bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENT FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS IN A STREAMWISE‐PERIODIC CORRUGATED DUCT WITH CONSTANT CROSS‐SECTIONAL AREA
Authors: FARHANIEH BIJAN , SUNDEN BENGT
Published: February 2008

Turbulent fully developed periodic heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in corrugated two‐dimensional ducts with constant cross‐sectional area are numerically investigated. The governing equations are solved numerically by a finite‐volume method for elliptic flows in complex geometries using collocated variables and Cartesian velocity components. Two different turbulence models (the second moment closure and the k—ε) for approximation of the Reynolds stresses are applied. The performance of the models were assessed by comparing the results with experimental data. The results show the advantages of the stress closure model compared to the k—ε model. The overall Nusselt number and the pressure drop ratio results are obtained for the boundary condition of a uniform wall temperature for two inclination angles ø and two duct aspect ratios (H/L) and for Reynolds number ranging from around 3000 to 35,000. The overall Nusselt number predicted by the k—ε model is upto 25% higher than the values predicted by the second moment closure. The plots of the velocity vectors show a complex flow pattern. The mechanisms of heat transfer are explained by the flow phenomena separation, deflection, recirculation, and reattachment.
SOLUTION OF THE TWO‐DIMENSIONAL NEUTRON TRANSPORT EQUATION BY A HIERARCHICAL FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Authors: ONANA AWONO , YUNKAP KWANKAM S. , NGONO JOSEPH MVOGO
Published: February 2008

Following the results obtained by Marchuk et al. concerning the variational principles for kinetic equations, a hierarchical finite element method is proposed for solving the two‐dimensional neutron transport equation. The combination of mesh refinement with additional basis functions leads to an accurate and efficient iterative solution of the resulting block linear systems. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the efficiency of the method.
USE OF ISOTROPIC FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTIONS FOR HEAT CONDUCTION IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA
Authors: PEREZ M.M. , WROBEL L.C.
Published: February 2008

A numerical formulation for solving homogeneous anisotropic heat conduction problems based on the use of an isotropic fundamental solution is presented in detail. The analysis is carried out assuming a generic position of the coordinate axes, which may not coincide with the principal directions of orthotropy of the material. The two primary integral equations of the method are derived from the governing differential equation of the problem. Then, the numerical procedure is developed by rewriting the internal degrees of freedom that arise from the domain discretization in terms of the boundary nodes and solving the resulting system of linear equations for the boundary unknowns only. Special attention is given to the differentiation of singular integrals which yields additional terms as well as to the evaluation of the resulting Cauchy principal value integral. The main feature of the proposed formulation is its generality, which makes possible its direct extension to solve the problem of three‐dimensional heat conduction in anisotropic media and, foremost, to three‐dimensional orthotropic and anisotropic elasticity or elastoplasticity.
AN IMPLICIT FLUX‐DIFFERENCE SPLITTING METHOD FOR SOLVING THE EULER EQUATIONS ON ADAPTIVE TRIANGULAR GRIDS
Authors: TRÉPANIER J.‐Y. , REGGIO M. , AIT‐ALI‐YAHIA D.
Published: February 2008

An implicit method for the solution of transonic flows modelled by the time‐dependent Euler equations is presented. The method is characterized by a robust linearization for first‐ and second‐order versions of Roe's flux‐difference splitting scheme, an implicit treatment of the boundary conditions and the implementation of an adaptive grid strategy for global efficiency. The performance of the method is investigated for the GAMM test circular‐arc bump configuration and for the RAE 2822 aerofoil.
NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN INCLINED TALL CAVITIES BOUNDED BY POROUS LAYERS
Authors: HASNAOUI M. , VASSEUR P. , BILGEN E.
Published: February 2008

Thermally driven flow in a tall inclined cavity bounded by porous layers is studied analytically and numerically. A constant heat flux is applied for heating and cooling of two opposing walls of the cavity, while the other two are insulated. The Beavers—Joseph slip condition on velocity is applied at the interface between the fluid and porous layers. An analytical solution is obtained by assuming parallel flow in the core region of the cavity and a numerical solution by solving the complete governing equations. The flow and heat transfer variables are obtained in terms of the Rayleigh number, Ra, slip condition parameter N and angle of inclination of the cavity Φ. The critical Rayleigh numbers for the onset of convection in a layer heated from below are predicted for various hydrodynamic boundary conditions. The results for a fluid layer bounded by solid walls (N → ∞) and by free surfaces (N → 0) emerge from the present analysis as limiting cases.
NATURAL CONVECTION IN PARTITIONED ENCLOSURES WITH LOCALIZED HEATING
Authors: NTIBARUFATA E. , HASNAOUI M. , BILGEN E. , VASSEUR P.
Published: February 2008

