bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeted Exome Sequencing of Krebs Cycle Genes Reveals Candidate Cancer–Predisposing Mutations in Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas
Authors: Remacha Laura , Comino-Méndez Iñaki , Richter Susan , Contreras Laura , Currás-Freixes María , Pita Guillermo , Letón Rocío , Galarreta Antonio , Torres-Pérez Rafael , Honrado Emiliano , Jiménez Scherezade , Maestre Lorena , Moran Sebastian , Esteller Manel , Satrústegui Jorgina , Eisenhofer Graeme , Robledo Mercedes , Cascón Alberto
Published: July 2017

Purpose: Mutations in Krebs cycle genes are frequently found in patients with pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas. Disruption of SDH, FH or MDH2 enzymatic activities lead to accumulation of specific metabolites, which give rise to epigenetic changes in the genome that cause a characteristic hypermethylated phenotype. Tumors showing this phenotype, but no alterations in the known predisposing genes, could harbor mutations in other Krebs cycle genes.

Experimental Design: We used downregulation and methylation of RBP1, as a marker of a hypermethylation phenotype, to select eleven pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas for targeted exome sequencing of a panel of Krebs cycle-related genes. Methylation profiling, metabolite assessment and additional analyses were also performed in selected cases.

Results: One of the 11 tumors was found to carry a known cancer-predisposing somatic mutation in IDH1. A variant in GOT2, c.357A>T, found in a patient with multiple tumors, was associated with higher tumor mRNA and protein expression levels, increased GOT2 enzymatic activity in lymphoblastic cells, and altered metabolite ratios both in tumors and in GOT2 knockdown HeLa cells transfected with the variant. Array methylation-based analysis uncovered a somatic epigenetic mutation in SDHC in a patient with multiple pheochromocytomas and a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Finally, a truncating germline IDH3B mutation was found in a patient with a single paraganglioma showing an altered α-ketoglutarate/isocitrate ratio.

Conclusions: This study further attests to the relevance of the Krebs cycle in the development of PCC and PGL, and points to a potential role of other metabolic enzymes involved in metabolite exchange between mitochondria and cytosol. Clin Cancer Res; 23(20); 6315–24. ©2017 AACR.
THC Treatment Alters Glutamate Receptor Gene Expression in Human Stem Cell-Derived Neurons
Authors: Obiorah Ifeanyi V. , Muhammad Hamza , Stafford Khalifa , Flaherty Erin K. , Brennand Kristen J.
Published: July 2017

Given the cognitive and behavioral effects following in utero Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exposure that have been reported in humans and rodents, it is critical to understand the precise consequences of THC on developing human neurons. Here, we utilize excitatory neurons derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and report that in vitro THC exposure reduced expression of glutamate receptor subunit genes (GRIA1, GRIA2, GRIN2A, and GRIN2B). By expanding these studies across hiPSC-derived neurons from individuals with a variety of genotypes, we believe that a hiPSC-based model will facilitate studies of the interaction of THC exposure and the genetic risk factors underlying neuropsychiatric disease vulnerability.
Impact of Folliculitis Decalvans on Quality of Life and Subjective Perception of Disease
Authors: Pindado-Ortega Cristina , Saceda-Corralo David , Miguel-Gómez Laura , Buendía-Castaño Diego , Fernández-González Pablo , Moreno-Arrones Oscar M. , Fonda-Pascual Pablo , Alegre-Sánchez Adrian , Rodrigues-Barata Rita , Vañó-Galván Sergio
Published: July 2017

Folliculitis decalvans (FD) is a primary neutrophilic scarring alopecia characterized by perifollicular papules, crusts, and pustules frequently located on the vertex. FD may affect young men and women. Since it may lead to hair loss, it can have a negative impact on patients' quality of life. Nevertheless, studies have focused on clinical, prognostic, and therapeutic aspects without considering the psychological impact of FD. In our study, we found that FD patients experienced a considerable impact on their quality of life. Interestingly, almost half of the patients considered that their alopecia was related to a poor medical care in their past. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the impact of FD on patients' quality of life, and it highlights the importance of psychological support for these patients.
Сучасні предмети догляду за ротовою порожниною, методики чищення зубів у дорослих і дітей
Authors: Melnychuk G. M. , Kushnirenko M. O. , Melnychuk A. S. , Kashivska R. S.
Published: July 2017

Treatment of any dental diseases: caries and its complications, non-carious lesions, diseases of periodontal tissue and oral mucosa begins with professional oral hygiene and patient's hygienic training.The aim of the study – to describe modern oral care products, including various types of toothbrushes (manual, electrical, ionic, ultrasound), indicate their strengths and weaknesses; describe additional items for oral cavity cleaning, terms of flosses use, interdental brushes and stimulants, tongue cleaners, irigators and basic methods of teethbrushing.Materials and Methods. We conducted a literature review for 1999–2017 years, classified modern items for oral care, found and described the indications and methods of their use.Results and Discussion. We found that use only toothbrush for effective oral hygiene is not sufficient, because today is a large arsenal of available additional items for thorough cleaning of remote areas of teeth; argued that proper brushing skills can be lost with time, that's why patients need hygiene remotivation, repeated conversations and supervised teethbrushing with results visualization every 3 months.Conclusions.  Knowledge of teethbrushing methods and choosing the right tools for this has a decisive role in the patient's treatment plan, because a large part of the success depends on the individual oral care and the cooperation of a patient with a doctor.
Дослідження динаміки показників імунного статусу у дітей з множинним карієсом на фоні захворювань шлунково-кишкового тракту у різні терміни лікування
Authors: Rozhko V. I.
Published: July 2017

