bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electronic Cryptography—Chance or Threat for Modern Democracy?
Authors: Winkel Olaf
Published: June 2003

It is generally assumed that electronic cryptography benefits democracy because it can be instrumental in protecting free speech, which is considered a cornerstone for democracy. The author argues, however, that a close look at some aspects of democratic theory suggests that matters are not really as clear-cut. The fact that encryption can be abused in many ways also poses a threat to democracy. This paradox is examined in detail.
Mohandas K. Gandhi: Citizenship and Community for an Industrial Age
Authors: Hunt Robert W.
Published: June 2003

For Mohandas K. Gandhi, questions of technology were integral to his overall utopian vision. His future for India and for the world at large rested on the belief that technology, along with all the instrumentalities of society and culture, could be judged on the basis of their continuation to swaraj—dimensions of individual and community freedom. He was pragmatic; he changed notably over time in his specific views of “appropriate” technology and institutions. But his basic vision of the good society endured, being part of the sense of who he was, and what he was to do, for the concluding decades of his long life.
Relational Paradigms in Social Marketing
Authors: Hastings Gerard
Published: June 2003

It is fifty years since Wiebe suggested that generic marketing principles could tackle health and welfare problems and thirty since Kotler christened this “social marketing.” The future of social marketing depends on continuing this learning from commercial marketing and, in particular, its recent moves toward relational paradigms.
The Development of Marketing in the Canadian Museum Community, 1840-1989
Authors: Neilson Leighann C.
Published: June 2003

Since the late 1960s, marketers have increasingly been interested in the application of marketing theories and practices to nonprofit and public organizations, including museums and art galleries. Although there has been some attempt on the part of marketing academics to understand the nature of museums and conduct research within museum environments, much of this work has failed to recognize the political context of museums and has tended to adopt an American or European focus. Canadian museums differ from their counterparts in the United States and Britain in the emphasis they place on the marketing of an idea: the sovereign nation. This article takes a chronological approach, detailing the social, economic, and political influences that have effected the development of marketing strategies from the beginning of the museum community in Canada in the early 1800s through the end of the 1980s.
The Robinson-Patman Act: An Important Conundrum
Authors: Dickinson Roger
Published: June 2003

The Robinson-Patman Act is an antitrust law, ignored for the most part by the Federal Trade Commission and the Justice Department. The act was passed to address abuses of power in interactions among business components within the channel of distribution. While the manifestations of power may have changed in elements of the business channel, evidence is offered that substantial power is being exercised within the channel today. Furthermore, it is clear that the Robinson-Patman Act is going to remain a law. Over time, there has been substantial business support for controls on blatant channel power and support for the maintenance of a healthy institutional environment. Protecting a healthy institutional environment is more in line with the antitrust positions taken by key European agencies. Macromarketers and other educators need to acknowledge the existence of this act, understand the logic and complexity of the act, and continue to examine its consequences.
Ralph Frederick Breyer: Contemporary Theory and Method in a Distant Past? A Review Essay of Ralph Breyer's Commodity Marketing (1931) and its Relation to his Book The Marketing Institution (1934)
Authors: Wilkinson Ian F.
Published: June 2003

A review of two key texts by Ralph Breyer in the 1930s reveals a view of the structure and functioning of the marketing system that resonates well with modern theories of business ecology and complexity. This review raises a number of issues regarding the nature of marketing systems, how marketing should be taught, and the nature of the strategic problems confronting managers operating in complex adaptive systems. The more holistic perspective on marketing taken by Breyer and others of his time have messages for modern marketing scholars that stand the test of time.
Cognitive Ability and Delinquent Behavior among Inner-City Youth: A Life-Course Analysis of Main, Mediating, and Interaction Effects
Authors: McGloin Jean Marie , Pratt Travis C.
Published: June 2003

Drawing on the emerging life-course paradigm in criminological theory, this study examines the relationship between cognitive ability and delinquent behavior within a sample of inner-city youth. The results indicate that net of statistical controls, cognitive ability maintains a robust inverse relationship with the likelihood of the onset of delinquency, the early onset of delinquency, and the persistence of delinquency during the 18-year period covered by the dataset. Furthermore, cognitive ability mediates the effect of concentrated disadvantage on both the onset and early onset of delinquency. Overall, the results of this study suggest that cognitive ability is an important criminogenic risk factor that has important implications for both correctional interventions and the continued development of structural and multilevel theories of crime.
Police Corruption and Psychological Testing: A Strategy for Preemployment Screening
Authors: Arrigo Bruce A. , Claussen Natalie
Published: June 2003

