bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial and financial impact of facial hair among female patients of hirsutism: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Pathania Yashdeep Singh , Budania Anil , Rafi Sahiba , Kumar Ashok
Published: February 2023

Background

Literature on psychosocial impact, financial burden, and worry in hirsute females with facial hair is limited.

Objective

To assess psychosocial impact and financial burden, worry among females with hirsutism.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional, questionnaire based observational study, 50 females with hirsutism having facial hair were interviewed and provided with questionnaires examining the psychosocial impact and financial burden. Psychosocial impact in participants was assessed by the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire, and the financial burden was evaluated using a composite financial burden score. Self‐reported financial worry was also calculated.

Results

A total of 50 completed DLQI surveys and financial burden surveys were taken for analysis. The mean DLQI of 50 hirsute females was 15.98 ± 5.79. The mean value of financial burden score was 0.98 ± 1.45, and financial worry was 1.5 ± 0.90. There were 16% of total hirsute females who commonly used trimming/ shaving and Laser therapy as a treatment modality followed by 12% females who did not use any treatment modality for their facial hair. There were 10% females who used waxing and followed by 6% who used a combination of waxing, trimming, and bleaching for managing facial hair. The financial burden impact of laser therapy was significant (p = 0.013) among all treatment modalities.

Conclusion

The present study concludes that hirsutism poses a very large effect or psychosocial impact on hirsute females with a significant financial burden with laser therapy as compared to other treatment modalities.
Retracted: Is it possible to obtain long‐lasting results with thread lift in the brow region? Introduction of a new suspension technique and evaluation of 50 patients
Authors: Sahan Ali , Karaosmanoglu Nermin , Ozdemir Cetinkaya Pınar
Published: February 2023

Background

Eyebrow region is a dynamic region, and it has a thinner skin prone to wrinkles and sagging. Descended brows could be repositioned immediately with fewer complications by the use of the threads. Despite all its advantages, the main drawback of absorbable thread lift is its short duration of lifting effect.

Aims

This report aims to describe our thread lift technique we have implemented to counteract the descent of the brows and evaluate our results in 50 patients.

Patients/Methods

A retrospective chart review was carried out over a period of 1 year from September 2019 to 2020 for the patients who underwent thread lifting for eyebrows in a private clinic in Ankara. Complications after the procedure, durability of the results, global esthetic improvement scale (GAIS) score, and patient satisfaction survey scores were recorded.

Results

The study group was composed of 50 female patients with a median age of 34 years. The median duration of the procedure is 15 months. Nine (18%) patients experienced complications related to the procedure including ecchymosis, edema, erythema, skin dimpling, and pain. Three weeks after the procedure, the position of the eyebrows of eight (16%) patients were improved, 18 (36%) patients were much improved, and 24 (48%) patients were very much improved according to GAIS.

Conclusions

So far, the most disappointing feature of the threads was the poor long‐term sustainability of the outcomes. Our thread lift technique for brows offers a significant improvement in the position of the eyebrows in a short time with decreased downtime. More importantly, it can be possible to improve the longevity of the results with this approach.
The synergistic effect of retinyl propionate and hydroxypinacolone retinoate on skin aging
Authors: Wang Qianqian , Hu Fan , Hu Xiaoyun , Xie Yicheng , Du Le , Ye Rui
Published: February 2023

Background

Aging is responsible for the majority of skin and soft tissue remolding in humans. Retinol and its derivatives or retinoids effectively intervene skin aging process. Nevertheless, retinoids usually induce skin intolerance, especially among the Chinese, and thus, their application to prevent skin aging is yet to be well accepted. The study of optimal composition and concentration of retinoids is necessary to offer strong antiaging efficacies with minimum irritations. Therefore, a better understanding of retinol and its derivatives is acutely needed to develop strategies to combat skin aging.

Objective

In this study, we aimed to determine the optimal ratio of two retinol derivatives—hydroxypinacolone retinoate (HPR) and retinyl propionate (RP) in terms of dermal remodeling and skin aging prevention—and to investigate their synergistic antiaging effects both in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

An in vitro human foreskin fibroblast (HFF‐1) cell model was established to evaluate the cell viability of HPR and/or RP treatment. In addition, the antiaging and retinol receptor genes expressions in HFF‐1 cells cotreated with HPR and RP were quantified. The in vivo adverse reaction evaluation of skincare serums containing various levels of retinol or the optimal HPR and RP combination termed Gravi‐A was performed by 24 h patch tests in 33 subjects prior to the clinical research. Last but not the least, clinical research with 42 Chinese urban women was conducted to assess the in vivo antiaging efficacy of the skincare serum containing this optimal retinoid combination.

