bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isomerisiert oder decarboxyliert protoniertes Oxetanon? Ein Vergleich experimenteller und theoretischer Befunde
Authors: Asensio Gregorio , Miranda Miguel A. , Perez‐Prieto Julia , Sabater Maria J. , Simón‐Fuentes Antonio
Published: July 2007

Anders als theoretisch vorhergesagt verhält sich protoniertes 2‐Oxetanon 1‐H⊕ in konzentrierter Schwefelsäure. Statt unter Abspaltung von protoniertem Kohlendioxid Ethylen zu liefern, isomerisiert es zum Carbenium‐Ion 2‐H⊕, das mit protonierter Acrylsäure im Gleichgewicht steht. Gestützt wird dieser Mechanismus‐Vorschlag durch Untersuchungen mit dem 4‐tBu‐Analogon von 1‐H+, da sich hier das zu 2‐H⊕ analoge Carbenium‐Ion unter Methylgruppen‐Wanderung umlagert, so daß 3‐H⊕ als Produkt identifiziert wird.

magnified image
Katalytische Hydrosilylierung oder Hydrierung an einer Koordinationsstelle von [Cp′Fe(CO)(X)]‐Fragmenten
Authors: Brunner Henri , Fisch Konrad
Published: July 2007

Quantitativ verläuft die katalytische Hydrosilylierung von Acetophenon mit Diphenylsilan zu 1, wenn [Cp′Fe(CO)X]‐Fragmente die katalytisch aktiven Spezies sind. Diese Fragmente entstehen aus den Fe‐Komplexen 2 durch Phosphanabspaltung (L = Ph2P‐NMe‐CHMePh, X = Me,Ac) oder Methylgruppenwanderung (L = Me, X = CO). Auch als Hydrierkatalysatoren sind einige der Komplexe geeignet. Cp′ = Cp, Indenyl, 1‐tert‐Butylindenyl.

magnified image
Wirt‐Gast‐Komplexe mit geschlossenen, halboffenen und gestreckten Rezeptoren: hydrophobe Effekte und induzierte Pol‐Dipol‐Wechselwirkungen
Authors: Schneider Hans‐Jörg , Blatter Thomas , Zimmermann Patrick
Published: July 2007

Die Induktion von Dipolen durch N⊕‐Zentren spielt offenbar eine wesentliche Rolle bei der Bindung von lipophilen Substraten an Rezeptoren. Dies ergaben Studien mit einem geschlossenen (Typ A), einem halboffenen (Typ B) und einem gestreckten Rezeptor (Typ C) sowie mehreren Arenen, Dichlor‐ und Diiodmethan.

magnified image
Nicht‐radioaktiver DNA‐Hybridisierungsnachweis durch DNA‐Templat‐vermittelte Bildung eines ternären TbIII‐Komplexes in rein flüssiger Phase
Authors: Oser Andres , Valet Günther
Published: July 2007

Ein Komplex aus einem Tb3⊕‐Ion und zwei Chelatliganden bildet sich bevorzugt, wenn die Liganden durch Templat‐gerichtete Bindung eines Paares entsprechend modifizierter Oligodesoxyribonucleotide an komplementäre DNA direkt benachbart sind (Bild rechts). Der Tb‐Komplex ist ein Fluoreszenz‐Resonanz‐Energietransfer (FRET)‐System mit langlebiger Tb3⊕‐Fluoreszenz, wodurch ein DNA‐Hybridisierungsnachweis in flüssiger Phase ermöglicht wird. Aufgrund der Notwendigkeit einer direkten Nachbarschaft der beiden Oligonucleotid‐Sonden ist die Methode für den schnellen Nachweis von Mutationen, Insertionen, Deletionen und Spleißstellen von Bedeutung.

magnified image
Liam Fahey: the conscience of competitor intelligence
Authors: Leonard Jim
Published: July 2007

“Creating useful intelligence is best done by analysis who are inquisitive, creative, and above all, willing to challenge conventional wisdom about competitors.”

“Mis‐intelligence,” Across the Board, April 1989.
Benchmarking: A new use for competitive intelligence
Authors: Powell Tim
Published: July 2007

This article is partly based on an address the author delivered in March 1992 to the Strategic Planning Institute's Council on Benchmarking in Orlando, FL.
The intelligence deed end: How you present it!
Authors: Baumard Philippe
Published: July 2007

Introductory note: When I showed the following little piece to colleagues, I discovered that I was taking the risk of being completely misunderstood. French friends found it unfair and definitely anti‐French …. while American friends found it unfair and definitely anti‐American! I feel it necessary to now “state” my purpose (in the American way) or to defend my thesis (the French way).

