bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can You have too Much of a Good Thing? The Limits of Voice for Improving Satisfaction with Leaders
Authors: Peterson Randall S.
Published: June 2007

Research on procedural justice has consistently found that increases in voice are associated with enhanced ratings of procedural fairness, satisfaction with leaders, and acceptance of decisions made by authorities. This research extends those findings in two ways by (a) replicating the voice effect in small group decision making with a low status leader and (b) illustrating the limit of voice in improving support for leaders under conditions of persistent conflict. Results from Study 1 suggest that people care about their treatment by leaders because it provides them with information about their value within the group rather than because the leader controls important resources. Study 2 demonstrates that very high levels of voice can be associated with reduced leader support and lower levels of decision satisfaction under conditions of persistent conflict. These results suggest that extensive use of voice by leaders has limited advantages when people fundamentally disagree.
Are Most People Happier than their Peers, or Are They Just Happy?
Authors: Klar Yechiel , Giladi Eilath E.
Published: June 2007

Most people judge themselves to be content with their lives. However, they also judge themselves to be more content than the others in their group, which is a logical impossibility. In line with previous speculations, the authors found in two studies that comparative contentment judgments were highly related to judgments of one’s own contentment but entirely unrelated to judgments of comparison of others’ contentment. That is, comparative contentment judgments are predominantly self-focused. Researchers asking the question, “How content are you relative to your peers?” should be aware that the response might well be to the question “How content are you?”
The Impact of Personal Metering in the Management of a Natural Resource Crisis: A Social Dilemma Analysis
Authors: van Vugt Mark , Samuelson Charles D.
Published: June 2007

A field study and scenario study were conducted to investigate the impact of a structural solution in the management of a natural resource dilemma: the effects of individual metering in a water shortage. It was predicted that metering would be beneficial in promoting conservation, in particular, when people experienced a shortage. Consistent with expectations, the results of both studies revealed that conservation efforts were greater among metered (vs. unmetered) participants when they perceived the water shortage as severe. Additional analyses suggested that the positive effect of metering could be partially explained by a greater concern with the collective costs of overconsumption during the drought. Our findings suggest that structural solutions, such as metering, may produce concomitant effects that extend beyond the outcome structure of the social dilemma.
To belong or to Self-Enhance? Motivational Bases for Choosing Interaction Partners
Authors: Rudich Eric A. , Vallacher Robin R.
Published: June 2007

The present research investigated motives for choosing interaction partners in people with varying levels of self-esteem. The authors predicted that high self-esteem individuals would choose to interact with someone who provided positive feedback about their personalities, regardless of his or her interest in forming a relationship, whereas those with low self-esteem would choose to interact with someone who expressed interest in forming a relationship, regardless of his or her assessment of their personalities. In four studies, participants were asked to choose between two interaction partners who provided feedback that included different combinations of acceptance and positivity. Results supported the authors’ prediction. Discussion addressed the hierarchical nature of social motivation and the seemingly paradoxical interaction preferences of low self-esteem individuals.
Gender, Work, and Family in Cuba: The Challenges of the Special Period
Authors: Toro-Morn Maura I. , Roschelle Anne R. , Facio Elisa
Published: June 2007

It is within the context of the Special Period, the economic crisis that began in the early 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the tightening of the economic blockade by the United States, that we analyze work and family relations in Cuba. Although women made significant gains in the labor market after the Revolution, the Special Period has eroded many of these gains. Using interviews collected in Cuba, we document the struggles that women workers encountered in order to continue to support their families and stay in the labor market. The growth of jobs in the tourist sector has led to worker redistribution and occupational downward mobility, as workers moved from professional to less skilled jobs in the tourism industry with little opportunities for mobility. We also capture how the Special Period has impacted Cuban families. Despite state attempts to legislate gender equity within the family, patriarchy was never fully eradicated in the home. This failure of the revolutionary project has been exacerbated by the country’s current economic crisis. The burden of this crisis has fallen more heavily on women who continue to shoulder the responsibility for household work and childcare.
Globalization and Development in Latin America: Economic Integration, Health, Labor and Popular Mobilization
Authors: Harris Richard L.
Published: June 2007

In this brief introductory essay, the main themes and issues addressed by the contributions to this collection of essays are analyzed within the current setting of globalization and development in Latin America and the Caribbean region. The region is undergoing profound transformations at all levels and in all sectors— in its economic, social, cultural and political relations and at the subnational, national, and international levels. This introduction discusses the context and provides an overview of the most important issues addressed in depth by the various contributors to the collection, particularly the issues associated with regional economic integration, health, labor, subnational development, and popular mobilization.
The Gaelic Athletic Association, Rule 21, and Police Reform in Northern Ireland
Authors: Hassan David
Published: June 2007

