bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetic description of luminescence processes
Authors: Pelant Ivan , Valenta Jan
Published: May 2012

Kinetic description of luminescence processes treats concisely the luminescence phenomena by making use of simple differential equations in time. Important terms like radiative and nonradiative lifetimes are introduced, along with definitions of quantum and power luminescence efficiencies. The important difference between the radiative lifetime and luminescence decay time is stressed. Characteristic luminescence features as the temporal decay shape and intensity dependence of photoluminescence are theoretically derived. Three model situations are examined: monomolecular process (localized luminescence centre), bimolecular process (recombination of free carriers) and their simultaneous occurrence. Single exponential, hyperbolic and stretched exponential luminescence decays are discussed. The model results on intensity dependence are compared with experiment. The general role of the kinetic approach in analyzing experimental data is considered.
Luminescence of excitons
Authors: Pelant Ivan , Valenta Jan
Published: May 2012

Luminescence of excitons’ treats in a comprehensive way a series of luminescence manifestations of bound electron–hole pairs, i.e. excitons. First, the concept of a free Wannier exciton is introduced and a shape of the pertinent absorption spectrum is described. Then multiple luminescence effects due to the free exciton radiative recombination are discussed in direct bandgap materials (exciton–polariton luminescence and LO-phonon assisted exciton annihilation) as well as in indirect bandgap materials (no-phonon luminescence, phonon replicas). Relevant selection rules are derived. Various kinds of excitons bound to impurities (neutral and/or ionized donors and acceptors, Haynes’ rule) are dealt with. Description of the luminescence of bound multiexciton complexes follows. The application of the bound exciton concept to quantitative impurity analysis in silicon is described. Finally, the cases of excitons bound to isoelectronic impurities and of self-trapped excitons are analyzed. Whenever meaningful, a particular characteristic emission lineshape that helps to decipher experimental spectrum is pointed out.
Highly excited semiconductors
Authors: Pelant Ivan , Valenta Jan
Published: May 2012

‘Highly excited semiconductors’ basically signifies important qualitative modifications in the appearance of photoluminescence emission spectra when excited with high-power lasers. In comparison with a ‘standard’ weak lamp excitation, a number of novel emission lines may appear. Responsible for these prominent luminescence features are various interactions between closely spaced free excitons. Particular microscopic mechanisms are examined, namely: excitonic molecule (biexciton) creation, decay and binding energy; collisions of free excitons; electron-hole liquid and the pertinent phase diagram; Mott transition and electron–hole plasma; Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons. Attention is paid to typical emission lineshape and its behaviour with varying excitation intensity and measurement temperature. The goal is to teach the reader to identify correctly a plenty of lines that may occur in the experimental emission spectrum. Throughout the chapter, typical luminescence spectra as acquired on various semiconductors illustrate the text.
Stimulated emission
Authors: Pelant Ivan , Valenta Jan
Published: May 2012

Stimulated emission is treated as a ‘special case of luminescence’ that requires population inversion of energy levels. After introductory examples of spontaneous emission spectra influenced by ingredient of stimulated emission, basic concept of spontaneous and stimulated emission (Einstein coefficients) in an atomic system is reviewed. The notion of optical gain is introduced. Then an analogous treatment is repeated for semiconductors. Bernard–Duraffourg condition is derived and spectral shape of optical gain is dealt in detail with. The issue of stimulated emission in indirect bandgap semiconductors is mentioned, including note on a germanium laser. A number of exciton radiative processes capable to exhibit stimulated emission are exposed. Finally, common experimental techniques to measure optical gain (variable stripe length, scanning excitation spot, and pump&probe) are analyzed and compared. Modal gain and material gain are distinguished. Throughout the chapter, illustrative experimental and theoretical examples adopted from gain spectroscopy in various semiconductors clarify the text.
Stimulated emission and lasing in low-dimensional structures
Authors: Pelant Ivan , Valenta Jan
Published: May 2012

Stimulated emission and lasing can be achieved easily in a number of semiconductor nanostructures. This chapter gives an overview of a series of physical mechanisms that were found experimentally to give rise to positive optical gain in quantum wells, quantum wires and nanocrystals. In quantum wells, these are radiative recombination of localized excitons, LO-phonon assisted exciton recombination and electron–hole plasma luminescence. In quantum wires the data are rather scarce; localized excitons and electron–hole plasma appears to be involved in lasing. Separately treated are the cases of nanocrystals dispersed randomly in a matrix and that of heterostructures with ordered quantum dots (grown by Stranski–Krastanow method). Exciton and biexciton mechanisms of optical gain in quantum dots are analyzed. The crucial competing role of Auger recombination is expressed via the filling factor. Prospects of random lasing in semiconductor nanostructures are outlined.
Photonic structures
Authors: Pelant Ivan , Valenta Jan
Published: May 2012

