bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sterile inflammation as a factor in human male infertility: Involvement of Toll like receptor 2, biglycan and peritubular cells
Authors: Mayer C. , Adam M. , Glashauser L. , Dietrich K. , Schwarzer J.U. , Köhn F.-M. , Strauss L. , Welter H. , Poutanen M. , Mayerhofer A.
Published: November 2016

Changes in the wall of seminiferous tubules in men with impaired spermatogenesis imply sterile inflammation of the testis. We tested the hypothesis that the cells forming the wall of seminiferous tubules, human testicular peritubular cells (HTPCs), orchestrate inflammatory events and that Toll like receptors (TLRs) and danger signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) of this wall are involved. In cultured HTPCs we detected TLRs, including TLR2. A TLR-2 ligand (PAM) augmented interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in HTPCs. The ECM-derived proteoglycan biglycan (BGN) is secreted by HTPCs and may be a TLR2-ligand at HTPCs. In support, recombinant human BGN increased PTX3, MCP-1 and IL-6 in HTPCs. Variable endogenous BGN levels in HTPCs derived from different men and differences in BGN levels in the tubular wall in infertile men were observed. In testes of a systemic mouse model for male infertility, testicular sterile inflammation and elevated estradiol (E2) levels, BGN was also elevated. Hence we studied the role of E2 in HTPCs and observed that E2 elevated the levels of BGN. The anti-estrogen ICI 182,780 blocked this action. We conclude that TLR2 and BGN contribute to sterile inflammation and infertility in man.
The fluctuating ribosome: thermal molecular dynamics characterized by neutron scattering
Authors: Zaccai Giuseppe , Natali Francesca , Peters Judith , Řihová Martina , Zimmerman Ella , Ollivier J. , Combet J. , Maurel Marie-Christine , Bashan Anat , Yonath Ada
Published: November 2016

Conformational changes associated with ribosome function have been identified by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. These methods, however, inform poorly on timescales. Neutron scattering is well adapted for direct measurements of thermal molecular dynamics, the ‘lubricant’ for the conformational fluctuations required for biological activity. The method was applied to compare water dynamics and conformational fluctuations in the 30 S and 50 S ribosomal subunits from Haloarcula marismortui, under high salt, stable conditions. Similar free and hydration water diffusion parameters are found for both subunits. With respect to the 50 S subunit, the 30 S is characterized by a softer force constant and larger mean square displacements (MSD), which would facilitate conformational adjustments required for messenger and transfer RNA binding. It has been shown previously that systems from mesophiles and extremophiles are adapted to have similar MSD under their respective physiological conditions. This suggests that the results presented are not specific to halophiles in high salt but a general property of ribosome dynamics under corresponding, active conditions. The current study opens new perspectives for neutron scattering characterization of component functional molecular dynamics within the ribosome.
Materials characterisation by angle-resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Müller-Caspary Knut , Oppermann Oliver , Grieb Tim , Krause Florian F. , Rosenauer Andreas , Schowalter Marco , Mehrtens Thorsten , Beyer Andreas , Volz Kerstin , Potapov Pavel
Published: November 2016

Solid-state properties such as strain or chemical composition often leave characteristic fingerprints in the angular dependence of electron scattering. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is dedicated to probe scattered intensity with atomic resolution, but it drastically lacks angular resolution. Here we report both a setup to exploit the explicit angular dependence of scattered intensity and applications of angle-resolved STEM to semiconductor nanostructures. Our method is applied to measure nitrogen content and specimen thickness in a GaNxAs1−x layer independently at atomic resolution by evaluating two dedicated angular intervals. We demonstrate contrast formation due to strain and composition in a Si- based metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) with GexSi1−x stressors as a function of the angles used for imaging. To shed light on the validity of current theoretical approaches this data is compared with theory, namely the Rutherford approach and contemporary multislice simulations. Inconsistency is found for the Rutherford model in the whole angular range of 16–255 mrad. Contrary, the multislice simulations are applicable for angles larger than 35 mrad whereas a significant mismatch is observed at lower angles. This limitation of established simulations is discussed particularly on the basis of inelastic scattering.
Irigenin, a novel lead from Western Himalayan chemiome inhibits Fibronectin-Extra Domain A induced metastasis in Lung cancer cells
Authors: Amin Asif , Chikan Naveed Anjum , Mokhdomi Taseem A. , Bukhari Shoiab , Koul Aabid M. , Shah Basit Amin , Gharemirshamlu Fatemeh Rahimi , Wafai Asrar H. , Qadri Ayub , Qadri Raies A.
Published: November 2016

