bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Espresso Crema Analysis with f-AnoGAN
Authors: Choi Jintak , Lee Seungeun , Kang Kyungtae
Published: February 2025

This study proposes a system that evaluates the quality of espresso crema in real time using the deep learning-based anomaly detection model, f-AnoGAN. The system integrates mobile devices to collect sensor data during the extraction process, enabling quick adjustments for optimal results. Using the GrabCut algorithm to separate crema from the background, the detection accuracy is improved. The experimental results show an increase of 0.13 in ROC-AUC in the CIFAR-10 dataset and, in crema images, ROC-AUC improved from 0.963 to 1.000 by VAE and hyperparameter optimization, achieving the classification of optimal anomalies in the image. A Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.999 confirms the effectiveness of the system. Key contributions include hyperparameter optimization, improved f-AnoGAN performance using VAE, integration of mobile devices, and improved image preprocessing. This research demonstrates the potential of AI in the management of coffee quality.
On Spectral Graph Determination
Authors: Sason Igal , Krupnik Noam , Hamud Suleiman , Berman Abraham
Published: February 2025

The study of spectral graph determination is a fascinating area of research in spectral graph theory and algebraic combinatorics. This field focuses on examining the spectral characterization of various classes of graphs, developing methods to construct or distinguish cospectral nonisomorphic graphs, and analyzing the conditions under which a graph’s spectrum uniquely determines its structure. This paper presents an overview of both classical and recent advancements in these topics, along with newly obtained proofs of some existing results, which offer additional insights.
Game Theory-Based Risk Assessment of the Use of Autonomous Cars in an Urbanized Area
Authors: Adamova Vasilena , Popov Stoyan , Todorova Simona , Baeva Silvia , Hinov Nikolay
Published: February 2025

With the advancement of autonomous vehicles and their integration into urbanized areas, new challenges emerge related to safety and risk management. This paper presents an approach to assessing the risks of using autonomous cars in urban environments based on game theory. The analysis focuses on interactions between autonomous and traditional vehicles, as well as other road participants, such as pedestrians and cyclists. By employing game theory models, potential conflicts, risk scenarios, and their impact on traffic safety and efficiency are identified. The proposed methods provide a foundation for developing risk management strategies that contribute to the safe and sustainable integration of autonomous vehicles in urban areas.
The Role of Brown Algae as a Capping Agent in the Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles to Enhance the Antibacterial Activities of Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Rohaeti Eli , Helmiyati  , Joronavalona Rasamimanana , Taba Paulina , Sondari Dewi , Kamari Azlan
Published: February 2025

Research was conducted on the role of brown algae as a capping agent in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, the characteristics of ZnO nanoparticles, and the effect of the addition of ZnO nanoparticles and/or silane compounds on antibacterial and antifungal activities. The synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles involved green synthesis, and then nanoparticles were characterized using UV/VIS/NIR, ATR-FTIR, XRD, PSA, and SEM-EDS, followed by the in situ deposition of ZnO nanoparticles on cotton fabrics and the addition of silane compounds. The characterization of modified and unmodified cotton fabrics and antibacterial and antifungal activity tests were carried out using the disc diffusion method through measurements of the diameter of the inhibition zone against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Malassezia furfur. The characterization of ZnO nanoparticles showed absorption at a wavelength of 357 nm; the number of waves was 450 cm−1; the diffraction peak occurred at an angle of 36.14°; the crystal size was 15.35 nm; there was a heterogeneous particle distribution; the particle size was in the ranges of 1.74–706 nm (PSA) and 45–297 nm (SEM); and an irregular particle shape was noted. The results showed that the best antibacterial and antifungal activity was obtained in cotton + HDTMS + ZnO nanoparticles (K8) and cotton + ZnO nanoparticles+HDTMS/MTMS (K4).
Biodegradability and Cavitation Erosion Behavior of Some Zinc Alloys from the System ZnCuMg
Authors: Ghiban Brandusa , Antoniac Aurora , Bordeasu Ilare , Antoniac Iulian , Petre Gabriela , V. Rau Julietta , Bordeasu Dorin , Micu Lavinia Madalina
Published: February 2025

This paper presents experimental results regarding the development of new alloys from the binary ZnCu and ternary ZnCuMg systems. The alloys had controlled chemical compositions and were annealed at 300 °C and 400 °C, with holding times of 5 h and 10 h, followed by air cooling. Mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and elastic modulus) were determined. Structural analysis conducted after different heat treatments revealed that homogenization transforms the dendritic structure into a granular structure with intergranular eutectic presence. Biodegradation behavior showed that the ternary alloy exhibits higher degradation rates than the binary alloy. Applying the homogenization heat treatment has a good influence on the binary alloy only, not on the ternary alloy. Our research shows that that the complex alloying of zinc with copper and magnesium may improve cavitation behavior, doubling both the MDEmax parameter and cavitation resistance expressed by Rcav.
The Lower Pleistocene Tephra Layers in the Crotone Marine Sequence of Southern Italy: Tracing Their Volcanic Source Area
Authors: Donato Paola , Cannata Chiara Benedetta , Cosentino Antonio Giulio , Davoli Mariano , De Rosa Rosanna , Forni Francesca
Published: February 2025

