bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Abdullah Peace Plan: Offer or Ultimatum?
Authors: Fandy Mamoun , Walker Jr. Edward S. , Grosbard Ofer , Hudson Michael C.
Published: March 2003

The following is an edited transcript of the twenty–ninth in a series of Capitol Hill conferences convened by the Middle East Policy Council. The meeting was held on June 14, 2002, in the Russell Senate Office Building with Chas. W. Freeman, Jr., moderating.
The “Inability to be Self‐Reliant” as an Indicator of Poverty: Trends for the U.S., 1975–97
Authors: Haveman Robert , Bershadker Andrew
Published: March 2003

In this paper we present a new concept of poverty, Self‐Reliant poverty, which is based on the ability of a family, using its own resources, to support a level of consumption in excess of needs. This concept closely parallels the “capability poverty” measure that has been proposed by Amartya Sen. We use this measure to examine the trend and composition of the Self‐Reliant poor population from 1975 to 1997. We find that Self‐Reliant poverty has increased more rapidly over this period than has official poverty. Families considered to be the most vulnerable—those headed by minorities, single women with children, and individuals with low levels of education—have the highest levels of Self‐Reliant poverty. However, these groups have also experienced the smallest increases in poverty. Conversely, families largely thought to be economically secure—those headed by whites, married men with children, and highly educated individuals—have the lowest levels of Self‐Reliant poverty, but have experienced the largest increases in poverty. We also find that the Self‐Reliant poor is increasingly composed of vulnerable groups relative to the composition of the official poor. The labor market, demographic, and policy sources of the divergent trends in Self‐Reliant and official poverty, and of the gender, race and family structure changes in poverty rates are explored.
Occupational Upgrading and Changes In Capital Usage In U.S. Manufacturing Industries, 1989–98
Authors: Osburn Jane
Published: March 2003

Proposed explanations of the role of microprocessor technology in the shifts toward relatively highly skilled workers that have occurred within industries since the mid 1970s have implications for the types of occupations that should be most affected by computerization. In this study, I measure the effects of changes in capital usage, and of the level of high‐tech capital usage in particular, on skill change caused by employment shifts among detailed occupations within industries over the 1989–98 period. The study utilizes data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey, which produces data on employment and wages for over 700 occupations in non‐farm establishments, by industry. These data provide an unprecedented opportunity to determine the types of occupations and skills that are most affected by changes in capital and technology usage, by making it possible to measure skill change within relatively narrowly defined occupational groups.
Time and Economic Well–Being—A Panel Analysis of Desired versus Actual Working Hours
Authors: Merz Joachim
Published: March 2003

Individual well–being has its resources by income and time. Though income traditionally is on the focuses of well–being analyses, the connected time dimension is often neglected. One important dimension of individual welfare regarding time and income is the possibility to harmonize desired with actual working hours connected with the income dimension. This paper will analyze this working hour tension by a ten year panel analysis for Germany. Besides descriptive measures of the subjective tension over a decade from the mid 1980s to the mid 1990s, the panel econometric analyses will quantify personal and household influences in explaining the working hour tension as one further important economic well–being measure.
The Role of Mobility in Offsetting Inequality: A Nonparametric Exploration of the CPS
Authors: Fontenay Catherine De , Gørgens Tue , Liu Haoming
Published: March 2003

This paper explores how annual earnings mobility offsets annual earnings inequality, using matched CPS data. Mobility in the economy is estimated using nonparametric quantile regression, for which we adapt state–of–the–art smoothing techniques. Mobility is measured through the churning process (changes in earnings given initial earnings) in order to identify different mobility patterns for different earnings groups. For instance, upward mobility in high earners is far weaker than its converse, downward mobility for low earners. We assess the (positive or negative) contribution to offsetting of each pattern in mobility. Innovations in our approach also allow us to identify trends and minute changes in mobility, and to pinpoint which changes in mobility have offset the increases in inequality observed over the decades.
Clocking the Progress in Time Use Research
Authors: Zick Cathleen D.
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Joachim Merz and Manfred Ehling (eds.), Time Use –Research, Data and Policy
Economic Growth And Global Inequality In Long Run Perspective
Authors: Inwood Kris
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Angus Maddison, The World Economy, A Millennial Perspective
Modernization, welfare and ‘third way’ politics: limits to theorizing in ‘thirds’?
Authors: Haylett Chris
Published: March 2003