The aim of the present investigation was to study numerically the natural convection in partitioned enclosures with localized heating from below. Two‐dimensional equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy, with the Boussinesq approximation are solved using finite difference method. Various geometrical parameters were: aspect ratio A = 0.4−0.6, isothermal surface length B = 0.5, its position C = 0.3, partition position D = 0.5−1.0, its length E = 0.2−0.6, heat source length X = 0.05−1.00, and its position ε = variable. The Rayleigh number was varied from 103 to 106. The results are reduced in terms of the normalized Nusselt number as a function of the Rayleigh number, and other non‐dimensional geometrical parameters. The isotherms and streamlines are produced for various Rayleigh numbers and geometrical conditions.
DUAL RECIPROCITY BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD FOR THE TIME‐DEPENDENT STOKES FLOWS
Authors: POWER HENRY , PARTRIDGE PAUL W.
Published: February 2008

This paper presents a boundary element formulation for the transient Stokes equations in which the well known closed form fundamental solution to the steady Stokes equations is employed and the time derivative is taken to the boundary with dual reciprocity method. This approach has the advantage of simplicity of formulation and implementation in relation to the alternative boundary element schemes previously presented. In addition in this paper the dual reciprocity method is presented in a more formal mathematical way using well established interpolation theories which guarantee the convergence of the method. Results are presented for a series of three‐dimensional internal problems in which the accuracy of the method is shown.
APPLICATION OF THE HOMOGRAPHIC APPROXIMATION IN THE ENTHALPY METHOD FOR PHASE CHANGE PROBLEMS
Authors: YAO MINWU , CHAIT ARNON
Published: February 2008

The homographic approximation, in which the Heaviside step function is replaced by a continuous smooth curve, is applied to the enthalpy method for heat transfer problems with isothermal phase change. Both the finite difference and finite element implementations, based on the basic enthalpy, the apparent heat capacity and the source term formulations, are considered. A 1‐D Stefan problem of melting a solid is used as a test problem. The accuracy of the numerical solutions is measured globally using L2 error norms and comparison is made between the solutions using homographic approximation and those using linear approximation. The advantages of using homographic approximation are examined.
TRANSIENT TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN ROTARY REGENERATOR HEAT EXCHANGER
Authors: SAKAI ITSURO , KAWAGUCHI YOSHIHIRO
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyse dynamic response of rotary regenerator for dynamic simulation of automotive gas turbine using a simplified method. Exit temperatures of working fluids in rotary regenerator depend on time, position of core, inlet temperature of working fluid and initial temperature of core. We tried to simplify the calculation model of rotary regenerator, as a counter flow heat exchanger and show that they give good results compared to the available analytical solution.
A NUMERICAL STUDY OF DEVELOPING RADIAL FLOW WITH ROTATION
Authors: FANN SHIN , YANG WEN‐JEI
Published: February 2008

A numerical study is performed to investigate flow instability phenomena in a square channel with steady, laminar throughflow. The channel rotates around an axis perpendicular to the channel longitudinal axis. The flow field extends from the channel entrance to a distance of 120 to 600Dh. The range of Reynolds number is Re = 300−2000. The inlet flow velocity is assumed uniform. Surface vorticity intensity is introduced to indicate the variation of vortices. It is revealed that at intermediate Reynolds numbers (680 > Re > 300), the flow is characterized by three vortex patterns: at slow rotation there is one vortex pair; at intermediate rotation a secondary vortex, in addition to the original vortex, emerges near the trailing wall and then breaks down downstream; and at rapid rotation the secondary vortex does not exist with the flow being restabilized to form a single‐pair vortex pattern. At low Reynolds numbers (Re ≤ 300), the flow exhibits a single‐pair vortex pattern, while at high Reynolds numbers (Re ≥ 680), the flow experiences the emergence and breakdown of a secondary vortex, but no restabilization is found with an increase in the rotational speed. It is also disclosed that the variation of the vortices is related to the distance from the inlet.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TWO‐DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS
Authors: MILTHORPE J.F.
Published: February 2008

A simple convection algorithm for simulation of time‐dependent supersonic and hypersonic flows of a perfect but viscous gas is described. The algorithm is based on conservation and convection of mass, momentum and energy in a grid of rectangular cells. Examples are given for starting flow in a shock‐tube and oblique shocks generated by a wedge, at Mach numbers up to 30.4. Good comparisons are achieved with well‐known perfect gas flows.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF RADIUS RATIO ON NATURAL CONVECTION IN AN ANNULAR CAVITY
Authors: SATYA SAI B.V.K. , SEETHARAMU K.N. , ASWATHA NARAYANA P.A. , REDDY J.N.
Published: February 2008

A finite element method based on the Eulerian velocity correction method has been used to analyse the laminar natural convection in an annular cavity. Unsteady, incompressible, axisymmetric Navier‐Stokes equations have been made use of. Different radius ratios of the annular cavity have been considered to investigate the effect of the radius of curvature on the heat transfer coefficient.
A FULLY CONSERVATIVE NUMERICAL SCHEME FOR A KIND OF GENERALIZED 3D PERIODIC EULER EQUATIONS
Authors: CHACÓN REBOLLO TOMÁS
Published: February 2008

