bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). XI. Proximity Zone Analysis for Faint Quasar Spectra at z ∼ 6
Authors: Ishimoto Rikako , Kashikawa Nobunari , Onoue Masafusa , Matsuoka Yoshiki , Izumi Takuma , Strauss Michael A. , Fujimoto Seiji , Imanishi Masatoshi , Ito Kei , Iwasawa Kazushi , Kawaguchi Toshihiro , Lee Chien-Hsiu , Liang Yongming , Lu Ting-Yi , Momose Rieko , Toba Yoshiki , Uchiyama Hisakazu
Published: November 2020

We present measurements of the size of the quasar proximity zone (R

p
) for 11 low-luminosity (

) quasars at z ∼ 6, discovered by the Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars project. Our faint quasar sample expands the R

p
measurement down to

mag, where more common quasar populations dominate at the epoch. We restrict the sample to quasars whose systemic redshifts have been precisely measured by [C ii] 158 μm or Mg ii
λ2798 emission lines. We also update the R

p
measurements for 26 luminous quasars presented in Eilers et al. by using the latest systemic redshift results. The luminosity dependence on R

p
is found to be consistent with the theoretical prediction assuming a highly ionized intergalactic medium. We find a shallow redshift evolution of the luminosity-corrected R

p
,

(

) over

. This trend is steeper than that of Eilers et al., but significantly shallower than those of the earlier studies. Our results suggest that R

p,corr is insensitive to the neutral fraction of the universe at z ∼ 6. Four quasars show exceptionally small

(

proper Mpc), which could be the result of their young age (<104 yr) in the reionization epoch, though statistics on this are still scarce.
The H i Structure of the Local Volume Dwarf Galaxy Pisces A
Authors: Beale Luca , Donovan Meyer Jennifer , Tollerud Erik J. , Putman Mary E. , Peek J. E. G.
Published: November 2020

Dedicated H i surveys have recently led to a growing category of low-mass galaxies found in the Local Volume. We present synthesis imaging of one such galaxy, Pisces A, a low-mass dwarf originally confirmed via optical imaging and spectroscopy of neutral hydrogen (H i) sources in the Galactic Arecibo L-band Feed Array H i survey. Using H i observations taken with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, we characterize the kinematic structure of the gas and connect it to the galaxy’s environment and evolutionary history. While the galaxy shows overall ordered rotation, a number of kinematic features indicate a disturbed gas morphology. These features are suggestive of a tumultuous recent history and represent

% of the total baryonic mass. We find a total baryon fraction

if we include these features. We also quantify the cosmic environment of Pisces A, finding an apparent alignment of the disturbed gas with nearby, large-scale filamentary structure at the edge of the Local Void. We consider several scenarios for the origin of the disturbed gas, including gas stripping via ram pressure or galaxy–galaxy interactions, as well as accretion and ram pressure compression. Though we cannot rule out a past interaction with a companion, our observations best support the suggestion that the neutral gas morphology and recent star formation in Pisces A are a direct result of its interactions with the intergalactic medium.
Open Cluster Chemical Homogeneity throughout the Milky Way
Authors: Poovelil Vijith Jacob , Zasowski G. , Hasselquist S. , Seth A. , Donor John , Beaton Rachael L. , Cunha K. , Frinchaboy Peter M. , García-Hernández D. A. , Hawkins K. , Kratter K. M. , Lane Richard R. , Nitschelm C.
Published: November 2020

The chemical homogeneity of surviving stellar clusters contains important clues about interstellar medium (ISM) mixing efficiency, star formation, and the enrichment history of the Galaxy. Existing measurements in a handful of open clusters suggest homogeneity in several elements at the 0.03 dex level. Here we present (i) a new cluster member catalog based only on APOGEE radial velocities and Gaia-DR2 proper motions, (ii) improved abundance uncertainties for APOGEE cluster members, and (iii) the dependence of cluster homogeneity on Galactic and cluster properties, using abundances of eight elements from the APOGEE survey for 10 high-quality clusters. We find that cluster homogeneity is uncorrelated with Galactocentric distance,

, age, and metallicity. However, velocity dispersion, which is a proxy for cluster mass, is positively correlated with intrinsic scatter at relatively high levels of significance for [Ca/Fe] and [Mg/Fe]. We also see a possible positive correlation at a low level of significance for [Ni/Fe], [Si/Fe], [Al/Fe], and [Fe/H], while [Cr/Fe] and [Mn/Fe] are uncorrelated. The elements that show a correlation with velocity dispersion are those that are predominantly produced by core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe). However, the small sample size and relatively low correlation significance highlight the need for follow-up studies. If borne out by future studies, these findings would suggest a quantitative difference between the correlation lengths of elements produced predominantly by Type Ia SNe versus CCSNe, which would have implications for Galactic chemical evolution models and the feasibility of chemical tagging.
Deep Modeling of Quasar Variability
Authors: Tachibana 優太 Yutaro 朗橘 , Graham Matthew J. , Kawai Nobuyuki , Djorgovski S. G. , Drake Andrew J. , Mahabal Ashish A. , Stern Daniel
Published: November 2020

