bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low-density catalysts and catalyst supports part ii: the preparation of strong, low-density pellets of alumina
Authors: Shaw G T , Parsons B I
Published: March 2018

The preparation and properties of pellets from highly porous forms of alumina gel are described. Considerable modification in both apparatus and technique is required to form pellets of low density reproducibly. A continuous-type pelleting press has been adapted
to function as a constant-pressure apparatus, and a lubricating system has been developed to minimize friction between the walls of the punches and dies. In general terms, the pellet strength and density are a function of a) the pore volume initially present in the granular gel, and b) the pelleting
pressure. Under all the conditions investigated, pellet strength and density increased systematically with the pelleting pressure. At equal pelleting pressures, the larger the pore volume (and the average pore size) present in the granular gel, the lower the pellet density and the greater the pellet
strength. It has also been found that the particle size distribution in the powder mixtures increases in importance with increasing porosity. In the case of the gel with the highest porosity, the pellet density decreased as the concentration of fine particles (minus 200 mesh) increased. A mechanism
is proposed to explain the improved pelleting characteristics observed with the highly porous aluminas.
Rock anchor design mechanics
Authors: Coates D F , Yu Y S
Published: March 2018

Rock anchors are useful and, in many cases, important structural elements. However, little research work has been conducted on the mechanics of their behaviour. For these reasons, some finite element studies were conducted to clarify certain aspects of the stress
distributions in the rock surrounding typical anchors. The nature of the transmission of load from a compression anchor to rock is shown to vary, as had been predicted qualitatively, with the ratio of the modulus of deformation of the anchor to that of the rock mass. The proportion of the load
transmitted through bearing on the bottom of the anchor, although it is not likely to be more than 157. , increases with the ratio of the moduli (anchor/rock). Tension anchors produce large tensile stresses in the rock, which may account for some of the commonly obtained initial creep. Shear
stresses induced by both tension and compression anchors are large and can be accompanied by diagonal tensile stress. These tensile stresses might cause some local fracturing in both the rock and the concrete (or grout) of the anchor.
Crystal growth part i. background to crystal growth
Authors: Ripley L G
Published: March 2018

A programme of crystal growing has been in progress in the Mineral Sciences Division of the Mines Branch, as part of a Sulphide Research Programme, during the past six years. During this time, the growth of crystals of about fifty materials has been attempted in
the field of sulphides, arsenides and sulpharsenides of Fe, Co, Ni, Zn and Cu, and with some other compounds, many of them quite successfully, by one or more of the six growth techniques explored. This report is Part I of an intended five parts, and will deal with the "Background to Crystal Growth"
as it applied to the current Sulphide Research Programme.
Crystal growth part ii: the growth of zinc sulphide crystals
Authors: Ripley L G
Published: March 2018

This report is an in-depth study of problems encountered in the growth of synthetic single crystals of zinc sulphide. The four growth procedures explored were: Chemical Vapour Transport, Vapour Transport (Sublimation), Flux Growth, and Hydrothermal Growth. The
prime goal of growing centimetre-sized crystals of sphalerite was achieved by both the chemical vapour transport method, using either HCI or I 2 as the carrier, and by the vapour transport method. A few millimetre-sized single crystals of wurtzite have been obtained by the vapour transport method.
The report includes sections dealing with the purification of zinc sulphide powders, the doping of zinc sulphide crystals with either Al or Fe, various analyses of powder and crystalline samples, and also some characterizations of the single crystals. The yellow-green colouration in some synthetic
ZnS crystals has been found to be caused by departure of the ZnS ratio from the required 1:1 stoichiometry.
Comparison of ISO and CSA test bar properties of three aluminum casting alloys (CSA.HA.9 alloys .S5, .SC53 and .ZG6IN-T5)
Authors: Pollard W A
Published: March 2018

The ISO and CSA test bar properties of three aluminum sand-casting alloys, .S5 (Al-Si5-M), .SC53 (Al-Si5 Cu3-M) and .ZG61N-T5 (Al-Zn5 Mg-TB), have been compared on the basis of five split melts for each alloy, one half of each melt being "as melted" and the other
"degassed". Statistical analysis of the results has enabled confidence limits to be placed on the differences between the averages for each test bar type, and the proposed ISO specification minima for the alloys have been examined critically in the light of these
differences.
The role of gas bubbles in the flotation of quartz
Authors: Dibbs H P , Sirois L L , Bredin R
Published: March 2018

A method has been developed to measure the streaming current of gas bubbles in aqueous solutions of inorganic electrolytes and of dodecylamine hydrochloride. The streaming current data obtained in dodecylamine hydrochloride solutions has been compared with the
zeta potential and the flotation recovery of quartz for the same solution conditions. The significance, in the flotation recovery of quartz, of the relative surface charges on the gas bubbles and on the quartz is discussed
Evaluation of lithium chloride-diatomaceous silica systems for gas chromatography of petroleum sulphur compounds
Authors: George A E , Smiley G T , Sawatzky H
Published: March 2018

