bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Outward Bound to Inward Bound’: the Prophetic Voices and Discursive Practices of Spiritual Management Development
Authors: Bell Emma , Taylor Scott
Published: May 2004

This article seeks to identify the theoretical foundations and practical features of spiritual management development (SMD) through social movements which have enabled the diffusion of religious practices into secular life and led to the development of a more spiritualized psychology. Although similarities can be seen with outdoor management development, SMD is distinctive because it encourages subjects to search for meaning in their everyday working life through engagement with an inner self. It thus encourages an internalized, implicit form of religiosity where the search for self-understanding and the search for meaning are closely aligned. Through a recontextualized, critical reading of the idealistic, Utopian visions portrayed by Maslow and Fromm and the spiritual, transpersonal psychologies of Jung and Assagioli, the intellectual foundations from which SMD practice has developed are traced. Analysis of the texts associated with SMD practice illustrates how these discourses are made meaningful to managers through the concepts of selfrealization, holism and personal and embodied experience which define events as implicitly religious. However, by defining managerial identity in terms of the inner self and placing responsibility for change on the individual, SMD is isolated from possible critique and transformed from a potentially enlightening into a potentially repressive project.
The Development of the Therapeutic Community in Correctional Establishments: A Comparative Retrospective Account of the ‘DEMOCRATIC’ Maxwell Jones TC and the Hierarchical Concept-Based TC in Prison
Authors: Vandevelde Stijn , Broekaert Eric , Yates Rowdy , Kooyman Martien
Published: May 2004

Background: The correction-based therapeutic community (TC) is one of the most described treatment modalities for (substance abusing) incarcerated offenders. The origins and development of the therapeutic community have been traced back to two independent traditions: the American hierarchical conceptbased TC and the British democratic Maxwell Jones-type TC. Both branches have developed independently, targeting different people and tackling diverse problems.

Aims: To demonstrate that there are clear and undeniable similarities between the ‘two’ prison-based therapeutic communities.

Method: A comparative historical review of the literature and a critical discussion and comparison.

Results: The links between the democratic and hierarchical therapeutic communities are summarised under five headings: social learning and behavioural modification; permissiveness and modelling; democracy and hierarchy; communalism and community as method; reality testing and ‘acting as if ’.

Conclusions: The ‘two’ correction-based therapeutic communities are on converging pathways. Far from being oppositional models, they can be regarded as being complementary.
The Changing Functions of Laws and its Implication for Government and Governance
Authors: de Vries Michiel S.
Published: May 2004

Many people see a continuing trend towards governance and away from government. This article tries to show that trends last only for so long. Based on long-term reasoning it is seen that within any trend a countertrend is visible, which will eventually become dominant when being suppressed for too long and when the side effects of the current trend are neglected for too long. This is congruent with the idea of policy generations I introduced in an earlier article (De Vries, 1999). The distinguishing features thereof are that policy change can be seen as a consequence of the simultaneous periodical change of dominant actors in policy processes, the policy goals as well as the usage of particular policy instruments. Such policy generations are not only known for what they prioritize but especially for what they neglect. It is neglect and awareness of the negative effects of this neglect that make the trends shift in this theory.

By looking at developments in The Netherlands in the use of policy instruments and especially law-making four trends are visible since the Second World War. First, a trend is distinguished in which laws regulating behavior by prescriptions are dominant in the 1950s. Next, a trend is seen from 1963 onwards, in which new regulations are used mainly to ground financial transfers. Subsequently, in the 1980s, we see a trend in which organizational affairs, efficiency and deregulation become dominant and since 1992 a trend is visible in which governance indicated by the popularity of temporary arrangements and striving for consultation is the dominant mode. This article predicts that in the near future this trend will be reversed again, because the drawbacks of the present trend are painfully surfacing.
Values for Public Service: Lessons Learned from Recent Trends and the Millennium Summit
Authors: Argyriades Demetrios
Published: May 2004

This article was originally prepared for circulation at the Second Specialized International Conference of the IIAS, which took place in New Delhi from 5 to 9 November 2002. It was presented orally, in a much abridged form, in the context of the Workshop on Relations between International Organizations and National Administrations in Sustainable Development Policies. As the title suggests, the article’s point of departure is the Millennium Summit (September 2000) and the sequence of events which have followed and are still unfolding. The Millennium Declaration and the logic of the events of the past two years bring into sharp relief the salience of good governance and of public service values, in this context. They also, one could argue, cast doubt on the validity of managerial doctrines which held sway in the 1980s and 1990s and undermined these values. The market model of government assiduously pursued the shrinkage of the state and the devaluation of public service. It questioned the identity of public administration and promoted the idea that governments should follow and adopt not only the methods and practices but also the values of business. Efficiency and effectiveness ranked at the top of those values. Regulations and rules were discounted. ‘Results’ were enjoined over ‘process’.

