bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Contemporary Ars moriendi for End-of-Life Care
Authors: Ughetti Anthony C. ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

There was a time when the clergy, medical providers, philosophers, and individuals agreed on how to achieve a happy and holy death. In the fourteenth century, as a response to the horror of the black death, a document emerged that was accepted and adopted by these disparate parties. Translated as the art of dying, the ars moriendi was a set of common instructions and coaching tools to facilitate a peaceful transition for providers and patients alike. The contemporary world needs a new ars moriendi that articulates a triple aim: standardizing the service terms and definitions of hospice and palliative care, promoting early initiation of end-of-life services, and de-emphasizing services provided by intensive care units (ICUs) and emergency departments. If consensus could coalesce around these three goals, the experience of death and dying could be significantly improved.
SOGI Training in Catholic Health Care
Authors:   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

In response to activists’ demands and new regulations and guidance, some Catholic health care institutions and systems have begun implementing mandatory sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) training programs for employees. The National Catholic Bioethics Center is con- cerned that such programs may be heavily influenced by, or adapted directly from, transgender advocacy organizations. If these programs fail to accurately reflect Catholic teaching, they can undermine the witness of the Church and create conflicts of conscience for many in Catholic health care.
Conscience Rights under the New HHS Rule
Authors: Hilliard Marie T. ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: January 2021

The very first amendment to the United States Constitution protects not only the freedom to worship as one wishes, but the free exercise of religion within society. But increasingly, some medical ethicists, and clearly many employers, are coercing health care providers to leave their religious beliefs in the locker when they don their scrubs or lab coats. The examples of conscience violations are staggering: in states where physician-assisted suicide is legal, palliative care physicians are told that they must implement such procedures; medical students are given poor grades for refusing to participate in sterilizing procedures; and in egregious violations, employers coerce nurses to participate in abortion. The new rule promulgated by the US Department of Health and Human Services protects not only health care providers, but other health care entities as well.
Truthfulness without Truth
Authors: Hazlett Allan ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2021

It is natural to think that the badness of false belief explains the badness of lying. In this paper, I argue against this: I argue that the badness of false belief does not explain the badness of lying and that, given a popular account of the badness of lying, the badness of false belief is orthogonal to the badness of lying.
Postimpressionism™
Authors: Moore Daniel
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the context and after-effects of the exhibition ‘Manet and the Postimpressionists’ (1910). While seen, rightfully, as a central moment in modernism’s introduction to the British public, by way of the encounter with the work of Manet, Cezanne, Van Gogh, Matisse and others, few studies have engaged with the explanatory and educational context of the exhibition, nor on the ways in which Postimpressionism became so central to British modernist design and decoration. This chapter, in particular, looks at Roger Fry’s writings on Postimpressionism, and argues that the term was simultaneously one that denoted both an artistic style and a pedagogical strategy designed to educate public taste.
‘A revolution of incalculable effect’: modernism and the teaching of art in schools
Authors: Moore Daniel
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores a range of encounters between modernism and school-children. Focused most sharply on the work of Marion Richardson, teacher of art at Dudley High School for Girls, it ranges across arts education policy in Britain in the early twentieth century and some other initiatives designed to get abstract art into the classroom. Richardson, in particular, has hardly been attended to by modernist scholars, but her work at Dudley, and later at the London County Council, was crucial in transforming the teaching of visual art across Britain.
‘But is it possible to live in such a motley setting?’ The modernist interior in Britain
Authors: Moore Daniel
Published: January 2021

This chapter details the encounters between modernist art and design and the British home. Using a range of case studies – in particular the Omega Workshops, the Isokon building in Hampstead and the activities of the Design Industries Association and Council for Art in Industry – it explores the reception of modernist home design and decoration in Britain in the decades before the Second World War. In particular, it discusses the rise of modernist design and decoration institutions, and charts their development and organisation.
Private Associations and Village Life in Early Roman Egypt
Authors: Paganini Mario C.D.
Published: January 2021

The papyrological evidence from early Roman Egypt shows that there was a close relationship between private associations and village life. Associations were very much intertwined and influenced each other. They belonged to the most important local institutions for socio-economic and cultural life at village level and played an important role for the construction of feelings of community. In an environment void of civic designations, associations could also provide the frame for the assertion of specific identities, just like membership in the priestly groups or the army, as well as facilitate relations with the state in areas such as taxation or compulsory services.
The Association of State Farmers and Its Role in Village Administration in Roman Egypt
Authors: Kruse Thomas
Published: January 2021

This paper examines the role of the state farmers, their organisation and changes as a village institution in Roman Egypt. Since the cultivation of public land in Roman Egypt constituted one of the major sources of the income for the province, it is not surprising that the state farmers, usually called demosioi georgoi (public farmers), were one of the most important groups of the rural population. As public land was usually cultivated through a hereditary lease, the rural population saw the plots which were attached to their villages as their own property. It was, therefore, a natural consequence that the state farmers became involved in the management of their village’s affairs and in doing so cooperated with the local administrative officials.
Festivals and Ceremonies in the Countryside
Authors: Jördens Andrea
Published: January 2021

