bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON THE CELL WALL STRUCTURE OF SPIRILLUM SERPENS
Authors: Murray R. G. E.
Published: February 2010

The structure of the cell wall of Spirillum serpens was studied with the electron microscope in shadowed preparations, in the negative-contrast media of phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and uranyl acetate, and in sections of both whole organisms and isolated cell wall fragments. The structured external surface layer described by Houwink in 1953 was confirmed and identified in both PTA preparations and in sections of isolated walls. It lies outside all the other layers (outer "unit" membrane and the inner dense layer) normally identified in sections of intact cells, it is the component characterized by Martin and Frank (1962) as lipoprotein and is quickly removed by 1% sodium lauryl sulphate or by water saturated with phenol. The exact site of the mucopeptide structural layer has not been identified.By comparing measurements and areas of staining (or permeation) by uranyl acetate, osmium tetroxide, and PTA the unit structure of the lipoprotein layer was partially clarified and a tentative model proposed. A six-spoked arrangement of 20 × 60 Å subunits around a hub forms 100 Å polygonal units with links of Y-form between them. The central "hole" in the unit is the hub and the prominent hexagon surrounding the hub is probably formed both by lack of resolution of contiguous parts and a small number of subunits superimposed on the basic network. The whole unit is embedded in a globule of substance to form the structures observed in shadowed preparations and these structures in turn are enclosed in a relatively delicate matrix, which completes and encloses this outermost zone of the cell wall. When these units are stripped away by lauryl sulphate and PTA in combination, a delicate, Δ-linked, pattern of the same spacing is revealed. Its exact place is uncertain.The packing of units is hexagonal (5:3:2 cubical symmetry) and topology demands the discontinuity provided by six pentagonal arrangements of units in order to cover the hemispherical surfaces at each pole of Spirillum. Search provided a few such pentagons.
A MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY FOR BIOTIN IN SEAWATER
Authors: Antia N. J.
Published: February 2010

A method is described for the direct bioassay of biotin in seawater samples. The assay organism is an unidentified marine bacterium that shows a growth response, in enriched seawater medium, proportional to dissolved biotin concentration in the range 3–12 μμg/ml. The growth was measured turbidimetrically with a spectrophotometer. The effective assay range was extended successfully to higher biotin levels by making appropriate dilutions in synthetic seawater.
STUDIES ON DIACETYL BIOSYNTHESIS BY STREPTOCOCCUS DIACETILACTIS
Authors: Seitz Eugene W. , Sandine W. E. , Elliker P. R. , Day E. A.
Published: February 2010

Resting cell and cell-free extract experiments demonstrated the presence of citritase, oxaloacetic acid decarboxylase, α-acetolactic acid decarboxylase, and pyruvic acid decarboxylase in Streptococcus diacelilactis. Results indicated that citric acid or pyruvic acid was converted to diacetyl and acetylmethylcarbinol with intermediate synthesis of α-acetolactic acid. Acetylmethylcarbinol also was synthesized by condensation of active and free acetaldehyde. Evidence was obtained for the presence of diacetyl reductase and a reversible 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase in cell-free extracts of S. diacetilactis. The data suggested that S. diacetilactis produced diacetyl from citrate with the intermediate production of oxaloacetate, pyruvate, and α-acetolactate in that order.
DIFFERENTIATION STUDIES OF FECAL STREPTOCOCCI FROM FARM ANIMALS
Authors: Ramadan F. M. , Sabir M. S.
Published: February 2010

Employing potassium tellurite, sodium azide, and thallium acetate broths, 361 strains of fecal streptococci were isolated from 142 farm animals representing 11 species. Although none of the three media gave 100% recovery, their collective use made it possible to obtain at least one fecal streptococcus strain from every fecal sample.Results of biochemical tests revealed that 14.8% were S. bovis, 12.7% were S. faecalis var. liquifaciens, and the remaining 72.5% were atypical faecalis groups.Using the 361 isolates from animal fecal material for validating the heat resistance and heat-tellurite tolerance tests for the differentiation between animal and human fecal streptococci strains, it was found that not one of these isolates could survive these combined tests. The importance of these tests is discussed.
SODIUM REQUIREMENT OF POLY-β-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID DEPOLYMERASE OF MICROCOCCUS HALODENITRIFICANS
Authors: Sierra G. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

Cells of Micrococcus kalodenitrificans, a moderate halophile, contain poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHBA), which is oxidized endogenously when cells are suspended in NaCl. The oxidation involves a depolymerase, a DPN-linked D(−)-β-hydroxybutyric acid (HBA) dehydrogenase, and the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Cells suspended in NaBr, Na2SO4, Li2SO4, and LiCl oxidize PHBA but cells suspended in KCl, KBr, K2SO4, MgCl2, CaCl2, CsCl, glucose, or glycerol, iso-osmotic with 0.4 molal NaCl or in water or buffers do not. Since cells washed with and resuspended in KCl do not oxidize their internal PHBA, it seems that nearly all the cell Na+ has been replaced by K+. These cells can be reactivated by the addition of Na+ or Li+, indicating that these ions are required for enzyme activity. In Na-depleted cells or their extracts the dehydrogenation of HBA and the oxidation of acetate are unimpaired, but there is no PHBA depolymerase activity. PHBA depolymerase can be reactivated by the addition of Na+. The results indicate that sodium or lithium salts readily penetrate the cells of M. halodenitrificans and are required to activate the PHBA depolymerase.
A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOME GRAM-NEGATIVE, NON-FERMENTING BACTERIA
Authors: Koontz Franklin P. , Faber John E.
Published: February 2010

