bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Enduring and Situational Involvement Combine to Create Involvement Responses
Authors: Richins Marsha L. , Bloch Peter H. , McQuarrie Edward F.
Published: October 2008

Although a two‐component model of product involvement is widely accepted, research has not studied how enduring and situational involvement combine to affect consumer responses. This article investigates three combination models. In particular, an additive model is compared with two interaction models, and the three models are tested empirically using field surveys. Results suggest that preexisting levels of enduring involvement neither magnify nor suppress situational involvement effects occurring around the time of purchase, thus supporting the simple additive model.
The Role and Measurement of Attachment in Consumer Behavior
Authors: Dwayne Ball A. , Tasaki Lori H.
Published: October 2008

Of recent interest in consumer behavior research is the consumer's use of owned possessions to develop and maintain self‐concept. This study presents a measure of a central concept in this area–attachment. A conceptual definition of the construct is proposed and is related to social‐cognitive theories of the self. The role of attachment in the relationship between people and possessions is discussed. Evidence is presented for the reliability and predictive validity of a simple measure of attachment and for the discriminant validity of the construct. Relationships between attachment and other important consumer behavior constructs are explored.
Mood as a Determinant of Postconsumption Product Evaluations: Mood Effects and Their Dependency on the Affective Intensity of the Consumption Experience
Authors: Miniard Paul W. , Bhatla Sunil , Sirdeshmukh Deepak
Published: October 2008

Can preconsumption mood influence postconsumption evaluations? In this article, we attempt to answer this question; in doing so, we broaden our understanding of both the factors that can influence consumers' evaluations of the consumption experience as well as the role of mood in consumer behavior. The results of an experimental study show that not only can mood influence postconsumption brand attitudes, but that such effects are moderated by the affective intensity of the consumption experience. Mood effects were not observed when consumption evoked strong positive or negative responses. Rather, preconsumption mood influenced brand attitudes only when the consumption experience was relatively neutral in affective intensity.
Contingent value measurement: On the nature and meaning of willingness to pay
Authors: Ajzen Icek , Driver B.L.
Published: October 2008

Treating willingness to pay (WTP) for public goods as a behavioral intention, the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985, 1987) was used to explore the meaning of contingent valuation measures. College students (N = 150) completed a questionnaire that assessed a variety of attitudinal variables with respect to (a) participating in five leisure activities and (b) paying a user fee for engaging in those activities. In addition, WTP for each activity was also assessed. Within‐subjects correlations showed that WTP could be predicted from attitudes toward paying, but of the attitudinal measures toward engaging in the activity, only perceived affect associated with the activity was predictive of WTP. In multiple regressions, the decision in principle to pay or not to pay a user fee was influenced only by the affect perceived to be associated with engaging in a leisure activity and by ethical or moral considerations related to paying a user fee. Other factors related to paying a user fee, especially perceived normative expectations (subjective norms) and available resources (perceived behavioral control), added to moral considerations in determining how much money one would be willing to pay. These findings show that in the absence of relevant knowledge or information about the economic value of public goods, judgments in principle about WTP tend to rely on cognitive heuristics, or intuitive rules of thumb, and that more substantive considerations come into play when evaluating the amount of money to be paid.
Brand name as a heuristic cue: The effects of task importance and expectancy confirmation on consumer judgments
Authors: Maheswaran Durairaj , Mackie Diane M. , Chaiken Shelly
Published: October 2008

Previous research on brand name utilization in consumer judgments has yielded mixed results. In this study, we attempted to understand brand name effects within the framework of the heuristic‐systematic model. Subjects read a message that portrayed a new product as possessing either important or unimportant attributes, and the product was associated with either a favorable brand name or an unfavorable brand name. Brand name valence was thus either congruent or incongruent with attribute importance. Accuracy motivation was also manipulated by varying the importance of subjects' processing task. Results show that low‐task importance subjects' evaluations were influenced only by brand name valence. High‐task importance subjects' evaluations were affected only by attribute importance in the incongruent conditions, whereas both attribute importance and brand name valence influenced evaluations in the congruent conditions. The findings indicate that both consumers' level of motivation, and the extent to which brand name based expectations are confirmed by subsequent processing of attribute information moderate brand name utilization. Also, the results extend previous research relevant to the heuristic‐systematic model's additivity and attenuation assumptions.
Attitude functions in advertising: The interactive role of products and self‐monitoring
Authors: Shavitt Sharon , Lowrey Tina M. , Han Sang‐Pil
Published: October 2008