Several lines of evidence indicate that Fibronectin Extra Domain A (EDA) promotes metastatic capacity of tumor cells by engaging cell surface α9β1 integrins. This interaction mediated by the C-C loop of EDA activates pro-oncogenic signaling pathways leading to epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells, thus signifying its importance in control of metastatic progression. In this context the present study was designed to explore the active compounds from selected ethno-medicinal plants of western Himalayan region for targeting EDA of Fibronectin in lung carcinoma cells. Structure based informatics for drug designing and screening was employed to generate a lead compound(s) feed that were conformationally and energetically viable. Out of 120 compounds selected, Irigenin showed best binding-affinity with C-C loop of EDA. Irigenin specifically targeted α9β1 and α4β1 integrin binding sites on EDA comprising LEU46, PHE47, PRO48, GLU58, LEU59 and GLN60 in its C-C loop as evaluated by energy decomposition per residue of Irigenin–EDA complex. In-vitro cell motility assays complemented with EDA knock-in and knockdown assays distinctively demonstrated that Irigenin prevents metastatic capacity of lung cancer cells by selectively blocking EDA. The results presented thus project Irigenin as a lead compound to overcome Fibronectin EDA induced metastatic progression in lung carcinoma cells.
Atmospheric oxidation and carbon contamination of silver and its effect on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)
Authors: Matikainen Antti , Nuutinen Tarmo , Itkonen Tommi , Heinilehto Santtu , Puustinen Jarkko , Hiltunen Jussi , Lappalainen Jyrki , Karioja Pentti , Vahimaa Pasi
Published: November 2016

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is considered a highly promising technology for different analytical purposes. The applications of SERS are still quite limited due its relatively poor quantitative repeatability and the fact that SERS is very sensitive to oxidation, which is a challenge especially with silver based SERS substrates. Here, the link between these phenomena is investigated by exposing silver SERS substrates to ambient laboratory air. We show that SERS intensity decreases exponentially after the exposure, which consequently leads to an increasing standard deviation (σ) in intensity. Within a five-hour measurement window, the SERS intensity already drops by 60%, while σ triples from 7% to 21%. The SERS results are supplemented by elemental analysis, which shows that oxidation and atmospheric carbon contamination coincide with the rapid SERS intensity decrease. The results emphasize how sensitive SERS is towards atmospheric contamination and how it can also reduce the measurement repeatability – even if the substrates are exposed to air just for a very short period of time.
The disruption of GDP-fucose de novo biosynthesis suggests the presence of a novel fucose-containing glycoconjugate in Plasmodium asexual blood stages
Authors: Sanz Sílvia , López-Gutiérrez Borja , Bandini Giulia , Damerow Sebastian , Absalon Sabrina , Dinglasan Rhoel R. , Samuelson John , Izquierdo Luis
Published: November 2016

Glycosylation is an important posttranslational protein modification in all eukaryotes. Besides glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors and N-glycosylation, O-fucosylation has been recently reported in key sporozoite proteins of the malaria parasite. Previous analyses showed the presence of GDP-fucose (GDP-Fuc), the precursor for all fucosylation reactions, in the blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum. The GDP-Fuc de novo pathway, which requires the action of GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (GMD) and GDP-L-fucose synthase (FS), is conserved in the parasite genome, but the importance of fucose metabolism for the parasite is unknown. To functionally characterize the pathway we generated a PfGMD mutant and analyzed its phenotype. Although the labelling by the fucose-binding Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-I) was completely abrogated, GDP-Fuc was still detected in the mutant. This unexpected result suggests the presence of an alternative mechanism for maintaining GDP-Fuc in the parasite. Furthermore, PfGMD null mutant exhibited normal growth and invasion rates, revealing that the GDP-Fuc de novo metabolic pathway is not essential for the development in culture of the malaria parasite during the asexual blood stages. Nonetheless, the function of this metabolic route and the GDP-Fuc pool that is generated during this stage may be important for gametocytogenesis and sporogonic development in the mosquito.
Alterations in the airborne bacterial community during Asian dust events occurring between February and March 2015 in South Korea
Authors: Cha Seho , Lee Dongwook , Jang Jun Hyeong , Lim Sora , Yang Dahye , Seo Taegun
Published: November 2016

During Asian dust events, a relatively high concentration of particulate matter is transported by wind from arid and semi-arid regions, such as the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts, to nearby countries, including China, Korea, and Japan. The dust particles contain various microorganisms, which can affect human health as well as the environmental microbe population. In the current study, we investigated the characteristics of the airborne bacterial community during Asian dust events between February and March 2015 in South Korea. Bacterial diversity indexes such as operational taxonomic units, Chao1 and Inverse Simpson index were increased, along with total 16S rRNA gene copy number during Asian dust events. The bacterial community structure during Asian dust events was clearly distinguishable from that during non-Asian dust days. The genera Bacillus and Modestobacter were increased 3.9- and 2.7-fold, respectively, while Escherichia-Shigella was decreased by 89.8%. A non-metric multidimensional scaling plot with metadata analysis revealed association of particulate matter concentration, but not temperature, humidity or wind speed, with bacterial community structure, suggesting that the newly transported dust particles contain various microorganisms that influence the airborne bacterial environment.
Reactivation of flagellar motility in demembranated Leishmania reveals role of cAMP in flagellar wave reversal to ciliary waveform
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Aakash Gautam , Dey Chinmoy Sankar
Published: November 2016

