bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Christianizing The South” - Sketching A Synthesis
Authors: Mathews Donald G
Published: November 2023

The American South Was and is asacntic once observed“haunted by God.” Because of this, wrote another observer, the South became “more homogeneous ... than any other section”: more orthodox, more racist, more traditionalist, and less rationalist than the rest of the country. Southern religion was expressed, he believed, in a “haunting ardor” resulting from African Americans’ sharing their spirituality with whites, an insight, derived from experience filtered through his racial romanticism and a commitment to interracial cooperation. Edwin McNeill Poteat had grown up in a culture eloquently articulated in the cadences and with the assurance of an evangelical Protestantism that had waxed in confidence and influence especially since the Civil War. Then, defeat and theodicy had fused Southern identity and Christianity in such a way as to make them, to celebrants of the Lost Cause at least, impossible to separate. The Protestant experience in the South, however, was more complex than Poteat, a white minister, conceded because of the various ways in which religion allowed Southerners to exercise, sustain, and resist power; to purge, create, and recreate identity; and to initiate, justify, and withstand change.
Public Responses to Antisemitism and Right-Wing Extremism
Authors: Erb Rainer
Published: November 2023

Antisemitic propaganda in the ultraright-wing press,1 the increasing number of militant attacks on Jews and Jewish institutions since 1991 committed mainly by right-wing extremists (Erb 1994), motivational analyses of ultraright-wing voters, and attitude surveys (Bergmann and Erb 1991b, 1996) all serve to demonstrate the extent to which right-wing extremism and antisemitism are intertwined. The concentration of the splintered right-wing spectrum into two political parties has given antisemitism a new organizational base; a further increase in aggressive, antisemitic demonstrations can thus be expected. Furthermore, collective offenders cannot hide their opinions as well as individuals can; indeed, political parties need to express themselves publicly in fulfilling their function of shaping public opinion. This is why the long-term presence on the political stage of ultraright-wing parties is expected to bring with it an increase in the number of antisemitic scandals, especially since, as in the case of the “Republikaner” Party, their supporters exhibit the greatest density of antisemitic and right-wing extremist attitudes (Stoss 1993b, Falter 1994).
Berlin’s Jews after Unification Challenges to Community
Authors: Merritt Anna J , Merritt Richard L
Published: November 2023

“Something there is,” Robert Frost told us, “that doesn’t love a wall.” Westerners were quick to cite this image when in August 1961 East Germans built walls that split their country and its capital city, Berlin, between East and West. It was cited again almost three decades later when the socialist German Democratic Republic (GDR) broke these walls open. The image was apt. However, to the surprise of many Germans and non-Germans alike, the removal of cinder blocks and barbed wire did not lead back immediately and easily to a prewall existence. Indeed, the end of the Berlin Wall exacerbated a number of problems facing Germany and even led to new and problematic divisions. Berliners in particular quickly realized that a new integration of East and West Germany would be difficult to achieve after Germans had lived for four decades in separate, hostile political systems.
The Image of Germany in the News and U.S. Public Opinion after Unification
Authors: Semetko Holli A , Gibowski Wolfgang G
Published: November 2023

The November 1992 presidential election in the United States signaled important changes. The year-long campaign focused on domestic problems and issues, which candidate Bill Clinton promised to make his priorities. The election result signaled the public’s preference for a shift away from foreign affairs, President George Bush’s forte, to more pressing problems at home. The last Cold War president left office and a new generation entered the White House in January 1993. The climate of opinion in the United States when President Clinton took office was largely one of looking inward, one preoccupied with events and problems at home, with little interest in developments abroad. Just four years earlier, in November 1989, U.S. news was saturated with information about events abroad. For at least a week, NBC, ABC, and CBS news anchors broadcast their main evening bulletins live from Berlin. The fall of the Berlin Wall, the bloodless revolutions in Eastern Europe, and the consequences of these events for a new world order captured public attention that was usually reserved for domestic news. During this time of dramatic change in Europe, U.S. television news was an especially important conveyor of images and information because it influenced public perceptions of many foreign countries (Semetko et al. 1992).
The Poverty of Theory in the Classroom
Authors: Mccutcheon Russell T
Published: November 2023

In spite of some significant theoretical developments since European scholars first attempted the dispassionate analysis of “other people’s” religions, many contemporary comparative religions textbooks continue to presume that the fundamental issue to be addressed in the classroom is the problem of religious plurality. This assumption is constitutive of the discourse on sui generis religion insomuch as an ahistorical religious essence, presumed to define human beings as fundamentally Homo religiosus is presumed to be shared by all human beings, whether religious insider or scholarly outsider. Despite the fact that since, and even before, F. Max Muller first proposed a comparative study of religions, a number of naturalistic theories have been developed, these various theoretical perspectives are largely absent from the introductory course. Through their almost exclusive use of a sympathetic hermeneutical and phenomenological approach to the data that prioritizes the insider’s perspective, intuitivism, and the sociopolitical autonomy of religious phenomena, such introductory textbooks constitute further evidence of the ways in which the discourse on sui generis religion dominates the modern study of religion. This chapter applies some of the criticisms generated in the previous chapters from narrower discursive analyses of other aspects of the modern field to a wider analysis of the genre of textbooks de-· signed for introductory courses in world religions.
Syllable-Dependent Approaches
Authors: Woodard Roger D
Published: November 2023