In retrospect, the outcomes of this approach have proved very uneven and mixed. Experience demonstrates the need for some degree of separation between the world of business and that of government, between the private sector and the public sphere. Some boundaries are necessary in order to emphasize their separate identities, enhance public service professionalism, reinforce a public service ethic and restore public trust in government. More than anything else, a degree of separation is needed to preserve and to sustain integrity, commitment, objectivity and independence, which must be seen as the marks of the true professional.
Sustainability Indicators for Swiss Dairy Farms and the General Implications for Business/Government Interdependencies
Authors: Mann Stefan , Gazzarin Christian
Published: May 2004

This article explores the relevance of sustainable business development for society and the state. Sustainability of enterprises can be defined as demonstrating the ability to be capable of continuing the same type of business in the lifetime of the next generation. In the case of Swiss dairy farms, this type of sustainability may also depend on the willingness of the government and society to make the necessary financial adjustments. Sustainability indicators for such farms are, therefore, related to ecological and social benefits rather than simply to economic success. To evaluate the role of Swiss dairy farms, a system with economic, ecological and social indicators for measuring their sustainability would be valuable. This approach creates an integration of sustainability life-cycle assessment factors of enterprises, on the one hand, and purely economic business indicators, on the other. The approach developed in this article would be of interest to all sectors that depend on public support.
Increasing Internationalization in Social Work Programs
Authors: Johnson Alice K.
Published: May 2004

The article outlines the process whereby a graduate school of social work made its program comprehensively international, using Healy's criteria. The four goals were: raising awareness and making connections; student recruitment, support and advising; curriculum development; and international eld placements. The work of the Local Inter-National Konnections Committee is described, in particular the development of the Emphasis in International Social Work course.
The Self-Concept of Chinese Women and the Indigenization of Social Work in China
Authors: Cheung Maria , Liu Meng
Published: May 2004

Based on empirical studies, the article discusses the issues of developing indigenous social work for women in China, especially in response to the changing needs resulting from economic reform and women's self-concepts. The western feminist model is deconstructed as a form of domination over women in developing countries. Some practice principles are highlighted, in the context of rising concerns over family violence.
Contextualizing and Critiquing the Poliheuristic Theory
Authors: Stern Eric
Published: May 2004

The poliheuristic theory of decision (PH) is placed in its proper historical context through a brief diachronic overview of the evolution of the foreign policy decision-making tradition from Snyder, Bruck, and Sapin to the present. The PH program is examined and contextualized in synchronic fashion via juxtaposition with three parallel lines of theoretical and empirical foreign policy decision-making research: cognitive institutionalism, problem representation, and decision units. These approaches are found to exhibit different methodological strengths and weaknesses and to emphasize different aspects of the decision-making process. Substantial complementarities exist, suggesting that the potential for synergy and cross-fertilization is great.
Size Asymmetry, Trade, and Militarized Conflict
Authors: Hegre Håvard
Published: May 2004

A measure— trade efficiency—that models the extent to which individual economic entities within two countries trade with each other is used to investigate the claim that symmetrical dependence on trade between two states is required for the trade bond to reduce the probability of interstate conflict. This measure is better suited to study this question than existing measures since it is by definition uncorrelated with asymmetries in country size. The relationship between the different conceptions of interdependence and militarized conflict is explored in an expected utility model of trade, distribution of resources, and conflict. For the particular pacifying mechanisms of trade studied here, the model supports the view that trade reduces the incentives for conflict but that this effect is most clearly seen in relatively symmetric dyads.
Nazi Propaganda and the Volksgemeinschaft: Constructing a People’s Community
Authors: Welch David
Published: May 2004

This article argues that the concept of a ‘national’ or ‘people’s’ community ( Volksgemeinschaft) was a key element in the ‘revolutionary’ aims of the nazi regime, and illustrates the remarkably ambitious nature of its propaganda. Propaganda presented an image of society that had successfully manufactured a ‘national community’ by transcending social and class divisiveness through a new ethnic unity based on ‘true’ German values. But was there a gap between the claims trumpeted in nazi propaganda and social reality? The intention of this article is to reappraise the effectiveness (or otherwise) of Volksgemeinschaft by analysing the response from two sections of the community — the industrial working class and German youth.
Individualism-Collectivism and Social Capital
Authors: Allik Jüri , Realo Anu
Published: May 2004

