bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In‐depth analysis of Ciflorette strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa ‘Ciflorette’) by multidimensional gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐olfactometry
Authors: Cannon Robert J. , Agyemang David , Curto Nicole L. , Yusuf Amir , Chen Michael Z. , Janczuk Adam J.
Published: April 2015

Grown predominantly in France, Ciflorette strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa ‘Ciflorette’) possess a well‐balanced fruity aroma and a sweet, creamy taste. The goal of this study was to better understand the chemical composition and key odourants of this unique fruit. Incorporating fractionation and multidimensional gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (MDGC‐MS), the volatile constituents of Ciflorette strawberries are discussed for the first time from the large‐scale extraction of 100 kg of the pureed berries. A total of 24 volatile sulphur compounds were either absolutely confirmed by synthesis or tentatively identified from the different analyses. Three sulphur compounds were synthesized and described in nature for the first time: 1‐(methylthio)‐2,3‐butanedione, 3‐(acetylthio)‐hexanal and 2,6‐dipropyl‐3‐formyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐2H‐thiopyran. Finally, GC‐olfactometry (O) conducted by seven panelists led to the identification of 43 aroma‐active compounds in the strawberry extract. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Securing Project‐Based Financing for Solar PV Projects
Authors: Ritter Joe
Published: April 2015

I recently read a headline proclaiming that solar is no longer “sexy.”
Necessity and Opportunity for Customer‐Prescribed Outage Notifications
Authors: Myers Robert
Published: April 2015

Today, Internet users in the United States spend an average of 42 minutes on Facebook, 21 minutes on Instagram, and 17 minutes on Twitter each day (see Exhibit 1).
Towards Supramolecular Catalysis with Small Self‐assembled Peptides
Authors: Singh Nishant , Tena‐Solsona Marta , Miravet Juan F. , Escuder Beatriu
Published: April 2015

Self‐assembly of small peptides offers unique opportunities for the bottom‐up construction of supramolecular catalysts that aim to emulate the efficiency and selectivity of natural enzymes. Small, information‐rich, simple molecules based on amino acids can self‐organise autonomously into complex systems with emergent catalytic properties. The power of noncovalent interactions can be used to construct supramolecular peptidic tertiary structures. Moreover, specific functional groups present in amino acid side‐chains may present either a catalytic activity by themselves or be able to bind cofactors such as metal ions. In this scenario, although relevant progress has been achieved in recent years, promising applications in biomaterials science are foreseen. In this review, we discuss the state‐of‐the‐art of this approach at the interface between supramolecular chemistry and peptide science.
Group boundary permeability moderates the effect of a dependency meta‐stereotype on help‐seeking behaviour
Authors: Zhang Lange , Kou Yu , Zhao Yunlong , Fu Xinyuan
Published: April 2015

Previous studies have found that when low‐status group members are aware that their in‐group is stereotyped as dependent by a specific out‐group (i.e. a dependency meta‐stereotype is salient), they are reluctant to seek help from the high‐status out‐group to avoid confirming the negative meta‐stereotype. However, it is unclear whether low‐status group members would seek more help in the context of a salient dependency meta‐stereotype when there is low (vs. high) group boundary permeability. Therefore, we conducted two experiments to examine the moderating effect of permeability on meta‐stereotype confirmation with a real group. In study 1, we manipulated the salience of the dependency meta‐stereotype, measured participants' perceived permeability and examined their help‐seeking behaviour in a real‐world task. Participants who perceived low permeability sought more help when the meta‐stereotype was salient (vs. not salient), whereas participants who perceived high permeability sought the same amount of help across conditions. In study 2, we manipulated the permeability levels and measured the dependency meta‐stereotype. Participants who endorsed a high‐dependency meta‐stereotype sought more help than participants who endorsed a low‐dependency meta‐stereotype; this effect was particularly strong in the low‐permeability condition. The implications of these results for social mobility and intergroup helping are discussed.
EFFECTS OF INFANT AND MATERNAL SENSORY PROCESSING ON INFANT FUSSING, CRYING, AND SLEEP
Authors: McGeorge Kate , Milne Lisa , Cotton Louise , Whelan Tom
Published: April 2015

This study investigated the effects of infant and maternal sensory processing on sleep, fussing, and crying in a sample of 55 firstborn, 4‐ to 7‐month‐old infants and their mothers. Mothers completed self‐report questionnaires to assess maternal and infant sensory processing styles and a 4‐day diary of infant behavior, including sleep, fussing, and crying. Higher levels of infant Sensation Avoiding were associated with less sleep, more fussing, and more crying whereas higher levels of Sensory Sensitivity were associated with less sleep and more fussing. The positive association between infant Sensation Avoiding and crying was strengthened by lower levels of Low Registration in mothers. The effect of infant Sensory Sensitivity on reducing total sleep also was strengthened by lower levels of maternal Low Registration. Assessment of infant sensory processing as well as the moderating effect of maternal sensory processing on the relationship between infant sensory processing and infant regulatory capacities need to be considered when assessing and designing interventions for families in which infant regulation is problematic.
A Semi‐Parametric Analysis of Two‐Sided Markets: An Application to the Local Daily Newspapers in the USA
Authors: Sokullu Senay
Published: April 2015

