bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field Test of Buried Pipe with CLSM Backfill
Authors: Webb MC , McGrath TJ , Selig ET
Published: March 2009

A buried pipe was installed using controlled low strength material (CLSM) as backfill as part of a study of installation procedures for buried pipe. A laboratory evaluation of mix designs was undertaken prior to the field test to determine the suitability of the component materials and establish a mix with acceptable flow characteristics and a 28 day compressive strength of less than 1000 kPa (145 psi). The mix selected developed an average compressive strength of 334 kPa (48 psi) at 7 days and 600 kPa (87 psi) at 28 days, and Young's moduli of 120 MPa (17 ksi) at 7 days and 190 MPa (28 ksi) at 28 days. The field installation was in a trench with a width equal to the pipe outside diameter plus 600 mm. One length each of 900 mm nominal inside diameter concrete, corrugated steel and corrugated HDPE pipe was elevated on bags of gravel to allow the CLSM to flow under the pipe. The plastic and metal pipes were weighted with bags of gravel to minimize flotation. The CLSM was placed to the springline in two lifts, two hours apart. The metal pipe floated slightly while the second lift was being placed. Backfilling above the CLSM with a native clay commenced about 16 hours after installation of the CLSM. The CLSM provided excellent support for the pipe in especially hard to reach areas underneath the pipe. Pipe deflections were small and similar to those for the same pipe and high quality crushed stone backfill carefully placed and well compacted. Re-excavation of the installation about three weeks later showed that the CLSM backfill provided excellent support; however, excavation was difficult, even at that early age. A lowering of the target strength for the CLSM mix design to between 200 kPa and 400 kPa (30 psi and 60 psi) at 28 days is recommended for providing more excavatable backfill.
Testing and Acceptance Criteria for Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Authors: Well LW
Published: March 2009

Description

Provides insight, guidance, and confidence in proper applications of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) in containment systems for liquid, solid, and hazardous waste containment systems. Summarizes the types of products, special test procedures developed over the last several years, and results of studies of hydraulic, chemical compatibility and stability issues.

The text (18 peer-reviewed papers) progresses from special testing procedures, shear strength and creep testing results, hydraulic conductivity testing, chemical compatibility issues, and specification suggestions for GCL applications. The paper Effect of Swell Pressure on GCL Cover Stability indicates greater swell pressure than typical overburden loading provides, which may compromise slope stability. The papers on shear strength and long term creep also provide important insight into slope stability issues.
Computerization and Networking of Materials Databases: Fifth Volume
Authors: Nishijima S , Iwata S
Published: March 2009

Description

Features leading edge research, new philosophies and innovative methodologies on materials information and database system utilization.

21 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers from an international body of materials data professionals are divided into the following key areas:

Materials Science and the Role of Virtual Experiments -- 3 papers discuss alternative ways computers can best be used to support materials research and development.

Progress and Refinement of Data Models -- Using the Internet for comprehensive knowledge sharing; data model flexibility; and a new international standard, STEP, for representing and exchanging product data are among the issues explored in 4 papers.

Expert Systems and Knowledge Organization -- 5 papers examine how modern software technologies can be used to explore such areas as corrosion data, environmentally assisted cracking; and the exploration of unconventional natural gas reserves.

New Aspects of Data Content, Data Evaluation -- Environmental impact evaluation of materials engineering; concrete materials database guidelines; superconductor data evaluation methodology; and long term field corrosion test databases are among the topics presented in 5 papers.

Advancement of Computer Technologies -- 4 papers discuss the significance of materials microstructural information; microstructural classification; database performance and application; and future information systems designed for open world problem solving.
Water Leakage Through Building Facades
Authors: Kudder RJ , Erdly JL
Published: March 2009

Description

The sponsoring Subcommittee for this Symposium is ASTM E06.55 on Exterior Wall Systems. The Subcommittee was started in 1985 by Alan Yorkdale to establish a "systems" approach to wall performance, and to depart from the prescriptive, material specific, and procedual approaches to wall performance evaluation and testing.
Creative Applications: Sensory Techniques Used in Conducting Packaging Research with Consumers
Authors: Gelinas A
Published: March 2009

Description

Explores package design issues and offers guidelines for optimum package presentation in the marketplace. 6 comprehensive peer-reviewed papers address the following topics:

• The impact of food nutrition labeling on product perceptions

• Package directions use for both familiar and brand new food products

• An innovative technique for measuring how much package information is noticed

• A multi-media approach to incorporating consumer feedback into package design

• Novel ways to study what package designs express

• Guidance in choosing the best package.
Nontraditional Methods of Sensing Stress, Strain, and Damage in Materials and Structures
Authors: Lucas GF , Stubbs DA
Published: March 2009

Description

The first publication of its kind dealing with the advancement and development of innovative ways to evaluate material and structural fatigue and damage behavior. Leading experts in the field have presented sixteen peer-reviewed papers in the following comprehensive areas:

Nontraditional Extensometers -- 3 papers explore novel ways to measure point to point deformation or strain.

