bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study Of Attitude And Perceptions Of Pharmaceutical Value Chain Members Towards Consumer Promotions
Authors: Srivastava Shweta , Sharma Anand
Published: November 2015

This study is an attempt to analyze the attitude of pharmaceutical value chain members towards sales promotion schemes. The researchers have studied the factors that managers/sales staff believe are important for the company to offer trade/consumer promotions. It has been observed that consumer promotions are focused on long term as well as short term goals. The study also revealed that there is a close relationship between sales promotion and the structural variables of the company. So it is recommended that companies should critically analyze its structural variables before formulating and implementing its sales promotion strategies. Collected data have been analyzed to extract as much as the underlying factors.
Drivers Of Securitisation In Indian Banking Industry - An Empirical Study
Authors: Roy Ms. Nibedita , Chakraborty Dr. Tanupa
Published: November 2015

Conventionally, a business seeking funds either issues securities or borrows from the market. These avenues, however, must always be supported with sufficient collateral of the business. This limits the scope of getting sufficient finance through the conventional sources, and eventually creates a vacuum between the demand for and availability of funds. In consequence, the financial experts have devised a solution in the option of structured finance to fill up this demand-supply gap. Structured finance is a complex financing technique, tailored as per the risk-return and maturity needs of the investors. It is employed by banks, other financial institutions and corporations as an innovative source of funding and is the foundation of 'securitisation' creation of security in any financial transaction. Such securitized instruments are tailored according to the requirements of the prospective investors. This mechanism of securitization helps the institutions to raise finance by re-utilizing its idle assets and, enhancement of its liquidity position, asset quality and financial performance. Accordingly, this paper uses regression analysis in an attempt to find out the factors that influence the securitisation mechanism amongst a sample of banks and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) from the Indian Banking Industry.
Analysing The Impact Of Mentoring On Job Burnout- Job Satisfaction Relationship: An Empirical Study On Indian Managers
Authors: Srivastava Dr. Shalini
Published: November 2015

The purpose of the study is to explore the relationship between job Burnout and job Satisfaction as moderated by Mentoring. The present study was done on a sample of 300 Managers belonging to Private Sector Organizations of Delhi and MP States. Variables in the study were assessed using three validated Instruments. Descriptive statistics, Factor Analysis, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Hierarchical regression analysis was used to analyze the data. It was found that job Burnout was negatively related to job Satisfaction and Mentoring moderated the job Burnout and job Satisfaction relationship. Talent management is critical for India to maintain its economic growth and competitive advantage and in order to address the talent gap, it is essential for the Organisations to strengthen their Mentoring policy. This is expected to lead to low Job Burnout and more job satisfaction. Understanding of the relationship between these variables helps the organisations to conduct appropriate training programmes to actively manage their Human Capital.
Exploring The Moderating Effects Of Relationship Inertia And Switching Cost On Automated Service Quality-Customer Satisfaction-Retention Link In A Crm Ecosystem: Empirical Evidence From Indian Banking Industry
Authors: Baksi Dr. Arup Kumar , Parida Prof. (Dr.) Bivraj Bhusan
Published: November 2015

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) has emerged as an offshoot to automation breakthrough as it ensured service-encapsulation by integrating people, process and technology and completely transformed the transaction-based marketing into a relationship-based format. Technology-driven service delivery mechanism has made a world of change in the service quality perception whereby new dimensions of perceived service quality were explored by the researchers. The purpose of this paper is to empirically explore the link between automated service quality-customer satisfaction-customer retention in a CRM ecosystem with an insight into the probable moderating impact of relationship inertia and switching cost on the said link. The study was carried out on the State Bank of India involving certain specific branches in southern part of West Bengal, India. Multivariate statistical procedures were applied which included regression analysis and exploratory & confirmatory factor analysis followed by structural equation modeling to justify the factor constructs of the proposed model. The study revealed a positive link between automated service quality, customer satisfaction and retention with relationship intertia and perceived switching costs significantly influencing the link between the three major variables. Further-to-this the CRM performance level of SBI also seemed to make a positive impact on perceived automated service quality.
Vat And Gst In India - A Note
Authors: Roychowdhury Punarjit
Published: November 2015

One of the most widely debated issues in indian public finances in current times is undoubtedly the proposed Goods and Services Tax (GST). Perceived as the ‘biggest tax overhaul since independence’ GST promises to fuel overall economic growth and increase tax revenue of the government to a great extent by removing all the impediments that the financial system had been hitherto subject to. This short note starts off by providing a somewhat candid analysis of the present system of VAT which has been in effect since 2005 and then goes to explore certain critical issues related to GST, its prospects and problems and how it can usher in a new era of government finances of the country.

