bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
76 viviendas de protección oficial en Sagunto, Valencia. España
Authors: J. Ignacio Fuster Arquitecto
Published: July 2016

Se encuentra en un área residencial de nueva creación una parcela rectangular de aproximadamente 60mx20m exenta, con un ligero desnivel, y la urbanización prácticamente terminada con los siguientes condicionantes; al este una vía de tráfico intenso (CV-320) con una amplia acera de separación, al oeste el jardín central de la urbanización, y un desnivel de aproximadamente 1m.
57 viviendas universitarias. Campus de la UPC. Sant Cugat del Vallès. Barcelona. España
Authors: H Arquitectes Estudio
Published: July 2016

Las nuevas viviendas para universitarios se encuentran en la misma manzana que la escuela de arquitectura del Vallès. La propuesta pretende mantener el equilibrio entre los edificios existentes, los espacios exteriores y la nueva residencia de estudiantes, que consta de dos bloques de planta baja y piso paralelos a la calle con un gran atrio central.

El programa de residencia para estudiantes de arquitectura permite imaginar cohabitaciones intensas entre los usuarios, tanto a nivel individual, gracias a la flexibilidad interior de las viviendas, como a nivel colectivo, gracias al potencial de uso del atrio como espacio de eventos sociales.
The Influence of Design Thinking in the Development of Skills and Expertise
Authors: Garcia Ferraz Mariana , Perfetto Demarchi Ana Paula , Bittencourt Ribas Fornasier Cleuza
Published: July 2016

This project is dedicated on understanding how expertise can have an affect on developing the Design Agent skills. It was based on interviews and observation conducted in five design offices located in Londrina (Paraná, Brasil), through this research was possible to identify which are the techniques and methods most used by professional, from both Graphic and Product Design area, and therefore ascertain how Strategic Design Management and Design Thinking actuate on improving professional’s skills on the innovation process of the companies. It took as a basis the studies of several authors, such as Brown (2009), Cross (2007), Demarchi (2011), Lawson (2006) and Martin (2009), which discourse, among other issues, about Design Thinking and its implications. By the use of ethnography methodology, the data was collected, analyzed and organized into comparative charts, relating the novice Design Agents with expert Design Agents. It was proved that experience can hold two distinct aspects; A positive one, that comes as a result from the holistic vision and ensure sensibility to the Design Agent to handle situations; And an unfavorable one, once the expert is strictly guided by intuition, it sets aside creativity hampering the innovation process. Besides it was possible to verify that although the enterprises and the Design Agents work using different techniques and methods, visual tools such as mind maps, sketches, visual panels and mockups are seen as essential resources for all the professionals.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.2288
Systems and Design. Intangibles para el proceso de diseño en el marco de la sociedad del conocimiento
Authors: Matovelle Villamar Ruth Genoveva , Lecuona López Manuel Ramón
Published: July 2016

Hoy vivimos en la llamada “sociedad del conocimiento”, la cual ha generado grandes trasformaciones en el quehacer empresarial. Las empresas han pasado de un sistema productivo, basado en factores materiales, a un sistema económico constituido por factores cognitivos, creativos e informativos que contribuyen cada vez más a la riqueza de las empresas. En este contexto, el objetivo del artículo es identificar las nuevas formas de conocimiento que transforman, específicamente, la dimensión empresarial y su vinculación con los componentes intangibles, cuyo tratamiento se convierte en insumos  del proceso de diseño. Para su desarrollo, se optó por una inves­tigación descriptiva de la literatura existente, que permita crear un estado del arte para así conocer qué aspectos se han investigado y cuales permanecen desconocidos. En este sentido, se pudo evidenciar que el mayor reto para las empresas es la gestión apropiada del conocimiento, para de este modo alcanzar un posicionamiento competitivo y asegurar su supervivencia. La disciplina de diseño desempeña un papel estelar en la consecución de este objetivo, pues, bajo una visión sistémica, realiza la función transformadora de buscar nuevas estrategias, que le permitan identificar y mejorar la gestión de los intangibles empresariales, con la clara intención de innovar y optimizar el diseño de lo tangible.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.2997
From the invisible from the everyday, the unmentionable towards narrative strategies to explain, understand, remember. New Perspectives on Cultural Preservation.
Authors: Borsotti Marco
Published: July 2016

