bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for a positive relationship between perceived stress and belief in conspiracy theories
Authors: Williams Matt N , Anderson Rachel C. , Fox Nick , Skinner Chelsea M. , McMurtrie Brandon
Published: January 2022

Perceived stress has previously been implicated in the belief of conspiracies, with some authors suggesting that stress can precipitate increased belief in conspiracy theories. This preregistered survey study aimed to replicate findings by Swami et al. (2016) showing a positive correlation between belief in conspiracy theories and perceived stress. 372 Australian and New Zealand residents participated. Beliefs in conspiracy theories were measured using 11 items drawn mainly from existing scales (α = .87). Perceived stress was measured using the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; α = .91). The average level of endorsement of conspiracy theories was relatively low (M = 1.89 on a Likert scale from 1 to 5; SD = 0.72). Supporting our hypothesis, we found a significant and positive correlation between perceived stress and belief in conspiracy theories, r(370) = .20, p = .001, 95% CI [.096, .292]. Future work could investigate the causal mechanism producing this association.
Sistem Predasi dalam Dinamika Populasi
Authors: Donggio Steven
Published: January 2022

Paper ini berkaitan dengan system predasi dalam Dinamika Populasi. Paper ini disusun dalam memperluas ilmu tentang dasar dan manfaat pembelajaran dinamika populasiberdasarkan pengamatan dari berbagai sumber informasi yang dijadikan sebagai referensi. Semoga paper ini dapat memberikan wawasan yang lebih luas dan menjadi sumbangan pemikiran kepada pembaca khususnya para mahasiswa. Predasi merupakan hubunganantara predator (pemangsa) dan prey (mangsa). Pada predasi sendiri terdapat dua model yang mendeskripsikan interaksi dua spesies terdiri dari predator dan prey merupakanmodel predator-prey. Model predator- prey sederhana ini diperkenalkan Lotka- Voltera yang kemudian di modifikasi oleh Leslie Gower. Hubungan antar spesies dapat dikelompokkan menjadi netralisme, mutualisme, parasitisme, predatorisme, kooperasi, kompetisi, komensalisme, dan antagonis.
The socio-economic importance of Calabar Carnival on the economic development of Cross River State
Authors:   Department of Sociology, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria., Odere Felicia Ebeyin , Ojong Felix ,   Department of Sociology, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Published: January 2022

The study investigates the socio-economic importance of the Calabar Carnival on the economic development of Cross River State, Nigeria. To establish the relationship between the festival and the development of Cross Rivers State, hypotheses were formulated based on the identified major independent variables namely: employment creation, income generation, and infrastructural development while the dependent variable is the Calabar Carnival Festival. Literatures related to the major variables of the study were reviewed. To generate data for hypotheses testing, questionnaire was used; survey research design was adopted for study while utilizing the convenience sampling technique to select the respondents (300) for study. The generated data were statistically tested at a 0.05 level of significance using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient analysis. The analysis showed that the Calabar carnival has significant relationship with job creation, income generation, and infrastructural development in Cross River State. Based on the result of the findings, the study recommended the need for tourism industry be fortified with security and as well be privatized. Also, the study recommends that youth development should be a cardinal point in the carnival as a promotional strategy in other to accelerate the state's socio-economic development.
Effect of Proteolytic Enzymes (Bromelain and Papain) on Sensory and Chemical Quality of Sukuti (an Indigenous Dried Meat Product of Nepal)
Authors: Bhattarai Kabindra , Lamichhane Suman
Published: January 2022

The present work was undertaken to compare the effect of bromelain and papain on the sensory quality of sukuti (Nepalese indigenous dried buffalo meat). Buffalo lean meat (round cut) was purchased from the local market of Dharan and used for the preparation of sukuti after injection of 10% m/m enzyme (bromelain and papain) solution at the concentration (0-100 mg/L) and resting for 4h followed by drying at 65°C up to the moisture of 5%. The optimized concentration of each enzyme was selected by sensory evaluation based on color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability. The proximate composition, collagen content, and collagen solubility were studied for two optimized samples with enzyme treatment and control. The best tenderizing effect of papain and bromelain enzyme was found at 40 mg/L and 10 mg/L respectively from the sensory analysis and the sensory attributes for these concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher than other samples. The soluble collagen content increased from 0.44 mg/g tissue in untreated meat to 0.52 for bromelain treated and to 0.98 mg/g for papain treated samples. The collagen solubility for the untreated sample was 4.74% which increases to 7.80% for bromelain and 13.82% for papain-treated samples. The protein content of optimized papain and bromelain treated samples was significantly decreased (p<0.05) from 82.44 to 80.25% and 81.43% respectively for papain and bromelain treated samples. There were no significant changes in fat, ash, and moisture on enzyme treatment.
Processing Impact on Nutritional, Antinutritional, and Phytochemical of Fenugreek Seeds (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L.)
Authors: Adhikari Babita , Rai Shonu
Published: January 2022