The current period of welfare reform in British politics is taking place within a discourse of modernization described in terms of a ‘third way’. The ideas which constitute this discourse resonate with recent developments within human geography, namely a movement to theorizing ‘in‐between’ spaces, a turn to culture and to issues of globalization. This paper suggests that welfare reform is a restructuring project which allows the nature of thinking and acting ‘in thirds’ to be questioned. It problematizes the ‘third way’ approach to cultural modernization and economic globalization as a de‐politicized discourse, and argues for the cultural politics and political economics which underpin welfare reform to be foregrounded. As a form of political discourse analysis, it points to the developing need for a welfare geography that is attuned to the languages and practices through which dominant systems of social and economic distribution are constituted.
Rethinking ‘disciplinary’ history: geography in British universities, c. 1580–1887
Authors: Withers Charles W. J. , Mayhew Robert J.
Published: March 2003

Against a background of recent work in the history of geography and of geographical knowledge, the paper considers evidence for the place of geography within British universities before the formal establishment of the first departments of geography. Attention is paid to geography’s discursive connections with other subjects within given university curricula, and to the values placed upon its teaching by contemporaries. The paper argues that extant historiographies for British geography should be revised in the light of such evidence. More importantly, the paper raises questions about the sites and intellectual spaces in which geography has been situated and about the content, nature and purpose of writing geography’s ‘disciplinary’ history.
Eruvim: Talmudic places in a postmodern world
Authors: Vincent Peter , Warf Barney
Published: March 2003

Lodged in the heart of Western urban space, eruvim are religious enclaves important to Orthodox Jewish culture. Eruvim enable acceptable behaviours on the Sabbath as defined by Talmudic theological dogma. Work, and the carrying of all objects associated with work, is prohibited in public spaces on the Sabbath by the Talmud, yet within the boundaries of the eruv, many such restrictions are relaxed, facilitating social interaction and community cohesion. This paper examines the religious and spatial dimensions of eruvim, including the obsessive detail paid to the demarcation of their boundaries, which serve as metaphorical walls and doorways. It also explicates the local politics through which private space is effectively extended into public space. Conceptually, the paper situates the topic within broader concerns about diasporic Jewish identity, which is threatened by assimilationism, slow demographic growth and secularization. It invokes recent theories concerning the spatialization of consciousness and subjectivity, noting the recent growth of eruvim as part of the global surge in ethnic identity that has emerged as a backlash to postmodern capitalism.
Deep into the Shinnyo Spiritual World
Authors: Kawabata Akira , Akiba Yutaka
Published: March 2003

“Shinnyo‐en” (Garden of the Truth) is one of the most famous religious groups in Japan today. But outside Shinnyo‐en it is difficult to understand Shinnyo teaching. By focusing on the words from interviews, this article depicts its spiritual world and analyzes the function of its spiritual power on interviewees. The believers' narrative is interpreted from a sociological perspective using computer‐aided qualitative data analysis and a life history approach. The computer‐aided coding method is found to be an effectual means to discover significant factors in Shinnyo teachings. This method has four steps: (1) interview transcripts are input in ASCII format in several groups according to the time we interviewed; (2) KT2 system, a set of programs for computerized content analysis, disaggregates the transcripts into words to which I assign codes; (3) the codes are integrated into several meaningful categories for a cross‐tabular examination of two variables, times and categories; (4) a contour map made from the cross‐table helps to grasp the significance of the categories and their relations in a life history. This procedure enables us to understand the significance of the “self”, and the transformation of the “self” according to the time flows. The contour map of the belief commands a panoramic view of Shinnyo teaching. From this point of view we can scrutinize the interview data and describe the Shinnyo spiritual world as it is understood.
Possibilities for Using the Internet in Japanese Education in the Information Age Society
Authors: Kumagai Fumie
Published: March 2003

As the globalization of the economy has accelerated in recent years, the Internet has become an essential part of the infrastructure, primarily as a communications medium. In the Information Age society, the ADC principle (autonomy, distribution, and collaboration) has become an underlying assumption, which also applies to the institution of education. The fading power of Japan may come from its educational system, which emphasizes standardization and uniformity, while discouraging creativity and individuality. Now is the time for Japan to reevaluate its educational system at every level so that it better supports the societal and business needs of the Information Age economy. Therefore, this paper proposes five kinds of changes to the Japanese educational system. They are community networks, digital kids and participatory education, growing up digital and youth education, online higher education, and media literacy education for the elderly. First, community networks provide citizens with better and more convenient access to local services, activities, and information. Second, the notion of the digital kid suggests that it should be participatory, including all members of the community. Third, as digital kids grow up digital using the Internet would enhance both intergenerational and intra‐generational communication in the twenty‐first century. Fourth, online higher education should become widely available in Japanese society in the twenty‐first century. Fifth, although media literacy education for the elderly in Japan is yet to come to its maturity, senior network groups are beginning to receive wider attention as they will provide Japanese elderly with a new avenue for communication. When and only when these educational reforms are pursued, will Japanese people be able to participate effectively in the global society.
Accounting for Changing Prices: The Value Relevance of Historical Cost, Price Level, and Replacement Cost Accounting in Mexico
Authors: Gordon Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the value relevance of historical cost, price level and replacement cost accounting using a sample of Mexican firms from 1989 to 1995. It contributes to prior research by distinguishing between two distinct aspects of changing prices:(1) the change in the general price level, and (2) the change in the value of specific non‐monetary assets. I select Mexico to examine because it is unique in requiring and disclosing separately price level and replacement cost adjustments. A sample of Mexican firms also addresses a key reason cited for mixed results in previous assessments of the usefulness of price level and replacement cost accounting using United States data: the effects of inflation are too weak to detect. High rates of inflation in Mexico, ranging between 7% and 52% during the sample period, mitigate that potential problem. Results indicate that replacement cost adjustments are relatively and incrementally relevant beyond historical cost and price level measures while price level adjustments are incrementally value relevant beyond historical measures.
External Monitoring of Property Appraisal Estimates and Information Asymmetry
Authors: Muller III Karl A. , Riedl Edward J.
Published: March 2003

