bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
This Book’s Quintessence with Marius Ivaškevičius
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin
Published: April 2024

Chapter 6 synthesizes the book’s core arguments about the transformation of European public law through the lens of the seminal Solange case law, which summarizes the basic relationship between European law’s constituent legal orders and articulates the foundational significance of delicate compromises. By elucidating the intricate relationships among European legal orders, the chapter underscores the beneficial societal implications of compromises generated by European integration. Building upon the intellectual legacies of Hegel, Schmitt, and Böckenförde, it presents the European constitutional core as a paramount achievement in European public law, thus critiquing the pervasive negativity surrounding the European Union’s challenges.
Three Concepts of Legitimacy
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal
Published: April 2024

The aim of this chapter is to show that the concept of political legitimacy is rather more complex than is usually acknowledged. Specifically, it argues that in place of a single concept of legitimacy, three separate and independent concepts divide and accomplish the work standardly, but mistakenly assigned to one concept. The three concepts of legitimacy the chapter distinguishes can be mapped onto three different duties borne by agents who interact with a rightful political authority. The most familiar of these duties is the pro tanto duty citizens may have to obey the law. This duty can be distinguished from the citizenry’s duty not to interfere with—most basically, not to overthrow—the government. However, there are two versions of the duty not to interfere. In addition to the internal version borne by citizens, there is an external version borne by other states. In addition to being distinct, these three concepts of legitimacy are also ‘independent’. That is, the instantiation of one concept cannot be inferred from the instantiation of another. For example, to bring out the independence of the internal and external duties not to interfere with a rightful regime, the chapter appeals to the common intuition that citizens are sometimes permitted to revolt in cases where other states remain under a duty not to interfere. Its central illustration is a regimented version of justified resistance to a colonial power. In such cases, the colonial regime is internally illegitimate, but externally legitimate.
Territorial Jurisdiction
Authors: Taylor Anthony
Published: April 2024

Functionalists hold that the territorial rights of states are grounded solely in their successful performance of their morally mandated functions. This chapter defends a distinctive functionalist view of the right of territorial jurisdiction. It develops this view over the course of considering a variety of objections to functionalism that arise from reflection on cases of non-violent and otherwise rights-respecting annexation. Functionalism’s critics argue that it is committed to counterintuitive implications in these cases, as it is unable to explain why the usurper states do not gain rights over the territory they take over. Against these critics, the chapter argues that functionalism can in fact deliver intuitively plausible verdicts regarding: (a) the territorial rights of unsuccessful states; (b) the morality of military occupation; and (c) the appropriate response to past territorial injustices.
Argos
Authors: Hall Jonathan M.
Published: April 2024

It is impossible to understand the history of the Archaic Greek world without taking Argos, unquestionably one of the most important poleis on the Greek mainland, into account. The textual and material evidence when combined into an archaeohistorical account of Archaic Argos reveals an urban center that developed rather late, particularly in regard to the laying out of a formal agora. By the seventh century, Argos, like Athens, had a magistrate with the title of basileus and an annually appointed group of nine officials. In the sixth century, Argos, again like Athens, underwent a thoroughgoing restructuring of the citizen body and tribal system and began to build a system of democratized governance. On a wider stage, Argos’ military and diplomatic energies were directed primarily toward establishing control over the immediately surrounding region. Careful study of Argos offers important insight into multiple facets of the Archaic Greek world beyond Athens and Sparta.
Ready, Set, Go!
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Remi Salaam
Published: April 2024

This chapter’s focus is on things the reader should consider when preparing for a songwriting career. This chapter discusses areas of one’s life that should be examined before starting the songwriting process. Self-awareness will give the songwriter’s vision more clarity and help him or her to discover a unique path based on personality, passions, and skills. In this reading the songwriter will be encouraged, inspired, and empowered with the confidence to move forward with taking the first steps to songwriting. Topics of discussion include conducting a self-inventory of personality and character traits, passions, skills, goals, motivation, inspiration, imagination, and education.
Writing Songs That Connect
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Barias Ivan
Published: April 2024

This chapter is about writing songs that resonate with the listener. It focuses on two key songwriting elements, a great song title and an awesome story. A hit song is identified in this chapter as one that has every element it takes to become a commercially successful record whether it has a great marketing and promotion team behind it or not. In this chapter the reader will find exercises about creating song titles and a discussion about song concepts, scenarios and story development, and tips on essential elements that will make stories more appealing to the listener. The reader will learn how the use of phrases and keywords helps to support the songs title and cohesiveness of the story.
Let the Music Play
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Lawrence Donald
Published: April 2024