The level of immunoglobulins and lysozyme in the oral fluid deviates from the norm at presence of the diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GI), which is likely to be a trigger in the development of rampant caries in children. A detailed study of this aspect has made it possible to directly influence the inhibition of the pathological process.The aim of the study – to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of a complex of therapeutic and prophylactic measures aimed at increasing the resistance of the oral cavity in children with rampant caries on the background of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in 12–14 days and 6 months after treatment; compare the data with these before treatment.Materials and Methods. The article presents the results of the study of the dynamics of immunological parameters in children with rampant caries on the background of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The increase of the indexes of immunoglobulins A, G, secretory immunoglobulin A, lysozyme in the oral liquid of the children of the main, comparative and control groups was determined by the method of radial immunodiffusion in Mancini agar and agar diffusion method containing 0.05 % biomass powder Micrococcus lysodeikticus.Results and Discussion. As a result of the proposed treatment and prophylactic complex, we managed to achieve a significant improvement in the immunological status of oral fluid in children with rampant caries on the background of GI tract diseases. Thus, after treatment (12–14 days), the content of IgA in the oral liquid of the children of the main group increased by 80.0 % higher in relation to the data before treatment. At the same time, in children of the main group, the decrease in the IgG concentration, which was lower than the data before treatment, was studied at 26.32 %. At 12–14 days after treatment in children with multiple caries, against the background of gastrointestinal lesions of the main group, an increase in sIgA and lysozyme was observed, which was 39.13 % and 23.85 % higher, respectively, for the data before treatment.Conclusions. The complex of therapeutic and prophylactic measures introduced and implemented in clinical practice causes a pronounced caries prophylactic effect and improves the state of hygiene, increases the acidity of the enamel and mineralizing properties of the oral liquid, normalizes microbiocenosis and immunological status, which in general optimizes the processes of remineralization.
Поширеність та структура захворювань тканин пародонта у дітей із надмірною масою тіла
Authors: Kostura V. L. , Bezvushko E. V.
Published: July 2017

Epidemiological studies in recent years have shown a high prevalence of periodontal tissue diseases in children and adolescents in the world and in Ukraine in particular. One of the main general factors in the development of periodontal tissue diseases is the presence of concomitant pathology, one of which is an excessive body weight.The aim of the study – to learn the prevalence, structure and peculiarities of the clinical course of periodontal tissue diseases in overweight children.Materials and Methods. 278 children with overweight (the main group) were examined. The comparison group was made of 292 children with normal body weight. The study was conducted in age groups of 7, 12, 15 years old. The state of the periodontal tissues of the examined persons was objectified according to the classification of Danylevskyi (1994) and by using of the periodontal indices of PMA, CPI and hygienic index OHI-S. On the basis of the anthropometric examinations, the body mass index (BMI) was calculated.Results and Discussion. The results of the dental examination showed that the number of overweight children with intact periodontium was significantly lower (32.01 ± 2.8 %) compared with children with normal body mass (53.08 ± 2.92 %) (p <0.01). On the other hand, the inflammatory process in the tissues of periodontium in overweight children, on average, was 67.99 ± 2.80 %, which was much higher in relation to children with normal body mass – 46.92 ± 2.92 % (p <0.01).Conclusions. The results of the examination of periodontal tissues in overweight children indicate a high incidence and severity of inflammatory processes in periodontal tissues compared with normal weight children.
Клінічна ефективність лікувально-профілактичних заходів при хронічному катаральному гінгівіті
Authors: Avdeev A. V. , Zmarko Y. K. , Boykiv A. B. , Drevnitska R. A.
Published: July 2017

Treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases remains an urgent problem of dentistry as a result of frequent recurrence, inflammation in alveolar bone tissue with periodontal tissue destruction, so developing pathogenetic effects in treating the chronic catarrhal gingivitis is timely.The aim of the study – to conduct the pathogenetic treatment of gingivitis and the assessment of its effectiveness.Materials and Methods. 67 children aged 16–18 years, suffering from chronic catarrhal gingivitis, were taken under clinical supervision and divided into groups: the main (35 children) and the comparative (32 children). All children underwent conventional therapy in accordance with the protocols for the provision of medical care – basic therapy. In the main group, for a month, pathogenetic agents were used: an anti-inflammatory gel with neovitin, hygiene products were recommended. In the comparative group, 3 % hydrogen peroxide solution was used for local therapy, for rinsing of the mouth (during the first week of treatment) – Rotokan, a therapeutic and prophylactic toothpaste.Examination and control examinations were carried out with the hygienic state of the mouth determined by the hygienic index of Green-Vermillion (ОНІ-S), prevalence and intensity of the inflammatory process in the gums with the help of the Schiller-Pisarev test and the PMA index, oral fluid index (content of total glutathione, oxidized and reduced glutathione, glutathione redox index).Results and Discussion. Immediately after the treatment in the main group, the decrease in the PMA index was 2.6 times; GI – in 1.4 times, ONI-S – in 1.7 times. A reduction in the treatment period of adolescents in the application of the proposed therapeutic scheme is established. The content of total glutathione in the main group was significantly higher (p <0.05) than that of the comparator group before treatment (by 12.2 %) and comparing the indicator in 0.5 years (by 8.8 %). In this observation period, the difference between the content of oxidized and reduced glutathione in persons of the main and comparative groups was also significant – 1.8 times and 1.2 times, respectively. In addition, the redox index of glutathione in the main group increased and even exceeded the control group, although there was no significant difference.Conclusion. The use of the proposed therapy with gel with neovitin contributed to the best results of treatment: reducing the degree of inflammation of the gums, the number of visits to the doctor, improving the indices of nonspecific protection in the oral fluid and, to a greater extent, six months after the treatment.
Microbleeds, Cerebral Hemorrhage, and Functional Outcome After Stroke Thrombolysis
Authors: Charidimou Andreas , Turc Guillaume , Oppenheim Catherine , Yan Shenqiang , Scheitz Jan F. , Erdur Hebun , Klinger-Gratz Pascal P. , El-Koussy Marwan , Takahashi Wakoh , Moriya Yusuke , Wilson Duncan , Kidwell Chelsea S. , Saver Jeffrey L. , Sallem Asma , Moulin Solene , Edjlali-Goujon Myriam , Thijs Vincent , Fox Zoe , Shoamanesh Ashkan , Albers Gregory W. , Mattle Heinrich P. , Benavente Oscar R. , Jäger H. Rolf , Ambler Gareth , Aoki Junya , Baron Jean-Claude , Kimura Kazumi , Kakuda Wataru , Takizawa Shunya , Jung Simon , Nolte Christian H. , Lou Min , Cordonnier Charlotte , Werring David J.
Published: July 2017

Background and Purpose—

We assessed whether the presence, number, and distribution of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) on pre-intravenous thrombolysis MRI scans of acute ischemic stroke patients are associated with an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) or poor functional outcome.

Methods—

We performed an individual patient data meta-analysis, including prospective and retrospective studies of acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator. Using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression, we investigated associations of pre-treatment CMB presence, burden (1, 2–4, ≥5, and >10), and presumed pathogenesis (cerebral amyloid angiopathy defined as strictly lobar CMBs and noncerebral amyloid angiopathy) with symptomatic ICH, parenchymal hematoma (within [parenchymal hemorrhage, PH] and remote from the ischemic area [remote parenchymal hemorrhage, PHr]), and poor 3- to 6-month functional outcome (modified Rankin score >2).

Results—

In 1973 patients from 8 centers, the crude prevalence of CMBs was 526 of 1973 (26.7%). A total of 77 of 1973 (3.9%) patients experienced symptomatic ICH, 210 of 1806 (11.6%) experienced PH, and 56 of 1720 (3.3%) experienced PHr. In adjusted analyses, patients with CMBs (compared with those without CMBs) had increased risk of PH (odds ratio: 1.50; 95% confidence interval: 1.09–2.07;
P
=0.013) and PHr (odds ratio: 3.04; 95% confidence interval: 1.73–5.35;
P
<0.001) but not symptomatic ICH. Both cerebral amyloid angiopathy and noncerebral amyloid angiopathy patterns of CMBs were associated with PH and PHr. Increasing CMB burden category was associated with the risk of symptomatic ICH (
P
=0.014), PH (
P
=0.013), and PHr (
P
<0.00001). Five or more and >10 CMBs independently predicted poor 3- to 6-month outcome (odds ratio: 1.85; 95% confidence interval: 1.10–3.12;
P
=0.020; and odds ratio: 3.99; 95% confidence interval: 1.55–10.22;
P
=0.004, respectively).

Conclusions—

Increasing CMB burden is associated with increased risk of ICH (including PHr) and poor 3- to 6-month functional outcome after intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke.
Mathematics and Physics of First and Last Instants: Walter Burley and William of Ockham
Authors: Sylla Edith Dudley
Published: July 2017

In his De primo et ultimo instanti, Walter Burley paid careful attention to continuity, assuming that continua included and were limited by indivisibles such as instants, points, ubi (or places), degrees of quality, or mutata esse (indivisibles of motion). In his Tractatus primus, Burley applied the logic of first and last instants to reach novel conclusions about qualities and qualitative change. At the end of his Quaestiones in libros Physicorum Aristotelis, William of Ockham used long passages from Burley’s Tractatus primus, sometimes agreeing with Burley and sometimes disagreeing. How may this interaction between Burley and Ockham be understood within its historical context?
Contradictory Change
Authors: Littmann Greg
Published: July 2017

Graham Priest has argued that changes occur at a moment of change in which objects are in a contradictory state, being in both the state changed from and the state changed to. In “Moments of Change,” the current author rejected this model on the grounds that every change would require an infinite number of other changes, and that for similar regress problems, the model is not compatible with the Leibniz Continuity Condition that Priest appeals to in the model’s support. In “Contradiction and the Instant of Change Revisited,” Priest rightly points out in response that any regress can be stopped by allowing that some changes can occur without a moment of change and that there are some exceptions to the lcc in the case of change.

