bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cricopharyngeal Myotomy Normalizes the Opening Size of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter in Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction
Authors: Yip Helena T. , Leonard Rebecca , Kendall Katherine A.
Published: January 2006

Objective: The development of a cricopharyngeal dysfunction is associated with a hypertonic cricopharyngeus (CP) muscle. Therefore, CP myotomy has been advocated by some authors to be an essential part of repair of this condition. However, little objective data exists to show that there is improvement in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) after CP myotomy. This study assesses the impact of CP myotomy on UES opening.

Study Design: Prospective.

Methods: Twenty patients treated at a university tertiary care center for cricopharyngeal dysfunction between 1998 and 2003 were identified. All patients underwent CP myotomy with or without Zenker's diverticulectomy. These patients had videofluoroscopic swallow studies before and after repair. The values of UES opening for 3 mL boluses from pre‐ and postrepair studies were compared with each other as well as with normal controls. Sixty percent (12/20) of the patients had a Zenker's diverticulum. Of these 12 patients, 5 had undergone previous attempts at surgical correction. Cricopharyngeal myotomy by way of an external approach, with or without Zenker's diverticulectomy, was performed in all patients by the senior author.

Results: Before Zenker's diverticulectomy and CP myotomy, the mean UES opening (n = 20) for a 3 mL bolus was 0.30 cm ± 0.17, which was 57% of the mean of 60 normal controls (0.52 cm ± 0.15) (P < .001). After repair, the mean UES opening for the same bolus size improved to 0.51 cm ± 0.16 (P < .0001). The UES opening size in patients who have undergone repair is comparable with that of the normal controls (P > .05).

Conclusions: UES opening size in patients with cricopharyngeal dysfunction is 57% of the size in normal controls. CP myotomy helps to normalize the UES opening in cricopharyngeal dysfunction repair.
Objective Sizing of Upper Airway Stenosis: A Quantitative Endoscopic Approach
Authors: Nouraei S. A. R. , McPartlin D. W. , Nouraei S. M. , Patel A , Ferguson C , Howard D. J. , Sandhu G. S.
Published: January 2006

Objective: In patients with airway stenosis, anatomy of the lesion determines the magnitude of the biomechanical ventilatory disturbance and thus the nature and severity of symptoms. It also gives information about biology, likelihood of response to treatment, and prognosis of laryngotracheal lesions. Accurate airway sizing throughout treatment is therefore central to managing this condition. We developed a method for objective assessment of airway lesions during endoscopy.

Methods: We used airway simulations to investigate the effects of endoscope tilt and lens distortions on measurement accuracy, devising and validating clinical rules for quantitative airway endoscopy. A calibrator was designed to assess lesion length, location, and cross‐section during tracheoscopy.

Results: It proved possible to calculate the length and location of the stenosis using simple mathematics. Cross‐section measurements were more than 95% accurate, independent of endoscope tilt and without making assumptions about endoscope optics and visuospatial distortion, for both pediatric and adult airway dimensions. The technique was used to characterize airway lesions in 10 adult patients with an average age of 48 years undergoing therapeutic laryngotracheoscopy. Lesions occurred on average 36 mm below the glottis (range, 21–54 mm) and were 9.3 mm long (5–17 mm). The average pretreatment airway cross‐section was 48.3 mm2, increasing to 141.1 mm2 after laser therapy. Two independent observers calculated airway cross‐sections, achieving an interobserver concordance of 0.98.

Conclusions: This method can be used to objectively and precisely determine the anatomy of airway lesions, allowing accurate documentation of lesion characteristics and surgical results, serial monitoring throughout treatment, and comparison of outcomes between different centers.
Serum Heat Shock Protein 70 and its Correlation with Clinical Characteristics in Patients with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Park Shi‐Nae , Yeo Sang W. , Park Kyung‐Ho
Published: January 2006

Objectives: Previous studies have reported that in cochlear cells, heat shock protein (HSP)70 is expressed after ototoxic stimuli. We performed this study to investigate the possibility of HSP70 being found in circulation and to observe its possible clinical role in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL).

Methods: A total of 67 patients with SSNHL and age‐sex matched normal controls were included in this study. Their serum HSP70 levels were measured with highly sensitive enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) test and confirmed with Western blot immunoassay. Clinical variables including initial and final audiometric findings and accompanying symptoms were analyzed to find the possible clinical value of serum HSP70 level in the patients with SSNHL.

Results: Serum HSP70 levels were significantly higher in the patients with SSNHL than those of normal controls by ELISA test (P < .01), and their presence were confirmed as strong bands in the Western blot assay. There was significant correlation between serum HSP70 levels and the recovery of HL in the patients with SSNHL (P < .0l).

Conclusion: This is the first report showing elevated serum HSP70 levels in the patients with SSNHL compared with normal controls. We suggest that serum HSP70 levels might have a clinical role for predicting prognosis of HL in the patients with SSNHL.
Improving Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential Reliability by using a Blood Pressure Manometer
Authors: Vanspauwen Robby , Wuyts Floris L. , Van de Heyning Paul H.
Published: January 2006

Objective/Hypothesis: To improve the reliability of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP), we propose a feedback method making use of a readily available blood pressure manometer with inflatable cuff to control the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) contraction.

