bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Workers and Malpractice: Law, Attitudes, and Knowledge
Authors: Gerhart Ursula C. , Brooks Alexander D.
Published: May 2018

Many social workers are purchasing malpractice insurance. According to the study reported here, they know how to minimize chances of successful litigations, but know less than they need to know about malpractice law. Elements relating to loss of lawsuits are reviewed.
Management Information Systems: Who is in Charge?
Authors: Carrilio Terry E. , Kasser Judith , Moretto Anthony H.
Published: May 2018

Many agencies are responding to pressures to produce results and to prove themselves by considering computerized management information systems. As one agency's experience demonstrates, the technology cannot be applied effectively without thoughtful planning for data collection and use.
Families and Economic Policies: An Instrumental Perspective
Authors: Zimmerman Shirley L.
Published: May 2018

The Reagan Administration's tax and budget policies are ineffective, according to the instrumental model. As a result, social workers are more likely to intervene in family interactions than in the conditions that caused them, thus reinforcing Administration policy thrusts.
Marital Rape: Implications for the Helping Professions
Authors: Hanneke Christine R. , Shields Nancy A.
Published: May 2018

Since little research has been done on marital rape, the authors summarize what is known about it and compare it with wife battering and nonmarital rape. The theories, problems, and intervention strategies for helping professionals are reviewed.
Treating Unemployed Adolescents
Authors: Sherraden Michael , Adamek Margaret
Published: May 2018

Young people who cannot find jobs to confirm their adult status often develop dysfunctional behavior patterns and low self-esteem. In treatment, interventions focusing on job opportunities have been found to help more than interventions focusing on psychological issues.
Life Space Social Work: A New Level of Practice
Authors: Hall Bruce , Valvano John
Published: May 2018

As social work becomes more professional, bureaucratization increases, while resources are lost. The authors advocate, as a supplementary resource, early intervention in the client environment by unaffiliated, life space social workers under the auspices of such an organization as the NASW.
Using Rapid Assessment Instruments in a Family Service Agency
Authors: Toseland Ronald W. , Reid William J.
Published: May 2018

Reactions of clinical social workers in a family service agency to the use of rapid assessment instruments were surveyed and found to vary with the worker's theoretical orientation and the type of client problem. The authors suggest ways in which continued use of the instruments may be facilitated.
Family Treatment to Address Loss in Adoptive Families
Authors: Berman Lauren C. , Bufferd Rhea K.
Published: May 2018

Adoptive parents and adopted children both experience losses that are seldom acknowledged and that are unique to the adoptive situation. This article presents the perspective of those persons who are involved in adoption and explores treatment strategies for helping families uncover and grieve losses that are unresolved.
Adult Children of Deaf Parents: A Psychosocial Perspective
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Despain Cheryl Lyons , Loveland Ella J.
Published: May 2018

Normal hearing adult children of deaf parents were surveyed by mail to assess their life contentment, self-esteem, relationships with parents, and life experiences. Scale scores varied greatly, but no clinically significant problems were seen. Common dilemmas were maturing at too early an age and interpreting for parents.
Program Evaluation in a Family Service Agency
Authors: Olin Richard J.
Published: May 2018

Evaluation programs to document agency service effectiveness are increasingly necessary in an era of government cutbacks. This article identifies the barriers to implementing such a program, reviews a hierarchy of client problem categories, and describes the steps that ensured the success of the program.
Group Work with Retarded Mothers
Authors: Wayne Julianne , Fine Susan B.
Published: May 2018

In a therapy group of deinstitutionalized retarded mothers, members influenced the workers to modify their approach and provide more effective comprehensive services. The perception that educational and therapeutic experiences must be kept separate is challenged; the use of basic principles in such a special group is validated.
Working with Homosexuals of the Older Population
Authors: Berger Raymond M. , Kelly James J.
Published: May 2018

Lesbian women and gay men are segments of the older population served by clinical social workers. Issues unique to them include the effects of harmful stereotypes, concealment problems, relationship patterns, and the advantages homosexuals may have in adjusting to aging.
Drawing on Cultural Tradition in Indian Child Welfare Practice
Authors: Cross Terry L.
Published: May 2018

The development of Indian child welfare programs since the passage of the 1978 Indian Child Welfare Act has been increasingly influenced by Indian tradition, role models, and natural helping systems. An important dual role—providing services and maintaining cultural integrity—is postulated for these programs.
Utilizing Volunteers to Enhance Informal Social Networks
Authors: Mitchell Manzall
Published: May 2018

A framework for utilizing volunteers as direct-service tools to enhance certain socially isolated clients' informal social networks is presented. The client-worker and client-volunteer relationships are compared in relation to qualities of effective intervention, and practice implications are offered.
Self-Perception in Family Systems: A Diagrammatic Technique
Authors: Van Treuren Ronald R.
Published: May 2018

