bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weather types in Sosnowiec (Poland) during the period 1999-2013
Authors: Dobrowolska Ksenia
Published: July 2015

The study presents the structure of weather types for the city of Sosnowiec during the period 1999-2013. The analysis was carried out on the basis of daily thermal data (the average daily air temperature, the minimum and maximum daily air temperature), cloudiness and precipitation. The data was obtained from a meteorological station belonging to the Department of Climatology at the Faculty of Earth Sciences at the University of Silesia. Weather types were established according to weather type classification after Woś (2010). 48 weather types were specified on the basis of a combination of 3 selected meteorological elements (temperature, cloudiness, precipitation). The number of days in the year and the frequency of particular thermal weather types, weather subtype, weather classes and weather types were characterized, and the changeability of weather types was analyzed. Furthermore, sequences of days with specific weather types were described. The analysis conducted has lead to the conclusion that, during the research period, the weather structure for the city of Sosnowiec was characterized by a great number of weather types observed, with relatively low frequency of occurrence. Weather throughout the year was dominated by warm weather types (3--, 2--, 2--), with weather marked as 310 – very warm, moderately cloudy, without precipitation (12.9%) recorded as the most frequent, followed by 221 – moderately warm, very cloudy, with precipitation (11.6%), and 210 – moderately warm, moderately cloudy, without precipitation (11.4%)as the least frequent one. A diversification in the number of particular classification units in consecutive years of the examined 15-year period does not display significant variability. Short sequences of 2 and 3 days dominated the selected sequences of specific weather types.
Assessment of technogenic pollution of Kyiv (Ukraine) with spectral reflectal characteristics of Tilia cordata Mill. (Tiliaceae) leaves
Authors: Nebesnyy Vitaliy B. , Grodzinskaya Anna A.
Published: July 2015

Complex estimation of industrial pollution in Kyiv using spectrophotometric method for measuring the reflection characteristics of bioindicator species Tilia cordata Mill. leaves was held. As the most informative indicator that determines the state of the plant (by inhibition of the photosynthesis), we selected index of stress (reverse vegetation index). At low values of the index of stress the productivity of photosynthesis is higher and respectively the state of the ecosystem as a whole is better. The spectral reflective coefficients of T. cordata leaves were measured in green – R1 (551.9 nm), red – R2 (656.8 nm) and near infrared – R3 (802.0 nm) the spectrum zones. The measured spectral reflective coefficients in these ranges were from 0 to 1. Studies on reflective characteristics of more than 500 samples of T. cordata leaves from 17 habitats in 7 administrative districts of Kyiv has revealed the trend of increasing index of stress on the gradient of the traffic intensity. On the base of obtained results it is recommended the using of this method for monitoring of environmental quality, the possibility of rapid assessment of current environmental changes. In perspective the offered spectrophotometric method will do possible researches on responses of vegetation to the effect of natural and technogenic stressors at different phases of plant degradation each of that has the own mechanism.
Invasive species in the flora of the Starobilsk grass-meadow steppe (Ukraine)
Authors: Kucher Oksana O.
Published: July 2015

The results of an investigation of the invasive species in the flora of the Starobilsk grass-meadow steppe are presented. Check-list of alien plant has over 386 species of vascular plants of which 28 species are invasive. We have identified 6 transformer species from the invasive plants. We aggregate data on the entry, distribution history, ecology, occurrence in different plant communities, degree of their naturalization and the habitats where they occur. The leading families of invasive species are: Asteraceae. The basis for this group is presented by origin from the North America and the Mediterranean. With respect to the time of immigration, most of them are kenophytes. By the method of introduction, ksenophytes are dominated; according to the degree of naturalization epoecophytes and agriophytes dominate in this group. With regard to the characteristics of life forms, half of invasive species are terophytes. The vast majority of plants are heliophytes and xeromesophytes. Most species are found in biotopes group I: Cultivated agricultural biotopes; least of all species found in biotopes group F: Biotopes dominated by chamephytes and nanophanerophytes. Only 3 species found in biotopes group F: Biotopes dominated by chamephytesand nanophanerophytes. The maps of distribution of 28 invasive species are provided. Most of the species marked dispersed in more than 30 squares.
A Proposed Framework to Reduce Asymmetric Information in Equity Offerings
Authors: Gavious Ilanit
Published: July 2015

The security offering literature shows that firms offering their shares for sale to the public generally manage their earnings upwards around the offering to raise investor demand for the firm’s shares and increase their sale price. In addition, the literature demonstrates that earnings management around the offering increases the information asymmetry between the issuers and outside investors, thereby increasing the issue flotation costs. Markedly increased flotation costs imply, inter alia, a reduced demand for, and pricing of, the new shares offered – the opposite result of that sought by the issuing management. To date, mechanisms to prevent issuing firms from managing earnings opportunistically are non-existent. I address this current gap in the literature by proposing a disclosure-based framework for issuing firms aimed at reducing the extent of information asymmetry between them, outside investors and underwriters. Specifically, I present a mechanism where firms add a voluntary “honest disclosure” section in their issue prospectuses, in which they provide information that reduces uncertainty about their financial reports. I demonstrate that such voluntary disclosures by firms create a reality that encourages truthful reporting around the offering and results in a more effective capital market. The proposed framework does not require a change in current institutional mechanisms. Furthermore, as an integral part of the prospectus, the SEC will scrutinize the disclosure. Last but not least, the new section should not add significant cost to the issuer.
Niños-muchachos en los escenarios españoles del Siglo de Oro
Authors: Borque José María Díez
Published: July 2015

