bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incommensurate density modulation in a Na-rich plagioclase feldspar:Z-contrast imaging and single-crystal X-ray diffraction study
Authors: Xu Huifang , Jin Shiyun , Noll Bruce C.
Published: December 2016

Plagioclase feldspars are the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust. Intermediate plagioclase feldspars commonly display incommensurately modulated or aperiodic structures.Z-contrast images show both Ca–Na ordering and density modulation. The local structure of lamellae domains hasI1-like symmetry. The neighboring lamellae domains are in an inversion twinning relationship. With a state-of-the-art X-ray diffraction unit, second-order satellite reflections (f-reflections) are observed for the first time in andesine (An45), a Na-riche-plagioclase. Thef-reflections indicate a structure with a density modulation which is close to a Ca-riche-plagioclase. The similarity between thise-andesine structure and previously solvede-labradorite structure is confirmed. Refinement of the structure shows density modulation of ∼ 7 mol % in compositional variation of the anorthite (An) component. The results fromZ-contrast imaging and low-temperature single X-ray diffraction (XRD) provide a structure consistent with density modulation. The discovery off-reflections in Na-riche-plagioclase extends the composition range ofe1 structure with density modulation to as low as at least An45, which is the lower end of the composition range of Bøggild intergrowth. The new result supports the loop-shaped solvus for Bøggild intergrowth, below which is a homogenous stable area fore1 structure in the phase diagram. The phase transition betweene2 structure without density modulation ande1 structure with density modulation should happen at low temperature. There is a change in modulation period accompanying the phase transition, as well as higher occupancy of Al in theT1o site. The andesine with density modulation also indicates extremely slow cooling of its host rock.
Crystal structure ofN-(7-dibromomethyl-5-methyl-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)benzamide–pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (1/1)
Authors: Wang Bang Zhong , Zhou Jun Ping , Zhou Yong , Luo Jian Song , Yang Jun Jie , Chi Shao M.ing
Published: December 2016

The title compound, C17H13Br2N3O·C4H5NO2, is a co-crystal ofN-(7-dibromomethyl-5-methyl-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)benzamide and pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (succinimide). The benzamide molecule exhibits pseudo-mirror symmetry, with an r.m.s. deviation of the non-H atoms of 0.09 Å (except for the two Br atoms). The angle between the least-squares planes of the two molecules is 26.2 (2)°. In the crystal, the two molecules are mutually linked by N—H...O and N—H...N hydrogen bonds. The packing is consolidated by C—H...(O,N) hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions.
Prolonged time taken to complete the degree programmes at the Faculty of Engineering Technology of the Open University of Sri Lanka
Authors: Aluwihare Shriyangi , De Silva Shammi
Published: December 2016

Purpose

It has been observed that the students attending the bachelor’s degree programmes offered by the Faculty of Engineering Technology (FET) at the Open University of Sri Lanka (OUSL) take extraordinarily longer period to complete their degrees. The purpose of this paper is to identify the institutional barrier, student-related personal barrier and psychological barrier behind the prolonged duration of completion of the said degrees.

Design/methodology/approach

A well-developed questionnaire was administered among a selected sample of graduates who were awarded the Bachelor of Technology (Engineering) and Bachelor of Industrial Studies degrees within the past ten years.

Findings

Results indicate that institutional barriers such as poor academic counselling and guidance; laboratory sessions being inappropriate/not sufficient to understand the course material; inadequate facilities, such as library resources, and lack of laboratory facilities at the regional centres have contributed immensely to the lengthy duration taken to complete the degrees. Personal factors such as work-related challenges, travelling time and cost of commuting to the main centre located in Colombo and inability to spend the required time expected of the programme have played major roles in the prolonged completion. Results indicate that the cost of tuition is not a major barrier for on-time completion. Psychological barriers such as possessing a limited repertoire of study strategies, lack of understanding of open and distance learning (ODL) methods and deficiency of continuous motivation had a tremendous impact on the delayed graduation. A high satisfaction rate was observed regarding the ODL tools that were used within the programmes and the formative and summative evaluation criteria. Approximately 75 per cent of the sample approved of the five remedies suggested.

Originality/value

Findings of this study provide insight for shortening the duration of the bachelor’s degree programmes offered by the FET at the OUSL.
Human health impacts of climate change as a catalyst for public engagement
Authors: Pillay Cassandra , van den Bergh Jeroen
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to clarify the relationship between climate change, its negative impacts on human health and its role in catalysing public engagement for climate policies. It aims to increase public support for climate-mitigation strategies by showing the medical case for negative climate-induced health impacts, the economic burden it entails and the public response to climate change that may be expected when health frames are used.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper reviews medical, economic and behavioural studies focusing on climate-induced health impacts, its economic costs and its potential for catalysing public engagement for climate policy.

