bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Markers of Oxidative Stress and Serum Biochemical Markers of Cellular Damage in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Ibrahim Wissam H. , Habib Hosam M. , Jarrar Amjad H. , Al Baz Samer A.
Published: November 2008

Background/Aims: Ramadan is a holy month for Muslims during which they abstain from eating, drinking and smoking from dawn to sunset. This makes Ramadan a unique model for studying the effects of altered meal patterns in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Ramadan fasting on markers of oxidative stress and serum biochemical markers of cellular damage in healthy subjects. Methods: Fourteen healthy volunteers (9 men and 5 women aged 25–58 years) who fasted during Ramadan participated in the study. Blood sampling was conducted 2 days before Ramadan and on days 14 and 28 of Ramadan. The following were measured: (1) in serum, malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, total proteins, uric acid, albumin, glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol; (2) in plasma, protein-bound carbonyls, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, retinol, vitamin C and carotenoids, and (3) in erythrocytes, MDA, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Results: Erythrocyte MDA, serum glucose and triglycerides and plasma total carotenoids were significantly lower (p < 0.05) on day 28 of Ramadan compared to before Ramadan. The rest of the variables were not significantly altered by Ramadan fasting. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that with the exception of a slight reduction in lipid peroxidative damage in erythrocytes, Ramadan fasting does not alter oxidative stress parameters or biochemical markers of cellular damage in healthy subjects.
Prognostic Utility of Impedance Cardiography Measurements in Elderly Hemodialysis Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Karakitsos Dimitrios , Wachtel Mitchell , Zerefos Nicolaos , Valis Dimitrios , Patrianakos Alexandros , Saranteas Theodosios , Daphnis Eugene , Boletis John , Stefanadis Christodoulos , Karabinis Andreas
Published: November 2008

Aim: We evaluated the utility of impedance cardiography (IC) in elderly hemodialysis (HD) patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients and Methods: Seventy-five HD patients (30 with CAD) participated. IC cardiac output (ICCO), systemic vascular resistance and pulse pressure (PP) were calculated at baseline, and 30 and 180 days after study entry. ICCO was compared to echocardiography cardiac output (ECO). Relationships of IC measurements and cardiovascular mortality were assessed. Patients were followed up for 6 years after study entry or until death due to cardiovascular events. Results: ICCO and ECO were strongly correlated (r = 0.94, p < 0.001). ICCO correlated inversely with PP (r = –0.61; p < 0.001). Thirty fatal cardiovascular events were recorded. Using the bayesian’ information criterion, multivariate Cox regression models revealed that increased PP and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class as well as decreased diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were predictors of cardiovascular mortality. Having a DBP <60 mm Hg (adjusted for NYHA) yielded a hazard ratio of 2.8 (95% confidence interval = 1.2–6.7). Conclusion: IC accurately estimates the hemodynamic status in HD patients with CAD. Deterioration of cardiovascular performance expressed by decreased DBP values, adjusted for NYHA, may help to predict outcome.
Incidental Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis in Patients Undergoing Elective Coronary Angiography: Are These Lesions Significant?
Authors: Schachter M.E. , Zalunardo N. , Rose C. , Taylor P. , Buller C. , Kiaii M. , Duncan J. , Levin A.
Published: November 2008

Background: Cardiologists often identify atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) during cardiac angiography. The importance of such ‘incidental’ ARAS (iARAS) is not known. The present study sought to describe renal perfusion using non-captopril (baseline) nuclear renograms in patients with iARAS, and to determine characteristics associated with a positive captopril renogram. Methods: Patients presenting for non-emergent coronary angiography between June 2001 and February 2006 were angiographically screened for iARAS. Those with >50% stenosis of one or both renal arteries were referred to nephrology and underwent nuclear renography. Results: 131 patients had renograms. The mean age was 73.2 ±8.1 and median eGFR was 51.2 (40.0, 66.6) ml/min/1.73 m2. 51% had evidence of reduced perfusion to one kidney, of which 13% were discordant with the angiographic lesion. 9% had positive captopril renograms. Captopril renogram positivity was associated with severe unilateral stenosis (p = 0.02). Conclusions: In cardiac patients diagnosed with iARAS, the presence of known anatomic lesions did not correlate with captopril renogram positivity. Uncertainty remains as to whether nuclear renography is a poor functional test in this population, or the lesions are not functionally significant. These results lead us to question both the significance of such lesions, and the utility of conducting renograms in this population.
Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease among American Indians and Alaska Natives – Findings from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program
Authors: Jolly Stacey E. , Li Suying , Chen Shu-Cheng , Narva Andrew S. , Jurkovitz Claudine T. , Norris Keith C. , Shlipak Michael G.
Published: November 2008

