bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tribological property study of mercaptobenzothiazole‐containing borate derivatives and its synergistic antioxidative effects with N‐phenyl‐α‐naphthylamine
Authors: He Zhongyi , Xiong Liping , Liu Jian , Han Sheng , Hu Jianqiang , Xu Xin , Shen Mingxue
Published: April 2019

The synthesised mercaptobenzothiazole‐containing borate ester (MTEB) and mercaptobenzothiazole‐containing borate (MTES) have good tribological performances in rapeseed oil (RSO). At 0.5 wt% concentration, MTEB and MTES can increase the extreme pressure value of RSO by 60.7% and 67.6%, respectively. The wear scar diameters (WSDs) of oil samples decrease with increase of MTEB (MTES) contents, and the antiwear effect of MTES is better than MTEB at the same condition, because of their polarity is different. There are similar results in the friction reduction performance. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis results have shown that MTEB and MTES can form protective films on the metal surfaces that contain boron oxide, iron oxide, ferrous sulfate, iron sulfide (MTEB additive), and other organic nitrogen compounds. The different reaction films formed in the complex boundary possess extreme pressure and antiwear capability. MTES possessed good synergistic antioxidation effect with N‐phenyl‐α‐ naphthylamine (T531), because it increased the oxidation activation energy than RSO by 97.13% when 0.025 wt% MTES is mixed with 0.25% T531.
Visible Light Cross‐Linking of Gelatin Hydrogels Offers an Enhanced Cell Microenvironment with Improved Light Penetration Depth
Authors: Lim Khoon S. , Klotz Barbara J. , Lindberg Gabriella C. J. , Melchels Ferry P. W. , Hooper Gary J. , Malda Jos , Gawlitta Debby , Woodfield Tim B. F.
Published: April 2019

In this study, the cyto‐compatibility and cellular functionality of cell‐laden gelatin‐methacryloyl (Gel‐MA) hydrogels fabricated using a set of photo‐initiators which absorb in 400–450 nm of the visible light range are investigated. Gel‐MA hydrogels cross‐linked using ruthenium (Ru) and sodium persulfate (SPS), are characterized to have comparable physico‐mechanical properties as Gel‐MA gels photo‐polymerized using more conventionally adopted photo‐initiators, such as 1‐[4‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)‐phenyl]‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐1‐propan‐1‐one (Irgacure 2959) and lithium phenyl(2,4,6‐trimethylbenzoyl) phosphinate (LAP). It is demonstrated that the Ru/SPS system has a less adverse effect on the viability and metabolic activity of human articular chondrocytes encapsulated in Gel‐MA hydrogels for up to 35 days. Furthermore, cell‐laden constructs cross‐linked using the Ru/SPS system have significantly higher glycosaminoglycan content and re‐differentiation capacity as compared to cells encapsulated using I2959 and LAP. Moreover, the Ru/SPS system offers significantly greater light penetration depth as compared to the I2959 system, allowing thick (10 mm) Gel‐MA hydrogels to be fabricated with homogenous cross‐linking density throughout the construct. These results demonstrate the considerable advantages of the Ru/SPS system over traditional UV polymerizing systems in terms of clinical relevance and practicability for applications such as cell encapsulation, biofabrication, and in situ cross‐linking of injectable hydrogels.
Influence of Cu on nanostructure of Fe3O4 particles
Authors: Ikeda Hiroshi , Samusawa Itaru , Tachibana Shunichi , Shiotani Kazuhiko , Hase Kazukuni
Published: April 2019

Cu is effective on the refinement of Fe3O4 rust particles but its mechanism is not clarified. In this study, the influence of Cu on the nanostructure of Fe3O4 particles was investigated through a detailed analysis of the characteristics of the artificially synthesized Fe3O4 particles formed with Cu2+ by various means. X‐ray absorption fine structure analysis showed that Cu is substituted for octahedral Fe and exists as CuxFe(3‐x)O4 in Fe3O4. The first‐principle calculation showed that lattice strain resulted around the substituted Cu. These results suggest that this lattice strain around substituted Cu inhibited the lattice growth and contributed to the refinement of Fe3O4 particles.
Some forms of excluded middle for linear orders
Authors: Schuster Peter , Wessel Daniel
Published: April 2019

The intersection of a linearly ordered set of total subrelations of a total relation with range 2 need not be total, constructively.
A probability model on the average properties for the further stepwise polymerization of prepolymers
Authors: Shiau Lie‐Ding
Published: April 2019

In this work, a probability model is developed to calculate the average properties for the further stepwise polymerization of prepolymers. M͞n, M͞w, M͞z and M͞z+1 of the resulting polymer formed by the further polymerization of two A‐B prepolymers are derived as functions of the average properties of two reacting prepolymers and the conversion of the reaction. The developed model can be extended to derive other higher average molecular weights. This approach provides a useful scheme for obtaining the desired average properties of the resulting polymer from the average properties of two reacting prepolymers, instead of their complete distributions.
A case of transarterial and transvenous embolization for arteriovenous fistula with an aneurysmal component of the mandible after wisdom tooth extraction
Authors: Danjo Atsushi , Shimohira Daiji , Aijima Reona , Mori Keisuke , Tsuruoka Shoko , Yamashita Yoshio
Published: April 2019

