bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual Behavior and Contraceptive Use by Adolescent Pupils in the Republic of Bophuthatswana
Authors: Kau Mary , Airhihenbuwa Collins O. , Helm Brunhilde
Published: May 2005

Cluster sampling was used to identify thirty clusters from which a total random sample of 210 pupils aged thirteen to eighteen were drawn to assess their sexual and contraceptive behavior. The mean age of the sample was 15.2 with a mean age at menarche of 13.8, a mean age at first coital experience of 14.9 and a mean age at commencement of contraception of 15.6. One hundred and seventy-four (82.9%) of the respondents reported general knowledge about contraceptives that was obtained from a variety of sources, 101 (48.1%) reported to be sexually active and thirty-one (14.8%) to be using contraceptives. Although no statistically significant relationship was found between age and contraceptive use, a statistically significant correlation ( p < .001) was found between age and age at first coitus.
The Intern's Dilemma: The Request for Autopsy Consent
Authors: Katz Jack L. , Gardner Russell
Published: May 2005

While the problems of the dying and the bereaved have aroused increased medical interest, the physician's preparation for at least one of his important functions in dealing with the consequences of death has apparently eluded comparable attention. A recent study of correlates of autopsy permission or refusal coincidentally revealed a dramatic lack of meaningful preparation of the physician in how to work with families when approaching them with a request for autopsy consent. In addition, considerable conflict over requesting autopsies was clearly discernible in house staff. These findings, as well as some speculations about their dynamics, consequences, and implications, are presented.
Tribunal on the Policies of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, West Berlin, September 26–29, 1988: Verdict
Authors:   Permanent Peoples‘ Tribunal
Published: May 2005

At the request of the American Association of Jurists, the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal was called upon to consider violations of international law of the self-determination of peoples by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, as well as to make proposals for change. The Tribunal declared the request to be admissible, in accordance with Article 3 of the Statutes; therefore, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were informed, in application of the provisions of Articles 14 and 15. The Tribunal convened in West Berlin, September 26–29, 1988. Presented here is the report of the Tribunal, including its verdict and proposals for action.
Reflections on the Fear of Death
Authors: Axelrod Charles David
Published: May 2005

In contemporary thanatological writing, we often encounter the injunction to “practice death,” an idea based on the assumption that by reflecting on mortality one can overcome a fear of it. The same idea appears explicitly and implicitly in numerous ancient philosophical and religious texts, such as the Bardo Thodol (known to the English community as The Tibetan Book of the Dead), Plato's Phaedo, the writings of Epicurus, and certain segments of the Old Testament. This article explores the prescription to practice death in these sources in an effort to locate its inherent rationality.
The Effectiveness of Coping Resources and Strategies Used by Bereaved Parents 1 and 5 Years after the Violent Deaths of Their Children
Authors: Murphy Shirley A. , Johnson Clark , Lohan Janet
Published: May 2005

In this study, we examined the effectiveness of the coping resources and coping strategies by following 173 bereaved parents prospectively for five years after their children's deaths by accident, suicide, homicide, or undetermined violence. Using hierarchical multiple regression procedures, we examined how three predictors influenced parents' mental distress and PTSD: self-esteem, active/affective coping, and repressive coping. The results showed that at one and five years postdeath, self-esteem was a significant predictor of mental distress and PTSD. After controlling for self-esteem, the use of active/affective coping strategies predicted less mental distress for fathers but not for mothers. Active/affective coping strategies were not significant predictors of lowered PTSD symptoms for either mothers or fathers. Rather, repressive coping strategies were significant predictors of higher PTSD symptoms for both mothers and fathers at both one and five years postdeath. The findings suggest the need for interventions that target both gender and outcomes as unique aspects of the violent death bereavement transition.
The Editor's Bootstraps
Authors: Brett Carlton E.
Published: May 2005

Of the two kinds of editors, production and technical, it is the technical editor who has the responsibility to educate writers as well as readers. By teaching his clients better ways to express themselves, he facilitates communication across disciplinary lines. This article argues for elevating the editorial function and presents means to that end. It suggests ways to eliminate the worrisome details of writing so that an author can concentrate on substance.
The Influence of Spirituality on Substance Use of College Students
Authors: Stewart Chris
Published: May 2005

Objectives:

The issue of substance use and the problems resulting from that use has become a major concern in the United States. The past decade has seen several new trends in substance use by college students and an increase in the effort to try and determine factors that may ameliorate the problem. Spirituality is one possible factor that may have some role in the phenomenon. Some research has been conducted on the relationship of spirituality to substance use but the results are mostly descriptive and concerned with religiosity rather than spirituality. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between a student's spiritual and religious beliefs and the impact of those beliefs on the decision to use substances.

