bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Freiwilligen-Management
Authors: Reifenhäuser Carola , Hoffmann Sarah G. , Kegel Thomas
Published: September 2022

Freiwilliges Engagement ist heute in aller Munde und scheint so wichtig wie nie zuvor. Viele Organisationen im Non Profit Sektor wollen professionell mit Freiwilligen zusammen arbeiten, sie für sich und ihre Aufgaben gewinnen, motivieren und über lange Zeit binden. Dabei sehen sie sich vor vielfältige Herausforderungen gestellt.

Das Buch greift in drei Teilen das Thema Ehrenamt und Freiwilligenarbeit auf und gibt den an der praktischen Umsetzung interessierten Lesern konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen für ein gutes Management des freiwilligen Engagements. Im ersten Teil werden die historischen Wurzeln des Ehrenamts sowie die Veränderungen und neuen Trends beim Bürgerengagement beschrieben. Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich mit der strategischen Bedeutung und den Aufgaben des Freiwilligen-Managements in einer Non Profit Organisation. Der dritte Teil enthält schließlich konkrete praktische Empfehlungen, Checklisten sowie Vorlagen, mit denen der Leser an die Umsetzung gehen kann.

Zielgruppe:

Führungskräfte und Beschäftigte in Einrichtungen aus dem Non Profit Bereich und Leute, die Interesse an diesem Aufgabenfeld haben

Studierende der Studiengänge Sozialmanagement/Sozialwirtschaft, Sozialarbeit/Sozialpädagogik, NPO Management, sowie Gesundheits- und Pflegemanagement
Familie in der Krise: Sozialarbeit als Kinderschutz
Authors: Gehrmann Gerd , Müller Klaus D.
Published: September 2022

Sozialarbeiterische Krisenintervention als Kinderschutz

Mit den Ressourcen der Familie zu arbeiten und die Krise als Chance zu nutzen, ist heute – auch dank Familie im Mittelpunkt (FiM) – hoher fachlicher Standard in der Sozialen Arbeit.

In dem Sammelband Familie in der Krise: Sozialarbeit als Kinderschutz werden Entstehungsgeschichte, Konzept und Methoden von FiM dargestellt. Durch zahlreiche Beiträge von Praktiker und Praktikerinnen wird der Bezug zur aktuellen Praxis in Jugendämtern, bei Trägern der Jugendhilfe sowie in Hilfestellen für Familien in Krisensituationen hergestellt und aufgezeigt, welche Anpassungen an aktuelle Rahmenbedingungen notwendig sind, um mit diesem Kriseninterventionsprogramm erfolgreich arbeiten zu können:

Organisatorische Rahmenbedingungen für die Arbeit mit FiM

Entwicklungen in der FiM-Mitarbeiterausbildung

Die Bedeutung des FiM-Teams und der personalen Ressourcen

Die Zusammenarbeit mit den Jugendämtern

Mit FiM kompatible Methoden und Nachfolgehilfen

FiM als Clearing

Wie arbeitet FiM im 20. Jahr seines Bestehens?

Die Perspektive der sozialarbeiterischen Krisenintervention als Kinderschutz
Ablation of Materials Using Femtosecond Lasers and Electron Beams
Authors: S. Sidhu Mehra , Dhingra Nitish
Published: September 2022

The advancements in producing interactions of concentrated energy fluxes, such as femtosecond lasers and high-energy electron beams with the absorbing substances, have facilitated new discoveries and excitement in various scientific and technological areas. Since their invention, significant improvements in temporal, spatial, energetic, and spectroscopic characteristics have been realized. Due to the ultrashort pulse width and higher intensity (1012 W/cm2), it is possible to ablate the materials with negligible damage outside the focal volume, thereby allowing the treatment of biological samples, such as live cells, membranes, and removal of thin films, as well as bulk materials for many applications in diverse fields, including micro-optics, electronics, and even biology under extremely high precision. Since most biological systems are transparent toward the NIR spectral range, it follows the nonlinear multi-photon absorption interaction mechanism. In contrast, the electron beam follows linear absorption mechanism for material modifications even at lower energies. For realizing the fs-laser nano-processing in material applications, such as silicon microchips, or in biology like retinal cells, it is crucial to find a way to deliver these pulses precisely at the site of action and enhance the selectivity. The utilization of electron beams in material modification has also been exercised widely to attain nanoscale precision. In the next section, biological materials, such as cornea, retina, and silk, are discussed.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution: A Technological Wave of Change
Authors: Ajayi Olasupo , Bagula Antoine , Maluleke Hloniphani
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the technological wave of change called the fourth industrial revolution (4IR), which is also known as the information age or industry 4.0. It starts off with a brief history of the concept, describing the evolution through the ages, from the age of industrialization to the current technological age. The chapter then presents industry 4.0 through three lenses, which are i) the key enabling technologies that serve as its foundational pillars, such as the Internet and Cloud Computing; ii) technologies and concepts that emanate from 4IR, as well as their applications, which are discussed using use-cases; iii) the impacts of industry 4.0 on the wider society (both positive and negative). Finally, the chapter closes with a discussion on some open challenges that need to be considered in future research works to enhance the widespread adaptation and/or implementation of industry 4.0.
Obtaining a Composition Based on Polyvinyl Chloride and Butadiene-Nitrile Rubbers
Authors: Karam Sefi Shixaliyev
Published: September 2022

