bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Case Report: Management of recurrent UTI with tigecycline in a kidney transplant recipient
Authors: Shettar Supreeta R. , Sumana Mahadevaiah Neelambike , Shetty Manjunath S. , Maheshwarappa Yogeesh D. , Reddy Raghukanth G. , Srinivasan Asha , P Vamshi Dharan , Kalyatanda Gautam , S C Shruthi Shree
Published: February 2025

This case report describes a 37-year-old man who underwent renal transplantation and subsequently developed complicated recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae. Despite initial treatment with fosfomycin and meropenem, the patient experienced persistent UTIs, leading to multiple hospitalizations. The management of these recurrent infections eventually required the use of tigecycline. Although tigecycline is not typically considered a urinary antibiotic owing to its limited urinary excretion, it was successfully employed in this case to manage the recurrent infections. The patient was treated with tigecycline for several episodes of UTI, which provided a crucial therapeutic option in the context of antibiotic resistance. This case underscores the challenges of managing recurrent MDR UTIs in immunocompromised patients and highlights tigecycline as an effective treatment strategy when standard therapies fail.
Efficacy of percutaneous cement discoplasty combined with PVP for the treatment of stage III Kümmell disease with an adjacent disc vacuum sign
Authors: Liu Liehua , Li Pei , Luo Lei , Zhao Chen , Zhang Huilin , Liu Deqiang , Zhou Qiang
Published: February 2025

Objective

To observe the efficacy of percutaneous cement discoplasty (PCD) combined with PVP for the treatment of stage III Kümmell disease (KD).

Methods

A total of 33 patients with stage III KD who underwent surgical treatment were divided into the PCD + PVP (PP) group (n = 20) and the internal fixation and fusion (IFF) group (n = 13). The observation indices included demographic characteristics, perioperative information, and clinical and imaging indicators, including the visual analog score (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), Cobb angle, and height ratio of the injured vertebra and its adjacent intervertebral disc (Hv+d, RHv+d).

Results

The operation time, blood loss, duration of bedrest, length of stay and cost of hospitalization were significantly lower in the PP group than in the IFF group (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the VAS score or ODI between the two groups before the operation, after the operation or at the last follow-up (P > 0.05). The RHv + d in the IFF group was significantly higher than that in the PP group after surgery and at the last follow-up (P < 0.05). The Cobb angle in the IFF group was significantly smaller after the operation than before the operation (P = 0.007). The incidence of complications in the PP group was lower than that in the IFF group (P = 0.018).

Conclusions

PCD combined with PVP for the treatment of stage III KD with an adjacent disc vacuum sign is effective and may be the next best thing to IFF, especially for elderly patients with complex underlying diseases and great surgical risks.
Geographical distribution, genetic diversity, and environmental adaptations of dromedary camel breeds in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ibrahim Mohanad A. , Tolone Marco , Barbato Mario , Alsubaie Faisal M. , Alrefaei Abdulwahed Fahad , Almutairi Mikhlid
Published: February 2025

The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Saudi Arabia exhibits significant genetic diversity, driven by adaptation to diverse ecological niches such as deserts, mountains, and coastal areas. This study explores the genetic structure of these camel populations, correlating their genetic diversity with geographical regions rather than ecological classifications. Through whole-genome sequencing of 63 camel genomes, we identified substantial differences in heterozygosity and inbreeding across different ecotypes, particularly noting higher genetic diversity in mountainous populations and lower diversity in coastal populations. The study also revealed significant enrichment of specific gene sets associated with environmental adaptation, such as the HECT domain in desert populations, which is crucial for maintaining protein integrity under extreme conditions. Principal component and admixture analyses further highlighted the genetic distinctiveness of certain breeds, particularly the Awarik (beach ecotype), which showed signs of genetic isolation.
Drug resistance and genotyping studies of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from broiler chickens in Iran
Authors: Piryaei Mohammad Reza , Peighambari Seyed Mostafa , Razmyar Jamshid
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Poultry products are considered an important source of Salmonella infections. Transmission of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars to humans has been a great concern worldwide. Occurrence of multi-drug resistance, adding to the presence of various virulence factors, which facilitate the pathogenesis of Salmonella, would cause tremendous risk for both human and animals’ health.

Methods and results

During 2023, out of a total number of 1,274 samples from broilers in Iran, 114 isolates of Salmonella spp. (8.94%) were detected from which 97 isolates were confirmed as Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). Eight virulence genes including invA, sefA, sopE, spvC, hilA, agfA, sivH and lpfA, were detected among SE isolates and it was found that all isolates harbored these genes at the rate of 100% except for spvC, which was present in 96.90% of the SE isolates. In phenotypic evaluation of resistance against 16 antimicrobial agents, high resistance rates were observed against nalidixic acid, ampicillin, amoxicillin–clavulanate and ciprofloxacin. While resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin and chloramphenicol was found to be moderate, it was very low to azithromycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, amikacin, gentamicin, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. However, all isolates were sensitive to meropenem, ceftazidime and aztreonam. The mean of MAR index values was 0.26 and 72.15% of the isolates were found to be highly resistant. In detection of 14 resistance genes among SE isolates, five genes including blaTEM, tetA, tetB, sul1 and strA/B were found with prevalence rates of 63.92, 36.08, 61.85, 10.30 and 14.43%, respectively.