In Egyptian festival culture, celebrations in honour of gods and rulers were the most important ones. In the case of villages, however, both written evidence and archaeological record regarding festivals are poor. Festivals are normally mentioned in contracts whereby associations and individuals made formal agreements about the engagement of entertainers. Nevertheless, the festive calendars of santuaries, along with oracle inquiries and certificates of victims, allow us to drawn a general picture of the festival culture in the Egyptian countryside. It emerges that, at least for the Roman imperial period, similar features are found in the rural settlements of Asia Minor.
Direito humano à água: evolução no direito internacional, características e a garantia do mínimo essencial
Authors: Garcia Maria Rita Manzarra de Moura
Published: January 2021

O presente estudo versa sobre o tratamento jurídico internacional conferido ao direito à água e a evolução de sua concepção político-jurídica, inicialmente compreendida sob um viés economicista até sua aceitação recente como direito humano. As características e contornos do direito humano à água, a crise enfrentada com relação à escassez deste bem fundamental e a questão relativa à cobrança pelos recursos hídricos em contraposição à garantia de acesso universal e não discriminatório, são também objeto de análise. A necessidade de que os Estados adotem postura mais ativa de concretização do direito humano à água é ao final conclamada, reconhecendo-se que a mera declaração formal como direito humano é insuficiente para conferir efetiva proteção à água e incapaz de assegurá-la às gerações futuras.
O direito à água e sua proteção jurídica: uma análise das normas internacionais sobre o tema e seus reflexos nos ordenamentos jurídicos de Portugal e do Brasil
Authors: Motejunas Bruno de Carvalho
Published: January 2021

O presente trabalho faz uma retrospectiva da evolução normativa do Direito à Água, desde seu reconhecimento "indireto" como direito fundamental nas normas internacionais, até o papel de destaque que assumiu no final do século passado. Analisa-se ainda o conjunto normativo que trata da proteção dos recursos hídricos nos ordenamentos de Portugal e do Brasil. Também são discutidas as ações necessárias para a efetivação desse direito fundamental.
Ensaios de agitação no porto de Leixões em cenário de alteração climática
Authors: Silva Miguel , Fortes Conceição J.E.M. , Lemos Rute , Neves Maria da Graça , Caeiro Carlos
Published: January 2021

Para caracterizar a agitação marítima no Porto de Leixões após o prolongamento do quebra-mar exterior, sob condições de alterações climáticas foi realizado um extenso grupo de ensaios em modelo físico tridimensional de agitação, num tanque do LNEC, à escala 1:80, representando-se toda a bacia portuária e o prolongamento do quebra-mar exterior do Porto de Leixões. Foram realizados ensaios com diferentes condições de agitação incidente para o rumo W e com dois níveis de maré, que correspondem ao nível médio e a preia-mar com uma sobrelevação representativa dos efeitos das alterações climáticas e da sua influência na agitação marítima. Foi medida a agitação em 30 pontos localizados na entrada do porto e no interior da bacia portuária e analisou-se o abrigo da bacia portuária com a ampliação do quebra-mar norte e as diferenças entre o abrigo para os dois níveis de maré ensaiados. As principais conclusões dos ensaios realizados foram que os maiores valores de alturas de onda ocorreram na zona exterior e de entrada do porto, diminuindo para o seu interior. Ao longo do canal de navegação, as alturas de onda vão diminuindo e no interior do porto obtiveram-se valores da altura de onda pequenos. A subida do nível do mar, para as condições ensaiadas, não afeta significativamente a agitação no interior da bacia portuária. No entanto, no exterior e zona de entrada do porto contribui para alterações da agitação que diferem consoante o período de pico e a altura de onda significativa incidente.
Algorithms for selecting the operating mode of the technological process of waveguide paths induction brazing
Authors: Tynchenko Vadim , Anton Milov , Kukartsev Vladislav , Tynchenko Valeriya , Bukhtoyarov Vladimir , Bashmur Kirill
Published: January 2021

The article presents the development of a method for selecting the operating mode of the induction brazing process based on intelligent methods. The use of intelligent methods is due to the presence of uncertain conditions caused by the complexity of the initial setting of the technological parameters of the induction brazing process, the error of measuring instruments, and the human factor. The use of smart methods will make it possible to reduce the impact of negative factors, remove uncertainty, and adequately perform the initial set of technological parameters for the induction brazing process. Artificial neural networks, the fuzzy controller and the neural fuzzy controller have been chosen as the smart methods in this work. The article gives a brief overview of the above methods, provides a rationale for the choice of intelligent methods, and also compares their effectiveness. Based on the results of the experimental efficiency check, the most suitable method for determining the choice of induction brazing process operation is proposed.
Los centros penitenciarios españoles como espacios de radicalización yihadista
Authors: Sánchez-Gil Luis Miguel , De Santiago Herrero Francisco Javier
Published: January 2021

