bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of the Secondary Recrystallization Temperature on theSharpness of Goss Secondary Recrystallization Texture
Authors: Woo Jong Soo , Han Chan-Hee , Hong Byung-Deug , Harase Jirou
Published: April 2008

Primary recrystallized Fe–3%Si specimens containing AI and nitrided were annealed
intermittently with the heating rate of 15℃/h in 100% N2 atmosphere. The magnetic
induction B8 was measured after each annealing. The onset of secondary recrystallization
was detected by the rapid rise of B8. The maximum B8 obtained was about 1.94 T when the
onset temperature of the secondary recrystallization was around 1075℃ regardless of the
initial grain size or nitrogen content.

The same primary specimens were coated with MgO and annealed with the same heating
rate in 5% H2–N2. The maximum B8 obtained was nearly same as with the above annealing
condition, however, the initial grain size and nitrogen content was quite contrary in this
annealing. The difference in the optimum grain size and nitrogen content for obtaining the
highest B8 between both annealings was explained on the assumption that ∑9 boundaries
become most mobile at 1075℃ regardless of the annealing methods. Based on this finding,
the possibility of producing grain oriented silicon steel without hot band annealing and
nitriding treatment was shown.
Mechanism of Orientation Selectivity During Grain Growth ofSecondary Recrystallization in Fe‐3%Si Alloy
Authors: Ushigami Y. , Kubota T. , Takahashi N.
Published: April 2008

Selective growth of {110}〈001〉 grains in the temperature gradient annealing has been
studied in Fe–3%Si alloy. As grains grow, the average
deviation angle from the ideal {110}〈001〉 orientation becomes smaller and orientation
distribution changes corresponding to that of coincidence grains
in the matrix. Secondary recrystallization temperature depends on
the orientation of secondary recrystallized grain and sharper
{110} 〈001〉 grains grow preferentially at lower temperatures.

These phenomena are explained by modified Hillert′s model of grain growth. Interfacial
energy of coincidence boundary is lower than that of general
boundary. Therefore, sharper {110}〈001〉 grains, which have higher frequency of coincidence grains in the
primary recrystallized matrix, suffer lower pinning effect from the second phase particles
and thus grow preferentially at lower temperatures.
The Deformation and Shear Bands in the Fe–3%Si Alloy
Authors: Sokolov B. K. , Gubernatorov V. V. , Gervasyeva I. V. , Sbitnev A. K. , Vladimirov L. R.
Published: April 2008

This paper deals with a metallographic study of shear and deformation bands, which are
formed and developed during rolling and fatigue tests of single crystals and polycrystals
of Fe–3% Si. The effect of the initial orientation of the single crystals, dimensions of
grains in polycrystals, thickness of the samples and certain rolling factors on the formation
of banded structures was analyzed. The effect of these structures on the structure
and the texture, which appear in the deformed alloy subject to annealing, was studied too.

The obtained data provided a better account of the banded structures and permitted
directing ways to control their formation and evolution.
Calculating Radial Textures in Bushes* Made of theAlloy Mn‐Al‐C Upon Upsetting Into a Container
Authors: Solovei V. D. , Loginov Yu. N.
Published: April 2008

The alloy Mn–Al–C (magnetic τ‐phase) has a face‐centered tetragonal crystal lattice with
the superstructure L10 (Shangurov et al., 1990). The tetragonal crystal axes c (the directions
〈001〉 of easy magnetization) of the grain lattices of a polycrystal permanent magnet having
a form of a bush must be preferably oriented along the corresponding bush radius. Such
bushes with a pronounced radial texture are used, for example, as stators of micromotors.
In the present paper the forming of this radial texture (001) in bushes made of the alloy
Mn–Al–C is investigated theoretically. Texture inhomogeneity is taken into account by
solving the boundary value problem of plasticity.
Advances in the Mesoscale Approach to Structure‐SensitiveProperties Relations in Polycrystalline Materials
Authors: Adams B. L.
Published: April 2008

New methods have recently been conceived for extracting certain intrinsic properties of
grain boundaries. Described here is a novel approach to extracting the excess free energy
and mobility functions over large components of the entire fundamental space of grain
boundary types. The theoretical approach constitutes a new form of inverse problems in
materials science, and demands geometrical and orientational characterizations of very
large numbers of triple junctions. The experimental approach demands new levels of
automation of orientation imaging microscopy, and calibrated serial sectioning to
overcome the opacity problem in electron diffraction. The main threads of the approach
(theoretical, numerical and experimental) are described in this paper.
Influence of the Texture on Mechanical Properties of the Al‐LiAlloy 1441
Authors: Shamray V. F. , Babareko A. A. , Setjucov O. A.
Published: April 2008

Results of texture investigations in sheet and plate of the Al–Li alloy 1441 are presented.
The peculiarities of fracture surface morphology formation during fatigue crack propagation
tests in dependence on texture inhomogeneity are considered. The deviation of the
fatigue crack from the principal direction in center‐notched specimens could be related to
occurrence of a {110} 〈112〉 texture. The formation of crystallographic faceted fracture
surfaces results from cracks extending by slip along equally shear stressed {111} 〈110〉 slip
systems ahead of the crack tip.
Variation of Plastic Strain Ratios of α‐Brass Sheet WithTensile Strain
Authors: Jeong Hyo-Tae , Hong Seung-Hyun , Lee Dong Nyung
Published: April 2008