Nontraditional Crack Measurement Techniques -- Alternative methods for measuring crack length as well as stress-strain measurement and damage parameters are discussed in 4 papers.

Optical, Non-Contacting Strain Measurement Devices -- 4 papers examine optical methods of measuring both point to point and full field strains.

Ultrasonic and Infrared Techniques -- New and promising methods that do not rely on surface features are presented in 5 papers.
Oxidative Behavior of Materials by Thermal Analytical Techniques
Authors: Riga AT , Patterson GH
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1326 features the most current information from the world's leading experts on innovative methods describing the physical properties and oxidative behavior of polymers, lubricants and petrochemicals. 18 comprehensive papers, including two key-note addresses, are divided into two major categories: Oxidative Behavior of Polymers and Petrochemicals, and Instrumental Techniques - Oxidation Induction Processes.

Topics covered include: Factors impacting the oxidation induction time (OIT) • Oxidation measurement in formulated passenger car and diesel engine oils • Polymer oxidation • Temperature effects on thermal and oxidative processes • Oxygen diffusion rate limitations • Additive effectiveness • The evolution of oxidation systems • Innovative test and robotic methods • New reference standards • Bias considerations.
Application of a Stochastic Model for Fatigue-Induced Delamination Growth in Graphite/Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Bucinell RB
Published: March 2009

A stochastic model is used to predict the growth of delamination in graphite/epoxy laminates subjected to cyclic loading. The advantage of this model is that both the mean and variance associated with the growth of delamination is predicted. Understanding and predicting the variability associated with the delamination growth process is essential to the estimation of the reliability of composite structures. The empirical nature of the model has been minimized through the introduction of fracture mechanics parameters into the stochastic model. This has been accomplished by assuming that the mean of the stochastic model is represented by a fracture mechanics power law based on strain energy release rate. The applicability of the model is demonstrated through an experimental program that utilizes three laminate geometries. The results of the experimental evaluation illustrate the ability of the model to predict both the mean and variance of the delamination growth process in composite laminates subjected to cyclic loading.
Compression Strength Reduction in Composites with in-Plane Fiber Waviness
Authors: Joyce PJ , Moon TJ
Published: March 2009

The effect of fiber waviness, which develops during the processing and manufacture of fiber-reinforced composite structures, on compressive failure was investigated. Analytical and experimental evidence has shown that out-of-plane waviness (also referred to as layer or ply waviness) is a major contributing factor in compressive strength reduction; however, there is a paucity of data concerning the effects of in-plane waviness or wrinkling on the compressive response of composites. In this paper, we present data from a series of compression tests examining the effects of varying levels of in-plane fiber waviness. These tests used a novel combined shear/end loading compression test fixture (WTF combined loading compression test fixture) in order to ameliorate problems typically associated with pure end-loading (brooming and end-damage) and pure shear loading (tab debonding and high stress concentrations due to discontinuity stresses). The fixture performed adequately when testing wavy specimens, but we experienced repeated tab failures in the non-wavy specimens. The compression test results exhibit a distinct linear trend of decreasing compressive strength with increasing waviness severity as represented by the maximum off-axis angle of the wavy fibers. Optical microscopy revealed that kink bands, leading to catastrophic failure, initiate at the most severe fiber misorientation sites in the wavy regions.
Bearing Steels: Into the 21st Century
Authors: Hoo JJC , Green WB
Published: March 2009

Description

This publication will advance the knowledge of those simple, yet complicated, devices known as anti-friction bearings, be they ball, roller, or needle.

33 peer-reviewed papers present the work of researchers from Austria, Belgium, China, France, Germany, Greece, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, UK, and USA. They represent 10 bearing companies, 15 steel producing companies, 8 universities and research institutes, and 4 miscellaneous bearing users.

