bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distinct In Vitro Properties of Embryonic and Extraembryonic Fibroblast-Like Cells are Reflected in their in Vivo Behavior following Grafting in the Adult Mouse Brain
Authors: Costa Roberta , Bergwerf Irene , Santermans Eva , De Vocht Nathalie , Praet Jelle , Daans Jasmijn , Le Blon Debbie , Hoornaert Chloé , Reekmans Kristien , Hens Niel , Goossens Herman , Berneman Zwi , Parolini Ornella , Alviano Francesco , Ponsaerts Peter
Published: February 2015

Although intracerebral transplantation of various fibroblast(-like) cell populations has been shown feasible, little is known about the actual in vivo remodeling of these cellular grafts and their environment. In this study, we aimed to compare the in vitro and in vivo behavior of two phenotypically similar—but developmentally distinct—fibroblast-like cell populations, namely, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mEFs) and mouse fetal membrane-derived stromal cells (mFMSCs). While both mEFs and mFMSCs are readily able to reduce TNF-α secretion by LPS/IFN-γ-activated BV-2 microglia, mFMSCs and mEFs display strikingly opposite behavior with regard to VEGF production under normal and inflammatory conditions. Whereas mFMSCs downregulate VEGF production upon coculture with LPS/IFN-γ-activated BV-2 microglia, mEFs upregulate VEGF production in the presence of LPS/IFN-γ-activated BV-2 microglia. Subsequently, in vivo grafting of mFMSCs and mEFs revealed no difference in microglial and astroglial responses toward the cellular grafts. However, mFMSC grafts displayed a lower degree of neoangiogenesis compared to mEF grafts, thereby potentially explaining the lower cell number able to survive in mFMSC grafts. In summary, our results suggest that physiological differences between fibroblast-like cell populations might lie at the basis of variations in histopathological and/or clinical outcome following cell grafting in mouse brain.
Intensive Chemotherapy in Patients Aged 70 Years or Older Newly Diagnosed With Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Ross Kelly , Gillespie-Twardy Amanda L. , Agha Mounzer , Raptis Anastasios , Hou Jing-Zhou , Farah Rafic , Redner Robert L. , Im Annie , Duggal Shrina , Ding Fei , Lin Yan , Boyiadzis Michael
Published: February 2015

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents a major therapeutic challenge in the elderly. Because of the high treatment-related mortality and poor overall outcomes of remission induction therapy, many older patients are not considered candidates for intensive chemotherapy. The current study
evaluated prognostic factors for achievement of complete remission (CR) in newly diagnosed elderly AML patients who were treated with initial intensive chemotherapy. The study included 62 newly diagnosed AML patients ≥70 years who were treated with intensive chemotherapy. The overall response
rate (CR and CRp) was 56%. Patients with favorable or intermediate cytogenetics (p = 0.0036) as well as those with primary AML (p = 0.0212) had a higher response rate. The median overall survival for all patients was 6.85 months (95% CI 3.7‐13.5
months). The median overall survival for patients achieving remission after intensive induction chemotherapy was significantly higher than those who did not respond to therapy (20.4 months vs. 3.5 months, p < 0.001). The all-cause 4-week mortality rate was 11%, and
the all-cause 8-week mortality rate was 17.7%. A subgroup of elderly patients may benefit more from initial intensive induction chemotherapy, specifically those patients with performance status able to tolerate induction chemotherapy and favorable cytogenetic status. However, despite high
rates of initial CR, relapse rates are still high, suggesting that alternative strategies of postremission therapy are warranted.
RNA Interference of Biot2 Induces G1Phase Arrest and Apoptosis in Mouse Colorectal Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Zhou Cong , Zhang Peng , Xu Guang-chao , Wu Dong-ming , Liu Ru-yan , Zeng Qi , Wang Chun-ting
Published: February 2015

Biot2 is a tumor-associated antigen, and it is a novel gene (GenBank EF100607) that was first identified with the SEREX technique and named by our laboratory. It is highly expressed in cancer cells and testis, with low or no expression in normal tissues. In our previous study, RNA interference of human Biot2 can inhibit tumor cell growth, and it is associated with poor prognosis of patients in clinical study; however, the mechanism of Biot2 that effects tumor growth is not yet clear. Here, in this study, we explore further the mechanism of Biot2 by silencing Biot2 in CT26 cells. It provides some theoretical basis for Biot2 as a new target for gene therapy. In CT26 cells, the expression of Biot2 was downregulated by Biot2-shRNA. It also promoted G1phase arrest, the expression of p16 and p21, and cell apoptosis. In the mouse model, the tumor volume and the expression of PCNA of the Biot2-shRNA group significantly decreased. These results suggest that silencing Biot2 in CT26 cells by RNA interference can inhibit cell growth in vitro and in vivo. It also induces cell cycle arrest in the G1phase and apoptosis throughout regulation of p16 and p21. Taken together, our data demonstrate that Biot2 can be a potential target of gene therapy.
Inhibition of Canonical NF-κB Nuclear Localization by (−)-DHMEQ via Impairment of DNA Binding
Authors: Horie Kana , Ma Jun , Umezawa Kazuo
Published: February 2015