In this work, compositions based on polyvinyl chloride (PVC), nitrile rubber (SKN-26), and dolomite (a nanoparticle with a size of 56 nm) were studied, and the optimal working receptor based on them was determined. In the future, the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting composition were investigated. The compositions were obtained in various combinations of initial components at a temperature of 150–175°C for 8–10 minutes. The purpose of the study was to investigate the process of modifying PVC with SKN-26 using nanoparticles. The resulting optimal composition was recommended for packaging plastic windows, as well as for the production of linoleum.
Novel Drug Carries: Properties and Applications
Authors: Jesús Villarreal-Gómez Luis , Lizeth Pérez-González Graciela
Published: September 2022

Conventional drug administration has several issues and challenges such as full doses absorption and efficient targeting, some generate undesirable secondary effects and promote damage to organs and tissues such as the liver and kidneys, and others trigger inflammation and immune responses. Hence, drug carriers help to promote drug absorption, enhance targeting, avoid or decrease secondary effects, possess the ability to camouflage drugs from immune cells and proteins, and permit controlled release to provide prolonged drug delivery to maintain its blood concentration within therapeutic limits. Drug carriers have gained importance thanks to their various properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical properties, and high surface area, among others. Drug carriers are getting crucial to avoid or diminish secondary effects and improve the targeting of the administered drugs incrementing their effectiveness. Hence, this book chapter aims to introduce some drug carriers (electrospun nanofibers, aptamers, micelles, and liposomes), describing the properties and polymers used. It is observed that fast dissolving administration is the most recommended strategy for the use of drug carriers, where more evident therapeutics benefits can be appreciated.
Graphene Exfoliation from HOPG Using the Difference in Binding Energy between Graphite, Graphene and a Substrate
Authors: A.F. Kamta Yannick
Published: September 2022

Since its discovery in 2004, the graphene global market had a huge/considerable growth. Such growth can be explained by the use of graphene in specific or targeted applications where it has a huge and clear advantage. Although graphene is growing and has many possible applications, its market fraction is insignificant compared to the carbon global market. This is simply explained because the industry still has challenges related to quality, costs, reproducibility and safety. In this chapter, we propose a new look on the mechanical exfoliation. Basically, based on the difference in binding energy between graphite, graphene and a substrate we can exfoliate. The binding energy is the energy between materials at equilibrium. When 3 materials A-B-C are interacting, if the binding energy between A-B is superior to B-C, then by moving A in the opposite direction, B will follow. Based on that, we calculated the interaction potential between graphite, graphene and a substrate using the standard Lennard-Jones potential. Conventional substrates like silicon and silicon dioxide cannot exfoliate while gold, silver and copper can at 3.2 to 3.3 Å. This difference may be because of their higher atomic density and modest lattice parameter compared to others substrates used in this study.
Quantum Dots Sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: P. Bhalekar Vikram
Published: September 2022

In the modern and automated twenty-first century, with technological advancements, the scientific society has gifted a new alternative clean energy source (dye/quantum dot sensitized solar cells) to mankind as one of the applications of nanomaterials. Nowadays, the world is using a tremendous amount of fossil fuel for energy creation, the solar energy by using nanomaterials in the form of solar cells is a perfect alternative. In the present chapter, the emphasis has been given on the different techniques used by the researcher for synthesis of nanoparticles. The synthesis of quantum dots by simple cost-effective technique is covered with respect to PbS quantum dots. The working of quantum dot sensitized solar cells is also explained with its basic components. The narrow-band-gap semiconducting materials, which are suitable for solar cell application, are also listed in this context.
TWO STAGES OF THE CENOZOIC ALKALINE-BASALT VOLCANISM IN THE DARKHAD DEPRESSION (NORTHERN MONGOLIA) – GEOCHRONOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND GEODYNAMIC CONSEQUENCES
Authors: Tsypukova S. S. , Perepelov A. B. , Demonterova E. I. , Ivanov A. V. , Dril S. I. , Kuzmin M. I. , Travin A. V. , Shcherbakov Yu. D. , Puzankov M. Yu. , Kanakin S. V.
Published: September 2022

