bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Training and Subjective Workload in a Category Search Task
Authors: Vidulich Michael A. , Pandit Parimal
Published: January 2012

This study examined automaticity as a means by which training influences mental workload. Two groups were trained in a category search task. One group received a training paradigm designed to promote the development of automaticity; the other group received a training paradigm designed to prohibit it. Resultant performance data showed the expected improvement as a result of the development of automaticity. Subjective workload assessments mirrored the performance results in most respects. The results supported the position that subjective mental workload assessments may be sensitive to the effect of training when it produces a lower level of cognitive load.
Torque Capabilities of the Elderly in Opening Screw Top Containers
Authors: Imrhan Sheik N. , Loo Chong
Published: January 2012

This study examines the effects of container lid variables on counter-clockwise (opening) torque on circular lids in the elderly population. Forty-two subjects between the ages of 60–97 performed maximal voluntary wrist-twisting contractions in trying to open circular lid containers which were sealed to prevent opening. Two types of lid surface was investigated (smooth and rough), eacn at 4 different diameters. The results indicated that, for wrist twisting strength, females were about 3/4 as strong as males, strength decreased with age, and torque increased with diameter rapidly at first then more slowly as very large diameters were encountered. At very large diameters the torque on smooth lids actually decreased, implying an optimum diameter for maximal torque generation. Torque was also significantly correlated with certain hand dimensions.
Synthesis of Auditory Localization Cues for Cockpit Applications
Authors: Doll Theodore J.
Published: January 2012

The long-term objective of this work is to develop techniques for conveying accurate spatial information via audio signals delivered to the listener through headphones. Specific objectives of the first phase included the design, fabrication, and evaluation of an apparatus for demonstrating simulated auditory localization (SAL). The design of the SAL facility is described. An experimental test of the psychological fidelity of the SAL facility is summarized. The results show that the facility produces a high-fidelity simulation of normal, unaided auditory localization.
Effects of Chemical Defense Antidotes (Atropine) on Aviator Performance (Simulated Flight and Zero Input Tracking Analyzer)
Authors: Stone Lewis W. , Simmons Ronald R. , Jones Heber D. , Carter David J. , Christiansen Roger S.
Published: January 2012

Army aviation is at serious risk in chemical and biological warfare environments. One of the potential countermeasures for aviators against the chemical threat is the development of antidote and pretreatment drugs. Just as the chemical agent carries the threat of degrading aviator performance, antidote and pretreatment drugs could independently produce problems either alone or in combination with an agent. This paper briefly outlines part of the first phase of a systematic program using controlled, simulated flight conditions and a Zero Input Tracking Analyzer (ZITA) to identify and measure flight performance and psychomotor effects of unchallenged atropine (one of the chemical defense antidotes) on aviators. Each of 12 U.S. Army helicopter aviators voluntarily received 3 dosages: 0 mg (saline solution), 2 mg of atropine sulfate, and 4 mg of atropine sulfate. Results indicate that simulator flight performance data did prove to be sensitive in identifying and measuring effects of 4 mg of atropine. Additionally, some ZITA tests showed a statistically significant degradation with the 4 mg dosage.
Screen Design: How to improve it
Authors: Mills Carol Bergfeld
Published: January 2012

The objective of this symposium is to provide different perspectives on how screen design in computer systems can be improved. Screen design refers to the layout and format of all computer screen information. This includes tutorials, help panels, prompts, and messages. Since screen design affects how easily information can be retrieved or stored, it determines how effectively the computer system can be used. Finding ways to improve screen design should be an important goal in the development of virtually all interactive programs. Achieving good screen design is becoming even more important as programs are used by more people, particularly those not familiar with computers, and as more information is presented online.

The presenters for this symposium provide a wide range of views, experiences, and approaches for improving screen design. As a result, they each contribute unique methods and suggestions. Annette Bradford provides guidelines and views of screen design based on her work as an information developer. Joe Dumas provides views of screen design based on his work as an interface analyst. David A. Schell provides views on usability testing of screen design. Thomas Tullis provides an alternative way of testing screen design with his research-based computer program.
Adaptive Questionnaires for Operational Test and Evaluation
Authors: Taylor Bruce H. , Charlton Samuel G.
Published: January 2012

The increasing application of subjective evaluation methods that are repetitive, lengthy, and difficult to analyze has prompted the development of an automated adaptive questionnaire. The adaptive questionnaire (AQ) is a test and evaluation tool designed to simplify the administration and analysis of questionnaires during operational test and evaluation (OT&E). Implemented on a portable microcomputer, AQ employs contingency branching logic to dynamically select and administer questions of maximal relevance to the tester's concerns. Data management is automated to provide easy assembly of questionnaires, quick-look data analysis, long-term storage, and assistance in the planning of post-test interviews.
A Survey of Test and Evaluation Practices
Authors: Meister D.
Published: January 2012

