bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women's Studies and Higher Education: The Troubled Journey
Authors: Sharma Kumud
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews the evolution and development of women's studies in contemporary India from the 1970s to the present. It begins by highlighting the sense of crisis experienced at the very onset of women's studies due to the presence of multiple agendas and the lack of a history to build on. In spite of such problems, the end of the decade of the 1970s also witnessed con vergences between, for instance, sections of the women's movement and women's studies, while the subsequent decade of the 1980s was a time of institutional legitimisation and growth in the field. The essay concludes by recognising new sources of crisis as well as fresh challenges at the turn of the century.
Beyond Kulina and Kulata: The Critique of Gender Difference in the Writings of K. Saraswati Amma
Authors: Devika J.
Published: March 2007

This article re-reads the writings of K. Saraswati Amma,1 an author marginalised within the Malayalee literary universe and labelled as an incorrigible man-hater. The effort is to read her writing as an engagement with the positions taken in the debates around modern gender in the early 20th-century Malayalee public sphere. It attempts to trace out the specific sharing between her ideas and Malayalee radical reformism of the 1930s, and the critical distance of the former from the latter. It may be demonstrated that both stay within the ambit of radical reformist individualism, but as a forcefully critical presence. Further, her powerful use of radical reformist individualism to forge a critical account of the emergent modern family and marriage in mid-20th-century Malayalee society is highlighted. Lastly, K. Saraswati Amma's only novel is discussed as making an interesting gesture at an alternative female subjectivity, and at the same time displaying some sensitivity towards the less desirable effects of inflexible individualism.
Is there Any Positive Effect of Offering No Performance Appraisal Feedback?
Authors: Lee Mushin , Shin Wonjun
Published: March 2007

So far researchers have regarded performance appraisal feedback as desirable and have examined feed back issues assuming that feedback is actually provided. The purpose of this article is to investigate whether there is any positive effect of offering no performance appraisal feedback. We studied if the inflated expec tation of employees' own performance appraisal affects the performance of the employee positively when the feedback is held back. The empirical results indicated that expectation was positively inflated and it made significant contributions to compliance with supervisor, job satisfaction and organizational commit ment. The results also showed that expectation of their supervisors' rating is a more significant indicator than the real appraisal rating itself in reviewing some employee attitudes like compliance with supervisor and organizational commitment. Several theoretical and managerial implications of the findings, including the importance of cultural difference, were also discussed.
Corporate Transgressions through Moral Disengagement
Authors: Bandura Albert , Caprara Gian-Vittorio , Zsolnai Laszlo
Published: March 2007

Corporate transgression is a well-known phenomenon in today's business world. Some corporations are involved in violations of law and moral rules that produce organizational practices and products that take a toll on the public. Social cognitive theory of moral agency provides a conceptual framework for analyzing how otherwise pro-social managers adopt socially injurious corporate practices. This is achieved through selective disengagement of moral self-sanctions from transgressive conduct. This article documents moral disengagement practices in four famous cases of corporate transgressions and discusses some implications for business ethics on how to counteract organizational use of moral disengagement strategies.
The Relevance of the Guna Theory in the Congruence of Eastern Values and Western Management Practice
Authors: Innes-Brown Malcolm , Chatterjee Samir
Published: March 2007

The relevance of the guna theory to applications of Western management practice is seen in this paper as an insight holding capacity to guide managerial behaviour. In its essence, the guna theory depicts values which constitute human personality into a sattwa-rajas delineation of deepened understanding, giving direction to action and which, in turn, illustrates negative values (tamas) likely to cause obstruction. For managers to appreciate this level of understanding, while simultaneously sensing those values which inhibit purposeful action, may be regarded as containing strength in a more intuitive, subjective way than values of moral judgement adopted to guide managerial action in the West. As such, the guna theory has deep relevance in the face of egotistical, contractual or legal values, so often defining the parameters of Western management.
Export Growth and Path Dependence: The Locking-in of Innovations in the Software Industry
Authors: D'Costa Anthony P.
Published: March 2007

Based on a survey of Indian software firms, this paper analyses whether export dependence locks Indian firms into a dependent non-innovative growth path. The author argues that lock-in effects operate, placing Indian firms into a non-innovative dependent path because higher-end services are difficult to outsource. More importantly user- feedback linkages critical to innovation cannot develop with a distant client and a still more distant final user. Consequently, domain knowledge vital for innovation is not accumulated by Indian firms. He recommends diversification of export markets away from over-dependence on the USA and development of a vibrant home market.
The Indian Software Industry from an Israeli Perspective: A Microeconomic and Policy Analysis
Authors: Teubal Morris
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a first look at the Indian IT experience from the perspective of Israel. It consists of a set of three case studies of Indian IT firms, one a multinational subsidiary, one an innovative small firm and one a mainline software export firm. The Indian IT industry is viewed in the context of the Israeli experience in fostering an internationally competitive high-tech IT industry through various policy measures, both horizontal and targeted, with special reference to venture capital and globalisation.
The Politics of Science Policy in the Periphery of Europe: The Case of Portugal
Authors: Goncalves Maria Eduarda
Published: March 2007

Studies on the relationship between science, technology and public policy have predominantly focused on the advanced industrialised countries. This article provides an overview and interpretation of the evolution of science policy in Portugal—a relatively less industrialised and a peripheral European country with a number of contrasting features with the developing countries.

