bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclic Hemiacetals from 4‐Formylbenzoates and α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes Using a Sulfoalkyl‐Substituted N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyst.
Authors: Yoshida Masahiro , Terai Nagisa , Shishido Kozo
Published: February 2011

N‐Heterocyclic carbene‐catalyzed reaction of 4‐formylbenzoates (IIa) and (IIb) with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes stereoselectively affords polysubstituted 2‐hydroxytetrahydrofuran derivatives, e.g. (V) in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of Allenoates Towards Aziridines: Synthesis of Functionalized Methylenepyrrolidines and Pyrroles.
Authors: Ribeiro Laia Fernanda M. , Cardoso Ana Lucia , Matos Beja Ana , Ramos Silva Manuela , Pinho e Melo Teresa M. V. D.
Published: February 2011

The reactivity of butadienoates towards aziridines is mainly influenced by the bulkiness of the N‐substituent.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (E)‐Diethyl 6,6′‐(Diazene‐1,2‐diyl)bis(5‐cyano‐2‐methyl‐4‐phenylnicotinates), a New Type of 2,2′‐Azopyridine Dyes.
Authors: da Silva Daniel Botelho , Samadi Abdelouahid , Infantes Lourdes , Carreira Maria do Carmo , Marco‐Contellos Jose
Published: February 2011

A simple method is developed to transform highly substituted 2‐aminopyridines and related heterocycles into azo compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Syntheses of the Unknown Quinolino[2,3‐c]cinnolines. Synthesis of Neocryptolepines.
Authors: Haddadin Makhluf J. , Zerdan Raghida M. Bou , Kurth Mark J. , Fettinger James C.
Published: February 2011

A series of new heterocycles (III), (IV) and (VI) is obtained in relatively good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: EDTA‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydroquinoxalin‐2‐amine Derivatives by a Three‐Component Coupling of One‐Pot Condensation Reactions in an Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Kolla Srinivasa Rao , Lee Yong Rok
Published: February 2011

Three‐component condensation of o‐phenylenediamine (I) with aliphatic or alicyclic ketones (II), (V) and isonitriles (III) proceeds efficiently in the presence of catalytic amounts of EDTA in water to give title dihydroquinoxalinamines (IV) and (VI) in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 1,3,4‐Benzotriazepines and 1‐Arylamide‐1H‐indazoles via Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Aryl Isocyanates and Aryl Hydrazones under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Dong Chune , Xie Lingli , Mou Xiaohong , Zhong Yashan , Su Wei
Published: February 2011

The title compounds are prepared from bromo‐ or iodo‐aryl hydrazones, resp., under the same reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient and Facile Route for the General Synthesis of 3‐Aryl Substituted 1,2,3‐Triazolo[1,5‐a][1,4]benzodiazepin‐6‐ones and 1,2,3‐Triazolo[1,5‐a][1,5]benzodiazocin‐7‐ones.
Authors: Chowdhury Chinmay , Sasmal Anup Kumar , Achari Basudeb
Published: February 2011

The method includes a Sonogashira coupling of aryl iodides with substrate (I) or its homologue (VI), in situ diazotization, azidation and cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Enynones via Base‐Catalyzed Isomerization of 1,5‐Disubstituted‐2,4‐pentadiynyl Silyl Ethers or Their Alcohol Derivatives.
Authors: Chen Jingjin , Fan Guoqin , Liu Yuanhong
Published: February 2011

trans‐Enynones are obtained from alcohol substrates when treated with a catalytic amount of KOH [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Tin(II) Chloride Assisted Synthesis of N‐Protected γ‐Amino β‐Keto Esters Through Semipinacol Rearrangement.
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Anupam , Agrawal Neha , Mali Sachitanand M. , Jadhav Sandip V. , Gopi Hosahudya N.
Published: February 2011

The reaction tolerates ‐Boc, ‐Cbz and ‐Fmoc protecting groups and does not require an inert atmosphere.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Glycosylation with Anomeric Hydroxy Sugars by Activation with 3‐Fluorophthalic Anhydride and Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride.
Authors: Baek Ju Yuel , Lee Bo‐Young , Pal Rita , Lee Won‐Yong , Kim Kwan Soo
Published: February 2011

28 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of Phosphodiesterase IV Inhibitory Potency of Isocarbostyril Derivatives of Naturally Occurring Isocoumarins, Scoparines A and B.
Authors: Taguchi Kumiko , Kobayashi Koichi , Ishida Keiko , Kamata Katsuo , Honda Toshio
Published: February 2011

Eight isocarbostyril derivatives are prepared from scoparine A and B.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of Inorganic Radicals in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Stanbury David M.
Published: February 2011

Review: 211 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Shape Control of Platinum and Palladium Nanoparticles for Catalysis
Authors: Cheong Soshan , Watt John D. , Tilley Richard D.
Published: February 2011

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From Conception to Realization: An Historial Account of Graphene and Some Perspectives for Its Future.
Authors: Dreyer Daniel R. , Ruoff Rodney S. , Bielawski Christopher W.
Published: February 2011

Review: 146 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Prototype Supported Metal Cluster Catalysts: Ir4 and Ir6
Authors: Uzun Alper , Dixon David A. , Gates Bruce C.
Published: February 2011

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ferrocene‐Containing Coordination Polymers: Ligand Design and Assembled Structures
Authors: Horikoshi Ryo , Mochida Tomoyuki
Published: February 2011