Discussion

The high prevalence rates of MDR in SE, along with the overwhelming presence of major virulence factors raise public health concerns. These data highlight the great potential risks of the presence and transmission of highly pathogenic MDR Salmonella to humans from chicken meat sources, as well as the need for more effective surveillance for antimicrobial use in the poultry industry. Reducing/optimizing the use of antimicrobials, improving poultry management procedures, using probiotics and biosecurity or vaccines are essential to deal with this issue.
Demonstration of Polyethylene Nitrous Oxide Catalytic Decomposition Hybrid Thruster with Dual-Catalyst Bed Preheated by Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Lee Seungho , Ugolini Vincent Mario Pierre , Jung Eunsang , Kwon Sejin
Published: February 2025

Although various studies on nitrous oxide as a prospective green propellant have been recently explored, a polyethylene nitrous oxide catalytic decomposition hybrid thruster was barely demonstrated due to an inordinately high catalyst preheating time of a heater, which led to the destruction of components. Therefore, hydrogen peroxide was used as a preheatant, a substance to preheat, with a dual-catalyst bed. The thruster with polyethylene (PE) as a fuel, N2O as an oxidizer, H2O2 as the preheatant, Ru/Al2O3 as a catalyst for the oxidizer, and Pt/Al2O3 as a catalyst for the preheatant was arranged. A preheatant supply time of 10 s with a maximum catalyst bed temperature of more than 500 °C and without combustion and an oxidizer supply time of 20 s with a burning time of approximately 15 s were decided. Because the catalyst bed upstream part for decomposing the preheatant was far from the post-combustion chamber, the post-combustion chamber pressure increased and the preheatant mass flow rate decreased after a hard start during the preheatant supply time. Moreover, because the catalyst bed upstream part primarily contributed to preheating, the maximum catalyst bed temperature was less than the decomposition temperature of the preheatant during the preheatant supply time. Additionally, because the catalyst bed downstream part for decomposing the oxidizer was far from the post-combustion chamber, the post-combustion chamber pressure decreased and then increased during a transient state in the oxidizer supply time.
Bio-Adsorbents Derived from Allium cepa var. aggregatum Waste for Effective Cd Removal and Immobilization in Black Soil
Authors: Hou Yaru , Lu Jilong , Lai Yawen , Wei Qiaoqiao , Gou Zhiyi , Zou Xiaoxiao
Published: February 2025

The black soil in northeast China plays an important role in coping with global climate change. However, long-term predatory production methods and the excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers to respond to the growing demand resulted in a severe contamination of the black soil with Cd, leading to a decrease in the properties of black soil. In this study, we propose the preparation of bio-adsorbents including a natural bio-adsorbent (AW), a modified bio-adsorbent (AM), biochar cracking at 300, 500, and 700 °C (C300, C500, C700), modified biochar (CM), and a magnetic bio-adsorbent particle (MBP) using the waste of black soil autotrophic specialty crop multiplier onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) to investigate the adsorption and immobilization of Cd in contaminated soil. The results show that the application of bio-adsorbents resulted in a 17.29–35.67% and 18.24–30.76% decrease in effective and total Cd content in soil after dry–wet–freeze circulation. Exchangeable Cd in soil decreased and gradually transformed to more stable fractions, with a reduction in Cd bioavailability after remediation. Interestingly, an increase in plant uptake of Cd was observed in the biochar-treated group for a short period, causing a 93.72% increase in Cd concentration in plants after the application of C700, which can be applied concomitantly with hyperaccumulator plants harvested multiple times annually by encouraging higher Cd uptake by plants. Additionally, the rich content of humic acid (HA) in black soil was capable of promoting the immobilization of Cd in soil, enhancing the Cd resistance of black soil. Bio-adsorbents derived from Allium cepa var. aggregatum waste can be applied as a new type of green and effective material for the long-term remediation of Cd in the soil at a lower cost.
Microbial Communities in Continuous Panax notoginseng Cropping Soil
Authors: Liu Li , Wu Jingheng , Liu Minpeng , Wang Mulan , Huo Yuewen , Wei Fugang , Wu Min
Published: February 2025

