bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolic and Low-Grade Inflammation Risk in Young Adults with a History of Extrauterine Growth Restriction
Authors: Palomino-Fernández Laura , Pastor-Villaescusa Belén , Velasco Inmaculada , Rico María , Roa Juan , Gil Ángel , Gil-Campos Mercedes
Published: May 2024

Children with a history of extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR), later at prepubertal age, exhibit an increased metabolic risk including risen insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation. However, the progression of such metabolic changes after puberty and the lasting health implications have not yet been investigated. The objective of this study was to ascertain whether young adults with a history of EUGR faced increased vulnerability to metabolic disorders. A study was conducted comparing a group of adults with a history of EUGR with a healthy reference group. A total of 110 young adults (36 from the EUGR group and 74 from the control group) were included. Anthropometric variables, blood pressure (BP), general biochemical parameters, plasma inflammatory biomarkers, and adipokines were assessed. Compared to the reference group, the EUGR group had a shorter height and body weight with higher lean mass and waist circumference, as well as a greater percentage of individuals with high BP. In addition, EUGR patients had higher values of insulin, HOMA-IR, nerve growth factor, and leptin, and lower levels of adiponectin and resistin. The present study suggests that young adults with a history of EUGR present increased metabolic risk factors therefore, clinical follow-up should be considered.
Beyond Tradition: Exploring Cutting-Edge Approaches for Accurate Diagnosis of Human Filariasis
Authors: Pietrzak Damian , Łuczak Julia Weronika , Wiśniewski Marcin
Published: May 2024

Filariasis is recognised as a global public health threat, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It is caused by infection with a nematode parasite of the superfamily Filarioidea, including Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Onchocerca volvulus, and Onchocerca lupi. Three main types of filariasis have been classified: lymphatic filariasis, subcutaneous filariasis, and serous cavity filariasis. The symptoms exhibited by individuals afflicted with filariasis are diverse and contingent upon several variables, including the species of parasite, the host’s health and immune response, and the stage of infection. While many classical parasitological techniques are considered indispensable tools for the diagnosis of parasitic infections in humans, alternative methods are being sought due to their limitations. Novel tests based on host–parasite interactions offer a rapid, simple, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tool in comparison to traditional parasitological methods. This article presents methods developed in the 21st century for the diagnosis of filariasis caused by invasion from W. bancrofti, B. malayi, O. volvulus, and O. lupi, as well as techniques that are currently in use. The development of modern diagnostic methods based on molecular biology constitutes a significant advancement in the fight against filariasis.
2-(4-Nitrophenyl)isothiazol-3(2H)-one: A Promising Selective Agent against Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Marka Sofia , Zografaki Maria-Eleftheria , Tsolomiti Georgia , Kalliampakou Katerina I. , Tsolomitis Athanasios , Koumantou Christina , Smirlis Despina , Vassilaki Niki , Kintzios Spyros
Published: May 2024

Liver cancer ranks among the most prevalent malignancies globally and stands as a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Numerous isothiazolone derivatives and analogues have been synthesized and investigated for their potential as anticancer agents; however, limited data exist regarding their efficacy against liver cancer. In the present study, two nitrophenyl-isothiazolones, the 5-benzoyl-2-(4-nitrophenyl)isothiazol-3(2H)-one (IsoA) and the 2-(4-nitrophenyl)isothiazol-3(2H)-one (IsoB), were preliminarily investigated for their cytotoxicity against hepatoma human (Huh7) cells as a liver cancer model and Immortalized Human Hepatocytes (IHHs) as a model of non-cancerous hepatocytes. IsoB, derived from IsoA after removal of the benzoyl moiety, demonstrated the highest cytotoxic effect against Huh7 cells with CC50 values of 19.3 μΜ at 24 h, 16.4 μΜ at 48 h, and 16.2 μΜ at 72 h of incubation, respectively. IsoB also exhibited selective toxicity against the liver cancerous Huh7 cells compared to IHH cells, reinforcing its role as a potent and selective anticancer agent. Remarkably, the cytotoxicity of IsoB was higher when compared with the standard chemotherapeutical agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which also failed to exhibit higher toxicity against the liver cancerous cell lines. Moreover, IsoB-treated Huh7 cells presented a noteworthy reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) after 48 and 72 h, while mitochondrial superoxide levels showed an increase after 24 h of incubation. The molecular mechanism of the IsoB cytotoxic effect was also investigated using RT-qPCR, revealing an apoptosis-mediated cell death along with tumor suppressor TP53 overexpression and key-oncogene MYCN downregulation.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of GPR55 Agonists and Antagonists in LPS-Treated BV2 Microglial Cells
Authors: Sun Lu , Apweiler Matthias , Normann Claus , Grathwol Christoph W. , Hurrle Thomas , Gräßle Simone , Jung Nicole , Bräse Stefan , Fiebich Bernd L.
Published: May 2024

