bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological, Morphometric and Histochemical Characterization of the Gastric Mucosa of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Abdel‐Magied E. M. , Taha A. A. M.
Published: March 2003

Mucosal morphology, morphometry and mucin histochemistry of the stomach were studied in the one‐humped camel. The lining of the stomach was divided into eight grossly identifiable regions. The first region was non‐glandular, occupied the body of the first compartment of the stomach and constituted 53.2% of the gastric mucosa. The other seven regions were lined by a glandular mucosa. Histological, histochemical and morphometric investigations have shown that glandular mucosa comprises pseudo‐cardiac, cardiac, fundic and pyloric regions. The pseudo‐cardiac region was characterized by widely separated short tubular serous glands. It constituted 36.2% of the gastric mucosa; it extended over the entire lining of the second compartment and parts of the first and third compartments. The cardiac region was confined to the initial zone of the third compartment amidst the pseudo‐cardiac region but contiguous with the distal end of the gastric groove. It constituted 3.4% of the gastric mucosa and was characterized by neutral and acid mucin positive glands. The fundic and pyloric regions occupied the distal distended part of the third compartment. The fundic region constituted 4.3% of the gastric mucosa. It was packed with typical fundic glands characterized by chief cells, parietal cells and acid mucin positive neck cells. The pyloric region constituted 2.9% of the gastric mucosa. Its glands were positive to acid mucins except for their bases that were positive to neutral mucins. Differences in volume densities of the mucosal components and reactivity of the surface epithelium and gastric pits to mucin stains were noted in the different regions of the stomach.
Apoptosis and Proliferation during Seasonal Testis Regression in the Brown Hare (Lepus europaeus L.)
Authors: Štrbenc M. , Fazarinc G. , Bavdek S. V. , Pogačnik A.
Published: March 2003

Testes samples of 52 brown hares (Lepus europaeus L.), sacrificed between July and January, were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated d'UTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) method was applied to detect apoptosis; and antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were used to evaluate cell proliferation in the testes. In the seminiferous epithelium, the apoptotic processes were evident from August to early November with maximal values in September. Cell death in germ cells occurs predominantly during the prophase of the first meiotic division. In July, and from mid‐November onwards, only the occasional TUNEL‐positive cells can be seen. The proliferation of germ cells continues during the testis regression phase. The average number of PCNA‐positive cells decreases slightly from September onwards and rises again in mid‐November.
The Effect of Testosterone on Gastrocnemius Muscle Fibres in Growing and Adult Male and Female Rats: A Histochemical, Morphometric and Ultrastructural Study†
Authors: Üstünel İ. , Akkoyunlu G. , Demir R.
Published: March 2003

In this study, the effect of testosterone on gastrocnemius muscle fibres in growing and adult rats (male and female) was examined using histochemical, morphometric and ultrastructural techniques.

After physiological saline (PS), olive oil (OvO) or olive oil + testosterone (OvOT) injections on 72 rats (growing and mature, 36 male and 36 female), the sample tissues of fibre types of the gastrocnemius muscle taken were examined by histochemical [alkaline adenosine triphosphatase (alk‐ATPase), acid ATPase (ac‐ATPase)], morphometric and ultrastructural techniques.

In PS‐injected control groups, the gastrocnemius muscle of both sexes contained all the fibre types studied [slow‐oxidative muscle fibres (type I), fast‐oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres (type IIA) and fast‐glycolytic muscle fibres (type IIB)]. The type I fibres had the smallest diameter, type IIA had a medium diameter and type IIB fibres had the largest diameter. In OvO‐injected groups, it was observed that the OvO had little effect on the gastrocnemius muscles of either sex, although there was significant enlargement of type IIB fibres. After the injection of OvOT, hypertrophy of muscle fibres was determined by morphometric study. The biggest increase in diameter was on type I fibres. In addition, degenerations on some mitochondria, accumulation of lipid droplets on type I and type II fibres, an increase in glycogen particles, bifurcation of myofibrils, an increase in the number and diameter of units resembling T tubules and an increase in ribosomal content were also observed in the same group by transmission electron microscope. Consequently, it was determined that testosterone can induce protein synthesis in gastrocnemius muscle fibres, and induces changes in shape and size, and also can change the appearance and the number of fibres.
Arterial Vascularization of the Pineal Gland in the Fetus of Zavot‐bred Cattle
Authors: Aslan K. , Ozcan S. , Aksoy G. , Kurtul I. , Dursun N.
Published: March 2003

This study aimed at revealing arterial vascularization of the pineal gland of the Zavot‐bred foetus. Twenty foetuses, regardless of their sex, at the age of 2–7 months were used. Coloured‐latex was injected by way of both the right and left common carotid arteries. Then, dissection was performed and vessels nourishing the pineal gland were documented.

