bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ο ρόλος της φωνολογικής ενημερότητας και της εργαζόμενης μνήμης στην εκμάθηση της ανάγνωσης μαθητών πρώτης σχολικής ηλικίας με μαθησιακές δυσκολίες, σε δίγλωσσο περιβάλλον
Authors: Τσαμπαλάς Ευάγγελος
Published: April 2021

Οι μαθητές με μαθησιακές δυσκολίες (ΜΔ) εκδηλώνουν μεγάλο εύρος δυσκολιών σε επιμέρους τομείς του γραπτού λόγου, οι οποίες οφείλονται σε ποικίλους παράγοντες. Αναφορικά με τον τομέα της ανάγνωσης, οι φτωχές δεξιότητες αποκωδικοποίησης και αναγνώρισης λέξεων, το περιορισμένο λεξιλόγιο, οι περιορισμένες αντιλήψεις σχετικά με τη δομή του κειμένου, οι αναποτελεσματικές στρατηγικές προσέγγισης οδηγούν σε ελλειπή κατανόηση κειμένου και κατ’ επέκταση στην αδυναμία κατάκτησης της αναγνωστικής δεξιότητας. Σήμερα, μεγάλος αριθμός ερευνών επιβεβαιώνει τη σημασία της ακεραιότητας του φωνολογικού συστήματος και της σωστής λειτουργίας της επεξεργασίας αυτών των πληροφοριών, που είναι αποθηκευμένες με ένα καλά κατηγοριοποιημένο τρόπο και βοηθούν στην καλή αποκωδικοποίηση των γραπτών λέξεων. Εξίσου, επιβεβαιώνεται ότι με την ικανότητα ανάγνωσης και την κατανόηση των κειμένων συνδέεται άρρηκτα η Εργαζόμενη Μνήμη, καθώς όποια και αν είναι η κατάσταση της αποκωδικοποίησης, η Εργαζόμενη Μνήμη επιτρέπει τη διατήρηση πληροφοριών, ώστε να χρησιμοποιηθούν όταν και εφόσον παρουσιαστεί κάποιο πρόβλημα κατά την κατανόηση. Κύριο σκοπό της παρούσας έρευνας αποτέλεσε η μελέτη και ανάδειξη συσχέτισης της Φωνολογικής Ενημερότητας και της Εργαζόμενης Μνήμης με την αναγνωστική ικανότητα μαθητών πρώτης σχολικής ηλικίας με Μαθησιακές Δυσκολίες σε δίγλωσσο εκπαιδευτικό περιβάλλον. Επιπρόσθετα, κύριο ζητούμενο αποτέλεσε η εξαγωγή ορθών αποτελεσμάτων και κατάλληλων συμπερασμάτων, τα οποία σε ακολουθία ανάλογων ευρημάτων της διεθνούς βιβλιογραφίας θα συμβάλουν ώστε να τεθούν προβληματισμοί για περαιτέρω έρευνα των παραγόντων που επηρεάζουν το επίπεδο αναγνωστικής ικανότητας των μαθητών με Μαθησιακές Δυσκολίες. Για την συλλογή των δεδομένων κατάλληλα σταθμισμένα ψυχομετρικά εργαλεία χορηγήθηκαν σε ένα ικανοποιητικό δείγμα μαθητών πρώτης σχολικής ηλικίας και γονέων και εκπαιδευτικών, σε σχολεία της Κύπρου.Τα αποτελέσματα της επεξεργασίας των δεδομένων ανέδειξαν στατιστικά σημαντική συσχέτιση μεταξύ της φωνολογικής ενημερότητας και της εργαζόμενης μνήμης σε Κύπριους μαθητές με μαθησιακές δυσκολίες. Αξιολογώντας τα ευρήματα της παρούσας έρευνας, κρίνεται σημαντική η συμβολή τους αφενός στην κατανόηση των σύνθετων αλληλεπιδράσεων των παραπάνω παραγόντων στην εκδήλωση των μαθησιακών δυσκολιών και αφετέρου, στην εφαρμογή κατάλληλων μορφών παρέμβασης στην εκπαιδευτική πράξη.
Η συμβολή των διοικητικών δικαστηρίων των διεθνών οργανισμών στην εξέλιξη του διεθνούς υπαλληλικού δικαίου
Authors: Τόλης Ευάγγελος
Published: April 2021

Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή παρουσιάζονται οι επιδράσεις των αποφάσεων των διοικητικών δικαστηρίων των διεθνών οργανισμών στην εξέλιξη του δικονομικού και του ουσιαστικού διεθνούς υπαλληλικού δικαίου.
Πολυκριτηριακό σύστημα καταγραφής και αξιολόγησης των υλικών και άυλων πολιτιστικών πόρων ενός τόπου, για τη διαχείριση της πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς
Authors: Λινάκη Ελένη
Published: April 2021

