bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abwesenheitsverfahren vor völkerstrafrechtlichen Tribunalen
Authors: Eibach Martin Simon
Published: April 2020

How should international criminal tribunals react if member states refuse to cooperate and if, therefore, those wanted by international arrest warrants remain in their exalted position in the eyes of the world? The majority of tribunals accept this situation and prefer to concentrate their resources on other proceedings. Some tribunals, on the other hand, choose a different path and allow proceedings in absentia. Based on a legal comparison of different national jurisdictions, this work uses an empirical approach to examine the extent to which international criminal tribunals have conducted such proceedings in the absence of the accused. On this basis, the work scrutinises the legality of such proceedings in accordance with human rights. Subsequently, criminal theories are used to determine the reason and the limitations of the general principle that the accused is supposed to be in court during his or her trial.
Die Kriminalisierung von Manipulationen im Sport
Authors: Jaleesi Mani
Published: April 2020

Die Ausgestaltung der im Jahr 2017 in Kraft getretenen Straftatbestände bietet viel Angriffsfläche. Legislative Ungereimtheiten werden strukturiert analysiert, ergänzt um konkrete Verbesserungsvorschläge des Gesetzeswortlauts; zugleich wird die Auslegung de lege lata dargelegt. Dies gilt etwa für Bestimmtheitsprobleme des Sportbegriffs, überflüssige Tatbestandsmerkmale (z.B. „wettbewerbswidrige Weise“ i.R.d. § 265d StGB) und der Darlegung, weswegen das Wettsetzungserfordernis bei § 265c StGB ein subjektives Tatbestandsmerkmal ist.

Ein Teil der seitens der Literatur geäußerten Kritik schießt indes über das Ziel hinaus: Der Autor zeigt insofern vermeintliche Wertungswidersprüche auf und verdeutlicht die gesetzgeberische Intention, etwa im Hinblick auf das Schutzzweckkonzept, den persönlichen Anwendungsbereich bei § 265c StGB und die Strafbarkeitsbeschränkung auf Manipulationen „zugunsten des Wettbewerbsgegners“.
Casebook Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil
Authors: Kaspar Johannes , Reinbacher Tobias
Published: April 2020

In Klausuren wird unter anderem die Kenntnis wichtiger Entscheidungen in einem Rechtsgebiet geprüft. Das Casebook stellt anhand der Leitentscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofs die zentralen Rechtsätze und dogmatischen Figuren des Allgemeinen Teils des Strafrechts dar und ordnet sie in ihren rechtlichen Kontext ein. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung des Sachverhalts und der sich hieraus ergebenden rechtlichen Probleme folgen die maßgeblichen Entscheidungsgründe des BGH. Die Entscheidung selbst wird sodann in ihren juristischen Kontext (Meinungsstand, bisherige Rechtsprechung usw.) eingeordnet, der Streitstand voll entfaltet und die dazu vertretenen Ansichten prägnant dargestellt. Die Darstellung schließt mit Hinweisen zur Vertiefung. Transferfragen am Ende dienen der Überprüfung des Gelernten.

Das Buch richtet sich an Studenten im Grund- und Hauptstudium, die sich ein Rechtsgebiet anhand der Leitentscheidungen erschließen wollen und an Examenskandidaten zur Vorbereitung auf die Prüfung.

Der Band ist Teil der neuen Casebook-Reihe bei Nomos.
Examinatorium Internationales Privatrecht
Authors: Köhler Andreas
Published: April 2020

Das Examinatorium behandelt den für die universitäre Abschlussprüfung relevanten Stoff aus dem Bereich des Internationalen Privatrechts in komprimierter Form. Es richtet sich in erster Linie an fortgeschrittene Studierende des gleichnamigen Schwerpunktbereichs, die sich mittels einer vertiefenden, wissenschaftlich fundierten Darstellung des prüfungsrelevanten Stoffes auf die Abschlussprüfungen vorbereiten wollen.

Besonderes Augenmerk legt das Examinatorium auf die Vermittlung der kollisionsrechtlichen Grundlagen sowie der spezifischen kollisionsrechtlichen Methodik, deren Kenntnisse für eine problemorientierte, eigenständige Bearbeitung international-privatrechtlicher Fragestellungen von essentieller Bedeutung sind. Integrierte Beispielsfälle, ein Prüfungsschema zur Bearbeitung von Klausuren sowie Wiederholungs- und Vertiefungsfragen runden das Repetitorium ab und ermöglichen zugleich eine schnelle und konzentrierte Wiederholung des Stoffes.
Seropositivity of Chikungunya and West Nile Viruses in Iranian Children in 2018
Authors: Solgi Abas , Karimi Abdollah , Armin Shahnaz
Published: April 2020