Background: American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIAN) have a high incidence of end-stage renal disease. Less is known about chronic kidney disease (CKD) among AIAN and whether risk factors differ for low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) versus albuminuria with a normal eGFR. Methods: Cross-sectional study examining the associations of age, sex, smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, family history, and geographic region with CKD among a screened population of AIAN participants in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program from 2000 to 2006. CKD was defined by the presence of either a low eGFR, <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, or albuminuria, a urine albumin/creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g. Results: The prevalence of any CKD was 29%, of low eGFR was 17%, and of albuminuria with a normal eGFR was 12%. Older age was the strongest predictor of low eGFR (61+ years OR 8.42, 95% CI 5.92–11.98), followed by hypertension (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.74–3.26). In contrast, diabetes (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.57–2.64) and hypertension (OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.93–3.59) were the only predictors of albuminuria among persons with a normal eGFR. Conclusion: The burden of CKD was high among this screened population of AIAN, and different risk factor patterns were associated with low eGFR and albuminuria. Innovative programs and longitudinal research are needed to address CKD among AIAN.
Effect of Dietary Linoleic Acid on Vitamin E Requirement and Fatty Acid Composition of Erythrocyte Lipids in Rats
Authors: Jager F.C. , Houtsmuller U.M.T.
Published: November 2008

In order to investigate the effect of an increasing linoleic acid content of the diet on vitamin E requirement, young male rats were divided into 4 groups receiving respectively 0.27, 0.98, 3.57 and 12.98% linoleic acid (from mixtures of coconut oil and tocopherol-free safflower oil) in their diets. Each group was subdivided into 6 groups, receiving increasing amounts of D-α-tocopheryl acetate (2.5–23.5 mg) in their food. Spontaneous haemolysis in vitro was used as a criterion for vitamin E requirement. The amount of D-α-tocopheryl acetate needed to prevent haemolysis was 13 mg/kg food for the lowest three doses linoleic acid, the highest dose required 18 mg/kg food. The fatty acid composition of erythrocyte lipids was not influenced by the vitamin E content and only moderately by the linoleic acid content of the diet: a higher level of dietary linoleic acid caused an increase in linoleic acid content of erythrocyte lipids, which was mainly compensated by a decrease in oleic acid content. The group with the lowest dose of vitamin E and the highest dose of linoleic acid showed a significant increase in non-electrolyte (= thiourea) haemolysis time.
Some Metabolic Effects of Dietary Sucrose
Authors: Bender A.E. , Thadani Pushpa V.
Published: November 2008

(1) Male, weanling rats were fed on diets containing 60% sucrose or 60% starch and the liver and adipose tissue were examined in vitro for their ability to oxidise glucose and to synthesise fat from glucose, using radioactive glucose as an indicator. (2) Compared with the livers of rats fed on starch those fed on sucrose showed a severe depression of both glucose oxidation and lipogenesis. When two forms of radioactive glucose were used, labelled in carbon-1 or universally labelled, the change in proportions of carbon dioxide liberated indicated that sucrose feeding had altered the metabolic pathways. (3) Adipose tissue also showed depressed lipogenesis after sucrose feeding and less carbon dioxide was formed from (1–14C) glucose but that from (U-14C) glucose was unchanged. (4) The effect of sucrose was apparent after 14 days feeding and persisted in experiments continued for 112 days. (5) The proportions of fat and glycogen in the liver and the fat content of the body were not altered by sucrose feeding. (6) Tissues from female rats behaved in the same way as those from male rats. (7) The effect of sucrose was compared in three strains of animals. The response of hepatic lipogenesis differed with the strain but lipogenesis in adipose tissue was depressed to a similar extent in all three strains. Glucose oxidation in both tissues varied in extent with strain; the strain that was not affected with respect to glucose oxidation in the liver was the most sensitive with respect to glucose oxidation in adipose tissue. (8) The sucrose effect was equally marked in fed and 24 h-fasted rats. (9) Sucrose included in a fat-free diet had a depressant effect on glucose oxidation and lipogenesis in liver but not on glucose oxidation in adipose tissue. (10) The lipids formed from radioactive glucose by adipose tissue were separated by thin layer chromatography and examined for radioactivity. The results indicated that the depression of lipogenesis largely or wholly affected the triglycerides. (11) Rats were injected intraperitoneally with radioactive glucose after feeding on the respective diets. The extracted fat from kidney and adipose tissue, but not that from liver and blood, showed a lower radioactive count after sucrose feeding. (12). It is suggested that sucrose might exert its depressant effect on metabolism by (a) reducing the amount of glucose-6-phosphate available through stimulating the formation of glucose-6-phosphatase and (b) altering the proportion of glucose metabolised via the pentose shunt by stimulating the formation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Some Effects of Thiamine Deficiency on Food Selection in the Rat
Authors: Ashworth Ann , Watson R.H.J.
Published: November 2008

Carbohydrate preference (dextrin v. sucrose) in thiamine-deficient and non-deficient rats was investigated using highly purified diets. An experimental design was employed which would distinguish between a preference due to spontaneous appetite, and one due to beneficial experience. Body weights, food and water intakes were recorded daily. At the end of the experiment which lasted 72 days, tissue and faecal analyses were performed to assess the level of thiamine deficiency and synthesis. Non-deficient rats showed a change in carbohydrate preference towards sucrose with age. Animals showed gross disturbances in carbohydrate preferences, which were not of a consistent character, when they became deficient. These disturbances were shown to be a spontaneous outcome of the deficiency, and did not involve previous experience of the diets.
Bioevaluation of Dietary Iron in Growing Rats
Authors: Ahlström A. , Koivistoinen P. , Sytelä Marja-Liisa
Published: November 2008

