bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxadiazon Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism in Rice (Oryza sativa) and Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)
Authors: Achhireddy Nagi Reddy , Kirkwood Ralph C. , Fletcher William W.
Published: May 2019

The mode of action and selectivity of oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] were investigated in tolerant rice (Oryza sativaL.) and susceptible barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. ♯3ECHCG]. Oxadiazon produced only brown spots on the foliage of rice plants at higher rates (> 500 ppmv), while LC50for barnyardgrass was 250 ppmv. Translocation of14C-oxadiazon from the treated leaf was minimal in both species; after 7 days, about 2 and 3% of applied14C translocated in rice and barnyardgrass, respectively. In rice,14C recovered in water and chloroform washings of the treated leaf was 25% in each and in barnyardgrass, 20 and 18%, respectively. After water and chloroform washings,14C-oxadiazon present in the treated leaf of barnyardgrass and rice was 36 and 26%, respectively. In rice and barnyardgrass, unaltered14C-oxadiazon represented 86 and 79% of applied14C, respectively, 7 days after application. In barnyardgrass 7 days after foliar application, oxadiazon inhibited14CO2fixation and the export of fixed carbon. The effects were less marked in rice.
Germination, and Seedling and Rosette Development of Flodman Thistle (Cirsium flodmanii)
Authors: Wilson Robert G. , McCarty Melvin K.
Published: May 2019

Maximum germination of flodman thistle [Cirsium flodmanii(Rydb.) Arthur ♯3CIRFL] occurred at alternating temperatures of 10 to 20 and 20 to 30 C. Seeds germinated (20%) in 1.7 M NaCl. Light was important in seed germination; however, its absence could be overcome by adding 8.6 × 10-5M GA3(gibberellic acid) to the germination medium. The greatest seedling emergence occurred when seeds were planted on the soil surface and was lower when seeds were buried at any depth in the soil. Osmotic potentials at −0.5 MPa and greater reduced germination, but 3% of the seeds germinated at −1.3 MPa. Flodman thistle seedlings tolerated average plant water potentials of −0.9 and −1.1 MPa, but they died when the water potential was decreased to −1.5 MPa. Flodman thistle seedlings 43 days old and with four true leaves resprouted after topgrowth removal. Regrowth was evident on 75% of the clipped plants 13 days after initial topgrowth removal. Flodman thistle rosettes spread more rapidly and rosette survival was enhanced more in a weed-free nursery than in a weedy pasture.
Itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltata) Response to Control Practices in Soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: Nester Paul R. , Harger Thomas R. , Geaghan James P.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted to document the response of itchgrass [Rottboellia exaltata(L.) L.f. ♯3ROOEX] in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Forrest’] to selected herbicides and postplanting cultivation. Early cultivation stimulated emergence of itchgrass seedlings; however, when plots were cultivated two or three times, itchgrass was effectively removed from the tilled area. Cultivation had no effect on the density, height, standing biomass, or seed production of itchgrass plants in the soybean row but did increase soybean yield. In response to a density reduction of 90%, the average weight, number of tillers and branches, and seed production of single itchgrass plants increased by a factor of 2.9, 3.1, 2.3 and 2.6, respectively, in trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine)-treated plots. Individual plants did not increase growth following density reduction by a postemergence application of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid}. Itchgrass plants competing for the entire season in plots treated with trifluralin reduced soybean yield approximately 21 g per weed, while itchgrass recovering from diclofop treatment and competing the remainder of the season reduced yield approximately 5 g per weed.
Application of Herbicides on Rangelands by a Carpeted Roller: Control of Goldenweeds (Isocomaspp.) and False Broomweed (Ericameria austrotexana)
Authors: Mayeux Herman S. , Crane Richard A.
Published: May 2019

Solutions containing 24 or 120 g ae/L of amine or salt formulations of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine], triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid}, and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) were applied to small shrubs with a carpeted roller. Glyphosate reduced the live canopy cover of false broomweed (Ericameria austrotexanaM.C. Johnston) by 83 to 87% at one site but only by 37 to 58% at another location. The lower concentration of picloram reduced false broomweed cover by at least 92%, and the higher concentration completely controlled the weed at both study sites. Effectiveness of triclopyr was usually intermediate between glyphosate and picloram. Removing a scraper designed to abrade stems prior to herbicide deposition reduced the effectiveness of picloram but not other herbicides. The herbicides reduced canopy cover of common goldenweed [Isocoma coronopifolia(Gray) Greene ♯3IOCCO] by 92 to 100%. Common goldenweed was also controlled by 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] amine applied with the carpeted roller. In glasshouse experiments, 1.2 to 60 g ae/L of 2,4-D amine reduced live canopy dry weight of common goldenweed by 73 to 88% at 5 months after application with a carpeted roller.
Microsite Requirements for Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Infestation and Control on Sagebrush Rangelands
Authors: Evans Raymond A. , Young James A.
Published: May 2019

