bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Training of Expatriates in the Textile and Apparel Industries
Authors: Woodard Ginger , Kincade Doris H. , Owens Sharon
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this exploratory research study was to obtain information about training programs for expatriate employees in the U.S. textile and apparel industries. The research sample consisted of 34 U.S. textile and apparel manufacturers identified to have expatriate employees. Personnel managers or managers of overseas operations in 28 companies responded to the telephone survey (93% response rate). Language training was the most frequently used training program category. The training programs of most companies lasted less than six weeks, with the majority of programs taking place in the overseas location where the expatriate was to be placed. In general, managers viewed training as important for an expatriate. Language training and cultural assimilation were the two categories perceived by managers to be most important; however, in this study, perceived importance of specific categories did not show a significant relationship to the success of an overseas operation.
Clothing Evaluative Criteria: A Cross-National Comparison of Taiwanese and United States Consumers
Authors: Hsu Hsiu-Ju , Burns Leslie Davis
Published: June 2007

Taiwanese and United States college women were compared regarding the importance they placed on the evaluative criteria they used when purchasing a specific clothing item for themselves. One hundred nineteen Taiwanese and 84 United States college women completed self-administered questionnaires. Seven-point scales were used to measure the importance of 12 clothing evaluative criteria: fabric, comfort, size/fit, quality, location of manufacturer, color, how pleasing it was to others, brand name, appropriateness for campus wear, price, style, and coordination with other clothing. The findings indicated that the importance placed on clothing evaluative criteria was very similar between the two groups. In addition, the size/fit criterion was found to be the most important criterion for both groups. Cross-national comparison studies, such as this one, that focus on the consumer decision-making process may provide important information to marketers in their development of international marketing strategies.
Apparel Production in Swaziland: The Need for Industry Education
Authors: Zwane Pinkie , Richards Lynne , Edmond Margaret
Published: June 2007

Swaziland, located in southern Africa, is faced with a number of socio-economic challenges common to other Sub-Saharan nations. These challenges include the following: 1) a high rate of population growth, 2) an educational system seriously challenged by expanding needs for economic development, 3) insufficient Swazi participation within the economy (especially at managerial levels, which are dominated by representatives of foreign investors), and 4) significant unemployment. An exploratory study of existing Swazi apparel manufacturing businesses was conducted, in hopes of identifying key issues relevant to strengthening growth and employment in that industry. The results revealed that apparel production in Swaziland is characterized by small-to-medium sized, female-owned enterprises, housed in cramped facilities with inefficient equipment that produce only limited quantities of goods. Needs for practical training in production methods, technology, and business were noted by the business owners as being especially important to competitiveness and success.
Information Search and Shopping Intentions Through Internet for Apparel Products
Authors: Watchravesringkan Kittichai , Shim Soyeon
Published: June 2007

This study was designed to identify variables related to Internet information search and shopping intentions for apparel products among computer users residing in major metropolitan cities across the nation. Stepwise multiple regression analysis, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were employed to analyze the national data (n = 684) collected through a mail survey. Internet information search intention was the most significant variable related to Internet shopping intention for apparel products. Certain attitudes toward Internet shopping were significantly related to computer users’ information search intention for apparel information and shopping intention for apparel products through the Internet. Main effects and interaction effects of a limited number of demographic characteristics were also identified.
From Kitsch to Chic: The Transformation of Hawaiian Shirt Aesthetics
Authors: Morgado Marcia A.
Published: June 2007

The Hawaiian shirt originated in the mid-1930s as a commodity for the tourist market. Unique elements in its design, including tropical print motifs in cartoon-like renditions, brilliant colors, and silky rayon fabrics made the shirt instantly recognizable and contributed to its status as both an essential souvenir purchase and the quintessential element in the stereotype of the tourist as sartorial nerd. An analysis of the transformation of the shirt - from tourist kitsch to highly valued collectible, and from collectible to global fashion - is framed on rubbish theory. The transformation is traced to an assortment of myths that reconstitute the souvenir commodity as an indigenous ethnic art form and a scarce relic of Hawai‘i’s romanticized past and to a surfeit of publications that position the shirt as a collector’s item. The merits of rubbish theory as a framework for the analysis are assessed, and apparel scholars are asked to consider the influence of myth and scholarship on changes in the aesthetic codes of other fashion and appearance-related commodities.
Wearable Art through Free-Motion Stitching
Authors: Haar Sherry J.
Published: June 2007

Wearable art forms provide a canvas for the artistic application of materials and thread through free-motion stitching. The aesthetic effects range from a simple meandering line to complex layers of color, line, shape, and texture. The conventional sewing machine is used with the feed dogs disengaged, allowing the designer to control the movement of fabric and resulting stitches. The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of creating wearable art using methods of free-motion stitching.
Practical Techniques For Designing With Exotic Leather: American Alligator and Emu
Authors: Belleau Bonnie D. , Marquette Yvonne B. , Summers Teresa A.
Published: June 2007

