bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A community standard for immunogenomic data reporting and analysis: proposal for a STrengthening the REporting of Immunogenomic Studies statement
Authors: Hollenbach J. A. , Mack S. J. , Gourraud P.‐A. , Single R. M. , Maiers M. , Middleton D. , Thomson G. , Marsh S. G. E. , Varney M. D. ,   for the Immunogenomics Data Analysis Working Group
Published: October 2011

Modern high‐throughput HLA and KIR typing technologies are generating a wealth of immunogenomic data with the potential to revolutionize the fields of histocompatibility and immune‐related disease association and population genetic research, much as SNP‐based approaches have revolutionized association research. The STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association studies (STREGA) statement provides community‐based data reporting and analysis standards for genomic disease‐association studies, identifying specific areas in which adoption of reporting guidelines can improve the consistent interpretation of genetic studies. While aspects of STREGA can be applied to immunogenomic studies, HLA and KIR research requires additional consideration, as the high levels of polymorphism associated with immunogenomic data pose unique methodological and computational challenges to the synthesis of information across datasets. Here, we outline the principle challenges to consistency in immunogenomic studies, and propose that an immunogenomic‐specific analog to the STREGA statement, a STrengthening the REporting of Immunogenomic Studies (STREIS) statement, be developed as part of the 16th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop. We propose that STREIS extends at least four of the 22 elements of the STREGA statement to specifically address issues pertinent to immunogenomic data: HLA and KIR nomenclature, data‐validation, ambiguity resolution, and the analysis of highly polymorphic genetic systems. As with the STREGA guidelines, the intent behind STREIS is not to dictate the design of immunogenomic studies, but to ensure consistent and transparent reporting of research, facilitating the synthesis of HLA and KIR data across studies.
A meta‐analysis of the prevalence of somatic mutations in the hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes in colorectal cancer
Authors: Zhang R. , Qin W. , Xu G.‐L. , Zeng F.‐F. , Li C.‐X.
Published: October 2011

Aim  The study aimed to understand better the somatic mutations in the human MutL Homolog 1 (hMLH1) and human MutS Homolog 2 (hMSH2) genes in colorectal cancer (CRC) and to investigate the differences derived from ethnicity, family history, detection method and microsatellite instability (MSI).

Method  The terms ‘hMSH2’ or ‘hMLH1’and‘colorectal cancer’‘colorectal carcinoma’ or ‘colorectal tumour’ were searched in the PubMed, Springer, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins and HighWire Press databases for the publication period December 1993 to September 2010. The Comprehensive Meta Analysis V2 software (Biostat Inc.) was used to explore the prevalence and 95% confidence intervals.

Results  The prevalence of somatic mutations in the hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes in CRC was 0.15 (95% CI 0.10–0.22) and 0.10 (95% CI 0.07–0.16), respectively. A higher prevalence of somatic mutations in hMSH2 was found in hereditary non‐polyposis CRC than in sporadic CRC: 0.36 (95% CI 0.14–0.67) and 0.10 (95% CI 0.07–0.13) respectively. In addition, a higher prevalence of somatic mutations in the hMLH1 gene was observed relative to hMSH2 in the European group. The prevalence was higher in the high‐level instability (MSI‐H) group than in both the low‐level instability (MSI‐L) and the microsatellite stable (MSS) groups.

Conclusion  Somatic mutations in the hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes play a vital role in CRC and a high prevalence was found in this meta‐analysis. Furthermore, more studies are needed which focus on somatic mutations in the American population and in patients with MSI‐L and MSS.
Insulin avoidance and treatment outcomes among patients with a professional driving licence starting glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) agonists in the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists (ABCD) nationwide exenatide and liraglutide audits
Authors: Thong K. Y. , Ryder R. E. J. , Cull M. L. , Walton C. ,   on behalf of the ABCD nationwide exenatide and liraglutide audit contributors (for list of contributors, see Supporting Information, Appendix S2)
Published: October 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 690–692 (2012)
Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) in routine clinical practice: who benefits?
Authors: Keen A. J. A. , Duncan E. , McKillop‐Smith A. , Evans N. D. , Gold A. E.
Published: October 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 670–676 (2012)

Aims  To explore the effectiveness of Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating in routine clinical practice in the UK.

Methods  Participants were 124 adults with Type 1 diabetes who had completed a Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating course. Data were collected before the course and again 1 year later on a variety of biological, psychological and social measures.

Results  There were a range of significant benefits consistent with Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating aims, including: better control among those with baseline HbA1c≥ 81 mmol/mol (9.6%) (z = −2.8, P = 0.004); reduced number of participants reporting severe hypoglycaemia (χ² = 4.27, P = 0.039); total eradication of diabetic ketoacidosis (χ² = 4.17, P = 0.041) and lower diabetes‐related distress (z = −4.5, P < 0.001). The most deprived of the clinic population were significantly under‐represented (χ² = 17.8, P = 0.001) and the levels of clinical depression were unusually low.