Policy analysis has emphasised the nature of public policies as dynamic processes that are influenced or determined by various contextual factors, institutional con straints, interests and policy cultures of the actors involved. Such a set of factors seem to be particularly distinctive and explanatory in countries marked by strong socio cultural and institutional idiosyncrasies sometimes deeply rooted in political and economic history, as in the case of Southern Europe.

In the political and legal discourse, the importance of science and technology and the role of the state in their stimulation has been recurrently acknowledged in Portugal. Despite the manifestation of S&T policy issues in the political discourse, science and technology policy remains of secondary importance to the overall eco nomic policy area as such. The reason for this apparent contradiction between political discourse and practical realities appears to be rooted in the political and social cultures, particularly in the way science and its applications are perceived and utilised (or not utilised) by most of the enterprises, social organisations and political administrative structures.
Turning Brain Drain into Brain Gain: The Colombian Experience of the Diaspora Option
Authors: Meyer Jean-Baptiste , Charum Jorge , Bernal Dora , Gaillard Jacques , Granés José , Leon John , Montenegro Alvaro , Morales Alvaro , Murcia Carlos , Narvaez-Berthelemot Nora , Stella Parrado Luz , Schlemmer Bernard
Published: March 2007

An increasing number of developing countries are considering their highly qualified citizens living abroad as a potential asset for national development. Renewed policies are consequently designed in order to ensure the return of this expatriated talented group. Besides the repatriation-return-option generally enacted in these policies with varying success, a second one has recently emerged: the diaspora option. It consists of the remote mobilisation of intellectuals abroad and their connection to scientific, technological and cultural programmes at home.

At the beginning of the 1990s, Colombia began to systematically and consistently apply this option, through the creation of 'the Colombian Caldas' Network of Scientists and Engineers Abroad'. The experience of this strategy has been studied during the last four years by a Franco-Colombian research team. The paper discusses the results of this study. It first contextualises the diaspora option and the Colombian experience by putting it in historical perspective along with the other policies designed to tackle the issue of professionals' migration. It then describes the S&T diaspora in terms of actors and dynamics. The way it works through the Caldas network is presented in terms of an analysis of three major aspects: the electronic list through INTERNET, the local associations (network's nodes) and some joint projects between diaspora and the home community members. The concluding part draws the signific ance of the experience, its achievements as well as its limitations, and suggests indicators and methods that could help develop it elsewhere.
Technological Learning and Competitiveness in the Autoparts and Petrochemical Industries in Mexico
Authors: Jasso Javier , Torres Arturo
Published: March 2007

This article examines the learning processes and the generation of technical capabil ities in the autoparts and petrochemical industries in Mexico, as part of an inter national competitive process. This analysis explores the process through which technology is generated and diffused and is useful as a source of long-term competi tion. Based upon in-depth interviews in more than fifty companies, the study con cludes that both industries have experienced an important learning process, although in some cases it has been limited, which has enabled many companies to accumulate important productive capabilities but scarce technological capabilities. The market position of the companies has been maintained or has been better off as a result of this technological learning process.
Vidal Mayor: A Visualisation of the Juridical Miniature
Authors: Grautoff Gwendollyn Gout
Published: March 2007

Encompassing one of the richest programmes of illumination in a customary law code, the manuscript Vidal Mayor is a thirteenth-century compilation of Aragonese law. Its illumination programme, which includes numerous court scenes, is a perfect laboratory for a serial analysis. This essay explains the structure of the image space and its function. It also analyses the represen tation of the miniatures' main characters: the providers of justice.
Managing the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: Lessons Learnt in the South-East Asia Region
Authors: Narain Jai P.
Published: March 2007

HIV/AIDS came late to Asia but is now spreading rapidly. With 6 million infections estimated as of the end of 1999, Asia now has the largest number of people living with HIV/AIDS after Africa. While response to the epidemic has been somewhat delayed in all countries, experiences now show that HIV can indeed be prevented, provided sound and effective interventions are implemented. This paper summarises the lessons learnt in responding to the epidemic so far and articulates challenges and priorities for the future. The experience of the past decade should indeed guide our future responses in combating the HIVlAIDS epidemic.
Drug-related HIV in South and South-East Asia
Authors: Sarkar Swarup , Chatterjee Anindya , Bergenström Anne
Published: March 2007