The pineal gland is vascularized by a number of 2–5 central rami. A small vessel arising from each of the central rami in two foetuses (10%) was shown anastomosing with a branch of the cranial cerebral artery, which advances in cranio‐caudal direction in the callosal groove. Hence, anastomoses were observed between several sub‐branches of each caudal cerebral and cranial cerebellar arteries.
Veins of the Thoracic Limb of the Van Cat
Authors: Özüdoğru Z. , Aksoy G. , Soygüder Z. , Özmen E.
Published: March 2003

The drainage of the thoracic limb of the Van cat was performed by the superficial and deep vein systems. The superficial system was constituted by the cephalic vein and its branches. The deep vein system was constituted by the axillary vein and its branches. The two vein systems anastomosed with each other at various points along their courses. The cephalic vein emerged from the external jugular vein together with the superficial cervical vein. The axillary vein continued the subclavian vein. It ran caudoventrally and gave off the subscapular vein, at the level of the shoulder joint, then gave off two independent branches, which were the external thoracic veins. Then the rest of the vessel continued as the brachial vein. The thoracodorsal vein was formed by the communicate ramus vein which arose between the subscapular vein and the brachial vein. The cranial circumflex humeral vein arose double from the subscapular vein. One of them anastomosed with the deep brachial vein and the other one drained the biceps and the deep pectoral muscles. The cranial interosseous vein arose from the caudal aspects of the brachial vein and passed from the interosseous space of the antebrachium then ran to the lateral aspect of the forearm. The caudal interosseous vein arose from the ulnar vein (in two specimens) and the median vein together with the ulnar vein (in two specimens) or independently from the median vein (in one specimen). Although many similarities were found in the veins of the thoracic limb of the Van cat as compared with the domestic cat, some significant differences were noted in the origin, course, anastomosing and ramification of veins of the thoracic limb.
Über das Vorkommen hämodynamisch wirksamer Elemente im intestinalen Blutgefäßsystem1
Authors: Wille K.‐H. , Schnorr B.
Published: March 2003

Arterioles, precapillary sphincters, capillary endothelium, and pericytes probably regulate the blood flow in the intestinal microvascular bed similar to other regions of the body because of their equipment with contractile filaments. Only throttle veins with their arrangement of pools and their characteristics probably exert influence on the hemodynamic qualities of the blood flow in the intestinal mucosa.

,,…im peripheren Kreislaufsystem“ müssen ,,blutstromregulierende Einrichtungen vorhanden sein, die es ermöglichen, den Organen nur die Blutmenge zuzuteilen, die diese zu ihrer Ernährung und jeweiligen Funktion im Dienste des Gesamtorganismus nötig haben“.
Dactylotrypes longicollis (Wollaston 1864) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) introduced to the Slovak Republic
Authors: Whitehead By P. F. , Zach P. , Kulfan J. , Cicák A. , Čunderlik I.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: A total of 28 seeds of Phoenix canariensis, collected on the littoral of Croatia (former Yugoslavia) in August 1998, were brought to the Slovak Republic in order to grow palm trees In artificial conditions. Surprisingly, the seeds yielded 284 specimens of bark beetles which were identified as Dactylotrypes Iongicollis. This is the first evidence for the introduction of D. longicollis to the Slovak Republic.
Evaluation of effectiveness of Insegar (fenoxycarb 250 g/kg) WP against Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lep., Gracillariidae) and its effect on Cales noacki How. (Hym., Aphelinidae)
Authors: Buchelos By C. TH. , Foudoulakis M.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Aiming to control the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella St. while at the same time protecting the biological equilibrium and mainly the beneficial insect Cales noacki, experiments have taken place in the regions of Argolis and Fthiotis, Greece in 1996 and 1997. Insegar (fenoxycarb) 2 5 WP was applied on young citrus trees. During 1996, the compound, applied every 10 days at a rate of 30 g/hI (with or without adjuvant), gave satisfactory protection from P. citrella without substantially harming C. noacki populations. No phytotoxicity symptoms were observed during the experiments.
Reproductive potential of the parasitic wasp Microplitis rufiventris Kok. reared in hosts treated with the growth regulator precocene II
Authors: Khafagi By Wedad
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The reproductive potential of Microplitis rufiventris Kok. females resulted from Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae topically treated by a constant dose (70 pg/5 pl) of the growth regulator precocene II at different intervals of post‐parasitism was studied in the laboratory. The obtained results showed that the effects of PH vary according to the timing of treatment relative to larval development of the parasitoid. Reduction in reproductive capacity of the parasitoid occurred when PII was applied on host larvae containing young parasitoid larvae. Workers should be aware from the delayed effects of precocenes which may occur in later stages of the non‐target insects.
Studies on insects and mites causing galls on the leaves  of purple willow Salix purpurea L. in the Ojców National Park in Poland
Authors: Skrzypczyńska Małgorzata
Published: March 2003

Analytical studies were conducted on the species composition of galls occurring on the leaves of Salix purpurea L. in the Ojców National Park in 1999 – 2000. The species composition of galls was identical in two consecutive years. Galls were caused by 5 species (a total of 480 galls). The most numerous species in both years was Pontania viminalis (L.).  Index of occurrence frequency and Agrell’s index of species co‐existence have been calculated. This index reached the highest values in case of Pontania dolichura (Thoms.) and P. viminalis (L.) in 1999 as well as Phyllocolpa leucaspis (Tischb.) and P. viminalis (L.) in 2000.
Biological control of the tick fowl Argas persicargas persicus by the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae
Authors: Sewify G. H. , Habib S. M.
Published: March 2003

The pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against the tick fowl Argas persicargas persicus was studied. Bioassays revealed significant differences between the two fungi and the A. persicargas persicus stages exposed. The first nymphal instar was more highly susceptible to both fungi than the second nymphal instar. The unfed female of A. persicargas persicus was significantly less susceptible to both fungi than the engorged female. Application of M. anisopliae to sackcloth naturally infested with the tick fowl A. persicargas persicus induced mortality which reached 100 % three weeks after treatment under field conditions. The present study suggests that entomopathogenic fungi have good potential for tick fowl, A. persicargas persicus, control.
Studies on the suitability of trap‐tubs to control noxious rodents in forests
Authors: Hueck D. , Schneider M. , Dubbel V. , Pelz H.‐J.
Published: March 2003

Various types of trap‐tubs were tested both under controlled conditions in standardised trial series and in the field. New trap‐tubs were poorly accepted by the animals, whereas weathered tubs were readily accepted within a very short period of time. The trapping mechanisms of tubs used in Lower Saxony and improved tubs in Hesse were both found to be suitable. The trapping method proved to be highly selective since long‐tailed mice (Apodemus spp.) can easily escape by jumping onto the edge of the tub. Voles (Microtus agrestis, Clethrionomys glareolus) explored the inside of the tub and worked its exits with decreasing intensity during the time of captivity. They died of hypothermia within a few hours. Elimination of the trapped rodents by their natural enemies was not observed. The trials showed that trap‐tubs are suitable for selective reduction of the density of field voles and red‐backed voles in forests. The results also contribute to assessing the humaneness of the control method.
A modified, four‐armed olfactometer for determining olfactory reactions of beneficial arthropods
Authors: Sengonca C. , Kranz J.
Published: March 2003

Methods using the reactions of beneficial arthropods to stimuli of prey and habitats are becoming more and more important in the biological control of pests. Especially olfactory cues, which are measurable with so called ‘olfactometers’ are of great importance. In the present study, a modified four‐armed airflow olfactometer is described by explaining these modifications. As an example, the results obtained for the predatory ladybeetle Coccinella septempunctata are explained in detail. Various odour sources caused evident differences in the reactions of the predator, especially comparing the reared beetles and the individuals collected in the field. The volatiles emitted by the odour source ‘bean plant + aphids’ were attractive to 28 % of the reared and to 38 % of the field‐collected test individuals. These values were clearly higher than in the cases of the odour source ‘aphids’ with 18 % for both groups. About 15 % of the reared and 13 % of the field‐collected coccinellids reacted to the olfactometer chamber without an odour source. On the other hand, it became obvious in test series with groups of adult beetles that group tests were not so suitable because the test individuals diverted each other so that the reactions to the odours were reduced. In the case of the group tests, 68 % of the reared and 60 % of the field‐collected individuals did not react to one of the offered odour sources. In further surveys, the most favourable pre‐experiment starvation period of the tested individuals and optimal duration for a single experiment were determined. For adults of C. septempunctata, the most favourable starvation time was 6 hours and the most suitable duration of a single experiment 30 minutes. In two further experiments, it was investigated whether there were differences between males and females or between beetles of different ages. There were slight differences between males and females reacting to distinct odour sources and also in the case of coccinellids of different ages but in both cases without clear tendencies.
Within‐field refugiums of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) in cereals (Hom., Aphididae)
Authors: Starý Petr
Published: March 2003

An analysis of the Russian wheat aphid (RWA) (Diuraphis noxia Kurdj.), overpopulated due to extraordinary weather conditions (2000) in the Czech Republic, enabled the identification of several within‐field situations ouside of the routine approach. This group, classified as within‐field refugium, includes variation due to field relief, some injuries caused by the use of machinery, the unharvested field margins and, last but not least, the volunteer plants. Differences between the RWA populations in these situations and the normal grove are presented and recommended to be taken into consideration in the research on RWA population dynamics and movement.
Kombinierter Einsatz von synthetischen Insektiziden und Bacillus thuringiensis sowie Trichogramma evanescens gegen ausgewa¨hlte Scha¨dlinge an Vigna sesquipedalis unter tropischen Tieflandbedingungen
Authors: Ulrichs Ch. , Mewis I. , Schnitzler W. H.
Published: March 2003

Field experiments with the synthetic insecticides, Methomyl and Carbaryl, alone and in combination with the biological control agents, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Trichogramma evanescens, were conducted to control pests in yardlong beans, Vigna sesquipedalis, during the dry season 1998/1999. The experimental area was located at the Central Luzon State University in the province of Nueva Ecija on the Philippine main island Luzon. Carbaryl was applied against bean flies 5 days after plant emergence. Methomyl was sprayed against pod sucking insects and the bean podborer, Maruca vitrata, 45 days after plant emergence. The biological control agents were applied with the beginning of the flowering stage of V. sesquipedalis, when plants were first attacked by M. vitrata.

Major insect pests on V. sesquipedalis were cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora), leafminer (Liriomyza sp.), and bean podborer (M. vitrata). Both, Bt and T. evanescens had no significant impact on yield. M. vitrata eggs, exposed for 48 hours in the fields to augmented T. evanescens, were used to measure field efficacy of the parasitoid. Highest parasitism rate was 13.3 %, thus, generally low.