A kind of generalized 3D Euler equations with periodic boundary conditions, that describes the behaviour of the small scale flow in a turbulence model is solved. A fully conservative numerical scheme, that combines pseudospectral discretization in space with a variation of Crank‐Nicholson's scheme in time, is introduced. Some numerical tests show that the numerical solution reaches an asymptotic statistic steady state. In the case of well developed isotropic turbulence, these results are shown to present a reasonable quantitative agreement with the classical theory.
FAST, POSITIVE AND CONSERVATIVE SCHEME FOR CHEMICALLY REACTIVE HYPERSONIC FLOW
Authors: BERTOLAZZI ENRICO , CASULLI VINCENZO
Published: February 2008

A finite difference method for solving the quasi one‐dimensional non‐equilibrium hypersonic flow equations in a diverging nozzle is presented and discussed. In chemically reacting flows the system of equations to be solved is very stiff. Some reactions may be several orders of magnitude faster than others and generally, they are much faster than the convective process except for very high Ma numbers. For this reason the development of a numerical scheme whose stability is independent of the chemical reaction rates is of importance. The main advantage of this scheme is the conservation of each chemical component, the positivity of densities and vibrational energies, as well as its relative simplicity, which results in a fast computer code.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN FOR THE TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN AN OPEN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
Authors: AL NATOUR I. , HASHMI M.S.J.
Published: February 2008

Hydraulic systems that operate for long periods of time eventually develop high oil temperatures that have damaging effects on machine performance. If the temperature rise is excessive, the oil viscosity drops, lubricating properties are lost and in the worst cases the whole system can be seriously damaged. A mathematical model for predicting temperature distribution in hydraulic systems has been developed with taking into account the thermodynamic processes and the effects of heat transfer by conduction, radiation and convection. In order to test this model experimentally, a complete hydraulic mixer system has been designed, instrumented and commissioned. A software package for hydraulic systems has been developed to make accurate estimation for unsteady state temperature analysis in hydraulic systems at any time during its operation. The simulation results of this package have shown that this model is more accurate than that reported elsewhere.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF TWO DIMENSIONAL RAYLEIGH‐BENARD CONVECTION WITH GRAVITY MODULATION EFFECTS
Authors: RAMASWAMY BALASUBRAMANIAM
Published: February 2008

Sinusoidal gravity modulation fields imposed on two‐dimensional Rayleigh‐Benard convection flow are studied to understand the effects of periodic source (g‐jitter) on fluids system and heat transfer mechanism. The transient Navier‐Stokes and energy equations are solved by semi‐implicit operator splitting finite element method. Results include two sets. One is considered at normal terrestrial condition and the other one is related to low‐gravity condition. Under low‐gravity condition the research focuses on the effects of modulation frequency and direction in order to find out the critical frequency for heat transfer mechanism transferring from conduction to convection.
A METHOD FOR ANALYSING THE EFFECT OF FLOW ON HEAT TRANSFER IN DIE CASTING
Authors: BARONE M.R. , KOCK E.
Published: February 2008

A new method has been developed for determining the effect of flow on heat transfer in die casting during steady production. Aside from the assumption that the casting is thin in comparison with its overall size, there are no restrictions on either the die or casting geometry. Important questions concerning the nature and significance of heat transfer during flow are addressed by analysing a representative two‐dimensional die. The results show that the effect of flow can be critical when the fill time is long, the casting is thin, or the thermal conductance of the die lubricant is high.
TVD FINITE‐DIFFERENCE METHODS FOR COMPUTING HIGH‐SPEED THERMAL AND CHEMICAL NON‐EQUILIBRIUM FLOWS WITH STRONG SHOCKS
Authors: GROTH C.P.T. , GOTTLIEB J.J.
Published: February 2008

Partially‐decoupled upwind‐based total‐variation‐diminishing (TVD) finite‐difference schemes for the solution of the conservation laws governing two‐dimensional non‐equilibrium vibrationally relaxing and chemically reacting flows of thermally‐perfect gaseous mixtures are presented. In these methods, a novel partially‐decoupled flux‐difference splitting approach is adopted. The fluid conservation laws and species concentration and vibrational energy equations are decoupled by means of a frozen flow approximation. The resulting partially‐decoupled gas‐dynamic and thermodynamic subsystems are then solved alternately in a lagged manner within a time marching procedure, thereby providing explicit coupling between the two equation sets. Both time‐split semi‐implicit and factored implicit flux‐limited TVD upwind schemes are described. The semi‐implicit formulation is more appropriate for unsteady applications whereas the factored implicit form is useful for obtaining steady‐state solutions. Extensions of Roe's approximate Riemann solvers, giving the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the fully coupled systems, are used to evaluate the numerical flux functions. Additional modifications to the Riemann solutions are also described which ensure that the approximate solutions are not aphysical. The proposed partially‐decoupled methods are shown to have several computational advantages over chemistry‐split and fully coupled techniques. Furthermore, numerical results for single, complex, and double Mach reflection flows, as well as corner‐expansion and blunt‐body flows, using a five‐species four‐temperature model for air demonstrate the capabilities of the methods.
AN ARTIFICIAL DISSIPATION SCHEME FOR THE NAVIER‐STOKES EQUATIONS
Authors: KANIEL A. , MOND M. , BEN‐DOR G.
Published: February 2008

