bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Connecting Changing Ocean Circulation with Changing Climate
Authors: Winton Michael , Griffies Stephen M. , Samuels Bonita L. , Sarmiento Jorge L. , Frölicher Thomas L.
Published: October 2012

The influence of changing ocean currents on climate change is evaluated by comparing an earth system model’s response to increased CO2 with and without an ocean circulation response. Inhibiting the ocean circulation response, by specifying a seasonally varying preindustrial climatology of currents, has a much larger influence on the heat storage pattern than on the carbon storage pattern. The heat storage pattern without circulation changes resembles carbon storage (either with or without circulation changes) more than it resembles the heat storage when currents are allowed to respond. This is shown to be due to the larger magnitude of the redistribution transport—the change in transport due to circulation anomalies acting on control climate gradients—for heat than for carbon. The net ocean heat and carbon uptake are slightly reduced when currents are allowed to respond. Hence, ocean circulation changes potentially act to warm the surface climate. However, the impact of the reduced carbon uptake on radiative forcing is estimated to be small while the redistribution heat transport shifts ocean heat uptake from low to high latitudes, increasing its cooling power. Consequently, global surface warming is significantly reduced by circulation changes. Circulation changes also shift the pattern of warming from broad Northern Hemisphere amplification to a more structured pattern with reduced warming at subpolar latitudes in both hemispheres and enhanced warming near the equator.
A Dynamical Initialization Scheme for Real-Time Forecasts of Tropical Cyclones Using the WRF Model*
Authors: Cha Dong-Hyun , Wang Yuqing
Published: October 2012

To improve the initial conditions of tropical cyclone (TC) forecast models, a dynamical initialization (DI) scheme using cycle runs is developed and implemented into a real-time forecast system for northwest Pacific TCs based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. In this scheme, cycle runs with a 6-h window before the initial forecast time are repeatedly conducted to spin up the axisymmetric component of the TC vortex until the model TC intensity is comparable to the observed. This is followed by a 72-h forecast using the Global Forecast System (GFS) prediction as lateral boundary conditions. In the DI scheme, the spectral nudging technique is employed during each cycle run to reduce bias in the large-scale environmental field, and the relocation method is applied after the last cycle run to reduce the initial position error. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed DI scheme, 69 forecast experiments with and without the DI are conducted for 13 TCs over the northwest Pacific in 2010 and 2011. The DI shows positive effects on both track and intensity forecasts of TCs, although its overall skill depends strongly on the performance of the GFS forecasts. Compared to the forecasts without the DI, on average, forecasts with the DI reduce the position and intensity errors by 10% and 30%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the proposed DI scheme improves the initial TC vortex structure and intensity and provides warm physics spinup, producing initial states consistent with the forecast model, thus achieving improved track and intensity forecasts.
The rhetoric and reality: radicalization and political discourse
Authors: Githens-Mazer Jonathan
Published: October 2012

This article will illustrate how the term ‘radicalization’ has both contributed to and been the subject of the social construction of risk surrounding violence and radicalization. To this extent, contemporary discussions of radicalization are related to ideas of ‘vulnerability’ and susceptibility to ‘extremism’ – topics which facilitate problematic assertions of inherent relationships between challenging ideas and the propensity for violence. The article will close by providing some corrective suggestions to push forward less subjectively framed research, while still engaging in the complex examination of the relationships between identities, ideas, and violence.
Ethnofederalism, separatism, and conflict: what have we learned from the Soviet and Yugoslav experiences?
Authors: Grigoryan Arman
Published: October 2012

The breakups of Yugoslavia and the USSR, as well as the violent conflicts that took place on their ruins, spurred a large number of studies claiming that the ethnofederal designs of these states were at the root of these events. I argue that the ethnofederal designs of these states were themselves the consequences of prior nationalist mobilizations in the Russian empire and the Balkans. I also criticize this literature for using the wrong baseline of comparison for evaluating the performance of ethnofederal states, for selecting cases on the dependent variable, for ascribing to ethnofederalism what should be ascribed to other variables, and for relying on certain questionable assumptions about separatism.
Effect of the adjunct of carbon dioxide during cardiopulmonary bypass on cerebral oxygenation
Authors: Quarti A , Nardone S , Manfrini F , D’Orfeo F , Genova S , Silvano R , Pozzi M
Published: October 2012

Introduction:

Over the last few years, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been introduced to study cerebral haemodynamics and oxygenation. This paper points out how the use of an external source of CO2 effects on the absolute value of cerebral NIRS during cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass.

Patients and methods:

Between January 2010 and September 2011, 368 patients underwent congenital heart disease correction on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Nineteen patients, with a mean age of 26 days (range 6-120 days), required an external source of CO2 to correct hypocarbia during cardiopulmonary bypass. Different parameters were monitored: NIRS value, oxygen saturation, oxygen partial pressure, CO2 partial pressure, haematocrit, mean arterial pressure and pH. They were analyzed during different phases of the surgical procedure: before, during and after CO2 infusion.

