bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accimap and crowd flow in urban infrastructure: Case study of Elphinstone road railway station tragedy, Mumbai, India
Authors: Kant Vivek , Khobragade Aishwary
Published: September 2022

The aim of this article is to show how Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) methods can be used to improve urban public infrastructure systems in densely populated countries, such as India. In this case, we use Accimap analysis with crowd flow approaches to inform safety and policy. We demonstrate the need for sociotechnical systemic safety by a case study of accident analysis of the Elphinstone Road railway station stampede. On September 29, 2017, the Elphinstone Road, Mumbai, India, railway platform bridge stampede killed at least 23 and injured 39 other commuters who traveled through the Mumbai Suburban railway. In this study, we understand the accident as it is presented in newspaper articles. We analyze the accident by a sociotechnical accident analysis method called the Accimap. The Accimap method helps by identification of various stakeholders and their interactions in the different levels of hierarchy in a sociotechnical system. This ensures moving away from individualistic and blame‐based accounts of media reporting to a coherent sociotechnical account based on understanding the dynamics of the situation. The findings from the Accimap analysis identify the problem areas in the commuter transit system and provide recommendations. These recommendations range from commuter flow management to enforcement of rules for supporting pedestrian flow. The article concludes with an emphasis on the development of the sociotechnical dimension of public safety and infrastructure from a human factors perspective, above and beyond what is currently practiced in India.
A unique hub‐and‐spoke model to optimize patient management in lymphoma using novel CAR‐T cell therapy in Southeast and South Asia
Authors: Wei Inng Lim Francesca Lorraine , Yunxin Chen , Huang Feng‐Ju , Khee Hwang William Ying
Published: September 2022

Novel therapeutic options for cancer offer hope for patients and their families, particularly when the cancer has not responded to established treatment regimens. The CAR‐T cell therapeutic approach has changed the treatment paradigm for relapsed or refractory lymphoma, extending the capacity of the patient's own T cells to detect and eliminate cancer cells through genetic modification of T‐cell surface receptors. The process of establishing treatment centers and developing clinical expertize in this novel treatment strategy is complex. Time, resources, and a commitment to focusing health budgets on a new area are required. Currently, Singapore is the only country in southeast and south Asia with market authorization of the CAR‐T product, tisagenlecleucel. Availability of CAR‐T treatment across international borders provides patients in neighboring countries with choice in therapeutic options. This paper describes the unique hub‐and‐spoke cross‐border collaboration developed between Singapore and its neighbors to provide access to CAR‐T cell therapy for patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma. To date in 2022, four patients have been included in the CAR‐T treatment cross‐border collaboration. Their stay in Singapore has been at least 2 months' duration, including the pre‐treatment evaluation, apheresis, CAR‐T cell infusion and post‐treatment monitoring. Patient support from referring and treating physicians, critical to the success of the undertaking, is characterized by early communication, patient selection, multi‐disciplinary care, post‐treatment monitoring, and attention to detail. The patient journey and the development and implementation of this unique collaboration are discussed.
Unsteady rotating MHD flow of a second‐grade hybrid nanofluid in a porous medium: Laplace and Sumudu transforms
Authors: Khan Dolat , Kumam Poom , Khan Ilyas , Sitthithakerngkiet Kanokwan , Khan Arshad , Ali Gohar
Published: September 2022

To control the complicated rheological behavior of fluid models, several mathematical approaches have been established. Empirical, statistical, iterative, and analytical approaches are used to study such mathematical models. Consequently, this paper provides an analytical analysis and assessment of the Laplace, and Sumudu transforms for the unsteady MHD flow prediction of a second‐grade hybrid nanofluid in a rotating frame. The mathematical model is built using a nonfractional technique with ramping conditions. To explore the velocity field and heat transfer, we used Laplace and Sumudu transforms to uncover the unseen characteristics of magnetized second‐grade hybrid nanofluid flow. For the purposes of comparison, a graphical picture is given that represents successful outcomes in the literature for the first time. In conclusion, numerical simulations show that the derived outlines of velocity and temperature fields using Sumudu and Laplace transformations correspond well. In addition, the variation of velocity of fluid against time is reported for ramped wall temperature, while it is constant for isothermal wall temperature.
A transient photoactivation of epidermal stem cells by femtosecond laser promotes skin wound healing
Authors: Hu Bijin , Zhao Xiaohui , Lu Yiting , Zhu Yujie , He Hao
Published: September 2022

Wound healing is a long‐term complex process, in which epidermal stem cells (EPSCs) in epidermis of skin have been found to play an essential role in it. We develop a noninvasive method to activate EPSCs in skin in vivo to promote wound healing, based on a microscopic system to enable a sequential frame‐by‐frame scanning of a femtosecond laser at 800 nm to the predefined skin region for a single time for 16 seconds. The laser is tightly focused on a submicron spot and localized in the epidermis, and scans point by point to activate EPSCs there. The density and stemness of EPSCs are significantly enhanced for at least 60 hours after the single‐time transient photoactivation. We demonstrate this method works in a skin wound mouse model. Our results provide an optical method for in vivo EPSC activation and hold good potential in wound healing.
Phosphorus fertilizer form and application frequency affect soil P availability, chickpea yield, and P use efficiency under drip fertigation
Authors: Chtouki Mohamed , Naciri Rachida , Garré Sarah , Nguyen Frederic , Zeroual Youssef , Oukarroum Abdallah
Published: September 2022

Background

Phosphorus (P) fertilizer properties and nutrient management strategies substantially affect soil P availability as well as uptake and consequently crop yield.