An investigation of 110 cultures of Gram-negative bacteria which failed to produce acid in conventional carbohydrate media was undertaken to determine their taxonomic position.Thirty-seven strains had peritrichous flagella, 30 were monotrichous, 8 were lophotrichous, 3 were either monotrichous or lophotrichous, and 32 strains were non-flagellated.Flagella stains and reaction in Hugh and Leifson"s O/F medium were used to divide the strains into general groups.Sixty-five strains were inert in O/F medium. Forty of these resembled the general description for the genus Alcaligenes. Seventeen strains resembled Alcaligenes biochemically, but were either monotrichously or lophotrichously flagellated. Several strains resembled Vibrio percolans.Nine strains resembled Achromobacter biochemically by oxidatively utilizing pentoses only.Twenty-three strains resembled Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All produced acid oxidatively in the O/F medium.Thirteen strains produced acid fermentatively in O/F medium.Serological studies indicated antigenic heterogeneity. Several strains shared flagellar and somatic antigens, while others were related by either somatic or flagellar components. Seventy-eight strains did not react with any somatic antisera and 54 strains did not react with any flagellar antisera. There was little correlation between antigenicity and biochemical or morphological characteristics.
THE EFFECT OF CELLULOSE ADDITIONS AND MOISTURE LEVEL ON MYCOFLORA OF SOIL
Authors: Maciejowska Zofia , Williams E. B.
Published: February 2010

The fungus flora developing in cellulose-amended and non-amended soils of neutral pH at moisture levels of 60, 70, and 80% water-holding capacity (WHC) was investigated. A distinct, successive development of three species, Staphylotrichum coccosporum, Coccospora agricola, and Sependonium sp., was observed in soil held at 60% WHC. More species developed in soil held at 70% WHC, and they could effectively coexist during cellulose decomposition. S. coccosporum developed in smaller numbers at 80% WHC than at 60 and 70% WHC. Sepedonium sp. was associated with cellulose decomposition only at 80% WHC. Species of Trichoderma, Monilia, and Fusarium developed better at high moisture levels. It was concluded that available inoculum and the moisture of soils of similar pH values are major factors in determining composition of the microflora of cellulose-amended soil.
FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY STAINING IN THE SERODIAGNOSIS OF TRICHINOSIS
Authors: Baratawidjaja R. K. , Hewson Ann , Labzoffsky N. A.
Published: February 2010

A fluorescent staining procedure for Trichinella spiralis and the appearance of the stained larvae are described. The applicability of the method to the sero-diagnosis of trichinosis was investigated. The results obtained both with the experimental and human sera agreed well with the complement-fixation results. In titrating 9 experimental sera and 36 sera from parasitologically proved or clinically diagnosed cases of trichinosis in humans, higher titers were obtained by the immunofluorescent staining, indicating that this test is somewhat more sensitive.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE LYSIS OF BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS BY LYSOZYME AND UREA AND THE LIBERATION OF PROTECTIVE ANTIGEN IN SOLUBLE FORM
Authors: Barta George
Published: February 2010

Marked lysis of Bordetella pertussis was produced by urea, by lysozyme plus versene, and by lysozyme plus polymyxin, but little, if any, mouse protective antigen was released in soluble form. However, when cells were treated first with lysozyme plus versene and then with urea, lysis was substantially increased and significant amounts of immunogen solubilized.
ENERGY AND NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS OF MICROCOCCUS ROSEUS
Authors: Eisenberg R. C. , Evans James B.
Published: February 2010

A collection of pink-pigmented micrococci has been studied and found to be a relatively homogeneous group that deserve species recognition as Micrococcus roseus. These organisms are salt-tolerant obligate aerobes that usually reduce nitrates and do not hydrolyze gelatin. They can utilize xylose, glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, sucrose, acetate, pyruvate, lactate, malate, succinate, and gluconate as carbon and energy sources. Most strains also can utilize arabinose, lactose, maltose, glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, and propionate. A synthetic basal medium has been devised that will give excellent growth of these organisms with glutamic acid as the sole source of nitrogen, carbon, and energy. Two vitamins, biotin and thiamine, are required by all strains, and are the only vitamins in the synthetic medium that was used to study interrelationships between nitrogen and carbon sources. Ammonia can serve as the sole source of nitrogen when glucose, or certain other substrates, is the sole source of carbon and energy. Not all substrates that can supply energy in a complex medium can do so in the synthetic medium with ammonia as the sole source of nitrogen. Some amino acids in addition to glutamate have a limited ability to serve as a source of both carbon and nitrogen. The ability of individual amino acids to serve as a sole source of nitrogen depends upon the nature of the substrate that is present as a carbon and energy source.
DEGRADATION OF RUTIN BY ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS. PRODUCTION, PURIFICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ESTERASE
Authors: Child J. J. , Simpson F. J. , Westlake D. W. S.
Published: February 2010

