bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life-Cycle Environmental Analysis for Evaluation of Pavement Rehabilitation Options
Authors: Cross Stephen A. , Chesner Warren H. , Justus Henry G. , Kearney Edward R.
Published: December 2011

Transportation engineers, planners, and policy makers are currently faced with the need to incorporate sustainability issues such as energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and overall health impacts into the decision-making process. Life-cycle environmental analysis (LCEA) is one of the evolving tools available to assist in this effort. LCEA differs from traditional environmental analysis in that LCEA takes a more comprehensive look, or global perspective, at the environmental and resource burden of specific management decisions as opposed to traditional environmental analysis, which tends to focus almost exclusively on specific impacts at the activity or in the immediate geographic vicinity of the activity. The results of a study are presented: the computer program Pavement Life-Cycle Assessment Tool for Environmental and Economic Effects (PaLATE) was used to compare the environmental burden of employing cold in-place recycling with the environmental burden of the conventional maintenance options of a 3-in. mill and fill and a 3-in. hot-mix asphalt overlay. The results illustrate the potential of life-cycle environmental models to assist transportation officials in developing 21st century transportation policy as well as the current limitations associated with their use.
Validation of Backcalculated Modulus Values from Falling Weight Deflectometer through Instrumentation on I-35 in Oklahoma
Authors: Solanki Pranshoo , Zaman Musharraf M. , Muraleetharan Kanthasamy K.
Published: December 2011

Several state departments of transportation evaluate the modulus of pavement layers from nondestructive deflection tests such as the falling weight deflectometer (FWD). Although the FWD is a widely used nondestructive testing device, it still does not fully represent the loading conditions generated by moving vehicular traffic. Therefore, the modulus values backcalculated from FWD data may be different from those values backcalculated from vehicular traffic loading data. A comparison is presented of modulus values backcalculated from FWD and strain gauge measurements collected on a 1,000-ft-long instrumented section of I-35 in central Oklahoma. The FWD data were captured at different temperatures with different loading configurations. Meanwhile, longitudinal and transverse strain data were captured from May 30, 2008, through October 28, 2009, over a wide range of middepth pavement temperatures (40°F to 110°F) under actual vehicular traffic loading. The influence of different backcalculated modulus values is demonstrated through the prediction of remaining life in terms of number of equivalent single-axle loads of the existing pavement. Also presented is a description of the testing program, data collection efforts, and subsequent analysis for the I-35 instrumented section. Overall, modulus values backcalculated from the FWD and from longitudinal strain gauges showed close agreement at temperatures above 50°F.
Revised Methodology for Computing International Friction Index
Authors: Fuentes Luis G. , Gunaratne Manjriker
Published: December 2011

An investigation evaluated the principles underlying the concept of the international friction index (IFI) to revise the current ASTM methodology for calibration of the IFI model parameters. The current ASTM standard for computing the IFI assumes a linear correlation between speed-corrected measurements of all friction-measuring devices that operate at different slip ratios with those of the standard device, the dynamic friction tester (DFT), which operates at 100% slip. This investigation revealed that a linear correlation existed between measurements converted to the standard slip speed of 60 km/h (FR60 values) obtained from devices that operate at 100% slip conditions and those of the DFT. However, the relationships between FR60 values obtained from friction-measuring devices that operated in the slip range of 10% to 20% and those of the DFT were observed as nonlinear. The FR60 values obtained with the latter category of friction-measuring devices when transformed by a power transformation produced a linear relationship with the standard F60 values obtained by using the DFT. A revised methodology for computing the IFI was proposed. This revised methodology yielded higher predictive capability than the current ASTM procedure and calibration parameters A and B that were speed invariant. The revised methodology also captured the actual friction–speed relationship of any given friction-measuring device on a given pavement surface by incorporating not only surface characteristics but also device-specific characteristics into the definition of the speed constant.
Contribution of Hysteresis Component of Tire Rubber Friction on Stone Surfaces
Authors: Villani M. M. , Artamendi I. , Kane M. , Scarpas A. (Tom)
Published: December 2011

This research examines the hysteresis friction of a sliding elastomer on various types of stone surfaces. The hysteresis friction is calculated with an analytical model that considers the energy spent by the local deformation of the rubber due to surface asperities of the stone surface. By establishing the fractal character of the stone surfaces, one can account for the contribution to rubber friction of stone roughness at different length scales. A high-resolution surface profilometer is used to calculate the three main surface descriptors and the minimal length scale that can contribute to hysteresis friction. The rubber is treated as a Zener visco-elastic material model. Modeling of the contact between the elastomer and the stone surface is based on the analytical model of Klüppel and Heinrich, which is a generalization of the Greenwood and Williamson theory of contact between spheres that are statistically distributed about a mean plane. The results show that this method can be used in order to characterize in an elegant manner the surface morphology of various stone surfaces and to quantify the friction coefficient of sliding rubber as a function of surface roughness, load, and speed.
Ride Specifications
Authors: Nair Harikrishnan , Habib Affan , Saha Bipad , Nelson Sean
Published: December 2011

