bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
血泊裏正家訓：論《水滸傳》及其三種續書中女禍／英雌書寫之反諷與承衍
Authors: 曾 世豪
Published: November 2024

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
儘管《水滸傳》一般被視爲男性的文本，但實際上書中形形色色的女禍書寫，留給讀者的印象並不亞於好漢的血性。小説以魯、武二僧人爲經緯，穿插許多婦人的疊影，强化了“色空空色”的宗教辯證，英雄在温柔鄉中的道德虧損，暗示了色慾與權力同樣是歷劫修行的難題。《水滸傳》對於夫妻失倫的刻劃，在明清三種續書中仍舊引起創作者興趣。不過，“玉貌招殃”的敘事，在不同文本中卻有著不同的發展，顯示出相較於原作，“血泊裏正家訓”不是唯一的選項，“色戒”勸懲的對象也有所轉移。最後，從《水滸傳》到《蕩寇志》，出現了幾位繡閣英雄，“她”們馳騁戰場的倩影，是以性别／道德的邊緣位置往核心移動，同時掙扎於“蕩寇者”與“弒父者”的游移身分。
Although Water Margin is generally regarded as a book of masculinity, readers can also be impressed by the various female roles in it. While the novel focuses on the biographies of two monks, Lu Zhishen and Wu Song, the scenes featuring women strengthen the notion that beauty is superficial. Moreover, the book implies that heroes suffer from moral injuries caused by lust and power. The description of affairs with married women continues in the novel’s three sequels in the Ming-Qing dynasties. In a comparative study, we note in these later works that the motif of “beauty causing disaster” is no longer inevitable and that violence is not the key to maintaining house rules. From Water Margin to Sweeping the Rebels (Dang kou zhi), we observe that the heroines struggle with the identities of “rebel subduer” and “one who commits patricide” in their role’s shift from the edge of morality and gender to the center.
湯顯祖《紫簫記》及其相關議題研究
Authors: 盧 柏勳
Published: November 2024

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
本文針對《紫簫記》及其相關議題進行探討，全文區分爲三大部分：其一，論《紫簫記》之政治諷諭問題，此處論述《紫簫記》之創作背景，與該劇流播、查禁與付印的時間，又針對“部長吏”之解釋，以及“酒、色、財、氣四偈”和張居正之間的關聯，提出自我看法。其二，論《紫簫記》未成與改寫之因，此部分指出，歷來探究《紫簫記》未成與改寫之因，多集中在政治諷諭上，筆者則認爲，看待這個問題，應當分兩部分理解，因牽涉政治諷諭致使中途輟筆，是爲外部因素，内部因素則是該劇本身就具備多項缺失，其爲湯顯祖的遊戲、實驗之筆，曲文、賓白過於駢儷，不適宜演諸場上，加以情節雜沓，是以成爲未竟之稿；其三，論《紫釵記》對《紫簫記》之改寫，此處則對比二劇，就文學造詣、人物形象、情節安排，來討論《紫釵記》有何革新，以觀察湯顯祖創作手法演變的軌跡。
This study is an investigation of Tang Xianzu’s (1550-1616) The Story of Purple Flute and its relevant issues. Part 1 is a discussion of the political satire in Purple Flute. It probes the background of Purple Flute and when the play was circulated, banned, and printed. Moreover, we propose an explanation of “Minister of Personnel” and how the four cardinal vices of alcohol, sex, avarice, and temper are related to Zhang Juzheng (1525-1582). Part 2 is a discussion of why Purple Flute was not completed and therefore rewritten. Existing scholarship on the issue mainly ascribes this to the play’s content of political satire. We suggest that this issue should be discussed in two parts: 1) external factors: the writing was suspended halfway as a result of its involvement in political satire; 2) internal factors: the play embodies many deficiencies. This play was Tang Xianzu’s playful and experimental creation. Its arias and dialogues contain too many parallel sentences and are therefore not suitable for stage performance. In addition, the plots are too complex. These factors resulted in an unfinished work. Part 3 is a discussion of how Tang rewrote Purple Flute and turned it into The Story of Purple Hairpin. Through a comparison of these two plays and a discussion of the innovations of Purple Hairpin in terms of literary accomplishments, character images, and plot arrangements, we observe the development of Tang Xianzu’s creation techniques.
從“牠們”到“我們”———當代香港作家小説的動物書寫
Authors: 鄒 文律
Published: November 2024

