bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validity: Comparison of the WISC-R and SOMPA Estimated Learning Potential Scores
Authors: Johnson D. La Mont , Danley William
Published: September 2011

The issue of whether the WISC-R and the Estimated Learning Potential score obtained from the System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment are culture-fair assessment devices for school children was examined by comparing correlations with three separate learning tasks. The results do not support claims that the SOMPA is a superior instrument for predicting learning potential in a school environment. Scores on each instrument correlated as highly with the learning tasks as did Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Tests, an instrument designed to be a relatively unbiased measure of intelligence.
Ability to Simulate Normalcy as a Function of Differential Psychopathology
Authors: Bonfilio Stephen A. , Lyman Robert D.
Published: September 2011

Experiments on the simulation of MMPI profile types have generally neglected the possibility that individuals manifesting different forms of psychopathology may differ in ability to simulate normalcy. This thesis was tested by grouping college students (22 women and 13 men) into diagnostic categories on the basis of their own MMPI profiles and then comparing group MMPI profiles generated on a simulation task. Results indicated that simulations produced by the normal, neurotic, and psychopathic groups were essentially normal while those produced by the psychotic and hypomanic groups were clearly pathological. These results are discussed in terms of the requirements of the simulation task and the possibility that perceptual distortions which are concomitants of more severe forms of psychopathology may explain the findings.
Relationship of Scores on the California Psychological Inventory to Age
Authors: Martin John D. , Blair Garland E. , Dannenmaier William D. , Jones Paula Carol , Asako Megumi
Published: September 2011

For a sample of 179 college students (18 to 69 yr. old), age was significantly correlated (.20 to .43) with the California Psychological Inventory scales of Dominance, Capacity for Status, Sociability, Sense of Well-being, Responsibility, Self-control, Tolerance, Good Impression, Achievement via Conformance, Achievement via Independence, Intellectual Efficiency, and Psychological-mindedness.
Word Recognition and Word Recall
Authors: Lachman Sheldon J. , Forsberg Linda K.
Published: September 2011

153 college students, given a 20-word spelling test, followed by a recall and then a recognition test of the words, did significantly better on the recognition test than on recall—even though the interval between learning and recognition was greater than the interval between learning and recall. 93 females scored somewhat higher on the recall test than did 60 males. No sex differences were apparent on the recognition test. Recall scores were positively and significantly correlated with recognition scores. Such correlational results argue against models in which recall and recognition are characterized as qualitatively distinct processes.
Escape from the Rocking Chair: Young Adults' Changing Perceptions of Elderly Persons as a Function of Intergenerational Contact
Authors: Downs A. Chris , Walz Patricia J.
Published: September 2011

Attitudes toward elderly persons were assessed among 79 undergraduates who maintained frequent, regular contact with one or both elderly grandparents. The results suggested that these young adults were more likely to hold positive attitudes than those who lack such contact. Sex differences in attitudes as well as suggestions for additional study are discussed.
Personality Correlates of Barksdale Self-Esteem Index Scores among Nursing Students: A Validation Study
Authors: Dagenais Fred
Published: September 2011

Barksdale Self-esteem Index scores were correlated with scales of the Omnibus Personality Inventory and Seeman's Powerlessness scale for 188 graduating nursing students. The Barksdale Index was positively correlated with Omnibus Personality Inventory scales which measure Personal Integration and Intellectual Disposition Category and negatively correlated with scales which measure Impulse Expression, Anxiety Level, and Practical Outlook. In addition, the self-esteem measure was negatively related to Powerlessness. The pattern of correlations is viewed as validating the Barksdale Index when related to Omnibus Personality Inventory scales and to Inventory factor groupings which indicate emotional maturity, psychological adjustment, and a tendency to behave intellectually.
Behavior Observation System for Autism: Analysis of Behaviors among Autistic, Mentally Retarded, and Normal Children
Authors: Freeman B. J. , Ritvo E. R. , Tonick I. , Guthrie D. , Schroth P.
Published: September 2011

The Behavior Observation Scale is being developed to objectively differentiate autistic, normal, and mentally retarded children of ages 30 to 60 mo. Operational definitions and procedures are described and frequency data from 140 children are reported. Of 59 scale items 26 were significantly different among the subject groups. Further statistical analysis showed that to assess the diagnostic significance of a behavior both the frequency of occurrence per subject and the number of children exhibiting it must be considered concurrently. Methodological problems encountered when attempting to establish objective diagnostic data for the syndrome of autism are discussed.
The Incest Controversy
Authors: Bixler Ray H.
Published: September 2011

