bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Papillomavirus Cofactors by Disease Progression and Human Papillomavirus Types in the Study to Understand Cervical Cancer Early Endpoints and Determinants
Authors: Wang Sophia S. , Zuna Rosemary E. , Wentzensen Nicolas , Dunn S. Terence , Sherman Mark E. , Gold Michael A. , Schiffman Mark , Wacholder Sholom , Allen Richard A. , Block Ingrid , Downing Kim , Jeronimo Jose , Carreon J. Daniel , Safaeian Mahboobeh , Brown David , Walker Joan L.
Published: January 2009

Human papillomavirus (HPV) cofactors for cervical cancer include smoking, multiparity, and oral contraceptive use, but their mechanisms of action are not fully understood. It is also unknown whether cofactors vary by HPV genotypes. The Study to Understand Cervical Cancer Early Endpoints and Determinants (SUCCEED) is a cross-sectional study comprising women referred to the University of Oklahoma from November 2003 to September 2007 for abnormal cervical screening results. Detailed questionnaire data and liquid cytology specimens were collected and the latter was genotyped for HPV using the LINEAR ARRAY HPV Genotyping Test. The present analysis includes women with both questionnaire and HPV data and diagnosed with <CIN1 (n = 535), CIN1 (n = 497), CIN2 (n = 336), CIN3 (n = 292), and cancer (n = 80). We evaluated HPV types and cofactors among HPV-infected women by calculating odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for CIN3 and CIN2 separately compared with <CIN2 using a polytomous logistic regression model; cancers were excluded from further analysis due to the substantially higher ages of these women. We found that HPV-infected women with minor histologic or cytologic abnormalities (e.g., CIN1, ASCUS, and LSIL) were indistinguishable from those with normal histology/cytology and were thus combined to form the referent group (<CIN2). Among women positive for oncogenic HPV, current smokers had a 2.5-fold increased risk for CIN3 (95% CI, 1.8-3.6) compared with nonsmokers. Among HPV16-infected women, current smokers had elevated risk for both CIN2 (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.2) and CIN3 (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.6-4.6). Our data suggest that non-HPV16-related CIN2 likely reflects a combination of CIN1 and CIN3 diagnosis, whereas HPV16-related CIN2 may indicate a precancerous state. Investigations on the molecular distinctions along the disease continuum of cervical pathogenesis by HPV type are needed. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):113–20)
Seasonal and Regional Contributors of 1-Hydroxypyrene among Children near a Steel Mill
Authors: Lee Mi-Sun , Eum Ki-Do , Lee Kiyoung , Kim Ho , Paek Domyung
Published: January 2009

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) is a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Effect of residence on children's PAH exposure was reported among children living near a polluted area. Instead of a snapshot assessment, however, a temporal history of exposure characteristics needs to be assessed in the studies of chronic disease development such as cancer. The urinary 1-OHP measurements were repeated to determine regional effect of ambient air pollution on 1-OHP levels over extended periods. Two sites were chosen: (a) one site located near the steel mill (“nearby” site) and (b) the other site located at a longer distance from the mill (“remote” site). Spot urinary 1-OHP levels were measured from 72 children for 3 consecutive days per month, repeated over 9-month period. Compared with remote site, the nearby site had increased the urinary 1-OHP level by 62.3% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 39.8-88.3%]. Other statistically significant factors that contributed to the level include sex [16.5% (95% CI, 1.2-34.1%) higher for girls than boys], consumption of charbroiled meat [16.5% (95% CI, 1.1-34.2%) higher], and an increase in PM10 [10.1% (95% CI, 4.8-15.7%) higher for the interquartile range increment]. Controlling for covariates, the 1-OHP levels were increased in the summer and fall compared with winter. The magnitude of the effects of both seasons had diminished after adjusting for PM10. This is the first report providing seasonal and regional contributors to environmental PAH exposure, assessed by urinary 1-OHP, with higher 1-OHP levels during summer when ambient pollution was also high. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):96–101)
DNA Repair Gene Variants Associated with Benign Breast Disease in High Cancer Risk Women
Authors: Jorgensen Timothy J. , Helzlsouer Kathy J. , Clipp Sandra C. , Bolton Judy Hoffman , Crum Rosa M. , Visvanathan Kala
Published: January 2009

Benign breast disease (BBD) is a risk factor for breast cancer and may have a heritable component. Deficient DNA repair has been implicated in breast cancer etiology and may exert its effect before BBD, a known precursor. The association between allelic variants in DNA repair genes and BBD was examined in a cohort of women in Washington County, Maryland. BBD was defined by two criteria: (a) a physician diagnosis of BBD or fibrocystic disease and/or (b) a benign breast biopsy. 3,212 women without BBD at baseline were genotyped for 12 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms in seven DNA repair genes. Of these women, 482 subsequently reported a diagnosis of BBD. The Cox model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR). Variant alleles of XRCC1 Arg194Trp (rs1799782) and ERCC4 Arg415Gln (rs1800067) were significantly associated with BBD [HR, 1.36; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.06-1.74 and HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.09-1.76, respectively]. Similar estimates were also observed for each of the BBD criterion used. The BBD association for ERCC4 was even stronger among women with a family history of breast cancer (HR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.52-4.66; Pinteraction = 0.02). This study suggests that variant alleles in DNA repair genes may modify BBD risk, a potential intermediate marker of breast cancer risk, particularly among high-risk subgroups. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):346–50)
Trends in Area-Socioeconomic and Race-Ethnic Disparities in Breast Cancer Incidence, Stage at Diagnosis, Screening, Mortality, and Survival among Women Ages 50 Years and Over (1987-2005)
Authors: Harper Sam , Lynch John , Meersman Stephen C. , Breen Nancy , Davis William W. , Reichman Marsha C.
Published: January 2009

Background: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States and varies systematically by race-ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Previous research has often focused on disparities between particular groups, but few studies have summarized disparities across multiple subgroups defined by race-ethnic and socioeconomic position.

