bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Control of Non Isothermal CSTR Using Different Controller Strategies
Authors: F. Zuhwar Zahra'a
Published: July 2023

In all process industries, the process variables like flow, pressure, level, concentrationand temperature are the main parameters that need to be controlled in both set pointand load changes.A control system of propylene glycol production in a non isothermal (CSTR) wasdeveloped in this work where the dynamic and control system based on basic massand energy balance were carried out.Inlet concentration and temperature are the two disturbances, while the inletvolumetric flow rate and the coolant temperature are the two manipulations. Theobjective is to maintain constant temperature and concentration within the CSTR.A dynamic model for non isothermal CSTR is described by a first order plus deadtime (FOPDT).The conventional PI and PID control were studied and the tuning of controlparameters was found by Ziegler-Nichols reaction curve tuning method to find thebest values of proportional gain (Kc), integral time ( I) and derivative time ( D).The conventional controller tuning is compared with IMC techniques in this work andit was found that the Ziegler –Nichols controller provides the best control for thedisturbance and the worst for the set-point change, while the IMC controller resultsshow satisfactory set-point responses but sluggish disturbance responses because theapproximate FOPTD model has relatively small time delay.Feedforward and feedforward combined with feedback control systems were used asanother strategy to compare with above strategies. Feedforward control provides abetter response to disturbance rejection than feedback control with a steady statedeviation (offset). Thus, a combined feedforward-feedback control system is preferredin practice where feedforward control is used to reduce the effects of measurabledisturbances, while feedback trim compensates for inaccuracies in the process model,measurement error, and unmeasured disturbances. Also the deviation (offset) infeedforward control was eliminated.
Production of Biodiesel Fuel from Oleic Acid and Comparison of its Properties with Petroleum Diesel
Authors: B. Nakkash Nada , R. Al-Karkhi Sarah
Published: July 2023

Biodiesel define as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oil and animal fats is an alternative diesel fuel that is steadily gaining attention because the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas has been identify as a major cause of the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere and causing global warming.The present work concerns with estimating the physical properties experimentally such as kinematic viscosity, density, flash point and carbon residue of biodiesel that produced by the esterification reaction of methanol and oleic acid with homogeneous catalysts H2SO4 in a lab-scale packed reactive distillation column using the best operating conditions of methanol to oleic acid 8:1, catalyst amount 1.8 g sulfuric acid/g oleic acid, time 57 min and reaction temperature 130°C that obtained from studying different variables such as molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid 4:1, 6:1 and 8:1, amount of catalyst 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 g sulfuric acid/g oleic acid, reaction time 36, 57 and 75 minutes, and reaction temperature 100oC, 120oC and 130oC.The physical properties of biodiesel from the present work compared with those of ASTM (American Standard for Testing Material) standard for biodiesel, previous work and petrol diesel, from the results the biodiesel obtained can be used as alternative to diesel.
Estimation of the Rock Mechanical Properties Using Conventional Log Data in North Rumaila Field
Authors: Al-Kattan Wafa , Jasim Al-Ameri N.
Published: July 2023

Hydrocarbon production might cause changes in dynamic reservoir properties. Thus the consideration of the mechanical stability of a formation under different conditions of drilling or production is a very important issue, and basic mechanical properties of the formation should be determined.There is considerable evidence, gathered from laboratory measurements in the field of Rock Mechanics, showing a good correlation between intrinsic rock strength and the dynamic elastic constant determined from sonic-velocity and density measurements.The values of the mechanical properties determined from log data, such as the dynamic elastic constants derived from the measurement of the elastic wave velocities in the material, should be more accurate than that determined by direct strength tests with core samples. This can be attributed to the scale effect and sampling disturbances.The aim of this study was to present methods of determining measures of some mechanical properties, from available well log data (conventional sonic, density, and gamma ray) for a well in North Rumaila field.The mechanical properties include formation strength and Poisson’s ratio. For the formation strength, combined elastic modulus (Ec) and shear modulus (G) were determined. The Poisson’s ratio was determined by using three different techniques to permit the accuracy of their values. The elastic modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio were then correlated with depth and effective stress.The results show that combined correlations are important source of the prediction of overpressure zones which represent a major problem encountered in drilling and production process.
Reinforcement Steel Corrosion Reduction by Using Fly Ash from South Baghdad Power Plant
Authors: S. Merzah Amel , N. Kalifa Huda , H. Abood Taha , Abdulkarim Ishraq
Published: July 2023

