bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distinções estruturais, disfunções e pressões institucionais em cooperativas lácteas centrais – análise sob a perspectiva dos gestores
Authors: Simão Gustavo Leonardo , Souza Netto Túlio Carvalho Campello de , Antonialli Luiz Marcelo
Published: October 2016

As cooperativas centrais figuram como uma opção para as cooperativas singulares incrementarem seu poder de barganha no contexto do mercado lácteo brasileiro. Todavia, ainda são incipientes pesquisas referentes às possíveis distinções estruturais desses empreendimentos. O objetivo neste trabalho foi analisar e identificar variações estruturais e possíveis dificuldades enfrentadas em duas cooperativas centrais lácteas. O foco principal foi a identificação, a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes do alto comando dessas organizações, de como estão estruturados os negócios, considerando-se, além das distinções encontradas, as disfunções e as principais requisições institucionais interpostas pelo mercado a esses empreendimentos. Os resultados indicam uma expressiva variabilidade estrutural nas duas empresas, mas também evidenciam a recorrência de alguns pontos congruentes como processos informacionais assimétricos e conflitos de interesses ocasionados, principalmente, por demandas institucionais externas.
Modelos de maturidade em gerenciamento de projetos: uma análise comparativa
Authors: Silva Rafael Rodrigues da , Santos Enilson Medeiros dos
Published: October 2016

A maturidade em gerenciamento de projetos tornou-se um fator crítico para organizações que desenvolvem projetos e querem destacar-se no mercado em que atuam. Para tanto, a literatura apresenta vários modelos de avaliação da maturidade organizacional em gerenciamento de projetos, os quais fornecem caminhos para que a institucionalização da gestão de projetos seja alcançada da melhor maneira possível. Assim, neste artigo, buscou-se realizar uma análise comparativa de quatro modelos de maturidade em gerenciamento de projetos. Como aporte metodológico, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica exploratória, sendo feita uma revisão crítica de outros estudos comparativos, de corte conceitual ou empírico, de forma a elaborar uma matriz de análise a partir dos resultados de um estudo teórico das estruturas de tais modelos. As conclusões do trabalho apontam que os modelos Prado-MMGP e PMMM apresentam-se como os mais adequados dentre os analisados, ressaltando-se a necessidade de promover mais estudos que abordem tal problemática e busquem aprimorar a matriz de análise.
Apresentação
Authors: Oliveira Neto Geraldo Cardoso de
Published: October 2016

Prezados colegas, foram implementadas novas melhorias para ampliação da visibilidade da Exacta EP na comunidade acadêmica e empresarial. Inicialmente com o aumento das submissões de artigos com qualidade científica nesse ano de 2016 a Exacta EP passou a publicar quatro volumes por ano com 12 artigos cada, denotando que é uma revista importante para os pesquisadores e profissionais empresariais. Motivado por esse expressivo número de publicações eu decidi internacionalizar a Exacta EP. Para isso, atualmente o website da Exacta EP está com dois idiomas (português e inglês). Ressalta-se que aceitamos artigos científicos inovadores nos idiomas: português, inglês e espanhol. Ainda considerando o processo de internalização foi desenvolvida uma nova comissão editorial com pesquisadores nacionais e internacionais renomados da área de Engenharia de Produção com o apoio do Dr. Milton Vieira Junior. Os pesquisadores nacionais são de diversas universidades brasileiras e com representação de pesquisas no âmbito internacional. Os pesquisadores internacionais são de universidades de diversos países, tais como: USA, Itália, Portugal e Espanha com participação relevante em pesquisas na área.Prof. Dr. Geraldo Cardoso de Oliveira NetoEditor ChefeExacta EP
Determination of Diphenylether Herbicides in Water Samples Using Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Liu Yung-Hao , Chen Pai-Shan , Huang Shang-Da
Published: October 2016

Shaker-assisted dispersive liquid−liquid microextraction (SA-DLLME) and surfactant dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (SDLLME) have been developed to determine five diphenylether herbicides in water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA). For SA-DLLME, an up-and-down shaker-assisted emulsification was used. Extraction was complete in 3 min. Only30 μL of decyl acetate was required, without a dispersive solvent. The linear range was from 2 to 1000 μg L−1, the coefficient of determination (r2) was better than 0.9992, and the limit of detection (LOD) was from 0.62 to 1.74 μg L−1. The relative recovery (RR) ranged from 90 to 102% for river water, 88 to 104% for lake water, and 93 to 102% for irrigating water. In SDLLME, a microsyringe was used to withdraw and discharge a mixture consisting of an extraction solvent and 1 mg L−1 Tween 60 as a surfactant four times within 10 s to form an emulsified solution. The linear range for the target compounds was from 2 to 1000 μg L−1. The LODs were between 0.72 and 1.38 μg L−1. The RR ranged from 95to 108% for river water, 96 to 109% for lake water, and 86 to114% for irrigating water.
Editorial: JRME: A Tale of Unicorns, Mastodons, and Ants
Authors: Langrall Cynthia W.
Published: October 2016

