bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Absolute vs. Intensity-based Caps for Carbon Emissions Target Setting
Authors: Zeng Yingying , Weishaar Stefan E. , Couwenberg Oscar
Published: February 2017

Linking the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) to the Chinese national ETS promises considerable economic and political benefits. However, different policy choices regarding cap setting between the systems are likely to impede a potential linking. A striking distinction is that the EU ETS relies upon an absolute cap, while the Chinese national ETS appears to apply an ‘intensity-based cap’ during the early stages. The current linking literature focuses on mapping legal barriers in general and has not yet focused on EU and China, let alone the intricacies of policy design. This article seeks to fill this gap by concentrating on (static and dynamic) efficiency and environmental effectiveness implications of linking and cap design. From the analysis of the cap we derive policy implications for a hypothetical ETS linking between the EU and China. In response, comprehensive and predictable regulation is needed to ensure the attainment of ETS targets and thus facilitate better regulation.
Bias and Religious Truth-Seeking in Proselytization Restrictions: An Atypical Case Study of Singapore
Authors: Chen Jianlin
Published: February 2017

Proselytisation restrictions are typically subjected to two objections. First, these restrictions curtail religious liberty and impede religious truth-seeking. Second, these restrictions tend to favour politically dominant religions and discriminate against minority religions. The restrictions on offensive religious propagation in Singapore thus present an interesting departure in which sanctioned religions are not politically marginalised religions, whereas protected religions include numerical minority religions that are socially, economically, and politically disadvantaged. This article utilises the atypical case study of Singapore to highlight the limitations of the two typical objections toward proselytisation restrictions. In particular, the emphasis on religious truth-seeking underpinning these objections is premised upon a distinct set of religious worldviews not shared by the majority of religions in Singapore. This article posits that if religious truth-seeking is no longer the accepted normative goal, then there may be circumstances in which some limited and even-handed restrictions on offensive religious propagation are sufficiently justified on the grounds of social peace and harmony.
Charting Socio-Legal Scholarship on Southeast Asia: Key Themes and Future Directions
Authors: Chua Lynette J.
Published: February 2017

This article discusses the state of socio-legal scholarship on Southeast Asia and situates the special journal issue in relation to its key patterns, emerging trends, and future directions. Southeast Asian literature in leading socio-legal journals exhibits an imbalanced geographical coverage and tends to cluster around research on state law’s intersection with Islamic and/or customary norms, women’s equality and legal status, and land and the natural environment. These prevailing patterns lead to uneven attention paid to Southeast Asia. However, growing bodies of work along the major themes of legal pluralism, law and development, and dispute processing show the potential of Southeast Asian research to advance important debates and sub-fields in the scholarship at large. Proposals from a December 2012 workshop initiative further identified research directions that could enrich this field of study as well as understandings of law-society relations in Southeast Asia.
The Philippine Supreme Court and Regime Response, 1970-2000
Authors: Haynie Stacia L. , Dumas Tao L.
Published: February 2017

The behaviour of appellate courts has long fascinated scholars. Specifically, scholars have been attentive to the effect of the political context on judicial outcomes. This paper focuses on the decision-making of the Philippine Supreme Court (“Court”) over multiple decades with particular attention to the influence of changes in the executive branch on the outcomes of cases brought to the Court. The analysis evaluates the decisions of the Court from 1970 through 2000, encompassing the turmoil of the Marcos years through the first few years of the tumultuous tenure of Joseph Estrada. We test the hypothesis, grounded in Galanter’s seminal work, that the government has substantial advantages in the legal system and thus enjoys greater success than other litigants. The government has theoretically unlimited resources with which to litigate, control over the staffing of the bench, and authority over, or at least major influence on, the laws that the courts interpret. As a result, the government is expected to win the majority of the challenges that come before the Court. The Philippines provides an excellent laboratory to test this thesis. In the Marcos era the Court faced a dictator professing “constitutional authoritarianism” whose regime ultimately was toppled by the People Power Revolution. His successor, Corazon Aquino, was initially embraced as the popular wife of an assassinated hero, Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr., but later faced a series of attempts to topple her regime. President Fidel Ramos served for 6 years leading the nation through a period of economic growth. Elected by a wide margin in 1998, President Joseph Estrada quickly lost the confidence of the Filipino people as well as the business and military sectors. By 2001, he was removed from office through political actions which some consider the People Power II. This analysis evaluates the winners and losers before the Philippine Supreme Court across the tenures of these presidencies with particular focus on the ability of the Filipino government to succeed when compared to individuals and businesses and the success of different regimes over time as the executive’s popularity surges and wanes. The results suggest, that like other institutions, the Philippine Supreme Court responded to the rise and fall of the personal politics that dominates the distribution of power in this Asian archipelago.
Standardised Stability Terms
Authors: O'gorman Mervyn
Published: February 2017