A study has been made of the changes in the instantaneous plastic strain ratios along
various directions of α‐brass sheet as a function of tensile strain. The α‐brass sheet was
fabricated by 88% cold rolling and subsequent annealing at 450℃ for 1.5 h, which lead to
complete recrystallization. The recrystallization texture of the α‐brass sheet could be
approximated by {110} 〈110〉. The plastic strain ratio along the rolling direction decreased
with increasing tensile strain, whereas those along 45 90 to the rolling direction were
almost independent of tensile strain. The results were in agreement with those calculated
using the recrystallization textures based on the Taylor‐Bishop‐Hill full constraints
model.
The Texture and Creep Anisotropy of Fuel Element ShellsManufactured From Cr16Ni15Mo3Ti Type Steels
Authors: Kuznetsov V. N. , Khakimova O. N. , Shalaev V. I. , Vil′danova N. F. , Sagaradze V. V. , Filippov Yu. I.
Published: April 2008

A study was undertaken into the structure, the texture, the strength, and the creep of the
Cr16Ni15Mo3Ti type steel tubes cold‐deformed to 20% strain that are used as the fuel
element shells for fast‐neutron reactors. The tubes were found to have fibrous 〈111〉 and
〈100〉 textures along their axis. The preferred orientations 〈011〉 normal to the radial plane
and (011) and (112) normal to the plane tangential to the tube surface were determined.
The strength, the creep strength, and the rupture strength proved to be higher along the
tube axis. Qualitatively, this is attributed to a specific texture and the grain shape of the
material.
Band Structure Formation in Metals Under Deformation
Authors: Gubernatorov V. V. , Sokolov B. K. , Sbitnev A. K. , Vladimirov L. R. , Gervasyeva I. V.
Published: April 2008

The study of the specific features of the flow of different metal layers at the deformation
zone during rolling suggests that a regular banded structure of the material is determined
by corrugation of some of its layers subject to strain.
Texture and Thermal Expansion Anomalies of B19′‐Martensitein Tensile Deformed TiNi Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Gundyrev V. M. , Zel′dovich V. I. , Sobyanina G. A.
Published: April 2008

The dilatometric studies of Ti‐50.5 at.% Ni alloy have shown that the thermal expansion
coefficient (TEC) of B19′‐martensite varies considerably for the solution‐treated and
tensile‐strained samples. In the undeformed state the TEC has the positive value
α=9.7.10-6 K-1. After tensile straining the TEC decreases sharply and takes on a
negative value (down to – 10.8.10-6 K-1). The reasons for the variation of the TEC of the
B19′‐phase of the solution‐treated and deformed samples are discussed. The tensile
straining was found to create in the samples an extremely sharp texture of the phase
transformation, with the texture axis parallel to the strain direction. The TEC of monoclinic
B1939;‐lattice is different in various crystallographic directions and assumes a negative
value in the [0 01]B19′ direction.
Residual Stress Determination in the Cementite and Ferrite Phasesof High Carbon Steel
Authors: Van Houtte P. , Van Acker K. , Root J.
Published: April 2008

The paper describes a study of the residual stress and the texture in cold drawn wires of pearlitic high carbon steel. Total true strains in wire drawing ranged from 1.96 to 2.59. Such material consists of a ferrite and a cementite phase, both in lamellar form. First, a discussion is given as to the various types of residual stresses which can be expected in
such a material (macrostresses, grain microstresses, phase microstresses and their components). Next the measurements which have been carried out are described: neutron diffraction measurements on both cementite and ferrite phases in the bulk of the wires, and X‐ray diffraction measurements on the ferrite phase at the surface. Neutron diffraction led to the average texture and the average phase microstresses in the axial direction in both the ferrite and the cementite phases. X‐ray diffraction led to the total phase stress at the surface of the ferrite. By combining both results, it turned out to be possible to determine the macrostress at the surface of the wires and the total phase stress in the cementite as well. Additional measurements, performed after chemical thinning of the wires, finally led to some information about the stress gradients.
Residual Stress and Texture Due to Cold and Hot ExtrusionProcesses
Authors: Pyzalla A. , Reimers W.
Published: April 2008

The residual stress state and the texture of cold forward extruded full and hollow steel bodies as well as a hot extruded AlSi25Cu4Mg1 tube are studied by X‐ray, high energy synchrotron and neutron diffraction. The experimental results reveal that all samples are fibre textured and that there are characteristic distributions of the residual stresses vs. sample diameter. In case of the cold forward extruded samples at low degrees of natural strain, the rod kernel is under compressive residual stresses which are balanced by tensile residual stresses in the outer part of the sample. In contrast to this, the outer part of the hot extruded sample is under compressive macroscopic stresses which are balanced by tensile macroscopic residual stresses in the inner part of the sample.
Lattice Preferred Orientation as an Indicator of a Complex Deformation History of Rocks
Authors: Ullemeyer K. , Weber K.
Published: April 2008