Conclusions  These results indicate that Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating delivered in routine clinical practice is associated with a range of benefits and that certain clinical and psychosocial characteristics are associated with better outcomes.
A Service Oriented Geoprocessing System for Real‐Time Road Traffic Monitoring
Authors: McCullough Aengus , James Philip , Barr Stuart
Published: October 2011

The emergence of the Sensor Web has paved the way for a new set of innovative software applications that exploit the enhanced availability of real‐time information. This article describes one such application built from Sensor Web components that aggregates GPS track data from a fleet of vehicles to provide an overview of road traffic congestion at the city scale. The application embodies a Service Oriented Architecture; web service components are used to archive and pre‐process incoming sensor observations, to encapsulate a horizontally partitioned spatial database that performs geoprocessing, and to disseminate results to client applications. Our results confirm that floating car data can provide an accurate depiction of current road traffic conditions. The presented solution uses Open Geospatial Consortium web services where possible and serves to highlight the difficulties inherent in achieving horizontal database scalability in sensor based geoprocessing systems.
Constructing a Near Real‐time Space‐time Cube to Depict Urban Ambient Air Pollution Scenario
Authors: Fang Tianfang B. , Lu Yongmei
Published: October 2011

This study adopts a near real‐time space‐time cube approach to portray a dynamic urban air pollution scenario across space and time. Originating from time geography, space‐time cubes provide an approach to integrate spatial and temporal air pollution information into a 3D space. The base of the cube represents the variation of air pollution in a 2D geographical space while the height represents time. This way, the changes of pollution over time can be described by the different component layers of the cube from the base up. The diurnal ambient ozone (O3) pollution in Houston, Texas is modeled in this study using the space‐time air pollution cube. Two methods, land use regression (LUR) modeling and spatial interpolation, were applied to build the hourly component layers for the air pollution cube. It was found that the LUR modeling performed better than the spatial interpolation in predicting air pollution level. With the availability of real‐time air pollution data, this approach can be extended to produce real‐time air pollution cube is for more accurate air pollution measurement across space and time, which can provide important support to studies in epidemiology, health geography, and environmental regulation.
Integrated Hazards Mapping Tool
Authors: Tate Eric , Burton Christopher G. , Berry Melissa , Emrich Christopher T. , Cutter Susan L.
Published: October 2011

The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 formally establishes a national program for pre‐disaster mitigation. As part of the mitigation planning effort, state and local governments are required to perform assessments of hazards vulnerability, including the development of multi‐hazard maps. However, the number of communities possessing the technology, expertise, and time to create multi‐hazard vulnerability maps is limited due to technical and resource constraints. The use of Internet mapping technology has the potential to overcome these hurdles because it does not require users to possess a high level of GIS expertise or costly software, and it standardizes the vulnerability mapping approach. This article describes the Integrated Hazards Assessment Tool, a web‐based multi‐hazard vulnerability mapping application for local and state hazard mitigation practitioners in the state of South Carolina. The initial findings suggest the application holds strong potential as a viable decision support tool for hazard mitigation planning.
RIP1 mediates the protection of geldanamycin on neuronal injury induced by oxygen‐glucose deprivation combined with zVAD in primary cortical neurons
Authors: Chen Wei‐Wei , Yu Hailong , Fan Hong‐Bin , Zhang Cui‐Cui , Zhang Min , Zhang Caiyi , Cheng Yanbo , Kong Jiming , Liu Chun‐Feng , Geng Deqin , Xu Xingshun
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 70–77.

Caspase‐dependent apoptosis is considered one of the most important cell death pathways. When the apoptotic process is blocked, a form of programmed necrosis called necroptosis occurs. Apoptosis and necroptosis may share some regulatory mechanisms. Recent studies indicated that receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1), an Hsp90‐associated kinase, is an important regulatory switch between apoptosis and necroptosis. In this study, we showed that oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD) combined with a caspase inhibitor zVAD (OGD/zVAD)‐induced RIP1 protein expression in a time‐dependent manner. We found that geldanamycin (GA), a benzoquinone ansamycin, protected against neuronal injury induced by OGD/zVAD treatment in cultured primary neurons. More importantly, GA decreased RIP1 protein level in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner. In this study, we found that GA also decreased the Hsp90 protein level, which caused instability of RIP1 protein, resulting in decreased RIP1 protein level but not RIP1 mRNA level after GA treatment. We concluded that the GA‐mediated protection against OGD/zVAD‐induced neuronal injury was associated with enhanced RIP1 protein instability by decreasing Hsp90 protein level. GA and its derivatives may be promising for the prevention of neuronal injury during ischemic injury.
Surface microdialysis sampling: a new approach described in a liver ischaemia model
Authors: Abrahamsson Pernilla , Åberg Anna‐Maja , Winsö Ola , Johansson Göran , Haney Michael , Blind Per‐Jonas
Published: October 2011

