bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF THE FIRST-INSTAR CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA AND CHORISTONEURA PINUS PINUS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Retnakaran A. , Tomkins W.L. , Primavera M.J. , Palli S.R.
Published: November 2009

We have discovered that, contrary to the long-held belief, 1st-instar spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, do feed. They display red alimentary tracts if they are provided with diet containing the red dye amaranth. They graze on the surface of balsam fir needles sprayed with rhodamine and ingest the fluorescent material, which can be detected in the frass pellets deposited inside the hibernacula. When emerging 1st instars were allowed to crawl on the inside surface of a glass tube coated with the polyhedral inclusion bodies of a recombinant C. fumiferana virus containing the gene for the green fluorescent protein, the larvae showed the characteristic green fluorescence, indicating that not only had they ingested the occlusion bodies but also the virus had replicated and infected different tissues. Similar results were obtained with the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman, which has an identical life history. The advantages of early-instar intervention to minimize defoliation by using control agents such as the ecdysteroid agonist, tebufenozide (RH-5992, Mimic® formulation), are discussed.
PERFORMANCE OF TRIRHABDA VIRGATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ON THREE POTENTIAL HOSTS
Authors: Blatt S.E. , Schindel A.M. , Harmsen R.
Published: November 2009

The suitability of three potential host plants, Solidago canadensis L. var. canadensis (Asteraceae), Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb., and Aster lateriflorus L. (Asteraceae), for the goldenrod beetle, Trirhabda virgata LeConte was determined by measuring several fitness components during the T. virgata life cycle. Neonate larvae were collected from S. canadensis plants and transplanted onto S. canadensis, S. graminifolia, and A. lateriflorus and maintained in field enclosures until the last instar was reached. Once brought into the laboratory, larvae were fed their assigned host plant until pupation. Following emergence, adults were weighed and separated into mating pairs to record oviposition and longevity. Eggs were kept in the laboratory until the following spring, when first instar larvae were taken into the field and re-established on their assigned host, and the experiment was repeated for 2 years. Larval survival and rate of development was not affected by the host plant. Mean weight of adults at emergence was greater on S. canadensis than on either S. graminifolia or A. lateriflorus. Two components of adult fitness, postmating longevity and realized fecundity, were measured. Longevity of adult female T. virgata was not affected by the host plant. Fecundity of T. virgata reared on A. lateriflorus and S. graminifolia was lower than the fecundity of females reared on S. canadensis. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that both intrinsic plant quality and the mobility of the foraging stage are important in the evolution of host range in T. virgata. These experiments were repeated over a 3-year period, using offspring from the survivors of the previous year for the 2nd and 3rd years. Over this time, individuals experienced "laboratory adaptation," and both accepted and increased their performance on previously unacceptable food plants.
RÉPARTITION SPATIO-TEMPORELLE DES PRÉSENCES D’AILÉS D’APHIS GOSSYPII(HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) EN CULTURE COTONNIÈRE (MALVACEAE)
Authors: Célini Léonide , Vaillant Jean
Published: November 2009

The spatio-temporal distribution of cotton plants,Gossypium hirsutumL., infested withAphis gossypii(Glover) winged adults, is described in a plot located in Bangui, Central African Republic. Each cotton plant growing in the plot was examined visually for a short period of time to ascertain the presence or absence ofA.gossypiiand to construct weekly infestation maps. Tests of autocorrelation and dispersion were carried out at different spatial scales by means of Monte Carlo procedures on embedded counting grids. Edge effect tests were also carried out. The statistical analyses show significant overdispersion of the infested plants and positive spatial autocorrelation. Positive temporal autocorrelation and significant edge effect are detected intermittently throughout the season.
ROOSTING BEHAVIOUR BY FLETCHEROMYIA FLETCHERI (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE) IN SARRACENIA PURPUREA (SARRACENIACEA)
Authors: Krawchuk Margaret A. , Taylor Philip D.
Published: November 2009

The flute-shaped leaves of the pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea L. are a fluidfilled microhabitat rich in invertebrate diversity (Bradshaw 1983; Heard 1994; Hardwick and Giberson 1996; Harvey and Miller 1996; Miller et al. 1994). They are the obligate larval habitat for Fletcherimyia fletcheri (Aldrich) (Forsyth and Robertson 1975). Most literature reports of F. fletcheri present information only on larval life history and population dynamics (Fish and Hall 1978; Hardwick and Giberson 1996). Forsyth and Robertson (1975) state anecdotally that they observed adults feeding on flowers and other nectar sources within their study area. We believe that our observations represent the first report of adult F. fletcheri roosting within the flower heads of the pitcher plant.
SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF ENARMONIA FORMOSANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: McNair Crawford , Gries Gerhard , Gries Regine
Published: November 2009

