bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
At the Nexus of Leisure and Event Studies
Authors: Patterson Ian , Getz Donald
Published: September 2013

In this conceptual article we examine the interrelationships between two fields of study, specifically the real and potential contributions of leisure studies to event studies. Furthermore, we consider the evolution of the two fields, philosophical discourses and theories associated
with both. Epistemologically, both event and leisure studies have drawn heavily from the same foundation disciplines when focusing on motivation, experience, and benefits. Ontologically, event studies seeks to develop distinct concepts that differentiate planned event experiences and the meanings
attached to them, but there are definitely shared areas of knowledge with leisure studies. Specific leisure philosophies, and theories are examined as to their current and potential application within event studies, and insights are provided about how these two closely related fields can cooperate
in the future for their mutual benefit.
Confirming the Festival Social Impact Attitude Scale in the Context of a Rural Texas Cultural Festival
Authors: Woosnam Kyle M. , Van Winkle Christine M. , AN Seonhee
Published: September 2013

Although numerous scales exist measuring residents' perceptions of festival impacts, the first of its kind, the Festival Social Impact Attitude Scale (FSIAS), has never been examined to confirm its proposed factor structure. In addition, recent calls have been made to utilize the FSIAS
in a novel context and assess its reliability and validity. Utilizing the context of a Czech heritage festival, this article has three purposes: (1) to confirm the FSIAS factor structure, (2) to examine psychometric properties of the scale, and (3) to determine if impacts of the festival were
perceived differently among residents living in a community in which the festival is held. Results confirm the factor structure of the FSIAS is identical to that found in previous studies and psychometric properties were strong. A number of significant differences in perceived festival impacts
were found across sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed and future research opportunities are provided.
Estimating Consumer's Willingness-to-Pay for Participation in and Traveling to Marathon Events
Authors: Wicker Pamela , Hallmann Kirstin
Published: September 2013

Although research on marathon running has gained in importance during recent years, a lack of research regarding the economic aspects of marathon runners has been clearly identified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for participation in and traveling
to marathon events. Data on marathon runners in Germany were collected using a nationwide online survey (n = 285). Behavioral, psychographic (opinion), and demographic variables were used to explain the WTP for traveling to a marathon in Germany, in Europe, and overseas. Respondents
were found to be willing to pay on average €270 for traveling to a marathon event in Germany, €568 to one in Europe, and €1,429 to an overseas marathon. The factor analysis showed that the psychographic variables could be summarized in four factors labeled casual, health-conscious,
identitydriven, and switching. The regression results revealed that particularly psychographic (healthconscious, casual) and demographic variables (income) were significant determinants of WTP.
Metodología para la intervención en elementos históricos: el caso de la espadaña del convento de Nuestra Señora de la Consolación (Alcalá de Henares-Madrid-España)
Authors: Martínez E. , Castillo A. , Martínez I. , Castellote M.
Published: September 2013

El objeto del presente trabajo es el estudio de daños detectados en la espadaña del Convento de Nuestra Señora de la Consolación, Alcalá de Henares, así como el análisis de los materiales para establecer, tanto el estado actual de la estructura, como la naturaleza y grado de deterioro de los materiales originales. Para ello se aplicó una metodología de estudios previos en edificaciones históricas, en la que se utilizaron, entre otras técnicas, el análisis termográfico del elemento, para posteriormente proceder a la determinación experimental de las emisividades de los diferentes materiales inspeccionados. El uso de técnicas complementarias de caracterización y análisis como porosimetría de intrusión de mercurio, difracción de rayos X, microscopía electrónica de barrido y termogravimetría, así como la caracterización mecánica de los materiales, ha permitido ahondar en las características del mortero de unión y las piezas de fábrica; evaluando completamente el estado actual y facilitando su rehabilitación.
DNA barcodes for species delimitation in Chironomidae (Diptera): a case study on the genusLabrundinia
Authors: Silva Fabio Laurindo da , Ekrem Torbjørn , Fonseca-Gessner Alaide Aparecida
Published: September 2013

In this study, we analysed the applicability of DNA barcodes for delimitation of 79 specimens of 13 species of nonbiting midges in the subfamily Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from São Paulo State, Brazil. Our results support DNA barcoding as an excellent tool for species identification and for solving taxonomic conflicts in genusLabrundinia.Molecular analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences yielded taxon identification trees, supporting 13 cohesive species clusters, of which three similar groups were subsequently linked to morphological variation at the larval and pupal stage. Additionally, another cluster previously described by means of morphology was linked to molecular markers. We found a distinct barcode gap, and in some species substantial interspecific pairwise divergences (up to 19.3%) were observed, which permitted identification of all analysed species. The results also indicated that barcodes can be used to associate life stages of chironomids since COI was easily amplified and sequenced from different life stages with universal barcode primers.
Active STAT5 Regulates T-bet and Eomesodermin Expression in CD8 T Cells and Imprints a T-bet–Dependent Tc1 Program with Repressed IL-6/TGF-β1 Signaling
Authors: Grange Magali , Verdeil Grégory , Arnoux Fanny , Griffon Aurélien , Spicuglia Salvatore , Maurizio Julien , Buferne Michel , Schmitt-Verhulst Anne-Marie , Auphan-Anezin Nathalie
Published: September 2013

