bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microdetermination of the major individual isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethione in rapeseed
Authors: Youngs C. G. , Wetter L. R.
Published: September 2008

A method has been developed for the quantitative determination of the major individual thioglucosides (as their aglycones) in rapeseed on a micro scale. The thioglucosides in the meal were hydrolyzed with myrosinase (B.C. 3.2.3.1, thioglucoside glucohydrolase), and the released aglycones were extracted with methylene chloride. The 3‐butenyl and 4‐pentenyl isothiocyanates were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. The 5‐vinyl‐2‐oxazolidinethione was determined on an aliquot of the same extract by ultraviolet absorption.

Five to 20 milligrams of seed or meal were used, and one operator could analyze 24 samples per day. The standard deviation was ŷ3% for the isothiocyanates and ŷ6% for the oxazolidinethione. The limit of detection was 0.1 mg per gram of meal for the isothiocyanates and 0.3 mg per gram of meal for the oxazolidinethione. Small amounts of phenylethyl isothiocyanate and two unidentified isothiocyanates were also found.
Oil content, fatty acid composition, and other agronomic characteristics of sunflower introductions
Authors: Cummins D. G. , Marion J. E. , Craigmiles J. P. , Burns R. E.
Published: September 2008

Twenty sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.) introductions and the variety Mammoth Kussian were grown at Experiment, Georgia. Total oil, fatty acid composition, and other agronomic characteristics were used to evaluate the various introductions. Total oil content varied from 17.7 to 32.7%. All introductions were relatively low in palmitic, stearic, linolenic, and behenic acids. About 90% of the oil was composed of oleic and linoleic acids, and there was considerable variation in the ratios of these two fatty acids. Seed yields varied from 329 to 3,224 lb per acre and were related to the number and size of flowers. The more profusely flowering and higher yielding introductions originated in countries of lower latitudes.
Assessment of the Content and Process of Genetic Counseling: A Critical Review of Empirical Studies
Authors: Meiser Bettina , Irle Jennifer , Lobb Elizabeth , Barlow‐Stewart Kristine
Published: September 2008

This article reviews studies that assessed the process and content of genetic counseling communication. A systematic search of the literature was undertaken of studies that audio‐ or videotaped genetic counseling sessions conducted by genetics health care providers and subjected them to communication analyses. A total of 18 studies (published in 34 articles) were identified that met the eligibility criteria. Studies show that providers speak more than clients, that a large proportion of communication is biomedical rather than psychosocial and that the teaching model of genetic counseling is widely implemented. Higher levels of counselor facilitation of understanding and empathic responses, lower levels of verbal dominance (ratio of counselor to client talk) and the provision of a summary letter of the consultation are associated with more positive client outcomes. Findings from these studies should be used as an evidence base for teaching and continuing education of genetic counseling providers.
Studies of Membrane Topology of Mitochondrial Cholesterol Hydroxylases CYPs 27A1 and 11A1
Authors: Pikuleva Irina A. , Mast Natalia , Liao Wei‐Li , Turko Illarion V.
Published: September 2008

Mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP or P450, EC 1.14.13.15) play an important role in metabolism of cholesterol. CYP27A1 hydroxylates cholesterol at position 27 and, thus, initiates cholesterol removal from many extrahepatic tissues. CYP11A1 is a steroidogenic P450 that converts cholesterol to pregnenolone, the first step in the biosynthesis of all steroid hormones. We utilized a new approach to study membrane topology of CYPs 27A1 and 11A1. This approach involves heterologous expression of membrane‐bound P450 in E. coli, isolation of the P450‐containing E. coli membranes, treatment of the membranes with protease, removal of the digested soluble portion and extraction of the membrane‐associated peptides, which are then identified by mass spectrometry. By using this approach, we found four membrane‐interacting peptides in CYP27A1, and two peptides in CYP11A1. Peptides in CYP27A1 represent a contiguous portion of the polypeptide chain (residues 210–251) corresponding to the putative F‐G loop and adjacent portions of the F and G helices. Peptides in CYP11A1 are from the putative F‐G loop (residues 218–225) and the C‐terminal portion of the G helix (residues 238–250). This data is consistent with those obtained previously by us and others and provide new information about the membrane topology of CYPs 27A1 and 11A1.
Investigation of the Parameters Affecting the Cetane Number of Biodiesel
Authors: Wadumesthrige Kapila , Smith Jeremiah C. , Wilson John R. , Salley Steven O. , Ng K. Y. Simon
Published: September 2008