I am indebted to Shyama Nair for many for many helpful discussions. I also thank Sugata Marjit for comments and suggestions.
Brand Extensions for India Post into Banking: An Empirical Study
Authors: Bapat Dr. Dhananjay
Published: November 2015

Brand Extensions have attracted lot of attention from academicians and managers as well. Few researches, based on empirical investigations, are available in Indian market. The author assesses the brand extensions for India Post into banking on the basis of responses from its senior employees. The study is relevant as India Post is contemplating to enter into banking business. Based on responses from senior employees, the author suggests that speed and trust are success factors that will determine the success of India Post into banking using regression analysis. While trust is strong parent brand association for India Post, the findings indicate that India Post will have to borrow the brand association of speed for its success. All strong parent brand association may not necessarily contribute to the success of India Post into banking.
Dimensions of Corporate Brand Personality: An Empirical Study on the Leading Bank Brands Operating in Gujarat State of India
Authors: K. Patel Dr. Ritesh
Published: November 2015

Brand personality has been defined as the human characteristics or traits that can be attributed to a brand. Corporate brand personality is a form of brand personality specific to a corporate brand. Unlike a product brand personality that typically relates to consumers and user imagery for a specific product brand, a corporate brand personality can be definedin terms of the human characteristics or traits of the employees of the corporation as a whole. A corporate brand personality will reflect the values, words, and actions of all the employees of the corporation. In today's competitive markets a corporate must carefully manage its corporate brand personality. The current study aims to find the application of brand personality in retail banking environment. The findings about corporate brand personality of banks will help bank marketers to improve the projection of their brand personality among customers.
Impact of Supply Chain Management Practices on Competitive Edge and Organisational Performance: Study of Cement Industry
Authors: Dikshit Prof. Shashi Kant , Trivedi Dr. Shekha
Published: November 2015

In cement industry, mature companies focusing on economies of scale, operating in an oligopolistic market, selling a product with high density and low value-to-weight ratio, has neglected supply chain management to realise cost reductions. Because the cement industry relies on asset utilization , supply chain management provides opportunity for market differentiation, cost reduction and value generation. This is the reason effective Supply Chain Management (SCM) has become a potentially valuable way of securing Competitive Edge and improving organisational performance since competition is no longer between organisations, but among supply chains. This paper attempts to critically analyse the factors that are responsible for meaningful relationship between organisational performance, Competitive Edge and supply chain management practices.
Corporate Governance Disclosure Practices and Firm Performance: Evidence from Indian Banks
Authors: Panchasara Dr. Bhavik M. , Bharadia Ms. Heena S.
Published: November 2015

Corporate financial reporting provides the fundamental information to a wide range of policy makers in entire sector of the economy. That may be very useful to the shareholders, management, government, creditors and society at large. It also has a vital input for effective and efficient management and requires attention in practices. More specifically, transparent disclosures of operations lead to a dynamic and competing financial institutional environment. This study examines the corporate governance (CG) disclosure practices of selected Indian Banks by using the financial and non-financial parameters explained in the ‘Guidance on Good Practices in Corporate Governance Disclosure’ issue by the ISAR (International Standards of Accounting and Reporting). Based on the parameters explained in the document, this research analysed the corporate governance disclosure practices followed by Indian Banks in their annual reports for the period of 2007-08 to 2011-12. Based on the parameters, Corporate Governance Disclosure Index (CGDI) is formatted in such a way that it helps in evaluating the corporate governance disclosure practices of each bank. Regression analysis indicates that the CG disclosures are positively associated with financial performance indicators of the banks.
The Information Technology Act, 2000-Demystified with Reference to Cybercrimes
Authors: Kaur Dr. Rajinder , Aggarwal Dr. Rashmi Aggarwal
Published: November 2015

Corporate financial reporting provides the fundamental information to a wide range of policy makers in entire sector of the economy. That may be very useful to the shareholders, management, government, creditors and society at large. It also has a vital input for effective and efficient management and requires attention in practices. More specifically, transparent disclosures of operations lead to a dynamic and competing financial institutional environment. This study examines the corporate governance (CG) disclosure practices of selected Indian Banks by using the financial and non-financial parameters explained in the ‘Guidance on Good Practices in Corporate Governance Disclosure’ issue by the ISAR (International Standards of Accounting and Reporting). Based on the parameters explained in the document, this research analysed the corporate governance disclosure practices followed by Indian Banks in their annual reports for the period of 2007-08 to 2011-12. Based on the parameters, Corporate Governance Disclosure Index (CGDI) is formatted in such a way that it helps in evaluating the corporate governance disclosure practices of each bank. Regression analysis indicates that the CG disclosures are positively associated with financial performance indicators of the banks.
Workers’ Perception and Reaction to Modern Technology: A Nigerian Study
Authors: Johnnie Palmer B.
Published: November 2015

