bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RŪPESTIS IR PILIETIŠKUMAS
Authors: Bikauskaitė Renata
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama šiuo metu feministiniuose ir nefeministiniuose diskursuose aktuali pilietiškumo problematika. Feministinė filosofija pateikia gausią Vakarų filosofijoje egzistuojančių pilietiškumo sampratų kritiką, tačiau ne tiek daug pozityvių alternatyvų. Šiame straipsnyje svarstomas bene originaliausiasir įdomiausias požiūris, kylantis iš rūpesčio etikos, kuri formuluoja savitą požiūrį į tai, kokios turėtų būti pilietės ir piliečiai šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje. Pateikiama rūpesčio etikos pilietiškumo sampratos, jos santykio su filosofiniame diskurse šiandien dominuojančiais pilietiškumo modeliais analizė. Į rūpesčio etikos formuluojamą pilietiškumo sampratą siūloma žvelgti kaip į šiuo metu besiformuojančią liberaliojo ir respublikoniškojo pilietiškumo modelių alternatyvą.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: pilietiškumas, rūpesčio etika, respublikonizmas, liberalizmas.Care and CitizenshipRenata Bikauskaitė
SummaryThe article deals with the problems of citizenship which currently prevail in both feminist and non-feminist discourses. Even though the feminist philosophy produces plentiful critique of models of citizenship which dominate the Western philosophy at the moment it does not present many positive alternatives.This article analyses probably one from the most interesting and original conceptions of the kind of citizens does the modern world require. The article is focused on the examination of the conception of citizenship in the ethics of care and its relation to the models of citizenship which prevail in contemporary political and moral philosophy. It is suggested that the conception of citizenship inherent in the ethics of care is an emerging alternative to the liberal and republican models of citizenship.Keywords: citizenship, ethics of care, liberalism, republicanism.
MENO KŪRINIO INTERPRETACIJŲ VERTINIMO PROBLEMA
Authors: Budrytė Edita
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje sprendžiama problema, kaip turėtume vertinti meno kūrinių interpretacijas. Metakritinės teorijos dažnai nesutaria dėl to, ar pagrįstai interpretacijoms keliami teisingumo ir objektyvumo reikalavimai. Ypač daug problemų iškyla, kai susiduriame su prieštaringomis, tarpusavyje nesuderinamomis to paties meno kūrinio interpretacijomis. Straipsnyje atskleidžiamos dvi teorinės kryptys: kritinis monizmas ir kritinis pliuralizmas. Monroe Beardsley’is gina „vienintelės teisingos“ interpretacijos tezę, formuluodamas kūrinio „autonomijos ir nepriklausomybės“ principus, o Josephas Margolis siūlo atsisakyti tiesos kriterijaus ir taikyti reliatyvistinį požiūrį vertinant interpretacijas. Straipsnyje analizuojamos Margolio pateiktos reliatyvizmo kaip „interpretacijos logikos“, intencionalumo ir objektyvumo sąvokos.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: interpretacija, logika, reliatyvizmas, tiesos kriterijus, objektyvumasAssesment Problem of Interpretations of an ArtworkEdita Budrytė
SummaryThis article addresses the question of how we should assess interpretations of artworks. Metacritical theories often disagree on whether requirements of justice and objectivity for interpretations are reasonable. In particular, many problems arise when dealing with opposite, incompatible interpretations of the same artwork. The article reveals two theoretical branches: critical monism and critical pluralism. Monroe Beardsley defends the thesis of “the only correct” interpretation of the artwork, formulating the principles of autonomy and independence while Joseph Margolis offers not to fulfill the criterion of truth, however, to adapt a more relativistic point of view for the assessment of interpretations. This article analyzes the concepts of intentionality and objectivity in relativism given by Margolis as “logic of interpretation”.Key words: interpretation, logic, relativism, criterion of truth, objectivity.
 
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STEBINIŲ TIPAI IR REIKŠMĖ HUSSERLIO FENOMENOLOGIJOJE
Authors: Molotokienė Ernesta
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje pristatomi ir analizuojami stebinių tipai ir reikšmė Husserlio fenomenologijoje. Stebinių skirties pagrindu, kurį Husserlis atlieka „Loginiuose tyrinėjimuose“, straipsnyje keliamas klausimas: ar objektyvuojantys sąmonės aktai ir su jais koreliuojantys objektai išreiškia objektyvią tikrovę, jeigu sąmonės lauke, priklausomai nuo objekto sąmonei teikimo būdų, galima skirti keletą stebinių tipų? Teigiama, kad stebinių kaip objektyvuojančių sąmonės aktų skilimas į egzistuojantį objektą sąmonei teikiančius stebinius ir neutralizuotus stebinius lemia: 1) skirtingus objekto teikimo sąmonei būdus, 2) sąmoningumo formų skyrimą į percepciją ir vaizduotę, 3) skirtingą objektų statusą sąmonės lauke.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: stebinys, neutralizuotas stebinys, vaizdinys, sąmonė, tikrovė.
 
Types and Significance of Observations in Husserl’s PhenomenologyErnesta Molotokienė
SummaryThe article presents and discusses the types and the significance of observations in Husserl’s phenomenology. Based on the differentiation of observationscarried out in Husserl’s Logical Investigations, the article raises the following question: do the objectivating acts of consciousness and objects correlatingwith them reflect the objective reality if several types of observations may be distinguished in the area of consciousness depending upon the way of presenting the object to the conscious? It is perceived that the splitting of observations as objectivating acts of consciousness into observations presenting an existing object to the conscious and neutralized observations is influenced by the following factors: 1) different ways of presenting the object to the conscious; 2) distinguishing the forms of consciousness into perception and imagination; and 3) distinct status of the objects in the area of consciousness.Key words: observation, neutralized observation, intentional representation, consciousness, reality.
 
