bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the existence of stable charged Q-balls
Authors: Benci Vieri , Fortunato Donato
Published: September 2011

This paper concerns hylomorphic solitons, namely, stable, solitary waves whose existence is related to the ratio energy/charge. In theoretical physics, the name Q-ball refers to a type of hylomorphic solitons or solitary waves relative to the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation. We are interested in the existence of charged Q-balls, namely, Q-balls for the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation coupled with the Maxwell equations. In this case, the charge reduces to the electric charge. The main result of this paper establishes that stable, charged Q-balls exist provided that the interaction between the matter and the gauge field is sufficiently small.
Enhanced electron lifetime in CdS quantum dot-sensitized solar cells with nanoporous-layer-covered TiO2 nanotube arrays
Authors: Woo Jung Sung , Park Jeong-Hyun , Lee Wonjoo , Kim Jae-Hong , Kim Hyunsoo , Choi Chel-Jong , Ahn Kwang-Soon
Published: September 2011

CdS quantum dots (QDs) of 6.8–6.9 nm were assembled in situ on conventional TiO2 nanotube arrays (Type I) and nanoporous-layer-covered nanotube arrays (Type II). The QD-sensitized solar cell with the Type II nanotubes exhibited significantly enhanced overall energy conversion efficiency, despite having less assembled QDs. This was due to the Type II nanotube arrays having fewer defects and suppressed recombination rate (or back electron transport) from surface traps in the TiO2 to electron traps in the QDs, resulting in significantly improved electron lifetime.
Investigation statistics of bipolar multilevel memristive mechanism and characterizations in a thin FeOx transition layer of TiN/SiO2/FeOx/Fe structure
Authors: Chang Yao-Feng , Chang Ting-Chang , Chang Chun-Yen
Published: September 2011

We investigated multilevel resistance switching characteristics of the thin FeOx transition layer in a TiN/SiO2/FeOx/Fe structure by controlling the current compliance and stopped voltage during the set and reset processes, respectively. It is observed that the resistive state could be easily tunable by controlling external electric conditions. The multilevel memristive mechanism was characterized by distinguishing the electrical behaviors statistically, inferring that the reset process is associated with the mobile-ion-assisted electrochemical redox. Moreover, the set process is also modeled by power dissipation behaviors. The presented mathematical and physical model provides a possibility to elucidate a universal mechanism for bipolar multilevel memristor.
Graphitization of amorphous carbon on a multiwall carbon nanotube surface by catalyst-free heating
Authors: Asaka Koji , Karita Motoyuki , Saito Yahachi
Published: September 2011

Structural changes in amorphous carbon coating the surfaces of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) under applying an electric current were investigated by in situ transmission electron microscopy with simultaneous measurements of the bias voltage and electric current. Joule heating transformed amorphous carbon on the surfaces of individual MWNTs suspended between gold electrodes into graphite layers even without a metal catalyst through a phase of glasslike carbon. The MWNTs after the formation of ordered surface layers sustained a high current with a density of up to 3.1 × 108 A/cm2.
Controlled adsorption of droplets onto anti-nodes of an ultrasonically vibrating needle
Authors: Hu Junhui , Li Ning , Zhou Jinjuan
Published: September 2011

We show that droplets adsorb onto the anti-nodes of a stainless needle in flexural vibration when the needle is lifted from a layer of liquid thin film. The adsorbed liquid includes water, saline, and olive oil, which cannot adsorb onto a stainless surface if the surface does not vibrate. The adsorbed droplets take on the shape of an ellipsoid when the needle vibration is large enough, and the size of adsorbed droplets may be controlled by the needle vibration. The properties of adsorbed liquid such as viscosity, specific acoustic impedance, and density, and the needle diameter, may affect the absorption capability. A physical model based on the hypothesis that sound pressure decreases the cohesive force among molecules of liquid has been proposed, which can explain the experimental phenomena quite well.
Development of a radio-frequency ion beam source for fast-ion studies on the large plasma device
Authors: Tripathi S. K. P. , Pribyl P. , Gekelman W.
Published: September 2011

A helium ion beam source (23 kV/2.0 A) has been constructed for studying fast-ion physics in the cylindrical magnetized plasma of the large plasma device (LAPD). An inductive RF source produces a 1019 m−3 density plasma in a ceramic dome. A multi-aperture, rectangular (8 cm × 8 cm) three-grid system extracts the ion beam from the RF plasma. The ion beam is injected at a variety of pitch angles with Alfvénic speeds in the LAPD. The beam current is intense enough to excite magnetic perturbations in the ambient plasma. Measurements of the ion beam profile were made to achieve an optimum beam performance and a reliable source operation was demonstrated on the LAPD.
Thermoelectric properties of n-type C60 thin films and their application in organic thermovoltaic devices
Authors: Sumino Mao , Harada Kentaro , Ikeda Masaaki , Tanaka Saburo , Miyazaki Koji , Adachi Chihaya
Published: September 2011