Study Design: Prospective study.

Materials and Methods: The feedback method for SCM contraction consisted of subjects pushing with their jaw against the hand‐held inflated cuff to generate a specified cuff pressure. This pressure level was monitored by subject and investigator. First, we tested in a group of healthy subjects whether there was a learning or fatigue effect during four successive SCM contraction runs when making use of the feedback method. Then, we investigated the mean rectified voltage (MRV) values of the SCM. Next, we examined the hypothesis that the MRV values of the SCM contraction measured before and simultaneously with the VEMP test were equal when using this feedback method. Finally, we compared the VEMP amplitude variability in two circumstances: with and without the feedback method.

Results: There was no learning or fatigue effect, and the MRV values measured before the VEMP were not significantly different from those measured during the VEMP test. The VEMP amplitude variability was significantly lower when applying the feedback method than when no feedback method was used.

Conclusion: This feedback method improves significantly the VEMP amplitude reliability.
Tracheotomy and Decannulation Rates in a Level 3 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A 12‐Year Study
Authors: Sidman James D. , Jaguan Abraham , Couser Robert J.
Published: January 2006

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the rates of tracheotomy tube placement and subsequent decannulation in all admissions to a single‐site, tertiary newborn intensive care unit (NICU).

Methods: Records from total admissions to a tertiary single‐site NICU between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 2002, were retrospectively analyzed. Long‐term medical follow‐up for this cohort included data through September 1, 2003. All patients were analyzed for occurrence of tracheotomy tube placement and decannulation, airway procedures, and comorbidities.

Results: There were 10,428 total NICU admissions during the 12‐year study period. Seventy‐eight (0.7%) of these patients underwent tracheotomy tube placement. Sixty‐six of these 78 (85%) infants survived. None of the 12 deaths were related to tracheotomy tube placement. The most common indications for tracheotomy tube placement were subglottic stenosis (32%), chronic lung disease (28%), craniofacial abnormality (14%), chronic ventilator dependency (11%), and a neurologic disorder (8%). Decannulation was achieved in 41 of 66 (62%) survivors. Patients who failed decannulation had a major neurologic disorder, underlying pulmonary disorder, or both.

Conclusion: A baseline tracheotomy tube placement rate of 0.7% was observed in this single‐site tertiary NICU setting. Decannulation was accomplished early in life in two thirds of the surviving infants. Those infants failing decannulation had either severe underlying pulmonary or neurologic disorders.
Evaluation of Patients with Globus Pharyngeus with Barium Swallow Pharyngoesophagography
Authors: Caylakli Fatma , Yavuz Haluk , Erkan Alper Nabi , Ozer Cem , Ozluoglu Levent Naci
Published: January 2006

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the value of barium swallow pharyng‐oesophagography in the investigation of patients with globus pharyngeus who had no known disease, no operation history in the head and neck region, and no thyroid pathology. We compare the clinical presentation with the radiologic findings to assess the diagnostic accuracy of barium swallow in such patients.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of the clinical records and radiologic reports of 194 patients with globus pharyngeus, between October 1998 and October 2004, that were reviewed and analyzed for correlations between clinical signs and symptoms and barium swallow findings using the ξ2 test. All the patients had normal ear, nose, and throat examination, including indirect laryngoscopy and/or nasoendoscopy. Patients with known pharyngeal and esophageal disease, neurologic disease known to cause pharyngeal or esophageal dysfunction, evidence of autoimmune disease or diabetes mellitus, with a thyroid operation in the past and thyroid nodules detected with radiologic investigation were excluded.

Results: There were 116 (59.8%) female and 78 (40.2%) male patients. In 114 patients (59%), globus was the only symptom. Sore throat was the most common associated complaint. Benign barium swallow findings were detected in 63.9% of the patients. Cervical osteophyte indentation was the most common finding. In 36.1% of the patients, the radiologic finding was normal. The statistical analysis using the ξ2 test showed a significant relationship (P < .001) between the symptoms of globus pharyngeus and the barium swallow results.

Conclusion: Barium swallow pharyngoesophagography is useful to detect underlying benign characteristic pathologies in patients with globus who have no known head and neck illness.
Lateral Thyrotomy for Excision of Laryngeal Paragangliomas
Authors: Brown Seth M. , Myssiorek David
Published: January 2006

Laryngeal paragangliomas, although rare, are lesions that warrant appropriate diagnosis and treatment secondary to their location and high risk of bleeding when violated. This article describes a method to workup patients with solid submucosal lesions of the larynx to diagnose a paraganglioma without a biopsy. When recognized preoperatively, a lateral approach to removal can be performed, decreasing the risk of significant bleeding and the need for tracheotomy or permanent laryngostoma. This article also adds two more cases to the reported literature of 75.
Invariant sets for the varactor equation
Authors: Bartuccelli M.V , Deane J.H.B , Gentile G , Marsh L
Published: January 2006

