bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ocular effects of treatment with various psoralen derivatives and ultraviolet‐A(UVA) radiation in HRA/Skh hairless mice
Authors: Barker Felix M. , Dayhaw‐Barker Pierrette , Forbes P. Donald , Davies Ronald E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Hairless (HRA/Skh) mice were administered one of four dietary concentrations (50, 100, 625 or 1250 ppm) of 8‐methoxypsoralen (8‐MOP) or 5‐methoxypsoralen (5‐MOP), or molar equivalent concentrations of 5‐methylisopsoralen (5‐MIP) or 3‐carbe‐thoxypsoralen (3‐CPS) by ‘pulse feeding’ technique, 3 days per week for 13 weeks, for the final 11 weeks psoralen derivative administration was followed by exposure to 0.2 or 48 J/cm2 of unfiltered ultraviolet‐A (UVA) radient energy from FR74T12PUVA lamps. At 0 and 13 weeks eyes were dilated with 0.2% atropine solution and were examined using a binocular indirect ophthalmoscope with a +20.0 D condensing lens. The lids, cornea, anterior chamber and the lens were evaluated for pathological changes. Ocular damage consisting of dense central corneal opacification was seen at significant levels in animals given 8‐MOP or 5‐MOP and exposed to UVA. In addition, opacities in the area of the posterior lens were seen in all experimental groups and appeared to be related to drug treatment, independent of light exposure, and therefore appeared not to be related to drug‐light interaction. Some corneal and lenticular opacifiction was seen at non‐significant levels in all experimental and control groups.
Changes in eye position during growth and adult life
Authors: Fledelius Hans C. , Stubgaard Max
Published: May 2009

Abstract The association between eye position and age is analysed in a material comprising 267 subjects aged 5–20 years and 187 aged 21–80. The study was prompted by a previous longitudinal finding of a 3 mm increase in exophthalmometry value from age of 10 to 18 years, and by a literature almost devoid of similar investigations in young age groups. The increase in Hertel value during growth could be confirmed. An adult mean value of 16.0 mm in females and 16.6 mm in males was achieved in late teen‐age years, the level being stable after that. The adult range was 11–23 mm. After a similar marked increase in the young, interpupillary distance and orbital width also showed some slight trends in adults. A suggested decrease in orbital width towards old age was consistent with a secular trend, while a concomitant increase in interpupillary distance was unexpected, the combined result being a more divergent (relative) eye position with age (P < 0.01). There was no significant correlation between exophthalmometry and refractive value. Fixed upper Hertel value limits of normal are hard to give; clinically it is the changes that matter. Modelling of facial bony structures and soft tissue contours is discussed.
The presence of a contact lens induces a very small increase in the anterior corneal surface temperature
Authors: Martin Donald K. , Fatt Irving
Published: May 2009

Abstract The anterior corneal surface temperature beneath a contact lens covering the cornea was determined from measurements of the average heat flow from the cornea to the atmosphere (efflux) in a group of 13 healthy young subjects. The average heat efflux was 1.1 times 10‐2 cal.cm‐1.sec‐1. The mean corneal surface temperature of the same group was 34.5° for the open eye and 36.2° for the closed eye conditions. The anterior corneal surface temperature beneath a 0.07 mm thick hydrogel contact lens (40% water content) was found to be 34.6° (rise of 0.1°) and 34.9° (rise of 0.4°) beneath a 0.3 mm thick hydrogel contact lens (40% water content), using the measurement of corneal heat efflux and taking the contact lens to have a slight insulating effect. Contact lenses of higher water content caused a smaller rise in anterior corneal surface temperature than lenses of lower water content.
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme in sarcoid and chalazion granulomas of the conjunctiva
Authors: Immonen I. , Friberg K. , Grönhagen‐Riska C. , von Willebrand E. , Fyhrquist F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) was studied immunohistochemically in conjunctival biopsies from 6 patients with systemic sarcoidosis, 4 patients with posterior non‐sarcoid uveitis and in specimens from 4 patients with chalazion of the eyelid. Specimens with sarcoid granulomas showed intense ACE‐positive immunoreactivity in epitheloid cells of the granuloma, whereas chalazion granulomas did not contain ACE‐immunoreactivity. There was no difference in staining patterns between specimens without granulomas. Thus immuno‐histochemical staining for ACE may be of help in differentiating conjunctival granulomatous tissue of a chalazion from sarcoid granuloma.
Acute glucose‐derived osmotic stress in rabbit lenses
Authors: Seland Johan H. , Chylack Leo T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The morphological changes observed in rabbit lenses incubated without corpus vitreum in medium whose glucose concentration varied cyclically between normoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia were analyzed for the location of light scattering vacuoles. Minimal changes were seen in the epithelial cells, the external bow fibres and the lens nucleus, while maximal changes with vacuolization and damage were seen in the posterior part of the inner bow fibres. It was shown that the exchange of water takes place mainly across the posterior capsule. The susceptibility of this region in part may be due to the low aldose recuctase activity in this region of the lens.
Breakdown of the blood‐retinal barrier in multiple sclerosis measured by vitreous fluorophotometry
Authors: Engell Tine , Krogsaa Bent , Lund‐Andersen Henrik
Published: May 2009