Aims

The present study aims to study the potential use of inorganic soluble polyphosphates (Poly‐P) as slow‐release fertilizer under drip fertigation.

Methods

A pot experiment was conducted using an alkaline soil. Two Poly‐P fertilizers, differing in their polymerization rate (Poly‐53 with 53% and Poly‐100 with 100% Poly‐P of the total‐P content), were compared to an orthophosphate (Ortho‐P) and a treatment without P application (control) under three drip fertigation frequencies (Fsow: P fertilizer applied at sowing, Fweek: once a week, and F3days: every 3 days). Soil samples were taken at 40 days after sowing and at harvest from 3 layers (0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm) to determine P availability in soil (Olsen‐P) and its relocation into deeper soil layers. Furthermore, plant growth, yield, P uptake, P use efficiency, as well as water productivity were investigated.

Results

Soil P availability varied significantly between fertilizer forms and fertigation frequencies. At higher polymerization rate of the Poly‐P fertilizer, P becomes less mobile in the soil, but its availability is maintained until harvest. The analysis of Olsen‐P at harvest showed that the higher P availability in soil was obtained with Poly‐P forms with higher values in the 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil layers than in the 10–20 cm. In addition, weekly fertigation (Fweek) revealed the best results in terms of P availability compared to other P fertigation regimes, and all P fertilizers significantly improved chickpea grain yield, seed quality, and water productivity, compared to the unfertilized control.

Conclusion

Poly‐P fertilizers can be recommended as an effective source of phosphorus for plants, due to their slow‐release properties. Using Poly‐P, the frequency of P application through the drip fertigation system can be reduced while ensuring high crop yields.
Long‐term follow‐up experience with adjuvant therapy after irreversible electroporation of locally advanced pancreatic cancer
Authors: Thomas Alexander S. , Kwon Wooil , Horowitz David P. , Bates Susan E. , Fojo Antonio T. , Manji Gulam A. , Schreibman Stephen , Schrope Beth A. , Chabot John A. , Kluger Michael D.
Published: September 2022

Background

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) expands the surgical options for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. This study evaluated for differences in survival stratified by type of IRE and receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy.

Methods

Patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer treated by IRE (2012–2020) were retrospectively included. Overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) were compared by type of IRE (in situ for local tumor control or IRE of potentially positive margins with resection) and by receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy.

Results

Thirty‐nine patients had IRE in situ, 61 had IRE for margin extension, and 19 received adjuvant chemotherapy. Most (97.00%) underwent induction chemotherapy. OS was 28.71 months (interquartile range [IQR] 19.17, 51.19) from diagnosis, with no difference by IRE type (hazard ratio [HR] 1.05 for margin extension [p = 0.85]) or adjuvant chemotherapy (HR 1.14 [p = 0.639]). RFS was 8.51 months (IQR 4.95, 20.17) with no difference by IRE type (HR 0.90 for margin extension [p = 0.694]) or adjuvant chemotherapy (HR 0.90 [p = 0.711]).

Conclusion

These findings suggest that adjuvant therapy may have limited benefit for patients treated with induction chemotherapy followed by local control with IRE for unresectable pancreatic cancer. Further study of the duration and timing of systemic therapy is warranted to maximize benefit and limit toxicity.
Corrosion of aluminium in ordinary Portland cement paste: Influence of matrix porosity and the presence of LiNO3 corrosion inhibitor
Authors: Caes Sebastien , Gurning Alfred C. , Li Xiang , de Souza Valdir , Kursten Bruno
Published: September 2022

The Belgian reactor 1 fuel cladding is made of aluminium. If disposed of in a geological disposal repository, aluminium could come into contact with ordinary Portland cement and is going to corrode to form hydrogen gas and aluminium hydroxide. In this study, the long‐term corrosion was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on metal embedded in cement paste immersed in saturated calcium hydroxide solution under anaerobic conditions. Mass transfer effects were investigated by embedding aluminium in cement paste with two different porosities. LiNO3 was also added to the systems to study its corrosion inhibiting effect. After high initial values, the corrosion rate rapidly declined to reach a steady state after a few days. After ~100 days, the corrosion rate was the lowest when cement paste possessing a low porosity with the addition of LiNO3 was used and the highest when cement paste with high porosity without LiNO3 was used. Finally, scanning electron microscopy–energy X‐ray dispersive spectroscopy revealed that the corrosion product layer was thicker than expected by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, while it is only composed of aluminium and oxygen. Aluminium was found to diffuse into the cement paste close to this corrosion product layer.
Iron and steel corrosion mechanisms in a carbonate rich pore water: Multiscale characterization of the corrosion product layers
Authors: Lotz Hélène , Neff Delphine , Mercier‐Bion Florence , Bataillon Christian , Dillmann Philippe , Gardes Emmanuel , Monnet Isabelle
Published: September 2022

Corrosion experiments were performed on a ferrito‐pearlitic (P285‐NH) and a ferritic steel (Armco) in a synthetic solution representing the Callovo‐Oxfordian porewater during a month at 120°C. Corrosion product layers (CPLs) were characterized from micro to nanoscale in terms of morphology (electron microscopies), composition (energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy), and structure (µ‐Raman, selected area electron diffraction). Both systems present a Ca‐siderite bilayer which interface locates the metal original surface, and nano to micrometric magnetite islets on the internal carbonated layer and at the M/CPL interface. The impact of cementite is highlighted in terms of morphology of the CPL and corrosion mechanism.
A Placebo‐Controlled Study to Assess the Sensitivity of Finger Tapping to Medication Effects in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Thijssen Eva , Makai‐Bölöni Soma , van Brummelen Emilie , den Heijer Jonas , Yavuz Yalcin , Doll Robert‐Jan , Groeneveld Geert Jan
Published: September 2022

Background

Movement Disorder Society–Unified Parkinson's Rating Scale Part III (MDS‐UPDRS III) is the gold standard for assessing medication effects in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, short and rater‐independent measurements would be ideal for future trials.

