bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do You Know Her?
Authors: Young Simon
Published: January 2023

This legend concerns the folklore of crime and prostitution. A young woman from a wealthy background is tricked into a brothel; luckily her first client, there intent on having sex with a virgin, is an acquaintance who rescues her.
The Galvanic Convicts
Authors: Young Simon
Published: January 2023

This legend concerns the folklore of death, capital punishment and a new technology (electricity). An executed convict is brought back from death with electric currents.
The Ghost in Search of Help
Authors: Young Simon
Published: January 2023

This legend concerns the folklore of the supernatural. A messenger brings someone to a dying person's bed; the messenger, it transpires, is a ghost. The story is first associated with Russia.
Hollow Tree Death
Authors: Young Simon
Published: January 2023

This legend concerns the folklore of death and the wilderness. A skeleton is found trapped in a tree and objects within tell a gruesome story of how the individual died there. Connections with native American warbands are often made.
The Injured Garotter
Authors: Young Simon
Published: January 2023

This legend concerns the folklore of crime. A man is garotted on the street in London, but manages to injure his attacker. This leads to the attacker's identity being revealed.
The Judge and the Foreman
Authors: Young Simon
Published: January 2023

This legend concerns the folklore of crime and of the law. A jury acquits a man who seems guilty; when the judge asks why, the foreman admits that he was the murderer.
The Lawyer and the Poisoned Cakes
Authors: Young Simon
Published: January 2023

This legend concerns the folklore of crime and law. A lawyer proves his client is innocent by eating her poisoned cakes, and then discreetly taking an antidote.
The Omnibus Driver’s Holiday
Authors: Young Simon
Published: January 2023

This legend concerns the folklore of work told with humour. An omnibus driver has a day off after years of work and spends it on the omnibus.
Selling Sovereigns
Authors: Young Simon
Published: January 2023

This legend concerns the folklore of betting and crime. A bet is laid on a man standing on London Bridge for a day, who fails to sell a single sovereign for a penny. The story is based on a bet or a swindle.
The Shoplifter’s Dilemma
Authors: Young Simon
Published: January 2023

This legend concerns the folklore of crime and sex. A wealthy female shoplifter is caught and given a choice between being handed over to the police or being whipped; she chooses a whipping. The story often has strong sexual overtones.
The Wrong Trousers
Authors: Young Simon
Published: January 2023

This legend concerns the folklore of sex and infidelity and is often told with humour. A man comes home and, finding his wife in bed, undresses. She convinces him to go out and buy something which he does only to find that the trousers he has on are not his own. His wife evidently had a lover.
“The Inevitable Fife and Drum”
Authors: Shaw John M.
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses Black fife and drum music in Tennessee during Reconstruction. It looks at the two earliest Black benevolent societies to appear in Memphis, the Sons of Ham and the SBs (the Social Benevolent Society), which were founded in the 1850s before the end of slavery. The absence of life insurance made benevolent and burial societies an absolute necessity to Black people in the Reconstruction South, and the activities of these societies actually played a big role in the development, spread, and continuance of Black fife and drum music. As early as the first year of Reconstruction in Tennessee, Black fife and drum music was used for political rallies; for parades and processions in celebration of national holidays; for days of importance to the race, such as Emancipation Day; for picnics and other festive occasions; for demonstrations and protests, such as the attempt to march into the State Colored Convention; and for funerals. The chapter then considers the growing backlash from white Tennesseans against this music, primarily because of its association with Black assertiveness and militancy, Black political activity, and the hated Radical party.
There Shall Be Blood
Authors: Ashford Evan Howard
Published: January 2023

The chapter examines the resistance measures both whites and African Americans undertook in the 20th century's first decade and the literal and figurative price peoples paid for their pursuit of liberation and redemption prior and during the James K. Vardaman administration. The chapter examines the height of racial tensions fueled by the federal appointment of Professors D.M.P. Hazley and William Wendell Phillips as census enumerators, the double-lynching of Jim Gaston and Monroe Hallum, and the statewide manhunt for Rufus Ousley, who killed a white man in self-defense. The chapter also focuses on voting and education with an examination of the white primary and African American resistance through via delinquent poll taxes and the re-birth of Central Mississippi College and the creation of the Kosciusko Industrial College that made Attala County the only county in the state's central region with two independent African American higher education institutions.
Autobiography and the Empathic Imagination in Ernie Pook’s Comeek
Authors: Trousdale Rachel
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the conventions of autobiography in the relation between memory and empathy while referencing Lynda Barry's long-running four-panel comic, Ernie Pook's Comeek. Even though the work is not inherently an autobiography, a narrative in Ernie Pook triggered tropes of autobiography in their structure, a combination of analysis and nostalgia, and emphasis on the incidents described illuminate the lives of involved characters. According to Barry, turning experience into narrative becomes a way of self-protection from vulnerability and making meaning out of the ephemera and chaos. Moreover, autobiographical gestures in Ernie Pook's Comeek continually play with how art utilized memory to construct, direct, and limit empathy. The chapter also elaborates on how layered narratives of autography could be either healing or a mode of attack.
“Dear Anyone Who Finds This”: Cruddy as Diary Fiction
Authors: Kirtley Susan
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines Cruddy: An Illustrated Novel written by Lynda Barry through the techniques of diary fiction. It explains the strategies serving to engender thrilling anticipation and demanding active involvement from the audience. Cruddy plays on the porous boundary between real and unreal, creating a reading experience that blurs the lines of truth and fiction and intensifies horror and anticipation. The chapter lauds Barry's ability to accurately render the world of childhood like how she portrayed a miserable adolescent in Cruddy. Moreover, the diary format offers an intimate portrait of the narrator, which revolved around making sense of the self and isolation in the novel.
Introduction
Authors: Butler Joanna , Davis-Mcelligatt Megan
Published: January 2023

