bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Real-Time Analysis and Research of Vehicle CAN
Authors: Zhang Lin-rui , Xiao Jun , Zhang Xu-guang , Zhang Wei-wei
Published: April 2022

The real-time evaluation method of CAN bus is studied. The event-triggered CAN protocol has no limitation on the worst transmission time of information. Based on the study of ratio monotone analysis (RMA), a single step recursive relation equation is deduced. Using LabWindows /CVI design and analysis software, the research method is applied to offline realtime analysis of CAN bus information of a certain vehicle. The results show that this method is of great significance to the real-time evaluation of CAN bus.
Research on Demonstration and Validation of Space Rapid Response Launch System based on Data Link
Authors: Wu Feng , Zhang Ailiang , Liu Xiuluo , Wang Jia , Wang Min
Published: April 2022

The demonstration and verification of space rapid response launch system based on data link mainly combines with the process, style and characteristics of space rapid response launch, through construction the typical mission scenarios by simulation, carries out design and verification of wide-area maneuver anti-interference networking technology system between platforms such as space and ground data link nodes, container launcher and micro-nano satellite systems, research and design of formatting message standard system, etc., to promote the integrated application of data link and space rapid response launch equipment, so as to enhance command and control, situation sharing and tactical coordination capabilities.
Numerical Simulation and Aerodynamic Investigation of the Intermeshing Rotor in Hover
Authors: Gao Zeming , Li Jun , Shao Xueming , Zeng Lifang
Published: April 2022

Compared with single rotor helicopter, aerodynamic theoretical model for intermeshing rotor is immature. Aerodynamic modeling for intermeshing rotor is much more complex because of the strong and unsteady interference resulting from two closely rotating blades. Moving Overset Grid technical has been used for the aerodynamic investigation of intermeshing rotor in hovering state. SST k - ω turbulence model was used for the solving of unsteady RANS equations. The simulated result matches well with the experimental data, in which the calculation error for lift coefficient, Ct
, is smaller than 4.5%. Firstly, the fluctuation of Ct
is periodic with a frequency of 4/rev, which is equal to the total number of blades of the intermeshing rotor. Average aerodynamic loads rise as the increasing of collective angles. Secondly, the maximum induced velocity of the intermeshing rotor is significantly larger than those of the single rotor and the equivalent rotor. Blade-vortex interference and vortex-vortex interference coexist in the flow field of the intermeshing rotor. Finally, three shaft angles, 20°, 24°, 28°, were investigated. Among the calculating cases, the effect of the shaft angles is not monotonous. Maximum hovering efficiency is achieved at θ = 24°.
Research on Cooperative Search Trajectory Planning for Rotorcraft UAVs Based on Scrolling Planning Algorithm
Authors: Zhuang Yufeng , Xu Jianfeng , Wang Li
Published: April 2022

The UAV trajectory planning algorithm for scrolling planning is proposed for the objective of multi-UAVs searching for multiple targets in an uncertain environment. Information about the unknown environment is described using infographic, while for the huge computational effort in multi-UAVs scrolling planning, an improved genetic algorithm is used to solve the optimal solution for the UAV population. Simulation results show that the scrolling planning algorithm proposed in this paper can achieve a better search for the target in the uncertain region, and the algorithm framework is reasonable and feasible with high planning efficiency, which can be used for the cooperative search task of multi-UAVs in the uncertain area.
Research on Comparative Monitoring Method of Aerodynamic Coefficient Applied to Artificial Ice Flight Test
Authors: Xu Zeqian , Chen Junping
Published: April 2022

In the implementation of the artificial ice flight test, artificial ice shapes must be installed to the test aircraft, which reduces the aerodynamic performance of the aircraft and leads to a high risk. In order to reduce the risk of artificial ice flight test, starting from the flight test requirements, this paper proposes a real-time comparative monitoring scheme of the design lift coefficient and the actual lift coefficient of the test aircraft, and develops a comparison model of aerodynamic coefficients accordingly. Verified by the flight test data, the model can figure out reasonable design lift coefficient and actual lift coefficient, which lays a foundation for the subsequent application in the artificial ice flight test.
A heterogeneous redundancy method for flight control computer based on mutual exclusion and spin mechanism
Authors: Chen Chang , Yang Xueqi , Zhang Jing , Xu Shunfan , Chai Xudong , Hong Yan
Published: April 2022

In order to meet the requirements of high reliability and economy of space launch vehicle control system, a heterogeneous redundancy method of flight control computer based on mutual exclusion and spin mechanism is proposed in this paper. This method avoids common cause failure mode and improves hardware resource utilization efficiency by resolving redundancy. The reliability and economy of the launch vehicle control system can be improved without increasing the cost of volume and weight.
Prediction of aircraft engine parameters based on ARMA model
Authors: Qu Youyang
Published: April 2022