In this study Chromosorb W (diatomaceous silica) as such and also coated with lithium chloride was evaluated as column packing for the gas chromatographic separation of petroleum sulphur compounds. The Chromosorb W by itself was found to be of little value but
quite efficient separations could be obtained after coating with lithium chloride, especially if the chromosorb had been acid washed before coating. Unlike other completely inorganic materials that have been used as column packings, the materials evaluated in this work required temperatures no
higher than those required for separations on conventional column packings that contain organic liquids. Inorganic column packings are of great value for the investigation of high boiling point materials, like those found in low-grade crude oils, because they are thermally
stable.
Recovery of bismuth from HCl leach solutions by cementation on iron
Authors: MacKinnon D J
Published: March 2018

The feasibility of recovering metallic bismuth from strong hydrochloric acid leach liquors by cementation on iron has been investigated. Several types of iron were used to cement bismuth from solutions containing up to 4.0 g Bi/l. Zinc and lead powders were
ineffective as cementing agents for bismuth from actual leach liquors. The reaction on iron, however, which produced a loose deposit of bismuth, was extremely rapid at room temperature. The effect of Zn ++, Fe + and Fe +++, which were present in the leach liquor, on the reaction rate, stoichiometry
and purity of product was also determined. Of these, only Fe +++ had an appreciable effect, causing a decrease in the reaction rate and an increase in the consumption of iron. Other variables that had a significant effect on the reaction were temperature, surface area of iron and the type of iron
used.
The hydrocracking of residual oils and tars part 3. the effect of mineral matter on the thermal and catalytic hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen
Authors: Soutar P S , McColgan E C , Parsons B I
Published: March 2018

The report describes a bench-scale investigation of the effect of the concentration of residual clay and silt on the thermal and catalytic hydrocracking of bitumen separated from the Athabasca tar sands. The experiments were done in the liquid phase in a
bottom-feed, continuous-flow apparatus at 1000 and 2000 psi, at liquid hourly space velocities of 1.05 and 2.1 with bitumen feed stocks containing 0.9 % and 3.8 % mineral matter. In the thermal hydrocracking process, the maximum conversion attainable and the yield of liquid distillate
product were measurably higher with the bitumen containing the greater amount of mineral matter. The primary effect of the mineral matter is to suppress the coking and fouling reactions which limit the maximum operating temperature. The results indicate no significant catalytic activity attributable
to the mineral matter for either the hydrocracking reaction or for desulphurization. In the catalytic process the residual clay and silt tended to foul the catalyst surfaces and the higher-mineral feed stock was found to be less reactive in every respect.
The hydrocracking of residual oils and tars part 4: catalyst de-activation with bitumens from Athabasca, Cold Lake, and Lloydminster
Authors: McColgan E C , Soutar P S , Denis J M , Parsons B I
Published: March 2018

The report describes an investigation of the effect of low concentrations of clay and silt (< 1 %) in bitumen feed stocks on catalyst de-activation in hydrocracking and desulphurization processes. The experiments were done in the liquid phase in a
bottom-feed, continuous-flow apparatus at 2000 psi and a liquid hourly space velocity of 1.05 over a commercial cobalt molybdate catalyst. Feed stocks used were bitumens from the Athabasca tar sands (0.88 % solids), Cold Lake (0.03 % solids) and Lloydminster (0.07 % solids). The extent
of catalyst de-activation observed with each feed stock was essentially the same. In addition, no significant amounts of clay or silt were found in the catalyst bed at the conclusion of any series of experiments. From these observations it is concluded that finely dispersed clay and silt tend to
wash out of the reaction system and, as such, are not the prime cause of catalyst de-activation
Thermal decomposition of hydrated sodium sulphide
Authors: Kerby R C , Hughson M R
Published: March 2018

The thermal decomposition of Na2 S.9H2 0 to Na2 S resulted in the formation of several intermediate hydrates. The stabilities of Na2 S.H2 0, Na2 S.2H2 0 and Na2 S.3H2 0 were determined as a function of water vapour partial pressure and temperature. The heats and
free energies associated with the dehydration reactions were estimated from this data. The monohydrate Na2 S.H20 was shown to exist over a wide range of temperatures and water vapour partial pressures.
Sampling and characterization of cupola emissions
Authors: Warda R D , Buhr R K
Published: March 2018

This report is divided into two parts, the first dealing with the sampling technique employed and its reliability and, the second, with the actual results obtained at six iron foundries. The stack sampling method adopted was originally used extensively for the
sampling of flue gases from combustion processes. Modifications were made to make the sampling trains more rugged, portable, and responsive to the rapidly changing conditions in a cupola stack. The equipment was field tested over a 12-week period during which detailed measurements were made on the
emissions produced by six iron foundry cupolas. The reliability and practicability of the method used was assessed by statistical analyses and materials balance calculations. It is shown that repetitive sampling is mandatory if statistically significant results are to be obtained. Analysis of both
the gaseous and particulate effluent data indicate the following: (1) amount and type of both gaseous and particulate effluent vary significantly with the design and operation of the cupola, (2) gaseous effluent characteristics are affected primarily by the ratio of coke: total air and by gas
temperatures at the point of mixing with charge door air, (3) regarding particulate effluent, the cupola is both a transmitter and a generator, the transmitted component usually predominating, and (4) suggestions made during testing both to reduce and identify the transmitted component of the
particulate effluent were highly successful. The results emphasize the necessity for detailed emission studies on individual cupolas in order to supply reliable information to those concerned with pollution abatement in the iron foundry industry.
A gas liquid-gas solid chromatographic method for the identification of sources of oil pollution
Authors: George A E , Smiley G T , Montgomery D S , Sawatzky H
Published: March 2018