The differential equation

with
f
(
t
) positive, periodic and continuous is studied. After describing some physical applications of this equation, we construct a variety of invariant sets for it, thereby partitioning the phase plane into regions in which solutions grow without bound and also those in which bounded periodic solutions exist.
On the existence and uniqueness of solutions to stochastic three-dimensional Lagrangian averaged Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Caraballo Tomás , Real José , Taniguchi Takeshi
Published: January 2006

We prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a stochastic version of the three-dimensional Lagrangian averaged Navier–Stokes equation in a bounded domain. To this end, we previously prove some existence and uniqueness results for an abstract stochastic equation and justify that our model falls within this framework.
Dok‐3 sequesters Grb2 and inhibits the Ras‐Erk pathway downstream of protein‐tyrosine kinases
Authors: Honma Miyuki , Higuchi Osamu , Shirakata Masaki , Yasuda Tomoharu , Shibuya Hiroshi , Iemura Shun‐ichiro , Natsume Tohru , Yamanashi Yuji
Published: January 2006

Adaptor proteins are essential in coordinating recruitment and, in a few cases, restraint of various effectors during cellular signaling. Dok‐1, Dok‐2 and Dok‐3 comprise a closely related family of adaptor, which negatively regulates mitogen‐activated protein kinase Erk downstream of protein‐tyrosine kinases (PTKs). Recruitment of p120 rasGAP, a potent inhibitor of Ras, by Dok‐1 and Dok‐2 appears critical in the negative regulation of the Ras‐Erk pathway. However, as Dok‐3 does not bind rasGAP, it has been unclear how Dok‐3 inhibits Erk downstream of PTKs. Here, we identified Grb2 as a Dok‐3‐binding protein upon its tyrosine phosphorylation. This interaction required the intact binding motifs of the Grb2 SH2 domain, and a mutant (Dok‐3‐FF) having a Tyr/Phe substitution at these motifs failed to inhibit Ras and Erk activation downstream of a cytoplasmic PTK Src. Because Grb2 forms a stable complex with Sos, a crucial activator of Ras, these data suggest that Dok‐3 restrains Grb2 and inhibits the ability of the Grb2‐Sos complex to activate Ras. Indeed, forced expression of Dok‐3, but not Dok‐3‐FF, inhibited the recruitment of the Grb2‐Sos complex to Shc downstream of Src, which is an essential event for activation of the Ras‐Erk pathway. These findings indicate that Dok‐3 sequesters Grb2 from Shc and inhibits the Ras‐Erk pathway downstream of PTKs.
Haemophilia in Poland
Authors: WINDYGA J. , LOPACIUK S. , STEFANSKA E. , JUSZYNSKI A. , WOZNIAK D. , STRZELECKI O. , SZCZEPANIK A. B.
Published: January 2006

Summary.  The primary aim of this study was to analyse the data on 2269 haemophilic patients in the Polish National Register of Inherited Bleeding Disorders – 1953 haemophilia A patients and 316 haemophilia B patients. Haemophilia A occurred in 1512 families, haemophilia B in 240 families. In the majority of haemophilia A and B cases severe haemophilia prevailed (59.7% and 56.6% respectively). In about 50% of haemophilic patients, no family history of bleeding diathesis was reported. For haemophilia A patients the mean age was 30.9 years and for haemophilia B patients, 29.2 years. Prevalence of haemophilia in Poland is approximately 1:12 300 inhabitants (1:5600 males). The second aim was to describe the orthopaedic status of severe haemophilia patients and to relate this status to the type of replacement therapy they received prior to the study. Ninety‐two severe haemophilia patients (median age 26.0 years) were enrolled in the study. Right and left knee, elbow and ankle joints were evaluated clinically using the Gilbert scale. X‐ray examinations were evaluated according to the Pettersson scale. Knee joints proved to be most affected. Eighty‐four patients (91.3%) reported pain. Only one scored 0 on the Gilbert scale, another on the Pettersson scale. Thirty‐seven per cent of patients used orthopaedic equipment, either occasionally or constantly. Twenty‐five per cent had a history of orthopaedic surgery. Thirty‐eight per cent were unemployed with some form of social subvention. On‐demand treatment was applied. None of the patients received primary prophylaxis. The mean consumption of clotting factor concentrates was 68 054 IU per patient during the 12 months prior to the current study. These results indicate that in Poland all severe haemophilia patients above 20 years are affected by haemophilic arthropathy.
Domestic violence as risk factor for unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Kaye Dan K. , Mirembe Florence M. , Bantebya Grace , Johansson Annika , Ekstrom Anna Mia
Published: January 2006

Objective  To compare pregnancy intention and domestic violence among women with induced and spontaneous abortion.

Method  Case‐control study in Mulago Hospital, Uganda, from September 2003 to June 2004 of 942 women seeking post‐abortion care. Direct inquiry, records review and clinical examination identified 333 with induced abortion (cases) and 609 with spontaneous abortion (controls), who were compared regarding socio‐demographic characteristics, contraceptive use, domicile (rural or urban, nuclear or extended families), pregnancy intention, household decision‐making and domestic violence. Data was analysed with EPI‐INFO and STATA, using Student t‐test and analysis of variance for continuous and chi‐square for categorical variables. Stratified and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to adjust for confounding and interaction at the 95% confidence level.

