bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Concept of Generation and Time in the History of Antic Philosophy
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, Tumashbay T. , Kemerbay R. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Published: January 2022

This article to consider formation issues generation in the history of antic philosophy. In general, in any society, the concept of generation passes through two stages in its development and becomes a type of social organism. This is determined by the fact that a person performs the function of a simple subject that continues its genus. From different perspective a human is considered as an object and subject of a certain national existence, and a logical struggle in the form of religious and state relations. This basis was defined by L. Morgan in such forms as «societas» and «civitas». In the article we tried to study the expression of the concept of generation in the form of «civitas» we were looking for a methodology article topics in the ethical reasoning of Plato, such as Aristotle's ideal state, goodness society, commitment in man. The relevance of the philosophical views of Plato and Aristotle was supplemented by the ideas of A. Schopenhauer and K. Jaspers. This art considered the ideas of Platon and Aristotle related to the generation and formation of the human genus as a subject of social relations. Aristotle's characteristics are given, such as time, non-continuity, movement, possibility, and entelechy of existence. The concept of man-generation is used as a measurement of the main properties of time. Platon considers man as an instrument of state power, which is a cohesive unity of impersonal beings who perform their social functions regardless of their personal interests. Aristotle: time is not movement, but it does not exist without movement, and without the psyche. The time substart is movement.
Cultural and Historical Significance of the Imanjusip Heritage
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, Azi E. , Imanzhusip R. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, Bekenova A. ,   Secondary School named after Aktan Zhyrau,Aktobe, Kazakhstan
Published: January 2022

When it comes to “sal” and “seri”, it is limited only to talking about their singing, composing, wrestling qualities and their predilection for the fair sex. But the question seems to be different. Analyzing their life path, you become a witness to a beautiful life that ends tragically. How can you assess the adversities of fate that have not spared any of them? Well-known Birzhan Sal was tortured. Akan Seri's favorite steed, Kulager, was wounded, losing his mind as a result. Madi and Imanjusip were eventually killed by being put behind bars. If we analyze the history of mankind from the very beginning, we can see that some people are born with a wild character and their lives developed differently from those of others. They were also created by Allah. People who think they're smart think they're helpless lunatics. The authors suggest that their peculiarities lie in their special nature. “Sal” and “Seri” have elevated the Kazakh culture with their diverse art. The authors believe that they have made a huge contribution to the promotion of nomadic culture. The article discusses the reflections on this topic.
Feature of information and communication technologies in chemical education
Authors:   Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Kazakhstan, Altynbekova M. , Babazhanova G. ,   Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Kazakhstan
Published: January 2022

The article considers various forms of information and communication technologies used for the development of students activity and orientation when discussing the topic «Modern theory of atomic construction» for students of the 10th grade. At the chemistry lessons, as a factor of independent work with the use of new information tehnologies, ways of solving scientific problems in the study of learning outcomes using interactive equipment, organization, problem-solving skills, speed and skill, develop new thinking in students, form communication skills, apply modern educational programs in teaching chemistry students, supplement them, and develop students cognitive activity were considered. The practical value of the research work presented in the article is to increase students reading literacy in accordance with the development of the surrounding society and culture, to innovate the educational process, and to increase students interest in chemistry.
Exclusive Breast Feeding: Infant Feeding Pattern and Practices among Mothers in Santa Fe, Romblon
Authors: Falculan Ken N , Falculan Ralph N
Published: January 2022

If the following characteristics of respondents are taken into consideration: age, number of living children, marital status, income level, employment level, educational background, current feeding practices, and level of knowledge about the importance of EBF, it is hypothesized that these characteristics will have an impact on feeding among infants aged 0 to 6 months. A descriptive research employing a normative survey was conducted with a study population of 102 mothers from the Municipality of Santa Fe in the province of Romblon, after informed permission had been obtained. The following is the outcome: moms between the ages of 21 and 25 are the most prevalent, accounting for 39 percent of all respondents who use EBF. With more children in their household, the percentage of respondents who practice EBF increases. Additionally, 55 percent of respondents said that they are living with a partner, either married through a church wedding, civil marriage or in the state of cohabitation. Lower-income mothers (45 percent) practice EBF more frequently than mothers from other income classes. Mothers without a job are more likely to practice EBF (51 percent), while elementary graduate mothers are more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding (63 percent). Forty-four (44) mothers out of one hundred and two (102) respondents are practicing exclusive breastfeeding, and at least 63 percent have revealed little knowledge about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding.
The Effect of Work Engagement on Nurse Performance at Makassar City Hospital
Authors: Nur Nurul Hidayah , Hamka Hamka , Yuliana Nurannisa
Published: January 2022

