bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Competency Screening Test
Authors: Randolph John J. , Hicks Terry , Mason David
Published: October 2007

The Competency Screening Test was administered to a group of patient/defendants to study its interscorer reliability and its predictive validity of fitness to stand trial based on psychiatric opinion. The interscorer reliabilities were high. The test also significantly differentiated between patients categorized by the participating psychiatrist as fit and those categorized as not fit. The results compared favorably in terms of overall accuracy with those published earlier. An analysis of false positives and false negatives suggested some possible differences in the kinds of predictive errors inherent in the two sets of data. The desirability of the latter approach was pointed out. The data support the conclusion that this instrument may be useful as a screening tool for referral of patient/defendants by a nonpsychiatric member of the treatment team for competency evaluation by a psychiatric member of that team.
Women in Corrections
Authors: Bowersox Michael S.
Published: October 2007

This study investigated male and female officers' attitudes toward women employed as correctional officers in a male penitentiary. The Correctional Role Questionnaire was sent to 500 correctional officers. The hypothesis, that men enact the social responsibility norm in the presence of women and that women find the social responsibility norm groundless, was confirmed. For the purposes of this study, the social responsibility norm was defined as the male tendency to shield a woman from possible assault. On the basis of these results, the utilization of women and expansion of their limited correctional role is suggested.
Reporting Testing Results
Authors: Barnes Ronald E. , Moriarty Karen , Murphy John
Published: October 2007

The careful preparation and presentation of test result information to community groups can help foster an informed and interested community, according to these writers, who describe the plan used in their district.
The Japanese Model of Management: Will It Work for High Schools?
Authors: Phillips Gary , McColly Bill
Published: October 2007

If the public high school is to adapt and respond to the demands of the 1980s, a new form of manage ment must be cre ated, according to these writers, who describe the pro gram operating in one high school.
Japanese Management Practices: The Educational Hula Hoop of the '80s
Authors: Aquila Frank D.
Published: October 2007

This writer re views Japanese management prac tices and suggests 10 techniques that merit further investigation. He suggests that inno vative im plementation of these techniques may improve admin istrative and edu cational practices— if implemented carefully.
Labour Market Segmentation in Small Business
Authors: Schmidt Karl-Heinz
Published: October 2007

Professor Karl-Heinz Schmidt of Paderborn University, West Germany, is currently visiting research scholar at Nagoya University, Japan. The structural changes of the labour market in the industrialised economies have become an important topic in labour market research and practical labour market policy. Yet little progress has been made hitherto concerning the market position of different qualities of labour in small enterprises. Referring to West European countries, and especially to West Germany, the paper gives some insight into the functioning of the tripartite labour market and its consequences for employment fluctuations in very small enterprises on the one hand and large firms on the other. The main question is whether small business is marked by labour market segmentation in the same way as has been suggested for large firms by recent developments in labour market theory.
Small Firms'Investment: A Search Four the Motivations
Authors: Hankinson Alan
Published: October 2007

Dr. Alan Hankinson is Reader in Business Studies at the Dorset Institute of Higher Education, England. This paper reports on the results of a study which examined the motivations and weaknesses behind investment decision making by 52 small engineering firms in the South Wessex region of the United Kingdom. The results showed that in the main small firms actually chose to ignore and even avoid certain opportunities to reach the highest attainable return on investment, indicating endemic investment weaknesses within the small engineering firm.

Dr. Alan Hankinson est professeur en Business Studies a l'Institut d'Etudes Sup6rieures du Dorset, Angleterre. Cet article rend compte des resultats d'une 6tude qui a examine les motivations et les faiblesses derriere la prise de decision concernant les investissements faite par 52 petites entreprises d'engineering dans la region du sud Wessex du Royaume Uni. Les resultats ont montr6 que, en grande partie, les petites entreprises choisissent en fait d'ignorer et meme d'eviter certaines opportunit6s pour atteindre le plus haut rendement des investissements possible, indiquant des faiblesses endemiques dans les investissements au sein de la petite entreprise d'engineering.

El Dr. Alan Hankinson es profesor de Comercio en el Instituto de Educacion Superior de Dorset, Inglaterra. El presente trabajo reporta los resultados de un estudio que trata sobre determinadas motivaciones y debilidades inherentes a las tomas de decisiones Ilevadas a cabo por 52 pequenas empresas de ingenieria en la region South Wessex del Reino Unido. Los citados resultados demostraron que de hecho las principales pequeinas empresas preferian ignorar, e incluso evitar, ciertas oportunidades de alcanzar los mas elevados rendimientos en las inversiones, revelando una endemica debilidad inversora dentro de las pequenas empresas de ingenierla.