21 test evaluation (T&E) specialists responded to a questionnaire dealing with various aspects of testing practice. In general, T&E methods are selected on the basis of utility and ease of usage.
Steady State Eeg as a Measure of Peripheral Light Loss
Authors: Gill Richard T. , Kenner Kevin M. , Junker Andrew M.
Published: January 2012

The objective of this research was to assess the feasability of using ElectroEncephaloGrams (EEG) to measure the extent of acceleration induced Peripheral Light Loss (PLL). Two pilot studies were conducted to determine if an EEG response to peripherally localized stimuli could be detected and to establish the stimulus parameters that would yield a strong response. Results revealed: (1) identifiable EEG responses to stimuli located as far as ± 60 degrees from the foveal line-of-sight; (2) higher stimulus intensity and, in particular, higher depth of modulation yielded stronger EEG responses; and (3) coherence was found to be a more sensitive measure than RMS Power or Gain. These findings were used to establish the experimental conditions that were used in a study whose objective was to estimate the minimum time necessary to detect the presence, or absence, of an EEG response to peripherally localized stimuli. Results revealed a reliabe determination for stimuli located at ± 45 degrees could be made in 20 seconds or less.
Working Memory Capacity
Authors: Turner Marilyn L. , Engle Randall W.
Published: January 2012

Recent researchers have attempted to correlate measures of working memory (WM) with measures of higher level cognitive skills and abilities focusing on the functions of this limited capacity system, i.e., processing and storage. Relationships between three span measures of the functional model of WM capacity and two measures of reading comprehension were investigated. The magnitude of the correlations found between reading comprehension and the two spans embedded in reading processing tasks was similar to that of the correlation found between a third span measure embedded in a quantitative task with reading comprehension. These results indicated that these span measures of WM capacity were independent of the nature of the concurrent processing task.
Speech Recognition Research, Applications and International Efforts
Authors: Poock Gary K.
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this invited paper is to present a broad overview of the speech I/O industry on a national and international level. Within this context, technical and human factors issues which are relevant in all countries will be discussed.
Early Consideration of Human Factors in Weapon System Design
Authors: Council George S.
Published: January 2012

The Navy's HARDMAN Program provides an experience base upon which the introduction of earlier human factors planning in weapon system design may be accomplished. This paper reexamines guideposts which were identified and discussed two years ago at an earlier meeting of the Human Factors Society and addresses the role that the Department of Defense (DoD) may play in promoting more effective consideration of manpower, personnel, training and human factors issues in the design of weapon systems.
Human Factors Assessment: M9 Armored Combat Earthmover (ACE)
Authors: Krohn Gregory S.
Published: January 2012

The Fort Hood Field Unit of the U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI) provided support to the TRADOC Combined Arms Test Activity (TCATA) conduct of the Follow-On Evaluation (FOE) of the M9 ACE. The FOE was conducted at Fort Hood, Texas over a 15-week period from March through June 1985, by TCATA for the U.S. Army Operational Test and Evaluation Agency (USAOTEA). This paper describes the human factors assessment support and findings provided to the evaluation by ARI. The primary objective of the assessment was to identify human factors engineering (man-machine) deficiencies that distract from M9 operational effectiveness and maintainability.
Recent Space Shuttle Crew Compartment Design Improvements
Authors: Goodman Jerry R.
Published: January 2012

Significant design changes to the Space Shuttle waste management system (WMS) and its related personal hygiene support provisions (PHSP) have been made recently to improve overall operational performance and human factors interfaces. The WMS design improvements involve increased urinal flow, individual urinals, and provisions for manually compacting feces and cleanup materials to ensure adequate mission capacity. The basic arrangement and stowage of the PHSP used during waste management operations were extensively changed to better serve habitability concerns and operations needs, and to improve the hygiene of WMS operations. This paper describes these changes and the design, development, and flight test evaluation. In addition, provisions for an eighth crewmember and a new four-tier sleep station, are described.
Power Press Safeguarding: A Human Factors Perspective
Authors: Ryan Joseph P.
Published: January 2012

This paper presents the results of research in mechanical power press safeguarding conducted during the period, 1964–1983. Over 4500 actual cases, involving operator injuries, were analyzed to determine the accident causation. 3300 cases were reported by the U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) for the period, 1975–1983. 1200 cases were reported by the Swedish Office for Worker's Protection & Health. Causal factors, including safeguarding, press and control defect, and other factors were determined. Alternate safeguarding methods, based on Human Factors considerations, are presented to reduce, or eliminate, operator injury. The critical area of Man-Machine interface is emphasized as it relates to improving current methods of safeguarding operators in mechanical power presses.
Behavioral-Diagnostic Analysis of Worker Compliance with Hearing Protectors
Authors: DeJoy David M.
Published: January 2012

