bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QS Subject Focus Summit 2020 on Modern Languages and Linguistics: Languages and migration in a globalized world
Authors: Ebzeeva Yulia N.
Published: June 2021

This article summarizes some of the results of the first QS Subject Focus Summit on Linguistics and Modern Languages held jointly with the RUDN University on December 15-17, 2020. It provides rationale for the choice of venue of this linguistic forum and analyzes the most relevant topics of discussion, including interdisciplinarity in modern linguistic research, comparative studies of languages and cultures, and intercultural and cross-cultural communication. Participants explored the topics as diverse as the role of linguistics in developing artificial intelligence systems and application of artificial intelligence in linguistic research, the dynamics of languages in minority situations and the efforts in preserving endangered languages. They dwelt on the current state of translation studies and discussed prospects for their future in view of advances in computer technologies, and many others. The articles included in this issue and authored by the Summit participants clearly show that language has become an object of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary studies. Moreover, the interdisciplinary research paradigm is manifested not only in the convergence of linguistics with other areas of humanities, but also with sciences. This article provides a brief overview of the contributions which present major paradigms of modern linguistics. It highlights the importance of applying computer technologies in linguistic research and emphasizes the necessity to modify language policies in order to preserve minority languages and meet the needs of language education in a multilingual and multicultural environment.
A multidimensional model of interaction as a framework for a phenomenon-driven approach to communication
Authors: Mustajoki Arto
Published: June 2021

Interaction between people is a cornerstone of being human. Despite huge developments in languages and communicative skills, interaction often fails, which causes problems and costs in everyday life and work. An inability to conduct dialogue also produces conflicts between groups of people, states and religions. Therefore, there are good reasons to claim that miscommunication and failures in interaction are among the most serious problems in the world. Researchers from different fields - linguistics, sociology, anthropology, psychology, brain research, philosophy - have tried to tackle this complex phenomenon. Their method-driven approaches enrich our understanding of the features of interaction in many ways. However, what is lacking is an understanding of the very essence of interaction, which needs a more holistic, phenomenon-driven approach. The aim of this paper is to show that the only way to reach this goal is multidisciplinarity, that is, using the results and methods of different fields of research. This is not an easy goal and task because the way of thinking and doing research varies greatly discipline-wise. A further obstacle is the researchers training, which, as a rule, focuses on the tradition of only one field of research. The Multidimensional Model of Interaction provides a good framework for a more holistic approach to interaction by viewing the complex phenomenon from different angles. The model includes various phases of the process of interaction, beginning with the choice of the topic by the speaker and ending with identification of the reference by the recipient, as well as the mental worlds of the interlocutors (knowledge, attitudes, values, emotional state etc.), recipient design (accommodation of speech) and external circumstances.
Inter-annotator agreement in spoken language annotation: Applying uα-family coefficients to discourse segmentation
Authors: Pons Bordería Salvador , Pascual Aliaga Elena
Published: June 2021

As databases make Corpus Linguistics a common tool for most linguists, corpus annotation becomes an increasingly important process. Corpus users do not need only raw data, but also annotated data, submitted to tagging or parsing processes through annotation protocols. One problem with corpus annotation lies in its reliability, that is, in the probability that its results can be replicable by independent researchers. Inter-annotation agreement (IAA) is the process which evaluates the probability that, applying the same protocol, different annotators reach similar results. To measure agreement, different statistical metrics are used. This study applies IAA for the first time to the Valencia Espaol Coloquial (Val.Es.Co.) discourse segmentation model, designed for segmenting and labelling spoken language into discourse units. Whereas most IAA studies merely label a set of in advance pre-defined units, this study applies IAA to the Val.Es.Co. protocol, which involves a more complex two-fold process: first, the speech continuum needs to be divided into units; second, the units have to be labelled. Kripendorffs u -family statistical metrics (Krippendorff et al. 2016) allow measuring IAA in both segmentation and labelling tasks. Three expert annotators segmented a spontaneous conversation into subacts, the minimal discursive unit of the Val.Es.Co. model, and labelled the resulting units according to a set of 10 subact categories. Kripendorffs u coefficients were applied in several rounds to elucidate whether the inclusion of a bigger number of categories and their distinction had an impact on the agreement results. The conclusions show high levels of IAA, especially in the annotation of procedural subact categories, where results reach coefficients over 0.8. This study validates the Val.Es.Co. model as an optimal method to fully analyze a conversation into pragmatically-based discourse units.
Karakteristik pH Putih dan KuningTelur, Kadar Lemak dan Nilai Organoleptik Telur Itik dengan Injeksi Larutan Bawang Putih (Allium sativum,Linn.)
Authors: Suryono Suryono , Lukman Haris
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi larutan bawang putih dan lama penyimpanan serta interaksi keduanya terhadap karakteristik nilai pH putih dan kuning telur, kadar lemak dan nilai organoleptik telur itik. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap pola faktorial 4 X 4 dengan 4 (empat) ulangan. Faktor I adalah konsentrasi larutan  bawang putih (K-0 = 0% ;K-1 =0,5 % : K-2 = 1% ; K-3 = 1,5%) dan Faktor II adalah lama penyimpanan (L-0 = tanpa penyimpanan ; L-1 = 1 hari ; L-2 = 2 hari ; L-3 = 3 hari). Parameter yang diamati meliputi nilai pH putih dan kuning telur, kadar lemak dan nilai organoleptik (warna, aroma, tekstur, rasa). Data dianalisis dengan sidik ragam dan apabila berpengaruh nyata dilanjukan dengan Uji Jarak Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa konsentrasi larutan bawang putih yang diberikan berpengaruh tidak nyata (P>0.05) pada nilai pH kuning telur dan kadar lemak telur itik, yang artinya tidak menyebabkan peningkatan ataupun penurunan nilai parameter-parameter tersebut, akan tetapi berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0.01), pada nilai pH putih telur serta nilaiorganoleptik isi telur (warna, aroma, tekstur, rasa). Selanjutnya lama penyimpanan telur itik berpengaruh tidak nyata (P>0.05) pada nilaipH kuning telur dan pada nilai organoleptik aroma, tekstur dan rasa isi telur, berpengaruh nyata (P<0.05) pada warna isi telur serta sangat nyata (P<0.01) pada nilai pH putih telur dan kadar lemak. Interaksi berpengaruh tidak nyata (P>0.05) pada hampir semua parameter yang diukur (nilai pH kuning telur dan nilai organoleptik (warna, tekstur, aroma dan rasa isitelur). Hanya terdapat interaksi sangat nyata (P<0.01) pada pH putih telur dan kadar lemak. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan juga bahwa konsentrasi larutan bawang putih dan lama penyimpanan secara bersama-sama berpengaruh tidak nyata (P>0.05) pada nilai pH kuning telur dan berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0.01) pada pH putih telur. Tidak terdapat interaksi nyata (P>0.05) pada hampir semua parameter yang diukur kecuali pada pH putih telur dan kadar lemak (P<0.01).