Results:

There were no deaths during the hospital stay. The NIRS value increased significantly (p<0.05) after the addition of CO2, from a starting value of 52.9 to a final value of 63.4. PaCO2 was found to increase too: from 31.3 mmHg to 40.6 mmHg. On the other hand, both values decreased when the CO2 was removed, to respective final values of 55.8 and 34.4 mmHg. Mean arterial pressure, haematocrit and PaO2 didn’t modify significantly during this period.

Conclusions:

Nowadays, NIRS is usually used in cardiac surgery to reduce possible risks of neurological damage. The importance of the role of pCO2 in the cerebral vascular resistance and in cerebral blood flow has already been proven. This research demonstrates a relationship between pCO2 and the NIRS value. This paper could introduce an important correcting tool when an inadequate NIRS value occurs although the level of oxygenation, haematocrit and mean arterial pressure are acceptable and the arterial line is accurately positioned.
Differential effects of antipsychotic agents on obsessive–compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: a longitudinal study
Authors: Schirmbeck Frederike , Rausch Franziska , Englisch Susanne , Eifler Sarah , Esslinger Christine , Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas , Zink Mathias
Published: October 2012

Indirect evidence supports the assumption that antiserotonergic second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) induce and aggravate obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCS) in schizophrenia. However, multimodal studies assessing the long-term interaction of pharmacotherapy and psychopathology are missing. Over 12 months, we followed-up 75 schizophrenia patients who were classified into two groups according to antipsychotic treatment: clozapine or olanzapine (group I) versus aripiprazole or amisulpride (group II). We applied the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) and investigated between-group changes over time as the primary endpoint. Group I showed markedly higher YBOCS scores at both time points. Repeated measure analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed significant interaction effects of group and time (per protocol sample (PP): p=0.006). This was due to persistently high OCS severity within group I, and decreasing YBOCS scores within group II. OCS severity correlated significantly with the negative and general psychopathology subscales of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), as well as with depressive symptoms. The progressive differences in OCS severity between our groups support the assumption of differential pharmacodynamic effects on comorbid OCS in schizophrenia. Further studies should address the pathogenetic mechanism, define patients at risk and facilitate early detection as well as therapeutic interventions.
Evidence of Spillover of Illness among Household Members
Authors: Wittenberg Eve , Ritter Grant A. , Prosser Lisa A.
Published: October 2012

Background/Objectives: The effects of illness extend beyond the individual to caregivers and family members. This study identified evidence of spillover of illness onto household members’ health-related quality of life. Methods: Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (MEPS) data from 2000–2003 were analyzed using multivariable regression to identify spillover of household members’ chronic conditions onto individuals’ health-related quality of life as measured by the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) score (N = 24,188). Spillover was assessed by disease category, timing of occurrence (preexisting or new conditions), and age of the household member (adult or child). Results: Controlling for an individual’s own health conditions and other known predictors of EQ-5D scores, the authors found that the odds of an individual reporting full health (an EQ-5D score of 1.0, relative to <1.0) were lower with the presence of existing mental (odds ratio 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.64–0.79), respiratory (0.85; 0.75–0.97), and musculoskeletal (0.83; 0.75–0.93) conditions among adults and with mental (0.72; 0.62–0.82) and respiratory (0.80; 0.81–0.96) conditions among children in the household. The odds of an individual reporting full health were also lower for newly occurring chronic conditions in the household, including adults’ mental (0.79; 0.65–0.97), nervous/sensory system (0.76; 0.61–0.96), and musculoskeletal (0.78; 0.65–0.95) conditions and children’s mental conditions (0.64; 0.48–0.86). EQ-5D dimensions may be unsuited to fully capture spillover utility among household members, and MEPS lacks condition severity and caregiver status among household members. Conclusions: Evidence from a US sample suggests that individuals who live with chronically ill household members have lower EQ-5D scores than those who live either alone or with healthy household members. Averting spillover effects may confer substantial additional benefit at the population level for interventions that prevent or alleviate conditions that incur such effects.
Factors Associated With the Clinical Outcomes of the Osteochondral Autograft Transfer System in Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Kim Yong Sang , Park Eui Hyun , Kim Yong Chan , Koh Yong Gon , Lee Jin Woo
Published: October 2012

Background:

Identifying factors associated with the clinical outcomes of the osteochondral autograft transfer system would be helpful for treating patients with an osteochondral lesion of the talus.

Purpose:

To investigate the clinical and second-look arthroscopic results of the osteochondral autograft transfer system and to identify the prognostic factors associated with this procedure.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

The authors retrospectively evaluated 52 ankles that underwent osteochondral autograft transfer for a medial osteochondral lesion of the talus. Second-look arthroscopies were performed at a mean of 13.1 months postoperatively. Clinical outcomes were evaluated according to a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, and the Tegner activity scale. Statistical analyses were performed to identify various prognostic factors associated with the clinical outcomes.

