bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of HLA class I antigens (Al, B5, B8 and CW2) with disease manifestations and infection in human schistosomiasis mansoni in Egypt
Authors: ABDEL‐SALAM EKRAM , KHALIK A. ABDEL , ABDEL‐MEGUID A. , BARAKAT W. , MAHMOUD A. A. F.
Published: July 2010

The present study was designed to examine the possible association of HLA antigens and schistosomal hepatosplenomegaly and colonic polyposis in a large number of patients and controls. The results show that hepatosplenomegaly was significantly associated with the presence of two HLA antigens: HLA‐Al and B5; and colonic polyposis to HLA‐B5 and B8. Furthermore, asymptomatic infection was significantly seen more in subjects with CW2. These results point to possible genetic factors controlling the pathogenesis of disease and susceptibility to infection in human schistosomiasis.
A “new” HLA‐C specificity, CSH‐2, restricted to Oriental populations
Authors: Zhao T. M. , Lee T. D. , BU K. J. , Zhang G. L. , Zheng S. Q. , GU W. J. , Lee P. Y. , Rubinstein P.
Published: July 2010

The high frequency of C‐locus blank alleles in different races suggests the existence of an undetected antigen. We have identified a new C‐locus antigen, tentatively named CSH‐2, which is present in Oriental populations, but is apparently not present in Caucasoid, or Black populations. This new specificity was defined by a single wong monospecific antiserum, named ZHA114, which was obtained by planned immunization.
Determination of the HLA‐DR profile of an HLA class II negative carcinoma cell line by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis
Authors: Paulsen G. , Markussen G. , Sollid L. , Thorsby E.
Published: July 2010

The human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line HT‐29 does not normally express HLA class II molecules. By restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of DNA with a DRβ‐probe, we analysed the genomic DRβ polymorphism of this cell‐line, and compared it with the RFLP patterns seen in DNA from a reference panel of different DR homozygous and heterozygous cells. The HT‐29 cell‐line expressed DRβ fragments similar to the sum of the fragments expressed by DR4 and DR7 homozygous cells. The DR4 and DR7 haplotypes of HT‐29 was further confirmed by comparing the RFLP patterns of four DR4/7 heterozygotes with that of HT‐29. Furthermore, the HT‐29 cell line expressed a Hind III 9.3 kb fragment previously found to be strongly associated to DRw53. Following treatment with γ‐interferon, the HT‐29 cells could be induced to express class II molecules. Serological typing revealed the presence of the DR4, DR7 and DRw53 antigenic determinants.
The influence of HLA‐A,B and ‐DR matching on leucocyte infiltration in renal allografts
Authors: McWhinnie D. L. , Fuggle S. V. , Thompson J. F. , Wood R. F. M. , Morris P. J.
Published: July 2010

The influence of donor and recipient HLA‐A,B and ‐DR matching on the cellular infiltration in renal allografts was examined in 78 transplant recipients who received either cyclosporin (Cy) or azathioprine and low‐dose prednisolone (AP) immuno‐suppression. Transplant biopsies (n = 161) were routinely obtained up to 40 days after transplantation, and biopsy material was therefore available from both rejecting grafts and grafts with stable function. Tissue sections were labelled with a panel of monoclonal antibodies and stained using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Cellular infiltration was assessed using a morphometric point counting technique.

In AP‐treated patients with well‐functioning grafts, poor HLA‐AB and HLA‐DR matching was associated with increased leucocyte infiltration, while in patients receiving Cy therapy the effect of matching on cellular infiltration was seen only during rejection in grafts poorly matched for HLA‐AB antigens. In addition, where an effect of HLA‐AB matching on cellular infiltration was found, CD8+, but not CD4+ cells, were significantly increased in number, while when an HLA‐DR matching effect was seen, a significant increase was observed in the CD4+ and not the CD8+ infiltration. Thus, HLA matching may influence the magnitude of the cellular response in renal allografts and the phenotype of the infiltrating cells.
HLA Class I antigens on normal and leukemic cells (quantitative analysis)
Authors: Urlacher A. , Falkenrodt A. , Tongio M. M. , Mayer S.
Published: July 2010

A monomorphic anti‐Class I monoclonal antibody, ST01, found in our laboratory, was used to quantify Class I antigens on normal and leukemic cells, using a “CELISA” technique. Saturation graphs were used to compare the quantity of Class I antigens on normal PBL (25 case) with that on the following types of leukemic cells: a) common acute lymphoblastic leukemias (cALL) (11 cases), b) mature B lymphocytic proliferations (16 cases), c) T hemopathies (9 cases), d) non‐lymphoïd leukemias (9 cases). In most cases the quantity of HLA Class I antigens was greatly reduced. No correlation was found between the quantitative expression of Class I antigens and the stage of maturation in each cell type, nor was any correlation found between the quantitative expression of Class I antigens on the leukemic cells and the proliferation of leukemic cells in the peripheral blood.
Analysis of the antigen specific helper T cell function and HLA‐DR of Israeli patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Authors: Tishler M. , Brautbar C. , Battat S. , Dayan M. , Mozes E.
Published: July 2010