The flagellum of parasitic trypanosomes is a multifunctional appendage essential for its viability and infectivity. However, the biological mechanisms that make the flagellum so dynamic remains unexplored. No method is available to access and induce axonemal motility at will to decipher motility regulation in trypanosomes. For the first time we report the development of a detergent-extracted/demembranated ATP-reactivated model for studying flagellar motility in Leishmania. Flagellar beat parameters of reactivated parasites were similar to live ones. Using this model we discovered that cAMP (both exogenous and endogenous) induced flagellar wave reversal to a ciliary waveform in reactivated parasites via cAMP-dependent protein kinase A. The effect was reversible and highly specific. Such an effect of cAMP on the flagellar waveform has never been observed before in any organism. Flagellar wave reversal allows parasites to change direction of swimming. Our findings suggest a possible cAMP-dependent mechanism by which Leishmania responds to its surrounding microenvironment, necessary for its survival. Our demembranated-reactivated model not only serves as an important tool for functional studies of flagellated eukaryotic parasites but has the potential to understand ciliary motility regulation with possible implication on human ciliopathies.
Detection and identification of human fungal pathogens using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis
Authors: Witkowska Evelin , Jagielski Tomasz , Kamińska Agnieszka , Kowalska Aneta , Hryncewicz-Gwóźdź Anita , Waluk Jacek
Published: November 2016

SERS offers a fast and reliable method for human fungal pathogens detection.
Direct synthesis of ethanol via CO2 hydrogenation using supported gold catalysts
Authors: Wang Dong , Bi Qingyuan , Yin Guoheng , Zhao Wenli , Huang Fuqiang , Xie Xiaoming , Jiang Mianheng
Published: November 2016

Au nanoclusters (NCs) supported on anatase TiO2 can achieve the high performance for direct synthesis of EtOH via CO2 hydrogenation.
Role of Fe in the oxidation of methanol electrocatalyzed by Ni based layered double hydroxides: X-ray spectroscopic and electrochemical studies
Authors: Vlamidis Ylea , Fiorilli Sonia , Giorgetti Marco , Gualandi Isacco , Scavetta Erika , Tonelli Domenica
Published: November 2016

Ni-based LDHs for methanol direct fuel cells: the presence of Fe in the LDH structure enhances Ni activity.
The potential of the non-formal educational sector for supporting chemistry learning and sustainability education for all students – a joint perspective from two cases in Finland and Germany
Authors: Affeldt Fiona , Tolppanen Sakari , Aksela Maija , Eilks Ingo
Published: November 2016

Non-formal education has been suggested as becoming more and more important in the last decades. As the aims of non-formal education are broad and diverse, a large variety of non-formal learning activities is available. One of the emerging fields in many countries, among them Finland and Germany, has been the establishment of non-formal laboratory learning environments. These laboratories were established in universities and research institutes to aim at enriching opportunities for primary and secondary school students to do more and more intense practical work,e.g.in chemistry. The primary rationale of these laboratories, in the beginning, was mainly to raise students’ interest in the fields of science and engineering, possibly inspiring them to pursue a career in these fields. However, recently the movement has started offering more programs aiming at all learners, but especially those students who are sometimes neglected in traditional science education in the formal sector. A focus on all learners is suggested to help raise students’ level of scientific literacy when connecting practical science learning with the societal and environmental perspectives of science. Chemistry learning connected to sustainability issues offers many contemporary topics that are often not yet part of the chemistry formal curriculum but can easily form contexts for non-formal learning. Because of its flexible character, non-formal education can help implementing aspects of sustainability into chemistry education and also can take a gander at the growing heterogeneity of today's students. This paper derives a joint perspective from two non-formal chemistry education initiatives from Finland and Germany focusing education for sustainability for both talented and educationally disadvantaged students in the foreground of a more general perspective on non-formal and sustainability education in chemistry.
Effects of irradiance transition characteristics on the mismatch losses of different electrical PV array configurations
Authors: Lappalainen Kari , Valkealahti Seppo
Published: November 2016

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are prone to irradiance fluctuations caused by overpassing cloud shadows which can be very large and steep. Cloud shadows have an average diameter of almost 1km meaning that even the largest PV power plants are widely affected by them. Fast irradiance transitions can lead to failures in maximum power point tracking and to mismatch power losses due to partial shading of the PV generator. In this study, the effects of irradiance transition characteristics: shading strength, duration and apparent speed and direction of movement on the mismatch losses of PV generators were studied by simulations using a mathematical model of irradiance transitions and an experimentally verified MATLAB Simulink model of a PV module. The studied electrical PV array configurations were series–parallel, total‐cross‐tied and multi‐string. Furthermore, three different physical shapes of the configurations were studied. On the basis of the results, module strings of PV arrays should be placed perpendicularly to the dominant apparent direction of movement of shadow edges and the diameter of the strings should be minimised to decrease the mismatch losses. Another finding of practical importance was that there were only minor differences between the mismatch losses of different electrical PV array configurations.
Wettability of stearic acid modified chrome oxide layer on copper substrate
Authors: Zhang Bo , Feng Haitao , Lin Feng , Wang Yabin , Wang Liping , Dong Yaping , Li Wu
Published: November 2016

A micronano structure superhydrophobic film was fabricated on copper substrate by electrodeposition of chrome oxide layer and surface modification of stearic acid. The fabricated film shows high water contact angle (165.4°) and low sliding angle (1.8°), and also performs well at corrosion resistance (protection efficiency, 99.9989%). The surface was characterised by scanning microscope, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscope and atomic force microscope.
Menstrual, Sexual, and Obstetrical Outcomes after Vaginal Replacement for Vaginal Atresia Associated with Anorectal Malformation
Authors: Skerritt Clare , Vilanova Sánchez Alejandra , Lane Victoria , Wood Richard , Hewitt Geri , Breech Lesley , Levitt Marc
Published: November 2016

Background The authors of this article became aware of significant differences in the management of two females with a rectovestibular fistula and associated vaginal agenesis. In one patient, a sigmoid colovaginoplasty was performed at the time of the posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP), and the other underwent repair of the rectovestibular fistula with a primary PSARP, but the surgeons elected to delay the timing of vaginal reconstruction. We decided to review the literature, to establish if recommendations could be made to optimize the management of these children based on current evidence.

