bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
C
halmers,
T
homas
C
lark
Authors: Wright E.
Published: July 2005

Born in 1917 in Forest Hills, NY; died in 1995 in Hanover, NH. Chalmers was a leader in the design, conduct, and evaluation of clinical trials, favoring randomized controlled trials in all areas of medicine, with independent policy advisory committees. He helped found the Society for Clinical Trials.
C
ox,
G
ertrude
M
ary
Authors: Anderson R. L.
Published: July 2005

Gertrude Mary Cox was one of the twentieth century pioneers in Statistics. After receiving her BS and MS degrees in Mathematics and Statistics from Iowa State, she took charge of the computing and data analysis in its Statistical Laboratory. She developed and taught classes in Design of Experiments, using real data.

In 1940, she accepted the headship of the newly established Department of Experimental Statistics at North Carolina State. She started staffing with statisticians who had strong programs in applied fields. In 1944, she became the head of an all‐university Institute of Statistics.

In 1949, Gertrude Cox gave up the Headship at NCS to help develop Statistics at the Research Triangle Park in North Carolina; Dr. Cox became RTI's first Director of Statistics Research in 1959. She had received an honorary doctor's degree from NC State in 1958. Her most treasured honor came in 1975, when she was elected to the National Academy of Science.

Dr. Cox received much outside support; a special one helped establish an outstanding statistical genetics program and the development of a strong computer program. She was a founding member of the International Biometrics Society and became President and Editor of its journal,
Biometrics
. She also became President of the American Statistical Association and consulted with many federal organizations. The building housing Statistics at NCS was named Cox Hall in 1977.

Unfortunately, Gertrude contracted leukemia and died in Duke Hospital in 1978.
F
arr,
W
illiam
Authors: Asmar Lina
Published: July 2005

William Farr was born November 30, 1807 in Shropshire, UK, and must be counted as the founder of epidemiology in its modern form. He studied many aspects of the distribution and determinants of health disorders in populations, and the application of the studies to the prevention and control of disease. His publications have been grouped under six headings: population, marriages, births, deaths, life tables, and miscellaneous. He developed an interest in accurate mortality statistics by age and sex and changed the British system of death registration into an instrument for measuring the sanitary condition of the country. His studies on mortality differences among different occupations helped in understanding industrial hazards. William Farr died April 14, 1883, UK.
H
awkins,
F
rancis
B
isset
Authors: Armitage Peter
Published: July 2005

A prolific author in the fields of industrial medicine and public health, Hawkins wrote the first book on medical statistics in English in 1829. The book now has only curiosity value, but it was influential in the use of hospital records and in the insertion of cause of death in registration documents.
Indian Statistical Institute
Authors: Rao S. B.
Published: July 2005

The Institute was founded in 1932, with P.C. Mahalanobis as Honorary Secretary, and now has about 500 scientific staff, with headquarters in Calcutta. The journal
Sankhyā
was started in 1933. Work covered many areas of statistical theory and practice, especially in multivariate analysis, sample surveys, experimental design, and quality control. Important agricultural and socioeconomic surveys were carried out. The Institute has an extensive undergraduate and graduate teaching program.
Kempthorne,Oscar
Authors: David Herbert A. , Pollak Edward
Published: July 2005

Oscar Kempthorne (1919–2000) made important contributions to statistics, especially inference and experimental design, and to statistical genetics. He was born and educated in England, but worked at Ames, Iowa, from 1947 to 1989.
Medical Journals, Statistical Articles in
Authors: Johnson Anthony L. , Altman Douglas G.
Published: July 2005

There are thousands of publications that cover aspects of statistics scattered throughout the vast biomedical literature. This article provides a broad overview by categorizing them under seven headings: isolated papers on a particular statistical issue; series of thematic papers dedicated to a narrow statistical area; series of papers covering broad areas of medical statistics; guidelines; surveys of published papers reporting frequency of usage of statistical techniques; reviews of published papers examining critically, aspects of design, analysis, conduct, presentation, and summary; and finally, systematic reviews (meta‐analysis) incorporating assessment of methodologic quality. Each category is described and discussed, and illustrated by examples selected to provide an idea of their scope, diversity, and quality
M
edical
R
esearch
C
ouncil (
MRC
)
Authors: Austoker Joan , Altman Douglas G.
Published: July 2005

The Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom has supported statistical work since 1914, primarily through its Statistical Research Unit (now Biostatistics Unit) but also in many other Units. It has been associated with important research in the methodology and practice of clinical trials and epidemiology.
P
eirce,
C
harles
S
anders
Authors: Folks J. Leroy
Published: July 2005