We report a clinical case featuring a good course of recovery during 7 years of follow‐up. A 25‐year‐old woman was referred with abnormal bleeding upon chewing, which developed in the distal gingival sulcus of the left second molar. Her left lower third molar had been extracted in our outpatient clinic 5 years prior. Image modalities confirmed the presence of an arteriovenous fistula in the mandibular body. We performed n‐butyl cyanoacrylate embolization of the nutrient artery, and direct coil embolization of the aneurysm from the vein. After 7 years of follow‐up, the lesion has diminished in size and no recurrence has been noted.
Beauty in life: An eye‐tracking study on young adults’ aesthetic evaluation and vitality judgment of pictorial representations of sleeping and dead subjects
Authors: Di Dio Cinzia , Massaro Davide , Savazzi Federica A. , Gallese Vittorio , Garau Tiziana , Gilli Gabriella , Marchetti Antonella
Published: April 2019

Preferring life to death is deeply rooted in our biology. With the present study, we explored two questions: (1) Can this inclination be transposed to aesthetics, so that a living being is valued as more beautiful than a non‐living being? and (2) Are there any differences in the visual exploration of portrayals of a living compared to a dead human? In particular, are there any specific facial features representing the vitality status of a living or dead subject? By answering both questions, young adults’ eye gazing was analyzed while they observed, aesthetically judged, and judged the vitality status of faces extracted from paintings representing a sleeping or dead subject. The aesthetic preference for the stimuli as a function of vitality (living, dead) was assessed both during the eye‐tracking study and during a follow‐up priming behavioral experiment. The analysis of the responses given during the aesthetic judgment task in the eye‐tracking study revealed preference for the sleeping compared to the dead subjects, supporting proclivity to attribute greater aesthetic value to living beings. This evidence was substantially confirmed by the follow‐up priming behavioral study, which further showed a significant effect of explicit vitality labeling on the aesthetic evaluation of the portrayals of sleeping subjects. As far as the visual exploration of the stimuli is concerned, the main eye‐tracking results revealed great attention to the eye region of both sleeping and dead subjects, which was particularly enhanced for the sleeping compared to the dead subjects. For the latter stimuli, focused attention was also found to the mouth region. These results are discussed in light of different theoretical proposals, including the “embodied” theory of aesthetic perception based on the existence of mirror systems.
Sacroiliac Joint Hypermobility Biomechanics and What it Means for Health Care Providers and Patients
Authors: Enix Dennis E. , Mayer John M.
Published: April 2019

Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is complex with numerous etiologies. Proper stabilization of the sacroiliac joint allows for effective transfer of loads between the trunk and the lower extremities during static and dynamic activities, while maintaining a freely nutating motion. A loss of integrity of the stabilizing soft‐tissue structures inhibits the ability to transmit axial loads and creates uneven stresses on the joint and surrounding tissues. Hypermobility of the sacroiliac joint can be caused by ligamentous instability or secondary to adaptive biomechanical changes and increased stresses affecting the joints of the pelvis. This article examines the current evidence related to the loss of stability on sacroiliac joint pain and dysfunction. A review of exercise goals for the hypermobile joint is included.
XRN1‐associated long non‐coding RNAs may contribute to fungal virulence and sexual development in entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris
Authors: Wang Yulong , Shao Ying , Zhu Yunlan , Wang Kun , Ma Bin , Zhou Qiumei , Chen Anhui , Chen Hongwei
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND

Numerous long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) identified and characterized in mammals, plants, and fungi have been found to play critical regulatory roles in biological processes. However, little is known about the role of lncRNAs in insect pathogenic fungi.

RESULTS

By profiling the transcriptomes of sexual and asexual development in the insect‐pathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris, 4140 lncRNAs were identified and found to be dynamically expressed during fungal development. The lncRNAs had shorter transcript lengths and lower numbers of exons compared to protein‐coding genes. The expressed target genes (neighboring and cis‐regulated) of various expressed lncRNAs were predicted, and these genes showed significant enrichment in energy metabolism and signaling pathways, such as ‘Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis’ and “MAPK signaling pathway”. To better understand how lncRNAs function in the fungus, xrn1, the final gene of the NMD pathway, which determines the fate of lncRNAs, was disrupted. The Δxrn1 deletion mutant displayed significant (P < 0.05) attenuation of virulence and a lower growth rate in C. militaris. Quantitative RT‐PCR results revealed 10 lncRNAs with significantly higher expression, while 8 of these 10 lncRNA target genes (virulence‐ and sexual development‐related) showed significantly lower expression in Δxrn1 compared to in the wild‐type, suggesting that lncRNA expression regulates fungal virulence and sexual development by affecting gene expression.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that lncRNAs in C. militaris play important roles in the fungal infection progress and fruiting body production, providing a broad repertoire and resource for further studies of lncRNAs. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
A Study of Doping Profile for the Site Selectively Zn‐Doped p‐type Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Film for Solar Cell
Authors: Shirakata Sho
Published: April 2019

