bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary polyphenols on metabolic syndrome features in humans: a systematic review
Authors: Amiot M. J. , Riva C. , Vinet A.
Published: April 2016

Dietary polyphenols constitute a large family of bioactive substances potential beneficial effect on metabolic syndrome (MetS). This review summarizes the results of clinical studies on patients with MetS involving the chronic supplementation of a polyphenol‐rich diet, foods, extracts or with single phenolics on the features of MetS (obesity, dyslipidemia, blood pressure and glycaemia) and associated complications (oxidative stress and inflammation). Polyphenols were shown to be efficient, especially at higher doses, and there were no specific foods or extracts able to alleviate all the features of MetS. Green tea, however, significantly reduced body mass index and waist circumference and improved lipid metabolism. Cocoa supplementation reduced blood pressure and blood glucose. Soy isoflavones, citrus products, hesperidin and quercetin improved lipid metabolism, whereas cinnamon reduced blood glucose. In numerous clinical studies, antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory effects were not significant after polyphenol supplementation in patients with MetS. However, some trials pointed towards an improvement of endothelial function in patients supplemented with cocoa, anthocyanin‐rich berries, hesperidin or resveratrol. Therefore, diets rich in polyphenols, such as the Mediterranean diet, which promote the consumption of diverse polyphenol‐rich products could be an effective nutritional strategy to improve the health of patients with MetS. © 2016 The Authors. Obesity Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of World Obesity
Associational resistance or susceptibility: the indirect interaction between chemically‐defended and non‐defended herbivore prey via a shared predator
Authors: Nesbit Christopher M. , Menéndez Rosa , Roberts Mike R. , Wilby Andrew
Published: April 2016

Many organisms possess chemical defences against their natural enemies, which render them unpalatable or toxic when attacked or consumed. These chemically‐defended organisms commonly occur in communities with non‐ or less‐defended prey, leading to indirect interactions between prey species, mediated by natural enemies. Although the importance of enemy‐mediated indirect interactions have been well documented (e.g. apparent competition), how the presence of prey chemical defences may affect predation of non‐defended prey in terrestrial communities remains unclear. Here, an experimental approach was used to study the predator‐mediated indirect interaction between a chemically‐defended and non‐defended pest aphid species. Using laboratory‐based mesocosms, aphid community composition was manipulated to include chemically‐defended (CD) aphids Brevicoryne brassicae, non‐defended (ND) aphids Myzus persicae or a mixed assemblage of both species, on Brassica oleracea cabbage plants, in the presence or absence of a shared predator (Chrysoperla carnea larvae). Aphid population growth rates, aphid distributions on host plants and predator growth rates were measured. In single‐species treatments, C. carnea reduced M. persicae population growth rate, but had no significant impact on B. brassicae population growth rate, suggesting B. brassicae chemical defences are effective against C. carnea. Chrysoperla carnea had no significant impact on either aphid species population growth rate in mixed‐species treatments. Myzus persicae (ND) therefore experienced reduced predation in the presence of B. brassicae (CD) through a predator‐mediated indirect effect. Moreover, predator growth rates were significantly higher in the M. persicae‐only treatments than in either the B. brassicae‐only or mixed‐species treatments, suggesting predation was impaired in the presence of B. brassicae (CD). A trait‐mediated indirect interaction is proposed, consistent with associational resistance, in which the predator, upon incidental consumption of chemically‐defended aphids is deterred from feeding, releasing non‐defended aphids from predatory control.
Differential capacity for complement receptor‐mediated immune evasion by Porphyromonas gingivalis depending on the type of innate leukocyte
Authors: Hajishengallis G. , Krauss J.L. , Jotwani R. , Lambris J.D.
Published: April 2016

The complement system plays a central role in immunity and inflammation, although certain pathogens can exploit complement to undermine protective immunity. In this context, the periodontal keystone pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis was previously shown by our group to evade killing by neutrophils or macrophages through exploitation of complement C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) and complement receptor 3 (CR3). Here, we examined whether P. gingivalis uses complement receptors to also subvert killing by dendritic cells. In line with earlier independent studies, intracellular viable P. gingivalis bacteria could be recovered from mouse bone‐marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDC) or human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (MDDC) exposed to the pathogen. However, in the presence of C5a, the intracellular survival of P. gingivalis was significantly decreased in a C5aR1‐dependent way. Further work using wild‐type and receptor‐knockout BMDC showed that, in the presence of C3a, the C3a receptor (C3aR) similarly enhanced the intracellular killing of P. gingivalis. In contrast, C5aR2, an alternative receptor for C5a (G protein‐coupled receptor 77), was associated with increased intracellular P. gingivalis viable counts, consistent with the notion that C5aR2 functions as a negative regulator of C5aR1 activity. Moreover, P. gingivalis failed to use CR3 as a phagocytic receptor in BMDC, in contrast to our earlier findings in macrophages where CR3‐mediated uptake promotes P. gingivalis survival. Collectively, these data show that complement receptors mediate cell‐type‐specific effects on how innate leukocytes handle P. gingivalis, which appears to exploit complement to preferentially evade those cells (neutrophils and macrophages) that are most often encountered in its predominant niche, the periodontal pocket.
South Korea's China Policy, Evolving Sino–ROK Relations, and Their Implications for East Asian Security
Authors: Kim Min‐hyung
Published: April 2016

