bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of the Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish): a parthenogenetic crayfish with unknown origin and phylogenetic position
Authors: Seitz Robert , Vilpoux Kathia , Hopp Ulrich , Harzsch Steffen , Maier Gerhard
Published: April 2005

Development, growth, and egg production of the Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish), a crayfish with parthenogenetic reproduction, uncertain geographic origin, and taxonomic position, was studied under laboratory conditions. Length and weight increments strongly depended on temperature being highest at 30°C, and lowest at 15°C. At 25°C, cephalothorax length and weight increased by 17.5 mm and 1700 mg, respectively, in the course of 150 d, whereas at 15°C these parameters increased by only 7 mm and 100 mg during the same period of time. Photoperiod slightly affected growth at 25°C. During growth experiments, mortality was lower at 20°C compared to higher (25°, 30°C) or lower temperatures (15°C), and lower under short‐day than under long‐day conditions. Females matured early (at an age of 141–255 d, a cephalothorax length of 14–21.5 mm, and a weight of 0.63–2 g) compared to other crayfish species. Reproductive females with a cephalothorax length of between 25–35 mm produced large clutches (up to 416 eggs) and brooding periods varied between 22 and 42 d. In order to establish a staging scheme for Marmorkrebs embryos, embryos were photographed, externally visible ontogenetic events charted, and dissected embryos stained with a nuclear dye. These experiments indicate that their development is virtually identical to that of other crayfish. In conclusion, these results and others show that the Marmorkrebs may be taken as a representative valid model organism for future developmental studies on Crustacea. J. Exp. Zool. 303A: 393–405, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laparoscopic Cardial Calibration and Gastropexy for Treatment of Patients with Reflux Esophagitis: Pathophysiological basis and Result
Authors: Braghetto Italo , Korn Owen , Debandi Anibal , Burdiles Patricio , Valladares Hector , Csendes Attila
Published: April 2005

Laparoscopic antireflux surgery is the gold standard procedure for treatment of patients with reflux esophagitis. The current results of the laparoscopic approach are absolutely comparables with the results obtained during the open surgery era. The Nissen, Nissen‐Rossetti, or Toupet techniques are the more frequently used. We have performed cardial calibration and posterior gastropexy or Nissen fundoplication by the open approach with similar results. The purpose of this article is to present the anatomo‐physiological basis for employing cardial calibration and posterior gastropexy in patients with reflux esophagitis. This study includes 108 symptomatic patients, 12 of them with associated extraesophageal manifestations ( posterior laryngitis). Endoscopic mild or moderate esophagitis was confirmed in 83 patients, Barrett’s esophagus in 12 patients, and type I or II hiatal hernia in 13 patients. All patients were also submitted to manometry, 24 hour intraesophageal pH monitoring, and barium swallow before and after surgery. Follow‐up ranged from 12 to 36 months. There were no conversion, major intraoperative, or postoperative complications; nor were there any deaths. Postoperative dysphagia was present in 5% of cases. Symptomatic recurrence of reflux was observed in 10.3% and endoscopic presence of esophagitis in 12.3% of cases. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure increased significantly after surgery, even in patients with endoscopic recurrence. 24‐hour intraesophageal monitoring improved after surgery, except in patients with objective recurrence of esophagitis. In conclusion, laparoscopic cardial calibration with posterior gastropexy presents comparable results to those reported after Nissen fundoplication and therefore could be another excellent therapeutic option in patients with reflux esophagitis
Risk Factors for Sepsis and Endocarditis and Long‐Term Survival Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Toumpoulis Ioannis K. , Anagnostopoulos Constantine E. , Toumpoulis Stavros K. , De Rose Joseph J. , Swistel Daniel G.
Published: April 2005

We sought to determine risk factors for sepsis and/or endocarditis (S/E) and to identify their impact on long‐term survival after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We studied 3760 consecutive patients who underwent isolated CABG from 1992 to 2002. Patients with CABG without S/E were compared with those who developed S/E. Long‐term survival data (mean follow‐up 5.2 years) were obtained from the National Death Index. Groups were compared by Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan‐Meier survival plots. The propensity for S/E was determined by logistic regression analysis and each patient with S/E was matched to one patient without S/E. Thirty‐six patients (0.96%) developed S/E. Independent predictors for S/E were increased age (odds ratio [OR] 1.05 per year, 95% Confidence interval [95% CI] 1.00–1.09;p= 0.040) and the development of other major complications after CABG such as deep sternal wound infection (OR 30.80, 95% CI 9.50–99.82;p< 0.001), gastrointestinal complications (OR 19.48, 95% CI 7.14–53.18;p< 0.001), renal failure (OR 15.18, 95% CI 4.42–52.06;p< 0.001), intraoperative stroke (OR 13.11, 95% CI 4.81–35.69;p< 0.001) and respiratory failure (OR 12.95, 95% CI 5.69–29.45;p< 0.001). After adjustment for pre‐, intra‐ and postoperative factors, the adjusted hazard ratio of long‐term mortality for patients with S/E was 3.33 (95% CI 2.17–5.10;p< 0.001). There was no difference in 30‐day mortality between matched groups (25.0% vs. 19.4% in patients without S/E,p= 0.778), however patients without S/E had better 5‐year survival rate (52.7 ± 8.7% vs. 16.2 ± 6.2%;p= 0.0004). We have identified risk factors for S/E following CABG and we found that there was increased mortality in patients with S/E during a 10‐year follow‐up period.
History and Development of Evidence‐based Medicine
Authors: Claridge Jeffrey A. , Fabian Timothy C.
Published: April 2005

