bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thinking about the Contacts in the Ancient Mediterranean from the Sanctuaries in Western Greece
Authors: Rezende Regina H.
Published: May 2018

Este artigo busca pensar a temática proposta para o III Encontro do Laboratório de Estudos do Império Romano e Mediterrâneo Antigo, que problematiza a questão da integração e das fronteiras no Mediterrâneo Antigo, a partir da nova proposta de estudos do Labeca – Laboratório de estudos sobre a cidade antiga, onde se persegue um aprofundamento nos estudos da khóra grega, e também a partir da temática abordada no nosso projeto de pesquisa de doutorado, que procura pensar a delimitação de fronteiras e a integração dos gregos com outros povos a partir dos santuários estabelecidos nas apoikias do Ocidente grego.
The Macedonian Imperialism as Historical Causation of the Dawning of the Socratic Philosophical Schools and the Role of the Stoa
Authors: Brito Rodrigo Pinto de
Published: May 2018

Usualmente, se tem atribuído ao desenvolvimento e crescimento do Império Macedônico o papel de causalidade histórica para justificar o ocaso das filosofias socráticas em Atenas e o surgimento das filosofias helenísticas. Neste artigo propomos a desconstrução desses nexos causais para tratar os fatores históricos que propiciaram o florescimento do Estoicismo no começo do período helenístico, bem como o desaparecimento do socratismo.
Comparison of Acute Ischemic Stroke Care and Outcomes Between Comprehensive Stroke Centers and Primary Stroke Centers in the United States
Authors: Man Shumei , Zhao Xin , Uchino Ken , Hussain M. Shazam , Smith Eric E. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Xian Ying , Schwamm Lee H. , Shah Shreyansh , Khan Yosef , Fonarow Gregg C.
Published: May 2018

Background:

To improve stroke care, the Brain Attack Coalition recommended establishing primary stroke center (PSC) and comprehensive stroke center (CSC) certification. This study aimed to compare ischemic stroke care and in-hospital outcomes between CSCs and PSCs.

Methods and Results:

We analyzed patients with acute ischemic stroke who were hospitalized at stroke centers participating in Get With The Guidelines-Stroke from 2013 to 2015. Multivariable logistic regression models were generated to examine the association between stroke center certification (CSC versus PSC) and performances and outcomes. This study included 722 941 patients who were admitted to 134 CSCs and 1047 PSCs. Both CSCs and PSCs had good conformity to 7 performance measures and the summary defect-free care measure. Among emergency department admissions, CSCs had higher intravenous tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) and endovascular thrombectomy rates than PSCs (14.3% versus 10.3%, 4.1% versus 1.0%, respectively). Door to intravenous tPA time was shorter at CSCs (median, 52 versus 61 minutes; adjusted risk ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.89–0.95). More patients at CSCs had door to intravenous tPA time ≤60 minutes (79.7% versus 65.1%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.25–1.75). For transferred patients, CSCs and PSCs had comparable overall performance in defect-free care, except higher endovascular thrombectomy therapy rates. The overall in-hospital mortality was higher at CSCs in both emergency department admissions (4.6% versus 3.8%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.29) and transferred patients (7.7% versus 6.8%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–1.32). In-hospital outcomes were comparable between CSCs and PSCs in patients who received intravenous tPA or endovascular thrombectomy.

Conclusions:

CSCs and PSCs achieved similar overall care quality for patients with acute ischemic stroke. CSCs exceeded PSCs in timely acute reperfusion therapy for emergency department admissions, whereas PSCs had lower risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality. This information may be important for acute stroke triage and targeted quality improvement.
YAP Controls Endothelial Activation and Vascular Inflammation Through TRAF6
Authors: Lv Yang , Kim Kyungho , Sheng Yue , Cho Jaehyung , Qian Zhijian , Zhao You-Yang , Hu Gang , Pan Duojia , Malik Asrar B. , Hu Guochang
Published: May 2018

Rationale:

Microvascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction secondary to unchecked activation of endothelium play a critical role in the pathophysiology of sepsis and organ failure. The intrinsic signaling mechanisms responsible for dampening excessive activation of endothelial cells are not completely understood.

Objective:

To determine the central role of YAP (Yes-associated protein), the major transcriptional coactivator of the Hippo pathway, in modulating the strength and magnitude of endothelial activation and vascular inflammation.

Methods and Results:

Endothelial-specific YAP knockout mice showed increased basal expression of E-selectin and ICAM (intercellular adhesion molecule)-1 in endothelial cells, a greater number of adherent neutrophils in postcapillary venules and increased neutrophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Lipopolysaccharide challenge of these mice augmented NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) activation, expression of endothelial adhesion proteins, neutrophil and monocyte adhesion to cremaster muscle venules, transendothelial neutrophil migration, and lung inflammatory injury. Deletion of YAP in endothelial cells also markedly augmented the inflammatory response and cardiovascular dysfunction in a polymicrobial sepsis model induced by cecal ligation and puncture. YAP functioned by interacting with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TLR (Toll-like receptor) signaling adaptor TRAF6 (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6) to ubiquitinate TRAF6, and thus promoted TRAF6 degradation and modification resulting in inhibition of NF-κB activation. TRAF6 depletion in endothelial cells rescued the augmented inflammatory phenotype in mice with endothelial cell–specific deletion of YAP.