Chronic inflammation is driven by proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and chemokines, such as c-c motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL3, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2), and CXCL10. Inflammatory processes of the central nervous system (CNS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of various neurological and psychiatric disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and depression. Therefore, identifying novel anti-inflammatory drugs may be beneficial for treating disorders with a neuroinflammatory background. The G-protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) gained interest due to its role in inflammatory processes and possible involvement in different disorders. This study aims to identify the anti-inflammatory effects of the coumarin-based compound KIT C, acting as an antagonist with inverse agonistic activity at GPR55, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells in comparison to the commercial GPR55 agonist O-1602 and antagonist ML-193. All compounds significantly suppressed IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL3, CXCL2, and CXCL10 expression and release in LPS-treated BV2 microglial cells. The anti-inflammatory effects of the compounds are partially explained by modulation of the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p42/44 MAPK (ERK 1/2), protein kinase C (PKC) pathways, and the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB, respectively. Due to its potent anti-inflammatory properties, KIT C is a promising compound for further research and potential use in inflammatory-related disorders.
Stevens–Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Analysis of the Russian Database of Spontaneous Reports
Authors: Zyryanov Sergey , Asetskaya Irina , Butranova Olga , Terekhina Elizaveta , Polivanov Vitaly , Yudin Alexander , Samsonova Kristina
Published: May 2024

(1) Background: Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are extremely severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions which are relatively rare in routine clinical practice. An analysis of a national pharmacovigilance database may be the most effective method of obtaining information on SJS and TEN. (2) Methods: Design—a retrospective descriptive pharmacoepidemiologic study of spontaneous reports (SRs) with data on SJS and TEN retrieved from the Russian National Pharmacovigilance database for the period from 1 April 2019 to 31 December 2023. Descriptive statistics was used to assess the demographic data of patients and the structure of suspected drugs. (3) Results: A total of 170 SRs on SJS and TEN were identified, of which 32.9% were SJS and 67.1%—TEN. In total, 30% were pediatric SRs, 21.2%—SRs of the elderly. There were 12 lethal cases, and all cases were TEN. The leading culprit drugs were anti-infectives for systemic use and nervous system agents. The top 10 involved drugs are as follows: lamotrigine (23.5%), ibuprofen (12.9%), ceftriaxone (8.8%), amoxicillin and amoxicillin with beta-lactam inhibitors (8.8%), paracetamol (7.6%), carbamazepine (5.9%), azithromycin (4.1%), valproic acid (4.1%), omeprazole (3.5%), and levetiracetam (3.5%). (4) Conclusions: Our study was the first study in Russia aimed at the assessment of the structure of the drugs involved in SJS and TEN on the national level.
Efficacy of Probiotic Strains Lactobacillus sakei Probio65 and Lactobacillus plantarum Probio-093 in Management of Obesity: An In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis
Authors: Gulnaz Aneela , Lew Lee-Ching , Park Yong-Ha , Sabir Jamal S. M. , Albiheyri Raed , Rather Irfan A. , Hor Yan-Yan
Published: May 2024

The prevalence of obesity, characterized by an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue and adipocyte hypertrophy, presents a major public health challenge. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus sakei Probio65 and Lactobacillus plantarum Probio-093, in the context of obesity. Utilizing 3T3-L1 cell-derived human adipocytes, we assessed Probio65’s and Probio-093’s capacity to mitigate triglyceride accumulation and influence adipocytokine production in vitro. Subsequently, an in vivo trial with male C57BL/6J mice examined the effects of both probiotic strains on adipose tissue characteristics, body weight, fat mass, and obesity-related gene expression. This study employed both live and ethanol-extracted bacterial cells. The results demonstrated significant reductions in the triglyceride deposition, body weight, and adipose tissue mass in the treated groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, both strains modulated adipokine profiles by downregulating proinflammatory markers such as PAI-1, leptin, TNF-α, STAMP2, F4/80, resistin, and MCP-1, and upregulating the insulin-sensitive transporter GLUT4 and the anti-inflammatory adiponectin (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that Lactobacillus sakei Probio65 and Lactobacillus plantarum Probio-093 are promising agents for microbiome-targeted anti-obesity therapies, offering the effective mitigation of obesity and improvement in adipocyte function in a murine model.
Improved Immunotherapy Outcomes via Cuproptosis Upregulation of HLA-DRA Expression: Promoting the Aggregation of CD4+ and CD8+T Lymphocytes in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Wang Bowen , Liu Yiwen , Xiong Feng , Wang Chunyang
Published: May 2024

Immunotherapy has shown promising clinical results in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but low clinical target response rates due to dysfunction of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and an inhibitory tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) have largely limited the associated clinical benefits. In the present study, we explored the feasibility of enhancing tumor-specific-MHC-II-HLA-DRA expression, counteracting the TIME’s suppressive effects, thereby improving the sensitivity of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy from the standpoint of cuproptosis. Immunohistochemical staining and in vitro experiments validated the expression of HLA-DRA in ccRCC and its positive impact on ICI therapy. Subsequently, we observed that cuproptosis upregulated HLA-DRA expression in a dose-dependent manner, further confirming the link between cuproptosis and HLA-DRA. In vivo experiments showed that cuproptosis increased the sensitivity to ICI treatment, and implementing cuproptosis alongside anti-PD-1 treatment curtailed tumor growth. Mechanistically, cuproptosis upregulates HLA-DRA expression at the transcriptional level in a dose-dependent manner by inducing the production of reactive oxygen species; high levels of HLA-DRA promote the expression of chemokines CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10 in the TIME, inhibiting the development of a pro-tumor microenvironment by promoting the infiltration of CD4+T and CD8+T cells, thereby synergizing ICI therapy and exerting anti-tumor effects. Taken together, this work highlights the role of cuproptosis in mediating TIME remodeling and synergistic immunotherapy, providing new evidence that cuproptosis can evoke effective anti-tumor immune responses.
Potential of Bioactive Protein and Protein Hydrolysate from Apis mellifera Larvae as Cosmeceutical Active Ingredients for Anti-Skin Aging
Authors: Thuraphan Paphawarin , Suang Suphawan , Bunrod Anurak , Kanjanakawinkul Watchara , Chaiyana Wantida
Published: May 2024

