bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of QTL for phosphorus efficiency and biomass traits at the seedling stage in wheat
Authors: Yuan Y. , Zhang M. , Zheng H. , Kong F. , Guo Y. , Zhao Y. , An Y.
Published: August 2020

Phosphorus (P) is one of the most vital nutrient elements in crop output and quality formation. In this study, four biomass, four P uptake efficiency (PupE), and three P-utilization efficiency (PutE) traits were investigated using a set of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross of “SN0431 × LM21”, under hydroponic culture trials at low P (LP) and normal P (NP) levels in two different seasons, respectively. A total of 85 QTL were identified on 18 chromosomes except for 1D, 2A, and 3D. Among them, 36 and 42 QTL were detected under LP and NP, respectively, and seven QTL were simultaneously detected under LP and NP. Seventeen relatively high-frequency QTL (RHF-QTL) were detected. The average contributions of 13 major RHF-QTL were over 10.00%. Five important QTL clusters were detected on chromosomes 4D, 5A, and 5B. Among them, positive linkages were observed between PutE and biomass traits at four QTL clusters, C1, C2, C3, and C6, showing these loci may be hot spots for genetic control of both phosphorus utilization and biomass accumulation in wheat seedlings. In addition, correlation analysis indicated that three biomass traits (SDW, RDW, and TDW) should be used as primary selection indexes for PE at the seedling stage.
Intravenous and intramuscular therapy in near fatal asthma. A response to Al-Shamrani
Authors: Sellers William FS.
Published: August 2020

The invited review by Al-Shamrani et al. (2020) [1] failed to address the management of a patient having an asthma attack who arrives in the Emergency Department with respiratory failure or in a moribund condition. The only route available for drug therapy in these patients is intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly in a final attempt to reduce bronchoconstriction. This could avoid tracheal intubation and lung ventilation, or make these procedures safer (Sellers, 2013; Williams et al., 1992) [2
,
3] for the patient if some bronchodilation occurs. Intubation and ventilation prevent coughing but tenacious mucus remains which blocks the bronchi. There are no randomised controlled trials or national asthma guidelines to inform practice at this stage of the disease, especially in under 18 year olds, so case report evidence, experience, common sense, and pharmacological principles must be engaged to save the patient's life.
Effectiveness of bilateral illioinguinal illiohypogastric nerve block and wound site infiltration as a part of post-operative analgesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. A prospective cohort study
Authors: Zemedkun Bezaye , Mola Simeneh , Aweke Zemedu , Admasu Wosenyeleh , Aweke Senait , Shitemaw Tewoderos , Jemal Bedru , Asichale Agmuas , Neme Derartu
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Cesarean section is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures. Postoperative pain after cesarean section is moderate to severe, though it has been neglected due to several reasons. Systemic opoids, local wound infiltration, and abdominal nerve blocks are among popular techniques used for postoperative pain after cesarean section in an area where epidural analgesia is barely practiced. Thus, this study aimed to assess the analgesic effectiveness of II-IH nerve block and wound site infiltration for pain management after cesarean section.

Method:

An institutional based prospective cohort study was conducted on 72 parturient scheduled for elective cesarean section. The parturients grouped based on whether they took II-IH, WSI or non-exposed groups. Data collection methods include preoperative chart review, intraoperative observation and postoperative patient interview starting from recovery room for 24 h. Time to first analgesic request, NRS score and total analgesic consumption were used as outcome variables. Continuous data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or kuruska-walih H rank test depending on normality whereas categorical data analyzed by Pearson chi-square test.

Result:

Time to first analgesic request was significantly prolonged in II-IH groups compared to WSI and Non-exposed groups with p-value 0.01. Similarly, NRS score within 24 h was significantly lower in II-IH groups compared to Non-exposed Group at all follow up periods except at 2 and 24 h. However, WSI reduced NRS score, in a comparison with non-exposed group, only at 4 and 6 h with p-value of 0.04 and 0.02 respectively. In addition, the post hoc comparison of total tramadol consumption revealed significant difference between all the possible three comparisons.

Conclusion and Recommendation:

Although II-IH nerve block provides better and prolonged pain relief, WSI was also effective analgesic technique for post cesarean section pain. Therefore, we recommend use of either II-IH or WSI as a part of post-operative pain management for cesarean section. Further Randomized controlled trial studies were also recommended on similar area.

Highlights:
Advisory Opinion of the Caribbean Court of Justice in Response to a Request from the Caribbean Community (Caribbean Ct. J.)
Authors: Vasciannie Stephen
Published: August 2020

An Appellate Jurisdiction, which addresses municipal law cases on appeal from countries which accept this jurisdiction. To date, four Caribbean countries—Barbados, Guyana, Belize and Dominica—have accepted the appellate jurisdiction of the Court. The applicable law for each case under the appellate jurisdiction is the national law of the state from which the appeal emanates. The CCJ in its Appellate Jurisdiction is intended to replace the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as the final court of appeal for Caribbean countries which were formerly British colonies.
Climate as a possible driver of gall morphology in the chestnut pest Dryocosmus kuriphilus across Spanish invaded areas
Authors: Gil-Tapetado Diego , Cabrero-Sañudo Francisco José , Polidori Carlo , Gómez Jose F. , Nieves-Aldrey José Luis
Published: August 2020

