bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Attitudes Towards Global Learning Among Future Educators in England
Authors: Bamber Phil , Bullivant Andrea , Stead Di
Published: September 2016

This paper reports upon a multi-agency approach to measuring attitudes towards global learning among future educators at a university in the north-west of England. This study provides a response to concerns that global learning research and evaluation of global education interventions
tend to focus upon short-term, observable outcomes rather than longer-term changes in behaviour, attitude, and practice. It is based upon the assumption that global learning in teacher education must focus upon the development of who the educator is as a person, including his or her values,
attitudes, and associated dispositions. This paper will outline the process of constructing an attitude inventory, based upon Thurstone scaling, by a range of professionals working in local government, teacher education, and non-government organizations that promote global education. It reports
upon the use of this survey at the beginning, middle, and end of a compulsory course completed by a cohort of 154 undergraduate students of primary teacher education. The findings show positive changes in attitudes towards global learning among females and eradication of the most negative
attitudes towards global learning during the course of study. Causal factors relating to cultural practice are suggested. The limitations of this particular tool for researching global learning are discussed alongside the insight gained from this collaborative process of evaluation.
Young People's Personal Engagement with Global Learning in Further Education
Authors: Bentall Clare , McGough Hannah
Published: September 2016

This article focuses on the degree to which students in further education (FE) colleges in England personally engage with global learning during specific initiatives to incorporate global learning in the curriculum, drawing on findings from the 'Global Learning for Global Colleges'
(2009–12) research and development project, funded by the UK ministry for overseas aid, the Department for International Development (DfID). The findings illustrate various levels of engagement, with much learning about, and enthusiasm for, global issues. There is some evidence of some
critical thinking around issues by a few students, and also some confirmation that first-hand experience of overseas settings has the potential to contribute to transformation. In terms of action, there is evidence of activities, particularly more charitable ones, informed by feelings of gratitude
and wanting to help others, linked to opportunities provided by colleges. But there is little indication of questioning of such responses to global issues. The findings also highlight various emotional responses and forms of resistance by students to the more transformative aspects of global
learning.
Making a MEAL out of a Global Professional Learning Community: A transformative approach to global education
Authors: MacCallum Cathryn , Salam Insiya
Published: September 2016

The implementation of global education in schools has, despite the plethora of differenttermsusedtodescribeit, beendefinedbyanapproachthatensuresglobal issuesareembedded(1)inthecurriculum(asubject-specificapproach),(2)across all subject areas (an interdisciplinary approach), and (3)
in the school's ethos (a 'whole-school approach'). The means by which each of these three approaches has been implemented, however, have been far less cohesive. This paper will argue that one potential tool is extending the Professional Learning Community (PLC) model to focus on the global
(i.e.creating a Global Professional Learning Community [GPLC], also known as a Networked Learning Community). We suggest that this form of collaborative working is a vital tool in creating effective policy and shared practice for global learning. Moreover, its methods incorporate the key values
of the global learning ethos: participation, inclusion, and critical and creative thinking. The paper explores this premise through the analysis of Sazani Associates' GPLC, established over a period of ten years and incorporating approximately 40 schools in both Wales and Zanzibar. It focuses
on how the GPLC has developed through peer exchange, skill sharing, continuous professional development, and a critical learning approach to evaluation in both localities. This paper explores how this GPLC contributes to the quality of education from a Northern and Southern perspective, and
how it counters the tension between the aims of global learning approaches and their more prescriptive means. It also considers the role of critical reflection in measuring a transformative approach to learning, where both educators and pupils are able to explore the global in a structured
yet holistic way.
CLICK: Arts education and critical social dialogue within global youth work practice
Authors: Aubrey Meg
Published: September 2016

This article discusses CLICK, a collaborative theatre project between the Mess Up The Mess Theatre Company in Wales, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, the Australian Theatre for Young People, and Inspired Productions in New Zealand. This case study demonstrates the value of
using arts education to bring together young people from multiple countries across the world through the use of social media and theatre for development work, and to explore issues of diversity and identity through Education for Sustainable Development and Global Citizenship (ESDGC). This
article will explore the use of social media within arts education and global youth work practice to promote critical social dialogue around sensitive issues as a catalyst for positive social change.
The phenomenon of being-in-management in executive education programmes - An integrative view
Authors: Sewchurran Kosheek , McDonogh Jennifer
Published: September 2016

Currently, we experience a situation in society in general as well as business school education where leaders and executives prefer to remain ambivalent and inauthentic about humanity's worsening socio-economic challenges. As a result of this, we continue with regimes of common sense
that have lost their legitimacy and perpetuate an unsustainable future. Occasionally we notice this when there is a financial, environmental, social, or ecological crisis. Is it possible to resurrect a willingness to be more proactive? This paper uses the business school education challenges
to explore this dilemma and offer insight on how the situation could be changed. The paper argues that the key phenomenon of being-in-management has not received sufficient attention and is an important aspect of teaching and learning in business schools that constrains impact. We experience
this as a lack of will, lack of commitment, and subsequent lack of action to improve many of the socio-ecological threats we encounter. This paper makes a concerted effort to offer a coherent argument that this is the case, and integrates recent views of the phenomenon of being-in-management
to illustrate the potential for more societal impact. While the business school setting is in focus, the insight is of equal value to academics interested in development education and global learning.
Congenital Butterfly Vertebra
Authors: Slouma Maroua , Cheour Elhem , Sahli Héla , Elleuch Mohamed
Published: September 2016

