bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atlastin 2/3 regulate ER targeting of the ULK1 complex to initiate autophagy
Authors: Liu Nan , Zhao Hongyu , Zhao Yan G. , Hu Junjie , Zhang Hong
Published: May 2021

Dynamic targeting of the ULK1 complex to the ER is crucial for initiating autophagosome formation and for subsequent formation of ER–isolation membrane (IM; autophagosomal precursor) contact during IM expansion. Little is known about how the ULK1 complex, which comprises FIP200, ULK1, ATG13, and ATG101 and does not exist as a constitutively coassembled complex, is recruited and stabilized on the ER. Here, we demonstrate that the ER-localized transmembrane proteins Atlastin 2 and 3 (ATL2/3) contribute to recruitment and stabilization of ULK1 and ATG101 at the FIP200-ATG13–specified autophagosome formation sites on the ER. In ATL2/3 KO cells, formation of FIP200 and ATG13 puncta is unaffected, while targeting of ULK1 and ATG101 is severely impaired. Consequently, IM initiation is compromised and slowed. ATL2/3 directly interact with ULK1 and ATG13 and facilitate the ATG13-mediated recruitment/stabilization of ULK1 and ATG101. ATL2/3 also participate in forming ER–IM tethering complexes. Our study provides insights into the dynamic assembly of the ULK1 complex on the ER for autophagosome formation.
Structure of disordered materials under ambient to extreme conditions revealed by synchrotron x-ray diffraction techniques at SPring-8—recent instrumentation and synergic collaboration with modelling and topological analyses
Authors: Ohara Koji , Onodera Yohei , Murakami Motohiko , Kohara Shinji
Published: May 2021

The structure of disordered materials is still not well understood because of insufficient experimental data. Indeed, diffraction patterns from disordered materials are very broad and can be described only in pairwise correlations because of the absence of translational symmetry. Brilliant hard x-rays from third-generation synchrotron radiation sources enable us to obtain high-quality diffraction data for disordered materials from ambient to high temperature and high pressure, which has significantly improved our grasp of the nature of order in disordered materials. Here, we introduce the progress in the instrumentation for hard x-ray beamlines at SPring-8 over the last 20 years with associated results and advanced data analysis techniques to understand the topology in disordered materials.
A generative adversarial network (GAN)-based technique for synthesizing realistic respiratory motion in the extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantoms
Authors: Chang Yushi , Jiang Zhuoran , Segars William Paul , Zhang Zeyu , Lafata Kyle , Cai Jing , Yin Fang-Fang , Ren Lei
Published: May 2021

Objective. Synthesize realistic and controllable respiratory motions in the extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantoms by developing a generative adversarial network (GAN)-based deep learning technique. Methods. A motion generation model was developed using bicycle-GAN with a novel 4D generator. Input with the end-of-inhale (EOI) phase images and a Gaussian perturbation, the model generates inter-phase deformable-vector-fields (DVFs), which were composed and applied to the input to generate 4D images. The model was trained and validated using 71 4D-CT images from lung cancer patients and then applied to the XCAT EOI images to generate 4D-XCAT with realistic respiratory motions. A separate respiratory motion amplitude control model was built using decision tree regression to predict the input perturbation needed for a specific motion amplitude, and this model was developed using 300 4D-XCAT generated from 6 XCAT phantom sizes with 50 different perturbations for each size. In both patient and phantom studies, Dice coefficients for lungs and lung volume variation during respiration were compared between the simulated images and reference images. The generated DVF was evaluated by deformation energy. DVFs and ventilation maps of the simulated 4D-CT were compared with the reference 4D-CTs using cross correlation and Spearman’s correlation. Comparison of DVFs and ventilation maps among the original 4D-XCAT, the generated 4D-XCAT, and reference patient 4D-CTs were made to show the improvement of motion realism by the model. The amplitude control error was calculated. Results. Comparing the simulated and reference 4D-CTs, the maximum deviation of lung volume during respiration was 5.8%, and the Dice coefficient reached at least 0.95 for lungs. The generated DVFs presented comparable deformation energy levels. The cross correlation of DVFs achieved 0.89 ± 0.10/0.86 ± 0.12/0.95 ± 0.04 along the x/y/z direction in the testing group. The cross correlation of ventilation maps derived achieved 0.80 ± 0.05/0.67 ± 0.09/0.68 ± 0.13, and the Spearman’s correlation achieved 0.70 ± 0.05/0, 60 ± 0.09/0.53 ± 0.01, respectively, in the training/validation/testing groups. The generated 4D-XCAT phantoms presented similar deformation energy as patient data while maintained the lung volumes of the original XCAT phantom (Dice = 0.95, maximum lung volume variation = 4%). The motion amplitude control models controlled the motion amplitude control error to be less than 0.5 mm. Conclusions. The results demonstrated the feasibility of synthesizing realistic controllable respiratory motion in the XCAT phantom using the proposed method. This crucial development enhances the value of XCAT phantoms for various 4D imaging and therapy studies.
Multimodal guided wave inversion for arterial stiffness: methodology and validation in phantoms
Authors: Roy Tuhin , Urban Matthew , Xu Yingzheng , Greenleaf James , Guddati Murthy N
Published: May 2021

