bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periodontal dressing may influence the clinical outcome of non‐surgical periodontal treatment: a split‐mouth study
Authors: Genovesi AM , Ricci M , Marchisio O , Covani U
Published: June 2011

To cite this article:   Int J Dent Hygiene10, 2012; 284–289  DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2010.00493.x

Genovesi AM, Ricci M, Marchisio O, Covani U.Periodontal dressing may influence the clinical outcome of non surgical periodontal treatment: a split‐mouth study.

Abstract:  Introduction: After scaling and root planning (SRP), healing induces the formation of a junctional long epithelium rather than a new connective attachment. We hypothesize that the placement of a periodontal dressing will be able to prevent detachment of coagulum inducing proper healing and improving periodontal parameters. Materials and methods: This split‐mouth study included 30 patients with periodontitis with ages ranging from 35 to 70 years. Probing pocket depth (PD), probing attachment level (PAL), bleeding on probing index (BoP) and plaque index (PI) were assessed before and after therapy. The group of patients received SRP in a span of 24 h. Then, a periodontal dressing was applied on the test side and it was removed after 1  week. Results: Control group: The difference between PD values at baseline and after therapy was 1.6 ± 0.6 mm. The difference in PAL (ΔPAL) measurement was 1.4 ± 0.4. Test group: there was a greater PD reduction, this being 2.4 ± 0.6 mm on average. The difference in PAL was 2.5 ± 0.4 mm. Conclusions: Our results clearly suggest that the use of a periodontal dressing improves the periodontal parameters after an SRP procedure. This is probably due to clot stabilization and prevention of bacterial colonization during wound healing.
Effect of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) level on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation and in vitro gas production in sheep fed maintenance diets
Authors: BASTIDA GARCIA Jorge L. , GONZÁLEZ‐RONQUILLO Manuel , DOMÍNGUEZ VARA Ignacio A. , ROMERO‐BERNAL José , CASTELÁN ORTEGA Octavio
Published: June 2011

The objective of this study was the characterization of the nutritive value, ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) hay (FPH) by‐product through in situ, in vitro and in vivo tests. A FPH diet was administered ad libitum to four sheep (live weight (LW) 38.0 ± 2.0 kg) at four inclusion levels (0, 25, 50 and 75%) over a conventional sorghum grain/oat straw ration in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The in situ degradability of FPH was 67% dry matter (DM), 71% crude protein and 66% neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The inclusion of FPH did not affect (P ≥ 0.05) the DM (61 ± 0.4 g/LW0.75/day) and organic matter (OM) intake (56 ± 0.7 g/LW0.75/day). Total DM digestibility (68 ± 2.5%), OM (70 ± 3%), and NDF (60 ± 3%), were not different (P ≥ 0.05) between control and FPH inclusion diets. The diet had no effect on ruminal pH, ruminal ammonia concentration, total and individual volatile fatty acids. The chemical composition and sheep intake behavior indicate that FPH by‐product is medium quality forage when incorporated in maintenance rations.
Analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of red deer subspecies in XinJiang, China
Authors: JIA Bin , LI Ren‐Yan , ZHAO Zong‐Sheng , YAN Gen‐Qiang , XI Ji‐Feng , BLAIR Hugh T. , LI Da‐Quan , ZHANG Jian‐Xin , ZHAO Xi‐Tang
Published: June 2011

Polymorphisms for seven microsatellite loci in three red deer subspecies (9 populations) found in XinJiang were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 12% nondenaturation polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the Sanguinetti silver staining method. Numbers of alleles, average effective numbers of alleles (E) and the average rate of homozygosity, allelic frequencies of seven microsatellite loci, polymorphism information content (PIC), mean heterozygosity (H) and genetic distances among the populations were calculated for each population. Dendrograms were constructed based on genetic distances by the neighbor‐joining method (NJ), utilizing molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software PHYLIP (3.6). The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on allelic frequencies using maximum likelihood (ML); the bootstrap value was estimated by bootstrap test in the tree. Lastly, phylogenesis was analyzed. The results showed that four of the seven microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic, but BMS2508 and Celjp0023 showed no polymorphism and BM5004 was a neutral polymorphism. It is our conclusion that the four microsatellite loci are effective DNA markers for the analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among the three red deer subspecies. The mean PIC, H and E‐values across the microsatellite loci were 0.5393, 0.5736 and 2.64, which showed that these microsatellite loci are effective DNA markers for the genetic analysis of red deer. C.e. songaricus populations from Regiment 104, 151 and Hami are clustered together. C.e. yarkandensis populations from Regiment 35, Xaya and Alaer are clustered together. These two clusters also cluster together. Lastly, C.e. sibiricus populations from Burqin, Regiment 188 and the first two clusters were clustered together. The phylogenetic relationship among different red deer populations is consistent with the known origin, history of breeding and geographic distributions of populations.
Measurement of carbonic anhydrase isozyme VI (CA‐VI) in swine sera, colostrums, saliva, bile, seminal plasma and tissues
Authors: NISHITA Toshiho , ITOH Seigo , ARAI Sachiko , ICHIHARA Nobutune , ARISHIMA Kazuyoshi
Published: June 2011

