bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cubierta para un recinto multifuncional abierto con cuatro paraboloides hiperbólicos textiles
Authors: Escrig F. , Sánchez-Sánchez J. , Ponce M.
Published: December 2012

El diseño se refiere a la cubierta de una pista polideportiva para usos multifuncionales con una superficie disponible de 46 x 24 m. La propuesta consiste en cubrir esta superficie con una superficie textil tensada en una estructura metálica que enmarca cuatro paraboloides hiperbólicos. Lo singular de la propuesta estriba en que los cuatro soportes del conjunto no están situados en la esquina sino en los puntos medios de los lados. Entonces tenemos cuatro alas en voladizo con 23 m y 12 m respectivamente. En este artículo también introducimos precedentes y otras aplicaciones.
Repeatability and comparative study of corneal thickness using the Visante™ OCT, OCT II and Orbscan II™
Authors: Maram Jyotsna , Sorbara Luigina , Simpson Trefford
Published: December 2012

The first purpose of this study was to measure the repeatability the VisanteTM Optical coherence tomographer (OCT) in a normal sample. The second was to compare corneal thickness measured with the VisanteTM OCT to the Zeiss-Humphrey OCT II (model II, Carl Zeiss Meditec) adapted for anterior segment imaging and to the Orbscan IITM (Bausch and Lomb). Fifteen healthy participants were recruited. At the Day 1 visit, the epithelial and total corneal thickness across the central 10 mm of the horizontal meridian was measured using the OCT II and the VisanteTM OCT. Only total corneal thickness across the central 10 mm of the horizontal meridian was measured using the Orbscan II. These measurements were repeated on Day 2. Mean central corneal and epithelial thickness using the Visante™ OCT at the apex of the cornea was 536±27 mm and 55±2.3 mm. Mean corneal and epithelial thickness using OCT II at the apex was 520±25 mm and 56±4.9 mm. Mean total corneal thickness measured with the Orbscan II was 609±29 mm. The coefficient of repeatability (COR) ranged from ±7.71 to ±8.98 mm for total corneal thickness and from ±8.72 to ±9.92 mm for epithelial thickness. Correlation coefficients of concordance (CCC’s) were high for total corneal thickness for test-retest differences ranging from 0.97 to 0.99, CCCs for epithelial thickness showed moderate concordance for both the instruments. There is good repeatability of corneal and epithelial thickness using each OCT for test-retest differences compared to the between instrument repeatability. Measurements of epithelial thickness were less robust.
Safety and Efficacy of Cabazitaxel in the Docetaxel-Treated Patients with Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer
Authors: Calcagno Fabien , Nguyen Thierry , Dobi Erion , Villanueva Cristian , Curtit Elsa , Kim Stefano , Montcuquet Philippe , Kleinclauss François , Pivot Xavier , Thiery-Vuillemin Antoine
Published: December 2012

Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common cancers and is a leading cause of death. Its initial growth is dependent on androgens; most patients show an initial response to hormonal therapy but will experience disease progression when PC becomes resistant to castration. In 2004, two key randomized controlled trials demonstrated a benefit for docetaxel-based regimens in the treatment of men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Cabazitaxel (XRP6258, TXD258, and RPR116258A), a tubulin-binding taxane drug as potent as docetaxel in cell lines, was the first treatment able to prolong survival for metastatic CRPC in the post-docetaxel setting. This review describes pharmacologic parameters of this agent followed by a review of clinical trials involving cabazitaxel. Other available treatments and the place of cabazitaxel in metastatic CRPC setting are discussed.
Pharmacological Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Clinical Strategies
Authors: Shier Anna C. , Reichenbacher Thomas , Ghuman Harinder S. , Ghuman Jaswinder K.
Published: December 2012