Isotropic artificial dissipation is added to the Navier‐Stokes equations along with a correction term which cancels the artificial dissipation term in the limit when the mesh size is zero. For a finite mesh size, the correction term replaces the artificial viscosity terms with hyperviscosity terms, i.e., with an artificial dissipation which depends on the fourth derivatives of the velocity. Hyperviscosity more effectively suppresses the higher wave number modes and has a smaller effect on the inertial modes of the flow field than does artificial viscosity. This scheme is implemented using the finite element method and therefore the required amount of dissipation is determined by analysing the discretization on a finite element. The scheme is used to simulate the flow in a driven cavity and over a backward facing step and the results are compared to existing results for these cases.
HIGH RESOLUTION NUMERICAL METHOD FOR PREDICTING SLOTS FILM‐COOLING USING THE COUPLED PARABOLIC/ELLIPTIC NAVIER‐STOKES SOLVER
Authors: NG E.Y.‐K.
Published: February 2008

The suitability of a coupled scheme based on parabolic/elliptic Navier‐Stokes equations for calculating film cooling flows and heat transfer downstream of flush, angled injection slots is explored. The coupled algorithm that combined the coarse mesh ‘outer’ Navier‐Stokes and fine grid ‘inner’ parabolic Navier‐Stokes codes makes retention of the current high resolution model desirable because an acceptable accuracy and economy of computation time are attainable using only mini‐computer resources. The ‘inner‐code’ includes the FLARE approximation to permit small reverse flow. The inner and outer codes are coupled by adopting an approach analogous to classical multigrid methods. It is found that for high blowing mass flow rate of 1.0 with the case of greater than 40° injection angle, the fully parabolic procedure is unable to cope with an extensive separation region immediately downstream of the slot; the present coupling methodology is crucial. The study involves the calculation of heat transfer rates on the surface downstream of the angled slot. Predicted film cooling effectiveness distribution together with the effects of governing parameters are described and show close agreement with the experimental data.
FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF THREE‐DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT FLOW WITH DECAYING SWIRL
Authors: CASEY M.R. , KONG L. , TAYLOR C. , MEDWELL J.O.
Published: February 2008

A finite element based numerical model is employed to obtain isothermal and heat transfer predictions for the case of turbulent flow with a decaying swirl component in a stationary circular pipe. An assessment is made on the quality of predictions based on the choice of turbulence modelling technique adopted to close the governing equations. In the present work the one‐equation, two‐equation and algebraic Reynolds stress turbulence models are employed. For the confined flow problem investigated, accurate prediction of the near‐wall conditions is essential. This is particularly the case for confined swirling flow where the variation of variables near the wall is often somewhat greater than encountered in pure axial flow. A finite element based near‐wall model is employed as an alternative to conventional techniques such as the use of the standard logarithmic functions. Of significance is the fact that flow predictions based on the use of the unidimensional finite element techniques are closer to experiment compared to the wall function based solutions for a given turbulence model. As expected, improvements in the flow predictions directly contribute to improved simulation of the thermal aspects of the problem.
FEM PREDICTIONS FOR TWO‐PHASE FLOW IN A VERTICAL PIPE WITHOUT THE USE OF ANY EXTERNAL CORRELATIONS
Authors: PRASHANTH K.V. , SEETHARAMU K.N.
Published: February 2008

A mathematical model is developed for the description of the thermohydraulics of the two‐phase flow phenomenon in a vertical pipe. Using an additional momentum equation for the slip velocity, it is shown that the computation of slip and pressure drop from the model equations is possible without the use of any external correlations. The finite element method is used to solve the governing equations. The predictions for a steam‐water two‐phase flow in vertical upflow with constant wall heat flux agree well with experimental results and with widely used correlations.
A NUMERICAL STUDY OF NATURAL CONVECTION IN A VERTICAL ANNULUS WITH CONSTANT HEAT FLUX ON THE INNER WALL
Authors: WEI J.G. , TAO W.Q.
Published: February 2008

A numerical study of natural convection of air in a vertical annulus has been conducted, where the inner wall is heated with constant heat flux at its inner side, the outer wall of the annulus being maintained at constant temperature, and the top and bottom plates are assumed to be insulated. The cases of radius ratio K = 3, aspect ratio A = 10∼30, and Ra* = 103∼1.7 × 107 have been simulated. Both axial conduction and surface radiation are taken into account to reveal their effects on the distributions of inner wall temperature and local Nusselt number. Emphasis is on the comparison between the numerical results and the relevant experimental data, and the comparison between numerical solutions with and without considering the surface radiation. The numerical results of heat transfer are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimental results in the literature. The dependence of average relative conductivity on aspect ratio and the effect of imperfection in top and bottom insulation on the inner wall temperature are also discussed.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF ROTATIONAL BUOYANCY ON FULLY DEVELOPED FLOW IN ROTATING RECTANGULAR DUCTS
Authors: BO T. , IACOVIDES H.
Published: February 2008