For the last 4.5 years, I have been immersed in the work of editing the Journal for Research in Mathematics Education. I could talk for hours about reading manuscripts and reviews, writing decision letters, interacting with authors, editing manuscripts to prepare them for publication, my reflections on the research that has been published in the journal, and my reflections on the research that has not been published, but this talk is not about me. I want to focus on the journal itself, its past and its future, and what it means to us–the mathematics education research community. Also, I will be talking about unicorns, mastodons, and ants. So bear with me, this will not be a typical math ed. talk (and I might have gotten a little carried away with the mastodons). Let's begin this tale.
Designing Social Online Math Activities
Authors: Gedeborg Samuel
Published: October 2016

Strategies, tips, and examples help develop asynchronous and synchronous collaboration.
[Organizational and financial aspects of the introduction of Botox® in the clinical diagnostic therapeutic process of chronic migraine at a Local Health Unit in Italy]
Authors: Cioffi Francesca , Oradei Marco , Cerbo Rosanna , Di Pietro Vittorio , Riccioni Giovanna , Pardhanani Gianni , Capannini Eleonora , Basile Michele
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND: Existing literature shows that the use of Botox®/onabotulinumtoxinA (BT) in chronic migraine (CM) is promising from a cost-effectiveness standpoint and the use of a clinical diagnostic therapeutic process (CDTP) dedicated to CM allows a reduction of pathology costs. The inclusion of BT in chronic migraine therapy at a Roman ASL involves the need to investigate the real treatment costs of a CDTP and to measure how a targeted organizational CDTP strategy for CM allows insuring treatment accessibility, sustainability, and appropriateness.OBJECTIVE: To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of providing administration of BT in patients with CM using real world data from an ASL in Rome.METHODS: The real world cost data for approximately 215 anonymous patients were summarized. The cost data were extrapolated from the database of the ASL and they populated a Markov decision model developed by Allergan. The analysis is based on a decision model populated with real drug and service cost data, for the years 2010-2012. The financial assessment was conducted from the viewpoint of the Italian National Health Service.RESULTS: Over a 2 year temporal horizon, incremental BT costs, compared to a placebo, are equal to € 261 against an incremental gain of 0.0655 QALY in favor of BT. The ratio between costs and incremental QALY generates an ICER of 3,983 €/QALY, favorable and below the acceptability threshold used by many countries for reimbursement decisions (25,000-40,000 € per QALY gained).CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of BT in the CDTP dedicated to CM of an Italian ASL improves both clinical outcomes of the patients and the allocation of the SSN available resources.[Article in Italian]
Impacto de las aulas de creación en el nivel medio superior: el caso ITESO
Authors: González García Javier
Published: October 2016

Resumen: El artículo plantea un análisis etnográfico del impacto de aulas y talleres de creación artística en Educación Media y Superior. Para ello se analiza en profundidad el caso de la red de aulas y talleres artísticos dePromoción Cultural del ITESO, a través de la revisión de un proyecto de investigación que recuperó la experiencia vivida, sirviendo de retroalimentación para la propia institución. En el desarrollo de esta investigación se apunta a una serie de criterios, ya detectados en distintas líneas de investigación, que pudieran favorecer un “enfoque proactivo de la creatividad”, confirmar la figura del artista-pedagogo, poco conocida en el contexto universitario, y un tipo de didáctica que se ha denominado “apreciativa y/o generativa” centrada en la formación de actitudes. Esta experiencia pudiera servir de referente para otras instituciones, a la hora de abrir espacios en forma de redes de conocimiento grupal y afectivo más allá de la educación formal, donde cada institución pudiera construir sus respuestas en función de sus necesidades y contextos. Hemos asistido a un proceso de desarrollo. Se abre el despertar emocional de la creación como proceso evolutivo, donde las ideas se convierten en auténticas vivencias. Palabras clave: Taller, Creación Artística, Aprendizaje, Desarrollo Evolutivo, Educación Superior.   Abstract: This article presents an ethnographic analysis of the impact of classrooms and workshops of artistic creation and Higher Education. For it is analyzed in depth the case of the network of classrooms and art workshops Cultural Promotion ITESO, through the review of a research project that recovered the experience, serving as feedback for the institution itself. In the development of this research points to a number of criteria, and identified different lines of research that might favor a "proactive approach to creativity," confirm the figure of the artist-educator, little known in the university context, and a type of teaching that has been called "appreciative and / or generative" focused on shaping attitudes. This experience could serve as a model for other institutions, when it comes to open spaces in the form of group and affective networks beyond formal education, where each institution could build their responses according to their needs and knowledge contexts. We have witnessed a process of development. The emotional awakening of creation as an evolutionary process, where ideas become real experiences opens. Keywords: Workshop, Artistic Creation, Learning, EvolutionaryDevelopment, Higher Education. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/eari.7.6842
ARTikertuz, ¿qué conocimiento generamos a partir de la relación pedagógica entre profesorado?
Authors: Aberasturi Estíbaliz , Correa Jose Miguel , Guerra Regina
Published: October 2016