Highest yield was obtained from plots treated with both synthetic insecticides. No significant difference in fresh pod yield was observed when, in addition to the synthetic insecticides, Bt and/or T. evanescens was applied. However, all treatments significantly out‐yielded the untreated control.
Survival and food choice of the grey field slug (Deroceras reticulatum) on three different seed types under laboratory conditions
Authors: Gebauer J.
Published: March 2003

In Ireland, the grey field slug (Deroceras reticulatum) is the predominant slug pest species in arable crops. It can cause enormous damage, but the knowledge about its feeding biology is limited. Adult species were reared under laboratory conditions, and the survival, feeding activity, and weight change of slugs when feed on maize, peas, or wheat seeds were investigated. An especially high mortality was experienced in the wheat treatment. It was hypothesised that the high mortality was due to a Fusarium species, however, a Fusarium infection of the wheat seeds was not confirmed. The weight change of the slugs was very variable due to a high egg production of some slugs. A second experiment examined the food choice and feeding activity of D. reticulatum when offered a choice of the three seed types. Most of the slugs preferred to feed on a mixture of seeds, but the highest feeding activity was recorded on the pea seeds.
Studies on insects and mites causing galls on the leaves of common ash Fraxinus excelsior L. in the Ojców National Park in Poland
Authors: Skrzypczyńska Małgorzata
Published: March 2003

The occurrence frequency of galls caused by insects and mites on the leaves of Fraxinus excelsior L. was investigated, based on leaf samples collected in the Ojców National Park in 2000 – 2001. The species composition of galls was identical in two consecutive years. Galls were caused by 5 species a total of 2881 galls. The most numerous species was Dasineura fraxinea (Kieffer) in both years. Index of occurrence frequency and Agrell's index of species co‐existence have been calculated. This index reached the highest values in case of Dasineura fraxinea and Vasates fraxini (Nalepa) in 2000 as well as D. fraxinea and Psyllopsis fraxini (L.) in 2001.
Hausrattennachweise (Rattus rattus L.) in bewohnten Wohnh?usern in Magdeburg
Authors: Mielke U.
Published: March 2003

Storehouses and mills in the Magdeburg region are known to be infested with black (ore house) rats. In residential buildings, however, house rats (Rattus rattus L.) have not been detected for at least 20 years. Therefore, it was of much interest for the expert to note that this rat species had been seen in two occupied residential buildings (a refurbished old building and a terraced house). It has been suspected for a longer time that black rats can be found in certain residential buildings in towns or even cities.
Increase of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) in hot and dry weather (2000) (Hom., Aphididae)
Authors: Starý P. , Lukášová Hana
Published: March 2003

Two hot and dry weather periods during mid‐spring and early summer caused severe drought‐stress to barley groves in many districts of the Czech Republic in 2000. Although not generally taken into consideration as an injury‐increasing factor, the Russian wheat aphid (= RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.), was discovered to contribute significantly to injury in the ripening stage of spring barley as well as to the substantial decrease of yield (up to 30 – 40 % of the calculated mean, in some districts). RWA increased considerably not only in the lowland banker areas but also in the higher altitudes, values in the latter case then manifesting those found in the lowland banker areas in the previous years.
Phenology, damage and parasitoids of the apple leaf cutter Coenorhinus pauxillus (Germ.) (Col.: Attelabidae)
Authors: Blommers Leo H. M. , Vaal Fredy W. N. M.
Published: March 2003

An outbreak on apple permitted a closer look at Coenorhinus pauxillus (Germar) (Col.: Attelabidae). The adult weevils emerge from mid‐March onwards and attack the first unfolding leaves. Infested leaves drop when the larvae are in the 1st or 2nd instar, and it takes a further 4 weeks before the larvae are ready to pupate. Rearing of field‐collected eggs and larvae is described. Leaf decomposition is an essential condition for pupation, as the fully‐grown larvae do not leave their mine actively. Part of the population pupates more or less immediately and produces adult weevils in autumn. However, up to 70 % of the weevils remain in prolonged diapause; their pupation does not take place before the summer of the following year. Damage by the weevil involves not only the loss of leaves of flower clusters and shoots, but also feeding damage to young fruits. Two parasitoids were found. Observations indicate that 3 – 4 subsequently more abundant generations of Anaphes brachygaster Debauche (Hym.: Mymaridae) develop in eggs of C. pauxillus. Probles brevicornisHorstmann (Hym.: Ichneumonidae, Tersilochinae) emerges in May and oviposits in young weevil larvae on the tree. The parasitoid does not develop into a pupa until its host starts pupating. The outbreak of apple leaf cutter did not decline over three years, but did not spread into adjacent plantings.
Effect of GCSC‐BtA biocide on population dynamics of cabbage pests and their natural enemies from fields in southeastern China
Authors: Sengonca C. , Liu B.
Published: March 2003

The present paper deals with the effect of the biocide GCSC‐BtA on population dynamics of cabbage pests, i. e., Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae), Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hom., Aphididae), Liriomyza sativae Blanch. (Dip., Agromyzidae), Phyllotreta vittata Fabric. (Col., Chrysomelidae) and their natural enemies, i. e., Apanteles plutellae Kurdj. (Hym., Braconidae), Erigonidium graminicola (Sundv.) (Araneida, Linyphiidae), Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae), in common head cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) fields in the southeastern China. The experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, PR China in April – June, 2001.

