bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MARION BOULBY, The Muslim Brotherhood and the Kings of Jordan, 1945–1993, South Florida–Rochester–Saint Louis Studies on Religion and the Social Order, vol. 18 (Atlanta: Scholars Press for the University of South Florida, 1999). Pp. 188. $44.50 cloth.
Authors: Sahliyeh Emile
Published: July 2002

In this book, Marion Boulby traces the rise and evolution of the Muslim Brotherhood movement in Jordan. In chapter 1, she gives a brief historical survey of Jordan's state-building and the economic and social developments in the country between 1921 and 1989. In chapter 2, she describes the formative phase of the Brotherhood and the conditions surrounding its establishment between 1945 and 1957. Here, Boulby contends that the concern over the future of Palestine rather than competition with leftist groups was the primary motive behind the formation of the Brotherhood. She also highlights the conservative nature of the founders of the movement and their adoption of a reformist ideology and pragmatic political stands. In her opinion, the norms of political conservatism, reform, and pragmatism, which have characterized the movement throughout its history, were behind the forging of a close alliance between the Brothers and the monarchy.
Chance Encounters? Paths to Household Formation in Early Modern England
Authors: King Steven
Published: July 2002

Since 1981, nuptiality has been identified as the main driver of rapid eighteenth-century English population growth. Over the course of the long eighteenth century, “national” rates of female non-marriage declined while female age at first marriage fell by roughly three years, reaching 22–23 years by the 1820s. The cumulative impact of more and earlier marriage on fertility is believed to have greatly outweighed the effect of falling mortality in generating aggregate population growth. Such a perspective has not gone unchallenged. There have been persistent calls for the re-examination of the place of urban demography within this framework. Concern has also been voiced over the sources which underpin the family reconstitutions on which calculations of marriage ages are based, the technique of family reconstitution itself, and over the representativeness of the marriage samples which family reconstitution yields. However, the most recent work of the Cambridge Group, based upon twenty-six family reconstitutions, appears to confirm the centrality of marriage ages to the English demographic system. Percentile distributions of marriage ages suggest that over the course of the eighteenth century there was an important decline in the proportion of marriages undertaken by women in their late twenties and thirties, more than balanced by the development of an early marrying group in their late teens.
CREDIT SYSTEMS Local Suppliers of Credit in the Third World,

1750–1960. Edited by GARETH AUSTIN

and KAORU SUGIHARA. London: Macmillan Press, 1993.

Pp. vii + 318. £40 (ISBN 0-333-52320-2).
Authors: GUYER JANE I.
Published: July 2002

In an era when innovation in money and its various market

dynamics is advancing at unprecedented speed, Western heroic optimism

about the potentials that are unleashed by the logics of the world

monetary system is distinctly tinged with fear: of massive outstanding

deficits, whirlwind destruction of smaller economies, a roller-coaster

rise on Wall Street, and sheer inappositeness to large numbers of

development challenges. Old financial institutions have to create new

forms of credit to address, for example, the transformation of the

former socialist economies or the restoration of war-torn societies

and polities. The enormous power of formal finance and its equally

enormous limitations, and the contentious set of regulatory frameworks

that surround both, should stimulate a new round of scholarship about

what used to be termed ‘finance capital’ in modern social

history.
Energy and protein utilization for maintenance and growth in Omani ram lambs in hot climates. I. Estimates of energy requirements and efficiency
Authors: EARLY R. J. , MAHGOUB O. , LU C. D.
Published: July 2002

Energy requirements for maintenance and growth were estimated by comparative slaughter in Omani male lambs during the hot summer months (July–October: maximum temperature, 48 °C). Weaned lambs (n = 10 per diet) were fed one of three totally mixed, 160 g CP/kg DM diets that contained 600, 400 or 200 g rhodesgrass hay/kg for low (9·98 MJ/kg, medium (10·3 MJ/kg) and high (11·4 MJ/kg) energy contents, respectively. All diets were balanced to meet the minimum nutritional needs for maximum growth. The trial lasted for 113–114 days. The purpose of having three diets was to induce a broad spectrum of growth rates that could be used in regression analysis (tested for linear, quadratic and exponential effects). Metabolizable energy (ME) intake was regressed on live weight (LW), empty body weight, tissue energy and tissue protein gain and vice versa. Coefficients of determinations were not significantly improved by quadratic or logarithmic regressions over linear relationships. Geometric mean regressions were used to control further biases due to major axis dependence when Y is regressed on X or vice versa. Based on tissue energy gain, the best estimates of ME required for maintenance (MEm) and gain (MEg) were 526 kJ/kg LW0·75/d and 42·1 kJ/kg LW0·75/g LW gain, respectively. Net energy values for maintenance (NEm) and gain (NEg) were 278 kJ/kg LW0·75/d and 20·6 kJ/kg LW0·75/g LW gain, respectively. These equations predicted MEm and NEm requirements that were similar to or slightly greater than those established by the US National Research Council (1985) and the UK Agricultural and Food Research Council (1993) for growing male lambs. The MEg and NEg requirements were substantially greater (by 43–89%) in this respect. Efficiency values were calculated as net energy available for maintenance or gain divided by the metabolizable energy available for maintenance or gain. The efficiency of metabolizable energy used for maintenance and gain was 0·50 and 0·52, respectively, and did not appear to be much different from values for other breeds of sheep in temperate climates. Dietary energy concentrations did not affect the efficiency of energy deposition. The data suggest that Omani sheep in hot climates have greater NEg requirements, and consequently MEg requirements, than other breeds of sheep in temperate climates.
The influence of plane of nutrition on the effects of
infection with Trypanosoma congolense in trypanotolerant cattle
Authors: ROMNEY D. L. , N'JIE A. , CLIFFORD D. , HOLMES P. H. , RICHARD D. , GILL M.
Published: July 2002

