bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: A PANORAMA OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS CASE LAW / A PROTEÇÃO DO DIREITO À LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO: UM PANORAMA DA JURISPRUDÊNCIA DA CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS
Authors: Posenato Naiara
Published: February 2016

The Inter-American system for the protection of human rights recognizes the importance of freedom of expression for democratic systems. The analysis of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) case law shows that it is probably the regional framework that provides the greatest scope and the broadest guarantees of protection to the right to freedom of thought and expression. Based on American Convention on Human Rights and on other relevant legislative instruments and, above all, in light of their prevailing interpretation by the aforementioned Court, this brief analysis is intended to clarify, with some comparative insights, the main features and the peculiarities of the regional system protection of the right to freedom of expression. In particular, it will consider the types of speech deserving special protection due to their importance for the exercise of other human rights or for the maintenance and the strengthening of democracy and, by contrast, the conditions according to which restrictions to freedom of expression are admitted by the Inter-American system.Keywords: Freedom of expression. Press freedom. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR). European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Case-law. Protected speech. Balacing human rights. National security.
FOLHA DE ROSTO
Authors: Strapazzon Carlos Luiz
Published: February 2016

Folha de Rosto
A práxis na bottega renascentista à luz da Ontopsicologia: uma proposta prática
The práxis in Renaissance bottega in the light of Ontopsychology: a practical proposition
Authors: Horstmann Hans Egon
Published: February 2016

Este artigo trata da práxis na bottega renascentista. O trabalho de pesquisa, que visa descrever com exatidão esta prática, culmina com a leitura desta à luz da Ontopsicologia. Esta pesquisa, como fundamentação teórica, está inserida no estudo histórico e epistemológico da Ontopsicologia, mas se relaciona com temas pontuais da Ontologia e, faz uso da Filologia para a compreensão de conceitos principais. Nossa intenção é conhecer esta prática que influenciou profundamente um país, fato perceptível ainda hoje. Para tanto, fizemos uso de uma pesquisa bibliográfica documental. Esta práxis foi tão bem sucedida nos seus resultados por estar em perfeita harmonia com a essência do homem. A leitura do tema à luz da Ontopsicologia mostra isso com clareza. Entendemos ser oportuno aprender com este homem, que vivia a prática de trabalho, formação e estudo dentro da bottega renascentista.
Socialidade e responsabilidade: valores da cultura humanista no contexto da Orquestra Jovem Recanto Maestro
Sociality and responsibility: values of humanist culture in the context of the Youth Orchestra Conductor Corner
Authors: Penna Michael Fragomeni
Published: February 2016

Este trabalho tem como objetivo situar um dos valores do humanismo perene e da cultura humanista, o da socialidade, no projeto Orquestra Jovem Recanto Maestro desenvolvido pela Fundação Antonio Meneghetti. Por meio da prática de orquestra e aulas de instrumento ensina-se a crianças e jovens entre 9 e 18 anos sobre socialidade e responsabilidade. Nesse artigo, realizando uma pesquisa qualitativa, buscamos discutir como atividades no dia-a-dia do projeto levam aos alunos entender e vivenciar o que é socialidade e como a responsabilidade é importante em nossa relação com os outros. Dessa maneira chegamos à conclusão de que atividades simples realizadas nas aulas, tais como ter um instrumento sob seus cuidados, apresentar o seu desenvolvimento no instrumento continuamente, servir o lanche e limpar a sujeira, ganhar o direito de ir a concertos e oficinas levam a todos à compreender que na responsabilidade exercida na socialidade é o caminho da dignidade e que o assistencialismo somente contribui para a mediocridade.
A Filosofia perene como conhecimento propedêutico à compreensão e aplicação da ciência Ontopsicológica
The perennial Philosophy as introductory knowledge to the understanding and application of science Ontopsychological
Authors: Schaefer Ricardo
Published: February 2016

O escopo desta tesina do primeiro módulo do Bacharelado em Ontopsicologia é apresentar a Filosofia Perene como um conhecimento propedêutico à compreensão e consequente aplicação da ciência ontopsicológica. A pesquisa centrou-se nas obras-chave do Prof. Antonio Meneghetti sobre o tema e nos apontamentos de aula e obras correlatas do Prof. Alécio Vidor. Esta primeira produção acadêmica naturalmente não esgota o assunto, será evoluída com os conhecimentos que serão adquiridos nos módulos seguintes e foi motivada pela evidência de que as aulas de Filosofia do Bacharelado em Ontopsicologia, do modo como foram conduzidas com a primeira turma, serão fundamentais para o alcance do escopo deste curso de vanguarda: formar o técnico capaz de individuar o nexo ontológico entre sujeito e objeto em qualquer situação ou contexto.
A lógica utilizada pela mulher líder na gestão
logic used by the leading women in management
Authors: Vicentini Claudia Maria
Published: February 2016

