bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The exoS, exoT, exoU and exoY Virulotypes of the Type 3 Secretion System in Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a Death Risk Factor in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Nolasco-Romero Carolina G. , Prado-Galbarro Francisco-Javier , Jimenez-Juarez Rodolfo Norberto , Gomez-Ramirez Uriel , Cancino-Díaz Juan Carlos , López-Marceliano Beatriz , Apodaca Magali Reyes , Aguayo-Romero Mónica Anahí , Rodea Gerardo E. , Pichardo-Villalon Lilia , Parra-Ortega Israel , Santos Fortino Solórzano , Moreno-Galván Mónica , Velázquez-Guadarrama Norma
Published: November 2024

The poor prognosis of infections associated with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be attributed to several conditions of the patient and virulence factors of the pathogen, such as the type III secretion system (T3SS), which presents the ability to inject four effectors into the host cell: ExoS, ExoT, ExoU and ExoY. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of exo genes through multiplex polymerase chain reaction in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from patients at a third-level pediatric hospital and their relationships with clinical variables, e.g., the origin of the sample, susceptibility profile and outcome, through a multinomial logistic regression model. A total of 336 bacterial strains were obtained from cystic fibrosis (CF; n = 55) and bloodstream infection (BSI; n = 281) samples, and eleven presence (+)/absence (−) exo virulotype patterns were identified. The virulotype V3 (exoU−/exoS+/exoT+/exoY+) was observed in 64.28%, followed by V1 (exoU+/exoS−/exoT+/exoY+) with 11.60%. Additionally, V2 (exoU+/exoS−/exoT+/exoY−) was present in 11.60%, and V7 (exoU−/exoS+/exoT+/exoY−) was present in 4.17%. The remaining virulotypes (8.33%) identified were clustered in the other virulotype (OV) group (V4, V5, V6, V8, V9, V10 and V11). The clinical records of 100 patients and their outcomes were reviewed. Fifteen patients died (CF = 4; BSI = 11). V2 and V1 were the virulotypes most related to pandrug resistance (PDR), whereas the V1 relative risk of death was determined to be almost four-fold greater than that of V3, followed by V2 and OV. In summary, the virulotypes V1, V2 and CF are related to death. This study highlights the association of T3SS virulotypes with the susceptibility profile, clinical origin and their potential for predicting a poor prognosis.
Prevalence of Dental Pain in Schoolchildren Aged 6 to 12 Years and Clinical, Sociodemographic, and Socioeconomic Risk Indicators: A Multicenter Study of Four Mexican Cities
Authors: Godínez-López Manuel Jesús , Mendoza-Rodríguez Martha , Márquez-Corona María de Lourdes , Jiménez-Gayosso Sandra Isabel , Escoffié-Ramírez Mauricio , Patiño-Marín Nuria , Villalobos-Rodelo Juan José , Casanova-Rosado Juan Fernando , Casanova-Rosado Alejandro José , Medina-Solís Carlo Eduardo
Published: November 2024

Background: Dental pain is a significant public health issue globally and in Mexico, with substantial negative impacts on affected individuals. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental pain and its association with clinical, sociodemographic, and socioeconomic risk indicators in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years in four cities in Mexico. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 children attending public schools in the cities of Pachuca, Tepatitlán, Toluca, and San Luis Potosí. A questionnaire was applied, and a clinical examination was performed on the schoolchildren. Self-reported dental pain within the 12 months preceding the study, categorized as 0 (no pain) and 1 (pain), was used as the dependent variable. For the statistical analysis, the Stata program was used, where a multivariate binary logistic regression model was applied. Results: The mean age was 8.92 ± 1.99 years; 50% were girls. The prevalence of dental pain was 34.0%. Independent variables associated (p < 0.05) with the experience of dental pain were as follows: age (OR = 0.81), having a car at home (OR = 0.77), a lower socioeconomic position (OR = 2.03), curative or specialized dental care (OR = 8.40), and self-reported dental and/or gingival disease (OR = 5.39). Conclusions: Dental pain is a significant health problem in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years in Mexico, with a prevalence of 34% in this study. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors, as well as clinical indicators, play an important role in the experience of dental pain. Inequalities in oral health were observed. There is a need for public health interventions to reduce this problem in vulnerable populations.
Understanding Associations Between Family Rejection, Human–Animal Interaction, and Mental Health Among LGBTQ+ Emerging Adults
Authors: Matijczak Angela , McDonald Shelby E. , Kogan Lori R. , Corona Rosalie , Reynolds Katlyn
Published: November 2024