(E)-9-Dodecenyl acetate (E9-12:OAc) and (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9-12:OAc) are major components of the sex pheromone of the cherry bark tortrix (CBT), Enarmonia formosana (Scopoli), in British Columbia. The compounds were identified in extracts of female pheromone glands by coupled gas chromatographic – electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) and coupled GC – mass spectrometry. In field experiments, traps baited with E9-12:OAc or Z9-12:OAc singly were unattractive to male CBT, but in combination at ratios of 50:50 or 40:60 captured numerous males. Increasing quantities of this two-component pheromone blend resulted in increasing captures of male CBT. This binary blend at a 10-mg dose caught more CBT males that did caged virgin CBT females. Eight other EAD-active acetates identified in extracts of pheromone glands failed to enhance attractiveness of the pheromone blend. These compounds may serve to reduce cross-attraction of heterospecific male moths or may play a role in courtship behaviour. Formulations of synthetic pheromone are being evaluated for management of the CBT using mass trapping or disorientation of male CBT moths.
YIELD OF OCCLUSION BODIES FROM FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE) LARVAE INFECTED WITH A NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS
Authors: Ebling P.M. , Kaupp W.J.
Published: November 2009

The forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hübner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), is subject to a variety of naturally occurring infectious diseases, including a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (MdNPV) which has been observed to reach epizootic proportions (Stairs 1966; Myers 1993).

Because MdNPV is currently available only in limited quantities for small-scale experimentation, production scale-up is vital to it's potential as a biological control agent against the forest tent caterpillar. Viruses replicate only in living cells, therefore it is necessary to produce viral insecticides either in host insect larvae (in vivo) or in susceptible cell cultures (in vitro). Insect cell cultures have not yet been developed so that large-scale production of baculoviruses are feasible (Cunningham 1995), thus in vivo production must be used. To plan for the scale-up of NPV production, it is necessary to establish the yield of occlusion bodies (OBs) from M. disstria larvae. We report here the yield of OBs from four larval instars inoculated with MdNPV, the time to mortality, head capsule widths, and body weights, and recommend larval instars suitable for further research toward commercial-scale production.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A FIXED-PRECISION SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PLAN FOR ESTIMATING BROOD ADULT DENSITY OF DENDROCTONVS PSEUDOTSUGAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Negrón José F. , Schaupp Willis C. , Johnson Erik
Published: November 2009

The Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, attacks Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Pinaceae), throughout western North America. Periodic outbreaks cause increased mortality of its host. Land managers and forest health specialists often need to determine population trends of this insect. Bark samples were obtained from 326 trees distributed over 21 stands during a 2-year period in late winter to early spring of 1997 and 1998 in the Colorado Front Range. The variance to mean relationship of brood adults was examined using the Taylor power law, and a fixed-precision sampling plan was developed using Green’s method. Stop lines and minimum number of samples required to estimate brood adult density per 0.046 m2 with precision levels of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 were calculated. A resampling simulation conducted with an independent data set indicated that desired precision levels were not met. Theoretical precision levels were adjusted until desired precision levels were achieved. Average number of samples needed to estimate brood adult densities up to 25.1 adults per 0.046 m2 with precision levels of 0.09, 0.2, and 0.3 were 91, 20, and 8, respectively. For densities greater than 25.1 brood adults per 0.046 m2, conservative estimates are obtained with 72, 15, and 6 samples for precision levels of 0.09, 0.2, and 0.3, respectively. An emergence ratio can be obtained by dividing the estimated density of brood adults by twice the number of gallery starts. This system provides the user with an immediate assessment of the population trend of Douglas-fir beetle. The data collected compare favorably with data from other Douglas-fir beetle outbreaks reported in the literature. The use of this plan outside the Colorado Front Range, or by sampling at a different height, should be cautioned until additional data from other locations and sampling heights are examined.
CERATOZETIDAE (ACARI: ORIBATIDA) OF ARBOREAL HABITATS
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M.
Published: November 2009

Six species of oribatid mites (Acari: Ceratozetidae) in six genera were recorded from a variety of arboreal habitats in western Canada, including the canopy of temperate rainforest, montane forest, and the leaves of shrubs. Four of these species are new to science and are described:Sphaerozetes winchesterisp.nov., on the basis of adults; andDentizetes ledensissp.nov.,Melanozetes crossleyisp.nov., andNeogymnobates marilynaesp.nov., on the basis of adults and immatures.Jugatala tuberosaEwing is redescribed from both adults and immatures, a new observation being that adults have seven pairs of notogastral porose areas. The placement of the genusJugatalaEwing in Ceratozetidae is confirmed.Latilamellobates baloghi(Mahunka) is newly recorded from North America, and the taxonomy of the genus is discussed. The major differences among these six species are presented in tabular format.
CAN JUVENILE HORMONE RESEARCH HELP REJUVENATE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT?
Authors: Cusson Michel , Palli Subba Reddy
Published: November 2009

In the 1960s, the prediction that synthetic juvenile hormones (JHs) and their analogs would form the basis of a new generation of insecticides with enhanced target specificity greatly stimulated research on this hormone. Although JH-based insecticides were found to be effective against certain groups of insect pests, their shortcomings soon became apparent; however, current JH research provides new opportunities and ideas for the development of innovative integrated pest management (IPM) tools and strategies aimed at disrupting JH functions. Interfering with JH endocrinology requires that we either artificially increase JH titers at stages of development when titers are normally low or artificially reduce JH titers at stages of development when titers are normally high. Our discussion is organized around these two conceptual approaches and covers such areas as (i) the isolation and cloning of JH receptors; (ii) the characterization of polydnavirus and entomopoxvirus gene products responsible for the inhibition of host metamorphosis; (iii) the isolation and molecular cloning of allatostatins and the design of allatostatic pseudopeptides; (iv) the characterization of JH biosynthetic enzymes specific to the Lepidoptera; (v) the characterization of regulatory material originating from parasitic wasps of the genusChelonusPanzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), which induce precocious metamorphosis in their hosts; (vi) a tree resistance mechanism involving anti-JH effects resulting in the failure of female insects to produce and lay eggs; and (vii) the cloning of JH esterase and epoxide hydrolase cDNAs and the production of recombinant baculoviruses that overexpress these JH-degradative enzymes.
SPECIES DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION OF DUNG BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEOIDEA) ASSEMBLAGES IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Lobo Jorge M.
Published: November 2009