Exotic leather is an important part of the leather industry, which is worth approximately three billion dollars (Sterlacci, 1997). Due to an increased fashion emphasis on exotic leather apparel, it is now considered a fashion staple rather than a trend. This study was part of a larger project, conducted by a multi-faceted team of researchers from academia, government, and industry, designed to broaden and enhance the domestic exotic leather industry. The larger project included regional, national, and international surveys of consumers, retailers, designers, and manufacturers regarding their preferences for exotic leather apparel, their knowledge of exotic leather products, their attitudes toward exotic leather, and their perceptions about the exotic leather market. The purpose of the present component of the project was to design, develop, and execute prototype apparel products made from exotic leather, and to identify special techniques necessary for manipulating leather. Prototype garments were created in both types of skins to address some of the practical problems encountered when using exotic leather in apparel applications. While leather such as cowhide and lambskin has been used in apparel applications for many years, the exotics have primarily been found in applications such as boots, belts, handbags, and other small goods. The prototype garments developed for this project support the idea that exotic leather can be successfully applied to fashion apparel products.
Undesigned: A Study in Sustainable Design of Apparel Using Post-Consumer Recycled Clothing
Authors: Young Carol , Jirousek Charlotte , Ashdown Susan
Published: June 2007

This article provides a summary of a study exploring sustainable apparel design methods incorporating the use of post-consumer recycled clothing and materials in the design of new products. The name undesigned was assigned to the garment line that was developed for consumers defined as urban nomads. The key concept for this undertaking is described in the term undesigned and was intended to emphasize the quality of the garments as deconstructed and reconstructed or undesigned and redesigned objects with a prior history, as opposed to conventionally designed and produced clothing. Used clothing, available for purchase by the bale through rag dealers, is an abundant source of raw material. Recent trends show that there is a growing market for post-consumer recycled clothing. The collection designed in 1999 for this study focused on the clothing design needs of urban nomads, a demographic consisting of people living in urban areas who commute using ecologically sensitive public and human-powered modes of transportation. In this study designs that fill the functional clothing needs of this population were created based on sustainable processes. A general audience’s sensitivity to and acceptance of the ecological benefits of a clothing production system defined within sustainability parameters were evaluated in response to these designs.
Mass Customization of Wedding Gowns: Design Involvement on the Internet
Authors: Choy Rita , Loker Suzanne
Published: June 2007

After an extensive search of bridal web sites was conducted and categorized in Fabruary and March 2001, a research web site was developed to study mass customization of wedding gowns. It offered choice of design features or components through interactive illustrations and was based on Duray’s conceptual framework of mass customization (Duray, 1997; Duray, Ward, Milligan & Berry, 2000). The site served as the experimental treatment for subjects. Following their visit to the site, the subjects completed a questionnaire that dealt with their experience and personal demographic information. A convenience sample of 100 young women between the ages of 18 and 32 was identified through e-mail recruitment. Results confirmed a high overall interest in involvement with the design of a wedding gown. Yet those subjects who were very interested in design involvement were significantly different than those who were less interested in spending more time or paying more money. Subjects who owned more personal technological devices and spent more time on computers and the Internet were significantly more willing to purchase the designed gown. Four categories of bridal web sites were identified based on site characteristics and strategies: marketing, browsing, advice, and customizing. Involvement in wedding dress design on the Internet is not yet available but appears to hold potential for the bridal industry. Research that studies the identification of potential customers by their high interest in design involvement, evaluation of product type and other interactive opportunities for design involvement, and use of Internet customization strategies with other channels of distribution is recommended.
Analysis and Characterization of 1930s Evening Dresses in a University Museum Collection
Authors: DeLong Marilyn R. , Petersen Kristi
Published: June 2007

The purpose was to demonstrate a process to characterize a segment of a university collection from an object base using an existing aesthetic framework. A collection consisting of 160 evening dresses from the 1930s were analyzed for their repetitive and defining features and their dispersion throughout the decade. Dresses were selected as examples of the defining features and analyzed using the concept of structuring within DeLong’s (1998) framework of visual analysis. This process demonstrated how aesthetics could be applied to raise awareness of artifacts within the collection. The result was a characterization of this 1930s collection in terms of defining features that included structuring and the visual result of an integration of layout, surface, and light and shadow.
Prairie Linen and Lace
Authors: Dilworth Jean K.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this researched design was to create a fashionable garment that featured original bobbin lace, flax thread and Belgium linen (flax) batiste and could be worn by a range of ages to events. The formal length dress blends the geometric lines of the American arts and crafts period (1898 -1918) with the tubular silhouette of the 1930s. Experimentation with bobbin lace patterning, manipulation of fine denier flax yarn, and a variety of seam choices were necessary for successful completion of the design concept.
Sailing Apparel for Women: A Design Development Case Study
Authors: Bye Elizabeth , Hakala Lyndsie
Published: June 2007

