bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Impedance Measurement Technology in Distinguishing Different Tea Samples with Ppy/SWCNT Composite Sensing Material
Authors: Roy Prathik , Tsai Te‐Chin , Liang Chi‐Te , Wu Ren‐Jang , Chavalia Murthy
Published: November 2011

A six sensor electrode system was developed to distinguish three tea extract samples by using impedance measurement technology. Five of the six sensing electrodes were made of different wt% single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and electropolymerizedpyrrole over the surface of gold electrodes. The sixth electrode was made by electropolymerizedpyrrole doped with Poly (sodium‐4‐styrenesulfonate). The sensing electrodes were characterized by FT‐IR, Cyclic Voltammetry, and Transmission Electron Microscope. Various concentrations of six tea leaf extracts (3 types) were made and scanned at different frequencies and the best frequency of 100 kHz was chosen. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the signals to show that the signals vary to distinguish each of the tea samples and lead to subsequent classification.
Biosensor with Nano‐gold Particle Modified Pencil Lead Carbon Electrode for Long‐term Glucose Monitoring of Waste Tree Branch Hydrolysis
Authors: Cheng Cheanyeh , Chang Kuo‐Chung , Chena Chi‐Sung , Pijanowska Dorota G.
Published: November 2011

A new type electrode was formed by modifying a pencil lead with carbon paste and glucose oxidaselinked nano‐gold particles. The cyclic voltammetric oxidative potential for glucose measurement with the mediator hydroxymethylferrocene was at 0.33 V. During a 45‐day period, the glucose standard addition calibration curve exhibited a wide linear concentration range (0‐33.41 mM) accompanied with good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9985); the sensitivity of the electrode was larger than 5.00 μA mM‐1 and the limit of detection (LOD) was below 22.3 μM. This glucose sensor electrode was also usable 228 days later. Mannose, galactose and xylitol produced 5‐8% interference and cellobiose, xylose, and arabinose gave 0‐1% interference. The glucose produced from the waste Cinnamomum caphora tree branch fiber hydrolysis was successively analyzed by the electrode for 4 days. The analysis accuracy of the electrode method by the spike experiment was up to 98.6% and the precision of measurement for this method was below 5.3%. The glucose content in the immobilized enzyme hydrolysate of the waste tree branches by the electrode method was comparable to that of the HPLC method.
Fabrication of ZnO Nanorods in One Pot via Solvothermal Method
Authors: Yin Yu‐Tung , Wu Shu‐Han , Chen Ching‐Hsiang , Chen Liang‐Yih
Published: November 2011

In this article, we reported a low temperature solvothermal method to synthesize ZnO nanorods in one pot. In order to study the growth mechanism of ZnO nanorods, various preparative parameters, such as zinc species concentration, the molar concentration ratio of hydroxide [OH‐] to zinc species [Zn2+], and surfactants, have been systematically examined. According to the analysis, the aspect ratio of ZnO nanorods was enlarged with the increase of the concentration ratio of [OH‐] to [Zn2+]. However, the mean diameter only causes subtle change. Additionally, the influence of surfactants was studied by two different kinds of surfactant, ethylenediamine (EDA) and hexadecylamine (HDA). From transmission electron microscopy analysis, the aspect ratio of ZnO nanorods was similar to that without adding surfactant. However, the green emission caused by oxygen defects or others can be omitted while the surfactants were added into the reaction. Herein, the growth mechanism was proposed to relate to the element of coordination polyhedron presented in the interface. When terminal vertex bonds with more growth units, the interface has higher growth rate for the crystal formation. Besides, the reaction medium also affects the growth mechanism of ZnO nanorods. In an alkali medium, the larger hindrance effect of ONa‐ ions at the interface of (0001) and ( 01 1¯ 1¯ ) faces, the growth rates of (0001) and ( 01 1¯ 1¯ ) faces have a great hindrance relative to other crystal faces.
Dye‐sensitized Solar Cells Using ZnO‐nanorod Electrodes
Authors: Huang L. T. , Huang S. R. , Chang M. L. , Wang R. R. , Lin H. C. , Chen M. J.
Published: November 2011

We prepared ZnO‐nanorod electrodes in large‐area (1 cm × 1 cm) dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSC) on plastic substrates by low‐temperature hydrothermal method. The chemical composition, surface morphology, and crystalline structure of the ZnO nanorods were characterized. The XRD measurement showed that the ZnO nanorods had (0002) prefer orientation. The conversion efficiency was about 0.83% for this large‐area DSSC with the ZnO‐nanorod electrode, indicating that ZnO‐nanorod electrodes fabricated by hydrothermal method are a promising application for plastic dye‐sensitized solar cells.
Forensic Applications of Nanotechnology
Authors: Chen Yung‐fou
Published: November 2011