Background: Several surveys have been conducted on the seroprevalence of viral infections caused by Chikungunya and West Nile viruses in humans. However, there is a paucity of studies on the seroprevalence and spread of these viruses in children. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the seropositivity of IgG antibodies against Chikungunya and West Nile viruses in a group of Iranian children aged one month to 14 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on blood samples collected from children aged one month to 14 years in Tehran who attended the outpatient clinics of a children’s hospital from March to December 2018. The serum IgG levels against Chikungunya and West Nile viruses were assessed using the ELISA technique. Results: Of 180 serum samples assessed for positivity, four (three from boys and one from girls) had positive IgG for Chikungunya and 11 (seven from boys and four from girls) had positive IgG for West Nile, causing overall seropositivity of 2.2% and 6.1% for Chikungunya and West Nile infections, respectively. Moreover, Chikungunya and West Nile viruses showed no significant association between seropositivity and sex. High seropositivity was observed predominantly in the age groups of below two years and over 10 years in Chikungunya and West Nile infections, respectively. However, the difference was not significant (P-value > 0.05). In the age group of one month to two years, all cases with positive IgG were less than six-month-old. Conclusions: The results of the seroprevalence of Chikungunya and West Nile viruses among children in Tehran showed the prevalence of these viral infections in this region. Therefore, these infections should be considered in the differential diagnosis for children with clinical symptoms of viral diseases.
Développer un service de veilles informationnelles en santé et services sociaux
Authors: Gadoury Nancy
Published: April 2020

Dans les cinq dernières années, la bibliothèque du Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux (CISSS) de Lanaudière a entrepris de systématiser et de mettre en ligne ses services afin de répondre aux nouveaux besoins de l’organisation. L’offre de services de veilles informationnelles a été révisée en entier afin de s’adapter à ces nouvelles réalités. De veilles spécialisées, les veilles informationnelles sont devenues thématiques. Les processus, quasi entièrement faits manuellement, ont été renouvelés et automatisés pour pallier aux contraintes de ressources et de temps. C’est l’outil Kentika Press qui a été choisi pour enregistrer les fils RSS et créer les bulletins de veilles. Plus d’utilisateurs peuvent désormais bénéficier des services de veilles informationnelles et les premières évaluations du projet sont encourageantes.
Une veille collaborative au service des revues : l’exemple du réseau Mir@bel
Authors: Vazquez Anabel , Fotiadi Sophie
Published: April 2020

Mir@bel est à la fois un site Web, un réservoir partagé d’informations sur les
revues et un réseau de plus de 120 professionnels de l’information de différents horizons
qui partagent un travail de veille sur les revues et supervisent la mise à jour des données.
Le site propose, pour chaque revue, une description bibliographique, des rebonds vers
l’environnement numérique de la revue et des accès aux différents types de contenus diffusés
(articles, sommaires, résumés). Il reprend de manière automatisée des informations provenant
de nombreuses sources, dont les principaux portails de revues francophones en sciences
humaines et sociales (Cairn.info, Érudit, OpenEdition Journals et Persée).

Pour fonctionner, ce réseau s’appuie sur des méthodes de travail collaboratives, un
outil de veille partagé par des bibliothécaires et des professionnels de l’édition, mais
également sur les différents processus mis en place pour faciliter un travail
participatif.

En dix ans de fonctionnement, le réseau a pu expérimenter de nombreuses voies dans
cette veille collaborative, que ce soit pour la collecte, la mise à jour, les diffusions de
ces données ou la variété des partenariats, facilitant ainsi l’accès aux revues.
El hashtag contestatario: cuando los hashtags tienen efectos políticos
Authors: Zeifer Barbara
Published: April 2020

El hashtag como elemento discursivo ha sido definido frecuentemente como una etiqueta que identifica el tema de un tuit (#decoración), o una indicación sobre cómo debe ser interpretado (#sorrynotsorry). Sin embargo, cada vez se hacen más frecuentes los hashtags que expresan reclamos y demandas sociales, que dan nombre a nuevos movimientos y colectivos, y que se encuentran inscriptos en las pancartas, banderas y carteles de las manifestaciones populares. Este artículo se propone estudiar en detalle  este subtipo de hashtag, que denominaremos “hashtag contestatario”,  a partir del análisis de tres casos contemporáneos: #BlackLivesMatter, #JeSuisCharlie y #NiUnaMenos. Los compararemos a partir de elementos tanto de la teoría política y social como del análisis del discurso, y procuraremos concluir con una definición de los hashtag contestatarios.
Estudio exploratorio de las estrategias de encuadre discursivo en memes humorísticos publicados en Twitter durante las elecciones generales de noviembre de 2019 celebradas en España
Authors: Mancera Rueda Ana
Published: April 2020