Many LGBTQ+ emerging adults experience rejection from their family of origin. Family rejection is a stressor that contributes to worsened mental health for LGBTQ+ emerging adults. Supportive relationships with others can be an important protective factor for LGBTQ+ emerging adults as they cope with family rejection. The bond and interactions LGBTQ+ pet owners have with their pets may provide love, comfort, and support, similar to the relationship they may have with a human attachment figure. This quantitative study aimed to test pet attachment as a moderator of the association between family rejection and mental health in a sample of LGBTQ+ emerging adults. We collected survey data from 201 18–25-year-old LGBTQ+ pet owners living in the state of Virginia. After testing several moderation models using the PROCESS macro in SPSS, we found that pet attachment was not a significant moderator of the relation between family rejection and mental health symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety, psychological distress). The findings suggest that pet attachment may not be a protective factor for LGBTQ+ emerging adults who experience family rejection, although these findings should be interpreted in light of the characteristics of our sample and limitations of the study. We recommend that future researchers explore alternative moderators or test these associations among LGBTQ+ individuals in other developmental periods.
Synthesis of Diazacyclic and Triazacyclic Small-Molecule Libraries Using Vicinal Chiral Diamines Generated from Modified Short Peptides and Their Application for Drug Discovery
Authors: Tantak Mukund P. , Rayala Ramanjaneyulu , Chaudhari Prakash , Danta Chhanda C. , Nefzi Adel
Published: November 2024

Small-molecule probes are powerful tools for studying biological systems and can serve as lead compounds for developing new therapeutics. Especially, nitrogen heterocycles are of considerable importance in the pharmaceutical field. These compounds are found in numerous bioactive structures. Their synthesis often requires several steps or the use of functionalized starting materials. This review describes the use of vicinal diamines generated from modified short peptides to access substituted diaza- and triazacyclic compounds. Small-molecule diaza- and triazacyclic compounds with different substitution patterns and embedded in various molecular frameworks constitute important structure classes in the search for bioactivity. The compounds are designed to follow known drug likeness rules, including “Lipinski’s Rule of Five”. The screening of diazacyclic and traizacyclic libraries has shown the utility of these classes of compounds for the de novo identification of highly active compounds, including antimalarials, antimicrobial compounds, antifibrotic compounds, potent analgesics, and antitumor agents. Examples of the synthesis of diazacyclic and triazacyclic small-molecule libraries from vicinal chiral polyamines generated from modified short peptides and their application for the identification of highly active compounds are described.
Pyroptosis in Endothelial Cells and Extracellular Vesicle Release in Atherosclerosis via NF-κB-Caspase-4/5-GSDM-D Pathway
Authors: Shamas Salman , Rahil Razia Rashid , Kaushal Laveena , Sharma Vinod Kumar , Wani Nissar Ahmad , Qureshi Shabir H. , Ahmad Sheikh F. , Attia Sabry M. , Zargar Mohammad Afzal , Hamid Abid , Bhat Owais Mohmad
Published: November 2024

Background: Pyroptosis, an inflammatory cell death, is involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. Pyroptosis in endothelial cells (ECs) and its underlying mechanisms in atherosclerosis are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of a caspase-4/5-NF-κB pathway in pyroptosis in palmitic acid (PA)-stimulated ECs and EVs as players in pyroptosis. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured in an endothelial cell medium, treated with Ox-LDL, PA, caspase-4/5 inhibitor, NF-κB inhibitor, and sEV release inhibitor for 24 h, respectively. The cytotoxicity of PA was determined using an MTT assay, cell migration using a scratch-wound-healing assay, cell morphology using bright field microscopy, and lipid deposition using oil red O staining. The mRNA and protein expression of GSDM-D, CASP4, CASP5, NF-κB, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 were determined with RT-PCR and Western blot. Immunofluorescence was used to determine NLRP3 and ICAM-1 expressions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated using an exosome isolation kit and were characterized by Western blot and scanning electron microscopy. Results: PA stimulation significantly changed the morphology of the HUVECs characterized by cell swelling, plasma membrane rupture, and increased LDH release, which are features of pyroptosis. PA significantly increased lipid accumulation and reduced cell migration. PA also triggered inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, as evidenced by NLRP3 activation, upregulation of ICAM-1 (endothelial activation marker), and pyroptotic markers (NLRP3, GSDM-D, IL-1β, IL-18). Inhibition of caspase-4/5 (Ac-FLTD-CMK) and NF-κB (trifluoroacetate salt (TFA)) resulted in a significant reduction in LDH release and expression of caspase-4/5, NF-κB, and gasdermin D (GSDM-D) in PA-treated HUVECs. Furthermore, GW4869, an exosome release inhibitor, markedly reduced LDH release in PA-stimulated HUVECs. EVs derived from PA-treated HUVECs exacerbated pyroptosis, as indicated by significantly increased LDH release and augmented expression of GSDM-D, NF-κB. Conclusions: The present study revealed that inflammatory, non-canonical caspase-4/5-NF-κB signaling may be one of the crucial mechanistic pathways associated with pyroptosis in ECs, and pyroptotic EVs facilitated pyroptosis in normal ECs during atherosclerosis.
Comparison of Two Chelator Scaffolds as Basis for Cholecystokinin-2 Receptor Targeting Bimodal Imaging Probes
Authors: Gariglio Giacomo , Bendova Katerina , Hermann Martin , Olafsdottir Asta , Sosabowski Jane K. , Petrik Milos , von Guggenberg Elisabeth , Decristoforo Clemens
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Dual-modality probes, combining positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorescence imaging (FI) capabilities in a single molecule, are of high relevance for the accurate staging and guided resection of tumours. We herein present a pair of candidates targeting the cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R), namely [68Ga]Ga-CyTMG and [68Ga]Ga-CyFMG. In these probes, the SulfoCy5.5 fluorophore and two units of a CCK2R-binding motif are coupled to the chelator acting as a core scaffold, triazacyclononane-phosphinic acid (TRAP), and Fusarinine C (FSC), respectively. Using this approach, we investigated the influence of these chelators on the final properties. Methods: The synthetic strategy to both precursors was based on the stoichiometric conjugation of the components via click chemistry. The characterization in vitro included the evaluation of the CCK2R affinity and internalization in A431-CCK2R cells. Ex vivo biodistribution as well as PET and FI studies were performed in xenografted mice. Results: 68Ga labelling was accomplished with high radiochemical yield and purity for both precursors. A CCK2R affinity in the subnanomolar range of the conjugates and a receptor-specific uptake of the radioligands in cells were observed. In A431-CCK2R/A431-mock xenografted mice, the investigated compounds showed specific accumulation in the tumours and reduced off-target uptake compared to a previously developed compound. Higher accumulation and prolonged retention in the kidneys were observed for [68Ga]Ga-CyTMG when compared to [68Ga]Ga-CyFMG. Conclusions: Despite the promising targeting properties observed, further probe optimization is required to achieve enhanced imaging contrast at early timepoints. Additionally, the results indicate a distinct influence of the chelators in terms of renal accumulation and retention.
Modelling of Cetylpyridinium Chloride Availability in Complex Mixtures for the Prediction of Anti-Microbial Activity Using Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy, Saturation Transfer Difference and 1D NMR
Authors: Robertson Cameron , Batabyal Sayoni , Whitworth Darren , Coban Tomris , Smith Angharad , Montesanto Alessandra , Lucas Robert , Le Gresley Adam
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: A range of NMR techniques, including diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) were used to characterise complex micelles formed by the anti-microbial cationic surfactant cetylpyridium chloride and to quantify the degree of interaction between cetylpyridium chloride and hydroxyethyl cellulose in a variety of commercially relevant formulations as a model for the disk retention assay. Methods: This NMR-derived binding information was then compared with the results of formulation analysis by traditional disk retention assay (DRA) and anti-microbial activity assays to assess the suitability of these NMR techniques for the rapid identification of formulation components that could augment or retard antimicrobial activity DRA. Results: NMR showed a strong ability to predict anti-microbial activity for a diverse range of formulations containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Conclusions: This demonstrates the value of this NMR-based approach as a rapid, relatively non-destructive method for screening commercial experimental anti-microbial formulations for efficacy and further helps to understand the interplay of excipients and active ingredients.
The Use of Tissue Concentrations of Biological and Small-Molecule Therapies in Clinical Studies of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Authors: Bayoumy Ahmed B. , Derijks Luc J. J. , Oldenburg Bas , de Boer Nanne K. H.
Published: November 2024