The deconvolution of the deformation history of rocks is one of the main goals of texture analysis in geology. The frequent observation that the macroscopic structures are obliquely oriented with respect to the margins of the deformation zone gave rise to the hypotheses that the deformation path might be complex, and that the lattice preferred orientation of the rock‐forming minerals should reflect such complicated deformation conditions as well. Hence, texture determinations of polyphase rock samples were carried out and the relationship of the mineral textures to the commonly used sample reference frame foliation–lineation, which is assumed to represent the principal axes of the bulk finite strain tensor, was investigated. It was confirmed that particular mineral textures are typical for different stages of the deformation path. Especially the quartz textures exhibit an uncommon but consistent deviation from the sample reference frame, which is consistent with respect to the geographical coordinates, too. Such a characteristic may be used to evaluate the direction of a large‐scale horizontal shear component, which is known as the transpressive shear vector in the geological literature.
Texture and Magnetic Levitation Force of Melt‐Textured YBaCuOCylinders
Authors: Jung V. , Adam M. , Bornemann H. J. , Brokmeier H.-G. , Kaiser A. , Schnieber R. , Thoms J.
Published: April 2008

To investigate the correlation between the levitation force of YBaCuO cylinders when approached by a permanent magnet and the texture of these YBaCuO cylinders some of these specimens were selected which are free of microcracks, have the same oxygen load, show no isotropic fraction or other undesired parasitic c‐axis orientations. To gain a maximum levitation force the c‐axis orientation of the crystalline domains has to have a small divergence between the c‐axis and the cylinder axis. By measurements of the (002) pole figures by neutron diffraction with a mesh width no more than 6° undesired c‐axis orientations have been analyzed. The distribution of the c‐axis near the cylinder axis has been measured at the (005) reflection of 7 times higher intensity than the (002) reflection. The angular limit within which lie 94% of all c‐axis orientations is a practical value for comparison of the c‐axis orientations and the levitation forces of the different YBaCuO cylinders.
Strengthening the {111} Texture in Steel Sheet byIncreasing the Level of Solute Carbon During Cold Rolling
Authors: Barnett M. R. , Kestens L.
Published: April 2008

A series of cold rolling and annealing experiments were conducted to examine the influence of solute carbon during cold rolling on the annealing texture. Hot band samples with grain sizes of 8 and 47 µm were used and rolling was carried out to reductions of 70% and 85%. Two levels of solute carbon were obtained prior to cold rolling by quenching and overaging. Recrystallization textures were measured following single and two step isothermal annealing treatments. In the latter, the level of solute carbon is lowered prior to the commencement
of recrystallization. For the single step treatment, the {111} texture intensity was lower in all the samples that had a high level of solute carbon present during rolling. However, when the two step annealing treatment was employed a different trend emerged. Under these circumstances, the fine grain size high rolling reduction sample showed a stronger {111} texture after annealing when the solute carbon level was high during rolling.
The Microstructural Characterization of ElectrogalvanizedZinc–Iron and Zinc–Nickel Coatings
Authors: Park H. , Szpunar J. A.
Published: April 2008

In this study, the development of the microstructure of zinc–iron and zinc–nickel coatings
on steel sheet electrodeposited at various deposition conditions, is analyzed. The evolution
of the coating microstructure – texture, surface morphology, crystallographic lattice,
microstress, alloy composition and phase of coatings – is investigated at different current
densities and deposition times. The microstructure of zinc alloy coatings varies significantly
with the change of deposition parameters. The present study proposes that the transformarion
of texture during the alloy codeposition is closely related to the morphological
characteristics of the coating surface and the change of alloy and phase composition of the
deposit. Anomalous codeposition behavior, is considered responsible for the change or
transformation of the microstructure of coatings. The texture of zinc–iron coatings
changes from the combined texture of the basal fiber and non‐fiber pyramidal component
to the pyramidal fiber texture with the current density increase. In the case of zinc–nickel
coatings, the intensity of the {101} texture of γ phase increases with increasing nickel
content, while the intensity of the {100} texture decreases. A correlation between the
texture, morphology and alloy content in the deposits is discussed.
Texture and Microstructure Control in Zinc Coated Steel Sheets.Effect on Formability of the Coatings
Authors: Gaignard S. , Lazik S. , Lietzau J. , Wegria J. , Dubois M. , Philippe M. J. , Esling C.
Published: April 2008

Many commercial galvanised steel sheets have been characterised before deformation
(grain size, grain distribution in the coatings, pre‐cracking, individual orientations, misorientations
between neighbouring grains, local and global textures) in connection with
the zinc alloy which was used and the process parameters.

The samples were bent by a biaxial expansion and examined afterwards. All the coatings
were pre‐cracked before deformation.

The extent of the pre‐cracking depends on the intensity and the sharpness of the basal
planes texture of the coating and also on the misorientations across the grain boundaries.
In the same way, zinc primary dendrites and recrystallised grains can hinder the crack
propagation, limiting their extent.

We can establish a correlation between the texture, the microstructure of the coatings
(using a concept that corresponds to the mean free path of the crack) and the formability.
As we know the process parameters, it is now conceivable that the texture of the coatings
could be controlled.
Initial and RecrystallizationTextures of Nickel Electrodeposits
Authors: Kim Insoo , Lee Sae Gwang
Published: April 2008

The texture of electrodeposits vary with deposition conditions. Electrodeposits texture is
also related to microstructure, surface morphology and mechanical properties. When the
electrodeposits annealed, the recrystallization texture may be different from the original
deposition texture. The surface morphology, the microstructure and the initial and
recrystallization textures of nickel electrodeposits vary with deposition conditions.