This paper presents a behavioral-diagnostic model for fostering self-protective behavior in the workplace and applies the model to hearing protector usage in industry. Central to the model is the identification of the behavioral causes of safety/health problems and the systematic analysis of their determinants. For prevention strategies to be effective, they must act to modify these determining factors. The application to hearing protectors is intended to demonstrate the usefulness of the model and to suggest some recommendations for more effective hearing conservation programs.
An Iterative Approach to Designing a Brief Encounter Training Program
Authors: Daley R. , Moritz R. , Shelton R. , Marino L. , Mark L. , Dainoff M.
Published: January 2012

Many methods for systems design and development entail an iterative approach to the development of training programs. It is intended that feedback from potential users be taken into account throughout the development and implementation of the system. Boies et al. (1985) have observed that, in practice, this is rarely done. In their development of the 1984 Olympic Message System (OMS), Boies et al. adhered to three design principles inherent to an iterative approach: (1) Early focus on user, task and training concerns; (2) empirical measurement; and (3) reformulation of the goals and procedures based on user feedback. The present paper describes our application of these principles in designing a short, informal program for training college faculty in the use of an expensive audio-visual system. Our successful application of Boies et al.'s principles to an already existing system, where there is little opportunity to make hardware modifications, and even to a situation which demands that the training period be very brief, attests to the power and flexibility of this approach.
Panel Session on Aging and Skilled Performance
Authors: Charness Neil
Published: January 2012

There has always been considerable controversy in gerontology over the extent to which age-related decline on laboratory tasks generalizes to real world performance. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in assessing performance in more realistic tasks. In this panel we will be concerned with how the aging process affects performance in domains where people have had a great deal of practice with the tasks, through life-long experience or via extended practice in the laboratory. Performance in experience-related domains versus unrelated ones will also be discussed.
Changes in Team Behaviors during Operational Training
Authors: Montero R. Craig , Campbell Wanda J. , Zimmer Seth , Glickman Albert S.
Published: January 2012

Instruments designed to validate the TEAM model (cf. Salas, Morgan, & Glickman, 1987) were field tested in an operational team training setting. The results and techniques of the novel analyses of the Trainee Self-Report Questionnaire are reported. The resuslts provide empirical support for the concepts embodied in the TEAM model. Use of the Trainee Self-Report Questionnaire as an instructional team training aid is explored and addressed.
Perceptions of Computer Manuals: A View from the Field
Authors: Comstock Elizabeth M. , Clemens Elizabeth Anne
Published: January 2012

What is it really like to use a computer reference manual? Where are manuals used? Is it easy to find information? Is the information accurate and complete? Do the format and style support the uses for manuals? Are the materials perceived to be of high quality?

These questions were addressed in a field study of the manuals for the MicroVAX II computer system. Results showed consistent needs and opinions across the 10 sites visited. Work environments were typically small and crowded. Manuals were located EVERYWHERE. Customer perceptions depended on how well the manuals helped them perform their jobs. While content and style received high ratings, difficulties with finding information were reported. Users also voiced strong opinions about certain aspects of the physical materials.
Stimulus Probability, Surprise, and Reaction Time
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: January 2012

This paper is concerned with the relationship between human reaction time for individual stimuli and their surprise values. A new measure of surprise is introduced that incorporates the probability of an individual stimulus occurring as well as the probabilities of the remaining potential stimuli. Experimental data are used to test the proposition that the reaction time for a stimulus is an increasing function of the surprise value of that stimulus. This proposition does indeed appear to be acceptable.
Macroergonomics: Integrating Human Factors and Organizational Behavior Approaches to Organizational Design and Management
Authors: Imada Andrew S.
Published: January 2012

This symposium proposes macroergonomics as a vehicle for integrating human and organizational needs. The concept is defined and differentiated from more traditional studies in organizational behavior and human factors. Specific areas of focus include: conceptuation and differentiation of the unique contributions of macroergonomics; current practices and directions; integration of human and organizational data; and contemporary issues and concerns facing researchers and writers in the field.
The Evolution of Organizational Design from Independent to Dependent Variable
Authors: Brown Ogden
Published: January 2012