The assessment technique described here meets the need for a tool to elicit from family members their own perceptions of their family's internal functioning and organization around a presenting problem. A paradigm of diagrammatic assessment is discussed, and its use is illustrated with an example from the author's clinical practice.
Management Theory and Agency Management: A New Compatibility
Authors: Reisman Bernard
Published: May 2018

Social workers typically have not looked to business management theory for perspectives on managing their agencies. However, recent humanistic trends in management theory may make it a valuable resource as human service agencies seek to adopt new management methods.
Benefits of a Family-Oriented Approach in Adolescent Treatment
Authors: Jansen Daniel P.
Published: May 2018

Changing the focus of an adolescent day treatment program from individual-oriented to family-oriented at an institution in Green Bay, Wisconsin, reduced the number of adolescents placed out-of-home after discharge and changed problematic behavior sooner.
Training Agency Staff through Peer Group Supervision
Authors: Marks Jerry L. , Hixon Donna F.
Published: May 2018

Peer group supervision implemented in a public child welfare agency enhanced the training of staff in the management and treatment of protective services cases in a cost-effective, growth-producing way. The agency wanted a training method that would upgrade the overall quality of service.
Marital Therapy with Older Couples
Authors: Wolinsky Mary Ann
Published: May 2018

The developmental tasks of the mature-stage marriage are described and a therapy model designed for these issues is presented. The model melds developmental stage theory with psychodynamic theory and postulates that retirement and physical decline have a significant impact on the marriages of older couples.
Helping Family Members Cope with a Senile Relative
Authors: Marples Margot
Published: May 2018

Techniques and principles for helping family members deal with a senile family member are outlined. The roles and attitudes of the primary caregiver and other family members are discussed, with special attention to coping strategies and support groups.
World View Differences between Clients and Counselors
Authors: Lotting Jean E. , Zundel Claudia
Published: May 2018

Derald Wing Sue posited a “world view” model derived from the related concepts of loci of control and responsibility to explain differences in perspective between clients and counselors. The authors present findings that suggest that the world views of clients and counselors differ, but not as Sue proposed.
The Philosophical Context of a Health Model of Social Work
Authors: Weick Ann
Published: May 2018

The development of the social work profession has been deeply influenced by a scientific world view whose tenets conflict with the philosophical tenets of the profession. The author discusses the nature of this conflict and proposes a health model as an alternative to the biomedical model.
Promoting Access to Access with Divorcing Parents
Authors: Hess Peg McCartt
Published: May 2018

Social work practitioners often make decisions in children's best interests in regard to access to divorcing parents. In this article, the author reviews legal directives and available research on access arrangements. Practice principles relating to access, separation distress, and parental conflict are suggested.
Counselor Burnout in Family Service Agencies
Authors: Beck Dorothy Fahs
Published: May 2018

Research on counselor burnout in seventeen family agencies showed low average burnout, with significant correlations between burnout and work pressure, job dissatisfaction, lack of support, authoritarian administration, and personal vulnerabilities. Consequences and management of counselor burnout are discussed.
Interaction of Pregnancy, Loss, and Developmental Issues in Adolescents
Authors: Freeman Edith M.
Published: May 2018

Pregnant adolescents may experience losses in unique ways or may experience additional losses as a result of their pregnancy. This article explores some of the common losses that may be experienced during adolescence and relates them to losses that may be experienced by adolescent mothers.
Father–Son Incest: Using the Literature to Guide Practice
Authors: Pierce Lois H.
Published: May 2018

An increasing number of male sexual-abuse cases are reported in the literature. It is apparent that previous explanations of family interaction are inadequate. Based on a review of the literature and clinical experience, three types of abusive families are described. Treatment suggestions are discussed.
Treatment for Adult Male Victims of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Bruckner Debra F. , Johnson Peter E.
Published: May 2018

Two groups of men who were sexually abused as children underwent group treatment. The authors describe the structure of the groups and discuss issues regarding disclosure, anger, sexuality, victim as offender, intimacy, and trust. They compare these groups with similar groups for women.
Family Therapy in Father–Son Incest: A Case Study
Authors: Halpern Judith
Published: May 2018

A case example of homosexual incest in a family created by a single-parent adoption is presented. The structural issues in this case parallel those found in father–daughter incest cases. A family-system treatment approach is suggested and implications for treating homosexual incest cases are discussed.
Symbiotic Mother–Daughter Relationships in Incest Families
Authors: Koch Kathleen , Jarvis Carolynne
Published: May 2018

In incestuous families, a symbiotic relationship is often found between the mother and the daughter. The authors discuss the nature of this symbiotic relationship and provide case examples drawn from an incest treatment group. The treatment needs of mothers are discussed in light of their childhood deprivations.
Videotaping the Child Sexual-Abuse Victim
Authors: Colby Ira , Colby Deborah
Published: May 2018