The high performance of n-type organic thin-film thermoelectric elements utilizing a bilayer structure composed of C60 and Cs2CO3 was demonstrated. By employing an underlying layer, the electrical conductivity and the power factor of the n-type thermoelectric elements were significantly improved, and a maximum power factor of 20.5 μW m−1 K−2 at room temperature was demonstrated. In addition, an organic p-n prototype thermovoltaic device was demonstrated.
Optimizing one-dimensional photonic-crystals based semitransparent organic solar cells by tailoring reflection phase shift within photonic bandgap
Authors: Long Yongbing
Published: September 2011

Phase adjustment is employed to redistribute the optical electric field and improve the optical absorption for semitransparent organic solar cells with one-dimensional photonic-crystals. Simulations reveal that tailoring the reflection phase shift of the one-dimensional photonic-crystals can shift the active layer into the electrical maximum region where it is most beneficial for photon absorption. With appropriate adjustment of the reflection phase shift, the optical absorption within the blue and near-infrared wavelength ranges can be improved simultaneously and yield an improvement of 112.5% in the total absorbed photons for the devices. In addition, the average transmission remains 71.1% across the visible wavelength range of 470 nm-700 nm.
Effect of compressive stress on stability of N-doped p-type ZnO
Authors: Chen Xingyou , Zhang Zhenzhong , Yao Bin , Jiang Mingming , Wang Shuangpeng , Li Binghui , Shan Chongxin , Liu Lei , Zhao Dongxu , Shen Dezhen
Published: September 2011

Nitrogen-doped p-type zinc oxide (p-ZnO:N) thin films were fabricated on a-/c-plane sapphire (a-/c-Al2O3) by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Hall-effect measurements show that the p-type ZnO:N on c-Al2O3 degenerated into n-type after a preservation time; however, the one grown on a-Al2O3 showed good stability. The conversion of conductivity in the one grown on c-Al2O3 ascribed to the faster disappearance of NO and the growing N2(O), which is demonstrated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Compressive stress, caused by lattice misfit, was revealed by Raman spectra and optical absorption spectra, and it was regarded as the root of the instability in ZnO:N.
Detailed characterization of deep level defects in InGaN Schottky diodes by optical and thermal deep level spectroscopies
Authors: Gür Emre , Zhang Zeng , Krishnamoorthy Sriram , Rajan S. , Ringel S. A.
Published: September 2011

Schottky diode properties of semitransparent Ag(4 nm)/Au(4 nm) metal stack on In0.2Ga0.8N were investigated and defect characterization was performed using capacitance deep level transient (DLTS) and optical spectroscopy (DLOS). DLTS measurements made on the In0.2Ga0.8N Schottky diodes, which displayed a barrier height of 0.66 eV, revealed the presence of two deep levels located at Ec-0.39 eV and Ec-0.89 eV with nearly identical concentrations of ∼1.2 × 1015 cm−3. Three deeper defect levels were observed by DLOS at Ec-1.45 eV, Ec-1.76 eV, and Ec-2.50 eV with concentrations of 1.3 × 1015cm−3, 3.2 × 1015cm−3, and 6.1 × 1016 cm−3, respectively. The latter, with its high trap concentration and energy position lying 0.4 eV above the valance band, suggests a possible role in compensation of carrier concentration, whereas the mid-gap positions of the other two levels imply that they will be important recombination-generation centers
The integral magneto-refractive effect: A method of probing magneto-resistance
Authors: Vopsaroiu M. , Cain M. G. , Kuncser V.
Published: September 2011

We show that the optical infrared magneto-refractive effect can be used to probe magneto-resistance effects in absolute terms. A spin valve sample with synthetic anti-ferromagnet has been studied using non-contact infrared reflection spectroscopy measurements. Direct experimental comparison shows excellent agreement between electrical and optical measurements in both shape of the magneto-resistance curves and absolute values. This opens the possibility of developing fast and efficient tests of magneto-resistive samples and sensors using an in situ, non-contact, non-destructive optical approach, without the need to determine a calibration factor between the electrical and optical measurements.
Plasmonic properties of a nanoporous gold film investigated by far-field and near-field optical techniques
Authors: Chen Hsiang-An , Long Jun-Liang , Lin Yu-Hsuan , Weng Chun-Jen , Lin Heh-Nan
Published: September 2011

We report a study of the plasmonic properties of a 20-nm-thick nanoporous Au film by far-field and near-field optical techniques. The film is prepared sequentially by deposition of gold and copper, thermal annealing, and chemical etching, and has randomly distributed nanopores with sizes ranging between 20 and 350 nm. The absorbance of the nanoporous Au film is much higher than that of a plain Au film and can be attributed to the conversion of incident light into surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). In addition, a broad peak appears at around 630 nm in the scattering spectrum and serves as evidence of hole plasmon resonance. From transmission mode near-field scanning optical microscopy measurements, two types of local field enhancement are observed. One has a small spatial extent of around 200 nm and the other has a large spatial extent of around 1 μm. The two types of enhancement correspond to strong and weak SPP localizations, respectively.
Maximum entropy principle applied to semiflexible ring polymers
Authors: Dolgushev Maxim , Berezovska Ganna , Blumen Alexander
Published: September 2011

