bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kitten in the Netherlands with encephalitozoonosis: histopathology, PCR and immunohistochemistry
Authors: Cirkel Koen , Caliskan Nermin , Rebel‐Bauder Barbara , Courtin Francois
Published: November 2017

Encephalitozoon cuniculi is known to infect human beings, dogs, mink, cats, rodents, foxes, goats, horses, non‐human primates, rats, ticks and the main host the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Reports of E cuniculi in domestic cats (Felis catus) with histopathological changes are rare. This report describes an E cuniculi infection in the brain and kidneys of a six‐week‐old kitten. Postmortem examination was performed and microscopical examination of the brain and kidney revealed nodular infiltrates associated with Gram‐positive microsporidian spores consistent with E cuniculi. PCR and immunohistochemistry confirm the findings. While E cuniculi infection in domestic cats is rare, this case demonstrates that it should be taken into consideration as a differential diagnosis for kittens with poor weight gain. Given the serious course of the disease and the risk of transmission to other littermates or other mammals including human beings, it is important to rule out an E cuniculi infection.
Labour and love for Mr Pink
Authors: Locock Louise
Published: November 2017

Louise Locock describes the challenges and rewards of caring for her cat with chronic kidney disease
Simultaneous determination of nifedipine and atenolol in combined dosage forms using a boron-doped diamond electrode with differential pulse voltammetry
Authors: Scremin Jessica , Sartori Elen Romão
Published: November 2017

Combinations of nifedipine (NIF) and atenolol (ATN) are used for the treatment of arterial hypertension. Dosages values different from those presented on the label of pharmaceuticals can significantly impact a consumer’s health. To control the quality of the pharmaceuticals effectively, a method for the simultaneous determination of these both drugs using an anodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode coupled to differential pulse voltammetry technique was developed. The influence of supporting electrolyte, pH and scan rate on the current response of these both antihypertensives was examined to select the optimum experimental conditions. It was found that NIF and ATN provided two well-shaped and reproducible oxidation peaks at 0.97 V and 1.36 V (vs. Ag/AgCl electrode), respectively, in TRIS buffer solution (pH 8.0). At optimized differential pulse voltammetric parameters, the current response of NIF and ATN was proportionally linear in the concentration range of 3.98–107 μmol L–1 and 1.99–47.2 μmol L–1, with detection limit of 0.612 and 0.999 μmol L−1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied in analysis of several commercial combined dosage forms, whose accuracy was attested by good agreement of the results (paired t test at a 95% confidence level) with those obtained using high performance liquid chromatography.
The bioactive lipid (S)-sebastenoic acid impacts motility and dispersion in Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Warner Christopher J.A. , Salinas Mauro , Zamorano-Sánchez David , Bray Walter M. , Lokey R. Scott , Yildiz Fitnat H. , Linington Roger G.
Published: November 2017

Although Gram-negative bacterial pathogens continue to impart a substantial burden on global healthcare systems, much remains to be understood about aspects of basic physiology in these organisms. In recent years, cyclic-diguanylate (c-di-GMP) has emerged as a key regulator of a number of important processes related to pathogenicity, including biofilm formation, motility, and virulence. In an effort to discover chemical genetic probes for studying Vibrio cholerae we have developed a new motility-based high-throughput screen to identify compounds that modulate c-di-GMP levels. Using this new screening platform, we tested a library of microbially derived marine natural products extracts, leading to the discovery of the bioactive lipid (S)-sebastenoic acid. The evaluation of the effect of this new compound on bacterial motility, vpsL expression, and biofilm formation implied that (S)-sebastenoic acid may alter phenotypes associated to c-di-GMP signaling in V. cholerae.
Dark energy stars: Stable configurations
Authors: Bhar Piyali , Manna Tuhina , Rahaman Farook , Banerjee Ayan
Published: November 2017

In present paper a spherically symmetric stellar configuration has been analyzed by assuming the matter distribution of the stellar configuration is anisotropic in nature and compared with the realistic objects, namely, the low mass X-ray binaries and X-ray pulsars. The analytic solution has been obtained by utilizing the dark energy equation of state for the interior solution corresponding to the Schwarzschild exterior vacuum solution at the junction interface. Several physical properties, like energy conditions, stability, mass–radius ratio, and surface redshift, are described through mathematical calculations as well as graphical plots. It is found that obtained mass–radius ratios of the compact star candidates like 4U 1820–30, PSR J 1614–2230, Vela X-1, and Cen X-3 are very much consistent with the observed data by Gangopadhyay et al. (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 431, 3216 (2013)). So our proposed model would be useful in the investigation of the possible clustering of dark energy.
Absorption Properties of Luteolin and Apigenin in Genkwa Flos Using In Situ Single-Pass Intestinal Perfusion System in the Rat
Authors: He Xin , Song Zi-Jing , Jiang Cui-Ping , Zhang Chun-Feng
Published: November 2017

