bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating the Carbon and Water Footprints’ Costs in the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC Full Water Cost Recovery Concept: Basic Principles Towards Their Reliable Calculation and Socially Just Allocation
Authors: Kanakoudis Vasilis , Tsitsifli Stavroula , Papadopoulou Anastasia
Published: January 2012

This paper presents the basic principles for the integration of the water and carbon footprints cost into the resource and environmental costs respectively, taking the suggestions set by the Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EC one step forward. WFD states that full water cost recovery (FWCR) should be based on the estimation of the three sub-costs related: direct; environmental; and resource cost. It also strongly suggests the EU Member States develop and apply effective water pricing policies to achieve FWCR. These policies must be socially just to avoid any social injustice phenomena. This is a very delicate task to handle, especially within the fragile economic conditions that the EU is facing today. Water losses play a crucial role for the FWC estimation. Water losses should not be neglected since they are one of the major “water uses” in any water supply network. A methodology is suggested to reduce water losses and the related Non Revenue Water (NRW) index. An Expert Decision Support System is proposed to assess the FWC incorporating the Water and Carbon Footprint costs.
Inundation Mapping Initiatives of the Iowa Flood Center: Statewide Coverage and Detailed Urban Flooding Analysis
Authors: Gilles Daniel , Young Nathan , Schroeder Harvest , Piotrowski Jesse , Chang Yi-Jia
Published: January 2012

The State of Iowa, located in the Midwestern United States, has experienced an increased frequency of large floods in recent decades. After extreme flooding in the summer of 2008, the Iowa Flood Center (IFC) was established for advanced research and education specifically related to floods. IFC seeks to improve Iowa’s flood hazard awareness through the development of easily accessible, high-quality mapping products. Mapping initiatives consist of two model development approaches: (1) statewide floodplain delineation using one-dimensional (1D) models, and (2) urban flood mapping using detailed one-dimensional/two-dimensional (2D) coupled models. The statewide floodplain project will benefit Iowans through the creation of a comprehensive set of floodplain maps developed under a single consistent methodology. These will be important tools in evaluating flood risk, regulating floodplains, and participating in the National Flood Insurance Program. Detailed urban flood analyses are used to develop inundation map libraries. These map libraries are meant to supplement National Weather Service river stage flood forecasts by providing a visual representation of potential flood extent according to predicted river stage at stream gage locations.
Transmission eigenvalue distributions in highly conductive molecular junctions
Authors: Bergfield Justin P , Barr Joshua D , Stafford Charles A
Published: January 2012

Background:The transport through a quantum-scale device may be uniquely characterized by its transmission eigenvalues τn. Recently, highly conductive single-molecule junctions (SMJ) with multiple transport channels (i.e., several τn> 0) have been formed from benzene molecules between Pt electrodes. Transport through these multichannel SMJs is a probe of both the bonding properties at the lead–molecule interface and of the molecular symmetry.

Results:We use a many-body theory that properly describes the complementary wave–particle nature of the electron to investigate transport in an ensemble of Pt–benzene–Pt junctions. We utilize an effective-field theory of interacting π-electrons to accurately model the electrostatic influence of the leads, and we develop an ab initio tunneling model to describe the details of the lead–molecule bonding over an ensemble of junction geometries. We also develop a simple decomposition of transmission eigenchannels into molecular resonances based on the isolated resonance approximation, which helps to illustrate the workings of our many-body theory, and facilitates unambiguous interpretation of transmission spectra.

Conclusion:We confirm that Pt–benzene–Pt junctions have two dominant transmission channels, with only a small contribution from a third channel with τn<< 1. In addition, we demonstrate that the isolated resonance approximation is extremely accurate and determine that transport occurs predominantly via the HOMO orbital in Pt–benzene–Pt junctions. Finally, we show that the transport occurs in a lead–molecule coupling regime where the charge carriers are both particle-like and wave-like simultaneously, requiring a many-body description.
On the mechanism of action of gated molecular baskets: The synchronicity of the revolving motion of gates and in/out trafficking of guests
Authors: Hermann Keith , Rieth Stephen , Taha Hashem A , Wang Bao-Yu , Hadad Christopher M , Badjić Jovica D
Published: January 2012

We used dynamic1H NMR spectroscopic methods to examine the kinetics and thermodynamics of CH3CCl3(2) entering and leaving the gated molecular basket1. We found that the encapsulation is first-order in basket1and guest2, while the decomplexation is zeroth-order in the guest. Importantly, the interchange mechanism in which a molecule of CH3CCl3directly displaces the entrapped CH3CCl3was not observed. Furthermore, the examination of the additivity of free energies characterizing the encapsulation process led to us to deduce that the revolving motion of the gates and in/out trafficking of guests is synchronized, yet still a function of the affinity of the guest for occupying the basket: Specifically, the greater the affinity of the guest for occupying the basket, the less effective the gates are in “sweeping” the guest as the gates undergo their revolving motion.
Agreement with Guidelines from a Large Database for Management of Systemic Sclerosis: Results from the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group
Authors: POPE JANET , HARDING SARAH , KHIMDAS SARIT , BONNER ASHLEY ,   the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group, BARON MURRAY
Published: January 2012

Objective.