Road roughness is a major factor in pavement condition because of its effects on pavement resurfacing and vehicle operating costs. Rougher pavements require more frequent resurfacing, generate complaints from highway users, reduce optimum travel speeds, disrupt traffic flow, and create safety hazards. Ride specification is one of the tools practiced by almost all state agencies including the Virginia Department of Transportation (DOT) to achieve the desired smoothness on the road. A ride specification dictates the level of smoothness from paving projects and can adjust the contractor's payment, depending on the finished ride. Virginia DOT's experience, accomplishments, and challenges with ride specifications are presented. Through application of the ride specification during the past decade, the ride quality on Virginia's rideability project roads has continued to improve. The average roughness after paving has improved dramatically in the past few years compared with that of the early 2000s. Between 2005 and 2009, 3,068 lane miles were paved according to the ride specification and a net bonus of $4,928,422 was paid to contractors. The benefit of having smoother roads could result in direct savings to an agency from deferring resurfacing activities by about 2 years and substantial savings in terms of fuel efficiency (especially for the trucks), reduced congestion due to deferred resurfacing, reduced vehicle maintenance costs (from smoother roads), and other benefits. The estimated benefits from applying the ride specification during 2005 to 2009 are found to far outweigh the cost.
Assessment of Corrosion Potential of Coarse Backfill Aggregates for Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls
Authors: Thapalia Anita , Borrok David M. , Nazarian Soheil , Garibay Jose
Published: December 2011

The service life of mechanically stabilized earth walls depends on the rate of corrosion of the metallic reinforcements used in their construction. The assessment of corrosion potential requires an accurate evaluation of pH, resistivity, and sulfate and chloride concentrations of aqueous solutions in contact with the surrounding aggregate. Highway agencies tend to use larger aggregates that contain only a small amount of fine material (passing the Number 40 sieve) in the backfill. Evaluation of the electrochemical parameters of coarse aggregates is challenging because traditional evaluation methods call for the use of fine material. In this study, the suitability of traditional soil characterization techniques for use with coarse aggregates was assessed through leaching experiments performed on coarse limestone and dolomite aggregates from six quarries in Texas. Chemical differences were isolated from size-related kinetic leaching effects by comparing the results from same-sized material collected in the field with material derived from the crushing of larger (≥⅜ in.) aggregates in the laboratory. The testing demonstrated that the fines collected from the field were enriched in chemicals that, when exposed to water, decreased pH and resistivity and increased sulfate concentrations compared with the bulk rock. This was likely the result of sulfur compounds in the atmosphere reacting with carbonate rocks to produce reactive surface layers that were mechanically abraded into the fines. This phenomenon could bias traditional soil testing results and, therefore, the assessment of corrosion potential. This study demonstrated that a more accurate assessment of the electrochemical parameters can be obtained by crushing the coarse material to meet testing size specifications.
4-Carboxylphenyl Methylphosphonate
Authors: Yu Jianhua , Ma Dejun , Huang Qibin , Jia Yufeng , Deng Yundu
Published: December 2011

Methylphosphonic acid monoesters have been explored for many different purposes [1, 2].[...]
4-[5-(4-methylphenyl)-2-furfuryl]iden-2-butenolide
Authors: Sorotskaya Lyudmila , Badovskaya Larisa , Kaklyuginac Tatyana Ya. , Younessi Aryan
Published: December 2011

The general part of the experimental section [1] has been presented elsewhere.[...]
2,2,5-Trimethylhexa-3,4-dienal Azine
Authors: Marek Radek
Published: December 2011

The homoallenylaldehyde 1 was prepared according to the literature [1,2].[...]
1-(4,5-Dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)ethanol
Authors: Zavgorodniy Dmitrij , Stroganova Tat'yana , Butin Alexander
Published: December 2011

The general part of the experimental section [1] has been presented elsewhere.[...]
3a,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,13a-Dodecahydro-3-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclododeca[d]isoxazole
Authors: Hathaway Bruce , Mueller Ryan
Published: December 2011

To a solution of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde oxime (0.40g) in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) in a large test-tube were added 1.0 mL of cyclododecene and 3 drops of triethylamine.[...]
3a,4,5,6,7,8,9,9a-Octahydro-3-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclooct[d]isoxazole
Authors: Hathaway Bruce , Peltan Forest , Mueller Ryan , Redfearn Ryan
Published: December 2011

To a solution of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde oxime (0.40g ) in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) in a large test-tube were added 1.0 mL of cyclooctene and 3 drops of triethylamine.[...]
Copper 1,14:7,8-Diethenotetrapyrido-[2,1,6-de:2',1',6'-gh:2'',1'',6'''-na][1,3,5,8,10,12]hexaazacyclotetradecine Trifluoroacetate
Authors: Wang Wen-Jwu , Liu Hai-Yang , Chuang Kuo-Shen , Luo Chi-Fong
Published: December 2011

1,14:7,8-Diethenotetrapyrido-[2,1,6-de:2,1,6-gh:2,1,6-na][1,3,5,8,10,12] hexaazacyclotetradecine (H2HAPP) was synthesized according to Ogawas method[1].[...]
4-(5-Methyl-2-furfuryl)iden-2-furfurylaminobutanolide
Authors: Sorotskaya Lyudmila , Kaklyugina Tat'yana Ya. , Badovskaya Larisa
Published: December 2011

4-(5-Methyl-2-furfuryl)iden-2-furfurylaminobutanolide was prepared by the reaction of 4-(5-methyl- 2-furfuryl)iden-2-butenolide and furfurylamine according to a literature procedure [1].[...]
2,4,6-Tris(2',4',6'-trimethylphenylethynyl)mesitylene
Authors: Jeffries Laura , Bosch Eric
Published: December 2011

The experimental procedure follows the general synthesis of arylalkynes reported by Sonogashira [1].[...]
1-[(2-Acetoxyethoxy)methyl]-3-benzyl-6-azauracil
Authors: Radi Smaail , Lazrek Hassan
Published: December 2011

The product 2 was prepared via a direct condensation under solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis (S.L.P.T.C.) [1] conditions.[...]
1-[(2-Acetoxyethoxy)methyl]-3-allyl-6-azauracil
Authors: Radi Smaail , Lazrek Hassan
Published: December 2011

