bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adherence of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to measles-virus infected cells: modulation by solubilized rhesus erythrocyte membranes and carbohydrates
Authors: Bankhurst A D , Maki D , Sanchez M , McLaren L
Published: January 2020

The adherence of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to HeLa cells persistently infected with measles virus (HeLa-K11) was studied. The following data were observed. (i) The proportion of HeLa-K11 cells with adherent human peripheral blood lymphocytes of rhesus monkey erythrocytes was similar over a wide range of ratios of HeLa-K11 cells to lymphocytes or erythrocytes. (ii) The great majority of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and erythrocytes reacted with the same HeLa-K11 cell (iii). The adherence of lymphocytes or erythrocytes to HeLa-K11 cells was blocked by rabbit anti-measles virus antibody or solubilized monkey erythrocyte membranes. The pretreatment of erythrocytes or lymphocytes with receptor-destroying enzyme did not alter their adherence properties. (iv) The pattern of inhibition observed with several carbohydrates was similar in both the erythrocyte and the lymphocyte adherence assays. These data are consistent with the possibility that the receptor present on both rhesus monkey erythrocytes and human lymphocytes has similar specificities and biochemical composition.
Hepatitis B e-antigen and its correlation with other serological markers in chimpanzees
Authors: Ling C M , Mushahwar I K , Overby L R , Berquist K R , Maynard J E
Published: January 2020

Three chimpanzees experimentally infected with hepatitis B virus, and another three chimpanzees that were hepatitis surface antigen carriers, were studied for the presence of viral antigens and humoral immune responses. Quantitative analyses of hepatitis B surface and e-antigens in sequential serum samples at early acute stages revealed cyclic oscillations of these two antigens following a synchronous pattern. Similar analyses of anti-e-antigen and anti-hepatitis B core antigen antibodies from the three experimentally infected primates indicated that peak titers of these two antibodies occurred as surface antigen decreased to undetectable levels. Of the three surface-antigen carriers, two were positive for e-antigen and one was positive for e-antigen antibody for the entire course of surveillance (8, 9, and 22 months, respectively).
Antigenic differences between extracts of actively replicating and synchronized resting cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Wayne L G , Sramek H A
Published: January 2020

Protein extracts were prepared from aerobically replicating cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and from synchronized non-replicating cells derived from the sediments of non-agitated cultures. Although both preparations share a number of antigens, the extracts of the non-replicating cells also contain antigenic components that are not shared by the replicating cells, and which can be isolated and visualized by immunoaffinity chromatography and immunoelectrophoretic techniques.
Two-dimensional gel electrophoretic comparison of proteins from virulent and avirulent strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: Hansen E J , Wilson R M , Baseman J B
Published: January 2020

The protein composition of the virulent M129 strain of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was compared to that of its homologous avirulent strain by the use of standard one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Forty-nine individual M. pneumoniae cell proteins were resolved by this method, and the virulent strain was shown to possess a single high-molecular-weight protein not present in avirulent cells. Variability in the resolution of this particular protein in one-dimensional gels prompted the application of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to the analysis of M. pneumoniae cell proteins. The sequential use of isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the second dimension permitted the resolution of a least 142 individual M. pneumoniae cell proteins. Application of nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis in the first dimension achieved the resolution of at least 20 additional basic proteins. Three proteins which are synthesized only by cells of the virulent strain, and not by the homologous avirulent strain, were identified by these two-dimensional gel electrophoresis techniques.
Surface fibrils (fimbriae) of Actinomyces viscosus T14V
Authors: Cisar J O , Vatter A E
Published: January 2020

Surface antigens of Actinomyces viscosus T14V were released from cell walls by digestion with lysozyme. These were separated by ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography into fractions rich in carbohydrate or protein. The former contained a polysaccharide high in 6-deoxytalose, along with a peptide fragment from the cell wall. In the protein-rich fractions, material of high molecular weight was present, which contained some carbohydrate and up to 14.3% nitrogen. Aspartic acid, threonine, glutamic acid, lysine, alanine, and glycine were detected in these fractions, along with smaller amounts of 10 other amino acids. Most of the alanine was present as the L isomer and thus was not from peptidoglycan. Electron microscopy of the high-molecular-weight material revealed long fibrils, 3.5 to 4.5 nm in diameter, which resembled those seen on bacterial cells. V-specific antiserum, prepared by absorbing anti-A. viscosus T14V serum with cell walls of the avirulent strain (A. viscosus T14AV), did not react with the 6-deoxytalose polysaccharide but reacted well with isolated fibrils, and this was not inhibited by 6-deoxytalose.
Mechanism of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis: requirement for lipopolysaccharide-sensitive lymphoreticular cells
Authors: Männel D N , Rosenstreich D L , Mergenhagen S E
Published: January 2020

