bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topological Dynamics of Random Dynamical Systems
Authors: Cong Nguyen Dinh
Published: November 2023

This book is devoted to the theory of topological dynamics of random dynamical systems. The theory of random dynamical systems is a relatively new and fast expanding field of research which attracts the attention of researchers from various fields of science. It unites and develops the classical deterministic theory of dynamical systems and probability theory, hence finding many applications in a very wide range of disciplines from physics to biology to engineering, finance, and economics. Recent developments call for a systematic presentation of the theory. Topological dynamics of random dynamical systems is the first book to deal with the theory of topological dynamics of random dynamical systems. It presents in detail the solutions to the most fundamental problems of topological dynamics: linearization of nonlinear smooth systems, classification, and structural stability of linear hyperbolic systems. Employing the tools and methods of algebraic ergodic theory, the theory presented in the book has surprisingly beautiful results showing the richness of random dynamical systems as well as giving a gentle generalization of the classical deterministic theory. Mathematicians working in the theory of dynamical systems, stochastic dynamics, as well as those interested in applications of mathematical systems with random noise, will find this timely book a valuable reference and rich source of modern mathematical results and methods.
Classical and Modern Methods in Summability
Authors: Boos Johann , Cass Peter
Published: November 2023

Summability is a mathematical topic with a long tradition and many applications in, for example, function theory, number theory, and stochastics. It was originally based on classical analytical methods, but was strongly influenced by modern functional analytical methods during the last seven decades. The present book aims to introduce the reader to the wide field of summability and its applications, and provides an overview of the most important classical and modern methods used. Part I contains a short general introduction to summability, the basic classical theory concerning mainly inclusion theorems and theorems of the Silverman-Toeplitz type, a presentation of the most important classes of summability methods, Tauberian theorems, and applications of matrix methods. The proofs in Part I are exclusively done by applying classical analytical methods. Part II is concerned with modern functional analytical methods in summability, and contains the essential functional analytical basis required in later parts of the book, topologization of sequence spaces as K- and KF-spaces, domains of matrix methods as FK-spaces and their topological structure. In this part the proofs are of functional analytical nature only. Part III of the present book deals with topics in summability and topological sequence spaces which require the combination of classical and modern methods. It covers investigations of the constistency of matrix methods and of the bounded domain of matrix methods via Saks space theory, and the presentation of some aspects in topological sequence spaces. Lecturers, graduate students, and researchers working in summability and related topics will find this book a useful introduction and reference work.
The Quasi-Laminar Model for Wind-to-Wave Energy Transfer
Authors: Miles John
Published: November 2023

The quasi-laminar model for the transfer of energy from a prescribed shear flow to a surface wave [7] is reviewed. The incorporation of the wave-induced Reynolds stresses (which are neglected in the original model) through a viscoelastic closure [9] and the elimination of the critical-layer singularity through Nikolayeva and Tsimring’s [11] model for the incorporation of slow fluctuations (gustiness) of the wind are discussed briefly.
Wind-Induced Growth and Attenuation of Laboratory Waves
Authors: Donelan M A
Published: November 2023

A laboratory experiment is conducted to determine the direct growth of wind waves in a following wind and attenuation of waves in an opposing wind. Upwind travelling waves are generated by a submerged wave-maker and a wave-follower borne pressure probe is used to obtain the amplitudes and relative phase of surface pressure and surface elevation. It is shown that the resulting attenuation rates are substantial, although somewhat smaller than the corresponding growth rates of wind-generated waves.
Semicontinuity in Bv
Authors: Ambrosio Luigi , Fusco Nicola , Pallara Diego
Published: November 2023

This chapter is entirely devoted to the lower semicontinuity of integral functionals in [BV(O)r, with Q c RN. This problem, presenting many nontrivial aspects even when the domain is restricted to Sobolev spaces, is more difficult in BV because of the possible interaction between the different parts of the derivative.
Memory From A to Z
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: November 2023

This is an innovative, readable and engaging companion to the language of memory research. It consists of over 130t entries, bound within a coherent conceptual framework. Each entry starts with a definition, or a set of definitions, er followed by in-depth and provocative discussion of the origin, meaning, usage and applicability of ideas andand problems central to the neuroscience of memory ando scientific culture at large. The entries, linked by webs of associations, can be read and enjoyed, and provide aver versatile tool kit: a source for definitions, information and further reading; a trigger for contemplation, discussion and experimentation; and an aid to study, teaching and ween debate in classes and seminars. The text is supported by an extensive reference listing and there is a comprehensive subject index, incorporating a much wider range of terms relevant to the field. Memory from A to Z provides a unique, highly valuable introduction to the field of memory for students and the researchers approaching the subject for the first time, the while at the same time serving and stimulating the moreing experienced. g the morey, experienced. Yadin Dudai combines the ability to write withdai authority, with the skill of being able to do so in a unique readable style; the result is a book capable of informing,e; educating, and enthusing the reader.
Algebraic Projective Geometry
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T
Published: November 2023