Data from 18 studies carried out on dung beetles from temperate North America (north of 25 ° latitude) are compared to verify the existence of some geographical pattern in the variation of three parameters: (1) species number, (2) taxonomic composition, and (3) number of introduced species. Southern localities are characterized by a larger number of species and a significantly higher number of scarabaeine species than northern localities (only southern communities located inside the Chihuahuan desert do not conform to this pattern). To explain the latitudinal pattern in faunistic composition and number of species, historical factors are postulated. Foreign species of the tribe Aphodiini seem to be more frequent in the northern localities where more aphodiine native species occur. In contrast, foreign species of the subfamily Scarabaeinae are not more frequent in the southern localities with a greater number of native scarabaeine species. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the more diverse assemblages of native dung beetle are more resistant to invasion by foreign species.
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF PLANT BUGS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON OILSEED FLAX (LINACEAE) AND THEIR EFFECT ON YIELD
Authors: Wise I.L. , Lamb R.J.
Published: November 2009

Plant bugs, Lygus Kelton, damage many crops in western Canada (Kelton 1980; Wise and Lamb 1998; Wise et al. 2000), the common species in Manitoba being Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), Lygus borealis (Kelton), and Lygus elisus Van Duzee (Gerber and Wise 1995). Reports of plant bugs on flax, Linum usitatissimum L., are limited to an oviposition study (Painter 1927) and anecdotal descriptions of feeding damage in Canada (Beirne 1972) and Europe (Ferguson and Fitt 1991). In western Canada, flax is grown as an oilseed crop on about 600 000 ha annually (Canada Grains Council 1999). The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the species of plant bugs in oilseed flax, (ii) their ability to complete development in flax, (iii) the number of generations they complete, and (iv) the yield loss they cause.
CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROPSYCHE SLOSSONAE (TRICHOPTERA: HYDROPSYCHIDAE) CAPTURE NET POLYPEPTIDES
Authors: Tessier L. , Boisvert J.L. , Vought L.B-M. , Lacoursière J.O.
Published: November 2009

The aim of this study was to characterize polypeptide components of the capture net spun by trichopteran larvae Hydropsyche slossonae (Banks) (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Thirty-one polypeptide bands were identified by SDS – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) from extracted net material, with molecular weights ranging from 8500 to 179 000. Comparison with published data on Bombyx mori (L.) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) silk, treated under similar denaturing conditions, shows that six low molecular weight polypeptides ranging between 8500 and 18 800 in the silk of H. slossonae are absent from that of B. mori; furthermore, two high molecular weight polypeptides (210 000 and 220 000) detected in the silk of B. mori are not present in that of H. slossonae. Differences between both groups are probably related to their mode of living and to the specific use of silk (in air versus under water). Our findings are consistent with the current trend in the literature that silk spun by aquatic and terrestrial insects, as well as those spun by different species, is apparently made of different biopolymers according to the protein constituents. Hence, the polypeptide characterization of silk, combined with sequence data and (or) antibodies cross-reactivity data, could represent a potential tool for taxonomic classification improvement of aquatic insects. These results could eventually be used to characterize hydropsychid capture net anomalies induced by environmental pollution.
RESISTANCE TO SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN SPRING WHEAT (GRAMINEAE)
Authors: Lamb R.J. , McKenzie R.I.H. , Wise I.L. , Barker P.S. , Smith M.A.H. , Olfert O.O.
Published: November 2009

Cultivars of winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., previously identified as possible sources of resistance to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), were crossed with spring wheat to produce lines with a spring growth habit and assure synchrony between insect and plant. Many of the lines showed low levels of infestation by wheat midge in the field, and 21 of these were tested for resistance in the laboratory. All test lines exhibited resistance, ranging from 58 to 100% suppression of larvae and 70 to 100% suppression of seed damage, compared with a susceptible line. Larval development was delayed and survival was reduced on all lines. This antibiosis was associated with a hypersensitive reaction in the seed surface. The hypersensitive reaction, or feeding damage by young larvae before they died, reduced the biomass of some infested resistant seeds by 28% compared with over 60% for infested susceptible seeds. Some lines also reduced the level of infestation either through oviposition deterrence or a resistance which prevented newly hatched larvae from establishing on the seed surface. A few lines also reduced the hatching rate of wheat midge eggs. The resistance was equally effective in field trials during two consecutive summers in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, with at least a 20-times difference in the level of infestation between susceptible and resistant wheats. No larvae could develop to maturity on some resistant lines. Large plots of one resistant line produced less than 1% as many larvae as a typical susceptible wheat, and the larvae that did survive produced few, small adults. This resistance is the first documented case of a high level of true resistance to wheat midge in spring wheat, distinct from asynchrony between the insect and susceptible stage of the plant. The antibiosis component of the resistance is currently being incorporated in cultivars suitable for production in western Canada.
FOREST GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) ON A BOREAL ISLAND: HABITAT PREFERENCES AND THE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL REMOVALS
Authors: Apigian Kyle , Wheelwright Nathaniel T.
Published: November 2009

