bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Accident and Emergency Attendances and Emergency Admissions in Infants: Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Nath Selina , Zylbersztejn Ania , Viner Russell M. , Cortina-Borja Mario , Lewis Kate Marie , Wijlaars Linda PMM , Hardelid Pia
Published: October 2021

Background: Understanding of drivers in increasing infant accident and emergency (A&E) attendances and emergency hospital admissions across England is limited. We examine variations in use of emergency hospital services among infants by local areas in England and investigate the extent to which infant and socio-economic factors explain these variations.Methods: Birth cohort study using linked administrative Hospital Episode Statistics data in England. Singleton live births between 1 April 2012 and 31 March 2019 were followed up for 1 year; from 1 April 2013 (from the discharge date of their birth admission) until their first birthday, death or 31 March 2019. Mixed effects negative binomial models were used to calculate incidence rate ratios for A&E attendances and emergency admissions and mixed effects logistic regression models estimated odds ratio of conversion (the proportion of infants subsequently admitted after attending A&E). Models were adjusted individual-level factors and included a random effect for local authority (LA).Results: The cohort comprised 3,665,414 births in 150 English LAs. Rates of A&E attendance and emergency admissions were highest amongst: infants born <32 weeks gestation; with presence of congenital anomaly; and to mothers <20-years-old. Area-level deprivation was positively associated with A&E attendance rates, but not associated with conversion probability. A&E attendance rates were highest in the North East (916 per 1000 child-years, 95%CI: 911 to 921) and London (876 per 1000, 95%CI: 874 to 879), yet London had the lowest emergency admission rates (232 per 1000, 95%CI: 231 to 234) and conversion probability (25% vs highest 39% in South West). Adjusting for individual-level factors did not significantly affect variability in A&E attendance and emergency admission rates by local authority.Conclusions: Drivers of A&E attendances and emergency admissions include individual-level factors such being born premature, with congenital anomaly and from socio-economically disadvantaged young parent families. Support for such vulnerable infants and families should be provided alongside preventative health care in primary and community care settings. Substantial geographical variations in rates were not explained by individual-level factors, suggest more detailed understanding of local and underlying service-level factors would provide targets for further research on mechanisms and policy priority.
Quantitative Measure of Concrete Fragment using ANN to Consider Uncertainties Under Impact Loading
Authors: Kim Kyeongjin , Kim WooSeok , Seo Junwon , Jeong Yoseok , Lee Jaeha
Published: October 2021

In the present study, numerical analysis was performed to predict the amount of concrete fragments generated and the distance travelled by the fragments under impact loading using Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). SPH can be used for predicting the amount of fragmentation or the motion of fragmentations. The obtained results of the SPH analysis showed that the amount of fragments and the travel distance can change depending on different velocity-to-mass ratios under same local impact energy. Using the results of the SPH analysis, artificial neural network (ANN) was constructed to consider the uncertainty from the prediction of the fragmentations and travel distance. Furthermore, the results of ANN were compared with the results of Multiple Linear Regression Analysis (MRA). The ANN results showed better correlation coefficient (R2) than the MRA results. Therefore, ANN showed better improvement with consideration of the uncertainty from the prediction of fragmentations and travel distance than the MRA results. Using the constructed ANN, data augmentation was conducted from a limited number of actual data using a statistical distribution method. Finally, the fragility curves of the concrete median barrier were obtained to estimate the probability of occurrence of specific fragmentation amount and travel distance under same impact energy.
Moral distress among nurses working in Covid-19 wards: a cross-sectional study in 2021
Authors: Pooresmaeil Mina , Aghamohammadi Masoumeh
Published: October 2021

Background

Covid-19 is an emerging disease, which has confronted nurses with new moral distress. This study aims to determine the moral distress and its related factors among nurses working in the covid-19 wards of Ardabil city in Iran.
Methods

This cross-sectional descriptive study evaluated 159 nurses working in the covid-19 wards of Imam Khomeini hospital -as the only hospitalization center for the patients with covid-19 in Ardabil, 2021. The instruments used included a personal-occupational information form and Corley's moral distress scale. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance) in SPSS v22.
Results

The mean and standard deviation of the frequency and intensity of the nurses' moral distress were estimated 52.28 ± 5.24 and 51.54 ± 5.86, respectively, which indicated the moderate level of moral distress in the both dimensions. The item "I hesitate to tell the patient or the patient's family about his condition and treatment" (4.74 ± 0.75) showed the most moral distress based on the intensity and the phrase "too much work reduces the quality of my work” (4.81 ± 0.55) caused the most moral distress in the frequency dimension. The results indicated a significant relationship between the intensity and frequency of moral distress with the type of nurses' employment (P < 0.05). Moreover, a significant relationship was observed between the nurses’ position and the frequency (P = 0.04), and the nurses’ work experience and the intensity of moral distress (P = 0.02).
Conclusions