The focus of this study is on the behaviour of the Nigerian worker in relation to modern technology at the workplace. Specifically, it examines the behaviour variables of the perception and reaction of the Nigerian worker to modern technology using various statistical tools. Our findings are consistent with the dominant view in the literature that the industrial worker has a great displeasure and an apparent tendency towards a dislike for modern technology. This view was the basis of our research hypothesis which the study has confirmed. More than half of the workers reacted, to a greater extent, negatively towards the introduction of modern technology at work. The predominant negative reaction is due to an equally predominant negative perception; though not in a perfect linear relationship.
Teaching Effectiveness in Fluid Discipline: The Case of Cost Management Education in India
Authors: Sridharan V.G.
Published: November 2015

The paper has been organised initially to briefly examine the fluid characteristic of cost management discipline through its historical developments. It then proceeds to trace the existing status of cost management education, encompassing substantive issues on text contents, sequencing and teaching methods in Indian business schools. The Paper finally seeks to achieve its objective by recognising and integrating purpose-based application, manufacturing orientation and descriptive theory development.
Book Review: Strategic Alliances—Building Network Relationships for Mutual Gain
Authors: Baxi Chetan
Published: November 2015

Strategic Alliances—Building Network Relationships for Mutual Gain, S. Shiva Ramu, Response Books, a Division of Sage Publications (1997), pp. 204, Price Rs. 325
Five Mantras to Lead: Some Pertinent Reflections
Authors: Singh Pritam , Bhandarker Asha
Published: November 2015

Leadership has been a perennial concern of people since the dawn of civilization. It has acquired greater salience today in the Indian context. This paper discusses five core characteristics of effective leadership-creating vision and purpose, managing self, evolving self, making contribution and striving for immorality. The article also highlights the methods to develop leadership at individual and organization level.
Dividend Policy and Practices in Select Corporate Firms of India and South-East Asia: A Comparative Study
Authors: Jain P.K. , Kumar Manoj
Published: November 2015

This paper examines and compares dividend policies and practices of select corporate firms in India and South-East Asia. The study confirms, as suggested by Lintner, that the firms prefer a stable dividend policy. Inter-industry variations, notwithstanding, retained earnings constitute an important source of funds for Indian firms; and the ratio shows a statistically significant increase in the post-liberalisation period.
Securitization of Assets: Developments Abroad and Prospects in India
Authors: Sohoni U.S.
Published: November 2015

Securitization of Assets is a tool in the asset-liability management of banks and financial institutions to tide over the liquidity and other risks and also to supplement income by way of profit on sale of loans. Housing finance sector is one area where securitization is in practice and government has identified National Housing Bank as a facilitator for providing guarantee.

This paper focuses on development of securitization in the US and Europe where it has diversified from a mortgage loan phenomenon in the 70’s into non-mortgage based loans giving rise to Asset Based Securities (ABS). It also brings out the impediments and constraints in the way of realising the potential of ABS in India. The growth of securitization in India has been affected mainly due to the non-development of the debt-market. The onus of developing and popularising the asset based securities in India lies on the merchant banker.
Issue of Culture Fit in Human Resource Management Practices
Authors: Kanungo Rabindra N. , Aycan Zeynep
Published: November 2015

The paper presents a model of culture-fit to understand human resource management (HRM) practices in both the developed and the developing countries. The model postulates that (a) socio-cultural values and enterprise environment affect the internal work culture of organizations which in turn influence managerial practices, and (b) organizations in the developed and developing countries differ in their internal work culture and HRM practices because of the differences in socio-cultural values of these countries. Empirical evidence is presented to support the model. Several practical implications for managerial practice are suggested.
Building Corporate Image Using Constructs of Optimum Personality
Authors: Gupta Mukul
Published: November 2015

This paper begins with the concept of corporate personality. The concept is that of a distinguishable corporation, one that can be defined on the basis of a qualitative and observable differentiation from other such corporations. The external manifestation of these personality attributes is what is termed as the corporate-image. A corporation may tend to project multiple personalities that may, in quite a few situations, lead to the feeling of ‘what’personality or ‘no’personality, at all.

To facilitate the designing of a communication strategy a concept like optimum corporate personality is attempted. Some of the dimensions of an optimum corporate personality are identified. There is no general dimension of ideal versus non-ideal personality characteristics. There are a few contrasting themes that offer creative alternatives for portrayal of an Optimum Corporate Image. A framework is then developed which offers a large band-width for communication designed for projecting an optimum corporate image.

