bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A memória da formação docente em Campos dos Goytacazes: o caso da Escola Normal (1947-1954)
Authors: Agum Fernanda Serafim
Published: August 2013

Este trabalho busca “remontar” uma parte da trajetória de uma instituição pública de formação docente de grande relevância para a cidade de Campos dos Goytacazes e toda a região Norte Fluminense, a Escola Normal, que funcionava anexa ao Liceu de Humanidades de Campos, no período de 1947 a 1954. Esse período foi escolhido devido à mudança curricular decorrente da Lei Orgânica do Ensino Normal, promulgada pelo Governo Federal em 2 de janeiro de 1946. A metodologia utilizada englobou a busca de fontes oficiais primárias e a história oral, com o objetivo de compor novos documentos e recuperar memórias acerca da Instituição. Dessa forma, pudemos, por meio das lembranças das ex-alunas entrevistadas, saber um pouco mais sobre o cotidiano da escola, os saberes, os mestres, entre outros, na visão das pessoas que por ali passaram parte de sua vida.
Integrated Chemical Processes in Liquid Multiphase Systems
Authors: Kraume Matthias
Published: August 2013

Gegenwärtig wird im Rahmen des SFB‐Transregios „InPROMPT”︁ an der Erforschung und technischen Nutzbarmachung von Mehrkomponenten‐Lösungsmittelsystemen mit steuerbaren Eigenschaften in mehrphasigen chemischen Produktionsprozessen zur Verwendung langkettiger Olefine und ungesättigter Oleoverbindungen gearbeitet. Hierfür werden neue Methoden zur Prozessentwicklung, Reaktionsführung und Stoffdatenbeschreibung ausgearbeitet sowie integrierte Reaktions‐ und Trennprozesse und hybride Trennverfahren untersucht. Mithilfe dieses Wissens lässt sich dann entscheiden, wie verfahrenstechnische Produktionsprozesse zur Umsetzung langkettiger, unpolarer und polarer Komponenten optimal zu gestalten sind. Als Modellreaktion wurde die Hydroformylierung von 1‐Dodecen zu Tridecanal gewählt. In diesem Artikel werden wesentliche Konzepte und exemplarische Ergebnisse dargestellt.
Outcomes and xerostomia after postoperative radiotherapy for oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Wang Zhong‐He , Yan Chao , Zhang Zhi‐Yuan , Zhang Chen‐Ping , Hu Hai‐Sheng , Tu Wen‐Yong , Kirwan Jessica , Mendenhall William M.
Published: August 2013

Background

We compared outcomes and xerostomia grade after postoperative intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and conventional radiotherapy (RT) in patients with oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma.

Methods

Eighty‐eight patients with oral cavity (n = 77) and oropharyngeal (n = 11) carcinoma underwent postoperative IMRT (n = 44) or conventional RT (n = 44). Outcomes, failure patterns, volume, doses, salivary gland V30, and xerostomia grade were evaluated. The median follow‐up was 53 months (range, 48–58 months). The median interval from surgery to RT was 4 weeks (range, 3–6 weeks).

Results

Twenty‐one patients (7 and 14 for the IMRT and conventional RT groups, respectively) experienced local‐regional failure. For the IMRT group, all 7 local‐regional failures occurred in the high‐dose target volumes. For the conventional RT group, there were 12 in‐field failures, 1 at the margin, and 1 out‐of‐field. Nine patients experienced distant failure (5 and 4 for the IMRT and conventional RT groups, respectively). The 4‐year local‐regional control, disease‐free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and distant‐metastasis rates for the IMRT and conventional RT groups were 84.1% versus 68.2% (p = .055), 68.2% versus 52.3% (p = .091), 70.5% versus 56.8% (p = .124), and 11.4% versus 9.1% (p = .927), respectively. Xerostomia grade after RT was lower for IMRT compared to conventional RT (p < .001).

Conclusion

Postoperative IMRT for oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma significantly improves mean dose, salivary gland V30, and xerostomia grade when compared to conventional RT. The predominant failure pattern was local. No differences were found in survival outcomes between both groups. There was a marginal difference in local‐regional control. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 36: 1467–1473, 2014
Indications for postoperative radiotherapy in laryngeal carcinoma: A panel of tumor tissue markers for predicting locoregional recurrence in surgically treated carcinoma. A pilot study
Authors: Marioni Gino , Blandamura Stella , Lionello Marco , Giacomelli Luciano , Lovato Andrea , Favaretto Niccolò , Breda Stefano , Tealdo Giulia , Guzzardo Vincenza , Ottaviano Giancarlo , Staffieri Alberto
Published: August 2013

Background

Combining primary surgery with postoperative radiotherapy (RT) significantly reduces locoregional recurrence rates in selected patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A prognostic model was used to see if associating laryngeal SCC tissue markers (mammary serine protease inhibitor [MASPIN], CD105, angiogenin [ANG], and nm23‐H1) with conventional criteria could better discriminate higher‐risk patients warranting postoperative RT.

Methods

The study involved 76 consecutively operated patients with laryngeal SCC not recommended for postoperative RT, in accord with current guidelines.

Results

On multivariate statistical modeling, non‐nuclear MASPIN expression (p = .022), a CD105 expression ≥5.28% in vascular endothelial cells (p = .003), an nm23‐H1 nuclear expression in carcinoma cells ≤12.0% (p = .028), and an ANG expression ≥5.0% (p = .07, statistical trend) showed a negative prognostic significance. The discriminatory power for disease recurrence of the 4 considered biomarkers generated an area under the curve (AUC; receiver operating characteristic [ROC]) of 0.872. The Hosmer–Lemeshow scale indicated an excellent discriminatory power.

