bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evolution of fetal presentation during pregnancy: a retrospective, descriptive cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ferreira Jose C.P. , Borowski Dariusz , Czuba Bartosz , Cnota Wojciech , Wloch Agata , Sodowski Krzysztof , Wielgos Miroslaw , Wegrzyn Piotr
Published: March 2015

We investigated changes in the frequencies of four primary types of singleton fetal lie/presentation for each gestational week from 18 to 39 weeks in a retrospective, cross‐sectional study which analyzed ultrasound examination records of fetal positions, in the outpatient prenatal diagnosis clinics in two cities in Poland. We calculated the prevalence and 95% confidence intervals for each type of lie/presentation. We then identified the gestational age after which no statistically significant changes in terms of prevalence were observed, by comparing the results at each week with the prevalence of cephalic presentation at 39+0 weeks, used as reference. A total of 18 019 ultrasound examinations were used. From 22 to 36 weeks of gestation, the prevalence of cephalic presentation increased from 47% (45–50%) to 94% (91–96%), before and after which times plateaus were noted. Spontaneous change from breech to cephalic is unlikely to occur after 36 weeks of gestation.
Current status of randomized controlled trials for laparoscopic gastric surgery for gastric cancer in Korea
Authors: Byun Cheulsu , Han Sang‐Uk
Published: March 2015

Laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer has rapidly gained popularity as a result of the increased incidence of early gastric cancer in Korea. Although laparoscopic gastrectomy has been considered as an investigational treatment because of the lack of solid evidence of efficacy and safety, it is increasingly regarded as a standard treatment for early gastric cancer. Moreover, solid evidence is anticipated from two studies in Korea, KLASS 01 and KLASS 02, the latter of which examines the suitability of laparoscopic gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer. The use of cutting‐edge techniques for laparoscopic gastrectomy enables surgeons to deliver various treatment options that offer the best possible quality of life after gastrectomy. In this review, we summarize the current status of clinical trials on laparoscopic gastrectomy in Korea and examine future perspectives regarding laparoscopic gastrectomy for the treatment of gastric cancer.
Academically buoyant students are less anxious about and perform better in high‐stakes examinations
Authors: Putwain David W. , Daly Anthony L. , Chamberlain Suzanne , Sadreddini Shireen
Published: March 2015

Background

Prior research has shown that test anxiety is negatively related to academic buoyancy, but it is not known whether test anxiety is an antecedent or outcome of academic buoyancy. Furthermore, it is not known whether academic buoyancy is related to performance on high‐stakes examinations.

Aims

To test a model specifying reciprocal relations between test anxiety and academic buoyancy and to establish whether academic buoyancy is related to examination performance.

Sample

A total of 705 students in their final year of secondary education (Year 11).

Methods

Self‐report data for test anxiety and academic buoyancy were measured in two waves in Year 11. Examination performance was taken from the mean English, mathematics, and science scores from the high‐stakes General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examinations taken at the end of Year 11.

Results

Measurement invariance was demonstrated for test anxiety and academic buoyancy across both waves of measurement. The worry component of test anxiety, but not the tension component, showed reciprocal relations with academic buoyancy. Worry predicted lower mean GCSE score and academic buoyancy predicted a higher mean GCSE score. Tension did not predict mean GCSE score.

Conclusion

Academic buoyancy protects against the appraisal of examinations as threatening by influencing self‐regulative processes and enables better examination performance. Worry, but not tension, shows a negative feedback loop to academic buoyancy.
Nature and nurture: a case of transcending haematological pre‐malignancies in a pair of monozygotic twins adding possible clues on the pathogenesis of B‐cell proliferations
Authors: Hansen Marcus C. , Nyvold Charlotte G. , Roug Anne S. , Kjeldsen Eigil , Villesen Palle , Nederby Line , Hokland Peter
Published: March 2015

We describe a comprehensive molecular analysis of a pair of monozygotic twins, who came to our attention when one experienced amaurosis fugax and was diagnosed with JAK2+ polycythaemia vera. He (Twin A) was also found to have an asymptomatic B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B‐CLL). Although JAK2−, Twin B was subsequently shown to have a benign monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis (MBL). Flow cytometric and molecular analyses of the B‐cell compartments revealed different immunoglobulin light and heavy chain usage in each twin. We hypothesized that whole exome sequencing could help delineating the pattern of germline B‐cell disorder susceptibility and reveal somatic mutations potentially contributing to the differential patterns of pre‐malignancy. Comparing bone marrow cells and T cells and employing in‐house engineered integrative analysis, we found aberrations in Twin A consistent with a myeloid neoplasm, i.e. in TET2, RUNX1, PLCB1 and ELF4. Employing the method for detecting high‐ranking variants by extensive annotation and relevance scoring, we also identified shared germline variants in genes of proteins interacting with B‐cell receptor signalling mediators and the WNT‐pathway, including IRF8, PTPRO, BCL9L, SIT1 and SIRPB1, all with possible implications in B‐cell proliferation. Similar patterns of IGHV‐gene usage to those demonstrated here have been observed in inherited acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Collectively, these findings may help in facilitating identification of putative master gene(s) involved in B‐cell proliferations in general and MBL and B‐CLL in particular.
Immune parameter analysis of children with sickle cell disease on hydroxycarbamide or chronic transfusion therapy
Authors: Nickel Robert S. , Osunkwo Ifeyinwa , Garrett Aneesah , Robertson Jennifer , Archer David R. , Promislow Daniel E.L. , Horan John T. , Hendrickson Jeanne E. , Kean Leslie S.
Published: March 2015

