bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐Term Effect of Prednisolone on Functional Blink Recovery after Transient Peripheral Facial Motor Paralysis
Authors: VanderWerf Frans , Reits Dik , Metselaar Mick , De Zeeuw Chris I.
Published: November 2011

Objective

To determine the functional recovery in patients with severe transient peripheral facial motor paralysis (Bell palsy).

Study Design

Prospective controlled trial.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Subjects and Methods

Blink recovery was studied in 2 groups of severely affected Bell palsy patients during a follow‐up period of 84 weeks. The patients in one group received prednisolone within the first week after the onset of symptoms. No medication was given to the other group. A control group of healthy subjects was also included. Simultaneous orbicularis oculi muscle activity and eyelid kinematics were recorded by surface electromyographic (EMG) recording and eyelid search coils, respectively.

Results

At the beginning of the paralysis, very little integrated orbicularis oculi muscle activity and eyelid movement was measured at the palsied side of the face. Thirteen weeks later, the integrated orbicularis oculi EMG and functional blink recovery gradually improved until 39 weeks. Beyond, only the integrated orbicularis oculi EMG slightly increased. At 84 weeks, the integrated orbicularis oculi EMG was significantly larger in the prednisolone group compared with the control group. The integrated EMG of the nonmedicated group recovered to normal values. Curiously enough, the functional blink recovery at the palsied side remained reduced to 64% compared with the healthy controls in the prednisolone‐treated group and to 36% in the nonmedicated group.

Conclusion

The authors demonstrate that prednisolone significantly increased the orbicularis oculi muscle activity and significantly improved functional blink recovery in severely affected Bell palsy patients. However, the increase of muscle activity was insufficient to restore functional blinking to normal values.
Women's Experiences with Mandatory Charging for Wife Assault in Ontario, Canada: A Case Against the Prosecution
Authors: Landau Tammy C.
Published: November 2011

Over a decade ago, the Canadian government and most provinces implemented a criminalization strategy for wife assault. The policy has as its main goals the reduction of case attrition through the prosecution process from charge to disposition, and the imposition of appropriate sentences upon conviction. These goals are achieved through removing police discretion in charging, and reducing the number of cases withdrawn or stayed by the Crown prosecutor. Evaluations of the policy suggest it has strong support from justice professionals who work within the system. This paper presents data from interviews with 94 women whose male partners had been charged with assaulting them. Views and experiences of women are presented, and indicate complex views of mandatory charging. The findings support the conclusions that women do not equate calling the police with the criminal prosecution of their spouses, and often experience additional anxiety, frustration and disempowerment as a direct result of the strategy. However, recommendations for reforming the strategy emphasize the resource and evidentiary needs of the police and Crown, while the needs and interests of women/victims are seen as barriers to the smooth prosecution of wife assault cases. It is suggested that the voices of women are not, and cannot be, integrated into the current strategy, as it prioritizes the bureaucratic, professional and structural imperatives of the administration of justice and/or its agents.
Police Responses to Woman Battering: Victim Advocates' Reports
Authors: Belknap Joanne , Hartman Jennifer L.
Published: November 2011

Most of the research on police responses to battered women has been conducted by surveying or observing the police or by using forms completed by the police. This study takes a unique approach by using data collected by advocates for battered women in two agencies in a large metropolitan area of the United States. In 1992 shelter (refuge) workers and workers at a women victims' hotline agency developed a one-page form to be filled out by advocates for woman battering calls they received in person (not over the phone). The forms were specifically designed to assess the reasons why the police were called and what was their response. Two-hundred-and-fifty-nine forms were completed and provide the data base for this study. The study found that the police responses (both positive and negative) differed according to which victim advocacy agency was involved, whether the responding department was the major urban department (which had a pro-arrest policy) or one of the surrounding smaller departments (without pro-arrest policies), whether a threat of violence was a reason why the police were called, and whether a weapon was involved. The remaining three reasons why the police were called rarely impacted on their responses; that is, whether a reason the police were called included a sexual assault, property damage, or a violated TPO/TRO. Notably, whether a (non-sexual) physical assault was a reason the police were called was never related to any of the police responses.
Immigrants as Victims of Crime
Authors: Martens Peter L.
Published: November 2011

The present paper is a review of the empirical research done on crime victimisation and anxieties about crime among immigrants and native Swedes. Immigrants more often than native Swedes have been a victim of personal crimes, whereas no differences worth mentioning are found regarding victimisation through property crimes. Immigrants more often than native Swedes are afraid of being victimised in various social contexts. Thereby, immigrants with a non-European appearance are more often a victim of personal crimes than are other immigrants. They also feel less safe in various everyday contexts. The relative impact of social background factors on crime victimisation and fear ‘of crime is discussed. Swedish victim surveys are few in number and the present knowledge of crime victimisation and fear of crime in different ethnic groups is superficial. It is pointed out that more systematic research is needed.
Sex Differences in Interpreting Male-Female Dyad Interactions: Males' Predominance in Perceiving Sexual Intent
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Kirby Emma
Published: November 2011

