bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preferential flow descriptions for structured soils
Authors: Gerke Horst H.
Published: June 2006

In heterogeneous structured soils, water and transported dissolved substances and suspended particles and colloids may under certain conditions bypass most of the soil porous matrix thereby creating nonequilibrium conditions in pressure heads and solute concentrations between preferential flow paths and the soil matrix pore region. Preferential flow severely limits the applicability of standard models for flow and transport that are mostly based on Richards' equation and the convection‐dispersion equation. A number of various model approaches have been proposed to overcome this problem. These models mostly try to separately describe flow and transport in preferred flow paths and slow or stagnant pore regions. Discrete fracture models are more frequently suggested in hydrogeology and often more empirically for cracked clay soils. The two‐domain approach assumes two interacting porous continua for either mobile‐immobile (compartment models) or mobile‐mobile pore systems for solute transport and for water movement. Such models were derived by rigorous “upscaling” methods (microstructure models), or by more empirically assuming two macroscopic scale systems. Representation of effective local (i.e., structural) geometry remains a problem when applying these models to soil systems. The dual‐permeability models differ in the description of flow in the preferential flow domain (i.e., either Richards' equation assuming capillarity or kinematic wave approach for gravity flow) and with respect to the mass‐transfer formulation (i.e., from pressure head– or saturation‐based first‐order type formulations to more complex nonlinear formulations or numerical solutions of the local flow equation). Despite the enormous progress that has been accomplished to improve both the modeling as well as the parameter determination, many challenges remain, in particular, how to capture dynamic soil structure effects to improve quantitative understanding and descriptions of preferential flow and transport processes.
Distribution and genesis of Fahlerden (Albeluvisols) in Germany
Authors: Kühn Peter , Billwitz Konrad , Bauriegel Albrecht , Kühn Dieter , Eckelmann Wolf
Published: June 2006

Fahlerden dominate large areas of the young and old moraine landscapes of N and E Germany. Fahlerden (part of Fahlerden corresponds to Albeluvisols) and their transitional subtypes are supposed to have a higher intensity of clay illuviation than Parabraunerden (Luvisols). Besides this macroscopic feature reflecting periglacial influence, micromorphological features such as lenticular platy microstructure, vesicles, and fragments of clay coatings in Bt streaks document the initiation of Fahlerde genesis, which began in the Late Glacial. A model of Fahlerde genesis chronologically connects sedimentological and periglacial processes, vegetation development, and soil‐forming processes like decalcification, clay illuviation, and humification. The classification criterion of larger differences in clay contents between E and Bt horizons to distinguish Fahlerden from Parabraunerden needs to be reconsidered, because most Fahlerden have developed in stratified parent material in periglacially influenced landscapes. The interpretation of a soil data base listing data of both soil types distributed in Brandenburg demonstrates that the difference in clay contents between E and Bt horizons may even be smaller in Fahlerden than in Parabraunerden.
Basics of effective erosion control in German agriculture
Authors: Deumlich Detlef , Funk Roger , Frielinghaus Monika , Schmidt Walter‐Alexander , Nitzsche Olaf
Published: June 2006

Present research in Germany on water, wind, and tillage erosion is examined. Existing soil‐protection strategies, laws, and guidelines are outlined. These are the result of extensive scientific investigations and the adoption of existing international knowledge. The most common methodologies currently used in Germany are reviewed. They allow an estimation of the water‐ and wind‐erosion risks as well as methods for their reduction. The results enable an aim‐orientated, site‐specific, risk‐adequate approach to implementing control measures in an easily understood framework. The most important remaining research problems are explained.
Effect of short‐term anaerobic conditions on the production of volatiles, activity of alcohol acetyltransferase and other quality traits of ripened bananas
Authors: Wendakoon Sumithra K , Ueda Yoshinori , Imahori Yoshihiro , Ishimaru Megumi
Published: June 2006

Yellow, ripened (yellow with green tips) bananas were treated with nitrogen gas for 12, 24 and 48 h at 20 °C to study the effects of anaerobic conditions on the fruit quality, including the production of volatile compounds and activity of alcohol acetyltransferase (AAT) during the post‐harvest period. Significantly higher concentrations of acetaldehyde and ethanol were found in the treated fruit than in the untreated bananas after removal from the conditions. The 48‐h treatment showed higher levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde after storage. Immediately after releasing the fruit from the anaerobic atmosphere, the amounts of isobutyl acetate and isoamyl acetate decreased. The production of ethyl acetate increased markedly in each treatment unit 1 day after removing the fruit. Regardless of recovery from the production of isobutyl acetate and isoamyl acetate 1 day after treatment, the banana‐like aroma was denatured because of the production of high levels of ethyl acetate and ethanol. The increase in AAT was slightly lower in nitrogen‐treated fruit than untreated fruit. However, the activity in treated fruit was sufficient for ester production in bananas. The endogenous alcohol levels were increased during nitrogen gas treatment in the fruit due to the inhibition of ester production. Colour development of the bananas was greatly inhibited by the treatments, while the sugar content did not show any differences between the treated and untreated fruit. The results suggest that, even if bananas are removed from the short‐term anaerobic conditions, a loss in quality, except sweetness, easily occurs afterwards, especially the characteristic aroma of the fruit during the post‐harvest period. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of the in vitro metabolism of isoflavones by fecal flora from human flora‐associated mice and human
Authors: Tamura Motoi , Saitoh Hiroyuki
Published: June 2006

