bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validity of the Communication Function Classification System for use with preschool children with communication disorders
Authors: Hidecker Mary Jo Cooley , Cunningham Barbara Jane , Thomas‐Stonell Nancy , Oddson Bruce , Rosenbaum Peter
Published: January 2017

Aim

To evaluate construct and predictive validity of the Communication Function Classification System (CFCS) for use with preschool children with a range of speech and language disorders.

Method

Seventy‐seven preschool children with speech and language disorders (50 males, 27 females; mean 2y 7mo, standard deviation [SD] 1y) participated in this cohort study. Preschool children had speech and language, language‐only, or speech‐only disorders. Together with parent input, speech–language pathologists (SLPs) completed the CFCS at time 1. Parents and SLPs then independently completed a validated change‐detecting functional communication outcome measure, the Focus on the outcomes of Communication Under Six (FOCUS), three times: at assessment (time 1), at the start of treatment (time 2), and at the end of treatment (time 3).

Results

There was a significant negative correlation between CFCS classifications and FOCUS scores at all three measurement points for the ratings by both parents and SLPs (correlations ranged from −0.60 to −0.76). As expected, no correlations between CFCS classifications and FOCUS change scores were statistically significant.

Interpretation

This study provides evidence of construct and predictive validity of the CFCS, demonstrating its value as a discriminative tool for use with preschool children with a range of speech and language disorders.
Elucidation of the genetic architecture of self‐incompatibility in olive: Evolutionary consequences and perspectives for orchard management
Authors: Saumitou‐Laprade Pierre , Vernet Philippe , Vekemans Xavier , Billiard Sylvain , Gallina Sophie , Essalouh Laila , Mhaïs Ali , Moukhli Abdelmajid , El Bakkali Ahmed , Barcaccia Gianni , Alagna Fiammetta , Mariotti Roberto , Cultrera Nicolò G. M. , Pandolfi Saverio , Rossi Martina , Khadari Bouchaïb , Baldoni Luciana
Published: January 2017

The olive (Olea europaea L.) is a typical important perennial crop species for which the genetic determination and even functionality of self‐incompatibility (SI) are still largely unresolved. It is still not known whether SI is under gametophytic or sporophytic genetic control, yet fruit production in orchards depends critically on successful ovule fertilization. We studied the genetic determination of SI in olive in light of recent discoveries in other genera of the Oleaceae family. Using intra‐ and interspecific stigma tests on 89 genotypes representative of species‐wide olive diversity and the compatibility/incompatibility reactions of progeny plants from controlled crosses, we confirmed that O. europaea shares the same homomorphic diallelic self‐incompatibility (DSI) system as the one recently identified in Phillyrea angustifolia and Fraxinus ornus. SI is sporophytic in olive. The incompatibility response differs between the two SI groups in terms of how far pollen tubes grow before growth is arrested within stigma tissues. As a consequence of this DSI system, the chance of cross‐incompatibility between pairs of varieties in an orchard is high (50%) and fruit production may be limited by the availability of compatible pollen. The discovery of the DSI system in O. europaea will undoubtedly offer opportunities to optimize fruit production.
Stakeholders’ Information Needs, Cost System Design, and Cost System Effectiveness in Dutch Local Government
Authors: Schoute Martijn , Budding Tjerk
Published: January 2017

This study examines the relationships between stakeholders’ information needs, cost system design, and cost system effectiveness in local government, using a dataset of survey responses from 71 Dutch municipalities. Three cost system design characteristics are examined: (a) the complexity and (b) the inclusiveness of cost systems, and (c) their understandability for non‐financial internal users. These characteristics are shown to be only partly related to each other, and to differ in the extent to which they are related to the information needs of internal and external stakeholders, as well as to three cost system effectiveness characteristics.
Macroeconomic Announcements and the Distribution of Price‐Endings in the U.S. Treasury Market
Authors: Nikiforov Andrei , Pilotte Eugene
Published: January 2017

We investigate how new information impacts quote clustering in the bond market. We find that clustering, along with quote activity, price volatility and bid‐ask spreads, increases sharply in the minutes following releases of macroeconomic news. Each returns to near‐normal levels within the hour. Effects are strongest for more liquid on‐the‐run notes and for the announcements typically associated with substantial information flow. The strong positive comovement of clustering, quote activity, price volatility, and bid‐ask spreads supports the conclusion that innovations of these variables are endogenous to the arrival and incorporation of information into prices.
Phylogeny and the prediction of tree functional diversity across novel continental settings
Authors: Swenson Nathan G. , Weiser Michael D. , Mao Lingfeng , Araújo Miguel B. , Diniz‐Filho José Alexandre F. , Kollmann Johannes , Nogués‐Bravo David , Normand Signe , Rodríguez Miguel A. , García‐Valdés Raúl , Valladares Fernando , Zavala Miguel A. , Svenning Jens‐Christian
Published: January 2017

Aim

Mapping the distribution and diversity of plant functional traits is critical for projecting future changes to vegetation under global change. Maps of plant functional traits, however, are scarce due very sparse global trait data matrices. A potential solution to this data limitation is to utilize the known levels of phylogenetic signal in trait data to predict missing values. Here we aim to test existing phylogenetic comparative methods for imputing missing trait data for the purpose of producing continental‐scale maps of plant functional traits.

