bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hegel y el destino de la noción moderna de representación
Authors: Sánchez de León José
Published: July 2014

El artículo investiga el modo en que el tratamiento hegeliano de la noción moderna de representación concluye el proceso histórico que se inicia con el surgimiento de la misma. Partiendo de la relación entre las voces latinas species y repraesentatio se examina en primer lugar la evolución del concepto de representación a través de la edad moderna hasta llegar a Kant, el cual sienta las bases del tratamiento hegeliano. Se analiza a continuación la conceptualización hegeliana de la representación, la cual pone al descubierto su ambigüedad fundamental y la posibilidad de su superación por medio de la noción de signo.This paper investigates how Hegel´s treatment of the modern notion of representation concludes the historical process that begins with its appearance. Beginning with the relationship between the Latin terms species and repraesentatio, the evolution of the concept of representation throughout modern times until Kant, who sets the groundwork for the Hegelian approach, is examined. After that, the Hegelian conceptualization of representation, which uncovers its latent ambiguity and the possibility of its sublation by means of the concept of sign, is also analyzed.
Las tensiones de la estructura de las revoluciones científicas y el legado de Thomas Kuhn
Authors: Díaz Leonardo
Published: July 2014

Thomas Kuhn interpretó su obra como una filosofía de las prácticas científicas. Desde entonces, autores como Doppelt y Rouse proporcionaron una interpretación donde la perspectiva de Kuhn constituye una ruptura con la imagen de la ciencia como sistema de conocimientos. En este artículo mostraré que La estructura de las revoluciones científicas está constituida por la tensión existente entre una perspectiva de la ciencia como sistema de conocimientos y una perspectiva de la ciencia como sistema de prácticas, así como por un modelo dicotómico que le lleva a producir -a casi cincuenta años de su publicación- un legado ambiguo y paradójico.Thomas Kuhn interpreted his work as a philosophy of scientific practice. Since then, authors such as Doppelt and Rouse have offered an interpretation in which Kuhn’s perspective represents a rupture with the image of science as a knowledge system. In this article I will show that The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is based upon a tension between a perspective of science as a knowledge system and a perspective of science as a system of practice, as well as by a dichotomous model that —almost 50 years after it was published — leads to an ambiguous and paradoxical legacy.
Dinámica de los conceptos reguladores : factores cognitivos y no cognitivosen el contexto de la toma de decisiones sobre riesgos tecnológicos
Authors: Todt Oliver , Luján José Luis
Published: July 2014

La regulación de ciencia y tecnología recurre a conceptos reguladores, como incertidumbre o precaución, para poder operacionalizar toma de decisiones. En la práctica reguladora, estos conceptos tienen múltiples interpretaciones y funciones dinámicas (generalmente diferentes de los que se les asigna en la legislación). Este trabajo presenta un análisis de algunos de los conceptos reguladores más relevantes, analizando la tensión entre su significado adscrito y su función observable. Muestra como la diversidad de significados de estos conceptos inhibe la clausura de los debates acerca de la regulación, provocando su traslado de unos a otros ámbitos.The regulation of science and technology applies regulatory concepts, such as uncertainty or precaution, in order to operationalize decision making. In regulatory practice, these concepts show a variety of interpretations and dynamic functions, which in many cases are different from the ones assigned to them by legislation. This paper presents an analysis of the most relevant key regulatory concepts, from the point of view of this tension between their attributed meanings and their observable functions. The diversity of meanings of these key regulatory concepts leads to the transformation of debates about technology, turning them into debates about regulation, while at the same time inhibiting their closure.
RESEÑA de : Garrido, M.; Orringez, N.R. et al.(Coords). El Legado filosófico español e hispanoamericano. Madrid : Cátedra, 2009
Authors: Suances Marcos Manuel
Published: July 2014

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RESEÑA de : Holzapfel, Cristóbal. Ser-humano : cartografía antropológica. RevistaObservaciones Filosóficas, Universidad de Chile
Authors: Escudero Alejandro
Published: July 2014

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La Meditación de la técnica di Ortega y Gasset e “L’Impossibile ritorno”di E. Zolla
Authors: Piro Pietro
Published: July 2014

dall’analisi dello scritto del 1933 di Ortega y Gasset, Meditación de la técnica, si compara l’analisi della tecnica di Ortega y Gasset con quella del filosofo e orientalista italiano E. Zolla. Entrambi partono dall’analisi della tecnica come fattore essenziale per comprendere il mondo contemporaneo e il processo di massificazione delle coscienze che essa produce. Tuttavia, i due pensatori propongono soluzioni distinte, più politica e filosofica quella di Ortega, più mistica e «orientale» quella di Zolla.Analyzing Ortega y Gasset’s 1933 text Meditación de la técnica, we compare the analysis of the Ortega y Gasset’s technique with that of the Italian philosopher and orientalist E. Zolla. Both depart from the analysis of technology as the key to understanding the contemporary world and the process of the massification of conscience that it produces. However, the two thinkers propose diverse solutions, with Ortega’s being more political and philosophical and Zolla’s being more mystical and «oriental.»
Biopolítica, nazismo, franquismo : una aproximación comparativa
Authors: Cayuela Sánchez Salvador
Published: July 2014