Swine secretory carbonic anhydrase VI (CA‐VI) was purified from swine saliva and an antibody to CA‐VI was generated. A specific and sensitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the measurement of swine CA‐VI. The assay can detect as little as 5 ng/mL of swine CA‐VI. Typical standard curves were determined for a range of CA‐VI solutions (7.8 to 500 ng/mL). The coefficients of variation for these solutions were less than 5%. When 500, 250 or 100 ng/mL of swine CA‐VI was added to swine sera, the recoveries were 102.0%, 109.7% and 100.2%, respectively. The concentrations of CA‐VI in the saliva (26.2 ± 30.4 µg/mL), sera (3.3 ± 4.9 ng/mL), bile (153.0 ± 114.0 ng/mL), seminal plasma (124.0 ± 39.0 ng/mL) and parotid gland (441.3 ± 90.0 µg/g wet tissue), submaxillary gland (88.1 ± 124.4 µg/g wet tissue), sublingual gland (58.6 ± 24.6 µg/g wet tissue) and gallbladder (2.4 ± 1.3 µg/1g wet tissue) were determined by ELISA. The concentration of CA‐VI in colostrum was 163.3 ± 101.4 ng/mL and did not decrease within 10 days following parturition. An immunohistochemical reaction to anti‐CA‐VI antiserum was observed in the columnar epithelial cells lining the gallbladder. These data suggest that secretory CA‐VI plays various roles in pH regulation and the maintenance of ion and fluid balance.
Meeting the Needs of Parents in Early Childhood Intervention: The Educational Partnership With Parents—Good Practice and Challenges
Authors: Pretis Manfred
Published: June 2011

There is broad conceptual consensus that the effectiveness and efficiency of early childhood intervention (ECI) for vulnerable children is correlated with the active involvement and full participation of parents. This requires a general understanding of each family's needs and desires and specific strategies for determining what each family needs to achieve the outcomes they desire. However, the effect sizes of parent programs or involvement—due to methodological issues and mediator variables—still vary significantly between the programs. The author highlights the importance of shared understanding and shared decision between professionals and parents as a main predictor of high outcome in ECI.
Promoting Health‐Related Fitness for Elementary Students With Intellectual Disabilities Through a Specifically Designed Activity Program
Authors: Davis Kathryn , Zhang Guili , Hodson Patricia
Published: June 2011

The Motivate, Adapt, and Play Program was specifically designed as an adapted physical activity (PA) program for students with intellectual disabilities (ID) to meet required school PA policies to combat childhood obesity. The policies commonly require a minimum of 30 min of PA per school day. A study was undertaken to test the efficacy of the program. Twenty‐five students with ID (9 girls, 16 boys; ages 9.7 ± 1.2) from four elementary schools in the southeastern United States participated in the study. The health‐related fitness measures of the 16‐m shuttle run test, the modified curl‐up test, and the back‐saver sit‐and‐reach test were completed at the beginning and at the end of an 8‐week period. Body mass index (BMI) measurements were also obtained. During the interval, participants completed a 30 min/day, 5 days/week activity program, focusing on cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, and muscular strength and endurance activities, utilizing specialized equipment. Over the 8 weeks, there was a significant increase in the health‐related fitness scores obtained. As expected, there was a slight decrease in BMI over 8 weeks, although it was a nonsignificant finding. The findings suggest that the health‐related fitness of students with ID can be improved through engaging in a school‐based daily adapted PA program.
Additional Support for Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities and Challenging Behaviors in Regions of Northwest Europe
Authors: Lunenborg Carolien B. , Nakken H. , van der Meulen B. F. , Ruijssenaars A. J. J. M.
Published: June 2011

One in 10 individuals with intellectual disability (ID) exhibits behaviors that represent a significant challenge to the people who support them. Parents and staff (such as direct support professionals) often are challenged in trying to find a solution to overcome or reduce these behaviors. A form of additional professional support (i.e., external consultative services) can be helpful in managing such challenging behaviors. Yet, there is little knowledge about the use of such “additional support.” As part of a broader study in the Netherlands into the nature of additional support for individuals with ID who manifest challenging behaviors, a study was undertaken to determine if additional professional support in other regions of northwestern Europe occurs and, if so, how was it organized. The authors found a diversity of approaches addressing additional support services. In most regions, there is no general formal policy on providing such support for individuals with ID, their parents, or care staff. Instead, either a range of local initiatives were developed (operating under various names) or there were no initiatives. In these instances, persons with ID or their carers had to rely on regular support services to address their mental health needs. The authors suggest that organizing additional support as part of a formal services will increase the likelihood that, when regular support has failed, individuals with ID or their carers will be able to obtain supports to find solutions for reducing problematic challenging behaviors.
The IASSID Academy on Education, Teaching and Research and the Links With Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: An International Partnership
Authors: Hassiotis Angela , Brown Ivan , Brown Roy I. , Favila Gare , McConkey Roy , Jokinen Nancy , Lucchino Ronald
Published: June 2011

The Academy, an arm of the International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities, was formed in 2006 in order to promote clinical and academic skills in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LAMICs) and to carry out educational activities within international events. This article describes the global context of knowledge dissemination and examples of workshops and courses led by Academy members. Discussed are reflections on the important lessons learnt from the Academy experiences to date and recommendations on better coordinating and delivering Academy‐sponsored trainings and consultations in LAMICs.
Female Sexual Dysfunction in Iranian Postmenopausal Women: Prevalence and Correlation with Hormonal Profile
Authors: Moghassemi Sedigheh , Ziaei Saeideh , Haidari Zainab
Published: June 2011

Introduction

Female sexual dysfunction is a current and multifactorial status that greatly affects quality of life. Menopause, aging, and probably hormonal instability are some of these drastic factors.