Objectives

To assess the ability of 3 different finger tapping tasks to detect levodopa/carbidopa‐induced changes over time and to determine their correlation and compare their discriminatory power with MDS‐UPDRS III.

Methods

This was a randomized, double‐blind, crossover study in 20 patients with PD receiving levodopa/carbidopa and placebo capsules after overnight medication withdrawal. Pre‐ and up to 3.5 hours postdose, MDS‐UPDRS III and tapping tasks were performed. Tasks included 2 touchscreen‐based alternate finger tapping tasks (index finger versus index–middle finger tapping) and a thumb–index finger task using a goniometer.

Results

In the alternate index finger tapping task, levodopa/carbidopa compared with placebo resulted in significantly faster (total taps: 12.5 [95% confidence interval, CI, 6.7–18.2]) and less accurate tapping (total spatial error: 240 mm [95% CI, 123–357 mm]) with improved rhythm (intertap interval standard deviation [SD], −16.3% [95% CI, −29.9% to 0.0%]). In the thumb–index finger task, tapping was significantly faster (mean opening velocity, 151 degree/s [64–237 degree/s]), with a higher mean amplitude (8.4 degrees [3.7–13.0 degrees]) and improved rhythm (intertap interval SD, −46.4% [95% CI, −63.7% to −20.9%]). The speed‐related endpoints showed a moderate‐to‐strong correlation with the MDS‐UPDRS III (r = 0.45–0.70). The effect sizes of total taps and spatial error in the alternate index finger tapping task and opening velocity in the thumb–index finger task were comparable with the MDS‐UPDRS III. In contrast, the MDS‐UPDRS III performed better than the alternate index–middle finger task.

Conclusion

The alternate index finger and the thumb–index finger tapping tasks provide short, rater‐independent measurements that are sensitive to levodopa/carbidopa effects with a similar effect size as the MDS‐UPDRS III.
Comparative assessment of noise properties for two deep learning CT image reconstruction techniques and filtered back projection
Authors: Kawashima Hiroki , Ichikawa Katsuhiro , Takata Tadanori , Seto Issei
Published: September 2022

Background

Two deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) techniques from two different computed tomography (CT) vendors have recently been introduced into clinical practice.

Purpose

To characterize the noise properties of two DLIR techniques with different training methods, using a phantom containing a simple uniform and a complex non‐uniform region.

Methods

A water‐bath phantom with a diameter of 300 mm was used as a base phantom. A textured phantom with a diameter of 128 mm, which was made of two materials, one equivalent to water and the other being 12 mg/ml diluted iodine, irregularly mixed to create a complex texture (non‐uniform region), was placed in the base phantom. Thirty repeated phantom scans were performed using two CT scanners (Revolution CT with Apex Edition, GE Healthcare; Aquilion One PRISM Edition, Canon Medical Systems) at two dose levels (CT dose index: 5 and 15 mGy). Images were reconstructed with each CT system's filtered back projection (FBP) and DLIR [TrueFidelity (TF), GE Healthcare; Advanced intelligent Clear‐IQ Engine Body Sharp (AC), Canon Medical Systems] for three process strengths. For basic characteristics of noise, the standard deviation (SD) and noise power spectrum (NPS) were measured for the uniform (water) region. A noise magnitude map was generated by calculating the inter‐image SD at each pixel position across the 30 images. Then, a noise reduction map (NRM), which visualizes the relative differences in noise magnitude between FBP and DLIR, was calculated. The NRM values ranged from 0.0 to 1.0. A low NRM value represents a less aggressive noise reduction. The histograms of the NRM value were analyzed for the uniform and non‐uniform regions.

Results

The reduction in noise magnitude compared with FBP tended to be greater with AC (45%–85%) than with TF (32%–65%). The average NPS frequencies of TF and AC were almost comparable to those of FBP, except for the low‐dose condition and the high noise reduction strength for AC. The NRM values of TF and AC were higher in the uniform region than in the non‐uniform region. In the non‐uniform region, TF's average NRM values (0.21–0.48) tended to be lower than AC's (0.39–0.78). The histograms for TF showed a small overlap between the uniform and the non‐uniform regions; in contrast, those for AC showed a greater overlap. This difference seems to indicate that TF processes the uniform and non‐uniform regions more differently than AC does.