Natural selection theory may provide the basis for resolving the controversy which revolves around the role played by genetic and cultural determinants of incest and the frequency with which it is committed. Adaptive inbreeding avoidance mechanisms have been persistently selected for in evolution. The mechanisms have been quite diverse and many of them would not serve to reduce human incest. However, one determinant, early and intimate association, which has been established as an inhibitor of sexual attraction in birds and mammals, appears to play the same role in our species. Elaboration of incest rules to include other relatives is a product of man's cognitive capacities. The degree to which these rules are followed is closely related to their congruence with sound reproductive strategies. Sexual attraction between consanguineous human beings is probably determined by at least six complementary factors. The common nuclear family phenotype, lack of sexual attraction for one another, is a function of a normal genetic endowment interacting with a normal environment.
Type A-B Behavior and the Overt and Covert Hostility Levels of College Students
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Hodgson Jean A.
Published: September 2011

As a means of providing psychometric validation of Friedman and Rosenman's (1977) clinical observation that Type A individuals show excessive levels of covert hostility, groups of Type A and Type B students were tested with the Buss-Durkee (1957) Hostility Inventory. Type A students expressed higher levels of hostility than the Type B students. However, this difference was due primarily to the relatively greater level of overt hostility of the Type A group. These groups did not differ in level of covert hostility.
Operant Treatment of Depression: A Case Study
Authors: McDonald Lynda , Campbell David R.
Published: September 2011

A case study of chronic depression is presented. It is argued that in some cases of depression, the appropriate treatment may focus on the social contingencies (such as attention and comfort) which maintain depressive behavior, rather than on the events which elicit depression. Depression may thus be considered an operant and manipulated much as any other operant. The present treatment consisted of self-administered aversive consequences for onset of depression, and self-administered positive consequences for the termination of depression. Results clearly support the notion that the subjective experience of depression may be successfully modified by operant self-control techniques.
Smoking Behavior of Scientists
Authors: Bryson Rebecca , Dicken Charles
Published: September 2011

Academic biologists, chemists, mathematicians, and psychologists were surveyed to examine smoking rates among the various groups of scientists and to compare publication differences associated with smoking status. Smoking rates among these groups of scientists were, in general, quite low. A consistent tendency for greater publishing activity on the part of smokers than non-smokers or former smokers was observed.
Assertiveness Training with Children
Authors: Buell Gregory , Snyder James
Published: September 2011

The efficacy of assertiveness training was examined by comparing it to a structured interview/empathic responding procedure and an activity-control procedure. The participants were 48 children and adolescents who were identified as nonproblematic, mildly problematic, or moderately problematic in reference to school performance, classroom behavior, and interpersonal skills. Assertiveness training resulted in enhanced effectiveness of responding on a behavioral role-play test, and these effects persisted after treatment. Generalization to nontrained role-play scenes was established, but there was no evidence of generalization to interpersonal performance in school. Training of social skills was not more effective than the other procedures in reducing self-reported anxiety or anger. The effectiveness of assertiveness training was not dependent upon age or the occurrence of problematic behavior.
Problem-Solving Instructions, Reinforcement and Punishment in Verbal Conditioning
Authors: Ladouceur Robert , Bouchard Léandre
Published: September 2011

This study supports the importance of awareness in verbal conditioning using reinforcement and punishment. 50 subjects were required to say 240 words and the emission of human nouns was used as the target behavior. The presence of problem-solving instructions significantly improved subjects' performance for both of these procedures.
Comparison of Cue-Controlled Relaxation and Cognitive Restructuring versus Study Skills Counseling in Treatment of Test-Anxious College Underachievers
Authors: Decker Thomas W. , Russell Richard K.
Published: September 2011

This investigation compared the relative efficacy of two multi-component strategies in the treatment of test anxiety for college underachievers. 30 test-anxious students with deficient study habits were assigned to one of three experimental conditions: (a) a combined cue-controlled relaxation and cognitive restructuring program, (b) a study-skills program incorporating a decision-making model, or (c) a waiting-list control. Analyses of pre-, post-, and follow-up data for several dependent measures indicated the superiority of the two active treatments relative to the no-treatment control. Between-group comparisons showed that both the cue-controlled relaxation and cognitive-restructuring group and the study-skills group demonstrated significant improvement over the waiting-list control on self-report debilitative test anxiety and irrational thinking. The study-skills program led to the most dramatic improvements in grade point averages. No significant differences between the two treatment techniques were observed on any of the dependent variables. A description of the two intervention strategies is provided, along with a discussion of the utility of these programs for the treatment of test anxiety with failing underachievers.
Feedback and Instructions in Verbal Discrimination Learning
Authors: Ferrante A. P. , Schneider H. G.
Published: September 2011

120 volunteers learned a 12-pair, low-frequency verbal-discrimination list. The independent variables were feedback (positive only, negative only or continuous), task instructions (informed or uninformed regarding the nature of the task), and feedback instructions (informed or uninformed regarding the type of feedback). Using the total errors to criterion as the dependent variable, the results were analyzed using a 3 × 2 × 2 analysis of variance. The main effect of task feedback was significant. Subjects who received detailed instructions learned the list quicker than those who were given discovery instructions. The main effects of feedback and task instructions were not significant. None of the interactions were significant. The failure to find an interaction between feedback and instructions suggests that feedback contingencies produce differences in performance only for select populations.
Medical Sex Education: Dogmatism and Students' Performance
Authors: Marcotte David B. , Held James P.
Published: September 2011