Introductory.—In the course of inquiries made recently by the Accidents Investigation Sub-Committee they were impressed by the fact that the various terms normally used to describe the characteristics of an aeroplane in regard to its stability or instability are incomplete and defective from a pilot's point of view. Not only did there appear to be differences in the meanings attached to the various stability terms by pilots and others, but in several cases the meanings were not in accordance with the definitions used in physical science generally. It appeared that a scheme of definitions could be drawn up which would be acceptable both to those interested practically and theoretically in the subject. Definitions are needed for discussions on stability and particularly in making more definite the information given by pilots when describing the behaviour of aeroplanes. It is felt that the definitions, if accepted on all hands, would lead to such observations during the life of an aeroplane as materially to assist the investigations of accidents.
Organisation of a Colonial Airship Service
Authors: Richmond V. C.
Published: February 2017

I feel it a great honour to whave been asked by this Society to speak to you this evening on this subject. The question of the utilisation of airships for commercial purposes has attracted an immense amount of public attention during the past year. Unfortunately, owing to the high costs of running airships experimentally, the Air Ministry have been faced during this period with the necessity of having to abandon airships for military purposes, and also of having to cease their experiments on the use of these ships for commercial purposes. Fortunately it is inherent in the British temperament to give its greatest sympathy to a man when he is down, and for this reason, concurrently with the complete cessation of all airship activities, such stupendous ideas as the use of airships for linking up the Colonies have been put forward. The scheme for using aircraft on such an unprecedented scale for commercial purposes is so gigantic as to call for very grave and careful consideration.
The Manoeuvres of Getting off and Landing
Authors: Hill R. M.
Published: February 2017

Major-General Sir Sefton Brancker said he knew Squadron-Leader Hill as one of our most daring, cool-headed and really scientific pilots. He had also realised that evening that he had a brilliant fund of imagination as well. His (Sir Sefton Brancker's) chief qualification for talking about getting off and landing was that he was once more notorious for making bad landings without hurting himself or anyone else than anyone in the Air Force. He was all for eliminating the human factor in control as time went on. He thought the devices which Major Hill had explained were absolutely on the right lines of progress. Pilots did not like the idea, but he was all for developing the stabilisers, height indicators, and all the gadgets that the Author had described. But there were limits to this policy. Some time ago there was an official objection from the French at Le Bourget that the British pilots were stunting.
Further Developments of Military Aviation
Authors: Sykes F . H.
Published: February 2017

Last year the Aëronautical Society kindly asked me to give my views on Military Aviation. I then tried to show the objects for which military aircraft would be used, the results likely to be gained, and the general lines upon which it was expected that progress would take place—in a word, the military aspect of aviation. Airships have now been handed over to the Naval Wing of the Royal Flying Corps and I propose to–night to deal almost entirely with aeroplane work, in the light of a year's progress. I make no excuse for reiterating the strong links which I feel bind soldier, sailor, designer and aircraft constructor in this matter. Rapidity of progress is essential and it can only be gained by cohesion of effort, lack of friction, and mutual understanding. The Service must remember that the aeroplane designer has to live and is not always merely chasing “X” with a slide rule; the constructor, that the soldier is not only pipe–clay and red tape and that there is sometimes method in his madness.
The Development of the Aeroplane being The Second Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture
Authors: Glazebrook R. T.
Published: February 2017

I am honoured by the request of your Council to deliver the second Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture, and for my subject have selected some points connected with the development of the aeroplane, that machine whose capabilities Wilbur Wright was among the first to recognise and which he did so much to create.

I will commence with some well–known words:—

“I have brought to a close the portion of the work which seemed to be specially mine, the demonstration of the practicability of mechanical flight; and for the next stage, which is the commercial and practical development of the idea, it is probable that the world may look to others. The world indeed will be supine if it do not realise that a new possibility has come to it and that the great universal highway overhead is now soon to be opened.”
The Pressure Distribution on an Aeroplane Wing in Flight
Authors: Ellis Williams W.
Published: February 2017

A very large amount of valuable work has been done in measuring the forces on models of aeroplane surfaces placed in a wind channel, and the results obtained are of the greatest value to the designer. Doubt has however been thrown on the applicability of the results obtained to calculations referring to the full–size aeroplane in flight, and it is of great importance to obtain definite information regarding the corrections, if any, which should be applied to the wind channel results. The experiments described below were made with the object of comparing the pressure-distribution on an aeroplane wing in flight with the distribution measured on a model of the same wing in a wind channel. The measurements were carried out on an aeroplane constructed by the writer, which for the purpose: of the experiments was flown over the sands at Llanddona, on the east coast of Anglesey. The beach at this place is an ideal one for experiments of this nature, there being a stretch of hard level sand obtainable fully three miles long and over a mile broad.
The Characteristics of Certain Resisting Surfaces and Screws
Authors: Bryan G. H.
Published: February 2017

