bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality at the Point of Service: Profiles of Practice in After‐School Settings
Authors: Smith Charles , Peck Stephen C. , Denault Anne-Sophie , Blazevski Juliane , Akiva Tom
Published: April 2010

A unique observational data set was used to explore quality at the point of service in after‐school programs. Staff practices in after‐school settings were represented on a series of unidimensional scales closely indexed to staff behavior. In order to account for heterogeneity of staff performances, pattern‐centered methods were used to construct profiles of common staff practices. Results revealed six pedagogy profiles that were classified in terms of three broad types of performances delivered by after‐school staff: (1) positive youth development, (2) staff‐centered, and (3) low‐quality. Staff membership in these profiles was not related to youth‐staff ratio. However, results revealed significant differences between the profiles on the content of the offering and the age of youth in the setting.
Condition status and parasite infection of Neogobius kessleri and N. melanostomus (Gobiidae) in their native and non‐native area of distribution of the Danube River
Authors: Ondračková Markéta , Francová Kateřina , Dávidová Martina , Polačik Matej , Jurajda Pavel
Published: April 2010

The success of introduced species is often facilitated by escape from the effects of natural predators and parasites. Introduced species can profit from this favourable situation, attaining higher population densities and greater individual sizes in novel areas. In this study, somatic condition and parasite infection were compared between native and non‐native populations of Neogobius kessleri Günther; introduced only within the interconnected Danube and Rhine River system, and N. melanostomus (Pallas); widely introduced throughout several river systems in Europe and North America. Higher values of Fulton's condition factor were observed in non‐native populations of both goby species. Neogobius melanostomus attained higher gonadosomatic index values in non‐native populations, indicating potential increased investment in reproduction in its new area. A lower splenosomatic index was observed in non‐native populations, especially in N. melanostomus. Parasite infracommunity richness and mean abundance were higher in N. kessleri in both native and non‐native populations, suggesting higher susceptibility of N. kessleri to these parasites. Non‐native populations of both hosts showed higher infra‐community richness as a result of acquiring parasites native to the new area, but lower parasite abundance. Differences in success of the introduction and establishment in new areas between the two fish species may be associated with a relatively low parasite infection rate and a higher gonadosomatic index in non‐native populations of N. melanostomus in comparison to N. kessleri.
Supraclavicular Approach for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Authors: Terzis Julia K. , Kokkalis Zinon T.
Published: April 2010

The authors' experience with the supraclavicular approach for the treatment of patients with primary thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) and for patients with recurrent TOS or iatrogenic brachial plexus injury after prior transaxillary first rib resection is presented. The records of 33 patients (34 plexuses) with TOS who presented for evaluation and treatment were analyzed. Of these, 12 (35%) plexuses underwent surgical treatment, and 22 (65%) plexuses were managed non-operatively. The patients who were treated non-operatively and had an adequate follow-up ( n=11) were used as a control group. Of the 12 surgically treated patients, five patients underwent primary surgery; four patients had secondary surgery for recurrent TOS; and three patients had surgery for iatrogenic brachial plexus injury. All patients presented with severe pain, and most of them had neurologic symptoms. All nine (100%) patients who underwent primary surgery ( n=5) and secondary surgery for recurrent TOS ( n=4) demonstrated excellent or good results. On the other hand, six (54%) of the 11 patients from the control group had some benefit from the non-operative treatment. Reoperation in three patients with iatrogenic brachial plexus injury resulted in good result in one case and in fair results in two patients; however, all patients were pain-free. No complications were encountered. Supraclavicular exploration of the brachial plexus enables precise assessment of the contents of the thoracic inlet area. It allows for safe identification and release of all abnormal anatomical structures and complete first rib resection with minimal risk to neurovascular structures. Additionally, this approach allows for the appropriate nerve reconstruction in cases of prior transaxillary iatrogenic plexus injury.
Serum oxidizability potential is associated with age and exercise test results
Authors: Goldhammer Ehud , Rivlin Yelena , Shnizer Sergei , Shanati Allah , Sagiv Moran , Rosenschein Uri
Published: April 2010