Data are reported for performance on the problem of management of patients by 149 volunteer medical students from a class of 240 students enrolled in a required second-year course on human sexuality. The Patient-Management Problem has been used in a controlled setting to evaluate students' clinical judgment in treating a patient. The performance data are correlated with the volunteer students' dogmatism scores (Rokeach E form). The results indicate that performance on the problem is inversely related to high levels of dogmatism measured for these students.
Investigation of Personal Investment in Behavioral Role-Playing Tasks Used to Assess Assertiveness
Authors: Jenkins Jack O. , Adams Henry E. , Rahaim Sara
Published: September 2011

The role of subjects' personal investment or incentive in responding to behavioral role-playing tasks used to assess assertiveness was investigated. Using scores on the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, subjects were assigned to one of three groups of high, low, or medium assertiveness. All subjects differentially responded to situations designed to elicit high or low personal investment. All subjects tended to exhibit qualitatively better assertive responses with high investment than with low investment. Correlations indicated that subjects' Rathus scores of high and low assertiveness correlated with ratings of their role-playing at the low but not the high level of personal investment.
Problems of Including Potential Subjects as Ethical Consultants
Authors: Barrett Terry R. , Muehleman J. Thomas
Published: September 2011

Wilson and Donnerstein (1976) suggested a method for including members of the general public as ethical consultants in cases where informed consent is not possible. The present study addresses methodological issues raised by their proposal. Results of an experiment indicate that phrasing of questions, interviewers' bias, and amount of information presented can have major effects on the way members of the general public respond. It is concluded that the method proposed by Wilson and Donnerstein (1976) for including members of the general public as ethical consultants has quite serious limitations.
Ethics of Prediction of Future Dangerousness
Authors: Hays J. Ray
Published: September 2011

23 psychologists were questioned about their belief in the accuracy of predictions of dangerousness and the ethics of such predictions based on hypothetical questions. Psychologists apparently believe predictions can be made but do not believe that such predictions can be made on limited facts. Predictions made on limited facts presented as hypothetical questions were seen as unethical.
Effects of Behavioral Intervention and Interpersonal Feedback on Fear and Avoidance Components of Severe Agoraphobia: A Case Analysis
Authors: De Voge J. T. , Minor Tomas , Karoly Paul
Published: September 2011

Four treatments with a severe agoraphobic were compared in a single-case analysis in which daily anxiety, self-appraisal, Valium intake, and mileage ridden in a car were dependent variables. Treatment conditions sequentially added were relaxation, self-instruction, cognitive restructuring, and interpersonal feedback. Behavioral interventions produced desired changes in anxiety, Valium intake, and self-appraisal, but only after interpersonal feedback did these treatments influence avoidant behavior per se (mileage). A 16-mo. (post-treatment) follow-up showed that, while the patient continued to travel distances from his home which were roughly equivalent to those attained in Phase 4 of treatment, his travels were mainly confined to an area within a 5-mi. radius of his home. This adjustment was accompanied by far fewer hospitalizations, relative freedom from panic, and more expressed interest in family and sexual matters (the latter verified by spouse).
Self-Consciousness in Schizophrenics
Authors: Puente Antonio E. , Morrisey Sharon
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the efficacy of the Self-consciousness Scale in differentiating short- and long-term schizophrenics from sociopaths and psychiatric aides. Three groups of 10 state hospital residents were selected on the basis of evidence of schizophrenia or antisocial personality using both interview and psychometric measures. A comparison group of 10 randomly chosen psychiatric aides were also included. Although no significant differential group effects were noted, all groups scored in the upper half of the scale's range. Discussed are the potential lack of sensitivity of this scale at its upper limits, the relationship of self-consciousness to disordered behavior, and the comparison of obtained scores with college norms.
Relationship between Parental Androgyny and Early Child-Rearing Ideals and Practices
Authors: Flake-Hobson Carol , Robinson Bryan E. , Skeen Patsy
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to investigate the child-rearing ideals and practices of sex-typed and androgynous parents of young children. It was hypothesized that sex-typed and androgynous parents would select their own sex-role orientation as their idealized child's orientation and that sex-typed parents would differ from androgynous parents on their reported child-rearing practices. A total of 119 parents (single parents were excluded) participated by completing the Bem Sex-role Inventory (Bem, 1974) and the Child-rearing Practices Report (Block, 1965). A chi squared analysis indicated that sex-typed parents preferred that their children grow up to be sex-typed and androgynous parents preferred that their children grow up to be androgynous. A one-way analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between the child-rearing practices of sex-typed and androgynous parents, except that sex-typed fathers emphasized achievement more than androgynous fathers. It was recommended that future researchers consider children's behaviors as elicitors of parental child-rearing practices and that a behavioral as well as a psychological measure be employed to identify androgynous parents.
Contrafreeloading in Humans
Authors: Tarte Robert D.
Published: September 2011