At least three tephra layers, with ages around 2 Ma, crop out in the Pleistocene marine sequence of the Crotone basin, in southern Italy. We present the petrography and the mineral and glass chemistry of these layers, in order to correlate them with other Pleistocene sequences and, possibly, to identify the volcanic source(s). The oldest layer (a1) contains glass shards with homogeneous rhyolitic composition, together with crystals of ortho- and clinopyroxene, plagioclase and amphibole. The age, petrography and major elements’ glass composition allow for correlation with coeval tephra layers cropping out in the southern Apennines, near the town of Craco, in Valle Ricca, near Rome, and in the Periadriatic basin, in central Italy. Two other younger tephras (a3 and a4) can be distinguished by the absence of hydrous phases in a3 and the occurrence of biotite in a4. They show a higher variability in glass composition, which may be related to multiple volcanic sources. A fourth tephra of unknown position, but probably intermediate between a1 and a3, was also recognized. The volcanic source of the tephra layers was identified in a submerged paleo-arc in the central Tyrrhenian Sea, possibly corresponding to the Ventotene ridge. The paper also provides a dataset of glass trace elements’ composition for future correlations.
Novel Quaternary Ammonium Urethane-Dimethacrylates for Copolymers with Low Water Sorption and Solubility
Authors: Drejka Patryk , Kula Patrycja , Barszczewska-Rybarek Izabela
Published: February 2025

Six novel urethane-dimethacrylates with quaternary ammonium groups (QAUDMAs) were successfully synthesized from 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-2-hydroxyethylmethylalkylammonium bromide (QAHAMA-n, where n was 8 and 10) and diisocyanate (isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 4,4′-methylenedicyclohexyl diisocyanate (CHMDI), and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)). Their chemical structures were confirmed through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The refractive index (RI) and density (dm) were also determined. The novel QAUDMAs were compounded with common dental dimethacrylates and subsequently photopolymerized. The resulting copolymers, comprising QAUDMA 40 wt.%, bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) 40 wt.%, and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) 20 wt.%, were tested for water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL). The WS and SL values decreased following these orderings based on the diisocyanate: IPDI > CHMDI > MDI for WS, and MDI > CHMDI > IPDI for SL. The WS values ranged from 11.50 to 13.82 µg/mm3, and were significantly lower than the recommended maximum for dental materials, 40 µg/mm3. The SL values that met the recommended maximum, 7.5 µg/mm3, ranged from 2.67 to 6.75 µg/mm3. Only the copolymer having the QAHAMA-8- and MDI-derived QAUDMA had the SL slightly exceeding 7.5 µg/mm3, at 7.89 µg/mm3.
Metabolomic Insights into Wild and Farmed Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata): Lipid Composition, Freshness Indicators, and Environmental Adaptations
Authors: Marhuenda-Egea Frutos C. , Sanchez-Jerez Pablo
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: This study explores the metabolic adaptations and quality differences between wild and farmed gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), with a particular focus on lipid composition and metabolite profiles. These differences are examined in the context of varying environmental conditions, feeding regimes, and post-harvest processes. High-resolution magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy was employed to perform the metabolomic analysis. Results: Farmed seabream exhibited higher lipid content and PUFA levels (e.g., DHA and EPA) due to aquaculture diets, while wild seabream showed lower lipid concentrations and elevated levels of polar metabolites. Metabolic trade-offs in wild seabream reflected greater physical activity and environmental adaptation. The K-value indicated faster spoilage in farmed seabream, particularly from Greece, linked to handling conditions. HR-MAS provided precise, reproducible results, allowing direct quantification of key metabolites without altering sample integrity. Methods: HR-MAS NMR was employed to analyze muscle tissue from wild and farmed seabream (produced in Spain and imported from Greece), providing high-resolution spectra without requiring sample extraction. Metabolite quantification included polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), creatine, taurine, lactate, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Freshness was monitored using the K-value index, calculated from ATP derivative levels in samples stored at 4 °C. Conclusions: The study highlights the influence of diet and environment on the metabolic profiles of seabream. HR-MAS NMR emerges as a robust method for metabolomic studies and freshness assessment. Findings emphasize the potential for dietary adjustments to optimize aquaculture practices and fish quality while underscoring the importance of sustainable production strategies. Further research into lipid metabolism genes and environmental factors is recommended to deepen understanding of these adaptations.
Switchable Negative Group Delay Based on Sandwich Topological Protection Structure in Terahertz Band
Authors: Xu Jiao , Pan Xianmin , Tang Jiao , Peng Xianghua , Peng Yuxiang
Published: February 2025