The flower bud of Daphne genkwa (Genkwa Flos) is a commonly used herbal medicine in Asian countries. Luteolin and apigenin are two recognized active flavonoids in Genkwa Flos. The aim of this study was to investigate the intestinal absorption mechanisms of Genkwa Flos flavonoids using in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion rat model. Using HPLC, we determined its major effective flavonoids luteolin, apigenin, as well as, hydroxygenkwanin and genkwanin in biological samples. The intestinal absorption mechanisms of the total flavonoids in Genkwa Flos (TFG) were investigated using in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion rat model. Comparing the TFG absorption rate in different intestinal segments, data showed that the small intestine absorption was significantly higher than that of the colon ([Formula: see text]). Compared with duodenum and ileum, the jejunum was the best small intestinal site for TFG absorption. The high TFG concentration (61.48[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/ml) yielded the highest permeability ([Formula: see text]). Subsequently, three membrane protein inhibitors (verapamil, pantoprazole and probenecid) were used to explore the TFG absorption pathways. Data showed probenecid, a multidrug resistance protein (or MRP) inhibitor, effectively enhanced the TFG absorption ([Formula: see text]). Furthermore, by comparing commonly used natural absorption enhancers on TFG, it was observed that camphor was the most effective. In Situ single-pass intestinal perfusion experiment shows that TFG absorption is much higher in the small intestine than in the colon, and the TFG is absorbed mainly via an active transport pathway with MRP-mediated efflux mechanism. Camphor obviously enhanced the TFG absorption, and this could be an effective TFG formulation preparation method to increase clinical effectiveness after Genkwa Flos administration. Our study elucidated the TFG absorption mechanisms, and provided new information for its formulation preparation.
USING BAIDU INDEX TO NOWCAST MOBILE PHONE SALES IN CHINA
Authors: FANG JIANCHUN , WU WANSHAN , LU ZHOU , CHO EUNHO
Published: November 2017

Most of the official data are released with a lag period, which increases the difficulties for decision-makers assessing the situation. To solve the problem of data lag, we used real-time Baidu Index to nowcast the Chinese consumer behavior of buying the best-selling smartphone, Huawei Mate 7. We introduced keywords like “Mate 7” and “Huawei” in Baidu Index search queries to examine whether the introduction of real-time data can improve the efficiency of benchmark model. Overall, our finding is that the introduction of Baidu Index, both in-sample and out-of-sample, can improve the prediction accuracy of the model significantly. The extended model provided a 55.2% outperformance relative to benchmark one. This can not only make up for official data release lag, but also help firms gain near-real-time insight into the consumer demand trends and reduce inventory costs. The findings suggest that firms can improve marketing performance by use of search engine promotion campaign.
Modeling of Longitudinal Human Walking Force Using Self-Sustained Oscillator
Authors: Kumar Prakash , Kumar Anil , Racic Vitomir
Published: November 2017

The paper proposes a self-sustained single-degree-of-freedom oscillator to accurately generate the longitudinal contact force between a pedestrian’s feet and the supporting flat rigid surface. The model is motivated from the self-sustained nature of pedestrian walking, i.e. a pedestrian produces the required internal energy to maintain a repetitive body motion. It is derived by adding two nonlinear terms to the conventional Rayleigh oscillator to yield odd as well as even harmonics, as observed in experimentally recorded longitudinal force data. For the dynamic analysis of the oscillator, two methods are adopted: the energy balance method and the Lindstedt–Poincare perturbation technique. Moreover, the least-squares identification procedure is used to identify values of the oscillator parameters from the force records of 12 different pedestrians walking on an instrumented treadmill at 10 walking speeds. The results generated by the proposed oscillator agree well with the experimental data.
Conservation of Resources in the Organizational Context: The Reality of Resources and Their Consequences
Authors: Hobfoll Stevan E. , Halbesleben Jonathon , Neveu Jean-Pierre , Westman Mina
Published: November 2017

Over the past 30 years, conservation of resources (COR) theory has become one of the most widely cited theories in organizational psychology and organizational behavior. COR theory has been adopted across the many areas of the stress spectrum, from burnout to traumatic stress. Further attesting to the theory's centrality, COR theory is largely the basis for the more work-specific leading theory of organizational stress, namely the job demands-resources model. One of the major advantages of COR theory is its ability to make a wide range of specific hypotheses that are much broader than those offered by theories that focus on a single central resource, such as control, or that speak about resources in general. In this article, we will revisit the principles and corollaries of COR theory that inform those more specific hypotheses and will review research in organizational behavior that has relied on the theory.
Genetics of metabolic syndrome: potential clues from wild-derived inbred mouse strains
Authors: Karunakaran Subashini , Clee Susanne M.
Published: November 2017

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex constellation of metabolic abnormalities including obesity, abnormal glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure that together substantially increase risk for cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of MetS, but this process is still far from understood. Human studies have revealed only part of the underlying basis. Studies in mice offer many strengths that can complement human studies to help elucidate the etiology and pathophysiology of MetS. Here we review the ways mice can contribute to MetS research. In particular, we focus on the information that can be obtained from studies of the inbred strains, with specific focus on the phenotypes of the wild-derived inbred strains. These are newly derived inbred strains that were created from wild-caught mice. They contain substantial genetic variation that is not present in the classical inbred strains, have phenotypes of relevance for MetS, and various mouse strain resources have been created to facilitate the mining of this new genetic variation. Thus studies using wild-derived inbred strains hold great promise for increasing our understanding of MetS.
Systems genetic analysis of brown adipose tissue function
Authors: Pravenec Michal , Saba Laura M. , Zídek Václav , Landa Vladimír , Mlejnek Petr , Šilhavý Jan , Šimáková Miroslava , Strnad Hynek , Trnovská Jaroslava , Škop Vojtěch , Hüttl Martina , Marková Irena , Oliyarnyk Olena , Malínská Hana , Kazdová Ludmila , Smith Harry , Tabakoff Boris
Published: November 2017