Peirce (1839‐1914) was one of the greatest of American philosophers and wrote on a wide range of scientific and other topics. He wrote on randomness and the need for experimental randomization, and on scientific method, statistical inference and hypothesis testing.
P
opper,
K
arl
R
Authors: Fagot‐Largeault A.
Published: July 2005

Born 1902; died 1994. Famous as a philosopher of science, Popper maintained that scientific truth is not manifest, but that indeed that scientific theories are conjectures open to refutation or falsification. Popper controversially denounced inductive reasoning—validity of a scientific theory from empirical observations to general regularities—insisting instead that scientific theories should be open to testing. As a theory passes more severe tests, it becomes more highly “corroborated”. He called this approach
hypothetico‐deductive
. ‘Realism and the Aim of Science’ (1982) is his work most relevant to biostatistics, re‐examining in detail problems of truth, corroboration, and probability.
S
avage,
L
eonard
J
immie
Authors: Lindley Dennis V.
Published: July 2005

L.J. Savage (1917–1971) is best known for his book on the foundations of statistics in which he rigorously developed a statistical method for decision‐making based on the classic ideas of pure mathematics, developing theorems from axioms. This later came to be termed the Bayesian paradigm for inference and for decision‐making. His argument also introduced the concept of utility and the principle of maximization of expected utility.
Statistical Review for Medical Journals, Journal's Perspective
Authors: Smith Richard
Published: July 2005

Medical journals have moved away from case reports toward accounts of research studies, particularly randomized trials and epidemiologic studies, and statisticians have become central to medical journals and medical practice. They have played an important part in the move from opinion to evidence‐based medicine. The author is Editor of theBritish Medical Journaland describes the contributions of statisticians to that journal's reviewing process: they are included in the team taking the final decision on whether to publish a paper. The article contains recommendations for policy on statistical review.
Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry (
PSI
)
Authors: Morgan David , Gordon Kerry
Published: July 2005

PSI (Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry Limited) is a nonprofit organization, primarily UK‐based. PSI is open to all people interested in the application of statistics in the pharmaceutical industry, aiming to promote professional standards, foster discussion, and influence regulatory direction and scientific methodologies in drug development. Members work in all areas of the drug development process, including research, preclinical and clinical development, production, quality control, marketing, and market research.
UniversityGroupDiabetesProgram (UGDP)
Authors: Knatterud Genell L.
Published: July 2005

The University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP) was one of the first large‐scale cooperative clinical trials designed and implemented in the United States. The three objectives of the program were (1) evaluation of the effects on the development of vascular complications in adult‐onset noninsulin dependent diabetes of the different hypoglycemic treatments accepted in clinical practice in late 1950s and early 1960s (diet, insulin, and oral agents); (2) study of the natural history of vascular disease in adult‐onset diabetics; and (3) development of methods appropriate for the design and conduct of cooperative clinical trials.

The study provided little evidence that insulin treatment was any better than diet alone in altering the course of vascular complications in stable adult‐onset diabetes. This was true whether insulin was given in a fixed dose or adjusted to maintain blood glucose within certain levels.

Tolbutamide therapy was discontinued prior to the end of follow‐up for patients in the diet and insulin groups, when it became apparent that there was an excess cardiovascular mortality for patients in the tolbutamide treatment group compared to patients assigned to placebo or diet alone. About two years after the decision was made concerning tolbutamide, patients assigned to phenformin treatment were also discontinued when the observed mortality for all causes and from cardiovascular causes was higher than mortality in any of the other treatment groups.

Since the last UGDP major report was published in 1992, there has been little evidence provided to indicate benefit of therapy for the prevention of macrovascular diabetic complications in adult‐onset diabetes. The methods and procedures used in the UGDP Coordinating Center provided a framework for standards of operations for future Coordinating Centers of multicenter clinical trials.
World Health Organization (
WHO
): Global Health Situation
Authors: Hapsara H. R.
Published: July 2005