Kata Kunci :teluritik, konsentrasi larutan bawang putih, lama penyimpanan,
Meningkatkan Pendapatan Peternak Melalui Usaha Domba dan Nilai Jual
Authors: Rusdiana S , Adiati U , Talib C
Published: June 2021

Penelitian dilakukan di Kecamatan Tanjung Parang Kabupaten Pandeglang Propinsi Banten, tahun 2017. Penelitian menggunakan metoda survai terhadap 20 peternak domba, dengan menggunakan kuisioner dan wawancara. tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui meningkatkan pendapatan peternak melalui usaha domba dan nilai jual. Data primer dan data sekunder, kemudian dianalisa secara deskripif, kuantitatif dan analisis ekonomi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keuntungan peternak usaha domba 2017 sebesar Rp.6.041.000,- nilai R/C sebesar 1,3. Usaha domba tahun 2018 peternak tidak mendaptkan keuntungan, mengalami kerugian sebesar Rp.-3.495.000/tahun dan nilai R/C sebesar 0,66. Secara ekonomi peternak mengalami kerugian. Bila tenaga kerja peternak tidak diasumsikan kedalam biaya produksi maka peternak mendapatkan keuntungan yang sesuai dengan kondisi usaha. Usaha domba di peternak perlu perbaikan manajemen pemeliharaan, pemberian pakan yang berkualitas, pemilihan bibit betina produktif dan pejanttan unggul, sehingga produktivitas domba meningkat dan nilai jual domba tinggi. Peternak untuk menutupi kebutuhan ekonomi hariannya bekerja sebagai petani, buruh tani, dagang dan lainnya.

Kata kunci:  meningkatkan, pendapatan, peternak, nilai jual
Modelizado de componentes en micro - redes AC
Authors: Pérez Londoño Sandra Milena , Garcés Ruiz Alejandro , Bueno López Maximiliano , Mora Flórez Juan José
Published: June 2021

Los sistemas eléctricos actuales están experimentando cambios importantes relacionados con su estructura y su forma de operación. De manera similar a aquello que ocurre en los sistemas de potencia, los sistemas de distribución a media y baja tensión, encargados de suministrar la energía al usuario final, son objeto de análisis debido a que tienen posibilidades de integrar recursos energéticos distribuidos tales como generación y almacenamiento de energía a pequeña escala. Adicionalmente, el análisis del comportamiento de la carga también es un tema relevante, gracias a que el usuario final tiene un papel activo en la gestión de la energía eléctrica. Esto lo redefine como un prosumidor (proveedor-consumidor). La integración de recursos energéticos distribuidos y la participación del prosumidor en un entorno liberalizado de mercado, como en el caso colombiano, representan un gran desafío en el análisis de estas nuevas redes. Así mismo, los retos se deben asumir por investigadores y por ...
Sampling Error of Continuous Periodic Data and its Application for Geodesy
Authors: Foldvary Lorant
Published: June 2021