We determined congruence with published guidelines from the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)/EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research group, for systemic sclerosis (SSc) investigations and treatment practices within the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group (CSRG).

Methods.

Investigations and medication use for SSc complications were obtained from records of patients with SSc in the CSRG to determine adherence to guidelines for patients enrolled before and after the guidelines were published.

Results.

The CSRG database of 1253 patients had 992 patients with SSc enrolled before publication of the guidelines and 261 after. For pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) treatment, there were no differences in use before and after the guidelines, yet annual echocardiograms for PAH screening were done in 95% of patients enrolled before the guidelines and in only 86% of those enrolled after (p <0.0001), and fewer followup echocardiograms were done 1 year later in the latter group (88% vs 59%). No differences were found for the frequency of PAH-specific treatment; 60% had ever used calcium channel blockers for Raynaud’s phenomenon, with no differences in the groups before and after the guidelines. But the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (which does not have guidelines) was increased in the after-guidelines group. Proton pump inhibitors were used in > 80% with gastroesophageal reflux disease before and after the guidelines. One-quarter with gastrointestinal symptoms were taking prokinetic drugs. For those with past SSc renal crisis, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors was not different before and after the guidelines. For early diffuse SSc < 2 years, ever-use of methotrexate was similar (one-quarter of each group); and for symptomatic interstitial lung disease, 19% had ever used cyclophosphamide before the guidelines and 9% after (p = nonsignificant). CSRG practices were generally comparable to recently published guidelines; however, use of iloprost and bosentan was low for digital ulcers because these drugs are not approved for use in Canada.

Conclusion.

There did not seem to be an increase in adherence to recommendations once the guidelines were published. For many guidelines, 25% to 40% of patients who would qualify received the recommended treatment.
Remission in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Predicting Treatment Response
Authors: MA MARGARET H.Y. , IBRAHIM FOWZIA , WALKER DAVID , HASSELL ANDREW , CHOY ERNEST H. , KIELY PATRICK D.W. , WILLIAMS RICHARD , WALSH DAVID A. , YOUNG ADAM , SCOTT DAVID L.
Published: January 2012

Objective.

Optimizing therapeutic strategies to induce remission requires an understanding of the initial features predicting remission. Currently no suitable model exists. We aim to develop a remission score using predictors of remission in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods.

We used a dataset from a UK randomized controlled trial that evaluated intensive treatment with conventional combination therapy, to develop a predictive model for 24-month remission. We studied 378 patients in the trial who received 24 months’ treatment. Our model was validated using data from a UK observational cohort (Early RA Network, ERAN). A group of 194 patients was followed for 24 months. Remission was defined as 28-joint Disease Activity Score < 2.6. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between remission and potential baseline predictors.

Results.

Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed age, sex, and tender joint count (TJC) were independently associated with 24-month remission. The multivariate remission score developed using the trial data correctly classified 80% of patients. These findings were replicated using ERAN. The remission score has high specificity (98%) but low sensitivity (13%). Combining data from the trial and ERAN, we also developed a simplified remission score that showed that younger men with a TJC of 5 or lower were most likely to achieve 24-month remission. Remission was least likely in older women with high TJC. Rheumatoid factor, rheumatoid nodules, and radiographic damage did not predict remission.

Conclusion.

Remission can be predicted using a score based on age, sex, and TJC. The score is relevant in clinical trial and routine practice settings.
Predictors of Early Minimal Disease Activity in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis Treated with Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Blockers
Authors: IERVOLINO SALVATORE , DI MINNO MATTEO NICOLA DARIO , PELUSO ROSARIO , LOFRANO MARIANA , RUSSOLILLO ANNA , DI MINNO GIOVANNI , SCARPA RAFFAELE
Published: January 2012

Objective.

To identify predictors of early minimal disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) receiving tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) antagonists.

Methods.

In total 146 consecutive patients with PsA eligible for anti-TNF-α therapy were enrolled. At baseline (T0) information about age, sex, PsA subset, disease duration, comorbidities, and treatments was collected. All subjects were tested for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and/or liver steatosis. A clinical and laboratory evaluation was performed at T0 and at 3 months (T3). Changes in all these variables were compared in subjects achieving minimal disease activity (MDA) and those who did not.