The product 2 was prepared via a direct condensation under solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis (S.L.P.T.C.) [1] conditions.[...]
1-[(2-Acetoxyethoxy)methyl]-3-ethoxycarbonylmethyl-6-azauracil
Authors: Radi Smaail , Lazrek Hassan
Published: December 2011

The product 2 was prepared via a direct condensation under solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis (S.L.P.T.C.) [1] conditions.[...]
1-[(2-Acetoxyethoxy)methyl]-3-allyl-5-bromo-6-azauracil
Authors: Radi Smaail , Lazrek Hassan
Published: December 2011

The product 2 was prepared via a direct condensation under solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis (S.L.P.T.C.) [1] conditions.[...]
1-[(2-Acetoxyethoxy)methyl]-3-ethoxycarbonylmethyl-5-bromo-6-azauracil
Authors: Radi Smaail , Lazrek Hassan
Published: December 2011

The product 2 was prepared via a direct condensation under solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis (S.L.P.T.C.) [1] conditions.[...]
1-(N,N-Dimethylamino)adamantane
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sukanta
Published: December 2011

The title compound, an important antiviral agent [1] was prepared from commercially available 1-aminoadamantane by titanium(IV) isopropoxide mediated reductive amination of formaldehyde [2].[...]
N,N-Dibutyl-2-p-tolyl-acetamide
Authors: Comte Olivier , Genillard Sylvie , Nkubana Céline
Published: December 2011

Thionyl chloride (2.18 ml, 3.56 g, 30 mmol, 1.5 eq) was added dropwise to a vigorously stirred solution of p-tolylacetic acid (3 g, 20 mmol, 1 eq) and heated to 100°C for 3 hours.[...]
Cycloeucalen-3ß-(2-methyl Butanoate). New Cycloeucalen Isolated from the Espeletia barclayana Cuatr (Asteraceae)
Authors: Nohemi Tellez Alba , Ruben Torrenegra , Julio Pedrozo , Astrid Martínez
Published: December 2011

Continuing our studies of the Espeletia barclayana Cuatr.[...]
5-(2-Thienylidene)barbituric Acid
Authors: Asiri Abdullah Mohamed
Published: December 2011

5-(2-Thienylidene)barbituric acid 3 was prepared by Knoevenagel condensation of thiophene- 2-carboxaldehyde 1 and barbituric acid 2 in ethanol using piperidine as a base [1,2].[...]
8,9-24,25-Diepoxy-Eupho-lanostan-3,4-olactone
Authors: Aouad N. El , Benharref A. , Lavergne J.-P.
Published: December 2011

To a mixture of 0.8 g (4.7 mmol) of metachloroperbenzoique acid (mCPBA) and 1.58g (18.8mmol) of sodium hydrogenocarbonate (NaHCO3) in 15 ml of dichloromethane was added 1 g (2.35 mmol) of 1 in 5 ml of CH2Cl2.[...]
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine-benzo-9-crown-3
Authors: Moghimi A. , Faal Rastegar M. , Ghandi M.
Published: December 2011

In the course of our recent studies on the synthesis, solid phase structure, solution and solid phase 13C CPMAS [1], and its application in Ion Selective Electrodes [2] of the smallest benzo crown ether, Benzo-9-Crown-3, B9C3, we accomplished the synthesis of B9C3 derivative 3.[...]
1,4-Bis(2',4',6'-trimethylphenylethynyl)benzene
Authors: Jeffries Laura , Bosch Eric
Published: December 2011

The experimental procedure follows the general synthesis of arylalkynes reported by Sonogashira [1].[...]
3-(2-Nitrophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-thiazolidinone
Authors: Asiri Abdullah Mohamed
Published: December 2011

The 4-thiazolidinone 3 was prepared from the Schiff base 1 thioglycolic acid 2 [1,2].
(R,S)-N-[(2-Oxocyclohexyl)methyl]-2-phenyl-1-ethanaminium Chloride
Authors: Stoyanov Edmont , Ivanov Ivo
Published: December 2011

The Mannich bases of cyclohexanone with benzylamine and 3,4-methylenedioxybenzylamine hydrochlorides have been prepared in moderate yields using aqueous formaldehyde solution [1].[...]
(1S,4R,5R,8R,9S,12R,13S) 12-(1S-Hydroxyethyl)-13-(3-hydroxypropyl)-5-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)-1,9-epoxy-4,8,13 Trimethyl Tricyclo [7,4,0,04,8] Tridecane
Authors: Daoubi M. , Benharref A. , Pierrot M.
Published: December 2011

A mixture of 1 (1 g, 2.25 mmol) and lithium aluminium hydride (0.34 g, 8.94 mmol) in 40 mL of THF was refluxed for 12 h.
2, 9-Diphenylamino-1,10-phenanthroline
Authors: Liu Hai-Yang , Luo Chi-Fong , Chuang Kuo-Shen , Wang Wen-Jwu
Published: December 2011

2,9-Dichloro-1,10-phenanthroline was prepared by a previously published method [1].[...]
(3(5) Phenylpyrazol-5(3)-yl)-2-benzoylmethyl Benzimidazole
Authors: Ahabchane Noureddine Hammou , Ghomsi Joseph Téné , Essassi El Mokhtar
Published: December 2011

The compound 3, which exists in tautomeric equilibria between enamine (form A) and methylene imine (form B) as schown in scheme 1, was prepared by addition of the 3,3-dimercapto-1-phenyl-prop-2-ene-1-one 2 to 3-N-(2-aminophenylamino)-5-phenylpyrazole 1 [1].[...]
Bis[(3-methoxycarbonyl-5-methyl pyrazol)-1-yl Thiocarbonyl] Disulfide
Authors: El Idrissi Abderrahman , Tebbji Karim , Radi Smaail
Published: December 2011

