bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Orientalist Terms: Malays in Singapore and Textbook Prescriptions
Authors: Miharja Nurhidayahti Mohammad
Published: December 2014

This article examines the influence of Orientalism on Singaporean historiography, specifically on textbook representations of the indigenous Malay population and the implications for the wider historical imagination. Central to analysing such Orientalist influence is a critical reflection on changes in the way the minority Malays have been portrayed from pre‐separation to National Education textbook narratives. The article finds that Orientalist portrayals of the Malays that started during colonial times have been sustained through an increasingly Sinocentric national narrative. Common to both colonial and postcolonial history is the reliance on Orientalism as the dominant mode of discourse.
A prospective study of trends in consumption of cigarettes and alcohol among adults in a rural Ugandan population cohort, 1994–2011
Authors: Asiki Gershim , Baisley Kathy , Kamali Anatoli , Kaleebu Pontiano , Seeley Janet , Newton Robert
Published: December 2014

Objectives

To characterise trends over time in smoking and alcohol consumption in a rural Ugandan population between 1994 and 2011.

Methods

We used self‐reported data from a long‐standing population cohort – the General Population Cohort. From 1989 to 1999, the study population comprised about 10 000 residents of 15 adjacent villages. From 1999, 10 more villages were added, doubling the population. Among adults (≥13 years, who comprise about half of the total study population), data on smoking were collected in 1994/1995, 2008/2009 and in 2010/2011. Data on alcohol were collected in 1996/1997, 2000/2001, 2009/2010 and 2010/2011.

Results

The reported prevalence of smoking among men was 17% in 1994/1995, 14% in 2008/2009 and 16% in 2010/2011; equivalent figures for women were 1.5%, 1% and 2%. In the most recent time period, for both sexes combined, prevalence of smoking increased from 1.5% in those aged <29 years, to 18% in those 50+ years (P < 0.001); prevalence was 14.8% in the lowest tertile of socio‐economic status, decreasing to 3.7% in the highest (P < 0.001). For alcohol consumption, current drinking was reported by 39% in 1996/1997, 35% in 2000/2001 and 28% in 2010/2011; men were more likely to drink than women (32.9% vs. 23.5% in 2010/2011) and consumption increased with age (P < 0.001); and was associated with low socio‐economic status, riskier sexual behaviour and being HIV positive (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

In this rural Ugandan population, consumption of cigarettes and alcohol is higher among men than women, increases with age and is more frequent among those with low socio‐economic status. We find no evidence of increases in either exposure over time.
Soybean DREB1/CBF‐type transcription factors function in heat and drought as well as cold stress‐responsive gene expression
Authors: Kidokoro Satoshi , Watanabe Keitaro , Ohori Teppei , Moriwaki Takashi , Maruyama Kyonoshin , Mizoi Junya , Myint Phyu Sin Htwe Nang , Fujita Yasunari , Sekita Sachiko , Shinozaki Kazuo , Yamaguchi‐Shinozaki Kazuko
Published: December 2014

Soybean (Glycine max) is a globally important crop, and its growth and yield are severely reduced by abiotic stresses, such as drought, heat, and cold. The cis‐acting element DRE (dehydration‐responsive element)/CRT plays an important role in activating gene expression in response to these stresses. The Arabidopsis DREB1/CBF genes that encode DRE‐binding proteins function as transcriptional activators in the cold stress responsive gene expression. In this study, we identified 14 DREB1‐type transcription factors (GmDREB1s) from a soybean genome database. The expression of most GmDREB1 genes in soybean was strongly induced by a variety of abiotic stresses, such as cold, drought, high salt, and heat. The GmDREB1 proteins activated transcription via DREs (dehydration‐responsive element) in Arabidopsis and soybean protoplasts. Transcriptome analyses using transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing GmDREB1s indicated that many of the downstream genes are cold‐inducible and overlap with those of Arabidopsis DREB1A. We then comprehensively analyzed the downstream genes of GmDREB1B;1, which is closely related to DREB1A, using a transient expression system in soybean protoplasts. The expression of numerous genes induced by various abiotic stresses were increased by overexpressing GmDREB1B;1 in soybean, and DREs were the most conserved element in the promoters of these genes. The downstream genes of GmDREB1B;1 included numerous soybean‐specific stress‐inducible genes that encode an ABA receptor family protein, GmPYL21, and translation‐related genes, such as ribosomal proteins. We confirmed that GmDREB1B;1 directly activates GmPYL21 expression and enhances ABRE‐mediated gene expression in an ABA‐independent manner. These results suggest that GmDREB1 proteins activate the expression of numerous soybean‐specific stress‐responsive genes under diverse abiotic stress conditions.
Geographical imagination and technological connectivity in East Africa
Authors: Graham Mark , Andersen Casper , Mann Laura
Published: December 2014