We previously discovered (−)-DHMEQ as a selective inhibitor of NF-κB, and it was shown to suppress many cancer and inflammation models in animals. (−)-DHMEQ directly binds to NF-κB components to inhibit DNA binding, and moreover, it often inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-κB. The mechanism of inhibiting nuclear translocation has been elucidated for RelB, a main noncanonical NF-κB component. However, it was not elucidated for p65, a main canonical NF-κB component. In the present research, we studied how (−)-DHMEQ inhibits nuclear localization of p65. First, (−)-DHMEQ inhibited p65 nuclear accumulation in adult T-cell leukemia MT-2 cells in which canonical p65 is constitutively activated. But there was no change in the stability and importin-α3 affinity of p65. Then, we prepared a p65 mutant protein with Arg35Ala and Tyr36Ala (AA) mutations having no DNA-binding ability in HeLa cells. The p65 AA mutant showed reduced nuclear localization without changing the stability and importin affinity. Taken together, the mechanism of inhibition is different between RelB and p65, and inhibition of p65 nuclear localization is likely to be due to the inhibition of DNA binding changing the equilibrium between the nuclear and cytoplasmic amounts of p65.
Synergistic Effects of Calcineurin Inhibitors and Steroids on Steroid Sensitivity of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Takeuchi Hironori , Iwamoto Hitoshi , Nakamura Yuki , Hirano Toshihiko , Konno Osamu , Kihara Yu , Chiba Naokazu , Yokoyama Takayoshi , Takano Kiminori , Toraishi Tatsunori , Okuyama Kiyoshi , Ikeda Chie , Tanaka Sachiko , Onda Kenji , Soga Akiko , Kikuchi Yukiko , Kawaguchi Takashi , Kawachi Shigeyuki , Unezaki Sakae , Shimazu Motohide
Published: February 2015

The steroid receptor (SR) complex contains FKBP51 and FKBP52, which bind to tacrolimus (TAC) and cyclophilin 40, which, in turn, bind to cyclosporine (CYA); these influence the intranuclear mobility of steroid–SR complexes. Pharmacodynamic interactions are thought to exist between steroids and calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) on the SR complex. We examined the effect of CNIs on steroid sensitivity. Methylprednisolone (MPSL) sensitivity was estimated as the concentration inhibiting mitosis in 50% (IC50) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and as the area under the MPSL concentration–proliferation suppressive rate curves (CPS-AUC) in 30 healthy subjects. MPSL sensitivity was compared between the additive group (AG) as the MPSL sensitivity that was a result of addition of the proliferation suppressive rate of CNIs to that of MPSL and the mixed culture group (MCG) as MPSL sensitivity of mixed culture with both MPSL and CNIs in identical patients. IC50 values of MPSL and cortisol sensitivity were examined before and 2 months after CNI administration in 23 renal transplant recipients. IC50 and CPS-AUC values of MPSL were lower in the MCG than in the AG with administration of TAC and CYA. The CPS-AUC ratio of MCG and AG was lower in the TAC group. IC50 values of MPSL and cortisol tended to be lower after administration of TAC and CYA, and a significant difference was observed in the IC50 of cortisol after TAC administration. Steroid sensitivity increased with both TAC and CYA. Furthermore, TAC had a greater effect on increasing sensitivity. Thus, concomitant administration of CNIs and steroids can increase steroid sensitivity.
Improvement of Infusion Process in Cell Transplantation: Effect of Shear Stress on Hepatocyte Viability under Horizontal and Vertical Syringe Orientation
Authors: Sufiandi Sandi , Obara Hiromichi , Enosawa Shin , Hsu Huai-Che , Matsuno Naoto , Mizunuma Hiroshi
Published: February 2015

Improving cell viability and function are important for enhancing the clinical results of cell transplantation. The relationship between cell viability and shear stress remains unexplained, and sedimentation effects during the infusion process are important to the hepatocyte transplantation process. In the present study, the relationship between cell viability and shear stress in the presence of sedimentation effect was investigated using a microchannel simulating the cell transplantation process under several shear stress conditions. Horizontal and vertical syringe orientations were employed to investigate the sedimentation effect. The vertical syringe orientation resulted in lower viability loss than the horizontal orientation. In summary, removing a sedimentation effect is important to improving cell viability by preventing high shear stress.
Influence of Autofluorescence Derived from Living Body on in vivo Fluorescence Imaging Using Quantum Dots
Authors: Yukawa Hiroshi , Watanabe Masaki , Kaji Noritada , Baba Yoshinobu
Published: February 2015

Quantum dots (QDs) are thought to be a novel inorganic probe for in vivo fluorescence imaging because of their excellent fluorescence properties. Autofluorescence is generally known to be produced from various living bodies including humans, rats, and mice. However, the influence of the autofluorescence on in vivo fluorescence imaging using QDs remains poorly understood. In this article, we assessed the autofluorescence derived from a mouse body and the influence of the autofluorescence on in vivo fluorescence imaging using QDs. The dorsal and ventral autofluorescence derived from a mouse from which the hair was removed were detected under all kinds of excitation/fluorescence filter settings (blue, green, yellow, red, deep red, and NIR) using the Maestro™ in vivo imaging system. The degree of autofluorescence was found to be extremely high in the red filter condition, but transplanted ASCs labeled with QDs on the back of a mouse could be detected in the red filter condition. Moreover, the ASCs labeled with QDs could be traced for at least 5 days. We suggest that fluorescence imaging using QDs can be useful for the detection of transplanted cells.
Potential Factors for the Differentiation of ESCs/iPSCs into Insulin-Producing Cells
Authors: Tsugata Takako , Nikoh Naruo , Kin Tatsuya , Saitoh Issei , Noguchi Yasufumi , Ueki Hideo , Watanabe Masami , Shapiro Andrew M. James , Noguchi Hirofumi
Published: February 2015

