bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THEORY AND REALITY IN ALLOCATING FEDERAL RESOURCES TO WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Waters Robert C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Federal spending on water resource development projects exceeds $10 billion annually. This paper examines the economic theory and practice on which the Federal water resource development plans are based. Existing theoretical and applied problems result in overinvestment. These include 1) no standard of value for the tradeoff of environmental objectives with economic objectives; 2) benefits based on “willingness to pay,” but beneficiaries pay only a fraction of a project's costs; 3) beneficiaries “shop around” among program purposes in order to reduce their commitments; and 4) benefit/cost (B/C) analyses are based on a discount rate, which is consistently below the Federal borrowing rate. Furthermore, the Government Accounting Office (GAO) frequently finds that the agency regulations are inadequate and result in inconsistent and questionable benefit computations. The President has proposed a series of water policy reforms, to reduce some of the apparent overinvestment in water resource development, but fundmental corrective action rests with the members of Congress.
FLOODPLAIN DELINEATION: AN ECONOMIC APPROACH1
Authors: Hughes William C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Errors inherent in the conputation of water surface profiles are magnified by the shallow lateral slopes typical of most flood‐plains, producing significant floodplain mapping errors. An economic optimization procedure which weighs the cost of overstating the location of a floodplain boundary against the cost of understanding the location provides a means for establishing the boundary location. In most cases the cost of overstating the boundary location exceeds the cost of understating the location by several magnitudes so that the boundary location should coincide with the minimum water surface elevation which would be expected to result from a flood of specified recurrence interval.
EVALUATION OF PRACTICES IN WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING1
Authors: Hawley Mark E. , MCCuen Richard H. , Moreland Ronald E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Snowmelt runoff is a primary source of water supply in much of the Western United States. Multipurpose planning requires long‐range forecasts and the accuracy of the forecasts has a significant effect on economic benefits. In an effort to increase the accuracy of snowrnelt runoff forecasts, selected practices in water supply forecasting were evaluated. These practices include 1) using multiple regression in developing forecasting models;2) using a model that was calibrated to make forecasts an April 1 for making forecasts at other times;3) using maximum snow water equivalent measurements in forecast equations; and 4) using weighted snow water equivalent measurements for making forecasts. The results of a case study indicate that forecasting accuracy is significantly affected by these practices. Goodness‐of‐fit statistics may not be indicative of the accuracy of forecasts when the prediction equations are used to make forecasts for dates other than that used in calibration. The use of maximum snow water equivalentmeasurements and weighted averages did not improve forecast accuracy.
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF THE HALIFAX RIVER, FLORIDA1
Authors: Scholl James E. , Heaney James P. , Huber Wayne C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An application of the receiving water block of the EPA Storm Water management Model (SWMM) is presented to quantify water quality impacts and evaluated control alternatives for a 208 areawide waste water management plan in Volusia Country, Florida. The water quality impact analyses were conducted for dry‐and wet‐weather conditions to simulate dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorides, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in the Halifax Rivers, Florida, a 40‐kilometer‐long tidal estuary located on the Atlantic coast of Florida near Daytona Beach. Dry‐weather analysis was performed using conventional 7‐day, 10‐year low flow conditions to determine a set of unit transfer coefficients which estimate the pollutant concentration transferred to any point in the estuary from a constant unit discharge of pollutants at the existing waste water treatment plant outfall locations. Wet‐weather analysis was performed by continuous simulation of a typical three‐month summer wet season in Florida. Three‐month cumulative duration curves of DO, TN and TP concentrations were constructed to estimate the relative value of controlling urban runoff of waste water treatment plant effluent on the Halifax River. The three‐month continuous simulation indicated that the greatest change in DO, TN, and TP duration curves is possible by abatement of waste water treatment plant pollution.
IDENTIFICATION OF TRAINING NEEDS FOR PUBLIC PARTICIPATION RESPONSIBILITIES1
Authors: Ertel Madge O.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The research project reported here surveyed planners in Coastal Zone Management and “208” programs in New England to determine the nature of their educational and experiential preparation for carrying out public participation functions, and to identify the planners’ own perceptions of the relative importance of those functions and their adequacy for performing them. Criteria for effective programming were developed and used as a standard for comparing various backgrounds with capability for performing necessary tasks. The research indicates that prior planning experience is more directly related to perceived adequacy than either academic or other experiential backgrounds. The survey also revealed a predominant emphasis on activities involving direct public conduct, e.g., organizing citizen advisory groups and conducting public meetings. The results of the analysis were used to make recommendations for curriculum topics that should be incorporated into the training of professional planners so that they will be better prepared to undertake public participation responsibilities. Those recommendations stress preparation for direct public contact, but also for training in other means of public involvement, such as media contact, that are not now being carried out with comparable emphasis or effectiveness.
LAKE LEVEL DRAWDOWN AS A MACROPHYTE CONTROL TECHNIQUE1
Authors: Cooke G. Dennis