This paper analyses and compares two transformative moments of technologically mediated change in East Africa, the construction of the Uganda railway between Mombasa and Lake Victoria (1896–1903) and the introduction of fibre‐optic cables that landed into the ports of Dar Es Salaam and Mombasa in 2009. The paper uses discourse analysis to examine how technologically mediated connectivity has been represented by political and economic actors during these transformative moments. In both cases we explore the origins of the expectations of connectivity and the hope and fear associated with them. Building on Massey's notion of power‐geometry and Sheppard's concept of positionality, the paper focuses on power relationships in discussions of connectivity and asks how people understand the abilities of transformative technologies to modify positionalities and alter relational distance and proximity. Ultimately, by examining historical and contemporary expectations of connectivity in East Africa, this paper works towards more grounded and historicised understandings of the coming‐together of technology and connectivity.
The distinctive capacities of plants: re‐thinking difference via invasive species
Authors: Head Lesley , Atchison Jennifer , Phillips Catherine
Published: December 2014

The lower status of plants relative to animals, one of the defining characteristics of Western thought, is under challenge from diverse research in botany, philosophy and the more‐than‐human social sciences including geography. Although the agency of plants is increasingly demonstrated, scholars have yet to fully respond, for plants, to Lulka's call to attend more carefully to the details of nonhuman difference (Lulka D 2009 The residual humanism of hybridity: retaining a sense of the earthTransactions of the Institute of British GeographersNS34 378–93). This paper advances the concept of the shared capacities of plants, in order to take them seriously in their own terms, and to consider what that means for human–plant relations more generally. We identify four capacities illustrated through plant lives: distinctive materialities; moving independent of humans; sensing and communicating; and taking shape as flexible bodies. Together these provide a sense of plant worlds in which distinct but highly variable plant forms have their own lives, interacting with humans and others in contingent ways. As empirical illustration we explore the adversarial relationship between rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora) and invasive plant managers in northern Australia. In this case biosecurity strategies are affected by and affecting of rubber vine, assembling plants (as individuals and collectives), feral and stock animals, fire and helicopters, human skills and legislation. Recognition of plant capacities challenges us to rethink several concepts often framed against a human norm, including agency, subjectivity and the ethics of killing.
Prospective surveillance of D− recipients of D+ apheresis platelets: alloimmunization against D is not detected
Authors: Weinstein Robert , Simard Amie , Ferschke Jillian , Vauthrin Michelle , Bailey, Jeffrey A. , Greene Mindy
Published: December 2014

Background

Recent retrospective studies indicate that D− recipients of D+ apheresis platelets (PLTs) are not alloimmunized to D. Our hospital policy is to offer RhIG to D− women of childbearing age who received D+ apheresis PLTs but not to other D− recipients of D+ apheresis PLTs. We instituted prospective surveillance of the D− recipients who were not given RhIG.

Study Design And Methods

All apheresis PLT recipients were prospectively entered into a database that recorded the patient's age, sex, diagnosis, D status, apheresis PLT transfusions, and antibody screen results from before and after PLT transfusions. Data are reported for PLTs transfused between October 16, 2012, and April 16, 2014, and antibody screens obtained through June 16, 2014. The analysis excludes neonates; women not more than 50 years of age; and patients who also received D+ red blood cells, received only D− PLTs, received RhIG, were previously alloimmunized to D, and did not have a follow‐up antibody screen after the first D‐incompatible apheresis PLT transfusion.

Results

A total of 158 of 1107 apheresis PLT recipients were D−. Seventy‐nine were eligible for analysis based on the exclusion criteria listed above. None became alloimmunized to D during the observation interval. In 45 (57%) cases the last follow‐up antibody screen was obtained at least 4 weeks after the first D‐incompatible apheresis PLT transfusion.

Conclusion

Prospective surveillance confirms prior retrospective observations that D− patients do not appear to risk D alloimmunization after receiving D+ apheresis PLTs.
Stereotactic radiation therapy for treatment of canine intracranial meningiomas
Authors: Griffin L.R. , Nolan M.W. , Selmic L.E. , Randall E. , Custis J. , LaRue S.
Published: December 2014

The objective of this study is to determine the rate of toxicity, median survival time (MST) and prognostic factors in dogs with presumed intracranial meningiomas that were treated with stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT). Patient demographics, neurological history, details of SRT plans and response to treatment (including toxicity and survival times) were examined for potential prognostic factors. Overall MST (MST) due to death for any cause was 561 days. There was a mild to moderate exacerbation of neurological symptoms 3‐16 weeks following SRT treatments in 11/30 (36.7%) of dogs. This presumed adverse event was treated with corticosteroids, and improvement was seen in most of these dogs. Death within 6 months of treatment as a result of worsening neurologic signs was seen in 4/30 (13.3%) of dogs. Volume of normal brain that received full dose at a prescription of 8Gy × 3 fractions was predictive of death due to neurological problems within this 6‐month period.
AN APPLICATION OF BONE‐MARROW CULTURES TO TOXICOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS
Authors: Harrison K. , Randoll F. W.
Published: December 2014

1. A method of cultivating bone marrow in vitro is described, together with its applications to toxicology and therapeutics.

2. BAL and BAL‐Intrav have been compared as antidotes to arsenicals. BAL‐Intrav is less toxic than BAL, but is less potent as an antidote to lewisite oxide, and the range of effective therapeutic concentrations is smaller. The reaction product of BAL and Mapharside is toxic; the toxicity is diminished by an excess of BAL. The reaction product between BAL‐Intrav and Mapharside appears to be less toxic.

3. Extending the comparison to mercury and antimony, it appears that BAL‐Intrav is superior as an antidote to BAL. Both substances form toxic reaction products with antimony potassium tartrate and with Neostam; it is suggested that in the intact animal every effort should be made to encourage the excretion of these products.