Data acquisition for geoinformatics cannot be done continuously, but by
discrete sampling of the object or phenomenon. The sampling involves
errors on the knowledge of the continuous signal due to the loss of
information in the sampling procedure. In the present study, an
analytical formulation of the sampling error is provided, which embodies
the amplitude, phase, bias and periodicity of the sampling error. The
analysis is then subsequently applied for case studies: for the GRACE
and GRACE-FO monthly solutions, and for different realizations of the
Hungarian Gravimetric Network.
The meaning of an infinitely great velocity
Authors: Li Qing
Published: June 2021

Abstract  An instantaneous velocity where a moment of the clock
only corresponds to an arbitrary distance or position in space cannot be
implied in Axiom 1, but it indicates that there is only one dimensional
existence, space or time, where a certain moment only corresponds to
itself specifically, not to any other time or any given length of space.
Further , a definition of velocity that consists of two dimensions
representing the relationship between space and time is not valid and
there is only one-dimensional space or time that is independent of each
other in Axiom 1. As a result, the principle of relativity and the
principle of the constant velocity of light are replaced by the
principle of an inertial system and the principle of universal invariant
velocity in Axiom 1. Unlike two dimensions whose magnitude is determined
by the ratio, the magnitude of a single dimension is determined by the
unit values of one dimension, which indicates that an infinitely great
velocity is meaningless. Further, if the two inertial systems are
infinite versus finite in Axiom 3, then this extension of the infinitely
great velocity can be defined as inextensible.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Feculent Airway Casts due to Severe Constipation
Authors: Mull Eric , Gustafson Brooke , Adler Brent , Krivchenia Katelyn
Published: June 2021

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a disabling and
potentially lethal syndrome requiring prompt recognition and urgent
interventions to prevent morbidity and mortality[1]. Although
constipation is not generally recognized as a cause for ARDS or usually
listed within the differential diagnosis, there have been case reports
describing such an association[2,3]. We present the case of a
patient with history of intermittent constipation presenting with
progressive abdominal pain and an acute abdomen that required emergent
surgical fecal decompaction. This was followed by hypoxemic respiratory
distress leading to respiratory failure in the setting of severe
constipation and aspirated feculent material. To our knowledge, this is
the first published case report describing aspirated feculent material
in a child with respiratory failure due to ARDS.
Bronchopleural fistula causing persistent pneumothorax in COVID-19 pneumonia patient with no risk factors.
Authors: Habib Mhd Baraa , Obeidat Ibrahim Mohammad , Ali Khaled , Abdelrazek Mohamed , Mohamed Mouhand
Published: June 2021

Although pneumothorax is a well-known complication of COVID-19 pneumonia
especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation, bronchopleural
fistula causing persistent pneumothorax in sole COVID-19 pneumonia is
extremely rare. In this case, we illustrate that bronchopleural fistula
can be found in COVID-19 pneumonia, even with no risk factors nor
mechanical ventilation administration.
Effects of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa on the expression of Hox genes in Daphnia similoides sinensis
Authors: Xu Xiaoxue , Deng Daogui , Zhang Ya-nan , Wu Jianxun , Peng Shuixiu , Zhou Zhongze
Published: June 2021

Lake eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms have become worldwide
environmental issues. Under cyanobacterial blooms (especially
Microcystis), Daphnia spp. can transfer beneficial information to their
offspring in order to improve adaptability. Hox genes are important
regulatory factors of transcription in metazoans, and are involved in
the growth and development of organisms. In this study, the effects of
Microcystis aeruginosa on Hox gene expression in the mothers and
offspring of Daphnia similoides sinensis were investigated using a mixed
diet of M. aeruginosa and Scenedesmus obliquus, in two clones. There
were significant differences in the survival rates of D. similoides
sinensis under different food treatments. Our results suggest that the
offspring produced by D. similoides sinensis mother pre-exposed to toxic
M. aeruginosa had stronger adaptability to M. aeruginosa than those
produced by previously unexposed mother. Additionally, Hox gene
expressions of D. similoides sinensis had obvious differences between
clones under stress of toxic M. aeruginosa.
Chromosome-level genome assembly of the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Brentidae) and functional characteristics of CforOBP4-6
Authors: Hua Jinfeng , Zhang Lei , Dong Xiaofeng , Han Yonghua , Gou Xiaowan , Sun Jianying , Fu Yujie , Li Huifeng , Huang Yongmei , Li Yanqing , Chen Tianyuan , Ma Daifu , Li Zongyun
Published: June 2021