Aim

Determine the prevalence of sexual dysfunction in Iranian postmenopausal women and the relationship to serum status of sex hormones and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG).

Methods

A total of 149 healthy postmenopausal women aged 43–64, nonhormone therapy user, with intact uterus and ovaries, enrolled in the cross-sectional study.

Main Outcome Measures

Female sexual function was evaluated by utilizing the Female Sexual Function Index. Hormonal serum concentration was measured by enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Also, free testosterone and free estradiol indexes were calculated. The analysis was performed by using SPSS 16.

Results

Mean age of sample was 52.19 ± 3.76 with 47.48 ± 36.5 month amenorrhea. In the study, 69.8% of women showed sexual dysfunction in Desire and 61.7% in Arousal, these two being the most affected domains. Lubrication (49.7%), Pain Domain (45.0%), Orgasm (40.3%), and Satisfaction (36.9%) were in later degree among six assessed domains. There was no difference between the two groups—with and without dysfunction—in hormone level and SHBG.

Conclusion

In Iranian postmenopausal women, Desire and Arousal are the most prevalent menopausal sexual dysfunctions, and Female Sexual Dysfunction is much more than just a hormonal problem.
Unique Infective Complication After Routine Vasectomy: A Case Report
Authors: Ramaswamy Krishna , Kaminetsky Jed
Published: June 2011

Introduction

We present a case of a 51-year-old gentleman who, after undergoing routine vasectomy, presented with an infected wound 7 days after the procedure—one day after receiving oral sex from his wife.

Aim

We hope to present a unique case of an infected wound after oral sex. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) was cultured from the patient's wound and the asymptomatic wife's pharyngeal mucosa.

Main Outcome Measures

To educate and expose a rare but potentially devastating postvasectomy complication that, without prompt and aggressive treatment, can lead to significant morbidity.

Methods

The patient was promptly treated and after hydration, broad spectrum antibiotics, and supportive care, patient showed excellent recovery. The wife was also treated with oral antibiotics.

Results

Infective complicated are relatively uncommon after routine vasectomy. When present, the vast majority of the infections are treated with a simple course of oral antibiotics. There is strong evidence that establishes oral contact as a vector for transmission of virulent pathogens. Some have linked orogenital transmission of GAS since the 1970s.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of oropharyngeal transmission of GAS that led to rapidly progressive infection of the scrotum following vasectomy. Care should be taken to minimize exposure during postoperative healing.
CoMFA, CoMSIA, and Docking Studies on Thiolactone‐Class of Potent Anti‐malarials: Identification of Essential Structural Features Modulating Anti‐malarial Activity
Authors: Roy Kuldeep K. , Bhunia Shome S. , Saxena Anil K.
Published: June 2011

The integrated ligand‐ and structure‐based drug design techniques have been applied on a homogeneous dataset of thiolactone‐class of potent anti‐malarials, to explore the essential structural features for the inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum. Developed CoMFA (q2 = 0.716) and CoMSIA (q2 = 0.632) models well explained structure–activity variation in both the training (CoMFA R2 = 0.948 & CoMSIA R2 = 0.849) and test set (CoMFA R2pred = 0.789 & CoMSIA R2pred = 0.733) compounds. The docking and scoring of the most active compound 10 into the active site of high‐resolution (2.35 Å) structure of FabB‐TLM binary complex (PDB‐ID: 1FJ4) indicated that thiolactone core of this compound forms bifurcated H‐bonding with two catalytic residues His298 and His333, and its saturated decyl side group is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions with the residues of a small hydrophobic groove, illustrating that the active site architecture, including two catalytic histidines and a small hydrophobic groove, is vital for protein–ligand interaction. In particular, the length and flexibility of the side group attached to the position 5 of thiolactone have been observed to play a significant role in the interaction with FabB enzyme. These results present scope for rational design of thiolactone‐class of compounds that could furnish improved anti‐malarial activity.
Regional Trade Agreements and Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: DAVIS G. DOUG
Published: June 2011

Regional trade institutions increase the local market size and attract higher foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. The new economic geography provides the theoretical model for evaluating the spatial distribution of foreign capital within a multistate market. In this article, a fixed‐effects cross‐sectional time series regression examines 109 states from 1980‐2005. The study's findings are that multilateral regional trade institutions are more likely to attract FDI inflows, and the gains in FDI inflows are highest in states with the strongest regional economy.

