bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetik der Inaktivierung von Salmonellen bei der thermischen Desinfektion von Flüssigmist
Authors: Soldierer W. , Strauch D.
Published: May 2010

Kinetics of Death of Salmonellae During Thermal Liquid Manure Disinfection

Technical processes for thermal liquid manure disinfection usually reach temperatures between 50°C and 70°C. The destruction of important infectious micro‐organisms can be expected in this temperature range. The purpose of the investigations reported here was to study the thermal resistance of Salmonellae during heat treatment of liquid manure. Salmonella senftenberg 775W survived much longer than each of 12 other strains from 8 different Salmonella serovars. Resulting from a regression analysis kinetics of thermal death were determined for this strain and decimal reduction times were calculated in cases of an exponential die‐off. D60‐values ranged from 47 to 138 sec depending on the type of slurry used. Further investigations on the inactivation of Salmonella senftenberg 775W at 50°C, 55°C, 60°C, and 65°C were carried out and following D‐values were obtained: D50 = 56.7 min, D55 = 11.5 min, D60 = 2.3 min, D65 = 0.47 min. The resulting ***ZD‐value was 7.2°C.

Minimum requirements concerning temperature and heating time can be derived from the results of this study. The given recommendations may only be applied, if technical processes work without any functional deficiencies and thermal energy is evenly distributed in the heated slurry. Combinations of temperature and heating time should not fall below the following values: 50°C / 15 h, 55°C / 3 h, 60°C / 30 min, 65°C / 5 min.

Technische Verfahren zur thermischen Entseuchung von Flüssigmist arbeiten meist bei Temperaturen zwischen 50°C und 70°C. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde das Absterbeverhalten von Salmonellen bei der Hitzebehandlung von Flüssigmist in diesem Temperaturbereich untersucht.

Für Salmonella senftenberg 775W, dem hitzeresistentesten von 13 untersuchten Stämmen aus 9 verschiedenen Serovaren dieser Spezies, wurden in Flüssigmist verschiedener Herkunft D60‐Werte von 47–138 Sekunden ermittelt. Weitere Inaktivierungsversuche bei 50°C, 55°C, 60°C und 65°C ergaben für Salmonella senftenberg 775W einen z‐Wert von 7,2°C und folgende D‐Werte: D50 = 56,7, min, D55 = 11,5 min, D60 = 2,3 min, D65 = 0,47 min.

Ausgehend von den Ergebnissen dieser Untersuchungen werden Mindestanforderungen für die thermische Desinfektion von Flüssigmist abgeleitet. Voraussetzung für die Anwendung dieser Maß‐stäbe ist allerdings der einwandfreie Funktionsablauf aller technischen Einrichtungen der betreffenden Anlagen, der eine gleichmäßige Wärmeeinwirkung garantieren muß. Folgende Kombinationen von Temperatur und Heißhaltezeit sollten nicht unterschritten werden: 50°C/15h, 55°C/3h, 60°C/ 30 min, 65°C / 5 min.
Characterization of 2 Groups of Actinomyces‐like Bacteria Isolated from Purulent Lesions in Pigs
Authors: Hommez J. , Devriese L. A. , Miry C. , Castryck F.
Published: May 2010

Two groups of Actinomyces‐like bacteria isolated from purulent lesions in pigs, were characterized and compared with Actinomyces pyogenes of porcine origin. One group showed characteristics which differed in many respects from A. pyogenes but which corresponded more closely to those of the non‐official species ‘Actinomyces suis’. Certain carbohydrate reactions differed from those given in earlier descriptions. This group was isolated only from purulent vaginal discharge and aborted foeti. The other group resembled the ‘A. suis’‐like bacteria but differed in its colony morphology, hippurate and to some extent also in its cellobiose and gluconate reactions and in its habitat.

It was concluded that ‘A. suis’ may occur in lesions other than mammary actinomycosis in areas where this disease is extremely rare, and that its natural habitat is the genital tract of pigs. Furthermore a probably related group exists, which is found in purulent lesions located mainly outside the porcine genital tract. These organisms appear to be as frequent in these types of lesions as A. pyogenes, with whom they can easily be confused in routine diagnostic bacteriology.
Hämorrhagische Septikämie der Kaninchen (Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease, RHD) ‐ Untersuchungen zum quantitativen Antigennachweis
Authors: Liebermann Ht. , Bergmann H. , Lange Elke , Schirrmeier H.
Published: May 2010

Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD) ‐ investigation for quantification of antigen

The efficiency of a vaccine of inactivated virus is influenced to a great deal by the mass of antigen per dose of application. Therefore it is essential to know the concentration of the antigen. We tested a physical method for quantification of the RHD‐Virus. It implies a centrifugation of the prepurified, if necessary, preconcentrated infectious or inactivated virus in a gentle sucrose gradient. It is followed by analysis in a sensitive UV flow‐through photometer with a computer calculated virus mass. The extinction coefficient (optical density) of the virus (175S‐component) at 254 nm is 3.9cm2/mg. The haemagglutination test and the ELISA were used to prove the virus specificity of the optical peak and partial for comparing them with the method mentioned above.

Die Wirksamkeit einer Vakzine aus inaktiviertem Virus wird in entscheidendem Maße von der Antigenmenge pro Impfdosis bestimmt. Daher ist es wichtig, die Konzentration des Antigens zu kennen. Es wurde eine physikalische Viruskonzentrationsbestimmungsmethode für das HSK‐Virus erprobt. Sie beinhaltet eine Zentrifugation im flachen Saccharosedichtegradienten von (vorgereinigtem) nötigenfalls vorkonzentriertem infektiösem oder inaktiviertem Virus mit anschließender Analyse im nachweisempfindlichen UV‐Durchflußphotometer bei computergestützter Auswertung.

