, respectively;P= 0.08).

CONCLUSIONS

Analyses of two independent data bases, patient charts, and a cancer registry indicate that breast carcinoma seems to be more prevalent among Ashkenazi Jewish men. At the same time, affected Ashkenazi patients may have a more favorable outcome than their Sephardic counterparts. Cancer 2002;94:2128–33. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10449
Ethnicity related differences in the survival of young breast carcinoma patients
Authors: Newman Lisa A. , Bunner Scott , Carolin Kathryn , Bouwman David , Kosir Mary Ann , White Michael , Schwartz Ann
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

African‐American women face an increased risk of early‐onset breast carcinoma compared to white American women, and breast carcinoma has been reported to be particularly aggressive in premenopausal women.

METHODS

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program data were analyzed for 507 African‐American and 1378 white patients from Detroit diagnosed with breast carcinoma under the age of 40 between 1990 and 1999.

RESULTS

The proportion of in situ disease detected in African‐American patients between 1995 and 1999 nearly doubled compared to the 1990‐1994 interval (11.3% compared to 6.4%) but was consistently lower than the proportion of in situ disease seen in white patients for the same intervals (15.7% and 16.4% respectively). Evaluation of patients with invasive disease revealed that African‐American patients had larger mean tumor size (3.4 cm versus 2.6 cm;P< 0.001), lower rates of localized disease (42.4% versus 52.1%;P< 0.001), higher rates of estrogen receptor negativity (61.9% versus 44.4%;P< 0.001), and higher proportions of medullary tumors (5.8% versus 3.3%;P= 0.021). Cox proportional hazards survival analysis adjusted for age, tumor size, nodal status, hormone receptor status, and histology showed higher mortality rates for African‐American patients at all disease stages. Relative risk of death for African‐American patients was 1.94 in patients with localized disease (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23–3.05), 1.58 for regional disease (95% CI = 1.18–2.11), and 2.32 for distant disease (95% CI = 1.15–4.69).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings show that young African‐American breast carcinoma patients face an increased mortality risk. Additional studies evaluating risk and treatment response in this subset of patients are warranted. Cancer 2002;95:21–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10639
Fas/Fas ligand system and apoptosis induction in testicular carcinoma
Authors: Schmelz Hans U. , Abend Michael , Kraft Klaus , Hauck Ekkehard W. , Weidner Wolfgang , van Beuningen Dirk , Sparwasser Christoph
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Tumor‐infiltrating, Fas ligand (FasL)‐expressing lymphocytes are able to eliminate Fas‐bearing tumor cells by apoptosis induction. Activated cytotoxic T‐cells that express Fas may enter apoptosis in the presence of FasL tumor cells. To date, no studies of patients with testicular carcinoma have correlated the differential expression of Fas and FasL in both cell types with the corresponding apoptotic index (AI).

METHODS

Fas and FasL were investigated immunohistochemically in paraffin embedded tissue sections from 25 patients with nonseminomatous testicular tumors. The percentages of positive cells and the ratios of Fas cells to FasL cells were correlated with the AI of tumor cells and lymphocytes, respectively, using Spearman correlations.

RESULTS

No association was found between the rate of FasL positive cells and AI of the other cell type or between the rate of Fas positive cells and the AI of the same cell type. Ratios between Fas positive cells and FasL positive cells were not correlated with the AI; however, a significant positive correlation was found between the AI of tumor cells and the AI of lymphocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

It seems unlikely that the Fas/FasL system is responsible for immune escape of the tumor in testicular carcinoma. Rather, the significant positive correlation between the AIs of tumor cells and lymphocytes implicate a previously unknown mechanism of apoptosis induction in both cell types. Cancer 2002;95:73–81. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10649
Immunohistochemical localization of candidates for vesicular glutamate transporters in the rat brain
Authors: Kaneko Takeshi , Fujiyama Fumino , Hioki Hiroyuki
Published: August 2002

Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1) is one of the best markers for glutamatergic neurons, because it accumulates transmitter glutamate into synaptic vesicles. Differentiation‐associated Na+‐dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter (DNPI) shows 82% amino acid identity to VGluT1, and is another candidate for vesicular glutamate transporters. Here, we report the immunocytochemical localization of DNPI and compare it with that of VGluT1 in the adult rat brain. Both DNPI and VGluT1 immunoreactivities were found mostly in neuropil, presumably in axon terminals, throughout the brain. In the telencephalic regions, intense DNPI immunoreactivity was observed in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb, layer IV of the neocortex, granular layer of the dentate gyrus, presubiculum, and postsubiculum. In contrast, VGluT1 immunoreactivity was intense in the olfactory tubercle, layers I‐III of the neocortex, piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and subiculum. In the thalamic nuclei, DNPI‐immunoreactive terminal‐like profiles were much larger than VGluT1‐immunoreactive ones, suggesting that DNPI immunoreactivity was subcortical in origin. DNPI immunoreactivity was much more intense than VGluT1 immunoreactivity in many brainstem and spinal cord regions, except the pontine nuclei, interpeduncular nucleus, cochlear nuclei, and external cuneate nucleus. In the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex, climbing‐like fibers showed intense DNPI immunoreactivity, whereas neuropil contained dense VGluT1‐immnoreactive deposits. Both DNPI and VGluT1 immunoreactivities were observed as mossy fiber terminal‐like profiles in the cerebellar granular layer. DNPI and VGluT1 immunoreactivities appeared associated with synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals forming asymmetric synapses in several regions examined electron microscopically. The present results indicate that DNPI and VGluT1 are used by different neural components in most, if not all, brain regions, suggesting the complementary functions of DNPI and VGluT1. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:39–62, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hippocampal and prefrontal cortical inputs monosynaptically converge with individual projection neurons of the nucleus accumbens
Authors: French Sarah J. , Totterdell Susan
Published: August 2002

Afferents to the nucleus accumbens from different sources innervate specific areas of the central “core” and peripheral “shell” and are related to each other, at the light microscopical level, in an intricate overlapping and nonoverlapping way. This lack of homogeneity suggests that this region consists of circuits involving emsembles of neurons modulated by specific sets of convergent afferent inputs and abnormal regulation of such ensembles has been implicated in mental disorders. Early extracellular studies suggested that individual Acb neurons might respond to activation of afferents from more than one excitatory input: More recent studies of hippocampal and amygdalar or prefrontal cortical afferents suggest that hippocampal afferentsgatethe input from the prefrontal cortex or amygdala. Electrophysiological evidence for convergence of excitatory afferents in the Acb is strong and suggests that these pathways are monosynaptic. Nevertheless, this convergence has proved difficult to demonstrate anatomically as a result of the spatial distribution of the afferent inputs on the dendritic tree of the target neurons. To establish whether individual accumbens neurons receive monosynaptic input from pairs of afferents, one projection was labelled anterogradely withPhaseolus vulgarisleucoagglutinin and the second with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) with Vector slate grey and 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride as the chromagens. Accumbens neurons possibly postsynaptic to these afferents, labelled by an in vivo focal injection of BDA, were examined using correlated light and electron microscopy to establish the proximal–distal distribution of labelled afferent synaptic inputs on their dendritic arbours. Individual cells were shown to receive monosynaptic afferent input from both ventral subiculum and prefrontal cortex, providing an anatomical framework for the hippocampal gating of other limbic inputs to the accumbens. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:151–165, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bladder contractility‐related neurons in barrington's nucleus: Axonal projections to the spinal cord in the cat
Authors: Sasaki Mitsuyoshi
Published: August 2002

