bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of the RAFT trial: robotic surgery after focal therapy
Authors: Cathcart Paul , Ribeiro Luis , Moore Caroline , Ahmed Hashim U. , Leslie Tom , Arya Manit , Orczyk Clement , Hindley Richard G. , Cahill Fidelma , Prendergast Aaron , Coetzee Carike , Yogeswaran Yathushan , Tunna Kirsty , Sooriakumaran Prasanna , Emberton Mark
Published: April 2021

Objectives

To report toxicity of treatment observed in men participating in the Robotic surgery After Focal Therapy (RAFT) clinical trial.

Patients and Methods

Men were eligible for this prospective single group interventional study if they had histologically confirmed recurrent/residual prostate adenocarcinoma following primary FT. The short‐form Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC‐26) measured prior to salvage robotic prostatectomy (S‐RARP) and 3‐monthly post‐operatively together with Clavien‐Dindo complications (I–IV). Secondary outcomes included biochemical recurrence‐free survival (BCFS) following surgery and need for salvage treatment after surgery. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03011606.

Results

Twenty‐four men were recruited between February 2016 and September 2018. 1 patient withdrew from the trial after consenting and before S‐RARP. 23 men completed 12‐month post S‐RARP follow‐up. Median EPIC‐26 urinary continence scores initially deteriorated after 3 months (82.4 vs 100) but there was no statistically significant difference from baseline at 12 months (100 vs 100, P = 0.31). Median lower urinary tract symptom scores improved after 12 months compared to baseline (93.8 vs 87.5, P = 0.01). At 12 months, 19/23 (83%) were pad‐free and 22/23 (96%) required 0/1 pads. Median sexual function subscale scores deteriorated and remained low at 12 months (22.2 vs 58.3, P < 0.001). Utilising a minimally important difference of nine points, at 12 months after surgery 17/23 (74%) reported urinary continence to be ‘better’ or ‘not different’ to pre‐operative baseline. The corresponding figure for sexual function (utilising a minimally important difference of 12 points) was 7/23 (30%). There was no statistically significant difference on median bowel/hormonal subscale scores. Only a single patient had a post‐operative complication (Clavien‐Dindo Grade I). BCFS at 12 months after surgery was 82.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 60.1–93.1%) while 4/23 (17%) received salvage radiation.

Conclusions

The RAFT clinical trial suggests toxicity of surgery after FT is low, with good urinary function outcomes, albeit sexual function deteriorated overall. Oncological outcomes at 12 months appear acceptable.
Chronic myeloid leukemia‐leukemia cutis mimicking a neutrophilic panniculitis‐like leukemia cutis: Report of a rare case
Authors: Zelman Brandon , Bode‐Omoleye Olaoluwa , Muhlbauer Aaron , Agidi Ada , Mafee Mariam , Velankar Milind , Mirza Kamran , Speiser Jodi , Mudaliar Kumaran
Published: April 2021

While drug‐induced panniculitis is not uncommon in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients on tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, it is rare for CML to initially present as a leukemic panniculitis. We present the case of a 45‐year‐old male with no relevant prior medical history presenting with 6 months of migratory nodules, 2 months of drenching night sweats, and a 20 pound weight loss. Physical examination showed firm subcutaneous nodules with overlying ecchymoses present on the right lateral thigh and left lower back. Biopsy of a nodule from the right thigh showed a subcutaneous lobular panniculitis involved by a dense infiltrate of neutrophils and granulocyte precursors. Fluorescent in‐situ hybridization (FISH) was positive for t(9;22)(q34;q11.2)BCR‐ABL1 fusion. A concurrent hemogram revealed a white blood cell count elevation of 600,000 K/μL. Bone marrow biopsy examination showed marked myeloid expansion with an increase in granulocyte precursors and Philadelphia chromosome positivity by FISH, consistent with bone marrow involvement by CML. Herein, we describe this unusual and rare case of CML initially presenting as a neutrophilic panniculitis‐like leukemia cutis. Arriving at this challenging diagnosis may be easily missed without clinical and laboratory correlation, which would certainly lead to the patient's not receiving life‐saving treatment.
PET/CT in malignant melanoma: a two‐tiered healthcare system? Updated healthcare situation regarding initial staging of malignant melanoma with PET/CT
Authors: Matiszick Antonia , Völker Charlyn , Garbe Claus , Gutzmer Ralf , Forschner Andrea , Wagner Gunnar , Franzius Christiane , Czech Norbert , Schüssler Frank , Meier Friedegund , Sachse Michael Max
Published: April 2021

Background

Patients with stage IIC malignant melanoma are recommended to undergo cross‐sectional imaging for initial staging. PET/CT is superior to other methods regarding its diagnostic accuracy of the tumor spread in stage III. So far there is no meaningful data on the nationwide availability, usage and cost recovery of this imaging technique.

Patients and methods

Questionnaires on the healthcare situation in 2018 were sent to all German dermatology clinics and PET/CT centers in March and April 2019.

