bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Employing Normative Stakeholder Theory in Developing Countries
Authors: Reed Darryl
Published: July 2003

Although the use of stakeholder analysis to investigate corporate responsibilities has burgeoned over the past two decades, there has been relatively little workon howcorporate responsibilities may change for firms with operations in developing countries. This article argues, from a critical theory perspective, that two sets of factors tend to come together to increase the responsibilities of corporations active in developing countries to a full range of stakeholder groups: (a) the different (economic, political, and sociocultural) circumstances under which corporations have to operate in developing countries and (b) several key normative principles, which typically do not come into play in the context of developed countries.
Corporate Involvement in Community Economic Development
Authors: Wood Donna J. , Davenport Kimberly S. , Blockson Laquita C. , Van Buren Harry J.
Published: July 2003

This article reports a study of how leading U.S. business schools incorporate one important dimension of corporate citizenship—corporate involvement in community economic development (CI/CED)—in their curricula and programs. Corporate citizenship, or social responsibility, is shown to have several important and unexpected locations in business education. In addition, the authors develop a rationale forwhy and howspecific topics such as CI/CED as well as the general topic of corporate citizenship are appropriate for business school attention.
Reframing Organizational Misconduct
Authors: MacLean Tammy
Published: July 2003

This research examines organizational misconduct from a symbolic interactionist perspective, providing theoretical and empirical insights into the mechanisms underlying the cause-and-effect relationships posited by the dominant, pressure/ opportunity model of organizational misconduct. Findings from this research both support and extend the pressure/opportunity model of organizational misconduct. In support of the dominant model, it confirms that environmental and organizational factors do create pressures and opportunities that drive organizational misconduct. However, these findings suggest that pressure and opportunity are mediated by embedded organizational frames that have the potential to normalize (or potentially demonize) organizational misconduct.
A Social Actor Conception of Organizational Identity and Its Implications for the Study of Organizational Reputation
Authors: Whetten David A. , Mackey Alison
Published: July 2003

The objective of this article is to clarify the conceptual domains of organizational identity, image, and reputation. To initiate this theory development process, we present a “social actor” conception of organizational identity. Identity-congruent definitions of image and reputation are then specified and an integrated model proposed. With the aid of this model, a structural flawin the organizational reputation literature is identified and suitable remedies proposed. In addition, the authors explore the implications of invoking identity and identification in explanations and justifications of organizational reputation.
Corporate Reputation
Authors: Mahon John F.
Published: July 2003

This article explores three literature bases in some depth: strategy, stakeholder/ social issues, and the newly emergingworks in reputation. The focus is on the potential research and practical overlaps that exist in these literatures. A model of reputation is developed that highlights these research opportunities for scholars in all three endeavors. Amodel of reputation formation is developed that can be used for further study and action. Throughout the analysis, various research avenues are suggested for active consideration.
Corporate Reputation
Authors: Lewellyn Patsy G.
Published: July 2003

This article identifies four themes that dominate the literature on corporate reputation and attempts to further distinguish the linkages between the concepts of identity, image, and reputation. Four dimensions of corporate identity are characterized. Arationale for comprehensive measurement of the components of reputation is provided, and a preliminary framework for measuring various dimensions of corporate identity, image, and reputation is developed. Finally, reputation-related questions intended to assist various decision-makers in predicting future business performance are posed in order to focus future advances in the usefulness of the construct of corporate reputation.
Strategic Issues Management
Authors: Heugens Pursey P. M. A. R.
Published: July 2003

This dissertation abstract assesses whether strategic issues management activities contribute anythingworthwhile to corporate performance by reporting two studies on the issues management strategies of Dutch food firms during the recent introduction of genetically modified ingredients. The first study applied grounded theory methods to assess which issues management activities were used most prominently by industry incumbents. The results indicated that in the present setting, companies most significantly relied on stakeholder integration techniques and capability development. The second study used survey data to link these activities to a broad array of organizational outcome variables. The data showed that the adoption of issues management activities positively influenced firm competitiveness as well as the relative standing of firms among their peers.
Heterosexual Identity Development
Authors: Worthington Roger L. , Savoy Holly Bielstein , Dillon Frank R. , Vernaglia Elizabeth R.
Published: July 2003