The prediction, control, and prevention of police corruption represent pervasive and enduring problems. Researchers have suggested that intervention at the preemployment screening stage may be the best solution. However, investigators have acknowledged that existing assessment practices are flawed. This article proposes a strategy for the preemployment screening of law enforcement personnel. In particular, it examines the utility of the Inwald Personality Inventory and the Revised-NEO Personality Inventory in relation to assessing antisocial behavioral tendencies and conscientious personality traits, respectively, and argues that their combined use, appropriately administered in a testing situation, represents a reliable and valid predictor of good job performance. The article speculatively comments on this strategy for purposes of psychological testing, future research in the field, and law enforcement administration practices.
Building Bridges between the Parole Officer and the Families of Serious Juvenile Offenders: A Preliminary Report on a Family-Based Parole Program
Authors: Gavazzi Stephen M. , Yarcheck Courtney M. , Rhine Edward E. , Partridge Charles R.
Published: June 2003

Responding to a model of juvenile offender case supervision that called for a new intervention paradigm to guide the work of probation and parole officers, the present article reports on the use of a family-based parole initiative known as the Growing Up FAST program. Developed in part as a tool for use within this new intervention paradigm, the Growing Up FAST parole program targets serious youthful offenders who have been released from juvenile correctional facilities and their families. Based on elements contained within the “what works” literature and the Balanced and Restorative Justice model, this program recognizes the central role that field staff can play in rehabilitation efforts. Demographic information and formative data regarding the first set of families to participate in this program are presented, then program limitations and lessons learned as part of the initial offering of this parole initiative are discussed.
A Multivariate Analysis of Sex Offender Recidivism
Authors: Scalora Mario J. , Garbin Calvin
Published: June 2003

Sex offender recidivism risk is a multifaceted phenomenon requiring consideration across multiple risk factor domains. The impact of treatment involvement and subsequent recidivism is given limited attention in comparison to other forensic mental health issues. The present analysis is a retrospective study of sex offenders treated at a secure facility utilizing a cognitive-behavioral program matched with an untreated correctional sample. Variables studied included demographic, criminal history, offense related, and treatment progress. Recidivism was assessed through arrest data. Multivariate analysis suggests that recidivism is significantly related to quality of treatment involvement, offender demographics, offense characteristics, and criminal history. Successfully treated offenders were significantly less likely to subsequently reoffend. Recidivists were also significantly younger, less likely married, had engaged in more victim grooming or less violent offending behavior, and had significantly more prior property charges. The authors discuss the clinical and policy implications of the interrelationship between treatment involvement and recidivism.
Antisocial Constructs in Predicting Institutional Violence among Violent Offenders and Child Molesters
Authors: Mills Jeremy F. , Kroner Daryl G.
Published: June 2003

This study investigated the ability of self-reported antisocial constructs to predict serious institutional infractions among a correctional sample of child molesters (n = 69) and violent offenders (n = 138). Each group had significant predictors, but the predictors differed between the two groups. Interpersonal problems accounted for significant incremental variance after age in the relationship with institutional violence for child molesters. With the violent offender group, alienation and impulse expression showed significant incremental variance after accounting for age. Alienation and impulse expression also added to age in the relationship with the function of failure over time for the most institutionally disruptive. Implications for institutional classification and clinical use in an offender population are discussed.
Economic Crime: Does Personality Matter?
Authors: Alalehto Tage
Published: June 2003

Since the publication of Edwin Sutherland's classical study, White Collar Crime, personality has been treated as completely irrelevant as a cause or as a correlating variable in studies of economic crime. This article questions that thesis. In an ongoing Swedish project studying economic crime in the areas of construction, engineering, and the music industry, 128 informants were interviewed regarding the personal character of the economic criminal compared to that of the law-abiding businessperson. Data were collected from five different regions in Sweden using the Big Five model, the personality model most often used within the field of personality research today. This article compares the results from the interviews with the few international studies that exist regarding economic crimes in these areas and common results are emphasized. It also presents nuanced analyses of the significance of personality in economic crime.
The Negative Impact of Structural Adjustment on Sectoral Earnings in Nicaragua
Authors: Pisani Michael J.
Published: June 2003

Nicaragua instituted structural adjustment (SA) policies wholeheartedly after the electoral defeat of the Sandinistas in 1990. Using two comprehensive national surveys from 1993 and 1998 (which corresponds to the period of initiation and deepening of SA policies in Nicaragua), this article seeks to determine the impact of SA policies on sectoral earnings. The present research suggests that both informal and formal sector workers suffered a decline in earnings, yet the brunt of the earnings drop affected informal workers and women the most. In addition, the size of the informal sector increased dramatically throughout the 1990s. Together, the surge in informal activity and the decline in sectoral earnings suggest that SA policies in Nicaragua have failed. Nonetheless, those who live in urban areas with high levels of education have been the most able to avoid the greatest costs associated with SA policies.
Employment Policy in Rhondda-Cynon-Taff as Judged by its Targets
Authors: Cato Molly Scott
Published: June 2003