Arterial stiffness is an important biomarker for many cardiovascular diseases. Shear wave elastography is a recent technique aimed at estimating local arterial stiffness using guided wave inversion (GWI), i.e. matching the computed and measured wave dispersion. This paper develops and validates a new GWI approach by synthesizing various recent observations and algorithms: (a) refinements to signal processing to obtain more accurate experimental dispersion curves; (b) an efficient forward model to compute theoretical dispersion curves for immersed, incompressible cylindrical waveguides; (c) an optimization framework based on the recent observation that the measured dispersion curve is multimodal, i.e. it matches for not one but two different wave modes in two different frequency ranges. The resulting inversion approach is validated using extensive experimental data from rubber tube phantoms, not only for modulus estimation but also to simultaneously estimate modulus and wall thickness. The observations indicate that the modulus estimates are best performed with the information on wall thickness. The approach, which takes less than half a minute to run, is shown to be accurate, with the modulus estimated with less than 4% error for 70% of the experiments.
Self-powered pressure sensor based on microfluidic triboelectric principle for human–machine interface applications
Authors: Goh Qi Lun , Chee PeiSong , Lim Eng Hock , Liew Guo Guang
Published: May 2021

In pace with the fourth industrial revolution, the human–machine interface (HMI) has prospered due to the need of information exchange between human and machines. Although tremendous effort has been devoted to the development of various sensors for HMI systems, those that are made using rigid electronics have constraints in wearability, comfortability, and power consumption. In this paper, a wearable and stretchable self-powered pressure sensor is proposed based on the microfluidic triboelectric principle. Triboelectric output is produced through the charge electrification when the pre-filled liquid in the reservoir flows into a polydimethylsiloxane-made microchannel at an applied pressure. The pressure sensor can generate a peak-to-peak output voltage of 4.2 mV–42.6 mV when an input pressure ranging from 50 kPa to 275 kPa was applied. We further characterize the dynamic response of the pressure sensor where the peak-to-peak output voltage is seen to have increased from 0.2 mV to 11.5 mV when the frequency of the compression pressure is raised from 1 Hz to 13 Hz. As a proof of principle in demonstrating the pressure sensor for wearable HMI application, the soft pressure sensor was attached on a human finger to function as a touch button. The touch button was then used to control a real-time light-emitting diode illumination and gaming interaction. Unlike the conventional touch button that only produces a binary output, this compact touch button can emulate a real-time impact event from the applied pressure. These remarkable features enrich the sensing dimension for HMI, which shows the potential of our work for advanced human-machine manipulation.
Optimal computation of anisotropic galaxy three point correlation function multipoles using 2DFFTLOG formalism
Authors: Umeh Obinna
Published: May 2021

We study two key issues militating against the use of the anisotropic three-point correlation function (3PCF) for cosmological parameter inference: difficulties with its computational estimation and high-dimensionality. We show how high-dimensionality may be reduced significantly by multipole decompositions of all angular dependence. This allows deriving the full expression for the multipole moments of the anisotropic 3PCF and its covariance matrix in a basis where the dimensionality reduces from nine to two at each multipole in the plane-parallel limit. We use 2D FFTLog formalism to show how the multipole moments with double momentum integrals over the product of bispectrum and two highly oscillating spherical Bessel functions and its covariance with double momentum integrals over the product of three galaxy power spectra and a combination of four highly oscillating spherical Bessel functions may be computed optimally.
The Effect of GA3 Concentration, Micro Tubers Size, and Dark or Light Storage on Breaking Potato Dormancy
Authors: Karjadi A K , Waluyo N
Published: May 2021

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L) are included in priority crops considering their function as a source of carbohydrates in food diversification. One of the techniques in producing quality seed is through tissue culture continued within in vitro tuber production that is micro tubers. The aim of this research was to observe the effect of GA3 concentration, storage, and size of micro tubers on breaking dormancy. The activities were carried out in the tissue culture laboratory of IVEGRI from April to July 2018. The treatments were to determine the effect of GA3 (10,15,20 ppm) and the size of micro tubers cv. Granola i.e. large (>4 g); small (<1 g); medium (>1 g - <4 g), and storage system dark (G), light (T). The experimental design was a complete randomized block design with 3 replications, each treatment consists of 20 micro tubers. Results of experiment micro tubers size and storage were significantly different, GA3 concentration does not affect the percentage shoot growth which initializes the breaking dormancy of tubers at 8 to 10 WAS (Weeks After Storage). Average shoot number 0.3 – 1.25 per tuber and shoot length 0.30 – 0.80 cm. In general, each micro tuber only grows one shoot. On visual observation, the large size of micro tubers will have quality and length of shoot better than small size micro tubers.
Effect of Added PPM on Murashige and Skoog Media for Shallot Meristematic Proliferation
Authors: Karjadi A K , Gunaeni N
Published: May 2021