Photonic structures, i.e. periodically ordered patterns with a period of the order of the light wavelength, affect strongly luminescence properties of embedded (nano)phosphors. Photonic crystals exhibit either a full band of forbidden photon energies, or a stop-band. This fact has impact on spontaneous luminescence spectral shape and decay rate. Concerning stimulated emission, slow group velocity of light may lead to significant enhancement of optical gain. Tiny disc microresonators tailor luminescence spectra into whispering gallery modes. Microcavities with distributed Bragg reflectors improve spectral purity and directionality of spontaneous luminescence. The concepts of a polariton laser and of single photon sources are briefly mentioned. Throughout the chapter, the text is accompanied with experimental examples.
1 Polybius among the Romans: Life in the Cyclops' Cave
Authors: Erskine Andrew
Published: May 2012

This chapter treats Polybius' sixteen-year detention in Rome following the Third Macedonian War and asks what it meant to be a detainee in Rome. Consequently, although the chapter focuses on Polybius, it also examines the situation of those deported with him, whether from Achaea or elsewhere in Greece. It explores the conditions in which he and others were detained, their attitude to detention, the kind of terminology that Polybius uses to describe himself and his fellow detainees, their status compared to those in Rome as hostages, their place of residence, and the degree to which they had freedom of movement. It concludes by reviewing the evidence for Polybius' eventual release.
2 Polybius and Herodotus
Authors: McGing Brian
Published: May 2012

This chapter addresses the question of possible Herodotean influence on Polybius' Histories. The standard modern position holds that Polybius did not know, and owed nothing to Herodotus. This position is challenged. It is suggested that some Herodotean elements have filtered their way into Polybius. Particularly in geographical matters, Polybius seems to inhabit the same thought-world as Herodotus. Polybius' description of the Euphrates (9.43) seems to engage directly with Herodotus' account of the Nile and challenge Herodotean views on the Euphrates. Certain other Herodotean scenes and sentiments have silently infiltrated Polybius' account.
4 Thucydides, Polybius, and Human Nature
Authors: Longley Georgina
Published: May 2012

This chapter discusses the importance of human nature in Polybius' views on historical causation. Scholars such as Walbank have argued persuasively for Thucydides being an importance predecessor of Polybius, but a comparison of their views on causation has yet to be undertaken. It argues that the connection between the fifth-century bc historian Thucydides and Polybius, writing in the second century bc, extends to the prominent place both assign human beings and human nature in their explanation of historical events. How human nature emerges in these authors, how they envisage its functioning within the historical process, and how both authors make clear its centrality to their work are key aims of the chapter. It aims to show that Polybius expanded upon Thucydides' conception of human nature and developed a sophisticated view of human nature's complexities and how this affected historical explanation.
5 The Language of Polybius since Foucault and Dubuisson
Authors: Langslow David
Published: May 2012

This chapter undertakes a provisional reassessment, first, of Polybius' Greek against nine syntactic/stylistic features, comparing his usage with that of both classical and later Hellenistic historians; and, secondly, of the influence of Latin on his Greek syntax and vocabulary. It suggests on the strength of examples and case studies a series of working hypotheses for further investigation, including the following: that Polybius' use of (near)synonyms is less haphazard than is often supposed; that his similes and metaphors contain further evidence of his natural fondness for everyday language; and that, notwithstanding the last, he may occasionally use syntax or vocabulary to allude to a famous predecessor historian.
Development at the World Trade Organization
Authors: Rolland Sonia E.
Published: May 2012

This book engages in a systematic analysis of development-oriented rules and procedures at the WTO. It argues that the shortcomings of the Doha Development Round are due in part to the failure to assess trade rules as part of the legal processes and institutions that produce them. A consideration of the development dimension at the WTO must account for the impact of the WTO as an institution on developing and least developed members. The book then seeks to open some paths for reconsidering the trade and development relationship at the WTO taking into account both the heritage of the trade regime and present dynamics. From a pragmatic perspective, this book provides a coherent and systematic analysis of the legal value, the implementation, and the adjudication of special and differential treatment rules for developing members at the WTO. From a theoretical perspective, it posits two paradigms to evaluate different regulatory approaches to trade and development: One where development is considered as a core normative constituent of the trade liberalizing mission of the WTO and one where development considerations are considered on an ad hoc basis. As a prescriptive analysis, it presents a menu of options towards a more functional balance of trade liberalization processes and the development imperatives of many WTO members.
Introduction
Authors: Rolland Sonia E.
Published: May 2012