This article builds on earlier conceptual models of identity development to propose a model of heterosexual identity development. A review of the existing literature on majority and minority group identity development, heterosexuality, and other relevant foundational literature is provided as a rationale for the proposed model. Based on an analysis of the strengths and limitations of the existing literature, the authors propose a preliminary model of heterosexual identity development. The article concludes with implications for research, practice, training, and measurement in counseling psychology.
Heterosexual Identity and the Heterosexual Therapist
Authors: Mohr Jonathan J.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this article is to introduce a model of adult heterosexual identity that may be useful in conceptualizing heterosexual therapists’ barriers to and facilitators of effective practice with lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LBG) clients. This model incorporates concepts from theories of identity development, social identity, and attitude formation. The article includes counseling applications of the model’s components and ends with presentation of case examples and implications for research and training.
The Missing Discourse of Gender?
Authors: Gilbert Lucia Albino , Rader Jill
Published: July 2003

Gender theories provide a critical framework for considerations of heterosexual identity. Patriarchal power rests on the social meanings given to biological sex differences and to their reproduction as societal discourses regarding what it means to be a woman or a man. This is a crucial point and one that we believe is not fully recognized in the proposed models. Implications for practice—namely, the need to recognize the interplay of gender with the power dynamics between men and women, and between therapists and clients—are briefly explored. In addition, the contributions of the proposed models—their combined attempt to address a critical gap in the sexual identity development literature, to deprivilege heterosexuality, and to disrupt heterosexist practice—are also noted and lauded.
Charting the Waters
Authors: Bieschke Kathleen J.
Published: July 2003

Two models of heterosexual identity development are discussed. The models were developed for different reasons and thus represent different ways of conceptualizing heterosexuality identity development. The strengths and weaknesses of each model are presented and the two models are compared and contrasted. Apart from the models themselves, these two major contribution articles serve to further expand the lexicon associated with sexual identity as well as further the lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB)-affirmative counterdiscourse in the field of counseling psychology.
The Trainees’ Perspective
Authors: Nerdrum Per , Rønnestad Michael Helge
Published: July 2003

Few empirical studies have inquired into the process of learning therapeutic skills or have focused on the interaction between trainees and trainers from the trainees’ perspective. We implemented a qualitative study focusing on the experiences of Norwegian therapists’ participation in an empathy training program. The aim of the study was to better understand the trainees’ conception of the learning process. The trainers’ use of an individualized, noncritical, and empathic orientation toward the trainees was reported as important for learning. The trainees reported much strain and considerable challenge when trying to change their therapeutic style. The results are discussed in relation to pedagogical principles of empathy training.
Sex Differences in Emotion
Authors: Wester Stephen R. , Vogel David L. , Pressly Page K. , Heesacker Martin
Published: July 2003

This article examines the findings of several reviews of the empirical literature on biological sex and emotion, focusing on the degree to which perceived sex differences in emotionality are, and in most cases are not, supported while at the same time addressing the implications this body of research has for counseling psychologists. This article also explores potential explanations, such as gender role socialization or situational influences, for the profession’s continued acceptance of large innate sex-based affective differences. Finally, the third section discusses several concerns this continued acceptance raises for the practice of counseling, whereas the last section offers a research agenda building on the review presented herein.
Beyond Restoration
Authors: AALTO PAMI
Published: July 2003

In this article I explore the role of identity politics in the construction of post-Soviet geopolitics in Estonia. I argue that, in the early 1990s, `restorationist geopolitics' was the dominant conception. It was about invoking a dichotomous differentiation of Estonian identity from Estonia's Russophone population, and a spatial differentiation from Russia in rather exclusionist terms strongly coloured by security concerns as well as justified by the principle of restoration. I argue that this geopolitical conception has more recently given way to a more diverse range of conceptions, and that this transition is best understood in the context of shifts in identity politics. In particular, I argue that a gradual shift from a conflictual to an ambivalent modality of everyday life has enabled a marked emergence of competing modes of identity politics that relies on less dichotomous differentiations of Estonian identity from Russophones, and allows entertaining discourses that are less heavily coloured by Estonia's spatial differentiation from Russia and by the related security concerns. In advancing this argument, I suggest that examining the interplay between everyday life modalities and discourses offers new insights that have so far been mainly overlooked by International Relations constructionism.
Beyond Nordic Nostalgia: Envisaging a Social/Democratic System of Global Governance
Authors: PATOMÄKI HEIKKI
Published: July 2003

