bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
W.E B. Du Bois and American Political Thought
Authors: Reed Adolph L
Published: November 2023

This groundbreaking study of W.E.B. DuBois simultaneously analyses the political thought of one of the leading black American intellectuals and activists of this century, provides a model for the study of the history of political thought, and by examining recent DuBois scholarship, offers a penetrating interpretation of contemporary black thought. The book departs from existing DuBois scholarship by locating the sources of DuBois’s thinking in the cauldron of reform-oriented American intellectual life at the end of the nineteenth century, and follows through the course of his career the ways that his early commitments persisted in his basic views regarding such pivotal issues as the relation of science and progress, social stratification among black Americans and in general, and rational social organization. While DuBois’s substantive political programmes changed over time, for example in his support for defensive organizing behind the walls of segregation during the 1930s and his rapprochement with the Communist left in his last two decades, Reed argues that those changes do not reflect fundamental shifts in the structure of his thinking but were pragmatic responses to concrete political circumstances. When situated within their own constitutive contexts, these changing responses reveal their compatibility, if not coherence, with DuBois’s basic, essentially Fabian socialist world view as first elaborated in The Philadelphia Negro. W.E.B. DuBois and American Political Thought’s interpretation of DuBois is also an argument about the fundamental connections between Afro-American political debate and broader patterns of political discourse. This argument is linked to a path-breaking critique of dominant tendencies in Afro-American intellectual historiography and their ideological foundations, as well as to a sophisticated argument in support of an alternative, historically generativist approach to the study of the history of political thought.
Hormonal and Social Determinants of Adolescent Sexual Initiation
Authors: Udry J Richard
Published: November 2023

The overall purpose of our study is to examine how biological and social factors interact to affect the development of sexuality in adolescence. Our model for adolescent sexual behavior postulates two sources for motivation for sexual behavior in adolescence. The source everyone but social scientists knows about is biological libido, resulting from hormones associated with puberty and adulthood. The second is socially generated motivation, in which social influences specify the rewards of sex and to whom they apply. But in the face of this motivation, there is a set of social controls to prevent adolescents from becoming sexually active. No adults approve of sex for the early adolescent. If the controls are universally effective, there is no sexual behavior. Inevitably some adolescents escape the controls-either because they experienced less effective control behavior on the part of adults, or because some characteristics of their own produced sexual motivation strong enough even to overcome the adult controls they experienced.
Changing Patterns of Psychiatric Disorders During Adolescence
Authors: Rutter Michael
Published: November 2023

For many years it was generally thought, following the views of G. Stanley Hall (1904), that adolescence was a time of “storm and stress” characterized by emotional turmoil and psychic disturbance. It is now clear that this stereotypical view of the teenage years is mistaken (Rut­ ter et al., 1976; Rutter, 1980; Graham & Rutter, 1985). Most young people pass through adolescence without developing any form of significant mental disturbance. Nevertheless, adolescence is an age period during which there are striking changes in both the frequency and form of psychiatric disorder. It is not so much that there is any general in­ crease in overall prevalence but, rather, that there are substantial alterations in pattern.
Mayors: Driving Force Versus Guiding Force
Authors: Svara James H
Published: November 2023

The mayor occupies a position of great visibility, and constituents have high expectations about the leadership that the mayor will give to the city. The mayor is viewed as the “problem-solver-in-chief” in city government. Unfortunately, for incumbent and citizen alike, the power available to “his or her honor” to get things done autonomously is either (1) more or less insufficient or (2) nonexistent depending on the form of government. If we define executive leadership to include the initiation of proposals to deal with problems in the community and the implementation of policy through control of the bureaucracy, then such leadership is a challenge for the strong mayor, difficult for the weak mayor, and impossible for the council-manager mayor.
Conclusion: Improving the Quality of Urban Governance and Management
Authors: Svara James H
Published: November 2023

There are great differences in the governmental process between city governments of different forms. At the most fundamental level, there are likely to be different patterns of interaction among officials. The mayor-council form of government often experiences conflict, whereas council-manager governments typically are cooperative. Within these patterns, official leaders in city government develop roles and orientations that are shaped by the form of government. These roles in context are not better or worse when judged against each other, but rather they are more or less complete and appropriate in terms of the characteristics of the form and the particular city served.
Shared Thinking and Guided Participation: Conclusions and Speculations
Authors: Rogoff Barbara
Published: November 2023

In these final pages, I summarize the primary points made in previous chapters and extend them with speculations on topics that flow from the approach of this book. I consider ways in which we conceptualize the individual “residue” of shared thinking—as external ideas imported to an internal plane or as a natural product of participation in joint thinking. I discuss creativity in the process of guided participation, with active individuals seeking their own understanding.
Reflections of a Petroleum Geologist
Authors: Drew Lawrence J
Published: November 2023