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PLATONO POLITINIŲ IDĖJŲ RECEPCIJA XX A. PIRMOSIOS PUSĖS LENKIJOS FILOSOFIJOJE
Authors: Mroz Tomasz
Published: January 2019

Straipsniu siekiama parodyti, kad Lenkijos mokslininkų požiūris į Platono politines idėjas priklausė nuo politinės situacijos Lenkijoje ir Europoje. Apžvelgiami trijų laikotarpių tekstai. Prieš Pirmąjį pasaulinį karą vyravo entuziazmas Platono politinių idėjų atžvilgiu. Tarpukariu entuziazmas išblėso ir utopinis Valstybės projektas buvo laikomas neįgyvendinamu. Po Antrojo pasaulinio karo Platono projektą neigiamai vertino tiek totalitarizmo ir komunizmo kritikai, tiek marksistai. Pirmieji komunizmą manė esant Platono idėjų realizaciją, o antrieji Platoną laikė demokratinės sitemos priešu.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Platonas, Valstybė, Platono recepcija, Lenkijos filosofija.On the Reception of Plato’s Political Ideas in Polish Philosophy of the First Half of the Twentieth CenturyTomasz Mroz
SummaryThe main purpose of this paper is to prove that the attitude towards Plato’s political ideas among Polish scholars depended on political situation of Poland and Europe. Selected works of three periods are under examination. Before the World War I the enthusiasm towards Plato’s political ideas prevailed. In the interwar period the enthusiasm waned and the utopian project of the Republic was considered as impossible to be carried out. After the World War II Plato’s project was negatively evaluated by the opponents of the totalitarianism and communism as well as by the Marxist philosophers. The former considered communism to be a fulfillment of Plato’s ideas, the latter thought of Plato as an enemy of the democratic system.Key words: Plato, Politeia, Plato reception, Polish philosophy.
LIETUVOS FILOSOFIJOS RAIDA 1960–2010: APIMTIS, INSTITUCIJOS, LEIDINIAI
Authors: Kabelka Gintaras
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje taikant bibliometrinę prieigą nagrinėjami Lietuvos filosofiniai akademiniai 1960–2010 metų tekstai. Pamatuota jų visumos apimtis, jos kaitos dėsningumai: Lietuvos filosofijai pastaruosius 40 metų būdingas eksponentinis augimas – jos tekstų apimtis padvigubėja kas 8–11 metų. Straipsnyje gauti ir palyginti sovietinio ir posovietinio laikotarpio filosofinio diskurso vidutiniai rodikliai. Eksplikuota ir palyginta minėtų laikotarpių filosofijos institucinė struktūra: abiem laikotarpiais Lietuvoje vyrauja duopolija – didžiąją dalį filosofinių tekstų sukuria dvi institucijos (Vilniaus universitetas ir Lietuvos kultūros tyrimųinstitutas). Apžvelgta periodinių leidinių raida, jų kiekybiniai pokyčiai. Tyrimas parodė, kad Lietuvos filosofijai nuo 1970 m. būdingas eksponentinis augimas („mokslo jaunystės“ fazė). Daroma išvada, jog nepriklausomybės atgavimas teigiamai paveikė Lietuvos filosofijos produktyvumą, paskatino leidybinęir dalinę institucinę decentralizaciją.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Lietuvos filosofija, bibliometrija, diskurso augimas, institucijos, leidiniai.The Development of Lithuanian Philosophy During 1960–2010: Volume, Institutions, PublicationsGintaras Kabelka
SummaryThe article applies the approach of bibliometrics in order to analyze the development of Lithuanian philosophy. The object of the research was Lithuanianacademic philosophical texts published during the period 1960 to 2010. The article analyzes regularities in quantitative growth of Lithuanian philosophicaldiscourse. Since 1970 its growth rate is exponential: the total amount of philosophical texts doubles during 8–11 years periods. The article reveals theinstitutional structure of Lithuanian philosophy and the main changes in the field of philosophical publications after 1990. Research shows that Lithuanianphilosophy since 1970 was growing exponentially (is in the phase of “youth of science”). It is concluded that restitution of independence has made a positiveimpact on the productivity of Lithuanian philosophy, and has facilitated institutional and publicational decentralisation. Key words: Lithuanian philosophy, bibliometrics, growth of discourse, institutions, publications.
MENO APIBRĖŽTIES PROBLEMA: MORRISO WEITZO METODO LOGINIS REDUKTYVIZMAS
Authors: Straukaitė Ieva
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje analizuojama šiuolaikinėje analitinėje meno filosofijoje daug diskusijų sukėlęs Morriso Weitzo bandymas įrodyti meno apibrėžties neįmanomumą. Tipologizuojami pagrindiniai šio įrodymo argumentai – lingvistinis, demarkacinis, episteminis ir metakritinis. Tvirtinama, kad Weitzo reduktyvistiniai argumentai yra nepakankami meno apibrėžties galimybei paneigti. Ši tezė grindžiama siekiant apginti „tradicinį“ esencializmą – atskleidžiant Clive’o Bello ir Benedetto Croce’s meno sampratų pagrindinius principus. Teigiama, kad Weitzo „panašumo sąlygų“ metodas remiasi per plačiais kriterijais, todėl neišsprendžia meno ir ne-meno atskyrimo problemos.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: meno apibrėžtis, analitinė meno filosofija, reduktyvizmas, esencialistinės meno teorijos, Morrisas Weitzas.Defining Art: Methodological Reductionism of Morris WeitzIeva StraukaitėSummaryThe article analyzes the argument for the impossibility of the definition of art by Morris Weitz which provoked a controversy in contemporary analytic philosophy of art. The typology of its basic components – the linguistical, the demarcational, the epistemic and the metacritical – is given. Weitz’s reductionist argumentation is asserted to be insufficient for denying the possibility of the definition of art. With the aim of defending “traditional” essentialism, this thesis is grounded by displaying the basic principles of Clive Bell’s and Benedetto Croce’s conceptions of art. Weitz’s method of “similarity conditions” is shown to be based on too broad criteria and thus to fail to solve the problem of the demarcation between art and non-art.Keywords: definition of art, analytic philosophy of art, essentialist theories of art, Morris Weitz.
ROMANO PLEČKAIČIO PAMINĖJIMAS
Authors: Misiūnienė Snieguolė , Radavičienė Nijolė
Published: January 2019