The low efficiency of in vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into insulin-producing cells thus creates a crucial hurdle for the clinical implementation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). In this study, we investigated the key factors for the differentiation of PSCs into insulin-producing cells. We obtained microarray data of HUES8 and HUES6 from two GeneChips (GPL3921: Affymetrix HT Human Genome U133A Array, GPL570: Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array) in a database of GEO (NCBI), since HUES8 can differentiate into pancreatic cells, while HUES6 hardly demonstrates any differentiation at all. The genes with more than fourfold higher expressions in HUES8 compared to HUES6 included RPS4Y1, DDX3Y, EIF1AY, GREM1, GATA6, and NLGN4Y. Since there were four genes, RPS4Y1, DDX3Y, EIF1AY, and NLGN4Y, on the Y chromosome and HUES8 was a male cell line and HUES6 was a female cell line, we excluded these genes in this study. On the other hand, genes with more than fourfold higher expressions in HUES6 compared to HUES8 included NLRP2, EGR1, and SMC3. We next compared iPSCs derived from pancreatic cells (PiPSCs) and iPSCs derived from fibroblasts (FiPSCs). PiPSCs differentiated into insulin-producing cells more easily than FiPSCs because of their epigenetic memory. The gene expressions of GREM1, GATA6, NLRP2, EGR1, and SMC3 in PiPSCs and FiPSCs were also investigated. The expression level of GREM1 and GATA6 in PiPSCs were higher than in FiPSCs. On the other hand, EGR1, which was lower in HUES8 than in HUES6, was predictably lower in PiPSCs than FiPSCs, while NLRP2 and SMC3 were higher in PiPSCs than FiPSCs. These data suggest that the expression of GATA6 and GREM1 and the inhibition of EGR1 may be important factors for the differentiation of PSCs into insulin-producing cells.
Three-Dimensional in vitro Hepatic Constructs Formed Using Combinatorial Tapered Stencil for Cluster Culture (TASCL) Device
Authors: Miyamoto Yoshitaka , Ikeuchi Masashi , Noguchi Hirofumi , Yagi Tohru , Hayashi Shuji
Published: February 2015

Attempts to create artificial liver tissue from various cells have been reported as an alternative method for liver transplantation and pharmaceutical testing. In the construction of artificial liver tissue, the selection of the cell source is the most important factor. However, if an appropriate environment (in vitro/in vivo) cannot be provided for various cells, it is not possible to obtain artificial liver tissue with the desired function. Therefore, we focused on the in vitro environment and produced liver tissues using MEMS technology. In the present study, we report a combinatorial TASCL device to prepare 3D cell constructs in vitro. The TASCL device was fabricated with an overall size of 10 mm × 10 mm with microwells and a top aperture (400 μm × 400 μm, 600 μm × 600 μm, 800 μm × 800 μm) and bottom aperture (40 μm × 40 μm, 80 μm × 80 μm, 160 μm × 160 μm) per microwell. The TASCL device can be easily installed on various culture dishes with tweezers. Using plastic dishes as the bottom surface of the combinatorial TASCL device, 3D hepatocyte constructs of uniform sizes (about φ 100 μm-φ 200 mm) were produced by increasing the seeding cell density of primary mouse hepatocytes. The 3D hepatocyte constructs obtained using the TASCL device were alive and secreted albumin. On the other hand, partially adhered primary mouse hepatocytes exhibited a cobblestone morphology on the collagen-coated bottom of the individual microwells using the combinatorial TASCL device. By changing the bottom substrate of the TASCL device, the culture environment of the cell constructs was easily changed to a 3D environment. The combinatorial TASCL device described in this report can be used quickly and simply. This device will be useful for preparing hepatocyte constructs for application in drug screening and cell medicine.
Les Méditerranéens et l’Atlantique dans l’Antiquité : géographies et anthropologie
Authors: Peyras Jean
Published: February 2015

L’étude s’inscrit dans la période qui s’étend de l’époque archaïque grecque (VIIIe av.) à l’époque antonine (IIe s.), principalement à partir des sources grecques et latines. La première partie est consacrée à la géographie hellénique, alexandrine surtout, fondée sur les mathématiques et l’astronomie, et à la géopolitique romaine, qui repose sur un imperium universel s’exerçant sur un monde clos pour lequel l’Atlantique constitue une des limites, bien en phase avec les géographies régionales ou encyclopédiques. Les deux visions sont conceptuellement différentes, mais ne s’opposent pas dans la pratique. La deuxième partie envisage les périples : dans l’Atlantique méridional, vers l’Ouest et vers le Nord. L’imaginaire des zones ignées ou glacées, considérées comme inhabitables, côtoie la réalité de voyages vers l’Afrique Noire et le Nord-Ouest de l’Europe, mais les renseignements certains ne dépassent guère la vallée du Sous au Maroc et l’Écosse, limites de la puissance romaine. La troisième partie étudie le pur imaginaire : mythes de l’Odyssée, de l’Atlantide, d’Héraklès, Histoire véritable de Lucien. Si la dernière se présente comme une fable, tout en mettant en scène la possibilité d’une terre fermée sur elle-même où se rejoignent Dionysos et Héraklès, les mythes soulignent l’importance restreinte qu’eut l’Atlantique pour les Anciens.
Topographie imaginaire, topographie des imaginaires. Méditerranée et Atlantique dans l’espace des Voyages Imaginaires (1787-1789) édités par C.A. Garnier
Authors: Jacques Martine
Published: February 2015

Dans les Voyages Imaginaires de C.A. Garnier (1787-1789), les espaces convoqués le sont toujours en fonction de la potentialité qu’ils portent en eux de permettre le déploiement du voyage. Parmi ceux-là, l’espace maritime est privilégié, quantitativement et qualitativement. Il constitue même le principal lieu de convergence de textes par ailleurs extrêmement hétérogènes car il renvoie au geste prométhéen que constituent aussi bien l’utopie, le romanesque, que le merveilleux. Parmi ces espaces, la Méditerranée et l’Atlantique sont largement privilégiés. Ils se mêlent parfois, sans toutefois se confondre, car ils renvoient à des genres et à des topiques différentes. On peut cependant lire leurs relations au sein des œuvres de la somme comme la tentative, finalement avortée, d’unir des régimes textuels différents, voire divergents.
Entre deux mers, d’un savoir à l’autre, Francisco de Quevedo (1580-1645) : aspects de l’imaginaire espagnol au temps des Habsbourg
Authors: Roche Josette Riandière La
Published: February 2015