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been suggested to play an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism in rodents and possibly also in humans. In the current study, we used genetic and correlation analyses in the BXH/HXB recombinant inbred (RI) strains, derived from Brown Norway (BN) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), to identify genetic determinants of BAT function. Linkage analyses revealed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated with interscapular BAT mass on chromosome 4 and two closely linked QTLs associated with glucose oxidation and glucose incorporation into BAT lipids on chromosome 2. Using weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) we identified 1,147 gene coexpression modules in the BAT from BXH/HXB rats and mapped their module eigengene QTLs. Through an unsupervised analysis, we identified modules related to BAT relative mass and function. The Coral4.1 coexpression module is associated with BAT relative mass (includes Cd36 highly connected gene), and the Darkseagreen coexpression module is associated with glucose incorporation into BAT lipids (includes Hiat1, Fmo5, and Sort1 highly connected transcripts). Because multiple statistical criteria were used to identify candidate modules, significance thresholds for individual tests were not adjusted for multiple comparisons across modules. In summary, a systems genetic analysis using genomic and quantitative transcriptomic and physiological information has produced confirmation of several known genetic factors and significant insight into novel genetic components functioning in BAT and possibly contributing to traits characteristic of the metabolic syndrome.
Retention of Interstitial Genes between TMPRSS2 and ERG Is Associated with Low-Risk Prostate Cancer
Authors: Murphy Stephen J. , Kosari Farhad , Karnes R. Jeffrey , Nasir Aqsa , Johnson Sarah H. , Gaitatzes Athanasios G. , Smadbeck James B. , Rangel Laureano J. , Vasmatzis George , Cheville John C.
Published: November 2017

TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions occur in over 50% of prostate cancers, but their impact on clinical outcomes is not well understood. Retention of interstitial genes between TMPRSS2 and ERG has been reported to influence tumor progression in an animal model. In this study, we analyzed the status of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion genes and interstitial genes in tumors from a large cohort of men treated surgically for prostate cancer, associating alterations with biochemical progression. Through whole-genome mate pair sequencing, we mapped and classified rearrangements driving ETS family gene fusions in 133 cases of very low-, low-, intermediate-, and high-risk prostate cancer from radical prostatectomy specimens. TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions were observed in 44% of cases, and over 90% of these fusions occurred in ERG exons 3 or 4. ERG fusions retaining interstitial sequences occurred more frequently in very low-risk tumors. These tumors also frequently displayed ERG gene fusions involving alternative 5′-partners to TMPRSS2, specifically SLC45A3 and NDRG1 and other ETS family genes, which retained interstitial TMPRSS2/ERG sequences. Lastly, tumors displaying TMPRSS2-ERG fusions that retained interstitial genes were less likely to be associated with biochemical recurrence (P = 0.028). Our results point to more favorable clinical outcomes in patients with ETS family fusion-positive prostate cancers, which retain potential tumor-suppressor genes in the interstitial regions between TMPRSS2 and ERG. Identifying these patients at biopsy might improve patient management, particularly with regard to active surveillance. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6157–67. ©2017 AACR.
Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Gide Tuba N. , Wilmott James S. , Scolyer Richard A. , Long Georgina V.
Published: November 2017

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of patients with advanced-stage metastatic melanoma, as well as patients with many other solid cancers, yielding long-lasting responses and improved survival. However, a subset of patients who initially respond to immunotherapy, later relapse and develop therapy resistance (termed “acquired resistance”), whereas others do not respond at all (termed “primary resistance”). Primary and acquired resistance are key clinical barriers to further improving outcomes of patients with metastatic melanoma, and the known mechanisms underlying each involves various components of the cancer immune cycle, and interactions between multiple signaling molecules and pathways. Due to this complexity, current knowledge on resistance mechanisms is still incomplete. Overcoming therapy resistance requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying immune evasion by tumors. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to immunotherapy in melanoma and detail potential therapeutic strategies to prevent and overcome them. Clin Cancer Res; 24(6); 1260–70. ©2017 AACR.
Protein Kinase C Epsilon Is a Key Regulator of Mitochondrial Redox Homeostasis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Di Marcantonio Daniela , Martinez Esteban , Sidoli Simone , Vadaketh Jessica , Nieborowska-Skorska Margaret , Gupta Anushk , Meadows Jake M. , Ferraro Francesca , Masselli Elena , Challen Grant A. , Milsom Michael D. , Scholl Claudia , Fröhling Stefan , Balachandran Siddharth , Skorski Tomasz , Garcia Benjamin A. , Mirandola Prisco , Gobbi Giuliana , Garzon Ramiro , Vitale Marco , Sykes Stephen M.
Published: November 2017

Purpose: The intracellular redox environment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells is often highly oxidized compared to healthy hematopoietic progenitors and this is purported to contribute to disease pathogenesis. However, the redox regulators that allow AML cell survival in this oxidized environment remain largely unknown.