Sobre la base de una determinada forma de entender el concepto de biopolítica y sus elementos definitorios, hemos tratado aquí de analizar las características fundamentales de las formas de biopolítica orquestadas por los regímenes nazi y franquista. Dicha caracterización nos ha permitido elaborar, en función de una serie de elementos presentes en ambas biopolíticas, una visión comparativa encargada de mostrar tanto las similitudes como las diferencias entre una y otra, aportando así tanto una nueva conceptualización de los regímenes fascistas, como ciertos elementos ignorados hasta ahora en el debate sobre la naturaleza del franquismo.Based upon a certain way of understanding the concept of biopolitics and its defining features, we have tried to analyze the fundamental characteristics of the forms of biopolitics orchestrated in the Nazi and Franco regimes. This interpretation has allowed us to develop a comparative view which shows the similarities and differences between the regimes, based upon a number of elements common to both. It provides us with both a new theory of fascist regimes and with certain elements that have, until now, been ignored in the debate about the nature of the Franco regime.
Lucrecio: una crítica ilustrada a la religión popular
Authors: Martínez Lorca Andrés
Published: July 2014

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Un acercamiento al tiempo desde la perspectiva de Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Sánchez Antonio
Published: July 2014

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La síntesis final de la Doctrina de la Ciencia nova methodo: comentario al § 19
Authors: Ferrer Diogo
Published: July 2014

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De Summa Rerum : monismo y pluralismo en la concepción leibniziana del continuo
Authors: Raffo Quintana Federico
Published: July 2014

En este trabajo consideraremos la relación entre el monismo de la sustancia divina y el pluralismo de las partes del continuo en los escritos metafísicos de Leibniz de 1675-76. Este es otro punto de vista de la relación general entre monismo-pluralismo considerada por Andreas Blank, aunque compatible con el suyo. Para mostrar esta relación, primero consideraremos el tratamiento acerca de lo máximo en el continuo, distinguiendo dos tipos y mostrando que uno de ellos no fue tratado con anterioridad. Segundo, analizaremos el estatus ontológico de la materia, como una cosa existente actualmente —aunque no sustancial. Tercero, consideraremos la teoría acerca de las partes del continuo como infinitas y resultantes de una división sin fin.
Ortega y Gasset, filósofo de la ciencia
Authors: Ruiz Fernández Jesús
Published: July 2014

Aunque ignorado por lo común en este campo, Ortega y Gasset posee una filosofía de la ciencia de gran actualidad. No hay más que ver que en 2006 Ronald Giere, uno de los más destacados filósofos de la ciencia actuales, publica una obra con el título de Scientific Perspectivism. El presente trabajo quisiera prolongar los estudios sobre Ortega en este terreno, a partir de una interpretación de la «razón vital» basada en la fenomenología, la psicología cognitiva y la filosofía constructivista de la ciencia. A las concomitancias que se le han encontrado con Dilthey y la hermenéutica en su filosofía de las ciencias humanas, y con Popper y Kuhn en la filosofía de las ciencias naturales, quisiera añadir su afinidad con Feyerabend, autor a quien le acerca su «liberalismo» cultural.
RESEÑA de : Dirlmeier, F. [Dos textos : estudio sobre Anaximandro y ensayo sobre Aristóteles]
Authors: Lledó E.
Published: July 2014

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La recepción de Fichte en España
Authors: Rivera de Rosales Jacinto
Published: July 2014

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La ilustración y el romanticismo como cuna del idealismo
Authors: Domingo Centeno Miguela
Published: July 2014

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RESEÑA de : Sánchez Meca, D. Diccionario de Filosofía. Madrid : Alderabán, 1996
Authors: Fullerton Alvaro
Published: July 2014

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Testicular Niche Required for Human Spermatogonial Stem Cell Expansion
Authors: Smith James F. , Yango Pamela , Altman Eran , Choudhry Shweta , Poelzl Andrea , Zamah Alberuni M. , Rosen Mitchell , Klatsky Peter C. , Tran Nam D.
Published: July 2014

Prepubertal boys treated with high-dose chemotherapy do not have an established means of fertility preservation because no established in vitro technique exists to expand and mature purified spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) to functional sperm in humans. In this study, we define and characterize the unique testicular cellular niche required for SSC expansion using testicular tissues from men with normal spermatogenesis. Highly purified SSCs and testicular somatic cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting using SSEA-4 and THY1 as markers of SSCs and somatic cells. Cells were cultured on various established niches to assess their role in SSC expansion in a defined somatic cellular niche. Of all the niches examined, cells in the SSEA-4 population exclusively bound to adult testicular stromal cells, established colonies, and expanded. Further characterization of these testicular stromal cells revealed distinct mesenchymal markers and the ability to undergo differentiation along the mesenchymal lineage, supporting a testicular multipotent stromal cell origin. In vitro human SSC expansion requires a unique niche provided exclusively by testicular multipotent stromal cells with mesenchymal properties. These findings provide an important foundation for developing methods of inducing SSC growth and maturation in prepubertal testicular tissue, essential to enabling fertility preservation for these boys.
Welfare by the ear: comparing relative durations and frequencies of ear postures by using an automated tracking system in sheep
Authors: Vögeli S , Wechsler B , Gygax L
Published: July 2014