In the stability investigations which the late Captain Ferber published in the Revue d'Artillerie, the sustaining and other surfaces of an aeroplane were in certain cases taken to be represented, for dynamical purposes, by a system of three plane resisting laminæ fixed mutually at right angles. Unfortunately, however, such a system cannot in general be made equivalent to a collection of surfaces, such as those of an aeroplane, with the result that Captain Ferber's investigation failed to give the correct conditions of lateral stability. At the same time, Ferber's system of three orthogonal planes is so convenient, especially for forming a general idea of the effects of wind gusts on an aeroplane, that it is desirable to investigate conditions and limitations under which such a representation is valid. The desirability of a further investigation of the forces and couples acting on a system of resisting surfaces of a general character was foreshadowed in “Stability in Aviation,” and a more detailed discussion of the problem has now become necessary in order to prepare the way for further studies in the rigid dynamics of the motions of aeroplanes or of systems resembling them.
Inherent Controllability of Aeroplanes
Authors: Bairstow Leonard
Published: February 2017

The first direct statement of the problem of controlling an aeroplane, without the permanent exercise of physical effort by the pilot, appears in this paper. During the state of transition from straight flying to flying in a circle, a pilot exerts a force to pull over the rudder and in the usual case it is necessary to maintain some force in order to make a continuous turn. Professor Bryan proposes the design of an aeroplane such that turning having been started, maintenance of turning is obtained without any effort being necessary to keep the rudder in position. So far as the pilot is concerned the same result would be obtained by balancing the control surfaces, but the effect on the aeroplane is quite different. In the case of balanced controls a lateral force is still exerted by the rudder and so stresses are introduced in the tail structure of the aeroplane ; on the other hand, in an inherently controllable aeroplane, there is no lateral force on the rudder when turning and, therefore, no stresses in the tail.
Wire Cables
Authors: Scoble Walter A.
Published: February 2017

High tensile steel wire has many uses in connection with aircraft. A single wire has the advantage of a high breaking stress, greater than that of the bulk material from which it is made, because, as Goodman has pointed out, the drawing produces an elongated stricture of the steel, and the wire strength approximates to the true breaking stress of a larger specimen, which is the tension the latter resists at the moment of fracture divided by the reduced area. The British Engineering Standards Association's specification, 2wi., requires a minimum breaking stress of 80 tons per sq. in. up to 0.160in. diameter, 90 to 0.116, and 100 to 0.064. These stresses can safely be exceeded when required particularly with wire of small diameter.
Experiments with Aerial Screw Propellers
Authors: Baden-Powell B.
Published: February 2017

These experiments, though they have continued over a considerable period of time, are, unfortunately, by no means conclusive in results. I may as well explain how and why I conducted them. Actual trials of aërial propellers have not very often been made, or perhaps I should say that the results of such trials have not often been published. This latter may be for two reasons : 1st, that inventors wish to keep the results of their investigations to themselves, which, though somewhat selfish, is but natural. 2nd. The results may be such that the experimenters do not think them worth recording. I have considered whether I should not comply with this second reason, and simply look upon the results of my work as negative and not worth recording.
Mr. Pollock's Balloon Trip Across the Channel
Authors: Spencer P.
Published: February 2017

Tuesday morning, October 12, 1897, opened out bright and clear at Eastbourne. At 6 a.m. no clouds obscured a perfectly blue sky, and a gentle breeze blew from the north-west. It was decided that the conditions were favourable for a balloon voyage to Prance. The grounds of Devonshire Park had been kindly placed at. our disposal by Mr. A. Standen Triggs, Managing Director. The balloon had been prepared for inflation overnight, and arrangements made with the Eastbourne Gas Company to be in readiness to turn on the gas if desired. This was done at 7 a.m., and the inflation proceeded satisfactorily until the balloon was full at 9 o'clock. The balloon had a cubic capacity of 35,000 ft., was nearly new, having previously ascended on six occasions only at the Crystal Palace, at Shrewsbury, and at Beading. These ascents had all seasoned the balloon, and a recent coat of varnish had rendered it gas-tight and in good condition.
The Balloon as an Instrument of Scientific Research
Authors: Bacon John M.
Published: February 2017

A paper read at the Society of Arts on Wednesday, Feb. 15, 1899; Captain Baden Powell, Hon. Secretary to the Aeronautical Society of Groat Britain, in the chair.

In the first years of the century, the Russian Academy organised, at St. Petersburg, what may be regarded as the earliest balloon ascent for genuine scientific research. One chief object which they had in view was to determine any difference in conditions existing at various altitudes above plain country as compared with those observed by Humboldt, Saussure, and ethers a t like elevations on mountain heights, and that this is even still an important line of inquiry for which balloons are eminently well suited, I shall hope to make sufficiently clear. The experiments proposed, which, to–day, read quaintly suggestive', were to include an investigation of the power of solar rays, of the existence of electric matter, and of the intensity of the colours of the prism. No results of consequence, however, were obtained.
A Method of Steering Balloons during Ascent and Descent
Authors: Biddle D.
Published: February 2017

The principle of this invention consists in giving lateral motion to balloons by utilizing the resistance of the air, during successive ascents and descents, by means of a large triangular sail, placed between the bag and the car at an oblique angle with the horizon; and in rotating them at will by means of a smaller rudder–sail, which is capable of turning on a horizontal axis. The sails are constructed to furl readily.