Este estudo pretende descrever sobre a relação existente entre a lógica e a mulher líder.  Para isto, busca-se inicialmente conceituar lógica e líder, e, a partir destes entendimentos, entender qual a lógica utilizada pela mulher líder na gestão. Entende-se por mulher líder conforme explicado por Antonio Meneghetti que é aquela que possui uma tipologia particular de inteligência e modo de ação, se baseia em uma capacidade de administrar o próprio potencial, com coerência de vontade, seja qual for a área de atuação sabe amplificar a própria interioridade, criando funcionalidade e evolução para o contexto que atua. Através da intuição e inteligência a mulher líder se sincroniza com a ordem lógica da intencionalidade de natureza, para atingir, a cada momento e situação, seu escopo. Por meio do próprio egoísmo, realiza também o interesse de muitos, quando desenvolve seus negócios, propicia trabalho a muitas pessoas, dá impulso de progresso. Distingue-se pela posse natural da intuição. Para o entendimento da lógica, será considerada a base da lógica tradicional formulada pelo filósofo grego Aristóteles. Sua tarefa é de classificar e organizar as inferências válidas, separando-as daquelas que não o são, é o modo ou técnica como o uno vai e se distribui às partes, e a partir dessas como retorna a si mesmo. Ao usarmos a palavra lógica estamos participando de uma tradição de pensamentos que se origina da Filosofia grega, que conduziu os filósofos a indagar se o logos obedecia ou não as regras, possuía ou não normas, princípios e critérios para o seu funcionamento.
Identidade e valores do Humanismo Perene: critérios para a exatidão do operador social
Identity and values of Humanism Perennial: criteria for the accuracy of the social operator
Authors: Neves Rosane Maria
Published: February 2016

O presente estudo se caracteriza como uma pequena tese escrita como exercício de conclusão ao Primeiro Módulo do Bacharelado em Ontopsicologia. O texto dedicou-se ao aprofundamento de conceitos a partir de revisão bibliográfica, no intuito de explorar os valores do Humanismo perene e Identidade como critério de exatidão do pesquisador e operador social. A motivação do estudo se deu a partir da compreensão da Ontopsicologia como técnica de exatidão e recurso para se chegar à realização e criatividade aplicada no contexto profissional docente. O critério é dado pela identidade, a partir das características de utilitarismo e funcionalidade. O operador social em exatidão pessoal conforme seu projeto de natureza – Em Si ôntico – pode realizar-se a si próprio e levar maior bem-estar ao contexto social em que atua.
A Metafísica do Ser: um estudo filosófico para a vida
The Metaphysics of Being: a philosophical study for life
Authors: Oliveira Caroline Vogel de
Published: February 2016

Este estudo tem como objetivo aprofundar conhecimentos sobre o Ser, dentro da temática filosófica da metafísica, em perceber além das coisas físicas, que há algo que opera, uma força inteligente que move a vida. O método para a realização do trabalho aconteceu por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e estudo teórico. Neste sentido, verificamos que estudar sobre o Ser resulta em uma importante realização intelectual e existencial para o ser humano.
O valor da Filosofia nas Empresa
The value of the Company Philosophy
Authors: Adamoli Maria
Published: February 2016

Visto que a definição da filosofia institucional é um dos critérios do Modelo de Excelência em Gestão adotado pela Fundação Nacional da Qualidade, e que inúmeras empresas procuram adaptar-se a este modelo, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os critérios utilizados pelas empresas para identificar seus valores e definir a filosofia empresarial ao estabelecer a Missão, Visão e Princípios e Valores, sendo estes os elementos orientadores e balizadores da Gestão pela Qualidade Total. Ao longo das ultimas décadas tornou-se bastante usual as empresas declararem publicamente sua Filosofia Institucional, enunciando missão, visão, credos, princípios e valores como resultado da implantação de sistemas de qualidade, especialmente com o advento da internet e da criação dos sites oficiais das instituições. No entanto, apesar da grande visibilidade atual, percebe-se que nem sempre a Filosofia Institucional tem sido perfeitamente compreendida em todo seu potencial ideológico. Em inúmeros casos esses elementos estão escritos, mas não comunicam um sentido que alegra, que motiva. É um conjunto de valores que não dão incremento de vida e criatividade às pessoas no trabalho. Este trabalho visa resultar em proposta de pesquisa para o Trabalho Final de Conclusão de Curso e proposta de trabalho futuro com metodologias específicas para a utilização da Filosofia Institucional na facilitação do Desenvolvimento de Equipes, no esclarecimento do sentido do trabalho e na motivação por ações alinhadas aos resultados esperados de cada equipe.
Burnout: Lessons From the Lived Experience of Case Loading Midwives
Authors: Young Carolyn Mae , Smythe Liz , Couper Judith McAra
Published: February 2016

Workplace burnout is a worldwide phenomenon that is little understood within the New Zealand midwifery work force, yet on call, client focused practice may carry a high potential for it. This qualitative study takes a phenomenological approach drawing primarily on the philosophy of Heidegger and Gadamer and considers burnout among New Zealand Lead Maternity Care (LMC) midwives. It asks the question “What lessons can be learned?” Ethical approval was granted for this study which involved interviewing 12 participant LMC midwives who self-identified as having experienced professional burnout. Four of their partners were interviewed with the midwives permission to allow another perspective. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data was analyzed using a phenomenological approach set in context with associated literature. The experience of professional burnout for the participants in this study was one of extreme personal pain which some felt they may never recover from. Despite global recognition of the destructive phenomenon of burnout, participants consistently described not understanding what was happening to them. They felt judged as managing their practices poorly, the isolating feelings of shame prevented disclosing their escalating need for help. Understanding burnout enables case loading midwives to recognize that their working environment may place them at risk.
Formulation and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Tolperisone
Authors: Daljit Masih  , Rajesh Gupta
Published: February 2016