Der Extinktionskoeffizient des Virus (175 S‐Komponente) bei 254 nm liegt bei 3,9 cm2/mg.

Zum Nachweis der Virusspezifitat der optischen Peaks und z.T. vergleichend wurden der Hämagglutinationstest und der ELISA eingesetzt.
Translation of Double‐Stranded RNA Segments 1 and 2 of Chuzan Virus in Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysates
Authors: Yoshida Tatsumi , Harasawa Ryô , Goto Yoshiyuki
Published: May 2010

Coding assignments of genome segments 1 and 2 of Chuzan virus strain K‐47 were studiedin vitroby using rabbit reticulocyte lysates. The double‐stranded RNA segment was extracted from sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐polyacrylamide gels by a modified crushing and eluting technique. Translation products labeled with [35S]methionine were resolved by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of the products from RNA segments 1 and 2 were estimated to be 98 and 95 kilodaltons, respectively.
The Helminth Fauna from the Common Seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina, Linné, 1758) of the Wadden Sea in Lower Saxony*
Authors: Claussen D. , Strauss V. , Ising Susanne , Jäger Martina , Schnieder T. , Stoye M.
Published: May 2010

During the seal epidemic in 1988 and the beginning of 1989, 115 common seals found dead on the shores of the Wadden Sea of Lower Saxony were investigated for the presence of nematodes. The lungworm Otostrongylus circumlitus Railliet 1899 was found in 26.1 % of the seals, the lungworm Parafilaroides gymnurus Railliet 1899 in 26.9 % and the heartworm Dipetalonema spirocauda Leidy 1858 in 32.2 % of the seals. In the digestive tract, two anisakid species were found, Pseudoterranova decipiens Mozgovoi 1951 in 87.8% and Contracaecum osculatum Rudolphi 1802 in 10.4% of the seals. Statistical analysis revealed a negative correlation between age of the seals and prevalence and intensity of infestation with the two lungworm species and the heartworms. Adult seals were found not to be infected with Dipetalonema spirocauda and Parafilaroides gymnurus, whereas the prevalence of the two anisakid species increased with increasing age of the seals. Pseudoterranova decipiens was found more often in autumn and winter than in summer. This parasite was more prevalent and had higher worm counts in the eastern part of the Wadden Sea than in the western part. Parafilaroides gymnurus and Dipetalonema spirocauda were found more often in seals with smaller blubber thickness than in well fed seals.
Pathological Studies on Central Nervous Tissues of Rats Infected with Rattus Serotype Hantavirus (SR‐11 Strain)
Authors: Mori F. , Kobayashi K. , Itakura C. , Arikawa J. , Hashimoto N.
Published: May 2010

Newborn rats inoculated intraperitoneally with a hantavirus strain (SR‐11) developed neurological signs such as ataxia and limb paralysis. The main histological lesions were scattered and multiple neuronal degeneration and necrosis with eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (CIB) in the brain, spinal cord and ganglia. Immunohistochemically, the viral antigen was detected in neurons, capillary endothelial and glial cells throughout the nervous tissue and CIB were identified as consisting of hantaviral antigen (nucleocapsid protein). Ultrastructurally, CIB in the neurons consisted of an accumulation of granular or filamentous materials, or both. They were seen near a well‐developed Golgi apparatus and associated with well‐developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and increased numbers of ribosomes. The present results suggested that this virus strain was highly infective in neurons of the newborn rats and that excess production of viral antigen which accumulated as CIB resulted in the neuronal changes.
Assessment of Lymphocyte and Phagocytic Functions in Goats treated with Glucan
Authors: Benda V. , Mádr P.
Published: May 2010

The effect of glucan, a biological response modifier of yeast origin, on different immune functions was studied after the intramuscular application in goats. The simultaneous administration of glucan with human serum albumin or tetanus toxoid significantly stimulated the antibody production to both antigens differing in their thymus dependency. Similarly, the phagocytizing activity of the blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes measured by the reductase colorimetric assay significantly increased one week after the glucan treatment. However, suppression of T‐lymphocyte function in experimental animals was determined by the lymphocyte transformation test particularly in response to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A. The results of the study indicate that glucan can modulate some elements of the ruminant immune response.
Inhibitory Effect of Sulfamonomethoxine on Capsule Formation of Bordetella bronchiseptica
Authors: Kuwano A.
Published: May 2010

Bordetella bronchiseptica phase I organism possesses a capsule and has the ability to agglutinate with K antiserum, although phase III organism lacks both. The present study examines the effect of sulfamonomethoxine (SMMX) on capsule formation of B. bronchiseptica. I also investigated whether or not the organisms possessed a capsule by bacterial agglutination with K antiserum. Three SMMX‐resistant strains of B. bronchiseptica phase I organisms showed loss of agglutinability with K antiserum by culturing them at a higher concentration of 1.56μg/ml of SMMX.