Conclusion

This panel's ability to predict laryngeal SCC recurrence warrants further prospective, randomized studies to assess its use among the parameters routinely considered before recommending postoperative RT for patients with laryngeal SCC. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1534–1540, 2014
In vitro protection by pyruvate against cadmium‐induced cytotoxicity in hippocampal HT‐22 cells
Authors: Poteet Ethan , Winters Ali , Xie Luokun , Ryou Myoung‐Gwi , Liu Ran , Yang Shao‐Hua
Published: August 2013

Cadmium is a toxic metal with no biological function in higher‐order mammals. Humans are exposed to cadmium environmental contamination and the mechanism underlying the cadmium's cytotoxicity is unclear. To better understand this mechanism, we employed murine hippocampal HT‐22 cells to test the in vitro effects of cadmium toxicity. Our study indicated that cadmium inhibits both mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. In turn, this causes depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, increase of superoxide production and decrease of ATP generation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the detrimental action of cadmium in bioenergetics could be mitigated by pyruvate, an intermediate metabolic product. Pyruvate decreased superoxide production, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential, restored glycolysis, mitigated the decrease in cellular ATP and attenuated cadmium cytotoxicity. Our study provides the first evidence that pyruvate might offer promising therapy for cadmium poisoning. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skin and bulk temperature difference at Lake Tahoe: A case study on lake skin effect
Authors: Wilson R. Chris , Hook Simon J. , Schneider Philipp , Schladow S. Geoffrey
Published: August 2013

Over water, infrared radiometers on satellites measure radiation leaving from the surface skin layer and therefore the retrieved temperature is representative of the skin layer. This is slightly different from the bulk layer deeper in the water where various floating thermometers take temperature measurements to validate satellite measurements. The difference between the bulk and skin temperature (skin effect) must be understood to properly validate schemes that use surface skin temperature to infer bulk temperatures. Further skin temperatures retrieved over inland waters may show different patterns to those retrieved over oceans due to differences in conditions such as wind speed, aerosols, and elevation. We have analyzed the differences between the skin and bulk temperatures at four permanent monitoring stations (buoys) located on Lake Tahoe since 1999 and compared the results with similar studies over the ocean typically obtained from boat cruises. Skin effect distributions were found to be consistent across the buoys; however, the diurnal behavior of the skin effect was slightly different and shown to be related to wind speed measured at an individual buoy. When wind speed was less than 2 m s−1, the skin temperature osclillated and greatly increased the uncertainty in the skin effect reported over Lake Tahoe. When downwelling sky radiation was increased from clouds or high humidity, this led to nighttime skin temperatures that were warmer than bulk temperatures by as much as 0.5 K. The size of the warm skin effect is larger than other ocean studies that observed warm nighttime skin values around 0.1 K. The nighttime skin effect was seen to be more consistent with a smaller standard deviation compared to the daytime skin effect. The nighttime skin behavior had a mean and standard deviation that ranged between 0.3 and 0.5 K and between 0.3 and 0.4 K, respectively. In contrast, daytime skin effect was strongly influenced by direct solar illumination and typically had a mean of 0.5 K in the morning that decreased to 0.1 K by midday. The standard deviation of the daytime skin effect ranged from 0.3 in the morning to 0.8 by midday. As the solar heating reduces later in the day the skin effect increases to a 0.3 K mean with a standard deviation of 0.4 K. The results for Lake Tahoe clearly demonstrate that validating satellite‐derived skin measurements or merging multiple satellites data sets together would be most successful when using nighttime data at wind speeds greater than 2 m s−1 with greater uncertainties expected when using daytime measurements. Further, the assumptions used for the skin effect behavior over oceans may not be appropriate over lakes because of the greater range of environmental conditions that affect lakes.
MRI biosensors: A short primer
Authors: Louie Angelique
Published: August 2013

Interest in MRI contrast agents for molecular imaging of biological function experienced a surge of excitement approximately 20 years ago with the development of the first activatable contrast agents that could act as biosensors and turn “on” in response to a specific biological activity. This brief tutorial, based on a short course lecture from the 2011 ISMRM meeting, provides an overview of underlying principles governing the design of biosensing contrast agents. We describe mechanisms by which an MRI contrast agent can be made into a sensor for both T1 and T2 types contrast agents. Examples of biological activities that can interact with a contrast agent are discussed using specific examples from the recent literature to illustrate the primary mechanisms of action that have been used to achieve activation. MRI sensors for pH, ion binding, enzyme cleavage, and oxidation‐reduction are presented. This article is not meant to be an exhaustive review, but an illustrative primer to explain how activation can be achieved for an MRI contrast agent. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is not covered as these agents were covered in a separate lecture.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:530–539. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protective role of noradrenaline in benzo[a]pyrene‐induced learning impairment in developing rat
Authors: Patri Manorama , Singh Abhishek , Mallick Birendra Nath
Published: August 2013

