bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current exposure to Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery faculty during urology residency
Authors: Wang Connie N. , Su Irene W. , Smith Ariana L. , Badalato Gina M. , Chung Doreen E.
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Contemporary US resident exposure to Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery (FPMRS) faculty during urology residency is unknown.

Methods

Accredited US urology residencies were identified through the American Urological Association (AUA). Accredited, urology‐based FPMRS fellowships were identified through the Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine and Urogenital Reconstruction. The number of faculty and residency positions were obtained from program AUA profiles if they were last modified within the current application cycle; this information was obtained from program websites if AUA profiles were outdated. Data on faculty fellowship training was manually extracted from program websites. A quality control cross‐check of program and faculty training characteristics was performed through direct communication with 5% of programs.

Results

Of 139 accredited residency programs assessed, 10.8% were affiliated with an accredited, urology‐based FPMRS fellowship. In total, 29.5% of residency programs, representing 25% of US urology residents, had neither a FPMRS fellowship nor any FPMRS certified faculty. The national FPMRS faculty‐to‐resident ratio was 1:10.8, and 7.4% of faculty at all residency programs were FPMRS certified. In comparison, faculty‐to‐resident ratios for other subspecialties were: 1:4.7 for pediatrics, 1:3.6 for oncology, 1:5.9 for minimally invasive surgery/endourology, 1:14.2 for trauma/reconstruction, and 1:11.8 for andrology or male sexual/reproductive health. The FPMRS faculty‐to‐resident ratio was 1:5.1 in programs with a urology‐based FPMRS fellowship compared with 1:13.4 in programs without a FPMRS fellowship.

Conclusions

30% of US urology residency programs lack FPMRS trained faculty. Even when FPMRS faculty are on staff, the field is often underrepresented relative to other urologic subspecialties. Further studies are required to ascertain if inadequate exposure to FPMRS cases and mentors during training contribute to the shortage of urology residents who choose to specialize in FPMRS. This link has important implications for the current shortage of FPMRS providers.
Cooperation strategies with third‐party platform: E‐tailer and manufacturer perspectives
Authors: Mao Rui , Chen Hongqiao , Shen Houcai
Published: July 2023

With the rapid development of e‐commerce, both e‐tailers and manufacturers have actively cooperated with third‐party platforms to expand distribution channels and enhance competitiveness. There are three typical choices for firms to cooperate with a third‐party platform: (i) non‐cooperation, (ii) agency selling cooperation mode, and (iii) reselling cooperation mode. We consider a three‐tier supply chain and establish a stylized theoretical model to explore whether and how the e‐tailer or the manufacturer cooperates with a third‐party platform. We investigate the optimal channel cooperation choices from both the e‐tailer's and the manufacturer's perspectives under various channel structures and cooperation modes, revealing their different roles in cooperating with third‐party platforms. Our results indicate that large potential market size of the third‐party platform motivates the e‐tailer to cooperate with the third‐party platform. On this basis, agency selling cooperation mode is preferred by the e‐tailer at mild channel competition and reasonable commission rate, while reselling cooperation mode dominates at high channel competition or when the commission rate exceeds a threshold. Interestingly, we find that the manufacturer has generally similar mode preference with the e‐tailer, and they have opposite preferences under the condition of low commission rate and moderate channel competition intensity. More importantly, our results reveal that direct channel cooperation between the manufacturer and third‐party platform harms the e‐tailer's interests, whereas the channel cooperation between the e‐tailer and third‐party platform may increase profits for all supply chain participants. Our study provides valuable insights for e‐tailers, manufacturers and third‐party platforms to make better channel cooperation decisions and achieve successful partnership in online retailing.
Caspase activation in tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes is associated with lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Bhosale Priyanka G , Kennedy Robert A , Watt Fiona M
Published: July 2023

Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are genetically heterogeneous and exhibit diverse stromal and immune microenvironments. Acquired resistance to standard chemo‐, radio‐, and targeted therapies remains a major hurdle in planning effective treatment modalities for OSCC patients. Since Caspase 8 (CASP8) is frequently mutated in OSCCs, we were interested to explore a potential interaction between tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and CASP8 activation using high‐content image analysis of human tumour (n = 32) sections. Despite the lymphocyte‐rich tumour microenvironment, we observed lower activation of CASP8 (0–10% of tumour area) and its downstream effector CASP3 (0–6%) in tumours than in normal oral epithelium. Conversely, we found apoptosis was high for all the lymphocyte subtypes examined (38–52% of lymphocytes within tumour islands). Tumours with higher Fas ligand (FasL) expression had a significantly higher proportion of cleaved CASP3/8 positive cytotoxic T cells within the tumour islands (p = 0.05), and this was associated with the presence of lymph node metastatic disease [odds ratio: 1.046, 95% confidence interval (1.002–1.091), p = 0.039]. Our finding of extensive activation of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in TILs, together with evidence of higher FasL in CASP8 mutated tumours, may be useful in predicting the course of disease in individual patients. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Children's Oncology Group's 2023 blueprint for research: Germ cell tumors
Authors: Bhuta Roma , Shah Rachana , Gell Joanna J. , Poynter Jenny N. , Bagrodia Aditya , Dicken Bryan J. , Pashankar Farzana , Frazier A Lindsay , Shaikh Furqan
Published: July 2023

