bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geomaterial Microfluidics for the Visualization of Alkaline Surfactant Polymer Flooding
Authors: Alzahid Yara , Alghamdi Fahad
Published: November 2020

To fully understand the flow mechanisms in oil reservoirs, analysis at pore-scale is required, as it is the length scale at which capillary-trapped oil is mobilized. In particular, analysis at this length scale would help in developing efficient recovery methods to achieve the best possible oil recovery. In this paper, we use a novel geomaterial microfluidics device that couples the surface chemistry and mimics a real sandstone rock to analyze Alkaline Surfactant Polymer (ASP) flooding at the pore scale. An experimental micro-scale approach was developed utilizing geomaterial micromodels for analyzing oil recovery. The geomaterial micromodel is fabricated using soft lithography and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the main material. Then, to functionalize the PDMS devices, the relevant minerals for sandstone (Quartz and Kaolinite) are added to create the geomaterial micromodel device. To study the effect of minerals presence on oil recovery during ASP flooding, oil recovery is measured using geomaterial microfluidics, as well as plain PDMS microfluidics device that has the same porous media pattern. The results show the different displacement patterns and oil recovery achieved by waterflooding and followed by ASP flooding, which is the typical practice in any enhanced oil recovery method. Results showed oil recovery of 65 % followed by 69 % for waterflood and ASP, respectively in a geomaterial device. In the plain PDMS microfluidics device, an oil recovery of 75 % followed by 80 % for waterflood and ASP, respectively. The geomaterial microfluidics chip provided a more realistic oil recovery values compared to the plain PDMS chip. Therefore, using this novel geomaterial microfluidics fabrication method creates an ideal visualization platform to study the pore scale of any given flood, as it captures the surface chemistry, roughness, and pore networks present in actual rocks. This would ultimately help develop and optimize oil recovery mechanisms.
Downhole AOP Measurements Applied to Mobile Oil in a Tar Mat: A Study on the Influence of Contamination
Authors: Tiwari Sanhita , Chen Chao , Al-Dhuwaihi Abdul-Aziz , Baroon Bodoor , Alabbas Reem , Ayyad Hazim , Sullivan Matthew , Smythe Elizabeth , Dumont Hadrien , Harrison Christopher
Published: November 2020

A downhole fluid analysis prototype module (MRPV) has been developed which measures both asphaltene onset pressure (AOP) and bubblepoint pressure (Pb). This manuscript describes one of many recent downhole jobs which were part of a study to characterize live crude oil in real time while sampling mobile oil in a permeable tar mat. These jobs support an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) study to understand the best way to extract bypassed oil (Fatma 2019). In this manuscript, downhole bubblepoint and AOP measurements made with the MRPV in well RA-0Y37 agree with those obtained in a laboratory with bottomhole samples. The effect of oil-based mud contamination on the AOP and Pb is examined during clean up while sampling. Water was present for all jobs, but the hydrophobic membrane blocked water from entering the MRPV, facilitating ease of interpretation of optical data. This manuscript comprises the first part of a two-part series (Tiwari 2020).
Modeling of Deep Polymer Gel Conformance Treatments Using Machine Learning
Authors: Alghazal Mohammed , Ertekin Turgay
Published: November 2020

Polymer gel technologies have been widely employed in conformance-control applications to improve sweep and recovery from high permeability reservoirs. Modeling of polymer gel propagation, gelation time, and adsorption in the porous media requires a complex full-order computation of diffusivity equations, heat transfer and chemical reactions for components partitioning in oleic and aqueous phases. This paper presents a soft-computing alternative and data-driven approach to using machine learning to model deep polymer gel treatments in fractured reservoirs.

Reference simulation models of various dual-permeability systems were used to generate the dataset for the machine learning model, an artificial neural network. A second-order reaction scheme for gel formulation was used to describe the chemical reaction between the polymer, polyacrylamide, and the cross-linker component, chromium acetate. Viscosities, adsorption properties and residual resistance factors of the polymer and produced gel were populated based on experimental data. Various conformance design factors and reservoir properties were parameterized for inclusion in the neural network, including: temperature, injection rate, gel concentration, bottom-hole pressure, drainage radius, porosity, fracture spacing and permeability.

Feature analysis of the input variables indicated that ten parameters are sufficient to train the model and predict the performance of the conformance treatment with indicators including the oil and water rate profiles improvement after applying the polymer gel treatment. The dataset was randomly divided into 80% training, 10% validation and 10% testing sets. Early stopping and monitoring of the validation and testing set's errors were used to generalize the solution and enhance the performance of the neural network. Hyperparameter tuning showed that using a deep multi-hidden layers neural network was more effective than increasing the neurons in a single hidden layer. The weights and biases of the model were adjusted using a mean squared error loss function and a gradient descent optimizer. A correlation of 90% was achieved for the test samples with a mean absolute deviation of less than 10% for all modeled variables. The developed neural network model was able to reduce the complexity of the full-order simulation model by accurately predicting the performance of polymer gel treatments in fractured reservoirs at 200 times faster speed than commercial simulators with only ten input variables of polymer gel design and reservoir properties.