Modification of civil and criminal law in some states allows videotaped child sexual abuse interviews to be used as courtroom evidence. When interviewing a child victim, the social worker must comply with legal requirements. This article describes appropriate interview techniques.
Burnout and Values in the Social Service Profession
Authors: Walsh Joseph A.
Published: May 2018

Social service professionals are vulnerable to burnout because of the stress they experience in their work. Personal and professional values offer potential relief from the oppressive effects of burnout. The author discusses alternatives for averting burnout in the social service profession.
Focal-Conflict Theory: A Model for Teaching Dynamic Practice
Authors: Brandell Jerrold R.
Published: May 2018

The focal-conflict model is an instrument used to analyze a client's verbal process. It is a valuable classroom and supervisory tool for illustrating various aspects of psychodynamic practice theory. The author discusses in detail the use of the focal-conflict instrument as a process measure.
Single Fathers in the Air Force
Authors: Bowen Gary L.
Published: May 2018

The author examines the work, personal, and family demands and adjustments of single fathers using survey data from a probability sample of eighty-seven single fathers in the Air Force. Overall, single fathers in the Air Force adjust successfully to the exigencies of Air Force life.
Family Guided Sex Education: An Impact Study
Authors: Martin Sally S. Kees , Christopher F. Scott
Published: May 2018

The authors describe the content of the Family Guided Sex Education booklet and compare two methods for disseminating the information. Results indicated that parents make positive gains in their role as sex educator when they receive the booklet through the mail or attend a parent meeting.
Legal Criteria and Clinical Predictions in Drug Legislation
Authors: Ashford José B.
Published: May 2018

Social workers are often asked to predict offender likelihood of benefiting from statutory drug treatment. However, many workers are unaware of the controversy surrounding such predictions and the philosophical issues involved. The legal and social issues relevant to such predictions are analyzed.
The HIV Antibody Test: Psychosocial Issues
Authors: Buckingham Stephan L.
Published: May 2018

Since its release in 1985, the AIDS antibody test has been the focus of considerable controversy. The author identifies the unique issues experienced by persons who undergo HIV antibody testing and provides suggestions for workers who treat this population.
Caseworker Recognition of Marital Separation
Authors: Senger-Dickinson Mary M. , Stewart Cyrus S.
Published: May 2018

Current conceptualizations of the divorce process do not pay sufficient attention to the personal and therapeutic importance of separation as a phase in this process. The authors identify four types of separation and discuss their implications in terms of caseworker recognition and facilitation.
Parental Aging: Clinical Issues in Adult Psychotherapy
Authors: Shaw Sharon B.
Published: May 2018

The impact of aging parents on adult family members is explored in the context of psychodynamic theory, family-systems theory, and life-cycle issues. Clinicians are encouraged to examine their attitudes toward aging and to be sensitive to the conflicts experienced by adult children of aging parents.
Social Work and Alcoholism Counseling
Authors: van Wormer Katherine
Published: May 2018

In recent years, alcoholism-counseling centers have proliferated throughout the United States. The social work profession has the opportunity to expand its expertise into this field. Many counselors are recovering alcoholics, without formal training in counseling, from whom social workers can learn.
The Heterogeneity of Homelessness
Authors: Hagen Jan L.
Published: May 2018

Most studies of homelessness have focused on populations receiving shelter in large metropolitan areas. This article provides descriptive-correlational information about homeless individuals and families who request social services from a centralized intake agency in a moderately sized community.
Treatment Alternatives for Bulimia Patients
Authors: Bulow Barbara V. , De Chillo Neal
Published: May 2018

Increased attention has been focused on bulimia, and different treatment methods have been recommended. The authors review various treatment options and specify the patient characteristics that are important to consider when making a treatment decision.
Adoption Disruption: Losses, Transitions, and Tasks
Authors: Elbow Margaret , Knight Mary
Published: May 2018

Termination of an adoption placement causes the adoptive family as well as the child and social worker to face losses, changing roles and relationships, and new transitional tasks. The authors describe the process of disruption and suggest how to bring closure to relationships in a positive way.
Prescriptions, Proscriptions, and Generalization in Social Work Practice Literature
Authors: Nurius Paula S. , Wedenoja Marilyn , Tripodi Tony
Published: May 2018

The authors discuss the results of a study that recorded the extent to which prescriptions and proscriptions for interpersonal practice are specified in the literature and the types of justifications used to substantiate these directives. Implications for social work practice are discussed.
Self-Help Groups and the Family Service Agency
Authors: Auslander Brian A. , Auslander Gail K.
Published: May 2018

With the recent upsurge in self-help groups, social workers and family service agencies must develop new roles and models in order to interact with these groups. The authors describe a consultation model, which includes the study-diagnosis role, and roles that link the group with the agency and community.
Police Response to Domestic Violence
Authors: Caputo Richard K.
Published: May 2018