While there has been significant advancement in the knowledge on effective HIV prevention methods among injecting drug users (IDUs), and their demonstrated success, in particular the impact of availability and use of clean injecting equipment on reducing HIV prevalence among IDUs, in Australia, the US and the UK, progress made in implementation of actual interventions focused on IDUs in South and South-East Asia is less than satisfactory. This paper examines some of the critical issues related to the context and causes of inadequate drug-related HIV prevention programmes in Asia. It also raises questions relating to evidence-based interventions to be scaled up in the region, including the need for sufficient resources anda conducive policy and legalenvironment.
Physical Development of Premature and Normal Infants: A Comparative and Longitudinal Study
Authors: Jain Madhu , Saxena Aradhana
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to assess the physical development of premature and normal infants with the help ofthe anthropometric norms given by the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR). Fifty children were studied: 25 premature and 25 normal. Height, weight, head circumference and chest circumference were measured. The findings revealed that the difference between both normal and the premature infants was significant only— the first nine months. It was concluded that if proper care, nutrition and attention are given to premature infants, theirgrowth can be as normal as of full-term infants. Second, no differences based on sex were found in the development of premature infants.
Using Modern Contraception in Russia: Obstacles and Possibilities
Authors: Pervysheva Elena
Published: March 2007

A study conducted in Moscow and Ivanovo cities of Russia, using qualitative meth ods of research, namely, focus groups and in-depth interviewing, indicated that in the post-liberalisation scenario, the attitude of the people towards sex and marriage is undergoing a rapid change. In the respondents' opinion, premarital sex is quite admissible and marriage is seen as an institution related to life when one wants to procreate. The study recommends some actions to be taken in order to impart educa tion on sexual and reproductive health issues.
The Role of Scientific Knowledge for Decision Making in Health Care: Myth or Reality?
Authors: Granados A.
Published: March 2007

Decision makers' information needs in present day health care systems are growing at the same pace as the need to manage economic and health care resources more rigor ously. It is in the new socioeconomic and demographic scenarios and within a better informed society—demanding explanations about how and in what their tax money is spent—where we find the source of this need, and of the appreciation ofscientific know ledge as a way to inform the different types of decisions being made in health care systems

This paper examines briefly the evolution of health-related research and its influ ence in clinical practice and health care management. It also explores the rationality of the potential conflict between the main decision makers in health care: doctors and managers. Finally, it states the experience of a health technology assessment agency as an approach for the management of knowledge.
NIKE'S COMMERCIAL SOLUTION
Authors: Lucas Shelley
Published: March 2007

In this article I critically examine the ways in which Nike has situated itself as an active participant in current cultural conversations about girls' and women's participation in sport through three television commercials: `If you let me play', `There's a girl being born in America', and `The Fun Police'. In these advertisements, Nike positions itself as helping girls get a chance to play sports, helping them lead healthier and happier lives, helping them learn the rules of the game, and helping them to have fun. However, I argue that Nike's suggestion that girls can be empowered through sport (and through Nike's efforts) occurs within a framework of discourses appearing in the commercials that, in effect, constrains girls by representing them as lacking their own agency.
SURVEILLANCE, SUBJECTIVISM AND TECHNOLOGIES OF POWER
Authors: Johns David P. , Johns Jennifer S.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to use a Foucauldian framework to explore the concept of disciplinary power and its relationship to sport. This article focuses on the dietary intake of athletes to show how this aspect of the discursive practice was shaped by the technology of power as a means of domination and the technology of the self as a means of transformation. Qualitative data collection for the research was conducted at several high-performance training centres located in urban areas where 17 athletes from four sports were interviewed. Foucauldian concepts such as surveillance and technologies of the self were employed to examine the power structure that shaped the discursive practice of athletes. A deconstructive strategy was then employed to examine the normalized compliance of the athletes and challenge validity of the discourse of expertise in which coaches engaged. We concluded that athletes are willing to settle for a power structure as long as they can find reasons to accept and internalize explanations that justify such an arrangement.
WORLD CUP FRANCE '98
Authors: Dauncey Hugh , Hare Geoff
Published: March 2007