Conclusion

This study has revealed a distinct difference in characteristics between the two DLIR techniques: TF tends to offer less aggressive noise reduction in non‐uniform regions and preserve the original signals, whereas AC tends to prioritize noise filtering over edge‐preservation, especially at the low‐dose condition and with the high noise reduction strength.
Optimization of quasi‐diffusion magnetic resonance imaging for quantitative accuracy and time‐efficient acquisition
Authors: Spilling Catherine A. , Howe Franklyn A. , Barrick Thomas R.
Published: September 2022

Purpose

Quasi‐diffusion MRI (QDI) is a novel quantitative technique based on the continuous time random walk model of diffusion dynamics. QDI provides estimates of the diffusion coefficient, in mm2 s−1 and a fractional exponent, , defining the non‐Gaussianity of the diffusion signal decay. Here, the b‐value selection for rapid clinical acquisition of QDI tensor imaging (QDTI) data is optimized.

Methods

Clinically appropriate QDTI acquisitions were optimized in healthy volunteers with respect to a multi‐b‐value reference (MbR) dataset comprising 29 diffusion‐sensitized images arrayed between and 5000 s mm−2. The effects of varying maximum b‐value (), number of b‐value shells, and the effects of Rician noise were investigated.

Results

QDTI measures showed dependence, most significantly for in white matter, which monotonically decreased with higher leading to improved tissue contrast. Optimized 2 b‐value shell acquisitions showed small systematic differences in QDTI measures relative to MbR values, with overestimation of and underestimation of in white matter, and overestimation of and anisotropies in gray and white matter. Additional shells improved the accuracy, precision, and reliability of QDTI estimates with 3 and 4 shells at  s mm−2, and 4 b‐value shells at  s mm−2, providing minimal bias in and compared to the MbR.

Conclusion

A highly detailed optimization of non‐Gaussian dMRI for in vivo brain imaging was performed. QDI provided robust parameterization of non‐Gaussian diffusion signal decay in clinically feasible imaging times with high reliability, accuracy, and precision of QDTI measures.
Fixed focal length or telecentric lens?
Authors: Lange Boris
Published: September 2022

How do telecentric lenses work? And how exactly do they differ from fixed focal length lenses? This article introduces the peculiarities and explains why telecentric models are predominantly used in optical metrology.
Dosimetric comparison of AcurosBV with AAPM TG43 dose calculation formalism in cervical intraductal high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy using three different applicators
Authors: Bi Su‐yan , Chen Zhi‐jian , Sun Xing‐ru , Dai Zhi‐tao
Published: September 2022

Purpose

To compare the dosimetric effects of American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) TG43 dose formalism and AcurosBV (grid‐based Boltzmann solver, GBBS) formalism on high‐dose‐rate (HDR) brachytherapy planning for cervical cancer patients irradiated using three different applicators.

Methods

A TG43 plan and a AcurosBV plan were generated for each of the 30 patients. Twenty patients who had undergone whole pelvic radiotherapy followed by cervical HDR brachytherapy and the remaining 10 patients who underwent total hysterectomy only gave HDR brachytherapy also were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into three groups according to the types of applicators used: tandem and ovoid (T&O), tandem and ring (T&R), and cylinder. To compare the dosimetric parameters, the cumulative dose‐volume histograms (DVHs) were measured. We also compared the doses at 90% of the volume (D90%), the volume receiving 100% and 150% of the prescribed dose (V100% and V150%) for the clinical target volume (CTV‐HR), and the doses of point A, the dose receiving 0.1 and 2 cc of the volume (D0.1cc and D2cc) for the organs‐at‐risk (OARs).

Results

Compared with the AcurosBV plans, TG43 plans predicted higher D90%, V100%, and V150% of CTV‐HR, dose of point A, and D0.1cc and D2cc of OARs in three types of applicators. Except D2cc of sigmoid in T&R and cylinder applicators, the D90%, V100%, and V150% of CTV‐HR; the dose of point A and the D0.1cc and D2cc of bladder, rectum, and small bowel exhibited significant discrepancies (all p < 0.05). The effects of the three types of applicators on the dose distribution were quite different due to the differences in the materials: The dose difference of CTV‐HR and OARs was greatest (around 10%) for T&O applicators but only 1–5% for T&R and cylinder applicators.

Conclusions

AcurosBV was more accurate in calculating the doses in the air cavity and high‐density substance than TG43. In the clinical setting, AcurosBV exhibited different dosimetric distributions in the cervix plans for HDR brachytherapy, especially in treatment planning when using T&O applicators. The AcurosBV algorithm should be considered when using T&O applicators or other materials with a much higher or lower density (metal or air) than soft tissue. However, If the density is close to that of soft tissue, considering AcurosBV algorithm requires more calculation time, TG43 could still be selected when using applicators in clinical.
Metabolic clearance of select opioids and opioid antagonists using hepatic spheroids and recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes
Authors: Tuet Wing Y. , Pierce Samuel A. , Conroy Matthieu , Vignola Justin N. , Tressler Justin , diTargiani Robert C. , McCranor Bryan J. , Wong Benjamin
Published: September 2022

