bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Radio-Telemetry to Test for Investigator Effects on Nesting Mallards, Anas platyrhynchos
Authors: Thorn Terri D. , Emery Robert B. , Howerter David W. , Devries James H. , Joynt Brian L.
Published: January 2017

We examined the effects of investigator activity on hatching rates of radio-marked wild female Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and evaluated the efficacy of radio-telemetry to minimize nest disturbance, characterize vegetation at nest sites, and mark nests for later relocation. Differences in hatching rates between birds that were flushed once (experimental) and those never flushed (control) approached significance (P = 0.086). However, hatching rates did not differ (P = 0.588) between the two groups when nests where investigator activity caused abandonment (30% of experimental nests) were removed from analysis. If the nest remained active, flushing the bird and visiting the nest once did not appear to increase the likelihood of the nest being depredated. We were able to locate 92% of radio-telemetry marked nests (control) after the female was no longer tending the nest. Radio-telemetry provides a technique to collect relatively unbiased nesting data for Mallards without disturbing the female.
Water-bears from the Rocky Mountains: A First Look at Alberta's Tardigrade Fauna
Authors: Boeckner Matthew J. , Proctor Heather C.
Published: January 2017

There is no information in the published literature regarding Alberta’s terrestrial water-bear (Tardigrada) fauna. We surveyed across an elevational gradient (1100 – 1800 ft) on Black Cat Mountain in the Alberta Rocky Mountain range. Ten taxa were identified from 902 specimens, all of which are new records for Alberta and one species is new for Canada: Macrobiotus cf. islandicus Richters, 1904. There was no clear relationship between elevation and tardigrade distribution, possibly owing to patchiness of these animals in the field and lack of adequate replication at each elevation.
First Occurrence of the Round Goby, Neogobius melanostomus, in the St. Lawrence River at Cornwall, Ontario
Authors: Hickey M. Brian C. , Fowlie Adrienne R.
Published: January 2017

We document the first reported occurrence of the Round Goby, Neogobius melanostomus, a small benthic fish native to the Black and Caspian seas, in the St. Lawrence River near Cornwall. On 7 September 2004, we observed approximately 20 Round Gobies while SCUBA diving at a depth of 7 m, downstream of the Saunders Generating Station at Cornwall, Ontario. Round Gobies appear to have arrived recently in this reach of the river and have not previously been detected despite extensive fish surveys conducted in the area.
Swift Fox, Vulpes velox, Den Located Next to a Railroad Track in Northwestern Texas
Authors: Nicholson Kerry L. , McGee Brady K. , Ballard Warren B.
Published: January 2017

Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) dens are typically found in areas were the vegetation is sparse, in loam soils, and with unobstructed views of the surrounding area. In 2002 a Swift Fox in northwest Texas was found in a unique den situated at the base of a hill with the entrance within 1 m of an active railroad track. Use of a den in such proximity to railroad tracks has never been previously reported.
Predicting Bird Oiling Events at Oil Sands Tailings Ponds and Assessing the Importance of Alternate Waterbodies for Waterfowl: a Preliminary Assessment
Authors: Ronconi Robert A.
Published: January 2017

Tailings ponds are an integral part of oil sands mining development in northeastern Alberta, but waterfowl and shorebirds often land in these ponds during spring migration where they may become covered with oil. For decades, managers have developed and implemented methods for deterring birds from landing in these ponds, yet no deterrent strategy is fully effective. Therefore, to enhance deterrence strategies, it will be important to understand the environmental conditions that influence bird use of tailings ponds. This study quantified waterfowl flights over, and use of, tailings ponds and compared this use to waterfowl activity at natural waterbodies in the region over a single spring migration period. Results suggest that waterfowl are most likely to land on tailings ponds before lakes have thawed, after which migratory ducks appeared mainly to use natural waterbodies for migratory stopover sites. Very high numbers of waterfowl were observed on one waterbody, Kearl Lake, suggesting that this lake may be of greater importance to spring staging waterfowl than previously thought. A small sample of birds oiled at tailings ponds were examined in relation to spring weather conditions. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the probability of birds being oiled tended to increase with precipitation levels. Results of this study suggest that (1) preservation of natural waterbodies may play an important role in minimizing bird use of tailings ponds, and (2) future bird deterrence efforts should especially aim to deter birds during rainy weather conditions when birds may be more likely to become oiled. These results were from a small sample size, are preliminary in nature, and should be interpreted with caution. A concerted and careful effort to collect and thoroughly analyze long-term records of oiled birds may reveal important environmental effects predicting bird oiling events.
First Records of the Northern Long-eared Bat, Myotis septentrionalis, in the Yukon Territory
Authors: Jung Thomas S. , Slough Brian G. , Nagorsen David W. , Dewey Tanya A. , Powell Todd
Published: January 2017

Three adult male Northern Long-eared Bats, Myotis septentrionalis, were captured in mist nets in July 2004 in the LaBiche River Valley, southeastern Yukon. These are the first records of M. septentrionalis in the Yukon. Further survey work is needed to delineate the extent of the range and population structure of this and other species of bats in northwestern North America.
Recent Declines of House Sparrows, Passer domesticus, in Canada's Maritime Provinces
Authors: Erskine Anthony J.
Published: January 2017