The alien cynipid wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 is a serious pest of chestnuts (Castanea spp.) in Japan, North America and Europe, causing fruit losses while inducing galls in buds. While D. kuriphilus galls have a recognizable and roughly invariable globular shape, their size varies, reaching up to 4 cm in diameter. Among other factors, such variation may depend on different climatic conditions in different attacked areas. Here, we sampled and measured 375 D. kuriphilus galls from 25 localities throughout the Iberian Peninsula, including both cold and rainy northern (Eurosiberian) areas and warm and dry central-southern (Mediterranean) areas, to test the effects of climate and geographical location on gall morphology. The analyses indicate that gall mass and volume follow a pattern that can be associated with a climatic cline. In particular, the Eurosiberian galls were smaller than the Mediterranean galls according to differences in climatic conditions. In the southern areas, the greater insolation regime does not allow the chestnut trees to be distributed at lower altitudes, but the high rainfall and humidity regime of the mountain enclaves allow their presence. These conditions of insolation and precipitation seem to influence the morphological characteristics of the galls of D. kuriphilus.
Canadian Parties Matter More Than You Think: Party and Leader Ratings Moderate Party Cue Effects
Authors: Guntermann Eric , Lachapelle Erick
Published: August 2020

Scholars have long studied the influence of parties on citizens’ policy preferences. Experiments conducted outside Canada have convincingly shown that the cues offered by political parties can influence people’s attitudes. However, the most prominent study of party cue effects in Canada finds weak effects, concluding that Canadian parties are less influential because they are less clearly ideological than parties elsewhere. We propose that parties are actually more influential than they appear because party cue effects partly depend on variables other than partisanship, notably attitudes toward the cue-giver. This is especially true in countries like Canada with multi-party systems. We show that attitudes toward parties are not clearly reflected in partisanship in Canada. We then show that more specific measures of party and leader attitudes better account for how experimental participants react to cues than does party identification alone.
Ecclesiastical Discipline and the Crisis of the 1680s: Prosecuting Protestant Dissent in the English Church Courts
Authors: MERCER KIT
Published: August 2020

This article argues that as a part of the Tory reaction (1680–5) England's church courts were revived and utilised in the prosecution of religious dissent. The records of the church courts in three deaneries in and around London demonstrate that the numbers of prosecutions in the courts increased significantly in the early 1680s after the defeat of the Exclusion Bill and that the vast majority of these prosecutions were for religious offences. This brief flowering of persecution sought to ‘exclude the excluders’ and to remove political and religious dissidents from positions of secular power and from parish vestries.
A new species ofContracaecum(Nematoda: Anisakidae) found parasitizingNannopterum brasilianus(Suliformes: Phalacrocoracidae) andHoplias argentinensis(Characiformes: Erythrinidae) in South America: morphological and molecular characterization of larval and adult stages
Authors: Sardella C.J. , Mancini M. , Salinas V. , Simões R.O. , Luque J.L.
Published: August 2020

Nematode species of the genusContracaecumRailliet & Henry, 1912 have been reported around the world in many species of fish-eating birds and seals. Here,Contracaecum jorgein. sp. is morphologically described using light and scanning electron microscopy for adults and fourth-stage larvae (L4) found in the birdNannopterum brasilianusand third-stage larvae (L3) found in the freshwater fishHoplias argentinensis, both from the province of Córdoba, Argentina. Additionally, sequences of cytochromecoxidase subunit II were obtained from these specimens and molecular phylogenetic analysis was used to determine its relationships within the genus. The present species is distinguished from other species by the number and disposition of cephalic papillae; shape and size of the interlabia; length of the spicules; and number and arrangement of papillae in the posterior end of the male. Furthermore, in the molecular analyses, sequences obtained from adult L4 and L3 specimens ofC. jorgein. sp. were similar and grouped, forming an independent lineage, thus confirming it as a distinct species. Thus, morphological characteristics associated with molecular data support the proposal of a new species.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi decrease Meloidogyne enterolobii infection of Guava seedlings
Authors: de Sá C.S.B. , Campos M.A.S.
Published: August 2020

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) production is prominent in the irrigated fruit growing area of Brazil. However, the parasite Meloidogyne enterolobii (a phytonematode) has caused a decrease in guava production. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to be beneficial to plants; however, their ability to protect plants against nematodes such as M. enterolobii remains poorly known. This study aimed to monitor M. enterolobii infection in guava seedlings inoculated with three AMF species. After AMF inoculation, the seedlings were grown in sterile soil for 60 days before inoculation with 2000 M. enterolobii eggs. Plant growth parameters, mycorrhizal colonization and the number of Meloidogyne in the roots were determined over time (30 and 60 days after Meloidogyne inoculation). The AMF enhanced guava seedling growth, and reduced the amount of Meloidogyne in the roots at 30 and 60 days after nematode inoculation, indicating that these AMF species could serve as biocontrol agents of M. enterolobii in guava cultivation.
‘This democracy is killing us’: perceptions of rights and democracy in the South African Police Service
Authors: Brooks Heidi
Published: August 2020