The purpose of this paper is to find out whether serum oxidizability potential measured before an exercise test (EXT) correlates with age and ischemic heart disease severity. Oxidizability potential was determined in 3 age groups, in gr. I patients < 45 years, in gr. II age
$$ {\hbox{range}} = {45} - {7}0{\hbox{years}} $$
, and in gr. III patients > 70 years. Included subjects had chronic ischemic heart disease (IHD) and underwent a symptom-limited EXT upon initiation of a cardiac rehabilitation program. The thermo-chemiluminescence (TCL) assay was used to assess serum oxidizability potential. This assay is based on heat-induced oxidation of serum, leading to the formation of electronically excited species in the form of unstable carbonyls, which further decompose into stable carbonyls and light energy (low chemiluminescence). Measured photons emission is represented by a kinetic curve which is described by its amplitude and slope (=ratio). We assessed the correlations of TCL ratio with age, exercise duration, metabolic equivalents (METS), maximal heart rate (mHR), maximal systolic BP, >1 mm S-T depression, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)> or <40%, previous myocardial infarction, and aorto-coronary bypass surgery. A high TCL ratio (%) correlated well with METS (r = 0.82), mHR (r = 0.77) and with exercise-induced S-T segment shift (r = 0.86, p < 0.05). A lower serum oxidizability potential, expressed as a low TCL ratio, thus suggestive of a previous high oxidative stress, was found in the two older age groups compared to gr. I (<45 years), p = 0.041, and in particular, in gr. III patients with low LVEF%. The TCL ratio (%) in gr. III was 188.7 ± 14.5, 192 ± 17 in gr. II, and 214 ± 13 in gr. I (p < 0.05), and was 166 ± 13.1 in gr. III with LVEF < 45% as compared to 271 ± 15.7 in gr. I patients with LVEF > 45% (p < 0.01). A trend for lower TCL ratio (%) was found in diabetic, hypertensive, and post-coronary bypass surgery patients. A paradoxically low TCL ratio (low oxidizability potential) was observed in patients without S-T depression compared to patients with S-T depression (189 ± 22 vs. 201 ± 15, p = NS), due to the fact these patients had a much lower LVEF% and a lower exercise capacity. Serum oxidizability potential is associated with age, EXT parameters, results, and IHD severity. TCL ratio is an “easy-to-measure marker” that might be incorporated into risk assessment and prediction in aged IHD patients.
Evaluation of possible criteria for elective single embryo transfer
Authors: Sato Wataru , Fukuda Jun , Kanamori Kyoko , Kawamura Kazuhiro , Kumagai Jin , Kodama Hideya , Tanaka Toshinobu
Published: April 2010

Purpose

A major problem of assisted reproductive technology (ART) is multiple gestation, which impacts neonatal and perinatal medicine. The literature contains a number of reports that elective single embryo transfer (eSET) is effective for the control of multiple pregnancies; however, to date, uniform criteria have not been established.

Methods

Using logistic regression analysis based on the results of ART in our department from January 2005 to July 2006, our eSET criteria were established. We conducted a comparative study of the clinical pregnancy rate, multiple gestation rate, and delivery rate before and after eSET (before‐eSET and after‐eSET groups, respectively).

Results

As a result of the analysis, our eSET criteria included all three of the following: (A) patient age ≤37, (B) previous IVF/ICSI trials ≤5, and (C) acquisition of two or more good‐quality embryos. Based on our criteria, the after‐eSET group was not found to have a decrease in the pregnancy rate; however, the multiple gestation rate decreased as compared to the before‐eSET group. In addition, as a result of various evaluations of the eSET group, interesting findings were revealed.

Conclusions

In the after‐eSET group, our eSET criteria achieved a decrease in the multiple pregnancy rate without a decrease in the pregnancy rate.
Collaboration Between Perioperative Nurses and Sterile Processing Department Personnel
Authors: Seavey Rose E.
Published: April 2010

Ensuring patient safety requires collaboration between all members of the surgical team, which includes personnel in the sterile processing department. Because of the close working relationship between the OR and sterile processing department, it is important that employees in these departments work well together.

Reducing errors and misunderstandings can contribute to improved relationships between personnel in these two departments. Strategies should include a focus on reducing instrument set errors, fostering teamwork and positive relationships, improving interdepartmental communication, and ensuring compliance with policies that are based on the most current evidence available.
Creating a Culture of Mutual Respect
Authors: Kaplan Kathryn , Mestel Pamela , Feldman David L.
Published: April 2010

The Joint Commission mandates that hospitals seeking accreditation have a process to define and address disruptive behavior. Leaders at Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, took the initiative to create a code of mutual respect that not only requires respectful behavior, but also encourages sensitivity and awareness to the causes of frustration that often lead to inappropriate behavior. Steps to implementing the code included selecting code advocates, setting up a system for mediating disputes, tracking and addressing operational system issues, providing training for personnel, developing a formal accountability process, and measuring the results.
A Comparison of two BCG Instillation Regimens for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis of Side Effect Profiles
Authors: Wilson J.R.F. , Turney B.W. , LeMonnier K. , Crew J.P.
Published: April 2010

Objectives:

To compare the side effect profiles following different instillation regimens of intravesical BCG immunotherapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Patients and methods:

Profile scores for each of the commonly reported side effects of BCG therapy were collected from a total of 70 patients receiving a once weekly, six week course of BCG instillation as induction adjuvant treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Of these patients, 47 received a series of one hour BCG instillations and 23 received a series of two hour instillations. Patients were asked to grade their symptoms each day of the six week course on a four point scale. Data on recurrence, progression to cystectomy and mortality were also collected for each of the patients.