This work presents a unique surrogate modeling approach based on machine learning to describe complex polymer gel kinetics and flow dynamics in deep conformance applications. The presented neural network model can be used to robustly predict the oil recovery performance of polymer gel treatments in fractured reservoirs outperforming commercial simulators in terms of computational complexity and processing speed.
Capturing in Gas Treating Plants Technology Review and Selection
Authors: Sivanandam Surendarbabu , Al Ali Mariam
Published: November 2020

Increase in the requirement of reduction of CO2 emission / carbon footprint demands the need for CO2 capturing units in existing gas treatment facilities. The location of the CO2 capturing unit in the sour gas treating plant have economic impact with respect to CO2 recovery and unit technical cost (UTC). A case study is presented to demonstrate the optimum location of the CO2 recovery unit with available licensed technology.

Based on production profile and composition for Asab 1 & 2, the potential acid gas removed from acid gas removal unit (AGRU) is quantified. The amount of CO2 in acid gas to be recovered in view to having a SRU unit, had the choice of CO2 recovery from: (1) low pressure amine based CO2 capturing units, (2) high pressure CO2 capturing units based on amine / physical solvents, or (3) CO2 recovery from tail gas of sulphur recovery unit (SRU).

A technology selection study was carried out to select appropriate technology for CO2 capture with optimum unit technical cost (UTC).

The study findings are summarized as below: Low pressure amine based CO2 recovery unit, along with the tri-ethylene glycol (TEG) based CO2 dehydration and conditioning and CO2 pumping / compression units configuration, is considered to have optimum unit technical cost (UTC). The low pressure amine based CO2 recovery unit acts as an acid gas enrichment (AGE) unit upstream of the sulphur recovery unit (SRU). As the CO2 is recovered, the total enriched acid gas feed (with higher H2S concentration) to sulphur recovery unit will reduce, hence the size of the sulphur recovery unit (SRU) will come down.Tri-ethylene glycol (TEG) based CO2 drying technology is considered with advantage over other available technologies like mole sieves, membrane based process etc.

The CO2 capturing unit scheme selected during the conceptual design stage will be further developed in detail during the FEED stage. The CO2 recovered will be utilized for enhanced oil recovery, which will aid increased oil production and value to the company. As the CO2 recovery unit is planned along with SRU, the CO2 emission from the SRU unit will also be reduced.
Simulation and Benefit Estimates of EOR in Wara and Burgan 3SU Reservoirs, Greater Burgan Field
Authors: Al-Qattan Abrar , Kazemi Nia Korrani Aboulghasem , Jerauld Gary , Choo Raymond
Published: November 2020

The Greater Burgan field in Kuwait is the largest sandstone oilfield in the world. Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) recognizes that enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is of strategic importance to maximize recovery and extend field life. We studied several EOR options using reservoir simulation to evaluate the benefits of using low salinity waterflood (LSW), low salinity polymer (LSP) injection and high salinity polymer (HSP) injection applications in Wara and Burgan upper (3SU) reservoirs.

Full-field reservoir-simulation with adequate resolution for EOR assessment of giant fields (e.g., Greater Burgan) is computationally expensive, if even possible. To overcome this, we ran high-resolution sector-models, representing different areas, with inputs from laboratory and single-well-chemical-tracer-tests and generated type-curve profiles (e.g. oil recovery vs. cumulative pore-volume injection). A scaling-up tool was developed that considers infrastructure-facility constraints (e.g., high- and low-salinity capacities and injection priority of field areas), combines type-curve profiles, and outputs field-level profiles. At sector-level, we optimized all EOR slug sizes. For cases with polymer, polymer concentration was optimized on basis of polymer amount required per incremental oil barrel.

The following five development scenarios were studied: 1) HSP everywhere across Wara and Burgan (3SU) reservoirs 2) LSW everywhere across the reservoirs 3) LSP everywhere across the reservoirs 4) secondary LSW for certain areas of the reservoirs and HSP for remaining areas 5) secondary LSP for certain areas of the reservoirs and HSP for remaining areas. The scenario #3 shows the highest incremental oil as it adds the benefits of both LSW and polymer injection. However, using low salinity-polymer in conjunction with high salinity-polymer (i.e., scenario #5) gives the highest incremental oil peak rate. In general, polymer flooding reduces the amount of water production. Use of low salinity without polymer resulted in higher water production. Significantly less volumes of polymer are associated with low-salinity water injection as compared with high-salinity water injection. Optimal polymer concentration was found to be well above that which gave unit mobility ratio. Although, the EOR incremental benefits and their corresponding screening-level economics look reasonable for the EOR schemes investigated, the schemes vary significantly in feasibility, capital costs and operating costs. A long-term injectivity pilot of high-salinity polymer is planned.

Our approach combines the understanding of recovery efficiency that comes from detailed type pattern modelling with understanding of realistic facility constraints to rapidly generate realistic field-wide projections. We evaluated several facilities options corresponding to the five EOR development scenarios and generated cost profiles that were used in economic modelling.
Molecular Characteristics and Changing Trend of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus From Invasive Infections between 2012 and 2018
Authors: Xiao Yonghong , Zhu Yunying , Wang Yuan , Xu Hao , Xiao Tingting , Yang Kai , Zhang Shuntian , Zhou Yanzi , Ji Jinru , Shen Ping
Published: November 2020

Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major global problem. The analysis of the molecular characteristics and changing trend of MRSA is essential for the control and treatment of diseases caused by the pathogen.Methods A total of 162 MRSA isolates from invasive infections between 2012 and 2018 were collected, molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility tests to explore its molecular epidemiologic change in a hospital were performed.Results All of the 162 MRSA isolates (86.4% HA-MRSA and 13.6% CA-MRSA) were divided into 16 different ST and 30 Spa types. The major STs were ST5 (96/162, 59.3%) and the predominant spa type was t311(83/162, 51.2%). Five SCCmec types were found and the most common SCCmec type was type II (101/162, 61.7%). The prevalence of ST5 MRSA gradually declined from 2014 to 2018 but the prevalence of ST59 MRSA significantly increased. At the same time, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S.aureus ST239 and ST9 were detected. 28 isolates were Panton-valentine leucocidin (pvl) gene positive (28/162, 17.3%). The most prevalent pvl-positive clone was ST59-IVa-t437. Comparing with HA-MRSA, CA-MRSA had a lower probability of ST5 (9.1% vs, 67.1%, P=0.000) but a higher probability of ST59 (63.6% vs. 11.4%, P=0.000), not only that, it was more likely to carrying pvl-positive gene (36.4% vs. 14.3%, P=0.028).Conclusions The molecular types of MRSA were getting complex over time. ST5-II-t311 was the predominant clone of MRSA isolate with a downward incidence from 2012 to 2018. ST59 MRSA strains, which is thought community related strain are spreading into hospitals and has an upward incidence during the investigational period.
Analysis of MDR1 Polymorphisms Among HIV-Infected Individuals on ARV Therapy from Western India
Authors: Singh HariOm , Samani Dharmesh , Chauware Vijay , Dhole T.N
Published: November 2020

Background: The multidrug resistance protein, MDR1 is involved in the transport of numerous drugs. Polymorphism of MDR1 is linked with the treatment outcome. Antiretroviral (ARV) regimen is being used to manage the progression of HIV infection. Ethnic disparities have been observed in the distribution of MDR1 genotypes.Methods: MDR1 polymorphisms (1236 C/T, 3435 C/T) was genotyped in 34 HIV-infected individuals with ARV-associated hepatotoxicity, 131 HIV-infected individuals without ARV-associated hepatotoxicity, and one-fifty-five healthy individuals by utilization of PCR-RFLP.Results: The incidence of haplotype TC of MDR1 was found to be more in HIV infected individuals with hepatotoxicity than the non-hepatotoxic ones, thus indicating a greater risk for hepatotoxicity severity (OR=1.96, P=0.06). Whereas the haplotypes TT and CC were found to be linked with a reduced risk for hepatotoxicity severity (OR= 0.16, P=0.006; OR= 0.46, P=0.06). A higher occurrence of MDR1 1236TT genotype was seen among patients with hepatotoxicity who consumed alcohol (28.6% versus 14.8%, OR=1.50). In patients with hepatotoxicity on nevirapine, there was an increased incidence of MDR1 1236TT genotype in contrast with efavirenz (21.7% versus 9.1%, OR=2.11). In HIV-infected people on nevirapine, the incidence of MDR1 1236CT, 1236TT genotypes was found to be more as compared to the ones on efavirenz (43.7% versus 33.3%, OR=1.66; 12.6% versus 8.3%, OR=1.96). Also a higher occurrence of MDR1 1236TT genotype was found in the hepatotoxicity cases on nevirapine, who consume alcohol as compared to the alcohol nonusers on nevirapine (40.0% versus 16.67%, OR=2.21).Conclusion: Haplotype TC was associated with the increased severity of hepatotoxicity because of synergistic effect. In the HIV infected individuals on nevirapine who consume alcohol, the presence of MDR1 1236TT and 3435CT genotypes may have a combined effect on vulnerability to hepatotoxicity severity and progression of HIV infection.
Involvement of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1a Contribute to The Effect of Extracellular Acidosis on Vascular Endothelialcell Damage of Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Patients
Authors: Wang Jin-Kun , Bo Yan , Zhou Qi-lian , Yuan Li-ping
Published: November 2020

Background: Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a common kind of systematic vasculitis in children characterized by rash, joint pain,abdominal symptoms and renal disease,the detail pathogenesis of HSP has not been elucidated.Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) is a proton-gated sodium selective channel that belongs to Degenerin /epithelial Sodium Channel(DEG/ENaC) superfamily,previous research found the expressions of ASIC1a and ASIC3 in the vascular endothelial cells of HSPThis study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms of silencing of acid-sensing ion channel 1a(ASIC1a) protects the vascular endothelial cells from Henoch-Schonlein purpura(HSP) patients.Findings:Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells ( HDMVEC) were cultured in vitro, siRNA sequences were designed for the coding region of human ASIC1a gene and HDMVEC cells were transfected with recombinant lentivirus( LV) -sh-ASIC1a. The control group ( NC group) without virus transfection and LV-sh-ASIC1a transfection group ( si-ASIC1a group) were set up. The expression of transfixed ASIC1a gene was detected by RT-PCR. After virus transfection 72 h, serum IgA1from HSP patients and serum IgA1 of normal children were added into HDMVEC cells. ASIC1a and cytoskeleton protein ( sm-α f-actin, MLCK) mRNA and protein expressions were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting Methods.The binding activity of NF- κB with DNA in HDMVEC was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to record the current changes and electrophysiological characteristics of ASICs in HDMVEC.Cytoskeleton protein ( sm-α f-actin, MLCK) mRNA and protein expressions in the group of si-ASIC1a group were significantly increased compared with the NC control group( P＜0.01). The HSP serum and silencing of ASIC1a had no significant effect on the binding activity of NF-κB with DNA in HDMVEC. Compared with the NC control group, the ASICS current and calcium overload of the si-ASIC1A group were reduced( P＜0.01) ．Conclusions: Silencing ASIC1a can protect HSP vascular endothelial cell injury by inhibiting ASIC1-related calcium influx and reducing the overload of calcium ,not the NF- κB signaling pathway.
COVID-19 Could Trigger Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: First Case Report
Authors: Parvaneh Vadood Javadi , Rahmani Khosro
Published: November 2020