Commemoration of Romanas PlečkaitisSnieguolė Misiūnienė, Nijolė Radavičienė
VERČIANT EPIKŪRĄ IR BENTHAMĄ
Authors: Kirtiklis Kęstas , Dranseika Vilius , Bachmetjevas Viktoras
Published: January 2019

Translating Epicurus and BenthamKęstas Kirtiklis, Vilius Dranseika, Viktoras Bachmetjevas
METAETIKA KAIP ROMANTIZMO FORMA
Authors: Jokubaitis Alvydas
Published: January 2019

Straipsnis skiriamas metaetikos kritikai. Tai bandymas pagilinti Ronaldo Dworkino kritiką, kuri kai kuriais atžvilgiais yra ribota ir nenuosekli. Šis autorius mano, kad metaetika yra tam tikras etikos variantas, tačiau neatskleidžia jos turinio. Dworkinas teisus sakydamas, kad metaetiką formuoja Apšvietos epistemologinės prielaidos, tačiau jis nemato, kad už to stovi ir romantizmas. Metaetika gali būti aiškinama kaip romantinio mąstymo forma. Pagal nusistovėjusį požiūrį, ši disciplina dažniausiai siejama su Apšvieta. Straipsnio tikslas – įrodyti romantiškas metaetinio mąstymo prielaidas.Metaethics as a Form of RomanticismAlvydas Jokubaitis
SummaryThis paper presents a critique of metaethics. It is an attempt at deepening the critique proposed by Ronald Dworkin, which is in some respects limited and inconsistent. Dworkin is right in saying that metaethics is based on the epistemological premises of the Enlightenment, but it has to be pointed out that he overlooks the influence of Romanticism. Metaethics can be understood as a form of romantic thinking. There is a widespread consensus according to which this discipline is linked with the ideas of the Enlightenment. The aim of this paper is to prove that metaethics is based on premises which are romantic.Philosophers doing metaethics cut off all links between established concepts, revolt against common sense, retreat into a realm of ideas, strive for novelties and originality, get lost between incompatible viewpoints and antinomies. They want to find something new and unexpected behind daily phenomena. Works of metaethics are different from impressionistic pieces of art, but their guiding attitude is the same. The main difference is that the artists do not deny their relationship with Romanticism, whereas philosophers doing metaethics never openly talk of such relations. Metaethics is a disguised form of Romanticism. The principle that Carl Schmitt called “subjectified occasionalism” is operational in both cases.
PROTAGORO RELIATYVIZMAS: FRAGMENTŲ ANALIZĖ
Authors: Čelutka Simas
Published: January 2019