WHO has responsibility for the global epidemiologic surveillance of disease, receiving information on outbreaks of communicable disease and distributing this information throughout the world. WHO is also responsible for the
International Health Regulations
, the International Classification of Diseases, and other standards, which together make international epidemiologic comparisons possible. WHO also publishes
World Health Statistics Quarterly
,
World Health Statistics Annual
,
World Health Report
. The thirtieth World Health Assembly decided that the main social target of governments and WHO in the coming decades should be “health for all” by the year 2000. Member states committed themselves to monitoring progress toward, and evaluating the attainment of, this common goal. The health‐for‐all monitoring and evaluation process is intended to establish a baseline of current health and socioeconomic conditions, against which progress toward defined targets and objectives can be measured. Periodic measurement should establish trends that will permit anticipation of future conditions, and enable planning for them. The Health Situation and Trend Assessment Program is at present responsible for global health situation analysis and projection; strengthening of country health information; and partnerships and coordination of epidemiology, statistics, and trend assessment. Global epidemiologic surveillance is under the responsibility of the Emerging and other Communicable Diseases Surveillance and Control Program
Group Randomized Trials
Authors: Murray David M.
Published: July 2005

Group‐randomized trials (GRTs) are comparative studies in which investigators randomize identifiable groups to conditions and observe members of those groups to assess the effects of an intervention. They face special problems of design and analysis that must be considered to ensure adequate power and valid results. The most critical problem is that observations taken on members of identifiable groups tend to be positively correlated, thereby violating the independence of errors assumption underlying the common analytic methods. Mixed‐model regression methods, generalized estimating equations, and randomization‐based methods can provide solutions to this problem if used properly and under the right circumstances. This article provides a brief review of these issues.
Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs): Measuring Hospital Case Mix
Authors: Wiley Miriam M.
Published: July 2005

The Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) system constitutes an approach to measuring hospital case mix that entails the separation of hospitalized patients into unique groups based on their diagnoses and procedures. Since originally developed in the United States in the 1980s, a number of versions of DRGs have developed to reflect the evolution in potential applications, in addition to developments in expertise, information technology, and data systems. Major initiatives in the development of DRG‐type systems have taken place in Australia with the production of AR‐DRGs and in a number of European countries. In addition to being applied extensively throughout North America, DRG‐based applications are now widespread internationally, particularly in Europe and Australia.
Econometric Methods in Health Services
Authors: Maciejewski Matthew L. , Hebert Paul L. , Conrad Douglas A. , Sullivan Sean D.
Published: July 2005

The purpose of this article is to provide a brief summary of prominent econometric applications in modern health economics, by providing a broad overview of problems to which econometric methods have been applied. These methods typically are used to address problems in health, health care delivery, and health care costs from a cross‐section of observations at a given time. The chapter considers methods for analyzing continuous outcomes, such as cost; continuous, nonnormally distributed outcomes; simultaneous equation methods; and methods for count data, such as utilization data.
Health Care Financing
Authors: Lave Judith R. , Peele Pamela B.
Published: July 2005

The methods used to finance personal health care service play a major role in shaping a country's health care system. Personal health care services are those services such as hospital care, physician care, dental services, and drugs that are provided directly to individuals. The financing methods influence the terms under which people access the health care delivery system, the types of health care provided, and the mechanisms used to allocate health care services. They also influence how the costs of health care services are distributed over the population by income and by health status. Two aspects of health care financing are the focus of this article: the sources of funds for health care services and the mechanisms used to pay individuals and institutions who provide health care services.
Health Care Utilization Data, Analysis
Authors: Ash Arlene S.
Published: July 2005

Data on health care utilization are used to address important questions about what is done for whom, and can shed light on why and with what outcome, in the large segment of economic life that “delivers” health care services to populations. We describe the purposes of and major issues associated with common study types (e.g. small area variations, disparities, provider profiling, cost effectiveness). Methodologic issues include: defining the study scope in accordance with its purpose (data source, population, timeframe, units of analysis and units of inference); choosing appropriate models (dealing with clustered observations, skewness, heteroscedasticity, and “point masses” at zero); and addressing the “censoring” effect of death on cost.
Health Services Data Sources in Canada
Authors: Taillon S.
Published: July 2005

Canada has a predominantly publicly financed health insurance system that covers medically necessary hospital (inpatient and outpatient) and physician services for all residents. This system, popularly known as “Medicare”, consists of 13 interlocking health plans administered by the 10 provinces and three territories.

In December 1993, the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) was established as an independent, nongovernmental, not‐for‐profit corporation and the Deputy Ministers of Health confirmed the CIHI board as its principal advisor on health‐information‐related matters. The CIHI was established to serve as the national mechanism to coordinate the development and maintenance of a comprehensive and integrated health information system for Canada. In addition, the CIHI provides and coordinates the provision of accurate and timely information required for the establishment of sound health policy; the effective management of the Canadian health system; and to generate public awareness about factors affecting good health.

