bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
French discourse markers in Shaba Swahili conversations
Authors: de Rooij Vincent A.
Published: February 2009

One of the most striking characteristics of Shaba Swahili/French conversations is the near-exclusive use of French discourse markers. It is shown that from a structural point of view, the use of French markers presents no serious problems. Of course, the mere structural possibility of switching French markers cannot explain their near- categorical use. This phenomenon is best explained by taking into account the function of discourse markers as elements that create and strengthen discourse cohesion and coherence. In order to accomplish this task, discourse markers have to be as salient as possible. In bilingual discourse, this saliency may be maximized by using discourse markers from the language that is most salient. Since the language of morpho-syntax in Shaba Swahili/French discourse is Shaba Swahili, French markers stand out more clearly and have a higher contrastive value than their Shaba Swahili counterparts. Hence, French discourse markers are used instead of their Shaba Swahili equivalents. The importance of increasing contrastiveness as a way of maximizing saliency is evident from the fact that French markers are predominantly accompanied by pauses and/or prosodic cues, and from the fact that they predominantly occur in all-Shaba Swahili contexts, that is, they are followed and preceded by Shaba Swahili material in the majority of cases.
The evolution of a Bilingual Discourse Marking System: Modal particles and English markers in German-American dialects
Authors: Goss Emily L. , Salmons Joseph C.
Published: February 2009

Previous studies (Clyne, 1972, 1987; Salmons, 1990) have shown that German dialects in long-term contact with English have both borrowed key English discourse markers ( well, you know, and so on) and lost much of the native discourse- marking system of German (most notably the “modal particles”). For the study of language- contact change, discourse markers are particularly interesting, first as items in a sense on the boundary between ordinary lexical items and structural borrowing, and second because they are typically salient to bilingual speakers. This paper uses Myers-Scotton's Matrix Language- Frame model to examine new evidence on the diachronic process leading to this contemporary situation. We draw on the representation of spoken language in two German-language dramas written around the turn of the 20th century, one in Wisconsin and the other in Texas. The data suggest that English markers first entered German speech as emblematic codeswitches and eventually became established borrowings, which then paved the way for loss of the native system.
Do bilingual two-year-olds have separate phonological systems?
Authors: Paradis Johanne
Published: February 2009

The present study was designed to examine whether bilingual two-year-olds have differentiated phonological systems and if so, whether there are crosslinguistic influences between them. Eighteen English-speaking monolingual, 18 Frenchspeaking monolingual and 17 French-English bilingual children (mean age=30 months) participated in a nonsense-word repetition task. The children's syllable omissions/truncations of the four-syllable target words were analyzed for the presence of patterns specific to French and English and for similarities and dissimilarities between the monolinguals and bilinguals in each language. Results indicate that bilingual two-year-olds have separate but nonautonomous phonological systems. Explanations for the form and directionality of crosslinguistic effects are discussed.
Bilingualism, gender, and ideology
Authors: Pavlenko Aneta
Published: February 2009

The purpose of the present paper is to theorize the relationship between bilingualism and gender within a feminist post structuralist framework. I suggest that all language contact phenomena, including bilingualism, acquire different meanings indifferent contexts and can be linked to gender only indirectly. In some contexts, where bilingual skills are highly valued, they may become a means for one group to dominate the other, while in others bilingualism and cultural mediation are constructed as “servile” occupations and assigned to the less powerful group. Depending on gender relations in minority and majority communities, the values and benefits of monolingualism and bilingualism may be different for men and women. In some situations, knowledge of the majority language would be useful to everyone in the community, in others, the majority language is more useful for men than for women, and yet in others, it is women who profit most by shifting to the majority language. In sum, it is argued that it is not the essential nature of femininity or masculinity that defines the patterns of bilingualism, language maintenance or language shift, but rather the nature of gender, social, and economic relations, and ideologies of language and gender that mediate these relations.
“Token Codeswitching” and language alternation in narrative discourse: A Functional-Pragmatic approach
Authors: Reershemius Gertrud
Published: February 2009

This study is concerned with two phenomena of language alternation in biographic narrations in Yiddish and Low German, based on spoken language data recorded between 1988 and 1995. In both phenomena language alternation serves as an additional communicative tool which can be applied by bilingual speakers to enlarge their set of interactional devices in order to ensure a smoother or more pointed processing of communicative aims. The first phenomenon is a narrative strategy that I call Token

