bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of oily core polyamide microcapsules via interfacial polycondensation
Authors: Soto‐Portas M L , Argillier J F , Méchin F , Zydowicz N
Published: March 2003

Microcapsules obtained by interfacial polycondensation from an original system based on the polyaddition of specific di‐ or polyamines and more classical acyl chloride molecules were studied. The originality of the system lies in the fact that the encapsulated agent is the internal phase allowing its incorporation without an organic solvent, which is an advantage from the point of view of environmental protection. Once the optimal parameters of the emulsion were determined, the membrane formation was studied by optimizing the emulsification and reaction times in relation to simultaneous acyl chloride hydrolysis. The microcapsules were obtained by interfacial polycondensation between an excess of amine functions (diamine and diethylenetriamine) and acyl chloride (sebacoyl chloride and 1,3,5‐benzene tricarbonyl trichloride) from an oil‐in‐water emulsion in the presence of 88% hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) as a surfactant. Various formulations in terms of COCl concentration, crosslinking agent concentration, excess of amine functions, emulsification and reaction times were prepared. The hydrolysis of acyl halide functions is the main parameter which influences the growth of the membrane. The increase in acyl chloride function concentration allows compensation for that lost by hydrolysis, and increases the encapsulation yield to about 90%. The degree of crosslinking of the membrane was controlled in order to minimize the subsequent release of oil by the addition of trifunctional monomers. An optimal formulation was developed offering high encapsulation yield and optimal elastic behaviour. Almost spherical capsules, with a membrane thickness of approximately 500 nm, relatively smooth internal walls and crumpled external walls, were observed by scanning electron microscopy.

© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Stimuli‐responsive emulsions stabilized by polymeric surfactants
Authors: Perrin Patrick , Porcar Iolanda , Tribet Christophe
Published: March 2003

We present physicochemical routes to the development of soap‐free simple emulsions (n‐dodecane–water) stabilized by ion‐containing polymers as primary emulsifiers. First, we show how to control the type of emulsion (oil‐in‐water or water‐in‐oil) using a series of hydrophobically modified poly(sodium acrylate)‐based polymers with a broad range of hydrophilic–lipophilic (HL) properties. The relevant parameters used to monitor the emulsion type are the degree of hydrophobic modification of the emulsifier, the type of the hydrophobic moiety, the ionic strength and pH of the system. We also present original results demonstrating how light can be used as a new trigger to set the emulsion type. Light‐induced control is obtained using an appropriate combination of a photo‐responsive (PR) polymer and an amphiphilic polyelectrolyte possessing well‐balanced HL properties. The chromophore groups along the PR polymer allow the adjustment of its hydrophobicity upon irradiation and, hence, the overall hydrophobicity of the system. In turn, the macroscopic consequence of the effect of irradiation results in the control of the emulsion type.

© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation formulation concept to microemulsions containing pine oil and nonionic surfactant
Authors: Poprawski Jérôme , Catté Marianne , Marquez Laura , Marti Marie‐José , Salager Jean‐Louis , Aubry Jean‐Marie
Published: March 2003

The phase behaviour at 25 °C of surfactant‐oil‐water systems containing pine oil and commercial ethoxylated isotridecanols (nonionic surfactants) is reported. All Winsor phase behaviour types were observed, depending on the surfactant average Ethylene Oxide Number and concentration. The technique used was based on the occurrence of the so‐called optimum formulation at which a bicontinuous microemulsion phase is in equilibrium with excess water and oil, with an associated minimum in interfacial tension. Optimum formulation was found at a zero value of the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD), a numerical expression which takes all formulation variables into account. This HLD relationship was used to determine the Equivalent Alkane Carbon Number (EACN) of pine oil and its major components.

© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Dynamic mechanical properties of polystyrene‐based block copolymers blended with poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)
Authors: Mazard Cécile , Benyahia Lazhar , Tassin Jean‐François
Published: March 2003

The dynamic mechanical properties of a model system consisting of a styrene–butadiene (SB) symmetric block copolymer blended with poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO) have been studied. It is shown that PPO is effectively incorporated in the rigid domains of the material but that the distribution of the homopolymer is not strictly uniform inside the polystyrene lamellae. The time–temperature superposition in these blends is discussed. Similar experiments were carried out on industrial compounds based on a polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene–butylene)‐block‐polystyrene thermoplastic elastomer and prepared in a twin screw extruder. Mechanical measurements indicate incorporation of PPO in the polystyrene phase but also a relaxation of the modulus at temperatures below the glass transition of the rigid phase. This is interpreted in terms of broad interfaces in which hard and soft segments of the polymer chains are mixed.

© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Structure–property relationships as a tool for the formulation of high‐performance epoxy‐amine networks
Authors: Chateauminois Antoine , Sauvant Valérie , Halary Jean Louis
Published: March 2003

Inspection of the structure–property relationships already established for epoxy‐amine networks allows the design of some novel formulations leading to high‐performance materials. This was achieved by choosing an additive, miscible in the mixture of monomers, but which gives rise to phase nanoseparation along the network construction. As a result, small domains, consisting of additive molecules trapping some network chains, are dispersed in the polymer matrix which also contains residual additive molecules. The main effects of this special morphology on the properties of the networks are the depression of the main relaxation temperature, Tα, of the matrix and the appearance of some damping (so‐called µ relaxation) in the temperature range intermediate between the secondary relaxation and Tα. The networks prepared in this way exhibit a lower water uptake at equilibrium, and present higher modulus and higher toughness around room temperature than conventional systems without additive. Friction experiments showed that the increase in toughness drastically delays crack propagation within the contact and, in turn, can improve the wear resistance of the material.

© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Experimental design for the determination of the physicochemical parameters of optimum water–oil–surfactant systems
Authors: Pierlot Christel , Poprawski Jérôme , Catté Marianne , Salager Jean‐Louis , Aubry Jean‐Marie
Published: March 2003

An experimental design on a Starks' matrix (seven factors, at three levels) has been carried out to confirm the correlation expression for optimum formulation of non‐ionic surfactant–oil–water systems. The linear variation of the average number of ethylene oxide groups per surfactant molecule at optimum formulation versus alkyl chain number, temperature, salt and alcohol concentration validates the postulated first order model. Moreover, the proposed method for the determination of the eight coefficients of the model only requires 16 experiments and is an alternative to the classical two‐dimensional scan strategy.

© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Scalp hair: a model for the evaluation of cosmetic formulations intended for depilation
Authors: Khenniche Samira , Bouali Bachir , Lanteri Pierre
Published: March 2003

One of the most expensive stages in cosmetic product formulation is in vivo efficiency evaluation. In the depilation field, work of adhesion (Wa) estimation using wettability measurements for depilatory wax and leg hair, an in vitro method, has allowed a first formulated product screening, and then the selected formulation showing the best Wa has been tested in vivo. Leg hair constitutes a difficult support to study because of its short length and difficulty in selecting samples. The aim and the originality of the work described in this paper is to show, from a morphological and a physicochemical study, that scalp hair roots can be used as a global leg hair model for the estimation of the formulated depilatory wax adhesion. Formulated depilatory wax comparison from Wa measurements using scalp hair roots and in vivo tests are correlated, thus validating our global leg hair model.

© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Formulation of oil‐in‐water submicron emulsions in the dermatological field using experimental design
Authors: Nielloud F , Mestres J P , Fortuné R , Draussin S , Marti‐Mestres G
Published: March 2003

The formation of oil‐in‐water submicron emulsions stabilized by non‐ionic surfactants and containing a variety of dermatologically acceptable oils, has been studied with the help of suitable experimental design. ‘Rechtschaffner experimental design’ was used to evaluate the joint influence of several formulation variables. This approach consists in reducing the number of experiments necessary and in using the most informative formulations. With this end in view only 16 experiments are necessary to obtain an estimation of the main effects of five factors and their first‐order interaction effects. Consequently, the strategy used in this study allowed us to determine the influence of several factors with a minimum of experiments and this design is extremely useful in preliminary studies where the aim is to identify variables that can be fixed or eliminated in further investigation.

© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
A new ESR study of hindered amine stabilisers (HAS) and their oxidation products
Authors: Commereuc S , Lajoie P , Verney V , Lacoste J
Published: March 2003

An analytical technique based on electron spin resonance (ESR) has been developed to estimate the concentration of hindered amine stabiliser additives (HAS) in a polymeric formulation. Our method involves the conversion of the overall HAS derivatives into nitroxyl‐free radicals by exposure of the stabilised polymer to peracetic acid vapour at room temperature. The possibilities of using ESR analysis were explored and we assume that our new ESR method is an easy, accurate and very sensitive method to identify and quantify HAS concentration and to monitor the time course of HAS content in a polymeric formulation.

© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Evidence of shear‐induced polymer release from a swollen gel particle
Authors: Vervoort Sylvie , Budtova Tatiana
Published: March 2003

The influence of simple shear flow on the behaviour of an isolated polyelectrolyte hydrogel particle swollen in an aqueous hydroxypropylcellulose solution was studied by rheo‐optics. When submitted to a constant shear stress, an initially spherical particle deforms quickly to adopt a stable ellipsoidal form. Upon reaching a first stress threshold, some liquid is released from the particle. This liquid release is determined by a critical deformation value above which the gel cannot retain all of its solvent. At stresses above a second threshold value, small droplets of liquid are secreted from the particle and move away in the flow direction.

© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Defoamers: linking fundamentals to formulations
Authors: Pelton Robert , Flaherty Ted
Published: March 2003

Antifoam (defoamer) chemicals are a crucial part of many industrial processes. Reviewed are the types of defoamers and their mode of operation. Emphasized are the properties and location of the hydrophobic particles which are the active foam breaking agents. The roles of surfactants in spreading, defoamer emulsification and hydrophobic particle orientation are also discussed. Finally, a simple model is described which simulates foam growth as functions of defoamer concentration, air hold‐up, reactor volume and air flow rate. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Rheo‐reactor for studying the processing and formulation effects on structural and rheological properties of ice cream mix, aerated mix and ice cream
Authors: Chavez‐Montes B Edgar , Choplin Lionel , Schaer Eric
Published: March 2003

In a rheo‐reactor which allowed in situ follow‐up of the evolving rheological properties of complex systems, we studied the foaming and freezing steps of the ice cream fabrication process separately. The effect of the mix formulation, together with the nature and concentration of stabilizers and emulsifiers, on the rheological and structural properties of the mix, the aerated mix and the ice cream were evaluated. The rotational speed during foaming influences the structure and the rheology of the foamed mix. Xanthan gum (at a concentration of 0.15% w/w) significantly alters the rheological properties of the mix and the aerated mix. Different combinations of stabilizers and emulsifiers, namely Tween 80 and/or a blend of mono‐ and diglycerides at 0.1 or 0.2% w/w, lead to different foaming behaviours. Emulsifiers alter more particularly the extent of partial coalescence of milk‐fat globules, clearly related to the melting resistance of ice cream. The use of both emulsifiers at a concentration of 0.1% w/w is recommended to obtain a ‘good quality’ product.

© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of parylene‐N and parylene‐C photooxidation
Authors: Pruden K. G. , Sinclair K. , Beaudoin S.
Published: March 2003

Parylene‐N and parylene‐C are polymers of interest for microelectronic and medical coating applications. Modifications for improved surface properties could make them even more useful in such applications. Parylene‐N and parylene‐C films were exposed to ultraviolet light in the presence of oxygen and analyzed with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, secondary‐ion mass spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. This study shows that such exposure results in the formation of aldehyde and carboxylic acid groups near the surface of the films. At the maximum exposure dose, the concentration of oxygen in both parylene‐N and parylene‐C is about 13% at the film surface, and it decreases exponentially with increasing depth. Further modeling and optimization of this process would allow it to be used to tailor the surface concentration of oxygenated species in parylene for the optimization of adhesion and wettability or for the chemical binding of other moieties. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1486–1496, 2003
Playing LEGO with macromolecules: Design, synthesis, and self‐organization with metal complexes
Authors: Lohmeijer Bas G. G. , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: March 2003

Several synthetic strategies for the incorporation of supramolecular binding units into polymers are described. Specifically, terpyridine ligands have been introduced into polymers in such a way that they are distributed either randomly throughout the polymer backbone or at the chain end(s). Two terpyridine ligands form octahedral complexes with a variety of transition‐metal ions, each having different properties. Some general statements regarding metal complex stability are presented as well as a special case representing the selective construction of heteroleptic terpyridine complexes. This leads to a kind of LEGO system for connecting and disconnecting the polymer blocks via metal complexes. Metallo‐supramolecular block copolymers, graft copolymers, and chain‐extended polymers can be designed and prepared with the principles described. Once the design parameters have been derived, thorough control over the final material and its properties can be gained. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1413–1427, 2003
Synthesis of novel π‐conjugating polymers based on dibenzothiophene
Authors: Nemoto Nobukatsu , Kameshima Hisamitsu , Okano Yuta , Endo Takeshi
Published: March 2003

Novel π‐conjugating polymers based on dibenzothiophene were synthesized with a novel dibenzothiophene derivative, 2,8‐bis(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)dibenzothiophene (1), prepared from dibenzothiophene. The Suzuki coupling polycondensation of 1 with 2,7‐dibromo‐9,9‐dioctylfluorene, 3,6‐dibromo‐9‐octylcarbazole, or 1,4‐dibromo‐2,5‐dioctyloxybenzene afforded the corresponding dibenzothiophene‐based polymers. The measurements of photoluminescence indicated that all these polymers exhibited blue emission in solution. The copolymer containing dibenzothiophene and 9,9‐dioctylfluorene units exhibited higher thermal stability than poly[(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl)], although the quantum yield of copolymer was lower than that of poly[(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl)]. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1521–1526, 2003
Synthesis and optical properties of fluorinated poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide)s
Authors: Kim Jae‐Pil , Kang Jae‐Wook , Kim Jang‐Joo , Lee Jae‐Suk
Published: March 2003