First published in 1952, this book has proven a valuable introduction for generations of students. It provides a clear and systematic development of projective geometry, building on concepts from linear algebra.
The Mathematical Theory Of Plasticity
Authors: Hill R
Published: November 2023

First published in 1950, this important book details the mathematical theory underlying the behaviour of plastic materials, especially metals. ‘the author has done his work so well that it is difficult to see how it could be bettered. The book should rank for many years as an authoritative source of reference.‘ Engineering ‘In the reviewer’s opinion this book should be in the possession of all those who wish to undertake study and research in the theory of plasticity’ Mathematical Gazette ‘the many examples in the book relating to the shaping of metals should be of considerable value ... The book is well-written ... and a pleasure to read.’ J.F. Nye in Research
Plane Plastic Strain And The Theory Of The Slip-Line Field
Authors: Hill R
Published: November 2023

In the last two chapters we have been considering problems to which exact solutions are known, and where full allowance can be made for the elastic component of strain in the plastic region. In many of the problems of greatest practical interest, however, we are compelled by mathematical difficulties to disregard the elastic component of strain. For consistency we must also disregard the purely elastic strain in the non plastic region. In effect, therefore, we work with a material that is rigid when stressed below the yield-point and in which Young’s modulus has an infinitely great value. This hypothetical solid may be referred to as a plastic-rigid material, in contrast to the plastic-elastic material of Reuss.
The Lattice Boltzmann Equation for Fluid Dynamics and Beyond
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: November 2023

In recent years, certain forms of the Boltzmann equation--now going by the name of "Lattice Boltzmann equation" (LBE)--have emerged which relinquish most mathematical complexities of the true Boltzmann equation without sacrificing physical fidelity in the description of complex fluid motion. This book provides the first detailed survey of LBE theory and its major applications to date. Accessible to a broad audience of scientists dealing with complex system dynamics, the book also portrays future developments in allied areas of science where fluid motion plays a distinguished role.
Lattice Boltzmann Models With Underlying Boolean Microdynamics
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: November 2023

The earliest Lattice Boltzmann Equation (LBE) was generated in response to one of the main drawbacks of LGCA; that is, statistical noise. Shortly after, it became apparent that all other anomalies plaguing LGCA could also be naturally disposed of by the LBE approach. As a result, LBE rapidly evolved into a selfstanding research subject bearing an increasingly fainter relation to its LGCA ancestor. Better said, LBE development was steered in the direction of retaining the best of LGCA while giving away needless constraints and ensuing anomalies. The effort met with significant success, this is a fact. Still, this success did not come entirely for nothing, because one of the most heralded assets of LGCA, round-off freedom, had to be surrendered in the process. In this chapter we shall take a walk into the Jurassic’s of LBE, namely the earliest lattice Boltzmann model that grew up out of underlying LGCA.
Mechanistic basis for microsatellite instability
Authors: Eisen Jonathan A
Published: November 2023

The inherent instability of microsatellite loci makes them exceptionally useful for evolutionary and genetic studies. This instability is predominantly due to changes in the number of copies of the microsatellite repeat. Most copy number changes at microsatellites are caused by slip-strand mispairing errors during DNA replication. Some of these errors are corrected by exonucleolytic proofreading and mismatch repair, but many escape repair and become mutations. Thus microsatellite instability can be considered to be a balance between the generation of replication errors by slip-strand mispairing and the correction of some of these errors by exonucleolytic proofreading and mismatch repair. The factors that cause this process to occur much more frequently in microsatellites that in non-repeat containing DNA are discussed. However, not all microsatellites are equally unstable because not all are equally prone to this mutation process. The mechanisms by which a variety of factors cause this variation in stability among microsatellites are discussed.
Tracking linkage disequilibrium in admixed populations with MALO using microsatellite loci
Authors: Stephens J Claiborne , Smith Michael W , Shin Hyoung Doo , J. O'Brien Stephen
Published: November 2023

Microsatellite analyses have already had a profound impact on the construction of a human genetic linkage map, on the mapping of numerous disease gene loci, and on our understanding of human migration, demography, and evolution. In this report we summarize our recent efforts to extend microsatellite analysis to the mapping of loci involved in complex diseases. In particular, we focus on mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium, dubbed MALD, which makes use both of the existing human microsatellite map and of human population genetic principles and data.
Y chromosome microsatellite haplotypes and the history of Samoyed-speaking populations in north-west Siberia
Authors: Karafet T , Osipova L P , Posukh O L , Wiebe V , Hammer M F
Published: November 2023