Four studies are reported which examine the free vs earned reward phenomenon in humans. The 308 subjects were distributed over all grade-levels from preschool through college. Candies and coins were used as rewards. The California Psychological Inventory was administered to the college students. In all experiments, subjects had the choice of obtaining rewards one at a time, either by pushing a lever or freely from a filled dish. There was a preference for obtaining rewards by lever-pushing. The preference decreased from nearly 100% to about 50% as subjects increased in age. No significant differences were found for type of rewards or sex except for males barpressing significantly more than females in the college group. Two scales of the inventory correlated significantly with barpressing.
Employment Characteristics and Psychological Well-Being of Men in Two-Job Families
Authors: Keith Pat M. , Goudy Willis J. , Powers Edward A.
Published: September 2011

Research has neglected the well-being of men in two-job families and especially that of older men. This study of 213 older men in two-job families indicated that the occupational characteristics of their wives were as salient in the life evaluations of men as aspects of their own employment. Even so, occupational involvement of men and their wives and male participation in the household did not account for much of the variance in self-esteem or life satisfaction.
A Critical-Incident Job Analysis of the University Housing Resident Assistant Position
Authors: Aamodt Michael G. , Keller Robert J. , Crawford Krista J. , Kimbrough Wilson W.
Published: September 2011

93 subjects participated in a job analysis of the University Housing Resident Assistant position using the critical incident technique. The job analysis indicated that good Resident Assistants could be distinguished from poor ones along 13 separate dimensions. These dimensions were interest in residents, availability, responsibility, fairness, self-adherence to the rules, social skills, programming, self-confidence, rule enforcement, authoritarianism, counseling skills, self-control, and confidentiality. The most important categories were interest in residents and availability. The current findings were discussed in relation to both previously reported research findings and potential future applications.
Use of Animal and opposite Drawings in Assessment of Gender Identity of Young Adults
Authors: Fleming Michael , Cohen Deborah , Salt Patricia
Published: September 2011

The results of an analysis of responses to the Animal and Opposite Drawing Technique are presented for 134 male and female college students matched on age and education. The majority of both men and women drew same-sexed animals first, and just over half drew second animals which they identified as being of the opposite sex of their first drawings. Implications for the use of this technique to assess an individual's gender identity and other prominent concerns are discussed.
Utilization of Information in a Social-Trap Situation
Authors: Schroeder David A. , Johnson David E.
Published: September 2011

To determine if overuse of a common resource pool in a social trap was associated with the consumers' failure to give sufficient cognitive weighting to the importance of the long-term consequences of their actions, using a simulated social trap, groups of subjects played a resource management game of 15 or 40 rounds in which the value of the long-term consequence was to be multiplied by one of four weighting factors (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0). The data were consistent with the hypothesis. Implications of this cognitive approach to research on social traps were discussed.
Self-Concepts of Korean High School Students as Related to Socio-Economic Status
Authors: Hong Sung-Mook
Published: September 2011

To investigate the relationships of self-concept to socio-economic status, the Self-concept Questionnaire of 30 adjective items was administered to 349 Korean high school students. They were divided into two groups: 177 high and 172 low socio-economic groups, using school type as the primary index of social class and father's occupation as the secondary index. Socioeconomic status was not significantly related to self-concept in spite of the highly stratified nature of the Korean society. High-status students, however, generally showed more positive self-concepts. Apparent reason for the lack of relationship was discussed in terms of a social learning view.
The Quick Test Compared with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale as Measures of Intellectual Functioning in a Prison Clinical Setting
Authors: Husband Stephen D. , De Cato Clifford M.
Published: September 2011

The Quick Test and the WAIS were administered to 40 patients (39 males, one female) in an urban prison hospital. 34 patients were black. Chronological ages of the sample ranged from 16 to 39 yr., with a mean age of 27 yr. Analysis showed a strong positive correlation between the Quick Test IQs and the WAIS Verbal Scale IQs, Performance Scale IQs, and Full Scale IQs. These findings suggest that the Quick Test provides a reasonable estimate of conventional verbal intelligence in an urban minority prison population.
Sex-Stereotyped Attitudes of Male and Female Preschool Teachers as a Function of Personality Characteristics
Authors: Robinson Bryan E.
Published: September 2011

The present study assessed the correlations between the personality characteristics and sex-stereotyped attitudes of 20 male and 20 female preschool teachers and 20 male engineers. Masculine genders held masculine-preferred attitudes toward children while feminine genders held feminine-preferred attitudes toward children.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XXIX. Dorothea Dix and the History of Psychology
Authors: Viney Wayne , Zorich Steven
Published: September 2011

