bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Home Load-Side Management in Smart Grids Using Global Optimization
Authors: Recioui Abdelmadjid
Published: February 2019

Demand-side management (DSM) is a strategy enabling the power supplying companies to effectively manage the increasing demand for electricity and the quality of the supplied power. The main objectives of DSM programs are to improve the financial performance and customer relations. The idea is to encourage the consumer to use less energy during peak hours, or to move the time of energy use to off-peak times. The DSM controls the match between the demand and supply of electricity. Another objective of DSM is to maintain the power quality in order to level the load curves. In this chapter, a genetic algorithm is used in conjunction with demand-side management techniques to find the optimal scheduling of energy consumption inside N buildings in a neighborhood. The issue is formulated as multi-objective optimization problem aiming at reducing the peak load as well as minimizing the energy cost. The simulations reveal that the adopted strategy is able to plan the daily energy consumptions of a great number of electrical devices with good performance in terms of computational cost.
Transition From Traditional Grid to Smart One
Authors: Daghrour Haitham , Al-Rhia Razan Mohammad
Published: February 2019

Smart grids have become an urgent need to overcome the challenges of the 21st century. To transit the traditional grid to smart one, there must be a well thought out plan, called road map, which is also being carefully developed by organizations according to standards for deploying smart networks. Most studies focused on modernizing distribution networks because it was passive and technologically poor. Two approaches to developing distribution networks were presented. The smart grid modernization was also presented from social and psychological perspectives.
Introduction to Smart Grid and Micro-Grid Systems
Authors: Nadweh Safwan , Barakat Zeina
Published: February 2019

This chapter describes the upcoming technology for electrical power systems that gives the appropriate solution for the integration of the distributed energy resources. In this chapter, different categories of smart grids have been classified, and the advantages, weakness, and opportunities of each one, are given in addition to determining its own operating conditions. Micro-grids are the most common kind of smart grid. It has been classified under different criteria, such as architecture with different topology (connected mode, island mode, etc.) and demand criteria (simple micro grids, multi-DG, utility) and by capacity into simple micro-grid, corporate micro-grid, and independent micro-grid, and by AC/DC type to DC micro-grids, AC micro-grids, Hybrid micro-grids. Finally, most familiar Micro-grid components have been discussed such as an energy management system along with several types of control and communication systems in addition to the economic study of a micro-grids.
Design of a Prosthetic Ankle Complex
Authors: Bhuyan Dheeman , Kumar Kaushik
Published: February 2019

Nature has, over a large span of geological time, engineered near perfect solutions to most problems humans face today. Motion of the limbs is one such area, and the cutting edge in the development of effective prostheses is biomimetics. Limb prostheses have been used by mankind for the better part of known history, and most of the technology currently available in prosthetics is not exclusively new. However, modern prosthetics either are uncomfortable—and the lack of flexion affects the gait of the patient—or too expensive for a large segment of the populace. This chapter seeks to study the mimicry of physiological systems through the design for an ankle prosthesis that includes a passive damper and mimics the shape and behavior of the natural ankle joint.
Experimental Investigation on ECMM With Nimonic 75 Alloy for Prosthetic Component
Authors: Jena Pankaj Charan , Pradhan Barsarani , Das Sudhansu Ranjan , Dhupal D.
Published: February 2019

Electrochemical micromachining is an advanced technology of recent trends of machining of hard and electrically conductive materials in micrometer and sub-micrometer scale. This manufacturing technique finds application in many technologically demanding industries: locomotive, biomedical, electronics, etc. However, due to very small inter-electrode gap, there is some limitation in using this machining process. This chapter aims at developing an optimized model for flow analysis of electrolyte in inter-electrode gap to obtain optimal process parameter for machining. Experimentation has been done to associate the findings of optimized output in ECMM such as material removal rate (MRR), overcut, and depth. Influence of voltage, feed rate, concentration, pulse on/pulse off ratio, and IEG investigated and finally optimized using response surface method. The effect of the process parameters are also analyzed using ANOVA.
Quality of Service (QoS) Optimization in a Multicast Routing
Authors: Mahseur Mohammed , Boukra Abdelmadjid
Published: February 2019

Optimizing the QoS of multicast routing with multiple constraints is a NP-hard problem. Thus, the use of approximate methods is unavoidable. This article proposes to modify Bat Algorithm (BA) to solve such problem. BA is a metaheuristic that has been applied to several issues of various fields and has given good results, which has owned him a good reputation in terms of robustness and performance. Like any metaheuristic, BA can be trapped in a local optimum. In order to avoid such problem, the authors propose to hybridize BA with the quantum principle and introduce the chaotic map in the calculation of parameters leading to more diversification. The authors chose to adopt a quantum representation for the solutions. The approach, named quantum Bat Algorithm with Chaotic Map (CBAQEA), was experimented and compared with other well-known methods. The experimental results reveal the efficiency and the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of multicast routing cost with a good trade-off between intensification and diversification without premature convergence compared to other algorithms in the literature.
New Empirical Data Findings for Student Experiences of E-Learning analytics Recommender Systems and their Impact on System Adoption
Authors: Alharbi Hadeel , Sandhu Kamaljeet
Published: February 2019