We used pitfall trapping to measure the species richness and relative abundance of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in four forest habitats on Kent Island, a 80-ha island in the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada. Sixteen species of ground beetles representing 11 genera were identified in the forested habitats on Kent Island; the relative paucity of ground beetle species may be a result of the island’s harsh climate, dense colonies of breeding seabirds, and isolation from the mainland. Estimates of ground beetle population densities on Kent Island ranged from 50 000 to 250 000/ha. Most ground beetle species were trapped in all habitats and appeared to be habitat generalists. In a series of experiments in which we removed all ground beetles trapped daily over a 3-week period in two experimental plots, ground beetle densities remained as high as in a control plot; other ground beetles quickly moved into the experimental plots to replace beetles that had been removed. The density of ground beetles was highest in intact forest and large forest patches; in contrast, the density of invertebrates other than ground beetles (i.e., possible prey or competitors of ground beetles) was highest in open habitats and isolated forest patches, where ground beetles were less common. Removing ground beetles from experimental plots did not result in an increase in the density of other invertebrates.
ALLOCATION PATTERNS OF ORGANIC NITROGEN AND MINERAL NUTRIENTS WITHIN STEM GALLS OFDIPLOLEPIS SPINOSAANDDIPLOLEPIS TRIFORMA(HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) ON WILD ROSES (ROSACEAE)
Authors: St John Mark G. , Shorthouse Joseph D.
Published: November 2009

Concentrations of organic N and minerals Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, and S in tissues of galls induced byDiplolepis spinosa(Ashmead) andDiplolepis triformaShorthouse and Ritchie in growth and maturation phases were compared with those in ungalled tissues of host roses and tissues distal to galls to increase our understanding of nutritional relationships between gall wasps and their host plants (Rosa blandaAiton andRosa acicularisLindley, respectively). Concentrations of N and most mineral nutrients were lower in galls than in ungalled tissues, and tissues distal to galls, suggesting that cynipids regulate rather than concentrate nutrients within their galls. Concentrations of mineral nutrients within the larvae of both species of inducers, and their parasitoids, were determined for galls in the maturation phase. Absolute amounts of most minerals in gall tissues were positively correlated with the number of inhabitants, indicating that control of translocation of nutrients to galls occurs on a per inducer basis. Concentrations of nutrients in mature larvae of parasitoids were the same as concentrations in mature larvae of inducers, which explains why parasitism of gall inducers had no influence on the concentrations or amounts of nutrients in galls. Galls ofD.triformahad greater concentrations of N and most mineral nutrients than did galls ofD.spinosa. Likewise, larvae ofD.triforma, and the parasitoids feeding onD.triforma, had greater concentrations of N and mineral nutrients than did larvae ofD.spinosaand its parasitoids. Galls of both species had different concentrations of nutrients compared with ungalled tissues and tissues distal to the galls. Galls of both species also had seasonal decreases in concentrations of nutrients. Parasitoids of each species of inducer were generally similar in mineral composition to their hosts.
ARTHROPOD PREDATORS IN CABBAGE (CRUCIFERAE) AND THEIR POTENTIAL AS NATURALLY OCCURRING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS FORPIERIS RAPAE(LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE)
Authors: Schmaedick Mark A. , Shelton Anthony M.
Published: November 2009

We used three sampling methods to identify the arthropod predators most abundant and active in fields of cabbage,Brassica oleraceaL. var.capitata, and determined those most likely to be important predators of the imported cabbageworm,Pieris rapaeL., by testing the predators’ abilities to forage on cabbage plants and to feed onPieris rapaein small arenas in the laboratory. Abundance and activity in the field were monitored with pitfall traps, sticky traps applied directly to leaves, and plant samples. Four criteria were used to assess the species’ potential value as a predator ofPieris rapaein cabbage: relatively high overall abundance in trap catches and plant samples, occurrence on plant foliage in the field, a high propensity to feed onPieris rapaeeggs and first instars, and the ability to search for larvalPieris rapaeon cabbage plants. Four species, the wolf spiderPardosa milvina(Hentz) (Araneae: Lycosidae), the harvestmanPhalangium opilioL. (Opiliones: Phalangiidae), and the lady beetlesColeomegilla maculata lengiTimberlake andHippodamia variegata(Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), demonstrated these attributes, although all four species appeared unable to search for prey on some parts of the cabbage plants, owing to unsure footing on the plants’ slippery cuticular wax. Linyphiids (Araneae) and syrphids (Diptera), the most abundant taxa in the plant samples, may prove better at thoroughly searching cabbage plants, but remain to be tested in future laboratory trials. Our results show that only a small portion of the predatory arthropod species that occur in cabbage fields is likely to prey onPieris rapaeon the plants, although important questions remain about the roles of some taxa. Future efforts to enhance biological control ofPieris rapaeby naturally occurring predators can now focus on further elucidating and finding ways to enhance the roles of those predators that are effective.
POTENTIAL SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF THE SADDLED PROMINENT (LEPIDOPTERA: NOTODONTIDAE)
Authors: Silk P.J. , Lonergan G.C. , Allen D.C. , Spear-O’Mara J.
Published: November 2009