A two-step gas chromatographic fingerprinting technique has been developed for the identification of petroleum that may be conveniently applied to oil spills. The first step consists of a gas chromatographic separation on nonpolar silicone rubber (SE-30) which
separates according to boiling point. Five arbitrary 20 0 cuts are made then further separated by gas chromatography on columns of lithium chloride supported on diatomaceous silica (Chromosorb A). The advantage of this inorganic packing is its high thermal stability that permits the separation of
high-boiling oil components not readily affected by weathering. It also has the added advantage of causing no "bleeding" problems that can complicate further analyses involving mass spectroscopy. The simultaneous use of the flame ionization detector and the Melpar sulphur detector provides highly
characteristic fingerprints. This method has been applied to two heavy crude oils, and two fuel oils involved in oil spills from the "Arrow" and "Irving Whale" to demonstrate the potential of the method.
Susceptibility of temper embrittled materials to strain-ageing
Authors: Knight R F
Published: March 2018

A Ni-Cr low-alloy steel and a Ni-Cr-Mo steel which were, respectively, susceptible and insusceptible to reversible temper embrittlement, have been tested to determine their susceptibility to strain-ageing and strain-age embrittlement. Both materials were tested
in embrittled and retoughened heat treatment conditions. Conditions of natural ageing and accelerated ageing were evaluated. Natural ageing and a subsequent treatment at 100°C (212°F) resulted in only minimal changes in tensile properties and only a small degree of strain ageing. The
Ni-Cr-Mo steel in the retoughened condition appeared to be somewhat more susceptible to strain ageing than the other materials. Accelerated ageing at 205°C (400°F) resulted in a considerable amount of strain ageing in all the materials. This treatment resulted in a return of a marked yield
point, higher yield strength and decreased tensile ductility. The relative degree of strain ageing of the four materials was the same as the degree of strain-age embrittlement shown by impact testing. The Ni-Cr-Mo steel in the retoughened condition was the most susceptible. For both heat treatment
conditions the Ni-Cr-Mo steel was more susceptible to strain ageing than the Ni-Cr steel. For both steels the retoughening heat treatment resulted in the development of more strain ageing than did the embrittling heat treatment.
Further surface treatment aspects in galvanizing iron single crystals
Authors: Ruddle G E , Sebisty J J
Published: March 2018

Hydrogen-atmosphere galvanizing of single-crystal and polycrystal samples of four different types of iron with various surface pretreatments was investigated to more conclusively identify the reaction effects of substrate crystallographic orientation and surface
treatment. This work forms part of a broader program, supported by the Canadian Galvanizing Research Association, to investigate the role of various parameters of the steel base in the galvanizing reaction. A relationship between galvanizing reactivity and iron crystallography was established for
only the Cambridge iron containing 0.02% silicon. Electropolished crystals of this material showed unusually high reactivity which varied on the principal low-index surfaces, decreasing in the order (111), (110) and (100). Electropolished samples of Cleveland (Armco), Ferrovac E and enamelling
iron galvanized normally, independent of crystallographic orientation. Reaction on smooth-surfaced crystals generally proceeded in two stages defined by a rate change near the 2.5-min immersion time. Roughening of the crystal surface by shot blasting reduced the reactivity of the Cambridge iron
almost to the level obtained for the "normal" galvanizing materials and largely eliminated the differences related to crystallographic orientation. In supplementary tests, electropolished and mechanically polished Cambridge (110) crystals showed identical orientation related reaction behaviour at
short, but not at long, immersion times, depending on the method of galvanizing. X-ray analyses of surface strain in a mechanically polished and hydrogen-annealed Cambridge (110) crystal indicated that no recrystallization had occurred. Thus the crystallographic effect on galvanizing was unchanged.
Variable reaction effects found with the Cambridge iron emphasize the importance of the substrate surface in the galvanizing reaction. The exceptionally high response of specific crystallographic orientations may have possible connection with outbursts of iron-zinc alloy growth which frequently
occur in galvanized coatings on commercial steels.
Inhibitors for the prevention of mild steel corrosion in synthetic acid mine waters
Authors: Subrahmanyam D V , Hoey G R
Published: March 2018

The efficiency of organic inhibitors as evaluated from 24-hr weight loss of mild steel panels in pH 2.5 solutions containing ferric, cupric and sulphate ions has the following sequence: n-butylamine, urea, guanyl urea sulphate< benzotriazole, hexadecyl
pyridinium chloride < thiourea < potassium oxalate. The inhibitor efficiency in the presence of potassium oxalate was 93 per cent. With the other inhibitors, the efficiencies were in the range from below zero to 77 per cent. Solution analyses after 24-hr corrosion tests showed
that ferric and cupric ions were not reduced in oxalate solutions, whereas these ions were partially or totally reduced in solutions containing other inhibitors. Corrosion potentials were shifted to less negative values in oxalate solutions corresponding to the formation of a layer responsible for
inhibition. X-ray analysis of the corrosion product layer detected the presence of 13 -FeC 2 04 .2H2 0.
Dynamic toughness - its relevance and measurement
Authors: Trudeau L P
Published: March 2018