Based on the success of the maximum entropy principle (MEP) in the study of semiflexible treelike polymers [M. Dolgushev and A. Blumen, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 044905 (2009)10.1063/1.3184797], it is of much interest to establish MEP’s potential for general semiflexible polymers which contain loops. Here, we embark on this endeavor by considering discrete semiflexible polymer rings in a Rouse-type scheme. Now, for treelike polymers a beads-and-bonds (i.e., a discrete) picture is essential for an easy inclusion of branching points. Moreover, one may envisage (similar to our former work [M. Dolgushev and A. Blumen, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 044905 (2009)10.1063/1.3184797]) to impose for each angle between two bonds a distinct stiffness condition. Working in this way leads already for a polymer ring to a complicated problem. Hence, we follow a reduced variational approach as applied earlier to polymer chains, in which a single Lagrange multiplier is used for each set of identical conditions imposed on topologically equivalent bonds and bonds’ orientations. In this way, we obtain for the discrete ring an analytically closed form which involves Chebyshev polynomials. This expression turns out to lead to a series of solutions: Apart from the regular solution, several other solutions appear. One may be tempted to discard the other solutions, since for them the potential energy matrix is not positive definite. A more careful analysis based on topological features suggests, however, that such solutions can be assigned to rings displaying knots. Monte Carlo simulations which take excluded volume interactions into account agree with our interpretation.
Photoluminescence of hydrogen amorphous carbon nitrile particles obtained in a 13.56 MHz dusty plasma
Authors: Géraud-Grenier I. , Jaffiol R. , Massereau-Guilbaud V. , Plain A.
Published: September 2011

In this article, we report the photoluminescence (PL) of small particles generated in CH4/N2 radiofrequency (13.56 MHz) discharges. The particles have been produced with various mixtures of N2 and CH4 gases. The particle PL has been analysed using fluorescence microscopy in air with an Ar+ laser at 488 nm. It appears that the photoluminescence intensity is in relation to the particle size. However, the incorporation of nitrogen modifies the peak position of the PL spectrum.
Effects of excess oxygen on operation characteristics of amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O thin-film transistors
Authors: Ide Keisuke , Kikuchi Yutomo , Nomura Kenji , Kimura Mutsumi , Kamiya Toshio , Hosono Hideo
Published: September 2011

Operation characteristics of amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) were improved to a subthreshold voltage swing (S) of 217 mV (decade)−1, a mobility of ∼11.4 cm2 (Vs)−1, and a threshold voltage (Vth) of 0.1 V by O3 annealing at a temperature as low as 150 °C. However, the O3 annealing at 300 °C caused serious deterioration and exhibited a bistable transition between a large S state and a large Vth state. This transition is attributed to incorporation of excess oxygen and associated subgap defects with a negative-U characteristic. It also explains why a-IGZO channels deposited at high oxygen pressures do not produce operating TFTs.
Impact of In situ vacuum anneal and SiH4 treatment on electrical characteristics of AlGaN/GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor high-electron mobility transistors
Authors: Liu Xinke , Kim Fong Low Edwin , Pan Jisheng , Liu Wei , Leong Teo Kie , Tan Leng-Seow , Yeo Yee-Chia
Published: September 2011

The effect of in situ vacuum anneal (VA) and silane (SiH4) treatment on the electrical characteristics of AlGaN/GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor high-electron mobility transistors was investigated. Native Ga-O bonds on the AlGaN surface can be completely removed by this in situ passivation technique, which was confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In situ VA and SiH4 passivation also reduced the device gate leakage current. This is attributed to the suppression of trap-assisted tunneling current through the HfAlO gate dielectric. Saturation drain current for devices with in situ VA and SiH4 passivation was also improved, which is due to increased two-dimensional electron gas density. In addition, devices with in situ VA and SiH4 passivation achieved an Ion/Ioff ratio of around 106 and a subthreshold swing of less than 100 mV/decade.
Numerical impedance analysis for organic semiconductors with exponential distribution of localized states
Authors: Knapp Evelyne , Ruhstaller Beat
Published: September 2011

We present a comprehensive numerical impedance spectroscopy analysis of an organic semiconductor device. A physical model that considers localized states is combined with a space- and frequency-resolved numerical framework. We study the details of the frequency-dependent capacitance of an electron-only device and distinguish different trapping regimes depending on the parameters. Depending on the choice of the trapping parameters, a capacitance rise at low frequency is observed. The extraction of the characteristic temperature of the exponential of the trap density of states (DOS) by a simplified method by T. Okachi et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 043301(2009)] is investigated.
Efficient energy transfer from hole transporting materials to CdSe-core CdS/ZnCdS/ZnS-multishell quantum dots in type II aligned blend films
Authors: Jing Pengtao , Yuan Xi , Ji Wenyu , Ikezawa Michio , Liu Xueyan , Zhang Ligong , Zhao Jialong , Masumoto Yasuaki
Published: September 2011