Results:

The most significant symptoms experienced following BCG therapy were frequency, urgency and dysuria irrespective of regimen. Most patients did not experience significant symptoms following the first instillation. Symptoms were worse in the first two days following instillation in subsequent weeks. Unexpectedly, patients on the two hour regimen recorded lower side effect scores when compared to the one hour group for frequency, urgency, dysuria and arthralgia. These were statistically significant when analysed for variance ( P values of 0.007, 0.0004, 0.02 and <0.0001 respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between groups for the other side effects studied. Over a four-year follow-up period, there were no statistically significant differences detected between the one hour or two hour regimens in terms of recurrence (odds ratio (OR)= 1.13, confidence interval (CI) = 0.41–3.11), time until first recurrence ( P = 0.25) or grade of recurrence ( P = 0.17). There was no significant odds reduction in favour of the one hour group compared to the two hour group in terms of recurrence of carcinoma-in situ (OR = 1.1, CI = 0.33–3.65), progression to cystectomy (OR = 0.98, CI = 0.22–4.30) or mortality from bladder cancer (OR = 0.63, CI = 0.18–2.25).

Conclusions:

During a six week regimen, the side effects of intravesical BCG immunotherapy become significant in the 2nd week of treatment and are worst on day two post-instillation. The severity of symptoms increases throughout the course of the treatment. A one hour treatment regimen produced a more significant side effect profile in terms of frequency, urgency, dysuria and arthralgia when compared to the two hour regimen. There was no detectable difference in clinical outcomes observed between the two groups. Continuing the practice of a two hour BCG instillation regimen is therefore recommended.
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder and Urachus
Authors: Aggarwal Ajay , Christmas Tim , Seckl Michael , Khan Sairah , Savage Philip
Published: April 2010

Primary signet ring cell carcinomas (SRCCs) of the bladder and urachus are extremely rare malignancies with only 28 cases of urachal SRCC recorded and bladder SRCC comprising less than 0.1% of bladder malignancies.

These rare cases of urothelial SRCC occur largely in men and the disease characteristically presents in patients in their 40s for urachal SRCC and 60s for bladder SRCC. Despite the rarity of the diagnosis, a knowledge of the natural history and management of urothelial SRCC may be valuable as the illness has a number of important differences from conventional bladder TCC.

The characteristic pathological findings of sub-mucosal infiltration and spread are often reflected in the clinical presentation and progress of the disease. Bladder SRCC is frequently characterised by a late presentation at an advanced stage, with dysuria the most frequent presenting symptom whilst haematuria is relatively rare. Metastatic spread can occur with retroperitoneal disease that can be difficult to visualise on imaging and can lead to ureteric or small bowel obstruction.

As a result of their rarity there is no structured clinical research in urothelial SRCC and the optimal management of early and advanced cases of this rare tumour is unknown. A number of differing chemotherapy regimens have been reported for advanced disease in various case reports and series with variable responses and generally modest benefits.
SEM with simplicity and accuracy
Authors: Bentler Peter M.
Published: April 2010

Professor Iacobucci has provided a useful introduction to the computer program LISREL, as well as to several technical topics in structural equation modeling (SEM). However, SEM has not been synonymous with LISREL for several decades, and focusing on LISREL's 13 Greek matrices and vectors is not the most intuitive way to learn SEM. It is possible today to do model specification via a path diagram without any need for filling in matrix elements. The simplest alternative is based on the Bentler–Weeks model, whose basic concepts are reviewed. Selected additional SEM topics are discussed, including some recent developments and their practical implications. New simulation results on model fit under null and alternative hypotheses are also presented that are consistent with statistical theory but in part seem to contradict those reported by Iacobucci.
Arabic Administration in Norman Sicily
Authors: Johns Jeremy
Published: April 2010

In the late eleventh century, Sicily - originally part of the Islamic world - was captured by Norman, French and Italian adventurers, led by Roger de Hauteville. For the next 150 years, Roger and his descendants ruled the island and its predominantly Arabic-speaking Muslim population. Jeremy Johns' 2002 book represents a comprehensive account of the Arabic administration of Norman Sicily. While it has generally been assumed that the Normans simply inherited their Arabic administration from the Muslim governors of the island, the author uses the unique Sicilian Arabic documents to demonstrate that the Norman kings restructured their administration on the model of the contemporary administration of Fatimid Egypt. Controversially, he also suggests that, in doing so, their intention was not administrative efficiency but the projection of their royal image. This is a compelling and accessible account of the Norman rulers and how they related to their counterparts in the Muslim Mediterranean.
Electronic Noise and Fluctuations in Solids
Authors: Kogan Sh.
Published: April 2010