 The results showed that, at the end of sampling, the pest populations of P. xylostella, B. brassicae and P. vittata reached averages of 39.7, 68.3 and 6.2 ind. / 30 plants in the plot treated with GCSC‐BtA, which were about 1.5, 11 and 0.7 times lower than those treated with methomyl, respectively. In contrast, the natural enemy populations were, on average, 23.5 ind./30 plants for A. plutellae, 24.6 ind./30 plants for E. graminicol and 12.2 ind./30 plants for C. septempunctata in the plot treated with GCSC‐BtA, about 6, 5 and 3 times higher than for those treated with methomyl, respectively. The GCSC‐BtA biocide demonstrated greater effectiveness in controlling the cabbage pests, e. g., P. xylostella, B. brassicae and P. vittata, having final decreasing ratios of 83.60, 97.05 and 53.67 % compared to 57.63, 64.89 and 30.88 % with the methomyl insecticide. However, it was less toxic to natural enemies, e. g., A. plutellae, E. graminicola and C. septempunctata, final decreasing ratios being 47.68, 17.84, 27.81 %, than methomyl, with 90.94, 80.80, 74.55 %, in comparison to the populations in the control plots, respectively. So, because of the low toxicity of GCSC‐BtA to the natural enemies, it is recommended that, on one hand, its application should be carried out after mass migration of the pests to the fields, on the other hand, the alternative agent GCSC‐BtA should be used with the aim of minimizing the harmfulness to the natural enemies in the whole program of integrated pest management in cabbage fields.
Susceptibility of the spider Theridion impressum to 17 pesticides
Authors: Pekár S.
Published: March 2003

Susceptibility of immature individuals of the spider Theridion impressum to 17 pesticides (6 insecticides, 4 acaricides, 4 fungicides and 3 herbicides) was tested in the laboratory. The pesticides were applied at recommended rates in a Potter tower. Mortality was evaluated for 4 subsequent days. Broad‐spectrum insecticides, cypermethrin+chlorpyrofos (Nurelle), α‐cypermethrin (Vaztak), and deltamethrin (Decis), were toxic to spiders. Selective insecticides, pirimicarb (Pirimor), Bacillus thuringiensis (Novodor), and triazamate (Aztec), were harmless. All tested acaricides, pirimiphos‐methyl (Actellic), flufenoxuron (Cascade), τ‐fluvalinate+thiometon (Mavrik), and bifenthrin (Talstar) showed high toxicity. Of the fungicides, dithianon (Delan), benomyl (Fundazol), iprodione (Rovral), and dodine (Syllit), only dithianon was slightly harmful, while the remaining fungicides were harmful. All herbicides, metazachlor (Butisan), clomazone (Command), and clopyralid (Lontrel), were harmless to T. impressum. Three selective insecticides, 3 fungicides and 3 herbicides are recommended for use in plant protection.
Studies on insects and mites causing galls on the leaves of elm Ulmus laevis Pall. in the Mogilski Forest in southern Poland1
Authors: Skrzypczyńska Małgorzata
Published: March 2003

Species composition of galls on the leaves of Ulmus laevis Pall. was analysed in 2001 – 02 in the Mogilski Forest – near an urban agglomeration of Kraków. A total of 5830 galls were found. The galls were caused by 5 insect or mite species. Aceria ulmicola brevipunctata (Nalepa) was the most abundant species in both years.

 The index of occurrence frequency and Agrell's index of species co‐occurrence have been calculated. The index of occurrence frequency (F) reached the highest value in the case of A. ulmicola brevipunctata, namely 1.740, in 2001, and the lowest value, i. e. 0.00 005 for Schizoneura ulmi (Linné), in 2001. Agrell's index of species co‐occurrence reached the highest values, i. e. 0.500, in the case of A. ulmicola brevipunctata and Physemocecis ulmi (Kieffer), in 2002, and the lowest one, namely 0.050 for A. ulmicola brevipunctata and Schizoneura ulmi, in 2001.
Inversion relationship between action threshold and economic/aesthetic injury level for the control of urban and quarantine pests
Authors: Stejskal V.
Published: March 2003

Traditional agricultural pest control IPM theory claims that the action threshold (AT) is lower than the economic (EIL) or aesthetic injury level (AIL). Urban and quarantine pests are tolerated at the zero or near‐zero population level. In the cases where responsive pest control strategies are used instead of preventive ones, inherently AT should be non‐zero and higher than EIL/AIL. The constraints of the implementation of preventive treatment (= zero AT) for some urban pest problems requiring the zero EIL/AIL are discussed.
Attractiveness of three weed species to polyphagous predators  and their influence on aphid populations in adjacent lettuce cultivations
Authors: Sengonca C. , Kranz J. , Blaeser P.
Published: March 2003