We recently have shown that samples from microdialysis (MD) probes placed on the surface of the heart reflect metabolic events in the myocardium. This new interesting observation challenges us to consider whether surface application of MD applies to other parenchymatous organs and their surfaces. In 13 anesthetized pigs, transient liver ischaemia was achieved by occlusion of arterial and venous inflow to the liver. Two probes on liver surface and two in parenchyma were perfused with a flow rate of 1 μl per min (n = 13). An identical set‐up was used for probes with a flow rate of 2 μl per min (n = 9). Samples were collected for every 15‐min period during 60 min of baseline, 45 min of ischaemia and 60 min of reperfusion. Lactate, glucose, pyruvate and glycerol were analysed in MD samples. We focused on relative changes in the present study. There was a strong agreement in relative lactate and glucose levels between probes placed on liver surface and those on parenchyma. No significant differences in relative changes in lactate and glucose levels were seen between samples from surface probes and probes in liver parenchyma during equilibration, baseline, ischaemia or reperfusion with a flow rate of 1 μl per min. MD sampling applied on the liver surface is a new application area for the MD technique and may be used to monitor liver metabolism during both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Comparison of techniques for correlating survival and gene expression data from wild salmon
Authors: Hammill Edd , Curtis Janelle M.R. , Patterson David A. , Farrell Anthony P. , Sierocinski Thomas , Pavlidis Paul , Hinch Scott G. , Miller Kristi
Published: October 2011

Abstract –  In laboratory and field studies of survival, one of two alternative analytical techniques is often used to estimate survival rates and identify covariates, namely parametric survival analysis or Cormack–Jolly–Seber models. These techniques differ in algorithms and assumptions of the data. They also tend to be used under different circumstances depending on whether the intention is to demonstrate group‐specific differences or to predict survival variables. Here, we apply and compare both analytical techniques in a study that couples functional genomics with biotelemetry to ascertain the role of physiological condition on survival of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) migrating in the Fraser River, British Columbia, which builds on the growing concern over the decline in numbers of spawning fish. Herein, we show a high level of quantitative and qualitative agreement between the two analytical methods, with both showing a strong relationship exists between the genomic signature that accounts for the largest source of variance in gene expression among individuals and survival in one of the three populations assessed. This high level of agreement suggests the data and the approaches are generating reliable results. The novel approach used in our study to identify physiological processes associated with reduced fitness in wild populations should be of broad interest to conservation biologists and resource managers as it may help reduce the uncertainty associated with predicting population sizes.
Motivating and improving attitudes to reading in the final years of primary schooling in five New Zealand schools
Authors: Fletcher Jo , Grimley Michael , Greenwood Janinka , Parkhill Faye
Published: October 2011

Teachers are influential in motivating and improving attitudes towards reading. This article reports on an investigation of eight teachers of 10‐ to 12‐year‐old students from five New Zealand schools and the strategies they used to improve attitudes to reading. Each school had been identified as implementing effective reading programmes by a panel of literacy experts and supported by standardised tests demonstrating overall improvements in reading achievement. A reading culture developed by using sophisticated picture books and novels for discussion and debate along with ready access to age‐related, high‐interest appropriate books in the classroom and school library. Teachers worked with children on a whole class, group and individually and demonstrated explicit teaching using texts that engage the reader. The research suggests that children need support by their teachers to negotiate them away from potential points of discouragement in learning to read. Also, teachers need to be aware that reading may not be considered ‘cool’ at this time of early adolescence and initiate strategies to make reading fun.
Characterization of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase from the mitochondria of Helicoverpa armigera, a pest resistant to insecticides
Authors: AKBAR S. Md. , JAYALAKSHMI S. K. , SHARMA H. C. , SREERAMULU K.
Published: October 2011

Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DHLDH) was isolated from the mitochondria of Helicoverpa armigera, a destructive pest which has developed resistance to commonly used insecticides. The flavoenzyme was purified 17.98‐fold to homogeneity with an overall yield of 10.53% by employing ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydroxylapatite chromatography and CM‐Sephadex chromatography. The purified enzyme exhibited the specific activity of 18.7 U/mg and was characterized as a dimer with a subunit mass of 66 kDa. The enzyme showed specificity for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide – hydrogen (NADH) and lipoamide, as substrates, with Michaelis‐Menten constants (Km) of 0.083 mmol/L and 0.4 mmol/L, respectively. The reduction reaction of lipoamide by the enzyme could be explained by ping‐pong mechanism. The spectra of DHLDH showed the maximum absorbance at 420 nm, 455 nm and 475 nm. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by mercurial and arsenical compounds. The N‐terminal sequence of Ha‐DHLDH showed homology with those of mammalian and arthropod DHLDH. Since H. armigera has developed high levels of resistance to commonly used insecticides, biochemical properties of the metabolic enzymes such as DHLDH, could be helpful to develop insecticidal molecules for the control of H. armigera, with a different mode of action.
Employees' entrepreneurial contributions to firms in Russia, 1995–2004
Authors: Croucher Richard , Rizov Marian
Published: October 2011