In adoptive therapy, CD8 T cells expressing active STAT5 (STAT5CA) transcription factors were found to be superior to unmanipulated counterparts in long-term persistence, capacity to infiltrate autochthonous mouse melanomas, thrive in their microenvironment, and induce their regression. However, the molecular mechanisms sustaining these properties were undefined. In this study, we report that STAT5CA induced sustained expression of genes controlling tissue homing, cytolytic granule composition, type 1 CD8 cytotoxic T cell–associated effector molecules granzyme B+, IFN-γ+, TNF-α+, and CCL3+, but not IL-2, and transcription factors T-bet and eomesodermin (Eomes). Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analyses identified the genes possessing regulatory regions to which STAT5 bound in long-term in vivo maintained STAT5CA-expressing CD8 T cells. This analysis identified 34% of the genes differentially expressed between STAT5CA-expressing and nonexpressing effector T cells as direct STAT5CA target genes, including those encoding T-bet, Eomes, and granzyme B. Additionally, genes encoding the IL-6R and TGFbRII subunits were stably repressed, resulting in dampened IL-17–producing CD8 T cell polarization in response to IL-6 and TGF-β1. The absence of T-bet did not affect STAT5CA-driven accumulation of the T cells in tissue or their granzyme B expression but restored IL-2 secretion and IL-6R and TGFbRII expression and signaling, as illustrated by IL-17 induction. Therefore, concerted STAT5/T-bet/Eomes regulation controls homing, long-term maintenance, recall responses, and resistance to polarization towards IL-17–producing CD8 T cells while maintaining expression of an efficient type 1 CD8 cytotoxic T cell program (granzyme B+, IFN-γ+).
A Cell-Intrinsic Requirement for NF-κB–Inducing Kinase in CD4 and CD8 T Cell Memory
Authors: Rowe Alexander M. , Murray Susan E. , Raué Hans-Peter , Koguchi Yoshinobu , Slifka Mark K. , Parker David C.
Published: September 2013

NF-κB–inducing kinase [(NIK), MAP3K14] is an essential kinase linking a subset of TNFR family members to the noncanonical NF-κB pathway. To assess the cell-intrinsic role of NIK in murine T cell function, we generated mixed bone marrow chimeras using bone marrow from NIK knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) donor mice and infected the chimeras with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The chimeras possess an apparently normal immune system, including a mixture of NIK KO and WT T cells, and the virus was cleared normally. Comparison of the NIK KO and WT CD4 and CD8 T cell responses at 8 d post infection revealed modest but significant differences in the acute response. In both CD4 and CD8 compartments, relatively fewer activated (CD44hi) NIK KO T cells were present, but within the CD44hi population, a comparable percentage of the activated cells produced IFN-γ in response to ex vivo stimulation with antigenic LCMV peptides, although IL-7R expression was reduced in the NIK KO CD8 T cells. Assessment of the LCMV-specific memory at 65 d post infection revealed many more LCMV-specific WT memory T cells than NIK KO memory T cells in both the CD4 and the CD8 compartments, although the small number of surviving NIK KO memory T cells responded to secondary challenge with virus. These results demonstrate a cell-intrinsic requirement for NIK in the generation and/or maintenance of memory T cells in response to acute viral infection.
A score based on screening tests to differentiate mild cognitive impairment from subjective memory complaints
Authors: De Gobbi Porto Fábio Henrique , Spíndola Lívia , De Oliveira Maira Okada , Do Vale Patrícia Helena Figuerêdo , Orsini Marco , Nitrini Ricardo , Dozzi Brucki Sonia Maria
Published: September 2013

It is not easy to differentiate patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from subjective memory complainers (SMC). Assessments with screening cognitive tools are essential, particularly in primary care where most patients are seen. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of screening cognitive tests and to propose a score derived from screening tests. Elderly subjects with memory complaints were evaluated using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Brief Cognitive Battery (BCB). We added two delayed recalls in the MMSE (a delayed recall and a late-delayed recall, LDR), and also a phonemic fluency test of letter P fluency (LPF). A score was created based on these tests. The diagnoses were made on the basis of clinical consensus and neuropsychological testing. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to determine area under the curve (AUC), the sensitivity and specificity for each test separately and for the final proposed score. MMSE, LDR, LPF and delayed recall of BCB scores reach statistically significant differences between groups (P=0.000, 0.03, 0.001 and 0.01, respectively). Sensitivity, specificity and AUC were MMSE: 64%, 79% and 0.75 (cut off <29); LDR: 56%, 62% and 0.62 (cut off <3); LPF: 71%, 71% and 0.71 (cut off <14); delayed recall of BCB: 56%, 82% and 0.68 (cut off <9). The proposed score reached a sensitivity of 88% and 76% and specificity of 62% and 75% for cut off over 1 and over 2, respectively. AUC were 0.81. In conclusion, a score created from screening tests is capable of discriminating MCI from SMC with moderate to good accurancy.
'Actualisation' and 're-enactment': Two categories in understanding the Old Testament
Authors: Ausloos Hans
Published: September 2013