Many social scientists have predicted that one inevitable consequence of modernization is the unlimited growth of individualism, which poses serious threats to the organic unity of society. Others have argued that autonomy and independence are necessary conditions for the development of interpersonal cooperation and social solidarity. We reanalyzed available data on the relationship between individualism-collectivism and social capital within one country (the United States) and across 42 countries. In America, the states with a high level of social capital (higher degree of civic engagement in political activity, where people spend more time with their friends and believe that most people can be trusted) were found to be more individualistic. A correspondingly strong association between individualism and social capital was observed in the comparison of different countries. These results support Durkheim’s view that whenindividualsbecomemoreautonomous and seemingly liberated from social bonds, they actually become even more dependent on society.
A Historical Analysis of Empirical Studies Published in the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1970-2004
Authors: Brouwers Symen A. , van Hemert Dianne A. , Breugelmans Seger M. , van de Vijver Fons J. R.
Published: May 2004

Based on a random sample of 200 empirical articles, the present study made a historical analysis of the contents of Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology ( JCCP) in the period between 1970 and 2004. In comparison to older studies, recent studies tended to be more social-psychological, and more often employed self-reports, based the choice of cultures on theoretical grounds, and adopted a hypothesis-testing approach. A persistent strong focus on cross-cultural differences and a simultaneous underrating of cross-cultural similarities was found. The majority of studies in which only cross-cultural differences were expected, reported differences and similarities. Methodological and conceptual improvements characterized the past 35 years of publications in JCCP.
Thomas Szasz: Liberty and the Practice of Psychotherapy
Authors: Wyatt Randall C.
Published: May 2004

The foremost psychiatric critic of our times, Thomas Szasz, M.D., engages in an in-depth dialogue of his life’s work. He is author of more than 600 articles and 26 books, including the controversial The Myth of Mental Illness, The Ethics of Psychoanalysis, and his most recent work, Pharmacracy: Medicine and Politics in America. Szasz’s steadfast commitment to individual freedom and liberty permeate his commentaries on drug laws, managed care, involuntary hospitalization, and the fragile state of psychotherapy. This interview also explores the nuances of his work on the myth of “mental illness”in light of recent discoveries in neuroscience. Szasz shares personal reflections of his long career, revealing his tenacity in the face of personal and professional attacks, and his genuine passion for humanistic values and social justice.
Beyond Sexual Mechanics and Hydraulics: Humanizing the Discourse Surrounding Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Kleinplatz Peggy J.
Published: May 2004

The discourse in sex therapy is increasingly dominated by the language and imagery of machines in disrepair. Humanistic psychologyhas a role to play in challenging the pharmaceutical industry forownership of this discourse. From a humanistic standpoint, we arewell situated to question the assumptions underlying the biomedical model. Viagra™ may produce rigid erections while creating newdifficulties for the forgotten man, conveniently attached, for thepartner who wants to be desired, or for the couple. Newpharmacological interventions too often produce the same old effects and sideeffects (e.g., reductionism, desensitization, alienation, fragmentation,mechanization). The prevailing “Viagra™ mindset” is contested byreviewing the problems associated with this way of thinking aboutsexuality and sexual dysfunction. An alternate experiential approachto dealing with sexual issues and concerns in therapy is described.Three clinical illustrations of Experiential Psychotherapy as a wayof working with erectile dysfunction in therapy are presented.
Liberation and Economic Marginalization: A Reformulation and Test of (Formerly?) Competing Models
Authors: Hunnicutt Gwen , Broidy Lisa M.
Published: May 2004

This study reconceptualizes and tests liberation and economic marginality hypotheses as complementary explanations for female offending patterns. Both explanations are relevant in explaining female crime, but need to be reframed as interacting forces not opposing theories. It is suggested that economic marginality is in part a consequence of liberation, where the expectation of women’s independence may not be consistent with their actual social circumstances. This study also assesses the explanatory power of this model for both male and female conviction rates. Results from a pooled time series, least squares with dummy variables, cross-national analysis supports this reformulated model. Although this model is a good predictor of female conviction rates, it does not appear to be good a predictor of male conviction rates. Female conviction rates are significantly affected by male employment status, indicating that social conditions that are linked to female crime are a function of the economic and social position of both sexes.
Does the Perceived Risk of Punishment Deter Criminally Prone Individuals? Rational Choice, Self-Control, and Crime
Authors: Wright Bradley R. E. , Caspi Avshalom , Moffitt Terrie E. , Paternoster Ray
Published: May 2004

Society’s efforts to deter crime with punishment may be ineffective because those individuals most prone to commit crime often act impulsively, with little thought for the future, and so they may be unmoved by the threat of later punishment. Deterrence messages they receive, therefore, may fall on deaf ears. This article examines this issue by testing the relationship between criminal propensity, perceived risks and costs of punishment, and criminal behavior. The authors analyzed data from the Dunedin (New Zealand) Study, a longitudinal study of individuals from birth through age26(N = 1,002). They found that in fact, deterrence perceptions had their greatest impact on criminally prone study members.
Trust, Institutions, and Institutional Change: Industrial Districts and the Social Capital Hypothesis
Authors: Farrell Henry , Knight Jack
Published: May 2004