This article examines Saudi Arabian students' experiences of using an e-learning analytics recommender system during their study and the extent to which their experiences were predictors of their adoption and post-adoption of the system. A sample of 353 students from various universities in Saudi Arabia completed a survey questionnaire for data collection. Results showed that user experience is a significant predictors of student adoption and post-adoption of an e-learning recommender system. Based on these findings, this study concluded that universities must support students to develop their awareness of, and skills in using an e-learning recommender system to support students' long-term acceptance and use of the system.
What drives food price volatility? Evidence based on a generalized VAR approach applied to the food, financial and energy markets
Authors: Śmiech Sławomir , Papież Monika , Fijorek Kamil , Dąbrowski Marek A.
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study is to investigate sources of food prices volatility. The analysis uses daily series for volatility of corn, soybean, wheat, rice, US dollar, crude oil, and SP500 futures spanning the period January 4, 2000 to April 1, 2017. The authors employ the generalized vector autoregressive framework in rolling sample approach in order to capture the time-varying nature of volatility spillovers. The results reveal that: volatility spillovers measures change over time; most of the volatility spillovers are observed within the two groups of markets: food markets and “non-food” markets; corn market is net volatility transmitter.
Upper tropospheric CH4 and CO affected by the South Asian summer monsoon during the Oxidation Mechanism Observations mission
Authors: Tomsche Laura , Pozzer Andrea , Ojha Narendra , Parchatka Uwe , Lelieveld Jos , Fischer Horst
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The Asian monsoon anticyclone (AMA) is annual phenomenon in the
northern hemispheric upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. It is part of
the South Asian summer monsoon system, and it has a clearly observable
signature due to the vertical transport of polluted air masses from the surface
to the upper troposphere by monsoon convection. We performed in situ
measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4) in the region of
monsoon outflow and in background air in the upper troposphere
(Mediterranean, Arabian Peninsula, and Arabian Sea) using optical absorption
spectroscopy on board the High Altitude and LOng range (HALO) research
aircraft during the OMO (Oxidation Mechanism Observations) mission in summer
2015. We identified the transport pathways and the origin of the trace gases
with back trajectories, which were calculated using the Lagrangian particle dispersion
model FLEXPART, and we compared the in situ data with simulations of the
atmospheric chemistry general circulation model EMAC. CH4 and CO mixing
ratios were found to be enhanced within the AMA, the in situ data increased
by 72.1 and 20.1 ppbv on average, respectively, and originated in the South
Asian region (Indo-Gangetic Plain, northeastern India, Bangladesh, and the Bay of
Bengal). It appears that CH4 is an ideal monsoon tracer in the upper
troposphere due to its extended lifetime and the strong South Asian
emissions. Furthermore, we used the measurements and model results to study
the dynamics of the AMA over several weeks during the monsoon season, with an
emphasis on the southern and western areas in the upper troposphere. We
distinguished four AMA modes based on different meteorological conditions.
On one occasion we observed that under the influence of dwindling flow
the transport barrier between the anticyclone and its surroundings weakened,
expelling air masses from the AMA. The trace gases exhibited a distinct
AMA fingerprint; we also found that CH4 accumulated over the
course of the OMO campaign.
Possible errors in flux measurements due to limited digitalization
Authors: Foken Thomas , Babel Wolfgang , Thomas Christoph
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Recently reported trends of carbon dioxide uptake pose the
question of whether trends may be the result of the limited digitalization of gas
analysers and sonic anemometers used in the 1990s. Modifying a 12 bit
digitalization and the instrument error reported for the Gill R2 and R3 sonic
anemometers found elsewhere, the influence of these deficits in comparison to
the now commonly used 16 bit digitalization were quantified. Both issues have
an effect only on trace gas fluxes of small magnitude, mainly for the carbon
dioxide rather than for the water vapour fluxes. The influence on the annual
net ecosystem exchange is negligible, because other errors resulting from
gap filling routines, for example, are much larger.
Temporal variability in foraminiferal morphology and geochemistry at the West Antarctic Peninsula: a sediment trap study
Authors: Mikis Anna , Hendry Katharine R. , Pike Jennifer , Schmidt Daniela N. , Edgar Kirsty M. , Peck Victoria , Peeters Frank J. C. , Leng Melanie J. , Meredith Michael P. , Jones Chloe L. C. , Stammerjohn Sharon , Ducklow Hugh
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) exhibits strong spatial and temporal oceanographic variability, resulting in highly heterogeneous biological productivity. Calcifying organisms that live in the waters off the WAP respond to temporal and spatial variations in ocean temperature and chemistry. These marine calcifiers are potentially threatened by regional climate change with waters already naturally close to carbonate undersaturation. Future projections of carbonate production in the Southern Ocean are challenging due to the lack of historical data collection and complex, decadal climate variability. Here we present a six-year long record of the shell fluxes, morphology, and stable isotope variability of the polar planktic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sensu stricto) from near Palmer Station, Antarctica. This species is fundamental to Southern Ocean planktic carbonate production as it is one of the very few planktic foraminifer species adapted to the marine polar environments. We use these new data to obtain insights into its ecology and to derive a robust assessment of the response of this polar species to environmental change. Morphology and stable isotope composition reveal the presence of different growth stages within this tightly defined species. Inter- and intra-annual variability of foraminiferal flux and size is evident and driven by a combination of environmental forcing parameters, most importantly food availability, temperature, and sea-ice duration and extent. Foraminiferal growth occurs throughout the austral year and is influenced by environmental change, a large portion of which is driven by the Southern Annular Mode and El Niño Southern Oscillation. A distinct seasonal production is observed, with highest shell fluxes during the warmest and most productive months of the year. The sensitivity of calcifying foraminifera to environmental variability in this region, from weeks to decades, has implications both for their response to future climatic change, and for their use as palaeoclimate indicators. A longer ice-free season could increase carbonate production in this region at least while carbonate saturation is still high enough to allow for thick tests to grow.
China's historical record when searching for tropical cyclones corresponding to Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) shifts over the past 2 kyr
Authors: Chen Huei-Fen , Liu Yen-Chu , Chiang Chih-Wen , Liu Xingqi , Chou Yu-Min , Pan Hui-Juan
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The northwestern Pacific Ocean and South China Sea are where tropical
cyclones occur most frequently. Many climatologists also study the formation
of Pacific Ocean warm pools and typhoons in this region. This study
collected data of paleotyphoons found in China's official historical records
over the past 2000 years that contained known typhoon activity reports. The
collected data are then subjected to statistical analyses focusing on typhoon
activity in coastal regions of southeastern China to garner a better
understanding of the long-term evolution of moving paths and occurrence
frequency, especially regarding those typhoons making landfall in mainland China. We
analyzed the data with the year and month of each typhoon event, as well as
the number of events in a 10-year period. The result shows that (1) north–southward
migration of typhoon paths corresponds to the north–southward
migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during the Medieval Warm
Period (MWP) and Little Ice Age (LIA) and (2) paleotyphoons made landfall in
mainland China 1 month earlier during the MWP than during the LIA. This
implies a northward shift in ITCZ during the MWP. Typhoons tend to make landfall
in Japan during El Niño-like periods and strike the southern coastal regions
of China during La Niña-like stages. According to paleotyphoon records over
the last 2000 years, typhoons made landfall in southeastern China
frequently around 490–510, 700–850, and after 1500 CE The number
of typhoons striking Guangdong Province peaked during the coldest period in
1660–1680 CE; however, after 1700 CE, landfall has migrated farther
north. The track of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the northwestern Pacific
Ocean is affected by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Pacific
Decadal Oscillation (PDO), which shows a nearly 30-year and a 60-year cycle
during the LIA.
Contribution of sea ice albedo and insulation effects to Arctic amplification in the EC-Earth Pliocene simulation
Authors: Zheng Jianqiu , Zhang Qiong , Li Qiang , Zhang Qiang , Cai Ming
Published: February 2019