Results:

The mean VAS, AOFAS, and Tegner activity scale scores were all significantly improved from 6.9 ± 0.9 to 3.3 ± 1.4 (VAS), from 67.4 ± 4.9 to 82.6 ± 7.8 (AOFAS), and from 3.0 ± 0.8 to 3.9 ± 0.9 (Tegner; P < .05). Regarding overall patient satisfaction with the operation, 49 (95%) patients reported good to excellent results. Prognostic factors including the patient’s age, sex, body mass index, duration of symptoms, defect size and depth, location of osteochondral lesion of the talus, and the existence of a subchondral cyst did not significantly influence clinical outcomes ( P > .05), except for body mass index on the Tegner activity scale score ( P = .021). Significant differences were observed among clinical outcomes for second-look arthroscopy according to the presence of soft tissue impingement and uncovered areas around the graft ( P < .05). The VAS and AOFAS score at the last follow-up were significantly worse when the articular surface of the tibial plafond at the malleolar osteotomy site was uneven ( P = .031 and .012, respectively).

Conclusion:

This study showed that the articular surface of the tibial plafond at the malleolar osteotomy site, soft tissue impingement, and uncovered areas around the graft were important factors affecting the clinical outcomes, as observed through second-look arthroscopy. Therefore, surgeons should restore the articular surface accurately after the osteotomy, and more caution should be taken to avoid soft tissue impingement and uncovered areas around the graft when performing osteochondral autograft transfer.
Microwave absorption properties of rare metal-doped multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyvinyl chloride composites
Authors: Hou Cuiling , Li Tiehu , Zhao Tingkai , Lv Jing , Zhang Wenjuan , Ma Yongshuai
Published: October 2012

Using rare metal nitrate-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes as the absorber and polyvinyl chloride as the matrix, the microwave electromagnetic and absorbing properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyvinyl chloride composites were studied. The complex permittivity of the composites doped with different rare metal nitrate decreased in the frequency region of 8.2–12.4 GHz. The minimum reflection loss of rare metal nitrate-doped multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyvinyl chloride composites decreased and shifted slightly to the higher frequency region, and the absorption bandwidth (<−10 dB or >90%) increased in the frequency range of 8–18 GHz compared to multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyvinyl chloride composites. The reflection loss (<−10 dB) of 0.2 wt% La(NO3)3-doped multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyvinyl chloride composites is the widest from the absorption bandwidth (maximum is 5.12 GHz).
A review of multiscale composite manufacturing and challenges
Authors: McCrary-Dennis Micah CL , Okoli Okenwa I
Published: October 2012

As the utilization of advanced composites in structural applications grows, the need for improving their through-thickness properties becomes imperative. Although the behavior of composite laminates under structural and thermal loads has received much attention with their growth in safety critical structures, more effort needs to go into selectively improving their electrical and thermal conductivities. Additionally, the ability to manufacture composite structures that can inherently monitor their own health will be exceedingly beneficial. This paper provides an overview of advances made towards multiscale composite manufacturing. Multiscale composites, especially with the use of carbon nanotubes, have been sought to provide enhanced structural (through-thickness) properties and increased electrical and thermal conductivities. This report will review the state of art in the manufacturing of multiscale composites, their scalability, and their inherent potential for multifunctionality. Current techniques mostly result in the application of carbon nanotubes throughout the entire laminates, rather than in selected areas. Subsequently, one of the main barriers, to the widespread use of carbon nanotube-applied composites, is an efficient mass-producible manufacturing process. This paper attempts to highlight the current knowledge gaps in this critical area of composites manufacturing.
Effect of potassium permanganate on mechanical, thermal and degradation characteristics of jute fabric-reinforced polypropylene composite
Authors: Khan Jahangir A , Khan Mubarak A , Islam Rabiul
Published: October 2012

Polypropylene composites reinforced with jute fabrics (Hessian cloth) were fabricated by heat-press molding technique. Mechanical properties of the composites such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, bending strength, bending modulus and impact strength were measured with reference to fiber loading in polypropylene matrix. Jute fabrics were treated with potassium permanganate in oxalic acid media in order to investigate the oxidizing effect on the properties of the composites. Solutions of oxalic acid were prepared in water as 1.0–10.0% w/v, where percentage of potassium permanganate was maintained at 0.01% w/v. Among the treatments, potassium permanganate in 5.0% oxalic acid treated jute composite showed better mechanical performance. Thermogravimetric data of polypropylene, jute fabrics and composites showed that thermal degradation temperatures of composites shifted to higher temperature regions compared to polypropylene or jute fabrics. Treatment of jute fabrics improved the thermal stability of the composite. Degradation characteristics of the composites were studied in soil, water and simulated weathering conditions. Water uptake of the composites was also studied. Treated jute composites were found less degradable as well as less water sensible compared to control composite.
A pilot study on flexural properties of epoxy nanoclay reinforced composites
Authors: Ku H , Fung SY , Islam M , Li X , Chong YP
Published: October 2012