Results.

Among 146 PsA subjects, 10 discontinued therapy before 3-month followup because of adverse events; thus 136 concluded the study. All clinical outcome measures changed significantly from T0 to T3. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate showed a significant reduction (p < 0.001). C-reactive protein (CRP), serum cholesterol, and triglycerides showed no significant variation (p > 0.05). The prevalence of MetS and liver steatosis showed no significant differences between subjects achieving MDA and those who did not (p = 0.347 and 0.053, respectively). Patients achieving MDA at T3 were younger than those not achieving MDA (p = 0.001). A lower baseline tender joint count (p = 0.001), swollen joint count (p = 0.013), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (p = 0.021), and Ritchie index (p = 0.006) were found in subjects achieving MDA. Age (OR 0.896, p = 0.003) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) (OR 0.479, p = 0.007) inversely predicted, whereas CRP (OR 1.78, p = 0.018) directly predicted, achievement of MDA at T3.

Conclusion.

In patients with PsA, age, CRP, and BASFI at the beginning of treatment were found to be reliable predictors of MDA after 3 months of TNF-α blocker therapy.
The Influence of Individual Joint Impairment on Functional Disability in Rheumatoid Arthritis Using a Large Observational Database of Japanese Patients
Authors: SHIDARA KUMI , INOUE EISUKE , HOSHI DAISUKE , TANAKA EIICHI , SETO YOHEI , NAKAJIMA AYAKO , MOMOHARA SHIGEKI , TANIGUCHI ATSUO , YAMANAKA HISASHI
Published: January 2012

Objective.

To clarify the influence of individual joint impairment on functional capacity through a retrospective study with a 3-year interval, using a large cohort of Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods.

Subjects included 3457 patients with RA who participated in a large observational cohort study in both April 2004 and April 2007; 43 joints were assessed and classified into 10 joint areas. Impairment of each joint area was scored based on the presence of swelling or tenderness: score 0 (no swelling or tenderness in either joint), score 1 (swelling or tenderness in a unilateral joint), and score 2 (swelling or tenderness in bilateral joints). Score change was defined as the difference between scores from 2004 and 2007. The Japanese validated version of the Health Assessment Questionnaire is the J-HAQ; ΔJ-HAQ score was determined by subtracting J-HAQ score in 2007 from that in 2004. The relationship between score change and ΔJ-HAQ score, and the effect of joint impairment on ΔJ-HAQ score were assessed.

Results.

Major joint areas that contributed to ΔJ-HAQ score included the wrist (31%), shoulder (21%), knee (13%), and ankle (10%). The shoulder, wrist, knee, and ankle in the worsening group were associated with a J-HAQ score increase of 0.13 to 0.18 compared to the improvement group.

Conclusion.

Our study demonstrated that impairment of the shoulder, wrist, knee, and ankle significantly affects functional capacity in patients with RA. Care of these joints is suggested to be especially important for better functional outcomes.
Le temps du passage. Temps psychique, temps du rite
Authors: Berruyer-Lamoine Bénédicte
Published: January 2012

La temporalité psychique, à l’image du travail du deuil, a son propre rythme et sa logique interne. Pour autant, en s’étayant sur une temporalité proposée par la culture à travers les rites de passage et de deuil, les processus individuels de séparation et de deuil sont sécurisés et bordés, et l’individu n’est pas dans la solitude d’un chemin inconnu. Dans le travail psychanalytique individuel, le cadre peut proposer aussi un « bordage » temporel, soutenant le rythme psychique interne propre à chaque sujet.
Nueva especie de Ramusella Hammer, 1962 (Acari, Oppiidae), de la provincia de Fars, Irán
Authors: Akrami M. A. , Subías L. S. , Behmanesh M.
Published: January 2012

Se describe una nueva especie de ácaro oribátido de la familia Oppiidae, Ramusella (Insculptoppia) farsi sp. nov., procedente de la provincia de Fars, sur de Irán. La nueva especie se caracteriza por el sensilo fusiforme con 10 largos cilios en su cabeza, setas notogastrales delgadas, presencia de seta c2 y cuatro pares de setas genitales.
Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (XV)
Authors: Fernández J.
Published: January 2012