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Lake drawdown as a management or restoration technique for controlling macrophytes in eutrophic lakes is reviewed for effectiveness, longevity, and positive and negative impacts. Drawdown can be effective but is species specific, and some nuisance plants are resistant or stimulated. The responses of 63 nuisance plants are reviewed. Advantages of the technique include low cost, absence of toxic chemicals, enhancement of fisheries, and the opportunity to carry out other lake improvements. Drawbacks include nutrient release, algal blooms, low dissolved oxygen, lake user dissatisfaction during the process, and failure to refill. The technique is recommended for situations where susceptible species are the major nuisance and where prolonged (1–2 months) dewatering of sediments under rigorous conditions of heat or cold is possible.
THE EFFECTS OF RECENT CHANGES IN ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION ON THE HYDROLOGY OF THE KANKAKEE RIVER1
Authors: Davis Jerry M. , Hidore John J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In North America the four successive winters from 1974‐1975 through 1977–1978 were very different from each other in terms of atmospheric circulation and resulting surface weather conditions. The first year of the sequence there was a near normal circulation pattern. The following years were characterized by the gradual amplification of an upper atmosphere ridge over the West Coast coupled with an eastward displacement of a long‐wave trough east of the Rocky Mountains. These changes in circulation brought below normal temperatures to the Midwest, below normal precipition and increasing snowfall which reached record levels in February 1978. These atmospheric changes brought about changes in the flow of the Kankakee River‐Total runoff in the winter half‐year dropped as precipitation and temperatures dropped; there was a marked retarding of winter runoff and the yield of the watershed increased.
INTERNATIONAL DECADE ON DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION1
Authors: McDonald John W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The UN conference on Human Settlements (HABITAT) held in June 1976 at Vancouver, Canada, concluded that nearly two‐thirds of the population of the developing world lacked access to safe drinking water and that a larger proportion lacked the means for hygienic human waste disposal. The conference urged governments to give priority to these two areas in their developement process. In March 1977, the UN Water Conference, held at Mar del Plata, Argentina, called for establishing the 1980's as the Decade for Drinking Water and Sanitation. The goal would be to bring clean water and sanitation to all peoples in the world by 1990. Since March 1979, four separate UN bodies have passed resolutions supporting the Decade and calling on all governments to support the Decade's goals. The U.S. Government, other OECD member states, and the private sector must combine to make this Decade a success.
WASTE WATER DISPOSAL THROUGH A COASTAL AQUIFER1
Authors: Khan Irfan A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Feasibility of disposing treated sewage in wells sunk into a partially confined coastal limestone aquifer at Waimanalo in the island of Oahu was investigated using an electric analog model. Electric analog modeling was preferred over digital modeling because of ease with which tides could be generated at the ocean boundary in the form of sinusoidal waves. The results of model operation showed that high permeability, low storativity, and the presence of ocean render the Waimanalo aquifer highly suitable for the disposal of waste water in deep wells. Since the quality of water in the aquifer is already unsuitable for municipal, industrial, or agricultural use, waste water injection will not result in any loss of fresh water supply source to the island. It is also believed that the cost of waste water disposal through the aquifer will be considerably less than that through an ocean outfall. During model development it was discovered that electric analog models can help prepare certain graphs which can be useful for aquifer analysis without any further use of the model.
EUTROPHICATION MEASURES FOR SMALL LAKE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Ciecka James , Fabian Robert , Merilatt Dan
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Continuous measures of water quality responsiveness to changes in nutrient loadings are developed for use by environmental regulators attempting to achieve the greatest degree of water quality improvement consistent with competing uses of scarce resources. Recent contributions to the literature, based upon the nutrient loading concept, provide statistical relationships applicable to broad categories of lakes. In order to meet the requirements of water quality regulators, equations based upon USEPA survey data are developed in terms of the functional forms formulated and tested in the literature. Since recent authors have observed that much existing survey data are inappropriate for the formulation and testing of nutrient loading relationships, we have utilized results from the literature that work best with the existing data base, on grounds that such data are most inexpensively available to water quality managers. The nature of existing data limitations is discussed, and approaches to the revision of current results in light of improvements in the data base are indicated.
SEARCH: A GAGED WATERSHED INVENTORY1
Authors: Black Peter E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A method, adapted to an APL interactive terminal, is described which allows the operator to thoroughly search a large set of gaged watersheds in order to find sources of comparable hydrologic data for detailed analysis. Bases of the search ‐ and inventory ‐ include drainage basin size and elevation, and geographical and temporal parameters, and should enhance opportunities for more reliable use of existing data.
A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR THE MIGRATION OF LEACHATE FROM A SANITARY LANDFILL IN LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK ‐ PART I: THEORY1
Authors: Gureghian A. B. , Ward D. S. , Cleary R. W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A two‐dimensional mathematical model for the migration of ground water contamination was developed. The finite element method using isoparametric elements, based on the Galerkin formulation and on weighting functions of nonsymmetric form, was used to formulate the numerical description of the convective‐dispersive mass transport equation. A comparison of two solution schemes with a new two‐dimensional analytical solution is presented. A field application of the model to the leachate migration from the Babylon sanitary landfill in Long Island, New York, presented in a subsequent paper will exemplify the calibration and verification of transport model parameters.
THE USE OF LANDSAT IMAGERY IN GROUND WATER EXPLORATION1
Authors: Foster Kennith E. , Schowengerdt Robert A. , Glass Charles E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water supplies in Arizona are becoming increasingly limited because municipal, industrial, and agricultural consumption depletes ground water reserves by three million acre‐feet annually.