Darbe analizuojama Protagoro filosofijos visuma, ypatingą dėmesį kreipiant į garsųjį homo mensura fragmentą. Pastarąjį nagrinėjant pasitelkiami svarbūs filologiniai patikslinimai, kuriais remiantis daroma išvada, jog iš homo mensura fragmento negalima išvesti etinio ar politinio reliatyvizmo: iš jo logiškai plaukia tik perceptyvinis reliatyvizmas. Taip pat parodoma, jog protagoriškąjį perceptyvinį reliatyvizmą galima suvokti tiek objektyvistiškai, tiek subjektyvistiškai. Darbe mėginama argumentuoti, jog Protagoro mąstymui didelę įtaką turėjo Hėrakleito ir Parmenido filosofijos. Nurodoma, kuriose vietose Platonas ir Aristotelis netiksliai suprato svarbiausią Protagoro ištarą, sykiu reabilituojant homo mensura fragmentą nuo kaltinimų savęs paneigimu. Grindžiama mintis, jog Protagoras buvęs ne ateistas, o subjektyvus agnostikas.Protagorean Relativism: An Analysis of the FragmentsSimas Čelutka
SummaryThe article provides an analysis of Protagorean philosophy, concentrating on his famous homo mensura fragment. The examination is supported by significant philological clarifications, which eventually lead to the conclusion that ethico-political relativism does not follow from homo mensura fragment: only perceptual relativism logically follows. The argument goes on to show that Protagorean perceptual relativism may be understood both objectively and subjectively. The Heraclitean and Parmenidean influences upon Protagoras’ thought are also indicated. It is consequently shown how Plato and Aristotle misunderstood the central thesis of Protagoras, at the same time retrieving the homo mensura fragment from charges of self-refutation. It is also argued that Protagoras should not be called an “atheist”, but only a “subjective agnostic”.
LIETUVOS FILOSOFIJOS POSOVIETINĖ TRANSFORMACIJA: FILOSOFIJOS KRYPTYS, DISCIPLINOS, PRODUKTYVUMAS
Authors: Kabelka Gintaras
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje pateikiama Lietuvos filosofinio diskurso (1960–2010 m.) bibliometrinių duomenų apie filosofijos disciplinas, kryptis ir tekstų autorius interpretacija. Eksplikuojama šių krypčių ir disciplinų apimtis bei kaita posovietiniu laikotarpiu. Filosofinių krypčių struktūros pokyčiams aiškinti taikoma lyginamuosiuose istoriniuose sociologiniuose tyrimuose naudojama posovietinės transformacijos orientacijų (mimetinės, kontinuacinės, restitucinės ir inovacinės) schema. Analizuojama filosofinių tekstų autorių bendrijos apimtis ir jos pokyčiai sovietiniu ir posovietiniu laikotarpiais, taip pat autorių stratifikacija pagal produktyvumą. Patikrinamas Lotkos ir Price’o dėsnis, teigiantis, jog didžiąją dalį mokslinių tekstų sukuria autorių bendrijos produktyviausioji mažuma.The Post-Soviet Transformation of Lithuanian Philosophy: Trends, Disciplines, ProductivityGintaras Kabelka
SummaryThe paper presents the interpretation of bibliometric data about the Lithuanian philosophical discourse (1960–2010) concerning the philosophical disciplines, branches, and authors of the texts. The scope and changes of these branches and disciplines during the post-soviet period is explicated. The structural changes of the of philosophical movements are explained employing the scheme of orientations of post-soviet transformation (mimetic, continuational, restitutive, and innovative), used in historical sociological comparative research. The extent of the community of the authors of philosophical texts and its transformations during the soviet and post-soviet period are analyzed, as well as the stratification of the authors according to their productivity. The Lotka-Price law, according to which the majority of the scientific texts are produced by the minority of the most productive authors, is put to test.
SĄVOKOS CHŌRA PERMĄSTYMAS DERRIDA FILOSOFIJOJE: TIKĖJIMO BE ONTOTEOLOGIJOS DOMINAVIMO GALIMYBĖ
Authors: Rudžianskaitė Ieva
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje aptariama Jacques’o Derrida interpretuojama platoniškoji chōros sąvoka. Permąstydamas šį terminą, Derrida kvestionuoja ontoteologinį Dievybės įvaizdį ir jo įtaką religinei sferai, kuri neatsiejama nuo žinojimo. Pirmiausia apžvelgiama chōros sąvoka, kurią galėtume pavadinti logocentrinės tradicijos „svetimkūniu“. Taip pat analizuojami negatyviosios kalbos raiškos būdai: hiperousiologinis ir chorinis, parodant, jog Platono „Timajuje“ išryškėja dviejų apofatinio diskurso formų galimybė. Atskleidžiama, jog hiperousiologinė diskurso struktūra perteikia ontoteologinį hierarchinį tvarkos modelį, o chorinė forma turėtų būti siejama su modelių daugialypiškumo bei diskursų išsicentravimo galimybe. Galiausiai išryškinamas tikėjimo vaidmens nevienareikšmiškumas šiose negatyviose formose. Priešingai nei hiperousiologinis kalbėjimo būdas, kuriame Dievybė apibūdinama kaip „Būtis anapus būties“, chorinis neatveria jokio pažintinio tikėjimo turinio, kita vertus, pats tikėjimas nepaneigiamas, net jeigu jis glaudžiai susijęs su ateizmu kaip abejone. Tokiu būdu tikėjimo ir ateizmo sąveika atsiskleidžia kaip nežinojimo momentas, kuris neatsiejamas nuo sąvokos chōra.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: chōra, apofatinis diskursas, ontoteologija, tikėjimas, nežinojimas.
Rethinking the Notion of Chōra in Derrida’s Philosophy: the Possibility of Faith without Domination of OntotheologyIeva Rudžianskaitė
AbstractThe article deals with Derrida’s interpretation of the platonic notion of chōra. Considering this term, Derrida questions the ontotheological image of Deity and its influence on the religious sphere which is inseparable from knowledge. First of all, the notion of chōra, which could be described as a ‘foreign body’ in the logocentric tradition, is overviewed. Further, negative expressions of the language – hyperousiological and choral are analyzed, showing that in Plato’s Timaeus the possibility of two forms of apophatic discourse has appeared. The analysis reveals that the structure of hyperousiological discourse expresses the ontotheological hierarchical order whereas the choral form is in relation to the possibility of multiplicities of modes and de-centration of discourses. The results of this investigation show that the role of faith in these negative forms is perceived very differently. The Deity is described as a ‘Being beyond being’ in the hyperousiological form, whereas choral discourse has no cognitive content of faith. On the other hand, faith as such is undeniable, even if it is closely connected to atheism as doubt. In this way, the interplay between faith and atheism appears as a moment of unknowing, which is inseparable from the concept of chōra.Keywords: chōra, apophatic discourse, ontotheology, faith, unknowing.
DEKARTIŠKOJI EPISTEMOLOGIJA PROTO VADOVAVIMO TAISYKLĖSE
Authors: Saulius Tomas
Published: January 2019

