bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sculpture of a Lion in the Amasya Museum
Authors: Durugönül Serra
Published: January 2007

The lion that forms the subject of this paper is exhibited in the garden of Amasya Museum. The inventory number is A.87.51. It was brought from the village of Gümüştepe in the region of Merzifon. Neither the circumstances of its discovery nor the exact findspot are known.
Pioneer, Scholar, and Victim: an Appreciation of Frank Calvert (1828–1908)
Authors: Robinson Marcelle
Published: January 2007

For over a century, the names “Schliemann” and “Troy” have been virtually synonymous, and the story of Schliemann's boyhood dream to discover Troy has gripped the imagination of millions. This romantic tale, though created for a different purpose, effectively obscures the fact that Schliemann would never have excavated Hissarlik—then the suspected site of Troy—had it not been for Frank Calvert, a man of whom, thanks in large part to Schliemann's misrepresentations, few people had ever heard. Only in recent years, when Schliemann's claims were finally examined impartially, has there been any appreciation of the debt Schliemann owed to Calvert, and of Calvert's own archaeological achievements. Today, Calvert's contributions to other fields of scientific study are beginning to be mentioned, but Calvert himself still remains virtually unknown.

Frank Calvert was a pivotal figure in the history of the Troad. He deserves recognition for a number of reasons, not the least of which is the fact that he prepared the ground for Schliemann and, by his generosity and constant assistance to Schliemann, enabled him to transform himself with such spectacular success from a businessman into an archaeologist.
The Textual Illustration of the “Jester Scene” on the Sculptures of Alaca Höyük
Authors: Ünal Ahmet
Published: January 2007

The following article has to be conceived as one of my responses to a long standing and enigmatic question-mark which I have been carrying incessantly in mind since my first acquaintance with cuneiform writing and archaeology: Are there interactive implications between archaeological record and textual context in Hittite Anatolia at all? One might promptly and spontaneously expect that as a principle there must have been close relations between both sorts of data, since, first of all, they are mental and material products of the same people. Why are, then, the results gained from comparisons of archaeological and philological material disappearingly feeble considering that Hittitology is in a very lucky position in being supplied abundantly by both sorts of material? The temporary results gained from the comparative studies by other scholars as well as by myself were often disappointingly meagre. This is one of the reasons why I have frequently pointed out in a pessimistic way inconsistencies between archaeological objects and information supplied by the written sources in Hittite culture.
The Galatian settlement in Asia Minor
Authors: Darbyshire Gareth , Mitchell Stephen , Vardar Levent
Published: January 2007

Until very recently almost everything of substance that was known about the Galatians was derived from historical, more specifically Greek and Roman, sources. Modern perceptions of the Galatians have accordingly not only been one-sided, but have also depended on outsiders' views and representations of a complex culture. A stereotypical picture established itself in the modern literature, which itself was moulded by the preconceptions of ancient Greek observers. This view, which will also provide a chronological framework for an examination of Galatian culture, may be summarised broadly as follows: the Galatians were groups of Celticspeaking peoples who arrived on the borders of the Classical world, Macedonia, Greece and Asia Minor, around 281 BC (see fig 1). Warlike, barbarous and set upon raiding and plunder, they attacked cities and sanctuaries in Greece, before crossing to Asia Minor where they conducted themselves in similar fashion until the various efforts of Hellenistic rulers forced them to settle in north central Anatolia, the region around Ankara (see fig 2).
Thalatta, Thalatta: Xenophon's view of the Black Sea
Authors: Mitford Tim
Published: January 2007

The moment when the Ten Thousand sighted the Euxine is one of the most haunting scenes to come down to us from the ancient world. Retreating from Cunaxa near Babylon in 401 BC, Xenophon describes how the Greeks fought their way northwards across Kurdistan to scale the Pontic mountains, and reached the sea at the Greek city of Trapezus, already more than two centuries old. By linking Xenophon's famous account with Hadrian's inspection of his eastern frontier, their route across the mountains, and their triumphant viewpoint, can be determined with some certainty.

About 120 miles before the Greeks reached the Black Sea, the ruler of a large and prosperous city called Gymnias, probably the modern Bayburt, sent a guide to Xenophon.
Notes and inscriptions on the cult of Apollo at Oinoanda
Authors: Milner N. P.
Published: January 2007

The following inscriptions provide evidence of the cult of Apollo at Oinoanda, a Graeco-Roman city of northern Lycia, and show that it included an oracle in the Roman Imperial period, and perhaps already in the Hellenistic period. The location of the sanctuary of Apollo cannot presently be identified.
A Hellenistic statue base in the Upper Agora at Oinoanda
Authors: Milner N. P.
Published: January 2007

In Autumn 1997 a small team led by the Director of Fethiye Museum İbrahim Malkoç and Professor Martin F. Smith began excavations in the Upper Agora of Oinoanda. This area, long known as the ‘Esplanade’, following Cousin (1892: 56–58), is shown below to have been the Hellenistic and early Imperial agora of the city. A sondage was opened on the west side of the Upper Agora, and in so doing soil was removed around the lower half of a circular base which had appeared to be in situ (figs 1,2, and fig 3 where the base has the inventory number YÇ 1200). A previously unsuspected inscription was discovered upside down and located towards the present bottom of the base, from which it is apparent that the base had been re-used upside down, perhaps already in Antiquity.
A Roman bridge at Oinoanda
Authors: Milner N. P.
Published: January 2007

