bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A probabilistic approach to system maturity assessment
Authors: Tan Weiping , Ramirez‐Marquez Jose , Sauser Brian
Published: October 2010

Prescriptive metrics have been widely accepted and used in engineering management to assess the progress and success of engineering efforts. However, these types of metrics have two major challenges: human subjectivity and confidence in data estimates. In this paper we use a system‐focused prescriptive metric entitled System Readiness Level (SRL) [a function of Technology and Integration Readiness Levels (TRL/IRL)], to propose a probabilistic approach to estimating the development maturity of a system of interest. In order to reduce the subjective impact, we propose a probabilistic method by assigning probability distributions to the estimated TRLs and IRLs to reflect the reality of evaluators' subjective estimates. Based on these probability distributions of TRLs and IRLs, a Monte‐Carlo simulation methodology is used to assess the maturity status of the whole system and its components. An illustrative example is examined to show the proposed methodology and to investigate its implication to engineering management. The paper concludes with a discussion of the added value of this new methodology, its limitation, and future work. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 14
Dynamic resource allocation in adaptive wireless OFDMA systems
Authors: Xenakis Dionysis , Tsolkas Dimitris , Passas Nikos , Alonistioti Nancy , Merakos Lazaros
Published: October 2010

Modern wireless orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems incorporate dynamic resource allocation (DRA), adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), and power control (PC) to exploit multiuser diversity and achieve higher system throughput. In the literature, only a few proposed algorithms deal with the contiguous DRA problem according to which a contiguous collection of resources can be allocated to each user. This paper formulates this high complexity problem, provides a suitable decision metric and a simple yet efficient solution. The proposed algorithm allocates in each step a contiguous collection of resources to the pending user that leads to the highest estimated correctly received number of bits. Simulation results show that, in this way, considerably improved performance can be achieved in terms of overall system throughput, spectral efficiency, and served traffic. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray spectra by means of Monte Carlo simulations for imaging applications
Authors: Tirao G. , Quintana C. , Malano F. , Valente M.
Published: October 2010

X‐ray tubes have a broad range of applications worldwide, including several techniques for atomic physics, like X‐ray fluorescence, as well as for medical imaging, like computed tomography. The performances of X‐ray imaging detectors have shown to be significantly sensitive to the incident beam spectrum. Therefore, an accurate knowledge of the X‐ray beam becomes necessary for the emission source characterization and the whole imaging process comprehension. Direct measurements and suitable Monte Carlo simulations may be used to establish the X‐ray spectra. Dedicated Monte Carlo simulation routines, based on the PENELOPE code, have been developed to determine the Bremsstrahlung X‐ray spectra generated by conventional X‐ray tubes. The simulated spectra have been validated by comparison with the corresponding experimental data showing an overall good agreement. The incorporation of a suitably designed virtual grid allowed to assess the angular distribution of Bremsstrahlung yield, showing a remarkable anisotropy. In addition, a dedicated program has been developed for virtual imaging, which enables to perform suitable X‐ray absorption contrast images. Also, the developed program includes a user‐friendly graphic interface to allow the upload of required input parameters, which include setup arrangement, beam characteristics, sample properties and image simulation parameters (spatial resolution, tracks per run, etc.). The software includes dedicated subroutines which handle the physical process from X‐ray generation up to detector signal acquisition. The aim of the developed program is to perform virtual imaging by means of absorption contrast and using conventional X‐ray sources, which may be a useful tool for the study the X‐ray imaging techniques in several research fields as well as for educational purposes. The performed comparisons with experimental data have shown good agreement. The obtained results for X‐ray imaging may constitute useful information for the comprehension and improvement of X‐ray image quality, like absorption contrast optimization, detail visualization, definition and detectability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Characterization of Two 3d‐3d Heterometallic Coordination Frameworks: [ZnCo(Hcit)Cl] and [ZnCo(Hcit)Br]
Authors: Liu Rui‐Bin , Zhang Jian‐Jun , Tong Bo , Liu Xin , Yang Yang , Meng Chang‐Gong
Published: October 2010

Reactions between CoO, ZnCl2 (or ZnBr2), and molten citric acid (Hcit) led to the formation of two 3d‐3d heterometallic coordination frameworks: [ZnCo(Hcit)Cl] (1) and [ZnCo(Hcit)Br] (2). X‐ray structure analyses show that both compounds 1 and 2 crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/n [1: a = 5.8699(5) Å, b = 17.7963(13) Å, c = 9.2152(8) Å, β = 106.806(4) °, Z = 4, V = 921.53(13) Å3; 2: a = 5.909(3) Å, b = 17.798(8) Å, c = 9.302(5) Å, β = 106.374(7) °, Z = 4, V = 938.6(8) Å3]. The structures of the two compounds are almost the same except for the terminal halogen ligand. Both of them are 3D frameworks based on citric acid bridging ligands and a 1D backbone chain built of corner‐shared {CoO6} and {ZnO3Cl} polyhedra. Photoluminescence and thermal stabilities of the compounds were studied.
Second‐order computational homogenization of heterogeneous materials with periodic microstructure
Authors: Bacigalupo A. , Gambarotta L.
Published: October 2010

