bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Centrifuge for Rapid Concentration of Large Fragile Cells Without Extensive Lysis*
Authors: MARTZ ERIC
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. When large batches of Paramecium (more than 100,000 cells) are centrifuged in conventional centrifuges, extensive lysis occurs, typically lowering recovery to around 30%. An easily constructed centrifuge with a cylindrical plastic head operated at low accelerations permits centrifugation of large batches of Paramecium with about 90% recovery, even after exhaustive washing. Operation requires only a few minutes, and the system is easily cleaned. The inexpensive heads can be instantly interchanged, and cultures can even be centrifuged in their original low form glass culture vessels. This system, which should be applicable to any large fragile cells, permits timed experiments that are usually impossible because of the need for exhaustive washing or concentration from large initial volumes.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Cilia Isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: CULBERTSON JON R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cilia devoid of their basal granules and isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain W, by the method of Watson et al. (66) have been characterized in terms of physical, chemical and immunologic properties.

The general chemical composition of cilia, based on mean values from these determinations is 66.3% protein, 24.3%“lipid,” 3.7 or 4.8% carbohydrate, and 0.4% nucleic acid. The amino acid composition of cilia includes hydroxyproline and is not significantly different from the amino acid composition of whole cells. Chloroformmethanol extracts of ciliary material contain free amino acids as well as neutral lipids and phospholipids. The lipid composition of cilia also is not significantly different from that of whole cells. Pentose, hexose and small but significant amounts of adenine nucleotide and ribonucleic acid are present.

Cilia are a greater stimulus for the production of antibody than an equivalent amount of cellular antigen, and the ciliary antigen is strain specific.
Studies of the Numbers and Morphology of the Intracellular Form of Leishmania donovani Grown in Cell Culture*
Authors: HERMAN ROBERT
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Macrophages were infected in vivo with the intracellular form of Leishmania donovani (LDs), harvested from the previously saline‐stimulated peritoneal cavities of hamsters and explanted into Leighton tubes containing removable coverslips. Serum from either rabbit, chicken, human, calf, hamster or cotton rat blood was used as the 40% component of a Hanks' BSS60 serum40 medium used to maintain these Leighton tube cultures at 37 C. After varying lengths of time coverslips were removed from tubes, stained with Giemsa, and the parasites per infected macrophage, total number of hamster cells and total number of parasites on each coverslip were counted.

Maerophages constituted more than 90% of the explanted cells on the coverslips. When cotton rat serum was used as a component of the medium, fibroblastic overgrowth of the coverslips followed. Some similarities and differences in the numbers of macrophages, fibroblasts and parasites were noted with regard to the serum used as part of the medium. Except for cotton rat serum, the serum component of the medium used apparently did not influence, to any great degree, the morphology of either the macrophages or parasites therein. Thus, vacuolarization and granularization of macrophages did not appear to be very distinctly correlated with the time of sampling or the type of serum in the medium used for maintenance nor could any morphologic variations of the LDs be ascribed to these factors.

When cotton rat serum, but not any of the other sera, was the serum component of the medium, leptomonads were noted in the overlay fluid of the cultures after 6 days.

Under these conditions of cell culture, fibroblasts could not be infected with LDs although macrophages on the same coverslip were heavily parasitized.
Potomacus pottsi n. g., n. sp., a Hymenostome Ciliate from the Potomac River*
Authors: THOMPSON JESSE C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Potomacus pottsi n. g., n. sp., a brackish water hymenostome ciliate, is described from the Potomac River. Morphologic studies were made on specimens treated with the Chatton‐Lwoff silver impregnation technic. Polymorphism, with the formation of large macrostome forms, was noted. Particular attention is given to the buccal ciliature and its importance to generic assignment in the order Hymenostomatida.
Pseudocohnilembus marinus n. sp., a Hymenostome Ciliate from the Virginia Coast.*
Authors: THOMPSON JESSE C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Pseudocohnilembus marinus n. sp., a marine ciliate, is described from the Virginia coast. Morphologic studies were made on specimens treated by the Chatton‐Lwoff silver impregnation technic. Particular attention is given to the infraciliature of the buccal apparatus and its importance to the systematics of the order Hymenostomatida. The buccal infraciliature of the new species differs from that of all other species of Pseudocohnilembus by the presence of a lateral bar of argentophilic granules at the posterior end of the inner membrane.
Anemia in Ducks Infected with Leucocytozoon simondi*†
Authors: KOCAN R. M. , CLARK D. T.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Thirty‐four white Pekin ducklings were used to study the anemia associated with infection by Leucocytozoon simondi.

The first appearance of gametocytes in the peripheral blood, as detected by thin smears, marked the onset of anemia. This anemia lasted for the duration of the initial parasitemia, usually reaching a low point early in the infection (1 to 5 days post patency) and returning slowly to normal as the parasitemia decreased. Greatest gametocyte density occurred 5 to 8 days post patency. In a number of cases recovery from anemia began simultaneously or even prior to the highest level in the gametocyte density.

In low level parasitemias a fluctuation occurred in erythrocyte numbers which corresponded with the peaks of gametocyte density.

In none of the infections was a sufficient number of parasite observed to account for the existing anemia.