Resumen: Este artículo se basa en la experiencia que el grupo Elkarrikertuz lleva a cabo dentro del proyecto de investigación ARTikertuz (EHU 15/24). En él, se investiga sobre el conocimiento que se genera en  las sesiones donde lxs participantes, entre lxs cuales se encuentran lxs investigadores, comparten sus experiencias y cuestionan sus propias prácticas docentes y las de sus compañerxs. Se abordan cuestiones curriculares y se trabaja en torno a la temática de la educación artística ya que se piensa que sus metodologías facilitan la comunicación y el intercambio de reflexiones. La metodología  que se propone es la narrativa, usando el método visual, ya que permite indagar las relaciones pedagógicas desde su complejidad. Buscamos conocer las relaciones que tienen las personas con otros individuos y de qué manera estas relaciones posibilitan o obstaculizan la generación de conocimiento. Se centra en la construcción del conocimiento y en su representación: cómo nos narramos y relatamos lo que hacemos. Elegiremos imágenes de las sesiones, las analizaremos y pasaremos por las diferentes fases de análisis de los datos para abordar la cuestión de investigación a través de la discusión y aportar las conclusiones.   Palabras clave: relación pedagógica, comunidad de práctica, investigación narrativa, práctica docente, metodologías visuales.   Abstract: This article is based on the experience that the research group Elkariketuz carried out at the meetings of the project U.P.V. ARTikertuz. In it, it seeks to investigate the knowledge generated in the sessions where the participants, the same researchers, share their experiences and question their own teaching practices and those of their fellows. Curricular issues are addressed and it works around the theme of art education as it is thought that it's methodologies facilitate communication and the exchange of reflections. The proposed method is visual, allowing investigate the pedagogical relations since its complexity. It seeks to understand the relationships that people have with other individuals and how these relationships enable or hinder the generation of knowledge (collective or individual). It focuses on building knowledge and representation: how we narrate and we report what we do. We choose images of the sessions, we will analyze them and we will pass through the various stages of data analysis to address research through discussion and provide the findings.   Keywords: pedagogical relationship, community of practice, narrative research, teaching practice, visual methodologies.http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/eari.7.8134
Los bienes culturales como patrimonio educativo
Authors: Panciroli Chiara
Published: October 2016

Resumen: El patrimonio y los lugares que lo acogen, conservan, y exponen (entendiendo el museo como una referencia particular), se convierten progresivamente en espacios que revisten un papel estratégico, sobre todo en términos formativos. Se trata de una función formativa que se ha construido y se sigue definiendo con la historia de los museos y la individuación de los diferentes sentidos del bien objeto. El museo, considerado como el escenario final para la transmisión y comunicación del conocimiento, se convierte en un modelo cultural de aprendizaje, un lugar privilegiado para la investigación, en el que el visitante, en primer lugar, utiliza el ojo como una herramienta sensorial e intelectual para descubrir los "signos" de los mensajes; y más tarde, para interpretar y revisar el contenido del bien cultural.   Palabras clave: Educación Artística, Educación en Museos, Patrimonio, Historia.   Abstract: More and more Heritage and the places that host, treasure and exhibit it, - with a specific reference to museums - play a crucial role, above all in the educational sphere. A function indeed that has been developing and defining along with the history of museums and the identification of the various meanings of the “asset”. The museum, that has always considered the ideal place where knowledge is be queathed, becomes a cultural model for learning and a privileged context for research. As a matter, this is where we taught to use sight both as a sensory and intellectual tool and to discover the signs of messages as well as to understand and process heritage contents.   Keywords:Arts Education, Museum Education, Heritage, History.http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/eari.7.8158
Madre coraje. La valentía vitalista de Ana Mae Barbosa
Authors: Huerta Ramon Ricard
Published: October 2016

Esta entrevista a Ana Mae Barbosa fue realizada el martes 18 de agosto de 2015. Las fotografías que acompañan al texto fueron tomadas por Germán Navarro Espinach. Ubicados en la casa de Sao Paulo de la arte/educadora (concepto que ella defiende), la conversación se inició a las seis de la tarde y duró más de tres horas, durante las cuales, además de contestar a las cuestiones planteadas, Ana Mae nos fue explicando cada uno de los objetos (la mayoría de ellos obras de arte) que se pueden ver en las paredes y estanterías de los diferentes espacios de la vivienda.http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/eari.7.8889
Créditos
Authors: Domínguez Ruiz Ricardo
Published: October 2016