This piece was developed from a CI debriefing I attended at a large European firm. I knew the details of the report, and comparing it to what I was hearing, I sensed a huge waste of resources: where was the richness, the in‐depth understanding that I appreciated in the report? Gone. The intelligence work was perfect, its presentation misleading. “It must have something to do with the way they present it,” I thought. I decided to address the issue in a humorous tone, purposefully exaggerating some aspects of the heavy “perceptual filters” (Starbuck and Miliken, 1988; Baumard 1994) that spoil our work as CI professionals. So, please, don't bite my finger—look where it is pointing!.
Intelligence to enhance American companies' competitiveness: The government's role and obligation
Authors: Herring Jon
Published: July 2007

This article was originally prepared to support the SCIP Competitiveness Task Force. Jan Herring was the principal author with major contribution from Jim Leonard, Guiliana Lavendel, Amego Ware, Jim Thomas, and Bob Margulies.
Long live manual files!
Authors: Pollard Andrew
Published: July 2007

Last Fall, I made a presentation in Brussels to members of SCIP Europe entitled “Law Tech Intelligence Operations.” I thought I would share part of it with you.
Ford‐Mazda's hermosillo assembly plant: A quality benchmark cross‐cultural alliance
Authors: Bannister Geoffrey J. , Muller Helen J. , Rehder Robert R.
Published: July 2007

An American‐Japanese partnership in a Mexican auto plant provides a unique opportunity to study competitive intelligence and technology transfer in a cross‐cultural environment. Ford‐Mazda chose Hermosillo as its plant site following extensive competitive analysis of its global options. At the site, Ford managers and engineers learned the Toyota lean system from Mazda workers, and Mazda helped Ford and its CI personnel adapt the Fordist system to the Japanese lean production system. Work teams were a primary means for cultural/technical socialization and communication. The creative talents of the CI system of the American, Japanese, and Mexican managers, engineers, and factory technicians made the development of a world‐class plant possible. © 1996 John wiley & Sons, Inc.
The technology maturation process and the role of competitive intelligence
Authors: Zimmerer Thomas W. , Rockmore B. Wayne , Smith John Patrick
Published: July 2007

U.S. businesses often seem more concerned with their quarterly financial statements than with developing new technologies that, in the long run, could revitalize American manufacturing and provide domestic products with a competitive over imports. The authors present a model of how new technologies can be effectively “matured” and then commercialized through the creation of voluntary strategic alliances among industry, universities, and government laboratories. The result: swifter commercialization of technologies developed from “pure research,” magnifying the intellectual property into numerous new product applications. Deciding how to structure technology maturation teams revolves around a series of issues that blend technological and commercial factors, but critical players include the intellectual property creators (university or federal lab researchers), technology developers (scientists and engineers), and entrepreneurial commercializers, either within or outside the firm. Of critical importance is staffing the project team with qualified members as they are needed, since only a few members will be involved during the entire cycle, and deciding which of many potential “paths of opportunity” to wander, allocating resources to the most promising opportunities while retaining the commitment of team members whose ideas were rejected. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Scoring at conferences: The quarterback technique for gathering intelligence
Authors: Shaker Steven M. , Kardulias George
Published: July 2007

Conferences, conventions, and trade shows are such common sources of information on competitors that CI professionals too often take them for granted, failing to realize that a “game plan” is necessary to take maximum advantage of intelligence gathering at these events. As a remedy, the authors have adapted the “Quarterback Technique” developed by the U.S. intelligence community. The process isn't “mission: impossible” but does make use of a tactical team headed by a “quarterback” who plans and anticipates collection opportunities, begins to link with “targets” who can address specific intelligence requirements, finds internal and (trusted) external “sources” who have potential access to specific targets, and determines which events and activities could help bring sources and targets together. This operation is best coordinated from a “war room” at the conference site, equipped with tools ranging from the simple (butcher‐board paper and colored markers) to the relatively sophisticated (electronic organizers, digital cameras, and pocket tape recorders). As sources are debriefed, CI analysts located either at the conference or at headquarters immediately review the intelligence reports and recommend follow‐up collection activities during the conference, alerting and soliciting feedback from senior management if the intelligence proves significant. Many of these same techniques can be adapted for electronic and virtual conferences. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Winning contracts by understanding—and leveraging—the competitor's approach
Authors: O'Guin Michael C.
Published: July 2007

Successful bidding for contract awards requires not only a detailed knowledge of competitor strengths and weaknesses but the ability to use this information to fortify your offering and neutralize competing bids. The author presents an approach for crafting a winning strategy that differentiates your firm from the competition on those attributes most important to the customer; clearly communicates why your offering best meets the customer's needs; explains why your analysis led you to reject the competition's approach in favor of your own; and otherwise identifies and discredits the competitor's strengths while exploiting every weakness. In addition, developing a competitive assessment in which your management has confidence will help your firm make more decisive competitive‐bidding investment decisions. If you are clearly going to win, additional prototypes and expensive promotion can be avoided. If headed for certain defeat, management can terminate the pursuit and cut its losses. Finally, competitive intelligence is vital to determining the “price‐to‐win” figure at which the maximum acceptable price can be bid. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Machine‐learning the business: Using data mining for competitive intelligence
Authors: Mena Jesus
Published: July 2007