This experiment is performed according to literature method [1-4].[...]
Synthesis of 3-Bromo-2-ethoxy-4-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-amide
Authors: Zhuo Jin-Cong , Wyler Hugo
Published: December 2011

To a cooled (0[infinity]C) solution of 1 (0.68 g, 2.76 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (2 ml) was added successively hydrogen peroxide (30%, 1.29 ml), tetra-(n-butyl)ammonium hydrogen sulfate (187 mg) and an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (20%, 1.03 ml).[...]
4-Ferrocenylbenzoic Acid
Authors: Zhao Ke-Qing , Hu Ping , Xu Hong-Bo
Published: December 2011

Ferrocene-containing liquid crystals, non-linear optical materials and magnetic materials are of considerable interests for their high thermal stability, tunable redox characteristics and structural variability [1].[...]
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline from Acid Catalysed Cyclisation of N,N'-Dibenzylethylenediamine
Authors: Peerzada N.
Published: December 2011

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolines have been traditionally prepared by the Bischler- Napieralski, Pictet-Gams, Pictet-Spengler, Pomeranz-Fritsch reactions and various Friedel- Crafts cyclization procedures of N-(haloalkyl)aryl derivatives [1].[...]
(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-ferrocenylaniline
Authors: Hu Ping , Zhao Ke-Qing , Xu Hong-Bo
Published: December 2011

(4-Hydroxybenzylidene)-4-ferrocenylaniline has a free hydroxyl group and it can react with carboxylic acids to form esters and it is thus a key intermediate for the synthesis of mono-substituted ferrocenecontaining liquid crystal [1] with Schiff's base and ester group.[...]
3-(4’-Methyl-3’-oxocyclohex-1’-enyl)butyric Acid Methyl Ester
Authors: El Houssame Soufiane , El Firdoussi Larbi , Karim Abdellah
Published: December 2011

The alkoxycarbonylation of terpenic olefins which affords the corresponding esters is an elegant synthesis [1-2].[...]
2-Bromophenylbis(5-methylfur-2-yl)methane
Authors: Gutnov Andrey
Published: December 2011

See also [1,2]. To the solution of 2-bromobenzaldehyde (18.5 g, 100 mmol) and sylvan (20 ml, 250 mmol) in 100 ml of benzene 5 ml of Me3SiCl was added at room temperature.[...]
tert-Butyl-3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-6-heptenoate
Authors: Smith Douglas
Published: December 2011

As part of our continuing studies of stereocontrol during the intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) reaction leading to medium rings [1-3], we have targeted poitediol [4] as a structure of interest accessible through this technology.[...]
tert-Butyl-3-methoxy-5,5-dimethyl-6-heptenoate
Authors: Smith Douglas
Published: December 2011

Preparation of the title compound from the hydroxy ester [1] proved difficult to impossible with almost all protecting groups under a variety of reaction conditions.[...]
tert-Butyl-3-methoxy-5,5-dimethyl-7-oxo-heptanoate
Authors: Smith Douglas
Published: December 2011

Hydroboration of tert-butyl-3-methoxy-5,5-dimethyl-6-heptenoate [1] with either BH3…THF or BH3…Me2S provided the terminal alcohol tert-butyl-3-methoxy-5,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-heptanoate, in unoptimized, nonreproducable and disappointingly low 30% yield [2].[...]
3-Dodecyl-5-methyl-2-oxazolidinthione
Authors: Steiner Bohumil , Gajdos Jan , Koos Miroslav
Published: December 2011

Oxazolidin-2-thiones can be prepared by the cyclization reaction of corresponding beta-amino alcohols with carbon disulfide or thiophosgene [1,2].[...]
Methyl 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-a-D-mannofuranoside 5,6-Carbonate
Authors: Steiner Bohumil , Gajdos Jan , Koos Miroslav
Published: December 2011

Sugar carbonates can be prepared by the condensation of the cis-glycol system of the carbohydrate with phosgene or with a chloroformic ester [1,2].[...]
Ethyl (E)-3-methyl-5-phenyl-2-pentenoate
Authors: Stoermer Martin , Pinhey John
Published: December 2011

The general part of the experimental section [1] has been presented elsewhere.[...]
(E)-2-Methyl-5-phenyl-2-pentenoic Acid
Authors: Stoermer Martin , Pinhey John
Published: December 2011

The general part of the experimental section [1] has been presented elsewhere.[...]
(Z)-2-Bromo-5-phenyl-2-pentene
Authors: Stoermer Martin , Pinhey John
Published: December 2011

The general part of the experimental section [1] has been presented elsewhere.[...]
bis-[(Z)-5-Phenyl-2-penten-2-yl]mercury
Authors: Stoermer Martin , Pinhey John
Published: December 2011

The general part of the experimental section [1] has been presented elsewhere.[...]
Ethyl (Z)-3-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-2-butenoate
Authors: Stoermer Martin , Pinhey John
Published: December 2011

The synthetic procedure [1] has been presented elsewhere.[...]
(1R,2S)-N-Benzyl-N-[(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-(2-benzothienyl)methyl] Hydroxylamine
Authors: Merino Pedro , Franco Santiago , Merchan Francisco , Tejero Tomas
Published: December 2011

A cooled solution (-90°C) of benzothiophene (0.402 g, 3 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was treated with butyllithium (2 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexane, 3.2 mmol) under an inert atmopshere.[...]
(6-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)-6-aminobenzodioxane
Authors: Boyer G. , Galy J.P.
Published: December 2011

The general part of the experimental section [1] on organometallic substitution on arylamines has been described elsewhere.[...]
Comments on Molecules MolBank M48, M88, M89, M92 and M94
Authors: San Feliciano Arturo
Published: December 2011