Barrington's nucleus projects directly to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether neurons in Barrington's nucleus that increase their firing during bladder contractions project to the spinal cord and, if so, to which level(s) the axon reaches. Single units were recorded in Barrington's nucleus of cat with glass microelectrodes, and the termination level of descending axons was determined by antidromic stimulation of the spinal cord. Thirty‐nine neurons projecting to the spinal cord were located in rostral parts of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum, medial and ventral to the mesencephalic trigeminal tract. This finding is consistent with previous neuronal tracing studies. All neurons increased their firing rates during contraction associated with micturition. In 19 examined neurons, the most caudal level of the descending axon distributed between the L7 and the S3 level. Stimulation of the axon at this most caudal level resulted in antidromic spike latencies ranging between 19.5 msec and 45.0 msec. These antidromic latencies were much smaller than previously reported orthodromic conduction times between neurons in Barrington's nucleus and sacral preganglionic neurons innervating the bladder. The mean conduction velocity of the descending axon from the cell body to the border between Th13 and the L1 ranged between 7.2 m/sec and 27.7 m/sec. The decrease of the mean conduction velocity was observed at the lumbar as well as at the sacral segments, suggesting that axons issue collaterals to the lumbar level as well as to the sacral level. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:355–363, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of the major γ‐aminobutyric acidA receptor subunits in the basal ganglia and associated limbic brain areas of the adult rat
Authors: Schwarzer Christoph , Berresheim Ulrike , Pirker Susanne , Wieselthaler Anna , Fuchs Karoline , Sieghart Werner , Sperk Günther
Published: August 2002

Within the basal ganglia, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) exerts a fundamental role as neurotransmitter of local circuit and projection neurons. Its fast hyperpolarizing action is mediated through GABAA receptors. These ligand‐gated chloride channels are assembled from five subunits, which derive from multiple genes. Using immunocytochemistry, we investigated the distribution of 12 major GABAA receptor subunits (α1–5, β1–3, γ1–3, and δ) in the basal ganglia and associated limbic brain areas of the rat. Immunoreactivity for an additional subunit (subunit α6) was not observed. The striatum, the nucleus accumbens, and the olfactory tubercle displayed strong, diffuse staining for the subunits α2, α4, β3, and δ presumably located on dendrites of the principal medium spiny neurons. Subunit α1‐, β2‐, and γ2‐immunoreactivities were apparently mostly restricted to interneurons of these areas. In contrast, the globus pallidus, the entopeduncular nucleus, the ventral pallidum, the subthalamic nucleus, and the substantia nigra pars reticulata revealed dense networks of presumable dendrites of resident projection neurons, which were darkly labeled for subunit α1‐, β2‐, and γ2‐immunoreactivities. The globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, entopeduncular nucleus, and substantia nigra pars reticulata, all areas receiving innervations from the striatum, displayed strong subunit γ1‐immunoreactivity compared to other brain areas. In the substantia nigra pars compacta and in the ventral tegmental area, numerous presumptive dopaminergic neurons were labeled for subunits α3, γ3, and/or δ. This highly heterogeneous distribution of individual GABAA receptor subunits suggests the existence of differently assembled, and presumably also functionally different, GABAA receptors within individual nuclei of the basal ganglia and associated limbic brain areas. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:526–549, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unipolar brush cells form a glutamatergic projection system within the mouse cerebellar cortex
Authors: Nunzi Maria Grazia , Birnstiel Susanne , Bhattacharyya Bula J. , Slater N. Traverse , Mugnaini Enrico
Published: August 2002

Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) of the mammalian vestibulocerebellum receive mossy fiber projections primarily from the vestibular ganglion and vestibular nuclei. Recently, the axons of UBCs have been shown to generate an extensive system of cortex‐intrinsic mossy fibers, which resemble traditional cerebellar mossy fiber afferents and synapse with granule cell dendrites and other UBCs. However, the neurotransmitter used by the UBC axon is still unknown. In this study, we used long‐term organotypic slice cultures of the isolated nodulus (lobule X) from postnatal day 8 mouse cerebella to identify the neurotransmitter and receptors at synapses of the UBC axon terminals, relying on the notion that, in these cultures, all of the cortex‐extrinsic fibers had degenerated during the first few days in vitro. Quantification of glutamate immunogold labeling showed that the UBC axon terminals have the same high gold‐particle density as the glutamatergic parallel fiber varicosities. Furthermore, UBCs identified by calretinin immunoreactivity expressed the glutamate receptor subunits GluR2/3, NMDAR1, and mGluR2/3, like they do in the mature mouse cerebellum in situ. Evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), spontaneous EPSCs, and burst discharges were demonstrated in UBCs and granule cells by patch‐clamp recording. Both the evoked and spontaneous EPSCs were blocked by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX and D‐AP5. We conclude that neurotransmission at the UBC axon terminals is glutamatergic. Thus, UBCs provide a powerful network of feedforward excitation within the granular layer, which may amplify vestibular signals and synchronize activity in clusters of functionally related granule cells which project vertically to patches of Purkinje cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:329–341, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polarized distribution of α5 integrin in dendrites of hippocampal and cortical neurons
Authors: Bi Xiaoning , Lynch Gary , Zhou Jun , Gall Christine M.
Published: August 2002