This article illustrates the timeline of the development of evidence‐based medicine (EBM). The term “evidence‐based medicine” is relatively new. In fact, as far as we can tell, investigators from McMaster’s University began using the term during the 1990s. EBM was defined as “a systemic approach to analyze published research as the basis of clinical decision making.” Then in 1996, the term was more formally defined by Sacket et al., who stated that EBM was “the conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence from clinical care research in the management of individual patients.” Ancient era EBM consists of ancient historical or anecdotal accounts of what may be loosely termed EBM. This was followed by the development of the renaissance era of EBM, which began roughly during the seventeenth century. During this era personal journals were kept and textbooks began to become more prominent. This was followed by the 1900s, during an era we term the transitional era of EBM (1900–1970s). Knowledge during this era could be shared more easily in textbooks and eventually peer‐reviewed journals. Finally, during the 1970s we enter the modern era of EBM. Technology has had a large role in the advancement of EBM. Computers and database software have allowed compilation of large amounts of data. The Index Medicus has become a medical dinosaur of the past that students of today likely do not recognize. The Internet has also allowed incredible access to masses of data and information. However, we must be careful with an overabundance of “unfiltered” data. As history, as clearly shown us, evidence and data do not immediately translate into evidence based practice.
Role of Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analysis in Evidence‐based Medicine
Authors: Sauerland Stefan , Seiler Christoph M.
Published: April 2005

The overwhelming increase in the quantity of clinical evidence has led to detachment of the evidence and practice because new evidence can be integrated into clinical practice only after it has been critically appraised and synthesized on the basis of the existing evidence. Because many clinicians lack the skills and the time for such information processing, systematic reviews and meta‐analyses, their quantitative counterparts, play an important role in health care. Well performed systematic reviews provide clinically relevant information for surgeons, abrogating the need to identify, read, and evaluate many individual studies. This article reviews the basic principles of meta‐analysis, discusses its potential weaknesses such as heterogeneity and publication bias, and highlights special situations when dealing with surgical trials.
Evidence‐based Medicine in Surgical Decision Making
Authors: Lacaine François
Published: April 2005

There are now five classic steps for analysis of diagnostic and therapeutic medical decision‐making policies: (1) formulate a clear clinical question based on a particular patient’s problem; (2) search the literature for relevant clinical articles; (3) evaluate the evidence for its validity and usefulness; (4) implement useful findings into clinical practice; (5) audit the validity of the process. The clinician must have the necessary skills to appraise critically the information retrieved. Rather than focusing on the discussion and conclusion sections of articles, the reader should concentrate on the review of the methods and results sections to formulate an opinion regarding the strength of evidence presented in the paper. The process is intellectually demanding and difficult to achieve. This particular step in the validation of evidence implies that each clinician must be methodologically and statistically sound, an “expert,” capable of analyzing the method used in that particular publication to achieve the published result.
How to Teach Evidence‐based Surgery
Authors: Fingerhut Abe , Borie Frédéric , Dziri Chadli
Published: April 2005

The objectives of teaching evidence‐based surgery (EBS) are to inform and convince that EBS is a method of interrogation, reasoning, appraisal, and application of information to guide physicians in their decisions to best treat their patients. Asking the right, answerable questions, translating them into effective searches for the best evidence, critically appraising evidence for its validity and importance, and then integrating EBS with their patients’ values and preferences are daily chores for all surgeons. Teaching and learning EBS should be patient‐centered, learner‐centered, and active and interactive. The teacher should be a model for students to become an expert clinician who is able to match and take advantage of the clinical setting and circumstances to ask and to answer appropriate questions. The process is multistaged.

Teaching EBS in small groups is ideal. However, it is time‐consuming for the faculty and must be clearly and formally structured. As well, evidence‐based medicine (EBM) courses must cater to local institutional needs, must receive broad support from the instructors and the providers of information (librarians and computer science faculty), use proven methodologies, and avoid scheduling conflicts. In agreement with others, we believe that the ideal moment to introduce the concepts of EBM into the curriculum of the medical student is early, during the first years of medical school. Afterward, it should be continued every year. When this is not the case, as in many countries, it becomes the province of the surgeon in teaching hospitals, whether they are at the university, are university‐affiliated, or not, to fulfill this role.
Review of aetiological concepts of temporomandibular pain disorders: towards a biopsychosocial model for integration of physical disorder factors with psychological and psychosocial illness impact factors
Authors: Suvinen Tuija I. , Reade Peter C. , Kemppainen Pentti , Könönen Mauno , Dworkin Samuel F.
Published: April 2005