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces rapid necrosis of intradermal fibrosarcomas in mice. The mechanism(s) by which LPS produces tumor necrosis has been investigated using histocompatible LPS-sensitive (C3H/HeN) and LPS-resistant (C3H/HeJ) mouse strains. C3H/HeN- or C3H/HeJ-derived fibrosarcomas were necrotized by LPS when they were grafted onto C3H/HeN mice but were not affected when growing on C3H/HeJ mice, indicating that LPS does not act directly on the tumor itself. In contrast, lethally X-irradiated C3H/HeJ mice exhibit necrosis of their tumors when reconstituted with C3H/HeN bone marrow cells, whereas C3H/HeN mice no longer exert LPS-induced tumor necrosis after the adoptive transfer of C3H/HeJ bone marrow cells. These findings clearly indicate that LPS produces necrosis of tumors by activating host lymphoreticular cells.
Effects of viral pneumonia on lung macrophage lysosomal enzymes
Authors: Warr G A , Jakab G J , Chan T W , Tsan M F
Published: January 2020

During viral pneumonitis in mice, lung fluid protein and free lysosomal enzyme activity are increased while macrophage lysosomal enzymes are decreased.
Interaction between 6/94 virus, a parainfluenza type 1 strain, and unstimulated mouse lymphocytes
Authors: Verini M A , Lief F S
Published: January 2020

6/94 virus was found to grow in unstimulated splenic mouse lymphocytes depleted of monocyte macrophages. Both egg-grown virus and virus produced in mouse macrophage cultures induced the development of hemadsorption and the appearance of new infectious virus in the lymphocyte cultures. An antigenic relative. Sendai virus, on the contrary, was quickly inactivated in these lymphocyte cultures, in agreement with previous reports in the literature. The T lymphocyte population seemed to be the fraction principally involved in the replication of 6/94 virus. The immunization of mice with 6/94 virus and the appearance of high levels of humoral neutralizing antibodies did not inhibit completely the susceptibility of their lymphocytes to the infectious agent.
Interaction between 6/94 virus, a parainfluenza type 1 strain, and human leukocytes
Authors: Verini M A , Lief F S
Published: January 2020

6/94 virus, a parainfluenza type 1 virus recovered by lysolecithin fusion of multiple sclerosis brain cell cultures with CV-1 cells, replicated in monocyte macrophages and lymphocytes from normal human donors and from a patient with multiple sclerosis. In macrophage cultures, hemadsorption-positive cells and high levels of infectious virus became apparent within 24 to 48 h after infection, persisted for 6 days, and then began to decrease. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated macrophages yielded similar titers of virus, but the levels were maintained for a longer period of time. Macrophage-produced virus appeared to be infectious for other macrophages in the same culture. Both unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes also supported virus replication. Significantly higher titers were produced in the stimulated cultures, T cell-enriched populations producing more virus than unseparated populations whether stimulated or unstimulated. The presence or absence of antibodies to the virus in the donors did not appear to influence the levels of virus obtained in any of the leukocyte cultures. However, an increase in blastic forms after 6/94 virus infection was noted in lymphocytes from donors with antibodies as revealed morphologically and by increased incorporations of tritiated thymidine. Furthermore, 6/94 virus-infected lymphocytes, unlike Sendai virus-infected lymphocytes, were able to respond well to mitogenic stimulation by phytohemagglutinin.
Distribution of Anionic Groups at the Cell Surface of Different
Sporothrix schenckii
Cell Types
Authors: Benchimol Marlene , de Souza W. , Travassos L. R.
Published: January 2020

The distribution of anionic groups at the cell surface of yeastlike forms, hyphae, and conidia of
Sporothrix schenckii
was studied by staining with colloidal iron hydroxide and cationized ferritin. By using colloidal iron hydroxide it was shown that the external cell wall layer of one strain (strain 1099.18) could be resolved into two reactive sublayers and that these layers were present in many but not all cells of the same population. In contrast, most cells of another strain (strain 1099.12) were stained by colloidal iron hydroxide, but only one reactive layer was seen. Acidic layers of the yeastlike forms of the two strains were much thicker than those of conidia and hyphae. By the cationized ferritin staining procedure it was observed that the acidic layers of yeast forms sloughed off of cells, probably due to cell-cell or cell-medium attrition in shaken submerged cultures or to a process by which the outer layers detach from cells as they are replaced by newly synthesized ones. The colloidal iron hydroxide- and cationized ferritin-reactive cell surface layers of
S. schenckii
correspond to the previously described (L. R. Travassos et al., Exp. Mycol.
1:
293-305, 1977) concanavalin A-reactive peptidorhamnomannan complexes, and their reactivity is probably due to the presence of acidic amino acids of low pK values rather than to glucuronic acid units.
Choriogonadotropin-like antigen in an anaerobic bacterium, Eubacterium lentum, isolated from a rectal tumor
Authors: Acevedo H F , Slifkin M , Pouchet-Melvin G R , Campbell-Acevedo E A
Published: January 2020

Using the indirect fluorescein-labeled and indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase-labeled immunohistochemical techniques, and utilizing both antiserum specific for the beta-subunit of choriogonadotropin and antiserum for the total hormone, we have demonstrated the presence of a choriogonadotropin-like immunoreactive material in a strain of Eubacterium lenthum that was originally isolated from a rectal tumor. In contrast, both immunohistochemical reactions were negative when applied to a strain of Corynebacterium parvum and to pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Our results demonstrate for the first time the expression of the choriogonadotropin-like antigen in an obligate anaerobe and support our previous findings that the choriogonadotropin like material appears to be expressed only in "cancer-associated bacteria" but that not all bacteria associated with the malignant neoplasms have the capacity to express the antigen, at least in amounts detectable by immunohistochemistry.
In Vivo Conjugal Transfer of R Plasmids in
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Roberts Marilyn , Falkow Stanley
Published: January 2020