Forty‐three patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were studied for their ability to respond to the synthetic polypeptide antigen (T,G)‐A‐L as measured by the production of a T cell helper factor by their antigen activated T cells. Sixteen patients (37%) responded to (T,G)‐A‐L by the production of an antigen specific helper T cell factor, a percentage not significantly different from healthy donors. The production of antigen specific T cell helper factors was affected, although not significantly, by immune modulating drugs and by the presence of rheumatoid factor in sera of patients. The high incidence of HLA‐DR 4 reported for RA patients was not observed in this group of RA patients.
Identification of a human heavy chain antibody fragment directed against human platelet alloantigen la by phage display library
Authors: Okamoto N. , Kennedy S.D. , Barron‐Casella E.A. , Casella J.R. , Inoko H. , Kickler T.S.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The human platelet alloantigen HPA‐la (PlA1) is responsible for most cases of post‐transfusion purpura and neonatal alloimmune thrombo‐cytopenia in the Caucasian population. HPA‐la and HPA‐lb are two allelic forms of the platelet membrane glycoprotein IIIa (GPIIIa) gene that differ by a single amino acid. In this report, we describe the development of a recom‐binant heavy chain antibody fragment capable of distinguishing between the homozygous forms of HPA‐la and HPA‐lb. This antibody fragment was isolated from the lymphocytes of an immunized individual through the use of a phage display library system. The recombinant antibody fragment reacted with human platelet lysates from HPA‐la homozygous donors, the HPA‐la form of recombinant N‐terminal GPIIIa and intact HPA‐la platelets, but did not react with platelet lysate from HPA‐1b homozygous donors, reduced HPA‐la form of platelet GPIIIa or other platelet glycoproteins. This HPA‐la specific human antibody fragment works well in common laboratory assays such as ELISA and flow cytometry, which can assist in identifying HPA‐lb homozygous individuals who are known to have a higher risk for developing neonatal alloimmmune thrombocytopenia and post‐transfusion purpura. Thus, selection of recombinant antibody fragment using phage display offers a promising alternative to hybridoma technology for the production of human antibodies against human alloantigens and holds potential as a technique in therapeutic applications.
Association between HLA‐A1 allele and schizophrenia gene(s) in patients refractory to conventional neuroleptics but responsive to clozapine medication
Authors: Lahdelma L. , Ahokas A. , Andersson L. C. , Huttunen M. , Sarna S. , Koskimies S.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: We report an association between HLA‐A1 allele and a subgroup of schizophrenic patients refractory to conventional neuroleptic treatment but responsive to clozapine. The frequency of HLA‐A1 was 58% among the schizophrenic patients not responding to conventional treatment but responsive to clozapine but only 10.5% among the patients responding to conventional neuroleptics. The HLA‐A1 occurs in 20% of the random Finnish population. Our results indicate that HLA‐A1 defines a subgroup of schizophrenic patients with a selective response to neuroleptics.
Intracellular signal transduction mediated by ligation of MHC class 1 molecules
Authors: Skov S.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: A great deal of knowledge has accumulated regarding signal transduction after ligation of MHC class I (MHC‐I) molecules. In recent years focus has been given to delineation of the intracellular signal pathways activated after MHC‐I ligation. Activation of tyrosine kinases leading to a rise in the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) is the major initial event occurring after MHC‐I ligation of T cells. Curiously, the MHC‐I‐induced signaling is not dependent upon the cytoplasmic tail of the MHC‐I molecule, suggesting that the MHC‐I molecule induces intracellular signaling through association with other membrane‐embedded molecules. More distal signaling events after MHC‐I ligation includes activation of the Jak/ Stat pathway leading to Stat‐3 activation, and activation of the PI3‐kinase leading to JNK activation and apoptosis. This review will sum up what is currently known about signaling induced by ligation of MHC‐I.
Twenty‐six new polymorphic microsatellite markers around the HLA‐B, ‐C and ‐E loci in the human MHC class I region
Authors: Tamiya G. , Ota M. , Katsuyama Y. , Shlina I. , Oka A. , Makino S. , Kimura M. , Inoko H.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region is believed to contain a large number of disease‐related loci for diseases such as Behçet's disease and psoriasis vulgaris. Although many novel genes have recently been identified in this region, it still appears to be difficult to relate any of these new genes to MHC class I‐associated diseases as causative genetic factors. During the course of large‐scale genomic sequencing of the human MHC class I region, we identified 262 microsatellite sequences with dinucleotide to pentanucleotide repeats around the HLA‐B, ‐C and HLA‐E genes. Of these, 26 microsatellites were investigated for repeat polymorphism using 60 HLA homozygous B‐cell lines and 60 healthy random individuals. The average number of alleles at these microsatellite loci was 9.6 with a PIC (polymorphism content value) of 0.69. These new polymorphic microsatellite markers will probably be very useful for precise mapping of disease‐related genes within the HLA class I region in linkage analysis. Moreover, they will provide a powerful tool to study recombination events in this region, which contributes to haplotypic diversification.
HLA haplotypes in Koreans based on 107 families
Authors: Park M.K. , Hwang Y.‐S. , Park K.S. , Tokunaga K. , Akaza T. , Juji T. , Kim S.I.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: There are marked differences in the distribution of HLA haplotypes among different populations, and multilocus HLA haplotypes can best be studied by family analysis. In the present study, 107 Korean families were analyzed for HLA‐A, B, C, DR, and DQ antigens and haplotypes. Allele frequencies of more than 10% for class I antigens were A2, A24, A33, B44, B62, Cw1, Cw7, Cw9, Cw10, and C blank (CBL) and those for class II antigens were DR4, DR8, DR13, DR15, DQ1, DQ3, DQ4 and DQ7. In the analysis of HLA haplotypes, 18 kinds of A‐B‐DR and 11 kinds of A‐C‐B‐DR‐DQ haplotypes occurred at frequencies of more than 1%, comprising 34% and 24% of the total theoretical haplotypes, respectively. The five most common A‐B‐DR haplotypes were exclusively related with the five most common A‐C‐B‐DR‐DQ haplotypes (frequency>2%). These remarkably conserved five‐locus haplotypes in Koreans were A33‐CBL‐B44‐DR13‐DQ1 (5.4%), A24‐Cw7‐B7‐DR1‐DQ1 (3.5%), A33‐Cw7‐B44‐DR7‐DQ2 (3.0%), A33‐Cw10‐B58‐DR13‐DQ1 (2.3%), and A30‐Cw6‐B13‐DR7‐DQ2 (2.3%). Comparison of the distribution of A‐B‐DR haplotypes among East Asian populations revealed that Koreans are closest to Japanese, but show a higher degree of polymorphism in the distribution of HLA haplotypes compared to Japanese. The results obtained in this study will be useful as basic data on Koreans for anthropology and organ transplantation.