Methods A literature review was conducted to determine the management and long-term outcomes in patients with an anorectal malformation and associated vaginal atresia. Specific gynecological outcomes assessed were menstrual egress and adequacy of the vaginal replacement for penile–vaginal intercourse.

Results Eighty-eight cases were included in the review. Age at diagnosis had a bimodal distribution: 0 to 5 years, 56%; >10 years, 37%. Vaginal atresia was recognized before the operation in 45 patients. Types of vaginal atresia encountered were: (a) distal vaginal atresia (n = 17), (b) vaginal agenesis with absent Mullerian development (n = 47), (c) vaginal agenesis with variable Mullerian development (n = 17), and (d) cervico-vaginal agenesis (n = 7). Types of vaginal replacement used were sigmoid colovaginoplasty (n = 26), distal rectal fistula as neovagina (n = 30), terminal ileum (n = 5), vaginal pull-through (n = 9), and others/unknown (n = 8). Two patients followed a perineal dilatation program and nine patients await reconstruction. Median follow-up was 18 months (6 weeks to 31 years). Long-term menstrual outcomes were reported in 18 (21%) patients. Sexual function was reported in 10 (11%) patients. Three pregnancies were reported but none resulted in live births.

Conclusion Vaginal atresia is often missed in association with ARMs. Management should be in collaboration with pediatric gynecologists. Due to a lack of long-term outcome data, no definite conclusion can be drawn for the best technique, tissue, or timing of vaginal replacement. The opportunity to perform vaginal replacement in conjunction with the rectal repair may be worth considering because of a shallower pelvis, nonscarred tissue planes, and the excellent surgical exposure.
Polarity in GaN and ZnO: Theory, measurement, growth, and devices
Authors: Zúñiga-Pérez Jesús , Consonni Vincent , Lymperakis Liverios , Kong Xiang , Trampert Achim , Fernández-Garrido Sergio , Brandt Oliver , Renevier Hubert , Keller Stacia , Hestroffer Karine , Wagner Markus R. , Reparaz Juan Sebastián , Akyol Fatih , Rajan Siddharth , Rennesson Stéphanie , Palacios Tomás , Feuillet Guy
Published: November 2016

The polar nature of the wurtzite crystalline structure of GaN and ZnO results in the existence of a spontaneous electric polarization within these materials and their associated alloys (Ga,Al,In)N and (Zn,Mg,Cd)O. The polarity has also important consequences on the stability of the different crystallographic surfaces, and this becomes especially important when considering epitaxial growth. Furthermore, the internal polarization fields may adversely affect the properties of optoelectronic devices but is also used as a potential advantage for advanced electronic devices. In this article, polarity-related issues in GaN and ZnO are reviewed, going from theoretical considerations to electronic and optoelectronic devices, through thin film, and nanostructure growth. The necessary theoretical background is first introduced and the stability of the cation and anion polarity surfaces is discussed. For assessing the polarity, one has to make use of specific characterization methods, which are described in detail. Subsequently, the nucleation and growth mechanisms of thin films and nanostructures, including nanowires, are presented, reviewing the specific growth conditions that allow controlling the polarity of such objects. Eventually, the demonstrated and/or expected effects of polarity on the properties and performances of optoelectronic and electronic devices are reported. The present review is intended to yield an in-depth view of some of the hot topics related to polarity in GaN and ZnO, a fast growing subject over the last decade.
A modular microfluidic bioreactor with improved throughput for evaluation of polarized renal epithelial cells
Authors: Brakeman Paul , Miao Simeng , Cheng Jin , Lee Chao-Zong , Roy Shuvo , Fissell William H. , Ferrell Nicholas
Published: November 2016

Most current microfluidic cell culture systems are integrated single use devices. This can limit throughput and experimental design options, particularly for epithelial cells, which require significant time in culture to obtain a fully differentiated phenotype. In addition, epithelial cells require a porous growth substrate in order to fully polarize their distinct apical and basolateral membranes. We have developed a modular microfluidic system using commercially available porous culture inserts to evaluate polarized epithelial cells under physiologically relevant fluid flow conditions. The cell-support for the bioreactor is a commercially available microporous membrane that is ready to use in a 6-well format, allowing for cells to be seeded in advance in replicates and evaluated for polarization and barrier function prior to experimentation. The reusable modular system can be easily assembled and disassembled using these mature cells, thus improving experimental throughput and minimizing fabrication requirements. The bioreactor consists of an apical microfluidic flow path and a static basolateral chamber that is easily accessible from the outside of the device. The basolateral chamber acts as a reservoir for transport across the cell layer. We evaluated the effect of initiation of apical shear flow on short-term intracellular signaling and mRNA expression using primary human renal epithelial cells (HRECs). Ten min and 5 h after initiation of apical fluid flow over a stable monolayer of HRECs, cells demonstrated increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase and increased expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) mRNA, respectively. This bioreactor design provides a modular platform with rapid experimental turn-around time to study various epithelial cell functions under physiologically meaningful flow conditions.
A theory of diffusion controlled reactions in polyatomic molecule system
Authors: Kasahara Kento , Sato Hirofumi
Published: November 2016