Results

61.2 % of the dermatology clinics (71/115) and 48.2 % of the PET/CT centers (77/160) took part in the survey. A total of 22,645 patients with malignant melanoma were seen in these clinics in 2018. 16.8 % of the patients with stage IIC melanoma received a PET/CT for primary staging. The costs of this examination were covered for all statutory and privately insured patients in 40 % and 68 % of dermatology clinics (20/50 and 34/50), respectively. 68.0 % (34/50) of all dermatology clinics reported relevant changes of treatment according to PET/CT findings. Long examination periods by the health insurance companies and the time required to submit the application were the most common reasons for dermatology clinics to reject a request for PET/CT. Relevant incidental findings were reported in 90.2 % (47/51) of all PET/CT centers.

Conclusions

There are clear differences in the nationwide availability and cost coverage of PET/CT in primary staging for stage IIC melanoma. For these reasons, a two‐tiered healthcare system may be assumed.
Eastern Orthodoxy and Ecumenism
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: April 2021

This article reviews a set of papers in a special issue of The Ecumenical Review on “Theological Exchanges: The Ecumenical Reception of Orthodoxy,” which examines the reception of Orthodoxy by other theological traditions through the mediation of ecumenical dialogue. The papers display a wide variety of approaches, many introducing, although in different ways, the nature of engagement with the Orthodox by the different Christian bodies represented. Others looked more directly at theological conversations between the Orthodox and other Christian bodies, and especially the doctrine of theosis (deification). The remaining papers offer an insight into specific moments of Orthodoxy’s involvement with other Christian traditions.
Effects of fremanezumab in patients with chronic migraine and comorbid depression: Subgroup analysis of the randomized HALO CM study
Authors: Lipton Richard B. , Cohen Joshua M. , Galic Maja , Seminerio Michael J. , Yeung Paul P. , Aycardi Ernesto , Bigal Marcelo E. , Bibeau Kristen , Buse Dawn C.
Published: April 2021

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of fremanezumab in patients with chronic migraine (CM) and moderate to severe depression.

Background

Fremanezumab, a fully humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively targets calcitonin gene–related peptide, has been approved for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults. CM and depression are highly comorbid.

Methods

The 12‐week, Phase 3 HALO trial randomized patients with CM to fremanezumab quarterly (675 mg/placebo/placebo), fremanezumab monthly (675/225/225 mg), or placebo. Post hoc analyses evaluated the effects of fremanezumab in patients with moderate to severe depression (baseline 9‐item Patient Health Questionnaire sum score ≥10) on monthly number of headache days of at least moderate severity; monthly migraine days; Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC); 6‐item Headache Impact Test (HIT‐6) scores; and depression.

Results

For the 219/1121 (19.5%) patients with moderate to severe depression at baseline, fremanezumab was associated with a significant reduction in monthly number of headache days of at least moderate severity for active treatment versus placebo (least‐squares mean change ± standard error for quarterly dosing: −5.3 ± 0.77; for monthly dosing: −5.5 ± 0.72; and for placebo: −2.2 ± 0.81; both p < 0.001). More patients achieved a ≥50% reduction in headache days of at least moderate severity with fremanezumab (quarterly: 31/78 [39.7%]; monthly: 39/96 [40.6%]) than placebo (9/67 [13.4%]; both p < 0.001). Compared with placebo, fremanezumab improved PGIC and HIT‐6 scores.

Conclusions

Fremanezumab demonstrated efficacy in the preventive treatment of CM and reduced headache impact in patients with comorbid depression.
Nurses’ stories from Beirut: The 2020 explosive disaster on top of a pandemic and economic crises
Authors: Jabbour Rima , Harakeh Miray , Dakessian Sailan Silva , Nassar Vicky , Tashjian Hera , Massouh Joelle , Massouh Angela , Puzantian Houry , Darwish Hala
Published: April 2021

The World Health Organization designated last year as the International Year of the Nurse and the Midwife. And as we know worldwide, 2020 became an unforgettable year as nurses and midwives everywhere confronted the COVID‐19 pandemic. To be a nurse in 2020 was challenging and heroic, but being a nurse in 2020 in Beirut, Lebanon was so extraordinarily charged with adversity. The country witnessed in a one‐year series of tragedies of epic dimensions – laying a heavy toll on front‐line nurses. We present our stories as eight Lebanese nurses, giving voice to our incredible experiences and our ongoing resilience in the face of these adversities. We served in the emergency department of a Beirut city hospital after a catastrophic explosion occurred in the capital on the 4th of August 2020. We reported for duty during a disaster of immense magnitude and are now coping with the aftermath of trauma. As nurses, we have faced many traumas in our country that has experienced through war and terrorism for decades. Arising from this disaster and challenges of the pandemic, we give policy recommendations that deserve urgent attention in Lebanon and underscore the need for disaster preparation, funding, education and importantly mental health care for nurses and other health professionals with help and support of the international community.
Comparative extraction of bromelain and bioactive peptides from pineapple byproducts by ultrasonic‐ and microwave‐assisted extractions
Authors: Mala Thatchajaree , Sadiq Muhammad Bilal , Anal Anil Kumar
Published: April 2021

Ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) were used for the extraction of bioactive peptides from pineapple byproducts. Independent extraction parameters for UAE were ultrasonic amplitude (60–100%), extraction time (10–30 min), and solvent to material ratio (20–40 mL/g), whereas for MAE independent variables were microwave power (100–300 W), irradiation time (5–15 min), and feed to solvent ratio (1:8–1:12 g/mL). The optimized extraction conditions were 99.96%, 26.83 min, and 20.96 mL/g for UAE and 100 W, 8.99 min, and 1:8 g/mL for MAE. The optimized extraction resulted in total sugar, protein content, and proteolytic activity of 15.71 ± 0.03 mg/mL, 4.01 ± 0.04 mg/mL, and 196.46 ± 3.29 U/mL, respectively, whereas 33.87 ± 0.03 mg/mL, 2.50 ± 0.01 mg/mL, and 154.08 ± 1.49 U/mL for MAE, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of sample during extraction. Molecular weight determination showed that the major protein band in the extracts (UAE and MAE) was at ∼23 kDa which corresponded to bromelain. Furthermore, pineapple crown protein extract obtained by UAE showed high proteolytic activity (>80% relative). The present study indicated that bromelain and other bioactive peptides from pineapple byproducts have potential in food, feed, and pharmaceutical products development.

Practical Applications

The conventional extraction techniques for bioactive compounds are time‐consuming and less efficient. The use of advance extraction techniques like microwave‐ and ultrasonication‐assisted extraction techniques can increase the extraction yield with better recovery of bioactive compounds. Pineapple byproducts are rich source of bioactive compounds and bromelain. The effective utilization of pineapple byproducts for the extraction of bromelain and other bioactive peptides will offer an effective solution for minimizing the organic waste and provide an efficient source of bioactive peptides for application in various food products.
Effect of cold plasma treatment on sterilizing rate and quality of kiwi turbid juice
Authors: Liu Zhenrong , Zhao Wuqi , Zhang Qingan , Gao Guitian , Meng Yonghong
Published: April 2021

Previous studies have shown that cold plasma inactivated microorganisms located on a variety of food surfaces and food packaging materials under atmospheric pressure conditions; however, less attention has been paid to the impact of cold plasma on microorganisms in liquid food stuffs. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of cold plasma treatment on maintaining quality and the bactericidal effect of kiwi turbid juice, and obtain the optimal parameters. Kiwi turbid juice was treated with different treatment voltages, juice volumes, and discharge times. Tow principle components (chlorophyll and total phenols) were extracted by factor analysis and the cumulative contribution achieved was 87.017%. Three‐factor response surface methodology was used to analyze the interactions between the factors, and particle swarm optimization was used to search for the optimal parameters. The results showed that the established three‐index regression model was significant. At the optimal level of 12 kV treatment voltage, 18 ml juice volume, and 1 min discharge time, chlorophyll, total phenols, and bactericidal rate of the optimized test were 0.18 mg/g, 3.47 OD280/g, and 83.97%, respectively. This study provides key implications for applying cold plasma during kiwi turbid juice processing.

Practical applications

Kiwi turbid juice is rich in nutrition, has high quality and good taste, which can greatly retain the flavor of fresh juice, and has a broad market development prospect. Sterilization is a key process in the production of kiwi turbid juice, Cold plasma processing is a potential nonthermal method which can enable extension of shelf life of kiwi turbid juice, yet retaining its freshness and organoleptic properties.
Past is present: Pathways between childhood sexual abuse and relationship satisfaction
Authors: Barker Gina G. , Volk Fred , Hazel Janine S. , Reinhardt Rebecca A.
Published: April 2021

Research on childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has consistently demonstrated the damaging effects of these experiences, not only on survivors' development, but also on the nature and quality of their adult relationships, particularly romantic ones. Yet, research to date has not demonstrated a strong direct effect of CSA on relationship satisfaction. This study examined the pathways from CSA to relationship satisfaction via sexual shame and romantic partner attachment. Data collected through surveys from 732 adults were analyzed using a serial mediation model. As expected, the direct association between CSA and relationship satisfaction was statistically significant but rather weak. Results demonstrated that sexual shame, combined with either romantic partner attachment avoidance or romantic partner attachment anxiety, reduces relationship satisfaction. Specifically, three possible pathways mediated by sexual shame were identified. Implications of the findings are discussed and recommendations for clinical interventions with CSA survivors that address sexual shame and romantic partner attachment are provided.
Cannabis use, abuse, and withdrawal: Cannabinergic mechanisms, clinical, and preclinical findings
Authors: Kesner Andrew J. , Lovinger David M.
Published: April 2021

Cannabis sativa is the most widely used illicit drug in the world. Its main psychoactive component is delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), one of over 100 phytocannabinoid compounds produced by the cannabis plant. THC is the primary compound that drives cannabis abuse potential and is also used and prescribed medically for therapeutic qualities. Despite its therapeutic potential, a significant subpopulation of frequent cannabis or THC users will develop a drug use syndrome termed cannabis use disorder. Individuals suffering from cannabis use disorder exhibit many of the hallmarks of classical addictions including cravings, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Currently, there are no efficacious treatments for cannabis use disorder or withdrawal symptoms. This makes both clinical and preclinical research on the neurobiological mechanisms of these syndromes ever more pertinent. Indeed, basic research using animal models has provided valuable evidence of the neural molecular and cellular actions of cannabis that mediate its behavioral effects. One of the main components being central action on the cannabinoid type‐one receptor and downstream intracellular signaling related to the endogenous cannabinoid system. Back‐translational studies have provided insight linking preclinical basic and behavioral biology research to better understand symptoms observed at the clinical level. This narrative review aims to summarize major research elucidating the molecular, cellular, and behavioral manifestations of cannabis/THC use that play a role in cannabis use disorder and withdrawal.

