bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GLOBAL-FATE (version 1.0.0): A geographical information system (GIS)-based model for assessing contaminants fate in the global river network
Authors: Font Carme , Bregoli Francesco , Acuña Vicenç , Sabater Sergi , Marcé Rafael
Published: December 2019

Abstract. GLOBAL-FATE is the first open-source, multiplatform,
user-friendly, and modular contaminant-fate model operating at the global
scale linking human consumption of pharmaceutical-like compounds with their
concentration in the river network. GLOBAL-FATE simulates human consumption
and excretion of pharmaceuticals, the attenuation of the contaminant load in
waste water treatment plants as well as the attenuation of the contaminant load
in river reaches, lakes, and reservoirs as a first-order decay depending on
residence time. We provide a comprehensive description of model equations
and the overall structure of the model, with special attention to
input–output datasets. GLOBAL-FATE is written in C, can be compiled in any
platform, and uses inputs in standard geographical information system (GIS) format. Additionally, the model
can be run in the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) as a plug-in. The model has no built-in working
resolution, which depends on the intended use and the availability of
appropriate model inputs and observed data. We exemplify the application of
GLOBAL-FATE solving the global concentration of diclofenac in the river
network. A comparison with a dataset of diclofenac concentration
observations in rivers suggests that GLOBAL-FATE can be successfully applied
in real-case modelling exercises. The model is particularly sensitive to the
generation of contaminant loads by human pharmaceutical consumption and to
the processes governing contaminant attenuation in the river network.
GLOBAL-FATE will be a valuable tool for the scientific community and the
policymaking arena and could be used to test the effectiveness of large-scale management strategies related to pharmaceutical consumption control
and waste water treatment implementation and upgrading.
Initialization of a global glacier model based on present-day glacier geometry and past climate information: an ensemble approach
Authors: Eis Julia , Maussion Fabien , Marzeion Ben
Published: December 2019

Abstract. To provide estimates of past glacier mass changes over the course of the 20th century, an adequate initial state is required. However, empirical evidence about past glacier states at regional or global scales is largely incomplete, both spatially and temporally, calling for the use of automated numerical methods.
This study presents a new way to initialize the Open Global Glacier Model from past climate information and present-day glacier states. We use synthetic experiments to show that even with these perfectly known but incomplete boundary conditions, the problem of model initialization is an ill-posed inverse problem leading to nonunique solutions, and we propose an ensemble approach as a way forward. The method works as follows: we generate a large set of physically plausible glacier candidates for a given year in the past (e.g., 1850 in the Alps), all of which are then modeled forward to the date of the observed glacier outline and evaluated by comparing the results of the forward runs to the present-day states. We test the approach on 2660 Alpine glaciers and determine error estimates of the method from the synthetic experiments. The results show that the solution is often nonunique, as many of the reconstructed initial states converge towards the observed state in the year of observation. We find that the median state of the best 5 % of all acceptable states is a reasonable best estimate. The accuracy of the method depends on the type of the considered observation for the evaluation (glacier length, area, or geometry). Trying to find past states from only present-day length instead of the full geometry leads to a sharp increase in uncertainty. Our study thus also provides quantitative information on how well the reconstructed initial glacier states are constrained through the limited information available to us. We analyze which glacier characteristics influence the reconstructability of a glacier, and we discuss ways to develop the method further for real-world applications.
The Effect of Teacher Competencies on Student Achievement in Vocational High School
Authors: Istiqomah Annas Nur , Suyatno Suyatno , Maryani Ika
Published: December 2019

This research aims to measure the effect of teacher competencies on student learning outcomes. This was a quantitative research by conducting hypothesis testing. The research sample consisted of 60 teachers and 60 students at Muhammadiyah Bambanglipuro Vocational High School, Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The data was collected through a questionnaire method. The collected data were analyzed using simple regression with SPSS. Based on calculations with the SPSS Statistics application, it showed the determination result of the independent variable that the determination coefficient showed the direct effect of the teacher competencies variable on learning outcomes stated in percentages. In this case, the calculated result is 0,084. It means that the teacher competencies variable directly affects the student learning outcome variable by 8,4%, while the (100% - 8,4%) 91,6% is influenced by other factors beyond the teacher competencies variable. The findings of this research recommend the importance of teacher competencies development programs, both by the government and schools, because increasing teacher competencies will increase the student learning achievement.
Interculturalización de la educación superior en Nicaragua: del pensamiento teórico a la realidad
Authors: Garcia Peralta Ilenia Arllery
Published: December 2019