Exegesis has been an integral part of Professor Jurie le Roux�s life. Throughout his scholarly career, he has continually worked to realise the �actualisation� and �re-enactment� of Old Testament stories and ideas. As a modest tribute to Professor le Roux, this contribution seeks to demonstrate that both concepts also play a central role within the process of composing Old and New Testament texts. This will be illustrated with reflections on how Old and New Testament texts speak about the Sabbath. Firstly, the Sabbath commandment in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy will be dealt with. Secondly, a brief survey will present how the Sabbath commandment has been understood during the Second Temple period. Finally, it will be argued that the New Testament authors sought to forge a link with the original tenor of the Sabbath commandment by presenting Jesus as the one who �actualises� and �re-enacts� the Sabbath commandment that often became rigid over time.
From cult to community: The two halves of Leviticus
Authors: Meyer Esias E.
Published: September 2013

Traditionally in Old Testament redactional criticism, a distinction is made between the first half of Leviticus (usually Lv 1�16) and the second half (Lv 17�26). In historical-critical jargon, the first half is usually regarded as part of the Priestly texts (P) and the second is called H by some, after the Holiness Code. Some have argued that Leviticus 1�16 is mostly concerned with what we would call rituals, whereas the second half (or H) is concerned with �ethics�, amongst other things. The article attempted to explore the relation between rituals and ethics by first asking what Old Testament critics seem to mean when they use terms such as �ritual� and �ethics�. The article then critically engaged with two different hypotheses which attempt to explain the ethical turn in the Book of Leviticus.
Why history matters: The place of historical consciousness in a multidimensional approach towards biblical interpretation
Authors: Jonker Louise C.
Published: September 2013

Since the linguistic turn of New Criticism and the advent of reader-response approaches in the previous century, the category of history has come under pressure in biblical interpretation. New developments in general historiography have also emphasised that the past is forever past, and that only constructions of the past remain. These developments bring many to the conclusion that the past offers no assistance in the interpretation process. In my paper I would like to re-emphasise that �historical consciousness� does not mean an anachronistic clinging to something which no longer exists, but rather refers to the ability to sense the multidimensionality of interpretation, particularly in the case of ancient biblical texts.
'Deep is the well of the past': Reconsidering the origins of the Exodus motif in its cultural context
Authors: Heckl Raik
Published: September 2013

The article shows, that the stories of the Patriarchs as well as the Exodus-story are allochthonous traditions of origin. We find comparable stories in the neighboring cultures of Israel. Egypt as origin of human culture was of utmost importance in the Levant. Herodotus reports a myth of origin of the Phoenicians which is of particular interest in this respect. As far as it can be seen there are affinities between this tradition and the Exodus motif from the Hebrew Bible. This raises the question if we should read the Biblical traditions as part of the comprehensive cultural context of the Levant.
Hezekiah and the Assyrian tribute
Authors: R�thlin Gail A. , Le Roux Magdel
Published: September 2013

The immensity of Hezekiah�s tribute payment to the Assyrian monarch, Sennacherib (2 Ki 18:14) has elicited limited reflection by scholars. Agriculture, generally believed to have formed the basis of the Judaean economy, could not alone have financed Hezekiah�s expenditure at the close of the 8th and the beginning of the 7th century BCE. Alternative sources of revenue, in addition to the income from the tithes and taxes as a result of his religious reforms, which undoubtedly contributed substantially, must have been available to the king. Archaeological data will not enable us to prove the veracity of the biblical narratives, but they will help us to interpret it, illuminate the context of the biblical passages and provide valuable information for the reconstruction of the social and cultural history of the early Israelites. An entirely accurate picture of the actual events that occurred will continue to elude us.
Fatherless in Galilee: �n Outobiografiese refleksie
Authors: Van Aarde Andries
Published: September 2013

Fatherless in Galilee: An autobiographical reflection. The article is a academic, reworked version of a public speech in which the author explains his position expressed in his book Fatherless in Galilee: Jesus as Child of God, published in 2001 and which has created ecclesiastical dispute with regard to confessional affirmations about the virginal conception of Jesus, his resurrection from the dead and his ascension to heaven. The article discusses the circumstances which led to the writing of the book, the exegetical and theological insights which influenced the author and the continuing relevance of historical Jesus research. The article is written in the genre of autobiographical biblical criticism.
Mundo urbano e história do trabalho
Authors: Fontes Paulo , Amaral Deivison
Published: September 2013