Experimental Design: Utilizing several chemical and genetically-encoded redox sensing probes across multiple human and mouse models of AML, we evaluated the role of the serine/threonine kinase PKC-epsilon (PKCϵ) in intracellular redox biology, cell survival and disease progression.

Results: We show that RNA interference-mediated inhibition of PKCϵ significantly reduces patient-derived AML cell survival as well as disease onset in a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of AML driven by MLL-AF9. We also show that PKCϵ inhibition induces multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS) and that neutralization of mitochondrial ROS with chemical antioxidants or co-expression of the mitochondrial ROS-buffering enzymes SOD2 and CAT, mitigates the anti-leukemia effects of PKCϵ inhibition. Moreover, direct inhibition of SOD2 increases mitochondrial ROS and significantly impedes AML progression in vivo. Furthermore, we report that PKCϵ over-expression protects AML cells from otherwise-lethal doses of mitochondrial ROS-inducing agents. Proteomic analysis reveals that PKCϵ may control mitochondrial ROS by controlling the expression of regulatory proteins of redox homeostasis, electron transport chain flux, as well as outer mitochondrial membrane potential and transport.

Conclusions: This study uncovers a previously unrecognized role for PKCϵ in supporting AML cell survival and disease progression by regulating mitochondrial ROS biology and positions mitochondrial redox regulators as potential therapeutic targets in AML. Clin Cancer Res; 24(3); 608–18. ©2017 AACR.
Interhemispheric and Infratentorial Subdural Empyema with Preseptal Cellulitis as Complications of Sinusitis: A Case Report
Authors: Arifianto Muhammad Reza , Ma'ruf Achmad Zuhro , Ibrahim Arie , Bajamal Abdul Hafid
Published: November 2017

Intracranial complications of paranasal sinusitis have become rare due to the use of antibiotics nowadays. However, several cases have been reported due the ability of paranasal sinusitis to cause serious complications. Once the infection spreads over the cranial structure, it could infect the orbits, underlying bones, meninges, adjacent veins, and brain. Subdural empyema is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication following paranasal sinusitis and should be considered as a neurological emergency. The location where subdural empyema may appear is a challenge in diagnosis and treatment. We report the case of a 17-year-old boy who presented in a state of somnolence due to interhemispheric and infratentorial subdural empyema with preseptal cellulitis secondary to pansinusitis. Early diagnosis and aggressive antibiotic treatment combined with neurosurgical operation were mandatorily implemented. The case was managed using a multidisciplinary approach including the ENT, eye, and nutrition departments. The boy achieved clinical improvement, with impairment of eye movement as the only persistent symptom before discharge. Daily supervision at the primary health care center with continuous antibiotic treatment was recommended to the patient. Pertinent literature with controversies in the management of subdural empyema will be briefly discussed in this case report.
Ураження зубів карієсом у дітей, які проживають на територіях із різним екологічним забрудненням
Authors: Lagoda L. S. , Musiy-Sementsyan H. G.
Published: November 2017

Studies show that the morbidity of children on caries of the teeth is regional and depends on a number of factors, both local and general. Volyn region is characterized by separate territories exposed to radioactive loading, man-made pollution and relatively clean territories. At the same time, the dental morbidity of children in the region is not suffi ciently highlighted.The aim of the study – to assess the dental caries infrequency in children living in areas with different ecological contamination.Materials and Methods. This publication presents the results of a stomatological examination of 918 children of the Volyn region. Among the surveyed were 611 children living on the territory affected by radioactive contamination due to the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (Liubeshiv and Manevychi) and 307 children living on the territory of man-caused loading due to coal emissions (Novovolynsk). The examinations were conducted in age groups 7, 12, 15 years in accordance with WHO guidelines for epidemiological studies. The teeth were damaged by caries according to the following indices: prevalence of caries of teeth (in %), caries intensity according to KFR indices (K - caries, F - fi lled, R - removed tooth).Results and Discussion. The prevalence of dental caries among children of radioactive contaminated areas of Manevychi and Liubeshov is, on average, (86.91±1.95) % and (87.58±1.89) %, and Novovolynsk (93.14±1.45) %, which is a rather high indicator, according to WHO criteria. The analysis of KFR indices showed that the intensity of tooth decay by caries of children of Novovolynsk is (4.60±2.60) tooth, which is signifi cantly lower in relation to children from radiation-contaminated areas (mean KFR=(5.36±3.77) tooth and (4.78±3.42) tooth respectively).Conclusions. The obtained results of tooth decay by caries show insuffi cient level and untimely oral sanitation, and the absence of preventive measures.
Optimized Prognosis Assessment in ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction Using a Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Risk Score
Authors: Stiermaier Thomas , Jobs Alexander , de Waha Suzanne , Fuernau Georg , Pöss Janine , Desch Steffen , Thiele Holger , Eitel Ingo
Published: November 2017

Background—

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) demonstrated great potential for the prediction of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a CMR-based risk score for ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction patients.