En este artículo se evidencian importantes logros en la aprobación de normas y políticas que reconocen el derecho de los pueblos en términos de educación intercultural, y en específico en educación superior intercultural; sin embargo, las brechas entre lo aprobado y lo implementado todavía son amplias. Especial atención requiere la construcción de planes y programas académicos pertinentes, que refleje el espíritu de los pueblos indígenas y afro descendientes; porque, aunque hay evidentes esfuerzos en la implementación de acciones afirmativas, el acceso y permanencia de jóvenes en las aulas de clase no es suficiente, todavía se requiere de cambios profundos para una verdadera interculturalización de la educación superior; porque el reto no es incluir a indígenas y afrodescendientes en las Instituciones de educación superior, sino transformarlas para que sean más pertinentes, inclusivas y equitativas.
Innovaciones jurídicas, acceso, colaboración intercultural y pueblos indígenas en la educación superior
Authors: Zúniga Morales Víctor Ronald
Published: December 2019

El propósito de este ensayo es identificar innovaciones que se han venido dando en la Educación Superior Intercultural de Latinoamérica, para ello se analizaron una serie de referencias bibliográficas en el marco del primer encuentro de Doctorado en Estudios Interculturales dictado por la URACCAN. Encontramos que en las últimas décadas desde la conquista y la independencia de Latinoamérica los pueblos indígenas han mantenido sus luchas en cuanto a sus derechos y algunos de sus aportes innovadores se observan en cuanto a cambios en los marcos jurídicos nacionales e internacionales, creación de diversas instituciones de educación superior interculturales a través de diversas modalidades de colaboración, visiones, experiencias y propuestas novedosas. Estos son algunos de los resultados y con respecto a un nuevo sistema constitucional multicultural sobre nuevas formas del Estado con características únicas a escala mundial y una tendencia a ir forjando un Modelo de Universidad diferente, el actual ya no es pertinente al contexto latinoamericano, ya que se requieren otras maneras de hacer docencia, investigación y extensión, donde prevalezca la interculturalidad, colaboración y la innovación.
Learning Chinese as the United Nations Language? Implications for Language Learning Motivation and Identity in Adult Higher Education
Authors: Lee Hugo Yu-Hsiu
Published: December 2019

In this study, the researcher strives to build on earlier work in which the roles of motivation and identity in language learning in adult higher education were examined. In the present connection, the focus falls on the roles played by a seldom researched group consisting of staff members in an intergovernmental organization. This group is comprised of United Nations staff members (N=33/18 female, 15 male) involved with the United Nations Chinese language program at the UN Headquarter for the Asia region in Bangkok. The past research has shown that an adult language learner’s learning level becomes very high when s/he is sufficiently motivated. In this light, then, the researcher explores whether the language-learning process would be improved if adult staff members from an intergovernmental organization engage in language learning with a greater sense of a professional self/institutional identity than would be the case with a merely personal identity. Also considered is whether the language-learning process is enhanced by an individual/personal identity in contrast to having only a professional self/institutional identity. The findings show that UN staff members who are highly motivated to learn Chinese are more likely to harbor a mixture of both personal and professional identities. Nevertheless, prioritizing the learning of Chinese often stems from functional and practical reasons, i.e., from instrumental motivation. Finally, this study finds no clear links between Chinese heritage and success in Chinese language learning in the adult higher educational sector.
Analysis of Phonetic and Phonological Constraints of Saudi EFL Learners
Authors: Al-Rubaat Atalah Mohammad , Ali Alshammari Hammad
Published: December 2019

This study explores the pronunciation difficulties experienced by Saudi EFL learners at Jouf University (JU) in the north of Saudi Arabia. To achieve this purpose, two main instruments were implemented: an experiment of pronunciation sensitivity response and two interview formats. The sample of this study was selected randomly and consisted of (n=20) students studying English major in their sixth level at JU, and (n=10) English language instructors from the same institution. A mixed-method approach was employed to find out the phonetic and phonological difficulties that participants encountered during the implementation of the experiment of pronunciation sensitivity response, and to interpret participant's responses to the interview formats. The findings revealed that EFL learners experienced six phonetic and phonological problematic patterns related to mispronunciation of: initial consonant cluster, final consonant cluster, multi-syllabic words, unfamiliar sounds, vowels, and voiced or voiceless phonemes. It was also found that EFL learners and instructors had different views regarding these phonetic and phonological issues. The limited time for practice, the lack of authentic materials and tasks, and the need for immersion classes, and effective instruction and learning were all found to be responsible about the phonetic and phonological problems EFL learners encountered and at the same time they were found to be the motives for overcoming these issues. It is believed that the implications and recommendations included in this study would improve the performance of Saudi EFL speaking abilities once they are incorporated effectively in their English learning settings.
Manipulating Chain Type and Flail Drum Speed for Better Fibre Recovery in Chain-Flail Delimber-Debarker-Chipper Operations
Authors: Spinelli Raffaele , Mitchell Rick , Brown Mark , Magagnotti Natascia , McEwan Andrew
Published: December 2019

