bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Challenges of Forensic Technology in Responding to Identity Document Theft in Polokwane Policing Area, South Africa
Authors: Moyahabo Rakololo William , Maluleke Witness , Barkhuizen Jaco
Published: October 2020

This study explores the challenges of forensic technology in responding to Identity Document (ID) theft as an approach used by the South African Police Service (SAPS) in the Polokwane policing area. This study further evaluates the availability of technological and conventional resources to respond to this scourge, as well as the capabilities of the SAPS to utilise the available [lack of forensic technology] resources to respond best to ID theft. This was done by analysing preventative measures, associated with these challenges, as faced by SAPS and other relevant stakeholders on responding to this crime in the Polokwane Central Business District (CBD), Bendor Park, and Flora Park, coupled with the number of stores situated in the business sectors of these selected areas. For this study, the researchers adopted a quantitative research approach with 90 respondents in the identified areas. This study established that the secretive nature of ID theft makes it difficult for the relevant stakeholders (Not limited to the local SAPS, Businesses, and Public members as presented by this study) to effectively respond to this scourge. Negatively, the forefront gatekeepers to respond to this crime are mainly SAPS Constables with less training to investigates ID theft properly. Thus, find themselves being more reactive than proactive, which contributes to the difficulty of locating potential perpetrators in the process of conventional investigations applications. Furthermore, ID thieves utilise advanced technological resources (I.e. Computer hacking software), as opposed to SAPS which does not have systems nor capacity to effectively respond to this crime. The limited resources at the disposal of SAPS also renders its effort in responding to this crime inadequate. For recommendations; significant emphases should be directed on the promotion of public awareness through public education for the use of forensic technology as an investigative and identification tool of responding to ID theft. The intensive training of SAPS officials and inter-governmental corroboration between SAPS, Department of Home Affairs (DHA), and other relevant stakeholders in understanding this technology are highly advised.
Compensation for Oil Pollution Due to Tanker Accidents in the Indonesian Legal System in a Justice Value Perspective
Authors: Gede Sudika Mangku Dewa , Kristianti Purwendah Elly , Rantau Itasari Endah , Resti Nurhayati Bernadeta
Published: October 2020

The sea potentially fulfills the interests of sea transportation; for example, the transportation of tankers. The Indonesian sea is included in the seas with the dense traffic of tankers causing the risk of oil pollution due to tanker accidents. For example, the three cases of oil contamination caused by tanker accidents occurred in the Cilacap Sea which is the largest oil refinery in Indonesia. This study aimed to find the value of justice for oil pollution losses due to tanker accidents considering that Indonesia has ratified the international convention of the civil liability of oil spill by tanker, Convention on Civil Liability 1969, and its amendment of Convention on Civil Liability 1992, along with its supplementary protocol. The international law principles (polluter pays principle, precautionary principle, and strict liability) for oil tanker losses caused by tankers have been applied to the national legal system. There were still overlapping authorities and the conflicts of authorities among the institutes in the period before 2015 before the establishment of the Coordinating Ministry of Marine Affairs. After the periodization of 2015 with the formation of the Coordinating Ministry of Marine Affairs, it is expected to resolve the loss of oil pollution as a result of tanker accidents using the right method of calculating the loss of natural resources, taking into account the willingness to pay and the willingness to accept between the insurance and victims.
An Exploratory Study on Causes of Identity Document Theft in South Africa
Authors: Moyahabo Rakololo William , Maluleke Witness
Published: October 2020

This study explores the causes of Identity Document (ID) theft in South Africa, the focus is concentrated to Polokwane Central Business District (CBD), Bendor Park, and Flora Park, and the number of stores situated in the business sectors of these areas. From a quantitative standpoint, 90 respondents were selected in this study. The findings indicate that conceptual understanding of this crime (ID theft) can play a pivotal role in addressing the manifestation of this crime in a large extent as nature and extent can be established, the use of technological means also contribute to ID theft, this is also linked to individuals (victims) ignorance. For recommendations; the use of technology and conventional method in awareness can help in responding to the scale and consequence of ID theft in the Polokwane Policing Area effectively.
Victimisation of African Foreign Nationals in Durban, South Africa
Authors: Balgobind Singh Shanta
Published: October 2020

Media reports of the continued violence and discrimination experienced by African Foreign Nationals1 in South Africa have brought into the forefront victimisation of this sector, despite pledges by the government and law enforcement agencies to put a stop to it. This is also linked to current social milieu debates taking place within international trends on migration. Studies and evidence have shown that although the attitudes towards foreign nationals vary across South Africa's socio-economic and ethnic spectrum, foreigners who live and work in South Africa do face discrimination by citizens, some government officials, members of the police, and by private organisations who are contracted to manage their detention and deportation. This research, with a qualitative approach, explores the persistent issues that threaten African Foreign Nationals. Fifty participants were selected through a purposive sampling technique. The main aim of this research was to examine the issues that threatened the safety and security of African Foreign Nationals in Durban, South Africa. It was found that offences such as physical assault (i.e. Grievous Bodily Harm - GBH), arson, rape, verbal abuse, house robberies, property damage as well as discrimination were serious crimes perpetrated against African Foreign Nationals which was often characterised by xenophobic violent attacks against them.
Financial Crime on Investigation in Industrial Revolution 4.0 Era
Authors: Sukardi
Published: October 2020