Significant outbreaks of saddled prominent, Heterocampa guttivitta (Walker), have been recorded in northern hardwood stands throughout the northeastern United States since 1907 and were first noted in Ontario in 1938 (Martinat and Allen 1988). The insect overwinters as a pupa beneath litter, adult emergence begins in late May and peaks in mid-June, and oviposition activity ends in early July. Consequently, the major impact of defoliation usually occurs in late summer feeding. Principal hosts are sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh. (Aceraceae), American beech, Fagus grandifolia (Ehrh.) (Fagaceae), and yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis Britton (Betulaceae) (Rush and Allen 1987). Two successive years of severe (>75%) defoliation of sugar maple result in significant growth loss (Bauce and Allen 1991), and heavy mortality may occur to understory sugar maple (Grimble and Newel1 1973). The quantity and sugar content of sugar maple sap are dramatically reduced the spring following heavy (>50%) defoliation (Magasi 1981; Handy 1968). Heavy to severe defoliation may cause crown dieback and defoliation and, in concert with other stresses, may initiate maple decline (Giese et al. 1964). Currently, monitoring and evaluation of saddled prominent populations must rely on egg sampling (Grimble and Kasile 1974), a time-consuming process that is inconvenient for survey personnel and landowners. A sex pheromone has not been identified for this species (nor for any other North American Notodontidae) and would be a potentially useful tool for detecting incipient outbreaks, predicting population levels, and evaluating population trends.
VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT OF IPS LATIDENS AND IPS PINI (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) BY SEMIOCHEMICAL INTERRUPTION
Authors: Miller Daniel R.
Published: November 2009

The effect of semiochemical interruptants was examined for Ips latidens (LeConte) and Ips pini (Say) using artificial trees (tall-traps) consisting of an array of seven Lindgren multiple-funnel traps suspended vertically on a rope ladder. S-(+)-Ipsdienol reduced the numbers of I. latidens captured in (±)-ipsenol-baited funnel traps relative to funnel traps immediately above them and to control tall-traps. The combination of (±)-exo-brevicomin and cis- and trans-verbenol reduced the numbers of I. pini captured in (±)-ipsdienol-baited funnel traps relative to funnel traps immediately above them and to control tall-traps. These results provide support for semiochemical-based pest-management tactics that utilize a point source of interruptant at the base of a tree while noting limitations in behavioural effects and efficacy.
RESPONSE OF CONE AND TWIG BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND A PREDATOR (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE) TO PITYOL, CONOPHTHORIN, AND VERBENONE
Authors: de Groot Peter , DeBarr Gary L.
Published: November 2009

Field studies were conducted in the United States and Canada to determine the response of the white pine cone beetle, Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz), and the red pine cone beetle, Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins, to two potential inhibitors, conophthorin and verbenone, of pheromone communication. Trap catches of male C. coniperda and C. resinosae were significantly reduced and generally declined with increasing concentrations of conophthorin in traps baited with the pityol, a female-produced pheromone. Verbenone did not significantly reduce trap catches of C. coniperda. Conophthorin, but not verbenone, significantly reduced cone attacks by C. coniperda when placed near cone clusters. The twig beetles, Pityophthorus cariniceps LeConte and Pityophthorus puberulus (LeConte), responded to traps with pityol and α-pinene baits alone or with conophthorin. Thanasimus dubius (F) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) was attracted to the pityol and α-pinene, but conophthorin had no effect on attraction of this generalist bark beetle predator. Verbenone significantly reduced trap catches of T. dubius in pityol-baited traps.
SEMIOCHEMICALS FROM THREE SPECIES OF PITYOPHTHORUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): IDENTIFICATION AND FIELD RESPONSE
Authors: Dallara Paul L. , Seybold Steven J. , Meyer Holger , Tolasch Till , Francke Wittko , Wood David L.
Published: November 2009