Extracranial germ cell tumors (GCT) are a biologically diverse group of tumors occurring in children, adolescents, and young adults. The majority of patients have excellent outcomes, but treatment‐related toxicities impact their quality of survivorship. A subset of patients succumbs to the disease. Current unmet needs include clarifying which patients can be safely observed after initial surgical resection, refinement of risk stratification to reduce chemotherapy burden in patients with standard‐risk disease, and intensify therapy for patients with poor‐risk disease. Furthermore, enhancing strategies for detection of minimal residual disease and early detection of relapse, particularly in serum tumor marker‐negative histologies, is critical. Improving the understanding of the developmental and molecular origins of GCTs may facilitate discovery of novel targets. Future efforts should be directed toward assessing novel therapies in a biology‐driven, biomarker‐defined, histology‐specific, risk‐stratified patient population. Fragmentation of care between subspecialists restricts the unified study of these rare tumors. It is imperative that trials be conducted in collaboration with national and international cooperative groups, with harmonized data and biospecimen collection. Key priorities for the Children's Oncology Group (COG) GCT Committee include (a) better understanding the biology of GCTs, with a focus on molecular targets and mechanisms of treatment resistance; (b) strategic development of pediatric and young adult clinical trials; (c) understanding late effects of therapy and identifying individuals most at risk; and (d) prioritizing diversity, equity, and inclusion to reduce cancer health disparities and studying the impacts of social determinants of health on outcomes.
Children's Oncology Group's 2023 blueprint for research: Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: El‐Mallawany Nader Kim , Alexander Sarah , Fluchel Mark , Hayashi Robert J. , Lowe Eric J. , Giulino‐Roth Lisa , Wistinghausen Birte , Hermiston Michelle , Allen Carl E. ,   the COG NHL Committee
Published: July 2023

Pediatric non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) includes over 30 histologies (many with subtypes), with approximately 800 cases per year in the United States. Improvements in survival in NHL over the past 5 decades align with the overall success of the cooperative trial model with dramatic improvements in outcomes. As an example, survival for advanced Burkitt lymphoma is now >95%. Major remaining challenges include survival for relapsed and refractory disease and long‐term morbidity in NHL survivors. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) was added to the NHL Committee portfolio in recognition of LCH as a neoplastic disorder and the tremendous unmet need for improved outcomes. The goal of the Children’ Oncology Group NHL Committee is to identify optimal cures for every child and young adult with NHL (and LCH). Further advances will require creative solutions, including engineering study groups to combine rare populations, biology‐based eligibility, alternative endpoints, facilitating international collaborations, and coordinated correlative biology.
Metabolomic profiling reveals the mechanisms underlying the nephrotoxicity of methotrexate in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Cheng Yu , Chen Yanan , Zhao Mingming , Wang Minglu , Liu Maobai , Zhao Limei
Published: July 2023

Background

Methotrexate is widely recommended as a first‐line treatment for the intensive systemic and consolidation phases of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, methotrexate‐induced nephrotoxicity is a severe adverse reaction, of which the mechanisms remain unclear.

Methods

An untargeted metabolomics analysis of serum from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients with delayed methotrexate excretion, with or without acute kidney injury, was performed to identify altered metabolites and metabolic pathways. An independent external validation cohort and in vitro HK‐2 cell assays further verified the candidate metabolites, and explored the mechanisms underlying the nephrotoxicity of methotrexate.

Results

Four metabolites showed significant differences between normal excretion and delayed excretion, seven metabolites reflected the differences between groups with or without acute kidney injury, and six pathways were finally enriched. In particular, oxidized glutathione was confirmed as a candidate metabolite involved in the toxicity of methotrexate. We further explored the role of glutathione deprivation‐induced ferroptosis on methotrexate cytotoxicity, and it was found that methotrexate overload significantly reduced cell viability, triggered reactive oxygen species and intracellular Fe2+ accumulation, and altered the expression of ferroptosis‐related proteins in HK‐2 cells. These methotrexate‐induced changes were alleviated or reversed by the administration of a ferroptosis inhibitor, further suggesting that ferroptosis promoted methotrexate‐induced cytotoxicity in HK‐2 cells.

