bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Etica della pace e bioetica
Authors: Furiosi M. Loredana
Published: November 2020

Esiste una connessione tra l’etica della pace e la bioetica? Lo scritto, muovendo da questo interrogativo, analizza dapprima le problematiche che coinvolgono strettamente tanto l’etica della pace quanto la bioetica. Lungo tre direttrici fondamentali che contemplano il rispetto dei diritti umani fondamentali, la giustizia sociale globale e lo sfruttamento della natura, si sono voluti evidenziare non soltanto le grandi sfide e i pericoli per l’attuazione della pace nel nostro tempo, ma anche la sfida e l’impegno concreto per la bioetica.

Bioetica che, dal canto suo, come etica della vita e per

la vita e come disciplina in dialogo con diversi saperi interessati al problema della vita umana e della biosfera, può dare un oggettivo contributo nel delineare delle coordinate etiche che possano permettere o quanto meno coadiuvare e corroborare il recupero di valori fondamentali per garantire la pace, il ripristino delle condizioni di dialogo per la pace, laddove siano state smarrite, la prevenzione della guerra, la efficace attività di educazione degli animi alla solidarietà, che porta a riconoscere l’altro come un altro me stesso pur nelle fenomeniche diversità. In tale direzione si è inteso analizzare come in particolare la bioetica personalista, basata su una fondata ontologia e specifica antropologia, possa, lontano da gratuite ingenuità e paralizzanti scetticismi, aiutare a costruire una “cultura di pace”, ponendo proprio alla sua base la centralità del valore della vita ed il bene integrale della persona.

Nell’ultima sezione del lavoro si è volta poi l’attenzione a delineare quali possano essere i punti di contatto e di confronto tra l’etica della pace e l’etica medica, essendo il confine tra le due aree non invalicabile, anzi quanto mai, almeno per certi aspetti, sovrapponibile ed intersecabile. Si è posto l’accento su come l’etica medica in particolare e la bioetica possano essere strumenti di promozione alla pace, ovvero come il medico, il bioingegnere siano per loro intrinseca natura per la pace, proprio in virtù del fatto che sono anzitutto uomini di scienza a servizio dell’uomo stesso.

Infine si è evidenziato come la medicina possa contribuire non soltanto alla costruzione della pace, soprattutto sul piano della prevenzione, ad esempio riguardo alle situazioni di guerra e di soccorso in caso di catastrofe e nel negare l’uso della stessa scienza medica per scopi sbagliati e abusi delle conoscenze, ma anche nell’ottica di un nuovo “giuramento” che vada oltre quello ippocratico, che tuteli tanto l’uomo sano quanto quello malato, nella più ampia prospettiva non soltanto di riumanizzare tutto il sistema sanitario, ma di garantire una reale giustizia sanitaria: entrambi punti nodali per la costruzione di una trama sociale egalitaria e pacifica.
Formazione bioetica: presupposti teorici ed esperienze pratiche
Authors: Viafora Corrado
Published: November 2020

Il saggio tratta della formazione bioetica, campo di attività in continua espansione. Acquisita ormai la convinzione che una gestione del progresso biomedico all’altezza dei valori in gioco non possa essere contenuta entro la sola normatività medico-sanitaria, si tende a sensibilizzare alla bioetica una cerchia sempre più vasta. Sullo sfondo di questo fenomeno si indicano i presupposti di carattere epistemologico alla base della formazione bioetica.

La presentazione di una serie di diversificate esperienze pratiche nel campo della formazione bioetica, sia in ambito medico che in ambito filosofico, sia per quanto riguarda la formazione di base che la formazione permanente permette di focalizzare i parametri della progettualità educativa: differenziare le finalità, specificare gli obiettivi, articolare contenuti e metodi, aggiustare tempi e modalità di verifica. Le esperienze riportate fanno insieme emergere le questioni da affrontare per portare la bioetica verso la sua maturità pedagogica.

Il saggio si conclude con un riferimento ad alcune dinamiche che, per quanto rispondenti anche ai bisogni di formazione bioetica, appartengono prima ancora a ogni maturazione etica: a. la dinamica di reciprocità tra dimensione personale e dimensione culturale; b. la dinamica di circolarità tra problemi-casi particolari e principi generali; c. la dinamica della tolleranza e del dialogo; d. la dinamica della responsabilità, con particolare riferimento alle “sfide” (Z. Bauman) poste dalle attuali strategie della sua “neutralizzazione”.
Dilemas Eticos en la Fecundación Asistida. Argumentación Psicológica
Authors: López Manuel Isaías
Published: November 2020

Not available.
Il dibattito in bioetica - L’approccio al bambino sofferente: problemi di bioetica
Authors: Bucci Luca M.
Published: November 2020

Non disponibile.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Former National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Collegiate Athletes Compared With Noncollegiate Athletes: A 5-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Simon Janet E. , Lorence Mallory , Docherty Carrie L.
Published: November 2020

Context

The effect of athletic participation on lifelong health among elite athletes has received increasing attention, as sport-related injuries can have a substantial influence on long-term health.

Objective

To determine the current health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of former National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes compared with noncollegiate athletes 5 years after an initial assessment.

Design

Cohort study.