In this chapter, readers explore the foundations of creating dynamic music. Readers discover that the rhythm, chords, and the music arrangement are just as vital to songwriting as lyrics and melody. The author presents an overview in this chapter of four categories of music theory: pitch, rhythm, chords/harmony, and melody. This chapter emphasizes that music theory is not a guide to create but rather a tool that can be used to enhance creativity in writing songs. The author also discusses scales, chord structures, key signatures, rhythms, music genres, and key elements to building music to support the lyrics and melodies.
Writing Unique and Memorable Melodies
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Walden Narada Michael
Published: April 2024

In this chapter the author explains that the melody is the song’s center of attraction. The reader will learn how melodies are formed and what makes them memorable and instantly recognizable. To create distinctive melodies, songwriters rely on a myriad of strategies. The reader will find various approaches used to construct a melody. This chapter also explores how to use intervals, rhythms, cadences, range, repetition, variation, and elements of surprise to stimulate listeners.
Building a Songwriting Career
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Pessis Andre
Published: April 2024

In this chapter the author offers a thorough summary of the essentials of building a songwriting career. Looking at pop song icons and industry trends, the author taps into the tools, resources, and entrepreneurial spirit needed to have a successful music career. From protecting one’s song to building one’s brand, the chapter explores the power of song ownership, publishing, song release timeline, and diversified distribution. Whether it’s streamed or used in television, film or radio, this chapter reviews the agencies, licenses, and fees need for one’s music to be heard. In addition, this chapter highlight’s goal setting, collaborations, networking, and resources to support the business venture of launching a music career.
Using Instagram to Engage Learners and Build Community
Authors: Li Oscar , Cheunkarndee Tia , Mechaber Hilit F. , Chretien Katherine
Published: April 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the shift toward using digital means of communication, information sharing, and building community.1 This phenomenon has manifested in the world of medical education with an increase in educators and learners using social media. While the impacts of X (formerly Twitter) and Facebook have been investigated, there is a paucity of literature on Instagram usage in medical education.
The Case for Advocacy Curricula and Opportunities in Medical Education: Past Examples to Inform Future Instruction
Authors: Schreidah Celine M. , Robinson Lindsey N. , Pham Daniel X. , Balaji Dhikshitha , Tinsley Meagan S.
Published: April 2024

With recent advances in understanding racial, socioeconomic, and mental health issues in medicine and their relation to policy and legislation, medical professionals are increasingly involved in local and national advocacy efforts. At the frontlines of these initiatives are medical students who, in addition to completing required coursework and clinical training, devote themselves to serving patients through civic participation. The burgeoning evidence concerning health care disparities and inequity, along with greater awareness of racial and socioeconomic discrimination, have made advocacy an essential aspect of many students’ medical training. Every year, thousands of medical students join national medical advocacy organizations, in addition to regional, state, and local groups. Despite the rich history of medical student involvement in advocacy, there remains much speculation and skepticism about the practice as an essential component of the medical profession. From early initiatives pushing for national health insurance after World War II to encouraging antidiscrimination policies and practices, medical students have been collectively working to create change for themselves and their patients. Through efforts such as banning smoking on airplanes, creating safe syringe programs, and protesting against police brutality, many medical students work tirelessly in advocacy despite minimal educational support or guidance about the advocacy process. Given that medical student advocacy continues to grow and has shown measurable successes in the past, the authors believe that these efforts should be rewarded and expanded upon. The authors examine historical examples of medical student advocacy to suggest ways in which advocacy can be integrated into core medical school curricula and activities. They call attention to opportunities to support students’ development of knowledge and skills to facilitate legislative change, expansion of interprofessional collaborations and credit, and curricular updates to promote social and health equity.
A Multi-Institutional Description of Processes and Outcomes of Postbaccalaureate Research Education Programs in the Mid-Atlantic Region
Authors: Wright Cynthia F. , Kasman Laura M. , Robinson Donita L. , Carey Gregory B. , Hall Joshua D. , Lloyd Joyce A. , Shiang Rita , Smith Edward J. , Wilson Katherine L.
Published: April 2024

Outcome data from 6 National Institutes of Health–funded Postbaccalaureate Research Education Programs (PREPs) in the Mid-Atlantic region were combined to give a multi-institutional perspective on their scholars’ characteristics and progress through biomedical research training. The institutions hosting these programs were Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, the Medical University of South Carolina, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Virginia Commonwealth University, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. The authors summarize the institutional pathways, demographics, undergraduate institutions, and graduate institutions for a total of 384 PREP scholars who completed the programs by June 2021. A total of 228 (59.4%) of these PREP scholars identified as Black or African American, 116 (30.2%) as Hispanic or Latinx, and 269 (70.0%) as female. The authors found that 376 of 384 scholars (97.9%) who started PREP finished their program, 319 of 376 (84.8%) who finished PREP matriculated into PhD or MD/PhD programs, and 284 of 319 (89.0%) who matriculated have obtained their PhD or are successfully making progress toward their PhD.
Assessment of the Gordon lateral rotation index in postoperative rotational evaluation of supracondylar humerus fractures: a study on validity, reliability, and applicability
Authors: Kart Hayati , Akgün Emrecan
Published: April 2024