This book is devoted to the physics of electronic fluctuations (noise) in solids and covers almost all important examples of this phenomenon. It is comprehensive, intelligible and well illustrated. Emphasis is given to the main concepts, supported by many fundamental experiments which have become classics, to physical mechanisms of fluctuations, and to conclusions on the nature and magnitude of noise. The book also includes a comprehensive and complete review of flicker (1/f) noise in the literature. It will be useful to graduate students and researchers in physics and electronic engineering, and especially those carrying out research in the fields of noise phenomena and highly sensitive electronic devices, for example radiation detectors, electronic devices for low-noise amplifiers and quantum magnetometers (SQUIDS).
Roman Law and Common Law
Authors: Buckland W. W. , McNair Arnold D.
Published: April 2010

Roman Law and Common Law was first published in 1936. The second edition, entirely reset, revised throughout and supplemented by Professor F. H. Lawson, Fellow of Brasenose College and Professor of Comparative Law in the University of Oxford, appeared in 1952. This was done at the suggestion of Lord McNair, who read the revised copy. Professor Lawson's work of revision was extensive and touches every part of the book. In 1965 many small corrections were made. The book remains in this edition a 'comparison in outline'. It does not set out to be a comprehensive statement of Roman Law and Common Law comparatively treated, or a comparative study of legal methods. It is concerned rather with the fundamental rules and institutions of the two systems, and examines the independent approaches of the two peoples and their lawyers to the same facts of human life.
Microeconomics
Authors: Fisher Franklin M.
Published: April 2010

This book, the fourth volume of Franklin M. Fisher's collected articles, contains work in microeconomics stretching over four decades. Principal sections include essays on stability and disequilibrium, welfare economics and consumer theory, and applications of microeconomics. Topics include the decision whether or not to use statistical methods to adjust the census, and the economics of water in the Middle East as well as the effect of computer reservations systems on airlines and the theory of united fund drives by charities. An autobiographical essay serves as an epilogue.
Computation with Finitely Presented Groups
Authors: Sims Charles C.
Published: April 2010

Research in computational group theory, an active subfield of computational algebra, has emphasised three areas: finite permutation groups, finite solvable groups, and finitely presented groups. This book deals with the third of these areas. The author emphasises the connections with fundamental algorithms from theoretical computer science, particularly the theory of automata and formal languages, computational number theory, and computational commutative algebra. The LLL lattice reduction algorithm and various algorithms for Hermite and Smith normal forms from computational number theory are used to study the abelian quotients of a finitely presented group. The work of Baumslag, Cannonito and Miller on computing nonabelian polycyclic quotients is described as a generalisation of Buchberger's Gröbner basis methods to right ideals in the integral group ring of a polycyclic group. Researchers in computational group theory, mathematicians interested in finitely presented groups and theoretical computer scientists will find this book useful.
Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness
Authors: Klein Lawrence E.
Published: April 2010

The third Earl of Shaftesbury was a pivotal figure in eighteenth-century thought and culture. Professor Klein's study is the first to examine the extensive Shaftesbury manuscripts and offer an interpretation of his diverse writings as an attempt to comprehend contemporary society and politics and, in particular, to offer a legitimation for the new Whig political order established after 1688. As the focus of Shaftesbury's thinking was the idea of politeness, this study involves the first serious examination of the importance of the idea of politeness in the eighteenth century for thinking about society and culture and organising cultural practices. Through politeness, Shaftesbury conceptualised a new kind of public and critical culture for Britain and Europe, and greatly influenced the philosophical and cultural models associated with the European Enlightenment.
Symmetric Generation of Groups
Authors: Curtis Robert T.
Published: April 2010

Some of the most beautiful mathematical objects found in the last forty years are the sporadic simple groups. But gaining familiarity with these groups presents problems for two reasons. Firstly, they were discovered in many different ways, so to understand their constructions in depth one needs to study lots of different techniques. Secondly, since each of them is in a sense recording some exceptional symmetry in spaces of certain dimensions, they are by their nature highly complicated objects with a rich underlying combinatorial structure. Motivated by initial results which showed that the Mathieu groups can be generated by highly symmetrical sets of elements, which themselves have a natural geometric definition, the author develops from scratch the notion of symmetric generation. He exploits this technique by using it to define and construct many of the sporadic simple groups including all the Janko groups and the Higman-Sims group. For researchers and postgraduates.
Some Topics in Graph Theory
Authors: Yap Hian Poh
Published: April 2010

This book provides a rapid introduction to topics in graph theory typically covered in a graduate course. The author sets out the main recent results in several areas of current research in graph theory. Topics covered include edge-colourings, symmetries of graphs, packing of graphs, and computational complexity. Professor Yap is able to lead the reader to the forefront of research and to describe some of the open problems in the field. The choice of material presented has arisen from courses given at the National University of Singapore and each chapter contains numerous examples and exercises for the reader.
Continuous Crossed Products and Type III Von Neumann Algebras
Authors: Daele A. van
Published: April 2010