La presente investigación se basa en el análisis de un corpus de 115 memes difundidos en la red social Twitter, durante las elecciones generales celebradas en España en noviembre de 2019. Para su recopilación se han consultado los tuits publicados haciendo uso de los hashtags que se convirtieron en trending topic, en el transcurso de la campaña electoral que tuvo lugar entre el 1 y el 10 de noviembre de 2019. En ellos hemos podido identificar los principales rasgos que caracterizan al discurso pseudopolítico y determinadas estrategias de encuadre discursivo utilizadas para movilizar el voto y orientar cognitivamente los mensajes.
Nutritional profile of women assisted by the program of Family Health Strategy in Maranhão State, Brazil
Authors: Vieira Patricia Dore , Frota Maria Tereza Borges Araújo , Rocha Elida Mara Braga , Szarfarc Sophia Cornbluth , Bezerra Italla Maria Pinheiro , Nascimento Viviane Gabriela Pinheiro , Leone Claudio , Abreu Luiz Carlos de
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Inadequate diet, whether due to excess or insufficient calories and nutrients, results in health risk situations as well as inadequate nutritional profile. The presence of nutritional deficiencies is more visible in women and, therefore, is more likely to reflect the risks of such deficiencies. Knowing the profile of the nutritional status of the female population of Maranhão, Brazil, which provide evidence of   the nutritional status of their families, may support the creation of specific actions to combat eating problems and, consequently, improve  their health.
Objective: To evaluate the nutritional profile and its relationship with social determinants in a population of women attended by the program of Family Health Strategy in Maranhão.
Methods: Cross-sectional study with 989 women aged 15 to 49 years, carried out  during  July to September 2010.  Socioeconomic data were collected through a questionnaire, in addition it was applied of the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale to know the level of food insecurity. Body mass index (BMI) and hip and waist circumference measurements were obtained to verify the nutritional profile. The variables were analyzed for frequencies, distribution and central tendency. Bivariate analysis was performed as to the associations between socioeconomic variables and BMI. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used between the food safety score and the BMI, adopting a significance level of 5%. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed.
Results: It was found a relationship between the BMI classification with  some social determinants such as age, family income and food insecurity. There is a high prevalence of women at nutritional risk, especially for overweight and obesity, as well as the presence of thinness and short stature.
Conclusion: Socioeconomic factors have a significant association with women's Body Mass Index indicating that there is an important relationship between age-matched maternal Body Mass Index and food insecurity.
A delayed fractionated dose RTS,S AS01 vaccine regimen mediates protection via improved T follicular helper and B cell responses
Authors: Pallikkuth Suresh , Chaudhury Sidhartha , Lu Pinyi , Pan Li , Jongert Erik , Wille-Reece Ulrike , Pahwa Savita
Published: April 2020

Malaria-071, a controlled human malaria infection trial, demonstrated that administration of three doses of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine given at one-month intervals was inferior to a delayed fractional dose (DFD) schedule (62.5% vs 86.7% protection, respectively). To investigate the underlying immunologic mechanism, we analyzed the B and T peripheral follicular helper cell (pTfh) responses. Here, we show that protection in both study arms was associated with early induction of functional IL-21-secreting circumsporozoite (CSP)-specific pTfh cells, together with induction of CSP-specific memory B cell responses after the second dose that persisted after the third dose. Data integration of key immunologic measures identified a subset of non-protected individuals in the standard (STD) vaccine arm who lost prior protective B cell responses after receiving the third vaccine dose. We conclude that the DFD regimen favors persistence of functional B cells after the third dose.
Finding Our Way: A Snapshot of Scholarly Communication Practitioners' Duties & Training
Authors: Bonn Maria , Cross Will , Bolick Josh
Published: April 2020

INTRODUCTION Scholarly communication has arisen as a core academic librarianship competency, but formal training on scholarly communication topics in LIS is rare, leaving many early career practitioners underprepared for their work. METHODS Researchers surveyed practitioners of scholarly communication, as defined by the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL), regarding their attitudes toward and experiences with education in scholarly communication, job responsibilities, location within their academic libraries, and thoughts about emerging trends in scholarly communication librarianship. results Few scholarly communication practitioners felt well-prepared by their graduate training for the core set of primary and secondary scholarly communication responsibilities that have emerged. They deploy a range of strategies to fill the gap and would benefit from support in this area, from more robust education in graduate programs and through continued professional development. discussion The results of this survey support the assertion that as academic libraries and academic library work have increasingly recognized the importance of scholarly communication topics, library school curricula have not developed correspondingly. Respondents indicated a low level of formal pedagogy on scholarly communication topics and generally felt they were not well-prepared for scholarly communication work, coming at a significant opportunity cost. CONCLUSION Scholarly communication practitioners should create and curate open teaching and learning content on scholarly communication topics for both continuing education as well as adoption within LIS curricula, and LIS programs should develop accordingly, either through “topics” courses or by integrating scholarly communication into and across curricula as it intersects with existing courses.
Knockdown of CDCA8 inhibits the proliferation and enhances the apoptosis of bladder cancer cells
Authors: Gao Xin , Wen Xiaohong , He Haowei , Zheng Linlin , Yang Yibo , Yang Jinlian , Liu Haifang , Zhou Xiguo , Yang Changshun , Chen Yinyi , Chen Mei , Zhang Shufang
Published: April 2020