Methods: Data on breast cancer incidence, stage, mortality, and 5-year cause-specific probability of death (100 − survival) were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and data on mammography screening from the National Health Interview Survey from 1987 to 2005. We used four area-socioeconomic groups based on the percentage of poverty in the county of residence (<10, 10-15, 15-20, +20%) and five race-ethnic groups (White, Black, Asian, American Indian, and Hispanic). We used summary measures of disparity based on both rate differences and rate ratios.

Results: From 1987 to 2004, area-socioeconomic disparities declined by 20% to 30% for incidence, stage at diagnosis, and 5-year cause-specific probability of death, and by roughly 100% for mortality, whether measured on the absolute or relative scale. In contrast, relative area-socioeconomic disparities in mammography use increased by 161%. Absolute race-ethnic disparities declined across all outcomes, with the largest reduction for mammography (56% decline). Relative race-ethnic disparities for mortality and 5-year cause-specific probability of death increased by 24% and 17%, respectively.

Conclusions: Our analysis suggests progress towards race-ethnic and area-socioeconomic disparity goals for breast cancer, especially when measured on the absolute scale. However, greater progress is needed to address increasing relative socioeconomic disparities in mammography and race-ethnic disparities in mortality and 5-year cause-specific probability of death. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):121–31)
Methionine Synthase A2756G Polymorphism Interacts with Alcohol and Folate Intake to Influence the Risk of Colorectal Adenoma
Authors: Yamaji Taiki , Iwasaki Motoki , Sasazuki Shizuka , Sakamoto Hiromi , Yoshida Teruhiko , Tsugane Shoichiro
Published: January 2009

Genomic DNA hypomethylation has been associated with colorectal carcinogenesis. Methionine synthase A2756G (MTR A2756G) is a common nonsynonymous polymorphism in the gene that encodes methionine synthase, a key enzyme in the pathway leading to DNA methylation. Several studies, but not all, have reported relatively lower plasma homocysteine among individuals with the AG or GG genotype. Meanwhile, higher plasma homocysteine was associated with genomic DNA hypomethylation in healthy volunteers. We therefore hypothesized that minor allele carriers possess a decreased risk of colorectal adenoma, and examined this hypothesis in a case-control study of colorectal adenoma in Japan involving 723 cases and 670 controls. An unconditional logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for colorectal adenoma after adjustment for potential confounders. Despite the lack of an overall association, we observed a significant interaction between MTR A2756G and alcohol intake (P for interaction = 0.007). Compared with never drinkers with the AA genotype, never drinkers with the AG or GG genotype exhibited a significantly decreased risk (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.34-0.90) whereas heavy drinkers with the same genotypes showed a substantially increased risk (OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.04-3.46). In addition, a marginally significant interaction was observed with folate intake (P for interaction = 0.07). The G allele may confer protection against colorectal adenoma in the presence of a considerably good folate status. Our findings add to increasing evidence that DNA methylation plays an important role even at an early stage of colorectal carcinogenesis. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):267–74)
Cruciferous Vegetable Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lam Tram Kim , Gallicchio Lisa , Lindsley Kristina , Shiels Meredith , Hammond Edward , Tao Xuguang (Grant) , Chen Liwei , Robinson Karen A. , Caulfield Laura E. , Herman James G. , Guallar Eliseo , Alberg Anthony J.
Published: January 2009

Background: Cruciferous vegetables, rich in isothiocyanates, may protect against lung cancer. Glutathione S-transferases are important in metabolizing isothiocyanates; hence, variants in GST genes may modify the association between cruciferous vegetable intake and lung cancer. We carried out a systematic review to characterize the association between cruciferous vegetable intake and lung cancer risk, with an emphasis on the potential interaction between cruciferous vegetables and GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene variants.

Methods: A search of the epidemiologic literature through December 2007 was conducted using 15 bibliographic databases without language restrictions. Thirty studies on the association between lung cancer and either total cruciferous vegetable consumption (6 cohort and 12 case-control studies) or specific cruciferous vegetables (1 cohort and 11 case-control studies) were included.

Results: The risk for lung cancer among those in the highest category of total cruciferous vegetable intake was 22% lower in case-control studies [random-effects pooled odds ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.70-0.88] and 17% lower in cohort studies (pooled relative risk, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.62-1.08) compared with those in the lowest category of intake. The strongest inverse association of total cruciferous vegetable intake with lung cancer risk was seen among individuals with GSTM1 and GSTT1 double null genotypes (odds ratio, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.26-0.65; P for interaction = 0.01).