A seven-step design process proposed by Watkins (1995) was used as a framework to guide the development of a one-piece female-specific sailing garment. An objective analysis of user needs uncovered through personal interviews and participant observation led to the development of design criteria based on the user need categories of functional, expressive, and aesthetic needs (Lamb & Kallal, 1992). The criteria were then translated into garment attributes and used in the development of a prototype garment. The prototype was wear-tested and revised. The final design combines functional, expressive, and aesthetic attributes to protect the body, maintain health and safety, and improve the wearer's sailing efficiency as outlined by the design criteria.
Excellence in Design—Sashiko Bride
Authors: Kallal M. Jo
Published: June 2007

A non-traditional wedding dress, Sashiko Bride was custom-designed and hand-made for a Japanese-American wedding. The design draws from Japanese culture through asymmetrical balance and the incorporation of nine traditional sashiko quilting patterns. The primary fabric, silk satin organza, is reminiscent of translucent Japanese paper. The design focuses on garment structure by integrating silhouette, structural seaming, unusual pattern shapes, and fit to form a unique asymmetrical design. Sashiko Bride was created through complex patternmaking and assembly of unusually shaped garment parts to form a well-fitted and -designed garment that enhances the physical features and cultural background of the bride.
The Effects of Ethnicity and Gender on Teens' Mall Shopping Motivations
Authors: Kim Eun Young , Kim Youn-Kyung
Published: June 2007

This study was designed to identify multidimensional shopping motivations from the hedonic and utilitarian perspectives. A total of 531 usable data was collected via a mall intercept survey with teen consumers in large shopping malls in three metropolitan cities. Teens' mall shopping motivations consisted of five dimensional constructs: Sensory Stimulation, Diversion, and Social Contact, reflecting hedonic needs; and Bargaining and Eating, reflecting utilitarian needs. These mall shopping motivations differed by ethnicity and gender. White teens exhibited a higher level of Eating motivation; non-White teens (e.g., African Americans and Hispanic Americans) were more likely to visit malls for Sensory Stimulation and Social Contact. In terms of gender, female teens were more likely to shop for Bargaining and Diversion, whereas male teens were more likely to shop for Eating and Social Contact. Implications of this study were discussed for mall retailers and consumer educators.
Fashion in Context: Apparel Styles Worn by Young Women in the United States and South Korea in the 1970s
Authors: Kim Eundeok , Farrell-Beck Jane
Published: June 2007

The purposes of our study were to examine and compare the styles adopted by young women in the United States and South Korea in the 1970s and to interpret the reasons for the similarities and differences within the historical and cultural context. Fifteen women from each culture who were college students in the 1970s were interviewed. Respondents from both cultures reported that relatively casual and comfortable styles were prevalent, reflecting women's changing roles. U.S. apparel styles, however, were more casual and comfortable, whereas Korean styles remained relatively feminine and formal. In the United States, individualism and masculinity were dominant cultural values that influenced styles and behaviors concerning dress. Koreans held onto collectivism and femininity, yet underwent the process of melding traditional and newly adopted values due to Western influences. This study furthers understanding of U.S. and Korean social changes through dress during the 1970s and the dynamic interplay of fashion1 and value changes.
Red Hot
Authors: Chang Li-Fen Anny
Published: June 2007

The art of functional items for the home—specifically, the cotton coil hot pad—was the source of inspiration for this contemporary women's special occasion dress. The primary challenge in designing, pattern drafting, and constructing the dress was to create coils that were three-dimensional, yet followed the curves of the body. Red polyester satin was chosen as the material for the dress, and draping technique was used to begin creation of the dress's shell. The primary element of the dress are the narrow satin tubes, which were filled with cotton cording, swirled into the coil shapes, and hand stitched to the shell. The halter is fastened at the front of the neck with a hidden and adjustable snap closure, and the back halves of the dress are joined together with a hook and eye closure.
Using Industry Software to Teach Sales Planning and Analysis in a Retail Merchandising Course
Authors: Foster Irene M.
Published: June 2007

The increased use of technology in the retail workplace denotes increasing the technological experiences in the college undergraduate classroom. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate one unit in an upper level merchandising class that used industry-based software to teach retail planning. The class was composed of junior- and senior-level students who all had access to laptop computers. Pedagogy was an application approach resulting in a sales plan that students peer reviewed and analyzed using retail trade averages. Student assessment measures incorporated portfolio presentation and rubric analysis. Students' and professor's comments were included for further consideration. The result of the students' projects using industry-based sales planning and analysis software was of professional quality, demonstrating strengthened analytical skills.
Learning Style Preferences: Implications for Web-Based Instruction
Authors: Crutsinger Christy A. , Knight Dee K. , Kinley Tammy
Published: June 2007