Attitude objects have been shown to play an important role in attitude functions, with attitudes toward some objects or products serving primarily a single function. These findings imply that products constrain the effects of other variables (e.g., personality differences) on attitude functions. Our experiments investigated whether differences in the functions of high and low self‐monitors' product attitudes will emerge for some product categories but not for others. In Experiment 1, high and low self‐monitors described their attitudes toward products previously identified as serving predominantly utilitarian, social identity, or multiple functions. Coding of attitude descriptions revealed that, for social identity products, high self‐monitors explained their attitudes in more social terms and in less utilitarian terms than did low self‐monitors. However, for utilitarian and for multiple function products, high and low self‐monitors did not differ in their (strongly utilitarian) explanations of their attitudes. In Experiments 2 and 3, high and low self‐monitors wrote advertisements for various products. When advertising multiple function products, high self‐monitors preferred to use social arguments, whereas low self‐monitors preferred to use utilitarian arguments. However, both high and low self‐monitors preferred utilitarian arguments for advertising utilitarian products and social arguments for social identity products. The conditions under which self‐monitoring had its greatest impact on attitude functions are discussed in terms of differences between the task of attitude description (Experiment 1) and persuasive message selection (Experiments 2 and 3).
The cognitive organization of product information: Effects of attribute category set size on information recall
Authors: Park Jong‐Won , Wyer Robert S.
Published: October 2008

This research investigates the way product information is organized in memory. Two types of organization are postulated. In the first, consumers mentally categorize each piece of information in terms of the attribute it exemplifies. In the second, they determine the favorableness of each information item independently of the attribute to which it pertains and organize these items around a more general evaluative concept of the product. Subjects in three experiments read items of information about a stereo color television with instructions either to form an overall evaluation of it or to make more specific judgments of its sound quality and picture quality. Recall data suggested that subjects with an attributejudgment objective organized the information in memory according to the attribute to which it pertained. Subjects with an overall‐evaluation objective also formed attribute‐specific representations. In addition, however, they formed a more general, evaluation‐based representation of the product as a whole. These findings were generally consistent with the dual representation model of impression formation proposed by Wyer and Srull (1989). We discuss implications of these results for product impression formation and judgment.
An exploratory investigation of responses elicited by music varying in tempo, tonality, and texture
Authors: Kellaris James J. , Kent Robert J.
Published: October 2008

This study explores listeners' responses to music as a function of objective properties of musical sound. Original classical and pop‐style compositions were produced with digital sound technology to provide orthogonal manipulations of musical tempo, tonality, and texture. Three dimensions (pleasure, arousal, surprise) emerged from the responses measured. Variance analyses found main effects of tempo on both pleasure and arousal, and main effects of tonality on pleasure and surprise. Texture moderated the influence of tempo such that a positive contribution to pleasure was observed for classical music, and a positive contribution to arousal was observed for pop‐style music. Texture also moderated the influence of tonality on pleasure, with more pronounced reactions to tonal variations observed among listeners exposed to classical music. Implications for the use of music in consumer research and the interpretation of past music‐related findings are discussed.
Persuasion processes associated with direct comparative and noncomparative advertising and implications for advertising effectiveness
Authors: Pechmann Cornelia , Esteban Gabriel
Published: October 2008

The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) contends that direct comparative ads, which provide information on named competitors, result in more informed decision making. However, this position is controversial both in the United States and abroad, and research findings have been inconclusive (e.g., Droge, 1989). We investigated the persuasion processes (routes) associated with comparative and noncomparative advertising by manipulating argument strength, and we also examined the moderating role of involvement. In a high‐involvement situation, argument strength influenced brand attitude and purchase intent regardless of ad type (central‐route persuasion), whereas, in a low‐involvement situation, there were no effects for argument strength (peripheral‐route persuasion). The FTC's supposition that comparative ads enhance information processing was supported, however, given moderate involvement: Argument strength affected brand evaluations for the comparative—but not noncomparative—ads. Regarding the persuasion outcome, given low and moderate involvement, subjects' more favorable attitudes toward the comparative ads' interest‐value enhanced purchase intent, but not brand attitude.
Remembering ads: The effects of encoding strategies, retrieval cues, and emotional response
Authors: Friestad Marian , Thorson Esther
Published: October 2008

This study uses the encoding specificity principle (Tulving & Thomson, 1973) and the distinction between episodic and semantic knowledge to test predictions about the effects of processing goals and retrieval cues on memory for emotional and neutral TV commercials. Subjects viewed five emotional and five neutral ads embedded in programming. Encoding instructions asked subjects to either (a) evaluate each product or (b) “just watch” as they viewed the ads. Retrieval cues were either the opening scene of each ad (executional cue) or the product category (categorical cue). Both recall and response‐time measures were used to index ad memory‐trace accessibility. The results showed that when encoding and retrieval conditions were compatible (evaluation instructions with categorical cue, and just‐watch instructions with executional cue) ad memory traces were retrieved more rapidly than when encoding and retrieval conditions were incompatible. In addition, subjects who “just watched” emotional ads were able to retrieve those ad memory traces more rapidly when given an executional cue compared to a categorical cue, whereas subjects who evaluated neutral ads at encoding recalled more ads, and retrieved them more rapidly, when given a categorical cue compared to an executional cue. Finally, we show that searching memory first with an executional cue and then with a product‐category cue leads to an increase in ad recall for both emotional and neutral ads, whereas searching first with a categorical cue and then with an executional cue leads to a decrease in ad recall for neutral ads.
Social perception and interpersonal influence: Some consequences of the physical attractiveness stereotype in a personal selling setting
Authors: Reingen Peter H. , Kernan Jerome B.
Published: October 2008