This paper considers an empirical semiparametric model for two‐sided markets. Contrary to existing empirical literature on two‐sided markets, we specify network effects and probability distribution functions of net benefits of the two sides nonparametrically. We then estimate the model by nonparametric instrumental variables regression for local daily newspapers from the USA. We show that semiparametric specification is supported by the data and the network effects are neither linear nor monotonic. With a numerical illustration we demonstrate that the mark‐up of the newspaper on each side changes drastically with the nonlinearly specified network effects from the case with linear network effects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The biostability of cardiac lead insulation materials as assessed from long‐term human implants
Authors: Wilkoff Bruce L. , Rickard John , Tkatchouk Ekaterina , Padsalgikar Ajay D. , Gallagher Genevieve , Runt James
Published: April 2015

Accelerated in vitro biostability studies are useful for making relativistic comparisons between materials. However, no in vitro study can completely replicate the complex biochemical and biomechanical environment that a material experiences in the human body. To overcome this limitation, three insulation materials [Optim™ insulation (OPT), Pellethane® 55D (P55D), and silicone elastomer] from cardiac leads that were clinically implanted for up to five years were characterized using visual inspection, SEM, ATR‐FTIR, GPC, and tensile testing. Surface cracking was not observed in OPT or silicone samples. Shallow cracking was observed in 17/41 (41%) explanted P55D samples. ATR‐FTIR indicated minor surface oxidation in some OPT and P55D samples. OPT molecular weight decreased modestly (∼20%) at 2–3 years before stabilizing at 4–5 years. OPT tensile strength decreased modestly (∼25%) at 2–3 years before stabilizing at 4–5 years. OPT elongation at 4–5 years was unchanged from controls. P55D had no significant changes in molecular weight or tensile properties. Overall, results for OPT and P55D were consistent with and limited to cosmetic surface oxidation. Silicone demonstrated excellent biostability with no identifiable degradation. This study of explanted cardiac leads revealed that OPT, P55D, and silicone elastomer demonstrate similar and excellent biostability through five years of implantation in human patients. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 411–421, 2016.
Effect of precursor concentration and spray pyrolysis temperature upon hydroxyapatite particle size and density
Authors: Cho Jung Sang , Lee Jeong‐Cheol , Rhee Sang‐Hoon
Published: April 2015

In the synthesis of hydroxyapatite powders by spray pyrolysis, control of the particle size was investigated by varying the initial concentration of the precursor solution and the pyrolysis temperature. Calcium phosphate solutions (Ca/P ratio of 1.67) with a range of concentrations from 0.1 to 2.0 mol/L were prepared by dissolving calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate in deionized water and subsequently adding nitric acid. Hydroxyapatite powders were then synthesized by spray pyrolysis at 900°C and at 1500°C, using these calcium phosphate precursor solutions, under the fixed carrier gas flow rate of 10 L/min. The particle size decreased as the precursor concentration decreased and the spray pyrolysis temperature increased. Sinterability tests conducted at 1100°C for 1 h showed that the smaller and denser the particles were, the higher the relative densities were of sintered hydroxyapatite disks formed from these particles. The practical implication of these results is that highly sinterable small and dense hydroxyapatite particles can be synthesized by means of spray pyrolysis using a low‐concentration precursor solution and a high pyrolysis temperature under a fixed carrier gas flow rate. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 422–430, 2016.
Characterization of Pebax angioplasty balloon surfaces with AFM, SEM, TEM, and SAXS
Authors: Warner Jacob A. , Forsyth Bruce , Zhou Fang , Myers Jason , Frethem Chris , Haugstad Greg
Published: April 2015

In the medical device industry, angioplasty balloons have been widely used in the less invasive treatment of heart disease by expanding and relieving clogged structures in various arterial segments. However, new applications using thin coatings on the balloon surface have been explored to enhance therapeutic value in the delivery of pharmaceuticals (drug‐elution) or control thermal energy output (RF ablation). In this study, angioplasty balloon materials comprised of poly(ether‐block‐amide) (Pebax) were investigated via atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) to characterize physical properties at the balloon surface that may affect coating adhesion. The soft segment of this Pebax 1074 material is polyethylene oxide (PEO) and the hard segment is nylon‐12. The morphology of the hard segments of this block co‐polymer are found via AFM stiffness measurements to be (40 ± 20) nm by (300 ± 150) nm and are oriented parallel to the surface of the balloon. SAXS measurements found the lamellar spacing to be (18.5 ± 0.5) nm, and demonstrate a preferential orientation in agreement with TEM and AFM measurements. Fixation of this balloon in resin, followed by cryo‐sectioning is shown to provide a novel manner in which to investigate surface characteristics on the balloon such as material or coating thickness as well as uniformity in comparison to the bulk structure. These outputs were deemed critical to improve overall balloon processing such as molding and surface treatment options for robust designs toward better procedural outcomes targeting new therapeutic areas. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 470–475, 2016.
Positive Empathy: A Therapeutic Skill Inspired by Positive Psychology
Authors: Conoley Collie W. , Pontrelli Marla E. , Oromendia Mercedes Fernández , Carmen Bello Beatriz Del , Nagata Chelsea M.
Published: April 2015

Objective

Positive empathy (PE), a type of empathy response that focuses on a client's hidden message of desire for a better life, was hypothesized to increase the expression of positive emotions, approach goals, and strengths, and to communicate equivalent understanding when compared to traditional empathy (TE).