Nanotechnology has a great influence on modern technology, just like the development of DNA profiling on biotechnology in the past 50 years. Because of applying knowledge and techniques from natural science, forensic science aims to identify, individualize and evaluate evidence. Evidence will then be used to reconstruct crime scenes, guide investigations and bring criminals to justice. Nanotechnology has been applied towards these purposes. Among the various nanotechnologies, nano‐analysis is most commonly seen in forensic science with instrumentations including transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and Raman microspectroscopy (Micro‐Raman). This paper will introduce the principles of nanotechnology, instrumentations, and known forensic applications. In addition, the toxicity of nanomaterials and future prospects will be discussed.
Photoionization and dissociation of the monoterpene limonene: mass spectrometric and computational investigation
Authors: Fang Wenzheng , Gong Lei , Shan Xiaobin , Zhao Yujie , Liu Fuyi , Wang Zhenya , Sheng Liusi
Published: November 2011

The photoionization of the monoterpene limonene has been studied using tunable vacuum ultraviolet synchrotron radiation in the region from the threshold for ionization of the parent molecule up to 15.5 eV. The adiabatic ionization energy of limonene is derived from photoionization efficiency spectrum and found to be 8.27 eV, compared with the density functional theory calculations which yields a value of 8.08 eV (B3LYP/6‐311++G). Primary dissociation pathways of the parent molecule ions are investigated by experimental observations and theoretical calculations. Most of the fragmentation channels occur via a rearrangement reaction prior to dissociation. Transition structures and intermediates for those isomerization processes are also determined. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermoresponsive Poly(2‐oxazine)s
Authors: Bloksma Meta M. , Paulus Renzo M. , van Kuringen Huub P. C. , van der Woerdt Friso , Lambermont‐Thijs Hanneke M. L. , Schubert Ulrich S. , Hoogenboom Richard
Published: November 2011

The monomers 2‐methyl‐2‐oxazine (MeOZI), 2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazine (EtOZI), and 2‐n‐propyl‐2‐oxazine (nPropOZI) were synthesized and polymerized via the living cationic ring‐opening polymerization (CROP) under microwave‐assisted conditions. pEtOZI and pnPropOZI were found to be thermoresponsive, exhibiting LCST behavior in water and their cloud point temperatures (TCP) are lower than for poly(2‐oxazoline)s with similar side chains. However, comparison of poly(2‐oxazine) and poly(2‐oxazoline)s isomers reveals that poly(2‐oxazine)s are more water soluble, indicating that the side chain has a stronger impact on polymer solubility than the main chain. In conclusion, variations of both the side chains and the main chains of the poly(cyclic imino ether)s resulted in a series of distinct homopolymers with tunable TCP.
Relevance of protein fermentation to gut health
Authors: Windey Karen , De Preter Vicky , Verbeke Kristin
Published: November 2011

It is generally accepted that carbohydrate fermentation results in beneficial effects for the host because of the generation of short chain fatty acids, whereas protein fermentation is considered detrimental for the host's health. Protein fermentation mainly occurs in the distal colon, when carbohydrates get depleted and results in the production of potentially toxic metabolites such as ammonia, amines, phenols and sulfides. However, the effectivity of these metabolites has been established mainly in in vitro studies. In addition, some important bowel diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC) and ulcerative colitis appear most often in the distal colon, which is the primary site of protein fermentation. Finally, epidemiological studies revealed that diets rich in meat are associated with the prevalence of CRC, as is the case in Western society. Importantly, meat intake not only increases fermentation of proteins but also induces increased intake of fat, heme and heterocyclic amines, which may also play a role in the development of CRC. Despite these indications, the relationship between gut health and protein fermentation has not been thoroughly investigated. In this review, the existing evidence about the potential toxicity of protein fermentation from in vitro animal and human studies will be summarized.
Network flow methods for electoral systems
Authors: Pukelsheim Friedrich , Ricca Federica , Simeone Bruno , Scozzari Andrea , Serafini Paolo
Published: November 2011

Researchers in the area of electoral systems have recently turned their attention to network flow techniques with the aim to resolve certain practically relevant problems arising in this area. The aim of this paper is to review some of this work, showing the applicability of these techniques even to problems of a very different nature. Major emphasis will be placed on “biproportional apportionment,” a problem that frequently arises in proportional electoral systems, but which in some countries is still ill‐solved, or not dealt with rigorously, notwithstanding the availability of several sound solution procedures and their concrete application in some real‐life elections. Besides biproportional apportionment, we shall discuss applications of network flows to problems such as vote transitions and political districting. Finally, we address the so‐called “give‐up problem,” which arises in the current elections for the Italian Parliament. It is related to the possible assignment of seats to multiple winners of a given party. Based on the results and techniques presented in this article, it is fair to state that network flow models and algorithms are indeed very flexible and effective tools for the analysis and the design of contemporary electoral systems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2012
Improving an interior‐point algorithm for multicommodity flows by quadratic regularizations
Authors: Castro Jordi , Cuesta Jordi
Published: November 2011