An attempt is made to dope Zn impurity selectively at the In site in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) by supplying Zn at the first stage of a three‐stage method. Increase in carrier concentration in p‐type CIGS leads to increase in an open circuit voltage and a conversion efficiency (η). The Zn impurity loaded in (In,Ga)2Se3 a the 1st stage is expected to make a substitutional ZnIn acceptor in CIGS, which leads to increase in carrier concentration. The Zn doping profile at the 1st stage is expected to be reflected in the acceptor (ZnIn) depth profile. Acceptor in‐depth profile is expected to be changed by the Zn flux. The room‐temperature PL spectra of the CIGS:Zn exhibited peak shift to higher energy by 10–50 meV depending on the Zn‐doping condition due to the change of band gap energy. The carrier in‐depth profile is characterized using a capacitance‐voltage method for ZnO/CdS/CIGS:Zn solar cells. Carrier concentration of Zn‐loaded samples increase by one order of magnitude as compared with that in the intentionally undoped CIGS samples. The relationship between the Zn‐doping profile and solar cell characteristics is examined. Results are also discussed in terms of the back surface field created by the Zn‐doping profile.
Urban impacts on the spatiotemporal pattern of short‐duration convective precipitation in a coastal city adjacent to a mountain range
Authors: Kusaka Hiroyuki , Nishi Akifumi , Mizunari Mayumi , Yokoyama Hitoshi
Published: April 2019

The present study examines urban impacts on short‐duration precipitation in an idealized coastal city adjacent to a mountain range using two‐dimensional idealized simulations performed with a modified version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. A unique aspect of this study is that an ensemble simulation approach with 243 members is used with sensitivity experiments to reduce uncertainty arising from nonlinearity in the precipitation simulation and to evaluate the statistical significance. Results of the experiments reveal that urbanization increases the precipitation leeward of the urban area and decreases it in the area further inland. These anomalies are statistically significant at the 99% level. Additional sensitivity experiments show that the urban influence on precipitation is slightly sensitive to the mountain height, urban scale and soil moisture, but not to the roughness length. Our analyses indicate that these precipitation changes arise because urbanization slows the sea‐breeze front, shifting the moisture convergence zone further inland. Additional analyses are done using the water‐budget equation and a linear theory on the diurnal variations of the planetary boundary layer. Results show that changes in the sea breezes and moisture transport arise from a decrease in surface pressure over the urban area associated with an increase in the surface sensible heat flux.
Biocomputing with Nanostructures on Lipid Bilayers
Authors: Seo Jinyoung , Kim Sungi , Park Ha H. , Nam Jwa‐Min
Published: April 2019

Biocomputation is the algorithmic manipulation of biomolecules. Nanostructures, most notably DNA nanostructures and nanoparticles, become active substrates for biocomputation when modified with stimuli‐responsive, programmable biomolecular ligands. This approach—biocomputing with nanostructures (“nano‐bio computing”)—allows autonomous control of matter and information at the nanoscale; their dynamic assemblies and beneficial properties can be directed without human intervention. Recently, lipid bilayers interfaced with nanostructures have emerged as a new biocomputing platform. This new nano‐bio interface, which exploits lipid bilayers as a chemical circuit board for information processing, offers a unique reaction space for realizing nanostructure‐based computation at a previously unexplored dimension. In this Concept, recent advances in nano‐bio computing are briefly reviewed and the newly emerging concept of biocomputing with nanostructures on lipid bilayers is introduced.
Sub‐10 nm Ag Nanoparticles/Graphene Oxide: Controllable Synthesis, Size‐Dependent and Extremely Ultrahigh Catalytic Activity
Authors: Wang Nannan , Guan Bo , Zhao Yao , Zou Ye , Geng Guangwei , Chen Penglei , Wang Fuyi , Liu Minghua
Published: April 2019

While tremendous advancements in Ag nanoparticle (AgNP)‐based materials have been made, the development of a facile protocol for preparing sub‐10 nm AgNPs with controllable size and ultrahigh performance remains a formidable challenge. It is shown that AgNPs/graphene oxide (AgNPs/GO) bearing 2.5, 4.3, and 6.2 nm AgNPs (2.5‐AgNPs/GO, 4.3‐AgNPs/GO, and 6.2‐AgNPs/GO, respectively) could be fabricated via light‐induced synthesis. Their catalytic activity toward 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) reduction, which is a “gold standard” for evaluating the performance of noble metal–based catalysts, is studied. When normalized by mole and area, the activity exhibits an order of 4.3‐AgNPs/GO > 6.2‐AgNPs/GO > 2.5‐AgNPs/GO and 6.2‐AgNPs/GO > 4.3‐AgNPs/GO > 2.5‐AgNPs/GO, respectively. This trend is a result of GO‐induced electron concentration reduction with decreasing AgNP size. Significantly, under similar conditions, the activity of 4.3‐AgNPs/GO is substantially superior to that of numerous state‐of‐the‐art noble metal–based catalysts. The ultrafine size of the AgNPs and their surface accommodation on the unobstructed 2D GO scaffolds without capping reagents/covers, which make the abundantly exposed catalytically active sites highly accessible to substrate molecules, play an important role in their extremely ultrahigh performance. This work paves a new avenue for high‐performance AgNP‐based materials, and by taking 4‐NP reduction as a proof‐of‐concept, provides new scientific insights into the rational design of surface‐based advanced materials.
UV Laser‐Induced Polyimide‐to‐Graphene Conversion: Modeling, Fabrication, and Application
Authors: Chen Yun , Long Junyu , Zhou Shuang , Shi Dachuang , Huang Yan , Chen Xin , Gao Jian , Zhao Ni , Wong Ching‐Ping
Published: April 2019