A chain-flail delimber-debarker-chipper (CFDDC) was adapted for treating smaller trees than normal by replacing the standard flails with lighter ones, and by reducing flail drum rotation speed. The machine produced 16 full containers (24 t each) for the standard configuration and 24 full containers for the innovative one. For each container the researchers measured: original tree mass, chip mass, time consumption and fuel use. Results indicated that the innovative setting accrued a 12% improvement on fiber recovery compared with the standard setting (control). At the same time, productivity increased by 20% and fuel consumption was reduced by 30%. Product quality was largely unaffected, with bark content remaining below the 1% threshold specification. If at all, product quality was improved through the reduction of fine particles, possibly derived from less diffused fraying. These results have triggered the real scale adoption of the new setting by contractors who participated in the study. The success of the innovative treatment is likely explained by its better alignment with the weaker structure of small trees from low-yielding stands.
Endpoint Detection of Partially Overlapping Straight Fibers using High Positive Gaussian Curvature in 3D images
Authors: Kronenberger Markus , Schladitz Katja , Wirjadi Oliver , Weber Christopher , Hamann Bernd , Hagen Hans
Published: December 2019

This paper introduces a method for detecting endpoints of partially overlapping straight fibers in three-dimensional voxel image data. The novel approach directly determines fiber endpoints without the need for more expansive single-fiber segmentation. In the context of fiber-reinforced polymers, endpoint information is of practical significance as it can indicate potential damage in endless fiber systems, or can serve as input for estimating statistical fiber length distribution. We tackle this challenge by exploiting Gaussian curvature of the surface of the fibers. Fiber endpoints have high positive curvature, allowing one to distinguish them from the rest of a structure. Accuracy data of the proposed method are presented for various data sets. For simulated fiber systems with fiber volume fractions of less than 20 %, true positive rates above 94 % and false positive rates below 5 % are observed. Two well-resolved real data sets show a reduction of the first rate to 90.3 % and an increase of the second rate to 13.1 %.
Enhanced voltammetric detection of paracetamol by using carbon nanotube modified electrode as an electrochemical sensor
Authors: Charithra Madikeri M. , Manjunatha Jamballi G.
Published: December 2019

New aspects associated with electro-catalytic activity of poly(methyl orange) modified carbon nanotube paste electrode (PMMCNTPE) towards the detection of paracetamol (PC) which is typically used worldwide as a pain reliever, were explored through implementation of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. Bare carbon nanotube paste electrode (BCNTPE) was modified by methyl orange using the electro­polymerizing method. The effect of pH and influence of potential scan rate were resolved by means of CV technique. It was found that under optimized experimental conditions, PMMCNTPE imparts the analytical curve for PC in the concentration range of 2.0×10-6 – 5.0×10-5 M with detection limit of 3.8×10-8 M and limit of quantification of 1.2×10-8 M. The proposed sensor exhibited acceptable reproducibility, admirable stability, and adequate repeatability. The interference study of PC with dopamine (DA) and folic acid (FA) showed good selectivity of the designed sensor. The feasibility of the constructed electrochemical sensor to detect PC was successfully tested in some pharmaceutical formulations.
On the subject of educational psychology research
Authors: Trempała Janusz
Published: December 2019

Despite more than a century of history of psychological research on education, we are unable to clearly define the subject and specific tasks and goals of educational psychology as a separate subdiscipline. There is also the lack of one, general and comprehensive psychological theory of education, describing and explaining in a satisfactory way the complexity of educational phenomena. The presented considerations leads to the statement that educational psychology is an area of application rather than a unique category of research subject matter.
Polish adaptation of the Parents as Social Context Questionnaire (PASCQ). Towards a synthesis of parental relationship models
Authors: Czyżkowska Anna , Kłym Maria , Cieciuch Jan
Published: December 2019

The article presents two experiments validating the dimensional model of parenting by Skinner, Johnson, and Snyder (2005). This model synthesizes various constructs related to parent-child relations from the recent literature. On the basis of a broad literature review, this model distinguishes three conceptual dimensions: warmth – rejection, structure – chaos, and autonomy support – coercion. Skinner et al. (2005)’s model was intended to integrate a number of theoretical constructs of parent-child relations. Thus, the distinguishability of its constituent parts is key. The following article describes a validation of the model in Poland. The first study was carried out on a sample of 969 adolescents, and the second – on a sample of 269 parents. In the adolescent sample, the measurement model achieved a good fit to data, but the individual constructs were highly intercorrelated, which weakened the rationale for distinguishing them. In the parent sample, high correlations between the constructs led to a poor fit to data. Thus, only a general measure of parent-child relation quality was obtained. A bi-factor analysis was also ran to determine the role of specific factors generated alongside the general factor. The validation was a partial success in the parent sample, for which a short version of the questionnaire measuring warmth, structure, and autonomy support was developed.
Is the Internet a good or a bad educator? A cognitive processes perspective
Authors: Czerniawska Ewa
Published: December 2019