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood that can result in significant functional impairment, and if not adequately treated can lead to impaired quality of life. Pharmacotherapy is considered the first-line treatment for ADHD in children and adolescents. We review both recent literature and seminal studies regarding the pharmacological treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents. There is ample evidence for the efficacy and safety of both stimulants and non-stimulants in the treatment of ADHD. We review important aspects of evaluation and assessment and discuss first-line pharmacological treatments and as well as when to consider using alternative pharmacological agents. Treatment approaches to manage frequently seen comorbid disorders with ADHD are also covered.
On the origin of subvisible cirrus clouds in the tropical upper troposphere
Authors: Reverdy M. , Noel V. , Chepfer H. , Legras B.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Spaceborne lidar observations have recently revealed a previously undetected significant population of Subvisible Cirrus (SVC). We show them to be colder than −74 °, with an optical depth below 0.0015 on average. The formation and persistence over time of this new cloud population could be related to several atmospheric phenomena. In this paper, we investigate if these clouds follow the same formation mechanisms as the general tropical cirrus population (including convection and in-situ ice nucleation), or if specific nucleation sites and trace species play a role in their formation. The importance of three scenarios in the formation of the global SVC population is investigated through different approaches that include comparisons with data imaging from several spaceborne instruments and back-trajectories that document the history and behavior of air masses leading to the point in time and space where subvisible cirrus were detected. In order to simplify the study of their formation, we singled out SVC with coherent temperature histories (mean variance lower than 4 K) according to back-trajectories along 5, 10 or 15 days (respectively 58, 25 and 11% of SVC). Our results suggest that external processes, including local increases in liquid and hygroscopic aerosol concentration (either through biomass burning or volcanic injection forming sulfate-based aerosols in the troposphere or the stratosphere) have very limited short-term or mid-term impact on the SVC population. On the other hand, we find that ~20% of air masses leading to SVC formation interacted with convective activity 5 days before they led to cloud formation and detection, a number that climbs to 60% over 15 days. SVC formation appears especially linked to convection over Africa and Central America, more so during JJA than DJF. These results support the view that the SVC population observed by CALIOP is an extension of the general upper tropospheric ice clouds population with its extreme thinness as its only differentiating factor.
Estimation of volatile organic compound emissions for Europe using data assimilation
Authors: Koohkan M. R. , Bocquet M. , Roustan Y. , Kim Y. , Seigneur C.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) over western Europe for the year 2005 are estimated via inverse modelling, by assimilation of in situ observations of concentration and compared to a standard emission inventory. The study focuses on fifteen VOC species: five aromatics, six alkanes, two alkenes, one alkyne and one biogenic diene. The inversion relies on a validated fast adjoint of the chemistry transport model used to simulate the fate and transport of these VOCs. The assimilated ground-based measurements over Europe are provided by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) network. The background emissions errors and the prior observational errors are estimated by maximum likelihood approaches. The positivity assumptions on the VOC emission fluxes is pivotal for a successful inversion and this maximum likelihood approach consistently accounts for the positivity of the fluxes. For most species, the retrieval leads to a significant reduction of the bias, which underlines the misfit between the standard inventories and the observed concentrations. The results are validated through a forecast test and a cross-validation test. It is shown that the statistically consistent non-Gaussian approach based on a reliable estimation of the errors offers the best performance. The efficiency in correcting the inventory depends on the lifetime of the VOCs. In particular, it is shown that the use of in-situ observations using a sparse monitoring network to estimate emissions of isoprene is inadequate because its short chemical lifetime significantly limits the spatial radius of influence of the monitoring data. For species with longer lifetime (a few days), successful, albeit partial, emission corrections can reach regions hundreds of kilometres away from the stations. Domainwide corrections of the emissions inventories of some VOCs are significant, with underestimations on order of a factor of two of propane, ethane, ethylene and acetylene.
Selective measurements of NO, NO2 and NOy in the free troposphere using quantum cascade laser spectroscopy
Authors: Tuzson B. , Zeyer K. , Steinbacher M. , McManus J. B. , Nelson D. D. , Zahniser M. S. , Emmenegger L.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. A quantum cascade laser based absorption spectrometer for continuous and direct measurements of NO and NO2 was employed at the high-altitude monitoring site Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l., Switzerland) during a three month campaign in Spring/Summer 2012. The total reactive nitrogen, NOy, was also measured in the form of NO after conversion on a gold catalyst. The aim was to assess the suitability of the instrument for long-term monitoring of the main reactive nitrogen species under predominantly free tropospheric air conditions. A precision (1σ) of 10 and 3 ppt for NO and NO2 was achieved with 180 s averaging time under field conditions. The linear dynamic range of the instrument has been verified for both species from the detection limit to ≈45 ppbv. The spectrometer shared a common sampling inlet with a chemiluminescence-based analyzer. The comparison of the time series shows excellent agreement between the two techniques and demonstrates the adequacy of the laser spectroscopic approach for this kind of demanding environmental applications.
Non-microbial methane formation in oxic soils
Authors: Jugold A. , Althoff F. , Hurkuck M. , Greule M. , Lenhart K. , Lelieveld J. , Keppler F.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Methane plays an important role as a radiatively and chemically active gas in our atmosphere. Until recently, sources of atmospheric methane in the biosphere have been attributed to strictly anaerobic microbial processes during degradation of organic matter. However, a large fraction of methane produced in the anoxic soil layers does not reach the atmosphere due to methanotrophic consumption in the overlaying oxic soil. Although methane fluxes from aerobic soils have been observed, an alternative source other than methanogenesis has not been identified thus far. Here we provide evidence for non-microbial methane formation in soils under oxic conditions. We found that soils release methane upon heating and other environmental factors like ultraviolet irradiation, and drying-rewetting cycles. We suggest that chemical formation of methane during degradation of soil organic matter may represent the missing soil source that is needed to fully understand the methane cycle in aerobic soils. Although the emission fluxes are relatively low when compared to those from wetlands, they may be important in warm and wet regions subjected to ultraviolet radiation. We suggest that this methane source is highly sensitive to global change.
