bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IgE accelerates in vitro development and modifies the phenotype of mast cells
Authors: Kashiwakura Jun‐ichi , Xiao Wenbin , Kitaura Jiro , Kawakami Yuko , Wilson Bridget S. , Blank Ulrich , Kawakami Toshiaki
Published: June 2021

Monomeric IgEs possess a wide range of heterogeneity in their ability to induce mast cell activation in the absence of multivalent antigen. Highly cytokinergic (HC) IgEs induce a variety of mast cell activation events including cell survival, degranulation, cytokine production, and migration, whereas poorly cytokinergic (PC) IgEs do so inefficiently. Here we investigated the effect of monomeric IgE molecules on mast cell differentiation. When bone marrow cells are cultured with monomeric IgEs, cell number is increased compared to cultures without IgE. Furthermore, time in culture required to generate greater than 80% pure mast cells is decreased. IgEs can induce mast cell progenitors to differentiate into mast cells. mRNA expression levels of several mast cell proteases and mast cell‐related transcription factors such as Egr‐1, a transcription factor involved in the production of TNF‐α, are increased in mast cells cultured with an HC IgE compared to those cultured with a PC IgE or without IgE. Consistent with this, expression of TNF‐α is higher in mast cells cultured with an HC IgE. Taken together, these results suggest that monomeric IgEs, especially HC IgEs, not only promote mast cell development, but also modulate the mast cell phenotype.

Funded in part by the NIH grant AI50209.
Delta‐9‐tetraydrocannabinol‐triggers mast cell degranulation through activation of cannabinoid receptors
Authors: Pandey Rupal , Hegde Venkatesh , Nagarkatti Mitzi , Nagarkatti Prakash
Published: June 2021

Chronic marijuana smoking is known to trigger airway inflammation. It is paradoxical that delta‐9‐tetraydrocannabinol (THC) an important psychoactive component of marijuana has been shown to mediate systemic immunosuppression, while at the same time triggering inflammation in the lungs. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that THC may activate mast cells and cause their degranulation thereby triggering neutrophil infiltration and inflammation. We demonstrated that various cannabinoids, including THC augment β‐hexosaminidase release, which is a marker of mast cell activation in rat mast cell line (RBL‐2H3), murine mast cell line (MC/9) and isolated primary peritoneal mast cells. Moreover, we observed that i.p. or intranasal administration of THC in C57BL/6 (WT) mice resulted in dramatic infiltration of neutrophils. CB1 or CB2 receptor selective agonists also induced neutrophil infiltration. Moreover, administration of CB1 or CB2 select antagonists caused significant blocking, of Supported by NIH grants: R01AI053703, R01ES09098, R01 AI058300, R01DA016545, R01HL058641 and P01AT003961).
Basophils play a pivotal role in IgG‐ but not IgE‐mediated systemic anaphylaxis in contrast to mast cells
Authors: Karasuyama Hajime , Tsujimura Yusuke , Obata Kazushige , Mukai Kaori , Nishikado Hideto , Kawano Yohei , Minegishi Yoshiyuki
Published: June 2021

Anaphylaxis is a rapid‐onset, life‐threatening allergic reaction, and most commonly triggered by exposure to allergens such as insect venoms, foods, and medications. IgE and mast cells have long been associated with anaphylaxis, but recent studies suggested that an alternative pathway mediated by IgG could be more important than the classical, IgE‐mediated pathway in the elicitation of systemic anaphylaxis. Here we report in a model of penicillin shock that basophils, the least common blood cells, are dispensable for IgE‐mediated systemic anaphylaxis in contrast to mast cells, but are instead responsible for IgG1‐mediated systemic anaphylaxis. In vivo depletion of basophils but not macrophages, neutrophils, or NK cells ameliorated IgG1‐mediated passive anaphylaxis, and rescued mice from death in active systemic anaphylaxis. Upon binding of allergen‐IgG1 complexes, basophils released platelet‐activating factor (PAF), which in turn stimulated endothelial cells to increase vascular permeability. These results highlight a pivotal and non‐redundant role for basophils in vivo, and contrast two major, distinct pathways leading to allergen‐induced systemic anaphylaxis: one mediated by basophils, IgG, and PAF; the other is the classical one by mast cells, IgE, and histamine.
Downregulation of FceRI Beta Chain During IgE Signaling
Authors: Brenzovich Jennifer , Chong Hey Jin , Kepley Chris , Ryan John
Published: June 2021

Mast cells are critical players in allergic disease mediated by IgE and FcεRI interactions. In mice, FcεRI functions as a tetramer, composed of an IgE binding alpha subunit, two ITAM bearing gamma subunits, and a signal enhancing/amplifying beta subunit. Little is known about beta chain regulation. We activated mast cells with IgE + antigen and determined the resulting effects on beta chain mRNA, protein levels and surface expression. IgE crosslinkage inhibited beta chain mRNA expression, with a nadir at 5 hours post‐stimulation. This was matched by reduced protein and surface expression over the following 24 hours. Similar effects were observed in either mouse bone marrow‐derived or human skin‐derived mast cells. We were able to classify the beta chain mRNA regulation pathway as primarily involving Syk, PI3K, and NFκB. Monomeric IgE is known to greatly increase surface Fc□RI expression. Interestingly, we found that IgE crosslinkage returned membrane Fc□RI to basal levels in cells previously incubated with monomeric IgE. These data suggest that FceRI signaling not only activates mast cells but may also convey a homeostatic signal returning FceRI expression to a reduced basal level, perhaps to suppress continued signaling. The role of beta chain regulation in mast cell homeostasis offers this subunit as a possible therapeutic target in allergic disease. Supported by NIH grant 1R01 AI59638.
Regulation of Mast Cell Function by Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Ryan John J , Barnstein Brian , Macey Matthew , Leonard Warren , Shevach Ethan , Thornton Angela , Kashyap Mohit
Published: June 2021