The paper discusses the impact of modern technologies, especially the internet, on the functioning of young people. The following thesis was formulated: usage of modern technologies have both a negative and positive influence on cognitive processes. The internet is taking educational functions, that were to date reserved to the family and school. It is a great challenge for the society and scientific reflection. For a positive educational influence of the internet to happen, it is necessary to take into account in teaching and educating the development of metacognitive knowledge and skills.
The Good Behavior Game: Evaluation of a Classroom Behavior Intervention with English Language Learners
Authors: Mathieu Stacey , Schrauben Kristen S. , Campbell Amy
Published: December 2019

Various reinforcement strategies have been used to manage classroom behavior, including group contingencies such as the Good Behavior Game (GBG). This study examined whether the Good Behavior Game could be effective in increasing academic engagement and decreasing verbal disruptions in a classroom of kindergarten students who are English Language Learners (ELLs). An ABAB reversal design was used to compare baseline conditions to intervention conditions where the GBG was implemented. Academic engagement was measured using momentary time sampling, and verbal disruptions were measured using partial interval recording. Visual analysis of the data demonstrated a clear functional relation, providing evidence that the GBG intervention successfully increased academic engagement and decreased verbal disruptions. Immediate changes in behavior were observed and remained consistent across conditions. A measure of social validity indicated that the intervention was easy to implement, effective, and beneficial for the students.
Organizational structures and the museum’s educative function. Empty options at the Reykjavík Art Museum
Authors: Kristinsdóttir AlmaDís , Hafsteinsson Sigurjón Baldur
Published: December 2019

Museum education is a field in flux that faces continuous theoretical and practical challenges. We argue that formal museum organizational structures, the informal, and experiences of museum workers should be intertwined. We also argue that the influence of museum educators on shaping policies is relevant. Formal organizational structures in museums should be acknowledged and systematically embedded in the shaping and governance of sustainable museum education practices if museums are to succeed as learning institutions. We contend that museum organizational structures disempower the development of museum education as a profession, serving other purposes more rigorously. We interviewed twelve museum staff members for this paper. They all worked at the Reykjavík Art Museum’s (RAM) education department as full-time and/or part-time employees from 1991 to 2018. Multiple meetings with the participants occurred from June 2011 until June 2018, resulting in twenty semi-structured interviews.
The Impact of Women’s Political Empowerment Policy: A Perspective from the Idukki District of Kerala
Authors: VARGHESE TITTY
Published: December 2019

Women's exposure to political power and their influence on policies has expanded tremendously in recent decades. However, females are nowhere proportional to males in their impact and practice of political legitimacy although political empowerment research on women's role is continuing. The Indian government national program of ‘Panchayati Raj Institutions' act of 1992 was an outstanding policy mechanism for increasing women's political participation at the national level. This act provides 50 % reservation seats for women in the Local Self Government, and thus women were capable of attaining power in the political realm. Through this policy, there is a greater possibility for women to elected in the political realms and thus process a higher role in welfare mechanisms in their respective administrative locality than before. In this context, this article aims to explore the importance of the Panchayati Raj Institution policy on the political empowerment of women in the panchayat. To find out the impact of policy, this paper conducted an empirical study by collecting the primary data from elected women representatives in one district of Kerala. The results could assess the significance of increasing women's political empowerment and their position in Kerala society.
Formation of Sports Public Policy within the Context of Hierarchy Governance
Authors: Čingienė Vilma , Gobikas Mindaugas
Published: December 2019

This article aims to analyse the process of formation of sports public policy in Lithuania within the theoretical context of hierarchy governance. This study consisted of collection and analysis of official documents regarding sports public policy formation from 2011 until 2018. The data collection was aimed at uncovering of key components of the process of public policy formation – environmental analysis, strategic planning, competence and decision making power, and stakeholders. The main findings of the research concluded that Lithuanian sports governance, along with the majority of other European countries, is defined as bureaucratic configuration. The main responsibility within the process of sports public policy formation falls on the Ministry of Education, Science and Sports and active national non-government sports organisations, while principal objectives of the Lithuanian sports public policy formation are laid out in strategic documents. However, the implementation needs to be centred on institutional and personal responsibility, proper environmental regard and tolerance, and the ability to listen and to reach an agreement.
La Diosa de Salchite. Estudio e interpretación iconográfica del fragmento cerámico procedente del santuario rupestre ibérico de La Nariz (Moratalla, Murcia) = The Goddess of Salchite. Study and Iconographic Interpretation of the Ceramic Fragment from the Iberian Rock Sanctuary of La Nariz (Moratalla, Murcia)
Authors: Ocharan Ibarra José Ángel
Published: December 2019