Corrosion- induced damage in reinforced concrete structure such as bridges, parking garages, and buildings, and the related cost for maintaining them in a serviceable condition, is a source of major concern for the owners of these structures.Fly ash produced from south Baghdad power plant with different concentrations (20, 25 and 30) % by weight from the cement ratio were used as a corrosion inhibitor as a weight ratio from the cement content.The concrete batch ratio under study was (1:1.5:3) cement, sand and gravel respectively which is used in Iraq. All the raw materials used were locally manufactured.Concrete slabs (250x250x70) mm dimensions were casted, using Poly-wood molds. Two steel bars were embedded in the central position of each slab at the mid- height (about 35 mm), with a space of 100 mm between each other.A 16 concrete slabs were prepared (0, 20, 25 and 30) wt. % of fly ash. The specimens were partially immersed in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution in order to predict the corrosion.Half-cell potential test technique was used to estimate the corrosion rate which is occurred in the steel bar due to the migration of chloride ions through the concrete, depending on the ASTM C876-08.The result shows that the potential values of steel in concrete were shifts to the positive direction with increasing the percentage of fly ash, because the reduction of porosity by the addition of fly ash which fill the pores and inhibit the chloride ions to reach to steel.The results also show that the further increase of fly ash (30%) the possibility of carbonation is increased which result in reduction its alkalinity, thereby permitting corrosion of embedded steel.
Simulation of Cathodic Protection System Using Matlab
Authors: A. Al Habobi Naseer , F. Abed Shahad
Published: July 2023

Iraq has a huge network of pipelines, transport crude oil and final hydrocarbon products as well as portable water. These networks are exposed to extensive damage due to the underground corrosion processes unless suitable protection techniques are used. In this paper we collect the information of cathodic protection for pipeline in practical fields (Oil Group in Al Doura), to obtain data base to understand and optimize the design which is made by simulation for the environmental factors and cathodic protection variables also soil resistivity using wenner four terminal methods for survey sites; and soil pH investigations were recorded for these selected fields were within 7-8, and recording the anodes voltage and its related currents for the protection of underground pipelines.Modeling enables the designer to build cathodic protection for buried structure and predicting the places of anodes sites and its operating voltages and currents under various operational conditions, and comparing it with those in practices. In this work we compared between the field and simulation results which include, anode numbers, rectifier voltage, rectifier current and anode resistance. The most economical design for the first pipeline was at station no. 2 which need 2.5 A for protection of the pipeline for that specific length and for second pipeline station no. 4 which need 12 A for protection of the pipeline for that specific length.
Theoretical Study on Heat Transfer in the Presence of Fouling
Authors: Abdulwahid Abdulnabi Al-Hallaf Waqar
Published: July 2023

The fouling depositions of crude oil stream were studied theoretically in a shell and tube heat exchanger to investigate the effect of depositions on the heat transfer process. The employed heat exchanger was with steam flowing in the inner tubes and crude oil in the shell at different velocities and bulk temperatures. It is assumed that fouling occurs only on the heated stream side (crude oil). The analysis was carried out for turbulent flow heat transfer conditions with wide range of Reynolds number, bulk temperature and time. Many previously proposed models for fouling resistance were employed to estimate a new model for fouling rate. It is found that the fouling rate and consequently the heat transfer coefficient were affected by Reynolds number, Prandtls number, film temperature, activation energy, and time.The results obtained showed that fouling resistance decreased with the increasing of Reynolds number and Prandtls number, and increased with the increasing of film temperature and time. The analyses of results were compared with some experimental work and a reasonable agreement is attained.
The Effect of Promoters on the Activity of Prepared Zeolite Catalyst in FCC Process
Authors: A-K Mohammed Abdul Halim , Ali Dahyool Nuha
Published: July 2023

Faujasite type NaY zeolite catalyst was prepared from locally available kaolin, then the prepared NaY zeolite have been modified by exchanging of sodium ion with ammonium to produce NH4Y zeolite. NH4Y zeolite was converted to HY zeolite by ion exchanging with oxalic acid. Zinc and nickel promoters have been added to the prepared HY zeolite catalyst, and the effect of these promoters on the catalytic activity of the prepared HY catalyst was studied in fluid catalytic cracking process using light gas oil as a feedstock. The experimental results show that the promoted catalyst gives higher gas oil conversion and gasoline yield than HY zeolite catalyst at the same reaction temperature and WHSV. It was also found that the promoted catalyst gives gasoline with lesser olefin content and higher aromatics compared with the gasoline produced by HY catalyst.
Extraction of Oil from Eucalyptus Camadulensis Using Water Distillation Method
Authors: A. Abdul-Majeed Basma , A. Hassan Asrar , M. Kurji Badoor
Published: July 2023

This work was conducted to study the extraction of eucalyptus oil from natural plants (Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves) using water distillation method by Clevenger apparatus. The effects of main operating parameters were studied: time to reach equilibrium, temperature (70 to100°C), solvent to solid ratio (4:1 to 8:1 (v/w)), agitation speed (0 to 900 rpm), and particle size (0.5 to 2.5 cm) of the fresh leaves, to find the best processing conditions for achieving maximum oil yield. The results showed that the agitation speed of 900 rpm, temperature 100° C, with solvent to solid ratio 5:1 (v/w) of particle size 0.5 cm for 160 minute give the highest percentage of oil (46.25 wt.%). The extracted oil was examined by HPLC.
Kinetic Study and Simulation of Oleic Acid Esterification in Different Type of Reactors
Authors: S. Abbas Ammar , M. Abbas Sura
Published: July 2023