Phytate and tannin are more pronounced antinutrients limiting the nutritional quality of fenugreek. The impact of roasting (130±5°C for 7 minutes), soaking (12 hrs. at room temperature) and germination (72 hrs. at 25°C) on bioactive compounds (polyphenol and antioxidant activity), nutritional and anti-nutritional compounds (phytate and tannin) in Fenugreek were studied. Experimental data were analyzed using the software GenStat 12th Edition. Protein increased significantly (p<0.05) during roasting, soaking, and germination whereas fat decreased significantly. Iron and calcium increased during roasting whereas decreased during soaking and germination. Maximum reduction of phytate (54.55%) and tannin (66.73%) were found when fenugreek seeds were germinated (72 hours). The reduction percentage of antinutrients by soaking (12 hours) and roasting (130±5⁰C for 7 mins) was found to be a lesser effective method compared to germination. All the treatments had a significant (p<0.05) impact on their bioactive components. Phenolic content increased significantly (p<0.05) during roasting, soaking, and germination. Antioxidant activity (IC50=1.28mg dm/ml) was found to be high in the germinated samples as compared to raw, roasted, and soaked samples. Hence, Germination of fenugreek seeds for 72 hours is concluded as the most effective and promising method for the reduction of antinutrients and increasing the nutritional components, phytochemicals, and antioxidant properties.
Quality Attributes and Shelf-Life Estimation of Cassava Flour Incorporated Bakery Product (Biscuit)
Authors: Khatri Sabin Bahadur , Acharya Dev Raj
Published: January 2022

Cassava (Manihotesculentacrantz) is not true cereals are largely grown all over the world. They are very important due to their excellent nutritional contents especially protein, crude fiber, and carbohydrates. Biscuits were prepared by mixing cassava and wheat flour. Six treatments were prepared by adding 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% cassava flour with wheat flour (Sample B, C, D, E, and F respectively) along with controlled treatment of 100% wheat flour (A). The proximate composition of flours was analyzed and prepared biscuits were subjected to sensory evaluation and shelf-life estimation. The obtained data was analyzed statistically by Genstat Discovery Edition 3 (DE3), for Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 5% level of significance. Statistical analysis showed that sensory parameters and overall acceptability of 80 parts wheat and 20 parts cassava flour incorporated biscuit was significantly superior to all biscuits formulations. The proximate results of the best product showed that moisture content, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, total ash content, and total carbohydrate were found 3.44±0.25%, 13.80±0.33%, 8.13±0.13%, 1.29±0.19%, 2.41±0.06%, and 70.99±0.50 (g/100g) respectively. The shelf life of the best product was estimated by analyzing acid value and moisture content of the product by using three different packaging materials biaxially polypropylene (BOPP), high-density polypropylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP) respectively. The shelf life of the best product (80-20) wheat and cassava flours was found to be satisfactory for 8 weeks. The projected shelf life was found high in polypropylene (PP) and high-density polypropylene (HDPE) for 13.5 and 17.81 weeks for acid value and moisture content respectively.
Preparation of Whey-Based Banana Beverage and its Quality Evaluation
Authors: Shrestha Kunjal , Dahal Abhishek
Published: January 2022

A value-added functional beverage was formulated utilizing unprocessed whey with excellent nutritional qualities and bland flavors; along with banana juice and the required amount of sugar. Five different formulations were prepared with varying proportions of whey, banana juice, and sugar. Sensory analysis was carried out for all five formulations and based on statistical analysis the one which showed the highest value for body, color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability was selected for further analysis (85% liquid whey and 15% banana juice). The shelf-life of the final product was observed for 30 days at room temperature (25±5°C) and refrigerated temperature (7±1ºC). A significant variation in body, color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability were observed by varying the composition of whey and banana juice (p<0.05). The beverage was pasteurized at 82.5°C for 20 min and stored at normal (25±5°C) and refrigerated (7±1°C) for 30 days. The effects of storage time and temperature on physicochemical (TSS, pH, acidity) and microbial (TPC, yeast & mold count) properties were evaluated. Out of five formulations, the one selected via sensory analysis had TSS of 12.4°Bx, total solids 14.21%, 0.302% acidity, pH 5.72, 5.087% reducing sugar, 0.53% protein, 0.56% ash, 0.87% crude fiber, 184.43mg potassium (mg/100gm) and 0.912mg vitamin C in 100 ml. The prepared beverage was stored for 30 days under refrigerated and normal conditions, and changes in TSS, pH and acidity were observed: 12.413.3%, 5.72-5.214, 0.32-0.43%, and 12.4-13.8%, 5.72-4.64, 0.32-0.68% respectively. Overall analysis showed that the beverage prepared with 85% liquid whey and 15% banana juice could be stored for 30 days under refrigerated conditions without the addition of preservatives.
Effect of Incorporation of Oats and Malted Barley Flours on the Quality of Cookies
Authors: Maskey Bunty , Paudel Ashish , Shrestha Nabindra Kumar
Published: January 2022