The theory of von Neumann algebras has undergone rapid development since the work of Tonita, Takesaki and Conner. These notes, based on lectures given at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, provide an introduction to the subject and demonstrate the important role of the theory of crossed products. Part I deals with general continuous crossed products and proves the commutation theorem and the duality theorem. Part II discusses the structure of Type III von Neumann algebras and considers crossed products with modular actions. Restricting the treatment to the case of o-finite von Neumann algebras enables the author to work with faithful normal states.
Minority Representation and the Quest for Voting Equality
Authors: Grofman Bernard , Handley Lisa , Niemi Richard G.
Published: April 2010

This book provides an up-to-date analysis of American voting rights law and the numerous controversies surrounding minority representation. Written by authors with first-hand experience in the case law, the book details the evolution of the law and precedent from 1965 onwards. The authors explain the logic underlying the major decisions, introduce the reader to the procedures for establishing standards of representation and measuring discrimination, and discuss the major points of recent contention. In conclusion, they address the implications of recent developments in voting rights law for the future of representation in America.
Wealth and Freedom
Authors: Levine David P.
Published: April 2010

Modern life places a special emphasis on private affairs. Social institutions, and especially our economies, have been organized to facilitate the pursuit of private interests. At the center of this private world is a system of private property which, more than anything, satisfies our wants. Political economy studies the properties of this private world: How does it work, and how well does it satisfy our wants? What are the limits of the world of private affairs? Wealth and Freedom provides an introduction to political economy for the student or other interested nonspecialist. The book explores such key issues as the place of our economy in the larger social system, the importance of market institutions for individual autonomy, private enterprise as a system of economic development, poverty and inequality in market economies, global inequality, and the limits of the market and the role of government. Wealth and Freedom is distinctive in employing a rights-based approach to understanding and evaluating economic institutions. The author emphasizes the distinction between needs and wants as the basis for establishing the limits of the market, and concludes the book with a discussion of the relation between private wants and public ends.
The Fruits of Revolution
Authors: Rosenthal Jean-Laurent
Published: April 2010

In The Fruits of Revolution Jean-Laurent Rosenthal investigates two central questions in French economic history: To what extent did institutions hold back agricultural development under the Old Regime, and did reforms carried out during the French Revolution significantly improve the structure of property rights in agriculture? Both questions have been the subject of much debate. Historians have touched on them in a number of local studies, yet usually they have been more concerned with community conflict than with economic development. Economists generally have researched the performance of the French economy without paying much attention to the impact of institutions on specific areas of the economy. This book attempts to utilize the best of both approaches: It focuses on broad questions of economic change, yet it is based on detailed archival investigations of the impact of property rights on water control.
Technology and the Pursuit of Economic Growth
Authors: Mowery David C. , Rosenberg Nathan
Published: April 2010

Technology's contribution to economic growth and competitiveness has been the subject of vigorous debate in recent years. This book demonstrates the importance of a historical perspective in understanding the role of technological innovation in the economy. The authors examine key episodes and institutions in the development of the U.S. research system and in the development of the research systems of other industrial economies. They argue that the large potential contributions of economics to the understanding of technology and economic growth have been constrained by the narrow theoretical framework employed within neoclassical economies. A richer framework, they believe, will support a more fruitful dialogue among economists, policymakers, and managers on the organization of public and private institutions for innovation. David Mowery is Associate Professor of Business and Public Policy at the School of Business Administration, University of California, Berkeley. Nathan S. Rosenberg is Fairleigh Dickinson Professor of Economics at Stanford University. He is the author of Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics (CUP, 1983).
Politics by Principle, Not Interest
Authors: Buchanan James M. , Congleton Roger D.
Published: April 2010

The very logic of majority rule implies unequal treatment or discrimination. If left unconstrained, majority coalitions will promote the interests of their own members at the expense of other persons. This book focuses on the effects of applying a generality constraint on the political process. Under this requirement, majorities would be constitutionally prohibited from treating different persons and groups differently. The generality principle is familiar in that all persons are to be treated equally. In summary, this book extends the generality norm to politics. Several defences of equal treatment or generality are developed and applied. These include the familiar intuition that invokes fairness. But the primary argument here is centred on political efficiency, which is increased when governments are constrained to treat persons or groups generally rather than differentially. The political efficiency defence of the generality constraint is based on a public choice analysis of the implication of majoritarian discrimination.
Grace, Talent, and Merit
Authors: La Vopa Anthony J.
Published: April 2010