Ole Wæver's 1992 article, `Nordic Nostalgia: Northern Europe after the Cold War', seemed to articulate the widespread feeling of the end of Norden. However, this argument is flawed and mistaken. Logically and conceptually it is confusing and tendential, and the evidence to back the empirical claims is casual. An explanation in terms of political economy starts from the observation that it was not the end of the Cold War but rather the end of the Bretton Woods system that gave rise to the redefinition of the Third Way already in the early 1980s. The problems of the Nordic model stemmed from insurrections against local relations of domination at the workplace; transformations of the occupational structures and class relations; the crisis of the Bretton Woods system of regulating the global economy; and the liberalization of the exit options of capital, among other processes. Starting with the critical realist idea that emancipation is `characteristically the transition from an unwanted, unnecessary and oppressive situation to a wanted and/or needed and empowering or more flourishing situation', I argue that emancipatory, globally oriented political action is a condition for the Nordic ideals to be realized and developed further under new conditions.
Do Images Matter?
Authors: ELGSTRÖM OLE
Published: July 2003

Sweden's decision to choose neutrality as its security policy orientation in the first half of the nineteenth century is explained with the help of image theory. It is argued that a theory focusing on the images of policy-makers regarding self, others and situation provides a better explanation of these strategic decisions than traditional balance-of-power theories. The important role of enemy-images is emphasized, as is the particular impact of images in times of uncertainty.
Towards a Stable Peace in the Baltic Sea Region?
Authors: BENGTSSON RIKARD
Published: July 2003

In this article, some of the possibilities and obstacles involved in attaining stable peace in the Baltic Sea region are analysed. By stable peace is understood a relationship in which military conflict resolution has become unthinkable regardless of how serious a prospective conflict may become. It is argued that stable peace does not presently exist in the region as a whole, but that instead the situation resembles what is elaborated in this article as an integrative peace built on trust, one in which elements of security competition remain in place. The article establishes an analytical framework of different peace types around the concepts of distrust, trust and confidence. This framework is subsequently employed in an analysis of developments in the Baltic Sea region after the Cold War. The analysis shows that the extensive web of cooperative schemes in place in the region shows the promise of a move towards stable peace. In addition, democratic developments in the region generally point in the same direction. One word of caution concerns the democratic developments in Russia — while generally promising, this fundamental parameter remains to be settled permanently.
Fuzzy Politics Around Fuzzy Borders: The European Union's `Near Abroad'
Authors: CHRISTIANSEN THOMAS , PETITO FABIO , TONRA BEN
Published: July 2003

The external borders of the European Union (EU) are becoming increasingly difficult to delineate as it exports policies to states beyond its own membership. While the EU possesses a clearly defined membership, its borders are `fuzzy'. The purpose of this paper is to consider the impact of these `fuzzy' borders on the EU's neighbours - and its resulting `fuzzy' politics. Two case studies are considered: the Baltic States and the Mediterranean. In each, the authors seek to assess the impact of EU relations with these two regions. Four tentative conclusions are drawn. First, the EU is indeed surrounded by regions that can be regarded as intermediate spaces between the inside and outside of the Union, and these regions have indeed become the targets of significant `policy-export'. Over time, the EU has developed substantial interests and significant influence in what can be called the `near abroad'. Second, the EU does not possess a coherent policy of dealing with this `near abroad'. An uneasy mix of initiatives often contradicts the stated goal of region-to-region relations. Third, EU relations with the two regions actually appear to serve rather opposing functions - simultaneously facilitating enlargement and non-enlargement. Finally, the regional impact of EU policies varies considerably as a consequence of the different geo-political and institutional context in the two regions.
Europe as a Discursive Battleground
Authors: DIEZ THOMAS
Published: July 2003

Problems of European integration and governance are increasingly analysed from a discursive perspective. This article reviews the merits of such an approach. Two analytical strands, the Copenhagen and the Governance School, are discussed in depth, both of which in their own ways look at the possibility of legitimately articulating a particular conception of Europe (and governance). Out of this discussion, and taking on board the ideas of German `radical constructivists' as well as discourse analysts Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, the article develops the analytical concept of `discursive nodal points'. This concept helps in addressing the problems of the status of European policy in relation to discourse, the national focus in many discourse analyses, and the limitations of conceptualizing change. Throughout the article, this theoretical and methodological discussion is illustrated with examples taken from an analysis of British European policy since World War II. It is argued that a discursive nodal point approach can contribute significantly to our understanding of the multiple positions within the British debate and of the changes within the dominant conceptions of European governance over time, as well as assist us in a critical assessment of these conceptions.
Cohesion Policy in the Political Economy of the European Union
Authors: BORRÁS SUSANA , JOHANSEN HELLE
Published: July 2003