Location

North America and Europe.

Methods

Phylogenetic imputation models and trait data from one continent were used to predict the trait values for tree species on the other continent and to produce trait maps. Predicted maps of trait means, variances and functional diversity were compared with known maps to quantify the degree to which predicted trait values could estimate spatial patterns of trait distributions and diversity.

Results

We show that the phylogenetic signal in plant functional trait data can be used to provide robust predictions of the geographical distribution of tree functional diversity. However, predictions for traits with little phylogenetic signal, such as maximum height, are error prone. Lastly, trait imputation methods based on phylogenetic generalized least squares tended to outperform those based on phylogenetic eigenvectors.

Main conclusions

It is possible to predict patterns of functional diversity across continental settings with novel species assemblages for most of the traits studied for which we have no direct trait information, thereby offering an effective method for overcoming a key data limitation in global change biology, macroecology and ecosystem modelling.
The Shifting Destinations of Metropolitan Migrants in the U.S., 2005–2011
Authors: Walker Kyle E.
Published: January 2017

Recent estimates that central cities are growing faster than their suburbs in the U.S. have captured the attention of both academics and the popular media. Many commentators have used these numbers to claim that internal migration trends in the U.S. have reached a turning point, in which migrants increasingly prefer urban residences to suburban locales. However, these assertions often rely on problematic definitions of city and suburb, and pay too little attention to demographic variations among migrants. This paper examines whether recent internal migrants in the U.S. are choosing closer‐in destinations, drawing from microdata samples from the American Community Survey since 2005. During this period, there is an overall trend of migrants to the largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. choosing to migrate closer to the metropolitan core. However, this trend varies significantly among major demographic groups; whereas younger, single, educated, and white‐collar migrants show evidence of a return to the core, migrants who are blue‐collar, less‐educated, older, and with families remain more suburban. In turn, this analysis suggests that overall trends of “back to the city” migration are producing considerable divergence in the metropolitan destinations of different demographic groups.
Secretome analysis to elucidate metalloprotease‐dependent ectodomain shedding of glycoproteins during neuronal differentiation
Authors: Tsumagari Kazuya , Shirakabe Kyoko , Ogura Mayu , Sato Fuminori , Ishihama Yasushi , Sehara‐Fujisawa Atsuko
Published: January 2017

Many membrane proteins are subjected to limited proteolyses at their juxtamembrane regions, processes referred to as ectodomain shedding. Shedding ectodomains of membrane‐bound ligands results in activation of downstream signaling pathways, whereas shedding those of cell adhesion molecules causes loss of cell–cell contacts. Secreted proteomics (secretomics) using high‐resolution mass spectrometry would be strong tools for both comprehensive identification and quantitative measurement of membrane proteins that undergo ectodomain shedding. In this study, to elucidate the ectodomain shedding events that occur during neuronal differentiation, we establish a strategy for quantitative secretomics of glycoproteins released from differentiating neuroblastoma cells into culture medium with or without GM6001, a broad‐spectrum metalloprotease inhibitor. Considering that most of transmembrane and secreted proteins are N‐glycosylated, we include a process of N‐glycosylated peptides enrichment as well as isotope tagging in our secretomics workflow. Our results show that differentiating N1E‐115 neurons secrete numerous glycosylated polypeptides in metalloprotease‐dependent manners. They are derived from cell adhesion molecules such as NCAM1, CADM1, L1CAM, various transporters and receptor proteins. These results show the landscape of ectodomain shedding and other secretory events in differentiating neurons and/or during axon elongation, which should help elucidate the mechanism of neurogenesis and the pathogenesis of neurological disorders.
Aceruloplasminaemia: a disorder of diabetes and neurodegeneration
Authors: Calder Genevieve L. , Lee Melissa H. , Sachithanandan Nirupa , Bell Sally , Zeimer Howard , MacIsaac Richard J.
Published: January 2017

Aceruloplasminaemia is an autosomal recessive disorder of iron metabolism which is characterised by diabetes, neurodegeneration and anaemia. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of adult onset, antibody‐negative diabetes associated with persistent mild anaemia and hyperferritinaemia and/or progressive neuropsychiatric impairments.
Impedance spectroscopy study on polymer‐derived amorphous SiAlCO
Authors: Cao Yejie , Gao Yan , An Linan
Published: January 2017

The electric behaviors of both free‐carbon phase and ceramic phase in polymer‐derived amorphous silicoaluminum oxycarbide were studied by impedance spectroscopy. The results revealed that the resistance of both ceramic phase and free‐carbon phase are similar to each other and decreased with pyrolysis temperature. Meanwhile, the ceramic phase showed higher capacitance than the free‐carbon phase. With increasing pyrolysis temperature, the capacitance of the ceramic phase drastically decreased, but that of the free‐carbon phase remained similar. Each phase exhibited a relaxation process, which moved to higher frequency with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The results are correlated with the structural evolution of the two phases.
Elucidating the role of AlO6‐octahedra in aluminum silicophosphate glasses through topological constraint theory
Authors: Zeng Huidan , Ye Feng , Li Xiang , Jiang Qi , Chen Guorong , Chen Jianding , Sun Luyi
Published: January 2017