In 9 sections: Bearing Steel Cleanliness • Bearing Life/Rolling Contact Fatigue • Bearing Steel Production • Through Hardening Bearing Steels • Case Hardening Bearing Steels • Aircraft/Aerospace Bearing Steels: Part I • Aircraft/Aerospace Bearing Steels: Part II • Corrosion Resistant Bearing Steels • Bearings with Surface Modification.
Influence of Temperature and Stress Ratio on the Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Trimarc-1 /Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
Authors: Buchanan DJ , John R , Goecke KE
Published: March 2009

The results of an experimental investigation of load-controlled isothermal low cycle fatigue behavior of a titanium matrix composite (TMC) are discussed. The TMC was composed of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo matrix (wire) reinforced with silicon-carbide (Trimarc-1)™ fibers. The composite panels were constructed by alternating layers of matrix wire and fiber using a wire-winding technique. The panels were unidirectional with a [0]10 layup and fiber volume fraction ≈ 0.29. The longitudinal fatigue data showed good correlation with other TMC systems at both positive and negative stress ratios. The Walker equation was successful at correlating the longitudinal S-N data for stress ratios R = -1.3 and 0.1, and for predictions at R = 0.5 and 0.7. The maximum fiber stress versus cycles to failure for several unidirectional TMC systems at similar test conditions consolidate to a narrow band, indicating that the life is fiber dominated. The S-N behavior of the TMC, subjected to transverse fatigue loading, was successfully predicted using the matrix S-N data and a net-section model.
Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: 17th Volume
Authors: Goss GR , Hopkinson MJ , Collins HM
Published: March 2009

Description

Features leading edge technology on pesticide formulas and applicationmethods. 24 peer-reviewed papers delivered by experts from this country and around the world explore a comprehensive range of topics:

• State-of-the-art development techniques for preparing actual formulations

• Chemical formulations using granules, solid powders and aerosols

• The use of biological agents against pests issues of concern in application technology

• The use and property measurement of surface active agents

• Hydrolytic stability, foam control and efficient organosilicane spreading

• The latest advances in the use of solid adjuvant formulations & the latest data on the impact of adjuvants on several basic chemicals by various methods
Estimating Background Concentrations of Inorganic Analytes from On-Site Soil Sample Data
Authors: Cook PD
Published: March 2009

At Superfund sites, regulatory agencies have commonly required that an extensive off-site study be performed to identify background concentrations of chemicals of concern in the sample medium for the purpose of establishing action levels. However, in an effort to save time and money, graphic statistics were used to estimate background concentrations of inorganic chemicals from 127 on-site soil samples collected at Andersen Air Force Base, a Superfund site on Guam. The statistical method used for this evaluation utilized probability plots, and was a modification of a technique used in mineral exploration to identify anomalous and background geochemical data. This paper provides an overview of the modified statistical method and its application at Andersen Air Force Base, and the results of the evaluation, including estimated background concentrations.
The Statistics of Small Data Sets
Authors: Ball RO , Hahn MW
Published: March 2009

A primary concern in Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA) is the decision criteria for evaluating attainment of cleanup objectives. Carcinogenic compounds (with long modeled exposure duration) typically drive remediation at most sites. The statistic for comparison with the risk-based cleanup objective should therefore be an upper bound estimate (the “Reasonable Maximum Exposure” [RME]) for the true spatially averaged concentration. Contaminant concentrations in soil are inherently lognormally distributed. Small simulated “sample sets” selected at random from a lognormal distribution were used to test the accuracy and stability of the statistical method recommended in Superfund guidance and that recommended in RCRA SW-846 (using the log transformation). The results show that the geomean is the more accurate and stable estimator of true average exposure concentration and that the 90% Upper Confidence Limit of the geomean is a conservative statistic for comparison with risk-based standards.
Evaluation of the Performance of Statistical Tests Used in Making Cleanup Decisions at Superfund Sites. Part 2: Real World Implications of Using Various Decision Rules
Authors: Berman DW , Allen BC , Van Landingham CB
Published: March 2009

This is the second paper of a study in which decision rules commonly employed to determine the need for cleanup are evaluated both to identify the conditions under which they may lead to erroneous conclusions and to quantify the rate at which such errors may occur. In this paper, performance is evaluated for such rules when applied to data exhibiting a range of characteristics commonly exhibited by environmental data. Results are reported for simulations involving data exhibiting normal distributions, lognormal distributions, and P-lognormal distributions (lognormal distributions with additional, finite density at zero). Some of the data sets employed were also censored.

Results indicate that none of the decision rules commonly applied to environmental data provide the advertised statistical control over the complete range of characteristics commonly exhibited by field data from hazardous waste sites. However, rules derived for normally distributed data or (modified from those derived for such data) appear to provide reasonable control of error rates that, appropriately, improve with increasing sample size. Also, because the advertised statistical control is seldom realized, it does not appear valid to prefer tests for which such formal control is inherent. Decision errors may best be controlled by matching selected decision rules to the observed characteristics of data.
A Risk Based Decision Model to Optimize Remediation Choices at a Superfund Site
Authors: Wang TA , McTernan WF , Willett KD
Published: March 2009

A study was initiated which combined elements of stochastic hydrology, risk assessment, simulation modeling, cost analysis and decision making to define the optimum remediation choice(s) for a Superfund site in east Texas. The underlying premise of this effort was that environmental decision making is inherently complex due to uncertainties in contaminant concentrations and resultant exposures. The technical analyst should supply the decision maker with estimates of these uncertainties as well as the cost penalties required to reduce them to manageable levels.