Much current work in the social sciences seeks to understand the effects of trust and social capital on economic and political outcomes. However, the sources of trust remain unclear. In this article, the authors articulate a basic theory of the relationship between institutions and trust. The authors apply this theory to industrial districts, geographically concentrated areas of small firm production, which involve extensive cooperation in the production process. Changes in power relations affect patterns of production;the authors suggest that they also have knock-on consequences for trust and cooperation among actors.
Basic Income, Stakeholder Grants, and Class Analysis
Authors: Wright Erik Olin
Published: May 2004

Both Basic Income and Stakeholder Grants, if sufficiently generous, are likely to have an impact on the balance of power between classes: Stakeholder Grants make it easier for individuals to become self-employed and “own their own means of production,” thus reducing their dependency on capitalists; by unconditionally guaranteeing each individual an above-poverty standard of living, a generous Basic Income gives every worker an exit-option from the labor market, thus also reducing their dependence on capitalists. Of the two proposals, however, Basic Income is likely to have the more profound effect on relative class power for several reasons: many people will “blow” their stakes either through bad luck or waste; basic income increases the possibility of engaging in decommodified, nonmarket activity, thus expanding the sphere of economic practices outside of capitalism; basic income increases the capacity of collective struggle by providing a guaranteed strike fund for workers.
Criminal Rebels? A Discussion of Civil War and Criminality from the Colombian Experience
Authors: Sanín Francisco Gutiérrez
Published: May 2004

The Colombian conflict seems a typical instantiation of a “greedy war”and exhibits very strong links between criminal economic activities and rebel organizations. On the contrary, the author suggests that not even in Colombia does the “criminal rebels” thesis hold. On the other hand, the Colombian case shows that criminality and war mix in ways that escape a strictly economic interpretation of war.
Explaining Sentence Severity in Large Urban Counties: A Multilevel Analysis of Contextual and Case-Level Factors
Authors: Weidner Robert R. , Frase Richard , Pardoe Iain
Published: May 2004

This study used hierarchical logistic modeling to examine the impact of legal, extralegal, and contextual variables on the decision to sentence felons to prison in a sample of large urban counties in 1996. None of the four contextual (county-level) variables—the level of crime, unemployment rate, racial composition, and region—increased the likelihood of a prison sentence, but 10 case-level factors, both legal and extralegal, and several macro-micro interaction terms were influential. These results demonstrate the importance of considering smaller geographic units (i.e., counties instead of states) and controlling for case-level factors in research on interjurisdictional differences in prison use.
Acquiring Academic English in One Year
Authors: Guerrero Michael D.
Published: May 2004

This article examines the primary assumption underlying the recent passage of propositions aimed at meeting the need of English language learners (ELLs). The assumption is that English language learners normally need only one year of intensive structured English immersion to learn English well enough to be academically successful in an all-English instructional environment. This assumption is examined by engaging in an analysis of the learners’characteristics, the nature of academic language, and the conditions under which the learners are expected to acquire academic English. No theoretical or empirical evidence was found to support the central assumption underlying such propositions. It seems that the only support for the propositions stems from an uninformed voting public and the propositions’ authors.
Good Neighbors?
Authors: Wells Amy E.
Published: May 2004

This article constructs a local history of resistance to school desegregation in St. Bernard Parish, a predominantly White community in the metropolitan area of New Orleans, Louisiana. Within the scholarly framework of massive resistance, St. Bernard Parish beckons consideration today for its elaborate public school gender-separation scheme, which began in 1966 and lasted for 23 years until the threat of impending civil suits finally ended the practice in 1989. Although St. Bernard’s resistance strategy arguably saved the community’s public school system in the face of White frustration and fear of integration, tension and a perpetual sense of crisis for neighboring communities in the metropolitan area remain modern legacies of this resistance.
Crosses to Bear and Promises to Keep
Authors: Anderson James D.
Published: May 2004

This article examines a decade or more of scholarly and popular writings that blame the persistence of racial inequality in educational performance primarily, if not exclusively, on the cultural inheritance of African Americans. This article focuses in part on the ways in which contemporary rationales for educational inequality are linked to a legacy of blaming racial subordination on African American personality traits and cultural norms. Furthermore, this legacy of “victim blaming” and its distortions of the African American past are considered in the context of the historical scholarship on education and cultural values in the African American experience. Finally, this article shows how unfounded assumptions about African American culture lead to day-to-day contempt and pity for the intellect and character of African American schoolchildren, giving them a heavy cross to bear on the 50th anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education.
Experiences of Discrimination among African American, Asian American, and Latino Adolescents in an Urban High School
Authors: Rosenbloom Susan Rakosi , Way Niobe
Published: May 2004