Vyrauja nuomonė, jog ankstyvoji Descartes’o filosofija angažuojasi metodologinėms problemoms, o tai laikytina naujosios epochos ženklu. Tačiau turint omenyje tokios problematikos išskirtinį aktualumą Aristoteliui bei faktą, kad Descartes’o metodologija aiškiai stokoja apibrėžtumo, jo santykis su ankstesniąja tradicija turėtų būti įvertintas naujai. Straipsnyje siekiama apginti požiūrį, kad „Proto vadovavimo taisyklėse“, savo pirmajame filosofiniame veikale, Descartes’as demonstruoja pastangas duoti tvirtą epistemologinį pagrindą teorinio mąstymo išlaisvinimui iš bet kokių formalių apribojimų. Pateikdamas naują mąstymo procedūrų traktuotę, Descartes’as numato perspektyvų įvairovės galimybę teoriniame reiškinių aiškinime ir šiuo aspektu atsiskleidžia jo originalumas.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: epistemologija, silogizmas, intuicija, dedukcija, analizė.
Cartesian Epistemology in the Rules for the Direction of the MindTomas Saulius
AbstractAccording to dominant opinion, the early philosophy of Descartes engages on methodological problems, and this should be regarded as a mark of the new epoch. However, bearing in mind that these problems are of great relevance to Aristotle and that Descartes’ methodology evidently lacks explicitness, his relationship with the former tradition should be re-evaluated. The present paper aims to defend the view that in the Rules for the Direction of the Mind, his first philosophical work, Descartes demonstrates efforts to give firm epistemological basis for the liberation of theoretical thinking from any formal restrictions. Presenting new treatment of cognitive procedures, Descartes envisages a possibility of the variety of perspectives in theoretical explanation of phenomena, and this aspect reveals his originality.Keywords: epistemology, syllogism, intuition, deduction, analysis.
TEISININKŲ ETIKOS VERTYBIŲ REALUMO IR MODELIAVIMO PROBLEMOS
Authors: Berkmanas Tomas , Gruodytė Edita
Published: January 2019

Išplitusio moralinio nihilizmo bei klasikinio moralinio realizmo problemų ir kritikos kontekste teisininkų etikos vertybių galimybė įgyti daugiau ar mažiau realų pavidalą bei įgauti priimtino modelio formą yra tapusi neapibrėžta. Kita vertus, akademinėje ir ypač profesinėje teisininkų bendruomenėje teisininko buvimo etišku reikšmė ir poreikis vis labiau akcentuojami. Analitiškai ir kritiškai aptarus tokį status quo šiame straipsnyje pristatoma alternatyvi teisininkų etikos vertybių realaus egzistavimo perspektyva, taip pat formuluojant teisininkų etikos modeliavimo gaires. Ši perspektyva remiasi subjektyviąja (arba mentalistine) ontologija ir pamatiniais moralinio proto principais: altruizmu ir teisingumo kaip proporcinės lygybės nuostata.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: teisininkų etika, teisininkų etikos modelis, mentalistinė teorija, moralinis nihilizmas, moralinis realizmas.
Issues of the Reality of the Values and the Modeling of Legal EthicsTomas Berkmanas, Edita Gruodytė
AbstractIn the context of the widespread moral nihilism, and the issues and critique of classical moral realism, the possibility for the values of legal ethics to acquire more or less discernible real contours and to take the shape of the acceptable model appears to be uncertain. On the other hand, in academic and, especially, professional legal community the significance and the need for the lawyer to follow ethical standards becomes more and more important. The paper, after analytically and critically lingering on this status quo, provides an alternative perspective of the real existence of the values of legal ethics thereby also indicating the guidelines for its modeling. The perspective is based on the subjective (or mentalist) ontology and the foundational principles of the moral mind: altruism and justice as proportional equality.Keywords: legal ethics, model of legal ethics, mentalist theory, moral nihilism, moral realism.
NIHILISTINIS TEISINGUMAS SU RICOEURU IR DERRIDA
Authors: Šerpytytė Rita
Published: January 2019

Šio straipsnio tikslas yra radikalus teisingumo suprobleminimas. Straipsnyje keliama teorinė hipotezė, jog teisingumas aptinkamas vien kaip negatyvi, nihilistinė par excellence patirtis. Tam pademonstruoti pasitelkiami Ricoeuras ir Derrida. Teisingumo „prigimtis“ svarstoma teisingumo kaip teisės ir teisingumo anapus teisės perspektyvoje. Parodoma, kad Derrida teisingumas iškyla kaip stygius, kaip skirtumas, kaip nuotrūkio tarp teisės įgalinamo teisingumo ir ne-teisingumo „išgyvenimas“. Derrida dekonstrukcija, jos išdavomis teisingumo „idėjos“ atžvilgiu bei Derrida teisingumo sąsaja su Heideggerio Δίκη (dikė) – kaip nei teisingumo, nei neteisingumo – nihilistiniu traktavimu bandoma „patikrinti“ Ricoeuro teisingumo interpretaciją. Interpretuojant Ricoeuro teisingumo formalizmo konceptą, atskleidžiamas nevienareikšmis formalizmo pobūdis. Parodoma, jog ypač svarbi tampa tam tikra formalizmo prasmė, kurią įgyja rikioriškoji „nepersonalaus požiūrio taško“ instancija. Ji kaip neišbaigta forma, kadangi nėra uždara ir savipakankama, orientuoja į žmogiškosios situacijos dvilypumą ir dviprasmiškumą, į tokią žmogiškosios kitybės pagavą, kuri būtų universali ir singuliari sykiu. Būtent tokioje perspektyvoje Ricoeuro teisingumą galima aptikti kaip nihilistinį, t. y. „nepersonalus požiūrio taškas“ yra galimas traktuoti kaip moralinis plyšys, kaip moralinis įtrūkis teisės teisingume.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: nihilizmas, teisingumas, teisė, Ricoeur, Derrida.
Nihilistic Justice in Ricoeur and DerridaRita Šerpytytė
AbstractThis article aims to radicalize the problem of justice by proposing a theoretical hypothesis of justice, traceable only as a negative and Nihilistic experience par excellence. While drawing on Ricoeur’s and Derrida’s works, the “nature” of justice is exposed in the twofold perspective – as justice appearing within or beyond law.The author shows how Derrida’s concept of justice emerges as “originary lack”, as Différance, as an interruption between justice as law and injustice. By deploying the conclusions of Deconstruction as well as Heidegger’s analysis of Δίκη, the nihilistic take is exercised in order to verify Ricoeur’s formalist interpretation of this subject.The instance of “impersonal point of view” turns out to be essential in giving a background of the formalist understanding of justice. Since this instance is conceived as an open, self-sufficient and incomplete form, through which the ambivalence and ambiguity of human being is disclosed as well as an opening to the Otherness – both universal and singular – is performed, Ricoeur’s position can become a subject of nihilistic interpretation, proposing the understanding of “impersonal point of view” as “moral gap”, as a crack in justice of law.Keywords: nihilism, justice, law, Ricoeur, Derrida.
Disertacija apie Aristotelio filosofijos svarbą Heideggerio mąstyme
Authors: Mickevičius Tomas Nemunas
Published: January 2019