Diversity of HLA‐B61 alleles and haplotypes in East Asians and Spanish Gypsies
Authors: Ogawa A. , Tokunaga K. , Lin L. , Kashiwase K. , Tanaka H. , Herrero M.J. , Vilches C. , Park M. Hee , Jia G. Jun , Chimge N.‐O. , Sldeltseva E.W. , Ishlkawa Y. , Akaza T. , Tadokoro K. , Juji T.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The distribution of HLA‐B61 alleles and their association with HLA‐C and DRB1 alleles were investigated in six East Asian populations (South Korean, Chinese Korean, Man (Manchu), Northern Han, Mongolian and Buryat) and Spanish Gypsies and compared to our previous report on the Japanese population. The alleles were identified using a group‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genomic DNA followed by hybridization with sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOP)‐ Both HLA‐B*4002 and B*4006 were commonly detected in the South Korean, Chinese Korean, Man, Northern Han and Japanese populations, while HLA‐B*4002 was predominant in the Mongolian and Buryat populations. Strong associations of B*4002 with Cw*0304 and of B*4006 with Cw*0801 were commonly observed in these East Asian populations. In contrast, in Spanish Gypsies, only HLA‐B*4006 was found and the allele exhibited a strong association with Cw*1502. HLA‐B*4003 was also identified in the South Korean, Chinese Korean, Northern Han, Mongolian and Japanese populations at relatively low frequencies, and exhibited an association with Cw*0304. Moreover, the association of these B61 alleles with the DRB1 alleles revealed considerable diversity among the different populations. HLA‐B*4004 and B*4009 were not observed in these populations. Consequently, the frequencies of the B61 alleles varied among the different East Asian populations, but the individual B61 alleles were carried by specific haplotypes often regardless of the ethnic differences.
Polymorphism analysis of four canine MHC class I genes
Authors: Graumann M.B. , DeRose S.A. , Ostrander E.A. , Storb R.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: We have studied the variability of four structurally complete dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) class I genes, termed DLA‐12, ‐88, ‐79 and ‐64, in a population of mixed breed, unrelated dogs. The human HLA and canine DLA loci share a high degree of similarity in terms of gene structure. This analysis focused on the first three exons of each of four complete canine genes. Exons two and three are the major source of polymorphism in the corresponding human genes. In this analysis, DLA‐88 was found to be significantly more polymorphic than the other three genes, with 44 distinct alleles observed among 63 mixed breed, unrelated dogs. The remaining genes had between one and four alleles when examined in 25 dogs. This work was carried out as part of an effort to develop an MHC typing system for the dog, which is critical to the further development of preclinical studies of hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation in the canine model.
Distribution of human platelet antigens in a Chinese population
Authors: Chang Y.W. , Mytilineos J. , Opelz G. , Hawkins B.R.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: We report the distribution of the human platelet antigens HPA‐1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐4 and ‐5 as determined using the polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific primers in 100 random, healthy Chinese in Hong Kong. The HPA‐1a, ‐2a, ‐4a and ‐5a genes were present in every sample tested, HPA‐1b, ‐2b and ‐5b were rare, and the sample was monomorphic for HPA‐4a. HPA‐3a and ‐3b genes showed frequencies of 0.525 and 0.475 respectively. There was no departure from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium in any of the five HPA systems studied.
Complete coding sequence of HLA‐B*2712: a serologic B27‐negative antigen associated to Bw6
Authors: Balas A. , Santos S. , García‐Sánchez F. , Lillo R. , Merino J.L , Vicario J.L.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: We report the complete coding sequence of a new HLA‐B27 subtype, B*2712, which was found in a Caucasian Spanish family within the chromosome A2‐Cw2‐B*2712‐DR15‐DQ6. B*2712 was first detected as a segregating B blank Bw6‐associated antigen. Extensive serologic analysis demonstrated that this new B27 subtype was not recognised by any of the B27‐monospecific antibodies, giving positive reactions only with some monoclonal reagents against B40 or B27,40. Sequencing analysis showed a high similarity with B*2708, only differing in three clustered amino acid residues at positions 69 to 71 located in the α helix of the α1 domain. Residues 69 and 71 point towards the T‐cell receptor, while amino acid 70 points to the antigen binding site. Loss of the conserved structure of pocket B as well as the differentiated pocket F configuration suggests that B*2712 does not confer ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility, Misleading serologic definition supports the usefulness of DNA‐typing methods to complement HLA class I typing.
Failure of TGF β1 and IL‐12 to regulate human FasL and mTNF alloreactive cytotoxic T‐cell pathways
Authors: Asselin‐Paturel C. , Pardoux C. , Gay F. , Chouaib S.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The effect of TGFβ1 and IL‐12 on calcium‐independent cytotoxic pathways was investigated. We have previously demonstrated that the regulatory effect of TGFβ1 and IL‐12 on human alloreative CTL activity was associated with regulation of perform and granzyme B gene expression. To determine the effect of both cytokines on the alternative cytotoxic pathway involving FasL and mTNF, we first investigated the expression of both molecules on human primary alloactivated T cells. Our results show that human allostimulated T lymphocytes express FasL. Cell lysis experiments demonstrate that the FasL cytotoxic pathway is involved in the killing of specific target cells mediated by human alloreactive CTL. In addition, allogeneic stimulation induced significant mTNF expression on both CD4+ and CD8+ responder T cells. Using TNF‐sensitive target cells, we also demonstrate that the mTNF‐mediated cytotoxic pathway is involved in the cytotoxic activity of human primary allostimulated T lymphocytes. Neither TGFβ1 nor IL‐12 had an effect on FasL or mTNF expression. Furthermore, addition of TGFβ1 or IL‐12 at the initiation of the MLR had no significant effect on Fas‐ and mTNF‐mediated cytotoxicity.