Method:

A sample of 337 university students was surveyed using the CORE Alcohol and Drug Survey and several supplemental questions.

Results:

In general, spirituality had a moderate buffering effect upon the decision to use alcohol and marijuana. This general protective effect exists for both alcohol use and binge drinking but dissipated as the students reached upper-class levels.

Conclusion:

Spirituality may play a significant role in the decision of college students to use substances. Further research should focus on this important factor. Also, implementation of spiritual aspects into university prevention and treatment programs may help boost efficacy rates.
The Application of Competency-Based Education to Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry: III. Implications
Authors: Russell Michael L. , Weinstein Harvey M. , Houpt Jeffrey L.
Published: May 2005

In this paper the authors consider the implications of a competency-based model of education in relation to issues that affect the training of consultation-liaison psychiatrists. These issues include program design, the integration of consultation-liaison psychiatry to psychiatry in general, and the relationship of consultation-liaison psychiatry to medicine. Training programs in consultation-liaison psychiatry need to respond to the issues that derive from each of these areas. The authors argue that the competency-based model provides a framework which offers guidelines for designing a program that addresses these concerns.
Professional Ideology and the Health Care System in Chile
Authors: Chanfreau Diana
Published: May 2005

Doctors' ideology and the role the medical profession plays in the organization and development of health services of a particular country are subjects of scientific interest. This article examines the case of Chile, where doctors centralized administrative and professional power over the last 30 years, and illustrates how doctors' ideology had a major influence over the type of health services provided to the population. Changes in this ideology throughout the century have been reflected in changes in the system of medical care. A shift can be traced from a professional ideology emphasizing socialized medical services during the first half of the century toward the current position favoring the abolition of free medical care and a return of “fee per service” medicine.

The possible explanation for these changes is that medical ideology has altered through the combined influence of the class position of physicians and the development of the profession itself. Increasing polarization of the political forces in Chile led doctors to act according to their class affiliation, regardless of their original professional positions. Some historical facts are provided at each stage of analysis as a way of clarifying the conflicting influences upon the doctors' position.
The Comparative Effectiveness of Two Forms of Feedback: Web-Based Model Comparison and Instructor Delivered Corrective Feedback
Authors: Riccomini Paul
Published: May 2005

In this study, the comparative effectiveness of two forms of feedback (instructor delivered corrective feedback and a Web-based model comparison feedback) was examined on two complex tasks. Forty-six university students enrolled in an introductory special education course designed for non-special education majors were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. Both groups completed a behavior-analysis and an instructional-analysis task after viewing vignettes on streamed video from the course Web page. The first group-received instructor delivered corrective feedback (CF) on the behavior-analysis task and then received Web-based model comparison feedback (MCF) on the instructional-analysis task. The second group-received MCF on the behavior-analysis task and then received CF on the instructional-analysis task. Students' performance was significantly better on the criterion task when they received instructor delivered corrective feedback.
The Effects of Teacher Discourse in Computer-Mediated Discussion
Authors: Ahern Terence C. , Peck Kyle , Laycock Mary
Published: May 2005

This study investigated the effects of teacher discourse in a computer-mediated discussion. Three different styles of discourse were established: questions only; statements only; and conversational. Results supported the hypothesis that a conversational style of discourse produced higher levels of student participation with a more complex interaction pattern. In addition, there was a higher frequency of peer-peer interaction with more complex responses. This study suggests that a conversational style of discourse is both possible and desirable within a computer-mediated discussion. Further research is needed on the effects of a conversational style and newer interface designs on student participation and achievement.
Axis I Disorders in Er Patients with Atypical Chest Pain
Authors: Wulsin Lawson R. , Arnold Lesley M. , Hillard J. Randolph
Published: May 2005

To examine the contribution of psychopathology to emergency room (ER) visits for atypical chest pain, we administered two screening measures and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM III-R (SCID) to thirty-five subjects within seventy-two hours of their ER visit. Follow-up SCID interviews were completed in thirty subjects at five to twelve months. Sixty percent of the sample had an initial Axis I diagnosis, predominately affective (34%) and anxiety (46%) disorders. Forty percent had multiple diagnoses initially. The most common diagnoses were panic disorder (31%) and major depression (23%). At follow-up 47 percent had Axis I diagnoses, 30 percent had multiple diagnoses, with only slightly decreased rates for panic disorder (27%) and major depression (17%). Many subjects had lost, gained, or switched diagnoses by follow-up, in spite of one consistent rater and a few subjects seeking treatment. ER physicians often do not recognize these psychiatric disorders in chest pain patients. The high risk of suicide in panic disorder and depression, and the high cost of disability in recurrent chest pain make it essential that ER physicians include these disorders in the differential of atypical chest pain.
Observations on the Politics of Population Control in China
Authors: Bowers John Z.
Published: May 2005