This study employed Monte Carlo transport modeling to define the probability of contaminant excursions from the site, applied geostatistical simulation to existing data sets, used Bayesian modeling to define the worth of additional data and Decision Modeling to define optimum configurations. These individual components were combined to produce a decision model which defined remediation alternatives given levels of risk tolerance which could be supplied by the decision maker or affected community.
Potential Application of Influence Diagram as a Risk Assessment Tool in Brownfields Sites
Authors: Attoh-Okine NO
Published: March 2009

Brownfields are vacant, abandoned, or underutilized commercial and industrial sites and facilities where real or perceived environmental contamination is an obstacle to redevelopment. These sites are vacant because they often do not meet the strict remediation requirements of the Superfund Law. The sites are accessible locations with much of the infrastructure, albeit deteriorated, in place. Thus they also represent an opportunity to slow down suburban and rural sprawl. As a liability, the concern stems from the environment liability of both known and unknown site contamination. Influence diagrams are tools used to represent complex decision problems based on incomplete and uncertain information from a variety of sources. The influence diagrams can be used to divide all uncertainties (Brownfields site infrastructure impact assessment) into subfactors until the level has been reached at which intuitive functions are most effective. Given the importance of uncertainties and the utilities of the Brownfields infrastructure, the use of influence diagrams seem more appropriate for representing and solving risks involved in Brownfields infrastructure assessment.
Standards for “Oversized” and “Severe” Hail Resistance of Elastomeric Coated Sprayed Polyurethane Foam (SPF) Roofing Systems
Authors: Kashiwagi DT , Pandey MK
Published: March 2009

“Severe” (golf ball size) and “oversized” (baseball to softball size) hail has caused millions of dollars of damage to roofing systems. Facility managers and insurance carriers with extensive damages to their roofs are concerned with the performance of sprayed-in-place elastomeric coated SPF roof systems. Results of this research effort include: 1. Analysis and identification of performance factors of different types of elastomeric coated SPF roof systems for their “severe” and “oversized” hail resistance capability. 2. Identification of the hail resistance of SPF roof systems under normal and freezing temperatures. 3. Use of documented performance information to confirm hail resistance levels determined by static testing. 4. Identification of the validity of current industry information on hail resistance of elastomeric coated SPF roof systems. 5. Proposal for an industry process to reduce the risk of hail damage to SPF roof systems.
Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture: 7th Volume
Authors: Bucinell RB
Published: March 2009

Description

Features the most current information on experimental and analytical research in key areas of composite technology. Leading experts in the field have presented 18 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers covering the following major categories:

Fatigue and Fracture-- 8 papers focus on microstructural effects, damage, predictive tools and test method development.

Environmental Considerations-- How temperature and other environmental factors impact the long-term durability of composite structures are explored in 5 papers.

Impact-- 4 papers discuss impact response, damage formation and the use of NDE techniques as a predictive tool.

Perspective -- An artistic viewpoint of composite materials used in sculpture and masonry murals and their long-term durability is presented in 1 comprehensive paper.

A valuable resource for scientists and engineers in the commercial, military and aerospace industries, applied mechanics and materials engineers, and research and design specialists in the structural engineering field.
Portable Measurement System for Soil Resistivity and Application to Quaternary Clayey Sediment
Authors: Nakagawa K , Morii T
Published: March 2009

A simple device to measure electrical resistivity has been developed for field and laboratory use. The measurement system comprises a probe unit, current wave generator, amplifier, A/D converter, data acquisition unit with RS-232C interface and notebook personal computer. The system is applicable to soils and soft rocks as long as the probe needles can pierce into them. Frequency range of the measurement system extends from 100 Hz to 10 MHz. The total error of the system is less than 5 %. in situ measurements of the resistivity and shear resistance by means of pocket-sized penetro-meter were applied to Pleistocene clayey beds. Some laboratory tests were also conducted to examine the interpretation of the in situ resistivity. Marine and non-marine clayey sediments are different in their resistivities of the stratum by in situ test and the clay suspension sampled from the strata. Physical and mechanical properties were compared with the resistivity and general relationships among them were explored to clarify the characteristics of inter-particle bonding. Some possible mechanism regarding the peculiar weathering of clayey sediment or mudstone beds is discussed from the viewpoint of physico-chemical process, which is conspicuous especially near the ground surface.
Automated Soil Particle-Size Analysis Using X-Ray Absorption
Authors: Vitton SJ , Ott NL , Lehman MA
Published: March 2009