Given the increased interest in animal emotional reactions for assessing welfare, indicators for such reactions are sought. Ear postures and movements have been found to be promising indicators of emotional states in sheep and other animals. The manual recording of ear postures, however, is very time consuming and possibly prone to a degree of inaccuracy due to the subtle and fast nature of ear movements that have to be identified. Therefore, a number of previous studies have analysed the frequency of certain ear postures relative to all ear posture changes rather than measuring the relative duration spent with different ear postures. Here, we present an automated, continuous tracking system that keeps track of small and lightweight marker balls attached to the head and ears of sheep. We measured ear postures and movements when the animals were confronted with three physical stimuli thought to differ in valence (from negative to intermediate to positive). We then compared new ear-posture definitions reflecting the real time spent with certain ear postures during stimulation with previous definitions used for video-based analyses that assessed ear-posture changes in relation to the total number of observed ear postures. In the analysis, we correlated new and previous measures both between and within experimental stimuli using residuals from mixed-effects models. We found that the new and previous definitions of ear postures and movements correlated highly. Given these high correlations and the discussed theoretical and practical advantages of the automated tracking, the new recording system can be recommended highly for assessing reactions in animals that may indicate emotional states.
Owner perceptions of companion dog expressions of positive emotional states and the contexts in which they occur
Authors: Buckland EL , Volk HA , Burn CC , Abeyesinghe SM
Published: July 2014

Promotion of positive experiences in companion animals is essential for maximising good welfare. However, the dearth of published literature on the experience and expression of positive emotional states in companion dogs suggests they are less well understood than negative emotions. Owner knowledge can provide a basis for generating hypotheses for experimental research, and can inform education initiatives. An online survey of 445 dog(Canis familiaris)owners in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland was used to identify key contexts and behaviours perceived by owners to be associated with positive emotions for companion dogs, and to examine factors which influence owner reports of key behaviours. The contexts most commonly associated with positive high arousal (PHA; ‘happy and excited’) were anticipation of walks or food and with positive low arousal (PLA; ‘happy and relaxed’) were resting and gentle stroking. Respondents’ behavioural profile for canine PHA involved barking, head held high, wide open and ‘bright’ eyes, ears pricked, tail wagging, mouth open, and active, playful behaviour. For PLA, respondents collectively described their dogs as silent, head resting, eyes closed or slightly closed, ears ‘down’, mouth closed and a calm/relaxed activity level. Notably, PLA states were described in less detail than PHA, suggesting the former may be less well understood or difficult to interpret. Dog breed and age, and owner experience and level of attachment to their pet significantly influenced respondents’ likelihood to report certain behavioural indicators, and may influence assessments of pet behaviour and underlying emotion. Further work is required to determine the validity of the behavioural expression and contexts perceived to be associated with positive experiences in dogs.
Pre-feeding behaviour in UK leisure horses and associated feeding routine risk factors
Authors: Hockenhull J , Creighton E
Published: July 2014

Many horses display unwanted behaviour prior to receiving concentrate feed or forage. These behaviours have received relatively little scientific attention as a distinct group of equine behaviour problems and risk factors for their performance have not been quantified. The objective of this study was to generate data on the diet of UK leisure horses, the feeding practices employed by their carers, and the prevalence of behaviour problems seen prior to feeding. A convenience sample of leisure horse carers were surveyed via a self-administered internet survey. Each carer provided data for only one horse, and to minimise recall bias was asked to report details of their horse's feeding routine over the week prior to completing the survey. Recruitment was spread over twelve calendar months. The survey was completed by 1,324 respondents, each reporting data for an individual horse in their care. Pre-feeding behaviour problems were common within the sample and were reduced by Principal Components Analysis into three components labelled: aggression; frustration; and stereotypies. While the specific risk factors associated with these problems differed, they fell into four distinct themes: how the horse is fed; the use of nutritional supplements; exercise and stabling; and the performance of oral investigative behaviour. The risk factors for pre-feeding behaviour problems identified in this study raise concerns about the way domestic horses are currently fed and managed. In conjunction with published empirical evidence they indicate that the welfare of domestic horses may be improved by adopting a feeding regime and management system more suited to their physiological and behavioural needs.
Equine on-farm welfare assessment: a review of animal-based indicators
Authors: Dalla Costa E , Murray L , Dai F , Canali E , Minero M
Published: July 2014

The adaptability of horses and donkeys to different types of activity has seen the European equine industry become an important economic sector, giving rise to increasing concern regarding equine welfare. As part of the AWIN (Animal Welfare Indicators) project, this review focuses on scientific literature to find potential animal-based welfare indicators — the initial step in developing a valid, reliable and feasible on-farm welfare assessment protocol for equines. Forty-nine indicators were considered and classified in accordance with the four Principles and twelve Criteria developed by Welfare Quality®. Only practical indicators specifically for on-farm use were included, those requiring the use of specific instruments or laboratory analysis were excluded. Academic scientists, partners and collaborators of the AWIN project, discussed and agreed on validity, reliability, on-farm feasibility and acceptance by farmers for each indicator. Some aspects of equine welfare have been thoroughly investigated and appear to have indicators ready for on-farm use (eg ‘absence of prolonged hunger’, ‘absence of injuries and diseases’). On the other hand, a lack of animal-based measures were identified for other Criteria such as ‘absence of pain’ and ‘positive emotional state’. Ongoing research within the AWIN project has begun exploring some of the aforementioned Criteria — these preliminary results of promising indicators have been included (eg Horse Grimace Scale and Qualitative Behaviour Assessment). Further research should address the validity and reliability of indicators, such as human-animal relationship tests and signs of cold stress. As well as for working equines, the development and application of a welfare assessment protocol could be the first step for enhancing on-farm equine welfare.
Pets and pests: vervet monkey intake at a specialist South African rehabilitation centre
Authors: Healy A , Nijman V
Published: July 2014