Keywords: Lumbar Vertebrae/abnormalities; Lumbar Vertebrae/radiography.
Análise da Revisão Cochrane: O Tamanho das Porções, das Embalagens, dos Pratos e dos Copos para Alterar a Seleção e o Consumo de Alimentos, Bebidas Alcoólicas e Tabaco. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;09: CD011045.
Authors: Duarte Gonçalo S. , Brogueira Rodrigues Filipe , Costa João , Vaz-Carneiro António
Published: September 2016

Algumas das principais causas de mortalidade e morbilidade nos países desenvolvidos – como as doenças cardiovasculares, neurológicas e oncológicas – são dependentes de fatores de risco modificáveis. Estratégias de prevenção primordial/ primária que alterem o meio ambiente em que vivemos podem ter impacto nestes fatores de risco. Os autores desta revisão sistemática Cochrane procuraram evidência em ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados para perceber se o tamanho das porções, embalagens, pratos e copos tinham influência no consumo e seleção de alimentos, bebidas alcoólicas e não alcoólicas e produtos derivados do tabaco, tendo concluído que as escolhas de tamanho maior estão associadas a um incremento na seleção e consumo de alimentos, bebidasnão alcoólicas e cigarros.
Povezave med teorijo uma in metajezikovnimi zmožnostmi pri otrocih v zgodnjem otroštvu
Authors: Hacin Kaja
Published: September 2016

Namen pričujoče raziskave je bil podrobneje preučiti povezave med teorijo uma in metajezikovnimi zmožnostmi pri otrocih v zgodnjem otroštvu. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 45 otrok, starih od 4;6 do 6 let, ki so prihajali iz 5 različnih slovenskih vrtcev. Za ocenjevanje teorije uma smo uporabili Nalogo napačnih prepričanj in Preizkus razvrščanja slik, za ocenjevanje metajezikovnih zmožnosti pa Lestvice splošnega govornega razvoja in Preizkus pripovedovanja zgodbe – Rokavička. Poleg tega je bil uporabljen tudi vprašalnik za starše, namenjen zbiranju informacij o igri otrok. Rezultati so pokazali pomembno povezanost med dosežki otrok pri večini uporabljenih preizkusov. Kot pomembna se je kazala medsebojna povezanost otrokove teorije uma z metajezikovnim zavedanjem in pripovedovanjem zgodbe, še posebej z vidika vsebinske strukture zgodbe. Povezave med navedenimi zmožnostmi lahko kažejo na podobne zahteve po otrokovem razumevanju reprezentacij, ki ga predvidevajo otrokova teorija uma in metajezikovne zmožnosti. Poleg tega se dosežki pri Preizkusu razvrščanja slik niso pomembno povezovali z otrokovim razumevanjem napačnih prepričanj, so se pa ti dosežki pomembno povezovali z otrokovimi dosežki pri preizkusih metajezikovnih zmožnosti, kar kaže na povezanost med otrokovim razvrščanjem slik v celovito zgodbo in njegovimi metajezikovnimi zmožnostmi. Rezultati pa niso pokazali pomembnih razlik v teoriji uma otrok glede na njihovo najpogostejšo vrsto igre. Raziskava nudi celovit pregled odnosov med različnimi vidiki teorije uma pri otrocih in njihovimi metajezikovnimi zmožnostmi ter kot taka opozarja na tesno povezanost obeh konstruktov.
Ethnic Differences in the Food Intake Patterns and Its Association Factors of Adolescents in Malaysia
Authors: Abdullah Nurul-Fadhilah , Teo Pey Sze , Foo Leng Huat
Published: September 2016

Abstract: Objective: The aim of the study was to identify dietary patterns and its association with socio-economic, dietary and lifestyle practices among adolescents in Malaysia. Methods: A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary patterns. Results: Multivariate analyses show that age and physical activity (PA) levels were emerged as positive determinants of healthy-based food pattern in Malay (All, p<0.001), whereas higher consumption of eating-out from home (EatOut) and fast food (All, p<0.05) were negative determinants. High weekly breakfast skipping (p<0.001) and EatOut (p<0.01) were positively associated with a western-based pattern, whereas age (p<0.001) and household income (p<0.05) were negative determinants. Higher frequency of daily snacking (p<0.05) was emerged as positive determinant of local-based food pattern. For Chinese adolescents, age (p<0.001), PA levels (p<0.001) and maternal education level (p<0.05) emerged as positive determinants for the healthy-based pattern, whereas high EatOut and fast food intakes (All, p<0.01) were negative determinants. Higher weekly consumption of EatOut (p<0.01), fast food (p<0.05) and carbonated beverages (p<0.05), and daily snacking practice (p<0.01) were positively associated with higher western-based food pattern, whereas age (p<0.01) was inversely associated. Conclusion: These findings suggest that unhealthy dietary and lifestyle practices could increase the risk of adherence to unhealthy western-based food pattern that is high in fat, sugar and salt contents, and consequently increase the risk of developing obesity and metabolic-related disorders during these critical years of growth.
Anomalous Diffusion Approach and Field Application for Fractured Nano-Porous Reservoirs
Authors: Albinali Ali , Ozkan Erdal
Published: September 2016