It seems that providing the necessary training for how to deal with the moral distress in new waves of the disease and using the experiences of the experienced nurses in this field are essential due to observing the moderate level of moral distress among nurses working in covid-19 wards.
Behavior of the Community’s Older Adults During 12 Months of COVID-19 Social Restriction.
Authors: Vieira Flávio Tavares , Porto Jaqueline Mello , Scudilio Gabriela Martins , Molina Bárbara Soares , Capato Luana Letícia , Bandeira Anne Caroline Lima , Martins Pâmela Precinotto , de Abreu Daniela Cristina Carvalho
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: In a short time, COVID-19 adopted the proportions of a pandemic. Consequently, measures as social distancing were adopted to try to slow down the spread of the disease. The objective of this study was to understand the behavior of the Brazilian older adults during a period of social restriction by Covid-19.METHODS: 61 healthy older adults participated in this study. A questionnaire was applied over 12 months from the beginning of the social restriction recommendations using only telephone contact. The questionnaire included the profile of falls during the evaluation period and 4 questions based on fear and risk of infection by Covid-19, the practice of physical activity and compliance with measures of social restriction. The chi-square test (X2) was used to observe the possible associations between the independent and dependent variables.RESULTS: Most participants were female (90.2%), with mean age of 67 years and secondary education level. 78.7% adopted social restriction measures in the first month while in the last six months 54.1% of the participants complied with restrictive measures. The analysis of the chi-square test showed significant association between the evaluation period and social restriction [X2 (2) = 22.072; p = 0.000] and the risk of being infected [X2 (2) = 17.561; p = 0.000].CONCLUSION: There was a reduction in the number of older adults who complied with social restriction over time and a decrease in the practice of physical exercises in the sample evaluated.
Differences in Moral Reasoning Among Medical Graduates Compared With Graduates of Other Degrees and Adults Without Professional Degrees
Authors: Jean-Tron Maria Guadalupe , Ávila-Montiel Diana , Márquez-González Horacio , Chapa-Koloffon Gina del Carmen , Orozco-Morales José Antonio , Ávila-Hernández Aidee Viridiana , Valdes-Pérez Oscar , Garduño-Espinosa Juan
Published: October 2021

Background. When we talk about morality, a question arises as to whether it is a natural characteristic of humans—that is, whether it is what people should pursue as individuals or whether it is a social construct. Kohlberg established six progressive stages of moral judgment that form three levels of moral development, showing the development of people’s thinking on moral issues that is characterized by the aforementioned criteria. Methods. This study’s objective was to compare the level of moral reasoning among graduate students in medicine with a group of young graduates from other degrees and a group of non-professional adults.The moral reasoning questionnaire (Defining Issues Test, DIT) designed by James Rest based on Kohlberg’s theory (Rest 1979) was applied. In total, 304 questionnaires were completed. Results. Depending on the population studied, differences have been found in the profile of moral development. The profile of family clinic users showed a very high predominance of subjects in category 1 at 70%, but only 4.5% in category 3, while in the group of pediatric specialty students, 37.5% were found in category 1 and 34% in category 3. They were the group with the highest percentage in this category. This vast difference could be because the differences in the age and socio-education levels of the beneficiaries are much wider than that of the residents. However, differences are also found if the profiles of residents are compared with those of master’s students because the latter comprised 56% in category 1 and 19% in category 3. We also found differences in the profiles of moral development based on the highest education level. Conclusions. Based on the results of this study, the population could be classified into three levels of moral development, the first level being the predominant one and the third the least common, as we expected prior to the study. The reason why some individuals reach the highest level while others do not remains a question to be addressed. The results show us that there is a difference in some populations depending on education level and even the type of degree pursued.
Conceptualising Public Mental Health: Development of a Conceptual Framework For Public Mental Health
Authors: Dykxhoorn Jennifer , Fischer Laura , Bayliss Becca , Brayne Carol , Crosby Liam , Galvin Bobbie , Geijer-Simpson Emma , Jones Oliver , Kaner Eileen , Lafortune Louise , McGrath Michael , Moehring Paula , Osborn David , Petermann Mylene , Remes Olivia , Vadgama Ami , Walters Kate
Published: October 2021

Background: Numerous determinants have been linked to public mental health; however they have not been brought together in a comprehensive conceptual framework. The goal of this work was to bring together academic research, practitioner expertise, and public perspectives to create a public mental health conceptual framework. Methods: The development process proceeded in four stages. First, we identified a comprehensive list of potential determinants through a state-of-the-art academic literature review, grey literature review, and created mind maps created by peer researchers. Next, we conducted in-person workshops, consultations, and an online survey with academics, practitioners, policy makers, and members of the public to review the potential determinants, nominate additional determinants, and prioritise determinants by importance for understanding public mental health. This iterative process resulted in the final list of determinants contained in the framework. We then conducted rapid reviews to define each determinant and to identify key research, interventions, and resources. Finally, we worked with a design team to visualise the conceptual framework as an online tool and printable infographic.Results: We found substantial overlap between sources reflecting a shared understanding of the key drivers of public mental health. The unique determinants that emerged from each data source highlighted the importance of using multiple sources to create a comprehensive model. 72 potential determinants were prioritised through stakeholder consultations, resulting in a final list of 55 determinants and organised into four levels: individual, family, community, and structural. Conclusions: This is the most complete conceptual framework for public mental health to date, bringing together academic research, policy and practitioner views, and lived experience perspectives. The co-production processes and tools we used provides a template for researchers looking to include multiple perspectives in their research. The conceptual framework draws together current knowledge on each determinant, but also highlights areas where further research is needed to better understand the relationship between each factor and mental health, which can inform the research agenda. This online tool and infographic can be used by practitioners to identify interventions for promoting mental health, and by the general public as a resource to increase awareness of the broad factors which shape public mental health.
Impact of Prioritizing Elderly and High-risk Individuals During COVID-19 Vaccine Allocation
Authors: Oruc Buse Eylul , Fujimoto Akane , Breiman Robert , Keskinocak Pinar
Published: October 2021