Shallot (Allium ascolonicum L) are plants that belong to genus Allium sp that were propagated vegetatively through bulbs. In the developed countries, shallot seed production can be produced through in vitro/micropropagation. The activity observed the effect of explant source and added of PPM ( Plant Preservative Mixture) on Murashige and Skoog media in the growth and development of explants (Shoot tip, meristematic). The activity has been conducted in the tissue culture laboratory of IVEGRI from January to April 2019. As an explant bulb of shallot cv. Bima Brebes were infected OYDV or SYSV that has been tested by serology DAS ELISA. Media composition was MS (1962) with supplement sucrose 30 g L-1+ IAA 2 mg L−1 + Kinetin 2 mg L−1 + GA3 0.01 mg L−1 + Myo inositol 100 mg L−1 + gel rite 2 g L−1, pH 5.7. The treatment were PPM concentration (0;0.25;0.50;0.75; 1 mL L−1) and the explant : shoot tip (A), meristematic (B). Results of the experiment on visual observation were carried out randomly on growth and development, serology test of OYDV, and SYSV of the plantlets. On visual observation obtained MS media composition with 1 ml L−1 PPM the percentage of proliferation, there were no different from other concentrations of PPM and proliferation ≥ 60% for all media composition. DAS ELISA test for plantlet infected OYDV and SYSV for both explants was 47.37% - 69.33%.
The effect of bulbil’s sizes on the growth of iles-iles (Amorphophalus muelleri Blume)
Authors: Tresniawati C , Ibrahim M S D
Published: May 2021

Iles iles(Amorphophallus muelleriBlume) is an industrial comodity. Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute have been collected and studiedAmorphophallus muelleriBlume germplasm. The aim of this study was to identify the influence bulbils sizes to plant growth. Plant material was originated from Bajawa, East Nusa Tenggara. The research was carried out at the green house, at an altitude of 450 m above sea level, with soil type is latosol, and climate type is B, according to Oldeman, from August 2019 to May 2020. The bulbils were categorized into three groups based on weight and diameter, i.e. small size (diameter 10.00-15.99 mm and 0.70-3.99 g); medium size (diameter 16.00-23.99 mm and 4.00-5.99 g); and large size (24.00-33.99 mm and 6.06-12.99 g). Experimental design were Randomized Block Design with three replications. The characters observed were plant height, pseudo stem diameter, number of branch, leaf length, and leaf width. The result showed as the size of the planted bulbils increased, parameters measured also increased and significantly different. In the development of Iles-iles or Porang from Bajawa, East Nusa Tenggara, planting material could be used in the form of bulbils with a diameter were 24.00-33.99 mm and weight were 6.06-12.99 g.
Improving Nutritional Value of Cow Manure with Biomass Ash and Its Response to the Growth and K-Ca Absorption of Mustard on Inceptisols
Authors: Hanudin E , Iskyati W , Yuwono N W
Published: May 2021

Cow manure is widely used by Indonesia vegetable farmers but the nutrients content is relatively low (paticularly for K and Ca). Wood and husk ash as a by-products from the pottery burning process are widely available in the villages and have not been fully utilized. The ash is rich in K and Ca nutrients, so it is useful for increasing the nutritional value of cow manure. This study was aimed to determine the effect of enricment cow manure (ECM) on soil chemical properties, growth and K-Ca uptaken by mustard on Inceptisols. The green house experiment conducted by using 5 kg of soil, with a completely randomized design. As treatment 1: Mixed cow manure (CM)+Husk Ash (HA) with doses of 0+100, 900+100, 925+75, 950+50, 975+25 g/pot); Treatment 2: CM+Wood Ash mixture (WA) with the same dose. While there are 3 controls, namely: soil without fertilizer, soil + CM 1000 g/pot, and soil + CM 123 g/pot. The results showed that ECM significantly increased the soil fertility and plant growth. The highest K and Ca uptake in the shoot was obtained at CM + HA treatment with dose of 925 + 75 and 900 + 100 g/pot, respectively. This research is part of a step towards grounding the organic agriculture concept, so there is still an opportunity to research other materials as materials for manure fortification.
Gene Expression of G-Box Binding Factor3 (GBF3) in Local Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under Drought Stress
Authors: Genesiska  , Sarjiyah  , Ulfa U T , Samidjo G S
Published: May 2021

Commonly, cassava could survive for a moment under drought stress. However, there are limitations to face the drought stress for the growth and productivity then affect starch synthesis. Gunungkidul is one of the biggest cassava producers in Indonesia, in meanwhile cassava production is not able to increase due to the characteristics of karst land topography and rainfed area. Tolerance of drought stress is a complex process relates to physiological and molecular responses. In molecular level, many genes revealed multi-complex responses to drought stress. One of the responsible gene assumed to correlate to drought stress is G-Box Binding Factor (GBF3). The study aims to detect the gene expression of GBF3 in local cassava cultivars of Gunungkidul under drought stress. The result revealed that at moisture levels of 50 percent and 25 percent, GBF3 (Gene Expression of G-Box Binding Factor 3) expressions are identified in the cassava cultivar Gatotkaca, which differed from the detection result of the cassava cultivar Pandesi hijau at all moisture levels. Based on the presence of phenotypic characters and gene expression, the local cultivar of Gatotkaca is assumably to be more drought tolerant than Pandesi Hijau.
Effectiveness of Banana Peel-Based Liquid Organic Fertilizer Application as Potassium Source for Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Growth and Yield
Authors: Hariyono  , Mulyono  , Ayunin I Q
Published: May 2021

Banana peel is an organic waste, which has nutrients that are useful for plants. This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) made by banana peel(BP) as a potassium source for eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) growth and determine the right balance between the use of BP-LOF and anorganic KCl fertilizer. The study was conducted in the Agricultural Experiment Field of UMY from September to November 2018. The study was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), which consisted of 6 treatments namely (1) 100% BP-LOF, (2) 80 % BP-LOF + 20% KCl fertilizer, (3) 60% BP-LOF + 40% KCl fertilizer, (4) 40% BP-LOF + 60% KCl fertilizer, (5) 20% BP-LOF + 80% KCl fertilizer, and (6) 100% KCl fertilizer as control. The results showed that the comparison of BP-LOF application gave similar results to the growth and yield of eggplant.
Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Heat Treatment for Maintaining the Quality of Fresh-cut Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
Authors: Prabasari Indira , Setiawan C K. , Andani A P. , Kurniawansyah D L. , Achsan W N. , Hasanah N.A.U
Published: May 2021