The local structures of sodium aluminum silicophosphate glasses containing unique AlO6‐octahedra were characterized through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and modeled by topological constraint theory (TCT). Subsequent calculation results of the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) and Vickers hardness (Hv) obtained using TCT were verified by the experimental data, which provided us evidence of the glass former role of the AlO6‐octahedra and their behavior in the aluminum‐containing glass systems. The glass‐forming behavior of the AlO6‐octahedra was identified by their displacement of SiO6‐octahedra based on their corresponding NMR spectrum. The structure featured a constant total amount of AlO6 and SiO6‐octahedra (AlO6‐octahedra increased whereas SiO6‐octahedra decreased) with an increasing aluminum content, which was caused by the mutual replacement between them. The glass former role of the AlO6‐octahedra was further supported by the theoretical computation of Tg and Hv through application of TCT. Specifically, the model of the aluminum‐containing glasses reported here is an extension of the conventional TCT that only incorporates the constraints of the glass formers.
The Effects of Disclosure and Analyst Regulations on the Relevance of Analyst Characteristics for Explaining Analyst Forecast Accuracy
Authors: Keskek Sami , Myers Linda A. , Omer Thomas C. , Shelley Marjorie K.
Published: January 2017

We posit and find an effect of disclosure and analyst reporting regulations implemented from 2000 through 2003 (including Regulation Fair Disclosure, the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act and the Global Settlement Act) on the importance of analyst and forecast characteristics for analyst forecast accuracy. Following the enactment of these regulations, more experienced analysts and All‐Star analysts do not maintain their superior forecast accuracy, and analysts employed by large brokerage houses perform worse than other analysts. In addition, we find a decrease in the importance of analyst effort, the number of industries and firms followed, days elapsed since the last forecast, and forecast horizon. While the importance of bold upward forecast revisions does not change, bold downward revisions lose their relevance for forecast accuracy after 2003. Finally, we find an increase in the importance of prior forecast accuracy. We find that the importance of these characteristics varies with the precision of publicly available information. Specifically, the decrease in the importance of most analyst and forecast characteristics and the increase in the importance of prior forecast accuracy are greater when the precision of publicly available information is low. Overall, our results suggest that the positive effects of experience, effort, brokerage house size and All‐Star status on forecast accuracy in the pre‐regulation period were because of the information advantages that these analysts enjoyed (rather than their ability to generate private information). In contrast, our results suggest that prior forecast accuracy is related to analysts’ ability to generate private information.
The impact of age on psoriasis health care in Germany
Authors: Trettel A. , Spehr C. , Körber A. , Augustin M.
Published: January 2017

Introduction

Inequality between age groups has been demonstrated in the prescription of biologics, yet systematic real‐world data about age‐related differences in psoriasis care are missing.

Objective

To investigate disparities in psoriasis characteristics by age groups and to identify potential impact on psoriasis health care.

Patients and Methods

Data analysis included 3615 patients from the German psoriasis registry PsoBest, which observes adult patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis (PsA) on systemic treatment over a time period of 10 years.

Results

With 2376 participants (65.7%), the majority of patients was assigned to the age group 35–64, followed by 776 (21.4%) and 463 (12.8%) for the age groups 18–34 and 65+, respectively. Psoriasis vulgaris was the most frequent form of psoriasis with nearly 90% patients affected. Appearance of psoriasis forms did not differentiate significantly between the age groups except for erythrodermic psoriasis, which was more frequent in the elderly than in patients aged 35–64 (1.9%, P ≤ 0.048). Nail psoriasis appeared significantly more often in patients aged 35–64 (55.5%, P ≤ 0.001) and also showed the highest number of nails involved (6.9 ± 3.3). PsA was less frequent in the age group 18–34 (9.5%, P ≤ 0.001). This group showed the highest rate of scalp psoriasis (85.8%) compared to the elder age groups (P ≤ 0.001). Biologicals were used significantly less in younger patients (16.2%) compared to the age groups 35–64 (23.9%, P ≤ 0.001) and 65+ (21.8%, P ≤ 0.042).