The advancement of digital technology in the industrial 4.0 era has impacted the growth of economic and financial crime, especially financial technology, or Fintech. It was not followed by legal development to overcome these impacts; therefore, to overcome a gap in financial crime that uses digital technology as a tool in committing crimes, new effective and efficient concepts and methods are needed. One fitting theory is the notion of following the money utilizing the method of a financial crime investigation. This approach uses investigative audit and forensic accounting to trace assets over the profits of the crime. However, to implement the method, it is necessary to modify the substance of the legal system to shift the orientation from the orientation of proof of error to proving the proceeds of crime. The article finds that in the aspect of structure, a synergistic and harmonious coordination system is needed between law enforcers and all related parties. While in the aspect of legal culture, the development of community economic infrastructure is needed, especially business transactions that support data-based systems.
The Abda’u Ritual: Ethnographic Communication Study of Tulehu Society in the Moluccas, Indonesia
Authors: Ridwan M. , Toisuta Hasbollah , Sulaeman Sulaeman , Salam Nur
Published: October 2020

The study focuses on the emerging phenomenon of abda’u ritual at the Eid al-Adha celebration in the month of Dhu al-Hijjah. Eid al-Adha celebration by the Tulehu society in the Moluccas, Indonesia is to identify the trust and values local tradition as a form of struggle, defense and flag upholding, struggle for sacrificial animals with ideology upholding of Islamic teachings. This ritual uses the communication media of three goats to be sacrificial animals and is distributed to three the indigenous village which is contested by abda’u participants. This research employed a subjective interpretive paradigm with an ethnographic communication approach pioneered by Dell Hymes based on a symbolic interaction perspective the abda’u ritual at the Eid al-Adha celebration. The symbol of devotion to Allah is a distribution by sharing with other communities that become the glue to arouse sacrifice through the sentence Lailaha ilallah muhammadarrasulullah. The findings show that the abda’u communication ritual is formed based on awareness to preserve the procession of the sacrifice of the sacrificed animals, and the social solidarity, syiar of Islam, enforcing Islam ideological through devotion to Allah.
Ballet in the Court Theatre of Michał Kazimierz Ogiński
Authors: Šabasevičius Helmutas
Published: October 2020

The article deals with the theatrical activities of Prince Michał Kazimierz Ogiński (1730–1800) focusing on ballet performances produced in his court in Slanim. Research centres on the ballet Philosophy of Women, the hand-written libretto of which belongs to the Manuscript Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. The author presents new information about other productions of Felice Moryni, the choreographer of The Philosophy of Women, and compares its libretto with the libretto of the ballet of the same title produced in Venice by the Italian dancer Anna Beneti. The dramatic scheme of the performance and its possible visual forms, which are linked to the aesthetics of late Baroque and Rococo, are discussed.
Stanisław Moniuszko, Wiktor Każyński, and Adaptations of Lithuanian Folk Songs
Authors: Bakutytė Vida
Published: October 2020

The article analyses carefully selected and research-focused biographical facts and documents of two prominent musicians, Stanisław Moniuszko (1819–1872) and Wiktor Każyński (1812–1867), who lived and created in Vilnius in the middle of the nineteenth century. The research enables us to identify which one of them is the author of the manuscript titled “Material for Further Adaptations of Lithuanian Folk Songs” (Pol., “Materialy dalsze do obrabiania pieśni ludu litewskiego”). The publication highlights the importance of this document the title and content of which entail the activity of collecting Lithuanian folk songs that is so significant for the studies into the music history of Lithuania. New insights into the biographies, creative work, and correspondence of the two musicians provide an opportunity to verify the possibly erroneous statement established in historiography, according to which the authorship of this manuscript is attributed to Stanisław Moniuszko. Clarification of various circumstances associated with the origin of the above-mentioned document presented in the article leads to the conclusion that its authorship should be attributed to Wiktor Każyński, a composer and contemporary of Stanisław Moniuszko.
Choralo mokykla (The School of Plainchant) by Teodoras Brazys within the Context of International Studies on Gregorian Chant in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Vilimas Jonas
Published: October 2020

Among the books on the history and theory of music written in Lithuania in the past, there are some works that have made a significant impact on the development of the Lithuanian musical culture and which, however, are quite forgotten nowadays. One of these is the handbook of Gregorian chant Choralo mokykla (The School of Plainchant) by Teodoras Brazys (1870–1930), the renowned Lithuanian priest, composer, and musicologist of the first half of the twentieth century. The handbook was published in 1926, in the early years of the restored Republic of Lithuania. However, it could still be considered as the best written methodological aid in this field. The article deals with the circumstances and the motives of writing this handbook, along with a discussion of the European context of the movement for restoration and promulgation of Gregorian chant, especially after the pontificate of Pius X and his notable motu proprio Tra le sollecitudini. It also analyses the impact of the authors that Brazys mentions himself and the works and methods used by them. In addition, the article examines the level of originality of the handbook and attempts to trace the books and handbooks that made the biggest impact on Brazys and his work.
To Interpret or To Recreate: A Theory of Authenticity in Performance Practice
Authors: Navickaitė-Martinelli Lina
Published: October 2020