Mast cell activation is associated with atopic and inflammatory diseases. Despite this, the natural controls of mast cell homeostasis are poorly understood. We have found that IL‐10 and TGFb1 suppress mast cell function and have investigated how these cytokines might be available to mast cells during the inflammatory response. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a sub‐class of CD4+ T cells that can produce both IL‐10 and TGFb1. We hypothesized that these cells could function in mast cell homeostasis. In this study, we demonstrate that mast cells can recruit Treg. Furthermore, Treg, but not CD4+/CD25− T cells, suppress mast cell FceRI expression. Despite the inhibitory effects of IL‐10 and TGFb1, Treg effects were independent of IL‐10 and TGF‐b1, and required cell contact. Surprisingly, co‐culture with either Treg or CD25− T cells enhanced IgE‐mediated cytokine production by mast cells. These data are the first demonstration that mast cells can recruit Treg and that these interactions may alter the mast cell response. Supported by NIH grant 1R01 AI59638.
Anti‐tumor effect by dendritic cells stimulated with IL‐2 in OT‐1 model
Authors: YANG QIN , Herberman Ronald B. , Lotze Michael T. , Kalinski Pawel , Basse Per H.
Published: June 2021

Background:

Recently, IKDCs expressing both natural killer (NK) and dendritic cell (DC) characteristics have been described: these NK‐like DCs “convert” from cells with NK cell lytic activity and NK receptor expression, into cells acquiring MHC class II and the requisite molecules for APC function. In an attempt to stimulate IKDC‐like activity in bone‐marrow‐derived DCs (BMDCs), we stimulated the BMDCs with IL‐2. These “DCs‐IL‐2” cells possessed an impressive anti‐tumor effect in mice when injected s.c, mixed with M05 tumor cells.

Methods:

1) Vaccination with DCs‐IL‐2+MO5 in OT‐1 model; 2) Rechallenge of tumor‐free mice; 3) Flow and image analysis.

Results:

1) The DCs‐IL‐2‐treatment demonstrated an impressive anti‐tumor effect in that no tumor growth was seen in four of the five mice that received DCs‐IL‐2 + MO5 tumor cells on the right flank and M05 cells alone on the left flank; 2) Three out of the four tumor‐free mice did not grow tumors when re‐challenged with MO5 tumor cells. One mouse developed tumors, but much delayed compared to control mice; 3) Flow data demonstrated that 10–20% of the DCs‐IL‐2 acquired A‐NK phenotypic markers, while maintaining their DC phenotypes.

Conclusion:

The DCs‐IL‐2 have a promising potential to improve cancer immunotherapy and we will continue to study the phenotype, lineage commitment, and in vivo relevance of these cells.
In vivo tumor antigen phagocytosis and trafficking by macrophages and pDCs infiltrating intracranial glioblastomas (GBM) in rats treated with adenoviruses (Ads) expressing TK and Flt3L
Authors: Candolfi Marianela , Muhammad AKM G , Curtin James F , King Gwendalyn D , Liu Chunyan , Kroeger Kurt M , Lowenstein Pedro R , Castro Maria G
Published: June 2021

We studied the ability of antigen presenting cells (APC) infiltrating intracranial GBM to phagocytose and transport tumor antigens after combined intratumoral delivery of Ads encoding the conditional cytotoxic, thymidine kinase (TK) and the immune‐stimulant, Flt3L. We investigated whether the immune cells that infiltrate intracranial GBM internalize fluorescent FluoSpheres implanted intratumorally 4 days after Ad‐Flt3L/Ad‐TK treatment. Distribution of FluoSpheres was widespread throughout the tumor mass, allowing wide availability for infiltrating immune cells. Beads were rapidly taken up 24 h after administration by intratumoral macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). APC containing beads were detected within the tumor up to 7 days after bead delivery approaching or entering tumor blood vessels. Four days after bead delivery, bead‐containing APCs were detected in the draining cervical lymph nodes. Our results show that APC infiltrating intracranial GBM are capable of antigen uptake and migration from the brain to the draining lymph node after Ad‐TK/GCV+Ad‐Flt3L treatment where they would present GBM antigen to T cells. Support: NIH/NINDS R01 NS44556.01, R21‐NSO54143.01; UO1 NS052465.01; RO3 TW006273‐01 to M.G.C.; RO1 NS 054193.01; RO1 NS 42893.01; U54 NS045309‐01, and R21 NS047298‐01 to P.R.L; F32 NS058156.01 to M.C.
Selective stimulation of mast cells with a TLR2 agonist inhibits tumor growth in vivo
Authors: Oldford Sharon Ann , Leiva Carlos A. , Johnston Brent , Marshall Jean S.
Published: June 2021

Mast cells are potent effector cells abundant at the growing edge of solid tumors, where they can enhance angiogenesis. Mast cells stimulated with the Toll‐like receptor‐2 (TLR2) activator Pam3CSK4 lipopeptide (LP) secrete angiostatic chemokines. We hypothesized that LP‐stimulated mast cells would have anti‐tumor potential. LP‐activated bone marrow derived mast cellls (BMMC) significantly inhibited the growth of B16.F10 melanoma (n=10, P=0.0195) and LLC1 Lewis lung carcinoma (n=9, P=0.0078), in Matrigel plugs in vivo. The presence of BMMC alone had no significant effect on tumour growth. Tumors containing LP‐activated BMMC had reduced blood vessel frequency (B16.F10, n=7, P<0.05; LLC1, n=7, P=0.08) and blood volume (LLC1, n=6, P<0.05), correlating with tumor weight (r=0.48, P=0.02). In vitro studies demonstrated this anti‐tumor effect was not attributable to BMMC‐mediated tumor cytotoxicity. Dependence on mast cell expressed TLR2 was confirmed by the lack of LLC1 or B16.F10 tumor inhibition in C57Bl/6 mice using LP and BMMC derived from TLR2 knock‐out mice. Protein array analyses identified several candidate mediators that may contribute to the anti‐tumor effect of LP‐activated BMMC. These findings suggest a novel role for mast cells as intermediaries for anti‐cancer immunotherapies