To date, there has been no integrated or systematic legal framework to accommodate developing countries' needs in the WTO legal regime. Instead, exceptions to the general rules and disciplines provide some flexibility for developing countries (special and differential treatment). The objective of this book is to analyze the nature and content of developing countries' rights at the WTO and to consider whether such rights could evolve from their current status as exceptions to a more coherent system of rules embedded in the WTO legal regime that would more effectively address developing countries' demands. The introduction briefly traces current practice to identify what informs the development dimension at the WTO and introduces two paradigms for the trade and development relationship: development as an idiosyncrasy and trade and development as normative co-constituents.
The Multiple Meanings of Development
Authors: Rolland Sonia E.
Published: May 2012

Despite its ubiquitous use in the international legal discourse, the precise meaning of “development” is elusive and has evolved over time. The purpose of this brief theoretical survey is to understand the influences that have driven normative, regulatory and institutional evolutions in the trade and development relationship. At one end of the spectrum, development has been largely equated with GDP growth; this macro-economic perspective has fuelled much of the Washington Consensus and the international organizations associated with it. At the other end of the spectrum, development is seen primarily as a human rights issue. In practice, the evolving blend of development economics and rights-based approaches has changed what we understand to be the substance of development in international and trade law.
The Contribution of International Organizations to Development Policy-Making
Authors: Rolland Sonia E.
Published: May 2012

This chapter identifies the roots of developing countries' current demands at the WTO. Development concerns have been progressively captured by international economic law and its institutions to the detriment of general public international law, a displacement that affected the substance of international trade regulation and its relationship with development. Developing countries raised very early on their concerns regarding the unequal distribution of international trade and continually sought remedies for these imbalances through traditional public international law, multilateral organizations and inter-governmental negotiations. By contrast, developed states used the IMF, the World Bank and the GATT as conduits to disseminate industrial country norms and standards within the domestic legal orders of developing states.
Special and Differential Treatment in the WTO Agreements: A Legal Analysis
Authors: Rolland Sonia E.
Published: May 2012

This chapter examines the legal nature of Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) provisions in the WTO agreements. What rights and obligations do they create and for whom? Using the language of the provisions as well as developments in international law generally, this chapter argues that many SDT provisions could be given more legal force than has been the case so far, and hence become operational tools for developing members. It then surveys the implementation record of SDT provisions to assess whether developing members have in fact used them since the inception of the GATT. It demonstrates that only a handful of SDT provisions have been invoked consistently, and even some of those have fallen into disuse since the inception of the WTO.
Reconsidering Special and Differential Treatment in the Global Context
Authors: Rolland Sonia E.
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents findings regarding special and differential treatment and the adjudication of development principally in international economic law, bringing to light creative approaches to dealing with treaty participants in widely different developmental circumstances. Many of the themes that WTO members grapple with, such as the cost of implementing obligations, capacity constraints, and the need for technical assistance, are also pervasive in other treaties. However, some treaties or organizations take a much bolder stance on asymmetric commitments between members with different economic, social, and political conditions. The manner in which such differentiated commitments are built into parties' legal obligations can also differ strikingly from the WTO's more limitative perspective.
Strategic Challenges to Integrating Development at the WTO
Authors: Rolland Sonia E.
Published: May 2012

Determining the place and role of development in the WTO's architecture is increasingly unavoidable. Although members have raised the issue in the Doha Round, no reasoned methodology has emerged for deciding how development concerns should be addressed at the WTO and in relation to other areas of international regulation. Rather, various issues are raised to forestall a real consideration of the role of development in the multilateral trading regime. This chapter provides a coherent mapping of the challenges most often raised. Starting with an assessment of what development provisions currently achieve, it widens the inquiry to examine how bilateralism and regionalism affect the framework for development at the WTO and how the broadening agenda of WTO regulation shape the content of development provisions.
Towards Development-Oriented Rules at the WTO: Some Proposals
Authors: Rolland Sonia E.
Published: May 2012

The trade community increasingly recognizes that some of the core concerns and priorities of developing countries go well beyond SDT and cannot be solved by limited carve-outs. This chapter offers a menu of proposals for recasting the trade and development relationship at the WTO. They range from limited, technical reconsiderations of special and differential treatment to more systemic aspects, including differentiation of trade liberalization commitments tailored to members' circumstances, and the realignment of WTO institutions to create a more productive framework for negotiations. While these proposals do not pretend to solve the political differences that currently keep members apart, they aim to provide the flexibility to accommodate inevitable political divergences while enabling a workable legal framework for the multilateral trading system.
National elites’ preferences on the Europeanization of policy making
Authors: Real-Dato José , Göncz Borbála , Lengyel György
Published: May 2012