Compared to the larger projects of the Single Market and Economic and Monetary Union, cohesion policy has often been ascribed a secondary role. Considered as a side payment from the richer to the poorer member states, it has been reduced to the political margins of European integration. In this paper, we set out to question this interpretation by placing the `cohesion issue' in a broader socio-economic and political context. It is the main claim that cohesion policy forms part of a contest between competing political projects at the European level, and as such has played a crucial role in the renewed integration wave from the mid-1980s.
Parliamentarizing Foreign Policy Decision-Making
Authors: RAUNIO TAPIO , WIBERG MATTI
Published: July 2003

Within less than a decade Finland's status has changed from a non-aligned country to a full European Union (EU) member. This article analyses two dimensions of the process: Finnish integration policy and the impact of EU membership on domestic balance of power. Commitment to European integration is primarily explained by the need to secure a place among the West European countries in order to protect national economic and political interests. We examine governmental behaviour in the membership negotiations and the main cleavages of the 1994 membership referendum. The institutional changes within and between the legislative, executive and administrative branches are investigated. Foreign policy decision-making has undergone a significant transformation, with the government and the parliament the key players in deciding national European policy. While the dynamics of the EU political system facilitate fragmentation of policy-making along sectoral lines, on key issues national policy formulation is based on broad coordination, with an emphasis on achieving elite consensus that, it is argued, enhances national power in the EU institutions.
The Reproduction of Sovereignties
Authors: MALMVIG HELLE
Published: July 2003

Humanitarian intervention has predominantly been analysed in terms of an unsolvable dilemma between state sovereignty and human sovereignty, where intervention is always read as a choice in favour of human sovereignty. Proceeding from a poststructuralist approach, this article argues differently. It suggests that practices of intervention entail an important paradox, since intervention at one and the same time violates and reaffirms state sovereignty. Focusing in particular on the Kosovo intervention, it is argued that three strategies — genocide, crimes against humanity and violations of human rights — function to legitimize intervention and serve as imperatives for action. However, this does not take place at the expense of state sovereignty. Rather, legitimations of intervention simultaneously combine and give meaning to human sovereignty as well as state sovereignty.
`Societal Security', the Baltic States and EU Integration
Authors: HERD GRAEME P. , LÖFGREN JOAN
Published: July 2003

The concept of `societal security' has been formulated to account for the phenomenon of societal identity as a source of instability. This article discusses the concept as articulated by Buzan et al. and applies it to the post-Soviet experience of the Baltic States. It examines the process of Sovietization and the way in which migration and horizontal and vertical competition created tensions and stresses between societies in the Baltic States which then carried over into and shaped the first decade of restored independence. The reasons for and nature of the state-building policies in the three states, particularly the formulation of citizenship policies and the emergence of classic societal security dilemmas, are analysed. Within an empirically based section, the authors then explore the way in which the prospect of European Union membership has impacted on the societal security sectors in Estonia and Latvia. It argues that the normative power of the EU has prompted Estonia and Latvia to resolve their societal security dilemmas in a manner acceptable to the EU, but that the `magnetic attraction' of EU membership increasingly has the power to repel within an emerging post-sovereign security order.
Inside Out
Authors: MOSES JONATHON W. , KNUTSEN TORBJØRN
Published: July 2003

This paper aims to provoke a discussion about the ineffectiveness and redundancies associated with current institutional arrangements for conducting foreign affairs. Our argument is made in three steps. First, we examine current institutional frameworks for foreign policy. Second, we explain how changing global conditions undermine the basic assumptions that support those institutional frameworks. Finally, we offer a radical alternative for restructuring the institutions responsible for foreign affairs. This alternative replaces the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with a smaller (coordinating) Bureau of Foreign Affairs, allowing professional competence to be developed within existing sectoral ministries of government. Though our argument is a general one, we illustrate the argument with reference to the Norwegian case.
Stability and Flux in Foreign Affairs
Authors: KLEISTRA YVONNE , MAYER IGOR
Published: July 2003

Mainstream views of Dutch foreign policy seem to be based upon a persistent assumption that, as a small Western European country, foreign policy is characterized by fundamental stability and continuity. In some regards this stability has almost become a policy and organizational guideline; however, this emphasis on stability as an empirical reality and management standard may be the result of inadequate concepts and models of foreign policy and organizational change. The following research questions are addressed in this article. What are the main carriers and barriers in Dutch foreign policy and organizational change? How can insights from international relations studies, and policy and organization studies be combined to give a model of foreign policy and organizational change? We propose a model based on 11 carriers and barriers for change at four levels of analysis: the international system; the national system; the organizational system; and the individual system. These carriers and barriers are used to explain three types of foreign policy change: policy instruments; strategy and goals; and political and normative foundations. Organizational change concerns: (1) change of roles; (2) change of tasks; (3) change of size of tasks and roles; (4) change of division of tasks and roles; and (5) change of the portfolio of tasks and roles. We discuss Dutch foreign policy towards its former colony Surinam and end with some suggestions for further research.
In Search of Feminist Foreign Policy
Authors: RICHEY LISA ANN
Published: July 2003