Conclusions:

YAP modulates the activation of endothelial cells and suppresses vascular inflammation through preventing TRAF6-mediated NF-κB activation and is hence essential for limiting the severity of sepsis-induced inflammation and organ failure.
Late Positive Component Event-related Potential Amplitude Predicts Long-term Classroom-based Learning
Authors: Turk Katherine W. , Elshaar Ala'a A. , Deason Rebecca G. , Heyworth Nadine C. , Nagle Corrine , Frustace Bruno , Flannery Sean , Zumwalt Ann , Budson Andrew E.
Published: May 2018

It is difficult to predict whether newly learned information will be retrievable in the future. A biomarker of long-lasting learning, capable of predicting an individual's future ability to retrieve a particular memory, could positively influence teaching and educational methods. ERPs were investigated as a potential biomarker of long-lasting learning. Prior ERP studies have supported a dual-process model of recognition memory that categorizes recollection and familiarity as distinct memorial processes with distinct ERP correlates. The late positive component is thought to underlie conscious recollection and the frontal N400 signal is thought to reflect familiarity [Yonelinas, A. P. Components of episodic memory: The contribution of recollection and familiarity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 356, 1363–1374, 2001]. Here we show that the magnitude of the late positive component, soon after initial learning, is predictive of subsequent recollection of anatomical terms among medical students 6 months later.
Law-making in Jordan: Family Law Reform and the Supreme Justice Department
Authors: Engelcke Dörthe
Published: May 2018

Using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of practice as a theoretical framework, I establish links between the structure of the Jordanian legal system, processes of reforming family law between 2001 and 2010, and the development of the content of family law. The dāʾirat qāḍī al-quḍāt, the Supreme Justice Department (SJD), is a state institution that enjoys considerable autonomy in overseeing the sharīʿa courts that apply Islamic family law. As the Jordanian king chose not to participate in the reform process, the SJD came to dominate the reform process, which concluded with the issuing of the 2010 family law. Its control over the reform process allowed it to influence the content of the law. This article is based on semi-structured interviews as well as written sources such as Jordanian family laws, procedural laws, minutes of parliamentary debates, royal speeches, and relevant statistics.
Molecular and morphological characterisation of Aphelenchoides kheirii n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) isolated from Pinus nigra in north-western Iran
Authors: Golhasan Behrouz , Heydari Ramin , Esmaeili Mehrab , Kanzaki Natsumi
Published: May 2018

Aphelenchoides kheiriin. sp. was isolated during a survey of nematodes associated with bark samples of pine trees (Pinus nigra) in West Azerbaijan province, north-western Iran. The new species has a body length of 500 (448-520) μm in the female and 442 (402-480) μm in the male. The cuticle is weakly annulated with four lateral lines and the lip region is offset. The stylet is 10.4 (10-11) μm long with small basal swellings and the excretory pore located immediately posterior to base of metacorpus; hemizonid invisible. The post-vulval uterine sac length 37.7 (28-45) μm. Spicules are relatively short (18-20 μm in dorsal limb) and the end of the dorsal limb clearly curved ventrally like a hook. The male tail has usual three pairs of caudal papillae (2 + 2 + 2) and a well-developed mucron. The female tail is conical, terminating in a complicated step-like projection, usually with many tiny nodular protuberances. The new species belongs to the Group 2 category ofAphelenchoidesspeciessensuShahina in which ten known species among Groups 2 and 4sensuShahina, namely:A. arcticus,A. blastophthorus,A. fuchsi,A. parasaprophilus,A. paraxui,A. xui,A. dactylocercus,A. gynotylurus,A. iranicusandA. saprophilusare the most similar species. Phylogenetic analysis based on small subunit (SSU) and partial large subunit (LSU) sequences of rRNA supported the morphological results.
Online Technology as a Pathway for Citizen Deliberation and Depolarization
Authors: Restrepo Elvira María
Published: May 2018

Human development rests largely on the ability for a society to avoid violent conflict. This article proposes, and presents results from, an online technology platform and a methodology, which can help depolarize sectors of society, with the specific application to the current divisive post-war landscape within Colombia. The platform is based on deliberative democracy, and is designed to enable citizens to discuss issues in small groups. It exploits Colombia’s high online connectivity to provide a safe, anonymous environment for expressing opinions related to both the government and the guerrillas. Preliminary findings suggest that the platform could aid bridge building among citizens, and it could be easily replicated in other situations globally. Given the polarization that seems to arise in technologically-enabled societies as a result of social media “bubbles,” the broader need for such a platform in local, regional, and national debates is particularly pressing.
The naked ape as an evolutionary model, 50 years later
Authors: van Straalen Nico M.
Published: May 2018