Astudy is reported investigating gender differences in judging the behaviour of males and females during mixed-dyad conversations and the impact of the endorsement of rape myths in explaining these gender differences. A total of 51 males and 40 females watched a videotape of a male actor and female actor verbally interacting in a social environment and were asked to give their impression about this interaction. They were also requested to fill in the Rape Myths Acceptance Scale (1980). Results revealed that compared to females, males had a stronger tendency to see the interaction in sexual terms. Also, male participants endorsed rape myths more strongly. Finally, gender differences in rape myth endorsements accounted for gender differences in perceiving male-female mixed-dyad interactions to alimited extent. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Gender Roles and Grief Cycles: Observations on Models of Grief and Coping in Homicide Cases
Authors: Kenney J. Scott
Published: November 2011

The literature on bereavement coalesces around three models of grief: (1) stage models; (2) task oriented models; and (3) mental disorders. This paper briefly introduces these dominant paradigms and argues that their implicit gender neutrality ignores a not inconsiderable literature on gender and grief. Furthermore, it presents relevant data from a qualitative study of the families of homicide victims. After reviewing survivors' coping attempts, behavioral adherence to traditional gender roles, and subsequent health problems, it is argued that an observed set of gender-specific grief cycles, and survivors' methods of avoiding them, may be useful in correcting, expanding, and integrating these models in ways that more effectively help the bereaved.
Equal Victims or the Usual Suspects? Making Sense of Domestic Abuse Against Men
Authors: Gadd David , Farrall Stephen , Dallimore Damian , Lombard Nancy
Published: November 2011

This article reports on research commissioned to address the topic of domestic abuse against men in Scotland. The research addressed three key questions: (1) Why do male victims appear much more frequently in crime survey data than in recorded crime statistics? (2) Are there significant differences in the nature and frequency of domestic abuse experienced by men and women? (3) In what kinds of relationships does domestic abuse against men occur? The article explains that the relative absence of male victims in the domestic abuse statistics gathered by the Scottish police can be accounted for in terms of gender differences in experiences of victimisation and reporting patterns. Drawing upon in-depth interview material elicited from a sample of men originally counted as ‘male victims’ in the Scottish Crime Survey, the article also argues that statistics collated on the basis of crime survey data overstate men's experiences of domestic abuse. The article concludes with a discussion of the methodological and policy implications that should be drawn from this finding.
Cross-Cultural Invariance and Gender Bias when Measuring ‘Fear of Crime’
Authors: Pleysier Stefaan , Vervaeke Geert , Goethals Lohan
Published: November 2011

The persistent questioning within the ‘fear of crime’ literature of its own conservative measurement, has resulted in a growing tendency towards using scaling techniques, as a far better way of measuring a complex and multidimensional concept like ‘fear of crime’. Choosing more complex measures, however, gives rise to a number of ‘new’ issues related to measurement error, which have remained mostly undiscussed in the ‘fear of crime’ literature. Cross-cultural measurement invariance is such an issue; in order for cross-cultural comparisons of fear of crime to be meaningful, the instruments used to measure the theoretical constructs have to exhibit adequate cross-cultural equivalence. Gender bias is another potential danger to measurement invariance; a substantial part of the ‘fear of crime’ literature has empirically found and discussed different ‘fear of crime’ levels between men and women. Without testing the assumption of measurement invariance it is unclear whether these gender differences in ‘fear of crime’ are a reflection of true differences, or the result of a different understanding of the central concept between men and women. Using exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, both cross-cultural invariance and gender equivalence will be assessed in this contribution, based on the 1999 General Election Study of Belgium (N = 4239).
Promoting ‘Good Practice’ in Sex Trafficking Cases
Authors: Goodey Jo
Published: November 2011

This article explores ‘good practice’ in sex trafficking cases with respect to the following three points: (1) clarification of what is meant by ‘good practice’; (2) sensitivity to cross-national and comparative criminal justice practice when considering replication of ‘good practice’ between jurisdictions; and (3) the ‘place’ of the victim in different criminal justice jurisdictions. The article does not offer descriptive accounts of ‘good practice’ in sex trafficking cases, but critiques suggestions for ‘good practice’ in sex trafficking cases that are made without due consideration of what is currently on offer for victims of crime in general. Examples from the author's research on policy recommendations for ‘good practice’, and examples of criminal justice practice in selected EU member states, are briefly referred to as illustrating some of the problems encountered when promoting ‘good practice’ in sex trafficking cases.
Predicting Crime Rates, Fear and Disorder Based on Area Information: Evidence from the 2000 British Crime Survey
Authors: Kershaw Chris , Tseloni Andromachi
Published: November 2011