The present study was carried out to develop and evaluate mouth dissolving tablets of Tolperisone hydrochloride using superdisintegrants agents namely Crospovidone and Sodium starch glycolate in different ratio. Mouth dissolving tablets are solid dosage form containing medicinal substances which disintegrates rapidly, usually within a matter of seconds, when placed upon the tongue. The mouth dissolving tablets were prepared by direct compression method using Crospovidone and Sodium starch glycolate. Tablets blends were evaluated for loose bulk density, tapped bulk density, compressibility index and angle of repose, shows satisfactory results. The compressed tablets were then evaluated for various physical tests like thickness, friability, hardness, weight variation, wetting time, water absorption ratio and disintegration test by using standard procedures. The results of all these tests were found to be satisfactory. The in-vitro dissolution study was carried out for 14 min using paddle method in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) as dissolution media. The data of in-vitro dissolution of tablets revealed that 78 to 100% of drug release from various formulations at 14 min. The formulation T7 exhibited better results as compared to other formulations.
Mouth Dissolving Tablets – A Review
Authors: Daljit Masih  , Rajesh Gupta
Published: February 2016

Conventional dosage form such as tablets and capsules are the most popular among all dosage forms existing today because of its convenience of self administration, compactness and easy manufacturing. However these dosage forms are facing problems like hand tremors, dysphasia in case of geriatric patients, the underdeveloped muscular and nervous systems in young individuals and in case of uncooperative patients, the problem of swallowing is common phenomenon which leads to poor patient compliance. To overcome these problems, mouth dissolving tablets have been developed, which having good hardness, dose uniformity, easy administration and serves as the first choice of dosage form for pediatrics, geriatrics and travelling patients. This report summarizes the details of ingredients used in preparation of mouth dissolving tablets; conventional manufacturing techniques for mouth dissolving tablets; patented technologies for preparation of mouth dissolving tablets; evaluation of mouth dissolving tablet; and mechanism of action of mouth dissolving tablets.
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Assessment of Leaves of Adhatoda vasica, Azadirachta indica and Datura stramonium
Authors: Amit Kumar Gupta  , Nilesh Kumar Ahirwar  , Nishant Shinde  , Manoj Choudhary  , Yogendra Singh Rajput  , Avineesh Singh
Published: February 2016

The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial assessment of Adhatoda vasica, Azadirachta indica and Datura stramonium leaf extract. These plants were collected; aqueous and alcoholic extracts were prepared by soxhlet extraction process. The phytochemical analysis of extracts were performed, and antimicrobial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of all plant material at dose of 100 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml concentrations against various strains were done. These extract were studied through agar diffusion method against E. coli, S. aureus, S. Bacillus bacteria and Rhizopus fungi and their comparison with standard ofloxacin. The phytochemical study inferred the presence of secondary metabolites which assist their herbal properties. Azadirachta indica was effective against all of these micro-organisms. While Adhatoda vasica and Datura stramonium were less effective as compared to Azadirachta indica and ineffective against Rhizopus fungi. Azadirachta indica had shown almost equal anti-microbial activity, against all species of microbes which was taken in study as compared to standard ofloxacin. Thus in future, extract of these plants may be beneficial for another several species of microbes and mixture of these plants may be more effective as compared to standard drugs.
Preparation,	Characterization	and	In-Vitro	Cytotoxic	Study	of	Doxorubicin	PLGA Nanoparticles
Authors: Bharat Parashar  , Sourabh Sharma
Published: February 2016

In the current study we had developed and characterized Poly (lactic-co-glycolide) acid nanoparticles for anticancer drug Doxorubicin and further studied in-vitro cytotoxic effect of free and encapsulated nanoparticle drug delivery system. PLGA-drug nanoparticles were prepared by oil-water emulsion solvent evaporation method. The morphology of drug loaded nanoparticles was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The drug loaded nanoparticles were evaluated for cell cytotoxicity by sulforhodamine B assay. Images of formulation indicate the surface morphology of formulation. The in vitro cytotoxicity results showed Doxorubicin NPs to be active against A431 and NCI-H322 cell line compared to Doxorubicin free drug. The IC50 values were found to be 1.73 µM with A431 cell line whereas 1.64 µM for NCI-H322 cell line. This indicates that Doxorubicin NPs have more pronounced activity towards A431cell line.
Potential Biological Spices Available in Bangladesh: A comprehensive review
Authors: Md. Reyad-ul-Ferdous  , SM. Saddam Hossain  , Md. Nazmul Hasan  , Md. Moazzem Hossain  , Md. Abu HenaMostofa Kamal
Published: February 2016