Conclusions: Epidemiologic evidence suggests that cruciferous vegetable intake may be weakly and inversely associated with lung cancer risk. Because of a gene-diet interaction, the strongest inverse association was among those with homozygous deletion for GSTM1 and GSTT1. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):184–95)
A Polymorphism in the APE1 Gene Promoter is Associated with Lung Cancer Risk
Authors: Lo Yen-Li , Jou Yuh-Shan , Hsiao Chin-Fu , Chang Gee-Chen , Tsai Ying-Huang , Su Wu-Chou , Chen Kuan-Yu , Chen Yuh-Min , Huang Ming-Shyan , Hu Chi Yuan , Chen Chien-Jen , Hsiung Chao A.
Published: January 2009

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is an essential enzyme in the base excision repair pathway, which is the primary mechanism for the repair of DNA damage caused by oxidation and alkylation. We hypothesized that polymorphisms of APE1 are associated with risk for lung cancer. In the hospital-based matched case-control study, a total of 730 lung cancer cases and 730 cancer-free controls were genotyped for four APE1 haplotype-tagging polymorphisms (that is, -656T>G, 400A>G, 630T>C, and 1350T>G). Among them, the single-nucleotide polymorphism -656T>G located in the promoter region of APE1 was significantly associated with risk for lung cancer. We found that, compared with -656 TT homozygotes, the variant genotypes were associated with a significantly decreased risk [adjusted odds ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.33-0.79 for -656 TG; adjusted odds ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.25-0.76 for -656 GG, respectively]. Furthermore, we found a statistically significant reduced risk of -656T>G variants among heavy smokers (adjusted odds ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.30-0.93 for -656 TG; adjusted odds ratio, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.13-0.57 for -656 GG, respectively), with a significant gene-smoking interaction (P = 0.013). A similar gene-smoking interaction in the context of APE1 haplotypes was also observed. The in vitro promoter assay revealed that the -656 G allele had a significantly higher transcriptional activity than that of the -656 T allele. Together, our results suggest that polymorphisms of the APE1 gene possibly interact with smoking and may contribute to the development of lung cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):223–9)
Physical Activity and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study
Authors: Peters Tricia M. , Schatzkin Arthur , Gierach Gretchen L. , Moore Steven C. , Lacey James V. , Wareham Nicholas J. , Ekelund Ulf , Hollenbeck Albert R. , Leitzmann Michael F.
Published: January 2009

Background: Although physical activity has been associated with reduced breast cancer risk, whether this association varies across breast cancer subtypes or is modified by reproductive and lifestyle factors is unclear.

Methods: We examined physical activity in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer risk in 182,862 U.S. women in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Physical activity was assessed by self-report at baseline (1995-1996), and 6,609 incident breast cancers were identified through December 31, 2003. Cox regression was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of postmenopausal breast cancer overall and by tumor characteristics. Effect modification by select reproductive and lifestyle factors was also explored.

Results: In multivariate models, the most active women experienced a 13% lower breast cancer risk versus inactive women (RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.81-0.95). This inverse relation was not modified by tumor stage or histology but was suggestively stronger for estrogen receptor (ER)-negative (RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.54-1.04) than ER-positive (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.84-1.12) breast tumors and was suggestively stronger for overweight/obese (RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77-0.96) than lean (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.87-1.05) women. The inverse relation with physical activity was also more pronounced among women who had never used menopausal hormone therapy and those with a positive family history of breast cancer than their respective counterparts.

Conclusions: Physical activity was associated with reduced postmenopausal breast cancer risk, particular to ER-negative tumors. These results, along with heterogeneity in the physical activity-breast cancer relation for subgroups of menopausal hormone therapy use and adiposity, indicate that physical activity likely influences breast cancer risk via both estrogenic and estrogen-independent mechanisms. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):289–96)
Incidence of Ovarian, Peritoneal, and Fallopian Tube Carcinomas in the United States, 1995-2004
Authors: Goodman Marc T. , Shvetsov Yurii B.
Published: January 2009

Objective: The objective of this analysis was to describe the distribution of pelvic carcinomas in the United States by demographic, pathologic, and clinical features.

Methods: Carcinomas of the ovary (n = 112,541), peritoneum (n = 6,458), and fallopian tube (n = 3,479) were identified through 24 population-based registries in the United States during the period 1995 to 2004. Age-adjusted incidence rates were calculated per million population using counts derived from the 2000 U.S. census.

Results: The age-adjusted incidence rate for ovarian carcinoma (119.9 per million) was substantially higher than for peritoneal (6.78 per million) or fallopian tube (3.72 per million) carcinomas. White women had the highest rates for all three malignancies. Rates for peritoneal carcinoma were lowest among Black women (2.88 per million) and rates for fallopian tube carcinoma were lowest among Hispanic women (2.45 per million). Serous carcinomas were the most commonly diagnosed histologic type for all anatomic sites. Peritoneal carcinomas were diagnosed at later ages (mean, 67 years) and more advanced stages (85% regional/distant) compared with fallopian tube carcinomas (mean, 64 years; 62% regional/distant) and ovarian carcinomas (mean, 63 years; 76% regional/distant). Incidence for all three pelvic carcinomas was lowest in the South. Time trend analyses between 1973 and 2005 exhibited a significant decline in ovarian carcinoma incidence and rises in the rates of peritoneal and fallopian tube cancers.