This paper analyzes South Korea's China policy since the Korean War and discusses the implications of evolving Sino–ROK relations for East Asian security. South Korea's engagement policy toward China since their diplomatic normalization in 1992 has been so successful that the Chinese government now describes the two countries' relationship as “a matured strategic cooperative partnership,” which is the second highest in the pecking order of China's diplomatic relations. China has quickly become South Korea's largest trading partner, replacing the United States. Sino–ROK political and social ties have also deepened following their robust economic ties. However, growing Sino–ROK ties have significant implications for East Asian security, as South Korea is a key US ally, whereas China is North Korea's main ally and patron. This paper contends that South Korea's relations with the United States and China should not be viewed as a zero‐sum game. Seoul will not sever its close security ties with Washington due to its strategic partnership with Beijing, just as Beijing would not abandon Pyongyang because of its strong economic ties with Seoul. Given Beijing's persistent support for the survival of Pyongyang's regime and North Korea's increasing nuclear threat, Seoul's leadership is well aware that its most reliable security partner is the United States. As long as the US–ROK alliance remains strong, therefore, Seoul is likely to keep pursuing the deepening of the strategic partnership with Beijing, as it is necessary not only for South Korea's future economic prosperity but also for coping with North Korea's growing threats and provocations.
Health Concerns of Northeastern Pennsylvania Residents Living in an Unconventional Oil and Gas Development County
Authors: McDermott‐Levy Ruth , Garcia Victoria
Published: April 2016

Objectives

This study was conducted to describe the health concerns of residents of an unconventional oil and natural gas development (UOGD) community and identify methods to best disseminate health information to the residents.

Design and Sample

A qualitative descriptive study of 27 residents of Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, was conducted.

Results

Residents described their health concerns in terms of their changing community as a result of UOGD, their feelings of stress and powerlessness related to these changes, and the limited response of their local policymakers and protective agencies. There were indications of misinformation related to routine environmental health and UOGD environmental risks. Web‐based educational programs with downloadable printed materials to bridge the knowledge gaps of residents and health professionals are recommended.

Conclusions

Recommendations include public health nurses providing education to communities and other health professionals regarding environmental health risks, working with communities to advocate for health‐protective regulations, and adopting a community‐based participatory approach to meet the needs of community members.
Alternative oxidase: a respiratory electron transport chain pathway essential for maintaining photosynthetic performance during drought stress
Authors: Vanlerberghe Greg C. , Martyn Greg D. , Dahal Keshav
Published: April 2016

Photosynthesis and respiration are the hubs of energy metabolism in plants. Drought strongly perturbs photosynthesis as a result of both diffusive limitations resulting from stomatal closure, and in some cases biochemical limitations that are associated with a reduced abundance of key photosynthetic components. The effects of drought on respiration, particularly respiration in the light (RL), are less understood. The plant mitochondrial electron transport chain includes a non‐energy conserving terminal oxidase called alternative oxidase (AOX). Several studies have shown that drought increases AOX transcript, protein and maximum capacity. Here we review recent studies comparing wild‐type (WT) tobacco to transgenic lines with altered AOX protein amount. Specifically during drought, RL was compromised in AOX knockdown plants and enhanced in AOX overexpression plants, compared with WT. Significantly, these differences in RL were accompanied by dramatic differences in photosynthetic performance. Knockdown of AOX increased the susceptibility of photosynthesis to drought‐induced biochemical limitations, while overexpression of AOX delayed the development of such biochemical limitations, compared with WT. Overall, the results indicate that AOX is essential to maintaining RL during drought, and that this non‐energy conserving respiration maintains photosynthesis during drought by promoting energy balance in the chloroplast. This review also outlines several areas for future research, including the possibility that enhancement of non‐energy conserving respiratory electron sinks may be a useful biotechnological approach to increase plant performance during stress.
Apoptotic Cell Localization in Preantral and Antral Follicles in Relation to Non‐cyclic and Cyclic Gilts
Authors: Phoophitphong D , Srisuwatanasagul S , Koonjaenak S , Tummaruk P
Published: April 2016