China appears destined to become the first developing country to achieve effective population control before industrialization. Population control in China is one aspect of a total national policy of advancing human welfare which includes programs in general health care, maternal and child health, nutrition, and social security. A major national birth control program launched in the early 1950s reached its maximum effectiveness in 1965. This effort was largely aborted with the Great Leap Forward in 1958. The goal of a birth rate of 2 per cent of total population was finally achieved in 1965, but a setback occurred in 1966 when millions of young people were turned loose to launch the Cultural Revolution. In 1970 an immediate target of a 2 per cent rate increase was announced and a rate of less than 1 per cent was projected by A.D. 2000. The totalitarian government of China sees population control as a high priority goal. The major problems remain in the rural areas where women continue to view male offspring as essential evidence of their fecundity.
The Foundations of Verse: A Commentary
Authors: Brogan T. V. F.
Published: May 2005

This commentary discusses the present state of verse studies and the contributions found in the articles in Empirical Studies of the Arts (Vol. 10:2). Present problems in French metrics and in the study of French and English rhymes are reviewed; the scope of instrumental studies of verse is examined and their role in the analysis of meter is evaluated.
Spanish Language Television News Portrayals of Youth and Violence in California
Authors: Chavez Vivian , Dorfman Lori
Published: May 2005

Language is central to Latino1 culture and to the current multicultural multilingual realities of the United States. This exploratory study takes those who may be unfamiliar with Spanish language television news through a comparative analysis of television portrayals of youth and violence. Findings from this ethnographic content analysis reveal that local Spanish language television news stories on youth and/or violence are framed thematically (with a social, political, and economic context) three and a half times more often than English language local television news. This study highlights the importance of engaging the Spanish media in the future health promotion efforts. Public health advocates can share information related to the socioeconomic factors associated with violence and outline policy and programmatic solutions with Spanish language journalists.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Mathematics Software in Shaping Students' Intuitions
Authors: Zehavi Nurit
Published: May 2005

Within a curriculum project (the Rehovot Program) a software was designed to shape students' intuitions in the understanding of graphs of quantitative relationships. By intuition we mean a non-formal (without algebraic equations) appreciation of sets of points (e.g., straight lines) and their verbal description. A background study was conducted with eighth-grade students ( n = 54), which showed that students who only used the regular program textbook were at a low stage of readiness for the encounter with graphs, whereas students ( n = 84) who used the software exhibited high readiness. A subsequent study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the software on seventh-grade students (experimental group n = 78, control group n = 77). Experimental students demonstrated intuitive understanding of graphical solutions of linear equations and inequalities. Eight months later a retention follow-up study was applied to the same students (now in the eighth grade), just before they started the study of graphs of linear equations, and showed significant retention of what had been learned using the software. The results of the two studies are discussed and compared in the light of effective integration of the software in the algebra course.
Recent Developments in Occupational Health Policy in Italy
Authors: Berlinguer Giovanni , Biocca Marco
Published: May 2005

On two occasions in the past, Italy has been in a leading position regarding occupational health: in 1700, thanks to work carried out by Dr. B. Ramazzini, and at the beginning of this century, with the founding of the first “;Clinica del Lavoro” in Milan. Experience with and considerations of the interaction between the workplace, society as a whole, and the various institutions in the field of occupational health have played an important role in the general political discussion since the 1960s. In this article, we describe the effects of the workers' model of inquiry into health hazards on work organization, the National Health Service, workers' health conditions, and the scientific milieu. We also provide an analysis of present conditions and difficulties, particularly with regard to environmental problems and perspectives.
Research for Teachers on Visual Thinking to Solve Verbal Problems
Authors: Hortin John A. , Ohlsen Robert L. , Newhouse Barbara S.
Published: May 2005

If graduate students are given training in visual thinking, they will be able to use visual thinking for solving verbal problems. One hundred thirty-three graduate students participated in this study to determine whether students could be taught how to use images of the mind for problem solving. Two important activities were stressed: 1) imagery for problem solving and 2) the active participation from students. The authors believe that their study shows the importance of allowing students to use imagery in the problem solving process.
On the Modeling of Educational Systems: II
Authors: Grauer Robert T.
Published: May 2005