Dorothea Lynde Dix was a 19th century reformer who worked for over 40 years, from 1841 until her death in 1887, to improve the living conditions and the therapeutic climate for the mentally ill. A brief overview of her accomplishments as a reformer is followed by a summary of the coverage of her work in textbooks in the history of psychology. Argument is examined about whether her reform work deserves more attention. Some benefits of extended coverage of her work are considered.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Self Observation Scale
Authors: Hester Julia Glenn , Smith Malbert , Stenner A. Jackson
Published: September 2011

The Self Observation Scale was administered to 300 students in Grade 8 and 309 students in Grade 11 twice over a 2-wk. period. While the over-all results demonstrated a fairly substantial degree of test-retest stability, the reliability coefficients across subgroups within each sample were not uniformly high. Caution in interpreting the scores on selected factors and a better understanding of development of self-concept are needed.
Humor and Self-Disclosure
Authors: Avant Kelly M.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between humor and self-disclosure of 28 male and 59 female undergraduates. Significant relationships between perceived humor and amount of self-disclosure were noted. No significant effects were observed when comparing the amount of disclosure of humor-stimulated subjects and those who were not exposed to a humor stimulus. Results were discussed in terms of state-trait distinctions in reactivity to humor.
Word-Association Tests: A Statistical Approach
Authors: Zinger A.
Published: September 2011

Measures are proposed for the diversity of responses to the Kent-Rosanoff Word Association Test. Comparisons of stimuli are possible.
Rating-Scale Variations and Discriminability
Authors: Beltramini Richard F.
Published: September 2011

24 variations of rating scales were used to explore their abilities to discriminate between two printed advertisements. The variations corresponded to differences in polarity (unipolar versus bipolar), the number of response intervals (5 through 10 intervals), and physical format (horizontal versus vertical). None of the factors, alone or in interaction, significantly affected scale items' ability to discriminate between the two advertisements.
Consistency and Reactivation of Word Responses in Different Cases of Mental Illness
Authors: Anne Louis , Pons Louis , Lemperiere Thérèse
Published: September 2011

Two groups of subjects, 32 college students and 72 psychiatric patients, were submitted to a free-word association test with 2 or 4 repeated presentations of the same list of 20 word stimuli. It was demonstrated that: the commonality (frequency) of responses and their repetition measured for each subject gave reliable measurements for the two groups. The correlation between these two parameters was significant. Independent of the state of the subject, a positive correlation between commonality and repetition indicates a continuity between normalcy and mental illness, the absolute value of these two parameters being a measure of a cognitive process.
Coping Styles and Competence as Mediators of Self-Reported Responses to Stress
Authors: Myers Hector F.
Published: September 2011

This study, a peer counseling analog, was designed to investigate the interaction of cognitive coping style and interpersonal competence on the process of coping with the anticipated threat of conducting a live counseling interview. Level of arousal, self-reported first coping response, the choice of preparatory behaviors, and the final decision to confront or to avoid the threat were measured. Three levels of cognitive response style crossed on two levels of interpersonal competence were compared using 76 inexperienced but motivated college students. Results generally supported the hypothesis that cognitive response style and competence interact in a complex fashion to affect both the level of arousal and the sequence of coping behaviors with stress.
Type a Behaviour of Administrators and Spouses' Reports of Marital Satisfaction and Well-Being: Only a Partial Replication
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

Self-reported Type A behaviours of 41 top-level administrators of Probation/Parole/After-care services from a single government department were correlated with their wives' reported marital satisfaction, emotional well-being, and health-related behaviour. Contrary to the findings of a study in 1979 by Burke, Weir, and DuWors, few significant relationships were present. A comparison of the occupational demands of the jobs in the two studies indicated that the Probation/Parole/After-care job incumbents experienced less stress. In addition, wives in the present investigation were better educated.
Demand Characteristics in an Operant Investigation
Authors: Epling W. Frank , Pierce W. David , Greer Sheila M.
Published: September 2011

This note presents a serendipitous result of an operant experiment on choice in human communication. Evidence suggests that demand characteristics associated with the experimenter-subject relationship can control verbal utterances and over-ride programmed operant contingencies.
Major Gene Locus of Spearman's General Factor of Intelligence
Authors: Weiss Volkmar
Published: September 2011

The reigning biometrical paradigm asserts that continuous variation implies the determination of intelligence by many genes with small effects. However, if an appreciable amount of the variability of a continuous trait is due to Mendelian segregation at a single locus, we may speak of the major locus for that trait. In such a case the distributions between the genotypic classes show considerable overlap, caused by error of measurement and environmental influences. As confirmed by Mendelian analysis, Spearman's general factor is the result of genotypes with discrete true scores of central processing time, the heterozygotes being exactly in the mean of the differences of the means of homozygotes.
Comparison of Recognition and Recall Responses to Written Test Items for a Fire Captain Promotional Examination
Authors: Allen Lawrence
Published: September 2011