Evolution acts through a combination of four different drivers: (1) mutation, (2) selection, (3) genetic drift, and (4) developmental constraints. There is a tendency among some biologists to frame evolution as the sole result of natural selection, and this tendency is reinforced by many popular texts. “The Naked Ape” by Desmond Morris, published 50 years ago, is no exception. In this paper I argue that evolutionary biology is much richer than natural selection alone. I illustrate this by reconstructing the evolutionary history of five different organs of the human body: foot, pelvis, scrotum, hand and brain. Factors like developmental tinkering, by-product evolution, exaptation and heterochrony are powerful forces for body-plan innovations and the appearance of such innovations in human ancestors does not always require an adaptive explanation. While Morris explained the lack of body hair in the human species by sexual selection, I argue that molecular tinkering of regulatory genes expressed in the brain, followed by positive selection for neotenic features, may have been the driving factor, with loss of body hair as a secondary consequence.
The Development of the Expanded Tachanun for Monday and Thursday
Authors: Ron Zvi
Published: May 2018

On Mondays and Thursdays many supplications are added to the standard Tachanun prayer. These additions are not noted in the Talmud, and first appear in Geonic literature. This article traces the development of the Monday/Thursday Tachanun, from its beginnings as a short prayer with multiple options, to its later form as a long prayer with no room for personal choices. The current traditional Monday/Thursday Tachanun is seen to be a collection of many smaller earlier Tachanun prayers.
The Paradox of Safe Areas in Ethnic Civil Wars
Authors: Recchia Stefano
Published: May 2018

Safe areas established by powerful states can improve short-term civilian protection during ethnic civil wars. Paradoxically, however, they may worsen the plight of vulnerable civilians over the medium term. This can occur in three ways. First, when safe areas encompass sizeable territories within a broader conflict zone, they may reduce incentives for protected groups to compromise during peace negotiations, thus prolonging hostilities. Second, there is a nontrivial possibility that protected groups will use the safe areas as a base for launching high-risk offensives, deliberately putting civilians at risk in the hope of drawing the protection forces more deeply into the war. Third, safe areas may embolden protected groups to seek unilateral secession, further increasing the risk of conflict escalation. By elucidating the causal mechanisms involved, this article helps us assess the probability of these outcomes occurring. States that consider intervening militarily to establish safe areas in ethnic civil wars need to weigh the short-term benefits against these possible longer-term downsides.
Understanding Sharia in the West
Authors: Berger Maurits S.
Published: May 2018

The main challenge of understanding Sharia in the West is its undefined nature. This contradicts the ease with which the term is used in public and political discourse, but also in the legal domain, which prides itself on its precision in terminology. This article addresses the question: What is the Sharia that Muslims in the West practice? To this end, a model is presented that provides tools to describe the complex interaction between Sharia, as practiced by Western Muslims, and their Western environment, and elucidates the ongoing dialectic of this interaction. The model further shows how Western Muslims adopt and adapt Sharia by manoeuvring between their specific needs in the Western context and the conditions set by that context. From a Western perspective, the model shows that issues of Sharia are usually discussed in legal terms, while most controversies are not legal but cultural in nature.
Lachnagrostis filiformis (Poaceae: Pooideae: Poeae: Agrostidinae) in México: known distribution and suppression of lemma awn development in terminal spikelets
Authors: SÁNCHEZ-KEN J. GABRIEL
Published: May 2018

The Australian species Lachnagrostis filiformis, introduced to the Americas and elsewhere in the last century, has become a weed of temporary ponds in Mexico. Collections of several larger Mexican herbaria were consulted as well as online databases. In addition to previously reported populations from Querétaro, this species has appeared in central México in the states of Guanajuato, Michoacán, México and Puebla. In all examined specimens, most of the spikelets exhibited hairy lemmas with a long geniculate awn inserted above the mid-dorsal region, but (6.3–) 10–20 % of distal spikelets had glabrous or nearly glabrous lemmas with a partial or total suppression of the development of the awn and were slightly smaller than the spikelets with awned and hairy lemmas. All florets were assumed to be fully fertile as evidenced by the presence of empty anthers and developed caryopses.
New fossil gastropod species (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the upper Miocene of the Canary Islands (Spain)
Authors: MARTÍN-GONZÁLEZ ESTHER , VERA-PELÁEZ JOSÉ LUIS , CASTILLO CAROLINA , LOZANO-FRANCISCO M. CARMEN
Published: May 2018

Ten new species of fossil gastropods from the upper Miocene (Tortonian) of the Canary Islands (Spain) are described. Among these are three species of the genus Patella, a group with few fossil representatives, as well as three others representing the family Trochidae. The remaining new species represent Caenogastropoda. This study improves our knowledge of the fossil malacofauna from the Miocene of these islands. Together with the Azores and Madeira archipelagos, the Canaries belong to the Macaronesian biogeographic region. The described species are indicative of rocky coastal environments, and are thus expanding the current understanding of such ecosystems and their associated marine molluscs such as the family Patellidae whose fossil record is scarce.        New species: Patella tintina Martín-González & Vera-Peláez sp. nov., Patella maxoratensis Martín-González & Vera-Peláez sp. nov., Patella mahamensis Martín-González sp. nov., Jujubinus ajachaensis Martín-González & Vera-Peláez sp. nov., Osilinus burgadoi Martín-González sp. nov., Gibbula tindayaensis Martín-González & Vera-Peláez sp. nov.,        Cerithium miocanariensis Martín-González & Vera-Peláez sp. nov., Tectarius isletaensis Vera-Peláez sp. nov., Morula mionigra Martín-González sp. nov. and Conus fuerteventurensis Vera-Peláez & Martín-González sp. nov.
Contribution to the knowledge of the cavernicolous beetle genus Aspidaphaenops Uéno from Guizhou (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae)
Authors: TIAN MINGYI , HUANG SUNBIN
Published: May 2018