Background: COVID-19 has been reported to cause a variety of signs and symptoms during its three known phases.Case presentation: We report a 7 years-old boy with COVID-19 first presented with an acute abdomen. Then he showed pictures of Kawasaki-like syndrome, a multiorgan inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), and finally systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.Conclusion: MIS-C is a result of the hyperinflammatory response of the body to SARS-CoV-2. Although there are increasing reports of this state in children, we reported the first case presenting systemic JIA triggered by COVID-19.
Apolipoprotein E4, Amyloid, and Cognition in Alzheimer’s and Lewy Body Disease
Authors: Jung Jin Ho , Jeon Seun , Baik Kyoungwon , Lee Yang Hyun , Chung Seok Jong , Yoo Han Soo , Jeong Seong Ho , Sohn Young H. , Lee Phil Hyu , Ye Byoung Seok
Published: November 2020

Background: The role of APOE4 in the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, Lewy body disease, and their mixed diseases have not been evaluated in antemortem patients. Also, the APOE4 effect on β-amyloid deposition and cognition, with consideration of both Alzheimer’s and Lewy body diseases, remains unclear. We aimed to determine the APOE4 effects on the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, Lewy body disease, and their mixed diseases, as well as on β-amyloid deposition and cognition after adjusting for the effect of Alzheimer’s disease and Lewy body disease.Methods: Based on clinical features and 18F-Florbetaben and dopamine transporter PET, we recruited 126 controls, 90 patients with typical Alzheimer’s disease (57 pure Alzheimer’s disease, 32 Lewy body variant of Alzheimer’s disease), 77 with typical Lewy body disease (56 pure Lewy body disease, 21 dementia with Lewy bodies with amyloid deposition), and 42 with typical Alzheimer’s disease/dementia with Lewy bodies. We used logistic regression analysis to investigate the effect of APOE4 on the risk of each disease and general linear models to investigate the independent and interaction effects of APOE4, Alzheimer’s disease, and Lewy body disease on β-amyloid deposition and cognition. Results: APOE4 was associated with increased risks of all disease subtypes except pure Lewy body disease. APOE4 was associated with increased frontal β-amyloid burden, typical Alzheimer’s disease was associated with increased β-amyloid burden in all lobar regions, and typical Lewy body disease interacted with APOE4 to increase the occipital β-amyloid burden. The interaction of APOE4 and typical Alzheimer’s disease was associated with more severe memory dysfunction, while that of APOE4 and typical Lewy body disease was associated with poorer Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the APOE4 effect on disease risk is dependent on β-amyloid deposition and APOE4 is associated with β-amyloid deposition regardless of the clinical diagnosis; however, APOE4 further interacts with typical Lewy body disease to induce worse general cognition and higher occipital β-amyloid deposition and it interacts with typical Alzheimer’s disease to decrease memory function. This study highlights the possible interaction of β-amyloid and Lewy body pathologies converging in the occipital cortex through the APOE4 effect.
Hypoparathyroidism and Pseudohypoparathyroidism in Pregnancy: An Italian Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Marcucci Gemma , Altieri Paola , Benvenga Salvatore , Bondanelli Marta , Camozzi Valentina , Cetani Filomena , Cianferotti Luisella , Duradoni Mirko , Fossi Caterina , Uberti Ettore degli , Famà Fausto , Mantovani Giovanna , Marcocci Claudio , Masi Laura , Pagotto Uberto , Palermo Andrea , Parri Simone , Zatelli Maria Chiara , Ruggeri Rosaria Maddalena , Brandi Maria Luisa
Published: November 2020

Background: Hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT) or pseudo-hypoparathyroidism (pseudo-HypoPT) during pregnancy may cause maternal and fetal/neonatal complications. In this regard, only a few case reports or case series of pregnant or lactating women have been published. The purpose of this study was to describe clinical and biochemical course, pharmacological management, and potential adverse events during pregnancy and post-partum in pregnant women with HypoPT or pseudo-HypoPT. This was a retrospective, observational, multicenter, study involving nine Italian referral centers for endocrine diseases affiliated with the Italian Society of Endocrinology and involved in “Hypoparathyroidism Working Group”.Results: This study identified a cohort of 28 women (between 2005 and 2018) with HypoPT (n=25, 80% postsurgical) and pseudo-HypoPT (n=3). The mean calcium carbonate and calcitriol doses of both groups were increased during pregnancy compared to pre-pregnancy period. During the three trimesters of pregnancy the mean calcium carbonate and calcitriol doses were variable, remaining unchanged throughout gestation respectively in 40% and 60% of women with HypoPT, whilst tended to decrease from the third trimester to the post-partum six months. Most identified women (~70%) did not display maternal complications and (~90%) maintained mean serum albumin-corrected total calcium levels within the low-to-mid normal reference range (8.5±0.8 mg/dl) during pregnancy. The main complications related to pregnancy period included: preterm birth (n=3 HypoPT women), and history of miscarriages (n=6 HypoPT women and n=2 pseudo-HypoPT women). Conclusion: This study shows that mean serum albumin-corrected total calcium levels were carefully monitored during pregnancy and post-pregnancy, with limited evaluation of other biochemical parameters, such as serum phosphate, 24h urinary calcium, 25-OH vitamin D, and creatinine clearance. To avoid complications in mothers and offspring, intense biochemical, clinical and pharmacological monitoring during pregnancy and breastfeeding is highly recommended.
Precipitation Cloud Identification Based on Faster-RCNN for Doppler Weather Radar
Authors: Ran Yuanbo , Wang Haijiang , Tian Li , Wu Jiang , Li Xiaohong
Published: November 2020