The introduction establishes the relationship between Edwidge Danticat’s work and the concepts of national identity and belonging. It then introduces the chapters to follow, which address myriad facets of her literature as they relate to the concept of homes, the representations of nationalisms, and the confluences of past and present. Part one analyzes Danticat’s work in relation to the nations of the United States and Haiti as well as the broader dyaspora. Part two focuses on how the themes of history and memory work within Danticat’s literature. Part three directs attention to Danticat’s narrative form and storytelling techniques. Finally, part four explores the complexities of Haitian activism, community, and citizenship.
Lât Bâ dlo and the Spatial Relations of Dyaspora
Authors: Bergner Gwen
Published: January 2023

The author examines Danticat’s migration short story cycle The Dew Breaker (2004), using the vernacular framework of lòt bò dlo, a Kreyol phrase meaning “on the other side of the water,” which can refer to the ancestors’ location in Ginen, or Africa, where Haitian tradition dating from the time of colonial slavery says they return, and to Haitian migrants’ location in the US and Canada. Lòt bò dlo locates both the dead and the exiled in relation to Haiti’s island environment, Vodou traditions, and (de)colonial history. This concept helps map The Dew Breaker’s seemingly disorienting landscape and fragmented narrative structure to reveal how Danticat mediates across time (connecting the ancestors and the living) and space (connecting rooted and routed Haitians), through an aesthetics informed by the material landscape and the Haitian vernacular to create an epistemic perspective on migration.
Untwine
Authors: Leger Shewonda
Published: January 2023

In her novel Untwine, Edwidge Danticat uses Giselle’s trauma to help readers understand the value of reflecting on past memories. Giselle’s trauma positioned her to orient, disorient, and reorient to find ways of healing and to understand her identities. To expand on what it means to orient, disorient, and reorient, the author builds off Sara Ahmed’s theory around reorientation to show how forms of discomfort force us to question where our experiences have positioned us and also to interrogate and look back at our lived experiences to understand the present in order to move forward from trauma. The historical moments that Danticat includes in Giselle’s narrative also works as a collective Haitian history.  Danticat’s use of historical narratives offers a more comprehensive picture of Haitian cultural identity and how those historical narratives connect to our identities.
Gaffes, Gibes, and Gender on the Campaign Trail
Authors: Jones Michael Owen
Published: January 2023

This chapter offers a better understanding of several aspects of food habits and customs on the campaign trail. These encompass insults, gaffes, gender issues, body image, pandering to the public, and purveyors naming foods to honor or ridicule contenders for office. It also considers why “retail politics” remains popular, as well as why the Iowa State Fair is an important arena for politicking.
Must Prison Food Sicken Bodies and Minds?
Authors: Jones Michael Owen
Published: January 2023

The last two chapters provide ways to apply an understanding of symbolism and identity to two sets of problems involving food. The first issue, in this chapter, involves how to alter penal policy and practice. Prisoners and jail inmates in 2017 numbered 2,245,000. Unfair fare has been a frequent complaint of the incarcerated. “The food shouldn't be part of the punishment,” said one prisoner. “We're still human beings, and we care about what we eat.” Too often those behind bars must sue, riot, or subvert the system to obtain better provisions. A few changes not only in the quality and variety of meals but also in recognition of how food embodies a sense of self and communicates attitudes, feelings, and values might help solve or avert a number of problems now and in the future. Research by food studies and folklore specialists offers useful guidelines.
Finding the Songs
Authors: Callahan Mat , Kelley Robin D. G. , Akuno Kali
Published: January 2023