Taken together, our results provide a novel insight into the differences between regulation by cytokines of perforin‐dependent and ‐independent cytotoxic mechanisms. Unlike their role in the perforin/granzyme B pathway, TGFβ1 and IL‐12 do not appear to mediate any regulatory effect on FasL and mTNF cytotoxic pathways used by human alloreactive primary CTL.
Phenotypical and functional characterization of Herpesvirus saimiri‐immortalized human major histocompatibility complex class ll‐deficient T lymphocytes
Authors: Alvarez‐Zapata D. , de Miguel Olalla S. , Fontán G. , Ferreira A. , García‐Rodríguez M.C. , Madero L. , van den Elsen P. , Regueiro J.R.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: CD8+ T lymphocytes from two unrelated cases of MHC class II deficiency were immortalized in vitro using Herpesvirus saimiri. In both cases, a lack of expression of surface MHC class II molecules was ascertained, whereas variable defects were shown for MHC class I, CD74 (invariant chain) and LAG‐3 (an MHC class II ligand). The functional analysis of both H. saimiri‐immortalized T‐cell lines revealed the existence of a proliferation impairment in response to anti‐CD3 but not to other surface or transmem‐brane stimuli. Further characterization of this functional defect indicated that it was not associated with impaired early activation events (like calcium flux) but, rather, with certain late events, like the induction of IL‐2. H. saimiri'‐immortalized T cells may be valuable in studying the biological role of MHC class II molecules in activated human T cells.
Association between autoantibody markers and subtypes of DR4 and DR4‐DQ in Swedish children with insulin‐dependent diabetes reveals closer association of tyrosine pyrophosphatase autoimmunity with DR4 than DQ8
Authors: Sanjeevi C.B. , Hagopian W.A. , Landin‐Olsson M. , Kockum I. , Woo W. , Palmer J.P. , Lernmark A. , Dahlquist G.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: HLA DQA1*0301‐DQB1*0302 (DQ8) and DQA1*0501‐DQB1*0201 (DQ2) are positively and DQA1*0102‐DQB1*0602 (DQ6) negatively associated with IDDM. In DQA1*0301‐DQB1*0302 (DQ8)‐positive patients, susceptibility is also mediated by DRB1*0401. The aim of the study was to determine the association between HLA‐DR4 and DQ and the presence of GAD65, ICA512, and insulin autoantibodies as well as ICA in 425 Swedish children with IDDM and 367 controls in the age group of 0–15 years. We found that ICA512 autoantibodies were associated primarily with DRB1*0401 and not with DQA1*0301‐DQB1*0302 (DQ8). No such hierarchy could be demonstrated for insulin autoantibodies, which were associated with both DQA1*0301‐DQB1*0302 (DQ8) and DRB1*0401. GAD65 autoantibodies, known to be closely associated with DQA1*0501‐DQB1*0201 (DQ2)‐DRB1*0301 haplotype, also showed no preferential association with DQA1*0301‐DQB1*0302 (DQ8) versus DRB1*04. These results suggest that the immune response to different β‐cell autoantigens may be mediated via HLA class II molecules from different loci. Design of the antigen‐specific immuno‐intervention trials should take into account these HLA‐DR and DQ subtype associations.
Major histocompatibility complex class II alleles in an Uygur population in the Silk Route of Northwest China
Authors: Mizuki N. , Ohno S. , Ando H. , Sato T. , Imanishi T. , Gojobori T. , Ishihara M. , Goto K. , Ota M. , Geng Z. , Geng L. , Li G. , Inoko H.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: HLA class II (DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 and DPB1) genotyping was performed in 57 unrelated Uygur individuals inhabiting the northwestern China area by the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) method. Among 98 DRBI alleles tested, 23 alleles were detected, and DRB1*0701 (16.7%) and DRB1*0301 (14.0%) were the most and the second most common alleles, respectively. In 8 DQA1 alleles detected, DQA1*05 (26.3%), DQA1*03 (21.9%) and DQA1*0201 (21.1%) were very frequent. Of 21 DQB1 alleles tested, 13 were observed. Among them, DQB1*02 was highly predominant with the gene frequency of 32.5%. Of 46 DPB1 alleles tested, 15 were detected, among which DPB1*0401 (31.6%) was the most frequent. Two haplotypes predominate clearly; DRB1*0701‐DQA1*0201‐DQB1*02 (15.5%) and DRB1*0301‐DQA1*05‐DQB1*02 (12.6%). The dendrogram constructed by the neighbour‐joining (NJ) method based on the allele frequencies of the DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 and DPB1 genes of 13 representative populations all over the world suggested that Uygur belonged to the Asian group and lay at the closest genetic distance to a Kazak population inhabiting the same area.
Allele‐specific HLA‐B*15 typing by PCR‐SSP and its application to four distinct ethnic populations
Authors: Barnardo M.C.N.M. , Welsh K.I. , Vilches C. , Maitland K. , Bunce M.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: We present a set of primer mixes for the allele‐specific typing of the HLA‐B*15 group by PCR‐SSP. The set comprises 46 primer mixes which are designed to unequivocally resolve all but two of the 666 possible combinations of the B*15 alleles, B*1501–37 (B*1536 sequence unavailable). A core subset of 34 of the 46 mixes can be used alone to give a high resolution B*15 typing set. This allows for the identification of each B*15 allele when present as the only B*15 allele and the majority of the possible B*15 homozygotic combinations. The method was validated using reference DNA samples and the B*15 allele frequency in 4 distinct ethnic populations was investigated. The results show that these populations contain predominantly mutually exclusive sets of B*15 alleles.
Thirty‐two novel HLA‐A alleles identified during intermediate resolution testing
Authors: Lazaro A. M. , Xiao Y. , Cao K. , Masaberg C. , Nichol L. , Ng J. , Hurley C. K. , Posch P. E.
Published: July 2010