The high-pressure rotor speeds, low-pressure rotor speeds, and exhaust temperature of the aircraft engine are the key parameters reflecting the performance of aircraft engines. To realize the trend monitoring during the flight test and the processing of data outliers in flight data recorder, the time series analysis and modeling method is used to establish a suitable ARMA model through data processing, series property analysis, model identification, order determination, modeling, model diagnosis and other steps. Fit the real flight test data of an engine. The results show that the prediction interval within 3 steps of the ARMA model has high accuracy, and has good engineering practicability in real-time flight monitoring and data processing.
Asymmetrical cooling effects of Amazonian protected areas across spatiotemporal scales
Authors: Huang Anqi , Xu Xiyan , Jia Gensuo , Shen Runping
Published: April 2022

Amazonian protected areas (PAs) play an important role in maintaining the regional and global ecosystem services, biodiversity and climate change mitigation. The effects of Amazonian PAs on climate change mitigation mainly focus on the carbon sequestration benefits. The biophysical effects of PAs on regulating the local energy budgets, and hence changing local climate, however, are often ignored. Using multiple satellite observation datasets, we evaluated the effects of Amazonian PAs on land surface temperature (LST) and the biophysical mechanisms of PAs on surface albedo and evapotranspiration (ET). We showed that Amazonian PAs have a cooling effect on local LST in relative to nearby croplands and non-protected areas (non-PAs) with the same land cover as PAs. The asymmetrical cooling effects of Amazonian PAs between daytime and nighttime, and between the dry and wet seasons sustain lower diurnal and seasonal temperature ranges, respectively, than non-PAs and croplands. The protected forests have stronger cooling effects, and more effectively moderate the diurnal and seasonal temperature ranges than the protected savannas due to the higher effects on surface albedo and ET. The non-PAs show weaker cooling effect than PAs, indicating reduced thermal buffering effect in non-PAs. Our results highlighted the great potential of natural vegetation in PAs versus non-PAs and croplands in buffering local thermal environment and the necessity of natural vegetation conservation in Amazon region.
Lattice models from CFT on surfaces with holes: I. Torus partition function via two lattice cells
Authors: Brehm Enrico M , Runkel Ingo
Published: April 2022

We construct a one-parameter family of lattice models starting from a two-dimensional rational conformal field theory on a torus with a regular lattice of holes, each of which is equipped with a conformal boundary condition. The lattice model is obtained by cutting the surface into triangles with clipped-off edges using open channel factorisation. The parameter is given by the hole radius. At finite radius, high energy states are suppressed and the model is effectively finite. In the zero-radius limit, it recovers the CFT amplitude exactly. In the touching hole limit, one obtains a topological field theory. If one chooses a special conformal boundary condition which we call ‘cloaking boundary condition’, then for each value of the radius the fusion category of topological line defects of the CFT is contained in the lattice model. The fact that the full topological symmetry of the initial CFT is realised exactly is a key feature of our lattice models. We provide an explicit recursive procedure to evaluate the interaction vertex on arbitrary states. As an example, we study the lattice model obtained from the Ising CFT on a torus with one hole, decomposed into two lattice cells. We numerically compare the truncated lattice model to the CFT expression obtained from expanding the boundary state in terms of the hole radius and we find good agreement at intermediate values of the radius.
Statistical and dynamical properties of the quantum triangle map
Authors: Wang Jiaozi , Benenti Giuliano , Casati Giulio , Wang Wen-ge
Published: April 2022

We study the statistical and dynamical properties of the quantum triangle map, whose classical counterpart can exhibit ergodic and mixing dynamics, but is never chaotic. Numerical results show that ergodicity is a sufficient condition for spectrum and eigenfunctions to follow the prediction of random matrix theory, even though the underlying classical dynamics is not chaotic. On the other hand, dynamical quantities such as the out-of-time-ordered correlator (OTOC) and the number of harmonics, exhibit a growth rate vanishing in the semiclassical limit, in agreement with the fact that classical dynamics has zero Lyapunov exponent. Our finding show that, while spectral statistics can be used to detect ergodicity, OTOC and number of harmonics are diagnostics of chaos.
Monitoring and calculation of the air pollution standard index (APSI) of Bandung Regency
Authors: Hidayat  , Nazaruddin Nazris
Published: April 2022

Air pollution is directly proportional to the rate of economic growth. With the growing economic life, more people will use high-tech materials, which can cause air pollution. The main problem of this pollution is decreasing air quality. This decrease in air quality is caused by many things, including excessive environmental exploitations, industrial activity, energy use, and vehicles exhaust emissions, all of which trigger pollution problems. Bandung Regency is surrounded by many industries, i.e., textile, garment, metal, printing, metal, food, furniture, and plastic. Thus, monitoring air pollution is imperative. The air parameters measured were Carbon monoxide and Nitrogen dioxide. The measurement duration is every 14 days, from June to July 2021. The sample location is divided into four regions, Margahayu, Kopo Katapang, Baleendah, and Dayeuh Kolot. The method used was the MCU 6814 sensor which has been calibrated by IQAir. Carbon monoxide measurements were taken every 8 hours, while nitrogen dioxide was measured every hour of the day. The average measurement for the four areas in the morning and evening was relatively good, 3-5 g/m3 for CO in the morning and 10-14 g/m3 at peak activity during the day. These results indicated the unhealthy air category.
Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by Chrysopogon zizanioides L
Authors: Butar Erni Saurmalinda Butar , Permatasari Intan , Jasmansyah  , Sembiring Tarzan
Published: April 2022