Setting

Online survey.

Patients or Other Participants

From the former Division I athletes, 193 responses were received (response rate = 83.2%; 128 men, 65 women; age = 58.47 ± 6.17 years), and from the noncollegiate athletes, 169 surveys were returned (response rate = 75.1%; 80 men, 89 women; age = 58.44 ± 7.28 years).

Main Outcome Measure(s)

The independent variables were time (baseline, 5 years later) and group (former Division I athlete, noncollegiate athlete). Participants completed 7 Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System scales: sleep disturbance, anxiety, depression, fatigue, pain interference, physical function, and satisfaction with participation in social roles.

Results

Sleep disturbance, depression, fatigue, pain, and physical function were significant for time × group interactions (P values < .05), with the largest differences seen in pain and physical function between groups at time point 2 (22.19 and 13.99 points, respectively). Former Division I athletes had worse scores for depression, fatigue, pain, and physical function at follow-up (P values < .05), with the largest differences seen on the depression, fatigue, and physical function scales (8.33, 6.23, and 6.61 points, respectively).

Conclusions

Because of the competitive nature of sport, the long-term risks of diminished HRQoL need to become a priority for health care providers and athletes during their athletic careers. Additionally, physical activity transition programs need to be explored to help senior student-athletes transition from highly structured and competitive collegiate athletics to lifestyle physical activity, as it appears that individuals in the noncollegiate athlete cohort engaged in more physical activity, weighed less, and had increased HRQoL.
Resting Electrocardiogram and Blood Pressure in Young Endurance and Nonendurance Athletes and Nonathletes
Authors: Pentikäinen Heikki , Toivo Kerttu , Kokko Sami , Alanko Lauri , Heinonen Olli J. , Korpelainen Raija , Selänne Harri , Vasankari Tommi , Kujala Urho M. , Villberg Jari , Parkkari Jari , Savonen Kai
Published: November 2020

Context

Much information is available on electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure (BP) changes in senior athletes. However, corresponding data on adolescent athletes are scarce.

Objective

To study the differences in resting ECG and BP values among adolescent endurance athletes, nonendurance athletes, and nonathletes.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

A total of 154 youth sports clubs in Finland and 100 secondary schools for comparison data.

Patients or Other Participants

We recruited young athletes (n = 410) aged 14 to 16 years in 10 popular sport disciplines, including winter and summer as well as team and individual sports, and categorized them as endurance or nonendurance sports. Comparison data for age-matched, non–sports club participants (n = 164) were collected via secondary schools.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Resting ECG, including heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, QRS axis, QRS amplitude, T axis, and QT interval as well as systolic and diastolic BPs.

Results

No differences in any ECG variable of interest were found between the endurance and nonendurance athletes. The PR interval was longer in endurance athletes than in nonathletes (P = .05). The QRS amplitude (P = .03) was higher among nonendurance athletes than among nonathletes. Diastolic BP was lower among endurance (P = .002) and nonendurance (P = .02) athletes than among nonathletes. Endurance athletes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.85; 95% CI = 1.81, 4.50) and nonendurance athletes (OR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.43, 3.35) were more likely to have sinus bradycardia than were nonathletes. Nonendurance athletes were more likely to have elevated systolic BP than were endurance athletes (OR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.07, 2.72) and nonathletes (OR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.04, 2.87).

Conclusions

Young athletes had similar ECG and BP findings independent of their sports. Physiological adaptations including sinus bradycardia, higher QRS amplitude, and lower diastolic BP, which are commonly seen in adult athletes, were also present in adolescent athletes.
CV-580 SIR-C format definition
Authors: Wind A F , Murnaghan K P
Published: November 2020

This document defines the file format of the CV-580 SIR-C image, header, and log files. The SIR-C image is a BIP 10-channel geo-coded or geo-referenced product.
Life cycle assessment of diesel blending production
Authors: Hafizan Che , Noor Zainura Zainon , Hussein Norelyza , Sabli Noor Salehan Mohammad
Published: November 2020

The global transportation sector is one of the significant fuel consumers and contributes directly to greenhouse gas emissions due to fossil fuel consumption. Diesel blending used to reduce the reliant of fossil diesel in the transportation sector. Thus to reduce the environmental burden of fuel usage, new diesel blending formulations consist of biofuels were developed. The objective of the study is to assess the environmental performance of the five new diesel blending formulations with the existing diesel blending formulation by using Life Cycle Assessment method. In midpoint categories, the conventional B5 diesel blending has shown the lowest environmental impact compared to other fuels in most categories except for marine eutrophication, natural land transformation, ozone depletion, and terrestrial ecotoxicity. In the weighting stage, B5 diesel blending scored the lowest value and followed by blending 5, thus indicating its potential as an alternative to the existing diesel blending formulation. The presence of butanol in the new diesel blending majorly affects the environmental impact for many impact categories.
La moralidad de los aztecas, entre la reconstrucción histórica y la reconstrucción racional
Authors: Filgueiras Nodar José María
Published: November 2020