Aspergillus flavus produces an inducible esterase that hydrolyzes the depside, 2-(3′,4′-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)-4,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The activity of this enzyme may be followed by measurement of the rate of production of protocatechnic acid, which reacts with alkaline potassium ferricyanide to give a product with an absorption maximum at 540 mμ. Synthesis of the esterase is induced when the organism is grown on rutin, robinin, hyperosid, kaempferol, rhamnetin, myricetin, quercetin, and fisetin, but not when grown on apigenin, galangin, glucose, naringenin, morin, rhamnose, robinetin, or taxifolin. The esterase has been partially purified and separated from the rutinase and quercetinase enzymes. The esterase is most active at pH 4.5. Eighty percent of the activity remained after holding the enzyme for 10 minutes at 60 °C. The enzyme readily attacked the depside linkages in tannic acid but did not hydrolyze common ester substrates such as ethyl butyrate.
CHALCOMYCIN, A NEW ANTIBIOTIC: BIOLOGICAL STUDIES
Authors: Coffey George L. , Anderson Lucia E. , Douros John D. , Erlandson Jr. Arvid L. , Fisher Myron W. , Hans Robert J. , Pittillo Robert F. , Vogler Dorothy K. , Weston Kathleen S. , Ehrlich John
Published: February 2010

Chalcomycin, a new, slightly water-soluble, organic-solvent-soluble, neutral antibiotic containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen was obtained from filtrates of two new strains of Streptomyces bikiniensis. A paper-disk agar-diffusion assay, which employs Sarcina lutea PCI 1001 W as the test organism, has been developed. The sensitivity range of the assay is 1–10 μg chalcomycin/ml. Shaken flask fermentations in a medium containing glucose, yeast hydrolyzate, and meat peptone have produced titers of 200 μg/ml. Chalcomycin is primarily active against Staphylococcus aureus, including isolates resistant to various antibiotics, and Streptococcus pyogenes. In experimental mouse infections with various mouse-virulent strains of S. aureus, a single dose of chalcomycin gave oral ED50 values of 13 to 53 mg/kg and subcutaneous values of 8 to 47 mg/kg. Against S. pyogenes, oral and subcutaneous administration of a single dose gave ED50 values of 88 and 55 mg/kg, respectively. Chalcomycin was well tolerated by mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys.
UTILIZATION OFL-α-GLYCEROPHOSPHORYLCHOLINE BY A LECITHIN-DEFICIENT STRAIN OF NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Crocken Barbara , Nyc Joseph F.
Published: February 2010

The growth response of a lecithin-deficient strain of Neurospora crassa to equimolar supplements of either choline or glycerophosphorylcholine is essentially the same. This is in contrast to the negligible stimulatory effect of phos-phorylcholine on growth of the same organism. The results of enzymatic and growth-response studies with Neurospora suggest that glycerophosphorylcholine is available to the organism without prior hydrolysis by enzymes released into the culture medium.
SEROLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PHAGES OF AGROBACTERIUM RADIOBACTER
Authors: Roslycky E. B. , Allen O. N. , McCoy Elizabeth
Published: February 2010

Neutralization tests using antisera for 4 of 16 Agrobacterium radiobacter phages indicated that all 16 phages belonged to one serological group. Within the group the phages were differentiated by the neutralization velocity constants, the K-values. Occasionally the antisera inactivated heterologous phages more rapidly than the homologous phages. With some systems the reactions were not of the first order throughout the course of neutralization. This anomaly in the kinetics was not due to hereditary antigenic inhomogeneity in the phage population, as indicated by curves obtained with the parent phage and with isolates which resisted neutralization. Adaptation of the phages to a heterologous host lowered the original K-values with homologous antisera without a change in the host range. None of the four antisera neutralized any of five phages of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, collectively lysing 16 strains of A. radiobacter, including homologous hosts of the phages used in the immunizations.
STUDIES ON THE RHIZOSPHERE MICROFLORA OF SORGHUM IN RELATION TO HYDROCYANIC ACID CONTENT OF ROOTS
Authors: Rangaswami G. , Balasubramanian A.
Published: February 2010

Analysis of hydrocyanic acid contents of the roots of six sorghum strains revealed the concentration to be high in the seedling, and that it reduced with age. Hydrocyanic acid was also present in the roots of ratoon plants but in lower concentrations than in seed plants of the same strain. Rhizosphere effects on the microbial populations at different stages of plant growth were observed and the effect varied with the strain and age of plant. The rhizosphere:soil (R:S) ratio for bacteria ranged from 1 to 25, for fungi 1 to 17, and for actinomycetes 1 to 6. The rhizosphere effect continued in the ratoon plants in all strains, though to a lesser extent than in seed plants. Statistical analysis of the data for correlation between hydrocyanic acid concentration in roots and the population of rhizosphere microorganisms did not indicate any uniform effect in all the sorghum strains.
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE CAROTENOIDS OF SOME FLEXIBACTERIA
Authors: Fox Denis L. , Lewin Ralph A.
Published: February 2010

not available
ELECTRON DONORS AND COFAGTORS FOR DENITRIFIGATION BY PSEUDOMONAS PERFECTOMARINUS
Authors: Rhodes Martha , Best Audrey , Payne W. J.
Published: February 2010

Pseudomonas perfectomarinus released nitrogen fiom nitrate in media containing a variety of amino acids, pyruvate, or urea, but only if these minimal media were supplemented with glucose or, preferably, citrate. L-Arabinose (and to a lesser degree, D-arabinose) served as electron donor in combination with glucose or citrate, whereas other sugars did not. Asparagine, however, was the most effective oxidizable substrate tested and was the only test compound supporting denitrification without supplementary glucose or citrate. Mano-metric experiments revealed that adapted resting cells liberated nitrogen very rapidly with asparagine but less rapidly with citrate. Furthermore, cell-free extracts of adapted bacteria denitrified nitrate when provided with these substrates. Flavine mononucleotide was more effective as a stimulatory cofactor for denitrification than flavine adenine dinucleotide in whole-cell experiments, but not with cell-free extracts. Experiments with dialyzed cell-free extracts revealed that the enzymes which oxidized asparagine and citrate (or actually isocitrate) were linked with triphosphopyridine nucleotide. Additional experiments with cell-free extracts revealed that oxidation of reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide was enzymatically linked with flavine mononucleotide.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PYOCYANINE
Authors: Macdonald J. C.
Published: February 2010