Foreign investment by corporations has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, and the encouragement of such investment, including the awarding of sizable grants, is now seen as a solution to the problem of unemployment in depressed areas of industrialized economies. The article reports the results of an ethnographic study conducted in one such area: Rhondda-Cynon-Taff in South Wales. Respondents reported their resentment of the policy, which they saw as diverting resources from local economic regeneration. They were cynical about the motivations of the incoming companies. They also offered interesting views on the informal economy in the area, the operation of active labor market policies, and the failure of labor market incentives.
What Does the Heckscher-Ohlin Model Contribute to International Trade Theory? A Critical Assessment
Authors: Subasat Turan
Published: June 2003

The Heckscher-Ohlin theory of comparative advantage was produced as an alternative to the Ricardian model and had an ideological mission: the elimination of the labor theory of value and the incorporation of the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory. This article first questions the empirical validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model and argues that most of the empirical work aimed at proving the validity of the model by focusing on its power to predict trade patterns is irrelevant. Moreover, the dynamic version of the model, which predicts dynamic structural change in the long run, is based on simple empiricism. Second, it exposes the theoretical weaknesses of the model by questioning its treatment of capital and labor. Finally, it challenges the view that the model surpasses the Ricardian model in its ability to predict patterns of trade between low- and high-income countries by demonstrating that the Ricardian model would also anticipate similar trade patterns.
Real Wages and Unemployment with Effective and Notional Demand for Labor
Authors: Lavoie Marc
Published: June 2003

The article presents the concepts of notional and effective demand for labor within the usual real wage and employment space. Its purpose is to compare various employment models within a single and familiar heuristic framework, taking into account both the profit maximization hypothesis and the effective demand principle. This framework retains the assumption of decreasing returns but adds the impact of income distribution on effective demand through consumption demand.
Factors Affecting Volunteerism among Older Adults
Authors: Choi Lona H.
Published: June 2003

This study examines whether employment status has an effect on a person's decision to volunteer and the number of hours volunteered. The data are from the 1993 Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) study. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics are used to determine the rate of volunteering in relation to employment status because fewer people remain in the workforce among the older population. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between respondents who did or did not volunteer within the past 12 months. A regression analysis suggested that part-time work, age, education, importance of religion, and health status are significantly related to volunteer hours. Although only a small number of respondents are currently working, the number of volunteer hours contributed is higher in comparison to past studies.
Advance Directives among Elderly Veterans
Authors: Witte Tricia H. , Menon A. Srikumar , Ruskin Paul E. , Wiley Cynthia , Hebel J. Richard
Published: June 2003

The goal of this study was to identify various sociodemographic and clinical variables related to the completion of advance directives among 281 elderly male veterans recruited from the acute medical inpatient unit of a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Results found the rates of advance directives to be higher among elderly male veterans compared to other populations (44% had either a durable power of attorney or a living will, 34.2% had a living will, and 35.2% had a durable power of attorney). In addition, individuals who completed an advance directive were significantly more likely to be Caucasian than non-Caucasian. Other than race, there were other important factors including religiosity, desire for life-saving treatment, social support, and depressive symptoms that were related to the completion of advance directives among elderly veterans. Such factors seem consistent with the research literature on nonveteran populations.
Young Adults' Attitudes toward Filial Responsibility and Actual Assistance to Elderly Family Members
Authors: Dellmann-Jenkins Mary , Brittain Lisa
Published: June 2003

Research has yet to examine young adults in caregiver roles to older family members and their attitudes toward filial responsibility. In response, the authors collected data from two groups: (a) young adults who were primary caregivers to impaired elderly relatives (n = 40), and (b) 18-to 40-year-olds who had yet to take on caregiver roles (n = 40). As anticipated, the majority of young adults assumed their caregiver roles out of respect for the older family member in need and to help out the traditional elder caregivers in their families (middle-aged parents and siblings). In addition, expected differences in attitudes toward filial responsibility between the young adult caregivers and their noncaregiver peers were found. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed.
Perceived Income Adequacy among Elderly Retirees
Authors: Stoller Michael Alan , Stoller Eleanor Palo
Published: June 2003

