bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Planetary wave-tide nonlinear interactions increase the variety of MLT waves in summer 2019
Authors: He Maosheng , Chau Jorge L. , Forbes Jeffrey M. , Thorsen Denise , Li Guozhu , Siddiqui Tarique Adnan , Yamazaki Yosuke , Hocking Wayne K. , Jacobi Christoph , Hoffmann Peter
Published: March 2021

Mesospheric winds collected by multiple meteor radars at mid-latitudes in the northern hemispheric are combined to investigate wave activities in June—October 2019. Dual-station approaches are developed and implemented to diagnose zonal wavenumber $m$ of spectral peaks.  In  September—October, diagnosed are quasi‐10‐ and 6‐day planetary waves (Q10DW and Q6DW, $m=$1), solar semi-diurnal tides with $m=$1, 2, 3 (SW1, SW2, and SW3), lunar semi-diurnal tide, and the upper and lower sidebands (USB and LSB, $m=$ 1 and 3) of Q10DW‐SW2 nonlinear interactions.  During June— September, diagnosed are Rossby-gravity modes ($m=$3 and 4 at periods $T=$ 2.1d and 1.7d), and their USBs and LSBs generated from interactions with diurnal, semi-diurnal, ter-diurnal, and quatra-diurnal migrating tides. These results demonstrate that the planetary wave-tide nonlinear interactions significantly increase the variety of waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region (MLT).
Influence of ENSO on entry stratospheric water vapor in coupled chemistry-ocean CCMI and CMIP6 models
Authors: Harari Ohad , garfinkel Chaim , Ziskin Shlomi
Published: March 2021

The connection between the dominant mode of interannual variability in the tropical troposphere, El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO), and entry of stratospheric water vapor, is analyzed in a set of the model simulations archived for the
Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) project and for phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. While the
models agree on the temperature response to ENSO in the tropical troposphere and lower stratosphere, and all models also agree
 on the zonal structure of the response in the tropical tropopause layer, the only aspect of the entry water vapor with consensus
is that La Niña leads to moistening in winter relative to neutral ENSO. For El Niño and for other seasons there are significant
differences among the models. For example, some models find that the enhanced water vapor for La Niña in the winter of the
event reverses in spring and summer, other models find that this moistening persists, while some show a nonlinear response
with both El Niño and La Niña leading to enhanced water vapor in both winter, spring, and summer. A moistening in the spring
 following El Niño events, perhaps the strongest signal in observations, is simulated by only half of the models. Focusing on
Central Pacific ENSO versus East Pacific ENSO, or temperatures in the mid-troposphere as compared to temperatures near the
surface, does not narrow the inter-model discrepancies. Despite this diversity in response, the temperature response near the
cold point can explain the response of water vapor when each model is considered separately. While the observational record is
too short to fully constrain the response to ENSO, it is clear that most models suffer from biases in the magnitude of interannual
variability of entry water vapor. This bias could be due to biased cold point temperatures in some models, but others appear to
be missing forcing processes that contribute to observed variability near the cold point
Characterizing the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil water stable isotopes on a karst hillslope in southwestern China
Authors: Liu Qin , Wang Tiejun , Liu Cong-qiang , Chen Xi
Published: March 2021

Soil water stable isotope compositions (SWSI; i.e., δD and δ18O) and soil moisture content (SMC) are widely used to illuminate water exchange processes across the atmosphere-land interface. Thus, the knowledge of spatiotemporal dynamics of these two variables is critical to help our understanding of relevant ecohydrological processes. However, in comparison to the efforts for elucidating the spatiotemporal variability in SMC, much less attention was paid to understand the spatiotemporal variability in SWSI, which also raises the question as to whether SWSI and SMC share similar spatiotemporal features. To this end, the spatiotemporal dynamics of SWSI and SMC were jointly investigated on a karst hillslope with eight sampling campaigns among two years. The method of temporal stability analysis (TSA) was adopted to evaluate the spatiotemporal patterns of SWSI and SMC in this study. Generally, both δD and δ18O exhibited considerable temporal and spatial variations; meanwhile, the variations in δD and δ18O values were relatively smaller than that of SMC. In addition, in comparison with the spatial pattern of SMC, there were no clear relationships between the standard deviation (SD) and the spatial mean of δD or δ18O. However, the SD of line-conditioned excess (lc-excess) and its mean values displayed a strong negative correlation, indicating that the spatial variations in lc-excess increased with soil evaporation. Moreover, SWSI displayed weaker temporal stability than SMC and no clear controlling factors were identified, suggesting that the spatiotemporal dynamics of SWSI might be more complex than that of SMC. This study provided comprehensive field evidence that there existed profound spatiotemporal variability in SWSI and its spatiotemporal features were different from SMC, highlighting that the spatiotemporal variability in SWSI needs to be considered in isotope-based estimations and it should be investigated separately from the spatiotemporal characteristics of SMC in future studies.
A time dependent model of elastic stress in the Central Apennines
Authors: Caporali Alessandro , Zurutuza Joaquin , Bertocco Mauro
Published: March 2021