Several studies have reported that musculoskeletal disorders of the stomatognathic system, commonly known as temporomandibular disorders (TMD) resemble musculoskeletal disorders and chronic pain disorders in general. There is also general consensus that combined biomedical and biopsychosocial methods best support the assessment and management of the cardinal features of TMD, i.e., pain and dysfunction or physical (peripheral) and psychosocial (central) factors. This overview of the aetiology of TMD will outline conceptualizations of past models and present the current view that patients with TMD should be assessed according to both the physical disorder and the psychosocial illness impact factors. The conceptual theories outlined in this review include biomedical models related to temporomandibular joints, muscles of mastication and occlusal factors, psychological models and the biopsychosocial models. An integrated and multidimensional approach concerning physical and psychosocial factors in temporomandibular pain and dysfunction is presented as an example of how the biopsychosocial model and information processing theory may apply in the conceptualization and management of TMD for various health care professionals.
Comparison of Absorbance and Fluorescence Methods for Determining Liquid Dispensing Precision
Authors: Petersen Jonathan , Nguyen Jeannie
Published: April 2005

Successful high-throughput screening requires methods for determining the precision of liquid dispensing. We compared absorbance and fluorescence methods. We found that plate-to-plate variability was large enough to mask the difference in optical methods. When a dual-dye method was used, we found that absorbance and fluorescence gave similar results in 96- and 384-well plates. In 1536-well plates, the two methods gave differing results, but centrifugation reduced the difference, suggesting that entrapped air bubbles or unsettled meniscus shapes artificially raised the coefficients of variation of fluorescence reads.
The application of GIS technology for precipitation mapping
Authors: Dyras I. , Serafin‐Rek D.
Published: April 2005

Precipitation is one of the most variable meteorological parameters in time and space. The standard surface measurement network provides very localised information about the precipitation. The satellite and radar observations and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models provide continuous information on the state of the atmosphere, but at much lower resolution.

This paper presents work undertaken in central Europe on stratiform and convective precipitation estimated from satellite microwave data. The results of analysis are prepared in the form of precipitation intensity and range maps. The data available from an Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on board NOAA‐15, 16 and 17 satellites enhanced the scope of the work by providing access to new meteorological precipitation‐related products. These products, such as Rain Rate (RR), Scattering Index (SI), Total Precipitation Water (TPW), Precipitation Probability (PP) and Liquid Water Path (LWP), were prepared using the regression algorithms. The data from spring and summer seasons in 2001 and 2002 were used for analysis.

The temperature and precipitation thematic layers are created from the NWP model grid data. Also SYNOP (Surface Synoptic Observations) and TEMP (Sonde air temperature) data are converted into thematic coverages. Progress in GIS technology application for NOAA/AMSU microwave‐derived products preparation and visualisation in the Satellite Research Department in Poland was achieved. The developed system allows the display of the rain field forecast by the NWP model Aladin and the precipitation observed with the satellite data and other ancillary information. The maps of precipitation with additional geographical data and administrative boundaries are available for weather forecasting units via the Intranet. It is also planned to make images available on the web for external customers. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
ECOCLIMAP: a global database of land surface parameters at 1 km resolution
Authors: Champeaux J. L. , Masson V. , Chauvin F.
Published: April 2005

Soil/vegetation–atmosphere transfer schemes (SVATS) require only a few primary parameters as inputs (leaf area index, vegetation fraction and albedo). The object of this paper is to describe methods used to derive these parameters from surface cover maps, climate maps and NDVI datasets. The resolution of these new surface parameters is 1 km at the global scale. The ECOCLIMAP database is available online to the research community at http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/gmme/PROJETS/ECOCLIMAP/page_ecoclimap.htm. An application of this strategy for urban use at a finer scale (30mresolution) is presented here for the city of Marseille. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Standards‐based data interoperability in the climate sciences
Authors: Woolf Andrew , Cramer Ray , Gutierrez Marta , Dam Kerstin Kleese van , Kondapalli Siva , Latham Susan , Lawrence Bryan , Lowry Roy , O'Neill Kevin
Published: April 2005

Emerging developments in geographic information systems and distributed computing offer a roadmap towards an unprecedented spatial data infrastructure in the climate sciences. Key to this are the standards developments for digital geographic information being led by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) technical committee on geographic information/geomatics (TC211) and the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). These, coupled with the evolution of standardised web services for applications on the internet by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), mean that opportunities for both new applications and increased interoperability exist. These are exemplified by the ability to construct ISO‐compliant data models that expose legacy data sources through OGC web services. This paper concentrates on the applicability of these standards to climate data by introducing some examples and outlining the challenges ahead. An abstract data model is developed, based on ISO standards, and applied to a range of climate data –both observational and modelled. An OGC Web Map Server interface is constructed for numerical weather prediction (NWP) data stored in legacy data files. A W3C web service for remotely accessing gridded climate data is illustrated. Challenges identified include the following: first, both the ISO and OGC specifications require extensions to support climate data. Secondly, OGC services need to fully comply with W3C web services, and support complex access control. Finally, to achieve real interoperability, broadly accepted community‐based semantic data models are required across the range of climate data types. These challenges are being actively pursued, and broad data interoperability for the climate sciences appears within reach. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
XRWIS: the use of geomatics to predict winter road surface temperatures in Poland
Authors: Thornes John E. , Cavan Gina , Chapman Lee
Published: April 2005