Vervet monkeys(Chlorocebus pygerythrus)encounter a plethora of anthropogenic risks as a result of their ability to exploit humanaltered environments. A systematic assessment of these risks has not been carried out to date. Here, we aim to begin addressing this gap in our understanding of human-vervet conflict in South Africa. We present a descriptive analysis of the intake of the Vervet Monkey Foundation (VMF) — a specialist vervet monkey rehabilitation centre and sanctuary in the Limpopo Province. Between October 2003 and March 2012 almost 200 vervet monkeys arrived at the VMF. At least 161 infants arrived with a steady decrease in annual intake over time, most probably due to the increasing number of other centres in the province. Detailed data for all age classes were available from March 2009 to March 2012. Of the 50 monkeys that arrived during this period, more young monkeys (infants and juveniles) than adults arrived and more infants than juveniles. Intake of injured and uninjured monkeys was equal. The majority of injuries were caused by cars and the majority of uninjured arrivals were ex-pets handed over voluntarily. A distinct temporal pattern of arrival, peaking in the austral summer, coincides with the birthing season of vervet monkeys in South Africa. The merits of publishing such records and the welfare implications of the perceptions of and objections to these ‘pest’ primates are discussed.
Lhx1 maintains synchrony among circadian oscillator neurons of the SCN
Authors: Hatori Megumi , Gill Shubhroz , Mure Ludovic S , Goulding Martyn , O'Leary Dennis D M , Panda Satchidananda
Published: July 2014

The robustness and limited plasticity of the master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is attributed to strong intercellular communication among its constituent neurons. However, factors that specify this characteristic feature of the SCN are unknown. Here, we identified Lhx1 as a regulator of SCN coupling. A phase-shifting light pulse causes acute reduction in Lhx1 expression and of its target genes that participate in SCN coupling. Mice lacking Lhx1 in the SCN have intact circadian oscillators, but reduced levels of coupling factors. Consequently, the mice rapidly phase shift under a jet lag paradigm and their behavior rhythms gradually deteriorate under constant condition. Ex vivo recordings of the SCN from these mice showed rapid desynchronization of unit oscillators. Therefore, by regulating expression of genes mediating intercellular communication, Lhx1 imparts synchrony among SCN neurons and ensures consolidated rhythms of activity and rest that is resistant to photic noise.
Alternating asymmetric topography of the Alaska range along the strike‐slip Denali fault: Strain partitioning and lithospheric control across a terrane suture zone
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul G. , Roeske Sarah M. , Benowitz Jeffery A. , Riccio Steven J. , Perry Stephanie E. , Armstrong Phillip A.
Published: July 2014

Contrasting lithospheric strength between terranes often results in the concentration of strain and deformation within the weaker material. Dramatic alternating asymmetric topography of the central and eastern Alaska Range along the active Denali fault is due to contrasting lithospheric strength between terranes and a suture zone, controlled by fault location with respect to the irregular boundary of a relatively stronger terrane backstop. Highest topography and greatest Neogene exhumation in the central Alaska Range occur on the concave side of the arcuate Denali fault, yet to the north and on the convex side of the fault in the eastern Alaska Range. The Denali fault largely lies along a Mesozoic suture zone between two large composite terranes (Yukon and Wrangellia composite terranes: YCT and WCT), but the McKinley strand of the fault cuts across an embayment of weaker suture‐zone rocks (Alaska Range suture‐zone, ARSZ) within the irregular southern boundary of the YCT (Hines Creek fault). Deformation (and uplift of the Alaska Range) is driven by slip and partitioning of strain along the Denali fault, occurring preferentially in weaker rocks of the ARSZ against the stronger YCT. Where the YCT lies well north of the McKinley strand, deformation is primarily to the north of the fault (eastern Alaska Range). Where the YCT is close to the fault, deformation is primarily to the south (central Alaska Range). While the trace of the McKinley strand approximates a small circle, two restraining bends (McKinley and Hayes) pinned equidistant from the ends of this strand localize uplift and exhumation.
Magmatic development of the outer Vøring margin from seismic data
Authors: Breivik Asbjørn , Faleide Jan Inge , Mjelde Rolf , Flueh Ernst , Murai Yoshio
Published: July 2014