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is increasingly appreciated as an inflammatory condition associated with alterations in immune phenotype and function. In this cross‐sectional study we performed a multiparameter analysis of 18 immune markers in 114 paediatric SCD patients divided by treatment group [those receiving hydroxycrabamide (HC, previously termed hydroxyurea), chronic transfusion (CT), or no disease‐modifying therapy] and 29 age‐matched African American healthy controls. We found global elevation of most immune cell counts in SCD patients receiving no disease‐modifying therapy at steady state. Despite the decrease in percentage of haemoglobin S associated with CT therapy, the abnormal cellular immune phenotype persisted in patients on CT. In contrast, in both univariate and multivariate analysis, treatment with HC was associated with normalization of the vast majority of leucocyte populations. This study provides additional support for HC treatment in SCD, as it appears that HC decreases the abnormally elevated immune cell counts in patients with SCD.
Salidroside ameliorates insulin resistance through activation of a mitochondria‐associated AMPK/PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway
Authors: Zheng Tao , Yang Xiaoyan , Wu Dan , Xing Shasha , Bian Fang , Li Wenjing , Chi Jiangyang , Bai Xiangli , Wu Guangjie , Chen Xiaoqian , Zhang Yonghui , Jin Si
Published: March 2015

Background and Purpose

Recent reports have suggested that salidroside could protect cardiomyocytes from oxidative injury and stimulate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells by activating AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK). The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of salidroside on diabetic mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Experimental Approach

The therapeutic effects of salidroside on type 2 diabetes were investigated. Increasing doses of salidroside (25, 50 and 100 mg·kg−1·day−1) were administered p.o. to db/db mice for 8 weeks. Biochemical analysis and histopathological examinations were conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effects of salidroside. Primary cultured mouse hepatocytes were used to further explore the underlying mechanisms in vitro.

Key Results

Salidroside dramatically reduced blood glucose and serum insulin levels and alleviated insulin resistance. Hypolipidaemic effects and amelioration of liver steatosis were observed after salidroside administration. In vitro, salidroside dose‐dependently induced an increase in the phosphorylations of AMPK and PI3K/Akt, as well as glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in hepatocytes. Furthermore, salidroside‐stimulated AMPK activation was found to suppress the expression of PEPCK and glucose‐6‐phosphatase. Salidroside‐induced AMPK activation also resulted in phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase, which can reduce lipid accumulation in peripheral tissues. In isolated mitochondria, salidroside inhibited respiratory chain complex I and disturbed oxidation/phosphorylation coupling and moderately depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in a transient increase in the AMP/ATP ratio.

Conclusions and Implications

Salidroside exerts an antidiabetic effect by improving the cellular metabolic flux through the activation of a mitochondria‐related AMPK/PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway
Selected ginsenosides of the protopanaxdiol series are novel positive allosteric modulators ofP2X7 receptors
Authors: Helliwell R M , ShioukHuey C O , Dhuna K , Molero J C , Ye J‐M , Xue C C , Stokes L
Published: March 2015

Background and Purpose

TheP2X7 receptor is anATP‐gated ion channel predominantly expressed in immune cells and plays a key role in inflammatory processes. Ginseng is a well‐knownChinese herb with both pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory properties and many of its actions have been ascribed to constituent ginsenosides. We screened a number of ginsenoside compounds for pharmacological activity atP2X7 receptors, that might contribute to the reported immunomodulatory actions of ginseng.

Experimental Approach

We used several assays to measure responses ofP2X7 receptors,ATP‐mediated dye uptake, intracellular calcium measurement and whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings.HEK‐293 cells stably expressing humanP2X7 receptors were used in addition to mouse macrophages endogenously expressingP2X7 receptors.

Key Results

Four ginsenosides of the protopanaxdiol series,Rb1,Rh2, Rd and the metabolite compoundK(CK) potentiated the dye uptake responses ofP2X7 receptors, whereas other ginsenosides tested were ineffective (1–10 μM). The potentiation was rapid in onset, required a threshold concentration ofATP(>50 μM) and had anEC50of 1.08 μM.CKmarkedly enhancedATP‐activatedP2X7 currents, probably via an extracellular site of action. One of the consequences of this potentiation effect is a sustained rise in intracellularCa2+that could account for the decrease in cell viability in mouse macrophages after a combination of 500 μMATPand 10 μMCKthat are non‐toxic when applied alone.