An ancient limestone block was brought to our attention in the garden of Mehmet Atçı, the then bekçi of Oinoanda, at his house in the village of İncealiler, below the ancient site, during the site-survey of Oinoanda and its territory led by Professor Stephen Mitchell in 1994. It had been rescued from the nearby small antique site at Kemerarası, which lies at the foot of the Oinoanda hill (Urluca), immediately on the north bank of the upper Xanthos river, at the point where routes ancient and modern from the lower Xanthos valley debouch from the pass of Karabel into the Seki plain. Kemerarası is known to tourists for its Ottoman bridge which still spans the Xanthos (fig 1), and which is now superseded by a modern highway bridge, and to ancient historians chiefly as the findspot of the Demostheneia festival inscription published by Wörrle (1988). The old theory that the site at Kemerarası was a separate city of ‘Termessus Minor” has been scotched by Coulton (1982), who showed that Termessus Minor was the name of Oinoanda itself, viewed as a colony of Termessus Major.
Sennacherib and Tarsus
Authors: Dalley Stephanie
Published: January 2007

The aim of the research presented in this paper was to find out more about Tarsus in the time of Sennacherib and his successors from a Mesopotamian standpoint, and to discover whether Assyrian influence persisted into subsequent periods.

Two fragments of text attributed to the Babylonian priest Berossus, who lived in Babylon under Antiochus I, have been transmitted by Eusebius and were attributed to Polyhistor and to Abydenus as intermediaries. They relate the deeds of Sennacherib in Cilicia. Both versions say that he built the city of Tarsus in the image of Babylon. Both versions say that Sennacherib defeated Ionians or Greeks in Cilicia. The version of Polyhistor claims that Sennacherib left a statue of himself in Cilicia with a record of his deeds inscribed in ‘Chaldaean’ script, and the text claims, in saying ‘as he (sc. Sennacherib) reports’, to be derived from a contemporary account of Sennacherib's deeds (Burstein 1978: 24 fn 79). Abydenus' version says that the king had his deeds inscribed truthfully and mentions that he built a ‘temple of the Athenians’ and erected bronze pillars.
Alahan and Zeno
Authors: Elton Hugh
Published: January 2007

Following Gough, the late Roman church complex at Alahan in Isauria is usually described as a monastic site built by the emperor Zeno (AD 474–491). Recent reinterpretation of the site by Mango and Hill has suggested that it was not a monastery but a pilgrimage site. This paper argues that none of the physical evidence at the site gives good reason to think of it as built by Zeno. The usual lavish scale of imperial patronage is missing. Alahan was a rural church complex built in the late fifth or early sixth century, whose most important feature is its state of preservation.
Troy in clearer perspective
Authors: Hertel Dieter , Kolb Frank
Published: January 2007

Was late Troy VI a large Anatolian palatial city, a hub for trade, a commercial metropolis or even the centre of a Bronze Age federation of cities (hanse), as the present excavator of Hisarlik, M. Korfmann, has claimed in numerous publications? Several German archaeologists and historians have maintained the opposite and declared Korfmann's view of Troy as unfounded and a fiction. In a recent article in Anatolian Studies (2002: 75–109) D.F. Easton, J.D. Hawkins, and A.G. and E.S. Sherratt state that they share the opinion of the excavator. In reality, they do not defend the above mentioned views, but offer a more restrained description of the role of Troy VI in the Late Bronze Age. Their arguments, though, can be shown to be untenable due to insufficient evidence. Thus, a thorough criticism of Korfmann's statements remains fully justified.
Sykeon rediscovered? A site at Kiliseler near Beypazarı
Authors: Barchard David
Published: January 2007

The Life of Saint Theodore of Sykeon gives a detailed picture of village life in later Roman Galatia, on the eve of the Persian and Arab invasions. Though known to be located near the intersection of a Roman highway and a river, the site of Sykeon remained unidentified in modern times. Earlier inability to locate it was attributable to mistakes made by 19th century historical geographers of Anatolia, but even after their errors were corrected by David French, the site could not be found. In September 1995 the writer and Peter Brown of Princeton University discovered a terraced slope, strewn with late Roman pottery, at Kiliseler near the village of Tahirler, south of Beypazarı. The site, and its geology, conform to the known characteristics of Sykeon, including its distance from neighbouring towns, and provide suitable settings for many of the events in the career of Saint Theodore, thus raising the hope that archaeology may now be able to supplement information available from the saint's Life.
Regional multilineage differentiation potential of meniscal fibrochondrocytes: Implications for meniscus repair
Authors: Mauck Robert L. , Martinez‐Diaz Gabriel J. , Yuan Xiaoning , Tuan Rocky S.
Published: January 2007