Results

The combination of HPR and RP at the weight ratio of 5:9 was shown to achieve the optimal in vitro antiaging performance. Coadministration of 5 μg/mL HPR and 9 μg/mL RP to HFF‐1 cells promoted their proliferation at 24 h and synergistically enhanced the expressions of type IV collagen, CRBP‐I, and RARB genes. In addition, the skincare serum containing HPR and RP combination at 5:9 weight ratio demonstrated superior in vivo anti‐wrinkle and skin elasticity improvement benefits without any adverse reactions, while retinol in the same concentration exerted much higher adverse effect. Skin wrinkles, skin smoothness, TEWL, skin elasticity R2 and R5 were improved by 8.3%, 11.9%, 25.7%, 14.5%, and 22.6%, respectively, after 8‐week use.

Conclusion

Our results indicated the advanced antiaging effect of HPR and RP combination both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, little adverse effect was observed in this study, in comparison with retinol. This combination named as Gravi‐A is a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent skin aging, especially for Chinese women.
The mechanism of promoting rhizosphere nutrient turnover for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi attributes to recruited functional bacterial assembly
Authors: Xu Yunjian , Chen Zhe , Li Xiaoyu , Tan Jing , Liu Fang , Wu Jianping
Published: February 2023

Symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi improves plant nutrient capture from the soil, yet there is limited knowledge about the diversity, structure, functioning, and assembly processes of AM fungi‐related microbial communities. Here, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomic sequencing were used to detect bacteria in the rhizosphere of Lotus japonicus inoculated with and without AM fungi, and the L. japonicus mutant ljcbx (defective in symbiosis) inoculated with AM fungi in southern grassland soil. Our results show that AM symbiosis significantly increased bacterial diversity and promoted deterministic processes of bacterial community construction, suggesting that mycorrhizal symbiosis resulted in the directional enrichment of bacterial communities. AM fungi promoted the enrichment of nine bacteria, including Ohtaekwangia, Niastella, Gemmatimonas, Devosia, Sphingomonas, Novosphingobium, Opitutus, Lysobacter, Brevundimonas, which are positively correlated with NPK‐related parameters. Through a functional identification experiment, we found that six of these genera, including Brevundimonas, Lysobacter, Ohtaekwangia, Sphingomonas, Devosia, and Gemmatimonas, demonstrated the ability to mineralize organophosphate and dissolve inorganic phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium. Our study revealed that AM fungi can regulate rhizosphere bacterial community assembly and attract specific rhizosphere bacteria to promote soil nutrient turnover in southern grasslands.
From health advocacy to collective action
Authors: Noble Christy , Mattick Karen
Published: February 2023

Using the UN Sustainable Development Goals as inspiration, Noble and Mattick explore the parallels between learning to prescribe and becoming a health advocate.
Modeling lymphangiogenesis: Pairing in vitro and in vivo metrics
Authors: Suarez Aileen C. , Hammel Jennifer H. , Munson Jennifer M.
Published: February 2023

Lymphangiogenesis is the mechanism by which the lymphatic system develops and expands new vessels facilitating fluid drainage and immune cell trafficking. Models to study lymphangiogenesis are necessary for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and to identify or test new therapeutic agents that target lymphangiogenesis. Across the lymphatic literature, multiple models have been developed to study lymphangiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, lymphangiogenesis can be modeled with varying complexity, from monolayers to hydrogels to explants, with common metrics for characterizing proliferation, migration, and sprouting of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and vessels. In comparison, in vivo models of lymphangiogenesis often use genetically modified zebrafish and mice, with in situ mouse models in the ear, cornea, hind leg, and tail. In vivo metrics, such as activation of LECs, number of new lymphatic vessels, and sprouting, mirror those most used in vitro, with the addition of lymphatic vessel hyperplasia and drainage. The impacts of lymphangiogenesis vary by context of tissue and pathology. Therapeutic targeting of lymphangiogenesis can have paradoxical effects depending on the pathology including lymphedema, cancer, organ transplant, and inflammation. In this review, we describe and compare lymphangiogenic outcomes and metrics between in vitro and in vivo studies, specifically reviewing only those publications in which both testing formats are used. We find that in vitro studies correlate well with in vivo in wound healing and development, but not in the reproductive tract or the complex tumor microenvironment. Considerations for improving in vitro models are to increase complexity with perfusable microfluidic devices, co‐cultures with tissue‐specific support cells, the inclusion of fluid flow, and pairing in vitro models of differing complexities. We believe that these changes would strengthen the correlation between in vitro and in vivo outcomes, giving more insight into lymphangiogenesis in healthy and pathological states.
Hypoviral‐regulated HSP90 co‐chaperone p23 (CpCop23) determines the colony morphology, virulence, and viral response of chestnut blight fungusCryphonectria parasitica
Authors: Ko Yo‐Han , Chun Jeesun , Yang Han‐Eul , Kim Dae‐Hyuk
Published: February 2023