Seismicity in the Central Apennines is characterized by normal faulting with dip NE-SW near 45°. We show that if the stress at the hypocenter of the 2016 Norcia (Mw=6.5) and 2009 L’Aquila (Mw=6.3 on the Paganica fault) earthquakes originated only from stress transfer from previous historical events occurred in 1315 and 1461 (L’Aquila), 1703 (Montereale plain) and 1703 (Norcia/Valnerina), then the orientation of the principal stress axes would be inconsistent with the observed tensional regime. The additional contribution of a regional stress is thus required to properly align the principal stress axes to those of the moment tensor, but GNSS geodesy provides only stress rates. We empirically estimate a time multiplier for the regional stress rate, computed with a dense GNSS network, such that the principal stress axes resulting from the sum of the stress transferred by previous events and the regional stress rate multiplied by the empirical temporal scale are consistent with normal faulting, both at the L’Aquila and Norcia hypocenters. Based on a Catalogue of 36 events of magnitude larger than 5.6 we estimate the total Coulomb stress at depths and along planes parallel to those of L’Aquila and Norcia. We provide evidence of an asymmetry of the Coulomb stress leading to a stress concentration near the hypocenter of the two events just prior of the 2009 and 2016  earthquakes. This stress anomaly disappeared after the two events. Similar stress patterns are observed for earlier events which took place in 1461 at L’Aquila, 1703 on the Montereale plain and in 1703 at Norcia/Valnerina. The 1997 sequence of Colfiorito exhibits a similar, anisotropic Coulomb stress pattern. Based on the Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources DISS 3.2.1 of INGV we identify as areas of maximum Coulomb stress at present (>2016) the Gran Sasso , the Camerino and Sarnano areas and the area between the San Pio delle Camere, Tocco da Casauria and Sulmona faults.
A conceptual analytical framework to assess the large-scale effects of groundwater withdrawal on groundwater storage and surface water flow
Authors: Bierkens Marc F.P. , Sutanudjaja Edwin H. , Wanders Niko
Published: March 2021

To meet increasing food demands, irrigated agriculture has expanded into semi-arid areas with limited precipitation and surface water availability. This has greatly intensified the dependence of irrigated crops on groundwater withdrawal and caused a steady increase of non-renewable groundwater use. One of the effects of groundwater pumping is the reduction in streamflow through capture of groundwater recharge, with detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems. The degree to which groundwater withdrawal affects streamflow or groundwater storage depends on the nature of the groundwater-surface water interaction (GWSI). So far, analytical solutions that have been derived to calculate the impact of groundwater on streamflow depletion involve single wells and streams and do not allow the GWSI to shift from connected to disconnected, i.e. from a situation with two-way interaction to one with a one-way interaction between groundwater and surface water. Including this shift and also analyse the effects of many wells, requires numerical groundwater models that are expensive to setup. Here, we introduce a simple conceptual analytical framework that allows to estimate to what extent groundwater withdrawal affects groundwater heads and streamflow. It allows for a shift in GWSI, calculates at which critical withdrawal rate such a shift is expected and when it is likely to occur after withdrawal commences. It also provides estimates of streamflow depletion and which part of the groundwater withdrawal comes out of groundwater storage and which parts from a reduction in streamflow. The framework is used to provide global maps of critical withdrawal rates and timing, the areas where current withdrawal exceeds critical limits, and maps of groundwater depletion and streamflow depletion rates that result from groundwater withdrawal. The resulting global depletion rates are similar to those obtained from global hydrological models and satellites. The analytical framework is particularly useful for performing first-order sensitivity studies and for supporting hydroeconomic models that require simple relationships between groundwater withdrawal rates and the evolution of pumping costs and environmental externalities.
Future directions in Blue-Green Infrastructure research
Authors: O’Donnell Emily
Published: March 2021

As global cities rethink their approaches to urban flood risk and water management in response to climate change, accelerating urbanisation and reductions in public green space, Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) is gaining increasing recognition due to the advantages of multifunctional BGI solutions over traditional piped drainage and grey infrastructure. BGI, including green and blue roofs, swales, rain gardens, street trees, ponds, urban wetlands, restored watercourses, reconnected floodplains, and re-naturalised rivers, is designed to turn ‘blue’ (or ‘bluer’) during rainfall events in order to reduce urban flood risk. In addition to managing flood risk and increasing water security, BGI generates a range of socio-cultural, economic and environmental co-benefits that help city authorities tackle other urban challenges and ultimately improve the quality of life of city dwellers.

Extensive research over the last decade has focused on improving knowledge of BGI systems in several broad areas, including: hydrological and hydraulic modelling of water flow through BGI assets; biochemical assessments of sediment and water quality; public preferences; identification and evaluation of BGI co-benefits, and; BGI planning and governance. Emerging research into adaptation pathways, natural capital accounting and social practice approaches for understanding community preferences demonstrate how BGI research is moving beyond hydrodynamic modelling to explore decision making under future uncertainty and placing greater emphasis on the role of community preferences in designing BGI that is accepted and supported by those who directly benefit.