The knee menisci are wedge‐shaped semilunar fibrocartilaginous structures that reside between the femur and tibia and function to transmit and distribute load. These structures have characteristics of both fibrous and cartilaginous tissues. The cartilage‐like inner region and the fibrous vascularized outer region each has a distinct extracellular matrix, and resident meniscal fibrochondrocytes (MFCs) with distinct morphologies dependent on their location. Damage to the meniscus is common, and disruption of tissue structure and function result in erosion of the underlying articular cartilage. It has been observed that damage in the vascular periphery undergoes spontaneous repair, whereas damage of the inner region does not heal. While vascularity of the peripheral region plays a role in healing, recent findings have also suggested that local cellular composition influences local healing capacity. This study examined the variation in multipotential characteristics of cell populations isolated from different regions of the bovine meniscus. MFCs were isolated from the outer (vascular), inner (avascular), and horn (mixed) regions and induced toward chondrogenic, adipogenic, and osteogenic lineages. The results of this study suggest that MFCs from all regions of the meniscus possess a multilineage differentiation capability, particularly toward chondrogenesis and adipogenesis. MFCs from the outer region were most plastic, differentiating along all three mesenchymal lineages. These findings may underlie the experimental observation of improved integration of meniscus grafts from the outer zone and may have implications for developing strategies of cell‐based meniscus repair. Anat Rec, 290:48–58, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seeing Is Believing: Peptide‐Based Fluorescent Sensors of Protein Tyrosine Kinase Activity
Authors: Lawrence David S. , Wang Qunzhao
Published: January 2007

Protein tyrosine kinases are key biochemical effectors of the signaling pathways that drive both normal and aberrant cell behavior. The ability to visualize the activity of tyrosine kinases in both a continuous and sensitive fashion will have a dramatic impact on the identification and characterization of inhibitors, the elucidation of the biochemical role of protein tyrosine kinases in various biological processes, and the imaging of kinase action in cells, tissues, and whole organisms. Several chemical strategies have recently been described that translate the formation of a phosphorylated tyrosine residue into a fluorescent readout. The challenges associated with the design of protein tyrosine kinase sensors, as well as the scope and limitations of the currently available sensors, are described.
The effect of an education programme (HyPOS) to treat hypoglycaemia problems in patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Hermanns N. , Kulzer B. , Kubiak T. , Krichbaum M. , Haak T.
Published: January 2007

Background

In a randomized, prospective multi‐centre trial, the effect of a specific training programme (HyPOS) for patients with hypoglycaemia problems was compared with a control group (CG), receiving a standardized education programme aiming at avoidance of hypoglycaemia by optimization of insulin therapy.

Methods

A total of 164 type 1 diabetes patients (age 46.0 ± 12.5 yrs, HbA1c 7.3 ± 1.0%, 50% male) were randomized. Hypoglycaemia awareness was measured by the hypoglycaemia awareness questionnaire (HAQ) and by a visual analogue scale (VAS). There were no baseline differences.

Results

After a 6‐month follow‐up, hypoglycaemia awareness significantly improved in HyPOS compared to that in the CG (Δ HAQ 0.7 [95% CL 0.1–1.2], p = 0.024, Δ VAS 0.8 [95% CL 0.2–1.2], p = 0.015). In HyPOS, the threshold for detection of low blood glucose (Δ 0.2 mmol/L [95% CL 0.03–0.04], p = 0.02) and the treatment of low blood glucose (Δ 4.6 g [95% CL 1.6–7.6], p = 0.03) increased significantly. The number of undetected hypogylcaemic episodes (Δ− 1.4 episodes per week [95% CL 0.4–2.5], p = 0.01) and the rate of mild hypoglycaemia dropped significantly in HyPOS (Δ 2.1% [95% CL 0.5–5.3], p = 0.015). The numbers of severe (Δ 0.3 events per patient per year [95% CL − 0.04–1.0], p = 0.037) and very severe hypoglycaemic episodes (Δ 0.3 events per patient per year [95% CL − 0.1–0.7], p = 0.09) were lower in HyPOS, but these differences were not significant.

Conclusion

Compared to the CG, HyPOS demonstrates additional benefits in terms of improving impaired hypoglycaemia awareness, reducing mild hypoglycaemia, detecting low blood glucose, and treating low blood glucose. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A natural component as coinitiator for unfilled dental resin composites
Authors: Shi Suqing , Nie Jun
Published: January 2007

A natural component, 1,3‐benzodioxole (BDO), was used for the purpose of replacing the conventional amine for dental composite. Camphorquinone (CQ)/BDO was used to initiate the photopolymerization of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA)/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) (70/30 wt %). The kinetics was recorded by real‐time Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The mechanical properties were measured by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), and CQ/ethyl 4‐N,N‐dimethylaminobenzoate (EDMAB) mixture was used as control in the same photocuring condition. The results indicated that, the addition of BDO as coinitiator greatly improved the rate of polymerization and final double bond conversion (DC), when compared with the system initiated by CQ alone. BDO and EDMAB were found to reach almost the same final DC (75%), though the kinetics of two systems was different. Comparing with EDMAB, BDO brought approximately the same glass transition temperature (Tg), but slightly higher storage modulus around 37°C. The water sorption and solubility for two mixtures were almost the same and within the range of the ISO 4049's standards. These results suggested that BDO was an effective alternative to conventional amine for coinitiator. And the human diet characteristics of BDO made it more promising than amine in the dental resin formulations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Calibration and validation of an oral fluid‐based sensitive/less‐sensitive assay to distinguish recent from established HIV‐1 infections
Authors: Sill Anne M. , Kreisel Kristen , Griffin Deeds Bethany , Wilson Craig M. , Constantine Niel T. , Peralta Ligia
Published: January 2007