The chapter focuses on the preferences of national elites towards the Europeanization of specific policy areas as an expression of the multidimensional nature of the forces and conflicts behind the process of European integration. The analysis tests the most important hypotheses considered in the European integration literature, taking into account individual elite characteristics and country-specific contextual factors. Results confirm that explanatory patterns differ depending on the type of policy area. For example, preferences toward Europeanization are stronger in those areas dealing with transnational problems, and on whether opinions refer to the current situation or in the mid-term––elites in the later case being more favourable to Europeanization. Preferences also differ among types of elites, whereby economic elites are more pro-European, and according to country; elites of former state socialist and more Eurosceptic countries, such as Denmark and the United Kingdom, are less likely to approve of delegating national authority to the EU.
Party elites and the domestic discourse on the EU
Authors: Conti Nicolò
Published: May 2012

This chapter examines the attitudes of the party central office towards the EU through a study of their Euromanifestos. The analysis allows us to assess the level of congruence between the attitudes of this particular face of the party organization and those of the party public office holders as documented in the other chapters through a survey of MPs. Results of this comparison show that the structure of the European discourse of the party central office is different from that of MPs. While MPs’ attitudes are multidimensional, parties take a hierarchical stance towards the EU with its functional aspects of institutional capacity and policy making foremost, and with more symbolic elements of identity less salient. On the other hand, regarding the trajectory of the attitudes, the Euromanifesto data and the data on MPs are highly congruent.
Appendix. Surveying elites: information on the study design and field report of the IntUne elite survey
Authors: Lengyel György , Jahr Stefan
Published: May 2012

This chapter provides information about the sampling principles and procedures related to data capture for the international IntUne project. This data formed a comprehensive database combining coordinated surveys of Europe-related attitudes at the elite and general population level; the chapters of this book draw on this data. Details of the structure of the questionnaire, its implementation, and some experiences of the fieldwork are also given. The chapter concludes with a breakdown of the key variables and a condensed version of the codebook.
1 Ending the War
Authors: Marshall Peter J.
Published: May 2012

The manner in which the war came to an end had very important consequences both for the future of Anglo‐American relations and for the impact which the loss of America would have on Britain and its empire. After the loss of an army at Yorktown, British political opinion was no longer supported a war to conquer America. This did not, however, mean that the war as a whole was thought to have ended in total defeat. In fighting against other European powers Britain had begun to hold her own, while America appeared to be in a parlous state close to disintegration. Generous concessions made to the Americans in the peace were therefore widely resented and in retrospect the war came to be seen as much as a triumph of British endurance as a disaster calling for sweeping reforms at home and in the rest of the empire.
7 Ireland
Authors: Marshall Peter J.
Published: May 2012

To contemporaries Ireland's contribution to Britain's security and wealth was of the utmost importance. Effective British control was therefore deemed to be essential. This control was seriously threatened in the last years of the American War when the Irish parliament, backed by a large movement of armed Volunteers, forced Britain to concede that its parliament had no authority over Ireland. Irish gains turned out, however to be limited. Britain still controlled the executive government of Ireland which was usually able to dominate a parliament elected by very few voters. Attempts to widen the Irish electorate, which were part of widespread movements of discontent, were defeated. In resisting popular turbulence the British regime increasingly identified itself with the maintaining the dominance of Irish Protestants over the Catholic majority of the population.
10 Empires of Righteousness
Authors: Marshall Peter J.
Published: May 2012

How they treated indigenous peoples was a matter for recrimination between Britons and Americans. During the war Native Americans generally sided with the British as did escaped slaves, some of whom the British shipped as free people to their colonies. After the war, American land hunger led to Indian wars and dispossession, whereas the British in Canada posed less of a threat to Native peoples. Trading in slaves was condemned widely on both sides of the Atlantic, but the British continued to export huge numbers of Africans, some going to the southernmost American states, where slavery flourished as it did in the British West Indies. Americans denounced British rule in India as rooted in oppression. Many British people had once thought so too, but after the war British opinion increasingly claimed that their Indian empire was based on benevolence.
12 British Communities in North America after 1783
Authors: Marshall Peter J.
Published: May 2012

American independence drove many refugees into the remaining British colonies. This chapter discusses the diverse elements in the loyalist exodus: those who were deeply committed enemies of the Revolution and upholders of the values of the British empire were mixed with many, such as disbanded soldiers, to whom the British colonies with their free land and initial financial support might seem an attractive refuge from the turmoil of the last stages of the war. Migration to and from the United States was to continue after the war. Although the British colonies were British in government and institutions, large parts of their population were essentially Americans, if not committed republicans, who were not necessarily very different from those on the other side of the border with whom they maintained many links.
13 The Course of Trade
Authors: Marshall Peter J.
Published: May 2012