A procedure for second‐order computational homogenization of heterogeneous materials is derived from the unit cell homogenization, in which an appropriate representation of the micro‐displacement field is assumed as the superposition of a local macroscopic displacement field, expressed in a polynomial form related to the macro‐displacement field, and an unknown micro‐fluctuation field accounting for the effects of the heterogeneities. This second contribution is represented as the superposition of two unknown functions each of which related to the first‐order and to the second‐order strain, respectively. This kinematical micro‐macro framework guarantees that the micro‐displacement field is continuous across the interfaces between adjacent unit cells and implies a computationally efficient procedure that applies in two steps. The first step corresponds to the standard homogenization, while the second step is based on the results of the first step and completes the second‐order homogenization. Two multi‐phase composites, a three‐phase and a laminated composite, are analysed in the examples to assess the reliability of the homogenization techniques. The computational homogenization is carried out by a FE analysis of the unit cell; the overall elastic moduli and the characteristic lengths of the second‐order equivalent continuum model are obtained. Finally, the simple shear of a constrained heterogeneous two‐dimensional strip made up of the composites considered is analysed by considering a heterogeneous continuum and a homogenized second‐order continuum; the corresponding results are compared and discussed in order to identify the validity limits of the proposed technique.
Poromechanical scale transitions of failure stresses in wood: from the lignin to the spruce level
Authors: Bader T.K. , Hofstetter K. , Hellmich C. , Eberhardsteiner J.
Published: October 2010

Wood strength is highly anisotropic, due to the inherent structural hierarchy of the material. In the framework of a combined random‐periodic multiscale poro‐micromechanics model, we here translate compositional information throughout this hierarchy into the resulting anisotropic strength at the softwood level, based on “universal” elastic properties of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and on the shear strength of the latter elementary constituent. Relating, through elastic energy‐derived higher‐order strains in a poromechanical representative volume element, the (quasi‐)brittle failure of lignin to overall softwood failure, results in a macroscopic microstructure‐dependent failure criterion for softwood. The latter satisfactorily predicts the biaxial strength of spruce at various loading angles with respect to the grain direction. The model also predicts the experimentally well‐established fact that uniaxial tensile and compressive strengths, as well as the shear strength of softwood, depend quasi‐linearly on the cell water content, but highly nonlinearly on the lumen porosity.
A novel secreted metzincin metalloproteinase from Bacillus intermedius
Authors: Sabirova Albina R. , Rudakova Natalya L. , Balaban Nelly P. , Ilyinskaya Olga N. , Demidyuk Ilya V. , Kostrov Sergey V. , Rudenskaya Galina N. , Sharipova Margarita R.
Published: October 2010

The mprBi gene from Bacillus intermedius 3–19 encoding a novel secreted metalloproteinase was identified. The mpriBi gene was expressed in an extracellular proteinase‐deficient Bacillus subtilis BG 2036 strain and the corresponding protein was characterized biochemically. The 19 kDa MprBi protein was purified to homogeneity and sequenced by mass spectroscopy and Edman degradation methods. Amino acid sequence analysis of MprBi identified an active site motif HEYGHNFGLPHD and a conserved structural component Met‐turn, both of which are unique features of the metzincin clan. Furthermore, MprBi harbors a number of distinct sequence elements characteristic of proteinase domains in eukaryotic adamalysins. We conclude that MprBi and similar proteins from other Bacillus species form a novel group of metzincin metalloproteinases in prokaryotes.
Adversaria
Authors: Dobree Peter Paul
Published: October 2010

One of the most talented disciples of the illustrious comparative philologist Richard Porson, Peter Paul Dobree (1782–1825) is commemorated in this two-volume edition of Adversaria, consisting of his prolific notes on Greek and Latin literature, history, and philology. Dobree left an enduring impression upon English classical scholarship, despite his premature death shortly after accepting the Regius professorship of Greek at Cambridge. Edited by his successor at Cambridge, James Scholefield, the Adversaria attest to Dobree's scholarly probity and precision, offering insights into a mind whose major achievements undoubtedly still lay ahead. Volume 1 (1831) includes Dobree's praelection on a Pseudo-Lysian funeral oration, which gained him the Regius chair, as well as his notes on Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, the rhetoricians, and numerous other subjects. Dobree was honoured among 'the first rank of English textual scholars' for his accuracy, rigour, and literary sensitivity - qualities demonstrated in these volumes.
Locality and circulation in the Habsburg Empire: disputing the Carlsbad medical salt, 1763–1784
Authors: VOGEL JAKOB
Published: October 2010

By looking at the fierce debates in the city of Carlsbad in Bohemia around the fabrication of medical salt by a local doctor, David Becher, from 1763 to 1784, the paper examines the interactions between different spheres or levels of circulation of knowledge in the Habsburg Empire. The dispute crystallized around the definition of the product, about its medical qualities and its relation with the water of the local mineral spring. The city's inhabitants contested the vision of the medical experts, fearing that the extraction of the medical salt from the spring water and its sale outside the town would have a negative effect on the number of visitors to the spa. Their vision implied a more or less ‘popularized’ form of alchemical thinking as it identified the mineral water with the extracted ‘salt’, conceived as the ‘essence’ of the water, produced by evaporation. The Carlsbad salt dispute highlights the complex interactions among the different networks in which knowledge circulated through the Habsburg Empire in the eighteenth century. The different actors relied on specific networks with different logics of discourse and different modes of circulation. In each case the relation between the local, the regional and the imperial had to be negotiated. The paper thus sketches out the different geographies of knowledge in the Habsburg Empire but also its localization in and around Carlsbad.
Administrative knowledge in a colonial context: Angola in the eighteenth century
Authors: SANTOS CATARINA MADEIRA
Published: October 2010