The effects of three levels (4.3, 8.2 and 15.2%) of meat in simulated Finnish diets on the iron utilization were studied in growing rats of both sexes. Rats fed human diets for sixty days from weaning showed no differences in growth, blood hemoglobin and liver iron, copper and zinc concentration in response to the dietary meat levels. In both sexes the food intakes were the largest at the highest level of meat resulting in the lowest food efficiency ratios. Neither did the rats rendered anemic before being fed human diets show any significant differences in the parameters used in response to the meat levels. The liver iron content was however, significantly lower in female rats at the highest level of dietary meat. It is concluded that in the rat the level of meat in a mixed-type diet does not cause any notable differences in the iron utilization.
Effects of Protein-Calorie Ratio on Liver Enzyme Concentration in Young Weanling Rats
Authors: Guttikar M.N. , Panemangalore Myna , Rao Narayana
Published: November 2008

The response of a few liver enzymes, succinic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, GOT and GPT to variation in protein calorie ratio was studied in rats. Two such studies were carried out; in one, the protein intake was kept constant and the calorie intake varied and in the other, protein calories were kept constant and calorie intake varied. Concentration of GPT and GOT showed increases with decrease in total calorie intake. The change in GOT were more prominent than in GPT. The succinic dehydrogenases activity like transferases showed increase with decreased calorie intake, but the increase was not so pronounced as in the latter. The alkaline phosphatase activity showed no change with variation in calorie intake.
The Effect in Volunteers of Coffee and Decaffeinated Coffee on Blood Glucose, Insulin, Plasma Lipids and Some Factors Involved in Blood Clotting
Authors: Naismith D.J. , Akinyanju P.A. , Szanto S. , Yudkin J.
Published: November 2008

The effect of coffee-drinking on blood composition was studied in 20 healthy volunteers who normally consumed, on average, 560 mg caffeine/day from tea and coffee. After 14 days on decaffeinated coffee (12 mg caffeine/day) there was a reduction in blood glucose, a small rise in plasma cholesterol and phospholipid, and a more substantial fall in triglycerides. The substitution of coffee for decaffeinated coffee (875 mg caffeine/day) for 20 days did not affect blood glucose, but the changes in the plasma lipids were reversed. There was no change in the level of immunoreactive insulin, in platelet adhesiveness, fibrinogen or blood clot lysis time during the course of the experiment. The part played by caffeine and by coffee solids other than caffeine in the induction of these changes does not support the hypothesis that the consumption of coffee is a significant factor in the development of coronary heart disease.
Whey Protein Formulas in the Treatment of Phenylketonuria in Infants
Authors: Hambraeus L. , Wranne L. , Lorentsson Rosa
Published: November 2008

The use of a whey protein formula as natural protein source in the dietary treatment of two infants with phenylketonuria is described. Two practical advantages were found. Firstly, the whey protein formula had the same caloric and nitrogen content as the special low-phenylalanine formula, which made adjustments of the intake of these two formulas in order to balance the phenylalanine intake easy. Secondly, since the whey protein formulas had a lesser phenylalanine content than whole milk protein, which is usually used as a natural protein source in the treatment of phenylketonurics at this age, a greater part of the infant’s daily feed could be a whey protein formula and a minor part the expensive phenylalanine-poor formula.
Changes in Body Composition and Metabolism Induced by Sucrose in the Rat
Authors: Al-Nagdy Sohair , Miller D.S. , Yudkin John
Published: November 2008

(1) Some of the effects were examined of feeding Sprague-Dawley rats with diets rich in fat, starch or sucrose, and with adequate or inadequate amounts of protein. (2) The diets produced differences in growth rate, carcass composition and glucose tolerance, and in levels of hepatic fat, hepatic cholesterol and plasma cholesterol, that varied with the age and sex of the animals, the duration of the experiment and whether the diets were adequate in essential fatty acids (EFA). (3) Thus, disagreement between workers regarding the effects of sucrose in producing a diminished rate of growth, a raised level of plasma cholesterol, impairment of glucose tolerance, and an increase – or decrease – in body fat or liver fat, can be explained by the different experimental conditions used in the different investigations.
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Activity in the Liver of Meal-eating and Nibbling Rats
Authors: Ticca M. , Ferro-Luzzi Anna , Mariani A. , Migliaccio P.A. , Spadoni Maria Antonietta
Published: November 2008

The effects of periodicity of eating on the acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in the liver of meal-eating and nibbling rats have been studied. The meal-eater rats received the diet in 2 daily feedings via stomach tube. The results obtained have pointed out that in the meal-eaters, which show a higher fat content in the carcass, the liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase is already in its aggregate active form independently of the in vitro preincubation, differently from what happens in the nibblers.
Pathological Effects of Dietary Rapeseed Oil in Rats
Authors: Abdellatif A.M.M. , Vles R.O.
Published: November 2008

The pathological effects of dietary rapeseed oil (RSO) in rats have been investigated. Rats given 60 cal% RSO for 2 weeks showed fatty accumulation in the heart, skeletal muscles and adrenals. In another experiment, 60 cal% RSO was given for 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks. The fatty infiltration of the skeletal muscles, adrenals and hearts regressed with the increase in the dietary period, but in the heart, necrotic foci, aggregations of mono-nuclear cells, and an increase in the connective tissue elements ensued. From a 2-week dose-response study, 20 cal% RSO was established as the minimum level causing the fatty accumulation. Similar lesions were produced by feeding RSO or glyceryl trierucate on an isocaloric erucic acid basis. Erucic acid thus appears to be the constituent in RSO responsible for its pathological effects. It was shown that the fatty infiltration of the heart and skeletal muscles occurs after 1 day of RSO feeding and becomes most severe after 3–6 days. The myocardial fatty infiltration in rats given RSO for 3 days markedly decreased after the feeding of this oil had been discontinued. It is suggested that the fatty infiltration of the heart and skeletal muscles by RSO reflects a slower oxidation of fatty acids in these organs.
Studies on Intermittent Supplementation
Authors: Ferro-Luzzi Anna , Mariani A. , Migliaccio P.A.
Published: November 2008