Kinetix epoxy resin was filled with nanoclay to increase the tensile properties of the composite for civil and structural applications by the Centre of Excellence in Engineering Fibre Composites, University of Southern Queensland. This project manufactured samples with different percentages by weight of nanoclay in the composites in steps of 1 wt%, which were then post-cured in an oven. The samples were then subjected to flexural tests. The results showed that the composite with 3 wt% of nanoclay produces the maximum flexural strength, strain and modulus. It is hoped that the discussion and results in this study would not only contribute towards the development of nanoclay reinforced epoxy composites with better material properties, but also be useful for the investigations of fracture toughness, tensile properties and flexural properties in other composites.
Influence of fiber hybridization on the dynamic mechanical properties of glass/ramie fiber-reinforced polyester composites
Authors: Romanzini Daiane , Ornaghi Heitor L , Amico Sandro C , Zattera Ademir J
Published: October 2012

This study aims to evaluate the influence of fiber hybridization and frequency on the dynamic mechanical properties of ramie/glass hybrid fiber-reinforced polyester composites. The storage modulus ( E′), loss modulus ( E″) and damping behavior (tan δ) were evaluated as a function of different relative glass/ramie fiber volume ratios. For the storage modulus, the importance of the reinforcement effect above Tg was revealed. Also, the peak height, peak width at half-height and relaxation area were investigated for the loss modulus and tan δ curves, showing the influence of a shoulder below Tg for each case. Finally, the tan δ peak shifts to higher temperatures by increasing the frequency. Higher activation energy was observed for 75% glass fiber-containing composites.
Characterization of microstructures in sisal fiber composites by Voronoi diagram
Authors: Sun Zhanying , Zhao Xiongyan , Ma Jinsong
Published: October 2012

In this article, the microstructures of sisal fiber composites were analyzed. The porous structure of sisal fiber, crystalline morphology of matrix and fiber distribution in composites were characterized by Voronoi diagram. The tensile properties of composites were also measured. The results show that the maleated polypropylene compatibilizer can accelerate the formation of transcrystalline interface between fibers and matrix. Improvement of interface adhesion and reduction of fiber polarity can lead to better fiber distribution in the matrix. The tensile moduli of composites are related to the degree of fiber distribution.
Mechanical properties of pultruded glass fiber reinforced plastic after freeze–thaw cycling
Authors: Aniskevich K , Korkhov V , Faitelsone J , Jansons J
Published: October 2012

The use of pultruded fiber-reinforced plastics in civil infrastructure requires the long-term prediction of their mechanical properties, which should be based on understanding and estimating the processes in the structure under action of aggressive environmental factors: humidity and freeze–thaw cycles. This article reports on results of short-term exposure to severe freeze–thaw cycling in the temperature range from –30°C to 20°C of polyester-based glass fiber reinforced plastic both dry and wet. The effect of freeze–thaw cycling of flat specimens cut from I-beam pultruded profile was estimated by use of three-point-bending tests and dilatometric investigation in the temperature range from 20°C to 125°C. It was found that freeze–thaw cycling results in an increase of flexural modulus and decrease of ultimate strength, and strain. The effect is more pronounced for dry material than of moistened, but it is comparable with the data spread. Linear thermal expansion coefficients in three principal axes of the composite are different: the highest is in transverse to fiber axis out-of-layers plane. The linear thermal expansion coefficients of wet material are higher than of dry. Heating up to 125°C and subsequent cooling results in a residual (shrinking) volume strain. The changes of flexural characteristics, linear thermal expansion coefficients, and shrinking strain after heating–cooling after freeze–thaw cycling are mediated by the change of moisture content in the material specimens.
Prediction of thermal conductivity of SiC-filled emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber composites by finite element method
Authors: Li Zhiguo , Chen Hong , Cai Linfeng , Zhu Zhenhua , Wang Youshan , Zhang Yong
Published: October 2012

A finite element method was developed to predict the thermal conductivity of emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber composites filled with silicon carbide (SiC). Two-dimensional finite element method models, which involved the effects of aspect ratio, shape, particle size and mass ratio of silicon carbide, were used to simulate the microstructure of emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber composites. An increase in thermal conductivity of the composites with increasing aspect ratio values was predicted by the finite element method models. The shape and particle size of silicon carbide affected the thermal conductivity as predicted by the finite element method models. At silicon carbide loadings of 100 and 200 phr, the thermal conductivity of the composites filled with two kinds of silicon carbide at mass ratio of 1:1 exhibited the highest thermal conductivity as predicted by rectangular particle filler finite element method models. Rectangular particle filler finite element method models (aspect ratio of 4 for SiC 1# and aspect ratio of 5 for SiC 2#) are better than other finite element method models for accurately predicting the thermal conductivity of silicon carbide/emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber composites. The thermal conductivities predicted by the rectangular particle filler finite element method models were compared with the experimental results. The trend and particular values of thermal conductivity predicted by the rectangular particle filler finite element method models agreed with the experimental data considerably. Compared with the experimental data, the biggest difference of predicted values is not more than 5%. The proposed finite element method models would provide theoretical foundations and practical methods for tailoring emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber composites with specific thermal conductivity.
Rotary ultrasonic machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites: An experimental study on cutting temperature
Authors: Cong WL , Zou Xiaotian , Deines TW , Wu Nan , Wang Xingwei , Pei ZJ
Published: October 2012