This essay analyses the circulation of political models and administrative practices drawn from the Enlightenment statecraft of metropolitan Portugal and their inscription in specific colonial contexts of Angola in the mid-eighteenth century. The purpose here is to show how these models had to be ‘unpacked’ when confronted with foreign contexts, reconfigured and even reinvented for local circumstances. During the 1750s, the Lisbon government conceived a new imperial project to territorialize the colony through the intellectual and physical appropriation of this Central African space. In order to do so, three levels of this administrative knowledge are distinguished: the quantification and systematization of information, cartography, and the archive. For each, this essay demonstrates how they were made available to, appropriated by or transformed by both the colonial and the African societies in the colonial context.
Hypocholesterolaemic effect of dietary inclusion of two putative probiotic bile salt hydrolase-producingLactobacillus plantarumstrains in Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Grover Sunita , Batish Virender Kumar
Published: October 2010

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the anti-hypercholesterolaemic effects of two putative probiotic bile salt hydrolase (Bsh)-producingLactobacillusplantarumstrains, i.e. Lp91 and Lp21, in rats.L. plantarumLp91 exhibited excellent tolerance to low pH and high bile salt concentrations as well as showed potential Bsh activity, cholesterol assimilation and cholesterol co-precipitation ability along withL. plantarumLp21 and NCDO82 strains. Furthermore, the potential effect ofL. plantarumLp91 on plasma cholesterol level was evaluated in Sprague–Dawley rats. Five treatment groups of rats (n6) were fed experimental diets: normal diet, hypercholesterolaemic diet (HD), HD plusL. plantarumLp91 (HD91) at ≥ 1·0 × 108colony-forming units (cfu)/g, HD plus microencapsulatedL. plantarumLp91 (HDCap91) at ≥ 1·0 × 108 cfu/g and HD plusL. plantarumLp21 (HD21) at ≥ 1·0 × 108 cfu/g for 3 weeks. Feed intake and feed efficiency differed significantly among the five groups. After 21 d of dietary treatment, comparative analysis revealed 23·26, 15·71 and 15·01 % reduction in total cholesterol, 21·09, 18·77 and 18·17 % reduction in TAG, 38·13, 23·22 and 21·42 % reduction in LDL-cholesterol, and the corresponding HDL-cholesterol values increased at the rate of 18·94, 10·30 and 7·78 % in treated groups HD91, HDCap91 and HD21, respectively. Faecal excretion of cholic acid and faecal lactobacilli counts were significantly higher in the probiotic treatment groups than in the control groups. In conclusion, these results suggest that the indigenousL. plantarumLp91 strain has the potential to be explored as a probiotic in the management of hypercholesterolaemia.
“It Is Extreme Necessity That Makes Me Do This”: Some “Survival Strategies” of Pauper Households in London's West End During the Early Eighteenth Century”
Authors: Boulton Jeremy
Published: October 2010

Although research on survival strategies is still at a relatively early stage, there are clearly some areas where there is considerable difference in emphasis placed by historians on the relative importance of particular “expedients” deployed by the poorin extremisThere is, for example, uncertainty regarding the amount of support given by neighbours as opposed to relatives. There is some historical contention, too, over the importance to the elderly of care by their children, as opposed to alternative sources of maintenance such as earnings, charity and especially the formal institutions of poor relief. After all, in the early modern period the principle source for a study of the survival strategies of poor people is always likely to be the records of poor relief or charitable agencies and institutions. The obvious danger here is that historians of poor relief consistently overestimate the importance of such relief to the poor. Both Richard Wall and Pat Thane, using evidence from nineteenth- and twentieth-century England, for example, have demonstrated that the elderly received far more support from relatives than has been realized. Professor Thane has argued that this situation is unlikely t o have been new. Other historians, however, are much more sceptical over the value of intergenerational flows of wealth from children to elderly parents.
Using Microcredit and Restructuring Households: Two Complementary Survival Strategies in Late Eighteenth-Century Barcelona
Authors: Carbonell-Esteller Montserrat
Published: October 2010

In the last third of the 1700s Barcelona was a city undergoing a major transformation. The regional specialization process that took place in Catalonia, and the intensification of exchange, generated spectacular economic growth and an unprecedented increase in population. The city of Barcelona tripled its population in just over seventy years; in 1787 it already had around 100,000 inhabitants. Immigration, both from the Pyrenean areas and from the proto-industrial areas of central Catalonia, the natural growth of the population, the intense process of urbanization, and the dynamism of the labour market explain the densification of the city and the rise in the price of rents.
Discoveries of waves in dusty plasmas
Authors: MAMUN A. A. , SHUKLA P. K.
Published: October 2010