Este ensayo proporciona un panorama de la moralidad de los aztecas, exponiendo en primer lugar su concepción de la persona y el modo en que tratan el tema de la libertad personal. Posteriormente, expone las virtudes de algunos ideales de persona, así como el proceso educativo capaz de aportar las virtudes que definen dichos ideales. El texto finaliza exponiendo brevemente un principio jurídico de nivel muy general: in quálli, in yéctli. A lo largo del artículo se intenta establecer puntos de contacto con algunos debates éticos contemporáneos
El mal de archivo en la era digital: políticas de conservación patrimonial en América Latina
Authors: Sued Gabriela Elisa
Published: November 2020

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An educational intervention to improve the ability of community pharmacists in Sri Lanka to detect drug related problems
Authors: Janani Tharmalinga S J , Risla Rafaideen , Shanika Lelwala G T , Galappatthy Priyadarshani , Samaranayake Nithushi R
Published: November 2020

Background: Drug related problems (DRPs) in prescriptions could result in patient harm. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of an educational workshop on detecting DRPs in prescriptions by a cohort of community pharmacists.
Methods: Pharmacists working in a large community pharmacy chain in Sri Lanka were invited for an educational workshop on detecting DRPs in prescriptions. Participants were asked to review three mock prescriptions containing hypothetical DRPs before the workshop. After an interactive teaching session, pharmacists were asked to review the same three prescriptions again.
Results: All pharmacists who attended the workshop (N=58) participated. The mean score for detecting DRPs per pharmacist at pre-assessment was 5.3±2.1 which increased to 8.5±1.7 at post-assessment (p<0.001).
Conclusion: An educational intervention improved the community pharmacists’ ability to detect DRPs related to completeness and legality of prescriptions but failed to make a significant impact on detecting serious pharmacological issues like medicine duplications and interactions.
Olfaction and Other Senses in Chinese Culture: A Comparative Analysis, with Special Attention to the Use of the Term Xiang
Authors: Santangelo Paolo
Published: November 2020

The article analyses information on religious elements in the representation of senses in literary sources of late imperial China. The Introduction presents psychological and social functions of olfaction with reference to China. The second part deals with the concepts of *xiang*, especially in the meaning of incense, but also the supernatural and symbolic aromas and the pollutant load of its antonym *chou*. The third part offers a survey of other bodily sensations in relation to religion.
Sensing Sound: Aesthetic and Religious Experience According to al-Ghazālī
Authors: Weinrich Ines
Published: November 2020

The Muslim theologian Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (d. 1111) is one of the most often cited authors when it comes to "music and Islam." His “Book on the Etiquette of Listening and Ecstasy” (*Kitāb Ādāb as-samāʿ wa-l-wajd*), translated into English more than a hundred years ago, is widely circulated among Muslims in the East and West, in Arabic and English, in print and on the internet. This paper re-examines the text against the background of Arab musical theory of the time when it was written, and analyses selected technical terms that allude to concepts rooted in Late Antique musical philosophy and become also tangible in the Qurʾān. al-Ghazālī recognises both aesthetic pleasure and the transformative power of sounds and gives guidance how to channel the hearing perception into a salvific experience.
Teaching with Images among the Jews and Manichaeans of Late Antique Mesopotamia
Authors: Gulácsi Zsuzsanna
Published: November 2020

Although much has been written about the art of the famous synagogue at Dura-Europos, its rootedness in Mesopotamia has gone largely unexplored. This study looks south along the local trade routes to Iranian Babylonia and examines evidence available about the religious function of Durian Jewish and Sasanian Manichaean pictorial art as part of a shared regional development of techniques of instruction. It reveals that the distinctly different forms of pictorial art used by these two communities in mid-third-century Mesopotamia are nevertheless comparable based on their didactic function. They both: (1) displayed a visual library of doctrinal subjects, that is, they captured, in pictorial form, a large sample of core tenets which were also recorded in the respective sacred texts of these religions; (2) fulfilled a primarily didactic function, that is, their pictorial genres (narrative scenes, didactic portraits, and diagrams in the Manichaean case) played a dominantly instructional role; and (3) effectively supplemented oral instruction, that is, the paintings were sermonized about and discussed in light of living interpretations. I argue that these correlations result not from direct influence between the two communities, but rather from a shared approach to what images can do for a religion. The Jewish and Manichaean paintings in question emerged simultaneously and in relative closeness to one another. While the Jewish archeological records of the painted synagogue are all but silent, various characteristics of the mid-third-century Manichaean paintings are noted in literary records, including what they portrayed and, most importantly for this study, the pedagogical reasons for how and why they were used. As evidenced by Iranian, Coptic, and Syriac textual sources from between the mid-third and the late fourth and early fifth centuries, the founding prophet of Manichaeism, Mani (active from 240 to 274/277 CE), not only wrote down his own teachings, but also created visual representations of them on a solely pictorial scroll—the Book of Pictures—that he and his highest-ranking elects used in the course of oral instructions while missionizing across greater West Asia and the East Mediterranean region.
'Religion' in Late Antique Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism: Developing a Term in Counterpoint
Authors: Rezania Kianoosh
Published: November 2020