Codeswitching: In a bilingual narrative culminating in a line of reported speech, a single element of L2 indicates the original language of the reconstructed dialogue—a token for a quote. The second phenomenon has to do with directing procedures, carried out by the speaker and aimed at guiding the hearer's attention, which are frequently carried out in L2, supporting the hearer's attention at crucial points in the interaction. Both phenomena are analyzed following a model of narrative discourse as proposed in the framework of Functional Pragmatics. The model allows the adoption of an integral approach to previous findings in codeswitching research.
Bilingualism and the relationship between perception and production: Greek/English bilinguals and Thai bilabial stops
Authors: Francis Beach Elizabeth , Burnham Denis , Kitamura Christine
Published: February 2009

This study investigates two issues: the effect of bilingualism(Greek/AustralianEnglish) on speakers' ability to perceive unfamiliar speech contrasts (in this case Thai); and whether speakers' speech productions bear any relationship to their speech perception. Thai has three bilabial stop contrasts in word-initial position, voiced /b/,voiceless /p/ and voiceless aspirated /ph/. English and Greek both have two-way voicing distinctions, voiced /b/ and voiceless /p/, but in the wordinitial position in English, /p/ is realized as an aspirated [ph] and only occurs as an unaspirated [p] when in other than the initial position. Experiment 1 examined the perception of Thai bilabial stops by monolingual Australian-English speakers, bilingual Greek/Australian-English speakers, and a control group of Thai speakers. Experiment 2 examined the production of bilabial stops by these speaker groups. The results of Experiment 1 show no difference between the three speaker groups when discriminating the Thai distinctions /ba/ versus /p}a/ and /pa/ versus /p}a/. However, there was a tendency for Greek/Australian-English speakers to discriminate /ba/ versus /pa/ better than monolingual English speakers. More importantly, when participants were classified on the basis of their production profiles obtained in Experiment 2, Greek/Australian-English speakers with extreme voice onset times for /ba/ and /pa/ productions showed comparable perceptual performance to that of the Thai speakers. These results suggest that bilinguals who exaggerate the voicing differences between sounds when speaking, best perceive these differences when listening. These findings show that production profiles are an important adjunct to the assessment of bilingual speakers, and have important implications for the interface between perception and production.
Lexical morphology and verb use in child first language loss: A preliminary case study investigation
Authors: Anderson Raquel T.
Published: February 2009

In this paper, preliminary longitudinal data on the effects of first language loss on verb inflection and use by two Spanish-speaking siblings who were in an English-speaking environment were gathered. Both children were followed for approximately two years and were video-recorded while interacting with a familiar Spanish-speaking adult. Spontaneous Spanish speech samples were used to monitor patterns of L1 loss in the children's use of verbal lexemes and inflections. Bybee's (1985,1995) lexical morphology model was followed to predict the course of L1 loss. In particular, the concepts of semantic relevancy and input frequency, and their effects on verbal inflection in a child L1 loss context were examined. Results in general follow the predictions made by Bybee's model. Specifically, less semantically relevant distinctions, such as person/number inflection, appear to be more vulnerable to loss. Frequency of use also appears to impact the relative strength of verbal schemas. Nevertheless, individual differences were noted in the degree of loss observed. Directions for future research in the area of verbal morphology and language loss in children are suggested.
Psychological and sociodemographic correlates of communicative anxiety in L2 and L3 production
Authors: Dewaele Jean-Marc
Published: February 2009

This paper analyses foreign language anxiety in the French L2 and English L3 speech production of 100 Flemish students. The findings suggest that foreign language anxiety is not a stable personality trait among experienced language learners. The societal as well as the individual contexts were found to determine levels of communicative anxiety. The perception of French as the former prestige language in Flanders and its function as a social marker was found to be linked to the participants' social class, which was, in turn, linked to levels of anxiety in French — but not in English. This social effect appeared to be a stronger predictor of communicative anxiety in French than three personality variables (extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism). Psychoticism, extraversion, and, to a lesser extent, neuroticism did however significantly predict levels of communicative anxiety in English L3 production. Students who scored high on the extraversion and psychoticism scales reported significant lower levels of communicative anxiety in English. Those who scored low on the neuroticism scale also tended to report lower levels of communicative anxiety in English. The same pattern emerged for communicative anxiety in French without reaching statistical significance.
“Global” and “Local” identities in the discourses of British-born Caribbeans
Authors: Sebba Mark , Tate Shirley
Published: February 2009

British Caribbeans manifest both a “global” and a “local” identity through complex language behavior including codeswitching. It is the Creole which most connects “globally” — to other speakers of Creole, to the British youth culture which now accepts Creole/patois as an element, and to the world-wide Black music culture. Meanwhile “English” for black speakers is more likely to mean a local variety of English, for example, London, Birmingham, or Manchester, which identifies the speaker as a member of the local community.