Interviews and participant observation are used to describe how ethnic minority students in an urban high school experience discrimination. The findings suggest critical variations among students that contributed to a hostile school environment. Asian American students discussed physical and verbal harassment by peers, while Black and Latino students reported discrimination by adults, such as teachers, police, and shopkeepers. Findings suggested a circular process whereby teachers preferred the Asian American students, often basing their preference on model minority beliefs, and the African American and Latino adolescents resented that teacher bias and thus harassed the Asian American students. Asian American and Latino students also expressed intraracial tensions around issues of language, immigration, and assimilation. Findings underscore the importance of exploring adolescents’ subjective experiences of discrimination.
Childhood and Adolescent Sports Participation as Predictors of Participation in Sports and Physical Fitness Activities During Young Adulthood
Authors: Perkins Daniel F. , Jacobs Janis E. , Barber Bonnie L. , Eccles Jacquelynne S.
Published: May 2004

This study examined whether organized sports participation during childhood and adolescence was related to participation in sports and physical fitness activities in young adulthood. The data were from the Michigan Study of Adolescent Life Transitions. The analyses include more than 600 respondents from three waves of data (age 12, age 17, and age 25). Childhood and adolescent sports participation was found to be a significant predictor of young adults’ participation in sports and physical fitness activities.
Beyond “Commonsense Segmentation”: A Systematics of Segmentation Approaches in Tourism
Authors: Dolničar Sara
Published: May 2004

Market segmentation is an accepted tool in strategic marketing. It helps to understand and serve the needs of homogeneous consumer subpopulations. Two approaches are recognized: a priori and data-driven (a posteriori, post hoc) segmentation. In tourism, there is a long history of a priori segmentation studies in industry and academia. These lead to the identification of tourist groups derived from dividing the population according to prior knowledge (“commonsense segmentation”). However, due to the wide use of this approach, there is not much room for competitive advantage to be gained by using a priori segmentation. This article (1) reviews segmentation studies in tourism, (2) proposes a systematics of segmentation approaches, and (3) illustrates the managerial usefulness of novel approaches emerging from this systematics. The main aim is to offer academics and practitioners a menu of exploratory techniques that can be used to increase market understanding.
Nonreductive Individualism
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith
Published: May 2004

The author draws on arguments from contemporary philosophy of mind to provide an argument for sociological collectivism. This argument for nonreductive individualism accepts that only individuals exist but rejects methodological individualism. In Part I, the author presents the argument for nonreductive individualism by working through the implications of supervenience, multiple realizability, and wild disjunction in some detail. In Part II, he extends the argument to provide a defense for social causal laws, and this account of social causation does not require any commitment to intentionality or agency on the part of individuals.
Mechanisms in the Analysis of Social Macro-Phenomena
Authors: Mayntz Renate
Published: May 2004

The term “(social) mechanism” is frequently encountered in the social science literature, but there is considerable confusion about the exact meaning of the term. The article begins by addressing the main conceptual issues. Use of this term is the hallmark of an approach that is critical of the explanatory deficits of correlational analysis and of the covering-law model, advocating instead the causal reconstruction of the processes that account for given macro-phenomena. The term “social mechanisms” should be used to refer to recurrent processes generating a specific kind of outcome. Explanation of social macro-phenomena by mechanisms typically involves causal regression to lower-level elements, as stipulated by methodological individualism. While there exist a good many mechanism models to explain emergent effects of collective behavior, we lack a similarly systematic treatment of generative mechanisms in which institutions and specific kinds of structural configurations play the decisive role.
Estimating Causal Effects With Matching Methods in the Presence and Absence of Bias Cancellation
Authors: Diprete Thomas A. , Engelhardt Henriette
Published: May 2004

This article explores the implications of bias cancellation on the estimate of average treatment effects using ordinary least squares (OLS) and Rubin-style matching methods. Bias cancellation (offsetting biases at high and low propensities for treatment in estimates of treatment effects that are uncorrected for nonrandom selection) has been observed when job training is the treatment variable and earnings is the outcome variable. Contrary to published assertions in the literature, bias cancellation is not explainable in terms of the standard selection model, which assumes a symmetric distribution for the errors in the structural and assignment equations. A substantive rationale for bias cancellation is offered, which conceptualizes bias cancellation as the result of a mixture process based on two distinct individual-level decision-making models. While the general properties are unknown, the existence of bias cancellation appears to reduce the average bias in both OLS and matching methods relative to the symmetric distribution case.
Status, Identity, and Respect
Authors: Bird Colin
Published: May 2004

This essay critically examines the idea that “identity” or “difference” might be proper objects of principles of respect. The author suggests that this idea makes sense only at the cost of the egalitarianism to which its adherents usually subscribe. The essay also shows that liberal interpretations of respect can evade this problem and reaches this conclusion on the basis of an analysis of the concept of respect and its connections with notions of status.
A Twenty-first-Century Agenda for Teaching the History of Modern Afro-Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Pino Julio César
Published: May 2004

This [Argentina] was white man’s country, not a country of Indians and half-breeds like Peru or Bolivia—or Brazil, which is just an extension of Africa, no?