This proposal takes into consideration three categories of unusual narrative, connected to human life - the invisible, the everyday and the unmentionable - often placed in the outer fringe of our attention or completely ignored. The invisible: that which inhabits our world and often influences our lives, even though escaping our awareness because active in dimensions that we cannot see or do not know to guess. The everyday: what accompanies us in every moment of our lives and that produces in us a habit that makes it obvious (and then again, but otherwise invisible). The unmentionable: what happened at some time and somewhere, and the memory of which, for convenience, hypocrisy or convenience, has been removed or put on the edge of our life (and therefore to the visible limits), These categories have been chosen because of paradigmatic of new experiences on Cultural Preservation. The comprehension of the fundamental value of intangible cultural heritage, which came less than ten years ago to be part of the definition of "museum" written by ICOM (International Council of Museums), indeed, has opened new perspectives in the field of curating and of exhibition design, often destabilizing and unexpectedly coincident. Therefore we needs updated languages, more interactive and interdisciplinary towards the construction of a real design of the intangible cultures, able to reflect (and make reflect) on at first sight marginal phenomena, preserving their value of social and historical testimony and making it comprehensible to an audience as broad as possible. The new methods of staging these tales turn the apparent immateriality of knowledge of their socio-cultural values into occasion of development solutions, in form of exhibition design products and related services. We will examine as case studies, among others: for the invisible - l’Amterdam Micropia Musem (ART+COM studios), the World Water Museum (Keti Haliori), the Water Museum (P-06 atelier); for the everyday - the Museum of Broken Relationships (Vištica and Grubišić), the Museum of Obsolete Objects (Jung von Matt), The Museum of Everyday Life (Tidens Samling) for the unmentionable - the Museo Laboratorio della Mente (Studio Azzurro), the Memoria y Tolerancia Museum (Arditti+RDT).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3211
The Design-driven Material Innovation Methodology
Authors: Lecce Chiara , Ferrara Marinella
Published: July 2016

The paper here proposed introduces the Design-driven Material Innovation Methodology as a systematic approach in new material-product development processes as a possible strategic tool for design schools, practitioners and   SMEs. Scientists and engineers are problem solver, but to engender innovations of success requires not only technological exploitations but also a broader understanding of materials meaningful application for consumers. For the design language, material performances are based in technological performance and also on experience, perception and cultural values. Nowadays the design knowledge and skills are approaching us to a new materials research scenario where creative communities, scientists and material industries are becoming deeply engaged in the creative challenge to achieve material functionality and meanings. Considering these and others factors, the Design Department of Politecnico di Milano promoted in October 2014 the Material Design Culture Research Center (MADEC) funded by FARB (University Funds for Basic Research). Within the MADEC research program, one critical point has been the identification of a specific methodology able to integrate tailor-made materials during the design process, in order to create new scenarios of concepts material and product. So, the Design-driven Material Innovation Methodology arose to enhance new products innovation starting from a specific material and suggesting a method able to manage the entire design process. After a brief forward of the method theoretical premises, the paper will analyzes the seven steps (Data collection about materials, Sensing, Sensemaking, Envisioning, Specifying, Setting up, Placing) suggested by the method associated with a selection of case studies to help its comprehension.Actually the DdMIM is part of the Design for Enterprises, the winner project of the Tender Capabilities for Design-Driven Innovation in European SMEs funded by EASME (Executive Agency for SMEs-European Commission). D4E is a consortium estabilished between MIP- Politecnico di Milano, D’Appolonia and ADIPER and will be a three years long European training program in order to help SMEs to manage a design process for product and services innovation where different actors like materials scientists, suppliers, creative communities and consumers are getting engaged.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3243
Emotive qualities of parametrically designed and 3D printed surfaces
Authors: Ok Jeongbin , Scudder Daniel
Published: July 2016

Surfaces play a crucial role in design. Constituting a physical and visual interface of an object, a surface not only reveals important information about the identity of the entity it encloses but also determines impressions, evaluation, and expectations we have about the object. Despite their significance, surfaces have long been considered to be a subordinate part of form rather than an independent design element, especially under the reign of mass production. This paper challenges the conventional hierarchy and demonstrates a systematic and customisable process of creating purpose-specific, context-oriented surfaces which provide their own set of form and function. Various digital technologies, including coded parametric modelling, geometric alteration, and 3D printing, were employed as main tools and thoroughly utilised across creation, modification and fabrication of surfaces. Through experimentation with software and mechanical configurations and materials, a series of high-resolution surfaces with different parameters were produced. Furthermore, the potential for direct digital manufacturing (DDM) and its practical penetration was investigated by producing all surfaces directly from an affordable desktop filament fused fabrication (FFF) 3D printer without the use of post-production processes, which provided an understanding of the restrictions and opportunities of the technology.User testing was carried out over participants who observed and interacted through touch with each surface both blindfolded and without blindfold. With each interaction the user was asked to populate a questionnaire form that asks them to identify their interpretation of the surface on a spectrum. The questions were devised to explore three distinct areas of inquiry geometry, physical properties and emotive responses. The results were then analysed using the method of design of experiments (DOE) in order to identify parameters that are responsible for arousing specific visual, tactile, and emotional qualities and explore how these surfaces can be interpreted emotively, physiologically and aesthetically by the user.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3281
Rural development and sustainable innovation how systemic design approach can contribute to the growth of marginal regions
Authors: Bicocca Miriam
Published: July 2016