The concept of organizational design is presented and the relationship between structure and process is discussed in the context of design. Three organizational design models and their characteristics are set forth. Principal contingency variables are identified and their relationships to organizational design are discussed. Evolution of organizational design as an independent variable to the role of a dependent variable is shown. Finally, system design based upon sociotechnical systems theory is identified and discussed.
Theoretical Review of the Secondary Task Methodology for Evaluating Intelligent Automobile Displays
Authors: Noy Y. Ian
Published: January 2012

This paper presents a review of the driving research literature in a search for evidence related to secondary task interference on driving. Driving studies employing secondary tasks fall into two broad categories: (a) studies concerned with driver workload, and (b) studies concerned with driver fatigue. A mjority of these studies lack a valid theoretical basis for the application of the secondary task technique and the particular choice of secondary task. Few of them examined mutual interference between secondary tasks and driving. Some studies, however, reported interference, implying the presence of resource competition. This should be of concern to equipment designers.
Findings in Measuring the Usage of Online Documentation
Authors: Ross Eugene H.
Published: January 2012

On-line user documentation is utilized in many of our computer systems. It is important that we measure the usage and adequacy of that documentation. The present paper reviews the philosophy and methods used in an AT&T study of the usage of on-line documentation. The study, initiated and implemented by a Human Factors Specialist, shows the benefits of measuring the usage and analyzing the results.
Simulator Design Features for Helicopter Shipboard Landings
Authors: Sheppard Daniel J. , Madden Joyce , Jones Sherrie A.
Published: January 2012

The Vertical Takeoff and Landing Simulator (VTOL) at the Naval Training Systems Center's (NTSC) Visual Technology Research Simulator (VTRS) was used to study the effects of simulator design features on pilot performance in helicopter shipboard landings. The research was designed to evaluate the effects of current design features on the SH—60B Operational Flight Trainer (OFT) used to train helicopter shipboard landing and four proposed simulator design modifications. These were: (1) scene detail (SH—60B OFT scene versus an upgraded VTRS scene), (2) field-of-view (VTRS wide versus a smaller SH—60B OFT field-of-view), (3) dynamic seat cueing (on versus off), and (4) dynamic inflow (standard rotor model available in existing trainers versus an updated rotor model). These factors were tested across two levels of seastate. On the basis of the factors studied in the experiment, the wider field-of-view, the more detailed scene and the updated rotor model are recommended for use. The dynamic seat cueing evaluated in this study is not recommended at this time.
Eye and Head Displacement to Targets Fixated in the Vertical and Horizontal Planes
Authors: Janson William P. , Quam David L. , Calhoun Gloria L.
Published: January 2012

While the nature of eye and head displacements to target acquisitions in the horizontal plane have been frequently studied, such investigations in the vertical plane are somewhat scarce. In the experiment reported herein the final displacements of the head, eye, and gaze were examined for target acquisitions in the vertical and horizontal planes. The subjects' task was to fixate on a central target until receiving a verbal command to fixate on one of four peripheral targets. The analysis of the mean head, eye, and gaze displacement data to the target locations suggests similar trends across the vertical and horizontal planes.
Time-Sharing Visual and Auditory Tracking Tasks
Authors: Tsang Pamela S. , Vidulich Michael A.
Published: January 2012

Multiple resource theory suggests that distributing demands over separate resources will reduce resource competition and improve time-sharing efficiency. A recent hypothesis however suggests that the benefits of utilizing separate resources for the time-shared tasks may be mitigated if the two tasks are integrated. The present experiment examined the benefits of distributing the input demands of two tracking tasks as a function of task integrality. Visual and auditory compensatory tracking tasks were used. Timesharing two tracking tasks with the same order of control is said to be more integrated than with different orders of control. Results show that presenting the two tracking signals in two input modalities did not improve time-sharing efficiency. This was attributed to the difficulty insensitivity phenomenon. Whether utilizing the same control dynamics between the time-shared tasks could generate an integrality effect was unclear from the present data. A continuous auditory task that could offer comparable spatial information as the visual counterpart was proposed to be valuable for studying attentional processes, information display alternatives, and workload assessment.
Induced Roll Vection from Stimulation of the Central Visual Field
Authors: Andersen George J. , Dyre Brian P.
Published: January 2012

