bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of the kairomones of Exorista bombycis (Dipt., Tachnidae), a major pest of Bombyx mori (Lep., Bombycidae)
Authors: Deshpande A. A. , Jamil Kaiser
Published: August 2009

The uzifly, Exorista bombycis, is an endoparasite of the silkworm which causes severe damage to silkworm resulting to economic loss to the silk industry in India. All control methods to bring down the uzi menace have been unsuccessful, hence novel approaches like biological control methods and the use of pheromones and kairomones have been tried. The odoriferous compounds, broadly termed as kairomones, were extracted from the dipteran pest of the silkworms, i.e. the uzifly (Exorista bombycis) pupae. Different solvents like chloroform, methanol, acetone hexane and dicholormethane were used in order to determine the extractability of the compounds of our interest. As a result of the bioassay experiments against the target insect, i.e. Trichopria khandalus, it was found that the methanol and acetone extracts contained the useful compounds. Results showed that the kairomone blend consisted of organic acids like acetic acid, isobutyric acid, 1‐methyl‐butanoic acid alcohols and other compounds. To our knowledge this is the first report on extraction and use of kairomones to attract the hyperparasite to its host and its possible utilization to determine the prevalence of the hyperparasite in sericultural pockets by an environmentally friendly method.
Gamma irradiation for postharvest disinfestation of Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) (Lep., Tortricidae)
Authors: Lester P. J. , Barrington A. M.
Published: August 2009

Gamma irradiation was examined for its potential as a quarantine treatment for eggs and larvae of the leafroller Ctenopseustis obliquana. One‐day‐old eggs were more radiosensitive than 5‐day‐old eggs, requiring 55.9 Gy and 269 Gy for 99% mortality, respectively. Effective disinfestation of C. obliquana could be achieved with a dose as small as 70.1 Gy, which would inhibit any oviposition by adults developing from irradiated 1‐day‐old and 5‐day‐old eggs, and 1st, 3rd and 5th instar larvae. Further quarantine security for these life stages could be achieved with a dose of 150 Gy which would inhibit adult emergence, or 215 Gy which would inhibit larvae from entering pupation. As these doses are unlikely to damage host fruit, gamma irradiation provides a potential alternative to methyl bromide fumigation.
A semi‐field testing procedure using the ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae), for assessing the effects of pesticides on non‐target leaf‐dwelling insects under field exposure conditions
Authors: Schmuck R. , Tornier I. , Bock K.‐D. , Waltersdorfer A. , Künast Ch.
Published: August 2009

Over a 2‐year period, three research facilities examined a semi‐field testing procedure to determine its usefulness in predicting potential side‐effects of pesticides on non‐target leaf‐dwelling insects under field exposure conditions. The ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata was chosen as an indicator species for such insects. The objectives of the research were to examine the amenability of the testing method and to evaluate the reproducibility and reliability of the results. Second instar larvae of the beetles were placed on aphid‐infested broad bean plants and then exposed to a spray treatment with one of three insecticide formulations at different application rates. The pesticides used were ME 605 Spritzpulver (WP 40), Metasystox R (EC 250) and Pirimor Granulat (50% a.i. w/w). Larval mortalities and numbers of successful metamorphoses observed in the tests were found to be in good agreement with observations made under agricultural field conditions. The reproductive performance of beetles which developed from the exposed larvae was highly variable between replicate groups although beetles were partly maintained in groups of comparable parent density and sex ratio.

Overall, it is concluded that the proposed test procedure is amenable and that the observed effects on larval survivability and the number of successful metamorphoses can be used to reliably predict harmful effects of pesticides to ladybird beetles in the field. If used as testing endpoint, the reproductive performance should only be qualitatively evaluated, since this sublethal endpoint is apparently subjected to a high natural variability.
Side‐effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) products on insect pathogens and natural enemies of spider mites and insects*
Authors: Schmutterer H.
Published: August 2009

Neem products are safe to spiders, adults of numerous beneficial insect species and eggs of many predators such as coccinellids. Nymphal/larval instars are more or less susceptible, especially under laboratory conditions. No or only slight side‐effects are, as a rule, observed under semi‐field or field conditions. Due to their relative selectivity (‘stage selectivity’) neem products can be recommended for many programmes of Integrated Pest Management as it is unlikely that they will cause severe disturbances in ecosystems. In a few exceptional cases caution is recommended but it should be borne in mind that many more so‐called indifferent as well as beneficial insects and spiders are killed by synthetic pesticides as compared with neem products. Or in other words, the use of neem‐based pesticides can be a substantial contribution towards preservation of biodiversity in ecosystems in spite of the fact that they are not completely safe to all stages of beneficial nematodes, mites, and insects.
Individual and combined effects of the fungus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and parasitoid, Aphelinus asychis Walker (Hym., Aphelinidae) on confined populations of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hom., Aphididae) under field conditions
Authors: Mesquita A. L. M. , Lacey L. A. , Leclant F.
Published: August 2009