This article investigates the extent to which the Danish state's identification with gender issues is transferred into Danish development policy. Is Denmark pursuing a gender and development policy that is radically different from most other Western donor states and, if not, why might we see a less progressive policy in Denmark than we might expect from a domestically `feminist' state? In this article, it is suggested that the very nature of development aid and the policies in place to promote it are gendered. Gender and development aid could provide an arena for international constitution of domestically `feminist' policies. However, it is argued that `development' itself poses important challenges for implementing the goals of Denmark's gender and development policies. Conversely, implementing the critical strategy of agenda-setting within gender and development would reconstitute both `development' and the identity of the Danish state as donor.
The Duty to Protect: Gender in the Swedish Practice of Conscription
Authors: KRONSELL ANNICA , SVEDBERG ERIKA
Published: July 2003

In this article, we turn first to a brief discussion of feminist contributions in the field of security, defense, and collective identity, and then argue that Swedish nationalism is tied to a particular form of collective identity formation through the practice of conscription. Drawing on Elshtain's notions of `just warriors' and `beautiful souls', we go on to spell out how women, historically, have been situated within the discourse of militarism. Finally, we look at how the contribution of women to the military has been perceived and argued, and then point out how a small number of female soldiers may be instrumental in exposing a particular value system of gender, citizenship, and collective identity.
Trafficking in Women: The Danish Construction of Baltic Prostitution
Authors: PETERSEN KAREN LUND
Published: July 2003

Based on a systematic reading of Danish newspaper articles and political documents on trafficking in women for prostitution, the article investigates how this debate constructs the gendered subject, and how this construction is inscribed in a particular symbolic geography that facilitates a certain understanding of the Baltic. The article shows that the Danish discourse on trafficking is based on two major concerns: a concern for preserving the human rights of the trafficked women and a concern for the threats of organized crime. These concerns work as inclusionary and exclusionary forces in the identity construction of the Baltic and raise the wider question of how trafficking can be dealt with politically, without obstructing the Danish foreign policy aim of building a stronger identity between the Baltic States and Denmark.
Resisting Entropy, Discarding Human Rights
Authors: MOROZOV VIATCHESLAV
Published: July 2003

The ways in which the notion of human rights is interpreted in Russian foreign policy discourse are investigated. It is shown that the discourse is dominated by romantic realism — a methodological position which it is claimed reveals the `real' motives for political action but that develops an explicitly idealistic framework for analysis. Romantic realism regards human rights as an instrument used by the West to hinder the internal consolidation of other societies and to promote Westernization, thus assimilating the diversity of cultures in the world and bringing about entropy. The threat of entropy may also be interpreted as a threat to the identity of Russian society, and the conclusion is that securitization practised by romantic realists is fairly successful. It is reversible, but does have irreversible consequences, and desecuritization can therefore be achieved only by conscious and intelligent effort.
Strategies for Preventive Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution
Authors: GEORGE ALEXANDER L.
Published: July 2003

Every year, Uppsala University awards the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science to a scholar who has made a valuable contribution to political science. In 1998 the prize was awarded to Stanford Professor Emeritus Alexander George for his `pathbreaking analysis of statecraft, its possibilities and limits, performed with great sensitivity for the importance of judgment, reasoned argumentation and responsible leadership in foreign policy decision-making'. George has made major contributions on presidential decision-making, crisis management, case study method, deterrence theory, coercive diplomacy, preventive diplomacy, and how to bridge the gap between the policy world and academics. While in Sweden to accept this prestigious award, George gave a lecture at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs. This revised version of his address deals with how to develop academic scholarship for policy-making. The specific topic discussed here, strategies for preventive diplomacy and conflict resolution, is inspired by the work George has recently concluded for the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict and the Committee on International Conflict Resolution of the National Academy of Sciences in Washington DC. In this piece, George argues that in the new geopolitical environment of the post-Cold War world a better understanding of preventive diplomacy and conflict resolution is crucial for effective statecraft. To help accomplish this, he urges scholars to join foreign policy practitioners in analyzing the successes and failures of past cases of preventive diplomacy. Only through proper diagnoses can we better understand the many tools and instruments of conflict prevention and resolution and how policy-makers can make more effective use of them.
Globalization, Swedish Trade Unions and European Integration
Authors: BIELER ANDREAS
Published: July 2003