Restraint in the use of creative strategy is necessary in the sense that attempts to project an ideal kind of corporate trait be thwarted. Such attempts may only create distortions in the message and a fuzzy image.
Book Review: Managing More Effectively
Authors: Chauhan Daisy
Published: November 2015

Managing More Effectively, Madhurendra K. Verma, Response Books, a Division of Sage Publications, New Delhi, (1997), Price Rs. 295, pp 287
Corporate Governance: Principles and Objectives
Authors: Vittal N.
Published: November 2015

Corporate Governance provides the fundamental value framework for the culture of an organisation which ensures efficient functioning of enterprises on sound ethical values and principles. Corporate governance has become a necessity, especially since 1991, when India made a U-turn in its economic policy and the revised policy of the government was aimed at attracting funds from foreign financial institutions.

The primary resonsibiity of good corporate governance is that of the Board of Directors. For better corporate governance the boards should perform the role of monitoring the functioning of an organisation, without at the same time reducing the effectiveness of the management by interfering with their day-to-day matters. One of the impediments in the way of good corporate governance is corruption. The three factors within any system which generate corruption are: scarcity, lack of transparency and delay. If these three problems are tackled effectively, corruption can be checked to a great extent.

As far as public sector undertakings are concerned, the “Code of Conduct and Ethics” should facilitate the redesigning of the PSEs.
Improving Indo-British Relations: Opportunities and Obstacles
Authors: Chopra H.S.
Published: November 2015

Owing to known historical reasons Britain's relations with India have been and continue to be multi-dimensional in that there is hardly a sphere of activity in this country, even domestic, which does not bear even now directly or indirectly the British impact. This, however, does not suggest that India has not adequately diversified its linkages (in the security and/or economic/industrial fields) with other major world powers. Rather it is despite the evolution of its significant linkages elsewhere that any social or economic occurrence in Britain gives rise to some commotion in India particularly at the elitist level. In any case, the two-way relationship is no more than a mix of a little cheer with a heavy dose of despair. That seems to have been the pattern ever since India's independence, often described in common parlance as one of a “love hate” variety.
Caesaropopulism in Action: U.S. Military Intervention in Panama and the Persian Gulf
Authors: Sil N.P.
Published: November 2015

This article argues that American involvement, that is, intervention, in the Third World is predicated upon a distinctly discernible pattern and policy. The two recent cases of U.S. intervention — in Panama in December 1989 and in the Persian-Gulf in January 1991 — illustrate my point. In each instance, the U.S. invasion was Justified as a moral and patriotic mission in defense of freedom, justice, and national interests against villainous enemies, whereas actually, on both occasions, the superior American firepower helped the U.S. military-industrial interests take firmer hold on the targeted territories. These episodes repeat the earlier ones since World War II in confirming the fact that American political messianism supported by the American military harked back to the Western imperialism of the nineteenth century.
The Debt Trap and the Current Crisis in Nigeria: An Historical Analysis
Authors: Orugbani Adaye
Published: November 2015

One of the most pressing problems of third world countries today is that of foreign debt. Third world debt is now a matter of serious concern to the leading industrialised countires whose banks and governments have advanced or guaranteed the credit. For instance, both the City Corporation of New York and the Midland Bank of the United Kingdom had to sell their assets to make provision for bad debts arising out of the inability of third world countries to repay their debts. The debt problem is the result of the international devision of labour and the location of the third world countries within the existing international division of labour. As primary producers they have atched helplessly as the prices of their products plunged in the international market while the prices of manufactured goods keep rising. Superficially, it is this imbalance between their export earnings and their import bills that has created the debt problem.
Studying temporal co-ordination in jazz duets
Authors: Schögler Benjaman
Published: November 2015

My research is aimed to explore how two players improvising jazz can co-ordinate the spectrum of their mental time patterns in such a way as to communicate their performances, and their self-expression, in a single musical narrative. It takes inspiration from studies of the natural history of human action and communication, and assumes that the ability to enter a shared frame of time is at the heart of our communicative nature. It also assumes that, that while time-sharing skills are certainly refined throughout our lives, they are with us from birth. Acoustic analysis of adult-infant interactions confirms that the social world of the infant is fabricated out of the rhythms of a sensitive innate “communicative musicality” (Malloch et al., 1997), as has been claimed by psychologists who have made micro-analytic studies in recent decades of film and video data of mother-infant play. As we develop in skill and knowledge, the intrinsic vital sense of time remains the basis for elaborate multi-layered systems of communication and interaction. The mature and practised musician is the subject of this investigation of temporal coordination, which employs analysis of “blind” improvisations — improvisations mediated by instrumental sound alone.
Functions of Music in Everyday Life: An Exploratory Study Using the Experience Sampling Method
Authors: Sloboda John A. , O'Neill Susan A. , Ivaldi Antonia
Published: November 2015