One of the best approaches for some classes of multicommodity flow problems is a specialized interior‐point method that solves the normal equations by a combination of Cholesky factorizations and preconditioned conjugate gradient. Its efficiency depends on the spectral radius—in [0,1)—of a certain matrix in the definition of the preconditioner. In a recent work, the authors improved this algorithm (i.e., reduced the spectral radius) for general block‐angular problems by adding a quadratic regularization to the logarithmic barrier. This barrier was shown to be self‐concordant, which guarantees the convergence and polynomial complexity of the algorithm. In this work, we focus on linear multicommodity problems, a particular case of primal block‐angular ones. General results are tailored for multicommodity flows, allowing a local sensitivity analysis on the effect of the regularization. Extensive computational results on some standard and some difficult instances, testing several regularization strategies, are also provided. These results show that the regularized interior‐point algorithm is more efficient than the nonregularized one. From this work it can be concluded that, if interior‐point methods based on conjugate gradients are used, linear multicommodity flow problems are most efficiently solved as a sequence of quadratic ones. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2012
Recoverable robust shortest path problems
Authors: Büsing Christina
Published: November 2011

In this article, we investigate two different recoverable robust (RR) models to deal with cost uncertainties in a shortest path problem. RR extends the classical concept of robustness to deal with uncertainties by incorporating limited recovery actions after the full data are revealed. Our first model focuses on the case where the recovery actions are quite restricted: after a simple path is fixed in the first stage, in the second stage, after all data are revealed, any path containing at most k new arcs may be chosen. Thus, the parameter k can be interpreted as a mediator between robust optimization—no changes allowed—and optimization on the fly—an arbitrary solution can be chosen. Considering three classical scenario sets, which model uncertainties in the cost function, we show that this new problem is strongly NP‐hard in all these cases and is not approximable, unless P = NP. This is in contrast to the robust shortest path problem, where, for example, an optimal solution can be computed efficiently for interval and Γ ‐scenarios. For series‐parallel graphs and interval scenarios, we present a polynomial time algorithm for this RR setting. In our second model, the recovery set, that is, the set of paths selectable in the second stage is not limited, but deviating from the previous choice comes at extra cost. Thus, a path chosen in the first stage produces renting costs modeled as an α ‐fraction of the scenario cost. For an arc taken in the second stage, the remaining cost needs to be paid in addition to some extra inflation cost modeled by a β ‐fraction of the scenario cost, if the arc was not reserved beforehand. The complexity status of this problem is similar to the robust case. Yet, for Γ ‐scenarios, the problem is again strongly NP ‐hard, but can be approximated with a
\documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\min\{2+\beta,\frac{1}{\alpha}\}$\end{document}
factor. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2012
Molecular diversity of the telson and venom components from Pandinus cavimanus (Scorpionidae Latreille 1802): Transcriptome, venomics and function
Authors: Diego‐García Elia , Peigneur Steve , Clynen Elke , Marien Tessa , Czech Lene , Schoofs Liliane , Tytgat Jan
Published: November 2011

Venom from the scorpion Pandinus cavimanus was obtained by electrical stimulation of the telson (stinger). Total venom was toxic to crickets at 7–30 μg and a paralysis or lethal effect was observed at 30 μg of venom (death at 1.5 μg/mg of cricket). Electrophysiological analyses showed cytolytic activity of total venom on oocytes at 7 μg. HPLC allowed separation of the venom components. A total of 38 fractions from total venom were tested on voltage‐gated Na+ and K+ channels. Some fractions block K+ currents in different degrees. By using MS analysis, we obtained more than 700 different molecular masses from telson and venom fractions (by LC‐MS/MS and MALDI‐TOF MS analyses). The number of disulfide bridges of the telson components was determined. A cDNA library from P. cavimanus scorpion was constructed and a random sequencing screening of transcripts was conducted. Different clones were obtained and were analyzed by bioinformatics tools. Our results reveal information about new genes related to some cellular processes and genes involved in venom gland functions (toxins, phospholipases and antimicrobial peptides). Expressed sequence tags from venom glands provide complementary information to MS and reveal undescribed components related to the biological activity of the venom.
Phos‐tag SDS‐PAGE systems for phosphorylation profiling of proteins with a wide range of molecular masses under neutral pH conditions
Authors: Kinoshita Eiji , Kinoshita‐Kikuta Emiko , Koike Tohru
Published: November 2011

We have previously reported a neutral‐pH gel system buffered with Bis‐Tris hydrochloride (Bis‐Tris–HCl) in Zn2+–Phos‐tag SDS‐PAGE for advanced profiling of phosphoproteins with molecular masses of 10–200 kDa. In the current work, we describe characteristics of two neutral‐pH gel systems, Bis‐Tris–HCl and Tris–acetic acid (Tris–AcOH), based on comparative studies of the separation of a wide range of proteins with molecular masses from 10 to 350 kDa. For 10–200 kDa cellular proteins, the Bis‐Tris–HCl system showed a higher resolving power in a 2‐D fluorescence DIGE analysis of certain phosphoproteins, e.g. histone H3 (15 kDa) and elongation factor 2 (95 kDa). Furthermore, there was a large difference in the 1‐D migration patterns of phosphorylated species of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2, 44/42 kDa), which arise from changes in the phosphorylation status of the Thr‐202 and Tyr‐204, in the two buffer systems at the same concentration of Zn2+–Phos‐tag. In contrast, shifts in the mobility of various phosphorylated species of a high‐molecular‐mass protein, ataxia telangiectasia‐mutated kinase (ATM, 350 kDa), could only be detected in the Tris–AcOH system with a 3% w/v polyacrylamide gel strengthened with 0.5% w/v agarose.
Molybdenum oxide crystals encapsulated inside carbon nanotubes by heat treatment in air
Authors: Sagawa R. , Togashi W. , Akita T. , Takai Y.
Published: November 2011

