bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opinions of Physical Education Teachers on the Concept of Sportsmanship
Authors: Koc Yakup , Esenturk Oguz Kaan
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the opinions of physical education teachers on the concept of sportsmanship. This study, which has been based on the qualitative research paradigm, involves opinions of 13 physical education teachers (9 males and 4 females) which serve in public schools of Turkey and which have been specified through a critical incident sampling. A “semi-structured interview form” which has been developed using a literature review and expert opinions has been used to collect data. The descriptive analysis technique was used in analyzing the obtained data. Results of the study showed that physical education teachers have different views on the sportsmanship concept. Although physical education teachers stated their opinions on requirement of activities towards enhancing the awareness with regard to the sportsmanship concept in schools they work in, it was determined that they performed few activities pertaining to sportsmanship. However, it was seen that the current physical education course programs do not provide teachers with sufficient information regarding the sportsmanship education and that teachers desire to have education on the sportsmanship concept during in-service training activities. Furthermore, the involved teachers think that quality of the current university education in terms of the sportsmanship concept should be improved. In conclusion, in order to enhance the quality of physical education teachers with regard to the sportsmanship concept, particularly faculties of education are recommended to include compulsory courses containing both the theory and practice on sportsmanship and researchers are recommended to develop sample activities and practice guiding physical education teachers.
Variants of strength athletics (progression) and its application in training practice especially considering the speed of exercise performance
Authors: Kruszewski Marek , Olszewska Agnieszka , Kuźmicki Stanisław , Kriszewski Artur , Landowski Karol , Tabęcki Rafał , Korczak Robert , Chęć Radosław
Published: September 2017

The aim of the study was to present the modifications of strength athletics, enabling the competitors to achieve maximal muscular stimulations, leading to the development of specific strength in large muscle groups. The application goal was also determined, involving presentation of exercise sets used in strength sports and combat sports, developing specific strength in major muscle groups, particularly considering the tempo of exercising in each training sub-periods.
The reference sources are reviewed as well as the earlier publications, describing the basic modalities of strength athletics. The versions of this approach connected with methodical recommendations of Polish Strength Athletics School, established by Augustyn Dziedzic are also presented. Each variant of strength athletics is described in terms of its usefulness for developing maximal strength, anaerobic endurance, mastering motor habits (techniques), applying exercises which have a similar or a more complex structure than these
previously applied and a fast tempo of exercising. Tempo variations are attributed to each sub-period of the training cycle, considering the frequency of application and exercise sets, aimed at the development of large muscle groups are presented.
It is emphasized that strength athletics should be regarded as a set of approaches, which, regularly applied, allow considerable increases of maximal muscular strength, anaerobic endurance and mastering motor habits. It has been confirmed that the application of different modalities of exercising tempo not only enriches their resources, but also can increase muscular strength and power, significantly contributing to the improvement of athletic performance in combat sports.
Development of the Cultural Appreciation of Martial Arts Scale
Authors: Malmo John R. , Moiseichik Merry
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable social sciences instrument to measure the cultural appreciation of martial arts practitioners. To that end, the Cultural Appreciation of Martial Arts Scale (CAMAS) was developed. The study resulted in a 20-item, 3-factor scale that measures Cultural Knowledge, Cultural Sensitivity, and Cultural Awareness in the martial arts. The CAMAS has already garnered interest from instructors, whose schools were selected for this study, for use in evaluating program efficacy in providing cultural teachings and as a possible method to expose marketing opportunities for program offerings.
Assessment of energy resources of Polish Baltic Sea areas
Authors: Kałas Maciej , Piotrowski Piotr
Published: September 2017