In vivo R plasmid transfer between two
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
strains was detected in the absence of antibiotic pressure.
Flagella-induced immunity against experimental cholera in adult rabbits
Authors: Yancey R J , Willis D L , Berry L J
Published: January 2020

The adult rabbit ligated ileal loop model was used to evaluate the prophylactic potential of a crude flagellar (CF) vaccine produced from the classical. Inaba strain CA401. A greater than 1,000-fold increase in the challenge inoculum was required to induce an intestinal fluid response in actively immunized adult rabbits equivalent to that produced in unimmunized animals. Similar protection was afforded against challenge with classical and El Tor biotypes of both Inaba and Ogawa serotypes. Highly virulent 35S-labeled vibrios were inhibited in their ability to associated with the intestinal mucosa of CF-immunized rabbits. The protection conferred by CF immunization was found to be superior to that of a commercial bivalent vaccine and also to that of glutaraldehyde-treated cholera toxoid. The critical immunogenic component of CF appears to be a flagella-derived protein. The immunogenicity of CF was destroyed by heat treatment, and absorption of CF-immune serum with aflagellated mutant vibrios did not diminish its ability to confer a high level of passive protection. The intestinal protection of CF-immunized rabbits was completely reversed by the introduction of both goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulins A and G, but by neither alone.
Efficacy of antimicrobial therapy in experimental rat pneumonia: effects of impaired phagocytosis
Authors: Bakker-Woudenberg I A , de Jong-Hoenderop J Y , Michel M F
Published: January 2020

The importance of intact host defense mechanisms for successful antimicrobial therapy was investigated in an animal model. Recovery from lobar pneumococcal pneumonia as a result of penicillin therapy was studied in normal rats and in rats treated with cobra venom factor. This factor was used to selectively suppress the phagocytosis of pneumococci as a result of complement depletion. Although complete recovery from the infection occurred in normal rats after appropriate penicillin therapy, this was not the case in cobra venom factor-treated rats. Within the limitations of this study, evidence is presented for loss of antibiotic activity as a consequence of impaired phagocytosis.
Stimulation of Peroxidase by Chlamydial Infection: Cytochemistry of Guinea Pig Conjunctival Epithelium
Authors: Malaty Raga , Nichols Barbara , Schachter Julius , Togni Birgitta , Dawson Chandler
Published: January 2020

Guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis, a naturally occurring chlamydial disease of guinea pigs, resolves spontaneously after 3 to 4 weeks. The factors responsible for curbing the infection have not yet been specifically defined. Since Iwata (Invest. Ophthalmol.
15:
297-301, 1976) reported cytochemical activity for peroxidase in the conjunctival epithelium of the normal rat, we undertook these studies to determine whether a similar activity exists in the guinea pig, and if so, whether it functions in the elimination of this
Chlamydia psittaci
infection. Tarsal conjunctivas of 14 normal guinea pigs, 34 infected ones, and 7 control guinea pigs (inoculated with yolk sac only) were excised and tested for peroxidase by the Graham and Karnovsky method (J. Histochem. Cytochem.
14:
291-302, 1966). We found that peroxidase activity, virtually absent in normal animals, was intensely stimulated by the infection. This enzymatic activity appeared 2 days after inoculation of the conjunctiva with chlamydia and persisted for 6 to 7 weeks. The enzyme was localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear cisternae of all layers of the conjunctival epithelium from the external surface to the basal lamina, including cells with no apparent inclusions as well as those heavily parasitized. Reaction in the Golgi complex was variable. No reaction, however, was ever evident in the chlamydial vacuoles or lysosomes, and the organisms continued to grow and multiply during peak enzymatic activity. We therefore concluded that the stimulated enzyme is apparently not directly responsible for the waning of the infection, but instead reflects an alteration of host metabolism that occurs as a consequence of the infection.
Effect of immune serum on the growth of Babesia microti in hamster erythrocytes in short-term culture
Authors: Bautista C R , Kreier J P
Published: January 2020

Short-term in vitro culture of Babesia microti was obtained. Immune hamster serum had an inhibitory effect on the growth of B. microti in vitro. It is suggested that these antibodies act by preventing penetration of erythrocytes by the parasite.
Macrophage activation by bacterial cell walls and related synthetic compounds
Authors: Takada H , Tsujimoto M , Kato K , Kotani S , Kusumoto S , Inage M , Shiba T , Yano I , Kawata S , Yokogawa K
Published: January 2020