The Vøring Plateau off mid‐Norway is a volcanic passive margin, located north of the East Jan Mayen Fracture Zone (EJMFZ). Large volumes of magmatic rocks were emplaced during Early Eocene margin formation. In 2003, an ocean bottom seismometer survey was acquired over the margin. One profile crosses from the Vøring Plateau to the Vøring Spur, a bathymetric high north of the EJMFZ. The P wave data were ray traced into a 2‐D crustal velocity model. The velocity structure of the Vøring Spur indicates up to 15 km igneous crustal thickness. Magmatic processes can be estimated by comparing seismic velocity (VP) with igneous thickness (H). This and two other profiles show a positive H‐VP correlation at the Vøring Plateau, consistent with elevated mantle temperature at breakup. However, during the first 2 Ma magma production was augmented by a secondary process, possibly small‐scale convection. From ∼51.5 Ma excess melting may be caused by elevated mantle temperature alone. Seismic stratigraphy around the Vøring Spur shows that it was created by at least two uplift events, with the main episode close to the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Low H‐VP correlation of the spur is consistent with renewed igneous growth by constant, moderate‐degree mantle melting, not related to the breakup magmatism. The admittance function between bathymetry and free‐air gravity shows that the high is near local isostatic equilibrium, precluding that compressional flexure at the EJMFZ uplifted the high. We find a proposed Eocene triple junction model for the margin to be inconsistent with observations.
Dynamics of dikes versus cone sheets in volcanic systems
Authors: Galland Olivier , Burchardt Steffi , Hallot Erwan , Mourgues Régis , Bulois Cédric
Published: July 2014

Igneous sheet intrusions of various shapes, such as dikes and cone sheets, coexist as parts of complex volcanic plumbing systems likely fed by common sources. How they form is fundamental regarding volcanic hazards, yet no dynamic model simulates and predicts satisfactorily their diversity. Here we present scaled laboratory experiments that reproduced dikes and cone sheets under controlled conditions. Our models show that their formation is governed by a dimensionless ratio (Π1), which describes the geometry of the magma source, and a dynamic dimensionless ratio (Π2), which compares the viscous stresses in the flowing magma to the host rock strength. Plotting our experiments against these two numbers results in a phase diagram evidencing a dike and a cone sheet field, separated by a sharp transition that fits a power law. This result shows that dikes and cone sheets correspond to distinct physical regimes of magma emplacement in the crust. For a given host rock strength, cone sheets preferentially form when the source is shallow, relative to its lateral extent, or when the magma influx velocity (or viscosity) is high. Conversely, dikes form when the source is deep compared to its size, or when magma influx rate (or viscosity) is low. Both dikes and cone sheets may form from the same source, the shift from one regime to the other being then controlled by magma dynamics, i.e., different values of Π2. The extrapolated empirical dike‐to‐cone sheet transition is in good agreement with the occurrence of dikes and cone sheets in various natural volcanic settings.
Experimental measurements of the SP response to concentration and temperature gradients in sandstones with application to subsurface geophysical monitoring
Authors: Leinov E. , Jackson M. D.
Published: July 2014

Exclusion‐diffusion potentials arising from temperature gradients are widely neglected in self‐potential (SP) surveys, despite the ubiquitous presence of temperature gradients in subsurface settings such as volcanoes and hot springs, geothermal fields, and oil reservoirs during production via water or steam injection. Likewise, with the exception of borehole SP logging, exclusion‐diffusion potentials arising from concentration gradients are also neglected or, at best, it is assumed that the diffusion potential dominates. To better interpret these SP sources requires well‐constrained measurements of the various coupling terms. We report measurements of thermoelectric and electrochemical exclusion‐diffusion potentials across sandstones saturated with NaCl brine and find that electrode effects can dominate the measured voltage. After correcting for these, we find that Hittorf transport numbers are the same within experimental error regardless of whether ion transport occurs in response to temperature or concentration gradients over the range of NaCl concentration investigated that is typical of natural systems. Diffusion potentials dominate only if the pore throat radius is more than approximately 4000 times larger than the diffuse layer thickness. In fine‐grained sandstones with small pore throat diameter, this condition is likely to be met only if the saturating brine is of relatively high salinity; thus, in many cases of interest to earth scientists, exclusion‐diffusion potentials will comprise significant contributions from both ionic diffusion through, and ionic exclusion from, the pore space of the rock. However, in coarse‐grained sandstones, or sandstones saturated with high‐salinity brine, exclusion‐diffusion potentials can be described using end‐member models in which ionic exclusion is neglected. Exclusion‐diffusion potentials in sandstones depend upon pore size and salinity in a complex way: they may be positive, negative, or zero depending upon sandstone rock texture (expressed here by the pore radius r) and salinity.
From Mesoproterozoic magmatism to collisional Cretaceous anatexis: Tectonomagmatic history of the Pelagonian Zone, Greece
Authors: Schenker Filippo Luca , Burg Jean‐Pierre , Kostopoulos Dimitrios , Moulas Evangelos , Larionov Alexander , von Quadt Albrecht
Published: July 2014

The magmatic history of the Pelagonian Zone, in northern Greece, is constrained with secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) U‐Pb dating on zircons of various granitoids whose structural positions were defined with respect to the regional main foliation. Ages pertain to four groups: (i) Mesoproterozoic (circa 1430 Ma) crystallization of granites inferred from inherited magmatic zircon cores that have been partially molten during the (ii) Neoproterozoic at circa 685 Ma (metamorphic zircon rims) and subsequently intruded by a Neoproterozoic leucogranite (circa 600 Ma). (iii) Late‐ or post‐Variscan calc‐alkaline granitoids (315–301 Ma) were in turn intruded by a subvolcanic dike at about 280 Ma. In the Early Permian the εNd(t) in magmas decreased from −7.3 to −1.3, hinting to mantle‐derived melts produced during extension. Rifting is further heralded by two acidic and one mafic dike containing Lower‐Middle Triassic zircons (246–242 Ma). (iv) Early Cretaceous anatectic melts at 117 ± 8 Ma formed during regional metamorphism. This age is the first report of in situ anatexis in the Pelagonian Zone. Cretaceous anatexis developed during the Mesozoic collision of Pelagonia with the Eurasian margin. Major‐ and trace‐element geochemistry of amphibolites further attests for the complex pre‐Alpine tectonic history with Neoproterozoic calc‐alkaline and back‐arc geochemical signature and Triassic alkali‐magmatism.
Comparing vertical profiles of natural tracers in the Williston Basin to estimate the onset of deep aquifer activation
Authors: Hendry M. Jim , Harrington Glenn A.
Published: July 2014