This study discusses methods for predicting local crime rates, measures of fear of crime and measures of disorder that are based on regression models which make use of local census variables and regional dummies. The crime types for which predictions are made are personal crime, total household crime, burglary and vehicle crime. The information on crime, fear of crime and disorder is drawn from the 2000 British Crime Survey. The local census variables (relating to postcode sectors) are drawn from the 1991 England and Wales Census. The results show that the modelling of measures of fear and disorder is more robust than the modelling of crime. Therefore, it appears more possible to predict types of area where concern about crime and problems of disorder are likely to be highest than to predict those areas most at risk of crime.
Victims of Severe Violence in Mediated Dialogue with Offender: The Impact of the First Multi-Site Study in the U.S.
Authors: Umbreit Mark S. , Vos Betty , Coates Robert B. , Armour Marilyn P.
Published: November 2011

A small but growing number of jurisdictions across the U.S. offer victims of severe violence, including homicide, the opportunity to meet in a mediated dialogue session with their offender if they so desire. Such meetings are victim initiated and involve extensive preparation of the parties. This article reports on an intensive qualitative five-year study of mediated dialogue participants in two of the first states in the U.S. to do so, Texas and Ohio. Descriptions of the two programs and key characteristics of participants are provided, along with outcome data related to the experience of both crime victims and offenders in mediated dialogue in the context of severely violent crime.
Japanese Childhood Victims of Sexual Abuse and their Social Perceptions: Comparisons with Children in Germany, Greece and the USA
Authors: Dussich John P. J.
Published: November 2011

Empirical Japanese studies of childhood sexual abuse are rare. The few studies that do exist are mostly case studies involving low numbers of respondents. These are usually highly subjective, mostly legal or psychiatric in orientation and cannot be generalized to the Japanese population. In Japan this topic is often avoided as unpleasant; consequently, it is not discussed in conversation and not investigated in research. However, this subject is a compelling social problem that merits the attention of social scientists. The original concept for this study was a product of Gerd F. Kirchhoff and Claudia Kirchhoff (1976) who studied hidden sexual victimization in a German and a US sample in 1974/5. About 20 years later, Gerd Kirchhoff attempted to coordinate a much expanded comparative follow-up study in eight countries: Germany, USA, South Africa, Brazil, Mexico, Hungary, Poland, and Japan. However, data were generated from only half the countries: Germany, USA, Greece and Japan. This study is part of that follow-up study and used the same questionnaire (translated into Japanese) as was originally devised in Germany and later refined by Paul Friday (in English) for the American study. A representative sample of 665 Japanese college students were asked to anonymously evaluate their childhood sexual activities using the large 41-question instrument. The findings suggested a significant distortion of social perceptions by victims of sexual abuse, especially victims of exhibitionism, concerning their estimation of similar experiences of like-gender and like-aged children. One of the surprising findings was the low incidence of these experiences in Japan compared to some of the other countries surveyed earlier. It is clear that significant long-term effects on these victims were evident as a result of their victimizations.
Urban Homelessness, Crime and Victimisation in England
Authors: Newburn Tim , Rock Paul
Published: November 2011

A survey of homeless people carried out in the centres of three English cities in 2004 revealed unusually high levels of victimisation and offending, an engrained mistrust of the police and other formal institutions, and an ensuing recourse to informal justice which exacerbated insecurity and raised levels of crime and victimisation yet further.
Immigrants As Victims of Crime and Criminal Justice Discourse in Australia
Authors: Collins Jock
Published: November 2011

Issues related to immigrants as criminals or victims of crime resonate strongly in Australia because it has a relatively larger and more diverse immigrant population than most western countries. Focussing on Sydney, the aim of this article is to explore a number of aspects of immigrant victimology in Australia: immigrants as victims of crime; as victims of the fear of crime; as victims of racial abuse and violence in the aftermath of the 11th of September, 2001; and as victims of media discourses about ‘ethnic crime’. To do this the article draws on national and international research into immigrant crime and immigrant victimology and on two sources of primary data: a Sydney survey of 825 youth and adults (eighty per cent of whom were immigrant minorities) and data from a Hotline established in Sydney in the immediate aftermath of 9/11. The paper provides evidence of each dimension of immigrant victimology and concludes that there has been a disproportionate focus on, and fear of, immigrant or ‘ethnic’ crime in the Sydney media. This discourse of immigrant criminality, exacerbated post 9/11, appears to leave little space for a more sympathetic discourse about immigrant victims of crime and the resulting construction of immigrant cultures of criminality leads to policy responses that ignore issues such as inequality, unemployment, education and neighbourhood renewal.
What Do We Know About the Effects of Crime on Victims?
Authors: Shapland Joanna , Hall Matthew
Published: November 2011