Contents

The objective of this study was to determine apoptotic cell localization in preantral and antral follicles of porcine ovaries. Additionally, the proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis was also compared between delayed puberty gilts and normal cyclic gilts. Ovarian tissues were obtained from 34 culled gilts with age and weight of 270.1 ± 3.9 days and 143.8 ± 2.4 kg, respectively. The gilts were classified according to their ovarian appearance as ‘non‐cyclic’ (n = 7) and ‘cyclic’ (n = 27) gilts. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay was used to determine apoptotic cell expression in different compartments of the ovarian tissue sections. All apparent preantral (n = 110) and antral (n = 262) follicles were evaluated using image analysis software. It was found that apoptotic cells were expressed in both granulosa (22.2%) and theca cell layers (21.3%) of the follicles in the porcine ovaries. The proportion of apoptotic cells in the granulosa layer in the follicles was positively correlated with that in the theca layer (r = 0.90, p < 0.001). Apoptosis did not differ significantly between preantral and antral follicles in either granulosa (27.8% and 26.4%, p > 0.05) or theca cell layers (28.6% and 26.5%, p > 0.05). The proportion of apoptotic cells in non‐cyclic gilts was higher than cyclic gilts in both granulosa (31.7% and 22.6%, p < 0.001) and theca cell layers (34.8% and 20.2%, p < 0.001). This study indicated that apoptosis of the granulosa and theca cell layers in the follicles was more pronounced in the ovarian tissue of delayed puberty gilts than cyclic gilts. This implied that apoptosis could be used as a biologic marker for follicular development/function and also that apoptosis was significantly associated with anoestrus or delayed puberty in gilts, commonly observed in tropical climates.
Rapid on‐site evaluation with the Hemacolor rapid staining method of medical thoracoscopy biopsy specimens for the management of pleural disease
Authors: Porfyridis Ilias , Georgiadis Georgios , Michael Michalis , Frangopoulos Frangiskos , Vogazianos Paris , Papadopoulos Alexis , Kara Panayiota , Charalampous Charis , Georgiou Andreas
Published: April 2016

Background and objective

Medical thoracoscopy (MT) is useful for the management of pleural disease. Rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) of transbronchial needle aspirates proved to be useful during bronchoscopy. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of ROSE of MT biopsy specimens and thoracoscopists' impression of the macroscopic appearance and assess the intermodality agreement between ROSE and final histopathologic diagnosis.

Methods

Sixty two patients with exudative pleural effusions further investigated with MT were enrolled. MT was performed under local anaesthesia and conscious sedation, using the rigid pleuroscope. ROSE with the Hemacolor rapid staining method of the biopsy specimens was performed. Thoracoscopists' impression of the macroscopic appearance was recorded. The final diagnosis was established following histopathological examination.

Results

Thoracoscopic pleural biopsies were diagnosed in 61 patients (98.4%). Group A (n = 25) consisted of patients with malignancy and group B (n = 37) with benign disorders. Area under the curve of ROSE for the diagnosis of malignancy was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76–0.96, P < 0.001), with a sensitivity of 79.17%, specificity of 94.59%, diagnostic accuracy of 88.5%, positive predictive value of 90.5% and negative predictive value of 87.5%. Intermodality agreement between ROSE and histopathology was good (κ ± SE = 0.615 ± 0.084, P < 0.001). Area under the curve of the thoracoscopists' impression of macroscopic appearance was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.58–0.85, P = 0.001), with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 44.7%, positive predictive value of 53.33% and negative predictive value of 100%.

Conclusion

Rapid on‐site evaluation during MT was found to have high accuracy for predicting malignancy. ROSE can provide the thoracoscopist with an on‐site preliminary diagnosis, especially in cases with inconclusive macroscopic appearance.
We Use Kt/V Urea as a Measure of Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Bargman Joanne M.
Published: April 2016

In the early days of chronic dialysis therapy, there was recognition that patients on continuous peritoneal dialysis enjoyed improvement in symptoms and signs of kidney failure similar to those receiving hemodialysis, despite slower removal rates of small solutes such as urea and creatinine. It was suggested that removal of toxic middle molecular weight solutes by the peritoneal membrane compensated for this difference. The publication of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study then focused attention on urea clearance as a significant predictor of hospitalization in hemodialysis patients. The peritoneal dialysis community made a mistake in adopting urea kinetics to the peritoneal dialysis process, while ignoring the benefits incumbent in continuous dialysis therapy and middle molecular weight solute removal. Sadly, to this day, despite the publication of many studies that have been unable to find an association between peritoneal small solute kinetics and outcome, Kt/V urea is employed as a marker of adequacy in these patients.
Dynamics of Urban Informal Labor Supply in the United States*
Authors: Gunter Samara R.
Published: April 2016

Objective

This study provides the first panel data estimates of informal work in the United States and explores relationships between informal‐ and regular‐sector participation among urban parents of young children.

Methods

I examine determinants of informal‐sector participation in five waves of data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study using probit, pooled Tobit, and fixed‐effects OLS models.

Results

Approximately 53 percent of urban fathers and 32 percent of urban mothers with young children pursue informal work over a nine‐year period. Informal work most often occurs in conjunction with regular work. Workers who work in both sectors in the same year are more likely to be nonminority race, higher education (mothers only), own credit cards, and work in skilled white‐ or blue‐collar occupations. Workers who ever participate in only the informal sector are more likely to be younger, to have health limitations, and to have never worked in the regular sector. Informal participation spells are shorter than regular‐sector participation spells and are associated with changes in regular‐sector participation and occupation but not most other life events.