En el siglo XVII era ya habitual la presencia de actores y actrices en los escenarios españoles, lo que no era igual en otros países. Una cuestión importante para la historia del arte escénico es si sólo había hombres y mujeres en escena, es decir, la posible presencia en las tablas de niños y muchachos, lo que arrojaría nueva luz sobre el teatro de la época. Para abordar esta importante cuestión se parte de la muy curiosa y poco conocida obra de Francisco de Araoz, De bene disponenda bibliotheca (1631), poniéndola en relación con otros testimonios de la época, apoyando así la posible presencia aludida.
Los valores persuasivos y argumentativos de la interrogación en el texto editorial: análisis de un corpus tinerfeño
Authors: López Javier Medina
Published: July 2015

Este artículo analiza algunos editoriales del periódico El Día (Tenerife, España). En la primera parte se abordan cuestiones relativas a la argumentación y la persuasión. En la segunda sección del trabajo se analizan 145 frases interrogativas extraídas del corpus de referencia. El objetivo es poner de relieve cómo la interrogación es utilizada por el editorialista como recurso persuasivo. Para todo ello se lleva a cabo un análisis dentro de la pragmática sociocultural o pragmática integral que intentan dar cuenta de todos los componentes lingüísticos y sociales en los que tiene lugar la acción comunicativa. En la parte final del trabajo se muestran los rasgos coloquiales de los editoriales, los cuales persiguen una mayor conexión con el lector con un claro objetivo persuasivo. La principal conclusión a la que se llega es que estos textos obedecen a un afán ideológico por parte del medio periodístico. Esta posición no siempre coincide con los intereses políticos, razón por lo cual el medio se muestra crítico y combativo. En este sentido, los editoriales ponen de relieve las difíciles relaciones entre medios de comunicación, política y libertad de opinión.
Stability and Hopf Bifurcation of a Predator–Prey Biological Economic System with Nonlinear Harvesting Rate
Authors: Liu Weiyi , Fu Chaojin , Chen Boshan
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we analyze the stability and Hopf bifurcation of a biological economic system with harvesting effort on prey. The model we consider is described by differential-algebraic equations because of economic revenue. We choose economic revenue as a positive bifurcation parameter here. Different from previous researchers’ models, this model with nonlinear harvesting rate is more general. Furthermore, the improved calculation process of parameterization is much simpler and it can handle more complex models which could not be dealt with by their algorithms because of enormous calculation. Finally, by MATLAB simulation, the validity and feasibility of the obtained results are illustrated.
Understanding complex systems: When Big Data meets network science
Authors: Scholtes Ingo
Published: July 2015

Better understanding and controlling complex systems has become
a grand challenge not only for computer science, but also for the
natural and social sciences. Many of these systems have in common
that they can be studied from a network perspective. Consequently
methods from network science have proven instrumental in their
analysis. In this article, I introduce the macroscopic perspective
that is at the heart of network science. Summarizing my recent
research activities, I discuss how a combination of this perspective
with Big Data methods can improve our understanding of complex
systems.
Full-Range Mathematical Modeling of Turboshaft Engine in Aerospace
Authors: Sheng Hanlin , Zhang Tianhong , Jiang Wei
Published: July 2015

In this paper, an approximate computation method of low-speed component characteristics in aeroengine is used and full-range component characteristics is obtained by combining experimental data above idle. Moreover, based on components matching method and variable specific heat method, a full-range static and dynamic mathematical model of turboshaft engine is built, including start-up state. And the numerical simulation result of the engine whole working process is also showed in this paper. The comparison result between the simulation result and the experimental data shows that, the full-range model built by the computation method of low-speed component characteristics is of a certain accuracy, which can meet the needs of a turboshaft engine semi-physical simulation.
A novel γ-lactone derivative from the twigs of Turraea pubescens
Authors: Chang Yao-Wen , Yuan Chun-Mao , Zhang Jing , Zhang Yu , Hua Hui-Ming , Di Ying-Tong , Hao Xiao-Jiang
Published: July 2015

A novel γ-lactone derivative, turranin G (1), and five known compounds were isolated from the twigs of Turraea pubescens. The structures of 1–6 were determined by means of spectroscopic analysis. The biogenetic pathway of compound 1 was proposed. Compound 2 exhibited inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide in RAW264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 18.8 μm.
Reactive Parricide
Authors: Tanay E
Published: July 2015