The author analyzes the impact of the Family Options project in two Chicago police districts wherein police classified more than 67,000 emergency calls over a thirty-month period. The relationship between these calls and approximately 2,000 referrals made to the Family Options project are examined.
Socialization Strategies for Involuntary Clients
Authors: Rooney Ronald H.
Published: May 2018

Social work practice with involuntary clients has lacked specific strategies for accomplishing both mandated and client-developed goals. Socialization and contracting strategies based on reactance theory and designed to increase voluntary participation are discussed.
Casework and Congress: A Lobbying Strategy
Authors: Pagliaccio Elliot , Gummer Burton
Published: May 2018

The current conservative climate requires that social workers, particularly those in the nonprofit sector, develop effective lobbying skills. The authors describe methods for lobbying at the local district level and present a strategy for establishing exchange relationships with district offices.
Clinical Social Work as an Art form
Authors: Siporin Max
Published: May 2018

Many social work practitioners consider social work an art form. The author considers the nature of this art form and describes how practitioners use style, relationship, and metaphor to create an aesthetic experience for both clients and practitioners in the therapeutic process.
Self-in-Relation Theory and Latency-Age Boys
Authors: Wenston Sylvia Ridlen , Jarratt Kent D.
Published: May 2018

The authors' analysis of a group of latency-age children suggests that self-in-relation theory, a feminist theory of development, can be an effective intervention with latency-age boys. The theory is described and implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Spirituality, Religious Diversity, and Social Work Practice
Authors: Cauda Edward R.
Published: May 2018

Christian, existentialist, Jewish, shamanist, and Zen Buddhist perspectives on social work practice are compared in a review of practice literature and analysis of interviews with various scholar/practitioners. Future needs and development of spiritually sensitive practice are discussed.
A multifunctional bistable laminate: Snap-through morphing enabled by broadband energy harvesting
Authors: Lee Andrew J , Inman Daniel J
Published: May 2018

The elastic instabilities associated with buckling in bistable structures have been harnessed toward energy-based and motion-based applications, with significant research toward energy harvesting and morphing. Often combined with smart materials, structural prototypes are designed with a single application in mind. Recently, a novel method of inducing bistability was proposed by bonding two piezoelectrically actuated macro fiber composites in a [Formula: see text] layup and releasing the voltage post cure to yield two cylindrically stable configurations. Since the macro fiber composites are simultaneously the actuator and host structure, the resulting efficiencies enable this bistable laminate to be multifunctional, with both broadband energy harvesting and snap-through morphing capabilities. This article experimentally characterizes the vibration-based energy harvesting performance of the laminate to enable morphing. Through frequency sweeps across the first two modes of both states, the laminate exhibits broadband cross-well dynamics that are exploited for improved power generation over linear resonant harvesters. Besides single-well oscillations, snap-throughs are observed in intermittencies and subharmonic, chaotic, and limit cycle oscillations. The maximum power output of each regime and their charge durations of an energy harvesting module are assessed. The laminate’s capabilities are then bridged by utilizing harvested energy in the charged module to initiate snap-through actuation.
Inclusion of Students With Learning, Emotional, and Behavioral Disabilities Through Strength-Based Approaches
Authors: Garwood Justin D. , Ampuja Abby A.
Published: May 2018

As more and more students with learning disabilities (LD) and emotional and behavioral disabilities (EBD) find themselves in an inclusive, general education setting, there is a need to find ways to maximize their educational performance. One promising approach is to use growth mindset training to help students move away from deficit thinking and instead use strengths-based thinking. This column explains the meaning of growth mindset theory and includes a rationale that explains why this approach may be particularly beneficial for students with LD and EBD. A brief review of past studies investigating the use of growth mindset that highlights the positive potential of this inexpensive, easy-to-implement approach is presented. Finally, a nine-step process for incorporating a growth mindset into the inclusive classroom setting is provided and tools to be used by teachers working with students with LD and EBD are included.
A multiphase micromechanical model for unsaturated concrete repaired by electrochemical deposition method with the bonding effects
Authors: Chen Qing , Jiang Zhengwu , Zhu Hehua , Ju JW , Yan Zhiguo , Li Haoxin , Rabczuk Timon
Published: May 2018

Most concrete structures repaired by the electrochemical deposition method are not fully saturated and the healing interfaces are not always perfect in reality. To demonstrate these issues, micromechanical models are presented for unsaturated concrete repaired by electrochemical deposition method with the healing interfacial transition zone based on our latest work. The repaired unsaturated concrete is represented as a multiphase composite made up of the water, unsaturated pores, intrinsic concrete, deposition products and the healing interfacial transition zone between the latter two components. The equivalent particle, matrix and composite for repaired unsaturated concrete are obtained by modifying the differential-scheme and the generalized self-consistent method. Modifications are utilized to rationalize the differential-scheme based estimations by taking into the water (including further hydration and viscosity effects), interfacial transition zone and the shapes of the pores into considerations. Furthermore, our predictions are compared with those of the existing models and available experimental results, thus illustrating the feasibility and capability of the proposed micromechanical framework.
Narrating the First “Three-Parent Baby”: The Initial Press Reactions From the United Kingdom, the United States, and Mexico
Authors: González Santos Sandra P. , Stephens Neil , Dimond Rebecca
Published: May 2018