Police reform in South Africa has been a crucial component of democratic consolidation. Yet recent research presents a contrasting set of opinions, indicating low levels of public trust in the South African Police Service (SAPS), but continued belief in their right to enforce the law, and a strong sense of isolation amongst officers themselves. As police are constitutive of the officers who populate their ranks, attention should be given to how ‘democracy’ is perceived by those charged with its protection. Through a series of interviews, this article examines how SAPS officers understand and experience ‘democracy’. Situating officers in the broader society and communities in which they work, it shows that officers conceive of democracy predominantly through the lens of ‘rights’ and that their role in protecting rights is complicated by the transitional nature of South Africa's democracy. It also provides insight into a sense of disempowerment amongst officers, suggesting negative conceptions of thequalityof democracy and of thebalanceof liberal constitutionalism with the democratic impetus of building safer communities.
Partisanship, elite messages, and support for populism in power
Authors: Aytaç S. Erdem , Çarkoğlu Ali , Elçi Ezgi
Published: August 2020

Discontent is seen as a critical driver for the appeal of populism, yet studies have typically focused on cases of populism in opposition. We argue that scholars’ emphasis on populism in opposition led them to overlook the roles of elite messages and partisanship in the adoption of populist attitudes. Drawing on theories of elite-driven public opinion, we contend that populist attitudes do not need to be rooted in discontent. In cases of populism in power, those who are more satisfied politically and economically, and partisans of the ruling party should display higher levels of populist attitudes. We provide observational and experimental survey evidence in this direction from Turkey, where a populist party has long been in power. We also find that the dominant characteristic of support for populism in power is an emphasis on popular sovereignty at the expense of institutions of horizontal accountability.
How to Translate a Verbal Theory Into a Formal Model
Authors: Smaldino Paul E.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Turning verbal theories into formal models is an essential business of a mature science. Here I elaborate on taxonomies of models, provide ten lessons for translating a verbal theory into a formal model, and discuss the specific challenges involved in collaborations between modelers and non-modelers. It’s a start.
Ideal Temperatures for Carbon Uptake by Subtropical Plants
Authors: Thompson Elizabeth
Published: August 2020

Air temperatures in coastal ecosystems of Australia routinely exceed the optimum range for photosynthesis, hindering plants’ ability to take up atmospheric carbon.
Storms Interact but Rarely Merge into Bigger Tempests
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: August 2020

The Fujiwhara effect—complex interactions between large storms nearby each other—can steer hurricanes and tropical storms but doesn’t typically create colossal tempests.
Paleomagnetism of the Middle Cenozoic Mula Basin (East Tibet): Evidence for km‐Scale Crustal Blocks Rotated by Midlower Crust Drag
Authors: Todrani Alessandro , Zhang Bo , Speranza Fabio , Chen Siyu
Published: August 2020

Existing models describing continental crust deformation require the coexistence of strike‐slip faults and crustal blocks rotating between them, although the dimension and shape of the blocks and the location and offset of the faults are mostly unconstrained. Here we report on the paleomagnetism of middle Cenozoic (<45 Ma) continental red beds exposed along the 40 km long and 2–8 km wide NW‐trending Mula basin (East Tibet), unconformably lying above Triassic marine strata and plutons and mildly deformed by two subparallel thrust faults. A tectonic magnetic fabric and magnetic lineations subhorizontal and parallel to the compressive fronts show that thrust tectonics guided basin formation and continued soon after sediment deposition. Characteristic and high‐temperature components isolated at 17 sites support a positive fold test and suggest primary detrital magnetization acquisition. The comparison with East Asia paleopoles defines several 2–5 km wide crust fragments yielding variable rotations from ~30° counterclockwise to ~90° clockwise without clear rotation trend. No strike‐slip fault with offset exceeding 1 km occurs among blocks, and no regional‐scale strike‐slip fault is documented at basin vicinity, implying that the East Tibet rotation pattern is different from all existing block rotation models. A regional high thermal flow and vigorous geothermal activity are consistent with the occurrence of a ductile crust layer identified by seismological data at 13–30 km depths. We suggest that midlower crust, flowing SE‐ward toward Indochina, drag upper crust fragments that were randomly rotated depending on the local torque exerted on lower block boundaries by a ductile crust flow.
Process‐Based Analysis of the Added Value of Dynamical Downscaling Over Central Africa
Authors: Tamoffo Alain T. , Dosio Alessandro , Vondou Derbetini A. , Sonkoué Denis
Published: August 2020

In this study, nine global climate models (GCMs) and corresponding downscaled runs by means of the regional climate model (RCM) RCA4 are used to investigate added value (AV) in precipitation and its some drivers over Central Africa (CA). By employing a process‐based analysis approach, we intercompare abilities of RCM to those of driving GCMs in representing the total atmospheric moisture flux convergence (TMFC), moisture transport, and African Easterly Jets (AEJs). Results indicate that simulations with highest AVs in the precipitation climatology also show improvements in the representation of the TMFC and AEJs. Degraded precipitation due to the downscaling is associated with deterioration of at least two of three analyzed mechanisms, and sometimes there is inconsistent AVs between precipitation and related drivers. This sustains that a realistic representation of the moisture transport and atmospheric circulation is of great importance for the correct simulation of present (and, consequently, future) precipitation over CA.
Direct quantification of ecological drift at the population level in synthetic bacterial communities
Authors: Fodelianakis Stilianos , Valenzuela-Cuevas Adriana , Barozzi Alan , Daffonchio Daniele
Published: August 2020