The basic features of dusty plasmas, particularly basic characteristics of dust in a plasma, and typical dusty plasma parameters for different space and laboratory plasma conditions, are presented. The complexity and the diversity of the field of dusty plasma physics are briefly discussed. Theoretical and experimental discoveries of linear and nonlinear features of waves, particularly dust-ion-acoustic and dust-acoustic waves, in dusty plasmas are reviewed.
Evolution of the missing-letter effect among young readers between ages 5 and 8
Authors: FOUCAMBERT DENIS , BAILLÉ JACQUES
Published: October 2010

In light of the numerous studies on the detection of target letters among adults, it is generally accepted that the missing-letter effect depends both on a given word's frequency in its language and on its role (function vs. content) in a sentence. Following a presentation of several models explaining these observations we analyze the results of a letter-detection task given to 886 French students from kindergarten to second grade. The purpose of the present study is to determine the moment when the sensitivity to content/function word distinction emerges. The results of this study reveal that even if word frequency plays a role in letter detection, the emergence of an ability to extract sentence structure, along the lines of the structural model of reading, is significantly linked to the initial stages of explicit reading instruction.
Honorifics: A sociocultural verb agreement cue in Japanese sentence processing—CORRIGENDUM
Authors: YOSHIMURA YUKI , MACWHINNEY BRIAN
Published: October 2010

There were several errors in Table 1 in the original version of this article (Yoshimura & MacWhinney, 2010), which are corrected here. We sincerely regret these errors and any problems they may have caused.
Structure and action: further comment
Authors: Hollis Martin , Smith Steve
Published: October 2010

We were at first puzzled by Alexander Wendt's latest rejoinder, since systemic theorists need concede nothing in recognizing states as self-interested actors with identities and interests. They have only to add that these identities and interests are shaped by the system in general and are given specific direction at any one time by the systemic pressures operating in the previous period. After all, ‘self-interested’ is a dummy term, until supplied with content, and systemic theorists can regard the system as the source of what matters. Explanations which proceed ‘top-down’ by explaining the behaviour of the units in terms of the system need some kind of feed-back mechanism involving the units. It is no objection to systemic theory that the units contribute to the process, provided that they do so in ways shaped by the demands of the system. In short, why does Wendt believe that the identities and interests of actors cannot be formed by the system? Waltz certainly offers a powerful explanation cast in precisely these terms.
Perestroika Ten Years After: Reflections on Methodological Diversity
Authors: Yanow Dvora , Schwartz-Shea Peregrine
Published: October 2010

One of the primary concerns driving Perestroika was the hegemony of quantitative methods in American political science research, curricula, journals, and positions, to the exclusion of qualitative and interpretive approaches. In this article, we assess the contemporary methodological diversity of U.S. political science, at the APSA in particular, to see what, if anything, has changed over the last 10 years. This is an admittedly rough assessment, as the deadline for this symposium did not allow time to repeat the research projects that started Perestroika's and our own solo and joint efforts, the latter preceding and then intersecting with the former. We therefore give a broad overview of methods-directed activities, although we cannot help but see events through the lens of our own involvement in them, and that view is perforce partial.
Perestroika and the Journals
Authors: Kasza Gregory J.
Published: October 2010

It is fitting to measure Perestroika's impact through the contents of the leading political science association journals. The original Perestroika manifesto railed at the American Political Science Review (APSR), and many subsequent Perestroika protests condemned the skewed contents of the APSR, the American Journal of Political Science (AJPS), and the Journal of Politics. Large national and regional associations publish and pay for these journals. The position of Perestroika has been that their contents should represent the many types of research that political scientists are doing, which was not the case when the movement began.
In Defense of the Populist Lecture
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence
Published: October 2010

Information and communication technology (ICT) programs like Microsoft PowerPoint and Apple Keynote have become the norm for large university lecture classes, but their record in terms of student engagement and active learning is mixed at best. Here, the author presents the merits of a “populist” lecture style that takes full advantage of the variety of features available from the latest generation of ICT programs. Based on visual variety, audio and visual sound bites, and the incorporation of humor and pop-cultural references, this populist approach not only facilitates greater student attention and engagement with the class materials, but also offers unmatched opportunities for extending student learning beyond the confines of the large lecture hall.
Reflections of a Sometime-Public Intellectual
Authors: Etzioni Amitai
Published: October 2010

At least once a month, I receive an e-mail, phone call, or question from one of my colleagues—how do you get an op-ed into the New York Times? It seems that a great number of my colleagues have at least one public intellectual (PI) bone in their body that they are keen to display. They hold, often for good reason, that they have something to say that will serve the president, the American people, or even the world. Although I have no answer to the immediate question—it is easier to win a lottery than to get into the New York Times—I do have a few thoughts about the greater question: how can an academic, especially a political scientist, gain a public voice? Here, then, follow the lessons of fifty years of trying to speak in that voice, drawing on both my experiences and those of my colleagues.
Public Intellectuals and the Public Interest: Toward a Politics of Political Science as a Calling
Authors: Lowi Theodore J.
Published: October 2010