Esterification reaction is most important reaction in biodiesel production. In this study, oleic acid was used as a suggested feedstock to study and simulate production of biodiesel. Batch esterification of oleic acid was carried out at operating conditions; temperature from 40 to 70 °C, ethanol to oleic acid molar ratio from 1/1 to 6/1, H2SO4 as the catalyst 1 and 5% wt of oleic acid, reaction time up to 180 min. The optimum conditions for the esterification reaction were molar ratio of ethanol/oleic acid 6/1, 5%wt H2SO4 relative to oleic acid, 70 °C, 90 min and conversion of oleic 0.92. The activation energy for the suggested model was 26625 J/mole for forward reaction and 42189 J/mole for equilibrium constant. The obtained results simulated to other types of reactors with different operating conditions using reactop cascade package. The conversion of oleic acid of simulation results at optimum operating conditions was 0.97 for isothermal batch and plug flow reactors, 0.67 for isothermal CSTR, while the conversions of oleic acid in the adiabatic mode were 0.82, 0.40, 0.74 for batch, CSTR, PFR reactors respectively.
The Application of Microwave Technology in Demulsification of Water-in-Oil Emulsion for Missan Oil Fields
Authors: A.M. Mohammed Sawsan , S. Mohammed Mortatha
Published: July 2023

A series of batch demulsification runs were carried out to evaluate the final emulsified water content of emulsion samples after the exposure to microwave. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a set of operating variables on the demulsification performance. Several microwave irradiation demulsification runs were carried out at different irradiation powers (700, 800, and 900 watt), using water-in-oil emulsion samples containing different water contents (20-80%, 30-70%, and 50-50%) and salt contents (10000, 20000, and 30000 ppm). It was found that the best separation efficiency was obtained at 900watt, 50% water content and 160 s of irradiation time. Experimental results showed that microwave radiation method can enhance the demulsification of water -in- oil emulsions in very short time compared to the conventional methods.
Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Overbased Magnesium Fatty Acids Detergent for Medium Lubricating Oil
Authors: A-K Mohammed Abdul Halim , R. Ahmad Mohammed , A. K. Al-Messri Zainab
Published: July 2023

A series of overbased magnesium fatty acids such as caprylate, caprate, laurate, myristate, palmitate, stearate and oleate) were synthesized by the reaction of the fatty acids with active – 60 magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas at 60 oC in the presence of ammonia solution as catalyst, toluene / ethanol solvent mixture (9:1vol/vol) was added.The prepared detergent additives were characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR and evaluated by blending each additive in various concentrations with medium lubricant oil fraction (60 stock) supplied by Iraqi Midland Refineries Company. The total base number (TBN, mg of KOH/g) was determined, and the results of TBN were treated by using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. It was found that the number of carbons in the fatty acid (C8-C18) used for overbased detergent preparation had slight effect on the TBN of the oil, while detergent concentrations (1-5% wt/wt) had a significant effect on the TBN of the blended oil.The oxidation stability of the oil blends with 2% of overbased magnesium palmitate and overbased magnesium stearate detergents was evaluated, and the results showed that these blends gave higher oxidation stability compared with the blends with standard antioxidant supplied by Midland Refineries Company.
Effect of Additives on the Properties of Different Types of Greases
Authors: A.R. Mohammed Muhannad
Published: July 2023

The aim of this research is to study the influence of additives on the properties of soap greases, such as lithium, calcium, sodium, lithium-calcium grease, by adding varies additives, such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide, carbon black, corrosion inhibitor, and extreme pressure.These additives have been added to grease to obtain the best percentages that improve the properties of grease such as load carrying, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, drop point, and penetration.The results showed the best weight percentages to all types of grease which give good properties are 1.5% extreme pressure additive, 3% graphite, 1% molybdenum disulfide, 2.5% carbon black.The other hand, the best weight percentage for corrosion inhibitor is 1% to lithium-calcium grease, 2% to lithium grease, and 3% to sodium grease. It was concluded that there is no need to add corrosion inhibitor to calcium grease
Removal of Phenol Compounds from Aqueous Solution Using Coated Sand Filter Media
Authors: Al-Obaidy Asrar
Published: July 2023

Coated sand (CS) filter media was investigated to remove phenol and 4-nitrophenol from aqueous solutions in batch experiments. Local sand was subjected to surface modification as impregnated with iron. The influence of process variables represented by solution pH value, contact time, initial concentration and adsorbent dosage on removal efficiency of phenol and 4-nitrophenol onto CS was studied. Batch studies were performed to evaluate the adsorption process, and it was found that the Langmuir isotherm effectively fits the experimental data for the adsorbates better than the Freundlich model with the CS highest adsorption capacity of 0.45 mg/g for 4-nitrophenol and 0.25 mg/g for phenol. The CS was found to adsorb 85% of 4-nitrophenol and 65% for phenol at an initial concentration of 25 mg/ℓ.
Permeability Prediction in Carbonate Reservoir Rock Using FZI
Authors: Ali Baker Hussain , Noori AL-Jawad Sameer , Imad Murtadha Zainab
Published: July 2023