A new method (XRWIS) to predict the minimum road surface temperature for the winter maintenance of roads, using geomatics, has been tested in Poland. A geographical database was constructed for a 200 km test route from Krakow to the Slovakian border. A GPS survey to measure sky‐view factor was carried out as part of the COST 719 project. A computer energy balance model ‘IceMiser’ was run retrospectively to predict road surface temperature every 20 minutes for every 20 m along the road using hourly weather data recorded at two adjacent climate stations: at low elevation in Krakow and at high elevation in Zakopane, in March 2003. A GIS was used to visualise the predicted road surface temperatures. The IceMiser model was verified by comparing the predicted road surface temperatures with measured road surface temperatures at a number of road weather outstations along the route. The results for four road weather outstations are discussed. The best results are for Libertow (264 m) and Myslenice (304 m) close to Krakow, whereas the results for Skawa (518 m) and Piatkowa Gora (649 m) at high elevation are not as good, probably due to their distance from the Zakopane climate station. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Marriage, Motherhood and Welfare Reform
Authors: Berrick Jill Duerr
Published: April 2005

In 1996, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) was passed in the US, ushering in a series of reforms to the cash assistance programme previously available to poor families. ‘Welfare reform’ included a number of efforts to encourage work among unemployed single parents. More important, the law extended the government's interest in regulating social behaviours such as marriage and reproduction. This paper reviews states' efforts at developing programmes that encourage marriage and discourage child-bearing, then offers a review of the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of these approaches to date. Implications for the future of welfare reform are provided.
Family Care, Independent Living and Ethnicity
Authors: Harper Sarah , Levin Sonya
Published: April 2005

The UK's national population structure, in line with most Western societies, is ageing rapidly. The combination of falling fertility and increasing longevity is having an impact on family structures and resultant relationships, with the emergence of long vertical multi-generational families replacing the former laterally extended family forms. This is occurring at a time when UK government policy is placing increasing reliance on families to provide health and social care and support for the growing number of frail older people. While there has been extensive research on family care within the majority white population, there is less understanding of the elder family care provision for the UK's growing older ethnic population. This paper discusses the changing demographics, new government policy on promoting independent living and its implications for family care provision, and reviews our current understanding of family care and support for older people within the UK’s varied ethnic minority families.
A Global Political Economy of Care
Authors: Yeates Nicola
Published: April 2005

Care is an important analytical concept in social policy because of what its social organisation reveals about social formations and the nature of welfare states. To date, social policy analyses of care have focused on the social (re)organisation of care within nation states, which are largely treated as ‘sealed’ entities. Consequently these analyses neglect to examine the impact of transnational processes on the socio-organisational shifts observed. This article outlines the contours of a global political economy (GPE) of care with a view to elucidating the transnational dimensions to care restructuring. It focuses in particular on domestic care labour because of the extensive internationalisation of domestic services and its significance for the social relations of production and the division of labour. The discussion reflects on analytical issues for the academic study of social policy and care raised by a GPE approach.
Wer hilft beim Lernen für die Schule?
Authors: Wagner Petra , Schober Barbara , Spiel Christiane
Published: April 2005

Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert das soziale Lernumfeld von SchülerInnen der 6. bis 10. Schulstufe. Aufbauend auf eine systematische Begriffsklärung zu zentralen Parametern dieses Forschungsbereichs und einer Definition von Kriterien für eine valide Erhebungsmethodik wurden sowohl qualitative - Wer hilft SchülerInnen bei der schulischen Hausarbeit? Wobei wird ihnen geholfen? - als auch quantitative - In welchem zeitlichen Umfang wird geholfen? - Aspekte der häuslichen Arbeit für die Schule untersucht. Zur Datenerhebung, an der 419 SchülerInnen (234 Mädchen und 185 Jungen) aus Hauptschule und Gymnasium teilnahmen, wurde ein Tagebuch verwendet, das auf der Grundlage der zuvor definierten Kriterien konzipiert wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigten u.a., dass die meisten SchülerInnen den überwiegenden Teil ihrer häuslichen Arbeitszeit eigenständig verbringen. Durchschnittlich 16% ihrer Arbeitszeit werden sie unterstützt, sei es durch ein Familienmitglied, durch FreundInnen oder durch Nachhilfe. Darüber hinaus wurden vier soziale Lerntypen - der “Eigenständig Lernende“, der “Peergroup-orientierte Lernende“, der “Familiengestützte Lernende“ und der “Nachhilfegestützte Lernende“ - identifiziert, die sich in ihrer Schulleistung unterscheiden.
Jupiter Thermospheric General Circulation Model (JTGCM): Global structure and dynamics driven by auroral and Joule heating
Authors: Bougher S. W. , Waite J. H. , Majeed T. , Gladstone G. R.
Published: April 2005