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
隨著自然環境保育，動物權等議題在世界的重要性與日俱增，香港作家關注動物生存境遇的聲音益發增多。張婉雯、韓麗珠、可洛、蔣曉薇、黄怡等當代香港作家除了關顧生活在城市中不同階層的人，還留意關心生活於人類周邊的不同動物，通過小説描繪人類與動物的互動。本文聚焦於當代香港作家的動物書寫，借助威爾·金利卡、蘇·唐納森提出的動物權理論，析論他們如何想像人類與馴化動物，城際野生動物和野生動物之間的關係，展現作家對動物的情感連結，對動物生存境遇，動物權等主題的反思，探問當代香港作家如何透過動物書寫來設想一種不以人類爲中心的嶄新關係，豐富當代香港文學的版圖。
With the growing importance of environmental conservation and animal rights around the world, Hong Kong writers have louder voices concerning animal welfare. Contemporary Hong Kong Writers such as Cheung Yuen-man, Ho Lok, Hon Lai-chu, Chiang Hiu-mei, and Wong Yi care not only about the living conditions of human beings in the city but also the different animals living around humans. Their fiction describes the interaction and relationship between humans and animals. This article focuses on the writing about animals by contemporary Hong Kong writers, in light of Will Kymlicka and Sue Donaldson’s theory of animal rights, analyzing how they imagine the relationship between humans and domesticated animals, liminal animals, and wild animals. It presents the abovementioned writers’ view on human and animal bonding, and further discusses their reflections on animal rights. Finally, it examines how contemporary Hong Kong writers imagine a new relationship that is not anthropocentric through writing about animals, enriching the territory of contemporary Hong Kong literature.
Legal regulation of e-commerce: international and national standards
Authors: Berch V. V.
Published: November 2024

The article examines the problems of legal regulation of electronic commerce as a key component of the modern digital economy. Since e-commerce is a global phenomenon that is rapidly developing, new challenges arise in the legal field, in particular, the need to harmonize national and international legal standards. It is stated that dynamic changes in the field of e-commerce require adaptation of national legal acts to respond to modern challenges, particularly in the field of international transactions.
The relevance of the study is due to the fact that modern technologies create new forms of digital legal relations, which national legal systems do not always have time to adequately regulate. This calls for an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms of legal regulation of electronic commerce at the international and national levels. An important task is the harmonization of national legal norms with international standards, which will ensure the stability of the legal system and the protection of the rights of market participants. The article draws attention to the fact that, despite a significant amount of research in the field of electronic commerce, there is a significant gap in the legal regulation of this field in different countries, which complicates the work of international platforms and the protection of the rights of consumers and entrepreneurs.
During the study, a comprehensive analysis of key legislative acts of Ukraine regulating electronic commerce was carried out, including the Law of Ukraine «On Electronic Commerce», the Law of Ukraine «On Electronic Identification and Electronic Trust Services» and others. The article emphasizes the importance of further harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with international standards, which is necessary to ensure legal certainty and stability in the conditions of global digitalization of the economy. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of international legal acts, such as the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce and the Guidelines for Electronic Commerce of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. These documents play a key role in harmonizing international legal norms and creating a single legal space for electronic commerce.
Attention is focused on the fact that effective legal regulation of electronic commerce is important for the development of international trade, ensuring the security of electronic transactions and protecting the rights of all market participants. The need to adapt national legal systems to the requirements of international standards is substantiated, which will contribute to the growth of electronic commerce and increase the competitiveness of states in the global economy.
Standards for the implementation of the right to pension provision for persons discharged from military service in the decisions of The Constitutional Court of Ukraine
Authors: Burak V. Ya. , Buk M. O.
Published: November 2024

This article examines the special legal status and specific nature of the right to social protection afforded to military personnel serving in the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations, as well as to persons discharged from military service. It is substantiated that the special nature of social protection for this category of persons is determined not by their disability or lack of livelihood, but by the specifics of their professional duties. The article examines the legal acts that determine the conditions, norms, and procedures for pension provision for persons discharged from military service. The article establishes the specifics of the implementation of the right to the following types of pensions by persons discharged from military service: 1) for long service; 2) for disability; 3) in case of loss of breadwinner. It is argued that the pension of a person discharged from military service, as a form of social security provision, must comply with one of the fundamental sectoral principles enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine – guaranteeing a decent standard of living for all citizens. The article establishes that the subsistence minimum, as a minimum standard of social protection, is characterized by the regulation of its purpose and the systematic nature of payments. It is proven that an important principle of pension provision for persons discharged from military service is the principle of legal certainty. The article analyzes the understanding of the content of the principle of legal certainty formulated in the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, according to which this principle means that legislative bodies should strive for clarity and unambiguity in their lawmaking activities, and a person should understand which rule of law applies in their case and have a clear understanding of the occurrence of specific legal consequences. The article provides examples of violations of the principle of legal certainty in the context of pension provision for persons discharged from military service. The article analyzes the understanding of the principle of proportionality in the field of social protection proposed by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, according to which this principle means that the measures provided for in legal acts should be aimed at achieving a legitimate goal and be proportionate to it.
The antidemocratic tendencies in the article «Labour Relations» of the draft Law of Ukraine «On Labour» under martial law
Authors: Zvarych R. V.
Published: November 2024