This paper describes a variety of homicide characterized by an element of reality in resorting to the killing of a parent. It deals with families marked by the presence of what I call catastrophic conflict. This term denotes a conflict which exceeds the adaptive capacity of an individual and can be resolved only by structural changes: a change in the structure of reality (divorce, truancy, homicide) or a change in the structure of the subject (psychosis or suicide). The reactive parricide is a last-resort effort to protect the psychic integrity of the perpetrator threatened with psychic disintegration due to catastrophic conflict. Killing of the parent responsible for catastrophic conflict leads to resolution of this tragic dilemma.
Evaluation of the Abuscreen® for Methadone
Authors: Manning T , Bidanset JH , Cohen S , Lukash L
Published: July 2015

In recent years radioimmunoassay has provided the toxicologist with a rapid, simple way to identify and quantitate drugs of abuse. This paper deals with an evaluation of a radioimmunoassay for methadone.
Two Anaphylactic Deaths After Chemonucleolysis
Authors: DiMaio VJM
Published: July 2015

Prior to the early 1960s, treatment of low back pain ascribed to discogenic disease was a choice between a conservative, nonsurgical regime of rest, physiotherapy, and supportive measures, or laminectomy. In 1963, Smith began to inject the drug chymopapain into lumbar disks in patients with low back pain and sciatica [1]. This procedure is now called chemonucleolysis. The purpose of such injections is to depolymerize the cementing protein of the chondromucoprotein complex, reducing the molecular size and viscosity of the nucleus pulposus, thus chemically decompressing the disk space [2]. Anaphylaxis after the injection of chymopapain has been reported [3–6]. The two cases herein reported, however, are the only known deaths due to anaphylaxis.
Mass Spectrometry as an Aid in the Detection and Identification of Piperidyl Benzilates and Related Glycolates
Authors: Petersen BA , Vouros P , Parker JM , Karger BL
Published: July 2015

In 1958, Abood and co-workers [1] synthesized a series of compounds with the general structure indicated by Compound I (Fig. 1), using the piperidine ring of atropine and replacing the tropic acid side chain with substituted glycolic acids. In recent years, considerable attention has been given to this series of compounds because of their potent anticholinergic and central nervous system (CNS) activity [2–6]. In man, they exhibit powerful, psychotomimetic, and antidepressant symptoms, and, in doses of 1 to 25 mg, produce long-lasting hallucinogenic effects similar in action to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). These compounds are also quite toxic and in larger doses can lead to death through respiratory failure.
Elemental Analysis by Energy Dispersive X-Ray: A Significant Factor in the Forensic Analysis of Glass
Authors: Reeve V , Mathiesen J , Fong W
Published: July 2015

Comparison of glass particles by the forensic scientist is routinely accomplished by measuring some physical properties. Direct comparison of densities ϱ and refractive indexes (ͻC, ͻD, and ͻF being the refractive indexes determined at 6563, 5893, and 4861 nm, respectively) are the most widely used physical measurements because of convenience, reproducibility, sensitivity, and applicability to small sample size. Traditionally, if the physical comparison showed significant difference, it was concluded that the two glass samples could not have had a common origin. Conversely, when the specimens were not distinguishable the forensic scientist reported these samples as possibly having the same origin. Generally he did this without giving consideration to another variable-elemental composition of the samples.
Preparing Samples for the Recording of Infrared Spectra from Synthetic Fibers
Authors: Grieve MC , Kearns JA
Published: July 2015

Infrared spectroscopy is widely used in forensic science laboratories to identify and compare synthetic textile fibers. It is particularly useful for differentiating between various types of acrylic or polyester and polyester/polyether fibers where copolymerization or the introduction of new polymer types has been used to modify physical properties or improve dyeing characteristics.
Forensic Archaeology
Authors: Morse D , Crusoe D , Smith HG
Published: July 2015

Physical anthropology has long been a necessary part of criminal investigation. Archaeology, which is another branch of anthropology, has rarely, if ever, been used even when the investigations involved a buried body. The purpose of this presentation is to demonstrate the value of using modern archaeological techniques as an aid in investigations made necessary by the search for or the discovery of burials, either skeletonized or partly decomposed.
An Experimental Study of Powder Tattooing of the Skin
Authors: DiMaio VJM , Petty CS , Stone IC
Published: July 2015

Determination of the distance from muzzle to victim from the appearance of a gunshot wound in the skin is often of great importance. Such information may be necessary to confirm or disprove an account of the circumstances surrounding a death due to firearms. Contact wounds generally can be recognized by the presence of soot and powder in and around the wound as well as searing of the skin from the flame. When the contact wound overlays bone, tearing of the skin or muzzle imprints may be present. Intermediate range gunshot wounds are characterized by powder tattooing (stippling) of the skin around the wound of entrance. Soot may or may not be present. While soot can usually be wiped away, powder tattooing cannot. When the muzzle-to-target distance increases so that powder tattooing no longer occurs, the gunshot wound is called a distant wound and range determinations can no longer be made.
Sudden Death While Attempting to Conceal Illegal Drugs: Laryngeal Obstruction by a Package of Heroin
Authors: Simson LR
Published: July 2015