Upon my first reading of the Etzioni autobiography, I recalled my favorite book review, written by a nine-year-old, who also should have won a prize for the youngest author and the shortest review ever: “This book told me more about penguins than I wanted to know.”
How to Persuade Government Officials to Grant Interviews and Share Information for Your Research
Authors: Wu Irene S. , Savić Bojan
Published: October 2010

Rick Farmer's article focuses on ways in which academic political scientists can influence policymakers. At the Toronto meeting of the Working Group on Practicing Politics, government political scientists also recognized that academics often are frustrated by the process of getting information from the government and cooperation from officials.
A Response to Jeffrey Isaac
Authors: Kasza Gregory J.
Published: October 2010

The purpose of the present symposium was to evaluate Perestroika's impact. Since the American Political Science Review (APSR), the American Journal of Political Science (AJPS), and the Journal of Politics (JOP) were all targets of criticism in the movement, whereas other national and regional association journals such as Perspectives on Politics and Political Research Quarterly were not, I looked for change in the former. Comparable data on the past contents of the APSR and AJPS had already been published, so I focused my recent surveys on those two. This focus implies no judgment as to the relative prestige of these journals. They pretend to represent the discipline as a whole and are paid for by all association members, and these are sufficient reasons to address their editorial biases.
Editor's Note: On Public Intellectuals
Authors: Hauck Robert J.-P.
Published: October 2010

The public relevance of political science research has of late figured prominently in discussions within the profession. The Association's commitment to “public scholarship” has given rise to task forces examining what political science research has to say to policymakers about inequality and American democracy; inequality and difference in the developing world; political violence and terror; religion and American democracy; government indicators; and, most recently, democracy, economic security, and social justice in a volatile world.
GARY C. BRYNER
Authors: Magleby David B. , Wilson Sven
Published: October 2010

Professor Gary C. Bryner passed away on March 10, 2010, at age 58. Gary courageously faced the challenge of pancreatic cancer with more concern about his wife, family, and friends than for himself. Gary personified the ideal colleague. He was unfailing in his willingness to assist others with their research and was a devoted teacher. He was always first to volunteer when help was needed. Although the cancer progressed quickly, he was grateful for the time he could spend after the diagnosis with his wife, his three children and their spouses, and his three grandchildren.
BETTY GLAD
Authors: Sabia Daniel , Woliver Laura R.
Published: October 2010

Dr. Betty Glad, 82, died August 2, 2010. She enjoyed a truly distinguished career as a scholar of American politics and foreign policy. Betty was the Olin D. Johnston Professor of Political Science and Distinguished Professor Emerita at the University of South Carolina. She was an exemplary scholar and an expert on the American presidency, U.S. foreign policy, and political leadership. She was the author of Jimmy Carter: In Search of the Great White House; Charles Evans Hughes and the Illusions of Innocence; Key Pittman: The Tragedy of a Senate Insider; and, most recently, An Outsider in the White House: Jimmy Carter, His Advisors, and the Making of American Foreign Policy (Cornell University Press, 2009). Betty was also editor or co-editor of The Psychological Dimensions of War, The Russian Transformation, and other books. In addition, she published dozens of articles, book chapters, and commentary. Her first book, Charles Evans Hughes, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize.
VICTOR T. LE VINE
Authors: Iyob Ruth
Published: October 2010

Victor T. Le Vine, professor emeritus of political science, analyst, and commentator, died on May 7, 2010, after a brief illness. Le Vine, an only son, was born in Berlin in 1928. His family fled Nazi Germany and lived in France until they immigrated to the United States in 1938. A polyglot, fluent in French, German, and Russian, he was a rigorous researcher, a dedicated teacher, and an encyclopedic repository of classical works in politics, history, literature, and music. He mentored hundreds of graduate and undergraduate students in his 47 years as an academic and was known for using his multilingual skills and photographic memory to make every class lecture come alive—at times accompanying them with his vivid newspaper clippings that he collected from his travels. In his classroom, the politics of the postcolonial world were peppered with vignettes of his experiences as a participant observer in the heyday of Africa's decolonization. He shared with his students the emergence of the political systems of diverse countries such as Benin, Cameroon, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Eritrea, Ghana, France, Israel, the PRC, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Zaire (DRC).
RUSSELL M. ROSS
Authors: Loewenberg Gerhard
Published: October 2010

Russell M. Ross died suddenly in Iowa City, Iowa, on April 27, 2010, at the age of 88. He was active until his final days. Following his retirement in 1991, he continued to teach students throughout the state in the University of Iowa's distance learning program. He taught in it until the day before he died.
GIACOMO SANI
Authors: Gunther Richard , Liddle R. William , Shabad Goldie
Published: October 2010

Our dear friend and respected colleague Giacomo Sani died on Sunday, June 20, 2010, in Milan, Italy, at the age of 78. He is survived by his wife, Marina Dotti, his children, Giulia and Laura, and two grandchildren.
JULIUS SMULKSTYS
Authors: Coufoudakis Van
Published: October 2010

Julius Smulkstys was born in Kaunas, Lithuania, in 1930 and came to the United States with his parents as a refugee in 1949. He grew up in Chicago. He received his BA and MA degrees in political science from the University of Illinois, Champaign/Urbana, and completed his Ph.D. at Indiana University–Bloomington in 1963.
ROBERT C. TUCKER
Authors: Hoffmann Erik P. , Fleron Frederic J.
Published: October 2010