Conclusion

Consistent with past work, informal work among parents of young children is widespread across socioeconomic groups. Transitions in and out of the informal sector are strongly related to changes in regular‐sector employment and occupation. The results suggest that regular‐sector participation provides access to informal work opportunities.
External Arguments and Dative Cliticization: Evidence of Selective Spell‐out of Functional Heads
Authors: Roos Mikko
Published: April 2016

The paper discusses dative cliticization in Modern Greek in passives and unaccusatives. Based on crosslinguistic evidence, I show that dative cliticization is not implicated in movement operations that violate the Minimal Link Condition (MLC). Instead, the observed cliticization patterns exhaustively reduce to the effects of a generalized form of a Doubly Filled Comp Filter. In particular, I show applicative morphemes can be selectively overt also in Indo‐European languages like Greek and that the selective spell‐out of these morphemes positively correlates with the absence of external arguments (Spec,vP). The discussion posits an incremental spell‐out pattern for complex terminals and highlights the reality of head movement as a syntactic operation. The paper also revisits the claim that clitics constitute a heterogeneous class of items and that their morphosyntactic properties might depend on the transitivity/voice of the hosting predicate.
Reforming men: Pentecostalism and masculinity in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Eves Richard
Published: April 2016

The basic premise of this paper is that oppressive and violent behaviour is not an essential aspect of the male identity. Seeking to comprehend the underlying causes of violence, specifically against women but also more generally, this paper examines some of the alternative ways of being a man that have accompanied Christianity. Through observation of some Pentecostals from New Ireland, I have concluded that new ways of being a man that are less oppressive and dominating for women are emerging. This phenomenon I argue is a step towards gender equality, since it involves creating more caring and equitable relationships and a step towards reducing violence both against women and in the community, since it embraces non‐violent ways of being a man. Particularly useful in analysing the process of reforming men is Foucault's work on governmentality since it relates well to the Pentecostal emphasis on radical change in being ‘born again’. Conversion for born‐again Christians is more than simply abandoning sin; rather it involves the creation of a new self and becoming a new person. Similarly, Foucault argues that the individual practises the art of self‐governance in re‐forming her or himself as she or he desires.
Clumped isotope composition of marbles from the Backbone Range of Taiwan
Authors: Laskar Amzad H. , Yui Tzen‐Fu , Liang Mao‐Chang
Published: April 2016

The clumped isotope composition of carbonates provides a new way to retrieve temperatures for ancient geological systems without knowing the isotopic compositions of co‐existing fluid/minerals. The application of this new thermometer in the past decade, however, has been largely restricted to low‐temperature (<~250 °C) geological processes. In this study, we present clumped isotope analyses for marbles collected from the Backbone Range of Taiwan, which has been subjected to greenschist facies metamorphism during the ongoing arc–continent collision. We find that the ∆47 temperatures either indicate temperatures of the last dynamic open‐system recrystallization of marbles due to tectonic movement/stress or signify closed‐system closure temperatures during rock exhumation, demonstrating that clumped information from marbles has great potential for revealing process characteristics during mountain building.
C1q‐binding anti‐HLA antibodies do not predict platelet transfusion failure in Trial to Reduce Alloimmunization to Platelets study participants
Authors: Jackman Rachael P. , Lee Jar‐How , Pei Rui , Bolgiano Douglas , Lebedeva Mila , Slichter Sherrill J. , Norris Philip J.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

In the Trial to Reduce Alloimmunization to Platelets (TRAP) study, 101 of 530 subjects became clinically refractory (CR) to platelets (PLTs) without lymphocytotoxicity assay (LCA)‐detectable anti‐HLA antibodies. The LCA only detects complement‐binding antibodies and is less sensitive than newer assays. Utilizing a more sensitive bead‐based assay that does not distinguish between complement‐binding versus non–complement‐binding antibodies, we have previously shown that while many LCA‐negative (LCA–) patients do have anti‐HLA antibodies, these low‐ to moderate‐level antibodies do not predict refractoriness. As complement can contribute to PLT rejection, we assessed if previously undetected complement‐binding antibodies account for refractoriness among LCA– patients.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Samples from 169 LCA– (69 CR, 100 non‐CR) and 20 LCA‐positive (LCA+; 10 CR, 10 non‐CR) subjects were selected from the TRAP study serum repository. Anti‐Class I HLA immunoglobulin (Ig)G and C1q‐binding antibodies were measured in serum or plasma with bead‐based detection assays. Levels of C1q‐binding antibodies were compared between CR and non‐CR subjects and correlated with corrected count increments (CCIs).

RESULTS

While some of the LCA– subjects had detectable C1q‐binding anti‐Class I HLA antibodies, and some LCA+ subjects did not, levels were significantly higher among LCA+ subjects. C1q‐binding anti‐Class I HLA antibody levels did not differ significantly between CR and non‐CR among either the LCA– or the LCA+ subjects. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation observed between CCIs and either C1q‐binding or any anti‐HLA IgG antibodies.

CONCLUSIONS

This work confirms that low‐ to moderate‐level anti‐Class I antibodies do not drive PLT rejection, suggesting a role for antibody‐independent mechanisms.
Red blood cell alloimmunization in transfused patients with bone marrow failure syndromes
Authors: Cohen Devin , Hartung Helge , Evans Perry , Friedman David F. , Chou Stella T.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization is a concern for patients who receive multiple or chronic transfusions. Alloimmunization prevalence in transfused patients with bone marrow failure syndrome (BMFS) is unknown. This study aimed to determine physician practice for RBC antigen matching, immunization rates, and antibody specificities in patients with BMFS.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The clinical records of all patients with BMFS seen at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between 2001 and 2015 were reviewed. Immunization rate was determined per 100 units transfused.