Activation of peritoneal macrophages from guinea pigs by various bacterial cell walls, M-1 endo-N-acetylmuramidase enzymatically digested bacterial cell walls and synthetic muramyl dipeptides was studied in terms of stimulation of [14C] glucosamine incorporation. All test bacterial cell wall preparations significantly increased a [14C]glucosamine uptake by the macrophages. Some of the water-soluble M-1 enzyme digests also exerted stimulating effects on macrophages, although the activity of the digests was found to be weaker than those of original cell walls. Furthermore, an adjuvant-active synthetic MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln (MDP) showed a weak but significant activity, whereas an adjuvant-inactive analog, MurNAc-L-Ala-L-iso-Gln, did not show a significant activity, at least with the dose of 100 microgram. Additional studies with 6-O-acyl derivatives of MDP revealed that 6-O-(2-tetradecylhexadecanoyl)-MDP and 6-O-(3-hydroxy-2-tetradecyl-octadecanoyl)-MDP exhibit stronger macrophage-stimulating effects than MDP. It can be concluded from the above findings that MDP is the essential structure responsible for stimulating the activity of cell walls on guinea pig peritoneal macrophages, but it requires a particle state, which results from an additive character of lipophilicity, to exert the activity fully and effectively.
Effect of silica on the innate resistance of inbred mice to Salmonella typhimurium infection
Authors: O'Brien A D , Scher I , Formal S B
Published: January 2020

The role of macrophages in the innate immunity of (CBA/N female X DBA/2N male)F1 female mice to Salmonella typhimurium was assessed with silica, an agent which has been reported to selectively inactivate macrophages. Silica, administered intravenously to mice, markedly decreased the phagocytic capacity of splenic macrophages but had no effect on splenic responsiveness to the B-cell mitogen lipopolysaccharidide or the T-cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin, nor did it affect the frequency of surface immunoglobulin-positive cells (B cells). Silica given to mice 1 day before intraperitoneal challenge decreased the 50% lethal dose of S. typhimurium 100-fold. The incidence of survival of mice given silica up to 14 days before infection with a sublethal dose of organisms was also decreased. This susceptibility could also be demonstrated when silica was given 10 days, but not 20 days, after S. typhimurium infection. Poly-2-vinylpyridine-N-oxide, a lysosomal stabilizing agent, abrogated the silica effect. Deaths among silica-treated mice followed uncontrolled multiplication of the organism in the spleen. These results provide direct evidence that macrophages play an essential role in natural immunity to murine typhoid and demonstrate the efficacy of silica as a tool to analyze macrophage function.
Persistent infection of human lymphoid and myeloid cell lines with herpes simplex virus
Authors: Rinaldo C R , Richter B S , Black P H , Hirsch M S
Published: January 2020

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 replicated and persisted in human T, B, and myeloid cell lines with different patterns of viral replication and various effects on cell growth. T cell line CEM supported the replication of HSV for over 400 days without detectable differences in cell growth as compared with uninfected cells. HSV persisted in B cell line NC37 and myeloid cell line K562 for up to 222 and 374 days, respectively, but led to a significant decrease in the number of viable cells by 7 weeks of infection. The average number of cells producing infectious virus was very low in these cell lines (range, 0.5 to 2.7+) compared with a larger proportion of cells exhibiting HSV antigens by immunofluorescence (range, 24 to 58%). In contrast, null cell line LAZ 221 failed to replicate HSV even though the viral infection led to a cessation of cell growth.
Capacity of anaerobic bacteria from necrotic dental pulps to induce purulent infections
Authors: Sundqvist G K , Eckerbom M I , Larsson A P , Sjögren U T
Published: January 2020

Combinations of bacteria isolated from the root canals of teeth with necrotic pulps and periapical bone destruction were tested for their capacity to induce abscess formation and transmissible infections when inoculated subcutaneously into guinea pigs. Transmissible infections could be induced with combinations obtained from teeth with purulent apical inflammation, but not with combinations from symptomless teeth with chronic apical inflammation. All combinations which gave transmissible infections contained strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus or B. asaccharolyticus (formerly B. melaninogenicus subsp. asaccharolyticus). The results suggest that purulent inflammation in the apical region in certain cases may be induced by specific combinations of bacteria in the root canal and that the presence of B. melaninogenicus or B. asaccharolyticus in such combinations is essential. However, with one exception, the strains needed the support of additional microorganisms to achieve pathogenicity. The results indicate that Peptostreptococcus micros was also essential. Histological sections of the lesions in the guinea pigs showed that all bacterial combinations induced acute inflammation with an accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the formation of an abscess. However, the presence of B. melaninogenicus or B. asaccharolyticus in the combinations resulted in a failure of abscess resolution, with a gradually increaseing accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Purification and characterization of the CFA/I antigen of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Evans D G , Evans D J , Clegg S , Pauley J A
Published: January 2020

The fimbral colonization factor antigen CFA/I of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was purified and characterized. The initial purification step was release of these fimbriae from the bacterial cells by homogenization with a Waring blender. Common fimbriae and flagellar antigen were avoided by careful control of growth conditions and the use of a nonmotile (H-) mutant of the prototype strain H-10407 (O78:H11). The essential purification steps were membrane filtration (Millipore Corp.), ammonium sulfate fractionation, and negative diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex column chromatography. Yields were approximately 4.0 mg of CFA/I protein per g (wet weight) of bacteria. Purified CFA/I is a fimbrial molecule 7.0 nm in diameter and has an average molecular weight of 1.6 X 10(6), as determined by sedimentation equilibrium. CFA/I is a polymer of identical subunits of molecular weight 23,800 with an N-terminal valine, 37% hydrophobic amino acid residues, and 11 residues of proline per mol. The purified antigen retains its morphology, antigenicity, and biological activity. Purified antigen retains its morphology, antigenicity, and biological activity. Purified CFA/I exhibits mannose-resistant hemagglutination of human group A, bovine, and chicken erythrocytes, as do CFA/I-positive bacteria. This was demonstrated by sensitizing latex microbeads with the purified antigen since cell-free CFA/I fimbriae do not hemagglutinate erythrocytes. Thus, CFA/I detached from the bacteria are monovalent; however, purified CFA/I antigen retains an affinity for the epithelial cells of rabbit small intestine and blocks adhesion of CFA/I-positive bacteria. These results demonstrate that purified CFA/I is a good candidate for use in an oral vaccine for immunoprotection against diarrhea caused by CFA/I-positive enterotoxigenic E. coli.
Experimental infection in mice with Treponema hyodysenteriae
Authors: Joens L A , Glock R D
Published: January 2020