In this paper we start from the viewpoint that “identities” are texts of social practice based on the identifications made in interactions between individuals(in this case, conversations). Looking both at the content of discourse( what is said) and the medium used(the l anguage or language variety used in an utterance) we attempt to illustrate how global diasporic discourses of identity are reproduced at the local level. We argue that the “global” and “local” identities of British Caribbeans manifest and reproduce themselves through everyday discourse, and are constructed through identifications in which the choice of language and the choice of words interact and are both significant.
Frequency and intentionality in (un)marked choices in codeswitching: “This is a 24-hour country”
Authors: Myers-Scotton Carol
Published: February 2009

This paper has three, related goals. Its main goal is to provide quantitative evidence supporting the claim that in bilingual conversation the unmarked choice can be identified via a frequency-based criterion(cf. Myers-Scotton,1993b). Accordingly, frequency also identifies the marked choice. Second, it shows that not all participants in the same conversation necessarily have the same unmarked choice. Data come from a Malawian family temporarily living in the United States. Both parents and the children engage in codeswitching, but how the two languages are employed and their frequency within the overall codeswitching pattern shows that for the parents, English is marked, while for the children Chicheŵa is marked. Finally, the paper reinforces the argument that people are rational actors in the sense that they perceive selecting one way of speaking over another as a means to optimize their outcomes in interpersonal relationships(cf. Myers-Scotton, 1998; Myers-Scotton & Bolonyai, 2001). When speakers are bilingual and codeswitching is a component of the community, the types of code choices they make in codeswitching conversations become a means of achieving such goals. Specifically, marked choices become self-presentations.
The role of markedness in the acquisition of complex prosodic structures by German-Spanish bilinguals
Authors: Lleó Conxita
Published: February 2009

A tendency to limit prosodic words(PW) to the size of a metrical foot has often been acknowledged in early stages of acquisition and truncation has been shown to accomplish this size constraint. Interestingly, after the onefoot stage, children acquiring English or Dutch tend to enlargetheir productions by one foot, whereas at least for children acquiring Spanish, a stage, in which PWs comprise a foot preceded by an unfooted syllable, immediately follows the one-foot stage. Early productions(between 1;5 and 2;2/2;4) of children acquiring German and Spanish in monolingual and bilingual conditions constitute the empirical basis for this paper. The monolingual cross-linguistic results show quantitative differences between the truncation of the Spanishand German-speaking children and different ways in which these two groups of children overcome the size restriction and acquire complex words. These differences are accounted for within Optimality Theory, couched in Metrical Phonology, by means of two different grammars, that is, two different constraint hierarchies. The emergence of these different grammars is relevant for the analysis of the transition to complex prosodic structures in bilinguals and for the analysis of the relationships between their two phonological modules. An interaction of the two languages is found, the outcome of which is mainly attributed to markedness.
Lexical cohesion in multilingual conversation
Authors: Angermeyer Philipp Sebastian
Published: February 2009

Many studies have shown intersentential codeswitching to be related to conversational structure. In this paper, I argue that insertion can be explained in these terms as well. Drawing on Halliday's and Hasan's(1976) notion of cohesive tie, I claim that insertions are a consequence of the bilingual speaker's attempt to create coherence between utterances in different languages. By repeating a lexical item from a previous utterance even if the language of interaction has changed, a speaker establishes lexical cohesion between the two utterances. Interpreting insertion as the result of lexical cohesion serves to explain some crosslinguistic characteristics of insertion, namely the dominance of nouns(as lexical cohesion is basically restricted to open class items), and the asymmetry between the languages(as lexical choice is influenced by the context in which a lexical item is used and language choice is restricted in many contexts). Furthermore, the analysis eliminates the need to distinguish between loanwords, nonce-borrowings, Furthermore, the analysis eliminates the need to distinguishbetween loanwords, nonce-borrowings, or single-item codeswitches, as a lexical item is no longer defined in relationship to the lexicon of the language in whose context it occurs, but rather by the cohesive tie in which it participates.
Nonparellel recovery of languages in a quadrilingual aphasic patient
Authors: Filiputti Dario , Tavano Alessandro , Vorano Lorenza , De Luca Guido , Fabbro Franco
Published: February 2009

This case study aims to investigate whether the treatment of only one language (L2) of a multilingual fluent aphasic(L1 Slovenian, L2 Italian, L3 Friulian, L4 English) results in a parallel improvement of all languages and whether the hypothesized benefits of rehabilitation last four years after the end of treatment. After a first assessment by means of the Aachener Aphasie Test (AAT) and the Bilingual Aphasia Test(BAT), the patient has been treated for six months in Italian(L2), subsequently tested again, and finally retested four years after the ischaemic lesion.