The article argues that the Swedish trade unions were not instrumental in bringing about the Swedish Social Democratic Party's (SAP) decision to apply to the EC for membership on 26 October 1990, despite frequently made claims to the contrary. The trade unions were in fact rather surprised about the SAP turn-around. There had been a change in the position on EC membership within the labour movement after the SAP announcement, but it was anything but unanimous. On the one hand the trade unions of the industrial sector with transnational production structures were in favour, arguing that this was the only way to regain control over transnational capital and international financial markets lost at the national level. On the other hand the unions of the public sector opposed membership, maintaining that accession to the EC undermined the Swedish model with its policies of full employment and generous welfare provisions. The retaining of as many national policy tools as possible would offer a better chance of preserving the Swedish model in times of globalization. Neo-Gramscianism is adopted as the theoretical lens for this analysis, since this allows for account to be taken of the structural changes of globalization within which the debate was placed.
Nordic Swans and Baltic Cygnets
Authors: ARCHER CLIVE
Published: July 2003

Since 1991, Nordic assistance to the Baltic states, especially in the security field, has been considerable. The approaches of the four main Nordic states to this task are outlined and the reasons for such a high Nordic involvement examined. Structure-related conditioners have tended to provide opportunity for action, while the actor-related elements have mostly determined whether and which openings were taken up. These conditioners also explain the differences in the Nordic programmes, with interpretations of the countries' salient security environment being an important variable.
How Should We Study Foreign Policy Change?
Authors: GUSTAVSSON JAKOB
Published: July 2003

Freed from the shackles imposed by the Cold War, many states have chosen to make radical changes in their foreign policy orientations. This trend is reflected within Foreign Policy Analysis, where the study of change appears to be moving towards the top of the research agenda. In this article, six different models of foreign policy change are examined. After concluding that these contributions contain both promising ideas and analytical pitfalls, I present a model of my own, arguing that this constitutes a more promising route to the study of foreign policy change. In short, I argue that theoretical efforts in this field should focus on the simultaneous occurrence of changes in fundamental structural conditions, strategic political leadership, and the presence of a crisis of some kind. Though the existing models pay attention to some of these elements, none is designed to include all three.
Neutrality, a Really Dead Concept?
Authors: GOETSCHEL LAURENT
Published: July 2003

Identity, norms, and values have become some of the most discussed topics in the field of international relations. Surprisingly, at the same time, neutrality has almost disappeared from the academic agenda on European security. Its discourse has narrowed down to mainstream discussions about NATO enlargement and military crisis management. Neutrality is not seriously discussed anymore, but seen as a relic from the Cold War, hampering participation in collective security endeavors. Concentrating on neutrality's political core rather than on its legal obligations, and differentiating its realistic functions from its idealistic ones, I argue that neutrality still offers an interesting alternative to security identities based on membership in military alliances. Its role conceptions provide clear guidelines for constructive participation of neutral states in multilateral security frameworks such as the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy and NATO's Partnership for Peace initiative.
Beyond a Pluralist Conception of International Society?
Authors: RØNNFELDT CARSTEN F.
Published: July 2003

In 1992, Ole Wæver criticized the English School for being too sceptical about societal changes in international politics. Based on a case study on the international response to the conflict in Bosnia-Hercegovina, the purpose of this article is to argue that the English School can account for such changes. A solidarist conception of international society dominated the UN Security Council's policy in its efforts to maintain international peace and security. However, at the level of implementation the normative agenda of a pluralist conception of international society remained dominant. A second purpose of the article is to show from an empirical and also from a theoretical perspective that there need not be a contradictory relationship between a pluralist and a solidarist conception of international society, as Wæver and others suggest.
The Uneasy Imbrication of Nation-State and NATO
Authors: TUNANDER OLA
Published: July 2003

Cold War Sweden may be conceptualized as a sovereign and neutral nation-state, and as part of the political formation which is NATO. Inasmuch as NATO is seen as a supranational structure which is in some aspects alternative to the one of the state system based on the principle of sovereignty, this structural divide must necessarily characterize any state which is also part of the NATO structure. The structure divide may be observed as a split between different power elites. Because of its formal non-membership of NATO, however, the divide may be more readily investigated in the case of elites in Sweden than in formal member states. Drawing on Carl Schmitt's concept of Grossraum, the article musters empirical evidence that there is an informal supranational NATO structure which serves as the final guarantee of Western security.
International Relations and Global Environmental Change
Authors: JAKOBSEN SUSANNE
Published: July 2003

