bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microwave dielectric properties of (0.75ZnAl2O4–0.25TiO2)–MgTiO3 ceramics prepared using digital light processing technology
Authors: He Zi‐Xuan , Lu Lu , Wu Jia‐Min , Chen An‐Nan , Chen Shuang , Cheng Li‐Jin , Hua Shuai‐Bin , Li Chen‐Hui , Wang Chang‐An , Shi Yu‐Sheng
Published: February 2022

ZTM ceramics comprising of 0.75ZnAl2O4–0.25TiO2 and MgTiO3 at a ratio of 90:10 wt.% are widely used in the field of communication as filters and resonators owing to their excellent microwave dielectric properties. However, the development of such dielectrics with complex structures, as required by microwave devices, is difficult using traditional fabrication methods. In this study, ZTM microwave dielectric ceramics were prepared using the digital light processing (DLP) technology. The influence of the sintering temperature on the phase composition, microstructure, and microwave dielectric properties of ZTM ceramics was investigated. Results showed that with an increase in the sintering temperature, the dielectric constant (εr) and quality factor (Q × f) of ZTM ceramics initially increased owing to the increase in the density and diffusion of ions. However, when the sintering temperature was excessively high, the abnormal growth of crystal grains and micropores led to a decrease in εr and Q × f. The ZTM ceramics sintered at 1450°C exhibited the optimum microwave dielectric properties (εr = 12.99, Q × f = 69 245 GHz, τf = −9.50 ppm/°C) owing to the uniform microstructure and a high relative density of 95.02%. These results indicate that DLP is a promising method for preparing high‐performance microwave dielectric ceramics with complex structures.
What students with intellectual disabilities know about writing planning
Authors: Gallego‐Ortega José Luis , García‐Guzmán Antonio , Rodríguez‐Fuentes Antonio , Figueroa‐Sepúlveda Susana
Published: February 2022

Background

Studies on the writing of students with intellectual disabilities have been scarce and unrepresentative. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to analyse this group of students' abilities to plan their texts

Method

A collective case study was carried out, with an eminently qualitative approach, although aided by an initial quantitative analysis. Fifteen students with unspecified intellectual disabilities were interviewed using open‐ended questions. For data interpretation, content analysis and quantification of responses were used.

Results

The results revealed the abilities and limitations of these students regarding the knowledge and use of one of the key processes of written expression (writing planning).

Conclusion

The cognitive operations of planning, in which these students admitted the greatest problems, were the ordering and recording of ideas, and textual structuring.
Characteristics of hypertension and arterial stiffness in obstructive sleep apnea: A Scandinavian experience from a prospective study of 6408 normotensive and hypertensive patients
Authors: Saeed Sahrai , Romarheim Andrea , Mancia Giuseppe , Saxvig Ingvild West , Gulati Shashi , Lehmann Sverre , Bjorvatn Bjørn
Published: February 2022

The impact of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on arterial stiffness is less studied. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and covariates of increased pulse pressure (PP), a surrogate marker of arterial stiffness, in the entire study population as well as in separate analyses in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Further, we also explored the impact of smoking on brachial BP in hypertensive patients. Between 2012 and 2019, a total of 6408 participants with suspected OSA underwent a standard out‐of‐center respiratory polygraphy. OSA was defined by an apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) ≥15/h regardless of symptoms. PP ≥60 mmHg was used as a surrogate marker of increased arterial stiffness. Mean age was 49.3±13.7 years, 69.4% were male, and 34.5% had OSA. The prevalence of hypertension was 70.8% in OSA and 46.7% in No‐OSA (AHI < 15/h) controls (P < .0001). Hypertension was controlled (clinic BP < 140/90 mmHg) in 45.5% and uncontrolled in 54.5% (P < .001). Mean PP was 50±12 mmHg in smokers and 52±12 mmHg in non‐smokers (P = .001). Increased PP was found in 24.2% of the entire study population and was higher in patients with OSA compared to No‐OSA group (27.5% vs 22.4%, P < .0001). In an unadjusted logistic regression model, OSA was associated with a 1.3‐fold higher risk of having increased PP (95% CI 1.16‐1.48, P < .001). In a multivariable‐adjusted model, higher age, male sex, and history of hypertension, but not OSA (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.77‐1.02, P = .104) were associated with increased PP. In this large study of nearly 6500 participants who were referred with suspected OSA, one‐third were diagnosed with OSA and a quarter had increased arterial stiffness by elevated brachial PP. Hypertension but not OSA per se was associated with increased arterial stiffness. Hypertension was highly prevalent and poorly controlled.
Engagement Coping Responses to Adolescents’ Negative Racialized Experiences
Authors: Glover Ciara Smalls , Walker Aisha , Bañales Josefina
Published: February 2022

This study examined thematic patterns of parents’ engaged coping messages in response to their adolescents’ negative race‐based experiences. Ten focus groups were conducted with 73 Black parents from a Southeastern city (73% female). Using modified grounded theory, narratives that supported adolescent engaged coping were coded for three ethnic‐racial socialization messages, the perpetrator, and the setting, followed by inductive (open) coding. The majority of experiences were school‐related. Themes were informed by parents’ critical engagement, ethnic‐racial socialization, and engaged racial coping. Findings revealed that parents advised a repertoire of engaged coping strategies, from actively confronting interpersonal perpetrators (e.g., peers), to critically engaging with institutional perpetrators. Strategies to develop adolescents’ critical reflection and anti‐racism actions to dismantle racism across contexts are discussed.
Linguistic purism as resistance to colonization
Authors: Baioud Gegentuul , Khuanuud Cholmon
Published: February 2022