Abstract: The introduction of biological therapies has revolutionized inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) management. A critical consideration in developing these therapies is ensuring adequate drug concentrations at the site of action. While blood-based biomarkers have shown limited utility in optimizing treatment (except for TNF-alpha inhibitors and thiopurines), tissue drug concentrations may offer valuable insights. In antimicrobial therapies, tissue concentration monitoring is standard practice and could provide a new avenue for understanding the pharmacokinetics of biological and small-molecule therapies in IBD. Various methods exist for measuring tissue concentrations, including whole tissue sampling, MALDI-MSI, microdialysis, and fluorescent labeling. These techniques offer unique advantages, such as spatial drug-distribution mapping, continuous sampling, or cellular-level analysis. However, challenges remain, including sampling invasiveness, heterogeneity in tissue compartments, and a lack of standardized bioanalytical guidelines. Drug pharmacokinetics are influenced by multiple factors, including molecular properties, disease-induced changes in the gastrointestinal tract, and the timing of sample collection. For example, drug permeability, solubility, and interaction with transporters may vary between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Research into the tissue concentrations of drugs like anti-TNF agents, ustekinumab, vedolizumab, and tofacitinib has shown variable correlations with clinical outcomes, suggesting potential roles for tissue concentration monitoring in therapeutic drug management. Although routine clinical application is not yet established, exploring tissue drug concentrations may enhance understanding of IBD pharmacotherapy.
Sustainable Carbon Dots Loaded into Carboxymethylcellulose Based Hydrogels for Uterine Cancer Bioimaging
Authors: Rodrigues Jordane S. , Brandão Pedro , Duarte Sofia O. D. , da Silveira Izabela Boueri , Leite Maria de Fátima , Gonçalves Max P. , Borsagli Fernanda G. L. Medeiros , Fonte Pedro
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: The development of innovative materials for disease diagnostics and therapeutics is a fast-growing area of scientific research. In this work, we report the development of innovative hydrogels incorporating carbon dots (Cdots) for bioimaging purposes. Methods: The Cdots were prepared using a sustainable and low-cost process, starting with an underused fiber from the Brazilian semiarid region. Spectroscopy analysis (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy), X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize these hydrogels. In addition, biocompatibility using the resazurin assay and cellular uptake by confocal microscopy were evaluated. Results: Our results showed that the Cdots changed the structure and crystallinity of hydrogels, mainly due to heat treatment. In addition, hydrogels’ chemical groups suffer red and blue shifts following the Cdots incorporation. Moreover, the Cdots were homogeneously incorporated into the hydrogel matrix. Importantly, the cytotoxicity levels were maintained above 90% (p < 0.01), and cellular uptake studies using HeLa cells demonstrated intracellular fluorescence of both the Cdots and hydrogels after incubation. Additionally, the concentration of Cdots within hydrogels significantly affected fluorescence intensity, even compared with pure Cdots. Conclusions: These results showcase the potential for these hydrogels to be further developed as biomarkers and therapeutic biomaterials for women’s health.
Investigating Strategies to Enhance the Aqueous Solubility of Ketamine HCl for Intranasal Delivery
Authors: Idoudi Sourour , Saleh Alaaeldin , Akkbik Mohammed , Amine Leena , Alansari Khalid , Rachid Ousama , Alkilany Alaaldin M.
Published: November 2024