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a carcinogen, affects brain development, learning, and memory. Isolated studies have reported that B[a]P elevates noradrenaline (NA) level that may modulate neuronal growth, learning, and memory. Therefore, we investigated in vivo and in vitro the effects of B[a]P on learning and memory and its possible mechanism of action. Intracisternal administration of B[a]P on postnatal day 5 significantly reduced learning and memory in adolescent rats as observed by probe test using the Morris water maze. The density of both the subunits of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor, NMDAR1 and NMDAR2B, significantly increased in the hippocampus. In vitro, B[a]P significantly increased NMDAR1 in both C6 and Neuro2a cell lines, whereas NMDAR2B was significantly increased in C6 but was significantly decreased in Neuro2a. Pretreatment with NA prevented the B[a]P‐induced effect on NMDAR1 expression in both cell lines. However, although NA prevented the B[a]P‐mediated increase in NMDAR2B expression in C6, it further potentiated the decrease of NMDAR2B in Neuro2a cells. Also, NA prevented the B[a]P‐induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ both in C6 and in Neuro2a. Our findings show that postnatal exposure of developing rats to B[a]P impairs learning and memory even when the rats became adolescent. We also observed that the effects were mediated by elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels and increased expression of NMDAR; furthermore, NA exerted a protective effect by modulating those factors. NA differentially affects neurons and glia, which may have a compensatory role during toxic insults, especially from B[a]P. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Guidance on the implementation and reporting of a drug safety Bayesian network meta‐analysis
Authors: Ohlssen David , Price Karen L. , Amy Xia H. , Hong Hwanhee , Kerman Jouni , Fu Haoda , Quartey George , Heilmann Cory R. , Ma Haijun , Carlin Bradley P.
Published: August 2013

The Drug Information Association Bayesian Scientific Working Group (BSWG) was formed in 2011 with a vision to ensure that Bayesian methods are well understood and broadly utilized for design and analysis and throughout the medical product development process, and to improve industrial, regulatory, and economic decision making. The group, composed of individuals from academia, industry, and regulatory, has as its mission to facilitate the appropriate use and contribute to the progress of Bayesian methodology. In this paper, the safety sub‐team of the BSWG explores the use of Bayesian methods when applied to drug safety meta‐analysis and network meta‐analysis. Guidance is presented on the conduct and reporting of such analyses. We also discuss different structural model assumptions and provide discussion on prior specification. The work is illustrated through a case study involving a network meta‐analysis related to the cardiovascular safety of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a Non‐destructive High‐voltage Technique for the Detection of Pinhole Leaks in Flexible and Semi‐rigid Packages for Foods
Authors: Song Yoon S. , Gera Mohit , Jain Bulbul , Koontz John L.
Published: August 2013

This study evaluated the capabilities of a high‐voltage technique for the detection of pinhole leaks by using flexible pouches and semi‐rigid cups for foods. This evaluation was performed by measuring the discharge voltage when high voltages ranging from 0.25 to 10 kV were applied to sample packages. The results showed that package contact surface area, film thickness, food type and electrical conductivity are significant factors affecting the detection of pinhole leaks in flexible pouches by a high‐voltage leak detection (HVLD) system within the ranges tested (p < 0.05). For plastic cups with plastic‐laminated and foil‐laminated lids, the headspace inside a cup had the greatest effect followed by dielectric constant of lid films, electrical conductivity of foods and pinhole diameter (p < 0.01). In general, the HVLD system can detect pinholes as small as 10 µm in both plastic‐laminated and foil‐laminated pouches and lid cups, even at worst‐case scenario conditions, including liquid, semi‐solid and solid foods with 0.85 aw. Because of high voltages applied, however, delamination in foil‐laminated films occurred when an applied voltage was greater than 3.5 kV, which resulted in increased oxygen permeability. Statistical z‐test analysis of results from blind studies showed that the HVLD technique is significantly effective in determining defective pouches and cups with pinhole leaks as small as 10 µm (p < 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the HVLD technique is a promising non‐destructive and on‐line method to detect pinhole defects, which may be applicable to a wide range of hermetically sealed packages. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundamental period of irregular moment‐resisting steel frame structures
Authors: Young Kelly , Adeli Hojjat
Published: August 2013

The determination of the fundamental period of vibration of a structure is essential to earthquake design. Current code equations such as American Society of Civil Engineers Standard (ASCE) 7‐10 provide formulas for the approximate period of moment‐resisting frames (MRFs), which are dependent only on the height of the structure or number of stories. Such a formulation is overly conservative and unable to account for structures with geometric irregularities. This study investigated the fundamental periods of MRFs with varying geometric irregularities. The fundamental periods based on vibration theory for each example were compared with empirical equations, including current code equations as well as equations proposed in recent literature. New equations are proposed for the fundamental periods of MRFs, which take into account vertical and horizontal irregularities. Through statistical comparison, it was found that a three‐variable power model that is able to account for irregularities resulted in a better fit to the Rayleigh data than equations that were dependent on height only. The proposed equations were validated through a comparison of available measured period data for MRFs. They will allow design engineers to quickly estimate the fundamental period of MRF structures by taking into account irregularities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Increases Brain Cholesterol Content in Adult Rats
Authors: Barceló‐Coblijn Gwendolyn , Wold Loren E. , Ren Jun , Murphy Eric J.
Published: August 2013

Fetal alcohol syndrome is the most severe expression of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Although alterations in fetal and neonate brain fatty acid composition and cholesterol content are known to occur in animal models of FASD, the persistence of these alterations into adulthood is unknown. To address this question, we determined the effect of prenatal ethanol exposure on individual phospholipid class fatty acid composition, individual phospholipid class mass, and cholesterol mass in brains from 25‐week‐old rats that were exposed to ethanol during gestation beginning at gestational day 2. While total phospholipid mass was unaffected, phosphatidylinositol and cardiolipin mass was decreased 14 and 43 %, respectively. Exposure to prenatal ethanol modestly altered brain phospholipid fatty acid composition, and the most consistent change was a significant 1.1‐fold increase in total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in the n‐3/n‐6 ratio, and in the 22:6n‐3 content in ethanolamine glycerophospholipids and in phosphatidylserine. In contrast, prenatal ethanol consumption significantly increased brain cholesterol mass 1.4‐fold and the phospholipid to cholesterol ratio was significantly increased 1.3‐fold. These results indicate that brain cholesterol mass was significantly increased in adult rats exposed prenatally to ethanol, but changes in phospholipid mass and phospholipid fatty acid composition were extremely limited. Importantly, suppression of postnatal ethanol consumption was not sufficient to reverse the large increase in cholesterol observed in the adult rats.
Reconstruction of inhomogeneous conductivities via the concept of generalized polarization tensors
Authors: Ammari Habib , Deng Youjun , Kang Hyeonbae , Lee Hyundae
Published: August 2013