Previous research indicates that elderly people generally find their incomes to be adequate, even when those incomes are relatively low. This article explores the relationship between household income and multiple measures of perceived income adequacy among elderly retirees. The authors also examine the effect of older people's assessments of health on perceptions of income adequacy. Results confirm previous findings that older people assess their financial resources as adequate. Older people who assess their health more negatively, or who had experienced recent declines in health status, assessed their financial resources as less adequate than respondents in better health who reported similar income levels.
Effects of the 1997 Balanced Budget Act on Venipuncture Beneficiaries
Authors: Rubin Rose M. , White-Means Shelley I. , Feagin Thomas
Published: June 2003

This study assesses the effects on patients and their caregivers of denying venipuncture as a home health services qualifier. Primary data were developed from medical records and 6-month recall interviews of disqualified recipients and their caregivers in Tennessee, a state without community-based long-term care. Effects of disqualification on patients' health status, activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), mental status, and transportation costs were analyzed. Those disqualified do more self-bathing and dressing, rely more on caregivers for other ADLs and IADLs, exhibit a high incidence of depression, and some incur additional costs. Following disqualification, caregivers assist much more with ADLs, incurring a greater burden than patients acknowledge and increased implicit work costs and out-of-pocket costs for care and transportation. Secondary effects of this major policy change were substantial for Tennessee residents. Before implementation, testing the effects of such a major policy change for elderly with and without community-based long-term care would have been prudent.
An Interactive Multimedia Program to Train Professional Caregivers
Authors: Irvine A. Blair , Ary Dennis V. , Bourgeois Michelle S.
Published: June 2003

An interactive multimedia computer training program on CD-ROM was compared with a videotaped lecture-based training program for professional caregivers of patients with dementia. Both programs promoted use of appropriate communication skills including speaking skills, reacting skills, redirection skills, and use of communication cards for redirection. Professional and paraprofessional caregivers (N = 88) were recruited as participants and randomly assigned to view one of the training programs. In a pretest-posttest design, participants rated caregiver responses in video vignettes of specific caregiving situations. At posttest, those who viewed the interactive program were significantly more likely to: (a) identify the correct responses, (b) intend to use correct strategies, and (c) have increased self-efficacy to use correct strategies, compared to participants who saw the videotaped lecture.
The “Social Self”: The 11th Category of Integrity—Implications for Enhancing Geriatric Nursing Care
Authors: Randers Ingrid , Mattiasson Anne-Cathrine , Olson Tina H.
Published: June 2003

The purpose of this study was to enhance an earlier identified and briefly described social self category of integrity and how it affects the quality of care in patients older than 70 years. The two methods used in the earlier research were qualitative interviews and participant observations. From the data analysis, two themes were identified: social exchange and social experiences. The results indicate that improving care for geriatric patients includes offering more time to these patients for therapeutic social interactions such as listening, talking, storytelling, and reminiscing. Improving care for geriatric patients also includes providing information from the world outside from such sources as newspapers, radio, television, and communication from fellow patients and significant others. An increased awareness of the “social self” category in older adults by health care professionals will provide a more comprehensive foundation for holistic geriatric care.
Symposium
Authors: Lynn Dahlia Bradshaw
Published: June 2003

The nonprofit sector, with its roots in volunteerism, increasingly plays a central role in the country's cultural, economic, and social development. Recent statistics attest to the significance of the sector. A number of elements of nonprofit systems directly affect the development of programmatic initiatives. As service organizations, many nonprofit agencies operate in environments that can be characterized as constrained. For example, nonprofits are typically understaffed but are frequently organized around operating hours designed to meet the needs of their clientele. Acknowledging the vital role of nonprofit organizations in society makes it important to examine both the problems and opportunities human resource managers face in this increasingly important sector. This first symposium on human resource management in nonprofit organizations presents an opportunity to examine the contextual aspects of human resource management in nonporfit organizations from both theoretical and applied perspectives—providing an avenue for interaction and dialogue between practitioners and scholars in the nonprofit arena.
Post—September 11 Human Resource Management in Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Dicke Lisa A. , Ott J. Steven
Published: June 2003

This article serves as a warning, an exhortation, and a guide to nonprofit trustees, executives, and human resource (HR) managers. The United States has experienced cumulative national shock waves during the past 2 to 3 years of a magnitude not previously experienced before—at least not in the past 50 years. The tragic events of September 11, 2001, alone would have changed the environment faced by America's nonprofit organizations. But there have been other shock waves on top of September 11. Each added new strains to the existing ones. Thus, organizations in the nonprofit sector face difficult HR challenges that may continue to become more acute in the upcoming months and years. This environment requires skillful management, particularly of human resources. This article is an exploratory study to identify how the post-September 11 environment is affecting nonprofit organizations and tried-and-true management tools to help cope in this era of uncertainty.
Turnover and Retention among Volunteers in Human Service Agencies
Authors: Jamison Irma Browne
Published: June 2003