Poor students experienced a kind of upward mobility that was not uncommon in old-regime Europe. They were also objects of controversy. and as such they reveal the many dimensions of the issue of opening careers to talent. At stake were socially and politically sensitive questions about the relative importance of nature and nurture, of natural talent and 'birth', in realizing human potential; about the proper reconciliation of collective imperatives and individual freedom, of hierarchical stability and progress; about how national systems of education should be structured; about the kind and degree of upward mobility the society and the culture needed and could tolerate. This 1988 book shows how a cluster of familiar eighteenth-century ideas about grace, talent, and merit shaped a formative social experience for men whose importance is still celebrated today, as well as for members of the educated elite who were and have remained obscure.
Women, the State and Revolution
Authors: Goldman Wendy Z.
Published: April 2010

When the Bolsheviks came to power in 1917, they believed that under socialism the family would 'wither away.' They envisioned a society in which communal dining halls, daycare centres, and public laundries would replace the unpaid labour of women in the home. Yet by 1936 legislation designed to liberate women from their legal and economic dependence had given way to increasingly conservative solutions aimed at strengthening traditional family ties and women's reproductive role. This book explains the reversal, focusing on how women, peasants, and orphans responded to Bolshevik attempts to remake the family, and how their opinions and experiences in turn were used by the state to meet its own needs.
The Agricultural Systems of the World
Authors: Grigg D. B.
Published: April 2010

This book is about the prevalent characteristics and distribution of the major agricultural systems of the world - shifting cultivation, wet rice cultivation, pastoral nomadism, Mediterranean agriculture, mixed farming, dairying, plantations, ranching and large-scale grain production. In Part One some major periods and processes that have affected agriculture are discussed. Chapter 2 deals with the origins and early diffusion of agriculture and its significance. Chapter 3 deals with the subsequent diffusion of crops and livestock, particularly since the discovery of the New World, and Chapter 4 with the effect upon agriculture of industrialisation and urbanisation since 1850. In Part Two of the book some description of each type of agriculture is given. It is the author's belief that there can be no adequate account of the prevailing character of world agriculture without recourse to the evolution of agricultural systems. Thus each chapter in Part Two is an essay on the historical development of each of the major systems.
The Evolution and Genetics of Latin American Populations
Authors: Salzano Francisco M. , Bortolini Maria C.
Published: April 2010

The human genetic make-up of Latin America is a reflection of successive waves of colonization and immigration. To date there have been few works dealing with the biology of human populations at a continental scale, and while much information is available on the genetics of Latin American populations, most data remain scattered throughout the literature. This volume examines for the first time Latin American human populations in relation to their origins, environment, history, demography and genetics, drawing on aspects of nutrition, physiology and morphology for an integrated and multidisciplinary approach. The result is a fascinating account of a people characterized by a turbulent history, marked heterogeneity and unique genetic traits. Of interest to students and researchers of genetics, evolution, biological anthropology and the social sciences, this book will also appeal to anyone concerned with the multifaceted evolution of our species and constitutes an important volume not only for anthropological genetics, but also for Latin American research.
Combinatorial Methods in Discrete Mathematics
Authors: Sachkov Vladimir N.
Published: April 2010

Originally published in 1996, this is a presentation of some complex problems of discrete mathematics in a simple and unified form using an original, general combinatorial scheme. The author's aim is not always to present the most general results, but rather to focus attention on ones that illustrate the methods described. A distinctive aspect of the book is the large number of asymptotic formulae derived. Professor Sachkov begins with a discussion of block designs and Latin squares before proceeding to treat transversals, devoting much attention to enumerative problems. The main role in these problems is played by generating functions, which are considered in Chapter 3. The general combinatorial scheme is then introduced and in the last chapter Polya's enumerative theory is discussed. This is an important book, describing many ideas not previously available in English; the author has taken the chance to update the text and references where appropriate.
The Catholic Side of Henry James
Authors: Fussell Edwin Sill
Published: April 2010

The Catholic Side of Henry James reveals the profound Catholic imagery in the work of Henry James. Edwin Fussell questions conventional critical assumptions about James' secularity and shows that James; career began with narratives of Catholic conversion and ended with his masterpiece of Catholic eccentricity and alienation, The Golden Bowl. The interplay of men and women, of America and Europe - those acknowledged Jamesian themes - comes to be overlaid with the interplay between Protestant and Catholic. Fussell's examination ranges from James' early reviews of religious books for the Nation and early tales like 'De Grey: A Romance' through much of the canon, along the way re-examining James' overlooked play Guy Domville and climaxing with a magnificent reading of The Golden Bowl, convincingly demonstrating James' involvement with Catholic themes.
Religion and Sexuality in American Literature
Authors: Morey Ann-Janine
Published: April 2010