RESULTS

ABO/D, C, E, and K (CEK) RBC matching was requested for 21.8% of patients. A total of 3782 RBC units were transfused to 87 patients, of which 2551 (67.5%) were CEK matched and 1231 (32.5%) were ABO/D only matched. The majority of units transfused to patients on a chronic transfusion regimen were CEK matched (89.6% of 2728 units). No anti‐C, ‐E, or ‐K antibodies formed in any patient during the 14‐year study period. Two alloantibodies and two autoantibodies formed, resulting in a rate of 0.05 alloantibodies and 0.05 autoantibodies per 100 units transfused. The prevalence of alloimmunization was 2.3%.

CONCLUSION

The rate and prevalence of RBC alloimmunization were low in patients with BMFS. CEK matching avoided alloimmunization to these antigens in chronically transfused patients.
Evaluation of canine red blood cell quality after processing with an automated cell salvage device
Authors: Hofbauer Nina , Windberger Ursula , Schwendenwein Ilse , Tichy Alexander , Eberspächer Eva
Published: April 2016

Objective

To evaluate the properties of RBC concentrate harvested after processing fresh whole blood units from healthy dogs with an automated cell salvage device.

Design

Prospective, in vitro, experimental study.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Sixteen healthy, privately owned dogs of various breeds.

Interventions

Fresh canine whole blood collected in bags with citrate phosphate dextrose adenine solution was processed with an automated cell salvage device and analyzed in vitro. Laboratory values determined before (baseline, from a catheter sample) and after processing RBCs (procRBCs) included a complete blood count, selected blood chemistry analytes, erythrocyte osmotic resistance, whole blood viscosity, RBC aggregation, and RBC deformability.

Measurements and Main Results

Total recovery of RBCs was 80% ± 12%. Hematocrit of the procRBCs yielded by the device was 77% ± 3.7% (mean ± standard deviation). Gross morphology of the RBCs remained unchanged. The mean corpuscular volume, erythrocyte osmotic resistance, RBC deformability, RBC aggregation, and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase showed minor but statistically significant changes from baseline. No differences in the concentrations of free hemoglobin were observed. Whole blood viscosity was less in the procRBCs. Seventy‐seven percent (mean) of the platelets were washed out, while a mean of 57% of the leukocytes remained in the procRBCs.

Conclusions

Although processing canine blood with this automated cell salvage device leads to slight changes in some properties of RBCs, most of these changes are comparable to changes seen in human blood after processing. Present data indicate that the use of this cell salvage device does not induce changes in canine RBC concentrate that would preclude its use for transfusion.
Evaluation of PaO2/FiO2and SaO2/FiO2ratios in postoperative dogs recovering on room air or nasal oxygen insufflation
Authors: Carver Andy , Bragg Ryan , Sullivan Lauren
Published: April 2016

Objective

To evaluate partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood/fractional percentage of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) and SaO2/FiO2ratios (where SaO2is percentage of oxyhemoglobin saturation in arterial blood), and the correlation between PaO2/FiO2and SaO2/FiO2, in healthy dogs recovering postoperatively on room air versus nasal oxygen insufflation.

Design

Retrospective study.

Setting

University veterinary teaching hospital.

Animals

Nineteen dogs.

Measurements and Main Results

Medical records were retrospectively evaluated for data from a previous prospective study of dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy, subsequently randomized to receive 100 mL/kg/min of nasal oxygen insufflation (estimated 37% FiO2,n= 9) or room air (estimated 21% FiO2,n= 10) for 2 hours postoperatively. Baseline information was obtained 1 hour intraoperatively, followed by three postoperative time points (10, 60, and 120 min). Data recorded for each time point included FiO2, PaO2, SaO2, PaO2/FiO2, SaO2/FiO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2), rectal temperature, and arterial blood pH. The PaO2/FiO2in dogs recovering on supplemental oxygen was significantly higher compared to dogs recovering on room air (516 ± 28 vs. 359 ± 10,P< 0.0001), whereas the SaO2/FiO2ratio in dogs recovering on supplemental oxygen was significantly lower compared to dogs recovering on room air (268 ± 0.5 versus 448 ± 1.4,P< 0.0001). The PaO2/FiO2and SaO2/FiO2ratios demonstrated excellent correlation for both groups at each postoperative time point. In dogs breathing room air, PaO2/FiO2and SaO2/FiO2correlation coefficients were 0.90, 0.95, and 0.93 (P< 0.001). In dogs receiving supplemental oxygen, PaO2/FiO2and SaO2/FiO2correlation coefficients were 0.94, 0.93, and 0.90 (P< 0.001).