Recently there has been great interest in the biological effects of equol (4′,7‐dihydroxyisoflavan), a metabolite of daidzein produced by intestinal flora. In this study, the in vitro metabolism of daidzein, daidzin and genistein by fecal flora, in human flora‐associated (HFA) mice and a human donor was investigated. The in vitro incubation of feces with isoflavones demonstrated that the potential for equol production had been successfully transferred from human feces to HFA mice. The average equol concentrations were higher in feces from HFA mice than in those from their donor. In both HFA mice and their donor, the fecal equol production from daidzin was comparable to that from daidzein. The results suggest that daidzin would be an effective substrate for bacterial equol production in vivo. The HFA mice produced in these experiments and maintained in an isolated environment might also be useful for investigating the biological activity of equol in detail. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Cover Picture: Macromol. Rapid Commun. 12/2006
Authors: Uehara Hiroki , Kakiage Masaki , Yamanobe Takeshi , Komoto Tadashi , Murakami Syozo
Published: June 2006

Cover: Phase development mechanism during drawing from highly entangled melt of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene was analyzed by simultaneous measurements of in situ X‐ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation and stress/strain behavior. Crystallization into a metastable hexagonal form was predominantly induced during drawing from highly entangled polyethylene melt beyond a critical strain, but it transformed into a stable orthorhombic form with further draw. Further details can be found in the article by H. Uehara,* M. Kakiage, T. Yamanobe, T. Komoto, and S. Murakami on page 966.
In vivo diffusion tensor imaging of the human optic nerve: Pilot study in normal controls
Authors: Wheeler‐Kingshott C.A.M. , Trip S.A. , Symms M.R. , Parker G.J.M. , Barker G.J. , Miller D.H.
Published: June 2006

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the optic nerve (ON) was acquired in normal controls using zonally oblique multislice (ZOOM) DTI, which excites a small field of view (FOV) using a fast sequence with a shortened EPI echo train. This combines the benefit of low sensitivity to motion (due to the single‐shot acquisition used), with the additional advantage of reduced sensitivity to magnetic field susceptibility artifacts. Reducing the bright signal from the fat and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the nerve are key requirements for the success of the presented method. Measurements of mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) indices were made in a coronal section of the middle portion of the optic nerve (ON) in the right (rON) and left (lON) ONs. The average values across 10 healthy volunteers were FArON = 0.64 ± 0.09 and FAlON = 0.57 ± 0.10, and MDrON = (1173 ± 227) × 10−6 mm2 s−1 and MDlON = (1266 ± 170) × 10−6 mm2 s−1. Measurements of the principal eigenvalue of the DT and its orthogonal component were also in agreement with those expected from a highly directional structural organization. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Medizinische Chemie der Diuretika: Entwicklung einer erfolgreichen Wirkstoffgruppe
Authors: Brunschweiger Andreas , Müller Christa
Published: June 2006

Diuretika sind nicht nur aus der Sicht des Klinikers, sondern auch aus der des medizinischen Chemikers eine interessante Arzneistoffklasse. Historisch gesehen sind sie ein Paradebeispiel für die erfolgreiche Entwicklung hochwirksamer Arzneistoffe – ausgehend von Leitstrukturen, deren diuretische Wirkung zufällig entdeckt worden war. Nach Jahrzehnten der Stagnation auf diesem Gebiet werden zur Zeit neue Diuretika mit verbesserten Eigenschaften und teilweise neuartigen Wirkungsmechanismen entwickelt.
Diuretika bei Hypertonie und Herzinsuffizienz: Wirkmechanismen und Therapieschemata
Authors: Cremers Bodo , Böhm Michael
Published: June 2006

Diuretika haben einen festen Stellenwert in der Behandlung der arteriellen Hypertonie sowie der Herzinsuffizienz. Die Effektivität in der Verhinderung hochdruckassoziierter Folgeschäden (Primärprävention) ist seit langem belegt und der Einsatz von Diuretika bei Herzinsuffizienz ist fester Bestandteil der symptomatischen Therapie. Erst seit wenigen Jahren sind auch prognostische Vorteile durch Aldosteronantagonisten für herzinsuffiziente Patienten bekannt. Durch die positiven Ergebnisse der RALES‐ und der EPHESUS‐Studie ist diese Substanzgruppe in der Behandlung der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz mittlerweile unverzichtbar.
Sequenzielle Nephronblockade: Zusatznutzen von Diuretika‐Kombinationen
Authors: Knauf Heinrich , Mutschler Ernst
Published: June 2006

Die nach klinischer Indikation gewählte Kombination verschiedener Diuretika‐Klassen mit konsekutiver Hemmung verschiedener tubulärer Transportmechanismen wird als “sequenzielle Nephronblockade” bezeichnet. Wie pharmakologische Studien belegen, wird sie den pathophysiologischen Veränderungen besser gerecht als die hoch‐dosierte Monotherapie.
Diuretika zur Therapie von Ödemen: Wenn sich das Wasser staut
Authors: Ritz Eberhard
Published: June 2006