Among the discourses on the art of music performance, both in the verbal communication of the performers and the analyses and critical evaluations of their art, a recurrent concept is that of the “authentic performance.” Functioning in musical contexts in several interrelated senses, this concept and the ideology behind it can undoubtedly be considered an influential current which, by the end of the twentieth century, had a significant impact on the whole industry of classical music in its broadest sense. Hence, it deserves to be introduced as a distinctive type of a performance-related issue and analysed as such. Since the final decades of the twentieth century, the most common use of this concept has referred to the type of performance that synonymously is termed “historically informed” or “historically aware.” An important aspect of such a performance, besides the study of treatises and manuscripts from the period, is the employment of “period”, “original”, or, indeed, “authentic” instruments and playing techniques from the times when the interpreted music was first performed. Thorough studies have been devoted to the issue where, along with the arguments in favour of and motives for an authentic performance, a great deal of criticism has been levelled against the idea. What, then, lies behind the concept of being “authentic”? The present article draws on the existing discussion of the meaning(s) and (im)possibility of an authentic performance, placing particular interest in the semiotic approach to the issue of authenticity in music and, in particular, in musical performance. Two main sources are relied on here: Eero Tarasti’s Existential Semiotics (2000) and Dario Martinelli’s Authenticity, Performance and Other Double-Edged Words (2010), which are at the same time part of a continuum (Martinelli’s reflections are inspired by Tarasti, and both refer to Greimas and Eco) as well as displays of different conclusions (starting from the fact that Tarasti, generally speaking, defends the concept, while Martinelli shows signs of scepticism towards a certain (ab)use of the idea). Adding her reflections on the matter, the author offers a new perspective on how to analyse the idea of authenticity in art music performance.
Crimes do colarinho branco: da vitimização à cumplicidade da sociedade brasileira
Authors: Silva Rafael Rocha
Published: October 2020

O presente trabalho apresentou um breve histórico dos crimes do colarinho branco, levantando dados desde a colonização até os dias atuais. Nesse contexto remetendo ao comportamento da sociedade e dos atores praticantes do referido delito. Perpassando pelos dispositivos legais presentes na legislação brasileira. A breve análise ética e moral desvendou um debate com filósofos jurídicos acerca dos possíveis motivos estimulantes da prática delituosa.
Educação do campo e a prática social: uma oficina pedagógica transformadora sobre a moringa oleífera
Authors: Souza Bianca Oliveira de , Barboza Thales de Araújo , Silva Yane Gama da , Silva Wesley da , Santos Marcos Oliveira
Published: October 2020

Este artigo discorre sobre a educação formal do campo vinculada ao mundo do trabalho e a prática social dos educandos, a partir de uma oficina pedagógica realizada com turma de um curso técnico em agropecuária. Como ponto de partida se emprega os estudos a respeito da moringa oleífera devido a sua vasta aplicação cotidiana nas diversas áreas do conhecimento, e por ser uma planta presente na região, além de seu potencial de contribuição para a comunidade local dos discentes, evidenciando assim três elementos importantes nos aspectos didáticos-pedagógicos para uma educação emancipadora: a interdisciplinaridade, a  contextualização e a transformação da realidade. A metodologia utilizada foi através da aplicação de uma oficina intitulada “As diferentes utilidades da Moringa Oleífera”, por meio de observações sobre a atividade e as respostas referentes a um questionário empregado no final das ações. Os objetivos principais foram vincular a educação formal com a prática social dos educandos do campo, socializar conhecimentos contextualizados sobre as diferentes utilidades da moringa, contribuir na formação técnica e social dos alunos do Centro Territorial de Educação Profissional do Piemonte Norte do Itapicuru (CETEP) e ampliar os saberes e a experiência profissional em sala de aula para os licenciandos em Ciências Agrárias. O resultado da oficina aponta para a efetivação de um ensino contextualizado, interdisciplinar, vinculado aos aspectos do mundo do trabalho e das práticas sociais, pautado na demanda de uma educação do campo. Ressalta-se especialmente o valor didático-pedagógico dessa atividade para todos os alunos que participaram, demonstrando interesse em compartilhar os saberes adquiridos, cooperando assim com sua comunidade, na expectativa de uma melhoria na qualidade de vida dos pequenos produtores rurais da região.
Análise das manifestações patológicas da ponte sobre o Rio Pedra no município de Delmiro Gouveia/AL: estudo de caso
Authors: Silva Rafael Alves da , Pereira Erik Eduardo Honorio , Santos Rogério de Jesus
Published: October 2020