Conclusions: Similarities in the incidence patterns for ovarian, peritoneal, and fallopian tube carcinomas support the likelihood of a common molecular pathogenesis. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):132–9)
Menstrual and Reproductive Factors and Risk of Renal Cell Cancer in the Multiethnic Cohort
Authors: Setiawan Veronica Wendy , Kolonel Laurence N. , Henderson Brian E.
Published: January 2009

A relationship between female reproductive and menstrual factors, including exogenous hormone use, and renal cell cancer (RCC) has been hypothesized, but supporting epidemiologic evidence is limited and inconsistent. Here, the association of reproductive and menstrual factors with RCC risk was examined among 106,036 Hawaii-Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort female participants who entered the cohort between 1993 and 1996. During an average 10.6 years of follow-up, 229 RCC cases were identified among these women. Data on known and potential risk factors were obtained from the baseline questionnaire. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for RCC associated with each factor were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models stratified by race/ethnicity, study center, and menopausal status and adjusted for age and several confounding factors. We found no evidence of association between RCC and parity, age at first birth, age at menarche, age and type of menopause (hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy), use and duration of oral contraceptive, and type and duration of postmenopausal hormone use. Our results do not support the hypothesis that hormone-related factors play an etiologic role in RCC among women. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(1):337–40)
A Pilot Study of Sampling Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue to Examine Biomarkers of Cancer Risk
Authors: Campbell Kristin L. , Makar Karen W. , Kratz Mario , Foster-Schubert Karen E. , McTiernan Anne , Ulrich Cornelia M.
Published: January 2009

Examination of adipose tissue biology may provide important insight into mechanistic links for the observed association between higher body fat and risk of several types of cancer, in particular colorectal and breast cancer. We tested two different methods of obtaining adipose tissue from healthy individuals. Ten overweight or obese (body mass index, 25-40 kg/m2), postmenopausal women were recruited. Two subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue samples were obtained per individual (i.e., right and left lower abdominal regions) using two distinct methods (method A: 14-gauge needle with incision, versus method B: 16-gauge needle without incision). Gene expression was examined at the mRNA level for leptin, adiponectin, aromatase, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in flash-frozen tissue, and at the protein level for leptin, adiponectin, IL-6, and TNF-α following short-term culture. Participants preferred biopsy method A and few participants reported any of the usual minor side effects. Gene expression was detectable for leptin, adiponectin, and aromatase, but was below detectable limits for IL-6 and TNF-α. For detectable genes, relative gene expression in adipose tissue obtained by methods A and B was similar for adiponectin (r = 0.64, P = 0.06) and leptin (r = 0.80, P = 0.01), but not for aromatase (r = 0.37,P = 0.34). Protein levels in tissue culture supernatant exhibited good intra-assay agreement [coefficient of variation (CV), 1-10%], with less agreement for intraindividual agreement (CV, 17-29%) and reproducibility, following one freeze-thaw cycle (CV, >14%). Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies from healthy, overweight individuals provide adequate amounts for RNA extraction, gene expression, and other assays of relevance to cancer prevention research.
Inflammation-Associated Serum and Colon Markers as Indicators of Dietary Attenuation of Colon Carcinogenesis in ob/ob Mice
Authors: Mentor-Marcel Roycelynn A. , Bobe Gerd , Barrett Kathleen G. , Young Matthew R. , Albert Paul S. , Bennink Maurice R. , Lanza Elaine , Colburn Nancy H.
Published: January 2009

Although inflammatory cytokines and obesity-associated serum proteins have been reported as biomarkers of colorectal adenoma risk in humans, little is known of biomarkers of response to interventions that attenuate tumorigenesis. Dietary navy beans and their fractions attenuate colon carcinogenesis in carcinogen-induced genetically obese mice. We hypothesized that this attenuation would be associated with changes in inflammatory cytokines and obesity-related serum proteins that may serve as measures of efficacy. ob/ob mice (n = 160) were injected with the carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) to induce colon cancer and randomly placed on one of four diets (control, whole navy bean, bean residue fraction, or bean extract fraction) for 26 to 28 wk. Serum was analyzed for 14 inflammation- or obesity-related proteins, and colon RNA was analyzed for expression of 84 inflammation-associated genes. Six of 14 serum proteins were increased [i.e., interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor] in hyperplastic/dysplastic stages of colon carcinogenesis. Bean-fed mice had significantly higher monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and lower IL-6 levels in serum. In colon mucosa, 55 of 84 inflammation-associated genes differed between AOM-induced and noninduced mice. Of the 55 AOM-induced genes, 5 were counteracted by bean diets, including IL-6 whose increase in expression levels was attenuated by bean diets in AOM-induced mice. In summary, IL-6 emerged as a serum protein that was increased in hyperplastic/dysplastic stages of colon carcinogenesis, but attenuated with bean-based diet in serum and colon mucosa. Changes in a subset of inflammation-associated serum proteins and colon gene expression may serve as response indicators of dietary attenuation of colon carcinogenesis.
Chemoprevention of Colorectal Neoplasia by Estrogen: Potential Role of Vitamin D Activity
Authors: Protiva Petr , Cross Heide S. , Hopkins Michael E. , Kállay Enikö , Bises Giovanna , Dreyhaupt Eleanor , Augenlicht Leonard , Lipkin Martin , Lesser Martin , Livote Elayne , Holt Peter R.
Published: January 2009

Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy lowers colon cancer incidence. In humans, the mechanism is unknown, but animal models suggest that it may involve activation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) pathway.