The sagebrush (Artemisia)-grass ecosystem is an extensive and important rangeland type in the western United States. Estimates of total area of this ecosystem vary from 38 million ha (21, 22) to 109 million ha (3). Of the sagebrush-grass rangelands, 88% are degraded to the point that they are producing 50% or less of their forage potential (22). Low forage production on these rangelands has been caused by overgrazing and other past land abuses (24) resulting in severe depletion of native perennial grasses, dominance of brush, and, on millions of hectares, downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE) dominance of the understory.
Diclofop – a Selective Herbicide for Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Control in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Khodayari Khosro , Frans Robert E. , Collins Fred C.
Published: May 2019

Diclofop [2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid] was evaluated to determine Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam.) control and effect on yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). Diclofop applied at 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 kg/ha postemergence provided excellent control of ryegrass and resulted in significant yield increases of winter wheat. Diclofop was most effective when applied at the two- to three-leaf stage of Italian ryegrass growth. Postemergence applications of diclofop plus bentazon [3-isopropyi-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] gave excellent control of ryegrass and significant increases in wheat yields.
Competition, Growth Rate, and CO2Fixation in Triazine-Susceptible and -Resistant Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus)
Authors: Ahrens William H. , Stoller E. W.
Published: May 2019

Triazine-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) biotypes of smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL.) were grown in the field under competitive conditions at varying initial proportions of S and R plants. R plants were less competitive than S plants as measured by accumulation of total above-ground dry weight and seed dry weight. S and R plants were also grown in the field under non-competitive conditions at 100, 40, and 10% light. Growth rate at 10% light did not differ between S and R plants. At the two higher light intensities, dry-matter accumulation 11 weeks after seeding was about 40% less in the R plants. At 100% light, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were lower in the R plants by about 3.5 and 19%, respectively. The light- and CO2-saturated rates of CO2fixation in intact leaves of glasshouse-grown R plants were 20% less than those in S plants. An apparent 10 and 20% greater number of chlorophyll molecules per photosystem II reaction center in R plants (as compared with S plants) grown in the field at 40 and 100% light, respectively, did not explain differences between the S and R biotypes in photo synthetic capacity. The S and R plants did not differ in specific leaf weight or chlorophyll content on a leaf-area basis. Lower growth rate of R plants may be responsible for inferior competitive ability of R biotypes and could be the result of an impaired photosynthetic capacity.
Herbicides Applied to Dodder (Cuscutaspp.) after Attachment to Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
Authors: Dawson J. H. , Saghir A. R.
Published: May 2019

When glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] at 0.075 kg/ha, DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) at 10 kg/ha, and H 26905 [O-ethyl-O-(3-methyl-6-nitrophenyl)-N-sec-butyl phosphorothioamidate] at 0.25 and 0.5 kg/ha were sprayed on foliage of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. ‘Vernal’) on which field dodder (Cuscuta campestrisYunck.) and largeseed dodder (Cuscuta indecoraChoisy) were attached and growing vigorously, almost all visible dodder tissue was killed and alfalfa was not injured noticeably. Some dodder recovered from haustoria within the alfalfa stems and from remnants of twined tendrils, but devastation of the alfalfa by uncontrolled dodder was prevented. PP 009 (butyl 2-[4-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)phenoxy] propionate), BAS 9052 (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one) and RO 13-8895 (acetone-O-[D-2-[p-[(α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-oxy] phenoxy] propionyl] oxime) at 0.25, 0.50, or 1.0 kg/ha did not control dodder.
Effects of Cultivar Mixtures, Fertilizer, and Plant Density on Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) / Striga hermonthica Relations
Authors: Bebawi Faiz F. , Abdelaziz Abdelaziz H.
Published: May 2019

Increasing plant density of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] from 57100 to 114300 plants/ha had no significant effect on grain yields, but significantly increased Striga hermonthica (Del.) ‘Benth’ # STRHE shoot yields by 49% in S. hermonthica infested soil of the Sudan. Addition of urea at 43, 86, and 172 kg N/ha increased grain yields by 14, 25, and 45%, respectively, above the control and S. hermonthica shoot yields were reduced by 14, 21, and 35%, respectively, below the control. Although average grain yields in 1981 were 77% less than in 1980, S. hermonthica shoot yields were significantly increased by about sixfold. Grain sorghum yields of pure stands were not consistent over both years. In 1980, the cultivar ‘Ariana’ outyielded ‘Tetron’, but in 1981 the reverse occurred. However, in both years, the 50:50 mixture of both cultivars gave intermediate grain yields. While pure stands of Tetron’ sustained the lowest infestations of S. hermonthica and ‘Ariana’ had the greatest, the mixture had intermediate infestations which were on average 31% less than those of ‘Ariana’. Thus, the results suggest that the cultivation of equiproportional mixtures of relatively resistant and susceptible grain sorghum varieties, coupled with the use of high rates of nitrogenous fertilizer and wider inter- and intra-row spacing, may be a better cultural practice under dense striga infestations.
Initial and Residual Herbicide Control of Crabgrass (Digitariaspp.) in Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Turf
Authors: Callahan L. M. , Overton J. R. , Sanders W. L.
Published: May 2019