The opioid crisis is a pressing public health issue, exacerbated by the emergence of more potent synthetic opioids, particularly fentanyl and its analogs. While competitive antagonists exist, their efficacy against synthetic opioids is largely unknown. Furthermore, due to the short durations of action of current antagonists, renarcotization remains a concern. In this study, metabolic activity was characterized for fentanyl‐class opioids and common opioid antagonists using multiple in vitro systems, namely, cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and hepatic spheroids, after which an in vitro‐in vivo correlation was applied to convert in vitro metabolic activity to predictive in vivo intrinsic clearance. For all substrates, intrinsic hepatic metabolism was higher than the composite of CYP activities, due to fundamental differences between whole cells and single enzymatic reactions. Of the CYP isozymes investigated, 3A4 yielded the highest absolute and relative metabolism across all substrates, with largely negligible contributions from 2D6 and 2C19. Comparative analysis highlighted elevated lipophilicity and diminished CYP3A4 activity as potential considerations for the development of more efficacious opioid antagonists. Finally, antagonists with a high degree of molecular similarity exhibited comparable clearance, providing a basis for structure‐metabolism relationships. Together, these results provide multiple screening criteria for early stage drug discovery involving opioid countermeasures.
Age patterns of net migration and urbanisation dynamics across European municipalities
Authors: Ghio Daniela , Bosco Claudio , Natale Fabrizio , Loeschner Jan , Goujon Anne
Published: September 2022

Across the European Union (EU) Local Administrative Units (LAUs), populations are experiencing persisting differences in their age structures that can only be interpreted accounting for migration and mobility components. Yet, in the absence of census data, migration patterns of local populations are not available from EU‐official statistics. To fill the gaps, we firstly combine census data with statistics available from the National Statistical Institutes of the EU‐Member Sates in a harmonised database on age‐specific population structures, covering all EU‐LAUs for the period 2011−2019. Secondly, we apply model life tables to assess changes by cohort over the intercensal period and provide estimates of age‐specific net migration rates at LAU levels. The analysis reveals how migration dynamics vary along demographic patterns and to what extent differences are related to the degree of urbanisation and territorial characteristics (distance from city centres, remoteness, population change, GDP per‐capita and poverty level) across the EU municipalities.
An exposure‐response analysis of ponesimod clinical efficacy in a randomized phase III study in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis
Authors: Valenzuela Belén , Olsson Gisleskog Per , Poggesi Italo , Sidorenko Tatiana , Burcklen Michel , Kracker Hilke , Pérez‐Ruixo Juan Jose
Published: September 2022

The efficacy of ponesimod and teriflunomide for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) was compared in a randomized phase III trial. This study explores the exposure‐response (E‐R) relationships of efficacy end points (annualized relapse rate [ARR] and combined unique active lesions [CUALs]) of ponesimod observed in this trial. The E‐R relationships were described using nonlinear mixed effects models for count data. The effect of baseline covariates (demography and prognostic factors) was also explored. Ponesimod 20 mg reduced ARR (primary end point) by 30.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.8% to 46.4%) and the number of CUALs by 56% (95% CI: 46% to 64%) between baseline and week 108 compared to teriflunomide 14 mg. The E‐R analyses indicated a significant relationship between ARR and CUAL. In turn, CUAL was significantly related to ponesimod systemic exposure. Based on these relationships, the predicted reduction of ARR was relatively flat in the range of ponesimod systemic exposure achieved with the 20 mg clinical dose: the expected ARR decrease ranged from 28% (95% CI: 11% to 42%) at the 5th percentile of ponesimod exposure to 34% (95% CI: 19% to 47%) at the 95th percentile. No significant baseline covariates affected the ponesimod effects and, consequently, dosage adjustments are not warranted by these analyses. Although significant relationships were found between ARR and CUAL and between ponesimod exposure and CUAL, these analyses were supportive of the use of a flat 20 mg maintenance dose for ponesimod in adult patients with MS.
The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the care of pulmonary hypertension patients outside the Hubei province in China
Authors: Chen Yuqin , Zhong Bihua , Jiang Qian , Chen Yilin , He Wenjun , Lai Ning , Zhou Dansha , He Jiahao , Yao Yiting , Shen Yi , Li Juan , Yang Jianuo , Zhang Zhe , Ma Ran , Wang Jian , Liu Chunli
Published: September 2022

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has severely affected the lives of people around the world, especially some patients with severe chronic diseases. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID‐19 outbreak from December 2019 to April 2020 on treating patients with PH. A questionnaire regarding the medical condition of PH patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic was designed by PH diagnostic experts in The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China Respiratory Center. One hundred and fifty‐six subjects with PH from non‐Hubei regions in China were invited to participate in this survey online. 63.4% (n = 99) of them had difficulty seeing a doctor, and the main reason was fear of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) in the hospital. Medical treatment was affected in 25% (n = 39) of patients, and who lived in rural areas, and discontinued medical therapy for financial reasons were at a higher risk of medical treatment being affected. Patients who reduced nutrition, and had difficulty seeing a doctor were more likely to get deteriorated. During the epidemic, the hospitalization rate of PH patients was 33.33%. Patients with aggravated PH had a high risk of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] = 2.844), while patients who visited a doctor during the epidemic reduced the risk of hospitalization (OR = 0.33). In conclusion, during the COVID‐19 pandemic, PH patients had difficulty seeing a doctor, and their medical treatment was affected, even worsened, and increased the risk of hospitalization.
Association between income and likelihood of right heart catheterization in individuals with pulmonary hypertension: A US claims database analysis
Authors: Schikowski Erin M. , Swabe Gretchen , Chan Stephen Y. , Magnani Jared W.
Published: September 2022