This article evaluates the development of a generic term for ‘religion’ in late antique Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism. It examines linguistic indications of the use of dēn/δēn as a generic term in the Manichaean Middle Iranian corpora, i.e. Middle Persian, Parthian, and Sogdian, as well as in the corpus of Zoroastrian Middle Persian. The paper considers declination in the plural, the attribution of universal quantifiers or demonstrative adjectives, comparison, and selection, as they occur in the above corpora, to be indicators of generic concepts. Acknowledging that third-century Manichaeism shaped the term for ‘religion’ in the Persian Empire, the paper scrutinizes the reflections of this formative process in Sasanian and also early Islamic Zoroastrianism. The resulting analysis of the linguistic evidence indicates that the newly coined Manichaean concept of ‘religion’ did not find considerable echoes in late antique Zoroastrianism. Furthermore, an investigation of the term daēnā- in the Avestan sources provides earlier evidence for the formation of the term ‘religion’ in pre-Sasanian Zoroastrianism. Finally, the paper highlights the significance of religious contact for the formation of a generic concept of religion.
Materiality, Authority, and Digital Religion: The Case of a Neo-Pagan Forum
Authors: Evolvi Giulia
Published: November 2020

The study of material culture increasingly pays attention to digital religion, but there are certain aspects, such as religious authority, that remain under-researched. Some questions are still open for inquiry: What can a material approach contribute to the understanding of religious authority in digital venues? How can authority be materially displayed on the Internet? This article shows how religious authority is affected by material practices connected with digital media use through the qualitative analysis of a Neo-Pagan forum, The Celtic Connection. Neo-Pagans tend to hold a non-traditional notion of authority, accord great importance to material practices, and extensively use the Internet. The analysis of the forum suggests that Neo-Pagans use digital venues to look for informal sources of authority and strategies to embed materiality in online narratives. The article claims that it is important to develop new frameworks to analyze non-traditional authority figures and new definitions of media that include both physical objects and communication technologies.
Carly L. Crouch & Jonathan Stökl (eds.): In the Name of God. The Bible in the Colonial Discourse of Empire
Authors: Becker Judith
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review ofCarly L. Crouch & Jonathan Stökl (eds.): In the Name of God. The Bible in the Colonial Discourse of Empire, Biblical Interpretation Series 126.Leiden: Brill, 2014. viii and 192 pages, € 98, ISBN 978-900-425-8334.
Sophie Gilliat-Ray, Mansur Ali & Stephen Pattison: Understanding Muslim Chaplaincy.
Authors: Tezcan Levent
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review ofSophie Gilliat-Ray, Mansur Ali & Stephen Pattison: Understanding Muslim Chaplaincy,Farnham: Ashgate, 2013. 206 pages, paperback £19.99, ISBN 978-1409435938.
Ingeborg Huhn: Johann Gottfried Wetzstein. Orientalist und preußischer Konsul im osmanischen Syrien (1849-1861)
Authors: Winnerling Tobias
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of:Ingeborg Huhn: Johann Gottfried Wetzstein. Orientalist und preußischer Konsul im osmanischen Syrien (1849-1861).Islamkundliche Untersuchungen 329. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2016. 396 pages, €54.00, ISBN: 9783879974528 (paperback)
Peter Wick & Volker Rabens (eds.): Religions and Trade. Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West
Authors: Foltz Richard
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of:Peter Wick & Volker Rabens (eds.): Religions and Trade. Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West.Leiden: Brill, 2014. xx + 374 pages, €147.00/$180.00, ISBN 978-90-04-25528-9
Bärbel Beinhauer-Köhler, Mirko Roth & Bernadette Schwarz-Boenneke (Hg.): Viele Religionen—ein Raum?! Analysen, Diskussionen und Konzepte
Authors: Weiß Sabrina
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of:Bärbel Beinhauer-Köhler, Mirko Roth & Bernadette Schwarz-Boenneke (Hg.): Viele Religionen—ein Raum?! Analysen, Diskussionen und Konzepte. Berlin: Frank & Timme, 2015. 240 pages, € 24,80, ISBN 978-3-7329-0065-7 (flexcover).
Regina Grundmann & Assad Elias Kattan (Hgg.): Jenseits der Tradition? Tradition und Traditionskritik in Judentum, Christentum und Islam
Authors: Hasselhoff Görge K.
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review ofRegina Grundmann & Assad Elias Kattan (Hgg.): Jenseits der Tradition? Tradition und Traditionskritik in Judentum, Christentum und Islam.Boston/Berlin/München: De Gruyter, 2015.VII + 264 pages, € [D] 89.95, ISBN 978-1-61451-539-5.
James K. Hoffmeier: Akhenaten and the Origins of Monotheism
Authors: Lagarce-Othman Bérénice
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of:James K. Hoffmeier: Akhenaten and the Origins of MonotheismOxford University Press, 2015. 312 pages, £37.49, ISBN: 9780199792085.
Tim Lörke & Robert Walter-Jochum (eds.): Religion und Literatur im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert. Motive, Sprechweisen, Medien
Authors: Baillie Eva
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of:Religion und Literatur im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert. Motive, Sprechweisen, Medien.Edited by Tim Lörke & Robert Walter-Jochum.Göttingen: V&R Press, 2015.714 pages, ISBN: 978-3-8471-0375-2 (hardcover) , 978-3-8470-0375-5 (ebk).
Historical Engagements and Interreligious Encounters - Jews and Christians in Premodern and Early Modern Asia and Africa
Authors: Cuffel Alexandra , Gamliel Ophira
Published: November 2020