“Data mining” and “data warehouses” are ways of applying artificial intelligence to create competitive intelligence. Induction‐based data mining software uses machine‐learning algorithms to analyze records in a firm's internal and customer databases, discovering patterns, transactional relationships, and rules that can predict future trends and indicate competitive opportunities. Raw data thus transformed is maintained in a data warehouse, providing support for a variety of analytical tasks and competitive decisions. As a result, questions that traditionally required extensive trial‐and‐error queries or statistical segmenting can be answered automatically. Since the machine‐learning algorithms can identify key intervals (ranges) and attributes (variables) in a database, they can compress a database so that only a few attributes are needed to derive predictive intelligence. Recent studies indicate data mining technology will have a major impact across a wide range of industries within the next three to five years. A table is provided of data mining products with vendor names, phone numbers, and Internet addresses. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Applying economics to competitive intelligence
Authors: Stotter James
Published: July 2007

Macroeconomics—including business cycle forecasting through the use of key economic indicators—can play an important role in competitive intelligence. Familiarity with key indicators leads to an understanding of how different parts of the economy interact. Tracking these can be as simple as taking a daily look at the front‐page of the Wall Street Journal. “Elasticity”—how sensitive one variable is to a change in another variable—is a useful tool for defining markets and forecasting responses to price changes. For example, algebraic equations can be used to forecast whether a price increase (or decrease) will produce a proportionately greater decrease (or increase) in quantity demanded. “Arc elasticity” can be used to determine the elasticity over a given price range (or arc). When demand is elastic, total revenue—the price at which a given quantity is sold times that quantity—declines as prices are increased and increases as prices fall. The opposite is true of inelastic demand. Knowing the elasticity of demand for your products and your competitors' products is a key to determining pricing strategy. Income elasticity is a similar tool, with income substituted for price. Also useful for CI is determining the boundaries of an industry or market by calculating cross elasticity of demand. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
“Normalized” patent trend analysis: Eliminating the impact of nonrelevant variables
Authors: Bigwood Michael P.
Published: July 2007

Patent trend analysis, or the bibliometric analysis of patenting activity over time, has been used to evaluate where technologies stand on their maturity curves and to identify players in a technical field. The tool has also been applied to assess specific companies' technology portfolios and technical strategies. The analysis is usually based on a direct count of the number of patents published annually. The author proposes, and shows with examples, that factors other than technology maturity and technology strategies can affect these trends and that extraneous factors have to be taken into account before valid conclusions can be drawn. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Market structure analysis using managerial judgments: A framework and an experimental test
Authors: Paul Pallab , Chakravarti Dipankar
Published: July 2007

Managerial judgments are essential inputs in market structure analysis. The basic premise of this research is that by using structured elicitation methods that rely on the underlying logic of competitive market structure analysis (CMSA) models, it may be possible to effectively extract and organize managers' knowledge of competitive relationships. In this study, the authors examine how managerial judgments are influenced by two elicitation methods (perceived competitive similarity and forced choice) and three specific priming cues (brand image, features, and usage situation). The focus is on examining the learning effects of feedback and concordance of judgments across elicitation methods. The results showed significant effects of both feedback and elicitation method, but not for the primed cue. Relative to the perceptual similarity method, the forced choice method helped subjects better articulate the veridical structure of the market. Also, the forced choice method produced more concordant judgments of market structure when followed by perceptual similarity as compared to the reverse (i.e., perceived similarity followed by forced choice). This suggests that the forced choice elicitation method produces a more stable perception of market structure. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Direct frequency modulation of semiconductor laser
Authors: Ogita Shouichi , Kotaki Yuji , Ishikawa Hiroshi , Onaka Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

Semiconductor lasers which oscillate at a single frequency have been developed. DFB lasers represent such lasers. Since coherent optical communication has many merits, e.g., longer distance between repeaters, many applications of such lasers have been investigated.

In this study, the frequency characteristics of these lasers have been evaluated. In a conventional DFB laser, the frequency characteristic degrades when frequency modulation is carried out around several Megahertz.

To solve this problem, a method to control the spatial hole‐burning phenomenon was investigated using a multielectrode DFB laser with a long cavity. As a result, a flat frequency modulation characteristic at frequencies from 100 kHz to 15 GHz was obtained and it was confirmed that this DFB laser was suitable for coherent optical communication systems.
Three‐dimensional finite element analysis of electromagnetic fields excited by electric current
Authors: Matsuhara Masanori
Published: July 2007

The conventional finite‐element method for the analysis of electromagnetic fields excited by the electric current is based on the potentials. However, as the potential is an indirect quantity, the numerical accuracy obtained by those methods is not so high and the fixation of the gauge condition is troublesome.

This paper proposes a finite‐element analysis method based on the electric or magnetic field intensity to determine the electromagnetic fields excited by electric current. As the electric or magnetic field intensity is a direct field quantity, the numerical accuracy of this method is better and the problem of the gauge condition does not arise. Moreover, it is shown that this method can be applied not only to the dynamic electromagnetic fields # 0 but also to the static electromagnetic fields ω = 0.
Electric conduction and electroluminescence of plasma‐polymerized ethylene thin films
Authors: Miyairi Keiichi , Kondo Yumiko
Published: July 2007

A thin film was formed using plasma from a mixture of Ar gas and ethylene as monomer at 13.56 MHz. The film is similar to the chemically synthesized polyethylene film. However, it has a three‐dimensional network structure and is superior in thermoresistance and mechanical strength.