In 2016, the New Scientist announced the birth and good health of the world’s first baby conceived using spindle nuclear transfer (SNT). The story was immediately circulated worldwide. In this article, we analyze 39 articles published within the first 48 hours of the announcement, in the Mexican, British, and U.S. press. These articles constitute the initial press reactions to the announcement, and as such, they offer a narrative ground on which SNT could thereafter be discussed. We argue that as a media event, the articles performed the task of rendering SNT, a “cultural novelty,” as culturally and technologically feasible.
Analysis and enhancement of narrowband active noise control systems with disturbance
Authors: Chang Cheng-Yuan , Kuo Sen M. , Ho Chung-Ying , Shyu Kuo-Kai
Published: May 2018

The disturbance at error sensors will degrade the performance of active noise control (ANC) systems, resulting in slow convergence and decreased noise reduction problems. This paper analyzes the disturbance effects on narrowband ANC (NANC) systems and proposes modified algorithm to enhance both the transient and steady-state performance. A delayless bandpass filterbank is designed to eliminate out-of-band disturbance in the generated individual error signals for updating the corresponding adaptive filters. The theoretical analysis and improved performance are verified by computer simulations using measured transfer functions from the experimental setup.
Topology optimization of anechoic coating for maximizing sound absorption
Authors: Li Jingru , Li Sheng
Published: May 2018

Anechoic coatings, attached to the surface of underwater vehicles, are an effective way to absorb the incident sound from active sonars. It is well known that a homogeneous viscoelastic material layer with limited thickness does not provide significant sound absorption performance, thus, anechoic coatings embedded with air cavities are being used for underwater applications. Previous optimization works on this type of anechoic coating mainly focused on the geometrical parameters, position and shape of the internal cavity, while ignoring the influence of the material distribution configuration. In this research, we propose a topology optimization formulation that can directly determine the optimal material layout. A method combining the Bloch theory and finite element method (FEM) is adopted to analyze the sound characteristics of a unit cell model, which is able to represent the whole periodic structure. The proposed optimization formulation employs a reflection coefficient to form the objective function under zero transmission backing conditions. Sensitivity analysis is explicitly presented for the utilization of the typical gradient based optimization method. Finally, numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the validity and significant enhancement in the absorptive performance of anechoic coatings achieved by the proposed methodology. The influence of material distribution on macro level and further research emphases on low frequency reduction are also discussed.
Analysis of dynamic mechanism and global response of vehicle shimmy system with multi-clearance joints
Authors: Lu Jianwei , Jiang Junzhao , Li Jinhui , Wen Min
Published: May 2018

Joints with clearance always exist in steering mechanism of vehicles due to the machining tolerances, deformations and wear, which should not be neglected in modeling and analysis of vehicle shimmy system. Based on Lagrange equation method, a six-DOF dynamic model of vehicle shimmy system with consideration of multi-clearance joints was established. The model of movement pairs with clearance was built based on Hertzian contact law. The nonlinear cornering force of pneumatic tire was described based on PAC2002 tire model, and its parameters were obtained by an identification method based on experimental data. Then numerical examples were employed to evaluate the dynamic response of the shimmy system. The influence of multi-clearance joints on the response of shimmy was analyzed, and it is compared with that of one clearance joint. The acting mechanism of contact force between movement pairs was investigated, and global dynamic analysis was carried out by using point mapping method. Moreover, the dynamic mechanism for vehicle shimmy was investigated based on energy input. The conclusions can provide theoretic evidence for attenuation of vehicle shimmy, especially for those in-service vehicles.
The Role of Universities in Private Environmental Governance Experimentalism
Authors: Light Sarah E.
Published: May 2018

In our federal, constitutional system of government, the states are often lauded as “laboratories of experimentation” for public policy, including for public environmental law. Yet private actors are playing an increasingly important role as parallel regulators through the adoption of private environmental governance. Private environmental governance can functionally advance one of federalism’s core values: policy experimentalism. To the extent that private governance by business firms arouses skepticism for this experimental role because firms’ motives to achieve profit in a competitive environment differ from the incentives motivating public regulators, private universities offer an alternative institutional locus for experimentalism. Using Yale University’s recent adoption of a private carbon charge as a case study, this article argues that universities should play a greater role in private environmental governance experimentalism, and are worthy of more scholarly focus.
Method for the Annual Accuracy Assessment of Freeway Travel Time Systems
Authors: Fries Ryan N. , Niloy Md. Toushik Ahmed , Chowdhury Mashrur A. , Fadoul Antoun
Published: May 2018