Abstract. In the present work, we simulate the Pliocene climate with the
EC-Earth climate model as an equilibrium state for the current warming
climate induced by rising CO2 in the atmosphere. The simulated Pliocene
climate shows a strong Arctic amplification featuring pronounced warming sea
surface temperature (SST) over the North Atlantic, in particular over
the Greenland Sea and Baffin Bay, which is comparable to geological SST
reconstructions from the Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic
Mapping group (PRISM; Dowsett et al., 2016). To understand the underlying
physical processes, the air–sea heat flux variation in response to Arctic
sea ice change is quantitatively assessed by a climate feedback and response
analysis method (CFRAM) and an approach similar to equilibrium feedback
assessment. Given the fact that the maximum SST warming occurs in summer
while the maximum surface air temperature warming happens during winter, our
analyses show that a dominant ice-albedo effect is the main reason for summer
SST warming, and a 1 % loss in sea ice concentration could lead to an
approximate 1.8 W m−2 increase in shortwave solar radiation into open
sea surface. During the winter months, the insulation effect induces enhanced
turbulent heat flux out of the sea surface due to sea ice melting in previous
summer months. This leads to more heat released from the ocean to the atmosphere,
thus explaining why surface air temperature warming amplification is stronger
in winter than in summer.
ESD Reviews: Model dependence in multi-model climate ensembles: weighting, sub-selection and out-of-sample testing
Authors: Abramowitz Gab , Herger Nadja , Gutmann Ethan , Hammerling Dorit , Knutti Reto , Leduc Martin , Lorenz Ruth , Pincus Robert , Schmidt Gavin A.
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The rationale for using multi-model ensembles in climate change
projections and impacts research is often based on the expectation that
different models constitute independent estimates; therefore, a range of models
allows a better characterisation of the uncertainties in the representation
of the climate system than a single model. However, it is known that research
groups share literature, ideas for representations of processes,
parameterisations, evaluation data sets and even sections of model code.
Thus, nominally different models might have similar biases because of
similarities in the way they represent a subset of processes, or even be
near-duplicates of others, weakening the assumption that they constitute
independent estimates. If there are near-replicates of some models, then
treating all models equally is likely to bias the inferences made using these
ensembles. The challenge is to establish the degree to which this might be
true for any given application. While this issue is recognised by many in the
community, quantifying and accounting for model dependence in anything other
than an ad-hoc way is challenging. Here we present a synthesis of the range
of disparate attempts to define, quantify and address model dependence in
multi-model climate ensembles in a common conceptual framework, and provide
guidance on how users can test the efficacy of approaches that move beyond
the equally weighted ensemble. In the upcoming Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project phase 6 (CMIP6), several new models that are closely related to
existing models are anticipated, as well as large ensembles from some models.
We argue that quantitatively accounting for dependence in addition to model
performance, and thoroughly testing the effectiveness of the approach used
will be key to a sound interpretation of the CMIP ensembles in future
scientific studies.
Estimating confidence intervals for gravel bed surface grain
size distributions
Authors: Eaton Brett C. , Moore R. Dan , MacKenzie Lucy G.
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Most studies of gravel bed rivers present at least one bed surface grain size distribution, but there is almost never any information provided about the uncertainty of the percentile estimates. We present a simple method for estimating the confidence intervals about the grain size percentiles derived from standard Wolman or pebble count samples of bed surface texture. Our approach uses binomial probability theory to generate confidence intervals for all grain sizes in the distribution. We find that the standard sample size of 100 observations is associated with errors ranging from about ±15 % to ±30 %, which may be unacceptably large for many applications. In comparison, a sample of 500 stones produces an uncertainty ranging from about ±9 % to ±18 %. In order to help workers develop appropriate sampling approaches that produce the desired level of precision, we present simple equations that approximate the proportional uncertainty associated with the median size and the 84th percentile of the distribution as a function of the sample size and the standard deviation of the distribution, assuming that the underlying distribution is log-normal. However, the true uncertainty of any sample can only be accurately estimated once the sample has been collected, so these simple equations complement – but do not replace – the basic uncertainty analysis using binomial probability theory.
Reconstruction of four-dimensional rockfall trajectories using remote sensing and rock-based accelerometers and gyroscopes
Authors: Caviezel Andrin , Demmel Sophia E. , Ringenbach Adrian , Bühler Yves , Lu Guang , Christen Marc , Dinneen Claire E. , Eberhard Lucie A. , von Rickenbach Daniel , Bartelt Perry
Published: February 2019