Several effects of the physical attractiveness stereotype were assessed in a personal selling context. In a series of three experiments it was established that: (a) More favorable selling skills are attributed to physically attractive salespersons than to their unattractive counterparts; (b) in simulated sales scenarios, buyers treat ostensibly attractive sellers more cordially and are more likely to yield to their requests than is the case for unattractive sellers; and (c) in actual solicitations for a charitable organization, attractive persons induce a compliance rate significantly higher than that induced by unattractive solicitors. Results of the experiments, which are consistent with extant literature on physical attractiveness, are discussed in terms of commercially inspired interpersonal influence.
Memory for print ads: Understanding relations among brand name, copy, and picture
Authors: Schmitt Bernd H. , Tavassoli Nader T. , Millard Robert T.
Published: October 2008

How should information in print ads be presented to facilitate memory for the three major components—the brand name, the copy, and the picture? Using associative network models of memory as a framework, we demonstrate that relations among the components facilitate memory. Specifically, in Experiment 1, ads containing relations among ad components were better remembered than ads presenting unrelated components. Moreover, ads with relations among all three ad components resulted in better unaided recall than ads with relations between only two ad components, and relations involving pictures were better recalled than those involving only words. Experiment 2 demonstrated that, under both high and low task involvement, ads with lexical relations between copy and brand name are remembered better than ads with only conceptual relations. Experiment 3 replicated this effect for high issue involvement, but not for low issue involvement.
The effect of type of claim, gender, and buying history on the drawing of pragmatic inferences from advertising claims
Authors: Harris Richard Jackson , Pounds Julia C. , Maiorelle Melissa J. , Mermis Maria
Published: October 2008

Research in cognition has shown that people frequently draw pragmatic inferences that go beyond what is stated directly in the text (e.g., understanding that Sparkle fights cavities implies that it prevents cavities). This study examines the effects of directly asserted claims and five different types of implied claims (hedge words, deleted comparatives, juxtaposed imperatives implying causality, statistical abuses, and negative questions) on the ratings of the truth value of a related claim and on the rated likelihood of purchasing that product. The different types of implied claims that produced the highest truth rating were not the most convincing in the sense of purchase likelihood. Directly asserted claims were no more true or convincing than many of their weaker implied counterparts. Overall, women rated test claims more true than men, regardless of which type of claim they had read. Subjects who were frequent users of a particular product class tended to rate both truth and purchase likelihood higher than nonusers but the effect was significant only for some products. Results are discussed in terms of methodological concerns and general applications.
A pseudo-likelihood method for estimating effective population size from temporally spaced samples
Authors: WANG JINLIANG
Published: October 2008

A pseudo maximum likelihood method is proposed to estimate effective population size (Ne) using temporal changes in allele frequencies at multi-allelic loci. The computation is simplified dramatically by (1) approximating the multi-dimensional joint probabilities of all the data by the product of marginal probabilities (hence the name pseudo-likelihood), (2) exploiting the special properties of transition matrix and (3) using a hidden Markov chain algorithm. Simulations show that the pseudo-likelihood method has a similar performance but needs much less computing time and storage compared with the full likelihood method in the case of 3 alleles per locus. Due to computational developments, I was able to assess the performance of the pseudo-likelihood method against the F-statistic method over a wide range of parameters by extensive simulations. It is shown that the pseudo-likelihood method gives more accurate and precise estimates of Ne than the F-statistic method, and the performance difference is mainly due to the presence of rare alleles in the samples. The pseudo-likelihood method is also flexible and can use three or more temporal samples simultaneously to estimate satisfactorily the Nes of each period, or the growth parameters of the population. The accuracy and precision of both methods depend on the ratio of the product of sample size and the number of generations involved to Ne, and the number of independent alleles used. In an application of the pseudo-likelihood method to a large data set of an olive fly population, more precise estimates of Ne are obtained than those from the F-statistic method.
The genetic basis of larval resistance to a host plant toxin in Drosophila sechellia
Authors: JONES CORBIN D.
Published: October 2008