In the past decade, graphene has shown great value in both fundamental sciences and practical applications. In spite of the intense research efforts on achieving chemical‐free, low‐temperature processing of high‐quality graphene, cost‐effective synthetic methods to directly fabricate graphene sheets on a substrate are still lacking. Laser‐induced graphene (LIG) is a recently developed method to directly form graphene from carbon‐rich materials. In this work, combined are theoretical and experimental approaches to systematically investigate the light‐material interactions in LIG fabrication processes. First, developed is a molecular dynamics model to disclose the transient formation process of LIG and identified are the critical parameters that govern this process. Following the theoretical prediction, developed is a system to utilize a picosecond UV laser to directly fabricate graphene from polyimide films at room temperature and under atmospheric pressure. After investigating the effects of the laser processing parameters on the LIG quality and subsequent processing optimization, it is experimentally demonstrated that picosecond UV laser processing can be used to prepare high‐quality LIG. With the newly developed LIG, fabricated is a high‐sensitive proximity sensor.
Model uncertainties and bias in SHEAR strength predictions of slender stirrup reinforced concrete beams
Authors: Olalusi Oladimeji B. , Viljoen Celeste
Published: April 2019

Prior studies point to high model uncertainty in shear prediction. Model factors for various shear prediction models are characterized here, based on a recent and well‐vetted database of shear failures. Characterization includes estimation of main statistical parameters; and importantly also correlation and regression analysis to assess consistency of model factors over ranges of design parameters. The aim of the study is to identify models suitable for use as general probabilistic model (GPM) in future reliability assessments. The Variable Strut Inclination Method (VSIM), shear level of approximation III of the fib Model Code 2010, and ACI 318 displayed high bias, variability and various correlations with shear input parameters which make them unsuitable choices for GPM. The compression chord capacity model and the modified compression field theory displayed low bias and variability with consistent model factors over the ranges of shear design parameters and are thus suitable as GPM. Concerns stem from observed inconsistency in capacity prediction by VSIM and size effect in ACI. Reliability assessment is advised.
An adaptive time‐stepping scheme for the numerical simulation of Cahn‐Hilliard equation with variable mobility
Authors: Shah Abdullah , Sabir Muhammad , Ayub Sana
Published: April 2019

In spinodal decomposition phenomena, the initial perturbations evolve at a faster time scale while there is a slower growth at a later time. Therefore, using uniform small time‐steps for tracking the fast dynamics is computationally expensive. On the other hand, uniform large time‐steps may overlook the rapid changes. In this article, we propose an adaptive time‐stepping scheme for faster time scale simulations of spinodal decomposition by solving the Cahn‐Hilliard equation numerically. We consider the double well potential having a polynomial of 6th‐order along with 4th‐order polynomial for the variable mobility. A diagonally implicit fractional step θ‐scheme(DIFSTS) for temporal discretization while conforming finite element method for spatial discretization is used. Accuracy and efficiency of the method are given and simulations of 2D spinodal decomposition are illustrated graphically.
Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ivosidenib, an oral, targeted inhibitor of mutant IDH1, in patients with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Fan Bin , Mellinghoff Ingo K. , Wen Patrick Y. , Lowery Maeve A. , Goyal Lipika , Tap William D. , Pandya Shuchi S. , Manyak Erika , Jiang Liewen , Liu Guowen , Nimkar Tara , Gliser Camelia , Prahl Judge Molly , Agresta Sam , Yang Hua , Dai David
Published: April 2019

Background Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/IDH2) enzymes produce the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). Ivosidenib (AG-120) is a targeted mutant IDH1 inhibitor under evaluation in a phase 1 dose escalation and expansion study of IDH1-mutant advanced solid tumors including cholangiocarcinoma, chondrosarcoma, and glioma. We explored the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of ivosidenib in these populations. Methods Ivosidenib was administered orally once (QD) or twice (BID) daily in continuous 28-day cycles; 168 patients received ≥1 dose within the range 100 mg BID to 1200 mg QD. PK and PD were assessed using validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assays. Results Ivosidenib demonstrated good oral exposure after single and multiple doses, was rapidly absorbed, and had a long terminal half-life (mean 40–102 h after single dose). Exposure increased less than dose proportionally. Steady state was reached by day 15, with moderate accumulation across all tumors (1.5- to 1.7-fold for area-under-the-curve at 500 mg QD). None of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors assessed affected ivosidenib exposure, including patient/disease characteristics and concomitant administration of weak CYP3A4 inhibitors/inducers. After multiple doses in patients with cholangiocarcinoma or chondrosarcoma, plasma 2-HG was reduced by up to 98%, to levels seen in healthy subjects. Exposure-response relationships for safety and efficacy outcomes were flat across the doses tested. Conclusions Ivosidenib demonstrated good oral exposure and a long half-life. Robust, persistent plasma 2-HG inhibition was observed in IDH1-mutant cholangiocarcinoma and chondrosarcoma. Ivosidenib 500 mg QD is an appropriate dose irrespective of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02073994).
Comparing Incidence of Thrombosis in PICC and Midlines and Evaluating the Role of Anticoagulation, Site of Insertion, and Risk Factors
Authors: Zohourian Hajir , Schaubschlager Taylor , Phan Lee , Polsinelli Elizabeth , Hunter Kaydian , Timis Alexandra , Sanchez Darlene , Maini Archana , Hardigan Patrick , Carreon Arisha , Jani Vishal
Published: April 2019