Aus unterschiedlichen Gründen kann es zu massiven Flüssigkeitseinlagerungen im Subkutangewebe kommen. In extremen Fällen kann das zu Aszites oder Lungenödem führen. Nicht in allen Fällen ist eine Behandlung mit Diuretika nötig und sinnvoll.
Wirtschaftliche Aspekte der Therapie mit Diuretika. Einsparungen möglich?
Authors: Luippold Gerd , Oßwald Hartmut
Published: June 2006

Während der Umsatz für Fertigarzneimittel in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung (GKV) im Jahre 2003 den bisherigen Höchstwert von 24,1 Mrd. Euro erreichte, ging im darauf folgenden Jahr der Arzneimittelumsatz um 10,2 % auf 21,7 Mrd. Euro zurück. Die 20 verordnungsstärksten Indikationsgruppen des Jahres 2004 machen 81,9 % der gesamten Verordnungen und 70,7 % des Umsatz‐ bzw. Kostenvolumens aus, wobei die Diuretika auf Platz 11 zu finden sind.
Klinisch‐pharmazeutische Beratung bei der Diuretikatherapie: Beitrag der Apotheke
Authors: Goebel Ralf , Schulz Martin
Published: June 2006

Diuretika zählen zu den wichtigsten Pharmaka zur Therapie der arteriellen Hypertonie, Herzinsuffizienz und zur Behandlung kardialer, hepatischer und renaler Ödeme. Die Verordnungshäufigkeit, die Notwendigkeit einer längerfristigen Anwendung, die unerwünschten Wirkungen und Risiken, das Interaktionspotenzial sowie das Ausmaß und die Folgen einer mangelhaften Patienten‐Compliance bei Diuretika erfordern umfassende Informationen und individuelle Beratungshinweise, die im Rahmen einer professionellen Pharmazeutischen Betreuung vermittelt werden sollten.
Ellagitannine als Topoisomerase‐II‐Hemmstoffe
Authors: Bennack E. , Holzgrabe U.
Published: June 2006

Nachdem schon dem in Rotwein vorkommenden Resveratrol lebensverlängernde Eigenschaften zugeschrieben werden, fand eine Forschergruppe um Stephane Quideaux vom Research Center for Molecular Chemistry der Universität Bordeaux nun heraus, dass grundsätzlich Wein, der in Eichenfässern lagert, bioaktive Komponenten enthält, die stärkere Topoisomerase‐II‐Inhibitoren sein sollen als das in der Krebstherapie eingesetzte Etoposid.
Klotho: eine Glykosidase, die den Alterungsprozess bremst
Authors: Götz Regina
Published: June 2006

Benannt nach der griechischen Göttin, die den Lebensfaden spinnt, ist Klotho eine Glykosidase, die den Alterungsprozess bremst. Wie Klotho dem Altern entgegenwirkt, war bislang weitgehend im Dunkeln geblieben. Mit der Entdeckung eines Targets von Klotho sind Wissenschaftler in den Niederlanden nun dem Wirkungsmechanismus von Klotho auf die Spur gekommen.
Tod eines Superagonisten
Authors: Dingermann Theo , Winckler Thomas , Zündorf Ilse
Published: June 2006

Anfang des Jahres ging es durch die Presse: Bei einer klinischen Studie eines therapeutischen Antikörpers an sechs freiwilligen Probanden mussten alle Mitglieder der Verum‐Gruppe kurz nach Verabreichung des Wirkstoffs mit schwerem Multiorganversagen auf der Intensivstation behandelt werden. Schuld war TGN1412, ein vermeintlich “simpler” Antikörper, wie es schon etliche als Therapeutika auf dem Markt gibt, der sich dann aber doch insofern von den etablierten Antikörpern abhob, als er mit dem Attribut “Superagonist” belegt war.
Effect of rotational speed of twin screw extruder on the microstructure and rheological and mechanical properties of nanoclay‐reinforced polypropylene nanocomposites
Authors: Peltola Piia , Välipakka Elina , Vuorinen Jyrki , Syrjälä Seppo , Hanhi Kalle
Published: June 2006

The morphology and rheological and mechanical properties of nanoclay‐reinforced polypropylene nanocomposites were investigated with aid of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermo gravimetric analysis, rheometry, and mechanical tests. The organically modified silicate (montmorillonite) was used as a reinforcing material and maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene oligomer as a compatibilizer to improve the clay dispersion and adhesion. The object of the study was to examine the effect of screw speed of the co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder on the clay exfoliation and nanocomposite properties. Also, the effect of compatibilizing agent was taken into account. The main result of the study was that nanocomposites showed both intercalated and exfoliated structures depending on the screw speeds of extruder. TEM images revealed that the dispersion of silicate layers was greatly influenced by the screw speed. However, even when the silicate layers were highly exfoliated, there was no remarkable effect on mechanical properties of the nanocomposite. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:995–1000, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Efficient extraction of proteins from woody plant samples for two‐dimensional electrophoresis
Authors: Vâlcu Cristina‐Maria , Schlink Katja
Published: June 2006