The various attempts to uncover a minimal principle (or set of principles) for the representation of consonant clusters and word-final consonants in the Mycenaean and Cypriot syllabic scripts are essentially of two basic types: (A) analyses constructed on the premise that such representation is dependent upon syllable structure; and (B) analyses which hold that such representation is not dependent upon syllable structure but is instead sensitive to a set of hierarchical relations. In this chapter we will consider approaches of the syllable-dependent type and tum our attention to the hierarchical approaches in chapter 4.
The Alphabet
Authors: Woodard Roger D
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters I have sought to demonstrate by careful and detailed argumentation that the spelling of consonant clusters in the two prealphabetic, syllabic scripts of ancient Greek was carried out by utilizing strategies based upon a hierarchy of orthographic strength. Consequent upon the use of this strategy, a difficulty arises in representing sequences of the type stop + fricative + stop in the syllabic Cypriot writing system. In order to resolve this difficulty, the Cypriot scribes devised a series of symbols having the value ksV. These observations bring us at last to what is the centerpiece of our inquiry: namely, the origin of the Greek alphabet.
Our Lady of the Exile
Authors: Tweed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

Our Lady of the Exile is a study of Cuban-American popular Catholicism, focusing on the shrine of Our Lady Charity in Miami. Drawing on a wide range of sources and using both historical and ethnographic methods, the book examines the religious life of the Cuban exiles who visit the shrine. Those pilgrims are diverse, and so are the motives that bring them. At the same time, author Thomas A. Tweed argues, Cuban devotees of the national patroness share a great deal. Most come to pray for their homeland and to recreate bonds with other Cubans, on the island and in the diaspora. The shrine is a place where they come to make sense of themselves as an exiled people. The religious symbols there link the past and present and bridge the homeland and the new land. Through rituals and artifacts at the shrine, Tweed suggests, the Cuban diaspora "imaginatively constructs its collective identity and transports itself to the Cuba of memory and desire." While the book focuses on Cuban exiles in Miami, it moves beyond case study as it explores larger issues concerning religion, identity, and place. How do migrants relate to heir homeland? How do they understand themselves after they have been displaced? What role does religion play among these diasporic groups? Building on this study of one exiled group, Tweed proposes a theory of diasporic religion that promises to illuminate the experiences of other groups that have been displaced from their native land. As the first book-length analysis of Cuban-American Catholicism, Tweed's book will be an invaluable resource to scholars and students of not only Religious Studies, American Studies, and Ethnic Studies, but also those who study cultural anthropology, human geography, and Latin American history.
Religious Artifacts and Diasporic Identity
Authors: Tweed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

More than 10,000 Cuban exiles gathered on a chilly Sunday afternoon in 1973 to dedicate the new shrine of Our Lady of Charity in Miami—waving flags, singing songs, and chanting petitions to the national patroness. After six years of work, the committee of laity and clergy that had assumed responsibility for planning and constructing the building had managed to raise $420,000, mostly in small donations from recent exiles who could not afford it. The conical-shaped concrete structure, which they had toiled so hard to build, rose ninety feet above the crowd (see figure 11). Over the portal was a tiled image of Our Lady of Charity; perched on the rear were busts of two influential nineteenth-century Cubans. The focus inside was the pedestaled fifteen-inch statue of the patroness, the one that had been smuggled out of Cuba in 1961. In front of her stood the marble altar and the steps that led down to the circular interior. There only 290 chairs (replicas of los taburetes, traditional Cuban stools made of wood and leather) awaited the Virgin’s devotees in the small shrine. No one knew then that on many nights 400 or 500 Cubans, with more spilling out down the steps, would crowd into that small space, pressing close to the patroness. Only the throng outside for the dedication that day signaled how important this shrine would become for Cubans in the diaspora.
Religious Rituals and Diasporic Identity
Authors: Tweed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