A growing multispectral database plus recent Galileo descent measurements are being used to construct a self‐consistent picture of the Jupiter thermosphere/ionosphere system. The proper characterization of Jupiter's upper atmosphere, embedded ionosphere, and auroral features requires the examination of underlying processes, including the feedbacks of energetics, neutral‐ion dynamics, composition, and magnetospheric coupling. A fully 3‐D Jupiter Thermospheric General Circulation Model (JTGCM) has been developed and exercised to address global temperatures, three‐component neutral winds, and neutral‐ion species distributions. The domain of this JTGCM extends from 20‐μbar (capturing hydrocarbon cooling) to 1.0 × 10−4 nbar (including auroral/Joule heating processes). The resulting JTGCM has been fully spun‐up and integrated for ≥40 Jupiter rotations. Results from three JTGCM cases incorporating moderate auroral heating, ion drag, and moderate to strong Joule heating processes are presented. The neutral horizontal winds at ionospheric heights vary from 0.5 km/s to 1.2 km/s, atomic hydrogen is transported equatorward, and auroral exospheric temperatures range from ∼1200–1300 K to above 3000 K, depending on the magnitude of Joule heating. The equatorial temperature profiles from the JTGCM are compared with the measured temperature structure from the Galileo ASI data set. The best fit to the Galileo data implies that the major energy source for maintaining the equatorial temperatures is due to dynamical heating induced by the low‐latitude convergence of the high‐latitude‐driven thermospheric circulation. Overall, the Jupiter thermosphere/ionosphere system is highly variable and is shown to be strongly dependent on magnetospheric coupling which regulates Joule heating.
Seismic and infrasonic signals associated with an unusual collapse event at the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat
Authors: Green D. N. , Neuberg J.
Published: April 2005

In March 2004, during a period of no magma extrusion at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, an explosive event occurred with little precursory activity. Recorded broadband seismic signals ranged from an ultra‐long‐period signal with a dominant period of 120 s to impulsive, short‐duration events containing frequencies up to 30 Hz. Synthetic displacement functions were fit to the long‐period data after application of the seismometer response. These indicate a shallow collapse of the volcanic edifice occurred, initiated ∼300 m below the surface, lasting ∼100 s. Infrasonic tremor and pulses were also recorded in the 1–20 Hz range. The high‐frequency seismicity and infrasound are interpreted as the subsequent collapse of a gravitationally unstable buttress of remnant dome material which impacted upon the edifice surface. This unique dataset demonstrates the benefits of deploying multi‐parameter stations equipped with broadband instruments.
Advanced retrievals of multilayered cloud properties using multispectral measurements
Authors: Huang Jianping , Minnis Patrick , Lin Bing , Yi Yuhong , Khaiyer Mandana M. , Arduini Robert F. , Fan Alice , Mace Gerald G.
Published: April 2005

Current satellite cloud retrievals are usually based on the assumption that all clouds consist of a homogenous single layer despite the frequent occurrence of cloud overlap. As such, cloud overlap will cause large errors in the retrievals of many cloud properties. To address this problem, a multilayered cloud retrieval system (MCRS) is developed by combining satellite visible and infrared radiances and surface microwave radiometer measurements. A two‐layer cloud model was used to simulate ice‐over‐water cloud radiative characteristics. The radiances emanating from the combined low cloud and surface are estimated using the microwave liquid water with an assumption of effective droplet size. These radiances replace the background radiances traditionally used in single‐layer cloud retrievals. The MCRS is applied to data from March through October 2000 over four Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) sites. The results are compared to the available retrievals of ice water path (IWP) from radar data and show that the MCRS clearly produces a more accurate retrieval of ice‐over‐water cloud properties. MCRS yields values of IWP that are closest to those from the radar retrieval. For ice‐over‐water cloud systems, on average, the optical depth and IWP are reduced, from original overestimates, by approximately 30%. The March–October mean cloud effective temperatures from the MCRS are decreased by 10 ± 12 K, which translates to an average height difference of ∼1.4 km. These results indicate that ice‐cloud height derived from traditional single‐layer retrieval is underestimated, and the midlevel ice cloud coverage is over classified. Effective ice crystal particle sizes are increased by only a few percent with the new method. This new physically based technique should be robust and directly applicable when data are available simultaneously from a satellite imager and the appropriate satellite or surface microwave sensor.
Synthesis of the high-surface-area CexBa1−xMnAl11Oycatalyst in reverse microemulsions using inexpensive inorganic salts as precursors
Authors: Teng Fei , Xu Ping , Tian Zhijian , Xiong Guoxing , Xu Yunpeng , Xu Zhusheng , Lin Liwu
Published: April 2005

The CexBa1−xMnAl11Ox catalysts are synthesized in reverse microemulsions using inexpensive inorganic salts as precursors, which have high surface area and high activity for methane combustion.
Nonlinear physics of laser-irradiated microclusters
Authors: Breizman Boris N. , Arefiev Alexey V. , Fomyts’kyi Mykhailo V.
Published: April 2005

A nonlinear theory has been developed to describe electron response and ion acceleration in dense clusters that are smaller in size than the laser wavelength. This work is motivated by high-intensity laser-cluster interaction experiments. The theory reveals that the breakdown of quasineutrality affects the cluster dynamics in a dramatic way: the laser can create a positively charged ion shell that expands due to its own space charge much faster than the central part of the cluster. The developed theory also shows a trend for the electron population to have a two-component distribution function: a cold core that responds to the laser field coherently and a hot halo that undergoes stochastic heating. The hot electrons expand together with the equal number of ions that are accelerated to supersonic velocities in a double layer at the cluster edge. This mechanism produces fast ions with energies much greater than the ponderomotive potential and it suggests that larger deuterium clusters can significantly enhance the neutron yield in future experiments.
A lattice Boltzmann algorithm for electro-osmotic flows in microfluidic devices
Authors: Guo Zhaoli , Zhao T. S. , Shi Yong
Published: April 2005