Nowadays Ukraine is experiencing an extremely difficult wartime in the strengthening democratic European values of social life. With the help of the critical analysis method the historical and legal evaluation of objective norms in labor sphere which are discriminatory was done. The comparative-legal method has helped to study the draft’s norms on conformity of their current legislation of Ukraine on labor. In the context of the armed struggle for Democracy, part of which is recognition of human rights and strengthening the Rule of Law, legislative initiative to reform the legal regulation of social relations, the object of which is the labor and employment, has signs of an anti-democratic state-political regime. The most dangerous tendency of the Draft is that its content prioritizes the economic system over the individual, which contradicts Article 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine and may lead to severe consequences, examples of which in the history of the state and law include genocides against nations. The Labor Code of Ukraine, dated December 10, 1971, No. 322-VIII is today the only normative legal act that is really able to protect human rights in Ukraine, in particular, the employee, along with the Constitution of Ukraine. At the same time, certain institutions and sub-institutions of labor law need to be developed as a result of the dynamics of social relations related to labor. Instead, the Draft Law of Ukraine «On Labor» on the legislative initiative of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine represented by D. Shmygal does not represent any development of the already established foundations and principles of legal regulation of labor relations, but on the contrary, proposes to cancel them all, which has the characteristics of an anti-democratic state-political regime and discrimination of a person on the basis of work.
The current Labor Code of Ukraine certainly needs to be improved, but any reforms of legal regulation cannot cancel the already developed legal institutions on the basis of the principle of the rule of law. Unfortunately, the Project is not of an evolutionary nature of the institutions of the right to work, it simply escapes them, which contradicts the existing regulatory framework of Ukraine, and can lead to an irreparable social situation, examples of which have repeatedly occurred in the historical and legal development of the nations of the world. The methods of our doctrinal research are the method of critical analysis and description, the comparative legal method, etc.
Advantages and disadvantages of virtual tourism
Authors: Zaborovskyy V. V. , Manzyuk V. V. , Kopcha I. I.
Published: November 2024

This article examines theoretical and applied issues that arise in tourism activities when using innovative technologies of virtual reality. The position is argued that virtual tourism is an additional tool and cannot replace the real tourist experience, but can create new impressions, even those that are impossible under normal conditions. The subtleties of the boundary that exists between real and virtual tourism depends on the psycho-emotional attitude and perception of the tourist (user) of the tourist experience using virtual reality technologies.
The purpose of the research is: analysis of positive and negative qualities of virtual tourism based on a comprehensive review of experimental research by foreign scientists in this field; study of the importance and impact of virtual tourism on the development of the tourism industry in general as a necessary element of the stage of rejuvenation of this sector of the economy; identifying the further place of virtual tourism in the field of tourist activity as an additional tool for providing tourist services, or the main one, which will depend on the attitude of tourists to this technology.
Within the framework of our research, attention is paid to the positive and negative aspects of virtual tourism. Among the positive ones, such as saving money and time, the possibility of obtaining a tourist experience for persons with limited physical capabilities, receiving tourist services anywhere and at any time, improving the ecological situation in the world by minimizing the impact on the environment and ensuring the sustainability of the environment are highlighted environment Among the negative features of virtual tourism, one can highlight such as the lack of personal contact and the necessary human interaction, the limited view provided by virtual tours, which does not allow users to move freely or explore certain areas of interest, which leads to a narrower view of the area.
In any case, the development of virtual tourism is useful and necessary not only as a successful marketing solution, but also for the rejuvenation of the tourism sector.
Historical and legal aspects of compensation for losses of agricultural production
Authors: Melnyk N. O.
Published: November 2024