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites are used in many applications due to their superior properties. Drilling is the most frequently used machining process due to the need for assembly of carbon fiber reinforced plastic parts in mechanical structures. Rotary ultrasonic machining has been successfully used in drilling carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites. Reported investigations on rotary ultrasonic machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastic cover several output variables (including cutting force, torque, surface roughness, material removal rate, fiber delamination, tool wear, and power consumption). However, there are no reported studies on cutting temperature in rotary ultrasonic machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastic. This paper presents an experimental study on cutting temperature in rotary ultrasonic machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastic using two measurement methods (thermocouple and fiber optic sensor). Comparisons between these two methods are made and relations between input variables (ultrasonic power, tool rotation speed, and feedrate) and cutting temperature are experimentally determined.
Tissue damage in kidney, adrenal glands and diaphragm following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Authors: Gecit İlhan , Kavak Servet , Oguz Elif Kaval , Pirincci Necip , Günes Mustafa , Kara Mikail , Ceylan Kadir , Kaba Mehmet , Tanık Serhat
Published: October 2012

This study was designed to investigate whether exposure to short-term extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) produces histologic changes or induces apoptosis in the kidney, adrenal glands or diaphragm muscle in rats. The effect of shock waves on the kidney of male Wistar rats ( n = 12) was investigated in an experimental setting using a special ESWL device. Animals were killed at 72 h after the last ESWL, and the tissues were stained with an in situ Cell Death Detection Kit, Fluorescein. Microscopic examination was performed by fluorescent microscopy. Apoptotic cell deaths in the renal tissue were not observed in the control group under fluorescent microscopy. In the ESWL group, local apoptotic changes were observed in the kidney in the area where the shock wave was focused. The apoptotic cell deaths observed in the adrenal gland of the control group were similar to those observed in the ESWL groups, and apoptosis was occasionally observed around the capsular structure. Apoptotic cell deaths in the diaphragm muscle were infrequently observed in the control group. Apoptosis in the ESWL group was limited to the mesothelial cells. This study demonstrated that serious kidney, adrenal gland and diaphragm muscles damage occurred following ESWL, which necessitated the removal of the organ in the rat model. It is recognized that the ESWL complications related to the kidney, adrenal gland and diaphragm muscles are rare and may be managed conservatively.
Nonlinear aircraft tracking filter utilizing a point mass flight dynamics model
Authors: Jeon Daekeun , Eun Yeonju , Bang Hyochoong , Yeom Chanhong
Published: October 2012

A nonlinear aircraft tracking filter using a point mass flight dynamics model with three degrees of freedom is presented. While the models used by conventional air traffic control tracking filters are based on simple kinematics, the model for the present filter is based not only on kinematic relations but also on three-dimensional aircraft translational force equations and control variables. This allows for practical and sophisticated implementation of the attitude effects on translational acceleration. The control variables, which consist of the angle of attack, roll angle, and thrust setting, are treated as states with random processes. Tracking with simulation data indicates that the present filter is superior to other single and multiple model-based filters in terms of position and course accuracy, and the model associated with it is insensitive to flight motion types and design parameters. The results of tracking with real flight data also correspond well with those found by tracking with the simulation data.
Negative symptoms: another differential
Authors: Pridmore Saxby
Published: October 2012

Objective:

The aim of this article is to describe a complex case of apparent flat affect in a particular workplace.

Conclusion:

Mafia operatives display apparent flat affect during working hours.
Adaptive control for a class of nonlinear systems and application to hard disk drives
Authors: Liu Lei , Li Dong-Juan , Liu Yan-Jun
Published: October 2012

In this paper, an adaptive controller is investigated for a class of uncertain single-input-single-output nonlinear systems preceded by an unknown backlash-type hysteresis nonlinearity, which is modeled by a differential equation. Backstepping design procedure is employed to construct the control input and adaptation laws. A new algorithm is designed to reduce the computational burden compared with previous work for unknown backlash-type hysteresis. Based on Lyapunov stability theory, all the signals in the closed-loop system are bounded, and the system output can track the reference signal to a bounded compact set. An example for hard disk drives with hysteresis friction nonlinearity is given to verify the feasibility of the proposed approach.
How Do Interactions Between Early Caregiving Environment and Genes Influence Health and Behavior?
Authors: Letourneau Nicole , Giesbrecht Gerald F. , Bernier Francois P. , Joschko Justin
Published: October 2012