In order to create an economic measure of the direct and indirect effects of crime, it is necessary to consider the effects of crime on victims. The article reviews the state of research into the effects of crime on individuals, in respect of personal and household victimisation, and the effects of crime on businesses. General population surveys have concentrated upon the common property offences and minor violence and have tended to ignore the dimension of the course of victimisation over time. Longitudinal studies are rare and have concentrated upon serious violent crime. Because of the element of clinical judgment, much work on PTSD is unsuitable for creating an economic measure of effects over all types of crime. There needs to be a marriage of survey methodology with time measures, possibly using a panel design.
Towards a Preference-Based Measure of the Impact on Well-Being Due to Victimisation and the Fear of Crime
Authors: Dolan Paul , Netten Ann , Shapland Joanna , Tsuchiya Aki
Published: November 2011

If the resources devoted to dealing with crime are to be used in ways that bring about the most benefits, it will be important to know something about how much better or worse one crime is compared to another. Ideally, one would like to describe the effects of all crimes — and possibly even the fear of crime as well — in terms of their effect on key elements of a person's life, such as her mental health and the degree to which she feels vulnerable. A ‘crime state’ descriptive system could then be used to categorise the effects of crime in much the same way as ‘health state’ descriptive systems are used to categorise the effects of ill health. By asking members of the general public to rank different crime states, it would be possible to generate a set of relative values for the effects of all crimes and this can provide an important input in policy making. If the crime states also contain a monetary dimension, the results could be used to generate monetary values that can be used in cost-benefit analysis, which is applied in other areas of government policy.
Travel-to-Crime: Homing in on the Victim
Authors: Hodgkinsoi Sarah , Tilley Nick
Published: November 2011

Environmental criminology focuses on the intersection in time and place of the offender and victim. Patterns of crime are generally explained in terms of the routine activities of the offender. His or her travel to crime distances are short and crimes are committed within the offender's ‘awareness space’. It has generally been theorised that victims also have short journeys to crime, associated with their routine behaviour. This review, however, suggests that occupancy of ‘unawareness space’, where people are away from familiar surroundings, may confer heightened risk. This is supported in research in the special case of crime and tourism, though other travelling victim patterns have been largely ignored. This paper postulates that crime risk increases at the intersection of offender awareness and victim unawareness spaces. The 2002–3 British Crime Survey provides some suggestive evidence on this. Its analysis reveals that 26.9% of self-reported victimisation occurs more than 15 minutes away from the victim's home. For personal theft crimes over 70% of the victims were outside their immediate locality, suggesting a stronger link between victim mobility and certain types of offence. This finding is discussed in light of the literature reviewed and some implications for crime prevention are considered.
Alternative Measures of ‘Fear of Crime‘: Results from Crime Audits in a Rural County of England
Authors: Mawby R. I.
Published: November 2011

‘Fear of crime’ has aroused considerable academic debate, with criticisms both of exactly what is being measured and analysis of the relationship between fear and risk. At the same time, national and international surveys have increased reliance on a select ‘package’ of measures of fear. Using more precise questions from a rural crime survey conducted as part of the 2001 Crime Audits, this paper argues that locally contextualised surveys offer the advantage of distinguishing fear or anxiety according to time and place. Respondents here clearly distinguished between the area where they lived and the town they most often visited, and according to daytime or night-time. In each case, levels of fear or anxiety varied according to the social characteristics, experiences and lifestyle of respondents in similar, but not identical, ways to those identified in previous research.
The Victimisation Motif as a Guiding Principle of Israeli Discourse
Authors: Yurman Ada
Published: November 2011

The present study describes and systematically analyses the victimization of the Holocaust, in Israeli society's cultural-political discourse, focusing on the interaction among various processes that Israeli society has experienced, including ideological changes that have led to individualism of values and changes in cultural political discussions related to the victimization of the Holocaust.

It deals with the collective memory of Israeli society and with the impact that past events have on Israeli discourse, with a focus on the question of whether the voice of victimization has turned into a collective voice that represents Israeli society.