A 1967 Research Report (R 190) showed how dynamic or crack propagation toughness could be the governing quantity for failure under quasi-static loads. Tensile tests done as a check on the theory established some bounds on the dynamic toughness of a steel plate.
This plate was used as a "calibration standard" in the development of a test to measure dynamic toughness directly. The test development is apparently successful using an instrumented dynamic bend specimen 17 in. (430 mm) long, 1 1/2 in. (38 mm) deep and 1/4 to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) thick, with a crack
one half the depth, and broken on a 10 in. (254 mm) span with a drop height of 17 in. (430 mm), The load is measured on the tension side with a strain gauge 2.0 in. (51 mm) from the crack. Load rise time varies with the toughness but for low toughness is about 0.1 millisec. Test results for four
steels (CSA G40.4, 40.11B, 40.12B and 40.18) over the temperature range from -75°C to room temperature are given. The applicability of the data are discussed.
A pilot scale investigation of thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen
Authors: Merrell W H , Logie R B , Denis J M
Published: March 2018

The report describes a pilot-plant scale investigation of the thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen to distillable hydrocarbon fractions. The experiments were made in the liquid phase using a conventional flow apparatus with a bottom feed reactor, and a
hydrogen scrubbing and recycle system. The work was done at pressures from 1000 to 2500 psi, temperatures from 435 to 465 °C and space velocities of 1, 1.5 and 2.0. Temperature and space velocity greatly affected the pitch conversion to distillable oil products but pressure had only a minor
effect. Pressure, however, by supressing coke and sludge formation improved the ease of operation and allowed the reaction to be run at more drastic conditions. At 2000 psi pressure, 460 °C temperature and a space velocity of 1.0, the pitch conversion was 91% and the distillate oil yield
was 86% by weight, 95% by volume. The hydrocarbon gas make was 400 cubic feet per barrel, the hydrogen consumption 1200 cubic feet per barrel and the sulphur removed was 60%.
Cam plastometer operation manual including theory and design
Authors: Stewart M J
Published: March 2018

A Cam Plastometer is a compression testing machine used in studying the hot-working behaviour of metals. The deformation of cylindrical specimens is controlled by a shaped cam which maintains the true strain rate constant throughout the hot-working test. This
report describes the recently completed Cam Plastometer at the Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada. The theory of design and the operating procedures are also discussed. Tests can be conducted at constant strain rates between 0.1 and 160 per sec. The maximum load is 0.45 MN (100,000 lb) and the maximum
test temperature is 1300 ° C.
The viscosity of pure liquid zinc. determined by oscillating a cylindrical vessel
Authors: Thresh H R
Published: March 2018

An oscillational viscometer has been constructed to measure the viscosity of liquid metals and alloys to 800°C. An enclosed cylindrical interface surrounds the molten sample, avoiding the free surface condition found in many previous measurements .
Standardization of the apparatus with mercury has verified the use of Roscoe's formula in the calculation of the viscosity. Operation of the apparatus at higher temperatures was also checked, using molten lead. Extensive measurements on five different samples of zinc of not less than 99 . 9 9 %
purity indicate that (i) impurities at this level do not influence the viscosity, and (ii) the apparatus is capable Cd giving reproducible data. The variation of the viscosity, 1 , , with absolute temperature 1 T is adequately expressed by Andrade's exponential relationship n V.3. =Ae r where A and
C are constants and V is the specific volume of the liquid. The values of A and C are given as 2.485 x 10 -3 and 20.78, 2.444 x 10 -3 and 88.79, 2 .169 x 10 -3 and 239.8, respectively, for mercury, lead, and zinc. The error of measurement is assessed t6 be about 1%. No prefreezing phenomena were
found in the vicinity of the freezing point of the zinc samples.
Experimental flotation cell
Authors: Sirois L L , Takamori T
Published: March 2018

A pneumatic experimental flotation cell was built to provide a well regulated apparatus to help in. the study of the function of carbohydrate derivatives in oxide flotation. It was designed to permit direct control over all the variables which are encountered in
flotation such as fluctuation in the level of the pulp, temperature, and variations in aeration, impeller speed and rate of removal of froth. Many tests done with this cell showed that it could give reproducible results.
Mechanism of thermal decomposition of ammonium metavanadate
Authors: Taniguchi M
Published: March 2018

When ammonium metavanadate is roasted at 225 °C, ammonia and water are eliminated in the ratio 2:1 and an intermediate compound identified by weight loss and chemical analysis as (NH 4) 2 .0.V203 is formed. An X-ray diffraction pattern for this material is
reported. Transpiration experiments have been used to establish the free energy of this reaction. The second stage of the decomposition involves an endothermic and an exothermic process, both of which occur with the production of a gaseous product. The liberation of ammonia is not quantitative, and
its oxidation on the vanadium pentoxide, in the last stage of decomposition, is suggested as a possible source of the exothermic heat.
Split fractures in tension tests of steel
Authors: Bleakney H H
Published: March 2018