Review: [ca. 80 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: Cross‐Coupling Chemistry at Mononuclear and Dinuclear Nickel Complexes
Authors: Lin Sibo , Agapie Theodor
Published: February 2011

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Different Radical Initiation Techniques of Hydrosilylation Reactions of Multiple Bonds in Water: Dioxygen Initiation
Authors: Postigo Al , Nudelman Norma Sbarbati
Published: February 2011

Review: 20 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Routes to Benzimidazole‐Based Fused Polyheterocycles
Authors: Dawood Kamal M. , Abdel‐Wahabb Bakr F.
Published: February 2011

Review: 156 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclodextrins as Supramolecular Organocatalysts
Authors: Marinescu L. , Bols M.
Published: February 2011

Review: 141 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclodextrins as Promoters in Aqueous Organic Synthesis
Authors: Rao K. R. , Nageswar Y. V. D. , Sridhar R. , Reddy V. P.
Published: February 2011

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Complex/DNA Conjugates: A Versatile Building Block for DNA Nanoarrays
Authors: Ghosh Sumana , Defrancq Eric
Published: February 2011

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Beneficial Effect of Galantamine on Sensory Information‐Processing Deficits
Authors: Ago Yukio
Published: February 2011

Review: 24 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Modification of Aluminum Alkoxides for Sol—Gel Processing
Authors: Lichtenberger Robert , Schubert Ulrich
Published: February 2011

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Industrial Applications of C—C Coupling Reactions
Authors: Budarin Vitaliy L. , Shuttleworth Peter S. , Clark James H. , Luque Rafael
Published: February 2011

Review: 76 refs.
Designing Dye–Nanochannel Antenna Hybrid Materials for Light Harvesting, Transport and Trapping
Authors: Calzaferri Gion , Méallet‐Renault Rachel , Brühwiler Dominik , Pansu Robert , Dolamic Igor , Dienel Thomas , Adler Pauline , Li Huanrong , Kunzmann Andreas
Published: February 2011

We discuss artificial photonic antenna systems that are built by incorporating chromophores into one‐dimensional nanochannel materials and by organizing the latter in specific ways. Zeolite L (ZL) is an excellent host for the supramolecular organization of different kinds of molecules and complexes. The range of possibilities for filling its one‐dimensional channels with suitable guests has been shown to be much larger than one might expect. Geometrical constraints imposed by the host structure lead to supramolecular organization of the guests in the channels. The arrangement of dyes inside the ZL channels is what we call the first stage of organization. It allows light harvesting within the volume of a dye‐loaded ZL crystal and also the radiationless transport of energy to either the channel ends or center. One‐dimensional FRET transport can be realized in these guest–host materials. The second stage of organization is realized by coupling either an external acceptor or donor stopcock fluorophore at the ends of the ZL channels, which can then trap or inject electronic excitation energy. The third stage of organization is obtained by interfacing the material to an external device via a stopcock intermediate. A possibility to achieve higher levels of organization is by controlled assembly of the host into ordered structures and preparation of monodirectional materials. The usually strong light scattering of ZL can be suppressed by refractive‐index matching and avoidance of microphase separation in hybrid polymer/dye–ZL materials. The concepts are illustrated and discussed in detail on a bidirectional dye antenna system. Experimental results of two materials with a donor‐to‐acceptor ratio of 33:1 and 52:1, respectively, and a three‐dye system illustrate the validity and challenges of this approach for synthesizing dye–nanochannel hybrid materials for light harvesting, transport, and trapping.
A Tubular Network Assembled from Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Yan Guangqing , Wang Li , Yu Haojie , Zhang Lei , Gao Jingmin , Wang Jianjun , Ma Liang , Zhao Yulai , Wu Qian , Amin Abid Muhammad
Published: February 2011

A novel submicron‐sized tubular network composed of rolled silver nanosheets was successfully fabricated by the assemblage of silver nanoparticles in a reverse micellar solution; the size of these assembled nanoparticles was ca. 3 nm and they had a narrow size distribution. The molar ratio between H2O and lauric acid in the reaction media was found to significance effect the structure of the resultant tubular network. This study further showed that these nanostructures are stabilized by lauric acid, which contributed to the assemblage of the network. After detailed analysis, a possible reaction mechanism was determined, and these nanostructures showed obvious advantages and potential application as conductive fillers in coatings, especially because of their unique network morphology.
Supramolecular Approach to Gold Nanoparticle/Triruthenium Cluster Hybrid Materials and Interfaces
Authors: Toma Sergio H. , Santos Jonnatan J. , Araki Koiti , Toma Henrique E.
Published: February 2011