A switchable enhancement group delay in the terahertz band based on a novel sandwich topology protection structure with graphene is proposed in this paper. The notable phase transition of the reflected beam comes from the topological edge-protected mode excited at the sandwich photonic crystal surface, and the non-trivial topology of the photonic crystal allows the structure to be immune against defects and imperfections, which lays the foundation for the enhancement of group delay in the terahertz band. And the introduction of graphene creates favorable conditions for the reversible switching of positive and negative reflection group delay. Moreover, the reflected group delay can also be flexibly and dynamically controlled by the incident angle. The positive and negative reversible switching reflected group delay proposed in the terahertz band greatly reduces the optical transmission loss and significantly increases the transmission efficiency compared with the traditional metal sandwich structure, which provides a feasible idea for the realization of multi-dimensional manipulation of the wavelength and phase of electromagnetic waves in the terahertz band. The novel scheme is expected to provide potential applications in fields such as optical buffers or ultrafast modulators.
Circulating MicroRNAs in Patients with Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Precursors
Authors: Rymuza Julia , Długosz Angelika , Zalewski Kamil , Kowalik Artur , Bujko Mateusz , Kowalewska Magdalena
Published: February 2025

Objectives: Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) is a rare gynecologic malignancy, with most cases arising from differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN). Approximately one-third of VSCC cases originate from high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs), which are associated with persistent infection by varieties of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV). This study aimed to quantify the circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in the plasma of patients with premalignant conditions (dVIN and HSILs) and VSCC using TaqMan Low-Density Arrays. Methods: Plasma samples were collected from 40 patients, including those treated for HSILs, dVIN, and VSCC. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) identified the circulating miRNAs differentially expressed in the plasma of VSCC patients compared to patients with precancerous lesions. Results: A total of 31 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were found to be significantly upregulated in plasma from VSCC patients compared to precancerous cases. None of the analyzed miRNAs were able to distinguish VSCC cases based on hrHPV tumor status. Conclusions: This study provides strong evidence that a distinct set of miRNAs can differentiate between plasma samples from VSCC patients and those with precancerous lesions. Thus, these DEMs have potential diagnostic and prognostic value. “Predisposing” DEMs could be developed as biomarkers to aid in the assessment of vulvar lesions, helping to exclude or confirm progression toward cancer.
Impact of Polyphenol-Rich Nutraceuticals on Cognitive Function and Neuroprotective Biomarkers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Carrillo Juan Ángel , Arcusa Raúl , Xandri-Martínez Raquel , Cerdá Begoña , Zafrilla Pilar , Marhuenda Javier
Published: February 2025

Background: Recent studies have highlighted the neuroprotective effects of polyphenols, particularly their role in enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activity. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between BDNF and CREB levels and cognitive performance in individuals undergoing a polyphenol-rich dietary intervention. Methods: A randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with 92 participants. The intervention involved the daily intake of an encapsulated concentrate of fruit, vegetable, and berry juice powders (Juice Plus+ Premium®) over two 16-week periods, separated by a 4-week washout phase. Cognitive function was assessed using the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, and Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test (RIST). The plasma levels of CREB and BDNF were measured using ELISA. Results: The polyphenol-rich product significantly improved cognitive performance, as evidenced by higher scores in the Stroop Test and RIST, compared to the placebo. Additionally, the plasma levels of CREB and BDNF were notably elevated in the product condition, indicating enhanced neuroprotective activity. Conclusions: The findings suggest that polyphenol-rich nutraceuticals can modulate neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive improvements, primarily through the reduction of oxidative stress and the regulation of signaling pathways associated with synaptic plasticity. These results support the potential of dietary polyphenols in promoting cognitive health and preventing neurodegenerative diseases.
Dietary Supplement Use in Competitive Spanish Football Players and Differences According to Sex
Authors: Sousa-Rufino Carlos , Pareja-Galeano Helios , Martínez-Ferrán María
Published: February 2025

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the consumption of dietary supplements (DS) in semi-professional male and professional female Spanish football players. Methods: The study involved 129 football players (92 men and 37 women) who completed a validated, self-administered questionnaire on the use of DS in athletes. Results: The results indicated that 96.12% of the sample reported taking DS, with the main reason for consumption being performance enhancement. The most commonly consumed DS were creatine monohydrate (66.77%), caffeine (56.59%), whey protein (48.06%), isotonic drinks (37.21%), vitamin D (27.91%), energy bars (27.13%), magnesium (20.93%), and vitamin C (20.16%). Additionally, significant differences were found between sexes regarding vitamin D consumption (p < 0.05; OR = 3.27 [0.36–2.00]). According to the Australian Institute of Sport DS classification, group A was the most consumed, followed by group B. Significant sex differences were found in the consumption of sports foods (p = 0.034; OR = 3.25 [0.05–2.31]) and medical supplements (p < 0.001; OR = 3.75 [0.52–2.12]). Sex differences were also found in place of purchase, source of recommendation, as well as the situation and timing of consumption (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The use of DS among Spanish football players was prevalent at 96.12%, with creatine monohydrate, caffeine, and whey protein being the most commonly consumed. Differences in consumption patterns were noted between sexes.
Changes in Sexual Functioning in Women with Severe Obesity After Bariatric Surgery: Impact of Postoperative Adherence to Mediterranean Diet
Authors: Ruiz-Tovar Jaime , Gonzalez Gilberto , Bolaños Maria-de-Lourdes , Lopez-Torre Eva-María , Fernández-Contreras Maria-Encarnación , Muñoz Jesús , Llavero Carolina
Published: February 2025