—Jorge Luis Borges

In reference to the stratifying effects of racial ascription, race as a socially elaborated attribute may be conceptualized as related mainly to the subordinate aspect of the reproduction of social classes.

—Carlos Hasenbalg
The Agony of Choice
Authors: Nieuwenburg Paul
Published: May 2004

Moral pluralism is fashionable. However, the implications of moral pluralism for the investment an agent is prepared to make in his practical thinking are potentially self-defeating. In the public realm, with its added responsibility, an examination of these implications is all the more important. This article argues that we shall only be in a position to subscribe to pluralism in practice if certain moral dispositions, such as the virtues, are already in place. Pluralism requires responsibly choosing, but this presupposes the courage or the truthfulness not to recoil from apparently rationally insoluble moral conflict.
The Accountability Paradox in an Age of Reinvention
Authors: Jos Philip H. , Tompkins Mark E.
Published: May 2004

The rapidly expanding literature on accountability reveals a centrally important paradox: Responsible interpretation and application of external accountability demands depends on the cultivation of the virtues that support good administrative judgment, but the institutions and mechanisms that are used to communicate these external standards, and that monitor compliance with them, often threaten the very qualities that support responsible judgment. Consulting a rich and varied literature, this paradox is explored as it emerges in both the more familiar compliance-based accountability processes and the less well-understood performance-based processes associated with reinvention and the new public management.
Problems of Rational Planning in Public Organizations
Authors: Boyne George A. , Gould-Williams Julian S. , Law Jennifer , Walker Richard M.
Published: May 2004

Rational planning is widely regarded as difficult because of the technical problems of obtaining and interpreting relevant data and the political problems of rivalry between planners and service deliverers. Provided here is the first empirical test of these traditional hypotheses on the problems of rational planning in public agencies. The context of the empirical analysis is a recent attempt by UK local authorities to introduce a new planning system. The statistical results suggest that the problems of rational planning are largely technical (lack of resources and expertise) rather than political. Potential explanations for these results are identified, and the implications for theories of rational planning are considered.
The Suburban Origins of “Color-Blind” Conservatism
Authors: Lassiter Matthew D.
Published: May 2004

Between 1969 and 1974, the volatile conflict over court-ordered busing in Charlotte, North Carolina, revealed the fusion of racial and class attitudes in the political ideology of the “Silent Majority.” A powerful antibusing movement based in Charlotte’s white-collar suburbs defended neighborhood schools through a color-blind discourse that evaded the historical roots of residential segregation and shaped the legal stance of the Nixon administration. Despite the grassroots revolt of this Silent Majority, Charlotte ultimately achieved one of the most racially integrated school systems in the nation because of a metropolitan remedy that included the suburbs in a landmark two-way busing plan. This case study of suburban political mobilization challenges the distinction between de jure segregation in the South and de facto segregation in the North and argues that the color-blind populism in metropolitan Charlotte helped to forge a national suburban blueprint of consumer rights, residential privileges, and middle-class racial innocence.
Political Trust in Rural China
Authors: Li Lianjiang
Published: May 2004

This article shows that while some Chinese villagers see the state as monolithic, more believe that there are substantial differences between the central and local governments. Among those who perceive a divided state, most appear to have more trust in higher levels than in lower levels and distinguish between the intent and the capacity of the central government (“the Center”). They trust that the Center’s intent is beneficent but distrust its capacity to ensure faithful implementation of its policies. The article concludes that the central state has some breathing space because dissatisfaction with lower levels does not immediately generate demands for fundamental political reforms; in addition, the combination of trust in the Center’s intent and distrust in its capacity may encourage villagers to defy local officials in the name of the Center. If villagers’ rightful resistance fails, total disillusionment with the Center may set in, resulting in cynicism or radicalism.
Bullying in Portuguese Schools
Authors: Pereira Beatriz , MendonçA Denisa , Neto Carlos , Valente Lucília , Smith Peter K.
Published: May 2004