This article examines the influence of centrifugal buoyancy on the hydrodynamic and thermal behaviour in fully developed flow through an orthogonally rotating duct of aspect ratio 2:1. A series of computations have been performed at rotation numbers ranging from 0 to 0.2, for constant‐density flows (no buoyancy) and also for different levels of outward and inward buoyancy. The resulting comparisons reveal that for a Reynolds number of 32,500, rotational buoyancy effects become significant at Rayleigh number values greater than 107. In outward flows, buoyancy is found to strengthen the effects of the Coriolis force on the mean motion and, by raising turbulence levels, buoyancy also enhances wall heat transfer along both the pressure and the suction side of the rotating duct. In inward flows, it is found that strong buoyancy can reverse the direction of the Coriolis‐induced secondary motion, which causes a strong rise in wall heat transfer along the suction side and a similarly significant fall in heat transfer along the pressure side. The computed effects on heat transfer are in qualitative agreement with the findings of a number of experimental studies. For both inward and outward flows, at a constant Reynolds number, the modifications of centrifugal buoyancy on the side‐averaged levels of heat transfer correlate reasonably well with the rotational Rayleigh number.
A RIEMANN‐PROBLEM‐BASED APPROACH FOR STEADY INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS
Authors: SHI J. , TORO E.F.
Published: February 2008

A new approach for solving steady incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations is presented in this paper. This method extends the upwind Riemann‐problem‐based techniques to viscous flows, which is obtained by applying modified artificial compressibility Navier‐Stokes equations and fully discrete high‐order numerical schemes for systems of advection‐diffusion equations. In this approach, utilizing the local Riemann solutions the steady incompressible viscous flows can be solved in a similar way to that of inviscid hyperbolic conservation laws. Numerical experiments on the driven cavity problem indicate that this approach can give satisfactory solutions.
USAGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE METHODS IN INVERSE PROBLEMS FOR ESTIMATION OF MATERIAL PARAMETERS
Authors: RAUDENSKÝ M. , HORSKÝ J. , KREJSA J. , SLÁMA L.
Published: February 2008

Inverse problems deal with determining the causes on the basis of knowing their effects. The object of the inverse parameter estimation problem is to fix the thermal material parameters (the cause) on the strength of a given observation of the temperature history at one or more interior points (the effect). This paper demonstrates two novel approaches to the inverse problems. These approaches use two artificial intelligence mechanisms: neural network and genetic algorithm. Examples shown in this paper give a comparison of results obtained by both of these methods. The numerical technique of neural networks evolved from the effort to model the function of the human brain and the genetic algorithms model the evolutional process of nature. Both of the presented approaches can lead to a solution without having problems with the stability of the inverse task. Both methods are suitable for parallel processing and are advantageous for a multiprocessor computer architecture.
GENERATION OF STABLE THERMAL STRATIFICATION IN A PARTIALLY ENCLOSED SPACE DUE TO A ROOM FIRE
Authors: ABIB ABDULKARIM H. , JALURIA YOGESH
Published: February 2008

A numerical study of a two‐dimensional turbulent flow in a partially open rectangular cavity such as a room is carried out. The turbulent flow is induced by the energy input due to a localized heat source positioned on the floor of the cavity. This flow is of interest in enclosure fires where the flow in the cavity interacts with the environment through the opening or vents. The focus is on the stable, thermal stratification that arises in the room and on the influence of the opening height. A finite‐difference method is employed for the solution of the problem, using a low Reynolds number k — ε turbulence model for the turbulent flow calculations. This model is particularly suitable for flows in which the possibility for relaminarization exists. It was found that, for high Grashof numbers and for relatively small opening heights, particularly for doorway openings, a strong stable thermal stratification is generated within the cavity, with a cooler, essentially uniform, layer underlying a warmer, linearly stratified, upper layer. As a consequence, turbulence is suppressed and the flow in the upper region of the cavity becomes laminar with turbulence confined to locations such as the fire plume above the source and the shear layer at the opening. The penetration distance and the height of the interface are both found to decrease with a reduction in the opening height. The Nusselt number for heat transfer from the source is seen to be affected to a small extent by the opening height. The basic trends are found to agree with those observed in typical compartment fires. Comparisons with results available in the literature on turbulent buoyancy‐driven enclosure flows indicate good agreement, lending support to this model and the numerical scheme.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE EARLY STAGES OF IMPULSIVELY STARTED UNSTEADY LAMINAR FLOW PAST A SQUARE CYLINDER
Authors: LEE T.S. , TAN R.S. , XU X.P.
Published: February 2008

The time development of the symmetrical standing zones of recirculation, which is formed in the early stages of the impulsively started laminar flow over the square cylinder, have been studied numerically. The Reynolds number considered ranges from 25 to 1,000. Main flow characteristics of the developing recirculation region aft of the square cylinder and its interaction with the separating shear layer from the leading edges are studied through the developing streamlines. Other flow characteristics are analysed in terms of pressure contours, surface pressure coefficient, wake length and drag coefficient. Four main‐flow types and three subflow types of regimes are identified through a detailed analysis of the evolution of the flow characteristics. Typically, for a given Reynolds number, it is noted that flow starts with no separation (type I main‐flow). As time advances, symmetrical standing zone of recirculation develops aft of the square cylinder (type II main‐flow). The rate of growth in width, length and structure of the aft end eddies (sub‐flow (a)) depends on the Reynolds number. In time, separated flow from the leading edges of the square cylinder also develops (type III main‐flow) and forms growing separation bubbles (sub‐flow (b)) on the upper and lower surfaces of the square cylinder. As time advances, the separation bubbles on the upper and lower surfaces of the cylinder grow towards downstream regions and eventually merge with the swelling symmetrical eddies aft of the cylinder. This merging of the type II and type III flows created a complex type IV main‐flow regime with a disturbed tertiary flow zone (sub‐flow (c)) near the merging junction. Eventually, depending on the Reynolds number, the flow develops into a particular category of symmetrical standing recirculatory flow of specific characteristics.
Strategic Planning and Environmental Analysis
Authors: Sanderson S.M. , Luffman G.A.
Published: February 2008