At 8:30 on a Wednesday night in 1993 several Cuban-born men from the confraternity, dressed in traditional white guayabera shirts, carried the statue of Our Lady of Charity into an auditorium in Miami for her annual feast-day mass. Recently arrived by boat from her short journey from the shrine, the Virgin was welcomed by thousands of devotees. She made her way through a sea of fluttering white, red, and blue as followers waved white handkerchiefs and Cuban flags. Fathers lifted children onto their shoulders for a better view. Flashbulbs ignited. Some in the crowd pushed toward her. From my vantage point a few rows from the altar I noticed that some elderly women and men nearby were weeping. One woman sobbed aloud, “May she save Cuba. We need her to save Cuba;’ Many others smiled widely as they waved to their national patroness. As the Virgin weaved her way down the aisles of folding chairs toward the temporary altar, a local Cuban priest led the crowd in a series of chants. “jViva la Virgen de Caridad!” he boomed into a microphone to be heard above the shouting and singing. “Salva a Cuba” (Save Cuba), the crowd responded again and again. The men from the confraternity lifted her onto the left side of the stage, where she stood in front of a twelve-foot triangular background. Arched across the top a prediction was inscribed in yellow flowers: “Libre ‘94,” signaling the people’s hopes that the homeland would be “liberated” from communism during the coming year (figure 28). Finally, Our Lady of Charity rested triumphantly on the altar, where she would preside over the rest of the ceremony, as the clergy positioned themselves on the altar to begin the mass and the crowd boisterously sang the Cuban national anthem.
Postscript
Authors: Tweed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

In this book I have analyzed how Cuban devotees of the national patroness—especially but not exclusively mature, middle-class whites—have appealed to the Virgin at her shrine in Miami to make sense of themselves as an exiled nation. They have done so by, in the words of the shrine’s director, painting the image of Our Lady of Charity “in the colors of the Cuban flag.” Despite important differences among them, most visitors to the Virgin’s Miami shrine turn to that shared national symbol to create collective identity, return to a time before displacement, and transport themselves to the homeland. And many of them, especially those born in Cuba, are preoccupied with that homeland. The experience of exile dominates their lives. However hospitable the United States has been in some ways, it never can be their native land, no matter how much they have managed to transform the urban landscape of Miami into the image of their island home.
The case for non-computability in mathematical thought
Authors: Penrose Roger
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2, I have tried to demonstrate for the reader the power and the rigorous nature of the underlying case for the assertion (denoted by 𝒢) that mathematical understanding cannot be the result of some consciously appreciated and totally believed algorithm (or, equivalently, algorithms; cf. Ql ). These arguments do not address the more serious possibility—in accordance with 𝒢-that mathematical belief might be the result of an unknown unconscious algorithm, or possibly of a knowable algorithm that cannot be known to be—or firmly believed to be—one that underlies mathematical belief. It is my purpose, in this chapter, to demonstrate that, although such are logical possibilities, they are not at all plausible ones.
Ordination and Entry Jobs
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D
Published: November 2023

Earlier research on women clergy identified a relationship between the length of time that women have been ordained and increased support among male clergy for feminism. But to what extent does such liberalized attitudinal support become translated into actual employment opportunities?
The sacred Scripture is our just Confines: The Scripture
Authors: Underwood T L
Published: November 2023

The Quakers Ballad: or, An Hymn of Triumph and Exultation for their Victories, at the two late great Disputes by them held with the Baptists ... To an excellent new Tune, called The Zealous Atheist was an anonymous broadsheet published in 1674. With humorous rhyme, it referred to portions of the most extensive public dispute between Baptists and Quakers that occurred in London in a series of four major meetings in 1672-74, drawing up to three thousand persons for sessions that, at least once, went as long as five or six hours. Among those involved were William Penn, George Whitehead, Isaac Pennington, George Keith, and Thomas Ellwood; and on the Baptist side, Thomas Hicks, Jeremiah Ives, Thomas Plant, William Coffin, and Handed Knells.
Christ was in them, else were they Reprobates: The Person of Christ
Authors: Underwood T L
Published: November 2023

As has been shown, Quakers claimed as their own the divine authority enjoyed by the primitive Christians before the New Testament was written, and their disputes over the Scripture revealed a fundamental difference between them and Baptists—the extent to which they identified themselves with the primitive church. Friends were driven to enter the “Great Time” of the Christian “beginnings” by their zeal to experience Christ as the earliest Christians had. But this New Testament experience also produced obvious historical difficulties. Unlike the disciples, Friends had not literally heard the words of Christ or witnessed his crucifixion, burial, resurrection, or ascension, for example. However, this problem was mitigated by the Quakers’ internalization and spiritualization of such outward, physical, historical events.
If there’s salvation by the light within: Soteriology and Eschatology
Authors: Underwood T L
Published: November 2023