Cylas formicarius is one of the most important pests of sweet potato
worldwide, causing considerable ecological and economic damage. To
improve the effect of comprehensive management and understanding of
genetic mechanisms, the genetic functions of C. formicarius have been
the subject of intensive study. Using Illumina and PacBio sequencing, we
obtained a chromosome-level genome assembly of adult weevils from lines
inbred for 15 generations. The high-quality assembly obtained had a size
of 338.84 Mb, with contig and scaffold N50 values of 14.97 Mb and 34.23
Mb, respectively. In total, 157.51 Mb of repeat sequences and 11,907
protein-coding genes were predicted. A total of 337.06 Mb of genomic
sequences was located on the 11 chromosomes, and the sequence length
that could be used to determine the sequence and direction accounted for
99.03% of the total length of the associated chromosome. Comparative
genomic analysis showed that C. formicarius was sister to Dendroctonus
ponderosae, and C. formicarius diverged from D. ponderosae approximately
138.89 million years ago (Mya). Many important gene families that were
expanded in the C. formicarius genome were involved in the chemosensory
system. In an in-depth study, the binding assay results indicated that
CforOBP4-6 had strong binding affinities for sex pheromones and other
ligands. Overall, the high-quality C. formicarius genome provides a
valuable resource to reveal the molecular ecological basis, genetic
mechanism and evolutionary process of major agricultural pests, deepen
the understanding of environmental adaptability and apparent plasticity,
and provide new ideas and new technologies for ecologically sustainable
pest control.
The “false positive paradox” and the risks of testing asymptomatic people for COVID-19
Authors: Hunt Tam , Williams Blaine , Howard Daniel
Published: June 2021

Widespread screening of asymptomatic people leads to high numbers of
false positives when background prevalence is low, even with accurate
tests. During the Covid-19 pandemic, not only has the background
prevalence been low (vaccine clinical trial baseline testing finds
0.5-0.6% even during periods of higher prevalence), but the various
COVID-19 tests are not very accurate. When inaccurate tests are combined
with a low background prevalence, this results in a massive and
unacknowledged problem of far more false positive test results than true
positive test results, leading also to inaccurate characterization of
COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths.
Improving Users' Mental Model with Attention-directed Counterfactual Edits
Authors: Alipour Kamran , Ray Arijit , Lin Xiao , Cogswell Michael , Schulze Jurgen , Yao Yi , Burachas Giedrius
Published: June 2021

In the domain of Visual Question Answering (VQA), studies have shown
improvement in users’ mental model of the VQA system when they are
exposed to examples of how these systems answer certain Image-Question
(IQ) pairs. In this work, we show that showing controlled counterfactual
image-question examples are more effective at improving the mental model
of users as compared to simply showing random examples. We compare a
generative approach and a retrieval-based approach to show
counterfactual examples. We use recent advances in generative
adversarial networks (GANs) to generate counterfactual images by
deleting and inpainting certain regions of interest in the image. We
then expose users to changes in the VQA system’s answer on those altered
images. To select the region of interest for inpainting, we experiment
with using both human-annotated attention maps and a fully automatic
method that uses the VQA system’s attention values. Finally, we test the
user’s mental model by asking them to predict the model’s performance on
a test counterfactual image. We note an overall improvement in users’
accuracy to predict answer change when shown counterfactual
explanations. While realistic retrieved counterfactuals obviously are
the most effective at improving the mental model, we show that a
generative approach can also be equally effective.
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on suicide attempts in the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Stasevic-Karlicic Ivana , Djordjevic Vladan , Dutina Aleksandra , Stasevic Milena , Janjic Vladimir , Ignjatovic-Ristic Dragana , Pantic Igor
Published: June 2021

Introduction/Objective. Previous studies suggest that the number of suicides and suicide attempts will increase due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the frequency and characteristics of suicide attempts in the Republic of Serbia. Methods. The study observed two periods: the period from March to August 2020 (the COVID period) and the same period of the previous year (the non-COVID period). The observation during the mentioned periods encompassed patients who were examined at the Dr. Laza Lazarevic Clinic for Mental Disorders in Belgrade due to suicide attempts (1987 persons during COVID period and 2300 persons during the non-COVID period). Results. Concerning suicide attempts, a statistically significant difference between the observed periods was registered in respect to the total number of monthly clinical examinations, monthly distribution of suicide attempts, patients? gender and age, mode of suicide attempt, and the diagnostic category. Binary logistic regression determined that statistically significant factors that can influence the suicide attempt were year, months, patients? gender and age, and diagnostic category. Conclusion. COVID-19 pandemic creates the increased exposure of the people to suicide risk factors, which points to the significance of consistent monitoring of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and thereafter.
The High-Risk Type 1 Diabetes HLA-DR and HLA-DQ Polymorphisms Are Differentially Associated With Growth and IGF-I Levels in Infancy: The Cambridge Baby Growth Study
Authors: Eleftheriou Antigoni , Petry Clive J. , Hughes Ieuan A. , Ong Ken K. , Dunger David B.
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVE

This study explored the link between HLA polymorphisms that predispose to type 1 diabetes and birth size, infancy growth, and/or circulating IGF-I in a general population-based birth cohort.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The Cambridge Baby Growth Study is a prospective observational birth cohort study that recruited 2,229 newborns for follow-up in infancy. Of these, 612 children had DNA available for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms in the HLA region that capture the highest risk of type 1 diabetes: rs17426593 for DR4, rs2187668 for DR3, and rs7454108 for DQ8. Multivariate linear regression models at critical ages (cross-sectional) and mixed-effects models (longitudinal) were performed under additive genetic effects to test for associations between HLA polymorphisms and infancy weight, length, skinfold thickness (indicator of adiposity), and concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3).