Finance theory proposes that firms’ cost of capital increases when market makers set wider spreads due to perceived higher information asymmetry across traders. Using a sample of UK investment property firms and controlling for firms’ non‐random selection of external monitors, we find evidence that market makers perceive information asymmetry across traders to be lower for firms employing external appraisers versus those employing internal appraisers. This evidence is consistent with liquidity‐motivated traders being unable to overcome such reliability differences using asset value information from sources other than accounting. We fail to find a similar difference for firms employing Big 6 versus non‐Big 6 auditors. Our findings contribute to the debate over the recognition of fair value estimates for long‐lived tangible assets by documenting that reliability differences attributable to differential monitoring by appraisers can affect information asymmetry, and therefore firms’ cost of capital.
Gains to Mutual Fund Sponsors Offering Multiple Share Class Funds
Authors: Lesseig Vance P. , Long D. Michael , Smythe Thomas I.
Published: March 2003

Although the number of mutual funds grew during the 1990s, much of the growth is attributable to the introduction of multiple share class (MS) funds. Proponents argue that the MS structure leads to cost savings, which can be passed onto investors as lower expenses. However, if the structure lowers costs, sponsors are likely to profit from it. Though investors are concerned about the base expense ratio, the sum of administrative and management fees, fund sponsors generate profits from the management fees. As such, they would prefer to increase the management fee if they can simultaneously lower administrative fees. Our results indicate that MS fund investors pay lower administrative fees, but management fees are approximately 7 basis points higher than single‐class funds. Overall, base expense ratios are higher than for single‐class funds, suggesting fund sponsors capture the cost benefits the MS structure provides. Our results are robust to different model specifications and different estimation techniques.
Competitive and Information Effects of Cross‐Border Stock Listings
Authors: Bradford Bruce M. , Martin Anna D. , Whyte Ann Marie
Published: March 2003

We examine the effect of 269 cross‐border listings on rivals in the listing and domestic markets and find that U.S. rivals experience significant gains whereas domestic rivals do not. Both competitive and information effects are important in explaining the reaction of U.S. rivals. Regarding the competitive effects, the reaction of rivals is less favorable when listings originate in developed countries and more favorable when listing firms do not have prior operating presence in the United States. Regarding the information effects, the reaction is less favorable when listings are combined with equity offerings and more favorable when the listing is the first to occur within an industry.
Do Female Mutual Fund Managers Manage Differently?
Authors: Atkinson Stanley M. , Baird Samantha Boyce , Frye Melissa B.
Published: March 2003

We examine the performance and investment behavior of female fixed‐income mutual fund managers compared with male fixed‐income mutual fund managers. We find that male‐ and female‐managed funds do not differ significantly in terms of performance, risk, and other fund characteristics. Our results suggest that differences in investment behavior often attributed to gender may be related to investment knowledge and wealth constraints. Despite the similarities between male and female managers, we find evidence that gender influences the decision making of mutual fund investors. We find that the net asset flows into funds managed by females are lower than for males, especially for the manager's initial year managing the fund.
Changing Meanings, Changing Institutions: An Institutional Analysis of Patent Legislation
Authors: Hironaka Ann
Published: March 2003