Nonprofit agencies use approximately six million volunteers to deliver services. As public service increasingly relies on their work, the question of how to reduce turnover and increase retention among volunteers merits attention. This article reports an empirical analysis of turnover and retention using Herzberg's two-factor theory. The findings suggest two factors that reduce turnover: both preservice and in-service training and assigning challenging tasks.
Human Resource Challenges in Human Service and Community Development Organizations
Authors: Ban Carolyn , Drahnak-Faller Alexis , Towers Marcia
Published: June 2003

Nonprofit managers often report difficulties in hiring and retaining top-quality professional staff members. The goals of this study were to assess the seriousness of the problems and to identify some best practices that can be used by nonprofit managers. The study focused on small and mid-sized nonprofits in the human service and community development fields in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Although the problems identified were not of crisis proportion, organizations faced particular difficulties in hiring and retaining staff members in information technology and development. Use of contemporary recruitment techniques, including the Internet, was surprisingly limited, but some organizations had creative approaches to retaining valued employees.
The Expansion of “Charitable Choice” and “Faith-Based Initiatives”
Authors: Gossett Charles W. , Pynes Joan E.
Published: June 2003

The purpose of this article is to analyze the implications of the expansion of “charitable choice” legislation and the introduction of “faith-based initiatives” on human resource management issues in nonprofit organizations, particularly those organizations that are affiliated with religious congregations. Experience with state-level equivalent programs and some limited experience with federal programs have generated a number of court cases that demonstrate both the nature of the concerns opponents of such programs have and the limits still faced by those taking advantage of public contracting opportunities under various faith-based initiatives.
The Next America Revisited
Authors: Levinson David M.
Published: June 2003

This article examines Columbia, Maryland, called “The Next America” by its founders in 1967. It compares the planning goals and actual achievements over the third of a century that the city has existed. The physical plan and social plan are discussed in turn, and their reinforcing aspects are considered. Issues of community and identity, racial integration, education, religion, transportation, shopping, work, and parks are addressed. Many of the goals have been achieved; others have fallen short or evolved over time.
Legalizing Smart Growth
Authors: Talen Emily , Knaap Gerrit
Published: June 2003

There is widespread agreement that metropolitan growth should be channeled into compact, walkable developments. New growth should include diverse housing types and mixed land uses and support pedestrian access and public transit. This article investigates how local government regulation has responded to this trend. Local development regulation is empirically examined by analyzing how much “smart growth” policies are implemented at the local level and investigating how much regulatory cultures prevent compact, pedestrian-oriented development. A typology of the kinds of local regulation used to promote smart growth is first established. Interregulatory consistency is also investigated—to what degree are cities and counties adopting frameworks consistent with smart growth? The types of developments implemented by local zoning regulations are then quantified. Results from a large-scale sample show that local jurisdictions in Illinois employ relatively low levels of smart growth-related prescriptive policies, and regulations generally run counter to smart growth development ideals.
Participation, Decentralization, and Civil Society
Authors: Lane Marcus B.
Published: June 2003

This article examines Australian indigenous participation in environmental planning to challenge some of the claims made by advocates of more participatory modes of planning. Calls for the enhanced participation of civil society in planning are associated with an international trend toward the decentralization and devolution of many areas of natural resource policy and state responsibility. Democratic decentralization has been widely advocated as being more efficient and equitable than state control. These claims are examined with reference to three stories involving environmental planning and Australian indigenous peoples. The stories suggest that rather than a “new political economy of planning” whereby the spaces for democracy are enlarged by the activities of civil society, the participation of civil society and decentralization can result in political processes whereby public deliberation is suborned by interest group politics.
Counterfactual Planning
Authors: Bae Chang-Hee Christine , Jun Myung-Jin
Published: June 2003

This article uses a specific and long-established planning policy, Seoul's greenbelt, to explore the concept of counterfactual planning. Suppose the greenbelt had never existed. How would the spatial structure of the metropolitan region have been different? Under both monocentric and polycentric assumptions, both population and employment (in terms of densities and numbers) would have been much lower in the core city and the periphery. The effects would have been more dramatic in the core city, suggesting that the greenbelt contributed significantly to densification and congestion. Still, its consequences for leapfrog development were far from negligible. In addition, because the greenbelt policy was reinforced by a strong government strategy to build very large new towns beyond the greenbelt, a significant jobs-housing imbalance resulted because people decentralized much faster than jobs. Whether these effects are offset by the recreational and other environmental benefits of the greenbelt is unclear.
Revisiting the Los Angeles Neighborhood Initiative (LANI)
Authors: Arefi Mahyar
Published: June 2003