The objective of this paper was to profile the learning style preferences of merchandising students and to demonstrate how Web-based instructional strategies can accommodate their unique preferences. The framework was based on Felder and Silverman's (1988) model that identifies four dichotomous bipolar learning style dimensions (i.e., active or reflective, sensory or intuitive, visual or verbal, and sequential or global). To develop learning style profiles, students (N = 340) enrolled in three undergraduate merchandising courses completed the 44-item Index of Learning Styles (ILS). The majority of merchandising students were active, sensing, visual, and sequential learners. A model, Adapting Web-Based Instruction to Accommodate Student Learning Style Preferences, was developed detailing specific Web-based instructional strategies that could be incorporated across the merchandising curricula.
Promoting Critical Thinking in Product Development: Connections between Textile Science and Consumers' Aesthetic Value
Authors: Fiore Ann Marie , Kadolph Sara J. , Ogle Jennifer Paff
Published: June 2007

Educators and researchers alike have written extensively about the importance of integrating critical thinking experiences across the undergraduate curriculum. In the present paper we discuss critical thinking, explain the importance of critical thinking for apparel professionals involved in product development, and provide integrative structures and applications to help students think critically about aesthetics and textiles subject matter, both of which are central to the product development process. Specifically, we propose a model and adopt a taxonomy to help students understand (a) the important role played by consumer value in professional decisions, and (b) the range of benefits culminating in the value of a product, respectively. To better prepare students for a total customer integration approach to product development, we also propose connections between subject matter areas of textile science and aesthetics and provide example exercises where students integrate textile science and aesthetics subject matter. Graduates of textiles and clothing programs need to understand a total customer integration approach that entails providing the specific benefits or value in a product desired by the customer.
Multimedia and Problem-Based Instruction in the Textiles Laboratory
Authors: Farr Cheryl , Ownbey Shiretta , Branson Donna , Cao Huantian , Starr Cathy
Published: June 2007

Historically, textile laboratory content has been delivered via a traditional approach called expository instruction and was designed to allow large numbers of students to perform activities simultaneously within a short time. An innovative learning method, problem-based learning (PBL), has been successful in teaching non-biological sciences. Evidence suggests multimedia learning environments facilitate the development of independent, self-regulated thinking. To evaluate the potential for PBL and multimedia as instructional strategies in the textile laboratory, a 2X2 factorial design with a quasi-experimental approach was used. One factor, at two levels, was the use and non-use of multimedia laboratory materials; the second, at two levels, was the instructional approach, PBL and expository. A total of 155 students in four sections participated for a total of eight sections across two semesters. Based on mean section grade point averages, the two treatments (PBL and multimedia) had a positive effect.
Equipment Experts: Enhancing Student Learning in Textile Science
Authors: Kadolph Sara J.
Published: June 2007

Student equipment experts promote active learning in a product and materials analysis class. After preparation through reading about a specific piece of equipment and meeting with the instructor to see and practice with the equipment, the student demonstrates its use to the class and answers questions from the class. While this activity is time intensive for the instructor during the training period, use of equipment experts has produced more interest from students during class, better attention during demonstrations, and one-on-one interactions between the instructor and students. An unexpected benefit is the assistance of equipment experts during laboratory work. Equipment experts in a lab class enhance active learning and student comfort with lab work.
The Impact of Retail Work Experience, Career Expectation, and Job Satisfaction on Retail Career Intention
Authors: Knight Dee K. , Crutsinger Christy , Kim HaeJung
Published: June 2007

The purpose of our study was to examine the impact of retail work experience, career expectation, and job satisfaction on college students' intention to pursue retail careers. The 470 students who completed self-administered questionnaires were enrolled in academic programs with a merchandising focus. Using multiple regression analyses to test the hypothesized relationships, work experience and job satisfaction were significantly related to career intention. Emotional satisfaction was the most robust determinant of students' career intention. However, students' expectation concerning opportunity and success also were predictors of career intention. Understanding these relationships is beneficial for educators as they prepare students for retail careers.
Marketing Cultural Products on the Internet: Targeting Cultural Creatives
Authors: Lee Seung-Eun , Littrell Mary A.
Published: June 2007