Το παρόν άρθρο έχει ως βασικό αντικείμενο μελέτης, την πρόταση ενός καινοτόμου πολυκριτηριακού συστήματος καταγραφής και αξιολόγησης των άυλων και υλικών πολιτιστικών πόρων ενός τόπου. Συγκεκριμένα αφορά τη δημιουργία ενός νέου επιστημονικού εργαλείου που αρχικά καταγράφει και εν συνεχεία, με τη χρήση ποσοτικών και ποιοτικών δεικτών, αξιολογεί την πολιτιστική σημαντικότητα της έννομης και καταγεγραμμένης για κάθε τόπο άυλης και υλικής πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς. Η εργασία καταλήγει στην ανάπτυξη μιας πλατφόρμας ανοιχτού κώδικα και στη κατάρτιση ενός εύκολα κατανοητού και διαχειρίσιμου από τον εκάστοτε χρήστη (φορέα, ιδιώτη, εταιρεία κλπ.), εγχειριδίου. Η βασική μεθοδολογία της έρευνας στηρίζεται σε τρία στάδια. Το πρώτο στάδιο, αφορά το θεωρητικό κομμάτι της έρευνας με την βιβλιογραφική επισκόπηση του άυλου και υλικού πολιτισμού. Το δεύτερο στάδιο αφορά το αμιγώς ερευνητικό κομμάτι, με την ανάπτυξη του πολυκριτηριακού συστήματος και την ολοκλήρωση του εγχειριδίου χρήσης, μέσα από την περιγραφή των αναλυτικών του βημάτων. Στο τρίτο στάδιο η εργασία προχωρά στην εφαρμογή του συστήματος στον παραδοσιακό οικισμό της Άνω Σύρου, με στόχο τον έλεγχο του ορθού τρόπου λειτουργίας του μέσα από πραγματικά δεδομένα. Τέλος, προχωρά στην έρευνα πεδίου με χρήση ερωτηματολογίων.
Ethical, Regulatory and Market related aspects of Deploying Triple Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies for Malaria treatment in Africa: A study protocol.
Authors: Tindana Paulina , de Haan Freek , Mokuolu Olugbenga Ayodeji , Guissou Rosemonde , Bolarinwa Oladimeji Akeem , Ouedraogo Jean Bosco , Tou Fatoumata , Boon Wouter P.C , Moors Ellen H.M , Dondorp Arjen M , Dhorda Mehul , Amaratunga Chanaki , Cheah Phaik Yeong
Published: April 2021

Introduction: According to the World Malaria Report 2019, Africa accounts for 94% of the global malaria deaths. While malaria prevalence and mortality have declined over the years, recent reports suggest that these gains may stand the risk of being reversed if resistance to Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs) spreads from Southeast Asia to Africa. Efforts are being made to develop new treatments that will address the looming threat of ACT resistance, including the development of triple artemisinin combination therapies (TACTs). The proposed study seeks to explore the views of stakeholders on the key ethical, regulatory and market-related issues that should be considered in the potential introduction of triple artemisinin combination therapies (TACTs) in Africa.

Methods: The study employed qualitative research methods involving in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) with stakeholders, who will be directly affected by the potential deployment of triple artemisinin combination treatments, as regulators, suppliers and end-users. Participants will be purposively selected and will include national regulatory authorities, national malaria control programs, clinicians, distributors and retailers as well as community members in selected districts in Burkina Faso and Nigeria.

Discussion: The proposed study is unique in being one of the first studies that seeks to understand the ethical, social, regulatory and market position issues prior to the development of a prospective antimalarial medicine.
Early- and mid-career transition to research leadership in Africa
Authors: Mtwisha Linda , Jackson Jose , Mitchel Alison , de-Graft Aikins Ama , Kebirungi Harriet , Outtara Karim , Viney Clare
Published: April 2021

This article examines the early-and mid-career transition to research leadership in Africa. Much of the available African literature on research leadership indicate several challenges related to poor conceptualisations of career transitions and gaps in the availability of research training. Qualitative data were collected using individual interviews (n=24) and focus groups (n=27) to identify key transition points of early career researchers (ECRs) and mid-career researchers (MCRs) in selected African countries. The qualitative data was complemented with quantitative survey questionnaires (n=250) and a triangulation approach was adopted to analyse the results. The findings were themed into different categories describing the common career paths, stages and challenges of research leaders. The latter part of the findings present a discussion on development approaches to attract and retain researchers in African universities. By focusing on the African continent, this study contributes to the current body of literature on research leadership in the Global South.
ACTIVITY AND ISOZYME COMPOSITION OF PEROXIDASE IN SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) NEEDLES EFFECTED BY TECHNOGENIC EMISSIONS FROM VARIOUS ENTERPRISES AND VEHICLES
Authors: Kalugina Olga V. , Mikhailova Tatiana A. , Afanasyeva Larisa V. , Shergina Olga V.
Published: April 2021

Background. The technogenic pollution leads to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants which are highly reactive and toxic and cause damage to biomolecules. Plants have a complex antioxidant defense system that protects cells from the ROS and maintain homeostasis. The most important link this system is enzymes, in particular, peroxidase. It was of interest to determine the expression of the protective properties of one of the sensitive species of coniferous plants under the influence of technogenic emissions from various enterprises and vehicles.
Purpose. Investigation the activity and isoenzyme composition of peroxidase in the needles of Pinus sylvestris L. under the influence of technogenic emissions of different compositions in the Baikal region.
Materials and methods. The pine needles were collected on sample plots located near an aluminum plant, thermal power plant, chemical plant, coal mining enterprise, and the highway. The activity of soluble guaiacol-dependent peroxidases was defined by spectrophotometry in a reaction mixture with citrate-phosphate buffer, hydrogen peroxide, and guaiacol. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used for determination of peroxidase isoforms.
Results. It was shown that an increase in the total guaiacol-dependent peroxidase activity ranged from 6 to 22 times in the pine needles in polluted areas. Maximum enzyme activity was found in needle samples collected near the aluminum smelter, whose emissions are characterized by large amounts of fluorides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The high variability of peroxidase isoform composition in Scots pine needles under industrial pollution was revealed. It was expressed in the emergence of new isoforms in the zone of fast-moving (Rf from 61 to 100) and medium-moving (Rf from 31 to 60) items. The maximum number of isoforms (nine) was found in pine needles near the aluminum smelter with only two ones detected in the background area.
Conclusion. Peroxidase activity and the number of its newly formed isoforms can adequately reflect the degree of technogenic pollution and trees decline. The indicators can also be used in monitoring of coniferous forests condition.
Social Responsibility Auditing in Supply Chain Networks
Authors: Zhang Han , Aydin Goker , Parker Rodney P.
Published: April 2021