Abstract Periphlebitis retinae in multiple sclerosis appears as transitory cellular infiltrations around veins in an otherwise normal retina. Similar cellular infiltrations have been found around veins in the central nervous system. In the present study the blood‐retinal barrier has been investigated by vitreous fluorophotometry. Eight multiple sclerosis patients with actual periphlebitis retinae and 9 patients with previous but not active periphlebitis retinae were included in this study. Abnormal leakage of fluorescein was manifest in the group of multiple sclerosis patients with periphlebitis retinae. Permeability (1.8 ± 0.2 times 10‐7 cm/sec; mean ± SEM) but not in the control group as a whole permeability (1.3 ± 0.1 times 10‐7 cm/sec; mean ± SEM) compared to 17 normals (permeability 1.1 ± 0.005). It is thus concluded that breakdown of the blood‐retinal barrier may be transitory when connected with periphlebitis retinae in multiple sclerosis.
Fucithalmic® in acute conjunctivitis
Authors: Dirdal Maurits
Published: May 2009

Abstract Fucithalmic®, which is 1% fusidic acid in a sustained‐release eye preparation, was shown to be superior to both chloramphenicol eye drops and framycetin (Soframycin®) eye drops in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis in Tanzania. The clinical success rate was 77/83 (93%) on fusidic acid compared with 22/46 (48% on chloramphenicol and 26/35 (74%) on framycetin (P ≤ 0.02). The better effect of fusidic acid could be ascribed to a much lower rate of in vitro resistance (17%) compared to chloramphenicol (58%) and framycetin (41%). Because of the low resistance rate to fusidic acid among eye pathogens, especially in areas of the world with a high resistance towards other commonly used eye anti‐infectives, Fucithalmic given twice daily would seem to be a valuable new eye anti‐infective.
Foam in the external part of the eye
Authors: Norn Mogens
Published: May 2009

Abstract Foam in the external part of the eye has been measured at the slit‐lamp on 274 normal subjects. Foam occurred in 78%, most frequently in the outer canthus, on the skin round this, and in the lateral half of the lid margin. The age group of 30–50 years predominated. The foam‐covered areas averaged 1.1 mm2, the largest amount always being found laterally (0.93 mm2). The lateral amount of foam was maximal in the age group of 30–50 years, while the medial maximum was seen in the age group of 60–70 years. The incidence of foam was not correlated to the lipid layer on the precorneal film, expressibility of Meibomian secretion, scales on the lid margin, or greasy hair. A hypothesis has been advanced for the mainly lateral position of the foam: blinking whips up the foam, which possibly has sebum admixed.
Determination of the corneal thickness profile by optical pachometry
Authors: Edmund Carsten
Published: May 2009

Abstract A clinical method of measuring central‐peripheral corresponding values of corneal thickness and measurement positions in the horizontal meridian is described. Employing a fitting procedure it is demonstrated that the relative increase in the corneal thickness from apex to limbus is proportional to the square of the chord distance. The proportionality factor is defined as the coefficient of thickness variation (TV). Tm is defined as the minimal corneal thickness. In relation to the visual axis the chord distance xm denote the temporal or nasal position of Tm. TV, Tm and xm are characteristic constants of a particular eye. Measuring the corneal thickness and the chord distance in mm pooled values of 80 eyes demonstrates (x̄ ± SD) Tm to be 0.575 ± 0.027, and TV to be 0.0088 ± 0.0020. With the normal interval in parenthes these results imply an enlargement of corneal thickness 0.9% (0.4–1.3%) 1 mm and 22% (12–32%) 5 mm from the visual axis. With respect to the position of Tm 21 eyes (26%) showed a median temporal displacement at 0.4 mm, 4 eyes (5%) showed a median nasal displacement at 0.3 mm and 55 eyes (69%) showed no significant displacement. This corresponds to the ususal angle kappa value, which clinically expresses the often slight nasal decentration of the visual axis relative to the optic axis.
Concomitant problems to the anaesthesia of diabetic vitrectomy patients
Authors: Karhunen U. , Summanen P. , Laatikainen L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Problems related to general anaesthesia of 109 consecutive vitrectomies performed on diabetic patients were retrospectively reviewed. On the morning of surgery a normal or a slightly reduced dose of the patient's regular insulin was administered subcutaneously. The amount of intravenous infusion, mostly 5% glucose, was calculated according to the pre‐operative urine volume. After surgery, hypoglycaemic (< 3 mmol/l) values were seen in < 11% of the patients, and high glucose in < 30%; 20% had a mild ketoacidosis post‐operatively. Difficulties in tracheal incubation was encountered in 10%. Three patients complained of chest pain after surgery, and in one of them a myocardial infarction was diagnosed. Forty‐one per cent of the patients complained of nausea or vomited in the afternoon after surgery, and 21% had difficulties in urination the night after surgery. Two of four patients with peritoneal dialysis complained of stomach pain postoperatively. There was no significant association between recurrent vitreous haemorrhage and blood glucose concentration or arterial blood pressure in the early post‐operative period.
Morphological changes and lens position 2½ years after intracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a semiflexible anterior chamber lens
Authors: Næser Kristian , Hansen Tom Eggert , Nissen Jörgen Nørrelykke
Published: May 2009