Recent advances in, and acceptance of, computer simulation methodology make direct experimentation possible for the social scientist. This technique can be used to supplement his traditional tools of experimental design, namely regression analysis and factorial designs. In this paper a unified approach to model building is synthesized from these disparate techniques. The capabilities of each are discussed and then combined into a modeling philosophy which can be applied to a variety of educational problems.
Home Alone: Is it a Risk Factor for Middle School Youth and Drug Use?
Authors: Mulhall Peter F. , Stone Donald , Stone Brian
Published: May 2005

This study examined the relationship between middle school/junior high student latchkey status and early experimentation and use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. Students were queried about the frequency (number of times per week) and quantity (number of hours per day) of unsupervised after school days in an average week. Questions were also asked regarding their experiences with “gateway” drugs, inhalants, and steroids. Chi square analysis was used to test the strength of association. The results of this study indicated that latchkey youth (LKY) who were home alone two or more days per week were four times more likely to have gotten drunk in the past month than those youth who had parental supervision five or more times a week. Also, significant differences were observed for LKY with respect to cigarette smoking, inhalants, and marijuana use. Other findings and demographic variables were discussed as they pertain to LKY as well as suggested strategies for healthy self-care alternatives.
Intrusive, Emotional Mental Imagery and Trauma: Experimental and Clinical Clues
Authors: Holmes Emily A.
Published: May 2005

Intrusive mental images of trauma can pop into mind spontaneously, often accompanied by high levels of emotion. Intrusive images are a feature of several psychological disorders, notably post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the field of mental imagery there has been relatively little research linked to emotion or intrusions. In this article it is suggested that images in PTSD are on a continuum with images that can be generated in the laboratory. Some recent studies are described, exploring a range of paradigms. The development of intrusive imagery can be investigated with non-clinical samples, using a stressful film as analogue trauma. A series of experiments on the impact of peri-traumatic visuospatial versus verbal tasks on intrusion development are summarized. Media broadcasting of real trauma provides an opportunity to investigate intrusive image response in a non-laboratory setting. Further along the continuum are studies using descriptions of images from clinical samples, such as patients with PTSD. Overall, such investigations of intrusive imagery provide clues of both theoretical and clinical relevance.
Family Distancing following a Fatal Farm Accident
Authors: Rosenblatt Paul C. , Karis Terri A.
Published: May 2005

Interviews in twenty-one farm families following a fatal accident identified factors involved in bereaved family members becoming more distant from one another. This article explores five of the distancing factors: 1) How blaming and fear of blame can produce distancing; 2) How the economic crisis that exists for a farm family when the farm operator is killed produces family distance, particularly intergenerationally; 3) The distancing effects of family differences over the expression of feelings; 4) The distancing effects of the preoccupation and emotional flatness of bereavement; and 5) The role of kinship beliefs and attitudes in producing distance among bereaved in-laws.
Project Northland in Croatia: A Community-Based Adolescent Alcohol Prevention Intervention
Authors: Abatemarco Diane J. , West Bernadette , Zec Vesna , Russo Andrea , Sosiak Persis , Mardesic Vedran
Published: May 2005

War and social transition in Croatia have increased unemployment and rates of substance abuse. A decrease in prevention programs places adolescents at an increased risk. Data collected from the 2002 Split Youth Behavior Risk Survey (YRBS) showed that adolescents are at risk for alcohol use and related problems. Thus, there is a need to strengthen primary and secondary prevention activities to empower adolescents and counteract negative societal change. A public health partnership between the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-School of Public Health (UMDNJ-SPH) and Split, Croatia was formed in 2001. Adolescent alcohol prevention was identified as our focus and Project Northland, a model U.S. program, was selected. A strong network of NGOs and government officials support the project. Qualitative evaluation showed strong parent, teacher, and student satisfaction. Preliminary analysis shows a heightened awareness on the part of students that will likely contribute to the overall success of the program.
The Woodland I—Woodland II Transition in the Delmarva Peninsula and Southeast Pennsylvania
Authors: Custer Jay F.
Published: May 2005

The transition between Woodland I and Woodland II periods (ca. A.D. 800-A.D. 1000) is one of the most pronounced cultural changes seen during the prehistoric occupation of the Delmarva Peninsula and southeastern Pennsylvania. Cultural changes manifested in the local archaeological record include changes in site distributions and settlement patterns, the abandonment of some sections of certain drainage basins, the demise of regional exchange systems, the demise of local complex socio-political systems, the appearance of new and diverse ceramic technologies and ceramic design systems, and the appearance of certain special exotic artifact forms and mortuary; ceremonialism traits which are virtually identical to similarly dated archaeological complexes of the eastern Great Lakes, central Pennsylvania, and western Virginia. The Woodland I/Woodland II cultural discontinuity is probably the result of a migration of Algonkian-speaking groups into the area.
The Doctor-Patient Relationship in the Practice of Medicine
Authors: Schüffel Wolfram
Published: May 2005

The patient-doctor relationship is based on the principles of interaction, collecting data and integration of both interaction and data into an overall diagnosis/therapy. Patients with functional abdominal disorders are seen as representatives of today's general patients and a study of their management in present medical practice is reported, as revealed through literature. The literature reveals an almost complete neglect of interactional and integrational principles. This holds true even for psychosomatically oriented literature, which offers some crude clinical guidelines at best. Thus the primary physician gets little support from psychosomatic medicine in understanding the full meaning of the doctor-patient relationship.