House Sparrows, Passer domesticus, were introduced to North America after 1850, increased and spread up to 1920, and stabilized or decreased thereafter until 1960. In the Maritimes (and perhaps some other areas), a further decline set in after 1970, continuing to the present. Now the species is rare to absent in much of the Maritimes, except around farms with livestock. Decline here since 1970 probably approaches 90 per cent in most other areas of human settlement except south of 45°N. Similar declines are known in the U.K., but seem poorly documented, if recognized, in North America outside of our region. Erratum included.
Extension of Coyote, Canis latrans, Breeding Range in the Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: Cluff H. Dean
Published: January 2017

Coyotes (Canis latrans) have resided in the Northwest Territories for several decades but have only rarely been sighted north of Great Slave Lake (>62° N. latitude) in the Taiga Shield ecozone. Records show Coyotes have been seen since the 1960s. Prior to 2000, evidence of Coyotes breeding in the Taiga Shield has been anecdotal. In 2000, a Coyote was repeatedly seen at the Yellowknife airport and in 2001, a pair of Coyotes was observed with two pups. Since then, Coyote pups have been observed annually at the airport and adult Coyotes are seen regularly within the city of Yellowknife, an urban island within the Taiga Shield ecozone. Unlike in most regions occupied by Coyotes, medium-sized prey are rarely seen. Recently, Coyotes have become a potential hazard to aircraft at the Yellowknife airport. Although Coyotes appear to have established themselves within the city of Yellowknife, maintaining a presence beyond the urbanized area remains uncertain.
Northern Range Expansion and Invasion by the Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio, of the Churchill River System in Manitoba
Authors: Badiou Pascal H. J. , Goldsborough L. Gordon
Published: January 2017

Recent fisheries data from northern Manitoba indicates that the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) has extended the northern limit of its range. Additionally, it also appears that carp have invaded and established viable populations in the Manitoba portion of the Churchill River. Habitat degradation and altered flow regimes as result of hydroelectric development in northern Manitoba may have facilitated the expansion of carp in the region.
Conservation Evaluation of Pacific Rhododendron, Rhododendron macrophyllum, in Canada
Authors: Douglas George W. , Desrosiers Julie
Published: January 2017

In Canada, Pacific Rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum) is restricted to the Skagit River drainage and southeastern Vancouver Island in southwestern British Columbia. These populations represent the northern limits of the species, which ranges south to northern California. In British Columbia, Rhododendron macrophyllum is usually associated with coniferous forests. Until recently this species was considered to be rare. Results of this study indicate that the populations in the Skagit River watershed are large, extensive and mostly contained in protected areas, thus the species is not considered to be at risk in Canada at this time.
Conservation Evaluation of Slender Collomia, Collomia tenella, in Canada
Authors: Douglas George W. , Penny Jenifer L.
Published: January 2017

In Canada, Slender Collomia, Collomia tenella, is restricted to the Princeton area in southwestern British Columbia. The single population represents the northern limits of the species, which ranges from southwestern British Columbia, south in the western United States to Wyoming, Utah, Nevada and Oregon. In British Columbia, C. tenella is associated with an eroded section of a steeply sloping, southeast-facing sandy ridge. Population numbers fluctuate and in some years plants fail to appear. The major threats to C. tenella are through drilling for coalbed methane gas, sand removal for road construction, housing development and off-road recreational vehicles.
Conservation Evaluation of the Small-flowered Tonella, Tonella tenella, in Canada
Authors: Douglas George W. , Penny Jenifer L.
Published: January 2017

In Canada, the Small-flowered Tonella, Tonella tenella, is restricted to the west side of Saltspring Island in the Gulf Islands of southwestern British Columbia. This population represents the northern limits of the species which is disjunct from its main range in southern Washington (Columbia River gorge), through Oregon to central California. In British Columbia, Tonella tenella is associated with rock outcrops and dry, steep, sparsely forested talus slopes at elevations of 50 to 300 m. The population on Saltspring Island is on private property and not directly imperilled at this time. There is, however, a potential for housing development in the future on this waterfront site, thus the authors consider the species endangered.
Late-born Elk, Cervus elaphus, Calf Observed Near Bancroft, Ontario
Authors: Rosatte Rick C. , Neuhold Joe
Published: January 2017

A recently born male Elk (Cervus elaphus) calf was observed and photographed approximately 30 km east of Bancroft, Ontario, on 5 October 2004. Based on the gestation period for Elk, the estimated conception date was between late December 2003 and early January 2004. This is unusual as the majority of calves are born between late May and early June with conception having occurred in September/October. This reproductive strategy allows for an optimum growth period for calves to occur before the onset of winter which increases the probability of survival. An eleven-year-old cow Elk was identified as the mother of the late born calf. The age of the cow, and her inability to meet the annual energy requirements necessary for normal reproduction, may have contributed to the late conception and parturition dates.
Are Lesser Snow Geese, Chen caerulescens caerulescens, Exceeding the Carrying Capacity of the Fraser River Delta's Brackish Marshes?
Authors: Demarchi Mike W.
Published: January 2017