The electroplating industry is one of the industries producing various kinds of pollutant waste. One of the pollutants is Copper (Cu). It can cause environmental problems such as soil pollution that endanger microorganisms and other living beings and shift its ecological balance. Phytoremediation is a way to improve polluted land by using plants. This study aimed to investigate the reduction of Cu after the treatment of vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty). Plants were grown on contaminated soil for 28 days (absorption condition), then transferred to the soil without contamination and allowed to live for 28 days (elimination condition). In this study, the concentration of Cu heavy metal was analyzed in plants using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Phytoremediation potential was evaluated through absorption rate, elimination rate, along with Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Biological Absorption Coefficient (BAC), and Translocation Factor (TF). The results showed that C. zizanioides could absorb Cu with the highest absorption rate of 1.45 mg.kg−1.d−1 and the highest elimination rate of 0.36 mg.kg−1.d−1. The absorption rate tends to be higher than the elimination rate. In this case, C. zizanioides can be used as an alternative for phytoremediation of Cu contaminated soil in the lightly to heavily polluted category.
Simultaneous effects of synthesis temperature and dopants on MgWO4 UC phosphors
Authors: Prasad Manisha , Rai Vineet Kumar
Published: April 2022

A sequence of coactivated divalent-metal tungstate Er3+/Yb3+/Mn4+: MgWO4 phosphors have been successfully developed to study the effect of synthesis temperature on the crystal structure, surface morphology, fluorescence, temperature sensing and the dynamics involved in the processes. Upconversion (UC) intensity of the Er3+/Yb3+: MgWO4 phosphors increased by ∼109 and ∼778 times on increasing the synthesis temperature from 800 °C to 1000 °C and 1200 °C. UC intensity of the Er3+/Yb3+/Mn4+: MgWO4 phosphors has been significantly improved up to ∼90 times via charge compensation. The incorporation of Mn4+ in the Er3+/Yb3+ codoped crystal system shifted the UC spectra from sharp green peaks to broadband emission along with amended sensing abilities. The ratiometric techniques of thermally coupled stark sublevels of the Er3+ have been used to achieve a wide temperature range (300–623 K). The prepared nanophosphors show maximum absolute & relative sensitivities ∼25.86 × 10−3 K−1 @453 K and ∼10.39 × 10−3 K−1 @303 K respectively with an accuracy of ±0.42 K@303 K.
MYO10 promotes transzonal projection-dependent germ line-somatic contact during mammalian folliculogenesis
Authors: Granados-Aparici Sofia , Volodarsky-Perel Alexander , Yang Qin , Anam Sibat , Tulandi Togas , Buckett William , Son Weon-Young , Younes Grace , Chung Jin-Tae , Jin Shaoguang , Terret Marie-Emilie , Clarke Hugh J
Published: April 2022

Granulosa cells of growing ovarian follicles elaborate filopodia-like structures termed transzonal projections (TZPs) that supply the enclosed oocyte with factors essential for its development. Little is known, however, of the mechanisms underlying the generation of TZPs. We show in mouse and human that filopodia, defined by an actin backbone, emerge from granulosa cells in early stage primary follicles and that actin-rich TZPs become detectable as soon as a space corresponding to the zona pellucida appears. mRNA encoding Myosin10 (MYO10), a motor protein that accumulates at the base and tips of filopodia and has been implicated in their initiation and elongation, is present in granulosa cells and oocytes of growing follicles. MYO10 protein accumulates in foci located mainly between the oocyte and innermost layer of granulosa cells, where it colocalizes with actin. In both mouse and human, the number of MYO10 foci increases as oocytes grow, corresponding to the increase in the number of actin-TZPs. RNAi-mediated depletion of MYO10 in cultured mouse granulosa cell-oocyte complexes is associated with a 52% reduction in the number of MYO10 foci and a 28% reduction in the number of actin-TZPs. Moreover, incubation of cumulus-oocyte complexes in the presence of epidermal growth factor, which triggers a 93% reduction in the number of actin-TZPs, is associated with a 55% reduction in the number of MYO10 foci. These results suggest that granulosa cells possess an ability to elaborate filopodia, which when directed toward the oocyte become actin-TZPs, and that MYO10 increases the efficiency of formation or maintenance of actin-TZPs.
Metabolic control of oocyte development
Authors: Zhu Shuai , Wang Qiang
Published: April 2022