Robert C. Tucker died on July 29, 2010, at the age of 92. He was an outstanding teacher and mentor at Indiana University from 1958 to 1961, and from 1962 to 1984 at Princeton University. He had a special gift for encouraging and assisting former graduate students, whom he viewed as colleagues and friends. His generosity and graciousness were much appreciated by the present writer and many others.
The 2010 APSA Workshop on Global Perspectives on Politics and Gender: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, July 18–August 6, 2010
Authors: Saele Helena
Published: October 2010

The APSA Workshop on Global Perspectives on Politics and Gender was convened in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, from July 18 to August 6. It was the third annual residential workshop of a multi-year initiative that APSA is organizing in sub-Saharan Africa from 2008 though 2014. The first workshop took place in Dakar, Senegal (2008), at the facilities of the West African Research Center; the second workshop was convened in Accra, Ghana (2009), at the Institute for African Studies and the University of Ghana, Legon.
Conceptual transfer: Crosslinguistic effects in categorization and construal
Authors: JARVIS SCOTT
Published: October 2010

Research on the relationship between language and cognition in bilinguals has often focused on general effects that are common to bilinguals of all language backgrounds, such as the positive effects of bilingualism in various areas of cognitive development (e.g., Bialystok, 2005; Karmiloff-Smith, 1992). However, there are also language-specific effects in the relationship between language and cognition in bilinguals that emerge in the form of cross-linguistic influence and, in many cases, these cross-linguistic effects do not appear to be confined to purely linguistic (e.g., phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic) phenomena. For example, bilinguals’ choice of words for referring to objects and actions, as well as their choice of syntactic and discursive structures for referring to events and situations, often reflect ways of conveying meaning and intentions that are specific to particular language backgrounds.
The effect of bilingualism on letter and category fluency tasks in primary school children: Advantage or disadvantage?
Authors: KORMI-NOURI REZA , MORADI ALI-REZA , MORADI SHAHRAM , AKBARI-ZARDKHANEH SAEED , ZAHEDIAN HAEDEH
Published: October 2010

The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of bilingualism on letter and category fluency tasks. Participants were 1,600 monolingual and bilingual children from three cities in Iran: Tehran (Persian monolinguals), Tabriz (Turkish–Persian bilinguals), and Sanandaj (Kurdish–Persian bilinguals). We separately presented nine Persian letters and thirty-one categories to the participants, and asked them to generate as many words as possible using each of these initial letters and categories within a maximum of three minutes. Bilingual children generated more words than monolingual children in the letter fluency task; this effect was more pronounced in Grade 1 and for Turkish–Persian bilinguals. However, Persian monolinguals generated significantly more words than both bilingual groups in the category fluency task. Thus, bilingualism can be of both advantage and disadvantage, and produce a dissociative effect. We discuss the results on the basis of the specific nature and different cognitive demands of letter and category fluency tasks. We suggest that the degree of language proficiency of bilinguals should be considered as an important variable in future research on bilingualism.
Implementation eines Programms zur Förderung selbstregulierten Lesens
Authors: Souvignier Elmar , Trenk-Hinterberger Isabel
Published: October 2010

Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es zu prüfen, ob die langfristige Wirksamkeit eines in den regulären Unterricht implementierten Programms zur Anleitung zum selbstregulierten Lesen durch einen ergänzenden Auffrischungsbaustein gesteigert werden kann. An der Untersuchung nahmen 27 Klassen der 5. Jahrgangsstufe teil (n = 779). Das Unterrichtsprogramm wurde im regulären Deutschunterricht während des ersten Schulhalbjahres in 22 Klassen durchgeführt, von denen in zehn Klassen (n = 288) im zweiten Schulhalbjahr auch die Auffrischungseinheit unterrichtet wurde. In fünf Kontrollklassen (n = 139) fand regulärer Deutschunterricht statt. Die Lernzuwächse im Hinblick auf das Lesestrategiewissen und das Leseverständnis fielen in beiden Untersuchungsgruppen signifikant höher aus als in den Kontrollklassen. Eine langfristige Überlegenheit gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe lag allerdings nur in der Gruppe vor, die auch den Auffrischungsbaustein absolviert hatte. Hier fielen die Follow-up-Effekte sogar noch höher aus als die kurzfristigen Effekte unmittelbar nach Abschluss des Programms. Auffrischungsstunden stellen mithin einen aussichtsreichen Ansatz dar, um die Implementation von Unterrichtsprogrammen nachhaltig zu unterstützen.
Der Einsatz von vorgegebenen und selbst generierten Bildern als Textverstehenshilfe beim Lernen aus einem naturwissenschaftlichen Sachtext
Authors: Schwamborn Annett , Thillmann Hubertina , Leopold Claudia , Sumfleth Elke , Leutner Detlev
Published: October 2010

