bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STRATEGY THEME ‘SYSTEMS’: A DISCUSSION PAPER
Authors: Backeberg Gerhard R.
Published: February 2013

Technical activities of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) are organised under four Strategy Themes of ‘Basin’, ‘Systems’, ‘On‐farm’ and ‘Knowledge’. On request of ICID, an appraisal of gaps, vision and future direction of the Strategy Theme ‘Systems’ was undertaken as a basis for discussion. For this purpose, definitions of key terms are provided to correctly place Strategy Themes within the Water System, which enables an outward focus on farmers and consumers that should be served by experts. Assessment of Work Bodies allocated under this specific Strategy Theme shows that overall, the performance does not fully support in achieving the mission of ICID. It is advisable that the allocation must be reconsidered within the conceptual framework of Complex Adaptive Systems. Effective operations must ensure adherence to the mandate, work plan, activities and reporting by participating members representing various National Committees. Proposals are made for the conclusion of activities of existing Work Bodies and for the establishment of new Work Bodies, with priority attention to irrigation and drainage water management within a renamed Strategy Theme ‘Schemes’. The incentives for participation in Work Bodies by ICID member countries are emphasized and the future strategic direction with action plans for the next three years is recommended. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF DRIP‐IRRIGATED KINNOW MANDARIN ORCHARD UNDER DEFICIT IRRIGATION AND PARTIAL ROOT ZONE DRYING
Authors: Panigrahi P. , Sharma R. K. , Parihar S. S. , Hasan M. , Rana D. S.
Published: February 2013

The profitability of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), sustained deficit irrigation (SDI), and SDI with partial root zone drying (PRD) strategies was compared to that with full irrigation (FI: 100% crop evapotranspiration) in drip‐irrigated Kinnow mandarin in northern India. RDI was scheduled with two irrigation levels: no irrigation and 50% crop evapotranspiration (ETc.) imposed in the early fruit growth period (EFGP) and final fruit growth period (FFGP) singly and in combination, whereas SDI was scheduled at 50% ETc and 75% ETc with and without the PRD technique. The highest fruit yield was recorded with FI, which was statistically on a par (p > 0.05) with that with SDI at 50% ETc with PRD (PRD50). Economic‐based comparison shows that all the treatments were economically viable since their profitability (net return, INR 137 000–1 300 000 ha‐1 and benefit–cost ratio, 2.1–14.3) were viable. The net return generated with PRD50 was statistically (p > 0.05) at par with that generated with FI. However, the benefit–cost ratio and economic water productivity calculated with PRD50 were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher (36 and 87%, respectively) than that with FI. These results lead us to conclude that the PRD50 strategy could be used to improve irrigation water productivity substantially in commercial Kinnow mandarin orchards in sandy loam soil. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diatom assemblages and limnological variables from 40 lakes and ponds on Bathurst Island and neighboring high Arctic islands
Authors: Hadley Kristopher R. , Douglas Marianne S. V. , Lim Darlene , Smol John P.
Published: February 2013

We examined the influence of catchment geology, specifically differences in buffering capacity, on the limnological characteristics and surface sediment diatom assemblages from lakes and ponds from Bathurst Island, High Arctic Canada. Differences in buffering capacity exist on Bathurst Island due to a geological gradient that spans from carbonate‐bearing limestone in the east, to more stable quartz sandstone, siltstone, and shale in the west. We collected physical and chemical limnological data, as well as surface sediment diatom assemblages from nine ponds on the poorly buffered western portion of the island and combined these observations with a previously published dataset of 31 lakes and ponds, from the well‐buffered eastern region. The addition of these nine ponds expanded the pH gradient of the existing Bathurst Island dataset (pH 8.0–8.6) to pH 6.8–8.6. A regional, weighted average diatom‐inferred pH model was developed and showed strength similar to other Arctic calibration sets (, root‐mean‐squared‐error of prediction (RMSEP) = 0.298). Given the links between climate and pH shifts in the High Arctic, the ability to reconstruct pH should be a valuable tool for future paleolimnological studies.
Therapeutic plasma exchange in neurology: 2012
Authors: Cortese Irene , Cornblath David R.
Published: February 2013

In treating neuroimmunological diseases, neurologists have a number of different drugs to choose from ranging from corticosteroids to IVIg to more specific cell based therapies, the latter most frequently from the world of oncology. In some diseases, therapeutic plasma exchange, a procedure rather than a drug, is used. The most obvious advantage of therapeutic plasma exchange is the usually rapid onset of action presumably due to removal of pathogenic auto‐antibodies. In some diseases, a single course of therapeutic plasma exchange is used while in others prolonged treatment with therapeutic plasma exchange is used. This article will review the use of therapeutic plasma exchange in neurology and will draw heavily upon recent consensus statements from the American Society for Apheresis and the American Academy of Neurology and by Cochrane reviews. J. Clin. Apheresis 28:16–19, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Key Trends and Challenges in Corporate Governance
Authors: Sherman Andrew J.
Published: February 2013