The larvae of Drosophila sechellia are highly resistant to octanoic acid, a toxin found in D. sechellia's host plant, Morinda citrifolia. In contrast, close relatives of D. sechellia, D. simulans and D. melanogaster, are not resistant. In a series of interspecific backcrosses, 11 genetic markers were used to map factors affecting egg-to-adult (‘larval’) resistance in D. sechellia. The third chromosome harbours at least one partially dominant resistance factor. The second chromosome carries at least two mostly dominant resistance factors but no recessive factors. However, neither the X chromosome – which contains 20% of D. sechellia's genome – nor the fourth chromosome appear to affect resistance. These data suggest that larval resistance to Morinda toxin may involve only a handful of genes. These results, when compared with a previous analysis of adult resistance to Morinda toxin in D. sechellia, suggest that larval resistance may involve a subset of the genes underlying adult resistance.
Numb suppresses the negative complementation at the Notch locus of Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting a putative mechanism for negative complementation
Authors: PORTIN PETTER
Published: October 2008

The mutant form of the intracellular asymmetrically localized Numb membrane-bound protein of Drosophila melanogaster suppresses the negative complementation of certain Abruptex (Ax) mutations of the Notch (N) locus encoding a transmembrane receptor protein in which the Ax mutations are mutations in the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats of the extracellular domain of the receptor. One model for how Ax mutants affect N function is that they are refractory to an antagonistic signal generated by an excess of N ligands. Genetically numb (nb) is an antagonist of N. In the absence of nb, cells follow the same fate as they would in the presence of a gain-of-function N allele, such as Ax. Numb has been shown to interact with the cytoplasmic domain of Notch. It is therefore suggested that numb counteracts the effect of Abruptex on Notch ligand binding, i.e. that Numb is an antagonist to the activation of the Notch signal generated by Notch ligands. Numb might accomplish this by interfering with the proteolytic cleavage of the Notch intracellular domain at the cell membrane. Thus, it seems possible that the mechanism of negative complementation of certain Ax mutants is the failure of this cleavage. Other possible mechanisms for negative complementation are also discussed.
Two-generation analysis of pollen flow across a landscape. III. Impact of adult population structure
Authors: AUSTERLITZ FRÉDÉRIC , SMOUSE PETER E.
Published: October 2008

The rate and distance of instantaneous pollen flow in a population are parameters of considerable current interest for plant population geneticists and conservation biologists. We have recently developed an estimator (Φft) of differentiation between the inferred pollen clouds that fertilize several females, sampled within a single population. We have shown that there is a simple relation between Φft and the average pollen dispersal distance (δ) for the case of a population with no geographic structure. Though forest trees usually show considerable pollen flow, assuming an absence of spatially distributed genetic structure is not always wise. Here, we develop analytical theory for the relation between Φft and δ, for the case where the probability of Identity by Descent (IBD) for two individuals decreases with the physical distance between them. This analytical theory allows us to provide an effective method for estimating pollen dispersal distance in a population with adult genetic structure. Using real examples, we show that estimation errors can be large if genetic structure is not taken into account, so it is wise to evaluate adult genetic structure simultaneously with estimation of Φft for the pollen clouds. We show that the results are only moderately affected by changes in the decay function, a result of some importance since no completely established theory is available for this function.
Statistical power of QTL mapping methods applied to bacteria counts
Authors: TILQUIN P. , COPPIETERS W. , ELSEN J. M. , LANTIER F. , MORENO C. , BARET P. V.
Published: October 2008

Most QTL mapping methods assume that phenotypes follow a normal distribution, but many phenotypes of interest are not normally distributed, e.g. bacteria counts (or colony-forming units, CFU). Such data are extremely skewed to the right and can present a high amount of zero values, which are ties from a statistical point of view. Our objective is therefore to assess the efficiency of four QTL mapping methods applied to bacteria counts: (1) least-squares (LS) analysis, (2) maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis, (3) non-parametric (NP) mapping and (4) nested ANOVA (AN). A transformation based on quantiles is used to mimic observed distributions of bacteria counts. Single positions (1 marker, 1 QTL) as well as chromosome scans (11 markers, 1 QTL) are simulated. When compared with the analysis of a normally distributed phenotype, the analysis of raw bacteria counts leads to a strong decrease in power for parametric methods, but no decrease is observed for NP. However, when a mathematical transformation (MT) is applied to bacteria counts prior to analysis, parametric methods have the same power as NP. Furthermore, parametric methods, when coupled with MT, outperform NP when bacteria counts have a very high proportion of zeros (70·8%). Our results show that the loss of power is mainly explained by the asymmetry of the phenotypic distribution, for parametric methods, and by the existence of ties, for the non-parametric method. Therefore, mapping of QTL for bacterial diseases, as well as for other diseases assessed by a counting process, should focus on the occurrence of ties in phenotypes before choosing the appropriate QTL mapping method.
Control of female pheromones in Drosophila melanogaster by homeotic genes
Authors: WICKER-THOMAS CLAUDE , JALLON JEAN-MARC
Published: October 2008