Apresentação do dossiê "mundo urbano e história do trabalho".
Atmospheric nitric oxide and ozone at the WAIS Divide deep coring site: a discussion of local sources and transport in West Antarctica
Authors: Masclin S. , Frey M. M. , Rogge W. F. , Bales R. C.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The first measurements of atmospheric nitric oxide (NO) along with observations of ozone (O3), hydroperoxides (H2O2 and MHP) and snow nitrate (NO3–) on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) were carried out at the WAIS Divide deep ice-coring site between 10 December 2008 and 11 January 2009. Average ±1σ mixing ratios of NO were 19 ± 31 pptv and confirmed prior model estimates for the summer boundary layer above WAIS. Mean ±1σ mixing ratios of O3 of 14 ± 4 ppbv were in the range of previous measurements from overland traverses across WAIS during summer, while average ±1σ concentrations of H2O2 and MHP revealed higher levels with mixing ratios of 743 ± 362 and 519 ± 238 pptv, respectively. An upper limit for daily average NO2 and NO emission fluxes from snow of 8.6 × 108 and 33.9 × 108 molecule cm–2 s–1, respectively, were estimated based on photolysis of measured NO3– and nitrite (NO2–) in the surface snowpack. The resulting high NOx emission flux may explain the little preservation of NO3– in snow (~ 30%) when compared to Summit, Greenland (75–93%). Assuming rapid and complete mixing into the overlying atmosphere, and steady state of NOx, these snow emissions are equivalent to an average (range) production of atmospheric NOx of 30 (21–566) pptv h–1 for a typical atmospheric boundary-layer depth of 250 (354–13) m. These upper bounds indicate that local emissions from the snowpack are a significant source of short-lived nitrogen oxides above the inner WAIS. The net O3 production of 0.8 ppbv day–1 triggered with NO higher than 2 pptv is too small to explain the observed O3 variability. Thus, the origins of the air masses reaching WAIS Divide during this campaign were investigated with a 4-day back-trajectory analysis every 4 h. The resulting 168 back trajectories revealed that in 75% of all runs air originated from the Antarctic coastal slopes (58%) and the inner WAIS (17%). For these air sources O3 levels were on average 13 ± 3 ppbv. The remaining 25% are katabatic outflows from the East Antarctic Plateau above 2500 m. When near-surface air from the East Antarctic Plateau reaches WAIS Divide through a rapid transport of less than 3 days, O3 levels are on average 19 ± 4 ppbv with maximum mixing ratios of 30 ppbv. Episodes of elevated ozone at WAIS Divide are therefore linked to air mass export off the East Antarctic Plateau, demonstrating that outflows from the highly oxidizing summer atmospheric boundary layer in the interior of the continent can episodically raise the mixing ratios of long-lived atmospheric chemical species such as O3 and enhance the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere above WAIS.
Middle atmospheric changes caused by the January and March 2012 solar proton events
Authors: Jackman C. H. , Randall C. E. , Harvey V. L. , Wang S. , Fleming E. L. , López-Puertas M. , Funke B. , Bernath P. F.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The recent 23–30 January and 7–11 March 2012 solar proton event (SPE) periods were substantial and caused significant impacts on the middle atmosphere. These were the two largest SPE periods of solar cycle 24 so far. The highly energetic solar protons produced considerable ionization of the neutral atmosphere as well as HOx (H, OH, HO2) and NOx (N, NO, NO2). We compute a NOx production of 1.9 and 2.1 Gigamoles due to these SPE periods in January and March 2012, respectively, which places these SPE periods among the 12 largest in the past 50 yr. Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations of the peroxy radical, HO2, show significant enhancements of > 0.9 ppbv in the northern polar mesosphere as a result of these SPE periods. Both MLS measurements and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) two-dimensional (2-D) model predictions indicated middle mesospheric ozone decreases of > 20% for several days in the northern polar region with maximum depletions > 60% over 1–2 days as a result of the HOx produced in both the January and March 2012 SPE periods. The SCISAT-1 Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE) and the Envisat Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instruments measured NO and NO2 (~ NOx), which indicated enhancements of over 20 ppbv in most of the northern polar mesosphere for several days as a result of these SPE periods. The GSFC 2-D model was used to predict the medium-term (~ months) influence and showed that the polar middle atmosphere ozone was most affected by these solar events in the Southern Hemisphere due to the increased downward motion in the fall and early winter. The downward transport moved the SPE-produced NOy to lower altitudes and led to predicted modest destruction of ozone (5–9%) in the upper stratosphere days to weeks after the March 2012 event. Total ozone reductions were predicted to be a maximum of 1% in 2012 due to these SPEs.
Organic aerosol components derived from 25 AMS datasets across Europe using a newly developed ME-2 based source apportionment strategy
Authors: Crippa M. , Canonaco F. , Lanz V. A. , Äijälä M. , Allan J. D. , Carbone S. , Capes G. , Dall'Osto M. , Day D. A. , DeCarlo P. F. , Di Marco C. F. , Ehn M. , Eriksson A. , Freney E. , Hildebrandt Ruiz L. , Hillamo R. , Jimenez J.-L. , Junninen H. , Kiendler-Scharr A. , Kortelainen A.-M. , Kulmala M. , Mensah A. A. , Mohr C. , Nemitz E. , O'Dowd C. , Ovadnevaite J. , Pandis S. N. , Petäjä T. , Poulain L. , Saarikoski S. , Sellegri K. , Swietlicki E. , Tiitta P. , Worsnop D. R. , Baltensperger U. , Prévôt A. S. H.