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was grown on a basal medium composed of glycerol, L-alanine, and salts. The utilization of glycerol and alanine for the biosynthesis of pyocyanine was measured by labeling them with C14, and the utilization of other compounds added to the basal medium was measured by the isotope competition technique. The carbon atoms of pyocyanine were derived more from glycerol than from L-alanine, even when the phosphate concentration of the medium was changed. Supplementary compounds which supplied more of the carbon atoms in pyocyanine than in cell material were fructose, ribose, calcium a-keto gluconate, glucose, glyceric acid, iV-acetyl glucosamine, and quinic and shikimic acids. Quin-ic acid was metabolized to a greater extent, and supplied more of the carbon atoms in pyocyanine and cell material than shikimic acid tested under similar conditions. When quinic acid and glucose were added together to the basal medium they were equally good precursors of pyocyanine, but glucose was used less specifically, supplying more of the carbon in cell material as well. The ratio for the carbon atoms entering a-hydroxyphenazine from carbons 1 plus 3 of glycerol as compared to carbon 2 of glycerol was compatible with that expected, assuming that glycerol was used to synthesize shikimic acid and that 2 molecules of shikimic acid (or a closely related compound which could be derived from quinic acid) condensed to form the aromatic rings of pyocyanine. The other findings were compatible with this hypothesis.
PURIFICATION STUDIES ON THE TOXIN-INACTIVATING SUBSTANCE "NOXIVERSIN"
Authors: Diena B. B. , Tanner C. E.
Published: February 2010

In this communication, studies are presented on the production and purification of the substance Noxiversin, extracted from Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum, which inactivates a wide range of bacterial toxins. Mold filtrates are precipitated first with a 48% and then with a saturated solution of ammonium sulphate to separate an active albumin fraction, which is further treated with 1% copper sulphate to remove impurities. Electrodialysis was found very effective in eliminating the residual copper ion responsible for the hemolytic activity exhibited by some preparations.Chemical and physicochemical studies were performed to characterize the detoxifying principle and Noxiversin was found to be associated with an electrofphoretically fast, heterogeneous protein fraction.
OBSERVATIONS ON AN UNKNOWN ORGANISM RECOVERED FROM RECURRENT ORAL LESIONS IN MAN
Authors: Lang Deirdre , Francis Lyman , Mccallum Lester
Published: February 2010

This paper describes an investigation into the aetiology of a variety of recurrent oral lesions in the adult, with the result that an unidentified organism was repeatedly demonslrated in sections of chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) inoculated with 17 specimens of curetted tissues from recurrent oral lesions. The organism is a strict parasite which grows well in the CAMs of the developing hen"s egg, where it is seen to undergo growth phases of a complex nature. In the intracellular phases it may be mistaken for a virus or a rickettsia, in the extracellular phases for a bacterium or a protozoan. Pox are produced on the CAMs and haemorrhages and death occur in the embryos during the intracellular phases. The virulence of the organism increases with serial passage, with the production of a haemolytic toxin and 100% mortality rate. In tissue cultures the medium was rapidly metabolized and cytopathogenic effects occurred. Hanging drop preparations showed motility of a rapid, spinning, tumbling nature. The organism will not grow on a variety of enriched acellular media under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. It stains well with Giemsa"s stain but poorly with Gram"s. It is insensitive to large doses of penicillin and streptomycin. Guinea pigs and rabbits may be infected with the fresh primary material. CAM antigens do not fix complement in the presence of homologous serum or herpes simplex antisera. We have not been able to identify the organisms.
THE FATTY ACIDS OF TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM
Authors: Wirth John C. , Anand S. R.
Published: February 2010

The fatty acids of Trichophyton rubrum were investigated by gas liquid and by paper chromatography and chemical degradation. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids are the principal ones in this organism, with linoleic acid predominating. Behenic acid was detected by paper chromatography.
ROD-SHAPED RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN PARTICLES FROM SAPROSPIRA
Authors: Correll David L. , Lewin Ralph A.
Published: February 2010

not available
A PHAGE INFECTING SAPROSPIRA GRANDIS
Authors: Lewin Ralph A. , Crothers Donald M. , Correll David L. , Reimann Bernhard E.
Published: February 2010

not available
A NEW α-GLUCANASE: MYCODEXTRANASE
Authors: Reese Elwyn T. , Mandels Mary
Published: February 2010

Mycodextranase is an α-glucanase which splits only the α-1,4 linkages in a substrate having alternating α-1,3 and α-1,4 links. It ïs a fungal enzyme of rather infrequent occurrence, adaptive in nature, and in its properties strongly resembling other fungal glucanases. The products of its action on mycodextran are a tetramer and nigerose. The hypothesis is advanced that this glucanase, and others, contain a site which binds a dimeric portion of the polymer; in mycodextranase, the bound dimer is nigerose, the α-1,3-disaccharide.
EFFETS DES GLYGOALCALOÏDES DE LA POMME DE TERRE SUR LA CROISSANCE DE CORYNEBACTERIUM SEPEDONICUM (SPIECK. AND KOTT.) SKAPT. AND BURKH.
Authors: Paquin Roger , Lachance Robert-A.
Published: February 2010

not available
FACTORS LIMITING MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES IN SOIL: III. SUPPLEMENTARY SUBSTRATE ADDITIONS
Authors: Stotzky G. , Norman A. G.
Published: February 2010