We studied the energy transfer between CdSe core/shell quantum dots (QDs) and hole transporting materials (HTMs) in type II aligned inorganic/organic blend films by using steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The lengthening and shortening in PL lifetimes of the QDs in HTMs under resonant excitation condition were explained by energy transfer and charge separation processes. Surprisingly, the maximum energy transfer efficiency from 4,4′,4″-Tris (carbazol-9-yl)-triphenylamine (TcTa) to CdSe/CdS/ZnCdS/ZnS core/multishell QDs was determined to be 86% by calculating the excited state lifetime of the TcTa molecules participating in the energy transfer process.
Metal/III-V effective barrier height tuning using atomic layer deposition of high-κ/high-κ bilayer interfaces
Authors: Hu Jenny , Saraswat Krishna C. , Philip Wong H.-S.
Published: September 2011

In this work, we use thin dielectrics to reduce the Al/n-GaAs effective barrier height (ΦB,eff) of metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) contacts. We investigate the use of atomic layer deposition of HfO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, and bilayer high-κ dielectrics and confirm there is a shift in the Fermi level that reduces the contact resistance. In studying high-κ/high-κ interfaces, we find that despite a thicker dielectric, there is further reduction in ΦB,eff beyond that of a single dielectric, which can be explained by the formation of a high-κ/high-κ dipole. This MIS structure provides great flexibility in the design of source/drain contacts for III-V transistors.
Tumbling motion yielding fast displacements of synthetic antiferromagnetic nanoparticles for biological applications
Authors: Courcier T. , Joisten H. , Sabon P. , Leulmi S. , Dietsch T. , Faure-Vincent J. , Auffret S. , Dieny B.
Published: September 2011

Synthetic antiferromagnetic micro/nanoparticles usable for biological applications were recently developed using a top-down approach, made of alternating NiFe layers and non magnetic Ru spacers. We describe here different types of motions of magnetic particles chains, controlled either by field gradients or alternating magnetic fields and combination of both. Of particular interest is a displacement named “tumbling motion” consisting in a combination of rotation and translation, with friction on the bottom surface of the container, as a bicycle wheel on a horizontal surface. This motion yields a translation speed 10–30 times faster than by using conventional gradient of magnetic field.
Magneto-photonic crystal optical sensors with sensitive covers
Authors: Dissanayake Neluka , Levy Miguel , Chakravarty A. , Heiden P. A. , Chen N. , Fratello V. J.
Published: September 2011

We report on a magneto-photonic crystal on-chip optical sensor for specific analyte detection with polypyrrole and gold nano particles as modified photonic crystal waveguide cover layers. The reaction of the active sensor material with various analytes modifies the electronic structure of the sensor layer causing changes in its refractive index and a strong transduction signal. Magneto-photonic crystal enhanced polarization rotation sensitive to the nature of the cover layer detects the index modification upon analyte adsorption. A high degree of selectivity and sensitivity are observed for aqueous ammonia and methanol with polypyrrole and for thiolated-gold- with gold-nanoparticles covers.
Esaki tunnel diodes based on vertical Si-Ge nanowire heterojunctions
Authors: Fung Wayne Y. , Chen Lin , Lu Wei
Published: September 2011

High performance Esaki tunnel diodes [L. Esaki, Phys. Rev. 109, 603 (1958)] based on small-diameter Ge/Si core/shell nanowires vertically grown on Si substrates are demonstrated. The devices exhibit pronounced negative differential resistance with peak-to-valley current ratio of 2.75, high peak current density of 2.4 kA/cm2, and high tunneling current density of 237 kA/cm2 at 1 V reverse bias, all obtained at room temperature. The peak current is found to increase with temperature and the data can be well explained with a band-to-band tunneling model. These results suggest that Si-Ge heterojunction with low defect density can be obtained for device applications such as tunnel diodes and tunnel field-effect transistors.
Nonlinear spin pumping induced by parametric excitation
Authors: Ando K. , An T. , Saitoh E.
Published: September 2011

Spin pumping driven by parametric spin excitation was observed in a Pt/La:Y3Fe5O12 film. We applied microwave with doubled frequency of the ferromagnetic resonance and detected a spin current emitted from the La:Y3Fe5O12 layer using the inverse spin-Hall effect (ISHE) in the Pt layer. In the ISHE signal, we found nonlinear dependence and threshold with respect to applied microwave power, demonstrating that the spin current generation is due to nonlinear coupling between microwave and spin dynamics. These results will be essential for developing active elements in spin current circuits.
The design of efficient surface-plasmon-enhanced ultra-thin polymer-based solar cells
Authors: Williamson Adam , McClean Éadaoin , Leipold David , Zerulla Dominic , Runge Erich
Published: September 2011

Polymer based solar cells are particularly attractive because of their mechanical flexibility and potential for low-cost fabrication. Although significant progress has been made, their efficiency is reduced strongly due to recombination processes that scale with the thickness of the active layer. A theoretical study of periodic plasmonic solar cell enhancement is presented, including a design for demonstrating high efficiency while using a significantly reduced active layer thicknesses. This is achieved through the superposition of toothgrating structures of multiple periodicities along a silver reflecting layer. Through finite-difference time-domain calculations, it was possible to optimize the overall spectral response of the cell yielding surface plasmon resonances at predetermined wavelengths. The improved solar cell design results in a system with increased absorption, allowing for the desired reduction in active layer thickness while also enhancing the performance of the cell over a wide wavelength range.
From first-order magneto-elastic to magneto-structural transition in (Mn,Fe)1.95P0.50Si0.50 compounds
Authors: Dung N. H. , Zhang L. , Ou Z. Q. , Brück E.
Published: September 2011