Haemopoietic activity was observed for a brief period at the time of maximum erythrocyte loss in only a few birds. The overcompensation for erythrocyte loss at the end of the primary parasitermia favors the view that increased erythrocyte production may account for the short duration of haemopoiesis.
Action of Some Analogs of Nitrosoguanidine on the Chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis
Authors: McCALLA D. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Several analogs of N‐methyl‐N'‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (NG) share with it the property of rendering Euglena permanently unable to form chloroplasts (i.e., of “bleaching”Euglena). All the active compounds contain an N‐alkyl‐N‐nitrosamine group. Analogs in which the nitroso group is replaced by a nitro group or by a hydrogen atom do not bleach. The possible mode of action of alkylnitrosamines is discussed.
Corticotypic Technics in Tetrahymena Taxonomy*
Authors: NANNEY D. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis have a cryptic polymorphism reflected in the production of individuals with different numbers of ciliary rows (meridians). Within a strain certain cortical features—particularly the numbers and positions of contractile vacuole pores, the numbers of postoral meridians, and the stability of the cell type‐vary in a systematic way with meridianal multiplicity. A preliminary survey of strains representing 10 genetically isolated groups reveals several patterns of correlation of cortical elements. All the groups examined appear to be distinctive with the possible exception of the strains from syngens 6 and 8, which are known to be genetically compatible under certain conditions. These studies encourage a belief that the heterogeneous assembly of genetic species now sheltered under the taxonomic umbrella of T. pyriformis can soon be given independent morphologic identification and appropriate specific designations.
Culture of Stentor coeruleus on Colpidium campylum*
Authors: DE TERRA NOÉL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A method is described for culturing Stentor coeruleus in agar‐lined petri dishes using the smaller ciliate Colpidium campylum as food organism.
Growth of Particle‐Bearing and Particle‐Free Paramecium aurelia in Axenic Culture*
Authors: SOLDO ANTHONY T. , GODOY GUSTAVO A. , VAN WAGTENDONK WILLEM J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Several strains of particle‐bearing and particle‐free Paramecium aurelia have been cultivated in an axenic medium composed of proteose peptone, trypticase, yeast nucleic acid, MgSO4.7H2O, TEM‐4T (diacetyl tartaric acid esters of tallow monoglycerides), stigmasterol and a mixture of vitamins. The “yeast fraction,” an indispensable component of previous media used for the cultivation of these ciliates has been replaced by a mixture of trypticase, yeast nucleic acid and TEM‐4T.

Particle‐bearing animals of stock 299 lambda, 138 mu, and 139 pi maintain their particles when cultivated in the medium, whereas particle‐bearing animals of stock 51 kappa, 225 kappa and 114 signia do not. With the exception of stock 92 (syngen 3) the medium appears to be selective in its ability to support the growth of animals of the even‐ but not odd‐numbered syngens of P. aurelia.

Maintenance of the particles was dependent only to a small degree upon environmental conditions brought about by changes in pH and temperature. Division of the particles was found to be comparable with the division of the protozoan. Methods for the growth, maintenance and mass cultivation of particle‐bearing P. aurelia are given in detail.
Incorporation of Ribonucleoside Triphosphates into sRNA by Extracts of Tetrahymena pyriformis S*
Authors: FITT P. S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Extracts of Tetrahymena pyriformis S in 50% glycerol contain an unstable enzyme capable of catalyzing the incorporation of ATP† or CTP into soluble RNA. Prior treatment of the sRNA with snake venom diesterase greatly enhances its ability to prime CTP incorporation. The properties of the enzyme suggest that it is an RNA‐adenylate (cytidylate) pyrophosphorylase.
Alterations in Fatty Acid Metabolism and Morphology of Leishmania enriettii Exposed to Elevated Temperature
Authors: GREENBLATT CHARLES L. , WETZEL BRUCE K.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cytoplasmic inclusions appear rapidly in Leishmania enriettii exposed to 37 C. The staining of these droplets with oil red O, their extraction in non‐polar solvents, and their fine structure by electron microscopy establish their identity as lipid droplets. Fatty acid profiles of these organisms show alterations concomitant with the development of these inclusions. Oleic acid increases while linolenic acid is depressed in cells exposed to elevated temperature. A greater incorporation of exogenous radioactive stearic acid occurs, with depressed specific activities of linoleic and linolenic acids compared to values obtained with control organisms. The isolated lipids of L. enriettii have temperature‐dependent changes consistent with a physical interpretation of events which occur with temperature inactivation. The temperature lability of fatty acid metabolism is discussed in terms of the synthesis and stability of cellular membranes and organelles.
The Induction of a Phospholipid Requirement and Morphological Abnormalities in Tetrahymena pyriformis by Growth at Supraoptimal Temperatures*†
Authors: ROSENBAUM N. , ERWIN J. , BEACH D. , HOLZ G. G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Supplementation of a chemically‐defined medium that supported excellent axenic growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis, mating type II, variety 1, at 35 C, with nucleic acid derivatives allowed full growth at 37, and further addition of phospholipids permitted equivalent growth at 39 and 1/3 of that at 40. No other nutrients tested were active at 40. Population growth could be sustained continuously by serial sub‐culture every 48 hr at 40 only if the medium contained synthetic phospholipids or phospholipids isolated from natural sources. The requirement was specific for phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Phospholipids which contained only saturated fatty acids, and ones which contained unsaturated acids were active. Phospholipids and neutral lipids isolated from 35‐grown T. pyriformis were also effective. Phospholipid precursors, sterols, neutral lipids and fatty acids were not.