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The Corporate Objective Revisited: The Shareholder Perspective
Authors: Goranova Maria , Ryan Lori Verstegen
Published: April 2021

Shareholder value maximization has spurred a long‐standing and heated debate between the proponents of a unified corporate objective function and the supporters of multi‐constituency goals of the corporation. We weigh in on the corporate purpose debate from a different point of view: that of the shareholders. Specifically, we seek to critically assess the assumptions about shareholders embedded in the shareholder value maximization doctrine and examine the implications of three contemporary shareholding practices: (a) shareholders investing concurrently in competing firms, (b) residual‐risk bearing decoupling, and (c) heterogeneous shareholder interests. Our critique draws out the challenges that contemporary shareholder practices pose for corporate governance and highlights the need for strategic corporate governance, or governance policies and practices that prioritize the sustainable competitive advantage of the firm.
Sleep macroarchitecture but not obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with cognitive function in only older men of a population‐based cohort
Authors: Parker Jesse L. , Appleton Sarah L. , Melaku Yohannes A. , Stevens David , Wittert Gary A. , Martin Sean , Adams Robert J. , Vakulin Andrew
Published: April 2021

Evidence linking obstructive sleep apnea with cognitive dysfunction predominantly comes from clinical or select community samples. We investigated the independent cross‐sectional association of obstructive sleep apnea and sleep macroarchitecture parameters with cognitive function in unselected community‐dwelling middle‐aged and older men. Four hundred and seventy‐seven Florey Adelaide Male Ageing Study participants underwent successful home‐based polysomnography. They also completed cognitive testing, including the inspection time task, Fuld object memory evaluation, trail‐making test A and B, and mini‐mental state examination. Multivariable regression models examined independent cross‐sectional associations of obstructive sleep apnea and sleep macroarchitecture parameters with cognitive function. In univariable analyses, a higher apnea–hypopnea index and percentage of total sleep time with oxygen saturation <90% were associated with worse trail‐making test A performance (both p < .05). A higher apnea–hypopnea index was also associated with worse trail‐making test B performance and slower inspection time (both p < .05). In adjusted analyses, obstructive sleep apnea and sleep macroarchitecture parameters were not associated with cognitive function (all p > .05). In age‐stratified analysis in men ≥65 years, greater stage 1 sleep was independently associated with worse trail‐making test A performance, whereas greater stage 3 sleep was independently associated with better trail‐making test A performance (both p < .05). Our findings suggest that obstructive sleep apnea is not independently associated with cognitive function. In older, but not younger, men, light sleep was associated with worse attention, whereas deep sleep was associated with better attention. Longitudinal population‐based cohort studies are needed to determine if obstructive sleep apnea and disrupted sleep macroarchitecture independently predict prospective cognitive dysfunction and decline.
Thickened liquids for dysphagia management: A call to action in the development of educational and instructional strategies
Authors: Garcia Jane Mertz , Chambers Edgar , Yarrow Katie
Published: April 2021

This article is a “call to action” in the service delivery of thickened liquids. We discuss the importance of staff education and further development of educational resources in dysphagia management involving the use of thickened liquids, particularly as related to inadequacies in staff education and training. We discuss the use of contemporary instructional strategies to promote accuracy in preparation and knowledge about the thickening process.
Two new species of Commicarpus (Nyctaginaceae) from the Horn of Africa
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: April 2021

The new species Commicarpus altus Thulin from central Somalia and C. ogadenensis Thulin from southeastern Ethiopia are described, illustrated and mapped. Both species are shrubs with succulent leaves and white flowers, and they have previously been treated as forms of the widespread and variable C. plumbagineus (Cav.) Standl. Commicarpus altus is found on gypseous or saline ground at elevations of 125–150 m a.s.l., whereas C. ogadenensis seems to be entirely confined to gypsum at 350–550 m a.s.l. Commicarpus altus differs from C. plumbagineus, apart from being a shrub with succulent leaves, by having a glabrous perianth and a joint on the pedicel well below the anthocarp. Commicarpus ogadenensis differs from both C. plumbagineus and C. altus by having five (versus three) stamens.
Warming intensifies soil pathogen negative feedback on a temperate tree
Authors: Liu Yu , He Fangliang
Published: April 2021

The soil pathogen‐induced Janzen–Connell (JC) effect is considered as a primary mechanism regulating plant biodiversity worldwide. As predicted by the framework of the classic plant disease triangle, severity of plant diseases is often influenced by temperature, yet insufficient understanding of how increasing temperatures affect the JC effect contributes uncertainty in predictions about how global warming affects biodiversity.

We conducted a 3‐yr field warming experiment, combining open‐top chambers with pesticide treatment, to test the effect of elevated temperatures on seedling mortality of a temperate tree species, Prunus padus, from a genus with known susceptibility to soil‐borne pathogens.

Elevated temperature significantly increased the mortality of P. padus seedlings in the immediate vicinity of parent trees, concurrent with increased relative abundance of pathogenic fungi identified to be virulent to Prunus species.