This article describes some of the major Canadian health‐related data holdings, which may be accessible to researchers or others.
League Tables
Authors: Spiegelhalter David J.
Published: July 2005

When comparing organizations, it is tempting to place them in rank order according to some summary statistic, and hence implicitly estimate their “true rank”. This can be a very unreliable exercise, which can be emphasized by making formal inference on the true rank. Mortality rates of New York surgeons are used for illustration. A comparative plot that does not involve explicit ranking is recommended.
M
edical
E
xpenditure
P
anel
S
urvey (
MEPS
)
Authors: Cohen Steven B.
Published: July 2005

The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), initiated in 1996, provides continuous data on the health care utilization, expenditures, insurance coverage, sources of payment and access‐to‐care measures of individuals and households in the US civilian noninstitutionalized population. The MEPS, sponsored by the Agency for Health care Research and Quality (AHRQ) and cosponsored by the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NCHS/CDC), consists of three interrelated surveys: the Household Component, the Medical Provider Component, and the Insurance Component. Annual Household Component participants are selected, via a multistage, clustered sample design, from households participating in the previous year's National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), while the Provider Component seeks supplementary and confirmatory data from their health care providers. The Insurance Component collects data on the amount, types, and costs of job‐related health insurance from 30 000 businesses annually. Sampling weights are used to produce population estimates for individuals, families, and population subgroups, such as the elderly and children. Since 2002, the MEPS sample seeks 15 000 families and 40 000 individuals yearly.
Understanding of the Behaviour and the Influence of Oxidation During Creep of SiCf‐SiBC Composites in Air
Authors: Farizy G. , Chermant J.‐L. , Vicens J. , Sangleboeuf J.‐C.
Published: July 2005

Creep behaviour of a SiCf‐SiBC composite has been investigated in tension at high temperature under an oxidative environment. A multiscale and multitechnique approach has permitted to understand the creep mechanism of this material and particularly the influence of oxidation on the behaviour. A creep mechanism has then been proposed.
Negative Thermal Expansion and Spontaneous Magnetostriction of Dy2AlFe10Mn6 Compound
Authors: Hao Y. , Zhou Y. , Zhao M.
Published: July 2005

The structure and magnetic properties of Dy2AlFe10Mn6 compound have been investigated by means of x‐ray diffraction and magnetization measurements. The magnetostrictive deformations from 105 to 245K have been calculated by means of the differences between the experimental values of the lattice parameters and the corresponding values extrapolated from the paramagnetic range. The result shows that the spontaneous volume magnetostrictive deformation ωS increases with temperature increasing below 139K, and then decreases with the further increase of temperature.
Dissociation of Alkaliated Alanine in the Gas Phase: The Role of the Metal Cation
Authors: Abirami Seduraman , Wong Catherine Chiu Lan , Tsang Chun Wai , Ma Ngai Ling
Published: July 2005

The dissociation of prototypical metal‐cationized amino acid complexes, namely, alkaliated alanine ([Ala+M]+, M+=Li+, Na+, K+), was studied by energy‐resolved tandem mass spectrometry with an ion‐trap mass analyzer and by density functional theory. Dissociation leads to formation of fragment ions arising from the loss of small neutrals, such as H2O, CO, NH3, (CO+NH3), and the formation of Na+/K+. The order of appearance threshold voltages for different dissociation pathways determined experimentally is consistent with the order of critical energies (energy barriers) obtained theoretically, and this provides the necessary confidence in both experimental and theoretical results. Although not explicitly involved in the reaction, the alkali metal cation plays novel and important roles in the dissociation of alkaliated alanine. The metal cation not only catalyzes the dissociation (via the formation of loosely bound ion–molecule complexes and by stabilizing the more polar intermediates and transition structures), but also affects the dissociation mechanisms, as the cation can alter the shape of the potential energy surfaces. This compression/expansion of the potential energy surface as a function of the alkali metal cation is discussed in detail, and how this affects the competitive loss of H2O versus CO/(CO+NH3) from [Ala+M]+ is illustrated. The present study provides new insights into the origin of the competition between various dissociation channels of alkaliated amino acid complexes.
Single‐Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Protein Folding
Authors: Schuler Benjamin
Published: July 2005

Single‐molecule spectroscopy is an important new approach for studying the intrinsically heterogeneous process of protein folding. This Review illustrates how different single‐molecule fluorescence techniques have improved our understanding of mechanistic aspects in protein folding, exemplified by a series of recent experiments on a small protein.
Uncertainty analysis of heat release rate measurement from oxygen consumption calorimetry
Authors: Brohez Sylvain
Published: July 2005