This paper extends the concept of generalized polarization tensors (GPTs), which was previously defined for inclusions with homogeneous conductivities, to inhomogeneous conductivity inclusions. We begin by giving two slightly different but equivalent definitions of the GPTs for inhomogeneous inclusions. We then show that, as in the homogeneous case, the GPTs are the basic building blocks for the far-field expansion of the voltage in the presence of the conductivity inclusion. Relating the GPTs to the Neumann-to-Dirichlet (NtD) map, it follows that the full knowledge of the GPTs allows unique determination of the conductivity distribution. Furthermore, we show important properties of the the GPTs, such as symmetry and positivity, and derive bounds satisfied by their harmonic sums. We also compute the sensitivity of the GPTs with respect to changes in the conductivity distribution and propose an algorithm for reconstructing conductivity distributions from their GPTs. This provides a new strategy for solving the highly nonlinear and ill-posed inverse conductivity problem. We demonstrate the viability of the proposed algorithm by preforming a sensitivity analysis and giving some numerical examples.
Improved mixing rates for infinite measure-preserving systems
Authors: TERHESIU DALIA
Published: August 2013

In this work, we introduce a new technique for operator renewal sequences associated with dynamical systems preserving an infinite measure that improves the results on mixing rates obtained by Melbourne and Terhesiu [Operator renewal theory and mixing rates for dynamical systems with infinite measure. Invent. Math. 1 (2012), 61–110]. Also, this technique allows us to offer a very simple proof of the key result of Melbourne and Terhesiu that provides first-order asymptotics of operator renewal sequences associated with dynamical systems with infinite measure. Moreover, combining techniques used in this work with techniques used by Melbourne and Terhesiu, we obtain first-order asymptotics of operator renewal sequences under some relaxed assumption on the first return map.
Upper-limit power for self-guided propagation of intense lasers in underdense plasma
Authors: Wang Wei-Min , Sheng Zheng-Ming , Li Yu-Tong , Zhang Jie
Published: August 2013

It is found that there is an upper-limit critical power for self-guided propagation of intense lasers in plasma in addition to the well-known lower-limit critical power set by the relativistic effect. Above this upper-limit critical power, the laser pulse experiences defocusing due to expulsion of local plasma electrons by the transverse ponderomotive force. Associated with the upper-limit power, a lower-limit critical plasma density is also found for a given laser spot size, below which self-focusing does not occur for any laser power. Both the upper-limit power and the lower-limit density are derived theoretically and verified by two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The present study provides new guidance for experimental designs, where self-guided propagation of lasers is essential.
The Business of Church and State: Social Christianity in Woodrow Wilson's White House
Authors: Burnidge Cara L.
Published: August 2013

Tall tales are often told in times of war. Stories of masculine courage under fire, of the fog of war, and of the grim realities experienced by embattled bodies dominate the genre. During the Great War, however, Americans told a different kind of story about their president. Rather than picture their president entrenched and fighting, Americans shared accounts of President Woodrow Wilson praying. Dr. Admiral Cary T. Grayson recalled a popular wartime tale about an unnamed Congressman who sought President Wilson's counsel. The story begins with a Congressman, distraught with the state of the war-torn world, insisting upon visiting the White House to speak with the President. Travelling through the White House residence, the Congressman searched for his Commander-in-Chief from the East room to the Green room to the Blue room; all to no avail. Finally, he came to the Red Room, where “he discovered the President on his knees wrestling in fervent prayer, like Jacob, with the Most High.” As Wilson's friend and physician, Grayson remembered that this story and variations of it were popular despite its complete lack of credibility. This folk tale, Grayson believed, began as a rumor by Wilson's opponents (one that poked fun of a President who preferred to kneel on the floor rather than prepare the country for war) but, after the United States declared war in April 1917, was taken more seriously (as a testament to a Commander-in-Chief who led a righteous war). What perhaps began as a joke at the president's expense, gained credence as a reflection of President Wilson's approach to the Great War: it was, for him, a part of his religious life.
Burial topography and the power of the Church in fifth- and sixth-century Rome
Authors: Costambeys Marios
Published: August 2013