The earliest event in my life that I can connect to my interest in forecasting the occurrence of natural resources was when I filled out an order form for a book that promised to tell how to discover uranium deposits on the Colorado Plateau. Where the order form came from is a mystery now, but I can clearly remember buying a postal money order for $4.16, sending it off to the bookseller, and waiting each day for the mailman to bring my treasure. After what seemed an eternity, the book finally came, and I read it as best as my junior high school education would allow. I had an immediate interest in how geiger counters and geochemical surveys were used to discover uranium deposits and little interest in how to operate a uranium mine for profit after its discovery.
Discovery Rate Forecasting, Part 2: The Gulf of Mexico Offshore
Authors: Drew Lawrence J
Published: November 2023

With the completion of the Permian basin report in 1978, the work of the Inter agency Oil and Gas Supply Task Force was finished. The working relations between the discovery process modelers and the engineers in the Dallas field office of the EIA were maintained on an informal basis through the completion of the second phase of work, which was forecasting the supply of oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico, as set forth in the original task force agreement. Forecasting the future supply of oil and gas from the Gulf of Mexico offshore region turned out to be more involved than a simple variation on the theme that had been established by forecasting the future rates of discovery in the Permian basin. We took the time to improve our forecasting techniques and the collection and analysis of the wildcat drilling data.
Liquid He
Authors: Isihara A
Published: November 2023

Soon after his successful liquefaction of a helium gas in 1908 Kammerlingh-Onnes noticed that the liquid was strange because it started expanding as the temperature was reduced below around 2.2 K. Later discoveries of the discontinuity in the thermal expansion coefficient and the A-type specific heat anomaly made it appropriate to distinguish the high-temperature side (He I) from the low-temperature side (He II) of the A-point. In 1938 Kapitza observed that the viscosity measured by the capillary flow method dropped below the A point by many orders of magnitude to an extremely small value. Thus, thirty years after its liquefaction, it became evident that the liquid makes a transition into a new superfluid phase.
Inclusive Fitness, Seed Resources, and Maternal Care
Authors: Haig David , Westoby Mark
Published: November 2023

Natural selection should favor that allocation of resources among all the activities of a plant that maximizes the plant’s fitness.43 However, we wish here to consider only the allocation of a given maternal investment MI among alternative expenditures within a single season. The seeds produced by a mother in a single season will be referred to as a “brood.” Maternal investment is not restricted to seed provisioning but includes all costs associated with the production, protection, and dispersal of seeds.
Gender Diphasy (“Sex Choice”)
Authors: Schlessman Mark A
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with diphasy, a sexual system in which “ ... individuals belong to a single genetic class but choose their sexual mode in any season according to circumstances.”37 In well-documented cases, the female phase produces ovules and seeds while the male phase does not. The female phase may bear only female (pistil­ late) flowers, only hermaphroditic flowers, a mixture of male (staminate) and female flowers, or both unisexual and hermaphroditic flowers (Table 7.1).
Patterns of Genetic Variation and Breeding Systems in Rare Plant Species
Authors: Karron Jeffrey D
Published: November 2023

Rare plants have long fascinated evolutionary biologists, who developed a wealth of theories concerning the causes and consequences of rarity (Darwin 1859; Fernald 1926; Stebbins 1942, 1980; Cain 1944; Drury 1980). Only recently, however, have the genetics and population biology of these tax .a been documented in detail. Often the most informative studies involve comparisons between closely related rare and common congeners (Mehrhoff 1983; Kruckeberg and Rabinowitz 1985; Karroo 1989). Such species pairs are likely to have similar ecological features and phylogenetic histories. Thus they may approximate “natural history experiments,” with the common species serving as a control.
Strategies for Long-Term Management of Germplasm Collections
Authors: Eberhart S A , Roos E E , Towill L E
Published: November 2023

Through natural evolutionary processes, thousands of plant species have developed. Only a small percentage of these have been selected and utilized as agronomic, horticultural, ornamental, or forestry crops. Hence, most plant genetic resources exist in natural ecosystems according to the principle of “survival of the fittest,” with no inventory and no managed preservation. As the world’s population continues to expand, the areas required for intensive agriculture and forestry will increase at the expense of habitats for other plant species. Because in situ preservation may not be adequate in the future, ex situ preservation must be expanded.
Off-Site Breeding of Animals and Implications for Plant Conservation Strategies
Authors: Templeton Alan R
Published: November 2023