Laryngeal obstruction by an aspirated foreign body is not an uncommon cause of sudden death. Accidentally aspirated objects usually are such items as food, chewing gum, and ballons. The following case is unusual in that the victim was attempting to conceal a bulk quantity of narcotics when the fatal aspiration occurred.
Drug Detection in Cases of “Driving Under the Influence”
Authors: Garriott JC , Latman N
Published: July 2015

The role of ethyl alcohol as a significant factor in traffic arrests and accidents has been established through numerous studies [1], while that of other drugs and their incidence in the driving population is less clear. Several studies have, however, demonstrated a high incidence of drugs in “intoxicated drivers” by questioning or urine analysis [2–4]. Finkle et al [3] reported 21% of arrested, drinking drivers indicated on routine questioning some kind of concurrent drug use.
A Review of “Scientists in the Legal System”
Authors: Schroeder O
Published: July 2015

The editor of this compact volume seeks to relate scientists to the legal process in a meaningful manner—as essential contributors not as tolerated meddlers. He succeeds. By a judicious selection of authors who are practicing lawyers or practicing scientists, the editor has illuminated the traditional use of science by the law to prove facts. He has, in addition, emphasized the progressive utilization of science by the administration of justice to achieve a life of quality both for the individual and for society.
Antemortem Conversion of Codeine to Morphine in Man
Authors: Nakamura GR , Griesemer EC , Noguchi TT
Published: July 2015

In the routine screening of postmortem specimens in this laboratory, whenever codeine is detected, morphine is almost always found concurrently. Adler [1] and Mannering et al [2] demonstrated that, in man, codeine is demethylated to morphine, and that as much as 17.2% of codeine appears as bound and unbound morphine in urine.
The Collection and Determination of Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate, Nitroglycerine, and Trinitrotoluene Explosive Vapors
Authors: Chrostowski JE , Holmes RN , Rehn BW
Published: July 2015

The identification of an explosive during a bomb scene investigation is a difficult and tedious task. The debris obtained from a bomb scene is usually first examined by microscopic means [1], with the hope of detecting some unconsumed explosive. Particles of suspected explosives are analyzed by using color spot tests or by solvent extraction procedures, with subsequent concentration and verification by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) or infrared spectroscopy (IR). This technique is time consuming if large quantities of debris are to be examined. One approach by which analysis time may be reduced is to scan samples from a bomb scene with a commercially available explosive detector such as a special purpose automated gas chromatograph vapor trace analyzer (VTA) [2]. Samples on which a positive response is obtained are retained for further analysis. A positive response on the VTA is an indication that an explosive vapor of commercial nitroglycerine dynamite has been detected. These selected samples should be further analyzed to confirm the presence of other related explosives [2]. Methods for analyzing explosive vapors by methods other than the VTA have also appeared in the literature [3,4].
A New Trace Ferrous Metal Detection Reagent
Authors: Goldman GL , Thornton JI
Published: July 2015

Since the early 1970s there has been substantial use of the 8-hydroxyquinoline test for determining whether a person has handled a weapon [1]. This test, now generally referred to as the TMDT test [2], involves spraying the hands of a person suspected of handling a weapon with a 0.2% solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline in isopropanol and observing the sprayed area with ultraviolet light. If a person has handled a weapon to the extent that oxidized ferrous ion is transferred to the hands, a dark area is noted in those areas of contact. Often a pattern of the object handled will be apparent. A positive reaction must be recorded by photography, however, and attendant complications exist in the ultraviolet fluorescent photography which must be employed [3].
A Review of “Forensic Biology for the Law Enforcement Officer”
Authors: Howard LB
Published: July 2015

Forensic Biology for the Law Enforcement Officer is well written and informative, and it covers the subject quite well. The chapter on identification of human skeletal material is outstanding. There are few technical errors in the book.
A National Assessment of Propoxyphene in Postmortem Medicolegal Investigation, 1972–1975
Authors: Finkle BS , McCloskey KL , Kiplinger GF , Bennett IF
Published: July 2015

Propoxyphene in its various proprietary forms is among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the United States. As an analgesic which physicians find useful to bridge the gap between aspirin and the narcotics, propoxyphene has reached general application unparalleled by any other “pain-killer.” It is inevitable for any drug with such widespread usage that if it has any toxicity at all, in whatever form or circumstance, it will eventually come to the attention of forensic pathologists and toxicologists. So it has been with propoxyphene in the 1970s through a series of papers in the scientific literature [1–8] suggesting that propoxyphene was increasingly implicated in medicolegal investigations of drug-related deaths. Many groups of cases have been reported by toxicologists in particular areas such as Dallas [3], North Carolina [5], Southern California [1], and the San Francisco Bay area [6], but generally in terms of the analytical toxicology findings alone, and usually as a “snapshot” of an incidence at one point in time.
Old Ethics for New Sciences—What Confronts Justice
Authors: Schroeder OC
Published: July 2015