Conclusions

Our findings revealed complex metabolomic profiles and provided novel insights into the mechanism by which ferroptosis contributes to the nephrotoxic effects of methotrexate.
Three body abrasion wear resistance of cenosphere particle‐reinforced syntactic foams developed using molding method
Authors: Mahesh Vishwas , Mahesh Vinyas , Harursampath Dineshkumar , Shivanna Jayadev , Lakshmikanth Rakesh Chikkathotlukere , Renukumar Gagana Tumkur , Muthuramaiah Babitha Channamuddenahalli
Published: July 2023

This study aims to investigate the factors that affect the abrasion of cenosphere‐reinforced syntactic foams and assess their three‐body wear behavior using Taguchi's design of experiments (L16 Orthogonal array). Cenospheres were dispersed into an epoxy matrix to create syntactic foam samples. The findings show that the syntactic foams' rate of wear was influenced by the cenosphere concentration. Reduced wear rate was obtained with a greater cenosphere concentration. Duration and applied force both had an impact on how quickly the syntactic foams wore out. This research can help in the creation of wear‐resistant composite materials for a variety of applications by illuminating the variables influencing the abrasion of cenosphere‐reinforced syntactic foams. The findings demonstrate that sp. rate of wear is minimum (0.124 × 10−8 m3/Nm) at the factor combination of 60% loading of filler, 40 N of applied load and duration of 15 min which can be indicated as A4B4C2. This is 10.56 times better than the combination A1B4C4 which exhibits an sp. wear rate of 1.31 × 10−8 m3/Nm. These lightweight syntactic foams have the potential to be used as tribo‐materials in friction applications, such as composite brake pads.
Knockout of floral and meiosis genes using CRISPR/Cas9 produces male‐sterility in Eucalyptus without impacts on vegetative growth
Authors: Nagle Michael F. , Nahata Surbhi S. , Zahl Bahiya , Niño de Rivera Alexa , Tacker Xavier V. , Elorriaga Estefania , Ma Cathleen , Goralogia Greg S. , Klocko Amy L. , Gordon Michael , Joshi Sonali , Strauss Steven H.
Published: July 2023

Eucalyptus spp. are widely cultivated for the production of pulp, energy, essential oils, and as ornamentals. However, their dispersal from plantings, especially when grown as an exotic, can cause ecological disruptions. To provide new tools for prevention of sexual dispersal by pollen as well as to induce male‐sterility for hybrid breeding, we studied the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9‐mediated knockout of three floral genes in both FT‐expressing (early‐flowering) and non‐FT genotypes. We report male‐sterile phenotypes resulting from knockout of the homologs of all three genes, including one involved in meiosis and two regulating early stages of pollen development. The targeted genes were Eucalyptus homologs of REC8 (EREC8), TAPETAL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION 1 (ETDF1), and HECATE3 (EHEC3‐like). The erec8 knockouts yielded abnormal pollen grains and a predominance of inviable pollen, whereas the etdf1 and ehec3‐like knockouts produced virtually no pollen. In addition to male‐sterility, both erec8 and ehec3‐like knockouts may provide complete sterility because the failure of erec8 to undergo meiosis is expected to be independent of sex, and ehec3‐like knockouts produce flowers with shortened styles and no visible stigmas. When comparing knockouts to controls in wild‐type (non‐early‐flowering) backgrounds, we did not find visible morphological or statistical differences in vegetative traits, including average single‐leaf mass, stem volume, density of oil glands, or chlorophyll in leaves. Loss‐of‐function mutations in any of these three genes show promise as a means of inducing male‐ or complete sterility without impacting vegetative development.
Effects of mobility dose on discharge disposition in critically ill stroke patients
Authors: Mazwi Nicole , Lissak India , Wongtangman Karuna , Platzbecker Katharina , Albrecht Lea , Teja Bijan , Xu Xinling , Morteo Nicole M. , Sparling Tawnee , Latronico Nicola , Barbieri Silvia , Blobner Manfred , Schaller Stefan J. , Eikermann Matthias
Published: July 2023

Background

Mobilization in the intensive care unit (ICU) has the potential to improve patient outcomes following acute stroke. The optimal duration and intensity of mobilization for patients with hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke in the ICU remain unclear.

Objective

To assess the effect of mobilization dose in the ICU on adverse discharge disposition in patients after stroke.

Design

This is an international, prospective, observational cohort study of critically ill stroke patients (November 2017–September 2019). Duration and intensity of mobilization was quantified daily by the mobilization quantification score (MQS).

Setting

Patients requiring ICU‐level care were enrolled within 48 hours of admission at four separate academic medical centers (two in Europe, two in the United States).

Participants

Participants included individuals (>18 years old) admitted to an ICU within 48 hours of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke onset who were functionally independent at baseline.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measure

The primary outcome was adverse discharge disposition.

Results

Of the patients screened, 163 were eligible for inclusion in the study. One patient was subsequently excluded due to insufficient data collection (n = 162). The dose of mobilization varied greatly between centers and patients, which could not be explained by patients' comorbidities or disease severity. High dose of mobilization (mean MQS > 7.3) was associated with a lower likelihood of adverse discharge (adjusted odds ratio, [aOR]: 0.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.06–0.31; p < .01).