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Forecasting Transport Mode Use with Support Vector Machines Based Approach
Authors: Semanjski Ivana , Lopez Angel J. , Gautama Sidharta
Published: October 2016

Since information and communication technologies have become an integral part of our everyday lives, it only seems logical that the smart city concept should attempt to explore the role of an integrated information and communication approach to city asset management and raising the quality of life of its citizens. Raising the quality of life relies not only on improving the management of a city’s systems (e.g. transportation system) but also on the provision of timely and relevant information to its citizens to allow them to make better informed decisions. This requires the use of forecasting models. In this paper, a support vector machine-based model is developed to predict future mobility behavior from crowdsourced data. Crowdsourced data are collected through a dedicated smartphone app tracking mobility behavior. The use of a forecasting model of this type can facilitate the management of a smart city’s mobility system while simultaneously ensuring the timely provision of relevant pretravel information to its citizens.
Assessment of Solid Waste from Cruise Ships in the Port of Split
Authors: Slišković Merica , Ukić Helena , Božić Katja
Published: October 2016

The aim of this paper is to assess the quantity of solid waste in the port of Split produced by cruisers during the past five years. The increased number of cruising guests in the port ofSplit is associated with more marine litter produced and directly increases a potential impact on the marine environment. To sustainably manage its resources, the city of Split should carefully consider the positive and negative effects of the cruising industry, set up a quality control system in cruising and consider how potential profit impacts on the environment and natural resources.
Luminescence and scintillation properties of Rb2HfCl6 crystals
Authors: Saeki Keiichiro , Wakai Yuki , Fujimoto Yutaka , Koshimizu Masanori , Yanagida Takayuki , Nakauchi Daisuke , Asai Keisuke
Published: October 2016

We developed a scintillator based on a Rb2HfCl6 crystal as a ternary halide crystal with intrinsic luminescence. In the photoluminescence spectra, two emission bands are observed at 383 and 434 nm. The 434 nm emission band for Rb2HfCl6 may be attributed to [HfCl6]2− complex ion or [ZrCl6]2− impurity, since the Rb2HfCl6 contained Zr as impurity at 0.62 mol %. The radioluminescence band is observed at 420 nm and can be attributed to the same origin as the photoluminescence band at 434 nm. The scintillation decay-time constants were 0.84 and 5.4 µs. The light yield was estimated to be 24,100 photons/MeV.
Authigenic 10Be/9Be ratio signatures of the cosmogenic nuclide production linked to geomagnetic dipole moment variation since the Brunhes/Matuyama boundary
Authors: Simon Quentin , Thouveny Nicolas , Bourlès Didier L. , Valet Jean‐Pierre , Bassinot Franck , Ménabréaz Lucie , Guillou Valéry , Choy Sandrine , Beaufort Luc
Published: October 2016

Geomagnetic dipole moment variations associated with polarity reversals and excursions are expressed by large changes of the cosmogenic nuclide beryllium‐10 (10Be) production rates. Authigenic 10Be/9Be ratios (proxy of atmospheric 10Be production) from oceanic cores therefore complete the classical information derived from relative paleointensity (RPI) records. This study presents new authigenic 10Be/9Be ratio results obtained from cores MD05‐2920 and MD05‐2930 collected in the west equatorial Pacific Ocean. Be ratios from cores MD05‐2920, MD05‐2930 and MD90‐0961 have been stacked and averaged. Variations of the authigenic 10Be/9Be ratio are analyzed and compared with the geomagnetic dipole low series reported from global RPI stacks. The largest 10Be overproduction episodes are related to dipole field collapses (below a threshold of 2 × 1022 Am2) associated with the Brunhes/Matuyama reversal, the Laschamp (41 ka) excursion, and the Iceland Basin event (190 ka). Other significant 10Be production peaks are correlated to geomagnetic excursions reported in literature. The record was then calibrated by using absolute dipole moment values drawn from the Geomagia and Pint paleointensity value databases. The 10Be‐derived geomagnetic dipole moment record, independent from sedimentary paleomagnetic data, covers the Brunhes‐Matuyama transition and the whole Brunhes Chron. It provides new and complementary data on the amplitude and timing of millennial‐scale geomagnetic dipole moment variations and particularly on dipole moment collapses triggering polarity instabilities.
Mass
Authors: Webster James G.
Published: October 2016

The term “mass” is often used in social commentaries and communication theory. Frequently it is an unflattering adjective that connotes vulgarity, passivity, or susceptibility to influence. But just as importantly, it describes a way of thinking about society, and the operation of media systems. As a noun, a mass is an entity with specific attributes that exhibits institutionally consequential behaviors. Often these mass behaviors are more than the sum of their parts. And because digital technologies now give rise to a variety of mass behaviors, evident in power law distributions and information cascades, the concept remains relevant to a network society.
Person, Persona
Authors: Marshall P. David
Published: October 2016