We report on structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of MnxFe1.95−xP0.50Si0.50 (x ≥ 1.10) compounds. With increasing the Mn:Fe ratio, a first-order magneto-elastic transition gradually changes into a first-order magneto-structural transition via a second-order magnetic transition. The study also shows that thermal hysteresis can be tuned by varying the Mn:Fe ratio. Small thermal hysteresis (less than 1 K) can be obtained while maintaining a giant magnetocaloric effect. This achievement paves the way for real refrigeration applications using magnetic refrigerants.
Short-range spin waves may underlie high-temperature superconductivity
Authors: Miller Johanna L.
Published: September 2011

For the first time, the waves have been shown to exist across the entire range of superconducting cuprates.
Neutrinos from Earth’s interior measure the planet’s radiogenic heating
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram M.
Published: September 2011

Built primarily for fundamental neutrino physics, the KamLAND detector deep inside a Japanese mineshaft proves its usefulness for geology.
Minimalist model captures water-cycle complexities
Authors: Smart Ashley G.
Published: September 2011

Equations inspired by population-dynamics theory may help explain drizzles, downpours, and disappearing clouds.
Entanglement gets scaled up in an optical frequency comb
Authors: Miller Johanna L.
Published: September 2011

Using a single nonlinear optical element, researchers have entangled dozens of the comb’s optical modes.
Will industry save academic research?
Authors: Kramer David
Published: September 2011

Partnerships with universities could bolster the competitiveness of US corporations.
US narrows fusion research focus, joins German stellarator
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: September 2011

Tight money leads to increased emphasis on tokamak plasma physics and the shuttering of some exploratory experiments.
The great Martian catastrophe and how Kepler fixed it
Authors: Gingerich Owen
Published: September 2011

For a few weeks every 32 years, both the Ptolemaic and Copernican predictions for the position of Mars are off by close to 5 degrees—a problem first noticed by Tycho Brahe.
Randomized approximate nearest neighbors algorithm
Authors: Jones Peter Wilcox , Osipov Andrei , Rokhlin Vladimir
Published: September 2011

We present a randomized algorithm for the approximate nearest neighbor problem in
d
-dimensional Euclidean space. Given
N
points {

x

j

} in

, the algorithm attempts to find
k
nearest neighbors for each of

x

j

, where
k
is a user-specified integer parameter. The algorithm is iterative, and its running time requirements are proportional to
T
·
N
·(
d
·(log 
d
) + 
k
·(
d
 + log 
k
)·(log 
N
)) + 
N
·
k
2
·(
d
 + log 
k
), with
T
the number of iterations performed. The memory requirements of the procedure are of the order
N
·(
d
 + 
k
). A by-product of the scheme is a data structure, permitting a rapid search for the
k
nearest neighbors among {

x

j

} for an arbitrary point

. The cost of each such query is proportional to
T
·(
d
·(log 
d
) + log(
N
/
k
)·
k
·(
d
 + log 
k
)), and the memory requirements for the requisite data structure are of the order
N
·(
d
 + 
k
) + 
T
·(
d
 + 
N
). The algorithm utilizes random rotations and a basic divide-and-conquer scheme, followed by a local graph search. We analyze the scheme’s behavior for certain types of distributions of {

x

j

} and illustrate its performance via several numerical examples.
Borrelia: biology of the organism.
Authors: Toledo A. , Benach J. L.
Published: September 2011

This chapter focuses on the biology of Borrelia, emphasizing the bacterial components required for infection and the interaction with the immune system. It presents an overview of the history of Lyme disease and describes the taxonomy, life cycle, cultivation, preferred anatomical locations, genome and morphology of Borrelia. The prominent Borrelia antigens and virulence factors and host response (humoral response, complement activation, B cell response, innate immune response, T cell response and autoimmunity) are discussed.
Borrelia: interactions with the host immune system.
Authors: Dattwyler R. J. , Sperber K.
Published: September 2011

This chapter describes the aetiology of Lyme disease, the genomic structure of Borrelia burgdorferi, and its transmission to other mammalian hosts through ticks. The clinical manifestations (dermatological, neurological and cardiac manifestations and Lyme arthritis), laboratory diagnosis and pathogenesis of Lyme disease and the host immune response are discussed.
Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection after antibiotic treatment: what can we learn from animal models?
Authors: Hovius J. W. R. , Wormser G. P.
Published: September 2011

This chapter briefly describes human Lyme borreliosis and discusses the most widely used animal models (mice, dogs and non-human primates) for Lyme borreliosis, with a focus on studies investigating the persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in untreated and antibiotic-treated animals.
Global epidemiology of Borrelia burgdorferi infections.
Authors: Mead P. S.
Published: September 2011

This book chapter provides an overview of the epidemiology, clinical aspects, risk factors and transmission of B. Burgdorferi infections in various regions of the world (North America, Europe, Asia, tropics and the southern hemisphere), underscoring similarities and differences across regions.
Antibiotic therapy for infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.
Authors: Wormser G. P.
Published: September 2011