Oxygen consumption calorimetry remains the most widespread method for the measurement of the heat release rate from experimental fire tests. In a first step, this paper examines by theoretical analysis the uncertainty associated with this measurement, especially when CO and soot corrections are applied. Application of theoretical equations is presented for chlorobenzene which leads to high values of CO and soot yields. It appears that the uncertainty of CO and soot corrections are high when the fuel composition is unknown. In a second step, a theoretical analysis is provided when the simplest measurement procedure is used for oxygen consumption calorimetry. The overall uncertainty can be dominated either by the uncertainty associated with the oxygen concentration, the assumed heat of combustion, the fumes mass flow rate or the assumed combustion expansion factor depending on the oxygen depletion. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolated central nervous system blast crisis in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Rajappa Senthil , Uppin Shantveer G. , Raghunadharao D. , Rao I. Satish , Surath Anjna
Published: July 2005

Chronic myeloid leukemia is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome, t(9:22). Extramedullary blast crisis is a rare event. Imatinib mesylate has become the treatment of choice, especially for patients for whom allogenic stem cell transplantation is not an option. Imatinib produces complete cytogenetic responses in excess of 80%. However, the penetration of the drug and its metabolites into the CNS (Central Nervous System) is poor. Hence for patients who are on prolonged imatinib therapy and continue to have complete cytogenetic responses, the central nervous system may become a sanctuary site. We report a patient who had a complete hematologic and cytogenetic response and presented with headache and vomiting. The MRI showed meningeal enhancement and the CSF (Cerebro Spinal Fluid) examination was positive for blasts. He was started on cranial radiotherapy and triple intrathecal chemotherapy. He showed good symptomatic improvement and cleared the blasts in the CSF. At the end of radiation, he was in complete hematological remission but had 50% marrow metaphases positive for Philadelphia chromosome. As he did not have a matched sibling donor, the dose of imatinib was increased to 600 mg daily. He continues to be in complete hematologic remission at the time of this report. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetic amyotrophy in an adolescent responsive to intravenous immunoglobulin
Authors: Filho Jose Americo Fernandes , Nathan Brandon M. , Palmert Mark R. , Katirji Bashar
Published: July 2005

We report the case of a 13‐year‐old boy with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus who developed severe diabetic amyotrophy, which progressed over a few months but demonstrated rapid recovery after administration of intravenous immunoglobulin. This report highlights the importance of monitoring adolescents for even the rare neurologic complications of diabetes mellitus most commonly encountered in adults, and supports the need for well‐designed trials using immunomodulatory therapies in diabetic amyotrophy. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Synthetic and characterization aspects of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization
Authors: Sahnoun Medhi , Charreyre Marie‐Thérèse , Veron Laurent , Delair Thierry , D'Agosto Franck
Published: July 2005

2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl dithiobenzoate (CPDB) mediated RAFT polymerization of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) was carried out in dioxane at 90 °C. The influence of several parameters, such as the monomer to CPDB molar ratio (100 to 500), the monomer concentration (2 mol·L−1 to 5.9 mol·L−1), and CPDB to initiator molar ratio (1 to 10), was evaluated with regards to conversion and polymerization duration, as well as control of molar mass and molar mass distributions. Number average molar masses from 10,000 to 70,000 g·mol−1 can be targeted. The determination of the molar masses has been carried out by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with a refractometer detector with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) standards. The experimental values were lower than the expected ones. Then, SEC in aqueous medium with an online laser light scattering detector was used both to get absolute molar masses and to recalibrate the SEC column in THF. Characterization of well‐controlled PDMAEMA samples has been performed by proton NMR spectroscopy and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Finally, a chain extension experiment was evaluated with regard to living features. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3551–3565, 2005
Molecular Boxes on a Molecular Printboard: Encapsulation of Anionic Dyes in Immobilized Dendrimers
Authors: Onclin Steffen , Huskens Jurriaan , Ravoo Bart Jan , Reinhoudt David N.
Published: July 2005