The research aimed to determine the effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and heat treatment to maintain the quality and prolong the shelf life of fresh-cut pineapples (Ananas comosus). The fresh-cut pineapples of cultivar “Queen” and “Cayenne” were treated with four treatments, namely (P1) MAP with 70% argon gas (Ar) and heat treatment at 40oC for 5 min, (P2) heat treatment at 40° for 5 min, (P3) MAP with 70% Ar, (P4) Control. All treatments were stored in a cooler at 10oC and measurements of physical (firmness) and chemical (total phenol, total sugar and titratable acidity) were performed on 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days of storage. Each treatment was replicated three times and the results were analyzed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The results showed that the application of MAP and heat treatment either combined or individually was able to maintain the quality and prolong the shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple in both cultivars.
Use of Light Trap for Controlling Cabbage Pests
Authors: Prabaningrum L , Moekasan T K
Published: May 2021

Cabbage leaf caterpillars (Plutella xylostella L.) and cabbage head caterpillars (Crocidolomia binotalis Zell.) are key pests of cabbage in Indonesia. Crop loss due to both pests can reach as high as 50-100%. In general, the pests control done by the farmers is still based on the use of insecticides. Therefore, it is necessary to identify another method that is environmentally friendly. This study aimed at determining the effectiveness of the light trap in controlling P. xylostella and C. binotalis. The experiment was conducted at the Margahayu Experimental Garden, the Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute in Lembang (1,250 m asl.), from March to July 2018. The experiment was designed using the paired comparison with two treatments. The treatments tested were: (A) using light traps + control threshold and (B) without light traps + sprayed with insecticide twice a week. Each treatment consisted of six replications. The results showed that the use of light traps was able to suppress the population of P. xylostella and S. litura larvae and egg masses of C. binotalis. It also reduced the frequency of insecticide spray by 81.82% and insecticide costs by 77.61 %. Cabbage cultivation using a light trap could maintain cabbage yield equivalent to yield on the treatment used insecticides twice a week and gave more profitable than insecticide spray twice a week. Therefore, the use of a light trap for controlling lepidopteran pests in cabbage cultivation was properly adopted.
Optimum dosage of rice husk-based silicon foliar spray to improve yield of soybean grown on irrigated lowland
Authors: Herawati N , Hadiawati L , Zulhaedar F
Published: May 2021

Silicon (Si) is highly abundant in soil and plays important role in growth and development of plant. However, number of available Si is limited depend on soil type and condition, thus supplementary Si from fertilizer is needed. Rice husk is one of potential source of Si fertilizer. This study aimed to determine the optimum dosage of rice husk-based bio-silicon foliar spray (SiF) improve yield of soybean. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design at Narmada Research Station of AIAT (Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology) of West Nusa Tengara Province from May to June 2018. There were four treatments of SiF concentration with four replications viz. SiF1 = 3 ml/lt, SiF2 = 6 ml/lt, SiF3 = 9 ml/lt, and SiF0 = 0 ml/lt (control). The results showed that plant growth and yield attribute i.e., weight of biomass, number of pods, fresh pod weight, yield were improved on all SiF treatments when compared to the control. Total ground above biomas m−2 was also significantly improved, while the highest yield produced at SiF3. Current study suggests that optimum dosage of rice husk-based bio-silica foliar spray for lowland irrigated soybean was 6 ml/lt, and further on-farm experiment is needed to test the dosage at wider scale.
Yield and properties of nanobiosilica extracted from rice husk using technical grade chemicals: effect of extraction temperatures and times
Authors: Setyawan N , Hoerudin  , Wulanawati A , Suismono
Published: May 2021

Silica particles contained in rice husk (RH) are valuable materials with various industrial applications. However, simple and feasible techniques for large-scale production of silica nanoparticles from RH (nanobiosilica) remain challenging. This study was aimed to investigate the influence of extraction temperatures and times on the yield and characteristics of nanobiosilica extracted from rice husk ash (RHA) using technical grade chemicals. The nanobiosilica was extracted from RHA using a simple sol-gel technique at three temperatures (25, 50, and 70 ˚C) for three extraction times (1, 2, and 3 h). The results showed that the extraction yield of nanobiosilica was significantly influenced by the extraction temperatures and times. The highest extraction yield (67.2%) was obtained at a temperature of 70 ˚C for 3 h. The use of technical grade chemicals affected the quality of nanobiosilica produced. The concentration of SiO2 in nanobiosilica from the best treatment was 86.21%. The presence of asymmetric Si-O-Si functional group was observed at 1101.68 cm−1 wavelength. The nanobiosilica produced had particle sizes of 25.1-40.6 nm, bulk density of 0.67-0.81 g/mL, and averaged crystallinity degree of 58.50%. The best extraction technique developed may be used for large-production of nanobiosilica from RHA, depending on technical specifications required for further applications.
Changes in dryland forest cover in several sub-districts in Deli Serdang Regency
Authors: Rahmawaty  , Harahap M M , Rauf A , Kurniawan H
Published: May 2021