Precipitation clouds are visible aggregates of hydrometeor in the air that floating in the atmos-phere after condensation, which can be divided into stratiform cloud and convective cloud. Different precipitation clouds often accompany different precipitation processes. Accurate identification of precipitation clouds is significant for the prediction of severe precipitation processes. Traditional identification methods mostly depend on the differences of radar reflectivity distribution morphology between stratiform and convective precipitation clouds in three-dimensional space. However, all of them have a common shortcoming that the radial velocity data detected by Doppler Weather Radar has not been applied to the identification of precipitation clouds because it is insensitive to the convective movement in the vertical direction. This paper proposes a new method for precipitation clouds identification based on deep learning algorithm, which is according the distribution morphology of multiple radar data. It mainly includes three parts, which are Constant Altitude Plan Position Indicator data (CAPPI) inversion for radar reflectivity, Radial projection of the ground horizontal wind field by using radial velocity data, and the precipitation clouds identification based on Faster-RCNN. The testing result shows that the method proposed in this paper performs better than typical existing algorithms in terms of accuracy rate. Moreover, this method boasts great advantages in running time and adaptive ability.
Bleeding Complications Associated With the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System: A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Yoo Seon Woo , Kim Deok Kyu , Ki Min-jong , Kim Dal , Kim Seul Ki , Lee Heung Bum
Published: November 2020

Background: The molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) is an artificial liver support system that supports excretory liver function in patients with liver failure and is used as bridge therapy for patients waiting for liver transplantation. However, MARS may increase the tendency for bleeding. The objective of this study was to determine how MARS affects coagulopathy and identify specific factors associated with bleeding complications. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 15 patients undergoing a total of 36 MARS sessions. Complete blood count, coagulation profiles, and blood chemistry values were compared before and after MARS. To identify pre-MARS factors associated with increased bleeding after MARS, we divided patients into bleeder and non-bleeder groups and compared their pre-MARS laboratory values. Results: MARS significantly reduced bilirubin and creatinine levels. MARS also increased prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time and reduced fibrinogen, thus negatively impacting coagulation. Seven patients had bleeding complications and were classified into the bleeder group. Pre MARS hemoglobin was significantly lower in the bleeder group (8.3 mg/dl) than in the non bleeder group (10.0 mg/dl, P=0.014). When comparing the upper and lower 25 % of MARS sessions based on the hemoglobin reduction rate, hemoglobin reduction was significantly greater in MARS sessions involving patients with low pre MARS hemoglobin and factor V (P=0.008 and P=0.032, respectively). Conclusions: MARS appears to alter coagulation related factors and increase the risk of bleeding complications. However, individual differences among patients were large, and various factors, such as low hemoglobin and factor V levels, appear to be involved.
Low Molecular Weight Heparin Protects Lung, Renal and Microcirculation Function in Patients with Covid-19 Pneumonia
Authors: Ma Li , Zeng Yigang , Zhao Bing , Xu LiLi , Li Jian , Zhu Tongyu , Mao Enqiang
Published: November 2020

BackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) remains a serious health threat worldwide. It is crucial to explore effective treatment measures that reduce mortality. Our aim was to investigate whether low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) can reduce organ injury in patients with Covid-19 pneumonia.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted at the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center. We initiated a LMWH protocol from January 18th 2020. LMWH was injected subcutaneously at 4100U per day until the D-dimer(DD) level returned to normal, or 5-7 days after admission, whichever occurred first. Admitted patients who received LMWH between January 18th and February 17th 2020 were assigned to the LMWH group. Patients admitted between January 18th and February 17th who did not receive LMWH anticoagulant therapy were the control group. All patients in both groups were aged >18 years, were not pregnant, had no tumors and were in accordance with the following inclusion criteria: 1) DD increased on admission; 2) Body mass index(BMI) >30; 3) History of diabetes. The exclusion criteria were: 1) Platelets <30x109/L or fibrinogen <150 mg/dL; 2) Pregnancy and lactation; 3) Presence of blood system diseases; 4) Immunosuppression; 5) Diseases with a potential risk of bleeding; 6) Receiving anticoagulant drugs or antiplatelet drugs during treatment. General clinical information, indicators for renal function, arterial blood gas analyses and blood lactic acid content were recorded in the two groups 0 (Day 0), 3 (Day 3), 7 (Day 7), and 11 (Day 11) and 15 (Day 15) days after admission.ResultsThere were 48 patients in the LMWH group and 74 patients in the control group. General information, including age, gender, co-existing diseases and onset-to-admission time in both groups was similar. Compared to the control group, LMWH treatment improved the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) reduced the serum creatinine level (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN)，arterial blood carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) and arterial blood lactic acid content. However, LMWH treatment reduced arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2).ConclusionLMWH might be beneficial to improve renal function, CO2 discharge and microcirculation during the early phase of Covid-19 patients . Further randomized controlled trials(RCTs) are warranted in order to further investigate this issue.Trial registrationChiCTR, ChiCTR2000034796. Registered 19 July 2020 - Retrospectively registered, http:// www. chictr.org.cn/listbycreater.aspx.
Improved Access in Minimally Invasive Temporomandibular Joint Surgery via a Novel Endaural Template
Authors: Krause Matthias , Kamal Mohammad , Kruber Daniel , Halama Dirk , Hierl Thomas , Lethaus Bernd , Bartella Alexander K.
Published: November 2020