In community ecology, drift refers to random births and deaths in a population. In microbial ecology, drift is estimated indirectly via community snapshots but in this way, it is almost impossible to distinguish the effect of drift from the effect of other ecological processes. Controlled experiments where drift is quantified in isolation from other processes are still missing. Here we isolate and quantify drift in a series of controlled experiments on simplified and tractable bacterial communities. We detect drift arising randomly in the populations within the communities and resulting in a 1.4–2% increase in their growth rate variability on average. We further use our experimental findings to simulate complex microbial communities under various conditions of selection and dispersal. We find that the importance of drift increases under high selection and low dispersal, where it can lead to ~5% of species loss and to ~15% increase in β-diversity. The species extinct by drift are mainly rare, but they become increasingly less rare when selection increases, and dispersal decreases. Our results provide quantitative insights regarding the properties of drift in bacterial communities and suggest that it accounts for a consistent fraction of the observed stochasticity in natural surveys.
Evidence for hypoxia increasing the tempo of evolution in glioblastoma
Authors: Grimes David Robert , Jansen Marnix , Macauley Robert J. , Scott Jacob G. , Basanta David
Published: August 2020

Background

Tumour hypoxia is associated with metastatic disease, and while there have been many mechanisms proposed for why tumour hypoxia is associated with metastatic disease, it remains unclear whether one precise mechanism is the key reason or several in concert. Somatic evolution drives cancer progression and treatment resistance, fuelled not only by genetic and epigenetic mutation but also by selection from interactions between tumour cells, normal cells and physical micro-environment. Ecological habitats influence evolutionary dynamics, but the impact on tempo of evolution is less clear.

Methods

We explored this complex dialogue with a combined clinical–theoretical approach by simulating a proliferative hierarchy under heterogeneous oxygen availability with an agent-based model. Predictions were compared against histology samples taken from glioblastoma patients, stained to elucidate areas of necrosis and TP53 expression heterogeneity.

Results

Results indicate that cell division in hypoxic environments is effectively upregulated, with low-oxygen niches providing avenues for tumour cells to spread. Analysis of human data indicates that cell division is not decreased under hypoxia, consistent with our results.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that hypoxia could be a crucible that effectively warps evolutionary velocity, making key mutations more likely. Thus, key tumour ecological niches such as hypoxic regions may alter the evolutionary tempo, driving mutations fuelling tumour heterogeneity.
PGAM1, regulated by miR-3614-5p, functions as an oncogene by activating transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in the progression of non-small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Li Fangfang , Yang Hao , Kong Tiandong , Chen Shanshan , Li Ping , Chen Lu , Cheng Jiuling , Cui Guangying , Zhang Guojun
Published: August 2020

Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) is a recently identified key catalytic enzyme in aerobic glycolysis. Recent literature has documented that dysregulated PGAM1 expression is associated with tumorigenesis in various cancers. However, the expression status and biological function of PGAM1 in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are poorly elucidated. In this study, we found that PGAM1 was overexpressed in NSCLC tissues and that high expression of PGAM1 was associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC patients. Functionally, gain- and loss-of-function analysis showed that PGAM1 promoted proliferation and invasion in vitro, and facilitated tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway was also markedly impaired in response to PGAM1 silencing. Additionally, we verified that PGAM1 was inhibited by miR-3614-5p via direct targeting of its 3’-untranslated regions in a hypoxia-independent manner. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-3614-5p attenuated NSCLC cell proliferation and invasion, and these effects could be partially reversed by reintroduction of PGAM1. Conclusively, our results suggest that the miR-3614-5p/PGAM1 axis plays a critical role during the progression of NSCLC, and these findings may provide a potential target for the development of therapeutic strategies for NSCLC patients.
Interpreting ancient food practices: stable isotope and molecular analyses of visible and absorbed residues from a year-long cooking experiment
Authors: Miller Melanie J. , Whelton Helen L. , Swift Jillian A. , Maline Sophia , Hammann Simon , Cramp Lucy J. E. , McCleary Alexandra , Taylor Geoffrey , Vacca Kirsten , Becks Fanya , Evershed Richard P. , Hastorf Christine A.
Published: August 2020

Chemical analyses of carbonized and absorbed organic residues from archaeological ceramic cooking vessels can provide a unique window into the culinary cultures of ancient people, resource use, and environmental effects by identifying ingredients used in ancient meals. However, it remains uncertain whether recovered organic residues represent only the final foodstuffs prepared or are the accumulation of various cooking events within the same vessel. To assess this, we cooked seven mixtures of C3and C4foodstuffs in unglazed pots once per week for one year, then changed recipes between pots for the final cooking events. We conducted bulk stable-isotope analysis and lipid residue analysis on the charred food macro-remains, carbonized thin layer organic patina residues and absorbed lipids over the course of the experiment. Our results indicate that: (1) the composition of charred macro-remains represent the final foodstuffs cooked within vessels, (2) thin-layer patina residues represent a mixture of previous cooking events with bias towards the final product(s) cooked in the pot, and (3) absorbed lipid residues are developed over a number of cooking events and are replaced slowly over time, with little evidence of the final recipe ingredients.
Localized-to-itinerant transition preceding antiferromagnetic quantum critical point and gapless superconductivity in CeRh0.5Ir0.5In5
Authors: Kawasaki Shinji , Oka Toshihide , Sorime Akira , Kogame Yuji , Uemoto Kazuhiro , Matano Kazuaki , Guo Jing , Cai Shu , Sun Liling , Sarrao John L. , Thompson Joe D. , Zheng Guo-qing
Published: August 2020