We study a buyer’s problem of auditing suppliers within an existing network to ensure social responsibility compliance. The buyer suffers economic damages if a violation at a supplier is exposed (whether by the media, regulator, or nongovernmental organization). To avoid damages, the buyer may audit the network to identify noncompliance. If a supplier fails an audit, the buyer must take one of two costly actions: either rectify the supplier or drop the supplier (along with any dependent suppliers). Dropping a supplier changes the network topology, reducing competition and thereby increasing the buyer’s input cost arising from an equilibrium. We show that the buyer’s optimal dynamic auditing policy has two subphases: the buyer will first audit and drop some suppliers before either auditing and rectifying all remaining suppliers or halting auditing altogether. By halting, the buyer tolerates some noncompliance in the network (“see no evil, hear no evil”). Within the audit-and-drop subphase, when auditing only in the upper tier, the buyer always audits a least valuable unaudited supplier, yielding greater balance in the network. When the buyer audits both tiers, it might choose a supplier other than the least valuable. The buyer may choose a supplier in a pivotal position to help ascertain the viability of a portion of the network (“litmus test”). In extensions, we find that when violations in tier 1 carry a higher penalty for the buyer, the buyer may audit and rectify only tier 1 suppliers; when audits may be inaccurate, the buyer more likely tolerates a greater level of noncompliance.

This paper was accepted by Charles Corbett, operations management.
A exposição ocupacional relatada por pacientes com leucemia e com síndrome mielodisplásica e no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Authors: Ornellas Maria Helena , Alves Gilda , Rebelo Paulo Antônio P. , Guimarães Raphael M. , Souza Helen P. de , Guimarães Patrícia V. , Turci Silvana R. , Otero Ubirani B.
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Little is known about occupational agents andthe occurrence of leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromein Brazil. Objective: The aim of this study was to trace thesociodemographic and occupational profiles of patients withleukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome in two hospitals inthe city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods: We carried out astudy of 229 cases from the period 2000 to 2006. Interviewswere conducted with patients to obtain information onfamily history, lifestyle risk factors, occupational history,residential history, and occupational and non-occupationalexposures by using a structured questionnaire. The frequencyand duration of occupational activities related to exposureamong participants were estimated. Each individual’s levelof exposure was classified as low, moderate, high or veryhigh. Results: The main exposures observed were to chemicalcleaning and disinfectant products, followed by gasolineand lubricating oil. Most of the exposures occurred at lowfrequencies. However, for benzene, solvents, thinners, andcoal combustion, the highest prevalence was observed formoderate exposures. Furthermore, it was observed that theexposure patterns of substances varied for each group, suggestingthat the intensity of exposure was determined byspecific types of substances. Conclusion: The monitoring ofexposure in occupations that deal with solvents is critical, inorder to reduce the incidence of leukemia. Since occupation isa preventable risk factor, strategies for primary prevention andhealth promotion in the workplace should be a top priorityin cancer prevention policies in Brazil.Keywords: Leukemia; Occupational Health, Myelodysplasticsyndromes, Epidemiology.
UMA VISÃO DIALÉTICA EM ANTÍGONA, DE SÓFOCLES
Authors: Braga Dulcileide V. do Nascimento
Published: April 2021

Este artigo desenvolve algumas reflexões sobre a linguagem feminina atribuída às mulheres, usando como exemplo trechos do texto Antígona, de Sófocles. A análise observa as técnicas dialéticas descritas nos Tópicos de Aristóteles, salientando a importância das mesmas serem utilizadas, também, como reflexo da situação sócio-política vigente no século V a.C.
TRADUÇÃO DO TEXTO DE CIBO ET POTU BRASILIENSIUM DE JORGE MARCGRAVE
Authors: Florêncio Francisco De Assis
Published: April 2021

Primeira obra sobre a flora, a fauna e a etnologia brasileiras, a Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (HNB) notabilizou e imortalizou o célebre naturalista alemão Jorge Marcgrave. Publicada quatro anos após a morte do autor (1648), a obra recebeu alguns ajustes daquele que ficou responsável por fazer a sua revisão e, por fim, a sua publicação, Johannes de Laet. O livro VIII – de onde saiu o trecho que traduziremos - trata especificamente da etnologia dos indígenas brasileiros e chilenos. A parte que nos dispusemos a traduzir aborda as principais comidas e bebidas dos nossos nativos.
ERUV: A HETEROTOPIA JUDAICA
Authors: Santos Isabel Arco Verde
Published: April 2021

O Eruv é uma forma de ampliação do espaço de circulação com transporte de objetos durante as leis de Shabat, que determinam a necessidade do descanso e de não haver trabalho neste tempo . Foucault nos ajuda a entender a sua dimensão dessa ideia, com o desenvolvimento do conceito de heterotopia.
Periorbital rejuvenation and tear trough filler
Authors: Haswell Natalie
Published: April 2021