No disponible.
A two-dimensional volatility basis set – Part 2: Diagnostics of organic-aerosol evolution
Authors: Donahue N. M. , Kroll J. H. , Pandis S. N. , Robinson A. L.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. We discuss the use of a two-dimensional volatility-oxidation space (2-D-VBS) to describe organic-aerosol chemical evolution. The space is built around two coordinates, volatility and the degree of oxidation, both of which can be constrained observationally or specified for known molecules. Earlier work presented the thermodynamics of organics forming the foundation of this 2-D-VBS, allowing us to define the average composition (C, H, and O) of organics, including organic aerosol (OA) based on volatility and oxidation state. Here we discuss how we can analyze experimental data, using the 2-D-VBS to gain fundamental insight into organic-aerosol chemistry. We first present a well-understood "traditional" secondary organic aerosol (SOA) system – SOA from α-pinene + ozone, and then turn to two examples of "non-traditional" SOA formation – SOA from wood smoke and dilute diesel-engine emissions. Finally, we discuss the broader implications of this analysis.
Characterization of iron speciation in urban and rural single particles using XANES spectroscopy and micro X-ray fluorescence measurements: investigating the relationship between speciation and fractional iron solubility
Authors: Oakes M. , Weber R. J. , Lai B. , Russell A. , Ingall E. D.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Soluble iron in fine atmospheric particles has been identified as a public health concern by participating in reactions that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The mineralogy and oxidation state (speciation) of iron have been shown to influence fractional iron solubility (soluble iron/total iron). In this study, iron speciation was determined in single particles at urban and rural sites in Georgia USA using synchrotron-based techniques, such as X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy and microscopic X-ray fluorescence measurements. Soluble and total iron content (soluble + insoluble iron) of these samples was measured using spectrophotometry and synchrotron-based techniques, respectively. These bulk measurements were combined with synchrotron-based measurements to investigate the relationship between iron speciation and fractional iron solubility in ambient aerosols. XANES measurements indicate that iron in the single particles was present as a mixture of Fe(II) and Fe(III), with Fe(II) content generally between 5 and 35% (mean: ~25%). XANES and elemental analyses (e.g. elemental molar ratios of single particles based on microscopic X-ray fluorescence measurements) indicate that a majority (74%) of iron-containing particles are best characterized as Al-substituted Fe-oxides, with a Fe/Al molar ratio of 4.9. The next most abundant group of particles (12%) was Fe-aluminosilicates, with Si/Al molar ratio of 1.4. No correlation was found between fractional iron solubility (soluble iron/total iron) and the abundance of Al-substituted Fe-oxides and Fe-aluminosilicates present in single particles at any of the sites during different seasons, suggesting solubility largely depended on factors other than differences in major iron phases.
A comparative study of biological production in eastern boundary upwelling systems using an artificial neural network
Authors: Lachkar Z. , Gruber N.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) are highly productive ocean regions. Yet, substantial differences in net primary production (NPP) exist within and between these systems for reasons that are still not fully understood. Here, we explore the leading physical processes and environmental factors controlling NPP in EBUS through a comparative study of the California, Canary, Benguela, and Humboldt Current systems. The NPP drivers are identified with the aid of an artificial neural network analysis based on self-organizing-maps (SOM). Our results suggest that in addition to the expected NPP enhancing effect of stronger equatorward alongshore wind, three factors have an inhibiting effect: (1) strong eddy activity, (2) narrow continental shelf, and (3) deep mixed layer. The co-variability of these 4 drivers defines in the context of the SOM a continuum of 100 patterns of NPP regimes in EBUS. These are grouped into 4 distinct classes using a Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC) method. Our objective classification of EBUS reveals important variations of NPP regimes within each of the four EBUS, particularly in the Canary and Benguela Current systems. Our results show that the Atlantic EBUS are generally more productive and more sensitive to upwelling favorable winds because of weaker factors inhibiting NPP. Perturbations of alongshore winds associated with climate change may therefore lead to contrasting biological responses in the Atlantic and the Pacific EBUS.
Organic matter dynamics and stable isotopes for tracing sources of suspended sediment