Protein extraction from plant samples is usually challenging due to the low protein content and high level of contaminants. Therefore, the 2‐DE pattern resolution is strongly influenced by the procedure of sample preparation. Efficient solubilization of proteins strictly depends on the chaotrope and detergent in the extraction buffer. Despite the large number of detergents that have been developed for the use in protein extraction and IEF, there is no single compound able to efficiently extract proteins from any source. Hence, optimization has to be performed for each type of sample. We tested several chaotrope/detergent combinations to achieve optimal solubilization and separation of proteins from Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.] needles and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) leaves and roots. The same chaotrope mixture (7 M urea, 2 M thiourea) was found to be suitable for the extraction and separation of proteins from all samples. Nonetheless, the efficiency of the surfactants tested varied between samples so that optimal extraction and separation was achieved with different detergents or combination of detergents for each sample. The 2‐DE separation of spruce needle proteins was optimal in a mixture of two zwitterionic detergents (2% CHAPS and 2% decyl dimethylammonio propanesulfonate). Beech proteins were best separated in buffers containing sugar‐based detergents (2% n‐octyl β‐D‐glucopiranoside in the case of leaf samples and 2% dodecyl maltoside for the root samples). IEF was performed in buffers with the same composition as the extraction buffer except for the root proteins that were better focused in a buffer containing 2% CHAPS.
Proteomic analysis of Agrobacterium tumefaciens response to the vir gene inducer acetosyringone
Authors: Lai Erh‐Min , Shih Hsiao‐Wei , Wen Sy‐Ray , Cheng Min‐Wen , Hwang Hau‐Hsuan , Chiu Shih‐Hua
Published: June 2006

Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease in a wide range of plants by transforming plants through the transfer and integration of its transferred DNA (T‐DNA) into the host genome. In the present study, we used two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis to examine the protein expression profiles of A. tumefaciens in response to the phenolic compound acetosyringone (AS), a known plant‐released virulence (vir) gene inducer. Using mass spectrometry, we identified 11 proteins consisting of 9 known AS‐induced Vir proteins and 2 newly discovered AS‐induced proteins, an unknown protein Y4mC (Atu6162) and a small heat shock protein HspL (Atu3887). Further expression analysis revealed that the AS‐induced expression of Y4mC and HspL is regulated by the VirA/VirG two‐component system. This report presents the first proteomics study successfully identifying both known and new AS‐induced proteins that are implicated in Agrobacterium virulence.
Investigation of the influence of the architectures of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) polymers made via the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer/macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthates mechanism on the stabilization of suspension polymerizations
Authors: Nguyen T. L. Uyen , Eagles Kayleene , Davis Thomas P. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Stenzel Martina H.
Published: June 2006

Linear, star, and block copolymers based on poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were synthesized with the macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthates (MADIX) process for use as potential stabilizers in suspension polymerization. The design of the leaving group of the dithioxanthate‐based transfer agent was shown to be key to the successful preparation of well‐defined PVP architectures. A linear correlation of the monomer conversion and molecular weight was found in the synthesis of star polymers, whereas the molecular weight distribution remained narrow (polydispersity index < 1.3). Significant side reactions, which typically broaden the molecular weight distribution when R‐designed MADIX agents are used, were absent. The living behavior of the PVP polymerization was furthermore confirmed via chain extension with vinyl acetate, which resulted in the formation of PVP–PVAc block copolymers [where PVAc is poly(vinyl acetate)]. The prepared polymers were used as stabilizers in suspension polymerization to prepare crosslinked poly(vinyl neodecanoate)/ethylene glycol dimethacrylate microspheres. The ratio of the interfacial tension of the aqueous and monomer phases and the overall viscosity were found to have an effect on the diameter of the particles, with PVP star polymers as stabilizers resulting in smaller particles. A smaller interfacial tension, measured when star polymers and block copolymers were used, resulted in the appearance of smaller particles, probably because of more breakup events of the monomer droplets and the enhanced stabilization of the particle surface area. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4372–4383, 2006
Kinetics of the batch cationic emulsion polymerization of styrene: A comparative study with the anionic case
Authors: Ramos Jose , Costoyas Álvaro , Forcada Jacqueline
Published: June 2006

An in‐depth study on the kinetics of the cationic emulsion polymerization of styrene in a batch reactor is presented. This study is focused on the effect of the amount of the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), using two different cationic initiators: 2,2′‐azobisisobutyramidine dihydrochloride (AIBA), 2,2′‐azobis (N,N′‐dimethyleneisobutyramidine) dihydrochloride (ADIBA), on kinetics and colloidal features such as conversion, number of particles, number average of radicals per particle, mean particle diameter, and particle size distribution (PSD) of the polystyrene latices obtained by emulsion polymerization in a batch reactor. Furthermore, the results of the cationic emulsion polymerization were compared with its homologous anionic case. Using DTAB as cationic surfactant an expected increase in the total rate of polymerization was observed when the DTAB concentration increased. However, the total number of particles increased much more than in the anionic system. On the other hand, a dependence on the particle size of the rate of polymerization per particle together with the average number of radicals per particle was found. These differences between cationic and anionic emulsion polymerizations were explained taking into account the limited particle coagulation observed with cationic surfactants, and the high rate of radical formation of cationic initiators. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4461–4478, 2006
Bimodal molecular weight distribution of poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) formed by conventional free‐radical copolymerization of acrylonitrile and styrene in room temperature ionic liquids
Authors: Li Jun , Zhang Jintao , Liu Zhengping
Published: June 2006