Sensitive/less‐sensitive (S/LS) serum‐based serologic methods have been developed to measure human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence by distinguishing recent from established infections. Such methods require venipuncture. The goal of this study was to develop an alternative to serum‐based S/LS testing using oral fluid (OF) as the testing medium. Serum/OF pairs were collected from 342 patients attending 15 Adolescent Trials Network (ATN) clinical sites. The sera were tested with the use of the dilutional Vironostika (DV; Biomerieux, Durham, NC) S/LS assay (DVSOD=1.0) as the reference against which an OF LS assay was calibrated using 40 of the OF pairs. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses pinpointed the OF LS test parameters that maximized concordance with the serum‐based DV. Validation of the calibrated OF LS included testing of the remaining 302 serum/OF pairs. During calibration the maximum concordance with the DV was 95.2% and 89.5% for 21 recent and 19 established samples, respectively, at a 1:50 OF sample dilution and an optical density (OD) cutoff of 0.280. When applied to the validation sample set (N=302), the concordance was 73.6% for the recent samples and 89.6% for the established samples. The OF LS assay showed a good concordance with the serum‐based reference S/LS assay. It presents an alternative to invasive specimen collection, and has the potential for increasing test compliance in young subjects. However, because of the uncertainty of the performance characteristics of the serum‐based S/LS assay with which it was compared, further validation of the OF LS using seroconversion sample pairs is needed. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 21:40–45, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Language preference and its relationship with reading skills in English and Spanish
Authors: Brenneman Michele H. , Morris Robin D. , Israelian Marlyne
Published: January 2007

A dearth of research has investigated the language preference of bilingual childhood populations and its subsequent relationship to reading skills. The current study evaluated how a sequential bilingual student's choice of language, in a particular environmental context, predicted reading ability in English and Spanish. The participants were Latino children ranging in age from 7 years, 5 months, to 11 years, 6 months, with 43% born in the United States. Results showed a relationship between a child's higher English language preference for media and for communication with others outside the family and better reading skills in English. Language preference differences predicted reading abilities better for English than for Spanish. Results suggested that sequential bilingual children's language preference may be a useful marker of English language (second language [L2]) facility and use that is related to their reading proficiency or influences the development of English reading skills in such bilingual children in the United States. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 171–181, 2007.
The interaction of COO2 gas mixtures with Au tips: in situ imaging and local chemical probing
Authors: Visart de Bocarmé Thierry , Chau Thoi‐Dai , Kruse Norbert
Published: January 2007

The interaction of CO/O2 gas mixtures with gold has been studied by means of video‐field ion microscopy (FIM) under truly in situ conditions on the surfaces of small Au tips. To elucidate the local surface composition while imaging, atom‐probe studies have been performed using field pulses in a pulsed field desorption mass spectrometry (PFDMS) set‐up. The interaction of pure CO with Au field‐emitter tips at 300 K causes Au carbonyl to be formed on the surface, and these appear as singly and doubly charged cations AuCOn+ and Au(CO)n+2 in PFDMS spectra. The formation of these species is promoted by applying a steady electric field of several volts per nanometre. Video‐FIM reveals bright spots associated with the adsorption of oxygen during the extended interaction of oxygen gas with the Au surface. Dosing the Au tip with mixtures of O2 and CO causes chemical waves to move across the surface. Local chemical probing by pulses reveals that the occurrence of the wave is associated with the transition from a weakly oxygen‐covered to a CO‐covered surface (dominated by Au carbonyls). We conclude that the moving wave consists of Au sub‐carbonyls. The results demonstrate the usefulness of combined video‐FIM and atom‐probe studies to elucidate reaction mechanisms under model conditions of low gas pressures (⩽10−2 Pa) on a well‐defined gold crystallite. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐sample standardization and decomposition analysis: an application to comparisons of methamphetamine use among rural drug users in three American states
Authors: Wang Jichuan , Carlson Robert G. , Falck Russel S. , Leukefeld Carl , Booth Brenda M.
Published: January 2007

This study demonstrates how to use standardization and decomposition analysis (SDA) techniques to compare outcome measures simultaneously among multiple populations. Methamphetamine use among rural stimulant drug users in three geographically distinct areas of the US (Arkansas, Kentucky, and Ohio) is presented as an example of applying SDA. Findings show that the observed crude rate of ‘ever used’ methamphetamine in the past 30 days and the frequency of methamphetamine use in the past 30 days were much higher in Kentucky than in the other two states. However, after the compositions of socio‐demographic confounding factors were standardized across the samples, the two measures of methamphetamine use ranked highest in Arkansas, followed by Kentucky, and then Ohio. Confounding factors contributed in various dimensions to the differences in the observed outcome measures among the distinct samples. The study shows that SDA is a useful technique for multi‐population comparisons, providing an opportunity to look at data from a different perspective in medical studies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative study of the α- and γ-tocopherols accumulation in muscle and backfat from Iberian pigs kept free-range as affected by time of free-range feeding or weight gain
Authors: Rey A. I. , Daza A. , López-Carrasco C. , López-Bote C. J.
Published: January 2007