The events of the past 10 years have placed corporate governance under a microscope. Both share‐holders and the markets are challenging corporate boards to be accountable‐and to carefully follow best practices. The author takes a look at the key trends and challenges facing governance as we move forward. What vital questions must corporate leaders answer? © 2013 Andrew J. Sherman
Immunolocalization of Keratin‐Associated Beta‐Proteins (Beta‐Keratins) in Pad Lamellae of Geckos Suggest that Glycine–Cysteine‐Rich Proteins Contribute to Their Flexibility and Adhesiveness
Authors: ALIBARDI LORENZO
Published: February 2013

The epidermis of digital pads in geckos comprises superficial microornamentation from the oberhautchen layer that form long setae allowing these lizards to climb vertical surfaces. The beta‐layer is reduced in pad lamellae but persists up to the apical free margin. Setae are made of different proteins including keratin‐associated beta‐proteins, formerly indicated as beta‐keratins. In order to identify specific setal proteins the present ultrastructural study on geckos pad lamellae analyzes the immunolocalization of three beta‐proteins previously found in the epidermis and adhesive setae of the green anolis. A protein rich in glycine but poor in cysteine (HgG5‐like) is absent or masked in gecko pad lamellae. Another protein rich in glycine and cysteine (HgGC3‐like) is weakly present in setae, oberhautchen and beta‐layer. A glycine and cysteine medium rich beta‐protein (HgGC10‐like) is present in the lower part of the beta‐layer but is absent in the oberhautchen, setae, and mesos layer. The latter two proteins may form intermolecular bonds that contribute to the flexibility of the corneous material sustaining the setae. The pliable alpha‐layer present beneath the thin beta‐layer and in the hinge region of the pad lamellae also contains HgGC10‐like proteins. Based on the possibility that some HgGC3‐like or other cys‐rich beta‐proteins are charged in the setae it is suggested that their charges influence the mechanism of adhesion increasing the induction of dipoles on the substrate and enhancing attractive van der Waals forces. J. Exp. Zool. 319A:166–178, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Becoming a Tourist
Authors: McKercher Bob , Lui Sau‐Lai
Published: February 2013

This paper explores the processes of entry into and disentanglement from touristhood by a group of inexperienced long haul tourists making their first pleasure trip to Asia. Tourism is seen as an activity that occurs in liminal time and space, enabling the participant to adopt a new role with a different set of social structures and expected behaviors, to a greater or lesser extent, when he or she travels. While the original paper investigating this topic written by Jafai (1987) infers that the process of engagement and disentanglement is relatively quick and seamless, this study found both processes were much more complex, prolonged and subtle than previously envisioned. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gelatin‐Methacrylamide Hydrogels as Potential Biomaterials for Fabrication of Tissue‐Engineered Cartilage Constructs
Authors: Schuurman Wouter , Levett Peter A. , Pot Michiel W. , van Weeren Paul René , Dhert Wouter J. A. , Hutmacher Dietmar W. , Melchels Ferry P. W. , Klein Travis J. , Malda Jos
Published: February 2013

Gelatin‐methacrylamide (gelMA) hydrogels are shown to support chondrocyte viability and differentiation and give wide ranging mechanical properties depending on several cross‐linking parameters. Polymer concentration, UV exposure time, and thermal gelation prior to UV exposure allow for control over hydrogel stiffness and swelling properties. GelMA solutions have a low viscosity at 37 °C, which is incompatible with most biofabrication approaches. However, incorporation of hyaluronic acid (HA) and/or co‐deposition with thermoplastics allows gelMA to be used in biofabrication processes. These attributes may allow engineered constructs to match the natural functional variations in cartilage mechanical and geometrical properties.

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Exzitonen — Resonanzen des Festkörpers
Authors: Treusch Joachim
Published: February 2013

Die erste über die Einteilchennäherung hinausgehende Beschreibung der möglichen Anregungszustände eines Halbleiters ist das „Exzitonenbild”︁: In ihm wird berücksichtigt, daß das ins Leitungsband angehobene Elektron mit dem im Valenzband hinterlassenen Loch wechselwirkt und auf diese Weise ein Analogon zum Wasserstoffatom bildet, das „Exziton ”︁. Die Wechselwirkungen dieses polarisierbaren Zweiteilchengebildes mit dern Rest des Festkörpers und äußeren Feldern werden in ihrer theoretischen Konzeption und ihrer experimentellen Realisierung beschrieben.
Wasserstoff in Metallen
Authors: Peisl Hans
Published: February 2013

Wasserstoff ist in vielen Metallen in hoher Konzentration löslich. Dabei ergeben sich interessante physikalische Fragestellungen, die von Grundlagenproblemen bis hin zu technologischen Anwendungen reichen. Anhand des Systems Niob/Wasserstoff wird gezeigt, wie neue physikalische Konzepte zum Verständnis von Phasenübergängen in diesem System beitragen.
Proteomic analysis of the aqueous humor in patients with wet age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Yao Jiaqi , Liu Xiaoyi , Yang Qin , Zhuang Min , Wang Feng , Chen Xi , Hang Hui , Zhang Weiwei , Liu Qinghuai
Published: February 2013

Purpose

A number of studies have shown that the levels of some proteins in the aqueous humor (AH) are altered and correlate with the mechanisms or prognosis of many eye diseases. To identify the possible mechanisms that lead to the development of wet age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), a proteomic analysis of the AH composition from wet AMD patients was performed and compared with that from non‐AMD cataract patients.