Findings

The paper provides empirical insights about the various direct and indirect effects of climate change on human health which includes both physical impacts (infectious and non-infectious diseases) and non-physical impacts (mental disorders and reduced labour productivity). Extreme events such as storms, floods and droughts further seriously affect the health of many people, as they restrict food production and water supply. Economic damage costs of climate-induced health impacts are underestimated. Together, natural science, medical and economic studies warrant giving more attention to health in public debates on climate change. The more so as evidence of behavioural studies suggests that the use of health frames reinforces public concern for climate issues.

Originality/value

This paper argues that climate-induced health impacts and their economic costs should be given more serious attention in discussions about climate-mitigation strategies. They can augment public support for climate policy.
Resonant co-creation as an approach to strategic innovation
Authors: Rill Bryan
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize resonant co-creation as a framework for cultivating strategic innovation and organizational change; to delineate worldview transformation as central to resonant co-creation and overview the theoretical and practical foundations of this approach; and to offer a model on the facilitation of resonant co-creation in organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

Conceptual development with case illustration.

Findings

Resonant co-creation fosters strategic innovation through coaching and facilitation techniques that cultivate awareness, empathy, and advanced communication skills. This results in a fundamental shift in the engagement and interactions of teams, creating a new space for innovation.

Research limitations/implications

The framework offered herein brings conceptual clarity to specific approaches to and applications of resonant co-creation to achieve strategic innovation. By providing perspective on processes leading to innovation, it possible to be more precise about the relationships between consulting practices and stated organizational change outcomes.

Practical implications

The presentation and clarification of the theoretical model (the underlying grammar of facilitation) and specific techniques that can be used to drive worldview transformation can benefit coaches, facilitators, and leaders who wish to implement a co-creative organizational culture or improve outcomes of co-creative programs. By linking theory to practice, this paper can help change makers and managers better justify and implement resonant co-creation within their organizational contexts.

Social implications

Resonant co-creation facilitates an expansion of awareness that can lead to more sustainable business practices and workplace well-being. This benefits society at large through fostering more socially conscious and innovative organizations.

Originality/value

Resonant co-creation is a needed nuance to the very generalized notion of co-creation spread throughout organizations today. Clarifying this approach is useful to both practitioners and researchers who seek to understand or facilitate innovation and organizational change. The originality of this paper lies in the combination of the idea of co-creation with the psychological concept of worldview transformation. By creating shifts in individual and collective (organizational) worldview, resonant co-creation transforms the way people interact and ideate. This paper introduces a grammar of facilitation and specific techniques that shift worldview and create a space for strategic innovation.
Knowing what we know differently
Authors: Tsai Fu-Sheng
Published: December 2016

Purpose

Building on knowledge-based view and demographic diversity theory, the purpose of this paper is to re-conceptualize knowledge heterogeneity (KH) (i.e. diversity in individual or organizational knowledge) and to explore a broader set of relationships between KH and the multidimensional (i.e. dynamics and ambidexterity) innovation.

Design/methodology/approach

Case studies of organizational KH and innovation ambidexterity were conducted in four representative companies with variated characteristics. Similarities in the heterogeneity-innovation relationships were identified across four very different types of companies, providing a good exploratory base for future large-scale empirical studies.

Findings

Grounding on locus-of-knowing and timing-of-knowing dimensions, this paper utilizes an inductive approach that analyzes qualitative materials to construct the essential meanings of intraorganizational KH, and to explore the influences KH brings onto the ambidextrous innovation. A four-category typology of KH is emerged. Overall, KH is categorized into four distinctive but inter-related forms: individual professional backgrounds, collective profession backgrounds, individual evolving knowledge portfolio, and collective evolving knowledge portfolio.

Research limitations/implications

Building on such typology, this paper discusses propositions for the differentiated influences of different forms of KH on dynamic and ambidextrous innovations.

Originality/value

Whereas individual knowledge benefits independent creativity, complex collective knowledge is more critical for organizational innovation. While research has placed more emphasis on the effects of knowledge accumulation or flow, it neglects the knowledge profile and structure for innovation. The present study explores the effect of heterogeneous knowledge structure on dynamic and ambidextrous innovation.
An analysis of Japan’s connectivity to the global innovation system
Authors: Lee Ahreum , Mudambi Ram , Cano-Kollmann Marcelo
Published: December 2016

Purpose

In the modern knowledge-intensive economy, a nation’s competitiveness depends on the ability of its constituent firms to innovate. Extant research in national systems of innovation highlights institutions and public policies toward innovation as key determinants that affect firms’ innovation activities. This paper aims to widen the investigation by arguing that co-inventor connectivity allows firms to access the most tacit knowledge within global innovation systems. Therefore, it is one of the key factors that underpin a nation’s ability to develop and sustain its competitiveness.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a data set of 406,168 patents from US Patent and Trademark Office during the period of 1975-2004, this study analyzed the Japanese system of innovation through co-inventor networks.