In dieser Arbeit wurde einerseits im Sinne der Theorien des multimedialen Lernens der Nutzen von vorgegebenen Bildern sowie andererseits im Sinne der Modelle des selbstregulierten Lernens der Nutzen von selbst generierten Bildern als Textverstehenshilfe untersucht. Anhand eines 2 × 2-faktoriellen experimentellen Designs mit den Faktoren «Bildpräsentation» und «Bildgenerierung» wurden die Effekte beider Arten des Bildeinsatzes an Schülern der 9. Klasse auf das Verständnis eines Sachtextes mit chemischem Lerninhalt überprüft. Zur Kontrolle der Lernzeit wurden die Effekte in einer ersten Studie unter vorgegebener Lernzeit sowie in einer zweiten Studie unter lernerbestimmter Lernzeit überprüft. Die Ergebnisse der ersten Studie zeigen positive Haupteffekte der «Bildpräsentation» sowie der «Bildgenerierung» im Behaltenstest und Zeichentest. Die Ergebnisse der zweiten Studie zeigen einen positiven Haupteffekt der «Bildpräsentation» im Zeichentest und positive Haupteffekte der «Bildgenerierung» im Behaltenstest, Transfertest sowie Zeichentest. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die Effektivität vorgegebener und selbst generierter Bilder vor dem Hintergrund der variierten Lernzeit diskutiert.
Chronische venöse Insuffizienz bei postthrombotischem Syndrom und Varikose
Authors: Hafner  , Mayer  , Amann  , French  , Läuchli  , Hofer  , Ramelet  , Jeanneret
Published: October 2010

Venenkrankheiten sind verbreitet und beanspruchen ungefähr 1% des Gesundheitsbudgets der Industrienationen. Das postthrombotische Syndrom (PTS) umfasst die Symptome und trophischen Hautschäden infolge einer tiefen Beinvenenthrombose. Die konsequente Prophylaxe der venösen Thromboembolie, die rasche Diagnostik der tiefen Beinvenenthrombose (D-Dimere; farbkodierte Duplex-Sonographie) sowie der rasche Beginn der Antikoagulation, zusammen mit einer Kompressionstherapie während der akuten Thrombose und zwei Jahre danach reduzieren die Inzidenz eines postthrombotischen Syndroms signifikant. Die chronische venöse Insuffizienz (CVI) umfasst die trophischen Haut- und Weichteilpathologien, die sich infolge einer venösen Hypertonie im distalen Venensysten der unteren Extremität einstellen. Die Kompressionstherapie, operative Verfahren zur Elimination von hämodynamisch wirksamen Varizen und die tangentiale Ablation mit Spalthautverpflanzung (Shave-Therapie) des refraktären venösen Ulkus sind die Therapiesäulen in der Behandlung der CVI.
Anatomy of an unstable volcano from InSAR: Multiple processes affecting flank instability at Mt. Etna, 1994–2008
Authors: Solaro Giuseppe , Acocella Valerio , Pepe Susi , Ruch Joel , Neri Marco , Sansosti Eugenio
Published: October 2010

Volcano deformation may occur under different conditions. To understand how a volcano deforms, as well as relations with magmatic activity, we studied Mt. Etna in detail using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from 1994 to 2008. From 1994 to 2000, the volcano inflated with a linear behavior. The inflation was accompanied by eastward and westward slip on the eastern and western flanks, respectively. The portions proximal to the summit showed higher inflation rates, whereas the distal portions showed several sectors bounded by faults, in some cases behaving as rigid blocks. From 2000 to 2003, the deformation became nonlinear, especially on the proximal eastern and western flanks, showing marked eastward and westward displacements, respectively. This behavior resulted from the deformation induced by the emplacement of feeder dikes during the 2001 and 2002–2003 eruptions. From 2003 to 2008, the deformation approached linearity again, even though the overall pattern continued to be influenced by the emplacement of the dikes from 2001 to 2002. The eastward velocity on the eastern flank showed a marked asymmetry between the faster sectors to the north and those (largely inactive) to the south. In addition, from 1994 to 2008 part of the volcano base (south, west, and north lower slopes) experienced a consistent trend of uplift on the order of ∼0.5 cm/yr. This study reveals that the flanks of Etna have undergone a complex instability resulting from three main processes. In the long term (103–104 years), the load of the volcano is responsible for the development of a peripheral bulge. In the intermediate term (≤101 years, observed from 1994 to 2000), inflation due to the accumulation of magma induces a moderate and linear uplift and outward slip of the flanks. In the short term (≤1 year, observed from 2001 to 2002), the emplacement of feeder dikes along the NE and south rifts results in a nonlinear, focused, and asymmetric deformation on the eastern and western flanks. Deformation due to flank instability is widespread at Mt. Etna, regardless of volcanic activity, and remains by far the predominant type of deformation on the volcano.
Evolution of magma conduits during the 1998–2000 eruptions of Piton de la Fournaise volcano, Réunion Island
Authors: Fukushima Y. , Cayol V. , Durand P. , Massonnet D.
Published: October 2010