Conceptions of patents have changed significantly over the past two centuries, reflecting broad changes in state structures and the international system. In the late eighteenth century, the creation of democratic states such as the United States and France encouraged the conceptualization of patents as an economic and political right belonging to an individual, rather than to a corporate body such as a guild. A second conception of patents arose in the nineteenth century in which patents become a state‐based mechanism for motivating economic growth. In the late twentieth century, patents have become conceptualized as an essential part of the economic infrastructure of a state, for both industrialized and less developed countries. This conceptualization has allowed international development organizations to become central in the diffusion of patent legislation to less developed countries. These changes in conceptions about patents did not always occur smoothly, however. Major controversies over the role and usefulness of patents occurred in each century, implying that the diffusion of patent legislation was by no means inevitable. This paper illustrates these arguments with a historical discussion of patents and a statistical analysis that models the adoption of patent legislation for all countries from 1790–1984.
Social Capital as Process: The Meanings and Problems of a Theoretical Metaphor
Authors: Bankston III Carl L. , Zhou Min
Published: March 2003

In this study, we suggest that the difficulty in defining, locating, and measuring social capital is at core a philosophical confusion of language, and not just a consequence of excessively wide application. The term “capital” refers to resources for investment. Financial capital consists of specific quantities of assets. Human capital, a metaphorical extension of financial capital, also consists of specific quantities of assets, in the form of skills or credentials. However, social capital, a third metaphorical construction, does not consist of resources that are held by individuals or by groups but of processes of social interaction leading to constructive outcomes. Therefore, we argue, social capital is not located at any one level of analysis: it emerges across levels of analysis. The confusion over the meaning of this term, then, is a consequence of a metaphorical confusion of a substantive quantity (capital) and a process that takes place through stages (embedded, goal‐directed social relations). Locating and defining social capital is further complicated by the variability, contextuality, and conditionality of the process. Stages of social relations that lead to constructive outcomes for one group of people or in one situation may not lead to constructive outcomes for another group or in another situation. To illustrate empirically how social capital may be thought of as a process consisting of stages and to demonstrate why the concept is inherently problematic, we employ data from the 1995 interviews of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). These data enable us to examine connections among the stages of the social capital process found in the literature and to look at predictors of academic achievement, a central topic in research on this topic.
Women, Poverty, and Domestic Violence: Perceptions of Court and Legal Aid Effectiveness
Authors: Richman Kimberly D.
Published: March 2003

This study bridges a gap between research on access to justice for the poor, women’s victimization, and procedural justice by examining factors that shape poor women’s perception of the court’s effectiveness in dealing with domestic violence. Drawing on both survey and interview data gathered from clients of a federally funded clinic run by the Legal Aid Society, analyses reveal that clients are generally satisfied with and confident in the ability of the court, Legal Aid, and other institutions. Furthermore, it is revealed that mental/verbal abuse, a belief in the importance of the court in solving marital problems, and faith in procedural justice predict the perception that the court is effective in dealing with domestic violence, and that the effectiveness of other institutions is mitigated by several combinations of these and other factors. Moreover, clients are satisfied that the court’s treatment of women in particular is even‐handed, but not satisfied by its treatment of poor people (regardless of gender). Combined, these findings suggest that the relationships between gender, class, and assessments of procedural justice are nuanced, with class playing a more pronounced role.
Tackling the issue of rural–urban water transfers in the Ta’iz region, Yemen
Authors: Riaz Khalid
Published: March 2003

The Ta’iz region of Yemen is facing serious water problems. Total water use has become unsustainable. While agriculture places a heavy demand on the region’s water resources, supplies for the fast growing city and the industrial sector are severely rationed despite their much higher willingness‐to‐pay for water relative to the returns on most agricultural uses. The article considers several decentralized management options for enhancing sustainability and improving intersectoral water allocation. These include, taxing groundwater extractions, taxing inputs used in pumping groundwater, and implementing a tradable water rights regime. The first two options could lead to resource conservation but are politically difficult to implement and may not necessarily result in better intersectoral water allocation. The tradable water rights regime has potential for achieving the twin objectives of resource conservation and improved intersectoral resource allocation. If farmers’ de facto water rights were legitimized, this option would be more acceptable to them. However, the following additional conditions need to be met for making the option viable: (a) a set‐aside allocation is made for lifeline supplies for the poor; ( b) the water law provides for separation of water rights from land rights; and (c) community organizations are involved as co‐managers of the region’s water resources.
School Dropout as Predicted by Peer Rejection and Antisocial Behavior
Authors: French Doran C. , Conrad Jody
Published: March 2003

This longitudinal study assessed the prediction of school dropout from measures of antisocial behavior, social preference, and achievement. The sample was assessed at 8th grade (n= 516) and was expanded at 10th grade (n= 1157). In the 8th, but not 10th grade, rejected–antisocial students had higher dropout rates than those in other groups. Seperate logistic regression analyses were then conducted using the 8th‐ and 10th‐grade data. Across both sets of analyses, aggression and achievement, but not social preference, predicted subsequent dropout. These results, in conjunction with those of others, suggests that social preference does not uniquely predict school dropout. The possibility exists, however, that youth who are both antisocial and rejected may be at heightened risk for school dropout.
Youth Civic Engagement in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Youniss James , Bales Susan , Christmas‐Best Verona , Diversi Marcelo , McLaughlin Milbrey , Silbereisen Rainer
Published: March 2003