A 48–72 hr exposure to 40 in either the unsupplemented medium or the nucleic acid derivatives‐phospholipid‐supplemented medium caused extreme variation in size and shape, fractured and displaced kineties, and abnormalities of karyokinesis. The frequency and degree of teratology was greater in the unsupplemented medium, but not markedly so.

A possible metabolic basis for the temperature‐induced phospholipid requirement and the morphological abnormalities is discussed.
Physical and Serologic Properties of an Antigen Prepared from Erythrocytes of Horses with Acute Babesiosis*
Authors: SIBINOVIC STEVAN , SIBINOVIC KYLE HARDING , RISTIC MIODRAG , COX HERBERT W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. By means of precipitation with protamine sulfate, a soluble antigen (PS) was obtained from erythrocytes of horses with acute babesiosis due to Babesia caballi and B. equi. This antigen reacted in gel diffusion tests with sera from horses recovered from acute babesiosis. The PS antigen was found to be muco‐protein, susceptible to destruction by trypsin and taka‐diastase. Analysis of the antigen by paper electrophoresis revealed 2 components which were not present in similar preparations made from erythrocytes of Babesia‐free horses.

When the PS antigen was heated in boiling water for 30 minutes, a serologically inactive precipitate was formed; however, the supernate remained serologically active and was termed boiled PS (BPS) antigen. This antigen was polysaccharide in nature; its serologic activity was destroyed by taka‐diastase.

In gel diffusion tests with sera of recovered horses, the PS antigen formed 2 lines of precipitation which coalesced in a single line formed between these sera and the BPS antigen. Both PS and BPS antigens reacted with sera of horses recovered from acute babesiosis in the gel‐diffusion test, but not with sera of dogs and rats recovered from acute infection with Babesia canis and Babesia rodhaini, respectively. The serologic specificity of these antigens suggests that they might have application in the serodiagnosis of inapparent Babesia infections of equine animals.
A Process of Reproduction of Trypanosoma conorhini Different from Binary or Multiple Fission
Authors: DEANE MARIA P. , MILDER REGINA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In cultures of Trypanosoma conorhini the authors have detected “cyst‐like bodies” (CLBs) that, in the initial phase, have the appearance of 2 or more overgrown crithidiae fused together; after disorganization of the internal structure of the parent flagellates and division of their organelles, new crithidiae are formed within the CLB. The wall of the CLB consists of an irregularly thick layer of cytoplasm surrounded by the periplast of the parent flagellates and a true cystic membrane is not evident. The daughter crithidiae eventually escape from the CLB leaving the periplast and other residues of the parent flagellates. It is suggested that this represents a method of reproduction entirely different from binary or multiple fission, that is probably common to other trypanosomes of the Section STERCORARIA, and that it may provide for genetic exchange even if it is not a true sexual process.
Reproduction by Binary and Multiple Fission in Gigantomonas*
Authors: CLEVELAND L. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Gigantomonas usually exists in the multinucleate stage. Hence, multiple fission is more common than binary fission. In its flagellate as well as its aflagellate state it is always an amoeboid cell which possesses from one to several large, clear pseudopodia. Fairly often in the multinucleate, as well as the uninucleate, stage no extranuclear organelles are present except large plain centrioles, two of which are always closely associated with each nucleus. During nuclear reproduction four centrioles, two old ones and two new ones, are always present with each nucleus. During all nuclear reproductions, regardless of the number of nuclei present, extranuclear organelles, such as flagella, axostyle, undulating membrane, and costa when present are discarded. If they are renewed, it is by the new centrioles at the same time that the old ones produce new central spindles, two always cooperating in the process. Thus, Gigantomonas, like other genera of the Devescovinidae, the family to which it belongs, never has for each nucleus present more than one set of extranuclear organelles, a characteristic which Devescovinidae and Lophomonadidae have in common. It is the only genus of Devescovinidae without a parabasal body.

Owing to the liquidness of the cytoplasm, the central spindle, which becomes very long indeed, often extends beyond the cytoplasm and thus pushes the nucleus fastened to this end of it completely out of the cell. Mainly because of this situation, multinucleate forms with an odd number of nuclei occur often; otherwise the nuclear numbers would be 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc., because, no matter how many nuclei are present, they all reproduce simultaneously or nearly so.