Panax notoginseng is a prominent traditional Chinese medicinal herb, yet its yield and quality are significantly constrained by continuous cropping obstacles, primarily stemming from soil-related issues. This study analyzed soils subjected to various degrees of continuous P. notoginseng cultivation, soils without P. notoginseng planting, and natural forest floor soil without P. notoginseng planting. The objective was to investigate variations in soil microbial communities, physicochemical properties, and enzyme activities across different cropping conditions. Macro-genome sequencing was employed to reveal microbial shifts and key factors influencing rhizosphere microbial communities. Notably, the natural forest floor soil exhibited the highest levels of soil organic matter, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available potassium. Furthermore, continuous cropping soils showed the highest levels of pH, available phosphorus, electrical conductivity, and total potassium. The activities of catalase, urease, acid phosphatase, sucrase, and soil FDA hydrolase decreased significantly after continuous cropping, but increased again after five years of fallowing. Microbial analysis revealed that Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi dominated the soils without P. notoginseng planting, whereas Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria were the predominant phyla in continuous cropping and natural forest floor soils. Continuous cropping led to an increase in Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Chloroflexi, while fallowing reduced Actinobacteria. Gemmatimonades was almost exclusively present in the continuous cropping soils. Overall, continuous P. notoginseng planting altered the soil nutrients and microbial composition. Key factors influencing microbial communities included pH, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and electrical conductivity. The study suggests that attention should be paid to scientific and rational fertilization practices to mitigate the effects of continuous cropping. Additionally, a fallow period of more than five years is recommended. The proper application of probiotic fertilizers is also advised. Finally, cultivating P. notoginseng under forest conditions is recommended as a viable method.
Prevalent and Severe Conditions That Compromise the Welfare of Shelter Dogs: Opinions from the Taiwanese Experts
Authors: Chen Yu-Hsin , Chen Ching-I , Lin Chen-Yan , Teng Kendy Tzu-yun
Published: February 2025

The welfare of shelter dogs is a growing concern, particularly in regions like Taiwan, where public animal shelters (PASs) often face overcrowding. This study aimed to identify and prioritise welfare conditions (WCs) affecting shelter dogs in Taiwan’s PASs, offering insights into their impacts on population and individual welfare. A modified Delphi approach engaged 14 experts to evaluate the prevalence, severity, and duration of 59 potential WCs using the Five Domains model. The welfare impact of each WC on individual dogs was assessed as the product of severity and duration, with WCs scoring a median of 3 or higher considered critical. Of the 59 identified WCs, 49 were deemed critical. The most prevalent WCs were “limited access to toys” (median = 4.00), “insufficient foraging opportunities” (median = 4.00), and “intermittent, excessive barking noise” (median = 4.00). The most impactful WCs for individual dogs were “depressive disorders” (median of the product of duration and severity scores = 16.00), “fear-related or anxiety disorders” (median = 15.00), and “limited space” (median = 15.00). The Physical Environment Domain and the Behavioural Interactions Domain were highlighted as having the most significant and prolonged negative effects on welfare. This study provides a comprehensive WC list for shelter dogs, guiding future welfare improvements and resource allocation strategies.
Temporal Trends of Escherichia coli Antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic Utilization in Australian Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Smit Chloé Corrie Hans , Keighley Caitlin , Rogers Kris , Miyakis Spiros , Taxis Katja , Robertson Hamish , Pont Lisa Gail
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem with antibiotic consumption considered a key modifiable factor for the development of AMR. Long-term care (LTC) facilities have been identified as potential reservoirs for Escherichia coli (E. coli) resistance due to high rates of urinary tract infection (UTI) and high levels of antibiotic consumption among residents. However, while the relationship between these two factors is well accepted, little is known about the possible temporal relationship between these. This study explores trends in E. coli resistance and antibiotic consumption in LTC focused on potential temporal relationships between antibiotic utilization and AMR. Methods: A retrospective, longitudinal, and ecological analysis was conducted between 31 May 2016 and 31 December 2018. The primary outcomes were the monthly prevalence of E. coli AMR in urine isolates and the monthly percentage of residents using an antibiotic recommended for the management of UTI in national treatment guidelines (amoxicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, cefalexin, norfloxacin, and trimethoprim). Results: During the study period, 10,835 urine E. coli isolates were tested, and 3219 residents received one or more medicines and were included in the medicines dataset. Over one-quarter were resistant to at least one of the target antibiotics (23.3%). For most antibiotics, the temporal relationship between AMR and antibiotic utilization was unclear; however, potential patterns were observed for both trimethoprim and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid. Trimethoprim showed a temporal decrease in both AMR and utilization, while amoxicillin with clavulanic acid showed a lag time of approximately four months between utilization and resistance. Conclusions: The dynamic nature of AMR demonstrated in this study highlights the need for more up-to-date local surveillance to inform antibiotic choice in this setting.
A Comprehensive Review of the Antitumor Activity of Olive Compounds: The Case of Olive Oil, Pomace, and Leaf Extracts, Phenolic Alcohols, Secoiridoids, and Triterpenes
Authors: Melo Ferreira Diana , Oliveira Maria Beatriz P. P. , Alves Rita Carneiro
Published: February 2025