Fifth‐generation poly(propylene imine) dendrimers, modified with 64 apolar adamantyl groups, have been immobilized on cyclodextrin host monolayers (“molecular printboards”) on glass by supramolecular microcontact printing. The immobilized dendrimers retain their guest‐binding properties and function as “molecular boxes” that can be filled with fluorescent dye molecules from solution. Alternatively, part of the immobilized dendrimers were filled with dye molecules by cross‐microcontact printing while the remaining, empty dendrimers were filled with a different dye from solution, resulting in alternating patterns of dye molecules. In addition, we demonstrate that encapsulation of dyes in immobilized dendrimers is reversible: immobilized molecular boxes can be filled with a dye, emptied, and subsequently refilled with a different dye.
Effects of spatial diffusion in the inner plasma sheet and the structure of the diffusion tensor
Authors: Zakharov V. E. , Pudovkin M. I.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. A standard pair of equations is used to describe the behaviour of a single monoenergetic particle (proton or electron) population on a geomagnetic flux tube drifting in the magnetosphere. When particle losses from the drifting flux tube into the ionosphere are neglected, this behaviour is adiabatic in a thermodynamic sense. For a population of particles with an isotropic pitch-angle distribution, the generalization of that system of equations is obtained by adding radial and azimuthal spatial diffusion terms. The magnetic field is taken to be dipolar in the inner magnetosphere. The potential electric field is assumed to consist of magnetospheric convection and corotation components. Experimental data are used to estimate the radial equatorial profiles of the plasma sheet pressure. Assuming that the local time and L-shell variations are separable and supposing steady-state conditions, the expressions for the diffusion tensor components are evaluated. The influence of spatial diffusion on the radial and azimuthal profiles of the plasma pressure in the inner plasma sheet is also discussed.
The response of ionospheric convection in the polar cap to substorm activity
Authors: Lester M. , Lockwood M. , Yeoman T. K. , Cowley S. W. H. , Lühr H. , Bunting R. , Farrugia C. J.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. We report multi-instrument observations during an isolated substorm on 17 October 1989. The EISCAT radar operated in the SP-UK-POLI mode measuring ionospheric convection at latitudes 71°λ-78°λ. SAMNET and the EISCAT Magnetometer Cross provide information on the timing of substorm expansion phase onset and subsequent intensifications, as well as the location of the field aligned and ionospheric currents associated with the substorm current wedge. IMP-8 magnetic field data are also included. Evidence of a substorm growth phase is provided by the equatorward motion of a flow reversal boundary across the EISCAT radar field of view at 2130 MLT, following a southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). We infer that the polar cap expanded as a result of the addition of open magnetic flux to the tail lobes during this interval. The flow reversal boundary, which is a lower limit to the polar cap boundary, reached an invariant latitude equatorward of 71°λ by the time of the expansion phase onset. A westward electrojet, centred at 65.4°λ, occurred at the onset of the expansion phase. This electrojet subsequently moved poleward to a maximum of 68.1°λ at 2000 UT and also widened. During the expansion phase, there is evidence of bursts of plasma flow which are spatially localised at longitudes within the substorm current wedge and which occurred well poleward of the westward electrojet. We conclude that the substorm onset region in the ionosphere, defined by the westward electrojet, mapped to a part of the tail radially earthward of the boundary between open and closed magnetic flux, the "distant" neutral line. Thus the substorm was not initiated at the distant neutral line, although there is evidence that it remained active during the expansion phase. It is not obvious whether the electrojet mapped to a near-Earth neutral line, but at its most poleward, the expanded electrojet does not reach the estimated latitude of the polar cap boundary.
Analysis of auroral infrared emissions observed during the ELIAS experiment
Authors: Caledonia G. E. , Murphy R. E. , Nadile R. M. , Ratkowski A. J.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The ELIAS (Earth Limb Infrared Atmospheric Structure) experiment was flown from the Poker Flat Research Range, Alaska in 1983 and successfully monitored visible and infrared emissions from an IBC III+ aurora. Measurements were performed in both staring and scanning modes over several hundred seconds. The data for short- and mid-wave infrared regions have been analyzed in terms of auroral excitation of the NO and NO+ vibrational bands. Auroral excitation efficiencies and kinetic implications are presented.
Negative chlorine ion chemistry in the upper stratosphere and its application to an artificially created dense electron cloud