Well balanced and timed metabolism is essential for oocyte development. The effects of extrinsic nutrients on oocyte maturation have been widely reported. In contrast, intrinsic control of oogenesis by intracellular metabolites and metabolic enzymes has received little attention. The comprehensive characterization of metabolic patterns could lead to more complete understanding of regulatory mechanisms underlying oocyte development. A cell's metabolic state is integrated with epigenetic regulation. Epigenetic modifications in germ cells are therefore sensitive to parental environmental exposures. Nevertheless, direct genetic evidence for metabolites involvement in epigenetic establishment during oocyte development is still lacking. Moreover, metabolic disorder-induced epigenetic perturbations during oogenesis might mediate the inter/transgenerational effects of environmental insults. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this deserve further investigation. Here, we summarize the findings on metabolic regulation in oocyte maturation, and how it contributes to oocyte epigenetic modification. Finally, we propose a mouse model that metabolic disorder in oocyte serves as a potential factor mediating the maternal environment effects on offspring health.
Helpless victim of financialisation? Financial liberalisation, crisis and taking back control in South Korea
Authors: Henow Anne
Published: April 2022

The literature often portrays emerging market economies as helpless victims of international financialisation. Based on evidence from central banks, international organisations and finance associations, this paper shows how in South Korea financial liberalisation heavily depended on the support of domestic interest groups. After the 1998 Asian financial crisis, Korean policy-makers adopted a pragmatic approach allowing a degree of financialisation while reviving state-led investment strategies. The financial sector expanded in the realm of consumer credit and real estate but alongside this, public financial institutions revived their influence and became an ally to the government in promoting innovation through their active engagement in venture capital. The strategy also pushed back on foreign banks operating in Korea. With its approach, the Korean government successfully prevented any financial instability in the country after the 1997 Asian financial crisis and promoted state-led investment showing that emerging market economies can take control of financialisation.
How Global Summitry Evolves: The Complementary Multilateralism Perspective
Authors: Ji Xianbai
Published: April 2022

The Group of Seven (G7) major Western industrial powers and the Group of Twenty (G20) systemically important economies have appeared in recent decades, their distinctly informal structures notwithstanding, as co-governors of world affairs. To address questions of global salience in regard to the nature of the two leadership fora’s intricate interrelationship, the article constructs a “complementary multilateralism” theoretical framework to shed light on that important symbiotic bond. Unlike the multi-multilateralism, hierarchical multilateralism, and contested multilateralism perspectives, which also describe and characterise interinstitutional relationships within international regime complexity, the complementary multilateralism approach focuses on complementarity between multilateral institutional bodies. After defining complementary multilateralism, the article traces the historical evolution and devolution of the G7 to the G20 and then elaborates on the process of complementary multilateralism entailed between the two Gs. Employing such novel research techniques as quantitative textual analytics and social network analysis, the article empirically uncovers a pattern of spontaneous division of labour, evident in the G7 working primarily with the United Nations’ organs to rein in non-economic aspects of global governance, and the G20 maintaining ties mainly with Bretton Woods institutions charged with international economic cooperation. Going forward, synergetic G7–G20 partnerships would be beneficial to producing favourable governance outcomes, in policy areas such as global health, tax justice, climate change, debt management, and the governance reform of the International Monetary Fund.
Meiotic cDNA libraries reveal gene truncations and mitochondrial proteins important for competitive fitness in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Sing Tina L , Conlon Katie , Lu Stephanie H , Madrazo Nicole , Morse Kaitlin , Barker Juliet C , Hollerer Ina , Brar Gloria A , Sudmant Peter H , Ünal Elçin
Published: April 2022

Gametogenesis is an evolutionarily conserved developmental program whereby a diploid progenitor cell undergoes meiosis and cellular remodeling to differentiate into haploid gametes, the precursors for sexual reproduction. Even in the simple eukaryotic organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the meiotic transcriptome is very rich and complex, thereby necessitating new tools for functional studies. Here, we report the construction of 5 stage-specific, inducible complementary DNA libraries from meiotic cells that represent over 84% of the genes found in the budding yeast genome. We employed computational strategies to detect endogenous meiotic transcript isoforms as well as library-specific gene truncations. Furthermore, we developed a robust screening pipeline to test the effect of each complementary DNA on competitive fitness. Our multiday proof-of-principle time course revealed 877 complementary DNAs that were detrimental for competitive fitness when overexpressed. The list included mitochondrial proteins that cause dose-dependent disruption of cellular respiration as well as library-specific gene truncations that expose a dominant negative effect on competitive growth. Together, these high-quality complementary DNA libraries provide an important tool for systematically identifying meiotic genes, transcript isoforms, and protein domains that are important for a specific biological function.
Increased Risk of Postpartum Infections After Caesarian and Vaginal Delivery in Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Friedman Sonia , Zegers Floor Dijkstra , Jølving Line Riis , Nielsen Jan , Nørgård Bente Mertz
Published: April 2022

Background

There is lack of knowledge concerning postpartum infections in women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our aim is to determine the 30-day postpartum infectious complications in women with and without IBD who have a caesarian section, normal vaginal delivery, or assisted vaginal delivery.

Methods

We used Danish national registries to establish a study population of liveborn, singleton births from January 1, 1997, through December 31, 2015. We examined 30-day postpartum maternal infectious complications in women with and without IBD, according to the mode of delivery. Statistical models were adjusted for multiple confounders.