An unusual situation occurs in which Gigantomonas ingests and digests a small species of Holomastigotoides, while several hundred individuals of the latter become attached to and destroy Gigantomonas.
Life History and Electron Microscopy of a Haplosporidian, Nephridiophaga blattellae (Crawley) n. comb., in the Malphigian Tubules of the German Cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.)*
Authors: WOOLEVER PATRICIA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Rearing of cockroaches without sporozoan parasites of the Malpighian tubules permitted the 1st experimental infections reported for these organisms as well as study of the intracellular early stages of infection. Infectivity tests show that the route of invasion is peroral rather than transovarian; that fresh spores obtained from either the Malpighian tubules or the hindgut are infective; that fresh spores held in aqueous suspension for 36 hr are not infective; that all ages and both sexes of cockroaches are susceptible, although older cockroaches are more readily infected experimentally; that a single peroral dose of a few hundred spores is sufficient to produce infection; that the earliest signs of progressive infection in the Malpighian tubules appear 15 days after ingestion of spores; and that the infection, spread mainly by schizogony, is well established by 23 days. Spores are acid‐fast. The PAS‐positive spore membrane is not dissolved by 20‐min treatment with hot KOH, but tests for chitin were inconclusive. The life history of the parasite is described. “Encapsulation” of the parasite has been observed. Electron microscope studies, the first reported for the class Haplosporea, show similarities of the cytoplasmic structure of this haplosporidian with that of some members of the sporozoan class Telosporea, though no specialized structures were seen. Finding of intracellular stages together with failure of interspecific infection attempts suggest that the microorganism should be placed in the genus Nephridiophaga Ivanic, 1937 with the specific name blattellae Crawley, 1905.
Changes in the Lipids of Cells from Aging Populations of Tetrahymena pyriformis*†
Authors: EVERHART LEIGHTON P. , RONKIN R. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Lipids in aging cultures of Tetrakymena pyriformis were extracted at various times after inoculation, purified, and weighed or chromatographed on thin layers of silica gel. The total cellular lipid increased throughout logarithmic and early stationary phases but decreased sharply after 72 hr. The amount of one lipid class, probably the triglycerides, followed the same trends. It may be a cellular reserve.
The Pathoènicity of Two Strains of Tritrichomonas foetus for Mice
Authors: PURCHASE H. GRAHAM , CLARK DAVID T.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The pathogenicity for mice and cell culture, and the growth rates in vitro of two strains of Tritrichomonas foetus were compared. A new strain of T. foetus (T. foetus“G”) which was isoated less than a year before use in the experiments described, was more pathogenic to mice but had a longer generation time than an old strain (T. foetus“M”). The old strain has been maintained in vitro for over five years. The characteristics observed for the strains of T. foetus examined resembled those of T. vaginalis rather than T. gallinae. In strains of the latter species there is a good correlation between growth rate and pathogenicity.
The Occurrence, Growth‐Temperature Relations and Nuclear Cytology of Protostelium mycophaga Olive and Stoianovitch
Authors: KAHN ARNOLD J. , GEE JOSEPH
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Protostelium mycophaga Olive and Stoianovitch was isolated from 7 of 19 plant sources collected in a 15‐mile radius of Syracuse, New York. Two of these isolations were made from up‐right, nondecomposed plants. Spore diameter measurements of 4 of the isolates gave values that agree with those published for this species. The optimum temperature for the growth of P. mycophaga on enriched corn meal agar and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was 20 C. Limited growth occurred at 10 C and no growth was observed above 30 C.

Mitosis is described from observations on living and stained preparations.
Adenosine Triphosphate and the Pyruvic and Phosphoglyceric Kinases of the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium lophurae
Authors: TRAGER WILLIAM
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with pyruvate, or adenosine diphosphate with phosphoenolpyruvate, favor the development of Plasmodium lophurae removed from its host erythrocytes and kept extracellularly in vitro. It seemed possible that the parasites might be deficient in enzymes of the glycolytic cycle concerned with the generation of ATP. The ATP content of duck erythrocytes infected with P. lophurae was lower than that of uninfected cells. Infected erythrocytes, however, had somewhat higher contents of both pyruvic kinase and phosphoglyceric kinase than did uninfected ones. Both of these enzymes could be found in the free parasites. Furthermore, the pyruvic kinase of the free parasites was inactivated by freezing and thawing, whereas that of the host erythrocyte was not affected. It will be necessary, therefore, to look further for the basis for the favorable effect of ATP with pyruvate on parasites developing extracellularly in vitro.
The Glyoxylate Pathway in Acanthamoeba Sp.*
Authors: TOMLINSON GUS
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cell‐free extracts of encysting Acanthamoeba were assayed for the key enzymes of the glyoxylate pathway, viz., isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. Both enzymes were present at the onset of encystment but their activities changed as cyst‐wall formation proceeded to completion. Isocitrate lyase activity decreased during the first 4 hr of encystment to a minimum at 4 hr which was 70% of its initial activity. Activity then increased reaching a maximum at 9 hr which was 144% of its initial activity. After 9 hr a decrease in isocitrate lyase activity began which reached 70% of its initial activity at 35 hr. Malate synthase activity slowly decreased throughout encystment to 50% of its initial activity after 35 hr. From these data and others cited, it is concluded that this small soil amoeba has a functional glyoxylate pathway.
Eimeria scholtysecki n. sp. from Ord's Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys ordii*
Authors: ERNST JOHN V. , FRYDENDALL MERRILL J. , HAMMOND DATUS M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria scholtysecki n. sp. is described from Ord's kangaroo rat Dipodomys ordii. The sporulated oocysts are broadly ovoid to ellipsoid, averaging 24.6 by 19.6 μ. A polar granule is present. A micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent. The ovoid sporocysts average 12.1 by 8.0 μ, and have small, flattened Stieda bodies. The distinctive sporocyst residuum is composed of coarse granules. The mean prepatent period was 8.2 days. Five inoculated rats apparently became reinfected and discharged oocysts for 30 days or more.
The Fine Structure of Nyctotherus cordiformis (Ehrenberg)
Authors: PAULIN JEROME JOHN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An electron‐microscopic investigation of gluaraldehyde‐and osmium‐vapor‐fixed Nyctotherus cordiformis has revealed the following: (1) A thin epiplasmic layer lies directly beneath a single limiting membrane. (2) The somatic kinetosomes are arranged in approximately 76 parallel rows separated from each other by a vacuolated region 2.4 μ wide. (3) The kinetosomes in each row are paired (both members ciliated), with 7 tubular fibrils (18‐21 mμ) originating radially from the right posterior margin of the posterior kinetosome, passing upward and anteriorly as a compact bundle. Also finding their origin in the proximity of the right radial fibrils point of origin are approximately 7 tubular fibrils, extending downward and posteriorly, where they join with adjacent posteriorly directed fibrils. Tangentially arranged tubular fibrils originate from the left anterior margin of both kinetosomes and are directed upward and anteriorly. Dense filamentous material surrounds both kinetosomes and extends laterally towards the adjacent rows. (4) Peculiar, electron‐dense, spherical bodies (10‐14 mμ) and larger rectangular bodies are present in the lumen of the kinetosomes. (5) A fine filamentous reticulum is present under the double row of kinetosomes of the UM as well as the 100 membranellar units of the AZM. (6) Oral fibrils (18 mμ) in groups of 3 extend upward into the ectoplasmic folds which separate the membranellar units; additional fibrils extend deep into the anterior and posterior ectoplasmic regions. (7) The nemadesmata originate on the right side of the buccal cavity and extend outward to their apparent terminus in the vacuolated ectoplasm.