4. Benzene is not toxic to bone marrow; of its oxidation products, the dihydric phenols are much more toxic than the trihydric phenols or than phenol itself.

We are indebted to Surgeon‐Lieut. N. M. Hancox, R.N.V.R., for allowing us to make use of his work on the culture of bone marrow; to Mr. P. D. Mitchell, Dr. L. N. Owen, and Dr. L. A. Stocken for gifts of chemicals; to Mr. R. M. Weston, F.R.P.S., for the photographs; to Professor R. A. Peters, F.R.S., Professor G. R. Cameron, F.R.S., and Surgeon‐Captain A. Fairley, R.N., for advice and criticism; and to the Chief Scientist, Ministry of Supply, for permission to publish this paper, the substance of which has already appeared in Porton Reports (1944‐45).
Membrane potential measurement in cells of the adrenal gland
Authors: Matthews E. K.
Published: December 2014

1. Recordings of transmembrane potentials have been made in vitro from the cells of the adrenal gland using glass micro‐electrodes.

2. There was only a small species variation in the mean membrane potential of the cortical cells of the rabbit, rat and kitten; 66·2, 70·5, and 71·4 mV respectively.

3. The membrane potential of cortical cells was dependent upon the external potassium concentration, [K]o. Raising [K]o above the normal concentration of 4·7 m
M by addition of KCl decreased the membrane potential; lowering [K]o from normal increased it. The decrease in membrane potential was still evident when chloride was replaced by sulphate. Increasing [K]o 10‐fold decreased the membrane potential of rabbit cortical cells by 44 mV and of kitten cortical cells by 50 mV.

4. The mean membrane potential measured in medullary chromaffin cells was for the rabbit 24·2 mV, rat 20 mV, and kitten 31·7 mV. The potentials of medullary cells were much less affected by changes in [K]o than were cortical cell potentials.

5. Age had little influence upon either cortical or medullary membrane potentials of adrenal glands, at least in early life.
Evidence for the presence of 16α‐hydroxypregn‐4‐ene‐3,20‐dione in adrenal venous blood of young pigs
Authors: Holzbauer Margarethe , Newport Helen M.
Published: December 2014

1. Evidence was obtained for the presence of 16α‐hydroxypregn‐4‐ene‐3,20‐dione in each adrenal venous blood sample collected from eight young pigs under conditions of operative stress.

2. The chemical identity of this steroid was tested on μg amounts by paper and gas chromatographic methods before and after the formation of derivatives.
Vascular responses of the spleen to nerve stimulation during normal and reduced blood flow
Authors: Greenway C. V. , Lawson Anne E. , Stark R. D.
Published: December 2014

1. The splenic artery flow, the splenic weight and the arterial blood pressure were recorded in cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone.

2. Oscillations in splenic artery flow and splenic weight were observed. Following occlusion and release of the splenic artery, there was a brief increase in flow to above the pre‐occlusion level and the oscillations in flow were greatly increased in amplitude. It is suggested that the brief increase is a consequence of the reduction of arterial pressure and that the oscillations are due to synchronization of rhythmic activity of smooth muscle within the spleen.

3. Stimulation of the splenic nerves resulted in decreases in splenic artery flow and splenic weight. The size of the responses varied with the frequency of stimulation and maximum responses in both flow and weight were obtained at about 3 impulses/sec.

4. After stimulation for 10 min, the splenic weight response was maintained while the flow response showed some recovery towards the control level.

5. When the splenic artery flow was reduced to about half the control level for periods up to 2 hr, the flow and weight responses to stimulation of the splenic nerves remained unchanged; the significance of this after a haemorrhage is discussed.

6. Intravenous administration of atropine or propranolol did not affect the responses to nerve stimulation. After phenoxybenzamine, nerve stimulation caused a smaller decrease in splenic weight, while the splenic artery flow increased to above the control level. This increase was unaffected by atropine but abolished by propranolol.
Uptake of N‐ethylmaleimide and 1‐fluoro‐2, 4‐dinitrobenzene in relation to the irreversible inhibition of glucose transfer in the human erythrocyte
Authors: Forsling Mary L. , Remfry Jennifer C. , Widdas W. F.
Published: December 2014

1. The uptake of the inhibitors N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM) and 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (DNFB) by human red cells has been correlated with the inhibition of glucose exit.

2. With both inhibitors there was an initial rapid uptake by the cells with little inhibition; this was followed by a phase when inhibition was developing rapidly but uptake continued at a steady rate even after the development of inhibition had flattened off.

3. The rate of uptake of DNFB during the rapid development of inhibition corresponded to about 4 × 108 molecules/cell for 100% inhibition, irrespective of the temperature of incubation. This cannot be used as an estimate of the number of glucose transfer sites in the cell membrane because of the lack of specificity.

4. In an examination of lipids from red cells incubated with [14C]DNFB, labelling associated with lipids was eluted with peaks in chloroform—methanol 4:1 and 1:4 respectively. Thus, although DNFB is normally regarded as a protein reagent, involvement of lipids in the transfer of glucose could not be excluded.
Observation of changes in volume of a congested limb as a means of studying the behaviour of capacity vessels
Authors: Ardill B. L. , Bhatnagar V. M. , Fentem P. H.
Published: December 2014

1. Experiments have been performed to determine whether the volume of a forearm congested by a cuff inflated to a low pressure (15‐30 mm Hg) reflects active changes in the vascular capacity of the part while remaining relatively insensitive to the passive effects of changes in perfusion.