Performance is the result or achievement achieved by employees in carrying out their duties and responsibilities. This study aims to analyze the effect of work engagement on the performance of nurses in Makassar City Hospital. This type of research is a quantitative research using an observational study with a cross sectional study design. Sampling used total sampling so that the sample in this study were all nurses in Makassar City Hospital, amounting to 179 respondents. The results showed that there was an effect of Work Engagement based on the Vigor dimension, Dedication dimension, Absorption dimension with the performance of nurses in Makassar City Hospital. Therefore, it is hoped that the hospital management will pay attention to work engagement in order to increase the morale of nurses, leaders are more responsive and provide support to their subordinates in order to create a good relationship between superiors, management conducts training to the head of the room and to employees who can help improve creativity and innovative behavior of employees.
Analysis of the Implementation of Effective Communication on Interprofessional Collaboration in the Inpatient Installation of Hasanuddin University Hospital
Authors: Hapsari Mona Kusuma , Rivai Fridawaty , Thamrin Yahya , Pasinringi Syahrir A , Irwandy Irwandy , Hamzah Herlina
Published: January 2022

Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC) is the provision of health services carried out by involving various health professional professions and providing comprehensive services, in collaboration with patients, families, groups and communities to provide quality health services. This study aims to analyze the implementation of effective communication on IPC in the Inpatient Installation of Hasanuddin University Hospital. The type of research conducted is qualitative research using a phenomenological approach. Informants/samples in this study were taken by purposive sampling totaling 15 informants. The results of this study indicate that of the 9 effective communication variables in the implementation of IPC in the inpatient installation of Unhas Hospital, there is 1 variable, namely frequent which has not run optimally because it is constrained by the limited time owned by DPJP and feelings of inferiority felt by other professions besides doctors and staff. junior medical. Factors that influence effective communication in the implementation of IPC in the Inpatient Installation of Hasanuddin University Hospital include training and planning factors, technology, reporting and communication patterns, willingness to adapt and accept technology and leadership and administrative support. Factors that cause IPC has not been implemented perfectly are the factors of training and technology. Therefore, it is hoped that the hospital leadership will make special policies related to the implementation of IPC and design a model of IPC implementation that involves all service departments so that it is easy to implement according to hospital conditions.
BEA PEROLEHAN HAK ATAS TANAH DAN BANGUNAN (BPHTB)
Authors: Bonita Shavira Bonita
Published: January 2022

Bea Perolehan Hak Atas Tanah dan Bangunan (BPHTB) ialah pajak yang dikenakan untuk setiap perolehan hak atas tanah dan bangunan di Indonesia, baik dikarenakan pemindahan hak dari orang pribadi atau badan hukum kepada orang pribadi atau badan hukum lainnya maupun pemberian hak baru oleh pemerintah atau Negara kepada orang pribadi maupun badan hukum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pelaksanaan pemungutan BPHTB baik dalam menentukan besaran nilai, cara penyetoran, hambatan yang dihadapi dan sanksi bagi wajib pajak yang tidak membayarnya. Hambatan yang timbul biasanya diakibatkan oleh kurangnya pengetahuan wajib pajak tentang BPHTB, tidak adanya Surat Pemberitahuan Pajak Terutang (SPPT), adanya upaya untuk menghindari pajak, dan yang terakhir ialah tidak dipenuhinya kewajiban melaporkan SSB lembar ketiga ke Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan. Disarankan kepada pihak pihak yang bersangkutan pada pelaksanaan pemungutan pajak BPHTB di seluruh indonesia untuk mensosialisaiskan terlebih dahulu  tentang pentingnya pembayaran pajak khususnya BPHTB untuk menumbuhkan kesadaran masyarakat dalam mewujudkan peran serta masyarakat dalam pembangunan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah penelitian normatif yang mengunakan pendekatan perundang – undangan (statue approach) dan pendekatan konsep (conceptual approach)
Pajak Sarang Burung Walet
Authors: Chandra Carissa
Published: January 2022

Ketentuan-ketentuan Umum sera Tata Cara Perpajakan, pajak merupakans suatu hal yang wajib untuk negara yang terlibat utang oleh orang atau badn yang menpunyai sifat yang memaksa dengan didasari oleh UndangUndang, tidak terdapat keuntungan yang secara langsung serta berguna juga untuk negara agar bisaterciptanya rakyat yang makmur.Pemungutan pajak terdapat sistem yang harus dilaksanakan secara mudah dan praktis hingga hasil yang keluar dari perpajakan pun akan lebih bagus. Yang berarti dalam sistem pemungutan pajak harus dilaksanakan dengan mudah, tepatsasaran, tepat waktu serta pengeluaran biaya yang sedikit.Menurut Undang undang Nomor 34 Tahun 2000 tentang Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah,dikatakan bahwa Pajak Daerah merupakan suatu hal yang harus dilaksnakan secara pribadi atau badan kepadaDaerah tanpa hubungan timbal balik langsug yang setara, peraturan perundangundangan yang berlaku ,yang berguna dalam pembiayaan penyelenggaran pemerintah Daerah serta pembangunan Daerh.Dari hasil penelitian inilah dapat diketahui bahwa keikut sertaan pengusaha dalam pendaftaan pajak dan pajak yang diaporkan masih sedikit dan kurang terpenuhi, kemudian hasil penelitian dan data dari tahun 2020 tidak ditemukan adanya pengusaha-pengusaha yang membayar pajak sarang burung walet,bukan hanya yang telah terdaftr pada tahun 2018 & 2019 melainkan masih terdapat pendaftar baru.Telah diperoleh hasil penelitian dikatakan bahwa dalam pendaftaran serta pendattaan yang dilaksanakan oleh Badan Pendapattan Daerah masih tidak melampaui tempat usaha yang terletak disuatu tempat dimana sarang burung walet saat ini akan berpindah dari kota kedaerahdaerah diluar perkotaan.
ISSUE OF HOTEL TAX IN DKI JAKARTA PROVINCE
Authors: Gultom Oliver
Published: January 2022