A simple method for encapsulating molybdenum oxide crystals inside single‐walled carbon nanotubes is introduced including a report on analyses of the crystal structure using a transmission electron microscope. Because the crystals were vulnerable under electron beam irradiation, a system that minimizes the electron dose before image acquisition was used to avoid lattice destruction. High‐resolution image and electron diffraction analysis showed that the encapsulated crystals had orthogonal lattice spacing of 0.391 and 0.363 nm. The result did not match any known molybdenum oxide crystals. Therefore, molybdenum oxide crystals that are different from those of bulk state seemed to be generated because of encapsulation in the strictly limited space. The encapsulation process and its driving force are also discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical Approaches toward Graphene‐Based Nanomaterials and their Applications in Energy‐Related Areas
Authors: Luo Bin , Liu Shaomin , Zhi Linjie
Published: November 2011

A ‘gold rush’ has been triggered all over the world for exploiting the possible applications of graphene‐based nanomaterials. For this purpose, two important problems have to be solved; one is the preparation of graphene‐based nanomaterials with well‐defined structures, and the other is the controllable fabrication of these materials into functional devices. This review gives a brief overview of the recent research concerning chemical and thermal approaches toward the production of well‐defined graphene‐based nanomaterials and their applications in energy‐related areas, including solar cells, lithium ion secondary batteries, supercapacitors, and catalysis.
Lβ2 satellites in the X‐ray emission spectra of elements 72Hf, 73Ta, 74W, 81Tl, 83Bi and 92U
Authors: Poonia Surendra
Published: November 2011

The satellite spectra arising due to the L3Mx–MxN4,5 (x = 1–5) transition array in the X‐ray emission spectra of 72Hf, 73Ta, 74W, 81Tl, 83Bi and 92U have been calculated using available HFS data on K–LM and L–MN Auger transition energies. The agreement between the calculated and measured energies, that between calculated and measured separations in energies and the consideration of the relative probabilities of all the L3Mx–MxN4,5 transitions have been used as the basis for deciding the origin of the satellites. It has been established that two satellites observed in the Lβ2 region of the X‐ray spectra of various elements, named β2I and β2II in the order of increasing energy, are mainly emitted by the L3M4,5–M4,5N4,5 transitions. It is observed that satellite β2I in the spectra of elements with 72Hf to 74W has been assigned to the superposition of the 3F4–3G5 and 3F4–3D3 transitions and must be the most intense one among all these satellites. The same transition has been proved to be the main origin of satellite β2II, reported in the element with 81Tl, 83Bi and 92U. Further, satellite β2I, reported in the spectra of elements with 81Tl and 92U, has been associated with the transitions 3D3–3F4 and 1D2–1F3. Finally, line β2II, reported in the spectra of elements with Z = 72–74, has been assigned to the 1F3–1G4 and 3P0–3D1 transitions. The possible contributions of other transitions of the L3Mx–MxN4,5 (x = 1–5) array having intensities comparable with those of the above transitions, as well as the corresponding lines that have not yet been observed, have also been discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomicity failure and the retrenchment atomicity pattern
Authors: Banach Richard , Jeske Czesław , Hall Anthony , Stepney Susan
Published: November 2011

The issues surrounding the question of atomicity, both in the past and nowadays, are briefly reviewed, and a picture of an ACID (atomic, consistent, isolated, durable) transaction as a refinement problem is presented. An example of a simple air traffic control system is introduced, and the discrepancies that can arise when read-only operations examine the state at atomic and finegrained levels are handled by retrenchment. Non-ACID timing aspects of the ATC example are also handled by retrenchment, and the treatment is generalised to yield the Retrenchment
Atomicity Pattern
. The utility of the pattern is confirmed against a number of different case studies. One is the Mondex Electronic Purse, its protocol treated as a conventional atomic transaction. Another is the recovery protocol of Mondex, viewed as a compensated transaction (leading to the view that compensated transactions in general fit the pattern). A final one comprises various unruly phenomena occurring in the implementations of software transactional memory systems, which can frequently display non-ACID behaviour. In all cases the
Atomicity Pattern
is seen to perform well.
Model checking RAISE applicative specifications
Authors: Perna Juan I. , George Chris
Published: November 2011

Ensuring the correctness of a given software component has become a crucial aspect in software engineering and model checking provides an almost fully automatic way of achieving this goal. Due to the scalability problems of the model checking technique, it has become popular to apply it at early stages in the development process, when the size of the model is much smaller than the final code. Properties proved in this way can be shown to hold at the implementation level provided that the final code refines the original specification. In this paper we focus on the main issues for adding model checking functionality to the RAISE specification language (RSL) and present the semantic foundations of our current approach for doing so. We also describe a way to use model checking to verify RAISE confidence conditions, ensuring the soundness and completeness of the results checked in this way. We then present the most interesting details of the implementation of a tool that follows the described approach. Finally, we illustrate the application of the technique with two case studies: a Digital Multiplexed Radio Telephone System and the Mondex electronic purse.
Pancreaticogastrostomy: a pancreas‐transfixing method with duct‐to‐mucosa anastomosis (with video)
Authors: Takao Sonshin , Shinchi Hiroyuki
Published: November 2011