The principle was first applied to a buoy, depressed to the bottom of a running stream. As it rose it could be made to turn in either direction, according to the setting of the rudder, and would proceed in a course opposed to the stream if thus directed, and all by passive means. When weighted it would act similarly during descent. On removal of the weight, it would continue its course whilst re–ascending, and so on. Anyone can experiment for himself, at a trifling cost, in this way.
Long-Distance Ballooning
Authors: Osborne Mance H.
Published: February 2017

A report has been going the rounds of the press abroad to the effect that a party of German aeronauts contemplate making an experimental long–distance balloon trip, starting from Germany and travelling in an easterly direction, the object of the voyage being to discover experimentally how long a balloon may (remain in the air before coming to the ground.

Whether there is any foundation for this report or not, there can be no doubt that experiments of this kind are necessary for the advancement of the science of aeronautics. Long–distance ballooning has been hitherto neglected, as far as practical trials are concerned.
Balloon Varnishes and their Defects
Authors: Reid Walter F.
Published: February 2017

From the very beginning of aëronautics difficulty was experienced in obtaining an envelope sufficiently impervious to gas to prevent excessive leakage, and yet not so heavy as to diminish unduly the ascensional power of the balloon. The first balloon, constructed by the brothers Montgolfier in 1783, was made of cotton fabric lined with paper and sewn on to a network of string. Faujas de Saint-Fond, who published a description of the experiment the same year, says that the gas escaped rapidly. Etiemne Montgolfier corroborates this, attributing the escape chiefly to the needle-holes in the envelope. Had the balloon not been of large size, 35 feet high and containing 22,000 cubic feet of air, it would probably have descended before the lapse of the ten minutes that the experiment lasted.
Notable British Balloon Ascents
Authors: Spencer Percival
Published: February 2017

After a series of balloon ascents extending over many years, I may truly say that each new ascent made differs in some manner from previous ones, and new interest and new experiences always await the aerial voyager. It was in 1898 that I had the pleasure of accompanying Mr. George Griffith on a balloon trip from the Crystal Palace to France, On the 3rd of February we made our first attempt, the day was dull and the balloon was rapidly wafted over Chatham and Canterbury; all was drear and gloomy, and though the course of the wind was such that we could have speedily crossed, we could not hope to obtain photographic records of the voyage; and, therefore, landed in England, and made another attempt on the 8th of the same month. On this occasion a bright sky and a brisk breeze gave promise of a fine trip, and so it proved. At heights varying from double that of Snowdon to but a few hundred feet we continued our course over land and sea to Verchin, in the Pas de Calais, my companion's record of which was set forth in print in “ Pearson's Magazine ” illustrated with blocks made from the photos we secured.
The Balloon Work of the Late Mr. Henry Coxwell
Authors: Bruce Eric Stuart
Published: February 2017

In the last number of this journal, it was my sad duty to chronicle the death of Mr. Coxwell. In another part of the same issue some aeronautical suggestions from the celebrated balloonist, bearing on the present war, appeared, showing that he maintained the ardour in aerial affaire that characterised his life to its very end.

Henry Coxwell was born on March 2nd, 1819, at Wouldham. He was the son of a gallant naval officer. From the day that, through a telescope, he espied the balloon ascent of Mr. Green, at Rochester, he conceived the passion for aeronautics, that in later years transformed the pastime into a profession, and bore results which have considerably influenced both military and scientific ballooning.

Young Coxwell began earnest life as a dentist, and for some years, combined a considerable amount of balloon experience as an amateur with this profession. But the earnestness of his aeronautical talents prevailed, and in time he became the professional aeronaut, devoting himself to that calling with the utmost ardour.
Across-Channel Communication by Kite
Authors: Salmon S. H. R.
Published: February 2017

On the 10th February, 1900, a kite flown by M. Delcourt, at Calais, France, broke away, and, dragging its line through the sea, landed at Burmarsh, England, a distance of 35 miles.

This suggested to me to test the possibility of delivering a message in France from England by kite.

On the 14th April, 1906, in an E N E wind, blowing about 30 miles an hour, I flew a diamond shaped box-kite (provided with keel for extra stability), and, attaching the line of 400 feet to a drag 30 feet long, and weighing 12 pounds, launched the apparatus from the beach at Brighton. A message, enclosed in a wooden bottle, was suspended from the body of the kite, asking for information from the finder, but no tidings have yet come to hand.
Experiments relative to Equilibrium and Angle of Fall in Gliding Flight
Authors: Blackden L. S.
Published: February 2017

Recent experiments have led me in two directions—both a good deal governed by considerations of construction, which, in any case, is always poor.

In one direction I improved the steadiness of flight, but was very dissatisfied with the angle of fall; in the other direction I improved, by diminishing, the angle of fall, but was extremely dissatisfied with the steadiness of flight.

In trying different wing profiles—such as could be easily made by bending a piece of thin cardboard, I found the steadiest forms were those that required the centre of gravity to be furthest, forward, but they did not give good angles, while the best angles were given by shapes which, wherever the centre of gravity was, would always pitch forward unless controlled by a large and well turned up tail.