This presentation will explore these emerging research areas, particularly focusing on the need for interdisciplinary research into BGI to enable the challenges and opportunities to be fully appreciated. Current knowledge gaps that present research opportunities in BGI will also be discussed, including the need for rigorous assessment criteria to determine the success of multifunctional BGI systems; greater investigation of the social benefits of BGI and the value people place on different types of BGI; the role of implicit perceptions in designing BGI assets, and; the role of urban watercourses as multifunctional BGI corridors able to safely convey stormwater while boosting water quality, providing multiple urban pathways (active transport, wildlife movements, etc.) and increasing green space in cities.
Soil bacterial communities interact with silicon fraction transformation and promote rice yield after long-term straw return
Authors: Song Alin , Li Zimin , Fan Fenliang
Published: March 2021

Returning crop straw into soil is an important practice to balance biogenic and bioavailable silicon (Si) pool in paddy, which is crucial for rice healthy growth. However, it remains elusive how straw return affects Si bioavailability, its uptake, and rice yield, owing to little knowledge about soil microbial communities responsible for straw degradation. Here, we investigated the change of soil Si fractions and microbial community in a 39-year-old paddy field amended by a long-term straw return. Results showed that rice straw-return significantly increased soil bioavailable Si and rice yield to from 29.9% to 61.6% and from 14.5% to 23.6%, respectively, compared to NPK fertilization alone. Straw return significantly altered soil microbial community abundance. Acidobacteria was positively and significantly related to amorphous Si, while Rokubacteria at the phylum level, Deltaproteobacteria and Holophagae at the class level were negatively and significantly related to organic matter adsorbed and Fe/Mn-oxide combined Si in soils. Redundancy analysis of their correlations further demonstrated that Si status significantly explained 12% of soil bacterial community variation. These findings suggest that soil bacteria community and diversity interact with Si mobility via altering its transformation, resulting in the balance of various nutrient sources to drive biological silicon cycle in agroecosystem.
Wind turbine operation influences near surface air temperature and humidity
Authors: Wang Gang , Li Guoqing , Armstrong Alona
Published: March 2021

Surface meteorology regulates ecosystem processes, with implications for the supply of important ecosystem services. Wind farms have been shown to alter the local climate, but there have been limited field measurements of the variability of impact in different directions relative to the find farm. In addition, the influence of land coverage variability on atmosphere temperature and humidity has not been eliminated, which will lead to the impact of wind turbines on atmosphere temperature and humidity may be over topped or underestimated. Here, we show the impact of Huitengliang wind power base, China, on air temperature and humidity using data from five automatic meteorological monitoring stations. After eliminating the influences of land surface coverage as much as possible, by comparing the variability of temperature and humidity inside the wind farm, and in the upwind, downwind and side wind directions, daily and seasonal variations in temperature and humidity were obtained. We found that wind turbines increase the temperature and decrease the humidity of the surface atmosphere, the influences are more obvious than the existing results. Particularly, these effects are most obvious in the upwind and downwind directions. The annual average temperature rise was 0.97 °C in the upwind direction and 1.25 °C in the downwind direction. On average throughout the year, humidity decreased by 3.71 % in the upwind direction and 5.66 % in the downwind direction. The magnitudes of these effects are sufficient to alter ecosystem processes, including greenhouse gas emissions, with implications for the carbon intensity of electricity generation. 
Spatial variation in CO2 efflux from the soil in a mature beech forest ecosystem.
Authors: Cai Yihan , Nishimura Takahiro , Ida Hideyuki , Hirota Mitsuru
Published: March 2021

 Soil respiration (Rs) is the second largest carbon flux between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystem. Because of the large proportion, even small change in Rs would considerably impact the global carbon cycle. Therefore, it is important to accurately estimate Rs by taking its spatial and temporal variation into consideration. While the temporal variation of Rs and its controlling factors have been well-described, large unexplainable part still has been remained in the spatial variation of Rs especially in the forest ecosystems with complex structures. The objective of this study is to fill the knowledge gap about spatial variation of Rs and its controlling factors in a typical mature beech forest in Japan. Hypotheses of this study were, 1) Rs would show large spatial variation in the mature beech forest, 2) the spatial variation of Rs was mainly influenced by soil water content (SWC) and soil temperature (ST), 3) the two key factors were determined by the forest structures. This study was conducted in a 1- ha permanent study plot in the mature beech forest with significant gap-mosaic structures. To examine these hypotheses, Rs, SWC, ST and parameters related to forest structure, i.e. sum of basal area, diameter at breast height, number of trees, number of species within a radius of 5 m from the Rs measurement points, and canopy openness were measured at 121 points in different season between 2012 to 2013. In this study, all the measurements of Rs were conducted by using alkali-absorption technique.