Supported by National Cancer Institute of Canada. SAO is supported by the Cancer Research Training Program.
CD8 T cell response to IL‐15/IL‐15Rα complex is MHC class I dependent
Authors: Stoklasek Thomas A , Lefrancois Leo
Published: June 2021

Recent findings illustrate that IL‐15 operates via a unique mechanism termed transpresentation. In this system, IL‐15 produced by one cell type is bound to IL‐15Rα expressed by the same cell and presented to apposing cells expressing the IL‐15Rβ/γC complex. We have recently shown that administering soluble IL‐15Rα complexed with IL‐15 can greatly enhance IL‐15 activity by increasing IL‐15 half‐life and forcing transpresentation of IL‐15. Furthermore, IL‐15/IL‐15Rα complex can cause the proliferation and maturation of naïve CD8 T cells. We now show that the CD8 T cell response to exogenous IL‐15/IL‐15Rα complex is MHC class I dependent. In the absence of MHC class I, naïve CD8 T cells scarcely proliferate in response to IL‐15/IL‐15Rα complex. In addition, providing specific peptide along with IL‐15/IL‐15Rα complex can enhance the proliferation of antigen‐specific CD8 T cells. The responding antigen‐specific CD8 T cells undergo an expansion and contraction phase, resulting in a larger frequency of remaining memory‐phenotype cells. These data suggest that IL‐15/IL‐15Rα complex has selective effects on antigen activated CD8 T cells. Our findings have important implications for directing IL‐15/IL‐15Rα complex based therapy to specific antigen targets, and illustrate the possible adjuvant uses of IL‐15/IL‐15Rα complex.

NIH Grant AI‐051583 (to L.L.) and NCC Predoctoral Fellowship (to T.A.S.).
Regulation of CD8+ T cell‐associated Programmed Death‐1 (PD‐1) expression by antigen‐dependent and ‐independent signaling
Authors: Wong Raymond , Smith Kent , Tam Victor , Meisenberg Brenna , Quach Angeline , Carillo Mayra , Bot Adrian
Published: June 2021

PD‐1/PD‐1 ligand interaction regulates immune homeostasis and is a potential barrier to optimal T cell activity against viruses and tumors. Using a lymph node‐targeted immunization approach, we evaluated the impact of antigen‐dependent and ‐independent signaling on the phenotype of CD8+ T cells, with focus on expression of the inhibitory receptor PD‐1. The levels of antigen exposure and co‐stimulation provided by CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) adjuvant, respectively, had striking and opposite effects on PD‐1 acquisition by epitope‐specific CD8+ T cells (∼5 to 65% positive). Elevated PD‐1 expression was associated with decreased functionality on a cell‐for‐cell basis, which was at least partly reversible by antibody‐mediated PD‐1 blockade. Low antigen exposure in context of an optimal immune co‐stimulatory signal – via peptide + CpG ODN or DNA plasmid immunization – yielded low PD‐1‐expressing central and peripheral memory cells with substantial proliferation and differentiation potential upon subsequent antigen stimulation. These findings shed light on the distinctive mechanism of action of DNA and peptide vaccines and, in general, the homeostasis of CD8+ T cells via induction of an inhibitor receptor.

Funding for this research was provided by MannKind Corporation.
Big Tumor Regression Induced by 3LL‐GM Inoculation via Facilitating DC Maturation and Deviation towards CD11c+CD8alpha+ Subset
Authors: Chu Yiwei , Lin Yi , Zhang Lei , Zhang Yi , Cai Yuchan , Xiong Sidong
Published: June 2021

GM‐CSF is a powerful immune stimulating factor to help to generate a systemic, strong and long‐lasting immune response. To determine whether the transduction of GM‐CSF to tumor cell could result in the big tumor regression and optimize local immune micro‐environment, in this study, using an experimental murine NSCLC tumor model, we demonstrated that the in vivo growth of 3LL tumor cells harboring GM‐CSF gene (3LL‐GM) was inhibited even when the tumor diameter was over 7mm (big tumor), and mice inoculated with 3LL‐GM survived over 90 days, whereas mice inoculated with control parental 3LL cells and 3LL cells transduced with control vector all succumbed to the tumor by day 17 after tumor inoculation. Further analysis showed that targeted expression of GM‐CSF in 3LL tumor cells markedly enhanced the systemic anti‐tumor effect including the specific lymphocytes proliferation, cytotoxicity against 3LL tumor as well as the higher production of IFN‐gamma. 3LL‐GM tumor significantly protected the mice from the parental 3LL tumor challenge. More importantly, the percentage of DC in tumor site was greatly increased and the differentiation of DC altered to CD11c+CD8alpha+ subsets, which benefits the induction of CD8+ CTL and consequently kills the tumor. Our research indicated that GM‐CSF could optimize the immune micro‐environment in tumor site and result in the big tumor regression, which provides a potent approach for immunotherapy of cancer.
Immunization with transgenic B cells as APC induces memory T‐cell specific immunity in tolerant mice
Authors: Funatake Castle J , Zanetti Maurizio
Published: June 2021