An estimate of the terrestrial carbon budget of Russia using inventory-based, eddy covariance and inversion methods
Authors: Dolman A. J. , Shvidenko A. , Schepaschenko D. , Ciais P. , Tchebakova N. , Chen T. , van der Molen M. K. , Belelli Marchesini L. , Maximov T. C. , Maksyutov S. , Schulze E.-D.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. We determine the net land to atmosphere flux of carbon in Russia, including Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan, using inventory-based, eddy covariance, and inversion methods. Our high boundary estimate is −342 Tg C yr−1 from the eddy covariance method, and this is close to the upper bounds of the inventory-based Land Ecosystem Assessment and inverse models estimates. A lower boundary estimate is provided at −1350 Tg C yr−1 from the inversion models. The average of the three methods is −613.5 Tg C yr−1. The methane emission is estimated separately at 41.4 Tg C yr−1. These three methods agree well within their respective error bounds. There is thus good consistency between bottom-up and top-down methods. The forests of Russia primarily cause the net atmosphere to land flux (−692 Tg C yr−1 from the LEA. It remains however remarkable that the three methods provide such close estimates (−615, −662, −554 Tg C yr–1) for net biome production (NBP), given the inherent uncertainties in all of the approaches. The lack of recent forest inventories, the few eddy covariance sites and associated uncertainty with upscaling and undersampling of concentrations for the inversions are among the prime causes of the uncertainty. The dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) suggest a much lower uptake at −91 Tg C yr−1, and we argue that this is caused by a high estimate of heterotrophic respiration compared to other methods.
Seasonality of CO2 in coastal oceans altered by increasing anthropogenic nutrient delivery from large rivers: evidence from the Changjiang-East China Sea system
Authors: Chou W.-C. , Gong G.-C. , Cai W.-J.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Model studies suggested that human-induced increase in nutrient load may have stimulated primary production and thus has enhanced the CO2 uptake capacity in the coastal ocean. In this study, we investigated the seasonal variations of the surface water's partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2sw) in the highly human-impacted Changjiang-East China Sea system between 2008 and 2011. The seasonality of pCO2sw has large spatial variations, with the largest extreme of 170 ± 75 μatm on the inner shelf near the Changjiang Estuary (from 271 ± 55 μatm in summer to 441 ± 51 μatm in autumn) and the weakest extreme of 53 ± 20 μatm on the outer shelf (from 328 ± 9 μatm in winter to 381 ± 18 μatm in summer). During the summer period, stronger stratification and biological production driven by the eutrophic Changjiang plume results in a very low CO2 in surface waters and a very high CO2 in bottom waters on the inner shelf, with the latter returning high CO2 to the surface water during the mixed period. Interestingly, a comparison with historical data shows that the average pCO2sw on the inner shelf near the Changjiang Estuary has decreased notably during summer, but it has increased during autumn and winter from the 1990s to the 2000s. We suggest that this decadal change is associated with recently increased eutrophication. This would increase both the photosynthetic removal of CO2 in surface waters and the respiratory release of CO2 in bottom waters during summertime, thereby returning more CO2 to the surface during the subsequent mixing seasons and/or episodic extreme weather events (e.g. typhoons). Our finding demonstrates that increasing anthropogenic nutrient delivery from a large river may enhance the sequestration capacity of CO2 in summer but may reduce it in autumn and winter. Consequently, the coastal ocean may not necessarily take up more atmospheric CO2 in response to increasing eutrophication, and the net effect largely depends on the relative time scale of air-sea gas exchange and offshore transport of the shelf water. Finally, the case we reported for the Changjiang system may have general ramifications for other eutrophic coastal oceans.
Possible earthquake trigger for 6th century mass wasting deposit at Lake Ohrid (Macedonia/Albania)
Authors: Wagner B. , Francke A. , Sulpizio R. , Zanchetta G. , Lindhorst K. , Krastel S. , Vogel H. , Rethemeyer J. , Daut G. , Grazhdani A. , Lushaj B. , Trajanovski S.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Lake Ohrid shared by the Republics of Albania and Macedonia is formed by a tectonically active graben within the south Balkans and suggested to be the oldest lake in Europe. Several studies have shown that the lake provides a valuable record of climatic and environmental changes and a distal tephrostratigraphic record of volcanic eruptions from Italy. Fault structures identified in seismic data demonstrate that sediments have also the potential to record tectonic activity in the region. Here, we provide an example of linking seismic and sedimentological information with tectonic activity and historical documents. Historical documents indicate that a major earthquake destroyed the city of Lychnidus (today: city of Ohrid) in the early 6th century AD. Multichannel seismic profiles, parametric sediment echosounder profiles, and a 10.08 m long sediment record from the western part of the lake indicate a 2 m thick mass wasting deposit, which is tentatively correlated with this earthquake. The mass wasting deposit is chronologically well constrained, as it directly overlays the AD 472/AD 512 tephra. Moreover, radiocarbon dates and cross correlation with other sediment sequences with similar geochemical characteristics of the Holocene indicate that the mass wasting event took place prior to the onset of the Medieval Warm Period, and is attributed it to one of the known earthquakes in the region in the early 6th century AD.
The MAREDAT global database of high performance liquid chromatography marine pigment measurements