The 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 textures of nickel electrodeposits can be obtained from nickel sulfate,
nickel chloride and boric acid baths. The size of surface asperities decreases with increasing
current density and decreasing temperature. The 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 textures of nickel electrodeposits
changed to the 〈100〉 and texture, when recrystallized, respectively.
Texture of Electrodeposited Copper Coatings as Related to TheirSubstructure, Granular Structure and Surface Morphology
Authors: Girin O. B. , Proshenko Yu. O. , Kalinushkin E. P.
Published: April 2008

Results of comprehensive studies into crystallographic texture of electrodeposited copper
coatings are presented in relation to their substructure, granular structure and surface
morphology. Quantitative texture evaluation involving anisotropy of substructure characteristics,
and determination of characteristics of substructure and granular structure
in the axial and random components are addressed. Effects of texture anisotropy of substructure
and texture nonhomogeneity of granular structure discovered in copper layers are
dealt with. Influence of the deposition current density on quantitative characteristics of
oriented structure in copper deposits is discussed. The effects of various thermodynamic
factors on texture formation in copper electroplates are considered for the stages of
(i) nucleation and (ii) growth of grains in the major component of texture. Anisotropy of
shape is also treated for the elements of oriented structure in copper electrodeposits.
X‐Ray Study of Nanocrystalline Ribbons FeCuNbSiB Subjected to Thermomechanical and Thermomagnetic Treatments
Authors: Gervasyeva I. V. , Bunge H. J. , Helming K. , Lukshina V. A. , Alexandrov I. V.
Published: April 2008

An attempt to discover the structure peculiarities giving rise to induced magnetic anisotropy
in a finemet subjected to thermomechanical or thermomagnetic treatment has
been undertaken. Grain size, internal stresses and texture in FeCuNbSiB ribbons were
investigated. It was concluded that the induced magnetic anisotropy must have another
reason e.g., directional ordering of Si atoms.
Effect of Crystal Rotation on Springback of Integrated Circuit Leadframes
Authors: Chan K. C. , Wang S. H.
Published: April 2008

It is well known that crystal rotation which occurs in deformation processes may affect the mechanical and plastic properties of textured materials. In the present paper, the effect of crystal rotation on springback of a textured copper strip is examined. A model proposed previously by the authors for the prediction of springback of narrow and thin strips has been further extended to take crystal rotation into consideration. Based on the measured orientation distribution function of the strip, it is found that the influence of crystal rotation on the deformation behavior of the strip is significant. A reduction in elastic modulus, and circumferential and radial stresses are obtained. An improvement in the predicted springback angle is observed when crystal rotation is taken into consideration, though more research efforts still require to further enhance the accuracy of the model.
Texture Changes During Deformation of a 7475 Superplastic Aluminum Sheet Alloy
Authors: Pérez-Prado M. T. , González-Doncel G.
Published: April 2008

The deformation mechanisms of a fine‐grained Al 7475 superplastic alloy deformed under non‐optimum conditions for superplasticity, but under which still several hundred per cent of elongation are achieved, have been studied by means of texture analysis. It has been found that crystallographic slip plays an important role in the deformation of this alloy under such conditions. After testing both along the rolling and the transverse directions,
the orientations of the texture belonging to the α‐ and β‐fibers are retained. This is not consistent with current models of deformation for randomly oriented polycrystals.
Effect of Microstructures on Deformation Behaviour of Aluminium Matrix Composites in Laser Bending
Authors: Chan K. C. , Liang J.
Published: April 2008

It is well known that the mechanical and deformation properties of metal matrix composites (MMCs) are related to their microstructures. However, less work has been carried out in laser bending to examine the dependency of microstructures of MMCs on deformation behaviour. In this paper, two aluminium‐based metal matrix composites, Al2009/20 vol% SiCw and Al2009/20 vol% SiCp were investigated. A YAG laser was used to scan the composites both parallel and perpendicular to their rolling directions. It was reported that under the same processing conditions, a larger bending angle was obtained for the Al2009/SiCp composite. No significant change in microstructures was observed for both composites after bending. Experimental findings also revealed that for the particulate reinforced composite, a larger laser bending angle was obtained when the laser scanning direction was perpendicular to the rolling direction, whereas no significant difference was observed for the Al2009/SiCw composite. These phenomena were shown to relate to the shape and distribution of reinforcements.
Defocusing Correction of X‐Ray Pole Figures by Means of Neutron Pole Figure Measurement
Authors: Siemes H. , Rosière C. A. , Hackspacher P. , Schäfer W. , Jansen E.
Published: April 2008

A rather simple empirical defocusing correction method is described which makes use of
X‐ray and neutron measurement of pole figure data from a sample with a weak preferred
orientation.
Simulation of Texture Formation in a ZrO2 Film Grown on Zr–2.5%Nb
Authors: Li H. , Glavicic M. , Szpunar J. A.
Published: April 2008