Comparing high‐resolution depth profiles of different naturally occurring environmental tracers in aquitards should yield consistent and perhaps complementary information about solute transport mechanisms and the timing of major hydrogeological and climatological events. This study evaluated whether deep, continuous profiles of aquitard pore water chloride concentration could provide further insight into the paleohydrology of the Williston Basin, Canada, than possible using high‐resolution depth profiles of stable H/O isotopes of water (δ18O, δ2H). Pore water samples were obtained from extracts of cores taken over 392 m of the thick Cretaceous shale aquitard. Water samples were also collected from wells installed in the underlying regional sandy aquifer (Mannville Group; 93 m thick) and from seepage inflows into potash mine shafts (to 825 m below ground). Numerical modeling of the 1‐D vertical Cl− profile supported diffusion dominated solute transport in the shales. The modeling also showed a similar time frame for development of the Cl− profile prior to activation of the aquifer as determined from the δ18O profile (20–25 Ma); however, it provided a significantly longer and potentially better‐constrained time frame for evolution of the profile during the activation phase of the aquifer (0.5–1 Ma). The dominant paleoevent reflected in present‐day profiles of both tracers is the introduction of glaciogenic meteoric water to the Mannville aquifer underlying the shale during the Pleistocene. The source area of this water remains to be determined.
Tectonic Articulation: Making Engineering Logics Speak
Authors: Schumacher Patrik
Published: July 2014

As much of the responsibility of a building's physical design and fabrication has increasingly shifted to engineers, spatial communication has remained the sole and significant preserve of architects. Patrik Schumacher, Partner at Zaha Hadid Architects (ZHA), explains how tectonic articulation through architectural design – the selection and employment of technically engineered forms and details – enables the legible enunciation of a building's forms in a manner that has the potential to give it social meaning and expression.
Future Details of UNStudio Architectures: An Interview with Ben van Berkel
Authors: Garcia Mark
Published: July 2014

In the mid 1990s, Ben van Berkel of UNStudio brought the world's attention to the plight of the architectural detail, calling for it to be redefined. Some 20 years later, guest‐editor Mark Garcia caught up with van Berkel in London and at his studio in Amsterdam, in order to explore with him fully his interest in the detail over time in both his built work and design research. As Van Berkel seeks out the production of ‘a more intense architecture’ through the development of advanced computational and organisational techniques, where does it leave the detail and non‐detail? Can a good detail still save a building?
The Post‐Epistemological Details of Oceanic Ontologies
Authors: Armstrong Rachel
Published: July 2014

The convergence of advanced technologies such as nanotechnology, biotechnology, information and cognitive (NBIC) technologies is opening up the possibilities of working in architecture with lifelike systems and detailing dynamic matter. Here Rachel Armstrong, a co‐director of the Advanced Virtual and Technological Architectural Research (AVATAR) group at the University of Greenwich, London, explores the potentials and limits of these emerging ‘Oceanic Ontologies’.
The Gold Mine: A Ludic Architecture
Authors: Clear Nic
Published: July 2014

As an educator and architect, Nic Clear is renowned for his passion for film and science fiction; he teaches a unit in film and animation at the University of Greenwich, London, where he is Head of the Department of Architecture and Landscape. Here, in a recent speculative project, the Gold Mine, he weaves together a science fiction‐like narrative that is heightened by its attention to visual and narrative detail.
Highly Biocompatible Carbon Nanodots for Simultaneous Bioimaging and Targeted Photodynamic Therapy In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Choi Yuri , Kim Seongchan , Choi Myung‐Ho , Ryoo Soo‐Ryoon , Park Jongnam , Min Dal‐Hee , Kim Byeong‐Su
Published: July 2014

Photosensitizers (PSs) are light‐sensitive molecules that are highly hydrophobic, which poses a challenge to their use for targeted photodynamic therapy. Hence, considerable efforts have been made to develop carriers for the delivery of PSs. Herein, a novel design is described of highly biocompatible, fluorescent, folic acid (FA)‐functionalized carbon nanodots (CDs) as carriers for the PS zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) to achieve simultaneous biological imaging and targeted photodynamic therapy. FA is modified on PEG‐­passivated CDs (CD‐PEG) for targeted delivery to FA‐positive cancer cells, and ZnPc is loaded onto CD‐PEG‐FA via π–π stacking interactions. CD‐PEG‐FA/ZnPc exhibits excellent targeted delivery of the PS, leading to simultaneous imaging and significant targeted photodynamic therapy after irradiation in vitro and in vivo. The present CD‐based targeted delivery of PSs is anticipated to offer a convenient and effective platform for enhanced photodynamic therapy to treat cancers in the near future.
The Bioactivity of Cartilage Extracellular Matrix in Articular Cartilage Regeneration
Authors: Sutherland Amanda J. , Converse Gabriel L. , Hopkins Richard A. , Detamore Michael S.
Published: July 2014