Thirty-two N'Dama heifers were offered ad libitum
Andropogon hay plus 10·2 g/kg liveweight (LW)
groundnut hay (GNH) (L) or 10·2 g/kg LW GNH and 3·9 g/kg
LW groundnut cake (GNC) (H).
After 4 weeks on the diets, half of each group were infected intradermally
with Trypanosoma
congolense clone (ITC 50) (LI and HI). Peak parasitaemia occurred
6–8 days after infection and
started to decrease c. 56 days later. No differences in
parasitaemia were observed between LI and HI
animals. Packed cell volume (PCV) fell in all treatments (by
5·4, 13·8, 3·7 and 9·4 units after 49–63
days post-infection (p.i.) for the L, LI, H and HI groups respectively)
and significant effects of
infection and diet were observed. GNH and GNC intakes were maintained
during the trial; however,
infected animals had a decreased intake of Andropogon hay. LI animals lost
significantly more
weight during the experimental period than the non-infected controls
(−71·4 v. −13·7 g/day).
Meanwhile, HI animals gained less weight compared with the H group
(52·2 v. 167·6 g/day). Weight
losses appeared to be due to decreased food intake. In the period
54–68 days p.i., plasma
concentrations of albumin were lower and plasma protein was higher in
infected animals. Plasma
cholesterol concentrations were also lower in infected animals
54–68 days p.i. Plasma urea
concentrations were higher in supplemented animals but were not
affected by infection. The results
showed that animals on a higher plane of nutrition showed less
severe clinical signs of infection.
However, for all the parameters considered, the magnitude of the
difference between groups on
different diets was similar for both infected and control animals,
suggesting that mechanisms of
resistance were not affected by the planes of nutrition considered.
Response to fertilizer nitrogen and water of post-rainy
season sorghum on a Vertisol. 1. Biomass and light interception
Authors: REGO T. J. , MONTEITH J. L. , SINGH PIARA , LEE K. K. , RAO V. NAGESWARA , SRIRAMA Y. V.
Published: July 2002

In parts of peninsular India, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor
L.) is grown during the dry season using water
stored in the root zone. The optimum application of nitrogen is difficult
to assess because no
comprehensive model exists for the interaction of water and N. To explore
this system as a basis for
modelling in the first instance and ultimately for better management, sorghum
(cv. SPH–280) was
grown in the post-rainy season at ICRISAT (Andhra Pradesh, India) with
and without irrigation and
at six rates of nitrogen from zero to 150 kg/ha applied before sowing.
The biomass of top components
was measured weekly and of roots every 2 weeks. Interception of solar radiation
was monitored
continuously in all treatments.

Leaf expansion was strongly influenced both by water and by N, whereas
specific leaf area was
almost independent of treatment. In the irrigated treatment, the Biomass
Radiation Coefficient (e) for
the main growth period was almost independent of N application at 1·3–1·4
g/MJ and was also
independent of leaf N. In consequence, the main source of differences in
yield was a decrease in
radiation interception with decreasing N. In contrast, without irrigation,
biomass, yield, e and leaf
N were all maximal at 60 kg/ha N.

At 33 days after emergence (DAE), root mass was almost independent of
N whether water had
been applied or not, but was somewhat smaller with irrigation. Later, root,
leaf, and panicle mass all
responded to N and to water, but stem mass was unresponsive to N with irrigation.
There was
evidence of translocation from stem to grain in most treatments. With irrigation,
a maximum grain
yield of 4·8 t/ha was obtained at 150 kg/ha N and without
irrigation the maximum was 3·2 t/ha at
90 kg/ha.
Response to fertilizer nitrogen and water of post-rainy
season sorghum on a Vertisol. 2. Biomass and water extraction
Authors: SINGH PIARA , MONTEITH J. L. , LEE K. K. , REGO T. J. , WANI S. P.
Published: July 2002

During rainless weather following a monsoon, sorghum (Sorghum
bicolor cv. SPH–280) was grown
on a Vertisol either unirrigated throughout growth or irrigated for 7 weeks
after emergence and
rainfed thereafter. Before sowing, ammonium sulphate was applied at six
rates from 0 to
150 kg/ha N. Roots were sampled every 2 weeks to determine biomass
and root length density as a
function of depth. Every week, soil water content in all treatments was
measured gravimetrically to
a depth of 0·23 m and with a neutron probe from 0·3 to 1·5
m.

Below 0·45 m, volumetric water content was a negative exponential
function of time after roots
arrived and the maximum depth of extraction moved downwards at 2–5
cm per day. In the dry
treatment, the extraction ‘front’ lagged behind the deepest
roots by c. 12 days initially but the two
fronts eventually converged. Irrigation delayed the descent of the extraction
front by c. 20 days but
thereafter it appeared to descend faster than without irrigation. Averaged
over N rates, the time
constant of the exponential function was inversely related to the root
length density,
lv, decreasing
with depth from about 20 to 10 days as lv increased
from
2·5 to 4·0 km/m3.