Abstract Morphological changes and lens position were examined in 51 patients 25 to 38 (mean 30) months after intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) with implantation of the semiflexible, 3M, style 70, anterior chamber lens. Morphological changes presumably associated with the ICCE proper were: iris transillumination defects (68.6%), rupture of anterior hyaloid membrane (20%), detachment of posterior vitreous (42.9%) and anterior synecchiae (13.7%). The implant‐related morphological changes were caused by iris tucking (19.6%), small, mobile lenses causing endothelial disturbance (9.8%), iris‐haptic adhesions and progressive ovalling of pupillary form. The present morphological changes were compared with a previously published examination of the same patients performed 4 months after surgery: 9 eyes without tissue changes around the lens feet at the previous follow‐up now had iris‐haptic adhesions involving from 1 to 4 lens feet. In 8 eyes the iris‐haptic adhesions had progressed. Compared with the previous examination the fraction of eyes with tissue changes at the lens feet had risen from 47.1 to 64.7%, while the number of eyes with oval pupils had increased from 54.9 to 80.4%. Contact between lens haptic and iris root seems to constitute a constant stimulus for structural changes of the iris.
A new high precision fingertip controlled aspiration device for extracapsular cataract surgery
Authors: Bertelsen Torstein I. , Seland Johan H. , Myking Jörgen
Published: May 2009

Abstract The electronically foot‐switch controlled irrigation/aspiration instruments have several disadvantages due to the big ‘dead space' between the pump and the aspiration cannula. A new high precision fingertip controlled aspiration system is described. A specially designed bail valve connects the aspiration cannula directly to the vacuum reservoir, thereby almost eliminating the dead space. The system is nonelectric, it has no moving parts, it is easy to operate and highly cost efficient.
Post mortem HLA‐DR typing of donor corneas using DNA‐hybridization technique
Authors: Riisom Kirsten , Ehlers Niels , Lamm Lars
Published: May 2009

Abstract With donor material kept under banking conditions, corneal grafting is today an elective routine surgical procedure. Increasing evidence suggests that the clinical results may be improved by HLA matching. However, serological tests require that a blood sample be taken while the donor is still alive or shortly post mortem. We report HLA‐DR donor typing with a DNA hybridization technique using DNA isolated from the donor eye more than 24 h post mortem. The practical implications of this procedure are briefly discussed.
The triple procedure Penetrating keratoplasty, extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation
Authors: Ruusuvaara Pekka , Setälä Kirsi
Published: May 2009

Abstract The combination of penetrating keratoplasty, cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation, the triple procedure, is the surgical choice for the patients with corneal disease and cataract. The success of the corneal graft depends chiefly on the endothelium of the transplanted cornea. Preservation, donor age, cadaver time, histocompatibility and operation itself affect endothelial cells. We present clinical results including endothelial evaluation of 20 patients who have undergone the triple procedure during the years 1984–1986. Mean age was 73 years. The follow‐up time varied from 1 to 30 months. The visual recovery was very good. Every patient had better visual acuity post‐operatively than pre‐operatively. We had no operative complications. Three patients had rejection episodes which all were cured with cortisone. No re‐transplantations were needed. The mean endothelial cell density was 1723 cells/mm2. The possible factors affecting the outcome are discussed.
Haematogenous candida endophthalmitis after abdominal surgery
Authors: Airas K. A. , Nikoskelainen J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Two cases of bilateral endogenous candida endophthalmitis occurring after abdominal surgery are presented. The first patient was treated with intravenous amphotericin B followed by oral ketoconazole. The active chorioretinal lesions resolved in 4 weeks. Subretinal neovascularization with fibrous scarring developed in the right macula, and a hole developed in the left macula of this patient leading to impaired visual acuity of both his eyes. The second patient was first examined by an ophthalmologist 5 months after onset of the infection with simultaneous decrease of visual acuity. Five months earlier she had received a 2‐week course of miconazole. Oral corticosteroids were administered for treatment of active chorioretinal lesions observed in both her eyes. Both chorioretinal lesions and vitreous opacities disappeared within a year without fibrous scarring. The visual acuity of the left eye improved from 0.5 (observed on first examination) to 1.0. The visual acuity of the right eye remained at the level of finger counting only.
Diabetic myopia ‐ is it lens‐induced?
Authors: Fledelius Hans C. , Miyamoto Kohei
Published: May 2009