Conclusions and Implications

This study identifies selected ginsenosides as novel potent allosteric modulators ofP2X7 channels that may account for some of the reported immune modulatory actions of protopanaxdiol ginsenosidesin vivo.
Involvement of fibrocytes in asthma and clinical implications
Authors: Mattoli S.
Published: March 2015

Bloodborne fibrocytes are bone marrow‐derived cells that participate in immune responses and exhibit pro‐inflammatory and matrix remodelling properties. In patients with asthma receiving an adequate treatment, the blood fibrocyte count is very low and comparable to that obtained in healthy individuals. In these patients, a transient increase in fibrocyte numbers in the peripheral blood and in the airways occurs in concomitance with increased bronchial inflammation and reflects disease worsening and the need for more intensive treatment. Persistently elevated numbers of fibrocytes in the peripheral blood and in the bronchial mucosa are observed in chronically undertreated or corticosteroid‐resistant asthma and are associated with persistent airway inflammation and ongoing remodelling of the bronchial wall. The asthmatic bronchial epithelium is the main source of fibrocyte chemoattractants in asthma and contributes with T helper type 2 lymphocytes and eosinophils to promote the proliferation and pro‐remodelling function of recruited fibrocytes. The presence of elevated numbers of fibrocytes in the bronchial mucosa of allergic patients with undertreated or treatment‐resistant asthma may also increase the risk of acute exacerbations because these cells can amplify T helper type 2 lymphocyte‐driven inflammation on every exposure to the clinically relevant allergen and can promote further inflammation on rhinovirus infections by allowing viral replication and releasing additional pro‐inflammatory factors. Improved methods for the isolation and functional analysis of pure populations of viable circulating fibrocytes have allowed a better understanding of the effector role of these cells. A reliable and clinically applicable assay has been developed to measure blood fibrocyte counts as outcome measure in future clinical trials. New therapeutic agents are needed to block both persistent inflammation and fibrocytosis in corticosteroid‐resistant asthma.
THE FISCAL MULTIPLIER AND ECONOMIC POLICY ANALYSIS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Whalen Charles J. , Reichling Felix
Published: March 2015

The Great Recession sparked wide interest in the economic effects of fiscal policy. That interest is reflected in an ongoing debate over the size of the fiscal multiplier. This survey article addresses three questions: What models do economists use to estimate that multiplier? Why do estimates of it vary widely? How can economists use those estimates to judiciously analyze U.S. economic policy? (JEL E62, H30, H50)
Towards a better management of complex emergencies through crisis management meta‐modelling
Authors: Lauras Matthieu , Truptil Sébastien , Bénaben Frédérick
Published: March 2015

Managing complex emergency situations is a challenging task, mainly due to the heterogeneity of the partners involved and the critical nature of such events. Whatever approach is adopted to support this objective, one unavoidable issue is knowledge management. In the context of our research project, gathering, formalising and exploiting all the knowledge and information about a given crisis situation is a critical requirement. This paper presents some research results concerning this specific topic: from a theoretical point of view, the generic dimensions of crisis characterisation are defined, while from a technical point of view, we describe a software solution able to collect that knowledge (based on meta‐models and ontologies). This is used to confront the characteristics of the situation (context) with characteristics of the resources (relief system) in order to design a suitable response. Finally, an illustrative example concerning a crash between a tanker truck and a train is described.
The post‐disaster negative health legacy: pregnancy outcomes in Louisiana after Hurricane Andrew
Authors: Antipova Anzhelika , Curtis Andrew
Published: March 2015

Disasters and displacement increasingly affect and challenge urban settings. How do pregnant women fare in the aftermath of a major disaster? This paper investigates the effect of pregnancies in disaster situations. The study tests a hypothesis that pregnant women residing in hurricane‐prone areas suffer higher health risks. The setting is Louisiana in the Gulf Coast, United States, a state that continually experiences hurricane impacts. The time period for the analysis is three years following the landfall of Hurricane Andrew in 1992. We analysed low birth weight and preterm deliveries before and after landfall, as a whole and by race. Findings support an association between hazards and health of a community and indicate that pregnant women in the affected area, irrespective of race, are more likely to experience preterm deliveries compared to pre‐event births. Results suggest there is a negative health legacy impact in Louisiana as a result of hurricane landfall.
Governing sexual behaviour through humanitarian codes of conduct
Authors: Matti Stephanie
Published: March 2015

Since 2001, there has been a growing consensus that sexual exploitation and abuse of intended beneficiaries by humanitarian workers is a real and widespread problem that requires governance. Codes of conduct have been promoted as a key mechanism for governing the sexual behaviour of humanitarian workers and, ultimately, preventing sexual exploitation and abuse (PSEA). This article presents a systematic study of PSEA codes of conduct adopted by humanitarian non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) and how they govern the sexual behaviour of humanitarian workers. It draws on Foucault's analytics of governance and speech act theory to examine the findings of a survey of references to codes of conduct made on the websites of 100 humanitarian NGOs, and to analyse some features of the organisation‐specific PSEA codes identified.
SELLING TO BIASED BELIEVERS: STRATEGIES OF ONLINE LOTTERY TICKET VENDORS
Authors: Lien Jaimie W. , Yuan Jia
Published: March 2015