Brackish marshes of the Fraser River delta provide important habitats for such high-profile animals as White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), Pacific Eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus), Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), Western Sandpiper (Calidris mauri), and Lesser Snow Goose (Chen caerulescens caerulescens), the latter comprising the “Fraser-Skagit” segment of the Wrangel Island (Russia) population. This study assessed whether the current numbers of Snow Geese are exceeding the carrying capacity of brackish marshes in the Fraser River delta. Simulation modelling predicts that those marshes are presently capable of supporting ~17,500 Snow Geese—a value that is greatly exceeded by the numbers of geese that have over-wintered there in recent years (~80,000 in 2004-2005). The Pacific Flyway Council’s target 3-y average population and segment sizes of 120,000 and 50,000 - 70,000, respectively, were set without considering the carrying capacity of natural wintering habitats, the potential impacts of too many geese on upland agriculture, or implications for hazards to civilian aircraft at Vancouver International Airport. The modelled results of the present study suggest that the Fraser River delta can sustain the current numbers of Snow Geese that stage or winter there only if those birds also forage in agricultural and refuge fields—a relatively recent phenomenon that likely bolstered the Snow Goose population. Over-use by Snow Geese can degrade the productivity and habitat quality of marshes. There is documented evidence that some key plant species (e.g., Scirpus americanus) of the brackish marshes of the Fraser River delta are well below their biomass potential (~15%), primarily because of grubbing by Snow Geese. Other species that depend on this brackish environment as well as human interests in the Fraser River delta may be adversely affected by an overabundance of Snow Geese. The future effectiveness of hunting as a primary means of population regulation is questioned.
The Mink Frog, Rana septentrionalis, in Southeastern Labrador
Authors: Desroches Jean-François , Picard Isabelle , Maunder John E.
Published: January 2017

Mink Frogs (Rana septentrionalis) were collected at three new localities in southeastern Labrador in 2003 and 2005, extending the known range of the species about 200 km to the east, to the limits of the coast.La Grenouille du Nord (Rana septentrionalis) a été trouvée dans trois nouvelles localités dans le sud-est du Labrador en 2003 et 2005. Ces mentions élargissent l’aire de répartition connue de l’espèce d’environ 200 km vers l’est, aux limites de la côte de l’Océan Atlantique.
First Observations of an Eastern Screech-Owl, Megascops asio, Population in an Apple-Producing Region of Southern Quebec
Authors: Richards Ngaiou L. , Mineau Pierre , Bird David M. , Wery Pierre , Larivée Jacques , Duffe Jason
Published: January 2017

Baseline information was collected on a local Eastern Screech-Owl population found in the apple-producing region of Saint-Hilaire and Rougemont, Quebec, as part of a larger study on pesticide exposure conducted between 2000 and 2003. Screech-Owls visited or occupied 41 of 89 nest boxes installed in 12 orchards and 2 control locations. The mean height of occupied nest boxes was 3.83 m (2.00 – 5.80 m). Squirrels, Sciurus and Tamiasciurius sp., and chipmunks, Tamias striatus, Northern Flickers, Colaptes auratus, and wasps were the owls’ primary competitors for the boxes. Intact Screech-Owl pellets retrieved from nest boxes (n = 82) had a mean length and width of 3.57 and 1.44 cm, respectively, and weighed a mean of 1.77 g. Screech-Owls in the study area consumed a variety of small mammal, avian, insect and aquatic prey. Of these, Meadow Voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, were the predominant prey item identified in pellets, and Mourning Doves, Zenaida macroura, were the primary avian prey found in nest boxes. In Canada, the owl’s trend status remains largely unknown. The species is currently listed as “Not at Risk”, based on an assessment conducted for COSEWIC in 1986. Given that a limited amount of information exists on the natural history and ecology of the species in Quebec, we also generated a map of the owl’s distribution in the province, using data from ornithological databases and rehabilitation facilities. Potential risks to the species within the province, particularly pesticide exposure and habitat loss, are briefly addressed and follow-up studies are discussed.
Assessment of Effects of an Oil Pipeline on Caribou, Rangifer tarandus granti, Use of Riparian Habitats in Arctic Alaska, 2001-2003
Authors: Noel Lynn E. , Butcher Matthew K. , Cronin Matthew A. , Streever Bill
Published: January 2017

Elevated oil field pipelines may alter Caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) movements and delay or prevent access to insect relief habitat. In an attempt to determine if the 40-km elevated Badami pipeline in northern Alaska changed Caribou use of riparian habitats at the three river crossings where the pipeline is buried, we quantified Caribou habitat use at all three crossings using time-lapse video cameras and aerial distribution surveys over three summers. We compared habitat use, behavior and duration of observations among pipeline and non-pipeline sites. We used a block experimental design with cameras at four sites at the three river crossings to evaluate differences in numbers of Caribou per day at pipeline and non-pipeline sites. At each crossing, four cameras were positioned, with one pair of cameras next to the pipeline (pipeline sites) and one pair of cameras 1.8-3.2 km upstream from the pipeline (non-pipeline sites); where cameras monitored the river bank and channel (river habitat) and the tundra within about 200 m of the river (tundra habitat). Peak numbers of Caribou per day occurred during early July 2003 and mid-July 2001 and 2002. Large numbers of Caribou recorded north of the pipeline during aerial surveys did not usually correspond with increased number per day recorded by cameras suggesting Caribou probably also crossed the pipeline outside of the riparian areas. We assessed local changes in riparian habitat use by comparing the numbers of Caribou per day in river and tundra habitats at pipeline and non-pipeline sites and found no difference. We assessed regional changes in riparian habitat use by comparing numbers of Caribou per day at pipeline sites and at non-pipeline sites and found no difference. Caribou groups spent an average of 1 minute longer at tundra pipeline sites and groups spent 30 seconds longer feeding and trotting at pipeline sites, but these differences were not significant.
First Records of the Southern Red-backed Vole, Myodes gapperi, in the Yukon
Authors: Jung Thomas S. , Runck Amy M. , Nagorsen David W. , Slough Brian G. , Powell Todd
Published: January 2017