We previously identified a protein spot that showed down‐regulation in the presence of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) and tannic acid supplementation as a Hsp90 co‐chaperone p23 gene (CpCop23). TheCpCop23‐null mutant strain showed retarded growth with less aerial mycelia and intense pigmentation. Conidia of theCpCop23‐null mutant were significantly decreased and their viability was dramatically diminished. TheCpCop23‐null mutant showed hypersensitivity to Hsp90 inhibitors. However, no differences in responsiveness were observed after exposure to other stressors such as temperature, reactive oxygen species, and high osmosis, the exception being cell wall‐disturbing agents. A severe reduction in virulence was observed in theCpCop23‐null mutant. Interestingly, viral transfer to theCpCop23‐null mutant from CHV1‐infected strain via anastomosis was more inefficient than a comparable transfer with the wild type as a result of decreased hyphal branching of theCpCop23‐null mutant around the peripheral region, which resulted in less fusion of the hyphae. The CHV1‐infectedCpCop23‐null mutant exhibited recovered mycelial growth with less pigmentation and sporulation. The CHV1‐transfectedCpCop23‐null mutant demonstrated almost no virulence, that is, even less than that of the CHV1‐infected wild type (UEP1), a further indication that reduced virulence of the mutant is not attributable exclusively to the retarded growth but rather is a function of theCpCop23gene. Thus, this study indicates thatCpCop23plays a role in ensuring appropriate mycelial growth and development, spore viability, responses to antifungal drugs, and fungal virulence. Moreover, theCpCop23gene acts as a host factor that affects CHV1‐infected fungal growth and maintains viral symptom development.
A non‐homogeneous model of chromosome‐number evolution to reveal shifts in the transition patterns across the phylogeny
Authors: Shafir Anat , Halabi Keren , Escudero Marcial , Mayrose Itay
Published: February 2023

Changes in chromosome numbers, including polyploidy and dysploidy events, play a key role in eukaryote evolution as they could expediate reproductive isolation and have the potential to foster phenotypic diversification. Deciphering the pattern of chromosome‐number change within a phylogeny currently relies on probabilistic evolutionary models. All currently available models assume time homogeneity, such that the transition rates are identical throughout the phylogeny.

Here, we develop heterogeneous models of chromosome‐number evolution that allow multiple transition regimes to operate in distinct parts of the phylogeny. The partition of the phylogeny to distinct transition regimes may be specified by the researcher or, alternatively, identified using a sequential testing approach. Once the number and locations of shifts in the transition pattern are determined, a second search phase identifies regimes with similar transition dynamics, which could indicate on convergent evolution.

Using simulations, we study the performance of the developed model to detect shifts in patterns of chromosome‐number evolution and demonstrate its applicability by analyzing the evolution of chromosome numbers within the Cyperaceae plant family.

The developed model extends the capabilities of probabilistic models of chromosome‐number evolution and should be particularly helpful for the analyses of large phylogenies that include multiple distinct subclades.
Size‐associated energetic constraints on the seasonal onset of reproduction in a species with indeterminate growth
Authors: Laroche Robert A. S. , Weinersmith Kelly L. , Davis Mazie L. , Angeloni Lisa , Baylis Jeffrey R. , Newman Steven P. , Egan Scott P. , Wiegmann Daniel D.
Published: February 2023

The seasonal onset of reproduction is constrained in many systems by a need to first accumulate energetic reserves. Consequently, the observation that larger individuals reproduce earlier may be due to a negative relationship between size and mass‐specific basal metabolic rate that is shared across diverse taxa. However, an untested prediction of this hypothesis is that individuals should be metabolically efficient enough to escape energetic constraints above a certain size threshold. Seasonally reproducing species, such as temperate fishes, that must recover winter energy losses before reproduction and exhibit indeterminate growth are ideal models to test this prediction. We harness decade‐long behavioral data on parental male smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, to investigate contributions of energetic allometry to differences in reproductive timing. At the population level, peak seasonal reproductive timing (i.e. the median date on which eggs were found in nests each year) was negatively related to degree days – a measure of thermal energy experienced – before reproduction. At the individual level, degree days accumulated by males before reproduction was related to male size and condition in every year, but the impact of temperature on reproductive timing by the largest males was relaxed in most years. Additionally, we used our data to replicate the analyses of two previous studies of M. dolomieu populations and found virtually identical negative associations between male body size and degree days accumulated before reproduction. Our results suggest that in smallmouth bass the onset of seasonal reproduction is constrained by basal metabolic rate – as indicated by total length – and that large individuals can escape size‐associated energetic constraints. We reveal a more complicated relationship between size and reproductive timing than earlier studies, which may be relevant for many species. Knowledge of this relationship is critical to understanding how a changing climate will influence population dynamics of economically, ecologically and recreationally important species like M. dolomieu.
Imaginal extinction without imagery: Dissociating the effects of visual imagery and propositional thought by contrasting participants with aphantasia, simulated aphantasia, and controls
Authors: Monzel Merlin , Agren Thomas , Tengler Matthias , Reuter Martin
Published: February 2023