We have investigated the role of the Antennapedia and Bithorax complexes (ANT-C and BX-C) on the production of cuticular hydrocarbons in Drosophila melanogaster. In males, there is little, if any, influence of these complexes on the hydrocarbon pattern. In females, there are large and opposite effects of these complexes on diene production: two ANT-C mutations cause an increase in diene production and a reduction of monoenes, whereas most BX-C mutations result in a decrease in dienes and an increase in monoenes, although their sum remains constant. The effect is the highest in Mcp and iab6 females. It is suggested that a factor originating from the prothorax might activate the conversion of monoenes to dienes in females. The abdomen seems to have a crucial role in the production or control of pheromones: abdominal segments four to seven have the main effects, with a most dramatic effect for segments four and five.
Genealogical inference of closely related species based on microsatellites
Authors: SCHLÖTTERER CHRISTIAN
Published: October 2008

Despite their unmatched popularity in many research areas, microsatellites have not yet become a major tool for the inference of genealogical relationships of closely related species. Recent studies have successfully extended the repertoire of microsatellite analysis beyond population genetics and demonstrate that phylogenetic relationships of closely related species can be inferred accurately with fewer loci than previously assumed.
Map-based cloning of quantitative trait loci: progress and prospects
Authors: REMINGTON D. L. , UNGERER M. C. , PURUGGANAN M. D.
Published: October 2008

Map-based cloning has been considered problematic for isolating quantitative trait loci (QTLs) due to the confounding phenotypic effects of environment and other QTLs. However, five recent studies, all in plants, have succeeded in cloning QTLs using map-based methods. We review the important features of these studies and evaluate the prospects for broader application of the techniques. Successful map-based cloning requires that QTLs represent single genes that can be isolated in near-isogenic lines, and that genotypes can be unambiguously inferred by progeny testing. In plants or animals for which map-based cloning of genes with discrete phenotypes is feasible, the modified procedures required for QTLs should not be limiting in most cases. The choice between map-based cloning and alternative methods will depend on details of the species and traits being studied.
EXCERPT FROM “CIRCUMCISION CIRCUMSCRIBED: FEMALE EXCISION AND CULTURAL ACCOMMODATION IN THE MEDIEVAL NEAR EAST”
Authors: Tucker Judith E.
Published: October 2008

We conclude our celebration of the fortieth volume of the International Journal of Middle East Studies with an excerpt from another article of yore recommended by a former IJMES editor.
The European Union and Turkey: Who Defines Environmental Progress?
Authors: Adaman Fikret , Arsel Murat
Published: October 2008

[European Union] EU environment policy aims to promote sustainable development and to protect the environment for present and future generations. It is based on preventive action, the polluter pays principle, fighting environmental damage at source, shared responsibility and the integration of environmental protection into other EU policies. The acquis comprises over 200 major legal acts covering horizontal legislation, water and air quality, waste management, nature protection, industrial pollution control and risk management, chemicals and genetically modified organisms (GMOs), noise, and forestry. Compliance with the acquis requires significant investment. A strong and well-equipped administration at the national and local level is imperative for the application and enforcement of the environment acquis. . ..
Question: How Useful Has the Concept of Sectarianism Been for Understanding the History, Society, and Politics of the Middle East?
Authors: Peteet Julie
Published: October 2008

Every society has subterranean fractures—ethnic, regional, racial, tribal, or sectarian. Given the right confluence of events, these can erupt and take on new life. When imperial and colonial powers produce a body of knowledge about those they rule, they often construct sociodemographic categories along these very fault lines. In the Middle East, this process has coincided with an attempted regional remapping using imagined and yet real (although newly configured) social categories. With the democracy project fading, the mosaic—in which the region is conceptualized as a multitude of discrete sociocultural units based on sect, ethnicity, and tribe—has appeared. Complex social categories are distilled into bounded categories whose correspondence to reality is problematic.
Pensée 2: Sectarianism as Imagined Sociological Concept and as Imagined Social Formation
Authors: Joseph Suad
Published: October 2008

In 1978 Barbara Pillsbury and I dedicated our coedited book,Muslim–Christian Conflicts: Economic, Political and Social Origins(Westview), with these words: “To those who struggle to demystify religion and to those who suffer and die because the struggle is yet unfinished.” Charles Issawi observes in his preface that the contributors to the volume tend to interpret the conflicts more in economic and political terms than in “religious” terms. In an effort to develop analytical tools, my introduction distinguishes between “religion/religious identity and consciousness” (as theology/theological consciousness) and “sect/sectarianism” (as social organization, relationships, dynamics/group identity, and consciousness). I argue that sectarianism is about how “differences” are constructed; because people can believe they are very different when they are not, the task of the scholar is to describe what differences do exist, how they emerged, and why people believe they are different. Differentiation is a process, I suggest, that operates through the everyday—through socialization, through family systems, and through various other aspects of social organization in both systematic and erratic or contradictory ways.
THE OTTOMAN LEGACY IN COLD WAR MODERNIZATION
Authors: Citino Nathan J.
Published: October 2008