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Organic aerosols (OA) represent one of the major constituents of submicron particulate matter (PM1) and comprise a huge variety of compounds emitted by different sources. Three intensive measurement field campaigns to investigate the aerosol chemical composition all over Europe were carried out within the framework of EUCAARI and the intensive campaigns of EMEP during 2008 (May–June and September–October) and 2009 (February–March). In this paper we focus on the identification of the main organic aerosol sources and we propose a standardized methodology to perform source apportionment using positive matrix factorization (PMF) with the multilinear engine (ME-2) on Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) data. Our source apportionment procedure is tested and applied on 25 datasets accounting for urban, rural, remote and high altitude sites and therefore it is likely suitable for the treatment of AMS-related ambient datasets. For most of the sites, four organic components are retrieved, improving significantly previous source apportionment results where only a separation in primary and secondary OA sources was possible. Our solutions include two primary OA sources, i.e. hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) and biomass burning OA (BBOA) and two secondary OA components, i.e. semi-volatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA) and low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA). For specific sites cooking-related (COA) and marine-related sources (MSA) are also separated. Finally, our work provides a large overview of organic aerosol sources in Europe and an interesting set of highly time resolved data for modeling evaluation purposes.
Global emission projections for the transportation sector using dynamic technology modeling
Authors: Yan F. , Winijkul E. , Streets D. G. , Lu Z. , Bond T. C. , Zhang Y.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. In this study, global emissions of gases and particles from the transportation sector are projected from the year 2010 to 2050. The Speciated Pollutant Emission Wizard (SPEW)-Trend model, a dynamic model that links the emitter population to its emission characteristics, is used to project emissions from on-road vehicles and non-road engines. Unlike previous models of global emission estimates, SPEW-Trend incorporates considerable details on the technology stock and builds explicit relationships between socioeconomic drivers and technological changes, such that the vehicle fleet and the vehicle technology shares change dynamically in response to economic development. Emissions from shipping, aviation, and rail are estimated based on other studies so that the final results encompass the entire transportation sector. The emission projections are driven by four commonly-used IPCC scenarios (A1B, A2, B1, and B2). We project that global fossil-fuel use (oil and coal) in the transportation sector will be in the range of 3.0–4.0 Gt across the four scenarios in the year 2030. Corresponding global emissions are projected to be 101–138 Tg of carbon monoxide (CO), 44–54 Tg of nitrogen oxides (NOx), 14–18 Tg of total hydrocarbons (THC), and 3.6–4.4 Tg of particulate matter (PM). At the global level, a common feature of the emission scenarios is a projected decline in emissions during the first one or two decades (2010–2030), because the effects of stringent emission standards offset the growth in fuel use. Emissions increase slightly in some scenarios after 2030, because of the fast growth of on-road vehicles with lax or no emission standards in Africa and increasing emissions from non-road gasoline engines and shipping. On-road vehicles and non-road engines contribute the most to global CO and THC emissions, while on-road vehicles and shipping contribute the most to NOx and PM emissions. At the regional level, Latin America and East Asia are the two largest contributors to global CO and THC emissions in the year 2010; this dominance shifts to Africa and South Asia in the future. By the year 2050, for CO and THC emissions, non-road engines contribute the greatest fraction in Asia and the Former USSR, while on-road vehicles make the largest contribution in Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East; for NOx and PM emissions, shipping controls the trend in most regions. These forecasts include a formal treatment of the factors that drive technology choices in the global vehicle sector and therefore represent a more realistic projection of what future emissions are likely to be. These results have important implications for emissions of gases and aerosols that influence air quality, human health, and climate change.
High-precision analysis of SF6 at ambient level
Authors: Lim J. S. , Moon D. M. , Kim J. S. , Yun W.-T. , Lee J.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. This work reports on the development of a technique for the precise analysis of ambient SF6. This technique, which involves a gas chromatograph/electron capture detector (GC-ECD) coupled with an Activated Alumina-F1 (AA-F1) column, performed well in the measurements, particularly in terms of accuracy, which complies with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)-recommended compatibility of 0.02 ppt. Compared to the Porapak Q technique, we observed a sharper peak shape for the SF6 stream, which substantiates the improvement in the analytical precision. The traceability to the WMO scale was tested by calibrating the GC-ECD/AA-F1 analyser using five SF6 standards provided by the WMO/Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Central Calibration Laboratory (CCL) for SF6 (NOAA, United States of America). After calibration by various methods, the GC-ECD/AA-F1 accurately estimated the mole fraction of SF6 in the working standard prepared by the World Calibration Centre for SF6 operated by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA)/Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS). Among the calibration methods, the two-point calibration method emerged to be the most economical procedure in terms of the data quality and measurement time. It was found that the KRISS scale of SF6/N2 was biased by 0.13 ppt when compared to the WMO scale of SF6/air; this bias is probably due to a different matrix.
GPS tomography: validation of reconstructed 3-D humidity fields with radiosonde profiles