 Coefficient of variation of Rs was between 25 - 28 % which was similar to that of SWC in all the measurements. The spatial variation of Rs was relatively higher in July, August and September than that in June and October. There was no significant relationship in the spatial variation between Rs and ST in all the measurements, meanwhile, Rs was well explained by SWC in measurements conducted in August, September and October. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that canopy openness and sum of basal area showed significant positive and negative correlation with SWC, respectively. And canopy openness explained SWC much more than sum of basal area did. This result suggested that SWC, the key factor determined the spatial variation of Rs, cannot be only explained by stems distribution and their characteristics, but also canopy architecture in the forest ecosystem.
The re-analysis on the raw data processing of KBR and LRI on GRACE-FO
Authors: Yan Yihao , Wang Changqing , Müller Vitali , Zhong Min , Liang Lei , Zhu Zitong , Mu Qinglu , Niu Hanhan
Published: March 2021

The KBR (K-Band ranging instrument) and LRI (Laser Interferometer) are used to measure the distance variations between the twin spacecraft, which is one of the most important observations used for temporal gravity field recovery. The data pre-processing from raw or so-called Level-1A into the Level-1B format, which is suited for gravity field recovery, is a key step. Although Level-1B files are made publicly available by the GRACE-FO Science Data System (SDS), it has been shown that alternative Level-1B datasets may yield improved the results of gravity field[1]. Investigations of the pre-processing may allow us to improve the gravity recovery strategy and are essential to support developments of gravimetric satellite missions in China, such as TianQin-2 project. The pre-processing normally includes the time-tag synchronization, filtering and resampling, and other corrections, e.g. light-time correction for both instruments and antenna offset correction for KBR. We re-processed the Level-1A data of KBR and LRI to the Level1B using code developed at IGG/Wuhan. The results show good agreement in case of the RL04 KBR data, i.e. the differences between IGG-KBR1B and SDS-KBR1B are about three orders of magnitude lower than the instrument noise level for KBR. For the LRI, we found that phase jumps are not removed completely in the SDS-LRI1B products. As shown by Abich[2], these phase jumps in the LRI phase observations are mainly coincident with thruster activations. Our work will analyze the impacts of different processing methods of the raw data on post-fit residuals and the gravity field recovery based on IGG-KBR1B and IGG-LRI1B datasets.

 

[1] Wiese, D.: SDS Level-2/-3 JPL, GRACE/GRACE-FO Science Team Meeting 2020, online, 27 October–29 Oct 2020, GSTM2020-75, https://doi.org/10.5194/gstm2020-75, 2020.

[2]    Abich K, Abramovici A, Amparan B, et al. In-Orbit Performance of the GRACE Follow-on Laser Ranging Interferometer [J]. Phys Rev Lett, 2019, 123(3): 031101, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.031101.

 
Strain localization mechanism of graphitic carbon-bearing rocks: Constraints from microstructure, texture and graphite geothermometry
Authors: Lyu Meixia , Cao Shuyun
Published: March 2021

Abstracts:

Graphitic carbon-bearing rocks can occur in low- to high-grade metamorphic units. In low-grade matamorphic rocks, graphitic carbon is often associated with brittle fault gouge whereas in middle- to high-grade metamorphic rocks, graphitic carbon commonly occurs in marble, schist or paragneiss. Previous studies showed that carbonaceous material gradually ordered from the amorphous stage, e.g. graphitization, is mainly controlled by increasing thermal metamorphism and has a good correlation with the metamorphic temperature. Besides, this ordered process is irreversible and the resulting structure is not affected by late metamorphism. Subsequently, the degree of graphitization is believed to be a reliable indicator of peak temperature conditions in the metamorphic rock. In this contribution, based on detailed field observations, the variably deformed and metamorphosed graphitic gneisses to phyllites, located within the footwall and hanging-walls unit of the Cenozoic Ailaoshan-Red River strike-slip shear zone are studied. According to lithological features and temperature determined by Raman spectra of carbonaceous material, these graphitic rocks and deformation fabrics are divided into three types. Type I is represented by medium–grade metamorphism and strongly deformed rocks with an average temperature of 509 °C and a maximum temperature of 604 °C. Type II is affected by low-grade metamorphism and deformed rocks with an average temperature of 420 °C. Type III is affected by lower–grade metamorphism and occurs in weakly deformed/undeformed rocks with an average temperature of 350 °C. Slip–localized micro–shear zone and laterally continuous or discontinuous slip planes constituted by graphitic carbon aggregates are developed in Types I and II. The electron back–scattered diffraction (EBSD) lattice preferred orientation (LPO) patterns of graphitic carbon grains were firstly observed in comparison with LPO patterns of quartz and switch from basal , rhomb  to prism  slip systems, which indicate increasing deformation temperatures. According to the graphitic slip–planes, micro–shear zones and mylonitic foliation constituted by graphitic carbon minerals, we also propose that the development of fine–grained amorphous carbon plays an important role in rheological weakening of the whole rock during progressive ductile shearing.