Background: Ketamine HCl, an FDA-approved therapeutic, is administered through various routes, including intranasal delivery. Administering an adequate therapeutic dose of intranasal ketamine HCl is challenging due to the limited volume that can be delivered intranasally given the current commercially available concentrations. Objectives: This study investigates solubilizing strategies to enhance the aqueous solubility of ketamine HCl for intranasal administration. Methods: We assessed the solubility profile of ketamine HCl by evaluating factors such as pH, co-solvents, and surfactants. Additionally, we developed and validated a UV-Vis spectroscopy method for ketamine HCl analysis. Results: Our solubility screening in various organic co-solvents revealed the following order of effectiveness in enhancing solubility: methanol > water > propylene glycol > ethanol > dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) > N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). Despite methanol’s superior solubility, its potential toxicity, coupled with the relatively lower effectiveness of other solvents compared to water, suggests that a co-solvency approach is not advantageous for ketamine HCl. We found that ketamine HCl solubility increased with medium acidity, with pH 3.5 being the optimal for further formulation studies. The impact of pharmaceutical surfactants on ketamine HCl solubility at an acidic pH was also evaluated. Surfactants tested included SDS, PEG 400, PVP, Tween 20, poloxamer 188, and lecithin. Notably, PEG 400 and PVP reduced solubility due to a salting-out effect, whereas Tween 80, lecithin, and poloxamer 188 slightly improved solubility through micelle formation. Among the surfactants tested, 1% SDS emerged as the most effective in enhancing ketamine HCl solubility. Conclusions: These outcomes highlight the potential of these solubilization strategies to address the solubility limitations of ketamine HCl, enabling the preparation of highly concentrated ketamine HCl formulations for intranasal delivery.
Preparation and In Vitro/In Vivo Characterization of Mixed-Micelles-Loaded Dissolving Microneedles for Sustained Release of Indomethacin
Authors: Wang Baojie , Liao Langkun , Liang Huihui , Chen Jiaxin , Qiu Yuqin
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Indomethacin (IDM) is commonly used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. However, long-term oral IDM treatment can harm the gastrointestinal tract. This study presents a design for encapsulating IDM within mixed micelles (MMs)-loaded dissolving microneedles (DMNs) to improve and sustain transdermal drug delivery. Methods: Indomethacin-loaded mixed micelles (IDM-MMs) were prepared from Soluplus® and Poloxamer F127 by means of a thin-film hydration method. The MMs-loaded DMNs were fabricated using a two-step molding method and evaluated for storage stability, insertion ability, in vitro release, in vitro transdermal penetration, and in vivo PK/PD studies. Results: The obtained MMs were stable at 4 °C and 30 °C for 60 days. The in vitro IDM transdermal penetration was remarkably improved by the MMs-loaded DMNs compared to a commercial patch. A pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that the MMs-loaded DMNs had a relative bioavailability of 4.1 in comparison with the commercial patch. Furthermore, the MMs-loaded DMNs showed a significantly shorter lag time than the commercial patch, as well as a more stable plasma concentration than the DMNs without MMs. The therapeutic efficacy of the IDM DMNs was examined in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-induced arthritis mice. The IDM DMN treatment effectively reduced arthritis severity, resulting in decreased paw swelling, arthritis index, spleen hyperplasia, and serum IL-1β and TNF-α levels. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that the novel MMs-loaded DMNs were an effective strategy for sustained IDM release, providing an alternate route of anti-inflammatory drug delivery.
Assessment of Potential Drug–Drug Interactions of Psycholeptics and Antidepressants in Outpatient Settings
Authors: Marović Iva , Marinović Ivana , Bačić Vrca Vesna , Samardžić Ivana
Published: November 2024