We enter the 21st century contending with the end of the Cold War's legacy of political uncertainty, expecting youth to play a significant part in the search for new principles that will bring about stability in the world political order. In forging the future, youth will have to collaborate with adults, but on terms more fitting of the historical circumstances that lie ahead than those of the past. This was the framework adopted by a group of social scientists who held several discussions to reflect on the issues and opportunities that bear on youth's civic engagement and development in the century that has just opened. The present article describes the results of those conversations, starting with the issue of defining civic competence, and the finding that an expansive definition is needed to match the real‐world circumstances that affect its development for youth internationally. Specific conditions, such as globalization, information – communication technology, and immigration, are emphasized as forces that affect youth and need to be taken into account by educators and policy makers. In this regard, responsibilities of schools, government, the commercial sector, and community organizations are outlined. Each is viewed as a potential constructive force for promoting engagement insofar as youth's strengths are recognized and focus is placed on building on youth's proven capacities. As always, it is youth’s task to make history in the future and society's obligation to provide youth with sufficient resources and an honest basis for hope in carrying out this task. The authors' policy recommendations are founded on this reciprocal relation that binds the youth generation with its elders in the common task of preserving, while transforming, society for the good of humanity.
Use of Risk Assessment and Life Cycle Assessment in Decision Making: A Common Policy Research Agenda
Authors: Cowell Sarah J. , Fairman Robyn , Lofstedt Ragnar E.
Published: March 2003

Quantitative risk assessment (RA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) are both analytical tools used to support decision making in environmental management. They have been developed and used by largely separate groups of specialists, and it is worth considering whether there is a common research agenda that may increase the relevance of these tools in decision‐making processes. The validity of drawing comparisons between use of the tools is established through examining key aspects of the two approaches for their similarities and differences, including the nature of each approach and contextual and methodological aspects. Six case studies involving use of each approach in public decision making are described and used to draw out concerns about using RA and LCA in this context. The following categories of concern can be distinguished: philosophical approach of the tools; quantitative versus qualitative assessment; stakeholder participation; the nature of the results; and the usefulness of the results in relation to time and financial resource requirements. These can be distilled into a common policy research agenda focusing on: the legitimacy of using tools built on a particular perspective in decision making; recognition and role of value judgments in RA and LCA; treatment of uncertainty and variability; the influence of analytical tools in focusing attention on particular aspects of a decision‐making situation; and understandability of the results for nonspecialists. It is concluded that it is time to bring together the experiences of RA and LCA specialists and benefit from cross‐fertilization of ideas.
Modeling Microbial Growth Within Food Safety Risk Assessments
Authors: Ross Thomas , McMeekin Thomas Alexander
Published: March 2003

Risk estimates for food‐borne infection will usually depend heavily on numbers of microorganisms present on the food at the time of consumption. As these data are seldom available directly, attention has turned to predictive microbiology as a means of inferring exposure at consumption. Codex guidelines recommend that microbiological risk assessment should explicitly consider the dynamics of microbiological growth, survival, and death in foods. This article describes predictive models and resources for modeling microbial growth in foods, and their utility and limitations in food safety risk assessment. We also aim to identify tools, data, and knowledge sources, and to provide an understanding of the microbial ecology of foods so that users can recognize model limits, avoid modeling unrealistic scenarios, and thus be able to appreciate the levels of confidence they can have in the outputs of predictive microbiology models. The microbial ecology of foods is complex. Developing reliable risk assessments involving microbial growth in foods will require the skills of both microbial ecologists and mathematical modelers. Simplifying assumptions will need to be made, but because of the potential for apparently small errors in growth rate to translate into very large errors in the estimate of risk, the validity of those assumptions should be carefully assessed. Quantitative estimates of absolute microbial risk within narrow confidence intervals do not yet appear to be possible. Nevertheless, the expression of microbial ecology knowledge in “predictive microbiology” models does allow decision support using the tools of risk assessment.
From Slavery to Hate Crime Laws: The Emergence of Race and Status‐Based Protection in American Criminal Law
Authors: Levin Brian
Published: March 2003