Method

We examined 4 hypotheses in 2 studies. In study 1, college participants read therapy session vignettes incorporating PE or TE and then listed the client's strengths and goals and rated the therapist and how well they imagined themselves as the client in the vignettes. In study 2, therapist–client dyads attended 6 weekly sessions that incorporated both PE and TE, after which clients rated therapists’ level of empathic understanding and session observers rated clients’ emotional responses, revelations of strengths, and goals in response to empathy.

Results

In both studies, the results of PE and TE were similar, while PE elicited a greater number of approach goals. In study 2, clients expressed more strengths and positive emotions after PE responses than TE.

Conclusion

Our results support PE for enhancing client growth (i.e., when a client pursues approach goals, enlists strengths, and experiences positive emotions), which is consistent with the process of positive psychology‐informed psychotherapy
Expedient Protocols for the Installation of 1,5‐benzodiazepine‐based Privileged Templates on 2‐position of α, β‐enone Incorporated Derivatives of the 1,4‐benzodiazepine Nucleus Linked Through a Phenoxyl Spacer
Authors: Kaur Navjeet , Kishore Dharma
Published: April 2015

Exceedingly facile single‐step expedient protocols based on the versatility and reactivity of corresponding intermediate chalcone (8), derived from 2‐(4′‐acetylphenoxyl) substituted analogue (6) have been developed to provide an easy installation of the 1,5‐benzoazepine‐based (9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14) privileged templates at 2‐position of 5‐carboxamido‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐5‐(4′‐methylpiperazinyl)‐carboxamide (4), through a phenoxyl spacer, by utilizing the synthetic strategy depicted in Schemes  and .
An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Laquinimod
Authors: Huang Yanyan , Feng Ying , Gao Wensheng , Zhang Chao , Chen Ligong
Published: April 2015

Laquinimod, 5‐chloro‐1,2‐dihydro‐N‐ethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐N‐ phenyl‐3‐quinoline carboxamide, is an oral drug in clinical trials for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. An efficient synthetic method for laquinimod from 2‐amino‐6‐chlorobenzoic acid via four steps was established. The overall yield of laquinimod is up to 82% as compared with 70% reported in literature. It has also been demonstrated that green reagent dimethyl carbonate is not suitable for the N‐methylation of 5‐chloroisatoic anhydride owing to the ring‐cleavage reaction induced by the generated methanol. The ring‐cleavage by‐products were isolated and characterized by 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR. In addition, in the study of laquinimod derivatives, we found that 5‐chloro‐1,2‐dihydro‐N‐ethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐N‐phenyl‐3‐quinoline carboxamide (laquinimod) was obtained in much higher yield than 7‐chloro‐1,2‐dihydro‐N‐ethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐N‐phenyl‐3‐quinoline carboxamide under the same reaction conditions, and it is possibly attributed to a neighboring group effect.
Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fractions in asphalt mixtures using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
Authors: Nascimento Paulo Cicero , Gobo Luciana Assis , Bohrer Denise , Carvalho Leandro Machado , Cravo Margareth Coutinho , Leite Leni Figueiredo Mathias
Published: April 2015

An analytical method using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in asphalt fractions has been developed. The 14 compounds determined, characterized by having two or more condensed aromatic rings, are expected to be present in asphalt and are considered carcinogenic and mutagenic. The parameters of the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface were optimized to obtain the highest possible sensitivity for all of the compounds. The limits of detection ranged from 0.5 to 346.5 μg/L and the limits of quantification ranged from 1.7 to 1550 μg/L. The method was validated against a diesel particulate extract standard reference material (NIST SRM 1975), and the obtained concentrations agreed with the certified values. The method was applied to asphalt samples after its fractionation according to ASTM D4124 and the method of Green. The concentrations of the seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons quantified in the sample ranged from 0.86 mg/kg for benzo[ghi]perylene to 98.32 mg/kg for fluorene.
Histopathologic margin distance in survival in resection of cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck
Authors: Teng James , Halbert Travis , McMurry Timothy L. , Levine Paul A. , Christophel J. Jared
Published: April 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Treatment of cutaneous melanoma involves surgical excision with wide clinical margins. No guidelines regarding safe histopathologic margin distance exist. This study examines the impact of histopathologic margin, measured from closest cut edge of the specimen, on overall survival in resection of cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck. We hypothesize that close histopathologic margins (<2 mm) are associated with decreased survival.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

A total of 637 patients were treated for cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck between 2001 and 2011. Demographics, tumor characteristics, histopathologic margin distance (from a pathology database), and survival data from state health registries and health system clinical data repositories were used to create a dataset. Cox regression models and Kaplan‐Meier curves were used to analyze data, adjusting for age, tumor location, ulceration, and depth of invasion (DOI).