TOPOGRAFIA DELLE SEPOLTURE E POTERE DELLA CHIESA A ROMA NEL QUINTO E SESTO SECOLO

Scavi recenti hanno rivelato fino a che punto i Romani del quinto e sesto secolo trasgredirono alle antichi leggi che proibivano le sepolture intramuranee. Ad oggi, però, non si è ancora cercato di dare una spiegazione olistica a questo cambiamento. La proliferazione di sepolture intramuranee nel complesso paesaggio urbano romano indica non solo un mutato atteggiamento nei confronti della morte, ma anche un cambiamento nella gestione dei defunti e nella topografia della città. Nella prima parte dell'articolo vengono analizzati i siti delle due aree sepolcrali associate topograficamente sia con gli horti che con le due chiese di Sant'Eusebio e Santa Bibiana. La storia delle due chiese indica i diversi modi in cui venivano controllate e trasferite le proprietà terriere in questo periodo: mentre nel caso di Sant'Eusebio si trattò di una fondazione completamente privata, Santa Bibiana fu fondata dal papa, probabilmente su una proprieta acquisita dall'imperatore. La condizione giuridica delle aree sepolcrali intorno alle due chiese potrebbe essere stata indefinita similmente a quella dei numerosi horti dalla fine del quarto secolo in poi, e cioè soggetta alla sovrapposizione giurisdizionale di aristocrazia e della Chiesa. L'influenza di quest'ultima è fortemente evidenziata dallo sviluppo della liturgia per i defunti che iniziò a formarsi nel sesto secolo. Ciò nonostante, il controllo ecclesiastico sulla posizione delle sepolture in questo periodo non fu costante e non venne affidato a membri formali del clero ecclesiastico. L'evidenza suggerisce che il controllo ecclesiastico delle sepolture si consolidò stabilmente nel momento in cui le spese funerarie, inclusi i pagamenti per i becchini, iniziarono ad essere pagate alle chiese. L'insinuarsi del clero ecclesiastico nei rituali di sepoltura e la scelta delle aree per le sepolture venne a costituire un importante episodio nell'appropriazione da parte della Chiesa romana della stmttura cittadina.
Epigraphy asSpolia— The Reuse of Inscriptions in Early Medieval Buildings
Authors: Coates-Stephens Robert
Published: August 2013

EPIGRAFI COMESPOLIA— IL RIUSO DELLE ISCRIZIONI NEGLI EDIFICI ALTOMEDIEVALI

L'articolo esamina l'evidenza archeologica e testuale per il riuso di iscrizioni in fortificazioni, pavimenti di chiese e mura di edifici dal terzo al nono secolo, basandosi su esempi di Roma. Poiché il fenomeno si colloca all'interno del più ampio discorso dell'uso deglispolia, sono state qui esaminate anche le ultime interpretazioni del riuso di materiali di costruzione. Vengono presi in considerazione i seguenti problemi: il punto fino al quale le iscrizioni erano lasciate a vista e se questa forma di visibilità aveva un significato specifico o meno; il possible significato del riuso di testi pagani in edifici cristiani; e l'idea che il riuso dell'antico in generale potesse costituire un mezzo di auto-legittimazione da parte dei committenti. Alcune letture concettuali si sono rivelate contraddittorie. Il riuso delle iscrizioni in età altomedievale deve essere considerato nel contesto dell'universale fare affidamento suglispoliacome materiale costruttivo. Per questo, è estremamente difficile provare che il riuso delle epigrafi fosse il risultato di una scelta specifica da parte dei costruttori e dei committenti.
Daniele Barbaro and Vitruvius: the architectural theory of a Renaissance humanist and patron
Authors: Cellauro Louis
Published: August 2013

DANIELE BARBARO E VITRUVIO: LA TEORIA ARCHITETTONICA DI UN UMANISTA E PATRONO DEL RINASCIMENTO

L'aristocratico veneziano Daniele Barbaro (1514–70), collezionista d'arte, di libri e di strumenti matematici, fu un importante patrono delle artie delle scienze della Venezia del XVI secolo. La sua pubblicazione più imponente e significativa fu la traduzione commentata delDe Architectura Libri Decemdi Vitruvio. Lo scopo di questo articolo è quello di fornire un'analisi della teoria architettonica di Daniele Barbaro, cosi come emerge dai suoi commentari e di stabilire il suo rapporto con Vitruvio nel contesto del Rinascimento. Mi focalizzo sui principi teoretici rilevanti per la pratica architettonica, inclusi l'atteggiamento di Barbaro verso Vitruvio, la sua teoria del progresso dell'architettura classica, i rapporti nella sua teoria tra le retorica e l'architettura, le sue opinioni sul ruolo delle proporzioni armoniche nel disegno architettonico e sui sei concetti vitruviani del disegno architettonico. Ilprincipale contributo di Barbaro alla comprensione di Vitruvio nel Rinascimento consiste nell'enfasi posta sulla flessibilità con cui egli credeva che le regole di Vitruvio dovessero essere comprese e sull'importanza delle correzioni ottiche per il disegno architettonico nella teoria dell'autore antico.
Hydraulic infrastructure and urbanism in early modern Rome
Authors: Rinne Katherine Wentworth
Published: August 2013

INFRASTRUTTURE IDRAULICHE E URBANISMO AGLI INIZI DELLA ROMA MODERNA

Tra il 1570 e il 1620, Roma fu trasformata da una città essenzialmente medievale in una città barocca. Durante questo periodo, papi, cardinali e altri cittadini infiuenti restaurarono antichi acquedotti e costruirono nuove fontane con l'intento di usare le infrastrutture idriche come strumento per riportare Roma alla sua antica grandezza, solidificare il prestigio papale, cambiare l'assetto urbano esistente, stimolare lo sviluppo economico e accrescere la salute pubblica. Tre acquedotti a caduta furono costruiti per servire Roma: l'Acqua Vergine (1562–70), l'Acqua Felice (1585–7) e l'Acqua Paola (1607–12). Dopo un migliaio di anni di risorse limitate Roma fu rifornita di acqua e dal 1625 fu dotata di 80 nuove fontane pubbliche. In questo articolo tratterò queste fontane al fine di dimostrare come lo sviluppo urbano fu ottimizzato nelle aree in cui l'acqua poté essere distribuita. Si dimostrerà che le fontane erano molto più che ornamenti urbani; esse erano realmente le strutture più visivamente prominenti di un nuovo, benché perlopiù nascosto, ordine fisico, costruito sopra un sistema integrato di infrastrutture idriche che includeva acquedotti, condotti, distribuzione di cisterne e cloache, che nell'insieme verranno discusse in questa sede. Tale ordine esisteva in proporzione nelle vicinanze e nella città in quanto l'infrastruttura idrica forniva un'armatura per organizzare e effettivamente controllare lo spazio pubblico, forse per la prima volta dall'antichità.
Cisterns, drainage and lavatories in Pompeian houses, Casa dei Capitelli Colorati (VII.4.51), Casa della Caccia Antica (VII.4.48) and Casa dei Capitelli Figurati (VII.4.57)
Authors: Sear Frank
Published: August 2013