In this paper, a finite-difference-based lattice Boltzmann (LB) algorithm is proposed to simulate electro-osmotic flows (EOF) with the effect of Joule heating. This new algorithm enables a nonuniform mesh to be adapted, which is desirable for handling the extremely thin electrical double layer in EOF. The LB algorithm has been validated by simulating a problem with an available analytical solution and it is found that the numerical results predicted by the algorithm are in good agreement with the analytical solution. The LB algorithm is also applied to modeling a mixed electro-osmotic/pressure driven flow in a channel. The numerical results show that Joule heating plays an important role in EOF.
Mapping of local oxide properties by quantitative scanning capacitance spectroscopy
Authors: Brezna W. , Harasek S. , Lugstein A. , Leitner T. , Hoffmann H. , Bertagnolli E. , Smoliner J.
Published: April 2005

In this work, quantitative scanning capacitance spectroscopy was applied to investigate the local dielectric properties of a chemical vapor deposition grown ZrO2 layer on low-doped silicon. Due to self-organization effects during the growth process, the ZrO2 layer shows small, periodic thickness variations on micrometer length scales near the sample edges. The measured capacitance data and derived oxide charge densities show the same periodicity as the thickness variations. The magnitude of the change of the oxide charge density, however, cannot be explained by the small thickness variations and is attributed to a local periodic change of the growth dynamics.
Nonaxisymmetric field effects on Alcator C-Mod
Authors: Wolfe S. M. , Hutchinson I. H. , Granetz R. S. , Rice J. , Hubbard A. , Lynn A. , Phillips P. , Hender T. C. , Howell D. F. , La Haye R. J. , Scoville J. T.
Published: April 2005

A set of external coils (A-coils) capable of producing nonaxisymmetric, predominantly n=1, fields with different toroidal phase and a range of poloidal mode m spectra has been used to determine the threshold amplitude for mode locking over a range of plasma parameters in Alcator C-Mod [I. H. Hutchinson, R. Boivin, F. Bombarda, P. Bonoli, S. Fairfax, C. Fiore, J. Goetz, S. Golovato, R. Granetz, M. Greenwald et al., Phys. Plasmas 1, 1511 (1994)]. The threshold perturbations and parametric scalings, expressed in terms of (B21∕BT), are similar to those observed on larger, lower field devices. The threshold is roughly linear in density, with typical magnitudes of order 10−4. This result implies that locked modes should not be significantly more problematic for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor [I. P. B. Editors, Nucl. Fusion 39, 2286 (1999)] than for existing devices. Coordinated nondimensional identity experiments on the Joint European Torus [Fusion Technol. 11, 13 (1987)], DIII-D [Fusion Technol. 8, 441 (1985)], and C-Mod, with matching applied mode spectra, have been carried out to determine more definitively the field and size scalings. Locked modes on C-Mod are observed to result in braking of core toroidal rotation, modification of sawtooth activity, and significant reduction in energy and particle confinement, frequently leading to disruptions. Intrinsic error fields inferred from the threshold studies are found to be consistent in amplitude and phase with a comprehensive model of the sources of field errors based on “as-built” coil and bus-work details and coil imperfections inferred from measurements using in situ magnetic diagnostics on dedicated test pulses. Use of the A-coils to largely cancel the 2∕1 component of the intrinsic nonaxisymmetric field has led to expansion of the accessible operating space in C-Mod, including operation up to 2 MA plasma current at 8 T.
Propagators weakly associated to a family of Hamiltonians and the adiabatic theorem for the Landau Hamiltonian with a time-dependent Aharonov–Bohm flux
Authors: Asch J. , Hradecký I. , Šťovíček P.
Published: April 2005

We study the dynamics of a quantum particle moving in a plane under the influence of a constant magnetic field and driven by a slowly time-dependent singular flux tube through a puncture. The known standard adiabatic results do not cover directly these models as the Hamiltonian has time-dependent domain. We give a meaning to the propagator and prove an adiabatic theorem. To this end we introduce and develop the new notion of a propagator weakly associated to a time-dependent Hamiltonian.
Single-electron manipulation to and from a SiO2 surface by electrostatic force microscopy
Authors: Bussmann E. , Zheng N. , Williams C. C.
Published: April 2005

Occupation of individual electron states near the surface of a SiO2 film is controlled by reversible single-electron tunneling to or from a metallic electrostatic force microscope probe. By switching the polarity of an applied dc bias between the probe and the sample to adjust the Fermi energy of the probe with respect to states near the dielectric surface, individual electrons are repeatably manipulated in and out of the sample. The single-electron charging and discharging is detected by frequency detection electrostatic force microscopy.
The Australian species of the carabid genus Perileptus (Coleoptera : Carabidae : Trechinae)
Authors: Baehr M
Published: April 2005

The Australian species of the trechine genus Perileptus are revised and compared in a key. Perileptus convexicollis, sp. nov., P. subopacus, sp. nov., and P. minimus, sp. nov., all from northern or northwestern Australia, are described, and the subgenus Pyrrhotachys Sloane is reestablished. The species distribution is mapped. Patterns of distribution and the phylogenetic status of the species suggest at least two independent westward migrations, of different lineages and presumably at different times, within Australia, resulting in the evolution of several endemic species in refugia in northern or north-western Australia. As a consequence, the Perileptus fauna of Western Australia is today more diverse than that of eastern Australia, in spite of the rather unsuitable environmental conditions in the north-western refugia.
A revision of the genus Synechocera deyrolle (Coleoptera : Buprestidae : Agrilinae)
Authors: Bellamy CL
Published: April 2005