The distribution of immunoreactivity for the α5 subunit of the fibronectin receptor was evaluated in adult rat brain with particular interest in the cellular localization of immunostaining in the hippocampal formation and neocortex. Beyond localization to neuronal perikarya and short dendritic fragments within most brain areas, α5 immunoreactivity (‐ir) was particularly dense within primary apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in both hippocampus and neocortex and within the dendritic arbors of cerebellar Purkinje cells. In hippocampal and cortical pyramidal cells, immunostaining was clearly polarized: α5‐ir was not detectable in basal dendrites in hippocampal neurons and was limited to proximal arbors or absent from basal dendrites in pyramidal cells in superficial and deep layers of neocortex. Beyond this, α5‐ir was distributed within the dendritic ramifications of the dentate gyrus granule cells and within perikarya and dendrites of occasional nonpyramidal neurons. Developmental studies demonstrated that, in both hippocampus and neocortex, α5‐ir appears first within perikarya and is distributed to dendrites during the second postnatal week. These results are in accord with the broad hypothesis that integrins contribute to apical‐basal differences in dendrites and that the integrin fibronectin (α5β1) receptor, in particular, contributes to some late developing features of dendritic structure or function. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:184–193, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Architectonic identification of the core region in auditory cortex of macaques, chimpanzees, and humans
Authors: Hackett Troy A. , Preuss Todd M. , Kaas Jon H.
Published: August 2002

The goal of the present study was to determine whether the architectonic criteria used to identify the core region in macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta, M. nemestrina) could be used to identify a homologous region in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens). Current models of auditory cortical organization in primates describe a centrally located core region containing two or three subdivisions including the primary auditory area (AI), a surrounding belt of cortex with perhaps seven divisions, and a lateral parabelt region comprised of at least two fields. In monkeys the core region can be identified on the basis of specific anatomical and physiological features. In this study, the core was identified from serial sets of adjacent sections processed for cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture, acetylcholinesterase, and cytochrome oxidase. Qualitative and quantitative criteria were used to identify the borders of the core region in individual sections. Serial reconstructions of each brain were made showing the location of the core with respect to gross anatomical landmarks. The position of the core with respect to major sulci and gyri in the superior temporal region varied most in the chimpanzee and human specimens. Although the architectonic appearance of the core areas did vary in certain respects across taxonomic groups, the numerous similarities made it possible to identify unambiguously a homologous cortical region in macaques, chimpanzees, and humans. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:197–222, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Substance P and nitric oxide signaling in cerebral cortex: Anatomical evidence for reciprocal signaling between two classes of interneurons
Authors: Vruwink Megan , Schmidt Harald H.H.W. , Weinberg Richard J. , Burette Alain
Published: August 2002

Parvalbumin‐containing fast‐spiking interneurons in the cerebral cortex exhibit widespread electrical coupling, as do somatostatin‐containing low‐threshold spiking interneurons. Besides the classical neurotransmitter γ‐aminobutyric acid, these cortical interneurons may also release various neuropeptides including substance P (SP), as well as the freely diffusible messenger nitric oxide (NO). To investigate whether these two networks of interneurons might interact via these nonclassical messengers, we performed immunocytochemistry for SP and NO signaling pathways in rat somatic sensory cortex. SP was found in a subset of parvalbumin‐positive cells concentrated in layers IV and V, whereas its receptor, NK1, was found in a subset of somatostatin‐containing neurons (and also, at much lower levels, in a disjoint subset of parvalbumin‐containing neurons). Only 4% of SP‐containing axon terminals were apposed to NK1‐positive dendrites, suggesting that in the cerebral cortex, SP may act predominantly as a paracrine neuromediator. Nitric oxide synthase‐I (NOS‐I), the synthetic enzyme for NO, was found almost exclusively in NK1‐positive neurons; 95% of intensely somatostatin/NK1‐positive neurons were also positive for NOS‐I, and 94% of NOS‐positive neurons were also positive for NK1. Immunoreactivity for soluble guanylyl cyclase (the NO receptor) was at high levels in the apical dendrites of layer V pyramidal neurons and in parvalbumin/SP‐positive neurons. These data point to a novel reciprocal chemical interaction between two inhibitory networks in the rat neocortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:288–301, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Component‐wise algebraic multigrid preconditioning for the iterative solution of stress analysis problems from microfabrication technology
Authors: Mijalković S. , Mihajlović M. D.
Published: August 2002