Pancreatic fistula still remains a persistent problem after pancreaticoduodenectomy. We have devised a pancreas‐transfixing suture method of pancreaticogastrostomy with duct‐to‐mucosa anastomosis. This technique is simple and reduces the risk of pancreatic leakage by decreasing the risk of suture injury of the pancreas and by embedding the transected stump into the wall of the stomach. This novel technique of pancreaticogastrostomy is an effective reconstructive procedure following pancreaticoduodenectomy, especially for patients with a soft and fragile pancreas.
Pancreaticojejunostomy without stent (with video)
Authors: Hatori Takashi
Published: November 2011

There is a high risk of anastomotic leakage following pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy or middle pancreatectomy in patients with a normal soft pancreas because of the abundant exocrine function. Therefore, pancreaticojejunostomy is generally performed using a stent tube (stented method). However, pancreaticojejunostomy with a certain duct‐to‐mucosa anastomosis does not always require a stent tube even in patients with a normal soft pancreas. We have performed pancreaticojejunostomy with duct‐to‐mucosa anastomosis without a stent tube (nonstented method) and obtained good results. The objective of this technique is to maintain adequate patency of the anastomosis using a fine atraumatic needle and monofilament suture. The pancreas, including the pancreatic duct, is sharply transected with a scalpel. Any arterial bleeding points on the pancreatic cut end are repaired with fine nonabsorbable sutures. The end‐to‐side anastomosis between the pancreas and jejunum consists of two layers of sutures. The outer layer is composed of the capsular parenchyma of the pancreas and the jejunal seromuscularis, and the inner layer is composed of the pancreatic duct with an adequate pancreatic parenchyma and the whole jejunal wall. Complete pancreaticojejunostomy using duct‐to‐mucosa anastomosis does not require a stent tube. This nonstented method can be considered one of the basic procedures for pancreaticojejunostomy because of its safety and reliability.
Microwave-assisted enzymatic synthesis of beef tallow biodiesel
Authors: Da Rós Patrícia C M , de Castro Heizir F , Carvalho Ana K F , Soares Cleide M F , de Moraes Flavio F , Zanin Gisella M
Published: November 2011

Optimal conditions for the microwave-assisted enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel have been developed by a full 22 factorial design leading to a set of seven runs with different combinations of molar ratio and temperature. The main goal was to reduce the reaction time preliminarily established by a process of conventional heating. Reactions yielding biodiesel, in which beef tallow and ethanol used as raw materials were catalyzed by lipase from Burkholderia cepacia immobilized on silica-PVA and microwave irradiations within the range of 8–15 W were performed to reach the reaction temperature. Under optimized conditions (1:6 molar ratio of beef tallow to ethanol molar ratio at 50°C) almost total conversion of the fatty acid presented in the original beef tallow was converted into ethyl esters in a reaction that required 8 h, i.e., a productivity of about 92 mg ethyl esters g−1 h−1. This represents an increase of sixfold for the process carried out under conventional heating. In general, the process promises low energy demand and higher biodiesel productivity. The microwave assistance speeds up the enzyme catalyzed reactions, decreases the destructive effects on the enzyme of the operational conditions such as, higher temperature, stability, and specificity to its substrate, and allows the entire reaction medium to be heated uniformly.
Differences in Lipid Characteristics Among Populations: Low‐Temperature Adaptability of Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis
Authors: Xue Changhu , Okabe Masaya , Saito Hiroaki
Published: November 2011

The lipid and fatty acid compositions of the total lipids of three cultured populations (migratory between fresh and salt water, Lake Biwa landlocked, and Setogawa River forms) of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, were investigated to clarify the difference in lipid characteristics and temperature adaptability among the three groups. Triacylglycerols were the dominant depot lipids of the three populations, while phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, were found to be the major components of the polar lipids, and their lipid classes are similar to each other. The major fatty acids in the triacylglycerols of all specimens were 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n‐7, 18:1n‐7, 18:1n‐9, 18:2n‐6 (linoleic acid), 20:5n‐3 (EPA, icosapentaenoic acid), and 22:6n‐3 (DHA, docosahexaenoic acid), similar to the tissue phospholipids of the three populations, 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n‐7, 18:1n‐7, 18:1n‐9, 18:2n‐6, 20:4n‐6, EPA, and DHA. All classes had high levels of 18:2n‐6, which originates from their dietary lipids. Compared with the lower DHA levels of the triacylglycerols, the higher levels in the phospholipids suggest their selective accumulation or a biosynthetic pathway to DHA as in freshwater fish. Two populations (the migratory and Setogawa River forms) adapted to lower temperatures with comparatively high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for their membrane fluidities. With significantly higher levels of n‐3 PUFA and total PUFA, the mean DHA content in the lipids of the Setogawa River form (the population that adapted to lower temperatures) was significantly higher than that of the migratory form. From these results, we concluded that the Setogawa River population actively concentrates long‐chain PUFA in its polar lipids and has high adaptability to low temperature.
Ultrasound interest group: a novel method of expanding ultrasound education in medical school
Authors: Dubosh Nicole M. , Kman Nicholas , Bahner David
Published: November 2011

Purpose

Ultrasound technology and clinical applications are advancing across many medical specialties and there exists an increasing need for ultrasound education in medical school. Few institutions, however, have incorporated this into the 4-year curriculum and barriers to curricular change remain. The Ultrasound Interest Group (USIG) is an alternative, extracurricular way for future operators to gain ultrasound exposure throughout all four years of medical school and develop the skill sets necessary to emerge as leaders in sonography.