Las instituciones de comercio regional incrementan el tamaño del mercado local y atraen una cantidad mayor de inversión extranjera directa (IED). La nueva geografía económica provee un modelo teorético para evaluar la distribución física de capital extranjero dentro de un Mercado multinacional. Una regresión de serie temporal examina ciento nueve estados de 1980 a 2005. Instituciones de comercio regional multilaterales tienen más probabilidades de atraer flujos de IED y los estados con una economía regional más fuerte tienen los mayores beneficios por el flujo de IED.
Representing the Faithful in Legal Advocacy? Evaluating the Congruence in Baptist Church‐State Advocacy
Authors: LEWIS ANDREW R.
Published: June 2011

Religious denominational advocacy groups present opportunities for grassroots representation, but it is necessary to understand the relationship between members' preferences and the advocacy decisions made by the organization. Previous research suggests that organizational characteristics and internal and external contexts may affect congruence, but this has not been thoroughly analyzed for denominational groups. I perform a comparative case study of two related denominational groups—the Southern Baptist Convention's Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission (ERLC) and the Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty (BJC)—that are active participants in church‐state advocacy but take divergent Establishment Clause views. I use survey data to compare the members' preferences with the group's position statements and amicus brief filings, finding that neither of the organizations mirror its members, though the ERLC is more congruent than the BJC. I argue that internal politics, external context, group structure, and membership characteristics impact the congruence between grassroots members and advocacy decisions.

Los grupos religiosos mediáticos presentan una oportunidad para la representación comunitaria, pero es necesario entender la relación entre las preferencias de sus miembros y las decisiones tomadas por su organización. Investigaciones previas sugieren que las características organizacionales, así como el contexto interno y externo puede afectar la congruencia, pero esto no ha sido meticulosamente analizado en los grupos mediáticos. Yo realizo un análisis de caso comparativo de dos grupos mediáticos relacionados—la Comisión de Ética y Libertad Religiosa de la Convención Bautista del Sur (CERL) y el Comité Conjunto Bautista para la Libertad Religiosa (CCB)—que son participantes activos en la defensa de la iglesia‐estado pero que sostienen opiniones divergentes acerca de la Primera Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos. Para este estudio utilizo datos de encuestas para comparar las preferencias de los miembros con la posición oficial de sus grupos y de una perspectiva imparcial, mostrando que ninguna de las organizaciones concuerda con sus miembros, aunque el CERL es más congruente que el CCB. Yo argumento que las políticas internas, el contexto exterior, la estructura grupal, y las características de afiliación tienen un impacto en la congruencia entre miembros comunitarios y las decisiones de apoyo.
Radiation or Riots: Risk Perception in Nuclear Power Decision Making and Deliberative Approaches to Resolving Stakeholder Conflict
Authors: ASH JOHN S.
Published: June 2011

A grounded theory study of interviewees associated with the recent decision by the U.K. government to reconsider nuclear power generation indicates a fundamental causal factor in stakeholder conflict. Despite shared themes evident in the primary data, stakeholders participating in the decision‐making process find it difficult to reach an accommodation, not so much because of allegiance to specific power sources, but because power sources are preferred when they mitigate the risks of most concern. Individuals prioritize risks differently in accordance with their own risk perception, and a power source preferred by one stakeholder as mitigation of their highest priority risk is in itself an intolerable risk for another stakeholder. The report considers a deliberative approach as a prospective means of resolving this quandary.
Effects of High‐Voltage Electrostatic Fields on the Quality of Tilapia Meat during Refrigeration
Authors: Hsieh Chang‐Wei , Lai Cheng‐Hung , Lee Chia‐Hsin , Ko Wen‐Ching
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  Fresh fish is typically brought to market refrigerated at approximately 4 °C, R‐storage. A storage method has been devised that combines refrigeration with a high‐voltage electrostatic field (100 kV/m; E‐storage). It was developed to improve the quality and prolong the shelf life of foods. This study investigated changes in the freshness of tilapia meat under E‐storage conditions. The total viable count of tilapia reached 107 CFU/g on the 7th d of refrigeration in R‐storage. By the 6th d, K‐value had increased from 20% to 61.7% for E‐storage and to 94.7% for R‐storage. Volatile basic nitrogen had increased from 12.54 mg/100 g to about 24.34 and 25.03 mg/100 g for R‐ and E‐storage (on the 7th and 10th d), respectively. The sensory assessment also indicated that E‐storage yielded an improvement in quality over that of R‐storage. Practical application of the study model has the potential to prolong the freshness of fish.
New Fossil Xyelidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China
Authors: GAO Taiping , ZHAO Yunyun , REN Dong
Published: June 2011

In this paper one new genus and two new species, Brachyoxyela brevinodia sp. nov. and Brachyoxyela gracilenta sp. nov., in the subfamily Macroxyelinae of the family Xyelidae, are described and illustrated. The specimens were collected from the Yixian Formation, the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous, of Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, northeastern China. The new genus is established based on the characters that vein Sc meets R only beyond origin of Rs, third antennal segment is almost equal in length to the rest flagellomeres combined, terminal flagellomeres increasingly shortened toward apex, and vein 2r‐rs inclined toward the apex of wing.
Evolution of the Ediacaran Doushantuoian Meta‐Paleo‐Community in Northeast Guizhou, South China
Authors: WANG Yue , CHEN Hongde , WANG Xunlian , HUANG Yuming
Published: June 2011