Imaginal exposure is a standard procedure of cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of anxiety and panic disorders. It is often used when in vivo exposure is not possible, too stressful for patients, or would be too expensive. Peter Lang's Bio‐Informational Theory implies that imaginal exposure is effective because of the perceptual proximity of mental imagery to real events, whereas empirical findings suggest that propositional thought of fear stimuli (i.e., thinking about the stimuli without seeing them in the mind's eye) could be sufficient in therapeutical contexts. Exposure to propositional thought, instead of vivid mental imagery, would be more tolerable for patients since vivid imagery is associated with high emotional distress. To investigate whether mental imagery or propositional thought is crucial for the success of imaginal exposure, participants with the rare state of aphantasia (= absence of sensory mental imagery but with intact propositional thought) and two control groups were subjected to a fear conditioning paradigm followed by imaginal exposure and a reinstatement procedure. During imaginal exposure, control group 1 (N = 30) stared at a bright screen to disrupt visual imagery by incoming luminance (= simulated aphantasia), whereas control group 2 (N = 30) and participants with actual aphantasia (N = 30) kept their eyes closed. The results show […].
The Morality of Compensation through Tort Law
Authors: Papayannis Diego M.
Published: February 2023

In this paper, I will focus on the normative structure of tort law. Only by elucidating the point or rationale of holding the wrongdoer responsible to the victim can we understand the value of having tort law instead of establishing other mechanisms of redress, such as a social insurance scheme. Ultimately, I will argue that the value of interpersonal justice, which underlies tort law, might not suffice to fully justify it in a given community. It all depends on whether victims of accidents are able to vindicate their rights against wrongdoers on a regular basis. If social conditions make this unlikely, then the state might be morally required to implement other forms of compensation, either replacing tort law altogether or supplementing it with social insurance in cases where private justice mechanisms tend to fail more dramatically.
Lianas (Vitis spp.) reduce growth and carbon sequestration of light‐demanding tree species in a temperate forest
Authors: Peters Jacob D. J. , Portmann Julia M. , Griscom Bronson W.
Published: February 2023

Governments worldwide are seeking natural climate solutions that can provide economic stimulus while meeting climate goals. Forests provide essential carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration services, but their potential may be limited by elevated liana densities often resulting from human disturbance. Here we report the first estimate of liana (Vitis spp.) impacts on CO2 removal rates by trees in temperate Appalachian forests and suggest liana removal with biodiversity safeguards as a potential strategy for improved forest management. Shade‐intolerant tree species without lianas removed CO2 20% faster than conspecifics with lianas (p = 0.025). We did not detect significant impacts of liana presence on the CO2 removal rates for shade‐tolerant species (p = 0.838). Additionally, the merchantable boles of trees without lianas increased in volume 9% faster annually compared to trees with lianas, for all species (p = 0.003). Our findings indicate that thinning lianas—particularly from light‐loving species such as Liriodendron tulipifera—may improve sustainability of forest management and increase carbon storage while mitigating climate change.
Der Effekt des Haushalts auf die Beteiligungsdisposition
Authors: Milic Thomas
Published: February 2023

Der Einfluss des Primärumfeldes auf die Bereitschaft, an Wahlen oder Abstimmungen teilzunehmen, ist unbestritten. Die bisherige Forschung dazu beruhte aber hauptsächlich auf Experimental‐ oder Befragungsdaten, die systematische Messfehler (Overreporting) aufweisen oder sich nur auf einzelne Wahltermine beziehen. Ziel der Untersuchung ist deshalb eine präzisere, von zufälligen oder systematischen Fehlern unverzerrte Schätzung des Haushalts auf die grundlegende Beteiligungsdisposition. Möglich ist dies dank amtlichen Vollerhebungsdaten zu 18 verschiedenen Urnengängen in rund einem Dutzend St. Galler Gemeinden. Die entsprechende Analyse zeigt, dass der Löwenanteil der individuellen Beteiligungsbereitschaft auf Haushaltsebene variiert.
Master clinical teachers and personalised learning
Authors: Fowler Michael J. , Crook Travis W. , Russell Regina G. , Cutrer William B.
Published: February 2023

Clinical history taking and physical examination are two of the most important competencies of physicians. In addition to informing diagnoses, these activities build rapport and establish relationships between caregivers and patients. Despite this, emphasis on the assessment of bedside clinical skills is declining. To prepare our students for clinical work, we began a clinical competency, personalised teaching programme in which students perform a history and physical examination in front of a master clinical teacher (MCT) approximately every 2 weeks throughout their core clerkship year. The MCT works with the student in a clinical encounter, providing personalised bedside instruction on all features of being a clinician including bedside manner, history‐taking skills, physical examination skills, and clinical reasoning. The MCT then provides an assessment of student's competency development and gives feedback to the student about what they do well and where they have opportunities for growth. Assessment data are collected and tracked longitudinally across the clerkship phase to ensure that each student is progressing developmentally. With over 6000 observations of student performance, we are able to discern competency development and growth over time. We can identify if a student is not improving as expected during their clerkship phase and intervene by providing extra practice and training. This core clerkship teaching programme has been well received by both students and instructors and has led us to pilot this approach during the post‐clerkship phase of our medical training.
Effect of Fillets on Wing-Fuselage Interference
Authors: Klein A. L.
Published: February 2023