Introduction to all essays of the special issue Entangled Histories and Interreligious Encounters - Jews and Christians in Premodern and Early Modern Asia and Africa that is based on the proceedings of the workshop Eastern Jews and Christians in Interaction and Exchange in the Islamic World and Beyond: A Comparative View held in Jerusalem and Raʿanana in June 2016.
Groundwork, Fieldwork and Transnational Research - Christians and Jews in Ethiopia
Authors: Kaplan Steven
Published: November 2020

This paper gives a short overview of the current state of research of the study of Beta Israel history, including a response to two papers in this volume by Dege-Müller and Kribus and Krebs that deal with various Beta Israel sources.
Sacred Space and “True Religion”: The Irish Reformation and the Collegiate Church of St Nicholas, Galway
Authors: Ellis Steven G.
Published: November 2020

This paper looks at the impact of religious reform in Tudor Galway, focusing on how the use of sacred space in the collegiate church of St Nicholas, Galway, was reshaped during the Reformation. The Elizabethan Settlement of Religion was, by European standards, quite conservative, permitting the retention of choral foundations and pipe organs and, in Ireland, even the traditional Latin offices, sung from the chancel. Unofficially, even some images and ornaments survived. Alongside these conservative survivals, the corporate worship of the new prayer book was also enhanced by regular sermons in English, Irish, and Latin by graduate preaching ministers, which were a popular innovation initially attracting large groups of people. Later, however, financial difficulties and the lack of a preaching minister for regular sermons undermined this local compromise: Galway merchants mostly drifted back to Catholic worship, which had remained freely available outside the town.
Between the Altar and the Pulpit: The (New?) Materiality of the Spiritual
Authors: Esser Raingard , Strübind Andrea
Published: November 2020

The special issue is based on papers presented at the international conference “Zwischen Kanzel und Altar. Die (neue) Materialität des Spirituellen” held at the Johannes a Lasco Bibliothek, Emden in April 2016. Continuity and change in church interiors were key concepts addressed at the conference. The studies presented here analyse the impact of confessional change on church interiors and intentionally move away from the cathedrals and parish churches in the political and religious centres of early modern Europe.
Presenting the Law: Text and Imagery on Dutch Ten Commandments Panels
Authors: Wubs Jacolien
Published: November 2020

Many Dutch Calvinist churches house a Ten Commandments panel, installed in the late sixteenth or seventeenth century as part of the Reformed adaptation of the medieval Catholic church interior. In this article, the characteristic design of Ten Commandments panels is analyzed as a form of Calvinist visual culture. It suggests that these panels were primarilymade to be viewed rather than thoroughly read. The remarkably figurative Moses imagery on panels points at a divergence between the rigid Reformed theological image prohibition and the practice of the adaptation of the church interior. The placement of Ten Commandments panels in the Reformed church interior highlights their symbolic value: It signified the need for self-examination of the participants in the Lord’s Supper. The original spatial setting of Ten Commandments panels also shows how the newly Reformed furnishing and use of church space was rooted in its late medieval Catholic past.
FPGA-based Accelerator for Post-Quantum Signature Scheme SPHINCS-256
Authors: Amiet Dorian , Curiger Andreas , Zbinden Paul
Published: November 2020

In recent years, a substantial amount of research has been conducted and progress made in the area of quantum computers. Small functional prototypes have already been reported. If they scale as expected, they will eventually be able to break current public-key cryptosystems. The goal of post-quantum cryptography is to develop cryptographic systems that are secure against attacks originating from both quantum and classical computers. Frequently referred post-quantum signature schemes are based on the security of hash functions. A promising candidate in this group is SPHINCS-256. This paper presents the first FPGA-based hardware accelerator for SPHINCS-256. It can be implemented on an entry-level FPGA, occupying roughly 19,000 LUTs, 38,000 FFs and 36 BRAMs. On a Kintex-7 Xilinx FPGA, signing takes 1.53 milliseconds, and verification needs only 65 microseconds. Area and throughput of the accelerator are in a range that outperform today’s widely used RSA signature scheme. The performance can even keep up with ECDSA accelerators. Hence, SPHINCS-256 is a hot candidate to replace RSA and ECDSA in a post-quantum world.
Extending Glitch-Free Multiparty Protocols to Resist Fault Injection Attacks
Authors: Seker Okan , Fernandez-Rubio Abraham , Eisenbarth Thomas , Steinwandt Rainer
Published: November 2020