Abstract. This work focuses on the in-depth reconstruction of the full set of
parameters of interest in single-block rockfall trajectories. A comprehensive
understanding of rockfall trajectories holds the promise to enhance the
application of numerical models for engineering hazard analysis. Such
knowledge is equally important to investigate wider cascade problems in steep
terrain. Here, we present a full four-dimensional trajectory reconstruction
of the “Chant Sura” rockfall experiment performed with EOTA221 norm rocks. The data
analysis allows a complete kinematic description of a rock's trajectory in
real terrain and underscores the physical complexity of rock–ground
interactions. In situ accelerometer and gyroscope data are combined with
videogrammetric and unmanned aerial-systems mapping techniques to understand
the role of rock rotations, ground penetration and translational scarring in
rockfall motion. The exhaustive trajectory reconstruction provides
information over the complete flight path such as translational velocity
vectors, angular velocities, impact duration and forces, ballistic jump
heights, and lengths. The experimental data provide insight into the basic
physical processes detailing how rotating rocks of general shape penetrate,
rebound and scar ground terrain. In future, the data will serve as a calibration
basis to enhance numerical rockfall modelling.
Role of sublimation and riming on the precipitation distribution in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Poirier Émilie , Thériault Julie M. , Leriche Maud
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The phase of precipitation and its distribution at the surface can affect water resources and the regional water cycle of a region. A field project was held in March–April 2015 on the eastern slope of the Canadian Rockies to document precipitation characteristics and associated atmospheric conditions. During the project, 60 % of the particles documented were rimed, in relatively warm and dry conditions. Rain-snow transitions also occurred aloft and at the surface in sub-saturated conditions. Solid precipitation falling through a saturated atmospheric layer with temperatures > 0 °C will start melting. In contrast, if the melting layer is sub-saturated, the solid precipitation undergoes sublimation, which increases the depth of the rain-snow transition. In this context, this study investigates the role of sublimation and riming on precipitation intensity and type reaching the surface in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta, where the field campaign took place during March–April 2015. To address this, a set of numerical simulations of an event of mixed precipitation observed at the surface was conducted. This event on 31 March 2015, was documented with a set of devices at the main observation site (Kananaskis Emergency Services, KES) including a precipitation gauge, disdrometer, and micro rain radar. Sensitivity experiments were performed to assess the impacts of temperature changes from sublimation and the role of the production of snow pellets (riming) aloft on the surface precipitation evolution. A warmer environment associated with no temperature changes from sublimation leads to a peak in the intensity of snow pellets at the surface. When the formation of snow pellets is not considered, the maximum snowfall rate occurred at later times. Results suggest that unrimed snow reaching the surface is formed on the western flank and is advected eastward. In contrast, snow pellets would form aloft in the Kananaskis Valley. The cooling from sublimation and melting by rime particles increases the vertical shear near KES. Overall, this study illustrated that the presence of snow pellets influenced the surface evolution of precipitation type in the valley due to the horizontal transport of precipitation particles.
A simple topography-driven and calibration-free runoff generation module
Authors: Gao Hongkai , Birkel Christian , Hrachowitz Markus , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Soulsby Chris , Savenije Hubert H. G.
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Reading landscapes and developing calibration-free runoff
generation models that adequately reflect land surface heterogeneities
remains the focus of much hydrological research. In this study, we report a
novel and simple topography-driven runoff generation parameterization – the
HAND-based Storage Capacity curve (HSC), which uses a topographic index
(HAND, Height Above the Nearest Drainage) to identify hydrological similarity
and the extent of saturated areas in catchments. The HSC can be used as a
module in any conceptual rainfall–runoff model. Further, coupling the HSC
parameterization with the mass curve technique (MCT) to estimate root zone
storage capacity (SuMax), we developed a calibration-free runoff
generation module, HSC-MCT. The runoff generation modules of HBV and TOPMODEL
were used for comparison purposes. The performance of these two modules (HSC
and HSC-MCT) was first checked against the data-rich Bruntland Burn (BB)
catchment in Scotland, which has a long time series of field-mapped
saturation area extent. We found that HSC, HBV and TOPMODEL all perform well
to reproduce the hydrograph, but the HSC module performs better in
reproducing saturated area variation, in terms of correlation coefficient and
spatial pattern. The HSC and HSC-MCT modules were subsequently tested for 323
MOPEX catchments in the US, with diverse climate, soil, vegetation and
geological characteristics. In comparison with HBV and TOPMODEL, the HSC
performs better in both calibration and validation, particularly in the
catchments with gentle topography, less forest cover, and arid climate.
Despite having no calibrated parameters, the HSC-MCT module performed
comparably well with calibrated modules, highlighting the robustness of the
HSC parameterization to describe the spatial distribution of the root zone
storage capacity and the efficiency of the MCT method to estimate
SuMax. This novel and calibration-free runoff generation module
helps to improve the prediction in ungauged basins and has great potential to
be generalized at the global scale.
Linear Optimal Runoff Aggregate (LORA): a global gridded synthesis runoff product
Authors: Hobeichi Sanaa , Abramowitz Gab , Evans Jason , Beck Hylke E.
Published: February 2019