Background: This study analyzes the effects of bariatric surgery on female sexual function, assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and explores the impact of adherence to the Mediterranean diet during the postoperative period. Patients and methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using a prospectively collected database, including heterosexual women with morbid obesity undergoing bariatric procedures. The FSFI questionnaire was applied before the intervention and 24 months after surgery. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated using the PREDIMED questionnaire. Results: Among the 240 participants, 70.8% presented preoperative sexual dysfunction, which decreased to 20.5% two years post-surgery. Significant improvements were observed in all FSFI domains except for pain. Good adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with higher scores in the lubrication, orgasm, and satisfaction domains. Conclusions: Bariatric surgery significantly improves female sexual function, with the Mediterranean diet enhancing these benefits during the postoperative period. Future studies must investigate additional variables such as psychological factors, physical activity, and other lifestyle changes that may also influence sexual function.
Resident Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena vomerina) in the Salish Sea: Photo-Identification Shows Long-Term Site Fidelity, Natal Philopatry, and Provides Insights into Longevity and Behavior
Authors: Elliser Cindy R. , White Katrina H. , Hansen Maia C.
Published: February 2025

Harbor porpoises have been well studied in locations worldwide, but relatively little research has focused on site fidelity of individuals, which influences population structure and determines appropriate management and conservation measures. This study investigated the site fidelity and behavior of harbor porpoises through long-term, land-based photo-identification around Fidalgo Island, Washington, USA. Individuals were consistently re-sighted for up to 11 years, including natal philopatry. There was individual variation in seasonal site fidelity, with some individuals seen year-round, though general porpoise presence in the study area and individual re-sightings were greatly reduced during summer. Females had calves yearly for up to 3 consecutive years, with females as old as at least 14 successfully producing calves. There was some evidence for mother–calf associations post-weaning, but none long-term. Behavior was affected by tide, where porpoises traveled more and foraged and socialized less during ebb tide compared to other tidal states. Mating attempts with aerial behaviors were observed 84 times and seen year-round in every month and every season. This study provides documentation of a local, resident population of harbor porpoise, and emphasizes the need for more fine-scale studies like this to ensure the appropriate management and conservation of harbor porpoise populations and/or stocks worldwide.
Unseen Dangers—The Role of Invasive Species in the Spread of Zoonotic Diseases in Europe
Authors: Kratou Myriam , Cabezas-Cruz Alejandro
Published: February 2025

In a recent study, Klink et al [...]
Multivariate Data Analysis to Assess Process Evolution and Systematic Root Causes Investigation in Tablet Manufacturing at an Industrial Scale—A Case Study Focused on Improving Tablet Hardness
Authors: Mathe Rita , Casian Tibor , Tomuta Ioan
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Only a few studies performed at industrial scale in non-simulated conditions have investigated the effect of input variability from the product’s lifecycle on product quality. The purpose of this work was to identify the root causes for the low and variable hardness of core tablets prepared using high-shear wet granulation through batch statistical modeling and to verify the short- and long-term effectiveness of the improvement actions. Methods: The novelty of this study is the use of multivariate methods for the complex assessment of a wide data set belonging to two proportional composition strengths, manufactured at an industrial scale, with different tablet shapes and sizes, with the aim of identifying inter-related active ingredient and process variables with the highest impact on hardness value and for defining optimal processing conditions leading to a robust product. Results: Four main variables affecting the output variable were identified: API particle size, nozzle type used for granulation, wet discharge, and drying intensity. These were included in an updated control strategy (3 out of 4 variables having to be within the desired ranges: API d0.5 < 45 microns; granulation nozzle that ensures liquid dispersion into droplets; gentle wet discharge and drying processes). In the case of the product studied, the newly defined process conditions could even accommodate d0.5 up to 70 microns and still ensure adequate core tablet hardness (at least 30% above the lower specification limit) for the successive film-coating step. Conclusions: Besides the beneficial impact of reducing the risk for out-of-specification hardness results, this study also offered the benefit of cost avoidance and yield improvement. The improvement was confirmed through the significant average hardness increase (15–20%) and between-batch variability decrease, leading to decent sigma quality levels (2.5) for the control phase batches.
Oil Yield and Bioactive Compounds of Moringa oleifera Trees Grown Under Saline Conditions
Authors: Bayomy Hala M. , Alamri Eman S. , Alharbi Basmah M. , Almasoudi Seham E. , Ozaybi Nawal A. , Mohammed Ghena M. , Genaidy Esmail A. , Atteya Amira K. G.
Published: February 2025