Background:Digitally designed surgical templates for minimally invasive temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgery (MITMJS) are a promising tool for improving the safety in these procedures. Given the anatomy of the TMJ, the fitting of the template and intraoperative overview are the most important issues to conduct the surgery safely. This article describes an endaural surgical template based on the Moses approach as a possible solution.Methods:Three patients with internal derangement were treated with guidance of a MITMJS- template based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and a surface imprint of the periauraural region. None of the patients needed an additional open surgical procedure. Fitting of the templates was judged in terms of position and rotational stability. Surgical side effects and complications were recorded for each patient.Results:The template design and clinical use performed the MITMJS satisfactory. The templates showed satisfying fit and good visibility. In the study cohort, no bleeding, facial nerve injury, or other complications occurred after the procedure, and no visible scars were noted postoperatively.Conclusion:Our feasibility report on template-guided MITMJS shows a promising new application of templates. It points an improved access in arthroscopy or arthrocentesis of TMJ- surgery via an endaural access with increased level of safety during surgery.
Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies heterogeneous cell subtypes within gingival tissue
Authors: Qian Shujiao , Huang Qianru , Shi Junyu , Zhou Linyi , Zhao Yi , Li Bin , Lai Hongchang
Published: November 2020

Owing to the high prevalence of periodontitis and its impact on quality of life, a rigorous characterization of periodontal tissue is necessary. However, this has previously been impeded by the cellular heterogeneity of periodontal tissue. Here, we characterized the gene expression of gingival tissue in health and periodontitis at single-cell resolution. We reported the loss of epithelial homeostasis-associated genes expressed by specific epithelial cell types in periodontitis. We detected endothelial cells highly associated with immune regulation and fibroblasts potentially involved in bone remodeling. We revealed the myeloid cells with diverse clusters dominated by pro-inflammatory phenotype. We further identified cell subtypes specifically expressing periodontitis related genes and highlighted the cell-cell communication alteration between conditions. This novel single-cell study generated a comprehensive catalog of cells types and interaction networks in the human gingiva for the first time, thus offering deeper insights into the biological foundation of periodontal homeostasis and diseases, which will be helpful in advancing periodontal diagnosis and therapy.
Serum Fatty Acid Binding protein 5 (FABP5) as a Potential Biomarker of Inflammation in Psoriasis.
Authors: Kozłowska Dorota , Myśliwiec Hanna , Harasim-Symbor Ewa , Milewska Anna Justyna , Chabowski Adrian , Flisiak Iwona
Published: November 2020

Background: Psoriasis is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease with cardiometabolic comorbidities. Fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) is elevated in human psoriatic keratinocytes and could be potentially involved in systemic metabolic disturbances. The aim of the study was to evaluate serum FABP5 in psoriatic patients, to assess the relationship between FABP5 and the duration, severity of the disease, inflammatory and metabolic markers and influence of treatment with narrowband - ultraviolet B (NB-UVB). Methods: Seventy four patients with active plaque-type psoriasis and 30 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Thirty patients were treated with NB-UVB. Patients were divided into subgroups based on their disease severity measured by Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and Body Mass Index (BMI). The serum concentrations of FABP5 were measured using commercially available Human FABP5 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay kit. Total serum fatty acids content and composition was measured by gas–liquid chromatography. Results: Serum FABP5 levels in psoriatic patients (both obese and non-obese) were higher versus control group (P <0.001). FABP5 in patients with PASI >20 was higher compared to the mild group (PASI <10) (P <0.001) and serum FABP5 correlated positively with PASI score (r=0.41, P <0.001). There was also positive correlation between FABP5 and basic inflammation indices: C-reactive protein, white blood cell count and the platelet count. Decrease of PASI after NB-UVB treatment (P <0.001) was observed and accompanied by decrease of the serum FABP5 (P=0.007). Conclusion: FABP5 is a potential marker of psoriasis, its severity and clinical outcome after therapy with NB-UVB. FABP5 may reflect metabolic disturbances and might be the missing link between psoriasis and metabolic disturbances.
Morphological Characteristics of the Plantar Calcaneocuboid Ligaments
Authors: Edama Mutsuaki , Takabayashi Tomoya , Yokota Hirotake , Hirabayashi Ryo , Sekine Chie , kageyama Ikuo
Published: November 2020