The objectives of this research were to (a) explore demographics and psychographics of consumers who shop for cultural products on the Internet in relation to cultural creative consumers and (b) examine how psychographics of cultural creatives influence attitudes toward shopping for cultural products and intention to purchase. Individuals with certain psychographics of cultural creatives, particularly those related to product authenticity, product origins, and creating a unique home environment, appeared to make up an important target market for selling cultural products on the Internet. While both product characteristics and Web site attributes were important factors influencing a positive attitude toward shopping for cultural products on the Internet, only consumers' beliefs about the Web site significantly influenced their intention to shop on the Internet. Implications of the study and recommendations for future research were provided.
Body Shape Assessment Scale: Instrument Development Foranalyzing Female Figures
Authors: Connell Lenda Jo , Ulrich Pamela V. , Brannon, Evelyn L. , Alexander Marina , Presley Ann Beth
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this research was to use experts' knowledge to develop a set of scales to assess female body shapes as visualized in body scans, resulting in an instrument that could be applied through software to the analysis of body scan data. Using 42 body scans representing women aged 20-55 years of age, through a series of steps, researchers developed nine scalesfor body shape assessmentfrom front and side views. Three (Body Build, Body Shape, and Posture) were for whole body analysis, and six (Front Torso Shape, Hip Shape, Shoulder Slope, Bust Shape, Buttocks Shape, Back Curvature) were for analysis of component body parts. For validation, five experts used the Body Shape Assessment Scale (BSAS©) to rate 100 additional body scans. These ratings were used to program software to classify female body scan data using the BSAS©.
Comparison of Test Protocols for Judging the Fit of Mature Women's Apparel
Authors: Ashdown Susan P. , O'Connell Elizabeth K.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare reliability and validity of trained paraprofessional judges' responses and expert judges' responses in a garmentfit test. The study addressed the relationships amongparticipants' body and garment measurements, participants'perceptions of garmentfit, and fit assessments of the trained and expert judges. Paraprofessional judges participated in fit training sessions. Judges assessedfitfrom videotapes ofparticipants in testjackets, and made second assessments one to two weeks later. T-testsfor paired samples were runfor reliability between judges'first and second evaluations. The trained paraprofessionals' judgments were equally reliable as the expert assessments. Validity was measured by comparing the differences ofparticipants' body measurements and test jacket measurements, and the judges' and participants'fit assessments of the test jacket. None of the measures (judges' responses, subjects' responses, measurements) showed a very high level of agreement infit assessment.
The Effect of Labor Pain Relief Medication on Neonatal Suckling and Breastfeeding Duration
Authors: Riordan Jan , Gross Aimee , Angeron Judy , Krumwiede Becky , Melin Jeri
Published: June 2007

We examined the relationship of labor pain relief medications with neonatal suckling and breastfeeding duration in 129 mothers delivering vaginally. Suckling was measured using the Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool (IBFAT). Controlling for infant age, birthweight, and gender, infants of unmedicated mothers had higher IBFAT suckling scores than those of medicated mothers (x = 11.1 vs. x = 8.2 respectively, P=.001). IBFAT suckling scores for intravenous and epidural groups were similar (x = 8.5) while those who received a combination of both intravenous and epidural medications were lower (x = 6.4 ± 2.96, P=.001). Mothers evaluated their breastfeeds similarly to nurse evaluators (Z = 9.39, P=.001). Breastfeeding duration did not differ between unmedicated and medicated groups; however, dyads with low IBFAT scores weaned earlier than those with medium or high scores. Labor pain relief medications diminish early suckling but are not associated with duration of breastfeeding through 6 weeks postpartum.
Calcium Channel Antagonists and Lactation: An Update
Authors: Shannon Meghan E. , Malecha Susan E. , Cha Amy J.
Published: June 2007

Approximately 14% of women of age 20-54 years old have hypertension. For those women who are on medication for hypertension and are pregnant, this poses potential problems. In many cases, antihypertensive agents may be continued inwomen with chronic hypertension if taken prior to pregnancy. This article discusses the antihypertensive class, calcium channel antagonists, with regard to their physiochemical properties and lactation.
Prenatal and Breast Milk Morphine Exposure Following Maternal Intrathecal Morphine Treatment
Authors: Oberlander Tim F. , Robeson Paula , Ward Val , Huckin R. Stuart , Kamani A. , Harpur Arthur , McDonald William
Published: June 2007

A case of an infant who had morphine exposure during and following pregnancy while her mother was treated with intrathecal (IT) morphine is presented along with a review of the relevant literature. Successful maternal pain management was achieved during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Minimal maternal serum and breast milk levels in the first 7 postpartum weeks were found. Also, infant sleep and arousal behavior and general development at 2 and 7 months were unremarkable, illustrating the possible safe and efficacious use of IT morphine during and following pregnancy. Further work is required to understand opioid pharmacology during breastfeeding, which will be used to develop an empirical approach to breastfeeding and morphine use.
Recommendations for Handling of Mother's Own Milk
Authors: Tully Mary Rose
Published: June 2007