A systematic and comprehensive study of the interaction of citrate‐stabilized gold nanoparticles with triruthenium cluster complexes of general formula [Ru3(CH3COO)6(L)]+ [L = 4‐cyanopyridine (4‐CNpy), 4,4′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐bpy) or 4,4′‐bis(pyridyl)ethylene (bpe)] has been carried out. The cluster–nanoparticle interaction in solution and the construction of thin films of the hybrid materials were investigated in detail by electronic and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, Raman scattering spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Citrate‐stabilized gold nanoparticles readily interacted with [Ru3O(CH3COO)6(L)3]+ complexes to generate functionalized nanoparticles that tend to aggregate according to rates and extents that depend on the bond strength defined by the characteristics of the cluster L ligands following the sequence bpe > 4,4′‐bpy >> 4‐CNpy. The formation of compact thin films of hybrid AuNP/[Ru3O(CH3COO)6(L)3]+ derivatives with L = bpe and 4,4′‐bpy indicated that the stability/lability of AuNP–cluster bonds as well as their solubility are important parameters that influence the film contruction process. Fluorine‐doped tin oxide electrodes modified with thin films of these nanomaterials exhibited similar electrocatalytic activity but much higher sensitivity than a conventional gold electrode in the oxidation of nitrite ion to nitrate depending on the bridging cluster complex, demonstrating the high potential for the development of amperometric sensors.
Electrosynthesised Metal (Ni, Fe, Co) Oxide Films on Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Platforms and Their Supercapacitance in Acidic and Neutral pH Media
Authors: Adekunle Abolanle S. , Ozoemena Kenneth I.
Published: February 2011

Supercapacitive properties of Single‐walled carbon nanotubes/metal oxides nanocomposites (SWCNT‐MO where M=Ni, Fe, Co) have been described. The SWCNT‐MO nanocomposites was confirmed with SEM, EDX and XPS techniques. Supercapacitive properties of the modified electrodes in H2SO4 and Na2SO4 electrolytes was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic constant current charge‐discharge (CD) and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. SWCNT‐NiO nanocomposite modified electrodes gave better supercapacitive performance with a specific capacitance of 186 mF cm−2 (or 928 F g−1). This value compared quite favourably and even higher than values hitherto reported in several literature.
Iodide‐Selective Screen‐Printed Electrodes Based on Low‐Melting Ionic Solids and Metallated Phthalocyanine
Authors: Shvedene Natalya V. , Avramenko Oksana A. , Baulin Vladimir E. , G. Tomilova Larisa , Pletnev Igor V.
Published: February 2011

Iodide‐selective electrodes were fabricated by modification of commercially available screen‐printed electrodes with low‐melting ionic solids (ionic liquids which are solidified at room temperature) and tetrakis(tert‐butyl)phthalocyaninatocobalt(III) iodide . The main potentiometric characteristics including the selectivity were determined. The best electrochemical characteristics were demonstrated by electrodes which surface has been modified by 1‐dodecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate retaining the metallated phthalocyanine. The sensor works well over a concentration range from 1×10−5 to 1×10−1 with nearly Nernstian response (−58.3±0.5 mV decade−1); pH range is 2.0–11.5, response time is ca. 10 s. A good selectivity towards iodide over a number of anions was observed. The electrode was successfully used for the determination of iodide content in pharmaceuticals.
Directed Self‐Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles on Graphene‐Ionic Liquid Hybrid for Enhancing Electrocatalytic Activity
Authors: Ho Yang Min , Choi Bong Gill , Park HoSeok , Park Tae Jung , Hong Won Hi , Lee Sang Yup
Published: February 2011

The effects of introducing gold (Au) nanoparticles (NP) on the electrochemical properties of graphene functionalized with ionic liquid were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, amperometry, and AC impedance analysis. The introduction of Au NPs onto graphene‐ionic liquid sheets led to enhanced electron transfer rate, low charge transfer resistance, and large electrocatalytic area. An electrochemical biosensor device based on the hybrid of Au NPs and functionalized graphenes was fabricated and found to have superior electrochemical performance in the detection of glucose, with a sensitivity of 0.16 µA mM−1, a detection limit of 0.13 mM, and a response time of 5 s.
Relationships between benthic macroinvertebrate community structure and geospatial habitat, in-stream water chemistry, and surfactants in the effluent-dominated Trinity River, Texas, USA
Authors: Slye Jaime L , Kennedy James H , Johnson David R , Atkinson Sam F , Dyer Scott D , Ciarlo Michael , Stanton Kathleen , Sanderson Hans , Nielsen Allen M , Price Bradford B
Published: February 2011

Over the past 20 years, benthic macroinvertebrate community structure studies have been conducted on the upper Trinity River, Texas, USA, which is dominated by municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and industrial effluents. The Trinity River is located in the Dallas—Fort Worth metropolitan area, and is the most highly populated and industrialized watershed in Texas. As such, the Trinity River represents a near-worst-case scenario to examine the environmental effects of domestic–municipal and industrial effluents on aquatic life. A 1987 to 1988 study concluded that many stretches of the river supported a diverse benthic community structure; however, a decline in taxa richness occurred immediately downstream of WWTPs. A 2005 study designed to parallel the 1987 to 1988 efforts evaluated how changes in water quality, habitat, and increased urbanization impacted benthic community structure. Physicochemical measurements, habitat quality, geospatial variables, and benthic macroinvertebrates were collected from 10 sites. Surfactants were measured and toxic units (TUs) were calculated for surface water and pore water as indicators of domestic/household use of cleaning products. Total TUs indicated a low potential for biological impacts. Toxic unit distribution was not dependent on WWTP location and did not correlate with any benthic variable. Eight environmental parameters were determined to be useful for predicting changes in benthic macroinvertebrate community structure: surfactant surface water TUs (SWTU), in-stream habitat cover, and surface water total organic carbon were the top three parameters. Abundance, taxa richness, and taxa similarity in 2005 had increased since the earlier study throughout the immediate vicinity of the metropolitan area. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1127–1138. © 2011 SETAC
Influence of sewage and pharmaceuticals on soil microbial function
Authors: Gielen Gerty J. H. P , Clinton Peter W , Van den Heuvel Michael R , Kimberley Mark O , Greenfield Laurie G
Published: February 2011