The nature of the relationship between strategic environmental appraisal and marketing strategy is examined by, firstly, setting out what appraisal is and then explaining some of the uses. Primarily the issues of cost, complexity and response are discussed, and it is concluded that organisations tend to look at environments in terms of a chosen strategy.
Competition and Marketing Strategy
Authors: Easton G.
Published: February 2008

Processes of competition lie at the heart of the literature of marketing strategy. Indeed, it could be argued that competitors and sustainable competitive advantage are to marketing strategy what customers and the marketing concept are to marketing. The principle of sustainable competitive advantage argues that a firm can only be successful in the marketplace if its products and services have a competitive edge over those of its rivals. This edge should be one that is both important to customers and sustainable by the firm in the long run.
Export Targeting
Authors: Forbes A.M
Published: February 2008

Throughout the world of the Less Developed Countries (LDC’s) there exists a complex maze of export promotion and incentive schemes which reflect the mental agility of economists, lawyers and legislators, in providing special favours and benefits for the export sector.
Vine Volume 2 Issue 1 1972
Authors: Overton C.M.
Published: February 2008

Since the beginning of this year the libraries have been preparing machine readable records for their current intake. This is, until the first computer‐output catalogue is produced, in parallel with production of catalogue cards in the normal way. The two‐tier record structure being used by BLCMP requires that a general MARC record be held for each book. In addition to this each of the participating libraries holding a copy of the book makes a local record to hold data such as accession number and location. These records are being punched and verified and input to the IBM 360 computer which creates MARC records, carries out error checking and produces a diagnostic print. This print is being checked by the cataloguing staffs who are noting particularly what type of errors occur and for what reason, e.g. illegible handwriting or bad punching. Corrections to the record are not being made at present since the union catalogue create and amendment programs are as yet not available.
Vine Volume 3 Issue 1 1973
Authors: Overton C.M.
Published: February 2008

Vine is a Very Informal NEwsletter produced three or four times a year by the G6TI Library Automation Projects' Information Officer (based at Southampton University Library) and issued on request to interested librarians, systems staff and library college lecturers. Its object is to provide an up‐to‐date picture of the activities of the Projects and occasionally to feature other automation work of special interest not already reported elsewhere.
THE EVOLUTION OF A RETROCONVERSION
Authors: Ralls Marion C.
Published: February 2008

Edinburgh University Library is a classic example of distributed data, distributed processing, and distributed service, until 1982 all in manual form. It is dispersed, with the University, over several square miles in the centre and south of the city. The Main Library in George Square houses the central administration, the Arts and Social Sciences collections, the main Undergraduate Reading Room, the Special Collections, the Map collection, the main Reference and Statistical Reference collection, other archives, collections, and special processing and service units such as the Bindery and the Photographic Department. There are also major collections in New College Theological Library, the Medical Libraries, the Science Libraries on the Kings Buildings campus, the Law and Centre for European Government libraries, the Music library and the Veterinary libraries. All of these are professionally staffed, and professional library work (selection, acquisition, cataloguing and classification, reader services etc) is carried out there. Greater co‐ordination is being achieved since ‘the cuts and automation’ is seen as an instrument for further beneficial rationalization and co‐operation in improved services. There are also numerous class and departmental libraries of varying size, some of which the University Library controls and supports, some of which it merely advises and helps as best it can. Altogether the stock is thought to comprise between one and a half million and two million items, but this includes approximately half a million un‐catalogued items in Special Collections and New College.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SHELF SPACE
Authors: Peacock PG
Published: February 2008

A recurrent problem in library administration is that libraries do not expand evenly. In a small library (of, say, less than 100,000 volumes) the daily reports of staff responsible for shelving are probably sufficient to inform the librarian of the progress of expansion. Such reports are valuable in all libraries; but in larger libraries it is difficult to obtain from these reports alone a clear view of the general pattern of shelf occupancy. The larger the library, the more important it becomes to assess ad hoc reports on tactical shelving difficulties in the context of a broader strategy. To this end many libraries prepare annually systematic tabulations of available capacity and occupied shelf space. This paper suggests a way in which information gathered for this purpose may be exploited to greater advantage.
THE GEAC EXPERIENCE AT HILLINGDON
Authors: Clarke JE
Published: February 2008

In Hillingdon it was decided in January 1982 to proceed with the automation of all major library applications (circulation, local information, catalogue and acquisitions) as a co‐ordinated project and using a stand‐alone integrated, online system.
LICENSING THE USE OF BRITISH LIBRARY BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDS
Authors: McSean Tony
Published: February 2008