A methodology for preconditioning discrete stress analysis systems using robust scalar algebraic multigrid (AMG) solvers is evaluated in the context of problems that arise in microfabrication technology. The principle idea is to apply an AMG solver in a segregated way to the series of scalar block matrix problems corresponding to different displacement vector components, thus yielding a block diagonal AMG preconditioner. We study the component‐wise AMG preconditioning in the context of the space decomposition and subspace correction framework [1]. The subspace problems are solved approximately by the scalar AMG solver and the subspace correction is performed either in block diagonal (block Jacobi) or lower triangular (block Gauss–Seidel) fashion. In our test examples we use fully unstructured grids of different sizes. The numerical experiments show robust and efficient convergence of the Krylov iterative methods with component‐wise AMG preconditioning for both 2D and 3D problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The early development of the Munsell system
Authors: Kuehni Rolf G.
Published: August 2002

The early history of the development of the Munsell system is described in this article. This description is based on the information in the notes and sketches in Munsell's color diary, and the Munsell system's development is placed into its historical context. The concept of chroma, new to leading American physicists of Munsell's time, was found to be an original idea of Munsell. All key ideas of the system were developed by Munsell between 1900 and 1904. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 20–27, 2002
Effective multicast programming in large scale distributed systems
Authors: Eugster Patrick Th. , Boichat Romain , Guerraoui Rachid , Sventek Joe
Published: August 2002

Many distributed applications have a strong requirement for efficient dissemination of large amounts of information to widely spread consumers in large networks. These include applications in e‐commerce and telecommunication. Publish/subscribe is considered one of the most important interaction styles with which to model communication on a large scale. Producers publish information on a topic and consumers subscribe to the topics they wish to be informed of. The decoupling of producers and consumers in time, space, and flow makes the publish/subscribe paradigm very attractive for large scale distribution, especially in environments like the Internet.

This paper describes the architecture and implementation of DACE (Distributed Asynchronous Computing Environment), a framework for publish/subscribe communication based on an object‐oriented programming abstraction in the form of Distributed Asynchronous Collection (DAC). DACs capture the variants of publish/subscribe, without blurring their respective advantages. The architecture we present is tolerant of network partitions and crash failures. The underlying model is based on the notion of Topic Membership: a weak membership for the parties involved in a topic. We present how Topic Membership enables the realization of a robust and efficient reliable multicast on a large scale. The protocol ensures that, inside a topic, even a subscriber who is temporarily partitioned away eventually receives a published message. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracking the influence of mental health treatment: the development of the Youth Outcome Questionnaire
Authors: Burlingame Gary M. , Mosier Julie I. , Gawain Wells M. , Atkin Quincey G. , Lambert Michael J. , Whoolery Matthew , Latkowski Mark
Published: August 2002

The demand that providers of mental health services be accountable for the services they provide has highlighted the importance of identifying and tracking the relationship between service, cost, and outcome in the current context of managed behavioural health care. In order to meet this demand, it is imperative that clinicians, researchers, and administrators have reliable and valid measures with which to document and track treatment outcomes. In the arena of child and adolescent care, there is a gap between traditional diagnostic measures and measures specifically designed to track outcomes. This study reports the comprehensive development and testing of a new outcome measure, the Youth Outcome Questionnaire, designed cooperatively by clinicians, researchers, and managed care administrators in order to meet the needs of all three. Multiple clinical samples and normative groups were assessed and results suggest that the instrument meets recommended standards of reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. The process of development and testing serve as an illustration of the types of issues which must be addressed by those charged with the responsibility for documenting treatment outcomes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive image sensing and enhancement using the cellular neural network universal machine
Authors: Brendel Mátyás , Roska Tamás
Published: August 2002