The clinical implications of the relationship are demonstrated through a short case history and implications for future training are described which are based on the primary physician's actual working experiences.
In Defense of the Passive Voice in Legal Writing
Authors: Coleman Brady
Published: May 2005

Although the passive voice may be overused in legal prose, warnings in legal writing guidebooks against the passive risk undervaluing its many uses. After briefly introducing the passive voice, and some possible reasons for its misuse, this article will outline the many situations when the passive is more appropriate than the active voice.
An Investigation of Teacher-Student Interpersonal Behavior in Science Classrooms Using Laptop Computers
Authors: Stolarchuk Ed , Fisher Darrell
Published: May 2005

This study was part of a larger evaluation of the effectiveness of laptop computers in grades 8 and 9 science classrooms, in a sample of Australian Independent Schools. In the study described in this article, students' perceptions of their teacher's interpersonal behavior were assessed using the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI). As this was the first time this questionnaire had been used in science classrooms where laptop computers were being used, important validation data are provided. Associations between teacher-student interpersonal behavior and students' attitudes to science and their enquiry skill achievement were also investigated. Students' attitudes to science were assessed using a scale adapted from the Test of Science-Related Attitudes (TOSRA) and achievement was measured using scales from the Test of Enquiry Skills (TOES). The QTI, attitude scale, and enquiry skills scales were administered to 433 laptop students in grades 8 and 9 science classes, in nine Independent schools across four Australian states. Descriptive statistics confirmed the reliability and validity of the QTI for science laptop classroom research. Generally, laptop students' perceptions of teacher-student interpersonal relationships were found to be positively associated with students' attitudinal and cognitive achievement outcomes.
Aiding and Training Novice Computer Users Online with Executable Documentation
Authors: Leigh William E. , Huffman G. David , Souder H. Ray
Published: May 2005

In this article we describe a concept of “executable documentation” and a computer program implementation of the idea. This concept and program are useful tools in the introduction of new users to computer systems. In addition, the method is cheap and readily extended by expert and novice computer users for codifying the results of their own learning for their own later use or for the tutoring of others.
Technical Considerations in the Delivery of Audio-Visual Course Content
Authors: Lightfoot Jay M.
Published: May 2005

Use of the internet for instructional purposes is pervasive. In an attempt to provide students with the benefit of the latest technology, some instructors include multimedia content on their class Websites. While this is of great benefit to the students, it often creates a problem for the instructor. Most teachers are not adept at the technology needed to produce and distribute good audio-visual presentations. This article seeks to remedy that situation. It begins by introducing the basic terms and concepts needed to understand the multimedia domain. Following that, it gives a brief tutorial designed to help instructors create good, consistent audio-visual content. While it is not a complete treatise on the subject, it will impart the knowledge needed to allow motivated instructors to achieve good, consistent results.
Bugen's Coping with Death Scale: Reliability and Further Validation
Authors: Robbins Rosemary A.
Published: May 2005

Bugen's Coping with Death Scale, originally found to reflect gains in a death and dying seminar, was found in the present study to be internally consistent and stable on retest. It was negatively associated with the Templer and Collett-Lester scales, providing some convergent validation. It was not associated with Social Desirability but was associated with general anxiety; thus, discriminant validity was mixed. Individuals who had written wills, planned estates, planned their funerals, and signed organ donor cards scored higher on the Coping with Death Scale. Organ donors also reported less anxiety on the Templer and all four Collett-Lester scales. Since Coping with Death scores were more consistently different in those who prepare for death, this scale may help in efforts to predict those who will engage in such behaviors.
Influence of American Tobacco Imports on Smoking Rates among Women and Youth in Asia
Authors: Winder Alvin E. , Chen Ted T. L. , Mfuko William C.
Published: May 2005