It is argued here that while the regress can be stopped by allowing for exceptions to the rules, the more exceptions that must be allowed and the more similar the excepted cases are to cases of supposed contradiction, the less attractive both the contradictory account of change and the lcc should be. Secondly, it is argued that the intuitions that make the contradictory account of change seem appealing are likely to disappear if we adopt an eternalist model of spacetime, which we should do in any case in order to best accommodate the special theory of relativity. In particular, eternalism undermines our intuitions that there must be a moment of change in order for change to occur, that contradictory moments are required to allow for a Laplacian universe, that motion must be intrinsic to an object at a time, and that change obeys the lcc.
Marsilius of Inghen on incipit and desinit in Consequentiae ii, Chapters 4-5
Authors: Ciola Graziana
Published: July 2017

In this paper, the author offers an introduction to Marsilius of Inghen’s treatment of expositiones of sentences de incipit and de desinit in his treatise on Consequentiae, with an analysis of the various modi exponendi presented by Marsilius and an edition of the text. The author argues that, in the split between physical and logical approaches to the issues arising in analyses of incipit and desinit, Marsilius’ theory presents some hybrid features, but tends towards the logical end of the spectrum.
The Limit Decision Problem and Four-Dimensionalism
Authors: Costa Damiano
Published: July 2017

The author argues that medieval solutions to the limit decision problem imply four-dimensionalism, i.e., the view according to which substances that persist through time are extended through time as well as through space and have different temporal parts at different times.
Indivisible Temporal Boundaries from Aristophanes until Today
Authors: Strobach Niko
Published: July 2017

This paper provides a short historical and systematic survey of parameters, problems, and proposals concerning the theoretical treatment of indivisible temporal boundaries throughout the ages. A very early trace of thinking about them is identified in Aristophanes’ comedy The Clouds. The approach of logicians in the late Middle Ages is placed in a broad context. Links of this topic to the issues of vagueness, modality, space and quantized time are discussed.
Nicholas of Autrecourt’s Quaestio de intensione visionis Revisited: The scola Oxoniensis and Parisian Masters on Limit Decision Problems
Authors: Walker Gustavo Fernández
Published: July 2017

Previously, the author tried to show that some arguments in one of the two versions of Nicholas of Autrecourt’s Quaestio de intensione visionis are taken almost verbatim from the anonymous Tractatus de sex inconvenientibus. This paper concentrates on the arguments themselves in order to consider two main issues: (a) the ‘translatability’ of limit decision problems, manifest in Autrecourt’s juxtaposition of questions de maximo et minimo, de primo et ultimo instanti, and the intension and remission of forms; (b) the importance of Parisian discussions of limit decision problems prior to the adoption of the new analytical languages developed at Oxford. Thus, the paper is divided in two sections, the first concerning some arguments of Autrecourt’s question, the second focusing on the link between one of Autrecourt’s arguments and the medieval tradition of commentaries on Aristotle’s De caelo, in which it is possible to find some antecedents of the analytical approach that later Parisian scholars (Autrecourt among them) would apply to these problems.
Life history traits of the free-living nematode, Plectus acuminatus Bastian, 1865, and responses to cadmium exposure
Authors: Kreuzinger-Janik Bianca , Brinke Marvin , Traunspurger Walter , Majdi Nabil
Published: July 2017

Free-living nematodes are ubiquitous and play an essential role in ecosystems. However, little is known about their standard life history traits (LHTs), which limits their inclusion in estimations of energy flows and carrying capacities of ecosystems, as well as in modelling population-level responses to toxicants. Thus, we used the hanging-drop method to measure LHTs of Plectus acuminatus with and without exposure to cadmium (2 mg l−1). In controls, the mean lifespan was 68 days and the maximum 114 days. Individuals laid eggs on average 19 days after hatching, while production of offspring peaked at 37 days. Plectus acuminatus individuals were very fertile, producing on average 848 juveniles. Population growth rate of 0.19 was estimated for the control cohort leading to an average population doubling time of 3.65 days. Exposure to cadmium reduced mean lifespan by 62% and affected reproduction as only 22% of individuals produced offspring, leading to a total fertility rate 85% lower than in controls.
A Prayer to Sîn and the Psalms
Authors: Hamme Joel Travis
Published: July 2017

The paper argues that scribes in Mesopotamia and Israel adapted prayers into various contexts for different purposes. The adaptations introduced were governed by the larger purposes of the prayer’s new context. The paper uses Pss 14 and 53 and Sîn 6 to illustrate this point. Psalms 14 and 53 were adapted to fit into the larger purpose and message of the first and second Davidic Psalters, respectively, while Sîn 6 was adapted into rituals or a collection of dingir.ša.dib.ba prayers. The paper concludes that the purposes for which prayers were adapted were based upon setting, and that, as such, it is unwise to suggest that only corruptions in Vorlagen explain text differences.
Description of the egg cases of Dentiraja polyommata (Rajiformes: Rajidae) and Asymbolus pallidus (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae) from Queensland, Australia
Authors: RIGBY CASSANDRA L. , WHITE WILLIAM T. , KYNE PETER M.
Published: July 2017