The hypogean ground beetle genus Aspidaphaenops Uéno, 2006 is reviewed. Some new information of A. reflexus Uéno, 2006 is provided, including the male genital characteristics as well as a new locality. Two new species are described and illustrated from southwestern Guizhou Province, southwest China: A. xiongda n. sp. (Guizhou: Anlong: Fengyan Dong), A. dudou n. sp. (Guizhou: Xingyi: Xiaozi Dong). A key to all Aspidaphaenops species is also provided.
CO2 and Carbon Emissions from Cities: Linkages to Air Quality, Socioeconomic Activity, and Stakeholders in the Salt Lake City Urban Area
Authors: Lin John C. , Mitchell Logan , Crosman Erik , Mendoza Daniel L. , Buchert Martin , Bares Ryan , Fasoli Ben , Bowling David R. , Pataki Diane , Catharine Douglas , Strong Courtenay , Gurney Kevin R. , Patarasuk Risa , Baasandorj Munkhbayar , Jacques Alexander , Hoch Sebastian , Horel John , Ehleringer Jim
Published: May 2018

Urban areas are responsible for a substantial proportion of anthropogenic carbon emissions around the world. As global populations increasingly reside in cities, the role of urban emissions in determining the future trajectory of carbon emissions is magnified. Consequently, a number of research efforts have been started in the United States and beyond, focusing on observing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and relating its variations to carbon emissions in cities. Because carbon emissions are intimately tied to socioeconomic activity through the combustion of fossil fuels, and many cities are actively adopting emission reduction plans, such urban carbon research efforts give rise to opportunities for stakeholder engagement and guidance on other environmental issues, such as air quality.

This paper describes a research effort centered in the Salt Lake City, Utah, metropolitan region, which is the locus for one of the longest-running urban CO2 networks in the world. The Salt Lake City area provides a rich environment for studying anthropogenic emissions and for understanding the relationship between emissions and socioeconomic activity when the CO2 observations are enhanced with a) air quality observations, b) novel mobile observations from platforms on light-rail public transit trains and a news helicopter, c) dense meteorological observations, and d) modeling efforts that include atmospheric simulations and high-resolution emission inventories.

Carbon dioxide and other atmospheric observations are presented, along with associated modeling work. Examples in which the work benefited from and contributed to the interests of multiple stakeholders (e.g., policymakers, air quality managers, municipal government, urban planners, industry, and the general public) are discussed.
CESM1(WACCM) Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Large Ensemble Project
Authors: Tilmes Simone , Richter Jadwiga H. , Kravitz Ben , MacMartin Douglas G. , Mills Michael J. , Simpson Isla R. , Glanville Anne S. , Fasullo John T. , Phillips Adam S. , Lamarque Jean-Francois , Tribbia Joseph , Edwards Jim , Mickelson Sheri , Ghosh Siddhartha
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Large Ensemble (GLENS) project, which promotes the use of a unique model dataset, performed with the Community Earth System Model, with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model as its atmospheric component [CESM1(WACCM)], to investigate global and regional impacts of geoengineering. The performed simulations were designed to achieve multiple simultaneous climate goals, by strategically placing sulfur injections at four different locations in the stratosphere, unlike many earlier studies that targeted globally averaged surface temperature by placing injections in regions at or around the equator. This advanced approach reduces some of the previously found adverse effects of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering, including uneven cooling between the poles and the equator and shifts in tropical precipitation. The 20-member ensemble increases the ability to distinguish between forced changes and changes due to climate variability in global and regional climate variables in the coupled atmosphere, land, sea ice, and ocean system. We invite the broader community to perform in-depth analyses of climate-related impacts and to identify processes that lead to changes in the climate system as the result of a strategic application of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering.
A Physically Based Algorithm for Downscaling Temperature in Complex Terrain
Authors: Sheridan Peter , Vosper Simon , Smith Samantha
Published: May 2018