Dr. Alan Hankinson ist Dozent in Betriebswirtschaftslehre an dem Dorset Institute of Higher Education, England. Diese Abhandlung berichtet uber die Ergebnisse einer Studie, welche die Motivierungen und Schwachen in der Investierungs-entscheidungsnahme von 52 kleinen Maschinenbaufirmen in der South Wessex Region von England untersuchte. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dal3 die kleinen Firmen im allgemeinen tatsachlich bewulft bestimmte M6glichkeiten, den bestmoglichen Anlagegewinn ignorierten und sogar vermieden, und damit lokale Anlageschwachen innerhalb der kleinen Maschinenbaufirmen aufzeigten.
Redirecting Management Education and Training Resources -An Australian
Authors: Meredith Geoffrey
Published: October 2007

Geoffrey Meredith is Professor, Accounting and Financial Management, Armidale N.S.W. Australia and Consultant, Financial Management Research Centre (which he founded in the 1970's) associated with that University. Financial support for his research into small business management education and training was provided by the Australian Government's Commonwealth Tertiary Education Commission. The paper argues the case for a significant redirection of management education and training resources allocated to tertiary institutions, to meet the needs of small business owners and the multitude of multiplier agents associated with the small business sector in the community. Although the case for the redirection of resources is clearly recognised, implementing change is likely to be delayed due to problems associated with assembling qualified presenters and appropriate resource material for such programmes. The paper illustrates the redirection process in the Australian environment.
Training for the Small Retail Business: The Results of a British Experiment
Authors: Kirby David
Published: October 2007

Dr. David Kirby is senior lecturer at St. David's University College, University of Wales, Lampeter, United Kingdom. When compared with Britain's larger retail outlets most of the country's smaller stores are inefficient and poorly managed and over the years this situation has worsened as the management gap between the small and large store has widened. Faced with a marked decline in the number of small, independent retail businesses and the growing awareness of the socio- economic importance of the small store there has been a greater emphasis by government on the training needs of the small retail business. The subject of this paper is an experiment in the provision of a training and advisory service conducted in rural Wales in 1981-82.
Innovation, Life Cycle and the Share of Independents: Cases from Retailing
Authors: Nooteboom Bart
Published: October 2007

Dr. Bart Nooteboom is research director at the Research Institute for Small and Medium Sized Business in the Netherlands. There is some empirical evidence for the thesis that society depends to a large extent on the initiative of small, independent entrepreneurs for innovation. But it can also be argued that some types of innovation are a matter for teams of highly skilled specialists and that they require long lead times, heavy investment and large risks, which can only be carried by large firms. It can also be argued that small and medium sized firms are in fact trial grounds for the large firms. In this paper the development of new forms of retail distribution are examined; the development of self-service, supermarkets and discount stores in the retail trade of general foods. The author assesses the innovative contribution of small and large firms in this area and concludes that in the process of innovation and diffusion small and medium sized firms and large business play different and partly complementary roles.
Small Business Policy of Singapore: A Push-Pull Approach
Authors: Thiam-Soon Tan
Published: October 2007

Tan Thiam-Soon is a senior lecturer at the School of Management, National University of Singapore, but is currently working at the London Business School, UK. The paper describes the rationale and historical development of small business policy in Singapore. It also shows how the small enterprises and their future development are affected by the national economic policy and structure of the country.
Small Enterprise Policy and Program Development: The Australian Case
Authors: Meredith Geoffrey
Published: October 2007

Geoffrey Meredith is Professor, University of New England, Armidale New South Wales, Australia, and Consultant, Financial Management Research Centre associated with that University. The paper describes the political, economic and geographical environment which has influenced directly or indirectly, the development of small enterprise policy and programs in Australia. Given the autonomy of each State, policies and programs have been developed and implemented with minimal co-ordination at the national level. Competition between States and political parties has played a significant role in accelerating the development of small enterprise policies and programs. The paper outlines current policies and programs and forecasts expected changes within the next decade.
SMEs and Public Authorities: On the Information and Communication Gap
Authors: Donckels Rik , Degadt Jan
Published: October 2007

Rik Donckels is the director of the SME Research Institute, UFSAL University College, Brussels, Belgium. Jan Degadt is a senior researcher at the same institute. In the first part of the paper, some theoretical considerations are given. Public authorities are considered as being a multi-dimensional component of the external environment. The distance problem between SMEs on the one hand and public authorities on the other hand is described, and attention is paid to the existing communication lines and information flows. The second part of the paper is based on empirical research for Belgium, the results of which are compared to findings for other countries. The bottom-up communication line from SMEs to public authorities comes first. Afterwards the top-down communication line is studied. In the last section of the paper some conclusions can be found. The most important conclusions are:

-SMEs and PAs should make special efforts to shorten the distance between them and to bridge the communication and information gap.