Over 9 yr, bandane (polychlorodicyclopentadiene isomers) at 67 kg/ha, bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide] at 11 and 22 kg/ha, DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) at 22 kg/ha, and terbutol (2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-tolyl methylcarbamate) at 22 kg/ha applied preemergence controlled 94 to 100% of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSP] in a lawn of common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. # CYNDA]. Control from benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) at 5 kg/ha, DCPA at 11 kg/ha, simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] at 5 kg/ha, and terbutol at 11 kg/ha was 90 to 99%. Bandane and bensulide persisted in soil to control large crabgrass a year after treatment.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Diclofop by Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
Authors: Gillespie Greg R. , Miller Stephen D.
Published: May 2019

The absorption, translocation, and metabolism of the methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} by three sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) lines was determined at 10 and 30C. Sunflower absorbed up to 27% more14C-diclofop while growing at 30C and 90 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) than at 10C and 40 ± 10% RH. Absorption of diclofop by susceptible (170415) and tolerant (296292 and Hybrid 894) sunflower lines was similar. Translocation of14C out of the treated sunflower leaf was greater at 30 (1.3%) than 10C (0.5%) 192 h after treatment when averaged across sunflower lines. The diclofop-susceptible line exported more of the applied diclofop from the treated leaf to the shoot portion below the treated leaf than the tolerant lines. Metabolism of diclofop was more rapid at 30 than 10C; however, the three sunflower lines metabolized diclofop similarly.
Composite List of C4Weeds
Authors: Elmore C. Dennis , Paul Rex N.
Published: May 2019

C4plants account for a small fraction of the total number of plant species (fewer than 1000 out of 250 000). A larger proportion of the world's weed species possess C4physiology. There are 2000 species in 500 genera and 125 families of flowering plants listed in the WSSA composite list of weeds. of that number, 146 species in 53 genera and 10 families exhibit the C4syndrome. This, as a percentage, is 17-fold greater than the percentage of C4plants in the total world plant population. In this report, we have listed the C4-weed species and provide specific information concerning various aspects of their Kranz anatomy and C4physiology.
Germination of Texas Gourd (Cucurbita texana) and Its Control in Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Oliver Lawrence R. , Harrison Steve A. , McClelland Marilyn
Published: May 2019

Storage of intact Texas gourd [Cucurbita texana(A.) Gray] pepos for 21 days after harvest increased germination of seeds from pepos collected 15 to 47 days after flowering. Germination increased as day length decreased and as osmotic potential of germination media increased. Temperatures of 20, 25, and 30C resulted in 72, 93, and 99% germination, respectively. No seeds germinated at 10 or 40C. Seedling emergence decreased as planting depth increased, with no emergence from 12.5 cm. Control of Texas gourd in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] was achieved with preemergence applications of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one], metribuzin plus alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide], and oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4 (2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one], with successful control partially dependent on soil and climatological conditions. Postemergence treatments that resulted in adequate control included applications of acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid}, oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene], and metribuzin plus 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid] applied at an early soybean growth stage and repeated.
Adsorption-Desorption Equilibria of Herbicides in Soil: Naphthalene as a Model Compound for Entropy-Enthalpy Effects
Authors: Wauchope R. Don , Savage Ken E. , Koskinen William C.
Published: May 2019

The adsorption of naphthalene by a Bosket loam soil was studied at 6.5, 15, 25, and 37C. Because the solubility and vapor pressure of naphthalene are precisely known over this temperature range, a complete thermodynamic description of the differences between standard vapor, crystal, solution, and soil-adsorbed states is possible. The results indicate that enthalpies and entropies of the solution and surface standard states are quite similar (though very different from the vapor state) resulting in a near-zero standard enthalpy difference and a small standard entropy increase for adsorption from solution. Considering naphthalene as a model for herbicides and as a probe into the nature of the soil surface, the results emphasize the importance of the unique structured nature of water acting as a solvent, and the competition of water for adsorption sites.
Performance of BAS 9052 Applied to Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) and Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Retzinger E. James , Rogers R. Larry , Mowers Ronald P.
Published: May 2019

The performance of BAS 9052 {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)-butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)-propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} was evaluated when applied postemergence to rhizome and seedling johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. # SORHA] in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Bragg’ and ‘Centennial’] when the soybeans had four or five trifoliate leaves (V3 to V4 stages) or when they had six to eight trifoliate leaves (V5 to V7 growth stages). The degree of weed control was more strongly associated with rainfall conditions than with the size of the johnsongrass. An exponential equation was used to describe the relationship of soybean seed yield to BAS 9052 rate. BAS 9052 applications of 0.28 kg ai/ha provided an estimated 98% of the potential soybean yield increase when rainfall was adequate but, 0.41 kg ai/ha was required when the plants were grown under moisture stress. Soybean yields were increased by 260 kg/ha when BAS 9052 was applied at the V3 to V4 compared to the V5 to V7 growth stage.
Bioassay of Benazolin for Auxin Activity Using the Pea (Pisum sativum) Straight Growth Test
Authors: Whatley Laura L. , Slife Fred W.
Published: May 2019