This study compared responses to recognition and recall test items for firefighters who took a written test as part of a promotional procedure for municipal fire captain. The objective of the study was to determine if recall test items would provide additional information for public personnel officers to use in making promotions based on merit. As expected, results showed that the recall test items were more difficult than the recognition items for 72 white subjects and 6 black subjects. There was no difference between whites and blacks on the recognition items, the recall items, or the total scores. However, a significant correlation of .68 was found between the recognition and recall test items for the total group of subjects, suggesting that little benefit is gained from using the recall items for promotional examinations in public employment settings, especially when considering the time and difficulty involved in scoring recall test items.
In Vivo Cognitive Desensitization of Flight Phobia: A Case Study
Authors: Ladouceur Robert
Published: September 2011

Cognitive restructuring and participant modelling were successfully used to treat a patient with flight phobia. A total of five sessions were required. At a follow-up 14 mo. after treatment had ended, the patient had made two overseas trips without any debilitating anxiety.
Obesity, Personal Constructs, and Amount of Weight Loss
Authors: Leitner L. M. , Grant C. H.
Published: September 2011

Seven weight-relevant personal constructs were elicited from 12 obese subjects participating in a weight-reduction group. Construct ordination, or the degree to which a construct integrates various self-understandings into an interrelated system, was then studied in the context of weight reduction. It was found that the more ordinating the construct of “myself as overweight—myself as not overweight” at the beginning of the group, the less weight loss occurred during treatment. The amount of change successful weight loss implied for the subject's understanding of the self on the elicited constructs was also investigated. Subjects tended to lose more weight when losing weight implied more changes in the person's construction of self.
Relation of Study Habits and Attitudes to Academic Performance
Authors: Cappella Betty J. , Wagner Marion , Kusmierz Julia A.
Published: September 2011

Scores on the Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes and demographic data concerning GPA were gathered at a small college for 100 students, 32 male and 68 female, residents and non-residents. The Pearson correlation of .46 showed a positive relation between GPA and study behavior.
Moderator Variable Analysis of the Relationship between Self- and Peer-Trait Ratings
Authors: Brookings Jeff B. , Flood Susan , Hessinger Beth , Kuhls Jackie , Miller William E. , Wright Tamilyn
Published: September 2011

Correlations between self- and peer-trait ratings were examined as a function of three moderator variables: self-monitoring, self-rated cross-situational variability, and self-rated temporal stability. Data from 131 college undergraduates provided little support for the proposed moderators. Suggestions for future research are offered.
Assessment of Relationship among Measures of Social Competence and Cognition in Educable Mentally Retarded-Emotionally Disturbed Students
Authors: Wolf Thomas M. , Wenzl Paula A.
Published: September 2011

The social competence and cognition of 26 black and one white mentally retarded-emotionally disturbed special education students from lower socioeconomic families were assessed. Deviant behavior, as measured by teachers, was negatively related to self-concept. Self-concept related positively to reading and arithmetic. Sociometric ratings by teachers, aides, and students relating to school work, behavior, and popularity were positively interrelated. Favorable sociometric ratings (completed by students) were positively related to deviant behavior (rated by teachers and aides). Favorable sociometric ratings were positively related to deviant behavior as rated by teachers but not aides. Also, the sociometric ratings for school work completed by teachers, aides, and students were positively related to the achievement test results. These cost- and time-efficient measures might be used advantageously for assessing and treating handicapped children.
“Representation” in the Chimpanzee
Authors: Epstein Robert
Published: September 2011

Recent research said to demonstrate that chimpanzees have a “representational symbolic function” can be more parsimoniously interpreted in terms of fundamental processes of conditioning.
Sex Differences in Cooperative and Competitive Attitudes in a Northeastern School
Authors: Herndon Barbara K. , Carpenter Mary D.
Published: September 2011

Competitiveness and cooperativeness of children in the Northeast were compared to those same attitudes in the Midwest. 102 middle- to upper-class suburban public school children in Grades 2 through 6 were given the Minnesota School Affect Assessment. Contrary to former findings, competitiveness in all grades increased with age. There were main effects for sex for both attitudes. It is proposed that region of residence contributed to the difference found.
Psychology of the Scientist: XLVI: Correlation between Theoretical Orientation in Psychology and Personality Type
Authors: Hart James J.
Published: September 2011

In this study the question, “Are theoretical and methodological orientation an expression of psychology majors' personalities?” was asked. To answer this question, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Theoretical Orientation Survey were given to 181 junior and senior psychology majors. It was found that “objectively oriented psychology majors” tended to score high on Sensing on the Myers-Briggs, while “subjectively oriented psychology majors” tended to score high on Intuition.
Locus of Control and Job Dissatisfaction
Authors: Kasperson Conrad J.
Published: September 2011