The isotopic data showed that there are two stages distinguished in the Cenozoic history of the Darkhad depression volcanic activity, the Late Oligocene initial stage (~28.0–26.6 Ma) and the final Late Miocene – Early Pliocene stage (~5.8–4.2 Ma). It has been stated that the rocks of the initial stage are only represented by trachybasalts; however, among the final-stage basaltoids there are series of shield-volcano hawaite-basanite-phonotephrite rocks and compex trachybasaltic "valley" lava flows, the formation of which is the last stage in the territorial volcanic evolution. It has been shown that the initial-stage trachybasaltic andesites are characterized by their enrichment of TiO2, P2O5, Sr, Zn, Ga and low concentrations of Al2O3, MnO, CaO, Sc and HREE (La/Yb=27.2–30.2). Basaltoids of the final stage have a similar rare-element distribution and show an increase in the contents of TiO2, Al2O3, P2O5, LILE, HFSE, Th, U and in the degree of fractionation of REE (La/Yb from 12.2 to 20.9) towards the rocks alkalinity enhancement. Modeling of eclogite, pyroxenite and peridotite melting processes in the La/Yb – Sm/Yb system shows that trachybasaltic andesite melts could be formed at ~7–8 % melting of eclogitic matter or at ~10–11 % melting of Grt-containing pyroxenites, with trachybasalt formed at ~3 % melting of Grt-containing peridotites. The composition distribution of rocks in coordinates (Mg# – Fe/Mn) indicates that the parental magmas are the initial-stage trachybasaltic andesite magmas as well as the Early Pliocene trachybasaltic "valley" lava flows. Sr, Nd, Pb isotope characteristics of the Darkhad depression basaltoids show significant shift of isotopic ratios in time towards the relatively enriched mantle as compared with the depleted MORB mantle. The initial formation of trachybasaltic andesite melts occurred in the Late Oligicene at the pre-rift stage of the territory development involving metasomatized mantle matter, with the pyroxenite or eclogite component contained in the magma formation source. The origin of trachybasalt magmas of the final stage is associated with the processes of decompression melting of peridotites in a weakly metasomatized lithospheric mantle at the rift stage of the Darkhad structure development.
RESULTS OF THE TECTONOPHYSICAL STUDY IN THE DZHANKHOT THRUST ZONE (NORTHWESTERN CAUCASUS)
Authors: Marinin A. V. , Tveritinova T. Yu.
Published: September 2022

The paper presents the results of detailed structural analysis of the Dzhankhot thrust zone which is a part of the system of overthrust nappe structures in the southern slope of the Northwestern Caucasus. The relevance of the research topic is found on the reason that despite the obvious importance of these overthrust nappes in the structure of the Greater Caucasus there is still lack of in-situ observational data on the detailed structure of thrust zones and on tectonic stress distribution pattern therein.

As a result of the structural and geological studies of small disjunctive and plicative forms in the Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene sediment contact along the Dzhankhot thrust, there were identified the major structural and tectonic deformation patterns and the areal distribution of tectonic deformations depending on the distance to the thrust. There was determined the major type of stress in different parts of the thrust zone. There was shown the difference in the development of geological indicators of faults for different elements of the folded structures. In some cases, there was determined the sequence of deformations, from synsedimentary structures (clastic dikes in particular) to post-sedimentary brittle structures.

The orientation of principal stress axes determined from the reconstruction data by method of cataclastic analysis of faults confirms a thrust-type deformation within the studied area near the Dzhankhot thrust. Local stress-tensor determinations are in good agreement with the location of observation points in the regional tectonic structure. Trajectories of the maximum compression axes, most of which are submeridionally and NNW-trending, change orientation to the northwest in the immediate vicinity of the Dzhankhot thrust fault zone. The identified features of tectonic structure and stressed-strained state of the Dzhankhot thrust zone allow considering this area as a natural structural and tectonophysical testing ground for both tectonic-stress-reconstruction-improvement methodologies and a study on natural deformation structures of the Greater Caucasus.
Croton sertanejus, a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest in Brazil, and redescription of C. echioides (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Sodré Rodolfo Carneiro , Da Silva Marcos José
Published: September 2022

During a taxonomic study of the species of Croton sect. Adenophylli occurring in Brazil, approximately 140 collections usually identified as Croton echioides, C. rhamnifolius or C. rhamnifolioides caught our attention due to the distinct morphology of vegetative and reproductive organs. After the analysis of these collections, we concluded that they represent a new species, C. sertanejus Sodré & M.J.Silva sp. nov., which was also corroborated by an anatomical study of their leaves. This new species can be differentiated by pseudomonopodial branching, leaves with petioles up to 1.7 cm long, 4–6 subsessile nectary glands and indumentum of sessile trichomes on both surfaces. Detailed descriptions, including details of leaf anatomy, are provided for C. sertanejus sp. nov. and C. echioides, its closely related species. We also formalize the synonymization of C. kalkmannii under C. echioides and re-evaluate the typification of these names, in order to better clarify their taxonomic status.
Navigating the Challenges Associated With a Diagnosis of Autoimmune Pancreatitis and IgG4-Related Sclerosing Cholangitis
Authors: Yilmaz Osman , Pinto Karen , Deshpande Vikram
Published: September 2022

Context.—

The pancreatobiliary tract exhibits a spectrum of heterogeneous fibroinflammatory conditions that may be the result of a primary immune-mediated mechanism, or a reaction to neoplasm. This often results in significant overlap regarding clinical presentation, symptoms, radiographic findings, serology, and histopathology between inflammatory and neoplastic lesions of the pancreas, which can lead to inadvertent surgical intervention. Among the multitude of primary fibroinflammatory pancreatic diseases, autoimmune pancreatitis, including type 1 and type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis, and immunoglobulin G4–related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-RSC) are particularly challenging and require a multidisciplinary perspective to reliably make a diagnosis. This is of particular significance because these diseases typically have a favorable prognosis and readily respond to steroid therapy.