Descriptions of the egg cases of Dentiraja polyommata (n = 16) and Asymbolus pallidus (n = 44) are provided from egg cases collected from a commercial trawl fishery off Swain Reefs, central Queensland, Australia. Egg cases of D. polyommata are rectangular, convex and golden-tan in colour and those of A. pallidus elongate, vase-shaped and golden. To determine if a comparative statistical non-metric multi-dimensional scaling approach could identify egg cases of species taken in the same region and fishery, egg cases were compared with the skate D. endeavouri and catsharks A. analis, A. rubiginosus and Figaro boardmani. The statistical approach clearly discriminated the species based on five proportional measurements and identified the morphometrics that separated genera and species. This approach is valuable in a fisheries context for accurate identification of visually similar egg cases that can assist management of oviparous chondrichthyans. A rare incidence of intraspecific chondrichthyan cannibalism was noted for A. pallidus males that consumed egg cases of their own species.
Pseudosetipinna Peng & Zhao is a junior synonym of Setipinna Swainson and Pseudosetipinna haizhouensis Peng & Zhao is a junior synonym of Setipinna tenuifilis (Valenciennes) (Teleostei: Clupeoidei: Engraulidae)
Authors: LAVOUÉ SÉBASTIEN , HO HSUAN-CHING
Published: July 2017

The validity of Pseudosetipinna Peng & Zhao and its type and only species, Pseudosetipinna haizhouensis Peng & Zhao, has long been doubtful due to the absence of diagnostic characters other than the lack of pelvic fins. The absence of pelvic fins in specimens of anchovies and sardines is frequently reported and usually considered a developmental malformation. We recently collected specimens of S. tenuifilis (Valenciennes) containing one specimen without pelvic fins, identifiable as P. haizhouensis. Herein, we conducted detailed morphological and genetic analyses to determine the validity of P. haizhouensis. The morphological results confirmed that the absence of pelvic fins allows the distinction between P. haizhouensis and S. tenuifilis. The genetic results showed that the mitochondrial haplotype of P. haizhouensis is shared with S. tenuifilis. Altogether, the evidence suggests that P. haizhouensis and S. tenuifilis belong to the same species. Consequently, Pseudosetipinna is a junior synonym of Setipinna Swainson and P. haizhouensis is a junior synonym of S. tenuifilis.
Review of the genus Kerzhnerocossus Yakovlev, 2011 (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) with descriptions of two new species from Russia and Mongolia
Authors: SALDAITIS AIDAS , YAKOVLEV ROMAN V. , TRUUVERK ANDRO
Published: July 2017

Two new species of Kerzhnerocossus (Lepidoptera, Cossidae) are described: K. tannuolus sp. nov. from Russia: Tuva, and K. kamelini sp. nov. from Mongolia. The genus now comprises three species.
The O2/N2 Ratio and CO2 Airborne Southern Ocean Study
Authors: Stephens Britton B. , Long Matthew C. , Keeling Ralph F. , Kort Eric A. , Sweeney Colm , Apel Eric C. , Atlas Elliot L. , Beaton Stuart , Bent Jonathan D. , Blake Nicola J. , Bresch James F. , Casey Joanna , Daube Bruce C. , Diao Minghui , Diaz Ernesto , Dierssen Heidi , Donets Valeria , Gao Bo-Cai , Gierach Michelle , Green Robert , Haag Justin , Hayman Matthew , Hills Alan J. , Hoecker-Martínez Martín S. , Honomichl Shawn B. , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Jensen Jorgen B. , Li Rong-Rong , McCubbin Ian , McKain Kathryn , Morgan Eric J. , Nolte Scott , Powers Jordan G. , Rainwater Bryan , Randolph Kaylan , Reeves Mike , Schauffler Sue M. , Smith Katherine , Smith Mackenzie , Stith Jeff , Stossmeister Gregory , Toohey Darin W. , Watt Andrew S.
Published: July 2017

The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in the global climate system by mediating atmosphere–ocean partitioning of heat and carbon dioxide. However, Earth system models are demonstrably deficient in the Southern Ocean, leading to large uncertainties in future air–sea CO2 flux projections under climate warming and incomplete interpretations of natural variability on interannual to geologic time scales. Here, we describe a recent aircraft observational campaign, the O2/N2 Ratio and CO2 Airborne Southern Ocean (ORCAS) study, which collected measurements over the Southern Ocean during January and February 2016. The primary research objective of the ORCAS campaign was to improve observational constraints on the seasonal exchange of atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen with the Southern Ocean. The campaign also included measurements of anthropogenic and marine biogenic reactive gases; high-resolution, hyperspectral ocean color imaging of the ocean surface; and microphysical data relevant for understanding and modeling cloud processes. In each of these components of the ORCAS project, the campaign has significantly expanded the amount of observational data available for this remote region. Ongoing research based on these observations will contribute to advancing our understanding of this climatically important system across a range of topics including carbon cycling, atmospheric chemistry and transport, and cloud physics. This article presents an overview of the scientific and methodological aspects of the ORCAS project and highlights early findings.
High-Resolution Model-Based Investigation of Moisture Transport into the Pacific Northwest during a Strong Atmospheric River Event
Authors: Mueller Michael J. , Mahoney Kelly M. , Abel Mimi R.
Published: July 2017