This report describes an investigation of the mechanism by which split fractures are produced in tension tests of steel. As part of the attempt to determine the conditions under which such fractures occur, a 41 x 41 inch billet of steel containing 0,23;%
carbon, 3,20% chromium and 0,55% molybdenum was obtained, and sixteen 1-inch-square test bars were cut from it These were quenched variously in water, oil, and air, from 1600°F (870°C) and tempered at 1300°F (705°C), Almost the whole range of fractures, including
cup-and-cone, star, and splits of varying severity, were obtained from subsequent tension tests. Excellent properties were obtained in all cases, so that variations were too slight to show any correlation with fracture types. It was evident, in these tests, that a rather delicate balance existed in
the stress systems involved, and it appeared that variations in the type of fracture found must be attributable to variations in the distribution of segregates and non-metallics Transverse tests from a forged slab of the billet all yielded cup-and-cone fractures, attributable to the lowering of
transverse cohesion by the adverse distribution of the segregates and non-metallics Annealed longitudinal samples of the slab also gave cup-and-cone fractures; these were attributed to the weakening effect of the pearlitic structure produced by annealing. The conclusion was drawn that cup-and-cone
fractures occurred when the axial breaking stress reached the axial breaking strength before the transverse breaking stress reached the transverse breaking strength and that split fractures occurred when the reverse effect occurred,
Premium strength in sand-cast magnesium alloys
Authors: Lagowski B , Meier J W
Published: March 2018

Increasing demand for higher-strength magnesium alloy castings made it necessary to investigate optimum properties obtainable in commercial castings, especially in heavier sections. The paper describes results of a study of some of the factors affecting high
mechanical properties and their proper distribution throughout the casting. Experimental work was carried out first on test plates of 1/2-inch to 2-inch thickness, and later checked on more complicated castings. Variables studied included proper use of chills to ensure directional solidification and
elimination of the effect of unsoundness in plates of various thickness, as well as more efficient heat treating techniques for the various alloys.- Results on commercial casting shapes showed that high properties, even in sections of 2-inch thickness, could consistently be obtained which are equal
or in some cases higher than typical properties reported for separately-cast test bars. Mg- Al-Zn alloys show a greater sensitivity to adverse solidification conditions than the finer-grained zirconium-containing alloys. The newly developed Mg-Zn-Ag-Zr alloys showed exceptionally high properties,
exceeding those obtainable in any commercial magnesium alloy.
Thermochemistry of the Co-S-O system from 950 to 1200°k
Authors: Ingraham T R
Published: March 2018

Total pressures produced by the decomposition of CoSO4 and by the decomposition of mixtures of COO and Co304 were measured, using a Pyrex bellows mercury manometer. At temperatures in excess of 782°C, in the presence of its gaseous decomposition products,
CoSO4 produces Co0. At temperatures less than 782°C, the oxide product is a mixture of Co0 and Co304. Perhaps because of the high surface energy of the finely divided oxides, an irreversible metastable equilibrium can be observed during the initial part of an experiment for the measurement of
the oxygen pressure over mixtures of Co0 with Co304. Free energies for the sulphate and oxide decomposition reactions were combined with published data on CoO, CoS, Co3S8, SO3 and SO2 to produce thermodynamic phase diagrams for the various univariant and bivariant equilibria existing between 950 and
1200°K. The transition from (t to a cobalt sulphate occurs at 675 10°C and involves 0..60 ± 0.04 kcal/mole.
Thermodynamics of the thermal decomposition of cupric sulfate and cupric oxysulfate
Authors: Ingraham T R
Published: March 2018

The thermal decomposition of cupric sulfate and of cupric oxysulfate has been examined by determining the equilibrium gas pressure generated over each pure compound. The equilibrium data have been used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of both compounds,
and the results have been combined with previously published data to establish a predominance-volume diagram for the Cu- S-0 system over the normal range of roasting temperature and gas composition used in the treatment of copper minerals. Copper oxysulfate recrystallizes al 1100°K with an
apparently irreversible endothermic heat requirement of 2.9 ± 0.3 kcal per mole.
Properties of sand-cast magnesium alloys part vii: the effect of wall thickness on tensile properties of Mg-Al-Zn alloy castings
Authors: Couture A , Meier J W
Published: March 2018

It has been shown in earlier investigations that, under favourable solidification conditions (e.g., in premium-quality castings), high mechanical properties may be obtained regardless of wall thickness. In commercial castings, however, it is not always possible
(or economical) to avoid some reduction of mechanical properties in heavier sections of the casting. The present investigation was carried out to explore the effect of section thickness on properties of alloys AZ 80, AZ91 and AZ92 in various temper conditions. To eliminate other factors affecting
solidification conditions, all castings were produced using standard foundry practice for green sand casting, without the use of any chills or insulating materials. Tensile properties of the castings were correlated with section thickness, grain size, surface area/volume ratio, cooling rate y and
solidification time. It was found that tensile properties decrease gradually with decreasing surface area/volume ratio (decreasing cooling rate) until this ratio drops to about 3 (cooling rate below 30°C/min or 54°F/min); beyond this, tensile properties drop very rapidly, but specification
minima can usually be met when the ratio is higher than 2 and the cooling rate exceeds 20 °C/min (36°F/min). The ratio between the diameter of round bars and the thickness of plate castings to obtain similar tensile properties is 1.4 to 1.7.
Effect of uranium on the transverse ductility of resulphurized chromium stainless steel rolled plate
Authors: Crawford W M
Published: March 2018