Additional demands are being created by electric power generation, particularly in northeastern Arizona where ground water pumpage is expected to escalate by sixfold during the next 10 years. The results of a study to determine the ease and feasibility of using satellite imagery as a tool in exploring for new sources of ground water are reported. Lineaments detected on Landsat images of two sites were mapped and correlated with well data in the two study areas by means of well centered grid model. The correlations developed between lineament density and water well data in the two study sites support the hypothesis that a relationship exists between regional geologic structure and the presence of ground water.
AN ECONOMIST'S VIEW OF DEMAND PROJECTIONS CONSIDERING CONSERVATION1
Authors: Morgan W. Douglas
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This report places the engineering estimates of water conservation made by Sonnen and Evenson into the supply demand form used by most economists. Clarification is made concerning evaluation of conservation elasticities.
EFFICIENTLY REDUCING NONPOINT PHOSPHORUS LOADS TO LAKES AND RESERVOIRS1
Authors: Ogg Clayton W. , Heimlich Ralph , Pionke Harry
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Several problems that make it difficult to deal with water pollution from cropland are identified. The most immediate need is for a rational framework for determining where conservation programs can make an impact on eutrophication problems in reservoirs draining rural watersheds. This includes estimating the level of control that would be required for each local farm situation and the economic impacts for the planning area. A modeling approach is suggested for a planning area in Southeastern Pennsylvania.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMPACTS OF A WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT1
Authors: Long Roger B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: At a time in history when water resource development in the United States is being condemned as both economically inefficient and an environmental disaster, perhaps economists need to look back at previous development to see what the fruits of water development (be they sweet or sour) have been. The Boise Project of south‐western Idaho is 70 years old and to some people it represents a gross error in resource use, while to others it represents a means of livelihood and well being. A recent research project at the University of Idaho attempted to measure not only the direct economic income benefits of the project (from irrigation), but also the indirect or secondary income benefits (from the food processing industry). Periodic regional input‐output tables were constructed to assess the income generated from irrigation and food processing over the period from 1946 to 1970. Input‐output analysis allowed researchers to evaluate the direct and indirect impacts of both the irrigation sector and the food processing sector and to compare their growth over time.
A RETROSPECTIVE BENEFIT‐COST ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS IN THE CUMBERLAND RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Martin W. Joseph , Thackston Edward L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A retrospective benefit‐cost analysis of major water resources projects in the Cumberland River basin was conducted. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' projects selected were Dale Hollow, Wolf Creek, Center Hill, and J. Percy Priest Reservoirs. The ex‐post performance of the evaluated reservoirs were compared to the ex‐ante estimates.