Side channel analysis and fault attacks are two powerful methods to analyze and break cryptographic implementations. At CHES 2011, Roche and Prouff applied secure multiparty computation to prevent side-channel attacks. While multiparty computation is known to be fault-resistant as well, the particular scheme used for side-channel protection does not currently offer this feature. This work introduces a new secure multiparty circuit to prevent both fault injection attacks and sidechannel analysis. The new scheme extends the Roche and Prouff scheme to make faults detectable. Arithmetic operations have been redesigned to propagate fault information until a new secrecy-preserving fault detection can be performed. A new recombination operation ensures randomization of the output in the case of a fault, ensuring that nothing can be learned from the faulty output. The security of the new scheme is proved in the ISW probing model, using the reformulated t-SNI security notion. Besides the new scheme and its security proof, we also present an extensive performance analysis, including a proof-of-concept, software-based AES implementation featuring the masking technique to resist both fault and side-channel attacks at the same time. The performance analysis for different security levels are given for the ARM-M0+ MCU with its memory requirements. A comprehensive leakage analysis shows that a careful implementation of the scheme achieves the expected security level.
3-Share Threshold Implementation of AES S-box without Fresh Randomness
Authors: Sugawara Takeshi
Published: November 2020

Threshold implementation is studied as a countermeasure against sidechannel attack. There had been no threshold implementation for the AES and Keccak S-boxes that satisfies an important property called uniformity. In the conventional implementations, intermediate values are remasked to compensate for the lack of uniformity. The remasking consumes thousands of fresh random bits and its implementation cost is a serious concern. Daemen recently proposed a 3-share uniform threshold implementation of the Keccak S-box. This is enabled by a new technique called the changing of the guards which can be applied to any invertible functions. Subsequently, Wegener et al. proposed a 4-share threshold implementation of the AES S-box based on the changing of the guards technique. However, a 3-share threshold implementation of AES S-box remains open. The difficulty stays in 2-input multiplication, used in decomposed S-box representations, which is non-invertible because of different input and output sizes. In this study, this problem is addressed by introducing a certain generalization of the changing of the guards technique. The proposed method provides a generic way to construct a uniform sharing for a target function having different input and output sizes. The key idea is to transform a target function into an invertible one by adding additional inputs and outputs. Based on the proposed technique, the first 3-share threshold implementation of AES S-box without fresh randomness is presented. Performance evaluation and simulation-based leakage assessment of the implementation are also presented.
Best Information is Most Successful
Authors: De Chérisey Eloi , Guilley Sylvain , Rioul Olivier , Piantanida Pablo
Published: November 2020

Using information-theoretic tools, this paper establishes a mathematical link between the probability of success of a side-channel attack and the minimum number of queries to reach a given success rate, valid for any possible distinguishing rule and with the best possible knowledge on the attacker’s side. This link is a lower bound on the number of queries highly depends on Shannon’s mutual information between the traces and the secret key. This leads us to derive upper bounds on the mutual information that are as tight as possible and can be easily calculated. It turns out that, in the case of an additive white Gaussian noise, the bound on the probability of success of any attack is directly related to the signal to noise ratio. This leads to very easy computations and predictions of the success rate in any leakage model.
Fast and simple constant-time hashing to the BLS12-381 elliptic curve
Authors: Wahby Riad S. , Boneh Dan
Published: November 2020

Pairing-friendly elliptic curves in the Barreto-Lynn-Scott family are seeing a resurgence in popularity because of the recent result of Kim and Barbulescu that improves attacks against other pairing-friendly curve families. One particular Barreto-Lynn-Scott curve, called BLS12-381, is the locus of significant development and deployment effort, especially in blockchain applications. This effort has sparked interest in using the BLS12-381 curve for BLS signatures, which requires hashing to one of the groups of the bilinear pairing defined by BLS12-381.While there is a substantial body of literature on the problem of hashing to elliptic curves, much of this work does not apply to Barreto-Lynn-Scott curves. Moreover, the work that does apply has the unfortunate property that fast implementations are complex, while simple implementations are slow.In this work, we address these issues. First, we show a straightforward way of adapting the “simplified SWU” map of Brier et al. to BLS12-381. Second, we describe optimizations to this map that both simplify its implementation and improve its performance; these optimizations may be of interest in other contexts. Third, we implement and evaluate. We find that our work yields constant-time hash functions that are simple to implement, yet perform within 9% of the fastest, non–constant-time alternatives, which require much more complex implementations.
Sapphire: A Configurable Crypto-Processor for Post-Quantum Lattice-based Protocols
Authors: Banerjee Utsav , Ukyab Tenzin S. , Chandrakasan Anantha P.
Published: November 2020

Public key cryptography protocols, such as RSA and elliptic curve cryptography, will be rendered insecure by Shor’s algorithm when large-scale quantum computers are built. Cryptographers are working on quantum-resistant algorithms, and lattice-based cryptography has emerged as a prime candidate. However, high computational complexity of these algorithms makes it challenging to implement lattice-based protocols on low-power embedded devices. To address this challenge, we present Sapphire – a lattice cryptography processor with configurable parameters. Efficient sampling, with a SHA-3-based PRNG, provides two orders of magnitude energy savings; a single-port RAM-based number theoretic transform memory architecture is proposed, which provides 124k-gate area savings; while a low-power modular arithmetic unit accelerates polynomial computations. Our test chip was fabricated in TSMC 40nm low-power CMOS process, with the Sapphire cryptographic core occupying 0.28 mm2 area consisting of 106k logic gates and 40.25 KB SRAM. Sapphire can be programmed with custom instructions for polynomial arithmetic and sampling, and it is coupled with a low-power RISC-V micro-processor to demonstrate NIST Round 2 lattice-based CCA-secure key encapsulation and signature protocols Frodo, NewHope, qTESLA, CRYSTALS-Kyber and CRYSTALS-Dilithium, achieving up to an order of magnitude improvement in performance and energy-efficiency compared to state-of-the-art hardware implementations. All key building blocks of Sapphire are constant-time and secure against timing and simple power analysis side-channel attacks. We also discuss how masking-based DPA countermeasures can be implemented on the Sapphire core without any changes to the hardware.
Cache-Timing Attacks on RSA Key Generation
Authors: Cabrera Aldaya Alejandro , Pereida García Cesar , Alvarez Tapia Luis Manuel , Brumley Billy Bob
Published: November 2020