This article examines how employee self‐reported entrepreneurial contributions evolved in firms operating in Russia in 1995–2004 and whether changes can be explained by Akerlof's theory of implicit gift exchange in labour contracts. We find that these contributions were indeed influenced by wage premia and shifting work norms, declining by about a half during the period and with a particularly marked fall in contributions by manual workers. The trend was found among foreign‐owned, private Russian‐owned and state‐owned companies. Akerlof's model therefore helps explain Russian workers' changing behaviour.
Immortality versus resurrection in the Christian tradition
Authors: Murphy Nancey
Published: October 2011

For those in contemporary society who believe in an afterlife, there are a number of views available. The most common may be based on belief in an immortal soul. However, the early Christian account was, instead, bodily resurrection. As Christianity moved throughout the Mediterranean world, apologists and theologians adapted their teaching on human nature and the afterlife to Greek and Roman philosophies. By the time of Augustine (d. 430), the doctrines of body–soul dualism and immortality of the soul were firmly entrenched in Christian teaching. The incorporation of the concept of an immortal soul into Christian accounts of life after death produced a hybrid account. The body dies, the soul (at least of those who were to be saved) travels to heaven. At the end of history, there would be a general resurrection, and the souls would be reunited with their bodies, although the bodies would be in a transformed, indestructible state. This hybrid account of life after death went largely uncontested until the twentieth century. In this essay, I describe this history and argue for a return to the early Christian view of humans as a unity, not a duality, and for belief in resurrection of the body as the appropriate expectation for eternal life. This would not only be truer to Christian sources, but, valuable, I believe, in focusing Christian attention on the need to care for the environment.
The pursuit of immortality: From the ego to the soul
Authors: Miller Lisa , Miller Kenneth , Haught John , Murphy Nancey
Published: October 2011

Moderated by Lisa Miller from Newsweek, evolutionary biologist Kenneth Miller (Brown University) and theologians John Haught (Georgetown University) and Nancey Murphy (Fuller Theological Seminary) discuss the questions Are we immortal? Do our souls exist beyond our bodies? and What scientific evidence is there for mystical experience? from a cultural, historical, and scientific perspective. The following is an edited transcript of the discussion that occurred March 23, 2011, 7:00–8:15 PM, at the New York Academy of Sciences in New York City.
Self‐knowledge and the practice of ethics: Ostad Elahi's concept of the “imperious self”
Authors: During Elie
Published: October 2011

When approaching the perplexing issue of self‐knowledge, two questions should be kept in mind: What type of knowledge do we expect? and, more importantly, Why does this knowledge matter for us? Among the motivations behind such an endeavor, the ethical project of self‐transformation is of particular interest, for it sheds light on the inherently constructive nature of self‐knowledge. Psychologists dealing with the issue of self‐realization and identity formation, however, generally tend to overlook the resources offered by ethics considered as a genuine self‐transformative practice (in contrast to morality as a set of rules or principles to be applied in specific contexts). The tradition of “spiritual exercises” is considered from this self‐transformative perspective, as well as Plato's conception of self‐knowledge (“know thyself”). Finally, Ostad Elahi's concept of the “imperious self” is examined in detail: beyond the particular context to which it belongs (spiritual ethics), the “imperious self” appears as a valuable tool for understanding the active part played by self‐modeling in the process of self‐transformation.
Atmospheric Aqueous‐Phase Photoreactivity: Correlation Between the Hydroxyl Radical Photoformation and Pesticide Degradation Rate in Atmospherically Relevant Waters
Authors: Charbouillot Tiffany , Brigante Marcello , Deguillaume Laurent , Mailhot Gilles
Published: October 2011

In the present study, we investigated the correlation between the hydroxyl radical formation rate (R˙OH) and the degradation of a pesticide (mesotrione) in synthetic cloud water solutions and in two real atmospheric cloud waters collected at the top of puy de Dôme station (France). Using terephthalic acid as the hydroxyl radical chemical probe, we established the linear correlation between the photogenerated hydroxyl radical under polychromatic wavelengths and the pesticide degradation rate: (m s−1) = (1.61 ± 0.15) × 10−1(m s−1). Moreover, the formation rate of hydroxyl radical in two natural cloud waters was estimated considering H2O2 and NO3− and the difference between the predicted values and those experimentally obtained could be attributed to the presence of other photochemical sources: iron‐complexes and total organic matter. The organic constituents could play a dual role of sources and scavengers of photoformed hydroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase.
Management pressure drives leafhopper communities in vineyards in Southern Switzerland
Authors: TRIVELLONE VALERIA , PALTRINIERI LUCIA POLLINI , JERMINI MAURO , MORETTI MARCO
Published: October 2011

Abstract.  1. The effects of the current changes in traditional agricultural practices in the Alps on the biodiversity affecting ecosystem functions and services are little known. Vineyards are among the oldest anthropogenic environments of high cultural and natural value that shape the landscape of large areas in Central and Southern Europe. In several mountain regions of the Alps, vineyards are a valid alternative to the landscape homogenisation that has followed post‐cultural land abandonment and agriculture intensification. Key unanswered questions remain regarding the relative contribution of several factors that influence biodiversity, and the level in management pressure with regard to taxonomic and functional diversity enhancement.