This study aimed to extract bioactive proteins and protein hydrolysates from Apis mellifera larvae and assess their potential application in cosmetics as well as their irritation properties. The larvae were defatted and extracted using various mediums, including DI water, along with 0.5 M aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide, ascorbic acid, citric acid, and hydrochloric acid. Subsequently, the crude proteins were hydrolyzed using the Alcalase® enzyme. All extracts underwent testing for antioxidant activities via the 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and Griess assays. Anti-aging properties were evaluated in terms of anti-collagenase and anti-hyaluronidase effects. Irritation potential was assessed using the hen’s egg chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) test. The results revealed that the sodium hydroxide extraction showed promising outcomes in terms of yield, protein content, and effectiveness in inhibiting hyaluronidase, with the highest inhibition at 78.1 ± 1.5%, comparable to that of oleanolic acid. Conversely, crude protein extracted with ascorbic acid and its hydrolysate showed notable antioxidant and collagenase-inhibitory activities. Remarkably, their anti-collagenase effects were comparable to those of ascorbic acid and lysine. Additionally, it demonstrated safety upon testing with the CAM. In conclusion, the findings provided valuable insights into the utilization of A. mellifera larval proteins as active ingredients with a wide range of cosmeceutical applications, particularly due to their antioxidant, anti-aging, and low irritation properties, which hold significant promise for anti-skin wrinkles.
Risperidone-Loaded Nasal Thermosensitive Polymeric Micelles: Quality by Design-Based Formulation Study
Authors: Sipos Bence , Katona Gábor , Csóka Ildikó
Published: May 2024

The current research aims to develop thermosensitive polymeric micelles loaded with risperidone for nasal administration, emphasizing the added benefits of their thermosensitive behavior under nasal conditions. An initial risk assessment facilitated the advanced development process, confirming that the key indicators of thermosensitivity were suitable for nasal application. The polymeric micelles exhibited an average size of 118.4 ± 3.1 nm at ambient temperature and a size of 20.47 ± 1.2 nm at 36.5 °C, in both cases in monodisperse distribution. Factors such as pH and viscosity did not significantly impact these parameters, demonstrating appropriate nasal applicability. The model formulations showed a rapid, burst-like drug release profile in vitro, accompanied by a quick and high permeation rate at nasal conditions. Overall, the Quality by Design-based risk assessment process led to the development of an advanced drug delivery system capable of administering risperidone through the nasal cavity.
Co-Delivery of Dragon’s Blood and Alkanna tinctoria Extracts Using Electrospun Nanofibers: In Vitro and In Vivo Wound Healing Evaluation in Diabetic Rat Model
Authors: AlMotawa Rana Y. , Alhamid Ghadeer , Badran Mohamed M. , Orfali Raha , Alomrani Abdullah H. , Tawfik Essam A. , Alzahrani Dunia A. , Alfassam Haya A. , Ghaffar Safina , Fathaddin Amany , Al-Taweel Areej , Almomen Aliyah
Published: May 2024

The increasing prevalence of diabetic wounds presents a significant challenge due to the difficulty of natural healing and various obstacles. Dragon’s blood (DB) and Alkanna tinctoria (AT) are well recognized for their potent healing abilities, which include potent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, electrospun nanofibers (NFs) based on polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were co-loaded with both DB and AT, aiming to magnify their efficacy as wound-dressing applications for diabetic wound healing. The evaluation of these NFs as wound dressings was conducted using a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Electrospun NFs were prepared using the electrospinning of the PVP polymer, resulting in nanofibers with consistent, smooth surfaces. The loading capacity (LC) of AT and DB into NFs was 64.1 and 70.4 µg/mg, respectively, while in the co-loaded NFs, LC was 49.6 for AT and 57.2 µg/mg for DB. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that DB and AT were amorphously dispersed within the NFs. The loaded NFs showed a dissolution time of 30 s in PBS (pH 7.4), which facilitated the release of AT and DB (25–38% after 10 min), followed by a complete release achieved after 180 min. The antibacterial evaluation demonstrated that the DB-AT mixture had potent activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Along with that, the DB-AT NFs showed effective growth inhibition for both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus compared to the control NFs. Moreover, wound healing was evaluated in vivo in diabetic Wistar rats over 14 days. The results revealed that the DB-AT NFs improved wound healing within 14 days significantly compared to the other groups. These results highlight the potential application of the developed DB-AT NFs in wound healing management, particularly in diabetic wounds.
Process Simulation of Twin-Screw Granulation: A Review
Authors: Arthur Tony Bediako , Rahmanian Nejat
Published: May 2024