In this article, the author will explore the fundamental principles in delivering safe and effective tear trough treatment with a soft-tissue, hyaluronic acid filler. The article will explain what the tear trough is and why this area of the face becomes more apparent with ageing, as well as the reasons behind patients seeking tear trough filler and how they can present in aesthetic clinics. Furthermore, information will be detailed on enuring correct patient selection for tear trough treatments, contraindications for tear trough filler and possible side effects and which filler types and treatment tools are recommended.
Industry ripples: aesthetics trends according to a public relations professional
Authors: Zadah Kate
Published: April 2021

Following the UK Government's announcement of the roadmap out of the COVID-19 pandemic, many, not least those in the aesthetics sector, are preparing for a slow and steady return to normality. From skincare to robotics, Kate Zadah details everything that the aesthetics industry has to be excited for this year
The basics of treating menopausal skin
Authors: Scott Julie
Published: April 2021

The menopause is a period of significant change that women go through. One of these changes is a decline in oestrogen, which causes patients to present with symptoms such as increasingly sensitive skin. In this comment piece, Julie Scott details the considerations that practitioners should make when treating this patient group to improve the outcomes, as well as some non-surgical treatments that may help
The use of onabotulinumtoxin A in migraine: mechanism of action, efficacy, safety and tolerability
Authors: Fromage Gemma
Published: April 2021

Migraine is a common, yet disabling, neurological disorder that is characterised by recurrent attacks of headache lasting 4–72 hours at a time. Headaches may also present with associated symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, photophobia and/or phonophobia. There is a distinction between episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM). Classed as a distinct clinical entity, patients with CM suffer from more headache days, increased headache disability, reduced health-related quality of life and greater co-morbidity than those with EM. CM is also considered a greater socioeconomic burden and associated with higher healthcare resource utilisation compared to EM.

The main goal in CM treatment is to reduce the impact of migraine on the patient's life. Treatments combine lifestyle changes, trigger management and pharmacological management based on two aims: immediate treatment of acute migraine attacks and prophylactic treatment.

Onabotulinumtoxin A is the only botulinum toxin licensed for the prevention of headaches in CM patients. The efficacy of injectable onabotulinumtoxin A for headache prevention in adults with CM was evaluated over 1 year in the phase 3 clinical trials of PREEMPT 1 and PREEMPT 2. A longer term study over a period of 2 years took place, and this phase 4 study was known as COMPEL. Good clinical evidence was found that treatment with onabotulinumtoxin A leads to a reduction of monthly headache days, as well as improvement in quality of life, and was both safe and well tolerated.
Antimicrobial prescribing in SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Robertson Deborah
Published: April 2021

Deborah Robertson provides an overview of recently published articles that may be of interest to non-medical prescribers. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided
Nutritional psychiatry
Authors: Winter George
Published: April 2021

George Winter examines the role of nutritional prescribing how it is likely to develop in the coming decades. He talks to Dr Georgia Ede about her pioneering role within nutritional psychiatry
Cardiovascular disease: the gender divide
Authors: Bostock Beverley
Published: April 2021

Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) is recognised to be a condition that affects men more than women overall, this risks underplaying the significant challenges relating to the diagnosis and management of CVD in women. Women are adversely affected compared to men in terms of diagnosis, acute management and implementation of secondary prevention, and the evidence base for treating women is lacking, due to the low numbers of women included in trials. Hormonal fluctuations throughout a woman's lifetime can also affect CVD risk. GPNs are ideally placed to consider the challenges of recognising and addressing CVD risk in women and to support them with engaging in reducing their lifetime risk.
Survey of lipoedema symptoms and experience with compression garments
Authors: Paling Ilka , Macintyre Lisa
Published: April 2021

Lipoedema is an incurable chronic disease causing limb deformity, painful skin and excessive ecchymosis. Compression garments are frequently recommended to manage symptoms, but the existing products are not designed specifically for lipoedema, and are for other medical conditions. A structured questionnaire was prepared in Online Surveys in October 2018 to investigate lipoedema symptoms and the use of compression garments to manage them. Some 279 people with lipoedema completed the survey; 70% wore compression garments in all four compression classes, of which class 2 was most common (58% of wearers). The top three reasons for wearing compression garments were to feel supported (73%), reduce lipoedema pain (67%) and improve mobility (54%). Most people with lipoedema who wore compression garments found compression helpful in managing their symptoms, but overall satisfaction was low. Problems with existing compression garments were so severe in some cases that the garments were not worn at all or used less often. The information collected in this survey might be useful for the design and development of compression garments specifically for lipoedema.
Orthodontic Referrals: Electronic versus Paper
Authors: Hershaw Catherine Maria
Published: April 2021

The Cwm Taf Community Dental Service (CDS) has previously used a paper system to refer patients to the orthodontic specialists within the Cwm Taf CDS. However, at the beginning of June 2019, an electronic referral system was introduced. Although electronic referrals have had a minimal effect on the overall waiting time for a patient, there has been an improvement in the efficiency of transfer of orthodontic referrals within the CDS. Electronic referral systems have reduced the number of inappropriate referrals, improved patient confidentiality and maintained an accurate record that is accessible from any of the Cwm Taf CDS clinics.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: The article highlights the benefits of an electronic referral system with respect to reducing both inappropriate referrals and waiting times.
Orthodontic Conundrums Part 3: Indications for the loss of a lower incisor
Authors: Adam Naeem I , Lyons-Coleman Minnie , Jowett Adam , Hodge Trevor
Published: April 2021