Person and persona are presented as conceptually at opposite ends of a spectrum. Person describes the internal dimensions of the self, while persona identifies the external and public presentations of the self. The entry explores these ideas of person and public persona and their theoretical origins in media and communication research, and how they are challenged and shifted by the way various communication technologies are used and deployed in contemporary culture.
Psychology, Developmental
Authors: Piotrowski Jessica Taylor , Valkenburg Patti M.
Published: October 2016

Developmental psychology is the scientific study of the life span of human beings. Communication scientists interested in the study of youth and media often use developmental psychology to help guide their understanding of how youth select, use, and experience media content. Grounded in developmental psychology, the moderate‐discrepancy hypothesis has been used to understand developmental differences in the media use of children and adolescents. This hypothesis predicts that at, any given age, a moderate level of stimulus complexity is preferred and that this level increases as the child matures. The hypothesis has received reasonable support and continues to be one of the reigning developmental explanations for the changing media preferences that occur throughout childhood and adolescence. The integration of developmental psychology into communication science played a significant role in helping shift the field's perception of children from passive media consumers to active media consumers.
Synchrony and Asynchrony
Authors: Casey Cheryl A.
Published: October 2016

This entry describes synchrony and asynchrony as the temporal modalities of different communication media. It reviews how these modalities affect a medium's contribution to communication behaviors. Each major communication form (oral, written/printed, electronic, and digital) is considered, with particular attention paid to the distinctions between synchrony and asynchrony in computer‐mediated communication (CMC). The entry concludes with a review of the significant research applications of synchrony and asynchrony in CMC studies and theory development.
W
iener,
N
orbert
Authors: Peters Benjamin
Published: October 2016

This entry reviews the life and work of Norbert Wiener, founder of cybernetics, a postwar science of communication and control. It seeks to challenge the notion that digital communication is disembodied by highlighting several personal, disciplinary, and political tensions embodying the biography of a founding figure of the current information age.
Public
Authors: Kittler Juraj
Published: October 2016

The term “public” is one of the most frequently used concepts in a wide range of disciplines, from social sciences to political philosophy, yet it is also one that is among the most vaguely defined. It was adapted to English from Latin and in the most common form it is implicitly defined as the opposite of private, yet at the same time it is often confounded with that which pertains to the state. The public—understood as an assembly of private citizens who gather in order to create a public body—was one of the key concepts of early sociology. It was only the popularization of Habermas's thesis in the 1990s that shifted scholarly attention from the term “public” toward the public sphere, adding another layer of semantic ambiguity to the already problematic concept.
W
ittgenstein,
L
udwig
Authors: Moyal‐Sharrock Danièle
Published: October 2016

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) is one of the greatest philosophers of the 20th century. He is best known for
Tractatus Logico‐Philosophicus
,
Philosophical Investigations
, and
On Certainty
. Wittgenstein's philosophy covers a great range of topics including logic, mathematics, religion, aesthetics, anthropology, psychology, culture, and perception. In his treatment of these, Wittgenstein exposes and redefines our understanding of mind, language, meaning, and action.
Structure
Authors: Bolin Göran
Published: October 2016

This entry describes the various ways in which structure either has been theorized or has been an ontological assumption underlying the analysis of communication. Six approaches to structure are accounted for: economic (or political economic), social structures, system theory and theories of network societies as theorized from within the social sciences, and linguistic and cultural structures, emanating from the humanities. The entry ends with an account of approaches that have sought to integrate or merge some of these approaches, and tried to overcome their limitations.
International Relations
Authors: Fluck Matthew
Published: October 2016

The role of communication in positivist international relations theory has generally been limited to rational choice accounts of signaling or cooperation in a competitive system of states. However, critical theorists and constructivists working in the discipline have emphasized the importance of communication in the development of key international rules and norms. Meanwhile, postcolonialists and poststructuralists have suggested the need to consider the relationship between marginalized groups and the predominant forms of international communication.
Merton,Robert K.
Authors: Simonson Peter
Published: October 2016

One of the leading sociologists of the twentieth century, Robert K. Merton made direct and indirect contributions to communication theory and research. A theoretical architect of functional and structural analysis, Merton published influential studies in the sociology of science, bureaucracy, media, communication, and culture. Together with his longtime colleague Paul Lazarsfeld, Merton laid foundations for communications research as a theoretically guided, methodologically rigorous, and empirically grounded social science. His analytically nuanced writings on communication bridge Anglo‐American and Continental social theory, situate social phenomena within their broader cultural and historical environments, and blend objectivist with cautiously critical sensibilities.
Symbolic Convergence Theory
Authors: Endres Thomas G.
Published: October 2016