Olive oil is widely recognized for its cancer-prevention properties, and its by-products, such as pomace and leaves, offer an opportunity for compound extraction. This study comprehensively reviews the antitumor activities of olive extracts and compounds in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Key compounds, including hydroxytyrosol (HT), oleuropein (OL), oleocanthal (OC), and maslinic acid (MA), demonstrated significant antiproliferative, apoptotic, antimigratory, and anti-invasive effects, along with selective cytotoxicity, particularly against breast and colorectal cancer. HT, OC, and MA showed anti-angiogenic effects, while HT and OC showed antimetastatic effects. Moreover, HT, OL, and OC also presented synergistic effects when combined with anticancer drugs, improving their efficacy. Additionally, HT, OL, and MA exhibited protective effects against several side effects of chemotherapy. These compounds are able to modulate important signaling pathways such as the mammalian target of rapamycin, regulate oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species production, modulate angiogenic factors, and induce autophagy. Interestingly, the synergistic effects of the compounds within olive extracts appear to be stronger than their individual action. There is a need for dose optimization, further mechanistic studies to clarify the precise mechanisms of action, and future studies using olive pomace extracts with animal models.
Natural Frequencies of a Tethered Satellite System
Authors: Yoon Yihun , Jang Woojae , Chung Jintai
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the natural frequencies of a tethered satellite system to enhance stability and operational reliability. Tethered satellite systems provide many advantages for space missions but exhibit inherently complex dynamics due to the interaction between rigid-body motions and tether deformation. A dumbbell model was employed to analyze rigid-body dynamics, with eigenvalue analysis used to determine the natural frequencies of orbital and librational motion. Additionally, tether deformation was examined through simulations based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) and a tensioned beam model, facilitating both analytical and computational assessments of transverse and longitudinal frequencies. The results show that orbital angular velocity and libration frequencies are highly sensitive to system parameters such as tether length, orbital radius, and satellite masses. Furthermore, the transverse and longitudinal natural frequencies of the tether exhibit distinct dependencies, providing critical insights for the design and control of tethered satellite systems. This work bridges a gap in understanding coupled dynamics and offers a systematic framework for calculating natural frequencies, supporting practical implementation in space missions.
Novel Soybean Oil-Based 3D Printed Resin Membrane Used for Guided Bone Regeneration in Calvaria Bone Critical-Size Defects: A Microtomographic and Histologic Study in Rats
Authors: Godoy Eduardo Pires , Artioli Letícia Gabriela , Botticelli Daniele , Nicoletti Fabrizio , Dassatti Leonardo , Bragaglia Mario , Nanni Francesca , Xavier Samuel Porfirio , Silva Erick Ricardo
Published: February 2025

Background: Osseointegrated implants are essential for rehabilitating edentulous patients, but critical bone defects remain challenging. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) with barrier membranes is an effective approach. This study evaluated a 3D printed membrane made from acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) combined with a xenogeneic graft for GBR in critical-size defects. Methods: Forty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats (150 g) were assigned to four groups: a negative control group (NC, blood clot only), a positive control group (PC, biomaterial without membrane), a negative test group (NT, blood clot with membrane), and a positive test group (PT, biomaterial with membrane). Results: The PT group showed the highest bone volume and superior bone maturation compared to the other groups. Bone quality parameters (Tb.N, Tb.Th) indicated enhanced maturation in the groups using the membrane. A histological analysis confirmed centripetal bone formation. Conclusion: The AESO-based membrane provided mechanical support and controlled resorption, addressing collagen membrane limitations. Its combination with the GTO® graft material enhanced osteoconduction, bone formation, and bone quality, highlighting its potential for complex bone defect reconstructions.
Research on the Cultural Landscape Features and Regional Variations of Traditional Villages and Dwellings in Multicultural Blending Areas: A Case Study of the Jiangxi-Anhui Junction Region
Authors: Duan Yapeng , Chen Mingxia , Liu Yue , Wang Yuan , Zhang Li
Published: February 2025

Traditional villages face many difficulties in the era of globalization, especially in light of fast industrialization and urbanization. The breakdown of settlement patterns and the erosion of local characteristics and cultural identities pose critical issues for the sustainable development of these communities. While research on traditional villages and dwellings in core cultural areas is relatively advanced, there remains a significant gap in studies focusing on traditional villages and dwellings in multicultural intermingling regions. By clarifying the characteristics of traditional villages and the cultural landscapes of dwellings under the influence of multiple cultures, as well as their differentiation and underlying mechanisms, this research aims to provide theoretical support for the protective planning of world cultural heritage, which is increasingly characterized by clustering and regionalization. Taking the traditional villages and dwellings in the Jiangxi and Anhui junction area as a case study, we developed a cultural landscape factor system for traditional villages and dwellings across four dimensions: natural environment, spatial configuration, dwelling typology, and historical and cultural context. Using geographic information systems (GIS) zoning methods and statistical spatial analysis, we divided the area into three distinct cultural landscape zones. The findings indicate that the cultural landscapes within each zone exhibit unique regional characteristics at both the village and dwelling levels, particularly in site selection, settlement patterns, and architectural aesthetics. Differentiation across zones is shaped by natural factors, such as topography and water systems, as well as by regional culture, historical migration, the chronological sequence of regional development, commerce and trade growth, and the evolution of administrative systems, alongside broader cultural, economic, and social factors, showing consistent patterns. This study demonstrates that utilizing a scientific and objective zoning approach to accurately identify the cultural landscape characteristics and differentiation patterns across various cultural zones, while clarifying the historical evolution of villages and the transformation of dwelling forms, provides practical insights for cultural landscape zoning in other multicultural regions. Furthermore, it provides scientific guidance to advance China’s rural revitalization strategy and supports the regional protection and sustainable development of world cultural heritage.
RL–Fusion: The Large Language Model Fusion Method Based on Reinforcement Learning for Task Enhancing
Authors: Wang Zijian , Li Jiayong , Liu Yu , Li Xuhang , Yan Cairong , Zhang Yanting
Published: February 2025