Conclusion

Middle‐aged patients show higher rates of PsA and nail psoriasis, which may explain age‐dependent disparities in health care including the use of systemic treatment.
The effect of foraging and ontogeny on the prevalence and intensity of the invasive parasite Anguillicola crassus in the European eel Anguilla anguilla
Authors: Barry J , Newton M , Dodd J A , Evans D , Newton J , Adams C E
Published: January 2017

Infection patterns of the invasive Anguillicola crassus nematode were investigated in a population of the European eel Anguilla anguilla where parasite invasion is very recent, Loch Lomond, Scotland. Intensity levels of the parasite were associated with differences in fish ontogeny and trophic ecology. Although eels foraged on both fish and invertebrates, individuals which were smaller and fed on invertebrates (>70% contribution to diet) were found to contain a greater number of swim bladder parasites compared to larger eel with a predominance of fish (>60% contribution) in their diet. Within affected fish, a significant negative relationship was found between fish length and parasite intensity, with smaller individuals having higher parasite intensity than larger individuals. This study indicates that food intake and infection risk are linked in this recently infected host–parasite system. From a management perspective increasing our understanding of how infection intensity and repeated exposure is linked to resource use in an ecosystem is important for the future management of this endangered species in Europe.
Nonablative radiofrequency treatment for the skin in the eye area – clinical and cutometrical analysis
Authors: Augustyniak Anna , Rotsztejn Helena
Published: January 2017

Objective

The purpose of the research was to evaluate skin elasticity and reduction in the aging eye area after using a nonablative radiofrequency treatment.

Material and methods

This study included 23 patients, aged 34–58 years with Fitzpatrick skin type II and III. They received five treatment sessions with a nonablative radiofrequency in 1‐week intervals. Biomechanical properties of the skin were measured using Cutometer. A photodocumentation was used to compare changes before and after the series of treatment sessions. Additionally, the patients filled in a questionnaire in which they were asked to make a self‐evaluation of the procedure.

Results

Cutometrical analysis showed improvement of skin elasticity. Changes in the measurements of R2 and R6 parameters indicate that the statistical significance level is mostly P < 0.0001 for the differences in the measurements. The comparison of clinical changes in the therapy, based on photodocumentation, showed a 33.26% improvement.

Conclusions

This treatment was used to improve skin tightness and decrease the amount and depth of wrinkles. It is a noninvasive treatment, with low risk of complications. The cutometrical measurements seem to be useful to assess improvement of elasticity of the skin after cosmetology or esthetic dermatology treatments.
Systemic alterations and their oral manifestations in pregnant women
Authors: Silva de Araujo Figueiredo Camilla , Gonçalves Carvalho Rosalem Cíntia , Costa Cantanhede Andre Luis , Abreu Fonseca Thomaz Érika Bárbara , Fontoura Nogueira da Cruz Maria Carmen
Published: January 2017

The aims of this literature review are: to depict the main oral diseases that are related to pregnancy; to clarify some of the possible systemic mechanisms that are associated with these changes; and to address issues about oral care during pregnancy. A woman's organs undergo various physiological, neurological, and hormonal changes during pregnancy. Such changes occur gradually and are essential for the development of the fetus, providing what is needed for tissue formation and establishment of reserves for uterine and fetal life. In turn, the oral cavity shows some events during this period. Among the changes most frequently cited in the literature are pyogenic granuloma, gingivitis, and periodontitis. The inflammation of the periodontal tissues due to the formation of the biofilm increases dramatically in size and severity during the course of a normal pregnancy, even without changes in the amount of biofilm present. In addition, a decrease in salivary pH is observed in pregnant women and may lead to an increased incidence of dental caries in this period.
Healthy Concessions: High School Students' Responses to Healthy Concession Stand Changes
Authors: Laroche Helena H. , Hradek Christine , Hansen Kate , Hanks Andrew S. , Just David R. , Wansink Brian
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

A previous sales data analysis demonstrated success in selling healthier items at a concession stand. Questions remained regarding student satisfaction and whether the intervention reached non‐health‐conscious students.

METHODS

Cross‐sectional anonymous samples of students at a large midwestern high school were surveyed before and after an intervention improved the number of healthier items available at the concession stand.

RESULTS

The survey was completed by 301 students preintervention and 314 students postintervention. Satisfaction remained good (3.7 preintervention and 3.6 postintervention). Satisfaction with the variety and taste of foods increased. We compared students who felt having healthy items were important at the concessions to those who did not. Overall satisfaction with concessions did not differ between groups. The latter group (healthy items not important) reported improved satisfaction with food variety (2.8 to 3.1, p = .02) and the former reported improved satisfaction with healthy foods (2.5 to 2.9, p = .03) and overall taste (3.2 to 3.4, p = .02). Of the healthy items not important students 76% reported purchasing at least 1 new healthier food.

CONCLUSIONS

Adding healthier foods to school concession stands has positive effects on student satisfaction, sales, and reaches all students whether or not they care about having healthy items available.
Power, Governance, and Value in Collaboration: Differences between Buyer and Supplier Perspectives
Authors: Brito Renata P. , Miguel Priscila L. S.
Published: January 2017