Results  Cases significantly differed from controls as they were younger or more often single; had lower parity and education, less household decision‐making and fewer living children. They were similar to controls (P > 0.05) regarding employment, spouse's age, years spent in marital relationship and domicile. Cases more frequently (P < 0.001) had mistimed, unplanned or unwanted pregnancy at conception and presentation. Cases were more likely to have a recent history of domestic violence (physical, sexual or psychological) [OR: 18.7 (95%CI: 11.2–31.0)] after adjusting for age, pregnancy intention and marital status.

Conclusion  Domestic violence is a risk factor for unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion among women seeking post‐abortion care.
Review of the Minimus Complex of Anopheles, main malaria vector in Southeast Asia: from taxonomic issues to vector control strategies
Authors: Garros C. , Van Bortel W. , Trung H. D. , Coosemans M. , Manguin S.
Published: January 2006

Background  The Minimus Complex of Anopheles subgenus Cellia is composed of two sibling species, A and C, on the Southeast Asian mainland, and a third allopatric species E that occurs in the Ryukyu Archipelago (Japan), a malaria‐free region. Anopheles minimus s.l. is considered to be one of the main malaria vector in the hilly forested regions of Southeast Asia. Despite a large number of studies over its range of distribution, it is difficult to have a global view of the ecological and bionomical characteristics of the individual species as different identification methods were used, generally without specific identification of the sibling species.

Objectives  (1) To review the main malaria studies on An. minimus s.l.; (2) to discuss recently published data on the biology and ecology of each sibling species; and (3) to identify gaps in our understanding of the Minimus Complex.

Review Results  Major biological and ecological trends are addressed, such as the high plasticity of trophic behaviour and the sympatry of species A and C over the Southeast Asian mainland. Despite the availability of rapid molecular identification methods, we still lack important information concerning the biological characteristics of each sibling species. These gaps must be filled in the future because An. minimus species A and C may exhibit different abilities to transmit malaria.

Conclusion  We expect that entomological surveys will employ molecular methods to clearly identify these two species, and thus elucidate the biological characteristics of each species. As a consequence, current vector control strategies will be improved by targeting the most efficient vectors.
Evaluation of three rapid diagnostic tests for cholera: does the skill level of the technician matter?
Authors: Kalluri Pavani , Naheed Aliya , Rahman Saifur , Ansaruzzaman Mohammad , Faruque Abu Syed Golam , Bird Michele , Khatun Fatema , Bhuiyan Nurul Amin , Nato Farida , Fournier Jean‐Michel , Bopp Cheryl , Breiman Robert F. , Nair Gopinath Balakrish , Mintz Eric D.
Published: January 2006

Objective  To evaluate SMARTTM, MedicosTM Dip Stick and an Institut Pasteur (IP) cholera dipstick tests for accuracy and ease of use.

Method  Every 50th patient presenting with diarrhoea at ICDDR,B between 1 April 2003 and 30 November 2003 was enrolled. The rapid diagnostic tests were performed by field and laboratory technicians, and sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values calculated.

Results  We isolated Vibrio cholerae O1 from 116 (38%) of 304 patients. The Se, Sp, PPV and NPV of the SMARTTM test were 58%, 95%, 84% and 84% for field technicians, and 83%, 88%, 83% and 88% for laboratory technicians. The Se, Sp, PPV and NPV of the IP dipstick test were 93%, 67%, 63% and 94% for field technicians, and 94%, 76%, 70% and 95% for laboratory technicians. The Se, Sp, PPV and NPV of the MedicosTM test were 84%, 79%, 71% and 90% for field technicians, and 88%, 80%, 72% and 92% for laboratory technicians. A high proportion of indeterminates (30%) hampered the performance of the SMARTTM test. The IP dipstick had the highest Se, irrespective of technician skill level.

Conclusion  The IP dipstick is the most appropriate rapid diagnostic assay for the detection of V. cholerae O1 in locations where the skill level of personnel may be low, such as remote areas or refugee camp settings. High cost may limit the utility of any diagnostic test in the developing world.
Synergistic associations between hookworm and other helminth species in a rural community in Brazil
Authors: Fleming Fiona M. , Brooker Simon , Geiger Stefan M. , Caldas Iramaya R. , Correa‐Oliveira Rodrigo , Hotez Peter J , Bethony Jeffrey M.
Published: January 2006

Objective  To identify possible synergistic associations of hookworm and other helminths.

Method  Cross‐sectional survey of all households within 10 km2 of Americaninhas, a rural community in Minas Gerais, Brazil. We determined the prevalence and intensity of single and multiple helminth species infection in an age‐stratified sample of 1332 individuals from 335 households.

Results  Hookworm was the most prevalent helminth infection (68.2%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (48.8%) and Schistosoma mansoni (45.3%). Overall, 60.6% of individuals harboured mixed helminth infections. Multivariate analysis indicated significant positive associations for co‐infection with hookworm and S. mansoni and for co‐infection with hookworm and A. lumbricoides. Co‐infections with hookworm and A. lumbricoides resulted in higher egg counts for both, suggesting a synergistic relationship between these species, although, we found important age differences in this relationship. However, the intensity of S. mansoni or A. lumbricoides co‐infection did not differ from that of mono‐infection.