In the pea straight growth bioassay, both benazolin and indole-3-acetic acid (auxin) solutions promoted the elongation of etiolated pea (Pisum sativumL. ‘Alaska’) epicotyls. Maximal elongation occurred at auxin concentrations ranging from 10-6to 10-4M; comparable elongation occurred at a benazolin concentration of 10-4M. Results of this bioassay indicate that benazolin functions as an auxin, but is much less active than naturally occurring indole-3-acetic acid.
Response of Weeds in Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Turf to Tank-Mixed Herbicides
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Tank mixtures of herbicides for control of emerged winter weeds and preemergence control of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA] were evaluated on bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Common’ # CYNDA] fairways over a 2-yr period. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] applied at 0.28 kg ai/ha in tank mixtures with DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthate) at 11 kg ai/ha controlled a higher percentage of parsley-piert (Alchemilla microcarpaBoiss. Reut. # APHMI) than either herbicide alone. When applied for spur weed (Solivaspp.) control, DCPA was antagonistic in the tank mixture with simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-txiazine]. During one yr of the 2-yr study period, control of large crabgrass was less in plots treated with combination of DCPA and glyphosate than in plots treated with DCPA alone. Less large crabgrass control was obtained in plots treated with bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide] at 11 kg ai/ha in combinations with either paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) or 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] plus mecoprop {2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]propionic acid} plus dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) than when treated only with bensulide.
Variation Within Pure Lines of Wild Oats (Avena fatua) in Relation to Temperature of Development
Authors: Adkins Stephen W. , Loewen Mary , Symons Stephen J.
Published: May 2019

Plants of dormant and nondormant wild oat (Avena fatuaL. # AVEFA) lines were grown under temperatures of 15, 20, and 25 C. A number of physiological and morphological characters in the plants and seed of both lines were influenced by temperature. Duration of dormancy in the progeny seed increased in both lines that had experienced low temperatures (15 C) during development, and decreased in seed of both lines that had experienced high temperatures (25 C) during development. High, compared to low, temperatures of development decreased plant height, vegetative and seed development time, seed numbers per plant, seed dry weight, and seed water content.
I VALORI DEI PARLAMENTARI E DEGLI ELETTORI: UNA PRIMA COMPARAZIONE
Authors: Calvi Gabriele , Cecchi Maurizio
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Quando ci si interroga sulla capacità della nostra classe politica di interpretare i bisogni e le aspirazioni dei cittadini, due domande sono ricorrenti: «i nostri rappresentanti politici hanno le nostre stesse convinzioni, credono nei valori in cui noi crediamo, oppure no»; e «la diversità dei valori espressi dalle singole formazioni politiche rispecchia le posizioni delle rispettive basi elettorali o si sono create nel tempo fratture e contraddizioni profonde»? Tali interrogativi sono legittimati non solo da quanto può risultare semplicemente dal senso comune, ma anche da recenti ricerche che hanno mostrato una nuova, emergente divisione tra le classi dirigenti e gruppi ampi di cittadini (la divisione establishment/anti-establishment).
SISTEMA PARTITICO ED ELEZIONE DIRETTA DEL CAPO DELLO STATO IN EUROPA
Authors: Bartolini Stefano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Al tempo della prima guerra mondiale tutti i paesi europei ad eccezione della Francia e della Svizzera erano retti da monarchie. Vi era sconosciuta la figura di un Capo dello stato, che risulta quindi un'istituzione molto recente nell'esperienza europea. In quanto sostituto funzionale della figura monarchica quella del Capo dello Stato fu influenzata profondamente, nel bene e nel male come vedremo, da questa e dai conflitti che nella fase di democratizzazione politica l'avevano opposta alle assemblee elettive. Questa la ragione storica di fondo per cui il presidenzialismo puro alla statunitense, caratterizzato insieme da elezione diretta del Presidente e da netta separazione dei poteri esecutivo e legislativo, non è mai stato realmente all'ordine del giorno in Europa. Alcune esperienze iniziali negative — se non tragiche — determinarono un'atteggiamento di diffidenza verso la figura del capo dello stato. Il ruolo di Napoleone III nella fine della Seconda Repubblica francese — nonché le continue crisi tra presidenza e parlamento nella prima fase della III Repubblica — quella dei governi presidenziali di Hindenburg nella fase finale della Repubblica di Weimar, ed anche quella di Mosory e Bénés nella Repubblica cecoslovacca tra le due guerre destarono tale impressione da spiegare perché nelle nuove costituzioni repubblicane del secondo dopoguerra — in particolare quella francese, tedesca e italiana — si sia optato per una configura-zione di basso profilo del ruolo presidenziale e per formule di elezione indiretta.
IL MONTE (CITORIO) E IL TOPOLINO. LA RIFORMA DEL PARLAMENTO E LA COMMISSIONE BICAMERALE
Authors: Cazzola Franco
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