Conclusion

The increased use of mobilization acutely in the ICU setting may improve patient outcomes.
Structural basis for binding of the renal carcinoma target hypoxia‐inducible factor 2α to prolyl hydroxylase domain 2
Authors: Figg William D. , Fiorini Giorgia , Chowdhury Rasheduzzaman , Nakashima Yu , Tumber Anthony , McDonough Michael A. , Schofield Christopher J.
Published: July 2023

The hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) prolyl‐hydroxylases (human PHD1‐3) catalyze prolyl hydroxylation in oxygen‐dependent degradation (ODD) domains of HIFα isoforms, modifications that signal for HIFα proteasomal degradation in an oxygen‐dependent manner. PHD inhibitors are used for treatment of anemia in kidney disease. Increased erythropoietin (EPO) in patients with familial/idiopathic erythrocytosis and pulmonary hypertension is associated with mutations in EGLN1 (PHD2) and EPAS1 (HIF2α); a drug inhibiting HIF2α activity is used for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) treatment. We report crystal structures of PHD2 complexed with the C‐terminal HIF2α‐ODD in the presence of its 2‐oxoglutarate cosubstrate or N‐oxalylglycine inhibitor. Combined with the reported PHD2.HIFα‐ODD structures and biochemical studies, the results inform on the different PHD.HIFα‐ODD binding modes and the potential effects of clinically observed mutations in HIFα and PHD2 genes. They may help enable new therapeutic avenues, including PHD isoform‐selective inhibitors and sequestration of HIF2α by the PHDs for ccRCC treatment.
A longitudinal area classification of migration in Great Britain: Testing the application of Group‐Based Multi‐Trajectory Modelling
Authors: Kienast‐von Einem Caroline , Panter Jenna , Reid Alice
Published: July 2023

The migration of people affects the geographical distribution of the population and the demographic composition of areas over the short, medium and long terms. To recognise and respond to the corresponding needs and challenges, including consequences for service provision, social cohesion and population health, there is a continuing need to understand migration patterns of the past and present. Area classifications are a useful tool to simplify the inherently complex data on migration flows and characteristics. Yet, existing classifications often lack direct migration measures or focus solely on cross‐sectional data. This study addresses these limitations by employing Group‐Based Multi‐Trajectory Modelling (GBMTM) to create a longitudinal, migration‐specific classification of Great Britain's wards from 1981 to 2011, using six migration indicators. Using U.K. census data, we reveal six distinct migration clusters that highlight the rapid growth in studentifying neighbourhoods, the continuous influx of migrants into inner cities, and a noticeable North–South divide in terms of movers' tenure enforced by persisting income selectivity. Additionally, the geographical distribution of clusters shows a common pattern in urban areas irrespective of size or location. The longitudinal perspective of our GBMTM classification highlights trends and changes in migration patterns that are not well reflected in either the general purpose or the cross‐sectional migration classification that we used as comparators. We conclude that the method presented and the classification generated offer a novel lens on migration and provide new opportunities to explore the effects of migration on a variety of outcomes and at various scales.
Reversible and Irreversible Layer Edge Relaxation in Laser‐Radiation‐Hardened 2D Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Crystals
Authors: Kamau Steve , Hou Jin , Hurley Noah , Alnasser Khadijah , Sidhik Siraj , Hathaway Evan , Gonzalez Rodriguez Roberto , Kaul Anupama , Cui Jingbiao , Mohite Aditya , Lin Yuankun
Published: July 2023

The layer edge states or low energy state (LES) in 2D hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites demonstrate a prolonged carrier lifetime for better performance of optoelectronic devices. However, the fundamental understanding of LES in 2D perovskites is still inconclusive. Herein, a photoluminescence (PL) study of LES in 2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites is presented with n = 2 and n = 3 from their cleaved cross sections that are more stable than the natural edge. The PL measurements clearly observe reversible, and irreversible surface relaxations (case I and case II) in three laser intensity ranges, further supported by a PL excitation cycle from low to high laser intensity, and vice versa. The PL wavelength of LES is tunable with laser intensity and blueshifts with increasing laser intensity during irreversible surface relaxation process (case I). Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) shows that the LES has a longer lifetime than the band‐edge emission in the sample without a photodegradation, while the BE lifetime becomes relatively longer in the area with a photodegradation. The presented laser tunable LES and the related irreversible relaxation process provide a new insight that can help improve the photostability in 2D perovskites and understand roles of LESs in optoelectronic device performance.
“Respect my opinion and I'll respect yours!”: Exploring the challenges, concerns, and informational needs of vaccine‐hesitant caregivers and pregnant women in the Philippines
Authors: Reñosa Mark Donald C. , Endoma Vivienne , Sornillo Johanna Beulah , Bravo Thea Andrea , Landicho‐Guevarra Jhoys , Aligato Mila , Landicho Jeniffer , Sornillo Bianca Joyce , Demonteverde Maria Paz , Silvestre Catherine , Malacad Carol , Pambid Lourdes , Llopis Jimena , Francisco Cecilia , Inobaya Marianette T.
Published: July 2023

Background

Despite the instrumental role of vaccines, public confidence is declining, and anti‐vaccine movements have increased worldwide. With the goal of informing policy decisions and the development of interventions, we explore the concerns and challenges related to vaccine uptake (of childhood, maternal, and COVID‐19 vaccines) among parents or caregivers of under‐two children and pregnant women in urban and rural communities in the Philippines.

Methods

Between May and June 2022, we conducted combined in‐person and online interviews with purposively selected caregivers and pregnant women in the Calabarzon region (Naic, Cavite and Tanay, Rizal), and National Capital Region (Pasay and Muntinlupa Cities), Philippines. A total of 43 interviews were completed, audio‐recorded, transcribed, and analyzed according to the tenets of hermeneutic phenomenology.