A brief historical account and results of light‐microscopical investigation employing silver impregnation methods are also included as well as a discussion of the anteriorly directed right radial fibrils, deep posterior fibrils and their non‐kinetodesmal affinities.
Haemogregarina echisi n. sp. from the Saw‐Scaled Viper Echis carinatus of the Sind Region of West Pakistan
Authors: MOHIUDDIN AHMED , PAL RIAZ A. , WARSI A. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Haemogregarina echisi n. sp. from the saw‐scaled viper Echis carinatus of West Pakistan is described. Eleven of 40 vipers were infected. The blood forms were almost entirely intraerythrocytic and were enclosed in a capsule. There was obvious hypertrophy of the host cell, and multiple infection of a single host cell was common. Extracellular forms were also present; they were longer than intracellular forms. No sexual dimorphism was noticeable. Schizogonic stages, from early to mature, were found in abundance in the lung capillaries. The number of merozoites per schizont was normally 22–25, altho as many as 38 merozoites were present in some schizonts. The few mites that could be collected from these snakes were free from any developmental stage of the parasite. Dimorphic schizogony, described in some haemogregarines, was not found. The status of the genera Hepatozoon and Haemogregarina, and the specific differentiation is discussed.
The Test Structure and Composition of the Foraminifer Rosalina floridana*
Authors: ANGELL ROBERT W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The composition of the test of Rosalina floridana (Cushman) was examined histochemically, and its structure was studied with the electron microscope by means of thin sections and carbon replicas. The test is composed of a thick organic lining overlain by one or more calcite layers bounded above and below by thin membranes. The membranes are fused to organic pore processes composed of coarse fibers that penetrate the calcite layers. The ***lining, consisting of coarse fibers matted into a laminated sheet, is considered a strengthening element of the test. The membranes covering each calcite layer are composed of fine, headed fibrils which in aggregate have a striated pattern; they are thought to be the crystal‐nucleating agent during calcification and to form a protective covering for the previously deposited calcite layers. The pore processes, which are devoid of an internal entrance for cytoplasm, are considered to be points of attachment for the membranes; they tie the organic test components into a unified whole. The calcite layers and the chambers lack this unity, being separated from each other and from the preceding chambers by membranes so that there are no calcite‐to‐calcite boundaries between them. An organic, sievelike structure of undetermined function has been found in the foramina of chambers near the prolocular region of the test.