Methods

The USIG was designed using a student organization infrastructure. The mission is to promote ultrasound education and student leadership across the medical school, outside the required curriculum. Participation is voluntary and open to all medical students. Leadership consists of defined positions held by junior and senior medical students. The USIG holds four meetings per year, organizes clinical and scanning opportunities for students, sponsors ultrasound events, and distributes a newsletter.

Results

The USIG has been an active student interest group for three academic years and had three sets of student leaders. Participants in USIG activities included first through fourth-year medical students each year. To date, the USIG had 12 meetings including 2 national and 4 local guest speakers. The USIG has organized scanning opportunities for students, sponsored events, and established a vertical model of structured mentorship.

Conclusion

The USIG is a feasible method of promoting ultrasound education and student leadership among medical students. This model may be implemented at other medical schools as a centralized, organizing body for extracurricular ultrasound education.
The interval count of interval graphs and orders: a short survey
Authors: Cerioli Márcia R. , de S. Oliveira Fabiano , Szwarcfiter Jayme L.
Published: November 2011

Theinterval count problemdetermines the smallest number of interval lengths needed in order to represent an interval model of a given interval graph or interval order. Despite the large number of studies about interval graphs and interval orders, surprisingly only a few results on the interval count problem are known. In this work, we provide a short survey about the interval count and related problems. a graph and the number of its maximal cliques.
Dietary treatment of cows' milk protein allergy in childhood: a commentary by the Committee on Nutrition of the French Society of Paediatrics
Authors: Dupont C. , Chouraqui J. P. , de Boissieu D. , Bocquet A. , Bresson J. L. , Briend A. , Darmaun D. , Frelut M. L. , Ghisolfi J. , Girardet J. P. , Goulet O. , Hankard R. , Rieu D. , Vidailhet M. , Turck D.
Published: November 2011

The diagnosis of cows' milk protein allergy (CMPA) requires first the suspicion of diagnosis based on symptoms described in the medical history, and, second, the elimination of cows' milk proteins (CMP) from the infant's diet. Without such rigorous analysis, the elimination of CMP is unjustified, and sometimes harmful. The elimination diet should be strictly followed, at least until 9–12 months of age. If the child is not breast fed or the mother cannot or no longer wishes to breast feed, the first choice is an extensively hydrolysed formula (eHF) of CMP, the efficacy of which has been demonstrated by scientifically sound studies. If it is not tolerated, an amino acid-based formula is warranted. A rice protein-based eHF can be an alternative to a CMP-based eHF. Soya protein-based infant formulae are also a suitable alternative for infants >6 months, after establishing tolerance to soya protein by clinical challenge. CMPA usually resolves during the first 2–3 years. However, the age of recovery varies depending on the child and the type of CMPA, especially whether it is IgE-mediated or not, with the former being more persistent. Once the child reaches the age of 9–12 months, an oral food challenge is carried out in the hospital ward to assess the development of tolerance and, if possible, to allow for the continued reintroduction of CMP at home. Some children with CMPA will tolerate only a limited daily amount of CMP. The current therapeutic options are designed to accelerate the acquisition of tolerance thereof, which seems to be facilitated by repeated exposure to CMP.
Playing Defence: Early Responses to Conflict Expansion in the Oil Sands Policy Subsystem
Authors: Hoberg George , Phillips Jeffrey
Published: November 2011

Abstract.This article examines how powerful policy actors defend themselves against opponents' strategies of conflict expansion through a case study on the oil sands of Alberta. In response to an escalation of criticism of its performance on environmental regulation and related issues, the government of Alberta has pursued a strategy of engaging in several multi-stakeholder consultations. We argue that in examining subsystem change, it is essential to go beyond an examination of formal institutional mechanisms to examine policy impacts. Thus far, despite a significant pluralisation of consultative mechanisms on the oil sands, there is little or no evidence of a shift in power away from pro-oil sands interests. This strategy of selective opening is designed to bolster the legitimacy of the policy process while maintaining control over decision rules and venues.