The final article in our series on orthodontic conundrums considers the extraction of a single lower incisor as part of a wider orthodontic treatment plan. This is a relatively uncommon approach; however, when used in the appropriate clinical scenario, it can be highly effective. Extraction of a lower incisor may be required to provide space for alignment of the teeth and serve as a pragmatic way to facilitate treatment while preserving posterior units. This article explores some of the possible orthodontic indications and contraindications for extraction of a lower incisor.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: In certain clinical situations, extraction of a lower incisor has significant advantages. Dental professionals should be aware of this extraction pattern and its limitations.
Non-conventional methods for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement. A contemporary overview
Authors: Alkadhimi Aslam , Sharif Mohammad Owaise
Published: April 2021

In today's fast-paced world, reducing the duration of orthodontic treatment has become a priority for patients seeking treatment. There are now several approaches and devices available that are reported to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and, fortunately, there has been an increase in the amount of research in this area in recent times.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the different non-conventional methods that can be used to accelerate OTM, and to discuss their effectiveness, as well as their potential shortcomings.
Orthodontic management of impacted mandibular second molars: A case series
Authors: Cunningham Andrea , Patel Dipali , Sheriteh Zahra
Published: April 2021

This case series describes a number of different treatment modalities used in the management of impacted mandibular second molars (MM2s). A variety of cases is used to illustrate a number of ways in which these teeth can be managed, and to demonstrate that each case should be managed on an individual basis, taking into account the overall malocclusion. The importance of early diagnosis and management is highlighted throughout.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: This case series highlights the difficulties and challenges in managing patients who present with impacted lower second molars (MM2s), and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
Effect of Co-Morbidities on Mortality from COVID-19 in Mexico: an Ecological Study
Authors: Padilla-Raygoza Nicolás , Vega-Jimenez Oscar Ulises , Juárez Andrea García , Gallardo-Luna María de Jesús , Navarro-Olivos Efraín , León-Verdin Ma Guadalupe , Magos-Vázquez Francisco J. , Díaz-Martínez Daniel Alberto
Published: April 2021

With the emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 infection pandemic in China and its spread to other countries, mortality was shown to be high and to a greater extent if there were underlying pathologies. It is said {or an ecological analytical cross-sectional study, of the open records of confirmed and discarded cases for COVID-19 of the General Directorate of Epidemiology of the Secretary of Health of Mexico. A specific mortality of 9.79% is reported; being higher in men between the ages of 20 to 59 and over 60 years. Mortality rates from underlying diseases were higher than those reported in the USA in early May 2020. Asthma was found to be a protective factor for COVID-19 mortality. It is concluded that mortality was higher in the presence of comorbidities.
Game Theory of Data-selling Ransomware
Authors: Li Zhen , Liao Qi
Published: April 2021

We are experiencing the worst years of ransomware attacks with continuing news reports on high-profile ransomware attacks on organizations such as hospitals, schools, government agencies and private businesses. Recently a few ransomware attackers have gone beyond simply encrypting files and waiting for ransom. They threaten to release the data if the victims refuse their ransom request. In this paper, we propose a hypothetical new revenue model for the ransomware, i.e., selling the stolen data rather than publishing the data for free. Through a game-theoretical analysis between attackers and victims, we contribute a novel model to understand the critical decision variables for the proposed data-selling ransomware (which we refer as "ransomware 2.0") that sells data as well as demands ransom. We compare the role of reputation and the profitability of the data-selling ransomware with traditional ransomware ("ransomware 1.0") that demands ransom only and the data-threat ransomware ("ransomware 1.5") that demands ransom with the threat of releasing data for no compliance. Both theoretical modeling and simulation studies suggest that in general both ransomware 2.0 and 1.5 are more profitable than ransomware 1.0, while ransomware 2.0 is always more profitable than ransomware 1.5. Notably, common defensive measures that may work to eliminate the financial incentives of ransomware 1.0 may not work on ransomware 2.0, in particular the data backup practice and the never-pay-ransom strategy. Our findings also suggest that the uncertainties created by this new revenue model may affect attackers' reputation and users' willingness-to-pay, therefore, ransomware 2.0 may not always increase the profitability of attackers. Another finding of the study suggests that reputation maximization is critical in ransomware 1.0 and 1.5, but not in ransomware 2.0, where attackers could manipulate reputation for profit maximization.
A Privacy Preserving and Efficient Multi Authority – CP-ABE Scheme for Secure Cloud Communication
Authors: Porwal Shardha , Mittal Sangeeta
Published: April 2021

In the cloud computing environment, Multi authority Ciphertext Policy-Attribute Based Encryption (CP-ABE) schemes are used as a key escrow free solution to securely and efficiently share data over cloud. However, the length of ciphertext in existing Multi Authority-CP-ABE schemes increases with the number of attributes in the access policy. Moreover, these schemes do not protect against dishonest attribute authorities. In this paper, a constant length ciphertext Multi Authority-CP-ABE scheme is proposed that reduces the communication overhead over the network. The scheme also prevents dishonest authority from compromising the system. Apart from this, for enhanced privacy of receivers, the access policy is communicated in hidden form. Thus, the presented scheme provides an efficient corrupt resistant, key escrow free Multi Authority-CP-ABE scheme by generating constant length ciphertext and hidden access structure. Results demonstrate the enhanced security and reduced cost of encryption and decryption by 8% and 48% respectively as compared to other existing works.
Statistical Inferences on Odd Fréchet Power Function Distribution
Authors: Haq Muhammad Ahsan ul , Albassam Mohammed , Aslam Muhammad , Hashmi Sharqa
Published: April 2021