Experimental design

Six wet AMD and six non‐AMD cataract patients were enrolled. A proteomic approach which included two‐dimensional electrophoresis coupled with MS and bioinformatics methods were used to identify AH proteins with altered expression in wet AMD compared with non‐AMD patients. An ELISA was used to validate the proteomic results.

Results

We separated 78 protein spots and identified 68 that were differently expressed in the wet AMD group and controls. Numerous proteins identified in this study are implicated in inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The AH protein composition was significantly different between wet AMD and non‐AMD patients. The proteins identified in this study may be potential biomarkers of wet AMD development and might play a role in the mechanisms of wet AMD.
The combination of two p‐doped layers for improving the hole current of organic light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Chen Lei , Qin Dashan , Chen Yuhuan , Li Guifang , Wang Mingxia , Ban Dayan
Published: February 2013

The combination of MoO3‐doped 4,4‐N,N‐bis [N‐1‐naphthyl‐N‐phenyl‐amino]biphenyl (NPB:MoO3) and 4,4′‐N,N′‐dicarbazole‐biphenyl (CBP:MoO3) was used to enhance the hole conduction in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). It is found that the OLED using NPB:MoO3 10 nm/CBP:MoO3 5 nm showed a much increased current density than the one using NPB:MoO3 5 nm/CBP:MoO3 5 nm at a given voltage larger than 4 V, mainly because the hole transport barrier across the p‐doped heterojunction in the former device became smaller than that in the latter device with the driving voltage increasing, despite the fact that the 10‐nm NPB:MoO3 in the former device caused more Ohmic loss than the 5‐nm one in the latter device. As a result of the higher conductivity of NPB:MoO3 than that of CBP:MoO3, the OLED using the combination of 15‐nm NPB:MoO3 and 5‐nm CBP:MoO3 showed significantly increased performance than the one using the single 20‐nm CBP:MoO3. We provide a useful way of advancing the OLEDs toward the practical applications in general lighting and flat‐panel displays.
Improvement of the oxidation interface in an AlGaAs/AlxOy waveguide structure by using a GaAs/AlAs superlattice
Authors: Song Jinyan , Bouchoule Sophie , Patriarche Gilles , Galopin Elisabeth , Yacomotti Alejandro M. , Cambril Edmond , Kou Qingli , Troadec David , He Jian‐Jun , Harmand Jean‐Christophe
Published: February 2013

The wet oxidation from the mesa sidewalls of AlGaAs/GaAs epitaxial structures is investigated in details. In addition to the intended lateral oxidation of the Al‐rich buried layer, we observe a parasitic vertical oxidation of the adjacent layers of lower Al content. This vertical oxidation produces a rough interface between the oxidized and non‐oxidized materials and reduces the effective thickness of the adjacent layers. This detrimental phenomenon is drastically reduced when the adjacent layer is replaced by a GaAs/AlAs superlattice (SL). In this case, a sharp interface between the Al‐Ga‐oxide and the SL is obtained after the oxidation process. Further experiments point out the critical role of hydrogen in the oxidation process of low Al content alloys. Hydrogen atoms produced during the oxidation of the Al‐rich layer are proposed to be responsible for the vertical oxidation of the adjacent layers. We devise that the SL interfaces are favorable to reduce the diffusion of the reactants in the vertical direction.
Gordian knot in the pseudo‐gap phase of hole‐underdoped cuprates
Authors: Goswami Partha
Published: February 2013

We consider the coexistent d‐density wave (DDW) order, at the anti‐ferromagnetic (AF) wave vector Q = (π,π), representing the pseudo‐gap (PG) state, and d‐wave superconductivity (DSC), driven by an assumed attractive interaction, for the two‐dimensional (2D) fermion system on a square lattice starting with a mean‐field Hamiltonian involving the singlet DDW and the DSC pairings. The two energy gaps, corresponding to PG and DSC, in the excitation spectrum do not merge into one ‘quadrature’ gap if the normal state dispersion is imperfectly nested. With the pinning of the van Hove singularities (vHSs) of the dispersion close to the chemical potential (µ), we show that the PG and DSC are representing two competing orders as the former brings about a depletion of the spectral weight (a contour plot of the spectral weight density for 60 K at the doping level ∼10% is shown in the abstract figure) available for pairing in the anti‐nodal region of momentum space in the coexistent state. The calculation of quasi‐particle thermal conductivity αxx in the DDW and normal phases via the Boltzmann equation in the relaxation‐time approximation shows that there is a mild discontinuity in αxx at the PG transition temperature T*.