Our study offers experimental evidence suggesting that global warming significantly intensifies the JC effect on a temperate tree species due to increased relative abundance of pathogenic fungi. This work advances our understanding about changes in the JC effect linked to ongoing global warming, which has important implications for predicting tree diversity in a warmer future.
Effects of mentor–mentee discordance on Latinx undergraduates’ intent to pursue graduate school and research productivity
Authors: Morales Danielle X. , Grineski Sara E. , Collins Timothy W.
Published: April 2021

Owing to an undergraduate demographic transition in STEM, Latinx students are likely to work with faculty from different backgrounds when participating in undergraduate research experiences (UREs). However, the effects of mentor–mentee demographic discordance on student STEM development are unclear. This paper examines how mentoring discordance affects Latinx students’ intentions to pursue graduate school and research productivity. We collected data from participants in a multiyear, multi‐institutional URE program (n = 171 dyads), which we analyzed using multivariable generalized estimating equations. Results indicate that compared with gender concordance, gender discordance was associated with a 17% increase in intent to pursue graduate school for Latina students. Compared with racial/ethnic concordance, racial/ethnic discordance was associated with a 38% increase in intent to pursue graduate school for Latino students. When paired with gender discordant mentors, Latina students were 70% less likely to present their URE projects at a professional conference. When faculty mentors were culturally competent and interacted with mentees frequently, Latinx students became more interested in pursuing graduate school. Because mentors from different demographic backgrounds contribute to the development of Latinx STEM students in varied ways, URE program directors should integrate opportunities for multiple mentorships.
Efficacy and safety of lurasidone in acutely psychotic patients with schizophrenia: A 6‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Iyo Masaomi , Ishigooka Jun , Nakamura Masatoshi , Sakaguchi Reiko , Okamoto Keisuke , Mao Yongcai , Tsai Joyce , Fitzgerald Alison , Nosaka Tadashi , Higuchi Teruhiko
Published: April 2021

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of lurasidone in acute schizophrenia in Japan and other countries.

Methods

Subjects (aged 18–74 years) diagnosed with schizophrenia were randomized to lurasidone 40 mg/day or placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score at Week 6. Secondary efficacy assessments included the Clinical Global Impression‐Severity Scale (CGI‐S). Safety endpoints included adverse events, and laboratory and electrocardiogram parameters.

Results

A total of 483 subjects were randomized to lurasidone or placebo; 107 subjects were from Japan. Mean changes from baseline at Week 6 endpoint in PANSS total scores were −19.3 in the lurasidone group and −12.7 in the placebo group (treatment difference: P < 0.001, effect size = 0.41). Changes from baseline for Week 6 CGI‐S scores were −1.0 for lurasidone and −0.7 for placebo (treatment difference: P < 0.001, effect size = 0.41). All‐cause discontinuation during the 6‐week, double‐blind period was 19.4% for lurasidone and 25.4% for placebo, and discontinuation rates due to adverse event were 5.7% for lurasidone and 6.4% for placebo. The following common treatment‐emergent adverse events occurred in more than 2% on lurasidone and at a rate at least twice that of the placebo group: akathisia (4.0%), dizziness (2.8%), somnolence (2.8%), abdominal discomfort (2.0%) and asthenia (2.0%). No significant changes in bodyweight or metabolic parameters were observed.

Conclusion

Lurasidone 40 mg once daily dosing demonstrated efficacy in a patient population with acute schizophrenia, including subjects from Japan, and was generally safe and well‐tolerated.
Religion and Democratic Commitment: A Unifying Motivational Framework
Authors: Ben‐Nun Bloom Pazit , Arikan Gizem , Vishkin Allon
Published: April 2021

There is no easy answer to the question of whether religiosity promotes or hinders commitment to democracy. Earlier research largely pointed to religiosity as a source of antidemocratic orientations. More recent empirical evidence is less conclusive, however, suggesting that the effect of religiosity on democratic commitment could be positive, negative, or null. We review the existing approaches to the study of religiosity and democratic commitment, focusing on support for the democratic system, political engagement, and political tolerance, by distinguishing accounts that examine a single dimension of religiosity from accounts that adopt a multidimensional approach. We show that multidimensional approaches, while effective in accounting for the effect of religiosity on discrete democratic norms, fall short of accounting for some of the inconsistencies in the literature and in identifying the mechanisms that may be responsible for shaping how religiosity affects endorsement of democratic norms as a whole. To fill this gap, we propose the Religious Motivations and Expressions (REME) model. Applying theories of goal constructs to religion, this model maps associations between three religious expressions (belief, social behavior, and private behavior) and the religious motivations that underly these expressions. We discuss how inconsistent associations between religiosity and elements of democratic commitment can be rendered interpretable once the motivations underlying religious expressions, as well as contextual information, are accounted for. We contend that applying goal constructs to religion is critical for understanding the nature of the religion‐democracy nexus.
Assessing the benefits of integrated introduced predator management for recovery of native predators
Authors: Jessop Tim S. , Holmes Ben , Sendjojo Arvel , Thorpe Mary O. , Ritchie Euan G.
Published: April 2021