It appeared probable that in the steady form with the bad angle all the lift came from a limited part of the wing near the forward edge, while the bulk of the after part of the surface acted more or less as a steadying rudder or tail.
The Liberty Engine
Authors: Clarkson Coker F.
Published: February 2017

The automotive engineers have had a most important part in the conduct of the Government aircraft programme. It is well known that the development of the Liberty Engine is properly credited to engineers who are members of the Society of Automative Engineers and whose work has been greatly facilitated by the present and past activities of the society. Due credit must of course be given to the Allied Governments for data furnished to our engineers who designed the Liberty Engine, but it should not be forgotten that this engine is strictly an American product, having been designed for rapid production, standardisation and interchangeability of parts, factors not realised to the same extent in other designs. The benefit which this will have in increasing the effectiveness of our fighting contingents at the front can scarcely be over-estimated. The aviation engine is of course a high-strung piece of apparatus, one that must develop great power with minimum weight. The engine operates under full load and at high temperature practically all the time, so that its depreciation is relatively rapid.
The Right to Fly
Authors: Wallace Roger
Published: February 2017

On the last occasion I had the honour of attending a meeting of this Society the members were expressing their admiration of the great work done by the late Wilbur Wright. This consisted in first studying the known suggested theories governing the physical laws of flight, and then, after much patient labour, embodying the result of his reflections in the form of an aerial apparatus. Then at great personal risk, with his brother's aid, testing his apparatus as a glider until he was satisfied that a practical machine driven by power could be made; which he successfully accomplished and piloted with results well known to this Society.

To-night we have to consider many theories governing a different kind of law and suggest means by which they can be reduced to practical regulations. We have not the same opportunities as the physicists, no official laboratories or opportunities for making experimental tests, and have to leave this to the cumbersome machinery of the administrative authorities of the governing political powers.
The Nomenclature and Notation of Aeroplane Rigid Dynamics
Authors: Bryan G. H.
Published: February 2017

In applying the methods of rigid dynamics of three dimensions to the study of aeroplane motions, one of the first questions which had to be settled by myself and Mr. Harper in the preparation of “Stability in Aviation” was the choice of co–ordinate axes and the notation to be adopted for the various forces, couples and rates of variation of components of air resistance. Where, as in this case, the necessary symbols more than exhaust the ordinary alphabet, the problem is a difficult one, and it was therefore intended to insert a separate section explaining the advantages which rendered the choice adopted the only logically possible one.

Unfortunately, at the time when “ Stability in Aviation “ was published, very great doubts existed as to the practical utility of any such investigation except as a subject of academic study in orthodox mathematical circles, and the work of preparing the book in the face of obstacles, partly arising from opposition, had proved such a strain that any further discussions on the subject would have been incompatible with my academic duties.
A Contribution to the Meteorology of the English Channel
Authors: Grant Hugh Duncan
Published: February 2017

The weather of the English Channel and South East Coast of England, like that of other localities in the British Islands, is well known to be variable and subject to rapid changes which take place sometimes with little or no warning. These changes are in places complicated by such factors as the general contour of the cliffs, an abrupt fall of the land towards the south, and the effects of evaporation taking place continuously over the channel, and giving such a well defined local character to changes of wind as to mask temporarily the indications of an approaching disturbance.

Much, however, can be ascertained by the study of the local cloud formation, wind structure, type of barometric curve, and temperature variation, and the following discussion of certain aspects of Channel meteorology is intended to explain the commoner variations of weather which occur in that area. The meteorological peculiarities of the Channel may be conveniently studied under the six separate headings of atmospheric depressions (primary and secondary), winds, mist and fog, thunderstorms, squalls and gales.
Effect of Application Timing on Winter Wheat Response to Metribuzin
Authors: VanGessel Mark J. , Johnson Quintin R. , Scott Barbara A.
Published: February 2017

Metribuzin will control many problematic weed species in winter wheat in the mid-Atlantic states, including herbicide-resistant biotypes, but it has not been recommended due to crop safety concerns. In a three-year trial, metribuzin was applied at 105 or 210 g ai ha−1to wheat at the PRE, 2-leaf (Feekes stage 1 to 2), early spring (Feekes stage 3 to 4), and late spring (Feekes stage 4 to 6) growth stages using wheat cultivars sensitive to metribuzin. Early spring applications had the least amount of injury, and injury at this timing was transient and yield was not reduced. Yield loss was observed with the other application timings in at least one out of three years. Rainfall shortly after application appears to increase the risk of wheat injury.
Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) in Glufosinate-Resistant Soybean
Authors: Jhala Amit J. , Sandell Lowell D. , Sarangi Debalin , Kruger Greg R. , Knezevic Steven Z.
Published: February 2017