2. Conditions were chosen in which existing evidence suggests that blood flow and capacity vary independently of each other.

3. The results of these experiments suggested that active changes in capacity can be studied by the continuous observation of the volume of a congested limb, provided that the associated change in blood flow is a reduction from the basal level and is not an increase above the basal level.
The effect of noradrenaline on the end‐plate potential in twitch fibres of the frog
Authors: Jenkinson D. H. , Stamenović B. A. , Whitaker Beatrice D. L.
Published: December 2014

1. The action of noradrenaline in increasing the amplitude of the end‐plate potential (e.p.p.) has been studied in magnesium‐blocked frog skeletal muscle.

2. Noradrenaline (10−5
M) increased the e.p.p. by about 20% without causing any comparable change in the amplitude of the miniature end‐plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s). It was concluded that noradrenaline acts by potentiating the release of acetylcholine by the nerve impulse, rather than by increasing the sensitivity of the end‐plate.

3. In support of this, it was found that the increase in e.p.p. amplitude was associated with a reduction in the variability of successive e.p.p.s, as is to be expected if the quantal content of the e.p.p. became larger. Further, noradrenaline was without effect on the response to iontophoretically‐applied acetylcholine, although it potentiated depolarizations elicited by acetylcholine applied for much longer periods in the bathing fluid.

4. Noradrenaline increased the frequency of occurrence of m.e.p.p.s, and unusually large m.e.p.p.s. were occasionally observed.
A renally active substance from heart muscle and from blood
Authors: Ilett K. F. , Lockett Mary F.
Published: December 2014

1. A steroid‐like compound has been isolated from cat heart muscle by thin‐layer chromatography.

2. This compound has been characterized by measurement of its RF values in two solvent systems.

3. No similar substance could be detected in the 1 hr venous outputs of cat adrenals.

4. It could not be detected in heart‐lung circuit blood when the heart had been perfusing for 1¼‐1½ hr at constant venous input and peripheral resistance. The compound was however extractable from the circuit blood 10‐15 min after reduction in venous input.

5. The actions of this compound on the isolated kidney resemble those of aldosterone but are of much shorter latency.

6. The heart substance differs from aldosterone in RF values and has more than 10 times the renal activity of aldosterone when the two substances are equated (visually) for ability to reduce blue tetrazolium.
The effects of prostaglandins E1, F1α and F2α on monosynaptic reflexes
Authors: Duda P. , Horton E. W. , McPherson Angus
Published: December 2014

1. Experiments, using electrophysiological recording techniques, were carried out to confirm the report that prostaglandins affect spinal reflexes in cats.

2. Ventral root potentials evoked by stimulation of the ipsilateral dorsal root were recorded. Those with a latent period corresponding to a monosynaptic pathway were used primarily in this investigation.

3. Prostaglandin E1 (3·5‐17·8 μg/kg) injected into the aorta reduced the amplitude of monosynaptic responses in six out of ten cats. The effect began about 15 min after injection and lasted over 3 hr. In one cat E1 caused potentiation of the reflex and in three cats there was no effect.

4. Prostaglandin F1α (2·4‐3·5 μg/kg) inhibited the monosynaptic response in four cats but in one of these a subsequent large dose (19·6 μg/kg) greatly potentiated the reflex.

5. Prostaglandin F2α (1·4‐17·8 μg/kg) injected into the aorta was followed by significant but variable changes in monosynaptic response. In one experiment an intravenous injection (30·3 μg/kg) was followed by a long‐lasting potentiation of the reflex response.

6. It is concluded that prostaglandins, two of which have previously been identified in cat brain extracts, have pronounced and long‐lasting effects on monosynaptic spinal reflexes.
Conditions governing the pulmonary vascular response to ventilation hypoxia and hypoxaemia in the dog
Authors: Daly I. de Burgh , Michel C. C. , Ramsay D. J. , Waaler B. A.
Published: December 2014

1. Isolated lung lobes of the dog perfused through the pulmonary circulation only with atropinized autologous blood obtained by bleeding out the animal under general anaesthesia or following premedication with morphine hydrochloride were subjected to repetitive tests of ventilation hypoxia, the control and test gas mixtures containing similar concentrations of CO2.

2. The pulmonary vasomotor response to ventilation hypoxia depended upon the temperature of the perfusate and the time which had elapsed from the death of the animal to the start of perfusion, termed the ‘ischaemic period’. The higher blood temperatures and shorter ischaemic periods favoured a pulmonary vasopressor response to hypoxia, and the lower temperatures and longer ischaemic periods a vasodepressor response or an absence of response.

3. The vasopressor responses to hypoxia were associated with a rise in the pH (average, 0·09 in 5 experiments) and a fall in the PCO2 of the blood. There were no consistent changes in the pH and PCO2 of the blood accompanying vasodepressor responses.