Histochemical methods show that the lining contains proteins, polysaccharides, and unidentified substances; the membranes and the pore processes stain as a protein‐polysaccharide complex free of other substances.
Utilization of 4 Sugars Known to Occur in Activated Sludge by Aspidisca cicada (Ciliata, Hypotrichida); Effect on Division Rate
Authors: BROWN TIM J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Indiviluals of the hypotrich Aspidisca cicada (Müller) were separated from activated sludge and grown clonally. Lactose and sucrose increased its division rate; D‐glucose and arabinose were inhibitory. All 4 sugars stimulated growth of the bacteria associated with A. cicada. Spectrophotometric detection of acid production showed that A. cicada utilized lactose and sucrose markedly, glucose only slightly, and arabinose not at all. The increased fission rate in the presence of lactose and sucrose is probably caused directly by these sugars providing a carbon source, and indirectly by increasing the supply of food bacteria. Retardation of growth of A. cicada in the presence of glucose or arabinose perhaps results from these sugars somehow making the food bacteria unavailable to A. cicada. Sugars found in activated sludge may inhibit or stimulate growth in populations of A. cicada, frequently one of the dominant Protozoa in activated sludge.
Temperature‐Induced Synchrony and Biochemical Responses of Astasia longa Grown on Ethanol
Authors: BUETOW D. E. , PADILLA G. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Optimal growth of the colorless flagellate, Astasia longa, in terms of generation time occurred at 25–30 C. Above and below this interval, generation time increased. In contrast, length of the lag phase was constant over a wide temperature range, 18–32 C. At 13 C dry weight of Astasia was 15% greater than at 28.5. Alcohol‐ether soluble material accounted for 72% of the dry weight increase at 13, while RNA and protein contents of the cells were the same at both temperatures. Rates of synthesis of dry weight, RNA, protein and lipid per μl oxygen consumed were all reduced at 13 C; however, lipid synthesis was the least affected. Cell division in Astasia was synchronized repetitively by cold (13–15 C) and warm (28.5 C) temperature cycles. Under best conditions, cell division began immediately at the onset of the warm period. Cellular preparations for cytokinesis apparently were at least partially completed in the cold, and raising the temperature released a block to cell division.
Response of Six Strains of Eimeria brunetti to Two Antagonists of para‐Aminobenzoic Acid
Authors: McMANUS EDWARD C. , OBERDICK MICHAEL T. , CUCKLER ASHTON C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sulfaquinoxaline and ethopabate are 2 chemically distinct types of antagonist of PABA with anticoccidial action. Reversal experiments with PABA and synergism studies with pyrimethamine indicated that both compounds interfered with the PABA‐folic acid metabolic sequence. Six pure strains of Eimeria brunetti responded differently to the 2 compounds. The strain most sensitive to ethopabate was one of 2 strains most resistant to sulfaquinoxaline. Conversely, the strain most sensitive to sulfaquinoxaline was unresponsive to the highest doses of ethopabate employed. Hypotheses to explain the differences in biological effects of the 2 compounds were considered.
A Method for the Isolation of Macronuclei from Paramecium aurelia
Authors: STEVENSON I.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A method is described for the isolation of macronuclei from Paramecium aurelia. It has also been successfully employed with Didinium nasutum. The yield is up to 50% with P. aurelia. Some results on the DNA, RNA and protein contents are given. The isolated macronuclei of P. aurelia are able to incorporate ATP and UTP into acid‐insoluble material, a process which is probably RNA synthesis mediated by RNA polymerase. The macronuclei were thus highly purified, and retained a measure of biosynthetic activity.
Myxidium macrocheili n. sp. (Cnidospora: Myxidiidae) from the Largescale Sucker Catostomus macrocheilus Girard, and a Synopsis of the Myxidium of North American Freshwater Vertebrates*
Authors: MITCHELL LAWRENCE G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Myxidium macrocheili n. sp. is described from the gall bladder, bile and pancreatic ducts of Catostomus macrocheilus Girard (largescale sucker) in western Montana. This parasite is markedly host specific; the trophozoite is nonmotile, polysporous, spheroidal, elongated or irregular, often arched and rolled at the edges, and up to 2.5 mm in greatest length; the ecto‐ and endoplasm are distinct; the sporonts are disporoblastic. The bipolar spore is longitudinally striated, usually ellipsoidal in front view, slightly S‐shaped in side view, and averages 11.7 × 6.6 × 6.3 μ; the suture line and ridge are distinct; the polar filaments are coiled 4–6 times.

An illustrated synopsis and a key of the 19 species and 10 unnamed forms of Myxidium of North American freshwater vertebrates are presented. At present members of the genus are known to infect fishes, amphibians and a single species of reptile on this continent.
Incidence, Taxonomic Relationships and Development of Lewisi‐Like Trypanosomes in Wisconsin Sciuridae
Authors: DORNEY ROBERT S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Lewisi‐like trypanosomes were found in 3 of 6 host species of Sciuridae examined in northern Wisconsin: the red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, the eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus, and the least chipmunk Eutamias minimus. With the possible exception of T. parkeri from Marmota flaviventris, the trypanosomes studied were similar in appearance to the lewisi‐like trypanosomes previously described from other North American Sciuridae. Apparently, these trypanosomes undergo maturation in the blood stream but do not divide there. In culture, the eastern chipmunk trypanosome had typical rosette, leishmanial, leptomonad, and crithidial forms. Preliminary trials indicated that these trypanosomes from the red squirrel and eastern chipmunk were host specific.
Paramecium Transport by Land Snails
Authors: MAGUIRE BASSETT , BELK DENTON
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Field observations and experiments in a tropical forest revealed that Paramecium multimicronucleatum and other small aquatic organisms are transported between Heliconia flowers by terrestrial snails of the genus Caracolus. It is probable that dispersal is readily accomplished in tropical forests, and that the presence or absence of Paramecium in a given area therefore is determined by biological interactions.
Sensitivity of Amoeba proteus to Morphine and N‐Allylnormorphine. A Pressure Study*
Authors: ZIMMERMAN ARTHUR M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Amoebae exposed to 2 × 10−3 M morphine appeared to have normal form and activity; however, a 1–2 fold increase in concentration resulted in retraction of pseudopodia and surface blebbing, then cytolysis. Amoebae cultured in 2 × 10−3 morphine for 5–7 days, then transferred to toxic concentrations of morphine (5 × 10−2 M) had their survival time increased 4–5 fold over the controls. As indicated by resistance to the solational action of high pressure, morphine distinctly increased pseudopodial stability, depending upon morphine concentration and, to a lesser degree, duration of exposure. Altho N‐allylnormorphine did not appreciably affect pseudopodial stability, it did antagonize the action of morphine on pseudopodial stability, N‐Allylnormorphine apparently competes for the same site as morphine. It is suggested that morphine affects the sol‐gel equilibrium within the cell and thus may affect the integrity of proteins associated with pseudopodial stability.
Eimeria odocoilei n. sp. from the Mule Deer Odocoileus h. hemionus in Washington*
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D. , IVENS VIRGINIA , SENGER CLYDE M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria odocoilei n. sp. is described from feces of a mule deer Odocoileus h. hemionus in Washington. Its oocysts are 26 to 28 by 22 to 26 μ. It is the second species of Eimeria described from this host.
Le Genre Cyclogramma Perty, 1852
Authors: FAURÉ‐FREMIET E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Une révision du genre Cyclogramma est tentée en se fondant sur la disposition de la ciliature péristomienne décrite par Blochmann chez le C. rubens de Perty, retrouvée par Gelei chez sa Nassula tricirrata, et que de nouvelles observations permettent de reconnaǐtre chez quelques autres espèces de Nassulidae insuffisamment décrites jusqu'alors. La signification de cette ciliature péristomienne, qui s'apparente au type structural tétrahyménien, est examinée.