-There is a need for a standardised "Bank of SME-knowledge" on an international scale.

-The administration burden involved by information gathering by PAa is considered to be annoying and a rather unproductive type of work. SME-people ask for a feedback relevant to them and useful for their particular business.

-The information-awareness of SME-managers should be increased. There is no systematic search for information and the attitude towards information varies as a function of the individual characteristics of the entrepreneur, the content of the information and the dimension of the firm.

-Bridging the communication and information gap is also a matter of how to procure information and how to ask for data. The diffusion of modern communication techniques will go on. One has to take advantage from this evolution in order to increase effectivity and efficiency as well. There is a need for a fundamental change, which is to be based on personal motivation, insight, education and training.
Stress and The Entrepreneurial Role
Authors: Williams Alan
Published: October 2007

Alan J. Williams, Professor of Management and foundation Head of the Department of Management at the University of Newcastle, N.S.W., Australia, has a background of 15 years active involvement in small business management development.

The paper is based on a study of the relationship between perceived stress and business performance of samples of failed small firm owner/managers and of owners of operating firms which were approaching failure. The research addresses two questions: 1) is the quality of an individual's entrepreneurial performance (in a small business context) related to his capacity to cope with stress emanating from the many and varied stressors in that role? (Results indicate a statistically significant relationship); and, 2) what relationship exists between stress level and the temporal proximity of business failure? In essence, the focal issue is: is stress a potential cause of small business failure, or a consequence of that failure? (Results showed that stress levels prior to small business failure were significantly higher than after failure; stress levels tended to increase significantly with increasing proximity and probability of failure, and they decreased significantly after failure.)

Stress generated by a mix of factors inherent in the small business ownership role can seriously inhibit effective management and entrepreneurship. It is widely associated with business failure; its specific causes and consequences are worthy of further research.
Population Change and its Effects on the Retail Sector: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Chrisman James J.
Published: October 2007

James J. Chrisman is with the Department of Management of the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. Little research has as yet attempted to determine what links exist between population change and business development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between population change - natural increases and net migration - and changes in the number of retail businesses and employees in the State of Georgia in the United States between 1970 and 1980. Retail trade was chosen for this research because of its dependence upon population for its viability. Although the research was concentrated on the 159 counties of Georgia, the results have wider implications and interest. Georgia experienced concurrent increases in its population and business sector during the 1970s. Contrary to expectations, natural increase had larger effects on the state's retail sector than net migration in most cases. Since an "inertia" effect may explain these findings, the 1980s may see similar or greater natural increases for the retail sector.
The Financial Impact of Energy Prices on Small Business
Authors: Lakhani Hyder , Phillips Bruce D.
Published: October 2007

Hyder Lakhani and Bruce D. Phillips are respectively vice-president, EEE Research, Fairfax, Virginia, USA, and senior economist, Office of Advocacy, United States Small Business Administration, Washington DC. This paper is based on research contract No. SBA-7177-AER-83 to EEE Research from the Office of Advocacy of the SBA. The authors are grateful to Thomas Gray and Raymond Marchikitus of the SBA for their valuable comments. The views and errors are those of the authors and not of the SBA.

The objective of this paper is to analyse the economic impact of fuel costs and non-fuel costs on profits and sales of small business firms in ten Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the US. The review of the literature (in Section 1) concludes that existing studies use industry aggregates from Census of Manufacturing data which exclude 80 percent of small firms so that the impact on small firms cannot be determined. Also, the studies fail to analyse the impact of fuel costs on profits and sales and arrive at contradictory conclusions. The authors develop an econometric model of the impact of energy costs on profits and sales in Section 2. The data on small business firms are developed from a survey report completed for the SBA (Section 3). Empirical estimates reveal that a one percentage point increase in fuel costs tends to reduce profits in the range of 0.009 to 0.07 percent and sales in the range of 0.01 to 0.06 percent. Increases in payroll and operating costs are correlated with increases in profits and sales because of labour- intensiveness of the small firms in the sample (Section 4). Policy implications of this paper are that small firms have not fully adjusted to the 1979 increase in fuel prices, or cannot adjust any further. Further, small firms must increasingly substitute non- fuel for fuel inputs or if that is not possible, then purchases of the least energy- intensive plant and equipment should be made, including energy conservation devices.
Degree of Affiliation and Retail Labour Productivity in France, The Netherlands and the UK
Authors: Thurik A. R. , Vollebregt J. A. C.
Published: October 2007