Objective.—

To present a multimodal approach to highlight distinctive and overlapping qualities that will aid in the diagnosis of these entities.

Data Sources.—

The review and analysis of literature describing autoimmune pancreatitis types 1 and 2 and IgG4-RSC.

Conclusions.—

Diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis types 1 and 2 and IgG4-RSC requires a multimodal approach that relies on clinical, radiographic, serologic, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical correlation.
‘Femvertising’ en España: ¿qué tiene que ver el feminismo con el jamón?
Authors:   Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Martins Inés , Martins Aline
Published: September 2022

En la actualidad, muchas marcas hacen uso de la femvertising como recurso de responsabilidad social corporativa. En España, la marca Campofrío invierte en campañas que pueden ser consideradas ejemplos de femvertising, con mensajes e imágenes que empoderan el género femenino. Para reflexionar sobre esa tendencia, elegimos la campaña Fantasmas, de Campofrío, con el fin de entender su recepción en un público joven. Se observa una sensibilización de este segmento por el tema, al paso que se detecta cierta desconfianza en la legitimidad del compromiso feminista de esa marca.
Intersection Between Culture and International Contexts in Early Childhood Teacher Education: Internationalisation in Action
Authors: Gilmore Gwen , Margrain Valerie
Published: September 2022

This article presents the concept of internationalisation and explores related discourses within the context of early childhood education. The provision of educational experiences for children prior to commencing school can be understood and enacted in many ways and such provision is
typically country- and culture-specific. This article elaborates on the variation within which early childhood education opportunities are afforded to children and understood in the profession. Four qualitative, autobiographical narratives explore intercultural practices in New Zealand and
Sweden, using aspects of Sorrell’s (2016) intercultural framework to illustrate how internationalism links to early childhood education teacher education. The model’s six key elements of (i) inquiry, (ii) framing, (iii) positioning, (iv) dialogue (v) reflection and (vi) action
inform our perceptions and experiences as early childhood educators, and the influence of internationalisation on practice.
Methods of modelling dispersive sound speed profiles of Martian atmosphere and their effects on sound propagation paths
Authors: Sun Guan-Wen , Cui Han-Yin , Li Chao , Lin Wei-Jun ,   State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,   University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Published: September 2022

At present, Mars acoustic detection is gradually becoming an important new tool for understanding and exploring Mars. To explore the sources of Mars sound, it is necessary to study the sound speed and the sound attenuation in the thin and low-temperature Martian atmosphere, and to model the sound propagation in the stratified atmosphere. According to the extremely low pressure of Mars and the large variation of gas composition with altitude, we propose a simulation method based on the Navier-Stokes (NS) equation and the mixed-gas model to calculate the vertical profiles of sound speed and attenuation in the Martian atmosphere at 0–250 km altitude in this work. A comparison among sound-speed profiles at different frequencies shows that there is a notable sound dispersion in the Martian atmosphere, especially at high altitudes and in the high frequency range. It is also verified through sound speed measurement experiments that significant sound dispersion does exist in low-pressure carbon dioxide, implying the need to consider sound dispersion in the modelling of Martian sound speed profiles. The scope of application of the NS equation in modelling the sound speed of the Martian atmosphere is also discussed, as the NS equation may fail in a too rarefied gas. Next, the non-dispersive ideal-gas sound speed profiles and the dispersive NS sound speed at different frequencies (0.01, 0.1, 1 Hz) are used to simulate the sound propagation paths in the multilayered Martian atmosphere. And both cases of the Martian ground-based and high-altitude sources are compared with each other. It is found that the dispersive sound speed has a significant effect on the sound propagation path on Mars. The main influence is that the first fold back height and the first return distance of the sound ray to the surface are both shortened, which directly changes the area and location of the acoustic quiet zone. The effect of dispersion on the sound propagation path becomes more notable with both the frequency and the elevation of the acoustic source increasing, confirming that consideration of dispersion has a significant effect on the calculation of the sound propagation path.
AI-SPedia: a novel ontology to evaluate the impact of research in the field of artificial intelligence
Authors: Maatouk Yasser
Published: September 2022

Background

Sharing knowledge such as resources, research results, and scholarly documents, is of key importance to improving collaboration between researchers worldwide. Research results from the field of artificial intelligence (AI) are vital to share because of the extensive applicability of AI to several other fields of research. This has led to a significant increase in the number of AI publications over the past decade. The metadata of AI publications, including bibliometrics and altmetrics indicators, can be accessed by searching familiar bibliographical databases such as Web of Science (WoS), which enables the impact of research to be evaluated and identify rising researchers and trending topics in the field of AI.