The aim of this exploratory study was to (a) test the viability of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) as a means of identifying unfolding episodes of everyday musical experience, (b) examine the consistency of situations where music listening occurs by comparing the findings of previous studies involving retrospective data, and (c) investigate the extent to which degree of personal choice over the music and psychological outcomes such as mood change, are associated with participants' descriptions of the functions of music in particular contexts. Eight non-musicians between the ages of 18 and 40 were asked to carry an electronic pager with them for a one-week period. A remote computer activated the pagers once at random in every two-hour period between 0800 and 2200. On each paging, participants were asked to stop what they were doing as soon as practicable and complete a diary of self-report forms with open-ended and scaled items, allowing “on the spot” thoughts and feelings in real life everyday situations to be recorded as sequential episodes. At the end of the week, each respondent was individually interviewed. Results indicated that the ESM is a robust method for exploring daily musical experiences. Although music was heard during 44% of all episodes, few episodes involved listening to music as the primary focus. Rather, music tended to be used as an accompaniment to other activities. Findings also indicated that the experience of music resulted in participants becoming more positive, more alert, and more focussed in the present, particularly where personal choice over the music was involved. The discussion considers some of the implications of the study for future investigations of the functions of music as they occur in everyday evolving situations.
Analyses of Verbal Descriptions of the Sound Quality of a Flue Organ Pipe
Authors: Rioux Vincent , Västfjäll Daniel
Published: November 2015

This paper presents two exploratory experiments aimed at establishing a lexicon suitable for the description of the sound quality of flue organ pipes. A lexicon of reference was established by an expert organ-builder commenting several voicing steps performed on a flue pipe. This lexicon was then extended, the purpose being primarily to enhance communication between and among organ builders, acousticians and musicians.

In the first experiment a qualitative analysis was made of data collected from a listening test in which a number of specialists on organ performance, music theory, history and building took part. The 40 participants made ratings and gave comments to ten recordings of pipe sounds through the voicing process. By comparing an analysis of participants' comments with a primary list of descriptors defined by an organ builder, an attempt is made to extend this primary list to a more standard lexicon. A temporary classification of these descriptors is thus proposed.

In a second experiment, a dimensional analysis of data collected from a semantic differential test was made, based on the descriptors found in Experiment 1. From a quantitative analysis the initial “qualitative” categorisation is reviewed and enhanced. By inspecting the factor structure of the descriptors, groups of related descriptors were formed and suitable prototypes of each group were proposed.

We then show how, from original data extracted from free comments, a detailed classification of descriptors can be made.
Les Schémas Mélodiques Du Jeune Enfant –Analyse de Reproductions Chantees de Sujets De 4 et 5 Ans
Authors: Miroudot Laurent
Published: November 2015

La psychologie de la musique fait souvent appel à la notion de schéma. Le musicologue Meyer propose un modèle susceptible de rendre compte de l'ensemble des productions et compositions tonales Äu moyen d'un répertoire peu étendu de schémas préétablis: les schémas archétypaux. Par ailleurs, certains auteurs ont fait l'hypothèse de l'existence de schémas au sein des productions d'enfants. La présente recherche a pour objectif de mettre en évidence certains d'entre eux. On demande à 263 enfants de 4 et 5 ans de reproduire un stimulus complexe qui leur est chanté. Les reproductions sont transcrites par trois juges. Au travers des déformations opérées par lessujets, on assiste à un phénomène de réduction à des schémas. II s'agit, pourl'essentiel, de schémas archétypaux de Meyer. Deux nouveaux schémas, sans doute propres à l'enfant mais s'intégrant parfaitement dans le modèle, sont mis en évidence. On constate par ailleurs que les enfants sont déjà capables d'une organisation hiérarchique des structures (du moins au sens oil l'entend Meyer). Enfin, une distinction est proposée entre deux types de schémas selon la nature de l'unité qu'ils permettent de reconstituer: la cohérence ou la cohésion.
Meaning and the Specification of Motion in Music
Authors: Clarke Eric
Published: November 2015

The relationship between music and motion has attracted interest over a broad sweep of history and across a variety of disciplines including aesthetics, psychology, music theory and neuroscience, and the relationship itself has been regarded variously as metaphorical, semiotic, and physiological. This paper argues that the relationship between music and motion: 1) is a fundamental aspect of music's impact and meaning; 2) is significantly, but not only, concerned with self-motion (as argued by Todd); 3) should be regarded as a truly perceptual relationship – even though the motion that is perceived may be illusory (in the sense of being virtual rather than real). The aim of the paper is to clarify the nature and status of the relationship between music and motion, rejecting both the physiological reductionism of regarding it as “hardwired” and the potentially dismissive view of it as merely metaphorical. In place of these, the paper will argue for motion as being perceptually specified by the acoustical information in music.