Nature is the major sources of natural medicines. Spices contain several phytochemical constituents which possess a variety of pharmacological activities. In advancement of technology of investigation research, the traditional plant spices assessment different properties can be done by new experimental researches, which have both human clinical trials and pre-clinical pharmacological animal experiments. Numerous studies indicate in past few decades, which proved digestive stimulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti diabetic, hypolipidemic, anti cancer, chemopreventive, anti mutagenic actions of a range of spices. Spices are used in the diet to provide advance natural treatment of mild to moderate diseases. Present studies suggested that several biologically active compounds can be discovered from those natural spices. Traditional studies show that Bangladeshi plants represent a vast resources for possible lead compound in drug development. This review indicates on the beneficial effects of spices in the management of several diseases. This review is advantageous to implement traditional and scientific knowledge together to use of some spices on several diseases.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and In Vitro Antioxidant Efficacy of Fruit Oil of Martynia annua
Authors: Rameshroo Kenwat  , Pushpa Prasad  , Ram Kumar Sahu  , Amit Roy  , Surendra Saraf
Published: February 2016

The free radicals play vital role in induction of various diseases. Natural antioxidants may help the body to protect itself from various types of oxidative damage which are linked to diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders and aging. Martynia annua belonging to Martyniaceae family are found to be a rich source of substances of phytochemical interest. The aim of the present study was to screen for phytoconstituent, and to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity of fruit oil of M. annua. The oil were extracted from fruit of M. annua by employing traditional methods.  Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed to identify secondary metabolites in extracted oils. The in vitro antioxidant activity of oil was measured by means of the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Super oxide free radical scavenging assay and total polyphenol content. The phytochemical investigation of oil of M. annua revealed the presence of Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, fats, tannins and phenolic compound. The oil strongly scavenged DPPH radical and superoxide radical with the IC50 being 87.56 µg/ml and 106.80 µg/ml respectively. The oil of M. annua exhibited 87.25±1.13 mg/100 gm of total polyphenol content. The outcomes justifies the oil of M. annua is a potential source of natural antioxidants.
An Overview on Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Explorations of Moringa oleifera
Authors: Surbhi Kesharwani  , Pushpa Prasad  , Amit Roy  , Ram Kumar Sahu
Published: February 2016

Medicinal plants have been one of the prominent sources of remedies since the inception of human civilization. In rural area herbal medicines are considered to be best healthcare products due to it’s easily availability. Globally, demand of herbal based medicines, health products, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, cosmetics, etc. has been intensified in alarming rate. Moringa oleifera belongs to family Moringaecea, native of the Indian subcontinent, where its diverse parts have been employed throughout history as food and medicine. The M. oleifera is extensively used for treating cancer, hyperlipidemic, diabetic, ulcer, analgesic, fertility, convulsant, liver disorder, wound, etc. Dietary consumption of its part is therein promoted as a strategy of personal health preservation and self-medication in various diseases. The phytoconstituents present in this plant are niazirin, niazirinin, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidin, kaempferol-3-O-(6''- malonyl-glucoside), 4-hydroxymellein, β-sitosterone, octacosanic acid, β-sitosterol, etc. These various phytoconstituents contribute for different pharmacological activities. The present review is therefore, an effort to give a detailed overview of the published writings on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of M. oleifera; this information will be beneficial in developing new formulations, which are more effective and have more therapeutic values.
Scientific Validation of Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Ficus glomerata Barks and Roots in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Manohar Lal Samyal  , Zabeer Ahmed  , Shashi Bhushan  , Asha Bhagat  , Amit Das  , Manju Samyal
Published: February 2016

The tribal people of Chhattisgarh state of India use Ficus glomerata for the treatment of diabetes therefore we planned to investigate antidiabetic effect of bark and root extract of bark and root in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.  Oral administration of ethanol extract of bark and root of Ficus glomerata at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was studied in STZ-induced diabetic rats. After administration of extract the fasting blood glucose levels were significantly decreased. The oral glucose tolerance was also improved. The effect of extracts on serum lipid profile like total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were also measured in the diabetic and non diabetic rats. There was significant reduction in total cholesterol, LDL and improvement in HDL in diabetic rats were observed. The activity of the plant extracts was comparable with glibenclamide, a well-known antidiabetic drug. These results indicated that Ficus glomerata possesses significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect.
Formulation and Assessment of Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Repaglinide-β-Cyclodextrin Complex
Authors: Lakahan Chadar  , Vaibhav Shukla  , S K Jain
Published: February 2016