Mental health is an important segment in preserving overall health and represents a significant public health issue. In modern times, mental health disorders have risen, often requiring complex pharmacotherapy and chronic monitoring. The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of potential psychotropic drug interactions in outpatient settings and compare the differences in potential drug–drug interaction (pDDIs) exposure with age. The psychotropic drugs included antipsychotics—N05A, anxiolytics—N05B, hypnotics and sedatives—N05C, and antidepressants—N06A. This retrospective study analyzed prescribed pharmacotherapy in 492 outpatients who were treated with at least one psychotropic drug. We determined 1.64 prescribed psychotropic drugs per patient and 2.2 pDDIs that involved psychotropic drugs. In total, 2285 pDDIs were recorded, of which almost half (47.6%) were pDDIs with psychotropic drugs. More prescribed psychotropic drugs were found in patients younger than 65 years, and equal exposure to pDDIs of psychotropic drugs (p = 0.5077) was found in both age groups. The most commonly identified psychotropics involved in pDDIs were benzodiazepines, promazine, and zolpidem. The results indicate that psychotropic drug interactions represent important drug-related problems for primary health care. The widespread use of psychotropic drugs and the determined clinical significance of their interactions require pharmacist interventions which can reduce the prevalence of pDDIs and increase patient safety.
Logic Gate Generation in a Monostable Optical System: Improving the Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser Reconfigurable Logic Operation
Authors: Afanador-Delgado Samuel Mardoqueo , Echenausía-Monroy José Luis , Huerta-Cuellar Guillermo , García-López Juan Hugo , Lopez-Muñoz Erick Emiliano , Jaimes-Reátegui Rider
Published: November 2024

A logic gate is typically an electronic device with a Boolean or other type of function, e.g., adding or subtracting, including or excluding according to its logical properties. They can be used in electronic, electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic technology. This paper presents a new method for generating logic gates based on optical systems with an emission frequency equal to that used in current telecommunications systems. It uses an erbium-doped fiber laser in its monostable operating region, in contrast to most results published in the literature, where multistable behavior is required to induce dynamic changes, and where a DC voltage signal in the laser pump current provides the control between obtaining the different logic operations. The proposed methodology facilitates the generation of the gates, since it does not require taking the optical system to critical power levels that could damage the components. It is based on using the same elements that the EDFL requires to operate. The result is a system capable of generating up to five stable and robust logic gates to disturbances validated in numerical simulation and experimental setup. This eliminates the sensitivity to the initial conditions affecting the possible logic gates generated by the system and the need to add noise to the system (as is performed in works based on stochastic logic resonance). The experimental observations confirm the numerical results and open up new aspects of using chaotic systems to generate optical logic gates without bistable states.
Bend Distortion and Thermal Lensing Effect on Transverse Mode Instability
Authors: Cheng Dan , Zhong Qing , Feng Yujun , Zhang Kun , Cheng Zhaochen , Zhang Dayong , Zhao Hong
Published: November 2024

In this work, we conducted a numerical analysis to investigate the combined effect of thermal lensing and bending-induced mode distortion on transverse mode instability in conventional large-mode-area (LMA) step-index fibers. Utilizing the finite element method, conformal mapping, and thermal conduction equations, we simulated the mode profiles in LMA 20/400 and 25/400 fibers subjected to both bending and thermal lensing effects; the corresponding evolution of mode loss and effective area were explored as well. Additionally, by introducing the derived mode profiles to the TMI coefficient calculations, we analyzed the influence of bending and thermal lensing (TL) on TMI; the simulation results indicate that the mode distortion caused by bending and the TL effect, under the bending conditions commonly encountered in practice, do not have pronounced impacts on TMI coefficient and TMI threshold.
Interference Measurements Across Vacuum and Atmospheric Environments for Characterization of Space-Borne Telescope
Authors: Huang Yi-Kai , Chen Cheng-Huan
Published: November 2024

A space-borne telescope is used for Earth observation at about 500 km above sea level in the thermosphere where the air density is very low and the temperature increases significantly during daytime. If the telescopes are aligned and characterized on the ground with standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions, different from that of the thermosphere, their performance could drift during their mission. Therefore, they are usually placed in a thermal vacuum chamber during ground testing in order to verify the system can perform well and withstand the harsh environment such as a high vacuum level and large temperature variations before being launched. Nevertheless, it remains a challenge to build up an in situ optical measurement system for a large aperture telescope in a thermal vacuum chamber due to the finite internal space of the chamber, limited aperture size of the vacuum view port and thermal dissipation problem of the measuring instruments. In this paper, a novel architecture of an interferometer whose light path travels across a vacuum chamber and an atmospheric environment has been proposed to resolve all of these technical issues. The major feature of the architecture is the diverger lens being located within the vacuum chamber, leaving the rest of the interferometer outside. The variation of the interference fringe due to the relocation of the diverger lens has been investigated with optical simulations and the solutions for compensation have also been proposed. Together with a specific alignment procedure for the proposed architecture, the interferogram has been successfully acquired from a prototype testbed.
Advancing the Frontier of Photonics: Exploring Micro–Nano Optical Devices—An Overview of the Special Issue on Micro–Nano Optical Devices
Authors: Zhang Yanfeng , Shen Yan
Published: November 2024

The relentless pursuit of miniaturization in the field of photonics has led to the emergence of micro–nano optical devices as a cornerstone of modern technology [...]
Development and Validation of One-Step Reverse Transcription-Droplet Digital PCR for Plum Pox Virus Detection and Quantification from Plant Purified RNA and Crude Extract
Authors: Bertinelli Giorgia , Tizzani Lorenza , Luigi Marta , Monticelli Simona , Ilardi Vincenza
Published: November 2024