Problem description

In general, bibliographical databases have two limitations in terms of the type and form of metadata we aim to improve. First, most bibliographical databases, such as WoS, are more concerned with bibliometric indicators and do not offer a wide range of altmetric indicators to complement traditional bibliometric indicators. Second, the traditional format in which data is downloaded from bibliographical databases limits users to keyword-based searches without considering the semantics of the data.

Proposed solution

To overcome these limitations, we developed a repository, named AI-SPedia. The repository contains semantic knowledge of scientific publications concerned with AI and considers both the bibliometric and altmetric indicators. Moreover, it uses semantic web technology to produce and store data to enable semantic-based searches. Furthermore, we devised related competency questions to be answered by posing smart queries against the AI-SPedia datasets.

Results

The results revealed that AI-SPedia can evaluate the impact of AI research by exploiting knowledge that is not explicitly mentioned but extracted using the power of semantics. Moreover, a simple analysis was performed based on the answered questions to help make research policy decisions in the AI domain. The end product, AI-SPedia, is considered the first attempt to evaluate the impacts of AI scientific publications using both bibliometric and altmetric indicators and the power of semantic web technology.
Comparative analysis of combined phosphorus and drought stress-responses in two winter wheat
Authors: Zhang Xiangchi , Li Chao , Lu Weidan , Wang Xiaoli , Ma Bin , Fu Kaiyong , Li Chunyan , Li Cheng
Published: September 2022

Phosphorus stress and drought stress are common abiotic stresses for wheat. In this study, two winter wheat varieties “Xindong20” and “Xindong23” were cultured in a hydroponic system using Hoagland nutrient solution and treated with drought stress under conventional (CP: 1.0 mmol/L) and low (LP: 0.05 mmol/L) phosphorus levels. Under drought stress, the root growth was better under LP than under CP. Under LP, root phosphorus content was increased by 94.2% in Xindong20 and decreased by 48.9% in Xindong23 at 3 d after re-watering, compared with those at 0 d under drought stress. However, the potassium (K) content was the highest among the four elements studied and the phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) content were reduced in the root of the two varieties. Under CP, the zinc (Zn) content was higher than that under LP in Xindong23. The GeneChip analysis showed that a total of 4,577 and 202 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected from the roots of Xindong20 and Xindong23, respectively. Among them, 89.9% of DEGs were involved in organelles and vesicles in Xindong20, and 69.8% were involved in root anatomical structure, respiratory chain, electron transport chain, ion transport, and enzyme activity in Xindong23. Overall, LP was superior to CP in mitigating drought stress on wheat, and the regulatory genes were also different in the two varieties. Xindong20 had higher drought tolerance for more up-regulated genes involved in the responses compared to Xindong23.
Association of Adherence to Healthy Lifestyle Recommendations With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Among Former Smokers
Authors: Inoue-Choi Maki , Ramirez Yesenia , Fukunaga Ami , Matthews Charles E. , Freedman Neal D.
Published: September 2022

Importance

The benefits of smoking cessation are well known, but former smokers have a higher health risk than never smokers. The impact of former smokers’ engaging in other aspects of a healthy lifestyle is unclear.

Objective

To assess the association between adherence to evidence-based lifestyle recommendations and mortality among former smokers.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prospective cohort study included 159 937 participants in the National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study of older US adults who completed the baseline and risk factor questionnaires and self-identified as former smokers. Baseline questionnaires were mailed from 1995 to 1996. Data analysis was performed from November 2020 to November 2021.

Exposures

Adherence to evidence-based lifestyle recommendations was scored for body weight (scores, 0-2), diet (scores, 0-3), physical activity (scores, 0-2), and alcohol intake (scores, 0-1) recommendations, with higher scores indicating better adherence. Individual lifestyle adherence scores were summed to make a total adherence score (scores, 0-8).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcomes were all-cause and cause-specific mortality through December 31, 2019, with a mean (SD) follow-up of 18.9 (6.3) years. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were computed using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model.

Results

Among 159 937 former smokers (mean [SD] age, 62.6 [5.2] years; 106 912 [66.9%] male; 149 742 [93.6%] White), 86 127 deaths occurred. A higher total adherence score was associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR per unit increase, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.94-0.95). Compared with the lowest total adherence score category (scores, 0-2), the HRs for all-cause mortality were 0.88 (95% CI, 0.86-0.90) for scores of 3 to 4, 0.80 (95% CI, 0.79-0.82) for scores of 5 to 6, and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.71-0.75) for scores of 7 to 8. Associations were observed regardless of health status, comorbid conditions, the number of cigarettes participants used to smoke per day, years since cessation, and age at smoking initiation. When examined individually, the HRs for highest vs lowest adherence score were 0.86 (95% CI, 0.84-0.88) for body weight, 0.91 (95% CI, 0.90-0.93) for diet, 0.83 (95% CI, 0.81-0.85) for physical activity, and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94-0.97) for alcohol intake recommendations. Participants with a higher total adherence score also had a lower risk of mortality from cancer, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease.