Findings

Surprisingly, the authors found that compared to other advanced countries such as Germany and Denmark, the Japanese innovation system is quite closed.

Originality/value

The dimension of tacit knowledge is crucial in the current environment of rapid cycle time, short product lifespans and increasing emphasis on exploratory innovation. Hence the authors speculate that closedness to global innovation systems could be one of the reasons why many of Japan’s traditionally powerful multinational enterprises exhibit weak performance in recent years.
Performance study of flame-retardant semi-rigid polyurethane foam with modified expandable graphite
Authors: Liu Lizhu , Li Weiliang , Cui Weiwei , Zhang Xiaorui , Ling Weng
Published: December 2016

Purpose

In this paper, boric acid was loaded on the surface of expandable graphite (EG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and silane coupling agent (KH550) served as a bridge. The purpose of this study was to improve the flame retardant properties of semi-rigid polyurethane, meanwhile, the mechanical properties of the foam got ameliorated.

Design/methodology/approach

PVA was dissolved in hot water. EG was added to this solution. After stirring for 0.5 h at 85°C in ultrasonic agitation, the system was put at room temperature to cool. The silane coupling agent KH550 was added dropwise into the solution system, stirring to fully hydrolyze. Boric acid was added into the system, placing it in an oven at 90°C to dry after filtration. Changing of flame retardant properties and mechanical properties of semi-rigid polyurethane adding modified EG were characterized.

Findings

The flame retardant performance of the foam with EG has been improved, whereas the tensile strength decreased with an increase in the content of EG. After adding modified EG, compared to semi-rigid polyurethane with EG, flame retardant performance and tensile strength of the foam improved.

Research limitations/implications

In the study reported here, the surface of EG was modified by boric acid. The modified EG was added into semi-rigid polyurethane foam. The flame retardant performance and tensile strength of the foam after adding modified EG were discussed. Results of this research could benefit in-depth study of the influence of adding modified EG to semi-rigid polyurethane. The study could promote the application of flame-retardant polyurethane foam.

Originality/value

The flame retardant performance and tensile strength of the semi-rigid polyurethane were improved by adding modified EG. The effects of modified EG on the flame retardant performance and tensile strength of semi-rigid polyurethane were discussed in detail.
Servitization in contract manufacturing – evidence from Polar business cases
Authors: Viitamo Esa , Luoto Seppo , Seppälä Timo
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to contribute to the scholarly debate on the origins and nature of industrial servitization. By resorting to contract manufacturing (CM) as an empirical case, it is posited that any product-service solution that a manufacturing firm is capable of delivering on a competitive basis mirrors its goals in value creation and capture, positioning within its value networks and the pool of assets and competences it holds.

Design/methodology/approach

To support this argument, a comparative case study of two CM firms that represent polar cases in the industry was conducted. The primary data were collected through participatory methodology, observations and semi-structured interviews of company representatives. The business experiences of an industry practitioner provided a distinct contribution to the content analysis and modelling.

Findings

It was concluded that servitization becomes endogenous as contract manufacturers aim for higher profitability through the insource of customer activities and hence extend their offering downstream in the supply chain. The findings suggest that the way out of the servitization trap is a shift toward original design and manufacturing business, where high value-adding modules are insourced and integrated into replicable solutions for various types of customers and market segments.

Research limitations/implications

The generalization of the conclusion is constrained by the limited focus on two cases only. More industry and company data are therefore required to further validate this argument. Particularly valuable will be the data on the intermediate business models between the two polar cases.

Originality/value

Building on contested business practices, this paper outlines the logic of competitive strategy in CM on the basis of specific characteristics and implications of the various business concepts. In this case, the principal drivers of servitization are the acquisition of supporting capabilities and insourcing of customer activities. The case study method integrates theory with academic observation and managerial experiences.
Counting chirps: acoustic monitoring of cryptic frogs
Authors: Measey G. John , Stevenson Ben C. , Scott Tanya , Altwegg Res , Borchers David L.
Published: December 2016

Global amphibian declines have resulted in a vital need for monitoring programmes that follow population trends. Monitoring using advertisement calls is ideal as choruses are undisturbed during data collection. However, methods currently employed by managers frequently rely on trained observers and/or do not provide density data on which to base trends.

This study explores the utility of monitoring using acoustic spatially explicit capture–recapture (aSCR) with time of arrival (ToA) and signal strength (SS) as a quantitative monitoring technique to measure call density of a threatened but visually cryptic anuran, the Cape peninsula moss frogArthroleptella lightfooti.