Quasars have long been known as intrinsically variable sources, but the physical mechanism underlying the temporal optical/UV variability is still not well understood. We propose a novel nonparametric method for modeling and forecasting the optical variability of quasars utilizing an AE neural network to gain insight into the underlying processes. The AE is trained with ∼15,000 decade-long quasar light curves obtained by the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey selected with negligible flux contamination from the host galaxy. The AE’s performance in forecasting the temporal flux variation of quasars is superior to that of the damped random walk process. We find a temporal asymmetry in the optical variability and a novel relation—the amplitude of the variability asymmetry decreases as luminosity and/or black hole mass increases—is suggested with the help of autoencoded features. The characteristics of the variability asymmetry are in agreement with those from the self-organized disk instability model, which predicts that the magnitude of the variability asymmetry decreases as the ratio of the diffusion mass to inflow mass in the accretion disk increases.
Energy-preserving Integrators for Post-Newtonian Lagrangian Dynamics
Authors: Huang Li , Mei Lijie
Published: November 2020

Equations of motion derived from the Euler–Lagrange formula are usually implicit differential equations in terms of accelerations for the post-Newtonian (PN) Lagrangian dynamics of general relativistic problems. Meanwhile, the Legendre transform is in a nonclosed form due to the high nonlinearity of the velocity in the PN Lagrangian. To numerically integrate the exact implicit equations of motion rather than the truncated equations, the nontruncated strategy with an additional iteration for the Legendre transform is needed. In this paper, we aim at exploring energy-preserving methods accompanying the nontruncated strategy for the PN Lagrangian dynamics, once noticing that energy preservation as well as symplecticity is one of the most important properties of the Hamiltonian system that is completely equivalent to the PN Lagrangian. Incorporating the nontruncated strategy into the continuous-stage Runge–Kutta method, we thus propose a novel class of practical energy-preserving schemes. Numerical results from the PN Lagrangian circular restricted three-body problem and the spinning compact binaries show that the proposed numerical scheme is of high efficiency and can preserve energy nearly as accurately as machine precision.
The effect of density on the cultivation of the native mangrove oyster Crassostrea tulipa (Lamarck, 1819)
Authors: Brunetto Lincon José , Gomes Carlos Henrique Araújo de Miranda , Ramos Cassio De Oliveira , Silva Francisco Carlos da , Ferreira João Paulo Ramos , Vieira Graziela Cleusa , De Melo Claudio Manoel Rodrigues
Published: November 2020

In Brazil, the cultivation of Crassostrea tulipa (= C. gasar) is gaining in importance. However, little is known about the best conditions for farming. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of oyster density (50, 100, 200, and 400 mL of seeds/0.15 m2; 100, 200, 300, and 400 ind/0.10 m2 (basket area) and 30, 60, 120, and 180 ind/0.13 m2 (lantern floor area) in nursey, juvenile and adult phase, respectively) on the growth and survival of C. tulipa in farm cultivation. In the nursery phase, the 50 mL density resulted in smaller oyster size, as expressed in height and height/length (H/L) ratio (1.31 ± 0.03 mm), compared to other densities, while the length and width was equal among densities. The animals' individual average weight and H/L ratio were negatively influenced by a density of 100 ind/0.10 m2 or bigger. However, animals grown at the density of 200 ind/0.10 m2 did not differ statistically in length or width from those grown with 100 ind/0.10 m2. A high survival rate (≥98%) was found in the nursery and juvenile phases.
Poultry byproducts and swine liver used in diets for Nile tilapia juveniles
Authors: Carvalho Kerolay Valadão , Luczinski Thiago Gabriel , Boscolo Wilson Rogério , Freitas Jakeline Marcela Azambuja de , Signor Altevir
Published: November 2020

This study aimed at evaluating diets containing protein hydrolysate from poultry byproducts and swine liver (PHPPL), at different inclusion levels, for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles. Seven diets were evaluated, being a negative control (free of both hydrolysate and fishmeal) and positive control (free of hydrolysate but containing fishmeal), besides five diets with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5% inclusion of the mixed protein hydrolysate. Significant effects were observed regarding the animals' final length, with higher values with the 1% inclusion level than the negative control. The liver's quantitative evaluation revealed that inclusions above 3% might lead to severe alterations in the organ's morphology. The use of PHPPL in the diets that did not contain fishmeal has shown to be effective in maintaining the performance parameters of Nile tilapia. Thus, its use is recommended considering an inclusion level of 3%.
Individual growth analysis of the Pacific yellowlegs shrimp Penaeus californiensis via multi-criteria approach
Authors: Félix-Ortiz José A. , Aragón-Noriega E. Alberto , Castañeda-Lomas Nicolás , Rodríguez-Domínguez Guillermo , Valenzuela-Quiñónez Wenceslao , Castillo-Vargasmachuca Sergio
Published: November 2020