Las narrativas del salafismo yihadista constituyen un sustrato ideológico apropiado para el terrorismo. Los centros penitenciarios presentan una serie de características que los convierten en entornos propicios para la radicalización violenta, siendo reconocidos como espacios de propagación de los citados discursos. La gestión de esta problemática, que afecta a multitud de países, resulta clave para la prevención de los procesos de radicalización, la detección de radicales y su desactivación. En la actualidad, los estados aplican diferentes estrategias penitenciarias respecto a la radicalización yihadista, sin encontrar una fórmula definida y eficaz. En el caso español, se opta por una política de dispersión, separación y clasificación de los internos relacionados con el terrorismo. El éxito o el fracaso en la neutralización de esta amenaza y la eficacia de los incipientes programas de desradicalización será visible con la puesta en libertad de los condenados.The narratives of jihadist Salafism are an ideological basis for terrorism. Prisons have a number of characteristics that make them favorable environments for violent radicalization. The management of this problem, which affects many states, is essential for the prevention of radicalization processes, the detection of radical people and their deactivation. At present, the states use different penitentiary strategies regarding jihadist radicalization, without finding a defined and effective method. In the Spanish case, a policy of dispersion, separation and classification of those convicted of terrorism is chosen. The success or failure in neutralizing this threat and the effectiveness of the new deradicalization programs will be visible with the release of the convicted.
Ante la encrucijada del no derecho y la excepción penal normalizada: una reflexión crítica y propositiva a partir de la situación actual de los «combatientes terroristas extranjeros» europeos
Authors: Fernández Abad Carlos , Ropero Carrasco Julia
Published: January 2021

Los autores de esta artículo examinan la situación actual de los «combatientes terroristas extranjeros» procedentes de la Unión Europea y la política basada en el desentendimiento de sus nacionales y la preferencia de que estos sean juzgados en Siria e Irak que, en su inmensa mayoría, están siguiendo los países europeos. En este sentido, se enarbola una reflexión crítica y propositiva en la que se sugiere que, tanto desde un punto de vista que priorice la seguridad por encima de todo como en lo que se refiere exclusivamente a la protección de los derechos humanos, la repatriación activa de estas personas y su enjuiciamiento en los países de origen es la opción más aconsejable.The authors of this paper address the current situation of the «foreign terrorist fighters» from the European Union and the policy essentially based on the detachment of their nationals and the preference for them to stand trial in Syria and Iraq which, in their vast majority, European countries are following. In this vein, a critical and propositional reflection is raised in which it is suggested that, both from a point of view that prioritizes security above all else and in what refers exclusively to the protection of human rights, active repatriation of these people and their prosecution in the countries of origin is the most advisable option.
Suffering in the Sociology of Zygmunt Bauman
Authors: Jacobsen Michael Hviid
Published: January 2021

The topic of human suffering loomed large throughout the writings of Zygmunt Bauman. If anything, his work can be characterized as a ‘sociology of suffering’. From the early writings until his very last, suffering constituted a key concern in Bauman’s description of the transformation of society from a solid-modern to a liquid-modern outlook. In his work, there are certain shifts in who and what he regards as the embodiments or expressions of suffering, and there is thus a keen eye on the changing landscape of suffering, its causes and consequences, from past to present. But there is nevertheless always a continuous and vehement defence for those living at the outskirts or at the bottom of society. The article will also explore what Bauman suggest should be done about the presence of suffering, and the article will briefly discuss the viability of his ideas on a morality of proximity as a way to alleviate suffering.
A Virtue Ethical Approach to Interpretation of the Suffering Other
Authors: Stevns Anne Eggert
Published: January 2021

In this article my aim is to take up a thread from an article by Svend Brinkmann, wherein he is anxious to show that mental suffering cannot exclusively be explained within the narrow vocabulary of medical diagnosis systems, but can, an should be, be articulated through a large range of ‘interpretive vocabularies’ (Brinkmann 2014). In line with Brinkmann’s emphasis on the large range of possible interpretive vocabularies, I will engage the moral philosopher Iris Murdoch to show how the exploration of different possible interpretations of a particular client’s situation is in fact an ethical task, which requires the practitioner’s personal development of virtue in terms of selfless, loving attention as the precondition for a realistic interpretation of the client’s situation.
Public School Taxes and the Remaking of Suburban Space and History: Etobicoke, 1945–1954
Authors: Ellis Jason
Published: January 2021

This article examines public school taxes, housing, and changing suburban space in Etobicoke Township (suburban Toronto) between 1945 and 1954. Bridging educational and urban and suburban history, and incorporating recent insights from tax history, it examines the role that school taxes played in transforming Etobicoke from a rural and income-mixed pre-war suburb into a more middle-class, homogenous post-war one. School trustees taxed the new, middle-class housing being constructed in the suburb to underwrite educational expenditures that expanded and modernized the Etobicoke public school system. At the same time, tax and other public policy excluded lower-value rental housing and small dwellings, and also excluded their residents, who did not contribute enough in property taxes to support the emerging suburban school system. School taxes marked inclusion and exclusion in changing Etobicoke. As suburban space changed, established working-class residents and farmers tried to defend their interests as school taxpayers. Farmers could not defend their interests in the same way, and many sold their properties to sub-dividers for housing, erasing farms and one-room schools from the suburban landscape. The history of suburbanization and the history of educational expansion and modernization were causatively dependent on one another. Historians of education and urban and suburban historians benefit from drawing on each other’s aligned historiographies, and from looking at taxes.
Les documentalistes de l’audiovisuel public : sortir de l’ombre une profession, révéler les archives audiovisuelles
Authors: Tible Anna
Published: January 2021

Les professionnel.le.s de la documentation audiovisuelle participent activement aux créations audiovisuelles à base d’archives, des émissions actualités aux talk-shows, dès les débuts de la télévision publique européenne.