Conclusions

In this population of postoperative dogs breathing either room air or with nasal oxygen insufflation, PaO2/FiO2and SaO2/FiO2had excellent correlation. Further evaluation into the correlation between SaO2/FiO2or pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (SpO2)/FiO2with PaO2/FiO2in both healthy dogs, and dogs with pulmonary dysfunction is warranted.
The equidistribution of lattice shapes of rings of integers in cubic, quartic, and quintic number fields
Authors: Bhargava Manjul , Harron Piper
Published: April 2016

For$n=3$,$4$, and 5, we prove that, when$S_{n}$-number fields of degree$n$are ordered by their absolute discriminants, the lattice shapes of the rings of integers in these fields become equidistributed in the space of lattices.
Cellular electrophysiological principles that modulate secretion from synovial fibroblasts
Authors: Clark R. B. , Schmidt T. A. , Sachse F. B. , Boyle D. , Firestein G. S. , Giles W. R.
Published: April 2016

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive disease that affects both pediatric and adult populations. The cellular basis for RA has been investigated extensively using animal models, human tissues and isolated cells in culture. However, many aspects of its aetiology and molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Some of the electrophysiological principles that regulate secretion of essential lubricants (hyaluronan and lubricin) and cytokines from synovial fibroblasts have been identified. Data sets describing the main types of ion channels that are expressed in human synovial fibroblast preparations have begun to provide important new insights into the interplay among: (i) ion fluxes, (ii) Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, (iii) intercellular coupling, and (iv) both transient and longer duration changes in synovial fibroblast membrane potential. A combination of this information, knowledge of similar patterns of responses in cells that regulate the immune system, and the availability of adult human synovial fibroblasts are likely to provide new pathophysiological insights.
Nursery area and size structure of the lemon shark population, Negaprion brevirostris (Poey, 1868), in Los Roques Archipelago National Park, Venezuela
Authors: Tavares Rafael , Rodriguez Jon Paul , Morales Misael
Published: April 2016

The protection of the habitats used by juvenile sharks is a management strategy that has recently caught the attention of fishery biologists. In the present study, we evaluated the population of the lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris) from Los Roques Archipelago in order to identify the nursery area, describe the size composition, and examine the variation in nocturnal activity of the juvenile individuals. The data analysed came from three different sources: commercial shark fishery, tag-recapture sampling, and visual records. A total of 375 lemon sharks with total lengths between 55 and 281 cm were recorded during the study period. Overall data showed that the area occupied by juvenile lemon sharks was clearly partitioned into primary and secondary nurseries. Additionally, nighttime activity seemed to change according to the size of sharks in the primary nursery, suggesting a reduction of time activity overlapping among juveniles of distinct size/age. Results suggest that the strategy of utilization of the primary nurseries by the lemon shark may lead to important ecological benefits by reducing the competition, predation and natural mortality.
Presence of Ruvettus pretiosus (Gempylidae) in the Colombian continental Caribbean
Authors: Gómez-Cubillos María Camila , Grijalba-Bendeck Marcela
Published: April 2016

The first record of Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco, 1833 for the Colombian continental Caribbean is presented. The specimen was collected at Los Cocos, department of Magdalena (11°16’33, 84’’ N 73°53’33, 01’’ W), using a demersal longline gear placed at 100 m depth. Biometrics, diagnosis and comments regarding its distribution, ecology and biology are included in the description. This new record expands the distribution of the species in the Caribbean Sea and increases the reported number of gempylids for Colombia to five.
Scientometric analysis of Colombian research on bio-inoculants for agricultural production
Authors: Zambrano-Moreno Diana Corina , Avellaneda-Franco Laura , Zambrano Gregorio , Bonilla-Buitrago Ruth Rebeca
Published: April 2016

The excessive use of synthetic chemical inputs in agricultural production has led to the disruption of biogeochemical cycles. One of the alternatives that arose within the systems of sustainable agriculture was the partial or total replacement of chemicals by biological substances. The analysis of relevant scientific literature has become a tool for assessing the quality of knowledge generation and its impact on the environment. A scientometric analysis was conducted of Colombian research on bio-inoculants from 2009 through 2014 in journals added to the Web of SciencesTM in order to identify the characteristics of the main target crops, the microorganisms used, and the beneficial effects on agriculture. In this work, 34 articles were identified: 24 (71%) were research on bio-fertilizer development and 10 (29%) on bio-pesticides. Articles mainly focused on the study of Gram-negative bacilli affecting the area (77%), while others focused on issues and topics surrounding vegetables (30%).The analysis of co-occurrence of keywords identified: i) several genera of microorganisms (e.g. Azotobacter Bradyrhizobium) and sustainable agriculture as issues that have a leading role in this scientific field, ii) plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as an emerging issue, iii) biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) as a subject which has risen in a complementary manner and iv) endophytic bacteria and biodiversity as issues in growth. This study showed that research in Colombia could be targeted on issues such as endophytic bacteria, diversity and productivity.
Experimental Determination and Analytical Model of Friction Torque of a Double Row Roller Slewing Bearing
Authors: Dindar Ahmet , Akkök Metin , Çalışkan Mehmet
Published: April 2016