Twin-screw granulation has emerged as a key process in powder processing industries and in the pharmaceutical sector to produce granules with controlled properties. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the simulation techniques and approaches that have been employed in the study of twin-screw granulation processes. This review discusses the major aspects of the twin-screw granulation process which include the fundamental principles of twin-screw granulation, equipment design, process parameters, and simulation methodologies. It highlights the importance of operating conditions and formulation designs in powder flow dynamics, mixing behaviour, and particle interactions within the twin-screw granulator for enhancing product quality and process efficiency. Simulation techniques such as the population balance model (PBM), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the discrete element method (DEM), process modelling software (PMS), and other coupled techniques are critically discussed with a focus on simulating twin-screw granulation processes. This paper examines the challenges and limitations associated with each simulation approach and provides insights into future research directions. Overall, this article serves as a valuable resource for researchers who intend to develop their understanding of twin-screw granulation and provides insights into the various techniques and approaches available for simulating the twin-screw granulation process.
Insight into the Functional Dynamics and Challenges of Exosomes in Pharmaceutical Innovation and Precision Medicine
Authors: Sharma Anu , Yadav Anita , Nandy Aparajita , Ghatak Subhadip
Published: May 2024

Of all the numerous nanosized extracellular vesicles released by a cell, the endosomal-originated exosomes are increasingly recognized as potential therapeutics, owing to their inherent stability, low immunogenicity, and targeted delivery capabilities. This review critically evaluates the transformative potential of exosome-based modalities across pharmaceutical and precision medicine landscapes. Because of their precise targeted biomolecular cargo delivery, exosomes are posited as ideal candidates in drug delivery, enhancing regenerative medicine strategies, and advancing diagnostic technologies. Despite the significant market growth projections of exosome therapy, its utilization is encumbered by substantial scientific and regulatory challenges. These include the lack of universally accepted protocols for exosome isolation and the complexities associated with navigating the regulatory environment, particularly the guidelines set forth by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This review presents a comprehensive overview of current research trajectories aimed at addressing these impediments and discusses prospective advancements that could substantiate the clinical translation of exosomal therapies. By providing a comprehensive analysis of both the capabilities and hurdles inherent to exosome therapeutic applications, this article aims to inform and direct future research paradigms, thereby fostering the integration of exosomal systems into mainstream clinical practice.
What Is There to Be Ashamed Of? Nietzsche and Plato
Authors: Sikora Ondřej
Published: May 2024

The motif of shame represents an interesting and hitherto neglected intersection in the discussion of the relationship between Nietzsche and Plato. The first part of the essay recapitulates the function of this motif in Nietzsche’s culminating texts (mainly Zarathustra and Gay Science), while the second part focuses on the motif of shame in Plato’s work, specifically the two extreme contexts of death (Apology, Crito) and love (Symposium). It turns out that for both authors, shame is a constitutive moral phenomenon that is thematized in relation to logos. Shame and logos thus stand in close and contrasting relation. Their tension is decisive for the life of the soul, for its upward movement (Plato) or gradation (Nietzsche). It is therefore not a simple subjugation of the “bad”, irrational element by the “good”, rational component of the soul that plays the central role but an interplay of irreducible, mutually demanding moments. The interpretation of their interplay has both historical and systematic importance—it sheds new light on the relationship between these seemingly opposing philosophers and contributes to answering the following question: what is there to be ashamed of?
Manchester Return-to-Zero On–Off Keying Modulation for Free-Space Optical Communication
Authors: Zong Wenhao , Jing Qianwen , Liu Minfang , Gao Yan , Hong Yanqing
Published: May 2024

This paper proposes a Manchester return-to-zero on–off keying (M-RZ-OOK) modulation for free-space optical (FSO) communication. M-RZ-OOK modulation is achieved by introducing Manchester coding into the RZ-OOK format. M-RZ-OOK has the features of phase-flipped impulse series in the spectrum. Therefore, normal and inversed channel state information (CSI) can be extracted by applying a local oscillator (LO) with the frequencies of impulses, respectively. These extracted CSIs can be applied to realize adaptive threshold decision (ATD) and adaptive power transmission (APT) in the forward and backward links simultaneously. The proposed M-RZ-OOK modulation was verified in simulations using various turbulence channels. The simulation results demonstrated that ATD and APT were effectively accomplished in the forward and backward links with the estimated normal and inversed CSIs.
Camera-Based Safety System for Optical Wireless Power Transmission Using Dynamic Safety-Distance
Authors: Zuo Chen , Miyamoto Tomoyuki
Published: May 2024