Both authors work for the Department of Basic Research, Research Institute for Small and Medium Sized Business, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands. Labour productivity differences between large and small retail businesses are here studied within the framework of a model which also allows for productivity differences based on differences in average shop size and product differences. French, Dutch and British data are used. There is reason to believe that large retail businesses have a higher labour productivity than small businesses.
United States Small Business Administration's Role in Small Business Training
Authors: Solomon George , Carney Mark
Published: October 2007

Dr. George Solomon currently is a member of the staff of the Associate Administrator for Management Assistance and a member of the faculties of George Washington and Georgetown University in the United States. His major role is the development of new counselling and training programmes for small businesses and he is responsible for the formulation and administration of research studies designed to examine the efficiency and effectiveness of the SBA's management assistance programmes. He is also the Chairman of the Board of Directors, International Council for Small Business. Mark Carney is a Management Analyst with the US Small Business Administration and served on the team which conducted the survey this article is based upon.

The SBA, the leader and innovator in small business training and education in the United States, decided in the summer of 1983, to conduct a national overview on the "State of Small Business Training and Education". The intent of this examination was to determine the usefulness and relevance of current programmes and to develop new methods and ideas for meeting the ever-growing future challenges of small business management training and education. In order to accomplish this national study, a multifaceted training overview was developed by the staff of the Office of Management Assistance.
Business Death and Firm Size in the UK
Authors: Stewart H. , Gallagher C. C.
Published: October 2007

Professor C. C. Gallagher and H. Stewart are with the Department of Industrial Management at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England.

Although the number of firms forced out of business in the UK by financial problems has increased dramatically in the current recession, less firms have ceased to trade. In parallel, surprisingly, firm creation rates have risen almost continuously over the same period. The different statistics used to examine trends in the number of firms ceasing to trade give conflicting results. Liquidations and bankruptcies show a sharp increase over the period 1979-83, while figures for 'business deaths', based on VAT data, show a slight decline from the peak figures of 1976-78.

An explanation is that in more prosperous times many options exist for profitable business, and many entrepreneurs will choose to switch to what they perceive as more profitable opportunities. However, in the recessionary years of 1981-83, contrary to popular perception, less firms ceased to trade. While insolvencies increased there was less voluntary switching to other activities. There was actually less 'churning' in the economy due to 'deaths'. Thus the recession, while having a major effect on increasing flexibility in the labour process, may have actually reduced the flexibility of capital and had the effect of freezing some inefficiencies present in the market.
The Influence of Small Business Support Systems on Economic Development: Case Study on Lesotho
Authors: Masten John , Russell Donovan
Published: October 2007

Least developed countries are beginning to realise the value of a viable small business sector in the economic development and job creation process. Lesotho, a country totally dominated by the Republic of South Africa, has established agencies to assist in the development of both large and small private businesses. Numerous problems exist in successfully implementing programme goals. Without more efficient management of these agencies the potential for success is limited.
Growth and Change in Black Minority Enterprise in London
Authors: Wilson Peter , Stanworth John
Published: October 2007

Peter Wilson is a partner in New Enterprise Development, a small business training and research organisation based in London. Professor John Stanworth is head of the Small Business Unit at the Polytechnic of Central London and Director-General of the Small Business Research Trust.

Against a background of growing concern for the welfare of ethnic minority communities in Britain, attention is now firmly focused on the opportunities for business development among black groups. Racially motivated recruitment and promotion practices in large organisations restrict employment opportunities for black minorities, increasing the need to seek economic self-reliance through business ownership. This has been a traditional route for disadvantaged minorities. But contemporary economic and social conditions require new solutions to the crisis in which recent immigrant groups find themselves. It is the purpose of this paper to examine recent evidence of change in business ownership in the Asian and Afro- Caribbean communities in London, to compare and contrast their business performance and to identify the determinants of any revealed differentials. The paper concludes with some implications for policy formulation and for business development initiatives.
Job Generation in Britain: A Review of Recent Studies
Authors: Storey D. J. , Johnson S.
Published: October 2007

D.Storey and S. Johnosn are with the ceter for urban and regional Development studies at the univerisity of Newcasste upon Tyne, England. Theri paper reviews recent studies on job generation by smal firms in Britain and takes a critical view of research which lays claim to support the job creation characteristics often claimed for the small business, sector in particular they examine the work of and stewrt also of the Newcastle univeristy which is based on Dun and Bradastreet data, as were the earlier major studies in the United states of America the autor find that there are significant difference between the result obtained by United States researches, notbly birch, and laso to lesser extent by the Broking group and by United kingdom research, on the role of enterpreneurship and small business in depressed regions, in genral the US result suggest the small buisnes are stron in decling regions and a force leding to a rival of economic activity in such area.s in Contrast UK research ahve assertd that small buisness proper relatively well in the prosperous regions but perfomr porly in the less prosperous regions.
The Role of Information Assistance in Small Firms' Export Involvement
Authors: Seringhaus Rolf
Published: October 2007