Nas estruturas de obras de arte especiais de concreto armado (ex.: pontes e viadutos) a avaliação periódica das patologias possui grande importância visto a necessidade de manter um nível de segurança estrutural conforme as normativas vigentes, evitando assim a ruína e aumentando a proteção a vida como também a conservação do patrimônio. Contudo no Brasil, não é comum a realização de manutenção periódica nas pontes, consequentemente, manifestações são frequentemente observadas. Em alagoas, atualmente diversas estruturas não se enquadram dentro dos parâmetros exigidos em normas, oferecendo possíveis riscos aos seus usuários e ao meio. Diante disso, o presente trabalho analisa de forma visual e por meio de ensaios in loco as patologias presentes em alguns dos componentes estruturais da ponte sobre o Rio Pedra do município de Delmiro Gouveia/AL, baseadas nas normas vigentes: NBR 6118 (2014), NBR 7584 (2012), NBR 14178 (2001), NBR 15575 (2013), Norma DNIT/090 (2006), Norma DNIT/122(2009), Manual de inspeção rodoviária DNIT/709 (2004) e LNEC E391 (2019). Com base nos resultados das análises, nota-se que a estrutura contém diversos locais onde há o comprometimento das armaduras devido a oxidação, além de carbonatação, existência de aberturas, focos de ataque de eflorescência, infiltração, entupimento do sistema de drenagem, entre outros. Por meio do ensaio de esclerometria foi possível constatar que houve redução de cerca de 23,3% da resistência entre os pilares mais e menosresistentes como também houve diferenças de resistência no valor de 16,19% entre faces de um mesmo pilar. De posse dos métodos construtivos atuais no âmbito da engenharia civil, a ponte analisada compreende um estado preocupante de estabilidade estrutural o que necessita de estudos mais profundos em que é possível traçar planos de manutenções corretiva e periódicas com o intuito de garantir a segurança quanto ao uso e revitalizar estruturalmente a obra.
Arquitetura infantil: como a arquitetura pode ser uma influenciadora no aprendizado das crianças e não as deixar crescerem com dificuldade no aprendizado
Authors: Geraldo Garcia Prado Camilo , Silva Castro Talita
Published: October 2020

No Brasil há várias discussões sobre a qualidade e o desempenho das escolas. O ambiente escolar deve abrigar as crianças para que elas fiquem mais confortáveis. Está em discussão também o modelo ideal para o índice de aprendizado aumentar, fazendo com que se consiga melhorar a integração dos espaços sem ficar preso a estética. O principal objetivo é compreender como que a arquitetura e a educação têm a capacidade de caminharem juntas e fazer do ambiente escolar e o ensino melhores, analisando a importância de cada ambiente e suas funções, optando por espaços mais coloridos e mais humanizados.
Liderança e empreendedorismo no conselho de administração das cooperativas
Authors: Vieira Batista dos Santos Vando , Monaco Vieira Flávia
Published: October 2020

O Conselho de Administração é o órgão da alta administração da cooperativa, responsável pela execução do planejamento estratégico, composto por membros eleitos pelo colegiado. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as características empreendedoras e de liderança presentes nos membros do conselheiro de administração nas cooperativas. Por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica, buscou-se descrever o perfil empreendedor, principalmente daqueles que atuam no coletivo, assim como as características presentes nas lideranças. Os resultados inferem que para o cargo de conselheiro de administração são necessários: conhecimentos técnicos, conhecimentos gerenciais, habilidades interpessoais e experiências prévias. O sucesso da organização está ligado à capacidade de seus gestores em tomarem decisões assertivas e tempestivas, sendo fundamental a formação de líderes empreendedores capazes de trabalhar com cooperação, visão sistêmica, ética, inovação e vontade de evoluir.
O plano diretor com estratégia para o desenvolvimento do turismo em pequenos municípios do Oeste Catarinense
Authors: Saccol Ferreira Anderson , Lorenzon Mateus
Published: October 2020

Essa pesquisa averigua como o Plano Diretor pode atuar para o desenvolvimento do turismo em pequenos municípios. A análise investiga 117 municípios localizados no Oeste Catarinense, sendo estes 92 municípios com população de até 10 mil habitantes. Por meio da pesquisa documental investigamos os indicadores de desenvolvimentos sustentável municipal com ênfase nas dimensões sociocultural, econômica e ambiental.  A pesquisa demonstrou que 38 municípios com população inferior a 20 mil habitantes não possuem Planos Diretores ou quais quer outras leis que proporcionam criar diretrizes para o desenvolvimento do turismo, da mesma maneira demostra formas de integrar os Planos Diretores como instrumento de desenvolvimento do turismo local e regional.
Poluição atmosférica em cidades brasileiras: uma breve revisão dos impactos na saúde pública e meio ambiente
Authors: Marques Torres Leandro , Di Paula da Silva Pinheiro Cézar , Dias Azevedo Sarah , Rick Soares Rodrigues Paulo , Prissila Reis Sandim Débora
Published: October 2020