Conventional free‐radical copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) and styrene (St) was realized in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF4]) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim][PF6]), under mild conditions. The copolymerization in RTILs was more rapid than that in traditional solvent DMF. Poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (SAN) prepared in RTILs had higher molecular weight than that prepared in DMF or by bulk copolymerization. SAN with bimodal molecular weight distribution (MWD) were obtained in most of the reaction conditions in [Bmim][BF4] and some conditions in [Bmim][PF6]. By the analysis of reaction phenomena and fluorescence behavior, the reason of the difference in MWD could be attributed to the difference of reaction system compatibility mainly caused by the immiscibility of macromolecule with RTIL. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4420–4427, 2006
Dual roles of alkyl alcohols as syndiotactic‐specificity inducers and accelerators in the radical polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide and some properties of syndiotactic poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)
Authors: Hirano Tomohiro , Okumura Yuya , Kitajima Hiroko , Seno Makiko , Sato Tsuneyuki
Published: June 2006

The effects of simple alkyl alcohols on the radical polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide in toluene at low temperatures were investigated. We succeeded in the induction of syndiotactic specificity and the acceleration of polymerization reactions at the same time by adding simple alkyl alcohols such as 3‐methyl‐3‐pentanol (3Me3PenOH) to N‐isopropylacrylamide polymerizations. The dyad syndiotacticity increased with a decrease in the temperature and an increase in the bulkiness of the added alcohol and reached up to 71% at −60 °C in the presence of 3Me3PenOH. With the assistance of NMR analysis, it was revealed that the alcohol compounds played dual roles in this polymerization system; an alcohol compound coordinating to the NH proton induced syndiotactic specificity, and that hydrogen‐bonded to the CO oxygen accelerated the polymerization reaction. The effect of syndiotacticity on the properties of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)s was also examined in some detail. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4450–4460, 2006
Novel aromatic polyamides and polyimides functionalized with 4‐tert‐butyltriphenylamine groups
Authors: Hsiao Sheng‐Huei , Chang Yu‐Min , Chen Hwei‐Wen , Liou Guey‐Sheng
Published: June 2006

A new triphenylamine‐containing diamine monomer, 4,4′‐diamino‐4″‐tert‐butyltriphenylamine, was successfully synthesized by the cesium fluoride‐mediated N,N‐diarylation of 4‐tert‐butylaniline with 4‐fluoronitrobenzene, followed by the reduction of the nitro group. The obtained diamine monomer was reacted with various aromatic dicarboxylic acids and tetracarboxylic dianhydrides to produce two series of novel triphenylamine‐based polyamides and polyimides with pendent tert‐butyl substituents. Most of the polymers were readily soluble in polar organic solvents, such as N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone and N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and could be solution cast into tough and flexible polymer films. These polymers showed high glass transition temperatures between 282 and 320 °C, and they were fairly stable up to a temperature above 450 °C (for polyamides) or 500 °C (for polyimides). These polymers exhibited UV absorption maxima around 308 to 361 nm. The photoluminescence spectra of the polyamides in DMAc exhibited a peak emission wavelength in the blue at 421–433 nm. Cyclic voltammograms of polyamides and polyimides showed an oxidation wave at 1.0–1.1 V versus Ag/AgCl in an acetonitrile solution. All the polyamides and polyimides exhibited excellent reversibility of electrochromic characteristics by continuous several cyclic scans between 0.0 and 1.1–1.3 V, with a color change from the original pale yellowish neutral form to the green or blue oxidized forms. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4579–4592, 2006
Synthesis and properties of azobenzene‐containing poly(1‐alkyne)s with different functional pendant groups
Authors: Zhou Jing‐Lun , Chen Xiao‐Fang , Fan Xing‐He , Chai Chun‐Peng , Lu Chun‐Xiang , Zhao Xiao‐Dong , Pan Qi‐Wei , Tang Hao‐Yu , Gao Long‐Cheng , Zhou Qi‐Feng
Published: June 2006

1‐Alkynes containing azobenzene mesogenic moieties [HCC(CH2)9O phNNphOR; R = ethyl (1), octyl (2), decyl (3), (S)‐2‐methylbutyl (4), or (S)‐1‐ethoxy‐1‐oxopropan‐2‐yl (5); ph = 1,4‐phenyl] were synthesized and polymerized in the presence of a Rh catalyst {(nbd)Rh+[B(C6H5)4]−; nbd = 2,5‐norbornadiene} to yield a series of liquid‐crystalline polymers in high yields (e.g., >75%). These polymers had moderate molecular weights (number‐average molecular weight ≥ 12,000), high cis contents in the main chain (up to 83%), good thermal stability, and good solubility in common organic solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, and dichloromethane. These polymers were thoroughly characterized by a combination of infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and two‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction techniques. The liquid‐crystalline behavior of these polymers was dependent on the tail group attached to the azobenzene structure. Poly‐1, which had the shortest tail group, that is, an ethyl group, showed a smectic A mesophase, whereas poly‐2, poly‐3, and poly‐5, which had longer or chiral tail groups, formed smectic C mesophases, and poly‐4, which had another chiral group attached to the azobenzene structure, showed a chiral smectic C mesophase in both the heating and cooling processes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4532–4545, 2006
Measurement and Account Method for the Available Standing Time of a Smoke Screen Applying the Diffusion Equation
Authors: Chen‐Guang Zhu , Gong‐Pei Pan , Xiao‐Yun Wu , Hua Guan
Published: June 2006