As the Mongolian language is equated with ethnic survival in Inner Mongolia, the metadiscourse of Mongolian linguistic purism has become a vital tactic for enacting Mongolian identity and creating a counterspace against Chinese linguistic and cultural hegemony. This paper analyses: (1) the process of establishing iconized links between language, culture, land and race on the second order of indexicalities; (2) the orthographic representation of mixed Mongolian and “pure” Mongolian in the Mongolian social media space Bainu. The study illuminates the interdiscursive processes of presuming and constructing linguistic, cultural, and ethnic boundaries by subaltern groups in an assimilationist nation state.
When altruism is remunerated: Understanding the bases of voluntary public service among lawyers
Authors: Kay Fiona , Granfield Robert
Published: February 2022

The legal profession claims a duty of public service that calls on lawyers to volunteer their time through “pro bono” work (i.e., free legal service). And increasingly law firms strongly endorse pro bono and even remunerate time that is provided to clients without charge. But what happens when pro bono is mandated by the law firm, even compensated? Is altruism undermined? Drawing on a survey of 845 lawyers, we develop an integrated theoretical model to account for how volunteering takes place in the course of legal work. The analysis reveals psychological traits, collective norms, economic exchanges, and organizational dimensions shape lawyers' pro bono work in intriguing ways with marked distinctions emerging when pro bono is remunerated by firms. Collective norms known to foster altruistic behavior appear most relevant to pro bono that is outside the job (i.e., unpaid), while organizational supports and constraints as well as economic exchange factors appear most salient to pro bono that is compensated within firms. We argue that a theory of pro bono work requires a more refined understanding of the forces promoting helping behaviors across several dimensions: whether to help, how much to help, and with or without compensation.
Anorexia nervosa: Illusion in the sense of agency
Authors: Evans Amanda
Published: February 2022

This paper first identifies and then provides a novel analysis of a feature of anorexia nervosa (AN) that has gone overlooked in the philosophy of psychiatry literature. This feature is the discrepancy between first‐personal experiences of anorexic food restriction and the clinical descriptions of these same behaviors at the level of agentive awareness. I develop a positive account of the sense of agency in AN that accommodates current empirical findings while also providing valuable insight into how it is that anorexics can sincerely report feeling fully in control over their food restriction.
Intrathecal amyloid‐beta oligomer administration increases tau phosphorylation in the medial temporal lobe in the African green monkey: A nonhuman primate model of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wakeman Dustin R. , Weed Michael R. , Perez Sylvia E. , Cline Erika N. , Viola Kirsten L. , Wilcox Kyle C. , Moddrelle David S. , Nisbett Ernell Z. , Kurian Anish M. , Bell Amanda F. , Pike Ricaldo , Jacobson Peer B. , Klein William L. , Mufson Elliott J. , Lawrence Matthew S. , Elsworth John D.
Published: February 2022

Aims

An obstacle to developing new treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been the inadequate translation of findings in current AD transgenic rodent models to the prediction of clinical outcomes. By contrast, nonhuman primates (NHPs) share a close neurobiology with humans in virtually all aspects relevant to developing a translational AD model. The present investigation used African green monkeys (AGMs) to refine an inducible NHP model of AD based on the administration of amyloid‐beta oligomers (AβOs), a key upstream initiator of AD pathology.

Methods

AβOs or vehicle were repeatedly delivered over 4 weeks to age‐matched young adult AGMs by intracerebroventricular (ICV) or intrathecal (IT) injections. Induction of AD‐like pathology was assessed in subregions of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) by quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the AT8 antibody to detect hyperphosphorylated tau. Hippocampal volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans prior to, and after, intrathecal injections.

Results

IT administration of AβOs in young adult AGMs revealed an elevation of tau phosphorylation in the MTL cortical memory circuit compared with controls. The largest increases were detected in the entorhinal cortex that persisted for at least 12 weeks after dosing. MRI scans showed a reduction in hippocampal volume following AβO injections.

Conclusions

Repeated IT delivery of AβOs in young adult AGMs led to an accelerated AD‐like neuropathology in MTL, similar to human AD, supporting the value of this translational model to de‐risk the clinical trial of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Simple attributes predict the value of plants as hosts to fungal and arthropod communities
Authors: Bruun Hans Henrik , Brunbjerg Ane Kirstine , Dalby Lars , Fløjgaard Camilla , Frøslev Tobias G. , Haarder Simon , Heilmann‐Clausen Jacob , Høye Toke T. , Læssøe Thomas , Ejrnæs Rasmus
Published: February 2022