Authors: Schindler Wildhaber Y. , Liechti R. , Alewell C.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Suspended sediment (SS) and organic matter in rivers can harm brown trout Salmo trutta by impact on health and fitness of free swimming fish and siltation of the riverbed. The later results in a decrease of hydraulic conductivity and therefore smaller oxygen supply to the salmonid embryos. Additionally, oxygen demand within riverbeds will increase as the pool of organic matter increases. We assessed the temporal and spatial dynamics of sediment, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) during the brown trout spawning season and used C isotopes as well as the C/N atomic ratio to distinguish autochthonous and allochthonous sources of organic matter in SS loads. The visual basic program IsoSource with 13Ctot and 15N as input isotopes was used to quantify the sources of SS in respect of time and space. Organic matter fractions in the infiltrated and suspended sediment were highest during low flow periods with small sediment loads and lowest during high flow periods with high sediment loads. Peak values in nitrate and dissolved organic C were measured during high flow and precipitation probably due to leaching from pasture and arable land. The organic matter was of allochthonous sources as indicated by the C/N atomic ratio and δ13Corg. Organic matter in SS increased from up- to downstream due to pasture and arable land. The fraction of SS originating from upper watershed riverbed sediment increased at all sites during high flow. Its mean fraction decreased from up- to downstream. During base flow conditions, the major sources of SS are pasture and arable land. The later increased during rainy and warmer periods probably due to snow melting and erosion processes. These modeling results support the measured increased DOC and NO3 concentrations during high flow.
Spatial and temporal variability of rainfall erosivity factor for Switzerland
Authors: Meusburger K. , Steel A. , Panagos P. , Montanarella L. , Alewell C.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Rainfall erosivity, considering rainfall amount and intensity, is an important parameter for soil erosion risk assessment under future land use and climate change. Despite its importance, rainfall erosivity is usually implemented in models with a low spatial and temporal resolution. The purpose of this study is to assess the temporal- and spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity in form of the (Revised) Universal Soil Loss Equation R-factor for Switzerland. Time series of 22 yr for rainfall (10 min resolution) and temperature (1 h resolution) data were analysed for 71 automatic gauging stations distributed throughout Switzerland. Regression-kriging was used to interpolate the rainfall erosivity values of single stations and to generate a map for Switzerland. Latitude, longitude, average annual precipitation, biogeographic units (Jura, Midland, etc.), aspect and elevation were used as covariates, of which average annual precipitation, elevation and the biographic unit (Western Central Alps) were significant (p<0.01) predictors. The mean value of long-term rainfall erosivity is 1330 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 yr−1 with a range of lowest values of 124 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 yr−1 at an elevated station in Grisons to highest values of 5611 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 yr−1 in Ticino. All stations have highest erosivity values from July to August and lowest values in the winter months. Swiss-wide the month May to October show significantly increasing trends of rainfall erosivity for the observed period (p<0.005). Only in February a significantly decreasing trend of rainfall erosivity is found (p<0.01). The increasing trends of rainfall erosivity in May, September and October when vegetation cover is scarce are likely to enhance soil erosion risk for certain agricultural crops and alpine grasslands in Switzerland.
Multi-objective optimization using evolutionary algorithms for qualitative and quantitative control of urban runoff
Authors: Oraei Zare S. , Saghafian B. , Shamsai A. , Nazif S.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Urban development and affects the quantity and quality of urban floods. Generally, flood management include planning and management activities to reduce the harmful effects of floods on people, environment and economy is in a region. In recent years, a concept called Best Management Practices (BMPs) has been widely used for urban flood control from both quality and quantity aspects. In this paper, three objective functions relating to the quality of runoff (including BOD5 and TSS parameters), the quantity of runoff (including runoff volume produced at each sub-basin) and expenses (including construction and maintenance costs of BMPs) were employed in the optimization algorithm aimed at finding optimal solution MOPSO and NSGAII optimization methods were coupled with the SWMM urban runoff simulation model. In the proposed structure for NSGAII algorithm, a continuous structure and intermediate crossover was used because they perform better for improving the optimization model efficiency. To compare the performance of the two optimization algorithms, a number of statistical indicators were computed for the last generation of solutions. Comparing the pareto solution resulted from each of the optimization algorithms indicated that the NSGAII solutions was more optimal. Moreover, the standard deviation of solutions in the last generation had no significant differences in comparison with MOPSO.
Nuevos documentos sobre tipografía murciana del siglo XVIII
Authors: García Cuadrado Amparo
Published: January 2012