The natural enemies of Diuraphis noxia (Russian wheat aphid) can play an important role in the dynamics of aphid populations. The aphelinid wasp parasite, Aphelinus asychis, and the hyphomycete fungus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, were evaluated separately and in combination against confined populations of D. noxia under field conditions. Groups of 10 infested barley plants were treated in a spray tower with either 10 ml of a fungal suspension (1.7 × 107conidia/ml) [with and without incubation for 24 h under ideal conditions (Pfr; Pfr(24 h), respectively)] or four female A. asychis (Aa) or both fungus and parasitoids (Pfr + Aa). Insects treated with Pfr + Aa or Aa responded with higher mortality at 7 and 10 days post‐treatment than controls or those receiving only the fungus. Laboratory studies confirmed mycosis in cadavers of D. noxia that were recovered from plants that had received fungal treatments ranged from 24.4 to 31.9% (Pfr); 26.6 to 43.3% (Pfr(24 h)) and 27.7 to 34.5% (Pfr + Aa). The total number of living aphids per plant was significantly lower in the treatments involving A. asychis than in all other treatments and controls throughout the test. Significantly lower numbers of D. noxia relative to controls were also observed 13 days post‐treatment for the Pfr(24 h) treatment. At the termination of the test 13 days post‐treatment, the density of aphids on plants treated with Pfr + Aa, Aa, Pfr(24 h) and Pfr was 38.2%, 43.1%, 70.5% and 91.9% of that observed on control plants, respectively. Significant differences in the percentages of aphid age groups were observed between treatments involving A. asychis and all other treatments and controls 13 days post‐treatment; there was a significant reduction of the percentage of younger instar and relative increase in older instars for the treatments involving A. asychis. The dry weight of plants treated with Pfr + Aa was significantly greater than controls 13 days post‐treatment. These studies reveal an additive effect of P. fumosoroseus and A. asychis with regard to aphid control with no detrimental effects on the percentage of parasitism nor parasitoid emergence when the two agents were used together.
Evaluation of Ocimum kenyense (Ayobangira) as source of repellents, toxicants and protectants in storage against three major stored product insect pests
Authors: Bekele A. J. , Obeng‐Ofori D. , Hassanali A.
Published: August 2009

The bioactivity of materials derived from the leaves and succulent stems of Ocimum kenyense against Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.), Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) and Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) was assessed in maize and sorghum grains in the laboratory. O. kenyense applied as dry or ground leaves was not toxic to S. zeamais and R. dominica. The highest dosage of essential oil killed only 35% of the weevil but induced 96% mortality in the borer after 96 h. S. cerealella was most susceptible to O. kenyense since all the plant materials bioassayed evoked higher mortalities in the moth. Grains treated with 30 g of ground leaves and 750 mg of essential oil killed all the moths after 24 h. Similarly, dry and ground leaves had no effect on progeny production by S. zeamais but grains treated with essential oil extract significantly reduced the number of progeny produced by the weevil. All levels of dry leaves, ground leaves and essential oil extract of O. kenyense caused significant reduction in progeny produced by R. dominica and S. cerealella. There was no progeny produced by both species in grains treated with the highest dosages of 30 g of ground leaves and 750 mg of essential oil extract. All the plant materials were highly repellent to S. zeamais, with the highest dosages of ground leaves and essential oil evoking the highest repellent action. The materials, however, showed only moderate repellency against R. dominica and rather low repellency against the moth. Ground leaves and essential oil extract provided the greatest protection of maize and sorghum against feeding by R. dominica and S. cerealella with no observable feeding damage to grains treated the highest dosages of both materials. The potential practical use of O. kenyense as grain protectants in farm‐stored grains in rural communities in Africa is discussed.
Factors related to native host abandonment by the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.) (Col., Scolytidae)
Authors: Mathieu F. , Brun L. O. , Frérot B.
Published: August 2009

The coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei is a serious pest of coffee berries. The ‘interseason’ is the most critical period for this beetle because at this time the vast majority of remaining berries or new immature berries are unsuitable for the development of this pest. CBB abandons its native berry to search for another host berry. This work shows that some factors affect the abandonment of female and specifies some biological characteristics of the particular female of the interseason. The following results were observed. A positive correlation was established between insolation and abandonment. Abandonment increased when immature berries were present close to the infested berries. The fecundation rate of colonizing females was 93% and the average survival time without food after abandonment of the berry was around 11 days. A pattern of the survival strategy developed by CBB at the interseason is proposed.
Trapping of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei Ferr. (Col., Scolytidae) within a mesh‐enclosed environment: interaction of olfactory and visual stimuli
Authors: Mathieu F. , Brun L. O. , Marchillaud C. , Frérot B.
Published: August 2009

Coffee berry borer (CBB) colonizing females were released within a mesh‐tent and recaptured in traps to study the interaction of olfactory and visual stimuli during the flight phase. A 1:1 methanol–ethanol mixture was used as an attractant in traps constructed from multiple funnels of red or white. The first aim of the present experiments was to verify that the results obtained in a laboratory olfactometer, in which insects were constrained to walk and in which visual and olfactory stimuli were independently manipulated, could be extended to an outdoor arena enclosed by a net tent. The second aim was to test different emission odour rate, and finally develop a prototype trap which could be used for subsequent studies of CBB population dynamics in the field. Out of 3 000 females released, over 45% were recaptured, among which 95% were collected from traps with methanol–ethanol mixture. The red traps were more attractive than the white traps. The lower the rate of emission of odour, the greater the number of females recaptured. These results show the importance of vision and olfaction for the CBB's flight approach to the trap.
Potential of the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.) (Hym., Megachilidae) to pollinate hairy and winter vetches (Vicia spp.)
Authors: Richards K. W.
Published: August 2009