Studies were conducted to examine further the circumstances prevailing during the phase of rapid decline in the respiration rate of soil after the addition of a soluble carbon substrate, and to investigate the potential metabolic activity of the microbial population at different stages in its sequential development. When the supply of required inorganic nutrients was adequate, the rapid decline in the rate of respiration following attainment of the respiratory peak resulted primarily from depletion of available carbon substrates, even though by this time only 30 to 50% of the carbon in the substrate (glucose) added had been recovered as CO2. Supplementary additions of the same substrate, regardless of the concentration and time of addition, however, did not elicit secondary peaks comparable in height to the primary peaks, nor was the recovery as CO2 from the supplements as high as from the initial substrate addition. This attenuation of the metabolic activity was attributed to limiting factors introduced by the initial growth of a large and active microbial population which restricted the development of sequential populations. The nature of these limiting factors and their implication in maintaining the ecological balance of microorganisms in soil are discussed.
THE MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF CINNAMIC ACID
Authors: Blakley E. R. , Simpson F. J.
Published: February 2010

A strain of Pseudomanas isolated from soil with cinnamic acid as a sole carbon source was found to be simultaneously adapted to the utilization of cinnamic acid and phenylpropionic acid. During growth on either of these compounds, o-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid and 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid were produced in the culture medium. The organism, when grown on either cinnamic acid or phenylpropionic acid, was adapted to the utilization of m-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid and 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid, but not to the utilization of o-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid. According to the principle of sequential induction introduced by Stanier, the initial steps in the metabolism of cinnamic acid appear to involve the intermediates phenylpropionic acid, m-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid, and 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid.
LOCATION OF PROTEINASE, PEPTIDASE, CATALASE, AND NADH OXIDASE IN CELLS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS LACTIS
Authors: McDonald I. J.
Published: February 2010

Cells of a strain of Staphylococcus lactis were disrupted by lysozyme treatment and fractionated by differential centrifugation. Proteinase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase were found in the membrane fraction; peptidase and catalase were found in the cytoplasm. Similar results were obtained when cells were broken by sonic oscillation. Proteinase of this organism is considered to be a surface-bound enzyme.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS GOVERNING IN VITRO ACCUMULATION OF ZOOSPORES OF PYTHIUM APHANIDERMATUM ON ROOTS: II. SUBSTANCES CAUSING RESPONSE
Authors: Royle D. J. , Hickman C. J.
Published: February 2010

Pythium aphanidermatum zoospores in distilled water suspension showed differential responses towards a range of single compounds, and mixtures, diffusing from the ends of capillary tubes containing these materials in agar. All substances caused an initial disorientation of zoospore movement followed, according to the substance under test, by indifference, repulsion, attraction, trapping, and encystment, or, at extreme pH, by loss of motility and death. Of a wide range of substances and mixtures tested, including sugars, amino acids, inorganic salts, organic acids, auxins, and vitamins, only glutamic acid, after weak base adjustment, and mixtures of sugars combined with mixtures of amino acids, induced the pattern of response observed with roots and root materials. Comparison of the activity of glutamate and structurally related compounds indicated that the effectiveness of glutamate was dependent on the presence of several moieties of the glutamate ion.Short photographic exposures allowed counts to be made of zoospores and cysts around the capillary mouth and provided a method for comparing, quantitatively, the accumulation of zoospores in response to different substances over a period of time.The substances inducing activity were readily detected in pea root exudate and extract and are, in fact, of general occurrence in roots. The effectiveness of the active principle(s) in root exudate and extract was roughly proportional to the concentration of these root materials in terms of their content of carbon and nitrogen but no such relation could be established for glutamic acid and a joint mixture of amino acids and sugars, suggesting the existence in root materials of additional factor(s).
THE NUTRITION OF VIBRIO COSTICOLUS: II. CYST(E)INE UTILIZATION
Authors: Flannery W. L. , Durio S. N.
Published: February 2010

The effect of cyst(e)ine and sodium chloride concentration on oxygen uptake, and hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, and pyruvic acid production by Vibrio costicolus is described. Added pyridoxal was unnecessary for maximum desulphydrase activity. Generally, oxidation curves of cyst(e)ine concentrations 4 μM or less were the customary type whereas curves which resulted from the oxidation of 6.25 μM cyst(e}ine and greater were of a type indicating accumulation of a product toxic to the system. This occurred in the presence of 1 M NaCl and the suppressed type of oxidation could be returned to normal by increasing the concentration of NaCl. Pyruvic acid accumulated in the flasks showing the suppressed type of oxidation curves, but did not accumulate in flasks showing customary oxidation curves. Pyruvic acid did not accumulate in flasks containing 6.25 μM cyst(e)ine if the sodium chloride concentration was increased to 1.5 M or greater. Pyruvic acid did accumulate with 3.125 μM cyst(e)ine if a citric acid cycle inhibitor (sodium fluoroacetate) was added to the flask contents. These studies suggest that the most likely pathway for the utilization of cyst(e)ine, an essential nutrient for V. costicolus, is its conversion to pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle.
A STUDY OF THE SOLUBLE ANTIGENS OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPE D
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A.
Published: February 2010