Anomalous diffusion concept is applied to model subdiffusive flow in heterogeneous, nanoporous media. The basis of anomalous diffusion is discussed and interpreted for heterogeneous flow domains based on the dual-porosity idealization of stimulated reservoir volume around fractured horizontal wells in unconventional reservoirs. Subdiffusion is considered in matrix and natural fractures independently of each other. Two unconventional field examples, one in the Eagle Ford and the other in the Niobrara, are analyzed using the homogeneous and dual-porosity medium idealizations with normal- and anomalous-diffusion models. The analyses by the normal-diffusion model yield estimates of permeability whereas the anomalous-diffusion models provide subdiffusion exponents and phenomenological coefficients of subdiffusive fluxes. It is shown that the dual-porosity, anomalous-diffusion model provides additional information compared to normal-diffusion models, which helps us infer about the reservoir-rock quality and stimulation efficiency.
Abandonment of a Stimulated Gas Reservoir
Authors: Muhammad Danish Syed , Krishnan Gopi , Khan Faisal
Published: September 2016

This paper highlights the limitations faced along with the respective solutions proposed and executed during the plug and abandonment of a highly permeable and stimulated carbonate gas reservoir during its exploration phase after having performed an extended pressure buildup (PBU) test.

To accurately compute the hydrocarbon reserves of a particular region and determine future field development, operators need to explore new reservoirs in both offshore and onshore challenging environments. The services performed on these wells include drill-stem test (DST) completion, underbalance perforation, acid stimulation, placing downhole gauges/shut-in tools, extended flowback/PBU periods, and final zonal isolation.

In this candidate well, the operator wanted to test three zones, further performing high-rate acid fracturing on the lower two zones to determine commercial hydrocarbon gas rates. The first major challenge was the zonal isolation of the lower-most zone. A cement plug was designed to be deployed by means of coiled tubing (CT) for accurate placement and depth control. The added challenge in this exploratory well was to plug any wellbore channels and permeable fractured streaks after acid stimulation while preventing excessive cement fluid loss.

This paper explains the innovative solution that was custom-designed for this well and the execution procedure. It also elaborates on the combined use of CT intervention, custom-designed chemical blends, a cement slurry system, and implementation of best practices to achieve successful zonal abandonment. The operation consisted of three runs: the first included a batch of an organically crosslinked polymer with loss circulation material (LCM) in the solution; the second was a cleanout operation and displacement followed by permanent cement slurry placement; and, after waiting on cement (WOC), the third run was performed to tag the top of cement (TOC) and test the integrity of the cement plug. The organically crosslinked polymer with LCM solids served to bridge off the perforation tunnels and potential fractures in the rock so that a precise volume of cement plug slurry could be pumped safely and accurately.
Evaluation of Transvers and Longitudinal Fractures Using Simulation and Well Deliverability Provides Optimal Completion Scenario for Improved Production in Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Rahim Zillur , Al-Kanaan Adnan A. , Soliman M. Y. , Pacheco Eduardo
Published: September 2016

Multistage fracturing (MSF) of horizontal wells has proven very successful in the development of moderate to tight gas reservoirs. To make MSF treatments fully successful, the well configuration must be carefully designed. One important point to consider is the direction of well azimuth. Since the induced fractures always propagate in the direction of maximum in-situ stress (σmax) direction, drilling wells towards the minimum stress (σmin) will generate transverse fractures. This scenario allows multiple independent fractures as there is no overlap between fractures. When a well is drilled along the maximum stress direction, the fractures propagate along the wellbore axis. In such case one fracture can overlap the adjacent fracture and thereby the number of independent fractures will be fewer.

Wells with transverse fractures are usually the first option in low-permeability shale, sandstone, and carbonate formations. This is because the reservoir to wellbore contact area is significantly increased as the number of fractures induced is increased. Many authors, however, have reported that in sandstone reservoirs, the efficiency of transverse fractures are affected by proppant pack permeability reduction attributed to non-Darcy flow. This study focuses on the best completion option for gas wells in terms of production performance and logistics to help ensure optimal field development.
Nanomaterials-Enhanced High-Temperature Fracturing Fluids Prepared with Untreated Seawater
Authors: Li Leiming , Al-Muntasheri Ghaithan A. , Liang Feng
Published: September 2016

Demand for water used in hydraulic fracturing is increasing continuously due to the implementation of oilfield technologies such as horizontal wells and multistage hydraulic fracturing. The rising cost of fresh water has motivated services and production companies to try to prepare fracturing fluids with less ideal water sources such as produced water and seawater.