BackgroundThe prioritization of vaccine eligibility for different subpopulations is an important decision to curb spread and severe outcomes of epidemic infectious diseases for which vaccines become available. Using COVID-19 as a prototype, this study evaluates the public health impact of various vaccine prioritization schemes of elderly and high-risk individuals with different vaccination start dates and rollout speeds. MethodsAn agent-based simulation model was adapted and used to project the number of infections, hospitalizations, and deaths under various vaccination start dates, rollout speeds, and prioritization schemes, including (A)no prioritization, (B)two-staged prioritization of elderly population, and (C)multi-staged prioritization of elderly and then high-risk population. The study period was February 18th, 2020 –June 1st, 2021, and the state of Georgia was used as a case study. ResultsThe relative effectiveness of the prioritization schemes depends on the outcome considered, as well as the vaccination start date, prioritized subpopulations, and rollout speed. Having no prioritization results in the fewest infections and hospitalizations in most scenarios; however, it yields the highest number of deaths. Prioritizing the elderly and then high-risk individuals results in the fewest overall and high-risk deaths in most scenarios. ConclusionsHaving no vaccine prioritization, i.e., opening vaccination to every adult regardless of age, simplifies vaccine rollout and reduces the infection spread but results in a higher number of deaths, especially among the elderly and high-risk populations. Prioritizing the elderly, then high-risk patients, as opposed to prioritizing only the elderly provides benefit regarding severe outcomes; however, such assumed benefits need to be counterbalanced with challenges in communicating eligibility and criteria and in distributing vaccines effectively and equitably which could result in suboptimal vaccine uptake and coverage, including among people within subpopulations at disproportionate risk of illness, hospitalization and death, of particular concern during periods of high incidence, severe disease, and death.
IgA vasculitis with terminal ileitis and giant duodenum ulceration and review of the literatures
Authors: Fengge Wang , Xiaoli Wang , Daiqin Wu
Published: October 2021

BackgroundImmunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgA V), formerly Henoch–Schönlein purpura, is one of the most common self-limiting vasculitis in children. In 15-20% IgA V cases, gastrointestinal symptoms precede the rashes,they no specific gastrointestinal symptoms and often present as acute abdomen, making the diagnosis difficult.Case presentationWe present two female patients, ages 8 years old and 5 years old, who presented to vomiting and abdominal pain, rashes appeared on the lower limbs a few days later, they were subsequently diagnosed with IgA V. Both patients were given IV methylprednisolone, achieved benign clinical results.ConclusionsWhen gastrointestinal symptoms precede the rashes, it is difficult to diagnose IgA vasculitis, resulting in unnecessary surgery. Early recognition and treatment will promote the remission of the children and avoid unnecessary surgery.
Highly-Expressed Aspartic Protease from Aspergillus Fumigatus-Mediated Enzymolysis of Silkworm (Bombyx Mori) Pupae Protein
Authors: Herman Richard A. , Xie Chen , Zha Zi-Qian , Li Zong-Nan , Wang Jin-Zheng , You Shuai , Wang Jun
Published: October 2021

Aspartic protease emerges as an optimistic hydrolytic agent to obtain several protein hydrolysates. An aspartic protease gene from Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris (GS115) and its hydrolytic potentials on silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae protein were determined. It was optimum at pH 4.0 and 50 °C and stable over pH range 4.0-5.0 and temperatures 45-55 °C with a specific activity of 8408.9 ± 305.6 U/mg. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed the molecular weight of the recombinant protease to be 45 kDa. The half-life (t1/2) of the recombinant protease at 40, 50, 60, and 70 °C was 30, 25, 35, and 20 min, respectively. The protease showed enhanced activity in the presence of Cu2+, Pb2+ and SDS. Its substrate specificity studies were revealed in the order of cleaving ability to Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) > Silkworm pupae powder (SPP) > Casein > Casein sodium salt (CSS). Upon hydrolysis of silkworm pupae protein, it showed enhanced and plausible hydrolytic potentials, increasing the degree of hydrolysis to 50 ± 6.1% at 6 h, increased solubility by 80%, and improved functional properties. The stable characteristics and hydrolytic performance of the recombinant aspartic protease qualify it for industrial application, especially within the food and related industries.
Risk Prediction Models for Patients With Acute Heart Failure: A Protocol for Systematic Review, Critical Appraisal, and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhang Xuecheng , Zhou Kehua , Zhang Jingjing , Chen Ying , Dai Hengheng , Wan Siqi , Guan Zhiyue , Hu Mingzhi , Kang Jing , Liu Yan , Shang Hongcai
Published: October 2021