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Contour plot of the spectral weight density on the first Brillouin zone for the coexisting pseudo‐gap (PG) and superconducting (SC) phases at 60 K. The gap amplitudes are $\Delta _{{\rm PG}}^{{\rm (0)}} /t_{1} $ ∼ 0.024 and $\Delta _{{\rm SC}}^{{\rm (0)}} /t_{1} $ ∼ 0.01, where t1 corresponds to first‐neighbour hopping.
Anomalies of the first sharp diffraction peak in network glasses: Evidence for correlations with dynamic and rigidity properties
Authors: Micoulaut Matthieu , Bauchy Mathieu
Published: February 2013

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The structural and dynamical properties of densified sodium silicates are investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. From the analysis of the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) in the amorphous phase, it is shown that some of its characteristic parameters (position, width) in partial structure factors display minima in a certain pressure interval defining a window. The pressure window can be correlated with anomalies in transport properties (diffusion, viscosity) and their activation barriers. The count of topological constraints, sensitive to pressure and temperature, is also computed. In the pressure window, we find evidence that an adaptative behavior takes place as angular constraints soften and reduce the increasing network connectivity related strain induced by pressure. These findings display striking similarities with the Boolchand intermediate phase (IP) found in rigidity driven by composition. The present numerical results also suggest that structural signatures for the IP should be found from a detailed analysis of neutron structure factors involving the partials. Finally, on a more general ground, the present study links for the first time to the best of our knowledge characteristic features of the FSDP with transport properties in the liquid.
Electrospray ionization on porous spraying tips for direct sample analysis by mass spectrometry: enhanced detection sensitivity and selectivity using hydrophobic/hydrophilic materials as spraying tips
Authors: Wong Melody Yee‐Man , Tang Ho‐Wai , Man Sin‐Heng , Lam Ching‐Wan , Che Chi‐Ming , Ng Kwan‐Ming
Published: February 2013

RATIONALE

Despite various porous materials having been widely adopted as spraying tips for direct sample analysis using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), the effect of surface property and porosity of spraying tip materials on their analytical performances is not clear. Investigation of their relationships could provide insight into the proper choice and/or design of spraying tip materials for direct sample analysis.

METHODS

The effect of spraying tip materials with different polarities, including polyester and polyethylene (hydrophobic) and wood (hydrophilic), on the detection sensitivity for a variety of compounds, and on the ESI onset voltage, were studied using ESI‐MS. The porosity of each type of spraying tip was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Factors governing the detection sensitivity were determined based on the correlation of the detection sensitivity to the ESI onset voltage, the polarity, and the porosity of the spraying tip materials.

RESULTS

Hydrophobic tips (i.e., polyester and polyethylene) show better detection sensitivity for polar compounds but not for non‐polar compounds, while hydrophilic tips (wooden tips) show the opposite effect. This phenomenon could be due to the difference in interaction between the analytes and the tips, causing the analytes to adsorb on the tip to different extents. In addition, the micro‐porous nature of the tips could facilitate solvent diffusion for transporting analytes to the tip and maintain a stable spray for recording MS data. With the proper choice of spraying tip materials, trace amount of analytes at the picomole level can be detected with minimal sample pretreatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Both the polarity and the porosity of the spraying tip materials could significantly affect detection sensitivity for a wide variety of analytes. With proper choice of spraying tip material, ESI on a porous spraying tip could be a sensitive method for the direct analysis of daily life samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decoupled Control of Carbon Nanotube Forest Density and Diameter by Continuous‐Feed Convective Assembly of Catalyst Particles
Authors: Polsen Erik S. , Bedewy Mostafa , Hart A. John
Published: February 2013

The widespread potential application of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) forests have stimulated recent work on large‐area chemical vapor deposition growth methods, but improved control of the catalyst particles is needed to overcome limitations to the monodispersity and packing density of the CNTs. In particular, traditional thin‐film deposition methods are not ideal due to their vacuum requirements, and due to limitations in particle uniformity and density imposed by the thin‐film dewetting process. Here, a continuous‐feed convective self‐assembly process for manufacturing uniform mono‐ and multi‐layers of catalyst particles for CNT growth is presented. Particles are deposited from a solution of commercially available iron oxide nanoparticles, by pinning the meniscus between a blade edge and the substrate. The substrate is translated at constant velocity under the blade so the meniscus and contact angle remain fixed as the particles are deposited on the substrate. Based on design of the particle solution and tuning of the assembly parameters, a priori control of CNT diameter and packing density is demonstrated. Quantitative relationships are established between the catalyst size and density, and the CNT morphology and density. The roll‐to‐roll compatibility of this method, along with initial results achieved on copper foils, suggest promise for scale‐up of CNT forest manufacturing at commercially relevant throughput.
A Subpopulation of Individual Neural Progenitors in the Mammalian Dorsal Pallium Generates Both Projection Neurons and Interneurons In Vitro
Authors: Cai Yuqun , Zhang Yue , Shen Qin , Rubenstein John L. R. , Yang Zhengang
Published: February 2013