Results

When analyzing for overall survival, Cox multivariate regression analysis showed age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.0–1.1), DOI (HR = 1.2–1.5), ulceration (HR = 1.3–3.8), and subsite (ear, HR = 1.0–3.9) were significant predictors of survival. Histopathologic margin distance was not significant for predicting survival. Three percent of histopathologic margins were <1 mm.

Conclusions

In a large dataset of head and neck cutaneous melanoma, known factors associated with overall survival (age, DOI, ulceration, subsite) proved significant, validating the dataset. Examining the effect of histopathologic margin distance on survival, while controlling for these factors, we failed to reject the null hypothesis. Margin distance as measured by histopathology does not affect survival.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:1856–1860, 2015
Collateral damage to the ureter and Nitinol stone baskets during thulium fiber laser lithotripsy
Authors: Wilson Christopher R. , Hardy Luke A. , Irby Pierce B. , Fried Nathaniel M.
Published: April 2015

Background

The experimental Thulium fiber laser (TFL) is currently being studied as a potential alternative lithotripter to the clinical gold standard Holmium:YAG laser. Safety studies characterizing undesirable Holmium:YAG laser‐induced damage to ureter tissue and stone baskets have been previously reported. Similarly, this study characterizes TFL induced ureter and stone basket damage.

Methods

A TFL beam with energy of 35 mJ per pulse, pulse duration of 500 µs, and variable pulse rates of 50–500 Hz, was delivered through 100‐µm‐core optical fibers, to either porcine ureter wall, in vitro, or a standard 1.9‐Fr Nitinol stone basket wire. Ureter perforation times were measured and gross, histological, and optical coherence tomography images of the ablation area were acquired. Stone basket damage was graded as a function of pulse rate, number of pulses, and working distance.

Results

TFL operation at 150, 300, and 500 Hz produced mean ureter perforation times of 7.9, 3.8, and 1.8 seconds, respectively. Collateral damage widths averaged 510, 370, and 310 µm. Nitinol wire damage decreased with working distance and was non‐existent at distances greater than 1.0 mm. In contact mode, 500 pulses delivered at pulse rates ≥300 Hz (≤1.5 seconds) were sufficient to cut Nitinol wires.

Conclusions

The TFL, operated in low pulse energy and high pulse rate mode, may provide a greater safety margin than the standard Holmium:YAG laser for lithotripsy, as evidenced by longer TFL ureter perforation times and shorter non‐contact working distances for stone basket damage than previously reported with Holmium:YAG laser. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:403–410, 2015. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:???–???, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recipient factors associated with having a potential living donor for liver transplantation
Authors: Doyle Adam , Rabie Rania N. , Mokhtari Arastoo , Cattral Mark , Ghanekar Anand , Grant David , Greig Paul , Levy Gary , Lilly Leslie , McGilvray Ian , Selzner Markus , Selzner Nazia , Renner Eberhard L.
Published: April 2015

Because of a persistent discrepancy between the demand for liver transplantation (LT) and the supply of deceased donor organs, there is an interest in increasing living donation rates at centers trained in this method of transplantation. We examined a large socioeconomically heterogeneous cohort of patients listed for LT to identify recipient factors associated with living donation. We retrospectively reviewed 491 consecutive patients who were listed for LT at our center over a 24‐month period. Demographic, medical, and socioeconomic data were extracted from electronic records and compared between those who had a potential living donor (LD) volunteer for assessment and those who did not; 245 patients (50%) had at least 1 potential LD volunteer for assessment. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that patients with a LD were more likely to have Child‐Pugh C disease (odds ratio [OR], 2.44; P = 0.02), and less likely to be older (OR, 0.96; P = 0.002), single (OR, 0.34; P = 0.006), divorced (OR, 0.53; P = 0.03), immigrants (OR, 0.38; P = 0.049), or from the lowest income quintile (OR, 0.44; P = 0.02). In conclusion, this analysis has identified several factors associated with access to living donation. More research is warranted to define and overcome barriers to living donor liver transplantation through targeted interventions in underrepresented populations. Liver Transpl 21:897‐903, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
The friendly incidental portal vein thrombus in liver transplantation
Authors: Koh Peng Soon , Chan See Ching , Chok Kenneth Siu‐Ho , Sharr William Wei , Wong Tiffany Cho-Lam , Sin Sui Ling , Lo Chung Mau
Published: April 2015