Background
Nearly a third of patients with acute heart failure (AHF) die or are readmitted within three months after discharge, accounting for the majority of costs associated with heart failure-related care. A considerable number of risk prediction models, which predict outcomes for mortality and readmission rates, have been developed and validated for patients with AHF. These models could help clinicians stratify patients by risk level and improve decision making, and provide specialist care and resources directed to high-risk patients. However, clinicians sometimes reluctant to utilize these models, possibly due to their poor reliability, the variety of models, and/or the complexity of statistical methodologies. Here, we describe a protocol to systematically review extant risk prediction models. We will describe characteristics, compare performance, and critically appraise the reporting transparency and methodological quality of risk prediction models for AHF patients.
Method
Embase, Pubmed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library will be searched from their inception onwards. A back word will be searched on derivation studies to find relevant external validation studies. Multivariable prognostic models used for AHF and mortality and/or readmission rate will be eligible for review. Two reviewers will conduct title and abstract screening, full-text review, and data extraction independently. Included models will be summarized qualitatively and quantitatively. We will also provide an overview of critical appraisal of the methodological quality and reporting transparency of included studies using the Prediction model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool(PROBAST tool) and the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis(TRIPOD statement).
Discussion
The result of the systematic review could help clinicians better understand and use the prediction models for AHF patients, as well as make standardized decisions about more precise, risk-adjusted management.
Systematic review registration
: PROSPERO registration number CRD42021256416.
Bio-Adsorbent Derived from Sewage Sludge Blended with Waste Coal for Nitrate and Methyl Red Removal: Synthesis, Oxidation, Performance and Environmental Consideration
Authors: Masengo John Longo , Mulopo Jean
Published: October 2021

Low-cost bio-adsorbents were synthesized using two types of sewage sludge: D, which was obtained during the dissolved air flotation stage, and S, which was a mixture of primary and secondary sludge from the digestion and dewatering stages. The sewage sludge was mixed with waste coal before being activated with Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) and oxidized with ammonium persulfate (APS). The nitrate and methyl red removal capacities of the synthesized bio-adsorbents were evaluated and compared to those of industrial activated charcoal. The oxidation surface area of bio-adsorbents derived from sludge S shrank by six fold after modification, while those derived from D only varied narrowly from 312,72 m2/g to 282,22 m2/g, but surface modification had no effect on inorganic composition in either case. The adsorption of nitrate and methyl red (MR) was performed in batch mode, and the removal processes followed the pseudo second order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm fairly well. The adsorption capacities of nitrate and MR were higher at pH=2 and pH=4, respectively. The total nitrate Langmuir adsorption potential was DC-5-750 (26,735 mg/g) > commercial activated carbon (Com-AC) (20,61 mg/g) > DC-55-750M1 (17,06 mg/g), and for MR, Com-AC (196,07 mg/g) > DC-5-750M2 (175 mg/g).Statement of Novelty: This paper examines how the chemical structure of activated carbon derived from sewage sludge and blended with waste coal is altered during the chemical activation process to provide the optimal porous surface for nitrate and methyl red adsorptive remediation. The formation of carboxylic sites or the transformation of oxygen sites to carboxylic sites is the aim of the oxidation process of activated carbon in general. Ammonium peroxydisulfate was chosen because of its ability to oxidize the surface without significantly altering the porous structure and increase surface acidity by increasing carboxylic group presence. There are no studies that we are aware of that use ammonium peroxydisulfate to oxidize activated carbon from sewage sludge blended with waste coal
Interventions for Improving Health Care Workers’ Retention in Epidemics – a Scoping Review
Authors: Jelyani Zahra Zarei , Valiee Sadra , Kia Mohammad , jajarmizadeh Ali , Delavari Sajad
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Generally, in Epidemics, such as COVID-19, health care workers (HCWs) faces many problems which lead to a shortage and weakening of human resources in the health system. Therefore, using effective strategies to retain human resources is one of the most important issues during outbreaks. This study aims to collect and classify the proposed interventions to strengthen human health resources and their sustainability during epidemics through scoping review.Methods: In this scoping review study, 2300 studies were retrieved through searching international databases –PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science. The retrieved studies were screened, and finally, 50 studies were included for analysis. The strategies were classified using inductive qualitative content analysis.Results: Most of the studies were conducted in the United States and the United Kingdom. The target population in 39 studies was all health workers; five studies were on physicians, five studies on nurses, and only one study on dentists. The proposed interventions were classified into five categories: preparation, protection, support, treatment, and feedback. Discussion: Most studies focused on providing interventions in one or two dimensions of human resources, but these interventions were summarized and categorized in this review. Therefore, this study has a holistic view of various dimensions of strengthening and maintaining human health resources during epidemics by providing a thematic map. Considering that human beings are multidimensional, policymakers and managers of the health system should use a set of interventions that simultaneously cover different aspects of their needs to strengthen and maintain HCWs.
Driving mechanisms of an extreme winter sea-ice breakup event in the Beaufort Sea
Authors: Rheinlænder Jonathan , Davy Richard , Ólason Einar , Rampal Pierre , Spensberger Clemens , Williams Timothy
Published: October 2021