Conclusions and Relevance

In a large US cohort of former smokers, better adherence to healthy lifestyle recommendations was associated with lower mortality risk. These results provide evidence that former smokers may benefit from adhering to lifestyle recommendations, as do other groups.
Subacute Abdominal Pain in a Patient With Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Zheng-Lin Binbin , Faleck David M. , Harding James J.
Published: September 2022

A 66-year-old woman with chronic hepatitis B infection and hepatocellular carcinoma presented with moderate radiating epigastric pain with nausea, anorexia, and water brash without emesis. What is your diagnosis?
Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.4 Variants After Fourth Vaccination or Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab Administration in Patients With Cancer
Authors: Mair Maximilian J. , Mitterer Manfred , Gattinger Pia , Berger Julia M. , Valenta Rudolf , Fong Dominic , Preusser Matthias
Published: September 2022

This cohort study assesses the capacity of passive immunization and tixagevimab and cilgavimab to inhibit interaction between receptor-binding domains and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in patients with hemato-oncologic diseases.
Cetuximab-Based vs Carboplatin-Based Chemoradiotherapy for Patients With Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Sun Lova , Candelieri-Surette Danielle , Anglin-Foote Tori , Lynch Julie A. , Maxwell Kara N. , D’Avella Christopher , Singh Aditi , Aakhus Erin , Cohen Roger B. , Brody Robert M.
Published: September 2022

Importance

Cetuximab-based and carboplatin-based chemoradiotherapy (CRT) are often used for patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer who are ineligible for cisplatin. There are no prospective head-to-head data comparing cetuximab-based and carboplatin-based regimens for radiosensitization.

Objective

To compare survival with cetuximab-based and carboplatin-based CRT in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study included US veterans who received a diagnosis of HNSCC between January 2006 and December 2020 and were treated with systemic therapy and radiation. Data cutoff was March 1, 2022 and data analysis was conducted from April-May 2022.

Exposures

Cisplatin, cetuximab, or carboplatin-based systemic therapy as captured in VA medication data and cancer registry.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Overall survival by systemic therapy was estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods. We used propensity score and inverse probability weighting to achieve covariate balance between cetuximab-treated and carboplatin-treated patients and used Cox regression to estimate cause-specific hazard ratios of death associated with carboplatin vs cetuximab. We also performed subgroup analyses of patients with oropharynx vs nonoropharynx primary sites.

Results

A total of 8290 patients (median [IQR] age, 63 [58-68] years; 8201 men [98.9%]; 1225 [15.8%] Black or African American and 6424 [82.6%] White individuals) with nonmetastatic HNSCC were treated with CRT with cisplatin (5566 [67%]), carboplatin (1231 [15%]), or cetuximab (1493 [18%]). Compared with cisplatin-treated patients, patients treated with carboplatin and cetuximab were older with worse performance status scores and higher comorbidity burden. Median (IQR) overall survival was 74.4 (22.3-162.2) months in patients treated with cisplatin radiotherapy (RT), 43.4 (15.3-123.8) months in patients treated with carboplatin RT, and 31.1 (12.4-87.8) months in patients treated with cetuximab RT. After propensity score and inverse probability weighting, carboplatin was associated with improved overall survival compared with cetuximab (cause-specific hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.78-0.93; P = .001). This difference was prominent in the oropharynx subgroup.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of a US veteran population with HNSCC undergoing treatment with CRT, almost a third of patients were ineligible to receive treatment with cisplatin and received cetuximab-based or carboplatin-based radiosensitization. After propensity score matching, carboplatin-based systemic therapy was associated with 15% improvement in overall survival compared with cetuximab, suggesting that carboplatin may be the preferred radiosensitizer, particularly in oropharynx cancers.
Association of Intraoperative Frozen Section Controls With Improved Margin Assessment During Transoral Robotic Surgery for Human Papillomavirus–Positive Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Yu Alice C. , Afework David D. , Goldstein Jeffrey D. , Abemayor Elliot , Mendelsohn Abie H.
Published: September 2022

Importance

Intraoperative margin assessment is an important technique for ensuring complete tumor resection in malignant cancers. However, in patients undergoing transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for oropharyngeal carcinomas, tissue artifact may provide pathologic uncertainty.

Objective

To assess the benefit of providing frozen section control samples (“positive tumor biopsies”) for use during intraoperative margin assessment for patients undergoing TORS for human papillomavirus (HPV)-16–positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC).

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cohort study, patients receiving curative-intent TORS for biopsy-proven HPV-16–positive OPSCC performed by a single attending surgeon (A.H.M.) at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center from 2017 to 2021 were included in a retrospective data analysis. Exclusion criteria included HPV-negative status, participation in clinical trials, and tumors of unknown primary origin.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Survival outcomes investigated included overall and disease-free survival. Adverse pathologic outcomes measured included occurrence of nondiagnostic margins and margin reversal from frozen to fixed pathology.