Presentamos una lectura iconográfica del fragmento cerámico conocido como «Diosa de Salchite». Procedente del santuario rupestre ibérico de La Nariz (Moratalla, Murcia) ha sido históricamente vinculado a la figura del lobo. Nuestra propuesta, tras excavar arqueológicamente el santuario y estudiar directamente el fragmento, nos aleja ligeramente de esta visión tradicional estableciendo una relación más directa de esta figura femenina con las representaciones mayoritarias en la pieza; las aves, así como la conífera o el fuego.AbstractWe present an iconographic reading of the ceramic fragment known as «Goddess of Salchite». From the Iberian cave shrine of La Nariz (Moratalla, Murcia) has historically been linked to the figure of the wolf. Our proposal after direct study of pottery and the archaeological excavation of the sanctuary, we slightly away from this traditional view. Establishing a relationship, more direct understanding of the female figure with the representations, majority in the piece; fowls and conifer or the fire.
Moneta in rure: usos y formas de la moneda romana en el ager de Olisipo (Lisboa, Portugal) = Moneta in rure: Uses and Forms of the Roman coin in the Ager of Olisipo (Lisbon, Portugal) = Moneta in rure: Uses and forms of the Roman coin in the ager of Olisipo (Lisbon, Portugal)
Authors: Conejo Delgado Noé
Published: December 2019

El registro monetario de varios yacimientos rurales (7) situados en el territorium de la antigua ciudad de Olisipo (Lisboa, Portugal), nos ha permitido conocer los usos y formas de la moneda romana en un espacio rural influenciado por vías de comunicación y por el puerto más importante de la provincia Lusitania. Hemos realizado un estudio de circulación monetaria donde hemos incluido también otros datos de interés como el consumo de cerámicas de importación y/o la demanda de serviciosAbstractThe monetary registry of several rural archaeological sites (7) located in the territorium of the ancient city of Olisipo (Lisbon, Portugal), This has helped us to know the uses and forms of the Roman currency in a rural space influenced by communication routes and the most important port in the Lusitania province. We have carried out a currency circulation study where we have also included other interesting data such as the consumption of import ceramics and / or the demand for architectural and decorative services.
Japanske interaktive partikler i dansk oversættelse
Authors: Obe Rie , Haberland Hartmut
Published: December 2019

En række småord i moderne germanske V2-sprog har visse træk til fælles med sætningsslutpartiklerne i asiatiske sprog. Det er dog ikke klart hvor langt de ligner hinanden. Vi ser her på danske dialogiske partikler og japanske interaktive partikler ved at sammenligne uddrag af en roman af Haruki Murakami med deres oversættelse til dansk. Selv om disse partikler inden for deres respektive sprogs typologiske ramme har overraskende mange træk til fælles som leksikalske enheder, er deres tekstforekomster sjældent direkte oversættelser af hinanden. Danske dialogiske partikler forudsætter en (ofte implicit) samtale, dvs. tilstedeværelse af mere end én stemme (det som også bliver kaldt for polyfoni), mens de japanske interaktive partikler organiserer interaktionspartnernes indbyrdes engagement (og i højere grad forudsætter en modpart der er fysisk til stede eller i det mindste præcist socialt defineret).
Perceptions des psychologues scolaires de l’intimidation à caractère homophobe au sein des écoles
Authors: Lavigne René-Marc
Published: December 2019

L’intimidation à caractère homophobe (ICH) dans les écoles entraine des conséquences majeures chez les victimes, particulièrement chez celles des minorités sexuelles et de genre. Le psychologue scolaire peut être appelé à agir auprès de ces élèves dans un mode de prévention et d’intervention. Si plusieurs études ont évalué les retombées des programmes de lutte contre l’intimidation générale, peu décrivent les perceptions des psychologues scolaires quant aux actions menées par les équipes-école dans ce contexte. Cette étude vise à décrire les perceptions des psychologues québécois en ce qui concerne l’ICH ainsi que les actions menées par les équipes-école pour la contrer. Cet article s’appuie sur des données qualitatives issues d’entretiens individuels provenant de 30 psychologues scolaires, soit 15 hommes et 15 femmes. Les résultats suggèrent que les principales actions contre l’ICH dans les écoles sont les semaines thématiques contre l’homophobie, la sensibilisation sur la diversité, les plans de lutte contre l’intimidation générale et les programmes d’apprentissage d’habiletés sociales. Par ailleurs, il semble que les actions de sensibilisation contre l’homophobie et l’intimidation générale, la formation pour le personnel scolaire, les groupes de réseautage et la standardisation des démarches pour contrer l’intimidation générale entre les écoles soient des mesures à privilégier, selon les psychologues participants.
Comment se débarrasser de la Grande Noirceur sans se débarrasser du passé québécois ?
Authors: Laniel Jean-François , Thériault Joseph Yvon
Published: December 2019