Society in Northern Ireland has undergone substantial change in recent years, the most controversial aspect of this being the reform of policing following the report of the Independent Commission for Policing in Northern Ireland in 1999. Section 15.2 of the report’s recommendations called on the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), Ireland’s largest sporting body, to repeal Rule 21. This rule prevented security force personnel in Northern Ireland from joining the GAA. Utilizing Mawby’s models on policing, this article examines a range of views expressed by GAA members concerning the rule’s eventual removal. Those advocating the retention of Rule 21 cited decades of alleged maltreatment at the hands of state security forces. In contrast, a growing body of opinion within the wider nationalist community favored a more enlightened approach on the issue. The resulting discourse reflected the symbolic importance of Rule 21 in the construction of Irish Nationalism as a whole.
That’s Who I Want to be
Authors: Helstein Michelle T.
Published: June 2007

Through a critical examination of representational images produced by Nike and directed to female consumers, this article makes visible the politics and production of desire within Nike advertising to women. It begins by highlighting how Nike, through its association of knowledge, power, and truth, has and continues to publicize and authorize a particular notion of who or what counts as a female athlete. It proceeds by engaging in a careful psychoanalytic reading of Nike’s ideal of excellence for serious female athletes and athletics in combination with themes of emancipation within the most recent advertising efforts directed to women. The article illustrates that desire is constructed through political and cultural conditions, but it also invested with the power to authorize and normalize those conditions. Therefore, desire must be an object of analysis within critical readings of Nike.
Social Interaction, the Arrangement of Interior Space, and Racetrack Renovation
Authors: Kruse Holly
Published: June 2007

Recent and planned renovations of horse racing sites create simulcast monitor- viewing spaces to accommodate different forms of social interaction at racetracks, and, at new off-track betting facilities (OTBs), they are made to re-semble upscale sports bars. Furthermore, interactive horse race wagering services are now accessible in private space. Competition with other sports and leisure options has made viewing racing, even in person, an increasingly mediated event, raising questions about how technologies organize space and about the nature of our experiences in the physical spaces—including those devoted to sporting events—created by interactive media.
“I’m Indian Too!”
Authors: Springwood Charles Fruehling
Published: June 2007

The author examines the ways in which people who are not “ethnically Indian” have, nevertheless, strategically claimed Indianness to argue in favor of Native American mascots. The selective (mis)use and inflation of American Indian identity is hardly a new practice, but in this context, it occurs to very specific political ends. This debate has important consequences for all Native Americans. Indeed, it is argued here that a number of White people are now rhetorically fabricating Indianness in debates, not to realign themselves psychically or sympathetically withNative Americans but rather to obscure, if not dissolve, Native voices.
Parallel Discourses and “Appropriate” Bodies: Media Constructions of Anorexia and Obesity in the Cases of Tracey Gold and Carnie Wilson
Authors: Ferris Julie E.
Published: June 2007

Mass media images of gender, beauty, and women have been at the heart of many feminist arguments about the need for change in our understanding of gender and the role it plays in our day-to-day existence. The role of a body, much like the role of a woman, is also negotiated between the pages and airwaves of a popular culture that precariously favors particular excessive behaviors and norms. A textual analysis of the popular press discourse surrounding two bodies, prominently defined in popular culture, demonstrates specific rhetorical strategies at work in the construction of the “appropriate” cultural body. This article explores how these two bodies are positioned at the border of cultural intelligibility and how these bodies, acting as discourse themselves, speak to culture and reify their positions on the margins.
Women, Power, and Photography in the New York Times Magazine
Authors: Sultze Kimberly
Published: June 2007

This case study is a cultural analysis of The New York Times Magazine 2001 special photography issue on women and power. Drawing from semiotic and feminist theories and critical frameworks, the author analyzes the magazine's treatment of the topic of gender and power, and compares it to existing concerns about stereotyped portrayals of women in mass media. The author argues that significant factors are prohibiting the magazine's treatment of the topic from being a significantly new or reconfigured vision: tensions between the magazine's editorial and advertising content, as well as a recurring emphasis on the importance of physical attractiveness and passivity, even for powerful women. In light of these findings, the author considers existing critical perspectives on how restricted depictions of women might begin to be changed.
Dowry in Bangladesh: Compromizing Women’s Rights
Authors: Huda Shahnaz
Published: June 2007

Marriage negotiations for Bangladeshi Muslims involve various financial transactions including primarily the religiously sanctioned dower ( mahr). Added to mahr, the practice of dowry or joutuk, demands made by the husband’s side to the bride’s side, have in the last few decades become a widespread practice supported neither by state law nor personal laws, but apparently designed to strengthen traditional patriarchal assumptions. Based on detailed fieldwork, this article discusses the historical assimilation of dowry practices in Bangladesh, including debates regarding its social ramifications on women’s rights in Bangladesh, linked now to growing evidence of dowry-related violence. The existing dowry practices, despite legal intervention, continue to compromise women’s rights in Bangladesh.
‘I have mastered the Braille Code but no one has taught me how to teach it’
Authors: Johnston Dolores
Published: June 2007