The resulting recovery pattern is non parallel, with a significant improvement of the language of treatment—Italian—L2—and of Friulian—L3 and of English—L4 and a significant decrease of Slovenian—L1 between the second and the third assessments. Results seem to provide evidence that rehabilitation effects are maintained four years after the end of treatment.
Learning English and losing Chinese: A case study of a child adopted from China
Authors: Nicoladis Elena , Grabois Howard
Published: February 2009

Studies of early language acquisition show that children focus on the language in their environment toward the end of the first year. This study concerned the acquisition of English and the loss of Chinese by a child adopted from China into an English-speaking family in Canada at the age of 17 months. As she was adopted after the age of one year, her switch to English might be expected to be slow and difficult. The child's production and comprehension of Chinese and English were observed from four weeks after her arrival. Her acquisition of English was remarkably fast, as was her loss of Chinese. These data suggest that the child's language acquisition was founded on already established social and communicative processes. Her previous exposure to Chinese may have allowed her to learn about language use in general, thus facilitating her rapid acquisition of English.
Roles of linguistic knowledge, metacognitive knowledge and processing speed in L3, L2 and L1 reading comprehension
Authors: van Gelderen Amos , Schoonen Rob , de Glopper Kees , Hulstijn Jan , Snellings Patrick , Simis Annegien , Stevenson Marie
Published: February 2009

In this article we present an analysis of the relationship between L3 reading comprehension and its constituent skills for bilingual Dutch students for whom English is a third language(L3) compared to monolingual Dutch students for whom English is a second language(L2). An analogous analysis is made for their Dutch reading comprehension, Dutch being their L2 and L1 respectively. Participants are 13/14 year-old secondary school students. The point of departure in the analyses is a regression model in which reading proficiency is decomposed into three types of constituent components: linguistic knowledge(vocabulary and grammar), speed of processing linguistic knowledge(lexical access and sentence comprehension), and metacognitive knowledge(of text characteristics and strategies for reading and writing). Using structural equation modeling, we determined the contribution of constituent skills to Dutch L2 and L1, and English L3 and L2 reading comprehension. The results showed that, despite differences between the two groups in Dutch and English reading comprehension, no differences between the groups were found in the pattern of regression weights on the three types of constituent skills. Possible implications of these findings are discussed.
Acquiring writing skills in a third language: The positive effects of bilingualism
Authors: Sagasta Errasti María Pilar
Published: February 2009

The Threshold Hypothesis states that it is students who develop a high level of competence in two languages that most benefit from their bilingualism. This is borne out by findings that show children who have added a second language to their linguistic repertoire are better at acquiring a third language. However, fostering additive bilingualism in education is a complex process. The language used at school is definitely crucial, but active use of the target language is also essential for students to attain a high level of competence. In the case of a minority language, active use can be even more important because its development often depends on school instruction alone. This paper reports on a study carried out on 155 bilingual adolescents, aged 12—16, in a school in the Basque Country(Northern Spain). The language of instruction is Basque(minority language). Spanish(majority language) is taught as a subject for 3-4hours a week as is English (foreign language). The students have been learning through the medium of Basque since the beginning of their schooling. Spanish and English were introduced in grade 3 when students were eight. For half of the students(78) their education through the medium of Basque constitutes a maintenance program whilst it is an immersion program for the other half (77). The results show that all the adolescents are highly competent in Basque and Spanish but that it is the students who use Basque in more language domains, who get the best scores in English.
The additive effect of bilingualism on third language acquisition: A review
Authors: Cenoz Jasone
Published: February 2009

This article looks at the general effects of bilingualism on cognitive development and highlights the specific effects of bilingualism on third language acquisition. First, it examines the effects of bilingualism on cognitive development, metalinguistic awareness and communicative skills and then, it focuses on the specific effects of bilingualism on third language proficiency by discussing the results of several research studies conducted in different settings and contexts. An important distinction is made between studies focusing on the acquisition of general proficiency in the third language and studies that examine specific aspects of third language proficiency. The effects of bilingualism on third language acquisition are discussed as related to the experience acquired by third language learners in the process of second language acquisition and the effects of bilingualism on metalinguistic awareness and communicative skills. These effects are also discussed with reference to the concepts of additive bilingualism(Lambert, 1974), the threshold hypothesis(Cummins,1976) and the distinction between control of attention and analysis (Bialystok, 1991).
Investigating the sociolinguistic gender paradox in a multilingual community: A case study from the Republic of Palau
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuko , Britain David
Published: February 2009