In this paper, investigation on the friction torque of a double row roller slewing bearing which is operated in the azimuth axis of a gun turret is performed. For this purpose, a friction measurement test setup is designed and friction torque measurements are conducted. Tests are performed at low speeds and various loading conditions. Friction sources are decoupled and examined separately in order to fully understand effect of each component on friction torque of the slewing bearing. Therefore, friction caused by rolling motion and friction caused by two different types of lip seals are investigated. In addition, friction identification analyses are performed. In the analysis, load distribution of the bearing is calculated by finite element analysis software and rolling motion is simulated with a multibody-dynamic analysis program. In the end, analyses results are compared and verified with the test results.
Impact Phenomena in a Noncontacting Mechanical Face Seal
Authors: Varney Philip , Green Itzhak
Published: April 2016

Noncontacting mechanical face seals are often described as unpredictable machine elements, gaining this moniker from numerous instances of premature and unexpected failure. Machine faults such as misalignment or imbalance exacerbate seal vibration, leading to undesirable and unforeseen contact between the seal faces. A hypothesis explaining the high probability of failure in noncontacting mechanical face seals is this undesired seal face contact. However, research supporting this hypothesis is heuristic and experiential and lacks the rigor provided by robust simulation incorporating contact into the seal dynamics. Here, recent developments in modeling rotor–stator rub using rough surface contact are employed to simulate impact phenomena in a flexibly mounted stator (FMS) mechanical face seal designed to operate in a noncontacting regime. Specifically, the elastoplastic Jackson–Green rough surface contact model is used to quantify the contact forces using real and measurable surface and material parameters. This method also ensures that the seal face clearance remains positive, thus allowing one to calculate fluid-film forces. The seal equations of motion are simulated to indicate several modes of contacting operation, where contact is identified using waveforms, frequency spectra, and contact force calculations. Interestingly, and for the first time, certain parameters generating contact are shown to induce aperiodic mechanical face seal vibration, which is a useful machine vibration monitoring symptom. Also for the first time, this work analytically shows a mechanism where severe contact precipitates seal failure, which was previously known only through intuition and/or experience. The utility of seal face contact diagnostics is discussed along with directions for future work.
Understanding Line Packing in Frictional Water Hammer
Authors: Liou Jim C. P.
Published: April 2016

For valve closure transients in pipelines, friction attenuates the amplitude of water hammer wave fronts and causes line packing. The latter is a sustained head increase behind the wave front. Line packing can lead to overpressure. Because of the nonlinearity of the friction term in the governing equations of water hammer, a satisfactory analytical explanation of line packing is not available. Although numerical methods can be used to compute line packing, an analytical explanation is desirable to better understand the phenomenon. This paper explains line packing analytically and presents a formula to compute the line packing that leads to the maximum pressure at the closed valve.
Influence of Inertial Particles on Turbulence Characteristics in Outer and Near Wall Flow as Revealed With High Resolution Particle Image Velocimetry
Authors: Saber Ammar , Staffan Lundström T. , Hellström J. Gunnar I.
Published: April 2016

A fully developed turbulent particle-gas flow in a rectangular horizontal channel 100 × 10 × 4000 mm3 is disclosed with high spatial resolution two-dimensional (2D) particle image velocimetry (PIV). The objective is to increase the knowledge of the mechanisms behind alterations in turbulent characteristics when adding two sets of relatively large solid spherical particles with mean diameters of 525 and 755 μm and particle size distributions of 450–600 and 710–800 μm, respectively. Reynolds numbers are 4000 and 5600 and relatively high volume fraction of 5.4 × 10−4 and 8.0 × 10−4 are tested. Both the near wall turbulent boundary layer flow and outer core flow are considered. Results show that the carrier phase turbulent intensities increase with the volume fraction of the inertial particles. The overall mean flow velocity is affected when adding the particles but only to a minor extent. Near the wall, averaged velocity decreases while fluctuating velocity components increase when particles are added to the flow. Quadrant analysis shows the importance of sweep near the wall and ejection events in the region defined by y+ > 20. In conclusion, high inertia particles can enhance turbulence even at relatively low particle Reynolds number <90. In the near bottom wall region, particles tend to be a source of instability reflected as enhancement in rms values of the normal velocity component.
Analysis of Flow-Induced Vibration Due to Stratified Wavy Two-Phase Flow
Authors: Miwa Shuichiro , Hibiki Takashi , Mori Michitsugu
Published: April 2016

Fluctuating force induced by horizontal gas–liquid two-phase flow on 90 deg pipe bend at atmospheric pressure condition is considered. Analysis was conducted to develop a model which is capable of predicting the peak force fluctuation frequency and magnitudes, particularly at the stratified wavy two-phase flow regime. The proposed model was developed from the local instantaneous two-fluid model, and adopting guided acoustic theory and dynamic properties of one-dimensional (1D) waves to consider the collisional force due to the interaction between dynamic waves and structure. Comparing the developed model with experimental database, it was found that the main contribution of the force fluctuation due to stratified wavy flow is from the momentum and pressure fluctuations, and collisional effects. The collisional effect is due to the fluid–solid interaction of dynamic wave, which is named as the wave collision force. Newly developed model is capable of predicting the force fluctuations and dominant frequency range with satisfactory accuracy for the flow induced vibration (FIV) caused by stratified wavy two-phase flow in 52.5 mm inner diameter (ID) pipe bend.
Study of Available Turbulence and Cavitation Models to Reproduce Flow Patterns in Confined Flows
Authors: Coussirat M. , Moll F. , Cappa F. , Fontanals A.
Published: April 2016