Estima-se que atualmente cerca de 50% da população mundial habita em cidades e aglomerados urbanos podendo estar sujeitas a níveis crescentes de poluentes do ar. Dentre as matérias consideradas poluentes atmosféricos, destacam-se os gases e material particulado proveniente, sobretudo de fontes antrópicas, como os veículos automotores e as indústrias. Estima-se que no Brasil a degradação da qualidade do ar atmosférico possa causar aproximadamente 20 mil óbitos/ano, valor cinco vezes maior ao de morte causado pelo tabagismo ambiental/passivo, e 10,7 mil mortes/ano resultante da poluição do ar em ambientes internos. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa tem por objetivo desenvolver um levantamento bibliográfico a respeito dos principais impactos provenientes da poluição atmosférica na saúde pública e no meio ambiente, dando preferência a trabalhos publicados a partir do ano de 2008. A pesquisa se classifica como exploratória, abordando a problemática de forma flexível e considerando vários aspectos do fato estudado. Os estudos apresentados demonstram que os grandes centros urbanos são os mais suscetíveis a poluição do ar e que no geral, as populações mais vulneráveis são as de menor poder aquisitivo e as faixas etárias mais acometidas por agravos na saúde são crianças e idosos, nesse sentido, o monitoramento através de indicadores da saúde e bioindicadores são instrumentos válidos na observação dos impactos relacionados a poluição do ar.
Caracterização da geração de resíduos da produção de frangos de corte
Authors: Da Cunha Silveira Daniela , Monaco Vieira Flávia
Published: October 2020

A avicultura concentra diversos resíduos, que se manuseados de forma inadequada permitirão a presença de uma alta carga de nutrientes poluentes para o meio ambiente. O trabalho aborda os aspectos dos resíduos gerados nos aviários e os cuidados necessários no seu manejo. É necessário conhecer e adotar de medidas mitigadoras para reduzir os riscos de contaminação do meio ambiente e qualidade de vida da comunidade. Entre os resíduos gerados destacam-se a cama, poeira, odor, água de lavagem e carcaças de aves. O planejamento e a capacitação do pessoal no manejo adequado da cama e das aves mortas são ações que contribuem para redução do impacto ambiental negativo do empreendimento.
Conhecimento de professores da educação básica sobre reaproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos
Authors: Carline Baierle Débora , Da Cunha Silveira Daniela , Monaco Vieira Flávia , Geraldina Venancio Maria
Published: October 2020

Em muitos casos, a sociedade é indiferente e omissa sobre a questão da geração de resíduos, seja por não perceber os impactos ambientais negativos por ela gerados, por falta de conhecimento, ou por entender que se trata de um problema de gestão pública. Acredita-se que é necessário maior envolvimento da sociedade na busca de soluções e que a educação ambiental pode ser a solução para um maior engajamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o conhecimento de professores da Educação Básica sobre o reaproveitamento de resíduos sólidos. Inicialmente a pesquisa aborda quatro tipos de reaproveitamento de resíduos: resíduos que se transformam em arte, renda, moradia e que retornam ao ciclo produtivo. Como resultado da pesquisa de levantamento, conclui-se que o conhecimento dos professores sobre reaproveitamento de resíduos sólidos é satisfatório, no entanto, práticas mais sustentáveis podem ser realizadas, tais como: separação do lixo em casa e a entrega de resíduos no ponto de coleta.
The Influence of the Nigerian Pidgin English on Eha-Amufu Secondary School Students’ Usage of the Standard English
Authors: Chiamaka Unachukwu Ogechi , C. Kadiri Goodluck , Grace Nwuche Amaka
Published: October 2020

The use of Pidgin English in the Nigerian context has gone beyond verbal communication to become more of a mode of behaviour as its expression has moved from informal conversation to formal situations. The above scenario necessitated this study which investigates Eha-Amufu secondary school students’ usage of the Standard English in view of the use of the Nigerian Pidgin English (NPE). The study sets to find out what informs the usage and the extent the Nigerian Pidgin English has affected the use of the Standard English of these students using the affective filter hypothesis from Stephen Krashen’s 2003 Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theory. Using the questionnaire and essay writing as research instruments, data were collected from a sample of 200 students and willing teachers from four selected secondary schools in Eha-Amufu. Findings reveal that the use of the Nigerian Pidgin English is traceable to homes and peer group influence and has grossly affected the students’ Standard English usage. The finding that students do not use Nigerian Pidgin English in their written essays was largely contradicted by the avalanche of the Nigerian Pidgin English expressions found in the written essays of the students which also reveal its adverse effect on the Standard English both in spelling and contextual usage. This research, therefore, concludes that a deliberate and conscious effort at instilling in the minds of Eha-Amufu students the knowledge of the adverse effect of NPE usage on their academic performance and the danger of its persistent use will go a long way in mitigating the adverse effects of Nigerian Pidgin English usage on the Standard English usage among them.
Students' Motivation in English Language Learning (ELL): An Exploratory Study of Motivation-al Factors for EFL and ESL Adult Learners
Authors: Sabboor Hussain Muhammad , Salam Abdus , Farid Aisha
Published: October 2020