Fluorinated dihydroxy phosphine oxide monomers were synthesized via chlorination, Grignard, and demethylation techniques. The prepared monomer was successfully polymerized with each of the three perfluorinated monomers (decafluorobiphenyl, decafluorobenzophenone, and pentafluorophenylsulfide) by nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The average molecular weight ranged between 7800 and 14,900 g/mol. The glass‐transition temperatures of the polymers were registered in the range of 185–235 °C, and all the polymers exhibited high thermal stability up to 326–408 °C. The results of the refractive‐index measurements indicated control of the refractive index between 1.5181 and 1.5536 and an optical loss of 0.53 dB/cm at 1550 nm. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1497–1503, 2003
Controlled polymerization of activated glycine esters by copper(II) chelate
Authors: Naka Kensuke , Nemoto Tadamasa , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: March 2003

We describe a novel method of polymerization, via the insertion of activated glycine esters into N‐salicylideneglycinato‐aquo‐copper(II) chelate (1), that uses the reactivity of the metal chelate. In the absence of 1, a high molecular weight polyglycine was formed as a white precipitate after triethylamine was added to an N,N‐dimethylformamide solution of 4‐nitrophenyl glycinate (3a). In the presence of 5 mol % 1, however, the polymerization proceeded homogeneously. After the reaction mixture was poured into tetrahydrofuran, a condensation product of glycine was obtained. According to gel permeation chromatography analysis, the product consisted of high and low molecular weight fractions. The former and latter were obtained by self‐polycondensation and polycondensation via the insertion of 3a into 1, respectively. So that the self‐polycondensation of activated glycinates would be depressed, 2‐chlorophenyl (3b), 3‐chlorophenyl (3c), 4‐chlorophenyl, and phenyl glycinates were used as less activated glycine esters. For the polymerization of 3b and 3c, the polymerization via the insertion of activated glycinates into 1 was promoted. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1504–1510, 2003
Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable poly(ester anhydride) based on ε‐caprolactone and adipic anhydride initiated by potassium poly(ethylene glycol)ate
Authors: Li Zhen , Gao Mingyuan , Yuan Minglong , Hao Jianyuan , Deng Xianmo
Published: March 2003

Novel biodegradable poly(ester anhydride) block copolymers based on ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) and adipic anhydride (AA) were prepared by sequential polymerization. ε‐CL was first initiated by potassium poly(ethylene glycol)ate and polymerized into active chains (PCL‐O−K+), which were then used to initiate the ring‐opening polymerization of AA. The effects of the AA feed ratio, solvent polarity, monomer concentration, and temperature on sequential polymerization were investigated. The copolymers, obtained under different conditions, were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The GPC results showed that the weight‐average molecular weights of the block copolymers were approximately 6.0 × 104. The DSC results indicated the immiscibility of the two components. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1511–1520, 2003
Appraisal of the cancer experience by older long‐term survivors
Authors: Bowman Karen F. , Deimling Gary T. , Smerglia Virginia , Sage Paulette , Kahana Boaz
Published: March 2003

Cancer survivorship is best viewed as a process that continues across the life span. Appraisals of cancer change over time and may not be explicit until long after treatment completion. The current study, using the Lazarus and Folkman (1984) stress‐appraisal‐coping framework, explored factors related to both a stressful and an irrelevant appraisal of the cancer experience by older long‐term survivors. Hierarchical regression analysis investigated the individual and cumulative effects of person factors (survivors' demographic characteristics, beliefs about the effect of cancer on family members) and situation factors (characteristics of cancer) on survivors' appraisals that cancer was a stressful life event. The strongest correlates of the stress appraisal were person factors. A more stressful appraisal was associated with: (1) the belief that diagnosis/treatment caused greater family distress, (2) being younger, and (3) being White. The irrelevant appraisal had a marginally significant correlate in bivariate analysis and was not included in regression analysis. Implications for health‐care professionals and patient/family interventions are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of progressive muscle relaxation training on anxiety and quality of life after stoma surgery in colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Cheung Yuk Lung , Molassiotis Alexander , Chang Anne M.
Published: March 2003

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the use of progressive muscle relaxation training (PMRT) on anxiety and quality of life in colorectal cancer patients after stoma surgery. A randomised controlled trial was used with repeated measures assessment over 10 weeks post‐stoma surgery. Fifty‐nine patients participated in the study and were randomised to a control group receiving routine care (n=30) and an experimental group receiving routine care and PMRT through two teaching sessions and practice at home for the first 10 weeks. The State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory and two Quality of Life Scales were used to collect the data of interest in three occasions, namely during hospitalisation, at week 5 and at week 10 post‐surgery. The use of PMRT significantly decreased state anxiety and improved generic quality of life in the experimental group (P<0.05), especially in the domains of physical health, psychological health, social concerns and environment. Social relationships decreased in both groups. In relation to the disease‐specific quality of life measure, differences were observed only in the 10‐week assessment, with the experimental group reporting better quality of life at 10 weeks, but not over time as compared to the control group. The use of PMRT should be incorporated in the long‐term care of colorectal cancer patients, as it can improve their psychological health and quality of life. This may be a cost‐effective intervention that needs minimal training and could easily be offered to those patients that they would like to use it as part of the specialist care provided to stoma patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐treatment sexual adjustment following cervical and endometrial cancer: a qualitative insight
Authors: Juraskova I. , Butow P. , Robertson R. , Sharpe L. , McLeod C. , Hacker N.
Published: March 2003