The primary question confronting humanity in 1976 is: What is justice? What is most important to understand is that justice must contain and control all aspects of human society, including ethics and science. Ethics and science do not contain and control justice, because justice is ultimately the process by which human beings try to adjust, to accommodate, and to harmonize the relationships between and among themselves: relationships including politics, economics, race, sex, religion, and certainly morals, ethics, and science. Justice, in short, dominates any issue which confronts humanity or creates human conflicts.
Genetic Markers in Human Semen: A Review
Authors: Blake ET , Sensabaugh GF
Published: July 2015

The utilization of genetic typing in the analysis of body fluids and secretions is an important objective in forensic science; however, before this can be done several questions must be answered. It must be known what genetic markers are present in the fluid of interest and what kinds of nongenetic variability enter into the phenotypic expression of these markers. The stability of the markers must be known, and procedural problems specific to the analysis of a particular fluid must be recognized. It is only after these questions are satisfactorily answered that protocols of analysis which are relatively reliable can be developed.
Studies of the Spatial Distribution of Firearms Discharge Residues
Authors: Seamster A , Mead T , Gislason J , Jackson K , Ruddy F , Pate BD
Published: July 2015

The technique of determining the circumstances of the discharge of a firearm through measurement of the inorganic residue from combustion of the primer has been substantially detailed [1–23]. The principal components of this residue are usually lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and barium (Ba); the latter two elements may be determined, in the trace quantities encountered, by neutron activation analysis [5,9–11]; all three may be determined by atomic absorption spectrometry [12,13,21,22].
Identification of IBM Keypunch Machines by Their Printed Products
Authors: Curvey CE , Eaton CE
Published: July 2015

A little over a year ago, the Document Division of the United States Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory received a referral requesting the examination of 44 keypunch cards to determine the machine responsible for their preparation. Supplies were being diverted, and the shortages were covered by the preparation of fraudulent keypunch cards. The contributor of the case also submitted known standards from the 15 keypunch machines most likely to have been responsible for the preparation of the fraudulent cards. The questioned cards were approximately 7 ⅜ in. wide by 3 ¼ in. high (187 by 83 mm), contained a series of punched holes, and bore printed characters consisting of a series of dots along the top of the cards (see sample, Fig. 1). Our first impression was FIG. 1—A sample card from an IBM keypunch machine. that this would be another tedious, complex, time-consuming examination; however, as work progressed on the examination, the case became extremely interesting and very rewarding from a document examiner's viewpoint.
Forensic Odontology in Missing Persons Cases
Authors: Krauss TC
Published: July 2015

Forensic odontology has been concerned historically with identification of unknown human remains. Unfortunately, many times this work, which requires accurately gathering and evaluating all available information, is conducted under the pressures of urgency. Such pressure may be avoided by early cooperation between the missing persons investigator and a forensic odontologist to provide an accurate dental antemortem record available for immediate use as a source of suitable information for police circulars. Through the use of a professionally developed forensic dental interview of all individuals familiar with a missing person, a trained police investigator can assemble much of the lay information available. The forensic dental interview presented has been used in this manner.
A Review of “Forensic Psychiatry—A Practical Guide for Lawyers and Psychiatrists”
Authors: Drucker F
Published: July 2015

This monograph is intended to be a practical guide for attorneys and psychiatrists working together in areas of mutual concern. Unfortunately, it fails to achieve its goal. Though written by an excellent teacher, Dr. Sadoff's book is unevenly organized and presented. It apparently is a collection of papers, some of which have been rewritten, and of other writings compiled into a single volume. It tends to ramble somewhat with the insertion of anecdotal cases rather than development of theses in firm fashion. This manner of presentation is not unlike Dr. Sadoff's lecture technique [1]. Dr. Sadoff seems to shift back and forth between presentations intended for psychiatrists and those intended for attorneys. Further, he shifts in presentation from first person to third person. His attention seems directed more toward criminal matters, with insufficient attention to the psychiatrist's involvement in matters of civil forensic psychiatric practice, such as personal injury litigation, workers' compensation matters, and other torts. Only passing mention is given to the important area of brain syndrome producing disability or impaired responsibility, an issue of important consideration in evaluation of a person who has sustained head injury, been exposed to toxic chemicals, or otherwise possibly brain-damaged.
A Review of “Forensic Psychology: A Guide for Lawyers and the Mental Health Professions”
Authors: White ER
Published: July 2015

Dr. Robert Gordon, the author, is the son of an attorney and acquired postdoctoral degrees in psychology before becoming interested in forensic psychology. He subsequently earned the Juris Doctor degree and became a member of the Texas Bar. Presently, he participates actively in many aspects of psychology and law.
A Systematic Approach to the Forensic Examination of Flash Powders
Authors: Meyers RE
Published: July 2015

Flash powders are classified as detonating pyrotechnic mixtures that deflagrate when unconfined and detonate when confined, emitting an intense light under both conditions. Their legitimate uses include commercial fireworks and military ordnance and simulators. The relative ease of acquiring the chemicals needed to manufacture flash powder has made these mixtures attractive to the amateur bomber. Approximately 15% of the several hundred bomb cases processed annually by this laboratory involve the use of flash powder mixtures.
Propellant Identification by Particle Size Measurement
Authors: Zack PJ , House JE
Published: July 2015