This chapter follows the journey of the author in searching for some historian of music or ethnomusicologist to have made the connection between slave revolts and their musical expression. It begins by narrating how he stumbled upon an old, dog-eared pamphlet with the title “Negro Slave Revolts in the United States, 1526–1860.” In the pamphlet, author Herbert Aptheker documented the frequency and consistency of rebellions beginning with one in a doomed Spanish colony in what is now South Carolina in 1526. Enslaved Africans brought there that very year staged a revolt, killing many of the Spanish before running off to join Indians in the neighborhood. Amidst all the dates and names, the numbers and incidents, the chapter pays attention to the lyrics to a song written in the pamphlet. These lyrics, according to Aptheker, had been composed and sung by enslaved persons at a clandestine meeting to plan an insurrection in 1813. The chapter questions if the song could be an example of the exaggerations Aptheker has been accused of. Could this be wishful thinking on the part of a well-intentioned scholar who nonetheless was reinterpreting or even manipulating the facts to give a false impression? This text, from this period, immediately posed questions that demanded answers.
History, Geography, Language, and Music
Authors: Callahan Mat , Kelley Robin D. G. , Akuno Kali
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks beyond the formal boundaries of folklore or cultural studies. By finding songs and verifying their authenticity, the chapter focuses on other fields that can be roughly categorized as history, geography, and linguistics. It explores the work of certain individuals to give credit where it's due and to aid further exploration of what they pioneered. The chapter then jumps to emphasize that slavery, historically, is a vast subject, international in scope and predating the Atlantic slave trade with which this book is concerned. The chapter explains that even within the confines of the Atlantic slave trade, the evolution of a system took different forms in different regions within the Western Hemisphere, conquered at one time or another by various European powers. The chapter elaborates on the brutal suppression of literacy, public gatherings, and even Christian education of enslaved people in most of the South. It explores the rapid growth of the abolitionist movement, the Underground Railroad, and international opposition to slavery.
Slave Songs
Authors: Callahan Mat , Kelley Robin D. G. , Akuno Kali
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses slave songs arranged in approximately chronological order, the oldest first. It presents the lyrics of the songs, which are shown as they appeared in the most authoritative source, with a few obvious typos corrected. The chapter opens with a discussion on the three versions of “Uncle Gabriel, the Negro General” (ca. 1800). The first was in Poor Jack, a novel by Frederick Marryat published in 1840, the second version was collected by Lawrence Gellert, and the third was in the Christy Minstrels' Ethiopian Glee Book (1849). The chapter then follows how the author discovered Recognition March of the Independance of Hayti, published in 1820, in the Library of Congress. The march, written for piano and flute, was composed by Francis Johnson, a free Black man who was an abolitionist and one of the most famous band leaders of the early nineteenth century. The chapter chronicles the discovery of “Nat Turner,” ca. 1830, composed after Nat Turner's rebellion of 1831.
“Blackblues”
Authors: Abdul-Ghani Casarae Lavada
Published: January 2023

In “Blackblues,” Gwendolyn Brooks’ poem Riot employs a blues aesthetic to contemplate the place of rage and rebellion in Black racial progress that elucidates her vision for a new collective Black consciousness, which situates her within a Black Arts Movement (BAM) literary tradition. It is a tale about Black America's revolt to avenge MLK’s death and addresses the unresolved racial tensions between Blacks and whites. The poem includes leitmotifs such as sermons and blues music as a challenge to Black America to emerge from the dark and destructive nature employed by the riot. Brooks explores rage as a theme in Riot to model a dialogue that moves towards reconciliation and empowerment. This chapter argues that her representation of rage presents a more positive way forward by emphasizing rioting as a necessary catharsis with the potential to regenerate Black communities and produce opportunities for racial reconciliation.
Epilogue
Authors: Abdul-Ghani Casarae Lavada
Published: January 2023

The epilogue reiterates the importance of using BAM art to better decode the racial inequities that lead to economic disparities and violence. Just as BAM art enables understanding of these racial and political tragedies, so do these politics and tragedies influence art. Specific examples given include the imagery related to the killing of Trayvon Martin and art inspired by Martin Luther King, Jr. Ultimately, BAM works can encourage conversation and action to move America closer to a just and equal society.
Reconstructing Memory in Katherine Anne Porter’s the Old Order Stories (1944, 1955, 1965)
Authors: Fox Heather A.
Published: January 2023

Different from the other collections analyzed in this book, this chapter considers the arrangement of a group of six (eventually seven) stories, first submitted for publication in 1932 and eventually published together in three separate collections—The Leaning Tower and Other Stories (1944), The Old Order: Stories of the South from The Leaning Tower, Pale Horse, Pale Rider, and Flowering Judas (1955), and The
Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter (1965). The Old Order stories depict protagonist Miranda’s childhood memories of postbellum South, while only tangentially engaging the inherently problematic social issues related to gender and race that permeate her memories. Porter does not edit the stories’ contents between publications but progressively arranges them anachronistically. Instead of revising the content of Miranda’s memories, Porter (re)contextualizes their significance by their reordering to demonstrate Miranda’s ongoing critical engagement with the past.
Racism, Canon, and the Controversy Surrounding #BlackHermione
Authors: Maätita Florence , Hernandez Marcia
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the controversy on Twitter surrounding #BlackHermione upon the casting of Noma Dumezweni, a Black English actor, as Hermione in Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. Two concepts, aggrieved entitlement and the racial contract, are central to an analysis of the tweets responding to the casting decision that many fans contested as a break from Harry Potter canon. This chapter's examination illuminates a number of issues. First, exchanges on Twitter raise the question of who controls canon. Second, critics use adherence to and continuity within canon (which they assert does not include a Black Hermione) to dispute claims of their own racism. Finally, this chapter scrutinizes why and how J.K. Rowling emerged as a target of detractors' anger, namely due to her own whiteness. This study adds to the scholarship of colorblind ideology and racial representation in popular culture, as well as discussions about challenges to and control over canon.
Miles Ahead
Authors: Carlson Gretchen L.
Published: January 2023