Key Words: graphitic carbon, strain localization, graphitic thermometry, slip–localized micro–shear zone, rheological weakening
The Critical Role of Cloud–Infrared Radiation Feedback in Tropical Cyclone Development
Authors: Ruppert James , Wing Allison , Tang Xiaodong , Duran Erika
Published: March 2021

The deep convective clouds of developing tropical cyclones (TCs) are highly effective at trapping the infrared (or longwave) radiation welling up from the surface. This “cloud greenhouse effect” locally warms the lower–mid-troposphere relative to the TC’s surroundings – an effect that manifests in all stages of the TC lifecycle. While idealized studies suggest the importance of this feedback for TC formation, this issue has remained unexplored for TCs in nature, where non-zero background flow, wind shear, and synoptic-scale variability are known to greatly constrain TC development.

To address this gap, we examine the potential role of this cloud–infrared (or longwave) radiation feedback in the context of two archetypal storms: Super Typhoon Haiyan (2013) and Hurricane Maria (2017). We conduct a set of numerical model experiments for both storms with a convection-resolving model (WRF-ARW) from the very early stages of TC development. We examine sensitivity experiments wherein this cloud–radiation feedback is removed at various lead-times prior to TC genesis and the onset of rapid intensification (RI). In both storms, removing this cloud–radiation feedback at a lead-time of ~1 day or less leads to delayed and/or weaker intensification than in the control case. When this feedback is removed with a lead-time of two days or longer, however, the storms altogether fail to development and intensify. This local cloud greenhouse effect strengthens the thermally direct transverse circulation of the incipient storm, in turn both promoting saturation within its core and accelerating the spin-up of its surface tangential circulation via angular momentum convergence. These findings indicate that the cloud greenhouse effect plays a critical role in accelerating and promoting TC development in nature. Progress in the prediction of TC formation and intensification has been very limited in recent decades. Cloud–radiation feedback represents a large source of uncertainty in models, which hence manifests as uncertainty in the prediction of TC development. Our findings highlight the pressing need to better constrain this feedback in models. Doing so holds promise for advancing our ability to forecast TCs.
Spatiotemporal Clustering of Hydrological Droughts in Peninsular India
Authors: Ganguli Poulomi , Singh Bhupinderjeet , Raut Aparna
Published: March 2021

Drought is considered one of the costliest climate extremes that have wide impacts on humans and ecosystems. Understanding different drought stages, for example, onset, propagation, and its recovery, especially for tropical (the vulnerable region in Earth’s climate system) catchments are crucial for ecosystem sustainability and food security. Utilizing gauge-based quality-controlled daily streamflow records from 98 catchments of rain-fed Peninsular River Basins (PRB) in India, here we investigate different phases of hydrological droughts in a multi-stage framework. While several studies so far have investigated the propagation of hydrological droughts at a monthly resolution, a credible understanding of drought dynamics requires analyzing low-flow series at a higher spatial and temporal resolution, ensuring the issuance of timely alerts related to regional water scarcity.  Owing to high seasonality in the daily streamflow records, a variable threshold approach is adopted to delineate streamflow-based drought events. To assess the temporal evolution of droughts, the events are categorized into various inter-related phases, i.e., growth, persistence, and recovery stage over the study period 1965 – 2018. For most of the gauges, the mean timing of drought onset mostly lies between August and September revealing failure of monsoon as the primary causal factor for drought development in peninsular catchments. Furthering this, we identify four distinct hydrological drought regimes, which includes, Regime 1: persistent droughts with longer duration and moderate deficit volume with average termination during mid-monsoon (in September). These gauges are mostly situated in Central India and typically show a longer recovery time coincided with shorter return times (i.e., the time between two consecutive drought events), making it one of the most vulnerable regions in PRB; Regime 2: droughts with a shorter duration, least deficit volume with average termination in October, the post-monsoon period. These gauges are located in the western part of the country; Regime 3: droughts with the highest variability in drought deficit volume with the largest subsurface contribution from groundwater recharge. These sites are primarily located in eastern India and do not show any specific trend in the termination period; Regime 4: droughts with least regularity in drought termination with the average termination month clustered around November. These gauges are mostly concentrated in the southwestern part of the country. Our findings add value to the systematic understanding of hydrological drought propagations in rain-fed catchments, which serves as a basis for exploring future changes in droughts under concurrent shifts in rainfall and temperature extremes in a warming climate. 
Influence of Wildfire on Earth Surface Processes and Geomorphology
Authors: Santi Paul , Rengers Francis
Published: March 2021

Wildfire is a global phenomenon that is expected to increase in extent and severity due to shifting land management practices and climate change. It removes vegetation, deposits ash, influences water-repellent soil formation, and physically weathers rock. These changes typically lead to increased erosion through sheetwash, rilling, rock spalling, and dry ravel, as well as increased mass movement in the form of floods, debris flows, rockfall, and landslides. Post-wildfire changes in these processes bring about landform changes as hillslopes are lowered and stream channels aggrade or incise at increased rates. Research has documented increases in erosion after wildfire ranging from 2-1000 times the pre-fire rates. Post-wildfire landscape lowering by erosion has been measured in the western U.S. at magnitudes of 2 mm per year, with sediment delivery at the mouths of canyons increased in the range of 160-1000% during the post-wildfire window of disturbance. Furthermore, post-wildfire sediment transport enhances the development of alluvial fans, debris fans, and talus cones. Debris-flow likelihood is increased following wildfire, such that modest rainstorms with <2 year recurrence intervals are typically sufficient to trigger debris flows with volumes much larger (270-540%) than at unburned sites. In the western U.S., as much as 25-50% of alluvial fan accumulation can be attributed to post-wildfire debris flows and other post-wildfire fluvial transport. The window of disturbance to the landscape caused by wildfire is typically on the order of three to four years, with some effects persisting up to 30 years.  Consequently, wildfire is an important agent of geomorphic change.
Identifying ice-rich permafrost using remotely sensed late-season subsidence
Authors: Zwieback Simon , Meyer Franz
Published: March 2021