De 1580 à 1652, le Roi des Espagnes, de la Méditerranée à l’Océan et au-delà, règne sur le territoire le plus étendu de son histoire. Ses royaumes, réunis sous la seule autorité du roi de Castille, semblent avoir retrouvé l’extension de la Province conquise par Rome, augmentée des terres nouvellement découvertes. Sa puissance, à la fois admirée et détestée, va donner naissance en Europe, et en premier lieu aux Pays-Bas, à ce qu’il convient d’appeler la légende noire. Francisco de Quevedo (1580-1645), écrivain de génie, s’emploie dès 1609 à défendre l’Espagne contre cette légende : grâce à sa prodigieuse érudition et à son savoir de philosophe, d’historien, de philologue, il entend prouver la supériorité de sa patrie sur les autres, pour la splendeur de son passé, les richesses de sa terre, la valeur de ses enfants, la prééminence de ses écrivains, la suprématie de sa langue. De ses démonstrations se dégage, fondée sur les savoirs qu’il partage avec les élites de son temps, la perception qu’il a de l’Espagne et des Espagnols, de lui-même par conséquent, ainsi que celle qu’il a de l’autre, Allemand ou Flamand, mais aussi Indien, Africain, ou Juif.
Culture vs. Civilisation dans les « voyages en France » de Stendhal : maltraités de l’Atlantique Nord et union pour la Méditerranée
Authors: Lévêque Laure
Published: February 2015

Au cours du long congé qu’il obtient de 1836 à 1839, Stendhal, consul en Italie – la patrie de son cœur – depuis 1830, redécouvre dans la mère patrie une France profondément transformée par le tournant de la croissance pris sous la monarchie de Juillet. C’est de ce véritable choc que témoignent les « voyages en France », où le voyage de reconnaissance s’accompagne d’un retour sur soi quand les choses vues renvoient Stendhal au point aveugle de sa vision, de la France et du monde.À revoir la France, Stendhal revoit aussi son système axiologique pour aboutir, entre étude sur le vif et médiation de la fiction, à un partage sémantique entre civilisation et culture qui suit assez fidèlement la ligne de partage des eaux entre Méditerranée et Atlantique.
Nord et Sud : la complexité de leur relation dans Great Trade Route de Ford Madox Ford (1937)
Authors: Bernot Marine
Published: February 2015

De tout temps, les déplacements de l’homme furent naturellement influencés par les limites de sa condition physique et les facteurs climatiques propres à chaque latitude. De cette constatation naquit la célèbre « théorie des climats » qui prétendait définir, par une généralisation parfois péjorative, le volkgeist de chaque nation. Si Ford Madox Ford partageait l’essence de cette idée, établissant une distinction nette entre Nord et Sud, de par leurs spécificités et leur interaction à travers l’Histoire, il émit aussi la possibilité d’un rapport complémentaire. L’historique Route de la soie devint pour lui le symbole de cette symbiose, unifiant les nations de part et d’autre de sa courbe. L’antique système commercial serait-il la clé d’un monde meilleur ? Serait-il le remède à cette nouvelle ère industrielle où la surproduction règne et le petit producteur se meurt ?
Conquêtes et altérités : de la Méditerranée antique à la modernité atlantique
Authors: Mestaoui Lobna
Published: February 2015

Cet article s’attache aux relations de domination, culturelles notamment, avec tout le poids du déni d’identité, dans la longue durée de l’histoire. Il suit le fonctionnement de l’hégémonie, d’abord exercée au bénéfice de colons grecs puis de l’Empire romain dans le bassin méditerranéen, avant que les temps modernes n’autorisent un redéploiement vers l’Atlantique, ouvrant des problématiques et des horizons comparatifs inédits, qui n’ont pas fini de retentir dans les consciences blessées de dominés aujourd’hui à même, au prix d’allers-retours qui engagent trois continents, de ressaisir leur histoire et d’en redevenir sujets.
Le Grand tour de Shelley et la poésie de la Méditerranée
Authors: Pop Liliana
Published: February 2015

Chez les écrivains britanniques, le thème du voyage obéit, à partir du XVIIe s. et jusqu’à la première moitié du XIXe siècle, à un modèle configuré par la société : le Grand tour. On s’attachera ici à la signification et à l’histoire du Grand tour, en s’arrêtant sur son dernier représentant, Percy Bysshe Shelley, dont l’œuvre poétique sera interrogée pour tenter d’évaluer évolutions et reconfigurations de ce type de littérature viatique.
George Moore in the Footsteps of Ernest Renan in the Holy Land
Authors: Sabra Yousra
Published: February 2015

In 1913, the Irish writer George Moore set sail across the Mediterranean for what was known in those days as The Holy Land. The result of this “fact-finding” mission was the publication in 1916 of the sensational The Brook Kerith — the life of Jesus, seen through the eyes of Joseph of Arimathea. Like his illustrious predecessor Ernest Renan, Moore’s fascination with spirituality owed much to a childhood steeped in the mystical Celtic tradition, which had survived over the ages on the remote North-West Atlantic seaboard. In this article, I will discuss what is hitherto uncharted territory, i.e. the influence of Renan’s 1861 mission in Palestine and the subsequent publications of La Vie de Jésus (1863) on Moore’s itinerary and literary production. To this end, a comparative textual analysis of La Vie de Jésus and The Brook Kerith proves to be more rewarding.
The Tangerine Dream : la Cité de l’entre deux mondes
Authors: Hubner Patrick
Published: February 2015