The analysis of Israeli discouse of the holocaust over a period of about fifty years shows that ever since the establishment of the State, Israeli society has not ceased to discuss the Holocaust. It not only remembers scenes of the Holocaust, but it also reminds its citizens and the world, that the Holocaust victimization does not belong to the past alone.
Victimology: A Social Science in Waiting?
Authors: O'Connell Michael
Published: November 2011

Victimology was first proposed as a social science in the 1940s during a shift in interest in victims to gain a better understanding of crime. The early victimologists focused on the role that victims played in crime, which resulted in the concept that some victims contribute to, or precipitate, their victimisation. Later victimologists focused on the process of victimisation, including the treatment of victims in the criminal justice system. These and other theoretical perspectives have evolved from data obtained from various investigational techniques, such as victim surveys. As empirical knowledge has evolved so too has the push for victimology to be considered a social science. This paper canvases the debate on whether victimology is a social science. It proposes that victimology cannot be a social science unless victimologists apply a scientific method. This paper also argues that victimology, like other social sciences, cannot employ the pure scientific method associated with the natural sciences but victimologists should be empirical, theoretical and cumulative. As well, it gives an overview of several steps taken by victimologists to raise the status of their fledgling science, including establishing institutes and even proposing a single victim-centred theory. It concludes that victimology has not yet attained the status of a social science but also it is no longer just a sub-discipline of criminology, as it once stood accused.
Crime and Prejudice: Exploring the Victimisation of Undergraduate Students
Authors: Selwyn Neil
Published: November 2011

Whilst the area of young people and crime has been the focus of much academic research, the specific issue of the victimisation of university students has remained relatively under-examined. Based on a survey of 1,215 undergraduate students studying in UK higher education institutions, this paper examines the levels and nature of student victimisation alongside students' rationalisations for falling victim to crime whilst at university. These data reflect a sense that crime is an underlying feature of undergraduate student life in the UK, with just under a third of the surveyed students reporting being a victim of crime during their previous three-month term at university. Moreover, the qualitative data from the survey showed victimisation to be an often accepted element of student life. Whilst the data highlight some obvious practical opportunities for university and crime reduction organisations to address these patterns of victimisation, any significant amelioration will not be achieved without fundamentally changing undergraduates' expectations and understandings of the student lifestyle as well as the prevailing routine activities and ‘student cultures’ which underpin their often submissive responses to being victims of crime.
The International Criminal Court Statute and the Failure to Mention Symbolic Reparation
Authors: Mégret Frédéric
Published: November 2011

The International Criminal Court (ICC)'s reparations regime seems very geared towards material reparation such as restitution, compensation and rehabilitation. However, a growing number of international instruments, particularly in the human rights field, anticipate that more symbolic forms of reparation such as satisfaction and non-repetition are mandatory. The article explores what reasons may have led the ICC drafters to not at least mention symbolic reparation and finds that, apart from a possible trend towards commodification of reparation in general, the perception was probably that only states can grant symbolic reparation, and that ordering individuals to do so might raise human rights problems. None of these arguments are conclusive. Individuals can provide symbolic reparation, and this could be encouraged rather than ordered to avoid the human rights issue. More importantly, the role of the ICC and the Victims Trust Fund will be to use money as reparation, and nothing will prevent them from using awards so made for symbolic purposes. In fact, strong principle and policy arguments militate in favor of granting a larger role to symbolic reparation in the ICC context, thus helping to make the Court into more of an institution of transitional justice.
Between Human Rights and Hope — What Israelis Might Learn from the Truth and Reconciliation Process in South Africa
Authors: Golan-Agnon Daphna
Published: November 2011

The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission has become a model for other societies seeking to rebuild their ethical order, to reckon with the past, and to balance peace and justice. Despite the many differences between apartheid South Africa and the Israeli military regime in the Palestinian Occupied Territories, there are enough similarities which could suggest hope for change by constructfing a political context within which the testimonies of victims and their assailants could be heard. This article studies the role and limitations of human rights organizations in processes of truth and reconciliation and focuses on the tension between the individual victim and the collective victim.
Self Other Judgements about Perceptions of Vulnerability to Crime among Urban Transient Females
Authors: Coston Charisse Tia Maria
Published: November 2011

Past research conducted among segments of the general population concludes that people who have not been victimized by negative life events tend to perceive themselves as uniquely invulnerable compared to others in terms of future victimization risk. In contrast, people who have been victimized tend to believe that the probability of future victimizations of negative life events compared to others are more likely. Non-victims also tend not to utilize self-protective behaviors to the extent that victims do. This current paper extends this analysis to an especially vulnerable segment that represents one of the lowest socioeconomic groups in the United States of America: the urban transient female or homeless women. Two hundred of New York City's homeless women were interviewed in order to determine if their judgments of other homeless women's vulnerability to criminal victimization would differ from their judgments of their own vulnerability to criminal victimization. Responses were expected to be dependent upon their personal characteristics (e.g., crime-related determinants, victimization experiences both before and while living their precarious street existence), and the use of self-protective behaviors. Cross-tabulated results indicate consistency with and support for prior research conducted with segments of the general population.
Towards a Framework for Conceptualizing and Evaluating Models of Criminal Justice from a Victim's Perspective
Authors: Dignan James , Cavadino Michael
Published: November 2011