While the hydrometer method (ASTM 422-63) has proven to be an accurate method of particle-size analysis of soil and is relatively inexpensive to conduct, it is prone to operator error as well as taking a minimum of 24 hours to conduct. Recent research has shown that an automated X-ray absorption instrument can closely approximate hydrometer test results for soils. The X-ray absorption instrument determines the change in mass of a sedimenting soil-water suspension through the absoiption of X-rays while utilizing Stokes' law to determine particle sizes in the range from 300 μm to 0.1 μm. A number of hydrometer tests on three different soils were conducted and compared with particle-size analysis using an X-ray absorption instrument. Controlled testing between the hydrometer and the X-ray absoiption instrument produced almost identical results for silts while tests on clay show good agreement from 75 μm through about 10 μm. However, below 10 μm the X-ray absorption test results start to show a slightly higher percent of fines than the hydrometer test, with the percent difference increasing as the particle size decreases. The increase appears to be related to the plasticity of the clay, with low plasticity clay showing an average increase of only 1 to 3 percent, while the higher plasticity clays vary from an average of 3 to 6 percent.
Time-domain Reflectometry (TDR) in Geotechnics: A Review
Authors: Benson CH , Bosscher PJ
Published: March 2009

Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is an electromagnetic geophysical technique used in the geosciences to measure water content of unfrozen and frozen soils and concentrations of inorganic solutes. In geotechnical and geological engineering, TDR is used for the same purposes, and also to measure frost depths, water levels, and displacements in soil and rock. Nevertheless, geo-engineers use TDR far less frequently than geo-scientists, primarily because they are unfamiliar with the technology. One purpose of this paper is to explain in practical terms how TDR is used in geo-engineering in each of the aforementioned applications. These descriptions reference the important publications in the literature. Another purpose is to share some of the authors' practical experience using TDR in the field.
BETEC Moisture Analysis Tutorial
Authors: Bales EL , Burch DM , Karagiozis AN , TenWolde A , Trechsel HR , Tsongas GA
Published: March 2009

Analytical procedures are routinely used for structural integrity of buildings, but for moisture control, designers still rely on rules of thumb, such as “install vapor retarders in cold climates on the inside and in warm climates on the exterior of thermal insulation.” However, cold and warm climates are ill defined, large areas of the United States have warm summers and cold winters, and the rules do not recognize the effects of other materials in the thermal envelope. Analytical methods for determining the moisture movement in building envelopes are available. These methods can predict condensation, moisture content of layers and surface relative humidities; dynamic methods also predict the duration of moisture excursions, providing a basis for moisture damage risk assessment. Recognizing that practitioners are not generally trained to use available analytical tools, the Building Environment and Thermal Envelope Council (BETEC) has developed a tutorial on moisture analysis for building designers. The tutorial consists of a Moisture Primer, an Overview of Analysis Methods, and a training session on MOIST, a dynamic model developed by the National Institute for Standards and Technology. The paper outlines the need for the analytical approach to moisture control and summarizes the three sessions.
Comparative Investigation of Plastic Properties and Water Permeance of Cement-Lime Mortars and Cement-Lime Replacement Mortars
Authors: Schuller MP , van der Hoeven RSK , Thomson ML
Published: March 2009

A research program was developed to investigate relative properties of three mortars containing lime-replacement additives compared to the properties of four traditional portland cement-lime mortars used in masonry construction. Plastic and hardened properties were determined using standard ASTM test methods. The test program indicates that, although the three lime-replacement mortars have comparable compressive strengths to portland cement-lime mortars, they have significantly different water retention and air content percentages and, as tested, the lime-replacement mortars do not meet specification requirements of either ASTM or ICBO. In addition, masonry walls constructed with the three lime-replacement mortars studied in this program were less resistant to water penetration than walls constructed with portland cement-lime mortars. It is suggested that ASTM specifications and test methods currently under development consider the essential properties of water retention, air content, and water penetration resistance in addition to compressive strength for acceptance of lime-replacement materials.
Prefabricated Brick Wall Panels: Economy or Nightmare?
Authors: Louis MJ
Published: March 2009

Prefabricated wall systems are becoming a popular element of building construction. Prefabricated systems lend themselves to streamlining construction schedules and reducing overall construction costs. They offer the potential for increased quality due to assembly in controlled factory environments. This paper reviews basic principles and concepts for the design of waterproofing systems for prefabricated brick wall panels. Using a project case study, the author will show that failure to adhere to certain proven conven- tional practices can have serious adverse consequences with respect to the performance of prefabricated brick wall panels.
The Performance of Brick and Concrete Masonry Walls with Bonded Headers
Authors: White GD , Downey TA
Published: March 2009

This paper examines the long-term weather resistance of exterior masonry walls having an inner wythe of concrete masonry and an exterior wythe of clay brick with brick header bonding courses. The walls are commonly damaged from the combined effects of the material properties, poor construction practices, structural behavior of the building, and normal weathering. The damage may allow water penetration and cause wall instability that is not easily detected. Topics discussed include factors causing damage, diagnostic methods, and repair techniques.
Evaluation of Field Water Infiltration Test Results of Windows and Sliding Glass Door Assemblies Installed in New Construction Projects
Authors: Beers PE , Smith WD
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an analysis of the results of field water infiltration tests of windows and sliding glass door assemblies that were conducted within the last five years. In all cases, the tests were conducted during the new construction process.