Authors: Peloquin J. , Swan C. , Gruber N. , Vogt M. , Claustre H. , Ras J. , Uitz J. , Barlow R. , Behrenfeld M. , Bidigare R. , Dierssen H. , Ditullio G. , Fernandez E. , Gallienne C. , Gibb S. , Goericke R. , Harding L. , Head E. , Holligan P. , Hooker S. , Karl D. , Landry M. , Letelier R. , Llewellyn C. A. , Lomas M. , Lucas M. , Mannino A. , Marty J.-C. , Mitchell B. G. , Muller-Karger F. , Nelson N. , O'Brien C. , Prezelin B. , Repeta D. , Smith W. O. , Smythe-Wright D. , Stumpf R. , Subramaniam A. , Suzuki K. , Trees C. , Vernet M. , Wasmund N. , Wright S.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. A global pigment database consisting of 37 103 pigment suites measured by high performance liquid chromatography was assembled in support of the MARine Ecosytem DATa (MAREDAT) initiative. These data originate from 136 field surveys within the global ocean, were solicited from investigators and databases, compiled, and then quality controlled. Nearly one quarter of the data originates from the Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), with an additional 20% and 17% stemming from the US JGOFS and LTER programs, respectively. The MAREDAT pigment database provides high quality measurements of the major taxonomic pigments including chlorophyll a and b, 19'butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, 19'hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, alloxanthin, divinyl chlorophyll a, fucoxanthin, lutein, peridinin, prasinoxanthin, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, which may be used in varying combinations to estimate phytoplankton community composition. Quality control measures consisted of flagging samples that had a total chlorophyll a concentration of zero, had fewer than four reported accessory pigments, or exceeded two standard deviations of the log-linear regression of total chlorophyll a with total accessory pigment concentrations. We anticipate the MAREDAT pigment database to be of use in the marine ecology, remote sensing and ecological modeling communities where it will support model validation and advance our global perspective on marine biodiversity. The original dataset together with quality control flags as well as the gridded MAREDAT pigment data may be downloaded from PANGAEA: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.793246.
On the use of spring baseflow recession for a more accurate parameterization of aquifer transit time distribution functions
Authors: Farlin J. , Maloszewski P.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Baseflow recession analysis and groundwater dating have up to now developed as two distinct branches of hydrogeology and were used to solve entirely different problems. We show that by combining two classical models, namely Boussinesq's Equation describing spring baseflow recession and the exponential piston-flow model used in groundwater dating studies, the parameters describing the transit time distribution of an aquifer can be in some cases estimated to a far more accurate degree than with the latter alone. Under the assumption that the aquifer basis is sub-horizontal, the mean residence time of water in the saturated zone can be estimated from spring baseflow recession. This provides an independent estimate of groundwater residence time that can refine those obtained from tritium measurements. This approach is demonstrated in a case study predicting atrazine concentration trend in a series of springs draining the fractured-rock aquifer known as the Luxembourg Sandstone. A transport model calibrated on tritium measurements alone predicted different times to trend reversal following the nationwide ban on atrazine in 2005 with different rates of decrease. For some of the springs, the best agreement between observed and predicted time of trend reversal was reached for the model calibrated using both tritium measurements and the recession of spring discharge during the dry season. The agreement between predicted and observed values was however poorer for the springs displaying the most gentle recessions, possibly indicating the stronger influence of continuous groundwater recharge during the dry period.
Area change of glaciers in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, 1919 to 2006
Authors: Tennant C. , Menounos B. , Wheate R. , Clague J. J.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Glaciers in the Canadian Rocky Mountains constitute an important freshwater resource. To enhance our understanding of the influence climate and local topography have on glacier area, large numbers of glaciers of different sizes and attributes need to be monitored over periods of many decades. We used Interprovincial Boundary Commission Survey (IBCS) maps of the Alberta–British Columbia (BC) border (1903–1924), BC Terrain Resource Information Management (TRIM) data (1982–1987), and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) imagery (2000–2002 and 2006) to document planimetric changes in glacier cover in the central and southern Canadian Rocky Mountains between 1919 and 2006. Over this period, glacier cover in the study area decreased by 590 ± 70 km2 (40 ± 5%), 17 of 523 glaciers disappeared and 124 glaciers fragmented into multiple ice masses. Glaciers smaller than 1.0 km2 experienced the greatest relative area loss (64 ± 8%), and relative area loss is more variable with small glaciers, suggesting that the local topographic setting controls the response of these glaciers to climate change. Small glaciers with low slopes, low mean/median elevations, south to west aspects, and high insolation experienced the largest reduction in area. Similar rates of area change characterize the periods 1919–1985 and 1985–2001; −6.3 ± 0.6 km2 yr−1 (−0.4 ± 0.1% yr−1) and −5.0 ± 0.5 km2 yr−1 (−0.5 ± 0.1% yr−1), respectively. The rate of area loss, however, increased over the period 2001–2006; −19.3 ± 2.4 km2 yr−1 (−2.0 ± 0.2% yr−1). Applying size class-specific scaling factors, we estimate a total reduction in glacier cover in the central and southern Canadian Rocky Mountains for the period 1919–2006 of 750 km2 (30%).
Variability of sea ice deformation rates in the Arctic and their relationship with basin-scale wind forcing
Authors: Herman A. , Glowacki O.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The temporal variability of the moments of probability distribution functions (pdfs) of total sea ice deformation rates in the Arctic is analyzed in the context of the basin-scale wind forcing acting on the ice. The pdfs are estimated for 594 satellite-derived sea ice deformation maps from 11 winter seasons between 1996/1997 and 2007/2008, provided by the RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System. The temporal scale analyzed equals 3 days. The moments of the pdfs, calculated for a range of spatial scales (12.5–900 km), have two dominating components of variability: a seasonal cycle, with deformation rates decreasing throughout winter towards a minimum in March; and a short-term, synoptic variability, strongly correlated with the area-averaged magnitude of the wind stress over the Arctic, estimated based on the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis-2 data (correlation coefficient of 0.71 for the mean deformation rate). Due to scaling properties of the moments, logarithms of higher moments are strongly correlated with the wind stress as well. Exceptions are observed only at small spatial scales, as a result of extreme deformation events, not directly associated with large-scale wind forcing. By repeating the analysis within regions of different sizes and locations, we show that the wind–ice deformation correlation is largest at the basin scale and decreases with decreasing size of the area of study. Finally, we suggest that a positive trend in seasonally averaged correlation between sea ice deformation rates and the wind forcing, present in the analyzed data, may be related to an observed decrease in the multi-year ice area in the Arctic, indicating possibly even stronger correlations in the future.
Invisible Women
Authors: Weisenfeld Judith
Published: December 2012