The experiment was undertaken to quantify the α and γ-tocopherols accumulation in muscle and backfat from Iberian pigs given food free-range as affected by the time of free-range feeding or the weight gained during the fattening in free-range. Pigs were given their food in a free-range production system with pasture and acorns (Quercus rotundifolia) for different periods of time: 46 days (free-range 3), 83 days (free-range 2) and 111 days (free-range 1). A control was given food free-range for 0 days. In addition another experiment was developed to determinate the effect of the the weight gained on the tocopherols accumulation at a similar period of time (111 days) given food free-range: one group gained 68·7 kg of weight (free-range A) and the other 43·6 kg (free-range B). The concentration of γ-tocopherol significantly (P<0·0001) increased after 83 days of feeding in the longissimus dorsi (LD) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles, and after 111 days in the inner and outer backfat layers. The concentration of α-tocopherol was not statistically affected by the days of free-range feeding in any case. Iberian pigs that put on more weight had significantly (P< 0·0001) higher concentration of α and γ-tocopherols in the inner and outer backfat layers, and α-tocopherol in the BF muscle than those given food free-range B. However, no differences were detected in the proportion of α-tocopherol in the LD and γ-tocopherol in the LD and BF. The γ-tocopherol content of LD and BF muscles depending on the days of feeding were adjusted to linear and quadratic regressions (R2=0·8705 and 0·8697, respectively), while the outer and inner backfat layers were linear equations (R2=0·8480 and 0·8119, respectively). However, the γ-tocopherol concentration as affected by the weight gained in free-range showed in all tissues a linear and a quadratic trend that were adjusted to exponential responses. The α-tocopherol content was affected by the γ-tocopherol concentration in muscle and outer backfat layer. The tocopherol concentration (α and γ-tocopherols) in the backfat layers may discriminate better between the pigs of high quality that were given food free-range for a long period of time and those that stayed an intermediate period. However, to discriminate between the pigs on formulated food and those given food free-range, the quantification of the γ-tocopherol concentration in muscle could be a better indicator.
Selection for lean growth and food intake leads to correlated changes in innate immune traits in Large White pigs
Authors: Clapperton M. , Bishop S.C. , Glass E.J.
Published: January 2007

Genetic selection is well established as a means of improving productivity in pigs, but the effects of continued selection for increased performance on immunity are not well understood, nor are genetic relationships between performance and immunity. This study compared differences in the levels of a range of immune traits between lines of Large White pigs divergently selected for a number of productivity traits. Selection lines compared were highv. low lean growth under restricted feeding (31 high linev. 10 controlv. 38 low line pigs), high v. low lean growth underad libitumfeeding (18 high line v. 10 controlv. 19 low line pigs), and highv. low food intake (24 high linev. 26 low line pigs). Immune traits measured were total white blood cell numbers (WBC), and the numbers of leukocyte subsets: neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes, CD4+cells, CD8α+cells, B cells, γδ T cells and CD11R1+Natural killer (NK) cells. CD4+, γδ T cells and CD11R1+cells were subdivided into subpopulations that were positive or negative for the CD8α marker, and conventional CD8αhigh+cytotoxic T cells were also determined. Pigs were tested underad libitumfeeding conditions from 14 to 24 weeks, and immune traits were assessed at ages 18 and 24 weeks. Line differences were estimated using residual maximum likelihood techniques. Consistent differences in immune trait levels were evident between pigs previously selected for high and low lean growth under restricted feeding: at age 24 weeks, high line pigs had higher basal levels of WBC (39·6v. 27·8×106cells per ml, s.e.d. 2·09, for highv. low line pigs) mainly explained by higher levels of lymphocytes (25·5v. 17·3×106cells per ml, s.e.d. 1·54, for highv. low line pigs) with increased numbers of CD8α+cells (8·19v. 5·15×106cells per ml, s.e.d. 0·14) and CD11R1+cells (5·23v. 2·46×106cells per ml, s.e.d. 0·43), predominantly the CD11R1+CD8α?subpopulation ((3·20v. 1·64×106cells per ml, s.e.d. 0·11). High line pigs also had increased numbers of monocytes (2·64v. 1·83×106cells per ml, s.e.d. 0·35). Similar results were obtained at age 18 weeks. There were no consistent differences between divergent lines in pigs selected for lean growth underad libitumfeeding or food intake. This is the first report to demonstrate that selection for some aspects of performance can influence WBC and leukocyte subset numbers in pigs.
The effect of viscosity on the stability of a uniformly rotating liquid column in zero gravity
Authors: KUBITSCHEK J. P. , WEIDMAN P. D.
Published: January 2007