The relationships between temporal and climatic variables (date, rainfall, temperature) andA. lightfooticall density at three study sites on the Cape peninsula, South Africa, were examined. Acoustic data, collected from an array of six microphones over 4 months during the winter breeding season, provided a time series of call density estimates.

Model selection indicated that call density was primarily associated with seasonality fitted as a quadratic function. Call density peaked mid‐breeding season. At the main study site, the lowest recorded mean call density (0·160 calls m−2 min−1) occurred in May and reached its peak mid‐July (1·259 calls m−2 min−1). The sites differed in call density, but also the effective sampling area.

Synthesis and applications. The monitoring technique, acoustic spatially explicit capture–recapture (aSCR), quantitatively estimates call density of calling animals without disturbing them or their environment. In addition, time of arrival (ToA) and signal strength (SS) data significantly add to the accuracy of call localization, which in turn increases precision of call density estimates without the need for specialist field staff. This technique appears ideally suited to aid the monitoring of visually cryptic, acoustically active species.
The 2D:4D Ratio as a Predictor of the Risk of Recidivism after Court‐mandated Intervention Program for Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators
Authors: Romero‐Martínez Angel , Lila Marisol , Moya‐Albiol Luis
Published: December 2016

Differences in aggressive behavior could be partially explained by differential prenatal exposure to testosterone (T). A peripheral marker of prenatal T exposure is the 2D:4D ratio, which has shown a negative correlation with self‐reported aggression in violent men. This study tested the direct association of the 2D:4D ratio with anger expression and the risk of recidivism in intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators after psychotherapeutic intervention program. The sample consisted of IPV perpetrators, whose 2D:4D ratio was measured before the intervention. Moreover, after the intervention, anger expression and risk of recidivism in IPV were assessed. Smaller 2D:4D ratio, especially of the right hand, was related to higher anger expression and risk of recidivism in IPV perpetrators. The contribution of this prenatal marker together with other psychobiological variables could play a key role in the propensity to react aggressively when coping with environmental demands.
A City‐wide Investigation of the Isotopic Distribution and Source of Tap Waters for Forensic Human Geolocation Ground‐truthing
Authors: Ueda Momoko , Bell Lynne S.
Published: December 2016

Human geolocation is prefaced on the accuracy of the geographic precision of mapped isotopic values for drinking water. As most people live in cities, it becomes important to understand city water supplies and how the isotopic values uniquely reflect that city. This study investigated the isotopic distribution of δ2H and δ18O from sourced tap waters that were collected from across the Metro Vancouver (MV) area (n = 135). The results revealed that the isotopic values reflect their water sources with a range of 5.3‰ for δ18Otap and 29.3‰ for δ2Htap for MV. The results indicate that individual cities need higher resolution studies to determine their tap water isotopic ranges, and a good understanding of the water supply network itself for human geolocation work. With an extended high‐resolution understanding of each city, human tissue may be compared with more certainty for geolocation.
Suicide by Intentional Air embolism
Authors: Simon Gábor , Rácz Evelin , Mayer Mátyás , Heckmann Veronika , Tóth Dénes , Kozma Zsolt
Published: December 2016

Venous air embolism occurs when air enters the venous system. The main causes of venous air embolism include medical procedures, neck and head trauma, and injuries of the genitals. Self‐induced suicidal (and intentional) air embolism is extremely rare. The authors report a rare case of a suicidal air embolism committed using a self‐made tool composed of a plastic bottle and an infusion set, injecting nearly 2000 mL of air into the cubital vein. The toxicological analysis suggested that midazolam, together with air, was also injected into the circulation using the same bottle and infusion set.
Shooting Alone: The Pre‐Attack Experiences and Behaviors of U.S. Solo Mass Murderers
Authors: Gill Paul , Silver James , Horgan John , Corner Emily
Published: December 2016

This paper outlines the sociodemographic, developmental, antecedent attack, attack preparation, and commission properties of 115 mass murderers between 1990 and 2014. The results indicate that mass murderer attacks are usually the culmination of a complex mix of personal, political, and social drivers that crystalize at the same time to drive the individual down the path of violent action. We specifically focus upon areas related to prior criminal engagement, leakage, and attack location familiarity. Whether the violence comes to fruition is usually a combination of the availability and vulnerability of suitable targets that suit the heady mix of personal and political grievances and the individual's capability to engage in an attack from both a psychological and technical capability standpoint. Many individual cases share a mixture of unfortunate personal life circumstances coupled with an intensification of beliefs/grievances that later developed into the idea to engage in violence.
Visceral adiposity is significantly associated with type 2 diabetes in middle‐aged and elderly Chinese women: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Lv Xiaofei , Zhou Weiwei , Sun Jichao , Lin Ruhai , Ding Lin , Xu Min , Xu Yu , Zhao Zhiyun , Chen Yuhong , Bi Yufang , Lu Jieli , Wang Weiqing , Ning Guang
Published: December 2016

Background

Previous studies suggest that visceral fat is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) independent of body mass index (BMI). However, epidemiological data about the relationship between visceral fat and T2D are rare in Chinese. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether visceral fat area (VFA) is associated with T2D beyond and above BMI in the Chinese population.