M48 - Numbering seems to be wrong or old.[...]
Water Soluble Responsive Polymer Brushes
Authors: Weir Michael P. , Parnell Andrew J.
Published: December 2011

Responsive polymer brushes possess many interesting properties that enable them to control a range of important interfacial behaviours, including adhesion, wettability, surface adsorption, friction, flow and motility. The ability to design a macromolecular response to a wide variety of external stimuli makes polymer brushes an exciting class of functional materials, and has been made possible by advances in modern controlled polymerization techniques. In this review we discuss the physics of polymer brush response along with a summary of the techniques used in their synthesis. We then review the various stimuli that can be used to switch brush conformation; temperature, solvent quality, pH and ionic strength as well as the relatively new area of electric field actuation We discuss examples of devices that utilise brush conformational change, before highlighting other potential applications of responsive brushes in real world devices.
The Use of Fluorescence Microscopy to Study the Association Between Herpesviruses and Intrinsic Resistance Factors
Authors: Everett Roger  D.
Published: December 2011

Intrinsic antiviral resistance is a branch of antiviral defence that involves constitutively expressed cellular proteins that act within individual infected cells. In recent years it has been discovered that components of cellular nuclear structures known as ND10 or PML nuclear bodies contribute to intrinsic resistance against a variety of viruses, notably of the herpesvirus family. Several ND10 components are rapidly recruited to sites that are closely associated with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genomes during the earliest stages of infection, and this property correlates with the efficiency of ND10 mediated restriction of HSV-1 replication. Similar but distinct recruitment of certain DNA damage response proteins also occurs during infection. These recruitment events are inhibited in a normal wild type HSV-1 infection by the viral regulatory protein ICP0. HSV‑1 mutants that do not express ICP0 are highly susceptible to repression through intrinsic resistance factors, but they replicate more efficiently in cells depleted of certain ND10 proteins or in which ND10 component recruitment is inefficient. This article presents the background to this recruitment phenomenon and summaries how it is conveniently studied by fluorescence microscopy.
Patterns of Presentation, Referral, and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Pre-Sorafenib Era: Experience of a Canadian Provincial Cancer Agency
Authors: Sundaralingam T. , Gill S.
Published: December 2011

Background: Systemic treatment options in hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) are limited. Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, has been shown to improve survival in patients with advanced hcc and adequate hepatic reserve. Currently, the proportion of referred patients with hcc that would be eligible for sorafenib therapy is unclear. We reviewed patterns in the presentation and management of referred patients with hcc at the BC Cancer Agency (bcca) before the availability of sorafenib. Methods: Records of patients with hcc referred to the bcca from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2007, were reviewed. Distributions were analyzed using frequency statistics. Results: Of 518 patients reviewed, 77% were men and 45% were of Asian ethnicity; median age was 64 years. Histology confirmation was available in only 34% of the patients; 64% had an elevated level of alpha-fetoprotein at diagnosis. The Child–Pugh score at presentation could not be determined in 56%; the most common missing variable was albumin (44%). Among the 226 evaluable patients, the Child–Pugh classification was A in 140 (62%), B in 64 (28%), and C in 22 (10%). Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was not documented in 40% of patients. The TNM staging was recorded per agency protocol; however, it was incompletely documented in most patients. Distant metastases were recorded in 12% of patients, and 75 patients (15%) underwent hepatic resection before referral. After bcca referral, no further therapy was offered to 287 patients (54%), regional therapy was offered to 170 (33%), and chemotherapy was offered to 67 (13%). Conclusions: In this era of targeted therapies, characterizing the proportion of patients with hcc that would be eligible for such therapies is important. In our experience, referred patients are commonly Asian men with an acceptable hepatic reserve by Child–Pugh score, who have been diagnosed by clinical criteria alone. Most patients were offered no further therapy. Moving forward, accurate and systematic documentation of staging, performance status, and Child–Pugh score per the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging protocol will be imperative to best identify patients who may benefit most from sorafenib or available clinical trials, and to subsequently evaluate the population-based impact of the introduction of such therapies in patients with advanced hcc.
Inter-Rater Reliability between Musculoskeletal Radiologists and Orthopedic Surgeons on Computed Tomography Imaging Features of Spinal Metastases
Authors: Khan L. , Mitera G. , Probyn L. , Ford M. , Christakis M. , Finkelstein J. , Donovan A. , Zhang L. , Zeng L. , Rubenstein J. , Yee A. , Holden L. , Chow E.
Published: December 2011

Introduction: The primary objective of this pilot study was to examine the inter-rater reliability in scoring the computed tomography (ct) imaging features of spinal metastases in patients referred for radiotherapy (rt) for bone pain. Methods: In a retrospective review, 3 musculoskeletal radiologists and 2 orthopedic spinal surgeons independently evaluated ct imaging features for 41 patients with spinal metastases treated with rt in an outpatient radiation clinic from January 2007 to October 2008. The evaluation used spinal assessment criteria that had been developed in-house, with reference to: osseous and soft tissue tumour extent; presence of a pathologic fracture; severity of vertebral height loss, and; presence of kyphosis. The Cohen kappa coefficient between the two specialties was calculated. Results: Mean patient age was 69.2 years (30 men, 11 women). The mean total daily oral morphine equivalent was 73.4 mg. Treatment dose–fractionation schedules included 8 Gy/1 (n = 28), 20 Gy/5 (n = 12), and 20 Gy/8 (n = 1). Areas of moderate agreement in identifying the ct imaging appearance of spinal metastasis included extent of vertebral body involvement (κ = 0.48) and soft-tissue component (κ = 0.59). Areas of fair agreement included extent of pedicle involvement (κ = 0.28), extent of lamina involvement (κ = 0.35), and presence of pathologic fracture (κ = 0.20). Areas of poor agreement included nerve-root compression (κ = 0.14) and vertebral body height loss (κ = 0.19). Conclusions: The range of agreement between musculoskeletal radiologists and orthopedic surgeons for most spinal assessment criteria is moderate to poor. A consensus for managing challenging vertebral injuries secondary to spinal metastases needs to be established so as to best triage patients to the most appropriate therapeutic modality.
Relative Risk of Different Operations for Medial Compartment Osteoarthritis of the Knee
Authors: Sikorski Jerzy M. , Sikorska Joanna Zofia
Published: December 2011