Dr. Rolf Seringhaus is assistant professor of international marketing at Wilfrid Laurier University, Ontario, Canada. A firm's need for export marketing information is a function of both its stage in the export involvement process and and the related state of export knowledge and experience. Awareness and perceived usefulness of informational assistance provided by government are investigated in a sample of small Canadian industrial manufacturing firms over the early part of the exporting process. Conclusions are drawn from the changing role of informational assistance during export involvement and implications for export marketing management and public policy are suggested.
Entrepreneurial Development in the People'S Republic of China
Authors: Chwee-Huat Tan
Published: October 2007

Dr. Tan Chwee-Huat is currently Dean of the Faculty of Accountancy and Business Administration and an associate professor at the National University of Singapore. As part of its modernisation programme China has implemented numerous economic reforms since the late 1970s, encouraging the development of entrepreneurs in agriculture, commerce and industry. Most of the new entrepreneurs have started by engaging in some sideline activities and gradually developing specialisation in these sidelines. This paper briefly examines some aspects of new entrepreneurial developments in China.
Basic Income as a Basis for Small Business
Authors: Nooteboom Bart
Published: October 2007

Dr. Bart Nooteboom is research director at the Research Institute for Small and Medium-sized Business, Zoetermeer, Netherlands. In this paper he examines the relevance of a basic income to the development of small businesses. He argues that a basic income would stimulate and facilitate small businesses in several ways. It would enhance economic growth, employment and general welfare. A basic income would serve as a compensation for diseconomies of small scale production; as incentive for new firms; as an alternative to complicated and often ineffective present subsidies and other measures for small business. He also suggests that it could be solution to the problem of unfair competition from the "informal, "black", or "underground" economy.
Types of Entrepreneur and Strategic Level Goal Setting
Authors: Routamaa Vesa , Vesalainen Jukka
Published: October 2007

Vesa Routamaa and Jukka Vesalainen are with the University of Vaasa, Finland. Their paper reports on the findings of an empirical study which aimed to find out what kind of entrepreneurs are best able to react to the management problems caused by the growth of firms. It was found that the manager type of entrepreneur was growth oriented but risk avoiding in comparison with the classical entrepreneur. Differences were found in goal setting which, against the background of the growth orientation of the entrepreneurs, could be interpreted to lead either to controlled or uncontrolled growth. The results indicated that even the manager type of entrepreneur at his best could not attain such a firm hold as a professional manager. To be an entrepreneur and a managing director did not always go together.
SMEs, New Technology and Training
Authors: Griffith Julie , Dorsman Michael
Published: October 2007

Julie griffith and Michael dorsman are with the Centre for Educational Development and Training at Manchester Polytechnic, England. Their paper is based on part of the findings of a three-year project investigating the introduction of new technology into small and medium-sized enterprises and the implications this has for the small firms trainer. They say that the cost of technology training needs to be related to the impact of such an investment on the product or services of the firm; accessibility of training provision has to be related to the size of a firm; training provision should be related to the needs of a particular product ot service sector to ensure its relevance to the needs of individual firms; and the effectiveness of the provision must be monitored.
Similarities and Differences between Women and Men Business Proprietorship
Authors: Cromie Stanley
Published: October 2007

Stanley Cromie is senior lecturer in organisation theory at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland. The study was undertaken to add to the literature on the female entrepreneur by using a model of entrepreneurial choice to discover why 34 women and 35 men chose to become business proprietors. Results indicated that both men and avoid unsatisfying jobs. In contrast men were more interested in making money while women expressed dissatisfaction with their job histories. Women with children women saw entrepreneurship as a means of overcoming barriers to career advancement. Both genders were poorly prepared for the task of new business founding and neither men nor women were forced into proprietorship through labour market pressures.
New Small Technically-Based Firms and Industrial Distributors
Authors: Hill S. M. , Blois Keith
Published: October 2007

Mrs. S. M. Hill at the time of carrying out this research was a research assistant at Templeton College, Oxford, England, financed by a Leverhulme Trust Research Grant. Dr. K. J. Blois is a Fellow of Templeton College, Oxford, England. It has been established that a lack of marketing skills is a common cause of failure amongst new small technically-based firms. The activities of industrial distributors include many functions vital to successful marketing such as maintaining close customer contact. It would, therefore, appear that industrial distributors could play a role complementary to this type of small firm. However, the initial findings of this research indicate that such complementarity rarely exists.
Providing the Necessary Economic Infrastructures for Small Businesses: Whose Responsibility?
Authors: Owualah Sunday
Published: October 2007