Abstract An oculometric study has been performed to evaluate features possibly being responsible for a (permanent) shift towards myopia in eyes of diabetics, a trend apparent from previous clinical investigations. Having excluded cases of transient refractive change associated with poor metabolic control, we are dealing with adult subjects with stable refractive levels, also including cases of adult‐onset myopia. Out of 62 diabetic and 48 non‐diabetic eyes (age 17–23, diabetes duration 2–38 years) a careful matching according to age, sex and refraction provided 26 eye‐pairs from 52 subjects for analysis. In 23 matched pairs there was low myopia. The lenses of diabetics appeared significantly thicker than in non‐diabetics (mean difference 0.2 mm), and a higher lens power came close to significance. Corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth and axial length did not differ. A subsequent analysis of degree of lens thickness increase in diabetics revealed a positive correlation with diabetes duration. A thicker lens does not of necessity imply a higher lens power, but from the present data this is the most likely explanation of diabetic myopia in adults.
Regional ocular blood flow after chronic topical glaucoma drug treatment
Authors: Green Keith , Hatchett Thomas L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The effects of a chronic three times a day treatment over a 5 to 6 week period of rabbit eyes with 1 of 5 topically applied glaucoma drugs on ocular blood flow was determined using a radioactive microsphere technique. The drugs employed were timolol (0.5%), pilocarpine (4%), epinephrine (2%), norepinephrine (2%), and ecothiophate iodide 0.125%). The results showed that epinephrine statistically decreased blood flow to the iris and ciliary processes while not to the posterior uveal tissues or optic nerve head. Pilocarpine also showed this same trend, while the differences were not statistically significant. Other drugs were without effect on regional ocular blood flow.
The behaviour of corneal epithelium following a standardized alkali wound
Authors: Chung Jang‐Hyun , Fagerholm Per , Lindström Bo
Published: May 2009

Abstract The short and long‐term healing of the rabbit corneal epithelium was studied after a standardized alkali wound. The wound was inflicted by applying a round filter paper, 5.5 mm in diameter, soaked in 1 N NaOH, for 60 seconds on the central cornea. The wound size and intensity was chosen not to cause melting and perforation, and not to cause vascular ingrowth. n‐Heptanol corneal wounds of the same size were used as control. The eyes were followed for 8 weeks. Two phases of epithelial healing were discerned. The initial healing phase lasted 48 h during which the wound was completely resurfaced. In spite of the more extensive tissue damage caused by alkali, the initial epithelial healing rate was faster than in n‐heptanol wounds. The late healing phase consisted of recurrent epithelial break down, sometimes seen preceded by epithelial blister formation. Four weeks after trauma the state of epithelial healing was at its worst.
Critical oxygen requirements to avoid oedema of the central and peripheral cornea
Authors: Brennan Noel A. , Efron Nathan , Carney Leo G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A randomized double‐masked experiment was performed to compare the critical oxygen concentrations required to avoid corneal thickening at the central and peripheral cornea. Pachometry was performed on 10 subjects before and after 3 h of corneal exposure to the following gasmixtures: 0.00, 1.01, 2.65, 5.13 and 10.3% oxygen, balance nitrogen. Widely ranging critical values (from 4.4 to 11.6% for the central cornea and 1.7 to 15.8% for the peripheral cornea) could be obtained depending upon the analytical procedure used to treat the data; that is, the choice of reference baseline, the curve fitting procedure adopted and the method of comparing the reference baseline with the fitted curve. The estimates of the critical oxygen requirement of the central cornea are consistent with previous studies when compared using the same analytical procedure. Similar critical values were derived for the central and peripheral cornea for any given analytical procedure (e.g. 9.8% for the central cornea, and 12.3% for the peripheral cornea for zero mean change in corneal thickness). Our findings indicate that anatomical and physiological differences between the central and peripheral cornea do not have clinically significant effects on the minimum oxygen requirements at these respective sites. This result has implications with respect to lens design considerations for alleviating physiological stress of the cornea during contact lens wear.
A model for emmetropization
Authors: Medina Antonio
Published: May 2009

Abstract A mechanism called emmetropization appears to control the ocular focus over the years. Emmetropization could regulate the refractive media (dimensions of cornea, lens, and axial length), detecting the focus or refractive error of the eye at rest and initiating changes to reduce the refractive error; this concept suggests that a feedback loop is operational. A feedback mechanism for ocular refraction implies that correcting ametropia with lenses initiates a change in the refractive state of the eye. The long‐term effect of corrective lenses on ocular refraction is investigated with a mathematical feedback model that can predict the extent and direction of this change. The results indicate that lenses worsen existing ametropia conditions. However, the use of appropriate lenses in early life can reduce and correct developing ametropia.
Myopia and stature
Authors: Teikari Jaakko M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The association of myopia and height, weight and body‐mass index was examined by two methods: a case control method and a co‐twin control method. One hundred eightyseven myopic (57 males and 130 females) and 603 non‐myopic (335 males and 268 females) subjects were studied in the first study. Among males the myopic subjects were taller compared to the non‐myopic subjects (P < 0.05). Among females such difference could not be found. Weight was not statistically significantly different in these two groups in either sex. When the myopic twin partners were compared to the non‐myopic co‐twins, a statistically significant difference in body mass index could again be noticed among males (P < 0.01) but not among females. The difference in social class did not explain the previous associations.
Visual thresholds measured with red test object on backgrounds of high and low luminance
Authors: Elenius Valter , Leinonen Markku
Published: May 2009