Thirty‐two novel human leukocyte antigen‐A alleles are described: four A*01 (*0110, *0112, *0113 and *0117), four A*02 (*0263, *0280, *0292 and *9201), two A*03 (*0316 and *0325), four A*11 (*111502, *1117, *1122 and *1123), five A*24 (*2441, *2450, *2455, *2456 and *2457), one A*26 (*2627), two A*29 (*2909 and *2914), two A*30 (*3013 and *3016), one A*32 (A*3213), two A*34 (*3407 and *3408) and five A*68 (*6828, *6829, *6830, *6831 and *6834). Seventeen of the variants are single‐nucleotide substitutions from their most homologous allele, which results in amino acid changes (A*0117, *0263, *0292, *0316, *0325, *1122, *1123, *2455, *2456, *2457, *2627, *2909, *3016, *3407, *6828, *6831 and *6834), and only one is silent substitution (A*111502). The remaining alleles differ from their most similar alleles by two to six nucleotide substitutions.
Sequencing of a novel HLA‐DRB1*07 allele with a new polymorphism at amino acid position 21 (DRB1*0715)
Authors: Balas A. , Bustamante L. , García‐Sánchez F. , Vicario J. L.
Published: July 2010

DRB1*0715 differs from DRB1*070101 in a point nucleotide mutation at codon 21 (ACG→AAG), which produces an amino acid residue change from T to K.
Monitoring of indirect allorecognition: wishful thinking or solid data?
Authors: Waanders M. M. , Heidt S. , Koekkoek K. M. , Zoet Y. M. , Doxiadis I. I. N. , Amir A. , Heemskerk M. H. M. , Mulder A. , Brand A. , Roelen D. L. , Claas F. H. J.
Published: July 2010

Monitoring of T cells involved in the alloimmune response after transplantation requires the availability of reliable in vitro assays for the detection of T cells with both direct and indirect allospecificity. While generally accepted assays exist to measure helper and cytotoxic T cells involved in direct allorecognition, consensus about an assay for monitoring indirect T‐cell allorecognition in clinical transplantation is lacking. Many studies claim a relationship between the reactivity of T cells with indirect allospecificity and graft rejection, but different protocols are used and essential controls are often lacking. In this review, the disadvantages and pitfalls of the current approaches are discussed, in some cases supported by the results of our own in vitro experiments. We conclude that an international workshop is necessary to establish and validate a uniform, robust and reliable assay for the monitoring of transplant recipients and to study the actual role of indirect allorecognition in acute and chronic rejection.
Identification of the very uncommon allele HLA‐Cw*0716 in a Caucasian renal transplant recipient: extension of the exon 4 sequence
Authors: Canossi A. , Liberatore G. , Del Beato T. , Piazza A. , Adorno D.
Published: July 2010

This report describes the unknown exon 4 sequence of the rare human leukocyte antigen‐Cw*0716 allele, identified in a Caucasian renal transplant recipient from Italy. This sequence is identical to the Cw*070101 allele, and this result allowed us to confirm the hypothesis of the generation of Cw*0716 allele by an interallelic recombination event between Cw*0701/0706/0718 and Cw*020202 allele.
Identification of the novel HLA‐C allele Cw*0751
Authors: Thompson E. M. , Kashi Z. M. , Martin R. K. , Alcorn J. L. , Tidey L.
Published: July 2010

We report the novel HLA‐Cw allele HLA‐Cw*0751. The allele was identified during routine sequence‐based typing in our laboratory. The novel allele is identical to Cw*07020101 except for a single nucleotide change in codon 90.2 in position 268. HLA‐Cw*0751 allele possesses an adenine at position 268 in exon 2, while HLA‐Cw*07020101 has a cytosine at this position. Although this substitution does not change serologic reactivity of HLA‐Cw7 molecule, it changes the amino acid at codon 90 from an aspartic acid to an alanine. Aspartic acid is polar and acidic, while alanine is non‐polar and neutral.
HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1 alleles and haplotypes in the Kinh population in Vietnam
Authors: Hoa B. K. , Hang N. T. L. , Kashiwase K. , Ohashi J. , Lien L. T. , Horie T. , Shojima J. , Hijikata M. , Sakurada S. , Satake M. , Tokunaga K. , Sasazuki T. , Keicho N.
Published: July 2010

Allele and haplotype frequencies of the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) were studied in the Kinh Vietnamese population. We analyzed 170 unrelated healthy individuals. DNA‐based HLA typing was performed using a microsphere‐based array genotyping platform with sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probes to distinguish HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1 alleles. A total of 21 HLA‐A, 37 HLA‐B, 18 HLA‐C, 25 HLA‐DRB1, and 14 HLA‐DQB1 alleles were identified. HLA‐A*1101, A*2402, A*3303, B*1502, B*4601, Cw*0102, Cw*0702, Cw*0801, DRB1*1202, DQB1*0301, DQB1*0303, and DQB1*0501 were found with frequencies higher than 10%. Two representative haplotypes bearing two to five HLA loci were A*1101‐B*1502 and A*3303‐B*5801 for HLA‐A‐B; Cw*0801‐B*1502 and Cw*0102‐B*4601 for HLA‐C‐B; B*1502‐DRB1*1202 and B*4601‐DRB1*0901 for HLA‐B‐DRB1; DRB1*1202‐DQB1*0301 and DRB1*0901‐DQB1*0303 for HLA‐DRB1‐DQB1; A*1101‐Cw*0801‐B*1502 and A*3303‐Cw*0302‐B*5801 for HLA‐A‐C‐B; A*1101‐B*1502‐DRB1*1202 and A*2901‐B*0705‐DRB1*1001 for HLA‐A‐B‐DRB1, A*1101‐Cw*0801‐B*1502‐DRB1*1202‐DQB1*0301 and A*2901‐Cw*1505‐B*0705‐DRB1*1001‐DQB1*0501 for HLA‐A‐C‐B‐DRB1‐DQB1. Allele distribution and haplotype analysis demonstrated that the Vietnamese population shares HLA patterns with southern Chinese, Thai, Javanese and Micronesians, while it also retains unique characteristics.
Highly efficient virus resistance mediated by artificial microRNAs that target the suppressor of PVX and PVY in plants
Authors: Ai T. , Zhang L. , Gao Z. , Zhu C. X. , Guo X.
Published: July 2010