To promote optimal health and behavioral outcomes in children, nurses have long supported parents in providing the best possible care and nurturance to their offspring. A growing body of neuroscience research argues convincingly for the combined influences of genes and early caregiving on producing an individual's unique health and behavioral phenotype. In this article, we systematically review studies that demonstrate the relationship between qualities of early caregiving and genetic propensity to health and behavioral outcomes. From an initial set of 255 articles, 24 articles met our inclusion criteria. The outcomes fall into four distinct groups: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response to stress, externalizing behavior, internalizing behavior, and disorganized attachment. In the articles, authors examined genes that code for the 5-hydroxy tryptamine (serotonin) transporter genes linked polymorphic region [5- HTTLPR] serotonin transporter promoter, D4 dopamine receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and monoamine oxidase A promoter. The reviewed studies suggest that the effect of the early rearing environment on gene expression relates mainly to HPA response to stress, whereas interactions between genes and caregiving mainly relate to behavior and attachment. Findings have implications for nurses focused on advocacy, prevention, and intervention to support the healthy development of children in families faced with adversity.
On the lubrication of mechanical seals with rough surfaces: A parametric study
Authors: Minet Christophe , Brunetière Noël , Tournerie Bernard
Published: October 2012

Mechanical seals must operate with a fluid film between their faces to avoid wear. This film must be thin enough to prevent excessive leakage. Consequently, mechanical seals work near the transition from mixed to hydrodynamic lubrication regimes where roughness is a key factor. When nominally flat parallel rough surfaces are considered, the usual stochastic approaches are not able to produce the hydrodynamic lift observed experimentally that leads to face separation. This article presents a numerical deterministic study of mechanical seals operating in mixed lubrication. The effect of surface roughness on surface separation, as well as on the friction coefficient, is analysed through a parametric study.
New minimum film thickness formula for EHL rolling/sliding line contacts considering shear thinning behavior
Authors: Anuradha Parinam , Kumar Punit
Published: October 2012

Full EHL line contact simulations have been carried out to obtain a new minimum film thickness formula pertaining to thin film EHL line contacts for Carreau-type shear-thinning lubricants. The present analysis uses Doolittle’s free volume based viscosity model with Tait’s equation to describe the density–pressure relationship. The load parameter ( W) used in the present simulations ranges from 2 × 10−5 to 5 × 10−4, while the piezo-viscous coefficient varies from 15 to 30 GPa −1 using different sets of Doolittle–Tait parameters. The curve-fitted values of minimum film thickness are found to conform well with the corresponding simulated values. Further, the present equation is shown to accurately capture the effect of increased scale and load sensitivities due to shear-thinning behavior.
Can the ABILHAND handle manual ability in MS?
Authors: Barrett LE , Cano SJ , Zajicek JP , Hobart JC
Published: October 2012

Background:

Hand dysfunction is common in multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent interest has focused on incorporating patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments into clinical trials. Nevertheless, examinations are rare in MS of existing manual ability measures.

Objectives:

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the 23-item ABILHAND, developed for use after stroke, in people with MS, comparing the findings from two psychometric approaches.

Methods:

We analysed ABILHAND data from 300 people with MS using: 1) traditional psychometric methods (data completeness, scaling assumptions, reliability, internal and external construct validity); and 2) Rasch measurement methods (including targeting, item response category ordering, data fit to the Rasch model, spread of item locations, item scoring bias, item stability, reliability, person response validity).

Results:

Traditional psychometric methods implied ABILHAND was reliable and valid in this sample. Rasch measurement methods supported this finding. The three-category scoring function worked as intended and item fit to Rasch model expectations was acceptable. The 23 items (location range −3.16 to +2.73 logits) mapped a continuum of manual ability. Reliability was high (Person Separation Index (PSI) = 0.95).

Conclusion:

Both psychometric evaluations supported ABILHAND as a robust manual ability PRO measure for MS. Rasch measurement methods were more informative and, consistent with its role of detecting anomalies, identified ways of advancing further ABILHAND’s measurement performance to reduce any potential for type II errors in clinical trials.
Charting the coevolution of cyberprotest and counteraction
Authors: Lysenko Volodymyr V , Desouza Kevin C
Published: October 2012

The authors systematically investigate the evolution of the modern information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the associated changes in protest – related tactics employed by two main stakeholders in the contemporary contentious political processes – dissenters and incumbent political authorities. Through in-depth investigation of the cyberprotest cases in the former Soviet states of Belarus, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine, which occurred during the last decade, a coherent outline is developed of the co-evolution of the ICT-enabled protest tactics of the main counterparts in the contemporary political struggle in these countries. Particularly, it was found that there were at least three highly distinguishable levels of development of modern ICTs and the associated types of protest-related tactics employed by the main stakeholders in these events. It was established that as soon as the authorities were able to effectively counteract the previous ICT-enabled tactics by the dissenters, new developments in modern ICTs always empowered the latter to devise new effective strategies to overcome previously successful counterrevolutionary measures of the political authorities.
Preferred solar access in high-density, sub-tropical housing
Authors: Lau KL , Ng E , He JZ
Published: October 2012