The effectiveness of the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), as a potential pollinator of winter (woollypod) vetch, Vicia dasycarpa Ten., and hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth., was evaluated over a 3‐year period. Populations of the most important pollinator of the crop, the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. continue to decrease in North America, thus there is a need to evaluate alternate pollinators so that seed growers can optimize their choice of pollinator. Treatments consisted of plants caged to exclude all pollinators, plants caged with leafcutter bees, and plants exposed to resident pollinators including alfalfa leafcutter bees. These vetches were self‐sterile and produced very little seed when bees were excluded. Pods and seeds per raceme, seeds per pod, percentage seed set and yield were significantly higher for plants of both species exposed to resident pollinators compared to plants caged with leafcutter bees. Significant differences between the two treatments indicate that the alfalfa leafcutter bee would not serve as an effective pollinator for these vetches. However, if insufficient populations of honey bees or resident native bees exist in an area, only then may leafcutter bees have a place in commercial seed production. Several species of bumble bee were the main pollinator of these crops in Alberta, Canada. The seed production of these vetches indicates they may have potential as new legume crops for western Canada.
Effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) kernel water extracts on cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Mourier M.
Published: August 2009

The effect of neem kernel water extract (NKWE) in different concentrations on cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, was investigated. A choice‐test showed that neem treated cassava leaves were less attractive to first instar mealybugs than untreated leaves. Mealybugs that started feeding on treated leaves died in their second instar. A greenhouse experiment showed that three applications of NKWE at weekly intervals protected cassava against established early instar mealybugs. There were no significant differences between concentrations of 1, 10 and 25%. All concentrations were phytotoxic to a varying degree.
Bioefficacy of crude extracts of Aglaia species (Meliaceae) and some active fractions against lepidopteran larvae
Authors: Koul O. , Shankar J. S. , Mehta N. , Taneja S. C. , Tripathi A. K. , Dhar K. L.
Published: August 2009

Foliar and twig extracts of three species of Aglaia were screened for larval growth inhibiting and antifeedant effects against the polyphagous lepidopteran larvae of Spodopteva litura and Helicoverpa armigera. A. elaeagnoidea and A. odorata crude ethanolic extracts were at par in their activity at an initial treatment level of 5 mg/g of dry diet weight, while A. roxburghiana was half as active as the other two species. Detailed investigation of A. elaeagnoidea species revealed the presence of complex limonoid fractions responsible for this activity. The nutritional analyses showed impaired diet consumption and dietary utilization at 200 ppm level of treatment when limonoid fractions Fr2J and Fr6K were provided orally to S. litura larvae, indicating centrally mediated anorexic effect. The isolation of the limonoid complex from A. elaeagnoidea should provide useful starting point for the development of a botanical anti‐insect preparation.
Trophic influences on survival, development and reproduction of Hyperaspis notata (Col., Coccinellidae)
Authors: Dreyer B. Stäubli , Neuenschwander P. , Baumgärtner J. , Dorn S.
Published: August 2009

The coccinellid, Hyperaspis notata Mulsant, is associated with the mealybugs Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.‐Ferr. and P. herreni Williams, on cassava in southern Brazil and the highlands of Colombia. Brought to Africa to help control the accidentally introduced P. manihoti, its range of target prey and plant food sources as well as its performance under conditions of food scarcity were investigated in the laboratory. H. notata showed a moderately narrow food spectrum which should allow survival in periods when P. manihoti is scarce without threatening a broad range of insects species: H. notata survived, completed larval development and reproduced on P. madeirensis (Green) and Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell), which are alternate prey species of the family Pseudococcidae and occur abundantly in cassava fields and on ornamental plants in southern Benin. By contrast, development was not possible on less related taxa of the Sternorrhyncha, namely on Aphis craccivora Koch which occur on cowpea often intercropped with cassava and on the spiralling white fly Aleurodicus dispersus Russel infesting cassava, and many other food crops and ornamental plants. These alternate food sources allowed survival of the larvae and adults for a limited period only and neither moulting nor egg production were observed. Cassava pollen was unsuitable as a food source since it did not allow larvae to develop, females to oviposit, nor did it extend longevity of larvae and adults. Honey prolonged the life span of adults without allowing egg production, and is thus a suitable food substitute for adult H. notata during shipment to release destinations. The coccinellid larvae completed their development to the adult stage when fed from a range of ad libitum supply (consuming up to 6 mg per day) of cassava mealybugs to a minimal daily amount of 1 mg (consuming only ∽0.8 mg per day). Females even laid eggs when fed with a minimal amount of 1.2 mg per couple and day. Larvae of the Colombian strain gained more weight before pupation, and the tolerance of larvae and adults to starving was more marked than in the Brazilian strain.
Laboratory toxicity of a photo activated dye mixture to six species of beneficial insects
Authors: Dowell R. V.
Published: August 2009