Est ici évoqué le mirage de Tanger, cette ville portuaire du Maroc maritime à la situation privilégiée sur le détroit de Gibraltar, entre Atlantique et Méditerranée, et qui a connu un engouement particulier durant le dernier demi-siècle, lorsque les trois apôtres de la Beat Generation, Burroughs, Ginsberg et Kerouac vinrent y séjourner, précédés par l’Américain Paul Bowles, compositeur, écrivain et voyageur qui fait figure de précurseur en venant s’installer définitivement à Tanger au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale. De ces rencontres artistiques, littéraires et psychédéliques entre expatriés à Tanger naîtront à la fois le chef d’œuvre avant-gardiste de Burroughs, Le Festin nu, où Tanger se dissout dans une expérience intérieure et, parallèlement, une grande œuvre de la littérature marocaine classique, Le Pain nu, de Mohamed Choukri, traduit en anglais par Paul Bowles, et qui restitue la cité portuaire avec le réalisme d’un récit autobiographique traditionnel. Deux œuvres frappées par la censure dans leur pays d’origine, qui illustrent différemment l’envers du décor tangérois fait de transgressions, d’expériences qui ne sont pas étrangères aux démons de la contre-culture américaine comme de la misère du Maroc illustrée par le roman de Choukri, qui a été traduit par Ben Jelloun.
Chorographies of the Mediterranean in Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’s The Turkish Embassy Letters
Authors: Borbély Carmen-Veronica
Published: February 2015

Chronicling the dynamics of emplacement throughout her voyage to and from the Levant, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’s epistolary account known as The Turkish Embassy Letters provides chorographic descriptions of the places she immersed herself in or travelled by. This paper examines the entwinements of memory and oblivion in two key sections of her homecoming periplum, detailing the symptoms of placelessness and dis/remembrance she experiences in Constantinople–the Turkish utopia turned Babelian heterotopia qua atopia– and the hypermnesiac project of re-emplacement in Europeanness through an activation of the archive of cultural psychogeographies accommodated by the Mediterranean.
Sur la mer primordiale des deux rivages, Ys et Carthage, du mythe de la ville engloutie à l’émergence de la Mère des profondeurs
Authors: Claudel Ôphélia
Published: February 2015

Le rapprochement de deux cités que tout oppose ne va pas de soi. Ys et Carthage, sur les rives éloignées de la Méditerranée et de l’Atlantique, nourries de traditions différentes et dont le rapport au réel tient tantôt à la légende, tantôt à l’histoire, s’agrègent pourtant au relief de la mer, élément physique et symbolique qui, au contact de la fiction, réhabilite un mythe commun, un mythe ici entendu au sens platonicien, celui d’une fiction narrative contenant une vérité complexe, non formulable abstraitement par la raison, mais que le texte narratif – ici le récit de Georges-Gustave Toudouze, Les Derniers Jours de la ville d’Ys, et le roman de Flaubert, Salammbô –, parvient à faire émerger. Cette vérité ambiguë éclabousse les forces de l’imagination toujours charriées au contact de la mer par le mystère du principe féminin, emprisonné dans une logique de possession dans son corps – symbolisé par la ville qui finit détruite ou engloutie – et qui cherche à retrouver sa souveraineté d’être dépossédé, inhérent à toute transcendance indomptable comme cet espace tumultueux, infini et abyssal que représentent les forces à l’œuvre dans l’élément maritime. L’imagination devient alors le lieu de rejaillissement d’une quête des origines, mythe modernisé d’un plus ancien mythe cosmogonique qui restitue sa souveraineté et sa transcendance au féminin, à celle qui contient en son sein les possibilités de la création et du néant. La mer représente alors l’élément agglomérant qui fertilise l’imagination et par lequel le texte vibre de ce principe féminin double, ravivant dans les couches inconscientes une attente, ondoyant entre fascination et répulsion. Ainsi l’on montrera comment l’imagination rapproche la Méditerranée de l’océan, car la présence de la mer, élément féminin par excellence selon Bachelard, offre des résurgences mythiques avec la Mère primordiale.
Méditerranée et Atlantique : fluidités indissociables où se rencontre l’imaginaire humain
Authors: Roure Hélène
Published: February 2015

La mer Méditerranée et l’océan Atlantique s’unissent géographiquement puisque l’océan Atlantique est relié par un détroit à la mer Méditerranée. Mais leur union est aussi poétique, car tous deux représentent les images primordiales, les archétypes qui révèlent à l’homme les idées les plus élevées qui le portent.
Banni soit qui mal y pense : l’histoire en exil. Le cas Quinet
Authors: Lévêque Laure
Published: February 2015

Cet article envisage, à partir du cas symptomatique d’Edgar Quinet, les stratégies de contournement qu’impose l’exil pour continuer de peser sur l’histoire intellectuelle de son temps et d’alimenter la circulation des idées. Privé de l’audience que lui donnait son titre de professeur au Collège de France, Quinet retrouve une chaire virtuelle en continuant de se faire entendre par son œuvre et au travers de ses disciples, souvent d’anciens étudiants, qui assurent la diffusion de la parole du maître à l’échelle du continent européen comme au-delà, où elle sert les combats pour la démocratie aux Amériques, prouvant que le décentrement n’empêche pas le recentrement quand cette dissémination pose les bases d’une Internationale de la résistance qui se constitue en réseau.
Del discurso irónico sobre la metáfora en Libro de Manuel de Julio Cortázar
Authors: Dulou Jérôme
Published: February 2015