De 1952 à aujourd’hui, les documentalistes audiovisuel.le.s de l’audiovisuel public français, en particulier dans le cadre de l’Institut National de l’Audiovisuel (INA) depuis 1974, n’ont eu de cesse de chercher à partager les connaissances sur les contenus et supports audiovisuels qui ont marqué l’histoire des médias français de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle. Les professionnel.le.s ont longtemps construit leur savoir-faire, leurs outils et leurs méthodologies de travail de maniére autonome, à l’écart de toute volonté institutionnelle, afin de sortir de l’ombre les archives audiovisuelles.

Cet article, qui s’intègre dans le cadre d’un doctorat en Information- Communication sur l’histoire de la profession de documentaliste audiovisuel, questionnera donc l’évolution du rôle de ces professionnel.le.s, dans la mise en lumière des archives auprès de publics toujours plus divers.

Les documentalistes, interlocuteur.ice.s essentiel.le.s des différents usager.e.s des archives, doivent en effet inscrire leurs pratiques et méthodologies de travail dans le cadre de productions collectives, et dans le contexte d’une valeur de plus en plus marchande des sources audiovisuelles.
The Arches of Chinatown: Identity, Agency, and Belonging in Vancouver 1896–1936
Authors: Abbott Frank A.
Published: January 2021

The British Columbia Chinese community struggled against political and economic racism and discrimination in the first half of the twentieth century. This study focuses on four festive civic celebrations in the period 1896-1936 when Vancouver’s Chinese Canadians employed traditional Chinese culture to assert their place as a legitimate component of the city’s social fabric. They joined official Vancouver in greeting China’s most respected statesman in 1896; participated in civic celebrations for visiting members of Britain’s royal family in 1901 and 1912; and organized one of the most successful aspects of Vancouver’s 1936 fiftieth anniversary celebrations, a four-week “Chinese Carnival.” Voices in the “white” community during the same period steadily but slowly articulated increased levels of acceptance of the Chinese presence. Changes in the popular journalistic portrayal of Chinese people reveal a gradual lessening of racist tropes and stereotypes. Finally, an English-language pamphlet produced in the Chinese community for the carnival provides a glimpse of how Canadian-born Chinese Canadians themselves were forging an increasingly North American identity, undermining arguments about their “inability” to adapt to Canadian cultural values.
Doing the New Tax History
Authors: Heaman E. H.
Published: January 2021

A response to remarks on Tax, Order, and Good Government at a C.H.A. roundtable. A defence of the argument that, historically, racism has delivered tax cuts and a reflection on the historiographical consequences of such a claim in an age of racism and tax cuts.
Imaginaciones de la evolución de los cuerpos: Apuntes sobre las relaciones entre plantas y humanos
Authors: Citlalli Rojo Gómez Mayra
Published: January 2021

Este texto se aproxima a la relación entre la domesticación de las plantas y el desorden establecido por la actual pandemia mediante la problematización entre una poética de la hibridación, una política de la dependencia y el cuidado que genera la práctica del injerto vegetal.

Asimismo, hace una aproximación a la historia y al rastreo de otras formas de concepción y enunciación del cuerpo y el entorno en el contexto y pensamiento de los pueblos originarios, particularmente se toma la noción y la palabra otomí, Nzaki, «árbol de sangre», como exploración discursiva y artística sobre el rastreo de nuevos parentescos con las plantas domésticas.
Electrocardiogram signal reconstruction based on mode component identification by heartbeat physical feature in improved empirical mode decomposition domain
Authors: Niu Xiao-Dong , Lu Li-Rong , Wang Jian , Han Xing-Cheng , Guo Shu-Yan , Wang Li-Ming ,   Shanxi Key Laboratory of Signal Capturing and Processing, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China,   Department of Physics, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China,   Department of Biomedical Engineering, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China
Published: January 2021

Electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnosis is based on the waveform, duration and amplitude of characteristic wave, which are required to have a high accuracy for ECG signal reconstruction. As an effective nonlinear signal processing method, empirical mode decomposition (EMD) has been widely used for diagnosing and reconstructing the ECG signal, but there are two problems arising here. One is the mode mixing, and the other is that the mode components used in reconstruction are identified by experience. Therefore, the method of reconstruction is not adaptive and universal, and reconstructed ECG signal loses accuracy. Firstly, we propose an improved EMD method, which is called integral mean mode decomposition (IMMD). The analysis of 5000 samples of Gaussian white noise shows that IMMD has better multi-resolution analysis ability than EMD, and it can effectively alleviate mode mixing consequently. Secondly, based on the inherent physical characteristics of ECG signal, cardiac cycle or heart rate (HR), it has practical physical significance to identify the mode components used in ECG signal reconstruction. The cardiac cycle feature acts as the intrinsic mode function (IMF) component through two modes. 1) For the low-order IMF that belongs to the ECG signal, the cardiac cycle feature acts as the amplitude modulation. The envelope of the IMF component has the characteristics of the cardiac cycle, and the frequency corresponding to the maximum amplitude in the spectrum of the envelope is equal to HR. 2) For the high-order IMF that belongs to the ECG signal, the cardiac cycle feature acts as frequency modulation. Those IMF components have the harmonic characteristics of periodic heartbeats, and the maximum amplitude in the spectrum corresponds to an integral multiple of HR (usually 1－3 times). The noise attributed to IMF component cannot show the above two cardiac cycle characteristics. Thus the proposed method is adaptive and universal. The 47 ECG signals with baseline drift and muscle artifact noise are tested. The results show that the proposed method is more effective than the variational mode decomposition (VMD), Haar wavelet with soft threshold, ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and EMD. Among the 47 correlation coefficients between reconstructed and original ECG signals, the proposed method has 31 better than VMD, 33 better than Haar wavelet, 42 better than EEMD and 45 better than EMD. The mean of 47 correlation coefficients from the proposed method is 0.8904, and the variance is 0.0071, which shows that the proposed method has good performance and stability.
A review of the carotid artery and facial nerve canal systems in extant turtles
Authors: Rollot Yann , Evers Serjoscha W. , Joyce Walter G.
Published: January 2021

The cranial circulation and innervation systems of turtles have been studied for more than two centuries and extensively used to understand turtle systematics. Although a significant number of studies related to these structures exists, a broader comprehension of variation across the tree has been hindered by poor sampling and a lack of synthetic studies that addressed both systems together. We here provide new insights regarding the carotid circulation and facial nerve innervation systems in a broad set of extant turtles using CT (computed tomography) scans, which allow us to trace the canals these structures form in bone and understand the interaction between both systems. We document that the palatine artery, including the lateral carotid canal, is absent in all pleurodires and carettochelyids and was likely reduced or lost several times independently within Testudinoidea. We also highlight osteological correlates for the location of the mandibular artery. We finally summarize variation regarding the placement of the mandibular artery, location of the geniculate ganglion, placement of the hyomandibular and vidian nerves, and situations where we recommend caution when assessing canals in fossils. A morphometric study confirms that the relative sizes of the carotid canals are correlated with one another. Our results have the potential for building new phylogenetic characters and investigating the circulation systems of fossil taxa, which are expected to shed light on the evolution of the circulation system of turtles and clarify some unresolved relationships between fossil turtle clades.
Construcción discursiva de la resignificación del rol mediador de los paradocentes y auxiliares: un estudio de caso en tres colegios públicos chilenos
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (Chile), Baeza Duffy Patricia
Published: January 2021

Enmarcado en una investigación mayor sobre Prácticas educativas y procesos inclusivos, el objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar la construcción discursiva de las nuevas funciones mediadoras asumidas por dos tipos de asistentes de la educación: los paradocentes y los auxiliares, de acuerdo con las necesidades en diferentes contextos. El análisis presentado en esta investigación está basado en una perspectiva intersubjetiva y crítica, que está enmarcada en la lingüística sistémico-funcional e integra el modelo de la valoración y los estudios críticos del discurso. La metodología de análisis es cualitativa. El corpus está constituido por entrevistas grabadas a cinco asistentes de la educación (tres paradocentes y dos auxiliares) de tres colegios públicos chilenos. Los resultados, por un lado, muestran las nuevas funciones asumidas por paradocentes y auxiliares como mediadores, contenedores y escuchas cercanos (confidentes y consejeros); por otro lado, los hallazgos evidencian la resignificación del rol mediador de estos asistentes de la educación desde una visión más tradicional de disciplina ciega en cumplimiento del reglamento hacia una figura cercana que logra respeto y autoridad, hecho que le permite mantener con los estudiantes una relación más afectiva, dialogante e inclusiva. Finalmente, los resultados muestran que la construcción discursiva de las nuevas funciones mediadoras asumidas por paradocentes y los auxiliares es realizada a través de prosodias evaluativas que legitiman o deslegitiman diversos actores sociales, procesos y eventos escolares, por medio de diferentes estrategias (ej., ocultamiento, humanización), así como a través de macroestrategias de transformación.
Undergraduate translation teaching: a pedagogical perspective
Authors:   An-Najah National University, Nablus (Palestine), Shehab Ekrema , Ahmad Thawabteh Mohammad ,   Al-Quds University, Jerusalem (Palestine)
Published: January 2021