Deli Serdang Regency is located in a strategic area because it surrounds Medan City. This study aimed to analyze changes in dryland forest land cover in Deli Serdang Regency, which is located in the up stream of the Belawan Watershed and the Deli Watershed for three time periods (2009, 2014, 2019) using the Geographical Information System (GIS). The results showed that during the period of 10 years 2009-2014-2009 the forest land cover in Deli Serdang Regency decreased from 19,517.58 ha in 2009 to 19,484.93 in 2014 and to 19,426.73 ha in 2019. Dryland forest land cover in several sub-districts in Deli Serdang Regency decreased. Hence, mixgardens, open land, cultivation, and shrubs become increased. In a period of 10 years, an area of 19,426.73 ha of dryland forest cover did not change, 26.80 ha become mixed gardens, 46.02 ha become open land, 5.85 ha become cultivation, and 12.18 ha become shrubs. There were five sub-districts with reduced forest land cover, namely: Gunung Meriah, Kutalimbaru, Sibolangit, STM Hilir, STM Hulu. Meanwhile, there were two sub-districts that have not changed, namely: Sibiru-biru and Bangun Purba.
Utilization of local cayenne pure lines for F-1 hybrid breeding program
Authors: Gaswanto R , Kirana R , Gunaeni N
Published: May 2021

Local cayenne can be used as a good genetic material for F-1 hybrid variety. The purpose of this research was to analyze and estimate general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA), heterosis, and heterobeltiosis value, then to evaluate and select F-1 progenies. The research was conducted from February to December 2019 at Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute, Lembang, (1,250 m sal). The genetic material consisted of six local cayenne lines i.e.: BNT, GNY, SGT, BGJ, HIU, MDN, 15 F-1 progenies, and STK as a commercial variety. The results showed that: (1) BGJ line had the highest GCA value on weight per one fruit (0.74), fruit length (0.77), fruit diameter (0.57), and fruit weight per plant (13.83), while the highest GCA value on fruit number per plant was MDN line (35.69); (2) F-1 SGT x HIU had the highest SCA value onr weight per one fruit (0.27), fruit length (0.56), and fruit weight per plant (69.90), while the highest SCA values fruit diameter (0.48) and fruit number per plant (129.29) were obtained by F1 HIU x MDN and F-1 BGJ x HIU respectively; (3) F-1 BNT x MDN, F-1 SGT x HIU, F-1 BGJ x MDN are recommended as advance hybrid lines.
Non-destructive determination of SSC and pH of banana using a modular Vis/NIR spectroscopy: comparison of Partial Least Square (PLS) and Principle Component Regression (PCR)
Authors: Masithoh R E , Pahlawan M F R , Wati R K
Published: May 2021

Determination of soluble solid content (SSC) and pH of banana was investigated using a modular Vis/NIR spectroscopy in reflectance mode. Vis/NIR spectroscopy has been applied for non-destructive SSC or pH measurement, but limited studies were conducted for a modular VIS/NIR spectroscopy. This study was conducted to develop a calibration model to predict SSC and pH in bananas using a modular type of VIS/NIR spectroscopy at wavelength of 350-1000 nm. Two chemometrics analysis namely partial least square (PLS) and principle component regression (PCR) were used to develop calibration models and to predict SSC and pH of bananas. Normalization, baseline correction, standard normal variate (SNV), and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) pre-processing were used for spectra transformation. Research showed that PLS regression produced better models compared to PCR in determining SSC and pH contents. PLS regression resulted in RC
2
of 0.95, RMSEC of 1.27, Rp
2
of 0.85, RMSEP of 1.98, and bias of -0.09 for SSC and RC
2
of 0.96, RMSEC of 0.05, Rp
2
of 0.82, RMSEP of 0.11, and bias of 0.11 for pH. PCR resulted in RC
2
of 0.78, RMSEC of 2.63, Rp
2
of 0.76, RMSEP of 2.71, and bias of -0.12 for SSC and RC
2
of 0.71, RMSEC of 0.14, Rp
2
of 0.62, RMSEP of 0.16, and bias of -0.02 for pH. This modular Vis/NIR instrument combined with proper pre-processing method and chemometric analysis is promising to be used for determination of SSC and pH of fruits.
Hybrid MEMS-CMOS ion traps for NISQ computing
Authors: Blain M G , Haltli R , Maunz P , Nordquist C D , Revelle M , Stick D
Published: May 2021

Surging interest in engineering quantum computers has stimulated significant and focused research on technologies needed to make them manufacturable and scalable. In the ion trap realm this has led to a transition from bulk three-dimensional macro-scale traps to chip-based ion traps and included important demonstrations of passive and active electronics, waveguides, detectors, and other integrated components. At the same time as these technologies are being developed the system sizes are demanding more ions to run noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) algorithms, growing from around ten ions today to potentially a hundred or more in the near future. To realize the size and features needed for this growth, the geometric and material design space of microfabricated ion traps must expand. In this paper we describe present limitations and the approaches needed to overcome them, including how geometric complexity drives the number of metal levels, why routing congestion affects the size and location of shunting capacitors, and how RF power dissipation can limit the size of the trap array. We also give recommendations for future research needed to accommodate the demands of NISQ scale ion traps that are integrated with additional technologies.
Macromechanics and two-body problems
Authors: Wang Huai-Yu
Published: May 2021