The objective of the project is to reach sustainable development in rural areas through Design Aapproaches. Sustainable means that matches the three dimensions, people, planet and profit. Sustainable development consists of goals and strategies that together provide alternative tracks to conventional development, offering improved livelihoods to the poor in ways that promote both their empowerment and the conservation or improvement of key natural resources so that the basis of productive activities can be maintained into the future (Lele 1991; Pretty 1998). The topic of rural development is relevant becouse of the quantity  of people, poor or extremely poor, living in rural territories. More than 3 billion people live in rural areas. Design rarely deals with rural development and with the definition of a system that can facilitate the growth and the development of the territory. If it does, it usually focuses on products or services. The most important futures, which globally all rural areas share in common, are remoteness and isolation. Many rural sociologists argue that small structure and cooperation are important strengths that contribute to ethic and social identity. The central role that play territorial context and relationships in the Systemic Design Approach (SDA) makes it a very effective approach to support and encourage rural development in a sustainable way. Applying the SDA, it is possible to manage local resources and local products in a way that allows the economic strengthening of the farmers and communities that live in the territory. The Systemic Design team of the Deparment of Architecture and Design (DAD) of Politecnico di Torino has been engaged for years into the develop of the Systemic Design Approach, that can be summed up by five principles (Bistagnino, 2011): Output > Input: the output (waste) of a system becomes the input (resource) for another one Relationships that generate the system, each one contributes to the system Auto-generation systems sustain themselves by reproducing automatically Act locally: context is fundamental because it values local resources (humans, cultures and materials) and it helps to modify local problems in new opportunities Man at the centre of the project: Man is connected to social, cultural and ethic environment It is essential to start from the current state of the art, that allows to define strengths and weaknesses, before to design the system, made of flows between actors.
Ecodesign assessment information an important tool for the design of new elements for building construction
Authors: González Madariaga Francisco Javier , Rosa Sierra Luis A. , Gómez Gómez Jaime F.
Published: July 2016

This paper reports some aspects about a new wallboard panel for building construction, a few facts from the materials research involved in the wallboard production and the design process carried on are reported too. The research done on the new panel eventually became in a whole new building construction system but more specific technical information about the system and the panel´s technical profile can be found in other publications, here has been privileged the discussion about the environmental impact produced by the new system´s in a whole.  The flat panel is produced mainly with a nucleus of gypsum and water plaster, during its process that mixture has been enriched with agave dry fibers and polystyrene expanded plastic particles those materials cooperate to produce a light and resistant flat building construction product, both materials, dry fibers and plastic are materials recovered from the urban waste flow, this is a environmental benefit by itself. Wallboards samples were produced according several formulas and under different conditions, after they all were tested in labs. The project named “Design a building construction system based on an innovative flat panel produced with gypsum plaster, expanded plastic particles and agave dry fibers as reinforcement” is a six stages research project: a) Background, b) Preliminary lab works, c) Experimental stage 1, d). Experimental stage 2, e) Design and product development, and,  f). Eco design assessment. Today all of project stages show a great advance, and the research team works on a detailed design for a new building construction system. As can be noticed in the project’s framework, one of the main objectives for the system is to reach a less ecological impact than other similar products. In order to verify that those goals have been reached, an Ecodesign assessment was carried on by the research team. In this paper the assessment procedure and some data output are brought to discussion.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3368
La relación entre el biomimetismo y la geodésica Buckminster Fuller en la planificación de edificios sostenibles
Authors: Soares Theska Laila De Freitas , Arruda Amilton Vieira , Hartkopf Celso , Barbosa Neto Justino
Published: July 2016

En los últimos 60 años, el rápido aumento de la densidad de población en grandes centros urbanos hizo proliferar los modelos de construcción verticales, por lo que una prioridad y tendencia establecida. Sin embargo, esto ha provocado un profundo cambio en el paisaje de las ciudades, de la que emergen de manera exponencial y sin planificación urbana, edificios con espacios reducidos cada vez más, causados, entre otros factores, por los precios exorbitantes de alta especulación. En este escenario, es necesario pensar en otras alternativas de modelos espaciales de la construcción urbana más sostenible. Un ejemplo prometedor que se traduce en consonancia con todo este contexto es la estructura geodésica patentada en 1954 por el famoso arquitecto e ingeniero Richard Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983). En resumen, se puede representar por una malla de triángulos que componen una configuración esférica. En la construcción de esta estructura Fuller mostró un muy ligero y fuerte, a pesar de la pequeña cantidad de materia prima utilizada para los triángulos que forman son más resistentes a la presión y a la flexión de los rectángulos, por ejemplo. Además, puede ser construido con barras de prácticamente cualquier material y su forma esférica ofrece las atmósferas de interior más eficientes para la vida humana. Aunque esta forma también geométrica, Gorman (2005) explica que Buckminster buscaba inspiración para sus cúpulas geodésicas en microorganismos de Radiolaria, representado por la geometrización de las estructuras óseas de estos diminutos animales marinos. Él creía que la naturaleza favoreció los diseños geodésicas máximo económicos y, por lo tanto, deben ser un reflejo de la estructura fundamental del cosmos. Por lo tanto, se percibe que la geodésica Fuller ya había establecido una fuerte conexión con los principios del biomimetismo incluso antes de que se define como la ciencia también utiliza el know-how y la experiencia de la naturaleza para resolver problemas complejos de la vida humana (transporte, vivienda, energía, agua, etc.) para ganar eficiencia, a la vista de la sostenibilidad. La intención de este artículo es establecer la relación entre la biomimética y geodésica de Fuller dar a conocer mejor las ventajas de pensar otras alternativas constructivas más de esta tendencia establecida de la integración vertical de los espacios urbanos, creyendo en el potencial que estas estructuras representan cómo los nuevos modelos de la construcción urbana más sostenible.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3369
Desarrollo de proceso para elaboración de horma personalizada mediante el uso de herramientas de manufactura flexible.
Authors: Neri Ledezma Sergio , Santana Madrigal Gloria , García Álvarez Norberto
Published: July 2016