Early research on buyer–supplier relationships was based on two cornerstones: relational governance mechanisms and superior value creation for the whole supply chain. Relational governance mechanisms, based on trust and informal safeguards, can lead to higher value creation, while lack of trust and opportunism can be controlled by contractual governance mechanisms. To date, however, few studies have investigated the role of power asymmetry in collaboration and how the total value is distributed between buyer and supplier. The amount each partner appropriates depends on their relative power in the relationship, which has further implications in governance and relationship continuation, yet that has not been thoroughly explored in the literature. To fill this gap, this study investigates the influence of power asymmetry on governance and value appropriation in collaborative relationships, from both the buyers’ and suppliers’ perspectives. This article contributes to the buyer–supplier literature by exploring the gains of both the stronger and weaker partners in the dyad. Based on in‐depth case studies with buyers and suppliers of the personal care and cosmetics (PC&C), and food and beverage (F&B) industries in Brazil, we found insights concerning the influence of power asymmetry and interdependence on governance mechanisms, as well as the complementarity of value appropriation inside and outside the dyad. We also propose a framework to represent the interplay between perceived justice and power asymmetry in long‐term relationships.
A Bridge over Troubled Water: Managing Parties’ Mental Illness in Mediation
Authors: Hickerson Glen
Published: January 2017

One in five individuals in society has or will have a mental illness at some point in his or her lifetime. Conflict resolution theory, however, largely assumes that all individuals operate within the range of behaviors considered mentally healthy. Evidence suggests that professionals who deal with conflict, however, may have to deal with individuals who have mental health problems more frequently than would be the statistical norm. Clearly then, new theories of practice and norms of mediator behavior are needed to respond to the distinctive challenges presented by engaging with those who face mental health difficulty.

This paper surveys the research on how people with mental health challenges approach and respond to conflict and provides practical advice to conflict resolution professionals on how to recognize and tailor their approach to meet the needs of these individuals.
Screening and management practices for renal disease in the HIV‐positive patient population of an inner metropolitan sexual health service
Authors: Kakar Sheena , Drak Douglas , Amin Tahiya , Cheung Jason , O'Connor Catherine C , Gracey David M
Published: January 2017

Renal disease is an important and commonly encountered co‐morbidity in HIV infection. Despite this, few data are available concerning renal disease in this patient group. A retrospective review was conducted of all HIV‐positive patients of an inner metropolitan sexual health service who attended from 1 August 2013 to 31 July 2014 for HIV management. One hundred eighty‐eight HIV‐positive patients attended the clinic during the study period. The majority were male (96%), Caucasian (70%) and 30–39 years of age (37%). There was a high prevalence of renal risk factors in the population, including potentially nephrotoxic antiretroviral therapy (61%), smoking (38%), hypertension (12%), dyslipidemia (11%) and hepatitis C co‐infection (7%). In the previous year, measurements of estimated glomerular filtration rate were performed in all patients, but measurements of lipid profiles, urinary protein and serum phosphate were performed within the last year in only 48%, 33% and 30% of patients, respectively. These are the first comprehensive data regarding renal disease, associated risk factors and screening and management practices in the HIV‐positive patient population of a specialized sexual health service in Australia. This patient population demonstrates a particularly high prevalence of risk factors for renal disease. Despite this, screening investigations were not performed as recommended. This represents a potential area to improve patient care.
In vitro data support the investigation of vinegar as an antimicrobial agent for PD‐associated Pseudomonas exit site infections
Authors: Carson Christine F , Ash Oliver , Chakera Aron
Published: January 2017

Peritoneal dialysis exit site infections caused by Pseudomonas spp. are difficult to treat and can lead to peritonitis and/or modality failure. Effective alternative or adjunct non‐antibiotic antimicrobial agents could improve treatment as well as reduce the use of antibiotics and contribute to a reduction in antibiotic selection pressure and the further development of antibiotic resistance. Vinegar is popularly promoted as a topical antimicrobial agent and has been recommended as an adjunct treatment for Pseudomonas exit site infections in PD patients. Systematic empirical data on the susceptibility of pseudomonads to vinegar are lacking. This study aimed to determine the susceptibility to vinegar of 57 isolates of Pseudomonas. The MICs and MBCs of four vinegars were determined for clinical, environmental and/or reference isolates of P. aeruginosa (n = 34), P. fluorescens (n = 11) and P. putida (n = 12) using a broth microdilution method. The MIC90 and MBC90 were also determined for each species. The MIC90 of all four vinegars against P. aeruginosa was 2% (vol/vol). The MBC90 was 8%. The MIC90s for P. fluorescens and P. putida were also 2%. The MIC90s were 4%. Dilutions of vinegar recommended for the treatment of Pseudomonas exit site infections have in vitro activity against these notoriously resistant bacteria. In light of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance and the need to reduce antibiotic selection pressure as part of good antibiotic stewardship, the efficacy of vinegar, or its active constituent acetic acid, for the treatment of Pseudomonas exit site infections should be investigated further.
Life, death and rebirth of avirulence effectors in a fungal pathogen of Brassica crops, Leptosphaeria maculans
Authors: Rouxel Thierry , Balesdent Marie‐Hélène
Published: January 2017

In agricultural systems, major (R) genes for resistance in plants exert strong selection pressure on cognate/corresponding avirulence effector genes of phytopathogens. However, a complex interplay often exists between trade‐offs linked to effector function and the need to escape R gene recognition. Here, using the Leptosphaeria maculans–oilseed rape pathosystem we review evolution of effectors submitted to multiple resistance gene selection. Characteristics of this pathosystem include a crop in which resistance genes have been deployed intensively resulting in ‘boom and bust’ cycles; a fungal pathogen with a high adaptive potential in which seven avirulence genes are cloned and for which population surveys have been coupled with molecular analysis of events responsible for virulence. The mode of evolution of avirulence genes, all located in dispensable parts of the ‘two‐speed’ genome, is a highly dynamic gene‐specific process. In some instances, avirulence genes are readily deleted under selection. However, others, even when located in the most plastic genome regions, undergo only limited point mutations or their avirulence phenotype is ‘camouflaged’ by another avirulence gene. Thus, while hundreds of effector genes are present, some effectors are likely to have an important and nonredundant function, suggesting functional redundancy and dispensability of effectors might not be the rule.