In this article we outline a typology of ‘models’ or conceptual contexts within which a variety of victim-based measures has been proposed, and in many cases adopted, in various common law jurisdictions. The purpose of the typology is to clarify some of the confusion surrounding these measures and, in particular, the scope they offer for reparative and restorative approaches to operate either within or alongside the mainstream criminal process. Drawing on recent empirical findings and theoretical writings we also seek to evaluate the victim-oriented measures that are associated with each of the models. Within the typology three distinct models of restorative justice are examined and we argue that one of these, the Communitarian Model, emerges as the most coherent, credible and constructive challenger to the hitherto predominant Retributive Model.
Adolescent Violence Exposure and Victimization at Home: Coping and Psychological Trauma Symptoms
Authors: Flannery Daniel J. , Singer Mark
Published: November 2011

The present study examined the relationship between home violence exposure and victimization and adolescent coping strategies, psychological trauma symptoms, and self-reported violent behavior. Data were collected from a sample of 3,734 adolescents in grades 9 through 12. Results indicated that both males and females reported high rates of home violence exposure and victimization. High levels of violence exposure at home were associated with adolescents utilizing more adaptive ( e.g., going to church) and more maladaptive coping strategies ( e.g., using alcohol or drugs) compared to adolescents in the low home violence exposure group. For both males and females, home violence exposure was also related to higher levels of psychological trauma symptoms including anger, depression, and post-traumatic stress. Average scores for violent behavior among adolescents in the high exposure group were more than three times higher for girls and two times higher for boys than scores for adolescents in the low exposure group. As expected, females endorsed more internalizing and interpersonal coping strategies, while males endorsed more instrumental coping strategies. This study illustrates the significant impact of home violence exposure and victimization on adolescents' ability to cope with significant stress, their experience of psychological trauma symptoms and their own violent behavior.
Services for Victims: A Market Research Study
Authors: Davis Robert C. , Lurigio Arthur J. , Skogan Wesley G.
Published: November 2011

Victim services programs have proliferated over the past three decades. However, we know little about the forms of assistance that crime victims seek from these programs, whether the programs are meeting the needs of those who seek help, or whether the victims who receive services are the ones most in need. The current research examined these issues through interviews with 240 crime victims (120 persons who had received help from victim programs and 120 who had not) across four cities in the United States. Family and friends were the most frequent sources of victim assistance. Victim services programs helped a substantial number of victims with counseling-related needs but were of little help to victims in dealing with crime prevention, household, or property replacement needs. Victims who received services had more crime-related needs than those who had no program contact.
Interviews with Women Convicted of Murder: Battered Women Syndrome Revisited
Authors: Stevens Dennis J.
Published: November 2011

To better understand homicide, 28 women convicted of the crime of murder were interviewed in three American prisons. The data were characterized into a typology of delayed, reactive, and intentional murder responses. From the descriptions of the delayed and reactive respondents, a continuum of imminent danger existed in their daily lives suggesting that homicide was seen as an event which utilized reasonable force as a last resort to end an abusive relationship with partners, children, parents, or others, occurring after a progression of interactions. One implication of this finding is that these women have a different understanding of their crime than legal officials and jury members suggesting that the American legal system itself may possess a gender disparity within its law. Recommendations emerging from this implication include a recognition of battered wife syndrome as a legal defense for self-defense and the redefinition of relevant legal policies in keeping with the reality of today's at-risk communities. Future research is called for to examine the relationship between mandatory arrest and domestic violence calls.
Victimisation on Holiday: A British Survey
Authors: Mawby R.I. , Brunt P. , Hambly Z.
Published: November 2011

While a number of tourism researchers have considered the relationship between tourism and crime, the topic has rarely been addressed by criminologists, and most of the evidence available is derived from official statistics. Using data from an exploratory survey of people's experiences and perceptions of crime on holiday, this paper assesses the extent to which holidaymakers are victimised. Compared with BCS data, the findings indicate that tourists are highly likely to experience crime. The reasons for this are considered in terms of the different lifestyles adopted by people on holiday.
Restorative Community Justice in the United States: A New Paradigm
Authors: Young Marlene A.
Published: November 2011

A notable trend in the United States has been an increasing focus on offender accountability and the empowerment of crime victims. The emergence of restorative/community justice provides a framework within which both objectives can be accomplished. This paper presents a theoretical discussion of restorative/community justice and then describes the program elements of this approach to conflict resolution. Examples of specific program initiatives are presented. The discussion then considers the legislative changes that are required at the state and local level to facilitate the development and implementation of restorative/community justice programs.
Parapatric Speciation in the Evolution of Early Intervention for Infants and Toddlers With Disabilities and Their Families
Authors: Dunst Carl J.
Published: November 2011