The thick multi-year sea ice that once covered large parts of the Arctic Ocean is being replaced by thinner and weaker first-year ice, making it increasingly vulnerable to breakup by storms. Here we use a sea ice model to investigate the driving mechanisms behind a large sea-ice breakup event in the Beaufort Sea in response to a series of storms during February–March 2013.These simulations are the first to successfully reproduce the timing, location and propagation of sea-ice leads associated with storm-induced breakup. We found that rheology in the sea-ice model and horizontal resolution in the atmospheric model are both crucial in accurately simulating such breakup events. The sensitivity of the breakup to the initial sea-ice thickness indicates that large breakup events will become more frequent as Arctic sea ice continues to thin. Here we show that large breakup events during winter have a significant impact on ice growth through enhanced air-sea fluxes in open leads, and enhanced drift speeds which increase the export of old, thick ice out of the Beaufort Sea. Overall, this results in a thinner and weaker ice cover that may precondition earlier breakup in spring and accelerate sea-ice loss.
The twin-beginnings of COVID-19 in Asia and Europe – One prevails quickly
Authors: Wu Chung-I
Published: October 2021

In the spread of SARS-CoV-2, there have been multiple waves of replacement between strains, each of which having a distinct set of mutations. The first wave is a group of 4 mutations that includes D614G. This DG (D614G) group, fixed at the start of the pandemic, is the foundation of all subsequent waves of strains. Curiously, the DG group is nearly absent in early Asian samples but present (and likely common) in Europe from the beginning. Therefore, the European strains would have no time to evolve the 4 DG mutations (0 to 1) if they had come directly from the early Asian DG0000 strain. Very likely, the European DG1111 strain had acquired the highly adaptive DG mutations in the pre-pandemic Europe and had been spreading in parallel with the Asian strains. Two recent reports further support this twin-beginning interpretation. There was a period of two-way spread between Asia and Europe but, by April of 2020, the European strains had completely supplanted the Asian strains globally. This large-scale replacement of one set of mutations for another has since been replayed many times as COVID-19 progresses.
Predicting the Isotropic Volumetric Compression Response of Hydrating Cemented Paste Backfill (CPB)
Authors: jafari mohammadamin , Grabinsky Murray
Published: October 2021

Deep and high-stress mining results in stress transfers onto the previously placed backfill, and mines have recorded several MPa induced backfill stress. Understanding the backfill-rock mass interaction is therefore critical. Previous work considered tabular ore bodies undergoing primarily one-dimensional compression and showed how the backfill reaction curves could be estimated from oedometer laboratory test results. This work considers massive orebodies and develops a similar approach based on isotropic compression curves. Isotropic compression tests exceeding 6 MPa are carried out on samples with 3.0–11.1% binder content, tested at 1-day cure time to 28-day cure time. The compression curve is characterized in three stages: initial elastic compression up to a yield point, followed by a transition stage to the start of a final stage with a linear post-yield compression line in \({\epsilon }_{v}-\text{l}\text{o}\text{g}\left({p}^{\text{'}}\right)\) space. Because these isotropic compression tests are rare (the reported results are the first for Cemented Paste Backfill), attempts are made to relate the isotropic compression test parameters to parameters from the more commonly used Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS) tests. Unifying equations as functions of binder content and cure time are found to determine the initial yield stress and the peak strength from UCS tests. These are then related to the corresponding parameters in isotropic compression. Finally, the slope of the post-yield compression line is found as a function of UCS, thereby enabling complete reconstruction of the isotropic compression response based on parameters from carefully controlled UCS tests, as functions of binder content and cure time. Although the calibrated parameters are specific to the studied mine’s materials, the framework is general and applicable to other mines’ CPBs.
Clinical Course and Characteristics of COVID-19 in Patients With Inborn Errors of Immunity: A Retrospective Multicenter Experience From Iran
Authors: Karimi Abdollah , Shokri Yousef , Jamee Mahnaz , Heidari Atefh , Nazarpack Fatemeh , Fallahi Mazdak , Shiari Reza , Sharifinejad Niusha , Mesdaghi Mehrnaz , Khalili Mitra , Armin Shahnaz , Ghanaie Roxana Mansour , Tabatabaei Sedigheh Rafiei , Fahimzad Seyed Alireza , Eslami Narges , Sharafian Samin , Mahdaviani Seyed Alireza , Nabavizadeh Seyed Hesamedin , Esmaeilzadeh Hossein , Kanannejad Zahra , Babaei Maryam , Mansouri Mahboubeh , Babaei Delara , Fallah Shahrzad , Fard Nasrin Khakbazan , Hashemimoghaddam Seyedeh Atefeh , Alyasin Soheila , Chavoshzadeh Zahra
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This study aimed to assess the effect of COVID-19 on patients with IEIs, the potentially at-risk population, regarding the clinical course, complications, severity, and outcomes.
Methods

This two-phase study was conducted on patients from three referral immunodeficiency centers in Iran. At phase one, 98 IEI patients with COVID-19 infection were evaluated by telephone follow-up (TFU). At phase two, the demographic, clinical, and laboratory records of clinically confirmed 33 IEI patients with COVID-19 infection were collected and analyzed.
Results