Twenty Southern Red-backed Voles, Myodes gapperi, were collected in July 2004 in the LaBiche River valley of southeastern Yukon. Specimens were identified using morphological characteristics and analysis of cytochrome b gene sequences. These are the first records of this species in the Yukon. No Northern Red-backed Voles, M. rutilus, were collected and it is not known whether the two species are sympatric or parapatric in the Yukon. Further survey work is needed in southeastern Yukon to better delineate the extent of the northwestern range of this species and the extent, if any, of introgression with M. rutilus.
Life History Phenology and Sediment Size Association of the Dragonfly Cordulegaster dorsalis (Odonata: Cordulegastridae) in an Ephemeral Habitat in Southwestern British Columbia
Authors: Marczak Laurie B. , Richardson John S. , Classen Marie-Claire
Published: January 2017

The life cycle of the dragonfly Cordulegaster dorsalis was studied over one year by systematic sampling of larvae in three intermittent headwater streams in southwestern British Columbia. We determined that larvae normally take three years to reach maturity, emerging throughout July and August. There is limited evidence suggesting a split cohort development, with early emergence after two years. Additionally, we tested whether larval instars were distributed randomly or if they occupied different sediment microhabitats. Smaller animals tend to be associated with smaller grained organic sediments, although there was high variation between the streams.
A New Record Size Wolf, Canis lupus, Group for Ontario
Authors: Vors Liv S. , Wilson Philip L.
Published: January 2017

This report documents a group of 19 Wolves (Canis lupus) in northwestern Ontario. This is the largest group observed since record keeping in the Moose Aerial Inventory commenced in 1995. This large group may be a response to a high Moose (Alces alces) population in the Red Lake area.
Regional Variation in Amelanchier in the Whitewood area of Southeastern Saskatchewan and the First Saskatchewan Records of Amelanchier sanguinea
Authors: Catling Paul M. , Mitrow G.
Published: January 2017

Based on measurements and evaluation of 111 specimens from 51 localities in the Whitewood area of southeastern Saskatchewan, most Amelanchier alnifolia from the prairie parkland is represented by short, stoloniferous shrubs, less than 2 m tall with 5 – 100+ stems. In the Moose Mountain area, A. alnifolia is represented by shrubs that are taller, sometimes to 7 m, not stoloniferous and usually having fewer than five stems. Although many of these plants have the inflorescence characteristics of A. alnifolia, some are referable to the eastern A. sanguinea, not previously reported from southeastern Saskatchewan. Such plants appear to be confined to the wooded environment of Moose Mountain. Amelanchier alnifolia is not as clearly differentiated by habit or leaf tip characteristics as the literature suggests. Inflorescence characteristics, habit and actual genetic variation may be associated with biogeographic patterns, especially historically wooded islands within the prairie ecozone. These patterns are an important consideration in classification studies and in protecting and utilizing Amelanchier germplasm.
Observations on the Nesting of the Northern Hawk Owl, Surnia ulula, near Timmins and Iroquois Falls, Northeastern Ontario, in 2001
Authors: Patrikeev Michael
Published: January 2017

Three breeding pairs of Northern Hawk Owls were observed in northeastern Ontario in the vicinity of Timmins and Iroquois Falls in 2001, and two nests and a brood were recorded. The young from one nest fledged prematurely (likely due to a storm) and the another nest probably failed. Four other territorial pairs were observed. Notes on nest sites, feeding and nest attendance were taken.
Reactions of Narwhals, Monodon monoceros, to Killer Whale, Orcinus orca, Attacks in the Eastern Canadian Arctic
Authors: Laidre Kristin L. , Heide-Jørgensen Mads Peter , Orr Jack R.
Published: January 2017