Bladder cancer is a tumour of the urinary system with high mortality, and there is also a great lack of therapeutic targets in the clinic. Cell division cycle associated 8 (CDCA8), an important component of the vertebrate chromosomal passenger complex, is highly expressed in various tumours and promotes tumour development. However, the role of CDCA8 in bladder cancer is not fully understood. This study aimed to reveal the function of CDCA8 in bladder cancer by determining the relationship between CDCA8 expression and proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells. Firstly, we studied the mRNA expression of CDCA8 through the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases and analysed the correlation between CDCA8 expression and prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. We also verified CDCA8 expression in bladder cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry. In addition, CDCA8 expression was inhibited in bladder cancer T24 and 5637 cells, and the effects of CDCA8 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of bladder cancer cell lines were investigated using cell counting kit-8, colony formation, cell cycle, apoptosis, wound healing and Transwell invasion assays. Results showed that CDCA8 was highly expressed in bladder cancer compared with normal tissues, and the high CDCA8 expression was significantly correlated with the poor prognosis of patients. Inhibiting CDCA8 expression inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of T24 and 5637 cells and induced the apoptosis of bladder cancer cells. CDCA8 was involved in the regulation of the growth cycle of bladder cancer cells. Bioinformatics-based mechanism analysis revealed that high CDCA8 expression may affect the cell cycle and P53 signalling pathways. In conclusion, our results suggest that CDCA8 is highly expressed in bladder cancer and can promote tumour development. Hence, CDCA8 may serve as an effective therapeutic target for treatment of bladder cancer.
Investigation of Factors Affecting Biogas Production from Cassava Peels by Fractional Factorial Design Experimental Methodology
Authors: Nkodi M. T. , Mulaji K. C. , Mabela M. R. , Kayembe S. J. , Biey M. E. , Ekoko G. , Taba K. M.
Published: April 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate parameters affecting biogas production from cassava peels by using fractional factorial design method. The parameters studied were initial pH, organic loading rate, particle size and co-substrate type. Eight biodigesters (TH1, TH2, TH3, TH4, TH5, TH6, TH7 and TH8) in duplicate were performed to produce biogas from cassava peels. The experimental results showed that organic loading rate (X2), particle size (X3) and co-substrate (X4) have significant effect on the yield of biogas. The full mathematical model developed includes two main effects (X2 and X3) and three interactions (X1X2, X2X3 and X1X2X3). Reduced model was introduced in the present study. The highest volume of biogas (2252 mL) was obtained in digester TH2 under the following conditions: initial pH 7.8, 5% TS, ≤2 mm of particle and urea as co-substrate, while digester TH8 had slightly low biogas yield (2129.5 mL). Thus, the best conditions to produce biogas from cassava peels are those of TH2.
Genetic modifiers of respiratory function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Bello Luca , D’Angelo Grazia , Villa Matteo , Fusto Aurora , Vianello Sara , Merlo Beatrice , Sabbatini Daniele , Barp Andrea , Gandossini Sandra , Magri Francesca , Comi Giacomo P. , Pedemonte Marina , Tacchetti Paola , Lanzillotta Valentina , Trucco Federica , D’Amico Adele , Bertini Enrico , Astrea Guja , Politano Luisa , Masson Riccardo , Baranello Giovanni , Albamonte Emilio , De Mattia Elisa , Rao Fabrizio , Sansone Valeria A. , Previtali Stefano , Messina Sonia , Vita Gian Luca , Berardinelli Angela , Mongini Tiziana , Pini Antonella , Pane Marika , Mercuri Eugenio , Vianello Andrea , Bruno Claudio , Hoffman Eric P. , Morgenroth Lauren , Gordish‐Dressman Heather , McDonald Craig M. ,   CINRG‐DNHS Investigators, Pegoraro Elena
Published: April 2020

Objective

Respiratory insufficiency is a major complication of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Its progression shows considerable interindividual variability, which has been less thoroughly characterized and understood than in skeletal muscle. We collected pulmonary function testing (PFT) data from a large retrospective cohort followed at Centers collaborating in the Italian DMD Network. Furthermore, we analyzed PFT associations with different DMD mutation types, and with genetic variants in SPP1, LTBP4, CD40, and ACTN3, known to modify skeletal muscle weakness in DMD. Genetic association findings were independently validated in the Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group Duchenne Natural History Study (CINRG‐DNHS).

Methods and Results

Generalized estimating equation analysis of 1852 PFTs from 327 Italian DMD patients, over an average follow‐up time of 4.5 years, estimated that forced vital capacity (FVC) declined yearly by −4.2%, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec by −5.0%, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) by −2.9%. Glucocorticoid (GC) treatment was associated with higher values of all PFT measures (approximately + 15% across disease stages). Mutations situated 3’ of DMD intron 44, thus predicted to alter the expression of short dystrophin isoforms, were associated with lower (approximately −6%) PFT values, a finding independently validated in the CINRG‐DNHS. Deletions amenable to skipping of exon 51 and 53 were independently associated with worse PFT outcomes. A meta‐analysis of the two cohorts identified detrimental effects of SPP1 rs28357094 and CD40 rs1883832 minor alleles on both FVC and PEF.

Interpretation

These findings support GC efficacy in delaying respiratory insufficiency, and will be useful for the design and interpretation of clinical trials focused on respiratory endpoints in DMD.
Sandwich‐Structured Fe‐Ni2P/MoSx/NF Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Zhang Xinglin , Liang Chen , Qu Xinyu , Ren Yanfang , Yin Jiajia , Wang Wenjun , Yang Mengsu , Huang Wei , Dong Xiaochen
Published: April 2020

Exploring cost‐efficient, high‐active bifunctional electrochemical catalysts with long‐term stability are significant for green economy. Herein, a noble‐metal‐free sandwich‐structured catalyst, prepared with facile hydrothermal method and phosphorization process, in which the amorphous MoSx serves as an intermediate layer between the Fe‐doped Ni2P and Ni foam substrate (Fe‐Ni2P/MoSx/NF) is reported. The obtained free‐standing catalyst performs an enhanced electrochemical activity compared with Fe‐Ni2P/NF and MoSx/NF. The Fe‐Ni2P/MoSx/NF catalyst only requires overpotentials of 246 mV to achieve 10 mA cm−2 and 277 mV to reach 50 mA cm−2 for oxygen evolution reaction process with a low Tafel slope of 59.7 mV dec−1 in alkaline solution. Meanwhile, an overpotential of 112 mV is demanded to reach 10 mA cm−2 for hydrogen evolution reaction. When the Fe‐Ni2P/MoSx/NF is used as two electrodes for overall water splitting, it requires 1.61 V to attain 10 mA cm−2 with prominent durability. This approach provides a versatile strategy to construct excellent bifunctional catalysts for effective water electrolysis.
Development and Validation of the Pediatric Physician Interpersonal Communication Skills Assessment of Emergency Physicians by Pediatric Patients and Their Caregivers
Authors: Hsu Deborah C. , Kumar Shelley , Russell Eric A. , Soto‐Ruiz Karina , Leaming‐Van Zandt Katherine J.
Published: April 2020