Benefits and costs for each project were deflated to their base year and respective average annual values for each of these components were calculated. An ex‐post benefit‐cost ratio was determined for each project, as well as the combined system. The benefit‐cost ratio for each project surpassed unity. The actual ratio as compared to the ex‐ante estimate for each project is as follows: Dale Hollow, 1.24 to 1.46; Wolf Creek, 1.40 to 1.53; Center Hill, 1.17 to 2.02; and J. Percy Priest, 1.45 to 1.6. The internal rate of return was also determined for each project.

The results obtained for each project are tabulated and discussed with consideration given to factors effecting the economic evaluation of the projects.
PROJECTED EFFECTS OF ENERGY POLICIES ON AGRICULTURAL WATER USE AND IRRIGATION1
Authors: Heady Earl O. , English Burton C. , Dvoskin Dan
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A national and interregional programming model was used in projecting the impacts of alternative energy policies and prices on agricultural production, land use, and irrigation. The alternatives analyzed include (a) natural gas deregulation, (b) natural gas curtailment, (c) doubled energy prices, and (d) tripled energy prices. These alternatives are compared with a base alternative where prices and conditions are at normal levels. Restraints in the model control availability of water, land, nitrogen fertilizers, and energy. Water production functions were used to adjust water use to conform with projected energy prices and policies. Natural gas curtailment would have the largest effect on nitrogen use on irrigated land. Values or shadow prices for lands that remains in irrigation would increase under all of the alternatives because of reduced supply. Increased energy prices generally would increase use of surface water for irrigation and reduce use of ground water due to higher pumping costs. Reductions of 50 percent or more in ground water use would occur in the South Central and Western regions of the United States. Water supply prices increase under all of the alternatives; with the amount varying by regions and the policy or price situation.
NUTRIENT CONTENT OF CROP CANOPY THROUGHFALL PRECIPITATION IN EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA1
Authors: White E. M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Nutrient contents of canopy throughfall precipitation (TFP) from fertilized and unfertilized crops were analyzed and compared to determine the importance of fertilization on this source of nutrients in runoff. Continuous barley, corn, oats, rye, and wheat plots, that had been unfertilized since 1941 and divided and half fertilized since 1959, were studied. TFP soluble PO4, total PO4, and soluble K amounts were usually larger from fertilized plots in comparison to unfertilized ones but the differences usually were not significant. NH4‐N and NO3‐N may have been adsorbed from precipitation by corn canopies.
IRRIGATION WATER AND SURFACE RUNOFF QUALITY AND QUANTITY IN CARSON VALLEY, NEVADA1
Authors: Guitjens J. C. , Miller W. W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Best management practices for irrigated agriculture are not restricted to the control of sediments in the return flow. Salts and nutrient loading and oxygen depletion are also of environmental concern. Since knowledge of waste loading returned from agricultural irrigation is limited, specific characterization of irrigatin and runoff water quality should precede corrective measures. In 1974, 1975 and 1976, four study sites with in a 50,000‐acre irrigated area were monitored to characterize the quantity and quality of irrigation water and surface return flow. Simple correlatins among constituents showed strong relationships among BOD, TP, PO4,‐P, and No3‐N. Least significant difference tests among seasonal means of change‐in‐load per irrigation showed that only TDS and PO4‐P were significant.
IMPACT OF FLOOD HAZARD ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUES IN GALT (CAMBRIDGE), ONTARIO1
Authors: Babcock Marion , Mitchell Bruce
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This study is an examination of the relationship between flooding and property values for an urban community in southwestern Ontario which has a lengthy history of flooding. As well, peoples’perceptions of the effect of flooding on property values is discussed. Analysis of sales prices and assessment data demonstrated no statistically significant differences in values of property for residences located in high‐ and low‐risk areas either before or after a major flood in 1974. With both the high‐ and low‐risk areas, sales prices after the 1974 flood were significantly higher than sales prices before the flood. The perceived property values followed a similar pattern. We concluded that differences in flood risk and flood experience did not adversely affect actual or perceived long‐term property values.
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF RANGELAND INFILTRATION RATES1
Authors: Springer Everett P. , Gifford Gerald F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Spatial variability of infiltration rates was examined for a site in southern Idaho. Data used represented 13 sampling dates over a 5‐year period. Samples initially were taken within a native big sagebrush community, again after plowing and seeding to crested and intermediate wheatgrass, and then while the seeded area was being grazed by domestic livestock. Results indicate that either a normal or log normal distribution may be adequate for describing measured infiltration rates.
ANALYSIS OF FIRM WATER SUPPLY UNDER COMPLEX INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS1
Authors: M John , Labadie John W. , Jones E. Bruce
Published: June 2007

River basin computer simulation studies often do not properly include the complex legal and institutional factors governing water allocation. These factors include formal water rights and informal borrowing agreements among the basin water users. An attempt has been made in this study to show that such factors can be included. We also show that an optimal, integrated approach to reservoir operations in a river basin can do much to alleviate the burden of new demands placed on available water resources. The procurement of a firm water supply for a proposed coal fired power plant is analyzed as a case study. An efficient river basin simulation model is used to determine the viability of a scheme for providing an annual firm water supply to the plant, with consideration of the existing water storage and demands within the basin. Given the hydrologic sequence considered, the model results show that the proposed strategy is viable in that the required firm water supply can be realized without causing harm to decreed water users in the basin. However, integrated diversion and reservoir operations are required to assure a desirable uniform rate of delivery of reusable effluent to the power plant.
CASE STUDIES OF AGRICULTURAL WATER CONSERVATION1
Authors: Sonnen Michael B. , Dendy Bill B. , Lindstrom Kris P.
Published: June 2007