During the last decade, constant-time cryptographic software has quickly transitioned from an academic construct to a concrete security requirement for real-world libraries. Most of OpenSSL’s constant-time code paths are driven by cryptosystem implementations enabling a dedicated flag at runtime. This process is perilous, with several examples emerging in the past few years of the flag either not being set or software defects directly mishandling the flag. In this work, we propose a methodology to analyze security-critical software for side-channel insecure code path traversal. Applying our methodology to OpenSSL, we identify three new code paths during RSA key generation that potentially leak critical algorithm state. Exploiting one of these leaks, we design, implement, and mount a single trace cache-timing attack on the GCD computation step. We overcome several hurdles in the process, including but not limited to: (1) granularity issues due to word-size operands to the GCD function; (2) bulk processing of desynchronized trace data; (3) non-trivial error rate during information extraction; and (4) limited high-confidence information on the modulus factors. Formulating lattice problem instances after obtaining and processing this limited information, our attack achieves roughly a 27% success rate for key recovery using the empirical data from 10K trials.
Methodology for Efficient CNN Architectures in Profiling Attacks
Authors: Zaid Gabriel , Bossuet Lilian , Habrard Amaury , Venelli Alexandre
Published: November 2020

The side-channel community recently investigated a new approach, based on deep learning, to significantly improve profiled attacks against embedded systems. Previous works have shown the benefit of using convolutional neural networks (CNN) to limit the effect of some countermeasures such as desynchronization. Compared with template attacks, deep learning techniques can deal with trace misalignment and the high dimensionality of the data. Pre-processing is no longer mandatory. However, the performance of attacks depends to a great extent on the choice of each hyperparameter used to configure a CNN architecture. Hence, we cannot perfectly harness the potential of deep neural networks without a clear understanding of the network’s inner-workings. To reduce this gap, we propose to clearly explain the role of each hyperparameters during the feature selection phase using some specific visualization techniques including Weight Visualization, Gradient Visualization and Heatmaps. By highlighting which features are retained by filters, heatmaps come in handy when a security evaluator tries to interpret and understand the efficiency of CNN. We propose a methodology for building efficient CNN architectures in terms of attack efficiency and network complexity, even in the presence of desynchronization. We evaluate our methodology using public datasets with and without desynchronization. In each case, our methodology outperforms the previous state-of-the-art CNN models while significantly reducing network complexity. Our networks are up to 25 times more efficient than previous state-of-the-art while their complexity is up to 31810 times smaller. Our results show that CNN networks do not need to be very complex to perform well in the side-channel context.
Power Analysis on NTRU Prime
Authors: Huang Wei-Lun , Chen Jiun-Peng , Yang Bo-Yin
Published: November 2020

This paper applies a variety of power analysis techniques to several implementations of NTRU Prime, a Round 2 submission to the NIST PQC Standardization Project. The techniques include vertical correlation power analysis, horizontal indepth correlation power analysis, online template attacks, and chosen-input simple power analysis. The implementations include the reference one, the one optimized using smladx, and three protected ones. Adversaries in this study can fully recover private keys with one single trace of short observation span, with few template traces from a fully controlled device similar to the target and no a priori power model, or sometimes even with the naked eye. The techniques target the constant-time generic polynomial multiplications in the product scanning method. Though in this work they focus on the decapsulation, they also work on the key generation and encapsulation of NTRU Prime. Moreover, they apply to the ideal-lattice-based cryptosystems where each private-key coefficient comes from a small set of possibilities.
SITM: See-In-The-Middle Side-Channel Assisted Middle Round Differential Cryptanalysis on SPN Block Ciphers
Authors: Bhasin Shivam , Breier Jakub , Hou Xiaolu , Jap Dirmanto , Poussier Romain , Sim Siang Meng
Published: November 2020

Side-channel analysis constitutes a powerful attack vector against cryptographic implementations. Techniques such as power and electromagnetic side-channel analysis have been extensively studied to provide an efficient way to recover the secret key used in cryptographic algorithms. To protect against such attacks, countermeasure designers have developed protection methods, such as masking and hiding, to make the attacks harder. However, due to significant overheads, these protections are sometimes deployed only at the beginning and the end of encryption, which are the main targets for side-channel attacks.In this paper, we present a methodology for side-channel assisted differential cryptanalysis attack to target middle rounds of block cipher implementations. Such method presents a powerful attack vector against designs that normally only protect the beginning and end rounds of ciphers. We generalize the attack to SPN based ciphers and calculate the effort the attacker needs to recover the secret key. We provide experimental results on 8-bit and 32-bit microcontrollers. We provide case studies on state-of-the-art symmetric block ciphers, such as AES, SKINNY, and PRESENT. Furthermore, we show how to attack shuffling-protected implementations.
Side-Channel Countermeasures’ Dissection and the Limits of Closed Source Security Evaluations
Authors: Bronchain Olivier , Standaert François-Xavier
Published: November 2020