We are living in an era of mass extinction that is due primarily to large-scale habitat destruction caused by human activity. Accordingly, the best remedy to prevent extinction is habitat preservation. Such a strategy preserves not only species that have been targeted because they are endangered, but also the entire ecological community in which the target species lives. This community will often include additional endangered species of which we are not even aware. There is little controversy that this is the ideal strategy for preserving species, but unfortunately habitat preservation is not an option in many cases. The natural habitats of many species have already been completely destroyed, and those of many others have been so reduced in size and so fragmented that the species are in imminent danger of extinction.
Multiple Determinants of Tobacco Use and Cessation
Authors: Warner Kenneth E
Published: November 2023

Considering the easy availability of cigarettes, the billions of dollars spent marketing them, the ease with which they are consumed in almost every setting of daily life, and their strongly addictive properties, it is no wonder that over a quarter of the adult population smokes. Considering all of these forces, however, it is remarkable that a campaign of public information and related community efforts to encourage nonsmoking has helped a substantial number of smokers to quit. The 1989 Surgeon General’s Report estimated that 50% of all adults who had ever smoked regularly had quit. Dr.C. Everett Koop suggested in his preface to the 1989 report that “This achievement has few parallels in the history of public health. It was accomplished despite the addictive nature of tobacco and the powerful economic forces promoting its use” (USDHHS 1989, p. iv).
Interpreting Law: The Problem of Constitutional Adjudication
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I tum to the problem of adjudication and focus on the sort of adjudication most controversial in American society: constitutional adjudication. Among other things, I elaborate and defend my claim that constitutional adjudication, at its best, is a species of deliberative, transformative politics. And I address a question like the one addressed in chapter 4, where I asked: On what moral beliefs ought a person to rely, in her capacity as policymaker, in reasoning about and ultimately determining public policy? The predicament of the policymaker is also, sometimes, the predicament of the judge. Every judge, like every policymaker, indeed like everyone, is inevitably a member of some moral community, in the sense that everyone shares with some other persons some conception of human good.
The Era of Creativiry
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L
Published: November 2023

Four centuries after Gilbert we stand at an awesome time in the history of humankind. Four hundred years of increas ingly persistent questioning of nature has brought us to a re markable threshold. In the words of Stephen Hawking, there are “grounds for cautious optimism that we may now be very near the end of the search for the ultimate laws of nature.”However unlikely or even arrogant this claim may seem to some readers, it may contain more than a germ of truth.
Changing Concepts of Brain Function
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

In the second century, Galen associated imagination, intellect, and memory with the brain substance in his Commentaries on Hippocrates and Plato (see Chapter 1). In De usu partium, he stated: Galen contended that these functions could be affected independently by injury and disease, but he stopped short of differentially localizing them in different parts of the encephalon.
Holism and the Critics of Cortical Localization
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

The idea of cortical localization was very slow to develop, especially before 1861, when Paul Broca presented his famous case of Tan and sided with the localizationists (see Chapter 3). The strong bias against cortical localization up to Broca’s time might seem somewhat surprising given that a theory of localization of higher functions was broadly embraced from the fourth century through the Renaissance. The schema accepted by the Church Fathers and their followers, however, did not involve the cortex or even the brain substance. Rather, it concerned the ventricles, and it most often held that the two lateral ventricles (treated as a single cavity) served as the common receptacle for sensory information; that the middle ventricle mediated fantasy, ideation, and cognition; and that the posterior ventricle was responsible for memory (see Chapter 2).
Vision: From Antiquity through the Renaissance
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

The Ancient Egyptians suffered from a high incidence of eye problems, and their records contain a plethora of descriptions of eye diseases and statements about how they were treated. Among the diseases encountered in the “land of the blind” were conjunctivitis, “barleycorn” (probably cataract and glaucoma), and leucoma (a white scarring on the cornea). They also suffered from trachoma, an infectious disease caused by a microorganism, which might have left 50 percent of its victims blind.
The Nature of Dreaming
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

The earliest written records pertaining to dreaming are those of the Ancient Egyptians. One “dream book” has been ascribed to Pharaoh Merikare, who lived around 2070 B.C. The Chester Beatty Papyrus, dated approximately 1250 B.C., contains the records of some 200 dreams (omina) and their interpretation according to the priests of the god Horus. This papyrus, which is in the British Museum, is known to be based on centuries of tradition. Unfortunately, the records compiled by the priests of another important god, Set, have been lost. Thus, the extent to which the interpretations of the different gods overlap is not known.
Intellect and the Brain
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the relationship between intellectual functions and the brain, with particular emphasis on brain size. Although “intellectual functions” can be defined in many ways, the intent here is to look at functions that relate to the concept of general intelligence, problem solving, and the ability to adapt to the ever-changing challenges of life. For example, the idea that some individuals or races are better equipped than others to master the problems of civilized life because of greater brain development is among the topics considered in this chapter.
The Neuropathology of Memory
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