The article presents spatial characteristics of energy fluxes recorded in the area of the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the four-year period of 2013–16. Data presented in this work are based on results of forecast calculations with the application of numerical models of the atmosphere (HIRLAM) and sea (WAM and HIROMB). Conducted analyses were concerned with dynamics of physical phenomena above the sea surface (wind), on its surface (wind waves motion), and in its near-surface layer up to 4 m (seawater flows). Physical energy resources connected with these processes for subsequent four years were computed and compared with the amount of annual electricity output generated by conventional and renewable sources of energy. Such an analysis of estimated energy resources reveals that the resource is highly differentiated in terms of space and in individual years, and significantly exceed the annual production of Polish power plants.
Protecting Your Daughter’s Rights
Authors: Donker van Heel Koenraad
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how Deir al-Medina fathers protected their daughters. It begins with a discussion of how a Deir al-Medina girl who married a workman from the village would remain close to her family, and from time to time would flee their husbands back to the parental home. This is evident in a limestone ostracon involving the workman Telmontu, who complained to the chief workman Khonsu and the scribe Amunnakhte son of Ipuy about his son-in-law, evidently in defense of his daughter. The chapter considers another case of a father coming to the rescue of his daughter: an ostracon containing a statement by the workman Horemwia to a person who seems to be his daughter. Finally, it cites another ostracon containing a case of theft from some storehouses.
"Stability, in Whatever Guise"
Authors: Gordon Joel
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the rhetoric of the March crisis as well as the ideals proferred and the programs espoused by both sides. In the wake of the March crisis, the Command Council of the Revolution (CCR) announced steps to end the period of transitional rule and facilitate the return of parliamentary life. It also proclaimed an end to all press censorship. The chapter first considers the debates over issues confronting the CCR, including the constituent assembly that would work on a new constitution, the idea of limiting the number of political parties in Egypt, and the political, economic, and social status of women. It also discusses the impact of the March crisis on the Democratic Movement for National Liberation (DMNL) and other communist movements, along with the notion that the liberal intelligentsia failed to support the revolution.
Days of Rage
Authors: Sadik Wafaa EL , Heimlich Rüdiger
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter details the last time the author met Hosni Mubarak in October 2010 in Rome when she was instructed to put together a list of 190 treasures from Cairo's museums for an exhibition of treasures from Egyptian history. It also looks at the revolutionary events in Tahrir Square and the plundering of the Egyptian Museum in 2011. The author then describes how she dealt with the challenges of corruption as she assumed a management position in the antiquities service in the Egyptian Museum. On that “day of rage” in Tahrir Square, she determined that she would be betraying herself and the youth of Egypt if she were to become the director of a museum founded by people who torture young people and beat them to death, and decided to do no more work that had any connection to Mubarak, his wife, and the regime.
In the Museum
Authors: Sadik Wafaa EL , Heimlich Rüdiger
Published: September 2017

This chapter recounts the author's initial visit to the Egyptian Museum after her return to Cairo. She was shocked by the miserable condition of the museum itself. In western travel guides it is said, at times dismissively, that the Egyptian Museum resembles a storeroom bursting at the seams. It is true that the most priceless artifacts are crowded close together. However, when the French architect Marcel Dourgnon designed the structure at the end of the nineteenth century, he could not have known that within only a few years an ever increasing number of archaeological missions would make more discoveries and finds than in all the years since the direction of Auguste Mariette in the antiquities department.
Bociọ, Nkisi, Legba, Ogun, and Ghede across the Water
Authors: Pressley-Sanon Toni
Published: September 2017

“Bociọ, Nkisi, Legba, Ogun, and Ghede across the Water” argues that vestiges of the Dahomean power object, bociọ, that comes through in the recycled artwork by artists who are members of an art collective called Atis Rezistans on the Grand Rue in downtown Port-au-Prince, Haiti is evidence of a “habit of attention” oriented toward a Kôngo episteme. In addition, Pressley-Sanon proposes that the gods who manifest visually in the recycled art by several members of the collective evoke those from Dahomey who made their way into the diaspora during the slave era.
Epilogue
Authors: Pressley-Sanon Toni
Published: September 2017

This epilogue pulls all of the chapters together by reaffirming Pressley-Sanon’s advocacy for a reading of Haiti’s history, memory, and cultural production through the lens of the ocean’s waves as well as its spiritual tradition in general and the Marasa specifically.
Living on the Edge
Authors: Harvey Amanda R. , Danforth Marie Elaine , Cohen Mark N.
Published: September 2017

Harvey, Cohen, and Danforth examine health among the Tipu Maya of Colonial Belize in “Living on the Edge” through the prism of Naum’s (2011) concept of frontiers created under colonialism. The authors embrace a multi-method approach where diverse lines of independent but complementary data are assembled to characterize the health of the 588 Tipu Maya during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Harvey and colleagues’ analysis integrates data from ethnohistory, mortuary patterns, paleodemography, multiple expressions of subadult health (i.e., macro- and micro enamel defects, anemia, Harris Lines), adult health (i.e., specific and non-specific skeletal infection), traumatic injury, and cortical bone maintenance. Hypothesizing that the Tipu population living in the tumultuous Yucatán would demonstrate particularly high rates of skeletal pathological conditions (particularly violent trauma). Harvey and colleagues observed quite the opposite. They argue that the frontier nature of Tipu was itself a contested hybrid space—a kind of borderland, or “Third Space.” Living in this liminal zone between the different political spheres likely allowed for Tipuans to create a distinct identity and social experience that compared to other Colonial Maya communities, shielded them from greater degrees of biological stress and morbidity.
Impacts of Imperial Interests on Health and Economy in the Byzantine Near East
Authors: Perry Megan A.
Published: September 2017

Perry’s research in Jordan spans the divide between investigations of the imperialism and colonialism in the Old World versus the New World, and between prehistory versus history. She probes the effects of the early Byzantine empire on health and quality of life at the sites of Faynan and Aila in Jordan. With textual, material, and archaeological data, she notes that life under imperial rule in these regions was not as drastically different as life under imperial rule by the Europeans, since the Nabataeans had established social and political structures that were influenced by Greco-Roman ones. However, she is able to establish that as influence of Byzantine imperial rule waxed and waned, lives and health of the imperial subjects at Faynan and Aila similarly wavered. She explores quality of life and health through the exploration of dental enamel hypoplasias, periostitis, porotic hyperostosis/cribra orbitalia, as well as strontium ratios, which may act as proxies for either population movement or for dietary diversity.
Imperialism and Physiological Stress in Rome, First to Third Centuries A.D.
Authors: Killgrove Kristina
Published: September 2017