Nerijaus Stasiulio disertacijos gynimas.
Rūpesčio habitus medicinoje: reliacinė bioetikos prielaidų interpretacija
Authors: Bartkienė Aistė , Mincytė Diana , Rinkevičius Leonardas
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje analizuojamos bioetikoje vyraujančio pagarbos asmens autonomijai principo prielaidos. Remiantis antropologų L. Dumont’o ir C. Geertzo darbais parodoma, kaip pagarbos asmens autonomijai principas yra susijęs su vakarietiška, krikščioniška, individualistine asmens samprata bei iš to plaukiančiu racionalumo reikšmės įtvirtinimu informuoto sutikimo koncepte. Taip pat ginama idėja, kad būtina atsižvelgti į rūpesčio etikos, pabrėžiančios emocijų svarbą moralėje ir paremtos reliacinio asmens prielaida, pasiūlytas įžvalgas. Straipsnyje parodoma, kaip rūpesčio etikoje pasiūlyti normatyviniai rūpesčio idealai gali būti pritaikomi bioetiniame kontekste – konceptualizuojant rūpestį medicinos sferoje galima pritaikyti Bourdieu pasiūlytą habitus konceptą ir išryškinti ne tik tarpasmeninių santykių svarbą moraliniam vystymuisi, bet ir įvairias sociokultūrines bei istorines įtakas, lemiančias tam tikrus mūsų elgsenos modelius.
Special types of the human manifestation in understanding poetry
Authors: Kregždė S.
Published: January 2019

Research of students' individual differences has great theoretical and practical significance. That's why we chose our objective: to experimentally find out Pavlov's special types of human manifestations during comprehension of poetry. It turned out that according to reading and retelling of emotional, imaginative, and actualization level, as well as according to the rhythm of the peculiarities of perception, all the participants of our experiment can be divided into three groups. The research subjects who rapidly perceived rhythm and did not detect any rhythm error can be assigned to the first group. Representatives of this group try to read poems expressively. They often outwardly show involvement in a poem during reading time. In general, this group's representatives understood the poem immediately. However, their storytelling lacks connections between individual, brightly expressed, and emotional distress imagery. This group's research subjects did not always successfully understand the basic idea of the poem. The reason should be regarded as insufficient Signal II system activity during very active Signal II system activity. This group was 24% (18) of the students in our research. They can be assigned to Pavlov's specified artistic type. The second group consisted of subjects whose sense of rhythm was weaker. They made rhythm errors in reading the poem. Their reading was characterized by monotony and inexpressiveness. They were not interested in verse. They only paid attention to the story. In their storytelling and oral film scripts they tried to convey the main idea of the poem. However, what was conveyed was not a recreation of the author’s imagery, but rather an oral reading form. This group's subjects understanding and comprehension can be explained by the lack of the Signal I system activity. More or less 22% (16) of students in our experiment were characterized this way. These are the thinkers Pavlov described. The third group consists of research subjects who read the poem and did not make major mistakes. They tried to read expressively. They were drawn to verse. Their storytelling and oral film scripts' main idea of the poem was conveyed accurately and thoughtfully. This testifies to the equally activated Signal I and Signal II systems. This group's research subjects' narrations displayed a different of thinking and imagery level; it was probably determined by their age, previous experience, methodological requirements, and the common skills. This group accounts for 54% (40) of students in the experiment. This is the secondary type described by Pavlov.
Information
Authors: Gučas A.
Published: January 2019

This article provides information about Psychological Society activities as well as other relevant pedagogical and psychological news.
Outstanding pre-soviet period representatives of pedagogy on the significance of drawing in educating of a personality
Authors: Morkytė J.
Published: January 2019

Solving the questions of educating a harmonious personality, the classics of pedagogy J. A. Komensky, Z. Z. Rousseau, D. Lock, l. G. Pestalozzi assigned a significant role to drawing. Education by drawing was emphasized in the development of children’s senses, perception and the benefits of drawing skills in practical life.