Nineteen of 22 female mice (CF1 strain) inoculated intragastrically with Treponema hyodysenteriae developed cecal and colonic lesions consisting of catarrhal inflammation, edema, and occasional hemorrhage.
Ultraviolet irradiation disrupts somatic pili structure and function
Authors: Silverblatt F J
Published: January 2020

Three piliated bacterial species were exposed to ultraviolet light (7 X 10(3) microW/cm2), and the effect of increasing duration of irradiation on the integrity of the somatic pili was quantitated by negative-stain electron microscopy. Heavily piliated Proteus mirabilis became devoid of pili after 20 min of irradiation, but Escherichia coli and Neisseria gonorrhoeae required 40 min for complete depiliation. Partially purified proteus pili underwent progressive loss of structural integrity with increasing doses of irradiation as determined by negative staining and nephelometry, suggesting that ultraviolet light exerted an effect directly on the pili themselves. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that new, small molecular weight fragments appeared after irradiation of purified E. coli pili, suggesting that cleavage of the peptide chain rather than disassociation of pilin monomers accounted for the loss of pili structure. Ultraviolet irradiation also inhibited the ability of piliated bacteria to bind to human buccal epithelial cells. These observations indicate that the ultrastructural integrity and function of pili can be disrupted by ultraviolet light.
Role of Rabbit Lysozyme in In Vitro Serum and Plasma Serum Bactericidal Reactions Against
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Carroll Stephen F. , Martinez Rafael J.
Published: January 2020

The antibacterial activity of purified rabbit lysozyme was kinetically investigated at concentrations comparable to those in normal rabbit serum and plasma serum. The bactericidal capability, lysozyme content, and electrophoretic composition of “purified β-lysin,” fractionated from normal rabbit serum, were also examined. In contrast to the extensive antibacterial activity of dilute normal rabbit serum observed in vitro, rabbit lysozyme was only weakly bactericidal for
Bacillus subtilis.
Inhibition of lysozyme enzymatic and bactericidal activities in normal rabbit serum by antilysozyme immunoglobulin G slightly reduced the initial rate of killing. The addition of neutralizing antibody or histamine (another lysozyme inhibitor) to partially purified bactericidal serum fractions had no effect on killing kinetics. Increasing the ionic strength of reaction mixtures containing normal serum or partially purified bactericidal fractions to levels which completely inhibited lysozyme activity resulted in stimulation of their respective killing kinetics. The addition of inhibitors to normal rabbit plasma serum completely eliminated its bactericidal activity. With regard to the killing of
B. subtilis
by rabbit and human blood fractions, these analyses clearly demonstrated that (i) although lysozyme is not a significant antibacterial component of normal rabbit serum, it represents the principal factor in normal rabbit plasma serum; (ii) different primary bactericidal mechanisms which are not detectable by singlepoint analyses operate in the sera of different species; and (iii) purified β-lysin isolated from normal rabbit serum by the classical procedure is a heterogenous mixture of components.
Adoptive transfer of protection against Trypanosoma cruzi with lymphocytes and macrophages
Authors: Burgess D E , Hanson W L
Published: January 2020

Female C57BL/6J mice were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and subsequently given macrophages or lymphocytes from syngeneic donors which had recovered from the acute infection. Mice which received immune peritoneal macrophages, splenic lymphocytes, or lymph node lymphocytes developed lower mean parasitemias and cumulative mortalities than did recipients of nonimmune cells. Neither peritoneal lymphocytes nor splenic macrophages were protective, however. These studies indicate that splenic and lymph node lymphocytes are effective in transferring protection against T. cruzi, whereas the macrophage is somewhat less effective.
Production of indirect hemolysin by Yersinia enterocolitica and its properties
Authors: Tsubokura M , Otsuki K , Shimohira I , Yamamoto H
Published: January 2020

Hemolysis was demonstrated on blood agar by adding lecithin from strains of biovar 1 Yersinia enterocolitica. Hemolytic activity was also observed in culture filtrates containing lecithin. No hemolytic activity was detected from any blood agar or culture filtrate without lecithin or after incubation at 37 degrees C. Crude indirect hemolysin was prepared by ammonium sulfate fractionation from culture filtrates, and two enzymes, phospholipase A and lipase, were fractionated by gel filtration. Hemolytic substances were recognized as lysolecithin and fatty acid when lecithin wad decomposed by phospholipase A and lipase, respectively.
Reactivation of polyoma virus in kidneys of persistently infected mice during pregnancy
Authors: McCance D J , Mims C A
Published: January 2020