Por un lado, Libro de Manuel propone un discurso irónico sobre las metáforas que se inscribe en el proyecto de “contra-novela” cortazariano. Pero, por otro lado, la metáfora cobra un papel de primer orden en la composición de la novela y en la necesidad de comunicar de los personajes. Esta ambigüedad obliga a ver el discurso irónico, no como un discurso de oposición y negación sino como un discurso más complejo en el que entran en juego lo ambiguo y lo aproximativo. La tensión creada por el discurso irónico permite realizar metáforas que ponen en escena su propia dimensión “tensional” y hace de ellas unas metáforas irónicas por excelencia. Este trabajo pretende mostrar cómo lo ambiguo y lo aproximativo de la ironía y de la metáfora participan en una actitud literaria (política y ontológica) que lleva la ironía como único horizonte para obligar a una lectura activa.
A modified dis-impaction spring for impacted canines
Authors: Aziz Rizvi Syed Omar , Nayak Arun , Pattabiraman Vinod
Published: February 2015

Tooth impaction is the retardation in the eruption pattern of a tooth. One of the most commonly impacted teeth is the maxillary canine. However, impaction of mandibular canines is not as common as maxillary canines. Treatment of such impacted teeth usually involves surgical exposure, followed by bonding of an orthodontic attachment to facilitate extrusive movement of the impacted tooth. However, some side-effects on other teeth can be expected which includes the intrusion and tipping of adjacent teeth. In order to prevent side-effects on the adjacent teeth, we present a modified uprighting spring used to extrude an impacted canine.
Where Do Social Inequalities Come From?: Class Divides in Chicana/o-Latina/o Literature
Authors: González Marcial
Published: February 2015

There’s no denying that the Occupy movement, aside from everything else it has accomplished since 2011, created ample opportunities in college classrooms for teaching about the super wealthy, or the 1%, and their role in reproducing social and economic inequalities in the United States and around the world.  In my own courses, however, I have tried to emphasize to students that there is a marked difference between teaching about “the rich” and teaching about “class.”
Algunas consideraciones sobre la hermenéutica
Authors: Armando González Luis
Published: February 2015

Este ensayo tiene como objetivo ofrecer una visión global de la hermenéutica como disciplina filosófica. Su intención es criticar a quienes, partiendo de criterios de interpretativos del sentido común, creen que a un texto se le puede dar cualquier significado en el presente, sin respetar lo que su autor quiso decir en su tiempo. La tesis que se defiende es que para interpretar correctamente un texto debe partirse, ante todo, de la comprensión de su literalidad, la cual debe situarse en su contexto literario e histórico correspondiente.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ryr.v39i0.1827

Realidad y Reflexión Año 14, N° 39: 53-68
Impacto nacional del turismo-industria en el departamento de Usulután
Authors: Sancho Eduardo
Published: February 2015

El surgimiento del turismo en la Región de Occidente y Oriente da vida económica a sectores económicos emergentes en los municipios, abandonados por las políticas de ajuste estructural. Impacta, dinamiza un nuevo entramado de mecanismos económicos y recupera identidad cultural local. Evidencia la caducidad de la administración política territorial del Estado, de 263 municipios, 14 departamentos, de un país pequeño. El departamento de Usulután, granero del país, da sus aportes al replantear tres corredores de desarrollo. Nuestra Tesis es que existen las condiciones para un cambio del modo de producción pre capitalista y del nuevo modelo económico en el país, en varias microregiones, si El Estado desmonta el andamiaje burocrático que impide la producción nacional y apuesta al desarrollo.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ryr.v39i0.1829

Realidad y Reflexión Año 14, N° 39: 97-107
Sureños en El Salvador: Un Acercamiento Antropológico a las Pandillas de Deportados
Authors: Enrique Amaya Luis , José Martínez Juan
Published: February 2015

El sistema Sur (o, tomado como acrónimo, “Southern United Raza”) reúne a diversos grupos pandilleriles, llamados Sureños, los cuales se distinguen y sitúan en contraposición a otros sistemas de pandillas que de manera genérica y lata podrían denominarse “no-Sureñas”. Los grupos, los perfiles y las idiosincrasias Sureñas son diversas y no constituyen “un” grupo en el sentido estricto del término; más bien se trata de una multiplicidad de agrupaciones que comparten una identidad y una forma de ser y de comportarse, en lo individual y en lo colectivo. Se trata de miembros de pandillas pertenecientes a un complejo sistema pandilleril instaurado décadas atrás en ciudades del sur del estado de California por hijos de inmigrantes hispanos. Es ese intrincado sistema el que de un modo híbrido y criollo se está instalando a pasos cada vez más acelerados en las ciudades de El Salvador. Es el establecimiento de este sistema, y en general la manera de vivir de los deportados Sureños en el país, lo que pretende explorarse en este trabajo de investigación. El objetivo del estudio es examinar, describir y explicar tanto los sistemas culturales como las acciones concretas de las bandas Sureñas en El Salvador, en lo que representaría un primer acercamiento etnográfico a ellas en el país. La metodología de investigación empleada es variada e incluye técnicas como la revisión documental, las entrevistas en profundidad y, principalmente, la etnografía. Entre los informantes consultados figuran miembros y ex miembros de pandillas Sureñas, funcionarios públicos y otros informantes clave que conocen el funcionamiento del Sur. Los hallazgos y las conclusiones medulares abordan temas como el sistema Sur, los tipos de Sureños y sus actividades, el Sur en El Salvador, la perspectiva del Estado y otras formas de Sureños en El Salvador.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ryr.v39i0.1826

Realidad y Reflexión Año 14, N° 39: 7-49
De Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming
Authors: de Jong J.P.
Published: February 2015

De Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming. De rechtsopvolger van de Wbp