Knowledge of permeability, which is the ability of rocks to transmit the fluid, is important for understanding the flow mechanisms in oil and gas reservoirs.Permeability is best measured in the laboratory on cored rock taken from the reservoir. Coring is expensive and time-consuming in comparison to the electronic survey techniques most commonly used to gain information about permeability.Yamama formation was chosen, to predict the permeability by using FZI method. Yamama Formation is the main lower cretaceous carbonate reservoir in southern of Iraq. This formation is made up mainly of limestone. Yamama formation was deposited on a gradually rising basin floor. The digenesis of Yamama sediments is very important due to its direct relation to the porosity and permeability.In this study permeability has been predicated by using the Flow zone indicator methods.This method attempts to identify the flow zone indicator in un-cored wells using log records. Once the flow zone indicator is calculated from the core data, a relationship between this FZI value and the well logs can be obtained.
Kinetic Study and Simulation of Oleic Acid Esterification over Prepared NaY Zeolite Catalyst
Authors: S. Abbas Ammar , N. Abbas Rowaida
Published: July 2023

Esterification considers the most important reaction in biodiesel production. In this study, oleic acid was used as a suggested feedstock in order to study and simulate production of biodiesel. The batch esterification reaction of oleic acid was carried out at various operating conditions; temperature from 40 to 70 °C, ethanol to oleic acid molar ratio from 3/1 and 6/1 and a reaction time up to 180 min.The catalyst used was prepared NaY zeolite, which is added to the reaction mixture as 2, 5 and 10 wt.% of oleic acid.The results show that the optimum conditions, gives 0.81 conversion of oleic acid, were 6/1 molar ratio of ethanol/oleic acid, 5 wt.% NaY relative to initial oleic acid, 70°C and 60 minutes. The activation energy of the suggested model was 42692 J/mole for forward reaction and 17218 J/mole for backward reaction.
Heterogeneously Catalyzed Esterification Reaction: Experimental and Modeling Using Langmuir- Hinshelwood Approach
Authors: S. Ahmedzeki Nada , H. Alhassani Maha , A. Al-jandeel Hayder
Published: July 2023

The esterification reaction of ethyl alcohol and acetic acid catalyzed by the ion exchange resin, Amberlyst 15, was investigated. The experimental study was implemented in an isothermal batch reactor. Catalyst loading, initial molar ratio, mixing time and temperature as being the most effective parameters, were extensively studied and discussed. A maximum final conversion of 75% was obtained at 70°C, acid to ethyl alcohol mole ratio of 1/2 and 10 g catalyst loading. Kinetic of the reaction was correlated with Langmuir-Hanshelwood model (LHM). The total rate constant and the adsorption equilibrium of water as a function of the temperature was calculated. The activation energies were found to be as 113876.9 and -49474.95 KJ per Kmol of acetic acid for the esterification reaction and the heat of adsorption of water. These results agreed well with the previous published data.
Concentration of Orange Juice Using Forward Osmosis Membrane Process
Authors: W. Hameed Khalid
Published: July 2023

Forward osmosis (FO) process was applied to concentrate the orange juice. FO relies on the driving force generating from osmotic pressure difference that result from concentration difference between the draw solution (DS) and orange juice as feed solution (FS). This driving force makes the water to transport from orange juice across a semi-permeable membrane to the DS without any energy applied. Thermal and pressure-driven dewatering methods are widely used, but they are prohibitively energy intensive and hence, expensive. Effects of various operating conditions on flux have been investigated. Four types of salts were used in the DS, (NaCl, CaCl2, KCl, and MgSO4) as osmotic agent and the experiments were performed at the concentration of the salts in the DS ranged (3.5 – 20% by wt), the temperature of DS ranged (20 – 50oC), and the flow rate of the FS and DS ranged (1 – 4 lit/min). It was observed that the optimum operating conditions are: concentration of salt = 20% by wt for CaCl2, temperature of DS = 50oC, and the flow rate of FS = 4 lit/min where at these conditions the maximum flux was obtained equal to 13.2 lit/m2.h or the total volume of the water transferred from the juice (during 3 hours and membrane area of 0.0135 m2) was 0.535 lit. NaCl performed much higher efficiency as osmotic agent than the others salts up to the concentration of 15.2%, but after 15.2% the CaCl2 was the best.
Apparent Viscosity Direct from Marsh Funnel Test
Authors: H. M. Almahdawi Faleh , Zarzor Al-Yaseri Ahmed , Jasim Nagham
Published: July 2023

Accurate and simple techniques for measurement of fluid rheological properties are important for field operations in the oil industry. Marsh Funnels are popular quality-control tools used in the field for drilling fluids and they offer a simple, practical alternative to viscosity measurement. In the normal measurements, a single point (drainage time) is used to determine an average viscosity; little additional information is extracted regarding the non-Newtonian behavior of the fluid.Here, a new model is developed and used to determine the rheological properties of drilling muds and other non-Newtonian fluids using data of fluid density and drainage time collected from a Marsh Funnel as a function of viscosity. The funnel results for viscosity compare favorably to the values obtained from a commonly-used Fann 35 viscometer. Different quantities of bentonite, barite and other additives which have been used to prepare many samples. Empirical equations are obtainedμapp. = ρ (t – 28) and μapp. = -0.0118t2 + 1.6175t - 32.168,where apparent viscosity (μapp.) in (cp), Marsh funnel time (t) in seconds and the density (ρ) in gm/cm3.
Design of Horizontal Well Program for Ajeel Field
Authors: S.AL-Jawad Mohammed , AL-Dabaj A.A. , Abdul Hadi Abdul Hussien Hassan
Published: July 2023