A wave function can be written in the form ofReiS/ℏ. We put this form of wave function into quantum mechanics equations and take hydrodynamic limit, i. e., let Planck constant be zero. Then equations of motion (EOM) describing the movement of macroscopic bodies are retrieved. From Schrödinger equation, we obtain Newtonian mechanics, including Newton’s three laws of motion; from decouple Klein–Gordon equation with positive kinetic energy (PKE), we obtain EOM of special relativity in classical mechanics. These are for PKE systems. From negative kinetic energy (NKE) Schrödinger equation and decoupled Klein–Gordon equation, the EOM describing low momentum and relativistic motions of macroscopic dark bodies are derived. These are for NKE systems, i. e., dark systems. In all cases scalar and vector potentials are also taken into account. The formalism obtained is collectively called macromechanics. For an isolated system containing PKE and NKE bodies, both total momentum and total kinetic energy are conserved. A dark ideal gas produces a negative pressure, and its microscopic mechanism is disclosed. Two-body problems, where at least one is of NKE, are investigated for both macroscopic bodies and microscopic particles. A NKE proton and a PKE electron can compose a stable PKE atom, and its spectral lines have blue shifts compared to a hydrogen atom. The author suggests to seek for these spectral lines in celestial spectra. This provides a way to seek for dark particles in space. Elastic collisions between a body and a dark body are researched.
Research on the application of artificial intelligence method in automobile engine fault diagnosis
Authors: Du Canyi , Li Wen , Rong Ying , Li Feng , Yu Feifei , Zeng Xiangkun
Published: May 2021

The application of artificial intelligence methods in fault diagnosis is becoming more and more extensive, and exploring and researching intelligent fault diagnosis methods for automobile engines is also a hot spot in the field of automotive engineering. Different machine learning methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. By extracting different characteristic parameters and optimizing the combination of multiple algorithms, faster and stable diagnosis results can be achieved, so that faults can be discovered and repaired in time. Aiming at the potential fluctuation and impact characteristics of vibration plus signal caused by different failure states of automobile engines, this paper proposes two engine fault identification methods using vibration acceleration signals as diagnostic parameters. They are Cross Validation -Support Vector Machine (CV-SVM)and Particle Swarm Optimization-Probabilistic Neural Network (PSO-PNN) engine fault identification methods. The advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are compared and analyzed. Obtain the amplitude corresponding to the frequency multiplication of the vibration acceleration signal through the spectrum analysis method, which is used as the main component of the input feature vector, and establish the SVM fault diagnosis model combined with the cross-validation method (CV); In addition, multiple one-dimensional arrays composed of time-domain signals are directly used as input feature vectors, and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) parameter optimization is used to obtain the best Probabilistic Neural Network(PNN) fault diagnosis model. The results show that both the CV-SVM (small sample) method and the PSO-PNN method (large sample) can realize the identification and diagnosis of the established engine fault type. The CV-SVM method has more advantages in diagnostic fault tolerance, but the PSO-PNN method can simplify the process of feature sample preparation, save a lot of manual feature extraction tasks, and is more convenient in practical application.
Association of postoperative infection and oncological outcome after breast cancer surgery
Authors: Adwall L , Pantiora E , Hultin H , Norlén O
Published: May 2021

Background

Surgical-site infection (SSI) is a well known complication after breast cancer surgery and has been reported to be associated with cancer recurrence. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between SSI and breast cancer recurrence, adjusting for several known confounders. The secondary aim was to assess a possible association between any postoperative infection and breast cancer recurrence.

Method

This retrospective cohort study included all patients who underwent breast cancer surgery from January 2009 to December 2010 in the Uppsala region of Sweden. Data collected included patient, treatment and tumour characteristics, infection rates and outcome. Association between postoperative infection and oncological outcome was examined using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression analysis.

Results

Some 492 patients (439 with invasive breast cancer) with a median follow-up of 8.4 years were included. Mean(s.d.) age was 62(13) years. Sixty-two (14.1 per cent) of those with invasive breast cancer had an SSI and 43 (9.8 per cent) had another postoperative infection. Some 26 patients had local recurrence; 55 had systemic recurrence. Systemic recurrence was significantly increased after SSI with simple analysis (log rank test, P = 0.035) but this was not observed on adjusted analysis. However, tumour size and lymph node status remained significant predictors for breast cancer recurrence on multiple regression. Other postoperative infections were not associated with recurrence.

Conclusion

Neither SSI nor other postoperative infections were associated with worse oncological outcome in this study. Rather, other factors that relate to both SSI and recurrence may be responsible for the association seen in previous studies.
Tracing People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Who Are Lost to Follow-up at Antiretroviral Therapy Programs in Southern Africa: A Sampling-Based Cohort Study in 6 Countries
Authors: Ballif Marie , Christ Benedikt , Anderegg Nanina , Chammartin Frédérique , Muhairwe Josephine , Jefferys Laura , Hector Jonas , van Dijk Janneke , Vinikoor Michael J , van Lettow Monique , Chimbetete Cleophas , Phiri Sam J , Onoya Dorina , Fox Matthew P , Egger Matthias
Published: May 2021

Background

Attrition threatens the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART). In this cohort study, we examined outcomes of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) who were lost to follow-up (LTFU) during 2014–2017 at ART programs in Southern Africa.