The cetane number is the most significant property for measuring the ignition quality of fuels for compression ignition diesel engines. In this study, the derived cetane number (DCN) of several types of biodiesel, biodiesel components and ultra‐low sulfur diesel (ULSD) was determined using an Ignition Quality Tester (IQT™). The chemical structure of FAME leads to a higher cetane number of biodiesel compared to ULSD. The contribution to DCN from minor components present in biodiesel is not significant. Oxidation of biodiesel samples results in higher DCN values while depending on the conditions of oxidation. A greater than 25% increase was observed when oxidation was carried out in a way to retain volatile oxidative products such as carboxylic acids and aldehydes. Accelerated oxidation of cotton seed oil (CSO) biodiesel at 110 °C and 10 L/min air flow rate after 210 min resulted in a loss of 14% of the FAME content, of which 10% can be attributed to the oxidation of methyl linoleate (C18:2), whereas oxidation of soy bean oil (SBO) biodiesel resulted in a loss of 21% total FAME after 210 min. A significant amount of methyl linolenate (C18:3) remained un‐reacted after 210 min of oxidation. Ambient oxidation of distilled biodiesel samples resulted in a very high cetane number. Oxidative products such as aldehydes, hydroperoxides and oligomers of FAME are probably responsible for this higher DCN. This study enhances the understanding of the effect of composition on the cetane number of biodiesel as well as the effect of oxidative aging on both biodiesel composition and the resultant DCN.
Occurrence, structure, biochemical properties and technological characteristics of lactoferrin
Authors: Steijns Jan M. , van Hooijdonk A. C. M.
Published: September 2008

The structure of the iron-binding glycoprotein lactoferrin, present in milk and other exocrine secretions, has been elucidated in great detail, both the three-dimensional protein structure and the attached N-glycans. Structure–function relationships are being established. From these studies a function for lactoferrin in host defence and modulation of iron metabolism emerges. This paper describes in some detail how iron and other cations may be bound by lactoferrins from human or bovine sources and elucidates parts of the molecule that are critical for interactions with cells and biomolecules. Furthermore, the technological aspects, more specifically the heat-sensitivity, of bovine lactoferrin in different matrices are described.
Opioid peptides encrypted in intact milk protein sequences
Authors: Meisel Hans , FitzGerald R. J.
Published: September 2008

Opioid agonistic and antagonistic peptides which are inactive within the sequence of the precursor milk proteins can be released and thus activated by enzymatic proteolysis, for example during gastrointestinal digestion or during food processing. Activated opioid peptides are potential modulators of various regulatory processes in the body. Opioid peptides can interact with subepithelial opioid receptors or specific luminal binding sites in the intestinal tract. Furthermore, they may be absorbed and then reach endogenous opioid receptors.
Milk protein-derived peptide inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme
Authors: FitzGerald Richard J. , Meisel H.
Published: September 2008

Numerous casein and whey protein-derived angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides/hydrolysates have been identified. Clinical trials in hypertensive animals and humans show that these peptides/hydrolysates can bring about a significant reduction in hypertension. These peptides/hydrolysates may be classified as functional food ingredients and nutraceuticals due to their ability to provide health benefits i.e. as functional food ingredients in reducing the risk of developing a disease and as nutraceuticals in the prevention/treatment of disease.
Occurrence and biochemical characteristics of natural bioactive substances in bovine milk lipids
Authors: Molkentin Joachim
Published: September 2008

Bovine milk lipids (BML) contain a number of bioactive substances with positive as well as negative properties, mainly in the class of fatty acids. Besidestransfatty acids (TFA), conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are of particular interest. Apart from ruminant meat products the main source of CLA in food are BML. Although TFA as well as saturated fatty acids (12:0–16:0) are thought to be positively correlated with atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, CLA are considered antiatherogenic. Further, CLA are reported to reduce adipose fat and to have anticarcinogenic properties. The varying CLA and TFA contents of lipids from milk and dairy products are positively correlated with one another. However, TFA are also negatively correlated with 12:0–16:0 in BML. Anticarcinogenic effects are also ascribed to butyric acid as well as to some phospholipids and ether lipids present in BML. Moreover, the essential fatty acids 18:2n-6and 18:3n-3are found in BML which are involved in a variety of biochemical processes and thus have numerous functions in human metabolism. Contents of the individual bioactive components of BML are summarised taking into account also seasonal variations. The total content of bioactive substances in BML is approximately 75 % but their overall impact on human health considering benefits and drawbacks is difficult to assess.
Polyamines in human and animal milk
Authors: Löser Christian
Published: September 2008

Polyamines are highly regulated polycations which are essentially involved in cell growth and differentiation. Polyamines in food significantly contribute to the polyamine body pool. Dietary polyamines exert various direct and indirect trophic effects on the rat's immature intestine and play an important role during intestinal maturation. Human milk and that of other mammalians contain relatively high levels of polyamines which are essential luminal growth and maturation factors. The polyamines spermidine and spermine as well as their diamine precursor putrescine are ubiquitous normal constituents of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and are essentially involved in various processes of cell growth and differentiation (Pegg & McCann, 1982; Tabor & Tabor, 1984; Seiler, 1990).
Antioxidative factors in milk
Authors: Lindmark-Månsson Helena , Åkesson B.
Published: September 2008