Cartilage matrix is a promising material for cartilage regeneration given the evidence supporting its chondroinductive character. The “raw materials” of cartilage matrix can serve as building blocks and signals for tissue regeneration. These matrices can be created by chemical or physical processing: physical methods disrupt cellular membranes and nuclei but may not fully remove all cell components and DNA, whereas chemical methods combined with physical methods are effective in fully decellularizing such materials. It is important to delineate between the sources of the cartilage matrix, that is, derived from matrix in vitro or from native tissue, and then to further characterize the cartilage matrix based on the processing method, decellularization or devitalization. With these distinctions, four types of cartilage matrices exist: decellularized native cartilage (DCC), devitalized native cartilage (DVC), decellularized cell‐derived matrix (DCCM), and devitalized cell‐derived matrix (DVCM). One currently marketed cartilage matrix device is decellularized, although trends in patents suggest additional decellularized products may be available in the future. To identify the most relevant source and processing for cartilage matrix, testing needs to include targeting the desired application, optimizing delivery of the material, identify relevant FDA regulations, assess availability of materials, and immunogenic properties of the product.
Genetic diversity inPuertoRico and its implications for the peopling of theIsland and theWestIndies
Authors: Vilar Miguel G. , Melendez Carlalynne , Sanders Akiva B. , Walia Akshay , Gaieski Jill B. , Owings Amanda C. , Schurr Theodore G. ,   The Genographic Consortium
Published: July 2014

Puerto Rico and the surrounding islands rest on the eastern fringe of the Caribbean's Greater Antilles, located less than 100 miles northwest of the Lesser Antilles. Puerto Ricans are genetic descendants of pre‐Columbian peoples, as well as peoples of European and African descent through 500 years of migration to the island. To infer these patterns of pre‐Columbian and historic peopling of the Caribbean, we characterized genetic diversity in 326 individuals from the southeastern region of Puerto Rico and the island municipality of Vieques. We sequenced the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region of all of the samples and the complete mitogenomes of 12 of them to infer their putative place of origin. In addition, we genotyped 121 male samples for 25 Y‐chromosome single nucleotide polymorphism and 17 STR loci. Approximately 60% of the participants had indigenous mtDNA haplotypes (mostly from haplogroups A2 and C1), while 25% had African and 15% European haplotypes. Three A2 sublineages were unique to the Greater Antilles, one of which was similar to Mesoamerican types, while C1b haplogroups showed links to South America, suggesting that people reached the island from the two distinct continental source areas. However, none of the male participants had indigenous Y‐chromosomes, with 85% of them instead being European/Mediterranean and 15% sub‐Saharan African in origin. West Eurasian Y‐chromosome short tandem repeat haplotypes were quite diverse and showed similarities to those observed in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. These results attest to the distinct, yet equally complex, pasts for the male and female ancestors of modern day Puerto Ricans. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:352–368, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasmon‐Induced Ammonia Synthesis through Nitrogen Photofixation with Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Oshikiri Tomoya , Ueno Kosei , Misawa Hiroaki
Published: July 2014

We have successfully developed a plasmon‐induced technique for ammonia synthesis that responds to visible light through a strontium titanate (SrTiO3) photoelectrode loaded with gold (Au) nanoparticles. The photoelectrochemical reaction cell was divided into two chambers to separate the oxidized (anodic side) and reduced (cathodic side) products. To promote NH3 formation, a chemical bias was applied by regulating the pH value of these compartments, and ethanol was added to the anodic chamber as a sacrificial donor. The quantity of NH3 formed at the ruthenium surface, which was used as a co‐catalyst for SrTiO3, increases linearly as a function of time under irradiation with visible light at wavelengths longer than 550 nm. The NH3 formation action spectrum approximately corresponds to the plasmon resonance spectrum. We deduced that plasmon‐induced charge separation at the Au/SrTiO3 interface promotes oxidation at the anodic chamber and subsequent nitrogen reduction on the cathodic side.
Image‐Contrast Technology Based on the Electrochemiluminescence of Porous Silicon and Its Application in Fingerprint Visualization
Authors: Tan Jie , Xu Linru , Li Tong , Su Bin , Wu Jianmin
Published: July 2014

The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of porous silicon (pSi) has attracted great interest for its potential application in display technology and chemical sensors. In this study, we found that pSi with a different surface chemistry displayed an apparently different dynamic ECL process. An image‐contrast technology was established on the basis of the intrinsic mechanism of the ECL dynamic process. As a proof of principle, the visualization of latent fingerprints (LFPs) and in situ detection of TNT in fingerprints was demonstrated by using the ECL‐based image‐contrast technology.
A Supramolecular Sorting Hat: Stereocontrol in Metal–Ligand Self‐Assembly by Complementary Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Young Michael C. , Holloway Lauren R. , Johnson Amber M. , Hooley Richard J.
Published: July 2014