A modified version of the Olweus school bullying questionnaire was administered to a sample of 4092 pupils, mainly aged 10–12, in ten middle schools, six in the north (Braga) and four in the south of Portugal (Lisbon). We present and discuss the results of this survey on the following topics: frequencies of being bullied and bullying others; types of bullying; places where bullying occurs and children’s opinions about the playground. These variables were analysed in terms of factors such as school grades, under-achievement, social class, gender and school location (north or south of the country). Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for bullying behaviour. For being bullied, an increased risk was found for male and low social class students. After multivariable adjustment, factors remaining significantly associated with bullying others were gender, school grade, social class and years of under-achievement. The results are compared to the results of other studies in Norway, UK, Italy and Ireland.
Agreement of Function Across Methods Used in School-Based Functional Assessment With Preadolescent and Adolescent Students
Authors: Kwak Meg M. , Ervin Ruth A. , Anderson Mary Z. , Austin John
Published: May 2004

As we begin to apply functional assessment procedures in mainstream educational settings, there is a need to explore options for identifying behavior function that are not only effective but efficient and practical for school personnel to employ. Attempts to simplify the functional assessment process are evidenced by the development of informant assessment measures (e.g., interviews, rating scales). In this study, the agreement (i.e., on relative rankings and primary function) across sources of information regarding behavior function was examined for 19 students in a middle school setting. These measures included teacher ratings, student ratings, student interviews, observer ratings, and conditional probabilities. In addition, for 1 student, whether information obtained through these sources was consistent with that obtained through a brief analog analysis of function was examined. Results indicated low agreement regarding rank order of behavior function and on primary function across all sources of information.
Behavioral Interventions to Reduce the Pica of Persons with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: McAdam David B. , Sherman James A. , Sheldon Jan B. , Napolitano Deborah A.
Published: May 2004

The consumption of nonfood items (i. e., pica) frequently occurs in persons with developmental disabilities. Pica may result in the puncture or blockage of the digestive tract, infestation by gastrointestinal parasites, and can interfere with an individual’s daily learning, occupational performance, and quality of life. Twenty-six published studies have examined the efficacy of behavioral-intervention packages (e. g., differential reinforcement of other behavior, noncontingent attention, or overcorrection) on the pica of persons with developmental disabilities. This article reviews those studies and discusses the effectiveness, generality, and acceptability of the various intervention packages used to reduce pica. Additionally, this article highlights the recent clinical advancements that have been made in the treatment of the pica of persons with developmental disabilities.
Smoking Cessation for High School Students
Authors: O’Connell Meghan L. , Freeman Matthew , Jennings Georgia , Chan Wendy , Greci Laura S. , Manta Irina D. , Katz David L.
Published: May 2004

This pilot study was designed to evaluate the feasibility and the impact of a smoking-cessation program that would meet the specific needs of high school students. Feedback from focus groups conducted with adolescent smokers at a Connecticut high school was used to develop a tailored intervention. Intervention components included commonly used behavioral strategies, with additional options to assist students to quit smoking, including use of bupropion, concomitant support for parent smoking cessation, stress management, and physician counseling. On completion, 20 of the 22 enrolled students remained committed to quitting. Twenty-seven percent of students quit smoking and 69% of those who continued to smoke reduced the number of cigarettes smoked per day by an average of 13. Providing additional options to students and additional support for concomitant parental cessation may enhance the appeal of adolescent smoking-cessation programs. Further investigation into efficacy of bupropion use for adolescent cessation is warranted.
What You Think is What You Get: Comparative Evaluations of Close Relationships
Authors: Broemer Philip , Diehl Michael
Published: May 2004

Three studies tested the hypothesis that focus of comparison moderates the influence of comparison standards on relationship satisfaction. Participants were asked to evaluate either their current relationships or their alternative relationships relative to an external comparison standard: a romantic stereotype (Study 1) or others’ relationships (Studies 2 and 3). Consistent with the focusing hypothesis, the results show that people are more satisfied when they assimilate their relationship outcomes to a high standard or when they contrast them away from a low standard. Satisfaction, however, also increases when alternative relation-ships are contrasted away from a high standard or when they are assimilated to a low standard of comparison. Perceived quality of alternatives partially mediated the impact of focus of comparison on satisfaction. This finding is consistent with interdependence theory’s distinction between a comparison level and a comparison level for alternative relationships, which are not completely independent from each other.
Detecting State and Trait Anxiety from Auditory and Visual Cues: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Harrigan Jinni A. , Wilson Katie , Rosenthal Robert
Published: May 2004

Observers’ ability to detect state anxiety and trait anxiety in others was evaluated in a meta-analysis that also included a critical moderator variable, communication channel. The overall effect size (r ) for accuracy was. 39 for the 46 state anxiety studies and. 26 for the 34 trait anxiety studies. However, the effect of communication channel was very substantial in magnitude and highly significant; it also interacted with the type of anxiety. State anxiety was correctly identified more often from audio-only stimuli (M r =. 49) compared with video-only cues (r =. 24), whereas the opposite was true for trait anxiety, where video-only cues resulted in greater accuracy (r =. 31) compared with audioonly stimuli (r =. 05). Results indicated that the moment-to-moment change in emotion (state anxiety) may be better communicated with vocal/verbal stimuli, whereas more stable features of personality (trait anxiety) may be more apparent from body and facial cues.
Attachment Style and the Regulation of Negative Affect: Exploring Individual Differences in Mood Congruency Effects on Memory and Judgment
Authors: Pereg Dana , Mikulincer Mario
Published: May 2004