We employed a set of five microsatellites and five biallelic polymorphic sites mapping to the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome to (1) investigate the paternal relationships among linguistically related populations from western Siberia, and (2) assess the relative utility of these two marker systems for inferring the structure of recently diverged populations. The surveyed populations included three Samoyed-speaking groups (Selkups, Forest Nentsi, and Tundra Nentsi) from nine villages along the Pur, Taz, and Yenisey River basins, three non-Samoyed-speaking populations (Komi, Kets, and Evenks) inhabiting the same villages, and a sample of Altais from south-western Siberia (the hypothesized territory of ancient Samoyeds). We found that genetic and linguistic patterns were not entirely concordant. In particular, the Selkups were very different from the Tundra Nentsi and Forest Nentsi, and contained a considerable paternal component from southern populations. Separate analyses of the different marker systems allowed us to infer that a small set of microsatellites was more useful than the same number of biallelic sites for resolving relationships among closely related populations. By combining information from both marker systems we obtained higher resolution haplotype networks and more consistent clustering of Samoyed sub-populations.
Simulation Methods tor Model Criticism and Robustness Analysis
Authors: Geweke John
Published: November 2023

This paper exposits and develops Bayesian methods of model criticism and robustness analysis. The objectives are to clarify the Bayesian interpretation of non-Bayesian diagnostic tests, and provide explicitly Bayesian procedures accessible to practical investigators. Specific methods for prior density criticism and robustness analysis, and data density criticism, are presented. All are based on the approximation of appropriate Bayes factors, and avoid the need for posterior simulation under alternative model specifications. A general method of data density criticism is developed, that requires neither posterior simulation nor analytical approximations under any model specification. Some of the methods presented here have been implemented in user oriented software. The paper presents a few simple illustrations of the methods.
Issues in Service Quality Modelling
Authors: Moreno Armi , Ríos-Insúa David
Published: November 2023

By comparison with industrial quality control, research on service quality models is underdeveloped. The increasing importance of the service sector in advanced economies has stirred interest in quality service measurement, statistical models of service quality and their use on various decision processes. In this paper, we review several statistical issues on service quality, stemming from a consulting project.
Regression and Classification Using Gaussian Process Priors
Authors: Neal Radford M
Published: November 2023

Gaussian processes are a natural way of specifying prior distributions over functions of one or more input variables. When such a function defines the mean response in a regression model with Gaussian errors, inference can be done using matrix computations, which are feasible for datasets of up to about a thousand cases. The covariance function of the Gaussian process can be given a hierarchical prior, which allows the model to discover high-level properties of the data, such as which inputs are relevant to predicting the response. Inference for these covariance hyperparameters can be done using Markov chain sampling. Classification models can be defined using Gaussian processes for underlying latent values, which can also be sampled within the Markov chain. Gaussian processes are in my view the simplest and most obvious way of defining flexible Bayesian regression and classification models, but despite some past usage, they appear to have been rather neglected as a general-purpose technique. This may be partly due to a confusion between the properties of the function being modeled and the properties of the best predictor for this unknown function.
Decision Models In Screening For Breast Cancer
Authors: Parmigiani Giovanni
Published: November 2023

Mammographic screening is a radiological procedure for the detection of breast cancer in asymptomatic patients. Its puipose is to treat breast cancer at an early stage of development, in the hope of a more effective treatment. While mammographic screening is recommended in many countries, the modalities of screening are controversial. Issues include whether screening is beneficial for women under 50 years of age; the appropriate frequency of screening examinations; whether women who are at increased risk of bteast cancer would benefit from more frequent screening; whether it is cost/effective to provide insurance coverage for screening mammograms; and what would be the impact of improved mammographic technologies. In this paper we discuss an approach to addressing these questions based on comprehensive decision modeling and discuss some statistical challenges that arise.
Time-Varying Covariances: A Factor Stochastic Volatility Approach
Authors: Pitt Michael K , Shephard Neil
Published: November 2023

We propose a factor model which allows a parsimonious representation of the time series evolution of covariances when the number of series being modelled becomes very large. The factors arise from a standard stochastic volatility model as does the idiosyncratic noise associated with each series. We use an efficient method for deriving the posterior distribution of the parameters of this model. In addition we propose an effective method of Bayesian model selection for this class of models. Finally, we consider diagnostic measures for specific models.
Old and Recent Results on the Relationship Between Predictive Inference and Statistical Modelling either in Nonparametric or Parametric Form
Authors: Regazzini Eugenio
Published: November 2023

The present paper includes a systematic survey of recent studies on the role of statistical models, when the assessment of conditional (predictive) distributions of observables, given objective events, is viewed as the primary object of statistical inference. The paper aims at providing some insight into the nature and status of the conventional assumption of mathematical models involving ‘‘unknown parameters”, within the predictivist setting stressed by de Finetti (1937).
The role of the amygdala in conditioned and unconditioned fear and anxiety
Authors: Davis Michael
Published: November 2023