Killgrove presents new bioarchaeological perspectives on life in middle Imperial Rome (first–third centuries A.D.). She challenges the core versus periphery models for understanding migration, diet, and disease and questions whether life in urban Rome and the metropolitan area was good with access to resources and sociopolitical capital–or whether life was a “pathopolis” with infectious disease, poor sanitation, and low quality food resources. She compares archaeological and historical narratives with bioarchaeological data and her own work at two cemeteries, Casal Bertone and Castellaccio Europarco to broaden baseline understandings of physiological stress. There is diversity in biological stress levels, however, and much remains to be unearthed to understand the etiology of this diversity. Killgrove explores the explanations for why certain groups, some of them lower class groups, had higher frequencies of physiological stress, citing lead exposure, poor sanitation, and lack of access to clean water and high quality food sources to explain these patterns. This contribution is among a handful of pioneering bioarchaeological investigations of imperial Rome that challenge previous dichotomizing views of life in Rome in the core versus the periphery. Most critically, she integrates the important component of class to the different effects of life under imperial rule.
Getting to Expressionism, 1959–1961
Authors: Frank Patrick
Published: September 2017

In chapter 1, Frank traces the development of Noé, de la Vega, Macció, and Deira before the group formed, discussing examples of their work against the backdrop of the Buenos Aires art world and contemporary events. Each of the artists’ first expressionist works responded to the rise of Informalism in painting as practiced by Alberto Greco and others. They also responded in various ways to disillusionment with the presidency of Arturo Frondizi, to political violence, and to tensions surrounding the survival of the prohibited movement of Juan Perón. Frank focuses particularly on Noé’s Serie Federal (Federal Series) (1960-61), which purported to illustrate violent episodes in the country's past. Frank considers Noé's exhibition of these works and explains how the novelist Ernesto Sábato came to use one of them for the cover of his novel Sobre héroes y tumbas.
Travels
Authors: Bartram William
Published: September 2017

These selections from Part 2 (the Florida tour) of William Bartram's 1791 book Travels include his observations of north Florida’s flora and fauna, its natural history and archaeology, and the hydrology and springs of the St. Johns River. William Bartram's scientific explorations, condensing repeated tours from 1774 into one account, open a window into relationships between Native Americans and white settlers/colonists before the American Revolution.
Correspondence
Authors: Bartram John , Bartram William
Published: September 2017

Selected letters to and from William Bartram, his family, and his friends concerning his travels along the St. Johns River, his 1766 residence on the river, and publication of his 1791 Travels.
Haitian Sovereignty
Authors: Dubois Laurent
Published: September 2017

“Haitian Sovereignty” explores three intertwined legacies of the Haitian Revolution on political thought and practice in the country: the largely hostile reaction to it outside the country, the formation of new political institutions and structures, and, most importantly, the creation of a new set of cultural, social, and economic structures that Jean Casimir has called the “counter-plantation” system. This chapter identifies both the main currents and critical counter-currents within each of these legacies, calling attention to the aspects of the latter legacies that seem to be the most valuable and worth comprehending and nourishing in constructing new Haitian futures.
Conclusion
Authors: Maguire Robert , Freeman Scott , Johnson Nicholas
Published: September 2017

This concluding chapter considers concepts fundamental to the ‘idea’ of Haiti as rooted in the Haitian revolution and the subsequent evolution of the independent nation. The analysis emanates from a dialogue at the end of a May 2014 symposium on Haitian sovereignty conducted among all panellists. Perspectives of sovereignty and ownership described in the volume contemplate international relations not only on a larger scale, but on an interpersonal level as well. Specifically, concepts of ‘honor’ and ‘respect’ that are present in Haitian greetings are contrasted to the way in which the international community ‘uses’ Haiti. By considering issues of participation and the actually existing needs of Haiti and Haitians, it is argued that the logic of respecting Haiti and Haitians, and their sovereignty as a people and a nation, has often been either absent or under assault. Honor and respect of Haiti and its people, however, are critically necessary elements for their future well-being, now more than ever.
Introduction
Authors: Golden Catherine J.
Published: September 2017

This introduction presents Golden’s methodological approach to connect illustrative styles across decades, genres, and national borders to offer a new framework for viewing the arc of a vibrant genre. Across this chronological sweep from the serial to the graphic novel, illustrative styles of caricature and realism are applauded, scorned, refashioned, revaluated, maintained, and revised. This introduction lays out how this study differs from, builds upon, and complements previous examinations of the Victorian illustrated book by providing a single-authored, sustained record of the illustrated book from the vantage point of the genre’s evolving aesthetics, paying particular attention to material culture. The introduction provides summaries of the book’s four body chapters and conclusion. The introduction concludes with an examination of important antecedents of the Victorian illustrated book—including the classical concept of ut pictura poesis, medieval manuscripts, and eighteenth-century graphic satire and caricature—all of which created an audience for the Victorian illustrated book, which, in turn reimagines techniques that resurface from these earlier dual art forms.
Introduction
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: September 2017