The conclusion addresses the recent increase in jazz-related films within the last five years, theorizing this resurgence within the contexts of cultural ideology and jazz’s broader meanings in contemporary society. It addresses how the book’s case studies provide innovative models for transformative developments in the intersections between music and film, positioning these works in dialogue with recent advents in experimental film scoring, technology, and inter-arts/media collaborations. Finally, it posits these case studies’ larger implications for jazz culture as a whole, addressing jazz’s potentialities for dynamic, inter-arts collaborations, stylistic developments and transformations, and growth, influence, and longevity within our present, media-dominated age. Jazz – an ever-changing music with a rich, complex history shaped by individual improvisation, collaboration, race, technology, and social change – is uniquely situated to navigate and stimulate transformations in media music as we enter the third decade of the twenty-first century.
From Tgif to #Tgit
Authors: Barker Cory
Published: January 2023

Chapter 1 explores a beneficiary of television-social media partnerships: ABC's Shonda Rhimes dramas Grey's Anatomy, Scandal, and How to Get Away with Murder, known by their unified branding, #TGIT (or Thank God It's Thursday). Surveying social media ephemera and publicity materials, the chapter examines how the live-tweeting of Scandal inspired ABC to develop a multi-platform campaign that centered fan chatter and enthusiasm. As live-tweeting campaigns, on-screen hashtags, and celebrity participants directed audience attention across screens, ABC underscored the aura of a collective and synchronized television experience. The melding of television and social media formed a simulated liveness and flow that presented as immediate and communal despite being hypermediated and individualized. In charting the response to #TGIT, the chapter also spotlights ABC's efforts to appropriate conversational cross-overs among #TGIT stars on Twitter into universe-building television spots, which shows that even the biggest Social TV successes were incorporated into familiar Hollywood machinery.
A Study on the Passive Constructions with SER in Spanish
Authors:   The Society Of Modern Grammar, Seo So-Young
Published: January 2023

The verb SER in Spanish has been defined as a copulative verb and corresponds to a verb that derives a attributive sentence. In these constructions, the verb SER is understood as an syntathe subject and the attribute as a conjunction and expresses the Tense features. The verb SER is also used in passive phrases and these constructions is semantically and syntactically different from the attributive sentence. In this study, we intend to analyze the passive syntax with SER.
In this study, the syntactic characteristics of the passive constructions with SER in Spanish will be reviewed, and previous analyses of these constructions will be considered. Based on this considerations, we will suppose that the passive meaning is based on the Event features of the verb (Past Participle). And it is assumed that these Event features are derived from the Lexicon. In our analysis, these passive constructions are derived from Lexical-Syntax (Harley 1995).
Korean Nasalization as L1 Interference on English Production by Korean EFL Learners
Authors:   The Society Of Modern Grammar, Ha Hyung-Ji
Published: January 2023

The present study aims to analyze how L1 interference of Korean nasalization processes influences English speech by Korean EFL speakers according to their English proficiency. 20 Korean EFL speakers (experimental group) and four native speakers of English (control group) participated in this study. Korean EFL speakers were divided into two groups of ten according to their English proficiency. This study measures the values of three factors: the frequency of nasalization processes, final stop release, and vowel insertion. Through this study, the following results were found. The English proficiency of Korean EFL speakers is found to influence the realization of nasalization processes and vowel insertion in their English speech in that they are realized more frequently by the group with lower English proficiency than the group with higher English proficiency. For final stop release, although no particular difference is found when comparing the frequency of the final stop release of the three speaker groups, it is found that the group with English native speakers has a higher frequency of final stop release than the two Korean speaker groups, and the group with higher English proficiency is likely to have a higher frequency of final stop release compared to the group with lower English proficiency in most cases. The findings suggest that the group with higher English proficiency speaks closer to English native speakers than the group with lower English proficiency.
Applications and Future Aspects of 4D Printed Biopolymeric Scaffold Materials in Tissue Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Thanigachalam Mugilan , Chinnappan Balaji Ayyanar , Raghavan Prathip
Published: January 2023