Abstract Visual thresholds measured at the central and midperipheral visual field have been tested in the eyes of a series of 10 healthy normal persons using a monochromatic red test light object (Goldmann area III, 25' of arc in the visual field) of 632 nm wavelength presented on white backgrounds of 150 cd/m2 (5000 K) and 1 cd/m2 (2800 K) luminance, as well as with no background illumination following a 45 min period of dark‐adaptation. Another series of 10 normal subjects were tested with an equally large white (2800 K) test object shown on a white background of 1 cd/m2 (2800 K) luminance. Results obtained in congenital and acquired achromatopsia as well as in three relatively mild cases of rod‐cone dystrophy have been related to the normal thresholds.
Blood‐retinal barrier permeability versus diabetes duration and retinal morphology in insulin dependent diabetic patients
Authors: Krogsaa Bent , Lund‐Andersen Henrik , Mehlsen Jesper , Sestoft Leif
Published: May 2009

Abstract The blood‐retinal barrier permeability to fluorescein was quantitated in 54 patients (22 females and 32 males) with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) of different duration. Correlation was demonstrated between permeability and diabetes duration. A normal permeability was measured in patients with up to ten years diabetes duration. A pathologically increased permeability was measured with ten to 15 years diabetes duration and during the next decade the permeability increased rapidly to 5–10 times the normal value. Onset of diabetes in the decade before and after puberty did not change the pattern. However, the pathologically increased permeability after ten years duration of the disease could not be demonstrated in diabetics with onset of the disease after the age of 30 years. The permeability of the blood‐retinal barrier correlated well with changes in retinal morphology as seen by ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography. However, there was an overlap in permeability between groups with different retinal appearance. A significant factor was the presence of macular edema, which also apparently indicated a preproliferative state.
Ocular hypertension
Authors: Lundberg Lars , Wettrell Karin , Linnér Erik
Published: May 2009

Abstract In a prospective study of 41 persons with ocular hypertension followed for 20 years, 14 individuals (34 per cent) developed glaucoma. Of 38 persons who 20 years ago were normotensive, 2 (5 per cent), developed glaucoma. This difference is significant. The mean IOP of the remaining untreated ocular hypertensives was about 7 mmHg higher than the mean tension in the control group.
Endogenous Candida endophthalmitis
Authors: Håskjold Erling , von der Lippe Bent
Published: May 2009

Abstract Two cases of endogenous endoopthalmitis as a complication to spontaneous abortion, truly caused by Candida albicans are presented. One patient received no antimycotic treatment. Endophthalmitis resulted in amaurosis in the affected eye, which had to be enucleated. The second patient was treated with intravenously administered amphotericin B and flucytocine, and was cured. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment is stressed.
Refractive change in diabetes mellitus around onset or when poorly controlled
Authors: Fledelius Hans C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. For generations it has been taught that myopic change is the principal response to hyperglycaemia in diabetes mellitus. Recently, however, a hyperopic concept has been advanced, to suggest that a change towards hypermetropia has possibly become the more frequent finding in diabetics with unstable refraction. The present sample comprises 32 cases of newly discovered diabetes and 40 cases of long duration, most cases being insulin‐dependent. Of the former 47% showed a refractive change around the recognized onset of diabetes, in some cases prior to detection and admission, but mostly after institution of insulin therapy; in 14/15 the change was towards hypermetropia. Of the longstanding cases 20% showed refractive change (while 80% did not) in association with poor metabolic control, equally towards myopia/hypermetropia. It was not possible to point out an association with specific patterns of metabolic dysregulation. The results are further discussed in relation to previous refraction studies demonstrating an increased myopia prevalence in diabetics in general, as compared to non‐diabetics. Apparently this cannot be explained merely by a possibly overlooked transient refractive change under periods of poor metabolic control.
Early diagnosis of glaucoma
Authors: Odberg Tor , Riise Dag
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In a group of 46 patients with moderately elevated intraocular pressure (22–30 mmHg), signs of early glucoma were found in half of them after a follow‐up of 5–7.5 years. Most of the patients showed only a small increase in optic disc cupping revealed by stereophotography. Initial IOP higher than 25 mmHg, large pressure differences between the two eyes, large diurnal pressure variation, occurrence of pseudoexfoliation, pressure drop of more than 8 mmHg after topical epinephrine, and a pressure rise of more than 4 mmHg after water loading were more frequent in the group of patients who developed signs of glaucoma. Age, a positive family history, occurrence of cardiovascular disease, and the cup/disc ratio did not differ in the two groups of patients. The pilocarpine test and steroid provocation had no predictive value. Surprisingly, there was a small drop of pressure after topical steroids in 6 of the 8 patients with pseudoexfoliation.
Visual impairment in Danish children 1985
Authors: Rosenberg Thomas
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In 1985 150 children aged 0–18 were reported to the Danish National Register for Visually Impaired Children. Cross tabulation of the ophthalmological diagnoses by site and type of affection was performed with respect to year of birth, aetiology, visual acuity and birth weight. Finally the relations between aetiology and the presence of additional handicaps are demonstrated. The ‘incidence of notification’ (IN) was calculated for each birth year as the number of notified children per 100 000 within each birth year group showing variations between 46 in the 1984 birth year group and 3 in the 1970 birth year group with a mean value of 14. The figures stress the impact of congenital and neonatal visual impairment. The significance of IN is discussed with respect to other concepts of incidence. It is concluded that the presented epidemiological method is useful as a tool of analysis in the planning of preventional strategies. From the tables the following main features may be highlighted: Nearly 90% of the blinding causes anatomically are located in the posterior segment of the eye, the optic pathways or in the brain. Isolated visual handicap was notified in 34% of the children, while another 48% presented central nervous system involvement. From an aetiological point of view it is noteworthy that no specific aetiology could be encircled in 38% of the material. In conclusion, it is proposed that future lines of ophthalmological work in the prevention of visual handicap in childhood should concentrate on a higher degree of specificity in diagnostic procedures and an intensified search for specific aetiologies in every single child with visual impairment.
Occlusion of the cornea with contact lens and anterior chamber lactate levels
Authors: Ruben C. Montague , Zhu Yao‐Yao
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Rabbits (n = 11) were fitted with large PMMA lenses to completely occlude the cornea and the anterior chamber lactate measured. The corneal epithelium was examined by light microscopy. The time period was 12 h. The results were compared with other authors' finding. There was a similarity of findings. The levels of lactate were found to have increased and the epithelium though edematous not stripped off. An individual response appeared to be the reason for the large variation in the individual findings.
Study of tear film flow and stability in chronic dacryocystitis
Authors: Khurana A. K. , Moudgil S. S. , Ahluwalia B. K. , Parmar I. P. S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Tear film flow and stability studies were carried out in patients suffering from chronic dacryocystitis by performing Schirmer test‐I and tear film break‐up‐time (BUT) measurements. The results of Schirmer's test corroborated the theory that a reduced out flow of tears causes a compensatory reduced tear secretion. The results of break‐up‐time confirm the fact that BUT is independent of outflow of tears in patients with epiphora.
Tear film flow and stability in acute and chronic conjunctivitis
Authors: Khurana A. K. , Moudgil S. S. , Parmar I. P. S. , Ahluwalia B. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Tear film flow and stability studies were carried out in patients suffering from acute and chronic conjunctivitis by performing Schirmer test‐I and breakup‐time (BUT) measurements. In this clinical study, patients with chronic conjunctival inflammation demonstrated a premature break‐up of tear film despite normal amounts of aqueous tears. In acute catarrhal conjunctivitis the values of BUT were within normal limits, whereas the values of Schirmer test‐I were significantly higher (t‐test, P < 0.001) and are considered to be due to reflex hypersecretion of tears.
Platelet aggregation in Type I diabetics with and without proliferative retinopathy
Authors: Agardh C.‐D. , Agardh E. , Bauer B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The cause of retinopathy in diabetes mellitus is unknown. Among factors suggested to be involved in the development of retinopathy is altered platelet function. In the present study, platelet aggregation was measured in vitro after stimulation with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen in patients with and without proliferative retinopathy. The results show that patients with proliferative retinopathy have an increased platelet aggregation in vitro after stimulation with collagen and ADP. However, the increased platelet aggregation was also found to be correlated to the duration of diabetes. Thus, the present study does not support the opinion that abnormal platelet function can be regarded as a primary cause of diabetic retinopathy. Increased platelet aggregation seems to be coupled to the duration of diabetes and to still unknown factors developing with prolonged duration of the disease.
Corneal elasticity and ocular rigidity in normal and keratoconic eyes
Authors: Edmund Carsten
Published: May 2009