A fundamental problem posed from the study of correlated electron compounds, of which heavy-fermion systems are prototypes, is the need to understand the physics of states near a quantum critical point (QCP). At a QCP, magnetic order is suppressed continuously to zero temperature and unconventional superconductivity often appears. Here, we report pressure (P)-dependent 115In nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) measurements on heavy-fermion antiferromagnet CeRh0.5Ir0.5In5. These experiments reveal an antiferromagnetic (AF) QCP at $${P}_{{\rm{c}}}^{{\rm{AF}}}=1.2$$

P

c

AF

=
1.2
 GPa where a dome of superconductivity reaches a maximum transition temperature Tc. Preceding $${P}_{{\rm{c}}}^{{\rm{AF}}}$$

P

c

AF

, however, the NQR frequency νQ undergoes an abrupt increase at $${P}_{{\rm{c}}}^{{\rm{* }}}$$

P

c

*

= 0.8 GPa in the zero-temperature limit, indicating a change from localized to itinerant character of cerium’s f-electron and associated small-to-large change in the Fermi surface. At $${P}_{{\rm{c}}}^{{\rm{AF}}}$$

P

c

AF

where Tc is optimized, there is an unusually large fraction of gapless excitations well below Tc that implicates spin-singlet, odd-frequency pairing symmetry.
Recent Advances in Photocatalytic Materials for Solar Fuel Production from Water and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Regue Miriam , Kumar Santosh , Eslava Salvador
Published: August 2020

In recent years, photocatalysis has received significant attention because of its clean way of converting water or carbon dioxide into sustainable chemical fuels, providing promising and viable routes to overcome both renewable energy demand and global climate change. This chapter focuses on recent progress in the design and synthesis of sustainable photocatalytic materials, namely novel metal oxides, perovskites, metal–organic frameworks, metal sulfides, layered double hydroxides and plasmonic and metal-free materials. Advances in the preparation of these photocatalysts are reviewed, revealing efficient strategies to enhance their photocatalytic activity to produce hydrogen and carbon-based fuels such as carbon monoxide and methane from inexhaustible water and carbon dioxide. Emphasis is given to the strategies that maximize the visible light absorption of the solar spectrum and charge separation and transfer; for example, through forming heterojunctions of nanostructured materials. This chapter also highlights various strategies adopted for improving not only the photoconversion efficiency, but also the selectivity of certain carbon-based fuels. Adopting these advances within the scientific community will ensure more rapid progress towards high solar to fuel conversions and future commercialization of photocatalytic devices.
Metal Organic Frameworks: From Material Chemistry to Catalytic Applications
Authors: Ramos-Fernández Enrique V. , Serrano-Ruiz J. C. , Sepúlveda-Escribano A. , Narciso J. , Ferrando-Soria Jesús , Pardo Emilio
Published: August 2020

This chapter describes the different approaches that have been developed to synthesize metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with catalytic centres. In general, MOFs are materials composed of an organic and inorganic part, giving them great potential for catalysis. However, many of the stable MOF structures do not have active centres, and these have to be induced. The hybrid nature of these materials makes them unique for the design and synthesis of catalytic materials for desired applications. In this chapter, we describe the methods that can be used to design MOF with catalytic centres.
Investigation of the effect of taurine supplementation on muscle taurine content in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy using chemically specific synchrotron imaging
Authors: Terrill Jessica R. , Webb Samuel M. , Arthur Peter G. , Hackett Mark J.
Published: August 2020

Sulfur K-edge XANES was used to quantify changes in the taurine content of mouse muscle tissue in a model of muscular dystrophy. The changes could be associated with markers of disease pathology that were revealed by classical H&E histology.
Synthesis of TiO2−x/W18O49 hollow double-shell and core–shell microspheres for CO2 photoreduction under visible light
Authors: Tan Jeannie Z. Y. , Gavrielides Stelios , Belekoukia Meltiani , Thompson Warren A. , Negahdar Leila , Xia Fang , Maroto-Valer M. Mercedes , Beale Andrew M.
Published: August 2020

The fabrication of core–shell and double-shelled hollow microspheres of W18O49 (blue) and self-assembled TiO2−x for enhanced CO2 photoreduction to CO under visible light irradiation.
Electrochemical decarboxylative C3 alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with N-hydroxyphthalimide esters
Authors: Niu Kaikai , Song Lingyun , Hao Yanke , Liu Yuxiu , Wang Qingmin
Published: August 2020

Electrochemical decarboxylative C3 alkylation of a wide range of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones under metal- and additive-free conditions was reported.
Strain-dependent anisotropic nonlinear optical response in two-dimensional functionalized MXene Sc2CT2 (T = O and OH)
Authors: He Chuan , Zhao Qiyi , Huang Yuanyuan , Du Wanyi , Zhu Lipeng , Zhou Yixuan , Zhang Sujuan , Xu Xinlong
Published: August 2020

Due to the different contribution of the second-order nonlinear coefficient, the pattern of azimuthal angle-dependent SHG from stained Sc2CT2 monolayers depends highly on the strained states.
IrCo alloy nanoparticles supported on N-doped carbon for hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis in acidic and alkaline electrolytes
Authors: Wu Chunxiao , Zhang Meng , Chen Feijiang , Kang Huiying , Xu Shandong , Xu Sailong
Published: August 2020