These results indicated that capsule formation of SMMX‐resistant B. bronchiseptica is inhibited by SMMX.
Immunohistological Detection of Orthopox Virus Antigen
Authors: Minkus G. , Czerny C.‐P. , Hermanns W.
Published: May 2010

This paper describes the immunohistochemical staining of orthopox virus (OPV) antigen in liver tissue of experimentally infected mice and in cell cultures. Using two different monoclonal antibodies, virus detection was achieved in cryostat‐, but not in paraffin‐sections.
InvitroBinding ofPasteurella multocidaCell Wall Preparations to Tracheal Mucus of Cattle and Swine and to a Tracheal Epithel Cell Wall Preparation of Cattle
Authors: Bötcher L. , Lübke A. , Hellmann E.
Published: May 2010

Outer membrane preparations of variousPasteurellaisolates (Pasteurella multocidaand some otherPasteurellaspecies) from cattle and swine were extracted by N‐lauryl‐sarcosine sodium salt. Capsular extracts were prepared by heat treatment. Both preparations bound to epithel cell wall preparations (ECW) of trachea from cattle and to tracheal mucus of cattle and swine. Binding was demonstrated by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Distinct high adherence values were shown by the greater part of membrane preparations of mucoidPasteurellastrains, especially when originating from cattle.
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns and Pigment Production of Streptococci of Serological Group B Isolated from Bovines and Humans
Authors: Wibawan I. W. T. , Lautrou Y. , Lammler Ch.
Published: May 2010

All 127 streptococci of serological group B isolated from bovines and humans were resistant to bacitracin (0.04 U) and gentamicin and susceptible to penicillin. Of the bovine isolates examined 10 %, 8 %, 22 %, 2 % and 30 % were resistant to bacitracin (10 U), cefoxitin, clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline respectively. Of the human isolates 52%, 21 %, 38%, 3% and 65% were resistant to bacitracin (10 U), cefoxitin, clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline respectively. Most of the bovine strains were susceptible, most of the human strains were resistant to bacitracin and tetracycline. A relation of tetracycline resistance to group B streptococcal microcapsule was proposed. Pigmentation studies revealed generally a weak pigmentation of bovine and a strong pigmentation of human group B streptococci. Antibiotic resistance patterns together with the ability to form a yellow to orange‐red pigment might be used for characterization of individual cultures of group B streptococci.
Biochemical and Serological Properties of Streptococcus uberis
Authors: Lämmler C.
Published: May 2010

The Strep‐Zym identification system, a combination of 23 enzymatic tests, allowed a rapid biochemical characterization of Streptococcus uberis. The biochemical profiles of the S. uberis cultures clearly differed from those of S. agalactiae and S. dysgalactiae. Serological grouping of S. uberis revealed polysaccharide antigens of groups E, G, P and U. Some cultures of S. uberis demonstrated CAMP‐like synergistic hemolytic activities on sheep blood agar and reacted specifically with the lectins of Helix pomatia and Dolichos biflorus. The occurrence of group polysaccharides, CAMP‐like reactivities, and the lectin agglutination reactions were obviously not related to each other or to any of the biochemical properties. These reactions, possibly of importance as virulence factors, might serve as epidemiological markers.
Etiology of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Spontaneously Occurring in Korea
Authors: Park J.H. , Kida H. , Ueda K. , Ochiai K. , Goryo M. , Itakura C.
Published: May 2010

Causative agent of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) was purified by CsCl density gradient centrifugation from the liver homogenate of rabbits infected with RHD virus which originated from Korea. The viral particles were 35–40 nm in diameter, and had hollow depressions on their surface. Protein A‐gold immunoelectron microscopy clearly showed that the convalescent antisera of diseased rabbits reacted specifically with the virus particles. SDS‐PAGE and Western blot analyses demonstrated that the structural protein of the virus was composed of a single major polypeptide of 63 kD. These findings indicate that the causative agent of RHD, tentatively named as picornavirus in Korea, belongs to calicivirus.
Cerebrospinal Elaphostrongylosis in Sheep in Northern Norway
Authors: Handeland K.
Published: May 2010

Pathologic examination of four sheep from northern Norway exhibiting neurologic signs of paresis, paralysis and vestibular system disease revealed nematodes in the central nervous system (CNS). The worms were identified as Elaphostrongylus rangiferi Mitskevich, 1960, the elaphostrongylid nematode of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus).

Microscopic lesions found in the CNS were focal traumatic encephalomyelomalacia caused by migrating worms, eosinophilic meningitis and choroiditis, lymphohistiocytic and nematode granulomas, and perineural infiltrations.

The disease occurred in November and December 1990, after the sheep had been on pasture in areas frequented by considerable numbers of reindeer.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Mycoplasma bovis using Tween 80 Hydrolysis as an Indicator of Growth
Authors: Devriese L. A. , Haesebrouck F.
Published: May 2010

Lysis and precipitation of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleate (Tween 80) was used as an indicator of growth in quantitative antibiotic dilution susceptibility tests in microtiter plates. This allowed test results to be read after 2 or 3 days. Antibiotic sensitivity levels obtained with this method were homogenous and tightly clustered. No acquired resistance was found among 16 field strains isolated in 1990.
Pathomorphological and Immunohistological Findings in Progeny of Goats Experimentally Infected with Pestiviruses
Authors: Wohlsein P. , Trautwein G. , Depner K. R. , Hübschle O.J.B. , Liess B.
Published: May 2010

A total of 25 pregnant goats without neutralizing antibodies against BVD virus were inoculated with two different pestivirus isolates at eight different stages of gestation. In both infection groups, various malformations were observed in fetuses and neonates. In three twins with neutralizing antibodies against BVD virus leucoencephalomalacia occurred, characterized by gelatinous transformation in the cerebral hemispheres. These lesions were comparable to alterations described in alternative pathology of Border disease in sheep. Although the immunohistological findings are characteristic for immunological tolerance and viral persistence, viable offspring persistently infected with pestivirus was not observed.
Properties of Nine Continuous B‐Cell Lines Established from Enzootic Bovine Leukosis Tumors
Authors: Koyama Hiroyuki , Hohdatsu Tsutomu , Satake Minoru , Kobayashi Masaki , Ashizawa Takayoshi , Sugimoto Kaoru , Yoshikawa Hiroyasu , Okada Kosuke , Yoshikawa Takashi , Saito Hiroshi
Published: May 2010