RESULTS

In longitudinal models, the minor allele of rs2187668 tagging DR3 was associated with faster linear growth (P = 0.007), which was more pronounced in boys (P = 3 × 10−7) than girls (P = 0.07), and was also associated with increasing IGF-I (P = 0.002) and IGFBP-3 (P = 0.003) concentrations in infancy. Cross-sectionally, the minor alleles of rs7454108 tagging DQ8 and rs17426593 tagging DR4 were associated with lower IGF-I concentrations at age 12 months (P = 0.003) and greater skinfold thickness at age 24 months (P = 0.003), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The variable associations of DR4, DR3, and DQ8 alleles with growth measures and IGF-I levels in infants from the general population could explain the heterogeneous growth trajectories observed in genetically at-risk cohorts. These findings could suggest distinct mechanisms involving endocrine pathways related to the HLA-conferred type 1 diabetes risk.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Mortality in People With Type 1 Diabetes and Eating Disorders
Authors: Gibbings Nicole K. , Kurdyak Paul A. , Colton Patricia A. , Shah Baiju R.
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVE

To determine the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and all-cause mortality among adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes with and without an eating disorder.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

With use of population-level health care administrative data covering the entire population of Ontario, Canada, all people with type 1 diabetes aged 10–39 years as of January 2014 were identified. Individuals with a history of eating disorders were age- and sex-matched 10:1 with individuals without eating disorders. All individuals were followed for 6 years for hospitalization/emergency department visits for DKA and for all-cause mortality.

RESULTS

We studied 168 people with eating disorders and 1,680 age- and sex-matched people without eating disorders. Among adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes, 168 (0.8%) had a history of eating disorders. The crude incidence of DKA was 112.5 per 1,000 patient-years in people with eating disorders vs. 30.8 in people without eating disorders. After adjustment for baseline differences, the subdistribution hazard ratio for comparison of people with and without eating disorders was 3.30 (95% CI 2.58–4.23; P < 0.0001). All-cause mortality was 16.0 per 1,000 person-years for people with eating disorders vs. 2.5 for people without eating disorders. The adjusted hazard ratio was 5.80 (95% CI 3.04–11.08; P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes and eating disorders have more than triple the risk of DKA and nearly sixfold increased risk of death compared with their peers without eating disorders.
Metformin’s Therapeutic Action in the Treatment of Diabetes Does Not Involve Inhibition of Mitochondrial Glycerol Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Authors: MacDonald Michael J. , Ansari Israr-ul H. , Longacre Melissa J. , Stoker Scott W.
Published: June 2021

Mitochondrial glycerol
phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the glycerol
phosphate redox shuttle. It was recently claimed that metformin, a first line
drug used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, inhibits liver mGPD 30-50%
suppressing gluconeogenesis through a redox mechanism. Various factors cast
doubt on this idea. Total body100% knockout of mGPD in mice has adverse effects
in several tissues where mGPD is high, but has little or no effect in liver
where mGPD is the lowest of ten tissues. Metformin has beneficial effects in
humans in tissues with high levels of mGPD such as pancreatic beta cells where
mGPD is much higher than in liver. Insulin secretion in mGPD knockout mouse
beta cells is normal because, like liver, beta cells possess the malate
aspartate redox shuttle that’s redox action is redundant to the glycerol
phosphate shuttle. For these and other reasons we used four different enzyme
assays to reassess whether metformin inhibited mGPD. Metformin did not inhibit
mGPD in homogenates or mitochondria from insulin cells or liver cells. If metformin
actually inhibited mGPD, adverse effects in tissues where the level of mGPD is
much higher than in liver could prevent metformin’s use as a diabetes medicine.
Marriage or License to Rape? A Socio-Legal Analysis of Marital Rape in India
Authors:   National University of Study and Research in Law, India, Kumar Vidhik
Published: June 2021

Rape exposes the failure of society’s institutions which were established to provide better security to an individual in a society. These institutions sometimes not only failed to protect an individual from such grave assaults on their autonomy and privacy, but also sanctioned them by either providing them legitimacy by law or not illegitimating them. States often have either provided legal sanctity to rapes within marriage or have refrained from declaring it a crime, on account of it being a private sphere not open to interference. Rape within marriage or marital rape is a global problem, and it is argued that not only it is more prevalent than rapes committed outside the purview of marriage by strangers or ex-partners, but also that it has equivalent catastrophic effects on the victims. Although several counties have criminalized marital rapes or withdrew exemptions granted to rape within marriage, the situation has hardly changed in India, which has yet to criminalize marital rape. This note henceforth will attempt to analyze the historical background of how marital rape obtained legal sanctity, its prevalence globally and in the Indian society, its effects on the victims, and the shortcomings in the legal system of India.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF PLANT-OIL BASED HYDROGELS
Authors: YALÇIN ÇAPAN Özlem , CAKİR HATİR Pinar
Published: June 2021