The relevance of the topic is stipulated by the need to study the historical and legal aspects of the institute of compensation for losses of agricultural production which was proposed in Soviet times and concerned agricultural land. The introduction of this institute was aimed at increasing agricultural production by involving as much of the State’s land fund as possible. This approach necessitated the inclusion in Soviet legislation of a certain range of provisions that, on the one hand, ensured the preferential allocation of land plots for agricultural use, and, on the other hand, established legal restrictions and obstacles to reducing the area of agricultural land used for non-agricultural purposes. This approach was implemented at the subordinate level by adopting a number of union and republican resolutions. Subsequently, Article 46 of the Land Code of the Ukrainian SSR (1970) enshrined the relevant legislative provisions, which not only regulated relations on compensation for losses, but also laid the foundation for the priority of agricultural land, which allowed for the preservation of agricultural land.
The next stage in the regulation of relations regarding compensation for losses of agricultural production is associated with the adoption of the Land Code of the Ukrainian SSR of 1990, which, along with compensation for losses of agricultural production, additionally regulated compensation for losses of forestry production, expanded the list of grounds for compensation for losses, and also provided that the funds received as compensation for losses shall be used exclusively for the development of new lands, improvement of soil fertility and productivity of forest lands, and improvement of the forestry fund.
It is emphasized that the current Land Code of Ukraine (2001) has regulated in detail and systematically the relations arising from the compensation of losses of agricultural production. The procedure for compensation for such losses provides for compensation to society for the negative socio-economic and environmental consequences arising from the transfer of agricultural land to other categories. However, recent legislative activity in this area has demonstrated a gradual depreciation of agricultural land as an object of special protection. In particular, the provision on compensation for losses of agricultural production was removed from Chapter 36 of the Land Code of Ukraine, which means that the change of the designated purpose of agricultural land is carried out without compensation for losses of agricultural production, etc. This indicates, at least, that the institution of compensation for losses of agricultural production has achieved the goal set when it was introduced, and that it has expanded opportunities for attracting investments with a view to rapidly rebuilding Ukraine.
Peculiarities of the subjective composition of permanent land users
Authors: Romaniuk Y. M. , Sokol M. V.
Published: November 2024

The article is devoted to the topical issues of legal regulation of relations regarding the acquisition of land plots of the respective designated purpose on the terms of permanent use. The author conducts a historical analysis of perpetual usufruct starting from 1918 when landowners transferred land to peasants without redemption. Considerable attention is paid to the characterization of the Land Code of 1990, with a list of individuals and legal entities to whom land plots were granted on the right of permanent use.
The author analyzes in detail the case law on the transfer of the right of permanent use acquired in accordance with the established procedure before January 1, 2002 by an individual for the purpose of running a peasant (farm) to a farm with the status of a legal entity, as well as the transfer of such title to successors as a result of reorganization, regardless of the organizational and legal form and type of activity. The author identifies a list of clear steps for the possibility of re-registering the right of permanent use or lease from the founder (participant) of an individual to a farm as a legal entity. The author characterizes the types of activities which may be carried out by permanent land users on agricultural land plots.
Based on the results of the analysis of the regulatory framework and case law, the author formulates a list of entities which may currently have the right to permanent use of land plots. Among them: 1) legal entities that may acquire land plots in accordance with Part 2 of Article 92 of the Land Code of Ukraine; 2) individuals who have land plots for personal (subsidiary) farming; 3) individuals who have land plots for peasant (farm) farming; 4) farms that have land plots for running a peasant (farm) economy; 5) legal entities listed in Article 7 of the Land Code of 1990, if they continue their activities, and in case of reorganization – their legal successors, regardless of the organizational and legal form and type of activity.
Gender system in the National Police of Ukraine
Authors: Anisimov D. O.
Published: November 2024

The article offers a thorough analysis of the influence of a gender approach on special physical training within the National Police of Ukraine, highlighting its significance as a crucial component of law enforcement officers’ professional development. The author underscores the necessity of integrating gender equality principles into physical training processes, aligning with international standards to enhance the effectiveness of police officers.
Key aspects of developing tailored curricula that consider the physical and psychophysiological traits of different genders are examined. The analysis also emphasizes the importance of gender-oriented approaches, including mentoring initiatives and the establishment of an educational environment that ensures equal opportunities for both men and women.
Special focus is given to exploring international best practices in gender mainstreaming within police training and the potential for adapting successful strategies from other countries to the Ukrainian context, while being mindful of national and cultural specificities.
Additionally, the author evaluates the role of innovative technologies and psychological support in optimizing special physical training. Modern methodologies aimed at enhancing the quality of education and training for police officers, particularly in high-stress situations and under significant physical demands, are discussed.
Furthermore, the article identifies the main challenges the National Police of Ukraine faces in implementing gender approaches in the special physical training system, along with the future prospects for this initiative, particularly regarding the enhancement of police officers’ professional competencies and the strengthening of the National Police’s image as a modern and effective organization.
Use of tax benefits to optimize taxation
Authors: Byshovets Y. P.
Published: November 2024