Authors: Prasad S. S.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. This paper discusses new potential reactions of chlorine-bearing anions (negative ions) in the upper stratosphere. These reactions are then applied to the negative-ion chemistry following the injection of an electron cloud of very high density, of the order of 106-107 e- cm-3, in the 40-45-km region. The idea is to evaluate the recently proposed scheme to mitigate ozone depletion by converting the reactive chlorine atoms at these altitudes into Cl- ions which are unreactive towards ozone, i.e., electron scavenging of Cl. We find that the previously neglected photodetachment from Cl- is fast. For an overhead sun, this process may have a rate coefficient of 0.08 s-1 when multiple scattering is included. The rate could be even higher, depending on the ground albedo. Switching reaction between Cl-·H2O and HCl might lead to the formation of Cl-·HCl anion. Possible reactions of Cl-·H2O and Cl-·HCl with O atoms could produce ClO- and Cl-2. The production of ClO- in this manner is significant because Cl- having a high photodetachment rate constant would be regenerated in the very likely reactions of ClO- with O. When these possibilities are considered, then it is found that the chlorine anions may not be the major ions inside the electron cloud due to the rapid photodetachment from Cl-. Furthermore, in such a cloud, there may be the hazard that the Cl--Cl-·H2O-ClO--Cl- cycle amounts to catalytic destruction of two O atoms. Thus, the scheme could be risky if practised in the altitude region where atomic oxygen is an important constituent. Similar conclusions apply even if the ClO- species forms ClO-3 by three-body association with O2, instead of reacting with O. It must be emphasized that the present study is speculative at this time, because none of the relevant reactions have been investigated in the laboratory as yet. Nevertheless, it is very safe to say that the scheme of ozone preservation by electron scavenging of the upper stratospheric Cl is much less certain than implied in the studies reported by its original proponents, because those studies neglected the photodetachment from Cl- and made the highly unlikely assumption that the Cl-·H2O anion neither photodissociates nor reacts any further. The situation at the lower altitudes could be even more complex due to the formation of large cluster ions and the ion-induced aerosol formation. The lower atmospheric situation, therefore, requires much more study. The uncertainties in the scavenging scheme due to the electrostatic repulsion in the cloud should also be addressed. Despite the uncertainties about its environmental engineering usefulness, the emerging technology for artificial creation of plasmas, with any desired density and charge in the stratosphere, could have significant pure scientific values in the studies of stratospheric ion chemistry and ion-induced aerosol formation. Such studies have perennially suffered from the extremely low densities of the naturally occurring plasma.
Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile
Authors: Pfister A. , Fischer H.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth's surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth's surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth's surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property `sea' and `land,' respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.
The onset of the Little Ice Age in Andalusia (southern Spain): detection and characterization from documentary sources
Authors: Rodrigo F. S. , Esteban-Parra M. J. , Castro-Diez Y.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. In this work the onset of the "Little Ice Age" period in Andalusia (southern Spain) is analysed from documentary data, focusing attention on the evolution of the climate during the 16th and 17th centuries. It is shown that changes in the rainfall regime have been more important than those in the temperature in studying the Andalusian climate change. Analysis of the total annual precipitation is carried out by codifying the documentary data and establishing an ordinal index. Several statistical methods are used to detect and characterize climate changes in the region. The results suggest a fluctuating evolution, without trends or abrupt changes, with a prevailing wet period from 1550 to 1650 AD. Cycles of ~17, 3.5 and 2.1 years are detected. Some possible causal mechanisms are suggested.
Gravity wave generation and propagation during geomagnetic storms over Kiruna (67.8°N, 20.4°E)
Authors: Fagundes P. R. , Aruliah A. L. , Rees D. , Bittencourt J. A.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Atmospheric gravity waves, detected over Kiruna (67.8°N, 20.4°E) during geomagnetic storms, are presented and analysed. The data include direct measurements of the OI 630.0 nm emission line intensity, the x-component of the local geomagnetic field and thermospheric (meridional and zonal) wind velocities derived from the OI 630.0 nm Doppler shift observed with an imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer (IFPI). A low pass band filter technique was used to determine short-period variations in the thermospheric meridional wind velocities observed during geomagnetic storms. These short-period variations in the meridional wind velocities, which are identified as due to gravity waves, are compared to the corresponding variations observed in the OI 630.0 nm emission line intensity, x-component of the local geomagnetic field and the location of the auroral electrojet. A cross-correlation analysis was used to calculate the propagation velocities of the observed gravity waves.
Detection of polar stratospheric clouds with ERS-2/GOME data
Authors: Meerkoetter R.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Based on radiative transfer calculations, it is studied whether polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) can be detected by the new Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) on board the second European Research Satellite (ERS-2) planned to be launched in 1995. It is proposed to identify PSC-covered areas by use of an indicator, the Normalized Radiance Difference (NRD), which relates the difference of two spectral radiances at 0.515 µm and 0.67 µm to one radiance measured in the centre of the oxygen A-band at 0.76 µm. Simulations are carried out for two solar zenith angles, θ=78.5° and θ=86.2°. They indicate that, in presence of PSCs and with increasing solar zenith angles above θ=80°, the NRD decrease to values clearly below those derived under conditions of a cloud-free stratosphere. Results for θ=86.2° show that the method is successful independent of existing tropospheric clouds, of different tropospheric aerosol loadings, and of surface albedos. Results for θ=78.5° illustrate that PSC detection under conditions of smaller solar zenith angles θ80° needs additional information about tropospheric clouds.