Technically it is not too difficult to make fracturing fluids for medium-to-low temperature applications using salt water like produced water or seawater. However at high temperatures of, for example, 300°F or more, it is much more challenging to formulate stable fluids directly with untreated salt water due to the damages related to the high levels of salinity and hardness in the water. With innovative approaches and careful selections of fluid additives in our tests, potential fluid issues caused by low water quality and harsh downhole temperatures were resolved or mitigated.

A novel high-temperature fracturing fluid system was invented recently that could be prepared with untreated seawater having a TDS of, for example, about 57,000 mg/L. The fluids comprised of metal-crosslinked polysaccharide polymers, and remained stable at high temperatures of 300°F or more. In a typical test, the fluid viscosity stayed above 500cP (at 40/s shear rate) for at least 60 minutes at 300°F. The fluid stability could be further enhanced with the addition of a number of selected nanomaterials. For instance, when one of the nanomaterials was added to the above fluids at a dose of 0.02% by weight or less, the lifetime of the fluid viscosity above 500cP was extended by at least 30%. Tests also showed that, with the addition of the nanomaterials, the viscosity lifetime could remain the same even when the polymer loading was reduced. The fracturing fluids also consistently showed over 90% regained permeability in both coreflow and proppant pack conductivity tests. Overall, the novel seawater-based fluid system shows excellent high-temperature stability, minimum formation and proppant pack damage, and intrinsically low scaling tendency.

The synergetic behaviors among the fluid additives and the nanomaterials in the high-temperature fracturing fluids prepared with the untreated seawater will be discussed, and the field-related laboratory test results will be presented in detail.
Surface Web Balance Method A Neural Network-Based Approach to Mitigate Subsidence in Diatomites coupling Surface Deformation and Injection/Production Data
Authors: Temizel Cenk , Tiwari Aditya , Aktas Sinem , Putra Dike , Suhag Anuj , Kirmaci Harun , Balaji Karthik , Ranjith Rahul , Tahir Sofiane , Aminzadeh Fred , Yegin Cengiz
Published: September 2016

Diatomites are high-porosity, low-permeability reservoirs with elastoplastic properties and high geo-mechanical responsiveness. Despite that, diatomites have great potential for oil recovery. Withdrawal of fluids from the reservoir rock leads to subsidence causing compaction and shear stresses. This disturbed stress distribution results in well failures that causes loss of millions of dollars. Successful maintenance of pressure support through optimum injection/production is key to preventing subsidence to mitigate the risk of well failure and achieve better sweep efficiency for recovery.

There have been different approaches to tackle subsidence and well failures in diatomites including the use of ‘backpressure method’ coupled with a neural network to optimize injection-production to ‘balance’ the rock in terms of stress-distribution and thus decrease well failure due to shearing. However, using such methods may mask other problems the well is experiencing, such as, mechanical issues that influence production. Another existing approach, satellite-imaging (InSAR) cannot be used to take real-time actions that is crucial in diatomites.

Surface tiltmeter data is collected to undertsand the relationship between injection/production and resulting surface deformation, which also provides information about well-to-well connectivity. A neural network-based approach is followed to determine the nonlinear relationship between surface subsidence/dilation and injection-production. This is then used to build an objective function that works to minimize the differences between well-to-well subsidence/dilation measured by the tiltmeters, by adjusting injection-production for the wells.

In this paper, a method that harnesses real-time surface tiltmeter data to adjust injection-production distribution in diatomites to decrease well failures is used beyond the existing applications of surface tiltmeter, such as, in the areas of detection of early steam breach to surface in steam operations and fracture orientation and it provides real-time data for robust reservoir management of such reservoirs where satellite imaging is not effective.
Production Well Testing of Challenging Wells with an Enhanced Multiphase Flowmeter
Authors: Safar Emad , Karacali Ozgur , Al-Kanderi Ibraheem , Fuentes Escolastico Galvis , Acar Cagdas , Alshammasi Hussain
Published: September 2016

Production well testing is of paramount significance for building reliable production history of oilfields. Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) requires periodic testing of oilfield wells for production, pressure, and fluid property monitoring. In some cases, accurate flow-rate measurements cannot be conducted with conventional well test separators because flow rates are out of the operating range of the individual singlephase metering devices, challenging flow conditions (geometries) exist, or wells are flowing under non- critical conditions in which backpressure from the test separators or production lines affects well productivity. Typically, production well testing operations have been executed with portable testing units instrumented with multiphase flowmeters (MPFMs) or conventional test separators.