Horizontal wells are of great interest to the petroleum industry today because they provide an attractive means for improving both production rate and recovery efficiency. The great improvements in drilling technology make it possible to drill horizontal wells with complex trajectories and extended for significant depths.The aim of this paper is to present the design aspects of horizontal well. Well design aspects include selection of bit and casing sizes, detection of setting depths and drilling fluid density, casing, hydraulics, well profile, and construction of drillstring simulator. An Iraqi oil field (Ajeel field) is selected for designing horizontal well to increase the productivity. Short radius horizontal well is suggested for the developing the field since many drilled vertical wells are existsA soft string model was programmed to predict the imposed loads on suggested drillstring. Six operating conditions of drillstring includes rotating off bottom, pick up without rotation, slack off without rotation, pick up with rotation, slack off with rotation, and sliding ,were considered. Also, two buckling modes of drill string were estimated. According to drillstring simulator results, short radius well of build rate 90 deg/100 ft could be implemented without exceeding the strength limits of the suggested drillstring.
Adsorption of Methyl Green Dye onto Bamboo in Batch and Continuous System
Authors: Adnan Atshan Ahmed
Published: July 2023

Adsorption techniques are widely used to remove certain classes of pollutants from waters, especially those that are not easily biodegradable. Dyes represent one of the problematic groups. The removal of methyl green from waste water using bamboo was studied in batch and continuous system. In batch system equilibrium time and adsorption isotherm was studied at different concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 ppm) and 50 mg weight of adsorbent.Langmuir and Freundlich equations were applied for adsorption isotherm data. Langmiur equation was fitted better than Freundlich equation (R2=0.984 for Langmuir equation).The maximum percentage dye removal obtained 79.4% and adsorption capacity was 15.5 mg/g. For continuous system the breakthrough curve was studied at different bed depths (1, 2 and 4 cm), different concentrations (5 and 10 ppm), and different flow rates (5 and 10 ml/min).
Oxidation of Toluene to Benzoic Acid Catalyzed by Modified Vanadium Oxide
Authors: T. Mohammed Wadood
Published: July 2023

A variety of oxides were examined as additives to a V2O5/Al2O3 catalyst in order to enhance the catalytic performance for the vapor phase oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid. It was found that the modification with MoO3 greatly promoted the little reaction leading to improve catalyst performance in terms of toluene conversion and benzoic acid selectivity. The effect of catalyst surface area, catalyst promoters, reaction temperature, O2/toluene, steam/toluene, space velocity, and catalyst composition to catalyst performance were examined in order to increase the benzoic acid selectivity and yield.
Using Sonic Log to Predict Abnormal Pressure Zones in Selected Oil Wells (Western of Iraq)
Authors: A. Saleh Talib
Published: July 2023

Two oil wells were tested to find the abnormal pressure zones using sonic log technique. We found that well Abu-Jir-3 and Abu-Jir-5 had an abnormal pressure zones from depth 4340 to 4520 feet and 4200 to 4600 feet, respectively. The maximum difference between obtained results and the field measured results did not exceed 2.4%.In this paper, the formation pressures were expressed in terms of pressure gradient which sometimes reached up to twice the normal pressure gradient.Drilling and developing such formations were dangerous and expensive.The plotted figures showed a clear derivation from the normal trend which confirmed the existence of abnormal pressure zones.
Kinetic of Alkaloids Extraction from Plant by Batch Pertraction in Rotating Discs Contactor
Authors: M. Abed Khalid
Published: July 2023

A liquid membrane process of Alkaloids extraction from Datura Innoxia solution was studied applying pertraction process in rotating discs contactor (RDC). Decane as a liquid membrane and dilute sulphuric acid as stripping solution were used. The effect of the fundamental parameters influencing the transport process, e.g. type of solvent used, effect of disks speed, amount of liquid membrane and effect of pH for feed and strip solution. The transport of alkaloids was analysed on the basis of kinetic laws of two consecutive irreversible first order reactions. Thus, the kinetic parameters (k1, k1, , tmax, and ) for the transport of alkaloids were determined. The effect of organic membrane type on percentage of Alkaloids transport was found to be in the order (n-decane> n-heptane> n-hexane> ethyl ether). The results showed that the highest alkaloids extraction was obtained when using two stages, (10 rpm) discs speed, (pH=9.5) of feed solution and (pH=2) of acceptor solution in n-decane. Observation showed that the membrane entrance rate constant k1 and percentage of alkaloids transported in strip phase increased with increasing numbers of stages but the exit rate constant k2 decreased. The alkaloids extraction ratio increased with increasing the disks speed from 5 to 10 rpm but decreased at 15 rpm and decreased when increasing the volume of membrane. Also pH of feed and strip solution affected the extraction ratio and rate constants.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel by Curcuma Extract in Petroleum Refinery Wastewater
Authors: S. Yaroa Aprael , F. Talib Kabas
Published: July 2023