Macroscopic organisms lived in the Yangtze Sea of South China during the Late Doushantuo period of the Ediacaran. The results of the specimen collections and statistics within each meter show that the macroscopic biota from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in northeast Guizhou, South China, can be subdivided into Globusphyton, Cucullus, Sectoralga–Longifuniculum, Beltanelliformis, and Baculiphyca–Gesinella paleo‐communities. The paleo‐community evolution indicates the relationship not only between biota and environment, but also between metaphytes and metazoans. From the Globusphyton paleo‐community, through to the Sectoralga–Longifuniculum paleo‐community, to the Cucullus paleo‐community, the increase in the abundance and diversity of metaphytes (especially the branching macroalgae) and metazoans implies that the oxygen content in the seawater increased gradually. Both the Beltanelliformis and Baculiphyca–Gesinella paleo‐communities could be related to a deteriorated environment and fragile ecosystem. The emergence, abundance, and diversity of macroscopic metaphytes, which were closely connected with the environmental microchanges, accelerated the process, improving the environment and increasing oxygen, and established an important platform for the development of macroscopic metazoans.
Ontogeny of the Traumatocrinus hsui
Authors: WANG Chuanshang , CHEN Xiaohong , WANG Xiaofeng , CHENG Long
Published: June 2011

Abstact:

It is suggested that the characters of Traumatocrinus hsui Mu infants change remarkably in different ages; however, the characters of adult individuals are comparatively stable. The present study examined specimens of infant and adult individuals of T. hsui. Based on these observations, the authors divided the ontogeny of T. hsui into four infant stages (infant stage I‐IV) and one adult stage. In addition, the characters of the anal pyramid are supplemented and the infrabasal plates of T. hsui are confirmed in the present paper for the first time.
Sulfur Isotopes of Framboidal Pyrite in the Permian‐Triassic Boundary Clay at Meishan Section
Authors: ZHANG Jun , LIANG Handong , HE Xiaoqing , YANG Ye , CHEN Baohua
Published: June 2011

Pyrite framboids were found in the Permian‐Triassic boundary at Meishan Section, while their sulfur isotopes were determined. The majority of framboids is less than 5 μm in diameter, with some large‐sized framboids. Also, euhedral gypsums were observed in the boundary clay. The authors suppose that most of the pyrite framboids formed just below the redox boundary and stopped growing after entering the lower water column. The result indicates that it was probably lower dysoxia condition in the temporal ocean. Moreover, the authors also presume that some pyrite was oxidated to sulfates accompanying the fluctuation of redox condition, which would probably be the origin of the negative sulfur isotopes of gypsum and CAS reported before. In addition, sulfur isotope of framboidal pyrite suggests that sulfur is originated from bacterial sulfate reduction in anoxic condition. Therefore, this study confirms that the ocean was widely anoxic during the Permian‐Triassic transitional period. However, the redox condition in temporal ocean was probably not stable, with short‐term fluctuations.
Paeonia rotundiloba (D. Y. Hong) D. Y. Hong: A new status in tree peonies (Paeoniaceae)
Authors: HONG De‐Yuan
Published: June 2011

Abstract  Paeonia decomposita Hand.‐Mazz. subsp. rotundiloba D. Y. Hong is here raised to the specific rank, P. rotundiloba (D. Y. Hong) D. Y. Hong, based on its distinctiveness of four diagnostic characters: number of carpels; height of disk; number of leaflets of the lower leaves, and shape of the terminal leaflets; and unpublished molecular data. Paeonia rotundiloba differs distinctly from P. decomposita in having carpels mostly 3, less often 2 or 4, very rarely 5 (vs. almost always 5, very occasionally 4 or 3), disk 8–15 mm high (vs. 4–9.6 mm), leaflets mostly 19–39 (vs. 29–63) in number, and ratio of length to width of the terminal leaflets 1.09–1.93 (vs. 1.81–2.99).
Plasma endotoxin concentrations in experimental and clinical equine subjects
Authors: FESSLER J. F. , BOTTOMS G. D. , COPPOC G. L. , GIMARC SUSAN , LATSHAW H. S. , NOBLE J. K.
Published: June 2011

Endotoxin (LPS) was quantitated in experimental subjects and in horses with naturally occurring gastrointestinal strangulation obstruction and/or septicaemic diseases to establish the fate of LPS and the clinical usefulness of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. The assay was validated for sensitivity (10 pg/ml), recovery (90 to 106 per cent), intra‐assay precision (CV = 5.5 per cent) inter‐assay precision (CV = 11 per cent), and stability of diluted, heat treated, frozen samples (at least 90 days). Plasma concentrations of LPS after sublethal (3 μg/kg) jugular or portal vein bolus injections of LPS rose to 4000 pg/ml and 1500 pg/ml respectively followed by a rapid phase of clearance. Peak plasma concentrations of LPS, associated with slow portal infusion, were lower than peak values associated with bolus injections, remained elevated during the infusion (2 h), but rapidly decreased after infusion was stopped. Thirty seven horses with 38 episodes of naturally occurring gastrointestinal or septicaemic disease were assayed for LPS. Eight episodes involving gastrointestinal disease and eight involving septicaemic disease were positive for LPS. It is concluded that the LAL assay is sensitive and reliable for detecting LPS in equine plasma and it may have clinical value for establishing the severity of endotoxaemia or for distinguishing between septic and non‐septic conditions. Problems of rapid clearance of LPS from plasma, low concentrations, the possibility of sample contamination, and the time and method of sample procurement remain to be addressed.
Antibody titres to core lipopolysaccharides in horses with gastrointestinal disorders which cause colic
Authors: MORRIS DEBRA DEEM , MOORE J. N.
Published: June 2011

Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) titres to core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were determined in 102 horses admitted to a university referral hospital during a 12‐month period for evaluation of colic. Serum samples were collected again 10–14 days later from 84 of the horses. Titres to core LPS were quantitated by an indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), utilising the J‐5 mutant of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 as the solid‐phase antigen. All horses had natural antibodies to core LPS at the time of admission and the titre was not affected significantly by age, sex or type of gastrointestinal disorder. The geometric mean titres to core LPS increased significantly within 14 days of admission in those horses with large colon displacement (25), ileal impaction (13), small intestinal strangulating obstruction (11) and small colon obstruction (4). Twenty four (28.6 per cent) of the horses had at least a 4‐fold rise in titre (seroconversion) to core LPS within 14 days of admission. The incidence of seroconversion to core LPS was significantly greater (P<0.05) in horses with disorders requiring surgical intervention (35.8 per cent) than in those with disorders (proximal enteritis, colitis, large colon impaction and unknown) which only required medical treatment (16.1 per cent). Seroconversion rate was not statistically different between groups of horses with diseases of the small intestine which required surgical or medical treatments. The results of this study indicate that gastrointestinal disorders that cause colic in horses result in IgG production to core LPS, and the latter is more prevalent in disorders requiring surgery.
The in vivo biodynamic properties of the intact equine linea alba
Authors: KIRKER‐HEAD C. A. , KERWIN P. J. , STECKEL R. R. , RUBIN C. T.
Published: June 2011

Liquid metal strain gauges (LMSG) were implanted surgically at three locations on the intact linea alba (LA) in eight horses. LA strain, strain rate, change in strain and stress were recorded during general anaesthesia, recovery from anaesthesia, standing, vocalisation, rectal palpation and at the walk, trot and canter. LA stress was quantitated using an in vitro tensiometric technique. Stress‐strain responses differed significantly (P<0.05) with location, but each described a characteristic relationship for viscoelastic tissues. Maximum peak stress, peak strain and change in strain occurred during anaesthetic recovery. Maximum strain rate occurred at the canter. An abdominal bandage provided no consistent change in strain magnitude. The caudal LA experienced greater stress and strain than the cranial LA. LA strain varied cyclically with cadence. It was concluded that: LMSGs provide a suitable technique for recording LA biodynamics; the dynamic properties of the LA are not homogenous throughout its length; the LA is suited to accommodate the rapid acceleration/deceleration forces associated with strenuous activity which might otherwise cause injury to abdominal viscera; and LA resultant strain alters significantly with phase of stride. It was implied that the likelihood of incisional dehiscence is reduced by minimising exercise and rectal palpation post operatively. The data will permit a more accurate representation of physiological conditions for future laboratory studies.
Candidate characteristics driving initial impressions during rapport building: Implications for employment interview validity
Authors: Barrick Murray R. , Dustin Susan L. , Giluk Tamara L. , Stewart Greg L. , Shaffer Jonathan A. , Swider Brian W.
Published: June 2011

We examine the antecedents impacting interviewers’ initial impressions of candidates formed during the rapport‐building stage of the interview and subsequent evaluations of answers to highly structured interview questions. Ratings for 130 mock interview candidates reveal a strong relationship between interviewers’ initial impression of the candidate and their evaluations of candidate responses to structured questions. These initial impressions correspond with candidate extraversion and verbal skill, controlling for job qualifications. Interviewers’ initial impressions mediate the effect of candidate characteristics, relevant for some jobs more so than others, on later evaluations. Thus, initial impressions formed during rapport building appear to influence subsequent evaluations whether they are clearly job‐relevant or not. These findings have important implications for the validity of structured interviews.
Comparison of Spatial Math Models for Tolerance Analysis: Tolerance-Maps, Deviation Domain, and TTRS
Authors: Ameta G. , Serge S. , Giordano M.
Published: June 2011

This paper presents a comparison of degree of freedom (DOF) based math models, viz., tolerance-maps, deviation domain, and TTRS, which have shown most potential for retrofitting the nuances of the ASME/ISO tolerance standards. Tolerances specify allowable uncertainty in dimensions and geometry of manufactured products. Due to these characteristics and application of tolerances, it is necessary to create a math model of tolerances in order to build a computer application to assist a designer in performing full 3D tolerance analysis. Many of the current efforts in modeling tolerances are lacking, as they either do not completely model all the aspects of the ASME/ISO tolerance standards or are lacking the requisite full 3-D tolerance analysis. Some tolerance math models were developed to suit CAD applications used by the designers while others were developed to retrofit the ASME/ISO tolerance standard. Three math models developed to retrofit the ASME/ISO standard, tolerance-maps, deviation domain, and TTRS are the main focus of this paper. Basic concepts of these math models are summarized in this paper, followed by their advantages and future issues. Although these three math models represent all aspects of the ASME/ISO tolerance standard, they are still lacking in one or two minor aspects.
Study on Deformed Limacon Gear and Motion Optimization of Its Serial Mechanism
Authors: Dawei Liu , Tingzhi Ren
Published: June 2011