Tensile ductility in the transverse and longitudinal direction was investigated for a group of experimental stainless steels, of AISI Types 416 and 430F, containing sulphur at levels of 0.15% and 0.30% and corresponding uranium contents to give U:S ratios
of approximately 0, 1, 4 , and 7. The usual deleterious effect of sulphur on ductility was demonstrated in the uranium-free steels and, in particular, the poor transverse ductility due to the presence of the sulphides as stringers was noted. Uranium was observed to have a pronounced effect on the
morphology of the sulphides, suggesting a change in their chemical composition. At U:S ratios in the region of 4:1, globular sulphides replaced the stringers and the ratio of transverse/longitudinal ductility, as measured by per cent reduction of area, was of the order of unity. Also, in this
condition, the 0.15% sulphur steels and the 0.30% sulphur steels showed similar ductilities. These beneficial effects were obtained for both grades of steel in the soft, annealed Condition, and also for Type 416 quenched and tempered to a higher strength.
Effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of two zirconium-coppermolybdenum alloys
Authors: Dixon C F , Skelly H M
Published: March 2018

The effect of heat treatment on the corrosion properties of Zr-1.0% Cu-I.5% Mo and Zr-0.5% Cu-0.5% Mo alloys was investigated. The heat treatment found to give optimum corrosion resistance in steam was, for the Zr-I. 0% Cu-1.5% Mo alloy,
1000°C (1830°F) for one hour, then water quench, followed by ageing at 500°C (930°F) for 32 hours; and, for the Zr-0.5% Cu-0.5% Mo alloy, 1000°C (1830°F) for one hour, water quench, then age at 500°C (930°F) for 24 hours. Over-ageing of the alloys
resulted in growth of the intermetallic phase particles, which then caused cracking of the corrosion film. Preparation of an experimental alloy, namely Zr-3.0% Cu-4.5% Mo, which contained a iarger percentage of the intermetallic phase, made it possible to identify, by X-ray diffraction
methods, that phase as being a cubic structure with a unit cell of 4.999 A.
The mechanical properties of zinc single crystals at high strain rates
Authors: Schweighoffer A , Marsh F W
Published: March 2018

Mechanical properties of zinc single crystals when subjected to a strain rate of 10 4 sec -1 at room temperature were studied. Specimens were loaded in a drop-weight machine, and simultaneous load and deformation measurements were made electronically. Three
groups of specimens were tested, the first with basal plane orientations close to the tensile axis, the second close to 45 degrees and the third close to 90 degrees. Deformation of the first group was due to twinning, the second group exhibited ductile deformation, with pure glide, and the third
group failed by cleavage with very short deformation times The increased strain rate resulted in decreased total plastic strain, increased coefficient of work hardening and increased fracture stresses. All properties studied were found to be in good agreement with published results from previous
work done at low strain rates and low temperatures.
The determination of mass attenuation coefficients for titanium, vanadium, iron, nickel, copper, praseodymium, gadolinium, and erbium
Authors: Dalton J L
Published: March 2018

Mass attenuation coefficients have been determined for titanium, vanadium, iron, nickel, copper, praseodymium, gadolinium, and erbium. The coefficients for the transition elements were measured over the range 17 keV to 2 keV and the rare earth elements over the
range 28 keV to 5 keV. The precision of the measurements -- that is, the calculated relative sample standard deviation for all the replications for a single coefficient -- was less than one per cent in some cases, Agreement of the standard deviation predicted by the law of propagation of error with
that obtained by measurement was achieved in favourable cases. Absorbing foils that were not ideally uniform accounted for discrepancies between the predicted and the actual standard deviations that occurred. The accuracy of the measurements is judged to be in the range two to four per cent of the
mass attenuation coefficient reported. A statistical analysis of the data yielded constants and exponents making possible the calculation of mass attenuation coefficients in several atomic number-energy regions.
Computer programs for x-ray crystallography part iii: programs for preliminary processing of diffractometer data IIIA, reflection editing IIIB data preparation
Authors: Hall S R
Published: March 2018

These two programs perform the preliminary processing of intensity data collected on the Mines Branch automatic diffractometer and are a prerequisite to the XRAY-67 data reduction routine =DATRDN=. The purpose of the first program (IIIA) is to edit the data on
magnetic tape, and the second (IIIB) to scale and correlate the multiple segments of data into a unique set of reflections.
The bromination of titanium, thorium, and titanium-thorium and titanium-thoria alloys
Authors: Ripley L G
Published: March 2018

The development and appraisal of a method of bromination of titanium, thorium, and titanium .-thorium and titanium-thoria alloys at temperatures of 200 to 500°C are described. The results obtained give a clearer understanding of the reactions occurring in
these types of material when they are prepared from the melt. It is concluded that titanium does not reduce thoria during the melting of a titanium-thoria alloy
Interrelationship of deformation and fracture contours
Authors: Trudeau L P
Published: March 2018