Evidence from many different laboratories using a variety of experimental techniques and animal species indicates that the amygdala plays a crucial role in conditioned fear, anxiety, and attention. Many amygdaloid projection areas are critically involved in specific signs used to measure fear and anxiety. Electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits a pattern of behaviours that mimic natural or conditioned fear. Lesions of the amygdala block innate or conditioned fear, as well as various measures of attention, and local infusion of drugs into the amygdala have anxiolytic or anti-stress effects in several behavioural tests. N-MethylD-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the amygdala are important in the acquisition of conditioned fear, whereas NMDA or non-NMDA receptors are important for the expression of conditioned fear. The peptide, corticotropin-releasing hormone, appears to be especially important in fear or anxiety and may act within the amygdala, or parts of the extended amygdala, to orchestrate parts of the fear reaction.
Mathematical modelling of the Internet
Authors: Kelly Frank
Published: November 2023

In the current Internet, the rate at which a source sends packets is controlled by TCP, the transmission control protocol of the Internet [8], implemented as software on the computers that arc the source and destination of the data. The general approach is as follows. When a resource within the network becomes overloaded, one or more packets are lost; loss of a packet is taken as an indication of congestion, the destination informs the source, and the source slows down. The TCP then gradually increases its sending rate until it again receives an indication of congestion. This cycle of increase and decrease serves to discover and utilize whatever bandwidth is available, and to share it between flows. In the future, resources may also have the ability to indicate congestion by marking packets, using an Explicit Congestion Notification mechanism [4], and current questions concern how packets might be marked and how TCP might be adapted to react to marked packets.
Measurement of bandstructure
Authors: Singleton John
Published: November 2023

This chapter will describe a selection of the most common techniques used to measure the bandstructures of solids. Many of these techniques involve the use of magnetic fields to partially quantise the electronic motion; this is known as Landau quantisation or cyclotron motion. I shall therefore treat the motion of band electrons in some detail before giving brief details of the techniques themselves.
Transport of heat and electricity in metals and semiconductors
Authors: Singleton John
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall apply our knowledge of bandstructure, Fermi surfaces and electron statistics to the problem of transport of heat and electricity in metals and semiconductors. To do this, we shall need to reintroduce the idea of a scattering rate 1/r for electrons. Before embarking on detailed derivations, it is instructive to consider what would happen to a band electron if scattering did not occur. The result is quite surprising, and readers who are disconcerted by surprises can jump straight to the next section if they wish.
Magnetoresistance in Mo-dimensional systems and the quantum Hall effect
Authors: Singleton John
Published: November 2023

Chapters 8 and 10 have described the effects of a magnetic field on threedimensional carrier systems; in particular, Chapter 8 discussed Landau quantisation. We shall now look at two-dimensional semiconductor systems in an analogous manner. The two-dimensionality1 removes one degree of freedom, so that at high magnetic fields the Landau quantisation results in a density of states consisting entirely of discrete levels, rather than a series of onedimensional density-of-state functions. This means that the oscillatory phenomena seen in high magnetic fields are often far more extreme in twodimensional, systems than they are in the three-dimensional equivalent.
Statistical theory
Authors: Buckland S T , Anderson D R , Burnham K P , Laake J L , Borchers D L , Thomas L
Published: November 2023

The analysis methods for distance sampling described here model measured or estimated distances from a line or point so that density of objects in a study area may be estimated. Conceptually, object density varies spatially, and lines or points are placed at random or systematically in the study area to allow mean density to be estimated.
Glutathione (oxidized and reduced form): assay mixture and measurement
Authors: Kondo Takahiko , Sawada Fumi
Published: November 2023

Enzymatic recycling is described for determining the concentration of glutathione (GSH), of which there is a reduced form (γ-glutamylcysteinyl glycine, GSH) and an oxidized form (GSSG). Most of the glutathione present in cells is in the reduced form, with a small percent as GSSG. Because glutathione dissolves in acid, biological samples should first be treated with proteinprecipitating agents to remove proteins.
Vitamin A and carotenoids
Authors: Tamai Hiroshi
Published: November 2023

Centrifuge for 10 min at 3000 rpm. Evaporate upper layer (4 mL) under N2 gas. Add ethanol (100 mL) and analyse by HPLC. ECD is highly sensitive and is used when small amounts of biological sample are available.
Catalase
Authors: Kawamura Naohisa
Published: November 2023

The enzyme catalase, widely distributed in animal tissues, consists of four identical subunits. The molecular weight is approximately 240000. The major active component of the enzyme, ferri protoporphyrin (haematin).
Haem oxygenase
Authors: Yoshida Tadasiii
Published: November 2023