The relative risk of total knee arthroplasty (TKA), high tibial osteotomy (HTO), and medial unicompartment (UKA) replacement for medial compartment arthritis is presented. Risk is defined as the product of the probability of an event occurring and its consequence. To define consequence, 2 related scales of impact (1 systemic and 1 local) are suggested. The probability of a complication is derived from the incidence as found in the published literature and expressed as a decimal of 1. The cumulative risk is expressed as the sum of the risks of all individual complications. The overall impact of specific comorbidities has been calculated when their influence on the incidence of a particular complication is known.

Of the 3 operations, TKA has the highest cumulative risk of systemic complications and HTO is the most likely to produce local technical problems. UKA is the safest of the procedures. The relative risk of TKA:HTO:UKA is 1.00:1.01:0.31. For TKA, the greatest additional risk is morbid obesity, which increases overall risk by 31% by virtue of a 7.8-fold increase in infection rate. Cardiorespiratory disease, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and cirrhosis of the liver increase cumulative risk by 20%, 17%, and 17%, respectively.

The authors conclude that a quantitative assessment of operative risk is possible and useful. However, it depends on the availability of reliable complication incidence data.
An Effective Conceptual Multisensory Multimedia Model To Support Dyslexic Children In Learning
Authors: Sidhu Manjit Singh , Manzura Eze
Published: December 2011

Multimedia has affected many areas in education and benefited users, including disabled ones. In this paper the authors propose an effective conceptual courseware development model specifically for dyslexic children. Five essential features are identified to support this model, namely, interaction, activities, background colour customization, directional text reading (left-right) identification, and detail instructions. A prototype courseware based on the proposed model was developed and tested with a small sample of dyslexic children from selected schools in Malaysia. The evaluation showed positive results in terms of performance whereby 60% of the users showed improvement in their performance, 30% showed unchanged results and 10% displayed a decrease in performance.
Suppression of Novel Andrographolide Derivatives on Murine Splenic T Lymphocyte Proliferation
Authors: Jiang Zhi Wen , Wang Ya Nan , Xu Hai Wei , Zhao Jing , Dai Gui Fu , Liu Hong Min
Published: December 2011

Andrographolide (1) is a primary constituent of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees which is a Chinese herbal medicine possesses extensive pharmacological effects. In this paper, the effect of compound 1 and some 15-alkylidene substituted derivatives of andrographolide (2-13) on murine splenic T lymphocyte proliferation reaction were appraised using MTT assay. The results showed that most of 15-alkylidene substituted andrographolides appraised could exert potent immunosuppressant effects. Especially compound 5, the most potent among all the tested compounds at concentrations with no obvious cytotoxicity, significantly inhibited the proliferation of murine splenic T lymphocytes activated by Con A in a dose-dependent manner (1.56μmol/l-12.50μmol/l), by the most inhibition of 55.8%. Findings implied that suitable 15-alkylidene substituted andrographolides might possess some better pharmacology activity than 1.
Finite Element Modeling of Diamond Indentation Creep in MgO
Authors: Hu Jin Hua , Henshall Leslie
Published: December 2011

The modified dislocation creep model and the power law breakdown creep model were proposed to be used in the indentation creep deformation analyses for single crystal MgO at low temperature varying from 293K to 873K. A FE indentation creep modeling procedure was proposed and implemented. The activation energy and the shear flow stress for low temperature creep in single crystal MgO were predicted based on the analytical indentation creep analyses.
Mechanical Equipment Coordination and Operation Mode of Wuhan-Guangzhou Passenger Dedicated Line Large Cross-Section Tunnel Construction
Authors: Xiang Zhi Min , Yuan Ren Ai
Published: December 2011

studies were carried out to determine the principles of mechanical equipment coordination for large cross-section tunnel construction in combination with the tunnel construction practices within the sections under the charge of China Railway First Group Co., Ltd. on Wuhan-Guangzhou PDL and with a view to optimize the allocation of resources and improve the efficiency of large cross-section tunnel construction. Directed to different procedures such as excavation, support, waterproofing, drainage and lining, the mechanical equipment coordination and operation mode of large cross-section tunnels on the passenger dedicated line were established and the mechanized working faces were formed, which provide experience and reference for the large cross-section tunnel construction of passenger dedicated lines.
Combined Effect of Nano-Clay and Carbon Black on Mechanical Properties and Aging Resistance of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Nanocomposites
Authors: He Shao Jian , Wang Yi Qing , Lin Jun , Zhang Li Qun
Published: December 2011

Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/clay/carbon black (CB) nanocomposites filled with 60 phr filler (in total) were prepared by adding CB to SBR/clay nanocompound in a two-roll mill. TEM photographs of the nanocomposites showed that both fillers were dispersed randomly in the SBR matrix at nano-scale. With the increase of CB content, stress at 300% strain and tensile strength of the nanocomposites increased, while elongation at break and permanent set of the nanocomposites decreased. On the other hand, with the increase of clay content, the aging resistance of the SBR nanocomposites was improved.
The Effect of Coatings on the Cyclic Oxidation Behaviour of Ti6Al4V at 750°C
Authors: Teng Ying Yuan , Chen Qian , Xin Li
Published: December 2011