Although sewage effluent application to land is a common approach to recycle water and provide nutrients to plants, bioactive pharmaceuticals contained in sewage may change soil quality by affecting soil microbial communities. Establishing causal effects, however, is difficult, because trace levels of pharmaceuticals are confounded with other effluent constituents. Therefore, two originally similar soil microbial communities, one irrigated in situ with sewage effluent for 12 years and another nonirrigated, were exposed to high levels of acetaminophen, aspirin, carbamazepine, chlorpromazine, and tetracycline. The objectives of the current study were to determine the influence of high levels of pharmaceuticals on several soil microbial properties, the effect that prolonged effluent irrigation with ambient levels of pharmaceuticals had on soil microbial function, and how this effect would change in response to pharmaceutical exposure. Several pharmaceuticals, at high exposure levels, imposed stress on the soil microbial community as judged by increased CO2 respiration, decreased biomass carbon, and altered substrate utilization affinities. Prolonged effluent irrigation, which altered the genetic fingerprint of the microbial community, also mitigated the response that exposure to pharmaceuticals had on the microbial community and enabled degradation of the antimicrobial salicylic acid after aspirin exposure. In conclusion, prolonged irrigation with sewage effluent containing pharmaceuticals at ambient levels influenced the microbial community so that they were able to better cope with sudden exposure to high levels of pharmaceuticals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1086–1095. © 2011 SETAC
Seasonality in contaminant accumulation in Arctic marine pelagic food webs using trophic magnification factor as a measure of bioaccumulation
Authors: Hallanger Ingeborg G , Warner Nicholas A , Ruus Anders , Evenset Anita , Christensen Guttorm , Herzke Dorte , Gabrielsen Geir W , Borgå Katrine
Published: February 2011

Seasonality in biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs; polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, and brominated flame retardants) in Arctic marine pelagic food webs was investigated in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norway. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs; average factor change in concentration between two trophic levels) were used to measure food web biomagnification in biota in May, July, and October 2007. Pelagic zooplankton (seven species), fish (five species), and seabirds (two species) were included in the study. For most POP compounds, highest TMFs were found in July and lowest were in May. Seasonally changing TMFs were a result of seasonally changing POP concentrations and the δ15N-derived trophic positions of the species included in the food web. These seasonal differences in TMFs were independent of inclusion/exclusion of organisms based on physiology (i.e., warm- versus cold-blooded organisms) in the food web. The higher TMFs in July, when the food web consisted of a higher degree of boreal species, suggest that future warming of the Arctic and increased invasion by boreal species can result in increased food web magnification. Knowledge of the seasonal variation in POP biomagnification is a prerequisite for understanding changes in POP biomagnification caused by climate change. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1026–1035. © 2011 SETAC
Metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in colonial waterbird eggs from Lake Athabasca and the Peace–Athabasca Delta, Canada
Authors: Hebert Craig E , Weseloh D.V. Chip , MacMillan Stuart , Campbell David , Nordstrom Wayne
Published: February 2011

In 2009, aquatic bird eggs from a variety of species were collected from three sites in northern Alberta, Canada. Two sites were located in receiving waters of the Athabasca River, which drains the oil sands industrial region north of Fort McMurray, Alberta. The third site, located on the Peace River, was remote from the influence of the Athabasca River. Levels of mercury, arsenic, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in the eggs along with nitrogen stable isotopes (δ15N) as an indicator of bird trophic position. Levels of As and PAHs in eggs were low, whereas Hg was measureable in all samples. Egg Hg levels increased with δ15N values (a proxy of food web trophic position); however, some eggs exhibited Hg levels greater than expected based on trophic position. These eggs were from sites in receiving waters of the Athabasca River, namely, Mamawi Lake and Egg Island. Levels of Hg in egg pools were correlated with naphthalene levels, perhaps indicating a common source of contamination. Temporal comparison of Hg levels in California gull (Larus californicus) eggs from the Lake Athabasca colony indicated that egg Hg burdens increased 40% from 1977 to 2009. More research is required to evaluate temporal trends in levels of environmental contaminants and to identify sources. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1178–1183. © 2011 SETAC
Business Cycle Forecasts and their Implications for High Frequency Stock Market Returns
Authors: Entorf Horst , Gross Anne , Steiner Christian
Published: February 2011

This article contributes to the literature on business cycle forecasts and their impact on asset prices by investigating how the 15‐second Xetra DAX returns reflect the monthly announcements of the two best‐known business cycle forecasts for Germany, i.e., the Ifo Business Climate Index and the ZEW Indicator of Economic Sentiment. The analysis disentangles ‘good’ macroeconomics news from ‘bad’ news and, simultaneously, considers time intervals with and without confounding announcements from other sources. Releases from both institutes lead to an immediate response of returns occurring 15 seconds after the announcements, i.e. within the first possible time interval. Announcements of both institutes are also clearly and immediately reflected in the volatility, which remains at a significantly higher level for approximately 2 minutes. Findings can be used to improve high‐frequency forecasts in stock markets. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On scale and magnitude of pressure build‐up induced by large‐scale geologic storage of CO2
Authors: Zhou Quanlin , Birkholzer Jens T.
Published: February 2011