Analyses of pentane extracts of frass, whole beetles, and volatiles trapped on Porapak-Q from Pityophthorus Eichhoff spp. fed on Pinus radiata D. Don demonstrated that (E)-pityol [2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methyltetrahydrofuran] was produced by male Pityophthorus carmeli Swaine, female Pityophthorus nitidulus (Mannerheim), and female Pityophthorus setosus Blackman. (E)-(−)-Conophthorin) [(5S,7S)-(−)-7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane] was produced by male P. carmeli and male P. nitidulus. Only the (2R,5S)-(+) stereoisomer of (E)-pityol was produced by male P. carmeli and female P. setosus. In field bioassays in central coastal California, P. setosus was attracted to (E)-(+)-pityol, whereas P. carmeli responded only to a combination of (E)-(−)-conophthorin and (E)-(+)-pityol. Male P. setosus and female P. carmeli responded to these treatments with larger numbers than opposite-sex conspecifics. (E)-(−)-Conophthorin alone did not attract species of Pityophthorus but significantly reduced catches of P. setosus to (E)-(+)-pityol. Lasconotus pertenuis Casey (Coleoptera: Colydiidae) and Ips mexicanus (Hopkins) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were attracted to a combination of (E)-(−)-conophthorin and (E)-(+)-pityol, and showed a trend for attraction to all (E)-(−)-conophthorin-containing treatments. (E)-(−)-Pityol was neither attractive nor interruptive for any taxon. (E)-(+)-Pityol is shown to be an aggregation pheromone component for P. carmeli and P. setosus. (E)-(−)-Conophthorin functions as a pheromone component for P. carmeli and may also function as a synomone that decreases competition of P. carmeli and P. nitidulus with P. setosus and as a kairomone for L. pertenuis. These semiochemicals have been useful in studying relationships among twig insects and the pathogen Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O’Donnell), causal agent of pitch canker disease in P. radiata.
IMPACT OF FEEDING BY LEPTOGLOSSUS OCCIDENTALS (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE) ON THE MAJOR STORAGE RESERVES OF MATURE DOUGLAS-FIR (PINACEAE) SEEDS
Authors: Bates Sarah L. , Borden John H. , Savoie Anne , Blatt Suzanne E. , Lait Cameron G. , Kermode Allison R. , Bennett Robb G.
Published: November 2009

In laboratory experiments adults and nymphs of the western conifer seed bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, were allowed to feed on mature seeds of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. Weight-loss measurements and scanning electron microscopy provided strong supporting evidence for the use of simple radiographic diagnosis as a method of classifying feeding damage to seeds into four categories: light (greater than two thirds of seed contents remaining), moderate (one third to two thirds of seed contents remaining), severe (less than one third of seed contents remaining), and extreme (seed empty). Scanning electron micrographs showed the apparent depletion of lipid and protein storage reserves which was verified by quantitative analyses that showed significant loss of lipid and buffer-insoluble (crystalloid) storage protein from seeds in all damage categories. The amount of buffer-soluble (matrix) protein was reduced in seeds from the severe and extreme damage categories. The increase in buffer-soluble protein observed in lightly damaged seeds was likely due to the solubilization of crystalloid storage protein, as a result of its breakdown into smaller peptides. Our results suggest that through the action of both lipases and proteases, L. occidentalis can have a serious impact on the major storage reserves of conifer seeds. Moreover, our data suggest that L. occidentalis feeds in a different manner than the laceration and flushing method found in other seed-feeding Hemiptera.
ATTRACTANT PHEROMONE AND ALLOMONE FROM THE METATHORACIC SCENT GLAND OF A BROAD-HEADED BUG (HEMIPTERA: ALYDIDAE)
Authors: Aldrich J.R. , Zhang A. , Oliver J.E.
Published: November 2009

Females of Alydus eurinus (Say) release an attractant pheromone from their metathoracic scent gland. Conspecific males and, to a lesser extent, females and nymphs were attracted to blends containing the female-specific essential pheromone components 2-methylbutyl butyrate and (E)-2-methyl-2-butenyl butyrate, whereas individuals of Alydus pilosulus Herrick-Schaeffer were not attracted. When attacked, however, alydid adults emit chemicals for defense—butyric and hexanoic acids in A. eurinus—from the metathoracic scent glands. Mimicry is actually the first line of defense for most broad-headed bugs, including the common North American species studied here, whose nymphs are remarkable ant mimics and whose adults strongly resemble spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). The possibility that disparate heteropterans (Hemiptera) produce sexual pheromones in their metathoracic scent glands must be considered in future pheromone research on heteropterans, especially for species with the specialized lines of defense indicated by aposematism or mimicry.
BROOD PRODUCTION AND SHOOT FEEDING BY TOMICUS PINIPERDA (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Ryall K.L. , Smith S.M.
Published: November 2009

Brood production and shoot feeding by the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), were studied over 3 years in naturally infested plantations of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae), near Guelph and Waterloo, Ontario, using trap-logs. Adult beetles produced a single brood in 1996 and 1997 and two broods in 1999. Galleries for the first brood were all initiated under the bark over a 2- to 3-week period from mid-April to early May. The lone second brood occurred in early June. In all years, eggs were present by late April, larvae by mid-May, pupae by late June, and new adults by mid-July. Complete development (egg–pupa) required 12–13 weeks for the first brood and 8 weeks for the second brood. First-brood adults emerged over a 2- to 3-week period from early to mid-July in all years, with second-brood adults emerging in late July. The effective heat sums (degree-days (°d) > developmental-threshold temperature) were 77–79 °d for eggs, 267–293 °d for the larval stage, 139–152 °d for the pupal stage, and 43.2 °d for the pre-emergence stage, depending on the developmental-threshold temperature used. The total heat sums for the first brood (1249.8 ± 73.3 °d > 0 °C) were larger that those required for the second brood (856.4 ± 124 °d > 0 °C). Overall, values for first-brood development were similar to those calculated for European and Asian populations. Pine shoots in the upper tree crowns were used by adult beetles for maturation feeding between late July and late September in both 1995 and 1996. The re-emerging parental adults fed upon 1-year-old shoots, whereas newly emerging adults fed primarily upon current-year shoots. The beetles appeared to move to overwintering sites in late October to November, and no adults were found overwintering in shoots on the trees or the ground. Our results parallel those obtained by others under similar climatic conditions in Europe, and can be used to improve the management and regulation of this species as it becomes established in our native pine forests.
IDENTIFICATION OF AN AGGREGATION PHEROMONE FOR PITYOGENES HOPKINSI (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Birgersson G. , Dalusky M.J. , Berisford C.W.
Published: November 2009