Results

Of the 170 patients included (mean [SD] age, 61.8 [9.9] years; 140 [82%] male), 50% of patients (n = 85) received a frozen section control. Use of a frozen section control was associated with statistically significantly improved sensitivity of intraoperative margin assessment, from 82.8% to 88.9% (difference, 6.1%; 95% CI, 3.9%-8.3%). Eleven percent (n = 18) of all tumors evaluated exhibited at least 1 nondiagnostic intraoperative margin, and 11% (n = 18) experienced margin reversal from frozen to fixed pathology. In patients with nondiagnostic margins, use of frozen section controls was associated with statistically significantly reduced time spent in the operating room (Cohend, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.12-2.14).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, frozen intraoperative margins assessed during TORS resections of HPV-16–positive OPSCC were diagnostically challenging. Adverse pathologic outcomes, such as margin status reversal from positive on frozen pathology to negative on formal analysis, were common. Providing intraoperative frozen section control biopsies may offer clarity in cases with nondiagnostic margins, reducing the need for additional sampling and time spent in the operating room.
Two‐Photon Polymerized Shape Memory Microfibers: A New Mechanical Characterization Method in Liquid
Authors: Minnick Grayson , Safa Bahareh Tajvidi , Rosenbohm Jordan , Lavrik Nickolay V. , Brooks Justin , Esfahani Amir M. , Samaniego Alberto , Meng Fanben , Richter Benjamin , Gao Wei , Yang Ruiguo
Published: September 2022

Two‐photon polymerization (TPP) is widely used to create 3D micro‐ and nanoscale scaffolds for biological and mechanobiological studies, which often require the mechanical characterization of the TPP fabricated structures. To satisfy physiological requirements, most of the mechanical characterizations need to be conducted in liquid. However, previous characterizations of TPP fabricated structures are all conducted in air due to the limitation of conventional micro‐ and nanoscale mechanical testing methods. In this study, a new experimental method is reported for testing the mechanical properties of TPP‐printed microfibers in liquid. The experiments show that the mechanical behaviors of the microfibers tested in liquid are significantly different from those tested in air. By controlling the TPP writing parameters, the mechanical properties of the microfibers can be tailored over a wide range to meet a variety of mechanobiology applications. In addition, it is found that, in water, the plasticly deformed microfibers can return to their predeformed shape after tensile strain is released. The shape recovery time is dependent on the size of microfibers. The experimental method represents a significant advancement in mechanical testing of TPP fabricated structures and may help release the full potential of TPP fabricated 3D tissue scaffolds for mechanobiological studies.
Light Absorption and Emission by Defects in Doped Nickel Oxide
Authors: Karsthof Robert , Frodason Ymir Kalmann , Galeckas Augustinas , Weiser Philip Michael , Zviagin Vitaly , Grundmann Marius
Published: September 2022

Nickel oxide is a versatile p‐type semiconducting oxide with many applications in optoelectronic devices, but high doping concentrations are often required to achieve necessary electrical conductivity. In contrast to many other transparent oxide semiconductors, even moderate doping levels in NiO can lead to significant optical absorption in the visible spectral range, limiting the application range of the material. This correlation has been reported extensively in the literature, but its origin has been unknown until now. This work combines experimental data on optical properties from a variety of NiO samples with results from hybrid density functional theory calculations. It shows that strong electron–phonon interaction leads to a significant blueshift (0.6–1 eV) of electronic transitions from the valence band maximum to defect states by light absorption with respect to the thermodynamic charge transition levels. This essentially renders NiO a narrow‐gap semiconductor by defect band formation already at moderate doping levels, with strong light absorption for photon energies of approximately 1 eV. The calculations are also shown to be fully consistent with experimental data on defect‐related light emission in NiO.
Association of serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D with metabolic disturbances in adolescents
Authors: Kaneva Anastasiya M. , Potolitsyna Natalya N. , Bojko Evgeny R.
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Data concerning the association of vitamin D with metabolic disturbances in adolescents are contradictory. The aim of this study was to identify metabolic abnormalities in adolescents with 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) deficiency and to determine informative indices for the early detection of these metabolic disturbances.

Methods

A cross‐sectional observational study including 90 adolescents aged 13–15 years was carried out during the winter. Anthropometric measures were collected. Fasting blood samples were assessed for the following parameters: serum 25(OH)D, lipids, and glucose.

Results

The majority of the study adolescents had low 25(OH)D concentration. The prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency (<12 ng/ml) and insufficiency (12–20 ng/ml) in adolescents was 34.4% and 55.6%, respectively. Among the metabolic disturbance, hypo‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterolemia prevailed in the adolescents, while hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia were rare. 25(OH)D status showed an association with the metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS‐IR, r = −0.40; p < .001), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level (r = 0.31; p = .003), atherogenic index of plasma (r = −0.30; p = .004) and body mass index (r = −0.23, p = .032). There were no significant correlations between 25(OH)D level and other lipid or glucose levels. The degree of hypovitaminosis D affects METS‐IR values.

Conclusions

25(OH)D deficiency in the studied adolescents had not yet manifested serious metabolic diseases. Of all the analyzed parameters, METS‐IR was most strongly associated with 25(OH)D level and can be considered a useful marker of early metabolic disturbances in adolescents with 25(OH)D deficiency.
We are preventing some dementias now—But how? The Potamkin lecture
Authors: Hachinski Vladimir ,   the Dementia Prevention/Brain Health Initiative
Published: September 2022

Most dementias are untreatable and their prevalence is increasing around the world. However, the incidence of dementia is declining in some countries. We need to find out urgently why and how and apply the lessons promptly and widely.