The conventional Smoluchowski equation has been extensively utilized to investigate diffusion controlled reactions. However, application of the equation is limited to spherical-particle system. In the present study, a new Smoluchowski equation for polyatomic molecular system is derived based on Zwanzig-Mori projection operator method and reference interaction site model (RISM) theory. The theory is applied to monoatomic molecular liquid, and the obtained time-dependent rate constant is virtually identical with that from conventional Smoluchowski equation. For diatomic molecular liquid, time-dependent distribution function and rate constant are obtained, showing a good agreement with those from molecular dynamics simulation.
The ac stark shift and space-borne rubidium atomic clocks
Authors: Formichella V. , Camparo J. , Sesia I. , Signorile G. , Galleani L. , Huang M. , Tavella P.
Published: November 2016

Due to its small size, low weight, and low power consumption, the Rb atomic frequency standard (RAFS) is routinely the first choice for atomic timekeeping in space. Consequently, though the device has very good frequency stability (rivaling passive hydrogen masers), there is interest in uncovering the fundamental processes limiting its long-term performance, with the goal of improving the device for future space systems and missions. The ac Stark shift (i.e., light shift) is one of the more likely processes limiting the RAFS' long-term timekeeping ability, yet its manifestation in the RAFS remains poorly understood. In part, this comes from the fact that light-shift induced frequency fluctuations must be quantified in terms of the RAFS' light-shift coefficient and the output variations in the RAFS' rf-discharge lamp, which is a nonlinear inductively-couple plasma (ICP). Here, we analyze the light-shift effect for a family of 10 on-orbit Block-IIR GPS RAFS, examining decade-long records of their on-orbit frequency and rf-discharge lamp fluctuations. We find that the ICP's light intensity variations can take several forms: deterministic aging, jumps, ramps, and non-stationary noise, each of which affects the RAFS' frequency via the light shift. Correlating these light intensity changes with RAFS frequency changes, we estimate the light-shift coefficient, κLS, for the family of RAFS: κLS = −(1.9 ± 0.3) × 10−12/%. The 16% family-wide variation in κLS indicates that while each RAFS may have its own individual κLS, the variance of κLS among similarly designed RAFS can be relatively small. Combining κLS with our estimate of the ICP light intensity's non-stationary noise, we find evidence that random-walk frequency noise in high-quality space-borne RAFS is strongly influenced by the RAFS' rf-discharge lamp via the light shift effect.
Tunable electronic and magnetic properties of Cr2M′C2T2 (M′ = Ti or V; T = O, OH or F)
Authors: Yang Jianhui , Zhou Xumeng , Luo Xuepiao , Zhang Shaozheng , Chen Liang
Published: November 2016

Here we report on the magnetic properties and electronic structures of Cr2M′C2T2 (M′ = Ti, or V; T = O, OH, or F) systems investigated by means of first-principles calculations. Results indicate that Cr2M′C2T2 can be nonmagnetic, anti-ferromagnetic, or ferromagnetic and either a semiconductor or metal depending on the choice of M′ and T and the through-bond coupling interactions that affect the arrangements of Cr2M′C2T2 systems. It was found that Cr2TiC2O2 is nonmagnetic, Cr2TiC2F2 and Cr2TiC2(OH)2 are anti-ferromagnetic. Cr2VC2(OH)2, Cr2VC2F2, and Cr2VC2O2 are ferromagnetic. The Curie temperatures of Cr2VC2(OH)2, Cr2VC2F2 are up to 618.36 and 695.65 K, respectively, calculated by the Heisenberg model with mean-field approximation. By using HSE06 methods, Cr2TiC2F2 was found to have an indirect band gap of approximately 1.35 eV while Cr2TiC(OH)2 was found to have a direct band gap of 0.84 eV. The tunable magnetic properties and electronic structures make the Cr2M′C2T2 (M′ = Ti, or V; T = O, OH, or F) double transition metal carbides promising two dimensional materials for applications in spin electronics, photocatalysis, and data storage.
Spin-valley splitting of electron beam in graphene
Authors: Song Yu , Xie Lei , Shi Zhi-Gui , Li Shun , Zhang Jian
Published: November 2016

We study spatial separation of the four degenerate spin-valley components of an electron beam in a EuO-induced and top-gated ferromagnetic/pristine/strained graphene structure. We show that, in a full resonant tunneling regime for all beam components, the formation of standing waves can lead sudden phase jumps ∼−π and giant lateral Goos-Hänchen shifts as large as the transverse beam width, while the interplay of the spin and valley imaginary wave vectors in the modulated regions can lead differences of resonant angles for the four spin-valley flavors, manifesting a spin-valley beam splitting effect. The splitting effect is found to be controllable by the gating and strain.
Universal screening increases the representation of low-income and minority students in gifted education
Authors: Card David , Giuliano Laura
Published: November 2016