An important consideration for some types of flight simulation is that sufficient visual information be provided for a perception of self-motion. A general conclusion of earlier research is that peripheral stimulation (outside a 30 deg. diameter area of the central visual field) is necessary for perceived self-motion to occur. More recently Andersen and Braunstein (1985) demonstrated that induced self-motion could occur when visual information simulating forward motion of the observer was presented to a limited area of the central visual field. In the present study, the perception of induced roll vection (rotation about the line of sight) from visual stimulation of the central visual field was examined. Subjects viewed computer generated displays that simulated observer motion relative to a volume of randomly positioned points. Two variables were examined: 1) the presence or absence of a simulated forward motion, and 2) the presence of a 15 deg. or 30 deg. sinusoidal roll motion. It was found that: 1) induced roll vection occurred with stimulation restricted to a 10 deg. diameter area of the central visual field; 2) greater postural instability occurred for displays with a 30 deg. roll as compared to a 15 deg. roll; and 3) significantly greater postural instability occurred along the X-axis (left/right) as compared to the Y-axis (front/back). The implications of this research for flight simulation will be discussed.
Implementation of a Shared Human Factors Support Program between Academia and Industry
Authors: Hoffman Susan C. , Hoffman Mark S.
Published: January 2012

Human factors research programs within commercial industries are frequently avoided because of escalating costs associated with data collection and reduction. Other prohibiting factors limiting the use of traditional research methods in industry are manpower costs, accounting procedures for overhead allocation, and the availability of qualified personnel.

The department of Computer and Electrical Engineering Technology at Kent State University, Tuscarawas Campus has developed a program for supporting the projects from the NCR Human Factors Department of the Retail Systems Division. This program has provided students an opportunity to (1) acquire new skills rarely experienced in classroom assignments; (2) obtain financial assistance, and (3) obtain exposure to potential employers. This program began as a pilot and has continued to grow because of the demand in retail businesses for the work supported by the students.
Fitting Population Anthropometric Data to a Proportional Man Model with Reference to Prime Computer's Sammie Program
Authors: Schiro Samuel G. , Karwan Mark H. , Dutton Richard , Brunskill Charles T.
Published: January 2012

This study addresses the problem of fitting anthropometric data from different populations to proportional man models. Proportional models simulate the human shape by assuming fixed proportions between the various body dimensions. Percentiles can be created in such a model but are constrained by the given body proportions. Prime Computer's SAMMIE man model is an example of the proportional approach. The SAMMIE model is described with reference to the anatomical features it simulates. The constraints imposed by a proportional model are discussed. These include Ink lengths, flesh envelope and ranges of joint motion. A linear programming methodology is presented to fit available population data to the model. This program is designed with a user friendly graphic interface allowing the designer to easily of principle interest. A validation study of the method using NASA data is reported.
Structure of Domination, Organizational Culture and the Facilitation of Feelings in the Partnership
Authors: Bhagat Devendra
Published: January 2012

Creating partnerships between school districts and universities are seen as a way to attain educational renewal. One such partnership exists between the BYU College of Education and the public schools in Central Utah. Following the naturalistic inquiry technique, this study attempted to evaluate the partnership participants' feelings and the extent to which the organization affected those feelings. The study showed that there is an undue need for control of others by members of the Governing Board of the Partnership, manifested in a structure of domination, at the cost of positive feelings and the mutual goodwill of partners. Besides being incongruent with partnership philosophy, this controlling behavior has created a sense of lack of care by the organization. The article suggests ways to resolve this problem.
Job Design and Levels of Physical and Mental Strain among Prison Officers
Authors: Morrison D.L. , Ou D. , Roberts D.
Published: January 2012

In this paper the preliminary results of a four year longitudinal study concerned with job design and levels of strain among a population of Prison Officers are reported. The job design factors that were studied related to perceived demands, constraints and supports. It was hypothesised that (i) those officers who perceive themselves as having jobs high in demand and level of constraint would suffer more strain than those of equal demand but who had a greater decision latitude (i.e., fewer constraints). It was further hypothesized that (ii) those in highly demanding and constrained jobs would show fewer strain symptoms if the environment in which they worked was perceived as providing social support. Preliminary analysis of the data shows that the first hypothesis was not supported for a measure of general physical well-being. However, there was evidence that those working in high security prisons showed significantly lower levels of general physical health than those working in low security environments. For measures of psychological well-being both hypotheses (i) and (ii) were partially supported. Those who perceived themselves as having high levels of support were found to suffer less from anxiety and depression. These effects were most apparent in the higher security prisons. Additional analyses have shown that the demands supports and constraints model is probably too simplistic and that other variables (e.g. personality) and further refinements to the model would help to account for additional variance in the measures of strain.
Prediction of Personnel Requirements for System Operation
Authors: Glenn Floyd A. , Dick A. O. , Bittner Alvah C.
Published: January 2012