Transgenic mice that express human MUC1 as a self antigen are tolerant to MUC1‐expressing tumors. Here we show that tumor protection resides within the T‐cell compartment. MUC1 transgenic (MUC1‐Tg) mice or C57Bl/6 (B6) controls received a single immunization with transgenic B lymphocytes and after 3 weeks T‐cells were isolated by negative selection. T‐cells from immunized MUC1‐Tg, immunized B6, and naïve MUC1‐Tg mice were similar based on expression of CD44 and CD62L. Purified T‐cells were transferred into naïve MUC1‐Tg recipients that were then challenged with 3x104 B16‐MUC1 tumor cells. Forty days after tumor challenge, 5 out of 6 mice that received T cells from immunized MUC1‐Tg mice were tumor‐free; 4 out of 6 mice that received T‐cells from immunized B6 mice were tumor free; however, no mice that received T‐cells from naïve MUC1‐Tg mice were tumor‐free. In addition, all naïve T‐cell recipient mice had died by day 43. These results demonstrate that the protective effect of immunization with transgenic B cells resides within the T‐cell compartment and that this protection is transferable to naïve tolerant mice. Research supported by NIH grant RO1CA77427.
Immunostimulatory and migratory properties of human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (DC) matured in the presence of the cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) LTC4 and LTD4
Authors: Dannull Jens , Tyler Douglas S. , Pruitt Scott K.
Published: June 2021

Generating mature DC for cancer vaccination routinely involves maturation induction using cytokines TNF‐a, IL‐6, and IL‐1b. While the routine inclusion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) during maturation is necessary for the induction of DC chemotaxis, PGE2 has unfavorable effects on the immunostimulatory capacity of DC. Evidence suggests that like PGE2, cysLTs may be potent mediators of DC migration. The objective of this study was to characterize the immunologic properties of DC that have been matured in the presence of cysLTs. We find that DC matured in the presence of cysLTs secrete higher levels of immunostimulatory IL‐12p70 while producing reduced levels of immune inhibitory IL‐10 and are superior to PGE2‐matured DC in polarizing naïve CD4+CD45RA+ T cells as well as in inducing antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. CysLT‐matured DC migrate more efficiently through layers of extracellular matrix in transwell assays and express increased levels of mRNA encoding matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) but reduced levels of TIMP‐1 (tissue inhibitor of MMPs) as shown by qPCR. Lastly, maturation of DC with cysLTs led to reduced expansion of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs in in vitro cultures. Collectively, our data suggest that cysLTs may represent promising candidates to replace PGE2 in DC maturation protocols that may ultimately lead to enhanced immunogenicity of DC‐based cancer vaccines (supported by a VA Merit Review).
Endogenous retroviral superantigen vSAg29 subverts Treg inhibition of proliferation of responsive CD4 T cells via deregulated cytokine production
Authors: Li Yu , Ponzio Nicholas M , Tsiagbe Vincent K
Published: June 2021

The “reverse immune surveillance” that characterizes endogenous retroviral superantigen (vSAg29) expressing SJL lymphoma (RCS) development, involves the dependence on growth factors (notably, IL‐4 and IL‐5) produced by vSAg29‐responsive CD4+Vβ16+ T cells. We have previously observed a dichotomous regulation of CD4+ T cells responding to SJL lymphoma cells, in the presence of Treg cells. While Treg cells failed to inhibit proliferation induced by vSAg29‐responsive T cells, they significantly inhibited (by at least 4 fold) the production of mRNA for several genes, including IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐10, IFN‐γ, CCR4, CCL17, TOLLIP, UBE2N, NFKBIB. On the contrary, mRNA for several other genes were upregulated (by at least 4 fold), including MIF, IL‐10R, BCL6, CXCL4 (PF4), MAPK8 (JNK1), UBE2V1, CASP8, CCR8, TGF‐β, and NFκB (RELA). To better understand the biological basis of these discrepancies, the expression data was examined using a Biological Association Network analysis tool, employing ResNet5 database. The results show that possible explanations of these findings include deregulated TGF‐β1 expression, coupled with expression of a wide array of costimulating molecules, including B7‐1 (CD80), B7‐2 (CD86), HSA (heat stable antigen/CD24), CD30 (TNFRSF8), and CD70 (TNFSF7). The results also suggest that the major cytokine(s) required for vSAg29+ SJL lymphoma growth/development remain to be identified. Research Funded by grant from NIH CA10273.
Nutrient Intake of Puerto Rican Children, Participating or Not Participating in the Federal School Lunch Program ‐ Final Report
Authors: Preston Alan M , Rodriguez Cindy , Venegas Heidi
Published: June 2021

While evaluation of the federally funded meals programs have been carried out in the US mainland, little information is availale on these programs in Puerto Rico. To address this issue, we have administered 24 hr recall questionnaires Mon‐Fri to groups of children participating (P) or non‐participating (NP) in the Federal Lunch Program at 3 educational levels: elementary ‐ 101 students (67P, 34 NP), middle school ‐ 115 students (64 P, 51 NP) and high ‐ 105 students (58 P 47 NP). Comparisons were made for total intake of several macro‐ and micro‐nutrients for both weekdays and weekend days as well as for adherence to Dietary Guidelines and recommended intakes. Results showed that both groups failed to reach recommended levels for Vitamins A, D and E, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium and fiber and exceeded levels for sodium, total fat and saturated fat. Nevertheless, results also suggest a healthier intake of several nutrients in P vs NP children during both weekday and weekends which include increased vitamin B12, folate, iron and zinc as well as less trans‐fatty acids. These differences remain significant when the diet is adjusted for caloric intake. Support is acknowledged by the National Research Initiative of the USDA Cooperative Research, Education and Extension Service Grant No. 2003‐35200‐13590.
Prevalence of nutrient inadequacy in 2001 Korean Health and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Kim Dong Woo , Shim Jae Eun , Paik Hee Young
Published: June 2021