The toxicity of a mixture of two photoactive dyes, Phloxine B and Uranine, was determined for six species of beneficial insects in the laboratory. The dye had no measurable contact toxicity to any test insect. The dye, when mixed in protein baits, was significantly more toxic than the bait alone to Chrysopa carnea Stephens, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, Delphastes pusillus Le Conte and Goniozus legneri (Gordh). The toxicity of all dye and bait mixtures was significantly less to all test insects than that of the malathion and bait mixtures. Substituting the dye mixture for malathion in protein bait sprays used to eradicate exotic fruit flies from the United States should significantly reduce the kill of non‐target beneficial insects.
Essais sur l'utilisation d'un biopesticide à base des conidies de Metarhizium flavoviride pour le contrôle des sauteriaux au Mali
Authors: Kpindou O.‐K. Douro , Shah P. A. , Langewald J. , Lomer C. J. , Van Der Paauw H. , Sidibe A. , Daffé C. O.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Investigation on the use of a biological insecticide based on Metarhizium flavoviride for the control of grasshoppers in Mali. Metarhizium flavoviride Gams & Rozsypal (Deuteromycotinae; Hyphomycetes) was produced in diphasic culture, firstly in a sucrose‐yeast medium, with sporulation on rice. Spores were extracted in kerosene or sieved and dried. For application, the spores were formulated with a mixture of peanut oil and kerosene. The spore formulation was applied with spinning disk sprayers at Ultra‐Low Volume. From 1992 to 1994 several species of grasshoppers were treated with this formulation containing M. flavoviride conidia. Field applications resulted in mortality rates of 92% for Oedaleus senegalensis (Orth., Acrididae) (Krauss) treated with the Niger strain (IMI 330189) kept in field cages in 1992. In 1993, experiments compared two strains of M. flavoviride, the Niger strain (IMI 330189) and one from Mali (192–794). Mortality rates obtained for samples incubated in cages were between 31 % and 93%, respectively, for IMI 330189 (Day 0) and 192–794 (Day 3) for Krausella amabile (Orth., Acrididae) (Krauss). Field applications in 1994 resulted in cage mortality rates between 50% and 99% for O. senegalensis and K. amabile, respectively when treated with IMI 330189 and 192–794, with between 26% and 83% of dead insects showing external sporulation. Field counts in the 1994 experiment showed a population reduction of 85%.
Production and field evaluation of a Granulosis Virus for control of Sesamia cretica Led. (Lep., Noctuidae) in maize fields in Egypt
Authors: Fédière G. , El‐Sheikh M.A.K. , Semeada A. M. , El‐Hefny A. , Masri M. , El‐Sherif S.
Published: August 2009

Pilot field trials were conducted against Sesamia cretica Led. using a Granulosis Virus recently isolated from the corn borer infesting maize at Kafr El‐Sheikh Governorate. The efficacy of spray application of ScGV was compared with the currently recommended chemical insecticides (Methomyl and Monocrotophos) as two different control strategies against S. cretica larvae on maize. The viral insecticide is a highly purified suspension of granules in water plus 10% molasses as a sticker as well as a feeding stimulant additive. The spray containing 0.1 g of granules/1 (i.e. 1.48 × 1010I.B./ml) was applied twice at the rate of 1.25 and 2.5 1/0.01 feddan (1 feddan = 4200 m2) at 2 week intervals, starting 3 weeks after sowing. For the chemical insecticides, the methomyl was applied at the same time as the ScGV suspension against S. cretica larvae, and the monocrotophos was applice twice, 2 months after sowing, and 2 weeks later, against Ostrinia nubilalis and Chilo agamemnon larvae. All treatments were made using a portable knapsack sprayer. Additional plots were left as control. Results revealed that both tested treatments (microbial and chemical insecticides) noticeably reduced the numbers of S. cretica larvae. Regarding yield, the mean weight of seeds was higher for the plots which were treated with either virus or insecticide than untreated ones. However, the chemical insecticide treatment was more effective than the formulated virus treatment. The corrected yield in ardab (1 ardab = 145 kg)/feddan were 20.11, 16.04 and 12.79, for chemical insecticide, viral insecticide and control treatments, respectively. It is concluded that ScGV seems to be pathogenic to the field population of S. cretica and may be considered a promising biocontrol agent to support the Integrated Pest Management Programme of such an important corn borer.
The spatial dynamics of native and introduced blowflies (Dipt., Calliphorodae)
Authors: Godoy W. A. C. , von Zuben C. J. , dos Reis S. F. , von Zuben F. J.
Published: August 2009

The spatial dynamics of three blowfly species was investigated using a spatially extended model of density‐dependent population growth and the results indicate an overall stabilizing effect. Introduction of diffusive dispersal induced a quantitative effect of damping variation in population size on the route to a one‐fixed point equilibrium in the native species, Cochliomyia macellaria. On the other hand, diffusive dispersal caused qualitative shifts in the dynamics of two invading species, Chyrsomya megacephala and Chrysomya putoria. In both species diffusive dispersal can produce a qualitative shift from a two‐point limit cycle to a one fixed‐point dynamics. Quantitatively, dispersal also has the effect of damping oscillations in population in the invading species.
Developmental rates for Chromatomyia fuscula (Zett.) (Dipt., Agromyzidae) at five constant temperatures
Authors: Andersen A. , Fugleberg O.
Published: August 2009