Model fusion is a technique of growing interest in the field of machine learning, which constructs a generalized model by merging the parameters of multiple independent models with different capabilities without the need to access the original training data or perform costly computations. However, during model fusion, when the number of parameters in a large language model is high, the dimension of the parameter space increases, which makes it more challenging to find the optimal combination of weights. Meanwhile, there is considerable potential for further development in sustainable optimization schemes for task-specific performance enhancement through model fusion in this area. In this paper, we propose a large-scale language model fusion approach based on task-enhanced reinforcement learning (RL–Fusion) to efficiently explore and optimize model fusion configurations. The key innovation of RL–Fusion lies in its use of reinforcement learning to guide parameter selection during model fusion, enabling a more intelligent and adaptive exploration of the parameter space. Additionally, RL–Fusion introduces a dynamic evaluation mechanism that adjusts the evaluation dataset in real-time based on feedback from SOTA models, ensuring continuous enhancement of domain-specific capabilities. RL–Fusion outperforms the baseline model by improving 1.75% in the MMLU benchmark test, 1.8% in the C-eval test, and 1.8% in the Chinese Named Entity Recognition (NER) test on the Yayi NER dataset by 16%. The results show that RL–Fusion is an effective and scalable model fusion solution that improves performance without increasing the computational cost of traditional optimization methods and has a wide range of applications in AI research and practice.
Research on Network Handover Based on User Movement Prediction in Visible Light Communication and Wi-Fi Heterogeneous Networks
Authors: Ke Chenghu , Wang Mengfan , Qin Huanhuan , Ke Xizheng
Published: February 2025

This paper addresses the handover challenge in indoor visible light communication and Wi-Fi heterogeneous networks, proposing an adaptive handover strategy based on user trajectory prediction. Extracting meaningful and important location points from massive trajectory data for clustering, an improved hidden Markov model is used to predict the user’s next location by analyzing the patterns of the user’s historical mobile trajectory data. The Q-learning algorithm is then used to determine the optimal network handover based on the current network state, while a seamless handover protocol is introduced to ensure successful network transition and uninterrupted data transmission. Compared with the traditional STD-LTE handover scheme, the proposed algorithm can reduce vertical handover rates by up to 32% during fast walking. When indoor user connections increase, the algorithm can maintain high fairness and high throughput when indoor user connections increase, verifying that it is robust in different scenarios.
Metabolomic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Insights into Wine and Grape Ale Maturation
Authors: Gerginova Dessislava , Chorbadzhiev Plamen , Simova Svetlana
Published: February 2025

The chemical profiles of young and mature wines produced from three grape varieties Merlot, Mavrud, and Sauvignon blanc were analyzed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and advanced statistical methods. Furthermore, grape ales―a hybrid of beer and wine—were subjected to analysis to facilitate a comparison of their composition with that of traditional wines. The analysis yielded a total of 37 compounds, which were identified and quantified. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models were employed to distinguish the chemical profiles of young and mature wines, as well as those of grape ales. The findings demonstrate that the fermentation and aging processes result in the formation of distinctive chemical signatures in wines, with key compounds such as shikimic acid and fructose contributing to this differentiation. The identified compounds comprise seven alcohols (2,3-butanediol, glycerol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, 3-methyl-butan-1-ol, myo-inositol, 1-propanol, 2-phenylethanol), six organic acids (galacturonic, citric, lactic, malic, shikimic, succinic), three amino acids (alanine, proline, tyrosine), four sugars (arabinose, fructose, galactose, glucose), coutaric acid, and acetoin. The levels of these 22 components enabled the successful differentiation of young and mature wines among the three grape varieties. These findings underscore the substantial chemical distinctions between grape ales and wines, thereby emphasizing the potential of grape ales as an innovative fermented beverage.
Epimaps of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain Mutational Landscape: Insights into Protein Stability, Epitope Prediction, and Antibody Binding
Authors: Pitsillou Eleni , El-Osta Assam , Hung Andrew , Karagiannis Tom C.
Published: February 2025