Sunday I. Owualah is a doctoral student in the faculty of busiens administration at Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan. He was previously a lecture in the Department of Finance at the University of Lagos, Nigeria. This paper asks what contemporary economies; what constitutes economic infrastures for small firms; and whose resposibility it is to provide them and to what extent they have been or are being provided in many countries.it finds that government has a responsibility to provide relevant economic infrastructure but suggests there is doubt whetehr actual implementation should also be theri direct responsiblity. it suggests that less developed countreis may have lost sight of theri own compartive advantage in harnessing the potenial of the small business sector and conclude that these countries can acheive no meaningful or balanced indurstrial and economic development without due consideration for theri smal business sector.
Size-Distribution, Growth Potential and Job-Generation Contribution of UK Firms, 1982-84
Authors: Doyle John , Gallagher Colin
Published: October 2007

Dr Johan Doyle is with the department of mangment at bath universiyty, England, and Prof.Colin Gallagher is with the Department of industrial Managment at the university of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England. this paper examines the life-cycle of united kingdom firms and their job-generation performance, using the vfery large database files of the credit rating and marketing firm Dun and Brandstreet. the data for the year 1982 and 1984 were analysed by computer to extract the figures for birts, deaths, expansions, and contractions in that period. The author needed to derive an estimate of the size-bands,and to estimate the mean number of jobs gained or lost when a firm moves to a different size-bands.They then generalised fro mthe database to the uk population at large, to give a picture of which sizes of firms are expanding or contracting, and hence where jobs are being created or lost. the result gives useful insights into what is happening in the economy in terms of employment. The only size-band which was a net creator of jobs was the smallest (less than 20 employees), and at best the otehr merely held theri own. firms with more than 100 employees lost share.All size-bands were responsible for losses of similar magnitude, due to both deaths and contractions. in sharp contrast, job cretion was heaily biassed toward the smaller firms. it is expansions as well as births which have created the new jobs in the economy and in particular,expanision from the smalller cohorts. it is apparent from the result that small firms in the uk are not expanding in sufficient numbers.
Company Births in Great Britain and the Institutional Environment
Authors: Hudson John
Published: October 2007

Dr.Johan Hudosn is a lecture in economic at the university of bath, england. his paper presetns the results of a time seris analysis of the number of new companies being registered with limited liability over the period 1952-84. A major for which has merged in this analysis is the instituttional enviornment within which small firms operate. particulary important have been changes in the tax structure such as the introduction of selective employoment tax and corporation tax. Profits are also an important explantory variable. however, the rapid increase in new registratins in the 1980s can probably be attributed to the worsening labour market which has forced some of the unemployeed into enterpreneruship. to an extent this is an encouraging development, where the supply side of the economy can be seen to be regenrting itself out of unused resources. However, there is some evidence that these firms are particularly likely to fail.
Motivations and Aspirations of Business Founders
Authors: Hamilton R. T.
Published: October 2007

R.T. Hamilton is currently senior lecture and director of the MBA programme at the university of Cantebury, christchurch, New Zeland, and was previously at the London Business school and stirling university, in the UK. The main purpose of theis paper is to present a retrospectiv analysis which assesss the extent to which the characteristics of business founders are stable over timie. it finds that ther is an apparent stability over time but theevidence does show that with unemployment rising over time tis is beoming a push factor in an increasing propertion of new business formatlitions. on firm size the evidence is that business which have been pushed into existence and survived are not significantly different from those which are not subject to this particular pressure.
The Export Trading Company Act: Structural and Attitudinal Barriers to Implementation
Authors: De Noble Alex F. , Amann Robert J. , Moliver Donald
Published: October 2007

Dr. Alex F. De Noble is an assistant professor of management at San Diego State University, USA; Dr. Robert J. Amann is an assistant professor of management at Florida International University, USA; and Dr. Donald Moliver director of international business studies at Monmouth College, New Jersey, USA.

The magnitude of United States trading deficits in recent years influenced Congress to pass the Export Trading Company Act in 1982. This legislation was designed to expedite greater involvement of domestic firms in international trade by encouraging the formation of export trading companies through related anti-trust and banking regulations. Five years after its passage, however, the Act has not led to the performance levels envisaged by its proponents. This paper discusses the key reasons for the lack lustre performance of domestic firms in international trade, in general; identifies the key factors peculiar to smaller firms which contribute to the reluctance of such firms to engage in international trade and use export trading companies for launching exporting programmes; and offers some suggestions for overcoming these problems.