There are several methods for the assessment and follow-up of reduction of supracondylar humerus fractures, which offer the possibility of evaluation in different planes. The Gordon lateral rotation index (GLRI) is one of the methods used to assess the axial plane. This study aims to evaluate the validity, reliability, and applicability of the GLRI to assess rotational alignment. The study included 50 patients with Gartland type 3 supracondylar humerus fracture. After closed reduction, fixation with 2 lateral pins and 1 medial pin was applied to all patients. Eight observers made measurements using follow-up radiographs in the early postoperative period and at the 3rd week. Gordon lateral rotation percentage (GLRP) significantly decreased from baseline to week 3 in all participants (P < 0.01). When the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the GLRP measurements of the observers in the early postoperative period was examined, a moderate agreement of 0.453 was seen between measurements of the observers (ICC = 0.453; P = 0.001; P < 0.01). When the ICC between the 3rd week GLRP measurements of the observers was analyzed, poor agreement of 0.294 was seen (ICC = 0.294; P = 0.001; P < 0.01). The GLRI has moderate validity, applicability, and reliability in the early postoperative period, and low validity, applicability, and reliability in the follow-up period. Consequently, GLRI is an objective method that can be used to assess rotational alignment in the early postoperative period of supracondylar humerus fractures. It is, however, not recommended for follow-up periods.
Association of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy With Postoperative Outcomes in Immediate Prepectoral Prosthetic Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Choi Jae-Min , Lee Jong-Koo , Pyon Jai-Kyong , Mun Goo-Hyun , Jeon Byung-Joon , Lee Kyeong-Tae
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by total mastectomy and immediate reconstruction has become an important strategy in the treatment of breast cancer. Although the safety of subpectoral implant-based breast reconstruction with NACT has been extensively evaluated, the safety in prepectoral reconstruction has not been clearly elucidated. We aimed to evaluate the association of NACT with immediate prepectoral breast reconstruction outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective review of patients who underwent total mastectomy and immediate implant-based prepectoral breast reconstruction between May and December 2021 was conducted. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: those receiving NACT and those not receiving it. Postoperative complication rates were compared between the 2 groups. The independent association between NACT and the complication profiles was evaluated. Propensity score matching was also conducted.

Results

We analyzed 343 cases, including 85 who received NACT treatment and 258 who did not. Compared with the non-NACT group, the NACT group was younger, had a higher body mass index, and a higher rate of adjuvant radiotherapy. There were no differences in the rates of overall complications or type of complication between the 2 groups. In the multivariable logistic analyses, NACT did not show a significant association with the development of adverse outcomes. Similar results were observed in propensity score matching analyses.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that receiving NACT may not have a significant detrimental effect on the postoperative outcomes of immediate prepectoral prosthetic reconstructions. Conducting prepectoral implant-based reconstruction in the setting of NACT might be safe and provide acceptable outcomes.
Nerve Block Guided by Anatomic Landmarks Only Reduces Pain in Botulinum Toxin Type A Treatment for Glabellar and Forehead Wrinkles
Authors: Chen Chen , Zhou Ling , Li Fei , Pei Haina
Published: April 2024

Background

Botulinum toxin type A is widely used to treat glabellar and forehead wrinkles, but the pain caused by multiple injections often deters patients from receiving long-term treatment. Despite several methods used to alleviate this pain, consistency and effectiveness remain a challenge. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of nerve block guided by anatomic landmarks only in reducing pain associated with botulinum toxin type A injections.

Patients and Methods

Between 2018 and 2022, the study enrolled 90 patients divided into 3 groups: the nerve block group (n = 30), the lidocaine cream group (n = 30), and the control group (n = 30). In the nerve block group, a landmarks-based technique was used to perform the nerve block. The study collected general information and comorbidities, and recorded pain at each point and time spent on preparation and treatment for each patient's forehead and glabellar area on each side. Patient-reported outcomes and complications were followed up at 2, 4, and 12 weeks after the injections.

Results

The nerve block group had significantly lower total pain scores in all regions compared to the lidocaine cream and control groups (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in patient-reported outcomes between the groups at any follow-up point. Additionally, the complication rates related to injection were low and comparable among the 3 groups.