Moringa oleifera is a tree with various applications. Desertification and salinity are major constraints to crop productivity worldwide, especially in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, it is essential that plants alleviate and adapt to salt stress. Many physiological, pharmacological, and molecular strategies are employed by plants to lessen the effects of salinity stress. In this work, plants were grown under different salinity levels and treated with a foliar spray of seaweed extract to evaluate the fixed oil using GC/MS analysis, free proline and total soluble proteins using colorimetric methods, total phenolic content using Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent, total flavonoids using a spectrophotometric method, and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The study has shown that applying seaweed extract to plants grown under different salinity conditions improves seed oil yield, proline levels, soluble proteins, phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. As salinity increases, the oil yield decreases, but the levels of proline, phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity rise. Seaweed extract application also reduces protein breakdown and boosts osmoprotectants. Salt stress decreases unsaturated fatty acids like oleic acid and increases saturated fatty acids like stearic acid. Overall, seaweed extract helps mitigate the adverse effects of salinity, enhancing oil yield and stress resistance in moringa trees.
Towards a Dynamic Optimisation of Comminution Circuit Under Geological Uncertainties
Authors: Kabemba Alain M. , Mutombo Kalenda , Waters Kristian E.
Published: February 2025

Geometallurgical programmes are crucial for designing mineral processing plants that maximise comminution throughput. However, the variability of complex ore bodies, such as platinum group element (PGE) deposits, poses challenges in developing these programmes into profitable mine-to-mill production. This paper investigates the geological characteristics of different lithologies hosting the complex PGE orebody located in the Northern Limb of the Bushveld igneous complex in South Africa and assessed their impact on metallurgical efficiency in comminution circuits. Regression machine learning techniques were employed to analyse the ore mineralogical dataset from two lithologies (feldspathic pyroxenite and pegmatoidal feldspathic pyroxenite) and predict the Bond Work Index (BWI), a key comminution parameter for calculating processing plant throughput. The results indicated that BWI is strongly influenced by Chlorite, silicates, iron oxides, and the relative density of the PGE deposit. Using both simulated and laboratory-measured throughput values, a particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm was applied to maximise the plant’s comminution throughput through tactical blending of low-grade and high-grade ore stockpiles. The PSO algorithm was shown to be an effective tool for stockpile management and tactical mine-to-mill operation in response to feed mineralogical variability. This first-time innovative approach addresses complex geological uncertainties and lays the groundwork for future geometallurgical studies. Potential areas for further research include incorporating additional lithologies for tactical ore stockpile blending and optimising parameters critical for ore mineral flotation.
NIR-Based Real-Time Monitoring of Freeze-Drying Processes: Application to Fault and Endpoint Detection
Authors: Massei Ambra , Falco Nunzia , Fissore Davide
Published: February 2025

In the pharmaceutical industry, freeze-drying is crucial for the stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Monitoring this complex process presents challenges as traditional methods often lack real-time insights, potentially leading to quality issues and batch rejections. Effective monitoring is then essential for optimizing process parameters and minimizing waste, thus saving costs and resources. This study evaluated the application of Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the real-time monitoring of the freeze-drying process: NIR spectra were acquired in-line via a specially designed flange in the freeze-dryer. Two approaches were investigated. The first involved freeze-drying monitoring using control charts, thus creating a reference model based on cycles under normal conditions. A PCA model was developed using these reference cycles, and an intentional fault cycle was performed to test the system’s ability to detect deviations. Multivariate control charts, utilizing Hotelling’s T2 and DModX metrics, were shown to effectively monitor process deviations, enhancing the understanding of freeze-drying dynamics. The second approach was based on the use of NIR spectroscopy for assessing residual moisture during lyophilization. By integrating Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression with in-line NIR spectra, we estimated endpoints and detected faults in both reference and faulty cycles. The results showed strong correlations between PLS estimates and the Pirani–Baratron method, highlighting NIR’s applicability for monitoring drying phases. This research advocates for broader NIR implementation in pharmaceutical development, emphasizing its potential to monitor the process, ensure quality, and reduce out-of-specification product.
Forecasting the Scientific Production Volumes of G7 and BRICS Countries in a Comparative Analysis
Authors: Cicero Tindaro
Published: February 2025

This study applies ARIMA models to forecast scientific production trends among G7 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries using Scopus data from 1996 to 2023. The analysis shows that G7 countries maintain steady growth driven by established research infrastructures, while BRICS nations, particularly China, display accelerated growth due to substantial investments in R&D. The forecasts indicate that China could reach over 2,000,000 indexed scientific publications annually by 2030, potentially reshaping the global research landscape. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and research institutions, highlighting the shifting dynamics of global scientific leadership and emphasizing the importance of sustained investment in research to remain competitive.
An Eschatological Framework and Social Identity in 1QM 1:1–15 and 1 Thessalonians 5:1–11
Authors: van Appeldoorn Gijsbert
Published: February 2025