Often, mothers must express their milk so it can be fed to their babies in their absence or at a later time. Research has shown that human milk is remarkably resilient as long as good food-handling techniques are used. There are some measures that can be taken to optimize both the nutritional value and the immunologic protection if the milk is to be fed to a preterm or sick infant rather than to a healthy baby who is primarily breastfeeding. Keeping milk-handling and storage instructions simple and clear can encourage a mother to provide milk for her baby when she cannot breastfeed.
Breastfeeding Attitudes in a Sample of Spanish-Speaking Hispanic American Women
Authors: Libbus M. Kay
Published: June 2007

This descriptive, cross-sectional study examined attitudes toward breastfeeding in 57 Spanishspeaking Hispanic American women. Participants were asked to complete a Spanish version of the Breastfeeding Behavior Questionnaire (Cuestionario de Comportamiento Amamantar). The instrument is composed of 12 vignettes to which women agreed or disagreed using a Likert-type scale. Content validity was ascertained by a group of Spanish-speaking health professionals, and a Pearson correlation coefficient of .96 was calculated for test-retest reliability. Women were also interviewed for demographic data, reproductive history, and experience with breastfeeding. Mean scores on the instrument revealed generally positive attitudes toward breastfeeding. Although recent evidence suggests that breastfeeding initiation has been decreasing in Hispanic women, more than 90% of the women in this sample stated that their intention was to breastfeed and felt that they were supported in their decision by significant others.
Teaching Breastfeeding on the Web
Authors: Riordan Jan
Published: June 2007

Teaching breastfeeding on the Internet breaks down geographic barriers and draws students from all over the globe for a rich learning experience. This article describes the development and teaching strategies of a successful university-based graduate breastfeeding Internet course. A discussion forum, electronic visiting professors, case studies, and online exams enhance this global learning experience. The drawbacks of online learning are also presented.
Statistical Report of the 1999 IBLCE Examination
Authors: Gross Leon J. , Scott Joanne
Published: June 2007

This report summarizes the statistical analyses of the International Board of Lactation Consultant Examiners 1999 examination for certification as an International Board Certified Lactation Consultant. The summary includes information regarding exam translations and recertification rates.
Lactation Mastitis: Bacterial Cultivation of Breast Milk, Symptoms, Treatment, and Outcome
Authors: Osterman Karin L. , Rahm Vivi-Anne
Published: June 2007

The aim of this prospective study was to compare serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocytes, hemoglobin, clinical signs, treatment, and outcome among 41 episodes of lactation mastitis grouped by the outcome of bacterial cultivation of breast milk. Group A included 25 cases with positive cultures only for bacteria normally present on skin. Group B included 16 cases in which cultures indicated the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Serious complications were observed among women in group B, including protracted illness and weaning. No complications were observed in group A. Staphylococcus aureuswas the most frequently isolated bacteria in group B. Mean serum leukocytes were significantly higher in groupBthan in group A. AlthoughCRPlevels in both groups were elevated, no significant difference was found between groups. Rest and frequent emptying of the breast were curative in group A. Further interventions were necessary for mothers in group B.
Initiation and Frequency of Pumping and Milk Production in Mothers of Non-Nursing Preterm Infants
Authors: Hill Pamela D. , Aldag Jean C. , Chatterton Robert T.
Published: June 2007

This secondary data analysis examined if time of initiation of milk expression and pumping frequency influenced milk weight weeks 2-5 postpartum. Of the 39 subjects in the convenience sample, 20 were in the early initiating (EI) group, (n = 12 high frequency [HF], n = 8 lowfrequency [LF]), and 19 were in the late initiating (LI) group, (n= 7HF, n = 12LF). The EI group initiated pumping = 48 hours after birth; the HF group pumped a minimum of 6.25 times daily. A two-way analysis of variance indicated that milk weight was significantly higher in the HF as compared to the LF group. While there was no significant difference in milk weight between the EI and LI groups, therewas a significant interaction between frequency and initiation. Milk weight for the LF group appeared to be positively influenced by the initiation of mechanical expression soon after birth.
Use of Anti-Infective Agents During Lactation: Part 2—Aminoglycosides, Macrolides, Quinolones, Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, and Metronidazole
Authors: Chin Karen G. , McPherson Charles E. , Hoffman Maria , Kuchta Ann , Mactal-Haaf Christina
Published: June 2007

Because many antibiotics are excreted into breast milk, it can be difficult for a practitioner to choose an antibiotic for a lactating patient that will have minimal risks to her nursing infant. This article is the second of a three-part series discussing the use of anti-infective agents during lactation. The authors review general information regarding use and common side effects for several classes of antibiotics. They also summarize information, including documented milk concentrations, milk-to-plasma ratios, and other pharmacokinetic properties, in a table that can help practitioners choose antibiotics that may be considered safe to use in the lactating mother.
Breastfeeding Peer Counseling: Results From the National WIC Survey
Authors: Bronner Yvonne , Barber Tanyka , Vogelhut Judy , Resnik Amy Kovar
Published: June 2007