Mutual interference of wing and fuselage has been the subject of many previous investigations, but these have been on a very small scale. A comprehensive investigation into the case of a low-wing monoplane was thought to have important possibilities, especially as this type of airplane was known to have some aerodynamical peculiarities. In a preceding investigation it had been found that the addition of large fillets to the intersection of wing and fuselage would cause a great improvement and it was decided to extend these tests and to include the case of a high-wing monoplane for comparison.
Some Studies on the Flutter of Airfoils and Propellers
Authors: Taylor W. Harold
Published: February 2023

During the last few years there has been considerable interest in the study of vibration of airfoils and propellers, both in Europe and in this country, and most of the literature regarding it is of fairly recent date. A complete solution to the problem has not yet been attained, the complicated mathematics having proved too involved. Again, some of the factors are only now the subject of research. This paper deals with a few of the many interesting phases of the problem. Because of the complexity of the mathematical expressions for the airfoils in common use, a flat plate has been used. It has also been assumed that the angle of attack in the range to be covered is below the burble point and that the amplitude of the vibrations is considered small. The paper is divided into three main parts: (a) A theoretical development of the deflection curve of a cantilever flat bar of uniform cross-section, by air forces distributed according to an elliptic-load grading curve, to show the effect of the warping produced by such loading in the strain energy of the bar so loaded. (b) An approximate solution of the free torsional vibrations of a cantilever bar of thin rectangular cross-section. (c) An analysis of the problem of self-induced torsional vibrations which will apply for any airfoil.
Radiation From Luminous and Non-Luminous Natural-Gas Flames
Authors: Sherman Ralph A.
Published: February 2023

From the data presented in the paper, these conclusions in regard to the transfer of heat from luminous and non-luminous gas flames are made: Luminous gas flames are now being obtained principally with slow-moving, stratified streams of air and gas, which, from the viewpoint only of efficient combustion, are much inferior to non-luminous flames. Combustion is extremely rapid in premised, non-luminous flames, which results in a high-temperature zone near the burners. Although natural-gas flames can be produced that have an emissivity approaching that of a black body and consequently a higher rate of heat transfer than a non-luminous flame, the total radiant-heat transfer from the flame and the wall, in those furnaces having walls hotter than the work being heated, will not be much greater for the same flame temperature than with a non-luminous flame. The advantage of a luminous flame in many heating processes lies not in a higher rate of heat transfer, but in a more uniform transfer over the entire furnace as a result of the slow combustion and slow heat liberation. The presence of free carbon probably has a beneficial effect in the reduction of oxidation and the scaling of steel.
A Membrane Analogy Supplementing Photoelasticity
Authors: McGivern J. G. , Supper H. L.
Published: February 2023

This paper describes a new method of finding the sum of the principal stresses in a two-dimensional model by means of ordinate measurements on a stretched rubber membrane as suggested by J. P. Den Hartog. The method is applied in detail to a simple phenolite tension member with a central circular hole and is found to be easy of operation and to yield results of good accuracy.
Bending of Circular Plates With Large Deflection
Authors: Way Stewart
Published: February 2023

In the design of thin plates bent by lateral loading, formulas based on the Kirchhoff theory which neglects stretching and shearing in the middle surface are quite satisfactory, providing the deflections are small compared to the thickness. If deflections are of the same order as the thickness, the Kirchhoff theory may yield results which are considerably in error and therefore a more rigorous theory which takes account of deformations in the middle surface should be applied. The fundamental equations for the more exact theory are known and approximate solutions have been developed for the case of a circular plate.

This paper gives the general solution of the fundamental equations for the case of a circular plate bent to a figure of revolution. Particular solutions are found which satisfy one of the two boundary conditions, and stresses and deflections are calculated from these solutions. By interpolation, the stresses and deflections are then found for plates satisfying both boundary conditions. The deflections are compared with experimental results and with the approximate formulas. It is found that these deflections agree closely with the experimental results and also with those obtained by the approximate methods of A. Nadai and S. Timoshenko, as shown in Figs. 8 and 10.
A New Theory for the Buckling of Thin Cylinders Under Axial Compression and Bending
Authors: Donnell L. H.
Published: February 2023

The results of experiments on axial loading of cylindrical shells (thin enough to buckle below the elastic limit and too short to buckle as Euler columns) are not in good agreement with previous theories, which have been based on the assumptions of perfect initial sbape and infinitesimal deflections. Experimental failure stresses range from 0.6 to 0.15 of the theoretical. The discrepancy is apparently considerably greater for brass and mild-steel specimens than for duralumin and increases with the radius-thickness ratio. There is an equally great discrepancy between observed and predicted shapes of buckling deflections.