The present study was carried out to develop mouth dissolving tablets of Repaglinide with a rationale of providing better patient compliance, will serve to provide effective mode of treatment to elderly, impaired and noncooperative patient suffering from diabetes. The Repaglinide-β-cyclodextrin complex was prepared in order to increase the solubility of drug. The inclusion efficiency of different ratios of Repaglinide-β-cyclodextrin complex was calculated, that shows the inclusion efficiency of 1:1 molar ratio complex is highest. The mouth dissolving tablets of Repaglinide (RCT1 to RCT5) were prepared by direct compression method using super disintegrants, for optimization of the diluents. The value of pre-compression of blends and post-compression tablets exhibited satisfactorily results. The formulation RCT3 complied with all the physical parameters such as hardness, friability and disintegration time, and taken for further studies. Nine different formulations (RCT6 to RCT14) were prepared by using various concentration of super disintegrant namely Crosscarmellose sodium, Crosspovidone and Sodium Starch Glycolate. Among all formulations studied, formulation RCT9 having crospovidone as disintegrant showed 56.5% drug release in 5 min. Therefore crospovidone is considered best superdisintegrant among Sodium starch glycolate and Crosscarmellose sodium.
Qualitative Phytochemical Screenings of Methanol Extract of Parmentiera cereifera Seem Fruits
Authors: Md. Reyad-ul-ferdous  , Md. Anisul Islam  , Fariha Tasnim  , Nawfel Abdullah  , Tamara Towshin Alam  , Saif Farhan Islam
Published: February 2016

Nature is the best source of medicines. Plants consisting of various types of organic substances, and they impart different biological activities. The numerous medicines are administered to our body though diets. These foods protect us from different types of diseases and disorders. Here we planned to conduct phytochemical screening of the methanol extracts of Parmentiera cereifera fruit. The outcomes of phytochemical screening of methanol extracts exhibited the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids as well as steroids. These phytoconstituents are used in ailment of various diseases such as antipyretic, analgesic, diabetes, cardioprotective, lipid lowering activity, hepatoprotective, antidiabetics, antidiarrhoeal, anticancer, antiasthmatic activities, antimicrobial etc. These are only preliminary studies to isolate potential compounds which may be use as a lead compound for several biological activities.
Estimation of Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Isolated Fractions from Ficus glomerata Bark Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Manohar Lal Samyal  , Anil Ahuja  , Zabeer Ahmed
Published: February 2016

Ficus glomerata is commonly used for the treatment of diabetes. We planned to isolate compound from the ethanol extract of F. glomerata bark, and also evaluate the antidiabetic activity of isolated fractions in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.  Oral administration of ethanol extract of bark and root of F. glomerata at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was studied in STZ-induced diabetic rats. After administration of extract the fasting blood glucose levels were significantly decreased. The eight different fractions were collected from ethanol extract of F. glomerata bark and dried. The fraction F4, F5, F6, F7 and F9 were administered orally in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. After the administration of fractions, blood glucose levels were monitored at specific intervals and it was found that they were significant lowered. The effect of fractions on induced hyperlipidemia was analyzed where the fraction significantly lowered the elevated total cholesterol, triglycerides (TGL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) level while increased the High density lipoprotein (HDL). Glibenclamide was used as a standard drug at a dose of 0.50 mg/kg body weight. Moreover, the fraction treated rats exhibited the significant rise in serum insulin level compared with streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. The findings demonstrated that fraction isolated from ethanol extracts of F. glomerata bark has significant antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced rats compared to standard drug. These results indicated that F. glomerata possesses significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect due to presence of these fractions.
Formulation and In vitro Evaluation of Gastroretentive Floating Tablets of Macrolide Antibiotic Based on Effervescent Technology Using Clarithromycin as a model drug
Authors: Lagnajit Mahapatra  , Gali Vidyasagar
Published: February 2016

The present study was carried out with an objective of preparation and in vitro evaluation of floating tablets of Clarithromycin by using HPMC K4M and HPMC E15LV. The floating tablets were based on effervescent approach using sodium bicarbonate a gas generating agent. The formulated tablets were investigated for the quality control tests such as weight variation, hardness, friability, swelling index, floating lag time, and total floating time. The in vitro release study of the tablets was performed in 0.1N HCl as a dissolution media. The results of the present study clearly indicates the promising potential of Clarithromycin floating system as an alternative to the conventional dosage and other sustained release formulations. The drug release of optimized formulation was found to follow zero order and Korsmeyer‐Peppas kinetic models and r2 value nearer to one and n value was found to be 0.8420 and 1.0703. Formulation F13 exhibited better Gastroretentive controlled drug release in comparison to other prepared formulation.
“Unleashed on an Unsuspecting World”: The Asbestos Information Association and Its Role in Perpetuating a National Epidemic
Authors: Markowitz Gerald , Rosner David
Published: February 2016

Examining previously underused corporate documents, we revisit the story of the Asbestos Information Association/North America, an industry trade group that sought in the early 1970s to counteract the growing public attention to, and government regulation of, asbestos as a serious threat to workers and consumers. From the mid-1960s through the early 1970s, according to its own spokesperson, asbestos was exposed as “probably the most hazardous industrial material ever unleashed on an unsuspecting world.” In retrospect, thousands of lives may have been saved if the Asbestos Information Association had publicly acknowledged this earlier.
Reconciling Epidemiology and Social Justice in the Public Health Discourse Around the Sexual Networks of Black Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Matthews Derrick D. , Smith Justin C. , Brown Andre L. , Malebranche David J.
Published: February 2016