Despite the critical role of ground ice for permafrost ecosystems and terrain stability, we lack fine-scale ground ice maps across almost the entire Arctic. This is chiefly because ground ice cannot be observed directly from space. Here, we analyse late-season subsidence from Sentinel-1 InSAR satellite observations as a physically based indicator of vulnerable excess ground ice at the top of permafrost. The key idea is that the thaw front can penetrate materials that were previously perennially frozen at the end of a warm summer, triggering subsidence where the permafrost is ice rich. We assess the idea by comparing the InSAR observations to permafrost cores and an independently derived ground ice classification. 

We find that the late-season subsidence in an exceptionally warm summer was 4 - 8 cm (5th - 95th percentile) in the ice-rich areas, while it was lower in ice-poor areas (-1 - 2 cm). The observed distributions for ice-rich and ice-poor terrain overlapped by only 2%, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity for identifying top-of-permafrost excess ground ice. 

The strengths of late-season subsidence include the ease of automation and its applicability to areas that lack conspicuous manifestations of ground ice, as often occurs on hillslopes. The biggest limitation is that it is not sensitive to excess ground ice below the thaw front and thus the total ice content. A further challenge is the sub-resolution variability in ground ice, ice-wedge polygons being a striking example, which needs to be accounted for when interpreting and validating the results.

We expect late-season subsidence to enhance the automated mapping of ice-rich permafrost terrain, complementing existing (predominantly non-automated) approaches based on largely indirect associations of ice content with vegetation and periglacial landforms. The suitability of satellite-observed late-season subsidence for mapping ice-rich permafrost can contribute to anticipating terrain instability in the Arctic and sustainably stewarding its ecosystems.
Correlation between subsurface salinity anomalies in the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean Dipole and governing mechanisms
Authors: Zhang Zheen , Pohlmann Thomas , Chen Xueen
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Lead–lag correlations between the subsurface temperature and salinity anomalies in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) are revealed in model results, ocean synthesis, and observations.
Mechanisms for such correlations are further investigated using the Hamburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM), mainly relating to the salinity variability.
It is found that the subsurface salinity anomaly of the BoB positively correlates to the IOD, with a lag of 3 months on average, while the subsurface temperature anomaly correlates negatively.
The model results suggest the remote forcing from the equatorial Indian Ocean dominates the interannual subsurface salinity variability in the BoB.
The coastal Kelvin waves carry signals of positive (negative) salinity anomalies from the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and propagate counterclockwise along the coasts of the BoB during positive (negative) IOD events.
Subsequently, westward Rossby waves propagate these signals to the basin at a relatively slow speed, which causes a considerable delay of the subsurface salinity anomalies in the correlation.
By analyzing the salinity budget of the BoB, it is found that diffusion dominates the salinity changes near the surface, while advection dominates the subsurface; the vertical advection of salinity contributes positively to this correlation, while the horizontal advection contributes negatively.
These results suggest that the IOD plays a crucial role in the interannual subsurface salinity variability in the BoB.
Ice content and interannual water storage changes of an active rock glacier in the dry Andes of Argentina
Authors: Halla Christian , Blöthe Jan Henrik , Tapia Baldis Carla , Trombotto Liaudat Dario , Hilbich Christin , Hauck Christian , Schrott Lothar
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The quantification of volumetric ice and water content in active rock
glaciers is necessary to estimate their role as water stores and
contributors to runoff in dry mountain catchments. In the semi-arid to arid
Andes of Argentina, active rock glaciers potentially constitute important
water reservoirs due to their widespread distribution. Here however, water
storage capacities and their interannual changes have so far escaped
quantification in detailed field studies. Volumetric ice and water content
was quantified using a petrophysical four-phase model (4PM) based on
complementary electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and seismic refraction
tomography (SRT) in different positions of the Dos Lenguas rock glacier in the
upper Agua Negra basin, Argentina. We derived vertical and horizontal
surface changes of the Dos Lenguas rock glacier, for the periods 2016–2017
and 2017–2018 using drone-derived digital elevation models (DEMs). Interannual
water storage changes of −36 mm yr−1 and +27 mm yr−1
derived from volumetric surface changes for the periods 2016–2017 and
2017–2018, respectively, indicate that significant amounts of annual
precipitation can be stored in and released from the active rock glacier. Geophysical results show heterogeneous ice and water content with ice-rich
permafrost and supra-, intra- and sub-permafrost water pathways at the end
of the thaw period. Active layer and ice-rich permafrost control traps and
pathways of shallow groundwater and thus regulate interannual storage
changes and water releases from the active rock glaciers in the dry mountain
catchment. The ice content of 1.7–2.0 × 109 kg in the active
Dos Lenguas rock glacier represents an important long-term ice reservoir, as
do other ground ice deposits in the vicinity, if compared to surface ice
that covers less than 3 % of the high mountain catchment.
Hubungan Asupan Makanan dan Obesitas dengan Kejadian Arthritis Reumatoid pada Lansia di Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Inakaka
Authors: Rehena Zasendy
Published: March 2021