Methods and Results—

The scoring model was developed and validated on ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction cohorts from 2 independent randomized controlled trials (n=738 and n=458 patients, respectively) and included left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, infarct size, and microvascular obstruction. Primary end point was the 12-month MACE rate consisting of death, reinfarction, and new congestive heart failure. In the derivation cohort, LV ejection fraction ≤47%, infarct size ≥19%LV, and microvascular obstruction ≥1.4%LV were identified as the best cutoff values for MACE prediction. According to the hazard ratios in multivariable regression analysis, the CMR risk score was created by attributing 1 point for LV ejection fraction ≤47%, 1 point for infarct size ≥19%LV, and 2 points for microvascular obstruction ≥1.4%LV. In the validation cohort, the score showed a good prediction of MACE (area under the curve: 0.76). Stratification into a low (0/1 point) and high-risk group (≥2 points) resulted in significantly higher MACE rates in high-risk patients (9.0% versus 2.2%;
P
=0.001). Inclusion of the CMR score in addition to a model of clinical risk factors led to a significant increase of C statistics from 0.74 to 0.83 (
P
=0.037), a net reclassification improvement of 0.18 (
P
=0.009), and an integrated discriminative improvement of 0.04 (
P
=0.010).

Conclusions—

Our approach integrates the prognostic information of CMR imaging into a simple risk score that showed incremental prognostic value over clinical risk factors in ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction patients.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifiers: NCT00712101 and NCT02158468.
Sickle Mice Are Sensitive to Hypoxia/Ischemia-Induced Stroke but Respond to Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Treatment
Authors: Sun Yu-Yo , Lee Jolly , Huang Henry , Wagner Mary B. , Joiner Clinton H. , Archer David R. , Kuan Chia-Yi
Published: November 2017

Background and Purpose—

The effects of lytic stroke therapy in patients with sickle cell anemia are unknown, although a recent study suggested that coexistent sickle cell anemia does not increase the risk of cerebral hemorrhage. This finding calls for systemic analysis of the effects of thrombolytic stroke therapy, first in humanized sickle mice, and then in patients. There is also a need for additional predictive markers of sickle cell anemia-associated vasculopathy.

Methods—

We used Doppler ultrasound to examine the carotid artery of Townes sickle mice tested their responses to repetitive mild hypoxia–ischemia- and transient hypoxia–ischemia-induced stroke at 3 or 6 months of age, respectively. We also examined the effects of tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) treatment in transient hypoxia–ischemia-injured sickle mice.

Results—

Three-month-old sickle cell (SS) mice showed elevated resistive index in the carotid artery and higher sensitivity to repetitive mild hypoxia–ischemia-induced cerebral infarct. Six-month-old SS mice showed greater resistive index and increased flow velocity without obstructive vasculopathy in the carotid artery. Instead, the cerebral vascular wall in SS mice showed ectopic expression of PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) and P-selectin, suggesting a proadhesive and prothrombotic propensity. Indeed, SS mice showed enhanced leukocyte and platelet adherence to the cerebral vascular wall, broader fibrin deposition, and higher mortality after transient hypoxia–ischemia. Yet, post-transient hypoxia–ischemia treatment with tPA reduced thrombosis and mortality in SS mice.

Conclusions—

Sickle mice are sensitive to hypoxia/ischemia-induced cerebral infarct but benefit from thrombolytic treatment. An increased resistive index in carotid arteries may be an early marker of sickle cell vasculopathy.
Whole Grain Consumption and Risk of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Juan Juan , Liu Gang , Willett Walter C. , Hu Frank B. , Rexrode Kathryn M. , Sun Qi
Published: November 2017

Background and Purpose—

Higher intake of whole grains may exert cardiometabolic benefits, although findings on stroke risk are inconclusive. The potentially differential effects of individual whole grain foods on ischemic stroke have not been examined.

Methods—

We analyzed whole grain consumption in relation to ischemic stroke among 71 750 women from the Nurses’ Health Study and 42 823 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study who were free of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer at baseline (1984 and 1986, respectively) through 2010 using a Cox proportional hazards model. Validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires were used to assess consumption of whole grain intake, including whole grain cold breakfast cereal, dark bread, oatmeal, brown rice, popcorn, bran, and germ. Self-reported incident cases of ischemic stroke were confirmed through medical record review.

Results—

During 2 820 128 person-years of follow-up in the 2 cohorts, 2458 cases of ischemic stroke were identified and confirmed. Intake of total whole grains was not associated with risk of ischemic stroke after adjustment for covariates: the pooled hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) comparing extreme intake levels was 1.04 (0.91–1.19). However, intake of whole grain cold breakfast cereal and total bran was inversely associated with ischemic stroke after multivariate adjustment: the pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.88 (0.80–0.96;
P
trend
=0.008) and 0.89 (0.79–1.00;
P
trend
=0.004), respectively. Other whole grain foods were not associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke.