Results

Our results, grounded on the social ecological model, underlined the interplays of contextual or logistical challenges on vaccine uptake, respondents’ overarching concerns about vaccines, and their informational needs that affected their vaccine decision‐making. Respondents described that the long‐established maternal and childhood vaccines no longer represent a high‐risk concern but highlighted their fears and hesitancy particularly to newer vaccines.

Conclusion

Our findings underscore the multilayered challenges in vaccine decision‐making among caregivers and pregnant women. The volatility of vaccine decision‐making necessitates rethinking the current immunization process, recalibrating the health workforce, and reinvigorating the health information delivery channels for more inclusive and responsive health care.
Benefit of assimilating satellite all‐sky infrared radiances on the cloud and precipitation prediction of a long‐lasting mesoscale convective system over the Tibetan plateau
Authors: He Jie , Ma Xulin , Chen Xingchao
Published: July 2023

Heavy rainfall events in the warm season (May–September) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) region and its downstream areas are often closely related to eastward‐propagating Tibetan Plateau Vortices (TPVs). Hence, improving the prediction of TPVs and their associated convective activity is of paramount importance, given the significant potential impacts they can have on densely populated downstream regions, including but not limited to flooding and damages. In this study, a typical long‐lived TPV that occurred in July 2008 was used for the first time to explore the benefit of assimilating satellite all‐sky infrared radiances on the cloud and precipitation prediction of the TPV‐induced eastward‐propagating mesoscale convective system (MCS). The all‐sky infrared radiances from the water vapor (WV) channel of the geostationary Meteosat‐7 and other conventional observations were assimilated into a 4‐km grid spacing regional model using the ensemble Kalman filter. The results revealed that the all‐sky infrared data assimilation improved the cloud, precipitation, dynamical, and thermodynamical analyses as well as 0–12‐hr deterministic and ensemble forecasts. Compared with the experiment in which the all‐sky infrared radiances were not assimilated (non‐radiance experiment), the experiment with assimilated all‐sky infrared radiances yielded clearly improved initial wind and cloud fields, 1–12‐hr cloud forecasts, and 1–6‐hr precipitation forecasts. This study indicates that assimilation of all‐sky satellite radiances has the potential for improving the operational cloud and precipitation forecasts over the TP and its downstream areas.
Automated fluvial hydromorphology mapping from airborne remote sensing
Authors: Hedger Richard D. , Gosselin Marie‐Pierre
Published: July 2023

Mapping fluvial hydromorphology is an important part of defining river habitat. Mapping via field sampling or hydraulic modeling is however time consuming, and mapping hydromorphology directly from remote sensing data may offer an efficient solution. Here, we present a system for automated classification of fluvial hydromorphology based on a deep learning classification scheme applied to aerial orthophotos. Using selected rivers in Norway, we show how surface flow patterns (smooth or rippled surfaces vs. standing waves) can be classified in imagery using a trained convolutional neural network (achieving a training and validation accuracy of >95%). We show how integration of these classified surface flow patterns with information on channel gradient, obtained from airborne topographic LiDAR data, can be used to compartmentalize the rivers into hydromorphological units (HMUs) that represent the dominant flow features. Automated classifications were broadly consistent with manual classifications that had been made in previous ground surveys, with equivalency in automated and manually derived HMU classes ranging from 61.5% to 87.7%, depending on the river stretch considered. They were found to be discharge‐dependent, showing the temporally dynamic aspect of hydromorphology. The proposed system is quick, flexible, generalizable, and provides consistent classifications free from interpretation bias. The deep learning approach used here can be customized to provide more detailed information on flow features, such as delineating between standing waves and advective diffusion of air bubbles/foam, to provide a more refined classification of surface flow patterns, and the classification approach can be further advanced by inclusion of additional remote sensing methods that provide further information on hydromorphological features.
A Facile Route Fabricated Nickel‐Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanoparticle Based Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions
Authors: Iqbal Mohd Zafar , Kundu Niloy , Sadhukhan Dhrubajyoti , Ghanty Chandan , Dash Pratik Swarup
Published: July 2023

The cost‐effective hydrogen production via electrolyser depends on the availability of highly efficient, low‐cost, and robust OER and HER catalysts. We fabricated Ni−NC and NC electrocatalysts via a simple, cheap, and scalable by direct mixing route followed by carbonization at 900 °C under the N2 atmosphere. The addition of Ni into NC substantially increases the crystallite size, particle size, and ID/IG ratio. The Ni−NC sample exhibits excellent bifunctional OER and HER activities. The overpotentials to achieve (−) 10 mA.cm−2 current density for the OER were 400 mV and 263 mV for the HER in 0.1 M NaOH electrolyte. The Tafel slope analysis of the Ni−NC sample for the OER (123 mV.dec−1) revealed the hydroxyl‐ion discharge is the rate‐determining step. In comparison, for the HER (145 mV.dec−1), the Volmer‐Heyrovsky pathway is the rate‐determining step. The short‐term stability test displayed the sustained current density for 10 h at 1.68 V vs. RHE.
Propylphosphonic Anhydride (T3P®)‐ Mediated Efficient Synthesis of Substituted 2‐Amino Phenoxazinones
Authors: Mallesham Poosa , Miriyala Venkatesh , Yennam Satyanarayana , Douglas Sanasi Paul , Behera Manoranjan
Published: July 2023