The genus Synechocera is revised for the first time. Ten species are recognised as valid, with five described as new: S. bicolor, S. brooksi, S. burnsi, S. parvipennis and S. queenslandica. Synonymy is proposed for S. longior under S. tasmanica. S. tasmanica is designated as the new type-species, because of the ambiguous nature of the original type-species, Buprestis deplanus. Lectotypes are designated for S. albohrrta and S. elongata. Aphanisticus occidentalis is transferred to Paracephala. Previously described species are treated diagnostically; new species are fully described; all species are illustrated and a key is presented for their separation. The biology of S. tasmanica is discussed and both the larva and pupa are illustrated.
The biting midge genus Forcipomyia (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) in the Australasian region (Exclusive of New Zealand). I. Introduction, key to subgenera, and the Thyridomyia and Trichohelea groups of subgenera
Authors: Debenham ML
Published: April 2005

Specimens of the genus Forcipomyia are among the most commonly encountered in biting midge collections in Australia, but until recently no systematic studies of the genus have been undertaken. The present author has published taxonomic studies of Australasian Region species of the subgenera Lasiohelea and Dacnoforcipomyia, and (with W. W. Wirth) of Euprojoannisia; the remaining subgenera are now examined. In this first part a key to the Australasian Region subgenera, and a study of those subgenera related to Thyridomyia and Trichohelea, are presented. These are: Thyridomyia Saunders (three previously described species); Synthyridomyia Saunders (six new species: caestuum, oryx, bucera, tympanista, operimenti, ansericolli); Collessohelea, subgen. nov. (one new species, yungurara); Blantonia Wirth & Dow (one new species, testudo); Schineromyia, subgen. nov. (one new species, gandangara); Trichohelea Goetghebuer (16 species, of which 10 - ferrea, cliens, imparidentes, alienus, sector, chirurgus, scorpio, lunata, arcis, tumulus - are new); Typhonomyia, subgen. nov. (one new species, anachoreta); Herakleohelea, subgen. nov. (one new species, grallator); Kattangomyia, subgen. nov. (two new species: taurus, orbis); Pterobosca Macfie (five previously described species); and Phytohelea Remm (five species, of which one - forfices - is new). For each subgenus the history of the taxon and its recorded biology are summarised, and the relationships of the Australasian species to other faunas are discussed. The interrelationships of the subgenera are also considered. The Japanese species Dasyhelea crinume Tokunaga, 1932 (subsequently (1934) transferred by its author to Apelma sensu Saunders = Phytohelea), which was described in all stages, is transferred to subgenus Pterobosca, where it provides important amplification of the subgeneric diagnosis.
A revision of the genus Nascioides Kerremans (Coleoptera : Buprestidae)
Authors: Williams GA
Published: April 2005

The buprestid genus Nascioides Kerremans is defined, and a key and figures to the 19 species are given. Eight new species are described: Nascioides bicolor, elessarella, elderi, falsomultesimus, macalpinei, nulgarra, storeyi and walfordi. Lectotypes are designated for: Nascioides carissimus (Waterhouse), N. costatus (Carter), N. enysi (Sharp), N. multesimus (Olliff), N. mundus (Olliff), N. parryi (Hope), N. tillyard (Carter) and N. viridis (Macleay). Nascioides parryi (Hope) is designated as type-species and the previously established synonymy [Nascioides saundersi (Hope) =N. parryi (Hope)] is upheld.
The Australian species of Ephydrella and Setacera (Diptera : Ephydridae)
Authors: Bock IR
Published: April 2005

The genus Ephydrella Tonnoir & Malloch contains four Australian species: acrostichalis (Malloch), breviseta (Malloch), marshalli, sp. nov., and tasmaniae, sp. nov. The larvae of the former three species are associated with marine algae of the genus Cladophora. Six other species of Ephydrella are also known, from New Zealand and Macquarie Island. One species of Setacera Cresson, S. breviventris (Loew), occurs in Australia.
The Neuroptera (Insecta) of Norfolk Island
Authors: New TR
Published: April 2005

A synopsis is given of records of Neuroptera from Norfolk Island, and their identities discussed. A recent substantial collection of Chrysopidae contains three species, which are figured and referred to described taxa. Affinities of the fauna are predominantly Australian, but the Chrysopa spp. appear to represent species unknown from Australia.
The Ambositriinae (Hymenoptera : Diapriidae) of Melanesia
Authors: Naumann ID
Published: April 2005

The following species are described from New Guinea: Diphoropria barymorpha, D. niuginiae, D. zaplethes, D. phaeocala, D. gressitti and D. pericompsa (the last also recorded from Solomon IS). Papuapria, gen. nov., is proposed for P. dasciodes, sp. nov., from New Guinea, and P. hemichroma, sp nov., from New Guinea and the Solomon Is. Distribution records are provided for Gwaihiria allocerata Naumann, two undescribed species of Perissodryas, Diphoropria nigricans (Dodd) and D. pseudoclavata (Dodd). The historical biogeography of the Melanesian Ambositrinae is discussed in the context of plate tectonics. Altitudinal distributions of species are reviewed.
Nymphidae (Insecta : Neuroptera) from New Guinea
Authors: New TR
Published: April 2005