At phase one, 16.3% represented COVID-19 infection without any report of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission or death. During the second phase, combined immunodeficiency (CID) (42.4%) and predominantly antibody deficiencies (PADs) (33.3%) were the predominant immune defects. Atopy (27.3%) and lung disorders (27.3%) were the frequent pre-existing comorbidities. Organomegaly (p=0.030) and renal disorders (p=0.033) were significantly associated with the development of respiratory insufficiency. Cyanosis, tachypnea, intercostal retraction, and seizure were the chief complaints of patients who were more likely to progress respiratory insufficiency (p<0.05), being admitted to the PICU (p<0.05), and/or deceased (p<0.05). Laboratory evaluation revealed a marked positive correlation between D-Dimer (p=0.045), prothrombin time (p=0.045), C-reactive protein (p=0.041), proteinuria (p=0.013), ferritin (p=0.020), metabolic acidosis (p=0.003), and troponin (p=0.049) level with mortality. We detected a significant association between the chest X-ray pattern of COVID-19 infection with PICU admission (p=0.023) and death (p=0.046).
Conclusion

In the current study, patients with CID and PAD were introduced as patients at high risk of COVID-19 infection, who may need extra protective and therapeutic measurements.
Determinants associated high-risk fertility behaviours among reproductive aged women in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Rahman Md. Ashfikur
Published: October 2021

Background

The high prevalence of maternal high-risk fertility behaviour (HRFB) has multiple negative consequences for both the mother and the child. However, very few studies to date have been done on this issue, thus, we set out to determine the factors that increase the risk of HRFB in Bangladeshi women of reproductive age 15-49 years.
Methods

The study utilised the latest Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017-18 dataset. The Pearson's chi-square test was performed to determine the relationships between the outcome and the independent variables, while multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the potential determinants associated with HRFB.
Results

Overall 67.7% women had HRFB among them 45.6% were at single risk and 22.1% were at multiple high-risks. Women’s age (35-49 years: AOR=6.42 95% CI: 3.95-10.42 & 15-24 years: AOR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.03-1.38), practicing Islam (AOR=2.30, 95% CI: 1.18-7.58), having normal childbirth (AOR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.12-1.68), had more than three children (AOR=4.60, 95% CI: 4.14-6.15), unwanted pregnancy (AOR=9.98, 95% CI: 5.61-17.74) and not using birth control tools (AOR=1.33, 95% CI:1.14-1.55) were significantly associated with increasing risk of having HRFB. Alternatively, women and their partners’ higher education were associated with reducing HRFB.
Conclusion

A significant proportion of Bangladeshi women had high-risk fertility behaviour which is quite alarming. Therefore, the public health policy makers in Bangladesh should emphasis on this issue and design appropriate interventions to reduce the maternal HRFB.
Quantum aspects of chaos and complexity from bouncing cosmology: A study with two-mode single field squeezed state formalism
Authors: Bhargava Parth , Choudhury Sayantan , Chowdhury Satyaki , Mishara Anurag , Selvam Sachin Panneer , Panda Sudhakar , Pasquino Gabriel D.
Published: October 2021

Circuit Complexity, a well known computational technique has recently become the backbone of the physics community to probe the chaotic behaviour and random quantum fluctuations of quantum fields. This paper is devoted to the study of out-of-equilibrium aspects and quantum chaos appearing in the universe from the paradigm of two well known bouncing cosmological solutions viz. Cosine hyperbolic and Exponential models of scale factors. Besides circuit complexity, we use the Out-of-Time Ordered correlation (OTOC) functions for probing the random behaviour of the universe both at early and the late times. In particular, we use the techniques of well known two-mode squeezed state formalism in cosmological perturbation theory as a key ingredient for the purpose of our computation. To give an appropriate theoretical interpretation that is consistent with the observational perspective we use the scale factor and the number of e-foldings as a dynamical variable instead of conformal time for this computation. From this study, we found that the period of post bounce is the most interesting one. Though it may not be immediately visible but an exponential rise can be seen in the complexity once the post bounce feature is extrapolated to the present time scales. We also find within the very small acceptable error range a universal connecting relation between Complexity computed from two different kinds of cost functionals-linearly weighted and geodesic weighted with the OTOC. Furthermore, from the complexity computation obtained from both the cosmological models under consideration and also using the well known Maldacena (M) Shenker (S) Stanford (S) bound on quantum Lyapunov exponent, \lambda\leq 2\pi/\betaλ≤2π/β for the saturation of chaos, we estimate the lower bound on the equilibrium temperature of our universe at the late time scale. Finally, we provide a rough estimation of the scrambling time scale in terms of the conformal time.
Peterloo Massacre 16 August 1819
Authors: Pickering Avonne
Published: October 2021

The significance of this event in the decision of the British Government of the time to put into motion the emigration scheme that we know as the 1820 Settlement. This introduction to the screening of the film ‘Peterloo’ was compiled and presented by Avonne Pickering at our LAHS meeting in September 2019
State of Sailing Ships of the 19th Century
Authors: Grist Suzette Lampier
Published: October 2021

In the days of sailing ships, life was rigorous, very hard and dangerous. Ships were not checked prior to sailing although there was a Merchant Shipping Act, unfortunately not enforced until 1854 when the Board of Trade was formed.
Nottingham Party
Authors: Bradfield Courteney
Published: October 2021