The inhibitor property of curcuma longa L. extract in different concentrations of simulated refinery wastewater (0.05% - 2% wt) and at various temperatures (30, 35 and 40 ˚C) was investigated using weight loss method. The results showed that the presence of about 1.2 % (v/v) of curcuma extract gave about 84% inhibition indicating its effectiveness on mild steel corrosion in simulated refinery wastewater, besides the adsorption process on the mild steal surface obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Environmental Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Air at Thermal South Power Station of Baghdad
Authors: H. Afaj Adnan , Shanshal Muthna , M. H. Almousawi Israa , Adnan A. Safauldeen
Published: July 2023

Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations were measured in aerosol samples collected for the period from April 2012 to February 2013 at thermal south power station of Baghdad. Fourty one aerosol sample were extracted with (1:1) dichloromethane and methanol using soxhlet for seventeen hour. The extraction solution was analyzed applying GC/MS. The PAH concentrations outside thermal south power station were higher than those inside it, and higher in summer season than in winter. Naphthalene, pyrene, Anthracene, Indeno [1, 2, 3-cd] pyrene and Phenanthrene were the most abundant PAHs detected in all points at the site sampling. The total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (TPAH) and total suspended particles (TSP) concentrations were measured during the measurement period. For individual PAH compounds, the results showed a strong correlation with each other (0.998 - 0.77) at both sites.
New Viscosity Correlation for Different Iraqi Oil Fields
Authors: Kaiser Abdulmajeed Rwaida
Published: July 2023

Viscosity is one of the most important governing parameters of the fluid flow, either in the porous media or in pipelines. So it is important to use an accurate method to calculate the oil viscosity at various operating conditions. In the literature, several empirical correlations have been proposed for predicting crude oil viscosity. However, these correlations are limited to predict the oil viscosity at specified conditions. In the present work, an extensive experimental data of oil viscosities collected from different samples of Iraqi oil reservoirs was applied to develop a new correlation to calculate the oil viscosity at various operating conditions either for dead, saturated or under saturated reservoir. Validity and accuracy of the new correlation was confirmed by comparing the obtained results of this correlation and other ones, with experimental data for Iraqi oil samples. It was observed that the new correlation gave the most accurate agreement with the experimental data.
Electrofacies Characterization of an Iraqi Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Abdulhadi Abdulateef Dahlia , Zarzor Ahmed , S. AL Jawad Mohammed
Published: July 2023

Predicting peterophysical parameters and doing accurate geological modeling which are an active research area in petroleum industry cannot be done accurately unless the reservoir formations are classified into sub-groups. Also, getting core samples from all wells and characterize them by geologists are very expensive way; therefore, we used the Electro-Facies characterization which is a simple and cost-effective approach to classify one of Iraqi heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs using commonly available well logs.

The main goal of this work is to identify the optimum E-Facies units based on principal components analysis (PCA) and model based cluster analysis(MCA) depending on available well logs data for four wells from an Iraqi carbonate oil field. The optimum E-Facies units came from comparing them with geologist classification units for these four wells. Also, we conclude that the value of permeability is not important to get the optimum E-Facies units.

Several runs have been tried each with different number of units using the Electro-Facies approach. The results of the techniques show very good match of the tops for various units with the actual ones. This application also shows the power and versatility of electrofacies characterization in improving reservoir descriptions in complex carbonate reservoirs.
Removal of SO2 over Modified Activated Carbon in Fixed Bed Reactor: I, Effect of Metal Oxide Loadings and Acid Treatment
Authors: K. Ibraheem Neran , R. Raouf Shahrazad , A. Naser Zainab
Published: July 2023

The removal of SO2 from simulated gas stream (SO2 + air) in a fixed bed reactor using Modified Activated Carbon (MAC) catalysts was investigated. All the experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure, initial SO2 concentration of 2500 ppm and bed temperature of 90oC. MAC was prepared by loading a series of nickel and copper oxides 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 wt% on AC. In some of the experimental runs, the original activated carbon was pretreated with two different concentrations of nitric acid 10 and 45 wt%. The results showed that the SO2 removal efficiency, breakthrough time (τ0.05) and sorption capacity increase with increasing metal oxides loadings up to a value of 7 wt% beyond which the desulfurization performance decreases. The pretreatment of the original AC with HNO3 enhanced the removal efficiency of SO2. The copper supported catalysts showed higher flue gas desulfurization activity as compared to the nickel supported catalysts.
Performance Evaluation of Three Phase Spray Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Authors: A. Jassim Najim , A. Abdulkhaleq Fatimah
Published: July 2023

The present investigation deals with experimental study of three-phase direct-contact heat exchanger, for water-Freon R11 system, where water is the continuous phase (liquid) and Freon R11 (liquid-gas) is the dispersed phase. The test section consisted of a cylindrical Perspex column with inner diameter 8cm and 1.2m long, in which, water was to be confined. Liquid Freon R11 drops were injected into the hot water filled column, through a special design of distributors at the bottom of the column. The liquid Freon R11 drops rose on their way up and evaporated into two-phase bubbles at atmospheric pressure. The study was devoted to express the effect of process variables such as column height, Freon R11 mass flow rate and initial temperature of water on the average percentage holdup, heat transfer rate, volumetric heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness.