Objective

The objective was to develop and validate an evaluation tool containing scaled items with behaviorally descriptive responses for pediatric patients and their caregivers (PCs) to evaluate and provide anonymous constructive feedback regarding interpersonal communication skills of pediatric emergency department (ED) physicians.

Methods

A multistep validity‐driven approach consisting of literature review, structured input by subject matter experts, and end‐user focus group reviews was conducted to develop the Pediatric Physician Interpersonal Communication Skills Assessment (P‐PICSA) tool. Study subjects were enrolled prospectively (2011–2015). Psychometric analysis included exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and item response analysis. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to determine internal consistency of subscale items, Pearson's correlation coefficient to estimate interscale correlations, and Spearman rank correlation coefficient to assess correlations between physician scores and ED factors that influence PC evaluations were calculated.

Results

First‐order EFA of 389 evaluations for 98 physicians yielded a two‐factor model: 1) physician engagement of PCs (six items) and 2) physician delivery of information to PCs (seven items). An additional 3,089 evaluations for 128 physicians were collected to test factor structure and scale quality. CFA was conducted on calibration (n = 1,222) and validation (n = 1,190) samples. A two‐factor structure was confirmed with satisfactory fit for both samples. Cronbach's alpha was 0.81 for factor 1 and 0.87 for factor 2. Physicians received lower scores if PCs perceived nonrespectful behavior from nonphysician staff or long ED lengths of stay, completed the Spanish version of the P‐PICSA, or were admitted to the hospital.

Conclusion

The P‐PICSA is a reliable and valid tool for pediatric PCs to evaluate pediatric ED physicians’ interpersonal and communication skills. Compared to Likert‐type rating scales, the P‐PICSA’s behaviorally descriptive response items may provide ED physicians with more descriptive feedback and direction for skills improvement.
Maternal marital status predicts self‐reported stress among pregnant women following hurricane Florence
Authors: Howells Michaela E , Dancause Kelsey , Pond Richard , Rivera Latisha , Simmons Delthea , Alston Brionna D.
Published: April 2020

Objectives

The effects of stress caused by natural disasters may be more pronounced in individuals with preexisting disadvantages. The degree of hardship and psychological distress associated with Hurricane Florence was assessed in 83 pregnant women. This research helps identify unmarried pregnant women as a group particularly at risk of distress following a natural disaster.

Methods

We assessed hardship associated with the hurricane using a questionnaire modeled on previous studies of stress due to natural disasters. We assessed distress using the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised. We assessed social support and household food security using validated questionnaires. We used hierarchical linear regression to test predictors of distress marital status. Finally, we analyzed interactions between marital status and hardship, social support, and food security to examine whether these variables explained differences in distress among married and unmarried women.

Results

Results indicated that unmarried women may be at higher risk of distress following natural disasters. Unmarried women were younger, had lower food security and education levels. We found no differences between experiences of hurricane‐related hardship based on marital status. However, unmarried women were likely to have higher levels of distress following the hurricane. Hardship was a significant predictor of distress, but food security and social support were not significant predictors.

Conclusions

This study identifies unmarried pregnant women as a high risk/vulnerable group that may need additional support during emergencies. Taken together, this study further assesses how socially disadvantaged members of society may be unequally impacted by natural disasters.
Randomized Clinical Trial ofFirst‐LineGenome Sequencing in Pediatric White Matter Disorders
Authors: Vanderver Adeline , Bernard Geneviève , Helman Guy , Sherbini Omar , Boeck Ryan , Cohn Jeffrey , Collins Abigail , Demarest Scott , Dobbins Katherine , Emrick Lisa , Fraser Jamie L. , Masser‐Frye Diane , Hayward Jean , Karmarkar Swati , Keller Stephanie , Mirrop Samuel , Mitchell Wendy , Pathak Sheel , Sherr Elliott , van Haren Keith , Waters Erica , Wilson Jenny L. , Zhorne Leah , Schiffmann Raphael , van der Knaap Marjo S. , Pizzino Amy , Dubbs Holly , Shults Justine , Simons Cas , Taft Ryan J. ,   LeukoSEQ Workgroup
Published: April 2020

Objective

Genome sequencing (GS) is promising for unsolved leukodystrophies, but its efficacy has not been prospectively studied.

Methods

A prospective time‐delayed crossover design trial of GS to assess the efficacy of GS as a first‐line diagnostic tool for genetic white matter disorders took place between December 1, 2015 and September 27, 2017. Patients were randomized to receive GS immediately with concurrent standard of care (SoC) testing, or to receive SoC testing for 4 months followed by GS.