Methods

The present community‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted in 2013 on 4126 individuals (2545 women, 1581 men) aged ≥ 40 years, with T2D diagnosed according to 1999 World Health Organization criteria. The VFA was measured by a fat area analyzer using bioelectrical impedance analysis.

Results

Participants were categorized into normal weight and overweight/obese groups according to BMI. Within each group, compared with women with below‐median VFA, women with above‐median VFA had a significantly increased risk of diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31–2.69 in the normal weight group; OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.54–2.85 in the overweight/obese group), whereas among men the corresponding associations were not significant in either group. Among women, after multivariable adjustment including BMI, each one standard deviation increase in VFA was significantly associated with a 45% higher risk of having T2D (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.26–1.67), whereas among men BMI, not VFA, was independently associated with T2D (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.02–1.37).

Conclusions

Visceral fat was independently associated with T2D in women regardless of obesity status, whereas in men BMI may have a more important effect on T2D than visceral fat.
Adult hepatoblastoma: a review of 47 cases
Authors: Duan Xiao‐Feng , Zhao Qiang
Published: December 2016

Background

Adult hepatoblastoma is a very rare and aggressive neoplasm. The aim of this study was to review the cases of adult hepatoblastoma patients.

Methods

A search of all case reports about adult hepatoblastoma from 1958 to 2016 by medical database was performed. Data about demographic information, clinical symptoms and signs, laboratory test and imaging examination, treatment and clinical outcomes were extracted and analysed.

Results

A total of 43 English articles including 47 cases of adult hepatoblastoma patients were collected. The median age was 39 years (range: 18–84 years), including 25 males and 22 females. Hepatitis B virus tests were positive in seven patients. Alpha‐fetoprotein was positive in 18 patients. Liver cirrhosis was confirmed in six cases. The median size of main tumour nodule was 15 cm (range: 6–42 cm) in 30 patients with details. Hepatectomy was undertaken in 28 cases, exploratory laparotomy in seven cases and chemoembolization and chemotherapy in two cases. Follow‐up data were available in 33 patients including 23 patients with liver resection and the median survival time was 8 months (range: 0–151 months) and the 1‐year survival rate was 39.2%. For 23 patients with liver resection, the median survival time was 15 months (range: 0.5–151 months) and the 1‐year survival rate was 54.2%. In Cox multivariate analysis, liver resection was indentified as an independent prognostic factor for prolonged survival (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Curative liver resection can prolong survival of adult hepatoblastoma. More effective systemic therapies may need to provide a great survival benefit.
Automatic female dehumanization across the menstrual cycle
Authors: Piccoli Valentina , Fantoni Carlo , Foroni Francesco , Bianchi Mauro , Carnaghi Andrea
Published: December 2016

In this study, we investigate whether hormonal shifts during the menstrual cycle contribute to the dehumanization of other women and men. Female participants with different levels of likelihood of conception (LoC) completed a semantic priming paradigm in a lexical decision task. When the word ‘woman’ was the prime, animal words were more accessible in high versus low LoC whereas human words were more inhibited in the high versus low LoC. When the word ‘man’ was used as the prime, no difference was found in terms of accessibility between high and low LoC for either animal or human words. These results show that the female dehumanization is automatically elicited by menstrual cycle‐related processes and likely associated with an enhanced activation of mate‐attraction goals.
Exhaled nitric oxide in the diagnosis of asthma in adults: a systematic review
Authors: Harnan S. E. , Essat M. , Gomersall T. , Tappenden P. , Pavord I. , Everard M. , Lawson R.
Published: December 2016

Objectives

To identify and synthesize evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of FENO for asthma in adults.

Materials and Methods

Systematic searches (nine key biomedical databases and trial registers) were carried out on November 2014. Records were included if they recruited patients with the symptoms of asthma; used a single set of inclusion criteria; measured FENO50 in accordance with American Thoracic Society guidelines, 2005 (off‐line excluded); reported/allowed calculation of true‐positive, true‐negative, false‐positive and false‐negative patients as classified against any reference standard. Study quality was assessed using QUADAS II. Meta‐analysis was planned where clinical study heterogeneity allowed. Rule‐in and rule‐out uses of FENO were considered.