A recently introduced mobile dual-leg MPFM unit with 19- and 40-mm venturi sizes (installed side by side) in a single skid was used for the first time in several KOC wells together with other locations in the world. Dual venturi-size setup enables flow metering of a wider range of flow rates and provides enhanced phase fraction measurements via full gamma-ray spectrum analysis. We discuss the results of the well tests conducted with this recently introduced dual-leg MPFM and compare results with well test results obtained with other measurement devices and techniques.

The field test wells chosen comprise high and low flow-rate production wells that have various typical flow conditions (sluggy, stable, and emulsion-prone) and are representative of both natural producers and artificial-lift wells. Enhancements in operating principles of the dual-leg MPFM results in efficiency gains and test results are comparable to previous test results across the range of operations. Also, the well test results compare favorably with the pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) properties of the reservoir fluids as well as with manual measurements taken during the test, such as water cut, or basic sediment and water (BS&W) data.

The dual-leg MPFM provides an optimal solution for flow metering in oilfields and is ideal for daily mobile production testing operations.
A Novel Technique for Generation of Accurate Capillary Pressure Pc Curves from Conventional Logs and Routine Core Data and New Pc Endpoint Functions after Considering the Sedimentary Environment and Pore Throat Size Distribution Shape PTSDS
Authors: FazelAlavi Mohsen , FazelAlavi Mina , FazelAlavi Maryam
Published: September 2016

This paper presents an innovative method for derivation of Pc curves from log saturations, introduces better relations for end points of Pc curves and a better model for Pc curves. The influence of sedimentary and diagenesis environment on PTSDS and the effect of PTSDS on Pc curves are discussed and considered. This paper presents distinctive Pc models for diverse geologic zones. Examples demonstrate the improved accuracy using the proposed procedures.

This paper also discusses the classification of reservoir rock based on a distinct and specific linear relationship that exists between Flow Zone Index (FZI) and 1/ (Swir.φ) in a geological zone. This classification separates zones that have similar geology or PTSDS. Functions for entry pressure (Pe) and irreducible water saturation (Swir) in each class are found and a Pc curve model is constructed for each class. In the absence of good SCAL data, Pc models are generated from log saturations and routine core analysis data. Pc models provide Pc curves for all saturation regions in the reservoir model.

Reservoir rock classification is crucial for Pc curve generation. End points of Pc curves that are Pe and Swir depend both on PTSDS and other rock properties such as permeability (k), Flow Zone Index (FZI), Hydraulic Units (HUs), or reservoir quality index (RQI). In addition, PTSDS influences the shape of Pc curves. This research investigated correlations of Swir with k, FZI, HUs, and RQI and determined a) that these correlations are improved after classification and b) that, by inference, the strongest correlations exist when Swir is correlated to RQI and next to k. However, inferior correlations exist when Swir is correlated to FZI and HUs. Pe is also best related to RQI. Pc curves and reservoir saturations are markedly improved when the proposed classification is completed, end points are correlated to RQI, and the proposed model is used. Finally, very accurate Pc curves can be derived from log saturations when routine core data are available in a key well. The Pc model based on routine core data and log replicates log saturations in all wells perfectly. This method can eliminate the need for Pc curve measurement in the lab or reduce the number of required measurements.

Rock classification before Pc generation is necessary and crucial but is often ignored. The use of novel functions for end points of Pc curves and the proposed model for Pc curves results in a marked improvement in the accuracy of Pc curves. A novel technique that generates very accurate Pc curves from log saturations is introduced. This method can eliminate the need for and the cost of Pc measurement in the lab or reduce the costs. The result is greatly more accurate saturation modeling of the reservoir at lower cost.
Pore Scale Investigation of Wettability Effect on Waterflood Performance
Authors: Mohammadmoradi Peyman , Kantzas Apostolos
Published: September 2016

A direct quasi-static pore-scale modeling approach is implemented in a simulation package to reconstruct interfacial areas and predict two-phase fluid occupancy profiles during drainage and imbibition at low capillary number equilibria. The proposed pixel-wised algorithm is equipped by a novel object-based up-scaling methodology and is applied to three-dimensional consolidated and unconsolidated pore-level domains with uniform and non-uniform contact angle distributions. Stationary finite element simulations are conducted in partially saturated microstructures to provide the electrical and hydraulic conductivity predictions. The post-processing results present capillary pressure and relative permeability curves and the ad hoc parameters of Archie's law including tortuosity and formation factors, and cementation and saturation exponents. The data gathered in this study highlights the significant role of wettability in shaping the electrical and fluid flow pathways and reveals the impacts of cementation, rock configuration, conductive phase saturation, and two-phase spatial distributions on the flow of electric charges and petrophysical description of geological formations.
A Comprehensive Approach to Measure the RealTime Data Quality Using Key Performance Indicators
Authors: Otalvora William Contreras , AlKhudiri Musab , Alsanie Faisal , Mathew Binil
Published: September 2016

After the setup of a real-time drilling data feed from the Rig site to the operations center, the obvious question is - How good is the data that is being streamed?

Real-Time rig sensor data could be an effective input for drilling optimization, However, the confidence in the results of these analysis or interpretations is directly associated to the trustworthiness of the data acquired. Measuring the quality of the data has been a difficult issue for many years.