There is an increasing number of long‐term survivors of cervical and endometrial cancer for whom quality of life is of major importance. We interviewed 20 women (aged 19–64) to explore the dynamics and components of post‐treatment sexual adjustment and its impact on quality of life. Stratification by treatment received (surgery alone, surgery plus external‐beam radiation, surgery plus brachytherapy, and surgery plus external‐beam radiation and brachytherapy) and time since treatment (immediately post treatment, during the next 2 years and thereafter) was undertaken, to ensure representation of all relevant experiences and views, and to allow time for any long‐term side effects to appear. The NUD*IST software (Non‐numerical Unstructured Data by Indexing, Searching and Theorising) was used to assist with the coding of audio‐taped, transcribed interviews and to search for themes and segments. While the data supported findings reported in the literature, important new themes emerged in the course of the qualitative analysis. These included: (a) issues related to being ‘feminine’, (b) the role of intimacy in post‐treatment adjustment and (c) the importance of communication between health professionals, patients and partners. A model is presented that integrates these issues and highlights the need for effective interventions to improve post‐treatment outcomes. The provision of information, support and modification of rehabilitation devices is suggested. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical judgement and information seeking by nurses and physicians working with cancer patients
Authors: Salanterä S. , Eriksson E. , Junnola T. , Salminen E.K. , Lauri S.
Published: March 2003

This study examined and compared the processes of information collection and clinical judgement by nurses (n=107) and physicians (n=27) working with cancer patients. The data was collected in two university hospitals by means of a computer‐simulated case description and the thinking‐aloud method. Data interpretation was based on SPSS statistical software and the method of content analysis. Statistical differences between the two groups were tested with non‐parametric Kruskal–Wallis Anova or the Mann–Whitney U‐test. The Wilcoxon test was applied in pairwise comparisons. Independent questions were analysed by cross‐tabulation and Pearson's χ2.

According to the results nurses and physicians apply different approaches to clinical judgement and problem‐solving. On the basis of the status statement they received in the program both groups pointed to similar problems and sought a great deal of additional information. However the type of information required was different in the two groups. There were also significant differences in the knowledge base applied for purposes of clinical judgement: nurses tended to rely on personal knowledge, physicians on theory. Physicians were able to identify their patient's major clinical problems, but nurses had more difficulty doing this. On the other hand, nurses took a broader view on the general well‐being of patients than physicians did. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient care in multidisciplinary cancer clinics: Does attention to psychosocial needs predict patient satisfaction?
Authors: Walker Mark S. , Ristvedt Stephen L. , Haughey Bruce H.
Published: March 2003

Satisfaction with treatment is an important early indicator of medical outcome for cancer patients. This study examined patient satisfaction with treatment‐planning and follow‐up appointments among 58 recently diagnosed ENT and GI cancer patients seen at a multidisciplinary cancer clinic. Patients reported which medical specialties they saw, whether adjuvant treatment was planned, and whether they had a chance to discuss their feelings about the diagnosis. Patients also rated the attention paid by staff to several psychosocial issues considered relevant to cancer. These included how the patient was coping, support services available, and the issue of common emotional reactions to cancer. Patients then rated their overall satisfaction with their clinic visits. Overall satisfaction was predicted by younger age, female gender, and greater attention to how patients were coping with their illness. Having a chance to discuss one's feelings about the diagnosis, and staff attention to other psychosocial issues, also predicted patient satisfaction. The relationship of these psychosocial issues to patient satisfaction did not vary by gender. Results suggest that patient satisfaction may be enhanced when hospital staff attend to and provide for the psychosocial needs engendered by a diagnosis of cancer. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deliberate choices of restrictions in complete randomization
Authors: Arvidsson M. , Gremyr I.
Published: March 2003

Complete randomization is often emphasized in literature as an important feature in the planning phase of experimental design. However, complete randomization is seldom strictly applied in industrial experimentation, as it often demands resources not available to the experimenter. In this paper, consequences of incomplete randomization are discussed. To illustrate, an experiment conducted on an injection‐moulding process is used. The objective of this paper is to develop a pragmatic and user‐friendly decision tree which supports the experimenter in choosing about restrictions in complete randomization. Furthermore, the decision tree emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between randomization and resetting; increasing the awareness of their different consequences for the experimental result. In summary, the decision tree presented here should be useful in the planning phase of experiments. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capability measures for processes with multiple characteristics
Authors: Chen K. S. , Pearn W. L. , Lin P. C.
Published: March 2003