Recent improvements to an algorithm to be used operationally for downscaling screen temperatures from numerical weather prediction models are described. Testing against very high resolution dynamically downscaled screen temperatures and intensive field measurements taken during the Cold-Air Pooling Experiment (COLPEX) is performed. The improvements are based on a physical understanding of the processes involved in the formation of cold-air pools (CAPs) that is informed by recent research. The algorithm includes a parameterization of sidewall sheltering effects that lead to lower temperatures in valley-bottom CAPs on clear, calm nights. Advection and adjustment over exposed hilltops results in higher screen temperatures than on flat ground but lower temperatures relative to the free air above the valley at the same elevation, and a treatment of this effect has also been developed. These processes form the major contributions to the often dramatic small-scale variations in temperature in complex terrain in stable boundary layer conditions, even when height variation is fairly shallow. The improvements result in qualitatively better reproduction of subgrid temperature patterns in complex terrain during CAPs. Statistical forecast errors are subsequently improved.
An Index of Summer Rainfall for Queensland’s Grazing Lands
Authors: Day Kenneth A. , McKeon Gregory M.
Published: May 2018

A historical rainfall index, relevant to the grazing industries of Queensland, Australia, is described. We refer to our index as the Queensland grazing lands rainfall index (QGLRI), which is a long-term (1890/91–present) time series of austral summer (November–March) rainfall, spatially averaged over a region we define as the Queensland grazing lands region. We argue that our QGLRI better represents historical summer rainfall variability faced by the majority of the grazing industry in Queensland than does area-averaged statewide rainfall. The geographical boundaries of our region were chosen to 1) better represent the spatial patterns of land use, settlement, and livestock densities and 2) coincide with spatial patterns of airmass dominance. The selected region covers 59% of Queensland’s mainland area but carries more than 80% of the state’s livestock. The region’s boundaries also closely match the mean summer location of the boundaries of the “tropical maritime Pacific” air mass. The selected 5-month season (November–March) was chosen based on summer rainfall dominance, seasonal climatic effects restricting pasture and animal growth, and pasture management implications such as burning and the risk of overgrazing. We find that this season also corresponds to the timing of tropical maritime airmass dominance. The remaining regions of Queensland, far-northern and far-western Queensland, also correspond to well-defined dominant air masses, with properties that are markedly different from those of the tropical maritime Pacific air mass. We demonstrate that the rainfall regime in far-northern Queensland makes a strong contribution to statewide totals, resulting in statewide summer rainfall having lower variability than our QGLRI.
Different Impacts of Northern, Tropical, and Southern Volcanic Eruptions on the Tropical Pacific SST in the Last Millennium
Authors: Zuo Meng , Man Wenmin , Zhou Tianjun , Guo Zhun
Published: May 2018

The impact of northern, tropical, and southern volcanic eruptions on the Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) and the different response mechanisms arising due to differences in the volcanic forcing structure are investigated using the Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble (CESM-LME). Analysis of the simulations indicates that the Pacific features a significant El Niño–like SST anomaly 5–10 months after northern and tropical eruptions, and with a weaker such tendency after southern eruptions, possibly reflective of the weaker magnitude of these eruptions. The Niño-3 index peaks with a lag of one and a half years after northern and tropical eruptions. Two years after all three types of volcanic eruptions, a La Niña–like SST anomaly pattern over the equatorial Pacific is observed, which seems to form an El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. The westerly wind anomaly over the western to central Pacific plays an essential role in favoring the development of an El Niño following all three types of eruptions. Thus, the key point of the question is to find the causes of the westerly wind enhancement. The shift of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) can explain the El Niño–like response to northern eruptions, which is not applicable for tropical or southern eruptions. The ocean dynamical thermostat mechanism is the fundamental cause of the anomalous westerly wind for all three types of eruptions.
Cutting the Cord: Mutual Respect, Organizational Autonomy, and Independence in Organizational Separation Processes
Authors: Wiedner Rene , Mantere Saku
Published: May 2018

Based on a longitudinal, qualitative analysis of developments in the English National Health Service, we develop a process model of how organizations divest or spin off units with the aim of establishing two or more autonomous organizational entities while simultaneously managing their continued interdependencies. We find that effective organizational separation depends on generating two types of respect—appraisal and recognition respect—between the divesting and divested units. Appraisal respect involves showing appreciation for competence or the effort to achieve it, while recognition respect requires considering what someone cares about—such as values or concerns—and acknowledging that they matter. The process model we develop shows that open communication is crucial to the development of both. We also find that certain attempts to gain organizational independence and respect may unintentionally undermine the development of autonomy. Counterintuitively, we find that increasing or maintaining interorganizational links via communication may facilitate organizational separation, while attempts by units to distance themselves from one another may unintentionally inhibit it. By linking organizational separation, autonomy, independence, and respect, this paper develops theory on organizational separation processes and more generally enhances our understanding of organizational autonomy and its relations with mutual respect.
Foundations in Germany: Higher Education
Authors: Mangold Janina
Published: May 2018

This article investigates the roles and positions of higher education foundations in Germany. First, it finds that those roles and positions differ from other activity fields in that sense that the higher education system faces specific challenges, such as the disastrous financial situation and the cooperation between federal government and the states. The field-specific challenges affect higher education foundations as well. Second, the article identifies that the mode of operation and size of the foundations also affect the roles and positions. The essential contribution of large foundations, which often have a mixed approach to their work, lies in their work as institution builders, capacity builders, and partially also as advocates and innovators. In contrast, the smaller, often grant-making higher education foundations are usually more active as smaller capacity creators in the fields of welfare and preservation.
The Effects of Cognitive and Visual Workload on Peripheral Detection in the Detection Response Task
Authors: van Winsum Wim
Published: May 2018

Objective:

The independent effects of cognitive and visual load on visual Detection Response Task (vDRT) reaction times were studied in a driving simulator by performing a backwards counting task and a simple driving task that required continuous focused visual attention to the forward view of the road. The study aimed to unravel the attentional processes underlying the Detection Response Task effects.