We used a US‐based administrative claims database to determine associations between annual household income and the likelihood of right heart catheterization (RHC) among individuals with pulmonary hypertension. Those with annual household income < $40,000 were 19% less likely to receive RHC compared to individuals with annual household income ≥ $100,000 (p < 0.0001).
Riociguat in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension: The PATENT–CHILD study
Authors: García Aguilar Humberto , Gorenflo Matthias , Ivy D. Dunbar , Moledina Shahin , Castaldi Biagio , Ishida Hidekazu , Cześniewicz Paweł , Kusa Jacek , Miera Oliver , Pattathu Joseph , Weng Ken‐Pen , Ablonczy Laszlo , Apitz Christian , Katona Marta , Kurosaki Kenichi , Pulido Tomas , Yamagishi Hiroyuki , Yasuda Kazushi , Cisternas Galia , Goth Melanie , Lippert Susanne , Radomskyj Anna , Saleh Soundos , Willmann Stefan , Wirsching Gabriela , Bonnet Damien , Beghetti Maurice
Published: September 2022

Riociguat, a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, is approved for treatment of adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of oral riociguat in a pediatric population with PAH was assessed in PATENT–CHILD (NCT02562235), a multicenter, single‐arm, 24‐week, open‐label, Phase 3 study. Patients aged 6–17 years in World Health Organization functional class (WHO‐FC) I–III treated with stable endothelin receptor antagonists and/or prostacyclin analogs received riociguat equivalent to 0.5–2.5 mg three times daily in adults, as either oral pediatric suspension or tablets, based on bodyweight. Primary outcomes were safety, tolerability, and PK of riociguat. Twenty‐four patients (mean age 12.8 years), 18 of whom were in WHO‐FC II, were enrolled. Adverse events (AEs), mostly mild or moderate, were reported in 20 patients (83%). Four patients (17%) experienced a serious AE; all resolved by study end and two (8%) were considered study‐drug related. Hypotension was reported in three patients and hemoptysis in one (all mild/moderate intensity). Riociguat plasma concentrations in pediatric patients were consistent with those published in adult patients. From baseline to Week 24, mean ± standard deviation increase in 6‐minute walking distance was 23 ± 69 m (n = 19), and mean decrease in NT‐proBNP was –66 ± 585 pg/ml (n = 14). There was no change in WHO‐FC. Two patients experienced clinical worsening events of hospitalization for right heart failure. PK results confirmed a suitable riociguat dosing strategy for pediatric patients with PAH. The data suggest an acceptable safety profile with potential efficacy signals.
Photo‐Mediated Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formic and Other Carboxylic Acids by Ni‐Catalysis with Chelating Ligand
Authors: Das Anjan , Mondal Moumita
Published: September 2022

With ever increasing demand of carbon capture and utilization (CCU), conversion of CO2 to fuel and fine chemicals by light mediated process has become a topic of outmost importance. Several catalytic systems have been developed to overcome the thermodynamic and kinetic barrier of conversion of abundant and sustainable carbon feed stock CO2 to value added chemicals such as CO, HCOOH, CH3OH, carboxylic acids and others. Ni is often found in center of such catalytic systems for photo mediated conversion of CO2, giving good yield and selectivity. Reduction of CO2 to CO is most common while discussing such catalytic systems encompassing Ni. But insertion of CO2 into Ni−H/Ni−C bond leading to formic or other carboxylic acids has established its own importance in green chemistry. Formic acid is a prospective green fuel as well as it is an important starting material for many industries. Similarly carboxylic acids and derivatives are widely used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical, pesticide, dye, and other fine chemicals. Alternative green synthesis of these chemicals via photo‐mediated nickel catalysis using CO2 is highly desirable. Several energetically accessible oxidation states of nickel promote single electron transfer (SET) with help of chelating ligands, which are the key steps for this process to occur. This review will focus on photo assisted conversion of CO2 to formic and other carboxylic acids by nickel catalysis with chelating ligand.
Strategies Involved in Enhancing the Capacitive Energy Storage Characteristics of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Based Flexible Composites
Authors: Sasmal Abhishek , Sen Shrabanee , Arockiarajan Arunachalakasi
Published: September 2022

Functional Materials and Devices Division (FMDD) With the progress of the daily lifestyle of modern human being, the need for flexible dielectric energy storage devices for high field applications has become inevitable. PVDF and its co‐polymers, which exhibit excellent flexibility, high breakdown strength, good piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties and low cost, have become very useful in this purpose and hence being investigated widely all over the world. Different strategies including versatile device fabrication techniques and momentous materials engineering have been employed to promote the energy storage characteristics of PVDF based composites. In this paper, we review the current trend of research in the field of PVDF based energy storage devices with the main focus on the strategies involved in enhancing their energy storage performance. Upon extensive literature survey, it has been found that the breakdown characteristics of the composite films are the main determining factor of their high field energy storage applications. The strategies, which can enhance the said performance of PVDF‐based composites, have been elaborately discussed here step‐by‐step and the fruitful approaches for the desired performance enhancement have been proposed. Considering the numerous attraction of research in this field, the gaps and huge future scopes of research have also been comprehensively discussed here.
Highly Selective Adsorption of Cationic Dye by An Anionic Zinc‐Organic Framework
Authors: Zhao Si‐Si , Sun Qi , Liu Tong , Zhang Hang , Wang Yi‐Peng , Zhang Tong‐Xin , Liu Xin‐Xin , Li Wen‐Cui , Zhao Zhen
Published: September 2022