Contents

Summary
526

I.
Introduction
526

II.
A new crop, novel resistance genes and ‘boom and bust’ cycles
527

III.
The ‘two‐speed’ genome and specific genome environment of avirulence genes in Leptosphaeria maculans
527

IV.
Deletion and other types of inactivations: the easy way to go?
529

V.
Is extinction the common scheme?
529

VI.
‘Rebirth’ of AvrLm3
530

VII.
Conclusions
530

Acknowledgements
531

References
531
Predictors and Clinical Outcomes of Transient Responders to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: ICHIBORI HIROTOSHI , FUKUZAWA KOJI , KIUCHI KUNIHIKO , MATSUMOTO AKINORI , KONISHI HIROKI , IMADA HIROSHI , HYOGO KIYOHIRO , KUROSE JUN , TATSUMI KAZUHIRO , TANAKA HIDEKAZU , HIRATA KEN‐ICHI
Published: January 2017

Background

Left ventricular end‐systolic volume (LVESV) changes at 6 months and clinical status are useful for assessing responses to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Regression of the LVESV following CRT has not been described beyond 6 months. This study aimed to assess the proportion, predictors, and clinical outcomes of responders whose LVESVs had regressed.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 104 consecutive CRT patients. A responder was defined as a patient with a relative reduction in the LVESV ≥15% at 6 months after CRT. Fifty‐six responders participated in this study. A transient responder was defined as a responder without a relative reduction in the LVESV ≥15% at 2 years after CRT or who died of cardiac events during the 24‐month follow‐up period.

Results

Of the 56 responders, 16 (29%) were transient responders. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that chronic atrial fibrillation (odds ratio [OR] = 19.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.93, 190], P = 0.012) and amiodarone usage (OR = 60.9, 95% CI [4.18, 886], P = 0.003) were independent predictors of transient responses. Hospitalizations for heart failure were significantly higher among the transient responders than among the lasting responders during a mean follow‐up period of 7.6 years (log‐rank P < 0.001), and all‐cause mortality tended to be higher among the transient responders (log‐rank P = 0.093).

Conclusions

One‐third of the responders were transient responders at 2 years after CRT, and their long‐term prognoses were poor. Careful attention should be paid to maintain the reduction in LVESV especially in patients with chronic AF.
Traumatic Heart Block
Authors: Copperman Yitschak , Low Samuel , Laniado Shlomo
Published: January 2017

Penetrating chest wounds have only occasionally been reported as a cause of permanent atrioventricular block. A case is presented in which a nail, fired from a power operated device, passed through the chest, causing complete atrioventricular block and requiring permanent pacing.
Atrial Pacing and the Risk for AV Block: Is There a Time for Change in Attitude?
Authors: Rosenqvist M. , Obel I. W. P.
Published: January 2017

A literature survey was performed to establish the prevalence of second and third degree AV block among patients with permanent atrial pacemakers because of sinus node disease. This study reviews data from 28 different studies on atrial pacing with a median follow‐up of 36 months. The collected data shows a median annual incidence of second and third degree AV block of 0.6%, range 0%–4.5% with a total prevalence of 2.1%, range 0%–11.9%. There was no significant difference in follow‐up time between studies that showed a low, compared with a high incidence of AV‐block. Patients with sinus node disease treated with atrial pacing have a low risk of developing clinically important conduction disturbancies.
Determinants of Patient Satisfaction in a Private Practice Pain Management Clinic
Authors: Dragovich Anthony , Beltran Thomas , Baylor George M. , Swanson Marc , Plunkett Anthony
Published: January 2017

Background

Patient satisfaction is used to measure physician performance in hospital and governmental practice settings. There is limited understanding about factors affecting satisfaction in a chronic pain management setting for patients prescribed chronic opioids.

Objective

To identify the determinants of patient satisfaction and correlation with recommended outcome measures in a private practice pain management clinic.

Methods

We performed a 4‐week quality assessment survey to define the determinants of patient satisfaction among pain management patients who were prescribed opioids. The data obtained from the survey were analyzed with descriptive and multiple regression analysis.

Results

Overall provider satisfaction was 96% and clinic satisfaction was 94% for a chronic pain population prescribed opioids for over 1 year. There was no correlation between provider satisfaction and functional outcomes. Only “level of stress” correlated with positive clinic satisfaction. The remainder of the functional outcomes were not correlated with satisfaction. “Listened to you carefully about your questions and concerns,” “Treated you with courtesy and respect,” and “Helped you with your problem” were found to be significant predictors of provider satisfaction.