This paper shows the approach used by a large oil & gas operator to measure the quality of the information received from the rig providers, which is obtained from the sensors installed on every rig.

The Real Time Data Quality is measured by analyzing six different parameters: completeness, uniformity, sensibility, resolution, structure and format. The combination of these six indexes provides a deep understanding of the level of the quality of the data received, as well as the elements to be improved. Various KPIs including Footage KPI, Data QC Availability and Data QC Channels, are generated by the powerful engine of Automated Rig Activity Measurement (ARAM) to check the data quality of different vendors. Starting from having a check on data availability, these KPI's are capable of analyzing every row of time based data in real-time.

Data generated by a proprietary system for these KPI's is also being used in a Real Time Data Quality Dashboard. This measurement provides the drilling engineers with a systematic way to filter analysis results based on data of poor quality by specifying their acceptable data quality range. This daily analysis also allows the operator to identify Rigs that are performing better and rigs that needs to be pushed for higher quality data.
A New Modeling Approach to Optimize Methane-Propane Injection in a Field After CHOPS
Authors: Soh Ye Ji , Rangriz-Shokri Alireza , Babadagli Tayfun
Published: September 2016

Although cold heavy oil production with sands (CHOPS) is an economically attractive method, ultimate recovery does not exceed 10%. Cyclic solvent injection (CSI) has been under consideration as a follow-up EOR application in the industry. This method targets extracting large amounts of remaining oil in the matrix by solvent diffusion, taking advantage of its high contact area with wormholes. Methane and propane are two potential solvents to be used in this practice. Methane is preferred due to its availability and stronger foaming characteristics while propane has lower foaming but better mixing capability.

A far-reaching -core to field scale- study was conducted in this paper to test out the potential of pure methane and its mixture with propane as prospective CSI solvents. A 1.5 m long and 5 cm diameter sand-pack was initially saturated with brine. Then, live oil (saturated with methane and methane-propane mixture at different ratios) was transferred to drain the brine out. Typical field scale pressure decline rates were applied and pressure was monitored through eight equally spaced transducers placed onto the core holder. The experimental data from core and PVT tests were matched to a core scale simulation model to obtain K-values. These data were carried to a field scale model to analyze the CSI performance for methane and methane-propane mixture. In field scale modeling, 15-well data from CHOPS field from Alberta, Canada were history matched and 6-cycle CSI performances were followed as post-CHOPS with different well patterns (central, peripheral, all-wells).

As a result of these experiments, methane showed about 14% oil recovery, but with additional CO2 huff ‘n’ puff around 15% recovery was added, totaling 29% recovery. Methane-propane mixture resulted in a lower oil recovery, which was about 5%, due to decreased foamy effect. Valid core-scale simulation was completed by tuning K-values and considering non-equilibrium or equilibrium impact depending on solvent type, showing mostly less than 5% error. In field scale modeling, central and peripheral well patterns yielded oil recoveries consistent with the experiments while all-well huff ‘n’ puff- type pattern showed a slightly higher value.
Effect of Dynamic Active Fracture Interaction DAFI on Activation of Natural Fractures in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Daneshy Ali
Published: September 2016

Activation of natural fractures is generally assumed to be a major contributor to the productivity of unconventional reservoirs completed by creation of many fractures in horizontal wells. These natural fractures are assumed to form an interconnected high permeability network that shortens the length of the flow path and facilitates higher flow rates from the reservoir.

This paper reviews activation of the natural fractures that lie in the formation adjacent to, or in between, hydraulic fractures, but not directly connected to them. The solution uses the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and general equations for stress distribution around a hydraulic fracture.

The paper shows that under favorable conditions the stresses induced by the growing hydraulic fracture can activate existing natural fractures by either tensile or shear failure. Natural fractures close to the hydraulic fracture have the best chance for limited tensile activation. This type of activation is insensitive to differences between the original in-situ principal stresses. Activation by shear sliding is more likely to happen in cases of larger difference between the in-situ principal stresses and, again, will be of limited extent.

Hydraulic fracture conditions that increase probability of natural fracture activation are higher extension pressure, and proximity to the natural fracture. Natural fractures farther away from the wellbore have a better chance of activation if they fall within the influence zone of a long hydraulic fracture.

Activation of natural fractures by tensile stresses may create a zone of formation dilation and enhanced permeability around the hydraulic fracture. This increases the productivity of the hydraulic fracture and the reservoir.

Creation of a single hydraulic fracture is more likely to activate natural fractures than two or more concurrent fractures. The zone of activated natural fractures will also be larger. Increased normal stresses caused by creation of multiple concurrent fractures can actually close or narrow natural fractures that have already existed within the formation between these fractures.