Abstract. No synthesized global gridded runoff product, derived from multiple sources, is
available, despite such a product being useful for meeting the needs of many
global water initiatives. We apply an optimal weighting approach to merge
runoff estimates from hydrological models constrained with observational
streamflow records. The weighting method is based on the ability of the
models to match observed streamflow data while accounting for error
covariance between the participating products. To address the lack of
observed streamflow for many regions, a dissimilarity method was applied to
transfer the weights of the participating products to the ungauged basins
from the closest gauged basins using dissimilarity between basins in
physiographic and climatic characteristics as a proxy for distance. We
perform out-of-sample tests to examine the success of the dissimilarity
approach, and we confirm that the weighted product performs better than its
11 constituent products in a range of metrics. Our resulting synthesized
global gridded runoff product is available at monthly timescales, and
includes time-variant uncertainty, for the period 1980–2012 on a
0.5∘ grid. The synthesized global gridded runoff product broadly
agrees with published runoff estimates at many river basins, and represents
the seasonal runoff cycle for most of the globe well. The new product, called
Linear Optimal Runoff Aggregate (LORA), is a valuable synthesis of existing
runoff products and will be freely available for download on
https://geonetwork.nci.org.au/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/f9617_9854_8096_5291 (last access:
31 January 2019).
Reanalysis of the 1761 transatlantic tsunami
Authors: Wronna Martin , Baptista Maria Ana , Miranda Jorge Miguel
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The segment of the Africa–Eurasia plate boundary between the
Gloria Fault and the Strait of Gibraltar has been the setting of significant
tsunamigenic earthquakes. However, their precise location and rupture
mechanism remain poorly understood. The investigation of each event
contributes to a better understanding of the structure of this diffuse plate
boundary and ultimately leads to a better evaluation of the seismic and
tsunami hazard. The 31 March 1761 event is one of the few known
transatlantic tsunamis. Macroseismic data and tsunami travel times were used
in previous studies to assess its source area. However, no one discussed the
geological source of this event. In this study, we present a reappraisal of
tsunami data to show that the observations data set is compatible with a
geological source close to Coral Patch and Ampere seamounts. We constrain the
rupture mechanism with plate kinematics and the tectonic setting of the area.
This study favours the hypothesis that the 1761 event occurred in the
southwest of the likely location of the 1 November 1755 earthquake in a
slow deforming compressive regime driven by the dextral transpressive
collision between Africa and Eurasia.
Development of physically based liquid water schemes for Greenland
firn-densification models
Authors: Verjans Vincent , Leeson Amber , Stevens C. Max , MacFerrin Michael , Noël Brice , van den Broeke Michiel R.
Published: February 2019