2. To answer these questions, we sampled leafhoppers (Auchenorrhyncha) as a model taxon using different standard techniques along 24 vine transects within 8 vineyard complexes in Southern Switzerland. Each transect included one vine row, vine canopy, its interrow and the adjacent slope; the latter two were permanently grass‐covered. Data were analysed using a four‐step approach.

3. Environment (five variables) and Management (four variables) accounted for most of the variance in the leafhopper assemblage. Pesticide use (insecticide and herbicide) and slope mowing are the most important management predictors of leafhopper species composition.

4. With increasing management pressure (i.e. pesticide and mowing), the number of indicator species and particularly the specialists (i.e. stenotopic and oligotopic species) decreases dramatically.

5. To promote taxonomic and functional complexity of communities in vineyard systems, we suggest low management pressure with moderate use of pesticide and a low intensity regime of slope mowing.
Effects of grazing, vegetation structure and landscape complexity on grassland leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) and true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Hungary
Authors: KŐRÖSI ÁDÁM , BATÁRY PÉTER , OROSZ ANDRÁS , RÉDEI DÁVID , BÁLDI ANDRÁS
Published: October 2011

Abstract.  1. Agricultural intensification is a major cause of biodiversity loss in European farmlands. Grasslands are particularly important habitats for the conservation of rich insect assemblages of Central and Eastern Europe. Although regular grazing or mowing of these grasslands is required to maintain diversity, there is no information about how such management and other factors influence Hemiptera assemblages.

2. We studied leafhopper and true bug assemblages in semi‐natural grasslands in three regions of the Great Hungarian Plain. We investigated how local vegetation factors and landscape complexity influence assemblages and whether they interact with management effects.

3. Seven pairs of intensively (>1 cow/ha) versus extensively (∼0.5 cow/ha) grazed pastures were sampled in each region by sweep‐netting.

4. Sward height was the most important explanatory factor for leafhoppers (84 species, 27264 individuals), as it increased both species number and abundance, and influenced assemblage composition. The extent of grassland surrounding the sample sites negatively affected leafhoppers, whereas extensive grazing decreased abundance and influenced composition. True bug assemblages (140 species, 6656 individuals) were positively affected only by mean sward height, whereas regional differences determined the community composition of both taxa.

5. We conclude that vegetation structure is the primary factor shaping Hemiptera communities and that the various types of grasslands studied are all important habitats for the taxon. Therefore, cattle grazing in its current form is beneficial for the rich Hemiptera fauna in lowland pastures of Hungary. However, in some cases, local and landscape factors and great regional differences may confound the effects of grazing, and this must be considered in conservation planning in the future.
Can Cornell Moral Realism Adequately Account for Moral Knowledge?
Authors: TROPMAN ELIZABETH
Published: October 2011

This article raises a problem for Cornell varieties of moral realism. According to Cornell moral realists, we can know about moral facts just as we do the empirical facts of the natural sciences. If this is so, it would remove any special mystery that is supposed to attach to our knowledge of objective moral facts. After clarifying the ways in which moral knowledge is to be similar to scientific knowledge, I claim that the analogy fails, but for little‐noticed reasons. A preliminary conclusion of the article will be that this positive comparison to scientific knowledge hurts, rather than helps, the realist position. Yet, rather than spell trouble for moral realism altogether, I suggest that the apparent failure of Cornell realist moral epistemology points to a better way forward for moral realism.
Chiropractic for the prevention and/or treatment of sports injuries: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials
Authors: Ernst Edzard , Posadzki Paul
Published: October 2011

To assess the effectiveness of chiropractic interventions for the treatment and/or prevention of sports injuries. Five electronic databases were searched through to March 2011. All controlled clinical trials investigating the effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation for the treatment and/or prevention of sports injuries in human subjects were considered. Study selection, data extraction, and validation were performed independently by two reviewers. Four RCTs and two CCTs met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the included RCTs was poor, with Jadad scores ranging between zero and three. One RCT and two CCTs suggested that chiropractic was an effective treatment for sports injuries. Two RCTs indicated that there was no difference between chiropractic and control groups in the treatment of sports injuries. One RCT suggested that chiropractic was not effective for the prevention of sports injuries. Few rigorous trials have tested the effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation for the treatment and/or prevention of sports injuries. Thus, the therapeutic value of this approach for athletes remains uncertain.
The role of name labels in the formation of face representations in event‐related potentials
Authors: Gordon Iris , Tanaka James W.
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we discuss the role of name labels in facial recognition, arguing that the function of a proper name is to direct the level of specificity at which a face is perceived. First, we discuss the expertise hypothesis of face recognition in which the face is identified at the specific, subordinate level of the individual. This research has important implications with respect to how a name label affects the recognition of a face stimulus. Next, we consider evidence from neurophysiological research revealing how names facilitate the familiarity, categorization and individuation of a face as measured by event‐related potentials (ERPs). We examine results from studies of perceptual expertise and the other‐race effects (OREs) that suggest formation and retrieval of face representations are heavily dependent on name labels. In light of these findings, we propose the function of a proper name is to direct visual attention to the most subordinate‐level category associated with the individuated identity of a face. The uniqueness of the proper name label dictates that the representation mediating face recognition will be a highly detailed, perceptual description of the person.
Constraints for control of the human hand
Authors: van Duinen Hiske , Gandevia Simon C.
Published: October 2011