Farmers from four irrigation districts in Texas and California were questioned about water conservation practices they are now using, those they plan to adopt, and potential incentives that government might offer to induce still further water conservation on their part. While responses differed somewhat from place to place and among individual farmers, the general results were: a) farmers reported that “water conservation” is not new to them, it is something they practice regularly; b) recent innovations such as laser controlled land leveling devices have permitted some substantial water use reductions in recent years; and c) even greater incentive mechanisms that government could provide and that farmers would accept as useful incentives, such as long term low interest loans for water saving equipment, would probably not be able to reduce water use in agriculture much further than 15 percent below current levels. It is recommended nonetheless that Federal agencies and local water districts and individuals should nonetheless pursue water conservation training and education programs, demonstrations of conjunctive use and water banking opportunities for water saving, and increased loan programs for installation of water saving equipment.
SUSPENDED SEDIMENT PRODUCTION FROM FORESTED WATERSHEDS ON OAHU, HAWAII1
Authors: Doty R. D. , Wood H. B. , Merriam R. A.
Published: June 2007

Suspended sediment from forested and agricultural watersheds was sampled over a five‐year period on the island of Oahu. A variety of storm conditions were sampled, giving a measure of the extreme variability in suspended sediment production. Total annual suspended sediment from all watersheds sampled ranged from 8400 kg/km2 to 617,000 kg/km2. Normally, about 90 percent of the total suspended sediment was produced during less than 2 percent of the time. Suspended sediment concentrations rapidly increased during rising stream flow resulting from rain storms. Time to peak of less than two hours is common, with a similarly rapid return to prestorm conditions. The data presented indicate the great variability of suspended sediment yields, making establishment of effective standards difficult.
OPERATING POLICIES FOR A SURFACE/GROUND WATER SYSTEM1
Authors: Rushton K. R. , Tomlinson L. M.
Published: June 2007

The simulation of the conjunctive use of a surface reservoir and a limestone aquifer is described. The potential yields from each of the sources are of the same order. An important feature of the aquifer is that if the pumpage is reduced, much of the excess water is lost through springs. Five different operating policies are considered which determine whether pumpage should be taken from the reservoir or aquifer. The total safe yields for the historic period 1961–1977 are estimated for each policy and their relative advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The simulation is also carried out for 100 years of generated data to discover the long term consequences.
RESULTS OF ACIDIZING WATER WELLS IN ARIZONA1
Authors: Hargis David R. , McCauley Charles A.
Published: June 2007

Two wellfields have been developed to provide water for a coal fired electric generating station in Arizona. Wellfield No. 1 penetrates the unconfined Coconino Sandstone aquifer, and wellfield No. 2 penetrates the composite Kaibab Limestone‐Coconino Sandstone aquifer where ground water occurs under confined conditions. A well in each wellfield was pumped and water level drawdown data were collected before and after acidizing. The drawdown data at the various pumping rates were analyzed to determine the potential benefits of acidizing production water wells in both wellfields. After acidizing, the specific capacity of the well in wellfield No. 1 was improved about 50 percent at water production rates ranging from about 200 to 500 gallons per minute (gpm) (13 to 32 liters per second (lps)). After acidizing, the specific capacity of the well completed in wellfield No. 2 was improved about 100 percent at pumping rates ranging from about 1,250 to 2,200 gpm (79 to 139 lps). An annual saving of approximately 11 percent in pumping costs can be realized in wellfield No. 2, and savings are approximately four percent in wellfield No. 1. Acidization is beneficial for wells that can produce more than 500 gpm (32 lps), and is of marginal value for those that produce less than that amount.
HYDROPOWER LOSSES FROM NAVIGATION IN THE SNAKE‐COLUMBIA RIVERS: 1978–791
Authors: Culver C. F. , Millham C. B.
Published: June 2007

This work addresses several policy questions arising from indirect power losses due to navigation of the Snake‐Columbia Rivers. Losses incurred in 1978–79 are given, and these losses are then compared to current conservation efforts, new power projects, and present replacement costs associated with the system.
USER REACTION TO WILD AND SCENIC RIVER DESIGNATION1
Authors: Becker Robert H.
Published: June 2007

: The National Wild and Scenic River Act of 1968 was designed to protect the nation's unique waterways. This Act, however, has been criticized for negatively affecting areas it was intended to protect. Findings, based on field investigation in the Upper Mississippi River basin suggest that designation may serve as a factor for increasing recreational use levels on the protected rivers. This study discusses the social and recreational consequences of designating rivers and the attitudes of river users regarding designation.
CALIBRATING AND VERIFYING THE SSARR MODEL ‐MISSOURI RIVER WATERSHEDS STUDY1
Authors: Cundy Terrance W. , Brooks Kenneth N.
Published: June 2007

The Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation (SSARR) model was calibrated and verified on the Madison and Gallatin watersheds in the upper Missouri River drainage. The study was performed to determine if the SSARR model could simulate snowmelt‐runoff volumes to effect better operation of six multipurpose reservoirs on the Missouri River. Physical watershed characteristics and parameter sensitivity are incorporated into a procedure which expedites model calibration. Criteria are established to facilitate parameter development and to objectively evaluate calibration and verification results. A ratio of simulated to observed snowmelt‐runoff volumes of the Madison River averaged 1.00 and 1.02 for calibration (N = 8 years) and verification (N = 6 years) with corresponding standard deviations of 0.08 and 0.13. Gallatin volume ratios averaged 0.99 and 0.95 for calibration (N = 7 years) and verification (N = 5 years) with respective standard deviations of 0.08 and 0.28.
APPLICATION OF A SINGLE RESERVOIR OPERATION POLICY TO A RAIN WATER CISTERN SYSTEM1
Authors: Lo Andrew , Fok Yu‐Si
Published: June 2007