The median developmental rates for all immature stages of Chromatomyia fuscula (Zett.) increased linearly between 9 and 21 °C. An exponential and a Cobb‐Douglas model was tested, but gave only as good as or slightly better fits than the linear regression model. The lower thermal developmental thresholds for all stages were 3.0 ± 0.5 °C. Both sexes required 400 degree‐days above 3.0°C for the total development from egg to adult emergence. At the relatively low temperatures investigated, C. fuscula had a fast developmental rate, especially in the pupal stage, and low thermal thresholds compared to other agromyzids. The possible reasons for this are discussed. Introduction of a dichotomous variable for sex in the regression model for egg to adult emergence indicated an elevated mortality below 15 °C. Also, the introduction of a dichotomous variable proved the sex ratio 1 male: 1.3 females to be significantly different from 1:1. The thermal sums calculated indicated that C. fuscula theoretically could have two generations per year in a large part of its range. The reasons why it is still univoltine must be sought elsewhere.
Gall midges (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) associated with Populus tremula, P. tremuloides and their hybrid (Salicaceae)
Authors: Skuhravý V. , Skuhravá M. , Brewer J. W.
Published: August 2009

Galls caused by seven species of European cecidomyiids were found on leaves of Populus tremula. native to Europe, on P. tremuloides, native to North America, and on leaves of their hybrids planted in southern Bohemia. Some galls on hybrids had unusual shapes. Factors influencing the process of establishment of gall midges on new plantings of these trees and their hybrids are discussed. The horizontal and vertical occurrence of five gall midge species occurring abundantly on P. tremula in the Czech Republic are described. Some gall midge species associated with P. tremula are abundant in central Europe but they do not cause significant injury to the trees. Prodiplosis morrisi caused severe injury to poplars in Canada. European species Contarinia populi occupies a relative small distribution area in central Europe, Harmandia tremulae extends up to the Ural Mountains, H. cavernosa, H. globuli, H. populi and Dasineura populeti are spread up to central Siberia and Contarinia petioli is broadly distributed from Europe to the Far East.
Functional and numerical responses of the reduviid predator, Rhynocoris fuscipes F. (Het., Reduviidae) to cotton leafworm Spodoptera litura F. (Lep., Noctuidae)
Authors: Ambrose D. P. , Claver M. A.
Published: August 2009

Rhynocoris fuscipes positively responded to the changing abundance of prey and exhibited Holling's second model of functional response. Increased searching capacity and decreased handling time were observed with the increasing prey density in R. fuscipes. The considerable number of prey consumed by the predator per day at higher prey density than at lower density reflected the predator's biocontrol potential. Increasing prey density did not significantly shorten the IV stadium of the predator, whereas that of V stadium was significantly shortened. Predators' survival and longevity were not affected by the prey density. Low prey densities resulted in an increase in the pre‐oviposition period. Fecundity and hatchability were increased as a function of prey density.
Combining release/establishment of Diadegma semiclausum (Hellen) (Hym., Ichneumonidae) and Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. for control of Plutella xylostella (L) (Lep., Yponomeutidae) and other lepidopteran pests in the Cordillera Region of Luzon (Philippines)
Authors: Amend J. , Basedow Th.
Published: August 2009

In 1991, the Philippine‐German Biological Plant Protection Project (PGBPPP) started to release D. semiclausum, a larval parasitoid of P. xylostella, at a large scale in the two highland provinces Benguet and Mountain Province, Northern Luzon, Philippines. The intention was to control this serious pest in cruciferous crops by biological means. The parasitoid was imported from Indonesia and successfully mass‐reared. The hatching rate of D. semiclausum was around 90% and the sex ratio (male: female) 1: 0.8. From April 1991 to June 1992 more than 12000 adult beneficials were released at a ratio of 1 male: 2 female adults in farmer's fields. By the summer 1992 the parasitoid, released at four different areas, proved to be established in 11 out of 24 municipalities of the two provinces and was spreading to other areas. In combining D. semiclausum and B. thuringiensis (Bt), a strategy for the biological control of P. xylostella was developed. Two control threshold levels for the application of Bt, one for P. xylostella‐larvae at four larvae/plant and one for all the other lepidopterous larvae feeding on crucifers at 0.5 larvae/plant were assessed in several field trials after the establishment of D. semiclausum. Either population exceeding these levels initiated the application of biological insecticides based on Bt. Results of field trials indicated a possible reduction of insecticide application by at least 50–70%.
Control of Cacopsylla (Psylla) pyri (L.) (Stenorhyncha, Psyllidae) by juvenile hormone analogues
Authors: Baldassari N. , Baronio P. , Němec V. , Rejzek M. , Wimmer Z.
Published: August 2009