Conclusions

Nerve block guided by anatomic landmarks only is a safe, effective, and consistent approach to reduce pain during botulinum toxin type A treatment for glabellar and forehead lines. This technique may offer advantages over other methods used to alleviate the pain associated with these injections.
Anaerolentibacter hominis gen. nov. sp. nov., Diplocloster hominis sp. nov. and Pilosibacter fragilis gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from human faeces
Authors: Yan Yang , Zhao Qing-hua , Xu Chang , Wei Rui-qi , Jiang He , Liu Shuang-jiang
Published: April 2024

Three Gram-positive, obligately anaerobic bacterial strains, namely CSJ-1T, CSJ-3T, and CSJ-4T, were isolated from faeces of healthy persons. They were characterized through a combination of whole-genome sequencing, phenotypic traits, and metabolomic analysis. The genome sizes of CSJ-1T, CSJ-4T, and CSJ-3T were 3.3, 3.8, and 6.1 Mbp, with DNA G+C contents of 47.2, 48.3, and 48.8 mol%, respectively. Strain CSJ-3T was identified as representing a novel species, Diplocloster hominis (type strain CSJ-3T=CGMCC 1.18033T=JCM 36512T) of the genus Diplocloster. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and whole genome average nucleotide identity (gANI) of CSJ-4T to its closest related species, Diplocloster modestus ASD 4241T, were 98.3 and 91.4 %, respectively. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed 91.6 % similarity between CSJ-1T and its closest phylogenetic neighbour, Catenibacillus scindens DSM 106146T, and 93.3 % similarity between CSJ-4T and its closest relative strain, Clostridium fessum SNUG30386T. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic results, we proposed two novel genera and three novel species. Strain CSJ-1T was identified as representing a novel species of novel genus, Anaerolentibacter hominis gen. nov. sp. nov. (type strain CSJ-1T=CGMCC 1.18046T=JCM 36511T) of the family Lachnospiraceae, and strain CSJ-4T was identified as representing a novel species of novel genus Pilosibacter fragilis gen. nov. sp. nov. (type strain CSJ-4T=CGMCC 1.18026T= JCM 36513T) of the family Clostridiaceae.
Two waves of the pertussis epidemic in England in 2023 and 2024
Authors: Nesteruk Igor
Published: April 2024

The resurgence of pertussis (whooping cough) becomes a serious problem in many countries including the UK. Differentiation of the accumulated monthly numbers of pertussis cases registered in England in 2023 and 2024 revealed two waves of the epidemic before and after October 2023. Identification of parameters of SIR (susceptible-infectious-removed) model allowed calculating the numbers of infectious persons and reproduction rates. The accumulated and daily numbers of cases and the duration of the first wave were predicted. If the influence of second wave will be not very significant, the new cases will stop to appear in the end of August 2025 after reaching the figure of 5.8 thousand. The maximum of average daily numbers of new cases is expected to be around 51 on 9-10 May 2024. Since the effective reproduction number is very close to its critical value 1.0, the probably of new outbreaks is very high. May be the, increase of percentage of vaccinated people could decrease this probability.
Functional selection in SH3-mediated activation of the PI3 kinase
Authors: Aljedani Safia S. , Aldehaiman Abdullah , Sandholu Anandsukeerthi , Alharbi Siba , Mak Victor C.Y. , Wu Haiyan , Lugari Adrien , Jaremko Mariusz , Morelli Xavier , Backer Jonathan W. , Ladbury John E. , Nowakowski Michał , Cheung Lydia W.T. , Arold Stefan T.
Published: April 2024

The phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), a heterodimeric enzyme, plays a pivotal role in cellular metabolism and survival. Its deregulation is associated with major human diseases, particularly cancer. The p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K binds to the catalytic p110 subunit via its C-terminal domains, stabilising it in an inhibited state. Certain Src homology 3 (SH3) domains can activate p110 by binding to the proline-rich (PR) 1 motif located at the N-terminus of p85. However, the mechanism by which this N-terminal interaction activates the C-terminally bound p110 remains elusive. Moreover, the intrinsically poor ligand selectivity of SH3 domains raises the question of how they can control PI3K. Combining structural, biophysical, and functional methods, we demonstrate that the answers to both these unknown issues are linked: PI3K-activating SH3 domains engage in additional “tertiary” interactions with the C-terminal domains of p85, thereby relieving their inhibition of p110. SH3 domains lacking these tertiary interactions may still bind to p85 but cannot activate PI3K. Thus, p85 uses a functional selection mechanism that precludes nonspecific activation rather than nonspecific binding. This separation of binding and activation may provide a general mechanism for how biological activities can be controlled by promiscuous protein-protein interaction domains.
Perceived challenges affecting user engagement in online community: an analysis of interrelationships and interaction
Authors: Yadav Anuradha , Singh Rajesh Kumar , Mishra Ruchi , Bag Surajit
Published: April 2024

Purpose

With gaining popularity, online communities are increasing. It is leading to the data and information overflow. So, there are some challenges like cyber frauds, cyberbullying, etc. while engaging with online communities. Not only this, anonymity of the participants, stress and racism are also big challenges in online communities' interaction. Online harassers' attack tactics have changed over time. In addition, there are challenges like quality of discussion, inequality in participation of the users, etc. may scale online communities towards incitement and activism. Therefore, this study will try to analyse these challenges for overall benefit of the society.