CISTERNE, DRENAGGI E LATRINE NELLE CASE DI POMPEI, CASA DEI CAPITELLI COLORATI (VII.4.51), CASA DELLA CACCIA ANTICA (VII.4.48), CASA DEI CAPITELLI FIGURATI (VII.4.57)

L'articolo esamina le quattro cisterne, la latrina, i bacini idrici e parti del sistema di condutture della Casa dei Capitelli Colorati (VII.4.51); la grande cisterna, la piscina e le due latrine nella Casa della Caccia Antica (VII.4.48); e la cisterna sotto l'atrio della Casa dei Capitelli Figurati (VII.4.57). Il lavoro segue un precedente articolo (Papers of the British School at Rome 72 (2004): 125–66) concernente l'impianto idrico della Casa del Granduca (VII.4.56).
Two South Picene inscriptions reread — CH.2 and AP.4
Authors: Stuart-Smith Jane
Published: August 2013

UNA RILETTURA DI DUE ISCRIZIONI MERIDIONALI PICENE — CH.2 E AP.4

Il piccolo gruppo di iscrizioni picene meridionali antiche, principalmente rinvenute in Italia centrale ed orientale, rappresentano una fonte importante, sebbene di difficile interpretazione, per la conoscenza della storia delle popolazioni dell'Italia centrale pre-romana. I testi, sebbene per la gran parte oscuri, sembrano contenere riferimenti a strutture etniche e sociali riconosciute per questo periodo storico. Come è sempre il caso per ricostruzioni storiche che dipendano da iscrizioni, è essenziale che l'interpretazione del testo sia basata su una lettura affidabile. L'edizione definitiva del lavoro di Marinetti, Le iscrizioni sudpicene, pubblicato nel 1985, stabilisce una lettura attentamente annotata di ogni testo, per la maggior parte tramite autopsia. Tuttavia, all'epoca della ricerca per il suo libro, Marinetti non ebbe l'opportunità di esaminare le iscrizioni CH.2, AP.4 e AP.6. Nell'autunno del 1993 queste iscrizioni furono controllate. In questo articolo una nuova lettura delle iscrizioni CH.2 e AP.4, rispettivamente un braccialetto di bronzo ed una stele in pietra, viene presentata. In entrambi i casi il testo differisce leggermente da quello pubblicato da Marinetti. Entrambe le letture risultano nell'aggiunta di nuove parole all'attuale inventario per il Picene meridionale.
Hunting and farming in prehistoric Italy: changing perspectives on landscape and society
Authors: Barker Graeme
Published: August 2013

CACCIA E ALLEVAMENTO NELL'ITALIA PREISTORICA: CAMBIAMENTI DI PROSPETTIVA SUL TERRITORIO E SULLA SOCIETÀ

Quest'articolo riassume come due decadi di ricerca sull'Italia preistorica abbiano cambiato la nostra comprensione della natura degli antichi sistemi di caccia e di allevamento, della transizione dall'uno all'altro sistema, dei territori che queste attività hanno aiutato a creare e delle società di cui esse facevano parte. Per quanto riguarda la preistoria più antica, è ora più chiaro che per un lungo periodo l'umanità dell'epoca si fosse basata su un sistema di ‘scavenging’, vale a dire di nutrimento basato sull'utilizzo di carogne di animali morti. La variabilità dei sistemi di caccia che funsero da complemento allo ‘scavenging’, e che infine lo sostituirono, si è andata anch'essa man mano chiarendo. L'evidenza di un protaersi del processo di transizione nell'Olocene dalla caccia, pesca e raccolta all'agricoltura si è andata accumulando in maniera ancora più evidente, sebbene i motivi di questa transizione ci rimangono oscuri. Le società agricole del tardo neolitico furono sempre più caratterizzate da competizione sociale, in particolare tra gli uomini, mentre il commercio a lunga distanza e gli elementi rituali fmirono con lo svolgere un ruolo sempre più importante nei meccanismi di riproduzione sociale. L'età del rame vide un incremento nella specializzazione agricola e nella produzione artigianale mentre famiglie rivali erano in competizione per il controllo delle risorse. La prima parte dell'età del bronzo rappresenta un periodo di espansione degli insediamenti e di intensificazione della sussistenza, ma probabilmente anche di frammentazione sociale. Nel tardo bronzo e nell'età del ferro alcune regioni divennero centri significativi di poteri locali, nonchè il fulcro di reti di scambi locali e regionali di prodotti agrieoli e artigianali che sostenevano la struttura di queste società attraverso il mantenimento di debiti ed altri vincoli.
The interdict on San Gimignano,c.1289–93: a clerical ‘strike’ and its consequences
Authors: Clarke Peter D.
Published: August 2013