The emergence of smart materials (stimulus-responsive materials) and cells enables 4D printing to enhance printed structures dynamically. By undergoing controlled morphological changes, engineered tissues may be made using these dynamic scaffolds. This article provides an overview of the use of stimuli-responsive biomaterials in tissue engineering and several 4D printing methodologies based on the functional change of printed objects. This review also goes through the existing and future prospects for using 4D printing in bone tissue engineering and the limitations in this field. Using a variety of stimuli-responsive biomaterials and 4D printing techniques, the form or function of these objects might evolve. These novel technologies have the potential to meet unmet medical needs, as shown by a recent review that summarised the use of 4D printing in bone tissue engineering. This current review is about the potential of this cutting-edge technology for tissue engineering in the biomedical area by delving further into the ongoing conversations regarding future issues and perspectives.
Securing National identity: The Risk of Statelessness and Livelihood Challenges Among Former Refugees in Zambia
Authors:   University of Zambia, Muchindu Mazuba
Published: January 2023

Among migrant populations, refugees form one group that is at high risk of becoming stateless. As those responsible for their wellbeing seek to find durable solutions to their plight, identity documents play a critical role. Without proper identity documents, former refugees are at risk of becoming stateless and face many difficulties in accessing various livelihood opportunities including employment, and services such as health care and education. However, acquiring these documents is sometimes wrought with many challenges including administrative, financial and legal challenges. Legal challenges largely arise from the lack of a comprehensive and coordinated approach of how to deal with such cases especially in states that operate outside the UN Conventions on statelessness. Using case studies of former Angolan and Rwandan refugees in Zambia, I argue that in the absence of a clear guiding framework as provided under the UN Conventions provide, former refugees are at risk of becoming stateless even when they are hosted under very hospitable conditions.
Balance trabajo-familia
Authors: García Rubiano Mónica
Published: January 2023

La actividad laboral es una de las acciones más importantes en los seres humanos, puesto que gracias a este sistema económico se pueden suplir ciertas necesidades y, así mismo, adquirir bienes y servicios esenciales para subsistir. A lo largo de la vida del ser humano se ha vuelto fundamental la relación entre la familia y sus actividades laborales, puesto que en las organizaciones es donde el individuo invierte la mayor parte de su diario vivir (Jiang et al., 2021). Vesga (2019) señala que, finalizando el anterior siglo e iniciando el actual, se han evidenciado transiciones importantes en los ámbitos en los que están inmersos los seres humanos, lo cual abarca el mundo del trabajo y la vida personal o familiar; por lo tanto, esta interacción se ve presente tanto en las esferas públicas (trabajo) como privadas (familia o espacio doméstico) de las personas.
Peer socialization of male adolescents in digital games: Achievement, competition, and harassment
Authors: Waechter Natalia , Meschik Markus
Published: January 2023

Socialization theories suggest that, due to social change and technological transformation, peers and media have become important institutions of socialization for young people. Assuming that male adolescents use digital games for processes of peer self-socialization, this article investigates the values they mediate in digital games and how these values are related to their practice (with a focus on harassment) in digital games. Applying a qualitative research design, 36 male adolescents who frequently play various (multiplayer) online games were interviewed about their values and practices when gaming. The results show that the young gamers share individualistic values promoting performance, competition, and achievement, which seem to facilitate practices of online harassment. We conclude that, in their gaming practices, male adolescents mediate and reproduce neoliberal values as increasingly shared by society. Regarding their practices of harassment, however, they seem to use digital games as a moratorium that lets them break free from societal restrictions.
Surface plasmon mediated harmonically resonant effects on third harmonic generation from Au and CuS nanoparticle films
Authors: Spear Nathan J. , Yan Yueming , Queen Joshua M. , Singh Mahi R. , Macdonald Janet E. , Haglund Richard F.
Published: January 2023

A growing class of nonlinear materials employ the localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) of nanoparticles to enhance harmonic generation. Material systems containing harmonically coupled metallic and semiconductor plasmonic nanoparticles have been shown to further increase performance. Here, we explore the effect of dual plasmonic interactions in bilayer CuS and Au nanoparticle films on third harmonic generation (THG). Detuning the CuS LSPR away from the excitation frequency changes the dominant upconversion pathway from THG to multiple photon photoluminescence (MPPL). Changing the size of the Au nanoparticle red shifts the LSPR from the second harmonic of the pump frequency and also eliminates the enhancement effect. When both LSPRs satisfy the harmonic condition, simultaneous excitation of CuS-Au nanoparticle films at the resonant frequency of each nanoparticle species enhances the generation of third harmonic light by sum-frequency generation, suggesting that the enhancement of THG in dually plasmonic nanoparticle films is the result of a cascaded nonlinear mechanism. An analytic model of the interaction between the plasmonic nanoparticles due to incoherent dipolar interactions is also presented. Understanding these processes opens a pathway for developing ultrafast, high-efficiency upconversion thin-film devices by clarifying the conditions that efficiently produce third harmonic generation without background MPPL or additional harmonics.
Geotechnical Characterization of Laponite as Transparent Clay Surrogate
Authors: Almikati Abdurrahman , Pierozan Rodrigo Cesar , Sadek Salah , Zornberg Jorge G.
Published: January 2023