4. The vasopressor responses could be obtained over periods of perfusion lasting 4 hr or longer.

5. It is suggested that changes in the composition of blood equilibrated in the isolated perfused lung cannot be predicted from in vitro dissociation curves.
Intracellular distribution of submaxillary kallikrein
Authors: Bhoola K. D.
Published: December 2014

1. Differential centrifugation and sucrose density‐gradient data indicate that kallikrein in the submaxillary gland is associated with particles which sediment with the nuclear and heavy mitochondrial fractions and equilibrate with 1·7‐1·8
M sucrose.

2. The sedimentation properties of the kallikrein containing particles differ from those of mitochondria and lysosomes, but resemble those of the pancreatic zymogen granules.

3. Histological observations indicate that kallikrein is associated with basophilic particles which stain positively with Periodic Acid‐Schiff reagent.

4. Pilocarpine causes a preferential secretion of kallikrein and amylase into saliva.

5. The results would support an exocrine role for submaxillary kallikrein.
Influence of sodium ions on the membrane potential of the sino‐atrial node in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation
Authors: Toda Noboru
Published: December 2014

1. Sympathetic nerve‐atrial preparations isolated from rabbits were used in the present study. Transmembrane potentials were recorded from sino‐atrial (S‐A) nodal pace‐maker fibres.

2. A reduction of [Na+]o (extracellular concentration of sodium ions) decreased the maximal diastolic potential, reduced the size of the overshoot, prolonged the depolarization time, increased the rate of early repolarization and decreased the rate of late repolarization.

3. A Na+‐deficiency markedly augmented the positive chronotropic effect of stimulation of post‐ganglionic sympathetic nerves at a frequency of 5/sec but slightly augmented the effect of stimulation at 1 and 20/sec.

4. The marked membrane effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation at low [Na+]o was an increase in the slope of slow depolarization during diastole. Corresponding to an induced acceleration of S‐A nodal rate, the 90% duration of the action potential was decreased but the other action potential parameters measured were not influenced.

5. A reduction of [Na+]o to 51·7 m
M produced in the pace‐maker membrane, subthreshold oscillations the rate and the amplitude of which were increased by sympathetic nerve stimulation until conducted potentials were generated.

6. It is presumed that cardiac noradrenaline elicits an increase in the slope of slow depolarization during late diastole which is due to an increase in Na+ permeability, a decrease in K+ permeability or a non‐selective increase in ion permeability, but that it does not influence the pace‐maker membrane during systole.
The independence of corticomotoneuronal and fusimotor pathways in the production of muscle contraction by motor cortex stimulation
Authors: Koeze T. H.
Published: December 2014

1. The response of thirty spindle afferents was studied during cortical stimulation of the ‘best point’ for eliciting a contraction of tibialis anticus in baboons anaesthetized with N2O/O2 mixtures supplemented by small doses of barbiturates.

2. No evidence of fusimotor activity before a contraction of the muscle was found. Evidence of fusimotor activity during the contraction and after the cortical stimulus was found. The various problems associated with interpretation of this activity are discussed.

3. Depression of the spindle afferent response by tetanic cortical stimulation, which produced no detectable tension change, was found for four spindle afferents. This depression was particularly well documented for one spindle afferent. The depression could be explained by a decrease of static fusimotor activity.

4. The spindle afferent response to muscle stretch was studied during light anaesthesia. The effect of barbiturates on this response suggested a depression of static fusimotor activity.
Temperature effects of reserpine injected into the cerebral ventricles of rabbits and cats
Authors: Banerjee U. , Burks T. F. , Feldberg W. , Goodrich Cecilie A.
Published: December 2014

1. In unanaesthetized rabbits and cats reserpine was injected through a chronically implanted cannula in the left lateral cerebral ventricle, and rectal temperature was recorded.

2. In rabbits the reserpine (0·5‐0·6 mg) caused a rise in temperature, frequent defaecation and sedation. On repeating the intraventricular injections at 24 hr intervals the rise in temperature was not obtained with the second or third injection, but defaecation and sedation still occurred. When the hyperthermic response to intraventricular reserpine had disappeared the anterior hypothalamus still responded to intraventricular noradrenaline which produced a rise in temperature.

3. In cats the reserpine (0·5‐0·75 mg) caused a biphasic change in temperature, i.e. an initial fall followed by a rise, frequent defaecation, and catalepsy. On repeating the intraventricular injections at 24 hr intervals the initial hypothermic phase of the temperature response was not obtained with the second or third injection, but the late rise, defaecation and catalepsy were still produced. When the hypothermic phase had disappeared the hypothalamus still responded to intraventricular noradrenaline or adrenaline which produced a fall, and to intraventricular 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) which produced a rise in temperature.

4. It is concluded that the rise in temperature in rabbits and the initial fall produced in cats is not due to a direct action of reserpine on the cells of the anterior hypothalamus but to noradrenaline released from adrenergic fibres ending at these cells. When these fibres are depleted of their noradrenaline by one or two injections of reserpine, these effects are not obtained because noradrenaline is no longer available to be released in sufficient amounts to raise temperature in rabbits and to lower it in cats.
Sodium movements in denervated muscle and the effects of antimycin A
Authors: Creese R. , El-Shafie A. L. , Vrbová Gerta
Published: December 2014

1. Fibre sodium in rat diaphragm exchanged at a faster rate in muscles which had been denervated 8 days previously. The half‐time was 3·7 min for outward movement in denervated muscles and 5·1 min in controls.