John Bunyan, best known for The Pilgrim’s Progress and three other major works, was also the author of more than fifty additional publications, the earliest of which were tracts of controversy directed against the Quakers. A number of face-to-face disputes took place between Bunyan and unnamed Quakers, including one at “Putnam” (now Pave ham) on 12 April 1656, and a second at “Paul’s steeple-house” in Bedford on 23 May 1656, which also involved John Burton (Bunyan’s pastor) and Richard Spindly, another member of the Bedford congregation. Two additional members, John Finn and John Child, were engaged with Bunyan in a dispute with Friends on 23 October 1656, and Bunyan participated in yet another debate on 30 January 1657. Such encounters launched Bunyan into print. In 1656, the first of his many works, Some Gospel-truths Opened, was published. It was answered by Edward Burroughs’s The True Faith of the Gospel of Peace Contended For, 1656, to which Bunyan replied with A Vindication of the Book Called, Some Gospel-Truths Opened, 1657. To this Borough responded with Truth (the Strongest of All) Witnessed Forth, 1657. George Fox also replied to Bunyan’s two tracts in his collection of polemical pieces, The Great Mist cry of the Great Whore Unfolded, 1659.
Fleshly forms we utterly deny: Baptism and the Lord’s Supper
Authors: Underwood T L
Published: November 2023

The temporary relaxation of restrictions on Nonconformist activity resulting from Charles Il’s Declaration of Indulgence in 1672 freed many Nonconformists from prison and also provided opportunity for further disputes between Quakers and Baptists. Even in more repressive times, imprisonment could not always inhibit such controversy. In 1664 Fox and the Baptist John Wigan, who had disputed in London six years earlier, found themselves in Lancaster prison with Margaret Fell and others. A vigorous debate ensued in the prison hall. Wigan first contended with Margaret Fell, who later denounced his “blasphemies” and “lye’s,” then turned to Fox, who got “up to a seat with one foot, and to the table with the other, whereas I and others were standing on the ground about the Table.” But the Quaker report maintained that Wigan did “stand upon the Table before George Fox, and was so unruly not as to be gotten off the Table,” and that he “cost up thy Hat, more like a Ranted and a Player in a Tavern, then one implored in the service of God.” Fox also recounted that in addition to debating, Wigan had a collection taken up in the area for prisoner relief, which many donors thought was to include the Quakers, but that Wigan intended it only for himself and “another drunken preacher of his, that would be so drunk that he lost his breeches.” Finally, Fox reported that the following year in London Wigan and his wife were “cut off by the plague.
A Guide within to lead all Men to Heav’n: The Light Within
Authors: Underwood T L
Published: November 2023

True Old Light Exalted Above Pretended New Light was the title John Tombs chose for his tract published in 1660 against “the Quaker, Arminian, and other Assertors of Universal Grace” and “Commended to public view By Mr. Richard Baxter” Educated at Magdalena College, Oxford, Tombs (1603-76) became vicar of Leominster, Herefordshire, in 1630, but during the civil war moved to Bristol and then London to avoid Royalist forces. He adopted Baptist views in the early 1640s and was one of the few Baptists to be ejected in 1662, after which he seems to have become a lay conformist. An active disputant, he debated with Richard Baxter on infant baptism in 1650 and with the Quaker Alexander Parker at Leominster in 1656. The following year he contended with Fox himself. In his journal Fox described Tombs as “an Anabaptist priest” who “yet had the parsonage at Leominster” and thus considered his status to be one in which “his wife was the baptized people and his concubine was the world.
A Final Reading: Which Prophet? Whose Truth?
Authors: Brenneman James E
Published: November 2023

A STUDY of true and false prophecy must account for its own stance in relation to the field of inquiry that it attempts to describe. Does it claim freedom from presuppositions? Is it free from its own inherently contestable beliefa? For example, is its elevation of interpretative conflict to all but ontological status free from its own parochial reading stance? Can it provide universally valid criteria for its own claims to truth over against falsehood?
Introduction
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe
Published: November 2023

One July afternoon when my youngest son Aaron was 5 years old, we were riding a bus in Jerusalem. He noticed a woman in a short-sleeved dress with a number tattooed on her arm. I tried to divert his attention to sights on the streets, but he had eyes only for the numbers. Finally he asked me, “Why would someone have a number like that on her arm?” To him, it seemed a simple question-he was asking for concrete information about something he had seen, as he did all the time. Yet for me, his question went much deeper, touching on taboo subjects. Even though I worked with death and dying, I did not know how to answer him. I wanted to protect him from becoming aware of the horrors of our adult world, of the inhuman treatment of others, of death in such numbers that it was hard to imagine. I wanted to guarantee his present sense of safety in the world. Would a lie protect him? I stumbled, I hesitated: “Don’t give him too many details, don’t frighten him,” I told myself. I hoped I could explain in a language that he could understand. And somehow on that long-ago bus ride, I explained about evil people who set out to destroy others, in particular Jews; about his father’s extended family whom he would never know; and that the number had been tattooed on this woman’s arm by these people who had imprisoned her, but that she had survived. In fact, I did not frighten him. Instead, having the correct information seemed to give him a quiet certainty.
Historical and Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe
Published: November 2023