Although sometimes religion and sexuality are treated as an aberrant theme in American literary and religious history, American writers from Nathaniel Hawthorne to John Updike have been fascinated with the connection between religious and sexual experience. Through the voice of American fiction, Religion and Sexuality in American Literature examines the relations of body and spirit (religion and sexuality). Using both canonical and non-canonical fiction, Ann-Janine Morey examines novels dealing with the ministry as the medium wherein so many of the tensions of religion and sexuality are dramatised and then moves to contemporary novels that deal with moral and religious issues through metaphor. Based upon a sophisticated and selective application of metaphor theory, deconstruction and feminist postmodernism, Morey argues that while American fiction has replicated many traditional animosities, there are also some rather surprising resources here for commonality between men and women if we acknowledge and understand the intimate relationship between language and physical life.
In Respect to Egotism
Authors: Porte Joel
Published: April 2010

In this 1991 book, Joel Porte examines nineteenth-century literature, focusing on the general question of the American Romantic ego and its varying modalities of self-creation, self-display, self-projection, and self-concealment. The book begins by exploring the status of the 'text' in nineteenth-century American writing, the relationship of 'rhetorical' reading to historical context, and the nature of 'Romanticism' in an American setting. Porte then concentrates on the great authors of the period through a series of thematically linked but critically discrete essays on Brown, Irving, Parkman, Cooper, Poe, Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, Melville, Douglass, Stowe, Whitman, and Dickinson. Throughout his important new study, Porte offers provocative reassessments of familiar texts while at the same time casting an illuminating critical eye on less well-known territory. Readers of this book will come away with increased respect for the achievement of American Romantic writers.
On the Nature of Human Plasticity
Authors: Lerner Richard M.
Published: April 2010

To what extent are human beings capable of changing their physical characteristics and behavioural patterns over the course of their lives? This question has engaged scientists for decades: the fundamental issue is plasticity. In this wide-ranging book, Richard Lerner explores the relevant theory and empirical evidence in a variety of disciplines: molecular genetics, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, evolutionary biology, anthropology, comparative and developmental psychology, and sociology. The processes studied by each of these disciplines show evidence of plasticity. Conclusions about plasticity have important implications for interventions aimed at enhancing human life, as well as for future research agendas. On the Nature of Human Plasticity will be a valuable resource for all those scientists concerned with human development at biological and social levels and for their students.
The Bilingual Family
Authors: Harding-Esch Edith , Riley Philip
Published: April 2010

First published in 1986, The Bilingual Family has provided thousands of parents with the information and advice they need to make informed decisions about what language policy to adopt with their children. This second edition contains updated references and new entries to the alphabetical reference guide.
Product formula for Atiyah-Patodi-Singer index classes and higher signatures
Authors: Wahl Charlotte
Published: April 2010

We define generalized Atiyah-Patodi-Singer boundary conditions of product type for Dirac operators associated to C*-vector bundles on the product of a compact manifold with boundary and a closed manifold. We prove a product formula for the K-theoretic index classes, which we use to generalize the product formula for the topological signature to higher signatures.
Explaining Divergent Responses to the North Korean Abductions Issue in Japan and South Korea
Authors: Williams Brad , Mobrand Erik
Published: April 2010

This article examines the divergent approaches pursued by Japan and South Korea in their attempts to resolve an issue that is related to a fundamental responsibility of sovereign states: the protection of citizens. The case considered here is North Korea's abduction of Japanese and South Korean nationals. In Japan, the abduction issue has taken center stage in the country's North Korea policy, whereas in South Korea, recent administrations have downplayed the issue—despite the fact that nearly 500 South Korean citizens remain detained in North Korea, compared to fewer than 20 known Japanese abductions. The authors find that the key to understanding the divergent responses lies in the politicization of specific, ostensibly apolitical demands for the state to fulfill its duty to protect citizens. In particular, the proximity of the abductions issue to key nationalist themes, which politicians in each country use to mobilize support, prevents the matter from being addressed in a neutral way.
Pre-empting reference problems in conversation
Authors: Svennevig Jan
Published: April 2010

The topic of this article is how conversationalists deal with emergent problems of reference in the construction of a turn at talk. It analyzes practices for modifying and expanding a turn-constructional unit in progress to accommodate information that will introduce a referent to the interlocutor or check his or her familiarity with it. One set of practices expands the turn after the referring expression has been produced: apokoinou constructions and appositions. A second, and previously undescribed, practice is identified by which speakers insert referent identification before the referring expression has been produced. In this practice, speakers initiate two separate sentence structures and complete them both by merging them in a common complement. This practice has the advantage of embedding the subordinate activity of establishing reference within the main sentence frame, and furthermore minimizes the disruption of sequential progressivity of the talk. (Turn construction, reference, expansions, apokoinou, apposition, progressivity)*
Government and Welfare in the New Republic: Indonesia in the 1950s
Authors: Booth Anne
Published: April 2010