The theory proposed here has specific empirical implications – most obviously an investigation of the various kinds of information in music that specify motion, and a consideration of whether these function in anything like the same manner as for real motion. It also has implications for theories of musical meaning, since it allows for the integration of the sense of (self-) motion with the other kinds of events (physical, structural, cultural) as they are specified in music.
Current trends in the study of music and emotion: Overture
Authors: Juslin Patrik N. , Zentner Marcel R.
Published: November 2015

The study of musical emotion is currently witnessing a renaissance. However, the literature on music and emotion still presents a confusing picture. The conceptual terrain is still being mapped, and considerable refinement is still needed in how we study music and emotion. With all the research currently devoted to this subject, it is all the more important that we have a good grasp of the current state of the art, so that we do not invent the wheel twice. With this aim in mind, the present authors organized a symposium at the Sixth International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition in Keele, UK, August, 2000. The intention was to bring together several researchers who have made theoretical and empirical contributions to the field in order to display “Current trends in the study of music and emotion”. This special issue presents extended and revised papers from that symposium, including a number of additional contributions. In this paper, we provide an introduction. We discuss the historical background, highlight the primary issues as they relate to the contents of the others contributions, and finally consider the gap that exists between art and science.
Emotion perceived and emotion felt: Same or different?
Authors: Gabrielsson Alf
Published: November 2015

A distinction is made between emotion perception, that is, to perceive emotional expression in music without necessarily being affected oneself, and emotion induction, that is, listeners’ emotional response to music. This distinction is not always observed, neither in everyday conversation about emotions, nor in scientific papers. Empirical studies of emotion perception are briefly reviewed with regard to listener agreement concerning expressed emotions, followed by a selective review of empirical studies on emotional response to music. Possible relationships between emotion perception and emotional response are discussed and exemplified: positive relationship, negative relationship, no systematic relationship and no relationship. It is emphasised that both emotion perception and, especially, emotional response are dependent on an interplay between musical, personal, and situational factors. Some methodological questions and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Emotional states generated by music: An exploratory study of music experts
Authors: Scherer Klaus R. , Zentner Marcel R. , Schacht Annekathrin
Published: November 2015

A group of music experts (N = 98) were asked to report (in responding to a questionnaire) on their affective, cognitive, and physiological reactions to a piece of music they recently heard and that struck them as having produced an emotional response. In addition, participants were also asked to rate the relative importance of a list of musical and extramusical features that could have contributed to their reactions. A coding system was developed to organize and quantify the freely reported reactions. With respect to bodily symptoms, the most frequent reactions included semi-physiological variables such as tears and shivers, cardiovascular symptoms, as well as incitement to motor action such as jumping or dancing. With respect to subjective experiences or feelings, reports such as feeling nostalgic, charmed, moved, or aroused were more frequent than reports of “basic” emotions such as sadness, anger, joy, or fear. Musical structure was given the highest rating of the list of potential determinants, but technical, acoustical, and interpretational features also received high ratings. The authors discuss how these results and their conceptual elaboration can provide a guide for more systematic investigation of emotion induction via music.
Emotion induction through music: A review of the musical mood induction procedure
Authors: Västfjäll Daniel
Published: November 2015

This article reviews research showing that music can alter peoples’ moods and emotions. The so called “musical mood induction procedure” (MMIP) relies on music to produce changes in experienced affective processes. The fact that music can have this effect on subjective experience has been utilized to study the effect of mood on cognitive processes and behavior by a large number of researchers in social, clinical, and personality psychology. This extensive body of literature, while little known among music psychologists, is likely to further help music psychologists understand affective responses to music. With this in mind, the present article aims at providing an extensive review of the methodology behind a number of studies using the MMIP. The effectiveness of music as a mood-inducing stimulus is discussed in terms of self-reports, physiological, and behavioral indices. The discussion focuses on how findings from the MMIP literature may extend into current research and debate on the complex interplay of music and emotional responses.
Exploring Co-Performer Communication
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Davidson Jane W.
Published: November 2015