Motivated by Title 23 Code of Federal Regulation 511, the U.S. Department of Transportation has recently established real-time systems management information programs to improve the consistency of traveler information provided to the public. Part of these requirements is to review the quality of the information provided to the public. Because limited information is available about current practices for meeting this new regulation, this article presents a method of evaluating real-time travel time information along metropolitan interstate freeways in the context of 23 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) 511. This article presents a method and a case study of collecting travel time information from multiple sources (such as Google Maps and TravelMidwest.com ) and comparing them to measure accuracy. The findings suggested that the travel time information in the Chicago, Illinois, metropolitan area meets the accuracy requirements of 23 CFR 511, and this study has identified areas for future improvement and system expansion.
Evaluation Use: Theory, Research, and Practice since 1986
Authors: Shulha Lyn M. , Cousins J. Bradley
Published: May 2018

As part of a larger effort by members of the American Evaluation Association (AEA) Topical Interest Group on Evaluation Use (TIGEU), we undertook an extensive review and synthesis of literature in evaluation use published since 1986. We observe several recent developments in theory, research and practice arising from this literature. These developments include: the rise of considerations of context as critical to understanding and explaining use; identification of process use as a significant consequence of evaluation activity; expansion of conceptions of use from the individual to the organization level; and diversification of the role of the evaluator to facilitator, planner and educator/trainer. In addition, understanding misutlilization has emerged as a significant focus for theory and to a limited extent, research. The article concludes with a summary of contemporary issues, particularly with regard to their implications for evaluation practice.
Have large femoral heads reduced prosthetic impingement in total hip arthroplasty?
Authors: Waddell Bradford S , Koch Chelsea , Trivellas Myra , Burket Jayme C , Wright Timothy , Padgett Douglas
Published: May 2018

Background:

Prosthetic impingement is implicated in dislocation after total hip arthroplasty (THA). While use of larger diameter femoral heads reduces the incidence of dislocation, the effect of larger heads upon impingement rate is unknown. We assessed retrieved THA components for evidence of impingement to determine if large femoral heads reduced the rate of impingement in primary THA and what factors might influence impingement.

Methods:

Liners from 97 primary THAs retrieved at revision arthroplasty were scored for evidence of impingement, defined as wear or deformation on the rim of the component. Component inclination and version were measured from anteroposterior and cross-table lateral radiographs.

Results:

Independent of revision diagnosis, 77% of liners demonstrated evidence of impingement. Impingement was less prevalent and less severe as head size increased. Severe impingement was observed in 50% of the liners with 28-mm heads, 15% of liners with 32-mm heads, and 21% of liners with 36-mm heads. Regardless of head size, 76% of liners revised for instability demonstrated impingement. Decreased head-neck ratio, use of an elevated liner, increased length of implantation, and increased version were associated with increased severity of impingement.

Discussion:

We showed that larger head sizes are associated with decreased incidence of impingement on retrieved acetabular liners when compared to smaller head sizes. Larger heads have reduced but not eliminated impingement, which remains a potential source of instability.
The effect of patient, fracture and surgery on outcomes of high energy neck of femur fractures in patients aged 15–50
Authors: Hoskins Wayne , Rayner Johnny , Sheehy Rohan , Claireaux Harry , Bingham Roger , Santos Roselyn , Bucknill Andrew , Griffin Xavier L
Published: May 2018

Introduction:

High-energy femoral neck fractures in young patients can be devastating, with the risk of osteonecrosis, nonunion, malunion and lifelong morbidity. The aim of this study is to define the effects of patient, fracture and surgical factors on the outcome of high-energy femoral neck fractures in patients aged from 15 to 50 years.

Methods:

A retrospective review was conducted of high-energy femoral neck fractures in patients aged 15–50 managed surgically at a Level 1 Trauma Centre, using a prospectively recorded trauma database. Low energy trauma (including falls from <1 m), medical conditions adversely affecting bone density, and pathological fractures were excluded. A clinical and radiological review was performed. The primary outcome measures were the development of osteonecrosis or nonunion leading to total hip arthroplasty (THA). Secondary outcome measures included osteotomy or other surgical procedures, quality of reduction and malunion.

Results:

32 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were identified between January 2008 and July 2015. The mean follow-up was 58.5 months (range 980–3,048 days). 3 patients (9.4%) required THA. No other surgical procedures were performed. None of the 29 other patients developed radiologically apparent osteonecrosis. Fracture type, displacement, anatomical reduction and fixation type were not statistically significant risk factors affecting these outcomes. For all patients, an average of 8% loss of femoral neck height and 10% femoral neck offset were seen.