A Killer Whale attack on Narwhals was observed at Kakiak Point in Admiralty Inlet, Nunavut, Canada, in August 2005. Behavioral responses of both Narwhals and Killer Whales were documented by direct observation. Data collected from Narwhals instrumented with satellite-linked transmitters 5 days prior to the arrival of Killer Whales were used to examine changes in Narwhal movement patterns (e.g., dispersal and clumping) five days before the attack, during the attack, and five days after Killer Whales left the area. A minimum of four Narwhals were killed by 12-15 Killer Whales in a period of 6 hours. Narwhals showed a suite of behavioral changes in the immediate presence of Killer Whales including slow, quiet movements, travel close to the beach (<2 m from shore), use of very shallow water, and formation of tight groups at the surface. These behavioral changes are consistent with Inuit accounts of Killer Whale attacks on Narwhals. During the attack, Narwhals dispersed broadly, the groups were less clumped (standard deviation of inter-whale mean latitudes and longitudes), Narwhal space-use doubled from pre-attack home ranges of 347 km2 to 767 km2 (kernel 50% probability), and Narwhals shifted their distribution further south of the attack site. After the disappearance of Killer Whales, north-south dispersal of Narwhals contracted and was similar to pre-attack levels, total space use decreased slightly (599 km2), yet west-east dispersal remained high. Narwhals were distributed significantly (P < 0.001) more broadly offshore in areas not used before the occurrence of Killer Whales. In general, short-term reactions of Narwhals to Killer Whale presence were obvious; yet normal behavior (as observed from shore) resumed shortly after Killer Whales left the area. Long-term (five day) Narwhal behavioral responses included increased dispersal of Narwhal groups over large offshore areas. This is among the few reports of eyewitness Killer Whale attacks on Narwhals in the high Arctic and is the first time changes in Narwhal behavior have been documented in response to a predation event through the use of satellite telemetry.
A New Record of Deepwater Sculpin, Myoxocephalus thompsonii, in Northeastern Alberta
Authors: Steinhilber M. , Neely D. A.
Published: January 2017

We present the first documented records of Deepwater Sculpin, Myoxocephalus thompsonii, from northern Alberta, and the second record for the province. Three specimens of Deepwater Sculpin were taken in gill nets set at 17 to 20 m depth in Colin Lake, Alberta, on 15 September 2001. Colin Lake, located in the Canadian Shield region of northeastern Alberta about 125 km northeast of Fort Chipewyan, drains into Lake Athabasca via the Colin River. The only other known Alberta population of Deepwater Sculpin inhabits Upper Waterton Lake in the southwestern corner of the province. This record is approximately 300 km SSE of the nearest verified record in the Northwest Territories and 400 km NW of the nearest verified record in Saskatchewan.
The Hepatic Flora and Floristic Affinity of Hepatics Around Takakia Lake, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia
Authors: Hong Won Shic
Published: January 2017

The known hepatic flora of the Takakia Lake area consists of 66 species, 2 subspecies, and 2 varieties, in 30 genera and 18 families. Thirty-seven taxa (51.8%) of the total 70 taxa present are boreal in distribution. Seven taxa (10.1%) are western North American and Amphi-Pacific elements. This clearly demonstrates that the greatest diversity of western North American hepatics occurs between 45°–55°N and between 120°–135°W which includes the lake (Hong 1988). Other distribution patterns include a taxon which is a North American boreal endemic and one which is a North American temperate endemic; two are cosmopolitan and disjunct montane; three are circumtemperate and circum-montane; six are temperate disjunct; eight are arctic and alpine; fourteen are boreal disjunct and twenty-three are circumboreal.
Micro-Propagation of White-top Aster, Sericocarpus rigidus, a Threatened Species from the Garry Oak Ecosystem in British Columbia
Authors: Frey Brenda , Kempler Chaim , Ehret David L.
Published: January 2017

A study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of using micro-propagation techniques to regenerate White-top Aster (Sericocarpus rigidus), a threatened species native to the Garry Oak ecosystem in coastal British Columbia. Shoot multiplication from explants was compared in three different basal media formulations. The effects of varying IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) and kinetin on shoot production were also investigated using one of the three basal media. Shoot production was most successful on modified MS (Murashige and Skoog) media containing various concentrations of BAP (benzylaminopurine) and GA3 (gibberellic acid), followed by media containing IAA and kinetin at concentrations of 2 mg per litre. Root formation occurred readily on modified MS media with IAA and reduced macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations. The study showed that S. rigidus can be successfully propagated using in vitro shoot multiplication.
Recent Distribution Records of the Little Brown Bat, Myotis lucifugus, in Manitoba and Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Dubois John E. , Monson Kimberly M.
Published: January 2017

Until recently, the distribution of the Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus) in Manitoba and northwestern Ontario was poorly documented. Since 1988, we have been banding and recapturing little browns throughout Manitoba and adjacent Lake of the Woods region in Ontario. All known hibernacula in the study area are recorded here for the first time, along with time of emergence. Connections between some hibernacula and summer nurseries are verified by band returns, ranging from 37 to 540 km.
Immobilization of Elk, Cervus elaphus, with Telezol and Xylazine and Reversal with Tolazine or Yohimbine
Authors: Rosatte Rick
Published: January 2017

During January 2003 and March 2005, a Telazol®/xylazine mixture was used to immobilize 4 free-ranging Elk in Ontario, Canada. A dosage of 3.3-3.6 mg/kg of Telazol® and 1.7-2.0 mg/kg of xylazine proved to be effective for the rapid immobilization of Elk. Induction time for those dosages was as short as 3-4 minutes. The advantage of using Telazol® is that only small volumes (3-4 ml) are needed to immobilize Elk-sized animals. In addition, Tolazine® and yohimbine both proved to be effective antagonists for xylazine with recovery times of 8 to 15 minutes when administered at dosages of 3.3-3.6 and 0.08-0.14 mg/kg, respectively. The use of oxygen proved to be effective for treatment of hyoxemia in Elk immobilized with a Telazol®/xylazine mixture. The immobilization procedures and the drug and antagonist dosage information will be useful to researchers planning to capture free-ranging Elk for activities such as radio-collaring and blood sampling.
The Occurrence of Muskoxen, Ovibos moschatus in Labrador
Authors: Chubbs Tony E. , Brazil J.
Published: January 2017