This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy among Koreans using 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey (KHNS) (N=9,960), with one‐day dietary intake data collected by 24 hour recall method. Usual intake was obtained after adjusting for daily variation of nutrient intakes. Daily variations of intakes were adjusted with variance ratios using the subset of population with two 24‐hour recalls collected from Seasonal KNHANES 2002 (N=3,955). The method developed by the Iowa State University was used to estimate usual dietary intake distributions for a population. We assumed that the proportion of within‐individual variance is relatively stable over time. Distributions of usual intakes for 14 nutrients were derived and proportions of population below EAR of Korean DRIs, by 18 gender/age groups, were calculated. The estimated prevalence of inadequate intakes determined by % of subjects below EAR was 74% for calcium, 41% for riboflavin, and 16% for vitamin A. For approximately 99% of population in this study, sodium intakes were greater than the intake goal (2mg/d). Older group (age>65) had higher probability of inadequacy for almost all nutrients, but iron was problem for younger age group. Adjusting intake data for daily variation reduced the proportion of population below EAR in all nutrients, except in calcium, which resulted in increase by 3.7%, among Koreans.
Evaluation of Dietary Pattern by the Desirable Dietary Pattern (DDP) Score in Urban and Rural Population in Guangxi, China
Authors: Zhang Huijun , Chen Zhengqing , Peng Qiyuan , Lin Xia
Published: June 2021

To evaluate the dietary pattern by Desirable Dietary Pattern (DDP) score in urban and rural population in Guangxi. We used data collected in 1992 and 1997 from China National Nutrition Survey and China Health and Nutrition Survey. Our results showed that DDP score in both urban and rural population are over 70 in 1992 and 1999 year in Guangxi. The lowest DDP score in rural population is 79.6 in 1992, which indicated that the dietary patterns are basically reasonable. The DDP score increased over 10 points in rural population from 1992 to 1997, shown the dietary pattern in rural population is improved, and the DDP score remain unchanged in urban population with five years. The DDP score of energy from animal food in urban population is high, and the similar tendency exists in rural population. The DDP score of energy from oil also reach maximum permitted score, needed to be control. Along with the decrease of intake of energy from cereals and increase of energy from animal food, the DDP scoring of Asia Pacific is more reasonable than Chinese.
Impact of meeting Dietary Guideline recommendations for dairy consumption on nutrient density and health outcomes
Authors: Fulgoni V L , McGill C. R. , Miller G. D. , DiRienzo D. B. , Wilson A. M. , Zaripheh S.
Published: June 2021

The impact of dairy consumption at age‐specific levels recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 (DGA 2005) on energy‐adjusted nutrient intakes and physiological parameters was examined in children (2–18 years, n=7584) and adults (19+ years, n=8841) using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. Participants at all ages who consumed the recommended servings of dairy (Met) had significantly (p<0.05) greater energy, protein and saturated fat intakes compared to those who did not consume the recommended number of dairy servings (notMet) but with no significant differences in mean body mass index (BMI). Children and adolescents 2–18 years (Met) had significantly greater intakes of calcium, magnesium and potassium versus notMet. Adults 19–50 (Met) had significantly greater intakes of vitamin A, calcium, magnesium and potassium along with higher serum folate and lower serum homocysteine, total‐ and LDL‐cholesterol concentrations compared to the notMet group. Adults 51+ (Met) had significantly greater intakes of vitamins A, C and B12, calcium, magnesium and potassium with significantly higher serum vitamin B12 concentrations verses notMet. Consumption of the DGA 2005 recommended number of dairy servings had a positive impact on nutrient intakes in children and adults with no negative impact on BMI or serum lipid profiles. Supported by National Dairy Council.
U.S. Fatty Acid Intake after Substitution of High Stearic Low Linolenic Acid Soybean Oil for Hydrogenated Soybean Oil
Authors: Lemke Shawna , DiRienzo Maureen , Peterson Barbara , Smith Kim
Published: June 2021

High stearic, low α‐linolenic acid soybean oil (HSLL) has been developed to serve as a replacement for partially hydrogenated soybean oils used in food manufacturing. This study estimated the impact on fatty acid intake in the United States if HSLL were substituted for partially hydrogenated soybean oils used in several food categories where oil functionality is similar, including baked goods, shortenings, fried foods, and margarines. Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data (1999–2002), baseline intakes of five fatty acids and trans fatty acids (TFA) were determined at the mean and 90th percentile of fat consumption. Then intakes of these fatty acids were determined after HSLL was substituted for 100% of the partially hydrogenated soybean oils used in these four food categories. The results show that baseline intake of stearic acid is 3.0% energy at the mean and 3.3% energy at the 90th percentile. Use of HSLL could increase stearic acid intake to 4–5% energy, which is well below the levels studied in numerous clinical trials that have shown no adverse effects on markers of cardiovascular health. Mean intakes of TFA could decrease from 2.5% to 0.9% energy and intake of palmitic acid could decrease slightly. Use of HSLL as a substitute for partially hydrogenated soybean oils would result in changes in the fatty acid composition of the U.S. diet consistent with current dietary recommendations.
Several differences observed in selected nutrient intakes and perceptions of health/diet of adult urban Native American Indians in Lincoln, NE by tribal association, gender, and age grouping
Authors: Driskell Judy Anne , Carter Tina L , Morse Kristin L , Giraud David W
Published: June 2021