Haem oxygenase (HO) is an amphipathic microsomal protein which catalyses the regiospecific oxidative degradation of haem to biliverdin, CO, and Fe in the presence of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase as an electron donor (1-4). Haem degradation is physiologically important because it is the process not only of dissimilation of haem but also of biosynthesis of CO and bile pigments. CO acts as a physiological messenger and bile pigments can scavenge reactive oxygen species.
Ferritin
Authors: Kato Junji , Fujikawa Koshi , Niitsu Yoshiro
Published: November 2023

Iron is essential for life and is involved in various physiological functions such as respiration, electron transport, and cell proliferation. Conversely, iron overload, especially free iron, causes cell damage by production of free radicals, oxidation of lipids, and DNA fragmentation. For these reasons, intracellular iron is strictly regulated. Part of that regulation is provided by ferritin, an iron-storage protein that consists of twenty-four L and H subunits. Each molecule of ferritin stores approx. 4500 atoms of iron and thus indirectly regulates free-radical production. Here we introduce a method for measurement of tissue ferritin.
Histochemical staining of ROS: NBT and O2·-/H2O2 andcerium methods
Authors: Hirai Kei-Ichi
Published: November 2023

Originally, these methods were applied to living cells; it was, therefore, difficult to demonstrate ROS-generating activity in secretory vesicles which contain cytochrome &558 as NADPH oxidase (4) because vesicular fusion to the phagosomes or plasma membranes had already advanced during the incubation process.
LDL isolation and copper-catalysed oxidation
Authors: Yokode Masayuki , Kita Toru
Published: November 2023

A characteristic feature of atherosclerotic lesions is macrophage-derived foam cells, filled with cholesteryl esters, in the intima. Recent studies have shown that macrophages take-up oxidatively-modified low density lipoprotein (LDL) (oxidized LDL) by means of the scavenger receptor and are converted into foam cells. Thus, it is important to understand how oxidized LDL is produced in the body.
Total plasma iron
Authors: Gutteridge J M C , Quinlan G J
Published: November 2023

Because iron is an important catalyst of free-radical reactions, the body takes great care to sequester it in non-or poorly-reactive forms. Three major forms of iron are found in plasma—haem iron such as haemoglobin released from red blood cells, non-haem iron such as transferrin and ferritin, and low molecular mass iron (LMrFe) complexed in forms such as iron-citrate. The last occur only when transferrin is fully iron-saturated (see Chapter 49).
Expression of catalase gene
Authors: Sato Kenzo
Published: November 2023

Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) is a peroxisomal enzyme catalysing the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water. The enzyme serves a central function in oxidant defence, together with other enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. In mammalian tissues, the highest levels of catalase activity are found in the liver, kidney and erythrocytes and the lowest levels in connective tissues (1). Expression of catalase is known to be markedly reduced in the liver of tumour-bearing animals and in some cultured hepatoma cell lines (2).
Detection of DNA/protein cleavages by glycation
Authors: Kaneto Hideaki , Taniguchi Naoyuki
Published: November 2023

Reactive oxygen species, which are known to be produced by the glycation reaction seen under diabetic conditions, trigger DNA cleavage (1) as well as protein cleavage. In this chapter we describe a method of detecting DNA and protein cleavage (2) induced by the glycation reaction.
Assay for 8-oxodGTP hydrolase
Authors: Maki Hisashi
Published: November 2023

Mutagenesis caused by reactive oxygen species is a consequence of either DNA or dNTP damage. 8-oxodG is produced by oxidation of guanine nucleotides, known to be the most potent mutagenic damage inducing specific base substitutions. Organisms have cellular functions which avoid such mutageneses. 8-oxodG in DNA can be repaired by DNA glycosylase specific to 8-oxodG, and 8-oxodGTP is hydrolysed by 8-oxodGTP hydrolase (1-3). When these enzymes are hampered, increased spontaneous mutation is observed in cells. These enzymes, therefore, suppress spontaneous mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in normally growing cells.
Isolated rat lung preparation
Authors: Evans T W , Gutteridge J M C
Published: November 2023

This model enables assessment of lung injury, and protection by pharmacological agents (Fig. 1). where Pla is the left atrial pressure. Because Pla was kept at zero and the pulmonary blood flow remained constant, Ppa was directly proportional to, and influenced only by, changes in PVR.
Dicarbonyls and H. B-EGF gene expression
Authors: Che Wenyi , Koh Young Ho , Taniguchi Naoyuki
Published: November 2023

The serum concentration of the reactive dicarbonyls, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone, increases under diabetic conditions. Methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone induce the production of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) in primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells by increasing the level of intracellular peroxides (1). HB-EGF is known to be a potent mitogen in smooth muscle cells and is abundant in atherosclerotic plaques (2).
Carcinogenesis model: progression models in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Okada Futoshi , Hosokawa Masuo
Published: November 2023