Results

In all, 3255 women with and 207 608 without IBD had a caesarian section. Within 30 days postpartum, 4.5% of women with and 3.7% without IBD had an infectious complication. Increased infectious complications included overall infections (adjusted OR [aOR], 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35–2.47), infections of the gastrointestinal tract (aOR, 4.36, 95% CI 2.34-8.10), and infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (aOR, 4.45; 95% CI, 2.30–8.50). Other puerperal infections, urological and gynecological, and other infections were increased, although not significantly. For vaginal deliveries, 1.6% of 5771 women with IBD and 1.3% of 793 110 women without IBD had an infectious complication, and the aOR of infections of the gastrointestinal tract was 3.17 (95% CI, 1.47–6.85). There were too few outcomes to calculate the risk of infections after assisted vaginal delivery.

Conclusions

The risk of a 30-day postpartum infectious complication is increased in women with IBD. Physicians should carefully monitor their patients postpartum to prevent these adverse outcomes.
From ‘a piece of grossness’ to ‘minute particularity’: Queen Victoria’s First Pregnancy in the British Press
Authors: Leighton Mary Elizabeth , Surridge Lisa
Published: April 2022

It is a truism that Victorians were prudish about pregnant bodies. Interrogating this assumption, this paper provides a case study of one of the century’s most public pregnancies: that of Queen Victoria with her first child. It tracks press speculations about and discussions of Victoria’s pregnancy from weeks after her 10 February 1840 marriage to Princess Victoria’s 21 November birth. During this period, Victoria’s body was subject to relentless press scrutiny, ranging from speculations about possible pregnancy shortly after marriage to comments about her sex life with Albert. In summer 1840, concern shifted to possible miscarriage after an unsuccessful assassination attempt and the need for a regency if she died in childbirth. Finally, Princess Victoria’s birth prompted surprisingly detailed descriptions of Victoria’s labour and delivery as well as speculations about when the child was conceived. Victorian periodicals demonstrated awareness of their own coverage, accusing other papers of ‘grossness’ and objecting to the ‘minute particularity’ of accounts of her labour. Repeatedly invoking delicacy even as they detailed Victoria’s body, the national press captures the stakes of writing about the queen’s ‘interesting condition’. Clearly, it was not impossible for Victorians to speak about pregnancy.
The key role of debt financing in developing renewable energy projects
Authors: Vázquez-Vázquez Miguel , Rojo-Suárez Javier , Alonso-Conde Ana B , López-Pérez M Victoria
Published: April 2022

We develop a model that allows us to compare the three most common alternatives used for financing wind projects, namely, (i) project finance debt, (ii) project bonds and (iii) mini-perm bank debt with potential refinancing at its maturity. The proposed model not only allows us to sort debts according to their convenience to the financial sponsor, but also helps to study the impact of refinancing conditions on the internal rate of return (IRR) for shareholders through a sensitivity analysis that comprehensively analyses those variables that are particularly uncertain in the refinancing process. Our results suggest that project bonds help maximize the leverage of the project, which leads to a positive effect on IRR for shareholders. The second-most attractive financing source is the mini-perm debt, but this fact is strongly dependent on the refinancing conditions. Our model contributes to fill the gap on the effects of the cost of project debt in developing and producing renewable energy.
Passive acoustic monitoring provides predictable and reliable underestimates of population size and longevity in wild Savannah Sparrows
Authors: Hensel Abby L J , Dobney Sarah L , Moran Ines G , Thomas Ian P , Burant Joseph B , Woodworth Bradley K , Doucet Stéphanie M , Newman Amy E M , Norris D Ryan , Williams Heather , Mennill Daniel J
Published: April 2022

Many breeding birds produce conspicuous sounds, providing tremendous opportunities to study free-living birds through acoustic recordings. Traditional methods for studying population size and demographic features depend on labor-intensive field research. Passive acoustic monitoring provides an alternative method for quantifying population size and demographic parameters, but this approach requires careful validation. To determine the accuracy of passive acoustic monitoring for estimating population size and demographic parameters, we used autonomous recorders to sample an island-living population of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) over a 6-year period. Using the individually distinctive songs of males, we estimated the male population size as the number of unique songs detected in the recordings. We analyzed songs across 6 years to estimate birth year, death year, and longevity. We then compared the estimates with field data in a blind analysis. Estimates of male population size through passive acoustic monitoring were, on average, 72% of the true male population size, with higher accuracy in lower-density years. Estimates of demographic rates were lower than true values by 29% for birth year, 23% for death year, and 29% for longevity. This is the first investigation to estimate longevity with passive acoustic monitoring and adds to a growing number of studies that have used passive acoustic monitoring to estimate population size. Although passive acoustic monitoring underestimated true population parameters, likely due to the high similarity among many male songs, our findings suggest that autonomous recorders can provide reliable estimates of population size and longevity in a wild songbird.
Employment Discrimination
Authors: Vodanovich Stephen J. , Rupp Deborah E.
Published: April 2022