In this essay I consider major themes in the scholarly treatment of African American women's religious history and explore how particular emphases in the broader field of African American religious history have marginalized women's experiences and contributions. I argue that mobilizing African American women's religious history and placing it at the center of our historical inquiry allows us to interrogate themes and foci that structure the accepted narrative of African American religious history. Moving beyond an approach that simply adds women to that accepted story, I suggest ways in which examining African American women's religious experiences might open up rich areas for research and new ways of conceiving the very shape of the field.
Intra-Tourism Trade in Europe
Authors: Nowak Jean-Jacques , Petit Sylvain , Sahli Mondher
Published: December 2012

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of the empirics of trade in tourism services by studying bilateral intra-tourism trade for a sample of 14 member states of the European Union during the period 2000–2004. The authors apply the most up-to-date and robust method available in the literature to distinguish vertically and horizontally differentiated products: the Azhar and Elliott method (2006). The results clearly show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, a large proportion of European countries simultaneously exports and imports comparable amounts of tourism services. Moreover, the predominance of vertical differentiation in these intra-tourism flows suggests that international specialization is taking place in Europe within the tourism sector itself, along the spectrum of quality.
Technique and Theory in Tourism Analysis
Authors: Morley Clive
Published: December 2012

It is argued that, in much tourism research, there has been an over-concentration on technique and not enough concentration on tourism itself. The current practice of demand modelling in tourism does not sufficiently take into account some of the particular characteristics of tourism. Important variables and significant dynamics are routinely ignored. The practices of tourism analysis in other areas, such as strategy and time series modelling, face a similar criticism of applying general techniques to tourism data without sufficiently adapting them to important characteristics of tourism. From the argument, the following propositions are put forward: (a) the results from demand models incorporating seasonality and seasonal data will prove to be better guides for policy and strategy than models of annual data; (b) the results from demand models, estimated using weighted least squares or percentage error loss functions, will yield more robust results than the usual ordinary least squares (OLS) models; (c) discrete choice models will come to be preferred as more reliable than aggregated demand models; and (d) structural equations modelling will decline in use as its weaknesses become apparent.
Determinants of Visitor Spending: An Evaluation of Participants and Spectators at the Two Oceans Marathon
Authors: Kruger Martinette , Saayman Melville , Ellis Suria
Published: December 2012

This paper investigates the socio-demographic and behavioural determinants that influence visitor expenditure at the Two Oceans Marathon in South Africa, based on a participant and spectator survey conducted at the race in 2011. Regression analyses were applied and the results indicate that greater length of stay, paid accommodation, number of marathons participated in per year and higher level of education signficantly influence higher participant spending at the marathon, while a high-income occupation and paid accommodation are associated with higher levels of spectator expenditure. These findings not only generate strategic insights into the marketing of the event; knowledge of these determinants will also lead to a greater economic impact and competitive advantage.
Tourism Supply-Chain Coordination: The Cooperation between Tourism Hotel and Tour Operator
Authors: Guo Xiaolong , He Lina
Published: December 2012