Six species of Nymphidae are recorded from New Guinea. Additional records of both described species (Myiodactylus nebulosus, Osymylops hirsutus) are given and four are new; three are Myiodactylus spp. and one represents a new genus, Umbranymphes. They are described, and the affinities of New Guinea Nymphidae are appraised.
Non-camaenid land snails of the Kimberley and Northern Territory, Australia I. Systematics, affinities and ranges
Authors: Solem A
Published: April 2005

All shell-bearing land snails found in the Kimberley and Northern Temtory, except those belonging to the family Camaenidae and the introduced Helicidae, are reviewed and illustrated. Several species introduced to other parts of Australia or neighbouring areas are included. They may already have been introduced and not yet collected, or undoubtedly will be introduced in the near future. This paper reports on 46 endemic and 11 introduced (or potentially introducible) taxa. An additional four extralimital species are figured for comparative purposes: Gastrocopta semiclausa Thiele, 1928; G. pontifex I. Rensch, 1937; Pumilicopta kamberae (B. Rensch, 1932); P. orientalis (B. Rensch, 1935). One genus, Pumilicopta, and the species Georissa obesa, Gastrocopta simplex, Pumilicopta kessneri, P. bifurcata, and Trochomorpha melvillensis, are described as new. Many taxa are recorded from Australia for the first time. Several changes in synonymy are proposed. The biogeographic implications of these records will be discussed in Part II.
Hemerobiidae (Insecta : Neuroptera) from New Guinea
Authors: New TR
Published: April 2005

Eighteen species of Hemerobiidae are recorded from New Guinea, and keys provided for their separation. They represent six genera: Notiobiella (five spp.), Psectra (four), Zachobiella (one), Megalomina (one), Hemerobius (three) and Micromus (four). Nine species are described as new (three Notiobiella, three Psectra, two Hemerobius and one Micromus) and a further two singletons noted as possibly new but not named. Few species appear to be common, and five (possibly six) occur also in Australia.
Revision of the Australian species of the genus Pogonoglossus Chaudoir (Insecta : Coleoptera : Helluodinae)
Authors: Baehr M
Published: April 2005

The Australian species of the genus Pogonoglossus Chaudoir (Helluodinae) are revised. P. inflaticeps (Sloane) and P. porosus (Sloane) are redescribed, P. parvus Darlington, described from New Guinea, is recorded from Australia, and P. inarmatus, sp. nov. is newly described. The four species are compared in a key and their distributions in Australia are mapped. The relationships of the species are discussed; they belong to two groups and all are closely related to New Guinean species. Different stages of differentiation and distribution patterns of the Australian species point to three independent invasions of Pogonoglossus stocks into Australia, all proceeding along the Cape York Peninsula. Close affinities to New Guinean species indicate that colonisation of Australia by Pogonoglossus occurred perhaps not before mid-Pleistocene.
Five artotrogid Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) from Southern Australia
Authors: McKinnon AD
Published: April 2005

Artotrogus sardae, sp. nov. and A. haikungae, sp. nov. are described from Bass Strait, and comments are presented on another Australian species, A. latifurcatus Nicholls, 1944. Glyptotrogus tangaroae, gen. nov., sp. nov. from Southern Australia, and the hitherto unknown female of Tardotrogus challengeri Eiselt, 1961 are described. All these taxa possess prominent arrays of integumental organs, some of which are of a new type.
The genus Oedosmylus Krüger (Insecta : Neuroptera : Osmylidae)
Authors: New TR
Published: April 2005

The endemic Australian stenosmyline genus Oedosmylus is revised, and its affinities with Euporismus are discussed. Four new species are described and illustrated, and a key to the eight species now known is provided. The female of Euporismus is described.
Descriptions and biological notes of the Australian Elenchidae (Strepsiptera)
Authors: Kathirithamby J
Published: April 2005

Descriptions and biological notes are given for two new species of Strepsiptera from the family Elenchidae, Elenchus varleyi and Deinelenchus berrimahensis, and one previously described species, Deinelenchus australiensis Perkins, is redescribed.
Mites of the Macrocheles muscaedomesticae group in Australia (Acarina : Macrochelidae)
Authors: Halliday RB
Published: April 2005

The group of species related to Macrocheles muscaedomesticae includes six species in Australia: M. feehani, sp, nov., M. kappa, sp, nov., M. muscaedomesticae (Scopoli), M. novaezelandiae Emberson, M. paralius, sp. nov., M. similis Krantz & Filipponi. The females of these species are described or re-described and keyed, and descriptions are given of most of the previously unknown males and juveniles. The species are united by the pattern of ornamentation of the sternal shield of the female, a combination of smooth and pilose dorsal setae, and the presence of a holoventral shield in the male. M. similis is shown to reproduce by thelytokous parthenogenesis, and this property, like the presence of 29 pairs of setae on the dorsal shield, is shown to have appeared more than once in the genus Macrocheles.