The identification of propellants in evidential materials or from ammunition samples is of considerable interest in forensic investigations. Recently the thermal decomposition of nitrocellulose small arms propellants was studied in an effort to provide a method of identifying different samples [1,2]. In these studies it was established that differences in thermal characteristics do not provide reliable methods for differentiation between propellants.
Electrophoresis of Esterase D in Fresh Blood and in Bloodstains on Cellulose Acetate
Authors: Grunbaum BW , Harmor GC , Del Re B , Zajac PL
Published: July 2015

Esterase D (EsD) was first phenotyped by Hopkinson et al [1] using starch gel electrophoresis. Three phenotypes were described: 1-1, 1-2, and 2-2. Bender and Frank [2] detected a new EsD phenotype, which they named 3-1. Typing of EsD in bloodstains with starch gel has been reported by Parkin and Adams [3]. Esterase D isoenzymes have also been separated by electrophoresis with polyacrylamide gel, agarose gel, and cellulose acetate by Köster et al [4]. They observed poor results with cellulose acetate and discontinued its use. Since the results with phenotyping EsD on cellulose acetate in our laboratory are unambiguous, fast, reproducible, and economical, it is obvious that good results depend on the technology employed.
Factors Affecting the Use of Lactate Dehydrogenase as a Means of Bloodstain Differentiation
Authors: Stombaugh PM , Kearney JJ
Published: July 2015

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a ubiquitous enzyme present in human tissues and body fluids, catalyzes the reversible oxidation of lactate to pyruvate. Electrophoretically, LDH can be separated into five distinct isozyme fractions commonly designated as LDH-1, LDH-2, LDH-3, LDH-4, and LDH-5 [1].
Isolation and Characterization of a Semen-Specific Protein from Human Seminal Plasma: A Potential New Marker for Semen Identification
Authors: Sensabaugh GF
Published: July 2015

The identification of semen is of paramount importance in the investigation of rape and other crimes involving sexual assault. The most commonly used procedures for semen identification center on the detection of sperm or the detection of prostatic acid phosphatase activity; methods involving the detection of spermine, choline, or semen antigens are less commonly employed. Unfortunately, none of these procedures is without one or more significant problems. For example, sperm will not be found in the semen of vasectomized or aspermic males; moreover, sperm are mechanically labile and their unequivocal identification in suspected semen stains is often difficult. Also, sperm are cleared from the vagina fairly rapidly and hence may not be found in postcoital vaginal washings. Thus the failure to detect sperm in suspect material by no means counterindicates semen. In the case of the acid phosphatase test, the problems are different. Acid phosphatase is not at all unique to semen or prostatic tissue; this enzyme activity is ubiquitous in nature. Moreover, there is evidence that prostatic acid phosphatase and the acid phosphatase found in normal vaginal secretions are genetically identical and that both are genetically identical to lysosomal acid phosphatase found in most tissues; therefore, the genetic basis of specificity of the acid phosphatase test is in question. The quantitative test can only be based on the extraordinarily high level of acid phosphatase activity in semen; the low levels of activity often found in postcoital vaginal washings are thus equivocal with respect to the question of semen detection. The other tests for semen identification are similarly suspect in reference to their specificity.
Four Deaths Resulting from Abuse of Nitrous Oxide
Authors: DiMaio VJM , Garriott JC
Published: July 2015

Nitrous oxide is a weak anesthetic gas, used alone for dental work and as an adjunct to more potent anesthetics in major surgical procedures. It is the only inorganic gas that is practical for clinical anesthesia. Like all the anesthetic drugs, nitrous oxide has been subject to abuse. Unlike the other anesthetic agents, where the abuse is almost exclusively by medical personnel, nitrous oxide has been abused by the general public.
Reconstruction of Mutilated Victims for Identification
Authors: Drake W , Lukash L
Published: July 2015

Death by violent means, rendering a victim mutilated beyond recognition, presents the medical examiner and the police department with a problem of legal identification. This paper outlines the reconstruction of victims mutilated beyond recognition, by intent or accident, when the remains are not skeletal. This type of reconstruction and restoration requires an excellent knowledge of skull anatomy and some of the talent of a sculptor.
Feasibility of Gunshot Residue Detection Via Its Organic Constituents. Part II: A Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method
Authors: Mach MH , Pallos A , Jones PF
Published: July 2015

This is the second in a series of publications to examine the feasibility of tests for gunshot residue based on volatile or volatilizable organic constituents (VOC), either present in the original smokeless powder formulation or produced during firing.
A Review of Legacies in Ethics and Medicine
Authors: Schroeder O
Published: July 2015