Essentially, this paper argues that the primary responsibility for failing to penetrate foreign markets more effectively lies with the small to medium-sized business sector of the economy and the export trading companies.
The Situation of Small Transportation Firms in France
Authors: Pache Gilles
Published: October 2007

Gilles Pache is currently lecturing at Reims University, France. He has carried out research on the evolution of the industrial system and the mechanisms of adaptation of transport firms at the Centre de Recherche d'Economie des Transports (CRET) of the Aix-Marseille 2 University. His paper underlines the disquieting future of small transport firms in France. They tend to lose their traditional custom of small industrial firms and are more and more forced to work for large transporters offering a complete logistic service to manufacturers (transport, warehousing, packaging, etc.). But as they go on offering a mere delivery service, they are subjected to the fluctuations of the economic situation.
USM Chief Executives: Do They Fit the Entrepreneurial Stereotype?
Authors: Slatter Stuart , Ransley Roy , Woods Elizabeth
Published: October 2007

Dr Sturat Slatter is director of the institute of small business Mangement at London business School, England, Roy Ransley wa midland Bank Fellow at London, Business School through 1984-85.Elizabeth Woods isa Ph.D. student and research assistant at LBS. The development of the unlisted securities market (USM) in the United Kingdom has identified a small group of successful chief executive. who have become role models for both existing and aspiring enterprenuer. This paper presetns the result of a study undertaken to see if the USM chief executives fit th exisiting enterpreneural sterotypes. The paper review the various factors that influence the enterpreneurial character and identifies four enterpreneruial steretypes in the mangament literature. The profileof the USM chief executives are then analysed to see how well theri skills, values, abilities and roles fit with theri enviornment. The study shows that the USM chief executives fit quite well into the existing stereotype of an oppertunitstic enterpreneurs, suggested by Smith(1967),although theri attitudes towards ownership and internal mangerial control may be different from those identified in some earlier studies(weinshall, 1983).
Black Business in South Africa: A Challenge to Enterprise
Authors: Phillips Bruce , Brice Helene
Published: October 2007

Bruce Philips is a lecture in business policy and helene brice is a senior lecture in marketing in the department of Business Science at the University of Cape Town South africa. Black business in south afrrica represetns a paradox-it forms a small minority group in the overall business structure of South African society yet it is required to serve the interest of the majority of the peple of that society. The authors have drawn on the experiences of black business ment in one of the major metropolitian centres of the country, the Cape Town region, in ordder to comment on a wide range of factors influening the balck business community. The paper obsrves the structure of that sector, discusses its dynamism and propsects, including the problems that best black business in general in the south african context.
The Relationship between Aims and Objectives in Small/Medium-Sized Workers' Co-Operatives
Authors: Woolham John
Published: October 2007

DR. JOHN WOOLHAM in this paper examines the relationship between aims and objectives in small and medium-sized worker co-operatives in the United Kingdom and analyses how they affect tendencies to 'degeneration' or economic failure. Producer co-operatives enjoy increasing support and have attracted the attention of all sectors of the economic community. To the worker they offer a 'greater say' and security against arbitrary dismissal or redundancy. To the manager they promise an end to the age-old conflicts between labour and capital and a change for managers and workers to 'pull together' as a team. On the other hand sceptics point to what they regard as the inefficiency of co-operatives and their lack of competitiveness through inherent organisational weakness. This paper takes the view that co-ops are no more prone to inefficiency or organisational weakness than conventional small business but that many of the problems they do face are different from those of small businesses and therefore different kinds of management systems and skills are necessary to deal with problems that occur. This paper specifically addresses itself to two such major areas of difficulty: 'degeneration' of democratic procedures and economic failure.
The Charcteristics of Expatriate Entrepreneurs
Authors: Befus David R. , Mescon Timothy S. , Vozikis George S. , Mescon Debbie L.
Published: October 2007

DAVID R. BEFUS is with Azusa Pacific University, California, USA, George S. Vozikis is with Memphis State University, Tennessee, USA, and Timothy S. Mescon and Debbie L. Mescon are with Salisbury State University, Maryland, USA. The investment activity of expatriate entrepreneurs in Honduras in Central America and their personal characteristics were compared with other entrepreneurial propulations for this paper. The economic development impact of the expatriate investor was also explored. The profile generated from the study indicates that personal reasons were more significant that financial reasons in motivating the investor to locate overseas and government incentives played no part in the decision-making process. The comparison of personality characteristics yielded mixed results. Unlike entrepreneurs surveyed in other studies, this population of expatriate entrepreneurs demonstrated a statistically significant difference from the normal population only in relation to the characteristic of 'order'.
Size and Growth of Asian-Owned Incorporated Companies in Britain
Authors: Khan Golam Mostafa
Published: October 2007