The biomass[ratio ]water ratio was almost independent of N but increased
from a mean of 5·3 g dry
matter per kg water in the dry treatments to 6·9 g/kg with irrigation.
When normalized by the
seasonal mean difference in vapour pressure deficit within irrigated and
unirrigated plots, the ratios
were 13·1 and 13·3 kPa g per kg water, respectively.
Production of Belarussian soyabeans (Glycine max) in
the UK: predicting time to emergence
Authors: O'DELL A. , SCARISBRICK D. H. , BAKER D. A.
Published: July 2002

A field experiment was carried out on soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to measure the effect of
planting date (soil temperature) on seedling emergence. Seeds were sown at weekly intervals on seven
planting dates from April until the end of May in SE England in 1997. Planting date had no
significant effect on final percentage emergence but had a highly significant effect on time to
emergence. The coefficients of variation (c.v.) for the number of days to emergence (calendar days)
were high (43–45%), and therefore not a reliable method for predicting emergence. Three
accumulated heat unit (AHU) methods based on air and soil temperatures were compared with the
calendar day method to determine the most reliable system for predicting seedling emergence.
Accumulated soil temperatures above a base of 9·0 °C had the lowest c.v.s (8–15%) and were shown
to be the most reliable predictor of emergence.
Livestock production on Mediterranean grassland in
relation to residual phosphate
Authors: OSMAN A. E. , BAHHADY F.
Published: July 2002

Available pasture, liveweight gain, milk yield and supplementary feeding of Awassi sheep were
monitored for four seasons (1991/92 to 1994/95) on pasture fertilized with superphosphate between
1984 and 1990. The experimental plots received three rates of phosphate (0, 25 and 60 kg P2O5/ha)
annually, but no application after September 1990. The experiment was grazed at low (1·1 sheep/ha
per year) and high (2·3 sheep/ha per year) stocking rates. The experimental site was typical of
communally owned grasslands within the cereal zone of west Asia, where cropping is not possible
because of shallow, stony soil and steep slopes. Plots with residual phosphate contained significantly
more herbage and supported heavier animal liveweights, especially in the first two seasons. Milk yield
and lamb production were greater and the need for supplementary feeding was reduced due to
increased herbage. The results suggest that benefits of residual phosphate on pasture and livestock
production can be considerable and should be included when assessing the value of applying fertilizer
to degraded marginal lands in west Asia. Provided that the stocking rates remain within the range
tested in the study, the pasture would suffer no harm. However, the higher stocking rates now
practiced in the spring under communal grazing might severely limit flowering and seed-set. The
property right to own or use the grazing land is seen as a key factor, deserving attention from
governments in west Asia in order to apply new technologies to improve degraded marginal lands.
The effect of various agronomic practices on the yield of chicory (Cichorium intybus)
Authors: PATEL J. R. , PATEL J. B. , UPADHYAY P. N. , USADADIA V. P.
Published: July 2002

Two sets of experiments were conducted on sandy loam soils at Anand, India during the rabi (winter)
seasons of three years (1993/94–1995/96) to study the effects of farmyard manure, nitrogen,
phosphorus and potash as well as the method and time of sowing and irrigation on the growth and
yield of chicory. Application of farmyard manure and phosphorus had no beneficial effect, whereas
the application of nitrogen at 100 kg/ha and potassium at 50 kg/ha increased yield by 12·09 and
3·33%, respectively, on a pooled basis. Crops sown either in rows 30 cm apart or broadcast
performed equally well with respect to dry root yield. Sowing of chicory on 5 November gave the
highest dry root yield. Delayed sowing significantly reduced the dry root yield. Scheduling irrigation
at an irrigation water: cumulative pan evaporation ratio of 0·7 produced maximum dry root yield.
A Liberal in Wolf's Clothing:
Nixon's Family Assistance Plan
in the Light of 1990s Welfare Reform
Authors: WADDAN ALEX
Published: July 2002

When President Clinton signed the Personal Responsibility and Work

Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) in August 1996, it brought
to
an end the much vilified sixty-one-year-old Aid to Families with
Dependent Children (AFDC) programme. Although few mourned the

passing of AFDCper se many liberals were alarmed by
the nature of the
changes. AFDC had effectively been a cash maintenance programme
for
poor single-parent families with the costs shared between federal and state

governments. The PRWORA repealed AFDC and some smaller
related
programmes, with Washington giving its former share of funding to the
states in the form of a new block grant, Temporary Assistance to Needy

Families (TANF). The existing entitlement nature of AFDC
was ended with
the states given new discretion in determining TANF eligibility.
Overall
considerable responsibility for the implementation of welfare policy was

devolved to the states. The bill, however, did set a maximum time limit

for individual receipt of federal TANF funds. After two years,
welfare
recipients must engage in a recognized work effort to continue to receive

help, with a total five-year limit on TANF money. Opposition to
these
measures was overwhelmed by the demand for significant reform of the
welfare system. Previously this demand had been thwarted through a
combination of Washington gridlock and the limited scale of those
changes which were enacted. In 1996, however, the dam holding back
reform was breached at the high tide of anti-welfare sentiment. The
despair this provoked among liberals should perhaps have caused them to

reflect on their part in blocking previous attempts at an overhaul of AFDC.