This paper introduces a new safety approach for Optical Wireless Power Transmission (OWPT), a technology that is integral to the new kinds of Wireless Power Transmission technology (WPT). It starts from the fundamental configuration of the current OWPT system, addressing the safety concerns related to lasers by involving laser irradiation hazards, laser exposure regulation and guidelines, and a comparison with other safety methods. A camera-based OWPT safety system focused on the emission control of the light source is proposed, and it utilizes a depth camera and finely tuned computer vision-based control program. Through meticulous system design and experiments, the proposed system can detect moving objects in a limited indoor environment and control the laser/LED light transmission according to the object’s velocity dynamically. Various functions and exclusive improvements towards OWPT operation are mentioned, and Dynamic Safety-Distance is proposed as the core mechanism of the safety system. Through on-site experiments, indoor safety control and system operation’s evaluation are discussed, acknowledging both the advantages and limitations of the proposed safety system. This paper concludes with suggestions for further developments in camera-based OWPT safety incorporating the concept of Automatic Emission Control.
Primary Metabolic Response of Aristolochia contorta to Simulated Specialist Herbivory under Elevated CO2 Conditions
Authors: Jeong Hyeon Jin , Nam Bo Eun , Jeong Se Jong , Lee Gisuk , Kim Sang-Gyu , Kim Jae Geun
Published: May 2024

This study explores how elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels affects the growth and defense mechanisms of plants. We focused on Aristolochia contorta Bunge (Aristolochiaceae), a wild plant that exhibits growth reduction under elevated CO2 in the previous study. The plant has Sericinus montela Gray (Papilionidae) as a specialist herbivore. By analyzing primary metabolites, understanding both the growth and defense response of plants to herbivory under elevated CO2 conditions is possible. The experiment was conducted across four groups, combining two CO2 concentration conditions (ambient CO2 and elevated CO2) with two herbivory conditions (herbivory treated and untreated). Although many plants exhibit increased growth under elevated CO2 levels, A. contorta exhibited reduced growth with lower height, dry weight, and total leaf area. Under herbivory, A. contorta triggered both localized and systemic responses. More primary metabolites exhibited significant differences due to herbivory treatment in systemic tissue than local leaves that herbivory was directly treated. Herbivory under elevated CO2 level triggered more significant responses in primary metabolites (17 metabolites) than herbivory under ambient CO2 conditions (five metabolites). Several defense-related metabolites exhibited higher concentrations in the roots and lower concentrations in the leaves in response to the herbivory treatment in the elevated CO2 group. This suggests a potential intensification of defensive responses in the underground parts of the plant under elevated CO2 levels. Our findings underscore the importance of considering both abiotic and biotic factors in understanding plant responses to environmental changes. The adaptive strategies of A. contorta suggest a complex response mechanism to elevated CO2 and herbivory pressures.
Chromosome-Scale, De Novo, Phased Genome Assemblies of Three Australian Limes: Citrus australasica, C. inodora, and C. glauca
Authors: Singh Khushwant , Huff Matthew , Liu Jianyang , Park Jong-Won , Rickman Tara , Keremane Manjunath , Krueger Robert R. , Kunta Madhurababu , Roose Mikeal L. , Dardick Chris , Staton Margaret , Ramadugu Chandrika
Published: May 2024

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a severe citrus disease worldwide. Wild Australian limes like Citrus australasica, C. inodora, and C. glauca possess beneficial HLB resistance traits. Individual trees of the three taxa were extensively used in a breeding program for over a decade to introgress resistance traits into commercial-quality citrus germplasm. We generated high-quality, phased, de novo genome assemblies of the three Australian limes using PacBio long-read sequencing. The genome assembly sizes of the primary and alternate haplotypes were determined for C. australasica (337 Mb/335 Mb), C. inodora (304 Mb/299 Mb), and C. glauca (376 Mb/379 Mb). The nine chromosome-scale scaffolds included 86–91% of the genome sequences generated. The integrity and completeness of the assembled genomes were estimated to be at 97.2–98.8%. Gene annotation studies identified 25,461 genes in C. australasica, 27,665 in C. inodora, and 30,067 in C. glauca. Genes belonging to 118 orthogroups were specific to Australian lime genomes compared to other citrus genomes analyzed. Significantly fewer canonical resistance (R) genes were found in C. inodora and C. glauca (319 and 449, respectively) compared to C. australasica (576), C. clementina (579), and C. sinensis (651). Similar patterns were observed for other gene families associated with potential HLB resistance, including Phloem protein 2 (PP2) and Callose synthase (CalS) genes predicted in the Australian lime genomes. The genomic information on Australian limes developed in the present study will help understand the genetic basis of HLB resistance.
AlveoMPU: Bridging the Gap in Lung Model Interactions Using a Novel Alveolar Bilayer Film
Authors: Hirano Minoru , Iwata Kosuke , Yamada Yuri , Shinoda Yasuhiko , Yamazaki Masateru , Hino Sayaka , Ikeda Aya , Shimizu Akiko , Otsuka Shuhei , Nakagawa Hiroyuki , Watanabe Yoshihide
Published: May 2024