Peace was followed by a boom in the export of British manufactured goods to the United States, payment for which was to be an acute problem. Although British merchants continued to handle a considerable part of America's exports, large debts were quickly added to those left from the war. Debt was to cause much Anglo‐American acrimony. By 1790, however, more balanced commercial relations were developing. America was adding great consignments of wheat to its old staple exports, its earnings from shipping were increasing and British investment was flowing into American funds. In a closely integrated British Atlantic world, national distinctions meant little to merchants, to ship owners or to the seamen who manned the ships. Attempts on both the British and the American side to develop clearly demarcated national merchant marines had only limited success.
Introduction
Authors: Clark David
Published: May 2012

The Introduction introduces both Old Norse-Icelandic literature and gender and sexuality studies, and situates the book's approach in its critical context while providing an overview of the book's structure.
Undermining Vengeance: Distancing and Anti-feminism in the Guðrún Poems
Authors: Clark David
Published: May 2012

Vengeance is of central importance to the heroic poems of the Poetic Edda; it underpins the action of each one. This first chapter focuses on the final four poems of the Codex Regius—Atlakviða, Atlamál, Guðrúnarhvöt, and Hamðismál—since they constitute a manageable body of material for close analysis, unified by the figure of Guðrún, although containing significantly different perspectives on revenge. It is argued that the hero in these poems (whether male or female) is distanced and represented as belonging to the past, and that Hamðismál and Atlakviða even seek to undermine the heroic ideal of vengeance. The chapter also asks whether the portrayal of Guðrún is anti-feminist, or in fact represents an autonomous female figure, in control of her own destiny, using gender theorists such as Carol Clover and Pamela Robertson.
Sexual Themes and the Heroic Past in Gísla saga
Authors: Clark David
Published: May 2012

As a means of transition from the analysis of primarily Eddaic material to the textual dynamic of the sagas, this chapter takes a single saga as the basis for an analysis of the relationship between Edda and saga, and the use of the former by one saga author in connection with the dynamic he explores. In this dynamic, as we shall see, familial (and particularly sibling) relationships are pitted against (and violently implicated in) sexual ones. Of all the family sagas, Gísla saga makes most striking use of Eddaic motifs, particularly regarding the symbolic role of the Eddaic heroine Guðrún Giúkadóttir to represent the old way of vengeance. In Gísla saga this use of and relation to the past is bound up with the network of sexual themes which runs through the text, and the discussion focuses particularly on the concepts of níð, or the imputation of stigmatized effeminacy, and phallic aggression.
Violence in Moderation: The Church and Vengeance in the Sagas
Authors: Clark David
Published: May 2012

This chapter considers the changing attitudes to clerical and secular vengeance in medieval Iceland. It adduces evidence from a range of legal, political, and ecclesiastical documents to contextualize a study of the representation of revenge in family and contemporary sagas in the light of ecclesiastical precepts. The analysis points to a growing perception on the part of Norse authors that secular revenge must be tempered with moderation, and that clerics should not involve themselves in acts of vengeance, although this is often difficult for them because the failure to take revenge can often seem to impugn their masculinity. Within the sagas, religious figures are employed variously as the moderating voice, and as those implicated in the turmoil of the Sturlung Age. The analysis indicates that revenge comes to be viewed in the sagas as something that belongs to the past, but with a stranglehold on the present which is hard to shake off.
Communication in advanced illness
Authors: Correa Raimundo , Ridley Julia , Zimmermann Camilla
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents a case study to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required for communication in advanced illness. It addresses several questions such as: What are the basic principles of patient-physician communication in palliative care? What are the common barriers to effective communication? When faced with abnormal test results or findings, how do you discuss these, and how much do you discuss? What is known about patient wishes and physician practices with regard to breaking bad news? What skills and techniques can a physician use when breaking bad news? How to respond to requests from family or friends for information about a patient? How to respond to the patient's questions about their prognosis and planning for the future?
Interprofessional collaborative practice in palliative care
Authors: Hall Pippa , Bouvette Maryse , Heilmann-Stille Kirsten , Weaver Lynda
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents a case study to show the aimed-for skills, attitudes, and expertise necessary for interprofessional collaborative practice in palliative care. It looks at a number of questions such as: What are the current issues that need to be addressed for the patient and his family? How do you define a team? Why is teamwork important in this case? What type(s) of teamwork can you identify in the patient's acute care admission? How can this team communicate and collaborate, given that they are rarely in the same place at the same time? What to see if the team members were not working well together?
Bone pain
Authors: Watanabe Sharon M. , Tarumi Yoko
Published: May 2012