Fungal and arthropod consumers constitute the vast majority of global terrestrial biodiversity. Yet, the link from richness and composition of producer (plant) communities to the richness of consumer communities is poorly understood. Fungal and arthropod species richness could be a simple function of producer species richness at a site. Alternatively, it could be a complex function of chemical and structural properties of the producer species making up communities. We used databases on plant–fungus and plant–arthropod trophic links to derive the richness of consumer biota per associated plant species (coined link score). We assessed how well link scores could be predicted by simple attributes of plant species. Next, we used a multi‐taxon inventory of 130 sites, representing all major habitat types in a country (Denmark), to investigate whether link scores summed over plant species in communities (coined link sum) could outperform simple plant species richness as predictor of fungal and arthropod richness at the sites. We found plant species' link scores for both fungi and arthropods to be positively related to plant size, regional occupancy, nativeness and ectomycorrhizal status. Link‐based indices generally improved the prediction of richness of fungal and arthropod communities. For fungal communities, both observed link sum (from databases) and predicted link sum (from plant attributes) had high predictive power, while plant richness alone had none. For arthropod communities, predictive performance varied between functional groups. For both fungi and arthropods, richness predictions were further improved by considering abiotic habitat conditions. Our results underline the importance of plants as niche space for the megadiverse groups of arthropods and fungi. The plant–attribute approach holds promise for predicting local and regional consumer richness in areas of the world lacking detailed plant–consumer databases.
Biochemical traits enhance the trait concept in Sphagnum ecology
Authors: Sytiuk Anna , Céréghino Regis , Hamard Samuel , Delarue Frédéric , Dorrepaal Ellen , Küttim Martin , Lamentowicz Mariusz , Pourrut Bertrand , Robroek Bjorn J. M. , Tuittila Eeva‐Stiina , Jassey Vincent E. J.
Published: February 2022

Sphagnum mosses are key to northern peatland carbon sequestration. They have a range of morphological and anatomical characteristics that allow them to cope with environmental stress. Sphagnum also produces a plethora of biochemicals that may prevent stress‐induced cell‐damage. However, the linkages between Sphagnum anatomical, morphological and biochemical traits (i.e. metabolites, pigments and antioxidant enzyme activities) are poorly known, neither are their joint responses to environmental change. Here, we quantify and link an array of Sphagnum anatomical, morphological and biochemical traits in five Sphagnum‐dominated peatlands distributed along a latitudinal gradient in Europe, covering a range of regional and local environmental conditions. Sphagnum morphological and anatomical traits were intrinsically linked to Sphagnum metabolites and enzyme activities, and these relationships were driven by shared responses to local and regional environmental factors. More particularly, we found that Sphagnum traits can be grouped into four clusters related to growth, biomass, defense and water stress tolerance. We used regional and local environmental conditions data to further show that biochemicals and their specific linkages with some morphological traits describe dimensions of physiology not captured by anatomical and morphological traits alone. These results suggest that Sphagnum morphology and function is rooted in the metabolome, and that incorporating biochemicals into the functional trait space concept can enhance our mechanistic understanding and predictive power in Sphagnum ecology.
Relatives’ experiences of the hospitalisation of older people with COVID‐19: A qualitative interview study
Authors: Hoffmann Eva , Specht Kirsten , Elkjær Mette , Kjær Maria , Primdahl Jette
Published: February 2022

Background

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, visitors were restricted from hospitals, separating them from hospitalised friends and family to reduce the infection risk.

Objectives

The objective was to explore how relatives of older people acutely admitted to hospital with COVID‐19 experienced being a relative, and how they felt about their contact with health care professionals (HCPs) when visitor restrictions prevented their physical presence in the ward.

Method

This study employed a qualitative design. We used individual qualitative semi‐structured interviews and the participants were relatives of acutely admitted older people from three COVID‐19 wards in Denmark. A total of 18 relatives participated, 14 female and 4 male, aged between 45 and 83 years. The analysis was guided by Graneheim and Lundman’s qualitative content analysis.

Results

The analysis derived the following three themes: (1) the importance of trust in a period of uncertainty; (2) the meaning of contact with HCPs, and (3) active but at a distance—a balancing act. The participants' feelings of uncertainty were prominent. The unknown nature of the disease and the unusual situation challenged relatives' trust in HCPs and the health care system.

Conclusions and relevance to practice

The findings highlight relatives' stress when the possibilities for visiting are restricted and the importance of trust in, and the relationship with HCPs. This study can strengthen HCPs' understanding of relatives' situation when older people are hospitalised during and after the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Road safety of older drivers and the nursing profession: A scoping review
Authors: Savoie Camille , Lavallière Martin , Voyer Philippe , Bouchard Suzanne
Published: February 2022

Background

Population ageing will lead to an increase in the number of older drivers. The ageing process can affect older adults’ driving ability. Nurses can play a major role in identifying potentially at‐risk drivers and providing guidance about driving safety and cessation, but their role remains somewhat unknown.

Objective

This scoping review aims to present the scientific literature in relation to the nursing profession in the field of road safety.

Design

CINAHL and PubMed databases were used to identify quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods or clinical practice guideline articles that referred to the role of nurses in older people's road safety and were published in English or French languages between January 1990 and August 2020. Ten (10) articles met the inclusion criteria and were analysed.

Results

Analysis of included articles revealed one main theme: Nurses’ and NPs’ roles in the mobility continuum. Results showed that nurses and nurse practitioners (NPs) often see older drivers in their clinical practice and that they have the competencies to screen and assess their fitness to drive. They are well positioned to discuss age‐related changes, fitness to drive and a driving retirement plan with their older patients, but they are not confident when addressing this issue. Few older adults have discussed their driving abilities with healthcare professionals, but they would be willing to discuss this if the subject were brought up.