Two lots of weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed, for 30 days, diets at 10 and 14% protein content. Each lot consisted of 4 groups fed on: (a) a gluten diet; (b) a gluten diet continuously supplemented with casein; (c) a gluten diet on odd days, and a gluten diet supplemented with casein, ad libitum, on even days; (d) a gluten diet on odd days and a pair-fed gluten diet supplemented with casein on even days. Growth-curves, PER, NPU, NGI, and carcass and liver composition have been studied. The results show that the recovery rate in the days of supplementation is dependent on the level of nitrogen intake rather than on the balance occurring between non-supplemented and supplemented diets, according to whether the latter is offered ad libitum or pair-fed. At the cellular level, the count of nuclei and the DNA-P/nucleus content in liver cells show that in groups at lower protein intake, the different ways of supplementation affect cellular maturation, while in groups with higher protein intake it is cellular multiplication that is affected.
An Epidemiological Study of Child Health and Nutrition in a Northern Swedish County
Authors: Samuelson G.
Published: November 2008

The aim of the study was to investigate the accuracy of children’s reports of their consumption of a school meal. Nutritional intake from the school lunch was studied for 56 healthy 8-year-olds and 43 13-year-olds. Information as to nutritional intake was obtained by personal interviews within the limits of 24-hour recall. The results were compared with those of the double-portion technique, which involves weighing and chemical analysis of a double portion, with subtraction of left-overs. Energy, protein, fat and iron content were determined. The data for the individual meals were spread over a wide range. On a group basis, however, the differences between nutrient data obtained by recall and by analysis were levelled out. In spite of a number of possible sources of error in both the double-portion method and the recall, the results obtained with the two methods gave median values for amounts consumed and for nutritional data that were in fairly good agreement. The median values for energy and nutrient content of a given double portion obtained by calculation from food composition tables and by chemical analysis were in good agreement. It is concluded that the groups of 8- and 13-year-old children in this investigation were able to provide an acceptable picture of their consumption of a single meal in a dietary recall covering the past 24 h.
Response of Malnourished Rats to Influenza A2 Virus Infection
Authors: Khakpour M. , Donoso G. , Naficy K. , Sadr M.
Published: November 2008

The interaction of protein-calorie malnutrition and A2/RI/5- influenza virus infection in rats was studied and the extension of the lung lesions in malnourished rats seemed to be less than those in the normal animals. Viral isolation was made in a higher percentage from the lungs of normal animals as compared to the malnourished ones. The antibody response in both groups was almost identical. These observations give indication that at least in our experiment, malnutrition does not enhance the influenza infection in rats.
The Effect of an ‘Atherogenic’ Diet Containing Starch or Sucrose upon Carcass Composition and Plasma Lipids in the Rat
Authors: Qureshi R.U. , Akinyanju P.A. , Yudkin John
Published: November 2008

(1) Male rats of the Lister strain were fed from weaning, or from 20 weeks of age, with ‘atherogenic’ diets containing hydrogenated coconut oil, cholesterol and cholic acid, with either starch or sucrose as the carbohydrate component. (2) These diets produced high levels of plasma cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides, and of liver fat. (3) The different carbohydrates produced no difference in growth rates, but sucrose produced a higher level of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, and of liver fat, than did starch.
Dietary Intakes of Geriatric Patients in Hospital
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Stock Anne L.
Published: November 2008

Individually weighed food intakes have been obtained over an 8-day period from 14 men (age range 63-91 years) 25 women (age range 61-94 years) resident in geriatric wards in an Essex hospital. Nutrient intakes have been computed from food composition tables vitamin C also by chemical analysis. Energy intakes were low compared with those obtained in other surveys, and were lowest for patients with the highest energy requirements as judged by activity. Average protein intakes were adequate and protein quality expressed as net dietary protein calories per cent was similar to that found in other hospitals, but maximum protein utilisation may have been limited by energy restriction. Fat-soluble vitamin intakes were generally low, as were intakes of most other nutrients considered. Low consumption of fortified cereals partially accounted for poor intakes of iron and nicotinic acid, while consumption of an average of 400 ml milk daily was largely responsible for satisfactory riboflavine and calcium intakes. Contrary to expectation, the long-term chronically ill patients who required the most nursing care and help with feeding had the highest intakes. Patients who were capable and therefore allowed to feed themselves made the poorest choice of food and consumed the least.
The Effect of Chromium on the Hyperlipaemic Action of Sucrose
Authors: Bruckdorfer K.R. , Khan I.H. , Yudkin J.
Published: November 2008