Length-frequency data of juveniles and sub-adults of Penaeus californiensis were analyzed, collected from January 2002 to January 2003 in the Agiabampo lagoon system and adjacent marine coastal zone. Six models were parameterized with four criteria, in addition to a mixed criterion (fat-tail and depensatory), to estimate the parameters that best fit the growth curve. The model that best fit was the Johnson model with the mixed criterion in females and males: k = 6.02 (5.93-6.12); L∞ = 188.8 (186.3-191.8); t0 = 0.0221 (0.0207-0.0234); and: k = 8.98 (8.85-9.12); L∞ =153.3 (151.7-155.0); t0 = 0.0386 (0.0378-0.0394), respectively. The conclusion is that: 1) the mixture approach found in this study as best leads to the application of a very high-performance objective function to analyze individual length-at-age variability, 2) shows that the best model to describe the growth trajectory of P. californiensis in marine and estuarine environments is a sigmoid curve with an inflection point near to cero age (Johnson model).
Growth and development of the introduced Fraxinus L. species in the taiga zone (Karelia)
Authors: Kishchenko IT
Published: November 2020

Most species of woody plants indigenous to the Russian taiga are extremely sensitive to pollutants. However, many species of deciduous trees that grow in other geographical areas, including the genus Fraxinus, are fairly tolerant to progressive environmental pollution. For the introduction of cultivated plants into new environmental conditions, an impartial assessment of their introduction potential is required, which is possible only on the basis of comprehensive studies. The most important processes characterising the condition of plants are growth and development. The present study examined the introduction of three species of the Fraxinus L. genus to the middle taiga subzone. These were F. excelsior L., F. americana L. and F. pennsylvanica Marsh. The stems and leaves of the plants were measured once every 2–3 days over the course of two growth periods. Phenological observations were carried out between May and October over the course of 17 years. The introduction potential of the studied species was determined through visual assessment carried out in the autumn. The findings showed that the growth of shoots and leaves in the studied Fraxinus species began in late May-early June, varying between species by 1–5 days. The cessation of shoot and leaf growth in the studied Fraxinus species, which occurred in July, varied by up to ten days. The dates of onset and culmination of the growth of shoots and leaves appeared to be determined primarily by air temperature, with a year-by-year variability of 3–7 days. All the studied Fraxinus species showed a high degree of introduction potential and can be successfully used for gardening and landscaping purposes in the middle taiga subzone.
Analysis of the core microstructure of terrigenic reservoirs based on lithological-petrographic studies to support the creation of digital core model
Authors: Belozerov IP , Gubaidullin MG , Yuriev AV
Published: November 2020

The question of digital core modelling appears highly relevant due to the fact that there is not always a sufficient amount of core material available from studied wells: in some cases, it is not possible to select core material (in case of loose, weakly cemented rocks); in others, such material may be completely absent. In order to create a computer model of a digital core, it is necessary to have a correct understanding of the pore space microstructure and rock lithological composition and structure, among the most important features determining the quality of sedimentary reservoir rocks. Such information can be obtained by carrying out lithological-petrographic studies of thin sections of reference (standard) core samples.

The aim of the present work is to study petrographic thin sections for their further use in creating a digital core model. The article discusses the methodology and results of laboratory lithological and petrographic studies of thin sections using the available core information.

The paper presents the results of laboratory studies of thin sections of terrigenous sandstones obtained from the Berea Sandstone formation (USA). The choice of the Berea Sandstone is due to its wide recognition by specialists, as well as its homogeneity, both in terms of the grain size of constituent rocks and their filtration and reservoir properties. The work also presents the results of data analysis on lithological and petrographic studies of core material from the terrigenous deposits obtained in the Timan-Pechora province in northern Russia.

The research results can be used for mathematical modelling of the pore space microstructure in a digital core model.
Consumer Behaviors and Perceptions Towards Luxury Brands
Authors: Yürük-Kayapınar Pınar , Ergan Senem
Published: November 2020

The main objective of this chapter is to examine consumers' behavior and perceptions of luxury products and brands. For this purpose, literature review was made by considering the issues related to luxury consumers. The behavior of consumers who purchase luxury products differs from that of other consumers. Because these consumers are especially different from the purpose of buying luxury products. The luxury product for them is more about satisfying their psychological needs than satisfying their physical needs. Therefore, the characteristics of these consumers, their purchasing styles, their segments in the market, their perceptions and values towards the product also differ. When buying luxury products, consumers are most influenced by reference groups and they affect them the most. Therefore, they turn to counterfeit products in order to feel only belonging to the luxury world and to be like reference groups.
Enhancing Consumer-Brand Relationships Through Luxury Brand Experiences
Authors: Arıkan Esra
Published: November 2020

The extant research highlights that the strength of consumer-brand relationships is very much shaped by consumers' experiences with brands. Given the inherent characteristics of luxury brands, it is no surprise that luxury consumers expect much more intense experiences, and thus the delivery of a superior brand experience is a necessity in the luxury market. Therefore, both marketing scholars and brand managers in the luxury market need to acknowledge the power of brand experiences as a way to strengthen consumer-brand relationships. However, despite the need for a deeper understanding of brand experience in the context of luxury brands, still much remains unknown regarding the factors that can be used to enhance brand experience. Building on this gap in the literature, this chapter investigates the relational outcomes of brand experience and subsequently discusses the various drivers that luxury brands can use to enhance luxury brand experience and thus develop stronger consumer-brand relationships.
Hydrate Management in Restart Operations of a Subsea Jumper
Authors: Kumar Asheesh , Di Lorenzo Mauricio , Kozielski Karen , Singh Amrinder , May Eric F. , Aman Zachary M.
Published: November 2020