In particular, the elder statespersons of liberalism might regret their
role
in helping defeat President Nixon's Family Assistance Plan (FAP).
The Will to Fight and the Will to Write: Some Recent
Books on the American Civil War
Authors: PARISH PETER J.
Published: July 2002

David J. Eicher, The Civil War in Books: An Analytical Bibliography
(Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1997, $39.95). Pp. 432. ISBN 0 252 02273
4.

Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War (Cambridge, Mass. and
London:
Harvard University Press, 1997, $24.95). Pp. 222. ISBN 0 674 16055 x.

Judith N. McArthur and Orville Vernon Burton (editors), “A
Gentleman
and an Officer”: A Military and Social History of
James B. Griffin's Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, $30.00). Pp. 382. ISBN 0 19 509311
9.

A. K. McClure, Abraham Lincoln and Men of War Times: Some Personal

Recollections of War and Politics during the Lincoln Administration
(Bison Books
edition, with introduction by James A. Rawley; Lincoln: University of
Nebraska Press, 1996, £18.95). Pp. 496. ISBN 0 8032 8228 1.

James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the
Civil
War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, £20.00). Pp. 256.
ISBN 0 19 509023 3.

John Michael Priest, Before Antietam: The Battle for South Mountain
(New
York: Oxford University Press, 1992; pbk 1996, £15.99). Pp. 455.
ISBN 0 19 510712 8.

Jack D. Welsh, Medical Histories of Union Generals (Kent, OH:
Kent State
University Press, 1996). Pp. 442. ISBN 0 87338 552 7.

Donald Yacovone (editor), A Voice of Thunder: The Civil War Letters
of
George E. Stephens (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997, $26.95).

Pp. 372. ISBN 0 252 02245 9.

Like Ol' Man River, Civil War historiography just keeps rolling
along. It changes
course occasionally, leaving behind bayous of stagnant argument, while
it carves
out new lines of inquiry and debate. The books under review here follow
the
meandering course of this great river of historical writing. There are
two
scholarly editions of the writings of Civil War soldiers, one northern
one
southern, one black one white. There are two reference works, each of them

bearing the rather idiosyncratic stamp of its editor. The immensely detailed

battlefield narrative, as exemplified by John Michael Priest's book
on South
Mountain, adheres to a tradition of Civil War historical writing that resists

changing historiographical fashions, and continues to appeal to a readership

which knows the kind of military history it likes, and simply wants still
more of
it. Another honoured tradition in Civil War literature
is the reprint of a “classic”
written by someone who lived through the conflict, and Alexander McClure
has
good claims to inclusion in this category. Finally, there are two quite
brief books
by two heavyweight historians, James McPherson and Gary Gallagher, who

address some of the perennial Civil War issues, such as why did men fight
and
go on fighting, and which is more in need of explanation: why did the
Confederacy lose, or how did it manage to fight for so long?
FACTORS INFLUENCING LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND PREMATURITY IN BOTSWANA
Authors: LETAMO GOBOPAMANG , MAJELANTLE ROLANG
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the socioeconomic, biological and behavioural factors influencing low birth weight and prematurity in Botswana. Data were from the Botswana Obstetric Record covering the years 1990 to 1995, and were analysed with both descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis. The study found that the major positive risk factors for low birth weight were: late and less frequent attendance of antenatal care services, having experienced pregnancy termination before, low or no education, unmarried motherhood and place of birth. With regard to prematurity, age, late and less frequent attendance of antenatal care services, unmarried motherhood and place of birth were found to be the major positive risk factors. The importance of early and regular antenatal care attendance, marriage and place of birth cut across both low birth weight and prematurity.
THE IMPACT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS ON BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN PRE- AND POSTMENOPAUSAL FEMALES
Authors: KIRCHENGAST S. , GRUBER D. , SATOR M. , KNOGLER W. , HUBER J.
Published: July 2002

This study examines the impact of nutritional status, classified by body mass index, on sex specific fat distribution patterns dependent on menopausal status in 467 pre-, peri- or postmenopausal females. Absolute and relative amounts of upper and lower body fat were estimated by means of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. It was found that low weight, independent of menopausal status, leads to the typical gynoid pattern of fat distribution while excess weight and obesity result in the android pattern of distribution in pre- and postmenopausal women.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE: SOME COMMENTS ON MACKINTOSH AND FLYNN
Authors: LYNN RICHARD
Published: July 2002

Students of the problem of sex differences in intelligence will be indebted to Mackintosh and Flynn for providing useful further clarification of the issue of sex differences in intelligence. I have little to say about Flynn's paper except to note that it confirms my thesis that among adults males have a small advantage over females in abstract reasoning ability. Mackintosh and I have some common ground but there remain substantial disagreements.
Simulation analysis of substrate utilization in the
mammary gland of lactating cows
Authors: CHEREPANOV GENNADIJ G. , DANFÆR ALLAN , CANT JOHN P.
Published: July 2002