There are two major classes of neurons in nervous systems: projection neurons and interneurons. During Drosophila nervous system development, a subpopulation of individual stem/progenitor cells gives rise to both motor neurons and interneurons. However, it remains unknown whether individual stem/progenitor cells in the mammalian brain also have the potential to give rise to both projection neurons and interneurons. Here we present evidence that single mouse neocortical progenitors generated both projection neurons and GABAergic interneurons based on studies using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (to obtain individual progenitors) and in vitro clonal analysis using time-lapse video microscopy and immunostaining. We determined that a subpopulation of individual dorsal pallial progenitors from E11.5 Dlx5/6-cre-IRES-EGFP and GAD67-GFP mice can generate both GFP-negative/Tbr1-positive (GFP−/Tbr1+)/Tuj1+ cells and GFP+/Sp8+/calretinin+/Tuj1+ cells. The GFP−/Tbr1+/Tuj1+ cells had morphological features of cultured projection neurons. Quantitative analysis of the reconstructed lineage trees derived from single progenitors showed that the projection neuron lineage appeared earlier than the interneuron lineage; however, more interneuron-like cells were produced than projection neuron-like cells. Thus, our results provide direct in vitro evidence that individual progenitors of the mammalian dorsal pallium can generate both projection neurons and interneurons.
Observation of unphosphorylated STAT3 core protein binding to target dsDNA by PEMSA and X‐ray crystallography
Authors: Nkansah Edwin , Shah Rahi , Collie Gavin W. , Parkinson Gary N. , Palmer Jonathan , Rahman Khondaker M. , Bui Tam T. , Drake Alex F. , Husby Jarmila , Neidle Stephen , Zinzalla Giovanna , Thurston David E. , Wilderspin Andrew F.
Published: February 2013

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Specificity out of clutter: A hypothetical role of G protein‐coupled receptors in the non‐genomic effect of steroids
Authors: Wang Chen , Li Yi-Jia , Cao Ji-Min
Published: February 2013

The non‐genomic effect has been considered to underlie the rapid action of steroids. This signaling is initiated at the plasma membrane‐level and does not directly influence gene expression. Recent studies have provided detailed information on their downstream pathways, but less is known about the nature of correlated membrane‐bound receptors. Here, we propose that binding of steroids to a consensus motif, namely CRAC, of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) shifts the agonist‐binding state of receptors and accounts for this effect to a certain extent. The interaction between steroids and GPCRs is specific, while the identities of the GPCRs involved are not restrained, which can coordinate the high heterogeneity of this signaling and reconcile multiple discrepancies in the literature.
Riboflavin deprivation inhibits macrophage viability and activity – a study on the RAW 264.7 cell line
Authors: Mazur-Bialy Agnieszka Irena , Buchala Beata , Plytycz Barbara
Published: February 2013

Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, as a precursor of the coenzymes FAD and FMN, has an indirect influence on many metabolic processes and determines the proper functioning of several systems, including the immune system. In the human population, plasma riboflavin concentration varies from 3·1 nm(in a moderate deficiency, e.g. in pregnant women) to 10·4 nm(in healthy adults) and 300 nm(in cases of riboflavin supplementation). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of riboflavin concentration on the activity and viability of macrophages, i.e. on one of the immunocompetent cell populations. The study was performed on the murine monocyte/macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line cultured in medium with various riboflavin concentrations (3·1, 10·4, 300 and 531 nm). The results show that riboflavin deprivation has negative effects on both the activity and viability of macrophages and reduces their ability to generate an immune response. Signs of riboflavin deficiency developed in RAW 264.7 cells within 4 d of culture in the medium with a low riboflavin concentration (3·1 nm). In particular, the low riboflavin content reduced the proliferation rate and enhanced apoptotic cell death connected with the release of lactate dehydrogenase. The riboflavin deprivation impaired cell adhesion, completely inhibited the respiratory burst and slightly impaired phagocytosis of the zymosan particles. In conclusion, macrophages are sensitive to riboflavin deficiency; thus, a low riboflavin intake in the diet may affect the immune system and may consequently decrease proper host immune defence.
Driftin’ too far from shore – Why the test for compliance with the TBT Agreement developed by the WTO Appellate Body is wrong, and what should the AB have done instead
Authors: MAVROIDIS PETROS C.
Published: February 2013

Following years of silence, the WTO Appellate Body (AB) issued almost simultaneously three reports dealing with issues coming under the aegis of the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). The three Panel reports were hard to reconcile, and this feature in and of itself made the task of the AB quite onerous. Some progress has been made and some clarifications have been introduced, but overall the AB has yet to come to grips with a coherent approach regarding the understanding of the TBT Agreement. The main argument in this paper is that the AB, in designing its test for consistency with the TBT Agreement, did not do any different than it would have done had no TBT Agreement existed. It is, nevertheless, response to the question ‘what has the TBT added to the pre-existing legislative arsenal’ that should point to the elements that must be included in developing a test of consistency against which disputes coming under the aegis of the TBT Agreement should be discussed. The suggested approach consists of a two-tier test whereby Panels would first inquire into the innate characteristics of a measure coming under the aegis of the TBT Agreement, before asking the question whether it has also been applied in non-discriminatory manner.
Agency, ambivalence and authenticity: the many ways in which anorexia nervosa can affect autonomy
Authors: Hope Tony , Tan Jacinta , Stewart Anne , McMillan John
Published: February 2013