To determine the electrical breakdown process of this film, the high‐field conduction and electroluminescence phenomenon were investigated. From the dependencies of the conduction current on the electrode and temperature, the luminescence phenomenon was considered to be caused by charge injection based on the Schottky effect and trapping in the impurity levels.
Analysis of nonlinear TE waves in a three‐layer slab waveguide with self‐focusing nonlinear film and substrate layers
Authors: Okafuji Satoshi
Published: July 2007

The analysis of propagation characteristics of TE waveguiding in linear/self‐focusing nonlinear/self‐focusing nonlinear, three‐layer slab waveguide with a symmetric linear dielectric distribution is presented. In this analysis, the electric field inside the film is expressed in terms of Jacobi's cn function with a constant amplitude, and the equation to determine the transverse wavenumber inside the film is derived by considering the relation between this amplitude and the electric field on both sides of the film.

By introducing the maximum optical power density divided by the dielectric constant difference between the film and the substrate as a measure for nonlinearity, this equation contains only three parameters (nonlinearity parameter, normalized thickness and relative nonlinear coefficient difference).

By changing the values of these parameters and restricting the numerical calculation for TEo modes, the number of TEo modes with its peaks in the substrate or in the film or at the boundary between the film and the substrate is examined. These results are illustrated in a plane in which we take the normalized thickness along the vertical axis and nonlinearity parameter along the horizontal axis.

Moreover, it is shown that for the waveguide with nonlinear coefficient of the substrate greater than the film, there is a possibility of existence of TEo mode for which the values of the normalized guide index and the change of the electric field profile are discontinuous for the change of the nonlinearity parameter.
Application of multigrid technique to the spatial network method
Authors: Kukutsu Naoya , Yoshida Norinobu , Fukai Ichiro
Published: July 2007

Recently, with the rapid development in the speed and memory of digital computers, simulation has become available in many fields. However, huge calculation is required to acquire good accuracy and an efficient method of calculation should be used so that the time and memory limitations of the computers may be utilized effectively.

The authors have already applied the spatial network method to many electromagnetic problems to find the three‐dimensional time response including the transient response. In this method, basically, the region of analysis is divided into equal intervals. However, when the whole region of analysis is divided into equal intervals, the spatial difference interval should be fixed in such a way that the smallest part of the region may be expressed correctly.

Hence, for the analysis models including a thin slab, a large number of variables and, consequently, a large amount of memory are involved. To overcome this problem, this paper introduces the application of the multigrid technique to the spatial network method where the division of a part of the region can be refined further. The validity of this method is checked by analyzing the dielectric‐loaded rectangular waveguide.
Finite‐element solution of periodic waveguides with circular symmetry
Authors: Inoue Kazuhiro , Koshiba Masanori
Published: July 2007

A numerical approach to determine the propagation characteristics of periodic waveguides with circular symmetry is proposed. This approach is based on the finite‐element method using axisymmetric triangular elements.

Although it is convenient to use the functional in terms of three components of the magnetic field in the finite‐element analysis of the electromagnetic field in a three‐dimensional inhomogeneous region including a dielectric, if the eigenvalue problem is solved with the unaltered functional, spurious solutions do appear.

Thus, to eliminate spurious solutions, the penalty function method developed for two‐dimensional finite‐element analysis of uniform waveguides is extended to analyze the axisymmetric periodic waveguide problem. Moreover, numerical integration based on the formulas derived by Hammer et al. is used for evaluating an element integral including singularity, which appears in the functional when it is expressed in a cylindrical coordinate system (r, θ, z). The validity and efficiency of the numerical analysis proposed here is verified by taking the example of circular waveguides loaded with a dielectric having periodic structure.
Polarization‐independent optical switch and TE/TM mode splitter using LiNbO3 asymmetric X‐branched waveguides
Authors: Sunada Tadasu , Takizawa Kuniharu
Published: July 2007

A new type of polarization‐independent optical switch with a cladding layer and a TE/TM mode splitter was designed and fabricated. These devices were composed of a Y‐branched phase modulator and a nonsymmetric X‐branched waveguide with planar electrodes formed on an X‐cut LiNbO3 substrate to propagate light in the Z‐direction.

The TE/TM mode lights propagating through the Y‐branched waveguide have opposite polarity but they receive equal electrooptic effect. Therefore, it is possible to achieve polarization‐independent optical switching and TE/TM splitting simply by adjusting the cladding layer formed on the Y‐branch.