A MOF named [(CH3)NH2] [H2N(CH3)2][ZnTNC4A] ⋅ 4H2O (ZnTNC4A) was synthesized by a resorcinol[4]arene functionalized tetracarboxylic acid ligand (TNC4A=2,8,14,20‐tetra‐1‐naphthalene‐6,12,18,24‐tetramethoxy‐4,10,16,22‐ tetracarboxyl‐methoxy‐resorin[4]arene). The three‐dimensional framework with one‐dimensional channels of ZnTNC4A was characterized by elemental analysis, powder X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, UV‐vis diffuse reflection spectrum, infrared spectrum and N2 adsorption analyse. In addition, ZnTNC4A shows the ability of selective adsorption of methylene blue with a pseudo‐second order kinetic model. The selective adsorption kinetics of a series of dyes showed that the ion exchanged separation process was related to the size and charge of organic dyes.
Synthesis of Isoquinolines via the [4+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Oxazoles and Arynes
Authors: Silva Tamiris R. C. , Souza Vinícius V. , Raminelli Cristiano
Published: September 2022

Herein, we report our investigations on the reaction of a variety of substituted oxazoles with o‐(trimethylsilyl)aryl triflates promoted by potassium fluoride and 18‐crown‐6‐ether. Several functionalized isoquinoline compounds were obtained in moderate to good yields when the transformation was carried out at room temperature, followed by acidic workup, presumably via a [4+2] cycloaddition‐ring‐opening reaction pathway. Alternatively, bicyclic ethers were produced in reasonable yields when performing the transformation at 60 °C via a sequence of [4+2] cycloaddition, retro‐Diels‐Alder, and [4+2] cycloaddition reactions.
Highly Efficient and Selective Visible‐Light Driven Photoreduction of CO2 to CO by Metal–Organic Frameworks‐Derived NiCoO Porous Microrods
Authors: Yang Hongli , Zhang Dongdong , Luo Yong , Yang Wenxiang , Zhan Xiaoqiang , Yang Weiyou , Hou Huilin
Published: September 2022

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction by solar energy into carbonaceous feedstock chemicals is recognized as one of the effective ways to mitigate both the energy crisis and greenhouse effect, which fundamentally relies on the development of advanced photocatalysts. Here, the exploration of porous microrod photocatalysts based on novel NiCoO solid solutions derived from bimetallic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is reported. They exhibit overall enhanced photocatalytic performance with both high activity and remarkable selectivity for reducing CO2 into CO under visible‐light irradiation, which are superior to most related photocatalysts reported. Accordingly, the Ni0.2‐Co0.8‐O microrod (MR‐N0.2C0.8O) photocatalyst delivers high efficiency for photocatalytic CO2 reduction into CO at a rate up to ≈277 µmol g–1 h–1, which is ≈35 times to that of its NiO counterpart. Furthermore, they display a high selectivity of ≈85.12%, which is not only better than that of synthesized Co3O4 (61.25%) but also superior to that of reported Co3O4‐based photocatalysts. It is confirmed that the Co and Ni species are responsible for CO2CO conversion activity and selectivity, respectively. In addition, it is verified, by adjusting the Ni contents, that the band structure of NiCoO microrods can be tailored with favorable reduction band potentials, which thus enhance the selectivity toward CO2 photoreduction.
Highly Photosensitive Lead Sulfide Thin Films Grown by H2S Free MOCVD Using a Single Source Metal‐Organic Precursor
Authors: Agbenyeke Raphael Edem , Shin Sunyoung , Song Dasom , Yeo Sojeong , Park Bo Keun , Chung Taek‐Mo , Lim Jongsun , Song Wooseok , Kim Chang Gyoun
Published: September 2022

High‐quality lead sulfide (PbS) films are deposited on selected substrate chemistries by an H2S‐free metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process using a single‐source metal‐organic complex (Pb(dmampS)2). The complex is synthesized via a salt metathesis reaction between PbCl2 and lithium 1‐(dimethylamino)‐2‐methylpropane‐2‐thiolate (Li(dmampS)) in diethyl ether. Subsequent film deposition is conducted by a simple thermolysis process in the absence of H2S, yet chemical and structural analysis confirm chemically stoichiometric and homogenous films. Mechanistic studies with electron impact mass spectroscopy (EIMS) and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) suggest the selective cleavage of C−S bonds in the complex as the reason for the facile PbS formation with negligible impurity incorporation. The high crystallinity, low hole concentrations, and charge transport properties comparable and in many cases superior to films produced by atomic layer deposition (ALD) testify to the quality of the films. Lastly, rigid and flexible photodetectors fabricated with the PbS films exhibit considerably high photocurrents, reliable switching characteristics, and high sensitivity over a broad spectral bandwidth, highlighting the potential for realizing practical broadband photodetectors.
1D@2D Hierarchical Structures of Co(OH)x Nanosheets on NiMoOx Nanorods Can Mediate Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution with Industry‐Level Current Density and Stability
Authors: Sun Kai Zhi , Wen Chun Fang , Qu Xue , Liu Peng Fei , Yang Hua Gui
Published: September 2022