Symbolic convergence theory (SCT), and its attendant rhetorical methodology fantasy theme analysis (FTA), provide an explanatory mechanism for interpreting dramatizing messages that catch on and are disseminated through a collective. Developed by Ernest G. Bormann, SCT assumes that, in order to alleviate tension and chaos, individuals share “us” versus “them” dramatistic narratives called
fantasy themes—
comprised of dramatis personae, scene, plotline, and sanctioning agent—that form composite social realities known as
rhetorical visions
, found in small groups, organizations, mass media, and the public sphere. Viewed through a humanistic or applied communication lens, an examination of the symbolic realities of these rhetorical communities provides insights into the meanings, emotions, and motives for action of the collective.
Interpretation
Authors: Dresner Eli
Published: October 2016

The notion of interpretation plays a key role in various contexts in the theory of communication and related fields. This entry reviews the variety of ways in which interpretation is construed and accounted for, and traces the connections between interpretation and such key concepts and domains of study as pragmatics, rationalization, hermeneutics, and explanation.
Peer‐to‐Peer Interaction
Authors: Bruns Axel
Published: October 2016

Peer‐to‐peer interaction describes an approach to interaction and collaboration between participants in a shared project or activity that is characterized by network‐based organizational structures, a shared common resource base, and an assumption that all participants have the potential to make constructive contributions. Modern forms of peer‐to‐peer interaction often utilize online peer‐to‐peer communication technologies.
Play
Authors: Law Ying‐Ying , Crawford Garry
Published: October 2016

Play is something that we all do; it is often easy to recognize, but also remarkably difficult to define. The meaning of “play” and its role within society have been a subject of debate since antiquity; and providing an agreed‐upon definition of what constitutes play has remained both elusive and fraught with controversy. But though definitions are difficult, they are necessary to provide a frame of reference to contextualize and focus discussion. This entry sets out some of the key theories and debates relating to the definition of play, focusing most notably on the highly influential work of Johan Huizinga, and those who have drawn, built on, and critiqued his work.
Social Construction of Reality
Authors: Krippendorff Klaus
Published: October 2016

Social construction is a paradigm for inquiries into how realities are created and lived rather than existing outside of human beings. The earliest mention of the idea that realities are human creations is found in Greek philosophy, but contemporary conceptions have originated with Berger and Luckmann'sThe Social Construction of Reality. This entry distinguishes cognitive from social constructions and accounts for the latter as constituted in the interactions among their human participants, developing intersubjective, verifiable realities. Suitable conceptions of language are presented, and the role of discourse in the construction of scientific facts is reviewed, but attention is focused mainly on how social realities come to be, are sustained among participating actors, drift, or are reconstructed deliberately. Social constructivism opposes Enlightenment science by questioning the certainty and determinism of its findings. In the tradition of critical scholarship, social constructivism can provide a methodology for exploring emancipatory paths.
Library and Information Science
Authors: Bawden David , Robinson Lyn
Published: October 2016

Library and information science is the discipline that studies the information communication chain: all aspects of the creation, organization, management, communication, and use of recorded information. It supports the professional activities of the collection disciplines, including information management, librarianship, archiving, and records management. Its core areas include information behavior, information organization and metadata, information seeking, information retrieval, information architecture, information society, information law and ethics, information management and policy, bibliometrics, and library services. Library and information science is regarded as a metadiscipline, with a wide variety of applicable theories, philosophical bases, and research methods. The discipline is undergoing changes as it adapts to new forms of documents and collections, and to new information environments.
Diffusion
Authors: Dearing James W. , Lee Sangwon
Published: October 2016

The diffusion of innovations is a general framework about social change that has seen application in many disciplines, including engineering, marketing, management, natural resources, agriculture, high technology, education, political science, anthropology, sociology, journalism, and communication. Contemporary important issues among diffusion scholars are the implementation of innovations in organizations, the variables that affect sustained use of innovations, and sociometric analysis as a means of accelerating diffusion.
Media Ecology
Authors: Strate Lance
Published: October 2016

Media ecology is an interdisciplinary field of study defined as the study of media as environments. Media ecology scholars utilize broader definitions of the key term “media” than scholars in other fields, encompassing any type of technology, and any language, code or mode of communication, information, perception, or expression, and are interested in the different biases of different media, their effects on individuals, society, and culture, and how they function as human environments. Media ecology scholars view media as playing a leading role in human history, and stress the need to understand media in a historical context.
Dissemination
Authors: Shifman Limor
Published: October 2016

The word “dissemination” is used in two distinct ways in communication scholarship: as a theoretical model and as a mundane term. According to John Durham Peters's conceptual classification, dissemination is the loose “seeding” of ideas that may (or may not) be harvested by audiences. When used as a mundane term, dissemination depicts the directed spread of information, ideas, or (most often) scientific knowledge from a central source to divergent audiences. While both uses refer to an intentional spread of messages from one entity to many, the theoretical construct is “thinner” as the sender does not aim to control the conditions (or outcomes) of resection. In contemporary digital culture, the two meanings of dissemination collide in the concept of “sharing.” Used as an overarching term for depicting a wide array of online activities, “sharing” incorporates a new incarnation of dissemination, tailored to fit the phatic, self‐oriented, and algorithmic Web 2.0 culture.
Empiricism
Authors: Bergman Mats
Published: October 2016