Analytical work on the aspects of the stress field that cause a slant fracture to start forming is described. The "build-up" distance for transverse stress and the orientation of the stress field both point to the importance of the quantity (in- - 1)R for a
circular contour. It is shown, further that a unit zero isoclinic beginning from the location defined by this quantity is practically an osculating curve of the unit circle. Using this interrelationship, it is demonstrated that fractures, in a number of sections from crack-notch toughness specimens,
follow the elastic zero isoclinic precisely even though considerable plastic flow Preceded the fracture. For cup-cone fractures in round tensile-test specimens, this same quantity appears to define the interrelationship between surface contour and the width of the cone.
A rapid colorimetric solvent-extraction procedure for the determination of cyanide in gold-mill effluents and receiving waters
Authors: Barkley D J , Ingles J C
Published: March 2018

A colorimetric procedure is described for the determination of the total cyanide content of effluents from gold cyanidation plants and of water from basins into which they discharge. The method has several advantages over the official American Water Works
Association Methods for routine mill use. First, the colour reagent is stable and easily prepared. Second, the initial colour development, which takes only 25 minutes, provides a visual indication as to whether the cyanide content exceeds 0.5 ppm and hence permits a quick screening-out of high-level
samples. Determinations on samples with lower cyanide content can then be completed within an additional 45 minutes by a simple solvent extraction-spectrophotometric step. Actual working time is of the order of 20 minutes per sample and, since equipment requirements are minimal, a high throughput is
possible. The method determines cyanide present as hydrocyanic acid, cyanide ion, zincocyanide, cuprocyanide and nickelocyanide, but not cyanide present in the form of ferrocyanide or cobalticyanide. It is free from interference by thiocyanate or cyanate and other common constituents of gold-mill
effluents. It is also unaffected by the Products resulting from the decomposition of cyanide by hypochlorite; and, by means of an addition of sodium arsenite to the sample, the interfering effect of hypochlorite itself can be eliminated. It can therefore be used as a means of following the progress
of the hypochlorite process for the destruction of cyanide.
The role of calcium sulphite in desulphur1zing gases containing sulphur dioxide
Authors: Marier P , Ingraham T R
Published: March 2018

CaS0 is formed as an intermediate in the sulphation of 3 CaO with gases containing S02 . CaS03 is a reactive material; it may be oxidized readily by 02' SO or SO2 . In SO 2 atmospheres it reduces SO to elemental sulphur. Calcium sulphite cannot be 2 thermally
decomposed to produce CaO and detectable pressures of SO 2 . It undergoes a peritectoid reaction preferentially, to a mixture of CaS and CaS0 . When the reaction temperature is above 800 °C, 4 CaS0 is the only oxidation product of CaS0 . CaS0 4 forms a 4 3 protective coating on CaS0 . The
coating retards the oxidation 3 reaction.
The extraction of strontium from the mineral celestite
Authors: Sutarno R , Lake R H , Bowman W S
Published: March 2018

Two potential industrial methods of extracting strontium from the mineral celestite were investigated. These are (i) the direct carbonation method and (ii) the solid-state reduction method. Comparison between the two methods from the technical point of view is
discussed. Reduction of synthetic strontium. sulphate with various reducing agents was also studied in order to reach an understanding of the mechanism of the above processes.
The rising-load cantilever test: a rapid test for determining the resistance of high-strength material to environmental cracking
Authors: Syrett B C , Biefer G J
Published: March 2018

The cantilever test, first reported in 1965 by B.F. Brown and coworkers at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., has been used in environmental-cracking (EC) tests in which the specimen load is increased at a uniform rate until failure occurs.
Tests on 18% Ni (250) maraging steel in 3.5% NaCl solution have shown that the nominal stress intensity at fracture, K1 , is a convenient measure of susceptibility to EC, provided that the loading rate is 10 psiNi in./min or less. specimens cut from 0.5-in, plate, rising-load tests performed
at 5-10 psiNrin. /min took 0,5 to 1 week, but were economical of both metal specimens and technician working time, as compared with constant-load tests. It is considered that the procedures developed should provide a suitable routine screening test for estimating the EC susceptibilities of other
high-strength materials. Results from the rising-load cantilever test indicate that 18% Ni (250) maraging steel, in the presence of a sharp notch, is highly susceptible to EC when cathodically protected at or near the potential provided by zinc (i.e., about -1060 mV SCE). Maximum resistance to
EC was observed in the rather narrow potential range of -700 to -750 mV. Results from the rising-load cantilever tests are compared with constant-load cantilever tests and constant-load tests conducted on smooth cylindrical specimens axially loaded. The shortcomings of the latter test method are
discussed.
A study of surface carbides, differential steel attack and pore formation in the galvanizing process
Authors: Sebisty J J
Published: March 2018

An account is given of some metallographic observations made during an investigation on the influence of aluminium and lead additions on the structure and properties of laboratory-prepared galvanized coatings. The main investigation is described in a separate
report. It is shown that massive carbide inclusions present on the surface of steel sheet may have a pronounced effect on the structure of the galvanized coating. The behaviour of the carbides was found to be dependent on the temperature and aluminium content of the galvanizing bath. Variation in
galvanizing attack on two supposedly similar steels was found to be related to the type and degree of surface working. The surface of the more reactive sheet appeared to have been subjected to a rubbing or galling action during the final rolling operation. Observations of pore defects on the surface
of experimental coatings, and on commercial sheet prepared by the dry galvanizing technique, suggested that these were related to gas evolution accompanying the flux reaction.,
The design of heat-treatable titanium alloys
Authors: Williams A J
Published: March 2018