In the Qumran War Scroll (1QM) 1:1–15 and 1 Thessalonians 5:1–11, almost the same eschatological interpretative framework is created with words from the semantic domains of light and darkness, kinship, war, ethics, divinity and time. Although the constructed frameworks in these texts look alike, their impact on the self-understanding of the respective Qumran and Thessalonian communities is different. This article aims to reconstruct these frameworks from the texts by using semantic dictionaries and to reconstruct the probable impact of these frameworks on the self-understanding of the communities by utilizing some insights from sociolinguistics. It shows that although communities around the beginning of the era used almost the same frameworks, the effect on group identities could be significantly different.
Study on the Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity and Threshold Effects of Ecosystem Services in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province
Authors: Chen Xinjun , Cui Ming , Yang Qiankun , Xu Zihan , Liu Shuangyan , Zhang Liheng , Li Guijing , Liu Yuguo
Published: February 2025

Uncovering the intricate relationships within the realm of ecosystem services (ESs) across various spatial and temporal dimensions, as well as their nonlinear relationships with natural–social factors, is a fundamental condition for regional ecosystem management. This study focuses on Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and it quantifies the supply of ESs at the grid and township scales, clarifies the interrelationships among ESs and influencing elements, and proposes cross-scale regional ecological management strategies. The findings indicate the following: (1) ESs exhibited spatial variability. In the last 20 years, the supply capacity of food production (FP) increased by about 46%, while other ESs showed a downward trend. (2) Synergistic effects among ESs primarily occurred between WY, habitat quality (HQ), carbon sequestration (CS), and soil conservation (SC), while trade-off effects mainly took place between FP and other ESs. (3) Significant and dramatic changes in the ecosystem service bundles were observed in the southern mountainous areas. At the grid scale, the overall area of the integrated ecological bundle declined by approximately 88%. However, the proportion of the HQ-CS key synergy bundle increased from 15.68% to 40.60%. Similar spatial patterns and trends were also observed at the township scale. (4) There was a notable reduction in the comprehensive supply of the ecosystem service index (ESI) in the southwest, in which human activities and climate drought factors played a major negative driving role, and some driving factors had threshold effects with the ESI. Existing research often ignores the nonlinear relationship between complex spatiotemporal dynamics and ecosystem services. Thus, this study constructed a comprehensive cognitive framework for regional ES status from the perspective of “supply–interaction–driving–threshold” for ESs, providing a more comprehensive understanding of regional ES management.
Hyperspectral Band Selection via Tensor Low Rankness and Generalized 3DTV
Authors: Henneberger Katherine , Qin Jing
Published: February 2025

Hyperspectral band selection plays a key role in reducing the high dimensionality of data while maintaining essential details. However, existing band selection methods often encounter challenges, such as high memory consumption, the need for data matricization that disrupts inherent data structures, and difficulties in preserving crucial spatial–spectral relationships. To address these challenges, we propose a tensor-based band selection model using Generalized 3D Total Variation (G3DTV), which utilizes the ℓ1p norm to promote smoothness across spatial and spectral dimensions. Based on the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM), we develop an efficient hyperspectral band selection algorithm, where the tensor low-rank structure is captured through tensor CUR decomposition, thus significantly improving computational efficiency. Numerical experiments on benchmark datasets have demonstrated that our method outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches. In addition, we provide practical guidelines for parameter tuning in both noise-free and noisy data scenarios. We also discuss computational complexity trade-offs, explore parameter selection using grid search and Bayesian Optimization, and extend our analysis to evaluate performance with additional classifiers. These results further validate the proposed robustness and accuracy of the model.
Light Field Angular Super-Resolution via Spatial-Angular Correlation Extracted by Deformable Convolutional Network
Authors: Li Daichuan , Zhong Rui , Yang Yungang
Published: February 2025

Light Field Angular Super-Resolution (LFASR) addresses the issue where Light Field (LF) images can not simultaneously achieve both high spatial and angular resolution due to the limited resolution of optical sensors. Since Spatial-Angular Correlation (SAC) features are closely related to the structure of LF images, its accurate and complete extraction is crucial for the quality of LF images reconstructed by the LFASR method based on Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). In low-angular resolution LF images, SAC features must be extracted from a limited number of pixels that are at a great distance from each other and exhibit strong correlations. However, existing LFASR methods based on DNNs fail to extract SAC features accurately and completely. Due to the limited receptive field, methods based on regular Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are unable to capture SAC features from distant pixels, leading to incomplete SAC feature extraction. On the other hand, methods based on large convolution kernels and attention mechanisms use an excessive number of pixels to extract SAC features, resulting in insufficient accuracy in extracted SAC features. To solve this problem, we introduce Deformable Convolutional Network (DCN), which adaptively changes the position of limited sampling point using offsets, so as to extract SAC from distant pixels. In addition, in order to make the offset of DCN more accurate and further improve the accuracy of SAC features, we also propose a Multi-Maximum-Offsets Fusion DCN (MMOF-DCN). MMOF-DCN can reduce the exploration range of finding the desired offset, thereby improving the offset finding efficiency. Experiment results show that our proposed method has advantages in real-world dataset and synthetic dataset. The PSNR value in synthetic dataset which have large disparity is improved by 0.45 dB compared to existing methods.
Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance with Enhanced Social Force Model and DWA Algorithm Using SparkLink
Authors: Yi Hang , Lin Ruliang , Wang Hao , Wang Yifang , Ying Cunchao , Wang Dong , Feng Lihang
Published: February 2025