Conclusions

This scoping review highlighted the paucity of research addressing the role of the nurse in road safety. More research is needed to adequately document this role.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Calcific Tendinitis of Gemellus Superior and Gemellus Inferior: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Yang Wen‐bo , Xu Qian‐kun , Liu Xing‐huang , Bakhshi Prapti , Wang Hong , Shao Zeng‐wu , Meng Chun‐qing , Huang Wei
Published: February 2022

Background

Tendon calcification is a common disease, and it could happen in the tendons of the shoulder, wrist, etc. However, tendon calcification in the superior and inferior gemellus is rare, and in this region is likely to be misdiagnosed.

Case Presentation

Here, our case report first reported a 53‐year‐old female patient with an unusual case of calcific tendinitis of the gemellus superior and gemellus inferior muscles. The patient presented with severe pain in the right hip and lower extremities, not relieved using nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The preoperative physical examination indicated an abnormality in the hip joint. Preoperative imaging confirmed the results of the physical examination and showed a right hip lesion. We did not make a definite diagnosis preoperatively but considered that the patient might have an osteochondroma. However, surgical findings indicated that the lesion was not in the hip capsule on subsequent arthroscopic surgery, which suggested that the preoperative diagnosis might be wrong. We opened the posterior capsule and found a “toothpaste‐like” lesion in the superior and inferior gemellus muscles' tendon. We thought this might be the calcified tendon. Then the arthroscopic surgery was finished to remove the lesion, and the removed tissue was sent to the pathology department for pathological examination. The pathological report confirmed the diagnosis of the calcified tendon. Postoperative follow‐up was conducted. The effect of the operation was noticeable. Postoperative symptoms were relieved.

Conclusions

Calcification of the tendons of the superior and inferior gemellus muscles can be easily misdiagnosed, and the disease can be treated minimally with arthroscopy.
Cervical Alignment of Patients with Basilar Invagination: A Radiological Study
Authors: Lin Jun‐yu , Bao Ming‐gui , Lin Shao‐yi , Liu Jun‐hao , Liu Qi , Li Ruo‐yao , Huang Zu‐cheng , Zhu Qing‐an , Zhang Zhong‐min , Ji Wei
Published: February 2022

Objective

To investigate the cervical alignment and the relative range of motion (ROM) in patients with basilar invagination (BI).

Methods

A total of 40 BI cases (38.1 years old ± 17.9 years old, 19 male and 21 female) and 80 asymptomatic individuals (33.8 years old ± 10.8 years old, 40 male and 40 female) were included. The Skull‐C2/Skull‐BV, Skull‐C7, C2‐C7/BV‐C7 wall angles, C0‐C2/C0‐BV, C0‐C7, C1‐C7, and C2‐C7/BV‐C7 angles were measured in dynamic X‐ray images (including neutral, extension, and flexion positions). Correlation between the upper and lower cervical curvatures were analyzed. The total, extension, and flexion ROMs of these angles were calculated, respectively.

Results

The BI patients had a smaller C0‐C2/C0‐BV angle (18.2° ± 16.4° vs 30.9° ± 9.3°), but larger C2‐C7/BV‐C7 (32.2° ± 16.1° vs 19.4° ± 10.6°) and C2‐C7/BV‐C7 wall angles (37.8° ± 17.2° vs 23.6° ± 10.2°) than the control group in neutral position. The upper and lower curvatures correlated negatively in neutral (r = −0.371), extension (r = −0.429), and flexion (r = −0.648) positions among BI patients, as well as in extension position (r = −0.317) among control group. The BI patients presented smaller total ROMs in Skull‐C2/Skull‐BV (12.3° ± 16.6° vs 19.7° ± 10.9°), C0‐C2/C0‐BV (8.1° ± 11.1° vs 17.6° ± 10.5°), and C0‐C7 angles (57.8° ± 14.2° vs 78.3° ± 17.9°), but a larger total ROM in C2‐C7/BV‐C7 wall angle (52.8° ± 13.9° vs 27.0° ± 16.1°) than the control group. The BI patients also presented smaller extension ROMs in Skull‐C2/Skull‐BV (6.9° ± 9.4° vs 12.5° ± 9.3°), Skull‐C7 (24.5° ± 10.9° vs 30.7° ± 12.5°), and C0‐C2/C0‐BV angles (4.4° ± 7.8° vs 9.9° ± 8.6°) than the control group. Moreover, the BI patients showed smaller absolute values of flexion ROMs in Skull‐C2/Skull‐BV (−5.2° ± 9.4° vs −7.3° ± 8.0°), C0‐C2/C0‐BV (−3.2° ± 8.8° vs −7.7° ± 8.7°), and C0‐C7 angles (−33.2° ± 13.0° vs −52.8° ± 19.2°), but a larger absolute value of flexion ROM in C2‐C7/BV‐C7 wall angle (−33.9° ± 14.8° vs −8.2° ± 15.1°).