To replicate an earlier study, 274 hospital employees, 86% of the staff, were surveyed to determine whether perceived job satisfaction was related to an individual's locus of control. While high scoring (external) employees were relatively less satisfied than were the low scoring (internal) ones, their attitudes toward the hospital, their working conditions, and their manager were significantly less positive. It was concluded that the external group may be dissatisfied since they feel that they do not control their lives and project their frustrations on the organization and its management.
Consistency across Modalities in Self/Nonself-Segregation
Authors: Weinbaum Joseph , Fayans Avraham , Gilead Sarah
Published: September 2011

The likelihood that an individual will perform consistently on different psychological dimensions (the “consistency across modalities” hypothesis) was examined by measuring self/nonself-segregation. 108 males aged 19 to 22 yr. were given a simple perceptual task (field dependence/independence) and a self-concept measure, the True-False Ratio dimension of Fitts' Tennessee Self-concept Scale. The results tend to support the hypothesis; however, most support derives from the extreme ends of the distribution. Data suggest the distribution of the True-False Ratio can be described as neither linear nor continuous but rather as discrete, indicating three distinct groups.
Factor Structure of the Henderson Environmental Learning Process Scale
Authors: Silverstein A. B. , Pearson Linda Brownlee , Legutki Greg
Published: September 2011

The Henderson Environmental Learning Process Scale (HELPS) was administered to the primary caregivers of 185 elementary school children enrolled in self-contained classes for the learning handicapped. Scores on four annual administrations of the instrument were aggregated, and the data were subjected to a principal-factor analysis. The resulting six factors—Reinforcement, Community Involvement, Intellectual Guidance, Role Playing, Expectations, and Literacy—did not correspond closely to those found by Henderson, Bergan, and Hunt in a previous study.
Preference for Discussion in Lecture-Format Courses among College Students
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Study was concerned with observed and preferred instructional format among 8502 students in 365 college classes. The best predictors of observed format were the instructor's attitude toward encouraging small group interaction and the size of the class.
Correlates of Adaptation among Unemployed and Employed Young Men
Authors: Clark Alfred W. , Clissold Maurreen P.
Published: September 2011

Social support, past success, and present feelings of competence were correlated with adaptation among 126 unemployed and 59 employed young men. Unemployed respondents reported less social support from their families than the employed respondents. There was no difference in perceived social support from friends and the community. The unemployed group reported no different feelings about past success or present competence than the employed group. While they adhered to many traditional values more than the employed group, they also reported a greater tendency towards political activism and lawlessness.
Open-Field Test for Rats: Correlational Analysis
Authors: Tachibana Toshiaki
Published: September 2011

96 male rats were tested in open field in dim-light condition or bright-light condition for 3 min. per day for 5 days. The validity of 7 open-field test measures was assessed on the basis of the concept which was defined operationally using the test situation as the external criterion. Ambulation in the first 1 min. and rearing showed not only validity but also some generality. An interactive measure (ambulation in the first 1 min. and defecation) was proposed as a new significant measure. Larger intercorrelations among measures were obtained in a less stressful situation. In view of the results, an interpretation of previous conflicting results was proposed. Considerable constant factor-loading pattern across days and groups was noted, and this suggested the validity of the factor structure of an open-field test measure. Scores obtained on Day 1 showed some heterogeneity among scores obtained during 5 days.
Effect of Fetal Exposure to Ethanol on Complex Maze Acquisition in Rats Tested as Adults
Authors: Means Larry W. , Medlin Cory W. , Danin Susan T. , Potts Frederick L.
Published: September 2011

Holtzman rat dams were maintained on a liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories from Days 5 to 18 of gestation. Beginning on Day 19, the dams were given 5 days of choice between the ethanol diet and lab chow and water, which allowed the animals to decrease their alcohol consumption slowly. 9 male offspring of the ethanol-treated dams were compared to 9 male offspring of pair-fed dams on the acquisition of a LRRL sequence in a four-choice maze, with training beginning at 116 days of age. While the alcohol group had higher means on all acquisition measures and higher variances on all error measures, the group means were not significantly different on any of the acquisition measures.
Liking for Touchers as a Function of Type of Touch
Authors: Hewitt Jay
Published: September 2011

Each of 18 men and 18 women had a series of get-acquainted sessions with a confederate. At the end of one session, the confederate touched the subject on the arm while at the end of another session the confederate patted the subject on the back. Subjects rated their liking for the confederate at the end of each session. When the subject and the confederate were of opposite sex, mean liking for the confederate was significantly greater when a subject received an arm touch than a back pat.
Evaluating the Quality of Instruction in Art: A Social Judgment Analysis
Authors: Browne Beverly A. , Gillis John S.
Published: September 2011