This paper describes the theoretical and experimental result of these functions. When the cladding layer was formed by using photoresist, polarization‐independent switching was achieved when the length of the photoresist lr was 6 mm (crosstalk < −20 dB, switching voltage = 16 V). When lr = 3 mm, TE/TM mode splitting was achieved (crosstalk < −18 dB). Based on this device principle, a waveguide‐type polarizer was formed and an extinction ratio higher than 30 dB was achieved.
Metal oxide on the surface of contacts having excellent contact performance
Authors: Tanii Takuya
Published: July 2007

Previously, a substance identified as ammonium sulfate was found on the speech path contacts of XS‐type crossbar switches in the electronic switching system of NTT. On the basis of this finding, the contacts of 99% Au/1 % Ni alloy in contact with Pd were developed by the author's group more than ten years ago for the pushbutton dial contacts of telephone sets. These contacts showed excellent performance and are still in use at the present. This development depends on the hypothesis that some metal oxides have the effect of preserving contact performance against the influence of air pollution.

In this paper, the hypothesis, experimental results in the investigation of the properties of the Au‐Ni alloy surface, and applications of this alloy for electrical contacts are described. The experimental results are as follows:

by heating the Au‐Ni (Ni 1%) alloy, it was confirmed that nickel oxide was accumulated on the alloy surface;

by measuring the contact angle of a water droplet on the Au‐Ni alloy, the relationship between the angle and accumulation of nickel oxide was obtained; and

by operating the contacts combined with Au−1 % Ni and Pd which are similar to the actual use of contacts, the characteristics and the size of the formed powder were evaluated.
Unified mechanical aberration theory of electrostatic focusing‐deflection systems
Authors: Tsumagari Takashi , Ohiwa Hajime , Noda Tamotsu
Published: July 2007

An axially symmetric electrostatic focusing‐deflection system is indispensable in forming a focused ion beam. This paper describes a general procedure for quantitatively evaluating the effect of the mechanical error existing in the electrode of the electrostatic optical system on the optical characteristics. From the perturbation theory, a rigorous formula is derived for evaluating the aberrations up to the third order due to the mechanical errors. It is shown that the well‐known static deflection trajectory appears in the first‐order trajectory component. It is shown that the higher‐order trajectories (aberrations) can be represented by five aberration coefficients for the second‐order components and by 28 for the third‐order components.

The present method can analyze the effect due to mutual interactions in the case where mechanical errors exist both in the deflection system and the focusing system which has been neglected. Further, in the derived evaluation formula, static mechanical aberration correction systems such as aligners and stigmators are taken into consideration. Hence, the method can evaluate the situation after the main mechanical aberrations are removed by correcting devices.
Driving theory of power reed switch in inhomogeneous magnetic field
Authors: Iimori Ken‐Ichi
Published: July 2007

The energy source for driving the power reed switch is considered to be due to the magnetization energy provided to the power reed switch magnet piece by the magnetic field formed by a permanent magnet or an electromagnetic coil. Of the permanent magnets, i.e., the driving system by a ferrite magnet or a rare earth magnet in which the recoil permeability is close to unity, the magnetic field distribution of the power reed switch magnet piece can be derived analytically. Further, the magnetization energy can be derived easily by an approximate calculation.

On the other hand, if the reference magnetization energy for driving the power reed switch is obtained a priori which is compared with the magnetization energy by an arbitrarily shaped permanent magnet, the driving force of the power reed switch is found to be obtained accurately. As a result, it becomes possible to design a magnetic proximity switch taking into consideration the magnetic stability in an environment with a permanent magnet. Thus, stabilization of the product quality and improvement of the reliability are expedited significantly. A speedy introduction of the products is enhanced.
Design, fabrication, and experiment of gaas traveling‐wave directional coupler optical modulators
Authors: Hayashi Hideki , Ishikawa Takuya , Ishikawa Takuya , Takahashi Yoshihiro
Published: July 2007

To increase the operating speed of a GaAs directional coupler (coupled‐waveguide) optical modulator, a new device with traveling‐wave electrodes is designed and fabricated. The device with a coupling length of 1 cm operated in the traveling‐wave mode with a layered configuration identical to the lumped element operation is found to be subject to the effect of the slow‐wave mode and to a large dielectric loss in the thick n+ layer so that the modulation bandwidth is only 300 MHz. It is found that the thickness of the n− layer must be reduced to decrease the effect of the slow‐wave mode and the dielectric loss. A new device structure is proposed in which this thinner n+ layer is realized on a semi‐insulating layer. The switching voltage was 10.4 V in a device for 1.06 μm light with a coupling length of 8 mm fabricated with a substrate grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The 3‐dB modulation bandwidth was measured to be 9.1 GHz. For the ratio of the modulation bandwidth to the switching voltage, the modulation efficiency is improved over those for the previous lumped element devices by more than 10 times.
Simple assembly technique for single‐mode optical fiber multi/demultiplexers
Authors: Kato Kuniharu , Nishi Isao , Hashimoto Kouhei
Published: July 2007

A new technique is proposed for assembling singlemode fiber multi/demultiplexers by an easy adjustment process using alignment‐free fiber collimators. This technique utilizes a jig to position the collimators and adopts a collimator rotation process to reduce the increase in assembly loss.