“Empiricism” refers to a view that seeks to base human knowledge and inquiry firmly in experience as opposed to nonempirical (a priori) insight or intuition. As an epistemological position, empiricism can be said to embrace (1) the belief that external experience is our only source of substantial knowledge and (2) the contention that legitimate terms, propositions, and hypotheses must be ultimately definable, confirmable, or justifiable in terms of observable experience. The empiricists' emphasis on the primacy of experience is characteristically accompanied by a sceptical stance toward abstract objects that are purportedly not referable to concrete experience. In the history of philosophy, the label has often been applied more narrowly to movements in Enlightenment and 20th‐century thought, while communication scholars have tended to use it to denote a broad research orientation or a metaperspective on communication theory.
Evolution
Authors: Lessl Thomas M.
Published: October 2016

Evolution may denote the scientific field concerned with the natural history of life and the mechanisms that account for its development, but it can also mean evolutionism, a broader alignment between evolutionary ideas and the idea of progress. Evolutionism has been an important communication resource in modernity, especially within various scientistic movements that have helped to forge science's public identity. Its supposition that progress arises through natural development descends from an earlier association between science and providence that 17th‐century science appropriated from Francis Bacon. Bacon's millenarian belief that science had arrived at the end of history, as God's ordained means to restore the fallen creation, underwent a process of naturalization in the Enlightenment that gave way to evolutionism. With the rise of evolutionary science after Darwin, evolutionism became a vital symbolic resource for scientists like Thomas Huxley, who were trying to enlarge the scope of scientific patronage.
Relevance Theory
Authors: Maillat Didier
Published: October 2016

Relevance theory is a theoretical model of human communication that focuses specifically on aspects of meaning construction and interpretation. It belongs in the field of linguistic pragmatics and brings the insight of language studies together with those of cognitive sciences. Relevance theory provides an empirically testable model of the inferential processes that determine meaning in context. Its explanatory power has been used to cover numerous aspects of human communication. The main theoretical tenets are first put into perspective and defined. Some key insights of particular interest for communication science are then explored in connection with multimodal communication, media studies, and argumentation theory.
H
all,
E
dward
T
.
Authors: Hart William
Published: October 2016

This entry identifies the contributions of the anthropologist Edward T. Hall to the study of intercultural communication. It covers the early development of intercultural communication training and other concepts like the cultural unconscious, nonverbal cultural behavior, and cultural contrasts (high‐context versus low‐context communication, polychronic versus monochronic time orientations). In particular, it covers the founding text of intercultural communication study: Hall's
The Silent Language
.
Poststructuralism
Authors: Vermeulen Timotheus
Published: October 2016

Though poststructuralism is often associated with a strain of continental, mostly Francophone philosophy from the 1960s and 1970s, the label was proposed byUSliterary critics at the onset of the 1980s. Indeed, even today, poststructuralism is a characterization that resonates less in philosophy than in the literary and cultural studies and, to a lesser extent, in discourses about media and communication. As the name suggests, poststructuralism is perceived as a response to structuralism—the theoretical premise that cultures can be read as semioticstructures, as sign systems, indeed as languages. By and large, poststructuralism's reaction to its predecessor is fivefold. Two of its parts—the understanding of culture as text and the treatment of texts as structural rather than as individual—extend structuralist debates. The other three—which emphasize the extent to which structures are discursive, intertextual, and deferential, that is, open for interpretation—challenge these debates.
I
nnis,
H
arold
A
.
Authors: Blondheim Menahem
Published: October 2016

Harold Adam Innis (1894–1952) was a prominent Canadian economic historian and academic leader, who shifted his interest, late in his career, to the history and theory of communications. He is recognized as the central figure in what became known as the Toronto School of communication theory, a communication‐technology‐oriented and historical‐research‐based approach to understanding communications.
Jakobson,Roman
Authors: Coghill Mary
Published: October 2016

Roman Jakobson's (1896–1982) contribution to communication theory resides in a combination of his interest in mathematical models, including Markov chains, and formalist semiotic analysis. The result is a structural analysis of language use that is based on scientific methods. He proposes, through the use of formalist processes, to interpret the text, in itself, as the full message. His analysis is both linguistic and semiotic: a unique combination of Russian Formalism and Saussurean linguistics. His theory of poetics, which included analysis of parallels in poetry, was, as Jakobson acknowledged later in life, significantly influenced by the nineteenth‐century English poet Gerard Manley Hopkins.
Identity
Authors: Banet‐Weiser Sarah , Chatman Dayna
Published: October 2016