Appropriate solar access is considered to be important to residents’ health, comfort and daily living. In the past few decades, guidelines and standards have been formulated for the provision of sunlight in low-density housing. However, in sub-tropical, high-density housing like that found in Hong Kong, relevant guidelines and standards are generally lacking. At the same time, better provision of sunlight to such housing has become a matter of concern. Residents’ preference for solar access is very important to the formulation of standards for solar access and daylighting, as well as urban planning and building design. This paper presents the results of questionnaire surveys regarding residents’ preferences for solar access in terms of timing, duration and location. Computer simulation provides information on the actual sunlight environment of the visited households. Policy-makers, as well as planners and architects, should take the findings into account when establishing appropriate guidelines and standards for high-density tropical cities like Hong Kong.
The Generic Methodology for Verification and Validation to support acceptance of models, simulations and data
Authors: Roza Manfred , Voogd Jeroen , Sebalj Derek
Published: October 2012

The Generic Methodology for Verification and Validation (GM-VV) is a generic and comprehensive methodology for structuring, organizing and managing the verification and validation (V&V) of modelling and simulation (M&S) assets. The GM-VV is an emerging recommended practice within the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO). The GM-VV provides a technical framework to efficiently develop arguments to justify why M&S assets are acceptable or unacceptable for a specific intended use. This argumentation supports M&S stakeholders in their acceptance decision-making process regarding the development, application and reuse of such M&S assets. The GM-VV technical framework assures that during the execution of the V&V work the decisions, actions, information and evidence underlying such acceptance arguments will be traceable, reproducible, transparent and documented. Since the GM-VV is a generic (i.e. abstract) methodology it must be tailored to fit the specific V&V needs of a M&S organization, project or application domain. Therefore, V&V practitioners must incorporate specific V&V techniques within the generic architectural template offered by the GM-VV in order to properly assess the M&S assets under review. The first part of this paper provides an introductory overview of the GM-VV basic principles, concepts, methodology components and their interrelationships. The second part of the paper focuses on how the GM-VV may be tailored for a specific simulation application. This effort is illustrated with some results and lessons learned from several technology demonstration programs of the Dutch Ministry of Defence.
Latest evidence on gout management: what the clinician needs to know
Authors: Burns Christopher M. , Wortmann Robert L.
Published: October 2012

Until recently, the last drug approved for the treatment of gout by the United States Food and Drug Administration was allopurinol in 1966. Since 2008, two new drugs for the treatment of gout, febuxostat and pegloticase, have been approved in the US. Febuxostat has been approved in the EU and pegloticase approval is anticipated. A new single-ingredient colchicine preparation is available in the US, and the treatment recommendations for the use of colchicine in acute gout have evolved, now favoring a low-dose regimen. Several other exciting drugs are in development. Herein, we review some of basic principles in the diagnosis and staging of gout. We then examine current treatment principles, with particular attention to febuxostat and pegloticase, offering suggestions as to where they might fit into a modern therapeutic algorithm for gout treatment. We then present available data on several exciting new agents in development, including interleukin-1 inhibitors, and relate them to advances in our understanding of gout pathogenesis. We conclude with some important nonpharmacologic principles for optimal management of this ancient and eminently treatable disease. Dedicated gout research, going on quietly in the background of other breathtaking advances in rheumatology, is now paying off. This comes at a time when the number of patients affected by gout continues to rise, mainly due to an epidemic of obesity. An effort to improve lifestyle choices as a society and better management of the disease by clinicians should have a positive impact on gout incidence and outcome in our lifetimes.
Left Ventricular Aneurysm in a Four-Year-Old Child
Authors: Negus A. C. M. , Occleshaw C. , Gentles T. L. , Artrip J. H.
Published: October 2012

We describe spontaneous rupture of a congenital left ventricular (LV) aneurysm with subsequent tamponade and cardiac arrest in a 4-year-old male with staphylococcal septicemia. Emergency resuscitation, thoracotomy, and oversewing were successfully undertaken in the pediatric intensive care unit. There was complete cardiovascular recovery without adverse neurodevelopmental sequelae.  This article details the difficulties in determining the etiology of ventricular aneurysms but highlights the importance of attempting to do so, particularly in distinguishing between congenital and acquired forms. Congenital aneurysms are usually a stable pathology; mycotic aneurysms are not and should be managed emergently, as survival after rupture is rare.
Thromboelastography in the Assessment of Bleeding Following Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Niebler Robert A. , Gill Joan C. , Brabant Christopher P. , Mitchell Michael E. , Nugent Melodee , Simpson Pippa , Tweddell James S. , Ghanayem Nancy S.
Published: October 2012