A kinetic modelling approach was developed and investigated with the
aim of predicting the utilization of major substrates in the mammary gland and milk
secretion rates in the lactating cow at varying concentrations of substrate in arterial
blood. The model includes kinetic equations of transport and metabolism of glucose,
acetate, free amino acids and free fatty acids in secretory cells and a phenomenological
description of autoregulation of local blood flow, in which an energy
criterion of control has been used. The predicted relationships between the rate of
milk secretion and glucose levels in the blood are consistent with experimental
results. Differential stimulation of α-lactalbumin synthesis causes increments in local
blood flow and milk secretion rate in the model. The results of the study suggest that
there is no simple relationship between the level of substrates in the blood and milk
yield and contents of fat and protein in milk. This is because the effect on production
of varying patterns of substrate concentrations in the blood is mediated by network
interactions at the level of secretory cell metabolism and microcirculation. However,
dynamic modelling provides a rational framework for developing such predictive
tools.
Effects of yeast expressed recombinant interleukin-2 and interferon-γ
on physiological changes in bovine mammary glands and on
bactericidal activity of neutrophils
Authors: WEDLOCK D. NEIL , DOOLIN ELIZABETH E. , PARLANE NATALIE A. , LACY-HULBERT S. JANE , WOOLFORD MURRAY W. , BUDDLE BRYCE M.
Published: July 2002

The physiological effects of intramammary infusions of recombinant
bovine cytokines in six lactating dairy cows on the quality and yield of milk and the
bactericidal activity of milk neutrophils were investigated. Recombinant bovine
interleukin-2 (rboIL-2) and interferon-γ (rboIFN-γ) were produced in the yeast
Pichia pastoris. Two animals were given rboIL-2 (2×105 units) in two quarters, two
animals were given rboIFN-γ (6·5×105 units) in two quarters, and the other two
cows received a dose of rboIL-2 in one quarter and rboIFN-γ in a second quarter. In
addition, each animal was given phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) in the other two
quarters as a control. Somatic cell counts and conductivity of the fore milk were
monitored before and after infusion. Neutrophils were isolated from quarter milk
samples 36 h after infusion of cytokine or PBS and their bactericidal activities
against Staphylococcus aureus were measured in vitro with a colorimetric assay.
Quarters infused with rboIL-2 or rboIFN-γ showed significant but transitory
increases in both milk somatic cell counts and conductivity when compared with
preinfusion values and with control quarters. There were minimal effects on daily
milk yield. Neutrophils isolated from milk from quarters infused with rboIL-2
showed enhanced bactericidal activity against Staph. aureus. The bacterial killing
from rboIL-2 treated quarters was significantly greater, with a mean of 63·5%
compared with a mean of 5·4% for neutrophils taken from uninfected quarters to
which PBS had been administered. The bactericidal activities for quarters treated
with rboIFN-γ and infected quarters treated with PBS were 15·0 and 30·0%
respectively. The results indicate that intramammary infusions of rboIL-2 and
rboIFN-γ to lactating cows are well tolerated, and that rboIL-2 can activate milk
neutrophils and augment their bactericidal activity.
Ageostrophic dynamics of an intense localized vortex on a β-plane
Authors: REZNIK G. M. , GRIMSHAW R.
Published: July 2002

We consider the non-stationary dynamics of an intense localized vortex on a β-plane
using a shallow-water model. An asymptotic theory for a vortex with piecewise-continuous
potential vorticity is developed assuming the Rossby number to be small
and the free surface elevation to be small but finite. Analogously to the well-known
quasi-geostrophic model, the vortex translation is produced by a secondary dipole
circulation (β-gyres) developed in the vortex vicinity and consisting of two parts. The
first part (geostrophic β-gyres) coincides with the β-gyres in the geostrophic model,
and the second (ageostrophic β-gyres) is due to ageostrophic terms in the governing
equations. The time evolution of the ageostrophic β-gyres consists of fast and slow
stages. During the fast stage the radiation of inertia–gravity waves results in the
rapid development of the β-gyres from zero to a dipole field independent of the
fast time variable. Correspondingly, the vortex accelerates practically instantaneously
(compared to the typical swirling time) to some finite value of the translation speed. At
the next slow stage the inertia–gravity wave radiation is insignificant and the β-gyres
evolve with the typical swirling time. The total zonal translation speed induced by
the geostrophic and ageostrophic β-gyres tends with increasing time to the speed of a
steadily translating monopole exceeding (not exceeding) the drift velocity of Rossby
waves for anticyclones (cyclones). This cyclone/anticyclone asymmetry generalizes the
well-known finding about the greater longevity of anticyclones compared to cyclones
to the case of non-stationary evolving monopoles. The influence of inertia–gravity
waves upon the vortex evolution is analysed. The main role of these waves is to provide
a ‘fast’ adjustment to the ‘slow’ vortex evolution. The energy of inertia–gravity waves
is negligible compare to the energy of the geostrophic β-gyres. Yet another feature
of the ageostrophic vortex evolution is that the area of the potential vorticity patch
changes in the course of time, the cyclonic patch contracting and the anticyclonic one
expanding.
The nonlinear properties of a large-scale dynamo driven by helical forcing
Authors: CATTANEO FAUSTO , HUGHES DAVID W. , THELEN JEAN-CLAUDE
Published: July 2002