We provide evidence that sellers respond to buyers' belief biases in a collective lottery betting market, by adopting sales strategies which cater to believers in the Hot Hand and Gambler's Fallacies. Lottery players on the buyer side tend to avoid buying tickets which are similar to the previous winning ticket, in accordance with the Gambler's Fallacy (Clotfelter and Cook 1993; Terrell 1994). At the same time, buyers tend to prefer purchasing tickets from previously winning sellers, despite the fully random nature of wins, in accordance with Hot‐Hand Fallacy (Croson and Sundali 2005). These behavioral biases provide an opportunity for ticket sellers to increase their expected profits by adjusting features of the lottery portfolios they sell. We find that sellers make changes to their portfolio size, commission rate, self‐purchase rate, and number choices in response to previous events, in ways that are consistent with responding to the Hot‐Hand Fallacy belief, and which also lend a degree of support for responding to the Gambler's Fallacy belief. Our results show evidence of participants in a market accommodating their choices to the biased beliefs of other participants in order to gain an advantage in expected profits. (JEL D01, D03, D81, L86)
Mating frequency positively associates with fitness in Ophraella communa
Authors: ZHOU ZHONG‐SHI , RASMANN SERGIO , ZHENG HAI‐YAN , WATSON ALAN , GUO JIAN‐YING , WANG JIAN‐GUO , WAN FANG‐HAO
Published: March 2015

1. Why animals mate multiple times, owing to the lack of immediate fitness benefits, presents an intriguing problem for evolutionary biologists. Yet, the profusion of this behaviour suggests it must be maintained by natural selection via increased performance.

2. The possible benefits of multiple mating using the leaf beetles Ophraella communa LeSage, the biological control agent of the invasive common ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., were studied and the fitness consequences of single, twice, three, four, and unrestricted mating events were assessed.

3. Overall, it was observed that the number of copulation events was positively associated with fitness parameters of the insects. Insects performed the best under unrestricted mating regimes, with average increases of 48% in longevity, 75% in fecundity, and 55% in egg hatch rate. In addition, females that experienced unrestricted access to mates maintained very high viability over their entire reproductive lives. Nevertheless, insects also performed better when allowed to mate four times compared with once or twice.

4. The present findings thus support the hypothesis that multiple‐mating behaviour is maintained owing to increased fitness benefits in the current and the next generation. Selection for re‐mating is, therefore, expected in field populations, which is likely to happen naturally owing to the aggregate lifestyle of O. communa.
Increased bilirubin levels in de novo Parkinson's disease
Authors: Moccia M. , Picillo M. , Erro R. , Longo K. , Amboni M. , Santangelo G. , Palladino R. , Allocca R. , Caporale O. , Triassi M. , Pellecchia M. T. , Barone P. , Vitale C.
Published: March 2015

Background and purpose

Oxidative stress is a central pathogenic mechanism of Parkinson's disease (PD), and the heme oxygenase (HO) bilirubin pathway is one of the main mammalian antioxidative defences. Indeed, there is growing evidence of HO−bilirubin upregulation from early phases of PD. Our aim was to investigate bilirubin as a possible biomarker of PD diagnosis and progression.

Methods

A cross‐sectional case−control study was performed to evaluate differences in bilirubin levels between newly diagnosed, drug‐naïve PD subjects and controls. Afterwards, PD subjects were included in a 2‐year longitudinal study to evaluate disease progression in relation to baseline bilirubin levels.

Results

Seventy‐five de novo PD subjects were selected and matched with 75 controls by propensity score. Analysis of variance showed higher bilirubin levels in PD patients compared with controls (P < 0.001). Linear regression analysis failed to show a relationship between bilirubin and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III (P = 0.283) at baseline evaluation. At 2‐year follow‐up, indirect relationships between bilirubin levels and UPDRS part III (P = 0.028) and between bilirubin levels and levodopa‐equivalent daily dosage (P = 0.012) were found.

Conclusions

Parkinson's disease subjects showed higher levels of bilirubin compared with controls. Bilirubin increase might be due to HO overexpression as a compensatory response to oxidative stress occurring from early stages of PD.
Comparative genomics reveals conservation of filaggrin and loss of caspase‐14 in dolphins
Authors: Strasser Bettina , Mlitz Veronika , Fischer Heinz , Tschachler Erwin , Eckhart Leopold
Published: March 2015

The expression of filaggrin and its stepwise proteolytic degradation are critical events in the terminal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes and in the formation of the skin barrier to the environment. Here, we investigated whether the evolutionary transition from a terrestrial to a fully aquatic lifestyle of cetaceans, that is dolphins and whales, has been associated with changes in genes encoding filaggrin and proteins involved in the processing of filaggrin. We used comparative genomics, PCRs and re‐sequencing of gene segments to screen for the presence and integrity of genes coding for filaggrin and proteases implicated in the maturation of (pro)filaggrin. Filaggrin has been conserved in dolphins (bottlenose dolphin, orca and baiji) but has been lost in whales (sperm whale and minke whale). All other S100 fused‐type genes have been lost in cetaceans. Among filaggrin‐processing proteases, aspartic peptidase retroviral‐like 1 (ASPRV1), also known as saspase, has been conserved, whereas caspase‐14 has been lost in all cetaceans investigated. In conclusion, our results suggest that filaggrin is dispensable for the acquisition of fully aquatic lifestyles of whales, whereas it appears to confer an evolutionary advantage to dolphins. The discordant evolution of filaggrin, saspase and caspase‐14 in cetaceans indicates that the biological roles of these proteins are not strictly interdependent.
UVB induces epidermal 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in vivo
Authors: Tiganescu Ana , Hupe Melanie , Jiang Yan J. , Celli Anna , Uchida Yoshikazu , Mauro Theodora M. , Bikle Daniel D. , Elias Peter M. , Holleran Walter M.
Published: March 2015