Conclusions—

Although overall consumption of whole grains was not associated with lower risk of ischemic stroke, greater consumption of whole grain cold breakfast cereal and bran was significantly associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke. More studies are needed to replicate these associations between individual whole grain foods and risk of ischemic stroke among other populations.
Lodewijk de Bils’ and Tobias Andreae’s Cartesian Bodies: Embalmment Experiments, Medical Controversies and Mechanical Philosophy
Authors: Omodeo Pietro Daniel
Published: November 2017

This essay concerns the penetration of Cartesian ideas into medical practices and theories related to new anatomical techniques in the mid seventeenth century, and with their transfer from the Netherlands to Flanders and Germany. It begins with an overview of debates on embalmment and dissection, which were provoked by the work of the Flemish anatomical practitioner Lodewijk de Bils (1624-1671). The presence of Cartesian themes in these debates is here considered, followed by an examination of the reception and implementation of De Bils’ techniques by medical Cartesians in Germany, with a focus on the embalmment experiments conducted in Frankfurt (Oder) by De Bils’ former assistant, professor Tobias Andreae (1633-1685), and finally, an assessment of the Cartesian framework underlying these medical experimentation and debates.
Collingwood, Scientism and Historicism
Authors: D’Oro Giuseppina , Connelly James
Published: November 2017

The philosophy of history is undergoing something of a revival. Much has happened since its heyday in the 1960s when methodological discussions concerning the structure of explanation in history and the natural sciences were central to the philosophical agenda. This introduction revisits Collingwood’s contribution to the philosophy of history, his views on the relation between science and history, and the possibility of historical knowledge suggesting his work is of enduring relevance to contemporary debates. It locates his contribution in the context of the hermeneutic tradition and locates his defence of the methodological autonomy of history in the context of recent debates concerning the relation between science and the history of the philosophy of science.
Collingwood, Idealism, Realism, and the Possibility of Historical Knowledge
Authors: Lord Timothy C.
Published: November 2017

Collingwood argued that most theories of knowledge in English, up to his time, had been based on perception and scientific thinking; thus, if true, they made history impossible. So how is historical knowledge possible? Collingwood argued that only an idealistic philosophy can account for the possibility of historical knowledge. Consequently he integrated with his idealist theory of history a forceful and damaging critique of the “naive realism” of his day. In this paper I defend Collingwood’s idealist answer to this question, demonstrating how he hoped to broaden the scope of English epistemology through his anti-realist philosophy of history. I also analyze a recently theorized and purportedly more sophisticated form of historical realism which has been theorized by Chris Lorenz. Lorenz borrows Putnam’s notion of internal realism to argue for a historical realism which can account for knowledge of the real past. I argue that internal realism fails as historical realism. Collingwood’s idealism is a better response to relativism as well as naive realism than is internal realism. I conclude that Collingwood’s answer to the question of historical knowledge – which as I show, is Kantian in character – demanded of him, and perhaps demands of us today, a break with the dominant philosophies of perception, truth, and logic.
Collingwood, Bradley, and Critical History
Authors: DeVall Robert F.
Published: November 2017

Collingwood argues in The Idea of History that we should reject the common-sense theory of history because it uses what he calls the “scissors and paste” approach that connects the reports of authorities about past events without critical analysis. Collingwood proclaims that Bradley initiates a Copernican revolution in history that makes the historian and his or her experiences the judge and jury of the eyewitnesses. However, he believes Bradley is silent concerning the constructive element that “fills the gaps” left behind in the records of the past. I believe Collingwood may have overlooked this aspect of Bradley’s thought because, if we look to passages in The Presuppositions, he implicitly argues for a constructive element along with the critical attitude. Since both think history is critical, their agreement on the historian being the criterion brings up interesting philosophical problems concerning subjectivism.
Promise and Disillusionment in the Shape of a Woman: Conquistadors in Florida and New France, A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Murphree Daniel
Published: November 2017

The purpose of this study is to provide greater insight into the power of native women as understood by sixteenth century North American conquistadors by juxtaposing two analogous but geographically distinct settings. Depictions of women in New France by Jacques Cartier, Samuel Champlain and their followers in the northern borderlands of North America are compared to those depictions made by Hernando de Soto, Pedro Menendez de Avilés and their contemporaries during the same general period in the southern borderlands (Florida). The accounts of these figures, who came from varied backgrounds and promoted differing world views, provide evidence for the earliest foundations of the “imperial gaze” in reference to distant poles along North America's eastern seaboard. They also demonstrate the key role that native women played in orchestrating intercultural encounters with conquistadors during the sixteenth century.
“Urban Refugees: Fugitive Slaves and Spaces of Informal Freedom in the American South”
Authors: Pargas Damian Alan
Published: November 2017

Slave flight in the antebellum South did not always coincide with the political geography of freedom. Indeed, spaces and places within the South attracted the largest number of fugitive slaves, especially southern cities, where runaway slaves attempted to pass for free blacks. Disguising themselves within the slaveholding states rather than risk long-distance flight attempts to formally free territories such as the northern us, Canada, and Mexico, fugitive slaves in southern cities attempted to escape slavery by crafting clandestine lives for themselves in what I am calling “informal” freedom—a freedom that did not exist on paper and had no legal underpinnings, but that existed in practice, in the shadows. This article briefly examines the experiences of fugitive slaves who fled to southern cities in the antebellum period (roughly 1800–1860). It touches upon themes such as the motivations for fleeing to urban areas, the networks that facilitated such flight attempts, and, most importantly, the lot of runaway slaves after arrival in urban areas.
Between Heterodox and Sunni Orthodox Islam: The Bektaşi Order in the Nineteenth Century and Its Opponents
Authors: Abu-Manneh Butrus
Published: November 2017