Increasingly threatened species and their habitats require multiple successful management actions to ensure persistence. Introduced predator exclusion and suppression programs are key conservation actions used to retain or restore Australian ecosystems. Nevertheless, few direct comparisons are made to ascertain the individual and combined efficacy of multiple introduced predator conservation actions to benefit biodiversity. When colocated, both management actions could generate additive conservation benefits that greatly assist the recovery or persistence of threatened native species. Varanid lizards are key functional components in Australian predator guilds and could benefit, via ecological release, when introduced predator management actions are successful. Here we tested the effects of a colocated predator‐exclusion fence and lethal fox baiting on varanid site occupancy in a semiarid protected area. Varanid site occupancy was higher at sites inside (Ψ = 0.90 ± 0.26) compared to sites outside (Ψ = 0.61 ± 0.28) the introduced predator‐proof fenced enclosure. There was only weak evidence of increased varanid site occupancy at fox baited sites (Ψ = 0.037 ± 0.024) compared to nonfox baited (Ψ = 0.00) sites. Overall, colocated introduced predator management actions achieved some additive benefits via possible spillover fencing effects for native mesopredator populations. However, most potential benefits to varanid populations outside of the predator‐proof fenced enclosure were absent due to unsuccessful lethal‐baiting effects on fox populations. The predator‐proof fenced enclosure nevertheless provides important habitat refugia for future source populations for reintroduction once adjacent protected areas become suitable.
Humoral and cellular immune responses in critically ill influenza A/H1N1‐infected patients
Authors: Paramsothy Abira , Lartey Jalloh Sarah , Davies Richard A. , Guttormsen Anne‐Berit , Cox Rebecca J. , Mohn Kristin G.‐I.
Published: April 2021

There is limited knowledge of influenza‐specific immune responses and their kinetics in critically ill patients. We investigated humoral and cellular immune responses after critical influenza A/H1N1 infection and hypothesized that dysfunctionality or absence of immune responses could contribute to more severe illness. We followed 12 patients hospitalized with severe influenza infection; the majority admitted to intensive care unit (ICU). Blood samples were collected at days 10 and 19 and at 5 months. Antibody responses to surface glycoproteins haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of A/H1N1pdm09 were quantified by haemagglutination inhibition (HAI), microneutralization (MN), Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Enzyme‐linked lectin assay (ELLA). Influenza‐specific antibody levels and avidity were measured separately for head and stalk domains of H1. Cytokine secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to conserved influenza epitopes (M1, NP and PB1) were analysed by FluoroSpot. Overall, the patients retained a high level of functional HA‐ and NA‐specific antibodies over the study period. During the acute phase (up to 3 weeks from symptom onset), antibodies specific to H1 stalk increased earlier and were present in higher amount compared with H1 head‐specific antibodies. The NA‐specific antibodies and the non‐neutralizing HA‐specific antibody response for H1 head and H1 full‐length showed a significant decline from acute to convalescent phase. Despite high total IgG concentrations, avidity to H1 head and H1 full‐length protein remained low at all time points. Similarly, CD8+ T cell responses were continuously measured at low levels. In conclusion, our study found that critically ill patients were characterized by low HA‐specific antibody avidity and CD8+ T cell response.
Creating Secular Spaces: Religious Threat and the Presence of Secular Student Alliances at US Colleges and Universities1
Authors: Coley Jonathan S.
Published: April 2021

Why are some US colleges and universities home to secular student organizations whereas others are not? Recent literature suggests that threat can inspire mobilization when groups perceive challenges to their rights or their social standing. Developing the concept of religious threat, I consider whether Secular Student Alliances (the country's largest association of student groups comprised of atheists, agnostics, and other religious skeptics) tend to be located at schools where secular students feel threatened by evangelical Christians. Through a logistic regression analysis of Secular Student Alliance presence across the 1953 4‐year, not‐for‐profit US colleges and universities, I first show that colleges and universities located in states and counties with a high percentage of evangelical Christians, and colleges and universities where activist‐oriented evangelical Christian organizations are located, are more likely to be home to Secular Student Alliances. Through qualitative content analyses of 47 Secular Student Alliance newsletters from 2014‐2017, I then show that student leaders indeed frame their groups as a way to counter threats posed by evangelical Christians. The article contributes to social movement theory on the mobilizing effects of threat and represents the most comprehensive study to date of secular student mobilization.
Noninvasive and real‐time in vivo characterization of Inflammation skin. A feasibility of animal study
Authors: Phan Thien Luan , Hieu Nguyen Van , Li Tzong Shiun , Tsao Ko‐Chang , Ching Congo Tak Shing
Published: April 2021

Background

Inflammatory skin diseases were the most common problem in dermatology. This study aimed to develop a circuit by using a simple method for noninvasive, objective, and real‐time skin inflammation screening.

Materials and methods

Sprague‐Dawley rats were used in this study. The rats were chemically induced to suffer from skin inflammation at the back of their left‐hand side while the right‐hand side of their back remained untreated serving as a control. Impedance (Z) spectrum of the rat's skin was recorded.

Results

Two characteristic frequencies (4.5 and 48.3 kHz) were found. At the two frequencies, the impedance of inflammatory skin tissue (ZIST) was found to be significantly (P < .05) smaller than that of normal healthy skin tissue (ZNHST). Moreover, the ratio of the impedance measured at 4.5 kHz (Zf = 4.5 kHz) to the impedance measured at 48.3 kHz (Zf = 48.3 kHz), that is, Zf = 4.5 kHz/Zf = 48.3 kHz, was capable of skin inflammation screening. It was observed that the inflammatory skin tissue (IST) had the smaller value of Zf = 4.5 kHz/Zf = 48.3 kHz (value < 8.5) and normal healthy skin tissue (NHST) had the higher value of Zf = 4.5 kHz/Zf = 48.3 kHz (value ≈ 10) which almost remained constant.