Introduction For the past two years we have been considering how best to revise British Library (BL) policies on the distribution of our MARC databases. The existing policy is one of close control based on the sale of records by BLAISE and a very limited number of other professional agencies, and has been made obsolescent by the important changes taking place both in the technology of data storage and distribution and in the structure of the library automation ‘industry’ in Britain.
DEVELOPING AND EVALUATING AN ONLINE CATALOGUE AT BIRMINGHAM POLYTECHNIC
Authors: Bluck Robert , McIntosh Sharon
Published: February 2008

The new Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) from BLCMP was installed in our main library at Perry Barr in April 1985, and has been in use throughout the summer term. As Birmingham Polytechnic already uses BLCMP online systems for cataloguing, acquisitions and ordering, as well as for circulation control, we were very pleased to be the first library to complete the system by offering online catalogue facilities direct to our library users.
GEAC LOCAL INFORMATION SYSTEM AT HILLINGDON BOROUGH LIBRARIES
Authors: Hunter Alison
Published: February 2008

Background As described in VINE 48, Hillingdon Libraries issued in September 1982 a 91‐page specification for the supply of an integrated online library system. Though only one page of the specification covered local information, it resulted in a contract with Geac Computers Ltd for the supply of four major software packages: circulation; public access catalogue; acquisitions; and local information.
IMPROVING OKAPI: TRANSACTION LOG ANALYSIS OF FAILED SEARCHES IN AN ONLINE CATALOGUE
Authors: Jones Richard
Published: February 2008

The experimental online catalogue Okapi has been running at one of the Polytechnic of Central London's (PCL) library sites for the last eighteen months. The work of this British Library project has been reported previously in VINE and the report itself which recorded the development of Okapi and outlined the rationale behind its design has been extensively discussed since its publication.
ELECTRONIC MAIL: THE EVOLUTION TOWARDS STANDARDS
Authors: Tuck Bill
Published: February 2008

Introduction Electronic mail, in the broadest sense; is not by any means a new technology. From the earliest days of telegraph; back in the 19th centuary; electronic media have been used to transmit textual information between distant points of the globe. Today the humble but ubiquitous telex machine is perhaps the best representative of this form of communication.
ADMISSIONS MONITORING SYSTEM FOR NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
Authors: Morrow John
Published: February 2008

Newcastle University Library (NUL) has recently commissioned a microcomputer controlled admissions monitoring system; (ADMIS); from MARI Advanced Microelectronics Ltd.; Newcastle upon Tyne.
CAFS AS A UNIVERSITY LIBRARY CATALOGUE SEARCH FACILITY
Authors: Beck JL , Craig JD
Published: February 2008

Background; Library Glasgow University Library (GUL) has a Geac 8000 system Which includes MRMS for data entry and the online public catalogue (OPC). By the early summer of 1986, the master bibliographic file (MBIB) contained in excess of 250,000 MARC records which could be searched online at any of more than 40 public enquiry terminals by author, title, author/title, title keyword, subject or subject keyword. The system, however, remained deficient in two respects which the Library found particularly disappointing. Firstly, the keyword indexes were much less useful than they would have been had users been permitted the range of manipulation techniques associated with the standard Boolean operators. Secondly, Geac's Community Access Module permitted remote access via X‐25 to not the OPC files but to the bibliographic data associated with the Circulation system, with the results that the advantages of using full MARC records and a fairly sophisticated user‐friendly catalogue system were lost on those of our readers who preferred to utilise the campus network to check our catalogue from the comfort and conveience of their own offices. It was because the CAFS facility appeared to address both of these deficiencies that the Library expressed an interest in it, and responded positively to a suggestion that a development project on a library application should be undertaken in the University's Computing Service Department.
CATS — A MACHINE INDEPENDENT ON‐LINE CATALOGUE SYSTEM
Authors: Motherwell WDS
Published: February 2008

Introduction The CATS on‐line catalogue system has been in operation at Cambridge University Library since 1982, (see report in VINE 47). This article reports the current state of the system which has been greatly enhanced since that time. The system supports the library's on‐line catalogue of books begun in 1978 and also a union list of serials for Cambridge University. The catalogue records are in UK‐MARC format and are coded according to AACR2, with Library of Congress Subject Headings. The system provides both an on‐line public access catalogue and a cataloguing service whereby staff can create or amend records on‐line.
REMOTE ACCESS TO OPACS, AND THE USE OF ELECTRONIC MAIL, IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES: DEVELOPMENTS IN THE USE OF THE JOINT ACADEMIC NETWORK (JANET)
Authors: stone Peter
Published: February 2008

University libraries and their use of JANET (the Joint Academc Network) were the subject of a survey in March by Elizabeth Rodger, Librarian of the University of Sussex', for SCONUL's Advisory Committee on Automation Policy. Respondents were asked if and how they used the network both to access other OPACs and to send email. Those who provide OPACs on JANET were asked for details of access, service hours, catalogue coverage, and indexes provided. Replies were received from all universities in Great Britain bar six.
THE FUTURE OF LOCAS
Authors: McSean Tony
Published: February 2008