2. The inward movement of sodium was also faster in denervated muscle as compared with controls, and the calculated permeability to sodium was approximately doubled.

3. In the presence of antimycin A (1·8 × 10−5
M), the outward movement of sodium in denervated diaphragm was slowed and the fibres gained sodium and lost potassium.

4. Antimycin markedly reduced the twitch produced by stimulation of denervated diaphragm, and also the response to acetylcholine. Similar effects were found in denervated tibialis anterior of the cat.
Application of fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings
Authors: Campbell F. W. , Robson J. G.
Published: December 2014

1. The contrast thresholds of a variety of grating patterns have been measured over a wide range of spatial frequencies.

2. Contrast thresholds for the detection of gratings whose luminance profiles are sine, square, rectangular or saw‐tooth waves can be simply related using Fourier theory.

3. Over a wide range of spatial frequencies the contrast threshold of a grating is determined only by the amplitude of the fundamental Fourier component of its wave form.

4. Gratings of complex wave form cannot be distinguished from sine‐wave gratings until their contrast has been raised to a level at which the higher harmonic components reach their independent threshold.

5. These findings can be explained by the existence within the nervous system of linearly operating independent mechanisms selectively sensitive to limited ranges of spatial frequencies.
The effect of sodium depletion on the renal response to water‐loading in dogs
Authors: Coxon R. V. , Ramsay D. J.
Published: December 2014

1. Dogs depleted of sodium by peritoneal dialysis with glucose solution (5 g/100 ml.) showed a significant reduction in plasma sodium concentration, in inulin clearance and in plasma and extracellular fluid volume. The plasma protein concentration and haematocrit were increased.

2. By the second day of salt depletion the plasma and extracellular fluid volumes, plasma protein concentration and haematocrit all showed some recovery towards normal values.

3. A water‐load of 2·5% of body weight did not cause diuresis or natriuresis when given on the first day of depletion, but initiated a water diuresis when given on the second day.

4. A water‐load of 5% of body weight caused diuresis but not natriuresis, when given on either day of salt depletion.

5. The physiological interpretation of these results is discussed.
Thyroid activity and growth rate in rapidly growing lambs
Authors: Draper S. A. , Falconer I. R. , Lamming G. E.
Published: December 2014

1. This paper reports a study of the relationship between thyroid gland activity and rate of growth of lambs held in a controlled environment with feeding ad libitum.

2. Thyroid activity was assessed by the rate of release of 131I from the thyroid gland over a period of 1–2 weeks following injection. Growth rates were simultaneously recorded on a total of thirty‐one lambs during forty‐six measurements of thyroid activity.

3. The results demonstrated a highly significant curvilinear correlation between growth rate and the rate constant for thyroid 131I release (P < 0·001).

4. Surgically thyroidectomized animals were demonstrated to have a much reduced rate of growth.

5. It was concluded that thyroid activities considerably above or below the optimum have an adverse effect on growth rate.
The function of antidiuretic hormone in the sheep
Authors: Brook A. H. , Radford H. M. , Stacy B. D.
Published: December 2014

1. With the aim of producing diabetes insipidus in sheep, electrolytic lesions were placed in the ventral medial hypothalamus immediately posterior to the optic chiasm.

2. After formation of lesions, the pattern of urine excretion showed a triphasic response consisting of (i) an immediate diuresis reaching a maximum within 4 days, (ii) an interphase of about 12 days wherein rates of urine flow were normal, and (iii) a final phase of permanent polyuria. With the four sheep used in this work, the time between placement of the lesions and onset of permanent hyposthenuria was 19‐22 days.

3. In the final polyuric phase, the sheep were unable to concentrate their urine in response to dehydration or to feeding.

4. Infusions of arginine vasopressin restored the ability of these animals to excrete urine that was hypertonic to plasma.

5. The evidence showed that the hypothalamic lesions were effective in producing permanent diabetes insipidus. It was concluded that anti‐diuretic hormone (ADH) has essentially the same function in sheep as it has in other mammalian species; that is, the hormone facilitates the elaboration of hypertonic urine. There was no evidence to suggest that ADH had a special effect on potassium excretion in the sheep.
Rod/cone rivalry in pigment regeneration
Authors: Rushton W. A. H.
Published: December 2014

1. The rod branch of the dark‐adaptation curve was studied at two regions 1¼° from the foveal centre (see inset, Fig. 2).

2. One region had been bleached by red light, the other by blue of equal scotopic value.

3. This equality was established by finding the rod increment threshold against the red or blue backgrounds: they were judged equal when they raised the rod threshold equally.

4. If the bleaching exposure lasted 4 min or less, the rod dark‐adaptation curves coincided, though the cone branches did not (since red bleached cones 80%, blue 20%, but rods were bleached equally).

5. If the bleaching exposure was prolonged to 16 min the rods recovered more slowly from the red bleach. And this difference was enhanced by a preliminary intense white exposure that bleached everything.

6. The effect was due to the presence of cones since repeating the experiment at 15° from the fovea where cones are scarce virtually gave coincident rod dark‐adaptation curves.