Het nieuwe gegevensbeschermingsrecht in de Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming zal voor bedrijven, burgers en de overheid ingrijpende gevolgen hebben. Het gegevensbeschermingsrecht wordt voortaan in Brussel vastgesteld. De Wet bescherming persoonsgegevens zal verdwijnen. In deze bijdrage wordt beschreven waar zich de grootste veranderingen in het recht voordoen en wat behouden blijft. Daarbij gaat aandacht uit naar de beginselen van gegevensbeschermingsrecht, de rechten van de betrokkene, de plichten van de verantwoordelijke, het toezicht, de handhaving en de rechtsbescherming. Er komt een ingewikkelde wetgevingsoperatie in Nederland aan om dat alles goed te implementeren. Aan de hand van adviezen van de Europese Toezichthouder voor gegevensbescherming en de Afdeling advisering van de Raad van State wordt geïnventariseerd waar wetgevingsambtenaren mee worden geconfronteerd.
Privacyvoorwaarden voor de iOverheid
Authors: Zwenne G.J. , Steenbruggen W.
Published: February 2015

Privacyvoorwaarden voor de iOverheid. Vuistregels voor wet- en regelgevers met betrekking tot overheidsinformatiesystemen

De overheid zet steeds vaker en op steeds grotere schaal ICT in als hulpmiddel bij de vervulling van de publieke taak. Over dit ICT-enthousiasme bestaan evenwel de nodige zorgen. Daarbij gaat het niet alleen om de soms spectaculaire budgetoverschrijdingen, vertragingen of mislukkingen, waarnaar de commissie-Elias onderzoek deed, maar ook over de naleving van de vereisten op grond van het recht op privacy, dat onder meer is neergelegd in artikel 8 EVRM en artikel 7 Handvest voor de Grondrechten van de EU. Deze bijdrage schetst aan de hand van een aantal uitspraken van het Europees Hof voor de Rechten van Mens en het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie welke voor ICT-projecten van de overheid relevante privacyvereisten kunnen worden afgeleid uit het EVRM en het Handvest.
De overheid als verschaffer en beschermer van digitale identiteiten
Authors: Jacobs B.
Published: February 2015

De overheid als verschaffer en beschermer van digitale identiteiten

Traditioneel is de overheid leverancier van de ‘bronidentiteit’ van haar burgers, in de vorm van een paspoort of een identiteitskaart. De vraag wordt besproken of de overheid ook in de digitale wereld zo’n bronidentiteit zou moeten verschaffen en in hoeverre koppelbaarheid van onlineactiviteiten van burgers daardoor mogelijk zou moeten worden. Op de achtergrond spelen daarbij fundamentele vragen over de rol van de wetgever in de digitale wereld, in het bijzonder met betrekking tot de wens van private partijen om burgers te kunnen traceren en profileren.
Transient internally driven aurora at Jupiter discovered by Hisaki and the Hubble Space Telescope
Authors: Kimura T. , Badman S. V. , Tao C. , Yoshioka K. , Murakami G. , Yamazaki A. , Tsuchiya F. , Bonfond B. , Steffl A. J. , Masters A. , Kasahara S. , Hasegawa H. , Yoshikawa I. , Fujimoto M. , Clarke J. T.
Published: February 2015

Jupiter's auroral emissions reveal energy transport and dissipation through the planet's giant magnetosphere. While the main auroral emission is internally driven by planetary rotation in the steady state, transient brightenings are generally thought to be triggered by compression by the external solar wind. Here we present evidence provided by the new Hisaki spacecraft and the Hubble Space Telescope that shows that such brightening of Jupiter's aurora can in fact be internally driven. The brightening has an excess power up to ~550 GW. Intense emission appears from the polar cap region down to latitudes around Io's footprint aurora, suggesting a rapid energy input into the polar region by the internal plasma circulation process.
Substorm current wedge composition by wedgelets
Authors: Liu Jiang , Angelopoulos V. , Chu Xiangning , Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Yue Chao
Published: February 2015

Understanding how a substorm current wedge (SCW) is formed is crucial to comprehending the substorm phenomenon. One SCW formation scenario suggests that the substorm time magnetosphere is coupled to the ionosphere via “wedgelets,” small building blocks of an SCW. Wedgelets are field‐aligned currents (FACs) carried by elemental flux transport units known as dipolarizing flux bundles (DFBs). A DFB is a magnetotail flux tube with magnetic field stronger than that of the ambient plasma. Its leading edge, known as a “dipolarization front” or “reconnection front,” is a product of near‐Earth reconnection. Dipolarizing flux bundles, and thus wedgelets, are localized—each is only <3 RE wide. How these localized wedgelets combine to become large‐scale (several hours of magnetic local time) region‐1‐sense SCW FACs is unclear. To determine how this occurs, we investigated wedgelets statistically using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) data. The results show wedgelet asymmetries: in the dawn (dusk) sector of the magnetotail, a wedgelet has more FAC toward (away from) the Earth than away from (toward) the Earth, so the net FAC is toward (away from) the Earth. The combined effect of many wedgelets is therefore the same as that of large‐scale region‐1‐sense SCW, supporting the idea that they comprise the SCW.
Unique Stereocontrol in Carborane Chemistry: Skeletal Alkylcarbonation (SAC) versus Exoskeletal Alkylmethylation (EAM) Reactions
Authors: Bakardjiev Mario , Holub Josef , Macháček Jan , Hnyk Drahomír , Štíbr Bohumil , Růžičková Zdeňka , Růžička Aleš
Published: February 2015