A series of precipitation events impacted the Pacific Northwest during the first two weeks of November 2006. This sequence was punctuated by a particularly potent inland-penetrating atmospheric river (AR) that produced record-breaking precipitation across the region during 5–7 November. The precipitation caused destructive flooding as far inland as Montana’s Glacier National Park, 800 km from the Pacific Ocean. This study investigates the inland penetration of moisture during the event using a 4–1.33-km grid spacing configuration of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling system. A high-resolution simulation allowed an analysis of interactions between the strong AR and terrain features such as the Cascade Mountains and the Columbia River Gorge (CR Gorge).

Moisture transport in the vicinity of the Cascades is assessed using various metrics. The most efficient pathway for moisture penetration was through the gap (i.e., CR Gap) between Mt. Adams and Mt. Hood, which includes the CR Gorge. While the CR Gap is a path of least resistance through the Cascades, most of the total moisture transport that survived transit past the Cascades overtopped the mountain barrier itself. This is due to the disparity between the length of the ridge (~800 km) and relatively narrow width of the CR Gap (~93 km). Moisture transport reductions were larger across the Washington Cascades and the southern-central Oregon Cascades than through the CR Gap. During the simulation, drying ratios through the CR Gap (9.3%) were notably less than over adjacent terrain (19.6%–30.6%). Drying ratios decreased as moisture transport intensity increased.
Review Article: Kevin L. Flannery's Acts amid Precepts
Authors: Theron Stephen
Published: July 2017

…At the heart of the contemporary debate about natural law there is not a single set of relatively well-defined issues, but rather a complicated, and sometimes confusing, set of problems and queries that intersect at odd angles.
Four Ways to Make Grades More Effective
Authors: Reeves Douglas B.
Published: July 2017

You may be surprised at the inaccuracies and lack of fairness in your grading system. See what the problems are and find out how to fix them.
Pop Quiz: Common Core State Standards
Authors: Clement Mary C.
Published: July 2017

Few topics in education have generated more debate than the Common Core State Standards. How will they affect your teaching? Will they change how you plan lessons or use teaching strategies? Take this quiz to see what you already know about this hot topic.
From Backpacks to Jetpacks: The Classrooms of Our Future
Authors: Davis Emily
Published: July 2017

Students and teachers predict technology’s impact on the future of education. What will classrooms look like in 20 years?
The Effects of Expectancy, Clothing Reflectance, and Detection Criterion on Nighttime Pedestrian Visibility
Authors: Shinar David
Published: July 2017

Nighttime pedestrian visibility was studied under various combinations of driver expectancy (to see a pedestrian on the road), pedestrian clothing characteristics (dark clothing, light clothing, and dark clothing with retroreflective tags), and the detection criterion (pedestrian versus retroreflective tag). It was found that visibility distance increases with expectancy, but the magnitude of the effect varies as a function of whether or not the pedestrian is wearing the tag. Furthermore, it was shown that when the pedestrian is unexpected, the usefulness of the tag is significant only if the driver can rely on it as a criterion for detection (by prior knowledge of the association between the tag and the pedestrian). The difference in visibility when the tag is not associated with the pedestrian may explain the less-than-expected effectiveness of retroreflective materials on accident reduction.
Diagnostic Judgment as a Function of the Preprocessing of Evidence
Authors: Friedman Lee , Howell William C. , Jensen Cary R.
Published: July 2017

An experiment was conducted to determine how the quality of a human judgment (in this case, military threat diagnosis) is affected by various levels of preprocessing applied to the raw predictive events when such processing is carried out by the human and by a machine aid. Subjects were required to estimate the threat of attack on the friendly position (criterion) based on observed activity levels (cues) and designated threat potential weights of various enemy positions. Overall threat judgments were made under conditions in which a prior overt estimate of position activity levels was or was not required. Machine-aiding conditions were as follows: (1) no aiding, where subjects simply observed raw events in real time, (2) automatic tabulation of events, and (3) automatic computation of events. Finally, the rate of event occurrences was manipulated. When subjects made overall criterion judgments (threat evaluation) intuitively on the basis of events observed in real time, their performance improved markedly by interposing cue estimation, even if cue estimation was fairly inaccurate. If events were computed automatically, permitting a more analytic threat judgment, performance improved and the redundant estimation step was not helpful. If events were merely tabulated, estimation was helpful, but to an extent midway between the raw-observation and automatic computation conditions.
A Human Factors Design Investigation of a Computerized Layout System of Text-Graphic Technical Materials
Authors: Sylla Cheickna , Drury Colin G. , Babu A. J. G.
Published: July 2017