Based on the analysis of current legislation, available scientific, journalistic and methodological sources, the article reveals the specifics of using tax benefits with a view to optimizing taxation.
It is established that among the legal methods of tax optimization, the key ones are as follows: selection of the most optimal taxation system for doing business, which should be carefully analyzed taking into account the specifics of the business entity’s activities, its scale and structure; building a business model with integration of individual entrepreneurs under the simplified taxation system into the organizational process of a business entity - a legal entity; use of tax benefits provided for in the legislation by a business entity. The benefits may include both full exemption from certain taxes and reduction of tax rates, which contributes to a significant reduction in the tax burden of the business entity.
Among the most effective schemes of tax optimization through privileges are the following: 1. Employment of persons with disabilities in order to use benefits. The scheme involves reducing the tax burden and obtaining financial benefits from the employment of persons with disabilities. It can be implemented in two ways, simple and complex. At the same time, the essence of both options is that the taxpayer receives a number of benefits provided by tax and labor legislation aimed at stimulating the employment of people with disabilities and at the same time reducing the tax burden on employers; 2. Use of the simplified taxation system. There are two ways to take advantage of the simplified taxation system to optimize taxation: simple and complex. In the simple version, an existing business entity, trying to optimize taxation, decides to switch to the simplified taxation system. In essence, the transition of a business entity to the simplified taxation system is itself a tax optimization, as it gives micro and small businesses the opportunity to use more lenient tax conditions compared to the general taxation system. As for the complicated option, it is much more attractive in terms of optimization results, but at the same time it is associated, in some cases, with certain risks. The essence of the scheme is to take advantage of the system by “splitting the business” into several individual entrepreneurs - single tax payers of the second group. However, the central control over the business is retained in the hands of a single managing entity - a legal entity, most often a legal entity - a single tax payer of the third group.
Principles and methods of conducting firearms training for police officers serving in the de-occupied territories
Authors: Zelenskyi E. , Glyan T. D.
Published: November 2024

The article examines the specific challenges faced by police officers in the de-occupied territories, including the remnants of ammunition, the activities of sabotage and reconnaissance groups, and illegal arms trafficking. The focus is on how to improve the effectiveness of police firearms training in a high-risk environment. The importance of adapting training programmes to real threats and specific combat conditions in the de-occupied territories is emphasized. Emphasis is placed on the need to integrate tactical elements that simulate combat situations, including building clearance and patrolling, as well as the work of police units in urban environments.
The article analyses the importance of psychological resilience of law enforcement officers, which is necessary for actions in stressful and dangerous situations. The author discusses techniques of stress management and emotional regulation, which are key to effective work in extreme conditions. Approaches to coordination between different security forces operating in the de-occupied territories are proposed, emphasizing the importance of teamwork and coherence in the performance of tasks. Particular attention is paid to security issues during exercises conducted in high-risk areas due to the presence of explosive devices. It is determined that law enforcement training should be as close as possible to the real conditions that police officers may encounter during their service. This means that training cannot be limited to standard shooting exercises at training ranges. It is necessary to simulate various scenarios that are likely to occur in the de-occupied territories.
The article emphasizes that improving firearms training methods is a prerequisite for increasing the effectiveness of law enforcement officers in performing their duties in the liberated territories and offers recommendations for integrating modern technologies and continuously monitoring the effectiveness of training programmes.
The conclusions state that to improve the principles and methods of conducting firearms training for police officers serving in the de-occupied territories, several important aspects should be taken into account. They are aimed at increasing the effectiveness of law enforcement training and adapting the curriculum to the specific conditions of post-war territories.
Regulatory and legal framework for the prevention of corruption in the activities of the National Police of Ukraine
Authors: Plakhotnyi A. P. , Glyan T. D.
Published: November 2024

The article analyses the legal mechanisms and tools for combating corruption in the system of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine in the National Police. It is determined that corruption remains a serious problem for the democratic development of Ukraine and undermines public confidence in state institutions. This is especially true of law enforcement agencies, on whose activities public order and security depend. The author emphasises the importance of legal acts regulating the work of the police and implementing anti-corruption measures.
The author outlines the key problems in anti-corruption activities, including insufficient internal control, imperfect legislative framework and the need to harmonise it with European standards. Particular attention is paid to the role of such documents as the Law of Ukraine ‘On Prevention of Corruption’ and the ethical rules of conduct for police officers, which lay the legal basis for the fight against corruption. The introduction of an electronic asset and income declaration system, control over conflicts of interest, and ethical behaviour of police officers are important tools for preventing abuse.
Attention is focused on the role of civil society organizations and the media in shaping public control over the activities of law enforcement agencies. Public oversight and openness of the police are critical for increasing public trust and reducing corruption risks.
It was determined that the basis for the formation of anti-corruption policy in the National Police is international standards, as well as laws of Ukraine, which determine the principles of corruption prevention. In particular, the role of special anti-corruption bodies that monitor the implementation of legislation and investigate corruption cases is important. Such cooperation between state institutions allows us to create a more effective and coordinated system of combating corruption.
The author concludes that to effectively combat corruption, it is necessary not only to improve the legislative framework, but also to ensure its proper implementation, through training and raising the legal culture of police officers. Only through a comprehensive approach can we achieve a significant reduction in the level of corruption in the law enforcement system and increase its efficiency.
Legal regulation of personal data protection: GDPR and the legislation of the USA, Canada, and Ukraine
Authors: Holovatskiy N. T.
Published: November 2024