Conclusion  These results have implications for the epidemiology, immunology and control of multiple helminth infections. More research is needed to examine the rates of re‐infection and immune responses after chemotherapy, and to what extent the effects of polyparasitism are altered by chemotherapy.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Yemen: clinicoepidemiologic features and a preliminary report on species identification
Authors: Khatri Mishri Lal , Haider Nasser , Di Muccio Trentina , Gramiccia Marina
Published: January 2006

Objective  To study the clinicoepidemiologic profile of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Yemen (Hajjah and adjacent regions) and to identify the Leishmania species responsible.

Methods  All 136 cases [96 (70.6%) males and 40 (29.4%) females] were subjected to detailed analysis. The diagnosis was based on positive slit skin smear and histopathologic studies when needed. In four cases, in vitro culture and Leishmania characterization by isoenzyme electrophoresis of 15 isoenzymes were attempted.

Results  Most of the patients (107; 78.7%) were residents of the Hajjah Governorate. The majority of the patients had a single noduloulcerative lesion on the face. Slit skin smear was positive for parasites in 128 (94%) cases (highly positive in 63 cases) and four Leishmania isolates were obtained. The isoenzyme characterization results revealed L. tropica to be the species responsible, and zymodeme analysis showed that one strain belonged to zymodeme MON137, and three strains belonged to two previously undescribed zymodemes similar to zymodeme MON71.

Conclusion  CL seems to be endemic in this region. L. tropica was identified as the species responsible in four strains.
Cutaneous adornment in the Yoruba of south‐western Nigeria – past and present
Authors: George Adekunle O. , Ogunbiyi Adebola O. , Daramola Olaniyi O. M.
Published: January 2006

The traditional practice of cutaneous adornment is rich and vast amongst the Yoruba in the south‐western part of Nigeria. There are varieties of traditionally made products, such as oils, soaps, fragrances, and beads, that have been employed over the years to enhance body beauty. This rich cultural heritage, however, has more or less given way to the values of Western culture, together with the disadvantages of the latter, manifesting as sequelae on the skin.
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: A personal approach to management
Authors: Callen Jeffrey P
Published: January 2006

Skin disease in patients with lupus erythematosus may be subdivided into two broad categories – those lesions that when biopsied demonstrate interface dermatitis and those that do not demonstrate interface dermatitis. The skin lesions that are represented by the interface dermatitis include discoid lupus erythematosus, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Patients with these ‘specific’ manifestations have varying degrees of systemic involvement from rare systemic disease in patients with localized discoid lupus erythematosus to common and often severe involvement in patients with acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Patients who do not demonstrate interface dermatitis also may have systemic disease and in some instances the skin manifestations are linked to some of the more severe systemic manifestations. Many patients with cutaneous lesions characterized by the interface dermatitis can be controlled with ‘standard’ therapies including sunscreens, protective clothing and behavioural alteration, and topical corticosteroids with or without an oral antimalarial agent. This review presents a brief summary of each common cutaneous manifestation of lupus erythematosus, its relationship to systemic involvement and treatment issues to effectively deal with the lupus erythematosus patient who has skin disease.
Distribution of abundance across the range in eastern North American trees
Authors: Murphy Helen T. , VanDerWal Jeremy , Lovett‐Doust Jon
Published: January 2006

Aim  We analysed spatial datasets of abundance across the entirety, or near entirety, of the geographical ranges of 134 tree species to test macroecological hypotheses concerning the distribution of abundance across geographical ranges.

Location  Our abundance estimates came via the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis Eastwide Database, which contains data for 134 eastern North American tree species.

Methods  We extracted measures of range size and the spatial location of abundance relative to position in the range for each species to test four hypotheses: (a) species occur in low abundance throughout most of their geographical range; (b) there is a positive interspecific relationship between abundance and range size; (c) species are more abundant in the centre of their range; and (d) there is a bimodal distribution of spatial autocorrelation in abundance across a species range.

Results  Our results demonstrate that (a) most species (85%) are abundant somewhere in their geographical range; (b) species achieving relatively high abundance tend to have larger range sizes; (c) the widely held assumption that species exhibit an ‘abundant‐centre distribution’ is not well supported for the majority of species; we suggest ‘abundant‐core’ as a more suitable term; and (d) there is no evidence of a bimodal distribution of spatial autocorrelation in abundance.

Main Conclusions

For many tree species, high abundance can be achieved at any position in the range, though suitable sites are found with less frequency towards range edges. Competitive relationships may be involved in the distribution of abundance across tree ranges and species with larger ranges (and possibly broader niches) may be affected more by biotic interactions than smaller ranging species.
Are green turtles globally endangered?
Authors: Broderick Annette C. , Frauenstein Robert , Glen Fiona , Hays Graeme C. , Jackson Andrew L. , Pelembe Tara , Ruxton Graeme D. , Godley Brendan J.
Published: January 2006

Aim  To examine the exploitation, recovery and current status of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) nesting at Ascension Island.

Location  Ascension Island (UK) (7°57′ S, 14°22′ W), South Atlantic Ocean.