IrCo/N–C is prepared by pyrolyzing an Ir-doped Co(OH)2/g-C3N4 precursor, and it exhibits decent HER electrochemical performances both in acidic and alkaline electrolytes.
Development of novel ruthenium(ii)–arene complexes displaying potent anticancer effects in glioblastoma cells
Authors: Kumar Priyaranjan , Mondal Indranil , Kulshreshtha Ritu , Patra Ashis K.
Published: August 2020

Two bioactive Ru(ii)-p-cymene complexes are designed, structurally analysed, and investigated for their therapeutic potential in vitro against human glioblastoma (GB) cells.
Structural diversity of lead halide chain compounds, APbX3, templated by isomeric molecular cations
Authors: Guo Yuan-Yuan , Lightfoot Philip
Published: August 2020

Lead halides templated by quinuclidinium and isoquinuclidiniun produce two distinct types of 1D chain structure.
Synchrotron X-ray quantitative evaluation of transient deformation and damage phenomena in a single nickel-rich cathode particle
Authors: Romano Brandt León , Marie John-Joseph , Moxham Thomas , Förstermann Dominic P. , Salvati Enrico , Besnard Cyril , Papadaki Chrysanthi , Wang Zifan , Bruce Peter G. , Korsunsky Alexander M.
Published: August 2020

Operando synchrotron XRD and in situ ptycho-tomography of single NMC811 particle revealed the correlation between lattice strain and degradation.
An investigation of trace elements' behavior during chemical preparation of ultramafic matrix rock samples using bomb digestion for analysis by ICP-MS
Authors: Ilyinichna Okina Olga , Michailovich Lyapunov Sergey , Sergeevich Dubenskiy Alexander , Gennadievna Erofeeva Kseniya
Published: August 2020

A chemical treatment scheme providing complete dissolution of a 300 mg test portion of ultramafic rocks with various MgO contents is proposed.
Horizons Community Board Collection – Progress and development in advanced memory technologies and electronics
Authors: Zhou Ye , Sun Pengzhan
Published: August 2020

A themed collection on advanced memory technologies, guest edited by Materials Horizons Community Board Member Ye Zhou and Nanoscale Horizons Community Board Member Pengzhan Sun.
Copper-catalyzed cross-coupling and sequential allene-mediated cyclization for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazolo[1,5-a]quinolines
Authors: Yang Jianhua , Xiong Shaoqi , Ren Yongsheng , Xiao Tiebo , Jiang Yubo
Published: August 2020

In this paper, a tandem reaction involving copper-catalyzed cross-coupling and allene-mediated cyclization of 1-(2-ethynylaryl)-1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole with N-tosylhydrazone has been developed.
Irreversible and reversible morphological changes in the ϕ6 capsid and similar viral shells: symmetry and micromechanics
Authors: Konevtsova Olga V. , Roshal Daria S. , Podgornik Rudolf , Rochal Sergei B.
Published: August 2020

We propose a new micromechanical model perfectly describing the capsid shapes and morphological transformations that occur between the states of the dodecahedral ϕ6 capsid and similar viral shells due to the sequential packaging of RNA segments.
Highly stable and biocompatible hyaluronic acid-rehabilitated nanoscale MOF-Fe2+induced ferroptosis in breast cancer cells
Authors: Xu Xiang , Chen Yiwei , Zhang Yongxin , Yao Yansheng , Ji Peng
Published: August 2020

A novel HA@MOF nanoparticle is developed to deliver Fe2+to cancer cells. On intravenous injection into tumor-bearing mice, HA@MOF unraveled in the acidic environment. The released Fe2+triggered the Fenton reaction, inducing ROS overproduction causing cancer cell death.
Electron energization in quasi-parallel shocks
Authors: Hanusch Adrian , Liseykina Tatyana V. , Malkov Mikhail A.
Published: August 2020

Context. In situ observations of energetic particles at the Earth’s bow-shock that are attainable by the satellite missions have fostered the opinion for a long time that electrons are most efficiently accelerated in a quasi-perpendicular shock geometry. However, shocks that are deemed to be responsible for the production of cosmic ray electrons and their radiation from sources such as supernova remnants are much more powerful and larger than the Earth’s bow-shock. Their remote observations and also in situ measurements at Saturn’s bow shock, that is, the strongest shock in the Solar System, suggest that electrons are accelerated very efficiently in the quasi-parallel shocks as well.

Aims. In this paper we investigate the possibility that protons that are accelerated to high energies create sufficient wave turbulence, which is necessary for the electron preheating and subsequent injection into the diffusive shock acceleration in a quasi-parallel shock geometry.

Methods. An additional test-particle-electron population, which is meant to be a low-density addition to the electron core-distribution on which the hybrid simulation operates, is introduced. Our purpose is to investigate how these electrons are energized by the “hybrid” electromagnetic field. The reduced spatial dimensionality allowed us to dramatically increase the number of macro-ions per numerical cell and achieve the converged results for the velocity distributions of test electrons.