In institutions across the world, translation training is accorded sacrosanct status in translation studies. Recent developments in translation and technology, combined with the increasingly prominent role of translation in the global marketplace, have given the discipline a renewed significance both academically and culturally. In Palestine, however, translator training has for many years subsisted on limited resources, despite the fact that translation, in most Palestinian universities English departments, has been a requisite course in English language and literature degrees at undergraduate level for the past four decades. Drawing on first-hand experience from teaching undergraduate translation courses at Al-Quds University and An-Najah National University, what this article attempts to investigate, then, is the status of translation teaching at the undergraduate level at English departments in Palestinian universities. To that effect, the paper uses a selective body of authentic translation examples and outlines some important issues which are indispensable to undergraduate translation teaching. The study offers advice and guidelines to university professors and instructors who do not have degrees and/or training in translation and find themselves obliged to teach undergraduate translation courses at their respective English departments.
Artículos de periodismo automatizado: ¿discurso o no?
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (Chile), Chatzikoumi Eirini
Published: January 2021

Dada la centralidad del papel del sujeto en el análisis del discurso, por un lado, y el auge del periodismo automatizado (PA), por otro, se plantea la pregunta de si los productos del PA constituyen discurso, ya que en ellos la existencia de un sujeto claramente definido e incuestionable no queda en evidencia a primera vista y dicha existencia es considerada por el análisis del discurso como requisito indispensable para el discurso. Para responder a esta pregunta, se revisa la bibliografía relacionada con la expresión de la subjetividad en el discurso, la cual se contrasta con una breve revisión bibliográfica acerca de la naturaleza y las características de los productos del PA. La primera revisión permite la descomposición del concepto de subjetividad en una serie de elementos, y el contraste con la segunda, la determinación de la presencia o ausencia de los componentes de la subjetividad en los productos del PA. De esta manera, se responde la pregunta planteada y se proponen futuros estudios de investigación.
El sexo en los tratados griegos de retórica y crítica literaria de época imperial
Authors:   Universidad de Extremadura (España), González Delgado Ramiro
Published: January 2021

En este artículo analizamos las referencias sexuales que aparecen en los tratados de retórica y crítica literaria de la literatura griega de época imperial: los varios tratados de Dionisio de Halicarnaso y los apócrifos Sobre lo sublime y Sobre el estilo, atribuidos respectivamente a Longino y Demetrio. El tema sexual aparece muy poco atestiguado en los diferentes ejemplos literarios que estos autores muestran a lo largo de sus obras. Es un tema tabú porque no es digno de imitación ni apropiado para un estilo elevado o sublime. Los tres autores lo abordan de distinta manera (Pseudo-Demetrio es el que menos se autocensura), a través de eufemismos, metáforas y palabras con doble sentido, provocando que tanto las ausencias como sus menciones sean significativas.
La nominalización en la representación léxico-gramatical y discursiva en manuales escolares chilenos de historia y ciencias sociales
Authors:   Universidad de Concepción (Chile), Pinuer Rodríguez Claudio , Oteíza Silva Teresa ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Molina Conejeros Claudio ,   Instituto Santo Tomás, Los Ángeles (Chile)
Published: January 2021

En el presente artículo se analiza el funcionamiento léxico-gramatical y discursivo-semántico de la nominalización en dos manuales escolares de historia y ciencias sociales licitados por el Ministerio de Educación de Chile y distribuidos al sistema municipal y particular-subvencionado. Específicamente, se examina la incidencia de esta variedad de metáfora gramatical ideativa en las unidades dedicadas a la representación histórica del golpe de Estado (1973) y la posterior violación a los derechos humanos cometida en la dictadura civil militar de Augusto Pinochet (1973-1990). Específicamente, se da cuenta del funcionamiento y productividad léxico-gramatical de las construcciones nominalizadas y se establecen efectos de sentido plasmados a través de la nominalización en la representación de actores, procesos y eventos seleccionados en la interpretación del periodo histórico señalado.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α -308G/A Genetic Polymorphism and the Susceptibility of Posttraumatic Sepsis
Authors: Wu Ying , Wu Chenfang , Zhang Siye , Wu Diling , Zhong Yanjun
Published: January 2021

Summary of background data

The association between tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) -308G/A polymorphism and susceptibility to posttraumatic sepsis has been studied extensively. But the results have not remained very clear.

Purpose

We carried out this meta-analysis to explore the influence of TNF on susceptibility to posttraumatic sepsis.

Methods

Relevant studies were identified from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and China National Knowledge Internet without language limitation, following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analyses were implemented with the STATA 12.0 statistical software.

Results

Seven case-control studies were included in the meta-analyses on the association of TNFα -308 G/A genetic polymorphism and risk of posttraumatic sepsis. TNFα -308 G/A genetic polymorphism was significantly associated with susceptibility to posttraumatic sepsis in the dominant model [odds ratio (OR), 2.17; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.19–3.95; P = 0.011] and allelic model (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.23–2.39; P = 0.001), but not in the heterozygous model (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.58–3.39; P = 0.489). There was no significant publication bias for these 3 models. However, marked heterogeneity existed in the dominant model (I2 = 68.9%, P = 0.004) and the heterozygous model (I2 = 68.9%, P = 0.022).