The term parapatric speciation, borrowed from biogeography, is used as a metaphor for describing and illustrating a little acknowledged change in the field of early intervention that occurred at the time of the passage of the Education of the Handicapped Act Part H early intervention legislation. The term refers to the formation of a new species from a parent population that lives adjacent to but does not interact with the parent population. Up until the passage of the Part H legislation, early intervention was defined primarily in terms of the experiences, activities, and learning opportunities used to influence infant and toddler behavior and development. Thereafter, early intervention was redefined in terms of the professional services provided young children and their families. The paper includes a discussion of the consequences of the parapatric speciation of early intervention and why the Part H/Part C is in dire need of revision and updating and what those changes might look like.
Interlaminar fracture analysis in the GI – GII – GIII space using prestressed transparent composite beams
Authors: Szekrényes András
Published: November 2011

This work presents the mixed mode I/II/III prestressed split-cantilever beam specimen for the fracture testing of composite materials. The newly designed system is the superposition of the mode-I double-cantilever beam, mode-II end-loaded split, and mode-III modified split-cantilever beam specimens. The three fracture modes are combined by prestressing the mode-I and mode-II energy release rates at the same time, while the mode-III loading is provided by a testing machine. It is shown that the system is able to provide any combinations of the mode-I, mode-II, and mode-III energy release rates. The applicability and the limitations of the novel fracture mechanical test are demonstrated using unidirectional glass/polyester composite specimens. The experimental data is reduced by the virtual crack-closure technique. It is shown that the energy release rates are non-uniformly distributed along the crack front which involves that the model results must be evaluated pointwise, and initiation was expected at the point where the highest total energy release rate appeared. Finally, based on the present and previous results, a three-dimensional fracture surface was determined in the GI – GII – GIII space.
The Effects of Differential Parenting on Sibling Differences in Self-Control and Delinquency Among Brother–Sister Pairs
Authors: Boisvert Danielle , Vaske Jamie , Taylor Justine , Wright John P.
Published: November 2011

Gottfredson and Hirschi acknowledge that there are sex differences in levels of self-control, with males exhibiting lower levels of self-control compared to females. There remains a gap in the empirical literature, however, as to whether differential parental treatment can explain differences in levels of self-control across the sexes. Using siblings of opposite sex from the Add Health study ( N = 356, brother–sister pairs) and following a within-family research design, the current study examines whether differences in parenting behaviors within the home are associated with sex differences in self-control between siblings and whether these differences in self-control explained sex differences in delinquency. The results revealed that differential maternal attachment and differential maternal rejection were significantly related to sex differences in self-control. Sex differences in self-control, in turn, were significantly associated with sex differences in delinquency. The findings also showed that sex differences in self-control mediated the association between differential maternal rejection and delinquency, but that differential maternal attachment was indirectly associated with higher levels of delinquency for boys via lower levels of self-control. The impact of nonshared environmental factors on behavioral differences in opposite-sex siblings within the home is discussed.
Cloning and expression of alkane hydroxylase-1 from Alcanivorax borkumensis in Escherichia coli
Authors: Eidani Simin Zadehgan , Shahraki Mahvash Khodabandeh , Gasemisakha Fatemeh , Hashemi Mehrdad , Bambai Bijan
Published: November 2011

Enzymes with hydroxylating activity on alkanes have potential application as biotransformation catalysts in chemical and pharmaceutical industry. Genome of Alcanivorax borkumensis, a marine bacterium with hydrocarbon dissimilation activity, contains at least two P450 monooxygenases and two nonheme monooxygenases, AlkB1 and AlkB2, respectively. Presumably, all these enzymes possess alkane hydroxylating activity. Both AlkB1 and AlkB2 are membrane proteins. Two accessory proteins, rubredoxin and rubredoxin reductase, supply the reducing equivalent from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NADPH to hydroxylases. Rubredoxin reductase catalyses the reduction of rubredoxin by oxidation of NADPH, and rubredoxin transfers the electrons to the alkane hydroxylase to complete the hydroxylation reaction. Here, we sought to investigate the expression of alkB1 gene in Escherichia coli. Therefore, we amplified alkB1 gene from A. borkumensis genome by polymerase chain reaction and cloned it in the expression vector pET26 upstream of His-tag sequence. Predisposed BL21 (DE3) cells were transformed by the recombinant vector. At last, expression of recombinant enzyme was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. Regarding the potential ability of this enzyme in hydroxylation of long-chained alkanes, the application of it would be studied in petroleum downstream industries.
How Much English Language Arts and Mathematics Instruction Do Students Receive? Investigating Variation in Instructional Time
Authors: Phelps Geoffrey , Corey Douglas , DeMonte Jenny , Harrison Delena , Loewenberg Ball Deborah
Published: November 2011