Subsea jumpers are tie-in systems with a characteristic M-shaped geometry, employed to connect subsea facilities such as wellhead trees to manifolds. During well restart after a prolonged shut-down, subsea jumpers are exposed to a significant driving force for hydrate formation. Employing the recently-constructed HyJump flowloop, designed to mimic subsea jumpers operating at hydrate forming conditions, an experimental campaign was conducted to assess the influence of pipeline temperature, gas flow rate, liquid inventory, and inhibitor content on hydrate deposition during simulated shut-down and restart operations. In this work, we acquired baseline data on the gas sweep efficiency in HyJump for a wide range of gas restart velocities to characterize hydrodynamic behaviour in the absence of hydrates. Preliminary experiments were also conducted to evaluate the jumper operability in hydrate forming conditions.

The HyJump flowloop consists of a test section connected to independent gas and liquid injection equipment at the inlet and gas separation facilities at the outlet which allows a continuous recirculation of gas and a once-through pass of the liquid. The test section has a complex geometry, with three identical low points and two high points with horizontal length of 12′ 10˝ and 7′ 7˝, respectively, and total height is 13′ 2˝. The test section is equipped with 12 pressure and temperature sensors regularly distributed, a MEG sensor in the second low point, a throttling valve downstream of the first high point to mimic the wellhead choke, and a viewing window at the outlet. In gas sweep experiments, each of the three low points was loaded with 1.6 gallons of water and natural gas at 1200 psi. During these tests, the pipeline temperature was maintained above 60 °F where hydrates are not expected to form. The system was maintained for six hours at a pipeline temperature of 41 °F (17 °F sub-cooling) for hydrate formation tests. Gas sweep velocities were varied in a range between 0.06 and 3 ft/s.

The results illustrate that a superficial gas velocity of 3 ft/s was required to fully remove liquids from the jumper. However, gas velocities below 0.16 ft/s did not result in any substantive changes to the liquid inventory. Thus, low flow restart conditions could offer a significant driving force for hydrate formation in the jumper at low temperature. The preliminary gas restart tests conducted in hydrate forming conditions provided clear evidence of hydrate deposition at gas velocities below 0.16 ft/s.

Hydrate formation in subsea jumper spools is poorly understood and a rare topic of discussion within scientific literature. This unique "HyJump" facility offers new insight to assist operators mitigate the risk of hydrate blockage by manipulating gas restart rates after well shut-down in the absence of (or with severely limited) chemical inhibition.
State patients who committed violent crimes and were admitted to Weskoppies Hospital from 2005 to 2014: Profiles and trends
Authors: Dewet Zukiswa T. , Kotzé Carla , Sokudela Funeka
Published: November 2020

Background: Most of the available literature focus on characteristics of violent offenders and trends of crime patterns in the general population. The crime trends in the population of those who may be mentally ill have not been well described.Aim: To describe the profiles and trends of mentally ill persons who committed violent crimes prior to admission as state patients.Setting: The study was conducted at Weskoppies Psychiatric Hospital.Method: A retrospective record review of state patients admitted between 2005 and 2014 was conducted to describe demographic, clinical, forensic and victim profiles of state patients admitted from 2005 to 2014. Trends over time were also assessed.Results: Hundred and seventy state patient files were reviewed. The majority were males (91.43%), with a history of substance use (55.0%) %), previous psychiatric treatment (46.4%), and diagnosed with a psychotic disorder (82.1%). The 10 year trend showed that murder was the leading charge during 2006 and 2007. It was surpassed by sexual assault crimes as the most common charge after 2007, except for 2009 when murder was again the most common. From 2010 onward, sexual assault remained the most common offence leading to admission as a state patient.Conclusion: This study found changes over time in crime patterns of state patients who committed murder and sexual assault. State patients may have different criminal patterns than the general public. This together with the high rates of substance use and previous psychiatric treatment can be important focus areas for future research.
Effects of age and body mass index on blood pressure and blood glucose in three rural agrarian communities in Enugu State
Authors: Njoku Paschal O. , Onwubere Basden J. , Mbadiwe Nkeiruka C. , Ejim Emmanuel C. , Anisiuba Benedict C. , Iyidobi Tobechukwu C. , Okonkwo Alexander K.
Published: November 2020

Background:

Hypertension is a major contributor to the global burden of disease and global mortality, with a projection of 39.1 million cases in Nigeria by the year 2030.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of body mass index on blood pressure (BP) and blood glucose in three rural agrarian communities in Enugu State, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:

This was an opportunistic cross-sectional study in three rural agrarian communities––Ibagwa, Akpugo, and Egede, all in Enugu State. Volunteer adults of 18 years and above were consecutively recruited and screened. Omron BP monitors were used mostly and supplemented by mercury BP sphygmomanometers. Each participant had their BP measured after at least 5 min of rest, and repeated twice after 3–5 min interval and also received a questionnaire about demographics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP equal to or more than 140mm Hg and/or diastolic BP equal to or more than 90mm Hg or in those on treatment for hypertension. Ethical approval was obtained and all participants gave informed consent before screening. Data were collated and analyzed.