The aims of our study were to determine whether estrogen intervention affects global gene expression in rectal mucosal biopsies and whether vitamin D–related genes are affected.

Estradiol was given to raise serum estradiol to premenopausal levels in 10 postmenopausal women under close nutritional control. Primary end points were expression of VDR, CYP24A1, CYP27B1, and E-cadherin in rectal mucosa by reverse transcription-PCR and examining response to estradiol by genome-wide arrays. Responses in gene expression in rectal biopsies to estrogen were determined in each subject individually and compared with a human estrogen response gene array database and a custom array in vitro–generated database.

Cluster analysis showed that subjects maintained their overall gene expression profile and that interindividual differences were greater than intraindividual differences after intervention. Eight of 10 subjects showed significant enrichment in estrogen-responsive genes. Gene array group analysis showed activation of the VDR pathway and down-regulation of inflammatory and immune signaling pathways. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed significant up-regulation of VDR and E-cadherin, a downstream target of vitamin D action.

These data suggest that the chemopreventive action of hormone replacement therapy on colon neoplasia results, at least in part, from changes in vitamin D activity. Evaluation of gene arrays is useful in chemopreventive intervention studies in small groups of subjects.
Major and Potential Prothrombotic Genotypes in Patients with Venous Thrombosis and in Healthy Subjects from Slovenia
Authors: Bedenčič Mateja , Božič Mojca , Peternel Polona , Stegnar Mojca
Published: January 2009

The objective of our study was to investigate the prevalence of the polymorphisms factor V Leiden (FVL), prothrombin G20210A (PT G20210A), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T (MTHFR C677T), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 –675 4G/5G (PAI-1 4G/5G) and factor XII –4 C/T (FXII –4 C/T) in 295 Slovenian patients with venous thrombosis (VT) and 223 healthy controls in order to establish their contribution to the risk for VT. The major genetic risk factor was FVL, while PT G20210A, MTHFR 677 C/T, PAI-1 4G/5G and FXII –4 C/T polymorphisms were not. However, PT G20210A increased the risk of recurrent VT, MTHFR C677T increased the risk in older patients, while the FXII –4 T allele suggested a possible protective effect in younger patients. The risk of VT increased with increasing number of genetic defects.
Obesity and Activated Protein C Resistance
Authors: Solá Eva , Vayá Amparo , Villa Piedad , España Francisco , Estellés Amparo , García Katherinne , Hernández-Mijares Antonio
Published: January 2009

It has been reported that obesity may be associated with activated protein C resistance, which could increase the thrombotic risk in these patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate this parameter in obese patients and controls, as well as the effect of weight loss on this parameter. In 63 severely or morbidly obese patients and in 65 healthy volunteers, an anthropometric and analytical evaluation (activated protein C resistance and prothrombin fragment F1 + 2) was performed at baseline and after 3 months of diet. Obese patients showed higher levels of F1 + 2 than controls, whereas activated protein C sensitivity ratios showed no differences. After weight loss, prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 was reduced, but no differences were found in activated protein C sensitivity. We did not find an activated protein C-resistant phenotype in obese subjects.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Leukocytapheresis for Procoagulant Microparticles during Hemophagocytic Syndrome
Authors: Asai Tei , Nomura Shosaku , Ishii Kazuyoshi , Ichikawa Kohichi , Umei Nao , Matsunami Katsutoshi , Matsuo Yoshio , Kitazawa Yasuhide
Published: January 2009

Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) presents with signs of persistent remittent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, hepatic dysfunction, and disseminated intravascular coagulation because of hypercytokinemia caused by activated T lymphocytes and macrophages. In recent years leukocytapheresis using a leukocyte removal filter (known as lymphocytapheresis, LCAP) has been applied to the treatment of various autoimmune diseases. The removal of activated monocytes during LCAP treatment appears useful for hypercytokinemia. We experienced a 32-year-old Japanese man with HPS with elevated tissue factor-enriched monocyte-derived microparticles (MDMPs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Improvements in the level of MDMPs and hypercytokinemia were observed after LCAP treatment. LCAP treatment performed for HPS can be considered a therapeutic strategy for patients with a risk of fetal hemorrhage.
Holocord Hydrosyringomyelia with Terminal Myelocystocele Revealed by Constructive Interference in Steady-State MR Imaging
Authors: Hashiguchi Kimiaki , Morioka Takato , Samura Kazuhiro , Yoshida Fumiaki , Miyagi Yasushi , Nagata Shinji , Kokubo Takayuki , Yoshiura Takashi , Sasaki Tomio
Published: January 2009