Authors: Shangguan M. , Bender M. , Ramatschi M. , Dick G. , Wickert J. , Raabe A. , Galas R.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Water vapor plays an important role in meteorological applications; GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) therefore developed a tomographic system to derive 3-D distributions of the tropospheric water vapor above Germany using GPS data from about 300 ground stations. Input data for the tomographic reconstructions are generated by the Earth Parameter and Orbit determination System (EPOS) software of the GFZ, which provides zenith total delay (ZTD), integrated water vapor (IWV) and slant total delay (STD) data operationally with a temporal resolution of 2.5 min (STD) and 15 min (ZTD, IWV). The water vapor distribution in the atmosphere is derived by tomographic reconstruction techniques. The quality of the solution is dependent on many factors such as the spatial coverage of the atmosphere with slant paths, the spatial distribution of their intersections and the accuracy of the input observations. Independent observations are required to validate the tomographic reconstructions and to get precise information on the accuracy of the derived 3-D water vapor fields. To determine the quality of the GPS tomography, more than 8000 vertical water vapor profiles at 13 German radiosonde stations were used for the comparison. The radiosondes were launched twice a day (at 00:00 UTC and 12:00 UTC) in 2007. In this paper, parameters of the entire profiles such as the wet refractivity, and the zenith wet delay have been compared. Before the validation the temporal and spatial distribution of the slant paths, serving as a basis for tomographic reconstruction, as well as their angular distribution were studied. The mean wet refractivity differences between tomography and radiosonde data for all points vary from −1.3 to 0.3, and the root mean square is within the range of 6.5–9. About 32% of 6803 profiles match well, 23% match badly and 45% are difficult to classify as they match only in parts.
Data-based modelling and environmental sensitivity of vegetation in China
Authors: Wang H. , Prentice I. C. , Ni J.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. A process-oriented niche specification (PONS) model was constructed to quantify climatic controls on the distribution of ecosystems, based on the vegetation map of China. PONS uses general hypotheses about bioclimatic controls to provide a "bridge" between statistical niche models and more complex process-based models. Canonical correspondence analysis provided an overview of relationships between the abundances of 55 plant communities in 0.1° grid cells and associated mean values of 20 predictor variables. Of these, GDD0 (accumulated degree days above 0 °C), Cramer–Prentice α (an estimate of the ratio of actual to equilibrium evapotranspiration) and mGDD5 (mean temperature during the period above 5 °C) showed the greatest predictive power. These three variables were used to develop generalized linear models for the probability of occurrence of 16 vegetation classes, aggregated from the original 55 types by k-means clustering according to bioclimatic similarity. Each class was hypothesized to possess a unimodal relationship to each bioclimate variable, independently of the other variables. A simple calibration was used to generate vegetation maps from the predicted probabilities of the classes. Modelled and observed vegetation maps showed good to excellent agreement (κ = 0.745). A sensitivity study examined modelled responses of vegetation distribution to spatially uniform changes in temperature, precipitation and [CO2], the latter included via an offset to α (based on an independent, data-based light use efficiency model for forest net primary production). Warming shifted the boundaries of most vegetation classes northward and westward while temperate steppe and desert replaced alpine tundra and steppe in the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. Increased precipitation expanded mesic vegetation at the expense of xeric vegetation. The effect of [CO2] doubling was roughly equivalent to increasing precipitation by ~ 30%, favouring woody vegetation types, particularly in northern China. Agricultural zones in northern China responded most strongly to warming, but also benefited from increases in precipitation and [CO2]. These results broadly conform to previously published findings made with the process-based model BIOME4, but they add regional detail and realism and extend the earlier results to include cropping systems. They provide a potential basis for a broad-scale assessment of global change impacts on natural and managed ecosystems.
On searching for optimized set of physical parameterization schemes in a multi-physics land surface process model
Authors: Hong S. , Yu X. , Park S. K. , Choi Y.-S. , Myoung B.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Optimization of land surface models has been very challenging due to the increasing complexity of such models. Typical parameter calibration techniques often limit the solution of the spatiotemporal discrepancy in the modeling performance levels especially for regional applications. Thus, in this study, an attempt was made to perform scheme-based model optimization by designing a framework for coupling a micro-genetic algorithm (micro-GA) with the Noah land surface model that has multiple physics options (Noah-MP). Micro-GA controls the scheme selections in 10 different land surface parameterization fields in Noah-MP in order to extract the optimal scheme combination for a certain region. This coupling framework was successfully applied to the optimization of the surface water partitioning in the Korean Peninsula, promising not only the effectiveness of the scheme-based optimization but also model diagnosis capability by exploring the scheme sensitivity during the micro-GA evolution process. Then, the method was applied to four different regions in East Asia that have different climatic characteristics. The results indicate that (1) the optimal scheme combinations vary with the regions, (2) schemes related to the surface water partitioning are important for the modeling accuracy, and (3) specialized post-parameter optimization for each region may be required.
Technical Note: A comparison of model and empirical measures of catchment-scale effective energy and mass transfer