Juvenoids could be a useful tool for the control of psyllids. The 12 new juvenoids synthetized at the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry in Prague were tested by dipping the feeding plants in the juvenoid solution and by indirect contact application on Cacopsylla (Psylla) pyri (L.). The tested compounds were mostly less active than the commercial juvenoid, methoprene. However, even the low doses of active juvenoids which evoked only small malformations on wings and external genitalia of the treated psyllids disabled them from flying and also from copulation. The most sensitive period for juvenoids in psyllids comprises the first 4 days of the last larval instar. Aside from this period, juvenoids failed to evoke any malformation. The investigated juvenoids were also tested on the main predator of psyllids, the pirate bug, Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabr.), using the indirect topical application. It was found that the sensitive period of these bugs to the tested juvenoids is restricted to the first 24 h of the last larval instar. Hence, the pirate bug revealed very low sensitivity to the tested juvenoids.
Sur la dynamique des populations de Hyalopterus pruni Geoffroy (Hom., Aphididae) dans la région de Tunis
Authors: Jerraya A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: On the population dynamics of Hyalopterus pruni Geoff. (Hom., Aphididae) in Tunis. In the Tunis area, the assessment of infestation levels by Hyalopterus pruni Geoffroy on almond trees was established by considering only the proportions of colonies with more than 100 individuals per leaf. High, medium and low infestation levels were recorded during three years, 1992, 1993 and 1994, respectively. However, host infestation often started in mid‐February, reached a peak at the beginning of April and then declined and disappeared by the end of May. The responsible factors of this decline related to: 1) the gradual decreasing fecundity of apterae; and 2) alatae migration. On the other hand, the fundatrix larvae survival and reproductive potential expression of apterae were mainly influenced by the phenology and vigour of host plant. On peach tree, infestation was later (beginning of May) but could continue to the end of summer. The decline of population could be associated with premature leaf fall. Except for this, the combined effect of migration and natural enemies were allowed to maintain aphid population at acceptable level. Among abiotic factors very high summer temperatures (>43°C) led to total aphid mortality. The regulatory action of these factors has been analysed and discussed.

L'appréciation du degré d'infestation par Hyalopterus pruni Geoffroy sur amandier a été faite par la prise en compte des colonies dont les effectifs étaient supérieurs à 100 individus par feuille. Durant les trois années d'observation 1992, 1993 et 1994, il a été possible de la sorte, de caractériser trois niveaux de contamination: fort, moyen et faible respectivement, Mais quelle qu'en fût l'ampleur, la colonisation de l'hôte passait par une phase ascendante, débutant à la mi‐février, atteignait son apogée début avril puis entamait une phase de déclin qui s'achevait fin mai avec le départ du puceron.

Les facteurs présidant à la décroissance des populations étaient d'une part la diminutionn graduelle de la fécondité des femelles aptères et d'autre part la migration des ailés. D'un autre côté la plante hôte, par son stade phénologique et sa vigueur, influençait fortement le taux de survie des larves fondatrices et l'expression du potentiel de reproduction des femelles aptères.

Sur pêcher dont l'attaque était plus tardive (début mai) mais susceptible de se poursuivre jusqu'à la fin de l'été, la réduction des populations pouvait avoir pour origine une défoliation de l'hôte. En dehors de ce cas extrême, l'effet conjugué de la migration et des ennemis naturels permettait de maintenir les populations de H. pruni à un niveau tolérable. Quant aux facteurs physiques, seules les températures très élevées de l'été (> 43°C) étaient de nature à entrainer leur suppression totale.

L'action de régulation de ces facteurs a été analysée et discutée.
Life history, seasonal adaptations and monitoring of common green capsid Lygocoris pabulinus (L.) (Hem., Miridae)
Authors: Blommers L. H. M. , Vaal F. W. N. M. , Helsen H. H. M.
Published: August 2009

Lygocoris pabulinus can be reared continuously on potted potato plants when the light period is at least 17 h. Minimum generation time, including a premating period of 6 days, is approximately 40 days at 20°C. Young females lay up to six eggs/day and 3–4 young nymphs per female are produced. Individual females lay up to 200 eggs and mating once is sufficient to maintain maximum egg production for at least 2 weeks. While detached shoot tips of herbaceous plants like potato also are adequate food sources for nymphs and adults, similar tips of apple, pear, currant, raspberry and rose are not. Attempts to rear L. pabulinus on apple seedlings also failed. This explains why many older nymphs arising from overwintered eggs already leave the apple trees: to complete their development on herbaceous host plants. Long light periods induce the summer generation adults to stay on these hosts. Light periods of 16.5 h or less during juvenile development induce females, usually of the second generation, to oviposit on woody shoots like apple and Forsythia, but these females still require herbaceous plants for feeding. A partial third generation sometimes occurs after a warm spring and summer. These observations appear to explain host‐plant alteration in L. pabulinus. Experiments showed that most damage to fruits is caused by nymphs older than second instar. The time to monitor this instar is estimated best when the daily temperature sums above 4°C accumulated from 1 January amount to