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) processed from nuclear‐encoded transcripts control expression of target transcripts by directing cleavage or translational inhibition. Artificial miRNAs (amiRNAs) that exploit this endogenous gene silencing mechanism can be designed to target any gene of interest and provide a highly specific approach for effective post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants. Here, using Arabidopsis thaliana miR159a, miR167b and miR171a precursors as backbones, we designed two types of amiRNA targeting sequence that encode the silencing suppressor HC‐Pro of Potato virus Y (PVY) and the TGBp1/p25 (p25) of Potato virus X (PVX). The detected amiRNAs efficiently inhibited HC‐Pro and p25 gene expression and conferred highly specific resistance against PVY or PVX infection in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum; this resistance was also maintained under conditions of increased viral pressure. Moreover, resistance was strongly influenced by the complementarity between the target sequence and amiRNA, and was well correlated to amiRNA expression level; the expression level of amiRNAs was also well related to the precursor backbones. We further showed that transgenic N. tabacum developed highly effective resistance to both PVY and PVX through expression of a dimeric amiRNA precursor. Together, our findings indicate that transgenic plants with multiple virus‐specific resistance can be obtained through co‐expression of several amiRNAs targeting multiple viruses.
Experimentelle Grundlagen zur mikrobiologischen Griseofulvinbestimmung in Serum
Authors: DITTMAR W
Published: July 2010

Die untere Nachweisgrenze für Griseofulvin (G) liegt bei Anwendung von mikrobiologischen Verfahren und maximal G–empfindlichen Testkeimen im Bereich von etwa 0,0125 bis 0,02 mcg G je ml Nährmedium. Bei Zusatz von 20 % des zu untersuchenden Serums zum Versuchsansatz können so noch etwa 0,06 bis 0,1 mcg G je ml eines unverdünnten Versuchsserums erfaßt werden. Solche Werte ließen sich z. B. mit einem Stamm von M. audouinii erhalten, der höher G–empfindlich ist als M. gypseum 4658 (s. Mitt. I). Als Alternativverfahren zu demjenigen auf festem Medium wird ein solches mit flüssigem Medium ausführlich be–schrieben, das aber eine größere Fehlerbreite aufweist. Hierbei wird die Masse des gewachsenen Myzels durch Trockengewichtsbestimmung ermittelt. Bei Anwendung einer geeigneten Rührvorrichtung für das Medium kann ferner eine angenähert exponentielle Wachstumsphase erhalten werden, während welcher sich das Myzelwachstum photometrisch (turbidimetrisch) messen läBt. Die ED 50 %–Werte für G gegenüber Dermatophyten, die sich aus den erhaltenen Dosis–Wirkungs–Kurven ergeben, sind deutlich weniger von variablen Versuchsum–ständen abhängig als die der totalhemmenden Konzentrationen. Als Beispiel für spezielle Untersuchungen, die sich mit den Myzelwachstumstesten durchführen lassen, wird das Ergebnis einer differenzierten Eiweißfehleruntersuchung für G gezeigt.

When using microbiologic methods and agents of maximum sensitivity against griseofulvin (G) the bottom limit of determination ranges from 0,0125 to 0,02 mcg G per ml medium. After adding 20 % of the serum to be examined to the medium 0,06 to 0,1 mcg G per ml of undiluted serum can be determined. Such values could be obtained, for instance, with a strain of M. audouinii, which is more sensitive to G than M. gypseum (see part I of this paper). In contrast to the solid medium a test method in a liquid one is described, which, however, shows a larger deviation of values. In this procedure the amount of the grown mycelium is measured by determining the dry weight. By using an appropriate stirring device for the medium an approximately exponential section of the growth curve can be obtained, in which period growth of the mycelium can be measured turbidimetrically. The ED 50 % values of G against dermatophytes, which are obtained from the dosis–response–curves, depend in a remarkably lower degree on variable test conditions than do the concentrations of total inhibition. As an example for special studies to be conducted with the mycelium growth test the result of a differentiated protein factor assay for G is given.
Die Riesenkolonie von fakultativ‐pathogenen Sproßpilzen*
Authors: Gemeinhardt H.
Published: July 2010

Im Rahmen der Sproßpilzdiagnostik wurde über 7 Jahre die Riesenkolonie auf Malz‐extrakt‐Agar im Erlenmeyerkolben (200–300 ml) als abschließendes morphologisches Merkmal eingesetzt. 794 Stämme verschiedener fakultativ‐pathogener Arten, die von Haut, Schleimhäuten und Organen des Menschen frisch isoliert worden waren, wurden einer näheren Beobachtung unterzogen. Die Formbildungsfähigkeit der einzelnen Arten war wesentlich auf die Bildung von echtem Mycel und Pseudomycel zurückzuführen. Bei 5 ausgewählten Kulturtypen von Candida albicans und Candida parapsilosis blieb mit einer Ausnahme der Kolonieaspekt über 7 Passagen bei Übertragung durch Punktimpfung erhalten. Auf die Vorteile, die Anwendung und Kenntnis der Riesenkolonie von fakultativ‐pathogenen Sproßpilzen im medizinisch‐mykologischen Laboratorium bringen, wird hingewiesen.
Subcutaneous Mucormycosis: Mucormykose der Subkutis
Authors: Szepes Éva , Gróf Pál
Published: July 2010

Summary: The skin disease of the 27 year old man took its origin 1 and a half years before his admittance. Previously, as a manual worker he had carried sacks on his shoulder. Later he noticed a little node to rise on this area. Incision made on spot resulted in enlargement of the diseased area. Examination by cultural and histological methods proved the mycotic origin of the skin process. The causal agent was a Rhizopus sp. After treatment with Amphotericin B and plastical surgery the patient recovered.