Cavitating flow in nozzles is a complex flow which implies a highly turbulent two-phase one. An accurate simulation which improves some numerical results found in the literature was achieved by means of an extensive analysis of the capabilities of several numerical models for turbulence and cavitation. The analysis performed involves calibration/optimization tasks based on the physics of this kind of flow. This work aims to provide a quantitative criterion for the judgment of internal flow state, because it was demonstrated that the numerical results obtained with noncalibrated models could be enhanced by means of a careful calibration and thus saving computational costs.
The Effect of Slip on the Discharge From Partially Filled Circular and Fully Filled Lens and Figure 8 Shaped Pipes
Authors: Irvine Samuel , Fullard Luke
Published: April 2016

In this work, we examine the effect of wall slip for a gravity-driven flow of a Newtonian fluid in a partially filled circular pipe. An analytical solution is available for the no-slip case, while a numerical method is used for the case of flow with wall slip. We note that the partially filled circular pipe flow contains a free surface. The solution to the Navier–Stokes equations in such a case is a symmetry of a pipe flow (with no free surface) with the free surface as the symmetry plane. Therefore, we note that the analytical solution for the partially filled case is also the exact solution for fully filled lens and figure 8 shaped pipes, depending on the fill level. We find that the presence of wall slip increases the optimal fill height for maximum volumetric flow rate, brings the “velocity dip” closer to the free surface, and increases the overall flow rate for any fill. The applications of the work are twofold; the analytical solution may be used to verify numerical schemes for flows with a free surface in partially filled circular pipes, or for pipe flows in lens and figure 8 shaped pipes. Second, the work suggests that flows in pipes, particularly shallow filled pipes, can be greatly enhanced in the presence of wall slip, and optimal fill levels must account for the slip phenomenon when present.
Creep Constitutive Models Suitable for Solder Alloys in Electronic Assemblies
Authors: Mukherjee Subhasis , Nuhi Mohammed , Dasgupta Abhijit , Modarres Mohammad
Published: April 2016

Most solders used in electronic systems have low-melting temperature and hence experience significant amount of creep deformation throughout their life-cycle because typical operational and test conditions represent high homologous temperature. Phenomenological and mechanistic models used in the literature for predicting creep response of both bulk and grain scale specimens are reviewed in this paper. The phenomenological models reviewed in this paper are based on purely empirical observations of the creep deformation behavior or derived from qualitative interpretation of the underlying microscale mechanisms. These models have some intrinsic disadvantages since they do not have explicit mechanistic dependence on microstructural features. Therefore, the constitutive relations derived using the above models are difficult to extrapolate beyond the test conditions. This paper also reviews how some of the above limitations can be mitigated by using mechanistic or microstructurally motivated models. Mechanistic models are capable of estimating the material creep response based on the detailed physics of the underlying mechanisms and microstructure. The microstructure and constitutive response of the most popular family of lead-free solders, namely, SnAgCu (SAC) solders, are significantly different from those of previously used eutectic Sn37Pb solder. The creep deformation in Sn37Pb solder occurs primarily through diffusion-assisted grain-boundary sliding. In SAC solder joints, dislocation-based creep deformation mechanisms such as glide, climb, detachment, and cross-slip appear to be the dominant mechanisms in coarse-grained joints. Mechanistic creep models are therefore based on the deformation mechanisms listed above.
An Extended Finite Element Method Based Approach for Modeling Crevice and Pitting Corrosion
Authors: Duddu Ravindra , Kota Nithyanand , Qidwai Siddiq M.
Published: April 2016

A sharp-interface numerical approach is developed for modeling the electrochemical environment in crevices and pits due to galvanic corrosion in aqueous media. The concentration of chemical species and the electrical potential in the crevice or pit solution environment is established using the steady state Nernst–Planck equations along with the assumption of local electroneutrality (LEN). The metal-electrolyte interface fluxes are defined in terms of the cathodic and anodic current densities using Butler–Volmer kinetics. The extended finite element method (XFEM) is employed to discretize the nondimensionalized governing equations of the model and a level set function is used to describe the interface morphology independent of the underlying finite element mesh. Benchmark numerical studies simulating intergranular crevice corrosion in idealized aluminum–magnesium (Al–Mg) alloy microstructures in two dimensions are presented. Simulation results indicate that corrosive dissolution of magnesium is accompanied by an increase in the pH and chloride concentration of the crevice solution environment, which is qualitatively consistent with experimental observations. Even for low current densities the model predicted pH is high enough to cause passivation, which may not be physically accurate; however, this model limitation could be overcome by including the hydrolysis reactions that potentially decrease the pH of the crevice solution environment. Finally, a mesh convergence study is performed to establish the accuracy of the XFEM and a sensitivity study examining the relationship between crevice geometry and species concentrations is presented to demonstrate the robustness of the XFEM formulation in handling complex corrosion interface morphologies.