This book chapter discusses the following topics: antibiotic susceptibility of B. burgdorferi; prevention and treatment of B.. burgdorferi infection; treatment duration; B. burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) arthritis; coinfection; post-treatment persistent subjective symptoms; guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Bbsl infection.
Erythema migrans.
Authors: Nadelman R. B.
Published: September 2011

This book chapter reviews clinical diagnosis, treatment (antibiotic therapy) and outcome of erythema migrans, the most common objective manifestation of Lyme disease.
Nervous system involvement.
Authors: Halperin J. J.
Published: September 2011

This book chapter reviews nervous system disorders (encephalopathy, central nervous system involvement, peripheral nervous system involvement) in Lyme disease, pathophysiological mechanism underlying neurological manifestations of Lyme disease, and treatment (antibiotic therapy).
Lyme disease in children.
Authors: Shapiro E. D.
Published: September 2011

This chapter discusses the aetiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, coinfections, diagnosis, antibiotic treatment, prognosis and prevention of Lyme disease in children. Congenital Lyme disease and fear of Lyme disease are described.
Chronic Lyme disease.
Authors: Marques A.
Published: September 2011

The term 'chronic Lyme disease' is used to describe vastly different patient populations, including patients with objective manifestations of late Lyme disease, patients with post-Lyme disease syndrome, and patients with nonspecific signs and symptoms of unclear cause who were diagnosed based on unproven and non-validated clinical and laboratory criteria. This chapter describes the diagnosis and categories of 'chronic Lyme disease' and assesses the clinical symptoms and efficacy of antibiotic treatment of post Lyme disease syndrome.
Of This World and the Next: Metaphors and Meanings in the Qābūs-nāmah
Authors: Amirsoleimani Soheila
Published: September 2011

In an article antitled “Belles-Lettres, Ethics and Didactic Literature: Thoughts on Three Concepts in Iranian Culture,” Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak poses the question whether the large body of andarz literature, “…may be said to form…‘the grammar of ethical thought’ in Persian.” The author briefly reviews the most recent scholarship on the subject, including Charles-Henri de Fouchécour's comprehensive and singular work, and concludes by calling for the necessity of close analyses of works of andarz from rhetorical, cultural, and social perspectives. It is through such close analyses, he maintains, that we can begin to understand “the grammar of ethical thought in Persian.”

Karimi-Hakkak underscores the pragmatic aspect of andarz literature. As de Fouchécour also observes, ‘The point of departure was…not a set of moral precepts, but convenience: Morality was knowing how to live in society (farhang, adab).” The authors of andarz literature provided both general and specific directives as to how one could best live in society.
The Iranian-Siamese Connection: An Iranian Community in the Thai Kingdom of Ayutthaya
Authors: Marcinkowski M. Ismail
Published: September 2011

Those who are familiar with the history of Muslim civilization in Southeast Asia in general, and in Thailand in particular, might be conversant with traces of the Malay or Arabic cultural and religious influences in this region. Cultural interchanges between Iran and maritime Southeast Asia during the pre-Islamic period have been studied by a number of scholars including Brian Colless who wrote several works on the activities of Nestorian and Armenian Christians in the region during the Sasanid period. Much more work has been done on Iranian influences in the spread of Islam into Southeast Asia although the interpretation of the phenomenon often depends on the religious perspective of the writer. Much of the modern literature focuses on actual or alleged Persian elements in Malay language, literature, and culture.

The purpose of the present paper is to review some of the literature to date on the Iranian community in the Siamese Ayutthaya kingdom in the seventeenth century and to highlight the main problems those studies have focused on.
To Be or Not To Be An Orientalist?: The Ambivalent Art of Antoin Sevruguin
Authors: Navab Aphrodite Désirée
Published: September 2011

The name of the Armenian-Iranian photographer Antoin Sevruguin (ca.1838-1933) is not found today in the literature of the world history of photography. Although his photographs were published in several English books about Iran during his own time, the standard Western works on the history of photography, including those covering the Near East, all fail to mention Sevruguin. He does appear, however, in Yahya Zoka's Persian-language history of photography in Iran (1997).

In 1999 the Smithsonian Institution, which houses one of the two major collections of Sevruguin's work, published Sevruguin and the Persian Image: Photographs of Iran 1870-1930. Almost simultaneously, the National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden, Netherlands, which houses the other collection, published a book called Sevruguin's Iran, a combined effort by the Netherlands and the Islamic Republic of Iran and containing both English and Persian text. Once again, this Middle Eastern artist has emerged in Western scholarship.
U.S. Foreign Policy and Persia, 1856–1921
Authors: Ghaneabassiri Kamyar
Published: September 2011

The Russians with the British, some now cheer,have made a solemn oath this very year,that within the politics of Iran,they will not interfere from this time on.It's a shame that the appeased of this land,are content with the matter now at hand,for when cat and mouse together lie,the grocer may's well kiss his store goodbye.Iraj Mirza, 1907(On the Anglo-Russian Treaty)