Results

A total of 4861 records were identified originally and 1312 in an update. Twenty‐seven studies were included. Heterogeneity precluded meta‐analysis. Results varied even within subgroups of studies. Cut‐off values for the best sum of sensitivity and specificity varied from 12 to 55 p.p.b., but did not produce high accuracy. 100% sensitivity or 100% specificity was reported by some studies indicating potential use as a rule‐in or rule‐out strategy.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

FENO50 had variable diagnostic accuracy even within subgroups of studies with similar characteristics. Diagnostic accuracy, optimal cut‐off values and best position for FENO50 within a pathway remain poorly evidenced.
In Defense of a Democratic Productivist Welfare State
Authors: Moehler Michael
Published: December 2016

In this article, I defend a democratic form of the productivist welfare state. I argue that this form of the state can best cope, theoretically and practically, with the diversity of deeply morally pluralistic democratic societies for two reasons. First, the justification of this form of the state rests solely on general facts about human nature, basic human needs, and efficiency considerations in a world of moderately scarce resources. Second, this state does not aim to promote a specific view of justice, but human flourishing more generally, expressed in terms of individual and collective productivity. The proposed democratic productivist welfare state supports its citizens up to the level that allows them to develop and exercise their talents and abilities without providing incentives for free riding. I argue that, under the specific empirical circumstances that I describe, in particular certain informational restrictions concerning the precise productive and destructive capacities of the members of society in practice and the soundness of the Aristotelian principle, this goal may best be achieved in practice by the introduction of an unconditional basic income at subsistence level, if society is sufficiently developed economically to provide such an income. On productivist grounds, such an unconditional subsistence income also addresses, pragmatically and partially, the problem of historical injustices against the weakest members of society and provides all group members with the means for democratic participation.
Effects of reduced‐impact logging on physical habitat and fish assemblages in streams of Eastern Amazonia
Authors: Prudente Bruno S. , Pompeu Paulo S. , Juen Leandro , Montag Luciano F. A.
Published: December 2016

Reduced‐impact logging (RIL) has been considered as the main activity of forestry management in the Amazon. However, little is known of the effects of RIL on the region's ecosystems or in their biodiversity, and such information would be useful to inform forest management. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effects of RIL on physical habitat and fish assemblages in Eastern Amazonia streams. We predicted that changes caused by RIL affect stream habitat, leading to a loss of diversity and changes in species composition with a predominance of generalist species.

We sampled 13 streams in basins dominated by native vegetation without evidence of logging activity (unlogged areas) and 23 in areas that had been logged at different times between 2001 and 2011. Stream physical habitat structure was characterized using a standardized protocol, and the abundance, richness and composition of fish assemblages were assessed.

Biotic and abiotic data were compared between unlogged and logged areas, and among streams in areas with different logging years. The relationship between the stream habitat structure and fish assemblages was assessed using a distance‐based linear model using a forward procedure, followed by application of the Akaike information criterion.

Variations in tree canopy cover, channel morphology, water temperature and dissolved oxygen and conductivity accounted for most of the differences in habitat characteristics between unlogged and logged areas. A total of 53 fish species was collected, belonging to 20 families and 6 orders. Fish abundances did not vary consistently between streams in unlogged areas and those that had undergone RIL, and showed minor evidence of species‐specific changes in response to logging years. Likewise, there were no obvious differences in species richness, composition and biomass between logged and unlogged sites, regardless of logging years.

RIL in Eastern Amazonia is performed in compliance with technical guidelines, but this practice has resulted in changes in stream physical habitat. Nonetheless, in the headwater streams that we sampled, the effects of RIL on fish assemblages were minor.
Alcohol‐dependent molecular adaptations of the NMDA receptor system
Authors: Morisot N. , Ron D.
Published: December 2016

Phenotypes such as motivation to consume alcohol, goal‐directed alcohol seeking and habit formation take part in mechanisms underlying heavy alcohol use. Learning and memory processes greatly contribute to the establishment and maintenance of these behavioral phenotypes. The N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a driving force of synaptic plasticity, a key cellular hallmark of learning and memory. Here, we describe data in rodents and humans linking signaling molecules that center around the NMDARs, and behaviors associated with the development and/or maintenance of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Specifically, we show that enzymes that participate in the regulation of NMDAR function including Fyn kinase as well as signaling cascades downstream of NMDAR including calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CamKII), the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) play a major role in mechanisms underlying alcohol drinking behaviors. Finally, we emphasize the brain region specificity of alcohol's actions on the above‐mentioned signaling pathways and attempt to bridge the gap between the molecular signaling that drive learning and memory processes and alcohol‐dependent behavioral phenotypes. Finally, we present data to suggest that genes related to NMDAR signaling may be AUD risk factors.
Depth enhancement of 3D microscopic living‐cell image using incoherent fluorescent digital holography
Authors: BANG L.T. , WU H.Y. , ZHAO Y. , KIM E.G. , KIM N.
Published: December 2016