In the context of Industry 4.0, addressing the challenge of dynamic obstacle avoidance for Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) in complex industrial environments, this paper proposes an algorithm that integrates an enhanced social force model (SFM) and an improved dynamic window approach (DWA), leveraging SparkLink communication technology to enhance data transmission speed and reliability. The introduction of SparkLink technology significantly improves the environmental perception capabilities of AGVs, optimizing their dynamic obstacle-avoidance performance. Experimental results demonstrate that this method effectively increases the efficiency of AGVs in dynamic obstacle avoidance, offering significant practical value.
An Investigation on the Ball Screw-Based Variable Displacement Mechanism for Axial Piston Pumps with Feedforward Differential Input Control
Authors: Zhang Guangcheng , Wang Bokai , Lin Yueh-Jaw
Published: February 2025

This paper proposes a variable mechanism structure based on a ball screw design for precise displacement control in axial piston pumps, with the objective of improving actuator position and velocity control within the displacement-controlled (DC) systems. Traditional valve-controlled cylinder variable mechanisms (VCCVM) often suffer from limited control precision over the swash plate due to numerous uncertain parameters within the hydraulic system. To address this issue, a ball screw is utilized to replace the original valve-controlled cylinder for swash plate control, enhancing accuracy and responsiveness. In addition, an in-depth analysis of the Ball Screw Variable Mechanism (BSVM) is conducted, leading to the development of a coupled mechanical–hydraulic dynamic model. Based on this model, a controller is designed to improve system performance. Finally, the effectiveness and high performance of the proposed new structure and control strategy were validated through comparative experiments and simulations. The experimental results confirm the advantages of the proposed design, demonstrating satisfactory improvements in control precision.
A Study on Multi-Robot Task Allocation in Railway Scenarios Based on the Improved NSGA-II Algorithm
Authors: Shen Yanni , Meng Jianjun
Published: February 2025

With the advent of Industry 4.0, the seamless integration of industrial systems and unmanned technologies has significantly accelerated the development of smart industries. However, the research on task allocation for railway maintenance robots remains limited, particularly with respect to optimizing costs and efficiency within smart railway systems. To address this gap, the present study explores multi-robot task allocation for automated orbital bolt maintenance, aiming to enhance operational efficiency by minimizing both makespan and total travel distance for all robots. To achieve this, an improved hybrid algorithm combining NSGA-II and MOPSO is proposed. Initially, a dynamic task planning method, tailored to the specific conditions of railway operations, is developed. This method uses the coordinates of track bolts to extract environmental features, enabling the dynamic partitioning of task areas. Subsequently, a multi-elite archive strategy is introduced, along with an adaptive mechanism for adjusting crossover and mutation probabilities. This ensures the preservation and maintenance of multiple solutions across various Pareto fronts, effectively mitigating the premature convergence commonly observed in traditional NSGA-II algorithms. Moreover, the integration of the MOPSO algorithm strikes a balance between local and global search capabilities, thereby enhancing both optimization efficiency and solution quality. Finally, a series of experiments, conducted with varying task sizes and robot quantities during the railway maintenance window, validate the effectiveness and improved performance of the proposed algorithm in addressing the multi-robot task allocation problem.
Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Emergency Department Visits Due to Occupational Accidents: A Retrospective Observational Study in a Northern Italian City
Authors: Sellaro Francesca , Pernetti Roberta , Candura Stefano Massimo , Perlini Stefano , Speciale Francesco , Savioli Gabriele , Oddone Enrico
Published: February 2025