Significance

A longstanding concern about gifted education in the United States is the underrepresentation of minorities and economically disadvantaged groups. One explanation for this gap is that standard processes for identifying gifted students, which are based largely on the referrals of parents and teachers, tend to miss many qualified students. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that a universal screening program in a large urban school district led to significant increases in the numbers of poor and minority students who met the IQ standards for gifted status. Our findings raise the question of whether a systemic failure to identify qualified students from all backgrounds may help explain the broader pattern of minority underrepresentation in all advanced K−12 academic programs.
On Gödel and the Ideality of Time
Authors: Manchak John Byron
Published: November 2016

Gödel’s remarks concerning the ideality of time are examined. In the literature, some of these remarks have been somewhat neglected while others have been heavily criticized. In this article, I propose a clear and defensible sense in which Gödel’s work bears on the question whether there is an objective lapse of time in our world.
International perceptions of an integrated, multi-sectoral, ecosystem approach to management
Authors: Marshak Anthony R. , Link Jason S. , Shuford Rebecca , Monaco Mark E. , Johannesen Ellen , Bianchi Gabriella , Anderson M. Robin , Olsen Erik , Smith David C. , Schmidt Joern O. , Dickey-Collas Mark
Published: November 2016

The Ecosystem Approach to Management (EAM) has emerged over the past decades, largely to promote biodiversity conservation, and more recently sectoral tradeoffs in the management of marine ecosystems. To ascertain the state of practice of EAM operationalization, a workshop was held, which included a pre-workshop online survey. The survey gauged international participants’ perspectives regarding capacity, knowledge, and application of EAM. When asked about the subject, most survey respondents had a general understanding of EAM, and provided a clear definition. Major perceived challenges to EAM objectives by those surveyed included limited knowledge, conflicting interests, insufficient communication, and limited organizational legal frameworks or governance structures. Of those directly involved in an ecosystem approach, the majority responded that processes were in place or developed for application of integrated knowledge toward assessing key issues within their respective sectors (i.e. fisheries, conservation, energy), and that capacity was generally high. Our results show that most respondents, irrespective of sector or geography, see value in considering an integrated, broader ecosystem approach as they manage their sector. Although many participants were from the North Atlantic region, our results suggest that much of the international community is converging toward continued understanding of broad-scale, integrated approaches to marine resource management.
Outcomes After Primary Repair and Staged Reconstruction of Zone I and II Flexor Tendon Injuries in Children
Authors: Piper Samantha L. , Wheeler Lesley C. , Mills Janith K. , Ezaki Marybeth , Oishi Scott N.
Published: November 2016

Background:

Delayed diagnosis of flexor tendon injury in children is common, and consequent flexor sheath scarring may necessitate a 2-stage reconstruction. Previous studies show variable outcomes after 2-stage flexor reconstruction in children, especially those below 6 years old. We evaluated functional and subjective outcomes of primary repair and staged reconstruction of zone I and II tendon injuries in children under 6 years of age.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review identified 12 digits in 10 patients who had undergone surgical treatment of a zone I or II flexor tendon injury. Seven digits had a primary repair and 5 had a 2-stage reconstruction. Time delay from injury to surgery for primary repairs averaged 18 weeks and for 2-stage reconstruction averaged 24 weeks. Outcomes included total active motion, tip pinch and grip strength, sensation, and the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI).

Results:

Average follow-up was 8 years. At final follow-up, mean total active and passive motion of the involved digit was similar between the primary reconstruction and staged groups, and 58% had a “good” or “excellent” American Society for Surgery of the Hand; total active motion (ASSH TAM) result (71% in the primary repair group, 40% in the 2-stage reconstruction group). All regained grip and pinch strength equal to the contralateral hand. The average PODCI Upper Extremity score was 99 (99 in the primary repair group, 98 in the 2-stage reconstruction group) and PODCI Global Function score was 94 (97 in the primary repair group, 91 in the 2-stage reconstruction group). No complications occurred.

Conclusions:

Our small study demonstrates that both primary repair and 2-stage flexor tendon reconstruction have acceptable long-term functional and subjective outcomes in children below 6 years old, although staged reconstruction had a lower overall ASSH TAM score and subcategorical PODCI scores. Although staged reconstruction has acceptable outcomes in this population, prompt primary repair of flexor tendon injuries in children should always be attempted.

Level of Evidence:

Level 4—therapeutic.
Brachioradialis Tendon Coverage in Volar Distal Radius Plating
Authors: Jew Nicholas B. , Karl John W. , Trupia Evan , Strauch Robert J. , Calandruccio James H.
Published: November 2016

Volar plate fixation of unstable distal radius fractures has become the preferred technique by most surgeons for the operative treatment of displaced distal radius fractures. Flexor tendon rupture is a rare but serious complication associated with this operation that is thought to be due to irritation of the flexor tendons over the prominent distal edge of the plate. We describe a novel technique of using the brachioradialis tendon to cover the distal edge of the plate to help prevent tendon irritation and rupture.
Determination of Antidepressants in Hair via UHPLC-MS/MS as a Complementary Informative Tool for Clinical and Forensic Toxicological Assessments
Authors: Ramírez Fernández María del Mar , Wille Sarah M. R. , Hill Virginia , Samyn Nele
Published: November 2016

Background:

Hair analysis is a complementary approach for the detection of antidepressants (ADs) in clinical and forensic schemes because it yields a picture of long-term exposure over a time window depending on the length of the hair.