Multilayer images of living cells are typically obtained using confocal or multiphoton microscopy. However, limitations on the distance between consecutive scan layers hinder high‐resolution three‐dimensional reconstruction, and scattering strongly degrades images of living cell components. Consequently, when overlapping information from different layers is focused on a specific point in the camera, this causes uncertainty in the depiction of the cell components. We propose a method that combines the Fresnel incoherent correlation holography and a depth‐of‐focus reduction algorithm to enhance the depth information of three‐dimensional cell images. The proposed method eliminates overlap between light elements in the different layers inside living cells and limitations on the interlayer distance, and also enhances the contrast of the reconstructed holograms of living cells.
Voluntary vaccination: the pandemic effect
Authors: Cave Emma
Published: December 2016

Justification of a voluntary vaccination policy in England and Wales rests on tenuous foundations. Two arguments against voluntary vaccination are gaining ground. The first is that globalisation necessitates preparedness strategies for pandemics. Assuming sufficient supply, compulsory vaccination of adults and children constitutes a potential policy option in the context of a severe, vaccine-preventable pandemic outbreak. The second argument is that children have a right to preventive medicine and thus to vaccination. The influence of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and its emphasis on parents as the trustees of their children's best interests, and the increasingly global nature of our collective and individual responsibilities with respect to the transmission of vaccine-preventable disease present challenges to the right to refuse vaccination on our own behalf and on behalf of our children. Exploring methods of compulsion and persuasion utilised across Europe, the USA and Australia, this paper argues that necessity and proportionality must be reassessed, and national public health law and policy setting out a graduated and proportionate approach to compulsory vaccination developed as a matter of priority.
Radical Cystectomy and Cutaneous Ureterostomy in 4 Dogs with Trigonal Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Description of Technique and Case Series
Authors: Ricardo Huppes Rafael , Crivellenti Leandro Z. , Barboza De Nardi Andrigo , Roque Lima Bruno , Alves Cintra Cristiane , Luiz Costa Castro Jorge , Adin Christopher A.
Published: December 2016

Objective

To describe radical cystectomy followed by cutaneous ureterostomy as a treatment of invasive bladder neoplasia in dogs.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

Client‐owned dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder trigone (n=4).

Methods

Perioperative complications and long‐term outcomes of dogs that underwent cutaneous ureterostomy following radical cystectomy and lymphadenectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder trigone were reviewed. Both ureters were transected and anastomosed to the ventral abdominal skin. Polyvinyl chloride catheters were placed in the ureteral stomas and maintained for 5 days. After catheter removal, dogs were managed with an absorbent diaper over the stomas. Long‐term outcome and survival were documented by follow‐up visits or phone contact.

Results

Median age at the time of surgery was 10.3 years (range, 8–12). Average procedural time was ∼4.7 hours (range, 3.8–6.1). Minor complications occurred in all dogs, including bleeding and edema of the ureterostomy site during the first 2–3 days after surgery. One dog developed urine scald that resolved with improved stoma care and hygiene. Median survival time after surgery was 278.6 days (range, 47–498). Distant metastases were documented in 2 dogs at 47 days (bone) and 369 days (lung) after surgery.

Conclusion

Radical cystectomy with cutaneous ureterostomy is a viable salvage procedure for urinary diversion after cystectomy in dogs with invasive bladder neoplasia. Postoperative management and quality of life were considered acceptable by most owners. Future studies are warranted to evaluate survival time in a larger number of animals.
Unexpected hybridization patterns in Near Eastern terrapins (Mauremys caspica, M. rivulata) indicate ancient gene flow across the Fertile Crescent
Authors: Vamberger Melita , Stuckas Heiko , Vargas‐Ramírez Mario , Kehlmaier Christian , Ayaz Dinçer , Aloufi Abdulhadi A. , Lymberakis Petros , Široký Pavel , Fritz Uwe
Published: December 2016