The article reviews a burgeoning literature on the environment from two major groups of authors; on the one hand, International Relations scholars and, on the other, a host of `green writers' comprising mainly biologists, environmental activists and philosophers. Both groups share a tendency to focus on the same four or five environmental problems introduced by a `state of the environment reporting'. They perceive solutions mainly as top-down institutional arrangements above or between governments, and conclude with prescriptions for practitioners. Careful reading nevertheless reveals major contradictions between the theoretical assumptions of International Relations scholars and the empirical observations of green writers. While the former tend to place the nation-state at the centre of analysis, the latter group emphasizes the importance of a wide range of non-state actors who increasingly define local and transnational politics on the environment. Against this background, and with a brief introduction to recently arrived reflectivist approaches, a dialogue is suggested with the ambition of arriving at a study of global environmental change that consists not only of international, but also global politics on the environment. The article concludes with some suggestions for improvement.
EU and Legitimacy — The Challenge of Compatibility
Authors: FRIIS LYKKE
Published: July 2003

Since the difficulties of ratifying the Maastricht Treaty legitimacy has topped the EU agenda. Departing from the predominant trend in the literature — that the EU's legitimacy problems are largely due to its inability to develop a common identity which can compete or even replace national identities — this article shifts the focus to compatibility. The core legitimacy test is whether the EU and its member states — as a multidimensional governance system in which nation-states exist alongside supranational institutions — can develop identities which are compatible. Based on this approach, I analyse the ratification debate on the Treaty of Amsterdam in one member state, namely Denmark. The core conclusion is that it is important to abandon the traditional conceptualization of EU legitimacy. As the Danish case shows, legitimacy can be enhanced if member states are able to (re)construe the EU as being compatible with national identity.
The Politics of Inclusion
Authors: WENNERSTEN PETER
Published: July 2003

In this article I examine the Baltic states' return to Europe through the prism of collective identity formation. I argue that the European Union during the 1990s has been articulating a `politics of inclusion' vis-à-vis the Baltic states, a politics that is conducive to a strengthened independence for the latter. Inclusion in this sense is taken to mean an extension of a European political identity to incorporate the Baltic states. Emphasizing the social and discursive construction of identities — and consequently social reality — I introduce two conceptual categories, inside-inside articulations and inside-outside articulations, that may be used as points of reference when inquiring into the (re)construction of identities in world politics. By means of a discourse analysis of the foreign policy of the European Union towards the Baltic states, I provide a guide to the inscription of inside and outside as regards the European Self in contemporary European politics. I suggest that foreign policy is instrumental in writing state identities not only in relation to the state articulating the policy, but also in relation to a collective of states. I thus attempt to theorize the formation of collective political identity at a supra-state level.
Norden is Dead — Long Live the Eastwards Faced Euro-North
Authors: JUKARAINEN PIRJO
Published: July 2003

Norden may be forgotten, but northern spatial politics is `alive and kicking'. The human aspiration to define, represent and master space has not ended in the northern hemisphere. Claims made about `the end of the geography', given the decreasing importance of spatial distance or location, are misleading. Geography still matters, albeit the modes of geographical reasoning are radically changing. An analysis of spatial politics practised by multiple actors within the last seven years in the Nordic journal Nord Revy (later North) suggests an active geopolitical reconstruction of northern space. The new, reconstructed `northernness' points predominantly in two directions: east (Russia) and south (Europe). Northern space as a whole, however, covers a large variety of spatial constructions, or representations (states, interstate regions, trans-border regions, city districts, urban networks, etc.). The new eastwards-oriented and Europeanized `northernness' is more reminiscent of a complex and multilevel spatial network than a clearly delimited, homogeneous territory `between the two blocks'. Given such developments it can be argued that the `North' is beginning to exhibit a number of late-modern features. It is less territorial and has many layers and possible directions for future development. Nevertheless, the new `North' hasn't lost any of its geopolitical appeal, albeit the mode of politics has changed.
Sovereignty Redefined
Authors: LEHTI MARKO
Published: July 2003