The tests were performed using ASTM Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference (E 1105). The results show a majority of windows and sliding glass door assemblies fail initial field water infiltration tests, which is compelling evidence that these tests are prudent as part of a new construction process.
Considerations for Waterproofing of Wood-Framed Buildings
Authors: Schroter EF , Klein KA
Published: March 2009

Wood-framed construction is an important part of the residential housing industry, and has been so for decades. While some of the waterproofing materials and technology available to the construction industry have improved dramatically in the past 10 years, the basic precepts and many of the basic materials for waterproofing have not changed. In fact, many of these basic principles appear to have been forgotten or discarded in the wake of technological improvements. We have seen an increased reliance upon sealants, thin veneers and barrier wall waterproofing systems, and less attention paid to the importance of the underlying flashing systems. Many diverse industry organizations have attempted to set standards for installation practices as related to their own area of practice; i.e., the NRCA and SMACNA; however, there is no single source that ties these disparate standards together and binds them into a unified resource for the design professional. Our experiences in the field show that it is necessary for the design profession to take a controlling interest in waterproofing standards. When specific conditions are not detailed, builders all too often rely upon the minimum, code-compliant installation practices, which are often inadequate.

While a unified standard is required, care must be taken to insure that the standard is fair, not overly prescriptive and recognizes the contribution of individual building elements to the overall waterproofing integrity and comfort of the structure. In addition, the standard must recognize the economic restrictions often placed on residential construction. While certain waterproofing systems and materials may be desirable, they may impose an unfair economic burden upon the builder and, consequently, upon the consumer.
Cathodic Protection System Design for Steel Pilings of a Wharf Structure
Authors: Nikolakakos S
Published: March 2009

Corrosion of steel pilings in sea and brackish water is mostly due to the establishment of localized corrosion cells and the effects of the tidal changes. The most frequently used corrosion protection systems are coatings and/or cathodic protection. These protective systems when properly designed, installed and operated are very effective in preventing corrosion problems. The design of a cathodic protection system, in order to be effective and reliable, must take into consideration all technical design criteria, the type of materials used, the geometric shape of the structure, environmental conditions, site restrictions, and any outside interferences. These design considerations, as well as the use of design data and an overall design methodology for a cathodic protection system for pipe and sheet piling used in a wharf structure, are discussed in this paper.
The Role of ASTM Standards in NFPA Performance-Based Codes
Authors: Watts JM
Published: March 2009

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) develops full-consensus codes and standards in a process that differs in several ways from ASTM. They have recently established an initiative to develop performance-based options for NFPA documents. The most visible effort to date is the promulgation of a proposed performance-based approach for NFPA 101, the Life Safely Code®. This paper introduces the NFPA code writing process and its performance-based activities. The performance-based option for the year 2000 edition of the Life Safety Code® is outlined, indicating where ASTM standards are referenced. Experience with developing this product has identified several obstacles in the evolution of performance-based fire safety codes. Proposals are suggested for considering these obstacles as opportunities for ASTM standards development.
Superfund Risk Assessment in Soil Contamination Studies: Third Volume
Authors: Hoddinott K
Published: March 2009

Description

Presents state-of-the-art research on soil risk assessment methodology. This publications contains 10 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers covering the following key areas:

Background Determination and Statistics -- one paper explores background concentration estimates using inorganic analytes from on-site soil samples; the other discusses small data sets statistics.

Ecological Risk -- The quotient method in risk assessment and the use of bioaccumulation and food-chain analysis for evaluating ecological risks are examined in two papers.

Risk Management -- Six wide-ranging papers feature such topics as procedural and computerized methods for site risk assessment; stormwater runoff water quality evaluation at management for hazardous chemical sites; statistical test use in making cleanup decisions at superfund sites; a risk-based decision model to optimize remediation choices; and the application of influence diagram as a valid risk assessment tool.