ABSTRAK

Pajak adalah kontribusi wajib kepada negara yang terutang oleh orang pribadi atau badan yang bersifat memaksa berdasarkan Undang-Undang, dengan tidak mendapatkan imbalan secara langsung dan digunakan untuk keperluan negara bagi sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat.

Terdapat beberapa permasalahan terkait dengan pajak yaitu kelemahan peraturan terkait perpajakan itu sendiri, lalu  sosialisasi terkait peraturan pajak yang masih kurang, tingkat kesadaran wajib pajak yang kurang, pengetahuan dan tingkat ekonomi yang rendah, data yang tidak lengkap, lemahnya penegakan hukum berupa pengawasan dan  sanksi yang belum konsisten dan tegas. Pada makalah ini yang menjadi permasalahan terkait pajak adalah tidak adanya pengaturan terkait suatu permasalahan khusus yang terjadi di negara Indonesia.

Solusi penyelesaian permasalahan tersebut adalah  menyempurnaan peraturan atau regulasi, melakukan sosialisasi untuk menambah pengetahuan untuk menumbuhkan kesadaran wajib pajak taat pajak, meningkatkan penegakan hukum dalam pengawasan dan pemberian sanksi secara konsisten dan tegas, dan melakukan pemungutan pajak yang Adil, berdasarkan undang-undang, tidak mengganggu perekonomian, efisien dan sistemnya harus sederhana.

ABSTRACT

Tax is a mandatory contribution to the state that is owed by an individual or entity that is coercive in nature based on the law, with no direct compensation and is used for the needs of the state for the greatest prosperity of the people.

There are several problems related to taxes, namely the weakness of regulations related to taxation itself, then socialization related to tax regulations that are still lacking, the level of awareness of taxpayers is lacking, knowledge and low economic levels, databases that are not complete and accurate, weak law enforcement in the form of supervision and imposing sanctions that have not been consistent and firm. In this paper, the problem related to taxes is the absence of regulations related to a special problem that occurs in Indonesia.

The solution to solving these problems is perfecting regulations or regulations, conducting socialization to increase knowledge to raise awareness of tax-abiding taxpayers, increasing law enforcement in monitoring and imposing sanctions consistently and firmly, and conducting fair tax collection, based on the law, not disturbing economy, efficient and the system must be simple.
IDENTITY CHANGES IN CRISIS SITUATIONS. ANXIETY, FRUSTRATION AND ANGUISH DUE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: SANDU ANTONIO
Published: January 2022

In this article, a review of the socio-anthropological literature on the impact of pandemics on the mental health of the population is made. Also, the way this pandemic affects the construction  of identity of the population affected by pandemic is taken into discussion. The  historical-anthropological  perspective  refers  to  the  plague  epidemic that  affected Europe during the Middle Ages, to its psychological impact from the perspective of the individual's  relationship  with  otherness  - as a  possible source  of danger.  The  article presents a series of similarities and differences from the perspective of anguish, anxiety and  frustration  caused  to  the  population  by  the  plague  pandemic  and  the  Covid-19 pandemic, highlighting the results of studies published during 2020 in journals indexed in Web of Science, dedicated to the impact of the pandemic. of Coronavirus on the mental health of the population. The research focused on several dimensions of the social construction  process of the Covid-19 pandemic, among which we mention: information on   the   pandemic,   restrictions   imposed  by  the   authorities   as  elements   of  social

(re)construction of the limit of the human condition, medicalization of the social life and the perception of the contemporary  society as a risk society. In this article we will refer exclusively to the results aimed at changes in the identity construction of people affected by the pandemic.
ESCAPING FROM SELF” AND REBUILDING IDENTITY
Authors: GAVRILUŢĂ NICU
Published: January 2022

This article proposes an understanding  of the issue of personal / social identity  as the result of binary choices such as yes or no. They make up a fractal complex of our own lives. Depending on these choices, each of us builds and rebuilds our life, but also our own identity. Some of the hypostases  of our identity  are quantifiable and captured  by empirical sociological analyzes. I illustrated the idea with the results of field sociological research on European identity  from 2015-1017. This classic identity  - focused on social representations    of  country,   language,   religion,   family   and   national   culture   -   is reconfigured  as  a  result  of  „self-escape” (David  Le Breton)  and  the  magic  of  new technologies. The escape into the white space of the virtual world is often accompanied by the reconfiguration  of otherness  by identifying with social otherness  in the guise of radical religious movements or classical religious denominations. To all these challenges and  problems that  appeared  as a result  of the  recomposition  of the  identity,  we also proposed a series of solutions.
REONTOLOGIZATION OF RELIGIOUS IDENTITY IN THE LIQUID AND GLOBAL WORLD
Authors: DURA IOAN
Published: January 2022