Zusammenfassung: Die Hautkrankheit des 27 jährigen Mannes entstand anderthalb Jahre vor seiner Aufnahme. Früher hatte er als Handarbeiter Säcke auf den Schultern getragen. Später bemerkte er, daß sich ein kleiner Knoten auf diesem Gebiet entwickelte. Eine durchgeführte Incision führte zu einer Vergrößerung des Knotens. Mit mykologischen Kutur‐ und histologischen Methoden durchgeführte Untersuchungen bewiesen den mykotischen Ursprung des Hautprozesses. Der Erreger war eine Rhizopus species. Nach Behandlung mit Amphotericin B und plastischer Chirurgie wurde der Patient geheilt entlassen.
Protothecosis: A Report of Two Cases: Protothekose/Bericht über zwei Fälle
Authors: Thianprasit M. , Youngchaiyud U. , Suthipinittharm P.
Published: July 2010

Summary: Two cases of protothecosis caused by Prototheca wickerhamii with different clinical features are reported. The first case had a severe infection due to impairment of humoral and cellular immunity from systemic lupus erythematosus treated with immunsuppressive agents, exhibiting disseminated ulcerative nodules on both legs. Amphotericin B was used with satisfactory result. The second patient who was healthy without known immunological defects, had only a single granulomatous skin lesion on the medial side of the left calf. Surgical removal of the lesions was performed with skin‐grafting and there was no recurrence after one year of follow‐up. The routes of infection in both cases were undetermined.

Zusammenfassung: Bericht über zwei Fälle von Protothekose mit unterschiedlichem klinischen Bild, bei denen Prototheca wickerhamii als Erreger gefunden wurde. Der erste Patient hatte eine schwere Infektion, die auf einer Beeinträchtigung der humoralen und zellulären Immunität beruhte, die durch eine immunsuppressive Behandlung eines systemischen Lupus erythematodes hervorgerufen war. Dieser Patient zeigte disseminierte ulcerative Knoten an beiden Beinen. Amphotericin B konnte mit günstigem Ergebnis eingesetzt werden. Der zweite Patient, der an keinen immunologischen Beeinträchtigungen litt, hatte nur eine einzelne granulomatöse Hautläsion an der Innenseite des linken Unterschenkels. Bei diesem Patienten wurde der Knoten chirurgisch entfernt und der Defekt mit einem Transplantat gedeckt Während einjähriger Nachbeobachtung entstand kein Rezidiv. Der Infektionsweg blieb in beiden Fällen ungeklärt.
Effects of Two Stains on Blastoconidia of Candida albicans: Scanning Electron Microscope Studies. Wirkungen von zwei Farbstoffen auf die Blastosporen von Candida albicans: Untersuchungen mit dem Rasterelektronenmikroskop
Authors: Costa A. L. , Valenti A. , Ruggeri P.
Published: July 2010

Summary:  The authors report observations using scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M.) of cell morphological alterations induced by two stains (crystal violet and malachite green) in cultures of Candida albicans. A marked ultrastructural polymorphism was found. Thus it is suggested that the two stains induced a cellular suffering of the mycete whose functions are then inhibited.

Zusammenfassung:  Die Verfasser berichten über die morphologischen Veränderungen, die von den Farbstoffen Kristallviolett und Malachitgrün bei pathogenen Candida albicans‐Stämmen verursacht werden. Auffälliger ultrastruktureller Polymorphismus wurde bei den Sproßzellen festgestellt. Es wird angenommen, daß durch den Farbstoffkontakt die Sproßzellen biologisch inaktiviert werden.
Protective effects of lithium treatment for spatial memory deficits induced by tau hyperphosphorylation in splenectomized rats
Authors: Tan Wen‐Fei , Cao Xue‐Zhao , Wang Jun‐Ke , Lv Huang‐Wei , Wu Bin‐Yang , Ma Hong
Published: July 2010

1. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction has become more prevalent in recent years. We used a splenectomized rat model with postoperative spatial learning and memory deficits to investigate the role of tau hyperphosphorylation and glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) within the hippocampus.

2. Cognitive function was assessed in a Y‐maze 1 day before and 1, 3 and 7 days after surgery. We measured site‐specific phosphorylation of hippocampal tau (Thr‐205 and Ser‐396), GSK‐3β activity and expression of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) mRNA and protein as markers of inflammation. We also tested the effects of treatment with lithium chloride (LiCl), a GSK‐3β inhibitor.

3. Splenectomy was associated with learning and memory impairment 3 days later, as well as a rapid and massive hyperphosphorylation of hippocampal tau at Thr‐205 and Ser‐396, activated GSK‐3β, and increased IL‐1β and TNF‐α expression. LiCl completely restored tau hyperphosphorylation to control levels.

4. These data from the splenectomized rat model suggest that inflammatory factors affect tau pathology through the GSK‐3β signalling pathway and that LiCl is a promising treatment for postoperative cognitive deficits.
Ascidian follicle cells: Multifunctional adjuncts to maturation and development
Authors: Lambert Charles C.
Published: July 2010

Ascidians are primitive chordates, subphylum Tunicata, that are sessile filter‐feeding hermaphrodites as adults. Released oocytes are enclosed within a monolayer of follicle cells, a non‐cellular vitelline coat and a monolayer of test cells that cover the egg membrane. Follicle cell structure is distinctive in different groups. They originate from circulating hemoblasts with functional nuclei. They are necessary for germinal vesicle breakdown in several species and may secrete a meiosis‐inducing substance to the oocyte. In some families the follicle cells are necessary for fertilization. Although all ascidians are hermaphrodites, many are not capable of self fertilization. The follicle cells seem to be involved in self, non‐self discrimination. Attachment of sperm to egg involves a sperm surface glycosidase binding to an egg surface glycoside. The primary block to polyspermy involves a glycosidase released by the follicle cells. In one species with direct development, the follicle cells secrete a sticky substance that anchors the embryos in a wave‐swept rocky area; a brooding solitary ascidian with a tadpole larva uses a sticky substance secreted by follicle cells to attach the brood to the atrial chamber. Several species have floating eggs due to buoyancy of their follicle cells, a result of ammonia sequestration in at least one species. Many other marine invertebrates release eggs with attached follicle cells, and all vertebrates ovulate oocytes covered with follicle cells. Comparisons are discussed between these groups and ascidians.
Short ileal segment for orthotopic neobladder: A feasibility study
Authors: Aleksic Predrag , Bancevic Vladimir , Milovic Novak , Kosevic Branko , Stamenkovic Dusica M , Karanikolas Menelaos , Campara Zoran M , Jovanovic Mirko
Published: July 2010

Objectives:  The objective of this study was to present the construction of a neobladder with a modified pouch technique using 25–35 cm of terminal ileum.