A computer model is developed which is capable of simulating the texture and microstructure of the oxide grown on a Zr substrate. In this computer model, the effects of both substrate texture and microstructure in the formation of oxide texture and microstructure are taken into account. The substrate and oxide are represented with digitized unit cells. Each unit cell has an orientation characterized by three Euler angles. In the nucleation and
re‐nucleation stage, the orientation of each oxide cell is determined by substrate orientation and microstructure. In the oxide grain growth stage, the orientation of each oxide cell is determined by minimizing the stress at the oxide/metal interface. In this paper, the model is applied to the simulation of the texture formation of the ZrO2 grown on a Zr–2.5%Nb substrate. Three substrates with completely different orientations and microstructures are used in the study. Good agreement between the simulated and the experimental results is obtained.
Comparison of Quantitative Texture Analysis Results From Time‐of‐Flight and Conventional Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Feldmann K. , Betzl M. , Andreeff A. , Hennig K. , Kleinstück K. , Matz W.
Published: April 2008

The adaptability of time‐of‐flight neutron diffraction
for quantitative texture analysis is demonstrated. Measurements
with this technique on drawn steel wire show good agreement with
the results from conventional neutron diffraction experiments.
A short description of the neutron time‐of‐flight method is given.
Its application for texture investigations especially on low‐symmetry
crystalline systems, multiphase materials and for in
situ studies is discussed.
A Note on the Rolling Texture of Nickel‐Iron‐Niobium Alloy
Authors: Tai L. C. , Tan Zen-Jue
Published: April 2008

The nickel‐iron‐niobium alloy containing about 79% Ni,
8% Nb and 13% Fe in sheet form has been prepared and fabricated.
The rolling texture of the alloy after cold reduction of 50 and
94% has been determined by using X‐ray counter diffractometer
and the results are presented in pole figures. In comparison
with Ni‐Fe‐Mo, the results are discussed from a view of the difference
of mechanical hardness between these two categories of
alloys.
An Electronic "Angle Marker" for the Siemens Texture Diffractometer
Authors: Kallend J. S.
Published: April 2008

An electronic circuit is described which produces output
pulses in response to preselected increments in specimen rotation
on a Siemens Texture Diffractometer. The output pulses give
an accurate indication of the specimen position, and may be used
to trigger X‐ray scaler read‐out and reset operations for automatic
data logging. The accuracy with which specimen position is
determined is unaffected by variations in line frequency of the
goniometer motor electrical supply, or by goniometer motor inertia
when it is first switched on.
Lattice Curvatures Produced by the Heavy Deformation of Polycrystals
Authors: Dillamore I. L.
Published: April 2008

An outline nomenclature is given for some of the microstructural
heterogeneities found in heavily deformed single phase
cubic metals. The relationship of these features to the development
of lattice curvatures is discussed and the importance of lattice
curvatures in relating deformation and annealing textures is
assessed.
Correction of Integrated X‐Ray Intensities for Preferred Orientation in Hexagonal Close‐Packed Powders Using Edxrd
Authors: Kivilä J. , Laine E. , Parviainen S.
Published: April 2008

It is shown that energy‐dispersive x‐ray diffraction
(EDXRD) method can be used for correction of integrated intensities
for preferred orientation in hexagonal close‐packed powders.
The theory is based upon examination of the polar axis
density distribution and upon the use of hexagonal harmonics in
its representation. The reflexion method by Schulz added with
defocusing correction was used. Measurements were carried out
on three zinc samples with different degrees of orientation, the
largest correction being 54 percent.
Texture and its Influence on the Mechanical and Ballistic Properties of Steel Armor Plates
Authors: Hu Hsun , Zarkades A. , Larson F. R.
Published: April 2008

By appropriate thermomechanical processing treatment
in the austenite region of a medium carbon 5Ni steel, three different
types of textures, each with various degrees of intensity,
have been produced in the quenched‐and‐tempered high‐hardness
steel armor plates. The various mechanical properties, including
tension, through‐thickness tension and compression, impact, fatigue,
and fracture toughness, together with the ballistic performance
of the plates as a function of the intensity of the
texture, in particular the (112)+(111) type, are presented and
discussed.
Reproducible Textures
Authors: Bunge H. J. , Esling C.
Published: April 2008

The orientation distribution function of a textured polycrystalline material may be split into an
even and odd part; the latter is not reproducible from pole figure measurements as has been
recently shown. The class of textures containing only a reproducible part is considered. In the
case of axially symmetric textures (fibre textures), these take on a very simple form. They are,
however, not the only type of reproducible textures as has been assumed. A sample having a
reproducible texture is centrosymmetric, even in the most general case of non‐centrosymmetric,
enantiomorphic crystals of one crystal form only. Symmetry elements of this kind have been
called non‐conventional ones. They may be described by black‐and‐white or Shubnikov groups.
Reproducible textures correspond to a non‐conventional centre of inversion as an element of
sample symmetry and vice versa.
Omphacite Microstructures From a Spanish Eclogite
Authors: Van Roermund Herman L. M.
Published: April 2008

The microstructures of some naturally deformed clinopyroxenes from the Betic Cordilleras
southern Spain are described in some detail. The PT conditions at the time of deformation
are estimated to be 12 kb and 500℃. Optical and TEM studies indicate that deformation
takes place essentially by conservative slip on {hk0} [001] to produce lattice bending
and kinking, whilst minor contributions from dislocation creep occur. Slip is accompanied
by extensive grain and kink band boundary migration leading locally to recrystallisation.
Additional defect structures are inhomogeneously distributed anti‐phase domains,
typically of 2 sizes, 0.03 and 0.3–1 μm.
The Determination of Complete Pole Figures Using the Reflection Method
Authors: Xiong Fan , Parker B. A.
Published: April 2008