Authors: Rasmussen C. , Gallo E. L.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Recent work suggests that a coupled effective energy and mass transfer (EEMT) term, which includes the energy associated with effective precipitation and primary production, may serve as a robust prediction parameter of critical zone structure and function. However, the models used to estimate EEMT have been solely based on long-term climatological data with little validation using direct empirical measures of energy, water, and carbon balances. Here we compare catchment-scale EEMT estimates generated using two distinct approaches: (1) EEMT modeled using the established methodology based on estimates of monthly effective precipitation and net primary production derived from climatological data, and (2) empirical catchment-scale EEMT estimated using data from 86 catchments of the Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX) and MOD17A3 annual net primary production (NPP) product derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Results indicated positive and significant linear correspondence (R2 = 0.75; P < 0.001) between model and empirical measures with an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.86 MJ m−2 yr−1. Modeled EEMT values were consistently greater than empirical measures of EEMT. Empirical catchment estimates of the energy associated with effective precipitation (EPPT) were calculated using a mass balance approach that accounts for water losses to quick surface runoff not accounted for in the climatologically modeled EPPT. Similarly, local controls on primary production such as solar radiation and nutrient limitation were not explicitly included in the climatologically based estimates of energy associated with primary production (EBIO), whereas these were captured in the remotely sensed MODIS NPP data. These differences likely explain the greater estimate of modeled EEMT relative to the empirical measures. There was significant positive correlation between catchment aridity and the fraction of EEMT partitioned into EBIO (FBIO), with an increase in FBIO as a fraction of the total as aridity increases and percentage of catchment woody plant cover decreases. In summary, the data indicated strong correspondence between model and empirical measures of EEMT with limited bias that agree well with other empirical measures of catchment energy and water partitioning and plant cover.
Spatially resolved information on karst conduit flow from in-cave dye-tracing
Authors: Lauber U. , Ufrecht W. , Goldscheider N.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Artificial tracers are powerful tools to investigate karst systems. Tracers are commonly injected into sinking streams or dolines, while springs serve as monitoring sites. The obtained flow and transport parameters represent mixed information from the vadose, epiphreatic and phreatic zones, i.e., the aquifer remains a black box. Accessible active caves constitute valuable but underexploited natural laboratories to gain detailed insights into the hydrologic functioning of the aquifer. Two multi-tracer tests in the catchment of a major karst spring (Blautopf, Germany) with injections and monitoring in two associated water caves aimed at obtaining spatially and temporally resolved information on groundwater flow in different compartments of the system. Two tracers were injected in the caves to characterize the hydraulic connections between them and with the spring. Two injections at the land surface, far from the spring, aimed at resolving the aquifer's internal drainage structure. Tracer breakthrough curves were monitored by field fluorimeters in caves and at the spring. Results demonstrate the dendritic drainage structure of the aquifer. It was possible to obtain relevant flow and transport parameters for different sections of this system. The highest mean flow velocities (275 m h−1) were observed in the near-spring epiphreatic section (open-channel flow), while velocities in the phreatic zone (pressurized flow) were one order of magnitude lower. Determined conduit water volumes confirm results of water balances and hydrograph analyses. In conclusion, experiments and monitoring in caves can deliver spatially resolved information on karst aquifer heterogeneity and dynamics that cannot be obtained by traditional investigative methods.
On the lack of robustness of hydrologic models regarding water balance simulation – a diagnostic approach on 20 mountainous catchments using three models of increasing complexity
Authors: Coron L. , Andréassian V. , Perrin C. , Bourqui M. , Hendrickx F.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. This paper investigates the robustness of rainfall–runoff models when their parameters are transferred in time. More specifically, we studied their ability to simulate water balance on periods with different hydroclimatic characteristics. The testing procedure consisted in a series of parameter transfers between 10-yr periods and the systematic analysis of mean-volume errors. This procedure was applied to three conceptual models of different structural complexity over 20 mountainous catchments in southern France. The results showed that robustness problems are common. Errors on 10-yr-mean flows were significant for all three models and calibration periods, even when the entire record was used for calibration. Various graphical and numerical tools were used to show strong similarities between the shapes of mean flow biases calculated on a 10-yr-long sliding window when various parameter sets are used. Unexpected behavioural similarities were observed between the three models tested, considering their large differences in structural complexity. While the actual causes for robustness problems in these models remain unclear, this work stresses the limited transferability in time of the water balance adjustments made through parameter optimization. Although absolute differences between simulations obtained with different calibrated parameter sets were sometimes substantial, relative differences in simulated mean flows between time periods remained similar regardless of the calibrated parameter sets.
Impact of the Indonesian Throughflow on Agulhas leakage
Authors: Le Bars D. , Dijkstra H. A. , De Ruijter W. P. M.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Using ocean models of different complexity we show that opening the Indonesian Passage between the Pacific and the Indian oceans increases the input of Indian Ocean water into the South Atlantic via the Agulhas leakage. In a strongly eddying global ocean model this response results from an increased Agulhas Current transport and a constant proportion of Agulhas retroflection south of Africa. The leakage increases through an increased frequency of ring shedding events. In an idealized two-layer and flat-bottom eddy resolving model, the proportion of the Agulhas Current transport that retroflects is (for a wide range of wind stress forcing) not affected by an opening of the Indonesian Passage. Using a comparison with a linear model and previous work on the retroflection problem, the result is explained as a balance between two mechanisms: decrease retroflection due to large-scale momentum balance and increase due to local barotropic/baroclinic instabilities.
Overjet and Overbite Influence on Cyclic Masticatory Movements: A CT Study
Authors: Tonni Ingrid , Pregarz Massimo , Ciampalini Giulio , Costantinides Fulvia , Bodin Christiane
Published: September 2013