El presente proyecto busca la generación de un nuevo sistema para el desarrollo de componentes para la elaboración de zapatos mediante la implementación de sistemas computacionales para el diseño, desarrollo, evaluación y fabricación del producto.  Particularmente se busca el desarrollo de hormas para menores con padecimientos de Malformaciones Congénitas (MC), que permita a través de su elaboración, la eventual confección de calzado personalizado ajustado a la morfología  de las extremidades. El caso del presente proyecto, busca atender la malformación de pie equino;  alteración que compromete el eje transversal, permitiendo con ello, coadyuvar a las técnicas terapéuticas convencionales para el tratamiento de este tipo de anomalías estructurales y/o funcionales. La metodología utilizada para tal fin, se basa en la aplicación de las herramientas de manufactura flexible (escáner 3D, digitalizador, software CAD, CAE e impresión 3D) para el desarrollo de productos industriales. El resultado obtenido, es un par de hormas adecuadas al padecimiento referido,  generando una posibilidad importante de abrir un nicho de mercado en el desarrollo y comercialización de este tipo de insumos que aportan valor a  un sector industrial todavía tradicional;   método y producto que permiten mejorar mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas y su inclusión en la sociedad.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3735
Tissue Preservation with Natural Fixatives: An Immunohistochemical Evaluation
Authors: Majumdar Barnali
Published: July 2016

Background

The search for formalin substitute has been enduring from the time it was proven as a carcinogen. The natural sweetener, jaggery, as a tissue fixative has already been established and its compatibility with special stains demonstrated in our previous study. Hence, in the present study, the efficacy of jaggery, along with honey, was further evaluated using immunohistochemical procedures.

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional study with 30 samples of commercially available fresh goat oral mucosa, fixed with 10% buffered formalin (positive control), 20% honey, and 30% jaggery solution was conducted. After 24 hours of fixation, tissue sections were subjected to immunohistochemical stains pan-cytokeratin and desmin. Following which blinded evaluation was done by two examiners. Statistical analysis was accomplished using Kruskal—Wallis analysis of variance, Mann—Whitney U test, chi-square test, and Kappa statistics.

Results

The pan-cytokeratin staining intensity of jaggeryfixed tissues (2.67 ± 0.488) was observed to be more intense than honey (1.60 ± 0.507, p < 0.001) and formalin (2.13 ± 0.352, p = 0.003)-fixed tissues. Jaggery (2.33 ± 0.617) and formalin (2.40 ± 0.632) showed comparable results with respect to desmin.

Conclusion

Based on the findings, the fixative properties of jaggery surpassed honey and was found to be on par with formalin.

How to cite this article

Majumdar B, Rao RS, Patil S. Tissue Preservation with Natural Fixatives: An Immunohistochemical Evaluation. World J Dent 2016;7(2):87-91.
Spectroscopic evidence of large aspherical β-NAT
particles involved in denitrification in the December 2011 Arctic
stratosphere
Authors: Woiwode Wolfgang , Höpfner Michael , Bi Lei , Pitts Michael C. , Poole Lamont R. , Oelhaf Hermann , Molleker Sergej , Borrmann Stephan , Klingebiel Marcus , Belyaev Gennady , Ebersoldt Andreas , Griessbach Sabine , Grooß Jens-Uwe , Gulde Thomas , Krämer Martina , Maucher Guido , Piesch Christof , Rolf Christian , Sartorius Christian , Spang Reinhold , Orphal Johannes
Published: July 2016