Abstract  More than 30 muscles drive the hand to perform a multitude of essential dextrous tasks. Here we consider new views on the evolution of hand structure and on peripheral and central constraints for independent control of the digits of the hand. The human hand is widely assumed to have evolved from hands like those of African apes, yet recent studies have shown that our hands and those of the earliest hominids are very similar and unlike those of living apes. Understanding the limits of hand function may come from investigation of our last common ancestor with the great apes, rather than the great apes themselves. In the periphery, movement across the full range of joint space can be limited by mechanical linkages among the extrinsic muscles. Further, peripheral limits occur when the hand adopts some positions in which the contraction of muscles fails to move the joints on which they usually act; there is muscle ‘disengagement’ and functional paralysis for some actions. Surprisingly, the central nervous system drives the hand seamlessly through this landscape of mechanical limits. Central constraints on control of the individual digits include the spillover of neural drive to neighbouring muscles and their ‘compartments’, and the inability to make maximal muscle forces when multiple digits contract strongly which produces a force deficit. The pattern of these latter constraints correlates with amounts of daily use of each digit and favours enslaved extension to lift fingers from an object but selective flexion of fingers to contact it.
Thyroid iodide efflux: a team effort?
Authors: Fong Peying
Published: October 2011

Abstract  The thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) play key roles in regulating development, growth and metabolism in pre‐ and postnatal life. Iodide (I−) is an essential component of the thyroid hormones and is accumulated avidly by the thyroid gland. The rarity of elemental iodine and I− in the environment challenges the thyroid to orchestrate a remarkable series of transport processes that ultimately ensure sufficient levels for hormone synthesis. In addition to actively extracting circulating I−, thyroid follicular epithelial cells must also translocate I− into a central intrafollicular compartment, where thyroglobulin is iodinated to form the protein precursor to T4 and T3. In the last decade, several bodies of evidence render questionable the notion that I− exits thyrocytes solely via the Cl−/I− exchanger Pendrin (SLC26A4), therefore necessitating reconsideration of several other candidate I− conduits: the Cl−/H+ antiporter, CLC‐5, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the sodium monocarboxylic acid transporter (SMCT1).
Axisymmetric Plane Stress Problems in Anisotropic Plasticity
Authors: Yang Wei Hsuin
Published: October 2011

Based on an established theory of anisotropic plasticity, a class of axisymmetric plane stress problems is solved for sheet metals which harden according to a power law and are isotropic in their plane. A new method of solution, the stress plane method, is used. The analytic solutions for the problems considered are obtained in the stress plane. The stress-concentration factors introduced by a hole or a rigid inclusion at the center of an infinite sheet are obtained for arbitrary degree of anisotropy and strain-hardening characteristics. The influence of anisotropy and strain-hardening on the deep-drawing problem is also studied. The results show that the type of anisotropy and strain-hardening assumed always influences the stress concentration and drawability in a favorable way.
Simulation of Earth-Storable Liquid Bipropellants With Gaseous Reactants
Authors: Sheeran W. J. , Hendershot K. C.
Published: October 2011

It is shown that to duplicate the combustion products of earth-storable liquid propellants by the combustion of a gaseous fuel and oxidizer combination which is at the same initial temperature, the only two conditions that must be satisfied are: (a) the elemental composition (i.e., atomic species and their proportions) of the liquid and gaseous propellants must be the same; (b) the initial energies (i.e., total enthalpies) of the two propellant combinations must be the same. An illustrative example of the simulation of the liquid propellant combination of N2O4/50 percent N2H4-50 percent UDMH at an O/F = 2 is given.
Longitudinal Wave Propagation in a Circular Bar Loaded Suddenly by a Radially Distributed End Stress
Authors: Kennedy L. W. , Jones O. E.
Published: October 2011