A method is described which enables complete pole figures of metal sheet to be obtained
using the reflection technique alone. A small known displacement of the sample from
the centre of the texture goniometer is made and this significantly reduces absorption
at high tilt angles (the outer region of the pole figure). The displacement introduced
requires a wider receiving slit in order to collect an adequate fraction of the diffracted
x‐rays. The overall improvement in peak‐to‐background ratio is such that reproducible,
complete pole figures can be produced. No loss in the detail contained in the pole figures
has been observed due to the misalignment of the goniometer geometry.
Calculation of the Normalization Factor of Incomplete Pole Figures by Cubic Extrapolation
Authors: Dahms M. , Bunge H.-J.
Published: April 2008

The calculation of orientation distribution functions from incomplete pole figures can
be carried out by a least squares approximation of the texture coefficients and the normalization factors Nhkl to the available experimental data. This procedure is less
susceptable to instabilities due to experimental errors if the normalization factors can
be calculated independently of the coefficients . In the case of cubic materials, the relationship = 0 to be fulfilled by pole figure values provides an independent condition
for the calculation of the normalization factor. This condition can still be improved by
taking the slopes of the pole density curves at α = αmax⁡ and α = 90° into account. An
economic way to consider the slope in the pole figures is to use a cubic spline interpolation.
Texture and Lamellae Distribution Functions in Lamellar Eutectics
Authors: Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

The crystallographic orientation distribution and the geometrical lamellae orientation
distribution in lamellar eutectics are, in general, not independent of each other. The
combined orientation‐lamellae distribution function depends on five angular parameters.
X‐ray diffraction in such eutectics may exhibit an anisotropic macroscopic
absorption factor if the penetration depth of the X‐rays is large compared with their
planar size. As a consequence, the reflected X‐ray intensity may depend on a third
angle γ, i.e. a rotation of the sample about the diffraction vector s additionally to the
usual pole figure angles α, β which describe the orientation of the diffraction vector s
with respect to the sample coordinate system. It is thus necessary to measure
three‐dimensional generalized pole figures instead of conventional two‐dimensional
ones.
The Determination of Crystallographic Textures From Selected Areas of a Specimen by Electron Diffraction
Authors: Humphreys F. J.
Published: April 2008

A technique for the determination of partial pole figures with an angular resolution of
<3°, from selected areas of a thin foil, is described. A microcomputer, interfaced to an
unmodified JEOL 100 CX TEMSCAN electron microscope is used to scan a diffraction
pattern over a detector, tilt the specimen in steps of 1.5° over a range of ±50°, and plot
the resulting data as a semiquantitative pole figure. The application of the technique to
the study of materials which deform inhomogeneously is discussed, and examples are
given of pole figures obtained from deformed single phase and two phase aluminium
specimens.
Deformation and Recrystallisation Textures of Polycrystalline Nickel
Authors: Pospiech J. , Jura J. , Mücklich A. , Pawlik K. , Betzl M.
Published: April 2008

The development has been analysed of the primary recrystallisation texture in samples
of polycrystalline nickel rolled to various degrees of reduction. A great similarity between
the texture characteristics of copper and nickel has been found. Regularities of cube
texture development were established and compared with results of texture and microstructure
investigations obtained by other authors.
Texture Analysis From Incomplete Pole Figures in Low Symmetry Cases
Authors: Wagner F. , Humbert M.
Published: April 2008

From a classification of crystal symmetries involved in texture analysis we define a set of (low) crystal symmetries that can be similarly managed in the same computer program, using the harmonic method. A way of calculating the texture from incomplete pole figures is then proposed. Results are reported for two examples with
hexagonal and trigonal crystal symmetry, respectively, and advantages and limitations of such texture analyses are discussed.
Crystallographical Calculation of Earing in Deep Drawing under Various Conditions
Authors: Kanetake Naoyuki , Tozawa Yasuhisa
Published: April 2008

Earing in the cup drawing of sheet metals is calculated quantitatively using a crystallographical theory with measured texture data. In the analysis a polycrystalline sheet is simplified to be an aggregate of many single crystals with various orientations, and a crystallite orientation distribution function which is calculated from the measured texture is used as a volume fraction of a certain oriented crystal. The circumferential distribution of radial strain in a flange of a blank being drawn is calculated by considering a restricted glide in a crystal, and then cup height at each
peripheral position of a drawn cup is calculated from this distribution of radial strain. For an aluminium, a copper and two steel sheets the calculated cup profiles are compared with experimental ones under various drawing conditions of dimension of a punch, a die and a blank. The result shows that earing in the drawn cup can be
predicted satisfactorily by the present calculation for a wide range of drawing conditions and materials.
Development of Deformation Textures in Polycrystalline Copper Experiments and Model Predictions
Authors: Naaman H. , Talreja R. , Jensen D. Juul , Hansen N.
Published: April 2008