Detrimental consequences of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in skin include photoageing, immunosuppression and photocarcinogenesis, processes also significantly regulated by local glucocorticoid (GC) availability. In man, the enzyme 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β‐HSD1) generates the active GC cortisol from cortisone (or corticosterone from 11‐dehydrocorticosterone in rodents). 11β‐HSD1 oxo‐reductase activity requires the cofactor NADPH, generated by hexose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase. We previously demonstrated increased 11β‐HSD1 levels in skin obtained from photoexposed versus photoprotected anatomical regions. However, the direct effect of UVR on 11β‐HSD1 expression remains to be elucidated. To investigate the cutaneous regulation of 11β‐HSD1 following UVR in vivo, the dorsal skin of female SKH1 mice was irradiated with 50, 100, 200 and 400 mJ/cm2 UVB. Measurement of transepidermal water loss, 11β‐HSD1 activity, mRNA/protein expression and histological studies was taken at 1, 3 and 7 days postexposure. 11β‐HSD1 and hexose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA expression peaked 1 day postexposure to 400 mJ/cm2 UVB before subsequently declining (days 3 and 7). Corresponding increases in 11β‐HSD1 protein and enzyme activity were observed 3 days postexposure coinciding with reduced GC receptor mRNA expression. Immunofluorescence studies revealed 11β‐HSD1 localization to hyperproliferative epidermal keratinocytes in UVB‐exposed skin. 11β‐HSD1 expression and activity were also induced by 200 and 100 (but not 50) mJ/cm2 UVB and correlated with increased transepidermal water loss (indicative of barrier disruption). UVB‐induced 11β‐HSD1 activation represents a novel mechanism that may contribute to the regulation of cutaneous responses to UVR exposure.
Efficient transposition of the youngest miniature inverted repeat transposable element family of yellow fever mosquito in yeast
Authors: Fattash Isam , Lee Chia‐Ni , Mo Kaiguo , Yang Guojun
Published: March 2015

Miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (MITEs) are often the most numerous DNA transposons in plant and animal genomes. The dramatic amplification of MITE families during evolution is puzzling, because the transposase sources for the vast majority of MITE families are unknown. The yellow fever mosquito genome contains > 220‐Mb MITE sequences; however, transposition activity has not been demonstrated for any of the MITE families. The Gnome elements are the youngest MITE family in this genome, with at least 116 identical copies. To test whether the putative autonomous element Ozma is capable of mobilizing Gnome and its two sibling MITEs, analyses were performed in a yeast transposition assay system. Whereas the wild‐type transposase resulted in very low transposition activity, mutations in the region containing a putative nuclear export signal motif resulted in a dramatic (at least 4160‐fold) increase in transposition frequency. We have also demonstrated that each residue of the novel DD37E motif is required for the activity of the Ozma transposase. Footprint sequences left at the donor sites suggest that the transposase may cleave between the second and the third nucleotides from the 5' ends of the elements. The excised elements reinsert specifically at dinucleotide ‘TA’, ~ 55% of them in yeast genes. The elements described in this article could potentially be useful as genetic tools for genetic manipulation of mosquitoes.
Local and transnational care relations: relatedness and family practice among au pairs in Denmark
Authors: DALGAS KARINA MÄRCHER , OLWIG KAREN FOG
Published: March 2015

An increasing number of young women from the Global South have become au pairs in the Global North since the turn of the millennium. Through ethnographic analysis of three cases of au pairing in Denmark, involving Filipina and Caribbean women, this article discusses the nature of the local as well as transnational family relations in which these women are embedded as au pairs, and the opportunities and restraints that they present. We use anthropological theory to conceptualize family and kinship in terms of notions and practices of relatedness. This offers a useful framework for elucidating the different moral and contractual obligations and expectations associated with these varying family relations, the power asymmetries with which they are linked, and the agency that the au pairs display as they seek to position themselves in the most favourable way in relation to the multi‐directional ties in which they are involved.
The Reconciliation of Religious and Secular Reasons as a Form of Epistemic Openness: Insights From Examples in the Philippines
Authors: S. Aduna Danna Patricia
Published: March 2015

Addressing the debate inspired by John Rawls's restrictive idea of the political role of religion, Jürgen Habermas proposes the institutional translation proviso as an alternative that corrects an overly secularist notion of the state. Maeve Cooke has suggested that religious arguments can be allowed without translation in the institutional level as long as they are non‐authoritarian. However, her definition of non‐authoritarianism requires an acceptance of the fallibility of the truths acquired by faith, which I argue is unnecessary. Instead, I propose that non‐authoritarianism is realized in the recognition of the reconcilability of religious and secular reasons. I demonstrate the viability of this form of non‐authoritarianism using particular examples from the Philippine context. I conclude that these attempts constitute an alternative form of epistemic openness to the more stringent forms that Habermas and Cooke have proposed.
A Review of the IAG GeoPT™ and Certification Programmes, their Protocols, and the Differences between the Original and Potential Modifications to the Certification Protocol
Authors: Kane Jean S.
Published: March 2015