Conclusions

TNF -308 G/A genetic polymorphism may have an influence on susceptibility to posttraumatic sepsis. Further studies with large sample sizes and well-designed studies are needed to confirm these results.
Inhibition of galectin‐3 augments the antitumor efficacy of PD‐L1 blockade in non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhang Hongxin , Liu Pengfei , Zhang Yan , Han Lujun , Hu Zhihui , Cai Ziqi , Cai Jianhui
Published: January 2021

Multiple clinical trials have shown that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐1/PD‐L1) can benefit patients with lung cancer by increasing their progression‐free survival and overall survival. However, a significant proportion of patients do not respond to anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 mAbs. In the present study, we investigated whether galectin (Gal)‐3 inhibitors can enhance the antitumor effect of PD‐L1 blockade. Using the NSCLC‐derived cell line A549, we examined the expression of Gal‐3 in lung cancer cells under hypoxic conditions and investigated the regulatory effect of Gal‐3 on PD‐L1 expression, which is mediated by the STAT3 pathway. We also explored whether Gal‐3 inhibition can facilitate the cytotoxic effect of T cells induced by PD‐L1 blockade. The effects of combined use of a Gal‐3 inhibitor and PD‐L1 blockade on tumor growth and T‐cell function were also investigated, and we found that hypoxia increased the expression and secretion of Gal‐3 by lung cancer cells. Gal‐3 increased PD‐L1 expression via the upregulation of STAT3 phosphorylation, and administration of a Gal‐3 inhibitor enhanced the effect of PD‐L1 blockade on the cytotoxic activity of T cells against cancer cells in vitro. In a mouse xenograft model, the combination of a Gal‐3 inhibitor and PD‐L1 blockade synergistically suppressed tumor growth. Furthermore, the administration of a Gal‐3 inhibitor enhanced T‐cell infiltration and granzyme B release in tumors. Collectively, our results show that Gal‐3 increases PD‐L1 expression in lung cancer cells and that the administration of a Gal‐3 inhibitor as an adjuvant enhanced the antitumor activity of PD‐L1 blockade.
Cytochrome P450 2A6 is associated with macrophage polarization and is a potential biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Jiang Tao , Zhu Ai‐song , Yang Chu‐qi , Xu Chu‐yun , Yang Dan‐qian , Lou Zhao‐huan , Zhang Guang‐ji
Published: January 2021

Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is an important metabolic enzyme and is involved in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its specific function and the mechanism of modulation remain to be elucidated. In this study, we found that CYP2A6 is dramatically downregulated in HCC. CYP2A6 expression is closely associated with pathological grading, histologic grade, hepatitis, vascular metastasis, liver inflammation, and worse prognosis. Reduced expression of CYP2A6 contributes to alternative activation of macrophage polarization and impairs macrophage maturation and phagocytosis. Mechanistically, CYP2A6 participates in arachidonic acid metabolism, initiates 20‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) generation, and inhibits epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) generation. Disruption of the equilibrium between 20‐HETE and EETs can induce macrophage polarization, thereby modulating antitumor immunity.
Plasma metabolomics of presymptomatic PSEN1‐H163Y mutation carriers: a pilot study
Authors: Natarajan Karthick , Ullgren Abbe , Khoshnood Behzad , Johansson Charlotte , Laffita‐Mesa José M. , Pannee Josef , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Graff Caroline
Published: January 2021

Background and Objective

PSEN1‐H163Y carriers, at the presymptomatic stage, have reduced 18FDG‐PET binding in the cerebrum of the brain (Scholl et al., Neurobiol Aging 32:1388–1399, 2011). This could imply dysfunctional energy metabolism in the brain. In this study, plasma of presymptomatic PSEN1 mutation carriers was analyzed to understand associated metabolic changes.

Methods

We analyzed plasma from noncarriers (NC, n = 8) and presymptomatic PSEN1‐H163Y mutation carriers (MC, n = 6) via untargeted metabolomics using gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, which identified 1199 metabolites. All the metabolites were compared between MC and NC using univariate analysis, as well as correlated with the ratio of Aβ1–42/Aβ1–40, using Spearman’s correlation. Altered metabolites were subjected to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA).

Results

Based on principal component analysis the plasma metabolite profiles were divided into dataset A and dataset B. In dataset A, when comparing between presymptomatic MC and NC, the levels of 79 different metabolites were altered. Out of 79, only 14 were annotated metabolites. In dataset B, 37 metabolites were significantly altered between presymptomatic MC and NC and nine metabolites were annotated. In both datasets, annotated metabolites represent amino acids, fatty acyls, bile acids, hexoses, purine nucleosides, carboxylic acids, and glycerophosphatidylcholine species. 1‐docosapentaenoyl‐GPC was positively correlated, uric acid and glucose were negatively correlated with the ratio of plasma Aβ1–42/Aβ1–40 (P < 0.05).

Interpretation

This study finds dysregulated metabolite classes, which are changed before the disease symptom onset. Also, it provides an opportunity to compare with sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease. Observed findings in this study need to be validated in a larger and independent Familial Alzheimer’s Disease (FAD) cohort.
Tooth chipping prevalence and patterns in extant primates
Authors: Towle Ian , Loch Carolina
Published: January 2021

Objectives

A tooth chip occurs when a hard object forcefully contacts the surface of the tooth, typically removing enamel from the occlusal edge. In this study, chipping patterns in extant primates were compared, and hard‐object‐feeding assessed alongside other factors (e.g., grit mastication and dental properties), to elucidate dietary and behavioral inferences in archeological and paleontological samples.