As an attempt to introduce interactive, content‐dependent adaptive (ICDA) image processing, a simple but powerful active image sensing and two image enhancement methods are introduced via adaptive CNN‐UM sensor‐computers. Thus, the method ICDA can be used for adaptive control of image sensing and for subsequent on‐line or off‐line image enhancement as well. The algorithms use both intensity and contrast content. The image sensing technology can be realized with the current CNN‐UM chip. Our first image enhancement method is also executable on this chip, but it is more suitable for the adaptive cellular neural network universal machine (ACNN‐UM) architecture. Some results of simulator and chip experiments and an adaptive extended cell are presented. Our second, dynamical image enhancement method is planned to be executable on a multi‐layer, complex cell CNN architecture. In (Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and their Applications(CNNA‐2000) Catania, 2000; 213–217) 3‐layer architecture is described which is capable of realizing the main part of the second enhancement method.

The main issues of our paper are as follows: the novel outlook of the ICDA framework, three new methods for two key application areas of CNN‐UM, the notion of ‘regional’ adaptive computing, the novelty of application of equilibrium‐computing in the third method. However, the key novelty of our work is not just a new method and a new realization: by combining sensing and computing, dynamically and pixelwise, a new quality becomes practical. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CNN architectures for constrained diffusion based locally adaptive image processing
Authors: Rekeczky Csaba
Published: August 2002

In this paper, a cellular neural network (CNN) based locally adaptive scheme is presented for image segmentation and edge detection. It is shown that combining a constrained (linear or non‐linear) diffusion approach with adaptive morphology leads to a robust segmentation algorithm for an important class of image models. These images are comprised of simple geometrical objects, each having a homogeneous grey‐scale level and they might be overlapping. The background illumination is inhomogeneous, the objects are corrupted by additive Gaussian noise and possibly blurred by low‐pass‐filtering‐type effects. Typically, this class has a multimodal (in most cases bimodal) image histogram and no special (easily exploitable) characteristics in the frequency domain. The synthesized analogic (analog and logic) CNN algorithm combines a diffusion‐type filtering with a locally adaptive strategy based on estimating the first‐order (mean) and second‐order (variance) statistics. Both PDE‐ and non‐PDE‐related diffusion schemes are examined and compared in the CNN framework. It is shown that the proposed algorithm with various diffusion‐type filters offers a more robust solution than some globally optimal thresholding schemes. All algorithmic steps are realized using nearest‐neighbour CNN templates. The VLSI implementation complexity and some robustness issues are carefully analysed and discussed in detail. A number of tests have been completed on original and artificial grey‐scale images. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of the international program for quality assessment and standardization for immunological measures relevant to HIV/AIDS: QASI
Authors: Mandy Francis , Bergeron Michèle , Houle Guy , Bradley John , Fahey John
Published: August 2002

Measurements of CD4 T‐cell levels are essential for the assessment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease course, clinical staging, epidemiological studies, and decisions regarding prophylactic therapies against opportunistic infection. Until now, only in the industrialized countries was T‐cell subset monitoring considered a practical option to assess disease progression. The Quality Assessment and Standardization for Immunological Measures Relevant to HIV/AIDS (QASI) program was established in 1997 to meet performance assessment for immunophenotyping laboratories in countries where such service is not available. The QASI program is provided at no cost to any laboratory in a resource‐poor setting that wishes to participate. This report describes the beneficial impact of participation in the QASI program. Carefully selected commercial stabilized whole blood preparations were sent regularly to participating laboratories. Participants reported the T‐cell subset values they obtained by flow cytometry. Once the aggregate mean values for the T‐cell subsets were established for the shipment, a comprehensive and confidential report was sent to each laboratory. The results from five consecutive shipments were analyzed. The coefficient of variation decreased from 7.2% to 4.7% and from 14.2% to 8.8% for percent and absolute CD4 T‐cell counts, respectively. With the implementation of the QASI program using commercial stabilized whole blood specimens, it is possible to reduce interlaboratory error. This study illustrates that a quality assessment program can improve the overall performance of laboratories. Reducing interlaboratory variation can enhance significantly the effectiveness of multicenter HIV vaccine or drug trial evaluation. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:111–116, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.