Background: Perioperative bleeding is common in pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Traditional laboratory tests do not adequately characterize coagulation derangements in patients with bleeding. We sought to establish preoperative thromboelastography parameters in children prior to cardiopulmonary bypass, to compare thromboelastography assessment with standard coagulation parameters postoperatively, and to assess thromboelastography in children with significant hemorrhage. Methods: Sixty patients requiring cardiopulmonary bypass were enrolled in a prospective observational study of perioperative thromboelastography. Thromboelastography measures were obtained preoperatively, intraoperatively after protamine administration, upon admit to the intensive care unit, and when patients were treated for bleeding. Thromboelastography measures were not used for clinical care. Postoperative thromboelastography measurements were compared with the standard coagulation parameters. Intraoperative thromboelastography, postoperative thromboelastography, and clinical outcomes were compared among patients who did and did not have significant postoperative bleeding. Results: Preoperative thromboelastography parameters were similar to other published normal values for pediatric patients. Transfusion recommendations based on thromboelastography measurements were significantly different from those based on the standard coagulation testing. Thromboelastography measures after initial protamine administration were significantly different in patients with postoperative bleeding. This difference was not present upon arrival to the intensive care unit. Patients with significant bleeding tended to cease bleeding when clinical interventions were in agreement with recommendations based on thromboelastography. Conclusions: Pediatric patients with significant postoperative bleeding after surgery are more likely to have abnormal thromboelastography early after cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass. Thromboelastography illustrates derangements in the coagulation system and may aid in the treatment of postoperative bleeding.
The Role of Tricuspid Valve Surgery in the Late Management of Tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Cheng Julie W. , Russell Hyde , Stewart Robert D. , Thomas Jamie , Backer Carl L. , Mavroudis Constantine
Published: October 2012

While surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is generally associated with good early outcomes, late complications affect long-term survival and may require reoperation. Pulmonary regurgitation (PR) and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) may increase the risk of arrhythmias, reduced cardiac function, and sudden death. Tricuspid valve function can be compromised secondarily in the setting of PR or directly as a result of injury or alteration of the valve related to the original TOF repair. This article reviews the etiologic mechanisms, pathophysiological implications, and surgical interventions for TR. Effective management following TOF repair requires consideration of TR to optimize late outcomes.
A Case of Complete Repair of Type-B Atrioventricular Canal Defect and Cor Triatriatum
Authors: Karimi Mohsen , Hulsebus Elise , Wiles Henry
Published: October 2012

The association of atrioventricular canal defect and cor triatriatum sinister is very rare and only a few anecdotal reports of successful surgical repair and outcome have been reported. We report a case of Rastelli type-B atrioventricular canal defect with cor triatriatum which was successfully repaired.
Prevention of Sternal Wound Infection in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Woodward Cathy S. , Son Minnette , Taylor Richard , Husain S. Adil
Published: October 2012

Background: Sternal wound infections (SWIs) are a costly complication for children after cardiac surgery, increasing morbidity, mortality, and financial cost. There are no pediatric guidelines to reduce the incidence of SWI in this vulnerable population. Methods: A quality improvement, multidisciplinary team was formed, and a protocol to prevent SWI was developed. A prospective review of patients who underwent pediatric cardiac surgery was conducted over a two-year period to follow adherence to the protocol and incidence of SWI. The Centers for Disease Control definitions for surgical site infections were used to determine the depth and presence of infection. Results: Three hundred and eight children <18 years of age had sternotomies during the study period. There was a reduction in all SWI between the first and second years of the study (odds ratio [OR] = 0.35; confidence interval [CI] 95% 0.12-1.01; P = .059). Delayed sternal closure (DSC) was associated with increased risk of SWI (OR = 5.4; CI 95% 2.13-14.9; P ≤ .001). Institution of a protocol in patients with DSC was associated with decreased infections during the second year (first year: n = 7 (14%), second year: n = 2 (4%), P = .14). Conclusions: Institution of a protocol was associated with a decreased number of infections in children. A multicenter study of a bundled protocol approach to SWI prevention is needed. Children with DSC had a significantly higher risk of developing a wound infection. Initiating strategies to reduce SWI with a focus on children with DSC may result in improved overall infection rates.
Normal Drainage, Abnormal Connection
Authors: Shariat Masoud , Grosse-Wortmann Lars , Yoo Shi-Joon , Seed Mike , Honjo Osami
Published: October 2012

A seven-month-old girl with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection and atrial septal defect underwent cardiac magnetic resonance for further evaluation. Anatomical images and flow quantification confirmed the diagnosis and demonstrated a commitment of the superior vena cava to the left atrium, resulting in a right-to-left shunt and pulmonary/systemic blood flow ratio of 0.85. The findings were confirmed during surgery.