This chapter contains a case study to show the necessary skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed to diagnose and manage bone pain. It addresses several questions such as: What are the clinical features of pain from bone metastases? How do bone metastases cause pain? What is the initial pharmacological approach to managing malignant bone pain? What non-opioid pharmacological agents may be specifically useful for bone pain? What is the role of radiopharmaceutical therapy?
Cancer rehabilitation and fatigue
Authors: Chasen Martin , Bhargava Ravi
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents a case study to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required for cancer rehabilitation and fatigue. It addresses several questions such as: What is rehabilitation and how does it apply to the patient with cancer? What roles do the team members play in rehabilitation? What is cancer-related fatigue? What is the pathophysiology of cancer-related fatigue? How is fatigue managed? Why would a fatigued patient be advised to exercise?
Constipation
Authors: Daeninck Paul , Hiebert Tim
Published: May 2012

This chapter gives a case study to show the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed to manage constipation in cancer patients. It considers several questions such as: What are the risk factors for constipation? What is the pathophysiology underlying constipation in patients with advanced illness? How to conduct an assessment for constipation? What type of enemas to consider for managing constipation in advanced illness? What is methylnaltrexone and when and how is it used to manage constipation?
An approach to ethical issues
Authors: Bereza Eugene
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents a case study to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to deal with ethical issues. It describes a four-step approach to appreciating and resolving ethical issues in clinical care that involves identifying the ethical dilemmas; gathering all of the pertinent information; analyzing the information in the context of the dilemma; and prioritizing recommendations and articulate supporting argumentation.
Spiritual care
Authors: Sinclair Shane
Published: May 2012

This chapter looks at case studies to analyse the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed to assess the spiritual needs of palliative patients. It looks at several questions such as: Under what circumstances would a spiritual history be needed? Why to screen for spiritual distress? What constitutes a spiritual history or assessment? Can overt spiritual beliefs lead to inner spiritual distress? How can clinicians effectively respond to patient beliefs when they differ significantly from their own beliefs and affect treatment decisions? What constitutes spiritual care? Who provides spiritual care?
HIV/AIDS
Authors: LaBrie Martin
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents a case study to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to diagnose and treat illnesses associated with HIV/AIDS. It addresses several questions such as: What is the natural history of HIV infection? How does treatment affect the progression of HIV infection? How does hepatitis C infection affect the clinical picture?
Lymphoedema
Authors: Towers Anna , Hodgson Pamela
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents a case study to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to diagnose and treat lymphoedema. It addresses a variety of questions such as: What is lymphoedema? When a patient presents with a new onset of oedema, what important conditions must be ruled out in the medical assessment of the patient? Who are the usual members of a specialty lymphoedema team? What are the elements of combined decongestive therapy? How do decongestive therapies work?
Wounds in advanced illness
Authors: Maida Vincent
Published: May 2012

This chapter includes case studies to show the necessary skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to diagnose and treat wounds in advanced illness. It addresses a few questions such as: What is the magnitude of wound-related issues in the palliative care setting? What are the costs of wounds? What constitutes successful wound management? How are pressure ulcers classified? What tools are available to assess malignant wounds?
Genitourinary symptoms
Authors: Hawley Pippa
Published: May 2012

This chapter examines case studies to display the necessary skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to assess and manage genitourinary symptoms. It takes as its starting point several questions such as: How to further assess Mrs M. C., a sixty-three-year-old woman who has been diagnosed two years previously with carcinoma of the cervix after reporting heavy vaginal bleeding? What problems might Mrs M.C. develop as her cancer progresses, and how should they be dealt with? How to approach the management of ureteric obstruction? What are the four types of urinary incontinence, and how do they relate to the anatomy and physiology of urinary function?
Delirium
Authors: Bush Shirley H. , Gagnon Bruno , Lawlor Peter G.
Published: May 2012

This chapter looks at a case study to show the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed to diagnose and manage delirium in palliative care patients. It considers several issues such as: How common is cognitive impairment in patients with advanced cancer? What are the core criteria for a diagnosis of delirium? What are the additional associated clinical features? How might the history and physical assessment help to clarify the diagnosis? What are the major aetiological factors associated with delirium in the palliative care setting? What is the pathogenesis of delirium?
Palliative care in the intensive-care unit (ICU)
Authors: Schulz Valerie
Published: May 2012

This chapter includes a case study to illustrate the necessary skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to integrate palliative care into the ICU. It puts forth several issues such as: Is the ICU a common location of care for patients at risk of dying? Can ICU physicians predict, with certainty, whether an ICU patient will survive or die? Does a patient's trajectory towards death influence the care that they receive? Why is palliative care being introduced in the ICU? What are some models of palliative care in the ICU?
Spinoza's Project
Authors: James Susan
Published: May 2012