This entry overviews key theories of “identity” and associated concepts that are employed within the discipline of communication. The overview highlights two main oppositional strands in philosophical thinking about identity—essentialism and social construction—and identifies several prominent figures engaged in theorizing identity in terms of performativity, politics, intersectionality, media representation, and digital media environments.
Text
Authors: Larsen Peter
Published: October 2016

The entry traces the term “text” from its origins in classical rhetoric through 19th‐century textual scholarship and 20th‐century literary studies to its expansion during the “semiotic turn” of the 1960s. In contemporary communication studies, “text” is used as a general concept covering a wide variety of cultural objects. To characterize movies, television programs, comic strips, and so on as “texts” implies that they are signifying objects that can be described and analyzed like written texts, by means of concepts and procedures developed in linguistics and semiotics. The entry presents these implications as well as a series of objections to the expanded use of the term.
S
apir,
E
dward
Authors: Hart William
Published: October 2016

This entry identifies the contributions of anthropologist Edward Sapir to the study of intercultural communication theory. It covers Sapir's work on two key intercultural communication concepts: (1) the unconscious nature of culture; and (2) linguistic relativity, also known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. It traces the path of these concepts from Franz Boas, one of Sapir's professors at Columbia University, to Sapir and then to Sapir's students Benjamin Whorf, Harry Hoijer, and George Trager. Later on Trager collaborated with Edward T. Hall, when they were both at the Foreign Service Institute in the 1950s.
Encryption and Cryptography
Authors: Berry David M.
Published: October 2016

Cryptography is a very old science of studying and using means of encryption or encoding to hide or obscure the meaning of a message that is being communicated, so as to prevent its reading by an unintended recipient. Until the 1970s, encryption was only employed in specific circumstances, usually for military or diplomatic messages. Today, cryptography has moved out of this limited sphere, and is now widely taught and practiced, both by corporations and individuals. As part of a digital economy, encryption makes possible the transmission and reception of information through a secure channel.
Ritual
Authors: Cui Xi , Rothenbuhler Eric W.
Published: October 2016

This entry reviews the origin, development, and various forms of the idea of ritual in communication theory. It traces the academic genealogy of ritual communication to Durkheim's sociology of religion. Recognizing the essential role of rituals in communicating shared meanings to social members, it reviews theorizations of ceremonial media events, the ritualistic nature of routine interactions, both face‐to‐face and mediated, as well as the concentration of symbolic power in the institution of the media. Over the years, the scope of communicative rituals and the contexts of ritual communication have varied and undergone academic debates. However, it is argued that ritual communication studies are premised on the common understanding that the periodically performed patterned behaviors bear symbolic meanings for the participants and bind them to their groups and social orders.
Psychology, Social
Authors: Franks Bradley , Green Helen A. , Bauer Martin W.
Published: October 2016

Communication involves intrinsically social and psychological processes, hence theories of communication should interface with theories and findings from social psychology. Social psychology studies the interdependence of mind and social settings at three levels (which are themselves interdependent), relating the mind to social settings of increasing complexity—themicrolevel of interpersonal interaction, themesolevel of relations between individuals and groups, and themacrolevel of relations between individuals and groups and large‐scale cultural patterns. Current theories of communication typically address only part of this multilevel complexity, and thus have limited social psychological explanatory force. We suggest that future approaches should be pluralistic in integrating insights from different communication theories, constrained by insights from the social psychology of the interdependence of mind and social settings.
Neural correlates of proactive and reactive aggression in adolescent twins
Authors: Yang Yaling , Joshi Shantanu H. , Jahanshad Neda , Thompson Paul M. , Baker Laura A.
Published: October 2016

Verbal and physical aggression begin early in life and steadily decline thereafter in normal development. As a result, elevated aggressive behavior in adolescence may signal atypical development and greater vulnerability for negative mental and health outcomes. Converging evidence suggests that brain disturbances in regions involved in impulse control, emotional regulation, and sensation seeking may contribute to heightened aggression. However, little is known regarding the neural mechanisms underlying subtypes of aggression (i.e., proactive and reactive aggression) and whether they differ between males and females. Using a sample of 106 14‐year‐old adolescent twins, this study found that striatal enlargement was associated with both proactive and reactive aggression. We also found that volumetric alterations in several frontal regions including smaller middle frontal and larger orbitofrontal cortex were correlated with higher levels of aggression in adolescent twins. In addition, cortical thickness analysis showed that thickness alterations in many overlapping regions including middle frontal, superior frontal, and anterior cingulate cortex and temporal regions were associated with aggression in adolescent twins. Results support the involvement of fronto‐limbic‐striatal circuit in the etiology of aggression during adolescence. Aggr. Behav. 43:230–240, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.