Several studies have implicated the sexual networks of Black men who have sex with men (MSM) as facilitating disproportionally high rates of new HIV infections within this community. Although structural disparities place these networks at heightened risk for infection, HIV prevention science continues to describe networks as the cause for HIV disparities, rather than an effect of structures that pattern infection. We explore the historical relationship between public health and Black MSM, arguing that the current articulation of Black MSM networks is too often incomplete and counterproductive. Public health can offer a counternarrative that reconciles epidemiology with the social justice that informs our discipline, and that is required for an effective response to the epidemic among Black MSM.
Tobacco-Free Pharmacy Laws and Trends in Tobacco Retailer Density in California and Massachusetts
Authors: Jin Yue , Lu Bo , Klein Elizabeth G. , Berman Micah , Foraker Randi E. , Ferketich Amy K.
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To examine the impact of local laws prohibiting tobacco sales in pharmacies in California and Massachusetts, the only 2 US states in which such municipal laws exist.

Methods. We analyzed longitudinally the tobacco retailer density at the city level from tobacco retailer license data in California (2005–2013) and Massachusetts (2004–2014).

Results. After adjustments, the reduction in tobacco retailer density over time was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37, 1.51) to 3.18 (95% CI = 1.11, 5.25) times greater in cities with a tobacco-free pharmacy law than in cities without such a law.

Conclusions. Tobacco-free pharmacy laws are associated with a greater reduction in tobacco retailer density over time in California and Massachusetts.
Structured Heterogeneity in a Marine Terrace Chronosequence: Upland Mottling
Authors: Schulz Marjorie , Stonestrom Dave , Lawrence Corey , Bullen Tom , Fitzpatrick John , Kyker-Snowman Emily , Manning Jane , Mnich Meagan
Published: February 2016

Core Ideas

The rhizosphere on stable landforms orchestrates elemental redistribution at depth.

Rhizospheric processes have long‐term impacts on soil structure and nutrient supply.

Soil profile development and mottling are rhizospheric at the studied sites.

Rhizogenic mottling under stable uplands may be common in arid to semi‐humid climates.

Soil mottles generally are interpreted as a product of reducing conditions during periods of water saturation. The upland soils of the Santa Cruz, CA, marine terrace chronosequence display an evolving sequence of reticulate mottling from the youngest soil (65 ka) without mottles to the oldest soil (225 ka) with well‐developed mottles. The mottles consist of an interconnected network of clay and C‐enriched regions (gray, 2.5Y 6/1) bordered by leached parent material (white, 2.5Y 8/1) within a diminishing matrix of oxidized parent material (orange, 7.5YR 5/8). The mottles develop in soils that formed from relatively uniform nearshore sediments and occur below the depth of soil bioturbation. To explore how a presumably wetland feature occurs in an unsaturated upland soil, physical and chemical characteristics of mottle separates (orange, gray, and white) were compared through the deep time represented by the soil chronosequence. Mineralogical, isotopic, and surface‐area differences among mottle separates indicate that rhizogenic centimeter‐scale mass transfer acting across millennia is an integral part of weathering, pedogenesis, and C and nutrient transfer. Elemental analysis, electron microscopy, and Fe‐isotope systematics indicate that mottle development is driven by deep roots together with their fungal and microbial symbionts. Taken together, these data suggest that deep soil horizons on old stable landforms can develop reticulate mottling as the long‐term imprint of rhizospheric processes. The processes of rhizogenic mottle formation appear to regulate pedogenesis, nutrients, and C sequestration at depth in unsaturated zones.
Physico-chemical characterisation versus in situ micro-structural characterisation of membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors
Authors: Ng T. C. A , Ng H. Y.
Published: February 2016

Fouling characteristics of aerobic submerged membrane bioreactors were analysed under two different membrane materials. Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes were found to foul faster at sub-critical flux than polyolefin (PO) membranes. Physico-chemical characterisation, by means of comparison of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP) concentrations, as well as the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration were unable to explain the differences in membrane fouling of the contrasting membrane materials. The use of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to image organic foulants directly on the membrane surface, coupled with image analyses showed that membrane fouling mechanism shifted from a biofilm initiated process on PO membranes to a bio-organic dominated process on PES membranes under sub-critical flux conditions. These results show that physico-chemical characterisation of an MBR process may not effectively distinguish the effectiveness of different membrane materials, so long as operating conditions are identical, and that characterisation of foulants on the membrane surfaces was necessary to elucidate the differences in membrane fouling.
Persulfate oxidation for the aniline degradation in aqueous systems
Authors: Anotai Jin , Masomboon Nalinrut , Chuang Chung-Lin , Lu Ming-Chun
Published: February 2016

Ferrous catalyzed persulfate oxidation of dissolved aniline was investigated in aqueous systems under a variety of ferrous ion concentrations and temperature. Result showed that the addition of ferrous ions accelerated the degradation of aniline by persulfate. For the thermally activated persulfate oxidation experiment, the optimum persulfate/aniline concentration ratio at 30˚C was at 5.4 mM or 20/1. This ratio gave the highest aniline removal of 45%. For the ferrous ion catalyzed persulfate oxidation experiment, there was marginal difference in the result for the various ferrous ion/oxidant molar ratios. Thus, another series of experiment was conducted to determine the optimum ratio and a ferrous ion/persulfate molar ratio of 1.25/1 showed the highest removal efficiency.
Chitosan use in chemical conditioning for dewatering municipal-activated sludge
Authors: Zemmouri H. , Mameri N. , Lounici H.
Published: February 2016