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants poses an ongoing threat to the efficacy of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. Mutations predominantly affect the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein, which mediates viral entry. The RBD is also a major target of monoclonal antibodies that were authorised for use during the pandemic. In this study, an in silico approach was used to investigate the mutational landscape of SARS-CoV-2 RBD variants, including currently circulating Omicron subvariants. A total of 40 single-point mutations were assessed for their potential effect on protein stability and dynamics. Destabilising effects were predicted for mutations such as L455S and F456L, while stabilising effects were predicted for mutations such as R346T. Conformational B-cell epitope predictions were subsequently performed for wild-type (WT) and variant RBDs. Mutations from SARS-CoV-2 variants were located within the predicted epitope residues and the epitope regions were found to correspond to the sites targeted by therapeutic antibodies. Furthermore, homology models of the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 variants were generated and were utilised for protein–antibody docking. The binding characteristics of 10 monoclonal antibodies against WT and 14 SARS-CoV-2 variants were evaluated. Through evaluating the binding affinities, interactions, and energy contributions of RBD residues, mutations that were contributing to viral evasion were identified. The findings from this study provide insight into the structural and molecular mechanisms underlying neutralising antibody evasion. Future antibody development could focus on broadly neutralising antibodies, engineering antibodies with enhanced binding affinity, and targeting spike protein regions beyond the RBD.
Assessment of the Interdependencies Between High-Speed Videoendoscopy and Simultaneously Recorded Audio Data in Various Glottal Pathologies
Authors: Pietrzak Magdalena M. , Pietruszewska Wioletta , Barańska Magda , Rycerz Aleksander , Stawiski Konrad , Niebudek-Bogusz Ewa
Published: February 2025

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationships between kymographic parameters derived from high-speed videoendoscopy (HSV) and simultaneously recorded acoustic signals. The research provides insights into the vibratory dynamics of various glottal pathologies, assessed across different glottal widths, and their mutual relations with audio data. Methods: The study included 192 participants categorized as normophonic or having functional or organic lesions (benign, premalignant, and malignant). Parameters describing vocal fold oscillations were calculated using HSV kymography for three glottal widths, along with corresponding acoustic data. Initially, linear correlations between these parameters were assessed. Next, the consistency in cycle detection and its influence on the correlation levels were evaluated. Results: The fundamental frequency (F0) and mean Jitter (Jita) showed the highest correlations between the HSV- and audio-determined parameters (F0: 0.97, Jita: 0.40–0.70), with even stronger correlations when the number of detected cycles was consistent (F0: 0.99, Jita: 0.68–0.98). The correlations for other parameters ranged from low to moderate, with no significant differences observed between the diagnostic subgroups (functional changes and benign and malignant glottal lesions). However, in the premalignant lesions group, high correlations (0.77–0.9) were observed between the HSV and audio parameters, but only for measures describing period perturbations. Beyond F0 and mean Jitter, consistency in cycle detection did not significantly affect correlation levels. Conclusions: The simultaneous audio signal proved useful in verifying the accuracy of HSV quantification measures, particularly for F0, which showed strong agreement between the methods. Discrepancies in other parameters and low correlations between HSV-derived kymography and audio data may suggest the influence of the throat, mouth, and nose resonators, which are added to the glottal signal. While the kymographic analysis based on HSV provides detailed descriptions of vocal fold oscillations, it does not fully capture the three-dimensional structure and complex functionality of the vocal folds.
Flash Memory for Synaptic Plasticity in Neuromorphic Computing: A Review
Authors: Im Jisung , Pak Sangyeon , Woo Sung-Yun , Shin Wonjun , Lee Sung-Tae
Published: February 2025

The rapid expansion of data has made global access easier, but it also demands increasing amounts of energy for data storage and processing. In response, neuromorphic electronics, inspired by the functionality of biological neurons and synapses, have emerged as a growing area of research. These devices enable in-memory computing, helping to overcome the “von Neumann bottleneck”, a limitation caused by the separation of memory and processing units in traditional von Neumann architecture. By leveraging multi-bit non-volatility, biologically inspired features, and Ohm’s law, synaptic devices show great potential for reducing energy consumption in multiplication and accumulation operations. Within the various non-volatile memory technologies available, flash memory stands out as a highly competitive option for storing large volumes of data. This review highlights recent advancements in neuromorphic computing that utilize NOR, AND, and NAND flash memory. This review also delves into the array architecture, operational methods, and electrical properties of NOR, AND, and NAND flash memory, emphasizing its application in different neural network designs. By providing a detailed overview of flash memory-based neuromorphic computing, this review offers valuable insights into optimizing its use across diverse applications.
Silicon-Based Biosensors: A Critical Review of Silicon’s Role in Enhancing Biosensing Performance
Authors: Muhammad Waqar , Song Jaeyoon , Kim Sehyeon , Ahmed Falguni , Cho Eunseo , Lee Huiseop , Kim Jinsik
Published: February 2025