Lipid auto-oxidation in milk is affected by a complex interplay of pro- and antioxidants. Several of these compounds are also important nutrients in the human diet and may have other physiological effects in the gastrointestinal tract and other tissues. Among antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase catalyses the dismutation of superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide. The degradation of hydrogen peroxide can be catalysed by catalase and the selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase. The latter enzyme can also degrade lipid peroxides. Lactoferrin may have an important role by binding pro-oxidative iron ions. The occurrence of different forms of these antioxidative proteins in milk and available data on their functional role are reviewed. More remains to be learnt of individual compounds and as an example the potential role of seleno compounds in milk is virtually unknown. Antioxidative vitamins in milk can provide an important contribution to the daily dietary intake. Moreover vitamin E and carotenoids act as fat-soluble antioxidants, e.g. in the milk fat globule membrane, which is regarded as a major site of auto-oxidation. Vitamin C is an important water-soluble antioxidant and interacts in a complex manner with iron and fat-soluble antioxidants. The concentrations of these compounds in milk are affected by cow feeding rations and milk storage conditions. Since milk contains a number of antioxidants many reactions are possible and the specific function of each antioxidant cannot easily be defined. There are indications that other compounds may have antioxidative function and measurement of total antioxidative capacity should be a useful tool in evaluating their relative roles.
Immunoregulatory peptides in bovine milk
Authors: Gill Harsharnjit S. , Doull F. , Rutherfurd K. J. , Cross M. L.
Published: September 2008

Bovine milk is known to contain a number of peptide fractions that can affect immune function. The vast majority of immunoregulatory peptides that have been characterised are hydrolysate derivatives of major milk proteins. Recent research has also indicated that the metabolic activity of probiotic lactic acid bacteria can generatede novoimmunoregulatory peptides from milk, via enzymatic degradation of parent milk protein molecules. In contrast, relatively little is known of endogenous, preformed immunoregulatory peptides in milk that may be relevant to modulating human health. The naturalin vivorole of preformed and enzymatically derived peptides is likely to be one of regulation of the neonatal (bovine) gastrointestinal tract immune system, in order to modulate immune function with respect to the development of immunocompetence and avoidance of undesirable immunological responses (e.g. tolerance, and hypersensitivity to nutrients). There is scope for the further characterisation of both the origin and function of milk-derived immunoregulatory peptides, so that their potential to influence human health can be fully appraised. This review highlights our current knowledge of milk-derived immunoregulatory peptides, and outlines areas that are of relevance for further research.
Effects of bioactive substances in milk on mineral and trace element metabolism with special reference to casein phosphopeptides
Authors: Scholz-Ahrens Katharina E. , Schrezenmeir J.
Published: September 2008

Bioactivity of phosphopeptides yielded after tryptic hydrolysis of casein (CPP) was reported more than 50 years ago when CPP were found to improve calcium balance in rachitic newborns. Several investigations have been carried out to study the effects of CPP mainly on calcium metabolism but also on other minerals like iron and zinc. Most of the experiments were in vitro studies or short-term experiments like the effects of CPP after single meals or their effect on mineral disappearance from intestinal everted sac or ligated loop. Investigations on calcium balance were also mainly short term, i.e. 3–4 weeks, and mainly done in rats. A few experiments have been carried out in minipigs, an animal model that is closer to the human than the rat. Studies in human were rare and short term. To date a variety of other peptides have been isolated after enzymatic hydrolysis, and some have been investigated for bioactivity, with equivocal findings. Bioactivity of phosphopeptides seemed to be more obvious when investigations were done in vitro or short term. Results were less clear in metabolic balance studies, especially under physiological conditions. The composition of the basal diet, i.e. content of calcium and phytate, or the protein source had a significant impact on the effect of phosphopeptides. It was concluded that phosphopeptides revealed positive effects on mineral solubility and absorbability, and bone mineralisation under certain experimental conditions. Accordingly they could have a beneficial effect on bone health for some groups of the population.
A study testing the usefulness of a dish-based food-frequency questionnaire developed for epidemiological studies in Korea
Authors: Kim Young Ok , Kim Mi Kyung , Lee Sang-Ah , Yoon Young Mi , Sasaki Satoshi
Published: September 2008

The purpose of the present study was to test the usefulness of dish items selected in developing a dish-based FFQ (DFFQ) to be used for epidemiological studies in Korea. The dietary data of 6817 subjects from the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for the analysis. The 24 h recall method was employed for the dietary survey. Initially, ninety-five dish items were selected in developing the DFFQ based on consumption frequency, contribution of selected nutrients and coverage of between-person variations. The usefulness of the selected ninety-five dish items was tested based on their degree of contribution in supplying nutrients in the cumulative percentage contribution (cPC), as well as on their degree of explanation for between-person variation in the cumulative regression coefficient (cMRC). According to the results, the ninety-five selected dish items accounted for an average of 92·3 % of seventeen nutrients consumed by the study subjects based on cPC estimation. The top twenty items among the ninety-five dish items covered 70 to 91 % of the between-person variation for the seventeen nutrients based on cMRC estimation. Thus, the results suggest that the ninety-five items would be useful in developing a FFQ for use in epidemiological studies of Koreans, within less than 10 % underestimation.
Keystone in the Division of Europe: Germany in the Cold War
Authors: Heuser Beatrice
Published: September 2008