The textural development and flow stress have been determined in compression and tension of copper (99.999%). For strains below 1.4 (compression) and 1.0 (tension) the textural development is in qualitative agreement with Taylor‐model predictions, i.e. a maximum concentration at the 〈110〉 and 〈111〉 + 〈100〉 orientations for compression and tension, respectively. The grain size (23 and 125 μm) has only a relatively small effect on the textural development. For large strains 1.4–2.9
(compression) the textural development is in broad agreement with relaxed‐constraints (RC) model predictions. In the strain range where the Taylor‐model is prevalent the textural development has only a small effect on the M‐factor, i.e. on the flow stress–strain relationship.
ODF Calculation by Series Expansion from Incompletely Measured Pole Figures Using the Positivity Condition Part I—Cubic Crystal Symmetry
Authors: Dahms M. , Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

The calculation of orientation distribution functions (ODF) from incomplete pole figures can be carried out by an iterative procedure taking into account the positivity condition for all pole figures. This method strongly reduces instabilities which may occasionally occur in other methods.
Texture Analyzer for On‐Line rm‐Value Estimation
Authors: Kopineck Hermann-Josef , Otten Heiner
Published: April 2008

This article describes the development of an X‐ray texture analyzer that can be used for continuous on‐line inspection of cold rolled steel.
A Comprehensive Mathematical Formulation of an Extended Taylor–Bishop–Hill Model Featuring Relaxed Constraints, the Renouard–WintenbergerTheory and a Strain Rate Sensitivity Model
Authors: Van Houtte P.
Published: April 2008

The Taylor theory and the Bishop–Hill theory for the plastic deformation of
polycrystals are expressed in a mathematical way which makes extensive use of
vectors. These vectors represent either plastic strain rate tensors or deviatoric stress
tensors, both in a unified five‐dimensional stress‐strain space. Such formulation
permits a unified formulation of both theories, which can then easily be solved by
means of linear programming. The computer implementation of this formalism (in
Pascal) conserves this mathematical formalism to a high extent.

Relaxed constraints (or “mixed boundary conditions”) can very easily be
incorporated in the method. The concept of a “relaxed constraint” is formulated in a
much more general way than has ever been done before.

It is not only shown why there are often multiple solutions for the slip rates, but
also that such difficulties can arise for the stress state as well. A few methods for
making an appropriate choice among these equivalent solutions are explained, one
based on the Renouard–Wintenberger theory that proposes a secondary energy
criterion, and another that takes strain rate sensitivity effects into account.
Texture Transition, MicroShear Bands andHeterogeneous Plastic Strain inF.C.C. and B.C.C. Metals inRolling
Authors: Berveiller M. , Bouaouine H. , Fakri N. , Lipinski P.
Published: April 2008

During the plastic deformation of a metallic polycrystal many kinds of heterogeneous
deformation are often observed, both on an intergranular scale and inside the grains.
The heterogeneities of the plastic intragranular strains are associated with the latent
hardening and with internal stresses.

In order to deal with this problem, it is assumed that some regions of simple glide
exist inside the grains, separated by plane interfaces. These interfaces are assumed to
be habit planes, separating the domain of simple glide and a homogeneous
continuous medium, whose deformation is the one imposed on the polycrystal.

The compatibility relations between the domain of simple glide and the imposed
deformation, enable for determination of the gliding amplitude, normal to the habit
plane, and the rotation of the crystal lattice inside this domain.

In the case of rolling for F.C.C. and B.C.C. metals, we have analyzed the spin of
the crystal lattice in the form of a distribution function. We observe sources and
sinks which correspond to the stable orientations, shown by the orientation
distribution function. The comparison between these calculations and classical data
of rolling texture analysis indicates that a certain number of observed components
are due to deformation inhomogeneities, as suggested previously.

The comparison of the orientation of the habit planes shows that there exists a
definite relation between habit planes and micro shear bands.
On the Mechanism of Secondary Recrystallization in Grain Oriented Silicon Iron
Authors: Abbruzzese G. , Ciancaglioni I. , Campopiano A.
Published: April 2008

The final Goss texture in grain oriented silicon iron develops by a secondary
recrystallization process in presence of second phase particles.

A sheet of Fe‐3%Si was annealed in a gradient furnace in order to establish the
exact temperature of the beginning of abnormal growth.

Measurements of grain size distributions of the different orientations and in
particular of the {110} 〈001〉 grains (within a cone of ±10° width around the rolling
direction) were performed at different stages of grain growth. The so identified Goss
grains show a different growth kinetic in comparison with the matrix. The results are
analysed and discussed in the framework of the statistical model of grain growth
assuming a texture selection process operating.

The agreement between experimental and theoretical results is quite good and
allows to state that the main mechanism for the secondary recrystallization in silicon
iron is a selective process of grain growth which is controlled by the presence of an
inhibitor (dispersion of second phase particles). As a consequence an initial larger
grain size for {110} 〈001〉 oriented grains is not a necessary condition to get the final
Goss texture.
Statistical Treatment of Measured Orientation Relationships
Authors: Prantl W. , Werner E. , Stüwe H. P.
Published: April 2008

Using the χ2‐test a statistical method is described, which allows a clear decision
whether a given distribution of orientation relationships between adjacent grains is
random or not. The validity of this method even for small numbers of orientation
relationships, as obtained from electron microscopical measurements, is shown by
generating a small sample of randomly distributed orientation relationships and
testing it against the calculated distribution. The method is applied to orientation
relationships measured between α/α‐, α/β‐ and β/β‐neighbouring grains in single‐ and
dual‐phase brasses.
The Sphere Rotation Method: Determination of Low Energy Orientation Relationships by an X‐Ray Texture Analysis
Authors: Maurer R.
Published: April 2008