The introduction provides an overview of the themes of world economic systems, global commodity chains, and ways in which development plans can be thwarted by local social networks and ostensibly peripheral players. This chapter opens the subject of the ways in which these theories have neglected the impacts of ethnic networks and racism upon economic dynamics. This critique is revisited and expanded in the concluding chapters seven and eleven.
Racism’s Waste and Resilient Entrepreneurs
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: September 2017

Many instances of racism in the United States occurred through open declarations of prejudice and overt acts of malevolence and violence. Many other impacts of racism occur in more structural and indirect ways. Such structural forms of racism have been conceptualized as manifestations of “aversive” racism. In a process of aversive racism, members of a dominant social group channel social and economic activities away from a group targeted by racial prejudices. This manipulation of economic and social opportunities, resources, and interactions is typically detrimental to members of the targeted group. It is very difficult to uncover evidence of aversive or structural racism and present a detailed, persuasive account of that data. Lacking detailed evidence, most statements about structural racism are made only as broad-scale observations of the suspected impacts. The difficulty lies in the surreptitious character of aversive racism. One does not find photos of overt acts or transparent minutes of conspiratorial meetings. Instead, a large collection of separate bits of data must be woven together and dots connected to test alternative interpretations against a body of varied, circumstantial evidence. Fennell took up this task in the New Philadelphia Archaeology Project. He was intrigued at the outset with the question of why a railroad bypassed New Philadelphia in 1869.
Rocket Testing Sites
Authors: Westwood Lisa , O’Leary Beth Laura , Donaldson Milford Wayne
Published: September 2017

“Rocket Testing Sites” presents some of the lesser known rocket testing sites founded with a better understanding of physics and rocketry provided by Goddard, beginning with the development of the V-2 and A-4 rockets. The chapter focuses on some histories of rocket testing involving Operation Paperclip and Werner Von Braun, such as the Saturn V and Redstone projects. It also focuses on memorable launching experimentation at a variety of facilities in the U.S., like the White Sands in New Mexico, the neighbouring Pioneer Deep Space Station, Cape Canaveral in Florida, the Edwards and Holloman Air Force Bases, and the Santa Susana Field Laboratory.
Astronaut Training Sites
Authors: Westwood Lisa , O’Leary Beth Laura , Donaldson Milford Wayne
Published: September 2017

“Astronaut Training Sites” provides some of the most obscure sites associated with the Apollo program, which are the astronaut training locations across the world- examples include the Meteor Crater in Arizona and Sierra Blanca. Field training required a number of remote locations with unique geology in order to receive instruction and practice on navigating and performing mission duties while in similar rocky, volcanic conditions. This chapter also provides an overview of how astronauts were originally selected, mainly, by Eugene Shoemaker.
Legal Frameworks for Historic Preservation
Authors: Westwood Lisa , O’Leary Beth Laura , Donaldson Milford Wayne
Published: September 2017

“Legal Frameworks for Historic Preservation” provides an overview of the various federal and international laws and guidelines for historic preservation of culture, and explains how preservation of space heritage sites like those noted in the book can fit into that system. Particular attention is paid to the World Heritage List, the United Nations, the National Register of Historic Places, and the National Historic Landmark programs, in terms of the criteria for inclusion in them. The authors make the case for the overarching significance of space heritage sites within this context by referring to their integrity and elaborating on the Man in Space Theme Study.
Ceramic Organization in the Spanish Atlantic (COSA)
Authors: Ness Kathryn L.
Published: September 2017

“Ceramic Organization in the Spanish Atlantic (COSA)” presents the vessel-based classification system for Spanish ceramics, Ceramic Organization in the Spanish Atlantic (COSA) that was developed for this study. Using a combination of texts and archaeological evidence, the chapter describes twenty-five vessel forms commonly referenced in early modern texts and found in contemporary Spanish and Spanish-American houses. These descriptions are accompanied by line drawings depicting the images so as to make the system useful for other scholars working on similar sites. In addition to COSA, this chapter discusses the discrepancies between Spanish and American ceramic classification systems and the benefits of using a vessel-based system that offers an emic (user-ascribed) perspective and provides insights into the uses and purposes of archaeologically recovered artifacts.
Discipline, Community, and Conformity
Authors: Chenoweth John M.
Published: September 2017