This paper examines the development and implementation of general social and specific non-verbal communication between two expert pianists who prepared and gave a recital of piano duo and duet music. All ensemble rehearsals and the final performance were video-taped. Following the performance, the musicians were interviewed in order to document their thoughts on the learning and performance processes. From the video-taped rehearsals and performance, data concerning musical coordination, social interaction, non-verbal gestures and looking behaviour were coded and counted. The results show that these excellent sight-readers used rehearsals to consolidate the timing, phrasing and sense of musical style. Moreover, an emergent set of coordinated, non-verbal gestures and eye-contact developed, with these actions increasing significantly over the rehearsal process at locations in the music identified by the pianists as “important for coordinating performance and communicating musical ideas”. Thus, the two performers acquired a deepening expressive and communicative assurance along with a familiarisation with the musical material. The findings are discussed in relation to their implications for musical performance by highlighting the elements of co-performer interaction that were negotiated and coordinated throughout the rehearsal process.
Describing Melodic Structure Using a MusicTracker — Issues in Notation Andsound
Authors: Ŝerman A , Griffith Niall J. L.
Published: November 2015

This paper describes preliminary research towards the development of a system that can be used to investigate the mechanisms and representations underlying segmentation and phrase structure in music. It discusses the use of rules and principles in The Generative Theory of Tonal Music (Lerdahl and Jackendoff, 1983) and Implication Realization Model (Narmour, 1990). It also discusses the limitations of score notation as the basis for analysis and modelling of melodic segmentation, with reference to the problems associated withtranscribing non-Western music that uses different scales and exploits different organisations of melodic descriptors. This discussion provides a rationale for a methodology thatcan be applied to recorded music rather than notation. It describes MusicTracker — a toolthat extracts measures of change in pitch, dynamics and timbre fromrecordings of monophonic melodies. The use of this tool is illustrated with short fragments of musicfrom Japan, Burundi and Gabon.
Kardiovaskuläre Wirkungen des Musikhörens: Die Bedeutung von Expertise und musikalischem Ausdruck
Authors: Kreutz Gunter , Bongard Stephan , Von Jussis Julia
Published: November 2015

Vorangegangene Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass kardiovaskulare Reaktionen beim Musikhoren nicht nur durch Eigenschaften der Musik, sondern auch durch die Biographiedes Rezipienten beeinflusst werden können. In der vorliegenden Studie sollten die emotionalen und kardiovaskulären Wirkungen von „frohlicher” und „trauriger” Musik bei Musikern und Nichtmusikern untersucht werden. Es wurde erwartet, dass Musiker eine ausgeprägtere Reaktivität aufweisen als Nichtmusiker, und dass sich die Reaktionsmuster zu „fröhlicher” und „trauriger” Musik voneinander unterscheiden. Insgesamt 55 männliche und weibliche Musiker und Nichtmusiker nahmen an der Studie teil. Den Probanden wurden in Blocks von 2 Minuten Auszuge aus je drei fröhlichen bzw. traurigen Musikstücken dargeboten. Dabei wurden jeweils subjektive Beurteilungen der Musikstücke und die positiven und negativen Affektreaktionen erfragt, sowie die kardiovaskularen Reaktionen impedanzkardiographisch aufgezeichnet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass sich die intendierten Emotionen der Musik sowohl in denUrteilen uber die Musikstücke als auch in den affektiven Reaktionen der Probanden widerspiegelten. Physiologisch reagierten die Nichtmusiker zwar mit geringerer sympathischer Aktivierung als die Musiker, doch zeigten sich bei letzteren keine Anzeichen einer psychischoder physisch erhohten Reagibilitat auf die Musik. „Frohliche” und „traurige” Musikstückeführten lediglich zu unterschiedlichen Effekten in der respiratorischen Sinusarhythmie. Darüber hinaus traten unabhängig von Emotion, Musikbiographie und Geschlecht deutliche Interaktionseffekte zwischen Reihenfolge und Emotion in acht von vierzehn kardiovaskularen Parametern auf. Unsere Ergebnisse legen eine tonische Komponente in der physiologischen Reagibilität nahe. Diesem Zeiteffekt scheinen musikalische bzw. musikbiographisch bedingte Einflüsse nur untergeordnet zu sein.
Perceptions of Musical Dimensions in Beethoven's Waldsiein Sonata: An Application of Tonal Pitch Space Theory
Authors: Smith Nicholas A. , Cuddy Lolal
Published: November 2015

This study conducted a perceptual analysis of an excerpt from Beethoven's Waldstein piano sonata in four experiments. The experiments were followed by an application of Lerdahl's (2001) Tonal Pitch Space theory, or TPS, to perceptual judgments of musical tension over the course of the excerpt. In the experiments, data were obtained for each of 15 time points corresponding to the 15 successive sonorities in the excerpt. Listeners in the first three experiments were piano students who learned and performed the excerpt before participating in the experimental tasks. In Experiment 1, judgments of phrase structure permitted examination of the perceptual segmentation of the excerpt. In Experiment 2, probe-tone ratings (Krumhansl and Kessler, 1982) were used to derive both a measure of perceived distance traveled in key space as well as a measure of temporal orientation — the degree to which listening at each time point was retrospective or prospective. In Experiment 3, a tension contour over the 15 time points was derived from listeners' continuous responding to perceived tension throughout the excerpt. In Experiment 4, judgments of consonance/dissonance for each sonority, isolated from context and presented in random order in a randomly selected transposition, were obtained from piano students unfamiliar with the excerpt. Strong correspondences were found between the perceptual measures and related music-theoretic predictors generated from TPS. The tension contour was regressed on TPS predictors. Both sensitivity to hierarchical structure and expectancies arising from voice leading, as well as the overall melodic contour, significantly contributed to the prediction of perceived tension.
Neurocognitive Studies of Musical Literacy Acquisition
Authors: Stewart Lauren
Published: November 2015