In this article, I intend to highlight the fact that the realities that are being recorded at the morphological level of contemporary  societies (the phenomenon  of migration, wars, the dynamics of mobility and communication, the economic pace, the health crisis generated by  Covid-19) are  bringing  to  the  fore  the  redefinition  of religious identity.  What  is undeniably clear is that Western societies have become an ethnic and religious mosaic, a diversity that requires specific regulations  in terms of norms in order to avoid conflict. However, this ethno-religious diversity also calls for an interpretation  of the relationship between  identities. The aim of my analysis is to argue  as to whether  or not religious identity is an inflexible, immobile reality, static in its representativeness  towards and in relation to other identities representing  different religious cultures. In this respect, I will insist on the role that migration plays in the construction of religious identity. Is religious identity  decomposing  in  the  context  of  the  liquid  flow  of  global  society?  Are  the boundaries  of such  an  identity,  as structures  of individual, social, cultural  validation, desubstantiated  in the  daily experience  of religious  diversity  and  in the  dynamics  of current societal transformations?
IDENTITIES AND CRISES. THE SOCIAL WORKER, A PROFESSIONAL OF SOCIAL INTERVENTION
Authors: PALAGHIA CARMEN
Published: January 2022

The  global crisis caused  by the  spread  of COVID-19 disease  is a difficult period  for humanity,  apart  from other  catastrophes,  such as floods, fires, the refugees' conditions etc. The social effects are immediate, such as: major changes in people's relationships, lifestyle and the quality of their lives. Prolonged isolation becomes extremely stressful to people and it can reach serious mental illnesses .The mass media points  out that  in a pandemic, many parents turn to counselling sessions because their children have became neurotic.  The  online  courses  have  a major  effect on  pupils'  psyche, with  the  risk  of emotional disturbances that may occur due to overexposure to the screen, isolation, repressed  emotions  and  not  discussing  with  parents  or  friends.  This  article  reveals effective interventions of the school social worker in order to get out of the crisis.
SOCIAL PHENOMENA IN CULTURAL DIALOGUES
Authors: DALBAN COSTEL MARIAN
Published: January 2022

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Origins of formation of the concept quasi law enforcement bodies
Authors: Грунин А.Г. , Муравлева А.Ю.
Published: January 2022

Настоящая статья обусловлена теоретической и практической значимостью вопросов, связанных с верным восприятием понятийного ряда в отношении современных правоохранительных органов. В ней рассмотрены понятие «квазиправоохранительные органы» с точки зрения генезиса его происхождения и некоторых иных моментов, отражающих данное явление. Кроме того, исследовано влияние псевдосиловых формирований на механизм исполнительной власти в Российской Федерации, инструменты совершенствования и оптимизации, с учетом современного развития права, а также непосредственно самих правоохранительных структур.

This article is driven by theoretical and the practical significance of issues related to the correct perception of the conceptual series in relation to modern law enforcement agencies. It examines the concept of "quasi-law enforcement agencies" from the point of view of the genesis of its origin and some other points that reflect this phenomenon. In addition, the influence of pseudo-force formations on the mechanism of executive power in the Russian Federation, tools for improvement and optimization, taking into account the modern development of law, as well as directly the law enforcement structures themselves, has been investigated.
President as a special fourth branch of government in Russia Anastasia
Authors: Алексеева А.А. , Волобуева О.А. , Попова А.В.
Published: January 2022

Данная статья посвящена особому пути России в формировании государственной власти, отличию её от классической концепции Дж. Локка и Ш. Монтескье. Как и любой другой организм, каждое государство уникально и имеет свои особенности. Авторы на основе сравнительно правового анализа нормативных правовых актов XVIII–XXI вв., а также научных трудов мыслителей исследуемых исторических этапов развития государственности, приходят к выводу об эволюционном развитии статуса президента и становлении его на современном этапе в качестве особой четвертой ветви государственной власти.

This article is devoted to the special path of Russia in the formation of state power, its difference from the classical concept of J. Locke and C. Montesquieu. Like any other organism, each state is unique and has its own characteristics. Based on a comparative legal analysis of normative legal acts of the 18th – 21st centuries, as well as scientific works of thinkers of the studied historical stages of statehood development, the authors come to the conclusion about the evolutionary development of the status of the president and its formation at the present stage as a special fourth branch of state power.
Оптимизация организационного обеспечения деятельности судов: теория и практика правового регулирования
Authors: Корякин И.И.
Published: January 2022

В статье рассматриваются особенности правового регулирования организационного обеспечения деятельности судов в целях его оптимизации, исследуются закономерности разработки эффективных нормативных правовых актов. Автор отстаивает позицию, что содержание организационного обеспечения деятельности судов имеет существенное отличие от организационного руководства судами.
Ronald Dworkin's Theory of Principles – "Third way" in the theory of law?
Authors: Прокофьев К.Г. , Иванов Д.В. , Комаров С.А.
Published: January 2022

Развитие Р. Дворкиным традиционной для англосаксонской теоретико-правовой науки «модели правовых принципов», которую он в модифицированном им варианте противопоставляет модели «правовых правил» аналитической юриспруденции, позволяет ставить вопрос о «третьем пути» в теории права относительно учений естественного права и правового позитивизма. Однако такой вывод при всех возможных аргументах в его пользу выглядит преждевременным с учетом исторической многовариативности естественно-правовых моделей.