Female mice infected at birth with 10(7) 50% tissue culture infective doses of polyoma virus were mated when at least 6 weeks old. Polyoma was not detected in any tissues of 27 female mice before mating except for trace amounts in the kidneys of 2 mice, but late in gestation polyoma virus could be found in the kidneys of 21 of 38 mice with titers of 10(3.7) to 10(6.2) 50% tissue culture infective doses per gram of kidney. The virus was not detected in the brain, salivary gland, lung, liver, spleen, ovaries, placenta, or fetuses during gestation. Nonpregnant females were injected with female sex hormones over a period of 17 days, and polyoma was then detected in kidneys of 4 of 18 mice. Treatment of cultures of mouse embryo fibroblasts with either sexhormones or a glucocorticosteroid resulted in approximately a threefold increase in the rate of infection of cells with polyoma virus.
Pathogenic Species of the Genus
Haemophilus
and
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Produce Immunoglobulin A1 Protease
Authors: Kilian Mogens , Mestecky Jiri , Schrohenloher Ralph E.
Published: January 2020

Thirty-seven strains of the genus
Haemophilus
and five strains of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
were examined for their ability to produce extracellular enzyme that cleaves immunoglobulin molecules. All strains of
H. influenzae, H. aegyptius
, and
S. pneumoniae
elaborated enzyme that selectively cleaved human immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) myeloma proteins but was inactive against a variety of other proteins including human IgA2, IgG, and IgM, porcine and bovine secretory IgA, human and bovine serum albumins, and ovalbumin. Although susceptible, human secretory IgA remained largely undigested. Two strains of
H. pleuropneumoniae
isolated from fatally infected pigs cleaved porcine secretory IgA, but had no effect on human IgA proteins. None of 16 strains that belonged to nonpathogenic
Haemophilus
species produced IgA protease. Analyses of the cleavage products of human IgA1 and secretory IgA proteins by immunochemical methods, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and analytical ultracentrifugation revealed that Fab and Fc fragments were produced. Since the production of IgA1 protease by
Neisseria meningitidis
has been reported previously, our finding that
H. influenzae
and
S. pneumoniae
produce an IgA1 protease indicates that this is a property of all three major etiological agents of bacterial meningitis. This suggests that IgA1 protease production may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Bacterial adherence to pharyngeal cells in smokers, nonsmokers, and chronic bronchitics
Authors: Fainstein V , Musher D M
Published: January 2020

Selective adherence to host mucosal surfaces is probably a requirement for colonization and infection by bacteria. Since pharyngeal colonization may be an important determinant in the pathogenesis of pneumonia, we studied the adherence of 10 different bacteria to pharyngeal cells obtained from nonsmokers, smokers, and chronic bronchitics. Various patterns of adherence among the different groups of subjects were found. Young healthy smokers had increased adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae type I and, to a lesser extent, S. pneumoniae type III and Staphylococcus aureus when compared with nonsmokers. Middle-aged smokers with a long history of chronic bronchitis had significantly increased adherence only of untypable Haemophilus influenzae when compared with age-matched nonsmokers. The acquisition of pneumococcal pneumonia by smokers and the role of nontypable Haemophilus species in chronic bronchitis may be determined, in part, by bacterial adherence to pharyngeal cells.
Influence of Encapsulation on Phagocytosis of
Pasteurella multocida
by Bovine Neutrophils
Authors: Maheswaran Samuel K. , Thies Elaine S.
Published: January 2020

The effect of encapsulation on phagocytosis of
Pasteurella multocida
by bovine neutrophils was examined by using two encapsulated strains, NA77 (capsular type A) and C42 (capsular type B), and comparing them with an unencapsulated counterpart strain, 1173. The uptake of [
3
H]thymidine-labeled bacteria by neutrophils was quantitatively measured after incubation of the bacteria in normal bovine serum, heat-inactivated serum, and hyperimmune sera (anti-NA77 and anti-C42). Results showed that all three strains of
P. multocida
were ineffectively opsonized by the heat-labile serum complement system. The unencapsulated strain was completely phagocytized in the presence of heat-stable opsonins found in normal serum. Although encapsulation of strain C42 was found to interfere with opsonization by normal serum, this strain was completely phagocytized when hyperimmune serum (anti-C42) was used as the opsonin source. These results suggest that specific anticapsular antibodies found in the hyperimmune serum readily opsonized the encapsulated strain C42 and enhanced phagocytosis. The presence of a thick capsule on strain NA77 interfered with phagocytosis in the presence of normal or hyperimmune serum (anti-NA77). This interference was due to the presence of hyaluronic acid which was a major component of the capsule. Treatment of this encapsulated strain with hyaluronidase decapsulated the bacteria. Bacteria treated in this way were almost completely phagocytized (90%) in the presence of heat-stable opsonins. The exact mechanism by which the capsule of
P. multocida
NA77 interfered with phagocytosis was not demonstrated; perhaps the slimy nature of the hyaluronic acid makes the phagocytic act difficult by changing the physiochemical surface properties, or it may prevent opsonization.
Effect of iron on surface charge and hydrophobicity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Magnusson K E , Kihlstrom E , Norqvist A , Davies J , Normark S
Published: January 2020