A combination of self‐complementary hydrogen bonding and metal–ligand interactions allows stereocontrol in the self‐assembly of prochiral ligand scaffolds. A unique, non‐tetrahedral M4L6 structure is observed upon multicomponent self‐assembly of 2,7‐diaminofluorenol with 2‐formylpyridine and Fe(ClO4)2. The stereochemical outcome of the assembly is controlled by self‐complementary hydrogen bonding between both individual ligands and a suitably sized counterion as template. This hydrogen‐bonding‐mediated stereoselective metal–ligand assembly allows the controlled formation of nonsymmetric discrete cage structures from previously unexploited ligand scaffolds.
Water Encapsulation by Nanomicelles
Authors: León Iker , Millán Judith , Cocinero Emilio J. , Lesarri Alberto , Fernández José A.
Published: July 2014

Reported is the hydration of nanomicelles in the gas‐phase using spectroscopic methods and quantum chemical calculations. A fine‐tuning of the experimental conditions allowed formation of a propofol trimer and tetramer with a water molecule and to determine the structure of the aggregates. Their electronic and IR spectra were obtained using mass‐resolved laser spectroscopy, together with the number of conformational isomers for each stoichiometry. Interpretation of the spectra in the light of high‐level calculations allowed determination of the cluster’s structure and demonstration that the trimer of propofol with a water molecule forms cyclic hydrogen‐bond networks but, on the other hand, the tetramer is big enough to encapsulate the water molecule inside its hydrophilic core. Furthermore, these hydrated nanomicelles present an unusually high binding energy, thus reflecting their high stability and their capability to trap water inside.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Functionalized Difluoromethyl Bromides and Chlorides with Aryl Boronic Acids: A General Method for Difluoroalkylated Arenes
Authors: Xiao Yu‐Lan , Guo Wen‐Hao , He Guo‐Zhen , Pan Qiang , Zhang Xingang
Published: July 2014

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed difluoroalkylation of aromatics remains challenging despite the importance of difluoroalkylated arenes in medicinal chemistry. Herein, the first successful example of nickel‐catalyzed difluoroalkylation of aryl boronic acids is described. The reaction allows access to a variety of functionalized difluoromethyl bromides and chlorides, and paves the way to highly cost‐efficient synthesis of a wide range of difluoroalkylated arenes. The notable features of this protocol are its high generality, excellent functional‐group compatibility, low‐cost nickel‐catalyst, and practicality for gram‐scale production, thus providing a facile method for applications in drug discovery and development.
On the Formation of a Protic Ionic Liquid in Nature
Authors: Chen Li , Mullen Genevieve E. , Le Roch Myriam , Cassity Cody G. , Gouault Nicolas , Fadamiro Henry Y. , Barletta Robert E. , O'Brien Richard A. , Sykora Richard E. , Stenson Alexandra C. , West Kevin N. , Horne Howard E. , Hendrich Jeffrey M. , Xiang Kang Rui , Davis James H.
Published: July 2014

The practical utility of ionic liquids (ILs) makes the absence (heretofore) of reported examples from nature quite puzzling, given the facility with which nature produces many other types of exotic but utilitarian substances. In that vein, we report here the identification and characterization of a naturally occurring protic IL. It can be formed during confrontations between the ants S. invicta and N. fulva. After being sprayed with alkaloid‐based S. invicta venom, N. fulva detoxifies by grooming with its own venom, formic acid. The mixture is a viscous liquid manifestly different from either of the constituents. Further, we find that the change results as a consequence of formic acid protonation of the N centers of the S. invicta venom alkaloids. The resulting mixed‐cation ammonium formate milieu has properties consistent with its classification as a protic IL.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Highly Substituted Polyheteroaromatic Compounds by Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Multiple CH Activation and Annulation
Authors: Jayakumar Jayachandran , Parthasarathy Kanniyappan , Chen Yi‐Hsiang , Lee Tai‐Hua , Chuang Shih‐Ching , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: July 2014

A new method for the synthesis of highly substituted naphthyridine‐based polyheteroaromatic compounds in high yields proceeds through rhodium(III)‐catalyzed multiple CH bond cleavage and CC and CN bond formation in a one‐pot process. Such highly substituted polyheteroaromatic compounds have attracted much attention because of their unique π‐conjugation, which make them suitable materials for organic semiconductors and luminescent materials. Furthermore, a possible mechanism, which involves multiple chelation‐assisted ortho CH activation, alkyne insertion, and reductive elimination, is proposed for this transformation.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(2,5‐didecyl‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene), poly(2,5‐didecyloxy‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene), and their alternating copolymer
Authors: Young Crystal A. , Saowsupa Sairoong , Hammack Audrey , Tangonan Andrew A. , Anuragudom Piched , Jia Huiping , Jamison Andrew C. , Panichphant Sukon , Gnade Bruce E. , Lee T. Randall
Published: July 2014

The preparation of dialkyl‐substituted poly(2,5‐didecyl‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene) (PDDPV) by the Horner‐Emmons polycondensation is described. Its performance in an organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) device architecture is compared with devices prepared from the analogous dialkoxy‐substituted poly(2,5‐didecyloxy‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene) (PDOPV) and the corresponding alkyl‐alkoxy‐substituted alternating copolymer. Additionally, the structure, stability, electrochemical, and optical properties of the PPVs were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, NMR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, UV‐Visible spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41162.