The objective of this studywas to examine breastfeeding peer counseling within the context of the organizational structure of state and local Supplemental Nutrition Program forWomen, Infants and Children (WIC) agencies. The National WIC Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Survey was distributed to a convenience sample of state WIC breastfeeding coordinators and breastfeeding project coordinators and to a sample of local agency WIC directors and staff, breastfeeding peer counselor coordinators, and peer counselors. The findings indicate that respondents in the WIC state and local organizations perceive peer counseling to be effective in promoting and sustaining breastfeeding among WIC mothers. There is, however, a lack of consistent policies and procedures concerning the recruitment, training, and counseling phases of peer counseling within and across state WIC agencies.
Donor Milk: What's in It and What's Not
Authors: Tully Douglas B. , Jones Frances , Tully Mary Rose
Published: June 2007

Breastfeeding and human milk are widely recognized as optimal for human infants. However, if donor milk is used when mother's own milk is not available, some questions arise concerning the effects of storage, handling, and heat processing on the unique components of human milk. Holder pasteurization (62.5°C for 30 minutes) of banked human milk is the method of choice to eliminate potential viral contaminants such as human immunodeficiency virus, human T-lymphoma virus, and cytomegalovirus, as well as tuberculosis and other bacterial contaminants, while maintaining the greatest possible complement of its unique bioactive factors. This article reviews some of the critical components of human milk and what is currently known about the effects of Holder pasteurization on their biological activity.
Long-Term Breastfeeding: Nourishment or Nurturance?
Authors: Buckley Kathleen M.
Published: June 2007

Mothers frequently describe the primary benefit of breastfeeding beyond a year as providing comfort rather than nourishment. Little is known about the effect of extended breastfeeding on the growth or nutritional status of children in the United States. Data collected on 38 long-term breastfeeding children (12 to 43 months old) included growth measurements, breastfeeding patterns, and dietary intake obtained through diaries and dietary recalls. Although the children's weight-for-age, length/height-for-age, and weight-for-length/height Zscores clustered belowzero, they fell within two standard deviations of the median, suggesting normal growth. The daily time and frequency of breastfeeding were not different between the 1-year-old and 2-year-old age groups but were significantly lower in the 3-year-old age group. In an analysis of non–breast milk diets, the childrenwould need an average intake of 100 to 460mL of breast milk per day to meet the RDA for energy intake and nutrients that were lower in their diets compared to national food intake surveys.
Extending Breastfeeding Duration Through Primary Care: A Systematic Review of Prenatal and Postnatal Interventions
Authors: de Oliveira Maria Inês Couto , Camacho Luiz Antonio Bastos , Tedstone Alison E.
Published: June 2007

This literature review provides an overview of the effectiveness of strategies and procedures used to extend breastfeeding duration. Interventions carried out during pregnancy and/or infant care conducted in primary health care services, community settings, or hospital clinics were included. Interventions covering only the delivery period were excluded. Interventions that were most effective in extending the duration of breastfeeding generally combined information, guidance, and support and were long term and intensive. During prenatal care, group education was the only effective strategy reported. Home visits used to identify mothers' concerns with breastfeeding, assist with problem solving, and involve family members in breastfeeding support were effective during the postnatal period or both periods. Individual education sessions were also effective in these periods, as was the combination of 2 or 3 of these strategies in interventions involving both periods. Strategies that had no effect were characterized by no face-to-face interaction, practices contradicting messages, or small-scale interventions.
Training Peer Counselors to Promote and Support Exclusive Breastfeeding in Bangladesh
Authors: Haider Rukhsana , Kabir Iqbal , Huttly Sharon R. A. , Ashworth Ann
Published: June 2007

Exclusive breastfeedingis rare in Bangladesh. About 90% ofwomen have home deliveries, so the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative has no mechanism to reach them. Mother support groups do not exist, and community healthworkers do not have time to promote and support exclusive breastfeeding. To provide this kind of support at the community level, an area in Dhakawas selected for a peer-counselinginterv ention program. Usingcertain selection criteria, 1 woman from each community was trained as a peer counselor. The trainingw as based on the World Health Organization/United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund 40-hour breastfeedingcounselingcourse and related books. Counselingskills were taught usingdemonstrations and role play, followed by practical trainingin the project area. The intervention was very successful, as 70% of the mothers in the project area breastfed their infants exclusively for 5 months compared to only 6% in the control area. The authors describe the peer counseling training, strategies used for peer counseling visits, and lessons learned.
An Innovative Video Succeeds in Addressing Barriers to Breastfeeding Among Low-Income Women
Authors: Khoury Amal J. , Mitra Amal K. , Hinton Agnes , Carothers Cathy , Sheil Heidi
Published: June 2007