The last years of the Cold War have produced a bumper crop of studies of its beginnings, and the books reviewed here are a part of it. Anne Deighton's, Cyril Buffet's and Saki Dockrill's monographs are succinct and thoroughly well-written histories based on extensive archival research. Olaf Mager's book, like the former three a well-converted PhD thesis, takes more of a political science approach, looking at the historical commitment of Britain's forces to the defence of Continental Europe in the light of its continuing importance. Klaus A. Maier's and Wilhelm Meier-Dornberg's examinations of Western policies towards the European Defence Community (EDC) project form part of the ambitious multi-volume series on the beginning of West German security policy, edited by the office of military history of the Federal Republic. Hermann-Josef Rupieper's colossal monograph on US policy towards Germany, like Maier's and Meier-Dotnberg's studies of the EDC phase in the evolution of German rearmament, is based on enormously comprehensive multi-national archival research, where the first four books mentioned drew mainly on the archives of one country. The volume on Germany and the Marshall Plan edited by Charles Maier and Giinter Bischof, and the Gottinger Arbeitskreis's volume on the German question from 1953 to 1955, are both collections of multi-author articles concerned with a common theme.
Manufacturing a Consensus: Nazi Propaganda and the Building of a ‘National Community’ (Volksgemeinschaft)
Authors: Welch David
Published: September 2008

The point has to be made at once that any attempt to quantify public reaction to Nazi propaganda is fraught with difficulties. Accurate measurement of the effectiveness of Nazi propaganda is weakened by the absence of public opinion surveys and the fact that, in a society that resorted so readily to coercions and terror, reported opinion did not necessarily reflect the true feelings and moods of the public, especially if these views were opposed to the regime. Nevertheless, to state that public opinion in the Third Reich ceased to exist is not strictly true. After the Nazi ‘seizure of power’ in 1933, Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels stressed the importance of co-ordinating propaganda with other activities. In a dictatorship, propaganda must address itself to large masses of people and attempt to move them to a uniformity of opinion and action. But the Nazis also understood that propaganda is of little value in isolation. To some extent this explains why Goebbels impressed on all his staff at the Ministry of Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda the imperative necessity constantly to gauge public moods. Goebbels therefore regularly received (as did all the ruling élites) extraordinarily detailed reports from the Secret Police (SD reports) about the mood of the people and would frequently quote these in his diary. Hitler, too, was familiar with these reports, and his recorded determination to avoid increasing food prices at all costs for fear that this would undermine the regime's popularity suggests a political sensitivity to public opinion. To assure themselves of continued popular support was an unwavering concern of the Nazi leadership, and of Hitler and Goebbels in particular.
Business and the Shop Floor
Authors: Fridenson Patrick
Published: September 2008

Historians of Europe need to take into account these two new books of general business history, as they throw new light on the European economy and society. Their approach, however, is different: Chandler, an historian of America, ventures into two European countries; Lazonick, an historian of Britain, now deals also with the US; Chandler's ambitions are to attempt a comparative history of industrial organisations, whereas Lazonick focuses on the workplace.
Revealing Thoughts: French Post-War Cultural Disarray and theRevue marxiste enquêteof 1929
Authors: Burkhard Fred Bud
Published: September 2008

Perhaps the most cherished prerogative of French intellectuals is the right to take a position, to have a public opinion on any and every matter. This power to pronounce judgement has crumbled somewhat in the electronic age before the pressures of the public opinion poll and the occasionally surreal media star syndrome, but generally intellectual and cultural leaders in France have retained highly visible and respected roles within national life.
Winds of History or the Acts of Men? The Unification of Germany
Authors: Deighton Anne
Published: September 2008

For the first two years after the Berlin Wall came down and, as Jacques Delors put it, while the speed of history accelerated, most scholars confined themselves to journalism. Some books that did appear were rapidly overtaken by the heady pace of history, and the books under review here do not entirely escape being dated by the relentless progress of events on the European continent. Indeed, it can hardly be said that the dust has settled on German unification and the seismic events that we call the end of the Cold War. Both in the East (predictably) and in the West, unscrambling the elaborate territorial, strategic and ideological Cold War structures is bringing a re-examination of the nation state and its democratic practices; international governmental organisations; ‘Western’ values; and security issues. At one level, debate has been raging among some historians between two unsatisfactory notions: the ‘end of history’, and ‘real’ history being on the move again. At another level the German question has been returning unsteadily into focus, as historians start to pick at issues of national identity, nationalism and the nation-state. Other analysts have been trying to fit the European structures and assumptions we inherit from the Cold War years into a post-Cold War security and economic architecture. The close relationship between these strands of European history is obvious.
Higher Education in Poland
Authors: Rainsford Dominic
Published: September 2008