This scholarly publication traces the eternal challenge of ethics to the practice of medicine from its roots in antiquity (sixth century B.C. to second century A.D.), its nurture through the medieval era (ninth century A.D. to fourteenth century A.D.), and its blossoming in the modern period (sixteenth century A.D. to twentieth century A.D.). The editor, in addition to his chapters on “Thomas Percival: Medical Ethics or Medical Jurisprudence?” and “Reciprocity in the Development of Anglo-American Medical Ethics, 1765–1865,” has assembled writings from a distinguished group of historians and ethicists. These writings provide great depth in the practical understanding of the ethical issues in the medical practice. The most significant message from the book as a whole is the idea that the same ethical problems persist from generation to generation of practitioners and from century to century in a wide variety of human societies and civilizations.
Trace Element Profiles and Ratios Determined by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis for Fine Paper Identification
Authors: Blanchard DB , Harrison SH
Published: July 2015

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) has been applied to virtually every type of evidentiary material for forensic purposes, including glass, rubber, narcotics, soil, and paper [1–5]. Literature to date on sample identification of fine paper (book or bond-type writing papers) by INAA has not emphasized the value of trace element concentration profiles or elemental ratios. It is to this area of sample identification that this investigation was directed. Some assets of INAA that make it suitable for forensic analysis are (1) the often nondestructive nature of the technique, which is valuable in many legal situations; (2) extremely high sensitivity, allowing small samples of evidentiary material to be used when mutilation is permitted; and (3) the ability to analyze for many elements in a single sample.
The Mummified Heart: A Problem in Medicolegal Diagnosis
Authors: Zimmerman MR
Published: July 2015

An occasional problem encountered in forensic medicine is the finding of a mummified body, preserved by chance in an environment conducive to desiccation. Such individuals have usually died suddenly in an obscure location, precluding their discovery and allowing time for natural mummification to take place. In the absence of evidence of trauma, it is important to establish a natural disease process such as arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) to account for death.
The Effect of Severe Bedsores on Bone and Its Forensic Implications
Authors: Klepinger LL
Published: July 2015

Bedsores, also known as decubitus ulcers and pressure sores, are continual problems for the debilitated and disabled but are often not regarded with the seriousness they deserve. Pressure sores arise when localized areas of the body are subjected to prolonged pressure that occludes vascular flow. When blood flow is obstructed for a sufficiently long period, the mechanism of reactive hyperemia cannot compensate for inadequate cell nutrition and soft tissue necrosis begins. Pressure sores develop under bones that are close to the skin, where soft tissues are compressed by concentration of body weight. Particularly vulnerable areas are those over the sacrum, heel, greater trochanter, elbow, lateral and medial malleoli, scapula, and occiput in the bedfast patient and over the ischial tuberosities in the chairfast.
George A. Dorsey's Role in the Luetgert Case: A Significant Episode in the History of Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Stewart TD
Published: July 2015

At the 1976 Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) in Washington I gave an invited evening lecture on the history of physical anthropology [1]. Actually, I spoke only about the history of physical anthropology as I saw it reflected in the history of forensic anthropology. Among the pioneers of forensic anthropology in the United States, I included George A. Dorsey (1868–1931), mentioning that while a student at Harvard in the early 1890s he might have known Thomas Dwight, the father of forensic anthropology in the United States, and that after joining the staff of the Field Columbian Museum in 1896 he served as an expert witness for the prosecution in the sensational Luetgert murder trials in Chicago. Unfortunately, on the basis of the limited information about these trials available to me in 1976, I misjudged the nature of Dorsey's testimony and made the mistake of saying that he “tripped up badly in the process.” Since this error did not get corrected before the paper appeared in print, I would like to set the record straight.
Chewing Gum—An Unusual Clue in a Recent Homicide Investigation
Authors: Sperber ND
Published: July 2015

Human bite marks on human tissue have been important items of evidence in homicide and rape convictions in recent years. The literature also describes the apprehension of burglary suspects based on booth marks left on foodstuff. This report is the first case description recorded where chewing gum has been an essential part of the evidence in a homicide conviction.
Utilization of Medically Obtained Evidence in Cases of Sexual Assault: Results of a Survey
Authors: Weaver RL , Lappas NT , Rowe WF
Published: July 2015

Recent studies of the problem of sexual assault [1–3] have reached a consensus that physical evidence is valuable in investigations of such incidents. While physical evidence such as fingerprints, footprints, and tire tracks may be obtained in many cases of sexual assault, the physical evidence most frequently encountered in such cases is the biological material transferred during sexual activity: hair, semen, blood, and other fluids or tissues. The collecting of such evidence is the province of the emergency room physician (or medical examiner, if the victim is deceased). The victim of a sexual attack who suffers trauma, or fears pregnancy or venereal disease, will probably seek medical treatment. If the victim reports the assault to the police she will also almost certainly receive a medical examination. This medical examination not only provides a basis for further medical treatment but also serves as the primary opportunity for the recovery and preservation of potentially valuable physical evidence.
Phase Contrast Microscopy Versus Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy as Applicable to the Observation of Spermatozoa
Authors: Cortner GV , Boudreau AJ
Published: July 2015