7. It follows that where cones are regenerating fast (from the 80% red bleach) they extract from the space outside the cone cells some ingredient needed for rod regeneration, and after pronounced and prolonged bleaching, the lack of this ingredient slows rod recovery.

8. Most probably the ingredient is 11‐cis retinol returning from the pigment epithelium.
Responses evoked in the cerebellar cortex by stimulation of the caudate nucleus in the cat
Authors: Fox Mary , Williams T. D.
Published: December 2014

1. Responses evoked in the cerebellar cortex following stimulation of caudate nucleus are described.

2. The evoked responses recorded from the surface of the cerebellar cortex were found to be of two types, one with a short (4‐6 msec) latency and one with a longer (12‐17 msec) latency.

3. The short latency response was maximal in the lobulus simplex, the longer latency response was maximal in paramedian lobule.

4. Following lesions in the inferior olive the longer latency response was absent.

5. Recordings from within the cerebellar cortex showed that the short latency response was uniformly distributed throughout the grey matter, the longer latency response was maximal in the region of the Purkinje cell bodies.

6. It was concluded that the short latency response was due to activation via the mossy fibres and the longer latency response to activation via the climbing fibres.

7. It was found that responses could be evoked in the cerebellum following stimulation of only the latero‐ventral part of the caudate nucleus; stimulation of the rest of the nucleus caused no response in the cerebellum. This division of the caudate nucleus into two parts is similar to the subdivision of the caudate nucleus made by other workers using different criteria.
Cardiovascular response to localized heating of the anterior hypothalamus
Authors: Whittow G. C.
Published: December 2014

1. The effects, on the systemic and pulmonary circulation, of localized heating of the anterior hypothalamus, at different environmental temperatures, have been studied in the unanaesthetized ox.

2. In a cool environment (15° C), heating the hypothalamus elicited panting which was associated with increases in cardiac output, heart rate, pulmonary arterial pressure and central blood volume, and decreases in systemic total peripheral resistance, and the percentage of red cells in mixed venous blood.

3. In a hot environment (40° C), the cardiovascular responses were of smaller magnitude than in the cool environment. It was suggested that the smaller responses in the hot environment were probably related to a higher level of blood flow through the skin before the hypothalamus was heated.

4. The cardiovascular responses to localized heating of the anterior hypothalamus were similar to those which occur during hyperthermia. However, there were also differences between the effects of the two procedures and it was concluded that hyperthermia involves the stimulation of other receptors in addition to those in the anterior hypothalamus.
Assay of gastrin by means of its gastric acid stimulating activity
Authors: Blair E. L. , Keenlyside R. M. , Newell D. J. , Reed J. D. , Richardson Diana D.
Published: December 2014

1. A method is described for the bio‐assay of gastrin activity in the anaesthetized cat, based on the acid stimulating activity of gastrin.

2. A ‘gastrin’ of unknown potency can be assayed in terms of a stable Standard Gastrin Extract or of Synthetic Human Gastrin I.

3. The sensitivity of the method is such that it will detect quantities of Synthetic Human Gastrin I at least as small as those at present described as detectable by radioimmunological techniques.

4. The precision of the assay is such that it falls in the category that has been described as very precise and well suited to clinical studies.
Membrane properties of the stretch receptor neurones of crayfish with particular reference to mechanisms of sensory adaptation
Authors: Nakajima S. , Onodera Kayoko
Published: December 2014

1. Membrane properties of neurones of the two morphologically different types of stretch receptor of crayfish, the slowly adapting (RM1) and the rapidly adapting (RM2) receptors, were investigated with two microelectrodes inserted into the same neurone.

2. The action potential was usually larger in the slowly adapting than in the rapidly adapting neurone. But the distributions of the height were not sharply delimited, and there was an overlap from the two groups of neurone.

3. There were no marked differences in the current—voltage relationship between the two types.

4. Under voltage clamp, depolarizations evoked a large delayed outward current, which slowly diminished during maintained depolarization (K‐inactivation). Under a moderate depolarization, development of the K‐permeability increase was very slow.

5. When stimulated by intracellularly applied constant currents, the slowly adapting neurone always adapted slowly, and gave rise to long‐lasting trains of spikes, whereas the rapidly adapting neurone never produced maintained repetitive discharges.

6. The same marked differences in the adaptation behaviour of spike discharge between the two types were also observed when the neurones were stimulated by constant currents applied through external electrodes.

7. When the stimulating point was shifted along the axon of the slowly adapting neurones, the ability to produce long‐lasting repetitive discharges was found to be confined to the axonal region near the soma, where the diameter was very small, and where impulses were first initiated.

8. Possible ionic mechanisms of the adaptation of the spike generating membrane were discussed. The importance of slowly occurring changes in the Na‐ and K‐permeabilities and changes in the electromotive force of the membrane due to electrogenic pump was emphasized.
Responses of normal and denervated cat superior cervical ganglia to some stimulant compounds
Authors: Brown D. A.
Published: December 2014

1. The effect of preganglionic denervation on the sensitivity of the cat superior cervical ganglion to close‐arterial injections of some stimulant compounds in vivo has been studied.

2. Ganglionic responses were assessed (a) by recording simultaneously ganglion depolarization and post‐ganglionic nerve action potential discharges, and (b) by measuring the contractions of the nictitating membrane and applying a correction for the change in sensitivity of the membrane to noradrenaline.