Reactions between the arachno‐6,9‐C2B8H14 (1) dicarbaborane and acyl chlorides, RCOCl (2), are subject to stereocontrol that completely changes the nature of the reaction products. While most chlorides produce the 8‐R‐nido‐7,8,9‐C3B8H11 (3) tricarbollides (by skeletal alkylcarbonation=SAC), bulky RCOCls (2; where R=1‐adamantyl, 2 a; 1‐mesityl, 2 b; 9‐anthranyl, 2 c; 1‐naphthyl, 2 d) in 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE) in the presence of triethylamine at 40–60 °C gave a series of entirely different 1‐R‐2‐CH3‐closo‐1,6‐C2B8H8 (4) dicarbaboranes upon acidification with conc. H2SO4 (by exosleletal alkylmehylation=EAM). Both types of reactions seem to proceed via a common [8‐R‐nido‐7,8,9‐C3B8H10]− (3−) anion which in the EAM case is unstable because of steric crowd and undergoes rearrangement via the isomeric [R‐nido‐7,8,10‐C3B8H10]− tricarbollide structures which, on protonation, undergo reductive extraction of one CH vertex to generate the 2‐CH3 substituent in structure 4.
Direct Trifluoromethylthiolation of Unactivated C(sp3)H Using Silver(I) Trifluoromethanethiolate and Potassium Persulfate
Authors: Wu Hao , Xiao Zhiwei , Wu Junhui , Guo Yong , Xiao Ji‐Chang , Liu Chao , Chen Qing‐Yun
Published: February 2015

A practical and efficient method for the direct trifluoromethylthiolation of unactivated C(sp3)H bonds by AgSCF3/K2S2O8 under mild conditions is described. The reaction has a good functional‐group tolerance and good selectivity. Initial mechanistic investigations indicate that the reaction may involve a radical process in which K2S2O8 plays key roles in both the activation of the C(sp3)H bond and the oxidation of AgSCF3.
Dosimetry of infant exposure to power‐frequency magnetic fields: Variation of 99th percentile induced electric field value by posture and skin‐to‐skin contact
Authors: Li Congsheng , Wu Tongning
Published: February 2015

Infant exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields from power lines was numerically analyzed in this study. Dosimetric variability due to posture and skin‐to‐skin contact was evaluated using human anatomical models including a recently developed model of a 12‐months‐old infant. As proposed by the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection, the induced E‐field strength (99th percentile value, E99) for the central nerve systems (E99_CNS) and peripheral nerve system (E99_PNS), were used as metrics. Results showed that the single (free of contact with others) infant model has lower E99 (E99_CNS and E99_PNS inclusive) compared with single adult and child models when exposed to the same power‐frequency magnetic field. Also, studied postures of sitting, standing, or arm‐up, would not change E99_PNS. However, skin‐to‐skin contact with other models could significantly raise induced E‐field strength in the infant (e.g., contact on 0.93% of the infant's total surface increased E99_PNS by 213%). Simulations with canonical models were conducted to assess different factors contributing to the E99 enhancement. Results indicated the importance of thoroughly investigating the conservativeness of current safety guidelines in the case of skin‐to‐skin contact, especially with infants. Bioelectromagnetics. 36:204–218, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of fluid velocity on radioactive ion retention by fluidized‐bed reactor
Authors: Abdelaziz Mohamed , Ali Azza H. , Elbakhshawangy Hesham F. , Othman Sameh H.
Published: February 2015

This study is concerned with the design, construction, simulation, and pre‐operation of a fluidized‐bed reactor for low level radioactive waste treatment by a new chelating resin. In this respect a new mathematical model is suggested to account for the effect of fluid velocity and to determine the key parameters that affect the overall mass transfer. In general, the column height and the diffusion resistance on the resin side control the extent of separation in the reactor. Lowering the particle falling velocity and increasing the column height increase the adsorption extent. The studied variables include the flow rates, feed concentration, column height, working temperature, and pH of the feed solution. Increasing the initial concentration causes the adsorption to increase and the maximum conversion is obtained at the near‐neutral condition. Temperature increasing, on the other hand, decreases the adsorption extent. The theoretically calculated results from the mathematical model developed in this study for predicting the conversion extent are found to be in good agreement with the data obtained from the experimental study.
Aspects of Changing the Safety Culture in Today's Universities: 2013 Process Safety Management Award, Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Authors: Norval Graeme W.
Published: February 2015

The University of today is little changed from that of a century ago. Students attend lectures, sitting in rows of chairs rather than benches. The lecture notes are projected onto a screen; only occasionally are chalkboards used. The biggest change is with technology, in that lecture material is posted to a course website; a growing number of lectures are videotaped so that students can review the lecture whenever they wish. The pressures on universities come in the form of mandated quality programs. Programs are expected to define what it is that they expect their students to learn along with having a system that measures student learning, and a review process that identifies deficiencies and proposes solutions.

Engineering programs are very good at imparting knowledge; these are the mathematics, natural science, and engineering science components of the curriculum. Programs are less successful at the industrially relevant aspects of the profession. The criteria are described in accreditation criteria, but there is no generally accepted curriculum model. All programs provide courses in thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and reaction engineering, but many have no similar course on the management of safety. Further, the requisite “industrial knowledge” is not widely held within the university world. This paper provides a historical perspective on this issue, reviews attempts to improve the situation, and proposes improvements to address the situation.
An efficient statistical approach for time synchronization in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Chatterjee Aditi , Venkateswaran Palaniandavar
Published: February 2015

In this paper, we propose a powerful method of estimating the model parameters for time synchronization in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Joint estimation of clock offset and clock skew has been proposed in the literature using the standard regression framework. Here, we claim that simple regression poorly estimates the parameters because of the inherent correlation among successive time readings between two sensors. We propose an alternative autoregressive model and use generalized least squares for estimating the relative offset and skew parameters. A computationally efficient Bayesian approach is also proposed for the parameter estimation considering correlated readings between two sensors. The effectiveness of the proposed approach compared with the earlier approach has been investigated through extensive simulation studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.