Process capability indices, such as $C_p$, $C_a$, and $C_{pk}$, have been widely used in the manufacturing industry providing numerical measures on process precision, process accuracy, and process performance. Capability measures for processes with a single characteristic have been investigated extensively. However, capability measures for processes with multiple characteristics are comparatively neglected. In this paper, we consider a generalization of the yield index $S_{pk}$ proposed by Boyles, for processes with multiple characteristics. We establish a relationship between the generalization and the process yield. We also develop a control chart based on the proposed generalization, which displays all the characteristic measures in one single chart. Using the chart, the engineers can effectively monitor and control the performance of all process characteristics simultaneously. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributional properties of estimated capability indices based on subsamples
Authors: Vännman Kerstin , Hubele Norma Faris
Published: March 2003

Under the assumption of normality, the distribution of estimators of a class of capability indices, containing the indices $C_p$, $C_{pk}$, $C_{pm}$ and $C_{pmk}$, is derived when the process parameters are estimated from subsamples. The process mean is estimated using the grand average and the process variance is estimated using the pooled variance from subsamples collected over time for an in‐control process. The derived theory is then applied to study the use of hypothesis testing to assess process capability. Numerical investigations are made to explore the effect of the size and number of subsamples on the efficiency of the hypothesis test for some indices in the studied class. The results for $C_{pm}$ and $C_{pk}$ indicate that, even when the total number of sampled observations remains constant, the power of the test decreases as the subsample size decreases. It is shown how the power of the test is dependent not only on the subsample size and the number of subsamples, but also on the relative location of the process mean from the target value. As part of this investigation, a simple form of the cumulative distribution function for the non‐central $\chi^2$‐distribution is also provided. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a maintenance strategy by the analysis of the rate of repair
Authors: Pérès François , Noyes Daniel
Published: March 2003

The evaluation of maintenance strategies is a problem which has been widely tackled. However, it remains a topic worthy of consideration since the economic stakes peculiar to this activity are huge. The work presented in this paper deals with this problem under the point of view of data feedback. A statistical analysis is made from the examination of the forms of the failure rate distribution. The laws resulting from the implementation of a given maintenance strategy inform us about the relevance of the choices representative of this strategy. The construction of these laws from a raw time of repair is a global approach which tends to hide the induced phenomenon. A decomposition of the repair process into phases allows us to better identify the influence of the strategy parameters. The analysis of each elementary phase distribution is interesting since it givesinformation about the performance of the implemented maintenance strategy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal control limits for CCC charts in the presence of inspection errors
Authors: Ranjan P. , Xie M. , Goh T. N.
Published: March 2003

The control chart based on cumulative count of conforming (CCC) items between the occurrence of two non‐conforming ones, or the CCC chart, has been shown to be very useful for monitoring high‐quality processes. However, as in the implementation of other Shewhart‐type control charts, it is usually assumed that the inspection is free of error. This assumption may not be valid and this may have a significant impact on the interpretation of the control chart and the setting of control limits. This paper first investigates the effect of inspection errors and discusses the setting of control limits in such cases. Even if inspection errors are considered, the average time to alarm increases in the beginning when the process deteriorates. Since this is undesirable, the control limits in the presence of inspection errors should be set so as to maximize the average run length when the process is at the normal level. A procedure is presented for solving this problem. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of standard and individual limits Phase I Shewhart $\overline{X}$, $R$, and $S$ charts
Authors: Champ Charles W. , Chou Shou‐Peng
Published: March 2003

Phase I control charts are used as aids in bringing a process into and defining the meaning of a process being in a state of statistical in‐control. This is done by looking at the data in retrospect to answer the question ‘were these data taken from an in‐control process?’ Typically the data is collected as independent random samples taken periodically from the output of the process. Commonly it is recommended that each sample be compared via a statistic(s) to a control limit(s) that is (are) function(s) of all the data. We refer to these charts as ‘standard limits’ charts. An alternative method is to compare each sample with all or some subcollection of the remaining samples. These charts are referred to as ‘individual’ limits charts. The individual limits charts appear to be attractive in detecting a sample from an out‐of‐control process when the other samples were taken when the process was in‐control. We demonstrate using a simple probability analysis that a standard limits Phase I Shewhart $\overline{X}$ chart performs better than the individual limits Phase I Shewhart $\overline{X}$ chart. Furthermore, it is shown that the individual limits Phase I Shewhart $R$ charts can be designed to be equivalent. This also holds for the individual and standard limits Phase I Shewhart $S$ charts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some flexible families of intensities for non‐homogeneous Poisson process models and their Bayes inference
Authors: Ryan Kenneth J.
Published: March 2003