MD. GOLAM MOSTAFA KHAN is currently with the College of Business and Management, University of Bahrain, where his teaching interest concentrates primarily on entrepreneurship, small business and policy and strategy areas. The research reported here is based on the author's doctoral research at the University of Bradford, England, and examines the size of growth of Asian-owned incorporated businesses in Britain over the period 1973-1982. The effect of differences in the ethnic origin of Asian owners, the size of their firms, and the industrial sectors in which they are involved, on their business growth has been assessed. It also provides a comparative analysis of size and growth between Asian-owned and other companies in the United Kingdom. On the whole the average size of Asian incorporated firms is smaller than the UK-owned companies but the average size of Asian-owned manufacturing firms is significantly smaller than comparable UK firms. This partially reflects the fact they are newer. The Asian-owned non-manufacturing sector, however, exhibits a comparable average size to UK-owned non-manufacturing businesses.
Self-Employment in the Netherlands
Authors: Nijsen Andre
Published: October 2007

ANDRE NIJSEN is with the Economic Research Institute for Small-and Medium-sized Business, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands. Although they probably constitute major employment groups in most countries, the position of the self-employed is usually ignored in favour of study of small business and other entrepreneurial ventures. This paper tries to redress some of the balance by examining the role of the self-employed in the economy of The Netherlands, where they account for 15 per cent of civilian employment. It also examines the self-employed in the fiscal and social security systems, and the effects of government measures on the income of the self-employed. It analyses the income/retum ratio for self-employed people, concluding that the average profit income of the self-employed is insufficient in general to justify the various functions of this income and illustrates many of the problems faced by the unincorporated business, especially as most government activity is directed towards the incorporated company.
Job Creation and Firm Size in the U.S. and West Germany
Authors: Acs Zoltan J. , Audretsch David B.
Published: October 2007

ZOLTAN J. ACS and DAVID B. AUDRETSCH are research fellows at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin fur Sozialforschung, Berlin. This paper uses a new data base recently made available by the United States Small Business Administration to examine how the pattern of job generation varies across different firm sizes. This enables the authors to examine the relationship between job generation and firm size in the U.S. They find that small firms have been the major source of new jobs in manufacturing, services and the finance sector as well as for the aggregate economy. This has resulted in a significant shift in the share of employment accounted for by small firms between 1976 and 1982. However, there does not appear to be any evidence that small firms are becoming more pervasive in highly innovative industries. No similar trend in job generation is discernible in
An Assessment of the Psychological Determinants of Planning in Small Businesses
Authors: Carland James W. , Carland Jo Ann C. , Abhy Carroll D.
Published: October 2007

DR. JAMES W. CARLAND, DR. JO ANN C.CARLAND and CARROLL D. ABY. Jr. are with the Western Carolina University School of Business. North Carolina, United State of America. A sample of 368 small business owners/managers were divided into three groups: those who use formal, written plans; those who employ informal, unwritten plans; and non-planners. The groups were compared on their need for achievement, innovative preferences and risk-taking propensity as well as education level, sales, management structure, and number of employees. The group employing written plans was found to have significantly higher need for achievement, innovative preference and risk-taking propensity than the group employing unwritten plans and non-planners.
Technological and Competitive Forces on Distribution Systems in the USA: Worldwide Research Iplications
Authors: Hills Gerald E.
Published: October 2007

Professor Gerald E. Hills is holder of the Denton Thorne Chair in Entrepreneurship and Smaller Enterprises at the University of Illinois at Chicago, USA. This research note is an overview of the distribution revolution and its implications for small firms. It involved an extensive literature search but did not involve data collection.
Who Becomes an Entrepreneur?
Authors: Stanworth John , Stanworth Celia , Granger Bill , Blyth Stephanie
Published: October 2007

PROFESSOR JOHN STANWORTH, Stephanie Blyth, Bill Granger, and Celia Standworth are all members of the Future of Work Research Group at the London Management Centre, Polytechnic of Central London, England. At the current time, they are involved in several research projects, one of them being the study of rates of intergenerational inheritance of enterprise culture-a principal theme of this paper. The authors examine evidence from several countries in an attempt to predict the incidence of enterpreneurship and conclude that sociological determinants offer the best indication as to precisely who, among the many who express an interest, is most likely actually to make the transition to self-employment. In addition to examining the contributions of others in this field, the paper presents data recently collected by the authors themselves.