The use of so-called “transparent soils” as proxy geotechnical materials has allowed for the nonintrusive observation of a variety of models representing different engineered systems. Laponite is one such soft clay surrogate that has seen increased usage in recent years. However, this material has yet to be subjected to a thorough characterization and quantification of its physical and mechanical properties. The study presented herein followed a systematic approach toward the characterization of Laponite RD colloids from a geotechnical perspective across a wide range of mixes and additive dosages. Rheology tests were conducted to study the variation in apparent viscosity with time and after remixing. These tests identified two sources/types of strength gain: a reversible thixotropic strength gain and an irreversible particle aggregation strength gain. Different mixtures tested in a one-dimensional consolidation oedometer showed that mixes with laponite colloid contents as high as 21 % could be achieved from mixes with an initial colloid content of 11 % by mass. Finally, results from vane shear tests showed that the undrained shear strength increased with: (1) increasing laponite colloid content, (2) decreasing additive dosage, (3) aging time, and (4) increasing temperature. The base geotechnical characteristics and mechanical properties of the clay surrogate as provided in this study are expected to facilitate proper interpretation of the behavior of this surrogate material in geotechnical physical models involving transparent clays.
Excitatory Projections from the Prefrontal Cortex to Nucleus Accumbens Core D1-MSNs and κ Opioid Receptor Modulate Itch-Related Scratching Behaviors
Authors: Wu Xiao-Bo , Zhu Qian , Gao Ming-Hui , Yan Sheng-Xiang , Gu Pan-Yang , Zhang Peng-Fei , Xu Meng-Lin , Gao Yong-Jing
Published: January 2023

Itch is an uncomfortable and complex sensation that elicits the desire to scratch. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) activity is important in driving sensation, motivation, and emotion. Excitatory afferents from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), amygdala, and hippocampus are crucial in tuning the activity of dopamine receptor D1-expressing and D2-expressing medium spiny neurons (Drd1-MSN and Drd2-MSN) in the NAc. However, a cell-type and neural circuity-based mechanism of the NAc underlying acute itch remains unclear. We found that acute itch induced by compound 48/80 (C48/80) decreased the intrinsic membrane excitability in Drd1-MSNs, but not in Drd2-MSNs, in the NAc core of male mice. Chemogenetic activation of Drd1-MSNs alleviated C48/80-induced scratching behaviors but not itch-related anxiety-like behaviors. In addition, C48/80 enhanced the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs (sEPSCs) and reduced the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) of electrical stimulation-evoked EPSCs in Drd1-MSNs. Furthermore, C48/80 increased excitatory synaptic afferents to Drd1-MSNs from the mPFC, not from the basolateral amygdala (BLA) or ventral hippocampus (vHipp). Consistently, the intrinsic excitability of mPFC-NAc projecting pyramidal neurons was increased after C48/80 treatment. Chemogenetic inhibition of mPFC-NAc excitatory synaptic afferents relieved the scratching behaviors. Moreover, pharmacological activation of κ opioid receptor (KOR) in the NAc core suppressed C48/80-induced scratching behaviors, and the modulation of KOR activity in the NAc resulted in the changes of presynaptic excitatory inputs to Drd1-MSNs in C48/80-treated mice. Together, these results reveal the neural plasticity in synapses of NAc Drd1-MSNs from the mPFC underlying acute itch and indicate the modulatory role of the KOR in itch-related scratching behaviors.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTItch stimuli cause strongly scratching desire and anxiety in patients. However, the related neural mechanisms remain largely unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that the pruritogen compound 48/80 (C48/80) shapes the excitability of dopamine receptor D1-expressing medium spiny neurons (Drd1-MSNs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and the glutamatergic synaptic afferents from medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to these neurons. Chemogenetic activation of Drd1-MSNs or inhibition of mPFC-NAc excitatory synaptic afferents relieves the scratching behaviors. In addition, pharmacological activation of κ opioid receptor (KOR) in the NAc core alleviates C48/80-induced itch. Thus, targeting mPFC-NAc Drd1-MSNs or KOR may provide effective treatments for itch.
Learning-Induced Odor Modulation of Neuronal Activity in Auditory Cortex
Authors: Gilday Omri David , Mizrahi Adi
Published: January 2023

Sensory cortices, even of primary regions, are not purely unisensory. Rather, cortical neurons in sensory cortex show various forms of multisensory interactions. While some multisensory interactions naturally co-occur, the combination of others will co-occur through experience. In real life, learning and experience will result in conjunction with seemingly disparate sensory information that ultimately becomes behaviorally relevant, impacting perception, cognition, and action. Here we describe a novel auditory discrimination task in mice, designed to manipulate the expectation of upcoming trials using olfactory cues. We show that, after learning, female mice display a transient period of several days during which they exploit odor-mediated expectations for making correct decisions. Using two-photon calcium imaging of single neurons in auditory cortex (ACx) during behavior, we found that the behavioral effects of odor-mediated expectations are accompanied by an odor-induced modulation of neuronal activity. Further, we find that these effects are manifested differentially, based on the response preference of individual cells. A significant portion of effects, but not all, are consistent with a predictive coding framework. Our data show that learning novel odor–sound associations evoke changes in ACx. We suggest that behaviorally relevant multisensory environments mediate contextual effects as early as ACx.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNatural environments are composed of multisensory objects. It remains unclear whether and how animals learn the regularities of congruent multisensory associations and how these may impact behavior and neural activity. We tested how learned odor–sound associations affected single-neuron responses in auditory cortex. We introduce a novel auditory discrimination task for mice in which odors set different contexts of expectation to upcoming trials. We show that, although the task can be solved purely by sounds, odor-mediated expectation impacts performance. We further show that odors cause a modulation of neuronal activity in auditory cortex, which is correlated with behavior. These results suggest that learning prompts an interaction of odor and sound information as early as sensory cortex.
Mechanisms That Underlie Expression of Estradiol-Induced Excitatory Synaptic Potentiation in the Hippocampus Differ between Males and Females
Authors: Jain Anant , Woolley Catherine S.
Published: January 2023