The following comprises extracts from a talk given in the Clumber Church in 2019 by Courteney Bradfield, a sixth generation descendant of the Bradfield family of the Nottingham Party of 1820 Settlers.
Visit on Thursday 18 July 2019 to Glendower Farm, Beacon and Barville Park
Authors: Snodgrass Margaret , Gordon Sue
Published: October 2021

The hill on which stands the Glendower Beacon, built on the 1877 recommendation of harbour engineer Sir John Coode. The 15 metre-high structure has benefitted passing vessels and aircraft ever since, but the view from there for our group of 72 Lower Albany Historical Society members on Thursday 18/7/19 was purely food for the soul.
Our Members’ Settler Stories
Authors: Bailes Patricia , Bosch Lyn , Pickering Avonne , Gordon Neville , Collett Robin , Dickason Graham , Gordon Sue , Gardner Gift , Gilfillan Ted , Scotney Pearl , Sutherland Marianne , Southey Juan , Southey Peggy , Fordyce Margaret , Bava Delia , Wilmot Brian
Published: October 2021

Our Members’ Settler Stories
Visit to Riebeeck East, 17 October 2019
Authors: Grist Suzette Lampier , Gordon Sue
Published: October 2021

The Congregation of Albany (Riebeeck-Oos) was established in 1831. The first clergymen were Presbyterians from Scotland: Rev G Morgan of Somerset East was appointed Custodian and Rev John Pears became the first resident minister in 1839. In 1841 Rev Adrian Roux was appointed as the first South African Dutch Reformed Minister for this congregation. It is said that he named the town and used an old wagon house at Mooimeisiesfontein for services.
Visit to and History of Hilton Farm and St Peter’s Church
Authors: Snodgrass Margaret
Published: October 2021

Before the arrival of the 1820 settlers, Hilton was owned by Philip Schutte and was known as ‘the loan place Roodekraai- (Red Bend)’. In 1823 Harry Rivers was granted the farm on ‘perpetual quitrent.’ He, however, was transferred to Swellendam at his own request and in 1825, the property was transferred to Messrs Lee and Cock [William Cock and Lee entered into a butchery partnership in the early-mid 1820s-Ed]. Ten years later Coenraad Frederick Scheepers had the farm for a very brief period.
Indoda Ebisithanda (“The Man who Loved Us”): The Reverend James Laing among the amaXhosa
Authors: Shell Sandra Rowoldt
Published: October 2021

While producing a guide to the diaries and journals in the Cory Library many years ago, I found two bound volumes of a largely unfathomable journal written by an early missionary of the Glasgow Missionary Society, James Laing. These volumes were housed as part of the extensive and valued Lovedale Collection. They were unnumbered but the entry dates ranged from 1845 to 1872.
Traders, the AmaXhosa and the Colonists
Authors: Snodgrass Margaret
Published: October 2021

In the early years of the eighteenth century, the Dutch were the first colonists to trade with the Xhosa. By 1752 there was a substantial trade in ivory and by 1770 a well-beaten wagon road into Xhosaland. Copper, iron and beads from the Colony were exchanged for cattle and ivory. The Dutch farmers (Boers) it seems were hunters of the elephants rather than ivory traders. A Boer would give a chief a present in exchange for permission to hunt in his territory. The chief in turn would provide guides to show the hunter where to find the elephants.
A társadalomismereti műveltség értelmezése
Authors: Dancs Katalin
Published: October 2021

A tanulmány célja a társadalomismereti műveltség fogalmának értelmezése, sajátosságainak bemutatása, a hazai társadalomismereti nevelés főbb vonásainak ismertetése. Az összefoglaló a társadalomismereti nevelés történetében bekövetkező főbb változások ismertetésén keresztül a Nemzeti alaptanterv egyes változatainak Ember és társadalom műveltségterületének leírásaira támaszkodva foglalja össze a műveltségterület jellemzőit. A szakirodalom és a tantervek áttekintése alapján az alábbi következtetések fogalmazhatók meg: Habár a társadalomismereti nevelésben deklaráltan nagy hangsúly van a múltismeret és a jelenismeret kettősén, sokkal inkább a történelemtanítás dominanciája jellemző. A társadalomismereti műveltség komplex tudásegyüttest jelent, amely történelmi és társadalomtudományi ismereteket foglal magába, valamint olyan értékeket, attitűdöket és képességeket, amelyek hozzájárulnak a differenciált társadalomtudományi szemléletmód kialakulásához és a demokratikus állampolgári lét megértéséhez és megéléséhez. A társadalomismereti műveltség fogalmának meghatározása segíthet abban, hogy a társadalomismereti nevelés szerepe nőjön, átláthatóbb legyen a terület tartalma, valamint további kutatások induljanak a témában.
Variable fuzzy evaluation model for water resources carrying capacity in the Tarim River Basin, China
Authors: Meng Lihong , Liu Youcun , Ma Weijing , Wang Qingyun , Mo Xiaoli , Tian Jinming
Published: October 2021