The article provides a detailed analysis of the legal regulation of personal data protection in various jurisdictions, including the European Union, the United States, Canada, and Ukraine. Special attention is given to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which is one of the strictest international standards in this field. The main provisions of the GDPR are examined, such as the principles of lawfulness, fairness, transparency, purpose limitation, and data minimization, as well as the rights of data subjects, including the right to access, rectification, and erasure of data. The impact of GDPR on international businesses is analyzed, showing how it has forced companies worldwide to adapt their data processing systems to comply with European legal requirements.
The section on the United States focuses on California state law, particularly the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), which grants citizens rights over their personal data. Although the U.S. legislative framework is fragmented compared to GDPR, the CCPA is a significant step toward protecting the privacy of American citizens.
Canadian legislation is represented by the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), which ensures the protection of personal data in commercial relationships. PIPEDA strikes a balance between business interests and citizens’ rights, providing flexibility in the use of personal data while adhering to principles of transparency and consent.
The article also analyzes the process of harmonizing Ukraine’s legislation with the GDPR, which is a crucial step in the context of the country’s integration into the European legal space. Ukrainian legal reforms focus on strengthening citizens’ rights and improving mechanisms for controlling personal data processing.
The article offers a comparative analysis of the discussed legal systems, highlighting key differences in data protection approaches. Unlike the EU, where regulation is comprehensive and stringent, U.S. laws are fragmented. In Canada, PIPEDA creates a more flexible system oriented toward the commercial sector. Ukraine, meanwhile, is on its way to full harmonization with European standards, which will enhance the legal protection of citizens in the digital economy.
The legal grounds of tariff regulation for railway transportation of goods in the Republic of Poland
Authors: Mushenok V. , Gurzhii T. , Gurzhii A.
Published: November 2024

The article revolves around legal and organizational aspects of tariff regulation for freight rail transport in the Republic of Poland. A detailed characterization of the Polish legislation on tariff regulation of freight transportation by rail was carried out. Its correlation with the requirements of the Directive 2012/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 November 2012 Establishing a single European railway area is highlighted.
The main provisions of the Law of the Republic of Poland “On Railway Transport” in the part of the tariff regulation of railway freight transportation has been analysed. It has been stated, that this Law ensures the flexibility of railway transport tariffs and significantly contributes to liberalization of the national market of transport services in Poland.
On the example of Poland, it has been proven that the liberalization of the tariff regulation of railway transportation ensures a reasonable balance between the economic interests of the state and private business. In general tariff regulation of railway transportation of goods in the Republic of Poland is characterized by high efficiency.
It has been established that the development of the legal basis for the tariff regulation of rail freight transportation in the Republic of Poland is dominated by the trends towards the creation of a competitive rail freight transportation market; liberalization of tariff regulation of railway transportation; ensuring non-discriminatory access to railway transport infrastructure; inclusion of an investment component in tariffs for mandatory infrastructure access services.
It was concluded that the outlined trends serve as a reliable reference point for the development of the legal basis for the tariff regulation of rail freight transportation in Ukraine, which is confidently moving towards integration into the EU economic system. Their consideration is an important step on the way of regulatory adaptation to the acquis communautaire of the European Union. Systematic consideration of these trends when updating industry legislation will significantly contribute to ensuring the stability, safety and economic return of rail freight transportation.
Criteria for evaluating electronic evidence in administrative proceedings
Authors: Yosyfovych N. - L. D.
Published: November 2024