Conclusions:

At a mean 4.9-year follow-up, the incidence of high-energy femoral neck fractures leading to THA was 9.4%, as a consequence of osteonecrosis or nonunion. Malunion was common.
Gait asymmetries in unilateral symptomatic hip osteoarthritis and their association with radiographic severity and pain
Authors: Farkas Gary J , Schlink Bryan R , Fogg Louis F , Foucher Kharma C , Wimmer Markus A , Shakoor Najia
Published: May 2018

Introduction:

Little is known about the loading patterns in unilateral hip osteoarthritis (OA) and their relationship to radiographic severity and pain. We aimed to examine the loading patterns at the hips of those with unilateral symptomatic hip OA and identify associations between radiographic severity and pain with loading alterations.

Methods:

61 subjects with symptomatic unilateral hip OA underwent gait analyses and evaluation for radiographic severity (Kellgren-Lawrence [KL]-grade) and pain (visual analogue scale) at bilateral hips.

Results:

Hip OA subjects had greater range of motion and higher hip flexion, adduction, internal and external rotation moments at the contralateral, asymptomatic hip compared to the ipsilateral hip ( p < 0.05). Correlations were noted between increasing KL-grade and increasing asymmetry of contralateral to ipsilateral hip loading ( p < 0.05). There were no relationships with pain and loading asymmetry.

Discussion:

Unilateral symptomatic hip OA subjects demonstrate asymmetry in loading between the hips, with relatively greater loads at the contralateral hip. These loading asymmetries were directly related to the radiographic severity of symptomatic hip OA and not with pain.

Conclusion:

Additional research is needed to determine the role of gait asymmetries in disease progression.
Peripheral artery disease, calf skeletal muscle mitochondrial DNA copy number, and functional performance
Authors: McDermott Mary M , Peterson Charlotte A , Sufit Robert , Ferrucci Luigi , Guralnik Jack M , Kibbe Melina R , Polonsky Tamar S , Tian Lu , Criqui Michael H , Zhao Lihui , Stein James H , Li Lingyu , Leeuwenburgh Christiaan
Published: May 2018

In people without lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD), mitochondrial DNA copy number declines with aging, and this decline is associated with declines in mitochondrial activity and functional performance. However, whether lower extremity ischemia is associated with lower mitochondrial DNA copy number and whether mitochondrial DNA copy number is associated with the degree of functional impairment in people with PAD is unknown. In people with and without PAD, age 65 years and older, we studied associations of the ankle–brachial index (ABI) with mitochondrial DNA copy number and associations of mitochondrial DNA copy number with functional impairment. Calf muscle biopsies were obtained from 34 participants with PAD (mean age: 73.5 years (SD 6.4), mean ABI: 0.67 (SD 0.15), mean 6-minute walk distance: 1191 feet (SD 223)) and 10 controls without PAD (mean age: 73.1 years (SD 4.7), mean ABI: 1.14 (SD 0.07), mean 6-minute walk distance: 1387 feet (SD 488)). Adjusting for age and sex, lower ABI values were associated with higher mitochondrial DNA copy number, measured in relative copy number (ABI<0.60: 914, ABI 0.60–0.90: 731, ABI 0.90–1.50: 593; p trend=0.016). The association of mitochondrial DNA copy number with the 6-minute walk distance and 4-meter walking velocity differed significantly between participants with versus without PAD ( p-value for interaction=0.001 and p=0.015, respectively). The correlation coefficient between mitochondrial DNA copy number and the 6-minute walk distance was 0.653 ( p=0.056) among people without PAD and –0.254 ( p=0.154) among people with PAD and ABI < 0.90. In conclusion, lower ABI values are associated with increased mitochondrial DNA copy number. Associations of mitochondrial DNA copy number with the 6-minute walk distance and 4-meter walking velocity significantly differed between people with versus without PAD, with stronger positive associations observed in people without PAD than in people with PAD. The cross-sectional and exploratory nature of the analyses precludes conclusions regarding causal inferences. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02246660
Interactive evolutionary multi-objective optimization and decision-making on life-cycle seismic design of bridge
Authors: Li Yu-Jing , Li Hong-Nan
Published: May 2018

Considering future seismic risk and life-cycle cost, the life-cycle seismic design of bridge is formulated as a preference-based multi-objective optimization and decision-making problem, in which the conflicting design criteria that minimize life-cycle cost and maximize seismic capacity are treated simultaneously. Specifically, the preference information based on theoretical analysis and engineering judgment is embedded in the optimization procedure. Based on reasonable displacement ductility, the cost preference and safety preference information are used to progressively construct value function, directing the evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm’s search to more preferred solutions. The seismic design of a reinforced concrete pier is presented as an application example using the proposed procedure for the global Pareto front corresponding with engineering designers’ preference. The results indicate that the proposed model is available to find the global Pareto front satisfying the corresponding preference and overcoming the difficulties of the traditional multi-objective optimization algorithm in obtaining a full approximation of the entire Pareto optimal front for large-dimensional problems as well as cognitive difficulty in selecting one preferred solution from all these solutions.
Finite element analysis of stresses in a flexible bulk solid container
Authors: Pantaleev Stefan Lyubomirov , Papanicolopulos Stefanos-Aldo , Ooi Jin Yeam
Published: May 2018