3. No change could be detected in the electrical responses of the ganglion to carbachol after denervation.

4. Nictitating membrane recording suggested that denervation increased the response of the ganglion to acetylcholine, but had little effect on ganglionic sensitivities to carbachol, nicotine, tetramethylammonium or potassium chloride.

5. It was concluded that the neurones of the superior cervical ganglion do not, in general, show any substantial change of sensitivity to cholinesterase‐resistant stimulant compounds after denervation. The supersensitivity to acetylcholine is probably the result of a reduction of ganglionic acetylcholinesterase.
The optical activity of bleached retinal receptors
Authors: Villermet Gabrielle M. , Weale R. A.
Published: December 2014

1. A study was made of the birefringence of retinal receptors obtained from the retinae of frogs, cats, rabbits and goldfish.

2. Normal rods and cones show similar optical activity.

3. The effects of fixatives, lipid solvents, de‐ and rehydration, and temperature were examined.

4. Rods fixed with formaldehyde preserve normal optical activity for a long time while glutaraldehyde changes it swiftly in a manner similar to that resulting from the application of heat.

5. Alcohol acts like a denaturing agent rather than as a solvent for rod lipids.

6. The action of glutaraldehyde on goldfish rods is instantaneous but cones preserve their normal activity for up to 1 hr.

7. A number of striking parallels between the presence of the R2 component of the early receptor potential (as reported in the literature) and optical activity are listed; it is suggested that normal optical activity is a prerequisite for the recording, if not the elicitation, of R2.
The effect of procaine on snake twitch muscle fibres
Authors: Heistracher P. , Hunt C. C.
Published: December 2014

1. The effect of procaine on the contractile responses of voltage clamped snake twitch muscle fibres has been investigated. Procaine hydrochloride shortened the duration of contractures produced by long depolarizing pulses. It also reduced the amount of inactivating outward current.

2. The rate of repriming was greatly slowed by procaine. At −80 mV, for example, the time to half restoration of contractile response was 6 sec in procaine (5 × 10−3, w/v) as compared to 1·15 sec in tetrodotoxin (TTX), (1 × 10−7 w/v). At −100 mV, repriming was still much slower in procaine. However, at −150 mV, repriming in procaine was quite rapid, the time to half recovery being about 0·4 sec.

3. After prolonged exposure to procaine, subthreshold depolarizing pulses produced a marked diminution in the contractile response to a subsequent supermaximal depolarization. In some fibres complete inactivation could be produced in the presence of procaine without any contractile response having occurred.
The circular dichroism of suspensions of frog rod outer segments
Authors: Crescitelli F. , Foster Rachel F. , Shaw T. I.
Published: December 2014

The circular dichroism (CD) of suspensions of frog rod outer segments has been measured.

At wave‐lengths between 600 and 400 nm

1. The suspensions show a large positive CD increasing towards shorter wave‐lengths and largely unaffected by bleaching. This probably arises, at least in part, from the preferential scattering of one form of circularly polarized light.

2. There is a small reduction in CD on bleaching, slightly larger but similar in sign and wave‐length dependence to that shown by pigment extracts.

At wave‐lengths between 250 and 220 nm

3. The suspensions show a CD somewhat similar in sign, magnitude and wave‐length dependence to that given by pigment extracts.

4. On bleaching there is a reduction of the negative CD at 225 nm again similar to that which takes place when extracts are bleached.

The observations suggest that configurational changes, of the kind detected by CD, occur in the bleaching of rhodopsin molecules whether they are present in solutions or in rods.
The metabolic requirements for catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla
Authors: Rubin R. P.
Published: December 2014

1. The metabolic requirements for catecholamine secretion elicited by acetylcholine or by calcium plus high K+ were studied on acutely denervated perfused cat adrenal glands.

2. Glucose‐deprivation plus anoxia caused an increase in the spontaneous catecholamine output from adrenal glands perfused with normal Locke solution, which was abolished by the removal of calcium from the perfusion medium.

3. Anoxia plus glucose‐deprivation did not depress the secretory response to repeated exposures of a low concentration of acetylcholine, but did depress the response to a higher concentration of acetylcholine. Glucose‐deprivation and nitrogen, when imposed either separately or together, did not inhibit total catecholamine output in response to calcium. Differential analysis of the calcium‐evoked secretion showed that during anoxia, catecholamine output was maintained primarily by adrenaline secretion.

4. Cyanide (0·2 m
M) potentiated the secretory response to calcium in the presence of glucose, but when glucose was omitted from the perfusion medium, cyanide caused a gradual decline in calcium‐evoked secretion. Iodoacetic acid (IAA) (0·2 m
M) depressed the response to calcium by about 50% under aerobic conditions and by 90% under anaerobic conditions.

5. The glycogen content of medullae was profoundly depleted under anoxic conditions.

6. It is concluded that energy is required for the secretory action of calcium on medullary chromaffin cells. The energy may be derived from glycolysis or oxidative metabolism. A possible interaction between calcium and adenosine triphosphate acid (ATP) in eliciting catecholamine secretion is discussed.

7. The alteration in the percent adrenaline and noradrenaline secreted during anoxia indicates that anoxia may regulate medullary catecholamine secretion through a peripheral, as well as a central mechanism.