This paper presents the concept of an Automated Job Analysis Tool (AJAT) which predicts personnel characteristics that are required in order to ensure acceptable human-system performance with a specified system design. The scope of this tool is intended to be quite broad, applying to all types of military systems, addressing the performance of both operators and maintainers, providing a means for considering training issues, and incorporating the effects of all relevant performance-impacting factors. In order to achieve this objective, several major innovations in performance prediction technology are required; these are described in this paper in terms of AJAT requirements, current technology status, and a plan for developing and validating the required capabilities. The AJAT concept is based on the use of existing models (i.e., HOS, CAR, and possibly others) to predict performance under specified conditions and the use of a factor-analytic framework to achieve efficient mapping of the performance space of interest.
Analytic Techniques for the Assessment of Operator Workload
Authors: Hill Susan G. , Plamondon Brian D. , Wierwille Walter W. , Lysaght Robert J. , Dick A. O. , Bittner Alvah C.
Published: January 2012

Workload techniques may be divided into two broad classes: 1) Analytic techniques — predictive techniques that may be applied early in system design before “operator-in-the-loop” studies; and 2) Empirical techniques — workload measurements taken with “operator-in-the-loop” during simulator, prototype, or system evaluations. Described here are five categories of the analytic techniques: 1) Comparability Analysis; 2) Mathematical Models; 3) Expert Opinion; 4) Task Analytic Methods; and 5) Simulation Models. A description, with examples, is given for each category. The motivation for focusing on the analytic techniques lies in their application during the earliest stages of system development where the greatest design flexibility is available at the least cost.
Reducing Manual Materials Handling in Underground Coal Mining with Mechanical-Assist Devices
Authors: Bobick Thomas G. , Unger Richard L. , Conway Ernest J.
Published: January 2012

Historically, manual handling of materials has consistently accounted for over 25 pct of all industrial accidents. In underground coal mining, the situation is worse. Materials-handling accidents routinely account for 30 to 35 pct of all lost-time injuries. Research sponsored by the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, and conducted by Essex/Canyon Research, Inc., developed and evaluated several mechanical-assist devices to reduce the manual effort and the corresponding risk of injury from handling supplies and equipment in underground coal mines. The prototype devices were supplied to cooperating coal mining companies for evaluation. On-site visits, task analyses, and interviews were used to evaluate the devices. Three of them performed exceptionally well and have shown promise for reducing the amount of manual lifting and handling required underground.
Postural Disequilibrium following Training Flights
Authors: Fowlkes J. E. , Kennedy R. S. , Lilienthal M. G.
Published: January 2012

The use of flight simulators for training military aircrew and commercial pilots has been increasing dramatically since World War II. However, the advantages of simulator training, such as cost-effectiveness and variety of missions which can be safely flown, may be offset by the occurrence of ataxia and other symptoms associated with simulator training. The present paper reports on postural disequilibrium following training in eight Navy flight simulators. Tests of standing steadiness were administered to 726 Naval and Marine Corps aviators prior to and then just following their regular flight training. Statistically significant ataxic effects were found following simulator exposure. The implications of these data for safety are discussed.
Selection of Visual Display Symbology: A New Metric of Similarity
Authors: Workman Daniel , Fisher Donald L.
Published: January 2012

Ideally one would like to select symbols for use in visual displays which are both meaningful representations of the objects they stand for and maximally dissimilar to one another. In this paper a new, simple-to-compute metric for rating the similarity of symbols is proposed. The metric is based on the degree of overlap between “fuzzy pictures” of the symbols, and thus (unlike other current metrics) does not require a prior determination of relevant features. The similarity ratings produced by the metric are shown to be highly correlated with subjective ratings of similarity (rs = .82, p < 0.01). Thus, the similarity ratings derived from the metric can be used to select the best (most discriminable) subset of symbols from a set of meaningful symbols, bypassing the need for a time consuming and expensive empirical determination of similarities.
The Effects of Modality and Stress across Task Type on Human Performance
Authors: Pamperin Kenneth L. , Wickens Christopher D.
Published: January 2012

This investigation integrates four different approaches to the study of attention and multiple task performance, to include the effects of stimulus modality presentation, the influence of spatial separation in visual stimulus presentation, the effects of stress, and the influence of task type (dual-task versus information-integration task), in a spatial vector monitoring task. A significant benefit of cross-modal (visual-auditory) presentation was found when information was integrated at both levels of stress, while an interaction between modality and stress level occurred in the dual task condition, favoring the intra-modal (visual-visual) presentations at the lower stress level. The auditory display tended to be more stress resistant. The results support Kahneman's concept of stress-related resource expansion, provide weak support for perceptual narrowing, and provide little support for a processing modalities dimension of the Multiple Resource Model. Instead, they are consistent with the concept of auditory pre-emption, discussed by Wickens (1987).
Situational Awareness in Map Displays
Authors: Marshak William P. , Kuperman Gilbert , Ramsey Eric G. , Wilson Denise
Published: January 2012