Results. We discuss the electron preheating mechanisms, which can make a significant part of thermal electrons accessible to the ion-driven waves observed in hybrid simulations. We find that the precursor wave field supplied by ions has a considerable potential to preheat the electrons before they are shocked at the subshock. Our results indicate that a downstream thermal equilibration of the hot test electrons and protons does not occur. Instead, the resulting electron-to-proton temperature ratio is a decreasing function of the shock Mach number, MA, which has a tendency for a saturation at high MA.
68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/mpMRT zur Lokaldetektion des primären Prostatakarzinom bei Männern mit negativer Vorbiopsie
Authors: Maurer Tobias , Gesterkamp Hannah , Nguyen Noemi , Westenfelder Kay , Gschwend Jürgen E. , Budäus Lars , Rauscher Isabel , Vag Tibor , Weber Wolfgang , Eiber Matthias
Published: August 2020

Hintergrund Die multiparametrische MRT (mpMRT) stellt den Goldstandard der bildgebenden Diagnostik zur Detektion eines primären Prostatakarzinoms (PC) nach negativer Biopsie dar. Die PSMA PET weist eine hohe Genauigkeit auf, wird aber derzeit vor allem in der Rezidivsituation eingesetzt. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war nun die Effektivität einer kombinierten 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/mpMRT Bildgebung zur Detektion eines PC nach vorheriger negativer Prostatabiopsie zu untersuchen.

Material und Methoden Es wurden 57 Patienten in die retrospektive Analyse eingeschlossen, bei denen zuvor mindestens eine negative Prostatabiopsie erfolgt war. Alle Patienten erhielten eine 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/mpMRT Bildgebung der Prostata. Die mpMRT wurde anhand der PI-RADS Klassifikation, die 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET durch eine 5-stufige Likert-Skala ausgewertet (1: PC sehr unwahrscheinlich; 2: PC unwahrscheinlich; 3: unklarer Befund; 4: PC wahrscheinlich; 5: PC sehr wahrscheinlich). Alle Patienten erhielten sowohl eine systematische randomisierte als auch eine gezielte transrektale Biopsie auffälliger Läsionen in der Bildgebung. Ergebnisse der Bildgebung und der histologischen Untersuchung der Prostatabiopsate wurden auf Patientenebene korreliert.

Ergebnisse In der histologischen Untersuchung zeigten sich bei 35 /57 (61,4 %) der Patienten Prostatakarzinominfiltrate. Bei Patienten mit histologisch gesichertem PC zeigte sich bei 21 /35 (60,0 %) eine PI-RADS 4 oder 5 Läsion im mpMRT bzw. bei 28 /35 (80,0 %) ein PET-Rating von 4 oder 5. Die kombinierte 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/mpMRT übersah nur einen Patienten mit PC Gleason-Score (GS) 7a (Beurteilung mit 1 oder 2 in sowohl PET als auch mpMRT). Als Limitationen sind die retrospektive Analyse als auch negative Resultate trotz gezielter Biopsieentnahme anzuführen.

Schlussfolgerung In dieser ersten Analyse zeigte sich die kombinierte 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/mpMRT als zuverlässige bildgebende Diagnostik für die Prostatabiopsie zur Detektion eines PC bei Patienten nach vorheriger negativer Biopsie. Dabei lieferte die 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET und die mpMRT teilweise komplementäre Ergebnisse, die die Detektion eines PC erhöhen.
Das Intensivpflege- und Rehabilitationsstärkungsgesetz
GKV-IPReG
Authors: Wallesch Claus-W.
Published: August 2020

Der Bundestag verabschiedete am 02.07.2020 nach heftiger Debatte insbesondere mit
Sozial- und Patientenverbänden das Intensivpflege- und
Rehabilitationsstärkungsgesetz (IPReG). Die wichtigsten Neuerungen:
Ein Stück turbulenter Stadtgeschichte: Die Universitätsmedizin Mainz
Authors: Hardinghaus Christian
Published: August 2020

Beinahe wäre in Mainz die erste Universitätsklinik Deutschlands entstanden. 1781 entschied sich die zum Aushängeschild der gesamten Hochschule gewachsene Medizinische Fakultät nämlich ein Universitätsklinikum zu bauen. 1790 wurden die ersten 10 Zimmer im Altmünsterkloster fertiggestellt. Viele Ärzte hatten große Visionen. Doch als die Zitadelle während der Belagerung preußischer Truppen zerstört wurde, entschied der Mainzer Kurfürst den obdachlos gewordenen Benediktinern das Altmünsterkloster zur Verfügung zu stellen. Die medizinische Fakultät musste dafür ihr im Aufbau befindliches Krankenhaus bereits 1793 wieder räumen. Als Vorläufer der heutigen Klinik der Universität Mainz gilt das 1911 gebaute Städtische Krankenhaus Mainz, das ursprünglich als Erweiterung des 1729 gegründeten Rochusspitals errichtet wurde. Seit 2008 nennt sich das Klinikum der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz nun Universitätsmedizin, die heute über 60 Kliniken, Institute und Abteilungen vereint, etwa 8000 Menschen beschäftigt und über etwa 1500 Betten verfügt. Ca. 70 000 Patienten kommen jährlich stationär, ca. 280 000 ambulant. Durchschnittlich 3400 Studierende begleiten die Arbeit von rund 1000 Ärzten.
Carbenoid-Mediated Homologation Tactics for Assembling (Fluorinated) Epoxides and Aziridines
Authors: Ielo Laura , Pace Vittorio , Pillari Veronica , Miele Margherita , Castiglione Davide
Published: August 2020