When Indonesia finally received de jure independence in December 1949, the infant republic faced a range of serious problems, but nowhere were the problems more pressing than in the field of economic policy. In contrast with the Philippines and India, where the USA and Britain had honoured previous commitments and granted independence in 1946 and 1947 respectively, the refusal of the Netherlands to recognise the 1945 declaration of independence had led to four years of bitter and destructive fighting. Infrastructure on Java and elsewhere, already damaged during the Japanese occupation, deteriorated further after 1945, and by the end of the decade most of the important export industries were producing only a small fraction of their pre-1942 output. Smallholder agricultural output in Java was also well below pre-1942 levels. De Vries observed that many seed farms had been destroyed, irrigation systems had not been maintained and “vast areas of hill country” had been damaged by soil erosion. In the final years of the Japanese occupation, the Japanese army commandeered large amounts of rice, while the widespread issue of Japanese banknotes caused mounting inflation. Food was scarce everywhere and those with little or no land were most severely hit; most demographers concur that the population actually declined in Java after 1943, indicating a sharp increase in mortality.
The Lost Decades? Economic Disintegration in Indonesia's Early Independence Period
Authors: Marks Daan
Published: April 2010

Economic development during the Sukarno period has been touched upon in various surveys of modern Indonesian economic history. Yet, in 1971 Glassburner predicted that

the period beginning in December 1949, with the transfer of Dutch sovereignty over the East Indian Islands to the government of the United States of Indonesia and ending in December 1957, with the so-called “take-over” of Dutch-owned business property seems clearly destined to become one of those times of struggle and crisis which historians of the nation will analyze and reanalyze over the generations, interpreting and reinterpreting the known facts as the perspective of time changes.
The Slaves of Timor: Life and Death on the Fringes of Early Colonial Society
Authors: Hägerdal Hans
Published: April 2010

The history of slavery is by no means untouched, and there are now even ambitious global histories of the phenomenon in print. On the other hand, it is clear that much of the literature on this sombre side of human society has concentrated on the Transatlantic slave trade and non-free labour in the Americas. The relative wealth of documents in Western languages has presumably contributed to give the historiography of slavery a Western centre of gravity, coupled with the fact that the early modern Americas were restructured into settlement colonies. This made slavery a motor of socio-economic change in a more pronounced way than in Asian societies. Consequently, it comes as no surprise that the handling of slaves in an Asiatic context has been less thoroughly treated in the extant academic literature. It seems that aspects of Asian slavery have not fit well into the preconceptions of Asianists, or have at least been relegated to the margins of social history.
HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS AND PRE-COLUMBIAN MESOAMERICA
Authors: Kaufman Terrence , Justeson John
Published: April 2010

This article presents some of the authors' perspectives on the past 20 years of work that applies the results of research in historical linguistics to the understanding of the histories and cultural practices of pre-Columbian Mesoamericans. It focuses on major cultural transformations to which both historical linguistic and archaeological data can contribute, such as the spread of agriculture, and migrations in Mesoamerican prehistory. It also addresses major culture-historical studies on narrower topics: on Nawa and its place in the prehistory of Mexico, in particular confirming standard views that Nawas were immigrants into Mesoamerica; on Archaic and Formative period interactions involving Oto-Mangeans, which is work that is largely still to be done; on the prospects for work on long-distance contacts between Mesoamerica and North America; on the contributions of historical linguistics in Mesoamerican epigraphy; and on the value and prospects of updating the methodology of glottochronology.
THEORIZING URBANISM IN ANCIENT MESOAMERICA
Authors: Joyce Arthur A.
Published: April 2010

In this article I consider recent research on urbanism in ancient Mesoamerica, especially over the past twenty years. I focus on the theoretical perspectives that archaeologists use to address cities, urbanism, and urbanization. I argue that despite some significant advances in how we understand urbanism, most research continues to be embedded within cultural evolutionist, functionalist, and elitist theoretical frameworks. I highlight approaches drawn from poststructural theory that hold promise for developing a more dynamic, complex, and culturally compelling view of Mesoamerican urbanism. Using examples from pre-Hispanic Oaxaca, I discuss how a focus on practice, social negotiation, and materiality draws attention to the actions of people within their social, cultural, and material settings rather than on abstract high-level forces such as cultural evolutionary structures or the functioning of urban centers within broader societies.
ASKING MORE AND BETTER QUESTIONS: OLMEC ARCHAEOLOGY FOR THE NEXT KATUN
Authors: Pool Christopher A.
Published: April 2010

The two decades since the publication of Regional Perspectives on the Olmec have seen a great expansion of basic archaeological research in the “Olmec heartland” region of Mexico's southern Gulf lowlands as well as important new work on Formative period interregional interaction and its effects on local economies and polities. Olmec research, however, has not achieved as prominent a place as it merits in comparative research on the evolution of social complexity. In this essay I review this work and make some suggestions for future research directions.