(1) Weanling rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were fed diets with either starch or sucrose as the carbohydrate source, and given either ordinary tap water to drink or tap water containing 5 ppm chromium as the acetate. (2) Weight gains were somewhat less with sucrose than with starch, and not affected by the addition of chromium. (3) In the liver, sucrose compared with starch increased the weight, the total amount of lipid, and the concentration of phospholipid, total cholesterol and esterified cholesterol. In the plasma, it increased the concentration of phospholipid, free cholesterol and particularly triglyceride. These effects of sucrose confirm previous work from this department. (4) In the livers of starch-fed rats, the addition of chromium reduced the level of triglyceride and increased the level of phospholipid. In the sucrose-fed rats, it increased the level of esterified cholesterol. (5) In the plasma, the addition of chromium increased the level of phospholipid in the starch-fed rats, and increased the level of free cholesterol in the surcrose-fed rats. As a result of this last effect, there was no longer a difference in free cholesterol levels between starch-fed and sucrose-fed rats. (6) The changes described do not support the suggestion that the effects of dietary sucrose in producing changes in lipid concentration in the liver and plasma are due to a deficiency of chromium in such diets.
Diurnal Patterns of Plasma Triglycerides and Free Fatty Acids in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Endogenous (Type IV) Hyperlipoproteinemia
Authors: Schlierf G. , Reinheimer Wilma , Stossberg V.
Published: November 2008

Controlled dietary studies with formula diets in normal subjects and in patients with type IV hyperglyceridemia were performed, comparing high fat (65% of total calories) with high carbohydrate (80% of total calories) diets. In spite of ‘carbohydrate-accentuation’ on the latter diet, as judged from fasting triglyceride values, all-day triglyceride levels were higher with 65% fat formula, particularly in the patient group. Since all-day free fatty acid levels showed similar behaviour, it is suggested that control of endogenous hyperlipidemia may require a properly balanced diet rather than extreme carbohydrate restriction and fat supplementation.
Platelet Adhesiveness and Serum Lipids During and after Intralipid® Infusions
Authors: Kapp J.P. , Duckert F. , Hartmann G.
Published: November 2008

(1) A significant reduction in platelet adhesiveness averaging 15% can be measured during infusion of 500 ml of 20 percent Intralipid® using the Hellem method. The initial degree of adhesiveness is reestablished to a large extent 4 h after termination of the infusion. (2) The platelet count does not change significantly during Intraplipid® infusion. (3) The serum lipids reach maximum concentration at the end of the infusion period. These concentrations drop rapidly after termination of infusion, they are almost back to the starting point after 4 h. (4) Control infusion using a physiological sodium chloride solution or a 5-percent glucose solution produces consistent fluctuations in the lipids except an expected decrease of FFA during glucose infusion. There is no significant change in adhesiveness. (5) In contradistinction to tests carried out in vivo, the in vitro tests show a significant increase in platelet adhesiveness after the addition of Intralipid® to whole blood. (6) The results together with the clinical experience indicate that the parenteral administration of the fat emulsion Intralipid® is a safe procedure.
Hemoglobin, Packed Cell Volume, Serum Iron and Iron Binding Capacity of Selected Athletes During Training
Authors: de Wijn J.F. , de Jongste J.L. , Mosterd W. , Willebrand D.
Published: November 2008

Hematological findings obtained by screening topathletes during training in The Neterlands reveal an occurrence of iron-deficient anemia of 2% in male and 2.5% in female athletes. In addition, 3% of the athletes have mild anemia without signs of iron depletion. Moreover, iron depletion without anemia as well as latent iron deficiency without anemia was present in 3, respectively 5% of male athletes and in 5, respectively 15% of female athletes. It is suggested that shortage of iron in food cannot be responsible for the frequent occurrence of iron depletion, and that nonnutritional factors or nutritional factors other than iron, i.e. a fat rich diet, probably play a role in iron utilization of healthy people.
Fat-Induced Lipaemia in Rats
Authors: Thomasson H.J. , Macdonald I. , van der Beek A.
Published: November 2008

The methodology to bring about a fat-induced lipaemic response in rats has been studied. It appeared that the extent of the lipaemic reaction is enhanced when both the number of days with no food and the number of daily doses of oil is increased. This postprandial reaction is mainly due to a rise of the triglyceride concentration. In a second experiment the lipaemic responses to different fats were determined. The height of the lipaemic response appeared to be correlated with both the degree of unsaturation and the chain length of the fatty acid administered.
Biological Quality of a Lipoprotein Concentrate from Sunflower Seed
Authors: Eklund A. , Ågren G. , Stenram U. , Nordgren H.
Published: November 2008

A lipoprotein concentrate was obtained by extraction from sunflower seeds with a water-ethanol-salt solution. This contained about 50% protein and 20% fat. Chemical score was 51, based on analysis of available lysine. For a 3-week period the protein efficiency ratio (PER) was 2.16 and the productive protein value (PPV) 37.6. After addition of lysine the PER increased to about 3.3 and the PPV to about 58. A 90-day toxicological study was carried out on rats fed a diet containing 11 % protein from the lipoprotein concentrate as the sole source of protein. Histological examinations showed a testicular atrophy but otherwise mainly normal conditions. Hematological findings were normal.
Remaniements structuraux du tissu adipeux et apport excessif d’acides gras essentiels
Authors: Raulin J. , Lapous D. , Dauvillier P. , Loriette C.
Published: November 2008