We report an operated case with terminal myelocystocele and holocord hydrosyringomyelia (syrinx). The patient exhibited a subcutaneous mass at the right lumbosacral region with multiple anomalies including scoliosis and hyperdactylia of the right foot and systemic disease such as hydronephroureter. Neurological examination revealed palsy of the left diaphragm, and left upper and right lower limbs. Constructive interference in steady-state (CISS) images demonstrated a terminal myelocystocele with a huge syrinx extending to the medulla. The curvilinear reconstruction of the CISS sequence depicted continuous cystocele and whole syrinx. At day 37, sac excision and untethering of the spinal cord were performed. The caudal part of the central canal was opened to the subarachnoid space (terminal ventriculostomy), resulting in a slight improvement of limb palsy and shrinkage of the holocord syrinx. CISS imaging is useful to detect the complicated pathology, and terminal ventriculostomy should be performed to improve associated syrinx.
Regioselective and Quantitative Modification of Cellulose to Access Cellulose-based Advanced Materials: Cellulose-based Glycoclusters
Authors: Yamashita Erika , Okubo Kiyomi , Negishi Kaori , Hasegawa Teruaki
Published: January 2009

Regioselective and quantitative introduction of multiple β-lactoside modules onto the 6C-position of cellulose was achieved through regioselective bromination/azidation of cellulose and the following Cu+-catalyzed chemoselective coupling with alkyne-functionalized β-lactoside. The resultant cellulose-based glycocluster has good water solubility and selective lectin affinity.
Fine-tuning Cavity Size and Wall Thickness of Silica Hollow Nanoparticles by Templating Polymeric Micelles with Core–Shell–Corona Structure
Authors: Liu Dian , Khanal Anil , Nakashima Kenichi , Inoue Yuko , Yada Mitsunori
Published: January 2009

Hollow silica nanospheres have been successfully prepared by templating the polymeric micelles of poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine-b-ethylene oxide) (PS–PVP–PEO), which shows a core–shell–corona structure in aqueous solutions. In this template, each block has its own function; the PS block (core) works as a template of the void space of hollow silica, the PVP block (shell) acts as a reaction field for the sol–gel reaction of silica precursor, and the PEO block (corona) stabilizes the polymer/silica composite particles. It was found that the diameter of the void space of the hollow silica spheres can be fine-tuned on a several nanometer scale by changing the chain length of the PS block. The wall thickness of the hollow silica is also fine-tuned by varying the concentration of the silica precursor.
An Investigation of Climate Loads on Building Façades for Selected Locations in the United States
Authors: Cornick S. M. , Lacasse M. A.
Published: January 2009

The ability of a wall assembly to manage rainwater and control rain penetration depends on the assembly configuration, including interface details for penetrations, and on the rain loads to which the wall is subjected. There are a variety different protocols for evaluating the ability wall systems to resist water intrusion. Generally they involve spraying varying amounts of water while maintaining a pressure difference across the specimen. Across the conterminous United States hourly weather data for extended periods (climatic data) is available for many locations. From this climatic data estimates of wind-driven rain loads can be determined. We answer the question of how often these combinations of rainfall intensities and pressure are likely to present a problem with respect to moisture management of the assembly and how often these are likely to occur over the expected life of the wall assembly. Climate information related to rainfall and wind-driven rain for Boston, Miami, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, and Seattle are provided. A methodology for generating rates of water spray impinging on and pressure differences acting across the wall assembly is also developed. Although the methodology was primarily developed to select the proper testing criteria and test conditions to mimic real events, it can also be used by designers and practitioners to: (i) determine the response of the wall assembly to the effects of wind-driven rain; (ii) estimate design loads below which adverse effects on the assembly are minimized; (iii) assess the likelihood and degree of damage to the assembly when design loads are exceeded; (iv) estimate the long-term performance of the wall assembly based on watertightness and moisture management the wall assembly.
Suttas on Sakka in Agama and Nikaya Literature – With Some Remarks on the Attribution of the Shorter Chinese Samyukta Agama
Authors: Bingenheimer Dr Marcus
Published: January 2009

This article is one of a series concerning the Shorter Chinese Samyukta Agama / Bieyi za ahan jing (BZA) (T.100). The series is in turn part of a larger project conducted at Dharma Drum Buddhist College, Taiwan, and currently hosted at: http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/BZA/. The present article discusses the arguments that are advanced in favour of attributing the BZA to the Dharmaguptaka and Mahisasaka schools, analyses the different names of Sakra/Sakka and their etymologies found in BZA 35, and presents a translation of BZA 33 to BZA 42, the first ten of twenty suttas on Sakka in the BZA. Regarding the attribution we find that there is only one single passage that links the BZA with the Mahisasaka Vinaya. The comparison of Indian and Chinese forms of Sakka’s names clarifies some textual problems in the northern and the southern traditions. In the case of Purindada, this offers us a rare glimpse into how the early Buddhists had to ‘spin’ their texts when they incorporated the warrior god Indra into their pantheon.
Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence of Synedrella (Synedrella nodiflora) in a Tropical Environment
Authors: Chauhan Bhagirath S. , Johnson David E.
Published: January 2009