Nutrient intakes and health/diet perceptions of adult urban Native American Indians in Lincoln, Nebraska were evaluated for differences by tribal association, gender, and age grouping. Subjects included 33 men and 32 women, with 26 being Sioux; 22, Omaha; and 17, a combination of other tribes. Two interviewer‐administered 24‐h recalls and written questionnaires were used. A significantly larger (P<0.05) percentage of men reported consuming alcohol, with a significant difference (P<0.05) being observed by age grouping. Fifty‐five percent were overweight and 32%, obese. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed by tribe in saturated fat, vitamin A, and calcium intakes. Men reported consuming significantly more (P<0.05) calories, vitamin C, and sodium. Over half consumed more than the recommended 20–35% kcal from fat, ≥10% kcal from saturated fat, and ≥300 mg cholesterol/d. Less than Estimated Average Requirements for vitamin A, vitamin C, and iron were consumed by 31%, 59%, and 6%, respectively, while 79% consumed < Adequate Intake for calcium. Over 90% consumed > Tolerable Upper Intake Level for sodium. A significantly larger (P<0.01) percentage of men agreed or strongly agreed that they perceived themselves as alcoholics. Several differences were observed in nutrient intakes and health/diet perceptions of these Native American Indians by tribal association, gender, and age grouping.
Relative animal versus plant foods consumption and risk of childhood obesity
Authors: Sabaté Joan , Lousuebsakul Vichuda
Published: June 2021

Background. During the last decade, the prevalence of childhood obesity in the U.S. has doubled.

Materials and Methods. The association between dietary intake and obesity was examined using a multivariate logistic regression model on 1,764 California school children, ages 7 to 18 years, who completed a 106 item food frequency questionnaire. The relative frequency of consumption of meat, poultry, fish, dairy products and eggs were combined and classified as animal product intake. Similarly, the relative frequencies of consuming cereal, legumes, nuts, fruits, vegetables and vegetable protein products were combined as plant foods intake. A child was classified as obese if his or her body mass index (weight/height2) was above the 75 percentile value of the age and gender‐specific population subgroup.

Results. Compared to girls, boys had a 22% lower risk of obesity (OR=0.78, 95%CI: 0.62–0.99). Compared to the lowest animal products intake quartile (19% or less), the risk of obesity increased by 75%, 46% and 69% respectively as quartiles of animal product consumed increased. Children with a high proportion of plant foods in the diet had a 38% lower risk of obesity (OR= 0.62, 95%CI: 0.41–0.93) compared to those with low consumption.

Conclusions. Among children, a high proportion of plant product consumption can prevent obesity where as a high proportion of animal products in the diet increases the risk of obesity.
Use of glycemic load to monitor carbohydrates in patients on ketogenic therapy
Authors: Le Anh‐Thu , Borum Peggy R.
Published: June 2021

Ketogenic therapy (KT) has historically been used to treat patients with intractable epilepsy. It consists of high fat, adequate protein, and minimum carbohydrate (CHO) with the emphasis on the fat to protein plus CHO ratio. The glycemic load (GL) is a value calculated from the amount of CHO consumed and the effect of the CHO on plasma glucose. Foods with simple CHO have higher GLs and foods with complex CHO have lower GLs. Traditionally, the type of carbohydrates being given to KT patients is not monitored. This study's purpose was to determine if this monitoring would be valuable. Diet recalls from 15 pediatric patients on KT were obtained and analyzed by the University of Minnesota's Nutrition Data System (NDS). The total GLs (with both glucose and white bread as references), total CHO, CHO/kg/day, and GL/kg/day were determined. Linear regressions were done for total CHO vs. GL and for CHO/kg/day for GL/kg/day. Total CHO vs. GL had an r2 of 0.7971 and p‐value 0.0004 and CHO/kg/day vs. GL/kg/day had an r2of 0.8283 and a p‐value of 0.0001. As expected, linear regressions reveal significant correlation between CHO and GL and CHO/kg/day and GL/kg/day, but do not account entirely for all the data. For example, one patient received 34.4 g CHO per day and had a GL of 16.7 whereas another patient who received 21.5 g CHO per day had a higher GL of 21.1. These data indicate monitoring the types of carbohydrates given to patients on KT may be beneficial.
Variability in results from predicted resting energy needs as compared to measured resting metabolic rate: Determining the most accurate formula for use in younger children
Authors: Kim Eun‐Kyung , Kim Jae‐Hee , Lawrence Jeannine Clunk
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Energy prediction equations are often used to predict energy needs in young children, however little data is available regarding their accuracy in this population. This study compared measured resting energy expenditure to commonly‐used prediction equations to determine the most accurate formula.

Methods: 42 kindergarten children (17 boys and 25 girls; mean age 5.0 ± 0.9 y.o.) from the Gangneung area, South Korea were included. Measurements included: resting metabolic rate (MRMR; TrueOne 2400 metabolic cart); weight and height (digital scale/stadiometer); body fat (bioelectrical impedance analysis, Inbody720). Prediction equations included: the Harris‐Benedict, Dietary Reference Intakes, Mifflin, Maffeis, Body surface area, WHO/NAO/FAO, Schofield (‐W and –HW), Owen, FAO/WHO/UNU, and Cunningham.

Results: Mean MRMR was 878.1 ± 56.1 kcal/day (no significant gender differences). Only results from the Maffeis and Schofield equations were not significantly different from the MRMR. Others showed differences of up to 227 ± 61.4 kcal/day.

Conclusions: Care should be taking when choosing an energy prediction equation for younger children to select one that is most accurate. In this group of 4–6 y.o.'s both the Maffeis and the Schofield equations would be appropriate for predicting energy needs.