This paper presents the results of a postal questionnaire survey carried out in the south-west of England into the teaching of braille to school-age children. It reports upon the qualifications and experiences of the school teachers and learning support assistants (LSAs) involved in this work. It also enquires into materials and resources available. The survey research methodology is supplemented by an account of the views of delegates attending a national conference on the issues addressed in the postal survey.
Differentiation strategies relating to the inclusion of a student with a severe visual impairment in higher education (modern foreign languages)
Authors: Lewin-Jones Jenny , Hodgson Joe
Published: June 2007

A teacher of modern foreign languages (MFL) and a teacher of the visually impaired working in a university college explore and examine the needs of a student with a severe visual impairment embarking upon a course in German. This article sets out to illustrate the needs of both the student and the teachers. It also reflects upon some of the problems facing teachers in higher education (HE) when meeting a severely visually impaired (VI) student for the first time. The resultant case study offers insight into the process required to maintain academic standards while fully including the student in the course.
Perceptions of the Societal Image of Muslim Arab Divorced Men and Women in Israel
Authors: Savaya Rivka , Cohen Orna
Published: June 2007

This study examined perceptions by divorced Muslim men and women citizens of Israel of their society’s image of divorced persons and the associations between these perceptions and their adjustment to their divorce. The study is based on the reports of a heterogeneous sample of 312 divorced men and women in this community. Findings show that, on the whole, the participants perceive their society as stigmatizing divorced women as bad parents and spouses more than divorced men, that divorced women perceive greatersocietal stigmatization than divorced men, and that adjustment to divorce was directly related to individuals’ perceptions of the societal imageof the divorced person of their own sex.
Abnormal Outcomes Following Cervical Cancer Screening: Event Duration and Health Utility Loss
Authors: Insinga Ralph P. , Glass Andrew G. , Myers Evan R. , Rush Brenda B.
Published: June 2007

Background. For decision analytic models, little empirical data are available from which to model the amount of time women spend with various cervical cytologic and histologic diagnoses following an abnormal Pap smear or the associated loss in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Methods. The authors retrospectively examined administrative and cytopathology data for women with abnormal routine cervical smears within the Kaiser Permanente Northwest (Portland, OR) health plan during 1998. Data were examined through the conclusion of follow-up, with final outcomes categorized as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 1 to 3 (n = 201) or a false-positive result (n = 722) if no CIN or cancer was detected on follow-up. CIN outcomes were assigned according to the initial grade of dysplasia observed during the care episode in the primary analysis. The number of months spent with various cytologic and histologic diagnoses during the course of follow-up was tabulated, and utility weights were assigned using data from a prior study reporting time tradeoff scores for cervical health states. Results. The average total duration of follow-up was between 18 and 22 months for women with CIN, compared with 10 months for a false-positive Pap smear. The number of months spent with either an abnormal cytologic or histologic diagnosis was greater (P = 0.01) for women with CIN 1 (12.6 months) than CIN 3 (9.2 months), although this relationship was reversed for time spent receiving negative follow-up Pap smears and biopsies to rule out the presence of CIN and cancer. Total QALY losses per episode of care were estimated to be 0.11 for all 3 grades of CIN and 0.04 for a false-positive Pap smear. Conclusions. The health and psychosocial burdens asso ciated with follow-up for abnormal Pap smears translate into tangible QALY losses in a decision analytic context, with women receiving many months of follow-up and a variety of cytologic and histologic diagnoses over the course of a care episode.
Meaning of Life as Perceived by Drug-Abusing People
Authors: Wolf Yuval , Katz Sarah , Nachson Israel
Published: June 2007

Two different methodologies, Crumbaugh & Maholic's Purpose in Life Test and Anderson's Functional Measurement, were used to compare the way meaning of life is perceived by two groups of substance-abusing people: one group consisted of 10 people who successfully completed a six-month withdrawal program based on Frankl's Logotherapy; the other group included 15 people who dropped out at the beginning stages of the program. Most of the comparisons between these groups pointed to a more positive existential orientation (in logotherapeutic terms) among those who accomplished successful withdrawal than among the subjects who failed to complete the program. Therapeutic and methodological implications of this study's approach to the measurement of the perceptions of substance-abusing people are discussed.
Chronic orthopedic problems in the young athlete
Authors: Cahill Bernard R.
Published: June 2007

The young athlete presents problems for the doctor in sports medicine that are not present in the senior high school or older athlete. Growth spurts, sexual development and altered life standards all play their part. The parents, their goals for their children, the coaches and the milieu in which the young athlete lives must influence the physician in his decisions regarding this athlete.
An avoidable soccer injury
Authors: Gunther Stephen F.
Published: June 2007

A soccer injury in which a forward frac tures his tibia and fibula in a collision with the goaltender was witnessed by the author three times in one season. In each instance the mechanism of injury was the same. If the players are instructed to recognize and an ticipte the injury-situation, then this injury can be avoided.
Ulnar nerve entrapment syndrome in baseball players
Authors: Del Pizzo Wilson , Jobe Frank W. , Norwood Lyle
Published: June 2007

Ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow has been described in the literature. This paper deals with 19 skeletally mature baseball play ers with ulnar nerve entrapment who under went surgery for correction of the problem. The surgery consisted of anterior transfer of the nerve and placement deep to the flexor muscles. Six players quit baseball because of continuing elbow problems, nine returned to playing, and four were lost to follow-up. Ulnar nerve entrapment is thought to represent one syndrome in a spectrum of diseases involving the medial side of the elbow in baseball play ers. The lesion is amenable to surgery.
Entrapment neuropathy of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve
Authors: House James H. , Ahmed Khalid
Published: June 2007

This paper describes a syndrome of entrap ment of the infrapatellar branch of the saphe nous nerve attributable to its anatomical rela tionship to the sartorius muscle and justifies its identification as a distinct entity. Surgery was performed on four knees in three pa tients for localized pain and tenderness. The infrapatellar nerve was found entrapped be hind the sartorius tendon against the promi nent edge of the medial femoral condyle and sharply angulated while passing around the sartorius in two knees. Entrapment during passage of the nerve through a slit in the musculotendinous portion of the sartorius was observed in the others. All patients had complete relief of symptoms after transloca tion of the nerve away from the site of entrap ment. The characteristic findings demon strate the need to be aware of the possibility of entrapment of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve when evaluating pa tients with pain on the medial aspect of the knee.
Spectrum of lesions of the anterior capsular mechanism of the shoulder
Authors: Kummel Bertram M.
Published: June 2007

The anterior capsular mechanism appears to be the common denominator in a number of shoulder problems ranging from the recurrent dislocation ("too loose") to the frozen shoulder ("too tight"). The shoulder region and the anterior capsular mechanism can be carefully and accurately assessed by arthrog raphy and cineradiography. Bicipital tenosynovitis has been held accountable for shoulder problems at each extreme of the spectrum. Bicipital tenosynovitis may exist in many shoulders; however, in corrective procedures for the unstable shoulder, the biceps becomes a dynamic reinforcement of the anterior capsule. In the frozen shoulder, the biceps tendon frequently is seen as normal at surgery and the anterior capsular mechanism is identified as the site of the essential lesion. Surgery may switch the patient's problem from one side of the spectrum to the other. Shoulder problems should be investigated thoroughly and evaluated in terms of the patient's requirements for shoul der motion as well as in terms of the orthopaedic surgeon's usual criteria for recommending corrective procedures.
Comparison of isometric muscle training and electrical stimulation supplementing isometric muscle training in the recovery after major knee ligament surgery
Authors: Eriksson Ejnar , Häggmark Tom
Published: June 2007

Eight patients undergoing reconstruction of the anterior cru ciate ligament were randomly allocated into two groups. The control group received a standard plaster cast and isometric muscle training. The stimulated group received a standard plaster cast, isometric training, and percutaneous electrical stimulation during the recovery period. The patients were examined clinically and with repeated muscle biopsies before surgery, 1 week after surgery, and 5 weeks after surgery at the time of removal of the cast. The electrically stimulated group had better muscle function from a clinical point of view and their succinate dehydrogenase activities were significantly higher than those in the control group. Electrical stimulation thus could prevent the fall in oxidative enzyme activity which was noted in the control group. The results suggest that percutaneous electrical stimulation may be a way of preventing muscle atrophy after major knee ligament surgery in athletes.
Strains of the posterior calf musculature ("tennis leg")
Authors: Millar Anthony P.
Published: June 2007

Strains of the posterior calf musculature frequently relate to overuse of the gastrocnemius muscle. The principal sports involved are the slower side-to-side sports. Treatment routine is composed of pain relief, passive stretching, exercises for the antagonists and later the agonists, and quadriceps exercises. In a series of 720 patients, over a 12-year period, this routine has been effective as evidenced by a recurrence of the condition in only 0.7% of the patients. Prevention of the injury is best obtained by regular stretching and strength development rou tines.
Natural history of anterior cruciate tears
Authors: Arnold James A. , Coker Tom P. , Heaton Lynn M. , Park John P. , Harris Walter Duke
Published: June 2007

An evaluation of 361 patients with documented anterior cru ciate tears was carried out with analysis of mechanisms, symp tomatology, physical findings, and limitations. At the time of injury, patients generally heard a loud pop and felt their knee "slide apart" with a subsequent hemarthrosis. Internal tibial rotation was described as the principal mechanism of injury in 81.6% of the patients. Less than 20% had a triad type injury. A "crossover" test enabled reproduction of the mechanism. On a 100 point scale, those with "no repair" scored a mean of 55.4, direct repairs 56.7, pes transfers 59.6, and modified MacIntosh 88.9 points. The natural course of a patient can often be projected. A continuing comparative study of results from treatment regimens and procedures is indicated.
Epidemiology of women's gymnastics injuries
Authors: Garrick James G. , Requa Ralph K.
Published: June 2007