This work aims to evaluate the potential use of chitosan as an eco-friendly flocculant in chemical conditioning of municipal-activated sludge. Chitosan effectiveness was compared with synthetic cationic polyelectrolyte Sedipur CF802 (Sed CF802) and ferric chloride (FeCl3). In this context, raw sludge samples from Beni-Messous wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were tested. The classic jar test method was used to condition sludge samples. Capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), cakes dry solid content and filtrate turbidity were analyzed to determine filterability, dewatering capacity of conditioned sludge and the optimum dose of each conditioner. Data exhibit that chitosan, FeCl3 and Sed CF802 improve sludge dewatering. Optimum dosages of chitosan, Sed CF802 and FeCl3 allowing CST values of 6, 5 and 9 s, were found, respectively, between 2–3, 1.5–3 and 6 kg/t ds. Both polymers have shown faster water removal with more permeable sludge. SRF values were 0.634 × 1012, 0.932 × 1012 and 2 × 1012 m/kg for Sed CF802, chitosan and FeCl3 respectively. A reduction of 94.68 and 87.85% of the filtrate turbidity was obtained with optimal dosage of chitosan and Sed CF802, respectively. In contrast, 54.18% of turbidity abatement has been obtained using optimal dosage of FeCl3.
Optimization of operating parameters for efficient photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli based on a statistical design of experiments
Authors: Feilizadeh Mehrzad , Alemzadeh Iran , Delparish Amin , Estahbanati M. R. Karimi , Soleimani Mahdi , Jangjou Yasser , Vosoughi Amin
Published: February 2016

In this work, the individual and interaction effects of three key operating parameters of the photocatalytic disinfection process were evaluated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) for the first time. The chosen operating parameters were: reaction temperature, initial pH of the reaction mixture and TiO2 P-25 photocatalyst loading. Escherichia coli concentration, after 90 minutes irradiation of UV-A light, was selected as the response. Twenty sets of photocatalytic disinfection experiments were conducted by adjusting operating parameters at five levels using the central composite design. Based on the experimental data, a semi-empirical expression was established and applied to predict the response. Analysis of variance revealed a strong correlation between predicted and experimental values of the response. The optimum values of the reaction temperature, initial pH of the reaction mixture and photocatalyst loading were found to be 40.3 °C, 5.9 g/L, and 1.0 g/L, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, E. coli concentration was observed to reduce from 107 to about 11 CFU/mL during the photocatalytic process. Moreover, all these results showed the great significance of the RSM in developing high performance processes for photocatalytic water disinfection.
Vertical-flow constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater contaminated by hydrocarbons
Authors: Al-Isawi R. H. K. , Sani A. , Almuktar S. A. A. A. N. , Scholz M.
Published: February 2016

The aim was to compare the impact of different design (aggregate size) and operational (contact time, empty time and chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading) variables on the long-term and seasonal performance of vertical-flow constructed wetland filters operated in tidal flow mode before and after a one-off spill of diesel. Ten different vertical-flow wetland systems were planted with Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (common reed). Approximately 130 g of diesel fuel was poured into four wetland filters. Before the spill, compliance with secondary wastewater treatment standards was achieved by all wetlands regarding ammonia-nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) and suspended solids (SS), and non-compliance was recorded for biochemical oxygen demand and ortho-phosphate-phosphorus (PO4-P). Higher COD inflow concentrations had a significantly positive impact on the treatment performance for COD, PO4-P and SS. The wetland with the largest aggregate size had the lowest mean NO3-N outflow concentration. However, the results were similar regardless of aggregate size and resting time for most variables. Clear seasonal outflow concentration trends were recorded for COD, NH4-N and NO3-N. No filter clogging was observed. The removal efficiencies dropped for those filters impacted by the diesel spill. The wetlands system shows a good performance regarding total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal.
Assessment of flood hazard in a combined sewer system in Reykjavik city centre
Authors: Hlodversdottir Asta Osk , Bjornsson Brynjolfur , Andradottir Hrund Olof , Eliasson Jonas , Crochet Philippe
Published: February 2016

Short-duration precipitation bursts can cause substantial property damage and pose operational risks for wastewater managers. The objective of this study was to assess the present and possible future flood hazard in the combined sewer system in Reykjavik city centre. The catchment is characterised by two hills separated by a plain. A large portion of the pipes in the aging network are smaller than the current minimum diameter of 250 mm. Runoff and sewer flows were modelled using the MIKE URBAN software package incorporating both historical precipitation and synthetic storms derived from annual maximum rainfall data. Results suggest that 3% of public network manholes were vulnerable to flooding during an 11-year long rainfall sequence. A Chicago Design Storm (CDS) incorporating a 10-minute rainfall burst with a 5-year return period predicted twice as many flooded manholes at similar locations. A 20% increase in CDS intensity increased the number of flooded manholes and surface flood volume by 70% and 80%, respectively. The flood volume tripled if rainfall increase were combined with urban re-development, leading to a 20% increase in the runoff coefficient. Results highlight the need for reducing network vulnerabilities, which include decreased pipe diameters and low or drastically varying pipe grades.
Impact on sludge inventory and control strategies using the benchmark simulation model no. 1 with the Bürger-Diehl settler model
Authors: Torfs E. , Maere T. , Bürger R. , Diehl S. , Nopens I.
Published: February 2016