The 1998 World Cup Finals focused the attention of the world on France. The cumulative television audience for the 64 matches was nearly 40 billion - the biggest ever audience for a single event. French political and economic decision-makers were very aware that for a month the eyes of the world were on France. On the night of 12 July, whether in Paris and other cities or in smaller communities all over France, there was an outpouring of joy and sentiment that was unprecedented — at least, most people agreed, since the Liberation of 1944. Huge numbers of people watched the final, whether at home on TV or in bars or in front of one of the giant screens erected in many large towns, and then poured onto the streets in spontaneous and good-humoured celebration. In Paris, hundreds of thousands gathered again on the Champs Elysées the next day to see the Cup paraded in an open-topped bus. For all, the victory was an unforgettable experience. An element commented on by many was the appropriation by the crowds of the red, white and blue national colours. For social commentators and intellectuals, the impact on the French nation was as remarkable as it was unexpected. Interpreting the impact on France of winning the World Cup reveals a complex interplay of sporting and cultural metaphors, meanings and values.
SPORT SPECTATORSHIP IN SCANDINAVIA
Authors: Thrane Christer
Published: March 2007

In light of Pierre Bourdieu's general idea of class-based lifestyles and, in particular, White and Wilson's recent study of how sport spectatorship was differentiated according to socioeconomic status (SES) in Canada, this article seeks to broaden our understanding of the relationship between class and sport spectatorship. The empirical analysis attempts both to replicate and extend the work by White and Wilson within a Scandinavian context, using data from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Three main findings are presented: (1) Household income is positively related to sport spectatorship, although not in a linear fashion. (2) Education shows no systematic relationship with sport spectatorship. (3) Cultural capital and sport participation are both positively related to sport spectatorship. It is concluded that more research on the links between class and sport spectatorship is needed before any certain and general conclusions regarding this relationship can be considered verified.
`WHAT DO THEY KNOW OF CRICKET WHO ONLY CRICKET KNOW?'
Authors: Vahed Goolam
Published: March 2007

This article charts developments in cricket during the past decade to explore issues related to social transformation and redress in post-apartheid South Africa. It examines who is benefiting from change, whether change is driven by or being resisted by Whites, and whether there is tension among Blacks regarding transformation. This study found that the attitude of Blacks has evolved from acceptance of all-White cricket teams to calls for inclusion of some `players of colour' to demands for selection quotas and, finally, demands for African control. Cricket has failed to create an imagined South African community. Change is being forced on unwilling Whites, while there is increasing tension among Blacks regarding opportunity and resource allocation. This mirrors how the demands for transition are being negotiated in the wider society in post-apartheid South African society. The calls for Africanization have become inexorable in all sectors and organizations. Though race-based, change is significant because of the historical legacy of apartheid, and given that the economy and spatial arrangements continue to sustain racial identity in post-apartheid South Africa.
THE SWEDISH MODEL AND INTERNATIONAL SPORT
Authors: Bairner Alan , Darby Paul
Published: March 2007

One of the most striking features of the development of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) during the 1990s has been the emergence of a political and economic alliance between the Union des Associations Européennes de Football (UEFA) and the Confédération Africaine de Football (CAF). What is remarkable about this state of affairs is that the relationship between the two confederations has traditionally been characterized by acrimony and mistrust. However, the election of the Swede, Lennart Johansson, as Europe's leading football administrator in 1990 has transformed the climate of power relations between African and European football. As well as exploring the nature of the Afro-European coalition and assessing its impact on world football politics, this article examines how and why Johansson came to form the central axis around which this new relationship was brokered. Particular attention is accorded to Johansson's nationality and it is argued that his approach to the governance of world football is underpinned by the broader philosophies that are embodied within his own country's system of political, social, economic and sporting organization, or the `Swedish model' as it has come to be known. The article adopts a qualitative methodology involving in-depth interviews with Johansson as well as key figures within Svenska Fotbollförbundet (Swedish Football Association) and parliamentarians responsible for their respective parties' sports policies. Extensive use is also made of primary archival sources obtained from the Swedish Sports High School (Idrottshögskolan) in Stockholm, the Swedish Sports Confederation (Riksidrottsförbundet) in Farsta and additional primary research sources obtained from FIFA, CAF and UEFA.
NATURALIZING SPORTS
Authors: Franklin Adrian
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the paradoxical coexistence in late modernity of both heightened sentiments towards animals and the natural world, and the growing attraction of hunting and angling sports. The significance of this question can be gauged by the increase in parliamentary and electoral debates over the desirability of hunting and angling, by violent social conflict between hunters and anglers and their opponents and by debates over how best to `consume' natural environments. To date, the principal literatures have insisted that the terms of this debate be ethical and political, with no attempt to understand the drive and passion behind these sports. The ethical and moral standing of the hunter/angler is often prejudged while their motives are taken to derive from a need to exercise violence and cruelty. The recent literature dealing with the burgeoning of interest in nature and the environment frequently omits to mention those traditional pursuits that are shrouded in shame and conflict. It is argued here that enthusiasm for these sports is historically complex and relates to deeply embedded discourses on anti-modernism, neo-Darwinism, ecologism and masculinity. Far from being the preserve of traditional, rural groups in society, the new proponents of hunting and angling are drawn from sections of the urban middle class for whom such discourses have particular appeal.
AN OVERVIEW OF SOME RECENT PERSPECTIVES ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMICS OF SPORT
Authors: Chantelat Pascal
Published: March 2007