Improved outcomes have been shown in liver transplantation (LT) with portal vein thrombosis (PVT). However, PVT is still discovered incidentally during surgery despite careful preoperative imaging. Data are limited comparing the outcomes of incidental PVT with PVT diagnosed via preoperative imaging before LT. This study aims to compare the overall outcomes of patients with PVT. From 2008 to 2012, 369 patients had LT, and 58 patients with PVT were identified. They were divided into those with non‐PVT (group 0; n = 311), preoperatively identified PVT (group 1; n = 28), and incidental PVT (group 2; n = 30). The demographics, characteristics, preoperative assessment, and postoperative outcomes were compared. A survival analysis was also performed. Baseline characteristics and preoperative evaluations of all 3 groups were comparable (P > 0.05) except for Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score, tumor status, platelet levels, and serum bilirubin. A multivariate analysis only showed a high serum bilirubin level to be a predictor of PVT (P = 0.004; odds ratio, 3.395; 95% confidence interval, 1.467‐7.861). Postoperative outcomes were also comparable (P > 0.05). Compared to group 2, group 1 had more patients with a Yerdel classification of 3 or 4 with more extensive surgical intervention required (P = 0.02). The survival analysis in all 3 groups was comparable with 5‐year survival rate of 87.4%, 84.6%, and 91.8% in group 0, 1, and 2, respectively (P = 0.66). In conclusion, recipients with PVT undergoing LT can have similar outcomes as the non‐PVT patients even if PVTs were discovered incidentally. Discovery of incidental PVT only requires thrombectomy with no substantial change of treatment strategy, and the outcome is not adversely affected because most incidental PVTs are of a lower Yerdel grade. Preoperative imaging is useful to identify those with a higher Yerdel grade to allow planning of surgical strategy during transplantation. Liver Transpl 21:944‐952, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Σ‐algebraically compact modules and ‐compact cardinals
Authors: Šaroch Jan
Published: April 2015

We prove that the property characterizes Σ‐algebraically compact modules if is not ω‐measurable. Moreover, under a large cardinal assumption, we show that over any ring R where is not ω‐measurable, any free module M of ω‐measurable rank satisfies , hence the assumption on cannot be dropped in general (e.g., over small non‐right perfect rings). In this way, we extend results from a recent paper by Simion Breaz .
Negative‐order modified KdV equations: multiple soliton and multiple singular soliton solutions
Authors: Wazwaz Abdul‐Majid , Xu Gui‐Qiong
Published: April 2015

In this work, we develop the negative‐order modified Korteweg–de Vries (nMKdV) equation. By means of the recursion operator of the modified KdV equation, we derive negative order forms, one for the focusing branch and the other for the defocusing form. Using the Weiss–Tabor–Carnevale method and Kruskal's simplification, we prove the Painlevé integrability of the nMKdV equations. We derive multiple soliton solutions for the first form and multiple singular soliton solutions for the second form. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accelerated and motion‐robust in vivo T2 mapping from radially undersampled data using bloch‐simulation‐based iterative reconstruction
Authors: Ben‐Eliezer Noam , Sodickson Daniel K. , Shepherd Timothy , Wiggins Graham C. , Block Kai Tobias
Published: April 2015

Purpose

Development of a quantitative transverse relaxation time (T2)‐mapping platform that operates at clinically feasible timescales by employing advanced image reconstruction of radially undersampled multi spin‐echo (MSE) datasets.

Methods

Data was acquired on phantom and in vivo at 3 Tesla using MSE protocols employing radial k‐space sampling trajectories. In order to overcome the nontrivial spin evolution associated with MSE protocols, a numerical signal model was precalculated based on Bloch simulations of the actual pulse‐sequence scheme used in the acquisition process. This signal model was subsequently incorporated into an iterative model‐based image reconstruction process, producing T2 and proton‐density maps.

Results

T2 maps of phantom and in vivo brain were successfully constructed, closely matching values produced by a single spin‐echo reference scan. High‐resolution mapping was also performed for the spinal cord in vivo, differentiating the underlying gray/white matter morphology.

Conclusion

The presented MSE data‐processing framework offers reliable mapping of T2 relaxation values in a ∼5‐minute timescale, free of user‐ and scanner‐dependent variations. The use of radial k‐space sampling provides further advantages in the form of high immunity to irregular physiological motion, as well as enhanced spatial resolutions, owing to its inherent ability to perform alias‐free limited field‐of‐view imaging. Magn Reson Med 75:1346–1354, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Imaging of reactive oxygen species generated in vivo
Authors: Togashi Hitoshi , Aoyama Masaaki , Oikawa Kazuo
Published: April 2015

Purpose

We sought to image the biodistribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the living body using an in vivo electron spin resonance (ESR) imaging system using a spin probe, 1‐acetoxy‐3‐carbamoyl‐2,2,5,5‐tetramethylpyrroline (ACP) that produces ESR‐detectable nitroxide upon reaction with ROS.

Methods

Acute hepatic injury was induced in mice by priming with heat‐killed Corynebacterium parvum followed by injection of a low dose of lipopolysaccharide. ACP was administered intravenously and an in vivo ESR imaging system was used to visualize hepatic oxidative stress.

Results

In this immune‐mediated hepatic injury model, significant oxidative stress was evident at 3 h after lipopolysaccharide administration before the onset of massive hepatic injury. ACP was administered intravenously at 3 h after lipopolysaccharide injection when significant hepatic oxidative stress had been observed, and the ESR imaging system detected a high signal for 3‐carbamoyl‐2,2,5,5‐tetramethylpyrrolidine (carbamoyl‐PROXYL), which had originated from the ACP‐derived hydroxylamine and produced large amount of ROS within the living body. Using the ESR imaging system with ACP, we were able to visualize ROS in the abdomen before onset of hepatic injury.

Conclusion

We have succeeded in visualizing ROS within the body before onset of organ damage, representing a significant development in imaging for toxic molecules. Magn Reson Med 75:1375–1379, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical application of IUGA/ICS classification system for mesh erosion
Authors: Batalden Rebecca Posthuma , Weinstein Milena M. , Foust‐Wright Caroline , Alperin Marianna , Wakamatsu May M. , Pulliam Samantha J.
Published: April 2015

Aims

Our aim was to assess the usability of the IUGA/ICS classification system for mesh erosion in a tertiary clinical practice and to determine if assigned classification is associated with patient symptoms, treatment, and outcome.