Employment Discrimination: A Concise Review of the Legal Landscape provides a succinct yet comprehensive review of employment discrimination law. It provides readers with a straightforward presentation of the major laws and regulations concerning employment discrimination. The book consists of ten chapters and covers a wide array of topics ranging from discrimination based on race, religion, sex (two chapters), age, disability, and retaliation, as well as a chapter on affirmative action. In this regard, the text covers major employment discrimination laws (e.g., Title VII, Age Discrimination in Employment Act, Americans with Disabilities Act, Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Equal Pay Act), along with summaries of important court cases that have interpreted them. The material is intended for readers at all levels: from those new to employment discrimination law, to those who are moderately familiar, and for readers with advanced knowledge. To provide easy access to primary source information, this book includes links to court decisions, various laws and regulations, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) guidelines, videos, legal commentaries, and reviews, as well as oral arguments before the Supreme Court. Also provided are boxed featurettes that review social science research as it pertains to equal employment opportunity legal matters, as well as summaries of how many of the issues discussed in the book play out in practice. Another unique aspect of the text are regular updates, which will allow individuals to keep current with the ever-changing legal landscape.
War
Authors: Heuser Beatrice
Published: April 2022

War has been conceptualized from a military perspective, but also from ethical, legal, and philosophical viewpoints. These different analytical perspectives are all necessary to understand the many dimensions war, the continua on which war is situated—from small-scale to large-scale, from limited in time or long, from less to extremely destructive, with varying aims, and degrees of involvement of populations. Western civilizations have conceptualized war in binary ways denying the great variety of manifestations of war along these continua. While binary definitions are necessary to capture different conditions legally, they hamper analysis. The binaries include inter-state and intestine war, just war and unjust war (the latter including insurgencies), citizen-soldiers and professionals, civilians and combatants. Yet realities have mostly straddled such demarcations. Even citizen-armies have usually included professionals, civilians have been treated as enemies and sometimes even formally defined as enemies, and rules have not conformed with binary distinctions, if they were respected at all. Also problematic is the Western faith in progress. While in the nineteenth century, customary rules governing the conduct of war have been turned into international law, this is the only aspect of war that has developed in a fairly linear way, while the rise, disappearance, and renaissance of the just war tradition has been anything but linear. This non-linearity also applies to the brutality with which war has been fought, especially towards civilians, who for long stretches of European history must have been the main victims of war, notwithstanding increasing protection they were afforded in theory by customary law. To understand war, we must shed some of these skewed perceptions.
Asset Pricing Implications of Firms’ Government Sales Dependency
Authors: Parajuli Bharat Raj
Published: April 2022

This paper investigates the firm-level, asset pricing implications of government expenditures. Higher government sales dependency (GD), unconditional on political partisanship cycles, significantly predicts positive future returns, and a GD-weighted portfolio substantially improves the tangency portfolio’s ex post Sharpe ratio. Conditionally, the results are stronger during Republican presidencies. Higher returns do not stem from political connections or political and regulatory risks. The underlying economic channel is higher expected cash flow from increased profitability. Atypical provisions of government contracts and information asymmetry likely drive higher profit margins. A risk versus a mispricing analysis elicits more convincing evidence for mispricing as an explanation for abnormal returns. (JEL G18, G38, H50, H57, H72)

Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Efficacy of Genetic Resistance and Fungicide Application Against Fusarium Head Blight and Mycotoxins in Wheat Under Persistent Pre- and Postanthesis Moisture
Authors: Moraes Wanderson Bucker , Madden Laurence V. , Paul Pierce A.
Published: April 2022

Field experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of fungicide treatments in combination with genetic resistance against Fusarium head blight (FHB) and its associated mycotoxins under persistently wet pre- and postanthesis conditions in plots inoculated with Fusarium graminearum-colonized corn spawn. Treatments consisted of a single application of prothioconazole + tebuconazole at early anthesis (PA), or at 3 (P3), 6 (P6), or 9 (P9) days after early anthesis, or PA followed by a single application of metconazole at 3 (PA+C3), 6 (PA+C6), or 9 (PA+C9) days after early anthesis. PA and P3 were the most efficacious of the single-application treatments in terms of mean percentage control of FHB index (IND), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), and mean increase in grain yield and test weight (TW) relative to the nontreated susceptible check (S_CK). The double-application treatments (PA+C3, PA+C6, and PA+C9) were the most effective of all tested fungicide programs. However, relative to S_CK, the highest overall mean percentage reduction in IND, DON, and ZEA and increase in grain yield and TW were observed when the double-application fungicide programs were integrated with genetic resistance. The estimated net cash income (NCI) of the integrated management (IM) programs was consistently higher than the NCI of other tested programs across different grain prices and fungicide application costs. Thus, the benefits of the two-treatment IM programs under highly favorable conditions for FHB development were enough to offset the cost of two applications, making these programs profitable.
The Hereditary Nature of Adolescent Spinal Deformities
Authors: Zloof Yair , Ankory Ran , Braun Amit Elbaz , Braun Maya , Abuhasira Shlomi , Schwartz Naama , Yaari Dotan , Glassberg Elon , Shlaifer Amir
Published: April 2022

Study Design.