The pathological side of memory was occasionally mentioned by the Greeks and Romans, who seemed especially impressed with the vulnerability of memory. They observed that only some aspects of memory were affected after certain injuries. For example, in the first century Pliny the Elder said that he knew of a man who had forgotten only the names of the letters after he received a blow from a stone; another who, after falling from a roof, could not even remember his mother, his neighbors, or his friends; and yet another whose disease left him unable to remember his servants.
Speech and Language
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

As noted in Chapter 1, the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, written approximately 3,600 years ago, was composed of much older records (Breasted, 1930; Woollam, 1958). It has been suggested that the author of the original papyrus, upon which this document was based, might have been Imhotep, a contemporary of King Zoser (Djoser, twentyeighth to late twenty-seventh century B.C.) and the first physician-like figure to emerge from antiquity.1 Two cases described by the author of this papyrus (Numbers 20, 22) specifically associated head injury with loss of speech.
Liberalism, Fascism, or Social Democracy
Authors: Luebbert Gregory M
Published: November 2023

This work provides a sweeping historical analysis of the political development of Western Europe in the late nineteenth and twentieth century. The author argues that the evolution of most European nations into liberal democracies, social democracies or fascist regimes was attributable to a discrete set of social and class alliances within individual nations. In Britain, France, and Switzerland, countries with a unified middle class, liberal forces established political hegemony before the First World War. In countries with a strong, cohesive working class and a fractured middle class, Luebbert points out, a liberal solution was impossible. In Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Czechoslovakia, political coalitions of social democrats and `family peasantry’ emerged as a result of the First World War, resulting in social democracies. In Spain, Italy, and Germany, on the other hand, the urban middle class united with a peasantry hostile to socialism to facilitate the rise of fascism.
3D Solar Nebula Models: Implications For Earth Origin
Authors: Boss A P
Published: November 2023

The physical properties of the early solar nebula determined much of the subsequent course of terrestrial planet fonnation. A survey of the parameter space for three-dimensional ( 30) models of early phases of the solar nebula has been completed recently; the implications of these models for Earth formation are presented here. The models show that nebula evolution may have been dominated by angular momentum transport through gravitational torques, even during only mildly nonaxisymmetric phases, implying that the turbulent diffusion and mixing associated with viscous solar nebula models might be obviated. little or no evidence is found for planet fonnation through giant gaseous protoplanet instability; rather, Earth fonnation through planetesimal accumulation and impacts is indicated. Surface densities at 1 A.U. are typically quite adequate for Earth formation in a minimum mass ( -0.05 Mo) nebula The models also imply that the inner solar nebula may have been heated initially to temperatures on the order of 1500 K ( or even higher) through the compressional heating associated with nebula fonnation. Temperatures at 1 A.U. may have been regulated to values around 1500 K by a thermostatic effect produced by the vaporization of iron grains; the thermostatic effect minimizes the thermal gradient in the inner nebula and hence suppresses production ( through subsequent condensation) of a strong compositional gradient in the terrestrial planet region. A hot inner nebula is consistent with the gross depletion of volatiles on the Earth compared to solar abundances.
Element Partitioning And The Early Thermal History Of The Earth
Authors: McFarlane E A , Drake M J
Published: November 2023

The partitioning of Ni, Co, Sc, and La between olivine and natural basaltic melt and between various subsolidus phases has been determined at 1800°C and 75 kbar. Aliquots of the mantle composition material KLB-1 were doped with 1-2 wt.% each of Ni, Co, and Sc, were compressed to high pressures, and heated in a uniaxial split-sphere anvil apparatus for approximately 1 hr. Successful run products typically consist of a subsolidus assemblage of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, spine!, and probably garnet at the cold end, and silicate melt containing quench crystals of olivine at the hot end. The liquidus boundary within the charge is defined by the appearance of sizable equant olivine crystals (instead of quench-textured olivine crystals, which are smaller and more elongate). Olivine/melt partition coefficients (D)at 75kbar and 1800°C, rounded to one significant figure, are D(Ni)= 2, D(Co)= 1, D(Sc)=0.1, and D(La) < 0.007. These partition coefficients may be used to test the hypothesis that the high Mg/ Si ratio in the upper mantle of the Earth relative to most chondritic meteorites results from the floating of olivine in a magma ocean, with subsequent mixing of that olivine into the upper mantle of the Earth. For example, the Ni/Co ratio inferred for the upper mantle is approximately chondritic. The experimentally determined partition coefficients imply that the addition of 30% olivine into the upper mantle to raise the Mg/Si ratio from CI chondritic to its present value yields a Ni/Co ratio 20-25% higher than its initial value. This result is inconsistent with the olivine flotation hypothesis as a means of explaining the elevated Mg/Si ratio of the upper mantle. The implication of these experiments and those of Kato et al. ( 1987, 1988a,b) is that minor and trace element abundances and ratios in the upper mantle of the Earth do not presently show the effects of extensive olivine, majorite garnet, or perovskite fractionation. One possibility is that the Earth was never substantially molten. If so, the accretional process must have delivered gravitational potential energy more slowly than current theory predicts, and an origin of the Moon in a giant impact would be unlikely. Alternatively, if the Earth were indeed substantially molten, then it is possible that minerals remained entrained in magma and were unable to segregate. In either case, the high Mg/Si ratio in the Earth relative to most classes of chondrites would be intrinsic to the Earth, implying that the accretional process did not mix material efficiently between 1 A.U. and 2-4 A.U. where most chondritic meteorites are presumed to originate.
Heat And Mass Transport In The Early Earth
Authors: Davies G F
Published: November 2023