An efficient synthesis of substituted 2‐amino phenoxazinones was described using T3P® via oxidative cross coupling of commercially available 2‐amino phenols. The synthesis is a transition metal free, enzyme free and a non‐photo chemical reaction involving shorter reaction times with moderate to good yields.
Sequential One‐Pot Process to Construct a Dual C−C Bond: Synthesis of Fluorenes and Total Synthesis of 4‐O‐Demethyl‐nobilone
Authors: Shekhar Chander , Satyanarayana Gedu
Published: July 2023

Herein, a sequential one‐pot process is described for accessing 9,9‐disubstituted‐9H‐fluorenes via the formation of a dual C−C bond, and this protocol is successfully extended to the total synthesis of the naturally occurring 4‐O‐demethyl‐nobilone. The overall process proceeds via Suzuki coupling between ortho‐bromobenzylic(tertiary) alcohols and arylboronic acids, followed by zinc(II) iodide‐mediated intramolecular cyclization reactions. The strategy has been applied to an inclusive range of substitutions over ortho‐bromobenzylic(tertiary) alcohols and arylboronic acids.
Synthesis of 1,2‐Dialkylaminoethers via Photoredox Catalyzed Hydroamination of Vinylethers
Authors: Niggli Nadja E. , Bienewald Frank , Kirchner Hülya , Shevchenko Grigory A. , Hashmi Stephen K. , Schaub Thomas
Published: July 2023

Herein, a general applicable method for the atom‐economic catalytic construction of a broad range of 1,2‐dialkylaminoethers is presented. By taking advantage of an elaborated protocol for the photocatalyzed anti‐Markovnikov selective hydroamination of nonactivated alkenes, a series of 1,2‐dialkylaminoethers was accessed by reacting readily available vinyl ethers with secondary alkyl amines. It was demonstrated that the reaction can be performed at low catalyst loadings while the commonly employed triisopropylbenzene thiol Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT)‐catalyst was replaced by an easier accessible mesityl thiol. Furthermore, the inexpensive and readily available diphenyl disulfide was proven as suitable HAT‐catalyst alternative for the efficient hydroamination of simple vinyl ethers.
Trifluoromethyltellurolation of Indole Derivatives with [Me4N][TeCF3] and NIS
Authors: Dong Jing‐Yan , Wang Hao‐Nan , Zhang Cheng‐Pan
Published: July 2023

Metal‐free trifluoromethyltellurolation of indoles with [Me4N][TeCF3] in the presence of NIS allowed a convenient synthesis of 3‐TeCF3‐substituted indole derivatives in good yields. The reaction proceeded smoothly under mild conditions and showed good functional group tolerance. It was noteworthy that [Me4N][TeCF3] had a distinct reaction profile for indole systems in comparison with [Me4N][SeCF3]. The trifluoromethyltellurolated products were unprecedented and decomposed rapidly even in the darkness and under a N2 atmosphere. This work represents the first metal‐free trifluoromethyltellurolation of indoles with the sensitive [Me4N][TeCF3] salt as TeCF3 reagent.
Electrocatalytic Microdevice Array Based on Wafer‐Scale Conductive Metal‐Organic Framework Thin Film for Massive Hydrogen Production
Authors: Dong Junjie , Chen Xin , Wang Liangjie , Wang Shuai , Zhao Yan , Liu Yunqi
Published: July 2023

The synthesis of large‐scale 2D conductive metal‐organic framework films with tunable thickness is highly desirable but challenging. In this study, an Interface Confinement Self‐Assembly Pulling (ICSP) method for in situ synthesis of 4‐in. Ni‐BHT film on the substrate surface is developed. By modulating the thickness of the confined space, the thickness of Ni‐BHT films could be easily varied from 4 to 42 nm. To eliminate interference factors and evaluate the effect of film thickness on the catalytic performance of HER, an electrocatalytic microdevice based on the Ni‐BHT film is designed. The effective catalytic thickness of the Ni‐BHT film is found to be around 32 nm. Finally, to prepare the electrocatalytic microdevice array, over 100 000 microdevices on a 4‐in. Ni‐BHT film are integrated. The results show that the microdevice array has good stability and a high hydrogen production rate and could be used to produce large amounts of hydrogen. The wafer‐scale 2D conductive metal‐organic framework's fabrication greatly advances the practical application of microdevices for massive hydrogen production.
Bismuth Telluride Nanoplates Hierarchically Confined by Graphene and N‐Doped C as Conversion‐Alloying Anode Materials for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chong Shaokun , Yuan Lingling , Zhou Qianwen , Wang Yikun , Qiao Shuangyan , Li Ting , Ma Meng , Yuan Bingyang , Liu Zhengqing
Published: July 2023

Potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) have broad application prospects in the field of electric energy storage systems because of its abundant K reserves, and similar “rocking chair” operating principle as lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Aiming to the large volume expansion and sluggish dynamic behavior of anode materials for storing large sized K‐ion, bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) nanoplates hierarchically encapsulated by reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and nitrogen‐doped carbon (NC) are constructed as anodes for PIBs. The resultant Bi2Te3@rGO@NC architecture features robust chemical bond of Bi─O─C, tightly physicochemical confinement effect, typical conductor property, and enhanced K‐ion adsorption ability, thereby producing superior electrochemical kinetics and outstanding morphological and structural stability. It is visually elucidated via high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF‐STEM) that conversion‐alloying dual‐mechanism plays a significant role in K‐ion storage, allowing 12 K‐ion transport per formular unit employing Bi as redox site. Thus, the high first reversible specific capacity of 322.70 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1, great rate capability and cyclic stability can be achieved for Bi2Te3@rGO@NC. This work lays the foundation for an in‐depth understanding of conversion‐alloying mechanism in potassium‐ion storage.
High consumption of pesticides in agricultural fields leads to prevalence of cancer cases in rural pockets of eastern India: A case study
Authors: Bhoi Rosismita , Mahananda Malaya Ranjan , Pradhan Abanti
Published: July 2023

This study was performed to evaluate the carcinogenic health risk of pesticides used in agricultural field in rural pockets of eastern India. The analysis of pesticide residue in rice grain sample was performed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC‐MS). It was observed that for pesticide DDT, the HR values was ranging between 0.5 to 3.2 and for lindane HR was 0.4 to 1.1, respectively. The DDT and Lindane exhibited HR values >1 in some sampling sites which revealed the carcinogenic effects and HR <1 in some sampling sites which revealed non carcinogenic effects of same pesticide. These results revealed a clear indication of potential carcinogenic health risk to human health through consumption of contaminated rice in some areas of Bargarh district. DDT has a long half‐life, so it persists in the environment for a longer period of time and induces carcinogenic risk to human health predominantly than other pesticide lindane. A case study on cancer prevalence in Bargarh district was also carried out to support the findings of quantitative analysis. The primary data collected from the cancer affected area by personal questionnaires method to the person concern and the secondary data collected from the Bargarh District Head Quarters Hospital's register. The cancer death reported by the from the year 2015 to 2021 was 320, 380, 293, 323, 278, 409, 346 in the year of 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 respectively, with the total number of 2349 cases. From the questionnaire data, it was observed that the occurrence of male and female cancer cases was 51.75% and 48.25%, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that there was no significant difference in gender wise cancer prevalence. The most affected age group was 51–60, that is, 26.92% followed by 41–50, that is, 23.42%. Therefore, it was concluded that the middle‐aged adults (40–60) were more vulnerable to the cancer than young adults (3–40) and old adults (60–100). The most prevalent cancer was breast (22.72%) followed by stomach (14.33%).
Routine first‐trimester pre‐eclampsia screening and maternal left ventricular geometry
Authors: Ridder A. , O'Driscoll J. , Khalil A. , Thilaganathan B.
Published: July 2023

Objective

Pre‐eclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy complication associated with premature cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality (i.e. before 60 years of age or in the first year postpartum). PE is associated with adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling in the peri‐ and postpartum periods, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to compare LV geometry by LV mass (LVM) and LVM index (LVMI) between participants with a high vs low screening risk for preterm PE in the first trimester.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study of singleton pregnancies between 11 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks' gestation that underwent screening for preterm PE as part of their routine first‐trimester ultrasound assessment at a tertiary center in London, UK, from February 2019 until March 2020. Screening for preterm PE was performed using the Fetal Medicine Foundation algorithm. Participants with a screening risk of ≥ 1 in 50 for preterm PE were classified as high risk and those with a screening risk of ≤ 1 in 500 were classified as low risk. All participants underwent two‐dimensional and M‐mode transthoracic echocardiography.

Results

A total of 128 participants in the first trimester of pregnancy were included in the analysis, with 57 (44.5%) participants screened as low risk and 71 (55.5%) participants as high risk for PE. The risk groups did not vary in maternal age and gestational age at assessment. Maternal body surface area and body mass index were significantly higher in the high‐risk group (all P < 0.05). The high‐risk participants were significantly more likely to be Afro‐Caribbean, nulliparous and have a family history of hypertensive disease in pregnancy as well as other cardiovascular disease (all P < 0.05). In addition, mean arterial blood pressure (P < 0.001), mean heart rate (P < 0.001), median LVM (130.06 (interquartile range, 113.62–150.50) g vs 97.44 (81.68–114.16) g; P < 0.001) and mean LVMI (72.87 ± 12.2 g/m2 vs 57.54 ± 12.72 g/m2; P < 0.001) were significantly higher in the high‐risk group. Consequently, those in the high‐risk group were more likely to have abnormal LV geometry (37.1% vs 7.0%; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Early echocardiographic assessment in participants at high risk of preterm PE may unmask clinically healthy individuals who are at increased risk for future cardiovascular disease. Adverse cardiac remodeling in the first trimester of pregnancy may be an indicator of decreased cardiovascular reserve and subsequent dysfunctional cardiovascular adaptation in pregnancy. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Explicit forms of invariant means: complementary results to Gauss $$\left( {\mathcal {A}},{\mathcal {G}}\right) $$-theorem and some applications
Authors: Matkowski Janusz
Published: July 2023