17β-estradiol (E2) is synthesized in the hippocampus of both sexes and acutely potentiates excitatory synapses in each sex. Previously, we found that the mechanisms for initiation of E2-induced synaptic potentiation differ between males and females, including in the molecular signaling involved. Here, we used electrical stimulation and two-photon glutamate uncaging in hippocampal slices from adult male and female rats to investigate whether the downstream consequences of distinct molecular signaling remain different between the sexes or converge to the same mechanism(s) of expression of potentiation. This showed that synaptic activity is necessary for expression of E2-induced potentiation in females but not males, which paralleled a sex-specific requirement in females for calcium-permeable AMPARs (cpAMPARs) to stabilize potentiation. Nonstationary fluctuation analysis of two-photon evoked unitary synaptic currents showed that the postsynaptic component of E2-induced potentiation occurs either through an increase in AMPAR conductance or in nonconductive properties of AMPARs (number of channels × open probability) and never both at the same synapse. In females, most synapses (76%) were potentiated via increased AMPAR conductance, whereas in males, more synapses (60%) were potentiated via an increase in nonconductive AMPAR properties. Inhibition of cpAMPARs eliminated E2-induced synaptic potentiation in females, whereas some synapses in males were unaffected by cpAMPAR inhibition; these synapses in males potentiated exclusively via increased AMPAR nonconductive properties. This sex bias in expression mechanisms of E2-induced synaptic potentiation underscores the concept of latent sex differences in mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in which the same outcome in each sex is achieved through distinct underlying mechanisms.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEstrogens are synthesized in the brains of both sexes and potentiate excitatory synapses to the same degree in each sex. Despite this apparent similarity, the molecular signaling that initiates estrogen-induced synaptic potentiation differs between the sexes. Here we show that these differences extend to the mechanisms of expression of synaptic potentiation and result in distinct patterns of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor modulation in each sex. Such latent sex differences, in which the same outcome is achieved through distinct underlying mechanisms in males versus females, indicate that molecular mechanisms targeted for drug development may differ between the sexes even in the absence of an overt sex difference in behavior or disease.
MADIMAKTAN (Polygonum cognatum Meissn.) YANIT YÜZEY YÖNTEMİ KULLANILARAK FENOLİK BİLEŞİK EKSTRAKSİYONUNUN OPTİMİZASYONU
Authors: BAYRAM Mustafa , TOPUZ Semra
Published: January 2023

Bu çalışmada, gıda olarak tüketiminin yanı sıra geleneksel halk hekimliğinde de kullanım alanı bulunan madımaktan (Polygonum cognatum Meissn.) fenolik bileşik ekstraksiyonunun optimizasyonu amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla madımaktan elde edilen fenolik ekstraktların toplam fenolik madde (TFM), toplam flavonoid (TFL) miktarı ve serbest radikali giderme aktivitesi (DPPH) üzerine metanol/su karışımı konsantrasyonu (%0-100), ekstraksiyon süresi (5-120 dk.) ve sıcaklığın (30-70 °C) etkisi araştırılmıştır. TFM, TFL ve DPPH değerleri için optimum işlem koşulları “desirability” fonksiyonu yaklaşımı ile Design Expert Programı, Box-Behnken tasarımı kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. P. cognatum’dan fenolik bileşik ekstraksiyonu elde etmek amacıyla yapılan çalışmada metanol konsantrasyonu %40.15, ekstraksiyon süresi 5.00 dk. ve ekstraksiyon sıcaklığı 70.00 °C optimum koşullar olarak belirlenmiştir. Optimum noktalarda elde edilen fenolik ekstraktların TFM, TFL ve DPPH değerleri sırasıyla 45.40 mg GAE/g kuru örnek, 30.36 mg KE/g kuru örnek, 53.40 mg TE/g kuru örnek olarak tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre P. cognatum fenolik bileşik ve antioksidan aktivite açısından zengin bir kaynaktır.
Methods for Viewing Plant Stomata Responses
Authors: Thompson Stephen , Clinton Michael , Miller Bridget , Fu Zhengqing
Published: January 2023