In order to explain why the DNA concentration and the number of cells increase in adipose tissues with the proportion of linoleic acid given to rats, some determinations were carried out either on epididymal fat pads, or on isolated adipocytes (in a whole), or on their cellular fractions (ghosts, nuclei, mitochondria microsomes). Weaning rats were fed a 20% fat diet containing either lard (S) or sunflower oil (T). After 82 days of dietary treatment, animals were sacrificed after a 16-hour fast. Water and lipids were more abundant in whole epididymal S tissues than in T tissues and in isolated adipocytes: Lipid/DNA and RNA/DNA ratios were also higher in S than in T. These values were: 30.10-3 and 20.10-3, 3.98 and 2.49 for S and T, respectively. Differences in protein concentrations were not especially visible neither in the cytosol fraction nor in nuclei and microsomes. However, mitochondria were disturbed by the lipid composition of dietary fats and the concentration of proteins was twice less elevated in S than in T. Fatty acid composition was determined on cellular fractions after 3 weeks (adipocytes) or 3 months of dietary treatment (ghosts). No difference in phospholipid concentration of arachidonic acid was found in all cellular fractions (nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes) while large differences were observed in the concentration of oleic acid (more elevated in S) and in the concentration of linoleic acid (more elevated in T). All these differences, which actually indicate important structural alterations, could be at the origin of the adipose tissue versatile behaviour, according to the fatty acid composition of exogenous fats – and namely – to the linoleic acid proportion included in the diet
Der Einfluss von Art und Menge des Futterfettes auf die Verwertung von Canthaxanthin sowie der Vitamine A und E durch die Legehenne
Authors: Vogtmann H. , Prabucki A.L.
Published: November 2008

In 3 trials with laying hens the influence of the kind and the amount of feed lipids on the incorporation of canthaxanthin and the vitamins A and E from feed into egg yolk has been studied. In the first experiment canthaxanthin and the vitamins A and E were added in increasing amounts to the basal ration, which contained only very low quantities of fat and vitamins. In the second and the third experiment vitamin and canthaxanthin contents in the ration were held constant but the amount (second experiment) and the type (third experiment) of feed lipids were varied.
Dietary Treatment of Adult Patients with Phenylketonuria
Authors: Hambraeus L. , Holmgren G. , Samuelson G.
Published: November 2008

A pilot study and a subsequent double-blind study have been performed on 7 previously untreated elderly phenylketonuria patients in order to evaluate the effect of phenylalanine-poor diet. The effect of the treatment was evaluated by the observation of 6 psychiatric symptoms according to a 5-grade scale. Good and/or rather good effect of the treatment was noticed in 3 of the patients, while 2 showed only a slight effect during the pilot study. In the subsequent double-blind study on 5 patients, no effect was seen of the treatment with phenylalanine-poor diet. The necessity of double-blind studies in investigations of this kind is discussed.
Effects of a Single Administration of L-Asparaginase on Serum Lipids
Authors: Zöllner N. , Heimstädt P.
Published: November 2008

Administration of a single dose of L-asparaginase produces a pronounced fall of serum cholesterol and its esters while triglycerides rise. The findings are compatible with a decreased formation of β-lipoprotein and an increased formation of pre-β-lipoprotein, possibly due to the disturbance of asparagines metabolism.
Mineral Balance in Young Men Fed a Fortified Milk-Base Formula
Authors: Gormican Annette , Catli Evelyn
Published: November 2008

Little documentation has appeared in the literature regarding absorption and retention of a spectrum of inorganic ele ments from a given formula diet. The testing of formula diets via nasogastric tube, as a form of therapy, has received practically no attention in past years. This report, the first in a series, describes nitrogen balance, absorption and retention of 14 inorganic elements in healthy subjects following oral feeding of a fortified milk-base formula. Subsequent reports deal with the responses of seriously ill patients tube-fed this diet as a means of total nutritional support.
Deposition of Erucic Acid in Rat Tissue Lipids
Authors: Walker B.L.
Published: November 2008

The effects of diets containing olive oil, corn oil-ethyl erucate (1:5), rapeseed oil (B. campestris) or zero-erucic rapeseed oil (var. Canbra) on the tissue fatty acids of the rat were investigated. Greatest deposition of erucic acid occurred in the adrenals and decreasing amounts were found in the plasma, heart, spleen, kidney, liver, erythrocyte, testis and brain. Less erucic acid but more eicosenoic acid was deposited from dietary B. campestris oil than from the corn oil-ethyl erucate diet. The relatively high linolenic acid contents of the rapeseed oils resulted in competitive inhibition of linoleate metabolism producing lower concentrations of ω6-polyunsaturated acids in animals receiving these oils.
Effects of Hardened Palm Oil and Protein on the Pathological and Hematological Characteristics of Ducklings Fed Rapeseed Oil
Authors: Abdellatif A.M.M. , Starrenburg Anna , Vles R.O.
Published: November 2008