En junio de 1788 los impresores Manuel Muñiz y Antonio de Santa María tomaban la decisión de asociarse creando la primera imprenta mancomunada de que tenemos noticia en la ciudad de Murcia. Un mes más tarde pasaban por el registro de Francisco Bocio con objeto de formalizar la compañía y establecer las condiciones por la que debían gobernarse. Las informaciones que aportan este documento y otras diversas escrituras acerca del devenir del taller del Plano de San Francisco permiten alumbrar un tramo de historia de la tipografía murciana del Setecientos.
Uso de la documentación audiovisual en los informativos diarios de Canal Extremadura Televisión
Authors: Blanco-Izquierdo María Jesús , Caldera-Serrano Jorge
Published: January 2012

Se muestran los resultados del estudio realizado en Canal Extremadura Televisión en el cual se analiza la utilización de la información custodiada por el Departamento de Documentación. Se muestra por medio de un análisis minucioso tanto la temática del material requerido por los periodistas como el tiempo de emisión que ha sido extraído del material de archivo. Igualmente se analiza el formato de imágenes más solicitado así como para qué área geográfica (o cobertura territorial) ha sido utilizado preferentemente el material de archivo.
Long-Term Arterial Adaptation to High Blood Flow in the Feeding Artery of Vascular Access for Hemodialysis
Authors: Tuka Vladimir , Malik Jan , Chytilova Eva , Kudlicka Jaroslav , Slavikova Marcela , Wijnen Edwin , Tordoir Jan HM , van Hooland Simon
Published: January 2012

Purpose

Arteries continuously respond to changing tissue demands and to hemodynamic conditions by altering their diameter and wall structure. The relatively slow dilatation of the feeding artery of vascular accesses continues at least two years after access creation with a continuous decrease in wall shear rate (WSR), which however, remains highly supra-physiological. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that after a longer time period the WSR returns to its baseline value.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study patients with arteriovenous fistulae were classified into four groups according to the access vintage (from new access to accesses older than six years). The WSR, cross-sectional area, and mean circumferential wall stress were measured and compared between groups.

Results

WSR decreased from group 1 (fistula < ninety days old) to group 4 (fistulae > six years old) with a concomitant increase in internal diameter. Patients with the oldest access had normal WSR values (compared to the contralateral brachial artery) and the largest internal diameter of the feeding artery. In diabetic patients the absolute values of WSR were higher and internal diameter was lower compared to nondiabetic patients.

Conclusions

Brachial artery WSR is normal in accesses older than six years with an increased internal diameter and wall cross-sectional area as compared to “younger” accesses. This suggests a process of vascular remodeling with an increase in vascular wall mass and normalization of WSR to physiologic values at the price of increased mean cross-sectional wall stress.
Mosquito Longevity, Vector Capacity, and Malaria Incidence in West Timor and Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Ndoen Ermi , Wild Clyde , Dale Pat , Sipe Neil , Dale Mike
Published: January 2012

The aim of this paper was to relate anopheline mosquito longevity to malaria incidence in two areas in Indonesia: West Timor and Central Java. We estimated the physiological age of females captured landing on humans or resting inside and outside buildings. The estimate was based on the state of the ovaries and was used to estimate longevity. The results showed that there were large differences between the two areas surveyed. In West Timor the longevity of the anophelines ranged from 13 to 23 days, sufficient for completing the intrinsic incubation cycle and for malaria transmission, whereas in Central Java the longevity was only 3 days, insufficient both for incubation and for transmission. We concluded that the West Timor study area had a greater risk of malaria transmission than that of Central Java and this was supported by village survey data that showed greater malaria incidence in West Timor than in Central Java.
La economía del cariño
Authors: Soto Rafa
Published: January 2012

Artículo de la sección Tribuna: investigación y profesión.
¿Demasiadas fotografías? La fotografía como contenido generado por el usuario
Authors: Lister Martin
Published: January 2012

Las fotografías ahora saturan el mundo virtual de una forma que se puede comparar con la ubicuidad que adquirieron en el mundo moderno en los siglos XIX y XX. En el contexto de la Web 2.0, la fotografía se ha convertido en parte de una economía de la información. La fotografía popular e instantánea puede entenderse como un precursor de una de las principales características de la Web 2.0: el contenido generado por el usuario. La fotografía fue también el medio que inundó el mundo con imágenes a una escala sin precedentes y desde su creación desafió la capacidad de la sociedad de clasificar, ordenar y gestionar sus ingentes cantidades. Ahora, en su forma sobrealimentada digital y en red pueden convertirse en parte de un exceso, una inestabilidad y crisis de información; una Era Oscura Digital. Al adoptar esta perspectiva, se nos alerta de una historia olvidada en la que la distancia entre el ordenador y la cámara se reduce aun cuando vemos cómo la fotografía entra en nuevos contextos y nuevas relaciones entre la cámara, los cuerpos y las prácticas en evolución. A la luz de esto, planteo la cuestión de cómo debemos valorar la fotografía popular en la actualidad.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) [Air Monitoring Methods, 2003b]
Authors: Meyer zu Reckendorf R.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 8 (2003)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Sample collection and preparation

Operating conditions

Operating conditions for gas chromatography

Operating conditions for mass spectrometry

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calibration of the gas sampler