Methods:

A fast and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method using a BEH C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of ammonium acetate/acetonitrile was developed and validated according to international guidelines for the simultaneous analysis of 24 ADs in hair. Methanol/acetonitrile/ammonium formate buffer 1 mmol/L (25:25:50, vol/vol/vol) was used to extract the drugs from the hair matrix before a solid-phase extraction using cation exchange cartridges was applied. Hair samples (n = 18) obtained from a US workplace drug testing center were analyzed to demonstrate the method applicability.

Results:

The limit of quantification values ranged from 0.006 to 0.05 ng/mg hair, and the calibration curves ranged from the LOQ up to 10 ng/mg hair. The bias and imprecision were <15% for all the compounds except maprotiline (17%). This was evaluated with 2 “in-house” QCs and 1 authentic hair sample from an amitriptyline user. No significant matrix effects for most of the compounds were observed, and the extraction efficiency of the sample cleanup procedure ranged from 40% to 80% (relative standard deviation <15%) [except for demethylcitalopram, didemethylcitalopram, and trazodone (relative standard deviation <33%)]. The method was then successfully applied to the analysis of hair samples from workplace drug testing. The samples were analyzed in 1-cm segments to determine the medication history of the patient. When a sample was reported positive, information concerning the prescription was obtained anonymously for several samples. Concentrations of (minimum–maximum value in ng/mg) citalopram (0.01–132: extrapolated), trazodone (0.01–5.3), sertraline (0.05–0.1), paroxetine (0.02–1.0), bupropion (0.05–0.6), fluoxetine (0.5–8), and amitriptyline (0.2–4.8), including metabolites, are reported.

Conclusions:

This study may be of interest to clinical and forensic laboratories for interpretation because it demonstrates the AD concentration windows in hair and the link to the prescribed drugs.
Gentamicin Pharmacokinetics and Monitoring in Pediatric Patients with Febrile Neutropenia
Authors: Bialkowski Sabina , Staatz Christine E. , Clark Julia , Lawson Rachael , Hennig Stefanie
Published: November 2016

Background:

The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in pediatric patients with febrile neutropenia is described, and the adequacy of initial dosing of once-daily gentamicin assessed at Queensland's largest Children's Hospital.

Methods:

Data were retrospectively collected from all pediatrics with febrile neutropenia admitted over a 2-year period who had at least 2 gentamicin concentration–time measurements (a paired set within 1 dosing interval). Gentamicin clearance, volume of distribution, area under the concentration–time curve from 0 to 24 hours postdose (AUC0-24), and maximum concentration values were estimated with log-linear regression using each paired set. The percentage of paired sets associated with gentamicin exposure within predefined hospital targets was calculated, and exposure was examined in relation to the bacterial culture status.

Results:

Data were collected from 69 patients [median (interquartile range) age 3.7 years (2.2–8.9)] and comprised 121 paired concentration sets characterizing 80 separate admissions. Median (interquartile range) gentamicin clearance and volume of distribution were 8.1 L·h−1·70 kg−1(5.8–12.4) and 21.8 L/70 kg (16.9–29.5), respectively. Predefined hospital exposure targets were achieved for both AUC0-24and maximum concentration for 10% of paired sets; one or the other of these targets were met for 36% of paired sets, and neither target was achieved for 54% of paired sets. Achievement of targets improved with repeated monitoring during the same admission. Median AUC0-24achieved was significantly higher in patients with a confirmed Gram-negative infection compared with those without 71 (50–91) mg·h−1·L−1versus 55 (40.8–67.5) mg·h−1·L−1, respectively (P= 0.003). Over the study period, a median gentamicin dose of 10.8 and 6.4 mg/kg was estimated to be necessary to achieve an AUC target of 80 mg·h−1·L−1in children ≤10 years and >10 years of age.

Conclusions:

Based on a log-linear method of analysis, current dosing seems to be consistently producing gentamicin exposure below predefined pharmacokinetic targets, suggesting that an increase in the recommended starting dose of gentamicin may be required.
Successful Treatment of Prosthetic Joint Infection Due to Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci With Tedizolid
Authors: Si Sheng , Durkin Michael J. , Mercier Maureen M. , Yarbrough Melanie L. , Liang Stephen Y.
Published: November 2016

Few antibiotic options exist for the management of infections due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci. We describe a case involving the safe and successful use of tedizolid, a new oxazolidinone, to treat vancomycin-resistant enterococci prosthetic joint infection.
Hang Them High
Authors: Aneja Arun , Leung Patrick , Marquez-Lara Alejandro
Published: November 2016