This chapter explains Spinoza's reasons for writing and publishing the Treatise. His central goal is, as he says, to establish that the freedom to philosophize is compatible with the peace and piety of the republic, and to show that, without this freedom, peace and piety cannot be maintained. An understanding of these insights is currently blocked by superstitious forms of religion, which rely on misinterpretations of the Bible to subordinate philosophy to theology, and condemn philosophizing as politically dangerous. The Treatise will uncover the errors and suspect motivations on which these claims are based. Spinoza begins by setting out the traditional conception of superstition (espoused by Plutarch and Bacon among others) that he will discredit, and implicitly accuses the Dutch Reformed Church of upholding it. By explaining what it is directed against, he sets the stage for his own argument.
Worship
Authors: James Susan
Published: May 2012

According to Spinoza, the Dutch Reformed Church and other confessions defend doctrines that serve to promote superstition and obstruct a proper understanding of the relation between religion and philosophy. Its views about three topics—ceremonies, biblical narratives and miracles—are particularly damaging, and Spinoza sets out to show how they inhibit the growth of philosophical understanding. This chapter examines the philosophical grounds on which he argues that ceremonies are inessential to true religion. It explores his claim that narratives such as those in Scripture are designed to teach the divine law in an imaginative form and encourage devotion in ordinary people. It explicates his contentions that there are no miracles in the sense of interruptions of the natural order. True religion, Spinoza concludes, can dispense with ceremonies and should modify its conception of miracles, despite the contrary views of established religions.
The Meaning of Scripture
Authors: James Susan
Published: May 2012

The first six chapters of the Treatise explicate the revealed teaching of the Bible, focusing on what it does not require. The middle section of the work now challenges the views of the Reformed Church (and others) about how the Bible should be interpreted, and elaborates the hermeneutic method that Spinoza has so far been relying on. This chapter explicates and contextualizes Spinoza's view that biblical interpretation is a form of enquiry grounded on imagination, a version of what Descartes calls analysis and Bacon calls history, and explores its relation to the rational method of philosophical reasoning. On the one hand, Spinoza argues, interpreting Scripture is a rational process that anyone can in principle engage in. On the other hand, and contrary to the scandalous view of his friend Loedwijk Meyer, Scripture cannot be entirely understood by means of a strictly philosophical method. Theology and philosophy therefore remain distinct.
Putting the Interpretative Method to Work
Authors: James Susan
Published: May 2012

Before Spinoza can use his method to explain what the Bible teaches and show that its doctrine is compatible with the freedom to philosophise, he needs to clear away four errors defended by his theological opponents. Against the claim that scriptural doctrine was conveyed to the prophets by supernatural means, Spinoza argues that the Bible is a compilation written by many human authors over a long period of time. Against the view that the Pentateuch was written by Moses, he concludes that Moses was not the author of any surviving texts. Addressing an ongoing debate about the significance of the Masora, he dismisses the suggestion that these biblical annotations convey religious mysteries. Finally, despite appearances, the Apostles did not teach any speculative or philosophical doctrines. Throughout, however, Spinoza's aim is not to undermine the divinity of Scripture, but to separate its true teaching from superstitious misinterpretations.
The Role of Housing Tax Provisions
Authors: Hemmelgarn Thomas , Nicodeme Gaetan , Zangari Ernesto
Published: May 2012

The 2008 financial crisis has been the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression of 1929. It has been characterized by a housing bubble in a context of rapid credit expansion, high risk-taking, and exacerbated financial leverage, ending in deleveraging and a credit crunch when the bubble burst. This chapter discusses the interactions between housing tax provisions and the financial crisis. In particular, it reviews the existing evidence on the links between capital gains taxation of houses, interest mortgage deductibility, and characteristics of the crisis.
Can Tax Policy Help to Prevent Financial Crisis?
Authors: Hemmelgarn Thomas , Nicodeme Gaetan
Published: May 2012

The financial crisis has raised the question as to whether additional taxes on the financial sector would be advisable. This chapter offers an overview of the economics of a financial transaction tax and of a financial activities tax and describes countries’ experiences with these taxes.
Associations Between Law, Competitiveness, and the Pursuit of Self-Interest
Authors: J. Callan Mitchell , Kay Aaron C.
Published: May 2012

This chapter will discuss and provide evidence for the idea that the law’s existence shapes social reality by implicitly fostering the sense that people are, and perhaps should be, competitive and untrustworthy. Drawing on research from social cognition and legal studies, it will argue that people tend to associate the law with self-interestedness due to their encounter with the legal system. Through legal socialization—the acquisition of legal knowledge through direct instruction, experience and popular media—people come to mentally associate the law with competitiveness. This chapter will argue that this is precisely due to the way the legal system operates, at least in societies adopting an adversarial legal system.
Attributions and Ideologies: Two Divergent Visions of Human Behavior Behind Our Laws, Policies, and Theories
Authors: Benforado Adam , Hanson Jon
Published: May 2012