A revision of the genus Cyclogramma is attempted based on the disposition of the peristomial ciliature described by Blochmann in the species C. rubens of Perty, found again by Gelei in Nassula tricirrata, and identified in recent observations of some other species of Nassulidae which had been inadequately described heretofore. The significance of this peristomial ciliature, which is related to the tetrahymenal structural type, is examined.
Etude au Microscope Electronique du CiliéPseudomicrothorax dubius Maupas
Authors: FAURÉ‐FREMIET E. , ANDRÉ JEAN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ciliates of the genus Pseudomicrothorax present, at the ultrastructural level, some remarkable peculiarities from the points of view of both cytology and taxonomy. The trichocysts have 4 apical blades which are characteristic of the family Microthoracidae; the curious subcuticular membrane is found in the Microthoracidae and, admittedly less typically, in the Nassulidae; the cytopharyngeal armature is exactly comparable to that of the Nassulidae. These facts, like those of Thompson and Corliss on the organization of the oral ciliates, show—as suggested by Corliss–that the taxonomic position of the genus Pseudomicrothorax throws light on certain stages of the evolution of the Ciliata.
Water Balance in Pinottii Malaria of Pigeons*
Authors: MANWELL REGINALD D. , STONE WARD B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Pinottii malaria of the pigeon is a fulminating and usually fatal infection lasting only a few days and characterized by greatly increased water consumption in most, tho not all cases. Injection of hemoglobin solutions derived from laked pigeon erythrocytes causes a similar hemoglobinuria, and is accompanied by marked diuresis and a corresponding rise in water consumption. However, it appears likely that there are other causal factors as well as this one for the rise seen in malaria. A sharp increase in blood uric acid may be one. Urea and blood sugar levels do not change significantly, except that the latter often falls sharply a few hours before death. Tissue sections reveal kidney injury, but not of a sort to account for polyuria.
The Fine Structure of the Gregarine Pyxinoides balani Parasitic in the Barnacle Balanus tintinnabulum*†
Authors: REGER JAMES F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The fine structure of the eugregarine Pyxinoides balani was studied and compared with that of other gregarines previously examined with the electron microscope. P. balani contains cell organelles comparable to those in the archigregarine Selenidium hollandei. These include mitochondria, Golgi complexes, granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum, membrane‐limited granules, vacuoles and myonemes. A comparison of the distribution and fine structure of these organelles with those of the above archigregarine was made. The possible function of the Golgi complex in assisting in producing the transverse septum is suggested.