Mass transport was responsible for establishing the main stratification of the Earth ( core, mantle, and crust) and also was the dominant means of heat transport through most of the Earth’s history. During early accretion, impacts supplied the heat input and also enhanced heat loss by stirring the near-surface. Initial core segregation probably began catastrophically when the Earth was about half of its present radius and homogenized the temperature near the melting temperature of the C. Thereafter, core segregation would have been rate-limited by accretion. Subsequent thermal evolution would have depended on whether the surface was insulated by a thick atmosphere or a buoyant crust, either of which might have pertnitted a magma ocean to accumulate. Magma extruding onto a cold slllface is a potent heat removal mechanism: In this case accretion in much less than 1 m.y. would have been required for a magma ocean to accumulate, and a magma ocean generated by a late giant impact would cool to a mush in about 1000 years. Solid-state mantle convection would have begun soon after initial core segregation ( or upon establishment of a cool surface). Mantle convection would have been enhanced by continuing core segregation and melt extraction of heat. At a mean temperature perhaps 100°C higher than at present, the mantle would have entered a regime in which a further increase by 100°C would have required increasing the heat input by one or two orders of magnitude because of heat extraction by melt. In the latter regime, intrasilicate density differences may have played an important role. A substantial magma ocean seems likely only in the cases of an insulated slllface or a late giant impact. As the Earth cooled, there may have been one or more transitions in tectonic style, but how these might relate to the accumulation, chemistry, and structural style of the preserved continental crust is still not clear. The lack of clear evidence for any compositional stratification in the present mantle cautions against models involving substantial early stratification.
Fluid Dynamics Of Core Formation
Authors: Stevenson D J
Published: November 2023

Past discussions of core formation are incorrect or incomplete because they assume that metallic iron­ rich liquid is able to migrate through a mostly solid silicate matrix by percolation, prior to macrosegregation and diapiric descent. Experimental and theoretical considerations suggest that percolation is largely prevented because of the high surface tension of iron. Two alternative views of core formation are offered. One assumes that percolation is possible in the deep mantle ( where perovskite is the major phase). Iron is then supplied to the deep mantle by Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities of a silicate­ iron suspension in the shallow mantle, and drains efficiently from the deepest mantle into the core by Darcy flow. The other model assumes complete or nearly complete melting of all or part of the mantle. Despite vigorous convection, iron droplets approximately one centimeter in radius are predicted and settle rapidly by Stokes flow, either to the core or into a layer or ponds that provide iron-rich diapirs that can descend to the core. These stories generally suggest very efficient core formation in the sense that the t}pical residence time of metallic iron in the mantle is orders of magnitude shorter tban the formation time of Earth (-108 years). Good chemical equilibrium between mantle and core phases is also predicted in many cases. Geochemical constraints and implications relevant to these scenarios are discussed but are largely inconclusive. The tentative inference of rapid core formation on Mars suggests a magma ocean and iron rainout.
The Rise Of The Gunbelt
Authors: Markusen Ann , Hall Peter , Campbell Scott , Deitrick Sabina
Published: November 2023

Since World War II, America’s economic landscape has undergone a profound transformation. This economic restructuring, the authors argue, is a direct result of the rise of the military industrial complex (MIC) and the formation of a new industry based on defence spending and Pentagon contracts. This book chronicles the dramatic growth of this vast complex.
Presidential Debates
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Birdsell David S
Published: November 2023

How important are presidential debates today? To answer this question, the authors place modern debates in their cultural and historical context, tracing their origins and development in the American political tradition, from the eighteenth century to the present, and concluding with some thoughtful suggestions for improving their current effectiveness.
French to English
Authors: Olea Ricardo A
Published: November 2023