Methods

We confirmed LTFU (missed appointment for ≥60 or ≥90 days, according to local guidelines) by checking medical records and used a standardized protocol to trace a weighted random sample of PLHIV who were LTFU in 8 ART programs in Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, 2017–2019. We ascertained vital status and identified predictors of mortality using logistic regression, adjusted for sex, age, time on ART, time since LTFU, travel time, and urban or rural setting.

Results

Among 3256 PLHIV, 385 (12%) were wrongly categorized as LTFU and 577 (17%) had missing contact details. We traced 2294 PLHIV (71%) by phone calls, home visits, or both: 768 (34% of 2294) were alive and in care, including 385 (17%) silent transfers to another clinic; 528 (23%) were alive without care or unknown care; 252 (11%) had died. Overall, the status of 1323 (41% of 3256) PLHIV remained unknown. Mortality was higher in men than women, higher in children than in young people or adults, and higher in PLHIV who had been on ART <1 year or LTFU ≥1 year and those living farther from the clinic or in rural areas. Results were heterogeneous across sites.

Conclusions

Our study highlights the urgent need for better medical record systems at HIV clinics and rapid tracing of PLHIV who are LTFU.
Patterning uncertainty: partial likeness, analogy and likelihood
Authors: Scazzieri Roberto
Published: May 2021

This paper examines the role of similarity judgements in Keynes’s theory of analogy as discussed in the Treatise on Probability (Keynes, 1921) and outlines a conceptual framework in which induction by analogy based on the identification of partial resemblances leads to likelihood as the central disposition by which human actors assign a pattern to uncertainty. The structure of the paper is as follows. Section 2 discusses Keynes’ view of analogy as the foundation of inductive inference. Section 3 outlines a theory of similarity based on Keynes’s criteria of finite variety and negative analogy. Section 4 highlights the relationship between a similarity-based theory of induction and Keynes’ ontological view that similarity features derive from a finite number of ‘generator properties’. Section 5 examines the social structuring of similarity features and the active role of agents in constructing the inductive knowledge of the world they inhabit. Section 6 brings the paper to close by calling attention to the relationship between dispositions, circumstantial visualisation of similarity features and problem-solving actions in the world of practice.
Pruning of Health Data in Mobile-Assisted Remote Healthcare Service Delivery
Authors: Mondal Safikureshi , Mukherjee Nandini
Published: May 2021

The use of cloud computing and mobile devices is increasing in healthcare service delivery primarily because of the huge storage capacity of cloud, the heterogeneous structure of health data and the user-friendly interfaces on mobile devices. We propose a healthcare delivery scheme where a large knowledge base is stored in the cloud and user responses from mobile devices are input to this knowledge base to reach a preliminary diagnosis of diseases based on patients’ symptoms. However, instead of sending every response to the cloud and getting data from cloud server, it may often be desirable to prune a portion of the knowledge base that is stored in a graph form and download in to the mobile devices. Downloading data from cloud depends on the storage, battery power, processor of a mobile device, wireless network bandwidth and cloud processor capacity. In this paper, we focus on developing mathematical expressions involving the above mentioned criteria and show how these parameters are dependent on each other. The expressions built in this paper can be used in real-life scenarios to take decisions regarding the amount of data to be pruned in order to save energy as well as time.
Carcinoid heart disease of gonadal primary presenting with hypoxia: a case report
Authors: O’Driscoll Ronan , Prashar Abhisheik , Youssef George , Sader Mark
Published: May 2021

Background

Carcinoid heart disease is a potential sequela of metastatic neuroendocrine tumour that has characteristic valve appearances. Patients can present with symptoms of carcinoid syndrome or be relatively asymptomatic until symptoms of progressive heart failure manifest.

Case summary

We present a case of a 54-year-old male who was admitted to the hospital for investigation of hypoxia. Transthoracic echocardiogram was suggestive of carcinoid heart disease which subsequently led to a diagnosis of metastatic neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumour of the testicular primary. Work-up revealed a patent foramen ovale with evidence of the right to left interatrial shunt from severe tricuspid regurgitation as the cause of his hypoxia. Prior to surgical excision of the primary tumour, percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure was performed resulting in improved arterial oxygen saturation and symptomatic improvement.

Discussion

Carcinoid heart disease typically affects the right-sided cardiac valves and the tricuspid valve appearances were critical in leading to a diagnosis of a metastatic neuroendocrine tumour in our patient. This case demonstrates that percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure can be an effective intervention for hypoxia in those not managed surgically. A high index of suspicion should be maintained for gonadal primary carcinoid tumour when there is carcinoid heart disease in the absence of liver metastases.
Shear reflectivity compensation in full-waveform inversion using least-squares reverse-time migration
Authors: Feng Zongcai , Huang Lianjie
Published: May 2021