The utilization of olfactory responses of predators and ­parasitoids to the allelochemicals emitted by phytophagous arthropods and their host plants is becoming more important in biological pest control. The effects of three weed ­species, i. e. wormwood Artemisia vulgaris L., tansy Tanacetum vulgare L. and stinging nettle Urtica dioica L., which were planted as accompanying vegetations into a lettuce field, were examined for the predatory species Coccinella septempunctata L., Adalia bipunctata (L.), Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) and Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), as well as for aphids during the summer of 2000. The presence of weeds significantly increased the density of adults and larvae of the predators on the lettuce plants in relation to the control (lettuce field without weeds). However, the differences remained smaller for eggs and pupae. C. septempunctata tended to be the most abundant species, followed by P. quatuordecimpunctata. Remarkable differences among the attractiveness levels of the weeds in the 3 treatments were not observed. The increased populations of predators were accompanied by significantly reduced infestation rates with aphids in the treatments in relation to the control. Myzus persicae Sulzer was in general the most abundant aphid species followed by Nasonovia ribisnigri Mosley and Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas. The results of the present study are discussed with respect to the management of agroecosystems and the use of weeds in biological control.
Distribution and history of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) in the Carpathian Basin (Hom., Aphididae)
Authors: Starý P. , Basky Z. , Tanigoshi L. K. , Tomanovicć Z.
Published: March 2003

The Carpathian Basin has been classified as one of the model areas of Russian wheat aphid (= RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.), expansion from the southeast to Central Europe. Explorations in 2002 as well as the summarized information published earlier centered the evidence for RWA in the northern and northeastern parts of the area and its occurrence was detected and verified in the area up to the submountains of the Carpathian Mountain Range. The history and distribution peculiarities of RWA in the Carpathian Basin and area are reviewed and discussed.
IgA multiple myeloma presenting as an acquired bullous disorder
Authors: Wong Deanna A , Hunt Michelle J , Stapleton Karen
Published: March 2003

A 63‐year‐old man presented with an intensely pruritic vesiculo‐bullous eruption on the limbs and was subsequently found to have an IgAκ multiple myeloma. The eruption clinically and histologically was suggestive of linear IgA disease (LAD), dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), or bullous lupus erythematosus (LE), with the skin biopsy revealing subepidermal bullae and dermal papillary microabscesses. However, direct immunofluorescence showed a unique pattern of diffuse dermal IgA staining. Although chemotherapy produced a dramatic resolution of the lesions, which paralleled the fall in serum IgA paraprotein level, the myeloma later became progressive and the resulting paraprotein increase was accompanied by recurrence of the eruption. We propose that this patient’s rash was the presenting manifestation of his multiple myeloma, and was a consequence of transudation of IgA paraprotein into the dermis.
Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis in a child
Authors: Havill S , Duffill M , Rademaker M
Published: March 2003

A case of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis in an 8‐year‐old girl, which is a diagnosis rarely seen in children, is presented. Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis is a disorder of unknown aetiology, predominantly affecting the joints, skin and mucosa. Joint symptoms, but not cutaneous lesions, have improved with treatment with methotrexate.
The PABA story
Authors: Mackie Bruce S , Mackie Leila E
Published: March 2003

The qualities of para‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA) are discussed and an account is given of how it came to be the favourite sunscreen of the post World War II era. Slowly, however, dermatologists became aware that it was a fairly common sensitizer and that it tended to cross‐sensitize with compounds of similar chemical structure both in contact with the skin and given as systemic drugs. Furthermore, continued exposure to chemicals of this type could lead to autoimmune responses especially systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis. Discussion of these complications from the use of PABA took place at two meetings of the Dermatological Association of Australia in 1964 and 1965, and played a part in the slow withdrawal of PABA from sunscreens.
Do people who apply sunscreens, re‐apply them?
Authors: Pruim Bert , Wright Lynette , Green Adèle
Published: March 2003

Little is known about Australians’ practices regarding sunscreen re‐application, yet it is routinely advised and has recently been shown to increase the protective efficacy of sunscreens. A baseline survey of sunscreen application and re‐application behaviour was therefore conducted in a Queensland community using a standard self‐administered questionnaire. Other sun protection methods were also assessed. Of a total of 669 adult respondents, 76% reported using sunscreen and of those, 61% reported re‐applying sunscreen. Significantly more women (66%) than men (53%) reported re‐applying sunscreen and re‐application was inversely related to age (79% of those aged less than 45, 57% of those 45–59 years old and 46% of those over 60 years). Increased rates of re‐application were reported during times of increased sun exposure, as well as by those with greater knowledge of the benefits of sunscreen re‐application. A recent personal history of non‐melanoma skin cancer did not lead to improved rates of sunscreen application, sunscreen re‐application, or most forms of physical sun protection.
Comparison of combination of cimetidine and levamisole with cimetidine alone in the treatment of recalcitrant warts
Authors: Parsad D , Saini R , Negi Ks
Published: March 2003

Various immunomodulating agents have been used in the treatment of recalcitrant warts, but none is uniformly effective. Drugs like cimetidine and levamisole have been tried with varying success rates. Given the different target activities of immunomodulation by levamisole and cimetidine, we questioned whether the combination might be more effective and conducted this double‐blind comparative trial of a combination of cimetidine and levamisole versus cimetidine alone. Forty‐eight patients with multiple recalcitrant warts were assigned to two treatment groups (A and B) in double‐blind fashion. Of the 48 patients, 22 in group A and 21 in group B were able to be evaluated. At the end of therapy, cure rates obtained were 45.5% (10/21) in cimetidine treated patients (group A) and 85.7% (18/21) in combination treated patients (group B). A statistically significant improvement was seen in patients treated with the combination of levamisole and cimetidine (P < 0.01). A similar statistically significant result was obtained on using intention to treat analysis (P < 0.02). The rate of regression was faster in group B (average regression period of 7 weeks compared with 10 weeks in group A). The present study demonstrated that the combination of cimetidine with levamisole is more effective than cimetidine alone and is a highly effective therapy for the treatment of recalcitrant warts.
Radiation‐induced localized scleroderma in breast cancer patients
Authors: Bleasel Narelle R , Stapleton Karen M , Commens Christopher , Ahern Verity A
Published: March 2003