Shorter spacing between adjacent hydraulic fractures can increase the percentage of the formation volume between them that contains activated natural fractures.
Improved Saturation Mapping Using Planar Tranmission Lines and Magnetic Agents
Authors: Servin Jesus M. , Schmidt Howard K. , Ellis Erika S.
Published: September 2016

The ability to accurately map injected seawater in waterflood operations is an essential goal of reservoir monitoring. This capability improves reservoir management practices by helping to delineate the oil-water interface in new wells, locate bypassed oil pockets, minimizing water fingering and proactively enabling identification of early water breakthrough events. Our approach involves loading the injected water with magnetic nanoparticles, called Magnetic NanoMappers (MNMs) to function as electromagnetic (EM) contrast agents. Detection is accomplished by EM means, similar to cross-well and borehole-to-surface EM imaging, but at higher frequencies. The strategy for developing this technology focuses on forward modeling and travel-time tomographic inversion software. We have previously shown in the laboratory — using a reservoir model — that MNMs slow the group velocity of transiting EM signals [1]. Our results demonstrated the capability of imaging targets filled with different fluids, with high resolution using EM means, which supports the idea of high resolution saturation mapping using MNMs. This paper proposes a novel method to address the challenge of long range EM propagation in the reservoir, in the presence of conductive media.

The proposed method relies on the use of natural planar transmission lines present in the carbonate reservoirs of the GCC area. An EM pulse traveling through a relatively non-conductive layer between two more conductive layers, will propagate with relatively low attenuation, and the pulse's travel time will depend upon the electromagnetic properties of the layers above and below. MNMs will provide velocity contrast for EM pulses traveling through regions of the reservoir saturated with MNMs-loaded injection water. Similarly, changes in oil and water saturation will result in changes in travel time. By performing full waveform inversion one would be able to produce a saturation map with higher resolution than conventional cross-well EM methods.

This paper details a series of Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations to investigate the feasibility of the proposed method. The results show that long range EM propagation can be achieved through non-conductive layers, acting as planar transmission lines. In addition, the results show that the pulses are modulated by the EM properties of the layers above and below the transmission line. These results open up a new possibility for long range high resolution saturation mapping using EM means.
High-Efficiency, High-Yield Pulsed Neutron Generators for the Well Logging Industry
Authors: Navarro Juan , Guo Weijun
Published: September 2016

This paper introduces new concepts for high-efficiency, high-output neutron generators for the well-logging industry, incorporating planar field ionization (FI) ion sources, which can provide for an order of magnitude higher neutron yield at a fraction of the power of conventional designs. Neutron generators for the well-logging industry primarily use electron-impact ion sources, which have low ionization efficiency and less than 10% monatomic ion production. A magnetic field or higher gas pressure is often required for improving ionization at the expense of lower reliability, average neutron yield, and large Tritium activity. The planar, FI ion source concept was investigated, and studies of a 100-µA ion-beam interaction with a thin Titanium target shows the target’s temperature at maximum operating conditions, never exceeding the Tritium desorption temperature. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation software was used for simulating the ion-beam transport from the planar, FI ion source, resulting in a mostly ideal beam transport covering the entire surface of the target, which reduces the target’s operating temperature and, thus, eliminates T desorption, allowing for approximately an order of magnitude higher neutron yield, higher logging speed, and a significant reduction in rig time, as well as substantial cost savings.
To the Barricades! Using a Self-Assembled Wall to Protect Ordinary Portland Cement from Acidic Corrosion
Authors: Vorderbruggen M. A. , Bryant S. , Wilson M.
Published: September 2016

A novel cement additive, capable of creating an insoluble barrier at the first sign of acid attack, is offered. When present in small quantities, it allows ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to protect itself from acid corrosion as shown by laboratory tests. This corrosion resistance is critical especially in regards to attack from carbonic acid produced when CO2 combines with water or from naturally occurring H2S in the well. These acids can turn OPC porous and weak, rendering it incapable of maintaining zonal isolation.

CO2 gas can enter the wellbore as part of either a stimulation technique to energize production or to sequester this green-house underground in hopes of reducing global warming. Cement used in a CO2-sequestering well must maintain its integrity for hundreds if not thousands of years to keep the CO2 trapped; otherwise, the CO2 can reenter the atmosphere. Damage to the cement sheath in the short -term can lead to contaminated aquifers or annular leakage of natural gas, both of which can have devastating results.

Laboratory testing of this commercially-available additive was performed under temperature and pressure in CO2-saturated brines for weeks. Corrosion of the tested cement samples was measured optically and through a variety of chemical analysis procedures. Samples of OPC containing the additive stopped penetration of carbonic acid near the surface whereas sample without suffered deep corrosion penetration.

When it is known in advance that the well will be highly acidic it may be cemented with acidresistant alumina-silicate cement (ASC) rather than OPC. However, this technique requires specially isolated pumping equipment to avoid flash set of the ASC, making the process more expensive and error-prone. Addition of the novel dry-powder, acid-activated, barrier-creating compound is much easier. The additive remains inert in the set OPC until acid corrosion occurs. Release of calcium ions by acid attack triggers the formation of an insoluble barrier which reduces further acid damage.
New Generation of Rotary Steerable System Enables Higher BUR and Performance
Authors: Al Dabyah Ali , Biscaro E. , Mayer Heinrich
Published: September 2016

In many areas around the world, rotary steerable systems (RSS) have replaced steerable motors because of the inherent advantages of RSS technology that include improved directional control, reduced wellbore tortuosity, and comprehensive logging-while-drilling (LWD) measurements.