The operation policy for a single reservoir is applied to a rain water cistern system because the functions of a cistern are similar to a simple single reservoir. Since the cistern is a closed system, water loss is negligible. In this study, a dynamic programming analysis has been made to study the effects of the probable weekly rainfall and the water storage in the cistern towards the water consumption policy. The result of this study indicates that the water consumption rate should be adjusted into a lower rate when the water storage in the cistern is low and/or when the expected probable weekly rainfall is low if the owner of the cistern does not want to risk the chance of an empty cistern. The demand for a reliable method for forecasting weekly rainfall is evident in this study.
CURRENT USE AND TECHNOLOGY OF LANDSAT MSS DATA FOR LAKE TROPHIC CLASSIFICATION1
Authors: Witzig Ann Beaton , Whitehurst Charles A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The trophic characterization of lakes has been intermittently monitored in recent years with data generated from satellite and aircraft spectral scanners. Each of these methods used “ground truth” (lake sampling data) to establish a correlation between scanner‐recorded radiance values and a trophic index for each lake (or portion of a lake). The approaches varied in their processing of the digital imagery, as well as in the development of trophic indices. Currently, several states employ varying spectral imagery techniques to develop lake classifications to satisfy the requirements of Section 314 of Federal Water Pollution Control Act. These variations have created a need for developing a uniform, tested approach for use by states and EPA for the description of lake trophic state from multispectral imagery. The current state and the use of multispectral data and technology to determine lake trophic indices is assessed in this paper.
RESPONSE OF BACTERIA TO THE PRESENCE OF CARBARYL IN WATER. I. RESPONSE OF BACTERIAL INDICATORS VS. RESPONSE OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIAL SPECIES1
Authors: Anugwelem Ure A. , Guthrie Rufits K. , Davis Ernst M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus were tested by plate counts and Warburg respirometry to determine effects of the presence of carbaryl in water. E. coli and S. typhimurium were initially stimulated in the presence of the insecticide whereas S. faecalis and S. aureus were inhibited. Over a period of days, all bacteria died off more rapidly in the presence of carbaryl. The implications of these data in regards to bacteriological testing of water quality are discussed.
RIVER BASIN SIMULATION MODELS: GUIDELINES FOR THEIR USE IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Strzepek Kenneth M. , Marks David H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Simulation models constructed to estimate the physical and economic performance of alternative river basin development configurations have been widely used since the start of the Harvard Water Program in the early 1960's. These models have proved useful in choosing from among several potential river basin configurations, since they can rapidly evaluate each configuration's expected performance. However, when dealing with large scale river basin development projects, in which over 50 or 100 alternative reservoirs, irrigation areas, and other components must be considered, it is sometimes quite difficult to effectively use a simulation model to rapidly identify those combinations of projects which best satisfy the development objectives. The purpose of this paper is to describe how a simulation model was used in the analysis of a complex river basin development project in Eastern Europe, and how the problems of scale were confronted and solved. The author's experience on this projet is used to derive a set of general guidelines which may be helpful in other simulation studies.
RELATIVE RATES OF EVAPORATIVE WATER LOSSES FROM OPEN AND VEGETATION COVERED WATER BODIES1
Authors: Idso Sherwood B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A review of literature pertaining to the relative rates of evaporation from vegetation covered and open water bodies is presented. The review indicates that the only reliable experiments capable of correctly addressing this question are those conducted in situ. Experiments of this nature show the ratio of vegetation covered (swamp) evaporation to open water evaporation to generally be less than unity over extensive surfaces and to only approach unity for vegetation that is young and vigorous. Recent experimental evidence presented within a theoretical context, however, indicates that even in the latter situation the ratio may never reach unity. Consequently, over large lakes and reservoirs, the presence of vegetation may actually be a water conservation mechanism, with the eradication of the vegetation leading to significantly increased evaporative water losses.
WATER USE AND WATER CONSERVATION BY THE COPPER MINING INDUSTRY1
Authors: Griffin Adrian H. , Martin William E. , Wade James C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the use of water by copper mines for treating low grade ores. The froth flotation process for treating sulphide ore and the heap leaching process for treating oxide ore are described, and ways of reducing the amount of water used in these processes are discussed. Estimates of the costs reducing water consumption are given. Finally, the circumstances in which it would be desirable for a copper mine to reduce its level of water consumption are considered.
PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS IN WATER QUALITY EVALUATION1
Authors: Dinius S. H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A Visual Perception Test, consisting of photographic slides of water sites, was designed to examine laymen's water quality perceptions. The slides were taken at five water sites where the level of visual pollution was artifically altered by the investigator. Analysis of variance indicated that the water sites were evaluated differently for each of five pollution levels. Increases in water discoloration and the quality of litter were viewed as increases in level of pollution. Laymen not only evaluated visually polluted sites lower for uses such as picnicking, but they also evaluated the quality of the actual water lower. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that a combination of water color, scenic beauty appreciation, quality of the surrounding environment and industry as a pollution source explained 73 percent of the variance in predicting Overall Pollution. Application of factor analysis simplified the variables to an Overall Pollution Factor and a Boating Use Factor.
WATER USE CONFLICT NEAR MADISON, NEBRASKA1
Authors: Ginsberg Marilyn
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Nebraska statutes give first preference for use of ground water to domestic purposes, second to agriculture, and third to manufacturing or industrial purposes.