This article identifies different socio-economic approaches to sport: the influence of economy on social behaviour; the impact of social behaviour on the economy; and the interactions between economy and society. It argues that these perspectives are based on three major disciplinary orientations: the economic sociology of sport; the sociology of rational (sporting) choice; and the economy of bounded rationality. However, it is shown that these three disciplinary fields do not constitute a unifying paradigm.
DRUNK FOR THREE WEEKS
Authors: Rowe David , McGuirk Pauline
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the role of sport in the projection of city image (especially in non-metropolitan areas) and its significance as an urban and regional marker of civic progress and triumph over adversity. It presents a case study of the extraordinary community and media response to the 1997 grand final victory of the Newcastle Knights in the Australian Rugby League's inaugural Optus Cup competition. In discussing the case-study material and current debates on commerce, culture and place-marketing, the article canvasses the importance of sport in generating significant economic activity and urban redevelopment; reflecting and projecting, especially in deindustrializing cities, the growth of the service sector of the economy; promoting the image or `brand identity' of the city by identifying the success and interests of the team with that of the city; and functioning as a locus of community affect and identity which reproduces the concept of spatially constructed unity. The article cautions against an undue reliance on sports teams as indices of civic health, and on the use of sport to obscure cultural differences, structural social inequalities and the deep impact of deindustrialization.
Moving from International Vision to Institutional Reality: Administrative and Financial Models for Education Abroad at Liberal Arts Colleges
Authors: Brockington Joseph
Published: March 2007

The recent efforts of liberal arts colleges to examine the administrative and financial structures of their offices and programs has been prompted in part bythe desire of these institutions to internationalize so as to better respond to the pace of globalization and is in part in response to the increasing attention being directed to international education at all levels, including judicial. Byintroducing the concepts of autonomy, authority, and responsibility with regard to administrative and financial structures, this article seeks to move the discussion of international program administration at liberal arts colleges beyond the centralization-decentralization dichotomyto a consideration of forms and functions that will allow the international office to better translate the institutional international vision into an operational reality.
Sanctioning Costs and Norm Enforcement
Authors: Horne Christine , Cutlip Anna
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the relationship between the costs of norm enforcement and the extent to which such enforcement actually occurs. We predict that as costs increase, sanctioning of deviant behavior is less likely. In addition, however, costs have a positive effect on the strength of meta-norms that encourage sanctioning. These meta-norms, in turn, lead to more frequent enforcement. Hypotheses are tested using experimental methods and, for the most part, are supported.
Fairness and Secrecy
Authors: CHAMBERLIN JOHN R. , SCHEPPELE KIM LANE
Published: March 2007

This article examines the law pertaining to secrecy in contractual bargaining and argues that courts decide cases more consistently with contractarian principles than with economic ones. The economic theory of law claims that courts ought to require people to disclose secret information when that information was acquired as a by-product of other productive activity and to allow people to keep information secret when it was the product of significant investment. The contractarian theory argues that courts ought to (a) protect people from catastrophic losses, (b) require disclosure of secrets whose existence is not known to others, and (c) allow bargainers to keep visible secrets provided that their bargaining partners face roughly equal costs of acquiring the same information. A model is developed that specifies the effects of various information asymmetries in bargaining and shows how the courts focus on correcting the sorts of asymmetries that a contractarian would worry about rather than on correcting those asymmetries that an economic analyst would find most important.
Desegregation and Social Monopoly Pricing
Authors: PHILIPSON TOMAS
Published: March 2007

This article discusses desegregation behavior of courts in U.S. public education. Interpreting the courts as social price monopolists, testable predictions about integration across school districts are obtained and compared to the results of several large-scale empirical studies.
Religion, Context, and Constraint toward Strangers
Authors: ORBELL JOHN , GOLDMAN MARION , MULFORD MATTHEW , DAWES ROBYN
Published: March 2007

Although it is widely believed that religion can constrain egoistic behavior, this has not been tested with behavioral data. This article provides such a test, using prisoner's dilemma data collected in Logan, Utah, and in Eugene-Springfield, Oregon—contexts that differ sharply in both the incidence of religious affiliation and the extent to which one religious group dominates that context. There were three major findings: a widespread belief, shared equally by religious and nonreligious people, that religious people will cooperate more than nonreligious people; no relationship, in fact, between religious affiliation and cooperation; and an increase of cooperation with church attendance but only among Mormons in Logan. Consistent with standard experimental method, subjects in these experiments were assigned to experimental treatments randomly, meaning that the people they confronted were randomly met strangers. It is proposed that involvement with a religious institution will constrain behavior toward strangers only when the religious group dominates the ecology—and when there is, therefore, a high probability that such a randomly met stranger shares one's own religious affiliation.
Reason in Emotions or Emotions in Reason
Authors: KEMPER THEODORE D.
Published: March 2007