Result:

People of middle (40–64 years) and elderly (>65 years) age groups constituted the majority of participants. Most of the participants in the three groups had normal body mass index. The proportion of participants with hypertension was 15.2%, 21.9%, and 31.9% for Ibagwa, Akpugo, and Egede communities, respectively. The mean BMI was 27.08 kg/m2, 24.70 kg/m2 and 24.45 kg/m2 for participants from Ibagwa, Egede, and Akpugo communities, respectively. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher among Ibagwa people, whereas the prevalence of underweight was higher among Egede people (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Low proportion of participants had hypertension in the three communities and rising age was more associated with hypertension than overweight and obesity.
COVID-19
Authors: Aronu Ann E. , Chinawa Awoere T. , Nduagubam Obinna C. , Ossai Edmund N. , Chinawa Josephat M.
Published: November 2020

Background:

COVID-19 pandemic is a very common menace in the world. Knowledge on mode of spread and prevention of COVID-19 remains blurred among mothers who visit children clinics.

Objectives:

This work is aimed to determine the knowledge of mode of spread and preventive practices among mothers presenting in a health institution.

Materials and Methods:

This is a cross-sectional observational study undertaken in a health institution in South East Nigeria using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Data entry and analysis were done using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software version 25.0.

Results:

All the respondents (100.0%) have heard of COVID-19. A minor proportion of the respondents, 31.9%, had good knowledge of the mode of spread of COVID-19. Majority of the respondents, 93.3%, knew that COVID-19 could be prevented through good use of personal hand sanitizer. A high proportion of the respondents, 75.5%, were aware that COVID-19 could be prevented by avoiding crowded places and 76.7% by wearing of face mask. The respondents who were in the age group 30–39 years were twice more likely to have good knowledge of spread of COVID-19 when compared with those who were 50 years and above. (AOR = 2.2, 95%CI: 1.2–3.9). The respondents who attained tertiary education were 1.3 times less likely to have good knowledge of spread of COVID-19 when compared with those who attained secondary education. (AOR = 0.8, 95%CI: 0.5–1.2). Respondents who were married were about five times more likely to have good preventive practices against COVID-19 than those who were single parents. (AOR = 4.9, 95%CI: 2.8–8.4).

Conclusion:

Education is predictive of knowledge of mode of spread while being married is predictive of knowledge of preventive practices.
Public Expenditures on Sport, Recreation and Leisure Activities: Analytical Approach in Self-governing Regions in the Czech Republic
Authors: Halásková Martina , Halásková Renata
Published: November 2020

The article deals with funding of sport at the regional level in the Czech Republic. The paper aims to evaluate sport and leisure activities, focusing on allocated public expenditures from regional budgets in self-governing regions in the Czech Republic. Relations between public expenditures on sport and public expenditures on leisure activities and recreation from regional budgets of the Czech Republic in years 2010 and 2018 are tested by using correlation and regression analysis. The results showed differences between self-governing regions in the Czech Republic in public expenditures on sport and leisure activities and recreation per capita as a share of the total regions’ expenditures in 2010 and 2018, which were also corroborated by the regression model. The allocated financial resources of self-governing regions in the Czech Republic are mainly related to the general economic potential, demographic and political factors of and preferences in funding of the individual areas of the public sector.
The Role of Slovenian Local Government in the Wine Tourism Promotion
Authors: Žibert Maja , Rozman Črtomir , Rangus Marjetka , Brumen Boštjan
Published: November 2020

Wine, viticulture, and winemaking are an important cornerstone of economic development, culture, and tourism. Especially in wine-growing parts of the world where symbols related to wine are used even as local or national symbols. Viticulture and its complementary branches are differently developed in different parts of the world – the predisposition of further development, however, is also influenced importantly by positions of different identification referential groups which they have towards the use of wine and further development of the profession. Based on the research of standpoints of the mayors in the Republic of Slovenia, which could be presented as “wine-growing country” with regards to the extent of the vine, we can assert that mayors with their relationship towards wine and their operations influence the use of local wine for the tourist promotion of destination importantly. According to that, we figure out that mayors play an important role in the development of “public policy” in the local environment. In the forming of the positions towards the use of wine for the promotion, the direct experiences are important, as well as the environment where the mayors come from and all identification elements in the sense of cultural heritage, tradition, and development of the branch.
Normative Model of Supervision over the Activities of Communes in Poland
Authors: Sadowski Pawel , Mojski Wojciech
Published: November 2020