Radiation‐induced scleroderma in breast cancer patients appears to occur in approximately one out of every 500 patients. We report four cases that developed within 3 months of conservative breast surgery and postoperative radiation treatment. The reaction was contained entirely within the treatment field and demonstrated the typical features of this condition where the breast becomes erythematous, violaceous, indurated, retracted, and progressively pigmented. The breast tends to soften and become more comfortable over 1–4 years; however, significant induration, retraction and pigmentary changes remain. There appears to be no predictive factors. Radiation‐induced scleroderma must be differentiated from cellulitis and recurrent breast cancer.
Primary cutaneous nocardiosis
Authors: Lee May‐Sen , Sippe John R
Published: March 2003

A case of primary cutaneous nocardiosis due to Nocardia asteroides occurring in a steroid‐dependent asthmatic with no history of trauma is presented. He had a 3 month history of painful nodules on his right shin and calf. He was initially treated with a 6 week course of oral cephalexin 500 mg four times daily, followed by a 2 week course of minocycline 100 mg twice daily with worsening of the infection. A 12 week course of oral clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily led to complete resolution. A discussion of the problems associated with antimicrobial susceptibility testing and nocardia resistance is presented.
Primary tuberculosis of the glans penis
Authors: Sah Shatrughan P , AshokRaj Gita , Joshi Arun
Published: March 2003

A 60‐year‐old man presented with multiple superficial ulcers on the glans penis. Histopathology, a positive tuberculin test result, and therapeutic response to anti‐tuberculous therapy confirmed the diagnosis of penile tuberculosis. Examination was otherwise normal except for a solitary enlarged reactive lymph node on the right side. There was no evidence of coexistent tuberculous infection elsewhere.
Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinaemia
Authors: Randell Peter L , Heenan Peter J
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY

A 51‐year‐old woman developed multiple periorbital nodules. The subsequent demonstration of IgGλ paraproteinaemia and the histological features of necrobiotic xanthogranulomatous inflammation confirmed the clinical diagnosis of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinaemia.
Reactions causing reactions: Allergic contact dermatitis to an isocyanate metabolite but not to the parent compound
Authors: Tait Clare P , Delaney Thomas A
Published: March 2003

Industrial use of isocyanate resins rarely causes allergic contact dermatitis. We report a patient who developed allergic contact dermatitis to a transitory chemical breakdown product of the isocyanate 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), although he was not sensitized to the suspected parent compound MDI.
Compositae dermatitis
Authors: Gordon Lynette A
Published: March 2003

Compositae dermatitis is an allergic contact dermatitis. The most important allergens in the Compositae family are sesquiterpene lactones (SL), which are present in the oleoresin fraction of leaf, stem, flower and possibly pollen. Compositae dermatitis is most frequently seen in middle‐aged and elderly people in patterns reflecting airborne or direct contact with the allergens. The pattern typically starts in summer and disappears in the autumn or winter. Repeated exposure over many years may lead to a chronic and, at times, a disseminated pattern. Seasonal variation does not occur in occupational Compositae dermatitis. In addition to the classically described airborne pattern of face, ‘V’ of neck, hands and forearms, hand dermatitis is now recognized to be an equally common presentation. This variability of clinical features, and the frequent occurrence of atopic dermatitis and contact allergy to one or more compounds, highlights the need for routine patch testing with sesquiterpene lactone mix 0.1% (Thermal, Hamburg, Germany), combined with aimed patch testing with Compositae plants and extracts. Avoidance of the plants and plant extracts of this large family can be difficult due to its widespread occurrence in flower, herb and vegetable gardens, urban and rural weed population and native vegetation. Importantly, Compositae plant extracts are present in many cosmetics, shampoos, herbal creams and ingested herbal remedies and tonics.
Widespread plaque psoriasis responsive to mycophenolate mofetil
Authors: Tong David W , Walder Brien K
Published: March 2003

A woman with a long history of widespread plaque psoriasis unresponsive to and/or intolerant of phototherapy, retinoids, methotrexate and cyclosporin was successfully treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Remission was maintained on doses between 1 and 1.5 g/day for 18 months without adverse effects.
Carney complex: In a patient with multiple blue naevi and lentigines, suspect cardiac myxoma
Authors: Bleasel Narelle R , Stapleton Karen M
Published: March 2003

Carney complex is characterized by spotty pigmentation (blue naevi and lentigines), myxomas (cardiac, cutaneous, mammary), endocrine over‐activity (Cushing’s syndrome, acromegaly), testicular tumours, and schwannomas. We report a male with multiple blue naevi, lentigines, testicular large cell calcifying Sertoli‐cell tumour and four cardiac myxomas. The myxomas caused two cerebrovascular accidents and a myocardial infarction. All patients with multiple blue naevi or lentigines should be investigated for the life‐threatening association of cardiac myxomas.
Topical treatment of interdigital tinea pedis: Terbinafine compared with clotrimazole
Authors: Patel Anita , Brookman Stephanie D , Bullen Margaret U , Marley John , Ellis David H , Williams Tony , Barnetson Ross StC
Published: March 2003