The scale and magnitude of pressure perturbation and brine migration induced by geologic carbon sequestration is discussed assuming a full‐scale deployment scenario in which enough CO2 is captured and stored to make relevant contributions to global climate change mitigation. In this scenario, the volumetric rates and cumulative volumes of CO2 injection would be comparable to or higher than those related to existing deep‐subsurface injection and extraction activities, such as oil production. Large‐scale pressure build‐up in response to the injection may limit the dynamic storage capacity of suitable formations, because over‐pressurization may fracture the caprock, may drive CO2/brine leakage through localized pathways, and may cause induced seismicity. On the other hand, laterally extensive sedimentary basins may be less affected by such limitations because (i) local pressure effects are moderated by pressure propagation and brine displacement into regions far away from the CO2 storage domain; and (ii) diffuse and/or localized brine migration into overlying and underlying formations allows for pressure bleed‐off in the vertical direction. A quick analytical estimate of the extent of pressure build‐up induced by industrial‐scale CO2 storage projects is presented. Also discussed are pressure perturbation and attenuation effects simulated for two representative sedimentary basins in the USA: the laterally extensive Illinois Basin and the partially compartmentalized southern San Joaquin Basin in California. These studies show that the limiting effect of pressure build‐up on dynamic storage capacity is not as significant as suggested by Ehlig‐Economides and Economides, who considered closed systems without any attenuation effects. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
CO2‐based energy vectors for the storage of solar energy
Authors: Centi Gabriele , Perathoner Siglinda
Published: February 2011

The analysis of the evolving scenario for a sustainable energy indicates that recycling CO2 back to fuels (using sunlight) appears the preferable option to develop effective energy vectors for the storage of solar energy which integrates into existing energy infrastructure and allow a smooth, but fast transition to a more sustainable energy future. The different possible options to develop CO2‐based energy vectors are overviewed to give a glimpse to the opportunities, prospects, and limits in this fast accelerating R&D area. Aspects analysis regards the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to different possible fuels and/or chemicals and the generation of renewable H2 via bioroutes, and thermo‐ or photo(electro)‐chemical approaches, with respect to the combination of PV cells (or other non‐carbon‐based electrical energy sources) and electrolyzers. The application of bioroutes, and thermo‐ or photo(electro)‐chemical approaches to the combined CO2 and H2O direct conversion to (solar) fuels was also discussed and indicated as the challenging target to effectively develop CO2‐based energy vectors that can fully enable the potential of renewable energy. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Emergence of synchronous EEG spindles from asynchronous MEG spindles
Authors: Dehghani Nima , Cash Sydney S. , Halgren Eric
Published: February 2011

Sleep spindles are bursts of rhythmic 10–15 Hz activity, lasting ∼0.5–2 s, that occur during Stage 2 sleep. They are coherent across multiple cortical and thalamic locations in animals, and across scalp EEG sites in humans, suggesting simultaneous generation across the cortical mantle. However, reports of MEG spindles occurring without EEG spindles, and vice versa, are inconsistent with synchronous distributed generation. We objectively determined the frequency of MEG‐only, EEG‐only, and combined MEG‐EEG spindles in high density recordings of natural sleep in humans. About 50% of MEG spindles occur without EEG spindles, but the converse is rare (∼15%). Compared to spindles that occur in MEG only, those that occur in both MEG and EEG have ∼1% more MEG coherence and ∼15% more MEG power, insufficient to account for the ∼55% increase in EEG power. However, these combined spindles involve ∼66% more MEG channels, especially over frontocentral cortex. Furthermore, when both MEG and EEG are involved in a given spindle, the MEG spindle begins ∼150 ms before the EEG spindle and ends ∼250 ms after. Our findings suggest that spindles begin in focal cortical locations which are better recorded with MEG gradiometers than referential EEG due to the biophysics of their propagation. For some spindles, only these regions remain active. For other spindles, these locations may recruit other areas over the next 200 ms, until a critical mass is achieved, including especially frontal cortex, resulting in activation of a diffuse and/or multifocal generator that is best recorded by referential EEG derivations due to their larger leadfields. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Uneven interhemispheric connections between left and right primary sensori‐motor areas
Authors: Terada Kiyohito , Umeoka Shuichi , Usui Naotaka , Baba Koichi , Usui Keiko , Fujitani Shigeru , Matsuda Kazumi , Tottori Takayasu , Nakamura Fumihiro , Inoue Yushi
Published: February 2011

To clarify the characteristics of interhemispheric connections, we investigated cortico‐cortical evoked potentials (CCEP) in human. Fourteen patients with temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent invasive EEG monitoring with bilaterally implanted subdural electrodes were studied. Electric pulse stimuli were given in a bipolar fashion at two adjacent electrodes on and around the motor area (MA) or sensory area (SA), and CCEP responses were recorded by averaging electrocorticograms from the contralateral hemisphere. Seventy‐two pairs of electrodes were stimulated, and 468 recordings were analyzed. Fifty‐one of 468 recordings demonstrated CCEP responses. Of 51 responses, 16 consisted of an initial positive triphasic wave (Type 1), 27 had an initial negative biphasic wave (Type 2), and 8 showed an initial positive biphasic wave (type 3). The mean latencies of the earliest peaks were 13.1, 28.9, and 29.4 ms in Types 1, 2, and 3 responses, respectively. The responses were more frequently evoked by stimulating facial MA (f‐MA) and nonfacial MA (nf‐MA) than by stimulating SA or noneloquent area. In both f‐MA and nf‐MA stimulation, the responses were more frequently recorded at the contralateral f‐MA than at the contralateral nf‐MA or other areas. SA stimulation never evoked CCEP responses at the contralateral MA or SA. The amplitudes were maximal when f‐MA was stimulated and responses recorded at the contralateral f‐MA. These findings suggest that the interhemispheric connections are uneven. Both f‐MA and nf‐MA send dense interhemispheric connections to the contralateral f‐MA. SA may have no or only rare direct connection with the contralateral MA or SA. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MIL‐101 Supported Polyoxometalates: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications in Selective Liquid‐Phase Oxidation
Authors: Maksimchuk Nataliya V. , Kholdeeva Oxana A. , Kovalenko Konstantin A. , Fedin Vladimir P.
Published: February 2011