Methods

We retrospectively identified women who had mesh erosion after prolapse or incontinence surgery. Each erosion was classified using the IUGA/ICS category time site (CTS) system. Associations between classification and presenting symptom (asymptomatic, pain, bleeding, voiding, or defecatory dysfunction, infection, prolapse), treatment type, and outcome were evaluated with chi‐squared test, student's t‐test, and univariate logistic regression.

Results

We identified 74 subjects with mesh erosion; only 70% were classifiable. Asymptomatic patients (n = 19) (Category A) were more likely to be managed conservatively (P = 0.001). Symptomatic patients (n = 55) (Category B) were more likely to be managed surgically (P = 0.003). Other variables had no association with treatment. No variables were associated with outcome. Presenting symptom was associated with both treatment (P = 0.005) and outcome (P = 0.03). Asymptomatic subjects were more likely to have satisfactory outcome (P = 0.03). Urinary frequency and urgency were highly correlated with surgical management (P = 0.02).

Conclusions

One third of mesh erosions could not be retrospectively coded using the IUGA/ICS classification. The components of the system were not predictive of treatment nor outcome with exception of the Category A (asymptomatic) and Category B (symptomatic). Asymptomatic women with mesh erosion can be successfully managed with conservative measures. Use of a classification system may be enhanced if the system is simplified by limiting the number of variables to those associated with interventions and patient outcome. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:589–594, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semiquantitative analysis of hypothalamic damage on MRI predicts risk for hypothalamic obesity
Authors: Roth Christian L. , Eslamy Hedieh , Werny David , Elfers Clinton , Shaffer Michele L. , Pihoker Catherine , Ojemann Jeffrey , Dobyns William B.
Published: April 2015

Objective

Excessive weight gain frequently occurs in patients with hypothalamic tumors and lesions leading to hypothalamic obesity (HO).

Methods

Digital brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical outcomes were studied retrospectively in a single center, including 45 children with postoperative lesions in the sellar region (41 craniopharyngiomas, 4 with Rathke's cleft cysts), ∼5 years post‐surgery, mean age 13.9 years. Four standard sections covering hypothalamic areas critical to energy homeostasis were used to assess lesions and calculate a hypothalamic lesion score (HLS); the association with HO was examined.

Results

Compared to subjects who did not develop HO (n = 23), subjects with HO (n = 22) showed more frequently lesions affecting the third ventricular floor, mammillary bodies, and anterior, medial (all P < 0.05), and most importantly posterior hypothalamus (P < 0.01). The HLS correlated significantly with BMI z‐score changes 12 and 30 months post‐surgery, even after adjusting for potential confounders of gender, age at surgery, surgery date, surgery BMI z‐score, hydrocephalus, and residual hypothalamic tumor (r = 0.34, P = 0.03; r = 0.40, P = 0.02, respectively). Diabetes insipidus was found to be an endocrine marker for HO risk.

Conclusions

The extent of damage following surgery in the sellar region can be assessed by MRI using a novel scoring system for early HO risk assessment.
Vedolizumab for the Treatment of Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Dulai Parambir S. , Mosli Mahmoud , Khanna Reena , Levesque Barrett G. , Sandborn William J. , Feagan Brian G.
Published: April 2015

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic, idiopathic, inflammatory bowel disease characterized by a relapsing and remitting course. A substantial proportion of patients fail conventional therapies despite therapy with immunosuppressives and tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Accordingly, newer therapeutic agents that target disease‐specific inflammation and minimize adverse events are required. Central to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis is an aberrant host response to commensal microorganisms with a resultant dysregulation of gut immune homeostasis and lymphocyte trafficking. Recently, a newer biologic, vedolizumab, which blocks lymphocyte trafficking, has been developed for use in moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. The efficacy of this agent has been demonstrated to be similar to that of other currently available biologics, and the selectivity of this agent in blocking lymphocyte migration to the gut has substantially reduced treatment‐related adverse events. The drug has now been approved for use in the United States and Europe, and, although the exact positioning of this biologic in clinical practice is yet to be defined, it represents an important new chapter in our armamentarium of treatment options for this population. In this review, we will highlight key considerations to be made by providers when using this agent in clinical practice.
Overview of Current and Alternative Therapies for Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy
Authors: Tran Tran H. , J. Hughes Gregory , Greenfeld Chuck , Pham Jacqueline T.
Published: April 2015