Communes are the main units of local government in Poland. The Constitution of 1997 guarantees them self-governing and independence, both in terms of their own public tasks and tasks commissioned by central authorities. Self-governance and independence of communes are not absolute. The activities of the commune self-government are subject to supervision from the point of view of legality, and the supervisory bodies are government administration bodies and regional chambers of auditors. This study aims at detailed reconstructing the Polish model of constitutional supervision over the activities of communes and its evaluation from the theoretical teleological and functional perspectives. The analysis led to the conclusion that the adopted criterion of supervision is sufficiently defined to prevent too much freedom of interference in the activities of communes, allows for proper protection of the interests of the entire country and its citizens. Thus, the Polish normative model meets the theoretical assumptions.
Functioning of Cooperatives within the Context of the Tasks of Communes (Especially Rural) – Selected Economic and Law Issues
Authors: Suchoń Aneta Anna , Zuba-Ciszewska Maria
Published: November 2020

The purpose of the article is, firstly, an attempt at assessing whether the legal regulations support the development of cooperatives and aid the communes in performing their tasks and, secondly, to evaluate the statistical data concerning cooperatives, types of operations and the possible directions of development within the context of communes' tasks (especially rural). At the beginning basic legal regulations concerning cooperatives were presented. The considerations focused on social cooperatives, dairy cooperatives, cooperative groups of agricultural producers, farmers' cooperatives, energy cooperatives, bank cooperatives, housing cooperatives. Selected legal regulations are presented, especially their changes, which aimed to encourage the establishment of cooperatives. Their functioning is in line with the seventh cooperative principle, i.e. concern for the local community. Statistical data has been presented of role of different cooperative sector in the Polish economy in the context of the tasks of communes (especially rural). In summary, the authors stated that the functioning of many cooperatives feeds into the performance of commune’s tasks. This mostly relates to implementation of programs aiming for civic and economic activation in a given region, creation of workplaces, higher income of rural inhabitants, social aid, renewable energy, supporting activities for the development of a given commune.
Remarks on Civic Legislative Initiative in Poland
Authors: Radwanowicz-Wanczewska Joanna
Published: November 2020

The article presents citizens’ legislative initiative at the local level in Poland as a form of social participation. Poland is currently seeing a growing interest in public affairs on the part of citizens, which is especially noticeable at the local level. In the article, particular attention is paid to the importance of local self-government, which is the key element of a democratic state that provides its citizens with an opportunity to participate in exercising public power. The structures of Polish local administration are one of the fundamental manifestations effects of decentralization of public administration. It is through these structures that the citizens’ right to take socially important actions related to the satisfying of public needs stemming from living in the given territory is exercised. Citizens’ legislative initiative at the local level allows the members of local communities to submit a draft of a resolution to the local legislative body. The establishment of the legislative initiative of the members of the local communities in generally applicable legal regulations was a positive move, as it has created an opportunity to promote citizens’ local legislative initiative as an instrument allowing citizens to have actual influence over the functioning of local communities.
Legal Protection of the Commune's Own Tasks in Meeting the Collective Needs of the Community as far as a Municipal Marketplace is Concerned on the Ground of Polish Infractions' Law
Authors: Budyn-Kulik Magdalena
Published: November 2020

One of the commune's own tasks is to meet the collective needs of the community. The most important issue from this perspective is the place designated for commerce. The commune may designate such a place on on the territory owned or managed by it. This designated place is called the market, which is every place where the sale is carried out. The regulations in force in Poland show some inconsistency in the approach to sales conducted in places other than shops. On the other hand, the use of the municipal market entails payment of the market fee, the objective scope of which raises doubts.  Sale outside the designated place constitutes an infraction punishable by a fine. Its object of protection is public order and peace. The act consists in conducting sales activity. It may be committed by anyone, both intentionally and unintentionally. The offender is subject to punishment even in the case of a one-off, small sale, but it is possible to waive the penalty.
Powstanie krakowskiej Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej i próba jej przyłączenia do Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w 1956 roku
Authors: Łuczak Wanda
Published: November 2020

Establishment of the National Higher Teacher Training College (WSP) and an attempt to merge it with the Jagiellonian University in 1956 After the Second World War, the Jagiellonian University lost its autonomy and the state authorities destroyed its structures by separating the departments and creating new universities out of them. Independently, in 1946, the National Higher Teacher Training College in Krakow was established. In 1954, it received the right to run a master’s course. The quality of education in WSP was assessed negatively by the Jagiellonian University. In turn, the WSP authoritiesclaimed that their school provided better training for future teachers. At the beginning of the 1950s, some reservations were voiced as to the grounds for the existence of higher teacher training schools due to overlaps with the university curriculum. In 1956, the state authorities decided to close some of these colleges. WSP was to be merged with the Jagiellonian University. A meeting was organized at the Jagiellonian University in April 1956, where representatives of the Ministry of Higher Education, the Jagiellonian University and WSP discussed the merger. However, the meeting didn’t yield the expected results due to the firm objection on the part of WSP. The opportunity to strengthen the Jagiellonian University’s position by merging with WSP was ultimately lost.
A Primary Care Provider’s Guide to Clinical Needs of Women With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Slocum Chloe , Halloran Molly , Unser Cody
Published: November 2020