«Il Parlamento è in crisi»: il tema non è certo nuovo, ma mantiene pur sempre un notevole fascino. è una moda che, insieme a tante altre del nostro sistema politico, potremmo definire «permanente»: «moda continua». Senza risalire ai classici dell'ottocento italiano è sufficiente ricordare che a metà degli anni sessanta la «crisi del parlamento» costituiva uno dei cavalli di battaglia del Movimento Salvemini, tanto da dar vita a un convegno (storico in tutti i sensi) e a una pubblicazione dal titoloLa sinistra davanti alla crisi del Parlamento. Per non parlare del volumeIl Parlamento italianocon gli ormai famosi saggi di analisi e di critica (anche propositiva) di Predieri e Sartori.
Merchants and Society in Tokugawa Japan
Authors: Sheldon Charles D.
Published: May 2019

Merchants in the Tokugawa period were placed at the bottom of the shinōkōshō hierarchy of samurai-peasants-artisans-merchants. This social hierarchy was produced by a combination of social reality at the time Japan was unified in the late sixteenth century and an ancient Chinese physiocratic theory, never taken very seriously, in practical ways, in China. Once the country was unified, the social mobility of the previous years, of a kind which permitted men of ability to climb from the lowest ranks to join the military nobility—Hideyoshi is the prime example of this mobility—was viewed, by Hideyoshi above all others, as a cause of prolonged chaos and internecine warfare. With the argument that war had been abolished and common people therefore no longer needed weapons, Hideyoshi carried out his ‘sword-hunt’. He thus established the most fundamental of the class distinctions, between the samurai, the ruling class, who now enjoyed a monopoly of bearing arms, and the common people, who were henceforth expected simply to produce the food and other necessities of life, and to pay their taxes, which remained high even though warfare was supposedly ended.
The “Shadow Empire” of Goa in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Winius George
Published: May 2019

When it came to innovating ad hoc imperial structures in what the late John H. Parry called ‘The Age of Reconnaissance’, no European power could hold a candle to Portugal. It had one arrangement for the Atlantic islands, a modification of this pattern for Brazil; then it had another scheme for the African west coast and a different one for the Estado da India Oriental (which included the African east coast). Finally, as is known well enough, its relations with Macao and the Portuguese stations in Japan were again unique. Thus it was not particularly surprising to me when I discovered recently that besides all these, there was still another variant which nobody appears to have realized, one which fell somewhere between semi-rule and no rule at all. This was in the Bay of Bengal, and I only became aware of its special nature three years ago when I read of runaway soldados from Goa escaping to that region in the Reformação da Milicia e Governo da India of Francisco Rodrigues da Sil-veira. Later I visited Mylapore and became interested in the Indian east coast. Slowly, I began piecing the remarkable story together of how the entire bay area must be classified as a separate Portuguese colonial genus.
Learning to Read the Aboriginal Way
Authors: Davidson G.
Published: May 2019

This article briefly describes recent approaches to Aboriginal reading education, and assesses their possible usefulness on the basis of the extent to which they are consistent with present-day cognitive and cross-cultural psychological views on reading. Competence approaches are seen as having least likelihood of success, while other approaches based on indigenous learning styles, explicit metacomprehension skills, and functional literacy provide a suitable base for Aboriginal learning.
Aggregation in Recreation Economics: Issues of Estimation and Benefit Measurement
Authors: McConnell K. E. , Bockstael N. E.
Published: May 2019

Problems of aggregation plague applications of microeconomics. The theory is derived from postulates of behavior of individuals, but we often have data only for groups of individuals. The economics of outdoor recreation is no exception. This paper addresses the aggregation issue for estimating the demand for outdoor recreation. What are the estimation and welfare implications of using individual vs. aggregated observations, if the latter is all we have?
Cross-Media Transfers of Hazardous Wastes
Authors: Metcalf Gilbert E. , Dudek Daniel J. , Willis Cleve E.
Published: May 2019

The current issues of landfill bans, groundwater contamination, waste-end taxes and source reduction of hazardous wastes have rekindled interest in a systems view of environmental management. While this recent interest is new, the basic concept is not. The physical Law of Conservation of Mass as embodied in materials or mass balance has underlain most residuals management research (e.g. Ayres and Kneese [1969]; Kneese and Bower [1979]). As society grapples with the complex problem of toxic and hazardous chemical residues and their distribution in the environment, mass balance is receiving renewed attention in the form of cross-media transfers. The focus of this renewed interest is the movement and transformation of residuals among environmental media (soil, air and water) after discharge. Our early public lessons in applied ecology taught us that the environment is a single integrated system and that there are frequently unintended consequences associated with the human use of that environment. The contemporary lessons from the identification and cleanup of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites under the “Superfund” program lends a new impetus to our reconsideration of these concepts.
Criterion-Based Instruction: Theoretical Considerations and its Practical Application
Authors: Brown Glyn , McNally Peter , Patching Bill
Published: May 2019

This paper is divided into three sections. The first of these deals with the basic principles of Criterion-Based Instruction as a form of Data-Based Instruction. Such things as measurement procedures, instructional aims, using task analysis, and maintaining student records are discussed. Secondly, a project using Criterion-Based Instruction at the Townsville Special School during 1982 is outlined. This project utilised the Brigance Inventory materials, with special emphasis on the Inventory of Basic Skills. Finally the result of an evaluation of the use of the Inventories is presented and discussed. Data for the evaluation was obtained from the classroom teachers at the school.
Children’s Enuresis: Some Background Information and a Suggested Treatment for Use by Teachers, Therapists and Parents
Authors: Sharpley Christopher F. , Everingham S. E.
Published: May 2019