In this short review paper, we survey our recent achievements in the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts via incorporation of polyoxometalates (POMs) within cages of the mesoporous coordination polymer MIL‐101, their physicochemical characterization, and application for liquid‐phase selective oxidation of organic compounds with green oxidants — O2 and aqueous H2O2. Special attention is paid to analyze a manifestation of confinement effects and to address the issues of catalytic activity and selectivity after immobilization and after recycling, catalyst resistance to POM leaching, and the nature of catalysis. The scope and limitations of POM/MIL‐101 catalysts are discussed.
Dynamic study of PLGA/CS nanoparticles delivery containing drug model into phantom tissue using CO2 laser for clinical applications
Authors: Mahmoodi Mahboobeh , Khosroshahi Mohammad E. , Atyabi Fatemeh
Published: February 2011

In this study, cationic nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating chitosan (CS) on the surface of PLGA NPs. To our knowledge most of the work in the field of drug delivery systems using lasers has been performed using short pulses with micron and submicron durations. We carried out an experiment using superlong PLS‐R (10 ms) and CW CO2laser modes on simulated drug‐biogelatin model where drug was encapsulated by PLGA/CS NPs. Maximum depth of drug containing cavitation was achieved faster at higher powers and shorter irradiation time in CWC mode. We believe that the main mechanism at work with superlong pulses is both photothermal due to vaporization and photomechanical due to photophoresis and cavitation collapse. In the case of CW, however, it is purely photothermal. Thus, drug molecules can be transported into tissue bulk by thermal waves which can be described by the Fick's law in 3‐D model for a given cavity geometry and the mechanical waves, unlike only by pure photomechanical waves (i.e. photoacoustically) as with short pulses. Therefore, our studies could offer an alternative for currently existing method for drug delivery. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Suppression of PTH by the vitamin D analog eldecalcitol is modulated by its high affinity for the serum vitamin D‐binding protein and resistance to metabolism
Authors: Ritter Cynthia S. , Brown Alex J.
Published: February 2011

Eldecalcitol [1α,25‐dihydroxy‐2β‐(3‐hydroxypropyloxy)vitamin D3], a vitamin D analog with enhanced efficacy for treatment of osteoporosis, has been found to be less potent than 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) in suppressing PTH in vivo. To define the mechanism for the latter observation, we compared the effects of eldecalcitol and calcitriol on PTH secretion by bovine parathyroid cells. While the two compounds showed similar potency when the cells were cultured in medium containing 15% newborn calf serum, eldecalcitol was 100 times more potent than calcitriol in the absence of serum. Eldecalcitol has a higher affinity for the serum vitamin D‐binding protein (DBP), and therefore binding to DBP, and possibly other serum components, appears to limit the uptake and activity of eldecalcitol in parathyroid cells, providing an explanation for the lower PTH suppressing activity in vivo (100% serum). However, the 100‐fold higher activity of eldecalcitol in the absence of serum was unexpected since the VDR affinity for eldecalcitol is eightfold lower than for calcitriol. The enhanced activity was not due to preferential uptake, but to a resistance to metabolism. While 1 nM [3H]calcitriol was completely degraded within 24 h, [3H]eldecalcitol was not metabolized, despite the induction of the vitamin D catabolic enzyme, 24‐hydroxylase (CYP24A). The resistance to metabolism is the likely explanation for the higher potency of eldecalcitol in suppressing PTH in cell culture lacking serum. Thus, the unique properties of eldecalcitol in vivo can be attributed, at least in part, to its high‐DBP affinity which increases the half‐life, but limits the uptake of eldecalcitol, and to its reduced metabolism, which prolongs the activity of this analog in target tissues. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1348–1352, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vicarious nucleophilic substitution: a dramatically shortened synthesis of 2‐amino‐6‐nitrobenzoic acid labelled with carbon‐14
Authors: Kelly Terence P. , Filer Crist N. , Wright Christopher
Published: February 2011

Literature preparations of 2‐amino‐6‐nitrobenzoic acid are usually based on phthalic anhydride. In order to make [benzene‐14C(U)]‐2‐amino‐6‐nitrobenzoic acid, [benzene‐14C(U)]‐phthalic anhydride has to be prepared in multiple steps from [14C(U)]‐benzene, resulting in an unacceptably lengthy 14‐step synthesis. We have been able to develop a completely different method of synthesis, producing [benzene‐14C(U)]‐2‐amino‐6‐nitrobenzoic acid from [14C(U)]‐benzene in just four steps with an overall radiochemical yield of 32%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological adaptations to marine life in snakes
Authors: Brischoux François , Shine Richard
Published: February 2011