The alveoli, critical sites for gas exchange in the lungs, comprise alveolar epithelial cells and pulmonary capillary endothelial cells. Traditional experimental models rely on porous polyethylene terephthalate or polycarbonate membranes, which restrict direct cell-to-cell contact. To address this limitation, we developed AlveoMPU, a new foam-based mortar-like polyurethane-formed alveolar model that facilitates direct cell–cell interactions. AlveoMPU features a unique anisotropic mortar-shaped configuration with larger pores at the top and smaller pores at the bottom, allowing the alveolar epithelial cells to gradually extend toward the bottom. The underside of the film is remarkably thin, enabling seeded pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells to interact with alveolar epithelial cells. Using AlveoMPU, it is possible to construct a bilayer structure mimicking the alveoli, potentially serving as a model that accurately simulates the actual alveoli. This innovative model can be utilized as a drug-screening tool for measuring transepithelial electrical resistance, assessing substance permeability, observing cytokine secretion during inflammation, and evaluating drug efficacy and pharmacokinetics.
The Effect of Mechanical Alteration on Repair Bond Strength of S-PRG-Filler-Based Resin Composite Materials
Authors: Islam Md Sofiqul , Aryal A C Smriti , El Bahra Shadi , Abuhajjeh Abdullah Jamal , Al Mofleh Akram Mohammad , Padmanabhan Vivek , Rahman Muhammed Mustahsen
Published: May 2024

This study investigates the impact of mechanical alteration on resin composite surfaces and its subsequent effect on repair bond strength. A total of 100 resin composite disks were prepared and were allocated for 24 h or 1 year of artificial aging. Specimens were embedded in epoxy resin, and the composite surfaces were mechanically altered using either diamond burs or air abrasion with aluminum oxide or glass beads. A universal bonding material was applied and a 2 mm circular and 3 mm high repair composite cylinder were prepared using a Teflon mold. Then, the specimens were tested for their shear bond strength, and the de-bonded specimens were observed under a scanning electron microscope to determine the failure pattern. SPSS 26.0 statistical software was used to analyze the data. Two-way ANOVA showed a statistically significant effect of mechanical alteration and aging on the shear bond strength of S-PRG-filler-based resin composite (p < 0.05). Surface modification with a fine diamond bur showed a significantly higher bond strength in both 24-h- and 1-year-aged specimens. Surface modification with alumina significantly increased the bond strength of 1-year-aged specimens; however, it was statistically insignificant for 24 h-aged specimens. Mechanical alteration with a fine diamond bur and 50-micron alumina can improve the repair bond strength of the composite.
Research on Low-Cost High-Viscosity Asphalt and Its Performance for Porous Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Xia Lei , Su Qidong , Shan Lingyan , Li Fulong , Cao Dongwei , Lu Jie
Published: May 2024

To develop a cost-effective, high-viscosity asphalt for porous asphalt pavement, we utilized SBS, tackifier, and solubilizer as the main raw materials, identified the optimal composition through an orthogonal experiment of three factors and three levels, and prepared a low-cost high-viscosity asphalt. We compared its conventional and rheological properties against those of rubber asphalt, SBS modified asphalt, and matrix asphalt, employing fluorescence microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for microstructural analysis. The results indicate that the optimal formula composition for high-viscosity asphalt was 4–5% styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) + 1–2% tackifier +0–3% solubilizer +0.15% stabilizer. The components evenly dispersed and the performances were enhanced with chemical and physical modification. Compared with SBS modified asphalt, rubber asphalt, and matrix asphalt, the softening point, 5 °C ductility, and 60 °C dynamic viscosity of high-viscosity asphalt were significantly improved, while the 175 °C Brookfield viscosity was equivalent to SBS modified asphalt. In particular, the 60 °C dynamic viscosity reaches 383,180 Pa·s. Rheological tests indicate that the high- and low-temperature grade of high-viscosity asphalt reaches 88–18 °C, and that high-viscosity asphalt has the best high-temperature resistance to permanent deformation and low-temperature resistance to cracking. It can save about 30% cost compared to commercially available high-viscosity asphalt, which is conducive to the promotion and application of porous asphalt pavement.
Influence of Machining Parameters on the Dimensional Accuracy of Drilled Holes in Engineering Plastics
Authors: Pop Alina Bianca , Titu Aurel Mihail , Ravai-Nagy Sandor , Daraba Catalin
Published: May 2024

This paper explores the interaction between cutting parameters and the geometric accuracy of machined holes in a variety of engineering plastics, with the aim of improving manufacturing processes in the plastic processing industry. In the context of fast and precise manufacturing technology, the accuracy of drilled holes in polymers is of paramount importance, given their essential role in the assembly and functionality of finished parts. The objective of this research was to determine the influence of cutting speed and feed rate on the diameter and cylindricity of machined holes in six diverse types of plastics using a multilevel factorial design for analysis. The key message conveyed to the reader highlights that careful selection of cutting parameters is crucial to achieving high standards of accuracy and repeatability in plastic processing. The methodology involved structured experiments, looking at the effect of changing cutting parameters on a set of six polymer materials. A CNC machining center for drills and high-precision measuring machines were used to evaluate the diameter and cylindricity of the holes. The results of ANOVA statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between cutting parameters and hole sizes for some materials, while for others the relationship was less evident. The conclusions drawn highlight the importance of optimizing cutting speed and feed rate according to polymer type to maximize accuracy and minimize deviations from cylindricity. It was also observed that, under selected processing conditions, high- and medium-density polyurethane showed the best results in terms of accuracy and cylindricity, suggesting potential optimized directions for specific industrial applications.
DIW-Printed Thermal Management PDMS Composites with 3D Structural Thermal Conductive Network of h-BN Platelets and Al2O3 Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhu Hongyi , Wu Shunxia , Tang Rui , Li Yang , Chen Gang , Huang Bingxue , Peng Biyou
Published: May 2024