Plum pox virus (PPV) is the etiological agent of sharka, the most important viral disease of stone fruit worldwide. In this study, a one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR test (RT-qPCR) was modified and translated as a one-step RT-droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) for sensitive, direct, and accurate detection and quantification of PPV. The modified RT-qPCR and RT-ddPCR PPV detection tests were validated using both plant purified total RNA (TRNA) and crude extract as templates. The proposed tests were sensitive, specific, selective, repeatable, and reproducible in detecting PPV from fresh, lyophilized, and in vitro plant samples. RT-ddPCR was more sensitive than RT-qPCR in detecting PPV using purified TRNA while showing the same sensitivity using crude extract. This work highlights the robustness, time-saving, and cost-effective nature of the proposed one-step RT-ddPCR test, offering a potential reduction in resources for PPV detection and quantification even with raw extracts.
Essential Oil Composition and Anti-Cholinesterase Properties of Cryptomeria japonica Foliage Harvested in São Miguel Island (Azores) in Two Different Seasons
Authors: Rodrigues Tânia , Lima Ana , Wortham Tanner , Arruda Filipe , Janeiro Alexandre , Baptista José , Lima Elisabete
Published: November 2024

The Azorean Cryptomeria japonica forest operations and wood industry generate considerable foliage biomass residues that are used for local essential oil (EO) production. However, research on seasonal variation of C. japonica EO remains scarce. In this study, the EOs from fresh Azorean C. japonica foliage (Az–CJF) collected in autumn (Aut) and spring (Spr) were obtained via hydrodistillation and investigated for their physical properties, yield, chemical composition, and bioactivities. Both EOs presented a strong odor, a yellowish color, a density around 0.9 g·mL−1, and similar yields (approximately 1% v/w, dry matter). Nevertheless, the GC–MS analyses showed a decrease in monoterpene hydrocarbons (MH) and an increase in oxygenated sesquiterpenes (OS) contents in Spr–EO compared with Aut–EO (16% vs. 35% for MH and 45% vs. 31% for OS, respectively). In addition, the predominant components were kaur-16-ene (23%) for Spr–EO and phyllocladene (19%) for Aut–EO, revealing that both EOs were rich in diterpene hydrocarbons (29% vs. 26%). Concerning its toxicity against brine shrimp, a low mortality (0–38%) was observed at a concentration range of 100–180 μg·mL−1. Regarding the anti-cholinesterase properties, both EOs were inactive against acetylcholinesterase but showed anti-butyrylcholinesterase activity superior to (–)-α-pinene, a major compound of Az–CJF EO (IC50 values: 84, 148, and 648 μg·mL−1 for Spr–EO, Aut–EO, and α-pinene, respectively). Overall, the results indicate the potential benefit of both seasonal EOs in Alzheimer’s disease treatment. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that season strongly influences the Az–CJF EO quantitative composition and thus its bioactivity, aiding in the selection of the most high-quality raw materials for use in Azorean C. japonica EO aromatherapy industry.
Research Progress and Hotspots Analysis of Apoplastic Barriers in the Roots of Plants Based on Bibliometrics from 2003 to 2023
Authors: Qin Chongyuan , Li Ruoqi , Tan Zhuoran , Zhang Jingnan , Sun Yuyang , Han Jinji , Deng Xiaoxia , Wang Fei , Yang Qingjie , Wang Jinghong , Lin Jixiang
Published: November 2024

The apoplastic barriers, composed of Casparian strip (CS) and suberin lamellae (SL), are integral to the regulation of water and plant nutrient uptake in plants, as well as their resilience to abiotic stresses. This study systematically examines the research developments and emerging trends in this field from 2003 to 2023, utilizing bibliometric tools such as Web of Science, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer to analyze a dataset of 642 publications. This paper reviews the cooperation of different countries, institutions, and scholars in apoplastic barriers research based on cooperative network analysis. In the field, China has the highest number of publications, the University of Bolton has the highest number of publications, and Niko Geldner is the author with the maximum number of publications. Notably, 27 publications were identified as highly cited, with their research primarily focusing on (1) genes, proteins, enzymes, and hormones regulating the formation of apoplastic barriers; (2) the influence of adversity stress on apoplastic barriers; (3) the chemical components of apoplastic barriers; (4) the evaluations of research progress on apoplastic barriers. Combined with the keyword co-occurrence network diagram, it is proposed that future research directions in this field should be as follows: (1) physiological functions of apoplastic barriers in plant root; (2) differences in the formation of apoplastic barriers with different root systems; (3) methods to promote apoplastic barriers formation; and (4) application of molecular biology techniques. The present study provides a further understanding of the trends in apoplastic barriers, and the data analyzed can be used as a guide for future research directions.
Application of Image-Based Phenotyping for QTL Identification of Tiller Angle in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Jang Yoon-Hee , Kim Song Lim , Baek Jeongho , Lee Hongseok , Lee Chaewon , Choi Inchan , Kim Nyunhee , Kim Tae-Ho , Lee Ye-Ji , Ji Hyeonso , Kim Kyung-Hwan
Published: November 2024