Every group has standards of action which are enforced through various social mechanisms. Quakerism’s greatest punishment was “disownment” or the expelling of a member from the group, but this was the result of a sometimes long process of “treating” with errant members. While this structure was common, the particular crimes which occasioned such procedures and the way they were prosecuted were very much local. Alcohol and tobacco are frequently understood as “sinful” in historical archaeological works but chapter 6 complicates this picture, exploring the roles of these substances in the British Virgin Islands (BVI). The chapter also considers the way the “discipline” was and was not applied in the BVI, and continues to trace a series of fault lines within the BVI Quaker community arising from disagreements over priorities and perspectives. The written record is evaluated here, and it is argued that it must be seen as the product of only part of this community which is, in part, countered by archaeological evidence.
As novas tendências militares: uma oportunidade para as mulheres?
Authors: Schwether Natalia Diniz , Pagliari Graciela Conti
Published: September 2017

Este estudo tem como principal objetivo analisar o fenômeno de modernização institucional e reordenamento da atuação das forças armadas, destacando a incorporação das mulheres como um de seus elementos. Para tanto, apresenta, a priori, uma descrição da identidade militar, seus valores, costumes e condutas basilares. Em seguida, traça a evolução da estrutura militar ao modelo pósmoderno, evidenciado por suas novas atribuições, momento em que se observa com maior proeminência a incorporação feminina. O artigo se desenvolve em bases qualitativas, através de uma revisão de literatura pertinente à área, com intuito de corroborar a hipótese de que a evolução do contexto internacional contribuiu para a atualização das forças armadas. Como resultado, depreende-se que, embora as mulheres estejam presentes em baixas porcentagens e, particularmente, em funções associadas ao estereótipo feminino da pacificidade, sua inserção foi um dos aspectos deste processo de modernização militar.
Ajustamento, poder e custos distributivos
Authors: Capinzaiki Marília , Coelho Jaime Cesar
Published: September 2017

O presente paper tem como foco o conceito de ajustamento a partir da obra de Benjamin Jerry Cohen. O ajustamento para Cohen é um elemento fundamental para o entendimento das relações de poder no sistema interestatal. Dado o caráter cíclico do funcionamento da economia política internacional, os processos de ajustamento implicam em distribuições desiguais de custos nos momentos de crise, explicitando as assimetrias de poder, e interferindo na distribuição do mesmo entre as unidades estatais. Supõe-se que a releitura do conceito de ajustamento, tal como proposto, pode ser de grande valia para a compreensão das relações de poder contemporâneas na dinâmica relacional dos sistema de estados. Por fim, busca-se relacionar o tema do ajustamento com a questão dos conflitos distributivos, levando em conta que trata-se de algo que não é diretamente tratado por Benjamin Jerry Cohen, mas que pode ser de grande valia para entender a atual dinâmica da economia global.
Brasil, Estados Unidos e Argentina no “caso dos contratorpedeiros”, 1937
Authors: Waldmann Junior Ludolf
Published: September 2017

A relação entre Brasil e Argentina foi historicamente marcada por sua rivalidade, que ocasionalmente se manifestava em crises diplomático-militares. Uma destas ocorreu em agosto de 1937, quando o Brasil e os Estados Unidos negociaram a cessão de contratorpedeiros para a Marinha Brasileira. Desde meados da década, o governo Vargas se esforçava para cumprir um programa de renovação naval, com objetivo de reestruturar a obsoleta esquadra nacional. O cenário internacional oferecia grandes oportunidades para os brasileiros, pois a polarização acirrava a disputa pelo fornecimento de armamentos e pelo posicionamento do Brasil no quadro de alianças. Washington, sob orientação da política da boa vizinhança e alarmados com a influência do Eixo na América Latina, decidiram negociar com os brasileiros a despeito da resistência isolacionista em seu Congresso, oferecendo a cessão de seis contratorpedeiros para o Brasil. Entretanto, surgiram fortes críticas ao acordo tanto na opinião pública norte-americana como na comunidade internacional, especialmente na Argentina. Assustados com as reações contrárias internas e externas, Washington recuou, para desapontamento dos brasileiros. Partindo das noções clássicas de diplomacia naval, nosso objetivo é entender as razões e motivações, sob perspectiva de política interna e externa, dos principais países envolvidos, bem como a repercussão internacional do acordo.
Introduction
Authors: Beng Huat Chua
Published: September 2017

This book is an introduction to an emerging field of study, namely, East Asian Pop Culture. An inherent precondition of such a text is that a substantial amount of research and published material must already be available in the field before the writing can be undertaken. An introductory text is, therefore, fundamentally a parasitic text that draws on the existing material in order to attempt a relatively coherent mapping of the contours of the object of analysis. The indebtedness of such an endeavor to available material is even more pronounced in instances, such as this one, in which the analytic object has to be formulated in/from both comparative and regional perspectives. This is because rare is a single author who is equipped with the linguistic competency and cultural sensitivity required to understand the different regional sites, and is thus able to conduct research in all the significant locations that constitute the region as a unit, spatially and in other ways....
Pop Culture China
Authors: Beng Huat Chua
Published: September 2017