The soluble antigens of Clostridium perfringens type D have been separated into four fractions by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The fractions were examined for their biological activity and for their homogeneity by starch gel electrophoresis, double diffusion in agar, and immunoelectrophoresis.
THE NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF AN ANTIBIOTIC IN THE MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS CENOCOCCUM GRANIFORME
Authors: Krywolap George N. , Grand Larry F. , Casida Jr. L. E.
Published: February 2010

Antibiotic activity chromatographically resembling that produced in vitro by Cenococcum graniforme has been demonstrated in extracts from C. graniforme mycorrhizae and from roots and needles of three species of conifers. In trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), activity was observed only in mycorrhizal roots and not in leaves. Seedlings of conifers, presumably devoid of C. graniforme mycorrhizae, also contained antibiotic resembling that of C. graniforme. However, the surrounding soil, which contained C. graniforme sclerotia, also exhibited the antibiotic on extraction with acetone but not on extraction with saline.
UREOLYTIC RUMEN BACTERIA: I. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MICROFLORA FROM A UREA-FED SHEEP
Authors: Jones G. A. , MacLeod R. A. , Blackwood A. C.
Published: February 2010

Measurement of the urease activity of fractions of strained rumen fluid from a urea-fed sheep showed that intracellular bacterial urease was responsible for ureolysis by rumen contents. Subjection of the rumen microflora to differential centrifugation showed that 65% of its total urease activity was associated with a group of larger organisms which sedimented at 1200 × g. An average of 35% of the total viable bacteria in rumen fluid was found by a dilution count technique to manifest urease activity. Mixed cultures of rumen bacteria, in which the urease activity per unit concentration of cells was enriched fourfold over that in rumen-fluid, were obtained by serial transfer in a medium containing 80% rumen supernatant liquor (clarified rumen fluid) supplemented with glucose, phytone, and urea. A facultatively anaerobic bacterium with a low urease activity was isolated from rumen fluid, but attempts to isolate obligately anaerobic urease-producing species from enrichment cultures of rumen bacteria were unsuccessful.
THE KINETICS OF METABOLISM OF GIBBERELLA FUJIKUROI IN STIRRED CULTURE
Authors: Borrow A. , Brown Sheila , Jefferys E. G. , Kessell R. H. J. , Lloyd Eithne C. , Lloyd P. B. , Rothwell A. , Rothwell B. , Swait J. C.
Published: February 2010

Some aspects are described of the kinetics of the growth of Gibberella fujikuroi in nitrogen-limited media containing either ammonium nitrate, ammonium acetate, ammonium tartrate, urea, or glycine. Also varied were inoculum size, agitation rate, pH, and initial concentrations of glucose and nitrogen source. The significance of kinetic parameters used in this, and published studies, is discussed.A lag phase was only found on ammonium acetate media or when high concentrations of glucose were present. Early growth was exponential on all nitrogen sources. On ammonium acetate the specific growth rate decreased at a dry weight of ca. 1 mg/g WS (Whole unfiltered Sample). On ammonium nitrate, early exponential growth utilized more NH3-nitrogen than NO3-nitrogen with a concomitant decrease in pH. In the range pH 3.0–2.8 NH3-nitrogen uptake and dry weight increase ceased, but NO3-nitrogen uptake continued, and the pH increased until growth and NH3-nitrogen uptake restarted. This pattern could be repeated. Finally, exponential growth was resumed at a low specific growth rate. On glycine, urea, and ammonium tartrate media, exponential growth continued to a dry weight of about 7 mg/g WS. During this period the uptakes relative to dry weight (contributions) of glucose, nitrogen, phosphate, and magnesium remained constant and were unaffected by the rate of agitation, as also was the specific growth rate, but the latter decreased with increasing glucose concentration.A period of linear growth could follow the exponential period. The contribution of glucose was greater, and that of phosphate and magnesium less, than during exponential growth. The dry weight at which exponential growth changed to linear growth was greater the higher the rate of agitation, and this change may be a response to oxygen restriction.After nitrogen exhaustion, fat and carbohydrate accumulation in the cells largely accounted for the increase in dry weight. The specific rates of dry weight increase and glucose uptake remained constant over the lower range of initial nitrogen concentrations. Both rates decreased with increasing nitrogen over the higher range.Gibberellic acid production began at, or soon after, nitrogen exhaustion. The amount present increased linearly with time. The productivity decreased with increasing glucose concentration, and first increased and then decreased with increasing initial nitrogen. The maximum amount produced was proportional to the initial nitrogen provided. Some published results are discussed in the light of these relations.
IN VIVO STUDIES ON ANTISTAPHYLOCOCCAL PENICILLINASE SERUM
Authors: Goldner M. , Wilson R. J.
Published: February 2010

Several workers have shown that laboratory animals are protected from penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections by antiserum to Bacillus cereus penicillinase in conjunction with benzylpenicillin. This paper shows that antiserum to staphylococcal penicillinase has the same effect. Concentrated penicillinase from a single strain of staphylococcus was used to prepare a rabbit antiserum. Groups of rabbits were injected intravenously with lethal doses of the same strain of staphylococcus. They were either given no treatment or were treated with penicillin only, antiserum only, or combined penicillin and antiserum. Antiserum was given in a single dose or in multiple doses. Throughout the 3-week observation period, the mortality in the group of rabbits receiving combined treatment was significantly less than in any other group. It was concluded that it might be possible to use antistaphylococcal penicillinase serum in the treatment of penicillin-resistant staphylococcal infection.
A FERMENTATION TUBE AND MEDIUM FOR FASTIDIOUS ANAEROBES
Authors: Khairat O.
Published: February 2010