Muskoxen were first observed in Labrador in 1988 and have since been recorded at several locations in two separate river valleys in northern Labrador. The occurrence of Muskoxen in Labrador is attributed to the dispersal of captive releases from Québec in 1973 and 1983. Here we document observation records and examine the future management of the species in Labrador and speculate on its possible effect on this northern ecosystem.
Northern Range Extension of the Pygmy Shrew, Sorex hoyi, in the Yukon
Authors: Jung Thomas S. , Pretzlaw Troy D. , Nagorsen David W.
Published: January 2017

A Pygmy Shrew, Sorex hoyi, was captured in a pitfall trap on the Blackstone River (65°04.6'N, 138°10.8'W) in central Yukon. This represents a northern range extension of about 110 km for S. hoyi in the Yukon.
Natural Recolonization of Cultivated Land by Native Prairie Plants and its Enhancement by Removal of Scots Pine, Pinus sylvestris
Authors: Catling Paul M. , King Barry
Published: January 2017

A combination of native and introduced plants colonized abandoned cultivated land with adjacent relict prairie and savanna in the Rice Lake region of southern Ontario. After 71 years, the native colonizers included 86 species found in regional prairie relicts, but much of the area was also colonized by introduced Scots Pine, Pinus sylvestris, which apparently spread from an adjacent planting. The pines formed expanding patches of dense growth that excluded other species. Removal of the invasive Scots Pine from a 200 m2 plot within the abandoned land led to colonization 17 years later by 36 native species characteristic of the prairie, savanna and sand barrens of the region. Included in this group of native prairie colonizers were keystone species such as Andropogon gerardii, Carex siccata, Ceanothus americanus, Comptonia peregrina and Quercus velutina. Areas where patches of Scots Pine had been allowed to continue growing were either devoid of vegetation or had a sparse understory of introduced species and Poison Ivy (Rhus radicans). These observations support the concepts of (1) protecting islands of native dry ground flora which can serve as sources for recolonization and (2) protection of old field and particularly recently cultivated land adjacent to protected native grassland to allow natural restoration. The fact that keystone native species were able to colonize the area from which the introduced Scots Pines had been removed suggests that the pines are aggressive competitors that occupy space to the exclusion of the native species. Scots Pine is thus a driver of ecological change in degraded ecosystems. Management including removal of Scots Pine to support native plant biodiversity is strongly supported.
A High Elevation Record of the Star-nosed Mole (Condylura cristata) in Northeastern Vermont
Authors: Norris Ryan W. , Kilpatrick C. William
Published: January 2017

A single male Star-nosed Mole, Condylura cristata, was captured in a rock pile at the top of East Mountain (elevation 1042 m; 3240 ft) in northeastern Vermont. Although known from high elevations (up to 1676 m; 5500 ft) in southern U.S. states, this species was not known to occur above 573 m (1880 ft) in the northern part of its range. This record is also important in confirming that C. cristata has some climbing ability when travelling above ground.
Arboreal Late Summer Courtship Behaviour of Maritime Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus, in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Gilhen John , Strum Robert
Published: January 2017

We report, for the first time, Maritime Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus, arboreal, late summer, courtship behaviour in the wild observed 4-5 September 2006.
Human-assisted Movements of Raccoons, Procyon lotor, and Opossums, Didelphis virginiana, between the United States and Canada
Authors: Rosatte Rick , Donovan Dennis , Allan Mike , Bruce Laura , Davies Chris
Published: January 2017

Movements of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) (mean = 479 km) and Opossums (Didelphis virginiana) (mean = 688 km) by means of transport trailers and a train from the USA and Quebec into Ontario were significantly greater than Raccoon movements (mean = 15 km) from Ontario to New York State determined by mark-recapture. Human-assisted movements of wildlife could have significant impacts with respect to cross-border movements of diseases such as rabies. Proactive communication programs, especially at International border crossing areas, should be encouraged to decrease the occurrence of the unintentional movement of wildlife and associated diseases.
Predator-Prey Interaction Between an American Robin, Turdus migratorius, and a Five-lined Skink, Eumeces fasciatus
Authors: Vanderhoff E. Natasha
Published: January 2017

I observed a predator-prey interaction between a juvenile American Robin (Turdus migratorius L.) and a juvenile Five-lined Skink (Eumeces fasciatus L.). Although Robins are considered omnivorous, there are no previous reports of a robin eating lizards although they have been recorded as occasionally taking snakes. I discuss the age of the individuals involved as it relates to prey capture and escape.
Brown-headed Cowbird, Molothrus ater, Parasitism and Abundance in the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Igl Lawrence D. , Johnson Douglas H.
Published: January 2017