Since the early 19th century, Chinese languages pop cultures have been financed, produced, distributed, circulated and consumed among ethnic Chinese population in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. Illustrative of this highly integrated industrial structure is the Shaw Brothers, a pillar in this Chinese languages media industry. Shaw Brothers started business in Shanghai in the 1920s, moved its financial operation to Singapore in the 1950s, produced films in Hong Kong and distributed and exhibited them in its network of cinemas throughout Southeast Asia in the 1960s and now produces and distributes television dramas throughout the same network. This ethnic Chinese population arguing share more knowledge about Chinese languages pop culture than about Confucianism, especially among those below forty years old. The greater cultural China is thus more accurately represented as a Pop Culture China, a decentred, multi-lingual, multi-nodal relatively well integrated cultural economy that operates under the presumed ‘sameness’ of a ‘common’ Chinese cultural heritage, then being unified by some grand philosophical-civilizational tradition. Pop Culture China is made manifest daily through the entertainment pages of the mass media in the constitutive locations.
Taiwan’s Present/Singapore’s Past Mediated by the Hokkien Language
Authors: Beng Huat Chua
Published: September 2017

Hokkien or Minnan is the common language of the majority of ‘local’ ethnic-Chinese in Taiwan and Singapore. However, Hokkien has been elevated to the status of ‘national language’, as ‘Taiwanese’, for Taiwan citizens who desire an independent Taiwan. In contrast, Hokkien has become a language of the marginalized in Singapore who have failed to achieve academic success in its English and Mandarin, bilingual education system. Hokkien is thus used for comedy effects in Singaporean cinema, especially in the works of local filmmaker, Jack Neo. Consequently, when a Taiwanese film with Hokkien dialogue, embracing a nationalist sentiment, crosses over to Singapore, it is misread as signifying the ‘uncouth’, the ‘uneducated’, producing comedic effects, drawing denigrating laughter, as in the case of Singaporean reception of the Taiwanese film, Buddha Bless America. Such instances illustrate the complexities of the use and politics of Chinese languages which is elided in the use of the singular term ‘Chinese’ and ‘Chineseness’ in the English language.
Conclusion
Authors: Beng Huat Chua
Published: September 2017

The emergence of an East Asian Pop Culture stands significantly in the way of complete hegemony of US media culture, which undoubtedly continues to dominate the entertainment media globally. Indeed, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, discussions on media in East Asia have displaced concern with the “cultural imperialism” of the West, namely of the US, to focus instead on the celebration of the “arrival” of East Asian pop cultures in the global entertainment market; however, traces of this debate, albeit reconfigured in terms of the hegemony of multinational media corporations rather than nation-states, continue (Shi 2008). Several achievements mark this sense of “arrival.” The earliest East Asian entries into the global pop culture entertainment markets were probably Japanese animation, ...
Early Graphics in China
Authors: Golas Peter J.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 takes up the appearance and evolution of early graphics in China. We introduce some of the first surviving Chinese efforts to portray technical subjects and the context out of which they arose. In particular, we shall direct our attention to the emergence of certain ideas – a preference for generality over specificity, great emphasis on the moral and persuasive power of pictures – that had an enduring influence on the role illustrations later came to play not only in the graphic arts and in the illustration of technology but also in Chinese culture generally. In this chapter, we also pay special attention to the unique importance of early illustrations of farming and clothmaking in China.
Introduction
Authors: Wue Roberta
Published: September 2017

Offers a history and historiography of Shanghai and Shanghai art before turning to the unique circumstances of the late nineteenth-century art world. Taking advantage of Shanghai’s marketplace, professional artists took on multiple roles as entrepreneurs, celebrities, entertainers and public figures as well as image-makers. Serving a large and anonymous urban clientele, artists made contact with their audiences via fan paintings, art advertising and Shanghai’s growing mass media. The introduction highlights the book’s new avenues of inquiry, ranging from art world infrastructures, histories of mass media, print and reception and its use of primary sources such as the newspaper advertisements, the industrially-produced book, artist writings and period guidebooks.
Introduction
Authors: Papastergiadis Nikos , Barikin Amelia , McQuire Scott , Yue Audrey
Published: September 2017

This chapter challenges the binary characterisation of large screens contemporary public spaces, as either an incursion which threatens the fecundity of public engagement, or as a renewal of the democratic public sphere. A public sphere approach is utilised to extrapolate how big screens are a dynamic element within an emergent media ecology, which mediatizes and transforms the boundary between public and private spaces. It also foregrounds a key concern of the book as the exploration of opportunities for new transnational democratic publics and public spaces.
Conclusions: Profit Orders of Canton
Authors: Chen Song-Chuan
Published: September 2017

The concluding chapter theorizes, in the context of historical capitalism, how the Canton system and the First Opium War created different kind of ‘profit orders’ for the Chinese and the British respectively and how the war represents a clash of the two orders.
Introduction
Authors: Rademacher Anne , Sivaramakrishnan K.
Published: September 2017