Calibration of the personal air sampling device

Calibration of the GC/MS system

Calculation of the analytical result

Reliability of the method

Comments

Precision

Recovery

Quantification limit

Shelf‐life

Blank values

Analysis of the reference material SRM 1597

Comparison with BGI 505‐25 and PAH Method No. 2

Discussion of the method
Dieselmotoremissionen [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2006a]
Authors: Bauer H.‐D. , Dahmann D. , Fricke H.‐H. , Hebisch R. , Lehmann E. , Rentel K.‐H.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheAnalytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen, 15. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2006

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien und Lösungen

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Vorbereitung der Filter

Probenahme

Probenaufbereitung

Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Bestimmung des Blindwertes

Bestimmung des organisch gebundenen Kohlenstoffs

Bestimmung des elementaren Kohlenstoffs

Bestimmung des Gesamtkohlenstoffs

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Wiederfindungsrate

Nachweis‐ und Bestimmungsgrenze

Störeinflüsse

Ergebnisse von Vergleichsmessungen

Diskussion
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (particle‐bound) [Air Monitoring Methods, 1991]
Authors: Riepe W. , Liphard K. G.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 1 (1991)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment and chemicals

Equipment

Chemicals

Sample collection and preparation

Operating conditions for capillary gas chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical results

Reliability of the method

Preliminary remark

Precision

Detection limit

Sources of error

Discussion of the method
Quartz [Air Monitoring Methods, 1993]
Authors: Heidermanns G. , Lichtenstein N.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 2 (1993)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment and chemicals

Equipment

Chemicals

Sample collection and preparation

Analytical determination

Basic analytical principles

Qualitative test of dust samples

Selection of a suitable quartz interference

Calibration and calculation of the analytical results

Reliability of the method

Precision

Detection limit

Quartz standard

Specificity

Discussion of the method
Dinitrogen oxide [Air Monitoring Methods, 1993]
Authors: Grupinski L. , Staub W.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 2 (1993)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment and chemicals

Equipment

Chemicals

Sampling and sample trasfer into the long‐path gas cuvette

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical results

Continuous measurements

Discontinuous measurements using gas‐collecting bags

Discontinuous measurements using gas‐collectiong tubes

Reliability of the method

Precision

Detection limit

Sources of error

Discussion of the method
Dinitrogen oxide (nitrous oxide) [Air Monitoring Methods, 2007b]
Authors: Tschickardt M.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Air Monitoring Methods
, Vol. 10 (2007)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Pre‐treatment of the adsorption tubes

Calibration standards

Sampling

Active sampling

Passive sampling

Analytical operating conditions

Thermal desorption

Conditions for gas chromatography

Analytical determination and calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Reliability of the method

Accuracy

Precision

Recovery

Limit of detection

Selectivity

Discussion of the method
Phenol [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 1996]
Authors: Hennig M. , Lichtenstein N.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 10. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1996

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Probenahme

Probenaufbereitung

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Desorptionsrate

Lagerstabilität

Nachweisgrenze

Spezifität

Diskussion
Phenol [Air Monitoring Methods, 1991]
Authors: Blome H.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 1 (1991)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Calibration standards

Sample collection and preparation

Operating conditions for gas chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical results

Reliability of the method

Precision

Recovery rate

Detection limit

Specificity

Discussion of the method
Butylhydroxytoluol [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2009]
Authors: Tschickardt M.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 16. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2009

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Probenahme und Probenvorbereitung

Vorbereitung des Probenahmesystems

Durchführung der Probenahme

Probenaufbereitung

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

6. Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Wiederfindung

Bestimmungsgrenze

Lagerfähigkeit

Störeinflüsse

Diskussion
Alkali‐ und Erdalkalihydroxide (Lithiumhydroxid, Natriumhydroxid, Kaliumhydroxid, Calciumhydroxid) [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2003]
Authors: Breuer D. , Heinrich B.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 13. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2003

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufarbeitung

Chromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung der Methode

Präzision

Wiederfindungsrate

Bestimmungsgrenze

Lagerfähigkeit

Einfluss einer höheren Luftfeuchte

Störeinflüsse

Diskussion
Alkanolamines (2‐aminoethanol, diethanolamine, triethanolamine) [Air Monitoring Methods, 2003]
Authors: Breuer D. , Heinrich B.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 8 (2003)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Calibration standards

Impregnation of the filter, sample collection and preparation

Impregnation of the filter

Sample collection

Sample preparation

Operating conditions for ion chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Reliability of the method

Precision

Recovery

Limit of quantification

Shelf‐life

Breakthrough tests with 2‐aminoethanol

Influence of humidity

Sources of error

Blank values

Discussion of the method
Methabenzthiazuron [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2000]
Authors: Riegner K.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 12. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2000

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Probenahme und Probenvorbereitung