In this paper an approximate large-deflection theory is developed, which permits initial eccentricities or deviations from cylindrical shape to be considered. True instability is, of course, impossible under such conditions; the stress distribution is no longer uniform, and it is assumed that final failure takes place when the maximum stress reaches the yield point. The effect of initial eccentricities and of large deflections is much greater than for the case of simple struts. Measurements of initial eccentricities in actual cylinders have not been made; however, it is shown that most of these discrepancies can be explained if the initial deviations from cylindrical form are assumed to be resolved into a double harmonic series, and if certain reasonable assumptions are made as to the magnitudes of these components of the deviations. With these assumptions the failing stress is found to be a function of the yield point as well as of the modulus of elasticity and the radius-thickness ratio. On the basis of this a tentative design formula [5] is proposed, which involves relations suggested by the theory but is based on experimental data.

It is shown that similar discrepancies between experiments and previous theories on the buckling of thin cylinders in pure bending can be reasonably explained on the same basis, and that the maximum bending stress can be taken as about 1.4 times the values given by Equation [5]. It is also shown that puzzling features in many other buckling problems can probably be explained by similar considerations, and it is hoped that this discussion may help to open a new field in the study of buckling problems. The large-deflection theory developed in the paper should be useful in exploring this field, and may be used in other applications as well.

The paper presents the results of about a hundred new tests of thin cylinders in axial compression and bending, which, together with numerous tests by Lundquist form the experimental evidence for the conclusions arrived at.
The Leakage of Steam Through Labyrinth Seals
Authors: Egli Adolf
Published: February 2023

This paper gives a rational theoretical treatment of the labyrinth problem, based on the actual flow characteristics typical for a sharp-edged orifice. The general relations between leakage, number of throttlings, and pressure distribution are given in graphical form on a chart intended for use in practical turbine design.

It is also shown how the effect of kinetic energy being carried from one throttling into the next can be considered rationally. The numerical constants left open by the theory are derived experimentally with the aid of a static labyrinth leakage-testing device.
The Uniform-Section Disk Spring
Authors: Almen J. O. , Laszlo A.
Published: February 2023

The authors point out in this paper that initially coned annular-disk springs of uniform cross section may be proportioned to give a wide variety of load-deflection curves not readily obtainable with the more conventional forms of springs, and that, although the versatility of this type spring has long been indicated, the formulas available have not been presented in a manner to disclose readily the effect of spring proportions on characteristics. Therefore the authors have derived the formulas presented in this paper with the intention that the formulas will aid the designer in arriving at suitable characteristics by choice of spring geometry. These new formulas have been in use for several years at the General Motors Corporation research laboratories section, and their reliability has been checked by tests of springs used in a variety of special test equipment.
The Effect of Installation on the Coefficients of Venturi Meters
Authors: Pardoe W. S.
Published: February 2023

The author presents the results of a series of tests conducted to determine the effect of the location of a venturi meter on its coefficient of discharge. These results are shown graphically together with sketches of the type of installations and venturi meters for which the coefficients were determined. The author shows mathematically and experimentally that for normal turbulence and shooting flow the coefficients are the same for low-ratio meters, but that for high-ratio meters the coefficient increases from that for shooting flow to the normal value in about 20 diameters of mixing lengths.
A Review of Existing Psychrometric Data in Relation to Practical Engineering Problems
Authors: Carrier W. H. , Mackey C. O.
Published: February 2023

The authors review and correlate available psychrometric data, and discuss the application of these data to engineering problems. They analyze and correlate existing data with reference to deviations of observed wet-bulb temperatures from those of true adiabatic saturation. The paper also includes a tabulation of revised psychrometric values in accordance with the latest physical data with correction factors for all normal variations of barometric pressures. The authors make an analysis and give a demonstration of the proper method of employing the psychrometric heat function previously defined as the “total heat less the heat of the liquid”, and afterward referred to in psychrometry as “total heat”. For this function the authors offer the term “sigma function”, to distinguish it from the enthalpy or true total heat which includes the heat of the liquid.
The Condensation of Flowing Steam Part I—Condensation in Diverging Nozzles
Authors: Yellott J. I. , Holland C. K.
Published: February 2023

The authors discuss the apparatus and method used in determining the point of condensation in diverging nozzles. The discussion is restricted to nozzles with very short throats and with angles of divergence greater than 2 deg. As a primary result of the work described, the authors locate the Wilson line for continuously expanding steam at the 4.5 per cent moisture line on the Mollier diagram. Condensation points and sizes of steam droplets are discussed for various pressure and temperature conditions before expansion and for various back pressures.
Determination of the Relative Resistance to Cavitation Erosion by the Vibratory Method
Authors: Kerr S. Logan
Published: February 2023