This volume provides a comprehensive collection of definitions of geostatistical terms. There are more than 600 entries at varying levels of complexity to assist readers with different backgrounds. Cross-references make the book easily accessible to students, engineers, and others concerned with the meaning of terms found in geostatistical research and practice. Lists of equivalent terms in Chinese, French, German, Greek, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish are included.
Phylogenetic Inference, DNA Sequence Analysis, and the Future of Molecular Systematics
Authors: Miyamoto Michael M , Cracraft Joel
Published: November 2023

Comparative biology has had a long and noble history (Rieppel, 1988). Its central goal has been to understand the bewildering diversity of form observed across the world’s organisms. Concepts such as taxa (in particular, species) and homology have been the core intellectual instruments for facilitating this understanding. Thus, comparative biologists have labored to sort the world’s organisms into species (however construed), largely based on their characteristics of form (but viewed broadly, including any intrinsic attribute), and to describe their similarities and differences.
Weighted Parsimony: Does it Work?
Authors: Fitch Walter M , Ye Jia
Published: November 2023

In 1969, Farris suggested a relatively unbiased way of weighting the value of a character for systematic purposes based upon the proposition that characters that frequently change their state are unreliable guides to relationships, whereas those that change only once are perfect guides to relationships. In nucleotide sequences, one can apply the same philosophy not only to the various characters (homologous positions in the sequences), but to the character changes as well.
Evolutionary Analysis of Length-Variable Sequences: Divergent Domains of Ribosomal RNA
Authors: Larson Allan
Published: November 2023

It is important in molecular phylogenetic studies to match the timescale of the evolutionary divergence events being studied to the evolutionary rate and pattern of the molecules used to resolve them. In many taxa, and especially in vertebrates, divergence events occurring approximately 70 to 300 million years (Myr) before present have been particularly difficult to resolve.
Congruence Among Data Sets: A Bayesian Approach
Authors: Wheeler Ward C
Published: November 2023

When several independently derived data sets agree, producing the same cladogram, we have high confidence in the result. Such complete agreement, however, is rare and becoming rarer with the multiplication of molecular data sets. Extreme disagreement has arisen between morphological and molecular studies. Zimmer et al. (1989) have produced results on monocot origins that contradict the morphological results of Donoghue and Doyle (1989). Field et al. (1988) have suggested relationships within and among invertebrate groups that counter the great majority of work on invertebrate systematics.
Commentary : Away from Internalization
Authors: Packer Martin J
Published: November 2023

The opportunity to review and comment on the chapters in Part II has been a welcome one. Before addressing this task, perhaps I should briefly sketch my own position. For some years I have been struggling to understand how children learn and develop in and through their social interaction with adults and other children. This topic raises numerous and complex issues of methodology and theory; practical activity is, as I have tried to describe (Packer, 1985), an odd “object” to investigate systematically. I have come to adopt a perspective I consider in two respects a “hermeneutic” one. The first way my work aims to be hermeneutic is in its method, as human activity, for a variety of reasons, requires interpretation in order to be studied. The second is that it rests on, and takes its starting point in, the “existential analytic,” the phenomenological analysis of everyday human being, conducted by Heidegger (1927/1962). It is necessary here only to note that there are certain parallels between the existential analytic and Vygotsky’s conception of activity as materially situated. (The general question of the similarities between existentialist and Marxist efforts to overcome the dualisms of traditional metaphysics and the debt both owe, albeit largely in opposition, to Hegel is a fascinating one that regrettably cannot be considered here.)
Development of Functional Systems
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

When we discuss the disorders resulting from abnormal influences on nervous system development and on neuropsychological functioning (Chapters 11 to 30), they will be seen as deviations from normal development in specific neurologically based systems of psychological functions. A functional system consists of those neural structures involved in the successful completion of an individual sensory, motor, or higher cognitive task, e.g., all parts of the visual system, as well as structures mediating the response to visual stimuli (Woolacott 1990).The normal development of functional systems involves an interaction be tween brain development and experience. Each system is to some degree “experience-expectant” (Greenough et al. 1987) to take in and respond to the environmental information of the species, as well as “experience-dependent” to absorb and store information that is unique to the individual. Sensory deprivation experiments on animals have shown long-lasting or permanent sensory impairment, as well as changes in the associated central structures and the cortex, including reduction in synaptic density and the amount of dendrites. Rats raised in individual cages (i.e., without environmental stimulation) showed 20 to 25 per cent less synapses per neuron in the visual cortex compared to those raised in environmental cages, i.e., with numerous objects and with other animals (Turner and Greenough 1985).
Speciation, Raciation, and Color Pattern Evolution in Heliconius Butterflies: Evidence from Hybrid Zones
Authors: Mallet James
Published: November 2023