Especially deeply the aesthetic education was understood by the famous Russian pedagogues L. Tolstoy and K. Ušinsky. They required to raise not only popular talents, but also to provide aesthetical education to all children of the nation, by engraining in them graphical expression skills, developing aesthetic feelings, imagination necessary to a versatile educated personality.
Pioneer organization's activities during the first year of the restoration of Soviet power in Lithuania (1940–1941)
Authors: Savickytė V.
Published: January 2019

After the restoration of Soviet power in Lithuania the pioneer organization began to operate legally, so occupational content, format, and methods changed. Pioneers took an active part in society, i.e. the political activity of the country and expanding their activities in schools.
Some key moments in developing technical playing skills
Authors: Gricius A.
Published: January 2019

The prevailing attitude in music pedagogy, that a singer-instrumentalist can be prepared in two stages, one technical and another artistic, separately, is false. Regardless of the type of technical skill developed at a given moment, it cannot be abstracted from how it sounds, from the quality of it.

The student/performer absolutely must be tough holistically in order to achieve harmony between technical and musical ability.  Before beginning any type of technical work, and clear and powerful sound design must already exist in your mind.

In most cases the inner ear, or what you're hearing in your head, lacks two very important components for the performer/instrumentalist, i.e. timbre and rhythm. There have also been a number of cases when vocal motility (soundless throat, tongue, and lip movement) is used to cause a sound image. In this case the sound image typically has a range of personal voice qualities that is limited by the performer's imagination. Although the method may be appropriate in the first stage of learning when the musician/performer must first and foremost learn accurate intonation, later it is not: next, and play what you're hearing in your head mode commences, including agility, specific timbre of a given instrument, inner hearing,  and vocal-based motility.

Images are closely related to actual impressions. Therefore, to develop the inner ear, you have to listen to as much audio as possible, both live and recorded—practice listening to the sound impressions. In addition, there are ways to develop the right internal auditory characteristics based on primary visual memory and the so-called "mixed inner ear" (the ability to continue a tune hearing only the start).

If at first, while training a technical skill, you can focus on one or another detail of movement of movement analysis (remembering always the musical task), later any attention diverted to these will cut short the automation and synthesis of skills.  The teacher's task is to direct the student's attention in a specific way at the correct moment.
Some questions for learning about the environment and interpretative reading in Lithuanian schools (1918–1925)
Authors: Karčiauskienė M.
Published: January 2019

During the proletarian revolution (1918-1919 years) a fight took place between bourgeois training and scholasticism, for education and life relationships in Lithuanian schools. The native language has become important  in primary education.

Together with that, priority was given to the integrated teaching system: the native language was not the most important thing in school; the education policy surrounding environment of knowledge extraction out of the native language. The value of reading lessons that relate to environmental knowledge, wasn't sufficiently assessed.

This methodical direction also prevailed during the bourgeois dictatorship, but ideological familiarization with the surrounding environment fundamentals were different—bourgeois.

As a result, in bourgeois Lithuania environmental knowledge issues were dissociated from the native language lessons system, and although some methodological advice received the attention, they generally did not constitute systems.

Methodological interpretative reading guidelines have  poorly addressed the question of reading lessons and environmental communications knowledge. Interpretative reading was little used in expanding children's horizons.
Information
Authors: Jovaiša L.
Published: January 2019

The section contains information from the activities of the Psychological Society. It is a presentation of School Research Institute activities on the five-year occasion of its establishment. Other information is presented as well.
One method to define the concepts of physical quantities of derivatives
Authors: Kulviecas L.
Published: January 2019

The paper examines one of the methods of defining physical quantities of derivatives (known as the 1st definition method), which is widely used in physics and technical literature. This definition method clearly proved to be wrong, leading for false conclusions. In physics, the attitudes of calculation of physical quantities, namely, in terms of adopted unit systems in physics and technology, defining physical quantities of derivative using the 1st method is contrary to the known laws of mathematical logic and rules: to the law of contraposition, implications of transitivity laws, the implications of the matrix of equity value properties. Defining  physical quantities of derivative using the 1st method means equiparation of two dimensional vector spaces composed above the real number of the body (isomorphic), which consist of physical elements with regard to non-identical i.e., physical sizes. Such impermissible equiparation of the isomorphic vector spaces leads to various contradictions. Derivative size reveals the physical meaning of one-dimensional vector space to which it belongs, can be isomorphically displayed in another, different (one-dimensional) the vector space whose elements are physical quantities determined in a special way. The latter vector space can be chosen by more than one method.
Some of the developmental features of professional interests in students of Pedagogical Institute
Authors: Kregždė S.
Published: January 2019

Staff qualities are largely determined by their professional purposefulness. It is important to know their consistent patterns in the development of their professional interests, in order to improve the teacher training. Thus, in 1960-1964 in VPI, 400 students from different departments and of different study years were examined by using the questionnaire, interviews with students and their friends and an experiment in order to determine their professional interests and their developmental features. The results showed that professional interests could divide all students into two groups: a) students who choose the teacher specialty while during the admission to the institute, and b) students, who are admitted to a corresponding specialty and agree to study it at any institution of higher education without considering features of work after graduating from the institute. Developmental differences in professional interests is also characteristic to these groups.

Practical conclusions:

1. It is important to improve the professional purposefulness of all the subjects that are taught and at the institute and educational links.

2. It is key to employ profession orientation and profession consultation in secondary school according to the needs of economy, and begin to form active professional interests in teenage years.
Development of psychology in Soviet Lithuania
Authors: Jacikevičius A.
Published: January 2019

The article is dedicated to commemorating the twenty years of restitution of Soviet power in Lithuania. It discloses some reactionary traits of the idealistic psychology in bourgeois Lithuania and reviews the development of materialist psychology during the first years of the Soviet rule (1940-1941).