Injury information from 98 participants in 2 years of interscho lastic women's gymnastics competition in four Seattle area high schools was collected by certified athletic trainers. During the 2nd year of data collection, the study was expanded to include an additional 12-team high school league, 2 college teams, and 3 private clubs. A wide variety of injuries was observed, the total time loss injury rate was 39.8 injuries per 100 participant-seasons. Strains and sprains involving the back, particularly the lumbar region, appeared to occur more fre quently than in most other interscholastic athletic activities. Ankle sprains were also common, and a relatively high fre quency of thigh and leg strains and overuse problems of the leg were seen. This suggests that there may well be room for improvement in conditioning and other preventive programs in women's gymnastics.
Influence of therapeutic doses of amoxicillin on aerobic work capacity and some strength characteristics
Authors: Kuipers Harm , Verstappen Frans T.J. , Reneman Robert S.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not amoxicillin in therapeutic doses could have an influence on maximal aerobic work capacity and some strength character istics in trained subjects.

Fifteen volunteers (men; age range, 21 to 38 years; mean, 28.8 years) were examined once weekly for 4 consecutive weeks, and on these occasions the following variables and parameters were measured: maximum workload attained on the bicycle ergometer, maximum heart rate, maximum serum lactate concentration, heart rate and serum lactate concentra tion after 10 min at 80% of the maximum workload attained, maximum isometric extension force of the legs, vertical jump height, and body weight. During the baseline period, the deter mined variables and parameters did not show any significant difference between Test 1 and Test 2. During the 3rd and 4th week of the test period, the subjects received at random either placebo (6-aminopenicillanic acid) or amoxicillin in therapeutic doses (375 mg, 3 times a day) every day for 5 days. After the third test in the 3rd week, there was a cross-over, ensuring that each volunteer was examined during placebo as well as during amoxicillin medication. The serum amoxicillin levels were de termined. After statistical analysis, no influence of amoxicillin or placebo on the parameters and physiologic variables was demonstrable.
Propeller injuries incurred in boating accidents
Authors: Mann Ronald J.
Published: June 2007

Water skiing, boat racing, skin and scuba diving, as well as just pleasure cruising are increasing in popularity. As a result, the incidence of injuries secondary to motor propellers is becoming more frequent. In a 15-year period (1963 to 1978), the author has collected a total of 32 cases of propeller injuries. In some cases amputations were necessary and in other cases amputa tions occurred at the time of injury. Problems with bacterial flora (Pseudomonas sp.) occur in open sea water. Salt water enclosed near docks and fresh lake water may have many different organisms because of contamination with raw or treated sewage. Bacterial contamination was a problem in the majority of the cases. The initial handling of the wounds was important in the final outcome. Difficulties with prosthetic fitting and management have occurred.

It is hoped that legislation requiring safety propellers and compulsory third-party presence in water ski boats will be forthcoming. A search of the orthopaedic literature both in English and foreign languages revealed sparse information referable to propeller injuries.
Air stirrup management of ankle injuries in the athlete
Authors: Stover Cornelius N.
Published: June 2007

A new support system for ankle injuries featuring a prefabri cated shell with inner lining air bags provides protection and yet permits function is described.
Schering Symposium On Sports Medicine
Authors: Shaffer Thomas E.
Published: June 2007

Increased interest in physical fitness and widespread partici pation in sports by males and females makes sports medicine an important factor in most physicians' practices. Medical advice and treatment are more often sought by athletes and their families.

Preadolescent athletes present special problems in sports because of their growth, development, and physical character istics. Rules and regulations designed for adults are not always appropriate for young athletes. Chronologic age is not a suita ble criterion for matching young contestants in competitive sports because adolescent growth and physical development vary.

Boys and girls like competition and may safely and success fully participate when the special characteristics and potentials of growing children are taken into consideration in the planning of sports for youths.
Arthroscopy: Its role in diagnosis and treatment of athletic knee injuries
Authors: Curran William P. , Woodward E. Paul
Published: June 2007

The authors performed 396 knee arthroscopies on athletic patients under general or spinal anesthesia. One hundred-fifty patients underwent arthroscopy after a careful history and physical examination. The clinical diagnosis was correct in 97 patients, correct but incomplete in 25 patients, and incorrect in 28 patients. Our total clinical accuracy rate was 71%. Arthros copy increased accuracy from 71 to 97%.

The remaining 153 patients had knee arthrography before undergoing diagnostic arthroscopy. The arthrographic accu racy rate for the medial compartment was 63% and for the lateral compartment was 36%. Arthroscopic accuracy rate for these patients was 95% for the medial and 97% for the lateral compartments.