Design/methodology/approach

The underlying fuzzy set theory is employed to handle the fuzziness of users' perceptions since the attributes are expressed in linguistic preferences. Through exhaustive literature review, the authors have identified 15 challenges. These challenges are further categorised as cause and effect by using DEMATEL (Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) approach.

Findings

Lack of strategic planning and uninspired discussions between users has emerged as a major challenge in cause category. This study further demonstrates how individual challenge can be managed and developed to navigate the online communities to maintain a healthy environment in society.

Research limitations/implications

Results are based on limited dataset. Therefore, findings cannot be generalised for all online communities.

Originality/value

The research findings offer a suitable direction to policymakers to formulate and design policies, laws and regulations to increase user engagement in the online community. The study is beneficial to firms and researchers in understanding the factors influencing effective management of online communities.
Country branding through the internationalization of higher education: the case of Egypt
Authors: Farid Mariam , El-Bassiouny Noha M. , Adib Hagar
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Drawing from the literature on internationalization, higher education marketing and place branding, this paper aims to link the internationalization of higher education to country branding. It explores the impact of internationalization within the higher education system on Egypt’s destination brand equity. This investigation offers insights for decision-makers in both the higher education and country branding sectors.

Design/methodology/approach

This empirical paper adopts an exploratory approach and serves as an initial step for researchers. It utilizes a quantitative methodology, employing a survey with 366 responses, to examine the effects of internationalization efforts in higher education on country brand equity.

Findings

The results reveal a direct correlation between student engagement and the brand equity of international branch campuses (IBCs), as well as a link between IBCs and Egypt’s brand equity. Notably, the study highlights the mediating role of IBC brand equity in the relationship between student engagement and the overall brand equity of Egypt.

Originality/value

This paper is innovative in its method of assessing the impact of internationalization efforts in higher education, specifically at IBCs in Egypt, on Egypt’s destination brand equity. Additionally, the study identifies student engagement as an antecedent to IBC brand equity.
Efficiency of the options market and arbitrage strategy: a meta-analysis
Authors: Fathi Saeed , Fazelian Zeinab
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The empirical studies of the options market efficiency have reported contradictory results, which sometimes confuse practitioners and academicians. The aim of this study was to clarify several aspects of options market efficiency by exploring the answers to two main questions: Under what conditions is the options market more efficient? Are the discrepancies in the estimated efficiency due to the reality of efficiency or mismeasurement?

Design/methodology/approach

Using a meta-analysis approach, 54 studies have been analyzed, which included 1,315 tests. The sum of the observations for all of the tests is 3.7 m observation sets. The effect size (type r) has been used to compare the different statistics in different studies. The cumulative effect size and its diversification have been calculated by the random effects model and Q statistic, respectively.

Findings

The most interesting finding of the study was that the options market, in all circumstances, is significantly inefficient. Another important finding was that the heterogeneity of options market efficiency is due to the complexity of pricing relations, test time, violation index and price type. To overcome this heterogeneity and accuracy, future studies should test the no-arbitrage options pricing relations at different times and by different price types, using complex and simple pricing relations and either mean violation or violation ratio efficiency measures.

Originality/value

Public disagreement about the options market efficiency in past studies means that this variable is heterogeneous in different conditions. As a significant contribution, this study develops the literature by proposing the causes of options market efficiency heterogeneity.
Examining the roles of traditional leaders in promoting quality education in Ghana
Authors: Boateng Kwabena , Owusu Michelle Asomaniwaa , Baah Anthony
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The government of Ghana since independence has undertaken steps to develop educational infrastructure setup. This notwithstanding, the educational sector is beset with challenges such as low-quality education and low enrolment rates in Senior High Schools (SHS) of children from large households, among others. Given the myriad of challenges bedevilling the education sector, there have been calls for collaboration among public leaders to promote education. The paper, therefore, examines traditional leaders' roles in promoting quality education in Ghana.

Design/methodology/approach

Through a desk review approach, the study examines the role of traditional leaders in promoting quality education in Ghana. This approach was adopted due to its flexible nature.

Findings

The study found that traditional leaders have provided educational materials and resources to deprived schools. They have established scholarship schemes for needy but brilliant students, promoted gender parity in education, constructed educational facilities and promoted a healthy teaching environment.

Practical implications

The paper provides stakeholders in Ghana’s educational sector with the opportunity to review educational policies and include traditional leaders to influence educational policies. The recommendations call for support from the GETFUND and Scholarship Secretariat of Ghana to assist community-initiated projects and scholarship schemes established by traditional leaders.

Originality/value

The paper provides evidence to support the importance of traditional leadership, which has come under criticism from a democratisation perspective in contemporary times.
External auditors, policy transfer, accruals accounting and the United Nations
Authors: Moloney Kim , Jensen Gwenda , Stoycheva Rayna
Published: April 2024

Purpose

This study asks whether external auditors enable the transfer of policies to the United Nations organizations that they audit and, if so, what types of policies are transferred.