The obtained experimental results showed that the average percentage holdup increased with increasing in the process variables. The heat transfer rate increased clearly with increasing in mass flow rate of Freon R11 while it increased very little when column height and initial temperature of water increased, it increased two times when increase the mass flow rate from 1.8 to 5.4 kg/hr. The volumetric heat transfer coefficient was found to decrease with increasing in column height and initial temperature of water, while it was increased with increasing in mass flow rate of Freon R11. The effectiveness was found to increase (maximum 90%) with increasing in column height and decreasing in the mass flow rate of Freon R11 and initial temperature of water. A statistical analysis was performed to get general correlations for the average percentage holdup, heat transfer rate, volumetric heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness as a function of the studied parameters.
Influences of Operating Variables on Hydrodynamic Performance of Plunging Water Jet Downflow Bubble Column
Authors: I. Abdulaziz Yasser , K. Salih Issam , J. Mohammed Thamer
Published: July 2023

The hydrodynamics of a co-current down flow bubble column has been investigated with air – water system. A Perspex bubble column of 5cm in diameter and 1.5m height is used as a test contactor using nozzles of 7, 8 and 9 mm diameter for air-water distributing. The column is provided with three electro-resistivity needle probes for bubble detection.Experimental work is carried out with air flow rates from 0.09 to 0.45 m3/hr and liquid flow rates from 0.65 to 1.1m3/hr in order to study the effects of superficial gas velocity, nozzle diameter and liquid flow rate on the characteristics of hydrodynamic interactions viz. gas hold up, bubble diameter and bubble velocity by using two technical methods, direct height measurements for air-water mixture in the column and resistivity probe techniques.Gas hold up is found to be progressively increased with increasing superficial gas velocity and with decreasing liquid flow rate. Lower gas hold up is obtained with smaller nozzle diameter. However, gas hold up in two-phase zone is considerably higher than the corresponding value in mixing zone.The mean bubble velocity is increased with increasing superficial gas velocity, liquid flow rate and nozzle diameter for both mixing and two phase zones. Experimental data are found to be fairly fitted with the Drift Flux model of Zuber and Findly.The bubble diameter is considerably increased with increasing superficial gas velocity and with decreasing liquid flow rate, whereas it is slightly influenced by nozzle diameter. However, the bubbles in two-phase zone are relatively bigger than those observed in mixing zone. Finally, mathematical correlations have been developed from the experimental data to describe the gas hold up and bubble velocity in the uniform two-phase zone.
Heat Transfer Efficiency of Different Composite Insulators
Authors: Muhson Naji Amel , M. Al-Shuwaiki Najah , H. Abdulsalam Ezzet
Published: July 2023

This research aims to investigate the thermal performance of different thermal composite insulators, wrapped around a closed-loop copper pipe (CLP). To achieve this aim a system was designed and manufactured. It is consisted of closed water tank insulated by Rock Wool, and supplied with two electric heaters, two thermostat, a flow meter, a water pump, digital temperature scales, and four series of (CLP).Six insulators were prepared namely; composites of Impregnated Fiberglass with Elastoclad and foaming Rubber (FER), Impregnated Fiberglass with Elastoclad resin and Polymeric Membrane (FEM), Impregnated Fiberglass with Polyurethane thermoset resin and Foaming Rubber (FUR), Impregnated Fiberglass with Polyurethane thermoset resin and Polymeric Membrane (FUM), Fiberglass woven tape (F) , and foaming rubber tape (R). Thermal conductivities of all composite specimens were measured by Lee's Disc device and their thermal performances were evaluated by measuring inlet and outlet temperature ΔTw at different flow rates. It was found from all test results that ΔTw decreased as flow rate increased.The optimum result was obtained for the (FER) insulator at flow rate 8 L/min where ΔTw = 0.8 oC (efficiency η = 99 %).Thermal efficiency of the prepared insulators was according to the following sequence:FER > FEM > FUR > FUM >R > F
Raney: a ubiquitous neurosurgical eponym
Authors: Klein Andrea L. , Foster Chase H. , Rosseau Gail L.
Published: July 2023

Prior to the 1937 invention of the Raney clip, surgeons relied on hemostatic sutures, pneumatic tourniquets, sequentially applied hemostatic forceps, and the administration of local vasoconstrictive agents to achieve scalp hemostasis. The Raney clip is now the quintessential tool for achieving scalp hemostasis in cranial neurosurgery; with nearly 13.8 million cranial neurosurgical cases per year globally, Raney clips are in high demand and their use is ubiquitous. What is less known, however, is the story of their invention and the related stories of those who bear the Raney name. This paper fills these gaps in neurosurgical history, using information obtained during an extensive series of contemporary interviews and correspondence with the Raney family.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of predictive factors for spontaneous regression in lumbar disc herniation
Authors: Rashed Sami , Vassiliou Anna , Starup-Hansen Joachim , Tsang Kevin
Published: July 2023