The surface of P. balani is composed of a surface‐membrane complex different from that of S. hollandei, and similar to those of the eugregarines previously studied. The complex is composed of an outer plasmalemma, subjacent pentalaminar layer, and underlying, homogeneous, electron‐dense layer. The pentalaminar layer is 140–170 Å thick and has a structure reminiscent of fused cell membranes seen in tight junctions, myelin figures and nerve myelin. The pentalaminar layer is derived from subsurface cisternae found in sporozoites. The underlying, homogeneous, electron‐dense layer is 450–500 Å thick. Pores and caveolae are found as specializations of the pentalaminar and homogeneous electron‐dense layers. Endoplasmic reticulum is closely associated with the caveolae. The location of the pentalaminar layer at the surface and the presence of pores and caveolae in its structure suggests some transport and/or segregation function.
Studies on the Respiratory Physiology of Euglena gracilis Cultured on Acetate or Glucose
Authors: HEINRICH B. , COOK J. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The glyoxylate cycle operates at a high level in Euglena gracilis when acetate is the only carbon source, and at a low level when glucose is the only carbon source, as indicated by activities of malate synthase. Altho glucose causes a moderate repression of some of the enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, it neither represses nor inhibits malate synthase. The specific activity of the malic enzyme was about 5‐fold greater in acetate‐grown Euglena than in glucose‐grown cells, but the absolute rate of CO2 fixation was about twice as great in cells grown on glucose. The respiratory quotient was unity regardless of substrate.
Nonadaptive Growth Responses of Tetrahymena pyriformis Grown on Single Bacterial Species*
Authors: HARRIS JOHN O.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Turbidity changes caused by ingestion of bacterial cell suspensions by Tetrahymena pyriformis W were used to measure feeding capabilities. Tetrahymena was grown on washed killed cells of Aerobacter aerogenes, Azotobacter agile, Arthrobacter sp., Bacillus megaterium, Mycobacterium lacticola, Pseudomonas fragi, Sarcinia lutea, Serratia marcescens, and Thiobacillus thioparus for 6 months with serial transfers. After this time the rate of feeding on each bacterium gave no indication of an adaptation to the food bacterium.
Fine Structure of Microgametocytes and Macrogametes of Eimeria nieschulzi
Authors: COLLEY FREDERICK C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An electron microscope study of microgametocytes and macrogametes of Eimeria nieschulzi Dieben, 1924 revealed that they lie within vacuoles bounded by a host unit membrane. The vacuole surrounding the microgametocyte contains granular material. The vacuole around the macrogamete is narrower and contains vesicles and membranes. Micropores were seen on the surface of the plasma membrane of microgametocytes and macrogametes. Microtubules were seen in macrogametes. Young microgametocytes and macrogametes have a similar cytoplasmic matrix, mitochondria and nuclei. Glycogen granules apparently develop around vacuoles in both microgametocytes and macrogametes. Glycogen granules were also seen along the margins of parallel bundles of fibers in microgametocytes. As nuclei of the microgametocyte divide, they move to the periphery of the parasite. Three basal bodies, each with 9 fibers in triplet form, develop in association with each nucleus. Microgametes have 2 free flagella and a central short, attached flagellum. Basal granules lie along the outer fibers of the central flagellum. Each microgamete has an elongate mitochondrion in close contact with the nucleus. In macrogametes wall‐forming bodies develop in lacunae in the cytoplasm. Smaller dark bodies with areas of low density were also seen. Wall‐forming bodies and dark bodies move to the periphery of mature macrogametes.
The Distribution of Lizard Besnoitiosis in Panama, and Its Transfer to Mice
Authors: SCHNEIDER CURT R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In heavily endemic collecting sites in Panamá and Colón Provinces, Republic of Panama, 14.7% of Ameiva ameiva and 8.5% of Basiliscus basiliscus were injected with Besnoitia darlingi. Single infected specimens of A. leptophrys and A. festiva were also taken, these being new host species records for this parasite. Infections were found only in the older lizards.

Initially, virulence of the lizard parasites for white mice was low but increased with successive mouse passages. Concomitantly, the cyst‐forming capacity of the strain diminished with successive mouse passages. No relation between initial virulence of the lizard parasites for mice and subsequent virulence after 16 or 17 mouse passages was recorded.

The original description of B. panamensis (a synonym of B. darlingi) is emended on the basis of extensive material to include cyst diameters of 200–500 μ; also, the liver, mesentery, and tunica propria of the testis occasionally contain cysts. Cysts are frequently macroscopic and on the surface of organs so that they can be seen on casual inspection.

B. sauriana Garnham, 1966 is a synonym of B. darlingi.
Comparative Corticotype Analyses in Tetrahymena*
Authors: NANNEY D. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis, including amicronucleate strain GL and representatives of 9 syngens, have been examined to determine the patterns whereby cortical features vary with numbers of ciliary meridians. The characteristics scored were the positions of the contractile vacuole pores (CVP's), the extent of the area within which CVP's develop, the incidence of supernumerary CVP's, and the number of postoral meridians. Intrasyngenic comparisons were possible in 6 syngens and permitted an assessment of intrasyngenic variation for these characteristics. Only the CVP positions appear to be reasonably constant within syngens in the strains examined. On the basis of this criterion the syngens can be arrayed in an approximate order of 1, 3, 7, 6, 8, 9, 2, 5, GL and 4; the angle formed between the central axis, the stomatogenic meridian and the CVP's is most acute in syngen 1.
The Structure and Taxonomic Status of Toddia from the Cottonmouth Snake Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma*
Authors: MARQUARDT WILLIAM C. , YAEGER ROBERT G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Of 163 cottonmouth snakes Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma from Louisiana, 4 (2.4%) were infected with Toddia França, 1911, an erythrocytic parasite said to be a protozoon. In the 4 blood films, Toddia had an average size of 1.65–1.98 μ with a total size range of 0.88–3.4 μ. In Giemsa‐stained slides, the organisms were usually a round red‐staining mass which was either homogeneous or sometimes contained granules. A pattern of growth was seen in which the organisms increased in size and in which there was development of an erythrocytic inclusion. The inclusion, which was not a part of the parasite, developed first as a spheroid and then became altered in shape to a crystalloid square, possibly a break‐down product of the host cell hemoglobin. The first noticeable damage to the erythrocytes was to the nuclei, which became nearly round; later, when the crystalloid had formed, the host cell degenerated into a small mass containing a pycnotic nucleus, a remnant of cytoplasm and the Toddia.

A review of the literature on Toddia and on Pirhemocyton Chatton & Blanc, 1914 leads to the conclusion that the organisms are closely related and that both are viruses of the DNA type.
Macronuclear Variation During the Life Cycle of Blepharisma dawsoni n.sp. and B. wardsi
Authors: CHRISTIE SYLVIA L. , HIRSHFIELD HENRY I.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. From characteristics of binary fission, conjugation, size and number of micronuclei, body size and incidence of giantism, a Blepharisma isolate hitherto called B. undulans is classified as B. dawsoni sp. nov. Binary fission in B. wardsi differs from fission in B. dawsoni in that the strand connecting the macronuclear nodes is severed; in B. dawsoni the strand persists.