The four articles on rationality and emotions are examined here from an emotions perspective. Economists Frank and Hirshleifer view emotions as often facilitating self-interested rational choice. From a Weberian social action perspective, rational choice is so thoroughly imbued with emotion that emotion plays more than a supporting role in the so-called rational determination of action. Sociologists Collins and Jasso concede at the outset the fundamental importance of emotion in rational action. Collins argues that emotion is the fundamental utility sought in all social action but appears, like many who have offered similar arguments, to risk tautology. Jasso locates emotion centrally in her theory of social comparisons and rational choice and thereby affords an opportunity to extend her examination of the emotions that can result from varying outcomes and comparisons.
The Role of Values in Rational Choice Theory
Authors: HECHTER MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

Most empirical applications of rational choice employ a typical value assumption—that actors are motivated to pursue private and instrumental goods. When is this typical value assumption warranted, and when is it not? This article proposes guidelines for thinking about the use of value assumptions in rational choice theory. When instrumental and immanent values are substitutable, use of the typical value assumption is justifiable. However, in cases where there is imperfect substitutability—in which actors face production constraints, significant role conflict, or in which immanent values are nonrandomly distributed—the typical value assumption should be reexamined.
SOCIAL NORMS, INFLATION AND STABILIZATION
Authors: M. Daniel G. Arce
Published: March 2007

This study presents a socio-economic game of inflation and distributive conflict where inflation is derived from, and stabilization is implemented via, social norms. We apply the `Theory of Social Situations' (Greenberg 1990) to contrast rational choice outcomes predicted by Nash equilibrium vs those derived as social norms under our normative criteria (von Neumann-Morgenstern stability). We then analyze `heterodox' stabilization policies, which seek to address both the economic and sociological criteria for stabilization. Our conclusion is that social pacts constitute a viable normative approach to stabilization because they address the social conflict underlying chronic inflation in order to derive stabilizing norms.
COOPERATION IN CONTESTS
Authors: Reyniers Diane J.
Published: March 2007

We use a contest framework to investigate the nature of organizational culture. Organization members decide whether to participate in the contest and if they do participate they have two possible modi operandi: be helpful or not. We state sufficient conditions, in terms of contest design, for the existence of various types of organizational culture and we show the possibility (at equilibrium) of a mixed organizational culture, i.e. the coexistence of two subcultures: a helping one and an individualistic one. We find that cooperation emerges only when prize density is sufficiently high. However, in a mixed culture the degree of cooperation decreases in the number of prizes.
THE STRENGTH OF WEAK WILL
Authors: Skog Ole-Jørgen
Published: March 2007

The standard theory of discounting in rational choice theory does not permit weakness of will. Nor does it allow people to use precommitment strategies or private side-bets. It is also doubtful that the standard theory allows endogenous time preferences and other types of character planning. Moreover, although Becker and Murphy have demonstrated that the standard theory can accommodate the addict's inability to abstain, the theory is hard pressed to explain the relapse phenomenon and the addict's struggle to overcome his addiction. In this paper, a slight extension of the standard theory of discounting is suggested, allowing for the fact that people's discounting of future goods tends to vary unsystematically over time. These fluctuations allow for a certain type of weakness of will. A theory is developed of how rational actors handle fluctuations in their own discount rates. It is demonstrated that this allows all the phenomena mentioned before to be embedded within rational choice theory. Moreover, fluctuations tend to produce many of the same intrapsychic strategic phenomena that Ainslie has analysed in the light of the theory of hyperbolic discounting.
RATIONAL-CHOICE THEORIES OF ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION AND ANTICIPATORY NON-SOCIALIZATION
Authors: Yamaguchi Kazuo
Published: March 2007

This paper illuminates from a rational-choice perspective socialization as purposive commitment to certain patterns of social behavior. In particular, the paper provides from this perspective new theoretical insights into the Mertonian concept of anticipatory socialization, the concept of relative deprivation that Stouffer et al. introduced and Merton and Rossi elaborated, and a new related concept, anticipatory non-socialization. Using binary choice models, this paper clarifies for each of the three concepts, how interdependence of actions emerges and leads to different social consequences under different structural constraints on the possible consequences of actions and different initial conditions of population inequality/heterogeneity. Various unintended consequences of purposive action under such interdependence are deduced, some already known from empirical research, others presented as hypotheses to be tested in the future—several are paradoxical. This analysis of a set of interrelated social phenomena and a coherent set of choice models thus shows how the rational-choice perspective, not previously applied to anticipatory socialization and anticipatory non-socialization, can be a fruitful source of new insights about these phenomena.
Perceptions and Experiences with Nursing Care: A Study of Pakistani (Urdu) Communities in the United Kingdom
Authors: Cortis Joseph Domenic
Published: March 2007