Methods:  Thirty‐eight patients whose pouch was constructed from 25–35 cm of terminal ileum (short pouch [SP] group) were prospectively evaluated vs 41 patients whose pouch was constructed from 50–70 cm of terminal ileum (long pouch group). Pouch volume, post‐void residual (PVR) volume, need for catheterization, continence and voiding frequency were evaluated at 3 and 12 months after surgery.

Results:  SP group patients had significantly smaller pouch capacity (440 vs 840 mL, P < 0.001) at month 12, and smaller PVR at postoperative months 3 (11 [0–43]vs 40 [0–147] mL, P < 0.001) and 12 (10 [0–90]vs 72 [0–570] mL, P < 0.001). SP group patients had significantly higher voiding frequency on postoperative month 3 (10 vs 9, P < 0.001) and 12 (7 vs 6, P < 0.005). Continence was significantly improved in the SP group compared with the long pouch group after 12 months (63.2% vs 34.1%, respectively, P = 0.034). Full continence improved significantly over time (P < 0.001) in the SP group, from 26.3% at month 3 to 63.2% at month 12.

Conclusion:  A pouch constructed from 25–35 cm of terminal ileum provides adequate capacity, smaller PVR, satisfactory continence and a better 24‐h voiding frequency pattern during the first postoperative year.
Two respiratory enzyme systems in Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 contribute to growth on l‐lactate
Authors: Thomas Marie T. , Shepherd Mark , Poole Robert K. , van Vliet Arnoud H. M. , Kelly David J. , Pearson Bruce M.
Published: July 2010

Campylobacter jejuni, a major food‐borne intestinal pathogen, preferentially utilizes a few specific amino acids and some organic acids such as pyruvate and l‐ and d‐lactate as carbon sources, which may be important for growth in the avian and mammalian gut. Here, we identify the enzymatic basis for C. jejuni growth on l‐lactate. Despite the presence of an annotated gene for a fermentative lactate dehydrogenase (cj1167), no evidence for lactate excretion could be obtained in C. jejuni NCTC 11168, and inactivation of the cj1167 gene did not affect growth on lactate as carbon source. Instead, l‐lactate utilization in C. jejuni NCTC 11168 was found to proceed via two novel NAD‐independent l‐LDHs; a non‐flavin iron–sulfur containing three subunit membrane‐associated enzyme (Cj0075c‐73c), and a flavin and iron–sulfur containing membrane‐associated oxidoreductase (Cj1585c). Both enzymes contribute to growth on l‐lactate, as single mutants in each system grew as well as wild‐type on this substrate, while a cj0075c cj1585c double mutant showed no l‐lactate oxidase activity and did not utilize or grow on l‐lactate; d‐lactate‐dependent growth was unaffected. Orthologues of Cj0075c‐73c (LldEFG/LutABC) and Cj1585c (Dld‐II) were recently shown to represent two novel families of l‐ and d‐lactate oxidases; this is the first report of a bacterium where both enzymes are involved in l‐lactate utilization only. The cj0075c‐73c genes are located directly downstream of a putative lactate transporter gene (cj0076c, lctP), which was also shown to be specific for l‐lactate. The avian and mammalian gut environment contains dense populations of obligate anaerobes that excrete lactate; our data indicate that C. jejuni is well equipped to use l‐ and d‐lactate as both electron‐donor and carbon source.
Long‐term shifts in abundance and distribution of a temperate fish fauna: a response to climate change and fishing practices
Authors: Last Peter R. , White William T. , Gledhill Daniel C. , Hobday Alistair J. , Brown Rebecca , Edgar Graham J. , Pecl Gretta
Published: July 2010

Aim  South‐eastern Australia is a climate change hotspot with well‐documented recent changes in its physical marine environment. The impact on and temporal responses of the biota to change are less well understood, but appear to be due to influences of climate, as well as the non‐climate related past and continuing human impacts. We attempt to resolve the agents of change by examining major temporal and distributional shifts in the fish fauna and making a tentative attribution of causal factors.

Location  Temperate seas of south‐eastern Australia.

Methods  Mixed data sources synthesized from published accounts, scientific surveys, spearfishing and angling competitions, commercial catches and underwater photographic records, from the ‘late 1800s’ to the ‘present’, were examined to determine shifts in coastal fish distributions.

Results  Forty‐five species, representing 27 families (about 30% of the inshore fish families occurring in the region), exhibited major distributional shifts thought to be climate related. These are distributed across the following categories: species previously rare or unlisted (12), with expanded ranges (23) and/or abundance increases (30), expanded populations in south‐eastern Tasmania (16) and extra‐limital vagrants (4). Another 9 species, representing 7 families, experienced longer‐term changes (since the 1800s) probably due to anthropogenic factors, such as habitat alteration and fishing pressure: species now extinct locally (3), recovering (3), threatened (2) or with remnant populations (1). One species is a temporary resident periodically recruited from New Zealand. Of fishes exhibiting an obvious poleward movement, most are reef dwellers from three Australian biogeographic categories: widespread southern, western warm temperate (Flindersian) or eastern warm temperate (Peronian) species.

Main conclusions  Some of the region's largest predatory reef fishes have become extinct in Tasmanian seas since the ‘late 1800s’, most likely as a result of poor fishing practices. In more recent times, there have been major changes in the distribution patterns of Tasmanian fishes that correspond to dramatic warming observed in the local marine environment.