Developing efficient electrocatalysts at ampere‐scale current densities is of paramount importance to advance industrial applications of alkaline water electrolysis. Herein, a hierarchical nanostructured electrocatalyst with two‐dimensional Co(OH)x nanosheets grown on one‐dimensional NiMoOx nanorods over three‐dimensional porous Ni foam substrate is designed. The resulting catalyst delivers ultrahigh hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity in the alkaline solution, which only requires overpotentials of 185 and 332 mV to achieve the current densities of −500 and −1000 mA cm–2 in 1.0 m KOH, respectively, and shows robust stability at −1000 mA cm–2 for 11 days. The unique 1D @ 2D hierarchical structures with abundant hetero‐interfaces can not only expose sufficient active sites but also boost alkaline HER kinetics with fast water dissociation ability. This present work may pave a new insight to design efficient electrocatalysts with hierarchical structures for alkaline HER with industry‐level current density and stability.
Automatic inspection of program state in an uncooperative environment
Authors: Magalhães José Wesley de Souza , Liao Chunhua , Pereira Fernando Magno Quintão
Published: September 2022

The program state is formed by the values that the program manipulates. These values are stored in the stack, in the heap, or in static memory. The ability to inspect the program state is useful as a debugging or as a verification aid. Yet, there exists no general technique to insert inspection points in type‐unsafe languages such as C or C++. The difficulty comes from the need to traverse the memory graph in a so‐called uncooperative environment. In this article, we propose an automatic technique to deal with this problem. We introduce a static code transformation approach that inserts in a program the instrumentation necessary to report its internal state. Our technique has been implemented in LLVM. It is possible to adjust the granularity of inspection points trading precision for performance. In this article, we demonstrate how to use inspection points to debug compiler optimizations; to augment benchmarks with verification code; and to visualize data structures.
Shape optimization of tall buildings cross‐section: Balancing profit and aeroelastic performance
Authors: Nieto Félix , Cid Montoya Miguel , Hernández Santiago
Published: September 2022

Shape optimization is an effective tool to improve the aerodynamic performance of tall buildings by introducing minor modifications to the original project. Nevertheless, economic criteria demand efficient cross sections aiming at maximizing the building's profitability. These two contradictory criteria are commonly handled by adopting multi‐objective optimization approaches seeking the definition of Pareto fronts. However, the aerodynamic nonlinear features of low‐aspect‐ratio cross sections typically adopted in architectural practice can cause wind‐induced acceleration response surfaces over the considered design domain with multiple local minima that eventually lead to discontinuous Pareto fronts with non‐convex regions. This study delves into this problem and proposes a design framework that effectively combines the reduced basis method with multi‐objective optimization techniques to carry out the aerodynamic shape optimization using surrogates trained with CFD simulations. The ability of the optimization strategy to properly define the non‐convex regions of discontinuous Pareto fronts is successfully leveraged by adopting the weighted min–max method.
Barriers to accessing care: challenges in early prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies
Authors: Bebbington M.
Published: September 2022

Linked article: This Editorial comments on Perez et al. and Kaur et al.
Metagenomic analysis of endemic viruses in oral secretions from Chinese pigs
Authors: Umar Sajid , Anderson Benjamin D. , Chen Kuanfu , Wang Guo‐Lin , Ma Mai‐Juan , Gray Gregory C.
Published: September 2022

Background

Pigs are unique reservoirs for virus ecology. Despite the increased use of improved biosecurity measures, pig viruses readily circulate in Chinese swine farms.

Objectives

The main objective of this study was to examine archived swine oral secretion samples with a panel of pan‐species viral assays such that we might better describe the viral ecology of swine endemic viruses in Chinese farms.

Methodology

Two hundred (n = 200) swine oral secretion samples, collected during 2015 and 2016 from healthy pigs on six swine farms in two provinces in China, were screened with molecular pan‐species assays for coronaviruses (CoVs), adenoviruses (AdVs), enteroviruses (EVs), and paramyxoviruses (PMV). Samples were also screened for porcine circovirus (PCV) 3, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and influenza A virus (IAV).

Results

Among 200 swine oral secretion samples, 152 (76.0%) were found to have at least one viral detection. Thirty‐four samples (17%) were positive for more than one virus, including 24 (70.5%) with dual detection and 10 (29.5%) with triple detection. Seventy‐eight (39.0%) samples were positive for porcine AdVs, 22 (11.0%) were positive for porcine CoVs, 21 (10.5%) were positive for IAVs, 13 (6.5%) were positive for PCV, 7 (3.5%) were positive for PMV, six (3.0%) were positive for PRRSV and five (2.5%) were positive for porcine EV.

Conclusion

Our findings underscore the high prevalence of numerous viruses among production pigs in China and highlight the need for routine, periodic surveillance for novel virus emergence with the goal of protecting pigs.
Successful treatment but delayed complete recovery of griseofulvin‐induced bone marrow hypoplasia in an FIV‐seronegative cat
Authors: López‐Gómez Natalia , Piñeiro Isabel Rodríguez , Fernández Yordan
Published: September 2022

A 1‐year‐old, female, spayed domestic shorthair cat was referred with a history of lethargy, hyporexia, fever and pancytopenia 1 month after the administration of griseofulvin for the treatment of cutaneous dermatophytosis. Infectious disease testing was negative, and thoracic and abdominal imaging was unremarkable. Bone marrow cytology and histopathology identified bone marrow hypoplasia. Griseofulvin‐induced bone marrow hypoplasia was diagnosed based on the history of drug administration and after ruling out other causes of bone marrow hypoplasia and pancytopenia. Griseofulvin was discontinued and the cat was hospitalised and treated with enteral nutrition, intravenous fluid therapy, broad‐spectrum antibiotics and a granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor. The clinical signs and pancytopenia improved progressively and the cat was discharged 5 days later. Complete resolution of the pancytopenia occurred within 6 months.