Abstract. As surface melt is increasing on the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS), quantifying the retention capacity of the firn layer is critical to link meltwater production to meltwater runoff. Firn-densification models have so far relied on empirical approaches to account for the percolation-refreezing process, and more physically based representations of liquid water flow might therefore bring improvements to model performance. Here we implement three types of water percolation schemes into the Community Firn Model: the tipping bucket approach, the Richards Equation in a single-domain and the Richards Equation in a dual-domain, which accounts for partitioning between matrix and fast preferential flow. We investigate their impact on firn densification at four locations on the GrIS and compare model results with observations. We find that for all of the flow schemes, significant discrepancies remain with respect to observed firn density, particularly the density variability in depth, and that inter-model differences are large. The simple bucket scheme is as efficient in replicating observed density profiles as the single-domain Richards Equation. The most physically detailed dual-domain scheme does not necessarily reach best agreement with observed data. However, we find that the implementation of preferential flow does allow for more frequent ice layer formation and for deeper percolation. We also find that the firn model is more sensitive to the choice of densification scheme than to the choice of water percolation scheme. The disagreements with observations and the spread in model results demonstrate that progress towards an accurate description of water flow in firn is necessary. The numerous uncertainties surrounding firn micro- and macro-structure, its hydraulic properties, and the one dimensionality of firn models render the implementation of physically based percolation schemes difficult. An improved understanding of the parameters affecting evolution of polar firn, of the effects of the climatic forcing on the densification process and more accurate treatment of liquid water would benefit further developments.
A PEDAGOGIA BASEADA NO GÉNERO TEXTUAL COMO PROPOSTA PARA A DIDÁCTICA DA ESCRITA EM MOÇAMBIQUE
Authors: FAQUIR Osvaldo
Published: February 2019

Em qualquer contexto, com as naturais variações, ensinar a escrita é uma tarefa difícil. Nesta perspectiva, parece seguro referir que contrariamente a contextos de L1, em contextos de L2, como Moçambique, com níveis de contacto acentuado entre o Português e outras línguas de matriz Bantu, a situação que rodeia a língua portuguesa, no que diz respeito ao nível de proficiência dos falantes, nível de acesso a materiais e a recursos metodológicos para o seu ensino e aprendizagem, bem como o baixo nível de preparação dos professores, é bem mais complexa. Isso cria um contexto que propicia a ocorrência de uma produção linguística, principalmente a escrita, muito baixa. Tendo em conta isso, com base nos resultados alcançados no âmbito do projecto de Doutoramento em Linguística Aplicada, na Universidade de Lisboa (FAQUIR, 2016), queremos sugerir a pedagogia baseada no género (PBG) textual (HYLAND, 2007; ROSE e MARTIN, 2012; CHRISTIE, 2013; GOUVEIA, 2014; MARTIN, 2014) como proposta metodológica de trabalho na aula ao nível do ensino secundário geral (ESG). Para o projecto inicial, a análise foi qualitativa e baseou-se nos dados recolhidos através de inquéritos dirigidos a 37 professores e 418 alunos e nos textos escritos pelos alunos, com e sem o feedback dos professores. Estes dados foram recolhidos em quatro escolas nas cidades de Maputo, Beira e Nampula. Para este artigo, a base de análise será o material escrito e apresentado pelos alunos no caderno e no quadro como correcção do TPC, com o feedback dos professores. Os resultados permitem compreender que trabalho específico os professores desenvolvem com os alunos para o treino da escrita e que implicações o mesmo tem ao nível do rendimento destes no domínio da escrita.
O letramento do educando surdo em língua portuguesa
Authors: Santana Lígia De Souza Araújo
Published: February 2019

Este artigo retoma alguns aspectos dos direitos que garantem educação para todos, com atenção voltada a questões relacionadas à educação dos surdos e apresenta, de forma sucinta, alguns dos pressupostos das principais abordagens associadas a correntes linguísticas que fundamentam os métodos do ensino de línguas, como as de Vygotsky e Bakhtin. O objetivo desta pesquisa é trazer reflexões sobre a ação de professores de Língua Portuguesa, tanto na identificação das potencialidades dos alunos, como na percepção das características do educando surdo, especialmente no que diz respeito à aquisição da Língua Portuguesa como segunda língua e à utilização dos gêneros textuais no letramento do aprendiz surdo em uma perspectiva bilíngue.
Enhancing Toward the Last Universal Common Descendant
Authors: Roduit Johann A. R. , Caon Maurizio , Menuz Vincent
Published: February 2019

In the debate addressing socio-ethical issues related to human enhancement, some have suggested that technological modifications of individuals could vastly increase diversity between them. This article argues the contrary. In this thought experiment, we argue that if—as some have argued—we have a moral obligation to use technology to enhance humans and other species, and if such enhancement is understood as improving particular traits only, it might artificially make all the species in the world converge toward a specific one, which we have named the last universal common descendant. In this reductio ad absurdum, we suggest that this argument could be used to challenge the idea that it would be morally good to enhance humans and other species without considering their species limitations.
ESTUDO SOBRE INDUÇÃO DE PARTOS GEMELARES EM VACAS NELORE
Authors: Cavalieri Fabíola Dos Santos Ramos , Cavalieri Fabio Luiz Bim , Rigolon Luiz Paulo , Andreazzi Márcia Aparecida , Botelho Ana Carolina Fanhani de Arruda , Colombo Antonio Hugo Bezerra
Published: February 2019