Every society and faith system has developed some way of integrating the fact of death into life and into children’s lives. Without exception, all have rituals for disposing of the body and beliefs about what happens after death (Neuberger, 1987). These beliefs and rituals are designed to help mourners deal with the loss of a member of the family and the changes in themselves, their family, and the community that the absence creates (Van Gennep, 1960). Every society also has a way of dealing with the influence of the dead on the lives of the living. Some societies fear that the dead will come back as ghosts, or do not mention the deceased so as not to disturb their journey to the next world (DeSpelder & Strickland; Rosenblatt, Walsh, & Jackson, 1976). In other societies ancestors are worshipped in family rituals and therefore remain part of the family (Klass, 1996). In this century, traditional customs and rituals have fallen into disuse. There is a space that leaves people without guidance; death is seen as a failure of medical science, and expressions of grief as a weakness in the mourners’ psyches.
Grieving and Psychological Development
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe
Published: November 2023

How do we make sense out of the different expectations of these children and their different responses to the death of someone close to them? These differences are, in large part, related to where children are developmentally in their life cycle. Their responses and the accommodations they make depend on how they appraise, understand, and make meaning of what is happening. Children’s developmental stages not only influence how they understand death, but what they experience as lost-that is, how they understand the relationship that they lost and the coping mechanisms that are available to them.
My Child Is Dying
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe
Published: November 2023

Children are our link between the past and the future. They are reflections of our self-images, of ourselves as caring people. Raising a child is not always easy or carefree. It can bring out the best and the worst in us. Overall, however, what we get back can be greater than what we give. We gain pleasure watching children grow and following the rhythm of the life cycle through their lives. For parents in the late 20th century, to consider that their children may die before them is a traumatic violation of their sense of order.
After a Child’s Death: Nothing Is the Same
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe
Published: November 2023

When children die, they do not stop being their parents’ children or their siblings’ brothers or sisters. Even though they no longer fill their family’s current life space or make daily demands on their parents, there is still a place for them in the family. Bereaved parents live with this paradox of being parents yet not being able to parent. The children are missing in their families and will never be replaced, but they are still very much present. Parents use various strategies to deal with this new reality, to find consolation for this irreparable loss, and to reach a place where life goes on.
Teachable Moments: Preparing Children to Understand Death
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe
Published: November 2023

Children of all ages, alert to the world around them, know much more than we realize about death and dying. They respond to and understand their knowledge in their own unique ways. Building on the perspective provided in this book, this chapter describes ways in which children’s ability to cope with this fact of life can be enhanced. I look at how to expand the role of parents, faith communities, and schools in helping children understand death and grieving at times when there is no crisis in their lives.
Introduction The Plenitude of Medieval Angelology
Authors: Keck David
Published: November 2023

From the great shrines dedicated to Michael the Archangel at Mont-Saint-Michel and Monte Gargano to the elaborate metaphysical speculations of the great thirteenth-century scholastics, angels permeated the physical, temporal, and intellectual landscape of the medieval West. Sculptures, stained glass, coins, clerical vestments, and pilgrim’s badges all bore images of the celestial spirits. Each September 29 on the Feast of Saint Michael, clerics all across Christendom delivered sermons on and offered prayers to Michael and his cohorts. By the thirteenth century, angelology had become a required, formal part of the theological curriculum at the University of Paris, and Bonaventure, Aquinas, and their fellow scholastics were required to develop complex angelological systems. So pervasive were angelic matters that a manuscript for a medieval miracle play provides stage directions for portraying an angel “teleporting” a man from one place to another. In the Middle Ages, angels were ubiquitous.
The Length of Scripture 1 Sacred History and the Creation
Authors: Keck David
Published: November 2023

Just as Christian history was illustrated in the portals of Notre Dame de Paris by sculptures of the biblical patriarchs, early church Fathers, and medieval saints, medieval Christians saw themselves in the context of an ongoing narrative that began in Genesis and would culminate in the Apocalypse. In viewing Abraham garbed as a medieval knight on the walls of a cathedral, they could figuratively see themselves in the narratives of Scripture. Relics, crusades, pilgrimages, and narratives of pilgrimages helped to establish a sense of an immediate connection be-tween medieval Europe and the stories of ancient Israel and the early church. These narratives, the length of Scripture, provided a discrete set of historical experiences that defined the world (past, present, and future), human spiritual growth, and beliefs about angels. It was possible indeed to see in the history of Israel and its encounters with celestial spirits the story of the “restoration of the whole human race.” Thus a late-eleventh-century pilgrims’ chant asking Christ to send an angel to lead them characteristically employs images from several biblical stories of angels guiding humans.
The Length of Scripture 2 Angels, Israel, and the Church
Authors: Keck David
Published: November 2023