The concept of electronic evidence is one of the most fundamental categories in the administrative process. After all, the ability to use and evaluate them in the process of establishing the truth depends on the correct understanding of this concept. Evaluation of electronic evidence is a mental and procedural activity of the court and participants in an administrative case aimed at forming a final conclusion on the confirmation or refutation of the facts to be proved with the help of electronic evidence. The court’s activities in assessing electronic evidence include a number of specific steps and actions aimed at the correct resolution of the dispute in accordance with the principles of administrative proceedings.
The current Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine provides for the procedure for the evaluation of evidence by the court, but to date, the scientific doctrine and practice do not address the question of what criteria for evaluating evidence should be applied to electronic evidence. The Guidelines “Electronic Evidence in Civil and Administrative Proceedings” adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on January 30, 2019, state that electronic evidence should be evaluated in the same way as other types of evidence, in particular with regard to its admissibility, authenticity, accuracy and integrity. Based on the analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine, the said Guidelines and case law, the author of the article reveals the essence of four key criteria of electronic evidence: reliability, relevance, admissibility, sufficiency, and additionally identifies such a criterion as ensuring the integrity of evidence, which includes preservation of the original electronic evidence and recording.
The author formulates the definition of the concept of criteria for evaluation of electronic evidence, which is considered to be the mental and procedural activity of a court and participants to an administrative case aimed at forming a final conclusion on confirmation or refutation of the facts to be proved by means of electronic evidence. The author believes that a clear definition of the essence of the criteria for evaluation of electronic evidence is important for the formation of a new theory of electronic evidence evaluation and a new technology for practical implementation of the provisions of this theory.
Trends in the international development of legal support of economic law relations in the field of application of blockchain technology
Authors: Chernykh O. S.
Published: November 2024

The article considers the influence of international experience, in particular FATF recommendations, European legislation on the regulation of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies in Ukraine. Special attention is paid to the experience of the United Kingdom, EU and Switzerland, which successfully conducted test transactions in accordance with FATF requirements. The article emphasizes the difficulty of complying with international standards in blockchain operations due to the long terms of their implementation and the amount of necessary legal changes. The article defines the need for a scientific analysis of trends in the development of regulation of crypto-assets, with the aim of scientific forecasting of their further development, separation from existing legal institutions. The decision of the European Court of Human Rights, which confirms the payment function of cryptocurrencies, which makes them similar to fiat money, is analyzed. However, Ukrainian legislation does not yet recognize cryptocurrencies as a means of payment, which complicates their regulation. The article also highlights the benefits of blockchain technology for government and business, including transparency, immutability of data once recorded, and independence from participants. Positive changes in Ukrainian legislation, in particular the implementation of the EU Regulation on crypto-asset markets, should accelerate the development of the national economy and its integration with the European market. The article analyzes the close connection between the implementation of blockchain technologies and the financial and banking sectors of the economy, while analyzing the difference in development and the key characteristics of the use of blockchain when making payments, documentary transactions, and financing export-import agreements.
Identified trends in the development of legal support, namely, the connection with the financial and economic (commercial) sector, the need to implement verification, identification and authentication of subjects for the legality of transactions – transactions carried out using blockchain technology, separation of blockchain technology from the cryptocurrency market, in the sense that cryptocurrencies are one of the possibilities of blockchain technology, and not blockchain technology is a service, auxiliary mechanism of the cryptocurrency market.
THE STUDY OF THE MOTIVATION OF LUXURY GOODS CONSUMPTION BASED ON FACTOR ANALYSIS
Authors: MANCHEVA I.K.
Published: November 2024

The article is devoted to the problem of motivation of conspicuous consumption. The subject of the study is the motivation for the consumption of luxury goods by residents of Russia and Donbass. The article considers the possibility of applying factor analysis in assessing motivation to consume luxury goods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the article are the works of foreign and domestic scientists who have studied the concepts of conspicuous consumption and the motives that underlie the consumer behavior of individuals. It is substantiated that the specifics of conspicuous consumption are influenced by informal institutions: sociocultural values, the level of corruption, power distance, the degree of autonomy/belonging to a social group (individualism/collectivism), implicit competition in reference groups, attitudes towards exclusive things, etc. The empirical basis of the study was the results of a sociological survey of respondents, the selection of which was made based on the content analysis of the user’s personal pages of the VKontakte social network. Respondents were asked to answer 15 questions describing the motivation to consume luxury goods. Factor analysis was carried out in five stages: verification of the suitability of the survey data; calculation of the correlation matrix; extraction of factors and selection of interdependent variables; rotation of factors using the varimax method with Kaiser normalization; interpretation of the results obtained. The result of the analysis is the identification of 5 indicators that have the most significant impact on the consumption of luxury goods: status demonstration, reciprocity, hedonism, functionality, aesthetics. It is concluded that the representatives of Russian culture attach the greatest importance to the symbolic functions of the goods, and the main motive for purchasing luxury goods is the demonstration of status. In second place in the rating of respondents' motives was reciprocity, and in third place was hedonism. To the least extent, the motives of conspicuous consumption of Russians are influenced by the functionality and aesthetics of luxury goods.
NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POTENTIAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OLD INDUSTRIAL REGION: BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE OMSK REGION
Authors: KISELEVA A.M.
Published: November 2024