The dual public policy tensions of people prosperity versus place prosperity and need-based versus asset-based approaches to community development provide a conceptual framework to evaluate the Los Angeles Neighborhood Initiative. In 1994, this thirty-month program set out to revitalize eight inner-city Los Angeles neighborhoods through technical assistance and seed money. Three distinct categories capture the observed discrepancies among the communities that aimed to sustain revitalization efforts. The emergent themes emphasize consensus building (enhancing social capital or networks of trust and reciprocity), image building (short-term visible improvements to restore pride and confidence), and capacity building (leveraging resources with outside funds by joining public private partnerships).
Capturing the Public Interest
Authors: Calavita Nico , Krumholz Norman
Published: June 2003

News media and newspaper op-eds in particular have played a significant role in the ascendancy of a free-market ideology during the past few decades, leading to the erosion of the regulatory function of government and the devaluation of planning. Here, the authors make the case that planners, especially planning academics with tenure, should become more engaged in the public debate about the role of government and public planning through the writing of newspaper commentaries.
Measuring the Effects of Stakeholder Participation on the Quality of Local Plans Based on the Principles of Collaborative Ecosystem Management
Authors: Brody Samuel D.
Published: June 2003

While theorists and practitioners consistently call for widespread participation in ecosystem management and environmental planning in general, few studies have empirically tested the assumption that community representation and stakeholder participation during the planning process will lead to stronger, more durable management plans. This article examines the impact of stakeholder representation and participation on ecosystem management strategies. It tests the relationship between community participation in the planning process and the quality of local plans associated with the long-term management of ecological systems. Besides the overall breadth of stakeholder groups involved in planning, the effects of specific stakeholders are tested and discussed to determine which has the greatest impact on the quality of an adopted plan. Statistical results indicate that the presence of specific stakeholders does in fact significantly increase ecosystem plans' quality. Policy implications are discussed to more effectively link the planning process to high-quality ecosystem planning outcomes.
Bringing Local Knowledge into Environmental Decision Making
Authors: Corburn Jason
Published: June 2003

This article reveals how local knowledge can improve planning for communities facing the most serious environmental and health risks. These communities often draw on their firsthand experience—here called local knowledge—to challenge expert-lay distinctions. Community participation in environmental decisions is putting pressure on planners to find new ways of fusing the expertise of scientists with insights from the local knowledge of communities. Using interviews, primary texts, and ethnographic fieldwork, this article defines local knowledge, reveals how it differs from professional knowledge, and argues that local knowledge can improve planning in at least four ways (1) epistemology, adding to the knowledge base of environmental policy; (2) procedural democracy, including new and previously silenced voices; (3) effectiveness, providing low-cost policy solutions; and (4) distributive justice, highlighting inequitable distributions of environmental burdens.
The Art of Entrainment
Authors: Roenneberg Till , Daan Serge , Merrow Martha
Published: June 2003

The circadian system actively synchronizes the temporal sequence of biological functions with the environment. The oscillatory behavior of the system ensures that entrainment is not passive or driven and therefore allows for great plasticity and adaptive potential. With the tools at hand, we now can concentrate on the most important circadian question: How is the complex task of entrainment achieved by anatomical, cellular, and molecular components? Understanding entrainment is equal to understanding the circadian system. The results of this basic research will help us to understand temporal ecology and will allow us to improve conditions for humans in industrialized societies.
Molecular Mechanisms of Entrainment in the Neurospora Circadian Clock
Authors: Liu Yi
Published: June 2003

Light and temperature are 2 of the most important environmental influences on all circadian clocks, and Neurospora provides an excellent system for understanding their effects. Progress made in the past decade has led to a basic molecular understanding of how the Neurospora clock works and how environmental factors influence it. The purpose of this review is to summarize what we currently know about the molecular mechanism of light and temperature entrainment in Neurospora.
A Fly's Eye View of Circadian Entrainment
Authors: Ashmore Lesley J. , Sehgal Amita
Published: June 2003

The Drosophila circadian clock is an ideal model system for teasing out the molecular mechanisms of circadian behavior and the means by which animals synchronize to day-night cycles. The clock that drives behavioral rhythms, located in the lateral neurons in the central brain, consists of a feedback loop of the circadian genes period ( per) and timeless ( tim). The molecular cycle, roughly 24 h long, is constantly reset by the environment. This review focuses on the main input pathways of the dominant circadian zeitgeber, light. Light acts directly on the clock primarily through cryptochrome ( cry), a deep brain blue-light photo-receptor. CRY activation causes rapid TIM degradation, which is a predicted means of resetting the clock both on a daily basis at dawn and on an acute basis following an entraining light pulse during the night hours. In the absence of cry, the clock can still be driven by photic input through the visual system, though the mechanisms underlying this entrainment are unclear. Temperature can also entrain the clock, although the mechanisms by which this occurs are also unclear.
A Suite of Photoreceptors Entrains the Plant Circadian Clock
Authors: Millar Andrew J.
Published: June 2003