We take advantage of a recently published open source implementation of the AES protected with a mix of countermeasures against side-channel attacks to discuss both the challenges in protecting COTS devices against such attacks and the limitations of closed source security evaluations. The target implementation has been proposed by the French ANSSI (Agence Nationale de la Sécurité des Systèmes d’Information) to stimulate research on the design and evaluation of side-channel secure implementations. It combines additive and multiplicative secret sharings into an affine masking scheme that is additionally mixed with a shuffled execution. Its preliminary leakage assessment did not detect data dependencies with up to 100,000 measurements. We first exhibit the gap between such a preliminary leakage assessment and advanced attacks by demonstrating how a countermeasures’ dissection exploiting a mix of dimensionality reduction, multivariate information extraction and key enumeration can recover the full key with less than 2,000 measurements. We then discuss the relevance of open source evaluations to analyze such implementations efficiently, by pointing out that certain steps of the attack are hard to automate without implementation knowledge (even with machine learning tools), while performing them manually is straightforward. Our findings are not due to design flaws but from the general difficulty to prevent side-channel attacks in COTS devices with limited noise. We anticipate that high security on such devices requires significantly more shares.
Low-Latency Hardware Masking with Application to AES
Authors: Sasdrich Pascal , Bilgin Begül , Hutter Michael , Marson Mark E.
Published: November 2020

During the past two decades there has been a great deal of research published on masked hardware implementations of AES and other cryptographic primitives. Unfortunately, many hardware masking techniques can lead to increased latency compared to unprotected circuits for algorithms such as AES, due to the high-degree of nonlinear functions in their designs. In this paper, we present a hardware masking technique which does not increase the latency for such algorithms. It is based on the LUT-based Masked Dual-Rail with Pre-charge Logic (LMDPL) technique presented at CHES 2014. First, we show 1-glitch extended strong noninterference of a nonlinear LMDPL gadget under the 1-glitch extended probing model. We then use this knowledge to design an AES implementation which computes a full AES-128 operation in 10 cycles and a full AES-256 operation in 14 cycles. We perform practical side-channel analysis of our implementation using the Test Vector Leakage Assessment (TVLA) methodology and analyze univariate as well as bivariate t-statistics to demonstrate its DPA resistance level.
FENL: an ISE to mitigate analogue micro-architectural leakage
Authors: Gao Si , Marshall Ben , Page Dan , Pham Thinh
Published: November 2020

Ge et al. [GYH18] propose the augmented ISA (or aISA), a central tenet of which is the selective exposure of micro-architectural resources via a less opaque abstraction than normal. The aISA proposal is motivated by the need for control over such resources, for example to implement robust countermeasures against microarchitectural attacks. In this paper, we apply an aISA-style approach to challenges stemming from analogue micro-architectural leakage; examples include power-based Hamming weight and distance leakage from relatively fine-grained resources (e.g., pipeline registers), which are not exposed in, and so cannot be reliably controlled via, a normal ISA. Specifically, we design, implement, and evaluate an ISE named FENL: the ISE acts as a fence for leakage, preventing interaction between, and hence leakage from, instructions before and after it in program order. We demonstrate that the implementation and use of FENL has relatively low overhead, and represents an effective tool for systematically localising and reducing leakage.
Retrofitting Leakage Resilient Authenticated Encryption to Microcontrollers
Authors: Unterstein Florian , Schink Marc , Schamberger Thomas , Tebelmann Lars , Ilg Manuel , Heyszl Johann
Published: November 2020

The security of Internet of Things (IoT) devices relies on fundamental concepts such as cryptographically protected firmware updates. In this context attackers usually have physical access to a device and therefore side-channel attacks have to be considered. This makes the protection of required cryptographic keys and implementations challenging, especially for commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) microcontrollers that typically have no hardware countermeasures. In this work, we demonstrate how unprotected hardware AES engines of COTS microcontrollers can be efficiently protected against side-channel attacks by constructing a leakage resilient pseudo random function (LR-PRF). Using this side-channel protected building block, we implement a leakage resilient authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) scheme that enables secured firmware updates. We use concepts from leakage resilience to retrofit side-channel protection on unprotected hardware AES engines by means of software-only modifications. The LR-PRF construction leverages frequent key changes and low data complexity together with key dependent noise from parallel hardware to protect against side-channel attacks. Contrary to most other protection mechanisms such as time-based hiding, no additional true randomness is required. Our concept relies on parallel S-boxes in the AES hardware implementation, a feature that is fortunately present in many microcontrollers as a measure to increase performance. In a case study, we implement the protected AEAD scheme for two popular ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers with differing parallelism. We evaluate the protection capabilities in realistic IoT attack scenarios, where non-invasive EM probes or power consumption measurements are employed by the attacker. We show that the concept provides the side-channel hardening that is required for the long-term security of IoT devices.