Results

Thirty‐four individuals were assessed at interim review. The genetic origin of 2 patient's leukoencephalopathy was resolved before randomization. Nine patients were stratified to the immediate intervention group and 23 patients to the delayed‐GS arm. The efficacy of GS was significant relative to SoC in the immediate (5/9 [56%] vs 0/9 [0%]; Wild–Seber,p< 0.005) and delayed (control) arms (14/23 [61%] vs 5/23 [22%]; Wild–Seber,p< 0.005). The time to diagnosis was significantly shorter in the immediate‐GS group (log‐rank test,p= 0.04). The overall diagnostic efficacy of combined GS and SoC approaches was 26 of 34 (76.5%, 95% confidence interval = 58.8–89.3%) in <4 months, greater than historical norms of <50% over 5 years. Owing to loss of clinical equipoise, the trial design was altered to a single‐arm observational study.

Interpretation

In this study, first‐line GS provided earlier and greater diagnostic efficacy in white matter disorders. We provide an evidence‐based diagnostic testing algorithm to enable appropriate clinical GS utilization in this population.ANN NEUROL 2020;88:264–273.
Enantioselective Acetalization by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution for the Synthesis of γ‐Alkoxybutenolides by Thiourea/Quaternary Ammonium Salt Catalysts: Application to Strigolactones
Authors: Yasui Motohiro , Yamada Ayano , Tsukano Chihiro , Hamza Andrea , Pápai Imre , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: April 2020

Although acetalization is a fundamental transformation in organic synthesis, intermolecular asymmetric acetalization remains an unsolved problem. In this study, a thiourea‐ammonium hybrid catalyst was shown to promote the O‐alkylation of enols with a racemic γ‐chlorobutenolide through dynamic kinetic resolution to give chiral acetals with good enantioselectivity. The catalyst simultaneously activates both the nucleophile and electrophile in a multifunctional manner. This method was applied to the asymmetric synthesis of several strigolactones. DFT calculations suggest that hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the chlorine atom of the γ‐chlorobutenolide and the tosylamide hydrogen atom of the catalyst, as well as other types of noncovalent catalyst–substrate interactions, are crucial for achieving high stereoselectivity.
Unifying the Aminohexopyranose‐ and Peptidyl‐Nucleoside Antibiotics: Implications for Antibiotic Design
Authors: Serrano Catherine M. , Kanna Reddy Hariprasada Reddy , Eiler Daniel , Koch Michael , Tresco Ben I. C. , Barrows Louis R. , VanderLinden Ryan T. , Testa Charles A. , Sebahar Paul R. , Looper Ryan E.
Published: April 2020

In search of new anti‐tuberculars compatible with anti‐retroviral therapy we re‐identified amicetin as a lead compound. Amicetin's binding to the 70S ribosomal subunit of Thermus thermophilus (Tth) has been unambiguously determined by crystallography and reveals it to occupy the peptidyl transferase center P‐site of the ribosome. The amicetin binding site overlaps significantly with that of the well‐known protein synthesis inhibitor balsticidin S. Amicetin, however, is the first compound structurally characterized to bind to the P‐site with demonstrated selectivity for the inhibition of prokaryotic translation. The natural product‐ribosome structure enabled the synthesis of simplified analogues that retained both potency and selectivity for the inhibition of prokaryotic translation.
Zwei Diterpensynthasen aus Chryseobacterium: Chryseodien‐Synthase und Wanjudien‐Synthase
Authors: Lauterbach Lukas , Goldfuss Bernd , Dickschat Jeroen S.
Published: April 2020

Zwei bakterielle Diterpensynthasen (DTS) aus Chryseobacterium wurden charakterisiert. Das erste Enzym ergab die neue Verbindung Chryseodien, die nahe mit den Fusicoccan‐Diterpenen aus Pilzen verwandt ist, allerdings ist ihr experimentell und computerchemisch studierter Cyclisierungsmechanismus fundamental unterschiedlich zum Mechanismus der Fusicoccadien‐Synthase. Das zweite Enzym produzierte Wanjudien, einen Diterpenkohlenwasserstoff mit neuem Skelett, neben Spuren des Enantiomers von Bonnadien, das jüngst in Allokutzneria albata entdeckt wurde.
Influence of solvent and nanoparticles on the morphology and gas separation properties of copolyimide membranes
Authors: Maghami Saeid , Sadeghi Morteza , Khoshkam Milad , Chenar Mahdi Pourafshari
Published: April 2020

In this study, the effect of solvent type and nanoparticles of silica and zeolite 4A on the gas separation properties of polyimide (PI) membranes were investigated. Gas separation of the membranes based on pure solvents of dimethylformamide (DMF),n‐methyl‐2‐pirrolidone (NMP), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were studied. The prepared PI membranes using DMAc and DMSO showed the highest selectivity and permeability, respectively. In this regard, the influence of their mixing on transport properties of the PI was evaluated. The prepared membrane using the mixture of DMSO/DMAc with the volume ratio of 1:3 showed the best gas separation performance in comparison to the Robeson's upper bound. Incorporation of 20 wt% of silica and zeolite 4A nanoparticles into the PI membrane indicated that the selectivity of CO2/CH4increased from 39.4 to 57.6 and 68.5, respectively. Besides, gas transport properties of the PI‐based mixed matrix membranes were satisfactory predicted by modified Maxwell model. Furthermore, characteristic parameters of the encapsulated particles by interfacial layer were determined.
Modification of poly (lactic acid) through the incorporation of gum rosin and gum rosin derivative: Mechanical performance and hydrophobicity
Authors: De La Rosa‐Ramírez Harrison , Aldas Miguel , Ferri José Miguel , López‐Martínez Juan , Samper María Dolores
Published: April 2020