Lifting and holding upper and lower limbs during the “prep and drape” portion of certain orthopaedic procedures exert strong forces on the holder and may lead to musculoskeletal disorders. To address these challenges during upper extremity procedures, this article describes a hand-free elevation and traction technique of the upper limbs during preoperative skin preparation with the use of items readily available within the operating room (OR). This technique is particularly useful for heavy or fractured limbs that may impose a physical challenge to lift and maintain in a stable position. Implementation of this technique reduces the risk to nurses, OR personnel, and caregivers of developing work-related musculoskeletal injuries while lifting and holding limbs in the orthopaedic OR.
A Comparative Study to Determine Functional and Clinical Outcome Differences Between Patients Receiving Outpatient Direct Physical Therapy Versus Home Physical Therapy Followed by Outpatient Physical Therapy After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Warren Meghan , Kozik Jennifer , Cook Jon , Prefontaine Paul , Ganley Kathleen
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND:

Rehabilitation outcomes for patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) after hospital discharge are not well understood.

PURPOSE:

The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to describe outpatient physical therapy (PT) after TKA and compare short-term (2 months) functional and clinical outcomes of patients following TKA who were discharged from the hospital to home and received (a) outpatient PT immediately (OP) or (b) home health PT before outpatient PT (HH).

METHODS:

The medical records of 109 men and women postoperative TKA discharged home were abstracted for the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), Knee Osteoarthritis and Outcome Score (KOOS), and knee range of motion (ROM) preoperatively and after discharge from all postoperative PT. Patients received outpatient clinic-based PT immediately after discharge from the hospital (OP) (n = 87) or home health PT before continued rehabilitation in an outpatient setting (HH) (n = 22).

RESULTS:

Despite demographic differences between OP and HH preoperatively, adjusted models revealed no significant differences among KOOS, 6MWT, or knee ROM between OP and HH upon completion of postoperative PT. Patients in OP completed PT on average 20 days sooner (p = .0007), although the amount of time in outpatient PT (p = .55) and the number of outpatient PT visits (p = .68) were similar between groups.

CONCLUSION:

Gains in function were achieved by patients in OP and HH independent of the postoperative PT setting, although OP achieved gains sooner.
Osteoporosis Preventive Practice Between Veteran and Nonveteran Older Adults
Authors: Nahm Eun-Shim , Charters Kathleen , Yoo Eunhae , Keldsen Linda M. , Zhu Shijun
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND:

Veterans are prone to bone-related illnesses due to multiple risk factors such as prior injuries. The aim of this study was to compare trends in osteoporosis preventive practices between veteran and nonveteran older adults.

METHODS:

This was a secondary data analysis using selected baseline data and discussion postings from an online bone health trial including participants (N = 866) recruited from My HealtheVet (MHV) and SeniorNet (SN). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, parametric statistics, and content analysis.

FINDINGS:

Overall, MHV participants were younger and included more men than SN participants. However, they reported higher rates of bone health issues, spent less time exercising, took fewer calcium and vitamin D supplements, and were less likely to discuss bone health with their care providers. More MHV participants discussed pain and disability as barriers to bone health behaviors and fear of deteriorating health as motivators. In addition, more MHV participants found that participating in the original study was helpful for changing health behaviors.

CONCLUSION:

Overall, the findings suggest a disparity in bone health between veterans and nonveterans and a significant potential for using eHealth programs for veterans.
How Do I Find the Evidence? Find Your Librarian—Stat!
Authors: Eresuma Emily , Lake Erica
Published: November 2016

Clinical nurses often struggle with a lack of time and proficiency when it comes to finding and reviewing research. Knowing where to start, and discerning which search terms will retrieve the best results, can be arduous. As expert searchers, medical librarians have the skills and knowledge to make significant contributions to the clinical team, helping nurses navigate information resources and research from start to finish. When there is not direct access to a librarian, the toolbox of resources outlined in the article can save nurses' time and effort when they require quality, evidence-based information.
Shoulder Injuries in Commercial Truck Drivers
Authors: Combs Bryan , Heaton Karen
Published: November 2016

Musculoskeletal injuries in the occupational setting have significant impact on the worker, employer, and healthcare system. The commercial truck driver (CTD) experiences some of the highest rates of injury, missed days of work, and workers' compensation costs compared with other workers. In this population, the back is most commonly affected whereas shoulder injuries are the second but require 5 times more days away from work. Commercial truck drivers are significantly impacted by shoulder injuries; however, little is known about the unique mechanisms of injury, specific injuries, or possible preventative measures among this group of workers. This article reviews the current state of the science related to musculoskeletal disorders of the shoulder within the CTD population, to provide a better understanding of the true extent of these disorders and their impact, and to create a foundation for future research.
Smoking Effects in a Distal Tibia Fracture Treated With External Fixation
Authors: Salvi Andrea Emilio , Chelnokov Alexander Nikolaevich , Roda Simone
Published: November 2016

Distal tibia fractures are one of the most demanding injuries in orthopaedic traumatology, due mainly to frequent coexistence of covering tissue problems and poor blood supply. Smoking exerts a detrimental effect on fracture healing, increasing the time to union. We report the case of a 60-year-old heavy-smoker (about 20 cigarettes a day) with a distal tibia fracture that necessitated synthesis with an external fixator to maximize the healing process, which nevertheless required more than one and half year to heal. We consider this case as a “take-home message” against tobacco use during the treatment of any orthopaedic issue.