Polish higher education, like Poland as a whole, is in an exciting but perilous phase. The political changes of the last few years have brought new opportunities but also new expectations and constraints. Many university personnel are looking forward to a less insular, more fulfilling academic life, but there are plenty of others who feel nostalgia for a past which was ideologically inflexible but in some respects less demanding and more secure.
Western Re-Assessments of Russian and Soviet Economic History
Authors: Channon John
Published: September 2008

With the advent of Gorbachev, two new words, perestroika (reform) and glasnost' (openness), entered the Western vocabulary. They also served as the bywords for economic and social change that continues to this day. Simultaneously, the search for a solution to the economic ills of the former USSR has led to a rediscovery and a re-examination of the past. In this context, scholars of the successor states to the Soviet Union will find much of interest in the works reviewed here which take us chronologically from the late nineteenth century to the late 1980s.
Divided Europe — Divided Germany (1950—63)
Authors: Schmidt Gustav
Published: September 2008

The era of cold wars and the two divisions – of Europe and of Germany – ran parallel: ‘The Cold War began with a deliberate Soviet decision to cut Europe in two, and in reacting the Western powers took a deliberate decision to cut Germany in two.’
The French Colonial Service and the Issues of Reform, 1944–8
Authors: Lewis James I.
Published: September 2008

The problems of decolonisation in post-Second World War France have attracted renewed attention in recent years. A new generation of historians and political scientists has focused on why it was so difficult for the country's political and intellectual élites to accept the end of empire. This attention to the subjectivity of policy and opinion-makers has added a novel dimension to understanding how and why the end of the colonial era occurred with such difficulty and bloodshed for the French. This new orientation has largely displaced the old ‘Gaullist’ explanation for the failing of France's post-war regime, the Fourth Republic, in colonial policy. The older notion, articulated by General Charles de Gaulle himself during his twelve-year exile from political power between 1946 and 1958, blamed the unstable parliamentary coalitions and governing political parties of the era for the series of crises and disasters in colonial policy faced by a deeply fractured legislative regime. The rapid rise and fall of governments, the turnover of ministers, the constant governmental disputes on a range of questions, it was alleged, was the cause of inconsistent and weak policies incapable of meeting the succession of crises. The newer research, however, has demonstrated that the institutional problems of the Fourth Republic were not the key issue and that the essential problem lay with an inability of élites to recognise, accept and adapt to decolonisation worldwide. It has been shown that, far from having inconsistent or weak policies, the governing cadres of the Fourth Republic shared fundamentally similar concepts and goals in their determination to maintain the integrity of the French Empire. Yet this same historiography has focused on the political parties, pressure groups and shifting political landscape of French colonial policy while largely overlooking an important, though less obvious, player.
The Bolsheviks and the Family
Authors: Waters Elizabeth
Published: September 2008

The Bolsheviks considered the family to be a minor matter. TheABC of Communism, a popular exposition of Bolshevik Marxism published shortly after the October Revolution, detailed the economic and political institutions of Soviet Russia with only a passing reference to the public services that would emancipate women in the future society.1Its authors, Nikolai Bukharin and Evgenii Preobrazhenskii, understood the revolutionary process chiefly as the by-product of economic development and expected socialism to come through the manipulation of economic mechanisms by central government, and in this they echoed the views of their party. The Bolshevik scenario did not preclude the ‘participation of the masses’ to use the vocabulary of the times. Individuals, women as well as men, were to enjoy unprecedented access to the political process, and as masters of the nation's resources would decide matters of state, each acting as part of the whole, or more exactly as part of a number of collectivities, first and foremost as members of the proletariat, but also as members of other groups including nationality, youth and women. While families in the past had played a crucial role in the creation and transmission of private property, with the overthrow of the exploitative capitalist system they would cease to function as providers of economic and psychological welfare. Instead the individual's social place and action would be determined by class and, to a lesser extent, by ethnicity, age and gender. Families belonged to the superstructure and were symptom rather than cause; they adapted to the needs of society, changing in response to the transformation of economic relations. Families, in other words, could look after themselves, and appropriate forms of private life would evolve without much outside intervention.
The Family and the ‘Economic Miracle’: Social Transformation, Work, Leisure and Development at Bovisa and Comasina (Milan), 1950–70
Authors: Foot John
Published: September 2008

Traditional histories of the Italian ‘Economic Miracle’ have concentrated on two phenomena: the factory and migration. The family has occupied a position of secondary importance, being treated as of lesser interest than ‘other’ arenas of everyday life, in particular the workplace. Those who have eulogised the miracle have underlined the massive effort and sacrifice of millions of workers in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Those who oppose the ‘ideology’ behind the boom have looked to the latent conflicts (and problems) produced by unplanned economic development – frictions which were to explode in 1968. The reality was a complicated combination of both these interpretations. Some took the road of opposition to the system, many millions lapped up the values of the boom, most were affected in some way by both ‘world-views’. The relationship between the family and the boom was a two-way one. The Italian family had as much effect on the ‘miracle’ as the ‘miracle’ did on the family (in much the same way that mass internal migration was both a cause and a consequence of the boom). Each shaped and moulded the other in various and crucial ways. The family was Janus-faced, ‘both a custodian of tradition and an agent of change’.2
The Polish Writing Profession: 1944–56
Authors: Tighe Carl
Published: September 2008