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) common waterhemp has become a significant problem weed in Nebraska and several Midwestern states. Several populations of GR common waterhemp are also resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides, making them difficult to control with POST herbicides in GR soybean. Glufosinate-resistant (GFR) soybean is an alternate system for controlling GR common waterhemp, justifying the need for evaluating glufosinate-based herbicide programs. The objectives of this study were to compare POST-only herbicide programs (including one-pass and two-pass POST programs) with PRE followed by (fb) POST herbicide programs for control of GR common waterhemp in GFR soybean and their effect on common waterhemp density, biomass, and soybean yield. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 near Fremont, NE in a grower’s field infested with GR common waterhemp. Glufosinate applied early- and late-POST provided 76% control of GR common waterhemp at 14 d after late-POST (DALPOST) compared with 93% control with a PRE fb POST program when averaged across treatments. The PRE application of chlorimuron plus thifensulfuron plus flumioxazin,S-metolachlor plus fomesafen or metribuzin, saflufenacil plus dimethenamid-P fb glufosinate provided ≥95% control of common waterhemp throughout the growing season, reduced common waterhemp density to ≤2.0 plants m─2, caused ≥94% biomass reduction, and led to 1,984 to 2,210 kg ha─1soybean yield. Averaged across treatments, the PRE fb POST program provided 82% common waterhemp control at soybean harvest, reduced density to 23 plants m─2at 14 DALPOST, and caused 86% biomass reduction and 1,803 kg ha─1soybean yield compared with 77% control, 99 plants m─2, 53% biomass reduction, and 1,190 kg ha─1yield with POST-only program. It is concluded that PRE fb POST programs with multiple effective modes of action are available for control of GR common waterhemp in GFR soybean.
Glutathione system participation in thoracic aneurysms from patients with Marfan syndrome
Authors: Zúñiga-Muñoz Alejandra María , Pérez-Torres Israel , Guarner-Lans Verónica , Núñez-Garrido Elías , Velázquez Espejel Rodrigo , Huesca-Gómez Claudia , Gamboa-Ávila Ricardo , Soto María Elena
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Background: Aortic dilatation in Marfan syndrome (MFS) is progressive. It is associated with oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction that contribute to the early acute dissection of the vessel and can result in rupture of the aorta and sudden death. We evaluated the participation of the glutathione (GSH) system, which could be involved in the mechanisms that promote the formation and progression of the aortic aneurysms in MFS patients. Patients and methods: Aortic aneurysm tissue was obtained during chest surgery from eight control subjects and 14 MFS patients. Spectrophotometrical determination of activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), lipid peroxidation (LPO) index, carbonylation, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and concentration of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG respectively), was performed in the homogenate from aortic aneurysm tissue. Results: LPO index, carbonylation, TGF-β1, and GR activity were increased in MFS patients (p < 0.04), while TAC, GSH/GSSG ratio, GPx, and GST activity were significantly decreased (p < 0.04). Conclusions: The depletion of GSH, in spite of the elevated activity of GR, not only diminished the activity of GSH-depend GST and GPx, but increased LPO, carbonylation and decreased TAC. These changes could promote the structural and functional alterations in the thoracic aorta of MFS patients.
The genome of Chenopodium quinoa
Authors: Jarvis David E. , Ho Yung Shwen , Lightfoot Damien J. , Schmöckel Sandra M. , Li Bo , Borm Theo J. A. , Ohyanagi Hajime , Mineta Katsuhiko , Michell Craig T. , Saber Noha , Kharbatia Najeh M. , Rupper Ryan R. , Sharp Aaron R. , Dally Nadine , Boughton Berin A. , Woo Yong H. , Gao Ge , Schijlen Elio G. W. M. , Guo Xiujie , Momin Afaque A. , Negrão Sónia , Al-Babili Salim , Gehring Christoph , Roessner Ute , Jung Christian , Murphy Kevin , Arold Stefan T. , Gojobori Takashi , Linden C. Gerard van der , van Loo Eibertus N. , Jellen Eric N. , Maughan Peter J. , Tester Mark
Published: February 2017

Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa) is a highly nutritious grain identified as an important crop to improve world food security. Unfortunately, few resources are available to facilitate its genetic improvement. Here we report the assembly of a high-quality, chromosome-scale reference genome sequence for quinoa, which was produced using single-molecule real-time sequencing in combination with optical, chromosome-contact and genetic maps. We also report the sequencing of two diploids from the ancestral gene pools of quinoa, which enables the identification of sub-genomes in quinoa, and reduced-coverage genome sequences for 22 other samples of the allotetraploid goosefoot complex. The genome sequence facilitated the identification of the transcription factor likely to control the production of anti-nutritional triterpenoid saponins found in quinoa seeds, including a mutation that appears to cause alternative splicing and a premature stop codon in sweet quinoa strains. These genomic resources are an important first step towards the genetic improvement of quinoa.
Unravelling exceptional acetylene and carbon dioxide adsorption within a tetra-amide functionalized metal-organic framework
Authors: Moreau Florian , da Silva Ivan , Al Smail Nada H. , Easun Timothy L. , Savage Mathew , Godfrey Harry G. W. , Parker Stewart F. , Manuel Pascal , Yang Sihai , Schröder Martin
Published: February 2017