At basaltic volcanoes, magma is transported to the surface through dikes (magma‐filled fractures), but the evolution of these dikes as eruptions proceed is rarely documented. In March 1998, after five and a half years of quiescence, Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Réunion Island) entered into a new eruptive phase characterized by intense eruptive activity. Coeruptive displacements recorded by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) for the first five eruptions of the cycle are analyzed using 3‐D boundary element models combined with a Monte Carlo inversion method. We show that the eruptions are associated with the emplacement of lateral dikes rooted at depths of less than about 1000 m, except for the first March 1998 event where an additional deeper source is required. The dikes are located above preeruptive seismic swarms. This is consistent with nearly isotropic stress caused by repeated dike intrusions and low confining pressure enhanced by the presence of pores in the shallowest 1000 m of the edifice. The volumes of the modeled dikes represent 17% of the volume of emitted lava, showing that exogenous growth plays a major role in building the volcano. By taking into account the preeruptive seismicity and tilt data together with the results of InSAR data modeling, we find that dikes first propagate vertically from a source region below sea level before being injected laterally at shallow depth. This behavior is consistent with the presence of levels of neutral buoyancy at shallow depth in the edifice.
Tidal‐induced mixing and diapycnal nutrient fluxes in the Mauritanian upwelling region
Authors: Schafstall Jens , Dengler Marcus , Brandt Peter , Bange Hermann
Published: October 2010

The Mauritanian coastal area is one of the most biologically productive upwelling regions in the world ocean. Shipboard observations carried out during maximum upwelling season and short‐term moored observations are used to investigate diapycnal mixing processes and to quantify diapycnal fluxes of nutrients. The observations indicate strong tide‐topography interactions that are favored by near‐critical angles occurring on large parts of the continental slope. Moored velocity observations reveal the existence of highly nonlinear internal waves and bores and levels of internal wave spectra are strongly elevated near the buoyancy frequency. Dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy at the slope and shelf determined from microstructure measurements in the upper 200 m averages to ɛ = 5 × 10−8 W kg−1. Particularly elevated dissipation rates were found at the continental slope close to the shelf break, being enhanced by a factor of 100 to 1000 compared to dissipation rates farther offshore. Vertically integrated dissipation rates per unit volume are strongest at the upper continental slope reaching values of up to 30 mW m−2. A comparison of fine‐scale parameterizations of turbulent dissipation rates for shelf regions and the open ocean to the measured dissipation rates indicates deficiencies in reproducing the observations. Diapycnal nitrate fluxes above the continental slope at the base of the mixed layer yielding a mean value of 12 × 10−2μmol m−2 s−1 are amongst the largest published to date. However, they seem to only represent a minor contribution (10% to 25%) to the net community production in the upwelling region.
Simulation of the direct and semidirect aerosol effects on the southern Africa regional climate during the biomass burning season
Authors: Tummon F. , Solmon F. , Liousse C. , Tadross M.
Published: October 2010

The regional climate model RegCM3 was used to simulate the direct and semidirect radiative effects of biomass burning and dust aerosol over southern Africa during the austral winter season. Simulated aerosols were found to induce changes in the regional surface fluxes and atmospheric dynamics. Clear‐sky surface radiative forcing decreased by up to −60 W/m2 in the main biomass burning region, resulting in decreased surface turbulent fluxes and PBL height as well as reduced surface temperatures. The positive temperature bias over the western half of the subcontinent was thus reduced. Radiative absorption by biomass burning aerosols resulted in diabatic warming of the atmosphere, peaking near 700 hPa at a rate of up to 1°C/d. Simulated surface cooling and heating at altitude stabilized the lower troposphere below 700 hPa. Above 700 hPa, stability was reduced in the equatorial region between 5°N and 5°S through an elevated heat pump mechanism, enhancing deep convection and precipitation. The southern branch of the African Easterly Jet was enhanced and shifted southward, likely as a result of the changes in the surface temperature gradient induced by both the reduction in solar radiation reaching the surface and through precipitation‐induced surface cooling in the equatorial region. Daily‐scale aerosol outflow events to the southwest Indian Ocean were also investigated, these events occurring with the passage of a westerly wave. It was found that the aerosol loading enhanced baroclinicity along the leading edge of the frontal system, thus intensifying and narrowing the band of precipitation in this zone.
Mass spectrometric 3He measurement in 4He‐rich phases: Techniques and limitations for cosmogenic 3He dating of zircon, apatite, and titanite
Authors: Amidon William H. , Farley Kenneth A.
Published: October 2010

Recent calibration studies have expanded the range of target minerals suitable for cosmogenic 3He dating to include U and Th‐rich phases such as zircon, apatite, and titanite. These minerals often contain large amounts of radiogenic 4He that present several analytical challenges for precise and accurate 3He determinations. In this paper we document the abundance sensitivity and changes in the absolute sensitivity and time evolution of the 3He signal over a wide range of 4He pressures in a MAP 215‐50 noble gas mass spectrometer. Large (>50%) decreases in sensitivity with 4He amount arising from space charge effects were observed but can be corrected for using an isotope dilution–like technique in which 3He spike is added to a sample midway through the mass spectrometric analysis. Large amounts of 4He also cause the time evolution of the 3He signal to become steeper, degrading precision of the initial peak height determination from the intercept. Taken together we find that these effects preclude reliable analysis of samples with 4He > 1 μmol and that 3He/4He ratios of greater than ∼5 × 10−10 are required to routinely measure 3He to better than 20% precision. We present some general considerations by which to assess the probability of success of measuring cosmogenic 3He in these phases as a function of elevation, exposure age, and helium cooling age.