This article introduces a new unit distribution namely odd Fréchet power (OFrPF) distribution. Numerous properties of the proposed model including reliability analysis, moments, and Rényi Entropy for the proposed distribution. The parameters of the OFrPF distribution are obtained using different approaches such as maximum likelihood, least squares, weighted least squares, percentile, Cramer-von Mises, Anderson-Darling. Furthermore, a simulation was performed to study the performance of the suggested model. We also perform a simulation study to analyze the performances of estimation methods derived. The applications are used to show the practicality of OFrPF distribution using two real data sets. OFrPF distribution performed better than other competitive models.
Enhance the ICS Network Security Using the Whitelist-based Network Monitoring Through Protocol Analysis
Authors: Shim Kyu-Seok , Sohn Ilkwon , Lee Eunjoo , Seok Woojin , Lee Wonhyuk
Published: April 2021

In our present technological age, most manual and semi-automated tasks are being automated for efficient productivity or convenience. In particular, industrial sites are rapidly being automated to increase productivity and improve work efficiency. However, while networks are increasingly deployed as an integral part of the automation of industrial processes, there are also many resultant dangers such as security threats, malfunctions, and interruption of industrial processes. In particular, while the security of business networks is reinforced and their information is not easily accessible, intruders are now targeting industrial networks whose security is relatively poor, wherein attacks could directly lead to physical damage. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted to counter security threats through network traffic monitoring, and to minimize physical loss through the detection of malfunctions. In the case of industrial processes, such as in nuclear facilities and petroleum facilities, thorough monitoring is required as security issues can lead to significant danger to humans and damage to property. Most network traffic in industrial facilities uses proprietary protocols for efficient data transmission, and these protocols are kept confidential because of intellectual property and security reasons. Protocol reverse engineering is a preparatory step to monitor network traffic and achieve more accurate traffic analysis. The field extraction method proposed in this study is a method for identifying the structure of proprietary protocols used in industrial sites. From the extracted fields, the structure of commands and protocols used in the industrial environment can be derived. To evaluate the feasibility of the proposed concept, an experiment was conducted using the Modbus/TCP protocol and Ethernet/IP protocol used in actual industrial sites, and an additional experiment was conducted to examine the results of the analysis of conventional protocols using the file transfer protocol.
Detecting APT Attacks Based on Network Traffic Using Machine Learning
Authors: Do Xuan Cho
Published: April 2021

Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attacks are a form of malicious, intentionally and clearly targeted attack. By using many sophisticated and complicated methods and technologies to attack targets in order to obtain confidential and sensitive information. In fact, in order to detect APT attacks, detection systems often need to apply many parallel and series techniques in order to make the most of the advantages as well as minimize the disadvantages of each technique. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method of detecting APT attacks based on abnormal behaviors of Network traffic using machine learning. Accordingly, in our research, the abnormal behavior of APT attacks in Network Traffic will be defined on both components: Domain and IP. Then, these behaviors are evaluated and classified based on the Random Forest classification algorithm to conclude about the behavior of APT attacks. Details of the definition of abnormal behaviors of the Domain and IP will be presented in section 3.2 of the paper.  The synchronous APT attack detection method proposed in this paper is a novel approach, which will help information security systems detect quickly and accurately signs of the APT attack campaign in the organization. The experimental results presented in section 4 will demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Application Research of Tethered UAV Platform in Marine Emergency Communication Network
Authors: Xu Zhiqiang
Published: April 2021

In order to meet the needs of emergency communication for major emergency disaster rescue, a wireless emergency communication relay system based on tethered UAV platform is studied. From the perspective of practical application, the characteristics and network coverage of the emergency communication system are analyzed. The mooring UAV platform is equipped with various communication loads such as MESH(wireless grid network communication), 4G-LTE( Long term evolution fourth generation mobile communication) base station, AIS (Automatic Identification System) and so on, which are kept on the communication support ship. When the communication support ship enters the scene of maritime emergencies, the tethered UAV platform lifts off ,stays for a long time and realizes the relay communication service of various carriers within a radius of tens of kilometers through its various communication payloads, which provides key communication support for the Marine emergency communication network. The actual field test of the prototype system shows that the data transmission is stable and reliable, and the short message transmission is normal, which can meet the emergency communication demand of disaster rescue.
Design and Analysis of Low Delay Deterministic Network Based on Data Mining Association Analysis
Authors: Gong Jianhu
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this paper is to research on the design and analysis of low delay deterministic network based on data mining association. This paper studies and implements the algorithm of mining page association rules. A session recognition algorithm based on log reference page and request time is proposed by using the time probability relationship of continuous requests. This method improves the accuracy of log data preprocessing and page association rules mining. This paper studies and tests the efficiency, prefetch timing and cache organization of the two page association rules. The results show that in this prefetch scheme, the prefetch performance of the association rules of unordered pages is better than that of the association rules of ordered pages. The prefetch performance when cache hits is better than that when cache fails and the cache fails to hit has better performance. In the case of a certain size of cache space, reasonable organization of cache space can further improve the cache hit rate and reduce the network delay.
Design and Implementation of Smart Ocean Visualization System Based on Extended Reality Technology
Authors: Han Xu , Liu Jingming , Tan Baohua , Duan Lucheng
Published: April 2021