Hybrid zones often involve either morphological traits such as color patterns of vertebrates with poorly understood genetics or genetic traits such as chromosomes, allozymes, and mitochondrial DNA, which tell us little about selection. In neotropical Heliconius butterflies, hybrid zones for warning, mimetic wing patterns are known in which both genetics and selection can be comprehended. While learning to avoid unpalatable prey, predators cause frequency-dependent selection against rare colorpattern morphs.
Variants of Synaptic Potentiation and Different Types of Memory Operations in Hippocampus and Related Structures
Authors: Lynch Gary , Larson John , Staubli Ursula , Granger Richard
Published: November 2023

Recent work indicates that high-frequency stimulation of afferent fibers causes a long-lasting potentiation of synaptic responses in each of the links of a sequence beginning with the olfactory cortex and continuing through the subfields of hippocampus. Taken together, these studies also established the important point that the characteristics of the potentiation vary across different connections and in some cases dramatically so. There are at least two ways in which these variations are potentially useful in developing hypotheses about the types of memory operations carried out by the regions in which they are found. First, the characteristics of the fully expressed potentiation could be directly related to the properties of memory. Duration and specificity provide obvious examples; synaptic changes lasting for hours are suggestive of different types of behavioral phenomena than changes persisting for months, and modifications that affect specific subpopulations of contacts on a fiber or dendrite can be expected to have very different effects than more general changes. Second, it may be possible to convert the physiological rules (e.g., specific patterns or sequences of activity governing the induction of potentiation) into a set of computational operations. Tests could then be made for regional variations in the rules and computations, and hence for regionally specific memory processes. Placing these points in a more psychological context one might assume that variations in expression should relate to types and organization of memory while variations in induction should govern what is (or can be) learned.
Natural Selection: Domains, Levels and Challenges
Authors: Williams George C
Published: November 2023

This important new volume in the Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution examines the mechanism and action of natural selection in evolution. Williams offers his own synthesis of modern evolutionary theory -including discussions of the gene as the unit of selection, clade selection and macroevolution, diversity within and among populations, stasis, and other timely and provocative issues central to the study of evolution. Williams’ preeminent position in the field ensures immediate and widespread interest in the book among evolutionary biologists, geneticists, and their graduate students.
Emotion And Adaptation
Authors: Lazarus Richard S
Published: November 2023

In this landmark work, Richard Lazarus - one of the world’s foremost authorities - offers a comprehensive treatment of the psychology of emotion, its role in adaptation, and the issues that must be addressed to understand it. The work provides a complete theory of emotional processes, explaining how different emotions are elicited and expressed, and how the emotional range of individuals develops over their lifetime. The author’s approach puts emotion in a central role as a complex, patterned, organic reaction to both daily events and long-term efforts on the part of the individual to survive, flourish, and achieve. In his view, emotions cannot be divorced from other functions--whether biological, social, or cognitive--and express the intimate, personal meaning of what individuals experience. As coping and adapting processes, they are seen as part of the ongoing effort to monitor changes, stimuli, and stresses arising from the environment. After defining emotion and discussing issues of classification and measurement, Lazarus turns to the topics of motivation, cognition, and causality as key concepts in this theory. Next he looks at individual emotions, both negative and positive, and examines their development in terms of social influences and individual events. Finally, he considers the long-term consequences of emotion on physical health and well-being, and the treatment and prevention of emotional dysfunction. The book draws together the relevant research from a wide variety of sources, and distills the author’s pioneering work in the field over the last forty years. As a comprehensive treatment of the emotions, the book will interest students, clinicians, and researchers involved in personality, social and clinical psychology, as well as cognitive and developmental psychology. It may also be used as a supplemental textbook in courses on the psychology of adjustment, emotion, and feeling.
West European Constitutional Courts in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Stone Alec
Published: November 2023

During the 1981-87 period, constitutional politics altered governmental processes at the very heart of the French State. Most important, the conduct of policymaking was transformed by the development of the Constitutional Council as a powerful actor, capable not only of having its policies implemented but of structuring future legislative processes with reference to those policies.
Integration
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B
Published: November 2023

If (Ω, F) is a measurable space and ifμ. and v are measures on (Ω, F) such that v << μ., Radon-Nikodym theory is concerned with conditions under which there exists a function f in L1(Ω, F, μ.) such that v(A) = f A f dμ.. Such results comprise a fundamental part of analysis and also play a prominent role in probability theory. Indeed, for a given measure, results such as this permits us to represent other measures defined on F in terms of extended real-valued functions defined on Ω. Also, in probability theory, conditional expectations and condition probabilities are defined in tenns of Radon-Nikodym theory. Example 5.1. A nondecreasing sequence of functions mapping [0, 1] into [0, 1] may be such that each term in the sequence is Riemann integrable and such that the limit of the resulting sequence of Riemann integrals exists, but the limit of the sequence of functions is not Riemann integrable.
Basic Probability
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B
Published: November 2023