Résumé.Cet article étudie le rapport de force et la stratégie de défense des acteurs politiques lorsqu'un conflit dégénère, comme cela s'est produit dans le dossier des sables bitumineux de l'Alberta. Devant une recrudescence des critiques à l'égard de sa performance au chapitre de la réglementation environnementale, le gouvernement de l'Alberta a adopté une stratégie qui consiste à effectuer des consultations avec plusieurs intervenants. Nous soutenons qu'en examinant les changements du sous-système, il est vital d'aller au delà de la simple étude des mécanismes institutionnels pour évaluer l'impact des politiques. En dépit de la pluralité des mécanismes de consultation mis en place, rien ne semble indiquer qu'une partie quelconque du pouvoir ait échappé aux acteurs de l'exploitation des sables bitumineux. Cette stratégie d'ouverture sélective est conçue pour renforcer la légitimité du processus politique tout en gardant le contrôle sur les prises de décision et les centres décisionnels.
Explaining Local Campaign Intensity: The Canadian General Election of 2008
Authors: Cross William , Young Lisa
Published: November 2011

Abstract. There is considerable evidence that local campaign activity is positively related both to a party's constituency level vote share and to voter participation rates. In this article we consider the degree of variance of local campaign intensity at the constituency level in the Liberal and New Democratic parties in the 2008 Canadian federal election and consider the variables that may explain this variance. Utilizing data collected through a post-election mail-back survey of candidates, we find significant variance in local campaign activity and identify six factors that influence it. These are an objective measure of the local candidate's chance for victory in the constituency, the candidate's subjective view of their chances, whether the candidate was challenged for the local nomination, how involved the candidate is in his/her local community, whether the candidate contested the prior election and whether party notables from outside the constituency campaigned in the riding.

Résumé. Les preuves sont considérables au fait que l'activité dans les campagnes locales correspond à la part des votes dans la circonscription électorale ainsi qu'à la participation électorale. Dans cet article nous considérons le degré de variance de l'intensité des campagnes locales des partis Libéral et Nouveau Démocratique durant l'élection fédérale Canadienne 2008 et examinons les données qui expliquent la variation. En utilisant les données recueillies par des questionnaires postélectoraux des candidats retournés par la poste, nous trouvons une variance significative dans l'activité des campagnes locales et nous identifions six facteurs qui l'influencent. Ils sont: une mesure objective des chances de victoire du candidat, l'impression subjective du candidat de ses chances de gagner, si le candidat était mis au défi dans la nomination locale, la participation du candidat dans sa communauté locale, si le candidat avait contesté l'élection précédente, et si les notables du parti en dehors de la circonscription faisaient campagne pour le candidat dans sa circonscription.
Religious Rights and Québec's Ethics and Religious Culture Course
Authors: Braley Alison
Published: November 2011

Abstract.Until very recently, the “orthodox” liberal view had assumed that the right to the profession and practice of one's own religious values encompassed the right to instil particular religious values in one's children. This view has been challenged by sustained analysis of the role of children within liberal theory, given the basic tenet of the equal moral worth of persons. This strand of liberal thought questions the extent to which parental rights to direct children's upbringing can include a right to form children's basic value sets. With this challenge comes a stronger basis from which to also challenge the idea that parents may legitimately oppose certain aspects of the state-mandated curriculum on the basis that such education may impinge on the values they wish to instil in their children. This paper will examine the controversy surrounding Québec's “Ethics and Religious Culture” course within a framework that seeks to put the interest of children first, as well as how the religious rights of parents and children might be understood in this context.

Résumé.Naguère, l'opinion libérale voulait que le droit à la pratique et à la profession de sa propre religion et de ses valeurs comprît le droit d'inculquer ces valeurs religieuses à ses enfants. Depuis un certain temps, cette position est remise en question à la lumière d'une analyse soutenue des droits de l'enfant, vu la primauté du tenant de l'égalité morale de tous les individus dans la pensée libérale contemporaine. Selon cette analyse, il n'est pas acquis que le droit du parent de voir à la formation de l'enfant comprenne le droit de lui imposer des valeurs de base particulières. Cette remise en question donne lieu à une réévaluation plus concrète du droit des parents de s'opposer à certains aspects du programme d'études établi par le gouvernement sous prétexte que ceux-ci nuiraient à leur droit d'inculquer des valeurs particulières à leurs enfants. La controverse au sujet du cours d'éthique et de culture religieuse au Québec est revue dans un contexte qui place en priorité le droit de l'enfant. Il est question du rapport entre les droits des parents et ceux des enfants concernant la religion et l'éducation religieuse.
Exploitation and Rational Choice
Authors: King Loren
Published: November 2011

Abstract.Critics fault rational choice theory for dubious assumptions and limited explanatory power. The aims of rational choice are, however, as much normative as explanatory, and I argue that an abiding concern of political thought—the wrong of exploitation—gives moral weight to some of the more substantive assumptions underlying many rational choice prescriptions.