Materials and methods

Thirteen species of extant primates were studied, including eight species within the Cercopithecidae, two within the Ceboidea, and three within the Hominoidea. Four additional species were also incorporated from the literature for some of the analyses. The severity (Grade 1–3), position (buccal, lingual, mesial, and distal) and number of tooth fractures were recorded for each specimen.

Results

Species considered hard‐object‐feeding specialists presented higher rates of chipping, with sakis, mandrills, sooty mangabeys and Raffles' banded langurs having high chipping rates (28.3%, 36.7%, 48.4%, and 34.7% of teeth, respectively). Species that seasonally eat harder foods had intermediate chipping frequencies (e.g., brown woolly monkeys: 18.5%), and those that less commonly consume hard food items had the lowest chipping frequencies (e.g., Kloss gibbon: 7.3%; chimpanzees: 4.4%).

Discussion

The results suggest hard food mastication influences differences in chipping prevalence among the species studied. Although Homo fossil samples show high rates of chipping comparable to hard‐object‐feeding extant primates, they display a different pattern of chipping, supporting the hypothesis that these fractures are mostly non‐food related (e.g., grit mastication in Homo naledi; non‐masticatory tooth use in Neanderthals).
Elevated diversity in loci linked to facial morphology is consistent with the hypothesis that individual facial recognition is important across hominoids
Authors: Steiper Michael E. , Grube Natalia T. , Gagnon Christian M.
Published: January 2021

Objectives

The ability to use visual signals to identify individuals is an important feature of primate social groups, including humans. Sheehan and Nachman (2014) showed that loci linked to facial morphology had elevated levels of diversity and interpreted this as evidence that the human face is under frequency‐dependent selection to enhance individual recognition (Nature Communications 5). In our study, we tested whether this pattern is found in non‐human ape species, to help understand whether individual recognition might also play a role in species other than humans.

Materials and methods

We examined levels of genetic diversity in an available population genomic dataset of humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans for three sets of loci, (1) loci linked to facial morphology, (2) loci linked to height, and (3) neutrally evolving regions. We tested whether loci linked to facial morphology were more variable than loci linked to height or neutrally evolving loci in each of these species.

Results

We found significantly elevated diversity in loci linked to facial morphology in chimpanzees, gorillas, and Sumatran and Bornean orangutans.

Discussion

Our findings closely parallel those of Sheehan and Nachman and are consistent with the idea that selection for facial diversity and individual recognition has not only shaped the evolution of the human face, but it has similarly shaped the evolution of most of our closest primate relatives. We also discuss alternative hypotheses for this pattern.
Hydrogels for Engineering the Immune System
Authors: Li Xianlei , Shou Yufeng , Tay Andy
Published: January 2021

Human immune system has evolved as one of the most powerful defense systems to protect against invading pathogens and mutated cells. However, when persistent immune suppression or activation occurs, it can lead to adverse, chronic physiological effects including cancer and arthritis. Hydrogels are soft materials that can be engineered to modulate immune responses through controlled biomolecule release/adsorption, regeneration of lymphoid tissues, and enhanced antigen presentations. This is achieved by programming hydrogels to exhibit optimal properties such as porosity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility to interface seamlessly with the immune system. Herein, recent innovations and future challenges are described using programmable hydrogels to regenerate the lymphatic system, modulate inflammation, and enhance cancer immunotherapy. Key properties of hydrogels are also highlighted for engineering the immune system and techniques to characterize these properties.
Physical properties and dielectric behavior of the poly(urethane‐urea) based on o‐dianisidine and renewable cross‐linkers
Authors: Oprea Stefan , Potolinca Violeta Otilia , Oprea Veronica
Published: January 2021

The novelty of the poly(urethane‐urea) series consists in inclusion of o‐dianisidine units in the main chain and cross‐linking with renewable biomaterials, unused compounds so far in the synthesis of the poly(urethane‐urea) (Tween 20, Span 20, Phloroglucinol). The effects of these components on the structure, surface, thermo‐mechanical properties and dielectric behavior of the obtained poly(urethane‐urea) were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermo‐gravimetric analysis, static contact angles, broadband dielectric spectroscopy, and mechanical testing. The FTIR spectra showed that the urethane hydrogen bonds decreased with the increase of o‐dianisidine content. Such that, at the increase of the o‐dianisidine content, decreased the thermo‐mechanical properties, and increased strongly the water contact angle from 83 to 108°. By dielectric relaxation spectroscopy was studied the molecular dynamics within the polymeric matrices with identical soft segments but different structure of the hard domains. These poly(urethane‐urea) materials exhibit two secondary relaxations (β and γ) and a relaxation process α, corresponding to the segmental movements in the soft phase, which occurs around the temperature of −50°C independent of the measurement frequency. o‐Dianisidine prevents the formation of all the urethane hydrogen bonds and so increases the chains mobility and dipoles polarization of polymer matrix, thus increasing the dielectric constants.