This study analyzed adult learners’ motivation in learning English from two diametrically different paradigms viz., the EFL (English as a Foreign Language) from Saudi Arabia and the ESL (English as a Second Language) from Pakistan. The quantitative tool of the 20-items questionnaire administered at 100 EFL learners and 100 ESL learners helped find out the factors impacting the adult learners’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation resulting in their being amotivated, unmotivated, and highly motivated English language learners. The major findings are that the learners in both the EFL and the ESL contexts were found intrinsically motivated to learn the English language. However, the Saudi EFL students, unlike ESL learners, lacked extrinsic motivation due to i) lack of an environment conducive for English language learning and ii) social disapproval of the English language learning. The extrinsic factors lacking for ESL learners in Pakistan are the provision of highly motivated and trained teachers, well-equipped classrooms, financial rewards, and a conducive learning environment in the institutions. Based on the findings, the study recommends that teachers must be trained to involve the intrinsically motivated students in challenging and encouraging activities. The teachers engaged in teaching to Saudi EFL learners need to exert more to create an excellent learning environment in their class to motivate and encourage their students towards learning of the English language, and to waive off the negative impact of social disapproval of the language outside the classroom.
Study on Stylistic Effects of Three-Word Clusters in The Great Gatsby from the Perspective of Corpus Stylistics
Authors: Sun Qiyu
Published: October 2020

This paper examines high-frequency three-word clusters and their stylistic effects in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby through the analysis of the five types of clusters by means of corpus, providing a new perspective for the appreciation of the masterpiece The Great Gatsby. According to the analysis, we found that (i) Labels take up too small a percentage to reveal certain stylistic features in this novel. (ii) Speech clusters, occupying the largest percentage, are used to show characters’ mental process and indicate interactions between the narrator and readers. Large amount of negation elements attached to clusters in this group help to deepen the tragic themes, i.e. the failure of American dreams. (iii) As If X clusters serve to portray characters in an objective way and disclose Gatsby’s distorted inner world. (iv) Body Part clusters demonstrate Nick’s inclination to observe others, which enhances the credibility of his narration. (v) Time clusters denoting short time span contribute to the compact storyline. The results demonstrated that high-frequency three-word clusters are of great significance to the interpretation of The Great Gatsby, which provides a new perspective to the analysis of literary works.
America in Pakistani Print Media: A Semiotic Discourse Analysis based Study of Pak-Us Relationship
Authors: Akber Sajid Muhammad , Riaz Khan Muhammad
Published: October 2020

Print media semiotic discourses are one of the best sites for ideological investment and their role is very significant in the production and dissemination of certain ideology. The aim of the present study is to critically decode the semiotic discourse(s) of Pakistani English newspaper DAWN (daily) with special reference to the representation of Pak- Us relationship through the analysis of the semiotics discourses. The data for the present research has been collected from the mentioned newspaper. The time span for data collection ranges from October 2018 to December 2018. Out of ten (10) caricatures which represent Pakistan attempting to survive at its own rather than depending on America one was purposively selected for linguistic and semiotic analyses. The study is descriptive and utilizes qualitative research design. For this purpose, the researchers have devised an amended research model by drawing upon Fairclough (1995), Kress (2010) and Kruger’s (2000) research models to analyse linguistic, semiotic and focus group discussions data. The semiotic analysis has also been validated by incorporating the remarks of focus group participants. Based on the analysis of data the study concludes that noting is absolute in politics as far as Pak- Us relations through semiotic discourses are concerned. Additionally, the research reveals that print media semiotic discourses work insidiously to represent socio- political changes by employing linguistic and meta-linguistic devices and techniques.
Enhancing EFL Students’ Cultural Awareness through Friends Sitcom
Authors: Nurain Mudawe Osama Mudawe
Published: October 2020

The ever-changing global practices have dramatically dissolved cultural diversity, Cultural myopia, and cultural peculiarities in an unprecedented way. These practices reveal the necessity of having a mutual understanding of cultural entities for creating and developing meanings across various cultures. Languages seem to be the vehicle that drives global communication. However, mastering linguistic skills would not be sufficient for understanding the representation of cultural-bound expressions that identify global communication. Hence, the current study attempts to investigate the cultural phenomena substantiated in a sitcom for facilitating cross-cultural communication in EFL/ESL teaching contexts. Friends, as one of the most famous American sitcoms, is used in the study as a corpus to analyze the cultural facets used by speakers in particular socio-cultural settings. The study makes use of the corpus-based method to examine how sitcoms can be utilized for developing EFL students’ cultural awareness. Throughout the study, distinct conversational patterns are meticulously analyzed through discourse perspectives to locate cultural nuances and their impact on developing the meaning of the target culture. Consequently, Sitcoms, as a corpus, have a remarkable impact on increasing EFL students’ cultural awareness of multi-cultural contexts. Building cultural-based activities around sitcoms would expose students to significant cultural aspects beyond the confinement of textbooks and course materials. Attributed to the analysis and the findings of similar studies, it could be proclaimed that sitcoms have great promises for classroom implementation as a repository of authentic resources that would be of extreme instructional value in enhancing EFL/ESL students’ communicative competence in discrete socio-cultural contexts.
Interplay between Territory and Dispersal in Khaled Hosseini’s Works
Authors: Hayat Mazhar , Abdul Munim Rana , Akhter Saira
Published: October 2020