The study aimed to determine the potential of oats and malted barley flours incorporation on cookie making. D-optimal mixture design was employed for formulating the recipe of cookies. Seven different formulations of recipe containing oats flour: malted barley flour: wheat flour in the ratio of 20:25:55, 15:30:55, 13:32:55, 10:35:55, 7:38:55, 5:40:55 and 100:0:0 was prepared. The prepared cookies were subjected to sensory evaluation for consumer acceptability and the data obtained were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA (no blocking) at a 5% level of significance. From the mean sensory scores, the formulation 10:35:55 was selected as the optimized formulation and subjected to proximate analysis. The optimized cookies were significantly (p<0.05) superior in the case of protein (7.50%), fat (22.93%), fiber (2.90%), and ash content (0.97%) to wheat cookies (6.43%, 18.83% 0.83% and 0.41% respectively) as seen higher in oats and malted barley flours than wheat flour. The calcium content was found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher in optimized cookies (35.3 mg/100g) than wheat cookies (18.40 mg/).
Sejm koronny w czasach jagiellońskich (1386–1572). Narodziny, rozwój, „złoty wiek”
Authors: Januszek-Sieradzka Agnieszka
Published: January 2022

The birth of parliamentarism in the Kingdom of Poland, its development, and its heyday, referred to in historiography as the ‘golden age’, are associated with the almost two-hundred-year reign of the Jagiellonian dynasty (1386–1572). During the reign of four generations of Jagiellons, the oligarchic monarchy of the fifteenth century was transformed into a parliamentary monarchy of nobles in the next century. One of the institutional foundations and principles of the state was the two-tier parliamentary system, which ensured actual participation in power of the holders of political rights. The year 1468 saw the birth of the Chamber of Deputies, based on the principle of representation, and consequently, the establishment of the bicameral Crown Sejm. The Polish-Lithuanian Union concluded in Lublin in 1569 resulted in legal and political decisions which determined the role and functioning of the Sejm until the collapse of the Commonwealth at the end of the eighteenth century.
Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów 1572–1668
Authors: Opaliński Edward
Published: January 2022

In 1572–1668 the Sejm of the Commonwealth of Two Nations underwent constant evolution. The greatest changes occurred at the time of the first interregnum (1572–74) after the death of the last Jagiellonian monarch – Zygmunt Augustus (1572). This was the time of the emergence of two types of new Sejms (convocation and election ones), functioning exclusively during the interregnum. The Henrician Articles (1574) resolved that the Sejm was to debate only for six weeks, and that the monarch was compelled to convoke it at least once every two years. The extraordinary Sejm was established in 1613 – it could be convened in cases of urgent needs and it sat for two or three weeks. The Parliament was composed of three estates: the king, the Senate, and the deputies as well as two chambers. The upper chamber (Senate) consisted of senators nominated by the monarch on a lifelong basis, and the lower chamber (Chamber of Deputies) – of deputies of the noble estate elected at pre-Sejm sejmiks (Polish: sejmiki). An integral part of the Parliament was composed of the Sejm court, both appellant and trying gravest crimes. The Crown and Lithuanian Tribunal, established in 1578–81, assumed appellation competences from the Sejm court. Tribunal judges were elected every year for a year-long term of office at special sejmiks known as deputational or deputy (judicial), which constituted a forum; here deputies presented to the voters accounts of their parliamentary activity. At the turn of 1591, post-Sejm or relational (debriefing) sejmiks were convened after the closure of the Sejm debates; here deputies presented reports concerning their parliamentary activities. The growing composition of the Parliament was associated with an expansion of state territory as a result of victorious wars waged against Muscovy. New bishoprics, voivodeships, and sejmiki were established. There were 140 senators in 1572, and 150 during the 1630s. Analogously, the number of deputies grew from 166 to 180. The Sejm acted upon the basis of a consensus, and thus was obligated to take into account the stand of the minorities. In 1652, the protest of a single deputy for the first time rendered further Sejm debates impossible. From then on, the Polish-Lithuanian Parliament constantly succumbed to a degradation process.
Senat w czasie panowania Wazów – jego miejsce w systemie parlamentarnym Rzeczypospolitej
Authors: Korytko Andrzej
Published: January 2022

The article analyses selected problems pertaining to the Senate – the upper chamber in the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Two Nations during the reign of the Vasa dynasty (1587–1668). The author characterises the Senate by discussing nominations, numbers, and precedence of the senators. Moreover, he presents certain aspects associated with the role and activity of the senators in the course of the pre-Sejm campaign and during Sejm debates. While describing the work carried out by the Polish-Lithuanian Parliament the author draws attention to the less than imposing attendance, the significance of senatorial wota (opinions and commentaries of senators), and the positive impact exerted by the Senate in the final phase of the Sejm – the conclusion. Upon the basis of the conducted analyses it becomes obvious that the Senate performed, not only in the course of the debates held by the Sejm, several roles – that of a parliamentary estate, an ‘intermediary estate’, and a guardian of law.
Marszałek izby poselskiej w sejmie Rzeczypospolitej XVI–XVIII w.
Authors: Kupisz Dariusz
Published: January 2022