According to simulation and experiments, the assembly loss increase of a two‐channel multi/demultiplexer is confirmed to be 0.5 to 1.0 dB. Its value is half that of the multi/demultiplexer assembled without the easy adjustment process. A prototype multi/demultiplexer having 1.3‐and 1.5‐μm channels has been fabricated. The insertion loss of each channel was 1.8 dB and its deviation was within ±0.1 dB from 0 to 60d̀C.
Broadband active circulators
Authors: Toyoda Sachihiro , Satomura Yutaka
Published: July 2007

This paper describes three types of active circulators: the first structure consists of three dual gate FETs and its operating frequency range is 0.4 to 2.6 GHz. This circulator uses a phase‐divider circuit. The forward insertion loss is 0.4 dB while the isolation is 21 dB; the second structure consists of three each of RF transformers and AGC amplifiers. The operating frequency range of this active circulator is 0.3 to 1.4 GHz. The forward insertion loss is 0.3 dB and the isolation is 29 dB; and the third active circulator consists of three each of phase inverters and broadband amplifiers. The operating frequency range is 5 to 10 GHz. The isolation and the forward insertion loss are 27 and 0.3 dB, respectively. This circulator can be used for an input power of up to 19 dBm.
FM noise property of mutually optical injection‐locked semiconductor lasers considering propagation time between lasers
Authors: Iiyama Koichi , Hayashi Ken‐Ichi , Ida Yoshida
Published: July 2007

Locking bandwidth and FM noise properties of mutually optical injection‐locked semiconductor lasers are described, taking into account an optical delay time between lasers. By introducing a figure of merit of optical injection specifying unilaterality of the optical injection, optical injection‐locking systems with an arbitrary inverse optical injection from a slave laser to a master laser can be described adequately.

It is found from the analysis that for a short delay time, the locking bandwidth and the FM noise depend on both the round‐trip phase angle and the figure of merit of optical injection. In the case of a long delay time, the FM noise and the spectral linewidth are reduced significantly with increasing locking bandwidth.

Finally, an undulation similar to that in the external cavity semiconductor laser appears in the FM noise spectrum. The experimental results obtained by using semiconductor lasers emitting at 0.83 μm agree well with the analytical results.
Structure of outside emitter silicon bipolar transistor (OSET) for high‐speed LSI
Authors: Uehara Keijiro , Higuchi Hisayuki
Published: July 2007

Transistor structures suitable for high‐speed bipolar LSIs have been examined and OSET (outside emitter technology) transistors which enable an emitter region more than three times larger for the same base area are proposed. The feature of this transistor is the structure where the base contact region is placed in the center and a ring‐shaped emitter region is formed around it. As a result, the placement of the base and emitter regions is reversed compared to the conventional structure.

With the OSET transistor with a ring‐shaped emitter region formed by a self‐aligned technology as a basis, a simple type with a simplified fabrication process, a ringed‐collector type with a ring‐shaped collector electrode outside the emitter to reduce the collector resistance and the area, and a central‐collector type which has a minimum active area have been examined.

The central‐collector type transistor enables an emitter area of 2.6 μm2in the device area of 2 × 2 μm2, and the emitter occupies an extremely high portion of the device region. The OSET transistor that enables a dramatic reduction of parasitic capacitances (which occupy a large portion of the LSI delay time) with device scaling is considered suitable for ultrahigh‐speed LSIs.
Low noise MMIC amplifiers using HEMTs
Authors: Ayaki Nagisa , Nagahama Hiroki , Inoue Akira , Katoh Takayuki , Murase Isao , Kobiki Michihiro , Tanino Noriyuki , Yoshii Yutaka
Published: July 2007

A 12‐GHz band, two‐stage monolithic HEMT (high‐electron mobility transistor) low‐noise amplifier and a broadband monolithic HEMT distributed amplifier have been developed. The HEMTs used in the amplifiers have a gate length of 0.5 μm and show a typical noise figure of 1.0 dB at 12 GHz. A noise figure of the two‐stage amplifier is less than 1.7 dB with a gain over 15.0 dB in the frequency range from 11.7 to 12.7 GHz. A noise figure of the distributed amplifier is less than 6.2 dB and gain of 7 ± 0.9 dB in the frequency range from 2 to 18 GHz.
Measurement of the residual birefringence distribution in glass laser disk by transverse zeeman laser
Authors: Umeda Norihiro , Kohwa Hiroyuki
Published: July 2007

This paper considers the measurement of the residual birefringence distribution in a glass laser disk by means of birefringent measurement equipment with a frequency‐stabilized transverse Zeeman laser as a light source.

The birefringence by the residual distortion of a glass laser amplifying medium is an important factor in determining its optical performance. A method of accurate measurement of the birefringence phase difference and the principal axis direction has been conceived based on an optical heterodyne method using a frequency‐stabilized transverse Zeeman laser which is a two‐frequency orthogonally polarized light source. This measurement system consists of a rotating half‐wave plate, a rotating linear polarizer, a detector and electric phase meter and a personal computer.