Abstract. We analyze polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) signatures in airborne MIPAS-STR (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding – STRatospheric aircraft) observations in the spectral regions from 725 to 990 and 1150 to 1350 cm−1 under conditions suitable for the existence of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) above northern Scandinavia on 11 December 2011. The high-resolution infrared limb emission spectra of MIPAS-STR show a characteristic “shoulder-like” signature in the spectral region around 820 cm−1, which is attributed to the ν2 symmetric deformation mode of NO3− in β-NAT. Using radiative transfer calculations involving Mie and T-Matrix methods, the spectral signatures of spherical and aspherical particles are simulated. The simulations are constrained using collocated in situ particle measurements. Simulations assuming highly aspherical spheroids with aspect ratios (AR) of 0.1 or 10.0 and a lognormal particle mode with a mode radius of 4.8 µm reproduce the observed spectra to a high degree. A smaller lognormal mode with a mode radius of 2.0 µm, which is also taken into account, plays only a minor role. Within the scenarios analyzed, the best overall agreement is found for elongated spheroids with AR  =  0.1. Simulations of spherical particles and spheroids with AR  =  0.5 and 2.0 return results very similar to each other and do not allow us to reproduce the signature around 820 cm−1. The observed “shoulder-like” signature is explained by the combination of the absorption/emission and scattering characteristics of large highly aspherical β-NAT particles. The size distribution supported by our results corresponds to ∼ 9 ppbv of gas-phase equivalent HNO3 at the flight altitude of ∼ 18.5 km. The results are compared with the size distributions derived from the in situ observations, a corresponding Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) simulation, and excess gas-phase HNO3 observed in a nitrification layer directly below the observed PSC. The presented results suggest that large highly aspherical β-NAT particles involved in denitrification of the polar stratosphere can be identified by means of passive infrared limb emission measurements.
Observing Entrainment Mixing, Photochemical Ozone Production, and Regional Methane Emissions by Aircraft Using a Simple Mixed-Layer Model
Authors: Trousdell Justin F. , Conley Stephen A. , Post Andy , Faloona Ian C.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. In situ flight data from two distinct campaigns during winter and summer seasons in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California are used to calculate boundary layer entrainment rates, ozone photochemical production rates, and regional methane emissions. Flights near Fresno, California in January and February 2013 were conducted in concert with the NASA DISCOVER–AQ project. The second campaign (ArvinO3), consisting of eleven days of flights spanning June through September 2013 and in June 2014 focused on the southern end of the SJV between Bakersfield and the small town of Arvin, California, a region notorious for frequent violations of ozone air quality standards. Entrainment velocities, the parameterized rates at which free tropospheric air is incorporated into the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), are estimated from a detailed budget of the inversion base height. During the winter campaign near Fresno, we find an average midday entrainment velocity of 1.5 cm s−1, and a maximum of 2.4 cm s−1. The entrainment velocities derived during the summer months near Bakersfield averaged 3 cm s−1 (ranging from 0.9–6.5 cm s−1), consistent with stronger surface heating in the summer months. Using published data on boundary layer heights we find that entrainment rates across the Central Valley of California have a bimodal annual distribution peaking in spring and fall when the lower tropospheric stability (LTS) is changing most rapidly. Applying the entrainment velocities to a simple mixed–layer model of three other scalars (O3, CH4, and H2O), we solve for ozone photochemical production rates and find wintertime ozone production (2.8 ± 0.7 ppb h−1) to be about one-third as large as in the summer months (8.2 ± 3.1 ppb h−1). Moreover, the summertime ozone production rates observed above Bakersfield/Arvin exhibit an inverse relationship to a proxy for the VOC : NOx ratio (aircraft [CH4] divided by surface [NO2]), consistent with a NOx–limited photochemical environment. A similar budget closure approach is used to derive the regional emissions of methane, yielding 100 Gg yr−1 for the winter near Fresno and 170 Gg yr−1 in the summer around Bakersfield. These estimates are 3.6 and 2.4 times larger, respectively, than current state inventories suggest. Finally, by performing a boundary layer budget for water vapour, surface evapotranspiration rates appear to be consistently ~ 55 % of the reference values reported by the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) for nearby weather stations.
Predicting carbon dioxide and energy fluxes across global FLUXNET sites with
regression algorithms
Authors: Tramontana Gianluca , Jung Martin , Schwalm Christopher R. , Ichii Kazuhito , Camps-Valls Gustau , Ráduly Botond , Reichstein Markus , Arain M. Altaf , Cescatti Alessandro , Kiely Gerard , Merbold Lutz , Serrano-Ortiz Penelope , Sickert Sven , Wolf Sebastian , Papale Dario
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Spatio-temporal fields of land–atmosphere fluxes derived from data-driven models can complement simulations by process-based land surface models. While a number of strategies for empirical models with eddy-covariance flux data have been applied, a systematic intercomparison of these methods has been missing so far. In this study, we performed a cross-validation experiment for predicting carbon dioxide, latent heat, sensible heat and net radiation fluxes across different ecosystem types with 11 machine learning (ML) methods from four different classes (kernel methods, neural networks, tree methods, and regression splines). We applied two complementary setups: (1) 8-day average fluxes based on remotely sensed data and (2) daily mean fluxes based on meteorological data and a mean seasonal cycle of remotely sensed variables. The patterns of predictions from different ML and experimental setups were highly consistent. There were systematic differences in performance among the fluxes, with the following ascending order: net ecosystem exchange (R2 < 0.5), ecosystem respiration (R2 > 0.6), gross primary production (R2> 0.7), latent heat (R2 > 0.7), sensible heat (R2 > 0.7), and net radiation (R2 > 0.8). The ML methods predicted the across-site variability and the mean seasonal cycle of the observed fluxes very well (R2 > 0.7), while the 8-day deviations from the mean seasonal cycle were not well predicted (R2 < 0.5). Fluxes were better predicted at forested and temperate climate sites than at sites in extreme climates or less represented by training data (e.g., the tropics). The evaluated large ensemble of ML-based models will be the basis of new global flux products.
Isotopic exchange on the diurnal scale between near-surface snow and lower atmospheric water vapor at Kohnen station, East Antarctica
Authors: Ritter François , Steen-Larsen Hans Christian , Werner Martin , Masson-Delmotte Valérie , Orsi Anais , Behrens Melanie , Birnbaum Gerit , Freitag Johannes , Risi Camille , Kipfstuhl Sepp
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Quantifying the magnitude of post-depositional processes affecting the isotopic composition of surface snow is essential for a more accurate interpretation of ice core data. To achieve this, high temporal resolution measurements of both lower atmospheric water vapor and surface snow isotopic composition are required. This study presents continuous measurements of water vapor isotopes performed in East Antarctica (Kohnen station) from December 2013 to January 2014 using a laser spectrometer. Observations have been compared with the outputs of two atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) equipped with water vapor isotopes: ECHAM5-wiso and LMDZ5Aiso. During our monitoring period, the signals in the 2 m air temperature T, humidity mixing ratio q and both water vapor isotopes δD and δ18O are dominated by the presence of diurnal cycles. Both AGCMs simulate similar diurnal cycles with a mean amplitude 30 to 70 % lower than observed, possibly due to an incorrect simulation of the surface energy balance and the boundary layer dynamics. In parallel, snow surface samples were collected each hour over 35 h, with a sampling depth of 2–5 mm. A diurnal cycle in the isotopic composition of the snow surface is observed in phase with the water vapor, reaching a peak-to-peak amplitude of 3 ‰ for δD over 24 h (compared to 36 ‰ for δD in the water vapor). A simple box model treated as a closed system has been developed to study the exchange of water molecules between an air and a snow reservoir. In the vapor, the box model simulations show too much isotopic depletion compared to the observations. Mixing with other sources (advection, free troposphere) has to be included in order to fit the observations. At the snow surface, the simulated isotopic values are close to the observations with a snow reservoir of  ∼ 5 mm depth (range of the snow sample depth). Our analysis suggests that fractionation occurs during sublimation and that vapor–snow exchanges can no longer be considered insignificant for the isotopic composition of near-surface snow in polar regions.
MINHA MÃE MORRENDO: UM ESTUDO ANACRÔNICO DO BARROCO/NEOBARROCO
Authors: Borba Maria Salete
Published: July 2016