Highlights

New practice models are in demand for prevention and reduction in rates of catheter thrombosis that can be devastating to the health care system and patients Risk factors for catheter thrombosis were analyzed retrospectively for their impact Site of insertion and overall use of anticoagulation at the time of catheter placement did not show any significant impact on incidence of thrombosis Several variables (i.e., triple lumen, critically ill) were used to create a clinical prediction score model
The Limits of Resistance Ideologies? The CNDD-FDD and the Legacies of Governance in Burundi
Authors: Burihabwa Ntagahoraho Z. , Curtis Devon E.A.
Published: April 2019

Why is it that ruling parties with origins as rebel movements fighting against perceived injustices and exclusion often abandon the ideas and visions of state transformation that they had articulated when they were fighting? Using the case of the Conseil National pour la Défense de la Démocratie–Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie (CNDD-FDD) in Burundi, this article shows that rather than experiencing an abrupt ideological change when the CNDD-FDD became a ruling party, there had always been ideological divergence within the movement. Over time, progressive ideas of inclusive state transformation were repeatedly sidelined in favour of a focus on resistance, and then state capture. Paradoxically, then, once it became a ruling party the CNDD-FDD reverted to governance practices that were akin to those that had led it to take up arms in the first place. This is not because of an absence of commitment to progressive ideas among some CNDD-FDD members, but because the internal dynamics of the CNDD-FDD meant that those factions relying on power politics eventually gained the upper hand over those that articulated a more progressive, inclusive vision, due in part to their ability to back their ideas with force.
Retrogressive failure of a static granular layer on an inclined plane
Authors: Russell A. S. , Johnson C. G. , Edwards A. N. , Viroulet S. , Rocha F. M. , Gray J. M. N. T.
Published: April 2019

When a layer of static grains on a sufficiently steep slope is disturbed, an upslope-propagating erosion wave, or retrogressive failure, may form that separates the initially static material from a downslope region of flowing grains. This paper shows that a relatively simple depth-averaged avalanche model with frictional hysteresis is sufficient to capture a planar retrogressive failure that is independent of the cross-slope coordinate. The hysteresis is modelled with a non-monotonic effective basal friction law that has static, intermediate (velocity decreasing) and dynamic (velocity increasing) regimes. Both experiments and time-dependent numerical simulations show that steadily travelling retrogressive waves rapidly form in this system and a travelling wave ansatz is therefore used to derive a one-dimensional depth-averaged exact solution. The speed of the wave is determined by a critical point in the ordinary differential equation for the thickness. The critical point lies in the intermediate frictional regime, at the point where the friction exactly balances the downslope component of gravity. The retrogressive wave is therefore a sensitive test of the functional form of the friction law in this regime, where steady uniform flows are unstable and so cannot be used to determine the friction law directly. Upper and lower bounds for the existence of retrogressive waves in terms of the initial layer depth and the slope inclination are found and shown to be in good agreement with the experimentally determined phase diagram. For the friction law proposed by Edwardset al.(J. Fluid. Mech., vol. 823, 2017, pp. 278–315,J. Fluid. Mech., 2019, (submitted)) the magnitude of the wave speed is slightly under-predicted, but, for a given initial layer thickness, the exact solution accurately predicts an increase in the wave speed with higher inclinations. The model also captures the finite wave speed at the onset of retrogressive failure observed in experiments.
‘The Lay Folks' Mass Book’ and Thomas Frederick Simmons: Medievalism and the Tractarians
Authors: JASPER DAVID , SMITH JEREMY
Published: April 2019

Thomas Frederick Simmons (1815–84) combined his ecclesiastical duties and liturgical interests with editing the fourteenth-century Middle EnglishLay folks’ mass book(1879) for the Early English Text Society, with the aim of showing the continuity of the English Church from the medieval period through the Reformation. In the light of modern scholarship, this article recontextualises both medieval text and Simmons's own editorial practice, and shows how Simmons, as a second-generation Tractarian churchman, sought in this text – and others associated with it – evidence for the Church of England's Catholic underpinning in an imagined medieval English Church.
Economic History and Contemporary Challenges to Globalization
Authors: O’Rourke Kevin Hjortshøj
Published: April 2019