Two hundred of the 250 arthroscopies were followed by immediate arthrotomy. There were no deep or superficial infec tions. Arthroscopy, when compared to our clinical impression and arthrography, was the most accurate diagnostic aid. Using it we made the correct diagnosis in 392 out of 396 patients.
Acromioclavicular lesions in children
Authors: Eidman Dan K. , Siff Sherwin J. , Tullos Hugh S.
Published: June 2007

This study reports on the followup of 25 children who were thought to have complete acromioclaviular joint dislocations. The patients were from 5 to 16 years old at the time of injury. Followup ranged between one and nine years. All were treated surgically.

Various methods of stabilization were used, includ ing transfixing the acromioclavicular joint with pins or a Bosworth screw and Mersilene (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) taping of the clavicle to the coracoid.

Good or excellent results, including return to full, asymptomatic activity and essentially normal clinical and roentgenographic appearance, were seen in over 90% of the cases. None of the children developed growth disturbances. Two of the 25 developed asymp tomatic acromioclavicular joint arthritis, and both were cross-pinned.

Children below the age of 13 years rarely sustain a complete acromioclavicular joint dislocation, but usu ally sustain a fracture of the distal clavicle with an intact acromioclavicular joint. Five (20%) of 25 pa tients below age 13 were erroneously diagnosed as having an acromioclavicular joint lesion. These chil dren had only a fracture of the distal clavicle with rupture of the coracoclavicular ligament complex. Children of 13 years and older usually sustained com plete dislocations of the acromioclavicular joint similar to adults.

In children below age 13, conservative treatment should produce good or excellent results. Patients above age 13 all had adult-type acromioclavicular joint dislocations and were, accordingly, treated as adults.
Herniated lumbar disk associated with running
Authors: Guten Gary
Published: June 2007

This paper studies the courses of treatment and re covery in 10 runners with acute back and leg pain. All ran at least 20 miles/week, had pain during or shortly after running, and were diagnosed for herniated lum bar disk by myelogram, electromyogram (EMG), or objective motor weakness and reflex changes. Two or more high-risk factors contributed to the disk syn drome in each runner. These included being 30 to 50 years old (9 runners), being under 72 inches tall (6 runners), having tight joints (6 runners), changing running style (5 runners), and having a previous her niated lumbar disk (3 runners). Early diagnostic prob lems led to incorrect initial diagnosis in three runners. The conservative treatment program consisted of controlled rest, anti-inflammatory medication, alter native exercises, and a gradual return to running in 6 to 12 weeks.

All runners were treated with Williams' exercises. Eight were put in traction as inpatients, and seven were given injections of epidural steroids. Three re quired laminectomies; two of these resumed active running. The return to sports participation was excel lent in this group. Eight returned to active running and one became a marathon bicyclist. Only one runner was unable to return actively to sports.
Indirect assessment of cardiovascular "demands" using telemetry on professional football players
Authors: Gleim Gilbert W. , Witman Philip A. , Nicholas James A.
Published: June 2007

Aerobic training is not a major component of the conditioning programs of professional football play ers. We used telemetric ECG monitoring to examine the cardiovascular "demands" of practice and game situations in six athletes who were selected to affect a variety of positions and aerobic capacities. Heart rates commonly considered high enough for an aero bic conditioning effect were rarely attained during practice sessions. Maximum oxygen consumption testing confirmed that professional football players do not receive a sufficient amount of aerobic conditioning during practice. Telemetrically monitored heart rate response is much greater in a game situation than that experienced during practice. Telemetry results sup port injury statistics by indicating that aerobic condi tioning should have a significant role in the training program of the professional football player.
Performance of an athlete with straight posterior knee instability
Authors: Cain Thomas E. , Schwab Greg H.
Published: June 2007

Isolated posterior ligamentous insufficiency of the knee frequently terminates an athlete's career and may even adversely affect the performance of tasks of daily living. Return to competitive athletics following surgical reconstruction for posterior instability is un usual. The pathophysiology of the lesion and a bio mechanical analysis are discussed. A case report of an athlete with a ruptured posterior cruciate ligament who is presently successfully competing in profes sional football is also presented. Rigorous quantitative techniques were employed to document the compen satory mechanisms involved. These consisted of ex tremely strong quadriceps muscles contracting much earlier than normal in the gait cycle. Earlier quadriceps contraction to increase dynamic stability in the knee is able to overcome the instability resulting from the incompetent posterior cruciate ligament.
A surgical procedure for the Osgood-Schlatter lesion
Authors: King Andrew G. , Blundell-Jones G.
Published: June 2007

Although the Osgood-Schlatter lesion (OSL) usually heals spontaneously, symptoms often continue for 2 or 3 years. Affected young people are often keen on sporting or strenuous activities, and enforced reduced physical activity may cause considerable frustration and emotional disruption. A simple procedure which had been advocated for severely affected children wanting to be active in sports was evaluated. The procedure promised to alleviate pain and allow pa tients to return to unrestricted sporting activities within a short period without fear of relapse. It involved splitting the quadriceps tendon vertically along the line of its fibers and removing the avulsed fragments by excising any attachment between the fragment and the cartilage or bone of the anterior portion of the proximal tibial apophysis.