The development by R. Dworkin of the "model of legal principles" traditional for Anglo-Saxon theoretical and legal science, which he, in a modified version, opposes the model of "legal rules" of analytical jurisprudence, allows us to raise the question of the "third way" in the theory of law regarding the teachings of natural law and legal positivism ... However, such a conclusion, with all possible arguments in its favor, looks premature given the historical multivariance of natural law models.
Face Mask Detection with Deep Learning and Computer Vision to Fight COVID-19
Authors: Singh Priya Jai Prakash , Kavedia Er. Manoj S.
Published: January 2022

Covid-19 is an airborne infectious disease caused by corona virus and was first detected in Wuhan, China. Covid-19 has spread throughout the world and has infected more than eight million people worldwide. According to the scientists globally, wearing a fabric mask and maintaining social distancing would prevent the spread of the virus. It is practically not possible to detect the violations done in public places, so with the help of face mask detection system, it becomes simpler to check if all the guidelines are followed. In most of the institutions, companies, hospitals, shopping malls, the face mask detection system at entry and exit points would be of great help in this pandemic and not just for Covid-19, this system can be used for any air-borne disease to reduce the spread of it. Our project uses OpenCV, Keras, TensorFlow with deep learning and computer vision concepts to detect face mask by giving still images as input and by real time video streaming.
Globus verstärkt Chefetage
Authors: Biehl Bernd
Published: January 2022

Die Führung der Globus Markthallen Holding, die das Großflächengeschäft managt, wird zum 1. März um zwei externe Handelsprofis erweitert.
Brauer fahren unterschiedliche Preis-Strategien
Authors: Holst Jens
Published: January 2022

Getrieben von Kostensteigerungen haben die Brauereien auf breiter Front Preiserhöhungen angekündigt. Einige Unternehmen wie Warsteiner scheren aus – offenbar in der Hoffnung auf Volumengewinne im schwierigen Markt.
Werbeagentur mischt bei Gewürz-Startup Potluck mit
Authors: Sachsenröder Delphine
Published: January 2022

Das Gewürz-Startup Potluck zielt auf Kunden mit Faible für Design. Die Gründer können auf langjährige Branchenerfahrung zurückgreifen, unter anderem im eigenen Spirituosen-Unternehmen Knut Hansen Gin. Mit an Bord ist die Werbeagentur Zum goldenen Hirschen in einer ungewöhnlichen Form der Zusammenarbeit.
Wirtschaft plädiert für einheitliche Kennzeichnung
Authors: Wenzel Horst
Published: January 2022

Verpackungen sollten Verbraucher EU-weit einheitlich über ihren in jedem Mitgliedsland vorgesehenen Entsorgungsweg informieren. Dafür sprechen sich zahlreiche Verbände der FMCG- und Verpackungsindustrie aus. Die Wirtschaft fürchtet, dass länderspezifische Regelungen den Warenverkehr am gemeinsamen Markt behindern.
Molkereien erzielen Rekord
Authors: Behme Dagmar
Published: January 2022

Frankfurt a.M. Das deutsche Agribusiness blickt auf ein umsatzstarkes Jahr zurück. Lediglich der schwache Fleischsektor trübt das Bild.
Modelling the transmission dynamics of bluetongue disease with controls, stochasticity and migration in patchy environments
Authors:   , Mugabi Francis
Published: January 2022

In this thesis, a single serotype (j = 1) and patch (i = 1) ordinary difference equation (ODE) model is formulated and analysed for the effects of direct and transplacental transmission on the probability of bluetongue virus (BTV) persistence. Using the next generation approach, the basic reproduction number (R0) is determined. When R0 < 1, the model exhibits a backward bifurcation indicating that the virus persists. When R0 > 1, a continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) model derived from the ODE model is used to estimate the probability of BTV persistence. By approximating the CTMC model with a multitype branching process, it is shown that both direct and transplacental transmission can have a large effect on the probability of persistence in regions with temperature T < 12◦C and a small effect for those with T > 12◦C. The ODE and CTMC models are extended to include r serotypes and n patches with the aim of determining the effects of midge movement on the outbreak and coexistence of multiple BTV serotypes in an environment divided into patches depending on the risk of infection. An estimate for the probability of a major outbreak of two BTV serotypes in two patches is obtained by approximating the CTMC model with a multitype branching process. It is shown that without movement a major outbreak occurs in the high-risk patch, but with cattle or midge movement it occurs in both patches. When a major outbreak occurs, numerical simulations of the ODE model illustrate possible coexistence in both patches if the patches are connected by midge or cattle movement. The multi-patch single-serotype ODE model is then modified as an optimal control problem to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination, quarantine, insecticide spraying and the use of repellent control strategies in reducing the within- and between-patches transmission. By using optimal control theory, the effectiveness of these strategies is established. In a single patch, vaccination, insecticide spraying and the use of a repellent are all highly effective in minimising transmission, but the most costeffective is vaccination. In patches connected by host and midge movements, if any of these controls is applied in the high-risk patch, a disease-free status is achieved in both patches, but if implemented in the low-risk patch, it is not attained in any patch. If hosts and midges move, quarantine has no effect, but for no midge movement, the effect can be large in the low-risk patch if it’s internally imposed.
Ittihadists on the Pages of the “Hay Ashkharh” [The Armenian World] Periodical in Constantinople (1919)
Authors:   Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute Foundation, Mirzoyan Elina
Published: January 2022