Women are a growing proportion of individuals with SCI and have distinctive health needs spanning the life course that demand deliberate consideration and clinical expertise. Practitioners caring for women with SCI must incorporate broad medical knowledge of SCI physiology and health promotion for women, including differences in complication rates following SCI, and work collaboratively with rehabilitation, medical, and surgical specialists to optimize function and health for women with SCI. Clinical researchers must continue to perform population-based studies to best characterize the evolving needs of women with SCI and evaluate treatment efficacy and care delivery models to best serve this population.
A Primary Care Provider’s Guide to Prevention and Management of Pressure Injury and Skin Breakdown in People With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Rosin Nicole R. , Tabibi Robyn S. , Trimbath John D. , Henzel Mary Kristina
Published: November 2020

Skin breakdown, including burns and pressure injuries (PrIs), is a devastating complication of spinal cord injury (SCI). Chronic wounds place the person with SCI at high risk of infections, sepsis, and death. Skin health and breakdown is individual and multifactorial, thus prevention requires individualized education focused on patient preferences and goals. Assessment requires an accurate description of wound type/PrI stage, location, size, wound bed, wound margin, epithelialization, exudate, and peri-wound condition. PrIs should be staged using the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) staging system. Successful treatment requires optimal wound bed preparation, pressure off-loading, and access to surgical specialists if needed. Mattress and seating systems, pressure relief, skin microclimate, nutrition, and home supports should be optimized. To promote wound healing and aid prevention, identifiable causes need to be removed, risk factors improved, and wound care provided. Infection should be treated with input from infectious disease specialists. Consideration for specialized surgical management including flaps and primary closures should be coordinated with the interdisciplinary team to optimize outcomes. If comorbid conditions promote wound chronicity, a palliative rather than curative treatment plan may be needed.
A Provider’s Guide to Vascular Disease, Dyslipidemia, and Glycemic Dysregulation in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Stillman Michael , Babapoor-Farrokhran Savalan , Goldberg Ronald , Gater David R.
Published: November 2020

Individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) are predisposed to accelerated atherogenesis, dyslipidemia, and glycemic dysregulation, although not enough is known about the etiologies or clinical consequences of these secondary effects of paralysis. While guidelines for the detection and treatment of cardiometabolic disease in SCI have recently been published, there has been a historical paucity of data-driven approaches to these conditions. This article will describe what is and not known about the cardiovascular disease and glycemic dysregulation that frequently attend SCI. It will conclude with a review of both guideline-driven and informal recommendations addressing the clinical care of people living with SCI.
BuddhistRoad Paper 7.1 “The Phurpa Root Tantra of Nyang-rel Nyima Özer’s (1124–1192, Tib. Myang ral Nyi ma ’od zer) Eightfold Buddha Word, Embodying the Sugatas (Tib. bKa’ brgyad bDe gshegs ’dus pa) Corpus: A Thematic Overview and Philological Analysis”
Authors: Esler Dylan
Published: November 2020

This article is an in-depth study of the bDe bar gshegs pa thams cad kyi phrin las (var. ’phrin las) ’dus pa phur pa rtsa ba’i rgyud [The Phurpa Root Tantra that Comprises the Activities of all the Sugatas; hereafter Phurpa Root Tantra], a seminal text on the tantric deity Vajrakīlaya from the bKa’ brgyad bDe gshegs ’dus pa [Eightfold Buddha Word, Embodying the Sugatas; henceforth KD] corpus revealed by Nyang-rel Nyima Özer (1124–1192, Tib. Myang ral nyi ma ’od zer) in 12th century Tibet. The study consists of two main parts: a detailed thematic overview of the contents of the tantra’s thirteen chapters, and a philological analysis of selected variants found among the different editions of the text, an analysis which elucidates the relationships between the various textual witnesses and allows us to construct a stemma. Given the increasing awareness among specialists of the formative role played by the KD corpus in the codification of the Nyingma (Tib.rnying ma) school of Tibetan Buddhism, this article lays the groundwork for future investigations of this vast repertoire of tantric material. Our enquiry shows that despite being revealed by a named and famous visionary, the Phurpa Root Tantra shares significant features with the (usually anonymously produced) scriptures of the rNying ma rgyud ’bum [Ancient Tantra Collection; henceforth NGB]. The paper thus contributes to the ongoing scholarly discussion concerning processes of scriptural production in the context of Tibetan tantric religion.
GEOMETRICAL ANALYSIS OF LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE FOR ENHANCING EXTRACTION EFFICIENCY
Authors:   International Islamic University Malaysia, SHAARI ADAM , AHMAD NOORDEN AHMAD FAKHRURRAZI , MOHAMAD SAIFUL NAJMEE ,   Universiti Sains Malaysia, DAUD SUZAIRI
Published: November 2020