Résumé.Les critiques reprochent à la théorie du choix rationnel d'avancer des hypothèses douteuses et d'offrir des explications restreintes. Les objectifs du choix rationnel sont, cependant, aussi bien normatifs qu'explicatifs. J'affirme qu'une préoccupation centrale de la pensée politique – le mal de l'exploitation – donne une signification morale à certains postulats du choix rationnel.
L'institutionnalisation du crime contre l'humanité et l'avènement du régime victimo-mémoriel en France
Authors: Michel Johann
Published: November 2011

Résumé.Notre contribution vise à analyser l'impact des instruments juridiques sur la fabrique des politiques publiques de la mémoire dans la France contemporaine. Il s'agit de montrer en quoi les instruments juridiques peuvent développer des effets propres sur les politiques de la mémoire qui n'étaient pas prévus initialement. C'est le cas lorsque la Cour de cassation décide, lors du procès Barbie en 1983, de donner une extension juridique à la notion de crime contre l'humanité, qui va au-delà de la reconnaissance des crimes perpétrés durant le judéocide. La reconnaissance originaire de la mémoire de la Shoah, adossée juridiquement à la notion d'imprescriptibilité du crime contre l'humanité, tient lieu de matrice cognitive pour la défense d'autres causes mémorielles (mémoire de l'esclavage et reconnaissance du génocide arménien, entre autres).

Abstract.Our contribution aims at analyzing the impact of legal instruments on public policy of memory in contemporary France. This is to show how legal instruments can develop specific effects on the politics of memory that were not originally foreseen. This is the case when “La Cour de Cassation” decided, at the Klaus Barbie trial in 1983, to give an extension to the legal concept of crimes against humanity that goes beyond the recognition of crimes perpetrated during the Holocaust. The recognition memory of the Holocaust, legally backed at the notion of crimes against humanity, acts as a cognitive matrix for the defense of other memories (memory of slavery, recognition of the Armenian Genocide …).
The Sewing-Machine in Colonial-Era Photographs: A record from Dutch Indonesia
Authors: TAYLOR JEAN GELMAN
Published: November 2011

Everyday technologies of the nineteenth century—mass-produced items that were small, sturdy, and affordable—transformed the daily lives of working people in Asian colonies. There is already a large literature on colonial technology transfer and a specialist literature on the sewing-machine, which draws on Singer archives, production figures, sales techniques, and advertising to establish uptake by households from North America to the Philippines, India, China, and Egypt. Still, documentation of how and why imported objects such as the sewing-machine were appropriated is difficult to find because, unlike elites, ordinary people left few records of their own. Here a visual archive is investigated to complement existing studies. Photographs and early moving pictures from the former Dutch East Indies show that ordinary Indonesians sought and appropriated imported goods such as the sewing-machine. The colonial camera's visual record of sewing-machine operators displaces attention from the more impersonal trade and productivity statistics. It brings the silent user into the history of technological uptake and allows us to consider the repercussions across a wide social band and period. Indigenous tailors and seamstresses expanded their own work options. Through the Singer they fitted out and launched their compatriots into modern jobs and lifestyles in the Dutch colony. The sewing-machine changed habits, manners, and expectations; machine operators influenced senses of propriety, fashion, and status. Appropriation of mundane technology demonstrates that modernization was not only a process trickling down to the masses from Westernizing elites; it also bubbled up from below.
Histories of Belonging(s): Narrating Territory, Possession, and Dispossession at the India-Bangladesh Border
Authors: CONS JASON
Published: November 2011

This paper offers a history of belonging in Dahagram, a sovereign Bangladeshi enclave situated within India but close to the India-Bangladesh border. I recount Dahagram's post-Partition history, focusing particularly on the long and localized struggles between 1974 and 1992 to open the Tin Bigha Corridor, a land bridge through Indian territory that links Dahagram to the Bangladeshi mainland. Drawing on the memories and experiences of residents, I examine Dahagram's past(s) as narratives of postcolonial belonging: to fragmented conceptions of state and nation, to surrounding areas, and to the enclave itself. I focus on the overlapping tensions between national and local struggles to ‘claim’ Dahagram as Bangladeshi or Indian territory, and uneven processes of political inclusion within and around the enclaves and within the Bangladeshi State. I use ‘belonging’ as a double-entendre, as these tensions are all intimately linked to possession of land/territory, goods, and access to markets. The notion of belonging(s) helps to illuminate Dahagram's historical and contemporary cultural politics and political-economy, as well as its articulations with broader events in postcolonial South Asia. Yet, belonging is also an analytic for understanding how history is remembered and articulated as a claim to territory, rights, and membership in unstable places.
Recruiting Agents in Industry and Trade—Lifting the Veil on Early People's Republic of China Operational Work
Authors: SCHOENHALS MICHAEL
Published: November 2011

This paper is concerned with the operational activities of the public security organs of the People's Republic of China during the immediate post-1949 period of regime consolidation. The main part of the paper is a case-study of a 1950 pilot scheme to recruit agents in critical sectors of industry and trade in the city of Yingkou in Northeast China, a scheme in due course subsumed under a nationwide programme with a similar focus. In the years to follow, the operational recruitment of agents would become one of China's arguably most important operational responses to the twin Cold War threats of economic espionage and—above all—sabotage. This paper's findings suggest, with respect to operational activities, that in order to represent and explain more fully, in Leopold von Ranke's words, ‘how things really were’, social and political historians may well want to shift their focus away from successive highly public Maoist ‘mass movements’ and look instead to what transpired out of the public eye in the interregnum of ordinary times that such movements punctuated. If and when they do, they will discover significant yet hitherto largely unexplored similarities between the work of the early People's Republic of China public security organs and their counterparts in the Soviet Union and other (former) socialist states.