Recent studies indicate that hybridization in animals occurs more frequently than previously thought and that it may play an important evolutionary role. Chelonians are capable of extensive hybridization, raising the question how chelonian species evolve and maintain genetic integrity despite hybridization. Here, we use two sister species with parapatric distribution, Mauremys caspica and M. rivulata, as our model. These taxa are estimated to have diverged some 5.3–7.0 million years ago. Using rangewide sampling and 13 unlinked polymorphic microsatellite markers, five nuclear loci and one mitochondrial gene, we show that hybridization is rare along the contact zone of the two species in Turkey. However, we discovered an unexpected hybrid swarm in the southern Levant that has been hitherto identified with M. rivulata. This hybrid swarm is separated from the inland species M. caspica by a 700‐km‐wide distribution gap corresponding to the Syrian Desert. Ecological palaeomodelling suggests that during more humid climatic episodes in the Last Glacial Maximum and mid‐Holocene, the current contact zone extended into the southern Levant, facilitating the establishment of the now isolated hybrid swarm. Our results support that there is not necessarily a general hybridization pattern in a given species couple and that the extent of gene flow may differ considerably in different parts of the distribution range. Moreover, our results highlight that studies on hybridization should not focus only on extant contact and hybrid zones, but should use rangewide sampling to detect signals of ancient hybridization that might otherwise be missed.
Experiments and Numerical Results for Varying Compliance Contact Resonance in a Rigid Rotor–Ball Bearing System
Authors: Jin Yulin , Yang Rui , Hou Lei , Chen Yushu , Zhang Zhiyong
Published: December 2016

This paper investigates the nonlinear characteristics of varying compliance contact resonance in a rotor–bearing system and takes into consideration the Hertzian contact deformation and internal radial clearance. We created an experimental rig of a rigid rotor supported by rolling element bearings. In the course of the rotational speed run up and down, the frequency–amplitude curves of the varying compliance vibrations were observed during experiments using different radial loads and compared with the results of our numerical simulations. The experimental and numerical results indicate that the varying compliance contact resonance in the vertical direction presents the soft spring characteristic, while the soft and hard spring characteristics coexist for the horizontal resonance.
Large Eddy Simulation of Cylindrical Jet Break-Up and Correlation of Simulation Results With Experimental Data
Authors: Moghe Shashank S. , Janowiak Scott M.
Published: December 2016

Modern engines with increasing power densities have put additional demands on pistons to perform in incrementally challenging thermal environments. Piston cooling is therefore of paramount importance for engine component manufacturers. The objective of this CFD study is to identify the effect of a given piston cooling nozzle (PCN) geometry on the cooling oil jet fanning (spreading) phenomenon.

The scope of this study is to develop a numerical set-up using the open-source CFD tool OpenFOAM® for measuring the magnitude of oil jet fanning and comparing it to experimental results. Large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence modeling is used to capture the flow physics that strongly affects the inherently unsteady jet break-up phenomenon. The oil jet fanning width is the primary metric used for comparing the numerical and experimental results. The results of simulation are validated for the correct applicability of LES by evaluating the quality metric (according to Pope [1]) at various probe locations and also by performing turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) spectral analysis.

CFD results appear promising since they correspond to the experimental data within a tolerance (of ±10%) deemed satisfactory for the purpose of this study. Further generalization of the set-up is underway, towards developing a tool that predicts the aforementioned metric — thereby evaluating the effect of nozzle geometry on jet fanning and hence on the oil catching efficiency (CE) of the piston cooling gallery. Such a tool would act as an intermediate step in defining the boundary conditions for determining the filling ratio (FR) and subsequently the heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) in the piston cooling gallery.
Analysis of Pilot Injection Effects on Combustion Noise in PPCI Diesel Engines
Authors: Liu Long , Fei Hongzi , Du Jingtao
Published: December 2016

With the common-rail fuel injection systems widely used in diesel engines, the pilot injection strategy has been paid more attention for suppressing pollutants emissions and combustion noise. Using pilot injection strategies, leaner and more homogenous mixture formed in pilot spray results in the combustion process partially fulfill Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI). Therefore the combustion process of diesel engines with pilot injection strategy can be considered as partial PCCI (PPCI). Pilot injection causes the in-cylinder temperature increase before main injection, which shortens the ignition delay of main spray and consequently reduces the combustion noise, so that the pilot injection has potential to extend PPCI combustion model to high load operation. However, the mechanism of pilot injection effects on the combustion noise has not been fully understood, consequently it is difficult to estimate the lower combustion noise among different pilot injection conditions, that results in difficult selection of the pilot injection parameters in proper way. Thus, in this study, experiments were performed on a single-cylinder DI-diesel engine with pilot and main injection under high load operating conditions. The synthesized in-cylinder pressure levels (CPLs) in different frequency ranges as a novel method were proposed to analyze the pilot injection effects on combustion noise. The results reveal that pilot spray combustion mainly influences the high frequency combustion noise, and the later pilot injection timing causes the higher combustion noise. In the case of the short dwell between pilot and main injection, the increasing pilot injection quantity enhances the high frequency combustion noise. Meanwhile because of the pilot injection quantity increase, decrease of main injection quantity leads to lower combustion noise in middle frequency range.