In converting task listings into multiple pages of documentation for job aids or training, the two major problems are deciding how much material should go on each page and how text and graphics should be laid out on the page. A questionnaire study was used to collect input from 14 human factors personnel in order to design algorithms for page splitting and page layout. From the rules or heuristics used for page splitting, an algorithm was devised that closely matched human page-splitting results. Layout of individual pages was automated with an algorithm based on the (significant) consensus among the subjects on questions of graphics positioning and label ordering. The two algorithms have been combined in a computer-aided design procedure that automatically pages task lists and lays out individual pages.
Minimizing the Time to Search Visual Displays: The Role of Highlighting
Authors: Fisher Donald L. , Coury Bruce G. , Tengs Tammy O. , Duffy Susan A.
Published: July 2017

Office computer users frequently need to search long lists of options for a particular target. Highlighting a subset of the options can shorten the average display search time. The goal of the current research was to identify the subset of options to highlight that minimizes users' average search time for any given display. To begin, a mathematical model of the visual search process was constructed which could be used to predict the average search time for a target in a display with or without highlighted options. The predictions of this model were then compared with the results of a visual search experiment that varied the type of highlighting (blocked, random, or no highlighting), the number of highlighted options, and the probability that a target was highlighted. Overall the predictions of the model were consistent with the results from the experiment. Finally, procedures based on the model were developed which could be used to find the optimal subset of options to highlight for a given display— that is, the subset of highlighted options that minimizes users' search times.
Multilevel Structured Documentation
Authors: Holt Robert W. , Boehm-Davis Deborah A. , Schultz Alan C.
Published: July 2017

This research examined the effects of different types of documentation on the performance of users with different levels of experience on a word-processing program. Three forms of documentation (global overview, detailed step-by-step, and combined global and detailed) were presented to undergraduates with high, medium, and low levels of computer experience. Dependent measures were problem-solving behavior using a word-processing program, the amount of information retained by the participants about the program, and subjective reactions to the documentation. The results indicated that (a) combined global and detailed documentation was, in general, superior to either type of documentation alone; (b) more experienced users were superior in reading documentation more quickly and solving problems more quickly, but they did not have significantly better recall or recognition of components of the program; and (c) the effects of type of documentation did not interact with the level of user's experience.
Cognitive-Motor Abilities of the Elderly Driver
Authors: Stelmach George E. , Nahom Ariella
Published: July 2017

This article reviews literature that documents the effects of age on motor performance as it relates to driving behavior. Movement initiation is the focal point of the first part of the article, and it is considered in terms of absolute age differences when functional manipulations are made, such as response preparation, response selection, response programming, and complexity. The second part of the article addresses age difference in the context of movement execution characteristics; differences in movement speed, force production, limb coordination, and sensory motor integration are considered. Movement time and movement kinematics and kinetics are the principal dependent measures reviewed. Adults were found to initiate and execute movements more slowly and with less precision as they age, which may contribute to the decline of their driving skill. Most of the data reviewed were obtained in laboratory settings; nevertheless, they suggest how age may impair the elderly driver.
Optimal Symbol Set Selection: A Semiautomated Procedure
Authors: Fisher Donald L. , Tanner Nancy S.
Published: July 2017

A new model of the visual search process is developed which can improve the design of large symbol sets such as those used by nuclear power plant personnel, air traffic controllers, and battlefield troops. An experiment was conducted to determine whether the new, componential model or an already existing, discriminability model better explains visual search behavior. The results were consistent with the componential model. We show how to use the componential model to help automate selection of the optimal symbol set (i.e., the symbol set that minimizes the average time to find a target).
The Influence of Hypertext Linking Structures on the Efficiency of Information Retrieval
Authors: Mohageg Michael F.
Published: July 2017

Hypertext systems parse documents into components connected by machine-supported links. This study investigated several usability issues relating to linking configurations in an information retrieval application. A HyperCardTM-based geography data base was used as the information domain. Linear, hierarchical, network, and combination hierarchical/network linking were of particular interest. In addition, the number of required links (two, four, or six links to reach the answer) and task type were the task variables studied. Task type refers to expert programmers' judgments as to whether a task is best suited to a hierarchical or network linking configuration. The intention was to identify the task situations under which each linking structure excels. Results indicated that users of the hierarchical linking structure performed significantly better than those using network linking (on average requiring 49 s less per task). Subjects using the combination condition performed no worse than those using the hierarchical condition, yet the combination condition provided no consistent advantages. Hence, for novice users of a system, no performance gain results from the inclusion of network links (in isolation or in combination with hierarchical).
Spatial Judgments with Monoscopic and Stereoscopic Presentation of Perspective Displays
Authors: Yeh Yei-Yu , Silverstein Louis D.
Published: July 2017

Spatial judgments with monoscopic and stereoscopic presentation of perspective displays were investigated in the present study. The stimulus configuration emulated a visual scene consisting of a volume of airspace above a ground reference plane. Two target symbols were situated at various positions in the space, and observers were instructed to identify the relative depth or altitude of the two symbols. Three viewing orientations (15, 45, or 90 deg elevation angle) were implemented in the perspective projection. In the monoscopic view, depth cues in size, brightness, occlusion, and linear perspective were provided in the format. In the stereoscopic view, binocular disparity was added along the line of sight from the center of projection to reinforce the relative depth in the visual scene. Results revealed that spatial judgments were affected by manipulation of the relative spatial positions of the two target symbols and by the interaction between relative position and viewing orientation. The addition of binocular disparity improved judgments of three-dimensional spatial relationships, and the enhancement was greater when monocular depth cues were less effective and/or ambiguous in recovering the three-dimensional spatial characteristics.
Within-subject Comparisons of Implant-supported Mandibular Prostheses: Psychometric Evaluation
Authors: de Grandmont P. , Feine J.S. , Taché R. , Boudrias P. , Donohue W.B. , Tanguay R. , Lund J.P.
Published: July 2017