Hosseini is an Afghan-born American writer who writes in the backdrop of socio-political turmoil of Afghanistan since Russian invasion against his native land. Hosseini’s works advocate dispersal to the Western world as the only panacea for the ills of racial and class discrimination, ethnic divide, socio-economic injustice, misogyny and religious division in Afghanistan. Keeping in view the interplay between territory and dispersal and the longing for assimilation in migrants, I have selected A. J. Cascardi’s concept of ‘The will to self-revision’ and ‘autonomous existence’ as theoretical standpoint that requires the individual to revoke his social and filial bonds to carve out his pleasures. I have also taken assistance from Georg Lukacs’ theory of ‘transcendental homelessness’. The analysis establishes that the young migrants are readily inclined towards assimilation in the host culture by trading off their familial bonds to carve out their economic and cultural growth.
The promise and the challenges of cryo‐electron tomography
Authors: Turk Martin , Baumeister Wolfgang
Published: October 2020

Structural biologists have traditionally approached cellular complexity in a reductionist manner in which the cellular molecular components are fractionated and purified before being studied individually. This ‘divide and conquer’ approach has been highly successful. However, awareness has grown in recent years that biological functions can rarely be attributed to individual macromolecules. Most cellular functions arise from their concerted action, and there is thus a need for methods enabling structural studies performed in situ, ideally in unperturbed cellular environments. Cryo‐electron tomography (Cryo‐ET) combines the power of 3D molecular‐level imaging with the best structural preservation that is physically possible to achieve. Thus, it has a unique potential to reveal the supramolecular architecture or ‘molecular sociology’ of cells and to discover the unexpected. Here, we review state‐of‐the‐art Cryo‐ET workflows, provide examples of biological applications, and discuss what is needed to realize the full potential of Cryo‐ET.
The interplay of parenting style and family rules about video games on subsequent fighting behavior
Authors: Cote Amanda C. , Coles Stewart M. , Dal Cin Sonya
Published: October 2020

Due to ongoing concerns about adolescent interpersonal aggression and debates surrounding violent media, this study assesses the potential impacts of parental mediation and parenting style on mature video game play and fighting behaviors using a longitudinal, random‐digit‐dial survey of adolescents (N = 2722). By simultaneously considering fighting, M‐rated video game play, parental restrictions on media use, parenting style, and important covariates, we aim to provide further nuance to existing work on risk and protective factors for interpersonal aggression. Our results show that parental restriction has a significant, linear relationship with later fighting, whereby higher restrictions on a child's M‐rated video game play predict decreases in reported fighting behavior. Authoritative parenting, high in both warmth and supervisory attention, also relates to decreased levels of fighting compared to other styles. Parenting style also moderated the effects of restriction, such that restriction was not equally predictive of fighting behavior across all parenting styles. However, the association between restriction and fighting was similar for highly demanding parenting styles, suggesting that authoritative parenting is not inherently superior to authoritarian. The effects of restriction were significant despite controlling for multiple covariates. Parental restriction of media use may be an effective strategy for parents concerned about violent games. Given some limitations in our dataset, we call for continued study in this area.
Progress in Materials, Solution Processes, and Long‐Term Stability for Large‐Area Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Park Sungmin , Kim Taehee , Yoon Seongwon , Koh Chang Woo , Woo Han Young , Son Hae Jung
Published: October 2020

Organic solar cells based on bulk heterojunctions (BHJs) are attractive energy‐conversion devices that can generate electricity from absorbed sunlight by dissociating excitons and collecting charge carriers. Recent breakthroughs attained by development of nonfullerene acceptors result in significant enhancement in power conversion efficiency (PCEs) exceeding 17%. However, most of researches have focused on pursuing high efficiency of small‐area (<1 cm2) unit cells fabricated usually with spin coating. For practical application of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) from lab‐scale unit cells to industrial products, it is essential to develop efficient technologies that can extend active area of devices with minimized loss of performance and ensured operational stability. In this progress report, an overview of recent advancements in materials and processing technologies is provided for transitioning from small‐area laboratory‐scale devices to large‐area industrial scale modules. First, development of materials that satisfy requirements of high tolerability in active layer thickness and large‐area adaptability is introduced. Second, morphology control using various coating techniques in a large active area is discussed. Third, the recent research progress is also underlined for understanding mechanisms of OPV degradation and studies for improving device long‐term stability along with reliable evaluation procedures.
Incorporation of Natural Lithium‐Ion Trappers into Graphene Oxide Nanosheets
Authors: Ahmadi Hadi , Hosseini Ehsan , Cha‐Umpong Withita , Abdollahzadeh Mojtaba , Korayem Asghar Habibnejad , Razmjou Amir , Chen Vicki , Asadnia Mohsen
Published: October 2020