The modification of PLA by melt compound with gum rosin (GR) and pentaerythritol ester of GR (PEGR) was investigated by studying the mechanical and thermal performance, blends morphology, wettability, and water absorption. Standard testing specimens for characterization were made at a variate resin content of 5, 10, and 15 part per hundred resin (phr) and manufactured by injection molding. It was found that GR and PEGR had a lubricating effect in PLA polymeric chains, resulting in a remarkable increase of 790 and 193% in melt flow index with only 5 phr GR and PEGR contents, respectively. A significant change in more than 10° of increasing water contact angle was observed for PLA with 15 phr PEGR. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that PEGR led to delayed PLA degradation/decomposition process to higher temperature, increasing the onset temperature (T5%) in more than 7°C for PLA with 15 phr PEGR.
Subjective feeling of re‐experiencing past events using immersive virtual reality prevents a loss of episodic memory
Authors: Bréchet Lucie , Hausmann Sebastien B. , Mange Robin , Herbelin Bruno , Blanke Olaf , Serino Andrea
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Personally meaningful past episodes, defined as episodic memories (EM), are subjectively re‐experienced from the natural perspective and location of one's own body, as described by bodily self‐consciousness (BSC). Neurobiological mechanisms of memory consolidation suggest how initially irrelevant episodes may be remembered, if related information makes them gain importance later in time, leading for instance, to a retroactive memory strengthening in humans.

Methods

Using an immersive virtual reality system, we were able to directly manipulate the presence or absence of one's body, which seems to prevent a loss of initially irrelevant, self‐unrelated past events.

Results and Conclusion

Our findings provide an evidence that personally meaningful memories of our past are not fixed, but may be strengthened by later events, and that body‐related integration is important for the successful recall of episodic memories.
Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Oxides in Confined Spaces: Status and Prospects
Authors: Zhao Zhongkui
Published: April 2020

Owing to the depletion of fossil reserves and the global warming by released greenhouse gas from the consumption of fossil resources, the catalytic conversion of carbon oxide (COx, including CO2 and CO) into fuels and high‐value chemicals has attracted tremendous interest in the field of catalysis. Developing high‐performance and practical catalysts with high activity, selectivity, and stability is of great importance but remains a huge challenge. A variety of new strategies were developed to take advantage of confinement effect to address the challenges that are relevant to the highly‐efficient transformation and utilization of COx by performing catalytic reactions in a confined space. The status on this issue can be divided into three aspects: improvement in catalytic activity, increase in catalytic selectivity and enhancement in catalytic stability. In this review, the progress in the field of promoted catalytic conversion of COx in confined spaces will be presented and discussed. Especially, the specific promoting mechanism in terms of the confinement effect for COx‐related transformations in confined spaces and the relationship between the impact of the confined space on the catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability regarding of COx conversions are highlighted. Finally, the future prospects on the opportunities and challenges of catalytic conversion of COx in confined spaces are outlined.
Enzymatic Oxidation of Butane to 2‐Butanol in a Bubble Column
Authors: Perz Frederic , Bormann Sebastian , Ulber Roland , Alcalde Miguel , Bubenheim Paul , Hollmann Frank , Holtmann Dirk , Liese Andreas
Published: April 2020

Unspecific peroxygenases have recently gained significant interest due to their ability to catalyse the hydroxylation of non‐activated C−H bonds using only hydrogen peroxide as a co‐substrate. However, the development of preparative processes has so far mostly concentrated on benzylic hydroxylations using liquid substrates. Herein, we demonstrate the application of a peroxygenase for the hydroxylation of the inert, gaseous substrate butane to 2‐butanol in a bubble column reactor. The influence of hydrogen peroxide feed rate and enzyme loading on product formation, overoxidation to butanone and catalytic efficiency is investigated at 200 mL scale. The process is scaled up to 2 L and coupled with continuous extraction. This setup allowed the production of 115 mmol 2‐butanol and 70 mmol butanone with an overall total turnover number (TTN) of over 15.000, thereby demonstrating the applicability of peroxygenases for preparative hydroxylation of such inert, gaseous substrates at mild reaction conditions.
Hexanoate‐Cucurbit[7]uril: Highly Soluble with Controlled Release Ability
Authors: Chen Hao , Zhang Jin , Yu Qun , Chen Yanru , Tan Yebang
Published: April 2020

Current drug delivery systems gain more functions with increased complexity. With the idea of less is more, we synthesized hexanoate‐cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]C5COONa) with multiple promising features for drug delivery. The hexanoate group integrates multiple functions. It endows CB[7]C5COONa extremely high solubility of over 600 mg mL−1 and well‐defined pH‐controlled release ability without sacrificing on the high binding affinity of CB[7] cavity. Based on the pH‐controlled release ability, CB[7]C5COONa can be used for controlling the bioactivity of drug molecules. We anticipate that the strategy of function integration would be useful for the design of simple yet powerful drug delivery systems.
Photoredox‐Catalyzed Selective Synthesis of Allylic Perfluoroalkanes from Alkenes
Authors: Barthelemy Anne‐Laure , Bourdreux F. , Dagousset Guillaume , Magnier Emmanuel
Published: April 2020