A cross-sectional study.

Objective.

We designed this study to investigate the risk for spinal deformity among individuals whose parents had a spinal deformity.

Summary of Background Data.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and Scheuermann kyphosis (SK) are common adolescent spinal deformities (ASD) with a significant impact on public health. Timely treatment with bracing is effective in halting or slowing the progression of these deformities. However, screening healthy adolescents for spinal deformities remains debatable. While the leading medical organizations endorse contradictory positions regarding the screening of the general population, there is a consensus that screening of targeted population should be considered. Due to their genetic predisposition, adolescents whose parents suffer from a spinal deformity may be candidates for targeted screening.

Methods.

We conducted a nationwide, population-based study of 611,689 Israeli adolescents, aged 16 to 19 years old, who were screened for spinal deformities between the years 2000 and 2019. The data for this study were derived from a central database containing medical records of all adolescents who were examined preliminary to mandatory military service. In our study, ASD were strictly defined by plain x-ray.

Results.

Compared with adolescents of whose parents did not have a spinal deformity, the odds ratios (OR) for ASD among adolescents whose father, mother, or both parents had spinal deformity were 1.46, 1.74, and 2.58, respectively. These ratios were consistent in multivariate models.

Conclusion.

We have found a considerable increased risk for adolescent spinal deformities among adolescents whose parents suffered from spinal deformities. We believe that our findings should serve the leading medical organizations when considering the screening of targeted populations.

Level of Evidence.

4
AOASM Position Statement on Esports, Active Video Gaming, and the Role of the Sports Medicine Physician
Authors: Franks R. Robert , King Dominic , Bodine Warren , Chisari Emanuele , Heller Alan , Jamal Faraz , Luksch John , Quinn Kate , Singh Raunak , Solomon Mary
Published: April 2022

Electronic sports, or esports, has a global audience of over 300 million fans and is increasing in popularity, resulting in projected revenue of over $1 billion by the end of this past year. The global pandemic of 2020 had little to no effect on these increasing numbers because athletes have been able to continue to engage in sports because of its electronic nature and fans have been able to follow them virtually. Esports has been recognized as an organized sport by the International Olympic Committee, the US National Collegiate Athletic Association, and several secondary school athletic associations within the United States. In addition, professional teams have been established in several major cities within the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia. With the growth of esports, the necessity of incorporating esports medicine into the practice of sports medicine physicians has become paramount. Esports can be played on a monitor or screen and played using physical activity in what has become known as active video gaming. Within both of these platforms, there have emerged certain conditions unique to esports. There are also certain conditions seen in other sports applicable to esports athletes. This document will review the evaluation of the esports athlete, introduce conditions unique to these athletes and review common conditions seen in esports, discuss diagnostics used in the evaluation of esports athletes, introduce treatment options for conditions unique to esports and review those for commonly seen injuries in esports, discuss prevention of injuries in esports, and introduce a framework for the future development of esports medicine that can be introduced into the daily practice of the sports medicine physician.
18F-FDG-PET/MRI texture analysis in rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Capelli Giulia , Campi Cristina , Bao Quoc Riccardo , Morra Francesco , Lacognata Carmelo , Zucchetta Pietro , Cecchin Diego , Pucciarelli Salvatore , Spolverato Gaya , Crimì Filippo
Published: April 2022

Objective

Reliable markers to predict the response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) are lacking. We aimed to assess the ability of 18F-FDG PET/MRI to predict response to nCRT among patients undergoing curative-intent surgery.

Methods

Patients with histological-confirmed LARC who underwent curative-intent surgery following nCRT and restaging with 18F-FDG PET/MRI were included. Statistical correlation between radiomic features extracted in PET, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2w images and patients’ histopathologic response to chemoradiotherapy using a multivariable logistic regression model ROC-analysis.

Results

Overall, 50 patients were included in the study. A pathological complete response was achieved in 28.0% of patients. Considering second-order textural features, nine parameters showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups in ADC images, six parameters in PET images and four parameters in T2w images. Combining all the features selected for the three techniques in the same multivariate ROC curve analysis, we obtained an area under ROC curve of 0.863 (95% CI, 0.760–0.966), showing a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy at the Youden’s index of 100% (14/14), 64% (23/36) and 74% (37/50), respectively.

Conclusion

PET/MRI texture analysis seems to represent a valuable tool in the identification of rectal cancer patients with a complete pathological response to nCRT.
Abnormal cognitive aging in people with HIV: evidence from data integration between two countries’ cohort studies
Authors: Aung Htein Linn , Gates Thomas M. , Mao Limin , Brew Bruce J. , Rourke Sean B. , Cysique Lucette A.
Published: April 2022

Objectives:

Previous research has shown inconsistent results on whether cognitive aging is abnormal in people with HIV (PWH) because of low sample size, cross-sectional design, and nonstandard neuropsychological methods. To address these issues, we integrated data from two longitudinal studies: Australian HIV and Brain Ageing Research Program (N = 102) and CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) study (N = 924) and determined the effect of abnormal aging on neurocognitive impairment (NCI) among PWH.