The available shielding area of a smoke screen is an important parameter to evaluate its protection capability. It varies with time according to a parabola equation, which could be obtained by the diffusion equation and a few measured data. The available standing time which could satisfy the request of rating area can be calculated. The process of deriving the equation, the experimental procedure and the method of data collecting and processing is presented in detail in this paper. The calculated result is compared with engineering experience to verify the method.
Combustion of Environmentally Altered Molybdenum Trioxide Nanocomposites
Authors: Moore Kevin , Pantoya Michelle L.
Published: June 2006

Nanocomposite thermite mixtures are currently under development for many primer applications due to their high energy densities, high ignition sensitivity, and low release of toxins into the environment. However, variability and inconsistencies in combustion performance have not been sufficiently investigated. Environmental interactions with the reactants are thought to be a contributing factor to these variabilities. Combustion velocity experiments were conducted on aluminum (Al) and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) mixtures to investigate the role of environmental interactions such as light exposure and humidity. While the Al particles were maintained in an ambient, constant environment, the MoO3 particles were exposed to UV or fluorescent light, and highly humid environments. Results show that UV and fluorescent lighting over a period of days does not significantly contribute to performance deterioration. However, a humid environment severely decreases combustion performance if the oxidizer particles are not heat‐treated. Heat treatment of the MoO3 greatly increases the material's ability to resist water absorption, yielding more repeatable combustion performance. This work further quantifies the role of the environment in the decrease of combustion performance of nanocomposites over time.
Synthesis and Characterization of 1,4‐Dimethyl‐5‐Aminotetrazolium 5‐Nitrotetrazolate
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Mayer Peter , Penger Alexander , Welch Jan M.
Published: June 2006

1,4‐Dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium 5‐nitrotetrazolate (2) was synthesized in high yield from 1,4‐dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium iodide (1) and silver 5‐nitrotetrazolate. Both new compounds (1, 2) were characterized using vibrational (IR and Raman) and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 14N, 15N), elemental analysis and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. 1,4‐Dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium 5‐nitrotetrazolate (2) represents the first example of an energetic material which contains both a tetrazole based cation and anion. Compound 2 is hydrolytically stable with a high melting point of 190 °C (decomposition). The impact sensitivity of compound 2 is very low (30 J), it is not sensitive towards friction (>360 N).  The molecular structure of 1,4‐dimethyl‐5‐aminotetrazolium iodide (1) in the crystalline state was determined by X‐ray crystallography: orthorhombic, Fddd, a=1.3718(1) nm, b=1.4486(1) nm, c=1.6281(1) nm, V=3.2354(5) nm3, Z=16, ρ=1.979 g cm−1, R1=0.0169 (F>4σ(F)), wR2 (all data)=0.0352.
Bifurcations of Propellant Burning Rate at Oscillatory Pressure
Authors: Novozhilov Boris V.
Published: June 2006

A new phenomenon, the disparity between pressure and propellant burning rate frequencies, has revealed in numerical studies of propellant burning rate response to oscillatory pressure. As is clear from the linear approximation, under small pressure amplitudes, h, pressure and propellant burning rate oscillations occur with equal period T (T‐solution). In the paper, however, it is shown that at a certain critical value of the parameter h the system in hand undergoes a bifurcation so that the T‐solution converts to oscillations with period 2T (2T‐solution). When the bifurcation parameter h increases, the subsequent behavior of the system becomes complicated. It is obtained a sequence of period doubling to 4T‐solution and 8T‐solution. Beyond a certain value of the bifurcation parameter h an apparently fully chaotic solution is found. These effects undoubtedly should be taken into account in studies of oscillatory processes in combustion chambers.
Investigation of the Various Structure Parameters for Predicting Impact Sensitivity of Energetic Molecules via Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Jaafari Mohammad
Published: June 2006

A generalized scheme is introduced for predicting impact sensitivity of any explosives by using artificial neural networks. Experimental values for the impact sensitivity for 291 compounds containing C, H, N and O have been used for training and testing sets. The input descriptors include aromatic character, heteroaromatic character, the number of NNO2 bonds and the number of α‐hydrogen atoms as well as the number of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen divided by molecular weight. The reliability of the proposed model was assessed by comparing the results against measured values as well as five models of complicated quantum mechanical computed values of 14 CHNO explosives from a variety of chemical structures. The model gives root mean squares errors of 41 cm and 56 cm for training and test sets, respectively, of the H50 quantity.
Stopping Power of ERA Sandwiches as a Function of Explosive Layer Thickness or Plate Velocities
Authors: Held Manfred
Published: June 2006

The stopping power rises in symmetric sandwiches with increasing explosive layer thickness, which is equivalent to higher plate velocities. Further the additional weight is a burden for add‐on armor. Therefore a study was made with very thin sandwich plates of 1 mm as more or less the minimum, what can be used in practice. The reduction effect is more reduced with thicker plates at constant explosive layer thickness. For the penetration reduction the product of plate thickness and plate velocity seems important, as a thumb rule.
Properties of CP: Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, Decomposition Kinetics, Reaction to Spark, Friction and Impact
Authors: Weese Randell K. , Burnham Alan K.
Published: June 2006