In the first quarter of the nineteenth century Ottoman society, especially in cities suffered from a dichotomy. On the one hand there existed for several centuries the Bektaşi which was heterodox order. But in the eighteenth century there started to expand from India a new sufi order: the Naqshbandi – Mujaddidi order known to have been a shari’a minded and highly orthodox order. The result was a dichotomy between religious trends the clash between which reached a high level in 1826. Following the destruction of the janissaries, the Bektaşi order lost its traditional protector and few weeks later was abolished. But a generation later it started to experience a beginning of a revival and by the mid 1860s it started to practice unhindered. But after the rise of Sultan Abdülhamid ii (in 1876) the Bektaşis were again forced to practice clandestinely. However, they supported Mustafa Kemal in the national struggle.
Gliophorus flavoviridis, a new species in the family Hygrophoraceae from India
Authors: SINGH UPENDRA , DAS KANAD , VIZZINI ALFREDO , BHATT RAJENDRA P. , UNIYAL PRIYANKA , MEHMOOD TAHIR
Published: November 2017

Gliophorus flavoviridis (sect. Gliophorus) a new species and lookalike of European G. psittacinus is described and illustrated from Indian Himalaya based on the morphological characters and phylogenetic inference. This species is mainly characterized by a yellowish green slightly viscid pileus with a translucent-striate, crisped margin, yellowish sinuate lamellae with various lengths of lamellulae, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid basidiospores, basal non-toruloid clamp connections on basidia, an ixotrichoderm type of pileipellis and stipitipellis, and an absence of ixocheilocystidia. The present communication deals with the morphology and nrITS-based phylogeny of this undescribed species. Allied taxa are duly compared.
Taxonomic and nomenclatorial revision within the Neotropical genera of the subtribe Odontocheilina W. Horn in a new sense—19. Odontocheila microptera nom. nov., a new replacement name for O. euryoides W. Horn, 1922, and lectotype designation of O. nitidicollis (Dejean, 1825) (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)
Authors: MORAVEC JIŘÍ , HUBER RONALD , BRZOSKA DAVID
Published: November 2017

A new replacement name Odontocheila microptera nom. nov. for Odontocheila euryoides W. Horn, 1922 that is a junior primary homonym of Odontocheila bennigseni euryoides W. Horn, 1906 (currently Euryarthron bennigseni euryoides), is introduced. It has been confirmed that O. microptera, due to its atrophic thoracic wings, is the only flightless species of the genus and of the whole subtribe Odontocheilina W. Horn, 1899 sensu Moravec (2012). Redescription and illustrations of the habitus, diagnostic characters and biotope of this hitherto little know species, as well as of the similar O. nitidicollis (Dejean, 1825), along with the lectotype designation of the latter, are presented. Distributions and habitat of both species are treated and discussed.
Description of two new species of Lithoxus (Hypostominae: Loricariidae) from rio Jari and rio Amapá basins, Brazilian Guiana Shield
Authors: SILVA GABRIEL S. C. , COVAIN RAPHAEL , OLIVEIRA CLAUDIO , ROXO FÁBIO F.
Published: November 2017

Two new species of Lithoxus, a genus diagnosed by possessing a dorsoventrally depressed body, a large round oral disk, and small tooth cusps with few teeth, are described from two drainages of the Guiana Shield: Lithoxus jariensis from the rio Jari basin and L. raso from the rio Raso, rio Amapá basin. The new species, L. jariensis, is distinguished from congeners by having an adipose fin, by the number of branched anal-fin and caudal-fin rays, by color pattern of the body, number of teeth, adipose-fin length, dorsal adipose-caudal distance, caudal peduncle depth, cleithral width, and dorsal-anal distance. Lithoxus raso can be diagnosed from congeners by coloration pattern, by having an adipose fin, by the number of branched anal-fin rays, number of teeth, adipose-fin length, dorsal adipose–caudal distance, caudal peduncle depth, and cleithral width. Greater genetic divergence in mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) confirms L. jariensis and L. raso as two new species.
The Role of Near-Core Convective and Stratiform Heating/Cooling in Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity
Authors: Chen Guanghua , Wu Chun-Chieh , Huang Yi-Hsuan
Published: November 2017