Conclusions

These results indicate that a patient's perception of a provider's engagement and concern more heavily impacts perceived satisfaction than the patient's progress. A patient's perception of his or her clinic experience is heavily influenced by the attentiveness and coordination of the entire clinic care team. Staff attentiveness and coordination may affect a patient's level of stress. Adherence to current opioid prescription guidelines did not appear to have an overall negative effect on patient satisfaction.
Transgenic cotton expressing Cry10Aa toxin confers high resistance to the cotton boll weevil
Authors: Ribeiro Thuanne Pires , Arraes Fabricio Barbosa Monteiro , Lourenço‐Tessutti Isabela Tristan , Silva Marilia Santos , Lisei‐de‐Sá Maria Eugênia , Lucena Wagner Alexandre , Macedo Leonardo Lima Pepino , Lima Janaina Nascimento , Santos Amorim Regina Maria , Artico Sinara , Alves‐Ferreira Márcio , Mattar Silva Maria Cristina , Grossi‐de‐Sa Maria Fatima
Published: January 2017

Genetically modified (GM) cotton plants that effectively control cotton boll weevil (CBW), which is the most destructive cotton insect pest in South America, are reported here for the first time. This work presents the successful development of a new GM cotton with high resistance to CBW conferred by Cry10Aa toxin, a protein encoded by entomopathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene. The plant transformation vector harbouring cry10Aa gene driven by the cotton ubiquitination‐related promoter uceA1.7 was introduced into a Brazilian cotton cultivar by biolistic transformation. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays revealed high transcription levels of cry10Aa in both T0 GM cotton leaf and flower bud tissues. Southern blot and qPCR‐based 2−ΔΔCt analyses revealed that T0 GM plants had either one or two transgene copies. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of Cry10Aa protein expression showed variable protein expression levels in both flower buds and leaves tissues of T0 GM cotton plants, ranging from approximately 3.0 to 14.0 μg g−1 fresh tissue. CBW susceptibility bioassays, performed by feeding adults and larvae with T0 GM cotton leaves and flower buds, respectively, demonstrated a significant entomotoxic effect and a high level of CBW mortality (up to 100%). Molecular analysis revealed that transgene stability and entomotoxic effect to CBW were maintained in T1 generation as the Cry10Aa toxin expression levels remained high in both tissues, ranging from 4.05 to 19.57 μg g−1 fresh tissue, and the CBW mortality rate remained around 100%. In conclusion, these Cry10Aa GM cotton plants represent a great advance in the control of the devastating CBW insect pest and can substantially impact cotton agribusiness.
Addendum Guidelines for the Prevention of Peanut Allergy in the United States: Report of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases–Sponsored Expert Panel
Authors: Togias Alkis , Cooper Susan F. , Acebal Maria L. , Assa'ad Amal , Baker James R. , Beck Lisa A. , Block Julie , Byrd‐Bredbenner Carol , Chan Edmond S. , Eichenfield Lawrence F. , Fleischer David M. , Fuchs George J. , Furuta Glenn T. , Greenhawt Matthew J. , Gupta Ruchi S. , Habich Michele , Jones Stacie M. , Keaton Kari , Muraro Antonella , Plaut Marshall , Rosenwasser Lanny J. , Rotrosen Daniel , Sampson Hugh A. , Schneider Lynda C. , Sicherer Scott H. , Sidbury Robert , Spergel Jonathan , Stukus David R. , Venter Carina , Boyce Joshua A.
Published: January 2017

Background

Food allergy is an important public health problem because it affects children and adults, can be severe and even life‐threatening, and may be increasing in prevalence. Beginning in 2008, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, working with other organizations and advocacy groups, led the development of the first clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy. A recent landmark clinical trial and other emerging data suggest that peanut allergy can be prevented through introduction of peanut‐containing foods beginning in infancy.

Objectives

Prompted by these findings, along with 25 professional organizations, federal agencies, and patient advocacy groups, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases facilitated development of addendum guidelines to specifically address the prevention of peanut allergy.

Results

The addendum provides three separate guidelines for infants at various risk levels for the development of peanut allergy and is intended for use by a wide variety of health care providers. Topics addressed include the definition of risk categories, appropriate use of testing (specific IgE measurement, skin prick tests, and oral food challenges), and the timing and approaches for introduction of peanut‐containing foods in the health care provider's office or at home. The addendum guidelines provide the background, rationale, and strength of evidence for each recommendation.