The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) reaches its highest abundance in the northern Great Plains, but much of our understanding of cowbird ecology and host-parasite interactions comes from areas outside of this region. We examine cowbird brood parasitism and densities during two studies of breeding birds in the northern Great Plains during 1990–2006. We found 2649 active nests of 75 species, including 746 nonpasserine nests and 1902 passerine nests. Overall, <1% of nonpasserine nests and 25% of passerine nests were parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds. Although the overall frequency of cowbird parasitism in passerine nests in these two studies is considered moderate, the frequency of multiple parasitism among parasitized nests was heavy (nearly 50%). The mean number of cowbird eggs per parasitized passerine nest was 1.9 ± 1.2 (SD; range = 1–8 cowbird eggs). The parasitism rates were 9.5% for passerines that typically nest in habitats characterized by woody vegetation, 16.4% for grassland-nesting passerines, 4.7% for passerines known to consistently eject cowbird eggs, and 28.2% for passerines that usually accept cowbird eggs. The Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) was the most commonly parasitized species (43.1% parasitism, 49.6% multiple parasitism, 71.2% of all cases of parasitism). Passerine nests found within areas of higher female cowbird abundance experienced higher frequencies of cowbird parasitism than those found in areas of lower female cowbird abundance. Densities of female cowbirds were positively related to densities and richness of other birds in the breeding bird community.
Wolf, Canis lupus, Behavior in Areas of Frequent Human Activity
Authors: Heilhecker Ellen , Thiel Richard P. , Hall Wayne
Published: January 2017

We report incidental observations of Wolves (Canis lupus) tolerating human activity in central Wisconsin. Three monitored packs raised pups in close proximity to varying levels of human activity. Wolf pups were raised <350m from rearing pens of the endangered Whooping Crane (Grus americana), which saw daily human activity. One pack used cornfields as rendezvous sites within 175 m of a maintenance shed visited regularly by workers. Another pack centered their activities along a well-traveled state highway using both the verge and the road center for activity. Aerial locations of 10 yearling and adult dispersing Wolves were plotted to evalute human densities in natal territories relative to dispersal and post-dispersal territories. Township densities (mean = 9.02 humans/km2, SE = 4.015) and residential densities (mean = 5.59 housing units/km2, SE = 2.12 ) in natal pack territories were significantly greater (P <.01) for dispersal and post-dispersal township densities (mean = 43.98 humans/km2, SE =7.37) and residence densities (mean = 23.12 housing units/km2, SE =3.49). Furthermore, a pup negotiated the densely populated region of northern Illinois and dispersed from central Wisconsin to east-central Indiana, a distance of at least 690 km. As Wolves live in closer proximity to humans, living in areas of higher township and residential densities, they can be expected to be more habituated to people, increasing the probability of human/Wolf conflicts.
Sixteenth Census of Seabird Populations in the Sanctuaries of the North Shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 2005
Authors: Rail Jean-François , Cotter Richard
Published: January 2017

The Migratory Bird Sanctuaries of the North Shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence are important breeding grounds for many seabird species. The quinquennial censuses of seabirds in these sanctuaries have been carried out for 80 years (since 1925), in order to detect changes in the distribution and population levels of seabirds breeding on the North Shore. Between 1998-1999 and 2005, the most striking trends observed were the near doubling in numbers of Common Eiders in most sanctuaries, and the strong population growth rate of Razorbill. Unexplainable declines of Common Murre and Atlantic Puffin were observed at some of the larger colonies of these species. The last active colonies of Leach’s Storm-Petrel (Corossol Island) and Caspian Tern (Île à la Brume) on the North Shore seem on the verge of disappearing, with zero and three birds observed in 2005, respectively. Seabird populations in the larger, more accessible and disturbed sanctuaries are still markedly smaller than in historical times.Les refuges d’oiseaux migrateurs de la Côte-Nord du Golfe du Saint-Laurent constituent d’importants sites de nidification pour plusieurs espèces d’oiseaux marins. Des inventaires quinquennaux des oiseaux marins dans ces refuges sont effectués depuis 80 ans (depuis 1925), pour détecter les changements dans la répartition et les niveaux de population des oiseaux marins nichant sur la Côte-Nord. Entre 1998-99 et 2005, les tendances les plus marquantes étaient chez l’Eider à duvet, dont les effectifs ont pratiquement doublé dans la plupart des refuges, et chez le Petit Pingouin, dont les populations ont également connu une croissance rapide. Des déclins énigmatiques chez le Guillemot marmette et le Macareux moine ont été observés à plusieurs des colonies les plus importantes de ces espèces. Les dernières colonies actives d’Océanite cul-blanc (à l’île du Corossol) et de Sterne caspienne (à l’île à la Brume) sur la Côte-Nord semblent sur le point de disparaître, avec respectivement zéro et trois oiseaux observés en 2005. Les populations d’oiseaux marins demeurent à des niveaux bien endeça de ceux rapportés historiquement dans les refuges de grande superficie, davantage accessibles et sujets au dérangement.
Cavity Nest Materials of Northern Flying Squirrels, Glaucomys sabrinus, and North American Red Squirrels, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, in a Secondary Hardwood Forest of Southern Ontario
Authors: Patterson Jesse E. H. , Patterson Stephen J. , Malcolm Ray J.
Published: January 2017