L'INTERDETTO DI SAN GIMIGNANO, CIRCA 1289–93: UNO ‘SCIOPERO’ DEL CLERO E LE SUE CONSEGUENZE

L'interdetto era una specie di sciopero ecclesiastico, che aveva lo scopo di esprimere un risentimento o una richiesta nei confronti del potere secolare. Verso la fine del 1289 il vescovo di Volterra dichiarò un'interdetto contro il comune di San Gimignano, probabilmente perchè questo aveva tassato il clero locale. I membri del clero lasciarono la città, portando con sé gli arredi dell'altare della chiesa parrocchiale, e si rifiutarono di servire la messa e perfino di battezzare i bambini per quasi tre anni. Nel frattempo il comune di San Gimignano dovette cooptare a sue spese altri preti, nonche combattere una lunga battaglia legale contro il clero, con il coinvolgimento dello stesso papa. La disputa fu infine arbitrata in favore del comune e il clero dovette così, suo malgrado, giungere a una pacificazione. Successivamente il comune promise di rispettare le libertà ecclesiastiche, ma è dubbio che una pace duratura tra il clero ed il comune fu effettivamente ottenuta. Questo esempio mostra come un'interdetto possa aver effettivamente funzionato e quali fossero state le reazioni del ceto laico e quello ecclesiastico. In conclusione sembra che la chiesa non avesse potere sufficiente per opporsi in maniera effettiva al potere secolare e che spesso potesse raggiungere un modus vivendi piu con il compromesso che con lo scontro diretto.
Robert Macpherson 1814–72, the foremost photographer of Rome
Authors: Crawford Alistair
Published: August 2013

ROBERT MACPHERSON 1814–1872, IL ‘PRIMO’ FOTOGRAFO A ROMA

Mentre la Roma di Pio IX decadeva verso un periodo di rivoluzioni e povertà, e gli artisti abbandonavano il neoclassicismo per dirigersi verso la nuova capitale dell'arte, Parigi, Robert Macpherson, dall'1851 in poi, riuscì a riprodurre con successo le immagini del passato di Roma e della campagna romana, utilizzando le innovazioni tecnologiche della fotografia e producendo un ultimo vivace resoconto dell'età cosiddetta del ‘Grand Tour’. Considerate le limitazioni della fotografïa nel riprodurre l'ideale piuttosto che il reale, non si trattò di una conquista da poco. Nel descrivere gli inizi della fotografia commerciale in Italia, basata nei quartieri degli artisti della Roma del diciannovesimo secolo, questo articolo traccia la biografia di Macpherson, da Edimburgo al Caffè Greco, compreso i sui numerosi contatti sociali ed occupazioni: come artista, inventore, mercante d'arte, e, per la prima volta, fornisce informazioni su chi effettivamente egli fosse. Il suo uso particolare dei soggetti e delle tecniche fotografïche, che spiega come egli fosse in grado di creare tali cupe e melanconiche immagini romantiche, viene esaminato, sia in relazione a suo iniziale successo internazionale quale fondatore del soggetto della fotografia architettonica che al suo successivo fallimento e povertà.
The Classical Topography of the Roman Campagna.—III. (The Via Latina)—Section II.
Authors: Ashby T.
Published: August 2013

The work of preparing this, the second portion of the description of the classical topography of the Via Latina, has shown me more clearly than before how impossible it is to hope to attain finality in dealing with the Campagna. The late Henry Stevenson's notes now in the Vatican Library (those which especially concern this district are to be found for the most part in Vat. Lat. 10572) are a perfect mine of information, especially when taken with his own copies of the Staff Map on which the ruins he found are marked (now bound up together as Vat. Lat. 10587 B), and one realizes more than ever the value and extent of the work he might have done had he lived longer. As I have examined them carefully, I have given full details of their contents. The maps for the present volume were unfortunately made before I had time to consult these valuable sources of information. And yet, when I came to go over the ground again, I found that there were many ruins that even he had not noticed, some of them of considerable size and importance.
The Palazzo Odescalchi in Rome
Authors: Ashby Thomas
Published: August 2013

The Palazzo Odescalchi, a portion of which has served as the residence of the British School for a period of some fourteen years, is among the more remarkable of the palaces of Rome, both for its architectural qualities and its historical associations. Situated as it is in the centre of the city, close to the Piazza Venezia, on the west side of the spacious Piazza dei SS. Apostoli, and opposite the famous basilica which gives its name to the square, it is yet a little removed from any of the main lines of traffic, which pass close by it without actually touching it, and has thus preserved much of that quiet and stately beauty which must inevitably be in some measure sacrificed in the rush and bustle of modern life.

It has seemed to me that it would be a pity that the School should sever its connection with this splendid building without some attempt being made to give a short historical account of it, and I have therefore put together the material that I have been able to collect. My sincere acknowledgments are due to Prince Odescalchi, to Don Fabrizio Colonna, Prince of Paliano, and to Prince Chigi for their kind permission to examine the archives of their respective families, in which, however, there are unfortunately a number of lacunae.
Note on a Copy of the Responsiones of Robert Parsons
Authors: Strong Arthur
Published: August 2013