This article aims at studying the publications about Ittihadists on the pages of the periodical Hay Ashkharh [The Armenian World] for the year of 1919. The Armenian and foreign scholarly circles have not studied this periodical. The article examines the assessments and analyzes of the publication, which present the typical aspects of the Ittihad party and its ideology. The following main directions, Ittihadists and Armenians, how the Ittihadists and their nationalism were perceived, are discussed in the article. Within the framework of these directions, the publication gives an assessment of Ittihadits’ activities of the time.
The Hay Horoms in the Whirlpool of the Massacres of Christians in the Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries
Authors:   University of Athens, Greece, Kazaryan Gevorg
Published: January 2022

The Orthodox Armenians or so-called Hay Horoms (Armenian Romans) in the late 19th – early 20th centuries were compactly settled in Western Armenia, namely in the villages of Vank, Dzorak, Shrzu and Musheghka in Akn district, in the villages of Mamsa, Sedrka and Khenderkik in Chemishkatsag district, as well as in the village of Hoghus in Kamakh region. Apart from this, the migrants from Akn and Hoghus resided in the villages of Ortakyöy, Khudi and in other places of Izmit province (historical Bithynia). During the Hamidian massacres in 1895-1896 the Orthodox Armenians did not suffer great loss. However, after these events, the process of Hellenization started to strengthen among the Hay Horoms, so that in the early 20th century they were no longer considered as Orthodox Armenians, but Armenian-speaking Greeks. For this reason they avoided the horrors of the Armenian Genocide except the Hoghus village whose habitants left their homeland to avoid being deported. Later the survived villagers immigrated to Greece. In the summer of 1920 the Hay Horoms of the Izmit province, approximately 10,000 people, were perished and their villages were destroyed. As regards the few Orthodox Armenians of Akn and Chemishkatsag regions, according to the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) they emigrated from Turkey to Greece with the Greek population of Asia Minor.
(RE)PENSAR ÀS/AS MARGENS DO ESTADO: UMA RELAÇÃO ENTRE DECOLONIALIDADE E FRONTEIRA NO CONTRABANDO DE AGROTÓXICO
Authors: Coronel Oberty
Published: January 2022

O presente artigo relaciona as discussões sobre Decolonialidade e fronteira, de modo a refletir suas próprias definições. E, como a junção das mesmas pode contribuir para repensar as/às margens do Estado. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, o artigo é encaminhado para a reflexão sobre a compreensão do que vem a ser o Estado pelos sujeitos fronteiriços por meio da análise do contrabando de agrotóxicos. Em ambos os casos, é constatada a necessidade de olhar a fronteira como locus privilegiado para (re)pensar o Estado, em outras palavras, pensar as ações do Estado e da Democracia a partir da margem para o centro.
APLICACIONES DE LA PROBABILIDAD EN EL MUNDO EN EL CONTEXTO DEL COVID-19
Authors: Holanda Filho Ivan De Oliveira , Mesquita Da Cruz Marcos Paulo , Farias Da Costa Ernandes , Castro Lemos Yuri De Souza , Ramos Gomes Rickardo Léo
Published: January 2022

Este trabajo realiza un análisis cualitativo de la importancia de la probabilidad en la vida cotidiana. Teniendo como objetivo general: analizar la probabilidad en el mundo moderno y sus principales características a las aplicaciones. Los objetivos específicos fueron tres: primero, conocer las características y definiciones relevantes de probabilidad; segundo, identificar algunos usos de probabilidad más impactantes; tercero, identificar algunos usos de la probabilidad en este contexto pandémico de Covid-19. Se utilizó la investigación bibliográfica como metodología de trabajo, compartiendo estudios y opiniones de otros autores seleccionados en libros y artículos que abordan el mismo tema aquí investigado, contribuyendo así al desarrollo de este trabajo. El trabajo trae importantes contribuciones de estudios probabilísticos en economía con la teoría del riesgo, con la medicina, más específicamente con la genética, y ganó y / gana aún más protagonismo con aplicaciones en la pandemia Covid-19 causada por el virus SARS-Cov-2. En general, la investigación obtuvo datos significativos ya que mostró aspectos relevantes y aplicaciones de la probabilidad. Se sugieren trabajos futuros como, por ejemplo, una investigación de campo que obtenga datos cualitativos y / o cuantitativos para profundizar en el conocimiento sobre probabilidad y complementos de aplicación u otras aplicaciones.
Four years of global carbon cycle observed from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) version 9 and in situ data and comparison to OCO-2 version 7
Authors: Peiro Hélène , Crowell Sean , Schuh Andrew , Baker David F. , O'Dell Chris , Jacobson Andrew R. , Chevallier Frédéric , Liu Junjie , Eldering Annmarie , Crisp David , Deng Feng , Weir Brad , Basu Sourish , Johnson Matthew S. , Philip Sajeev , Baker Ian
Published: January 2022