The IAG conducts two programmes, the GeoPT ™ proficiency test and a certification programme that are closely interconnected. Both support the quality control/quality assurance activities of geochemical laboratories. Each derives an estimate of ‘true value’ for a number of samples, but arrives at that estimate, and its uncertainty, differently. This review discusses the history of the two programmes and compares the ‘true values’ and their uncertainties obtained through each. It then considers ‘fitness‐for‐purpose’ issues related to both GeoPT ™ and certification uncertainties. Issues related to potential modification of the IAG protocol for certification are also considered.
Feeling “Pooped” and “Run Down?”: Fatigue Experiences in Latino Cancer Patients
Authors: Cordero Elizabeth D. , Dimsdale Joel E. , Navarro Ana M.
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this study was to describe fatigue and the utility of the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory‐Short Form (MFSI‐SF) to assess fatigue among Latino cancer patients. Twenty‐two female and thirteen male Latino cancer patients participated in one of seven focus groups that took place in the southern California USA‐Mexico border region. Participants were asked to describe their fatigue experiences; participants also completed the MFSI‐SF and provided feedback about the items. Content analyses indicate that there are gender differences in the salience of the challenges that fatigue poses. Men tended to focus on physical symptoms, whereas women tended to focus on the impairment in role fulfillment. Findings have implications for intervention and health education efforts in Latino cancer patients.
Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles and Its Application in the Degradation of Some Dyes
Authors: Davar Fatemeh , Majedi Ali , Mirzaei Alireza
Published: March 2015

A novel ZnO photocatalyst was synthesized by a green method using lemon juice and zinc acetate as precursors, and then the effect of sucrose addition on the initial precursors was investigated. The samples were characterized by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, UV‐visible, and photoluminescence analysis. The result showed that the as‐obtained products with the mix of lemon juice (30 mL) and sucrose had a spherical morphology with the mean particle size of about 21.5 nm. The photocatalytic activity of this sample was tested for the degradation of methyl orange, methyl red and methylene blue solutions. The results also revealed the good photocatalytic activity for the degradation of these three organic dyes. Furthermore, as‐synthesized sample was used in decolorization processes and the treatment of textile dyes (reactive blue 21).
The impact of three nursing staffing models on nursing outcomes
Authors: Yang Pei‐Hsuan , Hung Chich‐Hsiu , Chen Yu‐Chin
Published: March 2015

Aim

To examine the impact of application of different nursing staffing models on patient safety, quality of care and nursing costs.

Background

One proposed means of addressing the staff shortage while decreasing nursing costs is the application of nursing staffing models. However, the optimal proportion of registered nurses to nurse aides remains unclear.

Design

A retrospective cohort study.

Methods

To examine a total of 667 inpatients of a 20‐bed respiratory care centre at a medical centre located in southern Taiwan. Three mixed models of nursing staffing, where the portion of nurses compared with nurse aides was 76% (n = 213), 100% (n = 209) and 92% (n = 245), were applied during three different periods between 2006 – 2010.

Results

The 76% RNs group made fewer medication errors than the 100% RNs group; the 76% and 92% RNs groups had a higher rate of urinary tract infections; the 92% RNs group had a lower rate of bloodstream infections; the 76% RNs group had a lower rate of ventilator weaning; and the 76% and 92% RNs groups incurred higher nursing costs.

Conclusions

Use of different nursing staffing models that substitute nurse aides for RNs may negatively affect patient safety and quality of care and increase nursing costs. To avoid this risk, hospitals should employ and train their own nurse aides and develop a training system and education materials for RN and nurse aides.
The vascularized periosteum flap as novel tissue engineering model for repair of cartilage defects
Authors: Harhaus Leila , Huang Jung‐Ju , Kao Shu‐Wei , Wu Yen‐Lin , Mackert Gina Alicia , Höner Bernd , Cheng Ming‐Huei , Kneser Ulrich , Cheng Chao‐Min
Published: March 2015

Periosteum is a promising tissue engineering scaffold in research of cartilage repair; so far however, periosteum transfers have not been realized successfully because of insufficient nourishment of the graft. In a translational approach we, for the first time, designed a vascularized periosteum flap as ‘independent’ biomaterial with its own blood supply to address this problem and to reconstruct circumscript cartilage defects. In six 3‐month‐old New Zealand rabbits, a critical size cartilage defect of the medial femur condyle was created and covered by a vascularized periosteum flap pedicled on the saphenous vessels. After 28 days, formation of newly built cartilage was assessed macroscopically, histologically and qualitatively via biomechanical compression testing, as well as on molecular biological level via immunohistochemistry. All wounds healed completely, all joints were stable and had full range of motion. All flaps survived and were perfused through their pulsating pedicles. They showed a stable attachment to the bone, although partially incomplete adherence. Hyaline cartilage with typical columnar cell distribution and positive Collagen II staining was formed in the transferred flaps. Biomechanical testing revealed a significantly higher maximum load than the positive control, but a low elasticity. This study proved that vascularization of the periosteum flap is the essential step for flap survival and enables the flap to transform into cartilage. Reconstruction of circumscript cartilage defects seems to be possible. Although these are the first results out of a pilot project, this technique, we believe, can have a wide range of potential applications and high relevance in the clinical field.
Haemanthus coccineus extract and its main bioactive component narciclasine display profound anti‐inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Fuchs Simone , Hsieh Louise T. , Saarberg Werner , Erdelmeier Clemens A. J. , Wichelhaus Thomas A. , Schaefer Liliana , Koch Egon , Fürst Robert
Published: March 2015