Three studies examined the role that attachment style plays in moderating the effects of induced negative affect on memory and judgment. Israeli undergraduates completed an attachment style scale and were exposed to a negative or neutral affect induction. In Study 1, incidental recall of negative and positive information was assessed; in Study 2, the attribution of negative and positive relational events was studied; and in Study 3, findings of Study 1 were replicated using a different affect induction procedure. Whereas securely attached persons reacted to induced negative affect with an affect-incongruent pattern of cognitions (better recall of positive information, more unstable/specific attribution of negative event), anxiously attached persons reacted with an affect-congruent pattern (worse recall of positive information, more stable/global attribution of negative event). Persons scoring high on attachment avoidance showed no significant cognitive effect of negative affect. The discussion emphasizes the role that attachment strategies play in the affect-cognition link.
Biased Reasoning: Adaptive Responses to Health Risk Feedback
Authors: Renner Britta
Published: May 2004

The present study examined reactions toward repeated selfrelevant feedback. Participants in a community health screening received feedback about their cholesterol level on two separate occasions. Reactions to the first feedback were examined with regard to feedback valence and expectedness. The findings showed that negative feedback was devalued, but only when it was unexpected. Feedback consistency was incorporated into analyses of the second feedback. Again, results showed that negative feedback was not always devalued—only when it was inconsistent with the first feedback. Furthermore, positive feedback was not unconditionally accepted. When receiving unexpected positive feedback of low consistency, recipients were doubtful about its accuracy. Conversely, expected positive feedback was accepted regardless of its consistency. These results suggest that negative or unexpected positive feedbacks evoke greater sensitivity to feedback consistency, indicating elaborate cognitive processing. Theoretical accounts of these findings are discussed.
Configuring the User as Everybody: Gender and Design Cultures in Information and Communication Technologies
Authors: Oudshoorn Nelly , Rommes Els , Stienstra Marcelle
Published: May 2004

Based on two case studies of the design of electronic communication networks developed in the public and private sector, this article explores the barriers within current design cultures to account for the needs and diversity of users. Whereas the constraints on user-centered design are usually described in macrosociological terms, in which the user–technology relation is merely understood as a process of the inclusion or exclusion of users in design, the authors suggest that it is important to adopt a semiotic approach. Moreover, they argue that we need to take into account the gender identity of designers to understand how design practices in ICT prioritize male users. The article shows how configuring the user as “everybody” and the use of the “I-methodology” are important constraints in the development of technologies that aim to reach users in all their diversity.
Evaluating the Accessibility of HIV Testing Organizations
Authors: Grusky Oscar , Duan Naihua , Swanson Aimee-Noelle , Woodbridge Michela , Leich Jennifer
Published: May 2004

Consumer-based indicators were developed to evaluate the accessibility of private and public nonhospital HIV testing organizations. A comprehensive roster of 148 nonhospital HIV testing organizations in Los Angeles County was constructed from publicly available listings. A telephone survey protocol was used to contact sites and assess consumer relevant accessibility measures. Only 50% of the sites could be contacted and indicated that HIV testing was available. Hence, a consumer who tried to reach one site had only a 50-50 chance of success. HIV testing sites differed with regard to how frequently they offered testing; whether they offered anonymous and/or confidential testing; what types of counseling they provided; how quickly test results were available; and how friendly, helpful, attentive, and knowledgeable about testing procedures their attendants were. HIV testing sites must make their services accessible and be perceived by consumers as responsive if they are to be effective service providers.
The Mass Media and the Challenges of Sustainable Democratic Values in Nigeria: Possibilities and Limitations
Authors: Ojo Emmanuel O.
Published: May 2004

On 29 May 1999 Nigeria went from military autocracy and absolutism to civil rule. Since then Nigerians have focused on the challenges of nurturing and consolidating the nascent democracy. However, as crucial as the mass media is in all regions and climes vis-a-vis democratic processes, not much attention has been paid to the inhibiting factors in the mass media’s bid to sustain Nigeria’s democracy. The thrust of this article, therefore, is the selectivity of the media in its agenda-setting role. The article infers that regional, geo-political and ethnicist imperatives impact negatively on Nigeria’s mass media. The strongest recommendation of this article is that the mass media needs a mindset and worldview that is much more robust and comprehensive than it currently is for it to be a catalyst in sustaining democratic values in a plural and divided society.