Understanding the mechanism of gas-sorbent interactions is of fundamental importance for the design of improved gas storage materials. Here we report the binding domains of carbon dioxide and acetylene in a tetra-amide functionalized metal-organic framework, MFM-188, at crystallographic resolution. Although exhibiting moderate porosity, desolvated MFM-188a exhibits exceptionally high carbon dioxide and acetylene adsorption uptakes with the latter (232 cm3 g−1 at 295 K and 1 bar) being the highest value observed for porous solids under these conditions to the best of our knowledge. Neutron diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering studies enable the direct observation of the role of amide groups in substrate binding, representing an example of probing gas-amide binding interactions by such experiments. This study reveals that the combination of polyamide groups, open metal sites, appropriate pore geometry and cooperative binding between guest molecules is responsible for the high uptakes of acetylene and carbon dioxide in MFM-188a.
Rad52 competes with Ku70/Ku86 for binding to S-region DSB ends to modulate antibody class-switch DNA recombination
Authors: Zan Hong , Tat Connie , Qiu Zhifang , Taylor Julia R. , Guerrero Justin A. , Shen Tian , Casali Paolo
Published: February 2017

Antibody class-switch DNA recombination (CSR) is initiated by AID-introduced DSBs in the switch (S) regions targeted for recombination, as effected by Ku70/Ku86-mediated NHEJ. Ku-deficient B cells, however, undergo (reduced) CSR through an alternative(A)-NHEJ pathway, which introduces microhomologies in S–S junctions. As microhomology-mediated end-joining requires annealing of single-strand DNA ends, we addressed the contribution of single-strand annealing factors HR Rad52 and translesion DNA polymerase θ to CSR. Compared with their Rad52+/+ counterparts, which display normal CSR, Rad52−/− B cells show increased CSR, fewer intra-Sμ region recombinations, no/minimal microhomologies in S–S junctions, decreased c-Myc/IgH translocations and increased Ku70/Ku86 recruitment to S-region DSB ends. Rad52 competes with Ku70/Ku86 for binding to S-region DSB ends. It also facilitates a Ku-independent DSB repair, which favours intra-S region recombination and mediates, particularly in Ku absence, inter-S–S recombination, as emphasized by the significantly greater CSR reduction in Rad52−/− versus Rad52+/+ B cells on Ku86 knockdown.
Recurring RNA structural motifs underlie the mechanics of L1 stalk movement
Authors: Mohan Srividya , Noller Harry F
Published: February 2017

The L1 stalk of the large ribosomal subunit undergoes large-scale movements coupled to the translocation of deacylated tRNA during protein synthesis. We use quantitative comparative structural analysis to localize the origins of L1 stalk movement and to understand its dynamic interactions with tRNA and other structural elements of the ribosome. Besides its stacking interactions with the tRNA elbow, stalk movement is directly linked to intersubunit rotation, rotation of the 30S head domain and contact of the acceptor arm of deacylated tRNA with helix 68 of 23S rRNA. Movement originates from pivoting at stacked non-canonical base pairs in a Family A three-way junction and bending in an internal G-U-rich zone. Use of these same motifs as hinge points to enable such dynamic events as rotation of the 30S subunit head domain and in flexing of the anticodon arm of tRNA suggests that they represent general strategies for movement of functional RNAs.
Phylointeractomics reconstructs functional evolution of protein binding
Authors: Kappei Dennis , Scheibe Marion , Paszkowski-Rogacz Maciej , Bluhm Alina , Gossmann Toni Ingolf , Dietz Sabrina , Dejung Mario , Herlyn Holger , Buchholz Frank , Mann Matthias , Butter Falk
Published: February 2017

Molecular phylogenomics investigates evolutionary relationships based on genomic data. However, despite genomic sequence conservation, changes in protein interactions can occur relatively rapidly and may cause strong functional diversification. To investigate such functional evolution, we here combine phylogenomics with interaction proteomics. We develop this concept by investigating the molecular evolution of the shelterin complex, which protects telomeres, across 16 vertebrate species from zebrafish to humans covering 450 million years of evolution. Our phylointeractomics screen discovers previously unknown telomere-associated proteins and reveals how homologous proteins undergo functional evolution. For instance, we show that TERF1 evolved as a telomere-binding protein in the common stem lineage of marsupial and placental mammals. Phylointeractomics is a versatile and scalable approach to investigate evolutionary changes in protein function and thus can provide experimental evidence for phylogenomic relationships.
Slow cooling and highly efficient extraction of hot carriers in colloidal perovskite nanocrystals
Authors: Li Mingjie , Bhaumik Saikat , Goh Teck Wee , Kumar Muduli Subas , Yantara Natalia , Grätzel Michael , Mhaisalkar Subodh , Mathews Nripan , Sum Tze Chien
Published: February 2017

Hot-carrier solar cells can overcome the Shockley-Queisser limit by harvesting excess energy from hot carriers. Inorganic semiconductor nanocrystals are considered prime candidates. However, hot-carrier harvesting is compromised by competitive relaxation pathways (for example, intraband Auger process and defects) that overwhelm their phonon bottlenecks. Here we show colloidal halide perovskite nanocrystals transcend these limitations and exhibit around two orders slower hot-carrier cooling times and around four times larger hot-carrier temperatures than their bulk-film counterparts. Under low pump excitation, hot-carrier cooling mediated by a phonon bottleneck is surprisingly slower in smaller nanocrystals (contrasting with conventional nanocrystals). At high pump fluence, Auger heating dominates hot-carrier cooling, which is slower in larger nanocrystals (hitherto unobserved in conventional nanocrystals). Importantly, we demonstrate efficient room temperature hot-electrons extraction (up to ∼83%) by an energy-selective electron acceptor layer within 1 ps from surface-treated perovskite NCs thin films. These insights enable fresh approaches for extremely thin absorber and concentrator-type hot-carrier solar cells.
Dosage sensitivity is a major determinant of human copy number variant pathogenicity
Authors: Rice Alan M. , McLysaght Aoife
Published: February 2017