Rapid growth in the number of irrigation wells has caused an increasing number of water use conflicts. One such conflict arose from the installation and use of an irrigation well near Madison in Madison County, Nebraska. Pumping from the irrigation well coincided with head declines in nearby domestic wells screened in the same sand and gravel, but appeared unrelated to water level changes in wells screened in a higher saturated sand.

A drawdown‐recovery test was performed to determine the degree of hydraulic connection between the wells involved. Operation of the irrigation well was determined to be the cause of the head decline in nearby domestic wells screened in the same sand and gravel.

Partly as a result of this conflict, legislation recently introduced into the state legislature would require that wells of higher preference be “reasonably” constructed if wells of lower preference are to be held liable for head loss.
AN EXTENSION INFORMATION PROGRAM TO IMPROVE RESIDENTIAL WELL WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Gibson George R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Older inland lake communities in Wisconsin are more likely than many areas to have degraded water supplies. Many home sites are on sandy soils with high water tables and have shallow wells close to their own or a neighbor's septic system. Yet unless major rehabilitation is undertaken, these homes are relatively exempt from local codes and regulations. They also are beyond the application of the federal Clean Drinking Water Act. An Extension education program was created in response to the problem. At a community's request, home drinking water “screening tests” are conducted for at least coliform bacteria, chlorides, and nitrate/nitrite‐N. Test results, together with explanations and recommendations are reported at a local meeting. Public response has been positive, and a surprising number of wells appear to be contaminated to some degree.
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF SKUDAI RIVER1
Authors: Chin K. K. , Goh T. N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Urban runoff as well as industrial and agricultural discharges have seriously affected the water quality of the Skudai River, Malaysia. A water quality model is developed for simulating BOD and oxygen relationship. The simulated values agree relatively well with survey data taken during low flow conditions. Survey and simulated values show that a pollution abatement program is needed to prevent further deterioration of the river from organic discharges. A systems approach, involving complete analysis of water quality models and environmental control procedures, considering various water use patterns, water quality criteria, and waste input, is essential for solution.
USING A DISTRIBUTED ROUTING RAINFALL‐RUNOFF MODEL1
Authors: Doyle W. Harry
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Urban storm water data from four catchments near Miami, Florida, were collected and compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey and were used for testing the applicability of deterministic modeling for characterizing storm water flows from small land use areas. The four sites were:

(1) a 40.8‐acre (0.165‐km2) single family residential area

(2) a 58.3‐acre (0.236‐km2) highway area

(3) a 20.4‐acre (0.083‐km2) commercial area, and

(4) a 14.7‐acre (0.059‐km2) multifamily residential area.