Background: The aim of this study was to clarify the differences in morphological features based on differences in the shape and number of the long plantar ligament (LPL) and the short plantar ligament (SPL).Methods: This investigation examined 50 legs from 25 Japanese cadavers. The LPL and SPL of each leg were classified into one of three types based on the shape and number of fiber bundles. Then, fiber bundle length, fiber bundle width, and fiber bundle thickness were measured.Results: The LPL was rectangular in shape (Type I) in 12%, hourglass shape (Type II) in 62%, and triangular in shape (Type III) in 26%. The SPL was a single fiber bundle (Type I-a) in 26%, a surface fiber bundle and a deep fiber bundle (Type I-b) in 60%, and a surface fiber bundle (medial and lateral) and a deep fiber bundle (Type II) in 14%. Regarding the morphological characteristics, there were no significant differences among the types in the LPL, but there were differences between types and between surface and deep fiber bundles in the SPL.Conclusions: For the LPL, the hourglass shape is the most common type. However, there appeared to be no functional difference due to the difference in the shape of the LPL, since there were no significant differences among the types in the LPL. For the SPL, there were types of single, double and triple fiber bundles; there may be functional differences based on the number of fiber bundles and between superficial and deep fibers.
Two-dimensional hole gas in organic semiconductors
Authors: Kasuya Naotaka , Tsurumi Junto , Okamoto Toshihiro , Watanabe Shun , Takeya Jun
Published: November 2020

A highly conductive metallic gas that is quantum mechanically confined at a solid-state interface is an ideal platform to explore nontrivial electronic states that are otherwise inaccessible in bulk materials. Although two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) has been realized in conventional semiconductor interfaces, examples of two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG), which is the counter analogue of 2DEG, are still limited. Here, we report the observation of a 2DHG in solution-processed organic semiconductors in conjunction with an electric double-layer using ionic liquids. A molecularly flat single crystal of high mobility organic semiconductors serves as a defect-free interface that facilitates two-dimensional confinement of high-density holes. Remarkably low sheet resistance of 6 kΩ and high hole gas density of 1014 cm14 result in a metal-insulator transition at ambient pressure. The measured degenerated holes in the organic semiconductors provide a broad opportunity to tailor low-dimensional electronic states using molecularly engineered heterointerfaces.
New Criteria for Selecting Reliable Thellier-Thellier type Paleointensity Results from the 1960 Kilauea Lava Flow, Hawaii
Authors: JEONG Doohee , Liu Qingsong , YAMAMOTO Yuhji , YU Yongjae , ZHAO Xiang , QIN Huafeng
Published: November 2020

Thellier-Thellier type paleointensity experiments associated with partial thermal remanent magnetization (pTRM) checks have been widely used to determine paleointensity values from volcanic and archaeological media. However, previous studies further revealed that a substantial portion of paleointensity results with positive checks for historical lavas largely fails to predict the known Earth’s field intensity values. To determine the fidelity of paleointesnity values, conventional Thellier-Thellier type paleointensity experiments have been performed from the Kilauea lava flows erupted in 1960. Our results show that positive pTRM checks range from 30.34±1.39 to 53.04±1.80 μT. This strongly indicates that positive pTRM checks can’t guarantee the fidelity of paleointensity results especially when the unblocking temperatures for the newly-formed magnetic particles are higher than the treated temperature. Thus, in this study, to check thermal alteration during heating, the temperature-dependent of hysteresis parameter measured at the room-temperature for the thermally-treated samples were also measured. Our new results show that almost all biased paleointensity values correspond to Bcr /Bc >3 and CI >~10%, which indicates strong effects of domain state and thermal alteration on the fidelity of paleointensity results. Our study provides a feasible criteria to further improve the fidelity of paleointensity estimations.
Profile of Health Care Workers in a Context of Instability: A Cross-sectional Study of Four Rural Health Zones in Eastern DR Congo (Lessons Learned)
Authors: Mushagalusa Charles , Kasongo Bertin , MAYERI Daniel Garhalangwanamuntu , Cikomola Aimé , Lwamushi Sammuel Makali , Ngaboyeka Amani , Chishagala Lili , Mwembo Albert , Mukalay Abdon , Bisimwa Ghislain Balaluka
Published: November 2020

Background: The crisis in human resources for health is observed worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Objective: This study aims to describe the profile of staff working in rural health districts in a context of crisis.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from May 15, 2017 to May 30, 2019 on 1090 health care workers (HCW) exhaustively chosen from four health districts in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Idjwi, Katana, Mulungu and Walungu). The choice of health districts was based on the crisis context. The health districts were categorized in stable, in transition and unstable. A survey questionnaire was used to collect data. The Chi2 test was used for comparison of proportions and the Kruskal-Wallis test for medians. As measures of association, we calculated the odds ratios (OR) along with their 95% confidence interval. The materiality threshold was set at 5%.Results: The age of all HCW median (Min-Max) was 46 (20-84) years and female was 32%. 96% of HCW do not receive a state salary ; 64% do not receive government allowance for risk. In the stable district HCW were=< 34 years old [OR = 2.0 (1.5-2, 6 ); p <0.001], the matriculated HCW [OR = 2.0 (1.5-2.7); p <0.0001], those who benefited from national and / or provincial recruitment [OR = 3.9 (2.9-5.4); p <0.001], those who benefit from continuous training [OR = 2.1 (1.5-2.7); p <0.001] and those who receive the local fee -for service[OR = 5.2 (1.9-14.7); p <0.001]. In the unstable district, men [OR = 1.7 (1.1-2.5); p = 0.009], HCW =< 4 years of seniority [OR = 2.3 (1.6-3.3), p <0.001] and lower level of education [OR = 2.1 (1.5-2.9)]; p <0.001]. The percent of HCW who has monthly income >= $ 151 is 21% in the stable zone, 9.2% in the intermediate zones and 0.9% in the unstable zone.Conclusion: DR Congo authorities should develop incentive mechanisms to motivate young and trained HCW to work in unstable and intermediate health districts by improving their living and working conditions.
Associated Factors of Maternal Satisfaction Towards Delivery Service among Mothers who Gave Birth at Jimma Medical Center , Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Woldasemayat Lalisa Ayele , Badada Gadisa Bekele , Negasa Melkamu Gelan
Published: November 2020