Methods  We analysed records of the harvest of green turtles nesting at Ascension Island between 1822 and 1935, illustrating the decline in numbers over this period. Using a deterministic age‐class structured model we predict the initial number of breeding females present in the population prior to the recorded harvest and compare this to our estimate of the current population based upon our recent annual surveys (1999–2004).

Results  Prior to 1822 we estimate the nesting population of green turtles to have been at least 19,000–22,000 individuals in order for the population to have survived the level of harvest recorded. From recent data (1999–2004), we estimate the current breeding population of green turtles at this site to be 11,000–15,000 females. Our results illustrate a dramatic recovery of the population, which is still increasing exponentially and shows no evidence of slowing, suggesting it has not reached 50% of its carrying capacity.

Main conclusions  We estimate that, since the 1970s, the Ascension Island population of green turtles has increased by 285% and question the recent listing of this species as endangered by the IUCN (World Conservation Union), in particular in the Atlantic Ocean, where 75% of the populations assessed by the IUCN are increasing. Indeed, we estimate the global population of this species to be in excess of 2.2 million individuals. We suggest that the IUCN's global listing process detracts attention from those populations that are truly threatened with extinction and should not, in its present form, be applied to globally distributed long‐lived species such as marine turtles.
Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Same, Different, or Both?
Authors: Austin James , Stevenson Howard , Wei–Skillern Jane
Published: January 2006

Entrepreneurship has been the engine propelling much of the growth of the business sector as well as a driving force behind the rapid expansion of the social sector. This article offers a comparative analysis of commercial and social entrepreneurship using a prevailing analytical model from commercial entrepreneurship. The analysis highlights key similarities and differences between these two forms of entrepreneurship and presents a framework on how to approach the social entrepreneurial process more systematically and effectively. We explore the implications of this analysis of social entrepreneurship for both practitioners and researchers.
Improving Survey Response Rates from Chief Executive Officers in Small Firms: The Importance of Social Networks
Authors: Bartholomew Susan , Smith Anne D.
Published: January 2006

Social networks are an important source of information for entrepreneurs and small firms. In this study, we consider the influence of social networks on survey response rates from small firms, focusing on effects of trade association endorsement and regional affiliation. Our findings show that trade association endorsement has a positive effect on survey response rate. In addition, the demonstration of the researcher's social ties to the firm's region has a positive effect on survey response rate. Our results lead to several practical implications for survey research on small firms and on industrial populations in general. Targeted personal follow–up with managers in close geographic proximity to the sponsoring university(ies) appears to be a particularly cost–effective strategy to increase response rates.
Pneumocystis and Trypanosoma cruzi: Nomenclature and Typifications
Authors: REDHEAD SCOTT A. , CUSHION MELANIE T. , FRENKEL JACOB K. , STRINGER JAMES R.
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT. Published phylogenetic reclassifications of Pneumocystis as a fungus resulted in a nomenclatural shift from the Zoological Code to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. The same may be true for all microsporidians and sundry other organisms. This resulted in the invalidation of names and subsequently precipitated changes to the botanical code to accommodate Pneumocystis and microsporidian names. The repercussions following application of the 2005 Vienna Code to Pneumocystis nomenclature are detailed. Validity of the name for the human pathogen, Pneumocystis jirovecii, is re‐established from its 1976 publication under the Zoological Code, contrary to interpretation of validity under earlier botanical codes. Pneumocystis jirovecii is lectotypified and epitypified. The rat parasite, Pneumocystis carinii, is neotypified, separating it from Pneumocystis wakefieldiae. The original 1909 description of Trypanosoma cruzi, type species for Schizotrypanum, and causal agent of Chagas' disease, included parts of the life cycle of Pneumocystis. Trypanosoma cruzi is neotypified by the true Trypanosoma elements, thereby completing the nomenclatural separation from Pneumocystis and ensuring that Schizotrypanum is not applicable to Pneumocystis as an earlier name. The neotypes for P. carinii and T. cruzi represent the strains currently being investigated by their two respective genome projects. They were selected in light of their medical importance, physiological characterizations, and absence of lectotypifiable materials. The classification and nomenclature of Pneumocystis is reviewed and guidelines given for the publication of new species.
C‐reactive protein level as a predictor of transient vs. sustained anticardiolipin antibody positivity
Authors: Twito Orit , Reshef Tamar , Ellis Martin H.
Published: January 2006

Abstract:  The antiphospholipid (APLA) syndrome is defined as the occurrence of venous or arterial thromboembolism or recurrent fetal loss in patients with a positive anticardiolipin (aCL) or lupus anticoagulant test on two occasions, 3 months apart. In this study, we sought to determine whether the level of C‐reactive protein (CRP), a non‐specific inflammatory marker, at the time of the initial positive aCL test is a predictor of the transient vs. sustained nature of the aCL. Patients with a positive aCL antibody test underwent high sensitivity (hs) CRP testing. A repeat aCL antibody assay was performed on a serum sample obtained 3–4 months later. The positive and negative predictive values of the hs‐CRP assay as a predictor of the second aCL result were calculated and correlation between the hs‐CRP result and second aCL result was determined. Fifty‐four consecutive patients with a positive aCL test were studied. Forty‐two had a positive aCL‐2. The predictive value of a negative CRP test for a positive aCL‐2 was found to be 82.5% (33 of 42 patients). A positive CRP was able to predict a negative aCL‐2 in 35.7% of cases (nine of 14 patients). Our results suggest that the hs‐CRP test may be useful in the assessment of patients with a positive aCL antibody test. A concurrently performed negative hs‐CRP test result may be useful in making diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.
Dyspareunia and Urinary Sensory Symptoms in India: Population-Based Study
Authors: Padmadas Sabu S. , Stones R.W. , Matthews Zoë
Published: January 2006