This study addresses the question: has the opening of their markets to American tobacco products in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan led to an increase in smoking behavior among women and youth? The data on smoking rates for women and youth is presented. This data was obtained for each country before markets were opened to the importation of American tobacco products through the agency of non-governmental organizations in these countries. Comparison data was obtained from similar Asian countries whose markets were not opened. The data from Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan show a sizeable increase in smoking rates for women and youth. The authors believe, based upon anecdotal data, that importation of tobacco products combined with aggressive marketing and advertising by American firms is, in a good measure, responsible for the reported increase.
Changing Standards in Technical Communication
Authors: Jansen Frank , Lentz Leo
Published: May 2005

How have Dutch instructive texts changed in the course of the last century? This question is the topic of a research project presented in this article. First, we give some insight into the kind of documents we have collected in our corpus. The oldest instructive texts date from the beginning of the nineteenth century. But for most technical devices, the tradition of adding an instructive text starts about 1925. After that we present a few results of the investigations: the disappearance of persuasive passages and of realistic representations of human beings. Finally, we give a more detailed sketch of the development of the algorithmic style.
Determining Audience for a Health Sciences Writing Course
Authors: Marron Margaret G. , Thompson James E.
Published: May 2005

The authors, co-instructors in a health sciences technical writing course, investigated the expectations and needs of audience in the health care professions. They desired to know if health care professionals had expectations significantly different from other audiences. Through interviews, they determined the audience's reading habits, the document qualities desired by the audience, and the audience's intended use of the documents. Some of the health care professionals' expectations are similar to those of all technical writing audiences, but some are specific to health care. The authors have applied this knowledge to the teaching of their course.
The Rhetoric of Promoting Health
Authors: Hamilton Margaret
Published: May 2005

This article uses Chaim Perelman's theories of argumentation to examine a recent Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies from Social and Behavioral Research (2000). The IOM's text explores social and behavioral research to devise multipronged intervention strategies; it focuses on social, economic, behavioral, and political health as a means of assuring population health—and thereby expands the conventional boundaries of public health. Since Chaim Perelman's rhetoric is seldom applied in the field of health communication, employing his ideas to consider the role of style, arrangement, and argument in such a cutting-edge document can illuminate public health writing, as well as shed new light on Perelmanian rhetoric.
Semantic Integrity Considerations for Effective Data Management: Important Issues for the Database Course
Authors: Dadashzadeh Mohammad , Khosrowpour Mehdi
Published: May 2005

Semantic integrity constraints are time invariant properties of the world of interest being represented by a database. They constrain the values that may appear in a valid database instance. Despite their crucial role in data modeling, support for them has been largely ignored by database management system (DBMS) vendors. As a result, in most database applications today, either integrity constraints are not enforced resulting in database instances that are not reflections of reality, or precious programmer time is spent in specifying and enforcing integrity constraints as application program logic. Neither of the two situations are acceptable. This article calls for a more systematic coverage of semantic integrity constraints in the database course with the intent of training informed users who can voice their discontent and put pressure on the DBMS vendors to correct the current direction.
Reinterpreting Jornada Mogollon Prehistory
Authors: Reed Paul F.
Published: May 2005

The prehistory of the Jornada branch of the Mogollon culture has traditionally been interpreted narrowly, using a framework that emphasizes the high visibility portion of the archaeological record. Recently, some archaeologists have broadened this focus to include lower visibility archaeological remains. Proponents of this new approach have reached conclusions quite different from, and often times in conflict with, traditional interpretations. This new perspective provides a theoretical foundation that guides analysis of key issues in Jornada prehistory—settlement patterns, chronology, and processes of change. The integration of new ideas with the older, descriptive data allows for a reinterpretation of Jornada prehistory. Implications of such a reinterpretation go beyond the Jornada area and affect our understanding of Southwestern prehistory.
Computer Attitudes and Computer Knowledge of Adult Students
Authors: Massoud Samia L.
Published: May 2005

A computer survey was used to assess the attitudes and knowledge of 252 adult basic students in Texas. Data analyses indicated no significant differences at the .05 level of significance (α = .05) between Computer Attitudes (Anxiety, Confidence, Liking) and age; whereas significant differences were indicated with computer knowledge and gender of the respondent. The results obtained from the computer knowledge items are compared to the Educational Testing Service (ETS) sample. The comparison indicated some significant differences between the two samples.
A Web Centered Project Based Learning Environment
Authors: Coker D. , Marsh J. , Pick P. , Rusjan E. , Thistleton W.
Published: May 2005

The Web has been used in teaching in a number of ways. For example, it can be used as a meeting place for students, where they can share their ideas, questions, answers, and, most importantly, where they can compete. We explore the possibilities offered by the Web in a project based learning environment, where students work on team projects and display them on the Web. In particular, the continuous Web display of work in progress during the semester stimulates the students toward greater competition and toward achieving higher goals. Students also directly participate in the assessment as members of the jury judging the projects. We present our experiences in using this learning environment in several undergraduate mathematics and physics classes.
New Paris No. 2: A Pennsylvania Cave Site Revisited
Authors: Jackson L. J.
Published: May 2005