On 19 March 1877, the first Ottoman parliament opened at Dolmabahçe Palace when Sultan Abdülhamit II crossed a velvet carpet to stand beside a golden throne. Seen later as the finale of the Tanzimat reform era, the parliament appeared to diplomatic observers as the strategy of former grand vizier Midhat Paşa. Midhat's constitutionalism was a plan for “reform, revival, and indeed survival” that included seeking allies against Russia and containing Russian influence in the Balkans. Abdülhamit listened as his secretary charged the new body: “The progress effected by civilised states, the security and wealth they enjoy, are the fruit of the participation of all in the enactment of laws and in the administration of public affairs.” Among the most urgent priorities was “the development of agriculture and industry, and the progress of civilisation and of public wealth.” Parliament later responded with a pledge to deliver the empire from its malaise, to “eliminate the last traces of abuses, the heritage of the regime of despotism.”
LAYARD ENTERPRISE: VICTORIAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND INFORMAL IMPERIALISM IN MESOPOTAMIA
Authors: Malley Shawn
Published: October 2008

With the dust settling on Operation Iraqi Freedom in the spring of 2003, the U.S. Army 4th Psychological Operations Group developed for the occupation forces a special deck of playing cards that featured head shots of the most wanted Iraqi regime officials. Saddam Hussein figures prominently as the Ace of Spades. The experiment was repeated in the autumn of 2007, but this time the cards represented some of Iraq's and Afghanistan's archaeological sites (Figure 1).
BRAZILIAN MOTHERS’ BELIEFS, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES RELATED TO CHILD WEIGHT STATUS AND EARLY FEEDING WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF NUTRITION TRANSITION
Authors: LINDSAY ANA CRISTINA , TAVARES MACHADO MARCIA , SUSSNER KATARINA M. , HARDWICK CARY K. , SANSIGOLO KERR LIGIA REGINA FRANCO , PETERSON KAREN E.
Published: October 2008

Summary. With the rapid pace of the nutrition transition worldwide, understanding influences of child feeding practices within a context characterized by the co-existence of overweight and undernutrition in the same population has increasing importance. This qualitative study describes Brazilian mothers’ child feeding practices and their perceptions of their association with child weight status and explores the role of socioeconomic, cultural and organizational factors on these relationships. Forty-one women enrolled in the Family Health/Community Health Workers Programme were selected from rural, urban, coastal and indigenous areas in Ceara State, north-east Brazil, to participate in four focus group discussions. Content analysis identified fourteen emergent themes showing mothers’ child feeding practices in this setting were influenced by economic resources, mothers’ immediate social support networks (e.g. neighbours and family members) and participation in nutrition assistance programmes. Child malnutrition was the most common nutritional concern; nevertheless, mothers were aware of the negative health consequences of obesity but misunderstood its causes (e.g. foods filled with fat would make a person fat; others thought that birth control pills and stimulants given to children were causes of obesity); several reported their own struggles with overweight. Food assistance programmes emerged as an important influence on children’s dietary adequacy, especially among mothers describing dire economic situations. The findings have implications for targeting food assistance as well as health and nutrition education strategies in low-income families undergoing the nutrition transition in north-east Brazil.
UNMET NEED FOR CONTRACEPTION AMONG HIV-POSITIVE WOMEN IN LESOTHO AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION
Authors: ADAIR TIMOTHY
Published: October 2008

In Lesotho, the risk of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV is substantial; women of childbearing age have a high HIV prevalence rate (26·4%), low knowledge of HIV status and a total fertility rate of 3·5 births per woman. An effective means of preventing MTCT is to reduce unwanted fertility. This paper examines the unmet need for contraception to limit and space births among HIV-positive women in Lesotho aged 15–49 years, using the 2004 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey. HIV-positive women have their need for contraception unmet in almost one-third of cases, and multivariate analysis reveals this unmet need is most likely amongst the poor and amongst those not approving of family planning. Urgent action is needed to lower the level of unmet need and reduce MTCT. A constructive strategy is to improve access to family planning for all women in Lesotho, irrespective of HIV status, and, more specifically, integrate family planning with MTCT prevention and voluntary counselling and testing services.
A Comparison of xylometazoline (Otrivine) and phenylephrine/lignocaine mixture (Cophenylcaine) for the purposes of rigid nasendoscopy: a prospective, double-blind, randomised trial
Authors: McCluney N A , Eng C Y , Lee M S W , McClymont L G
Published: October 2008

Objective:

To evaluate if phenylephrine–lignocaine mixture (Cophenylcaine) nasal spray performs better than xylometazoline (Otrivine) spray for the purposes of out-patient rigid nasendoscopy preparation.

Design:

Prospective, double-blind, randomised trial comparing visual analogue scores for out-patients receiving either phenylephrine–lignocaine mixture or xylometazoline, prior to undergoing rigid nasendoscopy as part of their assessment.