The first literal biblical reference to angels of any kind declares the presence of angels at the casting of Adam and Eve from the Garden: God “drove out the man; and at the east of the garden of Eden he placed the cherubim, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to guard the way to the tree of life” (Gen. 3:24). The angels symbolize the impossibility of man’s unaided return to his state of innocence, his state of original purity. This image of angels who prevent the sinful from entering a sacred place provides the typological basis for a story about Saint Mary of Egypt. As a capital from the Cloister of Saint-Etienne de Toulouse depicts the scene, an angel with a sword keeps the still-sinful Mary from entering the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Here as elsewhere, the angels of Scripture provide images, models, and examples for the stories of the saints that constitute the history of the restoration of humanity. While the early creation account and the theological explication of the creation of the angels was an essential ingredient of scholastic theology, the stories of the encounters between the patriarchs and the angels were extremely important because they established the typologies for beliefs about angels espoused by both scholastics and common folk. While these cherubim of Genesis 3:24 stood watch outside the gates of Paradise, other angels would play important roles in the restoration of human beings to the celestial Paradise.
Scholasticism and the Transformation of Angelology
Authors: Keck David
Published: November 2023

At the heart of the thirteenth-century scholastic exploration of the angelic nature lies the quaestio, a form and technique for theological investigation that had evolved over the preceding century and a half. Bonaventure’s statements concerning the nature of the angels, for example, consist primarily of over eighty quaestiones in Book 2 of his Commentary on the Sentences. This is the form that he, Aquinas, and countless others inherited and within which they developed their ideas about the nature of the angels. It is the technique they had to master in order to become a member of the faculty of one of the schools at the University of Paris, because the quaestio had become the basic method of formal magisterial disputations. Rules for such disputations existed as early as 1215 in the statutes of Robert of Curzon, and throughout the thirteenth century formal disputations remained an important part of the faculty’s responsibilities. Pierre Madonnet aptly has called such events a “tournament for the clergy.”
The Angelic Nature in the Thirteenth Century The Flowering of Medieval Angelology
Authors: Keck David
Published: November 2023

An examination of Bonaventure’s Commentary on the Sentences will help reveal the full range of angelological questions that all prospective masters of the thirteenth century had to confront. The Seraphic Doctor’s work is employed here not because he was the most outstanding angelologist but because his work is typical. As will be seen in comparing his teachings with others, on some doctrines he expresses a consensus view, but on others his viewpoint is more particularly Franciscan. Supplementing the Seraphic Doctor’s discussions will be considerations of other scholastic writings, primarily Aquinas’s Summa Theologiae and his Summa Contra Gentiles. The former exhibits a greater range of angelological speculation, while the latter demonstrates how angelology could be part of Christianity’s engagement with the non-Christian world. Neither text, however, is as typical of the Parisian masters’ experiences as is the Commentary. The scholastic treatment of angels is the most well-studied of aspect of Christianity’s doctrines and practices concerning the celestial spirits, and this chapter will not therefore examine the history of particular doctrines or make extensive comparisons between angelologists. Such work has already been done by Marcia L. Colish, J. D. Collins, Etienne Gilson, and others. Rather, the basic teachings of the scholastics will be presented and examined so that it will be possible to see how these doctrines form part of the complete tapestry of medieval angelology. As will be seen, the scholastics’ explorations of the angels were not at all separated from the devotional significance of the angels (a subject examined in detail in parts III and IV of this study).
Franciscan Angelology and the Crises of the Franciscan Order
Authors: Keck David
Published: November 2023

When the deposed minister general of the Franciscans, John of Parma, nominated Bonaventure as his successor in 1257, the order faced dangers from heretical members of the order, the regular clergy, and the secular masters of the University of Paris. Indeed, the erstwhile academic assumed the leadership of an order that was widely despised from within and without. As he began to consider the order and the angels not as a scholar but as its leader, he developed his ideas about Franciscans and angels in response to these various disturbances. In a series of works-Quaestiones disputatae de perfectione evangelica (1255-56), Legenda Maior (1261), Six Wings of the Seraphim (1263), Apologia pauperum (1269), and Collationes in Hexaemeron (1273)-Bonaventure defended the order and defined his vision of its mission. In each of these texts, angels and angelology form an important part of his definition and defense of the Order of Friars Minor.
Exceptional Practices of Adults, Death, and Resurrection
Authors: Keck David
Published: November 2023

Certain aspects of medieval religious experiences involving angels seem to have been reserved for men and women of special holiness or of a particular vocation. Anyone could pray, undertake a pilgrimage, fast, or invoke the angels against the demons, but angels could also provide special experiences (visions and mystical raptures) or appeal to certain segments of society (warriors, for example). Such engagements with the angels were generally far more intense and central to the Christians who experienced them than the regular angelic devotions discussed in the previous chapter. Hence this final chapter considers these exceptional practices as well as the Christian’s ultimate, most significant encounter with angels: death and the transportation of the soul to its destined place in the afterlife.