A modified fermentation tube was devised by introducing a glass rod in the small inverted Durham tube to keep its mouth away from the bottom of the outer main tube, thus providing the maximum opportunity for gas collection. A medium containing autoclavable growth factors was developed, which, when added to the main tubes with a few particles of cooked meat, allowed growth of fastidious anaerobes. Each ingredient was shown to be free of any fermentable substance that might lead to gas formation. The fermentation tubes were incubated in an anaerobic jar.
THE PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF SALMONELLA TYPHI SPHEROPLASTS
Authors: Diena B. B. , Wallace R. , Greenberg L.
Published: February 2010

S. typhi spheroplasts were produced by growing typhoid organisms in a liquid semisynthetic medium containing 1.5 to 2.0% glycine. The addition of traces of magnesium and glucose concentrations of 0.5 to 2.0% was required for optimal growth conditions. These cells were considered to be of the transition L form since they reproduced as spheroplasts as long as they were grown in the glycine medium, but unlike a true L organism they reverted to the normal bacillary form when subcultured to glycine-free medium.The lytic susceptibility of S. typhi spheroplasts was studied. They were found to be resistant to a number of detergents, alcohols, and enzymes. They could, however, be broken up by osmotic shock and were lysed by trypsin, pancreatic lipase, and, best of all, by Dornavac(R), a commercial preparation of pancreatic desoxyribonuclease which, in addition, contains traces of other enzymes, such as trypsin and lipase. Studies towards the production of an enzyme-lysed sphero-plast vaccine for the prevention of typhoid are now in progress.
STUDIES ON IN VITRO ANTIBODY PRODUCTION: I. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE METHOD
Authors: Vas S. I. , Medzon E. L. , Leung F. C.
Published: February 2010

For the study of in vitro antibody production, methods have to be established which are sensitive and specific enough to demonstrate minute amounts of antibodies.Spleen cell suspensions from hyperimmunized rabbits (secondary phase) were incubated in completely synthetic medium. The amount of antibody in the culture fluid supernatants was assayed by the following methods: Neutralization of C. perfringens toxin using a modified lecitho-vitellin test. The test could demonstrate as little as 0.0015 antitoxic units (AU)/ml. In tissue culture systems antitoxin titers up to 0.1 AU/ml were observed. Neutralization of the dermonecrotic and lethal action of diphtheria toxin. This method detected 0.001 AU/ml. In experiments with tissue cultures antitoxin titers of 0.25 AU/ml could be demonstrated.Antibodies labelled with C14glycine were used in other experiments. To demonstrate labelled antibodies the coprecipitation method was used.Our experiments showed that antibodies produced in vitro can(a) inhibit the lecithinase activity of C. perfringens toxin,(b) neutralize the dermonecrotic and lethal action of diphtheria toxin, and(c) participate in precipitation.
THE METABOLISM OF YEAST SPORULATION: VI. CHANGES IN AMINO ACID CONTENT DURING SPOROGENESIS
Authors: Ramirez C. , Miller J. J.
Published: February 2010

During 6-day exposures of cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to acetate sporulation medium, the content of free amino acids declined to approximately one-third of that of vegetative cells, but proline was exceptional in that it increased conspicuously in amount. The content of combined amino acids also diminished to about one-third, ammonia was evolved, and amino acids (not including proline) passed out of the cells into the medium. When dihydroxyacetone replaced acetate in the sporulation medium, the results were similar except that the decline in content of free and combined amino acids was much greater, more ammonia was evolved, and only very small amounts of amino acids could be detected in the medium. Transfer of sporulated cells to growth medium led to an increase in the pool of free amino acids, except for proline, which declined in amount.In two other species of Saccharomyces the free proline content also increased on exposure to sporulation medium, but in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Torulopsis famata no such increase was observed.
AIRBORNE YEASTS FROM HORTICULTURAL SITES
Authors: Adams A. M.
Published: February 2010

Airborne yeasts were trapped on agar surfaces of Petri plates at fruit and vegetable sites in the Niagara region during four growing seasons and occasionally in winter. Yeast isolates were screened for several characteristics and potential usefulness in the wine industry. Airborne fungi outnumbered yeasts about 20:1. The majority of yeasts (75%) belonged to the Cryptococcaceae, mainly Torulopsis, Cryptococcus, and Kloeckera. Ascigerous yeasts (25%) were trapped less frequently. Saccharomyces spp. were obtained mostly at or after fruit harvests, at other times rarely. Of 968 isolates screened, 71 were of potential commercial value for wine or other beverage production.
ANALYSIS OF THE ENDOGENOUS SUGARS AND POLYOLS OF CLAVICEPS PURPUREA (FR.) TUL. BY CHROMATOGRAPHY ON ION EXCHANGE RESINS
Authors: Vining L. C. , Taber W. A.
Published: February 2010

A method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of sugars and polyols accumulated in the mycelium of fungi. The constituents of the neutral, water-soluble material extracted from the cells with hot water were separated as their borate complexes on a column of strongly basic anion exchange resin. Alternate fractions were analyzed for sugars and the rest for polyols. The separation of polyols on a sulphonic acid type of cation exchange resin was also examined.Cultures of two strains of Claviceps purpurea grown on a variety of nutrient media always stored trehalose and mannitol in the mycelium. The accumulation of other carbohydrates depended upon the medium in which the fungus was grown and the strain used.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PIGMENT OF MICROCOCCUS VIOLAGABRIELLAE
Authors: Campbell J. N. , Nichols J. L. , Berry Sheila A.
Published: February 2010