This retrospective observational study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on occupational accident rates by analyzing over 500,000 Emergency Department (ED) visits from 2014 to 2022 in a Northern Italian city. Work-related injuries comprised 3.6% of total ED visits, with significant gender disparities, particularly in commuting accidents among women. During the pandemic’s initial wave, the overall ED visits decreased by 41%, while work-related injuries saw a 60% reduction. Post-pandemic, ED visits began returning to pre-pandemic levels, reflecting the healthcare system’s adaptability. Notably, high-intensity admissions requiring intensive care remained relatively stable throughout the pandemic, suggesting that individuals with urgent medical needs continued to seek care at the ED, demonstrating the healthcare system’s resilience in handling critical cases. This study highlights the complex relationship between the pandemic and workplace safety, emphasizing the need for further research to fully understand COVID-19’s impact on healthcare services.
Improving Crowdfunding Decisions Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Gregoriades Andreas , Themistocleous Christos
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates points of vulnerability in the decisions made by backers and campaigners in crowdfund pledges in an attempt to facilitate a sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem by increasing the rate of good projects being funded. In doing so, this research examines factors that contribute to the success or failure of crowdfunding campaign pledges using eXplainable AI methods (SHapley Additive exPlanations and Counterfactual Explanations). A dataset of completed Kickstarter campaigns was used to train two binary classifiers. The first model used textual features from the campaigns’ descriptions, and the second used categorical, numerical, and textual features. Findings identify textual terms, such as “stretch goals”, that convey both elements of risk and ambitiousness to be strongly correlated with success, contrary to transparent communications of risks that bring forward worries that would have otherwise remained dormant for backers. Short sentence length, in conjunction with high term complexity, is also associated with campaign success. We link the latter to signaling theory and the campaigners’ projection of knowledgeability of the domain. Certain numerical data, such as the project’s duration, frequency of post updates, and use of images, confirm previous links to campaign success. We enhance implications through the use of Counterfactual Explanations and generate actionable recommendations on how failed projects could become successful while proposing new policies, in the form of nudges, that shield backers from points of vulnerability.
The Relationship Between Riparian Soil Nutrients and Water Quality in Inlet Sections of Lakes: A Case Study of the Kherlen River
Authors: Zhao Yunliang , Sun Biao , Shi Xiaohong , Tao Yulong , Wang Zenglong , Wang Shihuan , Ye Bowen
Published: February 2025

This study uses the Kherlen River as a case study to investigate the relationship between soil nutrients in riparian zones and water quality in inlet sections of lakes. Field sampling and experimental analyses were conducted during the high-water period (July) of 2023. An investigation was conducted on both the water quality of the river segments entering the lake and the soil nutrients. Methods such as the comprehensive water quality index (WQI), spatial heterogeneity analysis, and gray relational analysis were employed to assess water quality, soil nutrient characteristics, and their interrelationships, respectively. The results indicated that during the high-water period, the average concentrations of the permanganate index (CODMn), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and dichromate oxidizability (CODCr) in the Kherlen River exceeded the Class V surface water quality standard thresholds. The overall WQI of the Kherlen River was 22.54, reflecting generally poor water quality, with a Global Moran’s I of 0.21, indicating a spatially clustered distribution. In the watershed, the Global Moran’s I values for pH values, TOC, TN, and TP at soil depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm were 0.52, 0.90, 0.86, and 0.94 and 0.51, 0.57, 0.77, and 0.78, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found among soil nutrients, exhibiting a strong spatial aggregation characteristic, with nutrient concentrations decreasing with increasing soil depth. Moreover, the WQI of the Kherlen River demonstrated a significant correlation (R2 > 0.6) with soil nutrient indicators, underscoring the substantial impact of riparian soil nutrients on river water quality. Based on these findings, targeted water management and ecological restoration measures are proposed to improve the water quality of the Kherlen River and Hulun Lake, providing new insights and scientific evidence for the restoration and sustainable development of lake ecosystems.
Spectral Polynomials and Spectra of Graphs Beyond Cubic and Icosahedral Symmetries: n-Octahedra, n-Cubes, Symmetric and Semi-Symmetric Graphs, Giant Fullerene Cages and Generalized Petersen Graphs
Authors: Balasubramanian Krishnan
Published: February 2025

We report the results of our computations of the spectral polynomials and spectra of a number of graphs possessing automorphism symmetries beyond cubic and icosahedral symmetries. The spectral (characteristic) polynomials are computed in fully expanded forms. The coefficients of these polynomials contain a wealth of combinatorial information that finds a number of applications in many areas including nanomaterials, genetic networks, dynamic stereochemistry, chirality, and so forth. This study focuses on a number of symmetric and semi-symmetric graphs with automorphism groups of high order. In particular, Heawood, Coxeter, Pappus, Möbius–Kantor, Tutte–Coxeter, Desargues, Meringer, Dyck, n-octahedra, n-cubes, icosahedral fullerenes such as C80(Ih), golden supergiant C240(Ih), Archimedean (Ih), and generalized Petersen graphs up to 720 vertices, among others, have been studied. The spectral polynomials are computed in fully expanded forms as opposed to factored forms. Several applications of these polynomials are briefly discussed.
A Study on Platform Supply Chain Model Selection and Pricing Considering Precision Marketing
Authors: Wang Jianhua , Zhang Yuchen
Published: February 2025

This study constructs a Stackelberg competitive model that includes manufacturers, e-commerce platforms, and third-party marketing platforms to explore the impact of precision marketing services on the strategic balance of all parties involved. The article proposes three strategies, including a platform marketing model, third-party marketing model, and differentiated marketing model. Research has found that manufacturers tend to choose marketing services with lower costs, especially when marketing costs are low. The cost and expenses of precision marketing services are key factors in manufacturers’ decision-making. When the commission rate is at a moderate level, manufacturers tend to choose e-commerce platforms, while platforms tend to provide precision marketing services with lower service sensitivity.