The jurisdiction and tasks of the marshals (speakers) of the Old-Polish Sejm Chamber of Deputies were shaped in practice and thus were not regulated by law for many decades. The literature on the subject has always stressed that the ‘director’ of the Chamber of Deputies had to reckon with the will of his colleagues, that he did not have too many prerogatives, and the role he played during parliamentary debates resulted primarily from his personal qualities and social position. This article, however, deals with customary powers and prerogatives of the Sejm marshal, and those which in the eighteenth century began to be described in parliamentary constitutions. It is also an attempt to synthetically summarise the research conducted thus far into the ways of electing the marshal of the Sejm and the role he played in the Sejm from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. It involved not only presiding over the sessions of the Chamber of Deputies and did not end with the closing of the Sejm session, but also included important activities after the session had finished, related to the drafting of the constitutions, and managing the election of the next marshal, which was no less important at the beginning of the next Sejm.
Sejm Czteroletni (1788–1792) – polska rewolucja?
Authors: Grześkowiak-Krwawicz Anna
Published: January 2022

The Four-Year Sejm is one of the events of critical importance both in the history of parliamentarism and the eighteenth-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This article attempts to present the events of 1788–92 from two perspectives: on the one hand, by placing them in the tradition of the functioning of the Sejm as the highest organ of power in the Commonwealth; on the other, by considering them as a kind of revolution, interwoven with the ‘revolutionary cycle’, which began with the rebellion of the American colonies and culminated with the groundbreaking eruption in France. Following and describing the course of the Sejm’s debates, the author divides them into stages that she describes as ‘destruction – discussion – creation’, seeing in them certain features typical of all events of this period that bear the hallmarks of revolution. She analyses both the play of political forces within the Sejm and the more fundamental changes in the political attitudes and political awareness of the nobility, as well as the revival of the townspeople. She also takes into account the changing international position of the Commonwealth. In this broad context, she presents the subsequent events and decisions of the Sejm up to the most important – the adoption of the Government Act on 3 May 1791.
THE IMPORTANCE OF GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS IN INCREASING EMPLOYMENT EFFICIENCY IN GANJA-KAZAKH ECONOMIC REGION
Authors: S. A. Hasanova
Published: January 2022

The article analyzes the labor market in Ganja-Gazakh economic region, the main "State Programs for socio-economic development of the regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan" (2004-2008, 2009-2013, 2014-2018, 2019-2023) to address the employment problems of the population. directions were considered. At the same time, the current situation of employment and unemployment in the region, the interregional distribution of productive forces, the region's infrastructure, the geography of natural resources were studied. Traditional production areas for the region, preferential loans provided to entrepreneurs within the framework of financed investment projects and other issues were discussed. The measures taken to eliminate the negative impact of the global crisis on the regions of Azerbaijan since 2016, the volume of output in key sectors of the economy are reflected. The discrepancy between job supply and demand in the region's labor market, as well as the main problems arising in the process of their coordination were analyzed. The urgency of original issues such as increasing production and exports, attracting effective employment, ensuring regional development by attracting domestic and foreign investment to the regions was brought to attention. The impact of investments in the regions on the development of the non-oil sector on the country's GDP was studied. The enterprises and jobs created in Ganja-Gazakh economic region were discussed within the program. In the end, the results of the analysis were reflected and suggestions were made to eliminate the existing problems.
The current state and factors of development of the grain sub-sector in Russia
Authors:   Russian State Agrarian University – MSKhA named after K.A. Timiryazev, Moscow, Russia, Ibiev Gani Z. , Kovalenko Nikolai Ya. , Zavertkin Igor A. ,   Russian State Agrarian University – MSKhA named after K.A. Timiryazev, Moscow, Russia, Yagudaeva Natalia A. ,   Russian State Agrarian University – MSKhA named after K.A. Timiryazev, Moscow, Russia
Published: January 2022

The article examines the role and importance of grain in the country’s economy; indicators of the level of self-sufficiency with domestic products, including grain, in accordance with the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation. The priority of grain as a key product for ensuring the country’s food security has been determined. The relevance and importance of grain and grain products for the world market are shown. The specifics of the grain sub-sector of the country are revealed; its main features are determined, the indicators that determine its level and condition are analyzed. The positive dynamics inherent in the export-oriented southern regions of the country and the Central Chernozem region is shown. The programs of state support and development of the domestic producer of agricultural products, including in the grain sub-sector, are considered. The volumes of threshold and rolling stocks of grain are given. The main measures to increase grain production in order to ensure the country’s food security have been outlined.
Methodological approaches to optimization of agroecosystems
Authors:   Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University, Nalchik, Russia, Khalishkhova Laura Z. , Guchapsheva Inga R. ,   Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University, Nalchik, Russia, Temrokova Anzhela Kh. ,   Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University, Nalchik, Russia, Kalitskaya Viktoriya V. ,   Ural State University of Economics, Yekaterinburg, Russia
Published: January 2022