The population of the United Kingdom reflects rich cultural diversity. Hence, nursing must respond to the challenges of meeting the needs of different ethnic groups and fulfil the requirements of the Code of Professional Conduct. This article presents the findings of a study using grounded theory to explore the lived experience of Pakistani (Urdu-speaking) communities that received nursing care in a hospital setting in the United Kingdom. The study reflects national initiatives toward “consumer led” health care delivery. The findings illustrate a lack of congruence between the group’s expectations and their experiences. Nurses were perceived to have a poor understanding of ethnic needs, portraying ethnocentric attitudes and behaviour. The participants attributed the lack of congruence mainly to the presence of racism in British health care systems. The author suggests possible changes at the strategic, managerial, and educational levels of health care delivery.
An Explanatory Model of Preterm Labor
Authors: Mackey Marlene C. , Boyle Joyceen S.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to describe women’s explanatory model of their preterm labor (PTL) experiences. Fourteen young adult (20 to 23 years of age) women living in the southeast, who were hospitalized for the treatment of PTL, participated in this naturalistic study. Stress was the dominant theme that all participants used to explain what had precipitated PTL. All women described multiple stressors and chaos in their lives, which preceded their admission to the hospital for PTL. Meanings of PTL were intertwined with dysfunctional families and problematic relationships. All 9 women who delivered at term were able to find a friend or family member to provide support that allowed the women to relax and reduce the stress in their lives. In contrast, women who delivered preterm had no one in their lives that could provide help and support. Women’s conceptualizations of PTL suggest that culturally appropriate interventions to reduce stress and mobilize support may help improve birth outcomes after an episode of PTL.
Factors Affecting Maternal Role Attainment among Low-Income, Thai, HIV-Positive Mothers
Authors: Jirapaet Veena
Published: March 2007

This phenomenological study used content analysis of interview data to explore factors affecting maternal role attainment in a convenience sample of 39 low-income, Thai, HIV-positive mothers selected for their successful adaptation. All mothers reported feeling comfortable in their maternal roles and achieved greater than 80% of the total score on the Maternal Behavioral Questionnaire. In-depth interviews were conducted regarding the life experience of the mothers. The results revealed the mothers’ uses of internal and external resources to attain their maternal roles. Six factors were identified: (a) setting a purpose for life, that is, to raise the infant; (b) keeping secrets from others; (c) a feeling of normalization; (d) having good quality of support from others; (e) having hope for an HIV cure; and (f) receiving accessible, pleasant health services that protect anonymity regarding HIV status. The results suggest that nurses can promote maternal role attainment by supporting the mothers’ management style.
A Survey of Hwa-Byungin Middle-Age Korean Women
Authors: Park Young-Joo , Kim Hesook Suzie , Kang Hyun-Cheol , Kim Jong-Woo
Published: March 2007

Hwa-Byung (HB) has been categorized as a Korean culture-bound syndrome that refers to insidious, long-standing, serious discontent that is projected into the body and is manifested by numerous symptoms such as insomnia, fatigue, panic, palpitations, dyspnea, and others. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence rate of HB in Korean women, validate the predominant symptoms of HB, and validate the related sociodemographic factors and lifestyle factors that differentiate women with HB from those without HB. A total of 2,807 women ages 41 to 65 years were recruited from seven metropolitan areas and six provinces in Korea. The prevalence rate of women who designated themselves as having experienced HB was 4.95%. The rates were higher in women of low socioeconomic status, living in rural areas, among the divorced or separated, smokers, and drinkers. A set of 31 HB symptoms differentiated the potential HB women from the non-HB women.
Assessing Cultural Competence of Policy Organizations
Authors: Mays Rose M. , de Leon Siantz Mary Lou , Viehweg Stephan A.
Published: March 2007