The article surveys three economic history literatures that can speak to contemporary challenges to globalization: the literature on the anti-globalization backlash of the nineteenth century, focused largely on trade and migration; the literature on the Great Depression, focused largely on capital flows, the gold standard, and protectionism; and the literature on trade and warfare.
Insuring the Transatlantic Slave Trade
Authors: Pearson Robin , Richardson David
Published: April 2019

One important, but overlooked, risk mitigation device that facilitated the growth of the slave trade in the eighteenth century was the increasing availability of insurance for ships and their human cargoes. In this article we explore, for the first time, the relative cost of insurance for British slave traders, the underlying processes by which this key aspect of the business of slavery was conducted, and the factors behind price and other changes over time. Comparisons are also drawn with the transatlantic slave trades of other nations. As well as analyzing the business of underwriting slave voyages, we have two other objectives. First, we explore the meaning of slave insurance from the perspective of those directly involved in the trade. Was it about insuring lives or goods? Second, we provide new estimates of the importance of the slave trade to U.K. marine insurance. Did the former drive the growth of the latter, as Joseph Inikori has claimed?
Further additions to the genusMenegazziaA. Massal. (Parmeliaceae) in Australia, with a revised regional key
Authors: KANTVILAS Gintaras
Published: April 2019

An identification key to the 39 species ofMenegazziarecorded for Australia and its offshore islands (including Tasmania) is presented. Distribution patterns are discussed and summarized. Mainland Australia supports 19 species, with seven endemics, and shares 12 species with Tasmania, six with New Zealand and one with South America. The new species,Menegazzia williamsiiKantvilas from New South Wales, is described and is characterized by an inflated, fragile, esorediate thallus containing stictic acid but lacking isopigmentosin, 2-spored asci and an inspersed epihymenium. In addition,M. hypernotaBjerke, formerly known only from New Zealand, is recorded from Tasmania for the first time.
Integrative taxonomy: ghosts of past, present and future
Authors: Gómez Daglio Liza , Dawson Michael N
Published: April 2019

Describing species has been a formal, intellectually rich and influential applied and basic area of study for many of the past 260 years. While formally described eukaryotic diversity still falls short of estimated eukaryotic species diversity by many hundreds of thousands of species, some recent accounts have suggested a growing number of taxonomists are within reach of describing all extant species. We present a case study that illustrates, to the contrary, a recent ‘taxonomic impediment’ in part attributable to derogation of taxonomy as a scientific discipline: contemporary practice has re-interpreted taxonomy largely as an endeavour in enumerating species. We argue that challenges lie in (1) a poor understanding of taxonomy's epistemology; (2) excessive displacement of interest toward ecological or molecular studies; (3) over-interpretation of the contributions of multiple authors describing a species; and (4) perspectives that are strongly influenced by well-known taxa. The historical and recent literature on scyphozoans reveal ghosts of taxonomy's past that persist in the present, but suggest also that a renaissance enabled by integrative taxonomy is possible in the (near) future.
Biomarker approaches to assessing intakes and health impacts of sweeteners: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Gallagher Alison M. , Logue Caomhán
Published: April 2019

The term ‘sweeteners’ encompasses both nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners, which when added to food/beverages, can enhance the flavour and other functional properties of food/beverage products. This review considers how dietary biomarker approaches may enhance current understanding of nutritive sweetener (namely free sugars) and non-nutritive or low-energy sweetener (LES) intakes and how these may impact health. Recent public health strategies to reduce free sugar consumption will help contribute to challenging sugar intake targets. Robust evaluation is needed to determine the effectiveness of these approaches to reducing free sugar consumption. LES provides a sweet taste without the addition of appreciable energy and can help maintain the palatability of reformulated products. All LES undergo rigorous safety evaluations prior to approval for use. Whilst intervention data suggest LES can be beneficial for health (relating to weight status and glycaemic control), debate persists on their use and findings from population-based research are mixed, in part because of potential contributing factors such as reverse causality. Additionally, assessments often consider only certain sources of LES (e.g. LES-beverages) and/or LES as a homogeneous group despite differing biological fates, thus not adequately capturing intakes of individual LES or allowing for reliable estimation of overall intakes. Urinary biomarker approaches developed/investigated for sweetener consumption have the potential to overcome existing limitations of dietary data by providing more objective intake data, thereby enhancing population-based research. In conclusion, such biomarker approaches to the concomitant study of free sugars and LES intakes are timely and represent interesting developments in an area of significant public health interest.
Dimensions of anxiety in Major depressive disorder and their use in predicting antidepressant treatment outcome: an iSPOT-D report
Authors: Braund Taylor A. , Palmer Donna M. , Williams Leanne M. , Harris Anthony W. F.
Published: April 2019

Background

Major depressive disorder (MDD) commonly co-occurs with clinically significant levels of anxiety. However, anxiety symptoms are varied and have been inconsistently associated with clinical, functional, and antidepressant treatment outcomes. We aimed to identify and characterise dimensions of anxiety in people with MDD and their use in predicting antidepressant treatment outcome.