Background:

The claim of previous studies that performance degradation on the vDRT is due to a general interference instead of visual tunneling was challenged in this experiment.

Method:

vDRT stimulus eccentricity and stimulus conspicuity were applied as within-subject factors.

Results:

Increased cognitive load and visual load both resulted in increased response times (RTs) on the vDRT. Cognitive load increased RT but revealed no task by stimulus eccentricity interaction. However, effects of visual load on RT showed a strong task by stimulus eccentricity interaction under conditions of low stimulus conspicuity. Also, more experienced drivers performed better on the vDRT while driving.

Conclusion:

This was seen as evidence for a differential effect of cognitive and visual workload. The results supported the tunnel vision model for visual workload, where the sensitivity of the peripheral visual field reduced as a function of visual load. However, the results supported the general interference model for cognitive workload.

Application:

This has implications for the diagnosticity of the vDRT: The pattern of results differentiated between visual task load and cognitive task load. It also has implications for theory development and workload measurement for different types of tasks.
The Solar Dial in the Olsztyn Castle: Its Construction and Relation to Copernicus
Authors: Szubiakowski Jacek P. , Włodarczyk Jarosław
Published: May 2018

The article discusses the construction, function, and origin of the solar dial in the Olsztyn Castle, traditionally attributed to Copernicus. The dial, preserved partially on the wall of the cloister and presumably designed to determine the time of equinoxes, served as an astronomical instrument mapping the daily paths of the sun in the sky. The article provides a comprehensive mathematical model of the instrument, taking into account the astronomical and architectural factors which affected its functioning. The analysis allows to alienate the essential properties of the dial as an observational instrument and to contend that measurements were recorded indelibly on the wall and averaged by interpolation. Furthermore, it reconsiders the arguments which support the hypothesis ascribing the construction of the Olsztyn instrument to Copernicus. (Some mathematical appendices appear only in the online issue of the journal.)
Worlds Apart: Conflict Exposure and Preferences for Peace
Authors: Tellez Juan Fernando
Published: May 2018

Life on the frontlines of a civil war is markedly different from life in safe(r) areas. How does this drastic difference in lived experience shape civilian attitudes toward war and peace? Contrary to theories that link conflict exposure to intransigence, I argue that under certain conditions, exposure increases support for both peace as an outcome and the granting of concessions to armed actors who render settlement more likely. I use various model specifications and matching methodology on survey data from the Colombian peace process, finding strong evidence that civilians in conflict zones exhibit greater support for the peace process overall and are more willing to grant political concessions to armed groups. Mixed evidence further suggests that exposed civilians are less willing to reintegrate with demobilized fighters. The study has theoretical implications for accounts of conflict exposure and helps explain regional variation in the failed referendum vote in Colombia.
NLRP6 Induces Pyroptosis by Activation of Caspase-1 in Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Liu W. , Liu J. , Wang W. , Wang Y. , Ouyang X.
Published: May 2018

NLRP6, a member of the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) innate immune receptor family, has been reported to participate in inflammasome formation. Activation of inflammasome triggers a caspase-1–dependent programming cell death called pyroptosis. However, whether NLRP6 induces pyroptosis has not been investigated. In this study, we showed that NLRP6 overexpression activated caspase-1 and gasdermin-D and then induced pyroptosis of human gingival fibroblasts, resulting in release of proinflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)–1β and IL-18. Moreover, NLRP6 was highly expressed in gingival tissue of periodontitis compared with healthy controls. Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is a commensal bacterium and has periodontopathic potential, induced pyroptosis of gingival fibroblasts by activation of NLRP6. Together, we, for the first time, identified that NLRP6 could induce pyroptosis of gingival fibroblasts by activation of caspase-1 and may play a role in periodontitis.
Comparative Effects of Auditory Electromyographic Biofeedback for Participants Who Are Blind and Sighted
Authors: Iguchi Masaki , Matsubara Masaki , Kadone Hideki , Terasawa Hiroko , Suzuki Kenji
Published: May 2018