We established 9 cell lines from 63 tumor cases of enzootic bovine leukosis and studied their properties. Cells of all lines formed small clumps and floated in culture medium, indicating growth. Four of the 9 cell lines were surface immunoglobulin (SIg)‐positive, but the remaining 5 line cells were negative for SIg or, if SIg was detected, the percentage of SIg‐positive cells was very low. Tests for the properties of the cells with monoclonal antibodies to lymphocytes revealed that the established line cells are B‐lymphocytes. Morphological observation also revealed that they had the morphology of B‐lymphoblastic cell. The results of E and EAC rosette assay were negative, but 6 of 8 cell lines were positive for EA rosetting. All the 9 cell lines reacted with MoAb C‐143, which recognizes the tumor‐associated antigen (TAA) of the EBL tumor cell. All 9 cell lines produced bovine leukosis virus (BLV). These results suggest that the 9 cell lines are tumor cells derived from B‐lymphocytes of EBL.
Lytic Activities, Protein Profiles and Morphologic Characteristics of New Bacteriophages Isolated from Canine and Human Staphylococcus aureus Strains
Authors: Adesiyun A. A. , Viebahn A. , Sahl H. G. , Lenz W. , Schaal K. P.
Published: May 2010

The lytic activity, protein profile and morphology of five newly isolated phages from canine Staphylococcus aureus strains and one from a human S. aureus strain were compared with those of selected phages in the international phage sets (IPS). Five canine phages lysed 57 (76.0 %) of 75 canine isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Nigeria at routine test dilution (RTD) while 34 (IPS) phages typed only 31 (41.3 %) strains at RTD or/and 100‐RTD. The new human phage lysed 11 (14.7%) of 75 strains isolated from human diarrhoea. The new phages were readily propagated, specific in activity and stable during storage at 4°C.

Prominent proteins detected by SDS‐PAGE indicated similarities between some of the phages but one canine phage was distinctly different, as was its morphology which was an isometric head with a short tail compared to oval heads and long tails which characterized others. IPS phages in the same serologic group had similar protein profiles but no correlation was observed with lytic groups. The use of protein profile and electron micrographs allowed classification of the phages into serogroups.

It is concluded that the newly isolated canine phages could be very useful in typing Nigerian canine strains of S. aureus.
Prevalence of Feline Leukemia Virus and Antibodies to Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Cats in Norway
Authors: Ueland K. , Lutz H.
Published: May 2010

Serum samples from 224 Norwegian cats were analyzed for the presence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) p27 common core antigen, and for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Ninety specimens originated from the serum bank at the central referral clinic at the Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, which had been collected during the years 1983–1989; 67 sera were submitted from veterinarian practitioners; while 67 sera originated from cats presented for euthanasia. The cats were classified into one “healthy” and one “sick” group.

Only 2.2 % of sick cats and 1.2 % of healthy cats showed FeLV antigenemia, a finding which is lower than which has been reported from many other countries.

The prevalence of FIV antibodies was 10.1 % in sick cats and 5.9 % in healthy cats. Antibodies to FIV was most prevalent in male cats (14.7%) than in female cats (2.1 %), and more prevalent among domestic cats (12.0 %) compared to pedigree cats (2.4 %). Antibodies to FIV in the cats demonstrated increasing prevalence with increasing age. It may be concluded that FeLV causes minor problems in Norwegian cats, while FIV is present in a similar prevalence to what is reported form other countries.
Lack of Growth of Heat‐Shocked Staphylococcus aureus Surviving Cells in Common Media and Enterotoxin Release
Authors: Hernández F. Javier , Gómez‐Lucía E. , Orden J. A. , Goyache J. , Doménech A. , Suárez G.
Published: May 2010

The ratio of the different types of S. aureus surviving cells immediately after sub‐lethal heat treatment (52 °C for 15 min) was studied. A high ratio of cells which are unable to form colonies even in a common medium such as TSA was observed. This fact has not been reported previously for common media through recovery after heat shock has been widely studied. After the treatment, staphylococcal protein A, but no enterotoxin, was seen to be released into the extracellular environment.
Direct Detection of Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection: Practical Applicability of a Double Polymerase Chain Reaction*
Authors: Ballagi‐Pordány A. , Klintevall K. , Merza M. , Klingeborn B. , Belák S.
Published: May 2010

A double polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has been devised for the direct detection of bovine leukemia virus (BLV). The assay was directly performed on blood leukocytes, avoiding the DNA‐purification procedures. The PCR products were identified by gel‐electrophoresis and the specificity of the test was confirmed by hybridization with a biotinylated oligonucleotide probe. When testing the sensitivity of PCR, less than eight genome copies of the provirus were detected in the background of two million negative lymphocytes.

In a BLV infected herd 22 animals of various age groups were examined by the indirect (serological) diagnostic tests of agar‐gel immunodiffusion and indirect ELISA as well as by the direct detection method of PCR. The tests were repeated at monthly intervals on five occasions. When examining the specimens from cows and heifers, a close agreement was found between the results of the various methods. The newborn calves, which were the offspring of BLV infected mothers, were consequently negative in PCR throughout the experimental period. However, in the indirect tests the calves were positive during the first samplings and became negative only around four months of age. Since the indirect tests can not discriminate infection from colostral immunity, PCR proved to be a useful complementary assay for the safe diagnosis of BLV infection in young calves.
Comparison of Virus Isolation, Immunofluorescence and DNA Probe Hybridization for Detection of Pseudorabies Virus in Experimentally Infected Pigs
Authors: Wongwatcharadumrong Ratree , Kunavongkrit Annop , Neumüller Magnus , Linné Tommy
Published: May 2010

Virus isolation, immunofluorescent staining and DNA probe hybridization, three techniques for the detection of pseudorabies virus (PRV) have been compared in pigs experimentally infected with the Thailand CB‐1 strain PRV.