The computational cost of elastic-waveform inversion is too high for inverting PP reflections, while using acoustic full-waveform inversion (FWI) is inaccurate because it does not depend on the shear modulus/velocity/impedance that affects elastic PP wavefield amplitudes. To solve this problem, we develop a waveform inversion method that uses acoustic least-squares reverse-time migration (LSRTM) to compensate the shear reflectivity for acoustic FWI. Our method is based on the quasi-elastic-wave equation developed by Chapman et al. (2014). The quasi-elastic-wave equation uses a linearized acoustic-wave equation with shear modulus μ as a virtual source to correct the acoustic PP wavefield amplitudes toward elastic ones. Our waveform inversion method inverts for elastic parameters by minimizing the L2 norm of the difference between recorded and predicted PP reflections modelled using the quasi-elastic-wave equation. Numerical tests on synthetic and field data show that our method can properly handle the amplitudes of elastic PP reflections and provides an accurate estimate of the P- and S-wave velocities/impedances and, in some cases, the density. The method does not need the computationally expensive numerical solution to the elastic-wave equation. It also gives a better estimate of elastic parameters than a pure LSRTM method for elastic PP reflections.
Trends in U.S. Health Care Spending on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 1996-2016
Authors: Singh Siddharth , Qian Alexander S , Nguyen Nghia H , Ho Stephanie K M , Luo Jiyu , Jairath Vipul , Sandborn William J , Ma Christopher
Published: May 2021

Background

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are rising in prevalence and are associated with high health care costs. We estimated trends in U.S. health care spending in patients with IBD between 1996 and 2016.

Methods

We used data on national health care spending developed by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluations for the Disease Expenditure Project. We estimated corresponding U.S. age-specific prevalence of IBD from the Global Burden of Diseases Study. From these 2 sources, we estimated prevalence-adjusted, temporal trends in U.S. health care spending in patients with IBD, stratified by age groups (<20 years, 20-44 years, 45-64 years, ≥65 years) and by type of care (ambulatory, inpatient, emergency department [ED], pharmaceutical prescriptions, and nursing care), using joinpoint regression, expressed as an annual percentage change (APC) with 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Overall, annual U.S. health care spending on IBD increased from $6.4 billion (95% confidence interval, 5.7-7.4) in 1996 to $25.4 billion (95% confidence interval, 22.4-28.7) in 2016, corresponding to a per patient increase in annual spending from $5714 to $14,033. Substantial increases in per patient spending on IBD were observed in patients aged ≥45 years. Between 2011 and 2016, inpatient and ED care accounted for 55.8% of total spending and pharmaceuticals accounted for 19.9%, with variation across age groups (inpatient/ED vs pharmaceuticals: ages ≥65 years, 57.6% vs 11.2%; ages 45-64 years, 49.5% vs 26.9%; ages 20-44 years, 59.2% vs 23.6%).

Conclusions

Even after adjusting for rising prevalence, U.S. health care spending on IBD continues to progressively increase, primarily in middle-aged and older adults, with unplanned health care utilization accounting for the majority of costs.
Brucella Outer Membrane Lipoproteins 19 and 16 Differentially Induce Interleukin-18 Response or Pyroptosis in Human Monocytic Cells
Authors: Ren Hui , Yang Heng , Yang Xin , Zhang Guoxia , Rong Xia , Huang Jiaheng , Zhang Ling , Fu Yongshui , Allain Jean-Pierre , Li Chengyao , Wang Wenjing
Published: May 2021

Background

Brucella species are Gram-negative intracellular bacteria that causes severe inflammatory diseases in animals and humans. Two major lipoproteins (L19 and L16) of Brucella outer membrane proteins were studied to explore the association with inflammatory response of human monocytes (THP-1).

Methods

Activated THP-1 cells induced with recombinant L19 and L16 were analyzed in comparison with unlipidated forms (U19 and U16) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Brucella melitensis, respectively.

Results

Secretion of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β was significantly increased from L19, L16, or both stimulated THP-1 cells. High secretion of IL-18 was detected only from L19-induced cells. Signaling of those cytokine responses was identified mainly through the P38-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and signaling of L19-induced IL-1β response partly occurred via necrosis factor-κB. While exploring different forms of IL-18, we found that L19-induced production of active IL-18 (18 kD) occurred through upregulating NLRP3 and activating caspase-1, whereas L16-induced production of inactive IL-18 fragments (15 kD and 16 kD) occurred through activating caspase-8/3. We also found that L19 upregulated phosphorylation of XIAP for inhibiting caspase-3 activity to cleave IL-18, whereas L16 activated caspase-3 for producing GSDME-N and leading to pyroptosis of THP-1 cells.

Conclusions

Brucella L19 and L16 differentially induce IL-18 response or pyroptosis in THP-1 cells, respectively.
Investment Motives in Africa: What Does the Meta-Analytic Review Tell?
Authors: Anwar Amar , Iwasaki Ichiro , Dornberger Utz
Published: May 2021

Over the past two decades, Africa has witnessed a dramatic increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) despite a lack of significant changes in infrastructure and the host country’s policies. What are the motives to invest in Africa? How do these investment motives differ for firms from developed and emerging markets? Several studies empirically tested these questions, however, provided inconclusive results. By taking 735 estimates extracted from 51 studies and applying advanced meta-analysis techniques, this study examines the motives of FDI in Africa. We found that compared to market-seeking motive, the effect size of resource seeking and efficiency seeking is larger (smaller) on FDI attractiveness in Africa. In terms of effect size, the impact of asset-seeking motive on FDI is statistically comparable to that of market-seeking motive. Contrary to general perceptions, the impact of natural resources on FDI attractiveness in Africa is not different from market seeking for developed countries’ firms. Our results show that compared to GDP per capita, the effect size of accessing minerals and oil reserves on FDI attractiveness in Africa is positive and significant for global and emerging market firms. Our research shows that there is more likelihood of type I and type II publication selection bias in this research field.