Biocompatible hydrogels are used in a variety of biomedical applications, including tissue scaffolds, drug delivery systems, lab/organ-on-a-chips, biosensors, cell-culture studies and contact lenses. The demand for novel and functional monomers to be used in hydrogel synthesis is increasing as the number of biomedical applications and need for biomaterials increase. The purpose of the study was to develop novel hydrogels from renewable materials. Acrylated methyl ricinoleate, a plant oil-based monomer, was used as the renewable material. The effects of acrylated methyl ricinoleate/N-isopropyl acrylamide molar ratio on hydrogel structural properties, thermal stability and in vitro cytotoxicity were studied. FTIR spectroscopy was used to characterize the structural properties of the hydrogels, while TGA was used to characterize the thermal properties. HEK293 and Cos-7 cell lines were used to test the cytotoxicity of the monomers and hydrogels. IC50 values for acrylated methyl ricinoleate and N-isopropyl acrylamide were found to be greater than 25 mg/mL. Cell viability of hydrogels containing 50% or more acrylated methyl ricinoleate was greater than 60%, while hydrogel biocompatibility decreased with decreasing molar ratio of acrylated methyl ricinoleate. Cells showed a minimum viability of 80% when incubated in hydrogel degradation products. An environmentally friendly synthesis method was developed and novel biocompatible hydrogels from renewable materials were produced for biomedical applications.
A psicanálise no Brasil: os primórdios da confluência com a literatura
Authors: Rios Cleusa
Published: June 2021

Entrevista com Cleusa Rios Passos, professora titular da Faculdade de Filosofia Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, que tem experiência na área de Letras, com ênfase em Teoria Literária, atuando principalmente nos seguintes temas: Guimarães Rosa, estudo das formas narrativas e confluências entre crítica literária e psicanálise. Desde 2005, coordena (com outro docente) o grupo de pesquisa "Crítica Literária e Psicanálise". Entrevista: Elisabeth CardosoEdição: Ana Paula Rodrigues da Silva, Thiago Fonseca (TV-PUC)Música: PIPA estúdio
PENGEMBANGAN ALAT TANAM JAGUNG TIPE TUGAL DALAM UNTUK LAHAN KRITIS
Authors: Hajad Makbul , Radi Radi , Purwantana Bambang
Published: June 2021

Blora and Grobogan are regions with higher production capacity of corn commodity compared to other regions in Central Java province. However, low number of technical irrigation and el-nino phenomenon have become the main threat for the sustainability of corn farming in both regions. During dry session, the top soil of the land are solidified which lead to higher difficulty for planting the corn seed using traditional tool. An improved design of the traditional seeder is then required to solve this problem to enable farmers plant corn seed during dry session. The objective of this research was to develop seeder prototype with “Tugal Dalam” type in Blora and Grobogan regions where the land have been categorized as marginal land during dry session. The proposed design is based on technical, ergonomic, economical, and social aspect. The qualitative approach was used to obtain the technical, ergonomical, economical and social aspect required by the farmer. Kansei Engineering is used to translate and evaluate the proposed design through some tests conducted on several group of farmers where they were requested to use 4 seeder design options and write their preference on each design option based on the mentioned aspects. Tests confirmed that the proposed design can be used to plant a corn seed at farmers desired characteristics. Kansei engineering also confirmed that ‘high speed’, ‘easy to operate’, ‘low price’, ‘easy to handle’ and ‘has a watering system’ were preferred by the farmers and determined their decision on buying and using the seeder tool. Keywords: kansei engineering,  marginal land, seeder development, tugal dalam
PENGARUH METODE FERMENTASI DAN PENAMBAHAN URINE KELINCI TERHADAP KUALITAS PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR
Authors: Hendarto David Richard , Banjarnahor Dina Rotua Valentina
Published: June 2021

The Minang Bangkit Merbabu Farmer Group use organic materials and produce their own liquid organic fertilizer. This liquid organic fertilizer is made of varied ingredients: rabbit urine, cow's milk, free-range chicken eggs, palm sugar, coconut water, pineapple, shrimp paste, bamboo roots, ginger, and turmeric. Composting is strongly affected by pH and aeration method. Liquid organic fertilizer made by farmers usually have an initial pH of around 3.7. This mixture was usually composted using semi-anaerobic method. Through this study, we wanted to find out whether different methods of aeration and addition of rabbit urine would result in different liquid organic fertilizer quality. The quality of liquid organic fertilizer includes C-organic, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium. The experiment was designed as a factorial randomized block design. There were 2 factors tested: rabbit urine volume and aeration method. There were two levels of rabbit urine volume : original and modified ones. There were three levels of aeration method: aerobic, semi-anaerobic, and anaerobic. In total, there were six treatments and four replication for each treatment. The results of the analysis showed that composting with the aerobic method at the original rabbit urine volume could increase the concentration of nutrient content so that it gave the highest yield. It is different from composting at a modified rabbit urine volume, because the highest yield is in the anaerobic method. Keywords: aerated, organic, rabbit urine volume
PREDIKSI CEPAT KUALITAS AIR MENGGUNAKAN LPAS (LASER PHOTO-ACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY) DENGAN MENERAPKAN METODE KOREKSI CUTTING EDGE FILTERING
Authors: Ramli Ichwana , Munawar Agus Arip , Ruslana Khairul Abdi
Published: June 2021