For improvement of the cyclic oxidation resistance of the Ti6Al4V alloy, multi-layered Ti50Al50N/Ti70Al30N and mono-layered Ti60Al30Si10N were deposited on the alloy. It has been found that both coatings provide an effective protection for substrate alloy and the cyclic oxidation resistance of the TiAlSiN coating is better. After cyclic oxidation, it has been found that N diffused into the substrate alloy.
Antennal Olfactory Responses of Apanteles Sp. (Hymenoptera：Braconidae) to Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles
Authors: Wang Guo Chang , Liang Hai Yan , Sun Xiao Ling , Chen Zong Mao
Published: December 2011

Antennal olfactory responses of the parasitoid, Apanteles sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), to 13 host-induced volatile compounds were measured by electroantennogram (EAG) techniques. Dose response curves of EAG indicated that compared with males, females showed significantly stronger EAG responses to (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl-hexanoate and Benzyl nitrile. Among plant volatiles tested, the females were most sensitive to 100μM (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, while the males were more sensitive to 100μM (E)-2-hexenal. The results show that the wasp is able to detect all compounds tested. We detected no sexual differences in the EAG responses to (E)-2-hexenyl hexanoate, (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate, (Z)-3-hexenyl-2-methyl butyrate, (E)-β-ocimene, Linalool and DMNT.
Preparation and Drug Release Properties of IBU-Loaded Mesoporous Calcium Silicate Hydrate (CSH) Spheres
Authors: Dong Ya , Yuan Hui Wen , Ni Ya Ru , Lu Chun Hua , Xu Zhong Zi
Published: December 2011

The novel kind flowerlike mesoporous spheres of calcium silicate hydrate (CaO•SiO2•H2O, CSH) have been synthesized by co-precipitation method on based with water/alcohol/calvital/ tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) system. The synthesized CSH were applied as a carrier to study the loaded behaviors of ibuprofen(IBU),was used to investigate the drug loading behavior of the CSH for different times has been also discussed. The drug loading capacities(DLCs) of CSH loaded for 12h has reached 116.78wt.%. The structural, morphological and textural properties were investigated by SEM, FTIR, TG and BET. The results show that it would be a good candidate as drug carrier for bone repair.
Purification of a Fibrinolytic Protein from the Yellow Mealworm Beetles, Tenebrio Molitor
Authors: Yu Lei , Han Ya Li , Tan Zhu Jun
Published: December 2011

A novel of fibrinolytic protein was isolated from the Tenebrio molitor, using three purification steps (ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-32 cellulose chromatography column, and SephadexG-75 dextran gel column). After testing, the protein from Tenebrio molitor has fibrinolytic activity, and it relative molecular mass was 56.1 kD.
Effect of Displacement Agents on Stability of the Produced Liquid from ASP Flooding
Authors: Zhang Fu Sheng , He Yu Wei , Ouyang Jian , Feng Xin Fang
Published: December 2011

Using Turbiscan stability analyzer made in FORMULACTION Company from France, the effect of displacement agents on stability of produced liquid from ASP flooding can be quickly and accurately detected by measure both the change of backscattering(for dehydration rate) and the change of transmission light (for oil in the sewage water). It was found that the stability of W/O emulsion gradually increased with the displacement agents(such as alkali, surfactant and polymer), which means the dehydration rate gradually decreased, and the stability of O/W emulsion gradually increased, which means the oil content in the sewage water increased, but content of alkali is lower than 700mg/L, the result is on contrary.
Study on the Effect of Adding Coke Powder on Coke Quality for Coal Blending
Authors: Zhang Qi Gang , Wang Guang Hui , Lei Qi , Tian Yong Sheng , Wang Ning , Li Qi Na , Shu Da Fan , Yan Tie Jun
Published: December 2011

Coke powder (CP) added as the substitution of lean coal for coal blending was carried out in 5 kg coke oven. The influences of the particle size, the particle size interval and the amount of CP on the coke quality were investigated. The interfaces in which CP added inset the coke were discussed by means of microplariscope and SEM to confirm the effect of the microstructure on the coke quality. The results showed that the optimal particle size interval, the particle size and the amount of CP were 0.1~0.2 mm, <0.3 mm and 3 wt%, respectively.
Experimental Analysis of the Main Factors Affecting RDX Static Drying
Authors: Zhang Yao Xuan , Zhang Lu Yao , Zhang Qiu Jie , Chen Hou He
Published: December 2011

The main factors affecting the drying process of RDX and the optimum drying conditions were investigated through single factor test and response surface methodology, the optimal drying conditions were gained. The results show that moisture content, vacuum, temperature are important factors in the drying process of RDX, the significance of main influencing factors is: temperature> vacuum> moisture content, the suggested drying condition is: 80°C for temperature, 0.05MPa for vacuum, 10% for moisture content.
Exploration of Chemical Oxidation of p-Cymene
Authors: Bi Liang Wu , Zhang Qiu Ge , Zhao Zhen Dong , Li Da Wei
Published: December 2011

The chemical oxidation of p-cymene was preliminarily studied by several oxidants. The conversion of p-cymene and selectivity of p-cymen-8-ol were both influenced by the factors such as dosage of oxidant, dosage of sulphuric acid, reaction time, reaction temperature and solvent variety. The reasonable oxidation conditions were molar ratio of p-cymene to potassium permanganate 1:3, molar ratio of sulphuric acid to potassium permanganate 0.13:1, mixture of water and acetic acid (1:1, v/v) as solvent, reaction temperature 80 °C and reaction time 9 h. The conversion of p-cymene and selectivity of p-cymen-8-ol were respectively 92.21 % and 69.65 % in the reasonable oxidation conditions. The by-products of p-cymene oxidation mainly included p-iso-propyl benzoic acid, p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and p-methyl acetophenone.
The Analysis of Mutual Authentication between Finite Element Analysis and Qi Erxi Answer
Authors: Liu Yu Li , Liu Hai Bo , Wang Bo
Published: December 2011