Method

1008 adults with a current diagnosis of single-episode or recurrent, nonpsychotic, MDD were assessed at baseline on clinical features and cognitive/physiological functioning. Participants were then randomised to one of three commonly prescribed antidepressants and reassessed at 8 weeks regarding symptom change, as well as remission and response, on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale Depression (HRSD17) and the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-SR16). Exploratory factor analysis was used on items from scales assessing anxiety symptoms, and resulting factors were assessed against clinical features and cognitive/physiological functioning. Factors were also assessed on their ability to predict treatment outcome.

Results

Three factors emerged relating to stress, cognitive anxiety, and somatic anxiety. All factors showed high internal consistency, minimal cross-loadings, and unique clinical and functional profiles. Furthermore, only higher somatic anxiety was associated with poorer QIDS-SR16remission, even after adjusting for covariates and multiple comparisons.

Conclusions

Anxiety symptoms in people with MDD can be separated onto distinct factors that differentially respond to treatment outcome. Furthermore, these factors do not align with subscales of established measures of anxiety. Future research should consider cognitive and somatic symptoms of anxiety separately when assessing anxiety in MDD and their use in predicting treatment outcome.
Tempering the cosmic scope problem in Christian soteriology: hylemorphic animalism and Gregory of Nazianzus
Authors: RUTLEDGE JONATHAN CURTIS
Published: April 2019

Christian scripture provides good reason to think that Christ's redemptive work has cosmic scope (cf. Colossians 1:19–20). Explanations of how Christ's work might extend to all creation (including any sufficiently human-like extraterrestrials) have not, however, received significant sustained attention in theology. In this article, I consider two attempts to explain the cosmic scope of redemption, and after identifying shortcomings with each explanation, I offer a philosophical anthropology (hylemorphic animalism), which when combined with a principle of soteriology due to Gregory of Nazianzus provides a full explanation for how Christ's redemptive work might extend to all creation.
The making of the Second English Coronation Ordo
Authors: Pratt David
Published: April 2019

This article reassesses the Second English Coronation Ordo in the light of its relationship to Carolingian sources. The dependence of the Ordo on a distinctive West Frankish source, here termed the Leiden Ordo, has many implications, since the Leiden Ordo seems likely to have been composed for the anointing of Charles the Straightforward by Fulk of Rheims in January 893. This finding provides a probable context for the importing of West Frankish ordines in King Alfred's dealings with Rheims. It also strengthens the case for placing the Second Ordo in the mid- or late 890s, rather than early in Athelstan's reign. Anointing practices were directly implicated in the ‘crisis of authority’ affecting the Carolingian world in the late ninth century. The new understanding of the Second Ordo adds a further dimension to King Alfred's efforts to promote the ‘kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons’, and has wider implications for the development of royal ordines in western Europe.
Latin, Old English and documentary practice at Worcester from Wærferth to Oswald
Authors: Gallagher Robert , Tinti Francesca
Published: April 2019

This article analyses the uses of Latin and Old English in the charters of Worcester cathedral, which represents one of the largest and most linguistically interesting of the surviving Anglo-Saxon archives. Specifically focused on the period encompassing the episcopates of Wærferth and Oswald (c. 870 to 992), this survey examines a time of intense administrative activity at Worcester, contemporaneous with significant transformations in the political and cultural life of Anglo-Saxon England more generally. In doing so, this article argues that when writing in either Latin or the vernacular, charter draftsmen responded to a number of variables; language choice did not simply reflect varying levels of literacy. Furthermore, the frequent cases of code-switching found in tenth-century Worcester documents mark this community out as exceptional, suggesting that attitudes towards the interaction between the two languages could vary considerably between institutions.
Wulfstan's noble pagans
Authors: Reinhard Ben
Published: April 2019

Given his frequently expressed hostility to pagans, Wulfstan's apparent commendation of their devotion at the beginning of the Sermo Lupi has long been a source of scholarly frustration. While the passage is without parallel in Wulfstan's Old English writings, it is mirrored closely by several other texts in Wulfstanian manuscripts, including a previously unedited tract titled De ueneratione sacerdotum. These tracts provide the best analogues for the passage in the Sermo Lupi, explaining how it came to be written and giving a glimpse into how Wulfstan composed the sermon.
Exploring the association of infant receptive language and pitch variability in fathers’ infant-directed speech
Authors: QUIGLEY Jean , NIXON Elizabeth , LAWSON Sarah
Published: April 2019

The objective of this study was to examine the links between prosodic features of paternal Infant-Directed Speech (IDS) and child characteristics. Pitch variability measures were extracted from the speech samples of 50 fathers during unstructured play with their two-year-old children. Evidence for a link between child receptive language ability (measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III) and fathers’ pitch variability was obtained from Multiple Hierarchical Regression. Findings support the hypothesis that fathers tailor their speech to their children. This is one of the few studies to examine the relationship between fathers’ IDS and child language ability.
Medial Temporal Lobe Atrophy is Related to Learning Strategy Changes in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Zhang Liling , Sun Wen-hao , Xing Mengya , Wang Yue , Zhang Yuanyuan , Sun Qingna , Cheng Yan , Shi Chuan , Zhang Nan
Published: April 2019