Subjects:

Seventy-three patients requiring rigid nasendoscopy as part of their assessment were recruited to the study from Raigmore Hospital's out-patient clinic. These patients were randomised to receive a nasal spray comprising either phenylephrine–lignocaine mixture or xylometazoline, 10 minutes prior to rigid nasendoscopy. Double-blinding was adopted. After the procedure, the patient and the doctor independently completed separate visual analogue score-based questionnaires regarding the pain of the procedure and the ease of the examination, respectively.

Results:

Analysis of the data using standardised statistical methods demonstrated that the phenylephrine–lignocaine mixture did not perform better than xylometazoline, to any statistically significant extent.

Conclusion:

Phenylephrine–lignocaine mixture is considerably more expensive and has potentially more side effects than xylometazoline. These study findings suggest that it is difficult to justify the use of phenylephrine–lignocaine mixture over xylometazoline, for nasal preparation prior to rigid nasendoscopy.
The tentative female
Authors: Preisler Bent
Published: October 2008

In ET1, Jenny Cheshire looked at male bias and in ET2 Mary Brown Parlee discussed ‘genderlects’ and conversational politics. A Danish linguist now presents some evidence that women and men do use the language differently.
Word castles in Spain
Authors: Lodares Fuan Ramón
Published: October 2008

JUAN RAMÓN LODARES draws attention to a combination of archaic romanticism and simple error at work in the description of words of Spanish origin in some dictionaries of English.
What is register?
Authors: Hughes Geoffrey
Published: October 2008

A concise history of English used in different ways for different purposes
English in Indonesia
Authors: Smith Brian D.
Published: October 2008

To follow Philip Benson's account of Malaysian English in ET24, a review of the position of English in what was once the Dutch East Indies.
100 million words of English
Authors: Leech Geoffrey
Published: October 2008

A description of the background, nature and prospects of the British National Corpus project
English in the European Union
Authors: Berns Margie
Published: October 2008

A consideration of the nature and use of the language in the EU in terms of Braj Kachru's model of the inner, outer, and expanding circles of world Englishes
Linguistics in the English department: irreconcilable differences?
Authors: Battenburg John D.
Published: October 2008

JOHN D. BATTENBURG of California Polytechnic State University (CalPoly) discusses tensions currently inherent in university departments of “English”, especially in the United States
Upspeak in British English
Authors: Bradford Barbara
Published: October 2008

An examination of a novel UK rising tone, with reference to its use in some other Anglophone countries
Favouring French loanwords
Authors: Bruthiaux Paul
Published: October 2008

‘French continues to outclass the competition among English-speaking consumers of loanwords’
Understanding the object in packages
Authors: Rastall Paul
Published: October 2008

PAUL RASTALL takes on an overlooked area of domestic grammar
The English languages?
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: October 2008

In recent years there have been suggestions that English could break up into mutually unintelligible languages, much as Latin once did. Could such a break-up occur, or are we in need of a new appreciation of the nature of World English?
Immune defence mechanisms and immunoenhancement strategies in oropharyngeal candidiasis
Authors: Villar Cristina Cunha , Dongari-Bagtzoglou Anna
Published: October 2008

The prevalence of oropharyngeal candidiasis continues to be high, mainly because of an increasing population of immunocompromised patients. Traditional treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis has relied on the use of antimicrobial drugs. However, unsatisfactory results with drug monotherapy and the emergence of resistant strains have prompted investigations into the potential use of adjunctive immunoenhancing therapies for the treatment of these infections. Here we review the host-recognition systems ofCandida albicans, the immune and inflammatory response to infection, and antifungal effector mechanisms. The potential of immune modulation as a therapeutic strategy in oropharyngeal candidiasis is also discussed.
Access to justice in the World Trade Organization: a case for a small claims procedure?
Authors: NORDSTRÖM HÅKAN , SHAFFER GREGORY
Published: October 2008

The current dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organization (WTO) creates a particular challenge for WTO Members with limited exports since litigation costs are more or less independent of the commercial stakes involved in a dispute. Small Members with small trade stakes may therefore find it too costly to pursue legitimate claims. Reviewing the aims and practices of small claims procedures at the national and supranational level, we analyse whether a similar institution could be introduced at the WTO. While a strong empirical case can be made for such an innovation, the legal and political challenges should not be underestimated. As an initial step, we make a prima facie case that the current dispute settlement system effectively discriminates against small claims and hence owners of small claims, and thus, in particular, against least developed countries, small island economies and low income developing countries. This empirical task is carried out in Part 2. In Part 3 we explain what small claims procedures are at the national level, what purpose they serve, how they are organized in different jurisdictions involving alternative design features, and what challenges they have faced. Part 4 explores the issues raised by adding a small claims procedure in the WTO context, and indicates specific design features that could address them.
East Asian preferential trade agreements in services: liberalization content and WTO rules
Authors: FINK CARSTEN , MOLINUEVO MARTÍN
Published: October 2008