Methods:

Both studies used the same neuropsychological test battery. NCI was defined based on demographically corrected global deficit score (≥0.5 = impaired). Both studies also assessed comorbidities, neuropsychiatric conditions and functional status using similar tools. To determine the cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of age on the risk of NCI, a generalized linear mixed-effect model tested main and interaction effects of age group (young, <50 vs. old, ≥50) and time on NCI adjusting the effects of covariates.

Results:

Older PWH had 83% higher chance of NCI compared with younger PWH [odds ratio (OR) = 1.83 (1.15–2.90), P < 0.05]. Older participants also had a greater risk of increases in NCI over the follow-up [OR = 1.66 (1.05–2.64), P < 0.05] than younger participants. Nonwhite ethnicity (P < 0.05), having a contributing (P < 0.05) or confounding (P < 0.001) comorbidity, greater cognitive symptoms (P < 0.001), and abnormal creatinine level (P < 0.05), plasma viral load greater than 200 copies/ml (P < 0.05), being from the Australian cohort (P < 0.05) were also associated with a higher risk of NCI.

Conclusion:

Data integration may serve as a strategy to increase sample size and study power to better assess abnormal cognitive aging effect in PWH, which was significant in the current study.
Risk of subarachnoid haemorrhages and aneurysms in Danish People Living With HIV, a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Tetens Malte M. , Gerstoft Jan , Kronborg Gitte , Johansen Isik S. , Larsen Carsten S. , Weise Lothar , Dalager-Pedersen Michael , Omland Lars H. , Obel Niels
Published: April 2022

Objective:

It remains unclear whether people with HIV (PWH) have increased risk of aneurysms. We aimed to investigate if the risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebral aneurysm, aortic aneurysm and other arterial aneurysms and dissections is increased in PWH compared with the general population.

Design:

We performed a nationwide population-based matched cohort study.

Methods:

We compared PWH with age-matched and sex-matched comparison cohort members to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRR) of subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebral aneurysm, aortic aneurysm and other arterial aneurysms and dissections as well as surgery for these conditions.

Results:

We included all PWH, who were Danish residents and treated at a HIV healthcare centre between January 1995 and February 2018 (n = 6935) and an age-matched and sex-matched comparison cohort (n = 55 480). PWH had increased risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage (IRR 1.7, 95% CI, 1.1–2.6), but no increased risk of surgery for this condition. PWH had no increased risk of cerebral aneurysm or aortic aneurysm or surgery for these conditions. The risk of other arterial aneurysms and dissections was increased in PWH (IRR 2.0, 95% CI, 1.4–2.9), but this only applied for PWH who reported intravenous substance use as route of HIV transmission (IRR 18.4, 95% CI, 9.3–36.6), and not for PWH without reported injection drug use (IRR 1.2, 95% CI, 0.73–1.7).

Conclusion:

PWH were not at an increased risk of cerebral, aortic or other arterial aneurysms and dissections. Although PWH were at an increased risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhages were rare among PWH.
Plasma Cell–Free Mitochondrial DNA as a Marker of Geriatric Syndromes in Older Adults With HIV
Authors: Johnston Carrie D. , Siegler Eugenia L. , Rice Michelle C. , Derry-Vick Heather M. , Hootman Katie C. , Zhu Yuan-Shan , Burchett Chelsie O. , Choi Mary E. , Glesby Marshall J.
Published: April 2022

Background:

Older people with HIV experience more comorbidities and geriatric syndromes than their HIV-negative peers, perhaps due to residual inflammation despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cfmtDNA) released during necrosis-mediated cell death potentially acts as both mediator and marker of inflammatory dysregulation. Thus, we evaluated plasma cfmtDNA as a potential biomarker of geriatric syndromes.

Methods:

Participants underwent the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), frailty testing, and measurement of plasma cfmtDNA by qPCR and inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in this cross-sectional study.

Results:

Across 155 participants, the median age was 60 years (Q1, Q3: 56, 64), one-third were female, and 92% had HIV-1 viral load <200 copies/mL. The median MoCA score was 24 (21, 27). The plasma cfmtDNA level was higher in those with cognitive impairment (MoCA <23) (P = 0.02 by the t test) and remained significantly associated with cognitive impairment in a multivariable logistic regression model controlling for age, sex, race, CD4 T-cell nadir, HIV-1 viremia, and depression. Two-thirds of participants met the criteria for a prefrail or frail state; higher plasma cfmtDNA was associated with slow walk and exhaustion but not overall frailty state. Cognitive dysfunction was not associated with C-reactive protein, IL-6, interferon gamma, or tumor necrosis factor alpha, and frailty state was only associated with IL-6.

Conclusions:

Plasma cfmtDNA may have a role as a novel biomarker of cognitive dysfunction and key components of frailty. Longitudinal investigation of cfmtDNA is warranted to assess its utility as a biomarker of geriatric syndromes in older people with HIV.