Design/methodology/approach

The empirical research is based on a content analysis of 512 external auditor recommendations from 28 pre- and post-accrual reports of 14 UN bodies.

Findings

We find that external auditors do enable policy transfer and that such involvements may, at times, veer into non-neutral policy spaces.

Research limitations/implications

We did not analyze all UN organizations with accruals-based accounting. We also did not engage in a longer longitudinal study.

Practical implications

Our findings raise new questions about international organization accountability, the technocratic and policy-specific influences of external auditors, and open a debate about whether attempted policy transfers can be neutral.

Originality/value

The world’s largest group of international organizations is affiliated with the UN. External auditors help ensure that member-state monies are appropriately utilized. Our study is the first to compare pre- and post-accrual external auditor recommendations for 14 UN bodies. It is also the first to notate and study the attempted policy transfers from external auditors to the audited UN bodies.
Fair values in extreme markets
Authors: Song Xiaofei
Published: April 2024

This study investigates the valuation of fair values in extreme market conditions. Using a modified Ohlson model and a large US sample, this study finds that the valuation of fair values in extreme market conditions is consistent with the presence of a positive feedback loop bias. This bias manifests as irrational exuberance in overheated markets and undue panic in depressed markets. The results are robust under several different test designs. Additional tests of moderating factors show that good performance and low risk intensify irrational exuberance in overhead markets, and poor performance and high risk worsen undue panic in depressed markets.
“Stuff that only mixed‐race people would understand”: Community and identity‐related experiences in online groups for multiracial people
Authors: Godard Rebecca , Holtzman Susan , Duffield Enya M. , Do Elisa , Chong Gale , Mathieson Cynthia
Published: April 2024

Multiracial people are a rapidly growing group who may still lack social support from similar others in their offline lives. This study aimed to understand the user experiences in online groups for multiracial individuals. In a cross‐sectional online survey, 300 multiracial emerging adults (79% women; mean age = 23; most common ethnic identity components: 86% White/European, 44% Chinese, 17% Japanese, 16% Southeast Asian, and 13% Filipino) answered open‐ended questions about their experiences in Facebook groups for multiracial people. Participants described aspects of the groups they liked and disliked most, as well as their identity‐related experiences in the groups. We used reflexive thematic analysis to generate four themes within participants responses: (1) online groups as a gateway into connections with other multiracial individuals, (2) deriving a sense of belonging and community, (3) an opportunity for exploration and validation of racial identity, and (4) negative intrusions such as negative content (e.g., trolling, repetitive posting) and racism. For racial and ethnic minorities such as multiracial individuals, Facebook groups provide a space for community‐building and identity‐related experiences. Although online groups can foster a strong sense of community, validation, and belonging, findings also highlight potential challenges and limitations (e.g., how to delineate group boundaries, difficulty forming close relationships). Online group users and researchers should explore novel ways of maximizing these positive experiences while addressing users' concerns and negative experiences.
Multiple stressors alter greenhouse gas concentrations in streams through local and distal processes
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Cánovas Cayetano , von Schiller Daniel , Pace Giorgio , Gómez‐Gener Lluís , Pascoal Cláudia
Published: April 2024

Streams are significant contributors of greenhouse gases (GHG) to the atmosphere, and the increasing number of stressors degrading freshwaters may exacerbate this process, posing a threat to climatic stability. However, it is unclear whether the influence of multiple stressors on GHG concentrations in streams results from increases of in‐situ metabolism (i.e., local processes) or from changes in upstream and terrestrial GHG production (i.e., distal processes). Here, we hypothesize that the mechanisms controlling multiple stressor effects vary between carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), with the latter being more influenced by changes in local stream metabolism, and the former mainly responding to distal processes. To test this hypothesis, we measured stream metabolism and the concentrations of CO2 (pCO2) and CH4 (pCH4) in 50 stream sites that encompass gradients of nutrient enrichment, oxygen depletion, thermal stress, riparian degradation and discharge. Our results indicate that these stressors had additive effects on stream metabolism and GHG concentrations, with stressor interactions explaining limited variance. Nutrient enrichment was associated with higher stream heterotrophy and pCO2, whereas pCH4 increased with oxygen depletion and water temperature. Discharge was positively linked to primary production, respiration and heterotrophy but correlated negatively with pCO2. Our models indicate that CO2‐equivalent concentrations can more than double in streams that experience high nutrient enrichment and oxygen depletion, compared to those with oligotrophic and oxic conditions. Structural equation models revealed that the effects of nutrient enrichment and discharge on pCO2 were related to distal processes rather than local metabolism. In contrast, pCH4 responses to nutrient enrichment, discharge and temperature were related to both local metabolism and distal processes. Collectively, our study illustrates potential climatic feedbacks resulting from freshwater degradation and provides insight into the processes mediating stressor impacts on the production of GHG in streams.
Impact of the coronavirus disease pandemic on robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy and urologists' treatment behaviors: A single tertiary center retrospective study
Authors: Tohi Yoichiro , Osaki Yu , Kato Takuma , Honda Tomoko , Abe Yohei , Naito Hirohito , Matsuoka Yuki , Okazoe Homare , Taoka Rikiya , Ueda Nobufumi , Sugimoto Mikio
Published: April 2024

Objectives

To assess whether the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic affected the outcomes of robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and urologists' treatment behaviors.