Records of dreams, visions, and visitations that involved angels survive from different periods throughout the entire Middle Ages and are one of the most fruitful sources for investigating angels in popular piety. Some records survive in separate treatises (e.g., Hildegard of Bingen’s Scivias), while some are located in texts on miracles and the supernatural (Caesarius of Heisterbach’s Dialogus Miraculorum’s most extensive treatment of angels is in his book on visions). Other examples survive in chronicles, or more frequently, in saints’ lives (of which the Legenda Aurea serves as the clearest example).
In the Past Lane
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

Awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his People of Paradox (1973), and the Francis Parkman Prize for A Machine That Would Go of Itself (1987), Michael Kammen is widely regarded as one of our most important, and most diversely talented, cultural historians. David Brion Davis has said of him that “no other historian of Michael‘s generation has such a broad and concrete grasp of ‘American culture’ in all its manifestations from constitutional law to formal painting and popular culture. “ Now, In The Past Lane brings together writings from a span of more than a decade, covering the broad spectrum of Kammen‘s recent interests, including the role of the historian, the relationship between culture and the State, uses of tradition in American commercial culture, American historical art, memory distortion in American history, and the contested uses of history in American education, and much more. Here are major contributions to Kammen‘s work and to American cultural history. In the previously unpublished “Personal Identity and the Historian‘s Vocation, “ Kammen considers the complex interplay between historians ‘ personal lives--their religion, ideology, race, gender, sexual orientation--and the history they write. Drawing on prominent historians ‘ own self-reflections, in fascinating letters and memoirs, Kammen takes us inside the process of doing history and traces the movement away from delusions of objectivity to a more engaged and personal approach to the past. We find a lively exchange between David M. Potter and Richard Hofstadter, a personal account of a highly dramatic public debate between Arnold J. Toynbee and Allan Nevins, as well as delightful quotes from many important historians about their work, their beliefs, and their colleagues. We have, for example, Lewis Mumford at Christmas time informing a friend that he was using “the season of peace and cheer and goodwill to begin a murderous attack upon Mr. Bernard DeVoto, and Allan Nevins wryly recommending his multi-volume Civil War history, The Ordeal of the Union, as an ideal wedding present. In “Culture and the State in America, “ Kammen gives us an illuminating history of government funding for the arts which provides a surprising perspective on the current crises involving the NEA and NEH. He marshals his deep historical knowledge to argue that an elimination of public support will lead to an even greater loss of private support for the arts and humanities, and that the results will impoverish us all. Kammen addresses a range of other concerns in these essays, including the distinction between heritage and history, how multicultural art exhibits are developed, memory distortion in American history. Whether he‘s warning against historical amnesia, analyzing the iconography of judgment in American courthouses, considering American diversity, or reconsidering the issue of American exceptionalism, Kammen‘s remarkable essays show us the many ways the past informs, eludes, and yet gives birth to the present.
HelpCo A Postbureaucratic Organization
Authors: Tucker James
Published: November 2023

Like people elsewhere, members of organizations frequently define and respond to deviant behavior in ways not easily detected by outsiders. Studying conflict in the postbureaucratic organization therefore requires extensive fieldwork. Conducting research at a single setting can be especially fruitful for obtaining empirical material on social control as it unfolds during everyday life in a modern corporation.
Introduction
Authors: Paxton Robert O
Published: November 2023

Henry Dorgères Was The Leading rightwing agrarian agitator in rural France between the two world wars. Hautb les faurches! (Raise Your Pitchfarks! was the title he chose for the book of memoirs and exhortation published in 1935, and the phrase became his trademark. It captured perfectly the truculence and earthy physicality of Dorgères’s message, which summoned French farmers to take their own destinies in hand, by violence if necessary.

But Dorgères never wielded a pitchfork himself. He was born Henri Auguste D’Halluin, the son of a modest butcher in the Nord; he took the pen name of Henry Dorgères at the age of twenty-nine, after he had become established as a journalist for a farmers’ newspaper in Brittany. As Pierre Barral, an historian of French agriculture, put it, he was “better at ranting than at planting.” He had an empathetic grasp of the grievances and resentments of the most inarticulate French farmers in the 1930s, however, and he had a genius for putting them into words.
Introduction
Authors: Chireau Yvonne , Deutsch Nathaniel
Published: November 2023

Black Zion GROWS out of a joint interest in religious diversity and a deep concern over the absence of religion in conversations involving blacks and Jews in American society. This book addresses shared elements in black and Jewish sacred life, as well as the development and elaboration of new religious identities by African Americans. These essays explore the creative ways that African Americans have interacted with Jewish beliefs, Jewish traditions, and Jewish institutions. Black religious encounters with Judaism-and the contexts and circumstances that have shaped these encounters-have produced a spectrum of forms that are as varied and complex as the religious experience itself.
Remembering Nehemiah: A Note on Biblical Theology
Authors: Callahan Allen Dwight
Published: November 2023