The focus of this article is the supposed “Gender Paradox,” proposed by Labov(1990,2001), which suggests that women are both sometimes conservative and sometimes innovative in terms of linguistic variation and change. Here we explore the paradox from two perspectives: we in vestigate both its applicability to multilingual as opposed to multidialectal communities as well as question whether the paradox is methodological or real. Although much sociolinguistic research on the paradox has been on macro studies of men versus women in monolingual multidialectal communities, this paper presents quantitative analyses supplemented by in-depth ethnographic observation and data collection in a multilingual Japanese-Palauan community of the Western Pacific. What is more, and perhaps somewhat surprisingly, the “conservatism” and “innovation” of women in the community under scrutiny is represented by the use of the very same language—Japanese. For older Japanese-Palauan women, the greater use of Japanese represents adherence to their heritage language. Among younger Japanese-Palauan women(most of whom are bilingual in Palauan and English), however, the use of Japanese represents a change to wards a language highly valued in the economy as essential for the promotion of tourism and trade. Since our results demonstrate that the effects of gender on language behavior may appear in differences within sex groupings, we conclude that the paradox is methodological, rather than real, and is a result of the distillling of gender down to binary male-female categories of analysis, rather than investigating the complexity of gender more qualitatively. Our ethnographic analysis of multilingual data from Palau presented here demonstrates that function as well as form are important in understanding seemingly paradoxical examples of language shift, as well as highlighting the need both for further research on the effects of gender in multilingual communities and the combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis in studies of language change.
Bilingual Episodic Memory
Authors: Schrauf Robert W. , Pavlenko Aneta , Dewaele Jean-Marc
Published: February 2009

Our current models of bilingual memory are essentially accounts of semantic memory whose goal is to explain bilingual lexical access to underlying imagistic and conceptual referents. While this research has included episodic memory, it has focused largely on recall for words, phrases, and sentences in the service of understanding the structure of semantic memory. Building on the four papers in this special issue, this article focuses on larger units of episodic memory(from quotidian events with simple narrative form to complex autobiographical memories) in service of developing a model of bilingual episodic memory. This requires integrating theory and research on how culture-specific narrative traditions inform encoding and retrieval with theory and research on the relation between(monolingual) semantic and episodic memory(Schank, 1982; Schank & Abelson, 1995; Tulving, 2002). Then, taking a cue from memory-based text processing studies in psycholinguistics(McKoon & Ratcliff, 1998), we suggest that as language forms surface in the progressive retrieval of features of an event, they trigger further forms within the same language serving to guide a within-language/ within-culture retrieval.
A protocol analysis of retrieval in bilingual autobiographical memory
Authors: Schrauf Robert W.
Published: February 2009

Effortful retrieval of specific memories may be characterized as a step-wise procedure in which a chain of associations(imagery, language, feelings, concepts) is activated and the information matched to search requirements until a target memory is triggered. This paper addresses the issue of how a bilingual might employ both languages to trigger a sought-after memory. Ten Spanish-English speaking bilinguals were cued with words in Spanish and English in blocked conditions on separate days and asked to “think aloud” while searching for an autobiographical incident related to the cue word. Protocols were transcribed and coded for kinds of mental states(visual imagery, emotion, concepts, and linguistic elements) intervening between the cue and the final memory. A Friedman ANOVA indicated that visual imagery was the most frequent state accessed. Inspection of the protocols in which language played a role suggested that bilinguals both consciously translated cues and made automatic associations within-and across-languages at morphological, lexical, and semantic levels to trigger memories.
Review article: Multilingual behavior among young New-Scandinavians
Authors: Kulbrandstad Lars Anders
Published: February 2009

The volumes 10 and 11 of the Køge series of the Copenhagen Studies in Bilingualism offer articles on various aspects of the language use among bilinguals in Scandinavia, primarily in Denmark, but to a certain extent also in Sweden and Norway. Both volumes are edited by J.Normann Jørgensen at Copenhagen University. The majority of the articles have sprung out of the socalled Køge project—a longitudinal study in which Turkish-Danish bilingual students in the city of Køge south of Copenhagen were followed from grade 1 through grade 9 of the Folkeskole (the Danish public school)(see Turan, 1999). In this review I present the content of each of the two volumes, giving a more detailed account of some of the articles that I find particularly interesting to an international audience.
Prosodic Mixes: Strategies in Multilingual Language Acquisition
Authors: Cruz-Ferreira Madalena
Published: February 2009

The paper reports preliminary findings of an ongoing study of prosodic mixes in the speech of three trilingual siblings. The children are primary bilinguals in Portuguese and Swedish,and acquired English as the language of schooling. Prosodic mixes are defined as the intrusion of prosodic patterns of one language into another.

From the earliest stages of linguistic development, the children made use of prosodic strategies in order to communicate in their native languages, clearly indicating that they take prosody as a crucial conveyor of both linguistic meaning and linguistic identity. The current transfer of foreign intonation patterns to a native language involves pasting of English prosodic patterns onto segmental structures of Portuguese that are either equivalent or made equivalent to their English counterparts. The mixed patterns do not however replace all instances of corresponding adequate native patterns,suggesting that the process is not one of mechanical transfer but of experimentation.