The cavitation-erosion tests described in this report were made under the direction of the mechanical section, U. S. Engineer Office, Eastport, Me., at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., by Prof. H. Peters. The investigation was part of the materials-corrosion investigation, made to provide an accurate basis for the selection of the proper materials to be used in the construction of the large hydroelectric units required on the Passamaquoddy project. No information was available upon the cavitation resistance of materials in sea water as compared with their behavior in fresh water. The program included tests on 80 materials in a newly developed vibratory apparatus and the behavior of three materials in the venturitype apparatus used for previous investigations. Reliable results were obtained on the behavior of materials in sea water as compared with fresh water, and the relation between cavitation damage and temperature was established.
Timber-Connector Construction
Authors: Hayward Phillips A.
Published: February 2023

The use of timber-connector construction has been acknowledged by authorities as one of the outstanding developments in modern-day use in wood construction. Up to the present time, over nine thousand structures, utilizing some three million board feet of lumber, have been built in which this improved system of timber construction was employed. Structures range all the way from small portable Civilian Conservation Corps camp buildings and low-cost homes, to all-wood radio towers, 326 ft high, and 700-ft timber highway bridges. Wood has repeatedly increased its standing as an engineering material through the use of timber connectors.

This paper tells of the introduction of timber connectors into the United States and gives an analysis of the various types and their possibilities in construction. Particular reference is made to the fact that through their use the strength of wood is increased approximately four times. Important projects in which timber connectors are used are discussed.
Effects of Speed and Pressure on Cutting Rate of Coated Abrasive Products
Authors: Hager E. T.
Published: February 2023

The cutting rate of coated abrasive products, when used for sanding wood, is quite sensitive to changes in belt speed and work pressure. The results of such changes, specific to the conditions of these tests only, are presented in this paper. In addition, some general trends and limitations are indicated which it is believed are applicable outside of the specified conditions.

The tests were made with 1/0–80 and 3/0–120 grit electro-coat (Aloxite) belts taken from regular stock material. A Porter-Cable Belt Sander, belt size 6 × 54½ in., was used, the only change made in the machine being the substitution of a 5-hp variable-speed d-c motor. Most of the work was done on hard maple. A few tests were made on yellow birch.
Combustion of Pulverized Coal
Authors: Kreisinger Henry
Published: February 2023

This paper deals with the combustion of pulverized coal with special reference to water-cooled furnaces. It discusses the effect of various factors on ignition, and follows the process of combustion through the furnace. The factors that are given consideration are the amount of primary air, admission of secondary air, fineness of coal, percentage of moisture and volatile matter in coal, characteristics of ash, mixing, oxygen concentration, and furnace temperature.
The Elastic Theory of Wood Failure
Authors: Norris Charles B.
Published: February 2023

This paper deals with various theories advanced for the failure of wood. The formulas developed by Jacoby, Howe, and Hankinson for expressing the crushing strength of wood are examined and their relative practical value indicated. Of the three the Hankinson formula, while being strictly empirical, agrees with experimental results better than the others. The author then proceeds to outline the steps of derivation of Hankinson’s formula, applying the theory of failure advanced by Hencky. A second theory is analyzed which also leads to Hankinson’s formula. The author points out that the methods used in deriving Hankinson’s formula are very approximate but that such a formula is better than none.
Design Factors Controlling the Dynamic Performance of Instruments
Authors: Draper C. S. , Bentley G. P.
Published: February 2023

This paper presents a generalized treatment of instruments which have a single movable index, controlled by the magnitude of a single actuating quantity. Such an instrument acts as a system with one degree of freedom and is studied by the well-known methods developed for such systems. Instruments which include servomechanisms cannot be treated as systems with one degree of freedom and are therefore excluded from consideration. From the standpoint of static indications, it is shown that the essential properties of an instrument can be specified in terms of range, scale sensitivity, calibration error, environmental error, and uncertainty. The definition and use of each of these quantities is discussed.

It is shown that the response of an instrument to rapid changes in the actuating quantity can be calculated if two parameters called instrument characteristics are known. One of these parameters has the dimension of time and is called the characteristic time. The second parameter is nondimensional and is called the damping ratio. Nondimensional curves, showing instrument responses to three typical variations in the actuating quantity, are plotted for a series of values of the damping ratio. These curves are used in an illustrative example to show how the values of the instrument characteristics, required to keep dynamic errors below a given limit, can be determined in a practical case.
Investigations of the Bump Foil Bearing With Thick Top Foil Based on Contact Mechanics
Authors: Li Jie , Li Changlin , Du Jianjun
Published: February 2023