Non‐homogeneous Poisson processes are useful for modeling repairable system reliability. An NHPP is specified in terms of a non‐negative failure rate or intensity function. Standard parametric forms such as the well‐known power law process intensity are constant, increasing without bound or decreasing to zero. These provide limited flexibility in modeling. For example, under them the failure rate of a system cannot increase or decrease to a positive, finite constant. In this article we consider a variety of more flexible (and yet tractable) families of intensities built on the notion of switching in time between two simple constituent intensities. We consider the problem of Bayesian inference in these families based on Markov chain Monte Carlo posterior samples. Examples are provided. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Access control: principles and solutions
Authors: De Capitani di Vimercati Sabrina , Paraboschi Stefano , Samarati Pierangela
Published: April 2003

Access control is the process of mediating every request to resources and data maintained by a system and determining whether the request should be granted or denied. The variety and complexity of the protection requirements that may need to be imposed makes access control a far from trivial process. Expressiveness and flexibility are top requisites for an access control system together with, and usually in conflict with, simplicity and efficiency. In this paper, we discuss the main desiderata for access control systems and illustrate the main characteristics of access control solutions in some of the most popular existing systems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CA‐PK: conditional access for broadcast networks
Authors: Nidd M. , Husemann D.
Published: April 2003

This paper presents a conditional access solution suitable for broadcast networks (e.g. Eureka‐147 DAB, XM Radio's SDARS, etc.). This solution, called CA‐PK (Conditional Access through Public Keys), can only be implemented in software, although it can utilize external crypto processors and allows a content provider to operate a conditional access system independently of third parties (i.e. DAB or GSM network operators). Furthermore, it integrates the consumer into the protection chain, creating a social environment that discourages illegal redistribution of access keys. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buffer overflow and format string overflow vulnerabilities
Authors: Lhee Kyung‐Suk , Chapin Steve J.
Published: April 2003

Buffer overflow vulnerabilities are among the most widespread of security problems. Numerous incidents of buffer overflow attacks have been reported and many solutions have been proposed, but a solution that is both complete and highly practical is yet to be found. Another kind of vulnerability called format string overflow has recently been found and although not as widespread as buffer overflow, format string overflow attacks are no less dangerous.

This article surveys representative techniques of exploiting buffer overflow and format string overflow vulnerabilities and their currently available defensive measures. We also describe our buffer overflow detection technique that range checks the referenced buffers at run‐time. We augment executable files with the type information of automatic buffers (local variables and parameters of functions) and static buffers (global variables in thedata/bsssection) and maintain the sizes of allocated heap buffers in order to detect an actual occurrence of buffer overflow. We describe a simple implementation with which we currently protect vulnerable copy functions in the C library. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms for secure modular programming in Java
Authors: Bauer Lujo , Appel Andrew W. , Felten Edward W.
Published: April 2003

We present a new module system for Java that improves upon many of the deficiencies of the Java package system and gives the programmer more control over dynamic linking. Our module system provides explicit interfaces, multiple views of modules based on hierarchical nesting and more flexible name‐space management than the Java package system. Relationships between modules are explicitly specified in module description files. We provide more control over dynamic linking by allowing import statements in module description files to require that imported modules be annotated with certain properties, which we implement by digital signatures. Our module system is compatible enough with standard Java to be implemented as a source‐to‐source and bytecode‐to‐bytecode transformation wrapped around a standard Java compiler, using a standard Java virtual machine (JVM). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Balancing Multiple Needs Through Innovative Facility Design
Authors: Romano C. Renée , Hanish Jan
Published: March 2003

Designing buildings that incorporate and integrate a number of departments and functions is one way that colleges and universities are balancing financial challenges and facility needs. These buildings can transform the campus, but they require planning and coordination from a carefully assembled design team.
New Options for Financing Residence Hall Renovation and Construction
Authors: Stoner Kenneth L. , Cavins Kathryn M.
Published: March 2003

Many U.S. colleges and universities are faced with the problems of aging residence hall facilities, increasing student expectations for living options, and financial structures that prevent an aggressive approach to renovation or new construction. Traditional funding options are no longer viable for some institutions, and additional options are needed to address the gaps between what is required of university housing facilities, what is desired by students, and what is affordable for the university and the student resident.
Assembling the Project Team
Authors: Mills Donald B.
Published: March 2003

Although the approval of a project's design and budget typically rests with the campus governing board, a project team determines the configuration, the cost, and the utility of the completed project. Because of the importance of these decisions, colleges and universities must select project team members carefully.
From First Design Brainstorm Session to Final Coat of Paint: Communication, an Essential Constant
Authors: Price Jerry
Published: March 2003

Hundreds of variables must be considered when undertaking even the smallest construction project. When renovating a still‐occupied seven‐hundred‐bed residence complex, however, the details to manage seem endless. Effective communication among all parties—especially students—is essential to completing the project successfully.
What Comes First: The Program or the Facility?
Authors: Carroll Justin X. , Carnaghi Jill Ellen , Lempfert Timothy J. , Horstman Johnes Karin
Published: March 2003