In the light of these observations, it is argued that prosodic mixes constitute evidence of strategies that multilingual children appear to develop in their process of language acquisition,and that consist in testing,in other languages at their disposal,the meaningful patterns observed in one language.
Early lexical, morphological and syntactic development in French: Some complex relations
Authors: Veneziano Edy
Published: February 2009

This paper presents fine-grained longitudinal analyses of one child's language production over the period of change from single to multiword utterances. For a better understanding of the developmental processes underlying this change, detailed distinctions in transitional phenomena were made and related to changes in other aspects of language: the quantity and composition of the vocabulary and the use the child makes of it, and the beginnings of grammatical knowledge. Results suggest the existence of two possible paths leading to the change from single to multiword speech. The conversational path, based on discoursegenerated Successive Single-Word Utterances where the child, functioning as a “regular” Single-word speaker, is led to produce a sequence of related words by replying to the adult, and the more general speaker's path, based on developments in the expression of recurrent communicative intentions/events. For this child, the two paths co-occur and seem complementary, both feeding into the change to come.

Although prefixed additional elements appear along with the first multiword utterances, it is only when combinatorial speech is well-established that they become syntactically- motivatedfillers, word categories begin to show formal differences, and some verbs present incipient bound verbal morphology. This development may in turn produce changes in combinatorial speech. The developmental relations between the aspects of language studied here seem consistent with a spiral model of development, typically constructivist model in which a step taken in one domain promotes the taking of a new step in another, which may in turn promote further development in the former.
Verbs in Tzotzil (Mayan) early syntactic development
Authors: de León Lourdes
Published: February 2009

The verb is the primary component in the development of early Tzotzil syntax. Language-specific patterns and factors of input play a critical role in the development of the verb category in this Mayan language. Production data from two Tzotzil children show that transitivity distinctions are drawn very early. However, the children do not follow the same strategy. In one child the earliest marking of transitivity occurs with the use of imperative suffixes for different verb subclasses. In the other child, two strategies seem to operate: (i) the use of the "generic” or "light” verb k'an `want' plus lexical arguments, and (ii) the morphological strategy of imperative suffixation to distinguish verb subclasses. Given the early preference for the use of transitive verbs by both girls, there is little doubt that broad cognitive factors related to "manipulative activity scenes” serve as a ground to c onstruct the Tzotzil verb at the early stages (MLU 1.5—2.0). However, finer cognitive factors (e.g., "generic” or "light” verbs) appear to be less important than such language specific features as morphological patterning, preferred argument structure, and, to some degree, semantic specificity to lead the child to develop the verb category further in this language.
From codeswitching via language mixing to fused lects
Authors: Auer Peter
Published: February 2009

A continuum of language alternation phenomena is discussed which spans out between the prototypes labelled codeswitching (CS),language mixing(LM),and fused lects (FLs), with CS and FLs representing the polar extremes of the continuum and LM a point in between. In addition, an interpretation of this continuum is suggested according to which the transition CS-LM-FL can be understood as a case of structural sedimentation.
The development of visual search strategies in biscriptal readers
Authors: Rickard Liow Susan J. , Green David , Tam Melissa M. L-J.
Published: February 2009

In visual search tasks, skilled adult readers of English process letters of the alphabet differently from other symbols (Hammond & Green, 1982; Mason, 1982). Less skilled (young) readers of English, and skilled readers of logographic scripts, do not show this differential processing across stimuli (Green, Hammond, & Supramaniam, 1983; Green & Meara, 1987). To test whether cognitive processing in bilinguals depends upon script combinations and language proficiency, we investigated the development of alphabetic and logographic visual search strategies in two kinds of biscriptals: Malay-English and Chinese-English readers. Our results support the view that there are scriptspecific and reader-specific differences amongst bilingual biscriptals. The implications of these effects for dual-route models of reading and stage models of reading acquisition are discussed.
The influence of English on British Sign Language
Authors: Sutton-Spence Rachel
Published: February 2009

British Sign Language (BSL) exists surrounded by the powerful majority language, English, and is influenced by English. As a visual-gestural language, it is structurally radically different from English. In order to permit borrowing BSL needs to represent forms from a sound-based language in a vision-based language. The research described here details the influence of English on BSL at the syntactic, morphological, lexical and idiomatic, and phonological levels. It shows how BSL uses loan translations, fingerspelling, and the use of mouth patterns derived from English language spoken words to include elements from English.
Determinants of Child Immunization in Fourless-Developed States of North India
Authors: De Partha , Bhattacharya B. N.
Published: February 2009