Another memorial of Cardinal Allen and of his friends in Rome has lately been brought to my notice by Lord Gerald Wellesley, to whom it belongs, and may fitly be placed in record here in connection with the plaquette of Aristotle. This is a copy of the second edition (Rome, Zannetti, 1593) of the celebrated replies (Responsiones) issued seriatim to each clause of Queen Elizabeth's edict against Catholics in the year 1591: Elizabethae Angliae Reginae Haeresim Calvinianam propugnantis saevissimum in Catholicos sui … Regni edictum … cum responsione ad singula capita … per D. Andream Philopatrum Presbyterum, etc. It is common knowledge that the pseudonym of Philopater conceals the name of the famous English Jesuit, Fr. Robert Parsons, so that the authorship of the book alone takes us back into the circle of the English College at Rome, which Dr. William—afterwards Cardinal—Allen had helped to found in 1575, and of which Parsons had been appointed Rector in 1585. But this particular copy, as the various inscriptions and stamps it bears testify, had sundry bibliographical adventures which it is not without interest to retrace.
The History of the Extortion Court at Rome, 123–70 b.c.
Authors: Balsdon J. P. V. D.
Published: August 2013

The available evidence concerning the history of the Extortion Court, the quaestio repetundarum, at Rome is tabulated opposite page 114. In view of the bulk of this evidence, it is at first sight surprising that this should be one of the most confused chapters of Roman history. Indeed, it is improbable that all Roman historians would agree upon any more precise statement of certainty than the following: that C. Gracchus, whether by a lex Sempronia iudiciaria, or by a lex Sempronia de repetundis, or by a lex Acilia de repetundis which may, or may not, be reproduced in the lex repetundarum, fragments of which are preserved at Naples and at Vienna (CIL i, 583), established equites (selected either from owners and past owners, within certain age limits, of the equus publicus, or from all those who possessed the equestrian census) either in place of, or in association with, senators as jurors in the quaestio de repetundis; that Q. Servilius Caepio, probably in his consulship in 106 B.C., proposed, and perhaps carried, a judiciary law in the interest of the Senate; that C. Servilius Glaucia either in m (Mommsen), 108 (Carcopino) 104 (Last) or 101 B.C. (Niccolini) carried a lex repetundarum and perhaps other judiciary laws in which he possibly either gave for the first time, or restored, to the equites complete possession of the juries and certainly effected two reforms in procedure, (a) by legalising the prosecution not only of recent magistrates and pro-magistrates, but also of their accomplices and (b) by introducing the form of ‘double action’ known as comperendinatio; that M. Livius Drusus, as tribune in 91 B.C., endeavoured unsuccessfully to establish, or to re-establish, as the case may be, mixed juries of senators and equites, and to make equestrian as well as senatorial jurors liable to prosecution for accepting bribes; that in 89 B.C. by a lex Plautia of the tribune M. Plautius Silvanus mixed juries were established, certainly for trials of maiestas, and perhaps for repetundae too. After this, the way is clearer, Sulla re-established senatorial juries, which survived until 70 B.C., when, by the lex Aurelia, jurors were selected from three panels—from senators, equites and tribuni aerarii.
Some Bucchero Vases from Ardea
Authors: Cook R. M. , Butchart C. B. R.
Published: August 2013

The objects described below were found near Ardea in Latium during the digging of a gun-position in June 1944. The site was in a valley bottom about one mile SSE of the modern town, and the area dug was an L-shaped trench two feet wide and with arms four feet and six feet long. Unfortunately military duties prevented continuous observation, but the following points are clear. Work began on the shorter arm of the trench; and there were found sherds of bucchero and of coarse wares (nos. 10, 11, 23–26, 28, 29), and a ‘red pot’ which was removed and lost. Three days later, digging was resumed and yielded first a bucchero cup (no. 15) and oinochoe (no. 9), then sherds of coarse brownish ware (no. 27), and farther on at a depth of two and a half feet two bucchero oinochoai (nos. 7, 8). Next day three bucchero amphoriskoi (nos. 12–14) were found still farther on in the same section of trench. An offset trench was then started to the right, with a depth of two and a half to three feet. In this offset were found six alabastra (nos. 1–6), all lying together, and close to them two bucchero cups (nos. 16, 17); a little beyond were two bucchero kantharoi (nos. 21, 22); nothing else had been found when orders to advance put an end to the work. Apart from the pottery no objects were observed, nor any traces of structures or of discoloration in the soil.
Prehistoric Tombs near Zebbug, Malta
Authors: Baldacchino J. G. , Evans J. D.
Published: August 2013

In September, 1947, whilst digging trenches for the laying of the foundations of a building in the field known as ‘ta Trapna iz-Zghira’, in the parish of Zebbug (Ref. 394228 on the standard 2-inch map of Malta), five early tombs were discovered. The workmen, not appreciating the importance of the discovery, cut a trench 2 feet wide through the middle of two of these burials, thus partially destroying the deposit. Further destruction was prevented by Mr. Ian Small, Civil Engineer of H.M. Dockyard, who stopped the work and reported the discovery to the Museum; and on inspection of the site it immediately became apparent that we were dealing with tombs of a type hitherto unrecorded. The excavation of these remains was conducted with the fullest care to secure adequate records and ensure the recovery of all the archaeological material.

The tombs were five in number, irregularly disposed within an area of 50 sq. yards (Fig. 1). They all exhibited more or less the same features. Each tomb consisted of a saucer-shaped cavity roughly cut in the rock-bed, which at this point is the soft, white, Middle Globigerina Limestone and which underlies about 2 ft. of field soil. The diameter of the tombs averaged about 6 ft., and they attained a depth of about 2 ft. at the centre. A single layer of flat, roughly chipped slabs, derived from the local rock-bed, was used to pave the tomb floor. These slabs, about 4 in. in thickness and 10 in. in width, varied in length from 6 in. to 2 ft. 3 in. Overlying the slabs there was a layer of marl, about 6 in. in thickness, in which were embedded human skeletal remains, mostly in a fragmentary state and in utter disorder.