The amount of instruction students receive has long been viewed as a foundational educational resource. This article presents an analysis of the time students spend in elementary English language arts (ELA) and mathematics instruction. In mathematics, the average student received about 140 hr of instruction, but students in the top sixth of classrooms in this distribution can expect to receive between 80 and 160 hr more instruction over the school year than students assigned to the bottom sixth of classrooms. We found similar magnitudes of variation in ELA. Although most of the variation was due to differences among classrooms, there was also substantial variation among schools. Some variation in instructional time is expected and probably favorable. However, we argue that the large variation demonstrated by these results represent substantial inequity in students’ opportunity to learn ELA and mathematics.
Supersonic boundary-layer transition prediction under the effect of compressibility using a correlation-based model
Authors: Kaynak Ü
Published: November 2011

The effect of compressibility on supersonic boundary layer transition is simulated by modifying a standard γ-Reθt correlation-based transition model under two-dimensional (2D) approximation. First, the γ-Reθt model’s empirical correlations derived for low Mach numbers are validated against some well-known subsonic flat plate experiments. Second, the same empirical correlations are tested against a direct numerical simulation (DNS) dataset closely approximating a supersonic flat plate experiment at M = 2.25. Finally, the present empirical correlations are extended for supersonic speeds using a known compressibility correlation. For this, the free stream turbulence level is assumed to remain constant and the free stream velocity is increased up to a supersonic speed of Mach 2.7 using adiabatic wall conditions. Numerical results show that the modified γ-Reθt transition model is capable of predicting the downstream movement of the transition onset location in good agreement with the linear theory, experiments, and DNS data up to Mach 2.25. The length of the transition region is observed to grow with higher Mach numbers, and destabilizing effect of compressibility after Mach 2.0 is also predicted, in a limited sense, under the 2D approximation.
Innovative approach to air management strategy for turbocharged diesel aircraft engines
Authors: Katrašnik T , Trenc F
Published: November 2011

Theoretical study on performance optimization of a turbocharged diesel aircraft engine is presented in this article. It is based on a verified engine thermodynamics and fluid dynamics simulation model. An efficient air management strategy for increasing power-to-engine displacement ratios of a turbocharged diesel aircraft engines is introduced and analysed. Air management strategies generally applied to turbocharged spark ignition aircraft engines do not enable to take full advantage of potentials given by turbocharging diesel aircraft engines. A conceptually different air management strategy, where turbocharger's waste-gate is fully closed up to the critical altitude, was therefore proposed and investigated in this article. Proposed air management strategy assures increased safety of engine operation through very simple and reliable engine controlling. Guidelines for selecting adequate air management components are also given in this article.
Hybrid models of the neuromusculoskeletal system improve subject-specificity
Authors: Higginson Jill S , Ramsay John W , Buchanan Thomas S
Published: November 2011

Muscle-actuated simulations of pathological gait have the capacity to identify muscle impairments and compensatory strategies, but the lack of subject-specific solutions prevents the prescription of personalized therapies. Conversely, electromyographic-driven models are limited to muscles for which data are available but can capture the true neural drive initiated by an individual subject. In order to improve subject-specificity and enforce physiological constraints on muscle activity, we propose a hybrid strategy for the optimization of subject-specific muscle patterns that involves forward dynamic simulation of whole body movement coupled with electromyographic-driven models of muscle subsets. In this paper we apply the hybrid approach to an example of post-stroke gait and demonstrate its unique ability to account for the unusual muscle activation patterns and muscle properties in patients with neuromuscular impairments.
Cosmetic surgery and neoliberalisms: Managing risk and responsibility
Authors: Leve Michelle , Rubin Lisa , Pusic Andrea
Published: November 2011

The practice and culture of cosmetic surgery has proliferated in the past two decades. While much feminist scholarship has investigated women’s surgical stories, as well as the gendered sociocultural and sociopolitical contexts surrounding, and promoting, the ‘choice’ of surgery, very little research has examined material and symbolic risks associated with cosmetic surgery. This study employs a feminist interpretative phenomenological (IPA) approach to investigate cosmetic surgical risk experiences, as narrated by seven women who underwent aesthetic facial surgery. Our analysis focuses on how participants confront, and manage, medical, consumer and self-presentation risks associated with cosmetic surgery, under the political ethos of neoliberalism. The implications of these risk experiences are discussed in relation to the increasing normalization of cosmetic surgery and patriarchal/neoliberal obligations to construct a ‘feminine’ body through socially sanctioned practices.