Conclusion

A circuit was developed which was used for measuring the skin impedance accurately at the two characteristic frequencies for skin inflammation screening.
Understanding Home in the Chinese Cultural Context: Insights From Postnatal Women's ‘Doing the Month’
Authors: Lin Yuancheng , Wang Min , Chen Xiaoxin , Chen Canwen
Published: April 2021

We use several research tools, such as observations, interviews and textual analysis, to assess the experience of ‘doing the month’ in Yuezi Clubs with the aim of deepening understanding of the Chinese ‘home’. Analysis of data from three Yuezi Clubs in Guangzhou reveals that the traditional ‘doing the month’ exacerbates intergenerational and regional customary conflicts in modern Chinese families. However, the emergence of the Yuezi Club was a timely invention that has averted such conflicts. We find that Yuezi Clubs strengthen nuclear family bonds. This paper extends the role of capital in shaping the Chinese home, including the social construction. Our findings uncover specific cultural practices in Chinese homes and expand Marxist theory in furthering understanding of Chinese homes.
CaVβ controls the endocytic turnover of CaV1.2 L‐type calcium channel
Authors: Conrad Rachel , Kortzak Daniel , Guzman Gustavo A. , Miranda‐Laferte Erick , Hidalgo Patricia
Published: April 2021

Membrane depolarization activates the multisubunit CaV1.2 L‐type calcium channel initiating various excitation coupling responses. Intracellular trafficking into and out of the plasma membrane regulates the channel's surface expression and stability, and thus, the strength of CaV1.2‐mediated Ca2+ signals. The mechanisms regulating the residency time of the channel at the cell membrane are unclear. Here, we coexpressed the channel core complex CaV1.2α1 pore‐forming and auxiliary CaVβ subunits and analyzed their trafficking dynamics from single‐particle‐tracking trajectories. Speed histograms obtained for each subunit were best fitted to a sum of diffusive and directed motion terms. The same mean speed for the highest‐mobility state underlying directed motion was found for all subunits. The frequency of this component increased by covalent linkage of CaVβ to CaV1.2α1 suggesting that high‐speed transport occurs in association with CaVβ. Selective tracking of CaV1.2α1 along the postendocytic pathway failed to show the highly mobile state, implying CaVβ‐independent retrograde transport. Retrograde speeds of CaV1.2α1 are compatible with myosin VI‐mediated backward transport. Moreover, residency time at the cell surface was significantly prolonged when CaV1.2α1 was covalently linked to CaVβ. Thus, CaVβ promotes fast transport speed along anterograde trafficking and acts as a molecular switch controlling the endocytic turnover of L‐type calcium channels.
Advances in our understanding of canine atopic dermatitis
Authors: Marsella Rosanna
Published: April 2021

Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a genetically inherited clinical syndrome that encompasses a diversity of mechanisms and can have a variety of triggers. Development of clinical disease is the result of genetic factors and environmental conditions, which shape the resulting immunological response.

Clinical disease becomes evident once a threshold of inflammatory response is achieved. Skin barrier impairment plays a role in promoting cutaneous dysbiosis and increased allergen penetration. Keratinocytes shape the response of dendritic cells and subsequent lymphocytic response. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is one of the links between the damaged skin barrier and the modulation of a T‐helper (Th)2 response. It is still unclear whether mutations in skin barrier genes exist in atopic dogs, as they do in humans, or whether the observed alterations are purely secondary to inflammation.

A dysregulated immune response with increased Th2, Th17 and CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells has been reported. A variety of cytokines [interleukin(IL)‐31, IL‐34, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor] are proposed as potential biomarkers and treatment targets because they are increased in the serum of atopic dogs when compared to controls, although a correlation between serum levels of these factors and severity of disease is not always present.

The main issue with many published studies is that atopic dogs are always only compared to normal controls. Thus, it is unclear whether the changes that we find are truly a signature of cAD or merely a manifestation of nonspecific broad inflammatory responses. Studies considering comparison with other inflammatory diseases different from cAD are urgently needed to correctly identify what is specific to this complicated syndrome.
Vimentin regulates the assembly and function of matrix adhesions
Authors: Ostrowska‐Podhorodecka Zofia , McCulloch Christopher A.
Published: April 2021

The intermediate filament protein vimentin is a widely used phenotypic marker for identifying cells of the mesenchymal linkage such as fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, but the full repertoire of vimentin's functional attributes has not been fully explored. Here we consider how vimentin, in addition to its contributions to mechanical stabilization of cell structure, also helps to control the assembly of cell adhesions and migration through collagen matrices. While the assembly and function of matrix adhesions are critical for the differentiation of myofibroblasts and many other types of adherent cells, a potential mechanism that explains how vimentin affects the recruitment and abundance of centrally important proteins in cell adhesions has been elusive. Here we review recent data indicating that vimentin plays a central regulatory role in the assembly of focal adhesions which form in response to the attachment to collagen. We show that in particular, vimentin is a key organizer of the β1 integrin adhesive machinery, which affects cell migration through collagen. This review provides a comprehensive picture of the surprisingly broad array of processes and molecules with which vimentin interacts to affect cell function in the context of fibroblast and myofibroblast adhesion and migration on collagen.
Educación médica basada en competencias: Revisión de enfoque
Authors: Mantilla Gilma , Ariza Katerine , Santamaria Andrea , Moreno Socorro
Published: April 2021

Resumen

Introducción: El modelo de educación basada en competencias es cada vez más frecuente para la formación de pregrado de medicina. Sin embargo, existe una ausencia de consenso sobre el concepto de competencia que pueden limitar la comprensión y el análisis de los programas curriculares que lo emplean.