By considering an idealized model of helically forced flow in an extended domain
that allows scale separation, we have investigated the interaction between dynamo
action on different spatial scales. The evolution of the magnetic field is studied
numerically, from an initial state of weak magnetization, through the kinematic and
into the dynamic regime. We show how the choice of initial conditions is a crucial
factor in determining the structure of the magnetic field at subsequent times. For a
simulation with initial conditions chosen to favour the growth of the small-scale field,
the evolution of the large-scale magnetic field can be described in terms of the α-effect
of mean field magnetohydrodynamics. We have investigated this feature further by a
series of related numerical simulations in smaller domains. Of particular significance
is that the results are consistent with the existence of a nonlinearly driven α-effect
that becomes saturated at very small amplitudes of the mean magnetic field.
A vortex subjected to a shear: an experimental study
Authors: PAIREAU O. , TABELING P. , LEGRAS B.
Published: July 2002

The two-dimensional erosion of a vortex subjected to an

external, adverse shear is

studied experimentally. The flow takes place in a thin stratified layer;

the vortex is

produced by electromagnetic forcing, whereas the shear is driven mechanically.
The

system thus allows the vortex strength and the external shear to be controlled

independently. We observe the so-called ‘erosion’

process, i.e. the progressive decrease

of the vortex area, leaving the vortex core unaffected. This process

is controlled by the

ratio γ=S/ωmax,

where ωmax and S are respectively the

maximum vorticity of the

vortex and the external shear. At small γ, the erosion is weak

and the vortex survives

over the duration of the experiment. At large γ, the vortex is

first eroded, and then,

after a critical time, becomes stretched and eventually breaks up into

filaments. During

the first period of time, the compensated maximum vorticity (with friction
decay

removed) is constant and the vortex area decreases, while beyond

the critical time, both

quantities decrease with time. A critical value for γ, defining

the transition between these two regimes, is determined experimentally:

γc=0.051±0.017. The breaking

process itself, during which the vorticity of the vortex core decreases,

is investigated.

All the qualitative aspects of the erosion process, the onset of breaking
and the

breaking process itself are found to be in excellent agreement

with the theoretical and

numerical description. The experimental value of γc

and the properties of the

filamentation process are consistent with the numerical estimates.
On internal wave–shear flow resonance in

shallow water
Authors: VORONOVICH VYACHESLAV V. , PELINOVSKY DMITRY E. , SHRIRA VICTOR I.
Published: July 2002

The work is concerned with long nonlinear internal waves

interacting with a shear

flow localized near the sea surface. The study is focused on

the most intense resonant

interaction occurring when the phase velocity of internal waves

matches the flow

velocity at the surface. The perturbations of the shear flow are

considered as ‘vorticity

waves’, which enables us to treat the wave–flow

resonance as the resonant wave–wave

interaction between an internal gravity mode and the vorticity mode.

Within the

weakly nonlinear long-wave approximation a system of evolution

equations governing

the nonlinear dynamics of the waves in resonance is derived and

an asymptotic solution to the basic equations is constructed. At resonance

the nonlinearity of the

internal wave dynamics is due to the interaction with the

vorticity mode, while the

wave's own nonlinearity proves to be negligible. The equations

derived are found to

possess solitary wave solutions of different polarities

propagating slightly faster or

slower than the surface velocity of the shear flow. The amplitudes

of the ‘fast’ solitary

waves are limited from above; the crest of the limiting wave forms

a sharp corner.

The solitary waves of amplitude smaller than a certain threshold

are shown to be

stable; ‘subcritical’ localized pulses tend to such

solutions. The localized pulses of

amplitude exceeding this threshold form infinite slopes in

finite time, which indicates wave breaking.
Boundary layer receptivity to free-stream sound on parabolic bodies
Authors: HADDAD OSAMAH M. , CORKE THOMAS C.
Published: July 2002

We use a numerical approach to study the receptivity of the boundary
layer flow over
a slender body with a leading edge of finite radius of curvature to small
streamwise
velocity fluctuations of a given frequency. The body of interest is a parabola
in order
to exclude jumps in curvature, which are known sites of receptivity and
which occur
on elliptic leading edges matched to finite-thickness at plates. The infinitesimally

thin flat plate is the limiting solution for the parabola as the nose radius
of curvature
goes to zero. The formulation of the problem allows the two-dimensional
unsteady
Navier–Stokes equations in stream function and vorticity form to
be converted to two
steady systems of equations describing the basic (nonlinear) flow and the
perturbation
(linear) flow. The results for the basic flow are in excellent agreement
with those in
the literature. As expected, the perturbation flow was found to be a combination
of
an unsteady Stokes flow and Orr–Sommerfeld modes. To separate these,
the unsteady
Stokes flow was solved separately and subtracted from the total perturbation
flow. We
found agreement with the streamwise wavelengths and locations of Branches
I and II
of the linear stability neutral growth curve for Tollmien–Schlichting
waves. The results
showed an increase in the leading-edge receptivity with decreasing nose
radius, with
the maximum occurring for an infinitely sharp flat plate. The receptivity
coefficient
was also found to increase with angle of attack. These results were in
qualitative
agreement with the asymptotic analysis of Hammerton & Kerschen (1992).
Good
quantitative agreement was also found with the recent numerical results
of Fuciarelli
(1997), and the experimental results of Saric, Wei & Rasmussen (1994).
Two-layer flow past a cylinder in a rotating frame
Authors: BLANCHONETTE PETER
Published: July 2002