An improved one-dimensional (1-D) model for the secondary clarifier, i.e. the Bürger-Diehl model, was recently presented. The decisive difference to traditional layer models is that every detail of the implementation is in accordance with the theory of partial differential equations. The Bürger-Diehl model allows accounting for hindered and compressive settling as well as inlet dispersion. In this contribution, the impact of specific features of the Bürger-Diehl model on settler underflow concentration predictions, plant sludge inventory and mixed liquor suspended solids based control actions are investigated by using the benchmark simulation model no. 1. The numerical results show that the Bürger-Diehl model allows for more realistic predictions of the underflow sludge concentration, which is essential for more accurate wet weather modelling and sludge waste predictions. The choice of secondary settler model clearly has a profound impact on the operation and control of the entire treatment plant and it is recommended to use the Bürger-Diehl model as of now in any wastewater treatment plant modelling effort.
Understanding the contribution of biofilm in an integrated fixed-film-activated sludge system (IFAS) designed for nitrogen removal
Authors: Moretti P. , Choubert J. M. , Canler J. P. , Petrimaux O. , Buffiere P. , Lessard P.
Published: February 2016

The objective of this study is to improve knowledge on the integrated fixed-film-activated sludge (IFAS) system designed for nitrogen removal. Biofilm growth and its contribution to nitrification were monitored under various operating conditions in a semi-industrial pilot-scale plant. Nitrification rates were observed in biofilms developed on free-floating media and in activated sludge operated under a low sludge retention time (4 days) and at an ammonia loading rate of 45–70 gNH4-N/kgMLVSS/d. Operational conditions, i.e. oxygen concentration, redox potential, suspended solids concentration, ammonium and nitrates, were monitored continuously in the reactors. High removal efficiencies were observed for carbon and ammonium at high-loading rate. The contribution of biofilm to nitrification was determined as 40–70% of total NOx-N production under the operating conditions tested. Optimal conditions to optimize process compacity were determined. The tested configuration responds especially well to winter and summer nitrification conditions. These results help provide a deeper understanding of how autotrophic biomass evolves through environmental and operational conditions in IFAS systems.
Olive mill effluent depuration by ozonation and Fenton processes enhanced by iron wastes
Authors: Martins Rui C. , Ramos Carina M. , Henriques Lucy R. , Quinta-Ferreira Rosa M.
Published: February 2016

The aim of the present work was to compare the potential of iron industry wastes to enhance ozone and hydrogen peroxide action on the degradation of olive mill wastewaters (OMWs). The results attained show a higher efficiency for ozonation using a lower catalyst load. Nevertheless, Fenton's process led to a larger amount of chemical oxidation demand (COD) removed per mole of oxidant applied. It was concluded that hydroxyl radicals are responsible for the pollutant abatement. High eco-toxicity decay was observed after the treatments. Furthermore, a preliminary analysis of the iron shavings' stability was made by reusing it in two feed-batch trials. It was concluded that while activity was maintained for Fenton's, a decrease of about 20% was verified for catalytic ozonation. Comparing these results with the ones obtained for the same processes applied to an actual OMW, a lower percentage of COD abatement was achieved. However, when reporting the amount of COD removed per mole of oxidant used, the difference between effluents are not so high. This should be taken into account when deciding which process should be implemented at an industrial scale. With the outcomes of this research it was possible to conclude that integrating waste management with wastewater treatment was feasible.
Bioflocculant production by Haloplanus vescus and its application in acid brilliant scarlet yellow/red removal
Authors: Zhong Chun-Ying , Chen Hong-Gao , Cao Gang , Wang Jun , Zhou Jian-Gang
Published: February 2016

A novel bioflocculant MBF057 produced by a salt-tolerant Haloplanus vescus HW0579 was investigated in this study. The effects of culture conditions such as initial pH, inoculum size, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of K-acid wastewater on MBF0579 production were studied. The result showed that 8.09 g/L purified MBF0579 was extracted with the following optimized conditions: 780 mg/L COD of K-acid wastewater as carbon source, inoculum size 12.5%, and initial pH 7.0. The biopolymer contained 78.6% polysaccharides and 21.1% proteins. The highest flocculating rate of 81.86 and 95.07% for the COD and chroma of acid brilliant scarlet gelb rot (yellow/red, GR) dye wastewater were achieved at a dosage of 150 mg/L, pH 2.0 and contact time 100 min. Overall, these findings indicate bioflocculation offers an effective alternative method of decreasing acid brilliant scarlet GR during dye wastewater treatment.