The effect of iron concentration during growth on the physicochemical surface properties of the colonial variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been assessed by aqueous two-phase partitioning in a dextran-polyethyleneglycol system containing positively charged trimethylamino-polyethyleneglycol or hydrophobic polyethyleneglycol-palmitate. The complex effects of iron, in combination with other variables known to affect surface charge and hydrophobicity, have provided some clues as to the properties of the gonococcal surface that are important in promoting virulence.
Regulation and function of sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase in Streptococcus mutans
Authors: St Martin E J , Wittenberger C L
Published: January 2020

Sucrose catabolism by Streptococcus mutans is initiated by a phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sucrose phosphotransferase reaction that produces sucrose 6-phosphate the latter is then cleaved by a sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase reaction that yields glucose 6-phosphate and fructose. We have examined the regulation of the sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase and found that it was synthesized constitutively whereas sucrose phosphotransferase activity was inducible. However, the levels of both sucrose phosphotransferase and sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase were repressed when fructose was used as a growth substrate. The specific activity of sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase in permeabilized cells was approximately 30 mmol/min per mg (dry weight of cells), and it had an apparent Km for sucrose 6-phosphate of 0.3 mM. analysis of a mutant that was missing sucrose 6-phosphate hydrolase activity revealed that its ability to hydrolyze sucrose was reduced.
Natural phosphorylation of group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C
Authors: Schlievert P M , Bettin K M , Watson D W
Published: January 2020

Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) type C, produced by strain T18P grown in the presence of 32P, was separated from culture supernatant fluids by using alcohol precipitation. The resulting toxin (EtOH-1) contained 3 X 10(6) to 5 X 10(6) cpm of 32P per milligram of protein. The radiolabel migrated with SPE C during isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels (pI 6.7) and double immunodiffusion, in which the toxin formed a line of identity with highly purified SPE C when reacted with hyperimmune antisera raised against SPE C. The EtOH-1 radiolabeled toxin was pyrogenic and had the capacity to enhance host susceptibility to lethal endotoxin shock. EtOH-1 toxin lost both radiolabel and biological activity after being treated with alkaline phosphatase. The nonspecific lymphocyte mitogenicity of purified unlabeled SPE C was stimulated by adenosine monophosphate but not adenosine, adenosine diphosphate, or adenosine triphosphate. Adenosine monophosphate may function as a cofactor of SPE C and contribute the phosphate group required for biological activity.
Immunity to coccidiosis: T-lymphocyte- or B-lymphocyte-deficient animals
Authors: Rose M E , Hesketh P
Published: January 2020

Comparisons were made between infections with Eimeria spp. in normal animals and in animals with functional deficiencies in either T-lymphocytes (athymic nude rats) or B-lymphocytes (bursectomized chickens). Approximately three times more oocysts of E. nieschulzi were passed during a primary infection in the nu/nu rats, and in contrast to the nu/+ rats, they were completely susceptible to reinfection. Nu/nu rats did not produce agglutinating antibodies to sporozoites, and injections of serum from immunized nu/+ rats caused a reduction of oocyst production during a primary infection in both nu/nu and nu/+ rats. In chickens, oocyst production in primary infections with E. maxima or with E. acervulina was increased 1.5 to 2-fold in the bursectomised (BX) groups, and the clinical effects of infection with E. maxima were greater than in controls. The BX birds were slightly more susceptible than the controls to challenge inoculations of oocysts, but nevertheless, they were very substantially immune. Tests for the functioning of B- and T-lymphocytes indicated that in the BX birds there was a severe deficiency of B-cell function, but near-normal T-cell function. The results show that T-lymphocytes are essential for immunity and that, although they may function partly as helper cells for immunoglobulin production, their major effect is exerted via some other mechanism.
Production of bacteremia and meningitis in infant rats with group B streptococcal serotypes
Authors: Ferrieri P , Burke B , Nelson J
Published: January 2020

Group B streptococcal strains, representing the five major serotypes, were inoculated into infant rats by intranasal, oral, and intraperitoneal routes. Bacteremia regularly followed injection by the intraperitoneal route. Four strains (three of type III) isolated from human cerebrospinal fluid appeared more virulent for 5-day-old rats. Injection of fewer than 10 colony-forming units of one strain, a type III, led to bacteremia and death in 27% of animals. The cumulative bacteremia and mortality rate with this strain was 66% in animals given inocula of less than 10 to 10(3) colony-forming units. Bacteremia developed by 24 to 48 h with concentrations of greater than 10(5) colony-forming units per ml of blood, and death occurred soon afterward. Among bacteremic animals, positive cerebrospinal fluid cultures were found in 97%, and cerebrospinal fluid bacterial concentrations were equal to or exceeded bacterial counts in blood. The susceptibility of infant rats to infection with type Ia, Ic, or III strains was age dependent. Histopathological studies of the brain and meninges in 34 bacteremic animals with culture-positive cerebrospinal fluid revealed that 5- to 10-day-old animals had numerous bacteria distributed in a perivascular pattern but, with one exception, no leukocytic infiltration. In contrast, three of the 11- to 12-day-old and two 15-day-old animals had very thickened meninges infiltrated with polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, and bacteria.
Enhanced Phagocytosis and Bactericidal Activity of Hepatic Reticuloendothelial System During Endotoxin Tolerance
Authors: Ruggiero Giuseppe , Andreana Augusto , Utili Riccardo , Galante Domenico
Published: January 2020