Within the framework of the article, the methodology of the energy assessment of the functioning of the social ecological-economic system is considered, using the example of a specific agroecosystem as a self-organizing, operationally closed structure; its energy analysis is carried out. A model for the development of the studied agroecosystem was formed, suggesting three options, taking into account the characteristics of land use. The index of sustainability of the agro-ecosystem was calculated; guidelines for the transformation of the structure of the agroecosystem are proposed.; The parameters of the ecological capacity of the soil of the agroecosystem were investigated; revealed the specific weight of ecologically stabilizing lands in the group of lands “arable land-forest-meadows and pastures-water”. The prospects for the development of the agroecosystem on the basis of the formation of a comprehensive technical and technological long-term plan for the functioning and development of the agroecosystem are assessed.
Environmental sustainability management of agriculture in the region
Authors:   Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University named after V.M. Kokov, Nalchik, Russia, Zhangorazova Zhansurat S. , Bagova Dzhulietta M. ,   Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University named after V.M. Kokov, Nalchik, Russia, Bakkuev Eldar S. ,   Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University named after V.M. Kokov, Nalchik, Russia, Kunasheva Zara A. ,   Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University named after V.M. Kokov, Nalchik, Russia, Kunizheva Larisa H. ,   Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University named after V.M. Kokov, Nalchik, Russia
Published: January 2022

Management in the field of ecology and rational use of natural resources ensures sustainable macroeconomic development of the region, improvement of the quality of life of the rural population. The article identifies environmental factors that influence the sustainable management of agricultural production in the region. The current environmental problems resulting from intensive activity in the agricultural sector of the region’s economy are considered. The analysis of the results of the negative impact of agricultural production on the natural environment is carried out. In order to ensure environmental safety in agriculture and improve the environmental situation in the region, a set of environmental measures has been proposed. The methods of developing a regional development strategy taking into account the environmental component are substantiated.
Features of food security assessment of municipalities of the Penza region
Authors:   Federal Scientific Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas - VNIIESH, Moscow, Russia, Cherkasova Olga V. , Strokov Anton S. ,   RANEPA – National School of Public and Business Administration, Moscow, Russia, Tsvetnov Evgeniy V. ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, Makarov Oleg A. ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, Chekin Mikhail R. ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Published: January 2022

The article provides an assessment of the food security of the municipalities of the Penza region on the basis of self-sufficiency indicators. It was proposed to adapt the methodology for calculating self-sufficiency indicators, replacing the consumption indicators of the main types of products in municipalities that are not publicly available with indicators of the necessary production volumes in accordance with rational norms, which makes it possible to better assess the extent to which municipal formations are able to provide the population living there with the main types of products, as well as to identify bottlenecks in order to develop proposals for their elimination. The conducted research showed that, in general, the region is quite well provided with potatoes, vegetables, a little worse – meat and milk, it still has insufficient indicators of self-sufficiency in fruits and berries, with the exception of several districts. However, those municipalities where the indicators of self-sufficiency for the above products do not correspond to the Doctrine of Food Security have the potential to increase these indicators, since extremely low results were obtained in a few areas.
Methodological approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of non-profit associations of agricultural producers
Authors:   VNIIOPTUSKH - branch of the Federal Scientific Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas - VNIIESkH, Moscow, Russia, Sushetsova Svetlana S. , Borisov Maksim Yu. ,   VNIIOPTUSKH - branch of the Federal Scientific Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas - VNIIESkH, Moscow, Russia
Published: January 2022

The article analyzes modern methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the creation and functioning of non-profit associations of agricultural producers. Considerable attention is paid to the critical understanding of the compliance of legislative norms and rules, scientific developments with the practical provisions of the work of agricultural consumer cooperatives.
Management of integrated agro-industrial formations in the process of food supply of the region
Authors:   Kabardino-Balkarian State Agricultural University named after V.M. Kokov, Nalchik, Russia, Shokumova Rameta E. , Marzhokhov Zamudin S. ,   Ministry of Economic Development of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Nalchik, Russia, Soskieva Zarina V. ,   Gorsky State Agrarian University, Vladikavkaz, Russia, Ezeeva Irina R. ,   Gorsky State Agrarian University, Vladikavkaz, Russia
Published: January 2022

The article substantiates the directions of improving the organization and management of integrated agro-industrial formations, highlights the prerequisites for the development of integrated structures in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, clarifies the concept of «agro-industrial integration». As a result of the conducted research, a comprehensive assessment of the activities of the system-forming integrated agro-industrial formations of the republic was carried out in order to identify the role of these enterprises in the food supply of the region.
Evolution of organizational forms of integration and cooperation in agro-industrial complex
Authors:   VNIIOPTUSKH – branch of the Federal Scientific Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas - VNIIESkH, Moscow, Russia, Bespakhotniy Gennadiy V.
Published: January 2022