An investigation of the linear temporal stability of a uniformly rotating viscous liquid column in the absence of gravity is presented. The governing parameters are the rotational Reynolds number Re and the Hocking parameter L, defined as the ratio of surface tension to centrifugal forces. Though the viscosity-independent condition L≥(k2 + n2-1)−1 for stability to disturbances of axial wavenumber k and azimuthal mode number n has been known for some time, the preferred modes, growth rates and frequencies at onset of instability have not been reported. We compute these results over a wide range of L–Re space and determine certain asymptotic behaviours in the limits of L→0, L→∞ and Re→∞. The computations exhibit a continuous evolution toward known inviscid stability results in the large-Re limit and their ultimate transition to an n = 1 spiral mode at small Re. While viscosity is shown to reduce growth rates for axisymmetric disturbances, it also produces a destabilizing effect for n = 2 planar and n = 1 spiral disturbances in certain regions of parameter space. A special feature is the appearance of a tricritical point in L–Re space at which maximum growth rates of the axisymmetric, n = 1 spiral, and n = 2 planar disturbances are equal.
Cardiovascular malformations in Omani Arab children with Down's syndrome
Authors: Jaiyesimi Olufemi , Baichoo Vijaymani
Published: January 2007

Background and aim: Reports from several countries suggest that the prevalence and spectrum of the congenital cardiac malformations seen in the setting of Down's syndrome vary in different ethnic groups and countries, and at different periods in the same country. Data on Arab children are lacking. Our study aimed to fill that void by ascertaining the pattern in Omani Arabs. Methods: Prospective clinical and echocardiographic evaluation of consecutively recruited Omani children with Down's syndrome. Results: We studied 110 children, aged from one day to 11 years, with a median of 2 months, detecting 76 cardiovascular malformations in 63 (57%) of them. Atrioventricular septal defect, the most prevalent lesion, accounted for 24 (32%) of the 76 defects. Next were atrial septal defects within the oval fossa (29%), patency of the arterial duct (17%), and ventricular septal defect (14%). There were only two cases of Fallot's tetralogy, one each of coarctation of the aorta and right-sided heart, respectively; and none of discordant ventriculo-arterial connections. Conclusion: The prevalence of cardiovascular malformations is high, at 57%, in our studied population of Arab children. Overall, 92% of the malformations are defects which are characterized by a left-to-right shunt, and the potential for pulmonary hypertension. These findings underscore the need for early detection and prompt, appropriate care. To achieve this, if feasible, all babies born with Down's syndrome should have echocardiography in the first month of life.
Conjugated Linoleic Acids Exert Similar Actions on Prostanoid Release from Aortic and Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Ringseis  , Gahler  , Herter  , Eder
Published: January 2007

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are biologically active lipid compounds exerting anti-atherogenic actions in vivo without exact knowledge about the underlying mechanisms. Recently, CLAs were shown to lower the release of vasoactive prostanoids from vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) which play a central role in atherosclerosis. Since SMCs from different vascular locations were shown to exert differential actions in response to a common stimulus, the present study aimed to explore potential differential effects of CLA isomers on the release of the prostanoids PGE2 and PGI2 from coronary artery and aortic SMCs. For this purpose, human aortic and coronary artery SMCs were incubated with 5 and 50 μmol/L of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-10, cis-12 CLA for 24 hours and analyzed for fatty acid composition and the release of prostaglandins E2 and I2 (PGE2 and PGI2). Incubations were performed in the absence (basal conditions) and in the presence of 10 ng/mL of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) (cytokine-stimulated conditions). Fatty acid analysis revealed a similar degree of incorporation of CLA isomers and dose-dependent reduction of arachidonic acid in total cell lipids of both types of vascular SMCs following treatment with CLA. The release of PGE2 and PGI2 was dose-dependently inhibited by either CLA isomer from both types of vascular SMCs. The inhibitory potential of CLA isomers on the release of prostanoids was slightly different between basal and cytokine-stimulated conditions. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that the action of CLA isomers on the release of vasoactive prostanoids from vascular SMCs is largely independent of the vascular location; e.g., coronary arteries or systemic vasculature (aorta), but partially depends on the pathophysiological status of SMCs. The observed anti-inflammatory effect of CLAs may contribute to the anti-atherogenic actions of CLA.
Acute Intake of Red Wine does not Affect Antioxidant Enzymes Activities in Human Subjects
Authors: Fernández-Pachón  , Bakkali  , Villaño  , Troncoso  , García-Parrilla
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this work was to test if the acute intake of red wine has an effect on the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Eight healthy, non-alcoholic, non-smoking human volunteers took part in the study. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Ethical Research Committee of the University Hospital Virgen Macarena from Seville. Each subject fasted 12–14 hours before the experiment started. Volunteers were asked to consume 300 mL of red wine in 5 minutes. Venous blood sample was obtained by antecubital venipuncture, with heparin vacutainer. Blood extraction was performed before wine ingestion (baseline value) and 30, 55, and 120 minutes after wine intake. Blood samples were immediately centrifuged at 12,000 × g for 3 minutes, avoiding unnecessary exposure to light. Antioxidant enzymes under study were: superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes, glutathione peroxidase in whole blood, and glutathione reductase in plasma. Determinations were performed spectrophotometrically with commercial available enzymatic kits. No statistically significant changes were observed on the activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase assayed at any of the times after wine intake. The intake of red wine did not modify the short-term activity of antioxidant enzymes.
Relating transient storage to channel complexity in streams of varying land use in Jackson Hole, Wyoming
Authors: Gooseff Michael N. , Hall Robert O. , Tank Jennifer L.
Published: January 2007