Synedrella is a tropical annual plant species of the family Asteraceae that is widely distributed in many crops in nearly 50 countries. Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of various environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of synedrella. Germination response was greater at 30/20 C and 35/25 C than at 25/15 C fluctuating day/night temperatures. Light stimulated germination; however, a small proportion of after-ripened seeds germinated in the dark. Seedling emergence was greatest (96%) for seeds placed on the soil surface but declined with increased seed burial depth. No seedlings emerged from a depth of 4 cm. Seedling emergence and seedling dry matter declined with the addition of crop residue to the soil surface; however, higher quantities of residue than those normally found in low-yield systems were required to result in substantial reductions in emergence. Seed germination was tolerant of moderate salt concentrations (40 to 100 mM sodium chloride) and a broad range of pH (4 to 10) but was sensitive to low osmotic potentials (< −0.8 MPa). The information gained from this study could help predict the invasion potential of this species and could lead to improved management strategies.
Suppression of Powell Amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) by Buckwheat Residues: Role of Allelopathy
Authors: Kumar Virender , Brainard Daniel C. , Bellinder Robin R.
Published: January 2009

Previous studies have demonstrated that emergence and growth of Powell amaranth is inhibited in soils where buckwheat has been grown and incorporated. The primary objectives of this research were to (1) evaluate the possible role of allelopathy in explaining that suppression; (2) distinguish between suppression caused by incorporation of fresh buckwheat residues from suppression caused by changes in soil during buckwheat growth; and (3) quantify the relative importance of buckwheat root vs. shoot tissues in suppression. When all buckwheat plant parts were removed from soil in which buckwheat was grown, Powell amaranth emergence was not suppressed, but growth was reduced 70% compared to bare soil. Addition of buckwheat shoots, but not roots to these soils reduced emergence by 80%, and contributed to additional reduction in growth. Addition of chemically activated carbon did not increase emergence or growth in buckwheat-amended soil. However, thermally activated carbon resulted in greater adsorption of phenolics than chemically activated carbon and alleviated suppression of Powell amaranth in buckwheat-amended, high organic-matter soils. However, suppression was not overcome on mineral soils. In addition to adsorbing phenolics, activated carbon changed the nitrogen (N) content and electrical conductivity of soil extracts. Aqueous shoot extracts of buckwheat stimulated Powell amaranth germination slightly, but inhibited radicle growth. Aqueous soil extracts from buckwheat-amended soil inhibited germination of Powell amaranth compared with extracts from unamended soil. Results suggest that emergence suppression of Powell amaranth by buckwheat residues might be due to allelopathic compounds concentrated in the shoot tissues. However, these inhibitory effects appear to depend on interactions of buckwheat residues with soils. In contrast, suppression of growth of Powell amaranth appears to be associated primarily with lower N availability in buckwheat-grown soils.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of14C-Glufosinate in Glufosinate-Resistant Corn, Goosegrass (Eleusine indica), Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), and Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia)
Authors: Everman Wesley J. , Mayhew Cassandra R. , Burton James D. , York Alan C. , Wilcut John W.
Published: January 2009

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate14C-glufosinate absorption, translocation, and metabolism in glufosinate-resistant corn, goosegrass, large crabgrass, and sicklepod. Glufosinate-resistant corn plants were treated at the four-leaf stage, whereas goosegrass, large crabgrass, and sicklepod were treated at 5, 7.5, and 10 cm, respectively. All plants were harvested at 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment (HAT). Absorption was less than 20% at all harvest intervals for glufosinate-resistant corn, whereas absorption in goosegrass and large crabgrass increased from approximately 20% 1 HAT to 50 and 76%, respectively, 72 HAT. Absorption of14C-glufosinate was greater than 90% 24 HAT in sicklepod. Significant levels of translocation were observed in glufosinate-resistant corn, with14C-glufosinate translocated to the region above the treated leaf and the roots up to 41 and 27%, respectively. No significant translocation was detected in any of the weed species at any harvest timing. Metabolites of14C-glufosinate were detected in glufosinate-resistant corn and all weed species. Seventy percent of14C was attributed to glufosinate metabolites 72 HAT in large crabgrass. Less metabolism was observed for sicklepod, goosegrass, and glufosinate-resistant corn, with metabolites composing less than 45% of detectable radioactivity 72 HAT.
Inheritance of Resistance to The Auxinic Herbicide Dicamba in Kochia (Kochia scoparia)
Authors: Preston Christopher , Belles David S. , Westra Philip H. , Nissen Scott J. , Ward Sarah M.
Published: January 2009

The inheritance of resistance to the auxinic herbicide dicamba was examined in a kochia population from Nebraska. An inbred, resistant line was developed by selection and selfing over seven generations to ensure any resistance alleles would be homozygous in the parents. An inbred, susceptible line was similarly developed, but without selection. Dose–response experiments with dicamba determined a glyphosate-resistant concentration required to inhibit dry weight accumulation by 50% (GR50) of 45 and 1,331 g ae ha−1for the susceptible and resistant populations, respectively. F1crosses were made between resistant and susceptible inbred individuals by hand-pollination, and the F1plants were selfed to produce F2plants. The F2population was screened with 280 g ha−1dicamba, a rate that could discriminate between susceptible and resistant plants. A total of eight F2families were screened twice. In the first screen, seven F2families segregated in a 3:1 ratio, consistent with a single dominant allele controlling resistance, and in the second screen six F2families segregated in a 3:1 ratio. F2individuals were selfed, the F3progeny were tested with 280 g ha−1dicamba, and the genotype of each F2parent was determined based on F3progeny segregation. F3family segregation was consistent with the F2parents having a 1:2:1 homozygous-susceptible:heterozygote:homozygous-resistant pattern, confirming that resistance to dicamba in kochia is likely conferred by a single allele with a high degree of dominance.
In Vitro Generation of Cartilage-Carrier-Constructs on Hydroxylapatite Ceramics with Different Surface Structures
Authors: Wiegandt Katharina , Goepfert Christiane , Richter Teresa , Fritsch Daniel , Janßen Rolf , Pörtner Ralf
Published: January 2009