A major research university in a metropolitan location reexamines its sense of campus community and discovers that it should not approach living and learning as separate activities; the institution purposely used extensive housing construction and renovation to achieve the institution's educational mission and encourage a greater sense of community.
The UConn 2000 Initiative: A Case Study
Authors: Miller H. Samuel
Published: March 2003

Generating public support for large capital investments in a public university's decaying facilities is a difficult task at best. This chapter describes how one institution built support for a $2.3 billion investment by the state and how this has lead to changes in the delivery of student services.
Ten Lessons for Facilities Planning, Renovation, and Building
Authors: Highum Ann
Published: March 2003

This chapter describes lessons learned about facilities planning through the implementation of several renovation and new building projects on a small private college campus. Student development professionals can add considerable value to the success of such projects in both philosophical and practical areas.
Characterization of an alternative oxidase activity of Histoplasma capsulatum
Authors: Johnson Clayton H. , Prigge Jonathan T. , Warren Aaron D. , McEwen Joan E.
Published: March 2003

Histoplasma capsulatum possesses a branched mitochondrial electron transport chain, with both cyanide‐sensitive and ‐insensitive oxygen‐consuming activities. The latter, carried out by a single subunit enzyme termed ‘alternative oxidase’, is the focus of this report. AOX1 cDNA clones were isolated and direct evidence that the cDNA ORF encodes functional alternative oxidase is reported. Also reported are the generation of an antiserum to the AOX1 protein product, and specific detection in vivo of the mRNA and protein products of the AOX1 gene. Finally, initial studies of regulation of H. capsulatum AOX1 gene expression demonstrated that RNA abundance was increased after hydrogen peroxide‐mediated oxidative stress and after inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport enzymes with antimycin A or sodium cyanide. This pattern of regulation is consistent with the hypothesis that alternative oxidase contributes to survival of H. capsulatum after oxidative or metabolic stress and may be important for virulence of this pathogenic organism. The GenBank Accession Nos for the cDNA sequences reported in this paper are AF133236, AF133237 (AOX1). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening and characterization of transposon‐insertion mutants in a pseudohyphal strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Suzuki Chise , Hori Yukiko , Kashiwagi Yutaka
Published: March 2003

Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with Σ1278b background are widely used for elucidation of pseudohyphal differentiation and signal transduction. However, information and resources on the strains are limited compared to the S288C strains. To facilitate functional analysis of strains with Σ1278b background, mutant strains were generated by using a mini‐transposon3‐3 × HA/LacZ (mTn3)‐mutagenized library. Mutants with mTn3 insertions were screened for expression of β‐galactosidase activity under nitrogen starvation and the insertion sites were identified. One hundred and five heterozygous diploid strains were selected and subjected to tetrad analysis. Insertion of mTn3 in 11 genes was lethal in the strain, including three genes, HAC1, TPS1 and UME6, which are non‐essential genes according to the Saccharomyces Genome Database. Viable haploid strains with mTn3 insertions were examined for invasive growth, which is a differentiation process in haploid strains including agar penetration on rich medium, and cell morphology during invasive growth. We also examined homozygous diploid strains with mTn3‐insertions for filamentous growth and sporulation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of a disulphide‐bound Pir‐cell wall protein (Pir‐CWP) of Yarrowia lipolytica
Authors: Jaafar Lahcen , Moukadiri Ismaïl , Zueco Jesús
Published: March 2003

In this work we have studied the disulphide‐bound group of cell wall mannoproteins of Yarrowia lipolytica and Candida albicans. In the case of Y. lipolytica, SDS–PAGE analysis of the β‐mercaptoethanol‐extracted material from the purified cell walls of the yeast form, showed the presence of a main polypeptide of 45 kDa and some minor bands in the 100–200 kDa range. This pattern of bands is similar to that obtained in identical extracts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Moukadiri et al., 1999), and besides, all these bands cross‐react with an antibody raised against β‐mercaptoethanol‐extracted material from the purified cell walls of S. cerevisiae, suggesting that the 45 kDa band could be the homologue of Pir4 of S. cerevisiae in Y. lipolytica. To confirm this possibility, the amino‐terminal sequences of two internal regions of the 45 kDa protein were determined, and degenerate oligonucleotides were used to clone the gene. The gene isolated in this way codes a 286 amino acid polypeptide that shows homology with the Pir family of proteins of S. cerevisiae (Russo et al., 1992; Toh‐e et al., 1993), accordingly we have named this gene YlPIR1. Disruption of YlPIR1 led to a slight increase in the resistance of the cells to calcofluor white, Congo red and zymolyase, but did not cause changes in cell morphology, growth rate or morphological transition. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.