Criminal laws that punish discriminatory “hate crime” offenses relating to race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, and other status characteristics trace their roots back to the nation’s founding. Unlike today, in early America, status distinctions in law, particularly racial ones, were intended to restrict the exercise of civil rights. Today’s hate crime laws are the refined modern progeny of an important class of remedial post–Civil War laws and constitutional amendments. Although the Supreme Court has vigorously upheld enhanced punishment for hate crimes over the last decade, it has also established restrictions on the government’s authority to punish bigoted conduct and expression. This article examines, through an analysis of historic cases, laws, and constitutional changes, the legal evolution that culminated in the passage of modern hate crime laws.
Japanese Language Educators’ Strategies for and Attitudes toward Teaching Kanji
Authors: Shimizu Hideko , Green Kathy E.
Published: March 2003

The attitudes of 251 second language teachers toward kanji and their choices of instructional strategies for teaching kanji were explored in this study. Principal component analysis resulted in the identification of 6 statistically reliable domains representing underlying attitudes toward teaching kanji (cultural tradition, difficulty of kanji, affective orientation, aptitudes, usefulness of kanji, and expectation for the future of kanji) and 3 instructional strategies (context, memory, and rote learning). Descriptive statistics revealed that the most positive attitude was toward the “usefulness of kanji” and that the most common instructional strategy was “rote learning.” Canonical correlation revealed a statistically significant correlation between 3 attitude variables—affective orientation, usefulness of kanji, and cultural tradition—and 2 instructional strategies—memory and context strategies. The results showed that: (a) the underlying attitudes toward teaching kanji and teaching strategies were multidimensional and complex, and (b) teachers who appreciated the cultural tradition in kanji and its practical utility tended to have a more positive affect and were more likely to utilize memory and contextual strategies for teaching kanji, although rote learning strategies were the most frequent among all teachers.
Explicitly Teaching for Transfer: Effects on the Mathematical Problem‐Solving Performance of Students with Mathematics Disabilities
Authors: Fuchs Lynn S. , Fuchs Douglas , Hamlett Carol L. , Appleton Amanda C.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to explore methods to enhance mathematical problem solving for students with mathematics disabilities (MD). A small‐group problem‐solving tutoring treatment incorporated explicit instruction on problem‐solution rules and on transfer. The transfer component was designed to increase awareness of the connections between novel and familiar problems by broadening the categories by which students group problems requiring the same solution methods and by prompting students to search novel problems for these broad categories. To create a stringent test of efficacy, we incorporated a computer‐assisted practice condition, which provided students with direct practice on real‐world problem‐solving tasks. We randomly assigned 40 students to problem‐solving tutoring, computer‐assisted practice, problem‐solving tutoring plus computer‐assisted practice, or control, and pre‐ and posttested students on three problem‐solving tasks. On story problems and transfer story problems, tutoring (with or without computer‐assisted practice) effected reliably stronger growth compared to control; effects on real‐world problem solving, although moderate to large, were not statistically significant. Computer‐assisted practice added little value beyond tutoring but, alone, yielded moderate effects on two measures.
Organization and Management of Executive Departments: Executive Summary
Authors: Dean Alan
Published: March 2003

From the adoption of the Constitution in 1787, the executive department has been the primary vehicle through which the government of the United States has administered its programs. Their organization and effectiveness are therefore matters that demand constant attention.
Building Dynamic Capabilities in New Product Development through Intertemporal Integration
Authors: Marsh Sarah J. , Stock Gregory N.
Published: March 2003

Although successful development of a given product may help explain the current success of a firm, creating longer‐term competitive advantage demands significantly more attention to developing and nurturing dynamic integration capabilities. These capabilities propel product development activities in ways that build on and develop technological and marketing capabilities for future product development efforts and create platforms for future product development. In this article, we develop a conceptual model of a dynamic integration process in product development, which we call intertemporal integration (ITI). In its most general form ITI is defined as the process of collecting, interpreting, and internalizing technological and marketing capabilities from past new product development projects and incorporating that knowledge in a systematic and purposeful manner into the development of future new products. Research propositions outlining the relationship of ITI to performance are presented. We provide specific examples of managerial mechanisms to be used in implementing ITI.

We conclude with implications for research and practice. Effective management of ITI can increase new product development success and long‐term competitive advantage. This implies that management needs to engage in activities that gather and transform information and knowledge from prior development projects so that it can be used in future development projects. Project audits, design databases in computer‐aided design (CAD) systems, engineering notebooks, collections of test and experimental results, market research and test market results, project management databases, and other activities will all be important in the acquisition of knowledge from prior new product development (NPD) projects. Managers also should initiate the creation and maintenance of databases of technical and marketing information from prior projects, job performance reports, seminars and workshops related to technological issues and advances, and publication of technical journals to assist in the process of knowledge acquisition. Similarly, techniques such as assigning project managers from earlier development projects, reusing key components and technologies, and developing a company‐wide methodology for managing projects can be used to boost the application and use of knowledge.
Theory and the Public Administration Student/Practitioner
Authors: Cunningham Robert , Weschler Louis
Published: March 2003