The association of polar mesosphere summer echo layers with tial modes
Authors: Williams P. J. S. , Jones G. O. L. , Palmer J. R. , Rishbeth H.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The occurrence of PMSEs with time of day shows a semi-diurnal variation with minima at 8 and 20 h LT. PMSE layers observed for more than 30 min show an average rate of descent of 2 km h–1. These characteristics suggest the influence of tidal winds. When the observed steady wind and diurnal and semi-diurnal tides at EISCAT are added, the overall magnitude shows a time-variation which matches the occurrence of PMSEs, and the observed rate of descent, approximately 2 km h–1. Atmospheric gravity waves also contribute to the velocity of the neutral wind. When the wave reinforces the background wind, the PMSEs are stronger and descend more rapidly, but when the wave-related velocity opposes the background wind the PMSE is weaker and it descends more slowly.
Spatial transport and spectral transfer of solar wind turbulence composed of Alfvén waves and convective structures II: numerical results
Authors: Schmidt J. M.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. This work follows the paper titled "Spatial transport and spectral transfer of solar wind turbulence composed of Alfvén waves and convective structures I: The theoretical model", and deals with the detailed physics and numerical solution of a two-component solar wind model, consisting of small-scale Alfvén waves and convected structures. In particular, we present numerical results which qualitatively reflect many of the observed features of the radial and spectral evolution of the turbulent energies, the residual energy, the cross-helicity and Alfvén-ratio in high-speed solar wind streams. These features are the following: the formation of a characteristic "inclined eye", which evolves between the energy spectra displayed over the frequency axis and tends to close in the radial development of the spectra, a steepening of all spectra towards Kolmogorov-like f-5/3 spectra, the development of the normalized cross-helicity towards a constant not much less than one and the formation of a "trough" form of the Alfvén ratio with a z-shaped left boundary, By weighting special terms in the equations differently, we can also cast light on the physical role of parametric conversion model terms, wave-structure scattering model terms, nonlinear terms, spherical expansion terms and their effects on the radial evolution of turbulent energies in high-speed solar wind streams.
Relations of field line resonances and upstream waves and the winter attenuation of pulsations
Authors: Verő J. , Best I. , Vellante M. , Lühr H. , de Lauretis M. , Holló L. , Märcz F. , Struesutik J.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Using data on the occurrence frequency of geomagnetic pulsations of different periods from three observatories in Central Europe, conclusions are drawn about the occurrence of field line resonances and pulsations directly driven by upstream waves at L-values below 3. It was found that both types occur during the interval studied (first 6 months of the year 1991), but both the occurrence frequency of the two types and the characteristic period of the field line resonance change significantly as compared to other intervals. During Northern winter, pulsation activity is severely damped in solar maximum years, including the year 1991. The decrease in the activity of the pulsations is more significant at shorter periods.
Longitudinal effects of ionospheric responses to substorms at middle and lower latitudes: a case study
Authors: Pi X. , Mendillo M. , Spalla P. , Anderson D. N.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. An ionospheric model is used to simulate total electron content (TEC) disturbance events observed at middle and lower latitude sites near 75°W and 7°E longitudes. Within this longitudinal range, daytime TEC disturbances show patterns that are correlated with substrom activity seen in both auroral electrojet and ring current behavior. In modeling studies of the observed ionospheric effects, both electric field and neutral wind perturbations are examined as possible mechanisms. The morphological features of the required electric field perturbations near drawn and dusk are compared with those at other times to examine the local time characteristics of magnetospheric influence. Large-scale traveling atmospheric disturbances (TADs), an alternative candidate for the disturbance source, are also characterized and compared with known thermospheric behavior.
First observation of mesospheric wind shear as high as 330 m s−1 km−1
Authors: Wu Y.-F. , Widdel H.-U. , Offermann D.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Mesospheric wind profiles with an altitude resolution of 25 m have been obtained by means of radar tracking of foil chaff clouds. Such experiments were performed during winter 1990 at Biscarrosse, France (44°N, 1°W). On one flight, a wind shear as high as 330 m s–1 km–1 at 87.4 km and a region of dynamical instability between 86 and 88 km was measured. This wind shear is believed to be the largest value ever measured in the mesosphere. The region of dynamical instability results from a superposition of two wave motions, and is found to link well with enhanced turbulence and small-scale wave activity.