The effects of the protein and hardened palm oil (HPO) content of the diet on the pathological and hematological characteristics of ducklings fed rapeseed oil (RSO) were investigated. Groups were fed for 3 weeks a basal diet containing a mixture of either HPO and soybean oil (SBO), RSO and SBO or RSO and HPO, together constituting 60% of total diet calories. Each fat mixture was given with either 23 cal% casein, 32 cal% casein or 32 cal% soyprotein. Growth was better with 32 cal% protein than with 23 cal% protein. The mixture RSO-SBO produced growth retardation irrespective of diet protein, which was largely overcome when HPO replaced the SBO in the mixture. RSO-SBO also produced an increased hematocrit, hydropericardium, vacuolar changes in the heart and skeletal muscles, cirrhotic changes in liver and hemopoietic activity in liver and spleen. The pathological changes were less severe with the higher-protein than with the lower-protein diet. The hydropericardium, liver and splenic changes almost disappeared as HPO replaced SBO in the fat mixture, but the skeletal muscles and heart changes persisted. The latter aggravated when the diet contained the lower protein level. Hemoglobin values were normal with all diets. Total serum protein was not changed by the RSO-SBO fat mixture, but the albumin was decreased and the globulin increased. The decrease in albumin was hardly evident with 32 cal% soyprotein. The addition of HPO to RSO corrected the decrease in albumin but did not decrease the globulin concentration. Total serum protein concentration was, therefore, raised. The results suggest an impairment of the albumin synthesis in the liver as a possible factor predisposing to the hydropericardium in RSO-fed ducklings.
Serum Lipids and Lipoprotein Following Acute Myocardial Infarction in Women
Authors: Birchwood B.
Published: November 2008

Serum lipids and lipoprotein electrophoresis were studied in 12 female patients following acute myocardial infarction, during recovery and following discharge from hospital. All were on a normal hospital diet calculated to maintain weight. No significant changes occurred in serum lipids at any time but lipoprotein pattern changed in 4 patients following recovery from the acute episode.
Activity of Lipogenic Enzymes and Plasma Triglyceride Levels in the Rat and the Chicken as Determined by the Nature of the Dietary Fat and Dietary Carbohydrate
Authors: Bruckdorfer K.R. , Kari-Kari B.P.B. , Khan I.H. , Yudkin J.
Published: November 2008

The plasma triglyceride levels of rats fed diets containing sucrose were higher than those of rats fed starch. The presence of saturated fat in the diet further elevated these levels. No significant differences were found in the activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes in groups fed saturated or polyunsaturated fat, although these activities were much higher after feeding sucrose. The activities of lipogenic enzymes in the adipose tissue were very low. It is suggested that sucrose elevates plasma triglycerides by stimulating hepatic lipogenesis, whereas saturated fat may produce the same effect by reducing plasma clearance. In cockerels, no significant difference was found in the plasma triglyceride levels of those fed either sucrose or starch or with saturated or polyunsaturated fat. Sucrose increased hepatic fatty acid synthetase activity, while polyunsaturated fat decreased it. It was presumed that efficient plasma clearance prevented any rise in plasma triglyceride concentrations.
Pilot Studies on Stimulant Effects of Capsicum Spices
Authors: Meyer-Bahlburg H.F.L.
Published: November 2008

In four experiments with a total of 22 healthy normalsubjects, capsicum spices were tested as to their psychostimulant effects. Two mental-stress experiments involving mental and psychomotor tests, mood ratings and self-report techniques and two monotony experiments involving an acoustical vigilance task were performed. Self-reports showed positive effects, when pooled over all four experiments, but no effects in performance variables could be demonstrated. Thus, it appears that capsicum spices in a relatively high dose may have psychotropic stimulant effects in healthy subjects. However, the effects seem to be weak.
DNA (Cell Number) and Protein in Rat Brain
Authors: Zamenhof S. , van Marthens E. , Grauel L.
Published: November 2008

Female rats (F₀) were maintained on a normal (C) or a protein-restricted (8%) diet (R) 1 month prior to mating and throughout pregnancy. Their offspring (F1) were nursed by their natural or foster mothers on normal diet or protein-restricted diet. All offspring were maintained on normal diet after weaning; the females were mated with normal males, and one group of R males with normal females. The second generation (F2) was maintained on normal diet from birth. Body weight and cerebral weight, DNA and protein were measured in F1 and F2, at birth and at 30 and 90 days. Previously-reported developmental deficiencies were observed in F1 in all restricted groups at birth and at 30 days, but only in DNA of some groups at 90 days. The F2 offspring from all experimental females had at birth significantly lower cerebral DNA (cell number); in most groups this deficiency in F2 did not persist at 30 days. Cerebral deficiencies in newborn F2 resulting from protein restriction in F₀ or F1were transmitted to the next (F2) generation through females but not through males. Several explanations of this effect are offered.
Action in vitro de l'éthanol sur les activités antitrypsique et protéolytique du plasma et du sérum
Authors: Laporte J.-C.
Published: November 2008

In the presence of ethanol, lantitryptic activity of rat plasma, as well as serum, decreased to the same extent through increased dissociation of trypsin inhibitor complexes. Proteolytic activity of rat plasma increased in the presence of ethanol with an effect similar to that of added trypsin. The greater activity of the serum thus became equal to that of the plasma. The proteolytic activity of plasma and part of that of serum could, therefore, be of tryptic nature.
Digestibility, Efficiency and other Metabolic Effects of Dietary Rapeseed Oil in Rats
Authors: Hornstra G.
Published: November 2008