Methods

We retrospectively examined the medical records of 208 patients who had undergone RARP between August 2017 and December 2022. We compared the rate of preoperative androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), waiting period for RARP, patients' baseline characteristics and quality of life (QOL), proportion of adverse pathology on the RARP specimen, rate of Gleason grade group upgrading from biopsy to the RARP specimen, and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) recurrence‐free survival between the pre‐pandemic and pandemic groups.

Results

The rate of preoperative ADT was significantly higher during than before the COVID‐19 pandemic (13.7% vs. 1.9%; p = 0.002). The baseline physical and mental QOL scores did not differ significantly between the groups. The proportion of D'Amico low‐risk patients was significantly lower (13.6% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.005) and waiting period for RARP was significantly shorter (median 3.5 months vs. 4.0 months, p = 0.016) in the pandemic group than in the pre‐pandemic group. There was no significant difference in the proportion of adverse pathology between the groups (p = 0.104); however, the upgrading rate was significantly higher in the pre‐pandemic group (p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in PSA recurrence‐free survival between the groups (log‐rank, p = 0.752).

Conclusions

The COVID‐19 pandemic did not adversely affect the oncologic outcomes of RARP and QOL before RARP. However, it caused urologists to increase the use of preoperative ADT and to reserve RARP for higher‐risk cases.
The mental workload of ICU nurses performing human‐machine tasks and associated factors: A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey
Authors: Yan Yan , Zhao Chenglei , Bi Xuanyi , Or Calvin Kalun , Ye Xuchun
Published: April 2024

Aims

To assess the level of mental workload (MWL) of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses in performing different human‐machine tasks and examine the predictors of the MWL.

Design

A cross‐sectional questionnaire study.

Methods

Between January and February 2021, data were collected from ICU nurses (n = 427) at nine tertiary hospitals selected from five (east, west, south, north, central) regions in China through an electronic questionnaire, including sociodemographic questions, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index, General Self‐Efficacy Scale, Difficulty‐assessing Index System of Nursing Operation Technique, and System Usability Scale. Descriptive statistics, t‐tests, one‐way ANOVA and multiple linear regression models were used.

Results

ICU nurses experienced a medium level of MWL (score 52.04 on a scale of 0–100) while performing human‐machine tasks. ICU nurses' MWL was notably higher in conducting first aid and life support tasks (using defibrillators or ventilators). Predictors of MWL were task difficulty, system usability, professional title, age, self‐efficacy, ICU category, and willingness to study emerging technology actively. Task difficulty and system usability were the strongest predictors of nearly all typical tasks.

Conclusion

ICU nurses experience a medium MWL while performing human‐machine tasks, but higher mental, temporal, and effort are perceived compared to physical demands. The MWL varied significantly across different human‐machine tasks, among which are significantly higher: first aid and life support and information‐based human‐machine tasks. Task difficulty and system availability are decisive predictors of MWL.

Impact

This is the first study to investigate the level of MWL of ICU nurses performing different representative human‐machine tasks and to explore its predictors, which provides a reference for future research. These findings suggest that healthcare organizations should pay attention to the MWL of ICU nurses and develop customized management strategies based on task characteristics to maintain a moderate level of MWL, thus enabling ICU nurses to perform human‐machine tasks better.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Hepatic insufficiency in two juvenile dogs with histoplasmosis
Authors: Whitman Rachel E. , Cagle Laura A. , Bosch Sarah , Alas Oscar B. , Vilaplana Grosso Federico R. , Lanier Christopher J. , Heinrich Daniel A. , Sharkey Leslie C.
Published: April 2024