Meningkatnya populasi lanjut usia ini menyebabkan perlunya antisipasi meningkatnya jumlah pasien lanjut usia yang memerlukan bantuan untuk mengatasi masalah kesehatan pada lansia terutama masalah arthritis reumatoid. Artritis reumatoid merupakan penyakit autoimun yang ditandai oleh inflamasi kronik dan progresif dengan sendi merupakan sasaran utama. berdasarkan informasi dari petugas kesehatan dipanti Sosial Tresna Werdha Inakaka Ambon penyakit arthritis reumatoid atau rematik masuk dalam 3 besar penyakit yang paling sering di alami oleh lansia. Tujuan; penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan asupan makanan dan obesitas dengan penyakit Arthritis Reumatoid Di Panti Sosial Tersna Werdha Inakaka Ambon. Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan rancangan cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel dengan metode total sampling. data dianalisis dengan mengunakan Uji chi square test. Hasil penelitian menunjukan ada hubungan Asupan makanan dengan arthritis reumatoid, nilai ρ=0,000 dan ada hubungan antara obesitas dengan arthritis reumatoid, nilai ρ=0,003, dan. Kesimpulan bahwa asupan makanan dan obesitas berhubungan dengan arthritis reumatoid. Diharapkan hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan dalam upaya  meningkatkan mutu pelayanan untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup dan kesehatan lansia dipanti sosial tresna werdha inakaka ambon.
Respons Pemberian Pupuk NPK Phonska pada Berbagai Jarak Tanam Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman Kacang Tanah (Arichis hypogaea L.) di Desa Wali dengan Program SPSS
Authors: Ningkeula Edy Said
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini berlangsung dengan menggunakan teknik Penelitian praktikum menggunakan lahan di Dusun Wamsoba Desa Wali Kecamatan Namrole Kabupaten Buru Selatan. Tujuan Proposal Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman Kacang tanah (Arichis hypogaea L.), akibat pemberian pupuk NPK Phonska dan berbagai jarak tanam di Dusun Wamsoba Desa Wali Kecamatan Namrole.  Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK), faktorial  yang terdiri dari 2 faktor dengan menggunakan pupuk Phonska dan Jarak Tanam. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan diadakan perhitungan untuk mencari analisis ragam sesuai dengan rancangan yang dilakukan, di analisis dengan Program SPSS, dan dilanjutkan dengan mencari Uji Turkey pada tingkat 5% dan 1%.  Berdasarkan hasil dan pembahasan pada penelitian ini, maka dapat disimpulkan beberapa hal penting yaitu, ada interaksi antara perlakuan jarak tanam dan pemberian dosis pupuk NPK Phonska pada vase vegetatif maupun generatif, artinya jarak tanam berpengaruh terhadap peran pemupukan.
Dilema Wilayah Lumbung Ikan
Authors: Oesman Herman
Published: March 2021

Maluku Utara memiliki produksi perikanan laut (tangkap) sebesar 286.629,486 ton, sementara potensi yang tersedia untuk perikanan tangkap, mengikuti data lama, sebesar 1.035.230 ton per tahun, di mana potensi lestari sebesar 517.000 ton per tahun, dari potensi tersebut yang baru dimanfaatkan sebesar 150.232 ton per tahun atau 29%. Dengan potensi sebesar itu, ternyata belum memberikan hasil maksimal dalam mendorong kesejahteraan masyarakat nelayan Maluku Utara. Tidak hanya itu, potensi besar itu juga belum banyak menyumbang bagi pembangunan daerah. Persoalan perikanan di Maluku Utara yang dikenal sebagai wilayah dengan produksi ikan terbesar, akhirnya tungkus dalam wacana, mengalami "involusi" yang dari waktu ke waktu, baik publik maupun pemerintah berada dalam wacana itu, tanpa memberi efek kejut bagi kemajuan pembangunan kelautan dan perikanan Maluku Utara. Tulisan ini tidak membahas persoalan perikanan an sich, tetapi lebih pada perspektif sosiologi dan budaya mengenai Maluku Utara sebagai wilayah penghasil ikan yang diperhitungkan, Mimpi dan cita-cita besar menjadikan Maluku Utara sebagai lumbung ikan bukan tidak mungkin dapat tercapai, apabila pemerintah dapat hadir untuk memberi “kepastian kebijakan dan tindakan” dengan menyiapkan infrastruktur pendukung yang memadai, dapat hadir ketika masyarakat membutuhkan peran dan “campur tangan” untuk mendorong pembangunan kelautan dan perikanan yang lebih baik. Karena itu, pelembagaan pada tingkat komunitas nelayan merupakan sesuatu yang mendesak untuk dilakukan. Hal yang paling penting adalah, menggeser kesadaran untuk menjadikan ikan sebagai komoditi utama, dan tidak sekadar hanya sebagai pelengkap untuk dikonsumsi. Kesadaran ini harus konsisten dijalankan, dan itu harus dimulai dari pemerintah daerah sebagai titik tolak hendak mengembangkan Maluku Utara sebagai wilayah lumbung ikan yang disegani dan dihormati.
Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Perikanan Tangkap Pada Kelompok Nelayan Inka Mina di Desa Tawabi Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan
Authors: Kamisi Haryati La , Ekaria Ekaria
Published: March 2021