Tumour progression is the final stage of carcinogenesis. In this stage the tumour cell population expands and, more importantly, the tumour cells gradually acquire enhanced malignant properties. Although reactive oxygen species produced at the site of inflammation are known to be one of the major contributors to the carcinogenesis, the role of reactive oxygen species in tumour progression is not fully understood because of a lack of an appropriate animal model. We have established a mouse model in which the process of tumour progression accelerated by inflammation-mediated reactive oxygen species can be observed.
Introduction to Interactive Boundary Layer Theory
Authors: Sobey I J
Published: November 2023

One of the major achievements in fluid mechanics in the last quarter of the twentieth century has been the development of an asymptotic description of perturbations to boundary layers known generally as 'triple deck theory'. These developments have had a major impact on our understanding of laminar fluid flow, particularly laminar separation. It is also true that the theory rests on three quarters of a century of development of boundary layer theory which involves analysis, experimentation and computation. All these parts go together, and to understand the triple deck it is necessary to understand which problems the triple deck resolves and which computational techniques have been applied. This book presents a unified account of the development of laminar boundary layer theory as a historical study together with a description of the application of the ideas of triple deck theory to flow past a plate, to separation from a cylinder and to flow in channels. The book is intended to provide a graduate level teaching resource as well as a mathematically oriented account for a general reader in applied mathematics, engineering, physics or scientific computation.
Early atomic physics
Authors: Foot C J
Published: November 2023

The origins of atomic physics were entwined with the development of quantum mechanics itself ever since the first model of the hydrogen atom by Bohr. This introductory chapter surveys some of the early ideas, including Einstein’s treatment of the interaction of atoms with radiation, and a classical treatment of the Zeeman effect. These methods, developed before the advent of the Schrodinger equation, remain useful as an intuitive way of thinking about atomic structure and transitions between the energy levels. The ‘proper’ description in terms of atomic wave functions is presented in subsequent chapters.
The interaction of atoms with radiation
Authors: Foot C J
Published: November 2023

To describe the interaction of a two-level atom with radiation we shall use a semiclassical treatment, i.e. the radiation is treated as a classical electric field but we use quantum mechanics to treat the atom. From the theory of the interaction with radiation, we will be able to find the conditions for which the equations reduce to a set of rate equations that describe the populations of the atomic energy levels (with a steady-state solution). In particular, for an atom illuminated by broad band radiation, this approach allows us to make a connection with Einstein’s treatment of radiation that was presented in Chapter 1; we shall find the Einstein B coefficient in terms of the matrix element for the transition.
Magnetic trapping, evaporative cooling and Bose-Einstein condensation
Authors: Foot C J
Published: November 2023

In their famous experiment, Otto Stern and Walter Gerlach used the force on an atom as it passed through a strong inhomogeneous magnetic field to separate the spin states in a thermal atomic beam. Magnetic trapping uses exactly the same force, but for cold atoms the force produced by a system of magnetic field coils bends the trajectories right around so that low-energy atoms remain within a small region close to the centre of the trap.
Hyperbolic Systems of Conservation Laws
Authors: Bressan Alberto
Published: November 2023

This book provides a self-contained introduction to the mathematical theory of hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, with particular emphasis on the study of discontinuous solutions, characterized by the appearance of shock waves. This area has experienced substantial progress in very recent years thanks to the introduction of new techniques, in particular the front tracking algorithm and the semigroup approach. These techniques provide a solution to the long standing open problems of uniqueness and stability of entropy weak solutions. This monograph is the first to present a comprehensive account of these new, fundamental advances, mainly obtained by the author together with several collaborators. It also includes a detailed analysis of the stability and convergence of the front tracking algorithm. The book is addressed to graduate students as well as researchers. Both the elementary and the more advanced material are carefully explained, helping the reader's visual intuition with over 70 figures. A set of problems, with varying difficulty, is given at the end of each chapter. These exercises are designed to verify and expand a student's understanding of the concepts and techniques previously discussed. For researchers, this book will provide an indispensable reference for the state of the art, in the field of hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. The last chapter contains a large, up to date list of references, preceded by extensive bibliographical notes.
Discontinuous solutions
Authors: Bressan Alberto
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we begin the study of discontinuous solutions, satisfying the system of conservation laws in the distributional sense. In this case, no a priori regularity is required: for example, the set of points of discontinuity may well be everywhere dense.The qualitative properties of general weak solutions to the Cauchy problem with small BV initial data will be studied in Chapter 10.
Elements of likelihood inference
Authors: Pawitan Yudi
Published: November 2023

The purpose of the likelihood function is to convey information about unknown quantities. The ‘information ‘ is incomplete, and the function will express the degree of incompleteness. Unknown quantities in statistical problems may be fixed parameters, with the associated estimation problem, or unobserved random values; in a real prediction problem the two unknowns can be easily mixed.
Score function and Fisher information
Authors: Pawitan Yudi
Published: November 2023