Conclusions

Guidelines have been developed for early introduction of peanut‐containing foods into the diets of infants at various risk levels for peanut allergy.
Impacts of donor‐specific anti‐HLA antibodies and antibody‐mediated rejection on outcomes after intestinal transplantation in children
Authors: Petit L.‐M. , Rabant M. , Canioni D. , Suberbielle‐Boissel C. , Goulet O. , Chardot C. , Lacaille F.
Published: January 2017

AMR is a risk factor for graft failure after SBTx. We studied impact of DSAs and AMR in 22 children transplanted between 2008 and 2012 (11 isolated SBTx, 10 liver inclusive Tx, and one modified multivisceral Tx). Three patients never developed DSA, but DSAs were found in seven in the pre‐Tx period and de novo post‐Tx in 19 children. Pathology revealed cellular rejection (15/19), with vascular changes and C4d+. Patients were treated with IV immunoglobulins, plasmapheresis, and steroids. Rescue therapy included antithymocyte globulins, rituximab, eculizumab, and bortezomib. Pathology and graft function normalized in 13 patients, graft loss occurred in two, and death in seven. At the end of the follow‐up, 15 children were alive (68%), 13 with functioning graft (59%). Prognosis factors for poor outcome after Tx were the presence of symptoms at AMR suspicion (P +.033). DSAs were often found following SBTx, mostly de novo. Resistant ACR or severe AMR is still difficult to differentiate, with a high need for immunosuppression in both. DSAs may precede development of severe disease and pathology features on the graft: relationship and correlation need to be better investigated with larger groups before and after Tx.
The B6‐vitamer Pyridoxal is a Sensitizer of UVA‐induced Genotoxic Stress in Human Primary Keratinocytes and Reconstructed Epidermis
Authors: Justiniano Rebecca , Williams Joshua D. , Perer Jessica , Hua Anh , Lesson Jessica , Park Sophia L. , Wondrak Georg T.
Published: January 2017

UVA‐driven photooxidative stress in human skin may originate from excitation of specific endogenous chromophores acting as photosensitizers. Previously, we have demonstrated that 3‐hydroxypyridine‐derived chromophores including B6‐vitamers (pyridoxine, pyridoxamine and pyridoxal) are endogenous photosensitizers that enhance UVA‐induced photooxidative stress in human skin cells. Here, we report that the B6‐vitamer pyridoxal is a sensitizer of genotoxic stress in human adult primary keratinocytes (HEKa) and reconstructed epidermis. Comparative array analysis indicated that exposure to the combined action of pyridoxal and UVA caused upregulation of heat shock (HSPA6, HSPA1A, HSPA1L, HSPA2), redox (GSTM3, EGR1, MT2A, HMOX1, SOD1) and genotoxic (GADD45A, DDIT3, CDKN1A) stress response gene expression. Together with potentiation of UVA‐induced photooxidative stress and glutathione depletion, induction of HEKa cell death occurred only in response to the combined action of pyridoxal and UVA. In addition to activational phosphorylation indicative of genotoxic stress [p53 (Ser15) and γ‐H2AX (Ser139)], comet analysis indicated the formation of Fpg‐sensitive oxidative DNA lesions, observable only after combined exposure to pyridoxal and UVA. In human reconstructed epidermis, pyridoxal preincubation followed by UVA exposure caused genomic oxidative base damage, procaspase 3 cleavage and TUNEL positivity, consistent with UVA‐driven photooxidative damage that may be relevant to human skin exposed to high concentrations of B6‐vitamers.
The Effects of Moral and Pragmatic Arguments Against Torture on Demands for Judicial Reform
Authors: Leidner Bernhard , Kardos Peter , Castano Emanuele
Published: January 2017

Torture can be opposed on the basis of pragmatic (e.g., torture does not work) or moral arguments (e.g., torture violates human rights). Three studies investigated how these arguments affect U.S. citizens' attitudes toward U.S.‐committed torture. In Study 1, participants expressed stronger demands for redressing the injustice of torture when presented with moral rather than pragmatic or no arguments against torture. Study 2 replicated this finding with an extended justice measure and also showed the moderating role of ingroup glorification and attachment. Moral arguments increased justice demands among those who typically react most defensively to ingroup‐committed wrongdoings: the highly attached and glorifying. Study 3 showed that the effect of moral arguments against torture on justice demands and support for torture among high glorifiers is mediated by moral outrage and empathy but not guilt.
Successfully Contesting the Policy Sphere: Examining Through the Press a Case of Local Protests Changing New Ecological Laws
Authors: Castro Paula , Seixas Eunice , Neca Patrícia , Bettencourt Leonor
Published: January 2017

It is crucial to gain better insights into how psychosocial processes can limit the power of the political/legislative sphere for promoting social change through new laws. One form of accomplishing this is by illuminating the arguments and the content and value of social representations at play in cases in which the public sphere succeeds in contesting new laws. In this article, we explore a case of successful resistance to new ecological laws in a Portuguese Natura site. The laws, restricting recreational fishing, were made less stringent after meeting with local opposition. Content analysis of 122 articles published from 2006 to 2014 in regional and national newspapers reveals that protestors (fishermen, local authorities) received higher visibility and support and had more direct voice than the political sphere in both presses. Dialogical analysis of direct quotations of protestors shows how they seek legitimacy by establishing common ground with valued representations, vividly invoking people‐place bonds and tradition, and also how they attempt to undermine the law's legitimacy by linking local and national concerns, avoiding (potentially devalued) “Nimby” (“not in my backyard”) arguments. The discussion highlights what can be learned from using the press to investigate policy struggles that successfully organized their argumentation to contest new laws.