Introduction

Population level estimates of sexual dysfunction in less developed settings where sexuality is not openly discussed or is culturally constrained are lacking.

Aim

To determine the prevalence of dyspareunia and identify associated symptoms and sociocultural factors.

Methods

Data from a population-based national level family health sample survey conducted in Indian states from 1998 to 1999 which collected sexual and reproductive health information from 84,644 currently married women. The main outcome measure was dyspareunia.

Results

The overall prevalence of dyspareunia was 12.6%, with a higher prevalence in the central region, among newly married and younger women, among Muslims, rural residents, and among nonusers or traditional contraceptive method users. Dyspareunia was significantly more common among respondents who had urinary sensory symptoms when compared with their counterparts (adjusted odds ratio: 6.57, 95% confidence interval: 6.28, 6.87).

Conclusion

Dyspareunia prevalence and the associated symptoms reported in this analysis could be underestimates because of possible underreporting. There is a substantial hidden burden of sexual health problems especially affecting younger women.
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: Analysis of Risk Factors
Authors: El-Sakka Ahmed I.
Published: January 2006

Introduction

The association between erectile dysfunction (ED) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is unclear. Conventionally, little attention has been given to the association between ED and LUTS.

Aim

To evaluate ED risk factors in patients with LUTS.

Methods

A total of 476 male patients with ED were enrolled in this study. They were interviewed for ED by using the International Index of Erectile Function. All patients were screened for socio-demographic data and risk factors for ED that included age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease (IHD), dyslipidemia, and psychological disorders. All patients were also screened for LUTS by using the International Prostate Symptoms Score. Patients underwent routine laboratory investigation in addition to testosterone and prolactin assessment.

Results

Mean age ± SD were 55.1 ± 8.7 years and 40.4 ± 11.2 years for patients with and without LUTS, respectively. Of the patients, 27.6% had mild, 30% had moderate, and 42.4% had severe ED. Seventy-seven percent of the patients had LUTS; of those, 22.8% had mild, 42% had moderate, and 35.2% had severe grades. Significant associations between LUTS and both the longer duration and the increased severity of ED were detected. There were also significant associations between LUTS and the following ED risk factors: age, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and IHD. Presence of at least one risk factor was significantly associated with LUTS in patients with ED.

Conclusions

ED risk factors are very prevalent among patients with LUTS. The current study supports previous studies suggesting that LUTS were significantly associated with ED. Furthermore, a significant association between the increased severity of LUTS and the increased severity of ED was confirmed.
Sexual Health Inquiry and Support is a Primary Care Priority
Authors: Sadovsky Richard , Nusbaum Margaret
Published: January 2006

The World Health Organization defines sexual health as “a state of physical, emotional, mental and sexual well-being related to sexuality.” This broad definition goes beyond simply inquiring about sexual dysfunction and ideally fits the model of patient-centered primary care. As we observe that sexual health and physical health are often closely related, discussions about sexual activity can be very revealing. Sexual intimacy appears positively related to loving relationship satisfaction and stability. Sexual problems have a clear negative impact on both the quality of life and emotional state regardless of age. Learning about specific sexual dysfunctions among men can reveal a variety of as-yet-undiagnosed comorbid pathologic conditions such as: (i) depression and other emotional illnesses; (ii) psychosocial stress; (iii) actual cardiovascular disease as well as related risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and/or hyperlipidemia; (iv) hyperprolactinemia; and (v) low serum testosterone. Specific sexual dysfunctions among women can reveal pathologic conditions such as: (i) depression and other adverse imitational and psychosocial conditions; (ii) low serum estrogen or testosterone; and/or (iii) vaginal or pelvic disorders. A discussion about sexual health can be accomplished efficiently in a primary care office with the inquiring clinician having the option to deal with any sexual problems and dysfunctions directly, or to refer the patient to an appropriate specialized care source.
Ocular Safety in Patients Using Sildenafil Citrate Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Laties Alan , Sharlip Ira
Published: January 2006