Given data x and probability model pθ(x) in Chapter 2 we have defined the likelihood function as L(θ) = pθ(x) and the first derivative of the log-likelihood as As a function of θ we call S(θ) the score function, while as a random variable for fixed θ we call S(θ) the score statistic.
Covariate models for the detection function
Authors: Marques F F C , Buckland S T
Published: November 2023

In standard line transect sampling, we assume that probability of detection g(y) of an animal is solely a function of its distance y from the line. We then use models for the detection function that are ‘pooling robust’; that is, they yield reliable estimates of density when heterogeneity in the detection probabilities due to covariates other than distance is ignored (Section 11.12).
Design of distance sampling surveys and Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Strindberg S , Buckland S T , Thomas L
Published: November 2023

Geographic Information Systems (GIS), together with advances such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) and remote sensing and satellite technology, mean that geo-referenced data of various sorts are readily available. This is starting to have a strong influence on how distance sampling surveys are designed, and on how data are collected and analysed. Line transect surveys especially, perhaps with randomly or systematically spaced lines within geographic strata, are not always straightforward to design by hand. Using GIS, survey region and stratum boundaries can readily be digitized, and survey lines positioned according to some automated algorithm within these boundaries. The design can then be printed off, or the coordinates of the lines downloaded directly into a GPS unit, without any need to plot lines by hand.
Analytical Mechanics: Variational Principles
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano
Published: November 2023

Variational problems in mechanics are characterised by the following basic idea. For a given solution of Hamilton’s equations (8.24), called the natural motion, we consider a family ‘.f of perturbed trajectories in the phase space, subject to some characterising limitations, and on it we define a functional cp : ‘.f ---+ R. The typical statement of a variational principle is that the functional cp takes its minimum value in ‘.f corresponding to the natural motion, and conversely, that if an element of ‘.f has this property, then it is necessarily a solution of Hamilton’s equations. The latter fact justifies the use of the term principle, in the sense that it is possible to assume such a variational property as an axiom of mechanics. Indeed, one can directly derive from it the correct equations of motion.
Analytical Mechanics: An Introduction To Ergodic Theory And To Chaotic Motion
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano
Published: November 2023

The completely canonically integrable systems are the mechanical model for the study of systems with an orderly and regular behaviour. The main idea in all studies in the nineteenth century has been to reduce the study of mechanical systems to the study of integrable systems, both exactly by using canonical transformations and the Hamilton-Jacobi equations, and approximately using the canonical theory of perturbations. Poincare proved however that this is not always possible, and that Hamiltonian systems may exhibit a behaviour that is totally different from the behaviour of integrable systems, exhibiting disorderly and chaotic orbits. The appropriate language for the study of these systems connects the study of dynamical systems to probability theory (of which we recall the main introductory notions). This is the point of view underlying ergodic theory, which we introduce in this chapter.
The benefits of group formation
Authors: Krause Jens , Ruxton Graeme D
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we focus on mechanisms that confer benefits to group members. We concentrate on mechanisms, rather than ecological circumstances. For example, we do not discuss the benefits of colonial breeding to sea-birds in a self-contained section. However, someone interested in coloniality in sea-birds should be able to identify the mechanisms that could potentially have a bearing on this. We hope that this mechanisms-based approach allows us to focus on fundamental issues rather than species-specific consequences.
Implicit Memory in Alzheimer’s Disease: Priming and Skill Learning
Authors: Salmon David P , Fennema-Notestine Christine
Published: November 2023

It is well known that memory impairment is an early and ubiquitous feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD; for reviews, see Nebes 1992; Salmon 2000). Numerous studies have shown that mildly demented patients with AD have a prominent deficit in episodic memory (i.e. memory for events and episodes that remains tightly linked to the context in which it was originally acquired) that encompasses the ability to learn new information (Buschke and Fuld 1974; Masur et al.1989; Moss et al.1986; Wilson et al.1983) and to retain information over time (Butters et al.1988; Moss et al.1986; Traster et al.1993; Welsh et al.1991).
Corticotropin releasing factor receptors
Authors: Perrin Marilyn H , Vale Wylie W
Published: November 2023

Throughout life, organisms experience myriad environmental and internal perturbations perceived as ‘stressors’. The diverse strategies used in response to particular stressors are viewed as successful when they restore homeostasis and unsuccessful when they fail to do so and culminate in a disease state. True homeostasis is often not achieved; rather, a state of allostasis exists in which a less than ideal short-term accommodation to the stress exists and results in long-term deleterious effects.
Musical Identities And The School Environment
Authors: Lamont Alexandra
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on children’s developing musical identities and the ways in which these relate to the experiences that children have at school in terms of music. I begin by considering what we mean by musical identities and how they might develop, drawing on social psychological and socio-cultural approaches such as Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological model of development. The perspectives of policy and practice concerning children’s involvement with music in England and Wales are reviewed. Research evidence is then presented to illustrate how children’s perceived musical identities develop over time and under different conditions. Studies are reviewed of children’s attitudes towards music in relation to their actual experiences with musical activities, both in and outside school.
Youth Identity And Music
Authors: Tarrant Mark , North Adrian c. , Hargreaves David j.
Published: November 2023