Research support: Kangnung National University, South Korea
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Body Weight and Body Fat in Postmenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Norris Leigh , Colleen Angela , Asp Michelle , Liu LiFen , Hsu Jason , Li Dongmei , Bell Doris , Osei Kwame , Jackson Rebecca , Belury Martha
Published: June 2021

Post‐menopausal women are at risk for weight gain and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces fat mass in mice, but results in humans have been inconsistent. In a 36‐ week controlled, double masked, crossover study we sought to determine if CLA reduces body weight and alters body composition. Fifty‐ five subjects were randomized into two groups, receiving 6.4 g mixed isomer CLA and 1.6 g safflower oil (SAF) or 8.0g SAF daily Analysis of results at individual 5% level of significance were as follows. Mean body weight loss in the CLA group was 0.48 ±0.23 kg in diet period one (DP1) and 0.42± 0.19 kg in diet period two (DP2). Body mass index (BMI) was significantly lower with CLA compared to SAF during both diet periods, with a trend toward weight loss after 8 weeks of supplementation. Body fat mass (BFM) was significantly lower in the CLA group without changes in lean body mass (LBM). SAF did not affect BFM, while SAF increased LBM in both diet periods. There was no evidence of change in sagittal abdominal diameter or waist‐ to‐ hip ratio, indexes of visceral obesity. The changes in BMI and BFM were not associated with dietary energy intake. Reports of adverse events did not differ between groups. In conclusion, CLA given at a dose of 6.4g/day over a 16 week period causes a significant reduction in BMI and BFM while preserving LBM in obese postmenopausal women with T2DM. Supported by Cognis GmbH
Exogenous fat oxidation and energy expenditure in young women after meals low or adequate in protein content
Authors: Petzke Klaus Jürgen , Klaus Susanne
Published: June 2021

Macronutrient composition of diets can influence energy balance in humans. We tested the hypothesis in a pilot study that low protein content in single meals induces lower energy expenditure (EE) and fat oxidation (FO) rates as compared to adequate protein content. Indirect calorimetry (ventilated hood) was combined with a breath test using naturally 13C‐labeled corn oil to differentiate between postprandial exogenous and endogenous FO. Young women (n = 6) ingested alternately in randomized order single isoenergetic meals containing 50g fat and either 3.9 % (low protein, LP) or 11.4 % (adequate protein, AP) of total energy (~3100 kJ). Postprandial EE (ppEE) was lower by 160 kJ/6 h (P < 0.01) after LP meals and diet induced thermogenesis (DIT) increased less (P < 0.001) as compared to AP meals. Total postprandial FO (ppFO) was not different between meals (~17 g/6 h). However, exogenous ppFO was higher (4.28 ± 1.57 g/6 h) after LP meals as compared to AP meals (1.87 ± 1.00 g/6 h) (P < 0.01). Less than 10% of ingested fat was oxidized in the postprandial phase. The overall postprandial fat balance was roughly + 33 g. In conclusion, breath tests with corn oil reflect exogenous FO. Low protein meals resulted in reduced ppEE and increased exogenous FO as compared to adequate protein meals without differences in total FO.
Lipoprotein lipase is necessary for lipid uptake and storage by adipocytes
Authors: Gonzales Amanda M , Orlando Robert A
Published: June 2021

In vivo studies aimed at identifying the precise role of adipocyte‐derived LPL in fat storage function of adipose tissue have been unable to provide conclusive evidence due to compensatory mechanisms that activate endogenous fatty acid synthesis. To circumvent this limitation, we have measured the effects of reducing adipocyte LPL expression on intracellular lipid accumulation using a cultured model of adipocyte differentiation. During differentiation of 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes, LPL mRNA expression increases 6‐fold resulting in a 2‐fold increase in cell surface‐associated LPL enzymatic activity. Parallel to this increase, intracellular lipids increased ~10‐fold demonstrating a direct correlation between adipocyte‐derived LPL expression and lipid storage. siRNA transfection of adipocytes reduced LPL mRNA expression and cell surface‐associated LPL enzymatic activity to ~50% of non‐treated controls while intracellular lipid levels were reduced by 80%. Exogenous addition of purified LPL (to restore extracellular lipolytic activity) or palmitate (as a source of free fatty acids) to siRNA‐treated cells restored intracellular lipid levels to those measured for non‐treated controls. These data demonstrate that adipocyte‐derived LPL is required for efficient fatty acid uptake and storage. This research was supported by a Grant‐in‐Aid from the American Heart Association.
Plasma Concentrations of Lutein and Zeaxanthin are increased by Egg Intake during a Carbohydrate Restricted Weight Loss Intervention
Authors: Vaishnav Ushma , Mutungi Gisella , Waters David , Clark Richard M , Volek Jeff S , Fernandez Maria Luz
Published: June 2021