Citizens of the Polish People's Republic have a right to enjoy cultural achievements and to participate creatively in the development of their national culture …. The Polish People's Republic is concerned for the all-round development of scholarship, literature, and the arts, and surrounds with particular care the creative intelligentsia and those engaged in scientific, educational, literary and artistic work.

The Constitution of the Polish People's Republic, 1952.
A Troubled Transition: Bulgarian Historiography, 1989–94
Authors: Meininger Thomas A.
Published: September 2008

Since the so-called ‘Change’ of 10 November 1989, Bulgarian historiography has been, with its society as a whole, ‘in transition’. That phrase, it should be noted, has acquired what is at best a desultory connotation in the harsh realities of contemporary Bulgaria. Blocked by protracted economic crisis and failed political leadership, the road to reform has been uncertain, its destination obscure. The same situation has held true for practically all of the institutions of Bulgarian life, including the profession of history. Some welcome changes and positive achievements have been so much accompanied by problematic trends as to preclude any definitively favourable prognosis.
Belgian Government Policy and the Petite Bourgeoisie (1918–40)
Authors: Heyrman Peter
Published: September 2008

Historical research into the petite bourgeoisie in Belgium did not begin until quite a bit later than it did abroad. On closer inspection, that was no bad thing. Because of the late start by Belgian historians, they were more open-minded and less inclined towards the research into the roots of Fascism which was largely based on pre-war sociological theories. Beginning in 1980, pioneering research was carried out at the Université Libre de Bruxelles – for the most part on the period before the First World War. The research group under the direction of Ginette Kurgan-van Hentenryk systematically analysed several important series of sources and produced interesting detailed studies. In 1993 Serge Jaumain published a comprehensive study on Belgian retail trade in the period from 1880 to 1914.
An Unexpected Path to Modernisation: The Case of German Artisans during the Second World War
Authors: Mckitrick Frederick L.
Published: September 2008

On 10 July 1950, at the celebrations marking the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Wiesbaden Chamber of Artisans (Handwerkskammer), its president Karl Schöppler announced: ‘Today industry is in no way the enemy of Handwerk. Handwerk is not the enemy of industry.…’ These words, which accurately reflected the predominant point of view of the post-war chamber membership, and certainly of its politically influential leadership, marked a new era in the social, economic and political history of German artisans and, it is not too much to say, in the history of class relations in (West) Germany in general. Schöppler's immediate frame of reference was the long-standing and extremely consequential antipathy on the part of artisans towards industrial capitalism, an antipathy of which his listeners were well aware.
Tourist Planning in Fascist Italy and the Limits of a Totalitarian Culture
Authors: Bosworth R.J.B.
Published: September 2008

The historiography of Italian fascism has reached a curious pass. Once, especially in the English-language world, all was dominated by the study of politics, diplomacy and war. Moreover, these studies were automatically ‘intentionalist’ in their interpretation. For Denis Mack Smith as, ironically, for Renzo De Felice, it did not seem possible to think of the period from 1922 to 1945 except as ‘Mussolini's Italy’; any analysis of fascist Italy could not depart far from the dominant and dominating figure of theDuce.
Displaced Archives and Restitution Problems on the Eastern Front in the Aftermath of the Second World War
Authors: Grimsted Patricia Kennedy
Published: September 2008

At the height of the Second World War, in November 1942, the Embassy of the USSR in Washington DC issued an Information Bulletin condemning the Nazi cultural atrocities and looting that were taking place on the Eastern Front. In conclusion, it reminded the world.
Victory in a Nuclear War? A Comparison of NATO and WTO War Aims and Strategies
Authors: Heuser Beatrice
Published: September 2008

A question that haunted critical minds in the West throughout the Cold War was whether the evolution of two opposing military blocs in Europe meant that the blocs, their ideologies and their strategies, were actually mirror images of one another.
Détente versus Alliance: France, the United States and the politics of the Harmel report (1964–1968)
Authors: Bozo Frédéric
Published: September 2008

Thirty years after its adoption in December 1967, the Harmel report can be seen as a turning point in the history of the Alliance. By postulating NATO's compatibility with the changing nature of international relations, the report's conceptual framework provided an answer to the political dimension of the Alliance's mid-1960s crisis – which, fundamentally, was a crisis of legitimacy. From then on, NATO's increasingly active role in East–West relations would complement its original rationale – the defence of its members in the narrow sense – with a new one – the management of European security writ large, thus enhancing, for at least two decades, the Alliance'sraison d'êtreas a whole. With the benefit of hindsight, the long-term significance of the Harmel report is, in fact, indisputable: how could NATO have survived the disappearance of the Soviet threat and the end of East–West conflict had it not been for the post-Cold War expansion of its ‘new tasks’ along the lines of the Harmel report?
Citizenship and Politics: The Legacy of Wilton Park for Post-War Reconstruction
Authors: Welch David
Published: September 2008