In this paper, the measurement principle and the error analysis are clarified with the use of Stokes parameters. The data processing method for the measured results and the experimentally observed minimum detection limit are described. With the present measurement system, birefringent measurement of an elliptic glass laser disk is carried out and its residual birefringence distribution is clarified.
Fabrication of SiO2 thin films by ECR plasma anodization
Authors: Matsumura Koki
Published: July 2007

Anodization of single‐crystalline silicon was carried out under microwave plasma created by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), and the anodization characteristic and oxide film property were evaluated. The growth rate of the oxide film depended strongly on the oxygen pressure and the growth rate reached the maximum under relatively high oxygen pressure.

Since the plasma parameters and substrate temperature were dependent on the oxygen pressure, the oxidation was thought to be dependent on the supply of oxygen atoms from plasma and the generation of silicon atoms and dangling bonds at the Si‐oxide interface.

The X‐ray photoelectron spectra revealed the formation of stoichiometric SiO2. This result provided insight into the oxide growth process. In addition, the electric conduction in an MOS device formed using this oxide was investigated. As a result, it was found that the dc high field conduction prior to the self‐healing breakdown was based on the tunneling of electrons injected by Schottky emission through the oxide. Also, the negative resistance observed after the self‐healing breakdown was caused by the formation of space charges caused by the impurity ions.
Delay‐time evaluation of submicron BiCMOS, CMOS, and bipolar ecl gates
Authors: Higuchi Hisayuki , Tachibana Suguru , Suzuki Makoto
Published: July 2007

The following results have been obtained by evaluating the circuit delay times of submicron BiCMOS, CMOS, and ECL gates by the same criterion: (1) analytical relationships to represent the delay time of each circuit by device parameters have been developed; (2) these relationships have been verified by the circuit simulator using BiCMOS device parameters with minimum dimension of 0.5 μm; (3) using submicron devices for each circuit, the delay time ratio of CMOS, BiCMOS and ECL is 4:2:1; (4) reduction of the device parasitic capacitance is more effective in improving BiCMOS gate delay than that of CMOS gate; and (5) reduction of the parasitic capacitance can make the BiCMOS gate operate as fast as the ECL gate.
Polarization characteristics of alumina films anodized with large current density
Authors: Okano Mamoru , Saito Mitsunori , Miyagi Mitsunobu
Published: July 2007

To use an anodic alumina film as an optical functional device, the optical characteristics of the film was evaluated experimentally. Alumina film anodized in sulfuric acid with high current density has a polarization characteristic. The extinction ratio increases with the increase of the current density. When alumina film is used as an optical polarizer, the insertion loss can be reduced by filling the pores with dielectric material.
Analysis of electromagnetic field induced over ground by lightning having an angle of inclination
Authors: Ichikawa Satoshi , Saitoh Yukio
Published: July 2007

When the time response of the electromagnetic field induced on the ground by lightning is calculated, investigation of both the lightning channel and ground permittivity is required. The lightning channel has been treated as normal to the ground. In this paper, however, a study is presented for the case in which the channel is inclined at an angle from the normal direction. Derivation of the theoretical expressions of the electromagnetic field is carried out by Laplace transform in the complex frequency domain.

The derived theoretical equation consists of complicated terms containing an infinite integral called Sommerfeld integral. It is not possible to transform into the time domain by an analytical process. Hence, the inverse numerical Laplace transform is used for transformation into the time domain.
Design theory of a diode video detector for the submillimeter wave region using an open‐type biconical resonator
Authors: Daiku Yoshiaki , Ono Shoichi
Published: July 2007

Performance of Schottky diodes has been improved significantly so that they can be used at frequencies in the submillimeter‐wave band and beyond. At the same time, various submillimeter‐wave detector circuits have been proposed and studied. These circuits contain antennas on the assumption of free space propagation since there exist no established transmission lines at submillimeter‐wave frequencies. The authors have carried out studies on the design theory of biconical circuits as a form for submillimeter‐wave detector circuits. In this paper, this was improved as an open resonator and its equivalent circuit was derived. Based on the latter, a design procedure was established. The responsibility used for the quantum‐type detectors was extended so that the figure of merit for an open‐type detector was defined and evaluated. With an expanded model of the detector based on the proposed method, detection of 8 to 100 GHz was successful so that the equivalent circuit and the design method were confirmed experimentally.
Application of variably graded mesh to the spatial network method
Authors: Kukutsu Naoya , Yoshida Norinobu , Fukai Ichiro
Published: July 2007

As a method to carry out a three‐dimensional time domain response including the transient response, the authors have applied the spatial network method to a number of electromagnetic wave problems. Since the entire analysis region was subdivided equally in this method, the spatial difference mesh size was required to be determined such that the minimum dimension in the analysis region can be expressed sufficiently. Hence, the storage capacity required for the variables for the entire region was enormous.