Conclusion

The cervical spine was stiffer in BI patients than the asymptomatic individuals, especially in the upper cervical curvature. The negative correlation between upper and lower cervical curvatures was more obvious in BI patients.
Identification of the major quantitative trait locus cluster qGNPS4.1 for grain number and panicle structure in rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Liu Jin , Yu Liqin , Ma Xiaoding , Zhou Huiying , Cui Di , Hu Jiaxiao , Le Si , Han Bing , Chen Wu , Han Longzhi , Li Maomao
Published: February 2022

Panicle structure trait is one of the most important factors affecting yield. Exploring novel regulation genes and clarifying the genetic mechanism have an important meaning to the improvement of rice yield. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) derived from the cross between 'Longdao5' (Japonica) and 'Zhongyouzao8' (Indica) was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for grain number and panicle structure traits under multiple environments. Seventy‐seven QTLs were detected, 21 or 20 of which were stably and reliably detected under two or more than three ecological environments, respectively. These QTLs of the grain number and panicle structure (qGNPS) clustered on chromosomes 1, 4, 5 and 10 with pleiotropic genetic overlap effect and stable expression, and then, the major QTL clusters qGNPS4.1 and qGNPS10 were unreported. The novel stable expression major QTL cluster qGNPS4.1 control with grain number and secondary branch number was detected on chromosome 4 under multiple environments. Using the segregating RHL‐F2 and F2:3 population, we narrowed the location of qGNPS4.1 to a 214.94‐kb region. These results will lay the foundation for the major QTL clone and also will enrich the molecular marker‐assisted selection of grain number and panicle structure for molecular breeding in rice.
Genetic variation for grain phytate and molecular characterization of low phytic acid‐2 (lpa2) gene‐based maize (Zea mays) inbreds
Authors: Ragi Shridhar , Muthusamy Vignesh , Zunjare Rajkumar U. , Bhatt Vinay , Katral Ashvinkumar , Abhijith Krishnan P. , Chand Gulab , Mishra Subhra J. , Sekhar Javaji C. , Yadava Devendra K. , Hossain Firoz
Published: February 2022

Maize possesses higher concentration of phytic acid (PA) compared with other cereals, reducing bioavailability of iron and zinc. Reduction of PA in maize grains thus assumes significance to alleviate micronutrient malnutrition. Here, a set of 24 inbreds possessing mutant lpa2‐1 gene and seven inbreds with wild‐type LPA2 gene was field evaluated at Delhi and Hyderabad. The performance of lpa2‐1‐based inbreds was at par with wild‐type inbreds for grain yield (P = .09645) and key agronomic traits (P > .54100). Mutant inbreds possessed significantly low mean PA (1.90 mg/g) over wild‐type inbreds (2.56 mg/g) (P < .00001), with average reduction of 26% PA among lpa2‐1 mutants. Mean inorganic phosphorous (iP) was 0.81 mg/g in lpa2‐1 mutants and 0.27 mg/g in wild types, revealing significantly (P < .00001) higher increment (three‐fold) of iP in mutants compared with wild‐type inbreds. Characterization using 61 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) generated 181 alleles with mean polymorphism information content of 0.40 and mean gene diversity of 0.46. Cluster analyses grouped lpa2‐1 inbreds into three‐major clusters. The study identified potential cross combinations for development of low phytate maize with higher bioavailability of iron and zinc.
Secondary faulting plays a key role in regulating the Cenozoic crustal deformation in the northeastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Su Qi , Wang Xianyan , Yuan Daoyang , Zhang Huiping , Lu Huayu , Xie Hong
Published: February 2022

In this study, channel steepness and main divide migration analysis were conducted on the Qinghai Nanshan to confirm the activity and evolution of the range. The results showed that the broad and gently dipping northern limbs correspond to relatively low steepness values, while the narrow and steeply dipping southern limbs are characterized by higher steepness distribution. In addition, main divide of the range is currently stable, despite its tendency migrating northward. Based on previous numerical simulations and our geomorphological results, we suggested that the Qinghai Nanshan thrust Fault is tectonically active. The sustained thrust activities of the fault have uplifted the Qinghai Nanshan, driven southward migration of the main divide and caused obvious regional crustal shortening and thickening. Given the same landscape characteristics as the Qinghai Nanshan, the Gonghe Nanshan was found to have appreciable influence on regional crust deformation. Secondary active tectonics (e.g. the Qinghai Nanshan and Gonghe Nanshan) could subdivide rigid blocks into smaller ones and promote the slip transferring and strain regulation between boundary strike‐slip faults. In summary, we concluded that continuous crustal deformation within the northeastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau is implemented through strain assimilation by minor faults in minor blocks.
The links of causal chains
Authors: Kamp Hans
Published: February 2022

This paper is about the Causal Theory of Names, as outlined by Kripke in Naming and Necessity. The paper argues that causal chains which connect users in command of a name N with those present at the baptismal event in which N was introduced are branches of networks of ‘N‐labelled’ entity representations in the minds of past and present users of N. These networks of N‐labelled entity representations are special cases of networks that result in general from the use of referring expressions. Such networks are an important part of the fabric that holds a speech community together and point towards a view of language as a social practice. The theory of networks and chains is developed within MSDRT (‘Mental State Discourse Representation Theory’), an extension of DRT designed for the description of utterance contents, propositional attitudes, mental states and the ways in which mental states change in the course of verbal communication. The last section of the paper explores the view of languages as social practices somewhat further in the light of the network theory developed in the sections leading up to it.
Recent Research on Flat Diaphragms and Circular Plates With Particular Reference to Instrument Applications
Authors: Wahl A. M.
Published: February 2022