The results in 66 patients who underwent this pro cedure were reviewed, with an average follow-up time of 4.8 years. There were 11 bilateral cases, making 77 lesions. The average patient age was 13.5 years. Sixty patients indicated at the time of surgery that they had been keen on sporting activities. The average preoperative duration of symptoms was 13 months. Postoperatively, patients regained ability to participate in full sporting activities after an average 3.8 months. There were no relapses. The most frequent long-term complaints after surgery related to residual promi nence of the tibial tuberosity, reported in 25% of the cases. There were no cases of genu recurvatum. From these results, we recommend the operation for pa tients with OSL whose disability recurs after prolonged conservative treatment or as a primary procedure in severely affected young people especially keen on sporting activities.
Lateral roentgenographic projections of the acromioclavicular joint
Authors: Waldrop John I. , Norwood Lyle A. , Alvarez Richard G.
Published: June 2007

Although the acromioclavicular joint is frequently in jured in both contact and noncontact sports, the treat ment is nonspecific, as demonstrated by the numerous methods of treatment currently employed. Despite treatment, some shoulders still develop chronic symp toms and disability during overhead lifting, throwing, and swinging. Perhaps these difficulties develop as a result of an incomplete evaluation of the joint and because the exact nature of the injury is not appreci ated. Therefore, the shoulder develops chronic prob lems.

We have routinely utilized a lateral roentgenogram of the acromion to evaluate the acromioclavicular joint. This has significantly aided us in the diagnosis and treatment of acromioclavicular joint injuries, es pecially when there was posterior dislocation of the distal clavicle.

This presentation reviews standard roentgenogra phy of the acromioclavicular joint and illustrates the method of obtaining the lateral projection as described by O. M. Alexander. We will also show how this method has helped us clinically in detecting posterior dislocations of the distal end of the clavicle.
Recurrent subluxation of the glenohumeral joint
Authors: Hastings David E. , Coughlin Larry P.
Published: June 2007

Recurrent subluxation of the shoulder is a common condition. In our hospital, 30% of operations for shoul der instability were performed on patients who never had a frank dislocation but presented with symptoms of instability or, occasionally, simply with pain on throwing. The most common physical finding in this group was apprehension on abduction-external rota tion. Thirty-four of the 50 shoulders with subluxation showed radiological changes consisting mainly of in fraglenoid new bone formation. Six showed fracture of the anterior glenoid margin. Examination under anaesthesia demonstrated the instability on all cases in which it was tested. Thirty-three of the 50 shoulders had Bankart lesions and six had anterior glenoid mar gin fractures. Thirty-nine shoulders were treated by Putti-Platt repair and 10 had stapling alone. There was a tendency for loss of external rotation in patients with Putti-Platt reinforcement. We conclude that re current subluxation of the shoulder is a common injury that can be confirmed by demonstrating subluxation under anaesthesia, and Bankart repair alone is rec ommended if the athlete is to return to throwing activ ities.
Medial collateral ligament injuries in football
Authors: Derscheid Gary L. , Garrick James G.
Published: June 2007

During four academic years (1974-1978) at a major university, 51 of 70 knee injuries sustained by football players were Grade I or II sprains of the medial collat eral ligament of the knee. All were managed identically with an active rehabilitation program involving partial or no immobilization. Players with Grade I sprains returned to full, unprotected participation after an average of 10.6 days of time loss; those with Grade II sprains returned after 19.5 days. Neither group showed an appreciably increased likelihood of rein- jury. The likelihood of sustaining any knee injury was more than three times greater during spring as op posed to fall football.
The use of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle in the posterior cruciate-deficient knee
Authors: Kennedy J.C. , Galpin R.D.
Published: June 2007

This review retrospectively analyzes a group of pa tients with chronic posterior cruciate insufficiency who were treated surgically with transfer of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle.

Our indications, technique, and the results of this surgery are presented.

Twenty-one patients (21 knees) over the last 3½ years, from January 1977 to June 1980, were treated by this procedure. Eighteen patients were followed up for more than 8 months after surgery and are included in the review.

Subjectively, pain, swelling, reduction of activity, and functional instability were assessed and graded from 0+ to 3+. Postoperative examination showed improvement of these parameters in most patients.

Objectively, assessment of effusion, patellofemoral joint symptoms, stability, and recurvatum were tabu lated and compared to preoperative information. Of greatest significance was improvement of the patient's overall functional classification in most cases. The posterior sag or drawer sign and patellofemoral com plaints were not altered by the operation.

Gait analysis and isokinetic testing were performed as part of the followup on 50% of the patients.