The aggregation pheromone of Pityogenes hopkinsi Swaine was identified; it is a three-component mixture, comprising chalcogran, cis-verbenol, and ethyl dodecanoate. Ethyl dodecanoate is new as a bark beetle pheromone component. Chemical analyses (GC–MS) were made on hindgut extracts from unmated and mated males and mated females collected in the field during colonization of Pinus strobus L. (Pinaceae). Aerations from the naturally colonized logs were also analyzed to quantify the released amounts of the pheromone components, a necessary preliminary step to making up biologically relevant doses for field bioassay. Beetles reared from infested host material in the laboratory were introduced into logs of P. strobus, and the production and release of pheromone components in relation to attack phase and "mating status" were described. In general, unmated males increased their production of chalcogran and ethyl dodecanoate until females were admitted, after which production ceased. A field subtractive bioassay showed that chalcogran was the key pheromone component, synergized by different compounds for the two sexes. Females exhibited their strongest response to a mixture of chalcogran and ethyl dodecanoate, whereas cis-verbenol was the synergist for male response. Male-produced 1-hexanol had an inhibitory effect on male attraction to the aggregation-pheromone blend.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES OF TOMICUS PINIPERDA AND TOMICUS MINOR (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TO NON-HOST LEAF AND BARK VOLATILES
Authors: Schlyter Fredrik , Zhang Qing-He , Anderson Peter , Byers John A. , Wadhams Lester J. , Löfqvist Jan , Birgersson Göran
Published: November 2009

Leaf and bark volatiles from non-host birches, Betula pendula Roth. and Betula pubescens Ehrh. (Betulaceae), and aspen, Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae), were tested on spring-dispersing Tomicus piniperda (L.) and Tomicus minor (Hart.) by gas chromatographic – electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) and by attractant-baited traps in southern Sweden. GC–EAD analysis of the head-space volatiles from fresh bark chips of B. pendula revealed two green leaf alcohols, 1-hexanol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, that consistently elicited antennal responses by T. piniperda and T. minor. Further analyses with synthetic mixtures showed that the antennae of these two Tomicus species also responded to other green leaf alcohols, such as (E)-2-hexen-1-ol found from the non-host leaves, and C8-alcohols, 3-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol, from bark of non-host birches and aspen. No antennal responses of the Tomicus species were observed to green leaf C6-aldehydes and C6-acetate or to non-host bark volatiles like trans-conophthorin, benzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, and benzyl alcohol. In field trapping experiments, blends of electrophysiologically active green leaf alcohols or C8-alcohols resulted in reductions (> 60%) in the number of T. piniperda captured compared with that for the kairomone-baited trap. When these two blends were combined, trap catch was further reduced (90%), which was not significantly different from that for the blank control. Neither the blend of two green leaf aldehydes plus the acetate nor the bark compounds trans-conophthorin or benzyl alcohol reduced trap catches. Tomicus minor had a response pattern similar to that of T. piniperda. Hylurgops palliatus (Gyll.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) was attracted to the combination of kairomone and verbenone but not to kairomone and was not affected by the blends of green leaf volatiles. Our results suggest that selected leaf–bark C6-alcohols and the bark C8-alcohols may have potential in developing semiochemical-based management programs against both pine shoot beetles by repelling them from suitable breeding and feeding sites.
APPLICATION OF ELIMINADE™ PARASITOID FOOD TO BOLES AND CROWNS OF PINES (PINACEAE) INFESTED WITH DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Stephen Fred M. , Browne Lloyd E.
Published: November 2009

The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, is native to pine forests of the southern United States. We describe here techniques for enhancing parasitoid efficacy by direct feeding of parasitoid adults. Our recent research suggests that feeding by female adult D. frontalis parasitoids is important for increased longevity (Mathews and Stephen 1997, 1999; Stephen et al. 1997), and we documented that, with parasitoid feeding, egg resorption decreases and development of new immature eggs increases (Hanano 1996). We suspect that food for D. frontalis parasitoids, in the form of nectar, pollen, or honeydew, is not always available in the forest. We are developing a commercial D. frontalis control strategy based on this assumption.
Copulation duration and probability of insemination in Anthocoris whitei (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) as a function of male body size
Authors: Horton David R. , Lewis Tamera M. , Hinojosa Tonya
Published: November 2009

The influence of male and female body size on copulation duration and probability of insemination was determined for Anthocoris whitei Reuter allowed to mate at two temperatures. Copulation duration decreased significantly with increasing male length or increasing relative size (male length divided by female length). Female length had no effect on copulation duration. We interrupted copulation at 20 or 40 min at both 25 and 15 °C to determine the interacting effects of male size, temperature, and copulation duration on probability of insemination. Insemination probabilities increased with increasing male size, increasing temperature, and increased duration of copulation. Large males were more successful than small males at inseminating females at cool temperatures and for severely shortened copulations. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that males of this species experience physical difficulties either in achieving intromission or in forcing sperm through the aedeagus, and that larger body size in males lessens these difficulties.
Distinguishing adults ofBracon cephi and Bracon lissogaster(Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoids of the wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)
Authors: Runyon J.B. , Hurley R.L. , Morrill W.L. , Weaver D.K.
Published: November 2009