The elastic properties of a given tissue may be characterized by Youngs Modulus (Y) which relates the stress (force per unit cross sectional area) and the resultant strain (the relative linear deformation). Cornea and sclera react to stress by a biphasic viscoelastic response consisting of a quick immediate deformation followed by a further slow deformation. Thus, it is necessary to distinguish between Y determined from the immediate elastic response (Yi) and Y determined in steady state (Ys). In a normal (n = 29) and a keratoconic group (n = 27) the ocular rigidity (E) was determined as estimate of Yi of the ocular tunics. Further based on measurements of intraocular pressure, corneal diameter, corneal shape and thickness profile that value of Ys which represents elastic minimum energy content in the actual corneal membrane was estimated in the two groups. E as well as Ys were found to be significantly lower in keratoconic eyes compared with normals and uncorrelated to each other in the two groups.
Frequency of lattice degeneration and retinal breaks in the fellow eye in retinal detachment
Authors: Lorentzen S. E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The fellow eye ot 100 consecutively admitted cases of retinal detachment was studied with three‐mirror examination for the presence of lattice degeneration and retinal breaks. Lattice degeneration was found in 18% and retinal breaks in 20% of fellow eyes.
Treatment versus no treatment in chronic open angle glaucoma
Authors: Holmin Catharina , Thorburn W. , Krakau C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In a controlled randomized study 15 patients (20 eyes) with chronic open angle glaucoma and visual field defects were followed for > 1 year, 12 of them were followed for 3 years. Half of the group were untreated controls, the other half treated with pressure reducing medical therapy. At least 5 consecutive computerized visual fields were recorded (COMPETER) on each eye, and the linear regression coefficient was calculated. With the reservation for uncontrolled compliance no significant difference in the line of favourable effect of pressure reduction could be spotted, in spite of an average pressure reduction in the treated group of 4 mmHg. More important than this result, which is open to criticism for the smallness of the material, uncontrolled compliance etc, is the lesson that a randomized experiment with treated and non‐treated glaucoma cases carried out in accordance with the Helsingfors convention is hardly feasible.
Objective evaluation of binocular function with pattern reversal VER
Authors: Katsumi Osamu , Hirose Tatsuo , Taninol Tsuyoshi
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The effects of changing spatial and temporal frequencies on the amplitude of pattern reversal monocular and binocular visual evoked response (VER) were investigated. The pattern reversal VER and the degree of binocular summation (binocular VER amplitudeimonocular VER amplitude) were lowest at the spatial frequency (check size) of 0.3 cycles per degree (CPD) and highest at the spatial frequency of 4.0 CPD. The largest VER amplitudes were observed at 1.2 CPD under both the binocular and monocular recording conditions. Regarding the effects of changing temporal frequency (alteration or reversal rate) on the pattern reversal VER, the transient condition (1.5 to 3.0 Hz) did not produce significant binocular summation. At the higher temporal frequencies (6 to 12 Hz), significant binocular summation was produced compared with the transient stimulus condition. At very high temporal frequencies, the degree of the binocular summation showed a decrease. From these results, we selected a pattern with an element around 1.2 CPD with a relatively swift temporal frequency for evaluating binocular function with the pattern reversal VER.
Optic disc swelling in an insulin‐dependent diabetic
Authors: Agardh Carl‐David , Cavallin‐Sjöberg Ulla , Agardh Elisabet
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Rapid improvement of glucose control in diabetics may cause a transient progression of ischemic retinopathy. We report a transient bilateral acute asymptomatic optic disc swelling associated with rapid improvement of metabolic control in a male Type I diabetic. It is suggested, that the optic disc swelling could be caused by a rapid near‐normalization of the blood glucose.
Acanthamoeba keratitis, clinico‐pathological report of 2 cases
Authors: Brincker P. , Gregersen E. , Prause J. U.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Acanthamoebae have in the last 14 years been reported to be responsible for severe keratitis in an increasing number of cases. To our knowledge this is the first report of acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) in Scandinavia. Two young males, both wearing soft contact lenses for extended wear, developed long lasting, therapy resistent keratitis. As the keratitis progressed to risk of perforation, keratoplasty was performed on the clinical, and in the one case biopsy‐proven diagnosis of AK. Histopathology on the removed discs demonstrated the presence of typical acanthamobae in the corneal stroma. The observation period after keratoplasty is at present 5 and 20 months, respectively. Both grafts have remained clear and visual acuity is 6/9–6112 with glasses.
Predictive value of flow cytometric DNA‐analysis on fresh retinoblastoma tissue
Authors: Winther J. , Ehlers N. , Jensen O. A. , Overgaard J. , Prause J. U.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The cellular DNA content and the distribution of turnour cells in different phases of the cell cycles has been analysed in 8 consecutive enucleated eyes with retinoblastoma. All tumours had abnormal ploidy levels. The analysis did not reveal any specific pattern in 2 tumours which had metastasized compared to 6 local tumours. The flow cytometric analysis alone or in combination with histopathology appeared not to improve the classification of large retinoblastomas.
Pseudoexfoliation in Eskimos (Inuit) in Greenland
Authors: Ostenfeld‐Åkerblom Annette
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In a Greenland municipality, slit‐lamp bio‐microscopy was performed in 44 individuals aged 70 or above. Two were found to have pseudoexfoliation corresponding to 4.5%. This is the first time pseudoexfoliation has been demonstrated in Eskimos.
Conditional probability and ophthalmology
Authors: Krakau C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Attention is drawn to a statistical notion called conditional probabilities. The importance of understanding this concept and the dangers of mis‐understanding it is illustrated by means of a few examples.
The human choriocapillaris in organ culture
Authors: Vatne Harald Overskott , Nicolaissen Bjørn
Published: May 2009