Abstract. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) satellite has been providing information to estimate carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes at global and regional scales since 2014 through the combination of CO2 retrievals with top–down atmospheric inversion methods. Column average CO2 dry-air mole fraction retrievals have been constantly improved. A bias correction has been applied in the OCO-2 version 9 retrievals compared to the previous OCO-2 version 7r improving data accuracy and coverage. We study an ensemble of 10 atmospheric inversions all characterized by different transport models, data assimilation algorithms, and prior fluxes using first OCO-2 v7 in 2015–2016 and then OCO-2 version 9 land observations for the longer period 2015–2018. Inversions assimilating in situ (IS) measurements have also been used to provide a baseline against which the satellite-driven results are compared. The time series at different scales (going from global to regional scales) of the models emissions are analyzed and compared to each experiment using either OCO-2 or IS data. We then evaluate the inversion ensemble based on the dataset from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), aircraft, and in situ observations, all independent from assimilated data. While we find a similar constraint of global total carbon emissions between the ensemble spread using IS and both OCO-2 retrievals, differences between the two retrieval versions appear over regional scales and particularly in tropical Africa. A difference in the carbon budget between v7 and v9 is found over this region, which seems to show the impact of corrections applied in retrievals. However, the lack of data in the tropics limits our conclusions, and the estimation of carbon emissions over tropical Africa require further analysis.
Contribution of traffic-originated nanoparticle emissions to regional and local aerosol levels
Authors: Olin Miska , Patoulias David , Kuuluvainen Heino , Niemi Jarkko V. , Rönkkö Topi , Pandis Spyros N. , Riipinen Ilona , Dal Maso Miikka
Published: January 2022

Abstract. Sub-50 nm particles originating from traffic emissions pose risks to human health due to their high lung deposition efficiency and potentially harmful chemical composition. We present a modeling study using an updated European Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI) number emission inventory, incorporating a more realistic, empirically justified particle size distribution (PSD) for sub-50 nm particles from road traffic as compared with the previous version. We present experimental PSDs and CO2 concentrations, measured in a highly trafficked street canyon in Helsinki, Finland, as an emission factor particle size distribution (EFPSD), which was then used in updating the EUCAARI inventory. We applied the updated inventory in a simulation using the regional chemical transport model PMCAMx-UF over Europe for May 2008. This was done to test the effect of updated emissions at regional and local scales, particularly in comparison with atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). Updating the inventory increased the simulated average total particle number concentrations by only 1 %, although the total particle number emissions were increased to a 3-fold level. The concentrations increased up to 11 % when only 1.3–3 nm sized particles (nanocluster aerosol, NCA) were considered. These values indicate that the effect of updating overall is insignificant at a regional scale during this photochemically active period. During this period, the fraction of the total particle number originating from atmospheric NPF processes was 91 %; thus, these simulations give a lower limit for the contribution of traffic to the aerosol levels. Nevertheless, the situation is different when examining the effect of the update closer spatially or temporally or when focusing on the chemical composition or the origin of the particles. For example, the daily average NCA concentrations increased by a factor of several hundred or thousand in some locations on certain days. Overall, the most significant effects – reaching several orders of magnitude – from updating the inventory are observed when examining specific particle sizes (especially 7–20 nm), particle components, and specific urban areas. While the model still has a tendency to predict more sub-50 nm particles compared to the observations, the most notable underestimations in the concentrations of sub-10 nm particles are now overcome. Additionally, the simulated distributions now agree better with the data observed at locations with high traffic densities. The findings of this study highlight the need to consider emissions, PSDs, and composition of sub-50 nm particles from road traffic in studies focusing on urban air quality. Updating this emission source brings the simulated aerosol levels, particularly in urban locations, closer to observations, which highlights its importance for calculations of human exposure to nanoparticles.
Subgrid-scale horizontal and vertical variation of cloud water in stratocumulus clouds: a case study based on LES and comparisons with in situ observations
Authors: Covert Justin A. , Mechem David B. , Zhang Zhibo
Published: January 2022