Writing in 1965 in Britain Looks to Germany, Donald Cameron Watt concluded:

Perhaps the biggest successes scored by the Education Branch lay in the programme of exchange visits at all levels, in the discovery and encouragement of a new generation of teachers in Germany.…and most imaginatively of all in the opening up of the Wilton Park Centre to which leaders of opinion in Germany came for short residential courses on British democratic practice. Politicians, journalists, teachers, academics, trades unionists mingle together in these courses, and so valuable did the centre appear to German opinion that it was German initiative and German financial contribution which helped to preserve it in its present form when a niggardly Treasury and a disastrously unimaginative Foreign Secretary threatened to abolish it. Its impact on German life and on the political elites of West Germany has been incalculable.
New Course Economics: The Field of Economic Research in Hungary after Stalin, 1953–6
Authors: Péteri György
Published: September 2008

We definitely have to stop speculating about theories believed to be perfect and, instead of making deductions, we have to contribute to the construction of a positive general theory of socialism through studying economic reality.
Hungary's Part in the Soviet–Yugoslav Conflict, 1956–58
Authors: Ripp Zoltán
Published: September 2008

Hungary, after the 1956 revolution, played a special part in the dispute that broke out between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia and continued with varying intensity for several years. This eventful story was an important part of the process that decided the fate of the East-Central European region. The immediate cause of political contention between Belgrade and Moscow was their differences over the Hungarian question, especially the fate of Imre Nagy, who had been prime minister during the revolution. The intrinsic conflicts lay deeper, however. Although the Nagy affair remained an important factor in the disagreements throughout – from his kidnapping to the ‘war of the protest notes’ that followed his execution – it acted mainly as a catalyst. The Nagy affair was an insurmountable problem for all the players concerned. It provided ample fuel for the debates, and each side found that it could be used to put pressure on the other. Due to the system of relations between the three communist countries, the Hungarian side played the least active part. János Kádár, having come to power through the crushing of the uprising of October 1956, was left in no doubt that Hungary had to follow faithfully the Kremlin's foreign-policy line and accommodate itself to Soviet regional policy requirements. Nonetheless, the story remains interesting from Hungary's point of view as well, because it reveals more than the constraints on a small, exposed country. It also shows how Kádár, as he zigzagged between the conflicting demands of Tito and Khrushchev, trying to keep on good terms with both, was gathering experience that would be useful in his later foreign policy.
Samson dux fortissime:an international Latin song
Authors: Stevens John
Published: September 2008

This Old Testament ‘annunciation’ prophesies the birth of Samson, one of the popular heroes of medieval story and art. There is a plenitude of evidence on this point, but his popularity could be deduced quite simply from the song which is the subject of this article.Samson dux fortissimeis well known; it is often referred to, and it has been recorded at least twice in recent years. However, there is no adequate published edition of it, no comparative study of its sources and notations, and no analysis of the way in which the imposing rhetoric of its poetry is combined with an intricately patterned melody.1This complex monophonic song offers a chance to examine melody and rhythm, rhetoric and rhyme, working together on a large scale in a harmonious and impressive whole.2
Prenez sur moy: Okeghem's tonal pun
Authors: Fallows David
Published: September 2008

Just fifty years after Okeghem died, apparently as a very old man, Glareanus published a massive treatise entitled Dodecachordon (1547). In the last chapter, which Glareanus describes as an afterthought, he discusses the skill of certain composers, using mostly canonic works as his examples. Among them is Okeghem's three-out-of-one canon Prenez sur moy, which Glareanus describes as a ‘catholicon’. It is a song that has caught the imagination of many commentators over the centuries. Composed before c. 1470, it was presented and discussed by five music theorists of the sixteenth century and reprinted as late as 1594 – a matter that gives it a longer continuous career than any other polyphonic song of the fifteenth century. But therein lies the problem. Later writers added details that they thought would clarify the music but which only confused the issue.
Recordings
Authors: Milsom John
Published: September 2008

When is a monody not a monody? Listen to almost any new release of medieval monophony on record and the answer will be the same: when it falls into the hands of twentieth-century performers. Few myths surrounding the interpretation of medieval song are as potent as the belief that works notated as single melodic lines are in fact latent polyphonies. Why this paradoxical state of affairs?
Johannes de Grocheio on secular music: a corrected text and a new translation
Authors: Page Christopher
Published: September 2008