Abstract. 4 × 4 mm pieces of human eye walls consisting of the sclera, the choroid and the pigment epithelium were kept in organ culture for 1 month and studied with light and transmission electron microscopy comparing the findings with normal tissue. After 1 month the choriocapillaris still had open vessel lumina lined with flattened endothelial cells containing organelles and vesicles on both inner and outer cell membranes. The endothelial cells lost their fenestrations and polarity in regard to the location of cell nuclei. Otherwise the ultrastructure was similar to that of the choriocapillaris in vitro. This study has shown that choriocapillaris can survive in organ culture for 1 month, and it permits further studies on the behaviour of the choroid under controlled conditions, and on the long‐term effects of different types of trauma to the choroid in vitro.
Plasmin in subretinal fluid
Authors: Immonenm Ilkka J. R. , Salonen Eeva‐Marjatta , Vaheri Antti I. , Laatikainen Leila T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Proteolytic activity was studied in subretinal fluid from 56 eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment without vitreous or subretinal hemorrhage. Active plasmin (1.0–15.2 μg/ml) was found in 33 eyes and plasmin‐inhibitor complexes in 3 eyes. Plasmin was detected more often in large detachments, but there was no clear correlation with the duration of the detachment or characteristics of the holes in the retina. It seems possible that plasmin in subretinal fluid may enhance release of cells from the pigment epithelium by degrading the extracellular matrix and contribute to the development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
The association between fibrillopathy and posterior capsular/zonular breaks during extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber IOL implantation
Authors: Høvding Gunnar
Published: May 2009