This study applied the methods and analytical procedures of social judgment theory to the study of teaching effectiveness in the arts. Four groups of judges, with varying levels of experience in art, rated the quality of 35 hypothetical art teachers on a series of seven dimensions relating to effectiveness of teaching. Results indicated that subjects in all groups displayed very similar strategies, giving most weight to the teachers' enthusiasm, knowledge, supportiveness, and communication skills in the evaluation of instructional quality. Subjects also showed little awareness of the dimensions they employed in making such judgments.
Preschool Teachers' Sex-Role Contingencies as a Function of Training, Experience, and Personality
Authors: Robinson Bryan E. , Green Michael G. , Skeen Patsy
Published: September 2011

Preschool teachers' training, experience, and personality were examined for possible effects on sex-role contingencies. A state-wide sample of 20 males and 20 females, all full-time preschool teachers, was matched pair-wise for age, preschool location, and education. Sex-role contingencies were obtained from classroom observations, and the Adjective Check List was administered to each participant to assess personality. The results indicated that training, experience, and personality are not significantly related to preschool teachers' sex-role contingencies. It is concluded that previous studies reporting such effects reflect sample rather than population characteristics of preschool teachers.
Role of Task and Interpersonal Variables in Differential Perception of Short-Term Insight-Oriented and Behavior Therapy
Authors: Khan Janet A. , Cross Darryl G. , Dalgleish Len , Wiltshire E. Bevan
Published: September 2011

This investigation concerned identifying the kinds of therapeutic variables considered by observers both to differentiate between and to contribute to clients' positive change in behavioral and insight-oriented therapies. The observers were 141 introductory psychology students who viewed the sixth session of either a behavioral or an insight approach. They completed the Truax Relationship Questionnaire, Barak and La Crosse Counselor Rating Form, and Sloane, et al. Psychotherapy Questionnaire which tap a range of potentially relevant therapeutic variables. A number of multiple regression analyses showed a significant differential perception of the two theoretical orientations. The unique and relative contributions of task and interpersonal variables are highlighted.
Black and White Fathers' Attitudes toward Children's Sex Roles
Authors: Price-Bonham Sharon , Skeen Patsy
Published: September 2011

Using Bem's Sex-role Inventory, sex-role attitudes were collected from 100 white and 60 black middle-class fathers. Analysis indicated that both black and white fathers held significantly more masculine sex-role attitudes toward their sons and more feminine sex-role attitudes toward their daughters. Also, white fathers expressed significantly more androgynous attitudes towards daughters and sons than did black fathers.
Self-Report and Behavioral Measures with Heterosocially Anxious Subjects
Authors: Montgomery Robert L. , Haemmerlie Frances M.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined two behavioral indicators, i.e., the number of initiations of conversation and the number of personal statements uttered in a brief conversation, for 26 heterosocially anxious males as they interacted with a female confederate and correlated these measures with scores on five self-report scales. Most self-report measures correlated well with one another and the personal statements measure correlated with two of the self-report measures.
A Linkage Theory of Personality and Psychotherapy
Authors: Curtis John M.
Published: September 2011

Escalation in the practice of psychotherapy over the past 40 years has generated a multiplicity of theories, techniques, and practices. Many of these, however, have remained mutually exclusive—since they stemmed from different philosophies of treatment—and provide a somewhat desultory assortment from which the clinician is required to choose. Despite the marked differences among these systems of treatment, less emphasis has been directed toward identifying common elements from these different perspectives, and the present discussion attempts to redress this fractionated condition by extrapolating a “common denominator” or “generic” framework of personality and psychotherapy. Seven elemental determinants of personality are enunciated; with these a therapist may systematically diagnose and treat a patient's maladaptive adjustment. A psychodiagnostic procedure by which dysfunctional elements of personality are identified is discussed together with a therapeutic methodology which may be applied with many currently available systems of treatment.
Loneliness in Elderly Persons: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Baum Steven K.
Published: September 2011

75 elderly persons in Los Angeles were administered the UCLA Loneliness Scale and a battery of health and psychosocial measures. Correlations showed that irrespective of marriage, being lonely was inversely related to education, health, and several aspects of emotional well-being. Women tended to feel mote lonely than men.
Treatment of Social Isolation and Loneliness in a Sample of Visually Impaired Elderly Persons
Authors: Evans Ron L. , Werkhoven Walt , Fox Harold R.
Published: September 2011

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of an outreach program for 84 isolated elderly persons who had been legally blind for many years. Visual impairment and restriction of environment is reported to contribute to varying degrees of loneliness, depression, and social isolation. Group therapy by telephone was provided to a sample of 42 elderly blind veterans to provide a format for problem solving and treatment for affective disorder related to isolation. Significant decreases in loneliness and increase in activity level were attributed to therapeutic intervention by telephone.