Sphere rotation experiments are reviewed, with emphasis on the latest results. The
method and its evaluation are described in detail. The sphere rotation method has
been applied so far to study the correlation between structure and energy of homo‐ and
heterophase boundaries, also to study the relation of temperature, pressure,
mobility, corrosivity, and embrittlement to the energy of grain ( = homophase)
boundaries. The material specific properties, expecially the electronic structure,
influence the number of low energy orientations to a great extent. All current criteria
developed for the explanation of low energy boundary orientations do not fit the
observations in a unique way. The common characteristics of hetero‐ and homophase
boundaries are represented.
Texture Analysis by theMeasurement of IndividualGrain Orientations—Electron Microscopical Methods and Application on Dual‐Phase Steel
Authors: Schwarzer R. A. , Weiland H.
Published: April 2008

A short review is given on electron microscopical methods for the determination of
local textures. Electron microscopy offers the unique facility of diffraction from well
defined locations in the sample and high resolution imaging of the microstructure.
Standard techniques of orientation determination are the evaluation of electron
diffraction spot and—more recently—Kikuchi patterns, which are applicable to
electron transparent fine‐grain materials. Specimen areas smaller than 500 nm or
50 nm in diameter, respectively, can be selected. Bulk samples with crystallite sizes
greater than approximately 1 μm or 5 μm, respectively, can be studied with the SEM
using electron backscattering or channelling patterns. For routine work a program
has been developed to do on‐line determination of orientation of cubic, orthorhombic
or hexagonal crystals from Kikuchi, channelling and backscattering patterns.

Applications of this technique on dual‐phase steel are given. The orientation
distribution functions (ODF) of the ferrite and martensite phases from individual
grain measurements are compared with X‐ray and neutron pole‐figure measurements.
Misorientation distribution functions (MODF) are discussed for contiguous
ferrite‐martensite and martensite‐martensite grains.
Plastic Anisotropy of Titanium, Zirconium and Zircaloy 4 Thin Sheets
Authors: Vedoya P. , Pochettino A. , Penelle R.
Published: April 2008

Experimental evolution of Lankford anisotropy coefficient R(α) versus the amount
of strain in tension E11 and versus the angle α between rolling direction and the
tensile test direction for Titanium, Zirconium (Zr 702) and Zircaloy 4 (Zr 704) thin
sheets points out that R(α) is not constant with deformation; indeed R(α) tends to
infinity when α>45° and E11<0.02 which corresponds to a planar deformation
state. This behaviour can be interpreted by using a model of Sachs type for tensile
tests performed along either the rolling direction or the transverse direction by
considering only prismatic slip.
Texture Dependent Young′s Modulus in Austenitic Cladding
Authors: Hofer G.
Published: April 2008

In Austenitic claddings of pressure vessel steel columnar grains with a 〈100〉‐fiber
axis oriented perpendicular to the surface have been previously observed. The fiber
axis is parallel to the steepest temperature gradient. Since high temperature
gradients also exist in the plane of cladding, preferred orientation should be found
there.

This was proved with {111}‐ and {220}‐pole figures taken of the cladding in
addition to {200}‐pole figures. From these pole figures it could be concluded that the
cladding has a {100} 〈110〉‐texture. The sharpness of the texture decreases from the
surface of the cladding toward the base material.

Low values of Young′s modulus measured in the cladding could be explained by
comparing the texture with single crystal data of Young′s modulus of Ni.
ODF Calculation by Series Expansion From Incompletely Measured Pole Figures Using the Positivity Condition: Part II—All Crystal Symmetries
Authors: Dahms M. , Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

The calculation of orientation distribution functions (ODF) from incomplete pole
figures of any crystal symmetry can be carried out by an iterative procedure taking
into account the positivity condition for all pole figures. During the iterative
procedure the pole figures are normalized and the pole figure inversion leads to
stable results, i.e. the coefficients for higher degrees of series expansion keep small.
SST Forcings and Sahel Rainfall Variability in Simulations of the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
Authors: Biasutti M. , Held I. M. , Sobel A. H. , Giannini A.
Published: April 2008

The outlook for Sahel precipitation in coupled simulations of the twenty-first century is very uncertain, with different models disagreeing even on the sign of the trends. Such disagreement is especially surprising in light of the robust response of the same coupled models to the twentieth-century forcings.

This study presents a statistical analysis of the preindustrial, twentieth-century and twenty-first-century A1B scenario simulations in the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3 (CMIP3) dataset; it shows that the relationship that links Sahel rainfall anomalies to tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies at interannual time scales in observations is reproduced by most models, independently of the change in the basic state as the world warms.

The same SST–Sahel relationship can be used to predict the simulated twentieth-century changes in Sahel rainfall from each model’s simulation of changes in Indo-Pacific SST and Atlantic SST meridional gradient, although the prediction overestimates the simulated trends. Conversely, such a relationship does not explain the rainfall trend in the twenty-first century in a majority of models. These results are consistent with there being, in most models, a substantial direct positive effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases on Sahel rainfall, not mediated through SST.