A tool that can predict water quality by capturing sound vibrations generated by collisions between water samples and light is LPAS (Laser Photo-Acoustic Spectroscopy). To process the data acquired by LPAS, spectrum correction is needed to eliminate data errors when making acquisitions on water samples. The correction method used in this research is the cutting edge filtering correction method. The regression model that can be used is the PLSR (Partial Least Square Regression) regression model. This research was conducted in the Instrumentation and Energy Laboratory, Agricultural Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University. Water sample analysis was carried out at the Laboratory of the Industrial Research and Standardization Center (BARISTAND) Banda Aceh. This study used 4 monitoring wells within the TPA (Final Disposal Site) and 4 samples were taken from community wells outside the scope of TPA Gampong Jawa, Banda Aceh City. The results of this study indicate the parameters (temperature, turbidity, Ph, TSS, DO, BOD and Nitrate) are predicted to be in the frequency range 4000 - 10,000 cm-1. Raw spectrum data for pH and Nitrate (NO3-) parameters produce better data than the spectrum data for cutting edge filtering correction methods while cutting edge filtering spectrum data for temperature, turbidity, TSS, DO and BOD-5 parameters are better than spectrum raw data. This study also shows that the cutting edge filtering correction method is able to cut boundaries and compress the spectrum so that it can provide data limits on the spectrum so that the PLSR method can be applied to predict water quality. Keywords: water quality; Laser Photo-Acoustic Spectroscopy, correction method, regression method
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHANGE OF COCONUT SAP IN THE VACUUM EVAPORATOR
Authors: Wisnu Febryan Kusuma , Rahayoe Sri , Wijaya Rizza , Telaumbanua Mareli , Haryanto Agus
Published: June 2021

The potential of brown sugar as a substitute for granulated sugar is enormous considering the abundant coconut sap production. However, the quantity of brown sugar production through the traditional method is one of the main obstacles. This study used a vacuum evaporator that emphasizes the hygienic and effective mass production of brown sugar. For this reason, it is necessary to approach changes in the physical properties of sap juice during the cooking process. This knowledge is indispensable in the cooking process, which involves the proper evaporation and crystallization of brown sugar. This research is devoted to determining the viscosity, density, and dissolved solids expressed in Brix and proposes a mathematical model to predict the physical properties during the evaporation process of brown sugar as a function of the initial concentration the solution before proceeding to the crystallization process. Results confirm that the prediction model for Brix is Cθ=(Co–Ce)·exp(0.0067·t)+Ce, the model for viscosity µθ=µo·exp(0.011·t), and ρө=(0.44996·t)+ρ0 for the density prediction model. The resulted mathematical model can accurately predict the rate of change in coconut sap's physical properties, indicated by the high coefficient of determination (R2). Keywords : brix, brown sugar, density, vacuum evaporator, viscosity
KAJIAN PENERAPAN PRODUKSI BERSIH DI AGROINDUSTRI KOPI WULAN, KECAMATAN MAESAN, KABUPATEN BONDOWOSO
Authors: Novita Elida , Khotijah Khotijah , Purbasari Dian , Pradana Hendra Andiananta
Published: June 2021

Wulan Coffee Agroindustry is one of agroindustries in region of Bondowoso that applies the semi-wet method and it has potential to be certified by Geographical Indications (IG). The wastes of arabica coffee processing at Wulan Coffee Agroindustry is directly thrown to the surrounding environment without being repaired first, because of that, it is worried that can affect human health and the environment. Therefore, further treatment is necessary to reduce the impact of waste pollutions and improve the efficiency of processing by using cleaner production technology. This study aimed to examine the priority alternative of cleaner production at Wulan Coffee Agroindustry. The method used in this study is descriptive quantitative with mass balance analysis, energy balance analysis, feasibility analysis, and priority analysis of cleaner production application using the method of AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process). The waste management alternative in the Wulan Coffee Agroindustry were coffee pulp waste processing i.e. cascara tea, briquettes, and animal feed, also the waste water of coffee processing as biogas. The cleaner production applied in the Wulan Coffee Agroindustry had alternatives likes coffee green bean, coffee powder, and cascara tea. It was the priority scale to be applied because technically factor and financial factor consist of NPV, IRR, B/C ratio, and PBP were Rp 1.211.88.689; 49%; 6.27, and 0.76 or 9 month. Therefore, the result of AHP analysis using expert choice application showed that cascara tea was the priority alternative of cleaner production application with value of 15,4. Keyword: arabica coffee, assessment, Bondowoso, feasibility analysis, waste utilization
Present structure of the Near-Bug area: conditions of formation and history of development
Authors: Usenko O.V.
Published: June 2021

General sequence establishment of geological Precambrian events and associating formations, which were created in them, to the results of isotope age definition, is the task, which has no single valued solution for southwestern part of the Ukrainian Shield. Important is to create a general development model, which will describe the modern geological structure of an area, structural and textural rocks features, accounting PT-conditions in the Earth's crust during the Archean—Paleoproterozoic.