Minha mãe morrendo e o menino mentido de Valêncio Xavier (1933-2008), são dois livros publicados num único volume em 2001 pela editora Companhia das Letras. No primeiro livro, Minha mãe morrendo, temos a biografia da mãe enquanto que, no segundo, O menino mentido, vem à tona a infância do narrador personagem, o que implica uma sorte de autobiografia. Ambos possuem uma diagramação semelhante, além de serem compostos por fragmentos advindos do arquivo pessoal do escritor. O objetivo deste artigo é realizar a leitura do livro Minha mãe morrendo, aproximando-o da pintura e do barroco/neobarroco. Para tanto, Michel Foucault e Georges Didi-Huberman, assim como, Christine Buci-Glucksmann são a base teórica para essa análise. Tais autores me permitem ler esse livro aproximando-o da pintura, em especial da medieval, pelo uso formal do díptico, e do barroco pela linguagem e seus desdobramentos em imagens heterogêneas.
A AFRICADA
Authors: Reis César , Malta Izabella , Paixão Crysttian
Published: July 2016

Este artigo trata da descrição fonética da africada pós-alveolar do português brasileiro, [tʃ] e [dʒ], com base na técnica da eletropalatografia, levando em consideração fatores como contexto e acento. Os resultados indicam uma área de contato mais extensa para a fase oclusiva da africada, assegurando-se o princípio da homorganicidade. Além disso, ocorre desoclusivização e, em certas condições, a fricatização. Ambos os processos acontecem, quando a africada é precedida da fricativa coronal, representada pelo arquifonema /S/, em posição de coda.
Impact of Cultivation Conditions, Ethylene Treatment, and Postharvest Storage on Selected Quality and Bioactivity Parameters of Kiwifruit “Hayward” Evaluated by Analytical and Chemometric Methods
Authors: Park Yong Seo , Polovka Martin , Ham Kyung-Sik Ham , Park Yang-Kyun , Vearasilp Suchada , Namieśnik Jacek , Toledo Fernando , Arancibia-Avila Patricia , Gorinstein Shela
Published: July 2016

Organic, semiorganic, and conventional “Hayward” kiwifruits, treated with ethylene for 24 h and stored during 10 days, were assessed by UV spectrometry, fluorometry, and chemometrical analysis for changes in selected characteristics of quality (firmness, dry matter and soluble solid contents, pH, and acidity) and bioactivity (concentration of polyphenols via Folin-Ciocalteu and p-hydroxybenzoic acid assays). All of the monitored qualitative parameters and characteristics related to bioactivity were affected either by cultivation practices or by ethylene treatment and storage. Results obtained, supported by statistical evaluation (Friedman two-way ANOVA) and chemometric analysis, clearly proved that the most significant impact on the majority of the evaluated parameters of quality and bioactivity of “Hayward” kiwifruit had the ethylene treatment followed by the cultivation practices and the postharvest storage. Total concentration of polyphenols expressed via p-hydroxybenzoic acid assay exhibited the most significant sensitivity to all three evaluated parameters, reaching a 16.5% increase for fresh organic compared to a conventional control sample. As a result of postharvest storage coupled with ethylene treatment, the difference increased to 26.3%. Three-dimensional fluorescence showed differences in the position of the main peaks and their fluorescence intensity for conventional, semiorganic, and organic kiwifruits in comparison with ethylene nontreated samples.
Sentinel Lymph Nodes for Breast Carcinoma: A Paradigm Shift
Authors: Maguire Aoife , Brogi Edi
Published: July 2016

Context.—Sentinel lymph node biopsy has been established as the new standard of care for axillary staging in most patients with invasive breast carcinoma. Historically, all patients with a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy result underwent axillary lymph node dissection. Recent trials show that axillary lymph node dissection can be safely omitted in women with clinically node negative, T1 or T2 invasive breast cancer treated with breast-conserving surgery and whole-breast radiotherapy. This change in practice also has implications on the pathologic examination and reporting of sentinel lymph nodes.