In the context of building a maritime power, building a smart ocean is one of the important means to promote ocean development. However, there is currently a lack of effective smart solutions for ocean development to integrate and manage ocean information. To solve the problem of insufficient development of smart ocean systems, a smart ocean visualization app based on extended reality technology has been developed, using Python crawler technology to collect ocean big data, and produce the system through Unity software. The app is built using C# programming, and the AR animation on the app is realized with the AR Foundation plug-in. Through terminals such as mobile phones or computers, it provides users with real-time ocean data query and expanded realistic ocean tourism services. The visualization function of the system realizes innovation in the way of querying marine data and makes up for the lack of development of smart marine apps.
Enriching Web Services Tags to Improve Data-Driven Web Services Composition
Authors: Dara Nahid , Emadi Sima
Published: April 2021

Due to the large number of existing services and complexity of manual composition, automatic service composition is provided to enable automatic search of the service compositions for the given queries. Many solutions for automatic service composition have been developed, including integer programming, graph planning, artificial intelligence, and so on in this paper, a heuristic method is proposed to improve the data-driven composition of web services by enriching tags based on tags semantic. To do so, firstly, useful information on web services is collected from various sources and is turned into collections of tags. In the next step, using the hierarchical clustering algorithm, the tags are clustered based on semantic similarity. Thereafter, for services which do not have enough tags, enrichment of the tag is carried out and finally, using an algorithm, composition solutions based on QoS parameters are extracted, which can formulate user targets or even provide potential compositions. Moreover, a series of tests were conducted on the web services, which validate the efficiency of the proposed approach. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed service composition method and high quality of tag enriching strategies.
Neorrealismo italiano: la mirada y el misterio
Authors: Verdú de Gregorio Joaquín
Published: April 2021

El neorrealismo supuso una revolución en el arte cinematográfico italiano que anunció el cine moderno. Configuró la presencia de una realidad en la que la cámara busca la inmediatez del hombre ignorado, o l’uomo cualunque, en expresión de Roberto Rossellini. La cámara no recrea la realidad, es ella misma la que se nos irá descubriendo sin estar sometida a un sistema, y gracias a esta espontaneidad nos muestra sus misterios. Ello implica una nueva mirada en el cine, que en el de Vittorio De Sica es más desnuda y en el de Federico Fellini integra la fantasía, sobre todo en su mirada hacia los marginados. Este artículo cuenta con el soporte de la visión crítica de los cineastas que pertenecían a Cahiers du Cinéma y parte desde el luminoso umbral de la pensadora universal María Zambrano.
El cine y las derivas bergsonianas en el pensamiento de María Zambrano
Authors: Soto García Pamela
Published: April 2021

Duración, memoria e imagen constituyen tres derivas del pensamiento bergsoniano presentes en la filosofía de María Zambrano. Estas derivas proponen un itinerario, a partir del problema del tiempo, que permite establecer algunos de los elementos constitutivos de la reflexión que realiza la filósofa acerca de la relación entre pensamiento y vida, además de exponer desde el cine —neorrealismo italiano— la necesidad y urgencia de una reforma del entendimiento, que no busca el dominio de la realidad
Hacia una teoría ética de animales humanos y no humanos
Authors: Villegas Aleksov Diego
Published: April 2021

El objetivo de este artículo es exponer algunos de los principales trabajos desarrollados en la filosofía moral, arguyendo cómo éstos se han hecho cargo (o no) del estatus moral de los animales no humanos. Para lograr este objetivo, el trabajo se divide en tres apartados. En primer lugar, delimito el objeto de estudio “animales” y me refiero a algunos mitos en relación con ellos. En segundo lugar, expongo someramente los trabajos filosóficos de las principales corrientes en filosofía moral. Finalmente, introduzco como una alternativa a la ética tradicional los postulados desarrollados desde la ética de la compasión.
Empatía para una ciencia sin sufrimiento animal: un enfoque desde Lori Gruen
Authors: Serra Palao Pablo
Published: April 2021

La rigidez de posturas en torno a la experimentación con animales ha frustrado la posibilidad de converger en un terreno común. Es por ello que desde el ámbito jurídico, político y ético, ha de reforzarse la alianza con ese grupo cada vez más numeroso de personas que conciben una ciencia libre de sufrimiento animal. Precisamente con el ánimo de reafirmar estas voces, y confiando en que la empatía en la ciencia sea capaz de trascender lo meramente humano, se plantea la oportunidad de que sean respaldadas desde el enfoque de la ética del cuidado.
Ética, salud pública y COVID-19: algunas consideraciones (elementales) impopulares
Authors: Segura Benedicto Andreu
Published: April 2021

Desde la mirada de un epidemiólogo jubilado se consideran algunos aspectos de la entidad nosológica COVID-19 particularmente relevantes para la salud pública desde una perspectiva ética, como por ejemplo  el papel de los medios de comunicación, de las redes sociales, de los expertos y de la ciudadanía sobre la percepción de la magnitud del problema y la adopción de unas medidas preventivas muy drásticas e intrusivas cuyos efectos adversos pueden superar los atribuibles directamente a la infección.  Un resumen de los requisitos que, desde la aplicación de la ética a la salud pública, se recomiendan a la hora de poner en práctica las medidas colectivas de protección de la salud comunitaria, complementa el trabajo.
Retos de los comités de ética en investigación en animales. Experiencia de México
Authors: Heredia Antúnez Anayántzin Paulina , Cantón Beatriz Vanda , Santillán Doherty Patricio
Published: April 2021