In this paper the two-layer flow past a cylinder in a rotating
frame is modelled
numerically. This study follows on from the many theoretical and experimental

examinations of the one-layer flow past a cylinder. The main aim of this
study is
to investigate the geophysically relevant effect on the flow of varying
the vertical
shear, while keeping the other parameters the same in both layers. This
will include
an examination of the contour plots of vorticity and streamfunction and
measuring
the size of the separated region and the position of separation as a function
of the
vertical shear. The most interesting result is that the separated region
in the slower
layer grows much larger than that in the faster layer as the vertical shear
is increased.
Direct droplet production from a liquid film: a new
gas-assisted atomization mechanism
Authors: SNYDER HERMAN E. , REITZ ROLF D.
Published: July 2002

X-ray lithography and micro-machining have been used to study gas-assisted
liquid
atomization in which a liquid film was impinged by a large number of sonic
micro-gas
jets. Three distinct breakup regimes were demonstrated. Two of these regimes
share
characteristics with previously observed atomization processes: a bubble
bursting at a
free surface (Newitt et al. 1954; Boulton-Stone & Blake 1993)
and liquid sheet
disintegration in a high gas/liquid relative velocity environment (Dombrowski
& Johns
1963). The present work shows that suitable control of the gas/liquid
interface creates
a third regime, a new primary atomization mechanism, in which single liquid
droplets
are ejected directly from the liquid film without experiencing an intermediate
ligament
formation stage. The interaction produces a stretched liquid sheet directly
above each
gas orifice. This effectively pre-films the liquid prior to its breakup.
Following this,
surface tension contracts the stretched film of liquid into a sphere which
subsequently
detaches from the liquid sheet and is entrained by the gas jet that momentarily
pierces
the film. After droplet ejection, the stretched liquid film collapses,
covering the gas
orifice, and the process repeats. This new mechanism is capable of the
efficient creation
of finely atomized sprays at low droplet ejection velocities (e.g. 20 μm
Sauter mean
diameter methanol sprays using air at 239 kPa, with air-to-liquid mass
ratios below 1.0,
and droplet velocities lower than 2.0 m s−1).
Independent control of the gas and the
liquid flows allows the droplet creation process to be effectively de-coupled
from the
initial droplet momentum, a characteristic not observed with standard gas-assisted

atomization mechanisms.
Horizontal oscillations of a cylinder beneath a
free surface: vortex formation and loading
Authors: LIN J.-C. , ROCKWELL D.
Published: July 2002

The patterns of vortex formation from a cylinder oscillating in a horizontal plane,
located at various depths of submergence beneath a free surface, are characterized
using high-image-density particle image velocimetry (PIV). Instantaneous representations
of the velocity field, streamline topology and vorticity patterns are referenced
to the instantaneous velocity of the cylinder. In turn, these features are related to the
magnitude and phase of the instantaneous transverse force, which can exhibit highly
nonlinear, spike-like fluctuations. When a finite gap is maintained between the free
surface and the cylinder, the patterns of vorticity concentrations are altered in such a
fashion that both the peak magnitude and the degree of amplitude modulation of the
negative transverse force spikes are attenuated, but shifted little in phase, relative to
the case of the fully submerged cylinder. On the other hand, when the cylinder is
sufficiently close to the free surface such that the gap region is eliminated, the patterns of
vorticity concentrations are fundamentally different and the negative transverse force
spikes are remarkably more pronounced and consistent than for deeper submergence.
The New Voices of Chilean Fascism and the Popular Front, 1938–1942
Authors: KLEIN MARCUS
Published: July 2002

In response to the gradual disappearance of the Movimiento Nacional
Socialista as the dominant force of the extreme right during the course of 1938,
new groups emerged on Chile's political scene. The Partido Nacional Fascista and
the Movimiento Nacionalista de Chile, established in October 1938 and February
1940 respectively, attempted to assume the role of nacismo after it had turned to
the left. Operating in a national and international environment, which became
increasingly detrimental to the development of national fascist organisations,
these new voices of Chilean fascism never managed to build up substantial
support. They remained on the sidelines of the political system. The return of the
Vanguardia Popular Socialista (the name of the MNS since January 1939) to its
fascist roots in the (Chilean) autumn of 1940 did not revive the dwindling forces
of the radical right. The Vanguardia, the Movimiento Nacionalista and a number
of smaller groups that followed the former dictator Carlos Ibáñez established the
Unión Nacionalista in March 1942, but this was a last desperate attempt to
breathe new life into a dying cause.
A generalization of the Balescu–Lenard
equation and the pair correlation function for
a weakly non-ideal plasma
Authors: BELYI V. V. , KUKHARENKO Yu. A. , WALLENBORN J.
Published: July 2002

Taking into account the first non-Markovian correction to the Balescu–Lenard

equation, we derive an expression for the pair correlation function and
a nonlinear
kinetic equation valid for a weakly non-ideal polarized classical plasma.
This
equation allows for the description of the correlational energy evolution
and exhibits
global conservation of energy with dynamical polarization.
Kinetic Alfvén waves in an inhomogeneous anisotropic magnetoplasma in the presence of
an inhomogeneous electric field: particle aspect analysis
Authors: BARONIA A. , TIWARI M. S.
Published: July 2002