La Grande Noirceur est fille de la Révolution tranquille. Pour affirmer la victoire de la modernité, les nouvelles élites québécoises noircirent exagérément le moment qu’elles venaient de quitter. Les historiens dits révisionnistes sonnèrent l’alarme : le passé québécois aurait été de tout temps « normal ». C’est à cette lecture qu’une nouvelle génération d’intellectuels, dite de la « nouvelle sensibilité », ou communautarienne-républicaine, réagira. Elle tentera de réhabiliter la singularité d’un passé québécois sans réhabiliter la Grande Noirceur. C’est un bilan à la fois théorique et politique des communautariens-républicains que nous voudrions effectuer ici : un bilan théorique, qui reprendra les principales thèses québécoises contemporaines sur la réhabilitation du passé, et un bilan politique, qui rappellera la difficile articulation entre la singularité québécoise (les valeurs) et son universalisme (la laïcité). Il n’est pas si facile de se débarrasser de la Grande Noirceur sans se débarrasser du passé québécois.
Diverse ways to think about cancer: What can we learn about cancer by studying it across the tree of life?
Authors: Erten E. Yagmur , Kokko Hanna
Published: December 2019

When asked about cancer, most would first think of it as a devastating disease. Some might add that lifestyle (e.g., smoking) or environmental pollution has something to do with it, but also that it tends to occur in old people. Cancer is indeed one of the most common causes of death in humans, and its incidence increases with age. Yet, focusing on our own species, we tend to overlook something very elementary: cancer is not unique to humans. In fact, it is a phenomenon that unifies diverse branches of the tree of life. Exploring the diversity of ways in which different organisms cope with it can lend us novel insights on cancer. In turn, by acknowledging cancer as a selective pressure, we can better understand the evolution of the biodiversity that surrounds us.
Fireworks CS5: guía de maquetación
Authors: de la Iglesia Guillermo , Beneito Roser
Published: December 2019

La presente Guía de Aprendizaje, elaborada por Guillermo de la Iglesia, tiene como objetivo adquirir el conocimiento del entorno de producción de Fireworks y sus múltiples alternativas de creación gráfica.
Mitchell Baker (English version)
Authors: Córcoles César
Published: December 2019

César Córcoles interviews Mitchell Baker, who has been the general manager of the Mozilla project since 1999, helping shape the license under which Netscape's source code was released. As Chairman of the Mozilla Foundation, throughout this interview Mitchell continues her commitment to an open, innovative Web and the infinite possibilities it presents.
Effects of Mandelic and Propane-1,2,3-Tricarboxylic Acids on Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Crystallization
Authors: POLAT Sevgi , SAYAN Perviz
Published: December 2019

The effects of mandelic and propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acids as additives on calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals were investigated in this study. The physicochemical properties of the COM crystals prepared with and without these additives were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and zeta potential analysis. The XRD and SEM results showed that the crystals prepared in pure medium were monohydrates and consisted primarily of hexagonal crystals, respectively. The additives mandelic acid and propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid in the crystallization media significantly changed the size and morphology of the COM crystals, the effects of which were more pronounced with higher concentrations of the additives. The results of FTIR suggested that both carboxylic acids were adsorbed onto the surface of the COM crystals. The zeta potential analysis showed a negative charge on the surface of the COM crystals in the mandelic acid medium, while the surface became more positive in the medium containing increasing concentrations of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid. In addition, an analysis was conducted to evaluate the thermal characteristics of the COM crystals prepared with and without the additives. The data obtained were used to calculate the kinetic parameters, such as the activation energy and pre-exponential factor, using the Coats-Redfern method. The calculated activation energies for stages I, II, and III in pure medium were 98.76, 270.69, 258.55 kJ/mol, respectively, which were lower than that of COM crystals prepared in the two media containing the additives.
An introduction to phylosymbiosis
Authors: Lim Shen Jean , Bordenstein Seth R
Published: December 2019

Phylosymbiosis was recently formulated to support a hypothesis-driven framework for the characterization of a new, cross-system trend in host-associated microbiomes. Defining phylosymbiosis as “microbial community relationships that recapitulate the phylogeny of their host”, we review the relevant literature and data in the last decade, emphasizing frequently used methods and regular patterns observed in analyses. Quantitative support for phylosymbiosis is provided by statistical methods evaluating higher microbiome variation between host species than within host species, topological similarities between the host phylogeny and microbiome dendrogram, and a positive association between host genetic relationships and microbiome beta diversity. Significant degrees of phylosymbiosis are prevalent, but not universal, in microbiomes of plants and animals from terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Consistent with natural selection shaping phylosymbiosis, microbiome transplant experiments demonstrate reduced host performance and/or fitness upon host-microbiome mismatches. Hybridization can also disrupt phylosymbiotic microbiomes and cause hybrid pathologies. The pervasiveness of phylosymbiosis carries several important implications for advancing knowledge of eco-evolutionary processes that impact host-microbiome interactions and future applications of precision microbiology. Important future steps will be to examine phylosymbiosis beyond bacterial communities, apply evolutionary modeling for an increasingly sophisticated understanding of phylosymbiosis, and unravel the host and microbial mechanisms that contribute to the pattern. This review serves as a gateway to experimental, conceptual, and quantitative themes of phylosymbiosis and outlines opportunities ripe for investigations from a diversity of disciplines.
Arabic “Hatt”: An Analytical and Phonological Study
Authors: Faisal Sa’ed AL-Zu’bi Basil
Published: December 2019