La aprobación de proyectos de investigación biomédica y prácticas en animales depende de los comités de ética para el cuidado y uso de animales, quienes deben evaluar los aspectos éticos y metodológicos de los proyectos que se realizan, y así garantizar el buen manejo y uso de los animales, desde su obtención hasta su muerte, con base en los conocimientos científicos actuales, el análisis riesgo-beneficio, la implementación de las Tres Erress que se refieren al reemplazo, reducción y refinamiento y en los criterios de la ciencia del bienestar animal. La atención a cada una de las etapas del diseño y evaluación de proyectos es a menudo subestimada tanto por los científicos como por los integrantes de comités, quienes deben asumir la responsabilidad de disminuir el dolor y el malestar de los animales a lo largo de la investigación. Por otro lado, se exponen algunas de las limitaciones que enfrentan dichos comités para realizar su trabajo y asegurar que los animales sean utilizados siempre y cuando se justifique.
Algunas reflexiones sobre el Convenio de Oviedo y los productos sanitarios. Responsabilidad y certificación en el caso de los cíborgs
Authors: Puig Hernández Marc Abraham
Published: April 2021

El Convenio de Oviedo constituye un marco genérico para las diversas aplicaciones de la biomedicina sobre el ser humano. Si por un parte sus disposiciones son de aplicación genérica, debe conjugarse, por otra parte, con otras normas especiales, las que regulan actividades particulares o ámbitos concretos. En el presente estudio nos cuestionamos acerca del encaje entre el marco genérico del convenio y la regulación de los productos sanitarios, en particular, nos centramos en la aplicación de tales productos sobre el cuerpo humano, integrándose en el organismo. Este es el caso de los cíborgs, o de la temática ya acuñada bajo el término transhumanismo. La reflexión nos lleva a evaluar las distintas normas y a ofrecer una propuesta de certificación atendiendo al régimen de responsabilidad respecto a este tipo de productos.
Una geografía regional de la familia en la Europa de la Segunda Transición Demográfica
Authors: Recaño Valverde Joaquín , Chacón Martínez Ana
Published: April 2021

En este artículo se analiza la distribución geográfica de las estructuras de hogares en Europa, a partir de datos simultáneos y metodológicamente equiparables de 32 países europeos y 1.340 regiones NUTS 3 (Eurostat) correspondientes a la ronda censal de 2010. Con esta información, hemos confeccionado una serie de mapas detallados con la distribución espacial de los tipos de hogares a escala NUTS 3. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo se han empleado técnicas de econometría espacial, análisis de componentes principales y conglomerados. La geografía de los tipos de hogares que emerge tras nuestro análisis constata la existencia de una significativa autocorrelación espacial en todas las formas y estructuras analizadas; es decir, los tipos de hogares no se distribuyen de forma aleatoria en el espacio europeo.
Aguas subterráneas transfronterizas y fracking: invisibilidad y fragmentación en el contexto de la integración energética de América del Norte
Authors: Hatch Kuri Gonzalo
Published: April 2021

En la integración energética de América del Norte, Estados Unidos impulsa la expansión geográfica del fracking hacía Canadá y México para extraer gas shale, aprovechando los yacimientos transfronterizos compartidos con ambos países. Aunque, el agua subterránea transfronteriza podría ser un insumo estratégico para dicho proceso, suele considerársele como un asunto estrictamente técnico. Este trabajo analiza desde el enfoque del ciclo hidrosocial, el conjunto de datos relativos a tres componentes clave que indicen en el aprovechamiento del gas shale: los shale play transfronterizos (como yacimientos de hidrocarburos), el fracking (como método extractivo) y los acuíferos transfronterizos (como supuesto “reservorio” hídrico). Los hallazgos refieren distintos niveles de conocimiento, persiste todavía una comprensión espacial fragmentada del fenómeno fracking, como problema escalar regional y transfronterizo que exige una visión que articule distintos saberes y partes interesadas a fin de proteger y conservar el agua subterránea.
Accurate and nondestructive detection of apple brix and acidity based on visible and near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Yunqi , Chen Yong , Wu Yun , Cui Chaoyuan
Published: April 2021

Rapid, nondestructive and accurate detection of internal qualities of the apple is an important research interest. In this study, the brix, acidity and brix/acidity ratio of the apple were rapidly detected by visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VIS-NIRS). By scanning spectra and measuring the reference values of brix and acidity of apple samples, the relationship models between the spectra and brix, acidity, brix/acidity ratio were, respectively, established. Sample division, characteristic wavelength optimization, and modeling methods were compared systematically, and the optimal prediction model of each quality index was determined. The experimental results show that the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling method can effectively select characteristic wavelengths, which not only improves the prediction speed, but also greatly enhances the prediction accuracy. The established partial least squares models based on these selected characteristic wavelengths all have high accuracy and robustness for the three quality indices. The determination coefficients of the models are 0.9899, 0.9615, 0.9535, and the relative percent deviation are 9.9269, 5.0987, 4.6374, respectively. All this work proves that VIS-NIRS can be used for rapid and nondestructive detection of the internal qualities of an apple.