Membranous nephropathy is one of the leading causes of nephrotic syndrome in adults, which is characterized by edema, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria, and proteinuria. Determination of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) disease progression risk is important for guiding initial therapy, with immunosuppressive therapy being reserved for high‐risk patients. Because IMN may spontaneously remit in approximately 30% of patients, it is important to carefully select which patients should begin immunosuppressive therapy so as to maximize clinical benefit while limiting toxicity. An observation period of at least 6 months with conservative management that includes the use of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers is recommended. Initial treatment in high‐risk IMN is a 6‐month course of alternating steroids and alkylating agents. Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) represent an alternative first‐line therapeutic option for high‐risk patients who refuse treatment with steroid or alkylating agent therapy or for whom these treatments are contraindicated. Additional options are essential for patients with IMN who fail to adequately respond to initial therapies or who cannot use recommended therapies due to contraindications or intolerance, risks associated with repetitive dosing with alkylating agents, or potential exacerbation of impaired renal function with CNIs. While evidence for the use of alternative therapies in IMN is modest at best, our review summarizes the available literature for rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil, adrenocorticotropic hormone, intravenous immunoglobulin, and azathioprine. Rituximab has generally demonstrated beneficial outcomes with limited toxicity. Evidence supports a role for mycophenolate mofetil, although the evidence is of low quality and limited duration. Results from ongoing studies are required before adrenocorticotropic hormone can be recommended as therapy for treatment‐resistant patients. Intravenous immunoglobulin and azathioprine are unlikely to have a role in IMN. With the advent of new tools and biomarkers measuring disease activity combined with new data regarding possible treatment options, the management and prognosis of IMN are likely to improve.
Capacity of Physiotherapy Workforce Production in Thailand: Public–Private Mix, Secular Trend and Geographic Distribution
Authors: Kaewsawang Sarinee , Chongsuvivatwong Virasakdi , Vongsirinavarat Mantana
Published: April 2015

Background and Purpose

In Thailand, the shortage of physiotherapists has been an increasing concern because of increased health burden from demographic and epidemiologic changes. This study aims to analyse the current situation of the physiotherapy workforce production system, secular trend, geographical distribution and comparison of public and private physiotherapy training institutes.

Methods

Longitudinal data related to production capacity of the physiotherapy institutes were applied. Data from 2008 to 2012 were obtained from all 16 physiotherapy institutes in Thailand. Data during 2000–2007 were also retrieved from annual reports from the Ministry of Education. Descriptive statistics were initially used. Comparison was made between public and private physiotherapy institutes in terms of the number of students admitted and graduated, number of teachers, annual tuition fee, student–teacher ratio and dropout rate within 1 year. Predictive factors for graduation within 4 years were determined using logistic regression.

Results

In Thailand, there was an average of 800 physiotherapy graduates per year. New private institutes have been recently established and have steadily increased student admission rates. However, this has resulted in a high student–teacher ratio (median 7.1, inter‐quartile range (IQR) 5.9–10.0). The first‐year dropout rate in 2012 was 29.1%. Geographically, the majority of the institutes are clustered in the central region. Multivariate analysis revealed significantly lower probability of graduation within 4 years among students admitted to the private institutes and those in non‐north‐east region.

Conclusion

The production capacity of the physiotherapy workforce is below an estimated need. Private physiotherapy institutes need more support to improve the situation of staff shortages and student graduation rates. The non‐central regions should be encouraged to produce more physiotherapists. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controllable thermal expansion of large magnitude in chiral negative Poisson's ratio lattices
Authors: Ha Chan Soo , Hestekin Eric , Li Jianheng , Plesha Michael E. , Lakes Roderic S.
Published: April 2015

Lattices of controlled thermal expansion are presented based on planar chiral lattice structure with Poisson's ratio approaching . Thermal expansion values can be arbitrarily large positive or negative. A lattice was fabricated from bimetallic strips and the properties analyzed and studied experimentally. The effective thermal expansion coefficient of the lattice is about K. This is much larger in magnitude than that of constituent metals. Nodes were observed to rotate as temperature was changed corresponding to a Cosserat thermoelastic solid.
In situ TEM study of reversible and irreversible electroforming in Pt/Ti:NiO/Pt heterostructures
Authors: D'Aquila Kenneth , Liu Yuzi , Iddir Hakim , Petford‐Long Amanda K.
Published: April 2015

Experimental verification of the microscopic origin of resistance switching in metal/oxide/metal heterostructures is needed for applications in non‐volatile memory and neuromorphic computing. Numerous reports suggest that resistance switching in NiO is caused by local reduction of the oxide layer into nanoscale conducting filaments, but few reports have shown experimental evidence correlating electroforming with site‐specific changes in composition. We have investigated the mechanisms of reversible and irreversible electroforming in 250–500 nm wide pillars patterned from a single Ta/Ti/Pt/Ti‐doped NiO/Pt/Ta heterostructure and have shown that these can coexist within a single sample. We performed in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) electroform‐ ing and switching on each pillar to correlate the local electron transport behavior with microstructure and composition in each pillar. DFT calculations fitted to electron energy loss spectroscopy data showed that the Ti‐doped NiO layer is partially reduced after reversible electroforming, with the formation of oxygen vacancies ordered into lines in the 〈110〉 direction. However, under the same probing conditions, adjacent pillars show irreversible electroforming caused by electromigration of metallic Ta to form a single bridge across the oxide layer. We propose that the different electroforming behaviors are related to microstructural variations across the sample and may lead to switching variability. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Applying software process modeling to improve customer support processes
Authors: Raninen Anu , Merikoski Helena , Ahonen Jarmo J. , Beecham Sarah
Published: April 2015

The quality of an organization's support services can be key to maintaining and extending its customer base and to its future survival. As such, support services need to be considered in software process improvement initiatives and not left as an afterthought or stand‐alone effort. However, to identify areas in need of improvement requires a good understanding of the current process. To meet this need, we have developed a process modeling technique called LAPPI that documents current ‘as‐is’ processes.