568 – 2.05*D#Ts245 degree days

where D#Ts245 indicates the number of day on which 245 degree days is reached. A few parasitoid Peristeum laeviventris (Ruthe) (Braconidae, Euphorinae) were reared from full grown nymphs in spring, and epizootics of Entomophthora sp. were seen in 3 years out of 10. What causes the great numerical variation of L. pabulinus in apple orchards over the years is still unknown.
Host location in stored cowpea by the egg parasitoid Uscana lariophaga Steffan (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: van Alebeek F.A.N. , van Huis A.
Published: August 2009

A good spatial distribution and an efficient host location behaviour are prerequisites for successful biological control of stored product pests. These attributes were investigated in the egg parasitoid Uscana luriophaga Steffan (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), foraging for clusters of Callosobrachus maculatus Fab. (Col., Bruchidae) eggs in experimental cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) storage containers. Females have an innate tendency to move upwards in a cowpea seed stock. Host clusters above the release point have an increased chance to be found by U. lariophaga compared to clusters below the site of release, but still, significant numbers of clusters below the release point are also being visited and parasitized. In host clusters with more than 50 eggs, parasitoids are arrested and may spend their entire egg load or foraging time, leaving other clusters unexploited. Host clusters with more eggs are more frequently parasitized, irrespective of the volume of clusters or the egg density and distribution within those clusters. This increased chance of detection is thought to be the result of an increase in egg odour concentration or in the volume of the odour sphere around clusters with more eggs. This hypothesis was tested in a tube diffusion olfactometer.
Radiation induced sterility in male potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lep., Gelechiidae)
Authors: Saour G. , Makee H.
Published: August 2009

Newly emerged adult males (0–18h) potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella were irradiated with various doses (5, 10, 15, 25, 35, and 45 Krad) of gamma irradiation. Mating ability and frequency of mating of the males were decreased when they were irradiated with 25 Krad and above, whereas their longevity was not affected by the irradiation. The mean number of eggs per female was decreased at 35 and 45 Krad, and 91% sterility was induced when males were irradiated with a dose of 45 Krad. The competitiveness values of P. operculella males were reduced when they were irradiated with high doses. However, these values were risen when high ratio of irradiated males to normal males was used.
The influence of unspraying on diversity of soil‐related hymenopteran parasitoids in cereal fields
Authors: Jensen P. B.
Published: August 2009

On a cereal field with pesticide treated areas, and areas left unsprayed since 1986, hymenopteran parasitoids were collected using emergence traps. In total, and on most collecting dates, more species were collected on the unsprayed areas. The log‐series index was also greater for the unsprayed plots (areas and trap groups) than for the sprayed plots. The dominance of the most abundant species decreased on the unsprayed areas.
Phoretic mites and their hyperphoretic fungi associated with flying Ips typographus japonicus Niijima (Col., Scolytidae) in Japan
Authors: Moser J. C. , Perry T. J. , Furuta K.
Published: August 2009

Flying Ips typographus japonicus from Hokkaido (Japan) carried 12 species of phoretic mites, three of which were not previously recorded in Europe. The mite biologies were diverse, including specialists feeding on microorganisms, beetle eggs, and nematodes which were common under beetle elytra. Hyperphoretic on these mites were seven distinct species of fungal spores, plus an undetermined number identifiable only as conidia. The spores stuck anywhere on the mite bodies with no special carrying structures evident. Ophiostoma bicolor was the most common species, with the pathogenic Ceratocystis polonicum present in small numbers.
Effects of prey mites and pollen on the biology and life tables of Proprioseiopsis asetus (Chant) (Acari, Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Fouly A. H.
Published: August 2009

Biology of the phytoseiid mite Proprioseiopsis asetus was studied under laboratory conditions. Egg hatchability was tested at three different combinations of temperature and relative humidity. A combination of 26°C and 70% RH was the most suitable condition. The number of citrus brown mite Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) consumed by P. asetus adult females significantly decreased when date palm pollen Pheonex dactylefira L. was added to prey mite and egg production significantly increased. Total developmental time of P. asetus ranged between 3.25 and 5.33 days for males and between 3.83 and 5.46 days for females at 26°C. The percentage of female progeny in the total population ranged between 52% and 57%. A diet of E. orientalis resulted in the shortest generation time (T = 12.49 day), the shortest adult female longevity (27.25 day), the highest net reproductive rate (R0 = 35.15 expected progeny per female), the highest intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm = 0.28) and also finite rate of increase (erm = 1.33) per day. Diet of prey mite T. urticae provided the longest adult female longevity (33.08 days) and T. urticae or P. dactylefire pollen provided very close life table parameters of P. asetus. Broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus was the least favourable food source with results of T = 16.89 days; R0 = 21.02 female progeny per female; rm = 0.18 and erm =1.19 per day.
Acceptance and suitability of ultraviolet‐irradiated Helicoverpa armigera (Hühner) (Lep., Noctuidae) eggs for Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: Romeis J. , Shanower T. G. , Zebitz C. P. W.
Published: August 2009