The virus isolation and DNA hybridization detection demonstrated a good correlation in detecting infection in live animals by nasal swabbing. In white blood cells an earlier detection was seen with the DNA‐hybridization techniques. Consistent results with all the three techniques tested were found in organ materials as nasal mucosa and tonsils as well as in the olfactory bulb.
Seroprevalence Survey forAnaplasma marginale‐Infection of Austrian Cattle
Authors: Baumgartner W. , Schlerka G. , Fumicz M. , Stöger J. , Awad‐Masalmeh M. , Schuller W. , Weber P.
Published: May 2010

A serologic survey study of 5,076 Austrian cattle farming herds was carried out in the period of December 1988 till March 1990. One animal was randomly selected from each herd and the antibody titer againstAnaplasma marginalein blood serum samples was evaluated by means of the complement fixation test. The number of these tested blood samples was 3.6% of 140,081 cattle herd farms of Austria.

109 (2.1 %) of the tested animals showed positive titers (1: 10) againstAnaplasma marginale, in relation to the 140,081 cattle herds 0.08%. 4,786 (94.3%) blood serum samples were sero‐negative, 188 (3.8 %) reacted anticomplementary.

The highest number of antibody‐positive animals of 8 tested Austrian districts could be found in Carinthia (46 = 5.7%). In Burgenland all tested sera turned out to be negative. Concerning the distribution of sero‐positive animals in Austria it can be stated that a decrease of positive reactors from southern to northern region is evident. A connection between the occurrence of anaplasmosis in Italy, Yugoslavia, Switzerland and Hungary, is postulated as a result of the different systems of keeping cattle in the provinces and the regional increase of tick invasion. Possibly an intensive animal transportation is of importance due to the introduction of the disease mentioned before.

The results obtained show that anaplasmosis does occur in different areas of Austria.

For control of this disease in Austria it is proposed that all imported cattle should be tested serologically for antibodies againstAnaplasma marginale. Other diseases in connection with anemia should be excluded by clinical, serological, blood‐, as well as pathological examinations.
Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in Young Gulls, Duration of Campylobacter Infection and Reinfection by Contact*
Authors: Glünder G. , Neumann U. , Braune Silke
Published: May 2010

Two groups of three week old Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) were held to observe the carrier state with Campylobacter. All 27 birds of group I excreted Campylobacter jejuni biotype III when they were caught from their colony. Four weeks later all but one were negative, indicating that the carrier state lasts until about the seventh week of life, with self‐elimination if infection with another Campylobacter species is prevented by housing in a closed environment as in this study. Only one bird became reinfected one year later when gulls from group I were brought into contact with gulls from group II, consisting of ten freshly caught gulls, four of which were infected with the same biotype of Campylobacter, indicating that there might be some kind of immunity protection against infection with the same biotype of Campylobacter spp.
Relationship Between Pathological Findings and Values of Haematological and Blood‐Chemistry Variables in Apparently Healthy Finishing Pigs at Slaughter
Authors: Visser I.J. R. , Odink J. , Smeets J. F. M. , Aarts P. A. M. M. , Elbers A. R. W. , Alsemgeest S. P. M. , Gruys E.
Published: May 2010

The present study was performed to study possibilities of early decision making for appropriate conveyor‐line at future slaughtering of normal, clinically healthy finishing pigs. Blood was collected at slaughter from barrows (n = 112). A meticulous examination for subclinical pathological lesions was performed, revealing 5 groups of subjects listed in order of increasing disease‐activity: 1 ‐ no real disease‐activity; 2 ‐ with mild subchronical lesions; 3 ‐ with subacute lesions; 4 ‐ with abscesses; and 5 ‐ with fibrinous‐necrotic lesions. Significant differences for values of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), protein, albumin, globulines, and plasma viscosity appeared to occur in this series. It is suggested that measuring acute phase reactants in blood of slaughtered pigs in the near future may reveal appropriate modern tools for meat inspection and predicting slaughtered animal quality.
Cell Surface Hydrophobicity of Actinomyces pyogenes Determined by Hexadecane Adherence‐ and Salt Aggregation Studies
Authors: Ding H. , Lämmler Ch.
Published: May 2010

Cell surface hydrophobicities of Actinomyces pyogenes were determined by measuring the adherence of the bacteria to hexadecane droplets and by salt aggregation tests. Among 42 A. pyogenes cultures tested 25 (60%) adhered strongly (adherence ≥ 75%) and 17 (40%) less pronounced (adherence between 25–75%) to the hexadecane droplets. Pre‐treatment of the bacteria with proteolytic enzymes completely eliminated the adherence properties whereas heat treatment had no effect. The salt aggregation studies revealed that 4 (10%) cultures aggregated in ammonium sulfate solutions of a molarity of 0.05 mol/l, 5 (12%), 14 (33%) and 3 (7%) cultures in ammonium sulfate solutions with molarities of ≥ 1.5 mol/l, ≥ 3 mol/l and ≥ 4.5 mol/l, respectively. No aggregation at all could be observed with 16 (38 %) of the cultures. Pronase treatment completely eliminated the salt aggregation reactions, trypsin‐ and heat treatment had no effect. The results from hexadecane adherence and salt aggregation did not correspond. The differences in surface hydrophobicities, possibly related to adherence properties of A. pyogenes, could be used for epidemiological typing of individual cultures of this bacterial species.
Production of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins and TSST‐1 by Coagulase Negative Staphylococci Isolated From Ruminant Mastitis
Authors: Orden J. A. , Goyache J. , Hernandez J. , Domenech A. , Suarez G. , Gomez‐Lucia E.
Published: May 2010