We investigated morphological adaptations to aquatic life within animals that exhibit a structurally simple, elongate body form, i.e., snakes. This linear body plan should impose different biomechanical constraints than the classical streamlined body shape associated with propulsion by fins, feet, or wings. Our measurements of general body shape of terrestrial, amphibious, and marine snakes (all from the same phylogenetic lineage, the Elapidae) show that seasnakes display specialized morphological attributes for life in water. Most notably, the cross‐sectional body shape is circular in terrestrial snakes but dorso‐ventrally elongated in seasnakes (due to a prominent ventral keel); amphibious species (sea kraits) exhibit an intermediate shape. The tail of amphibious and marine species (a major propulsive structure during swimming) is higher and thinner than in terrestrial snakes (i.e., paddle‐shaped) but shorter relative to body length. The evolution of a laterally compressed shape has been achieved by an increase in body height rather than a decrease in body width, possibly reflecting selection for more effective propulsive thrust, and for an ability to maintain hydrodynamic efficiency despite the minor bodily distension inevitably caused by prey items and developing offspring. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Hypothermia prevents nitric oxide system changes in retina induced by severe perinatal asphyxia
Authors: Rey‐Funes Manuel , Ibarra Mariano Esteban , Dorfman Verónica Berta , Serrano Julia , Fernández Ana Patricia , Martínez‐Murillo Ricardo , Martínez Alfredo , Coirini Héctor , Rodrigo José , Loidl César Fabián
Published: February 2011

One‐third of asphyctic neonates develop long‐term neurological injuries, including several degrees of ischemic proliferative retinopathy (IPR) such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Given that the retina is altered by perinatal asphyxia, our aim was to study the effects of nitric oxide (NO) in the retina in order to analyze its impact on the retinal injury. Application of hypothermia was evaluated as preventive treatment. Sprague‐Dawley rats were subjected to perinatal asphyxia [either at 37°C (PA group) or at 15°C (HYP group)]. Full‐term rats were used as controls (CTL). A significantly increased activity of both constitutive NO synthase (nNOS, Ca2+‐dependent) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS, Ca2+‐independent) was observed in PA retinas from 21 days old up to 60 days old with respect to age‐matched CTL, with a significant increase along the time course in the PA. nNOS was immunolocalized at amacrine, horizontal, and ganglion cells of the PA group, with a significant increase in relative optical density (R.O.D.), cellular area, and number of cells. iNOS immunoreactivity was observed in the inner nuclear layer and in the internal Müller cell processes of PA, with a significant increase in R.O.D. and colocalizing with GFAP in the 60‐day‐old PA group. Six nitrated protein species were increased in retinas from PA rats. Nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity showed a localization similar to that of iNOS, with increased R.O.D. in the PA group and colocalization with GFAP in 60‐day‐old animals. HYP prevented all the changes observed in PA rats. Although the NO system displays changes induced by hypoxia‐ischemia, hypothermia application shows a strong protective effect. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrieval of conditioned fear activates the basolateral and intercalated nucleus of amygdala
Authors: Izumi Takeshi , Boku Shuken , Shinmin Weng , Inoue Takeshi , Konno Kotaro , Yamaguchi Taku , Yoshida Takayuki , Matsumoto Machiko , Watanabe Masahiko , Koyama Tsukasa , Yoshioka Mitsuhiro
Published: February 2011

The amygdala is one of the crucial brain structures for conditioned fear, in which conditioned stimuli are received by the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), inducing a fear reaction via the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Whereas BLA sends glutamatergic projections into CeA, the intercalated nucleus of the amygdala (ITC) sends GABAergic projections into CeA, which is doubly regulated by BLA and ITC. In the present study, we investigated the characteristics of the neural cells activated by retrieval of conditioned fear in BLA and ITC using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and Western blot analysis of transcription factors and neural cell markers. Because most conditioned fear‐induced c‐Fos‐positive cells in BLA were glutaminase positive and 67‐kDa isomer of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) negative, these cells are speculated to be glutamatergic. Seventy‐eight percent of the phosphorylated CREB (pCREB)‐positive cells were glutaminase double positive and 13% of the pCREB‐positive cells were GAD67 double positive, indicating that many of the conditioned fear‐induced pCREB‐positive cells in BLA were glutamatergic, but at least some of the pCREB‐positive cells were GABAergic. These results suggested that CREB phosphorylation was increased both in glutamatergic and in GABAergic neurons, but c‐Fos expression was increased mainly in glutamatergic neurons in BLA. CREB phosphorylation but not c‐Fos expression in ITC was specifically increased by retrieval of conditioned fear. It is therefore speculated that ITC GABAergic neurons were activated by retrieval of conditioned fear and that transcription factors other than c‐Fos were relevant to the activation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TNF dose reduction and shortening of duration of isolated limb perfusion for locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities is safe and effective in terms of long‐term patient outcome
Authors: Hoven‐Gondrie Miriam L. , Bastiaannet Esther , van Ginkel Robert J. , Suurmeijer Albert J.H. , Hoekstra Harald J.
Published: February 2011

Background and Objectives

Dose reduction and shortening of duration of perfusion in isolated limb perfusion with TNF‐α and Melphalan (TM‐ILP) are associated with less systemic toxicity and seem to be safe and effective on short‐term. However, data on long‐term patient outcome are scarce.