Four northern states of India – Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh – lag far behind the other states of the country regarding demographic transition and socio-economic development. The study described in this article shows the utilization of child immunization services in these states, utilizing data from the National Family Health Survey, India, 1992–3 (IIPS, 1995a, 1995b, 1995c) The study used multivariate logistic regression to correlate the utilization of child immunization. The results showed that children are more likely to receiveimmunization if their parents are a couple, with the father literate andthe mother with at least a middle-school-education level who received antenatal care or delivered in an institutional environment.
Workforce Planning and Community Children’s Nurses: It’s all in the Advertisements
Authors: Winter Ann Marie , Teare Jean
Published: February 2009

This paper outlines a study exploring job advertisements for community children’s nurses (CCNs). A post-structural approach was taken to illuminate the development of community children’s nursing services (CCNS) and the profile of characteristics, skills and caseload within a workforce-planning context. An analysis of 100 advertisements looked at title, skills, caseload, qualifications and evolving roles. The analysis comprised aninitial quantitative descriptive account of data, followed by further analysis of the text using thematic analysis and coding. The skills identified were compared to those identified by Proctor et al. (1999). The most commonly occurring skills were interpersonal (35%), multi-professional team working (33%), clinical (28%), management (18%) and leadership (16%). The analysis was limited, but provides a unique insight into employers’ perceived needs in providing CCN services, evolving titles and roles and could inform practitioners, contribute to service evaluation, future service provision and workforce planning.
Further Development of the Liverpool Infant Distress Scale
Authors: Horgan Maureen F. , Glenn Sheila , Choonara Imti
Published: February 2009

The Liverpool Infant Distress Scale (LIDS) was initially designed to assess behaviours reflecting pain in neonates following surgery. This paper reports a further development of the validity and reliability of LIDS and its use as a measure of neonatal behaviour.

In the first stage of validity testing the LIDS scores of infants prior to administration of analgesia were compared to LIDS scores postanalgesia. Significantly lower scores were recorded following analgesia. The second stage of validity testing compared LIDS scores of a control group of neonates with those undergoing surgery, each over 43 hours. A significantly lower score on LIDS was found for the control group of infants compared to the surgical group, providing support for validity.

Internal consistency was high, providing support for reliability. By providing detailed description of neonatal behaviours LIDS may assist nurses in the identification and objective quantification of neonatal behaviour, the context of which will govern intervention. The efficacy of such interventions may also be measured using LIDS.
The Child’s Right to Consent to X-Ray and Imaging Investigations: Issues of Restraint and Immobilization from a Multidisciplinary Perspective
Authors: Hardy Maryann , Armitage Gerry
Published: February 2009

Children’s rights in healthcare are determined by law but strongly influenced by Piagetian theory and the related personal attitudes of healthcare professionals.

While a greater priority has been given to children’s rights throughthe United Nations Convention and in the United Kingdom by means of particular legislation, this does not necessarily translate into child-centred practice. The restraint and immobilization of children are significant issues for health professionals who care for children. This paper argues that professional guidance and healthcare law are ambiguous in this regard, failing to offer direct, objective guidance to the personnel involved. A further degree of complexity is added, if when considering the child’s wishes, they differ from those of their parents.

It is recommended that an effective resolution of these issues and their consequences demands that healthcare professionals familiarize themselves with the legal and ethical implications of restraining or immobilizing children, and develop a systematic approach to this aspect of practice.
Exploring Family Systems Nursing and the Community Children’s Nurse’s Role in Caring for Children with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Cummings Julie M.
Published: February 2009

Family systems nursing (FSN) theory highlights the potential that exists for the community children’s nurse (CCN) to provide active support to families. Knowledge of FSN theory can inform practice in caring for the child and family challenged by cystic fibrosis. FSN theory offers a logical extension to the CCN’s role working with families to facilitate and promote the health and well-being of the whole family. Skilled provision of a long-term supportive relationship with families requires appropriate educational preparation and on-going emotional support.
Death Education: What Should Student Children’s Nurses be Taught?
Authors: Whittle Maggie
Published: February 2009

Children’s nursing has developed rapidly over the last 50 years and continues to be a dynamic process. In many respects children’s nursingeducators, together with their practice colleagues, have been central to these developments. There is concordance that all children have the right to the highest standards of care and this especially applies to the small numbers who die; however, the management of dying children continuesto challenge all involved. The reasons for this may relate in part todeficiencies in death education for student children’s nurses. This paper reports on a qualitative study that explored delivery of death educationby a small number of UK children’s nursing lecturers. The results and recommendations presented here may help to inform death education, and ultimately help to facilitate high-quality care for dying and bereavedchildren and their families.
The banal and the subversive
Authors: Öncü Ayse
Published: February 2009