Background and aim: Assurance of health care for all segments of the population with special attention given to women and children was one of the top priorities in Ethiopian health policy. Maternal and newborn deaths are heavily concentrated at the period of delivery and early postpartum. Thus, this study aimed to assess Associated Factors with maternal satisfaction towards delivery service among mothers who gave birth at Jimma Medical Center, Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia.Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study using face to face interview was conducted in Jimma Medical Center from April 01 to May 30, 2019. A systematic sampling technique was used to select 217 study participants using a semi-structured administered questionnaire. Results: The maternal satisfaction level with the delivery services rendered at the hospital was 66.8%. Delivering mothers satisfaction was found to be associated with educational status (X2=85.4, p<0.001), parity (X2=19.2, p<0.001), distance from health facility (X2=13.5, p<0.001), Monthly income (X2=13.8, p<0.001), waiting time (X2=5.7, p<0.05), Cleanness of delivery area (X2=9.3, p<0.001).Conclusion: The magnitude of mothers satisfied with the delivery service was low compared to studies conducted in Ethiopia so far. Maternal educational status, parity, distance from the health facility, waiting time, and monthly income were associated with mothers' satisfaction with delivery service. Therefore, awareness creation should be given for the community for improving the quality of delivery service and further study should be done on the knowledge and skill of health care providers on delivery service.
Nomogram to Early Screen Multiparous Women for Preterm Birth in a Cohort Study
Authors: Traboulsi Mayssa , Talibi Zainab E. El Alaoui- , Boussaid Abdellatif
Published: November 2020

Background: Preterm Birth (PTB) can negatively affect the health of mothers as well as infants. Prediction of this gynecological complication remains difficult especially in Middle and Low-Income countries because of limited access to specific tests and data collection scarcity. Multiparous women in our study presented a higher PTB prevalence compared to nulliparous women. Methods: In a cohort study from Northern Lebanon of 1996 women, 922 were multiparous presenting a PTB prevalence of 8%. We analyzed the personal, demographic, and health indicators available for this group of women. We compared 4 modified logistic regression models (up-sampling, lasso penalized regression) to develop a nomogram that can screen for preterm in multi-parous women. The models were validated on a separate set of data.Results: The best PTB prediction of the Logistic regression model reached around 88%. This was obtained using a Logistic Regression Model trained on up-sampled datasets and LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) penalized. The regression coefficients of the 6 selected variables (Pre-hemorrhage, Social status, Residence, Age, BMI, and Weight gain) were used to create a nomogram to screen multiparous women for PTB risk. Conclusions: The nomogram based on readily available indicators for multiparous women reasonably predicted most of the at PTB risk women. This tool will allow physicians to screen women and run furthermore adequate additional tests leading to better medical surveillance that can reduce PTB incidence.
Role of the Global Fund in National HIV/AIDS Response in Myanmar: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Htun Zarni , Zhao Yingxi , Gilbert Hannah , Lu Chunling
Published: November 2020

Background: The Global Fund has been a major funding source for HIV/AIDS programs in Myanmar. In this qualitative study, we aim to understand the impact of Global Fund on national HIV/AIDS response in Myanmar during the era of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).Methods: We conducted individual in-depth interviews by recruiting key informants through systematic purposive sampling. The respondents were engaged in the national/subnational response to HIV/AIDS in Myanmar and worked for the United Nations agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and civil society. Interview questions were organized around the role of Global Fund in strengthening national response to HIV/AIDS in the six building blocks of the Myanmar’s health system. Transcripts from the key informants were synthesized into specific themes through a deductive approach.Results: We found that the Global Fund has provided substantial support to (1) finance the national HIV/AIDS response in Myanmar, and (2) strengthen leadership and governance at the central level through improving coordination and collaboration, including more stakeholders (e.g. civil society, NGOs) in decision making process, and catalyzing policy changes on scaling-up key interventions. Yet, its role remains limited in addressing new demands at the township level in terms of capacity building, staffing, and medical supply resulting from rapid scale-up of HIV interventions and decentralization of service delivery in the public sector. As a result, Myanmar continued facing challenges in reducing inequity of service delivery.Conclusion: The Global Fund and the government of Myanmar need to collaborate and explore how to fully utilize the donor’s support to strengthen Myanmar’s township health systems for providing universal coverage for HIV/AIDS.