A discussion and literature survey of recent theoretical and experimental developments relating to flat plates and diaphragms is given, with particular reference to applications in pressure-measuring instruments. Developments discussed include: Effects of large deflections; initially buckled diaphragms; plates subject to plastic flow; analysis of temperature and acceleration effects in diaphragms for pressure measurement. Some discussion of instruments utilizing flat or nearly flat diaphragms is given and an attempt is made to indicate possible fruitful avenues of future research in the diaphragm field.
On the Applicability of Notch Tensile Test Data to Strength Criteria in Engineering Design
Authors: Lubahn J. D.
Published: February 2022

This paper gives a brief review of the information which currently can be obtained from notched tensile tests, followed by a discussion of the fact that the applicability of this information to manufacturing problems is so limited as to be almost useless for many engineering purposes. Finally, there is a consideration of what kind of information is necessary for rational design, and how such information might be obtained.
On the Drilling of Metals: 2—The Torque and Thrust in Drilling
Authors: Shaw M. C. , Oxford C. J.
Published: February 2022

The problem of computing the torque and thrust developed on a drill is approached from dimensional reasoning and the rules of cutting-force development in two-dimensional cutting. The drill quantity equivalent to the feed in ordinary machining is found to be the product of feed and diameter. General equations are derived for drill torque and thrust and found to be in good agreement with experimental data obtained by use of a drill dynamometer. The web thickness of the drill is found to influence thrust and torque significantly, but the influence of helix angle is found to be relatively unimportant.
Influence of Grinding Fluids Upon Residual Stresses in Hardened Steel
Authors: Letner H. R.
Published: February 2022

Grinding fluids perform functions which might be expected to affect the residual surface stresses resulting from a grinding operation. Stresses were analyzed in bars of hardened ball-bearing steel, surface ground in the presence of thirteen different fluids. The results suggest that the effectiveness of a fluid in minimizing residual grinding stresses depends not so much upon its capacity for removing heat from the surface as upon its ability to reduce frictional forces between the wheel and the work.
Some Experiments on the Influence of Various Factors on Drill Performance
Authors: Galloway D. F.
Published: February 2022

The experiments described in this paper are part of a series of investigations to obtain basic data needed for improving drilling techniques in a number of engineering factories. The main criteria of drill performance and some of the principal factors which influence performance are discussed. Special attention is given to drill shape, and particularly to those elements, such as relief angle, point angle, relative lip height, and so on, which can be controlled by the drill user. The theory of self-regenerative vibration in drilling is discussed, and theories are developed to explain inaccuracies in hole size and alignment. The paper includes test results which tend to support these theories. Reference is made to those considerations of drill geometry and specification which entered into the investigations. The influence of the drilling machine on drill performance was discussed in a previous paper by the author.
Temperature and Velocity Distribution and Transfer of Heat in a Liquid Metal
Authors: Brown H. E. , Amstead B. H. , Short B. E.
Published: February 2022

The results of an experimental investigation of the velocity and temperature distributions, together with the corresponding eddy diffusivity and heat-transfer results in a cooled stream of turbulently flowing mercury are presented. The temperature and velocity traverses of the mercury stream were made in a 1.61-in-ID nickel pipe over a range of Reynolds moduli of from approximately 250,000 to 800,000, with constant heat flux, and with the Prandtl modulus maintained substantially constant at 0.02. The relative radial position in a circular pipe at which the bulk mean temperature corresponds to the local temperature was found to be substantially constant and independent of the Reynolds modulus for the range of Reynolds moduli employed. A similar velocity relationship was found to exist. The ratio α of the eddy diffusivity for heat transfer to the eddy diffusivity for momentum transfer at the mean radius was between 0.7 for the lower Reynolds number and 0.9 for the higher Reynolds number. It was found that, in the absence of an interfacial resistance effect, the Martinelli-Lyon equation represents the heat-transfer data reasonably well, especially if allowance is made for the variation of the eddy-diffusivity ratio α with the Reynolds number.
Mean-Temperature Difference in One, Two, and Three-Pass Crossflow Heat Exchangers
Authors: Stevens R. A. , Fernandez J. , Woolf J. R.
Published: February 2022

A review is presented of the mean-temperature-difference equations for all previously solved cases of crossflow exchangers. A numerical integration procedure was used to obtain data for the single-pass case with both fluids unmixed. All of the previously unsolved cases of two and three-pass crossflow exchangers were also solved by numerical integration, using a cyclical reiteration process for the countercurrent cases. Design data in the form of correction factors are presented for all cases not previously solved.
Procedures for Testing Large Steam Turbine-Generators in Central Stations
Authors: Kratz E. M. , Westcott J. C.
Published: February 2022

The instrumentation and procedures required to run a reliable performance test on a large steam turbine-generator require careful and detailed planning. The location of the measurements for the test of a turbine-generator with a typical feedwater cycle and the type of instruments and their application is described. The accuracy of measuring the performance is evaluated from an analysis of the probable errors in measuring flows, temperatures, pressures, and generator load. The probable errors determined by this method are compared to the consistency of data that has been obtained on turbine performance tests and to performance measured by more than one method.
First Commercial Supercritical-Pressure Steam-Electric Generating Unit for Philo Plant
Authors: Fiala S. N.
Published: February 2022