Tissue engineering approaches for healing cartilage defects are partly limited by the inability to fix cartilage to bone during implantation. To overcome this problem, cartilage can be - already in vitro - generated on a ceramic carrier which serves as bone substitute. In this study, the influence of a hydroxylapatite carrier and its surface structure on the quality of tissue engineered cartilage was investigated. Application of the carrier reduced significantly biomechanical and biochemical properties of the generated tissue. In addition, slight changes in the quality of the formed matrix, in the adhesive strength between cartilage and biomaterial and in attachment and proliferation of a chondrocyte monolayer could be observed for commercial grade carriers, with respect to modified topographies obtained by smooth grinding/polishing. These first results demonstrated an influence of the carrier and its surface structure, but further research is needed for explaining the described effects and for optimization of cartilage-carrier-constructs.
Homology Modeling and Prediction of Catalytic Amino Acid in the Neurotoxin from Indian Cobra (Naja naja)
Authors: Somvanshi Pallavi , Singh Vijai
Published: January 2009

The neurotoxin secreted by Indian cobra (Naja naja) binds to acetylcholine receptor of nerve cells, which leads
to a lump in the nerve impulse, ceases breathing, thereby causing the death of a person due to suffocation. These neurotoxins
are small peptide with approximately 7 kDa. Homology modeling was performed to generate the 3D structure of
neurotoxins (A, B, C and D) of N. naja, using the known protein template crystal structure (PDB: 2CTX). The validation
of 3D structure was done using PROCHECK. Furthermore, the prediction of catalytic amino acid residues in the active
site domain of the 3-D structure of neurotoxin was identified. The 3-D structures of neurotoxin and catalytic amino acid
residue may be used to target and design the antivenom drugs against the Indian cobra.
Occupancy of Random Plots by White‐Tailed and Gunnison's Prairie Dogs
Authors: ANDELT WILLIAM F. , WHITE GARY C. , SCHNURR PAMELA M. , NAVO KIRK W.
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT  Areas occupied by white‐tailed prairie dogs (WTPD; Cynomys leucurus) and Gunnison's prairie dogs (GPD; C. gunnisoni) are not well‐known in Colorado (USA) and elsewhere. Suitable methodology for monitoring changes in populations of WTPD and GPD over broad areas also has not been well established. We evaluated occupancy modeling methodology to establish baseline occupancy rates for WTPD and GPD in Colorado. We estimated that WTPD occupied 24.1% (SE = 12.8) of 47,710 0.25‐km2 plots and GPD occupied 7.5% (SE = 1.3) of 158,225 0.25‐km2 plots in Colorado during 2004 and 2005. Areas reported as colonies in the Colorado Division of Wildlife's database were not good predictors of WTPD and GPD occupancy. Occupancy rates were highest for GPD at intermediate elevations. We estimated detection probabilities for surveys from the ground of 0.760 (SE = 0.042) for WTPD and 0.786 (SE = 0.060) for GPD. Probability of detection for WTPD improved with lower temperature and earlier Julian date, whereas no covariates improved detection rates for GPD. We recommend that wildlife managers use occupancy monitoring to establish status and trends in populations of WTPD and GPD across their range.
Towards a Knowledge‐Based Ethic for Lethal Control of Nuisance Wildlife
Authors: WARBURTON B. , NORTON B. G.
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT Managers of nuisance wildlife have to rely largely on using lethal methods until such time as nonlethal techniques, such as fertility control, become universally available for a wide range of species. Unfortunately, use of lethal tools has met with opposition from animal welfare and animal rights proponents. Although research has addressed some of the more tractable welfare concerns (e.g., making traps more humane), less tractable ethical issues associated with the justification of killing wildlife remain unresolved. Monistic welfare models or rights‐based models have been proposed as ways of addressing these issues, but those that concentrate on the cognitive and conative capabilities of individual animals fail to resolve the ecological and social complexities involved in management of nuisance wildlife. Solutions need to recognize and accept the diversity of values (i.e., within a pluralistic strategy) as well as the uncertainty inherent in many of the systems being managed. Thus, when uncertainty is high in managing wildlife—resource systems, we propose the only ethically defensible action is to apply a knowledge‐based ethic that ensures future actions will be carried out with increased understanding. Such an ethic can be made functional within an adaptive management framework that has, as its first tenet, the need to learn and reduce uncertainty. Failure to maximize learning in the presence of uncertainty has the potential to result in increased opposition to even soundly justified operations to manage nuisance wildlife.