The treatment of children’s enuresis has witnessed a number of theoretical and practical variations. While the incidence of enuresis is substantial, there is little agreement in the wider literature regarding the most effective treatment. The present paper reports on a detailed meta-analytic review of the literature, drawing some limited conclusions as to the comparative effectiveness of five categories of treatment, with particular reference to long term follow-up data. While the use of pad and bell is shown as equally effective as retention training at the end of the treatment, retention training emerges as superior over 6 to 12 months of follow-up. Basic instructions are given for the use of this method.
Opening Address for the 1984 Ninth National Conference of the Australian Association of Special Education
Authors: Cavalier Hon. R.
Published: May 2019

Ladies and Gentlemen, It is an honour for me to open this National Conference. I have been most impressed by the detail and obvious depth of your agenda over the next 3½ days. I have also noted the eminence and experience of the people who will be speaking at the Conference.
Analogy, reanalysis and exaptation in Early Middle English: the emergence of a new inflectional system
Authors: BAECHLER RAFFAELA
Published: May 2019

From Old English to Middle English inflection is gradually lost. It is assumed that this is mainly due to phonological and syntactic changes. This article, however, argues that the loss of inflection is not a linear process but new systems can emerge, and that morphological changes play an important role. The nominal inflection of the Lambeth Homilies – an Early Middle English manuscript from the southwest Midlands and dated around 1200 – is investigated in detail. It will be shown that analogical changes within and across inflection classes do not simply lead towards a reduction of inflection. The increase in syncretism and decrease in allomorphy result in a new inflectional system. This new system distinguishes singular from plural, feminine from non-feminine (in the singular and plural), and possessive from non-possessive (in the singular and plural). Additionally, the original inflection classes related to different stems are almost lost, except the weak inflection classes. The inflection classes are instead related to gender; that is, gender is the information that best predicts how a noun is inflected.
Historic Solutions to Sea Level Rise May Help Modern Communities
Authors: Derouin Sarah
Published: May 2019

Earthen mounds helped ancient Dutch settlers thrive in coastal flood zones. Could historical engineering help us fight against rising seas?
No Underground Magma Ocean on Jupiter’s Fiery Moon?
Authors: Underwood Emily
Published: May 2019

A new study suggests alternative explanations for Io’s unusual magnetic field.
Circling in on Convective Organization
Authors: Haerter Jan O. , Böing Steven J. , Henneberg Olga , Nissen Silas Boye
Published: May 2019

Cold pools (CPs) contribute to convective organization. However, it is unclear by which mechanisms organization occurs. By using a particle method to track CP gust fronts in large eddy simulations, we characterize the basic collision modes between CPs. Our results show that CP interactions, where three expanding gust fronts force an updraft, are key at triggering new convection. Using this, we conceptualize CP dynamics into a parameter‐free mathematical model: circles expand from initially random points in space. Where two expanding circles collide, a stationary front is formed. However, where three expanding circles enclose a single point, a new expanding circle is seeded. This simple model supports three fundamental features of CP dynamics: precipitation cells constitute a spatially interacting system, CPs come in generations, and scales steadily increase throughout the diurnal cycle. Finally, this model provides a framework for how CPs act to cause convective self‐organization, clustering, and extremes.
Human adipose tissue protein analyses using capillary western blot technology
Authors: Lu J , Allred C C , Jensen M D
Published: May 2019

Background/Objectives:

A capillary western blot (Wes) technology has recently been validated for analyses of cell culture lysate proteins, but whether it is reliable for human tissue proteins is unknown.

Subjects:

We compared traditional western blotting to the Wes capillary Western method to quantitate the relative amount of human adipose tissue CD36, the ratio of phosphorylated Erk1/2 (pErk1/2) to total Erk1/2 during insulin clamp or after niacin treatment and the fold increase in pAktS473 (Akt phosphorylation on Ser473) in response to feeding.

Results:

The results from these two methods were highly correlated (r=0.932 for CD36, r=0.905 for pErk1/2:Erk1/2, r=0.923 for the change in pAkt/Akt, P<0.001). On Wes we observed the distinct peaks around the expected molecular weights for these proteins with decreasing peak areas with serial dilutions of loading protein amount. Wes and traditional western blot both had linear dynamic ranges for CD36, Erk1/2 and Akt. Due to differences in signal responsiveness for pAkt/Akt, we employed a calibrator sample and log transformation of data to allow proper comparisons. The Wes approach required less sample than the traditional western blot and less technician/assay time, while achieving high sensitivity and good reproducibility.