Objective: Deficits in the semantic learning strategy were observed in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) in our previous study. In the present study, we explored the contributions of executive function and brain structure changes to the decline in the semantic learning strategy in aMCI. Methods: A neuropsychological battery was used to test memory and executive function in 96 aMCI subjects and 90 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs). The semantic clustering ratio on the verbal learning test was calculated to evaluate learning strategy. Medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) were measured on MRI with the MTA and Fazekas visual rating scales, respectively. Results: Compared to HCs, aMCI subjects had poorer performance in terms of memory, executive function, and the semantic clustering ratio (P < .001). In aMCI subjects, no significant correlation between learning strategy and executive function was observed. aMCI subjects with obvious MTA demonstrated a lower semantic clustering ratio than those without MTA (P < .001). There was no significant difference in the learning strategies between subjects with high-grade WMH and subjects with low-grade WMH. Conclusion: aMCI subjects showed obvious impairment in the semantic learning strategy, which was attributable to MTA but independent of executive dysfunction and subcortical WMH. These findings need to be further validated in large cohorts with biomarkers identified using volumetric brain measurements. (JINS, 2019, 25, 706–717)
Commentary: Nuancing the Meaning of Cultural Diversity
Authors: Montiel Cristina Jayme , Macapagal Ma. Elizabeth J.
Published: April 2019

The featured articles in the section on cultural diversity across the Pacific address important cultural issues in psychology as applied to psychopathology (Marsella & Yamada, 2011), intercultural relations and acculturation (Berry, 2011) and the phenomenon of culture shock (Furnham, 2011). We appreciate how the three articles offer a wide multidisciplinary lens and view mental problems from this broader vantage point. Beyond narratives of biology and individual personality dispositions, the authors include an anthropologists' eye to viewing mental illness (Marsella & Yamada, 2011), use sociological explanations of intergroup relations in a multicultural model of acculturation (Berry, 2011) and refer to demographic migration patterns to elucidate culture shock among foreign students (Furnham, 2011). The contribution of this set of writings lies in its insightful emphasis on how culture interfaces with one's subjective life. Our essay unpacks the cultural lens used in the psychological accounts, points out conceptual spaces that are largely unexplored in cross-cultural psychology (something that is observed and lamented by these authors in their articles here and elsewhere) and suggests avenues for future research about cultural diversity.
Reconciling the Long‐Term Relationship Between Reservoir Pore Pressure Depletion and Compaction in the Groningen Region
Authors: Smith Jonathan D. , Avouac Jean‐Philippe , White Robert S. , Copley Alex , Gualandi Adriano , Bourne Stephen
Published: April 2019

The Groningen gas reservoir, situated in the northeast of the Netherlands is western Europe's largest gas reservoir. Due to gas production measurable subsidence and seismicity has been detected across this region, attributed to the deformations induced by reservoir pore pressure depletion. We investigate the surface displacement history using a principal component analysis‐based inversion method to combine a diverse set of optical leveling, interferometric synthetic aperture radar, and Global Positioning System data to better constrain reservoir compaction and subsidence history. The generated compaction model is then used in combination with prior pressure depletion models to determine a reservoir uniaxial compressibility. The best fitting model of uniaxial compressibility is time independent but spatially variable. The absence of evidence for any significant time delay between changes in depletion and compaction rates supports an instantaneous poroelastic reservoir response. The absence of nonlinear yielding at the largest compaction strains suggests that anelastic deformations are a minor part of reservoir compaction.
Role of Greenland Freshwater Anomaly in the Recent Freshening of the Subpolar North Atlantic
Authors: Dukhovskoy D. S. , Yashayaev I. , Proshutinsky A. , Bamber J. L. , Bashmachnikov I. L. , Chassignet E. P. , Lee C. M. , Tedstone A. J.
Published: April 2019

The cumulative Greenland freshwater flux anomaly has exceeded 5,000 km3 since the 1990s. The volume of this surplus freshwater is expected to cause substantial freshening in the North Atlantic. Analysis of hydrographic observations in the subpolar seas reveals freshening signals in the 2010s. The sources of this freshening are yet to be determined. In this study, the relationship between the surplus Greenland freshwater flux and this freshening is tested by analyzing the propagation of the Greenland freshwater anomaly and its impact on salinity in the subpolar North Atlantic based on observational data and numerical experiments with and without the Greenland runoff. A passive tracer is continuously released during the simulations at freshwater sources along the coast of Greenland to track the Greenland freshwater anomaly. Tracer budget analysis shows that 44% of the volume of the Greenland freshwater anomaly is retained in the subpolar North Atlantic by the end of the simulation. This volume is sufficient to cause strong freshening in the subpolar seas if it stays in the upper 50–100 m. However, in the model the anomaly is mixed down to several hundred meters of the water column resulting in smaller magnitudes of freshening compared to the observations. Therefore, the simulations suggest that the accelerated Greenland melting would not be sufficient to cause the observed freshening in the subpolar seas and other sources of freshwater have contributed to the freshening. Impacts on salinity in the subpolar seas of the freshwater transport through Fram Strait and precipitation are discussed.