We report herein a novel photoredox‐catalyzed synthesis of allylic trifluoromethanes. The use of sulfilimino iminium as a source of trifluoromethyl radicals proves crucial to achieving high selectivity. Importantly, both styrene derivatives and unactivated alkenes are for the first time suitable partners for this process. The mild reaction conditions are compatible with a variety of functional groups. Remarkably, this method is readily broadened to other perfluoroalkyl groups (RF=CFCl2, CF2Br, C4F9). An extensive mechanistic study is also provided.
Modulation of a Supramolecular Figure‐of‐Eight Strip Based on a Photoswitchable Stiff‐Stilbene
Authors: Costil Romain , Crespi Stefano , Pfeifer Lukas , Feringa Ben L.
Published: April 2020

The preparation, assembly and dynamic properties of photoswitchable bisphosphine ligands based on the stiff‐stilbene scaffold are reported. Directional bonding and coordination‐induced assembly allow complexation of these ligands with palladium(II), resulting in the formation of discrete metallo‐supramolecular entities. While the Z isomer forms a simple bidentate metallo‐macrocycle, an intricate double helicate figure‐of‐eight dimer is observed with the E ligand. Topologically 3D complexes can thus be obtained from 2D ligands. Upon irradiation with UV light, isomerization of the ligands allows control of the architecture of the formed complexes, resulting in a light‐triggered modulation of the supramolecular topology. Furthermore, a mechanistic investigation unveiled the dynamic nature of the helicate chirality, where a transmission of motion from the palladium centers yields an „eight‐to‐eight“ inversion.
Enantioseparation of racemic amlodipine using immobilized ionic liquid by solid‐phase extraction
Authors: Liu Min , Liu Zhong‐Qian , Zhu Hai , He Chao‐Hong , Wu Ke‐Jun
Published: April 2020

In this paper, a novel l‐glutamate based immobilized chiral ionic liquid (SBA‐IL (Glu)) was prepared by chemical bonding method and applied as a solid sorbent for chiral separation of amlodipine. The performance of SBA‐IL (Glu) was investigated for the absorption of (S)‐amlodipine and separation of amlodipine enantiomer. The static experiment showed that equilibrium adsorption was achieved within 80 minutes, and the saturation adsorptions capacity was 12 mg/g. The complex was then packed in a glass chromatographic column for the separation of amlodipine and the enantiomeric excess (%ee) of (S)‐amlodipine reached 24.67%. The immobilized ionic liquids exhibit good reusability, and the separation efficiency remains 18.24% after reused five times, which allows potential scale‐up for the chiral separation of amlodipine.
Unravelling Crystal Structures of Covalent Organic Frameworks by Electron Diffraction Tomography
Authors: Sun Tu , Lei Wei , Ma Yanhang , Zhang Yue‐Biao
Published: April 2020

Featuring the art of covalent chemistry on 2D and 3D with molecular precision, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted immense interests from inorganic, organic, polymer, materials and energy chemistry. However, due to the synthetic challenge of “crystallization problem”, structural determination of COFs has been the bottle‐neck in speeding up their discovery and design, as well as building up their structure‐ property relation. Electron diffraction tomography (EDT) has been developed to determine crystal structures of COFs with only sub‐micrometer sized single crystals, which enabled the ab initio determination of crystal structure, molecular connectivity, pore metrics, and host‐guest interaction at the atomic level. In this review, we summarized the recent developments of EDT for addressing challenges in structure determinations of such e‐beam sensitive, organic porous crystals, covering comprehensively automatic data collection, low dose, cryogenic protocols, structural solution method, powder X‐ray diffraction refinement, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) imaging techniques. We do believe the EDT will propel this field into the new era of COF chemistry with atomic precision, and we envision the wide application of artificial intelligence will promote the structural determination and particle analysis of COFs and related materials.
Finding the Dose for Hydroxychloroquine Prophylaxis for COVID‐19: The Desperate Search for Effectiveness
Authors: Al‐Kofahi Mahmoud , Jacobson Pamala , Boulware David R. , Matas Arthur , Kandaswamy Raja , Jaber Mutaz M. , Rajasingham Radha , Young Jo‐Anne H. , Nicol Melanie R.
Published: April 2020

Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug being tested as a potential treatment for the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Although the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine for COVID‐19 remains uncertain, it may serve as a potential prophylactic agent especially in those at high risk, such as healthcare workers, household contacts of infected patients, and the immunocompromised. Our aim was to identify possible hydroxychloroquine dosing regimens through simulation in those at high risk of infections by optimizing exposures above the in vitro generated half maximal effective concentration (EC50) and to help guide researchers in dose‐selection for COVID‐19 prophylactic studies. To maintain weekly troughs above EC50 in > 50% of subjects at steady‐state in a pre‐exposure prophylaxis setting, an 800 mg loading dose followed by 400 mg twice or 3 times weekly is required. In an exposure driven, post‐exposure prophylaxis setting, 800 mg loading dose followed in 6 hours by 600 mg, then 600 mg daily for 4 more days achieved daily troughs above EC50 in > 50% subjects. These doses are higher than recommended for malaria chemoprophylaxis, and clinical trials are needed to establish safety and efficacy.