The commercial success of higher pressures, higher temperatures, reheat, larger units, and single-boiler, single-turbine unit designs has given customers of the utility industry cheap electric power. The Philo project reflects efforts to continue this trend by opening up new avenues of approach. The engineering, design, manufacturing, construction, and operating experience on the 120,000-kw steam-electric generating unit operating at 4500 psi, 1150 F initial temperature with double reheat (first, at 1050 F and, second, at 1000 F) should provide the know-how to create units of still greater economy within the next decade.
First Commercial Supercritical-Pressure Steam Generator for Philo Plant
Authors: Rowand W. H. , Frendberg A. M.
Published: February 2022

From experience with the pioneer 2500-psi steam power plant of the Twin Branch Plant of the Indiana and Michigan Electric Company on the American Gas and Electric System, installed in the early 1940’s, and subsequent knowledge accumulated in the field, another significant advance into pressures above the critical is now being made at the Philo Plant of the Ohio Power Company. This is the 4500-psi, 1150 F two-stage reheat unit developing approximately 125 megawatts—a joint effort of the American Gas and Electric Service Corporation, the General Electric Company, and The Babcock & Wilcox Company.
Nonlinear Phenomena
Authors: Ludeke C. A.
Published: February 2022

It is the purpose of this paper to present briefly some phenomena associated with nonlinear systems. The phenomena discussed are wave form, frequency dependence on amplitude, the jump phenomenon, subharmonic oscillations, limit cycles, and frequency entrainment. Experimental examples of such phenomena are included and a representative bibliography is given.
A Dual-Mode Damper-Stabilized Servo
Authors: Jursik J. , Kaiser J. F. , Ward J. E.
Published: February 2022

The highly oscillatory response of an inertia-damper stabilized servo to large step inputs can be improved greatly by changing, for large error, the coupling torque between the damper and the drive motor. This paper presents the results obtained from an experimental model and an analog computer study of the dual-mode damper-stabilized servo. For large step inputs, this dual-mode method of operation resulted in a reduction of settling time by a factor of 5.8 and reduction of peak overshoot by a factor of 200 as compared with single-mode operation.
Experiments With Optimalizing Controls Applied to Rapid Control of Engine Pressures With High-Amplitude Noise Signals
Authors: Vasu George
Published: February 2022

Optimalizer control principles were applied to the control of a flight-propulsion system. The control system described metered the fuel flow to an engine in such a manner as to cause the engine to seek a maximum pressure. Experimental data are presented illustrating the control behavior for a range of flight conditions, for various control settings such as gain and integral time constant, for various amounts of filtering, and so on.
Representation of Nonlinear Functions of Two Input Variables on Analog Equipment
Authors: Elliott D. A.
Published: February 2022

When an analog operator who has been solving problems on a linearized basis begins to employ nonlinear components to represent a wide range of operation of the simulated system, it soon becomes apparent that many of the key relations in the system are nonlinear functions of two or more input variables. Function-generating equipment that will develop nonlinear functions of a single input variable is now available for many types of analog equipment, but equipment that will generate directly three-dimensional families of curves as arbitrary nonlinear functions of two input variables exists only in a few cases of highly expensive specialized equipment. Some methods also have been described for developing three-dimensional curves by reworking standard function-generating equipment to perform the additional mathematical operations required by a second input variable. This paper describes a graphical method of matching three-dimensional functions by the use of standard analog components without modifications.
How RF Concerns the Wood Industry
Authors: Mann J. W.
Published: February 2022

High-frequency alternating currents to the order of several millions of cycles per second applied to dielectric materials are referred to as “RF heating,” and are used widely in wood lamination as a means of setting synthetic adhesives in such members. Aspects of federal rules and regulations and the needs of industry are set forth. Means of accomplishing industrial applications; methods of estimating time cycles; the unique properties of the high-frequency field of force such as selectivity to conductive paths and nonuniformity of the heat placement in dielectrics are covered in some detail with specific examples.
Research on Application of Cooling to Gas Turbines
Authors: Esgar J. B. , Livingood J. N. B. , Hickel R. O.
Published: February 2022

The use of turbine cooling in gas-turbine engines can offer many performance benefits but, at the same time, it may result in added complication to the engine. The advantages that turbine cooling can offer to the engine designer and the results of some of the research that has been expended on the cooling of gas-turbine engines are discussed.
A Mechanical Computing Device for the Analysis of One-Dimensional, Transient, Heat-Conduction Problems
Authors: Howland W. E. , Trabant E. A. , Hawkins G. A.
Published: February 2022

In 1953 one of the authors learned that Dr. P. Hackemann, the year before, had designed and constructed a mechanical device for use in the solution of one-dimensional, transient, heat-conduction problems (1, 2). The device replaces the laborious task of line drawing required in the Binder-Schmidt graphical method by a semiautomatic machine operation. This paper covers an extension of the Hackemann idea to the solution when the thermophysical properties vary with temperature. Before introducing the suggested mechanical computer, a brief discussion of the Binder-Schmidt graphical method for solving one-dimensional, transient, heat-flow problems is given.
A Comparison of Refrigerants When Used in Vapor Compression Cycles Over an Extended Temperature Range
Authors: Barger J. P. , Rohsenow W. M. , Treadwell K. M.
Published: February 2022