Given the multiplicity and variability of environmental, socioeconomic, and individual risk and protective factors, the approach needs to be comprehensive, customized to work in a particular setting, and cost effective, to justify the needed funding. Stroke, heart disease, and dementia share the same major preventable risk and protective factors and pose risks for each other. Preventing them together might result in efficiencies and economies of scale.

Prevention can best occur in existing actionable population health units through established leaders in government, non‐governmental organizations, and the community, around a positive message of promoting brain health as the key to health, productivity, and well‐being.
Structure, properties, and antibacterial behavior of nickel oxide reinforced natural rubber nanocomposites for flexible electronic applications
Authors: Parvathi K. , Ramesan M. T.
Published: September 2022

In this work, different contents of nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles were inserted into natural rubber (NR) using an industrial compounding technique to improve its process ability, mechanical, thermal stability, conductivity, dielectric constant, antibacterial and optical properties. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of composites showed the characteristic band of NiO at 495 cm−1 indicating the presence of nanoparticles in NR. The insertion of NiO into rubber showed a decrease in bandgap energy than pure NR. The crystalline peaks of nanoparticles in the rubber matrix were confirmed through X‐ray diffraction pattern. The nano size distribution and surface morphology from HR‐TEM and FE‐SEM showed that the nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed throughout the elastomer matrix. The glass transition temperature and thermal stability of the nanocomposites were significantly enhanced by the reinforcement of NiO into the NR matrix. The vulcanization time was greatly reduced with the use of filler, lowering the cost of manufacturing rubber products for the market. The AC conductivity, dielectric properties, tensile strength, tear, heat build‐up, hardness, oil resistance, and antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli of nanocomposites were greatly increased, whereas the elongation‐at‐break, abrasion loss and resilience were decreased with the addition of nanoparticles to the natural rubber.
Crack growth rate determination of highly dispersible silica filled NR/SBR blends along with material parameters around the crack tip
Authors: Bhattacharyya Anandarup , Mishra Nitish , Dolui Tuhin , Chanda Jagannath , Ghosh Prasenjit , Mukhopadhyay Rabindra
Published: September 2022

Based on the viscous energy dissipation parameter around the crack tip, several intrinsic factors tend to govern the dissipation factor which in turn leads to the characteristic crack growth mechanism of the rubber vulcanizate. Herein, the crack growth behavior of different filled natural rubber (NR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and NR/SBR blends was studied. It was deciphered that the 80/20 NR‐SBR (NSS) compound exhibited the lowest crack growth (dc/dn) value at all strain percentages which was in good accordance with its highest viscous energy dissipation as observed from the DMA (strain sweep) results. Also, from the theoretical calculations, dissipated energy per unit volume for NSS was 4.73 MPa, which was the highest out of all the compounds. This led to a decrement in crack growth. The lowest intensity peak in tan δ versus temperature curve, 6.5% decrement in ΔE'(storage modulus), and almost 44% decrement in ΔG’ (Payne Effect) indicates higher polymer‐filler interaction and lower filler‐filler disintegration respectively, as compared to 100 NR (NRS). The results from optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope suggested that NSS exudes the smallest crack deviation and extent of crack growth with lesser filler agglomerates making NSS the best fatigue‐resistant compound.
Online closed‐loop real‐time tES‐fMRI for brain modulation: A technical report
Authors: Mulyana Beni , Tsuchiyagaito Aki , Misaki Masaya , Kuplicki Rayus , Smith Jared , Soleimani Ghazaleh , Rashedi Ashkan , Shereen Duke , Bergman Til Ole , Cheng Samuel , Paulus Martin P. , Bodurka Jerzy , Ekhtiari Hamed
Published: September 2022

Recent studies suggest that transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) can be performed during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The novel approach of using concurrent tES‐fMRI to modulate and measure targeted brain activity/connectivity may provide unique insights into the causal interactions between the brain neural responses and psychiatric/neurologic signs and symptoms, and importantly, guide the development of new treatments. However, tES stimulation parameters to optimally influence the underlying brain activity may vary with respect to phase difference, frequency, intensity, and electrode's montage among individuals. Here, we propose a protocol for closed‐loop tES‐fMRI to optimize the frequency and phase difference of alternating current stimulation (tACS) for two nodes (frontal and parietal regions) in individual participants. We carefully considered the challenges in an online optimization of tES parameters with concurrent fMRI, specifically in its safety, artifact in fMRI image quality, online evaluation of the tES effect, and parameter optimization method, and we designed the protocol to run an effective study to enhance frontoparietal connectivity and working memory performance with the optimized tACS using closed‐loop tES‐fMRI. We provide technical details of the protocol, including electrode types, electrolytes, electrode montages, concurrent tES‐fMRI hardware, online fMRI processing pipelines, and the optimization algorithm. We confirmed the implementation of this protocol worked successfully with a pilot experiment.