On the basis of detailed interviews of females aged between fifteen and twenty-six years with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa we argue that the autonomy of people with this condition may be severely compromised in four ways, particularly in relation to eating and weight. First there are problems with agency. Second, affective components, particularly anxiety, can dominate beliefs such that the grounds for making a decision may differ from the reasons given in justification. Third, the interactions between the affective components and the objective evidence lead to substantial inner conflicts with resulting lack of stability in preferences and beliefs. Fourth, this lack of stability leads to concerns around identity and authenticity. We argue that some of the ways in which autonomy is compromised reduce competence to decide on treatment. We suggest that these results may be relevant to other mental disorders and have clinical and policy implications.
Personal Growth Initiative: Relations With Acculturative Stress and International Student Adjustment
Authors: Yakunina Elena S. , Weigold Ingrid K. , Weigold Arne
Published: February 2013

Personal growth initiative refers to the conscious pursuit of individual growth across multiple life domains. The construct was recently reconceptualized as a multidimensional trait and has attracted attention from researchers outside the United States. The present study sought to extend this literature by examining personal growth initiative in relation to international student adjustment and as a possible buffer of acculturative stress. We collected data from 386 international students studying in the United States. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) indicated adequate fit for the four-factor model, yielding similar results to studies involving primarily European American college students. Regression analyses indicated that the Planfulness dimension of personal growth initiative accounted for significant variance in adjustment, even with relevant demographic and cultural factors included. In addition, we found indications of a moderation effect, whereby higher levels of the Using Resources dimension of personal growth initiative seemed to buffer the effect of acculturative stress on adjustment.
Observation of the electron-accumulation layer at the surface of InN by cross-sectional micro-Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Cho YongJin , Ramsteiner Manfred , Brandt Oliver
Published: February 2013

We study plasmon-related excitations in InN by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The surface sensitivity of Raman scattering is found to be strongly enhanced for backscattering from cleaved edges of thick films. This fact enables us to observe the electron accumulation layer at the surface of InN and to deduce the associated volume charge density.
Temperature sensitive photoconductivity observed in InN layers
Authors: Guo Lei , Wang Xinqiang , Feng Li , Zheng Xiantong , Chen Guang , Yang Xuelin , Xu Fujun , Tang Ning , Lu Liwu , Ge Weikun , Shen Bo
Published: February 2013

Photoconductivity has been systematically studied in unintentionally doped n-type InN film with super-bandgap excitation (1.53 eV) at temperatures varying in the range of 100–300 K. A negative photoconductivity is observed at room temperature, whereas it gradually changes to be positive with decreasing temperature. Transition temperature from negative to positive photoconductivity is found to be greatly related to the residual electron concentration as the higher the electron concentration, the lower the transition temperature. An energy band model including a donor state with large lattice relaxation as well as a recombination center is proposed, which explains the experimental observation well.
Broadband flattened Luneburg lens with ultra-wide angle based on a liquid medium
Authors: Wu Lingling , Tian Xiaoyong , Ma Huifeng , Yin Ming , Li Dichen
Published: February 2013

A two-dimensional flattened Luneburg lens with an ultra-wide viewing angle has been realized based on a liquid medium approach in our present work. A field-of-view angle up to 180° is achieved over the microwave regime. The transformed lens is realized by using a low-loss liquid medium and a large variation of refractive index from 1 to 4.18 is achieved. The non-resonant property of the liquid ensures a broadband and low-loss performance of the lens from 12.4 GHz to 18 GHz. The high directivity and relatively low loss of the proposed lens were demonstrated by simulation and experimental results.
Sensory Global Towns: An Experiential Approach to the Growth of the Slow City Movement
Authors: Pink Sarah , Servon Lisa J
Published: February 2013

This paper explores, through the example of the Slow City (Cittaslow) movement, how an analytical focus on the experiential dimensions of urban experience adds new layers of knowledge to our understandings of how and why town leaders engage with urban frameworks and principles. The global growth of the Italian-based Cittaslow movement has been explained both as part of a deceleration narrative and as a transferable urban development framework. We show how an approach that takes the experiential as its analytical starting point offers an alternative interpretation of the movement's contemporary growing global membership. Cittaslow aims to ensure quality of life in its towns and seeks to create an environmentally sustainable and pleasurable future. Drawing on research in Spanish Cittaslow towns, we examine the terms upon which town leaders engage with the movement's ideas and framework. We propose that Cittaslow is appealing to town leaders because it enables them not only to identify the qualities of their towns against its membership criteria, but also to invest in its framework normally unspoken, embodied, sensory, and tacit dimensions of their towns. A focus on the experiential, we suggest, is key to understanding the movement's appeal to town leaders across diverse cultural and national contexts.
Indicator-based status assessment of commercial fish species in the North Sea according to the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)
Authors: Probst Wolfgang Nikolaus , Kloppmann Matthias , Kraus Gerd
Published: February 2013