Transient storage processes are important to biogeochemical cycling in many streams and depend greatly upon stream fluvial structure. Fluvial geomorphic structure establishes patterns of surface water and subsurface head distributions, often driving hyporheic exchange through steps, riffles, and meanders, and controls the potential for in‐channel dead zone storage in side pools, eddies, etc. We performed stream tracer experiments and geomorphological assessments (topographic thalweg surveys, channel dimension measurement, and sediment size analyses) in six streams in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, two agricultural streams, two urban streams, and two reference streams surrounded by native vegetation, to relate stream water transient storage to channel complexity. We propose that the inclusion of agricultural and urban streams increases the range of channel complexity and transient storage response over an assessment of numerous reaches within a single land use type. Stream tracer experiments were performed in each of the six reaches with slugs of Rhodamine WT (RWT). Downstream RWT breakthrough curves (BTCs) were simulated with a one‐dimensional solute transport model, STAMMT‐L, capable of simulating several transient storage residence time distribution types. As an indication of transient storage, relative BTC residence times were compared to timescale of advection, tadv (taken to be the time of peak tracer concentration). Reference streams were geomorphically complex, agricultural streams were intermediate, and urban streams were least complex. Urban streams had the shortest total relative residence times (<5tadv) and short mean storage residence times (0.34 hour, n = 2), and reference streams consistently had the longest total relative residence times (13–20tadv) and the longest mean storage residence times (1.82 hours, n = 2). These results indicate that increased geomorphic complexity increases the potential for transient storage, likely both in the channel and in the subsurface, as demonstrated in reaches in a range of land use settings.
Stochastic thermodynamics of chemical reaction networks
Authors: Schmiedl Tim , Seifert Udo
Published: January 2007

For chemical reaction networks in a dilute solution described by a master equation, the authors define energy and entropy on a stochastic trajectory and develop a consistent nonequilibrium thermodynamic description along a single stochastic trajectory of reaction events. A first-law like energy balance relates internal energy, applied (chemical) work, and dissipated heat for every single reaction. Entropy production along a single trajectory involves a sum over changes in the entropy of the network itself and the entropy of the medium. The latter is given by the exchanged heat identified through the first law. Total entropy production is constrained by an integral fluctuation theorem for networks arbitrarily driven by time-dependent rates and a detailed fluctuation theorem for networks in the steady state. Further exact relations such as a generalized Jarzynski relation and a generalized Clausius inequality are discussed. The authors illustrate these results for a three-species cyclic reaction network which exhibits nonequilibrium steady states as well as transitions between different steady states.
Tunable eletro-optical modulators based on a split-ring resonator
Authors: Shiozaki R. F. , Henn E. A. L. , Magalhães K. M. F. , Amthor T. , Bagnato V. S.
Published: January 2007

We present a novel design of an electro-optical modulator setup, consisting of a mechanically tunable cavity which allows the modulation frequency to be varied over a broad range. The design is based on the frequently used geometry of a split-ring resonator which allows for high-efficiency sideband generation. Normally such a configuration has the limitation of a narrow excitation band width (∼20 MHz). Our adjustable setup offers broad-range tunability over several hundred megahertz while still keeping the modulation efficiency. Such a widely tunable modulator may find applications in a variety of experiments in atomic physics.
Apparatus for time-resolved and energy-resolved measurement of internal conversion electron emission induced by nuclear resonant excitation with synchrotron radiation
Authors: Kawauchi Taizo , Matsumoto Masuaki , Fukutani Katsuyuki , Okano Tatsuo , Kishimoto Shunji , Zhang Xiaowei , Yoda Yoshitaka
Published: January 2007

A high-energy and large-object-spot type cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA) was constructed with the aid of electron trajectory simulations. By adopting a particular shape for the outer cylinder, an energy resolution of 7% was achieved without guide rings as used in conventional CMAs. Combined with an avalanche photodiode as an electron detector, the K-shell internal conversion electrons were successfully measured under irradiation of synchrotron radiation at 14.4 keV in an energy-resolved and time-resolved manner.
The Site of Size Constancy
Authors: Blakemore C , Garner E T , Sweet J A
Published: January 2007

Under appropriate conditions, with good depth cues, the perception of the bar width or spatial frequency of a pattern of black and white stripes (a grating) shows excellent size constancy. Two gratings at different distances look similar in spatial frequency when the actual width, not the angular width, of their stripes is the same.