The past seven years have seen a rapid proliferation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) in the East Asian region. Many of the recently concluded PTAs are comprehensive in their coverage, seeking not only the dismantling of barriers to trade in goods but also the liberalization of trade in services. This paper offers an assessment of this recent wave of services agreements in East Asia, focusing on their liberalization content and their compliance with WTO rules on regional integration. It draws on a database in which the authors recorded the value added of PTA liberalization undertakings relative to pre-existing multilateral services commitments. Among other things, this database is used to empirically assess the effect of the scheduling approach on the depth and breadth of liberalization undertakings.
Riding or killing the centaur? Reflections on the identities of legal anthropology
Authors: von Benda-Beckmann Franz
Published: October 2008

The article examines how the academic genre called the ‘anthropology of law’ or ‘legal anthropology’ developed under the disciplinary constraints of both the social and legal sciences. It first discusses its historical development and different trajectories and engages in a comparative analysis of similarities and differences between anthropologists, lawyers and sociologists of law. Finally, by looking at the ways in which cognitive and normative categories such as ‘legal anthropology’ are reproduced and changed through time, the article in itself is a legal anthropological exercise. The author concludes that there are hardly any identity markers left that would demarcate legal anthropology in a mutually exclusive way from other (sub)disciplines. The distinctiveness of legal anthropology rather lies in an accumulation of features, which make (legal) anthropology what it is, even if many features may be shared with other disciplines.
Informal formality: tenantries,ejidosand family land
Authors: Glenn Jane Matthews
Published: October 2008

Formality and informality in housing is a continuum, rather than an either/or proposition, with many examples along the continuum. This paper focuses on three examples of housing solutions – Barbados tenantries, Mexican ejidos and Saint Lucia family land – which are situated at the fulcrum of the continuum, at the point where it tips from formality to informality, and attempts to unravel their formal and informal elements. While the starting hypothesis was that each is informal from a public law point of view but formal from a private law one, closer examination suggests that their private law aspects are more nuanced than first appeared.
Personal Action Plans: evaluating self-management initiatives in family law
Authors: Melville Angela , Laing Karen
Published: October 2008

Personal Action Plans (PAPs) have been used to encourage client self-management within healthcare services, and are a novel innovation within legal services. This paper examines the use of PAPs by publicly funded family lawyers in England and Wales. It was intended that PAPs were written collaboratively between lawyers and clients in order to assist clients to clarify and resolve issues independently, and aid referrals to other service providers. Whereas self-management initiatives work best when service providers take a client-aligned approach, our research demonstrates that the PAPs were used as a means of managing clients’ expectations. We conclude by suggesting that while PAPs and other forms of self-management tools may work well in healthcare, they have limited potential in the provision of legal services for family law clients.
Crime prevention and control: Western beliefs vs. traditional legal practices
Authors: Cottino Amedeo
Published: October 2008

This paper raises two main questions. The first concerns the current idea that punishment – conceived as the loss of liberty – has an effect in preventing unlawful behaviour. It can in fact be shown that, in general, sanctions have a poor individual preventive effect. As to general prevention, punishment may be expected to have a deterrent effect when the unlawful behaviour is the result of a rational decision, that is, a decision based on a cost–benefit analysis. However, a wide variety of factors, from group support to situational and systemic factors, may very well counteract the threatening effect of the sanction. The second question concerns the feasibility of non-stigmatizing ways to cope with crime. The few examples borrowed from legal anthropology seem to indicate that viable alternatives exist. But the transfer of a non-Western, indigenous problem-solving process to culturally different contexts is problematic and should be carried out with extreme caution.
The definition of traditional sanctions: their scope and characteristics
Authors: Decaux Emmanuel
Published: October 2008

For more than 30 years the codification of state responsibility has been the main task of the International Law Commission, which has placed greater emphasis on financial reparations than on criminal sanctions. Since the 1990s, however, the responsibility of individuals for gross violations of humanitarian law has been one of the main topics in international law. This new approach implies discrepancies between domestic practice and international case law in terms of the nature and scale of sanctions, the role of victims and also the accountability of non-state entities, including private companies and international organizations.
The mass crimes in the former Yugoslavia: participation, punishment and prevention?
Authors: Tanner Samuel
Published: October 2008

This article discusses sanctions for and the prevention of mass violence. But rather than take a classic approach centred on statutory players such as soldiers, officers or political leaders, all of them acting within a legal chain of command, I focus on non-state perpetrators. My reflections are based on case studies of four former Serbian militiamen who took part in mass violence in the former Yugoslavia. I argue that it is of the utmost importance to consider the typical grass-roots relationship between these local players and their own community, so as to maximize the effect of sanctions and perhaps prevent further offences by potential future perpetrators.