Conclusions:

Capillary Western technology (Wes) provides a satisfactory alternative for analyses of human adipose tissue proteins.
Effect of anthelmintic treatment on leptin, adiponectin and leptin to adiponectin ratio: a randomized-controlled trial
Authors: Tahapary D L , de Ruiter K , Martin I , Brienen E A T , van Lieshout L , Djuardi Y , Djimandjaja C C , Houwing-Duistermaat J J , Soewondo P , Sartono E , Supali T , Smit J W A , Yazdanbakhsh M
Published: May 2019

Emerging evidence suggests that helminths might confer protection against the development of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to assess the role of adipokines in mediating the effect of helminths on insulin resistance. Serum samples were obtained from a randomized-controlled trial of anthelmintic treatment in an area endemic for soil-transmitted helminths (STH), Flores Island, Indonesia. In STH-infected subjects, anthelmintic treatment significantly increased the ratio of leptin to adiponectin (treatment effect factor (95% confidence interval (CI)), P-value for interaction: 1.20 (1.06–1.35), P=0.010), which largely stemmed from a significant reduction in adiponectin (0.91 (0.85–0.98), P=0.020) and a trend for an increase in leptin level (1.10 (1.00–1.21), P=0.119). No significant effect on resistin level was observed. This increase in leptin to adiponectin ratio seemed to contribute to the observed effect of deworming on increased insulin resistance (IR) as adjustment for leptin to adiponectin ratio attenuated the effect on IR from 1.07 (1.01–1.14, P=0.023) to 1.05 (0.99–1.11, P=0.075). Anthelmintic treatment in STH-infected subjects increases leptin to adiponectin ratio which may in small part contribute to the modest increase in IR. Further studies will be needed to assess the effect of the changes in adipokine levels on the host immune response and metabolism.
Electric field tuning of the anomalous Hall effect at oxide interfaces
Authors: Bhowal Sayantika , Satpathy Sashi
Published: May 2019

Anomalous Hall effect is the phenomenon where the transport properties of the spin-polarized electrons are governed by the spin-orbit coupling that couples the orbital and spin degrees of freedom of the electron. Here we show that the anomalous Hall effect at a magnetic interface with strong spin-orbit coupling can be tuned with an external electric field. By altering the strength of the inversion symmetry breaking, the electric field changes the Rashba interaction, which in turn modifies the magnitude of the Berry curvature, the central quantity in determining the anomalous Hall conductivity. The effect is illustrated with a square lattice model, which yields a quadratic dependence of the anomalous Hall conductivity for small electric fields. Explicit density-functional calculations were performed for the recently grown iridate interface, viz., the (SrIrO3)1/(SrMnO3)1 (001) structure, both with and without an electric field, which show a strong electric field dependence. The effect may be potentially useful in spintronics applications.
Evidence for a universal saturation profile for radial viscous fingers
Authors: Beeson-Jones Tim H. , Woods Andrew W.
Published: May 2019

Complex fingering patterns develop when a low viscosity fluid is injected from a point source into the narrow space between two parallel plates initially saturated with a more viscous, immiscible fluid. We combine historical and new experiments with (a) a constant injection rate; (b) a constant source pressure; and (c) a linearly increasing injection rate, together with numerical simulations based on a model of diffusion limited aggregation (DLA), to show that for viscosity ratios in the range 300–10,000, (i) the finger pattern has a fractal dimension of approximately 1.7 and (ii) the azimuthally-averaged fraction of the area occupied by the fingers, S(r,t), is organised into three regions: an inner region of fixed radius, r < rb, which is fully saturated with injection fluid, S = 1; a frozen finger region, rb < r < rf (t), in which the saturation is independent of time, S(r) = (r/rb)−0.3; and an outer growing finger region, rf(t) < r < 1.44 rf(t), in which the saturation decreases linearly to zero from the value (rf/rb)−0.3 at rf(t). For a given injected volume per unit thickness of the cell, V ≫ πrb2, we find rf = 0.4rb (V/rb2)1/1.7. This apparent universality of the saturation profile of non-linear fingers in terms of the inner region radius, rb, and the injected volume V, demonstrates extraordinary order in such a complex and fractal instability. Furthermore, control strategies designed to suppress viscous fingering through variations in the injection rate, based on linear stability theory, are less effective once the instability becomes fully nonlinear.
Sphingosine Kinase 2 Phosphorylation of FTY720 is Unnecessary for Prevention of Light-Induced Retinal Damage
Authors: Qi Hui , Cole Jerome , Grambergs Richard C. , Gillenwater John R. , Mondal Koushik , Khanam Sufiya , Dutta Soma , Stiles Megan , Proia Richard L. , Allegood Jeremy , Mandal Nawajes
Published: May 2019

Mammalian Sphingosine kinase 2 is the primary enzyme responsible for phosphorylating FTY720 to its active form, FTY720-P. Systemic FTY720 treatment confers significant protection to murine retinas from light- and disease-mediated photoreceptor cell death. It is not clear whether FTY720-P, FTY720, or both are responsible for this photoreceptor protection. We investigatedSphingosine kinase2 knockout (Sphk2KO) mouse retinas, tested their sensitivity to light, and measured what degree of protection from light-induced damage they receive from systemic FTY720 treatment.Sphk2KO retinas were found to be similar to their wild-type counterparts in sensitivity to light damage. Additionally, FTY720 treatment protectedSphk2KO retinas from light-induced damage despite significant retardation of FTY720 phosphorylation inSphk2KO mice. We conclude that FTY720 serves an active role in preventing photoreceptor cell death. Furthermore, we conclude that the phosphorylation of FTY720 is not necessary to provide this protective effect.
Vaginal Microbiota Composition Correlates Between Pap Smear Microscopy and Next Generation Sequencing and Associates to Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Virtanen Seppo , Rantsi Tiina , Virtanen Anni , Kervinen Kaisa , Nieminen Pekka , Kalliala Ilkka , Salonen Anne
Published: May 2019