The modern theory that dominates our classrooms and training programs meets the needs of staff‐oriented practitioners and public administration students. Line managers, present and future, are less well served by our offerings. Open systems and constructed reality describe both postmodern theory and the world faced by the line manager. Incorporating the learning principles imbedded in postmodernism would add diversity and strength to our MPA curricula.
Testing for Bias in the Impact of AmeriCorps Service on Volunteer Participants: Evidence of Success in Achieving a Neutrality Program Objective
Authors: Simon Christopher A.
Published: March 2003

During its nine years of existence, AmeriCorps has had a tremendous impact on its volunteers and the communities it serves. Despite concerns expressed by the Republican congressional leadership, the Corporation for National and Community Service—the federally funded administrative organization that directs AmeriCorps programs at the national level—has made clear its intention to operate in a nonpartisan, politically neutral manner. A study of AmeriCorps programs in four western states finds the corporation is accomplishing its “neutrality” objective and is rebuilding a sense of civic–mindedness in a manner that lacks gender or racial bias—a critical element in reestablishing a strong choral society—all the while properly respecting diversity.
Dollars and Decisions: Fiscal Policy and Administration in the American States
Authors: Clingermayer James C.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Glenn Beamer, Creative Politics: Taxes and Public Goods in a Federal System

David Brunori, State Tax Policy: A Political Perspective

Kurt M. Thurmaier and Katherine G. Willoughby, Policy and Politics in State Budgeting
The Bias of the RSR Estimator and the Accuracy of Some Alternatives
Authors: Goetzmann William N. , Peng Liang
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes the implications of cross‐sectional heteroskedasticity in the repeat sales regression (RSR). RSR estimators are essentially geometric averages of individual asset returns because of the logarithmic transformation of price relatives. We show that the cross‐sectional variance of asset returns affects the magnitude of the bias in the average return estimate for each period, while reducing the bias for the surrounding periods. It is not easy to use an approximation method to correct the bias problem. We suggest an unbiased maximum likelihood alternative to the RSR that directly estimates index returns, which we term MLRSR. The unbiased MLRSR estimators are analogous to the RSR estimators but are arithmetic averages of individual asset returns. Simulations show that these estimators are robust to time‐varying cross‐sectional variance and that the MLRSR may be more accurate than RSR and some alternative methods.
Authors’ Perceptions and Preferences Among Real Estate Journals: An Editors’ Note
Authors: Geltner David , Ling David C. , Thibodeau Thomas G.
Published: March 2003

As current editors of Real Estate Economics (REE) we feel it is our responsibility to offer our readers some comments regarding the preceding article by Gibler and Ziobrowski. Our comments are intended to convey our policy regarding publication of articles of this nature, as well as some relevant facts about the current publication process performance of the Journal.
Family Configurations and Child‐Care Patterns: Familes with Two or More Preschool‐Age Children
Authors: Harris Kathleen Mullan , Raley R. Kelly , Rindfuss Ronald R.
Published: March 2003

Objectives. This article examines the extent to which mothers must find child‐care arrangements for more than one preschool child and, when they do, the strategies they adopt to juggle their work and family roles. Methods. We use national data from numerous studies with information on fertility and child care among employed mothers with children. Results. We find that it is a common life‐course experience for mothers to need child care for two or more preschool‐age children. Employed mothers’ preferred strategy for child care for their multiple preschool‐age children is to place all preschoolers in the same type of arrangement, choosing parental care more often and center care less often than employed mothers with one preschooler. Conclusions. Previous child‐care research has ignored the complexities parents face when they must make child‐care decisions about all their preschool‐age children simultaneously. Child‐care decisions need to be studied within the family and household context.
Who Benefits the Most? The Unequal Allocation of Transfers in the Israeli Welfare State
Authors: Lewin Alisa C. , Stier Haya
Published: March 2003

Objective. This article critically examines contradictions within the Israeli welfare system, and asks how welfare transfers affect poverty for different social groups. Methods. Using data from Israel’s 1996 Income Survey conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics, the analysis focuses on households with working‐age heads, and compares poverty rates, before and after transfers among three groups: (1) recent immigrants; (2) Arabs; and (3) ultra‐orthodox Jews (Haredim), distinguishing between couple‐ and female‐headed households. Results. The results show that social welfare policy is more effective in aiding recent immigrants, who are entitled to special benefits, than aiding Arabs. The findings also show that transfers have a stronger effect in reducing poverty among female‐headed families than among couple‐headed families, thus reducing the gap between these two types of households. Conclusions. Israeli welfare policy reduces poverty, but this effect differs substantially by social group. While formally Israel is considered a universalistic welfare state, for historical and ideological reasons certain social groups, such as Jewish immigrants, have been favored and granted extra benefits, while others, such as Arabs, were neglected.
A Test of the Errors‐in‐Expectations Explanation of the Value/Glamour Stock Returns Performance: Evidence from Analysts' Forecasts
Authors: Doukas John A. , Kim Chansog (Francis) , Pantzalis Christos
Published: March 2003