Through deployment of artificial nest boxes, we examined the composition of cavity nest materials used by Northern Flying Squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) and North American Red Squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) in a secondary hardwood forest of southern Ontario, Canada. We collected 32 nests of known species association and found that 85.7% of G. sabrinus nests and 77.8% of T. hudsonicus nests were constructed almost entirely of shredded bark from Eastern White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Mean nest depth across all samples was 12.2 cm and showed no significant difference between species or between spring and summer nests. We review the antiparasitic properties of T. occidentalis and suggest that the use of shredded cedar bark by G. sabrinus and T. hudsonicus to line nest cavities may be a behavioural adaptation, which reduces ectoparasite loads in the nest environment.
Moose, Alces alces, Winter Browse Use in Central Labrador
Authors: Newbury Tina L. , Simon Neal P. P. , Chubbs Tony E.
Published: January 2017

To determine the effect of forestry practices on the availability of winter Moose forage, we recorded Moose browse along four 250 m transects in each of five forest regeneration ages. Browse use was greater on 20- and 30-year-old regenerating stands as compared with recently clearcut stands (5 and 10 years old) or mature forest (> 150 years old). Willow (Salix sp.) followed by White Birch (Betula papyrifera) had the highest proportion of browsing by Moose.
Offshore Flight of Buffleheads, Bucephala albeola, After Twilight in Winter: An Anti-Predation Tactic?
Authors: Finley James K.
Published: January 2017

In winter, on Vancouver Island, Buffleheads depart from coastal marine feeding habitat shortly after the onset of civil twilight. This precisely-timed phenomenon may have evolved in response to predation pressure from Peregrine Falcons, Falco peregrinus. The dual habitat requirements of Buffleheads in Shoal Harbour Migratory Bird Sanctuary (1931) and Sidney Channel Important Bird Area are to be included within the proposed Gulf Islands National Marine Conservation Area.
Social and Play Behavior in a Wild Eastern Coyote, Canis latrans, Pack
Authors: Way Jonathan G.
Published: January 2017

I had close and consistent observations of a wild eastern Coyote pack (Canis latrans) from January 2000 to August 2007. During this time, I obtained 3156 radio-locations on a specific radio-collared breeding male (“Sill”) and observed him and/or members of his pack on 375 occasions. The average group size = 3.0 ± 2.3 (SD) Coyotes with 1.9 ± 1.2 (SD) being adults and 1.1 ± 1.9 being pups. Maximal group size involved 12 Coyotes (9 pups, 3 adults). During these observations, Coyotes most often behaved in a friendly manner toward each other as indicated by 80 of my observations involving play between pups, and 15 involving play among adult Coyotes. On the evening of 6 July 2007 I observed the breeding male (>8 yr old), his mate (>5 yr old), one of their full-sized probable yearlings, and five pups playing intensely for 33 minutes. This paper details social and play behavior from this pack, especially from the 6 July 2007 observation.
Observation of Foliage-roosting in the Little Brown Bat, Myotis lucifugus
Authors: Davy Christina M. , Fraser Erin E.
Published: January 2017

First report of foliage-roosting behaviour in a Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifus). The observation is discussed in relation to similar behaviour in other bat species.
Abandoned Seabird Eggs as a Calcium Source for Terrestrial Gastropods
Authors: Bond Alexander L. , Diamond Antony W.
Published: January 2017

Birds’ use of terrestrial gastropods to supplement calcium for egg formation has been well documented, but the reverse, gastropods using avian eggshells as a calcium source, has not been recorded previously. We collected Arctic Tern, Sterna paradisaea, eggs, abandoned in July 2006, that were found to have many terrestrial gastropods on the surface, and it appeared as though the outer eggshell layers were removed. Using scanning electron microscopy, we compared “grazed” and “ungrazed” sections of the same shell with eggshells collected in 2005 that were not attended by snails. It appears as though the snails removed the outer eggshell layers, presumably to supplement their own shell growth.
Fish-line Entanglement of Nesting Mourning Dove, Zenaida macroura
Authors: Parker Glenn H. , Blomme Chris G.
Published: January 2017

We give a detailed account of monofilament entanglement in nesting material of a gravid female Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) which resulted in death. Such incidents substantiate the hazards of anthropogenic materials and the need to dispose of them with due diligence.
Nesting Biology of Lesser Canada Geese, Branta canadensis parvipes, along the Tanana River, Alaska
Authors: Ely Craig R. , Pearce John M. , Ruess Roger W.
Published: January 2017

Lesser Canada Geese (Branta canadensis parvipes) are widespread throughout interior regions of Alaska and Canada, yet there have been no published studies documenting basic aspects of their nesting biology. We conducted a study to determine reproductive parameters of Lesser Canada Geese nesting along the Tanana River near the city of Fairbanks, in interior Alaska. Fieldwork was conducted in May of 2003, and consisted of locating nests along the riparian corridor between Fairbanks and Northpole, Alaska. Nests were found on gravel islands and shore habitats along the Tanana River, and were most commonly observed among driftwood logs associated with patches of alder (Alnus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.). Peak of nest initiation was 3-8 May, with a range from 27 April to 20 May; renesting was likely. Clutches ranged in size from 2 to 7 eggs and averaged 4.6 eggs. There was a negative correlation between clutch size and date of nest initiation. Egg size (mean mass = 128 g) was similar to other medium-sized Canada Geese. A positive correlation between egg size and clutch size was likely related to female age. Nineteen of 28 nests (68%) were active when visited; nests located on islands with nesting Mew Gulls (Larus canus) were more likely to be active than nests located elsewhere. Evidence at nest sites implicated Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as nest predators.