Aim. To determine whether a relationship exists between the linear measurements of overjet and overbite and the interincisal space delimited by the morphology of the upper and lower incisors. Method and Materials. 30 subjects (age range from 14.1 to 34.8 years, with a median age of 23.5 years and sex ratio F/M: 5/10) with overjet and overbite equal to 2 mm were selected from a group of 381 individuals with a full and well-aligned dentition, no previous dental treatment, and no signs or symptoms indicative of temporomandibular disorder. Computed Tomography images of vinyl polysiloxane impressions of the 30 subjects’ anterior teeth were acquired. The interincisal space was defined as Immediate Overjet Angle and was calculated on the Computed Tomography images. Results. Although the 30 subjects presented overlapping measures of overjet and overbite, the values of the Immediate Overjet Angles were different in a range of a minimum value of 12° and a maximum value of 54°. Conclusion. This study reveals that (1) only 30 (7.9%) of the 381 individuals considered have values of overjet and overbite equal to 2 mm and (2) the Immediate Overjet Angle values of the 30 subjects are not related to the values of overjet and overbite.
Improving patient satisfaction by adding a physician in triage
Authors: Imperato Jason , Morris Darren S. , Sanchez Leon D. , Setnik Gary
Published: September 2013

Background: The physician in triage (PIT) model has been proposed as a process improvement to help increase efficiency in the Emergency Department setting. However, its effect on patient satisfaction has not been well established. Methods: An interventional study comparing patient satisfaction scores for the 6-month period before and after implementation of a physician in triage model. In our system an additional attending physician was assigned to triage from 1 p.m. to 9 p.m. daily. Outcome measures were mean scores obtained from respondents to Press Ganey® patient satisfaction surveys for selected questions most likely to be impacted by PIT implementation and those included in the physician section of the survey. Results: Five hundred and eight respondents seen in the six months before the initiation of the PIT team and 458 respondents in the six months after the system change were included in the study. Improvement was noted in the absolute Press Ganey® scores in the Post-PIT time period across all questions analyzed with statistically significant differences noted for 8 of the 10 questions studied. Conclusions: Although seemingly small there was a statistically significant improvement in the absolute patient satisfaction scores after adding a physician in triage. Because small gains in absolute scores can result in large improve- ments on the percentile rank when using Press Ganey® surveys, physician in triage may be of significant benefit to overall patient satisfaction.
Early scrotal approximation after hemiscrotectomy in patients with Fournier’s gangrene prevents scrotal reconstruction with skin graft
Authors: Akilov Oleg , Pompeo Alexandre , Sehrt David , Bowlin Paul , Molina Wilson R , Kim Fernando J.
Published: September 2013

Objective: We report the outcomes of an early loose closure of the scrotum with a modified U-stitch to minimize use of split-thickens skin graft for patients with hemiscrotal tissue loss after surgical debridement.Methods: From January 2006 to August 2011, 28 male patients presented with Fournier’s gangrene, requiring major urological surgical care and scrotal debridement at Denver Health Medical Center. Surgical outcomes were compared between patients receiving a novel U-Stitch approximation and those treated by traditional management.Results: The mean age of the patients was 47.1 ± 10.2 years. In total 8 patients (2.2%) developed bacteremia and 3 (0.1%) had methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. There was conversion from the U-Stitch approximation patients to traditional management. U-stitch patients required less hospitalization than patients requiring split-thickness skin graft (STSG) due to loss of >50% of the total scrotal tissue (11 vs. 35 days, p = 0.081). The U-stitch demonstrated non-inferiority to traditional treatment.Conclusion: Immediate loose scrotal wound approximation with efficient surgical debridement for Fournier’s gangrene may prevent testis exposure facilitating local wound treatment, decreasing the length of hospital stay in patients with Fournier’s gangrene involving the scrotum. Future randomized trials may validate these findings.