Abstract. During extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) with an intended implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL), the frequency of posterior capsular/zonular breaks was significantly higher in eyes with fibrillopathy (5 of 28 eyes = 17.9%) than in eyes without fibrillopathy (16 of 284 eyes = 5.6%) (P > 0.05). The rupture of the posterior capsular‐zonular barrier was detected during lens nucleus expression in 4 eyes (19.0%), during lens cortex clean‐up in 14 eyes (66.7%) and during IOL implantation in 3 eyes (14.3%). Possible causes of this increased risk of posterior capsular/zonular breaks in patients with fibrillopathy are discussed.
The KID‐syndrome in Finland A report of four cases
Authors: Tuppurainen Kaija , Fräki Jorma , Karjalainen Seppo , Paljärvi Leo , Suhonen Raimo , Ryynänen Markku
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We describe a rare syndrome in a Finnish family, in which the father and his two sons are congenitally deaf and also exhibit corneal vascularization, and hyperkeratosis of the skin of the palms, soles, elbows and knees. In addition, all 3 suffer from fungal infections of the skin and nails. We also describe a fourth, sporadic case of a 9‐year‐old girl with the same disease. The KID (k = keratitis, i = ichthyosis, d = deafness) syndrome is an ectodermal dysplasia that probably arises through mutation, and is transmitted as an autosomal dominant in the family described by us.
Retinal abnormalities in Alport's syndrome
Authors: Gelisken Öner , Hendrikse Fred , Schröder Cornelis H. , Berden Jo H. M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The ophthalmological findings in 13 patients with Alport's syndrome are reported. Special attention was given to the retina and retinal functions. Flecked retinopathy was present in 12 out of the 13 cases. Two cases showed tortuosity of the retinal vessels. Retinal function tests showed no significant abnormalities. This study suggests that in Alport's syndrome, retinal lesions are more common than has been reported until now.
Status of cyclopentolate as a cycloplegic in children: A comparison with atropine and homatropine
Authors: Khurana A. K. , Ahluwalia B. K. , Rajan Choudhry
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We compared the cycloplegic effects of cyclopentolate, homatropine and atropine by the retinoscopy findings and residual accommodation left following their use in the same individual. The mean residual accommodation measured after the use of cyclopentolate, homatropine and atropine was 1.48 ± 0.33 D, 2.32 ± 0.37 D and 1.10 D ± 0.28 D, respectively, and the mean difference in retinoscopy readings between cyclopentolate and homatropine, homatropine and atropine, and atropine and cyclopentolate was 0.46 ± 0.21, 0.71 ± 0.23 and 0.26 ± 0.14, respectively. We further observed that a tonus allowance of about + 0.75 D would suffice for cyclopentolate. The merits for recommending cyclopentolate as a routine cycloplegic in children are discussed.
Jogging and contrast sensitivity
Authors: Koskela Pentti U.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Threshold contrast sensitivity was measured using sinusoidal gratings with the method of increasing contrast both before and after jogging in fresh air. The mean contrast sensitivity of 11 subjects was higher after jogging at all three spatial frequencies studied (1, 6 and 19 c/deg). The differences were statistically significant. The effect of jogging was subject to individual variation, some ‘unstable’ subjects responding strongly and some ‘stable’ subjects showing no change at all. Two ‘unstable’ subjects were tested several times, and their strong response proved to be repeatable.
Eyeblink activity with hydrophilic contact lenses
Authors: Pointer J. S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A televised discrimination task was used to assess visual performance with spectacles and then with hydrophilic (‘soft’) contact lenses in a small group of human subjects. Concurrent recording of eyeblink activity indicated that an increased blink rate recorded during the first month of soft contact lens wear was confined to the immediate post‐response phase of testing. Furthermore, as adaptation to lens wear proceeded, the blink pattern was revealed as being refined to visual task difficulty.
The retinal pigment epithelium and other tissues immunocytochemical studies using hybridoma supernatants
Authors: McKechnie Nicol M. , Alexander Robert A. , Sura Gursaran S. , Grierson Ian
Published: May 2009

Abstract We describe the production of hybridomas producing antibody reactive with retinal pigment epithelium. The patterns of reactivity obtained when supernatants from these hybrids were used to immuno‐stain ocular and non‐ocular tissues are described. From the patterns of reactivity obtained we suggest that the RPE shares common features with simple and glandular epithelia as well as myoepithelial cells. These findings may lend support to the hypotheses of RPE cell migration and contraction in the formation of epiretinal membranes and retinal detachment.
The effect of a pulsed neodymium‐YAG laser on chorioretinal monolayered cell cultures
Authors: Lilledahl N. P. , Nicolassen B. , Allen C. , Beraki K. , Ullshafer R. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The effect of a pulsed YAG laser on mono‐layers of chorioretinal cells maintained in vitro on plastic surface was examined. At the energy levels used, phase contrast microscopic visible lesions were observed at all focus distances up to 2 mm. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated curling of detached sheets of cells, displacement of single cells, clustering of cells, and severe cell membrane damage at the edge of the lesions. The present system permits evaluation of the effect of different laser characteristics and application modes on the extent and morphology of damage in monolayers of human cells under easily controlled conditions.