Haemanthus coccineus extracts (HCE) have traditionally been used to treat a variety of diseases, like febrile colds or asthma. Since new therapeutic options against inflammatory processes are still urgently needed, we aimed to pharmacologically characterise the anti‐inflammatory potential of HCEin vitro and in vivo and to identify the underlying bioactive component(s). The action of HCE on oedema formation and leucocyte infiltration were analysed in two murine models of inflammation (dermal oedema induced by arachidonic acid and croton oil; kidney injury caused by unilateral ureteral obstruction). The interaction of leucocytes with endothelial cells (ECs) as well as the activation parameters of these two cell types were analysed. Moreover, the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) pathway was investigated in detail in ECs. Using different fractions of HCE, the bioactive principle was identified. In vivo, HCE (450 mg/kg orally or 2 mg/kg intraperitoneally) inhibited oedema formation, leucocyte infiltration and cytokine synthesis. In vitro, HCE (100–300 ng/ml) blocked leucocyte‐EC interaction as well as the activation of isolated leucocytes (cytokine synthesis and proliferation) and of primary ECs (adhesion molecule expression). HCE suppressed NFκB‐dependent gene transcription in the endothelium, but did not interfere with the NFκB activation cascade (IκB degradation, p65 nuclear translocation and NFκB DNA‐binding activity). The alkaloid narciclasine was elucidated as the bioactive compound responsible for the anti‐inflammatory action of HCE. Our study highlights HCE and its main alkaloid narciclasine as novel interesting approach for the treatment of inflammation‐related disorders.
Assessment of Differential Item Functioning Under Cognitive Diagnosis Models: The DINA Model Example
Authors: Li Xiaomin , Wang Wen‐Chung
Published: March 2015

The assessment of differential item functioning (DIF) is routinely conducted to ensure test fairness and validity. Although many DIF assessment methods have been developed in the context of classical test theory and item response theory, they are not applicable for cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs), as the underlying latent attributes of CDMs are multidimensional and binary. This study proposes a very general DIF assessment method in the CDM framework which is applicable for various CDMs, more than two groups of examinees, and multiple grouping variables that are categorical, continuous, observed, or latent. The parameters can be estimated with Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms implemented in the freeware WinBUGS. Simulation results demonstrated a good parameter recovery and advantages in DIF assessment for the new method over the Wald method.
A General Linear Method for Equating With Small Samples
Authors: Albano Anthony D.
Published: March 2015

Research on equating with small samples has shown that methods with stronger assumptions and fewer statistical estimates can lead to decreased error in the estimated equating function. This article introduces a new approach to linear observed‐score equating, one which provides flexible control over how form difficulty is assumed versus estimated to change across the score scale. A general linear method is presented as an extension of traditional linear methods. The general method is then compared to other linear and nonlinear methods in terms of accuracy in estimating a criterion equating function. Results from two parametric bootstrapping studies based on real data demonstrate the usefulness of the general linear method.
A Comparison of IRT Proficiency Estimation Methods Under Adaptive Multistage Testing
Authors: Kim Sooyeon , Moses Tim , Yoo Hanwook (Henry)
Published: March 2015

This inquiry is an investigation of item response theory (IRT) proficiency estimators’ accuracy under multistage testing (MST). We chose a two‐stage MST design that includes four modules (one at Stage 1, three at Stage 2) and three difficulty paths (low, middle, high). We assembled various two‐stage MST panels (i.e., forms) by manipulating two assembly conditions in each module, such as difficulty level and module length. For each panel, we investigated the accuracy of examinees’ proficiency levels derived from seven IRT proficiency estimators. The choice of Bayesian (prior) versus non‐Bayesian (no prior) estimators was of more practical significance than the choice of number‐correct versus item‐pattern scoring estimators. The Bayesian estimators were slightly more efficient than the non‐Bayesian estimators, resulting in smaller overall error. Possible score changes caused by the use of different proficiency estimators would be nonnegligible, particularly for low‐ and high‐performing examinees.
Assessing Individual‐Level Impact of Interruptions During Online Testing
Authors: Sinharay Sandip , Wan Ping , Choi Seung W. , Kim Dong‐In
Published: March 2015

With an increase in the number of online tests, the number of interruptions during testing due to unexpected technical issues seems to be on the rise. For example, interruptions occurred during several recent state tests. When interruptions occur, it is important to determine the extent of their impact on the examinees' scores. Researchers such as Hill and Sinharay et al. examined the impact of interruptions at an aggregate level. However, there is a lack of research on the assessment of impact of interruptions at an individual level. We attempt to fill that void. We suggest four methodological approaches, primarily based on statistical hypothesis testing, linear regression, and item response theory, which can provide evidence on the individual‐level impact of interruptions. We perform a realistic simulation study to compare the Type I error rate and power of the suggested approaches. We then apply the approaches to data from the 2013 Indiana Statewide Testing for Educational Progress‐Plus (ISTEP+) test that experienced interruptions.
Effect of Wheat Bran Stabilization Methods on Nutritional and Physico‐Mechanical Characteristics of Cookies
Authors: Ertaş Nilgün
Published: March 2015