This paper is a study of early U.S. policy towards Iran and its significance in the field of twentieth-century Iranian-American relations. The paper also has the broader objective of investigating the roots of Iran's hostility towards America during the 1979 Iranian revolution. The early history of Persian-American relations has rarely been examined but, as I will argue, it was during this time (i.e., 1856-1921) that Iranians conceived an image of America as a sympathetic power—an image which the United States government falsely promoted and which resulted in Persia's overly heightened expectations of America. When these expectations were not met in later periods (i.e., 1953-1979), Iranians reacted with a magnified sense of hatred for the United States. The hostility expressed during the revolution came as a great shock to the United States.
To Emend or Not To Emend? Notes on Restoring the Text of the Shāhnāmah
Authors: Omidsalar Mahmoud
Published: September 2011

Every edition is essentially an act of interpretation. One generally begins with recording the testimony of a number of surviving witnesses, which may be extant manuscripts or quotations of the text in ancillary sources. One then weighs these testimonies in order to arrive at an editorial decision.

The archaic language of the Shāhnāmah requires editors who desire to tackle it to gain a solid knowledge of Iranian philology, the linguistic usages common to Firdawsi's period, scribal practices common to copyists of classical Persian, and the usus scribendi of the individual scribes who copied their Shāhnāmah witnesses. Naturally, it behooves editors of both classical and modern texts to acquaint themselves with the technological and cultural details of book production. For editors of classical Persian, much of this learning comes gradually from practical experience with manuscripts or manuscript reproductions.
The Effectiveness of Criminal Justice Diversion Initiatives in North America: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Lange Shannon , Rehm Jürgen , Popova Svetlana
Published: September 2011

The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic search of the literature for studies that assess the effectiveness of post-booking and post-incarceration diversion programs in North America. The results of this review were then synthesized using methodology for evaluating the evidence of effectiveness. Forty-three articles were identified: 41 for the United States and two for Canada. Diversion programs exist at multiple levels within the criminal justice process, and likewise, have variations in their effectiveness for each of the desired outcomes evaluated, as well as in their breadth of research support. Diversion programs should be implemented as a system made up of various programs at all criminal justice levels.
Young Offenders in Custody: An International Comparison of Mental Health Services
Authors: Penner ErikaK. , Roesch Ronald , Viljoen JodiL.
Published: September 2011

Over the last decade interest in the mental health of young offenders has soared. Given evidence that rates of mental disorders are remarkably high in adolescent offenders, countries have initiated efforts to improve the identification and treatment of mental illness in detained youth. Research examining current mental health screening, assessment, and treatment services has focused largely on American sites; however, there is much to be gained from an international perspective. This article discusses international findings regarding the prevalence of mental illness in detained youth, examines the extent to which countries protect incarcerated youths’ right to treatment, and compares countries’ provision of screening, assessment, and treatment services to youth in custody and the community. Considerable variability is found to exist across countries and despite some advances in practice—particularly in the area of mental health screening—significant gaps remain between best and actual practices. To ensure that young offenders with mental illness receive adequate treatment, local, in-depth reviews of the mental health services provided to young offenders must be conducted across countries. Additionally, policies and procedures for providing services to young offenders with mental illness must be improved, particularly in the areas of custodial and community mental health treatment.
Assessment of Offending During Leave: Development of the Leave Risk Assessment in a Sample of Dutch Forensic Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Hilterman EdL. B. , Philipse MartienW. G. , de Graaf NanDirk
Published: September 2011

The Leave Risk Assessment (LRA) is an actuarial risk assessment tool composed of both historical and treatment-related subscales, developed to assess the risk of serious reoffending by forensic psychiatric patients. This study examines the psychometric properties of the Leave Risk Assessment. The sample was drawn from the same population on which the tool was developed consisting of 195 Dutch forensic psychiatric patients; 78 who re-offended during leave and 117 non-reoffenders. The Leave Risk Assessment had moderate predictive validity (AUC = .84) as well as incremental predictive value over the HCR-20. The results show that the LRA can have a significant contribution in the decision-making process regarding authorized leave.
Resilience in Young Offenders
Authors: Fougere Amber , Daffern Michael
Published: September 2011

Youth offending is an important societal issue. A considerable amount of research has sought to examine the characteristics of young people who offend and to determine the factors within youth and their social environments that contribute to recidivism. More recently, research has begun to focus on those individual and environmental factors that help young people desist from offending. This has involved research into those individuals who cease offending after a period of criminal engagement and research into protective factors, that is, a factor whose presence is associated with increased protection from a negative outcome (i.e., offending). This article reviews these streams of research, with a particular focus on the protective factor of resilience. Implications of this research for clinicians will be discussed.
The Stalking of Psychiatrists
Authors: Whyte Seán , Penny Catherine , Christopherson Simon , Reiss David , Petch Edward
Published: September 2011