Explicit forms of invariant means for all mean-type mappings generated by the bivariable classical arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means (complementary to the Gauss $$\mathcal {AGM}$$
AGM
-theorem) are given. A generalization for higher dimension mean-type mappings as well as two open problems and an application in determining implicit solutions of some functional equations, are presented.
Aspirin is a safe and effective thromboembolic prophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Za Pierangelo , Papalia Giuseppe Francesco , Franceschetti Edoardo , Rizzello Giacomo , Adravanti Paolo , Papalia Rocco
Published: July 2023

Purpose

Patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are at high risk for thromboembolic events compared to non‐surgical patients. Both anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents are used as antithrombotic prophylaxis in TKA. The aim of this review is to understand the role of aspirin in the prevention of thromboembolic events and to compare its efficacy and safety with the main anticoagulants used in antithromboembolic prophylaxis in TKA.

Methods

A systematic review and meta‐analysis was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. An electronic systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Registry to evaluate studies that compared aspirin with other anticoagulants, in terms of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after TKA. The meta‐analysis compared the rate of complications between aspirin and other anticoagulants.

Results

Thirteen studies were included in the systematic review for a total of 163,983 patients, and 10 studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The meta‐analysis demonstrated no statistically significant differences between aspirin and other anticoagulants in terms of the rate of deep venous thrombosis (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.81–1.08, p = 0.35) and pulmonary embolism (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.56–1.41, p = 0.61).

Conclusion

Aspirin is safe, effective, and not inferior to other main anticoagulants in preventing thromboembolic events following TKA.
Proof of Vogan’s conjecture on Arthur packets: irreducible parameters of p-adic general linear groups
Authors: Cunningham Clifton , Ray Mishty
Published: July 2023

In this paper we prove Vogan’s conjecture on local Arthur packets, as recalled in Cunningham et al. [Arthur packets for p-adic groups by way of microlocal vanishing cycles of perverse sheaves, with examples, Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, Boston, 2022, Section 8.3, Conjecture 1(a)], for irreducible Arthur parameters of p-adic general linear groups. This result shows that these Arthur packets may be characterized by properties of simple perverse sheaves on a moduli space of Langlands parameters.
The behavioral economics of dynamically inconsistent behavior: a critical assessment
Authors: Krügel Sebastian , Uhl Matthias
Published: July 2023

Preferences often change—even in short time intervals—due to either the mere passage of time (present-biased preferences) or changes in visceral or environmental conditions (state-dependent preferences). On the basis of empirical findings concerning state-dependent preferences, we critically discuss the “Aristotelian” view of unitary decision makers in economics. We illustrate that the conceptualization of preferences as “present-biased” as opposed to “state-dependent” has very different normative implications for which preferences should be considered “rational.” Empirically, however, the two concepts are very difficult to distinguish. The economist can justify any paternalistic intervention if she can conceptualize changing preferences so flexibly, and she can easily become a benevolent despot. We therefore urge for a more careful “Heraclitean” view of decision-making that accepts that a person may consist of multiple selves.
Auerbach, Lotka, and Zipf: pioneers of power-law city-size distributions
Authors: Rybski Diego , Ciccone Antonio
Published: July 2023

Power-law city-size distributions are a statistical regularity researched in many countries and urban systems. In this history of science treatise we reconsider Felix Auerbach’s paper published in 1913. We reviewed his analysis and found (i) that a constant absolute concentration, as introduced by him, is equivalent to a power-law distribution with exponent $$\approx 1$$

≈
1

, (ii) that Auerbach describes this equivalence, and (iii) that Auerbach also pioneered the empirical analysis of city-size distributions across countries, regions, and time periods. We further investigate his legacy as reflected in citations and find that important follow-up work, e.g. by Lotka (Elements of physical biology. Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 1925) and Zipf (Human behavior and the principle of least effort: an introduction to human ecology, Martino Publishing, Manfield Centre, CT (2012), 1949), does give proper reference to his discovery—but others do not. For example, only approximately 20% of city-related works citing Zipf (1949) also cite Auerbach (Petermanns Geogr Mitteilungen 59(74):74–76, 1913). To our best knowledge, Lotka (1925) was the first to describe the power-law rank-size rule as it is analyzed today. Saibante (Metron Rivista Internazionale di Statistica 7(2):53–99, 1928), building on Auerbach and Lotka, investigated the power-law rank-size rule across countries, regions, and time periods. Zipf’s achievement was to embed these findings in his monumental 1949 book. We suggest that the use of “Auerbach–Lotka–Zipf law” (or “ALZ-law”) is more appropriate than “Zipf’s law for cities”, which also avoids confusion with Zipf’s law for word frequency. We end the treatise with biographical notes on Auerbach.