Work in progress designed to arrive at a logical method for designing titanium alloys specifically for use in the heat-treated condition is described. A partial 900°C isothermal section of the titanium-aluminum-molybdenum constitutional diagram, including
ternary tie-lines has -been developed and a system for the design of heat-treatable alloys based on this isothermal section is being examined. Using the criterion of tensile properties, this system involves the choice of the best p composition available on solution treatment at 900°C and the
addition to it of controlled amounts of a of a fixed composition using the tie-lines as a guide. The presence of a three-phase field (a1 + a2 + B) in the system has been indicated by the tie-line directions
Voltaic cells in fused salts part ii. the systems: a) silver-silver chloride, lead-lead chloride; (b) silver-silver chloride, zinc-zinc chloride; and (c) silver-silver chloride, nickel-nickelous chloride
Authors: Flengas S N , Ingraham T R
Published: March 2018

Using a reversible silver-silver chloride reference electrode, described in the fir5t paper of this series, standard electrode potentials have been established for the systems lead - lead chloride, zinc - zinc chloride, and nickel - nickelous chloride, in melts
containing equimolar quantities of KCI and NaCI. Deviations from ideality were observed, and these were attributed to the formation of complexes. Dissociation constants for the complexes were calculated. The effect of temperature on the electromotive forces of the voltaic cells was also measured,
and the heats of the cell reactions were calculated from the data.
Voltaic cells in fused salts part iv. electrode potentials of the systems: TliT1C1 (KC1-N0C1), CuiCuCl (KC1-N0C1), CuiCuC1 2 (KC1-N0C1), Cr/Cr Cl, (KC1-NoC1), AND CrerC13 KC1-NaC1). redox potentials of the systems Pt/CuCl, CuC1 2 (KC1-NoC1), and Pt/CrC1 2 , Cr CI,
(KCI-410C1)
Authors: Flengas S N , Ingraham T R
Published: March 2018

Using a Ag/AgC1 (KCI-NaCI) reference electrode, the standard electrode potentials of the systems TI/TICI (KCI-NaC1), Cu/CuCI (KCI-NaCI), Cu/CuCl2 (KCI-NaC1), Cr/CrC12 (KCI-NaCI), and Cr/CrCI 3 (KCI-NaCI) were measured and found to be: 0.650 volt at 680° C.,
and 0.250, 0.175, 0.755, and 0.423 at 700° C. respectively. The standard redox potentials of the systems Pt/CuC1 2, CuCl (KCI-NaC1), and Pt/CrC1 3, CrC12 (KCI-NaC1) were also measured at 700° C. and found to be 0.600 and 0.240 volt respectively. The effect of temperature on the
electromotive forces of the above cells was measured and the heats of the cell reactions were calculated from the data.
Effect of shot peening prior to electroplating on the fatigue properties of an alloy steel
Authors: Brown N B
Published: March 2018

The results of research into the effect of shot peening, prior to electroplating, on the fatigue strength of a modified SAE 3140 alloy steel are described in this report, Eight S-N curves have been obtained on steel specimens with the following surface
conditions: as-machined, shot peened, electroplated on a machined surface, and electroplated on a shot peened surface. These curves show that the specimens which were shot peened prior to electroplating with chromium, nickel or cadmium have materially higher fatigue properties than have specimens
which were not shot peened before electroplating with these metals,
Effect of high temperatures on concretes incorporating different aggregates
Authors: Zoldners N G
Published: March 2018

Changes in physical properties of concrete beams and cylinders made with gravel, sandstone, limestone and expanded slag aggregates were studied after exposure to various temperatures ranging from 100 to 800 °C. Results indicated that the residual compressive
strength of concrete increased up to 10% when the specimens were heated up to 300°C, whereas the flexural strength decreased 34% with limestone and 55% with gravel aggregate. After 500 ° C exposure, losses in strength of corresponding concretes were 19 to 24% in compression
and 58 to 80% in flexure. In temperatures over 500 °C the residual strength of all types of concrete decreased sharply due to dehydration of chemical constituents in the cement paste. Results from the four types of concrete investigated indicate that limestone concrete gave the best
performance up to 700°C, at which temperature decomposition of carbonates on the surface of test specimens was observed.
The determination of total rare earths in high grade uranium products
Authors: Guest R J
Published: March 2018

A procedure is described for the determination of total rare earth oxides in high grade uranium products, based on the use of solvent extraction with long-chain alkyl amines. Extraction with tri-isooctylamine from strong hydrochloric acid medium removes uranium,
zirconium, and a number of other ions. This is followed by a second extraction from sulphate solution, employing di(tridecyl P) amine to remove thorium. Following further conventional purification step. s, mixed rare earth oxides are determined by ignition to the oxides, or by a suitable
.colorimetric method. To establish the completeness of the separations, extraction coefficients for tri-isooctylamine have been determined for rare earths, uranium, zirconium, titanium and thorium in hydrochloric acid solutions of various strengths. The extent of rare earth pick-up by di(tridecyl P)
amine and tri-isooctylamine from sulphate solutions at various pH values is also shown. Application of the procedure to synthetic high grade uranium samples and actual high grade uranium products indicates that reliable analyses can be obtained on a variety of sample
material.