The effects of tolerance to
Escherichia coli
endotoxin on the phagocytic and bactericidal activity of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system against viable
E. coli
were examined using ex vivo perfused rat livers. Livers were isolated from control and endotoxin-tolerant rats and perfused with a medium containing 5% homologous serum from either control or tolerant rats. After the addition of the
E. coli
(2 × 10
7
cells per ml) to the perfusate, the hepatic clearance of the bacteria was followed for 30 min. The highest activation of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system was observed when serum from tolerant animals was added to the perfusate. Under these conditions phagocytosis was 47% (12% in controls), and 37 to 38% of the bacteria were killed (5% in controls). This activation was less when livers obtained from tolerant rats were perfused with serum from controls or with saline only. The data suggests that, during endotoxin tolerance, humoral factors play an important role in the activation of the hepatic reticulendothelial system, although a direct stimulation of Kupffer cells also occurs. The enhancement of phagocytosis by tolerant serum did not require the presence of homologous antibodies and involved the activation of the alternative complement pathway, since it was lost after removal of factor B activity. On the other hand, stimulation of intracellular killing required both complement and specific antibodies. The data suggest a role of endotoxin in the activation of humoral and cellular mechanisms involved in the host resistance to gram-negative bacterial infection.
Murine cytomegalovirus: detection of latent infection by nucleic acid hybridization technique
Authors: Cheung K S , Huang E S , Lang D J
Published: January 2020

The technique of nucleic acid hybridization was used to detect the presence of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in cell cultures and salivary gland tissues. The presence of approximately 4.5 and 0.2 genome equivalents per cell of MCMV-specific DNA was identified in cultures of salivary (ISG2) and prostate gland (IP) cells, respectively. These cells, derived from animals with experimentally induced latent infections, were negative for virus-specific antigens by immunofluorescence and on electron microscopy revealed no visible evidence of the presence of herpesviruses. A cell line derived from the salivary gland of an uninoculated animal (NSG2) was also found to possess MCMV-specific DNA (0.2 genome equivalents per cell). For this reason, salivary gland tissues from uninoculated animals supplied as "specific pathogen-free" mice by three commercial sources were tested upon arrival for the presence of MCMC-specific DNA. MCMV-specific DNA was detectable in pooled salivary gland extracts from uninoculated animals derived from two commercial sources. All of these animals were seronegative and virus negative by conventional infectivity assays.
Humoral and cellular immune responses of seronegative children vaccinated with a cold-adapted influenza A/HK/123/77 (H1N1) recombinant virus
Authors: Lazar A , Okabe N , Wright P F
Published: January 2020

Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of young, seronegative children were assessed after intranasal vaccination with a cold-adapted influenza. A/HK/77 (H1N1) CR 35 recombinant virus. Vaccines shedding influenza virus experienced a rise in hemagglutinin-inhibition antibody 15 to 30 days after vaccination. Vaccinees showed low but significant lymphocyte transformation to A/USSR (H1N1) by day 8 after vaccination, which decreased to prevaccination levels at 30 to 34 days. The lymphocyte transformation response occurred before serum antibody rises were detected by hemagglutinin-inhibition assay. No change in lymphocyte responsiveness was observed after vaccination as measured by phytohemagglutinin stimulation. Lymphocytes responded to in vitro incubation with inactivated influenza (H1N1) virus by producing interferon. The interferon produced was of type I and was observed in vaccinees and nonvaccinees both before and after vaccination.
Antibacterial activity of bladder surface mucin duplicated in the rabbit bladder by exogenous glycosaminoglycan (sodium pentosanpolysulfate)
Authors: Parsons C L , Pollen J J , Anwar H , Stauffer C , Schmidt J D
Published: January 2020

Previous data from our laboratory suggest that the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder secretes and binds to its surface a glycosaminoglycan. The presence of this substance at the bladder surface markedly reduces the ability of microorganisms to adhere to the mucosa. Furthermore, this glycosaminoglycan can be removed (with acid) and replaced by intravesical instillation of a synthetic sulfonated glycosaminoglycan (heparin), whose presence is as effective as that of the natural glycosaminoglycan in reducing adherence. We conducted the current study with a different sulfonated glycosaminoglycan to determine whether the antiadherence activity is generalized to heparin congeners and whether the antiadherence effect of heparin is independent of its known anticoagulant activity. In this study we examined the sulfonated glycosaminoglycan, sodium pentosanpolysulfate, which lacks significant anticoagulant activity, and found it to have a mechanism of antiadherence analogous to that of heparin and almost equally as active on a weight basis.
Isolation and characterization of arginine auxotrophs of Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Rhodes J C , Howard D H
Published: January 2020

Arginine auxotrophs were isolated in both mating types of Cryptococcus neoformans. In both mutants, the auxotrophy was due to the lack of active argininosuccinate lyase. The virulence in mice of the mutants was compared with that of the wild type. One auxotroph displayed a loss of virulence which appeared to be related to the presence of another mutation, one which prevented normal cell separation after budding. The other auxotroph had reduced virulence compared with the wild type, but a variant isolated from it by mouse passage had virulence equivalent to that of the wild type while maintaining the auxotrophic requirements.