This paper examines the cooperation problem that occurs when a tour operator cooperates with a tourism hotel with regard to two types of tour packages – luxury and economy. The authors first analyse the effects of basic utilities and prices on demand for the packages. They then build a sequential Stackelberg game model to study this cooperation in a decentralized scenario, and find that the tourism hotel acquires more revenue from the packages than the tour operator owing to its stronger bargaining power. Finally, a quantity-discount contract based on revenue sharing is designed to achieve full coordination in the cooperation, under which the total revenue from the packages is identical to that in a centralized scenario.
Heat Transfer due to Magnetohydrodynamic Stagnation-Point Flow of a Power-Law Fluid towards a Stretching Surface in the Presence of Thermal Radiation and Suction/Injection
Authors: Mahapatra Tapas Ray , Mondal Sabyasachi , Pal Dulal
Published: December 2012

An analysis is made on the study of two-dimensional MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) boundary-layer stagnation-point flow of an electrically conducting power-law fluid over a stretching surface when the surface is stretched in its own plane with a velocity proportional to the distance from the stagnation-point in the presence of thermal radiation and suction/injection. The paper examines heat transfer in the stagnation-point flow of a power-law fluid except when the ratio of the free stream velocity and stretching velocity is equal to unity. The governing partial differential equations along with the boundary conditions are first brought into a dimensionless form and then the equations are solved by Runge-Kutta fourth-order scheme with shooting techniques. It is found that the temperature at a point decreases/increases with increase in the magnetic field when free stream velocity is greater/less than the stretching velocity. It is further observed that for a given value of the
magnetic parameter M, the dimensionless rate of heat transfer at the surface and |θ′(0)| decreases/increases with increase in the power-law index n. Further, the temperature at a point in the fluid decreases with increase in the radiation parameter NR when free stream velocity is greater/less than the stretching velocity.
Radiation Effects on Materials Used in Geological Repositories for Spent Nuclear Fuel
Authors: Jonsson Mats
Published: December 2012

Safe long-term storage of radioactive waste from nuclear power plants is one of the main concerns for the nuclear industry as well as for governments in countries relying on electricity produced by nuclear power. A repository for spent nuclear fuel must be safe for extremely long time periods (at least 100 000 years). In order to ascertain the long-term safety of a repository, extensive safety analysis must be performed. One of the critical issues in a safety analysis is the long-term integrity of the barrier materials used in the repository. Ionizing radiation from the spent nuclear constitutes one of the many parameters that need to be accounted for. In this paper, the effects of ionizing radiation on the integrity of different materials used in a granitic deep geological repository for spent nuclear fuel designed according to the Swedish KBS-3 model are discussed. The discussion is primarily focused on radiation-induced processes at the interface between groundwater and solid materials. The materials that are discussed are the spent nuclear fuel (based on UO2), the copper-covered iron canister, and bentonite clay. The latter two constitute the engineered barriers of the repository.
PRODUCT PLACEMENT COMO ESTRATÉGIA DE MÍDIA NO FILME “AS AVENTURAS DE GULLIVER”: O USO E O POSICIONAMENTO DAS MARCAS NA CONSTRUÇÃO DO PERSONAGEM GULLIVER
Authors: Hermann Letícia Salem
Published: December 2012

Este estudo tem por objetivo dialogar sobre a técnica publicitária de product placement utilizada em filmes pelas marcas, refletindo sobre a incorporação de anunciantes publicitários no mercado do entretenimento e a utilização da técnica na construção do posicionamento das marcas, ao mesmo tempo em que auxiliam na construção dos personagens da narrativa. Busca-se primeiramente observar oportunidades comunicacionais com parcerias entre as indústrias do entretenimento e da publicidade e verificar os benefícios agregados entre as empresas envolvidas a fim de juntar esforços, uma vez que buscam consumidores em comum e não concorrem entre si. Pretende-se, com o artigo, pontuar a utilização dessa técnica no filme ‘As aventuras de Gulliver’e verificar como o posicionamento do personagem e das marcas foi apresentado aos consumidores durante a narrativa. Como metodologia da pesquisa primeiramente construiram-se ideias norteadoras sobre o product placement (FURTADO; ALVES, 2009), publicidade e entretenimento (DONATON, 2004), estratégias de publicidade híbrida (COVALESKI, 2010), uso da mídia (SILVERSTONE, 2005), posicionamento de marca (RIES; TROUT, 1997) e sobre as relações sociais (MAFESOLLI, 1998) e de consumo (BAUMAN, 2008). A pesquisa fílmica foi realizada pelo método de observação utilizando como variáveis a quantidade de aparições simultâneas entre marca e protagonista apontando a relevância das marcas durante a construção da narrativa
Comunicação midiática e educação na cibercultura
Authors: Magnoni Antonio Francisco , Fernandes Daniele
Published: December 2012

Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir como a comunicação pode contribuir de forma efetiva com a educação na cibercultura, por meio do projeto de ambientes educativos que se configurem conforme a linguagem específica do ciberespaço. Consideramos as tecnologias digitais como linguagem e, portanto, como formas de comunicação. Como base teórica, utilizamos a semiótica peirceana, para as questões referentes à linguagem, o conceito de tecnologias da inteligência, para a relação da técnica com mídias digitais e os conceitos de emergência e de arquitetura transmissível para pensar as interfaces comunicacionais do ciberespaço. Fizemos uma breve reflexão sobre os entraves políticos, administrativos, sociais, culturais e econômicos que impedem o desenvolvimento de formas de educação mais apropriadas à cibercultura. Depois, apontamos algumas aproximações entre os campos da educação e da comunicação e fizemos algumas observações sobre qualidades das mídias digitais que podem contribuir para o melhor aproveitamento delas como ferramenta educacional. Finalmente, indicamos uma abordagem educativo-comunicacional dos games como uma possível saída para fazer das tecnologias comunicacionais interfaces audiovisuais interativas, capazes de educar na era da cibercultura.
JORNALISMO DAS FONTES: A PROFISSIONALIZAÇÃO DA COMUNICAÇÃO NAS ORGANIZAÇÕES
Authors: Schmitz Aldo Antonio
Published: December 2012

Este artigo aborda a apropriação dos processos e fundamentos do jornalismo pelas fontes de notícias, que trataram de profissionalizar a comunicação nas suas organizações para interferir estrategicamente no espaçopúblico, a mídia. Utilizam técnicas refinadas de comunicação nas relações com os jornalistas. Fazem um planejamento apurado das interferências na mídia, incluindo a capacitação das fontes (mídia training). O objetivo é tratar dessas questões, desde as características da assessoria de imprensa contemporânea, suas ferramentas, a consolidação dos jornalistas nessa função, o treinamento das fontes e suas relações com o jornalismo, gestão de crises e mensuração de resultados. O trabalho conjuga esse fenômeno com uma pesquisa de opinião (survey), quantitativa, com 440 entrevistados, entre fontes de notícias, assessores de imprensa e jornalistas. Isso permite verificar e demonstrar as ações e estratégias das fontes, inclusive as equivocadas, em persuadir os jornalistas a reproduzir os fatos, os enfoques, as falas e os seus interesses.
Water Maze Testing to Identify Compounds for Cognitive Enhancement
Authors: Rose Gregory M. , Rowe Wayne B.
Published: December 2012

The water maze task is widely used to evaluate spatial learning and memory in rodents. The basic paradigm requires an animal to swim in a pool until it finds a hidden escape platform. The animals learn to find the platform using extra‐maze cues and, after several training trials, are able to swim directly to it from any starting location. Memory for the platform location is assessed by examining swimming behavior with the platform removed from the maze, while sensory, motor and motivational aspects of the task can be examined by making the platform visible to the animals. Described in this unit is the use of the water maze to identify rats with age‐related spatial learning and memory impairments. The efficacy of potential pharmacological treatments for alleviating these deficits is then evaluated. This assay provides a means for studying the neurobiology of spatial learning and memory, and to identify potential pharmacotherapies for treating memory‐impaired humans. While the use of aged rats is described in this unit, the protocol can also be employed for compound screening with other rodent models that have spatial learning and memory impairments, such as transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 59:5.63.1‐5.63.12. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Magnetic properties and domain structure of nonoriented electrical steel under stress
Authors: Senda Kunihiro , Fujita Akira , Honda Atsuhito , Kuroki Naoki , Yagi Masaaki
Published: December 2012

The influence of stresses on the magnetic properties of nonoriented electrical steels was studied. The dependence of iron loss on compressive stress was affected by grain size. The magnetic polarization J in strong magnetic fields such as 5000 and 10,000 A/m increased due to compressive stresses and decreased due to tensile stresses in samples with low Si content. Using Kerr‐effect domain observation, it was found that the reduction in J caused by tensile stresses was attributable to residual striped domains. Magnetostriction measurements in strong magnetic fields indicated that the increase in J under compressive stresses originated from the Villari effect (inverse magnetostrictive effect) due to negative magnetostriction in low‐Si materials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 182(4): 10–18, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22320
DC‐linked hybrid generation system with an energy storage device including photovoltaic generation and gas engine cogeneration for residential houses
Authors: Lung Chienru , Miyake Shota , Kakigano Hiroaki , Miura Yushi , Ise Toshifumi , Momose Toshinari , Hayakawa Hideki
Published: December 2012

For the past few years, hybrid generation systems including solar panel and gas cogeneration have been used for residential houses. Solar panels can generate electronic power at daytime but not at night. But the power consumption of residential houses usually peaks in the evening. The gas engine cogeneration system can generate electronic power without such a restriction, and it also can generate heat power to warm up a house or to produce hot water. In this paper we propose a solar panel and gas engine cogeneration hybrid system with an energy storage device, combined by a DC bus. If a blackout occurs, the system still can supply electronic power for special house loads. We propose a control scheme for the system related to the charging level of the energy storage device and the voltage of the utility grid, which can be applied to both grid‐connected and standalone operation. Finally, we report experiments designed to demonstrate system operation and calculations for loss estimation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 182(4): 29–46, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).DOI 10.1002/eej.22321
A basic study toward optimization of LFC resources in future power systems
Authors: Kataoka Yoshihiko , Masuda Ryoichi , Sugita Shinya
Published: December 2012