Potensi perikanan di provinsi Maluku Utara sangat menjamin keberlangsungan dan kelestarian ikan bagi masyarakat nelayan serta memberikan peluang besar untuk pengembangan perikanan bagi kesejahteraan masyarakat nelayan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelayakan usaha dengan menggunakan kriteria investasi dari usaha perikanan tangkap pada kelompok nelayan Inka Mina di Desa Tawabi Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama tiga bulan dimulai dari bulan Februari- Mei 2020. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu data primer dan data sekunder. Penentuan sampel menggunakan teknik sampling jenuh, jumlah populasi sebanyak 45 orang yang terdiri dari 3 kelompok nelayan, dan masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 15 orang. Dari hasil analisis kelayakan usaha menunjukkan bahwa usaha perikanan tangkap pada kelompok nelayan Inka Mina di Desa Tawabi sangat layak dan menguntuntungkan karena memberikan nilai NPV yang positif atau lebih besar dari 0. Nilai IRR lebih besar dari bunga bank yang berlaku 9%, nilai Net B/C Ratio lebih besar dari 1, serta nilai PBP yang lebih kecil maka semakin tinggi keuntungan yang diperoleh.
Comparison of Muscle Activity in Three Single-Joint, Hip Extension Exercises in Resistance-Trained Women
Authors: Andersen Vidar , Pedersen Helene , Fimland Marius Steiro , Shaw Matthew , Solstad Tom Erik Jorung , Stien Nicolay , Cumming Kristoffer Toldnes , Saeterbakken Atle Hole
Published: March 2021

The aim of the study was to compare neuromuscular activation in the gluteus maximus, the biceps femoris and the erector spinae from the Romanian deadlift, the 45-degree Roman chair back extension and the seated machine back extension. Fifteen resistance-trained females performed three repetitions with 6-RM loading in all exercises in a randomized and counterbalanced order. The activation in the whole movement as well as its lower and upper parts were analyzed. The results showed that the Romanian deadlift and the Roman chair back extension activated the gluteus maximus more than the seated machine back extension (94-140%, p < 0.01). For the biceps femoris the Roman chair elicited higher activation compared to both the Romanian deadlift and the seated machine back extension (71-174%). Further, the Romanian deadlift activated the biceps femoris more compared to the seated machine back extension (61%, p < 0.01). The analyses of the different parts of the movement showed that the Roman chair produced higher levels of activation in the upper part for both the gluteus maximus and the biceps femoris, compared to the other exercises. There were no differences in activation of the erector spinae between the three exercises (p = 1.00). In conclusion, both the Roman deadlift and the Roman chair back extension would be preferable to the seated machine back extension in regards to gluteus maximus activation. The Roman chair was superior in activating the biceps femoris compared to the two other exercises. All three exercises are appropriate selections for activating the lower back muscles. For overall lower limb activation, the Roman chair was the best exercise.
Pengaruh Ambiguitas Peran, Konflik Peran dan Moral Reasonig Terhadap Kualitas Pemeriksaan Pajak
Authors: Amrullah Amrullah , Mursalim Mursalim , Junaid Asriani
Published: March 2021

Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengkaji Ambiguitas Peran, Konflik Peran Dan Moral Reasoning terhadap kualitas pemeriksaan pajak pada Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Makassar Barat. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode Survey dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 30 responden (Pemeriksa Pajak) dan alat analisis yang digunakan adalah Regresi Linier Berganda. hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Ambiguitas Peran dan Konflik Peran tidak berpengaruh terhadap kualitas pemeriksaan pajak, sedangkan Moral reasoning berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kualitas pemeriksaan pajak pada Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Makassar Barat.

The study aims to analyze and examine the Role Ambiguity, Role Conflict and Moral Reasoning of the quality of tax audits at the West Makassar Pratama Tax Office. The research method uses the Survey method with a sample size of 30 respondents (Tax Auditor) and the analytical tool used is Multiple Linear Regression. The results showed that role ambiguity and role conflict had no effect on the quality of tax audits, while moral reasoning had a positive and significant effect on the quality of tax audits at the West Makassar Pratama Tax Office.