The article examines the features of integration processes in the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation at various stages of agricultural policy. The main models of integration and cooperative associations in the Soviet period and in the period of market reforms are analyzed. The forms of integration in modern Russia and the reasons for the insufficient development of cooperative forms are determined. The directions of improving the mechanisms for the development of cooperation and integration are proposed.
Producer prices in the main food markets in the 3rd quarter of 2021
Authors:   A.A. Nikonov VIAPI, branch of Federal Scientific Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas - VNIIESkH, Moscow, Russia, Sobolev Oleg S.
Published: January 2022

The article compares the producer’s prices of grain, milk, meat in Russia, the EU and the USA in the 3rd quarter of 2021. Data on the growth of the FAO food price index in various segments of the agricultural market are presented. The schemes of reducing or increasing wheat exports depending on the level of export prices are considered. There was a high increase in inflation year-on-year in the domestic sugar, chicken meat and sunflower oil markets.
Pemahaman Guru Terhadap Standar Isi Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Pertama Kota Bandung
Authors: Azizah Umniyatul , Rahman Chairul , Farida Ida , Nurmilasari Nina
Published: January 2022

This study aims to explain a comparative analysis of the content standards among 5 PAI teachers (Teacher of Islamic Education) and 5 Non PAI teachers (Not the Teacher of Islamic Education), and to find out the legal basis for the content standards and then note on each indicator appears. The method used in this research is the descriptive quantitative method. The population of this research is Junior (Islamic) High School (SMP/MTS) in Bandung. The data collection techniques applied in this research are observation, questionnaire, documentation, and data analysis. Retrieval of data and observation which used is google form that was distributed to 5 PAI teachers and 5 Non-IRE (Islamic Religious Education) teachers. The result of collecting authentic data and data triangulation through interviews with teachers and through comparative data analysis between IRE and Non-IRE shows that from 5 points presented by the researcher, PAI is superior in 3 points, while Non-IRE is superior in 2 points.
Źródła do dziejów wojny polsko-rosyjskiej 1919-1920 w zbiorach Instytutu Józefa Piłsudskiego w Nowym Jorku
Authors: Jagusiak Bogusław
Published: January 2022

Archival inquiries have always been the basis of every historian's work. Researching the past is not possible without analyzing the sources, and these – although they often relate to one event – are often scattered across many archival institutions. The purpose of this article is to analyze all kinds of archival materials stored at the Józef Piłsudski Institute in New York, which relate to the history of the Polish-Russian war of 1919-1920. Although 100 years have passed since those events, there are still some ambiguities in Polish historiography about this conflict that require clarification or at least clarification. The materials stored at the Pilsudski Institute in New York were for many years the least used and least released into the scientific circulation for many years. Perhaps this text will reverse this trend, which will certainly benefit the quality of research.
Rozszyfrowana wojna. Biuro szyfrów Oddziału II naczelnego dowództwa Wojska Polskiego a losy Bitwy Warszawskiej 1920 roku
Authors: Ostanek Adam
Published: January 2022

The subject of the research is the impact of the work of the Cipher Bureau of the Second Division of the Supreme Command of the Polish Army on the result of the Polish-Russian war of 1919-1920, with particular emphasis on the Battle of Warsaw. Breaking the codes used by the Red Army to encrypt secret messages undoubtedly contributed to the Polish victory in the war. Although this fact was generally known to researchers, the discovery of the well-preserved and almost complete translations of the Russian ciphertexts preserved in the Central Military Archives showed the scale of the impact of reading Russian correspondence on the fate of the war. The analysis of selected ciphertexts directly related to the Battle of Warsaw proves that they became an important element of the victory at that time, providing the Polish side with information on the location, plans, numbers and the mood of the Red Army. This enabled Poles to make the right decisions at the operational level.
Armia Czerwona w 1920 roku. Organizacja, stany osobowe, działalność propagandowa ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem frontu polskiego w świetle wybranych źródeł i polskich opracowań wywiadowczych
Authors: Radziwiłłowicz Dariusz
Published: January 2022

The Polish-Soviet War, which took place between 1919 and 1920, remains one of the most dramatic, yet also one of the brightest pages in the history of the Polish military. Not only did the Polish army achieve a spectacular victory that ensured Poland’s sovereignty and unrestrained development, but also, according to many historians and politicians, saved Europe from the flood of communism. Apart from the famous Battle of Warsaw, the warfare that lasted from February 1919 to October 1920 included the Kiev Offensive, the Battle of Komarów and the Battle of the Niemen River. The war with the Bolshevists was not just a conflict over the borders, but also concerned the preservation of national sovereignty, threatened by the Bolshevists' attempts to spread the communist revolution throughout Europe. The intention of the Polish side, on the other hand, was to separate the nations occupying the regions to the west and south of Russia and to connect them with Poland through close federal ties. The fate of the war was finally decided in August 1920 at the gates of Warsaw. The Polish Army, following the operational plans of the High Command approved by Józef Piłsudski, the Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Army, pushed the Red Army east past the Neman River line with a surprising counter-attack. This battle saved Poland's independence and forced the Bolshevists to cancel their plans to spread the communist revolution to the countries of Central and Western Europe.
„Neutralność” Litwy podczas Bitwy Warszawskiej
Authors: Wołkonowski Jarosław
Published: January 2022