The effectiveness of ego-centered (moving map) and earth-centered (moving plane) displays was studied with subjects monitoring an animated aircraft situational awareness display. Other independent variables were subject experience (aircrew vs non-aircrew) and path complexity (straight vs turning). Periodically, the display blanked and probe questions were asked concerning the relationship of the aircraft to the simulated world. Questions included judgements about angles, distances, time and terrain. Simple paths elicited a 28 percent lower error rate than did complex paths. Moving map displays had a 32 percent lower error rate than moving plane displays. No other significant effects were observed. Subjective ratings by subjects after the experiment revealed unanimous preference for the moving plane display and that the moving plane condition was believed to be easier! This contradiction indicates subjective data is limited in determining display effectiveness.
Unreasonably Dangerous
Authors: Riley Michael W. , Cochran David J. , Bishu Ram R.
Published: January 2012

Human factors specialists need to assess products and situations to determine a level of dangerousness. This paper outlines the factors of such an analysis and suggests a procedure to use. Aspects of human behavior, environmental conditions, potential for encountering sources of energy and good manufacturing practice are addressed. The key elements of human capability and expectation are outlined. Products and activities that have inherent danger are discussed. Human errors and the factors influencing dangerous situations are discussed.
Utilization of a Reverse Systems Engineering Approach for the Assessment of Defendant's Positions in Product Liability Cases
Authors: Knee Helmut E. , Terranova Michele , Carter Richard J. , Haas Paul M.
Published: January 2012

A framework is described which addresses a number of behavioral and systems engineering parameters. The integration of these elements is described as a systematic tool for examination of accident situations.
Manprint Methods Development
Authors: Kaplan Jonathan D.
Published: January 2012

The U.S. Army Research Institute (ARI) currently is engaged in the development of a suite of MANPRINT aiding methods. This paper will describe: the rationale behind the overall development and each method, the probable output of methods, and the analyses that follow from these methods.
The use of Surrogate Techniques for the Measurement of Team Performance
Authors: Turnage Janet J. , Lane Norman E.
Published: January 2012

This paper describes shortcomings in current team performance measurement methodologies, discusses emerging observational and automated measurement techniques, and describes surrogate measurement concepts in the context of team performance. Research using surrogate approaches is suggested to improve the reliability of team assessment and to increase the sensitivity of team measures to conditions that are likely to improve or degrade team performance.
Capacity Limitations in Human Information Processing: Theory and Applications
Authors: Venturino Michael , Eggemeier F. Thomas
Published: January 2012

Two factors that are critical aspects of complex system performance are system design and operator training. The contribution of each of these factors becomes paramount as increases in system complexity demand more sophisticated operator timesharing skills to monitor and control system operations safely and efficiently. In order to increase human operator skill levels, improvements in system design must be achieved to make aspects of monitoring and controlling tasks more commensurate with human abilities. Secondly, more effective and efficient training programs must be developed to allow human operators to acquire and maintain appropriate skill levels. Before these improvements can be accomplished, however, a greater understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the human information processing system must be obtained.

In a typical modern system (e.g., aircraft cockpit, centralized control room of a power plant or battle management system) the human may perform many tasks concurrently, including visual search, memory search, retention and recall, comprehension, reasoning, judgement and decision making, and executing fine motor movements. Although some combinations of these kinds of tasks may be compatible and non-interfering, other task combinations may interfere and compete for the human's limited information processing capacity, creating overload conditions. The consequence of the human operator's low threshold for overload leads to increased probability of error, with subsequent deteriorations in system performance.

There are two theoretical approaches to human attention and information processing that have implications for system design and operator training issues in the context of timesharing and high workload situations. Multiple resource theory and automatic/controlled processing theory have each stimulated much empirical work that provided useful data on human timesharing abilities. Such data have provided the basis for predicting task combinations and training requirements that allow high levels of performance under timesharing and high workload situations.

The purpose of this symposium is to describe recent empirical developments that may further our understanding of human information processing capabilities and limitations, particularly under timesharing and high workload conditions. The set of papers includes theoretical and applied treatments of multiple resource and automaticity theories. The issues discussed include the advantages and disadvantages of spreading information input over different sensory modalities (e.g., visual and auditory), development of training methods to acquire sophisticated high level cognitive skills quickly and efficiently, measurement of information processing capacity required by specific task combinations, and a delineation of the characteristics and limitations of working memory.
Social Exchange in Group Consensus Development: Face-to-Face versus Electronic Mail
Authors: Dubrovsky Vitaly J.
Published: January 2012