Transient longitudinal wave propagation in a semi-infinite, circular, elastic bar loaded by a radially distributed pressure-step end stress is investigated on the basis of the exact equations of motion. The stress applied to the end of the bar has a radial dependence which can be continuously varied, by means of a loading parameter, from a uniform distribution to a load concentrated at the bar axis. Both analytical and numerical techniques are employed to obtain a complete description of the pulse head strain (ezz + eθθ), as a function of the nonuniformity of the loading, the radial coordinate, the distance from the bar end, and time. The analytic solution, which is valid asymptotically at large distances from the bar end, describes the first mode and shows only very small effects from even a high degree of radial nonuniformity in the applied stress. Near the bar end, solutions for (ezz + eθθ) and the axial stress τzz are obtained by direct numerical integration of the equations of motion. Good agreement between the numerical and analytic results at a propagation distance of 20 dia demonstrates the accuracy of the numerical technique. At distances less than 20 dia from the bar end, the effect of increasing the nonuniformity of the end loading is to greatly enhance the contributions of the higher modes, especially at the bar axis. With regard to a dynamic Saint Venant’s principle, differences in average dynamic stresses and strains resulting from statically equivalent but different radial end stress distributions are negligible at distances greater than 5 bar dia from the end. Differences in peak values are insignificant only at distances greater than 20 bar dia from the end.
Transient Shear Waves in Two Joined Elastic Quarter Spaces
Authors: Achenbach J. D.
Published: October 2011

A half space composed of two joined elastic quarter spaces of different material properties is subjected to time-varying shear tractions, which are applied parallel to the plane of juncture. The method of homogeneous solutions is used to solve the transient wave-propagation problem for the case that the surface tractions vary in time as Dirac delta functions. For surface tractions varying in time as Heaviside step functions, Duhamel superposition is employed to derive closed-form expressions for the shear stress in the plane of juncture. The interface shear stress shows a logarithmic singularity at the free surface.
Elastic-Plastic Plane-Strain Solutions With Separable Stress Fields
Authors: Bogy D. B.
Published: October 2011

A stress field σij(χ, t) depending on position χ and time t will be called separable if the time-dependence enters only through a scalar multiplier; i. e., if σij(χ,t)=s(χ,t)σˆij(χ). It is shown here that elastic-plastic plane-strain solutions in the infinitesimal (flow) theory of plasticity satisfying Tresca’s yield criterion and associated flow rule with linear isotropic hardening, based on either equivalent plastic strain or total plastic work, can occur with separable stress fields only in the following instances: (a) solutions with uniaxial stress fields, as in bending, (b) solutions with stress fields such that the entire domain changes from elastic to plastic at the same time, and (c) solutions with stress fields for which the elastic-plastic boundary coincides with a principal shear stress trajectory. Whether or not a plasticity solution has a separable stress field can be determined a priori by examining the corresponding elasticity solution.
Plastic Failure of Fiber-Reinforced Materials
Authors: Prager W.
Published: October 2011

The paper is concerned with failure by plastic flow of the matrix of a fiber-reinforced composite sheet. For unidirectional reinforcement, a completely general state of plane stress in the median plane of the sheet is discussed, but for a two-ply laminate with an arbitrary angle between the two systems of reinforcing fibers only simple tension in any direction to the fibers is investigated.
Permanent Compression of a Rigidly Contained Granular Bed Following Impact With a Rigid Body
Authors: Silverstein C. C.
Published: October 2011

The end-on impact of a rigidly contained cylindrical granular bed against a rigid body at velocities in excess of the critical velocity for initiation of bed particle crushing is analyzed. Based on a modification of Taylor’s rigid-plastic analysis, equations are developed for predicting the length of the granular bed over which particle crushing occurs, the variation of bed porosity over the damaged length, and the total bed length following impact. These quantities are calculated for 20–40 mesh Ottawa sand beds following impact at velocities ranging from 100–450 fps.
The Application of an Orthogonal Net of Circles to the Problem of Plane Strain in Plasticity
Authors: Llorens R. E. , Koenig H. A.
Published: October 2011

A geometric proof of Ringleb’s theorem is indicated. Several geometric considerations as they relate to the application of this theorem to the plane-strain problem of plasticity are derived. Two distinct methods of numerical solution, which are direct outgrowths of this analysis, are thoroughly discussed. The ease of their application and the accuracy of the results are discussed with reference to the standard straight-line approximation. The existence of Hencky’s second theorem for problems of plane strain in plasticity is shown to imply certain features which permit absolute estimates of the accuracy of the results.
Thermal Stresses During Solidification on Basis of Elastic Model
Authors: Tien R. H. , Koump V.
Published: October 2011

Distributions of stress and displacement in a slab during a solidification process are obtained analytically using the model of an elastic horizontal beam with temperature-dependent Young’s modulus. Both simply supported and built-in ends are considered as the boundary condition for the beam. In addition to the physical properties such as coefficient of linear thermal expansion, density, expression of Young’s modulus, etc., the main parameters determining the stress and displacement involve the mode of cooling at the surface and the external force acting on the liquid-solid interface such as the hydrostatic head from liquid side. Some specific results are presented to illustrate the effect of cooling rate and the dimensions of the beam on development of thermal stress and transverse displacement during solidification of iron.
The Fully Plastic, Plane-Strain Tension of a Notched Bar
Authors: Neimark J. E.
Published: October 2011