In this paper, the sheet with hole for the finite element analysis, the location of maximum stress and maximum stress values are obtained under different load of edge of the hole, and the finite element analysis results compared with the classic Qi Erxi answers. This coincidence is not accidental, but it just shows their correctness. Therefore, we can use Qi Erxi answer when the calculation of the hole’s edge stress concentration and the condition of the force and the boundary are simple; while the it is complex, the finite element analysis can be used.
Present Status of Research and Application of Chemical Combination Flooding Technique and its Future
Authors: Zhu You Yi , Hou Qing Feng , Jian Guo Qing , Ma De Sheng
Published: December 2011

Chemical combination flooding technique is one of EOR techniques. The current status of chemical combination flooding including EOR mechanism, formula study, field test and application have been introduced and discussed. The problems met in field tests and future development trend of chemical combination flooding are directed. Synergistic effect among alkali, surfactant and polymer in ASP combination flooding, can improve both displacing efficiency and swept efficiency due to the increase of viscosity of displacing liquid and decrease in interfacial tension between oil and water. Emulsion ability of the chemical combination system can also improve the displacing efficiency. In addition, viscoelasticity of the combination system is also beneficial to improve the displacing efficiency. There are two main research tendencies for the formula system of chemical combination flooding. One is the high concentration small slug size system leaded by U.S., which can get high oil recovery but the cost is high. The other is a low concentration large slug size system leaded by China, which has good results and relatively low cost. With recent development of new polymers and surfactants, the chemical combination flooding has been will be widely used in different reservoirs. Pilot tests of ASP flooding in China have increased the oil recovery significantly. And such process has been extended to industrial tests and application. A serial of technologies has formed during ASP flooding field tests. Two main problems are shorter pump-checking period and higher cost of produced liquid handing. In order to avoid the negative effect of alkali, SP flooding pilot tests have been deployed. The general trend of chemical combination flooding technique is changing from strong-alkali ASP flooding to weak-alkali ASP flooding and alkali-free SP flooding. The application target reservoirs have extended from integral sandstone reservoirs to conglomerate reservoirs, complicated fault block reservoirs and carbonate reservoirs, from low temperature and low salinity reservoirs to high temperature and high salinity reservoirs.
Proteolysis Characterization of Low- and Full-Fat Cheese Fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus during Ripening Process
Authors: Zhao Rui Xiang , Lu Si Hai , Sun Hua Di , Niu Sheng Yang , Zhang Fei
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Low- and full-fat cheeses were fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus and adjunct cultures Streptococcus thermophilus. After ripening for 90d at 4°C, the protein had been proteolysed in different degrees. The results showed that protein content of low- and full-fat cheese were all decreased after 90 d ripened, which the low-fat cheese was 40.45% and full-fat cheese was 28.68%. The soluble nitrogen contents at pH 4.6 (pH 4.6 SN) were 4.97% and 3.88%, and 12% (w/v) trichloracetic acid soluble nitrogen (12% TCA-SN) were 5.17% and 3.74% in low- and full-fat cheese respectively. After ripening for 90d at 4°C it was found that a part of protein in cheese were degraded into amino acids determined by automatic amino acid analyzer, total amino acids contents in low- and full-fat cheese were 29.17 mg•100g-1 and 16.02 mg•100g-1, respectively.
Carbonyl Reduction of Cyclohexanone Derivatives Catalyzed by Recombinant Strain Escherichia coli BL21 (pET-eryKR1)2
Authors: Li Ling Ling , Lu Zao Sheng , Hu Ya , Shen Hui
Published: December 2011

In order to find substrate specificity and enantioselectivity of ketoreductase domain (EryKR1) in the first module of polyketide synthase from Saccharopolyspora erythraea, the whole cells of recombinant Escherichia coli BL21 (pET-eryKR1)2 harboring eryKR1 gene fermented with different kinds of cyclohexanone derivatives such as methylcyclohexanone and cyclohexanedione. Gas Chromatography (GC) or Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrum (GC-MS) analyses of these ferments indicate that when the recombinant cells were employed as biocatalysts, only one carbonyl of 1,2-cyclohexanedione and 1,4-cyclohexanedione could be reduced with the conversion rate 20.44% and 6.03%, respectively. In addition, 2-methylcyclohexanone and 3-methylcyclohexanone except 4-methylcyclohexanone could be significantly turned over by the recombinant cells to their corresponding cis-methylcyclohexanols, of which the conversion rate of 40 mM 2-methylcyclohexanone was 12.2% and enantiomeric excess of cis-2-methylcyclohexanol was 57.98%, and the conversion rate of 10 mM 3-methylcyclohexanone was 38.26% and enantiomeric excess of cis-3-methylcyclohexanol was 53.9%. Furthermore, the unexpected reduction of 1,2-cyclohexanedione and 2-chlorocyclohexanone by the control E.coli BL21 (pET-28a) reveals that the attracting electron effect induced by the carbonyl or chlorin group in their ortho position could make some NAD(P)H-dependent oxo-reductase except EryKR1 domain within the recombinants reduce the carbonyl of 1,2-cyclohexanedione and 2-chlorocyclohexanone. Therefore, it is concluded that 1,4-cyclohexanedione, 2-methylcyclohexanone and 3-methylcyclohexanone except 1,3-cyclohexanedione and 4-methylcyclohexanone are accepted substrates of EryKR1 domain which takes on a certain biocatalyst activity and stereospecificity.