An important current engineering problem involves providing apparatus to meet the cooling requirements of supersonic aircraft. Because the time is already passing when simple air cycles can render adequate performance due to their inability to extend over a sufficient temperature range, vapor compression cycles are being considered. However, the maximum temperature range over which a single refrigerant can operate successfully in a vapor cycle is also relatively limited. Since the total required temperature range increases rapidly with the aircraft flight Mach number, series combination or “stacking” of vapor cycles leading to binary and higher order cycles may become necessary. This paper gives methods for selecting the refrigerant, or series combination of refrigerants, which exhibits optimum thermodynamic performance when employed in vapor cycles operating between arbitrarily selected temperatures.
An Application of Complex Geometry to Relative Velocities and Accelerations in Mechanisms
Authors: Martin G. H. , Spotts M. F.
Published: February 2022

This paper describes an analytical method for determining velocities and accelerations in mechanisms by means of geometry of the complex plane. In addition to analysis of the four-bar linkage, a special solution is worked out for direct-contact mechanisms. The latter is included because, though accelerations in direct-contact mechanisms can be analyzed in terms of their equivalent four-bar linkages, there are certain cases where it is explained that the four-bar-linkage analysis breaks down. Further, it is shown that the method is general and is applicable to any mechanism having plane motion including complex mechanisms which cannot be treated as a series of four-bar linkages.
Strength Characteristics of Rock Samples Under Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Bredthauer R. O.
Published: February 2022

Other investigations have shown that rock cylinders exposed to hydrostatic pressures of 10,000 atm and loaded axially in compression behave in a ductile fashion as contrasted with their brittle behavior when tested in axial compression at atmospheric pressure. Similar tests were made by the author on rock cylinders in the pressure range 0 to 15,000 psi, which is equivalent to pressures exerted by drilling muds upon the face of formations exposed to the cutting action of rock-bit teeth. Results indicated that many formations commonly encountered in drilling operations undergo a brittle-to-ductile behavior transition in the range 0 to 15,000-psi hydrostatic pressure. The great majority of tests were made on samples which were dry and which were protected from the surrounding fluid with a plastic jacket. At atmospheric pressure, all formations so tested were brittle. The compressive strength of all formations tested in this condition increased with increasing confining pressure.
Prevention of Destructive Engine Failure by Spectrographic Analysis of Crankcase Oils
Authors: Linnard R. E. , Threlkeld C. B. , Blades R. T.
Published: February 2022

Crankcase oils of stationary engines operating in relatively constant service normally contain equilibrium but minute amounts of certain metals indicative of normal engine wear. The occurrence of abnormal wear or corrosion conditions in an engine is reflected in concentration of one or more of the key wear metals in the crankcase oil. These trends in metals content offer important and early clues concerning the abnormal events which are occurring and suggest the need for corrective action usually far in advance of destructive engine failure. Utilization of data from emission spectrographic analysis of crankcase oils has been found to have practical use in the surveillance of pipeline-engine operations, particularly where the performance of copper-lead bearings has been in question. The application of this type of used-oil analysis as a practical aid in the prevention of destructive engine failures is reviewed, the interpretation of data is discussed, and examples of the relationship between increasing key wear-metals content and observed engine conditions are cited.
Materials Aspect of Some High-Temperature, Refinery-Piping Applications
Authors: Sticha E. A.
Published: February 2022

New developments in refinery processing have posed many problems for materials engineers through the years. The refining industry was one of the first to require metals for carrying out large-scale operations at high temperatures. It is the aim of this presentation to outline in a general way the materials most commonly used in these applications and to discuss more specifically some of the problems which have been encountered in the past ten years.
Ebullition From Solid Surfaces in the Absence of a Pre-Existing Gaseous Phase
Authors: Bankoff S. G.
Published: February 2022

The nucleation theory of Volmer and Fisher is extended to the superheating of liquids in contact with various solid boundaries. It is shown that nucleation in the bulk phase, at flat surfaces, at sharp projections, or in wetted cavities can be dismissed from consideration as possible explanations for experimentally observed superheats. Unwetted cavities are preferred nucleation points; but the difficulties of filling these completely with liquid are so great that it is probable that nucleation almost always occurs at a pre-existing gaseous phase in static stressing of the liquid. Nucleation in dynamic-stress phenomena, such as ebullition, cavitation, or effervescence, always occurs at the boundaries of gas or vapor entrapped in surface cavities.
Heat Transfer in a Pipe With Turbulent Flow and Arbitrary Wall-Temperature Distribution
Authors: Sleicher C. A. , Tribus M.
Published: February 2022

The first three eigenvalues and constants for the problem of heat flow to a constant property fluid in established turbulent flow in a round pipe are presented for all important values of Reynolds and Prandtl Moduli. These results permit one to compute heat transfer from nonisothermal pipe walls. Comparisons with experiment are good for all fluids from oils to liquid metals. The thermal entry length and rate of heat transfer for low Prandtl Moduli are shown to depend markedly on the wall-temperature profile.