Hill’s extremum principle for a strain-hardening plastic material is applied to determine the displacement distribution and the strains at the center and at the roots of rounded V-grooves in a bar in tension. This analysis is used to present the shear strain at fracture as a function of triaxial tension for 7075-T6 aluminum, as compared to the more usual tension and torsion tests.
Nonlinear Response of Elastic Plates to Pulse Excitations
Authors: Bauer H. F.
Published: October 2011

Approximate solutions are given for the nonlinear bending response of thin plates of rectangular and circular geometry subjected to various boundary conditions such as simply supported and clamped-in edges. The investigation of the response of the plates has been restricted to two particular pulses, the step function and the exponentially decaying pulse, of which the latter can be used for an adequate description of a blast load on the plate. Proper transformation of the dependent time function, such that the additional transforming function will be a solution of the linear system disturbed by the same pulse function, will bring the time differential equation into a form so that Lighthill’s extension of Poincare´’s perturbation method can be employed for the solution of the problem.
Free-Edge Plastic Buckling of Axially Compressed Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Batterman S. C.
Published: October 2011

Axisymmetric plastic buckling of axially compressed cylindrical shells is studied for semi-infinite shells and shells of finite length subject to free-edge boundary conditions. It is shown that the length of the cylinder has a negligible effect on the buckling load. Reductions in buckling stresses from the classical simple-support value are significant, with the amount of reduction dependent on the details of the variation of tangent modulus with stress. Numerical results are presented for cylinders composed of 2024-T4 aluminum and 3003-0 aluminum.
Numerical Solution for the Interaction of a Moving Shock Wave With a Turbulent Mixing Region
Authors: Walker W. F. , Zumwalt G. W. , Fila L. J.
Published: October 2011

The objective of this investigation was to provide a method for predicting the interaction between a moving shock wave and a turbulent mixing region. A complete mathematical description of the two-dimensional, turbulent mixing process is given. The turbulent exchange coefficients have been approximated with the aid of the Prandtl-Go¨rtler theory for free turbulence. These were expressed in difference form for application to an Eulerian mesh representing the flow field. The artificial viscosity method was adapted to the requirements of the investigation. A problem which considered a plane Mach 2 jet issuing into a cavity was postulated; and the transient field computed until a steady-state turbulent mixing region was established. Moving shock waves of two different strengths were then introduced into the field and the shock wave-mixing region interaction studied. It was found that the method which has been developed is quite capable of describing a turbulent mixing process. The mixing region velocity profiles which were obtained showed excellent agreement with the experimentally verified Gaussian distribution. The passing of a wave across the turbulent mixing region is characterized by a retardation and change in profile of the wave front, the magnitude of these being dependent upon the strength of the wave. Further, it was found that as a wave passes across a mixing region, pressures can occur which are actually greater than those which existed behind the wave prior to its entry into the high velocity region.
Approximate Solutions in Linear, Coupled Thermoelasticity
Authors: Nickell R. E. , Sackman J. L.
Published: October 2011

A method for obtaining approximate solutions to initial-boundary-value problems in the linear theory of coupled thermoelasticity is developed. This procedure is a direct variational method representing an extension of the Ritz method. As an illustration of the procedure, it is applied to a class of one-dimensional, transient problems involving weak thermal shocks. The problems considered are: (a) Rapid heating of a half space through a thermally conducting boundary layer, and (b) gradual heating of the boundary surface of a half space. The solutions generated by the extended Ritz method are compared, for accuracy, to solutions obtained from a numerical inversion scheme for the Laplace transform based on Gaussian quadrature. These comparisons indicate that the variational procedure developed here can yield accurate results.
Effect of Local Modifications on the Vibration Characteristics of Linear Systems
Authors: Weissenburger J. T.
Published: October 2011

A method is presented for predicting the effect of a local modification such as the addition or removal of a concentrated mass or linear spring on the vibration characteristics of a linear system. The method, which is mathematically applicable to any linear eigenvalue problem, is rigorous even for large changes and has its basis in an eigenfunction expansion of the solution of the modified system in terms of the eigenfunctions of the unmodified system. Given the natural frequencies and modes of the original system, the characteristic function of the modified system is of such a form that it may be solved with a significant reduction in work as compared with direct treatment of the new system.
Material Behavior in Wires of 1100 Aluminum Subjected to Transverse Impact
Authors: Schultz A. B.
Published: October 2011

Material behavior in wires of 1100 aluminum subject to tensile impact loading is examined. Room temperature behavior is observed over the entire range of the stress-strain relation by observation of strain and deformation angle behind the transverse wave front created by a constant-velocity, transverse impact on a wire. A rate-independent analysis of plastic-wave propagation is used in conjunction with experimental data to derive the dynamic stress-strain relation, which is found to depart significantly from the quasi-static relation. The stress required to produce a given strain is raised by impact loading, and the critical impact velocity is higher than that predicted from the quasi-static relation. The uniform elongation at failure does not appear to be affected. Results are reasonably consistent with the data reported from several other types of high loading rate experiments.