The properties of pentaamine (5‐cyano‐2H‐tetrazolato‐N2) cobalt (III) perchlorate (CP), which was first synthesized in 1968, continues to be of interest for predicting behavior in handling, shipping, aging, and thermal cook‐off situations. We report coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) values over four specific temperature ranges, decomposition kinetics using linear and isothermal heating, and the reaction to three different types of stimuli: impact, spark, and friction. The CTE was measured using a Thermal Mechanical Analyzer (TMA) for samples that were uniaxially compressed at 68.95 MPa and analyzed over a dynamic temperature range of −20 °C to 70 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry, DSC, was used to monitor CP decomposition at linear heating rates of 1–7 °C min−1 in perforated pans and of 0.1–1.0 °C min−1 in sealed pans. The kinetic triplet was calculated using the LLNL code Kinetics05, and predictions for 210 °C and 240 °C are compared to isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments. Values are also reported for spark, friction, and impact sensitivity.
Assessment of corrosion‐induced damage and its effect on the structural behavior of RC beams containing supplementary cementitious materials
Authors: Ahmed Shaikh Faiz Uddin , Maalej Mohamed , Paramasivam P. , Mihashi Hirozo
Published: June 2006

This paper reports the results of an experimental program on the effect of steel loss and corrosion induced‐damage (cracking, delamination, spalling, etc.) on the post‐corrosion flexural response of reinforced concrete beams incorporating supplementary cementing materials (fly ash, slag and silica fume) used as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement. Eight reinforced concrete beams measuring 2.5 m in length and 210 × 300 mm in cross‐section were cast, four of which were subjected to accelerated corrosion. Among all specimens incorporating supplementary cementing materials (SCM), the specimen containing fly ash showed the best performance in terms of the highest residual load carrying capacity at failure. Its best performance was also evident from the lowest measured steel loss, the least corrosion‐induced cracking and the lowest tendency for the concrete cover to delaminate as measured by a concrete‐embeddable fiber optic strain sensor (FOSS). Correlation between the amount of steel loss and the reductions in load carrying at failure was also established.
Capacitance thermometer using BaxSr1–xTiO3 solid solutions
Authors: Tetsuka H. , Takashima H. , Prijamboedi B. , Wang R. , Shoji A. , Shan Y. J. , Itoh M.
Published: June 2006

Parallel capacitors of Bax Sr1–x TiO3 (x = 0.01 and 0.05) were fabricated, and their characteristics as a capacitance thermometer were investigated. The dimensionless temperature sensitivities at 2.5 K for x = 0.01 and 0.05 were found to be 0.041 and 0.026, respectively. Particularly, the value for a capacitor with x = 0.01 is five times larger than those of commercially available ferroelectric doped SrTiO3 capacitance thermometers. These results reveal that a parallel‐plate capacitor using quantum ferroelectric Bax Sr1–x TiO3 has a potential application as a capacitance thermometer for monitoring cryogenic temperatures in a high magnetic field. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Diffusion of 65Zn in Mg and in Mg–x Al solid solutions
Authors: Čermák Jiří , Stloukal Ivo
Published: June 2006

Heterodiffusion of 65Zn in Mg, Mg–x Al (x = 1.77, 3.9 and 9 wt% Al) and the commercial AZ91 alloy was studied in the temperature interval 498–848 K by serial sectioning and residual activity methods. The concentration and temperature dependence of the Zn bulk diffusion coefficient D is described by the relation D = exp (0.1c Al – 9.16) exp (–125.8 kJ mol–1/RT ) m2 s–1 (c Al – concentration of Al in wt%). The Zn grain boundary diffusivity P = sδD b (s – segregation factor, δ – grain boundary width and D b – diffusion coefficient in the grain boundary) was also determined and obeyed the Arrhenius law P = 7.2 × 10–15 exp (–46 kJ mol–1/RT ) m3 s–1. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Development of a standardized large river bioassessment protocol (LR‐BP) for macroinvertebrate assemblages
Authors: Flotemersch Joseph E. , Blocksom Karen , Hutchens John J. , Autrey Bradley C.
Published: June 2006