No Negro Spirituals sing the praises of Nehemiah. And it is in the spirituals, the Jons et origo of African American biblical figurations, that we first observe Nehemiah’s virtual oblivion in African American life and letters, where biblical topoi have always recrudesced and recombined even in the most secular of times. For black folks, biblical figurations have become over time the topoi not only of theology, but of political philosophy, popular culture, and belles lettres. And in any survey of these genres across the generations, Nehemiah is conspicuous only by his absence. The momentous project of the restoration of Jerusalem that he undertakes has had little influence on the African American biblical imagination. Nehemiah is so thoroughly forgotten by black folks that the recent remembrance of him in the thought and action of African American Christians is itself remarkable. It is Nehemiah’s oblivion, and his recent remembrance among some black Christian intellectuals, that I shall explore in this essay.
Theological Affinities in the Writings of Abraham Joshua Heschel and Martin Luther King, Jr.
Authors: Heschel Susannah
Published: November 2023

The Photograph Of Abraham Joshua Heschel walking arm in arm with Martin Luther King, Jr., in the front row of marchers at Selma has become an icon of American Jewish life, and of black-Jewish relations. Reprinted in Jewish textbooks, synagogue bulletins, and studies of ecumenical relations, the picture has come to symbolize the great moment of symbiosis of the two communities, black and Jewish, which today seems shattered. When Jesse Jackson, Andrew Young, Henry Gates, or Cornel West speaks of the relationship between blacks and Jews as it might be, and as they wish it would become, they invoke the moments when Rabbi Heschel and Dr. King marched arm in arm at Selma, prayed together in protest at Arlington National Cemetery, and stood side by side in the pulpit of Riverside Church.
American Madonna
Authors: Gatta John
Published: November 2023

This book explores a notable if unlikely undercurrent of interest in Mary as mythical Madonna that has persisted in American life and letters from fairly early in the nineteenth century into the later twentieth. This imaginative involvement with the Divine Woman - verging at times on devotional homage - is especially intriguing as manifested in the Protestant writers who are the focus of this study: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harold Federic, Henry Adams, and T.S. Eliot.
Henry Adams
Authors: Gatta John
Published: November 2023

Of the six authors who occupy chapters in this book, only Henry Adams is well known for having sustained an interest in the cultus of Mary. A pivotal chapter in The Education of Henry Adams, the autobiographical work that supports his current literary reputation, juxtaposes medieval Mariology with the new technology of the dynamo. The Virgin of Chartres had likewise occupied center stage in his earlier Mont Saint Michel and Chartres and in the highly personal verses he called his “Prayer to the Virgin of Chartres.”
The Innovation of Cullie Centralization in Deuteronomy 12
Authors: Levinson Bernard M
Published: November 2023

If modem biblical studies is a discipline concerned with the reconstruction of literary history, then few texts have more loudly called for such analysis, yet more successfully resisted it, than Deuteronomy 12. This introductory chapter of the legal corpus of Deuteronomy (chapters 12-26) mandates two radical trans formations of Israelite religion. First, it prohibits all sacrifice at the local altars prevalent throughout the countryside. It requires the complete destruction of all such altars together with their cultic apparatus, even as it concedes the prevalence of such worship in the present (Deut 12:5).
Introduction
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: November 2023

As a student at Mount Holyoke in the late 1960s, I was aware that the college was America’s first publicly endowed institution for women’s advanced education, and also that it was founded as a religious institution. The exact nature of the original religious vision was vague, but I knew there had been such a vision and that it persisted, somehow, in the communal character of campus life and in the expectations of personal achievement my teachers transmitted. On my first day as a student at Mount Holyoke, President Richard G. Getell made an oblique reference to this original religious vision in a speech he delivered to new students that proclaimed us the new generation in a long line of “uncommon women.” The exact meaning of the epithet uncommon was unclear to me, and I recall some jokes about it after the speech. The president had referred to our SAT scores, which he expected us to live up to, and to our virginity, which he expected us to keep, but he also meant something else by “uncommon,” something spiritual and historic, although he was not very explicit. I had the sense of just having acquired a pressing but obscure responsibility, along with a peculiar female ancestry, whose spirits I imagined lurking in the rafters of the auditorium. The feeling of belonging to something I did not well understand sometimes recurred when I passed the grave of Mary Lyon, the founder of Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in 1837, on my way to classes or the library.
The Conversion Process and the Self-Referential Character of Missionary Zeal
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: November 2023

While antebellum missionary women contributed to women’s negotiation of social change in other parts of the world, the self-referential character of their own religious experience worked against their ability to pursue sustained reflection about the similarities between their own social role and that of other women. Missionary women directed tremendous energy to improving the welfare of other women, but this outward extension of themselves functioned so importantly as means of testing their own state of grace that objective analysis of the effects of this extension was less developed than it otherwise might have been. Even though missionary women believed that benevolence toward others was a product of grace and not a means of building their own salvation, constant attention to their own motivations bound missionary self criticism within a self-referential frame.