A non-uniform current spreading in the current spreader can greatly reduce the efficiency of the light-emitting diode (LED). The effects of the electrode contact area to the spreading layer towards extraction efficiency of LED chips is analysed in analytical simulations. Length of current spreading and light extraction efficiency is analysed for variation of contact area. The contact area value is varied by changing the shape of the electrode and the value of width of contact area. The increase in contact area decreases light extraction efficiency as more light are absorbed by the bottom electrode surface. The effective current spreading length for Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) of thickness 300nm is 36.44µm. The 6 strips ‘fork’ design is the most optimum. The design has the most area for photons produced in active region to escape without reducing the area cover with current density. This enables the chip to has more extraction efficiency with more uniform current spreading.
A SPATIAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE OCCURENCES OF DEFORESTATION IN THE ISLAND OF SUMATRA, INDONESIA
Authors:   Bogor Agricultural University, AIDI MUHAMMAD NUR , MAULANA SANDHI IMAM ,   The Ministry of Environment and Forestry-Republic of Indonesia
Published: November 2020

This study primarily aims to develop a spatial model for predicting the occurrences of deforestation in Sumatra Island, Indonesia. This study was conducted based on spatial logistic regression approach that has been widely acknowledged for its flexibility and ability to accept a mixture of both categorical and numerical variables. Result of this study shows that a combination between logistic regression-based modelling and Geographical Information System (GIS) is indeed suitable for determining the probability of deforestation occurrences in Sumatra Island. Analysis conducted in this study has also revealed that physiographic variables, soil type variables, as well as human activity variables have high significant correlation with deforestation. These findings are useful to assist policy makers in Indonesia to understand the process of deforestation and to take it into consideration while formulating land use-related decisions.
THE PRIORITY OF BEEF CATTLE FARM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY IN SEMARANG REGENCY USING AHP AND SWOT (A’WOT) METHOD
Authors:   Diponegoro University, BUDI SANTOSO , PRASETIYONO BAMBANG , HARTUTI PURNAWENI
Published: November 2020

The development of a directed and sustainable beef cattle farm can be achieved if the development strategy plan is based on existing real problems. This study aims to determine the priority of beef cattle farm development strategies in Semarang Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The A’WOT method was applied in this study, by integrating strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). After determining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats found in beef cattle farm business, group weights and SWOT factors were calculated using the AHP method, the results of which were the three priority strategies with the highest scores. These strategies can be summarised as follows: (1) optimising the utilisation of forage through silage and hay making, (2) optimising the provision of suitable land and meeting the technical requirements of livestock, and (3) optimising farmers’ ability to access capital. It was concluded that sustainable beef cattle farm business in Semarang Regency could be improved through the application of priority strategies focusing on feed technology, land suitability, and access to capital. Findings also demonstrated that the A’WOT method is useful and effective in determining livestock sector strategies.
Hubungan Tingkat Konsumsi Zink Dengan Berat Badan Lahir Rendah (BBLR), Pada Kejadian Stunting Pada Anak Batita
Authors: Ratnasari Diah , Endriani Riska
Published: November 2020

Stunting merupakan kondisi dimana anak balita memiliki panjang atau tinggi badan yang kurang dibandingkan dengan umur. Balita stunting merupakan salah satu masalah gizi yang ada di  wilayah kerja puskesmas kersana. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan Status BBLR, tingkat kecukupan zink terhadap kejadian stunting pada anak batita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kersana Kabupaten Brebes. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian observasional Besar sampel 52 anak batita stunting. Metode desain penelitian dengan survey dan mengunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Teknik sampling menggunakan total sampling diperoleh sebanyak 52 responden. Berdasarkan uji chi-square, hasil penelitian ini, di dapatkan hasil dari variabel yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting adalah status BBLR (p=0,045), kecukupan zink (p=0,048). Terdapat hubungan Antara status BBLR dengan kejadian stunting, terdapat hubungan antara tingkat kecukupan zink dengan kejadian stunting
Hubungan Berat Badan Lahir (BBL) Bayi dan Perilaku Asi Eksklusif Terhadap Stunting Pada Balita
Authors: Maulidah Nadia , Wahyani Anggray Duvita
Published: November 2020

Stunting merupakan salah satu indikasi buruknya status gizi pada anak. Prevalensi stunting di Jawa Tengah pada tahun 2017 28,5 %.Dukuhmaja merupakan salah satu desa yang berada di wilayah kerja puskesmas Jatirokeh, Survey yang dilakukan di 7 posyandu yang ada di desa Dukuhmaja didapatkan dari 330 balita yang diukur terdapat 39 yang mengalami stunting. Hasil wawancara menunjukan bahwa semuanya lahir dengan berat badan lahir normal yaitu diatas 2500 gram, namun perilaku ASI Eksklusif di desa Dukuhmaja masih sangat rendah, dari 70 balita hanya terdapat 2 balita yang mendapatkan ASI Eksklusif. Jenis penelitian analitik kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional. Populasi berjumlah 330 orang balita, sampel 70 responden dengan teknik accidental sampling. analisis data secara bivariat. Hasil penelitian diperoleh sebanyak 13 orang balita mengalami stunting, tidak ada balita yang lahir dengan berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR), dan hanya 2 balita yang  mendapatkan ASI Eksklusif. Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR) dengan kejadian stunting diamana p value >0,05 yaitu 0.995 dan juga tidak ada hubungan antara perilaku pemberian ASI Eksklusif dengan kejadian stunting dengan p value > 0,05 yaitu 0.25. dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara BBLR dan ASI Eksklusif dengan kejadian stunting.