The wheat stem sawfly,Cephus cinctusNorton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), has been the most economically important insect pest of wheat in the northern Great Plains since cultivation began (Weiss and Morrill 1992). The wheat stem sawfly was first reported from wild grasses where populations were often highly parasitized by a number of parasitoids, includingBracon (= Microbracon) cephi(Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (Criddle 1923; Ainslie 1929). A similar species,Bracon lissogasterMuesebeck, was later reported to also attackC. cinctuslarvae (Muesebeck 1953; Somsen and Luginbill 1956). These parasitoids are now prevalent in wheat in some regions of Montana (Morrillet al.1994, 1998; Morrill 1997). The life histories and phenologies of these sympatric idiobiont ectoparasitoids are similar. The ability to distinguishB. cephifromB. lissogasteris essential in elucidating their effects on populations ofC. cinctus. We examined 159 females and 123 males ofB. cephifrom Chouteau, Hill, Stillwater, Teton, and Toole counties in Montana; Burke, Burleigh, Rolette, and Williams counties in North Dakota; Rock County in Minnesota; and southem Alberta (Rockyford and Consort). The 254 females and 215 males ofB. lissogasterexamined were from Chouteau, Hill, Teton, and Toole counties in Montana. Holotypes were compared to verify identifications.
Effect of delayed mating on reproductive biology of the Oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Fraser H.W. , Trimble R.M.
Published: November 2009

The effect of delayed mating on the reproductive biology of females of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), was studied in the laboratory. Expected reproduction, defined as t-th day survival rate × percent successful mating × total viable eggs, was reduced by 13, 36, and 74%, respectively, after a 2-, 5-, and 10-d delay in pairing with a male compared with females that were paired with a male on their day of emergence. Female fertility (percentage of females laying fertile eggs), fecundity (total number of eggs laid), egg fertility (percentage of eggs developing to black head stage), and egg hatch (percentage of eggs hatching) were reduced by delays in mating. The pre-oviposition period of females mated within 24 h of emergence was longer than that of females mated 2, 5, or 10 d after emergence. The duration of the oviposition period declined with delays in mating. Female longevity increased with delays in mating and was greatest in virgin females. The number of eggs laid per day was similar in females paired with a male 2, 5, and 10 d after their emergence. Commencing 2 d after pairing, females paired on their day of emergence exhibited a daily oviposition rate similar to that of females paired 2–10 d after emergence. These observations suggest that the successful control of the Oriental fruit moth using sex-pheromone-mediated orientation disruption (mating disruption) is more likely accomplished by preventing mating than by delaying mating.
Domestication of wheats (Gramineae) and their susceptibility to herbivory by Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Wise I.L. , Lamb R.J. , Smith M.A.H.
Published: November 2009

In field and laboratory tests the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), oviposited and developed on all 43 accessions of 17 species of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheats, Triticum L. spp. Ancestral diploid wild wheats had the lowest infestations among species in the genus, and two hexaploid species, Triticum sphaerococcum Percival and Triticum zhukovskyi Men. and Er., were more heavily infested than common wheat, Triticum aestivum L. In five lineages recognized in the genus, infestation increased in association with domestication, although not always in a continuous way. The level of infestation was not related to seed size or the number of seeds in spikes. Wheat species with free-threshing seeds and compact spikes were more infested by larvae than ancestral wheat species with less compact spikes and glumes that were either affixed to or pressed tightly against the seed. An association between glume tightness and spike compactness may explain the positive correlation between susceptibility and spike compactness. Domestication increased the susceptibility of crop wheats to wheat midge, possibly because the free-threshing trait affects the suitability of the glume–seed interface for oviposition and establishment of larvae on the seeds. The ancestral cultivated wheats, Triticum spelta L. and Triticum dicoccoides Körn., are promising sources of resistance to wheat midge because they have the same genomes as modern wheats and relatively low susceptibility. One free-threshing accession of Triticum dicoccum Schrank had relatively low susceptibility to wheat midge and may provide a source of resistance.
Timing of adult mortality, oviposition, and hatching during the underground phase of Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)
Authors: Gingras Jean , Tourneur Jean-Claude
Published: November 2009

We studied the effects of frost on the survival rate of European earwigs, Forficula auricularia L., during the underground phase of their cycle and determined the timing of oviposition, hatching, and death of the adults; we selected couples and inserted them into the ground to a depth of 150 cm in an open area and along the foundations of a heated suburban house in the Montréal area. Oviposition occurred in November and December, and eggs hatched between January and early June, after an average incubation period of 79–189 d depending on experimental conditions. In the open area all adults and eggs at ground surface died, killed by frost, whereas those in the soil along the house foundation did not die. Males died during the fall and early winter; their longevity was shorter than that of females, which survived until shortly after egg hatch. Females and eggs survived temperatures as low as − 3 and − 2 °C, respectively. For successful reproduction, females must keep their developing eggs at a temperature low enough to delay hatching until mid-April.