Recent research on vaginal microbiota relies on high throughput sequencing while microscopic methods have a long history in clinical use. We investigated the correspondence between microscopic findings of Pap smears and the vaginal microbiota composition determined by next generation sequencing among 50 asymptomatic women. Both methods produced coherent results regarding the distinction betweenLactobacillus-dominant versus mixed microbiota, reassuring gynaecologists for the use of Pap smear or wet mount microscopy for rapid evaluation of vaginal bacteria as part of diagnosis. Cytologic findings identified women with bacterial vaginosis and revealed that cytolysis of vaginal epithelial cells is associated toLactobacillus crispatus-dominated microbiota. Education and socio-economic status were associated to the vaginal microbiota variation. Our results highlight the importance of including socio-economic status as a co-factor in future vaginal microbiota studies.
New Heusler compounds in Ni-Mn-In and Ni-Mn-Sn alloys
Authors: Li X.-Z. , Zhang W.-Y. , Valloppilly S. , Sellmyer D. J.
Published: May 2019

Rapidly quenched ternary Ni-Mn-T (T = In, Sn) alloys exhibit features associated with magnetic skyrmions, so that XRD, TEM, EDS, SAED and HREM investigations were carried out for structural characterization on the two alloy systems. In this paper, we report a new type of Mn-rich Heusler compound with a cubic unit cell, a = 0.9150 nm in Ni-Mn-In and a = 0.9051 nm in Ni-Mn-Sn, which coexist with a Ni-rich full-Heusler compound with defects, a = 0.6094 nm in Ni-Mn-In and a = 0.6034 nm in Ni-Mn-Sn. A further analysis of the experimental results reveals a close structural relationship between these two compounds.
Sildenafil Reduces Neointimal Hyperplasia after Angioplasty and Inhibits Platelet Aggregation via Activation of cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase
Authors: Yang Han-Mo , Jin Sooryeonhwa , Jang Hyunduk , Kim Ju-Young , Lee Joo-Eun , Kim Joonoh , Kim Hyo-Soo
Published: May 2019

Sildenafil is known to reduce cardiac hypertrophy through cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) activation. Studies have demonstrated that cGK has a central switching role in modulating vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype in response to vascular injury. Here, we aimed to examine the effects of cGK activation by sildenafil on neointimal formation and platelet aggregation. After vascular injury, neointimal hyperplasia in rat carotid arteries was significantly reduced in the sildenafil-treated group. This effect of sildenafil was accompanied by the reduction of viability and migration of VSMCs. Further experiments showed that the increased cGK activity by sildenafil inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-induced phenotype change of VSMCs from a contractile form to a synthetic one. Conversely, the use of cGK inhibitor or gene transfer of dominant-negative cGK reversed the effects of sildenafil, increasing viability of VSMCs and neointimal formation. Interestingly, sildenafil significantly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by ADP or thrombin. This effect was reversed by cGK inhibitor, suggesting that sildenafil inhibits platelet aggregation via cGK pathway. This study demonstrated that sildenafil inhibited neointimal formation and platelet aggregation via cGK pathway. These results suggest that sildenafil could be a promising candidate for drug-eluting stents for the prevention of both restenosis and stent thrombosis.
AICD: an integrated anti-inflammatory compounds database for drug discovery
Authors: Wang Kun , Xiao Jianyong , Liu Xiaodong , Jiang Zhuqiao , Zhan Yujuan , Yin Ting , He Lina , Zhang Fangyuan , Xing Shangping , Chen Bonan , Li Yingshi , Zhang Fengxue , Kuang Zaoyuan , Du Biaoyan , Gu Jiangyong
Published: May 2019

Systemic or local inflammation drives the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Small compounds with anti-inflammatory properties hold great potential for clinical translation. Over recent decades, many compounds have been screened for their action against inflammation-related targets. Databases that integrate the physicochemical properties and bioassay results of these compounds are lacking. We created an “Anti-Inflammatory Compounds Database” (AICD) to deposit compounds with potential anti-inflammation activities. A total of 232 inflammation-related targets were recruited by the AICD. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that these targets were involved in various human diseases. Bioassays of these targets were collected from open-access databases and adopted to extract 79,781 small molecules with information on chemical properties, candidate targets, bioassay models and bioassay results. Principal component analysis demonstrated that these deposited compounds were closely related to US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs with respect to chemical space and chemical properties. Finally, pathway-based screening for drug combination/multi-target drugs provided a case study for drug discovery using the AICD. The AICD focuses on inflammation-related drug targets and contains substantial candidate compounds with high chemical diversity and good drug-like properties. It could be serviced for the discovery of anti-inflammatory medicines and can be accessed freely at http://956023.ichengyun.net/AICD/index.php.