KERAGAMAN MORFOLOGI, PERTUMBUHAN, PRODUKSI, MUTU DAN FITOKIMIA KELADI TIKUS (Typonium flagelliforme Lodd.) Blume ASAL VARIASI SOMAKLONAL
Authors: SYAHID SITTI FATIMAH 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRAK<br />Keladi tikus (Typonium flagelliforme Lodd.) Blume merupakan<br />tanaman obat yang bermanfaat dalam mengobati penyakit kanker. Secara<br />konvensional, tanaman ini diperbanyak vegetatif sehingga keragaman<br />genetiknya tergolong sempit. Upaya peningkatan ragam genetik keladi<br />tikus telah dilakukan melalui variasi somaklonal yaitu kultur kalus dan<br />diperoleh plantlet yang normal, namun belum dievaluasi keragaman<br />morfologi, komponen pertumbuhan, produksi, mutu dan skrining fitokimia<br />tanaman. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman morfologi,<br />pertumbuhan, produksi, mutu dan fitokimia tanaman hasil kultur kalus<br />tersebut. Kegiatan dilakukan di rumah kaca Balai Penelitian Tanaman<br />Obat dan Aromatik mulai November 2005 sampai Januari 2007. Bahan<br />tanaman yang digunakan adalah benih keladi tikus asal kultur kalus.<br />Sebagai pembanding digunakan benih keladi tikus asal kultur jaringan dan<br />konvensional. Bahan tanaman tersebut ditanam di dalam polibag<br />berukuran 20 cm x 30 cm yang berisi media tumbuh campuran tanah<br />dengan pupuk kandang sapi (2:1), dan dipelihara di rumah kaca sampai<br />berumur sembilan bulan. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah acak lengkap<br />dengan enam belas ulangan. Setiap ulangan terdiri atas satu polibag.<br />Parameter yang diamati adalah karakter morfologi dan pertumbuhan pada<br />umur enam bulan sedangkan produksi umbi diamati pada umur sembilan<br />bulan. Selain itu, juga dilakukan analisis terhadap mutu dan fitokimia dari<br />umbi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara visual tanaman asal<br />benih kultur kalus memiliki karakteristik morfologi yaitu bentuk daun,<br />bentuk batang, warna daun dan batang serta bentuk umbi yang sama<br />dengan benih asal kultur jaringan maupun benih konvensional. Komponen<br />pertumbuhan (jumlah anakan) benih asal kultur kalus dari kutur jaringan<br />lebih sedikit dari benih konvensional. Sedangkan jumlah daun, panjang<br />dan lebar daun tidak berbeda. Tinggi tanaman asal benih kultur kalus lebih<br />pendek dari benih kultur jaringan dan konvensional. Produksi umbi hasil<br />kultur kalus (14,24 g) dan hasil kultur jaringan (15,11g) lebih tinggi dari<br />umbi konvensional (7,0 g). Analisis mutu (kadar sari larut dalam air) pada<br />keladi tikus asal benih kultur jaringan lebih tinggi dari benih asal kultur<br />kalus dan benih konvensional. Senyawa steroid ditemukan pada tanaman<br />asal benih kultur kalus dan kultur jaringan, namun senyawa flavonoid dan<br />triterpenoid terdeteksi dalam jumlah tinggi pada tanaman asal benih<br />konvensional. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan teknik keragaman<br />somaklonal pada tanaman keladi tikus hanya meningkatkan variasi mutu<br />dan fitokimia tetapi tidak pada morfologi tanaman.<br />Kata kunci : Keladi tikus, Typonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume,<br />keragaman morfologi, pertumbuhan, produksi, mutu,<br />fitokimia<br />ABSTRACT<br />Morphological variation, growth, production, quality and<br />fitochemistry of rodent tuber (Typonium flagelliforme<br />Lodd.) Blume derived from somaclonal variation<br />Rodent tuber (Typonium flagelliforme Lodd.) Blume is one of<br />medicinal plant which is used for healing cancer. Conventionally, the plant<br />was vegetatively propagated, therefore. Its genetic variation is narrow. An<br />attempt to increase the genetic variation of plant was conducted using<br />somaclonal variation (calli culture) and resulted the normal planlet in vitro.<br />But, the plant morphology, growth, production, quality and fitochemistry<br />variation have not been evaluated yet. The aim of the research were to<br />obtain the morphological variation, growth, production, quality and<br />fitochemistry of rodent tuber from calli culture seeds. Experiment was<br />done at the Indonesian Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institute<br />Green house from November 2005 to January 2007. The plants material<br />used were seeds of rodent tuber from calli culture compared with seeds<br />from in vitro culture. They were planted in the polibag (20 cm x 30 cm)<br />which is contained soil and cow manure (2:1) and maintained until nine<br />months. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design<br />with sixteen replications. The parameters observed were morphological<br />character and growth component at six months and rhizome production at<br />nine months. Further more, quality and fitochemical variation and rhizome<br />were also analyzed. The result showed that visually, morphological<br />character of those plant observed were same in leaf, stem and rhizome.<br />Growth component (number of leaves, length and width of leaves) of seeds<br />from calli culture were same with in vitro and conventional but plant<br />height was different. Conventional seeds produced the greatest tillers but<br />rhizome production was lower than seeds from calli and in vitro. Water<br />soluble extract from in vitro seeds was higher than calli culture and<br />conventional seeds. Steroid compound was detected in seeds from calli<br />and in vitro. On the otherhand, flavonoid and triterpenoid were not found.<br />The experiment showed that application of somaclonal variation on rodent<br />tuber only increase the quality and fitochemical variations but not on plant<br />morphology.<br />Key words : Typonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume, morphological<br />variation, growth, production, quality, fitochemistry