Objetivo: Analizar las definiciones y aplicaciones de los términos "currículo basado en competencias" (CBC) y “evaluación basada en competencias” (EBC) en la literatura de educación médica para proponer un marco conceptual en los programas de pregrado de medicina.

Método: Revisión de enfoque con búsquedas en seis bases de datos. Publicaciones en el tema de la evaluación por competencias o currículos basados en competencias en el área médica, específicamente en los programas de pregrado, durante las últimas tres décadas.

Resultados: De 3618 artículos, se preseleccionaron 89 para revisión completa. Se incluyeron 34 artículos. El análisis cualitativo generó cuatro categorías principales y 14 categorías subordinadas.

Conclusiones: Aunque no existe un consenso que defina la competencia, CBC y EBC, la decisión de implementar un CBC en un programa médico de pregrado implica el reconocimiento del contexto social y regulatorio y, un desarrollo progresivo que responda a las necesidades particulares, que pueden estar relacionadas con todos los niveles del aprendizaje.
Enteric Viruses and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus Show Significant Correlation in Select Mid-Atlantic Agricultural Waters
Authors: Anderson-Coughlin Brienna L. , Craighead Shani , Kelly Alyssa , Gartley Samantha , Vanore Adam , Johnson Gordon , Jiang Chengsheng , Haymaker Joseph , White Chanelle , Foust Derek , Duncan Rico , East Cheryl , Handy Eric T. , Bradshaw Rhodel , Murray Rianna , Kulkarni Prachi , Callahan Mary Theresa , Solaiman Sultana , Betancourt Walter , Gerba Charles , Allard Sarah , Parveen Salina , Hashem Fawzy , Micallef Shirley A. , Sapkota Amir , Sapkota Amy R. , Sharma Manan , Kniel Kalmia E.
Published: April 2021

Microbiological analysis of agricultural waters is fundamental to ensure microbial food safety. The highly variable nature of nontraditional sources of irrigation water makes them particularly difficult to test for the presence of viruses.
Case of paediatric catatonia precipitated by antipsychotic withdrawal in a child with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Faisal Mohd , Pradeep Vishnu , O'Hanrahan Susan
Published: April 2021

A 13-year-old girl with moderate intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was admitted to the paediatric high-dependency unit following an 8-week history of altered mental status and motor behaviour. Her symptoms emerged followed shortly after discontinuation of risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic previously commenced to manage disruptive behaviour associated with ASD. On physical examination, the patient presented with negativism, grimacing, automatic obedience, waxy flexibility and ambitendency. Blood tests, neuroimaging and lumbar puncture failed to reveal an acute infectious or neurological precipitant. She responded immediately to a trial of intramuscular lorazepam titrated to a total daily dose of 12 mg. This case presents challenges of accurately diagnosing and managing catatonic symptoms in adolescent patients with ASD. We also discuss the potential risk of precipitating catatonia following the discontinuation of antipsychotic treatment that has been prescribed for a prolonged duration.
Frontal sinus pneumocele caused by a maxillary sinus mucocele
Authors: Potamianos Spyridon , Kanioura Eftychia , Chrysovitsiotis Georgios , Giotakis Evangelos
Published: April 2021

A sinus pneumocele is a rare entity caused by obstruction of a paranasal sinus ostium. It is characterised by dilation and expansion of the sinus, with subsequent bony erosion. The most probable mechanism is air trapping in the paranasal sinus, via a one-way valve mechanism. The case presented concerns a 68-year-old Caucasian man, with recurrent episodes of acute rhinosinusitis. Clinical examination and subsequent imaging of the face, revealed a large pneumocele of the right frontal sinus that significantly eroded the posterior sinus wall. A large mucocele of the right maxillary sinus was also noted, extending to the middle meatus, causing full obstruction of the ostiomeatal complex. Endoscopic sinus surgery was performed, the mucocele was removed and the pneumatisation pathway of the frontal sinus was restored. The patient reports full resolution of symptoms and shows no evidence of recurrence, 6 months postoperatively.
Febrile neutropenia due to COVID-19 in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Devi Yumkham Monica , Sehrawat Amit , Panda Prasan Kumar , Nath Uttam Kumar
Published: April 2021

While lymphopenia has been a common finding in COVID-19 infection, particularly in severe cases, febrile neutropenia has been very rarely reported in immunocompetent patients with COVID-19. Herein, we report the case of a 76-year-old hypertensive and diabetic man who was hospitalised with severe COVID-19 infection and developed delayed-onset severe neutropenia with neutropenic fever, which responded to treatment with antibiotics and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. This case highlights the importance of identifying a rare complication (febrile neutropenia on the fifth week) of COVID-19 infection in hospitalised patients by intensive monitoring and aggressive management for favourable outcomes.