This study evaluates the effectiveness of an innovative breastfeeding promotion video intervention in addressing barriers to breastfeeding among low-income women in the state of Mississippi. The 15-minute video features a diverse group of women and their families. Survey data were collected from Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children clients in the intervention group (n = 310) before and after watching the video, and from a comparison group (n = 204) that did not watch the video. The 2 groups were comparable at baseline. The intervention significantly improved women's perceptions with regard to the “embarrassment” and “time and social constraints” barriers to breastfeeding. In terms of the “lack of social support” barrier, the video positively affected participants' feelings that the baby's father encouraged breastfeeding but did not change their perceptions of support from female relatives and friends. The authors conclude that the video is an effective method of breastfeeding promotion among low-income women.
Erythropoietin in Human Milk: Physiology and Role in Infant Health
Authors: Semba Richard D. , Juul Sandra E.
Published: June 2007

Human milk contains substantial concentrations of erythropoietin, a hormone best known for its role in the regulation of erythropoiesis. Recent studies show that erythropoietin receptors are widely distributed in human tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract, endothelial cells, spinal cord, and brain, suggesting that erythropoietin plays a wider role in infant development. Mammary epithelial cells contribute to the production of erythropoietin in human milk, and erythropoietin concentrations appear to rise slowly in human milk during the first few months of lactation. Current data suggest that erythropoietin in human milk may play a pleiomorphic role in erythropoiesis, neurodevelopment, maturation of the gut, apoptosis, and immunity in the infant.
Galactogogues: Medications That Induce Lactation
Authors: Gabay Michael P.
Published: June 2007

Galactogogues are medications that aid in initiating and maintaining adequate milk production. Most exert their pharmacologic effects through interactions with dopamine receptors, resulting in increased prolactin levels and thereby augmenting milk supply. Metoclopramide remains the galactogogue of choice due to its documented record of efficacy and safety in women and infants. Domperidone crosses the blood brain barrier and into the breast milk to a lesser extent than metoclopramide, decreasing the risk of toxicity to both mother and infant possibly making it an attractive alternative. Traditional antipsychotics, sulpiride and chlorpromazine, have been evaluated, but adverse events limit their use. Human growth hormone, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, and oxytocin have also been studied. Finally, a natural product, fenugreek, has been purported to be effective in anecdotal reports. Use of this agent may be warranted after considering risks versus benefits.
The Entrepreneurial Development System: Transforming Business Talent and Community Economies
Authors: Lichtenstein Gregg A. , Lyons Thomas S.
Published: June 2007

In this conceptual and practical article, the authors suggest an alternative to the current paradigm for developing enterprises in local communities and regions through-out the United States. They also propose implementing a new approach, called the entrepreneurial development system, for transforming community economies. They first lay out the specifications for the new paradigm, drawing distinctions between current practice and their proposal. They then describe the major components of their proposed enterprise development system; detail its benefits to entrepreneurs, service providers, and the community; and discuss challenges to its full-scale implementation. Throughout, implications for further research suggested by the new paradigm are noted.
The Economic Impacts of the North Carolina Motorsports Industry
Authors: Connaughton John E. , Madsen Ronald A.
Published: June 2007

The southeastern part of the United States has traditionally been viewed as the cradle of stock car racing. During the past decade, NASCAR has expanded out of its traditional geographic region and has grown to be the second most popular sport watched on television in the United States. This study is based on data collected for the motorsports industry in North Carolina for 2005. In this study, the state was divided into seven regions. The Input/Output matrix for each region provides multipliers based on the new North American Industrial Classification System definitions of industries. The total economic impacts for 2005 were estimated at more than $5.9 billion in increased total output, 27,252 in increased employment, almost $1.7 billion in increased total employee compensation, and almost $2.8 billion in increased total value added.
“Getting your Body Back”
Authors: Dworkin Shari L. , Wachs Faye Linda
Published: June 2007

This investigation explores how contemporary (corporeal) motherhood is constituted in postindustrial consumer culture through a content and textual analysis of Shape Fit Pregnancy. Using all available issues of the magazine from its inception in 1997 to 2003, the authors first underscore a key tension surrounding pregnant women’s bodies within health and fitness discourse: That the pregnant form is presented as maternally successful yet aesthetically problematic. Second, the authors reveal how contemporary mothers are defined as newly responsible for a second shift of household labor and child care and a new third shift of bodily labor and fitness practices. The analysis examines the way in which the second and third shift are constituted as mutually dependent and reinforcing. Last, the discussion analyzes how this particular fitness text draws on empowerment discourse derived from feminist gains of access to the public sphere while paradoxically (re)inscribing women to the privatized realm of bodily practices, domesticity, and family values.