A distributed routing rainfall‐runoff model was used to simulate 328 storms at one‐minute time intervals. Weighted Standard Error of Estimates (SEE) for storm runoff volume for calibration and verification simulations were 0.072 in. (1.829 mm) and 0.117 in. (2.972 mm), respectively, while the corresponding SEE for peak discharges were 5.761 cfs (0.163 m3/s) and 5.119 cfs (0.145 m3/s), respectively.
WATER QUALITY IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS: IMPACT OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION DURING BASE FLOW1
Authors: Schlosser Isaac J. , Karr James R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water quality was monitored for 17 months during base flow periods in six agricultural watersheds to evaluate the impact of riparian vegetation on suspended solids and nutrient concentrations. In areas without riparian vegetation, both instream algal production and seasonal low flows appeared to be major determinants of suspended solids, turbidity, and phosphorus concentrations. Peak levels of all parameters were reached during the summer when flows were reduced and benthic algal production was high. Similar summer peaks were reached in streams receiving major point inputs but peaks occurred downstream from the input. Instream organic production was less important in regulating water quality in areas with riparian vegetation and permanent flows. Concentrations of suspended solids remained relatively constant, while phosphorus and turbidity increased in association with leaf fall in autumn. Intermittent flow conditions in summer increased the importance of instream organic production in controlling water quality, even when riparian vegetation was present. Efforts to improve water quality in agricultural watersheds during base flow should emphasize maintenance of riparian vegetation and stable flow conditions.
EFFECT OF THE PAPER INDUSTRY ON WATER QUALITY OF THE LOWER FOX RIVER1
Authors: Leung Ping‐Sang Kenneth , Sell Nancy J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Lower Fox River, Wisconsin, hosts the densest concentration of paper mills in the US., with 18 located along a 4Gde stretch between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Some of these companies use only primary, others also secondary, waste treatment techniques. Comparison of the quantities of wastes discharged with the legal limits indicates that all plants discharge only 40‐50 percent or less of the allowable suspended solids; most discharge < 50 percent of the allowable BOD. This is equal or better than the performance of paper companies elsewhere in the state. Reductions in pollutant discharges have corresponded to improved water quality, though too much BOD is still discharged to be adequately assimilated by the Fox River. The relatively low current level of discharges means permit levels would have to be drastically cut to make any significant impact on water quality. Only a few companies might be seriously affected by such changes. Flow and temperature related permits would likely be more effective, but more difficult to comply with for the industry. Toxic substances are also a potential problem, particularly chlororganic compounds that can form in situ from the chlorine frequently used for pulp bleaching.
MODIFIED SMEMAX TRANSFORMATION FOR FREQUENCY ANALYSIS1
Authors: Rasheed Hameed R. , Ramamoorthy Marur V. , Al‐Dabbagh A. S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:SMEMAX is a transformation technique suggested by Bethalmy to transform random hydrological series to a near normal series. This paper puts forward an alternative simpler form of the SMEMAX transformation. The modified SMEMAX transformation avoids use of trigonometric functions and the transformed variables range from 0 to 100.
AN AUTOMATED RECORDING SYSTEM FOR EVAPORATION PANS1
Authors: Van Haveren Bruce P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: An automated recording system for evaporation pans was developed to allow continuous analog type recording of pan evaporation. The system incorporates a water reservoir to supply water to the pan and can be left unattended for long periods of time. The system performed well, with very little maintenance, in a field test in northern Utah.
ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF A NEW PUMPED STORAGE RESERVOIR1
Authors: Potter Deborah Ulinski , Meyer Judy L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Zooplankton colonization was followed for 16 months in Lake Oconee, Georgia, a new pumped storage reservoir. Data were interpreted to identify differences among stations and seasons, as a function of the reservoir's early stage of development and of pumped storage operations. Colonization was rapid, and the zooplankton community was characterized by a high species diversity; approximately 40 rotifer species and 14 cladoceran genera were recorded. Zooplankton density varied along an environmental gradient from riverine to lentic conditions. Rotifer abundance varied from 104‐106 individuals/m3, with maxima in the summers Copepod and cladoceran densities ranged from 103 to nearly 105 individuals/m3; maxima for stations other than the dam were observed in the summer and early fall, but high values at the dam station occurred throughout winter 1980. When pumped storage operations began in December 1979, zooplankton densities increased at the dam station. Pumpback decreased the intensity of the environmental gradient from riverine to lentic conditions, and led to a more similar zooplankton community structure throughout the reservoir.
ISOLATING THE RANDOM RAMSTORM COMPONENT FROM BASIN RESPONSE FACTORS IN RAINFALLRUNOFF DATA1
Authors: Harlin John M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Gaged watersheds can provide information as to geomorphic, and geologic influence on the spatial variability of rainfall‐runoff relationships. However, correlations between raingages distributed throughout the basin, and stream discharge are influenced by both storm patterns and drainage basin characteristics. Factor analysis has been applied to rainfall‐runoff relationship to isolate the storm pattern from a basin response factor. Comparing two periods of time separated by eight years reveals relative stability in the rainfall attenuation (basin response) factor, while storm patterns for the two periods of record are quite disparate.
GEOMETRIC VARIATIONS IN RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Wells Scott A. , Gordon John A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In developing water quality models for lakes and reservoirs, the assumptions of one‐dimensionality (i.e., water quality changes are significant only in one dimension – usually depth), as well as two‐dimensionality (considering the length and depth of the water body), have been utilized to predict water quality. In both caws, the assumption of lateral homogeneity is made. A field study was undertaken to determine the change of water quality in the lateral dimension. The main study reservoir was Center Hill Lake in Middle Tennessee. Data were also obtained for Cherokee Lake in East Tennessee. Several water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, and oxidation reduction potential) were analyzed over the length, breadth, and depth of these reservoirs from pre‐stratification through post‐stratification. The statistical and theoretical three‐dimensional analysis showed the expected variation for each water quality parameter in each direction. The influence of the lateral dimension on water quality management and modeling was found to be negligible.