HPLC‐Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Überführungsrate

Bestimmungsgrenze

Diskussion
Methabenzthiazuron [Air Monitoring Methods, 2002]
Authors: Riegner K.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 6 (2002)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Sample collection and preparation

Operating conditions for high performance liquid chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Reliability of the method

Precision

Recovery rate

Quantification limit

Discussion of the method
Atrazin [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2003]
Authors: Tribolet R.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 13. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2003

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Verwendete Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Arbeitslösungen und Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Probenahme

Analysenverfahren

Instrumentelle Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Wiederfindungsrate

Bestimmungsgrenze

Lagerfähigkeit

Störeinflüsse

Kapazität des Probenträgers

Diskussion
Aldehydes (Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Propionaldehyde, Butyraldehyde, Glutaraldehyde) [Air Monitoring Methods, 1993]
Authors: Wolf D. , Hahn J. U.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 2 (1993)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Calibration standards

Impregnation of the filters

Sample collection and preparation

Operational parameters for high performance liquid chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical results

Reliability of the method

Precision

Recovery rate

Detection limit

Sources of error

Discussion of the method
Fenthion [Air Monitoring Methods, 2002]
Authors: Riegner K.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 6 (2002)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Sample collection and preparation

Operating conditions for gas chromatography with mass selective detector

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Reliability of the method

Precision

Recovery rate

Quantification limit

Shelf‐life

Discussion of the method
Gelatinous explosives (ethylene glycol dinitrate, diethylene glycol dinitrate, nitroglycerin) [Air Monitoring Methods, 2003]
Authors: Breuer D. , Heinrich B.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 8 (2003)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Solutions

Calibration standards

Sample collection and preparation

Operating conditions for HPLC

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical result

Reliability of the method

Precision

Recovery

Limit of quantification

Shelf‐life

Sources of error

Blank values
Methanol [Air Monitoring Methods, 1993]
Authors: Grupinski L.
Published: January 2012

Published in the series
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
, Vol. 2 (1993)

The article contains sections titled:

General principles

Equipment, chemicals and solutions

Equipment

Chemicals

Calibration standards

Sample collection and preparation

Operating conditions for gas chromatography

Analytical determination

Calibration

Calculation of the analytical results

Reliability of the method

Precision

Recovery rate

Specificity

Detection limit

Discussion of the method
Metalle (Chrom, Kupfer und ihre Verbindungen) [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2009]
Authors: Pitzke K. , Jaschke M. , Hahn J.U.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 16. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2009

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Kalibrierlösungen

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Probenahme

Probenaufbereitung

ICP‐OES Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Wiederfindung

Bestimmungsgrenzen

Lagerfähigkeit

Selektivität
Fluorwasserstoff und Fluoride [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2005]
Authors: Breuer D. , Gusbeth K.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 14. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2005

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Lösungen

Vergleichstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufarbeitung

Vorbereitung des Probenträgers

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Ionenchromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Wiederfindungsrate

Bestimmungsgrenze

Lagerfähigkeit

Blindwert

Diskussion
Dicyclopentadien [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2005]
Authors: Tschickardt M.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 14. Lieferung, Ausgabe 2005

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Verwendete Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Vorbehandlung der Adsorptionsröhrchen

Vergleichsstandards

Prüfgase

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Aktivsammlung

Passivsammlung

Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Genauigkeit

Bestimmungsgrenze

Lagerfähigkeit

Störeinflüsse

Kapazität des Probenträgers

Diskussion

Anhang
Chlor [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 1980]
Authors: Forwerg H.‐J. Crecelius W.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 2. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1980

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

1. Zusammenfassung

2. Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

2.1. Geräte

2.2. Chemikalien und Lösungen

3. Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

3.1. Probenahme

3.2. Probenaufbereitung

4. Analytische Bestimmung

5. Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

6. Spezifität

7. Grundsätzliches zum Verfahren

7.1. Absorption des Chlors

7.2. Spektrum

7.3. Prüfung der Linearität der Eichfunktion

7.4. Streubereich und Nachweisgrenze
Tetraethylorthosilikat [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 1988]
Authors: Flick K.
Published: January 2012

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe
Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen
, 6. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1988

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Grundlage des Verfahrens

Geräte, Chemikalien und Lösungen

Geräte

Chemikalien

Vergleichsstandards

Probenahme und Probenaufbereitung

Gaschromatographische Arbeitsbedingungen

Analytische Bestimmung

Kalibrierung

Berechnung des Analysenergebnisses

Beurteilung des Verfahrens

Präzision

Überführungsrate (Wiederfindungsrate)

Nachweisgrenze

9. Diskussion