Rice tiller angle is a key agronomic trait that regulates plant architecture and plays a critical role in determining rice yield. Given that tiller angle is regulated by multiple genes, it is important to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with tiller angle. Recently, with the advancement of imaging technology for plant phenotyping, it has become possible to quickly and accurately measure agronomic traits of breeding populations. In this study, we extracted tiller angle and various image-based parameters from Red-Green-Blue (RGB) images of a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between Milyang23 (Indica) and Giho (Japonica). Correlations among the obtained data were analyzed, and through dynamic QTL mapping, five major QTLs (qTA1, qTA1-1, qTA2, qTA2-1, and qTA9) related to tiller angle were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, and 9. Among them, 26 candidate genes related to auxin signaling and plant growth, including the TAC1 (Tiller Angle Control 1) gene, were identified in qTA9 (RM257-STS09048). These results demonstrate the potential of image-based phenotyping to overcome the limitations of traditional manual measurements in crop structure research. Furthermore, the identification of key QTLs and candidate genes related to tiller angle provides valuable genetic insights for the development of high-yielding varieties through crop morphology control.
Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Expression Methods to Validate Gene Functions in Strawberry (F. × ananassa)
Authors: Jang Yoon Jeong , Han Hyeondae , Lee Seonghee
Published: November 2024

Understanding gene function is important for crop improvement and breeding efforts, especially in a genetically complex polyploid plant species such as the octoploid strawberry. Agrobacterium-mediated transient assays are a widely used tool for investigating gene functions and offer a reliable alternative to stable transformation. However, variability in tissue-specific responses and inconsistent applicability of Agrobacterium-mediated transient assay across diverse plant species can be challenging. In this study, we provide a method utilizing Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression to examine the function of genes in octoploid strawberry. Our approach encompasses leaf, root, and fruit tissues, providing a comprehensive strategy for validating gene functions in strawberries. Through meticulous optimization and validation in planta, this method offers valuable insights into gene function in strawberry functional genomics and genetics research. By addressing tissue-specific variability, our methodology serves as a valuable technical resource that could facilitate advancements in identifying gene functions in octoploid strawberry.
Biodegradable TPS/PBAT Blown Films with Ascorbyl Palmitate and Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate as Antioxidant Packaging
Authors: Arumsari Rosi Andini , Wongphan Phanwipa , Harnkarnsujarit Nathdanai
Published: November 2024

The development of biodegradable active packaging is a relevant topic demanding the development of film properties, biodegradability, and the potential to preserve food quality. This study aimed to develop thermoplastic starch (TPS) blended with polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) films via blown-film extrusion containing ascorbyl palmitate (AP) and sodium ascorbyl phosphate (SAP) as antioxidants. The morphology, mechanism, and barrier and antioxidant properties of the films were analyzed to determine the presence of AP, SAP, and their interaction effect on the film properties. SEM showed that increasing AP and SAP content increased fibrous-like morphology, improving the TPS dispersion. AP slightly decreased mechanical properties, while SAP increased the tensile properties and seal strength of the films. All of the YM values were increased by adding AP and SAP content. The addition of AP and SAP content enhanced the interaction with TPS/PBAT networks due to increasing C-O stretching of ester bonds, compatibility, and hydrophobicity of the polymer. Both water vapor and the oxygen barrier were insignificantly affected by AP and SAP up to 1%, while the permeabilities greatly increased at higher AP and SAP contents due to non-homogeneous and void spaces between the film matrix. TPS/PBAT containing AP and SAP (≥0.5%) effectively enhanced antioxidant capacity in 95% ethanol as a food simulant and reduced the UV light transmission of the films. Finding, the interaction between AP, SAP, and TPS/PBAT matrices effectively changed the microstructures and properties as functionalized antioxidant biodegradable packaging.
Aging and Modified Washing Process for Polyester Fabrics—Environmental Impact
Authors: Šaravanja Ana , Pušić Tanja , Volmajer Valh Julija , Dekanić Tihana
Published: November 2024

Aging and washing factors have a direct influence on changing the properties of textile products, e.g., causing a release of textile fragments in the washing process. In this study, polyester fabrics were exposed to artificial aging under controlled conditions. Using a modified washing process, polyester fabrics were subjected to 10 washing cycles before and after the aging process. To monitor the influence of aging and the modified washing process on the polyester fabrics, the physical, structural and morphological properties of the fabrics and the composition of the collected wastewater were analyzed. The results indicate a slight degradation and increased defragmentation of the polyester fabric due to the processes used. Aging caused the phenomenon of “annealing”, photo-oxidative degradation, and the local thickening of the individual fibers. Aging and washing processes influence the change in tensile strength properties. An analysis of zeta potential and BET results confirmed that the aging process results in surface modifications that depend on the time of exposure. The physico-chemical characterization and microscopic analysis of the wastewater revealed various fragments and short, detached fibrils. The results confirmed that both aging and washing significantly affect the properties of polyester fabrics and the composition of the wastewater resulting from the washing process. The relevance of this research to environmental matters is emphasized through the parameters chosen, which reveal the influence of aging on polyester fabric characteristics and the contamination detected in wash wastewater. In conclusion, several avenues for future research have been identified, including lowering washing temperatures, choosing more appropriate detergents, and adjusting standard washing protocols.
Novel Mixed-Matrix Pervaporation Membrane Based on Polyether Block Amide Modified with Ho-Based Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Kuzminova Anna , Dmitrenko Mariia , Stepanova Anastasia , Karyakina Anna , Selyutin Artem , Su Rongxin , Penkova Anastasia
Published: November 2024