Twenty eight men (BMI 26‐37 kg/m2) were instructed to consume a carbohydrate restricted diet for 12 wk. Subjects were randomly allocated to consume either 3 eggs (EGG) per day (600 additional μg of lutein + zeaxanthin) or the equivalent of egg substitute (SUB) (0 additional μg of lutein + zeaxanthin). After 12 wk, subjects in the EGG group had higher plasma HDL cholesterol and larger HDL particles compared to those in the SUB group (P < 0.001). Dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin was similar between groups, but subjects in the EGG group had a significant increase in plasma lutein (0.544 ± 0.245 μmol/L at baseline to 0.929 ± 0.420 μ mol/L after 12 wk) compared to the SUB group (0.5269 μ mol/L at baseline to 0.5269 ± 0.348 μmol/L after 12 wk) (P < 0.0001). A significant 46% increase in plasma zeaxanthin (P < 0.025) was observed for the EGG group while there were no changes for the SUB group. There were no differences in dietary intake or plasma concentrations of beta‐carotene, alpha carotene and beta‐cryptoxanthin between groups. However, dietary intake of lycopene (P < 0.05) was reduced between baseline and 12 wk for both groups and these reductions were associated with a significant reduction in plasma lycopene (P < 0.01). These results indicate that self‐selected carbohydrate restricted diets are associated with adequate dietary intake of carotenoids with the exception of a reduced intake of lycopene. These data also suggest that the matrix of the egg makes for a better absorption of lutein and zeaxanthin and that the increased HDL size in the EGG group may contribute to the higher concentration of these carotenoids in circulation [Supported by the American Egg Board].
Relationships of smoking and alcohol consumption on atherogenic index, antioxidant status and lymphocyte DNA damage in Korean men
Authors: Oh Hye Sun , Kim Hyun Young , Lee Hye‐Jin , Park Yoo Kyoung , Kang Myung‐Hee
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of alcohol consumption and smoking habits on atherogenic index, antioxidant enzymes, level of lipid peroxidation and lymphocyte damage. The participants included 386 men 19–60 years of age. The level of lipid peroxidation was measured as the level of conjugated diene (CD) and the lymphocyte DNA damage was measured by COMET assay. In the observed sample population, we categorized the subjects into 15 groups. Subjects were divided into 5 groups: A0 (0 g/day, n=49), A1 (1–70 g/day, n=98), A2 (71–140 g/day, n=84), A3 (141–350 g/day, n=101), A4 (>350 g/day, n=40), and then were further divided into S0 (nonsmoker, n=92), S1 (1–15 cigarettes/day, n=138), S2 (>15 cigarettes/day, n=142) depending on the level of cigarette consumption. Regardless of the alcohol intake, there was a continuous increase of the atherogenic index with the increasing quantity of cigarette smoking. HDL‐C was increased with the increasing level of alcohol consumption. In addition, regardless of the alcohol intake, CD level was lowest in the S0 groups and highest in the S3 groups. Antioxidant status measured by plasma tocopherol, carotene and vitamin C level did not differ significantly among groups. The DNA damage (assessed by tail DNA) was greatest in the heavy smokers compared to the non‐ or light smokers. Our result showed that the exposure of cigarette smoking has higher impact on the level of antioxidants and DNA damage than the combined effect with alcohol consumption.

This study was supported by a grant from Kyung Hee University Research Fund in 2004 (KHU‐20040945)
Relationships Among Omega‐3 fatty acids, Anthropometrics, and Biochemical Markers in College Students
Authors: Barber‐Heidal Kimberly , Broughton Kenneth Shane , Malinauskas Brenda M , Hickner Bob , Duffrin Melani
Published: June 2021

Students participated in a college life survey, an n‐3 FFQ, and a fasting blood draw. Participants were classified as normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2, n=27.), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2, n=16), or obese (≥30 kg/m2, n=12.). IL‐6 negatively correlated with plasma phospholipid EPA (−0.387) and DHA (−0.396) and positively with saturated fat (0.469) (P<0.05) only in the normal weight. While IL‐6 correlated with lipids in the normal weight, a positive correlation was found with IL‐6 and body weight (BW) in the obese (0.627) and overweight (0.506). Ghrelin had a negative correlation with BW (−0.504), EPA (−0.415) and total n3 (−0.397) and a positive correlation with the n6:n3 ratio (0.496) in the normal weight (P<0.01) while not correlating with any of these variables in the overweight and obese.

Blood n‐3 PUFAs were similar in overweight and obese women, but were 25% higher in overweight than normal weight women. The difference in women total n‐3 PUFA levels was induced by cumulative differences in EPA, DHA, and DPA and the combined influence on total n‐3 PUFA as there was no difference within the sex for the specific n‐3 PUFA. There was no difference in total n‐3 PUFA in men; however, the overweight had significantly lower DHA than the normal and obese men at a mean of 3.0 mol% vs. 4.9 and 4.6 mol%, respectively. While there were differences between individuals with different BMI's the health implication need to be evaluated.
Exercise but not Diet Induced Weight Loss Decreases Skeletal Muscle Inflammatory Gene Expression in Frail Obese Elderly
Authors: Lambert Charles , Wright Nicole , Finck Brian , Villareal Dennis
Published: June 2021

Many obese elderly persons have impaired physical function due to increased body fat relative to strength. We evaluated 12 weeks of exercise (aerobic and resistance, E) or 12 weeks of weight loss (WL) on skeletal muscle mRNAs for mechanogrowth factor (MGF), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in 16 obese (BMI: 38±2 kg/m2) older (69±1 yrs) physically frail individuals. m. vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained at 0 and 12 weeks and analyzed by real time RT‐PCR. Body composition was assessed by dual x‐ray absorptiometry. Body weight decreased (−7.5 ±1.2 kg, p=0.001) in WL, but not in E (−0.3±0.8 kg, p=0.74). Fat free mass (FFM) decreased (−2.9±0.6 kg, p=0.010) in WL and increased (1.6±0.6 kg, p=0.03) in E. E led to a significant (~70%) decrease in IL‐6 and TNF‐α mRNA (p<0.05) while WL had no effect. In E, the change in FFM was related to the change in the expression of genes for IL‐6 (r=−0.79, p=0.02) and TNF‐α (r=−0.68, p=0.06). E increased MGF mRNA (~2 fold, p<0.05) but WL had no effect. In conclusion, exercise in frail obese elderly individuals had a beneficial effect on markers of muscle anabolism and inflammation while weight loss had no effect.