Lithium consumption is estimated to face a considerable rise in the next decade; thus, finding new reproducible lithium resources such as brine deposits and seawater has become a fast‐growing research topic. However, Li+ extraction from these resources is challenging due to its low concentration and presence of other monovalent cations exhibiting identical chemical properties. Here, it is discovered that tannic acid (TA) inside graphene oxide (GO) nanochannel acts as natural ion trapper, which possesses lithiophilic elements. The lithium‐rich feed is achieved by using the potential‐driven TA‐GO membrane by excluding lithium ions from other monovalent cations. The results showed that the ion trapping capability of inexpensive TA‐GO membrane is Li+ > Na+ > K+ with Li trapping energy of −593 KJ mol−1, respectively, where its trapping efficiency goes into a top rank among their expensive synthetic counterparts. Evaluating the combined effect of three key parameters, including barrier energy, hydration energy, and binding energy illustrates that required energy to transport Li‐ion through the membrane is higher than that for other monovalent. This proof‐of‐concept work opens up an avenue of research for designing a new class of ion‐selective membranes, based on the incorporation of naturally low cost available lithiophilic guest molecules into 2D membranes.
Human‐Skin‐Inspired Adaptive Smart Textiles Capable of Amplified Latent Heat Transfer for Thermal Comfort
Authors: Kim Gunwoo , Gardner Calvin , Park Kyuin , Zhong Ying , Jin Sungho
Published: October 2020

Thermally adaptive textiles (TATs) enable human subjects to attain thermal comfort without energy consumption, which can lead to enormous energy savings on heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) in buildings. Herein, TAT structures which respond to the sweat and generate pores by opening an array of flap‐shaped pores patterned on the fabric surface are proposed. A moisture‐driven self‐actuator for flap opening by constructing a bilayer consisting of a hygroscopic layer using polyethylene glycol and cellulose acetate, and a hydrophobic polymer using a polyester type polymer, is used and successfully demonstrated an essentially instant 4 °C apparent temperature cooling performance within one minute of sweat–humidity‐initiated actuation while wearing TAT using a sweating skin simulated device.
Exploiting Phase Transitions in Polymer Bilayer Actuators
Authors: Muff Livius F. , Weder Christoph
Published: October 2020

In many biological systems, the process of motion involves mechanically morphing materials, which change their mechanical properties and/or shape in response to a control signal. In the past two decades, significant progress has been made toward mimicking the underlying designs and resulting functions in artificial materials and systems. Polymer‐based bilayer bending actuators, in which the dissimilar thermal expansion of two materials is exploited, represent widely investigated actuation elements, but one limitation of this design approach is that the thermal expansion coefficient of polymers is generally small. Herein, it is shown that this problem is mitigated using a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer with a crystallizable soft segment. The domains formed by the latter reversibly melt and crystallize in a convenient temperature range (30–60 °C), whereas the hydrogen‐bonded urethane hard segments serve as physical crosslinks that provide mechanical integrity and elastic behavior beyond this temperature. Melting the polyester results in a large nonlinear thermal expansion and thus actuation, in a narrow temperature range. The electrically controlled bilayer actuators are created by combining this material with cellulose acetate and integrating resistive heating electrodes. Optionally these devices are equipped with a thermally controlled supramolecular polymer adhesive “gripper.”
DNA‐Origami‐Templated Growth of Multilamellar Lipid Assemblies
Authors: Julin Sofia , Nonappa  , Shen Boxuan , Linko Veikko , Kostiainen Mauri A.
Published: October 2020

Lipids are important building blocks in cellular compartments, and therefore their self‐assembly into well‐defined hierarchical structures has gained increasing interest. Cationic lipids and unstructured DNA can co‐assemble into highly ordered structures (lipoplexes), but potential applications of lipoplexes are still limited. Using scaffolded DNA origami nanostructures could aid in resolving these drawbacks. Here, we have complexed DNA origami together with a cationic lipid 1,2‐dioleoly‐3‐trimethylammonium‐propane (DOTAP) and studied their self‐assembly driven by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The results suggest that the DNA origami function as templates for the growth of multilamellar lipid structures and that the DNA origami are embedded in the formed lipid matrix. Furthermore, the lipid encapsulation was found to significantly shield the DNA origami against nuclease digestion. The presented complexation strategy is suitable for a wide range of DNA‐based templates and could therefore find uses in construction of cell‐membrane‐associated components.
Ligand‐Dependent Activity Engineering of Glutathione Peroxidase‐Mimicking MIL‐47(V) Metal–Organic Framework Nanozyme for Therapy
Authors: Wu Jiangjiexing , Yu Yijun , Cheng Yuan , Cheng Chaoqun , Zhang Yihong , Jiang Bo , Zhao Xiaozhi , Miao Leiying , Wei Hui
Published: October 2020

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) plays an important role in maintaining the reactive oxygen metabolic balance, yet limited GPx‐mimicking nanozymes are currently available for in vivo therapy. Herein, a ligand engineering strategy is developed to modulate the GPx‐mimicking activity of a metal–organic framework (MOF) nanozyme. With different substituted ligands, the GPx‐mimicking activities of MIL‐47(V)‐X (MIL stands for Materials of Institute Lavoisier; X=F, Br, NH2, CH3, OH, and H) MOFs are rationally regulated. With the best one as an example, both in vitro and in vivo experiments reveal the excellent antioxidation ability of MIL‐47(V)‐NH2, which alleviates the inflammatory response effectively for both ear injury and colitis, and is more active than MIL‐47(V). This study proves that high‐performance GPx‐mimicking nanozymes can be rationally designed by a ligand engineering strategy, and that structure–activity relationships can direct the in vivo therapy. This study enriches nanozyme research and expands the range of biomimetic MOFs.