Segmented polymers, such as polyether block amide (PEBA), exhibit unique properties due to the combination of different segments. PEBA consists of soft polyester and rigid polyamide blocks, enabling its use in various industrial applications, including membrane technologies. In this study, PEBA membranes modified with a holmium-based metal–organic framework (Ho-1,3,5-H3btc) were developed for enhanced pervaporation separation of water/isopropanol and water/phenol mixtures. The effect of 1–7 wt.% Ho-1,3,5-H3btc content variation and the selection of a porous substrate (commercial from fluoroplast F42L (MFFC) and developed membranes from polyvinylidene fluoride without (PVDF) and with a non-woven polyester support (PVDF-s)) on dense and/or supported membrane properties, respectively, was investigated. The dense and supported PEBA/Ho-1,3,5-H3btc membranes were studied by use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, swelling measurements, and pervaporation experiments. The supported membrane from PEBA with 5 wt.% Ho-1,3,5-H3btc applied onto the PVDF-s substrate exhibited optimal pervaporation performance: a 1040 g/(m2h) permeation flux and a 5.2 separation factor in water/phenol (1 wt.%) mixture separation at 50 °C due to optimal values of roughness, swelling degree, and selective layer thickness. This finding highlights the potential of incorporating Ho-1,3,5-H3btc into PEBA for developing high-performance pervaporation membranes.
Combating Bacterial Resistance by Polymers and Antibiotic Composites
Authors: Olaru Iulia , Stefanache Alina , Gutu Cristian , Lungu Ionut Iulian , Mihai Cozmin , Grierosu Carmen , Calin Gabriela , Marcu Constantin , Ciuhodaru Tudor
Published: November 2024

(1) Background: Since the discovery of antibiotics in the first half of the 20th century, humans have abused this privilege, giving rise to antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Recent research has brought to light the use of antimicrobial peptides in polymers, hydrogels, and nanoparticles (NPs) as a newer and safer alternative to traditional antibiotics. (2) Methods: This review article is a synthesis of the scientific works published in the last 15 years, focusing on the synthesis of polymers with proven antimicrobial properties. (3) Results: After a critical review of the literature was made, information and data about the synthesis and antimicrobial activity of antibacterial polymers and NPs functionalized with antibiotics were extracted. Fluorinated surfactants such as the Quaterfluo® series presented significant antimicrobial effects and could be modulated to contain thioesters to boost this characteristic. Biopolymers like chitosan and starch were also doped with iodine and used as iodophors to deliver iodine atoms directly to pathogens, as well as being antimicrobial on their own. Quaternary phosphonium salts are known for their increased antimicrobial activity compared to ammonium-containing polymers and are more thermally stable. (4) Conclusions: In summary, polymers and polymeric NPs seem like future alternatives to traditional antibiotics. Future research is needed to determine functional doses for clinical use and their toxicity.
Exploring Crystal Structure Features in Proton Exchange Membranes and Their Correlation with Proton and Heat Transport
Authors: Feng Cong , Luo Cong , Ming Pingwen , Zhang Cunman
Published: November 2024

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are dominated by semicrystalline structures because highly pure crystals are still challenging to produce and control. Currently, the development and application of PEMs have been hindered by a lack of understanding regarding the effects of microstructure on proton and heat transport properties. Based on an experimentally characterized perfluoro sulfonic acid membrane, the corresponding semicrystalline model and the crystal model contained therein were constructed. The water distribution, proton, and heat transport in the crystal, amorphous, and semicrystalline regions were examined using molecular dynamics simulations and energy-conserving dissipative particle dynamics simulations. The crystal structure had pronounced water connection pathways, a proton transport efficiency 5–10 times higher than that of the amorphous structure, and an in-plane covalent bonding that boosted the thermal diffusion coefficient and thermal conductivity by more than 1–3 times. The results for the semicrystalline structure were validated by the corresponding experiments. In addition, a proportionality coefficient that depended on both temperature and water content was proposed to explain how vehicle transport contributed to the proton conductivities, facilitating our understanding of the proton transport mechanism. Our findings enhance our theoretical understanding of PEMs in proton and heat transport, considering both the semicrystalline and crystalline regions. Additionally, the research methods employed can be applied to the study of other semicrystalline polymers.
Theoretical Study on the High Polymer Molecular Weight of Heteroatom-Substituted Constrained Geometry Catalyst
Authors: Du Xinyue , Ren Congjing , Hong Xiaodong , Wang Jingdai , Yang Yongrong , Liao Zuwei
Published: November 2024

This theoretical study investigates the high molecular weight (Mw) production in copolymerization of ethylene and 1-octene using heteroatom-substituted constrained geometry catalysts (CGCs). The research explores the correlation between chain termination reactions and polymer molecular weight, revealing that the Gibbs free energy barrier of the chain termination reactions is positively linked to the molecular weight. Quantitative structure–property relationship models were constructed, indicating that molecular descriptors such as atom charge, orbital energy, and buried volume significantly influence the polymer molecular weight.