Rats were fed diets containing 60 cal% rapeseed oil (RSO) or sunflowerseed oil (SSO) for periods up to 64 weeks. When the animals were allowed to eat ad libitum, the food consumption in the RSO group was significantly lower than in the SSO group. It was shown that the RSO diet is less readily digested than the SSO diet. This is due solely to the lower digestion coefficient of the RSO and of its erucic acid fraction in particular, which can be explained by its chain length. The digestion coefficient of the non-fat calories is equal in both groups. The digestion capacity is not a limiting factor in RSO digestion. The absorbed erucic acid is almost totally metabolized. Rats fed a RSO-containing diet utilize the digested calories less efficiently than animals offered an SSO diet. Moreover, their oxygen consumption and water-vapour release are higher. It is assumed that the lower efficiency of the RSO diet is caused by a slightly uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation and a greater heat increment.
Effects of Feeding Medium Chain Triglycerides to Rats for 13 Weeks
Authors: Saxena S.C. , Vendelmans-Starrenburg A. , Vles R.O.
Published: November 2008

Three-week-old male Wistar rats, when maintained for 13 weeks on diets containing 19.3 wt% even or odd medium chain triglycerides (MCT) admixed with 4.9 wt% sunflowerseed oil (SFO), consumed comparable amounts of food in comparison with rats fed 24.2 wt% SFO. The growth of rats fed even MCT was better than those fed odd MCT but it was comparable to the growth of rats kept on SFO diet. Excretion of ketones in urine during the entire experimental period was observed in both MCT groups but more rats in the odd MCT group had ketonuria, which was probably why the blood alkali reserve in this latter group was lower. The data on total protein and albumin in plasma and glutamine oxaloacetic acid transaminase in urine indicated no metabolic derangement. The hematological data were also within physiological limits in the three groups. The histopathological study of the kidneys and liver of the MCT groups revealed no degenerative changes which might explain an increase in their relative weights. The other organs displayed no abnormalities.
Enzymatic Activities in the Intestinal Tract of Chicks Receiving a Diet Supplemented with Trypsin Inhibitors from Soybean and Egg White
Authors: Nitsan Zafrira , Gertler A.
Published: November 2008

Heated soybean diet, supplemented with Birk-Bowman trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor from soybean or with chicken ovomucoid, caused pancreas enlargement in chicks but did not affect significantly their growth rate. The effect of the two inhibitors upon the enzymatic activities in the intestinal tract was tested and found to be quite similar.
The Comparative Metabolism of Carbohydrates Administered Intravenously
Authors: Heuckenkamp P.-U. , Zöllner N.
Published: November 2008

Glucose, fructose and galactose have been administered intravenously over several hours to healthy persons; different administration rates were used. These sugars were measured enzymatically in serum and urine. Moreover, insulin (IMI) and uric acid were also determined (the latter for fructose only). Glucose and fructose are equally well utilized, galactose is unsuited for parenteral feeding due to caloric restriction and toxic side-effects. High-fructose loads (1.5 g/kg body weight/h) were followed by a significant rise of serum uric acid, lower infusion rates did not show alterations of uric acid, however. All hexoses are followed by an elevation of plasma insulin, although the increase during galactose and fructose infusions is only moderate in comparison with glucose. Finally, the above-mentioned results are compared with xylitol, a pentose frequently used for parenteral nutrition.
Nutrition in the Post-Traumatic Period
Authors: Cuthbertson D.P. , Fell G.S. , Smith C.M. , Tilstone W.J.
Published: November 2008

The early depression of metabolism, local and general, immediately following injury other than mild trauma – ‘the ebb phase’ – lasts some hours. It is then generally followed by a period of enhanced heat production and the early hyperglycaemía gives way to an excess of protein catabolism over anabolism which is more general than local – ‘the flow phase’. These are at their height 5–8 days after injury and the excess urinary nitrogen excretion is paralleled by increases in urinary sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc and creatine. Hospitalisation in a warm (28–30 °C) and relatively dry environment will reduce this excessive catabolism. Where there is inability to ingest, digest or absorb sufficient food over a period of several days and the patient’s condition is likely to deteriorate, then recourse must be made to intraduodenal or jejunal feeding or to parenteral feeding. The amino acid requirements for replacement of haemoglobin if it has not been done through appropriate transfusion can be particularly demanding in respect of certain amino acids. Obviously the non-amino acid sources of energy, as well as the other nutrients, should be suitable for the optimal utilisation of the infused amino acids.
Long-Term Complete Intravenous Nutrition in Man
Authors: Bergström K. , Blomstrand R. , Jacobson S.
Published: November 2008

The results of an investigation of complete intravenous (i.v.) nutrition for 7 months and 13 days in a 43-year-old woman prove that a good nutritional state can be maintained for a long time, in cases where oral feeding is impossible, by i.v. administration of fat emulsions supplemented with a complete L-amino acid mixture, carbohydrates, electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements and water. During the period of treatment her nutritional condition improved and she gained 10 kg in weight without fluid retention. A mild anemia developed, however. Some interesting findings of this study were: (1) in preventing thrombophlebitis the intermittent i.v. administration was found superior to the continuous method; (2) the weight gain was considered to be caused by fat deposition in the existing cells; (3) a positive nitrogen balance was obtained at 4.0 g N and 1,830 kcal/day; (4) the composition of the adipose tissue was reversibly influenced by the fat emulsion, Intralipid; (5) the plasma cholesterol values increased in spite of the administration of about 50 g of linoleic acid/day; (6) the effects on the liver were mild as judged by liver biopsies and liver function tests, and (7) a tendency to megaloblastic anemia was caused by treatment with phenytoin and could be counteracted by an increased i.v. administration of folate.