The effects of convective and stratiform diabatic processes in the near-core region on tropical cyclone (TC) structure and intensity change are examined by artificially modifying the convective and stratiform heating/cooling between 40- and 80-km radii. Sensitivity experiments show that the absence of convective heating in the annulus can weaken TC intensity and decrease the inner-core size. The increased convective heating generates a thick and polygonal eyewall, while the storm intensifies more gently than that in the control run. The removal of stratiform heating can slow down TC intensification with a moderate intensity, whereas the doubling of stratiform heating has little effect on the TC evolution compared to the control run. The halved stratiform cooling facilitates TC rapid intensification and a compact inner-core structure with the spiral rainbands largely suppressed. With the stratiform cooling doubled, the storm terminates intensification and eventually develops a double-eyewall-like structure accompanied by the significantly outward expansion of the inner-core size. The removal of both stratiform heating and cooling generates the strongest storm with the structure and intensity similar to those in the experiment with stratiform cooling halved. When both stratiform heating and cooling are doubled, the storm first decays rapidly, followed by the vertical connection of the updrafts at mid- to upper levels in the near-core region and at lower levels in the collapsed eyewall, which reinvigorates the eyewall convection but with a large outward slope.
A Consistent Sea-Level Reconstruction and Its Budget on Basin and Global Scales over 1958–2014
Authors: Frederikse Thomas , Jevrejeva Svetlana , Riva Riccardo E. M. , Dangendorf Sönke
Published: November 2017

Different sea level reconstructions show a spread in sea level rise over the last six decades and it is not yet certain whether the sum of contributors explains the reconstructed rise. Possible causes for this spread are, among others, vertical land motion at tide-gauge locations and the sparse sampling of the spatially variable ocean. To assess these open questions, reconstructed sea level and the role of the contributors are investigated on a local, basin, and global scale. High-latitude seas are excluded. Tide-gauge records are combined with observations of vertical land motion, independent estimates of ice-mass loss, terrestrial water storage, and barotropic atmospheric forcing in a self-consistent framework to reconstruct sea level changes on basin and global scales, which are compared to the estimated sum of contributing processes. For the first time, it is shown that for most basins the reconstructed sea level trend and acceleration can be explained by the sum of contributors, as well as a large part of the decadal variability. The sparsely sampled South Atlantic Ocean forms an exception. The global-mean sea level reconstruction shows a trend of 1.5 ± 0.2 mm yr−1 over 1958–2014 (1σ), compared to 1.3 ± 0.1 mm yr−1 for the sum of contributors. Over the same period, the reconstruction shows a positive acceleration of 0.07 ± 0.02 mm yr−2, which is also in agreement with the sum of contributors, which shows an acceleration of 0.07 ± 0.01 mm yr−2. Since 1993, both reconstructed sea level and the sum of contributors show good agreement with altimetry estimates.
Keeping up with the Joneses: Industry rivalry, commitment to frames and sensemaking failures
Authors: Pazzaglia Federica , Farrell Maeve , Sonpar Karan , Martin de Holan Pablo
Published: November 2017

Drawing on a qualitative study of the banking crisis in Ireland, we examine how a cognitive frame of environmental conditions that is shared among industry rivals constrains their ability to act on the cues of slowly incubating threats. We find that shared frames are reinforced through social comparisons that prompt imitation and through their enactment that prompts a reconfiguration of internal control structures and power relationships. The reinforcement of a shared frame dulls the emerging cues of changing market conditions and weakens perception of the risks of staying the course. A core contribution of this study is to highlight the cognitive and political processes by which a shared frame solidifies within an industry, trapping organizations in their enacted environment and resulting in their collective failure.
Women on corporate boards: Do they advance corporate social responsibility?
Authors: Cook Alison , Glass Christy
Published: November 2017

Do women board directors change how companies do business? Firms face growing pressure to appoint more women to their boards of directors, yet little is known about the factors that enable female directors to impact their organizations. This study analyzes the representational thresholds that facilitate women’s leadership in the area of corporate social responsibility. We test the predictions of token theory and critical mass theory to evaluate the ability of women to impact firm outcomes based on their numerical representation on the board of directors. Our analysis focuses on board composition and organizational outcomes in the Fortune 500 from 2001 to 2010. Our findings challenge the theoretical assumptions that solo and token women are unable to exert significant influence over their organizations, and underscore the importance of board diversity for today’s firms.
Invisible Digital Front: Can Cyber Attacks Shape Battlefield Events?
Authors: Kostyuk Nadiya , Zhukov Yuri M.
Published: November 2017

Recent years have seen growing concern over the use of cyber attacks in wartime, but little evidence that these new tools of coercion can change battlefield events. We present the first quantitative analysis of the relationship between cyber activities and physical violence during war. Using new event data from the armed conflict in Ukraine—and additional data from Syria’s civil war—we analyze the dynamics of cyber attacks and find that such activities have had little or no impact on fighting. In Ukraine—one of the first armed conflicts where both sides deployed such tools extensively—cyber activities failed to compel discernible changes in battlefield behavior. Indeed, hackers on both sides have had difficulty responding to battlefield events, much less shaping them. An analysis of conflict dynamics in Syria produces similar results: the timing of cyber actions is independent of fighting on the ground. Our finding—that cyber attacks are not (yet) effective as tools of coercion in war—has potentially significant implications for other armed conflicts with a digital front.
Book Review: Ananta Kumar Giri (ed.), New Horizons of Human Development
Authors: Bhattacharya Niloshree
Published: November 2017

Ananta Kumar Giri (ed.), New Horizons of Human Development. New Delhi: Studera Press, 2015, xxxiv + 51 pp., ₹2495 (hardback), ISBN 978-81-939333-5-7.