Efforts to develop benthic macroinvertebrate sampling protocols for the bioassessment of lotic ecosystems have been focused largely on wadeable systems. As these methods became increasingly refined and accepted, a growing number of monitoring agencies expanded their work and are now developing sampling protocols for non‐wadeable large rivers. Large rivers can differ from wadeable streams in many ways that preclude the use of some wadeable stream sampling protocols. Hence, resource managers need clear and consistent large river bioassessment protocols for measuring ecological integrity that are cost effective, logistically feasible, and meet or are adaptable to the multi‐purpose sampling needs of researchers and managers. We conducted a study using an experimental macroinvertebrate sampling method that was designed to overcome limitations of several methods currently in use. Our objectives were to: (1) determine the appropriate number of sampling points needed; (2) determine an appropriate laboratory subsample size to use and (3) examine how varying reach length affects assemblage characteristics. For six reaches in each of two large rivers, we sampled the macroinvertebrates of both banks at 12 transects separated by increasingly larger distances using a multi‐habitat, semi‐quantitative technique. Interpretation of results relied on the values attained for nine benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage metrics. Results from Monte Carlo methods indicated that, using the sampling methods described herein, a representative sample of the assemblage was collected by sampling both banks on 6 transects. Across all sites, we did not observe a consistent relationship between transect spacing (i.e. total reach length) and metric values, indicating that our sampling protocol was relatively robust with respect to variation in reach length. Therefore, flexibility exists that permits the study reach length to be dictated by the spatial scale (e.g. repeating geomorphic units) in question. For those preferring to use a fixed reach length, we recommend that transects be spaced at a minimum of 100 m intervals over a 500 m distance. We recommend that the field method be coupled with a fixed laboratory subsample size of 300 organisms for bioassessment purposes, with the recognition that a subsample size of 500 organisms may be needed to meet the objectives of more rigorous studies. It is likely this approach will over‐sample sites of uniform composition, but the goal was to develop a robust sampling protocol that would perform well across sites of differing habitat composition. Possible modifications to the method to streamline its future application in the field are provided. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Listening to Diversity Stories: Principles for Practice in Community Research and Action
Authors: Harrell Shelly P. , Bond Meg A.
Published: June 2006

Three broad Diversity Principles for Community Research and Action are described and offered as community psychology's contribution to the growing literature on multicultural competence in psychology. The principles are applicable to multiple dimensions of diversity including race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, disability, and social class. The diversity principles are illustrated with examples from the twenty‐two diversity stories in the AJCP Special Issue on Diversity Stories in Community Research and Action. Each of the three diversity principles (Community Culture, Community Context, and Self‐in‐Community) are associated with a fundamental assumption, a process emphasis (descriptive, analytic, and reflective), a core question to engage, an orienting stance (informed compassion, contextualized understanding, and empowered humility), and three areas of focus. Taken together, the principles suggest the value of the overarching stance of connected disruption. It is suggested that applying the principles to community work in diverse settings will facilitate the process of bridging differences and enhance the relevance and effectiveness of our work.
Stronger Relationships, Stronger Communities: Lessons From a Regional Intergroup Grant Initiative
Authors: Lee Kien S. , Calvin James R.
Published: June 2006

This paper tells the story of an intergroup grant initiative and the neighborhood projects it supported. It highlights the challenges of race and power, in conjunction with other overlapping identities and forms of discrimination. The demographics of the greater Goodland region have changed dramatically over the last few years and decades. The life for traditionally European American and African American communities is being altered by a steady influx of new immigrants from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. This paper discusses a philanthropic community's response to these changes and within this, two specific neighborhood‐based responses. The lessons and insights described in this paper, told by the initiative's evaluator and advisory council co‐chair, are drawn from five years' of systematic data collection and analysis, focused observations, and the reflections of other participants in the initiative.
Realities and Myths of Safety Issues for Community Researchers Working in a Marginalized African American Community
Authors: Suarez-Balcazar Yolanda , Kinney Leah
Published: June 2006

Community psychologists often conduct research in collaboration with marginalized communities in which safety is an issue. However, we rarely talk about what specific safety issues we experience and how we deal with them. Our story describes the realities and myths of neighborhood safety that were experienced in a low‐income African American neighborhood of Chicago, while collaborating on a project designed to increase access to the Internet to obtain health information. We examine both the challenges experienced and our responses in the context of a community intervention planned, implemented, and evaluated by a partnership team composed of various stakeholders. Critical lessons such as the importance of building on community strengths and the need to be aware of our own biases are discussed.
Demythologising the Evan Roberts Revival, 1904–1905
Authors: POPE ROBERT
Published: June 2006

The Welsh religious revival of 1904–5 was a remarkable event which has evoked a number of contradictory responses. These were in some ways fuelled by the content of a folk memory which often appears to be divorced from the events of the revival itself. As a result, ambiguity has surrounded the revival and particularly the contribution of Evan Roberts, probably its most interesting and colourful leader. This article explores some aspects of that folk memory and seeks to ‘demythologise’ them by drawing on accounts of the revival meetings published by those who were involved at the time.
So Much at Stake: Martyrs and Martyrdom in Early Modern England The trail of martyrdom. Persecution and resistance in sixteenth-century England. By Sarah Covington. Pp. xii+289. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003. $55 (cloth), $28 (paper). 0 268 04225 X; 0 268 04226 8 Making women martyrs in Tudor England. By Megan L. Hickerson. Pp. ix+239 incl. 2 figs. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. £50. 1 4039 3833 4 Martyrdom and literature in early modern England. By Susannah Brietz Monta. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. viii+236. £55. 0 521 84498 3
Authors: FREEMAN THOMAS
Published: June 2006

In recent years, a number of works devoted solely or partly to martyrdom in early modern England – most notably Brad Gregory's seminal Salvation at stake and Anne Dillon's The construction of martyrdom in the English Catholic community – have helped to bring the study of this topic from the margins of scholarship into the academic mainstream. Two of the three works discussed here further develop this recent research by analysing representations of martyrdom in English martyrologies; the third work, Sarah Covington's survey on religious persecution in early modern England, is gravely impaired by its almost complete disregard of the complexities present in the narrative sources on martyrs and their persecutors.