Traditional bump foil bearing, though widely used, is considered to have the problem of inadequate load capacity due to the effect of foil sag between adjacent bumps. In this paper, the thick top foil is applied to cope with the heavy load conditions, which has one order of magnitude larger top foil thickness than traditional top foil. Thick plate and curve shell models are developed to calculate the load-carrying performance of thick top foil bearing based on contact mechanics, and the sag ratio is introduced to describe the degree of foil sag and estimate the bearing load capacity. The impacts of top foil thickness on the stiffness of bearings in different sizes as well as on the adaptability to rotor tilt are discussed. The results indicate that the thick top foil (tt = 2 mm) bearing performs a nearly 100% enhanced load capacity at small gas film thickness whether rotor tilts or not. Thick top foil will increase the bearing stiffness of small size (d = 35 mm) and tends to have little influence on large-size bearing stiffness (d = 70 mm).
The Relationship of Coach-Created Motivational Climate to Teamwork Behaviors in Female Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Sokoloff Derek M. , Petrie Trent A. , Chu Tsz Lun (Alan)
Published: February 2023

Although teamwork behaviors would be expected to emerge from coach-created task-involving climates, no study has focused on this connection. Thus, we surveyed female National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletes (N = 536) on their perceptions of motivational climates created by their head coaches (i.e., 33-item Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire) and their beliefs about their team’s teamwork behaviors (i.e., 19-item Multidimensional Assessment of Teamwork in Sport—Short Form). Cluster analyses revealed three groupings of coach-created climates: low task/high ego (n = 125), moderate task/moderate ego (n = 286), and high task/low ego (n = 125). Through a series of multivariate analyses of variance, with post hoc discriminant descriptive analysis, we found a significant main effect for the motivational climate clusters on teamwork behaviors. Athletes in the high-task/low-ego motivational climate cluster endorsed more teamwork behaviors (e.g., preparation, execution) than those in the moderate-task/moderate-ego and low-task/high-ego climate clusters. These findings suggest the importance of coach-created motivational climates in teamwork behaviors.
Geology of the Liuyuan Complex, NW China: A Permian back-arc basin ophiolite at the southern edge of the Central Asian orogenic belt
Authors: Santos Gabriel S. , Bédard Jean , van Staal Cees R. , Lin Shoufa , Hong Tong , Wang Kai
Published: February 2023

Located in the southern margin of the Central Asian orogenic belt, the stratigraphy and tectonic setting of the mafic 290−280 Ma Liuyuan Complex have been controversial for decades, with workers arguing for a forearc ophiolite or a continental rift setting. Here, we present the results of a detailed field study, where the Liuyuan Complex was subdivided into troctolite, melatroctolite, layered gabbro, varitextured olivine gabbro, hornblende gabbro, plagiogranite, sheeted dike, and mafic tectonite, in addition to previously identified and studied basalt and chert. All contacts between the igneous facies are intrusive, with gabbroic rocks separated from the overlying basalt by a well-developed and laterally continuous sheeted dike complex. Based on their geochemical affinities, two groups of basalt were identified: group I (low-TiO2) and group II (high-TiO2). A modeled liquid line of descent, assuming perfect mineral fractionation, with a liquidus temperature of 1212 °C, pressure of 1 kbar, fO2 at the quartz-fayalite-magnetite (QFM) buffer, and initial melt H2O of 0.5 wt%, provides an excellent fit to group I lavas, with group II basalts interpreted as having formed from a distinct arc source. The stratigraphy, extended trace-element patterns, and tectonic fingerprinting of the lavas suggest the Liuyuan Complex formed as an ophiolite in a fast-spreading back-arc basin, a setting inconsistent with previously proposed tectonic models for the southern Central Asian orogenic belt. We expand on a tectonic model that proposes the Liuyuan Complex formed as a back-arc to the recently identified Ganquan arc. The back-arc basin was then consumed in a north-dipping subduction zone beneath the active margin of composite Siberia. The magmatic center of this arc migrated southward, likely caused by slab roll-back, with the Liuyuan Complex becoming the basement of an arc. Exhumation of the Liuyuan Complex took place by 267 Ma, as constrained by the age of a subaerial dacite that unconformably overlies the basalts of the Liuyuan Complex.
Crustal conductivity footprint of the orogenic gold district in the Red Lake greenstone belt, western Superior craton, Canada
Authors: Adetunji Ademola Q. , Launay Gaetan , Ferguson Ian J. , Simmons Jack M. , Ma Chong , Ayer John , Lafrance Bruno
Published: February 2023

A magnetotelluric (MT) study across the Red Lake greenstone belt of the western Superior craton, Canada, images a 50-km-long north-dipping conductor (<20 Ω·m) at 20–25 km depth and subvertical conductors spatially correlated with crustal-scale shear zones and large orogenic gold deposits. The conductors are interpreted to be the conductivity signature of the deep crustal source of the auriferous fluids and pathways of the orogenic gold system. The geophysical results, supported by existing geochemical and fluid inclusion studies, suggest that the Au- and CO2-rich fluids responsible for gold mineralization were released by devolatilization of supracrustal rocks underthrust to mid- to lower-crustal levels during subduction. This MT study links shallow gold mineralization to a deep crustal source region, demonstrating the connection between a crustal suture zone and the formation of orogenic gold deposits in an Archean greenstone belt.