OBJECTIVE

Relatively little evidence exists on predictive factors for the spontaneous regression of lumbar disc herniation (LDH), although it is a well-documented phenomenon. Therefore, current care is not optimized to identify those who would benefit from early surgery versus those who could avoid surgical risks and pursue nonsurgical therapy. In this study, the authors aimed to analyze and summarize all literature to date on predictive factors for spontaneous LDH regression as well as suggest future research strategies to aid in the decision-making for this cohort.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted of the Cochrane, Embase, and MEDLINE databases for articles that described LDH in terms of the North American Spine Society task force definitions: bulging, protruded, extruded, and sequestered disc morphologies. All articles described a nonsurgical primary symptomatic LDH cohort with at least two MR images to assess regression. Those with concomitant spinal disease were excluded. The primary outcome was to assess the probability of disc regression for each disc morphology, with a secondary analysis for any other predictive factors identified. The authors synthesized their results with the only previous review (examining articles published before March 2014) to comprehensively describe the literature. A qualitative analysis of the wider literature was also performed for those studies with differing definitions of LDH but meeting all remaining inclusion criteria.

RESULTS

Sixteen articles describing 360 cases of LDH were identified. Participants tended to be younger and male and presented with radiculopathy and L4–5 or L5–S1 LDH. The mean time to follow-up imaging was 11.5 months. The probabilities of spontaneous regression with bulging, protruded, extruded, and sequestered discs were 13.3%, 52.5%, 70.4%, and 93.0%, respectively (χ2 = 126.01, p < 0.001). Extruded and sequestered discs were also significantly more likely to completely regress than smaller morphologies. Other predictors of regression were larger baseline herniation volume (1260.16 vs 1006.71 mm3, p < 0.002), transligamentous herniation (χ2 = 13.321, p < 0.001), and higher Komori types (χ2 = 14.5132, p < 0.001). The authors also found similar trends in qualitative data as well as confirmed that symptom improvement was associated with disc regression.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows further evidence of the influence of disc morphology on predicting LDH regression as well as provides the first meta-analysis of data indicating additional predictive factors. Further investigation of predictive factors for early (< 6 months) LDH regression is suggested to optimize clinical use.
Setting Up A State-Of-The-Art Laboratory In Resource Limited Settings: A Case Study Of The Biomedical Science Research And Training Centre In Northeast Nigeria
Authors: Isah Murtala Bindawa , Muhammad Zaid , Lawan Mohammed Musa , Alkhamis Abdulrahman I. , Goni W. , Oakley Sebastian S. , Marshall Karen E. , Hartig Renee , Raouf Issa S. , T Yoshimatsu , Maia Chagas Andre , Maina Mahmoud Bukar
Published: July 2023

African science has substantial potential, yet it grapples with significant challenges. Here we describe the establishment of the Biomedical Science Research Centre (BioRTC) in Yobe State, Northeast Nigeria, as a case study of a hub fostering on-continent research and describe strategies to surmount some of these barriers. We detail the steps taken to establish BioRTC, emphasising the critical importance of stakeholder engagement, community involvement, resource optimisation, and collaborations. Although we are in the early stages of our journey, our experience can nonetheless serve as a guide to others embarking on similar endeavours in resource-limited settings. We invite the support and collaboration of those who share our vision and believe in our potential.
Letter Detection : An Empirical Comparative Study of Different ML Classifier and Feature Extraction
Authors: Wibawa Aji Prasetya , Putri Nastiti Susetyo Fanany , Widiharso Prasetya
Published: July 2023

Work and communication activities are inextricably linked. Letters are an example of a communication medium that is still widely utilized. When it comes to significant job, however, simply an official letter is required. Official and private letters must be distinguished and classified. Different feature extraction methods, such as the count-vectorizer and TF-IDF vectorizer, are employed to transmit the detection of this official and personal letter. To categorize letters by type, various machine learning (ML) techniques are employed. Nave Bayes, Support vector machine, and AdaBoost are the algorithms. The accuracy measurements used in this study include accuracy scores, F1-mean, recall, and precision. The best working algorithm is Naïve Bayes for two vectorizer methods used, with an accuracy value of 98%.
Electricity power monitoring based on internet of things
Authors: Saputra Ekky Haqindytia , Ma'arif Alfian , Alayi Reza
Published: July 2023

Every year, electricity consumption in Indonesia has increased in line with population growth and the national economy. One of the factors causing an increase in electricity consumption in Indonesia, one of which is caused by the lifestyle of modern society which is wasteful in using electricity. Modern society is increasingly using electricity inefficiently. One potential solution to this problem is the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) concept. The Internet of Things, or IoT for short, is a system of connected computing devices whose sole purpose is to maximize the benefits of an internet connection. The system built using the PZEM-004T sensor which is processed by the Arduino Uno microcontroller will be sent to Wemos D1 Mini via serial communication (TX-RX) so that it can be displayed on the BLYNK New IoT application on a smartphone. As for the parameters that will be displayed in the BLYNK application, namely voltage, current, and power usage of electrical devices. By using this application, users will be able to more easily and effectively monitor and how much electrical energy is used by equipment remotely. This equipment has been tested from September to October, on 5 electronic devices such as lights, TVs, refrigerators, rice cookers, fans with satisfactory results, namely being able to monitor the use of electrical devices using smartphones through the blynk application.