From the respect for the phonology aspects, particularly the articulation of phonemes. The study aims to determine the concept of “Hatt” as a phonetic term. This paper starts by illustrating the definition of the term “Hatt” then proceeds to introduce the Arabic alphabets called “Hatt”. After examining “Hatt” places in general, andtheir manner of articulation in particular, the views of the scholars varied in term of concerning the letters which one is consided as “Hatt”. Some of scholars have pointed out that the “Hatt” sound is Al-Hamza, while some pointed out Al-Taa as to be “Hatt” sound, and others identified Al-Kaf is the “Hatt” sound. However, the study adopts the descriptive method through induction of the attitudes of both old and recent scholars who contributed to determine the concept of “Hatt” and tospecify the alphabets, which is to be consider as one of “Hatt”. Thus, the study discusses contradict opinions to conclude with certain findings, which are the following: “Hatt” is a process of compressing, destroying, and weakening of the phoneme when it is utters. Hamza and “H” are the “Hatt” phonemes, due to their characteristics that consists: vibration, resonance, and clear audible place of articulation.
Folkloric Meta-Narratives In Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart
Authors: Emeka Chukwumezie Thomas-Michael , Anele Ejesu Onyemuche , Emeka Odoh Onyeka
Published: December 2019

Following Chinua Achebe’s claim that his Things Fall Apart is a counter-narrative to Joyce Cary’s distortion of the African image in Cary’s Mister Johnson, most critics of Things Fall Apart have approached the existence of folklore in the novel from the perspective of cultural affirmation. Others see it as part of the artistic ornament used to deck the work. Be that as it may, this paper does not intend to dispute these perspectives. It rather intends to prove that Achebe’s use of folklore in Things Fall Apart is not just to affirm the functionality of folk culture in the precolonial African society depicted in this novel but also to buttress several sequence of events of the novel. It argues that the folkloric narratives within the larger narrative that is Things Fall Apart function as specialized meta-narratives which play an interesting array of roles in the novel, namely: to run commentaries on the incidents that surround the hero’s life; to show how folkloric wisdom in the novel appears to warn against certain unethical actions of the hero and to comment on the significance of some executed actions in the novel; as well as to foreshadow impending tragic situations in the life of the hero just like the chorus in Greek tragic plays. The methodology for this study is a critical analysis of the text in the light of a recontextualised and re-imagined application of Jean-Francois Lyotard’s concept of metanarrative. Unlike Lyotard’s notion of a metanarrative as a grand narrative that helps to legitimize other little narratives, we elect to read folkloric meta-narratives as related miniature versions of different sequences of the story of the novel, Things Fall Apart.
The Dislocation of Identity: An Analysis of Johnson’s Identity in Cary’s Mister Johnson
Authors: Ahmed Al-Mufarih Haifa
Published: December 2019

This study analyzes the dislocation of cultural identity as a result of the hegemony of the European-imposed cultural identity. It demonstrates the destruction and loss of African cultural identity through the character of Johnson in Joyce Cary’s Mister Johnson. I believe that the study makes a significant contribution to literature because it highlights the effects of colonialism in Africa especially on identities. The analysis proves how identities were altered because of colonialism. It is an evaluation of the ambivalent attitudes and variations in the light of ambivalence along with quoting many examples that show this theme clearly.
Effectiveness of Flipped Classroom (FC) Method on the Development of English language learning of the High School Students in Ahwaz
Authors: Hamdani Majid
Published: December 2019

Given its being international, English language teaching methods are very critical in non-English speaking countries. This study examined the effect of the FC method compared to traditional method on the English course of 9th grade using pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The study was done using two classes as control (39 subjects) and two classes as the experimental group (38 subjects) selected using multi-stage random cluster sampling from both male and female genders in a three-month period. The four basic communication skills - reading, writing, speaking and hearing - were examined. The results indicated that FC method developed the communication skills of the 9th grade students of Ahwaz regarding two skills of speaking and reading. Based on the research result, it is recommended to use flipped classroom method to develop students’ English learning in speaking and reading skills.
Resistance in Literature: A Close Reading of Charles Dickens’ Hard Times and Little Dorrit
Authors: Ahmad Bhat Zubair
Published: December 2019