This chapter outlines the “ecologies of urbanism” analytic employed by contributors to this volume. Unlike a singular ecology that might suggest a unified experience of urban nature, this approach compels us to identify the multiple forms of nature—in biophysical, cultural, and political terms—that have discernable impact on power relations and human social action in Asian cities. In a manner that distinguishes ecologies of urbanism from other approaches to urban environmental change, this analytical approach presupposes a multi-scalar perspective that varies its analytical parameters according to the social and/or biophysical processes under consideration. It also allows the reader to distinguish between “ecology” and “nature” in meaningful and consequential ways.
Inquisitive Legacies
Authors: Ferrão R. Benedito
Published: September 2017

In keeping with the shift of the modern Indian nation-state to the religio-political right, minority legacies in such regions as the Malabar and Konkan coasts are either being obfuscated or rehistoricized. To prove my point, I employ two botanical texts from the 16th and 17th centuries. The former, the Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinias da Índia, was written by Garcia da Orta, a Jewish-Catholic converso who lived and died in Portuguese Goa under the threat of the Inquisition. In its efforts to represent its past and present as a modern quasi city-state in line with other Indian metros, the Goan State chose, in 2012, to commemorate the 17th century Hortus Malabaricus, an ecological treatise that, curiously, comes from the Malabar, because among its contributors were Saraswat Brahmins with a dubious connection to Goan history. That this commemoration occurred on the uncelebrated 450th anniversary publication of da Orta's opus - one of the earliest texts to be published in South Asia - underscores the State's investment in legacy-making and forgetting.
Discrepant Ecologies in a North Indian Qasba
Authors: Gold Ann Grodzins
Published: September 2017

Ethnographic fieldwork in the municipality of Jahazpur, a market town and sub-district headquarters in North India, reveals contrasting roles of religiosity and identity in environmental protection. Hilltop shrines, one Hindu and one Muslim, are surrounded by successfully sustained groves. Each shrine belongs to a distinct and demographically significant group with political clout. Vigilant devotees as much as fear of divine retribution effectively protect shrine environments from wood-hungry neighbors. The Nagdi River had offered both utility and beauty to the entire population, but its flow dwindled, choked on trash and sewage. Aware that an important part of shared environmental and cultural heritage was in dire peril, Jahazpur residents and local government made sporadic efforts to mobilize restoration, but it proved discouraging to sustain alignments across community and class. Recently, however, young shopkeepers collaborating across lines of difference have partially reversed the river's deterioration.  Comparing discrepant ecological pasts and present of Jahazpur's hilltops and river shows diverse and shifting configurations at the emotional and volatile intersection of religion, politics and urban environments.
To Control the Uncontrollable
Authors: Wei Shuge
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 highlights the Nationalist government’s attempts to build an international propaganda system and to control the extraterritoriality-protected treaty-port papers from 1928 to 1932.The top-down information control exercised by the party-led propaganda system conflicted with the liberal journalism practiced in the treaty ports. Unable to achieve diplomatic progress in abolishing extraterritoriality, the Nanjing government made inroads into the extraterritorial system in specific fronts. Press control was one of them. By issuing postal bans, deporting journalists, and reviewing treaties with foreign cable companies, the government sought to strengthen its censorship power. It also adapted to the treaty-port press environment by camouflaging the party’s involvement through transnational covers.
Body Semiotics
Authors: Yip Man-Fung
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers how the (male) action bodies in martial arts cinema of the late 1960s and 1970s, posed between mastery and vulnerability, served as a site/sight through which the aspirations and anxieties of Hong Kong people living in the flux of a rapidly modernizing society were articulated and made visible. Specifically, it identifies three types of action body—the narcissistic body, the sacrificial body, and the ascetic body—and discusses how each crystallized out of the changing social and ideological dynamics of Hong Kong during the period. As socially symbolic signs, these diverse but interrelated representations of the body are extremely rich in meanings, inscribing within themselves not only fantasies of nationalist pride and liberated labor but also the historical experience of violence, in the form of both colonization and unbridled growth, that lay beneath the transformation of Hong Kong into a modern industrial society.
Gertrude Bell and the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Sluglett Peter
Published: September 2017

Gertrude Bell was the only senior member of the Mesopotamian Administration to have had any significant experience of the Ottoman Empire before the First World War. Percy Cox had spent most of his career in Persia and the Gulf before coming to Iraq. Arnold Wilson had spent his career in India, south-west Persia and the Gulf. Reader Bullard is probably the only exception, as he had served in Constantinople, Trebizond and Erzurum between 1907 and 1914, after which he was posted to the consulate in Basra and subsequently to Baghdad and Kirkuk. In contrast, Gertrude Bell had made extensive visits to various parts of the region, beginning with a visit to Iran in 1892. She spent 1899–1900 in Palestine and Syria, and also travelled elsewhere in the region, as described in Syria: The Desert and the Sown (1907) and From Amurath to Amurath (1911). The chapter discusses what Bell wrote about the Ottoman Empire, both in these books and in her letters, and the extent to which her views of its politics and administration may have influenced her thoughts on the future administration and structure of Iraq.
Gertrude Bell’s Perception of Faisal I of Iraq and the Anglo-Arab Romance
Authors: Yakoubi Myriam
Published: September 2017