Objective.—To review recent clinical and pathologic studies of sentinel lymph nodes and explore how these findings influence the pathologic evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes.

Data Sources.—Sources were published articles from peer-reviewed journals in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine) and published guidelines from the American Joint Committee on Cancer, the Union for International Cancer Control, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

Conclusions.—The main goal of sentinel lymph node examination should be to detect all macrometastases (>2 mm). Grossly sectioning sentinel lymph nodes at 2-mm intervals and evaluation of one hematoxylin-eosin–stained section from each block is the preferred method of pathologic evaluation. Axillary lymph node dissection can be safely omitted in clinically node-negative patients with negative sentinel lymph nodes, as well as in a selected group of patients with limited sentinel lymph node involvement. The pathologic features of the primary carcinoma and its sentinel lymph node metastases contribute to estimate the extent of non–sentinel lymph node involvement. This information is important to decide on further axillary treatment.
Cytomegalovirus Colitis: An Uncommon Mimicker of Common Colitides
Authors: Baniak Nick , Kanthan Rani
Published: July 2016

Cytomegalovirus latency, though ubiquitous in the human population, is known to cause colitis in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. Furthermore, the clinical, endoscopic, and histologic appearance of cytomegalovirus colitis can mimic that of inflammatory bowel disease, an extremely well-documented disease. In this context, though many reports have looked at inflammatory bowel disease with superimposed cytomegalovirus infection, less attention has been paid to cytomegalovirus as a primary cause of isolated colitis. Owing to the rarity of this phenomenon, it is important to consider this diagnosis and implement proper testing to avoid misdiagnosis and mismanagement.
Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma of the Breast: An Update
Authors: Yang Yi-Ling , Liu Bing-Bing , Zhang Xinmin , Fu Li
Published: July 2016

Context.—Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is a distinct variant of mammary carcinoma in which tumor cells are arranged in morulelike clusters devoid of fibrovascular cores and situated within empty stromal spaces. Identification of IMPC can be achieved by the assessment of morphologic features in conjunction with the characteristic “inside-out” staining pattern of epithelial membrane antigen and sialyl Lewis X highlighted by immunohistochemical analysis. Although recognizing micropapillary architecture is often not challenging, the criteria for distinguishing between mixed and pure IMPC remain imprecise. Some mucin-producing carcinomas can also have micropapillary histology, but there is no consensus on whether these tumors are variants of IMPC or mucinous carcinomas. The molecular genetic studies demonstrate that IMPCs have distinct molecular genetic profiles, supporting the theory that they constitute distinct pathologic entities. However, genomic analyses have not identified any specific genomic aberration that may explain the distinctive morphology and clinical behavior of IMPC.

Objective.—To provide an overview on the current concepts in the diagnosis and pathogenesis of IMPC of the breast, incorporating recent molecular genetic advances and prognosis-based reclassification.

Data Sources.—PubMed search and the cited references were reviewed.

Conclusions.—The recent evolution of prognosis-based reclassification and molecular genetic advances has enhanced our knowledge of the pathogenesis of IMPC of the breast. Additional studies might reveal consistent molecular alterations that underlie the formation of the inside-out growth pattern, and they might elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the unfavorable clinical behavior of IMPC.
In Vitro Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic activities of Polygonum orientale (Bishkatali)
Authors: Md. Tanjir Islam  , Afrin Khan Priyanka  , Tania Sultana  , Md. Hassan Kawsar  , Md. Helal Uddin Sumon  , Md. Didaruzzaman Sohel
Published: July 2016

The aim of this present work is to investigate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of methanol extract of Polygonum orientale (Family: Polygonaceae). Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of Polygonum orientale was tested by Disc Diffusion Method. Standard antibiotic discs of Kanamycin (30µg/disc) for bacterial species was used as standard and crude extracts were used at a concentration of (20mg/disc) and (40mg/disc) for leaves and (10mg/disc) and (20mg/disc) for shoot extracts. The methanol extracts of leaves and shoots showed mild activity against gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria and fungi. Most of the organisms were susceptible to the extract in various degrees. The extract showed highest zone of inhibition (13mm) against the Gram (+)ve Bacillus megateriumand and gram (-)ve Escherichia coli (zone of inhibition 10mm). Antioxidant property of the plant extracts against stable DPPH (1, 1-Dipheny1-2-picrydrazole) radical was investigated. Ascorbic acid was used as standard. The extract was found low in antioxidant property. The absorbance was taken at 517nm by UV Spectrophotometer. The IC50 values were found in leaf extract and shoot extract are (1244.58µg/ml and (1506µg/ml). For ascorbic acid IC50 value was (139.19µg/ml). Cytotoxic activity of the crude extract by using Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay. Vincristin sulphate was used as standard. LC50 value of leaf extract was found (6.85µg/ml) and (9.7104µg/ml) for the shoot extract. In conclusion, the extract of the experimental plants have mild antimicrobial, low antioxidant and good cytotoxic properties.
The hand that ‘sees’ to grasp
Authors: Valyear Kenneth F
Published: July 2016