Homologation strategies provide highly versatile tools in organic synthesis for the introduction of a CH2 group into a given carbon skeleton. The operation can result in diverse structural motifs by tuning of the reaction conditions and the nature of the homologating agent. In this Account, concisely contextualizing our work with lithium carbenoids (LiCH2X, LiCHXY etc) for homologating carbon-centered electrophiles, we focus on the assembly of three-membered cycles featuring fluorinated substituents. Two illustrative case studies are considered: (1) the development and employment of fluorinated carbenoids en route to rare α-fluoroepoxides and aziridines, and (2) the installation of up to halomethylenic groups on trifluoroimidoylacetyl chlorides (TFAICs) for preparing CF3-containing halo- and halomethylaziridines. Collectively, we demonstrate that the initial homologation event generated by the installation of the carbenoid, upon modulation of the conditions, serves as a tool for creating fluorinated building blocks in a single operation.
Collaboration in Natural Product Total Synthesis: Carolacton – A Decade of Discovery
Authors: Wuest William M. , Solinski Amy E.
Published: August 2020

Carolacton, a macrocyclic natural product with impressive anti-biofilm biological activity, has been a focus in multiple research groups for the past decade. Chemists and biologists, alike, have been interested in uncovering the mechanism of action and have made great strides towards this goal. Carolacton causes cellular defects in Streptococcus mutans biofilm, which leads to decreases in cellular viability. As biological targets have been uncovered, synthetic chemists have devised synthetic routes that have helped uncover the important chemical functionalities that lead to biological activity. Herein, we discuss our synthetic collaboration that galvanized an entire research program around the natural product carolacton.
Identification of a Surprising Boronic Acid Homocoupling Process in Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions Utilizing a Hindered Fluorinated Arene
Authors: Gargaro Samantha L. , Dunson Bre'Shon , Sieber Joshua D.
Published: August 2020

The Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of 2-bromo-1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene with arylboronic acids was evaluated and determined to suffer from the formation of large amounts of boronic acid homocoupling products in conjunction with dehalogenation. Homocoupling product formation in this process likely occurs through a rare protonolysis/second transmetalation event rather than by the well-established mechanism requiring the involvement of O2. The scope of this boronic acid homocoupling reaction was investigated and shown to predominate with electron-deficient arylboronic acids. Finally, a good yield of cross-coupling products could be obtained by employing dicyclohexyl(2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl-2-yl)phosphine (SPhos) as the ligand.
The Possible Inhibition Effect of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides on Rat Intracerebral Hemorrhage Secondary Neuronal Apoptosis through Intervening Endogenous/Exogenous Pathways of Apoptosis
Authors: Zou Yourui , Sun ShengYu , Sharif Usama Ilyas , Wasie Abdul , Ma Hui
Published: August 2020

Objective The aim of this study was to explore the inhibition effect and possible mechanism of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) on rat intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) secondary neuronal apoptosis.

Materials and Methods High-, medium-, and low-dose LBP (50, 100, and 200 mg•kg) and nimodipine (10 mg•kg) groups were given once daily by 15-day gavage before operation, while the sham operation and ICH groups were given the equal volume of saline. An ICH model was established by autologous blood injection and the neurological function in each group was scored at 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours after modeling. Furthermore, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling analysis was performed to detect neuronal apoptosis, while western blot, immunohistochemistry, and real-time-polymerase chain reaction were used to study the influence of LBP on ICH secondary neuronal apoptosis.

Results The neurological function score was significantly decreased after ICH, and the intervention effect of a single drug was not evident. The apoptotic nerve cells increased significantly in the ICH group but decreased considerably in the LBP groups. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression decreased significantly, while B-cell lymphoma 2 expression increased substantially in the high- and medium-dose LBP groups compared with ICH group, suggesting that LBP could reduce the effect of ICH. However, the impact of LBP did not correlate positively with the dose.

Conclusion The application of LBP may not significantly improve neurological function after ICH, but it can inhibit rat ICH secondary neuronal apoptosis.
Use of Placental Growth Factor for Trisomy 21 Screening in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Badeghiesh Ahmad , Volodarsky-Perel Alexander , Lasry Ariane , Hemmings Robert , Gil Yaron , Balayla Jacques
Published: August 2020

Background Prenatal serum screening is an important modality to screen for aneuploidy in pregnancy. The addition of placental growth factor (PLGF) to screen for trisomy 21 remains controversial.

Objective To determine whether the addition of PLGF to combined serum aneuploidy screening improves detection rates (DRs) for trisomy 21.

Study Design We performed a systematic review of the literature until October 2019 to determine the benefits of adding PLGF to prenatal screening. We performed a goodness-of-fit test and retrieved the coefficient of determinations (R
2) as a function of false positive rates (FPRs), providing mean-weighted improvements in the DRs after accounting for PLGF levels.

Results We identified 51 studies, of which 8 met inclusion criteria (834 aneuploidy cases and 105,904 euploid controls). DRs were proportional to FPR across all studies, ranging from 59.0 to 95.3% without PLGF and 61.0 to 96.3% with PLGF (FPR 1–5%). Goodness-of-fit regression analysis revealed a logarithmic distribution of DRs as a function of the FPR, with R
2 = 0.109 (no PLGF) and R
2 = 0.06 (PLGF). Two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov's test reveals a p-value of 0.44. Overall, addition of PLGF improves DRs of 3.3% for 1% FPR, 1.7% for 3% FPR, and 1.4% for 5% FPR, respectively.

Conclusion Addition of PLGF to prenatal screening using serum analytes mildly improves trisomy 21 DRs as a function of FPRs.