A multicentre, prospective, randomized, double‐blind, parallel group study was undertaken to compare the efficacy and tolerability of topical terbinafine with topical clotrimazole in the treatment of interdigital tinea pedis. Patients were randomized to receive either terbinafine 1% cream twice daily for 1 week, followed by a similar placebo cream for 3 weeks, or clotrimazole 1% cream twice daily for 4 weeks. Outcome measures were: (i) mycological cure (negative culture); (ii) effective treatment (negative culture plus a symptom score of 2 or less out of a maximum score of 18); and (iii) complete cure (negative culture and a symptom score of 0); measured at 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after the commencement of the study. One hundred and four of the 217 patients randomized had a culture‐confirmed dermatophyte infection at baseline. In these patients, 84.6% in the terbinafine group were culture negative after 1 week, compared with only 55.8% in the clotrimazole group. Both agents were well tolerated. The study showed that terbinafine achieves mycological cure more rapidly than clotrimazole. This may result in improved compliance and better control over transmission of infection.
Bilateral nipple hyperkeratosis treated successfully with topical isotretinoin
Authors: Toros Plnar , Önder Meltem , Gürer M Ali
Published: March 2003

A 22‐year‐old woman presented with bilateral thickening and hyperpigmentation of her nipples since the age of 17 years. There was no history of pregnancy or oral contraceptive pill use. Isotretinoin 0.025% gel was applied twice daily and the lesions disappeared in 4 weeks. After the drug was ceased, recurrence appeared within 4 months. The same therapy, applied for 2 weeks, again cleared the problem.
Solitary glomus tumour
Authors: Peretz Eyal , Grunwald Marcelo H , Avinoach Ilana , Halevy Sima
Published: March 2003

A 42‐year‐old woman developed a purplish, tender nodule on her wrist of 6 months duration. Histological examination showed a well‐circumscribed lesion situated in the dermis and subcutis characterized by numerous, dilated thin‐walled vascular spaces surrounded by sheets of glomus cells. The histological findings are characteristic of the diagnosis of an uncommon type of glomus tumour, known as glomangioma.
Epoxy resin allergy from microscopy immersion oil
Authors: Lee Yu‐Chuan , Gordon David Llewellyn , Gordon Lynette Anne
Published: March 2003

A bacteriology technical officer presented with episodes of burning pruritus and urticarial‐like lesions on the face and forearms. Patch testing was strongly positive for epoxy resin. The exposure was occupational to the re‐formulation of microscopy immersion oil.
Morphology of lymphatic malformations: A pictorial review
Authors: Davies Derek , Rogers Maureen
Published: March 2003

A pictorial review of the many clinical manifestations of lymphatic malformations is presented, changes to the terminology of lymphatic malformations are reviewed and the ‘pros and cons’ of relevant investigative techniques are discussed.
New approaches to the laser treatment of vascular lesions
Authors: Dover Jeffrey S
Published: March 2003

The pulsed dye laser (PDL) was developed based on the concept of selective photothermolysis. Using a wavelength of light well absorbed by the target and a pulse duration short enough to spatially confine thermal injury, specific vascular injury could be produced. While the PDL revolutionized the treatment of port‐wine stains (PWS) and a variety of other vascular lesions, the mathematical model predicted that the ideal thermal relaxation time for the vessels in PWS is actually 1–10 msec, not 450 μsec. These original theoretical calculations have been proved correct recently in a study using both an animal‐vessel model and in human PWS. Longer wavelengths of light within the visible spectrum penetrate deeper into the skin and are more suitable for deeper vessels; while longer pulse duration is required for larger calibre vessels. A variety of lasers have been developed recently for the treatment of vascular lesions that incorporate these concepts into their design, including PDL at 1.5 msec, a filtered flash‐lamp pulsed light source with pulse durations of 1–20 msec, several 532 nm pulsed lasers with pulse durations of 1 to as high as 100 msec, long pulsed alexandrite lasers at 755 nm with pulse durations up to 20 msec, pulsed diode lasers in the 800–900 nm range, and long pulsed 1064 Nd:YAG sources. Preliminary results are encouraging.
Topical applications and perioral dermatitis
Authors: Malik Rita , Quirk Christopher J
Published: March 2003

Perioral dermatitis (POD) is a common dermatosis and is considered by most dermatologists to be increasing in incidence. An Australia‐wide, questionnaire‐based study investigating the aetiology of POD was conducted, with particular emphasis on the significance of cosmetic use. One hundred and thirty‐three cases were obtained from dermatologists across Australia and were compared with 99 randomly selected controls who were matched for age and sex. Application of foundation, in addition to moisturiser and night cream resulted in a 13‐fold increased risk for POD (odds ratio 13.5; P <0.001). The combination of moisturiser and foundation was associated with a lesser but significantly increased risk for POD (odds ratio 2.9; P = 0.017). Moisturiser alone was not associated with an increased risk of POD. These findings suggest that cosmetic preparations play a vital role in the aetiology of POD, perhaps by an occlusive mechanism. In 83% of cases, topical steroid application to the face occurred after the development of a facial rash.