Current theories and design codes pertaining to storage structures for bulk solids have been developed in the context of rigid-walled silos and may not be applicable for smaller and highly flexible containers that are often used for industrial packaging and intermediate storage. The focus of this study is to investigate the effect of wall flexibility on the bulk stresses and wall pressures during storage using finite element analysis. The results show that when the wall stiffness is low, the computed bulk stresses in the vertical bin section are dominated by plasticity, while the stresses in the hopper section remain in the elastic state. In this situation, the wall pressure in the bin section is heavily influenced by the strength of the stored solid, which controls the extent of plastic flow. Overall, the normal wall pressure in the bin section is found to decrease with wall flexibility leading to a corresponding increase in vertical stress in the stored solid. As a consequence, the stresses in the hopper also increase leading to increasing loads on the hopper walls and potential exacerbation of handling issues for cohesive materials in highly flexible containers.
Somatic Complaints in Adolescence and Labour Market Participation in Young Adulthood
Authors: Winding Trine Nøhr , Andersen Johan Hviid
Published: May 2018

Aims: The primary aim was to investigate the association between somatic symptoms at ages 15 or 18 and reduced labour market participation at age 23, when socioeconomic, social, and mental health risk factors were taken into account. Methods: The study included 3223 participants from the West Jutland Cohort Study with questionnaire information on somatic symptoms at ages 15 or 18 and with register information on labour market participation at age 23, gathered from a national register on all public transfer benefits for a 52-week period. The analyses included additional information about socioeconomic background, number of negative life events, social climate in the family, social relations with friends, and depressive symptoms. Logistic regression analyses yielded odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Among the males, associations between reporting somatic symptoms at age 18 and low labour market participation was seen in both crude and adjusted analyses (odds ratio: 1.66; 95% confidence intervals: 1.01–2.75), whereas the association among the females disappeared after adjustments (odds ratio: 0.97; 95% confidence intervals: 0.63–1.52). Conclusions: The males that reported somatic symptoms in late adolescence appeared to be the most vulnerable to future reduced labour market participation.
Censored, suspended, shadowbanned: User interpretations of content moderation on social media platforms
Authors: Myers West Sarah
Published: May 2018

Social media platforms play an increasingly important civic role as platforms for discourse, where we discuss, debate, and share information. This article explores how users make sense of the content moderation systems social media platforms use to curate this discourse. Through a survey of users ( n = 519) who have experienced content moderation, I explore users’ folk theories of how content moderation systems work, how they shape the affective relationship between users and platforms, and the steps users take to assert their agency by seeking redress. I find significant impacts of content moderation that go far beyond the questions of freedom of expression that have thus far dominated the debate. Raising questions about what content moderation systems are designed to accomplish, I conclude by conceptualizing an educational, rather than punitive, model for content moderation systems.
Navigating the policy directive of child autonomy in universal pre-kindergarten practice
Authors: Michael Luna Sara , Grey Leslee J
Published: May 2018

Drawing on case-study data, this inquiry explores the lived experiences of four universal pre-kindergarten teachers to address the question: How do practitioners narratively interpret a local school district policy directive of child autonomy, use their professional capacities to reconstruct the directive to address diverse students’ needs, and then implement or instruct their reconfigurations of autonomy in context-specific ways? By examining the tensions between policy and locally embodied practice, teachers’ voices shed light on professional struggles within large universal pre-kindergarten programs, and offer possibilities for reconceptualizing and enacting policy directives at the community level.
Numerical prediction of hydrodynamic forces on a moored ship due to a passing ship
Authors: Pawar Rahul , Bhar Ashoke , Dhavalikar Sharad S
Published: May 2018

The passing ship effect on berthed vessel is a well-known problem and is studied over many years. These interaction effects induce dynamic loads in the mooring system that can exceed the design values and lead to severe accidents. A study has been conducted to analyze the effect of various parameters such as passing ship speed, separation distance, depth to draft ratio and waterway geometry on the hydrodynamic interaction effects between berthed and a passing ship. Numerical simulation for three-dimensional unsteady viscous flow have been conducted using the overset mesh methodology and solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with k-ω shear-stress transport turbulence model for various cases, and interaction effect on berthed ship have been calculated. The method recommended in this study is validated by comparing the computational fluid dynamics (numerical) results with existing model scale experiments and mathematical curves from empirical formulas. The hydrodynamic interaction forces are computed for five types of waterway geometries. The magnitude and time histories of the forces and moment on the moored ship for various cases are analyzed to evaluate the effect of various parameters such as waterway geometries and separation distance. The results and conclusions made by this study can give definite guidance on safe maneuvering of a ship passing by a moored ship.