Plants are a vital component of human life on Earth; they provide us with food and essential nutrients as well as the oxygen we breathe. However, the science education community struggles to find ways to make plant processes less abstract and more understandable for learners. In this article we demonstrate how we make plant processes more understandable for learners by observing the behaviors of a specific plant structure, a stoma, which is a microscopic opening that plays a role in the movement of matter into and out of a plant. Recent research across plant-related science fields centers on plant stomata because they protect plants from various environmental strains, including attacks from pathogens. Translating this research into science classroom instruction has not occurred extensively. A key impediment is that few common methods to make stomata visible or demonstrate their dynamic nature to learners are available. The activities we share here make stomata visible utilizing a specific plant, Tradescantia zebrina, and common laboratory equipment. In the first activity, we share how to demonstrate stomata closing and opening by manipulating a combination of these environmental factors. In the second activity, we describe how to create a visual simulation of stomata response to attacks from microorganisms.
¿El BREAKOUT o Escape Room un recurso viable para la Educación Infantil?
Authors: Arimon-Nuevo Judit , Freixa-Toha Judit , Sabido-Codina Judit
Published: January 2023

Los nuevos paradigmas de la didáctica de las ciencias sociales apuestan, por un lado, por la introducción de metodologías basadas en el juego ya desde edades muy tempranas como la educación infantil, y, por otro lado, por realizar un cambio de mirada hacia el desarrollo de habilidades relacionadas con las ciencias sociales en relación con los contenidos. Es por todo ello, que en el presente estudio se busca analizar la viabilidad de aplicar recursos didácticos ludificados del área de ciencias sociales en una secuencia didáctica de El Principito para el segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil, concretamente de 4 a 6 años. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo, se han realizado varias observaciones no participativas de la aplicación del Breakout EDU o juego de escape (escape room) en dos centros educativos de la comunidad autónoma de Cataluña (n=56). Como resultado de dichas observaciones y el posterior análisis con el programa Iramuteq se ha constatado que el Breakout EDU o juego de escape puede ser un recurso didáctico óptimo para Educación Infantil, siempre y cuando tenga unas pautas didácticas muy marcadas y estructuradas por el docente y se haya realizado un ejemplo resuelto previo.
Effectiveness of oil-based nanoemulsions with molecular docking of its antimicrobial potential
Authors: Qanash Husam , Alotaibi Khulud , Aldarhami Abdu , Bazaid Abdulrahman S. , Ganash Magdah , Saeedi Nizar H. , Abdel Ghany Tarek M.
Published: January 2023

The biological properties of plant oils are improved by their conversion to nanoemulsions (NEs). This study evaluated the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-hemolytic efficacy of coconut and salad rocket oils and their NEs. The result of the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis of the oils showed varied constituents such as palmitic acid, trimethylsilyl ester; 2,3-bis(acetyloxy)propyl laurate in salad rocket oil, 2-lauro-1,3-didecoin, n-butyl laurate; laurin, tri-; laurin in coconut oil. NEs diameter of salad rocket and coconut oils was 24.6 and 29.2 nm, respectively. More inhibitory activity of NEs compared with non-NEs form against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus flavus was detected. Coconut oil and its NEs caused 14.3% (anti-hemolysis 85.7%) and 22% hemolysis (anti-hemolysis 78%), respectively. Salad rocket oil and its NEs caused hemolysis 3.4% and 20.9%, respectively at 1000 µg/mL. Antioxidant activity of salad rocket and coconut oil reflected more IC50 (39.3 and 109.4 µg/mL) than its NEs (35.8 and 80.5 µg/mL), respectively. Molecular docking of trimethylsilyl ester and 2-lauro-1,3-didecoin against S. aureus (PDB=7BGE) and C. albicans protein (PDB=3DRA) revealed optimal binding mode that had the most energy interaction with the binding sites.
Economic contradictions of globalization and localization and their modern manifestations
Authors:   State Institution “Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine”, Grytsenko Andrii
Published: January 2023

The article reveals the methodological approaches in the research on the contradictions of globalization and localization, their movement at different stages of the development of society and their modern manifestations. It is found that the cell from which these contradictions grow in history is jointly divided labor. Jointness in the process of historical development reaches its limit in globalization, and division - in localization. Before the age of great geographical discoveries and the emergence of the global market, the contradictions of globalization and localization existed implicitly, and then they took an explicit form and passed through the three following stages: development through international trade, development through the globalization of capital, and development by moving globalization mainly into virtual space. The author shows the diversity of forms of solving the contradictions of globalization and localization. Among them, the change of world order, hybrid war and reconstructive post-war recovery are identified and revealed. The main contradiction of modern times is found to be the contradiction between globalization, which develops due to informational and financial technologies, and the localization of material and labor resources, which cannot move in space at the speed of information and financial flows. The author clarifies peculiarities in the manifestation and settlement of the contradictions of globalization and localization in Ukraine, in whose space the global contradictions of the main global players are presently localized. The article shows the need for reconstructive recovery for Ukraine based on this country’s nationally rooted development.