Circadian rhythms in plants are relatively robust, as they are maintained both in constant light of high fluence rates and in darkness. Plant circadian clocks exhibit the expected modes of photoentrainment, including period modulation by ambient light and phase resetting by brief light pulses. Several of the phytochrome and cryptochrome photoreceptors responsible have been studied in detail. This review concentrates on the resulting patterns of entrainment and on the multiple proposed mechanisms of light input to the circadian oscillator components.
Melanopsin, Ganglion-Cell Photoreceptors, and Mammalian Photoentrainment
Authors: Rollag Mark D. , Berson David M. , Provencio Ignacio
Published: June 2003

An understanding of the retinal mechanisms in mammalian photoentrainment will greatly facilitate optimization of the wavelength, intensity, and duration of phototherapeutic treatments designed to phase shift endogenous biological rhythms. A small population of widely dispersed retinal ganglion cells projecting to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus is the source of the critical photic input. Recent evidence has shown that many of these ganglion cells are directly photosensitive and serve as photoreceptors. Melanopsin, a presumptive photopigment, is an essential component in the phototransduction cascade within these intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells and plays an important role in the retinal photoentrainment pathway. This review summarizes recent findings related to melanopsin and melanopsin ganglion cells and lists other retinal proteins that might serve as photopigments in the mammalian photoentrainment input pathway.
In Search of the Pathways for Light-Induced Pacemaker Resetting in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Authors: Meijer Johanna H. , Schwartz William J.
Published: June 2003

Within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian hypothalamus is a circadian pacemaker that functions as a clock. Its endogenous period is adjusted to the external 24-h light-dark cycle, primarily by light-induced phase shifts that reset the pacemaker's oscillation. Evidence using a wide variety of neurobiological and molecular genetic tools has elucidated key elements that comprise the visual input pathway for SCN photoentrainment in rodents. Important questions remain regarding the intracellular signals that reset the autoregulatory molecular loop within photoresponsive cells in the SCN's retino-recipient subdivision, as well as the intercellular coupling mechanisms that enable SCN tissue to generate phase shifts of overt behavioral and physiological circadian rhythms such as locomotion and SCN neuronal firing rate. Multiple neurotransmitters, protein kinases, and photoinducible genes add to system complexity, and we still do not fully understand how dawn and dusk light pulses ultimately produce bidirectional, advancing and delaying phase shifts for pacemaker entrainment.
Peripheral Circadian Oscillators in Mammals: Time and Food
Authors: Schibler Ueli , Ripperger Juergen , Brown Steven A.
Published: June 2003

Peripheral cells from mammalian tissues, while perfectly capable of circadian rhythm generation, are not light sensitive and thus have to be entrained by nonphotic cues. Feeding time is the dominant zeitgeber for peripheral mammalian clocks: Daytime feeding of nocturnal laboratory rodents completely inverts the phase of circadian gene expression in many tissues, including liver, heart, kidney, and pancreas, but it has no effect on the SCN pacemaker. It is thus plausible that in intact animals, the SCN synchronizes peripheral clocks primarily through temporal feeding patterns that are imposed through behavioral restactivity cycles. In addition, body temperature rhythms, which are themselves dependent on both feeding patterns and rest-activity cycles, can sustain circadian, clock gene activity in vivo and in vitro. The SCN may also influence the phase of rhythmic gene expression in peripheral tissues through direct chemical pathways. In fact, many chemical signals induce circadian gene expression in tissue culture cells. Some of these have been shown to elicit phase shifts when injected into intact animals and are thus candidates for physiologically relevant timing cues. While the response of the SCN to light is strictly gated to respond only during the night, peripheral oscillators can be chemically phase shifted throughout the day. For example, injection of dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, resets the phase of circadian liver gene expression during the entire 24-h day. Given the bewildering array of agents capable of influencing peripheral clocks, the identification of physiologically relevant agents used by the SCN to synchronize peripheral clocks will clearly be an arduous undertaking. Nevertheless, we feel that experimental systems by which this enticing problem can be tackled are now at hand.
Period and Phase Adjustments of Human Circadian Rhythms in the Real World
Authors: Honma Ken-ichi , Hashimoto Satoko , Nakao Mitsuyuki , Honma Sato
Published: June 2003