This chapter analyses Gertrude Bell’s perception of King Faisal I during the former’s time as Oriental Secretary in Iraq. It tackles Gertrude Bell’s vision of Arabia as an authentic and pure area, which paved the way for her fascination with Faisal, a descendant of the Prophet born in that region, whom she saw as the embodiment of Arab gentlemanliness. For Bell, Faisal’s lineage and personality made him an ideal ruler, and once he was king, their relationship grew more personal as Bell became his confidante and endeavoured to legitimise his rule by including him in the narrative of Iraqi history as she saw it. However, the chapter tries to show that Bell’s high opinion of Faisal was put to the test of imperial politics, and the evolution of Bell’s discourse, in the context of the political crises which opposed Faisal to the British, is closely studied.
Introduction
Authors: Ashdowne Richard , White Carolinne
Published: September 2017

The use of Latin in the medieval world is so fundamental a fact that it is commonly not remarked upon and rarely discussed in detail. Yet its continued use in Europe after the demise of the Roman Empire and the broad extent of that use are remarkable, not least because Latin was not a native language for any of its users. This introductory chapter sets out to demonstrate the vitality and importance of this Latin, with a particular focus on the contexts of its use and on Britain. It first sets out the chronological, geographical, and linguistic boundaries adopted for the volume (the Latin of Britain from the mid-6th century to the end of the 16th), and considers issues arising from them, especially from the inherently multilingual context for Medieval Latin in Britain. The use of Latin in Britain is discussed with regard to what it was used for and by whom, including questions of literacy and its use as an oral language. A brief discussion follows of previous work on Latin of the medieval period and of Britain in particular. The other chapters are discussed, highlighting the continuity with other Latins and adaptation to the circumstances of use.
The Ballads
Authors: Constantine Mary-Ann , Guillorel Éva
Published: September 2017

This section comprises a selection of thirty-five Breton ballads, presented in the original Breton with English translations. Each ballad text is followed by a short analysis giving, where possible, information on its provenance and exploring the literary and historical context of the events it describes. Reference is also made to other versions and occasionally to international parallels. The material covers a wide range of topics, from shipwrecks and murders to penitential journeys, the plague, scenes from war and encounters in love. It draws on themes from the European medieval literary tradition, the literature of other Celtic-speaking countries, and events from Breton history, particularly from the turbulent early modern period.
Quadratic Gröbner bases arising from partially ordered sets
Authors: Hibi Takayuki , Matsuda Kazunori , Tsuchiya Akiyoshi
Published: September 2017

The order polytope $\mathcal {O}(P)$ and the chain polytope $\mathcal {C}(P)$ associated to a partially ordered set $P$ are studied. In this paper, we introduce the convex polytope $\Gamma (\mathcal {O}(P), -\mathcal {C}(Q))$ which is the convex hull of $\mathcal {O}(P) \cup (-\mathcal {C}(Q))$, where both $P$ and $Q$ are partially ordered sets with $|P|=|Q|=d$. It will be shown that $\Gamma (\mathcal {O}(P), -\mathcal {C}(Q))$ is a normal and Gorenstein Fano polytope by using the theory of reverse lexicographic squarefree initial ideals of toric ideals.
Low regularity function spaces of $N$-valued maps are contractible
Authors: Mironescu Petru
Published: September 2017

Let $M$ be a compact Lipschitz submanifold, possibly with boundary, of $\mathbb{R} ^n$. Let $N\subset \mathbb{R} ^k$ be an arbitrary set. Let $s\ge 0$ and $1\le p<\infty $ be such that $sp<1$. Then $W^{s, p}(M ; N)$ is contractible.
Bounding smooth solutions of Bezout equations
Authors: Nikolski Nikolai
Published: September 2017

Given data $f=(f_1,f_2,\dots ,f_n)$ in the holomorphic part $ A= F_+$ of a symmetric Banach\slash topological algebra $ F$ on the unit circle $\mathbb{T}$, we estimate solutions $ g_j\in A$ to the corresponding Bezout equation $\sum _{j=1}^ng_jf_j=1$ in terms of the lower spectral parameter δ, $0< \delta \leq |f(z)|$, and an inversion controlling function $c_1(\delta ,F)$ for the algebra $F$. A scheme developed issues from an analysis of the famous Uchiyama-Wolff proof to the Carleson corona theorem and includes examples of algebras of “smooth” functions, as Beurling-Sobolev, Lipschitz, or Wiener-Dirichlet algebras. There is no real “corona problem” in this setting, the issue is in the growth rate of the upper bound for $\|g\|_{A^n}$ as $\delta \to 0$ and in numerical values of the quantities that occur, which are determined as accurately as possible.