RESUMO: Buscando melhorar os índices produtivos da pecuária de corte no Brasil, várias pesquisas nas áreas de nutrição, sanidade e reprodução animal estão sendo desenvolvidas e, no que tange à reprodução animal, o emprego das biotecnologias tem se destacado. A associação entre Inseminação em Tempo Fixo, seguida de Transferência de Embriões pode melhorar a taxa de gestação e o número de bezerros nascidos, por meio da indução de gestações gemelares. Contudo os dados na literatura sobre a viabilidade desta associação são controversos, bem como a maioria das pesquisas foram conduzidas com animais de origem europeia e não avaliaram o desempenho dos bezerros. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a indução de parto gemelar em vacas da raça Nelore, por meio da associação de IATF e TE, sobre a taxa de gestação, índice de parto distócico, taxa de rejeição e o desempenho dos bezerros até o desmame. Foram utilizadas 93 vacas da raça Nelore (10 doadoras e 83 receptoras). As doadoras foram sincronizadas com implante intravaginal e superovuladas com 250 UI de FSH e as receptoras foram inseminadas em tempo fixo no mesmo dia das doadoras. Sete dias após a inseminação, as receptoras foram inovulados. Os resultados mostraram que a taxa de gestação foi de 75,50%, sendo que destes, 58,73% foram de gestação simples e somente 34,92% foram de gestação dupla. Houve diferença (P<0,05) no tempo de gestação, sendo menor para gestação gemelar. A indução de partos gemelares não aumentou a taxa de distocia, de retenção de placenta, de aborto e de natimorto, contudo elevou a taxa de rejeição das vacas pelos bezerros. A gestação dupla resultou em menor peso vivo dos bezerros ao nascimento, aos três e aos sete meses idade (P<0,05).
ESTRESSORES DA PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA DA LITERATURA
Authors: Cesar Flaviane Cristina Rocha , Sousa Elyana Teixeira , Ribeiro Luana Cássia Miranda , Oliveira Lizete Malagoni de Almeida Cavalcante
Published: February 2019

Objetivo: identificar evidências científicas relacionadas aos estressores enfrentados por estudantes de mestrado e doutorado durante a sua formação. Metodologia: revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada em outubro de 2017, na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Web of Science, Psychology Information e PubMed. Foram incluídos artigos primários, publicados em inglês, português e espanhol e que contemplassem o tema. Resultados: os resultados compuseram 12 estudos, dos quais emergiram três categorias de estressores: individuais, acadêmicos e de relações interpessoais. Dessas categorias, os estressores que se destacaram foram alta carga de atividades acadêmicas, renda, conflito pós-graduação-família-trabalho e relação aluno-orientador. Conclusão: o desafio para o pós-graduando é conciliar o estresse vivido nesse momento da vida, as atividades acadêmicas e não acadêmicas. Os programas de pós-graduação necessitam desenvolver produção científica de qualidade, que não resulte no adoecimento dos envolvidos nesse processo.
PÓS-ALTA DE HANSENÍASE: PREVALÊNCIA DE INCAPACIDADES FÍSICAS E SOBREPOSIÇÃO DE DOENÇAS
Authors: Araújo Érica Juliana Benício , De Araújo Olívia Dias , De Araújo Telma Maria Evangelista , Almeida Priscilla Dantas , Sena Inara Viviane de Oliveira , Neri Erica De Alencar Rodrigues
Published: February 2019

Objetivo: caracterizar a prevalência de incapacidades físicas em indivíduos acometidos por hanseníase no pós-alta e sua relação com as doenças crônicas. Método: a população da pesquisa foi de 603 casos novos de hanseníase notificados entre 2001 e 2014 em municípios endêmicos no Piauí. Os dados foram coletados mediante aplicação de questionários e avaliação neurológica simplificada. Análises estatísticas foram realizadas por distribuição de frequência, testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher. Resultados: observou-se a prevalência de incapacidade física de 70,43%, e associação significativa com a forma clínica multibacilar, sexo masculino, idade avançada e baixa escolaridade (p<0,01). Conclusão: a sobreposição de doenças não se comportou como um fator de risco, mas constatou-se frequência importante de pessoas. Registra-se a necessidade de planejamento de ações de saúde mais adequadas à população, fortalecendo a longitudinalidade do cuidado frente às condições crônicas.
Intersetorialidade nas políticas públicas
Authors: Tumelero Silvana Marta
Published: February 2019