A review of available literature has shown something of a paucity of suggested and applied microscopic techniques on the identification of human spermatozoa in forensic casework. Phase contrast microscopy (PC) has been mentioned as the desirable technique by Kirk [1] and Kivela [2]. The advantages of PC as compared with bright-field are well known and would most certainly include simplifying the task of locating any spermatozoa present. Some other advantages are an apparent improvement in the morphological detail presented to the observer and some reduction in the fatigue associated with the eyestrain accompanying this frequently tedious task.
A Review of Ballistic Science for the Law Enforcement Officer
Authors: Crossman EB
Published: July 2015

The author says, “There is rather widely spread a less than satisfactory understanding among law enforcement personnel of the basic laws of physics and principles that govern the functioning of firearms,” which he attempts to improve. The book does not deal with tactical use of various arms, although a considerable part is devoted to bullet effect, wounding, “stopping power,” and similar matters.
Further Alleles of Phosphoglucomutase in Human Semen Detected by Isoelectric Focusing
Authors: Sutton JG
Published: July 2015

The polymorphism of the phosphoglucomutase (PGM) system was first demonstrated by starch gel electrophoretic studies conducted by Spencer et al [1] on the enzyme from the human red cell. Pedigree studies [2] have shown that two common autosomal alleles PGM11 and PGM12 situated on the same locus of chromosome 1 [3] are responsible for determining the three common phenotypes PGM1 1, PGM1 2, and PGM1 2–1 that are observed by starch gel electrophoresis.
Factors Influencing Gastric Emptying
Authors: Rose EF
Published: July 2015

Interest in the regulation of gastric emptying dates back to 1833, when Beaumont [1] observed that the amount of time food remains in the stomach after a meal depends upon the type of food eaten. The application of general rules governing gastric emptying as a technique in approximating the time of death is not generally emphasized in the forensic sciences. The postmortem changes of rigor, livor, and algor mortis as well as chemical changes in the blood and vitreous are widely used for determining the time of death, yet none of these methods is truly satisfactory because of individual variations and the host of factors influencing each of them. Yet in the individual case these can be very important. Gastric emptying is no more accurate than these other methods, and studies regarding gastric emptying during life are not customarily within the scope of the forensic scientist. However, these scientists may be called on to express an opinion estimating the postmortem interval based on knowledge of the time and character of the last meal and on observation of the presence or absence of liquids or solids in the stomach of a dead person. The condition of the stomach contents remains largely unchanged after death, as observed by the presence of liquids and solids in the stomach when deaths result from either violent or natural means during or immediately following a meal. Thus, gastric emptying time is useful when the specific question of death related to a known time and character of the last meal is raised, and the presence or absence of food in the stomach may be of great probative significance, providing important or even pivotal evidence.
A Review of NIDA Research Monograph 15, “Review of Inhalants: Euphoria to Dysfunction”
Authors: Garriott JC
Published: July 2015

Inhalation of certain volatile chemical substances to induce euphoria became popular with the discovery of anesthetic gases early in the nineteenth century. In modern times, the youth of this country have discovered the euphoric properties of components of glue, fuels, aerosol propellants, and others. These substances have toxic properties in varying degrees and sometimes result in death. This NIDA Research Monograph includes 13 chapters dealing with these inhalants and their use as euphoriants. Medical practitioners, psychologists, pharmacologists, and sociologists have contributed sections on many aspects of solvent abuse. Much useful information is provided by this collection, some of the most valuable being the sections on the detailed pharmacology and toxicology of various solvents and gases, including benzene derivatives, aliphatic hydrocarbons (such as gasoline), aliphatic nitrites, and others. A separate chapter by D. M. Aviado deals with the halogenated propellants and solvents; these agents are the most frequent source of inhalant-related deaths. Cardiac arrhythmias were found to result with as little as 0.3% of trichlorofluoromethane (Freon® 11). Chronic use of hydrocarbon inhalants results in nervous system damage, and cases are described by L. Prockop and D. Couri.
Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Morphine Derivatives
Authors: Saferstein R , Manura J , Brettell TA
Published: July 2015

Chemical ionization (CI) mass spectrometry is being used with increasing frequency for studying various classes of organic compounds. Molecular weight data and information relating to the loss of labile substituent groups have been obtained from organic compounds as diverse as biogenic amines [1], phenothiazines [2], polytertiary alkylamines [3], quaternary amines [4], esters of carboxylic acids [5], trinitroaromatics [6], and carbohydrates [7,8].
Rapid Phenotyping of Esterase D by Starch Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Andrus RH
Published: July 2015

The intent of this paper is to report a time-saving modification of the system reported by Parkin and Adams [1] in conjunction with the developments of Streeter and Lovaas [2]. It has resulted in the development of a starch gel electrophoretic technique that can rapidly determine, with clear and reproducible results, the esterase D (EsD) phenotype of both fresh blood and bloodstains within 30 rain, as compared with the 2 h required for previously reported starch gel techniques [1] and 60 min for bloodstains by cellulose acetate methods [3].