A 9‐month‐old female intact toy poodle and a 1‐year‐old female intact Labrador retriever mix presented to separate teaching hospitals for chronic histories of malaise and clinicopathologic evidence of hepatic dysfunction. The signalment and clinical histories of these dogs prompted consideration of a congenital portosystemic shunt as a primary differential. However, microscopic evaluation of peritoneal effusion, pleural effusion, and peripheral blood samples from the dogs revealed round to ovoid yeast organisms morphologically most compatible with Histoplasma capsulatum. Additional testing confirmed histoplasmosis in each case. The poodle underwent a computed tomography (CT) study, which showed hepatomegaly with a spleno‐gonadal shunt, pancreatic and gastric wall edema, and marked peritoneal effusion, findings compatible with portal hypertension and secondary acquired shunt formation. The dog was later humanely euthanized due to clinical deterioration, and on necropsy hepatic histoplasmosis was verified, with additional affected tissues comprising lungs and spleen. The Labrador Retriever mix responded clinically and clinicopathologically to antifungal therapy, though no abdominal imaging was performed to definitively exclude the possibility of a congenital portosystemic shunt. In retrospect, several features were more compatible with histoplasmosis than portosystemic shunt in these cases, including hyperbilirubinemia, effusion, and hepatomegaly. These findings serve as a reminder of the need to interpret serum biochemical findings in the context of the totality of the clinicopathologic data and imaging findings, as well as the diagnostic value of microscopy in the evaluation of hematologic and body cavity fluid samples.
Inhibiting Hippo pathway kinases releases WWC1 to promote AMPAR-dependent synaptic plasticity and long-term memory in mice
Authors: Stepan Jens , Heinz Daniel E. , Dethloff Frederik , Wiechmann Svenja , Martinelli Silvia , Hafner Kathrin , Ebert Tim , Junglas Ellen , Häusl Alexander S. , Pöhlmann Max L. , Jakovcevski Mira , Pape Julius C. , Zannas Anthony S. , Bajaj Thomas , Hermann Anke , Ma Xiao , Pavenstädt Hermann , Schmidt Mathias V. , Philipsen Alexandra , Turck Christoph W. , Deussing Jan M. , Rammes Gerhard , Robinson Andrew C. , Payton Antony , Wehr Michael C. , Stein Valentin , Murgatroyd Christopher , Kremerskothen Joachim , Kuster Bernhard , Wotjak Carsten T. , Gassen Nils C.
Published: April 2024

The localization, number, and function of postsynaptic AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) are crucial for synaptic plasticity, a cellular correlate for learning and memory. The Hippo pathway member WWC1 is an important component of AMPAR-containing protein complexes. However, the availability of WWC1 is constrained by its interaction with the Hippo pathway kinases LATS1 and LATS2 (LATS1/2). Here, we explored the biochemical regulation of this interaction and found that it is pharmacologically targetable in vivo. In primary hippocampal neurons, phosphorylation of LATS1/2 by the upstream kinases MST1 and MST2 (MST1/2) enhanced the interaction between WWC1 and LATS1/2, which sequestered WWC1. Pharmacologically inhibiting MST1/2 in male mice and in human brain-derived organoids promoted the dissociation of WWC1 from LATS1/2, leading to an increase in WWC1 in AMPAR-containing complexes. MST1/2 inhibition enhanced synaptic transmission in mouse hippocampal brain slices and improved cognition in healthy male mice and in male mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease and aging. Thus, compounds that disrupt the interaction between WWC1 and LATS1/2 might be explored for development as cognitive enhancers.
Development of rabbit models of ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia produced by carbapenem-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Petraitis Vidmantas , Petraitiene Ruta , Kavaliauskas Povilas , Naing Ethan , Garcia Andrew , Zigmantaite Vilma , Grigaleviciute Ramune , Kucinskas Audrius , Pockevicius Alius , Stakauskas Rimantas , Walsh Thomas J.
Published: April 2024

Ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (VABP) is among the most intractable of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. New antimicrobial agents are critically needed for the treatment of VABP. However, current conventionally used animal model systems are inadequate to meet this challenge. We, therefore, developed rabbit models of VABP caused by carbapenem-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. Persistently neutropenic New Zealand White rabbits were used throughout the study. The early-phase intubated model (0–24 h) received mechanical ventilation, while the late-phase intubated model (72–96 h) was ambulatory. The following outcome parameters were studied: survival, residual tissue bacterial burden (CFU/g), residual BAL bacterial burden (CFU/mL), lung weights, pulmonary lesion score, histology, O
2
saturation, radiographic imaging, and histology. Each anesthetized rabbit received a predetermined endotracheal bacterial inoculum, and ventilators were set to FiO
2
= 40% and PEEP = 8 mmHg. Within the first 12 h post-inoculation, mean bacterial burdens in lung tissue and BAL fluid, respectively, were established at approximately 10
7
CFU/g and 10
6
CFU/mL, persisted through 24 h in the early-phase model and increased in the late-phase model to approximately 10
8
CFU/g and 10
7
CFU/mL. Mean max SpO
2
was ≥98 mmHg, and mean nadir SpO
2
was ≥68 mmHg. Serial thoracic radiographs demonstrated progressive multilobar pneumonic infiltrates. Lung histology revealed progressive focal bronchopneumonia, coagulative necrosis, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, alveolar epithelial cell necrosis, and bacterial microcolonies. The new rabbit model of VABP produced by carbapenem-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
recapitulates the pathophysiological, microbiological, diagnostic imaging, and histological patterns of human disease by which to assess critically needed new antimicrobial agents against this lethal infection.