Production of the red insoluble pigment by Micrococcus violagabriellae was studied. Pigmentation was found to require oxygen and high levels of iron and to be stimulated by tryptophan alone among the amino acids. The pigment was isolated, purified, and analyzed chemically and spectrophotometrically. It was found to be similar to pulcherrimin from Candida pulcherrima. Immunological cross reactivity and analysis of derivatives confirmed the similarity between the bacterial and yeast pigments. From these data it is postulated that the pigment is an iron chelate of pulcherriminic acid with an associated low molecular weight peptide moiety with glycine as the sole N-terminal amino acid. The pigment appears to differ from that of C. pulcherrima solely with respect to this peptide and in the mode of aggregation of the molecule.
SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MUTANTS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI RESISTANT TO GAMMA IRRADIATION
Authors: Idziak Edmund S. , Thatcher F. S.
Published: February 2010

The gamma irradiation resistant mutants of Escherichia coli were indole negative. They did not produce mucoid or slime material in Endo"s agar. A marked variation was noted in the rates of growth of the resistant mutants under shaking and stationary conditions of culture. The mode and rate of utilization of specific carbohydrate substrates by a strain highly resistant to gamma irradiation (12γ) differed from that of the parent (P) strain. The 12γ resting cell suspensions exhibited no respiration on lactose, but substantial activity on glucose and succinic acid. The DNA and RNA contents per parent and 12γ cell were the same. The possible sites of inactivation are discussed.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NEMATODES AND OTHER SOIL MICROORGANISMS: III. LYTIC ACTION OF SOIL MYXOBACTERS ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF NEMATODES
Authors: Katznelson H. , Gillespie D. C. , Cook F. D.
Published: February 2010

Three species of bacterium-feeding nematodes, Caenorhabditis briggsae, Rhabditis oxycerca, and Panagrellus sp. were lysed by two out of three soil isolates of myxobacters in liquid and agar medium. Aphelenchus avenue, a fungus-feeding nematode and Heterodera trifolii, a cyst-forming plant parasite, were unaffected by the myxobacters. Lysis of the nematodes was also shown spectrophotometrically by the decrease in optical density of a nematode homogenate following addition of an enzyme concentrate from a cell-free fluid culture of one of the myxobacters, and by the increase in trichloracetic acid soluble tyrosine residues in the mixture after 15–20 minutes incubation. The enzyme concentrate could be separated into a "lytic" fraction that dissolved the nematodes and a "proteolytic" fraction that did not.
EDEMA FACTOR AND PHOSPHOLIPASE RELEASE BY A STRAIN OF BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: Altenbern Robert A. , Stull Harold B.
Published: February 2010

After ultraviolet light irradiation, strain 6464 of Bacillus cereus lysed, resulting in the release of toxin, phospholipase, and mature phage particles. Small amounts of toxin and phospholipase produced by non-induced cultures were correlated with the infrequent spontaneous release of bacteriophage. Stationary incubation following ultraviolet induction results in a greater yield of toxin and phospholipase than post irradiation incubation on a shaker. Postirradiation incubation at temperatures below 37° either reduced (30°) or prevented (26°) toxin and phospholipase production. A clone was obtained which was sensitive to the phage from the parent strain and was presumably no longer lysogenic for it. This cured strain still exhibited ultraviolet-induced optical density decline accompanied by release of toxin and phospholipase. Mitomycin C would induce strain 6464 and the cured strain derived from it and both released toxin and phospholipase during mitomycin C induced lysis. The induced lysis of the cured strain could be prevented by postinduction treatment with inhibitors of synthesis of protein (chloramphenicol), RNA (actinomycin D), or DNA (5-fluorouracil deoxyriboside).
FUNGUS HOSTS OF APHELENCHUS AVENAE BASTIAN, 1865 AND BURSAPHELENCHUS FUNGIVORUS FRANKLIN & HOOPER, 1962 AND THEIR ATTRACTIVENESS TO THESE NEMATODE SPECIES
Authors: Townshend J. L.
Published: February 2010

Aphelenchus avenae Bastian, 1865 and Bursaphelenchus fungivorus Franklin & Hooper, 1962 fed and reproduced on 54 and 56, respectively, of 59 fungus species. Both nematodes were attracted to most of the fungi, whether hosts or non-hosts. However, Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo repulsed A. avenae, and Agaricus hortensis Cooke had no effect. Aphelenchus avenae was more strongly attracted to Fusarium oxysporum lycopersici (Saccardo) Snyder & Hansen than to the roots of seedlings.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF LACTOBACILLI FROM CHEDDAR CHEESE: II. A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DATA BY MEANS OF AN ELECTRONIC COMPUTER
Authors: Hauser M. M. , Smith R. E.
Published: February 2010

Data for 59 lactobacilli isolated from Canadian Cheddar cheese and 9 named species, previously characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural, and biochemical features, were analyzed by the Adansonian numerical methods of Sneath. Results confirmed the validity of groups, originally designated as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus brevis, and Lactobacillus fermenti types. The computer technique provided numerical estimates of strain and group relationships, emphasizing the extreme heterogeneity of the groups.