New findings advance our understanding of how vision is used to guide the hand during object grasping.
Fabrication of branched β-Ga2O3 nanowires by post deposition annealing with Au seeds
Authors: Lee Su Yong , Lee Miseon , Kang Hyon Chol
Published: July 2016

We report the fabrication of branched β-Ga2O3 nanowires (NWs) by a post deposition-annealing process of host β-Ga2O3 NWs with Au catalyst seeds. The host β-Ga2O3 NWs grown by powder sputtering were decorated by Au thin films and then annealed at temperatures greater than 800 °C in vacuum, oxygen, and nitrogen atmospheres. No significant morphological changes were observed in the samples annealed under the oxygen atmosphere, while the dissociation of Ga2O3 into Ga and O species occurred in the samples annealed in vacuum and nitrogen atmosphere. In the case of annealing under the nitrogen atmosphere, however, branched β-Ga2O3 NWs were formed through a vapor–liquid–solid process with Au seeds, indicating that nitrogen atmosphere facilitates the supersaturation of Ga and O vapors into catalytic Au seeds. We observed that the photoluminescence peak intensity of branched NWs was increased by a factor of 20 compared with that of the host NWs. The peak position was also shifted from ∼500 to ∼640 nm.
First-principles calculations of semiconducting TiMgN2
Authors: Irokawa Yoshihiro , Usami Mamoru
Published: July 2016

We investigated semiconducting TiMgN2 by a density functional approach. As a result, we found that the L11 structure was more stable than the L10 and CH structures. The band gap of L11 TiMgN2 calculated using the generalized gradient approximation was 0.27 eV, indicating an indirect band gap. Here, we show that a N vacancy introduces a donor level, but Ti and Mg vacancies introduce an acceptor level, suggesting the possibility of obtaining either n- or p-type semiconductors by introducing a specific vacancy. Since L11 TiMgN2 is a layered structure, it could be epitaxially grown by layer-by-layer deposition.
Barriers to Surgical Care and Health Outcomes: A Prospective Study on the Relation Between Wealth, Sex, and Postoperative Complications in the Republic of Congo
Authors: Lin Brian M. , White Michelle , Glover Ana , Wamah Greta Peterson , Trotti Davi L. , Randall Kirstie , Alkire Blake C. , Cheney Mack L. , Parker Gary , Shrime Mark G.
Published: July 2016

Background

Approximately thirty percent of the global burden of disease is comprised of surgical conditions. However, five billion people lack access to surgery, with complex factors acting as barriers. We examined whether patient demographics predict barriers to care, and the relation between these factors and postoperative complications in a prospective cohort.

Methods

Participants included people presenting to a global charity in Republic of Congo with a surgical condition between August 2013 and May 2014. The outcomes were self‐reported barrier to care and postoperative complications documented by medical record. Logistic regression was used to adjust for covariates.

Results

Of 1237 patients in our study, 1190 (96.2 %) experienced a barrier to care and 126 (10.2 %) experienced a postoperative complication. The most frequently reported barrier was cost (73 %), followed by lack of provider (8.2 %). Greater wealth was associated with decreased odds of cost as a barrier (OR 0.72 [0.57, 0.90]). Greater wealth (OR 1.52 [1.03, 2.25]) and rural home location (OR 3.35 [1.16, 9.62]) were associated with increased odds of no surgeon being available. Cost as a barrier (OR 2.82 [1.02, 7.77]), female sex (OR 3.45 [1.62, 7.33]), and lack of surgeon (OR 5.62 [1.68, 18.77]) were associated with increased odds of postoperative complication. Patient wealth was not associated with odds of postoperative complication.

Conclusions

Barriers to surgery were common in Republic of Congo. Patient wealth and home location may predict barriers to surgery. Addressing gender disparities, access to providers, and patient perception of barriers in addition to removal of barriers may help maximize patient health benefits.
Multi-output optimization of tribological characteristics control factors of thermally sprayed industrial ceramic coatings using hybrid Taguchi-grey relation analysis
Authors: Yunus Mohammed , Alsoufi Mohammad S.
Published: July 2016

Lasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are gaining wide popularity and becoming more attractive for many industrial applications due to their high strength, thermal barrier/fatigue characteristics at elevated temperatures, resistance to chemical degradation, wear resistance, and environmental corrosion protection provided when coated on the surface of engineering components. To characterize the tribological properties of TBCs, a better understanding of their failure mechanisms and a thorough investigation of their performance are required. In this research, we used Taguchi-based grey relational analysis (GRA) to optimize the process parameters of various tribological characteristics of ceramic coatings applied via an atmospheric plasma spray process. Using Taguchi L16 factorial mixed-level experimental design, we also evaluated tribological characteristics such as wear loss and the coefficient of friction. Using GRA, we successfully performed a multiple output optimization and ranking of the control factors. Based on ANOVA results, we evaluated the significance of each process parameter and validated our findings in tests using the obtained optimum set of process parameters. Our study results will help to minimize wear loss and the coefficient of friction and to maximize TBC life.