Several empirical studies show that investment strategies that favor the purchase of stocks with low prices relative to conventional measures of value yield higher returns. Some of these studies imply that investors are too optimistic about (glamour) stocks that have had good performance in the recent past and too pessimistic about (value) stocks that have performed poorly. We examine whether investors systematically overestimate (underestimate) the future earnings performance of glamour (value) stocks over the 1976 to 1997 period. Our results fail to support the extrapolation hypothesis that posits that the superior performance of value stocks is because investors make systematic errors in predicting future growth in earnings of out‐of‐favor stocks.
Empirical Evaluation of Asset‐Pricing Models: A Comparison of the SDF and Beta Methods
Authors: Jagannathan Ravi , Wang Zhenyu
Published: March 2003

The stochastic discount factor (SDF) method provides a unified general framework for econometric analysis of asset‐pricing models. There have been concerns that, compared to the classical beta method, the generality of the SDF method comes at the cost of efficiency in parameter estimation and power in specification tests. We establish the correct framework for comparing the two methods and show that the SDF method is as efficient as the beta method for estimating risk premiums. Also, the specification test based on the SDF method is as powerful as the one based on the beta method.
Hepatitis C Virus Glycoproteins Interact with DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR
Authors: Pöhlmann Stefan , Zhang Jie , Baribaud Frédéric , Chen Zhiwei , Leslie George J. , Lin George , Granelli-Piperno Angela , Doms Robert W. , Rice Charles M. , McKeating Jane A.
Published: March 2003

DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR are two closely related membrane-associated C-type lectins that bind human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein with high affinity. Binding of HIV to cells expressing DC-SIGN or DC-SIGNR can enhance the efficiency of infection of cells coexpressing the specific HIV receptors. DC-SIGN is expressed on some dendritic cells, while DC-SIGNR is localized to certain endothelial cell populations, including hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells. We found that soluble versions of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 glycoprotein and retrovirus pseudotypes expressing chimeric forms of both HCV E1 and E2 glycoproteins bound efficiently to DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR expressed on cell lines and primary human endothelial cells but not to other C-type lectins tested. Soluble E2 bound to immature and mature human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). Binding of E2 to immature MDDCs was dependent on DC-SIGN interactions, while binding to mature MDDCs was partly independent of DC-SIGN, suggesting that other cell surface molecules may mediate HCV glycoprotein interactions. HCV interactions with DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR may contribute to the establishment or persistence of infection both by the capture and delivery of virus to the liver and by modulating dendritic cell function.
Influenza A Virus-Infected Hosts Boost an Invasive Type ofStreptococcus pyogenesInfection in Mice
Authors: Okamoto Shigefumi , Kawabata Shigetada , Nakagawa Ichiro , Okuno Yoshinobu , Goto Toshiyuki , Sano Kouichi , Hamada Shigeyuki
Published: March 2003

The apparent worldwide resurgence of invasiveStreptococcus pyogenesinfection in the last two decades remains unexplained. At present, animal models in which toxic shock-like syndrome or necrotizing fasciitis is induced afterS. pyogenesinfection are not well developed. We demonstrate here that infection with a nonlethal dose of influenza A virus 2 days before intranasal infection with a nonlethal dose ofS. pyogenesstrains led to a death rate of more than 90% in mice, 10% of which showed necrotizing fasciitis. Infection of lung alveolar epithelial cells by the influenza A virus resulted in viral hemagglutinin expression on the cell surface and promoted internalization ofS. pyogenes. However, treatment with monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin markedly decreased this internalization. Our results indicate that prior infection with influenza A virus induces a lethal synergism, resulting in the induction of invasiveS. pyogenesinfection in mice.
ELEMENTS OF RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM MECHANICS FOR FINAL STATE INTERACTIONS
Authors: Pichowsky M. A.
Published: March 2003

In the baryon resonance region the likelihood that electroproduction reactions will lead to multiple hadron production either in the final-state or in intermediate states requires a framework capable of describing the non-perturbative, coupled-channels nature of hadron scattering. For applications in the energy region accessible to the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, such a framework must be Poincaré covariant, electromagnetic gauge invariant and unitary. These aspects of final-state interactions and how they have been implemented into frameworks based on the instant-form of relativistic quantum mechanics are briefly outlined.