The article contains a justification of the importance of natural resource and environmental potential for ensuring sustainable development of the old industrial region. The study uses the results of the author's previous work devoted to the formation of a model of relationships between key participants in the process of sustainable development of the region, based on the methodology of system dynamics of J. Forrester. This article highlights the dynamism of regional processes that require management and monitoring, depending on the pace and rhythm of their course, and have an impact on the socio-economic state of the region. The article proves the role and significance of two level variables - X6 "Natural resource potential" and X7 "Environmental potential", explaining the influence of these variables on the sustainability of the region in its socio-economic activities. In this regard, the article confirms the need to apply this methodology in the development of resource and environmental policy of the territorial authorities. The author pays special attention to the analysis of indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals that characterize the natural resource and environmental potential. The article substantiates the impact of the lack of consistency in working with national indicators of sustainable development goals on the political activities of the regional authorities, as well as the possibility of taking into account the natural resource and environ-mental capabilities of the territory in socio-economic activities. On this basis, it is proposed to organize monitoring of indicators at the local-regional level, followed by their correlation with national indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals. Based on statistical data, the article shows the need to build a system of local-regional indicators of natural resource and environ-mental potential, taking into account their implementation in measures to manage the socio-economic sustainability of the region. In conclusion, it is emphasized that natural resource and environmental potential, being the territorial basis of socio-economic activity of government authorities, requires updating when developing strategic management steps, conducting competent resource and environmental policy, conditioned by the objectives of sustainable development and issues of territorial security.
DEVELOPING THE CONCEPT OF PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT FOR OLDER WORKERS
Authors: KALABINA E.G. , GAZIZOVA M.R.
Published: November 2024

The result of the demographic aging process is to draw attention to the possibility of using the productive potential of older age groups in the labor market. The purpose of the research is to define the concept of productive employment of older workers. The article gives an overview of common scientific approaches to the definition of "productive employment", in particular it substantiates the concept of productive employment of older workers in the context of population demographic aging. The concept of productive aging as a possibility of active longevity of this age group is considered. Reflects the employment characteristics of older workers, in particular the incentives and barriers to workforce integration in the labor market. Theoretical foundations and modern interpretation of the productive employment concept are revealed. Based on the analysis of existing scientific approaches to the interpretation of productive employment, the authors have developed recommendations for the use of productive potential of older workers in the workplace. The proposed recommendations can be used in the development of state measures to stimulate the employment of older people with productive potential, including the development of entrepreneurship in older age, expanding the information environment to attract older people to employment.
INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING (IPO) AS A WAY TO ATTRACT INVESTMENT IN CONDITIONS OF MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY
Authors: KHOBOTOVA S.N. , SLOTINA N.V.
Published: November 2024

The article discusses the essence and possibilities of initial public offering (IPO), its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with other sources of financing for companies in modern conditions, world centers for IPOs, dynamics and features of placements in the USA, China, Europe and the Russian Federation over the past decade are identified, trends in the development of this process in relation to the macroeconomic state of individual countries and instability in global financial markets are revealed. The authors reveal the problems of the IPO market in Russia in the context of macroeconomic instability of the economy, which manifests itself in a decrease in economic growth, a contraction in export-import commodity and investment flows, an increase in inflation and further unpredictability of macroeconomic processes against the background of sanctions pressure from Western countries.
ANALYSIS OF THE LEVEL AND DYNAMICS OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY OF METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES
Authors: DOLZHENKO S.B. , MALYSHEV D.S.
Published: November 2024

The metallurgical industry is the most important component of the Russian economy. The activities of the companies that represent it are aimed at increasing labor productivity through the effective use of various factors. However, the increasing complexity of international competition, macroeconomic difficulties in the development of the domestic market and recent changes stimulate metallurgical enterprises to solve the problems of labor productivity growth through an intensive growth model. The aim of the work was to study the level of labor productivity of metallurgical companies, its factor-by-factor analysis to understand the dynamics of change and management prospects. The results of the study showed that the observed growth in labor productivity in metallurgical production in 2017-2018 mainly due to an increase in the use of resource factors, and primarily due to an increase in the capital-labor ratio, which is explained by the need to develop an outdated material and technical base of the metallurgical complex. At the same time, the trend of transition to an intensive growth path that emerged in 2019, due to the intensification of the use of interfactor productivity elements, whose contribution to productivity growth reached almost 40% during this period, was leveled out by the crisis phenomena caused by the spread of COVID-19.