This review into recent advancements in silicon-based technology, with a particular emphasis on the biomedical applications of silicon sensors. Owing to their diminutive size, high sensitivity, and intrinsic compatibility with electronic systems, silicon-based sensors have found widespread utilization across healthcare, industrial, and environmental monitoring domains. In the realm of biomedical sensing, silicon has demonstrated significant potential to enhance human health outcomes while simultaneously driving progress in microfabrication techniques for multifunctional device development. The review systematically examines the versatile roles of silicon in the fabrication of electrodes, sensing channels, and substrates. Silicon electrodes are widely used in electrochemical biosensors for glucose monitoring and neural activity recording, while sensing channels in field-effect transistor biosensors enable the detection of cancer biomarkers and small molecules. Porous silicon substrates are applied in optical biosensors for label-free protein and pathogen detection. Key challenges in this field, including the interaction of silicon with biomolecules, the economic barriers to miniaturization, and issues related to signal stability, are critically analyzed. Proposed strategies to address these challenges and improve sensor functionality and reliability are also discussed. Furthermore, the article explores emerging developments in silicon-based biosensors, particularly their integration into wearable technologies. The pivotal role of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing the performance, functionality, and real-time capabilities of these sensors is also highlighted. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state, challenges, and future directions in the field of silicon-based biomedical sensing technologies.
A Brief Review of Aptamer-Based Biosensors in Recent Years
Authors: Wang Wenjing , He Yumin , He Suxiang , Deng Lei , Wang Hui , Cao Zhong , Feng Zemeng , Xiong Benhai , Yin Yulong
Published: February 2025

Aptamers have recently become novel probes for biosensors because of their good biocompatibility, strong specificity, and high sensitivity. Biosensors based on peptides or nucleic acid aptamers are used in implantable and wearable devices owing to their ease of synthesis and economic efficiency. Simultaneously, amphoteric ionic peptides are being explored as antifouling layers for biosensors resistant to interference from extraneous proteins in serum. Thus, this paper reviews recently developed aptamer-based biosensors and introduces peptide- and nucleic acid-based biosensors, while focusing on the three primary classes of biosensors: electrochemical sensors, fluorescent or colorimetric biosensors, and electroluminescent sensors. Furthermore, we summarize their general construction strategies, describe specific electrochemical sensors that use peptides as an antipollution layer, and elucidate their advantages.
Joint Action of Wind and Temperature on Long-Span Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Bridges in the Yellow River Basin
Authors: Liu Jiang , Wu Haotian , Guo Huajun , Ma Zhiyuan , Zheng Feixiang , Ma Yinping , Liu Yongjian
Published: February 2025

Complex wind and temperature characteristics in the Yellow River basin (YRB) challenge the safety and durability of long-span concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) bridges greatly. To address this issue, it is important to accurately assess the joint actions of wind and temperature. In this paper, the joint actions of wind and temperature in eight typical YRB cities are analyzed. The joint distributions of wind speed and air temperature are developed with the Archimedean Copula, and the Kendall return period is used for occurrence probability estimations. Eight wind–temperature combinations are considered. Responses for these combinations are calculated and compared with specification actions. Results show significant wind–temperature variations in the YRB. When wind actions adopt the univariate representative values (URVs), the temperature actions are reduced by 20–40%; when temperature actions use URVs, wind actions experience a reduction by more than half of their URVs. The joint responses can sometimes exceed, but are mostly less than, the specification responses, with a maximum strength margin over 11 MPa. These efforts suggest that the proposed joint actions can expand the provisions in the General Specification and provide guidance for the design of long-span CFST bridges.
Low Rates of Intrapulmonary Local Recurrence After Laser Metastasectomy: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study of Colorectal Cancer Metastases
Authors: Shalabi Ahmad , Shalabi Sundus F. , Graeter Thomas , Welter Stefan , Ehab Ahmed , Kuon Jonas
Published: February 2025

Objective: Colorectal pulmonary metastasis is the most common resected metastatic disease of the lung. Pulmonary metastasectomy (PM) for colorectal oligometastases is a well-established intervention with curative intent. Local recurrence at the resection site in the lung is a problem, with an impact on survival. The use of a 1320 nm neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser causes the vaporization and coagulation at the resection line and thereby increases safety margins around the nodule. We aimed to evaluate the local recurrence rate after laser-assisted pulmonary metastasectomy (LPM) for colorectal metastases. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 49 patients treated with laser-assisted pulmonary metastasectomy for 139 metastatic nodules from colorectal cancer from 2010 to 2018. All nodules were resected using Nd:YAG 1320 nm laser, aiming for a safety margin of five mm. The minimum follow-up time after PM was 24 months. Results: Local intrapulmonary recurrence developed at 7 of the 139 (5.0%) resection sites in 5 of the 49 patients (10.2%). Microscopically incomplete resection was a significant risk factor for recurrence (p = 0.023). Larger nodule size (>12 mm) negatively impacted local recurrence (p = 0.024). Nodules larger or equal to 12 mm in size also lowered the patients’ probability of survival by 67.29% (HR: 0.3271, 95% CI: 0.1265–0.846, p = 0.018). Conclusions: The rate of local recurrence at the resection site after LPM for colorectal metastases is low. Complete resection is a positive predictor of survival without local recurrence. Microscopic complete resection with the addition of vaporization and coagulation at the resection margin seems to be sufficient to prevent local recurrence. However, larger nodules may require larger safety margins.
Does a Transcriptionally Active HPV Infection Affect the Invasiveness of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors? A Case Series Study of 60 Patients in Krakow, Poland
Authors: Krzentowska Anna , Biesaga Beata , Czepko Ryszard , Adamek Dariusz , Merklinger-Gruchała Anna , Gołkowski Filip
Published: February 2025