The production of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) and toxic shock syndrome toxin‐1 by 40 coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from sheep, goat and cow mastitis was studied. Both ELISA double sandwich and Western blot were used to detect the production of these toxins. Only two strains of S.xylosus were enterotoxigenic, producing SEC. TSST‐1 was seen to be produced by 5 strains of S. xylosus, 1 S. sciuri and 2 S. epidermidis. Results obtained by ELISA and by Western blot agreed in all cases except in one strain of S. epidermidis which was only positive using ELISA.
Immunoglobulins, Lysozyme and Lactoferrin in the Teat and Udder of the Dry Cow during Endotoxin‐Induced Inflammation
Authors: Persson Karin , Carlsson Å. , Hambleton C. , Guidry A.J.
Published: May 2010

Immunoglobulins (Ig) and antibacterial proteins like lysozyme and lactoferrin are components of the humoral defence against infections. Changes in Ig, lysozyme and lactoferrin concentrations during endotoxin‐induced inflammation in the teat cistern and udder quarter of the dry cow were studied. Surgical closure of the passage between teat and udder cisterns enabled studies of reactions in the teat cistern without interference of the mammary gland.

After endotoxin infusion, IgG1, IgG2, lysozyme, and to some extent IgM, increased in the teats and udder quarters, and were positively correlated with changes in somatic cell counts. No significant changes were observed in IgA or lactoferrin.

The origin and significance of Ig, lysozyme and lactoferrin in the bovine teat and udder are discussed. Ig probably originated both from serum and from local plasma cells, while leukocytes appeared to be the source of lysozyme during inflammation. Secretory epithelium appeared to be the source of lactoferrin. Support for this theory was the almost total absence of lactoferrin in teat cistern samples.
Comparison ofCampylobacterCarriage Rates in Diarrheic and Healthy Pet Animals
Authors: Burnens André P. , Angéloz‐Wick Barbara , Nicolet Jacques
Published: May 2010

To explore the clinical significance of campylobacter infections for dogs and cats we compared intestinal carriage rates forCampylobactersp. between animals with gastroenteritis and healthy controls. We cultured fecal specimens of 405 diarrheic dogs and 203 cats as well as 71 asymptomatic dogs and 35 cats using a selective medium in addition to filtration on a non‐selective blood agar plate. We identified 224 campylobacter isolates using conventional phenotypic tests and DNA hybridization. There were 112 isolates, ofC. upsaliensis, 43.C. jejuniand 69 otherCampylobactersp. For cats, there was no association between Campylobacter carriage and disease, irrespective of the animals age. For dogs older than 12 months there was also no difference in campylobacter carriage rates between diarrheic and healthy animals. However, in younger dogs 44 % of animals with diarrhea shed campylobacters in their feces, more than twice the rate in asymptomatic controls (21 %), a significant difference.C. jejuniandC. upsaliensiscontributed equally to this association between diarrhea and campylobacter prevalence. The parallel use of two culture methods enabled us to show that the recovery ofCampylobactersp. by filtration may be less than optimal and that filtering is probably unsuitable as a reference method for culturingC. upsaliensis. Finally we found that almost half of the campylobacter isolates from cats belong to a phenotypically homogeneous group of strains closely resemblingC. upsaliensisbut hybridizing only weakly withC. upsaliensisDNA.
Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Virus C3 Resende Subtype Analysed by Means of Competition RIA Using Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Valcic Miroslav A. , Panjevic Djordje J.
Published: May 2010

Foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) was analysed using 30 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) obtained from Balb/c mice immunized with FMDV C3 Resende (C3R) subtype 7 and 14 days before fusion No. 15 and 16 respectively. Fourteen MAbs were neutralizing and by means of competition radioimmuno assay it was possible to classify them into four groups. The first group consisted of MAbs specific for three sequentional and three conformational epitopes. The second group consisted of MAbs specific for two conformational and for one sequentional epitope. The third and the fourth groups consisted only of one MAb each, being specific for conformationally and one sequentionally dependent epitope, respectively.
A SpontaneousYersinia Pseudotuberculosis‐Infection in a Monkey‐Colony
Authors: Plesker R. , Claros M.
Published: May 2010

A spontaneousYersinia pseudotuberculosis(Y. p.) infection in one African Green Monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops), and nine Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), is reported. The clinical findings, laboratory results and pathological findings are presented. The digestive system was the most affected organ in the acute phase of the Y. p. infection, while in the subacute and chronic phases, the alterations of the lymphatic tissues, spleen or liver were severe.
Infektionen mit originärem Kuhpockenvirus und kuhpockenähnlichen Erregern bei Mensch und Tier: Eine Literaturübersicht
Authors: Munz E. , Linckh S. , Renner‐Müller I. C. E.
Published: May 2010

Infections with cowpoxvirus and cowpox‐like viruses of man and animals: a review

In an evaluation of literature the biological, physical‐chemical and antigenic characteristics of cowpoxviruses and cowpox‐like agents are presented, the according diseases following a natural and experimental infection are described and their epizootiological and epidemiological aspects discussed.