Techniques to alleviate this problem can be either the method in which the discretization of a certain region is made finer geometrically without changing the mesh shape or the one in which the mesh spacing is varied equivalently so that the discretization of a particular region is made finer as rectangular meshes. The latter approach is taken in this paper. We assume a wave with a velocity proportional to the length of the transmission line. As a result, the formulation is carried out under an assumption that each transmission line has a different characteristic impedance. Further, in the formulation process, the treatment of the Bergeron representation at the boundary of different mesh sizes is carried out by two methods. In one method, hypothetical nodes are installed, whereas in another method buffer zones are introduced.
Difference of flux control between two‐dimensional orthogonal core and three‐dimensional orthogonal core
Authors: Oka Hideo
Published: July 2007

This paper points out that when the primary and the secondary sides of the ferte orthogonal core, which is one of the three‐dimensional orthogonal cores, are modified, it can be regarded as a two‐dimensional orthogonal core. It is shown also that because of its shape, this type of core has the same flux control as the original ferrite orthogonal core. However, there is a difference in the flux control mechanism in the primary and the secondary sides due to the difference of orthogonal dimensions. Based on the results of investigations, the flux control and ac (alternate current) magnetization characteristics are measured for the ferrite orthogonal core and the two‐dimensional orthogonal core. By comparing their characteristics, the flux control and other performances are demonstrated.
Path integral representation of generalized nonlinear schroudinger equations—application to optical soliton problems
Authors: Hayata Kazuya , Koshiba Masanori
Published: July 2007

The nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) is one of the partial differential equations appearing in a number of research areas including mathematics, physics, engineering, and biology. Its applicable area is quite wide. In this paper, as a solution method for an NLSE accompanied with modification or perturbation (generalized NLSE), the path integral method (PIM) is used. The basic concept, formulation, and actual numerical calculation algorithm are described.

The PIM introduced by Feynman is a nonrelativistic quantum mechanical formulation based on the Lagrangian form. Since the final formula obtained in this paper takes a standard Fourier transform type, it is possible to use the fast Fourier transform (FFT) so that a quantum jump in numerical efficiency has been attained. It should be noted that only one Fourier transform operation is needed per unit propagating section. As a generalized NLSE, a set of coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations with a perturbation is considered. As a specific example of application, numerical results for optical solitons are presented.
An address access time measurement method for high‐speed mos static rams
Authors: Nishimura Yasumasa , Niiro Mitsutaka , Tanaka Koji , Hamada Mitsuhiro
Published: July 2007

With the advance of a high‐speed MOS static RAM (SRAM), it is considered a problem to measure the access time of SRAM more accurately. In the measurement of the address access time, it is assumed that a large number of address signals are all simultaneously forced on SRAM. In the actual measurement of SRAM, however, it is difficult to determine the forcing time of the address signals at the input of SRAM. Consequently, the foregoing condition is difficult.

This paper considers the measurement of the address access time of the high‐speed SRAM and proposes a method whereby the forcing time of the address signal can easily be measured and corrected on the memory tester. In the method, the GND bounce generated in SRAM itself in response to the given address signal is measured in the reference SRAM. Then the variation of the address signal forcing time is evaluated quantitatively and corrected. The proposed method is applied to a commercial memory tester to measure the address access time in 64‐kbit CMOS SRAM with the maximum access time of 15 ns. As a result, the variation of the address signal forcing time is kept within ±100 ps, and the measurement error of the SRAM address access time with different testers is within 1 ns, which is satisfactory.
Electromagnetic field analysis of a system including space charge by combined equivalent circuit of scalar and vector wave equations
Authors: Kimura Hideaki , Yoshida Norinobu , Fukai Ichiro
Published: July 2007

With the recent advancement in semiconductor technology, high‐frequency applications of the elements have been developed rapidly. In the high‐frequency region, coupling of electromagnetic field and the elements cannot be defined by current and electrode voltage. It must be treated as a whole system.

To solve this problem, unified analysis of electromagnetic field and semiconductor devices is required. In the past, the solution of the steady Poisson equation has been the principal goal in the analysis of semiconductor elements. However, for the devices operating at frequencies higher than microwave frequencies, it is strictly necessary to solve the Helmholtz equation considering time and loss terms.

This paper explains that the unified analysis of electromagnetic field and semiconductor devices is possible by a combined equivalent circuit of scalar and vector wave equations along with Lorentz gauge or continuity equation, for a system including space charge and current. Moreover, the validity of this method is checked by applying it to a simple example.
Phase modulation with microchannel spatial light modulator (MSLM)
Authors: Hara Tsutomu
Published: July 2007

An attempt has been made to use a spatial light modulator to realize a system which controls the optical phase in a two‐dimensional (2‐D) fashion. Many of the spatial light modulators make use of the intensity modulation of the light. Very few can be used purely as a phase modulator. The microchannel spatial light modulator (MSLM) is an electron tube made of a photocathode, microchannel plate (MCP) and an electrooptic crystal (55‐deg cut LiNbO3). A theoretical study is conducted on the mechanism in which the optical phase is modulated by the writing optical energy incident on the photo‐cathode. To measure the phase variation by the device, Michaelson interferometer was used in the reading optics. The variation of the interference light intensity by the writing optical energy is obtained experimentally and from the obtained value the phase variation was derived. It is found that the phase can be inverted by the writing of the optical energy of 18 nJ/cm2 when the reading light (γ = 632.8 nm) polarized in the direction normal to the x‐axis of the crystal is used.