This chapter describes a major rift extending across many important debates over our legal structures, policies, and theories of law. It argues that the divide is based, to a significant extent, on contrasting attributional tendencies: the less accurate dispositionist approach, which explains outcomes and behavior with reference to people’s dispositions (that is, stable personalities, preferences, and the like), and the more accurate situationist approach, which bases attributions of causation and responsibility on unseen influences within us and around us (that is, cognitive proclivities and structures and external environmental forces). As this chapter summarizes, research on the underlying motives and conceptual metaphors behind conservatism and liberalism help explain the vital connections between those attributional styles and political ideologies.
Preference, Principle, and Political Casuistry
Authors: Knowles Eric D. , Ditto Peter H.
Published: May 2012

To say that someone is a person of principle is high praise; to declare that he or she is driven by personal preference is a damning critique. This chapter examines judgments of preference and principle from a social-psychological perspective, arguing that they reflect lay-psychological hypotheses concerning the causes of behavior. It is argued that judgments are rarely purely principled or purely preference-based. Rather, a hybrid or casuistic model is proposed, positing that principles (for example, general intellectual commitments) often guide judgments after having been selected to cohere with one’s preferences (or affective biases) concerning the outcome. Examples of casuistic judgments are examined from the domains of life-and-death decisions, legal reasoning, and racial thinking. The chapter closes with a discussion of the normative status of casuistic judgment.
Seeing Bias: Discrediting and Dismissing Accurate Attributions
Authors: Benforado Adam , Hanson Jon
Published: May 2012

This chapter explores the way in which dispositionism maintains its dominance as an attributional framework despite failing to capture accurately the causes of human behavior. The answer lies in a subordinate dynamic and discourse, naïve cynicism: the basic subconscious mechanism by which dispositionists discredit and dismiss generally more accurate situationist insights and their proponents. Without the operation of naïve cynicism, dispositionism would be far more vulnerable to challenge and change. Naïve cynicism is, thus, critically important to explaining how and why certain legal policies manage to carry the day. As a case study, the chapter considers the naïve cynical backlash against situationist accounts of the causes of prisoner abuses at Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo Bay, and other detentions centers.
Aggressive Interrogation and Retributive Justice: A Proposed Psychological Model
Authors: Sood Avani Mehta , Carlsmith Kevin M.
Published: May 2012

The use of aggressive interrogation techniques on terrorism suspects is typically justified on utilitarian grounds. This chapter presents evidence that those who support such techniques are actually fuelled more by retributive motives. One experimental study conducted with a broad national sample of US residents found that interrogation recommendations are more sensitive to manipulation of the target’s history of bad acts than to manipulation of his likelihood of useful knowledge. Moreover, the desire for harsh interrogation is largely isomorphic with the desire to punish, and both effects are mediated by the perceived moral status of the target. A second study demonstrated conditions under which nationality and geographical proximity of the detainee make a difference to interrogation and morality judgments. The implications of our results are discussed with regard to national policy on torture-interrogation.
Two Social Psychologists' Reflections on Situationism and the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Ross Lee , Shestowsky Donna
Published: May 2012

The criminal justice system relies on lay notions of culpability that are incompatible with contemporary social psychology, and arguably with reasonable standards of fairness and justice. A given wrongdoer’s actions are viewed in that field less as the product of stable disposition or “character” and more that of situation factors and their cumulative consequences than either lay or legal conceptions acknowledge. Moreover, the legal distinctions made between relevant and irrelevant mitigating factors are ones that social psychologists would deem uncompelling and even incoherent. While recognizing the impediments to dramatic systemic change, and the important role that public approval plays in maintaining the criminal justice system, this chapter questions whether justice can truly be served when the law’s theory of culpability is so fundamentally at odds with the lessons of social scientific research. It also considers the implications of a more enlightened view.
What’s Love Got to Do with It?: Stereotypical Women in Dispositionist Torts
Authors: Nicola Fernanda
Published: May 2012

This chapter explores how ideology influences legal change. In particular, it discusses how feminist ideologies, often allied with social conservative ones, have changed how lawyers and judges approach interspousal torts. Those changes, though limited in scale, are apparent in doctrine and damage assessments. More generally, they are shaping how our society understands the relationships between men and women. While legal reformers are allowing women's stories of abuse finally to be heard, they tend to hear only stereotypical stories. Those stories are fueling a dispositionist perspective that reinforces stereotyped gender narratives in which women are either helpless victims of abuse or heartless perpetrators of emotional abuse. This dispositionist approach to tort law looks to individual choices and stereotyped narratives to attribute responsibility and blame in a rational and straightforward way, and overlooks the situational influences and constraints of each character in a tort lawsuit.