We advocate this as a safe, effective reconstructive procedure for the posterior cruciate deficient knee with significant advantages over alternative tech niques.
Evaluation of unstable shoulders by computed tomography
Authors: Danzig Larry , Resnick Donald , Greenway Guerdon
Published: June 2007

Three patients who had various types of glenohumeral joint instability, and in whom computed tomography (CT) was utilized as an additional diagnostic modality, are presented. In two of the three patients, routine radiography supplemented with special views docu mented the presence of a Hill-Sachs lesion; in the third, an equivocal abnormality was apparent. In all three individuals, CT verified the presence of a Hill- Sachs lesion; in one patient, there was also a Bankart deformity. CT represents a new and important modal ity that may be applied to the diagnostic evaluation of patients with unstable shoulders.
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Authors: Albrechtsen Steven J. , Harvey John S.
Published: June 2007

Forty-eight mice were treated for 12 time periods from 0 days through 28 days at 24-hour intervals by rinsing the skin area of the Achilles tendon of each hindleg with 100 μl of a solution of 70% drug grade dimethyl sulfoxide in 30% sterile water. After the treatment period the mice were killed and the Achilles tendons were subjected to separation force analysis to determine tensile strength. The mean separation force was shown to be a function of the treatment pe riod (P = 0.0294) with a significant linear compo nent ( P = 0.0049), a significant quadratic com ponent (P = 0.0036), and a significant cubic compo nent ( P = 0.0049). The model identified an initial area of decreasing mean separation force (0 to 7 days), an area of increasing mean separation force (7 to 22 days), and a subsequent area of decreasing mean separation force (22 to 28 days). The maximum de crease in the group mean separation force was 20.2% and was observed in the 7-day treatment group. The clinical significance of the results of this study was that the topical application of dimethyl sulfoxide was associated with periods of decreased mean separa tion forces in tendons. The avoidance of vigorous muscular activity is recommended during therapy with dimethyl sulfoxide.
Percutaneous release of the epicondylar muscles for humeral epicondylitis
Authors: Baumgard Stuart H. , Schwartz Donald R.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes 44 percutaneous epicondylar releases performed on 34 patients with humeral epi condylitis. There were 35 instances of lateral epicon dylitis and 6 of medial epicondylitis. Thirty-two of the lateral releases had an excellent result and 3 were unsatisfactory. Five of the medial procedures were rated as excellent and one unsatisfactory. Two of the three unsatisfactory lateral procedures were reoper ated upon with an excellent result. The one unsatis factory medial epicondylitis underwent reoperation and had excellent results.

In our experience, percutaneous release has a high rate of success, is simple to perform, does not require hospitalization, and has been without complication.
Meniscectomy: arthrotomy versus arthroscopy
Authors: Pettrone Frank A.
Published: June 2007

The arthroscope has changed the orthopaedist's ap proach to evaluation of knee injuries. Diagnostic ar throscopy is now well-accepted and has led to oper ative arthroscopy. The advantages and contraindica tions of operative arthroscopy are reviewed in this report. The physiologic role of the meniscus is dis cussed, stressing the importance of leaving normal tissue. Necessary equipment and cost of each of three advancing stages of arthroscopic surgery capability are discussed. A study group of 68 simple meniscec tomy patients is presented: 34 treated by traditional arthrotomy and meniscectomy, and 34 by arthro scopic meniscectomy. Parameters assessed included: nights in hospital, postoperative swelling, achieve ment of 120° flexion, days on crutches, return to full activity, work, and sports. Operating room and total hospital costs are reviewed. Arthroscopic meniscec tomy produced earlier complete rehabilitation and at less cost in this series.
Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using the semitendinosus tendon
Authors: Puddu Giancarlo , Ippolito Ernesto
Published: June 2007

A histological study was performed on the intraarti cular part of a semitendinosus tendon used 16 months previously to reconstruct the anterior cruciate liga ment for chronic anterolateral anteromedial combined instability. The patient suffered an acute injury to his surgically treated knee playing soccer and ruptured his reconstructed anterior cruciate, allowing us the opportunity to perform a histological evaluation.
Biomechanics of the spine in the polevaulter as related to spondylolysis
Authors: Gainor Barry J. , Hagen Robert J. , Allen William C.
Published: June 2007

An athlete was filmed at high speed to anatomically plot the position of the vertebrae during several pole vaults. A computer analysis adapted from a previously described program (Gainor, BJ, et al: The kick: Bio mechanics and collision injury. Am J Sports Med 6: 185-193, 1978) was used to quantify the kinematic data. The thoracic and lumbar vertebrae of the pole vaulter began in a neutral position but rapidly hyper- extended 40° during pole plant. The spine subse quently flexed 130° in 0.65 seconds as the pole uncoiled and the athlete was propelled towards the bar. Angular velocities of the spine reached a maxi mum of 6 radians/sec during both extension and flexion. More significantly, angular accelerations of 150 radians/sec2 occurred in hyperextension, and 180 radians/sec 2 in hyperflexion. Torque about the spine was estimated to be 1,500 inch-pounds during extension and 1,800 inch-pounds during flexion. The maximum kinetic energy in the athlete's body was calculated to be 36,000 inch-pounds. We believe the magnitude of these torques and accelerations predis pose the back to injury. These results were correlated with several cases of spondylolysis in competing polevau Iters.