Probst, W. N., Kloppmann, M., and Kraus, G. Indicator-based status assessment of commercial fish species in the North Sea according to the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 694–706. The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) is structured into eleven descriptors of good environmental status (GES). For each descriptor the current status of the marine environment should be assessed against its GES using ecosystem criteria and indicators. Within Descriptor 3 (D3) the MSFD addresses the status of exploited fish stocks according to three criteria (exploitation rate, stock size and size structure). This study performed an MSFD-compliant assessment of exploited fish stocks in the North Sea by aggregating data from analytical stock assessments and scientific research surveys to calculate indicator metrics for each criterion within each stock time-series. A stock achieved GES, when each indicator for each criterion had a good status. Of 43 assessed fish stock suggested by the EU Data Collection Framework, 63% (27) achieved GES. Though the MSFD explicitly demands that all exploited fish stocks achieve GES, this demand may be challenged by reality, because the status of exploited stocks depends not only on fishing impacts, but also on environmental conditions and ecological interactions. Therefore an alternative approach based on binomial distributions is presented to define limits for GES at the descriptor level. The implications and pitfalls of the applied assessment methods are discussed.
Programming the social computer
Authors: Robertson David , Giunchiglia Fausto
Published: February 2013

The aim of ‘programming the global computer’ was identified by Milner and others as one of the grand challenges of computing research. At the time this phrase was coined, it was natural to assume that this objective might be achieved primarily through extending programming and specification languages. The Internet, however, has brought with it a different style of computation that (although harnessing variants of traditional programming languages) operates in a style different to those with which we are familiar. The ‘computer’ on which we are running these computations is a social computer in the sense that many of the elementary functions of the computations it runs are performed by humans, and successful execution of a program often depends on properties of the human society over which the program operates. These sorts of programs are not programmed in a traditional way and may have to be understood in a way that is different from the traditional view of programming. This shift in perspective raises new challenges for the science of the Web and for computing in general.
Restoration of trophic structure in an assemblage of omnivores, considering a revegetation chronosequence
Authors: Gibb Heloise , Cunningham Saul A.
Published: February 2013

Habitat loss is considered the single greatest driver of species extinctions and amelioration of this threat through habitat restoration is increasingly important in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Success of restoration depends largely on the ability of species of a diversity of functional types to recolonize a restored site.

We used a restoration chronosequence to investigate the success of revegetation efforts (direct‐seeding and tube stock methods) in returning species and trophic functions of trophically diverse ant assemblages to land formerly used for livestock grazing in south‐easternAustralia. We examined assemblages based on: (i) species composition; (ii) trophic position and diversity, measured using stable isotopes of nitrogen; and (iii) species richness of trophic guilds based on δ15N isotopes (‘δ15N guilds’) and prior knowledge of diet (‘traditional trophic groups’).

Responses for δ15N trophic guilds were more distinct than for those based on traditional trophic groups.

Assemblage trophic position (mean species δ15N enrichment) decreased and trophic diversity (variance among species in δ15N enrichment) increased along the chronosequence from pastures to remnants. These patterns resulted from an increase in the richness of species with low δ15N enrichment (i.e. more ‘herbivorous’ species) along the chronosequence, which was also reflected in increases in the species richness of sugar feeders. Recovery of direct‐seeded sites lagged behind tube stock sites of the same age, suggesting a role for habitat structure.

Species composition followed a trajectory suggestive of partial recovery, with revegetated sites supporting assemblages intermediate to pastures and remnants, but distinct from both.

Synthesis and applications. Tree planting promotes recovery of species composition and trophic function. Planting method affects the speed of functional recovery, although minimally. Species on the herbivorous end of the spectrum of omnivory were slower to recover than more predaceous species and may require deliberate restoration of features associated with mature trees. Trophic guilds based on objective measures of diet respond more clearly to restoration than do those based on subjective observations and offer a more insightful method.
Long‐term adherence to follow‐up after treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Barken Sidsel S. , Lynge Elsebeth , Andersen Erik S. , Rebolj Matejka
Published: February 2013

Objective

To measure adherence to annual follow‐up among women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Design

Prospective, population‐based, register study.

Setting

Denmark, 1996–2007.

Population

All women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with conization.

Methods

Treated women were routinely recommended to have follow‐up with annual smears for at least 5 years.

Main outcome measures

Using individually linked nationwide register data on conizations and follow‐up tests (smears and biopsies), we calculated the cumulative proportion of treated women undergoing the recommended follow‐up. We measured this cumulative proportion conservatively in 15‐month intervals for 5 years.

Results

Adherence to annual follow‐up among 45 984 treated women decreased gradually. In total, 90% of these women obtained at least one smear in the first post‐treatment year, but only 40% obtained the recommended tests for 5 years. Five‐year adherence was substantially better outside the capital area, for example, the odds ratio for women from Jutland compared with women from the capital area was 1.70 (95% confidence interval 1.60–1.82).

Conclusions

Adherence to follow‐up after conization was poor in Denmark. Our findings suggest that because of this poor adherence, recommendations for long‐term annual follow‐up after treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia may not be highly effective. Shorter follow‐up schedules using highly sensitive tests appear attractive.
Cinnamyl alcohol oxidizes rapidly upon air exposure
Authors: Niklasson Ida B. , Delaine Tamara , Islam M. Nurul , Karlsson Roger , Luthman Kristina , Karlberg Ann‐Therese
Published: February 2013

Background. Cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal are frequent fragrance contact allergens. Both are included in the European baseline fragrance mix I, which is used for screening of contact allergy in dermatitis patients.

Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the autoxidation of cinnamyl alcohol and to identify the oxidation products formed on air exposure. We also wanted to evaluate the effect of autoxidation on the sensitization potency of cinnamyl alcohol.

Methods. Samples of commercially available cinnamyl alcohol with and without purification were exposed to air, and the autoxidation was followed by chemical analysis. The analysis was performed with mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Sensitization potencies of compounds were determined with the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) in mice.

Results. Chemical analysis showed that the concentration of cinnamyl alcohol in the air‐exposed samples decreased rapidly over time, and that autoxidation products were formed. Cinnamal, epoxy cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamic acid were identified as oxidation products. According to our study, cinnamal and epoxy cinnamyl alcohol were the first autoxidation products formed. The epoxy cinnamyl alcohol was shown to be the oxidation product with the highest sensitization potency. The analysis of our samples of commercially available cinnamyl alcohol showed that there was already a content of 1.5% cinnamal at the start of the autoxidation experiments.

Conclusion. Cinnamyl alcohol readily autoxidizes upon air exposure, and forms strong sensitizers as determined by the LLNA. Cinnamal was formed in the largest amounts, showing that cinnamal is not only formed via bioactivation, as has previously been shown. A highly sensitizing epoxide was also identified and quantified in the oxidation mixture.
Parallel changes of taxonomic interaction networks in lacustrine bacterial communities induced by a polymetallic perturbation
Authors: Laplante Karine , Sébastien Boutin , Derome Nicolas
Published: February 2013

Heavy metals released by anthropogenic activities such as mining trigger profound changes to bacterial communities. In this study we used 16S SSUrRNAgene high‐throughput sequencing to characterize the impact of a polymetallic perturbation and other environmental parameters on taxonomic networks within five lacustrine bacterial communities from sites located near Rouyn‐Noranda, Quebec, Canada. The results showed that community equilibrium was disturbed in terms of both diversity and structure. Moreover, heavy metals, especially cadmium combined with water acidity, induced parallel changes among sites via the selection of resistant OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Unit) and taxonomic dominance perturbations favoring theAlphaproteobacteria. Furthermore, under a similar selective pressure, covariation trends between phyla revealed conservation and parallelism within interphylum interactions. Our study sheds light on the importance of analyzing communities not only from a phylogenetic perspective but also including a quantitative approach to provide significant insights into the evolutionary forces that shape the dynamic of the taxonomic interaction networks in bacterial communities.
Differential modulation of cell cycle progression distinguishes members of the myogenic regulatory factor family of transcription factors
Authors: Singh Kulwant , Dilworth F. Jeffrey
Published: February 2013

The muscle‐specific basic helix–loop–helix proteins MyoD, Myf5, myogenin (Myog) and MRF4 constitute the myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) family of transcription factors that drive muscle gene expression during myogenesis. Having evolved from a single ancestral gene, the spatial and temporal specificity of expression for each family member has been used to define a hierarchical relationship between the four MRFs. Molecular characterization of two of the MRFs (MyoD and Myog) suggests an important distinction between these factors, whereby MyoD establishes an open chromatin structure at muscle‐specific genes, whereas Myog drives high levels of transcription of genes within this open chromatin state. Furthermore, recent data have provided an additional distinction between MRF function with respect to cell cycle regulation. Indeed, MyoD has been shown to directly activate genes involved in cell cycle progression, leading to myoblast proliferation. In contrast, Myog has antiproliferative activity through the activation of genes that shut down the cell proliferation machinery, leading to cell cycle exit and myoblast differentiation. Although the transcriptional activities of MyoD and Myog synergize to drive muscle differentiation, it is the expression of Myog that sets in motion a gene expression program that constitutes a ‘point of no return’, leading to cell cycle exit. In this review, we compare and contrast the current literature with respect to MRF function, with a particular emphasis on the differential role of MRFs in modulating the cell cycle.
Entrainment and impingement of juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus, and golden perch, Macquaria ambigua, at a fish screen: effect of velocity and light
Authors: Boys C. A. , Baumgartner L. J. , Lowry M.
Published: February 2013

Entrainment and impingement of two non‐salmonid species susceptible to entrainment at irrigation diversions, silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell), and golden perch, Macquaria ambigua (Richardson), were examined at an experimental intake screen in a laboratory flume under a range of velocities and light levels. The presence of an intake screen significantly reduced entrainment, in some cases reducing mortality from over 90% (unscreened) to less than 2% (when screened). Although some differences in behaviour existed between species, approach velocities (measured 8 cm in front of the screen) up to 0.4 m s−1 effectively reduced entrainment, with very little injury or mortality resulting from incidental screen contacts or impingement. Both species used visual cues to negotiate the screen face, thereby increasing their ability to avoid contact at higher velocities. In the absence of these visual cues, positive rheotactic behaviour was enhanced and fish mostly avoided approaching the screen. These results demonstrate that fish screens operated at approach velocities of up to 0.4 m s−1 have great potential for the protection of silver perch and golden perch juveniles at irrigation intakes.