Electronic devices play an increasingly vital role in modern society, and heat accumulation is a major concern during device development, which causes strong market demand for thermal conductivity materials and components. In this paper, a novel thermal conductive material consisting of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a binary filler system of h-BN platelets and Al2O3 nanoparticles was successfully fabricated using direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing technology. The addictive manufacturing process not only endows the DIW-printed composites with various geometries but also promotes the construction of a 3D structural thermal conductive network through the shearing force during the printing process. Moreover, the integrity of the thermal conductive network can be optimized by filling the gaps between the BN platelets with Al2O3 particles. Resultingly, the configuration of the binary fillers is arranged by the shearing force during the DIW process, fabricating the thermal conductive network of oriented fillers. The DIW-printed BN/Al2O3/PDMS with 45 wt% thermal conductive binary filler can reach a thermal conductivity of 0.98 W/(m·K), higher than the 0.62 W/(m·K) of the control sample. In this study, a novel strategy for the thermal conductive performance improvement of composites based on DIW technology is successfully verified, paving a new way for thermal management.
Progress in the Preparation and Application of Inulin-Based Hydrogels
Authors: Liang Xiaoxu , Lin Danlei , Zhang Wen , Chen Shiji , Ding Hongyao , Zhong Hai-Jing
Published: May 2024

Inulin, a natural polysaccharide, has emerged as a promising precursor for the preparation of hydrogels due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and structural versatility. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in the preparation, characterization, and diverse applications of inulin-based hydrogels. Different synthesis strategies, including physical methods (thermal induction and non-thermal induction), chemical methods (free-radical polymerization and chemical crosslinking), and enzymatic approaches, are discussed in detail. The unique properties of inulin-based hydrogels, such as stimuli-responsiveness, antibacterial activity, and their potential as fat replacers, are highlighted. Special emphasis is given to their promising applications in drug delivery systems, especially for colon-targeted delivery, due to the selective degradation of inulin via colonic microflora. The ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs further expands their therapeutic potential. In addition, the applications of inulin-based hydrogels in responsive materials, the food industry, wound dressings, and tissue engineering are discussed. While significant progress has been achieved, challenges and prospects in optimizing synthesis, improving mechanical properties, and exploring new functionalities are discussed. Overall, this review highlights the remarkable properties of inulin-based hydrogels as a promising class of biomaterials with immense potential in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and materials science fields.
Comparative Performance of Kevlar, Glass and Basalt Epoxy- and Elium-Based Composites under Static-, Low- and High-Velocity Loading Scenarios—Introduction to an Effective Recyclable and Eco-Friendly Composite
Authors: Taheri Farid , Llanos Jesse R. J. G.
Published: May 2024

In general, the majority of fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) used in structural applications comprise carbon, glass, and aramid fibers reinforced with epoxy resin, with the occasional utilization of polyester and vinyl ester resins. This study aims to assess the feasibility of utilizing recyclable and sustainable materials to create a resilient composite suitable for structural applications, particularly in scenarios involving low-velocity and high-velocity impact (LVI, HVI) loading. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the performance of E-glass, aramid, and eco-friendly basalt-reinforcing fabrics as reinforcement fibers in both thermosetting (epoxy) and recyclable thermoplastic (Elium©) resins. Given the limited research on Elium composites, especially those incorporating basalt-reinforcing fiber, there is an urgent need to expand the databases of fundamental mechanical properties for these diverse composites. This necessity is exacerbated by the scarcity of the literature regarding their performance under low- and high-velocity impact loadings. The results of this study will demonstrate the potential of basalt-reinforced Elium composite as an effective recyclable and environmentally friendly structural material system for both static and dynamic loading conditions.
Physicochemical Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals Extracted from Postconsumer Polyester/Cotton-Blended Fabrics and Their Effects on PVA Composite Films
Authors: Baloyi Rivalani Baloyi , Sithole Bruce Bishop , Chunilall Viren
Published: May 2024