Since the late 1990s, rotary steerable systems have revolutionized drilling and redefined how far directional drilling can go. Extended-reach drilling, multilaterals, and deepwater drilling have achieved new levels of efficiency. Well placement has also been enhanced, enabling the use of reservoir navigation that yields outstanding net-to-gross results.

Although rotary steerable systems exhibit many advantages, they still face issues of limited buildup rates, weight-on-bit and reliability. Due to the dynamic market, operators are focusing on minimizing cost and saving time by reducing the number of trips, enhancing the rate of penetration (ROP), and reducing drilling footage to avoid directional work in problematic formations that can result in stick/slip and wellbore stability issues.

To address the client needs, a new generation of RSS has been introduced.

In 2014, a 6¾-in. high-build rate RSS was developed primarily for conventional markets, which have a need for high build rates and simultaneous acquisition of LWD data. The use of a high-build rate RSS in conjunction with an optimized bottomhole assembly (BHA) for build-rate capability has enabled operators to achieve buildup rates up to 12°/100 ft.

In 2015, a 4¾-in. high-performance RSS was developed to fill the need of higher weight on bit and to provide a simple, rugged design with enhanced reliability.

In this paper the authors present the new generation of rotatory steerable and its impact on the market.

This paper will be supported by number of case studies from oil and gas.
Architecture Modeling of Stacked Point Bar Reservoir Based on Meander Loop Database and Automatic Pattern Reconstruction Algorithm: A Case Study in the M Oilfield, Bohai Bay Basin, East China
Authors: Shu Xiao , Dong Rencheng , Hu Yong , Jin Baoqiang , Ren Baicong , Shi Hongfu , Wang Jijun
Published: September 2016

The spatial stacking structure and contact relationship between point bars in meandering river reservoir affect the reservoir continuity, interwell injection-production connectivity and distribution of remaining oil. But its characterization and modeling is hard to achieve in traditional modeling algorithm or deterministic microfacies drawing method, especially in offshore oil fields with large well spacing and low resolution seismic data. In order to solve this problem, we developed a new prediction and modeling method based on meander loop database and automatic reconstruction algorithm of sedimentary pattern. This algorithm honors the geometries and interrelationships between point bars while honoring the conditioning data. The general methodology consists of 2 steps. (1) Build a database storing the geometries of meander loops. (2) Select the meander loop from database sequentially and place it in the simulation space constrained by predefined rule and conditioning property.

We applied this method to construct the stacked point bar model of M oilfield. Multiple equal probable architecture models were built and were compared with each other through history matching. The optimal predicted model reaches a history matching coincidence rate of 91.3% and was used to predict the abundance zones of remaining oil. Based on the prediction results, 13 adjustment horizontal wells were drilled in the study area to tap the remaining oil. The accurate predicted result implies that the pattern reproduction based on database are effective for characterizing the spatial structure of stacked point bar reservoir.
Water Salinity Determination Over an Extended Salinity Range Using a Joint Interpretation of Dielectric and Neutron Cross-Section Measurements
Authors: Donadille J. M. , Leech R. , Pirie I.
Published: September 2016

High-frequency dielectric dispersion has been shown to be sensitive to the water volume, the water salinity, and the water tortuosity within the pore space. Dielectric dispersion data can be inverted to estimate water saturation in conditions where the interpretation of resistivity with traditional saturation equations is problematic, such as low and variable water salinities, complex texture, and unknown wettability. There is, however, a recognized limitation: salinity can be estimated only in the low to medium range. Above about 60 ppk, water salinity, which influences the estimated water volume, must be fixed in the dielectric interpretation.

The thermal neutron capture cross-section (sigma) measurement primarily responds to the volume and salinity of the water that is present in the region of the formation seen by the tool. It provides an excellent complement to dielectric measurements for several reasons. Sigma is highly sensitive to the salinity of the water phase, particularly at high salinities. Both sigma and dielectric measurements have a similar volume of investigation and so can be interpreted in a joint inversion.

We developed a joint inversion of dielectric dispersion and neutron sigma measurements that solves for the water volume, water salinity, and tortuosity of the water phase. The addition of neutron sigma to the dielectric dispersion measurements extends the interpretation to high-salinity conditions, and enables the capability of quantifying water salinity in conditions where this was previously not possible.

We illustrate the benefits of this joint inversion on some log examples. In a well drilled with water-based mud and fully invaded, the inversion provides a robust estimate of filtrate salinity even for highly saline filtrate and reduces the uncertainty on the estimated residual hydrocarbon. In the case of oil-based mud invasion, the method quantifies the salinity of the formation water even for moderately to highly saline water.