Sildenafil citrate improves erectile function in men with erectile dysfunction (ED) by selectively inhibiting cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which is present in all vascular tissue. Sildenafil also has a weaker inhibitory action on PDE6, located in the rod and cone photoreceptors. Modest, transient visual symptoms, typically blue tinge to vision, increased brightness of lights, and blurry vision, have been reported with sildenafil use and occur more frequently at higher doses. Visual function studies in healthy subjects and in patients with eye disease suggest that sildenafil does not affect visual acuity, visual fields, and contrast sensitivity. Transient, mild impairment of color discrimination can occur around the time of peak plasma levels. Spontaneous postmarketing reports of visual adverse events, including nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), have been reported during the 7 years that sildenafil has been prescribed to more than 27 million men worldwide. However, because men with ED frequently have vascular risk factors that may also put them at increased risk for NAION, a causal relationship is difficult to establish. No consistent pattern has emerged to suggest any long-term effect of sildenafil on the retina or other structures of the eye or on the ocular circulation.
Diabetes nurse case management: An effective tool
Authors: Mullen Barbara Ann , Watts Kelley Patricia Ann
Published: January 2006

Purpose: In March 2000, a large tertiary military medical treatment facility on the east coast implemented a diabetes nurse case management program to coordinate care for patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 or type 2 and a hemoglobin A1c value of 8.0% or greater. Although proven successful for patients while enrolled in the program, there was a lack of research that evaluated how successful patients were at continuing diabetes self‐management once discharged. This study evaluated glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (A1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in patients at admission, discharge, and 6 months following discharge from the program.

Data sources: A retrospective medical record review of laboratory data was evaluated using descriptive statistics and paired t‐test.

Conclusions: Significant reductions in A1c and TC values from admission to discharge were achieved, which the patients maintained 6 months following discharge. There was also a significant reduction in LDL value from admission to 6 months following discharge.

Implications for practice: This study supports the value of nurse case management for patients with diabetes.
Optimization of Rib Surgery Parameters For the Correction of Scoliotic Deformities Using Approximation Models
Authors: Carrier J. , Aubin C.-E. , Trochu F. , Labelle H.
Published: January 2006

Background. As opposed to thoracoplasty (a cosmetic surgical intervention used to reduce the rib hump associated with scoliosis), experimental scoliosis has been produced or reversed on animals by rib shortening or lengthening. In a prior work (J. Orthop. Res., 20, pp. 1121–1128), a finite element modeling (FEM) of rib surgeries was developed to study the biomechanics of their correction mechanisms. Our aims in the present study were to investigate the influence of the rib surgery parameters and to identify optimal configurations. Hence, a specific objective of this study was to develop a method to find surgical parameters maximizing the correction by addressing the issue of high computational cost associated with FEM. Method of Approach. Different configurations of rib shortening or lengthening were simulated using a FEM of the complete torso adapted to the geometry of six patients. Each configuration was assessed using objective functions that represent different correction objectives. Their value was evaluated using the rib surgery simulation for sample locations in the design space specified by an experimental design. Dual kriging (interpolation technique) was used to fit the data from the computer experiment. The resulting approximation model was used to locate parameters minimizing the objective function. Results. The overall coverage of the design space and the use of an approximation model ensured that the optimization algorithm had not found a local minimum but a global optimal correction. The interventions generally produced slight immediate modifications with final geometry presenting between 95–120% of the initial deformation in about 50% of the tested cases. But in optimal cases, important loads (500-2000Nmm) were generated on vertebral endplates in the apical region, which could potentially produce the long-term correction of vertebral wedging by modulating growth. Optimal parameters varied among patients and for different correction objectives. Conclusions. Approximation models make it possible to study and find optimal rib surgery parameters while reducing computational cost.
Sensitivity of Multiple Damage Parameters to Compressive Overload in
Cortical Bone
Authors: Morgan Elise F. , Lee John J. , Keaveny Tony M.
Published: January 2006

Damage accumulation plays a key role in weakening bones prior to complete fracture and in stimulating bone remodeling. The goal of this study was to characterize the degradation in the mechanical properties of cortical bone following a compressive overload. Longitudinally oriented, low-aspect ratio specimens (n=24) of bovine cortical bone were mechanically tested using an overload-hold-reload protocol. No modulus reductions greater than 5% were observed following overload magnitudes less than 0.73% strain. For each specimen, changes in strength and Poisson’s ratio were greater (p=0.02) than that in modulus by 10.8- and 26.6-fold, respectively, indicating that, for the specimen configuration used in this study, longitudinal elastic modulus is one of the least sensitive properties to a compressive overload. Residual strains were also proportionately greater by 6.4-fold (p=0.01) in the transverse than axial direction. These results suggest that efforts to relate microcrack density and morphology to changes in compressive mechanical properties of cortical bone may benefit from considering alternative parameters to modulus reductions.
A Mechanistic Model for Quasistatic Pulmonary Pressure-Volume Curves for Inflation
Authors: Amini R. , Creeden K. , Narusawa U.
Published: January 2006

A mechanistic model of the respiratory system is proposed to understand differences in quasistatic pressure-volume (p-V) curves of the inflation process in terms of the alveolar recruitment and the elastic distension of the wall tissues. In the model, a total respiratory system consists of a large number of elements, each of which is a subsystem of a cylindrical chamber fitted with a piston attached to a spring. The alveolar recruitment is simulated by allowing a distribution of the critical pressure at which an element opens; while the wall distension is represented by the piston displacement. Relations are derived between parameters in the error-function p-V model equation and properties of the mechanistic model. The parameters of the model-based p-V equation are determined for clinical data sets of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.