Background/Objective: Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PITNETs) often show a tendency towards invasive behavior, i.e., an invasion towards the cavernous sinuses or destruction of the sella turcica. In the present study, we analyzed whether a transcriptionally active HPV infection affects the invasiveness of pituitary tumors. Methods: Sixty patients with different phenotypes of PITNETs who underwent neurosurgery were studied. The obtained postoperative material was analyzed histopathologically. For each patient, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks were cut into ultra-thin slices and two to three of them were designated for DNA extraction, while one was used for histological slides. Based on the isolated DNA, the presence of DNA from individual HPV types was determined by the real-time detection polymerase chain reaction using the REALQUALITY RQ-Multi HPV Detection reagent kit (AB ANALITICA, Italy). P16 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemical staining on the histological slides. A transcriptionally active infection with individual HPV types was distinguished when HPV DNA and P16 protein overexpression were detected simultaneously for a given tumor. Results: In the group of the 60 analyzed PITNETs, a transcriptionally active high-risk HPV infection was detected in a subset of 11 tumors (18.3%). This infection was associated with a significantly lower probability of tumor invasiveness, measured on both the Knosp (OR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02–0.58) and Hardy scales (OR = 0.12 95% CI: 0.024–0.56). Conclusions: Further studies are needed to confirm the prevalence of transcriptionally active HPV infections in pituitary adenomas and the role of these infections in the invasiveness of pituitary tumors.
Establishing Pancreatic Cancer Organoids from EUS-Guided Fine-Needle Biopsy Specimens
Authors: Wang Mei-Juan , Gao Chao , Huang Xin , Wang Min , Zhang Shuai , Gao Xiao-Pei , Zhong Chang-Qing , Li Lian-Yong
Published: February 2025

Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant digestive system tumor characterized by covert onset and rapid progression, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Most patients have already reached an advanced or metastatic stage at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the occurrence, development, and drug resistance mechanisms of pancreatic cancer. In recent years, the development of 3D tumor cell culture technology has provided new avenues for pancreatic cancer research. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) are micro-organ structures that are obtained directly from the patient’s body and rapidly expand in vitro. PDOs have the ability to self-renew and self-organize and retain the genetic heterogeneity and molecular characteristics of the original tumor. However, the use of organoids is limited because most patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are inoperable. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration/biopsy (EUS-FNA/FNB) is an important method for obtaining tissue samples from non-surgical pancreatic cancer patients. This article reviews the factors that affect the formation of pancreatic cancer organoids using EUS-FNA/FNB. High-quality samples, sterile operations, and optimized culture media are key to successfully generating organoids. Additionally, individual patient differences and disease stages can impact the formation of organoids. Pancreatic cancer organoids constructed using EUS-FNA/FNB have significant potential, suggesting new approaches for research and treatment.
Enhancing H2O2 Generation Using Activated Carbon Electrocatalyst Cathode: Experimental and Computational Insights on Current, Cathode Design, and Reactor Configuration
Authors: Cerrillo-Gonzalez Maria del Mar , Taqieddin Amir , Sarrouf Stephanie , Sakhaee Nima , Paz-García Juan Manuel , Alshawabkeh Akram N. , Ehsan Muhammad Fahad
Published: February 2025

Granular activated carbon (GAC) serves as a cost-efficient electrocatalyst cathode in electrochemical water treatment. This study investigates the impact of current intensity and cathode mesh size on the electrocatalytic generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), for removing p-nitrophenol (PNP) as a representative contaminant. The findings suggest that these parameters exert a factorial effect on PNP removal, which is statistically endorsed via the analysis of variance. The −20 + 40 mesh GAC exhibited superior electrocatalytic performance due to its optimal balance of porosity and active surface area. Additionally, the reactor configuration was also studied. Employing two reactors in series configuration resulted in a 23% increase in H2O2 generation and a 32% enhancement in overall PNP removal compared with the single reactor configuration. This enhancement is attributed to (i) the enhanced electroactive area, (ii) the greater retention time of PNP over the electrocatalyst surface, and (iii) the increased dissolved oxygen and H2O2 content in the second reactor, promoting the overall H2O2 generation. Numerical simulations were conducted to compute H2O2 concentration profiles, providing a detailed representation of the physical, chemical, and electrochemical processes. The model exhibited a high degree of accuracy compared with the experimental measurements, with R2 values ranging from ~0.76 to 0.99 and MAE values between ~0.04 and 0.23 mg/L. The simulation results highlight a strong interplay between H2O2 generation, its reaction kinetics during PNP removal, and electrode utilization efficiency. These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing the applied current magnitude and reactor operation duration to maximize electrode efficiency and H2O2 generation and utilization, while minimizing electrochemical bubble blockage. Overall, this study provides fundamental insights to optimize the electroactive area for enhanced ROS generation toward efficient contaminant removal, supporting sustainable groundwater remediation technologies in the face of emerging pollutants.