After the First World War, three concepts clashed in Eastern Europe: the model of the nation state, the expansion of the Bolshevik revolution implemented by Russia and the union of nation-states (Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus and Latvia) according to Piłsudski resulting from the threat. Russia in the years 1920-1921 signed five peace treaties, but only the treaty with Lithuania contained secret arrangements regarding the neutrality of Lithuania in the Bolshevik-Polish war. The analysis of the source material shows that Russia used the secret provisions of the peace treaty in its plans for the expansion of bolshevism, and after the defeat of the Polish army, it was to carry out a Bolshevik coup in Lithuania. Despite the proclaimed neutrality, Lithuania turned out to be on the side of Russia in this conflict, causing additional difficulties for Polish troops in the Battle of Warsaw. The Polish victory over the Vistula impeded the expansion of Bolshevism to Europe.
Jan Baudouin de Courtenay w carskim więzieniu
Authors: Kowalski Mateusz
Published: January 2022

The subject of the submitted article was a high-profile court case against the Polish linguist and columnist Jan Baudouin de Courtenay for publishing in 1913 the brochure Natsional’nyi I territorial’nyi priznak v avtonomii. Only few works have been published that fully and thoroughly expose this event from the life of a Polish-Russian scholar. The source material that I collected and developed allowed me to present the lawsuit, the trial and imprisoment of Jan Baudouin de Courtenay from the perspective of his family life (which is a novelty in previous studies). The analyzed research material consisted primarily of private documents of the Baudouin de Courtenay family, most importantly so called „Diary for the family” by Romualda Baudouin de Courtenay (the manuscript is in the Archives of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw) and letters from Jan Baudouin de Courtenay to other Polish linguists. The source material also allowed me to sketch the socio-cultural background of the era, showing the activity of the St. Petersburg Polonia on the eve of the outbreak of the First War and in its first year.
Działania dyplomatyczne podczas pierwszej wojny Bałkańskiej w publikacjach bulwarowego dziennika „Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny”. Część I
Authors: Rubacha Jarosław
Published: January 2022

The effect of rapid socio-economic development in Europe in the 19th century was, among others the creation of newspapers targeted at specific groups of recipients, including the boulevard press, addressed to the less affluent part of society. One of them was the “Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny” founded in 1910 in Kraków. Although these types of magazines were not highly valued on the press market, their volume, and especially their big edition, incline to a closer look at the content presented in them. Even a cursory reading of individual issues of the newspaper leads to the conclusion that “Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny” is an interesting source of information about the then reality. This is particularly evident during the Balkan wars, when materials on diplomatic activities were published very often and occupied a leading place before scandals, rumors and criminal reports.
The Russian vision of strategic balance in the 21st century in the spirit of political realism
Authors: Kaszuba Malina
Published: January 2022

Over the past two decades, Russian foreign policy has evolved significantly. Its aim is to seek a change in the global balance of power. This evolution proceeded from attempts to establish cooperation with the West, through a confrontational narrative, ending with political and military actions. The purpose of this article is to analyze the present Russian view of the current international order and to define its future shape based on assumptions and specific actions in the sphere of the aforementioned foreign policy. Particularly useful for the needs of the conducted research is the reference to the theory of political realism. This is determined by the fact that the Russian Federation, contesting the current hegemonic international order, aims to create a multipolar world with the key balancing role of the great powers.
Analiza kulturowo-cywilizacyjna publicznego dyskursu łamania prawa w Rosji i na Ukrainie
Authors: Leszczak Oleg , Prosianyk Oksana
Published: January 2022

The paper focuses on the notion of legal culture in anthropocentric depiction as an informational-semiotic function. The authors present a typology of cultural-civilisational motives for breaking the law. A range of cultural-civilisational motives (naturalistic, turanic, byzantinic, theocratic, europeistic, and consumerist) expressed in the form of discursive statements was presented in detail; these motives cause breaking the law in a causal synergetic mode (ignorance of the law) and in a cybernetic mode (disregard for the law). The authors distinguish several types of verbal excuses for breaking the law widespread in Russian and Ukrainian legal culture discourse.
Obraz radzieckiego sportu w moskiewskiej „Trybunie Radzieckiej” w ujęciu ideologicznym i językowym (1927-1938)
Authors: Graczykowska Tamara
Published: January 2022

The paper explores the relationships between sport and politics in the USRR in the interwar period. The aim of the paper is to show how ideology and propaganda were implemented in the Moscow newspaper „Trybuna Radziecka”. The article is divided into two parts. The first part describes how communists, through sports, exerted influence on Soviet people to encourage them to assume a desired attitude. In the second part sport vocabulary found in „Trybuna Radziecka” are presented (eg., the names of athletes, sports disciplines). Almost items are borrowed from the Russian language. Our research shows how citizens in the USRR were indoctrinated by the press in the interwar period, also in the field of sport.
Dziedzictwo dawnej Rzeczypospolitej w języku pierwszego polskiego przekładu poematu „Metai” Kristijonasa Donelaitisa
Authors: Mędelska Jolanta
Published: January 2022