This is an invaluable resource for risk assessors, environmental scientists and engineers, geologists, industrial hygienists and biologists.
Flexible Pavement Rehabilitation and Maintenance
Authors: Kartdhal PS , Stroup-Gardiner M
Published: March 2009

Description

Current innovative strategies for rehabilitating and sustaining highway facilities. 11 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers examine the following three areas:

Pavement Evaluation -- One paper focuses on a method to estimate pavement serviceability under different pavement roughness and vehicle conditions. The other paper discusses state-of-the-art pavement structure evaluation methods used in Africa.

Pavement Rehabilitation -- Topics including glass fiber geogrids, cold in-place recycling alternatives for flexible pavements, ultrathin asphalt coating performance and the use of chip seals on high traffic pavements are explored in five papers.

Pavement Maintenance -- Four papers discuss the general concept of pavement preventative maintenance, the effectiveness of numerous chip seals compared with a microsurfacing treatment, the competence of combination treatments and field vs.test conditions in bituminous crack sealant evaluation.

A critical resource for pavement design engineers, road construction and maintenance engineers, asphalt suppliers and contractors, federal, state and local government personnel involved with road and highway maintenance, and asphalt researchers.
Wear Processes in Manufacturing
Authors: Bahadur S , Magee JH
Published: March 2009

Description

Wear Processes in Manufacturing (STP 1362) is the first publication of its kind to feature the most current research on manufacturing-associated wear problems, including machinability.

Leading researchers in the field present 11 comprehensive papers covering the following areas:

Abrasion in Ceramic Grinding -- One paper examines the two-body belt abrasion test for the quantitative grindability assessment of new ceramic compositions. The other paper explores how grinding material removal rates are effected by such variables as belt speed, load, cutting fluid and specimen rotation.

Wear of Cutting Tools -- Topics such as tool life study under different cutting conditions with and without coolant; stainless steel tool wear results with varying carbon, nitrogen and copper contents; how coatings and/or other treatments impact cutting tools; and the tribology of wood machining such as tool wear, tool-wood frictional interactions and wood surface characterization are explored in six papers.

Friction in Vibratory Conveyor -- One paper tackles the inherent problems with feeding connectors using vibratory conveyors to machines that assemble input/output pins, such as those used in the computer industry.

Erosion in Manufacturing -- High temperature pipe material wear and an innovative electrochemical process for erosion assessment in fluids are discussed in two papers.

This is an invaluable resource for tribologists, materials manufacturers, metallurgists, and machinists; as well as ceramic, chemical, mechanical and industrial engineers.
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Standardization of Biomarkers for Endocrine Disruption and Environmental Assessment: 8th Volume
Authors: Henshel DS , Harrass MC , Black MC
Published: March 2009

Description

Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment, 8th Volume (STP 1364) presents 29 peer-reviewed papers that provide you with the latest information on invertebrate and vertebrate endocrine disrupter screening assays and tests, in vitro endocrine disrupter testing, and an industrial perspective on endocrine screening testing. It focuses on the use of biomarker endpoints in toxicology and risk assessment, including biochemical, developmental, behavioral, and endocrine indicators.

Topics include: aquatic toxicology • behavioral toxicology • biochemical indicators • developmental indicators • endocrine indicators • biodegradation and fate of chemicals • quality assurance and quality control within laboratory and field studies • risk assessment and communication • and harmonization of standards development

This comprehensive text is an essential resource for environmental toxicologists, industry scientists dealing with product and chemical safety issues, and engineers and scientists dealing with chemcial treatment and disposal.
Cobalt-Base Alloys for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Disegi JA , Kennedy RL , Pilliar R
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1365 is a unique publication that focuses on the use of cobalt-base alloys in orthopaedic applications. It features 18 peer-reviewed papers written by world renowned biomedical experts, that focus on new materials research, advanced process developments, accelerated wear studies, and clinical information related to the use of Co-26Cr-6Mo for surgical implant applications.

STP 1365 covers the latest information to emerge in recent years on topics such as:

• Alloy Design

• Processing Variables

• Corrosion/Fretting Resistance

• Abrasion and Wear Characterization

• Implant Surface Modification

• Biological Response

• Clinical Performance.

This volume is a comprehensive resource for orthopaedic surgeons, biomedical researchers and engineers, product design engineers, quality control engineers, product metallurgists and managers, implant device manufacturers, and academics.
Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: Global Pest Control Formulations for the Next Millennium: Nineteenth Volume
Authors: Tann RS , Nalewaja JD , Viets AK
Published: March 2009

Description

Leading experts in the field of pesticides provide the latest on formulation and delivery of pest control systems for the next century.

11 papers cover topics such as application technology, granular formulation technology, delivery systems, general formulation technology, and future concerns.

• Application Technology discusses developments around the application of pest control products relating both chemical and mechanical means.

• Granulation Technology addresses issues such as water dispersability, preparation of granules using a binding polymer, and sample size variation.