Isotopic age determination demonstrates, that from the moment of protolith creation (not later than 3.75 billion years ago, up to 1.9 billion years ago), intrusion of mantle melts and partial melting of the lower crustal rocks, occurred many times over. Pobuzhie formation cannot be imagined, as a single process of accumulation, plunge, crumpling into folds and sedimentary strata metamorphism. It is necessary, to take into account, the plume (mantle) component of the general geodynamic process.

In the structure of the Bug megablock and Golovanevskaya suture zone, two main structural plans are displayed. The main part of the territory displays a region of areal distribution of Archean enderbites (generated 2.8 billion years ago) and Proterozoic granites (generated 2.03 billion years ago). The paper compares the temperature distribution with depth, corresponding to the thermal model of the metamorphic temperatures found in the samples, and the solidus temperatures of the basic rocks. It is shown that at the time of the metamorphism development, 2.0 billion years ago, the rocks were at a depth of more than 20 km, and before that — at an even greater depth. During the Archean and Paleoproterozoic, the center of partial melting was repeatedly renewed here, since the temperatures were higher than the solidus temperature of gabbro. Metamorphic changes (and more often migmatization, partial melting and following crystallization in the granulite facies conditions) happened after the presence of the thermal asthenosphere on the core—mantle border, and were accompanied by bringing the substance from it. Therefore the main part of modern surface is folded by palingenic granites. In Archean and Paleoproterozoic the composition of substances were different.

After 2.0 billion years ago the level of modern surface was located higher. The second structural plan is presented with vertical structures, building of which often close to concentrically zonal or linear monoclinal. They are confined to fault zones and nodes of their intersections. These structures contain rock complexes, which did not occur until 2.0 billion years ago on any craton in the world.
An overview of seismic ground response methods over the world and their applications in Vietnam
Authors: Trung G.K. , Vinh N.D.
Published: June 2021

The estimation of the impact of earthquakes on buildings and mega structures in large urban areas is of extremely importance. That is why it always gets attentions from construction planners and policy makers who are concerned about construction rules. When earthquake occurs, the vibration is transferred to sites. Although the vibration intensity is at first not too strong, the motion probably becomes stronger and lasts longer under special conditions of the local site. Two famous examples for these effects occurred in Mexico City in 1985 and in Taiwan in 1999. There are a number of approaches to this problem, such as evaluations based on seismic field observations, the microtremor method, the method using the weak motion data, the method using the strong motion data, the one-dimensional wave propagation method or the three dimensional wave propagation method with simulation etc. In this paper, we will give an overview and discuss about the advantages and the disadvantages of the methods that have been commonly applied in the world. We also present the application of these methods in studies carried out in Vietnam in general and in particular, in Hanoi city. We found that the studies for Hanoi city were mainly carried out in the western areas of Hanoi and a few positions in the urban districts. In addition, the authors only gave comments about and assessments of the shear wave velocity, and classified the ground type without a detailed map of local site effects for the entire area of Hanoi. In order to obtain a full site effects evaluation for Hanoi city, future studies should focus on the application of 1D analysis for the central area of Hanoi city and combining 1D analysis with 2D or 3D to give a better picture about the impact of local site effects. This hybrid approach is necessary in order to compare and verify the data obtained by the empirical and the analytical methods. On the other hand, many problems need to be addressed, for instance, the construction of a detailed 3D geological model for Hanoi, the calculation of the dominant periods and the amplification of the local soil conditions for the urban areas.
Effectiveness of electromagnetic monitoring in studying earthquakes
Authors: Piriyev R.H.
Published: June 2021

Numerous researches conducted in connection with the study of earthquakes have shown that electromagnetic monitoring studies have led to some important results. From the Loma Prieta earthquake to the Guam earthquake, electromagnetic monitoring studies led to significant results. Since then, there have been numerous reports of possible elect-romagnetic precursors to earthquakes, some of which have involved frequencies covered by ELF/VLF (10—32 kHz) monitoring system Fraser-Smith et al. [1990]. Sometime later, they retrieved and started processing their ULF data. They had less reason to expect electromagnetic precursors in this latter data, because previous reports of precursory signals at frequencies below the ELF/VLF range have, with few exceptions, involved frequencies either below or predominantly below their ULF range (0.01—10 Hz) of operation. They found out that ELF/VLF data do not appear to show precursory activity, whereas ULF data contain a number of anomalous features that may prove to be earthquake precursors. The lack of observation of precursory ELF/VLF noise so close to the epicenters of several mode-rate to moderately-large earthquakes showed that ELF/VLF noise need not be a strong or obvious feature of every earthquake, as Fraser-Smith et al. [1990] reported in their paper.

At present, numerous studies have been conducted in this area and researches are being improved. From my experience as a young researcher, it became clear that electromagnetic monitoring research is necessary, and that more important and significant results can be achieved if continuous research is conducted in a certain area. Thus, these studies may play a significant role in the detection of earthquake precursors.