Este ensaio, produzido a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, objetiva apresentar o debate de intersetorialidade sob abordagens teórico-conceituais que a aproximam das perspectivas de “interdisciplinaridade” e da “transdisciplinaridade. Sob o recurso metodológico da análise documental, tomando por base o texto da Constituição brasileira de 1988, problematiza o sentido que é atribuído à intersetorialidade no cotidiano das políticas públicas. O ensaio se propõe também a refletir sobre as possibilidades de superação de práticas fragmentárias ou sobrepostas na relação com os usuários de serviços estatais. No Brasil, as ações governamentais integradas, intersetorial e interinstitucionalmente são indicativos para a execução de várias políticas públicas federais. Entretanto, as políticas públicas de caráter social, sob a lógica jurídico-administrativa da descentralização, nos revelam que em governos municipais, as práticas intersetoriais, quando ocorrem, ainda figuram como processos inovadores e experimentais, viabilizados mais pelo interesse de seus agentes, do que por uma decisão política de governo. Neste sentido o ensaio sinaliza dimensões sob as quais é possível o aprofundamento do debate da intersetorialidade, sua consecução interdependente da lógica territorial de operacionalização de políticas públicas e de reflexões no campo ético-político da gestão, contrapondo-se à perspectiva gerencial, eixo do neoliberalismo político.
Crypto wars e bloqueio de aplicativos: o debate sobre regulação jurídica da criptografia nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil
Authors: Liguori Filho Carlos Augusto , Salvador João Pedro Favaretto
Published: February 2019

O presente artigo tem como objetivo principal descrever e analisar os debates públicos sobre regulação jurídica da criptografia e acesso governamental a dados criptografados nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil, identificando pontos de convergência e divergência. Conforme a utilização de mecanismos criptográficos para fins privados – para comunicação online e armazenamento de dados – foi se tornando cada vez mais comum, autoridades passaram a enfrentar diversas dificuldades em relação à obtenção de dados no contexto de investigações criminais. Este cenário ensejou debates acerca da necessidade de uma regulação jurídica da criptografia, impondo possíveis restrições à sua utilização. De um lado, facilitaria o acesso por autoridades; de outro, poderia gerar enormes consequências em relação à segurança e privacidade de cidadãos. Nesse sentido pretende-se, em primeiro lugar, descrever como o debate foi conduzido nos Estados Unidos na década de 1990 e na década de 2010 – o que ficou conhecido como as crypto wars. Em seguida, será apresentado o debate no Brasil, motivado pelos sucessivos bloqueios do aplicativo WhatsApp entre 2015 e 2016. Por fim, será realizada uma análise sobre diferenças e semelhanças entre os debates, apontando para possíveis consequências de suas particularidades.
Mall Performance: Corporate, Retail, Restaurants and E-commerce Effects
Authors: Joseph Elisee
Published: February 2019

Using continuous data from 2005-2016, the original purpose of this comprehensive research is to examine the relationships between mall-level sales per square foot and corporate performance. Through the use of discrete data, the alternative purpose of this research is to measure the overall performance of malls against the overall performance of individual stores, restaurants and e-commerce companies through the component of sales revenue, store productivity, real estate, and social media presence. Additionally, this researcher also implements a scoring model that can measure the performance of many individual retail institutions, e-commerce business, and restaurants. The results in this study suggest that mall performance is not correlated to corporate financial performance. However, this study generally shows a positive relationship between mall level performance and the overall performance of individual retail stores, restaurants and e-commerce businesses.
Hot Pepper viii. Reduction of Microbial Spoilage and Physio-chemical Deterioration in Processed Caribbean Peppers
Authors: Bridgemohan Puran , Mohammed Majeed , Bridgemohan Ronell S. H. , Mohammed Zareef
Published: February 2019

The quality in the small producers’ hot pepper industry is affected by microbial and thermal processing which reduces the physio-chemical qualities of the final product particularly colour retention and to a lesser extent pungency. A series of studies explored the causes and evaluated some protocols to reduce microbial infection and the loss of pigment using varying sealant caps of vegetable oil and sodium chloride, in addition to preserving agents (calcium chloride, ascorbic acid, sodium benzoate, sodium chloride, and calcium citrate). The result confirmed that red pepper mash in 100g CaCl2 (calcium chloride) submerged under vegetable oil sealant cap retained “L”, ‘a’, ‘b’ colour coordinates as the fresh peppers beyond 100 days with no loss of colour, pungency and flavour.
The Enemy of All Humanity
Authors: Luban David
Published: February 2019

The Enemy of All Humanity

Trationally, the term “enemy of all humanity” (hostis generis humani) referred to pirates. In contemporary international criminal law, it refers to perpetrators of crimes against humanity and other core. This essay traces the evolution of the concept, and then offers an analysis that ties it more closely to ancient tyrants than to pirates. Some object that the label is dehumanizing, and justifies arbitrary killing of the “enemy of humanity.” The essay admits the danger, but defends the concept if it is restricted to fair trials. Rather than dehumanizing its target, calling the hostis generis humani to account in a court of law is a way of recognizing that radical evil can be committed by humans no different from any of us.
‘Cruel Men Can Do Kind Things and Kind Men Can Do Cruel Things’
Authors: Stolk Sofia
Published: February 2019

‘Cruel Men Can Do Kind Things and Kind Men Can Do Cruel Things’: Reconsidering the Enemy of Humanity in Contemporary International Criminal Trial Discourse

This article discusses empirical examples from international trial transcripts to see if and why there is a need to use the ‘enemy of all humanity’ label in contemporary international criminal justice discourse. It shows an absence of explicit uses of the concept and an ambiguous set of implicit references; the hosti generis humani concept is simultaneously too precise and too broad for ICJ discourse. Based on these findings, the article challenges David Luban’s suggestion that the term can be undone from its dehumanizing potential and used adequately in the ICJ context.