This study examined differences in auditory electromyographic biofeedback (AEB) effects between participants who were sighted and blind. Past research makes clear that AEB is effective for people who are blind, particularly because of their reported superiority in auditory processing, but no study has directly compared AEB efficacy between participants who are sighted and blind. A total of 11 participants who were sighted and 10 who were blind performed a motor task requiring 20 nonfatiguing muscle contractions at 20% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) with or without AEB. AEB reduced the error (calculated as the absolute difference of two consecutive contractions) among both participant groups, and the error for the group without biofeedback was greater for the participants who were blind than that for the sighted participants (5.20% ± 2.05% MVC and 3.30% ± 1.26% MVC, respectively; p < .05). This finding was consistent with subjective rating data, also indicating a trend toward greater difficulty for participants who were blind when performing without biofeedback. Moreover, the AEB/no biofeedback condition showed fewer errors for the participants who were blind than for the participants who were sighted during the last part of the task ( p = .036), indicating that participants who were blind were better at maintaining the AEB effect. These data suggest that the poor motor performance of participants who were blind was greatly improved with AEB, suggesting important applications of AEB for assistive technologies, adapted sports, and activities of daily living.
Learning to own: Cross-generational meanings of wealth and class-making in wealthy Finnish families
Authors: Kuusela Hanna
Published: May 2018

Family wealth and cross-generational wealth accumulation have recently interested scholars across the social sciences. Debates concerning the economic role of the wealthy now commonly recognise that one dynamic supporting economic inequalities is wealth accumulation across generations. To understand the social dynamics through which dynastic family wealth has managed to persist, this article analyses the social meanings that members of wealthy families attach to their wealth and how these meanings contribute to their class-making. Drawing from 26 in-depth interviews with members of super-rich Finnish families, the article analyses how a dynastic class is actively made and supported by specific social meanings and practices that the inheritors attach to their wealth. By exploring how wealthy heirs produce social meanings and practices that facilitate their wealth accumulation and reproduction as a class, the article contributes to recent interest in elites and social class.
Cross-Cultural Differences in the Experience of Grandparent–Grandchild Relationships and Related Psychosocial Outcomes
Authors: Hayslip Bert , Toledo Ray M. , Henderson Craig E. , Rodriguez R. Mishelle , Caballero Vela Daniela M.
Published: May 2018

This study examined grandchildren’s perceptions of the quality of their relationship with their grandmothers and how these perceptions relate to psychosocial outcomes. Eighty-two youth from Mexico and 99 youth from the United States aged between 13 and 16 participated. Results suggested that both cultures benefit in unique ways from positive relationship with their grandmothers. Yet, there were also differences in the relational experience of grandmother–grandchild relationships across cultures. Specifically, grandchildren in the U.S. sample reported higher relationship quality, relational competency, and self-efficacy than the grandchildren in the Mexico sample. Within the U.S. sample, relationship quality was associated with grandchildren’s relational competence, while in the Mexico sample, relationship quality was associated with self-efficacy. Limitations of the present study include restricted generalizability to other age groups and to grandfathers and that only one element of the grandparent–grandchild dyad was sampled. Longitudinal research will improve our understanding of the causal dynamics of grandparent–grandchild relationships.
Tracking control problem in multiagent systems with Lipschitz nonlinearities and external disturbances
Authors: Jenabzadeh Ahmadreza , Safarinejadian Behrouz
Published: May 2018

This paper investigates the tracking control problem of multiagent systems with Lipschitz nonlinearities and external disturbances that track a target with states that are not available to any of the agents. For this purpose, a distributed estimation and control algorithm (DECA) is firstly designed for each agent to estimate and track the target’s states. Then, the proposed DECA is extended based on a finite time disturbance estimator for tracking control in the presence of external disturbances. The stability analysis of suggested algorithms is also considered. Simulation examples illustrate the promising performance of the proposed algorithms.
Fragment urbanism: Politics at the margins of the city
Authors: McFarlane Colin
Published: May 2018

Fragmentation is a keyword in the history of critical urban thought. Yet the products of fragmentation – the fragments themselves – tend to receive less attention. In this paper, I develop a politics of urban fragments as a contribution to debates both in urban theory and in urban poverty and inequality. I examine inadequate and broken material fragments on the economic margins of the urban global South, and ask how they become differently politicized in cities. I develop a three-fold framework for understanding the politics of fragments: attending to, generative translation and surveying wholes. I build these arguments through a focus on a fundamental provision – urban sanitation – drawing on research in Mumbai in particular, as well as Cape Town, and connecting those instances to research on urban poverty, politics and fragmentation.
Echocardiography in extracorporeal life support: A key player in procedural guidance, tailoring and monitoring
Authors: Donker Dirk W. , Meuwese Christiaan L. , Braithwaite Sue A. , Broomé Michael , van der Heijden Joris J. , Hermens Jeannine A. , Platenkamp Marc , de Jong Michel , Janssen Jacqueline G.D. , Balík Martin , Bělohlávek Jan
Published: May 2018

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is a mainstay of current practice in severe respiratory, circulatory or cardiac failure refractory to conventional management. The inherent complexity of different ECLS modes and their influence on the native pulmonary and cardiovascular system require patient-specific tailoring to optimize outcome. Echocardiography plays a key role throughout the ECLS care, including patient selection, adequate placement of cannulas, monitoring, weaning and follow-up after decannulation. For this purpose, echocardiographers require specific ECLS-related knowledge and skills, which are outlined here.
Phenobarbital pharmacokinetics in neonates and infants during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Pokorná Pavla , Šíma Martin , Vobruba Václav , Tibboel Dick , Slanař Ondřej
Published: May 2018

Introduction:

The disposition of drugs is potentially changed due to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in neonates and infants.