Kinetic Alfvén waves in the presence of an inhomogeneous electric
field applied perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field in an anisotropic,
inhomogeneous magnetoplasma are investigated. The particle aspect approach
is adopted to investigate the trajectories of charged particles in the
electromagnetic field of a kinetic Alfvén wave. Expressions are found for the
field-aligned current, the perpendicular current, the dispersion relation and the
particle energies. The growth rate of the wave is obtained by an energy-
conservation method. It is predicted that plasma density inhomogeneity is the
main source of instability, and an enhancement of the growth rate by electric
field inhomogeneity and temperature anisotropy is found. The dispersion
relation and growth rate involve the finite-Larmor-radius effect, electron
inertia and the temperature anisotropy of the magnetoplasma. The applicability
of the investigation to the auroral acceleration region is discussed.
The Trade in Lakawood Products Between South China and the Malay World from the Twelfth to Fifteenth Centuries AD
Authors: Soon Derek Heng Thiam
Published: July 2002

This article examines the development in the trade of lakawood as an example of the passage of a commodity from its initial introduction to being highly prized by its recipient market from the Song to early Ming period, and attempts to understand the interactive dynamics of the maritime trade between China and the Malay world at a micro level during the classical period of the Malay world's history.
Feeding habits and prey selection by the skate Dipturus chilensis (Elasmobranchii: Rajidae) from the south-western Atlantic
Authors: Lucifora Luis O. , Valero Juan L. , Bremec Claudia S. , Lasta Mario L.
Published: July 2002

The diet of Dipturus chilensis was composed mainly of the nototheniid fish Patagonotothen ramsayi, squid Illex argentinus, hake Merluccius hubbsi, serolid isopods, and crustaceans. Our results suggest that D. chilensis feeds selectively on some teleosts and rejects eel-like fishes. Total length of consumed P. ramsayi was significantly correlated with the skate's mouth width.
Occurrence of the alien ascidian Perophora japonica at Plymouth
Authors: Nishikawa Teruaki , Bishop John D.D. , Sommerfeldt A. Dorothea
Published: July 2002

Several colonies of the phlebobranch ascidian Perophora japonica were found during 1999 at a marina in Plymouth Sound, Devon, UK. The species was still present in the spring of 2000. This appears to be the first record from British coasts of the species, which is native to Japan and Korea but is previously known from northern France. The stolons of P. japonica bear distinctive, star-shaped terminal buds, which are bright yellow in the Plymouth population. Comparison is made with Atlantic representatives of the genus, particularly the native British species P. listeri.
Influence of sampler shape and orientation on density estimates on intertidal macrofauna
Authors: De Grave Sammy , Casey Derek
Published: July 2002

The variability in density estimates of intertidal, infaunal benthos due to the shape and tidal orientation of sampling devices is discussed. Although all intertidal sampling devices are fundamentally of the same design, three different cross-sections were investigated, square, circular and rectangular, with the first two of common use in intertidal sampling. Results demonstrated that tidal orientation of the sampling device does not induce variability in density estimates. Furthermore, no difference in density estimate could be detected between the square and circular cores, both having a very similar cross-section. In contrast, some species exhibited significant differences when comparing rectangular vs square/circular cores combined. It is postulated that these are caused by species-specific small-scale spatial patterns.
Digenean larvae in Hydrobia ulvae from Belfast Lough (Northern Ireland) and the Ythan Estuary (north-east Scotland)
Authors: Field L.C. , Irwin S.W.B.
Published: July 2002

In this study the digenean parasites in the mud snail Hydrobia ulvae at two sites were compared for a period of one year. The sites were the north shore of Belfast Lough (Northern Ireland) and the Bend of Tarty on the Ythan Estuary (north-east Scotland). Samples of snails were collected monthly from which 13 species of digenean larvae were recorded at Belfast Lough. Two of these species were absent at the Bend of Tarty. Overall digenean prevalence was very similar at each site indicating that the respective bird communities were composed of ecologically equivalent species. Differences in the prevalence of individual digenean species are discussed in relation to the abundance of definitive and/or secondary intermediate hosts at each of the sites. Both sites displayed similar seasonal patterns of parasite prevalence with sharp increases to around 25% in the summer months. Snail shell heights were greater at Belfast Lough than at the Bend of Tarty and a positive correlation between snail shell height and infection by trematode parasites was recorded at both sites. Increased parasite prevalence in larger snails was attributed to factors such as age-related susceptibility and/or parasitic castration of the snails.
The systematic status of the lagoon periwinkle, Littorina tenebrosa
Authors: Wilson Iain F. , Gosling Elizabeth M. , Tapper William
Published: July 2002

Eight samples of Littorina tenebrosa and L. saxatilis (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Ireland and Britain, including pairs of each form from two locations in Ireland, were screened for genetic variation at 12 polymorphic enzyme loci using starch gel electrophoresis. Levels of polymorphism and heterozygosity were similar in L. tenebrosa and L. saxatilis, apart from a sample of L. tenebrosa from Britain which was less polymorphic than the Irish samples. No alleles were found to be unique to either form. Phylogenetic analysis using UPGMA showed that L. saxatilis and L. tenebrosa populations clustered as a monophyletic group. Nevertheless, the mean genetic distance between parapatric populations of L. saxatilis and L. tenebrosa (D=0.076) was similar to the mean for allopatric populations of either species (D=0.080). This indicates that there is a barrier to gene flow between the two forms Despite this, L. tenebrosa does not merit specific status since populations of this snail do not cluster as a distinct group, separate from L. saxatilis populations.