As one of the regions of China with the most serious water-shortages, the shortage of water resources and ecological deterioration of the Tarim River Basin have increasingly attracted attention, and management and sustainable utilization of water resources rely mostly on the understanding of their carrying capacity. In the present study, the water resources carrying capacity of the Tarim River Basin was evaluated using a multi-dimensional perspective of natural, social and economic factors based on a variable fuzzy evaluation model for the 2018 hydroclimatic conditions. Evaluation model results rated Aksu, Kizilsu, Kashi and Hotan districts as grade 2, where current use and overexploitation of water resources have reached a relatively high level combined with a limited water resources carrying capacity. Bazhou district, where the water resources carrying capacity is relatively higher, was evaluated and rated as grade 1 by the model. It is urgent to put forward some strategies in order to protect and improve the water resources carrying capacity in the Tarim River Basin, which include promoting more efficient utilization of water conservation schemes, strengthening the long-term investment in environmental protection, improving the ratio of industrial wastewater treatment and reducing the industrial water quota. The results of the present study are aimed to be a beneficial guide in the planning and management of the Tarim River Basin water resources and possibly for other similar river basins.
Ler e escrever: o que a gramática tem a ver com isso?
Authors: Lima Ana
Published: October 2021

Ainda hoje é bastante comum a prática escolar de se tratar isoladamente a leitura, a escrita e a gramática, como se essas fossem instâncias que pouco dialogam. Nessa perspectiva, a escola tem conferido à leitura e à escrita um tratamento cada vez mais distanciado do que de fato são essas atividades, socialmente. Com a priorização dos conhecimentos gramaticais, as aulas de leitura e de escrita têmse transformado em pretextos para o estudo de questões normativas. Pretendemos defender, neste trabalho, que, na contramão do que se tem feito na escola, o conhecimento gramatical deve atuar como suporte para as atividades de leitura e de escrita, e não o inverso. Entretanto, para que esse movimento se realize de maneira eficaz, é preciso, antes de tudo, que o professor adote uma concepção de leitura e de escrita mais afinada com as demandas da sociedade atual. Assim, na esteira de Freire (1984), Kleiman (1989), Soares (1998), Dell’Isola (1991), dentre outros autores, a leitura não pode mais ser concebida como um simples mecanismo de decodificação e ativação dos conhecimentos; nem a escrita como a mera junção de frases que se articulam. Antes, leitura e escrita devem ser compreendidas como processos de negociação de sentidos, como práticas enunciativas, marcadas pela interação autor-texto-leitor. São processos extremamente complexos, que abrangem dimensões muito variadas e operações interdependentes e concomitantes, seja do ponto de vista estritamente linguístico e cognitivo, seja do ponto de vista semiótico e social. Mas, para a efetivação dessas atividades tão complexas, que papel tem a ‘gramática’? Como o professor pode integrar gramática, leitura e escrita? São essas as principais questões sobre as quais pretendemos refletir.
Panorama da investigação dos estudos históricos e diacrônicos das línguas e dos textos
Authors: Assis Maria Cristina de
Published: October 2021

Ao longo dos séculos, os estudos da linguagem foram abordados por teorias que se sucederam, trazendo, em geral, uma percepção diferente de língua e variação de paradigmas e de temas. No tocante às questões relacionadas à história e à mudança das línguas e dos textos, o objeto de investigação também não permaneceu o mesmo com o correr dos anos. Neste trabalho, objetiva-se discutir das principais orientações teóricas que nortearam os estudos históricos e diacrônicos das línguas, as principais temáticas, os questionamentos, as técnicas e os métodos utilizados, principalmente em relação ao português que se desenvolveu no Brasil nos últimos anos. Em seguida, enveredando pela discussão sobre a constituição de acervos documentais necessários à análise da história da língua, pretende-se abordar sucintamente as primitivas produções textuais em português numa época em que essa língua vulgar, que esteve à sombra do latim, ganha status de língua nacional. Interessa versar sobre temas peculiares a esses textos, como as primeiras questões gráficas, o florescimento de novos gêneros literários e a mudança gradativa no modo de encarar a língua e a relação entre esses textos e o estudo histórico da língua portuguesa nas universidades.
Problematizações sobre pesquisa e ensino de teoria literária no Brasil
Authors: De Almeida Sherry Morgana Justino
Published: October 2021

O objetivo deste texto é refletir sobre sobre problemas do estudode teoria literáriado estudo do fenômeno literário por parte dosdiscentes do curso de Letras no Brasil, apotando a leitura de literaturacomo caminho mais eficiente para a compreensão teórica. Para tanto,inicialmente,apresentaremos um questionamento acercados caminhos daTeoria Literária na contemporaneidade, bem como sobre a necessidadede teóricos e de leitores na construção do discurso sobre literatura. Apartir do pensamento dos escritores-críticos Michael Foucault, T. S.Eliot, Roland Barthes, Octavio Paz e Leyla Perrone-Moíses, este artigoaponta para a necessidade de que o estudante de Letras, assim como ocrítico literário, seja um grande leitor de literaturae e, não somente umdivulgador de teorias. Por fim, o artigo propõe que a própria literatura,enquanto lugar de fronteiras entre as várias áreas do saber, seja norteadorada criação e do estudo dos discursos teóricos profícuos ao entendimentodo fenômeno literário.