Healthcare professionals are known from previous studies to be at risk from stalkers, and mental healthcare professionals, particularly psychiatrists, are thought to be at higher risk. However, no previous large-scale study has investigated this among psychiatrists. This questionnaire-based survey of 10,429 UK psychiatrists aimed to investigate the prevalence, nature and impact of stalking of UK psychiatrists. Of the 2,585 psychiatrists who submitted valid responses, 21% thought they had been stalked; the experiences of 33% met current legal criteria and 10% met strict research criteria. Three percent of respondents were currently being stalked; 2% reported that their stalking had begun in the past year. Of those who had been stalked, 64% were stalked by patients. The most commonly reported motives were intimacy seeking and resentment. Stalking persisted for over a year for 52% of victims. The stalking was intrusive, disruptive, and had significant impact. Organizational and individual responses varied in scope and effectiveness. Stalking of psychiatrists is therefore an important professional hazard with a serious impact. Improvements in organizational responses to stalking are needed.
Protective Factors for Violence Risk in Forensic Psychiatric Patients: A Retrospective Validation Study of the SAPROF
Authors: de Vries Robbé Michiel , de Vogel Vivienne , de Spa Eva
Published: September 2011

The Structured Assessment of PROtective Factors for violence risk (SAPROF) has recently been developed as a strengths-based addition to the assessment of risk for future violent behavior (de Vogel, de Ruiter, Bouman, & de Vries Robbé, 2009). Following the Structured Professional Judgment (SPJ) model, the positive and predominantly dynamic factors in the SAPROF were designed to counterbalance the assessment of risk as measured by risk assessment instruments, such as the HCR-20. The present retrospective study provides a first validation of the SAPROF in a Dutch sample of 126 forensic psychiatric patients. Analyses showed good interrater reliability, good predictive validity for non-recidivism of violence after clinical treatment for both the SAPROF total score and the SAPROF Final Protection Judgment and good predictive validity for violent recidivism for a combined HCR-20 - SAPROF total score. The predictive validity of the combined HCR-20 - SAPROF measure significantly outperformed the predictive validity of the HCR-20 in this study. Repeated assessments of the same patients over time demonstrated a significant improvement of SAPROF scores during treatment. Overall, the results provide evidence for the relationship between the presence of protective factors and non-recidivism of violence and for the additional value of protective factors in the assessment of risk for future violence. Moreover, the sensitivity of SAPROF scores to change provides support for the usefulness of the instrument in planning and evaluating treatment interventions.
A Clinical and Risk Profile of Forensic Psychiatric Patients: Treatment Team STARTs in a Canadian Service
Authors: Nicholls ToniaL. , Petersen KarenL. , Brink Johann , Webster Christopher
Published: September 2011

Current best practice guidelines recommend clinicians consider clients’ strengths as well as their deficits (APA, 2006; Department of Health, 2007). The Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) is one of the few structured professional judgment (SPJ) measures that facilitate this balanced approach to assessment and treatment planning. START is a concise clinical guide for the assessment and management of seven short-term (i.e., weeks to months) risk estimates (violence, self-harm, suicide, substance abuse, unauthorized leave, self-neglect, and being victimized) that occur at elevated rates in populations of individuals living with mental illness and personality disorders. Research on START has focused to some extent on assessments completed by research assistants. This study examined the implementation of START into a large forensic psychiatric service and reports on the psychometric properties of the measure when completed by multidisciplinary treatment teams. All START forms completed over a one-year period were evaluated ( N= 1057). Results indicate good structural reliability and excellent dispersion across the items, scales, and risk estimates. Few differences were noted by patient gender. Signature risk signs were much more common than expected (27%). It is notable that few patients were determined to be high risk on any of the seven risk estimates, with the exception of substance abuse. Overall, the results provide preliminary evidence for the success of the implementation and the value of the START for informing needs and treatment planning in forensic services.
Effects of coaches' timeouts on basketball teams' offensive and defensive performances according to momentary differences in score and game period
Authors: Gómez Miguel A. , Jiménez Sergio , Navarro Rafael , Lago‐Penas Carlos , Sampaio Jaime
Published: September 2011

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of game timeouts on basketball teams' offensive and defensive performances according to momentary differences in score and game period. The sample consisted of 144 timeouts registered during 18 basketball games randomly selected from the 2007 European Basketball Championship (Spain). For each timeout, five ball possessions were registered before (n=493) and after the timeout (n=475). The offensive and defensive efficiencies were registered across the first 35 min and last 5 min of games. A k‐means cluster analysis classified the timeouts according to momentary score status as follows: losing (−10 to −3 points), balanced (−2 to 3 points), and winning (4 to 10 points). Repeated‐measures analysis of variance identified statistically significant main effects between pre and post timeout offensive and defensive values. Chi‐square analysis of game period identified a higher percentage of timeouts called during the last 5 min of a game compared with the first 35 min (64.9±9.1% vs. 35.1±10.3%; χ2=5.4, P<0.05). Results showed higher post timeout offensive and defensive performances. No other effect or interaction was found for defensive performances. Offensive performances were better in the last 5 min of games, with the least differences when in balanced situations and greater differences when in winning situations. Results also showed one interaction between timeouts and momentary differences in score, with increased values when in losing and balanced situations but decreased values when in winning situations. Overall, the results suggest that coaches should examine offensive and defensive performances according to game period and differences in score when considering whether to call a timeout.