In a within-subject cross-over clinical trial, psychometric and functional measurements were taken while 15 completely edentulous subjects wore mandibular fixed prostheses and long-bar removable implant-supported prostheses. In this paper, the results of a psychometric assessment are presented. Eight subjects first received the fixed bridge and seven the removable type. After having worn a prosthesis for a minimum of two months, subjects responded to psychometric scales that measured their perceptions of various factors associated with prostheses. They also chewed test foods while masticatory activity was recorded. The prostheses were then changed and the procedures repeated. At the end of the study, patients were asked to choose the prosthesis that they wished to keep. Patients assigned significantly higher scores, on visual analogue scales, to both types of implant-supported prostheses than to their original conventional prostheses for all factors tested, including general satisfaction. However, no statistically significant differences between the two implant-supported prostheses were detected except for the difficulty of chewing carrot, apple, and sausage. For these foods, the fixed prostheses were rated higher. Subjects' responses to category scales were consistent with their responses to the visual analogue scales. These results suggest that, although patients find the fixed bridge to be significantly better for chewing harder foods, there is no difference in their general satisfaction with the two types of prostheses.
Within-subject Comparisons of Implant-supported Mandibular Prostheses: Choice of Prosthesis
Authors: Feine J.S. , de Grandmont P. , Boudrias P. , Brien N. , LaMarche C. , Taché R. , Lund J.P.
Published: July 2017

Although previous studies have demonstrated that implant-supported prostheses are more satisfactory and efficient for edentulous patients than are conventional prostheses, until now no investigation has directly compared different types of implant-supported prostheses. We carried out a within-subject cross-over clinical trial with fixed and long-bar removable implant-supported mandibular prostheses. Fifteen subjects were randomly divided into two groups. One group received the fixed prosthesis first, while the other first received the removable. After a two-month adaptation period, psychometric measurements of various aspects of the prostheses and physiological tests of masticatory efficiency were carried out. The prostheses were then changed, and the procedures repeated. At the end of the study, subjects chose the prosthesis they wished to keep. In this paper, we report on the data gathered at this last appointment. Eight subjects chose the fixed (F group), and seven chose the removable (R group). Both groups rated stability and ability to chew with the fixed as significantly better than with the removable. However, the R group rated ease of cleaning as the most important factor governing their decision, followed by esthetics and stability. The F group considered stability to be the most important factor in their decision, followed by chewing ability and ability to clean. There was a tendency for the removable to be chosen by older subjects (+50 years). These results suggest that patients choose fixed or removable implant-supported prostheses for specific reasons, and that patient attitudes should be considered when the design of a prosthesis is being planned for an individual patient.
Direction of a Bite Force Determines the Pattern of Activity in Jaw-closing Muscles
Authors: Mao J. , Osborn J.W.
Published: July 2017

Human individuals were hypothesized to use the same pattern of jaw muscle activity to produce the same bite force. To test this hypothesis, we used a 2-mm-thick force transducer to monitor the magnitude and direction of a bite force between a single pair of occluding first molars. Five subjects performed standardized bite force tasks. Six different magnitudes were tested, each in five directions. The surface electromyographic (EMG) activity in the left and right masseter and temporalis muscles was recorded, integrated, and normalized. Ratios of the EMG activity of paired muscles (e.g., the ratio of working temporalis and working masseter) were calculated for each bite force task. Each ratio was roughly constant for each direction of bite force, regardless of its magnitude. In contrast, when the magnitude of bite force was the same but the directions were different, the ratio was not constant. We conclude that the direction of a bite force, not its magnitude, determines the pattern of activity of jaw-closing muscles. The shared patterns of muscle activation may be the result of a subconscious optimization of jaw muscle forces to improve efficiency.
Bonding to Ground Dentin by a Phenyl-P Self -etching Primer
Authors: Watanabe I. , Nakabayashi N. , Pashley D.H.
Published: July 2017

Increasingly higher concentrations of Phenyl-P in 30% HEMA were used as dentin conditioners to improve the bonding of adhesive resins to smear layers. The maximum bond strength (10.4 MPa) was obtained at a concentration of 20% Phenyl-P. Transmission electron microscopy of fractured, lightly smeared, and compactly smeared dentin demonstrated that 20% Phenyl-P in 30% HEMA demineralized the dentin surface by partially dissolving mineral crystals from around collagen. When applied to smear layers, this resin system demineralized the smear layer and incorporated it into the applied resin which penetrated a short distance into the underlying dentin, thereby creating a hybrid layer that contained the original smear layer. This single-step conditioner/primer offers several advantages over previous bonding systems by permitting a single solution to serve as both a conditioner and a primer.