It has long been recognized that Johannes de Grocheio's De musicta is an outstanding source of information about Parisian musical practice c. 1300. However, the critical text of the treatise published by Rohloff in 1972 can be improved by returning to the manuscripts, and the pioneering English translation, by Albert Seay, can now be corrected in some important particulars. The purpose of this article is therefore to present a corrected text and a new (annotated) translation of Johannes de Grocheio's remarks about secular music, both monophonic and polyphonic, generally regarded as the most important part of his treatise.
Le Voir Dit: a reconstruction and a guide for musicians
Authors: Leech-Wilkinson Daniel
Published: September 2008

Guillaume de Machaut's autobiographical poem, Le Voir Dit, has been known to musicians mainly by reputation. In 1928 Friedrich Ludwig printed extracts from passages on music in the introduction to his edition of Machaut's complete musical works, in 1969 Sarah Jane Williams examined Machaut's remarks about manuscript production, and in a more general article, for the 1977 Machaut anniversary, she introduced Le Voir Dit to non-specialists. On the whole, however, musicians have been content to leave study of the complete text to scholars of Middle French. Their priorities are, of course, very different; much of the most influential writing on Le Voir Dit from the last twenty years has been concerned to show how the text might be read in a structuralist or post-structuralist manner, and has placed relatively little emphasis on more positivistic questions such as how the text was compiled or its relationship to the historical persons and events it mentions. Yet to anyone interested in the origins and function of this extraordinary document such issues seem fundamental; indeed, the historically minded reader might wonder how the text can be understood at all until such matters have been addressed.
A fragment of medieval polyphony in the Archivo Histórico Provincial of Zamora
Authors: Nelson Kathleen E.
Published: September 2008

The source to be discussed here is one of a collection of about 288 fragments of liturgical manuscripts. These form the section entitledPergaminos musicalesin the Archivo Histórico Provincial of Zamora in western Spain. Most of the fragments contain notated chant while a few give texts without music. Whilst studying the collection I found that one,Pergamino musical 184, contains polyphony. The significance of this new source probably lies principally in its relationship to the great polyphonic manuscript of Las Huelgas (Burgos, Monasterio de Las Huelgas) from late thirteenth- or early fourteenth-century Spain.Pergamino musical 184(hereafter referred to as Z 184) probably dates from between the middle of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth century, and therefore may pre-date Las Huelgas. The collection ofPergaminos musicalesincluding Z 184 was recently taken from the binding of books of legal documents (protocolos) dating from the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Many more fragments of liturgical manuscripts are to be found still in the binding of books in the archive but an extensive search of these has yielded no further examples of polyphony
‘Stroke’ and ‘strene’ notation in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century equal-note cantus firmi
Authors: Benham Hugh
Published: September 2008

Several writers, notably Dr Margaret Bent, have drawn attention to simple forms of notation that were occasionally used in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century English music in preference to ‘normal’ mensural notation. This study investigates the employment of these notations in plainsong-based cantus firmi that have, exclusively or predominantly, notes of a single value, and comments on the relationships between such notations and the more widely used notational systems of plainchant and polyphonic music.
Alphabetical check-list of Anglo-Norman songs c. 1150—c. 1350
Authors: Stevens John
Published: September 2008

It is a curiosity of British cultural history that the surviving Anglo-Norman (AN) songs of medieval England have attracted so little interest amongst musicologists English or French. Such knowledge as we have of them is mostly garnered from two pioneering facsimile volumes:Early English Harmony, edited in 1897 for the Plainsong and Mediaeval Music Society by Harry E. Wooldridge; andEarly Bodleian Music(1901), an even finer collection, edited by Sir John Stainer, his son and his daughter, with exemplary studies of many of the manuscripts by Bodley's Librarian, Edward B. Nicholson. These two volumes contain about half of the songs listed here. Their French equivalent, Pierre Aubry'sLes plus anciens monuments de la musique française(1905), contains two AN songs in facsimile. Others were published at around the same time (‘buried’ might be a better word) in isolated facsimile:El tens d'iver(Baker),Quaunt le russinol(Petersen). Yet others have only recently emerged, or re-emerged, into scholarly consciousness:Volez oyer le castoy(Wilkins),Si tost c'amis(Page, 1988)
A new attribution to Brassart?
Authors: Wright Peter
Published: September 2008

A badly trimmed ascription can be more a matter for relish than regret: if enough of the composer's name survives to permit informed speculation, the musicologist's sense of pleasure is likely to outweigh his sense of loss. Most musical manuscripts from the late Middle Ages have visibly suffered at the hands of the binder's knife, but perhaps none more so than the famous ‘Aosta Manuscript’ (I-AO15), one of the central sources of early fifteenth-century sacred polyphony. In his inventory of the manuscript Guillaume de Van reported no fewer than twenty names as surviving in varying states of incompleteness. In fifteen instances he was able to decipher the composer's name or supply it from the manuscript's index or a concordant source, while the other five apparently defeated him. Two of the names have since been deciphered, and a third has been identified from another source, but the remaining two have attracted no further comment.