In einer Literaturauswertung werden die biologischen, physikalisch‐chemischen und antigenetischen Eigenschaften des Kuhpockenvirus sowie der kuhpockenähnlichen Erreger dargestellt, die entsprechenden Krankheiten nach natürlicher und experimenteller Infektion beschrieben und epizootiologische‐epidemiologische Gesichtspunkte abgehandelt.
2‐Mercaptoethanol Influences thein vitroFunction of Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Larsson Bengt , Anderson Helena , Fossum Caroline
Published: May 2010

The effects of 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME) on somein vitrofunctions of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were examined. It was shown that 2‐ME enhanced, in a dose‐dependent manner, the production of antibodies to bovine coronavirus. In this test the optimal concentration of 2‐ME was 50 μM. This molarity of 2‐ME was also optimal for the pokeweed mitogen (PWM)‐induced proliferation of PBMC obtained from the 7 cattle tested. Similarly, the spontaneous proliferation of PBMC from 4 out of these cattle was enhanced. Thus, 2‐ME evoked an increase (up to 2.5 times) or a decrease (at most 10 times) of the quota between the PWM‐induced and the spontaneous proliferation (stimulation index). In general, the presence of 50 μM 2‐ME enhanced thein vitroproduction of interferon by bovine PBMC. On the contrary, the highest proliferative response of PBMC to stimulation with bovine virus diarrhoea virus was achieved in cultures without 2‐ME or in cultures with 0.5 or 5 μM 2‐ME.

Since the effects of 2‐ME varied, for different tests as well as for cattle tested, attention should be paid to the use of 2‐ME in cultures of bovine PBMC.
Evaluation of the API Coryne Test System for Identification of Actinomyces pyogenes
Authors: Ding H. , Lämmler Ch.
Published: May 2010

The present study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of the API Coryne test system for identification of Actinomyces pyogenes. The test system correctly identified 36 of 42 A. pyogenes and 4 of 5 comparatively studied Arcanobacterium haemolyticum‐cultures. The biochemical profiles of the remaining 6 A. pyogenes‐ and 1 A. haemolyticum‐cultures were not included in the analytical profile index. None of the cultures were misidentified. According to the API database (ATB Plus V 1. 5. 4.) the unidentified cultures could be correctly identified as A. pyogenes and A. haemolyticum respectively. A greater repertoire of A. pyogenes specific biochemical profiles incorporated into the analytical profile index would improve the applicability of this test system for veterinary diagnostics.
Evaluation of the Effect of 3 Probiotics on Experimental Escherichia coli Enterotoxaemia in Weaned Piglets*
Authors: De Cupere F. , Deprez P. , Demeulenaere D. , Muylle E.
Published: May 2010

In this report the efficacy of 3 different probiotics (Bacillus cereus “toyoi”, Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus faecium) was investigated. They were supplemented in the food of recently weaned piglets that were orally infected with E. coli O141 K85ab. Supplementation could not prevent mortality and clinical symptoms nor reduce the faecal excretion of hemolytic E. coli. The possible explanations for the unsatisfying results are various.
Cytotoxicity of Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa
Authors: Henning K. , Cremer J. , Meyer H.
Published: May 2010

Cytotoxic effects of crude extracts and fractions of the purification steps towards Microcystin‐LR (MCYST‐LR) were investigated in vitro. Cytoxicity was evaluated by measure of lactate dehydrogenase liberation of Chang liver cells and by hemolysis. Crude extracts of strain PCC 7806 damaged the cells within a few minutes. In contrast, MCYST‐LR did not show any detectable cytotoxic effects. The cytotoxic activity could be related to a heat‐labile substance with a molecular weight of about 30,000 Da.
Field Trials of an Inactivated Virus Vaccine Against Porcine Parvovirus
Authors: Castro J. M. , del Pozo M. , Simarro I.
Published: May 2010

Serological response and reproductive performance were estimated in field trials of an inactivated virus vaccine against porcine parvovirus. Experiments were carried out in 10 selected pig breeding herds. A total of 277 seronegative gilts were used. Two hundred and twenty animals were vaccinated twice before mating, fourteen days apart and revaccinated after farrowing. Blood samples were obtained from both vaccinated and non‐vaccinated (57 animal) control gilts, one week after the 2nd dose of vaccination, at farrowing time and one week after revaccination.

Although there were considerable variations among the herds, the number of returns to oestrus in all herds was higher in vaccinated gilts (11.81%) than in the controls (10.52%). This difference, however, was not statistically significant.

The reproductive performance results revealed the absence of an increase in the total born, as pooled values, in vaccinated gilts compared to controls. However, when these results are interpreted in relation to serological data, many control gilts were already seropositive before mating, or remained seronegative at farrowing.

According to our results, the duration of immunity with this vaccine is apparently short, as there is a clear decrease in the titres between the 1st and the 2nd sampling times (2.35 ± 0.14 and 1.97 ± 0.08, respectively).
Preparation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies againstMycoplasma bovis
Authors: Berthold Evelyn , Heller M. , Pfützner H. , Leirer R. , Sachse K.
Published: May 2010

Monoclonal antibodies (mabs) againstMycoplasma (M.) boviswere prepared for use in diagnosis of bovine mastitis. From the original 32 hybridomas actively secreting mabs againstM. bovis, 6 stable lines were cloned. Two of them, Mb 5D8 and Mb 4F6, recognizedM. bovisantigens of estimated molecular weights of 33 and 26 kDa, respectively. They showed no cross‐reaction to other bovine mycoplasmas, thus rendering them useful for specific detection of this pathogen. All mabs investigated cross‐reacted withM. agalactiaewhich is known to be closely related toM. bovis, but does not occur in cattle. Two other mabs, Mb 5D4 and Mb 1F6, exhibited further cross‐reactions to a number of bovine mycoplasma species. Finally, mabs Mb 5D5 and Mb 2G5 reacted with all mycoplasmas tested. The possibility that they recognized constituents of the broth culture medium is discussed.

Monoklonale Antikörper (mAk) gegenMycoplasma (M.) bovis, einen bedeutenden Mastitiserreger des Rindes, wurden mit dem Ziel der Anwendung in spezifischen diagnostischen Methoden hergestellt.