Methods:

The aim of the study was to evaluate the individual pharmacokinetics (PK) of phenobarbital and the effect of PK covariates in neonates and infants undergoing ECMO. Sixteen patients (7 neonates, 9 infants) treated with phenobarbital during ECMO (centrifugal-flow pump circuits) were enrolled in the PK study. Phenobarbital serum concentrations were measured using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Individual PK parameters - volume of distribution (Vd) and clearance (CL) were calculated in a one-compartmental pharmacokinetic model.

Results:

The mean (SD) Vd and CL values in neonates were 0.46 (0.24) L/kg and 8.0 (4.5) mL/h/kg, respectively. Respective values in infants were 0.56 (0.23) L/kg and 8.5 (3.1) mL/h/kg. PK parameters in neonates and infants were not significantly different. We observed high inter-individual variability in PK parameters (coefficients of variation [CV] were 52% and 53% for CL and Vd, respectively). Doses were adjusted based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in 87.5% patients. Only 50% of the first measured phenobarbital serum concentrations in each patient were within the therapeutic range of 10-40 mg/L, in comparison with 88.6% concentration measured after TDM implementation. Linear regression models showed that both Vd and CL are significantly related with body weight (BW) and length. Median optimal phenobarbital loading dose (LD) and maintenance dose (MD), calculated from pharmacokinetic data, were 15 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg/day, respectively.

Conclusions:

Body weight was shown to be the main PK covariate of phenobarbital disposition. Subsequent dosing nomograms are provided for phenobarbital dosing during ECMO.
Central ECMO for circulatory failure following pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Scott John P. , Hong Johnny C. , Thompson Nathan E. , Woods Ronald K. , Hoffman George M.
Published: May 2018

We describe the case of a 4-year-old male with a past medical history significant for nephrotic syndrome, short-bowel syndrome and fulminant hepatic failure status post (s/p) liver transplant (LT) who developed early post-transplant allograft dysfunction (hyperbilirubinemia, coagulopathy) and septic shock requiring central extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). He remained on ECMO for 85 hours before he was decannulated without event and later underwent repeat LT. This case highlights the potential of central ECMO to provide the circulatory output necessary to reverse distributive shock physiology in patients with sepsis and hepatic dysfunction following LT. Furthermore, this is the first documented example of central ECMO as a bridge to recovery for repeat LT.
Risk-sensitive inverse reinforcement learning via semi- and non-parametric methods
Authors: Singh Sumeet , Lacotte Jonathan , Majumdar Anirudha , Pavone Marco
Published: May 2018

The literature on inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) typically assumes that humans take actions to minimize the expected value of a cost function, i.e., that humans are risk neutral. Yet, in practice, humans are often far from being risk neutral. To fill this gap, the objective of this paper is to devise a framework for risk-sensitive (RS) IRL to explicitly account for a human’s risk sensitivity. To this end, we propose a flexible class of models based on coherent risk measures, which allow us to capture an entire spectrum of risk preferences from risk neutral to worst case. We propose efficient non-parametric algorithms based on linear programming and semi-parametric algorithms based on maximum likelihood for inferring a human’s underlying risk measure and cost function for a rich class of static and dynamic decision-making settings. The resulting approach is demonstrated on a simulated driving game with 10 human participants. Our method is able to infer and mimic a wide range of qualitatively different driving styles from highly risk averse to risk neutral in a data-efficient manner. Moreover, comparisons of the RS-IRL approach with a risk-neutral model show that the RS-IRL framework more accurately captures observed participant behavior both qualitatively and quantitatively, especially in scenarios where catastrophic outcomes such as collisions can occur.
A Decision Support Framework for Assessing the Contextual Factors for Complex Highway Projects
Authors: Sinha Akanksha , Strong Kelly C. , Ozbek Mehmet E. , Shane Jennifer
Published: May 2018

Traditional strategies for highway projects during the 1950s and 1960s focused on three dimensions of project management: cost, schedule, and technical (scope). Recently, with the focus shifting towards reconstruction/rehabilitation projects, project management strategies have shifted to include other project management dimensions. The Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) project R-10 examined the best practices for managing complex renewal projects. The primary outcome of the study was a recommendation to utilize a five-dimensional project management planning (5DPM) model that added context and financing as two new dimensions to the traditional dimensions of cost, schedule, and technical. Pilot testing of the 5DPM implementation suggested that the most complicated dimension to assess during the project management planning phase for a complex project is the context dimension. Currently there is no efficient, structured process for evaluating the context dimension on complex projects within the 5DPM framework. Given this, the objective of this study is to develop a decision support framework which can be used by different transportation agencies when assessing contextual factors and assigning complexity rating scores. The framework uses a structured analytical process as opposed to the more subjective scoring used during the 5DPM workshops. As a major part of its methodology, this research uses a multiple-criteria decision-making tool called analytical hierarchy process in developing the framework. The paper presents two implementation examples which demonstrate the feasibility of the developed framework for a rebuild project and an expansion project.