A probability space is a measure space (n, :F, P) such that P(O) = 1. A complete probability space is a probability space such that each subset of a P-null set is measurable. We never assume that a probability space is complete unless we so state. In the context of probability, measurable sets are called events. A random variable is a measurable real-valued function defined on a probability space. A random process is an indexed family of random variables, each of which is defined on the same probability space. In this chapter, for a random process {X(t, w): t ER} defined on a probability space (0, :F, P), we will let X(t) denote X(t, ). Example 7.1. A nonnegative Riemann integrable .function or a nonnegative Lebesgue integrable .function that integrates to one need not be a probability density function. Proof: Let (0, :F, P) be a probability space and let X be a random variable defined on (0, :F, P). For each Borel subset B of R, let μ(B) = P(X EB). Note that µis a measure mapping the real Borel sets into (0, 1). This
Convergence in Probability Theory
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we present counterexamples related to several different concepts involving convergence in probability theory. In particular, we consider infinite products of random variables, various forms of convergence of sequences of random variables, convergence of characteristic functions, convergence of density functions and distribution functions, the central limit theorem, the laws of large numbers, and martingales.
Introduction The Unphilosopher’s Stone
Authors: Weber Robert J , Perkins David N
Published: November 2023

The alchemists of yore sought nothing less than to remake matter, a cherished objective being the conversion of lead into gold. This might be accomplished by the touch of the “philosopher’s stone,” a substance that could perform the precious transmutation. Alas, there was no such stone, and, although modern nuclear physics at last gives us ways of transmuting elements, in general the process is nowhere near worth the energy it consumes. If there is anything like the philosopher’s stone, it is as un stony as something can get: It is the human mind. Through the use of the mind (lubricated with a good deal of sweat), human beings have transformed ordinary language into song and sonnet, arithmetic into algebra and the calculus, the Greek atom into quantum physics, geocentric cosmologies into the cosmology of the big bang. Human creativity, ineffable and evanescent as it is generally said to be, is the stone of power.
Perspiration in Perspective: Changing Perceptions of Genius and Expertise in American Invention
Authors: Friedel Robert
Published: November 2023

“Genius,” Thomas Edison is quoted as saying, “is 1 percent inspiration and 99 per cent perspiration.” The aphorism is often taken as an exhortation to hard work or, possibly, a reference to the cut- and-try approach often associated with America’s most famous inventor. It is also a central part of our Edison mythology, a characteristic bit of modest disclaimer from the rough, plainspoken product of the Middle West whom everyone knew really was something of a true genius. The aphorism takes on its authority and meaning from the fact that it comes from a genius and therefore, in an important sense, we don’t believe it at all. That is to say, we all know that genius is something more than hard work and long hours. Perhaps Edison means to tell us that invention is only “ percent inspiration,” and that successful invention entails much more. But, in fact, genius is fundamentally associated with inspiration and with invention, especially in nineteenth-century America.
Histology Of The Nervous System
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

In terms of breadth, depth, and originality, this work ranked Cajal with Pasteur and Darwin as giants of 19th century biology. Summarizing almost 20 years of intense research, Cajal systematically described the cellular organization of almost every part of the nervous system in all five classes of vertebrate, and provided a synthetic account of their embryogenesis as well. This revolutionary work laid a broad foundation for modern neuroscience. Neuroscientists, neurologists, psychologists, computer and cognitive scientists, and nonspecialists will find this work of great use. Modern neuroanatomical terminology is used wherever possible, while attempting to preserve the style of the original text. Summarizing almost 20 years of intense research, Cajal systematically described the cellular organization of almost every part of the nervous system in all five classes of vertebrate, and provided a synthetic account of their embryogenesis as well. This work was revolutionary and laid a broad foundation for modern neuroscience because two new concepts - the neuron doctrine and the law of functional polarity - were used to interpret the data, and because the resulting interpretations opened vast new fields of research with profound clinical implications in neurology and psychiatry. In terms of breadth, depth and originality, this work is second only to that of Vesalius in the history of anatomy, and ranked Cajal with Pasteur and Darwin as the giants of 19th century biology. In many ways, the Histology is as valuable today as when it was written, and these volumes will be of use to a broad spectrum of neuroscientists, neurologists, psychologists, and computer and cognitive scientists. To make this work accessible to non specialists, the translators have used modern neuroanatomical terminology wherever possible, while attempting to preserve the style of the original text. They have also provided extensive cross-referencing of synonyms in the index, and notes to clarify difficult passages.