6 von ursprünglich 32 Hybridomlinien, die monoklonale Antikörper gegenM. bovissekretierten, wurden kloniert. Zwei der mAk (Mb 5D8 und Mb 4F6) waren gegenM. bovis‐Antigene mit einem Molekulargewicht von ca. 37 bzw. 26 kDa gerichtet. Sie zeigten keine Kreuzreaktionen zu anderen bovinen Mykoplasmen, wodurch sie für die spezifische Diagnose von Mastitiden bei Kühen, hervorgerufen durchM. bovis, geeignet sind. Alle untersuchten mAk reagierten mitM. agalactiaeeiner zuM. boviseng verwandten, aber an Ziege und Schaf adaptierten Spezies. Bei zwei der hergestellten mAk (Mb 5D4 und Mb 1F6) traten weitere Kreuzreaktionen zu einigen anderen bovinen Mykoplasmenspezies auf. Die mAk Mb 5D5 und Mb 2G5 reagierten mit allen untersuchten Mykoplasmen. Die Möglichkeit, daß sie gegen Kulturmedienbestandteile gerichtet sind, wird diskutiert.
The Isolation and Identification ofLeptospira interrogansSerovarBratislavafrom a Pig in Germany*
Authors: Schönberg A. , Hahn‐Hey Bärbel , Kämpe Ulrike , Schmidt Katrin , Ellis W. A.
Published: May 2010

During a study on the improvement of selective media for the isolation of leptospires from clinical material, leptospires were isolated from the kidneys of a pig. Test material was cultured in EMJH‐medium containing 0.4% rabbit serum and 3 inhibitory substances (Rifampicin 10 μg/ml, Amphotericin B 2 μg/ml, 5‐Fluorouracil 100 μg/ml). The cultured leptospira‐strain (Berlin 406) was identified to serogroup level using the cross agglutination method and it was further typed to serovar level by MAB's, factor analysis and restriction endonuclease analysis (REA). MAB typing of Berlin 406 gave an agglutination pattern profile typical of serovarbratislava.Factor serum identification clearly identified this strain as serovarbratislava.On REA examination, Berlin 406 gave a profile identical to that of the serovarbratislavatype strain Jez Bratislava i. e. genotype B1. This is the first report of a confirmed isolate ofLeptospira interrogansserovarbratislavafrom domestic animals in Germany. There exist a number of possibly important implications as this agent is being incriminated in the cause of clinical disease not only in pigs, but also in horses and dogs in other countries.
The Overwintering of Fasciola hepatica Eggs under Semi‐arid and Temperate Mediterranean Climate (Madrid, Spain)
Authors: Luzón‐Peña M. , Rojo‐Vázquez F. A. , Gómez‐Bautista M.
Published: May 2010

In this experimental work, conducted over two consecutive years (1988 and 1989), we have analyzed the overwintering possibilities of Fasciola hepatica eggs deposited in winter in a semi‐arid and temperate Mediterranean area (Madrid, Spain). Eggs did not survive for more than a week in faeces at environmental moisture conditions. In contrast, over a 75% of the eggs maintained in permanently wet faeces survived winter temperatures, showing no high mortality until important thermic increment from June. The success of overwintering was higher in eggs arrested in wet faeces than included in water (55% “versus” 20% of hatching in spring), and it was unrelated to the deposition time (excretion in early or late winter). The hatching period of overwintered eggs started in May, at the same time as those excreted in early spring. Therefore, overwintering of eggs will have an effect on the level but not on the start of the spring contamination with miracidia. The dry winters of this semi‐arid area greatly restrict the overwintering eggs contamination to soils next to streams, ponds or irrigation channels.
Characterisation of Newcastle Disease Viruses Isolated in India
Authors: Kumanan K. , Elankumaran S. , Vijayarani K. , Palaniswami K. S. , Padmanaban V. D. , Manvell R. J. , Alexander D. J.
Published: May 2010

Eleven Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates obtained from outbreaks of disease in chickens (9) and Japanese quail (2) in Tamil Nadu, India were characterised in pathogenicity tests, antigenically, using mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and other established tests devised to distinguish between different strains. All 11 isolates were shown to be highly virulent for chickens. In indirect immunoperoxidase tests used to assess the ability of a panel of 28 MAbs to bind to infected cell cultures, 10 of the isolates showed an identical reaction pattern, the other isolate (No. 4) failed to react with one MAb which bound to cells infected with the other isolates. Isolates 9 was unstable at pH 3 while the other 10 were stable. All other properties were shared by the 11 isolates.
Distribution of ASFV Antigens in Pig Tissues Experimentally Infected With Two Different Spanish Virus Isolates
Authors: Fernandez A. , Perez J. , Carrasco L. , Bautista M. J. , Sanchez‐Vizcaino J. M. , Sierra M. A.
Published: May 2010

Lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lung and kidney obtained from pigs experimentally infected with two African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) isolates of differing virulence were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and embedded in paraffin.

An immunoperoxidase technique using a polyclonal anti‐ASFV serum was performed on tissue sections in order to detect ASFV antigen. The distribution of ASFV antigen in such infected organs is shown and the differences between both infections compared and discussed.

Monocytes, macrophages, hepatocytes, endothelial cells, neutrophils and epithelial cells were found to contain ASFV antigens.
An Outbreak of Enterotoxaemia in Cats
Authors: El‐Sanousi S. M. , El‐Shazly M. O. , Al‐Dughyem A. , Gameel A. A.
Published: May 2010

Eighteen local breed cats suffered from enterotoxaemia after scavenging on chicken‐remnants. They suffered from vomitus and diarrhoea and collapsed dead after a few hours. An untypable strain of Clostridium perfringens was isolated in pure form and was suspected to be the cause of the outbreak.