Load frequency control (LFC) in future power systems, in which a large amount of solar photovoltaic generation is introduced, is studied. The constraints on LFC resources are classified as rate, simple, and energy limits. First, the nonlinear transfer functions of the limiters are modeled using random noise input. Second, the transfer functions of limiters are characterized by the coefficients of necessary facilities (CoNF). Third, the appropriateness of the concept and the identified value of CoNF is demonstrated through numerical simulations using a simple power system model. A way to control the contribution of existing and introduced resources to regulation of frequency fluctuation is proposed and demonstrated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 182(4): 47–59, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22355
Argonaute2 promotes tumor metastasis by way of up-regulating focal adhesion kinase expression in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Cheng Na , Li Yandong , Han Ze-Guang
Published: December 2012

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers and shows a propensity to metastasize and infiltrate adjacent and more distant tissues. However, the mechanisms that contribute to tumor metastasis remain unclear. Here we evaluate the effect of Argonaute2 (Ago2), a member of the Ago gene family that plays a role in short interfering RNA-mediated gene silencing, on HCC tumorigenesis, and metastasis. We found that Ago2 was frequently up-regulated in HCC specimens compared to that in corresponding adjacent nontumor liver. Interestingly, Ago2 overexpression can promote proliferation, colony formation in an anchor-independent manner, migration, tumorigenicity, and metastasis of HCC cells

in vivo

; in contrast, Ago2 knockdown can restrict anchor-independent colony formation, migration, and tumor metastasis of HCC cells

in vivo

. However, known microRNAs related to tumor metastasis appeared not be deregulated with Ago2 overexpression in HCC cells; even the knockdown of Dicer, which is responsible for microRNA biosynthesis, did not abolish the actions of Ago2 in HCC cells. Significantly, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a well-known molecule associated with tumor metastasis, was up-regulated as a result of Ago2 overexpression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that Ago2 can bind to the FAK promoter and then trigger its transcription. Moreover, an increased DNA copy number of Ago2 on chromosome 8q24, one of the most frequent DNA amplified regions, was validated and shown by way of fluorescence

in situ

hybridization.

Conclusion :

Our data demonstrate that Ago2 overexpression, as a result of genomic DNA amplification, promotes HCC tumorigenesis and metastasis by way of up-regulation of FAK transcription, thereby providing new insight into HCC progression and Ago2 function.
A novel interaction of nucleophosmin with BCL2-associated X protein regulating death evasion and drug sensitivity in human hepatoma cells
Authors: Lo Shao-Jung , Fan Li-Ching , Tsai Yow-Fu , Lin Kuo-Yang , Huang Hsiao-Ling , Wang Tong-Hong , Liu Hsuan , Chen Tse-Chin , Huang Shiu-Fen , Chang Chee-Jen , Lin Yu-Jr , Yung Benjamin Yat-Ming , Hsieh Sen-Yung
Published: December 2012

Death evasion is crucial for both carcinogenesis and resistance to anticancer therapies. Recently, we identified nucleophosmin (NPM) as a key factor counteracting death stimuli in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Here we report the identification of a novel NPM-BCL2-associated X protein (BAX) pathway orchestrating death evasion in human HCC cells. Silencing of NPM expression significantly sensitized HCC cells—particularly those bearing inactivated

p53

gene (Huh7, Hep3B, and Mahlavu)—to ultraviolet irradiation, mitomycin C, doxorubicin, cisplatin, sorafenib, and lapatinib. This sensitizing effect was not changed further, as p53 expression had been simultaneously silenced. Following cell stress, NPM and BAX were induced and exported out of the nucleoli and nucleus, respectively. BAX was translocated to cytoplasm in cells with relatively high NPM level, or accumulated in the mitochondria in cells with relatively low NPM level and undergoing apoptosis. Subcellular fractionation revealed that silencing of NPM expression greatly enhanced mitochondrial translocation and oligomerization of BAX in Huh7 and Mahlavu cells.

In situ

proximity ligation assays and reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation revealed a direct interaction between NPM and BAX in the cytoplasm. Silencing of BAX expression abolished the sensitization effect exerted by silencing of NPM in HCC cells. Clinically, up-regulation of NPM was significantly associated with advanced tumor stage and poor prognosis.

Conclusion :

By directly blockading BAX mitochondrial translocation and activation, NPM helps human HCC cells evade death induction independently of p53-mediated cell death. Silencing of NPM significantly sensitized HCC cells to anticancer therapies. NPM is a potential cotarget in combination with other therapies for HCC, particularly those that harbor inactivated

p53

gene. Our findings are of clinical significance because NPM up-regulation and p53 mutations are usually found in advanced human cancers, including HCC.