Methods

From 1991 to 2008, 102 TM‐ILPs were performed in 98 patients for a locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity. Perfusions were categorized in three groups: (A) high dose and long duration (n = 59), (B) high dose and short duration (n = 16), and (C) low dose and short duration (n = 27). Long‐term local control rates and (limb)‐survival were evaluated.

Results

Limb salvage rates were in group A 76.3%, B 62.5%, and C 85.2% (P = 0.2). With a median follow up of 76 (range 4–203) months, 50 patients were still alive (51%). Disease‐specific 5‐year survival was not different between the three groups: A 55.4%, B 52.5%, and C 57.3% (P = 0.9). There was no difference in local recurrence‐free 5‐year survival (adjusted P = 0.1) and distant metastases‐free survival (P = 0.9).

Conclusions

Dose reduction and shorter duration of TM‐ILP seem to be safe and effective regarding long‐term patient outcome, as 5‐year local control rates and (limb)‐survival are not compromised. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:648–655. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinicopathologic factors associated with lymph node retrieval in resectable colon cancer: A veterans' affairs central cancer registry (VACCR) database analysis
Authors: Gonsalves Wilson I , Kanuri Swapna , Tashi Tsewang , Aldoss Ibrahim , Sama Ashwin , Al‐Howaidi Islam , Ganta Ashwin , Kalaiah Mudappa , Thota Ramya , Krishnamurthy Jairam , Fang Xiang , Townley Peter , Ganti Apar K. , Subbiah Shanmuga , Silberstein Peter T.
Published: February 2011

Background

A long‐term determinant of survival in resectable colon cancer is the involvement of regional lymph nodes. We evaluated the clinicopathologic factors associated with lymph node retrieval.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with resected stage I–III colon cancer in the Veteran's Affairs Central Cancer Registry between 1995 and 2008. One‐way ANOVA compared the differences between various groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with the harvest of 12 or more lymph nodes for pathologic examination.

Results

There were 19,240 patients with resectable colon cancer included in our analysis. Mean number of lymph nodes retrieved increased with later year of diagnosis, higher overall stage, higher T descriptor, age <65 years, poorer differentiation and right‐sided tumors (P < 0.01 for all covariates). These aforementioned factors are also associated with an increased probability of retrieving 12 or more lymph nodes after surgical resection (P < 0.01 for all covariates).

Conclusions

Later year of diagnosis, younger patients, right‐sided tumors, poorer differentiation, higher T descriptor and overall stage are associated with increased number of lymph nodes retrieved. These may indicate the presence of an immunological response of tumor versus host affecting lymph node retrieval. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:667–671. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of flavanones in Citrus juices by means of one‐ and two‐dimensional liquid chromatography
Authors: Russo Marina , Cacciola Francesco , Bonaccorsi Ivana , Dugo Paola , Mondello Luigi
Published: February 2011

1‐D and 2‐D comprehensive (LC×LC) liquid chromatography methods have been developed and compared for the separation and quantification of flavanones in various Citrus juices. 1‐D analyses were carried out on a superficially porous C18 column, whereas the 2‐D LC approach was composed of a polyethylene glycol silica narrow‐bore column packed with totally porous particles in the first dimension (D1) and a superficially porous C18 column in the second dimension (D2). Low‐selectivity correlations were ensured by the complementary separation mechanisms offered by the D1 and D2 columns. Quantification was carried out both manually and by means of a software capable of detecting and quantifying each peak from the 2‐D plot. Limit of detection (LOD) values as low as 0.023 μg/mL were obtained for hesperidin used as reference material for 1‐D LC analyses, whereas values as high as 0.432 μg/mL were obtained by comprehensive LC. This discrepancy can be traced back to the minor sensitivity experienced in comprehensive LC due to both sample dilution in D1 and the high flow rates employed in D2. On the other hand, the separation capabilities of the LC×LC approach allowed to reduce the interferences coming from the matrix and to achieve the separation of some critical pairs, e.g. hesperidin/naringin difficult to accomplish in 1‐D LC.
A specific LC/ESI‐MS/MS method for determination of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 in neonatal dried blood spots containing a potential interfering metabolite, 3‐epi‐25‐hydroxyvitamin D3
Authors: Higashi Tatsuya , Suzuki Masahiro , Hanai Junji , Inagaki Shinsuke , Min Jun Zhe , Shimada Kazutake , Toyo'oka Toshimasa
Published: February 2011

Vitamin D deficiency in an infant is associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes in later life. A method for the quantification of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3, the best‐established indicator of vitamin D status] in neonatal dried blood spots (DBSs) using LC/ESI‐MS/MS has been developed and validated. The method employed two steps of derivatization, a Diels–Alder reaction with 4‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazoline‐3,5‐dione followed by acetylation, to enhance the detectability of 25(OH)D3 in ESI‐MS/MS and to separate 25(OH)D3 from 3‐epi‐25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 [3‐epi‐25(OH)D3], a potent interfering metabolite. 25(OH)D3 was extracted from two DBS punches (3 mm in diameter, equivalent to 5.3 μL of whole blood), purified using an Oasis HLB® cartridge, and subjected to derivatization prior to analysis with LC/ESI‐MS/MS. 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D4 was used as the internal standard. This method was reproducible (intra‐ and inter‐assay RSDs, <6.9%) and accurate (analytical recovery, 95.2–102.7%), and the LOQ was 3.0 ng/mL. The developed method enabled specific quantification of 25(OH)D3 in neonatal DBSs and detection of vitamin D deficiency without interference from 3‐epi‐25(OH)D3.