Several recent publications have focused on the role of music in young people’s lives (e.g. Larson, 1995; Zillmann and Gan, 1997; North and Hargreaves, 1999; North et al., 2000; Welch, 2001). A prevalent theme throughout this research is the distinction between musical behaviour which takes place in formal (in school) and informal (out of school) contexts. Whilst this distinction is unproblematic at primary level (see Mills, 1997; Lamont, Chapter 3, this volume), at secondary level it becomes especially prominent as adolescents begin to devalue school-organized music, and instead begin to favour musical activities that they can organize themselves (Boal-Palheiros and Hargreaves, 2001).
Incomplete Data And Imperfect Reference Tests
Authors: Pepe Margaret Sullivan
Published: November 2023

The inferential procedures developed in the previous chapters rely on several as assumptions concerning study design. Foremost amongst these is that the reference or gold standard measure of disease, namely D, accurately reflects true disease status.
General properties of liquids
Authors: Egelstaff P A
Published: November 2023

At low pressures, matter usually exists either as a dense solid or as a dilute vapour. For each of these states there is an ideal model which is a good approximation to reality and forms the basis for theoretical discussion. These are the ideal crystal lattice and the ideal gas models, respectively: in the former, emphasis is on structural order, modified slightly by the thermal motion of the atoms; in the latter, emphasis is on the random atomic positions, and the motions arc modified slightly by the fact that atoms cannot overlap each other. At higher pressures a third state of matter appcars —the liquid state. This state occurs over a temperature range that separates the regions occupied by the solid and vapour states. At present there is no mathematically tractable model which gives an accurate approximation to the liquid state. Such a model (in contrast to the crystal and gas models) needs to cover structural and thermal properties with equal emphasis. There are many conceptual models; for example, it is argued frequently that a liquid is similar to a dense fluid of hard spheres in thermal equilibrium with its container. If this or any other simple approximation applies, it should be expected that liquid properties would show systematic trends and relation¬ ships; this question will be reviewed in the next section.
Distribution functions and their properties
Authors: Egelstaff P A
Published: November 2023

The significance of the diagrams of state (Fig. 1.1) has been stressed in Chapter I. In this chapter the basic equations used to discuss these diagrams will be derived. The starting point of these calculations is the molecular pair distribution function, which is a particular member of a general class of distribution functions. These functions describe the probability of occurrence of a particular arrangement of molecules (in thermal equilibrium) in the liquid. In one conventional method, a system at a temperature T containing a fixed number (N) of particles in a fixed volume ( V) is considered and the term ‘canonical ensemble’ is used to denote it.
Summary of interatomic and intermolecular interactions
Authors: Egelstaff P A
Published: November 2023

The properties discussed so far have been expressed in terms of interatomic or intermolecular potentials: for example, both eqns (2.42) and (3.28) presented an expansion of the total potential energy in terms of the interactions of pairs, triplets and higher terms. To a good approximation, the quantities u2, u3, ... appearing in these two equations are properties of the atoms or molecules and are not dependent on state parameters (such as P, V, and T). Ideally they may be calculated from first principles (for example, a quantum mechanical treatment of two atoms), but in practice this is too difficult. Thus they are usually determined by fitting theoretical expressions to experimental results. For fluids composed of noble gas atoms, or of diatomic molecules, expansions for specific properties (using this expansion for the potential energy) are found to converge rapidly, and in order to obtain good numerical estimates for given properties it is necessary to specify these potentials accurately. Their uncertainty leads to errors in the terms involving the lower-order potentials which are frequently of the order of the four-body potential terms in size, and so it is reasonable to truncate the series (for example eqns (2.42) or (3.28)) after the terms in u  2 and u  3.
Some modern applications of graphical models
Authors: Lauritzen Steffen L
Published: November 2023

In recent years there are a number of areas where graphical models have served successfully in the process of understanding, formulating, and solving problems. Although the early papers on graphical models dealt with undirected graphs (Darroch et al. 1980), recent applications of graphical models have predominantly been based on directed graphical models, also known as recursive models (Wermuth and Lauritzen 1983) or Bayesian networks, a term coined by Pearl (1986).
Topics in non-parametric Bayesian statistics
Authors: Hjort Nils Lid
Published: November 2023

The intersection set of Bayesian and non-parametric statistics was almost empty until about 1973, but now seems to be growing at a healthy rate. This article gives an overview of various theoretical and applied research themes in this field, partly complementing and extending recent reviews of Dey et al. (1998) and Walker et al. (1999).