The author analysed the language of the first Polish translation of the eighteenth-century poem “Metai” [The Seasons] by Kristijonas Donelaitis, a Lithuanian Lutheran pastor. The translation was made in 1933 by a socialist activist and close associate of Józef Piłsudski, Kazimierz Pietkiewicz. The analysis showed that the language of the translation is peculiar. On the one hand, this peculiarity consists in refraining from archaizing the translation and the use of elements that are close to the translator’s style of social-political journalism (e.g., dorobkiewicz [vulgarian], feministka [feminist]), on the other hand, the presence at all levels of language of peculiarities characteristic for Kresy Polish language in both its territorial variations. These are generally old features of common Polish, the retention of which in the eastern areas of the Polish Rzeczpospolita was supported by the influence of substrate languages, later also Russian, or by borrowing. This layer was natural in the language of the translator, born in Ukraine, who spent part of his life in Vilnius, some in exile in Russia. This is the colourful linguistic heritage of the former Republic of Poland.
Разрешение в русском и немецком дискурсе: сходства и различия в реализации модели речевого поведения
Authors: Kotorova Elizaveta
Published: January 2022

The present paper aims to reveal similar and different features when realizing the speech behavior pattern (SPB) of permission in Russian and German. The SPB analysis includes the following major factors to be concerned with: definition of illocutionary purpose of the SPB in terms of Natural Semantic Metalanguage, description of basic grammatical constructions belonging to SBP and identification of communicative-pragmatic factors important for choice of a specific utterance. The possibilities of expressing the SBP of permission in Russian and German are described using the method of the communicative-pragmatic field (CPF). The peculiarities of the field organization in these languages are revealed. The language data are taken from the existing Russian and German corpora.
Речевой образ постсоветской бизнес-элиты
Authors: Bazylev Vladimir
Published: January 2022

The material is devoted to the description, including on the basis of experimental data, of the speech image of the post-Soviet business elite. The study was carried out in the paradigm of the Lotman’s semiosphere. Three clusters are described – the verbal, the cognitive, and the pragmatic one. The study is based on an integrative methodology for objective speech portraying the personality, who uses hybrid image strategies and tactics due to the ambiguous perception of the business elite in modern Russian public opinion.
Plasma Cytokines Profile in Subjects with Alzheimer’s Disease: Interleukin 1 Alpha as a Candidate for Target Therapy
Authors: Mahdavi Meisam , Karima Saeed , Rajaei Shima , Aghamolaii Vajihe , Ghahremani Hossein , Ataeia Reza , Sepasi Tehrani Hessam , Mahmoodi Baram Somayeh , Tafakhori Abbas , Safarpour Lima Behnam , Shateri Somayeh , Fatemi Hamid , Mokhtari Farzad , Nikzameer Abdolrahim , Yarhosseini Amir , Gorji Ali
Published: January 2022

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the main cause of the neurodegenerative disorder, which is not detected unless the cognitive deficits are manifested. An early prediagnostic specific biomarker preferably detectable in plasma and hence non-invasive is highly sought-after. Various hypotheses refer to AD, with amyloid-beta (Aβ) being the most studied hypothesis and inflammation being the most recent theory wherein pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines are the main culprits. Materials and Methods: In this study, the cognitive performance of AD patients (n=39) was assessed using mini-mental state examination (MMSE), AD assessment scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog), and clinical dementia rating (CDR). Their neuropsychiatric symptoms were evaluated through neuropsychiatric inventory–questionnaire (NPI-Q). Moreover, plasma levels of routine biochemical markers, pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-10, Interferon-gamma, chemokines, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interferon gamma-induced protein 10, Aβ peptide species (42, 40) and Transthyretin (TTR) were measured. Results: Our results revealed that Aβ 42/40 ratio and TTR were correlated (r=0.367, P=0.037). IL-1α was directly correlated with ADAS-cog (r=0.386, P=0.017) and Aβ 40 (r=0.379, P=0.019), but was inversely correlated with IL-4 (r=-0.406, P=0.011). Negative correlations were found between MMSE and PGE2 (r=-0.405, P=0.012) and TNF-α/ IL-10 ratio (r=-0.35, P=0.037). CDR was positively correlated with both PGE2 (r=0.358, P=0.027) and TNF-α (r=0.416, P=0.013). There was a positive correlation between NPI-caregiver distress with CDR (r=0.363, P=0.045) and ADAS-cog (r=0.449, P=0.019). Conclusion: Based on the observed correlation between IL-1α, as a clinical moiety, and ADAS-cog, as a clinical manifestation of AD, anti-IL-1α therapy in AD could be suggested. [GMJ.2021;10:e1974]