An association of man and extirpated fauna brought to light almost forty years ago in southern Pennsylvania is reconsidered. Originally investigated by the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, the New Paris sinkholes are well-known for their extensive Pleistocene cave fauna and are most often associated with the dedicated work of the late Dr. John Guilday. The initial find in sinkhole #2 of an adult bull elk skeleton with an arrowhead embedded in its neck vertebrae had long been forgotten. In the pre-Libby era of scientific research, the elk was assessed as Holocene in age and the stone arrowhead as probable evidence of an early Colonial period Amerindian hunting event. Recent review of this discovery and radiocarbon analysis of a portion of the elk skeleton suggests a somewhat greater age and significance.
A Descriptive Study of the Use of the Black Communication Style by African Americans within an Organization
Authors: Corsini Vonnie , Fogliasso Christine
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the use of the Black communication style by African Americans in an organized environment. The research method which was used involved a multimethod approach of data collection in the field using direct observation, and obtrusive observations, as well as semi-structured interviews. This investigation has shown that although the Black employees in this organization felt, in general, as if they were changing their communication style to fit the organizational norms, they continued to rely on the cultural norms underlying the Black communication style.

U.S. demographics are foretelling a future that will require innovative organizational communication strategies. According to Fine, two facts about the U.S. corporate environment which are uncovered by demographic trends are that the workforce will be comprised of a “greater diversity of gender, race, age, culture, and language” and that the demand for qualified workers will exceed the supply thereby “creating intense competition among organizations for workers” [1]. These changing demographics are not going unnoticed by the U.S. corporate leaders.

Specifically, the issues of most concern to organizational executives, according to Workforce 2000, center around linguistic and cultural differences. Most organizations have no innovative strategies for meeting the demands of a diverse workforce. Traditional programs, such as day-care provisions, flexible work times, and hiring and recruiting more people of color are being implemented by corporate America in an effort to meet the demand for diversity. However, organizations are often lacking in creative programs which will provide for this emerging diverse workforce an environment that will accept and nurture their diversity. Certainly these corporate executives are receiving little in the way of guidance from organizational researchers.
An Analysis of Business Report Writing Activities of Supervisory Banking Personnel
Authors: Golen Steven , Inman Thomas
Published: May 2005

The problem of this study was to identify the report writing practices of supervisory banking personnel and to determine the topical areas which should be emphasized in a business report writing course. A questionnaire was administered to 136 supervisory personnel attending the Louisiana Banking School for Supervisory Training at Louisiana State University. The results of this study indicated that writing effective reports is a common requirement for banking supervisors.
Improving Access to Prenatal Care for Latina Immigrants in California: Outreach and Inreach Strategies
Authors: Guendelman Sylvia , Witt Sandra
Published: May 2005

The Latina Women's Project was developed to assess strategies for improving prenatal care outreach to low income Latina immigrant women in San Francisco. For this purpose, twelve focus group sessions with sixty-seven providers and consumers of prenatal care in the community were conducted in 1990. According to the participants, the principal barriers to effective utilization of care are socioeconomic and legal barriers, newcomer status, cultural attitudes and beliefs, cross-cultural communication and institutional constraints. The findings indicate that structural and cultural barriers to care can be addressed through improved outreach strategies. Outreach, which includes casefinding and motivation to seek early and sustained care, can be increased in a variety of ways ranging from improved information and health education, to cross-referral linkages with other programs or self-help networks and by providing free or low cost pregnancy tests that include counseling. The results also suggest that the removal of institutional barriers may require inreach strategies which modify policies, behaviors and management tools at the prenatal care site. The effective implementation of inreach and outreach strategies is recommended to design prenatal care programs for the Latino population.
Emotional Tone in Peter Rabbit before and after Simplification
Authors: Anderson Clifford W. , McMaster George E.
Published: May 2005

A revised version of The Tale of Peter Rabbit was published in 1987 by Ladybird press with simplified text and alteration of the illustrations of the 1902 original. Revisions of two other of the Beatrix Potter stories were subsequently published. By applying a computer system that detects words with connotative meaning scores and applying mathematical models to the stories it was possible to make an objective comparison of the emotional tone patterns in the original and the revised versions. As would be expected, the initial editions of the three stories were quite different from each other. The emotional tone pattern of Peter Rabbit and one of the other stories was shown to have been altered considerably by the simplification of text, which lends objective support to the outcry in the popular press against these changes.
The Detection of Depression by Patient Self-Report in Women with Gynecologic Cancer
Authors: Golden Robert N. , McCartney Cheryl F. , Haggerty John J. , Raft David , Nemeroff Charles B. , Ekstrom David , Holmes Valerie , Simon Jeffrey S. , Droba Marion , Quade Dana , Fowler Wesley C. , Evans Dwight L.
Published: May 2005