Human copy number variants (CNVs) account for genome variation an order of magnitude larger than single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Although much of this variation has no phenotypic consequences, some variants have been associated with disease, in particular neurodevelopmental disorders. Pathogenic CNVs are typically very large and contain multiple genes, and understanding the cause of the pathogenicity remains a major challenge. Here we show that pathogenic CNVs are significantly enriched for genes involved in development and genes that have greater evolutionary copy number conservation across mammals, indicative of functional constraints. Conversely, genes found in benign CNV regions have more variable copy number. These evolutionary constraints are characteristic of genes in pathogenic CNVs and can only be explained by dosage sensitivity of those genes. These results implicate dosage sensitivity of individual genes as a common cause of CNV pathogenicity. These evolutionary metrics suggest a path to identifying disease genes in pathogenic CNVs.
Snail reprograms glucose metabolism by repressing phosphofructokinase PFKP allowing cancer cell survival under metabolic stress
Authors: Kim Nam Hee , Cha Yong Hoon , Lee Jueun , Lee Seon-Hyeong , Yang Ji Hye , Yun Jun Seop , Cho Eunae Sandra , Zhang Xianglan , Nam Miso , Kim Nami , Yuk Young-Su , Cha So Young , Lee Yoonmi , Ryu Joo Kyung , Park Sunghyouk , Cheong Jae-Ho , Kang Sang Won , Kim Soo-Youl , Hwang Geum-Sook , Yook Jong In , Kim Hyun Sil
Published: February 2017

Dynamic regulation of glucose flux between aerobic glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) during epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is not well-understood. Here we show that Snail (SNAI1), a key transcriptional repressor of EMT, regulates glucose flux toward PPP, allowing cancer cell survival under metabolic stress. Mechanistically, Snail regulates glycolytic activity via repression of phosphofructokinase, platelet (PFKP), a major isoform of cancer-specific phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), an enzyme involving the first rate-limiting step of glycolysis. The suppression of PFKP switches the glucose flux towards PPP, generating NADPH with increased metabolites of oxidative PPP. Functionally, dynamic regulation of PFKP significantly potentiates cancer cell survival under metabolic stress and increases metastatic capacities in vivo. Further, knockdown of PFKP rescues metabolic reprogramming and cell death induced by loss of Snail. Thus, the Snail-PFKP axis plays an important role in cancer cell survival via regulation of glucose flux between glycolysis and PPP.
Dynamics of auditory cortical activity during behavioural engagement and auditory perception
Authors: Carcea Ioana , Insanally Michele N. , Froemke Robert C.
Published: February 2017

Behavioural engagement can enhance sensory perception. However, the neuronal mechanisms by which behavioural states affect stimulus perception remain poorly understood. Here we record from single units in auditory cortex of rats performing a self-initiated go/no-go auditory task. Self-initiation transforms cortical tuning curves and bidirectionally modulates stimulus-evoked activity patterns and improves auditory detection and recognition. Trial self-initiation decreases the rate of spontaneous activity in the majority of recorded cells. Optogenetic disruption of cortical activity before and during tone presentation shows that these changes in evoked and spontaneous activity are important for sound perception. Thus, behavioural engagement can prepare cortical circuits for sensory processing by dynamically changing sound representation and by controlling the pattern of spontaneous activity.
Amygdala-hippocampal dynamics during salient information processing
Authors: Zheng Jie , Anderson Kristopher L. , Leal Stephanie L. , Shestyuk Avgusta , Gulsen Gultekin , Mnatsakanyan Lilit , Vadera Sumeet , Hsu Frank P. K. , Yassa Michael A. , Knight Robert T. , Lin Jack J.
Published: February 2017

Recognizing motivationally salient information is critical to guiding behaviour. The amygdala and hippocampus are thought to support this operation, but the circuit-level mechanism of this interaction is unclear. We used direct recordings in the amygdala and hippocampus from human epilepsy patients to examine oscillatory activity during processing of fearful faces compared with neutral landscapes. We report high gamma (70–180 Hz) activation for fearful faces with earlier stimulus evoked onset in the amygdala compared with the hippocampus. Attending to fearful faces compared with neutral landscape stimuli enhances low-frequency coupling between the amygdala and the hippocampus. The interaction between the amygdala and hippocampus is largely unidirectional, with theta/alpha oscillations in the amygdala modulating hippocampal gamma activity. Granger prediction, phase slope index and phase lag analysis corroborate this directional coupling. These results demonstrate that processing emotionally salient events in humans engages an amygdala-hippocampal network, with the amygdala influencing hippocampal dynamics during fear processing.