The utilisation of cotton waste as precursors in the synthesis of nanocrystalline cellulose has gained significant attention. This approach suggests a sustainable solution to address the growing concern of textile waste accumulation while simultaneously producing a valuable material. The main aim of this study is to examine the properties of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) obtained from postconsumer polyester–cotton waste and assess the effect of different fabric structures on the extraction and these properties. To acquire nanocellulose, a thorough decolourisation pretreatment process was utilised, which involved the treatment of polyester–cotton waste with sodium dithionite and hydrogen peroxide. Consequently, the postconsumer material was then treated with an acid hydrolysis method employing a 64% (v/v) sulphuric acid solution at 50 °C for 75 min, resulting in the formation of CNCs with average yield percentages ranging from 38.1% to 69.9%. Separation of the acid from the CNC was facilitated by a centrifugation process followed by dialysis against deionised water. Uniform dispersion was then achieved using ultrasonication. A variety of analytical techniques were employed to investigate the morphological, chemical, thermal, and physical properties of the isolated CNCs. Among these techniques, attenuated total reflection-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EF-TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were utilised to analyse the CNCs. The findings indicated that the separated CNCs exhibited a rod-shaped morphology, measuring between 78 and 358 nm in length and 5 and 16 nm in diameter, and also exhibited high crystallinity (75–89%) and good thermal stability. The extracted CNCs were mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and glycerol to assess their reinforcing effect on plastic films. The prepared composite film exhibited improved mechanical properties and thermal stability. Incorporating CNCs led to a 31.9% increase in the tensile strength and a 42.33% rise in the modulus of elasticity. The results from this research proved that CNCs can be extracted from postconsumer mixed fabrics as a potential solution to effectively address the mounting concerns surrounding waste management in the textile industry and also provide avenues for enhancing the qualities of eco-friendly composite films.
Advancement of an Environmentally Friendly and Innovative Sustainable Rubber Wrap Film with Superior Sealing Properties
Authors: Suchat Sunisa , Boonrasri Siwarote
Published: May 2024

Common kitchen wraps like plastic and aluminum foil create significant environmental burdens. Plastic wrap, typically made from non-renewable fossil fuels, often ends up in landfills for centuries, breaking down into harmful microplastics. Aluminum foil, while effective, requires a large amount of energy to produce, and recycling it at home can be impractical due to food residue. A promising new alternative, low-nitrosamine rubber wrap film, aims to reduce waste by offering a reusable option compared to traditional single-use plastic wrap. The film is environmentally friendly, durable, and effective in sealing containers and keeping food fresh or crispy. The raw materials used to make the product were studied, namely fresh and concentrated natural rubber latex. No nitrosamines were found in either the fresh or concentrated latex, which is important as nitrosamines are known to be carcinogenic. The absence of nitrosamines in the raw materials suggests that the universal rubber wrap film is safe for use. In this study, the rubber formulation and properties of rubber used to make rubber wrap film were studied. The content of additives affecting the rubber properties was varied to find the optimum rubber formulation for making rubber wrap films. The rubber formulation with the least amount of chemicals that met the following criteria was selected: tensile strength of at least 15 MPa, elongation at break of at least 600%, and nitrosamine content below 6 ppm. It was found experimentally that the optimum rubber formulation for making a translucent rubber film had 0.7 phr zinc oxide and 1.0 phr sulfur. Performance tests revealed the rubber wrap film’s superior sealing capabilities. Its elasticity allows for a tighter fit on containers, effectively conforming to various shapes and creating an optimal seal compared to plastic wrap and aluminum foil. The results of this study provide valuable information for developing a universal rubber wrap film that is safe with low nitrosamines.
A Predictive Model for Wellbore Temperature in High-Sulfur Gas Wells Incorporating Sulfur Deposition
Authors: Fang Qiang , He Jinghong , Wang Yang , Pan Hong , Ren Hongming , Liu Hao
Published: May 2024

HSG (high-sulfur gas) reservoirs are prevalent globally, yet their exploitation is hindered by elevated levels of hydrogen sulfide. A decrease in temperature and pressure may result in the formation of sulfur deposits, thereby exerting a notable influence on gas production. Test instruments are susceptible to significant corrosion due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, resulting in challenges in obtaining bottom hole temperature and pressure test data. Consequently, a WTD (wellbore temperature distribution) model incorporating sulfur precipitation was developed based on PPP (physical property parameter), heat transfer, and GSTP (gas–solid two-phase) flow models. The comparison of a 2.53% temperature error and a 4.80% pressure error with actual field test data indicates that the established model exhibits high accuracy. An analysis is conducted on the impact of various factors, such as production, sulfur layer thickness, reservoir temperature, and reservoir pressure, on the distribution of the wellbore temperature field and pressure field. Increased gas production leads to higher wellhead temperatures. The presence of sulfur deposits reduces the flow area and wellhead pressure. A 40% concentration of hydrogen sulfide results in a 2 MPa pressure drop compared to a 20% concentration. Decreased reservoir pressure and temperature facilitate the formation of sulfur deposits at the wellhead.
Static Characteristics and Energy Consumption of the Pressure-Compensated Pump
Authors: Kolář David , Bureček Adam , Hružík Lumír , Ledvoň Marian , Polášek Tomáš , Jablonská Jana , Lenhard Richard
Published: May 2024

The motivation of this research was to assess the possibility of speed control for the selected pressure-compensated pump. Measured static characteristics of an axial piston pump with pressure compensation are presented in the paper. Based on these characteristics, the pump efficiencies are determined. The characteristics and efficiencies are determined for the different pump outlet pressures, pump speeds, relative displacements and for the different pressures set at the pressure compensator. In addition, the different methods of pump control were compared. These are displacement control, speed control and both controls. The efficiency of each control method was compared based on the determined mechanical input power at the pump drive shaft. By comparing these control methods, it was found that the combination of both control methods can achieve up to 93% savings of mechanical power in the controlled state (stand-by state). Also, the adverse effects resulting from each control method that reduces pump efficiency were defined.