Entrainment of the circadian rhythm has 2 aspects, period and phase adjustments, which are established simultaneously in most nonhuman circadian systems. The human circadian system is unique in its functional structure in which 2 different subsystems are involved; one is the circadian pacemaker analogous to that located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the other is the oscillatory system of unknown nature that drives the rest-activity cycle. The human circadian system shows the endogenous period very close to 24 h under entrainment and less sensitive to photic stimuli than under free running, which may explain stable entrainment in the real word where natural sun lights are unpredictable in terms of the intensity and time of appearance. On the other hand, nonphotic entrainment seems to play a significant role in phase adjustment of the human circadian system. Nonphotic zeitgebers initially directed to the rest-activity cycle may affect the circadian pacemaker through feedback and/or associated LD cycles.
Equipping Company Managers to Attract, Retain and Employ Human Capital
Authors: Fusco Christopher J.
Published: June 2003

Human capital professionals faced the most competitive recruiting market of their careers in the latter half of the 1990s. Subsequently, the U.S. economy started its decline, and they plummeted into the new decade with a rush of layoffs. This article presents strategic initiatives designed to address the recruiting market conditions that have been unfolding over recent decades. The escalating labor shortage that will occur over the next 10 years will be more challenging than the one faced last decade. Strategically minded human capital professionals can prepare for this challenge by equipping managers with the capabilities they need to attract, retain and productively employ human capital. In the tight labor market conditions of the 1990s, the human capital function had the primary responsibility for wielding the talent acquisition toolkit. To maximize the impact their contributions will have going forward, human capital professionals should consider moving strategic human capital initiatives from the back office to frontline management, where the battle for talent is being fought.
Exposing the Peanut Butter Conspiracy: Testing for Pay Dispersion at a Super-Regional Bank
Authors: Weinberger Theodore E.
Published: June 2003

Many organizations have recently adopted a practice of differentiating for high performance (DHP) in incentive plan outcomes. This practice calls for the delivery of polarized reward treatment across employees, such that superior performers receive disproportionately greater incentive payouts than lesser performers do. When managers are afforded discretion regarding the allocation of incentive awards, the adherence of outcomes to DHP is uncertain. Consequently, under conditions of discretionary incentive awards, the organization needs to calibrate and compare the outcomes of managers to expose any deviations from plan intent. This article introduces a method to test the effectiveness of incentive outcomes within the context of DHP. This method includes the computation of a pay dispersion metric based on the Gini coefficient. It allows the organization to assess the degree to which the distribution of discretionary incentive payouts by each manager reflects a concentration of rewards on superior performers. The application of this method within a super-regional bank is described.
Flexible International Assignee Compensation Plans
Authors: Burns Sheila M.
Published: June 2003

This article details the process used by MediaOne International (formerly called U S WEST International) to convert its traditional expatriate pay policy to a flexible pay program. By bundling relocation costs into a lump-sum relocation allowance, and traditional expatriate balance sheet compensation items into a “flexpat” payment, the company met its objective of reducing its administrative workload associated with payroll and expense processing for international assignees. The project also resulted in reduction of costs associated with international assignments. In addition to explaining the composition of the relocation and flexpat payments, this article discusses the project planning, execution, employee communications and implementation activities associated with the conversion.
A New Practical Guide for Determining Expatriate Compensation: The Comprehensive Model
Authors: Wentland Daniel M.
Published: June 2003

This article discusses a model of expatriate compensation that incorporates and combines an expatriate selection process with a detailed foreign assignment evaluation and then links that situational analysis with a specific compensation package. The situational analysis classifies expatriate assignments into four categories: an ideal or desirable assignment, a question mark assignment, a challenge assignment and an undesirable assignment. The article describes the recommended compensation approaches for each situational analysis. Ultimately, the model offers organizational decision makers a strategic-planning tool that balances the need to control expatriate costs while increasing the probability of a successful expatriate assignment and improving the bottom line.
Cash Balance Plans: Cloud of Uncertainty Continues
Authors: Bernstein Susan E.
Published: June 2003

Cash balance plans have been under attack because employees have protested that conversions of traditional defined benefit plans into cash balance plans are a form of unlawful age discrimination. The media and governmental response led the Internal Revenue Service in 1999 to stop certifying cash balance plans as qualified retirement plans eligible for favorable tax treatment. On December 10, 2002, the Treasury Department issued proposed regulations that would allow defined benefit plans to be converted into cash balance plans without violating age discrimination rules if certain conditions are satisfied. The rules are strongly opposed by many in Congress and by worker advocate groups. Until the rules are made final, they cannot be relied on and the moratorium on technical advice on the conversion's effect on a plan's qualified status will continue. Retirement plan sponsors, participants and beneficiaries will continue to live under a cloud of uncertainty until the rules are made final.