We examined the utility of patient self-report forms in identifying those gynecologic oncology patients who would be diagnosed by an experienced consultation-liaison psychiatrist as suffering from major depression. Sixty-five women with gynecologic tumors were evaluated by a consultation-liaison psychiatrist, using standardized (DSM-III) criteria. Each patient also completed a Carroll Rating Scale for Depression (CRS). The CRS demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of 87 percent and 58 percent, respectively. Used as a screening instrument to rule out depression, the CRS yielded a negative predictive value of 94 percent. We identified a priori forty items from the CRS which should not be influenced by the non-psychiatric biologic effects of gynecologic tumors, and compared the performance of this non-cancer related symptoms subscale (NCSG) to that of the CRS. The NCSG did not significantly outperform the CRS; its sensitivity and specificity were 87 percent and 62 percent, respectively. Because our study population was relatively homogeneous (i.e., non-ovarian gynecologic oncology patients without severe debilitation who were not receiving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other invasive procedures), the findings should not be generalized to other oncologic populations at this time. Our results suggest that patient self-report forms can be effective screening devices for identifying those non-ovarian, gynecologic oncology patients who should then be carefully evaluated for coexisting clinical depression.
Losses of U.S. Workers in 1992
Authors: Perlo Victor
Published: May 2005

The 1992 Census Bureau Annual Reports on incomes and poverty reveal startling increases in the numbers of people living in poverty and reductions in median family incomes and per capita incomes. The losses of African-Americans and Hispanics were the most severe. The economic “recovery” of 1992 was limited to profits of the capitalist class: the incomes of the top 5 percent rose from 1991 to 1992; the remaining 95 percent experienced declines in real income.
Farewells by the Dying: A Sociological Study
Authors: Kellehear Allan , Lewin Terry
Published: May 2005

This article presents a sociological description and analysis of farewell conduct in an Australian sample of 100 terminally ill cancer patients. Farewells already made before the research interviews and those that were desired and planned are outlined. Sociological functions which can be surmised from this conduct are discussed. The decision not to farewell and the reasons underlying this choice are examined. Eighty-one percent of the respondents reported a desire to farewell. Most expressed a desire for these to take place late in the course of their dying. Important to the timing of farewells were considerations concerning: 1) the nature of certain relationships; 2) the physical proximity to these; and 3) the type of farewells desired. Prominent in preferred styles of farewells were the gift, the conversation, and the letter.
The Development of Population Policy in Britain
Authors: Simons John
Published: May 2005

Between 1960 and 1964, the projected population of the United Kingdom at the end of the century was revised from 64 to 75 million. Ecologists and others clamored for a policy aimed at controlling population growth before it placed intolerable burdens on resources and amenities. Skeptics retorted, however, that population policy was not a substitute for environmental policy, that average family size (about 2.5 children) was already relatively low, and that the problems were being exaggerated. Successive British governments showed little enthusiasm for the adoption of a positive policy on population growth. In the late 1960s public birth control services were extended, but these were regarded as a part of health care and not as an instrument of population policy. The only measures to limit numbers were those adopted in the 1960s to restrict immigration from the British West Indies and other parts of the Commonwealth. In 1971 the government set up a panel of experts to assess the available evidence on the significance of population trends.

A much more purposeful attitude had been adopted toward the problems associated with uneven distribution of population. After the Second World War, plans for building construction and most other forms of development had to conform to physical planning policy. New towns were established to draw population from congested urban areas, and businessmen were given incentives to expand in those areas where unemployment tended to encourage migration to more prosperous parts of Great Britain.
Multigenerational Occurrence of Survivor Syndrome Symptoms in Families of Holocaust Survivors
Authors: Rubenstein Israel , Cutter Fred , Templer Donald I.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine possible transmission of psychopathology from Jewish holocaust survivors to their children and grandchildren. The Mini-Mult, Death Anxiety Scale, Louisville Behavior Checklist, and School Behavior Checklist were employed. The adult children of holocaust survivors obtained significantly higher scores on self-report measures of psychopathology than control Jewish participants. The grandchildren received significantly higher psychopathology ratings from their patients and teachers. Multigenerational transmission was inferred from the findings.