The production of national languages involves the uneven contribution of competing groups who have unequal access to the means of its production. The very notion of a fixed, ‘given’ national language, is a sign of success for a whole array of institutional practices which naturalize the power relations implied in it. This article discusses how the banalities of commercial broadcasting have challenged the taken-for-granted canons of Turkish as a national language, and destabilized, in different ways, the processes of inclusion and exclusion which underpin distinctions between new/old, high/low Turkish. It focuses on two illustrative cases – popular comedy films and advertisements on Muslim channels – to develop and elaborate this point.
Men and women on the move
Authors: Enevold Jessica
Published: February 2009

This article comments on three post-Second-World-War road novels: Kerouac’s On the Road(1957), Robbins’s Even Cowgirls Get the Blues(1976), Atkinson’s Highways and Dance Halls(1995). Framing its perspective within the question of what is involved in creating a 20th-century ‘traveller identity’, it conceptualizes the road in terms of how it historically and generically emerged as a primarily male territory, gendering the travel experience as a ‘male’ identity project which sociospatially constructs women as Others. Via mythologically and psychoanalytically inspired approaches to travel, it discusses the boundaries of men’s and women’s spatial movement. Juxtaposing the supposedly stationary situation of women with the performance of two (fictional) women travellers it highlights the gendered politics of location and subjectivity issuing forth as men and women collide and collude in the same congested plot. To conclude, the article discusses the question whether a regendering of the representation of women on the road is at all possible in light of the genre’s heavily gendered past, and phrases its conclusions within a framework of women’s controversial mobility.
Factual entertainment on British television
Authors: Brunsdon Charlotte , Johnson Catherine , Moseley Rachel , Wheatley Helen
Published: February 2009

This article reports on a collective project by the Midlands Television Research Group into the changing character of weekday evening programming in the 1990s on British terrestrial television between 8.00 and 9.00. Over the decade, there has been a growth in ‘factual entertainment’ and a decrease in analytic documentary, situation comedy and variety. Factual entertainment comprises hybrid genres such as ‘docu-soaps’, CCTV footage-based programmes and lifestyle and make-over programmes. Each of the four sections engages with one aspect of the scheduling in the slot. Rachel Moseley discusses the gendering of the slot, focusing on BBC’s Naked Chef, Jamie Oliver. Catherine Johnson discusses pets, vets and children in documentary programmes. Helen Wheatley looks at the treatment of ‘real crime’ in the slot and Charlotte Brunsdon discusses historical antecedents to some of the lifestyle programmes.
Dancing on the tightrope
Authors: Rantala Kati , Lehtonen Turo-Kimmo
Published: February 2009

Drawing on interviews we discuss everyday aesthetics in recreational shopping, gym exercise and art making. For our interviewees these practices represent a sphere of autonomy and self-fulfilment, constituted by a constant balancing between restraint and pleasure. In a process which resembles ‘dancing on the tightrope’, freedom and restriction, moments of release and self-discipline, desire and enforcement produce one another. Our comparative material suggests that this process is characteristic of everyday aesthetics. We discuss it under four themes – ‘doing your own thing’, building up competence, submitting to ideals and coping with failure – which build on one another and lead towards an image of self as a self-responsible agent. The process is about active creativity; people are striving to become the kind of people they want to be. This does not imply voluntarism, however. The activities take place in the midst of differently enforcing ideals, values and skills, and most importantly, forms of self-discipline.
The past as story
Authors: Hesling Willem
Published: February 2009

In an age where audiovisual media have come to dominate practically every layer of communication, historical films, with their semi-fictional, dramatized portrayal of the past, have been able to exercise an increasingly significant influence on a society’s historical consciousness. This article, starting from the observation that most films use stories to address the past, focuses on the way narrative structures shape the cinematic representation of history. From there it is argued that, in order to appreciate the non-scientific historical perceptions movies generate, it is necessary to accept them as a form of history that approaches the past with its own questions and strategies and thus also comes up with its own answers and explanations.
The Umbrella Man
Authors: Couldry Nick
Published: February 2009

In a supposedly ‘anti-political age’, the boundaries which define ‘the political’ are central to understanding politics, particularly when their construction is determined by wider processes of cultural exclusion. This article aims to illuminate these issues by examining the ‘political’ and media tactics of one British social activist, known as ‘the Umbrella Man’, who works particularly on campaigns for old age and disability issues. In a society where symbolic power is heavily concentrated in media institutions, the actions of those who try to obtain media attention in spite of lacking the resources of media production reveal a great deal about the normal constraints on being noticed and heard. These are explored using various concepts from cultural studies, anthropology and political sociology, including transgression, exclusion, tactics and alternative celebrity.