Assessment of the capabilities of human service providers to care for individuals from diverse cultures has been widely discussed in the literature. However, a less examined area is the appraisal of the cultural competence of the administrative or policy bodies whose actions shape the character of these human services. This article demonstrates an approach for evaluating a policy organization’s cultural competence using a governmental agency as a case study. Findings from this assessment prompted this agency to generate plans to further enhance its cultural competence.
Gadsup of Papua New Guinea Revisited: A Three Decade View
Authors: Leininger Madeleine
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to share some highlights of the author's revisits to Papua New Guinea covering three decades (1962-1992) with focus on the Gadsup of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. In addition, some recent developments in the country are covered as well as special visits with members of the Papua New Guinea Nurses Association. A comparative analysis of the world view, social structure, and related factors is made with respect to the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Univers-ality with two Gadsup villages. In general, the researcher found limited progress and beneficial health care changes in the two villages. Rascalism with violence was discovered which had cultural functions to redress some of the socioeconomic inequities and dissatisfactions of the indigenous people. Major tenets of the Culture Care theory were supported with the Gadsup, especially related to diverse forms, meanings, and lifestyle processes.
Nursing in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Roessler Grayce
Published: March 2007

In June, 1994 Dr. Grayce Roessler led a group of nurses to China to attend and present at international nursing conferences in Beijing and Shanghai. Dr. Roessler, an internationally known transcultural nursing leader, has traveled extensively in China (some 36 trips over 20 years). Her first trip to China, focused on nursing, took place in the fall of 1981 as a member of the American Nurses Association (ANA). The ANA group was invited to China by the Chinese government and the Chinese Nurses Association (CNA). Subsequent to that visit, she became involved in working with the Chinese Ministry of Health, the Chinese Nurses Association, and several of the CNAs in various cities throughout China. In an effort to assist in the preparation of Chinese nurses as teachers and administrators in the evolving health care system, Dr. Roessler facilitated a one year (1985-86) study program in the United States (Golden West College, Huntington Beach, California) for a group of 20 Chinese nurses. It was the first time in history that a number of Chinese nurses had studied at one institution with American nurses in the United States. Dr. Roessler has since coordinated several international conferences in China and arranged for American nurse experts in various fields to present at these meetings. In addition, she has traveled independently as a teacher and consultant and has taken numerous nursing study tour groups to many countries as part of continuing educational experiences. In this issue of the Journal of Transcultural Nursing, Dr. Roessler presents her reflections on nursing in China from a historical and transcultural nursing leader's perspective.
Scientific Research Programs, Theory and Schools Interregnum in Criminology and Criminal Justice
Authors: Monk Richard C.
Published: March 2007

Borrowing from the philosopher of science, Imre Lakatos, and sociologist Edward A. Tiryakian, the ideas of "scientific research program," "schools" and "hegemonic schools" are applied to criminology and criminal justice theory development.
Pyrrhic Images, Dancing Shadows, and Flights of Fancy: The Drug Courier Profile as Legal Fiction
Authors: Janikowski W. Richard , Giacopassi David J.
Published: March 2007

Criminal profiles have long been used by federal law enforcement officials to aid in the detection and apprehension of individuals suspected of criminal activity. Profiles were developed initially in the early 1970's to detect terrorists and foil airplane hijackers. Since then, the use of criminal profiles has expanded to play an increasingly important role in the war on drugs being waged by federal, state, and local police on highways and in bus stations and air terminals. This paper reviews the development of criminal profiles, with emphasis on the drug courier profiles, and analyzes the legal issues surrounding their use. Questions are raised as to the composition of the profiles, the constitutionality of their application, and their reliability and effectiveness in identifying drug couriers.
Boot Camps, Exercise, and Delinquency
Authors: CORREIA MARK E.
Published: March 2007

With violent juvenile crime increasing and the public's concern over the juvenile crime problem at a high point, alternatives to traditional juvenile incarceration are of paramount importance. A recent development intended to address the problem of juvenile delinquency entails the use of a boot camp atmosphere, the defining characteristic of which is extensive rigorous exercise. Although fairly widely used across the country, no clear theory is offered as to why the use of exercise may decrease criminal propensities. This article will examine those disciplines most relevant to the use of shock incarceration—criminology, social psychology, psychology, and physiology—and draw upon their theoretical frameworks in an effort to apply them to juvenile boot camps. It is argued that available research in these disciplines does not provide a strong rationale supporting the use of exercise to decrease criminality in juvenile offenders.
The Evolution of the Insanity Defense
Authors: ROBIN GERALD
Published: March 2007

This article traces and critically analyzes the various tests and indicia of insanity employed from earliest times to the present. It seems that the more people have tinkered with the insanity defense since the under- “appreciated” McNaghten rule, the more esoteric, obscure, and unwieldy it has become. The widely adopted substantial capacity test leaves ample room for introducing volitional failure and irresistible impulse evidence as grounds for a not-guilty-by-reason-of-insanity acquittal, a serious flaw that the Insanity Defense Act of 1984 does not adequately address. The author prefers a single-standard, revised McNaghten rule that is exclusively, succinctly, and unobtrusively anchored in the commonsense notion of being unable to discern right from wrong.