Abstract. Stratocumulus clouds in the marine boundary layer cover a large fraction of ocean surface and play an important role in the radiative energy balance of the Earth system. Simulating these clouds in Earth system models (ESMs) has proven to be extremely challenging, in part because cloud microphysical processes such as the autoconversion of cloud water into precipitation occur at scales much smaller than typical ESM grid sizes. An accurate autoconversion parameterization needs to account for not only the local microphysical process (e.g., the dependence on cloud water content qc and cloud droplet number concentration Nc) but also the subgrid-scale variability of the cloud properties that determine the process rate. Accounting for subgrid-scale variability is often achieved by the introduction of a so-called enhancement factor E. Previous studies of E for autoconversion have focused more on its dependence on cloud regime and ESM grid size, but they have largely overlooked the vertical dependence of E within the cloud. In this study, we use a large-eddy simulation (LES) model, initialized and constrained with in situ and surface-based measurements from a recent airborne field campaign, to characterize the vertical dependence of the horizontal variation of qc in stratocumulus clouds and the implications for E. Similar to our recent observational study (Zhang et al., 2021), we found that the inverse relative variance of qc, an index of horizontal homogeneity, generally increases from cloud base upward through the lower two-thirds of the cloud and then decreases in the uppermost one-third of the cloud. As a result, E decreases from cloud base upward and then increases towards the cloud top. We apply a decomposition analysis to the LES cloud water field to understand the relative roles of the mean and variances of qc in determining the vertical dependence of E. Our analysis reveals that the vertical dependence of the horizontal qc variability and enhancement factor E is a combined result of condensational growth throughout the lower portion of the cloud and entrainment mixing at cloud top. The findings of this study indicate that a vertically dependent E should be used in ESM autoconversion parameterizations.
An integrated analysis of contemporary methane emissions and concentration trends over China using in situ and satellite observations and model simulations
Authors: Tan Haiyue , Zhang Lin , Lu Xiao , Zhao Yuanhong , Yao Bo , Parker Robert J. , Boesch Hartmut
Published: January 2022

Abstract. China, being one of the major emitters of greenhouse gases, has taken strong
actions to tackle climate change, e.g., to achieve carbon neutrality by
2060. It also becomes important to better understand the changes in the
atmospheric mixing ratios and emissions of CH4, the second most
important human-influenced greenhouse gas, in China. Here we analyze the
sources contributing to the atmospheric CH4 mixing ratios and their
trends in China over 2007–2018 using the GEOS-Chem model simulations driven
by two commonly used global anthropogenic emission inventories: the Emissions
Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR v4.3.2) and the Community
Emissions Data System (CEDS). The model results are interpreted with an
ensemble of surface, aircraft, and satellite observations of CH4
mixing ratios over China and the Pacific region. The EDGAR and CEDS estimates
show considerable differences reflecting large uncertainties in estimates of
Chinese CH4 emissions. Chinese CH4 emission estimates
based on EDGAR and natural sources increase from 46.7 Tg per annum
(Tg a−1) in 1980 to 69.8 Tg a−1 in 2012 with an
increase rate of 0.7 Tg a−2, and estimates with CEDS increase from
32.9 Tg a−1 in 1980 and 76.7 Tg a−1 in 2014 (a much
stronger trend of 1.3 Tg a−2 over the period). Both surface,
aircraft, and satellite measurements indicate CH4 increase rates of
7.0–8.4 ppbv a−1 over China in the past decade. We find that
the model simulation using the CEDS inventory and interannually varying OH
levels can best reproduce these observed CH4 mixing ratios and
trends over China. Model results over China are sensitive to the global OH
level, with a 10 % increase in the global tropospheric
volume-weighted mean OH concentration presenting a similar effect to that of a
47 Tg a−1 decrease in global CH4 emissions. We further
apply a tagged tracer simulation to quantify the source contributions from
different emission sectors and regions. We find that domestic CH4
emissions account for 14.0 % of the mean surface mixing ratio and
drive 66.7 % of the surface trend (mainly via the energy sector) in
China over 2007–2018. We emphasize that intensive CH4 measurements
covering eastern China will help us better assess the driving factors of
CH4 mixing ratios and support the emission mitigation in China.
Moderate spectral resolution solar irradiance measurements, aerosol optical depth, and solar transmission, from 360 to 1070 nm, using the refurbished rotating shadow band spectroradiometer (RSS)
Authors: Michalsky Joseph J. , Kiedron Peter W.
Published: January 2022

Abstract. This paper reports on a third-generation rotating shadow band spectroradiometer (RSS) used to measure global and diffuse horizontal plus direct normal irradiances and transmissions at 1002 wavelengths between 360 and 1070 nm. The prism-dispersed spectral data are from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains site in north-central Oklahoma (36.605∘ N, 97.486∘ W) and cover dates between August 2009 and February 2014. The refurbished RSS isolates the detector in a vacuum chamber with pressures near 10−7 torr. This prevents the deposition of outgassed vapors from the interior of the spectrometer shell on the cooled detector that affected the operation of the first commercial RSS. Methods for (1) ensuring the correct wavelength registration of the data and (2) deriving extraterrestrial responses over the entire spectrum, including
throughout strong water vapor and oxygen bands, are described. The resulting data produced are archived as ARM data records and include
cloud-screened aerosol optical depths, spectral irradiances and direct normal solar transmission, as well as normalized diffuse and global
irradiances.