Literature is the reflection of life or society. Whatever is going on in the society it reflects all. It may be any aspect of the society such as, political, historical, economical, religious, educational or administrational. All these driving forces of the society are being reflected by the literature. Literature on the whole encompasses all these parameters of the society. Resistance is always present in literature or in its genres. It may be present least or most, but it depends, whether it is expressed or not. From the evolution of English literature, English was mainly written in the genre of poetry, prose and drama in medieval era, but with the advent of advancement it takes other forms as well in the coming eras such as novel and novella. Many writers or authors from time to time put forward their issues in front of the society through their writings. They either satire their society indirectly or they put their issues in front of the society or governing bodies. Either they dissatisfied by the system or they revolt against them. A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift or Animal Farm by George Orwell, are satires on the political system of their era. But with the passage of time resistance in literature take dominant form in English literature as Resistance literature in the Third World. It encompasses the literature of third world writers especially of the colonized and imperialized ones. It covers all the dimensions of third world literature such as political, historical and sociological. By the introduction of Barbara Harlow’s Resistance Literature which is a ground breaking work in western literature, the third world literature came into being recognized and it was once avoided; now it is being studied in most of the western universities. Harlow not only presents new writing but a new critical perspective through Resistance Literature and part of her argument is that works written in the context of resistance does not allow for an independent approach, but instead requires an abandoning of the western model of criticism that renders art as apolitical. This paper analyses Dickens’ works as a precursor of resistance in literature and it especially takes into account Little Dorrit and Hard Times as revolting works.
EFL Teaching and Learning Practices in the Rohingya Classroom: A Case Study
Authors: K.V Sankaran , Ganapathy Malini , Tan Ai Lin Debbita
Published: December 2019

This study aims to explore the teaching and learning of English in the Rohingya classroom, specifically from teachers’ and students’ perspectives. Originally from Myanmar, hundreds of thousands of Rohingyas were forced to flee the country from mass violence and persecution in search of a new life that would promise them safety, security and basic human rights – conditions that remain elusive to a vast majority of Rohingya refugees. Denied access to free healthcare and education, many Rohingya refugee children attend informal classes in community-run learning centres with the help of UNHCR and local NGOs or in madrasah (the Arabic word for any educational institution), either secular or religious. For this study, a descriptive research design was used and data was collected through a combination of interviews, diary-writing, field notes, questionnaires and in-class observations. The findings revealed that conventional teaching and learning approaches were ineffective in the Rohingya classroom due to the unique composition of students of varying ages, learning abilities and knowledge levels all grouped in one class. It also found peer-learning to be an effective learning tool as the Rohingya children responded well to group activities, interacting actively with and learning from their peers. This study is significant in identifying a need for an English language curriculum incorporating approaches and techniques that teachers can use to create more meaningful teaching and learning activities that can accommodate the diversity and inclusiveness found in the Rohingya classroom.
Intercultural Differences and Discourse
Authors: Jawad Hassan Aboudi
Published: December 2019

This practical work is an attempt to show learners of English that fluency in a foreign language is not the only means of smooth communication. It states that culture is a group-specific (constant)and language has at least two main varieties (spoken and written) (variables). A discourse in this work, moreover, is a spoken or written communicative situation involving two or more parties in a specific spatial and temporal enclosure. Against that background, it highlights the need to use the in-discourse gap-fillers. Accordingly, the work shows that grammatical correctness is not enough to conduct appropriate communication. So are the culture-specific implicit lacks of clarity, intolerance, and non-observance of cultural differences.
Possible Teaching Selves: The Challenges of Becoming a Bilingual Teacher
Authors: Brady Imelda K.
Published: December 2019

Recent research on L2 motivation and language learning psychology has shifted its focus from the learner to the educator and drawn the figure of the language teacher into the limelight for the first time (cf. Kubanyiova, 2012; Mercer & Kostolous, 2018). This paper presents some of the qualitative insights into the L2 motivation of two undergraduate teacher trainees who, thanks to a recent impulse for bilingual education in Spain, have been faced with an expected L2 certification proviso in order to graduate and teach. The qualitative study reported here, part of a larger (N 520) mixed methods study employing the lens of the L2 Motivational Self System (Dörnyei, 2005, 2009) to examine L2 learner profiles in Spain, attempted to identify both ideal and ought L2 selves in the discourse of the two interviewees. To complement the possible self view of these L2 learners, Lave and Wenger’s (1991) concept of ‘legitimate peripheral participation was also employed. The interview data provides insight into the effects of a decision to implement a bilingual education system with little apparent empathy for the time and effort required by undergraduates to comply with the L2 certification requirements. Through this study, we see how these two participants struggle to conflate ideal teaching selves with ought L2 teaching selves.