Introduction This article is based on a paper presented to the LOCAS User Group meeting, held at the British Library on July 16th, 1986. It sets out the future for our LOCAS cataloguing service after the expiry of the present service guarantee in March 1988, giving both an outline of our intentions both for LOCAS and for cataloguing services in general, and also providing some of the historical context in which these intentions have been formed.
AUTOMATION OF COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT
Authors: Wild Chris
Published: February 2008

Introduction Two computer systems, using similar hardware and software, have been installed at the Copyright Receipt Office of the British Library and at the Copyright Agency to handle receipting and claiming of legal deposit material. The systems are intended to increase the efficiency of both offices and, for the British Library, improve the control of material acquired for the reference collections.
BLCMP SERIALS CONTROL SYSTEM
Authors: Hobbs Steve
Published: February 2008

BLCMP now has its own serials control system. The system, which is a module of the BLCMP Library System (BLS), provides a comprehensive multi‐user serials housekeeping system, integrating fully with OPAC to provide public access to serials holdings and check‐in data. Revision 2 will integrate with the acquisitions module to provide fund accounting, subscriptions control and binding.
AN INTRODUCTION TO OSI AND THE LINKED SYSTEMS PROJECT
Authors: Butcher Roger
Published: February 2008

Humans have had to communicate with computers since the latter were invented but now it is also becoming important for the computers to be able to talk to each other. One way of providing these computer to computer links is to follow the developing Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) standards. Several organizations in North America have been developing initial links between their systems using these standards. This development has the general title of the Linked Systems Project (LSP).
: A PRIVATE VIDEOTEX SYSTEM
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: February 2008

In June 1986 the London Borough of Bexley installed at its Central Reference Library a Private Videotex System (PVS) which was then launched as a public service in August 1986. This superseded the Library's small Prestel database, which had been in existence since 1979; but which is now curtailed to a few pages retained for online user registration.
SERIALS ON URICA AT THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF WALES
Authors: Thomas Avril
Published: February 2008

This paper describes past and present methods of serials control employed at the National Library of Wales, and notes the problems encountered in the transition from a completely manual system to an automated one in the space of twelve months. In order to appreciate the advantages and disadvantages of introducing an automated system some background knowledge of the way the Library works and of the system is included. The development and implementation of the automated system at the National Library is the subject of a paper by Dr D R Jeremiah published in Program, Vol. 21, no. 2, April 1987.
PICA: CENTRUM VOOR BIBLIOTHEEKAUTOMATISERING
Authors: Plaister Jean
Published: February 2008

As the various Lib‐2 studies conducted throughout the EEC are published (we hope), they should reveal how similar are the trends in automation in many European Countries. Perhaps that which is closest (geographically and metaphorically) to the U.K. scene is The Netherlands who have already published their study(1). They have features familiar to the U.K.: a centralised shared cataloguing system, promoting a local library system with the additional presence of some familiar turnkey vendors — Geac, ALS, CLSI. This brief summary of PICA is the result of a visit made by Jean Plaister to investigate, in particular, its networked messaging and ILL system — areas which the UK has not developed greatly so far. Also of interest are the developments in the implementation of OSI. Ed
EXILE: AN INTER‐LIBRARY LOANS SYSTEM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
Authors: Myhill Martin
Published: February 2008

The University of Exeter Library has recently introduced an in‐house system called EXILE (EXeter Inter LEnding) for the administration of its inter‐library loans. EXILE runs on the University of Exeter PRIME minicomputer research network. As the employment of new technology in Inter‐Lending is not new (an excellent microcomputer system called AIM2 developed by Roy Adams at Leicester Polytechnic has been available for some time), the choice of an in‐house system needs explanation.
THE HUNT FOR THE YELLOW SUBMARINE
Authors: Hankinson George
Published: February 2008

This article is an account of Huniberside Leisure Services' computerised approach to the problem of locating songs in score collections.
USE OF E‐MAIL: A SURVEY OF COPOST USAGE
Authors: Adams Roy
Published: February 2008

Background to COPOST COPOST is an electronic mail system based on the Telecom GOLD service which links the libraries of United Kingom Polytechnics and Universities. The system was inaugurated in January 1986 following discussions at the COPOL (Council of Polytechnic Librarians) Information Technology Group and the organisation's executive. Initially, only Polytechnic libraries could join. The system grew rapidly to its present Polytechnic membership of 26 with two others accessing COPOST via the general Telecom GOLD system.
RETROSPECTIVE CONVERSION AT TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN
Authors: FitzGerald John , Hogan Gail , Ni Mhoitleigh Colette , Pearce Trevor
Published: February 2008

The Library Catalogues The Library of Trinity College Dublin is served by four public catalogues to its book collection.
URICA OPAC at Bath University Library
Authors: Jones Keith
Published: February 2008

URICA offers two paths of information access, the ENQUIRY module and OPAC. The first is intended for the use of library staff, and prompts and messages are, therefore, intentionally sparse, whereas OPAC is the public access facility and differs accordingly. OPAC also differs in that the library has a great deal of control over the search and display features offered to the user. The following article describes Bath University Library's experiences with OPAC.