Adaptation to a high-contrast grating causes a rise in the threshold contrast for detecting gratings of similar orientation and spatial frequency. This aftereffect transfers from one eye to the other, so it probably depends on binocular orientation-selective neurones in the visual cortex. With the adapting grating at three times the distance of the test grating the maximum elevation of threshold occurs for exactly the same angular spatial frequency as that of the adapting pattern. Therefore the neural mechanism for size-constancy scaling probably occurs after the visual cortex, perhaps in the inferotemporal cortex.
A ‘Distraction Effect’ of Noise Bursts
Authors: Fisher Shirley
Published: January 2007

The experiment was designed to investigate the effects of 2 s, 80 dB noise bursts on a five-choice serial response task, using ‘close’ analysis of data. A localised effect of noise burst onset was reported. This effect was confined to the distribution of ‘first responses’, following noise burst onset but not ‘offset’, and occurred on only a proportion of trials. Detailed analysis of the occurrence of the brief delays suggested that there was no systematic occurrence, that the information processing stage of the on-going serial response might be important, and, finally, that ‘distraction’ and not ‘paralysis’ provided a better description of the mechanism of the effect.
Phenomenal Rarefaction and Visual Acuity under ‘Illusory’ Conditions
Authors: Vicario G
Published: January 2007

Given a striped pattern, there are two ways of obtaining a phenomenal rarefaction of it: (a) by reducing the area of the pattern, leaving the distance between the stripes unchanged, or (b) by placing the pattern within one of Delboeuf's illusion contexts. With (a) phenomenal rarefaction is coupled with an increment of visual acuity, since the stripes are distinctly seen at a greater distance. With (b) the phenomenal rarefaction is the same as with (a), but is not associated with any increase of visual acuity. The rôle of ‘actual’ and ‘illusory’ conditions on visual perception is discussed.
The ‘Distraction Effect’ and Information Processing Complexity
Authors: Fisher Shirley
Published: January 2007

It was found earlier that a transient ‘distraction effect’ was apparent when 80 dB noise bursts occurred at random during an on-going serial-response task. Experiments are now reported in which the information processing ‘load’ of the on-going serial task was varied (a) by the introduction of increased stimulus predictability, or (b) by the introduction of stimulus–response incompatibility. On the notion that the information processing system acts as a single channel, with increased stimulus predictability there should be a reduced distraction effect, because there would be more capacity available for responding to noise bursts whilst maintaining serial task performance; the reverse should be true for the case of increased stimulus–response incompatibility. Results suggested that the ‘distraction effect’ was reduced in both cases. An additional explanation suggesting that the information processing load of the task itself determined whether or not the noise bursts were providing effective rivalry with the task signals is considered.
The Allocation of Attention in Multisource Monitoring Behaviour: Adult Age Differences
Authors: Sanford A J , Maule A J
Published: January 2007

Two experiments are reported in which elderly subjects showed less attentional selectivity than young subjects. The observing response (OR) task used was an analogue of an industrial monitoring situation in which faults occurred with different probabilities on three machines. When subjects were allowed to observe at their own rates, the mean fault rate on the system influenced the selectivity of the young group, but the relationship did not hold for the older group. The age effect was less in a second experiment where observing rate was constrained. When coupled with conclusions from earlier work, subjective assessments indicate that selectivity differences cannot be traced to a failure on the part of the old subjects to comprehend the relative probabilities of signals on the different machines. A possible explanation of the attenuated selectivity in old subjects is suggested.
The Dependence of Monocular Rivalry on Spatial Frequency
Authors: Atkinson J , Campbell F W , Fiorentini A , Maffei L
Published: January 2007

The effect of change in spatial frequency on the alternation rate of two crossed gratings was measured. The rate was found to decrease with increase in spatial frequency, but to change only little with contrast. Low alternation rate was observed for crossed square-wave gratings compared to crossed sine-wave gratings; here the rate of rivalry is largely dependent upon the presence or absence of the first three harmonic components rather than the higher harmonics which contribute to the sharp edges of the square wave. The results are compared with those for some ambiguous figures.
Observations on Spatial-Frequency Doubling
Authors: Tyler C W
Published: January 2007

The involvement of disparity detectors in the perception of spatial-frequency doubling in a flickering grating was tested by viewing the grating horizontally. Frequency doubling was unimpaired, and must therefore occur independently of disparity detection. A distortion model of frequency doubling was compared with a flicker-detection model, in predicting the appearance of nonsinusoidal gratings. The results support the flicker-detection model but not the distortion model. Physiological considerations suggest that spatial-frequency doubling may be mediated by the transient response of the amacrine cells in the retina.
Evidence for Separate Movement and Form Channels in the Human Visual System
Authors: Frisby J P , Clatworthy J L
Published: January 2007

Two experiments are described which investigated the possibility that the directional and form aspects of a moving stimulus are coded in separate neural locations. The experiments employed an adaptation paradigm in which sensitivities to grids in optimal apparent movement were measured following an adaptation exposure to a grid in real movement. The postadaptation grids possessed varying degrees of similarity to the adaptation stimulus: they could either have a similar orientation and a similar movement direction, or they could differ on just one of these dimensions, or they could differ on both of these dimensions. Selective adaptation effects were observed which were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that different form and movement channels exist in the human visual system.