Wheat bran (WB) stabilized with hot‐air oven; microwave and autoclave, and all three stabilized WB (SWB) were added to cookie mix at the three different levels (10, 20 and 30% w/w). The changes in physical, chemical, nutritional and sensorial properties of the cookie samples were evaluated. Addition of 30% SWB increased the ash and protein content of cookies from 1.47 to 2.44%, and from 18.06 to 19.30%, respectively. The lowest phytic acid content of cookie sample was obtained with autoclave SWB‐added cookies (758.92 mg/100 g) among the various stabilization methods of WB. Cookie samples with added SWB were darker in color than the control cookie sample with no added WB. Microwave irradiated WB fortification at 30% level resulted in the best mineral and ash content while hot‐air oven SWB fortification at 10% level gave the best sensory properties such as color/appearance, taste/flavor and overall acceptability.

Practical Applications

The main utility of this study was the determination of the applicability of different stabilization methods in wheat bran and its uses in cookie making without an adverse effect. Wheat bran contains lipase and high‐lipase activity in bran quickly hydrolyzes the oil into fatty acids, and bran become rancid and perishable during storage period. When these processes occur in bran, undesirable odors and flavors can result. Heat treatment of wheat bran had pronounced effect on lipid oxidation inhibiting enzymes. Additionally, this improves the sensory characteristics and preservation conditions of the wheat bran cookies and allows us to successfully develop preserved wheat bran.
Cross‐sectional study of social support and psychological distress among displaced earthquake survivors in Japan
Authors: Teramoto Chie , Matsunaga Atsushi , Nagata Satoko
Published: March 2015

Aim

This cross‐sectional study aims to explore the relationship between different types and sources of social support and psychological distress by age and sex among survivors living in temporary housing 10 months after the Great East Japan Earthquake.

Methods

Self‐reported questionnaires/structured interviews administered from January to March 2012 recorded demographic characteristics, damage involving participants' families, social support, and psychological distress.

Results

Data on 296 participants aged 20 years or more from nine temporary housing complexes in Otsuchi were analyzed; K6 scores indicating psychological distress averaged 5.1 (standard deviation, 5.9; range, 0–24). Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated differences among types and sources of social support with regard to psychological distress by age and sex among disaster survivors. For men aged less than 65 years, social support by family was related to lower psychological distress. For women aged 65 years or more, emotional support from family, informational and instrumental support, and social companionship from friends in their own temporary housing complexes were related to less psychological distress.

Conclusion

Differences in age and sex were related to different sources of social support in relation to psychological distress. It is necessary to pay more attention to those who lost family members in the disaster, especially men aged less than 65 years. It may also be necessary to support survivors in making friends when they relocate to temporary housing, especially women aged 65 years or more.
Regulatory Arbitrage and Cross‐Border Bank Acquisitions
Authors: KAROLYI G. ANDREW , TABOADA ALVARO G.
Published: March 2015

We study how differences in bank regulation influence cross‐border bank acquisition flows and share price reactions to cross‐border deal announcements. Using a sample of 7,297 domestic and 916 majority cross‐border deals announced between 1995 and 2012, we find evidence of a form of “regulatory arbitrage” whereby acquisition flows involve acquirers from countries with stronger regulations than their targets. Target and aggregate abnormal returns around deal announcements are positive and larger when acquirers come from more restrictive bank regulatory environments. We interpret this evidence as more consistent with a benign form of regulatory arbitrage than a potentially destructive one.
Sexual Health Care for People with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Rowen Tami Serene , Stein Sorah , Tepper Mitchell
Published: March 2015

Background

People with physical disabilities make up a large and heterogeneous population, many with specific sexual health needs that differ from the general population.

Methods

To conduct a review of current definitions and statuses relating to the sexual well-being of people with physical disabilities. Medical, social, and behavioral literature was searched and included to address the specific sexual health needs and disparities in this population.

Results

People with physical disabilities encompass a broad population, including those with concomitant mental and cognitive impairments. People with physical disabilities have significant sexual and reproductive health disparities when compared with the general population and higher rates of sexual distress. There are specific sexual health concerns for men and women with physical disabilities and approach to their care needs to be interdisciplinary.

Conclusions

Sexual health needs for people with physical disabilities should be a priority for healthcare providers. Continued education is essential to ensure disparities and health needs are addressed and treated.
Managing Religion and the Judicialization of Religious Freedom
Authors: Richardson James T.
Published: March 2015

Religious freedom is a highly valued goal for many citizens and political leaders around the world, especially in Western‐oriented nations. Much ink has been spilled in defense of religious freedom and many have waxed eloquent about the virtues of promoting religious freedom. Most constitutions and other international documents around the world guarantee religious freedom even if those guarantees are sometimes honored in the breach. Why this focus on religious freedom is occurring and how it is being addressed are the focus of this article.