Although certain parallels can be drawn between written language and notation in music — both use arbitrary visual symbols to notate the salient aspects of a sound pattern, the purpose of each notational system differs markedly. While the primary function of written language is to carry referential meaning, the primary function of musical notation is to carry instructions for the production of a musical performance. Music reading thus lies at the interface between perception and action and provides an ecological model with which to study how visual instructions influence the motor system. The studies presented in this article investigate how musical symbols on the page are decoded into a musical response, from both a cognitive and neurological perspective. The results of a musical Stroop paradigm are described, in which musical notation was present but irrelevant for task performance. The presence of musical notation produced systematic effects on reaction time, demonstrating that reading of the written note, as well as the written word, is obligatory for those who are musically literate. Spatial interference tasks are also described which suggest that music reading, at least for the pianist, can be characterized as a set of vertical to horizontal mappings. These behavioural findings are mirrored by the results of an fMRI training study in which musically untrained adults were taught to read music and play piano keyboard over a period of three months. Learning-specific changes were seen in superior parietal cortex and supramarginal gyrus, areas which are known to be involved in spatial sensorimotor transformations and preparation of learned actions respectively.
An Exploratory Study of Physiological Changes during “Chills” Induced by Music
Authors: Craig Daniel G.
Published: November 2015

The present study utilized an experimental method consisting of subjective and objective measures to assess physiological and psychological changes occurring during chills induced by music. Piloerection (“goosebump” formation), skin temperature; and galvanic skin response (GSR) were used to monitor peripheral nervous system changes during the response. It was hypothesized that significant changes in parameters would coincide with perceived experiences of chills when compared with other sections of music where chills were not perceived. Thirty two students (16 musicians and 16 non-musicians) were assessed while listening to music, both familiar and unfamiliar. The experiment then appeared to replicate the general experience of chills induced by music for this population. Results suggested that the experience of chills corresponded to significant changes in GSR and was associated with piloerection in some instances. No significant changes in skin temperature were evident.
Performance Analysis and Chopin's Mazurkas
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: November 2015

Reporting on work carried out in conjunction with Andrew Earis and Craig Sapp, this paper introduces recently developed approaches to the analysis of recorded music, illustrating them in terms of selected Chopin mazurkas. Topics covered include the stylistic characterisation and aesthetic values of Paderewski's playing of Op. 17 No. 4, contrasted with performances from the last quarter of the twentieth century, as well as relationships between different pianists' interpretations of Op. 68 No. 3. A possible performance genealogy of performances of the latter is proposed, in which recordings by Rubinstein and Cortot play a key role, while clustering based on Pearson correlation of tempo data yields relationships supported in one instance by documented teacher/pupil relationships. Representing the early outcomes of a more extended research project, these findings are encouraging in that it appears possible to draw meaningful conclusions from the consideration only of tempo data. The current phase of the project is also working with rhythmic and dynamic data, which should significantly enhance the potential for objective modelling of musically meaningful relationships.
Making and Hearing Virtual Worlds: John Culshaw and the Art of Record Production
Authors: Patmore David N. C. , Clarke Eric F.
Published: November 2015

A recording represents a paradoxical perceptual source: we can either attend to the sound of the medium, or to the virtual world conveyed by it, and the work of a record producer can be understood as either a process of capturing performances or one of creating virtual worlds. This paper demonstrates that the record producer John Culshaw had clear ideas about how recordings might approach the condition of a work of art, rather than being simply the trace of a moment in time. Culshaw's fundamental aesthetic and technical approach is described and illustrated with reference to a number of key recordings. Taking the relationship between sound recording and film as a starting point, and making use of the concept of subject-position, the tension between Culshaw's radical approach to the listener and traditional approach to the authority of the score is explored. Possible reasons are proposed for the abandonment of his ideas, and for the absence of a Culshaw legacy (apart from the recordings themselves). The paper ends with a brief discussion of the current paradigm for the recording of classical music, which seeks in various ways to reproduce “the live experience” in “the finest seat in the house”.