This study explores whether the LAPPI can identify opportunities for improvement in the customer service process. LAPPI is applied, step by step, in a small‐to‐medium‐sized enterprise. Results are validated through an analysis of customer satisfaction questionnaires administered before and after our LAPPI intervention. Applying the LAPPI highlighted several problems with the customer support service, which was subsequently streamlined. The validation shows an improvement in customer satisfaction in several areas, with significant improvement in customer response times and in customer query resolution.

Software development organizations can use LAPPI to highlight where improvements are needed in support services. This study shows that making best use of support resources and ensuring customers receive prompt and clear help throughout the product's lifetime can improve an organization's image and future prosperity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charting Our Path With a Web Literacy Map
Authors: Dalton Bridget
Published: April 2015

Being a literacy teacher today means being a teacher of Web literacies. This article features the “Web Literacy Map”, an open source tool from Mozilla's Webmaker project. The map focuses on Exploring (Navigating the Web); Building (creating for the Web), and Connecting (Participating on the Web). Readers are invited to use resources, provide feedback on the map, and become a member of the literacy map community.
Self‐Expanding Metallic Stents Versus Surgical Intervention as Palliative Therapy for Obstructive Colorectal Cancer: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Takahashi Hidena , Okabayashi Koji , Tsuruta Masashi , Hasegawa Hirotoshi , Yahagi Masashi , Kitagawa Yuko
Published: April 2015

Background

Although self‐expanding metallic stents (SEMS) are useful tools for relieving large bowel obstructions in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), their efficacy in a palliative setting has not been validated. This meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the feasibility of SEMS as a palliation for unresectable CRC patients with bowel obstructions and to determine their contribution to the prognosis of CRC, compared with surgical intervention.

Methods

We conducted a literature search of the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. We selected all controlled trials that compared SEMS with surgical interventions as palliative treatments in unresectable obstructive CRC patients. The primary outcome was early complications, and the secondary outcomes were mortality, other morbidities, and long‐term survival rates.

Results

Ten studies met our inclusion criteria. SEMS significantly reduced the risk of early complications (odds ratio [OR] 0.34; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.20–0.58 %; P < 0.01), mortality (OR 0.31; 95 % CI 0.15 %–0.64 %; P < 0.01), and stoma creation (OR 0.19; 95 % CI 0.12–0.28 %; P < 0.01). Although SEMS placement was significantly associated with a higher risk of perforation of the large bowel (OR 5.25 95 % CI 2.00–13.78 %; P < 0.01) and late complications (OR 1.94; 95 % CI 0.90–4.19 %; P = 0.03), it also contributed significantly to better long‐term survival (hazard ratio 0.46; 95 % CI 0.31–0.68 %; P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Compared with surgical intervention, SEMS could provide feasible palliation for patients with bowel obstructions and unresectable CRC, because of their acceptable morbidity rates and better patient prognoses.
The Tight Adaptation at Pancreatic Anastomosis Without Parenchymal Laceration: An Institutional Experience in Introducing and Modifying the New Procedure
Authors: Oda Tatsuya , Hashimoto Shinji , Miyamoto Ryoichi , Shimomura Osamu , Fukunaga Kiyoshi , Kohno Keisuke , Ohshiro Yukio , Akashi Yoshimasa , Enomoto Tsuyoshi , Ohkohchi Nobuhiro
Published: April 2015

Background

Among the types of pancreatic anastomosis used after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), Blumgart type reconstruction has rapidly been distributed for its theoretical reasonableness, including secure tight adaptation of jejunal wall and pancreatic parenchyma without cause of parenchymal laceration. The clinical appropriateness of our modified Blumgart method was demonstrated by comparing to that of Kakita method.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of 156 patients underwent elective open PD, reconstructed former 78 patients with the Kakita method, utilizing a full‐thickness penetrating suture for tight stump adhesion. The later 78 patients were treated with the modified Blumgart method, which involved clamping the pancreatic parenchymal stump by the jejunal seromuscular layers with horizontal mattress‐type penetration sutures. Evaluated variables were the rate of pancreatic fistula (PF) and the length of postoperative hospital stay (POHS).

Results

The rate of ISGPF grade B + C PF was 29/78 (37.2 %) in the Kakita group and 16/78 (20.5 %) in the Blumgart group (P = 0.033). The median POHS for the Kakita group was 23 days, whereas that for the Blumgart group was 16 days (P < 0.001), one of the shortest value among Japanese high‐volume centers. There was no perioperative intensive hemorrhage or deaths in either group.

Conclusion

A unique concept of Blumgart pancreatic anastomosis, i.e., utilizing the jejunum as an interstitial cushion to prevent pancreatic laceration at the knot site, has become realistic through a simple “one step” modification. This technique, also providing flexible handling space at main pancreatic duct anastomosis, should contribute to the improved PF prevention and shortening the POHS.