In order to obtain the nonsinusoidal oscillation wave of continuous caster molds, a vibration generator comprised of an eccentric shaft and a new kind of noncircular gears called deformed limacon gear pair is proposed. The pitch curve equations of limacon gears are described based on the cosine rule. According to the closed property of noncircular pitch curves and residue theorem, the center distance between a limacon gear and its conjugate gear is deduced, as well as their transmission ratio and the pitch curve equations of the conjugate gear. Subsequently, the mathematical model of deformed limacon gears with dissymmetrical transmission ratio in one period is established and the kinematic formula of the serial mechanism is presented for optimization by a modified genetic algorithm. Here, a computer program is developed for optimizing the gear linkage mechanism to meet requirements in practice and results show that expected motion can be achieved by deformed gear linkage mechanism, which can provide a new choice for application.
Search Strategies in Evolutionary Multi-Agent Systems: The Effect of Cooperation and Reward on Solution Quality
Authors: Hanna Landry Lindsay , Cagan Jonathan
Published: June 2011

Cooperation and reward of strategic agents in an evolutionary optimization framework is explored in order to better solve engineering design problems. Agents in this Evolutionary Multi-Agent Systems (EMAS) framework rely on one another to better their performance, but also vie for the opportunity to reproduce. The level of cooperation and reward is varied by altering the amount of interaction between agents and the fitness function describing their evolution. The effect of each variable is measured using the problem objective function as a metric. Increasing the amount of cooperation in the evolving team is shown to lead to improved performance for several multimodal and complex numerical optimization and three-dimensional layout problems. However, fitness functions that utilize team-based rewards are found to be inferior to those that reward on an individual basis. The performance trends for different fitness functions and levels of cooperation remain when EMAS is applied to the more complex problem of three-dimensional packing as well.
Breaking Free of Sample Size Dogma to Perform Innovative Translational Research
Authors: Bacchetti Peter , Deeks Steven G. , McCune Joseph M.
Published: June 2011

Abandoning false beliefs about sample-size planning would facilitate funding and conduct of innovative clinical research with small sample sizes.
The Role of Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Pullamsetti Soni Savai , Savai Rajkumar , Dumitrascu Rio , Dahal Bhola Kumar , Wilhelm Jochen , Konigshoff Melanie , Zakrzewicz Dariusz , Ghofrani Hossein Ardeschir , Weissmann Norbert , Eickelberg Oliver , Guenther Andreas , Leiper James , Seeger Werner , Grimminger Friedrich , Schermuly Ralph Theo
Published: June 2011

Inhibition of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase enzyme in lung attenuates two hallmarks of pulmonary fibrosis, excess cells and excess collagen, thereby offering a therapeutic approach.
Whole-Genome Sequencing for Optimized Patient Management
Authors: Bainbridge Matthew N. , Wiszniewski Wojciech , Murdock David R. , Friedman Jennifer , Gonzaga-Jauregui Claudia , Newsham Irene , Reid Jeffrey G. , Fink John K. , Morgan Margaret B. , Gingras Marie-Claude , Muzny Donna M. , Hoang Linh D. , Yousaf Shahed , Lupski James R. , Gibbs Richard A.
Published: June 2011

A disease mutation identified by whole-genome sequencing of twins with dystonia allowed optimization of treatment, resulting in clinical improvements.
BiP and Multiple DNAJ Molecular Chaperones in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Are Required for Efficient Simian Virus 40 Infection
Authors: Goodwin Edward C. , Lipovsky Alex , Inoue Takamasa , Magaldi Thomas G. , Edwards Anne P. B. , Van Goor Kristin E. Y. , Paton Adrienne W. , Paton James C. , Atwood Walter J. , Tsai Billy , DiMaio Daniel
Published: June 2011

Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a nonenveloped DNA virus that traffics through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) en route to the nucleus, but the mechanisms of capsid disassembly and ER exit are poorly understood. We conducted an unbiased RNA interference screen to identify cellular genes required for SV40 infection. SV40 infection was specifically inhibited by up to 50-fold by knockdown of four different DNAJ molecular cochaperones or by inhibition of BiP, the Hsp70 partner of DNAJB11. These proteins were not required for the initiation of capsid disassembly, but knockdown markedly inhibited SV40 exit from the ER. In addition, BiP formed a complex with SV40 capsids in the ER in a DNAJB11-dependent fashion. These experiments identify five new cellular proteins required for SV40 infection and suggest that the binding of BiP to the capsid is required for ER exit. Further studies of these proteins will provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of polyomavirus infection and ER function.

IMPORTANCE
The polyomaviruses, including simian virus 40 (SV40), are important human pathogens and model systems for exploring the general features of virus replication and cell biology. We used a genetic system to interrogate the role of cellular genes in SV40 infection. Based on the results of this unbiased genetic screen and analysis of proteins related to the strongest hit from the screen, we identified five new cellular proteins required for the entry of SV40 into cells. These proteins physically associate with SV40 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during virus entry and are required for exit of the partially disassembled virus from this organelle. These results demonstrate that the polyomaviruses have coopted an ER-localized protein quality control process to initiate disassembly and transit through the cell on their way to the nuclear site of virus replication.
Type III Secretion Is Essential for the Rapidly Fatal Diarrheal Disease Caused by Non-O1, Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Shin Ok S. , Tam Vincent C. , Suzuki Masato , Ritchie Jennifer M. , Bronson Roderick T. , Waldor Matthew K. , Mekalanos John J.
Published: June 2011

Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease typically caused by O1 serogroup strains of
Vibrio cholerae
. The pathogenicity of all pandemic
V. cholerae
O1 strains relies on two critical virulence factors: cholera toxin, a potent enterotoxin, and toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), an intestinal colonization factor. However, certain non-O1, non-O139
V. cholerae
strains, such as AM-19226, do not produce cholera toxin or TCP, yet they still cause severe diarrhea. The molecular basis for the pathogenicity of non-O1, non-O139
V. cholerae
has not been extensively characterized, but many of these strains encode related type III secretion systems (TTSSs). Here, we used infant rabbits to assess the contribution of the TTSS to non-O1, non-O139
V. cholerae
pathogenicity. We found that all animals infected with wild-type AM-19226 developed severe diarrhea even more rapidly than rabbits infected with
V. cholerae
O1. Unlike
V. cholerae
O1 strains, which do not damage the intestinal epithelium in rabbits or humans, AM-19226 caused marked disruptions of the epithelial surface in the rabbit small intestine. TTSS proved to be essential for AM-19226 virulence in infant rabbits; an AM-19226 derivative deficient for TTSS did not elicit diarrhea, colonize the intestine, or induce pathological changes in the intestine. Deletion of either one of the two previously identified or two newly identified AM-19226 TTSS effectors reduced but did not eliminate AM-19226 pathogenicity, suggesting that at least four effectors contribute to this strain’s virulence. In aggregate, our results suggest that the TTSS-dependent virulence in non-O1, non-O139
V. cholerae
represents a new type of diarrheagenic mechanism.

IMPORTANCE
Cholera, which is caused by
Vibrio cholerae
, is an important cause of diarrheal disease in many developing countries. The mechanisms of virulence of nonpandemic strains that can cause a diarrheal illness are poorly understood. AM-19226, like several other pathogenic, nonpandemic
V. cholerae
strains, carries genes that encode a type III secretion system (TTSS), but not cholera toxin (CT) or toxin coregulated pilus (TCP). In this study, we used infant rabbits to study AM-19226 virulence. Infant rabbits orally inoculated with this strain rapidly developed a fatal diarrheal disease, which was accompanied by marked disruptions of the intestinal epithelium. This strain’s TTSS proved essential for its pathogenicity, and there was no diarrhea, intestinal pathology, or colonization in rabbits infected with a TTSS mutant. The effector proteins translocated by the TTSS all appear to contribute to AM-19226 virulence. Thus, our study provides insight into
in vivo
mechanisms by which a novel TTSS contributes to diarrheal disease caused by nonpandemic strains of
V. cholerae
.
Body-conscious Shakespeare: sensory disturbances in troubled characters: Table 1
Authors: Heaton Kenneth W
Published: June 2011

It is widely accepted that Shakespeare was unique in the range of his insights into the human mind, but the way his characters reveal their mental states through bodily sensations has not been systematically explored. The author has searched for these phenomena in the 42 major works of Shakespeare and in 46 genre-matched works by his contemporaries, and in this paper the author focuses on sensory changes other than those involving vision, taste, the heart and the alimentary tract (all considered in other papers). Vertigo is experienced by five distressed Shakespearean characters, all men, but not at all by the other writers' characters. Breathlessness, probably representing hyperventilation, occurs eleven times in Shakespeare's works but only twice in the other writers' works. Fatigue, expressing grief, is articulated by several Shakespearean characters including Hamlet. It features less often in the others' works. Deafness at a time of high emotion is mentioned by Shakespeare several times but usually by a character ‘turning a deaf ear’, consciously or unconsciously. To the other writers, ears show emotion only by burning or itching. Blunting of touch and pain and their opposites of hypersensitivity to touch and pain are all to be found in Shakespeare's works when a character is distressed or excited, but not so with his contemporaries' works. Faint feelings and cold feelings are also more common in the works of Shakespeare. Overall, therefore, Shakespeare was exceptional in his use of sensory disturbances to express emotional upset. This may be a conscious literary device or a sign of exceptional awareness of bodily sensations.
Impact of pelleted diets with different mineral compositions on the crown size of mandibular cheek teeth and mandibular relative density in degus (Octodon degus)
Authors: Jekl V. , Gumpenberger M. , Jeklova E. , Hauptman K. , Stehlik L. , Knotek Z.
Published: June 2011

The impact of pelleted diets with different mineral compositions on the crown size of the mandibular cheek teeth, as well as the mandibular bone and cheek teeth density, in degus (Octodon degus) was investigated. A total of 28 animals were randomly divided into four groups and fed different calcium or phosphorous dietary content, in the presence or absence of UV light, for 14 months. Dental radiographs and CT images of the head were taken, and the crown size of premolar and molar teeth was recorded. Apical and coronal crown elongation of all cheek teeth and significantly smaller relative cheek teeth and mandibular densities were recorded in degus fed a high‐phosphorus diet with an improper calcium:phosphorus ratio. A diet with a calcium:phosphorus ratio of 1:1 was also responsible for the rapid development of dental disease with subsequent severe health impairment.
HYPERFINE SPLITTING OF THE DRESSED HYDROGEN ATOM GROUND STATE IN NON-RELATIVISTIC QED
Authors: AMOUR L. , FAUPIN J.
Published: June 2011

We consider a spin-½ electron and a spin-½ nucleus interacting with the quantized electromagnetic field in the standard model of non-relativistic QED. For a fixed total momentum sufficiently small, we study the multiplicity of the ground state of the reduced Hamiltonian. We prove that the coupling between the spins of the charged particles and the electromagnetic field splits the degeneracy of the ground state.