The post-war period in the development of psychology is subdivided into two stages: 1) the stage of improvement of psychology teaching and improvement of training of psychology professionals (1945-1955); 2) the stage of the research and development of psychology (1956-1965).

Fast increase of research in the psychology field in Soviet Lithuania became possible because having restituted the Soviet power, psychology was liberated from various ideological fallacy; second, it was developing as a constituent part of qualitatively new Soviet psychology; third, it was facilitated by the works of numerous outstanding psychologists of the whole Soviet Union; and fourth, it retained the experimental psychology traditions characteristic to it which were formed as early as at the beginning of the 20th century and consolidated in the Soviet years by scientific research and management attempts of the most outstanding figures in Lithuanian psychology J. Vabalas-Gudaitis and A. Gučas.
On the development of volitional activity in mentally deficient pupils
Authors: Laužikas J.
Published: January 2019

Soviet psychology pays much attention to issues associated with the development of the human psyche. The research works by A. Leontyev, L. Bozhovich, D. Elkonin, A. Liublinskaya and other soviet psychologists disclose important issues of the psychic development of children. It is maintained in their works that psychic progress is better determined by the influence of diverse activities rather than by innate natural qualities. L. Zankov, G. Kostyuk, N. Menchinskaya and other psychologists demonstrated the interaction between the learning and development.

Soviet psychology regards the purposeful activity and work of a person as the key factor for human development. Numerous research works on psychic development bring mental activities to the forefront, whereas volitional activity is either subjugated to the mental processes or remains ignored. However, any conscious processes are associated with willful attempts and their regulation. Volitional activity has not been properly investigated yet.

To explain the development of mentally deficient children, cognitive processes have been mostly examined. On the other hand, passiveness and deficiency of relations with the outer world weaken activities and psychic development of mentally retarded children.

Without active engagement, mental abilities and self-will are devoid of proper development.

We have decided to explore the development of volitional activity and efficiency qualities of junior students. To this end, students’ day-to-day activities and learning have been monitored, psychological experiments have been performed and certain regulatory methods of upbringing, activity and behavior have been applied.

For purposes of cultivation of willpower in students, the following principles have been applied: l) activity and work, 2) courage and confidence, 3) expedience and perspective, 4) individual approach and individualization, 5) appropriateness and consistency, 6) uniform requirements and impact. These principles have been observed by both teachers and mentors. According to the type of high nervous activity, two groups of children have been distinguished: active or excitable, and passive or suppressive children. The attempts to regulate the activeness of the excitable children have been made by training their self-control and self-command skills, while the suppressive children have been boosted and encouraged. The examined students have been closely watched in various circumstances. The data of monitoring and a-year-after control experiments have clearly established that the willful activity in the examined students has developed more than in students of the control group. It has been also established that activated qualities of self-will have been developing faster than self-control and regulatory qualities. Apparently, self-command and endurance require more willpower than activeness. The development of self-will in students has also affected their mental processes and learning efficiency, behavior and interrelations.
The experience of Poland on organising pupils' professional orientation and counseling
Authors: Galkytė H.
Published: January 2019

During an incentive conversation, the promoter seeks to achieve a certain response during verbal communication. The promoter uses a certain entirety of socially accepted linguistic means (lexical, grammatical, syntactical, intonation) as a means, i.e. uses one of the incentives in a relevant language (order, command, request, suggestion, etc.).

Application of one or other incentive is determined by a number of communication conditions. One of such conditions is the anticipated response of the addressed person to a certain linguistic effect. The response of the addressed person depends on a number of factors, some of them are briefly reviewed: l) motivation, involving action to be performed by the addressed person, into activity characterized by a certain motive; 2) contradiction (or its absence) between what is necessary for the performance of a certain action and what can be possibly done by the motivated person (assessment from the point of view of the addressed person); 3) congruity of the produced incentive with the anticipated response from the point of view of notional, linguistic, physical expression, and perception qualities.

Denominations of possible responses of the stimulated person to a linguistic impact can be found in linguistic (particularly, in lexical) material, because language reflects all social-historical experience of a certain linguistic community. The entirety of possible denominations of responses produced by the addressed person can be hypothetically classified according to the degree of resistance by the addressed person, into four groups (expressions of disobedience, abstinence, submission and initiative). Degree of change in the response of the motivated person, influencing the action of the promoter, shall be established by means of experiment.
Genetic approaches to the analysis of the perception
Authors: Gučas A.
Published: January 2019

The article analyzes the philo-, onto-, and microgenesis process features of perception. Data was recording by daily observation, thought experiments (Kondiljakas), and doing modern laboratory experiments to demonstrate the stages of perception. The article also discusses the hypothesis the mechanisms of perception.
Visual information reception effectiveness under different signal integrity
Authors: Gučas A. , Penkauskas A.
Published: January 2019

This article discusses the layout integrity characteristics of the stimuli.

It is concluded that there is insufficient stimuli layout integrity to consider only the most minimal distance, characterized by angular units between the nearest adjacent stimuli; rather, what we also need to enter the statistical average stimuli layout integrity characteristics that reflect the visual information signal parameters in relation to the visual field area.

Visual information reception effectiveness examined the following conditions according to the above integrity characteristics: 1) The calculation of the unambiguous light signals chaotically set out in the field of vision, 2) searching for certain geometric figures when given an identification task, and 3) addressing a specific task in the mnemoschematic according to a pre-mastered algorithm.

Based on experimental data, the optimal stimuli layout integrity characteristics are presented.