• Delivery Technology covers the role of a petrochemical fluid in the release rate of encapsulated formulations and the ability of a product to penetrate a plant cuticular layer.

• Formulation Technology investigates issues from seed treatment methods to the use of attapulgite in flowable formulations.

• Future Concerns looks at new techniques and methods for future concerns and new methods for existing concerns.

This publication provides the agrochemical professional with timely and useful information on the use of pest control products on a global basis.
Integration of Virtual Experiment Technology for Materials Design
Authors: Nishikawa N , Nagano C , Koike H
Published: March 2009

Materials design by the use of computer is expected due to the recent progress of high-performance computing. The success of such design will rely on the integration of various elements of computational technology such as simulation, knowledge information processing, the human interface, and a database into a practical system. In the past, various elements of computational technology, such as simulation and knowledge information processing, were researched individually. However, the integration of these technologies has not yet been established.

This paper describes the conceptual design of a virtual experiment system that consists of the integration of various elements of technology. The system is computer-based and the components include a numerical simulation sub-system, a database, a database management software, and a visualization sub-system. The database and numerical simulation sub-system will work co-operatively to provide the best possible quality of information. This information is an estimation of materials properties, character, and function and will allow the discovery and understanding of new materials.
Development of an Expert System for Fractography of Environmentally Assisted Cracking
Authors: Minoshima K , Yamasaki N , Komai K
Published: March 2009

An expert system that diagnoses the causes of failure of environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) based upon fractography has been developed. The system uses the OPS83 programming language, expressing rules in the manner of production rules, and is composed of three independent subsystems, which respectively deal with EACs of high-strength or high-tensile-strength steel, aluminum alloy, and stainless steel in dry and humidified air, water, and aqueous solutions containing Cl, Br, or I ions. The concerned EAC issues cover stress corrosion cracking (SCC), hydrogen embrittlement, cyclic SCC, dynamic SCC, and corrosion fatigue as well as fatigue and overload fracture. The knowledge base covers the rules relating to not only environments, materials, and loading conditions, but also macroscopic and microscopic fracture surface morphology. In order to deal with vague expressions of fracture surface morphology, fuzzy set theory is used in the system, and the description of rules about vague fracture surface appearance is thereby possible. Applying the developed expert system to case histories, accurate diagnoses were made. We discuss the related diagnosis results and usefulness of the developed system.
ASTM's Role in Performance-Based Fire Codes and Standards
Authors: Hall JR
Published: March 2009

Description

Performance-based fire codes and standards are documents that state goals for determining when performance is achieved. They include rules and procedures and usually involve testing and modeling.

This unique new ASTM publication presents 12 peer-reviewed papers that give you an overview of performance-based initiatives in the United States and review the strategic options of ASTM’s Committee E-5 on Fire Standards in addressing those initiatives. It examines relevant concepts and activities, inside and outside of ASTM, and the possible role that ASTM might play in the move toward greater use of performance-based fire codes and standards in the United States and Canada.

STP 1377 is meant to educate and motivate fire protection engineers, architects, fire chiefs, fire marshals, and building code officials on the new ways in which standards will be used and how they can become actively involved in the process.
Expert System Technology for Natural Gas Resource Development
Authors: Munro RG
Published: March 2009

Materials data are used in all aspects of the development of natural gas resources. Unconventional gas resources require special attention in their development and may benefit from heuristic assessments of the materials data, geological site conditions, and the knowledge base accumulated from previous unconventional site developments. Opportunities for using expert systems in the development of unconventional natural gas resources are discussed. A brief introduction to expert systems is provided in a context that emphasizes the practical nature of their service. The discussion then focuses on the development of unconventional gas reserves. Whenever possible, the likelihood of success in constructing useful expert systems for gas resource development is indicated by comparisons to existing expert systems that perform comparable functions in other industries. Significant opportunities are found for applications to site assessment, the interpretation of well log data, and the monitoring and optimization of gas processing in small-scale recovery operations.
Database for MLCA (Materials Environmental Life Cycle Analysis)
Authors: Halada K , Ijima K , Yagi K
Published: March 2009

MLCA (materials environmental life cycle analysis), an established assessment measure of ECOMATERIALS, is a promising method to quantitatively assess materials with regard to environmental burden and to provide parameters for materials design with consideration of environmental affects. The data of environmental burdens, i.e., energy consumption, resource consumption, CO2 emission, SOX emission, etc., are collected in all stages of material life. From these data, the environmental burden of metals and alloys are calculated and arranged with a detailed description of the alloys, such as 12Cr steel, 18Cr8Ni steel, etc., in a database named Materials Eco-Sheet. Eco-Sheet provides the parameters of environmental load and gives the quantitative relationship between the properties of a material and its environmental load by use with a database of mechanical or other properties of materials.