Helicoverpa armigera (Hbn.) eggs were irradiated with a 30 W ultraviolet (UV)‐lamp from a distance of 30 cm. Egg mortality increased with duration of exposure to the UV‐light source; exposure for 48 min was sufficient to kill 98% of the eggs. Survival of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis Ishii was lower on eggs irradiated for 60 and 90 min than on untreated control eggs. Clutch size and sex ratio of the parasitoid progeny were similar in irradiated and control eggs. The lower suitability of irradiated host eggs was not recognized by female wasps as they accepted irradiated and control eggs equally in a choice test. The higher parasitoid mortality in irradiated eggs may be a result of morphological changes in the host egg chorion. Supporting this hypothesis, it was observed that the duration of drilling by the parasitoid was significantly shorter on irradiated eggs than on control eggs.
Aphelinid parasitoids as sustainable biological control agents in greenhouses
Authors: van Lenteren J. C. , Drost Y. C. , van Roermund H. J. W. , Posthuma‐Doodeman C. J. A. M.
Published: August 2009

Aphelinid parasitoids have been used for control of pests in greenhouses since the 1920s, but large scale application started only some 25 years ago. Today, several aphelinid parasitoids are commercially used for the biological control of scale, aphid and whitefly pests in greenhouses. A success story is the biological control of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, with the aphelinid Encarsia formosa. Encarsia is applied on 5000 ha of vegetable crops worldwide. Weekly, more than 20 million individuals of E. formosa are mass reared and shipped to growers in 20 countries. About 10 years ago, another whitefly species, Bemisia sp., developed to pest status and a search for control of scales and aphids in greenhouses is summarized, as well as the status of commercial biological control with aphelinid parasitoids. Further, the questions whether effective natural enemies can be identified before introduction and if autoparasitoids should be imported and released are addressed. Finally, the usefulness of parasitoid biotype studies to recognize suitable candidates for biological is considered.
Flight away from emergence site of wild and artificially reared olive fruit flies: effect of incoming light direction and intensity
Authors: Konstantopoulou M. A. , Economopoulos A. P.
Published: August 2009

Wild olive fruit flies flew away from the site of adult emergence, i.e. escape by direct flight from a 10 cm high, 9 cm diameter cylinder, at significantly higher percentages than artificially reared flies. This was true at both high and low light intensity. With both fly types, when the incoming light was from the cylinder top opening only (cylinder painted black) the percentage of “escaping'' flies was higher than when the incoming light was from the opening and around (transparent cylinder). The difference was significant only at low light intensity. In almost all cases a significant decrease of escape flights was observed with low light intensity.
Fungal associates of the spruce bark beetleIps typographusL. (Col. Scolytidae) in relation to different trapping methods
Authors: Viiri H.
Published: August 2009

Ips typographustransports spores of various sapwood‐staining fungi, mainly in the pits of the pronota and elytra. When pheromone trapping is used to collect beetles, the spores of fungi from different beetles may mix. Therefore, the species composition of fungi associated withJ. typographuswas investigated in eastern Finland using beetles caught by different trapping methods. The beetles were collected individually by hand or in pheromone traps with or without vermiculite used as insulating material in trap containers to prevent surface contamination between beetles. The beetles were inoculated into Norway spruce logs with a cork borer and the frequencies of fungi were determined by isolation of fungi from bark and sapwood. The most frequent ophiostomatoid species wereO. penicillatumandO. europhioides.Other common fungi wereGraphiumandLeptographiumspecies. The species that were isolated occasionally wereO. ainoae, O. bicolor, O. piceae, O. tetropiiandC. polonica.Relationships between fungal observations were analysed one by one. In pairwise comparison of pheromone trapping and individually collected beetles, the frequencies of fungi isolated from beetles differed significantly. However, when all trapping methods were compared simultaneously, the differences were not significant.
Bacillus thuringiensis affecting the larval parasite Meteorus laeviventris Wesm. (Hym., Braconidae) associated with Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.) (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae
Authors: Hafez M. , Salama H. S. , Aboul‐Ela R. , Zaki F. N. , Ragaei M.
Published: August 2009

The effect of the pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis on the larval parasite Meteorus laeviventris, associated with Agrotis ypsilon, was studied. The biology of the parasite showed to be affected in some aspects when its host larvae were fed on a diet containing B. thuringiensis. A significant reduction in reproductive potential and longevity occurred together with retardation in development. The effect of the exotoxin (thuringiensin) on the parasite has been also demonstrated.
Oviposition attractant associated with conspecific development stages of Sergentomyia and Phlebotomus sandflies (Dipt., Psychodidae)
Authors: Basimike M.
Published: August 2009

Gravid females of Sergentomyia ingrami, S. schwetzi and Phlebotomus duboscqi were attracted to oviposit on filter papers treated with test materials obtained from their conspecific development stages. S. ingrami was also exposed to oviposit in Petri dishes baited with non‐conspecific P. duboscqi test materials. Immature and adult stages of all three species were crushed and smeared individually on filter papers and thereafter placed inside small containers for egglaying. Significantly more eggs were laid by Sergentomyia and Phlebotomus sandflies on filter papers baited with their conspecific immature and adult test materials. There was no significant difference between the number of eggs laid by S. ingrami on filter papers treated with non‐conspecific P. duboscqi test materials with those laid on their controls. It is concluded that both immature and adult development stages of sandflies have a volatile substance which attracts gravid females for egg‐laying.