A sequence of experimental studies (Kiesler et al., 1984; Siegel et al., 1986) revealed that computer media had an unexpected inflammatory effect on group discussions. E.g, in comparison with face-to-face, computer-mediated groups exhibited more uninhibited verbal behavior (such as swearing and name calling). In this study we attempted theoretical explanation of each case of uninhibition encountered in content analysis of group discussions obtained during recently conducted experiment. The social exchange model (Dubrovsky, 1986) was used for this purpose. The model was empirically specified for group consensus development by means of a special questionnaire. Its predictions were then tested against available experimental group discussions material. This study offers theoretical explanation to most of the observed cases of uninhibited verbal behavior in computer-mediated discussions. It contributes to our understanding of a group consensus development process. It increases the validity of the social exchange model.
A Comparison of Hardcopy and Expert System Presentation of Network Operator Assistance Guides
Authors: Antonelli D. C.
Published: January 2012

Operator's Guides have traditionally been used for the communication of information. Some recent work by de Bachtin (1985) has shown that in certain programming applications, expert systems can be used to perform the same function with increased user satisfaction. The current study addresses an SNA network assistance application and compares a conventional hard copy user's manual to an expert system designed to convey similar information. The performance of eight naive assistance operators attempting to solve eight typical problem scenarios was evaluated. Each operator performed all tasks.

Presentation order was counterbalanced. Measures included probability of successful solution and time of solution. Performance was superior using the expert systems approach for all measures.
Evaluation of Algorithms for Combining Independent Data Sets in a Human Performance Expert System
Authors: Gawron Valerie J. , Travale David J. , Drury Colin , Czaja Sara
Published: January 2012

A major problem facing system designers today is predicting human performance in: 1) systems that have not yet been built, 2) situations that have not yet been experienced, and 3) situations for which there are only anecdotal reports. To address this problem, the Human Performance Expert System (Human) was designed. The system contains a large data base of equations derived from human performance research reported in the open literature. Human accesses these data to predict task performance times, task completion probabilities, and error rates. A problem was encountered when multiple independent data sets were relevant to one task. For example, a designer is interested in the effects of luminance and front size on number of reading errors. Two data sets exist in the literature: one examining the effects of luminance, the other, font size. The data in the two sets were collected at different locations with different subjects and at different times in history. How can the two data sets be combined to address the designer's problem?

Four combining algorithms were developed and then tested in two steps. In step one, two reaction-time experiments were conducted: one to evaluate the effect the number of alternatives on reaction time; the second, signals per minute and number of displays being monitored. The four algorithms were used on the data from these two experiments to predict reaction time in the situation where all three independent variables are manipulated simultaneously. In step two of the test procedure, a third experiment was conducted. Subjects who had not participated in either Experiment One or Two performed a reaction-time task under the combined effects of all three independent variables. The predictions made from step one were compared to the actual empirical data collected in step two. The results of these comparisons are presented.
A Method for Measuring the Effect of Grip Surface on Torque Production during Hand/Arm Rotation
Authors: Lewis Ruthan
Published: January 2012

Control of a manually handled object may be dependent on a variety of factors. Among these are frictional properties and geometry of the surfaces in contact with each other, position and alignment of the object and the operator, strength of the operator, etc. Control of the object is pertinent to properly direct the object or tool and to minimize the effort required of the operator during its use (i.e. by coordinating the mechanical advantage of the object and the operator). Evaluation of this feature may then help to improve the design and intent of the object or tool. The particular interface of interest in this presentation is the type of surface to be gripped and rotated by the space-gloved hand during a simulation of an on-orbit construction technique. An isokinetic method has been used to examine the effect of surface-type on performance measures including torque production, position of the peak torque, and angular distance rotated. The methodology supported a realistic viewing and simulation of the actual technique, yet also allowed controlled experimentation of the scenario with usable results characterizing each surface-type. The technique may be varied according to the application, and will be described.
Glove Effect on Strength: An Investigation of Glove Attributes
Authors: Bishu Ram R. , Batra Sanjay , Cochran David J. , Riley Michael W.
Published: January 2012

A number of human performance capabilities are compromised with gloves. Explanations for the strength decrements with gloves have ranged from lack of tactile feedback when wearing gloves, to improper fit, to individual and task differences. An attempt has been made in this investigation to develop a predictive relationship between strength decrements and glove characteristics. Fifteen subjects participated in an experiment involving a grip and a grasp task with three gloves and a bare handed condition. Tenacity, snugness, suppleness and the material thickness were objectively measured as glove attributes. Significant Task and Glove effects were found. Results suggest that the glove size may not matter much in performance whereas resistance to sliding is an important performance determinant when using gloves. The results suggest that the strength decrements are complex functions of a number of glove attributes.