The end of the First World War and of the Cold War can be seen as two ruptures of history that were accompanied by a redefinition of old practices and by the vision of a new Europe. The emergence of the three independent Baltic States and the idea of a Baltic Sea area were unifying factors between these two periods. In both cases, the emergence of new nation-states and region-building approaches has redefined the existing interpretation on sovereignty. However, it is argued in this article that while after the First World War the new states were themselves the main supporters of regional unions and of the idea of limited state sovereignty, they have been a barrier to change in the post-Cold War era. Nation-state centricity in the East has not readily mixed with new region-building efforts. Although some of the new nation-states defined their location in Europe through a Baltic Sea Region, the current Baltic Sea Region is a Western project controlling parts of the disintegrating East. As a project, it does, however, include postmodern elements and may be described as a territoriality without sovereignty.
Demographics, Diversity, and K-12 Accountability
Authors: Bainbridge William L. , Lasley Thomas J.
Published: July 2003

The achievement gap persists within American classrooms. Although teachers do make a difference in terms of what and how much students achieve, educational practitioners and policy makers would be well served to consider social inequities created by demographic realities, instructional practices that engender broad student participation, and accountability measures that compare districts fairly.
Three Streams and Four Policy Entrepreneurs Converge
Authors: Lieberman Joyce M.
Published: July 2003

Throughout the history of the Chicago Public School System (CPS), reports and surveys have been published, and legislation has been passed in an attempt to improve the system by changing the governance structure, including the role and the powers of the superintendent, the school board, the city council, and the mayor. In 1988, the Chicago School Reform Act was passed, dramatically changing the governance structure of CPS. Policy makers, school reform advocates, parents, community activists, and so forth believed that the implementation of this act would be the panacea for reforming CPS. Why did the Illinois General Assembly legislate another major change in the governance structure of CPS in 1995? This article addresses this question through Kingdon’s work on the first two phases of the policy cycle, agenda setting, and policy formulation.
Good Intentions, Questionable Results
Authors: Sullivan Susan , Shulman Vivian , Glanz Jeffrey
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of implementation of the innovative 1995-2000 United Federation of Teachers–New York City contract agreement on annual performance reviews of teachers and to identify the factors that impeded or facilitated implementation. Surveys were sent to a stratified sample of faculty members in 7 New York City public elementary, middle, and high schools. Interviews were conducted with self-selected staff members from the 7 schools. Findings indicate that the Teacher Performance Review option is being implemented in few schools. Among the factors identified as impeding the implementation of the performance review initiative is a lack of adequate training at all levels. Despite the contract component and a detailed plan of implementation and support, a lack of investment in performance review on the part of professional staff persists. Administrators and faculty alike view the agreement as an evaluative experience rather than an opportunity for growth.
I’ll Show You Mine, If You Show Me Yours
Authors: Engvall Robert P.
Published: July 2003

This article examines the recently introduced phenomenon of parental report cards, taking a preliminary look at some of the reasons, both real and perceived, behind the concept. Increased parental involvement in the education of children is as universally applauded as apple pie and motherhood. Educators and parent-teacher organizations have, for years, encouraged greater involvement on the part of parents—encouragement that in the past seldom ventured beyond simple and generic letters from a principal or superintendent or, in some instances, a more personalized letter from a teacher. Parents have long been urged, but have never actually been required, to participate in their children’s education. Although the time has not yet come for compulsory parental education and/or actual report cards assessing the amount of commitment parents show toward their children’s education, symbolic report cards have begun to appear, in which parents are asked to assess their own performance as parents.
The Impact of Immigration Policy on Education Reform
Authors: Contreras A. Reynaldo
Published: July 2003

This article presents an analysis of how current immigration policy affects educators and their efforts to educate in schools serving immigrant families. The focus was on those factors that play a critical role in meeting the needs of immigrant students including access to schools and school programs; assessment and placement; differentiated curricula; school climate; availability of support services and community involvement. The analysis suggests that immigration policy affects education by its facilitation of a massive increase in school enrollment of immigrant students whose presence is a major stimulus for school restructuring and curricular reform. Furthermore, their level of education will strongly affect the quality of the future labor force and the demand for public services. This indicates that educational leaders must focus on reform efforts that realize, at the minimum, high school graduation and college attendance. Moreover, the public must advocate reforms that encourage naturalization and expedite English proficiency for adult immigrants already living and working in all regions of the nation.
Teacher Preparation and the Education of Immigrant Children
Authors: Goodwin A. Lin
Published: July 2003

This article looks at the issue of teacher preparation in light of changing demographics as a direct consequence of increased immigration. It begins by describing the current context in which many new teachers will find themselves. It then moves to a review of the teacher education literature over the past two decades to ascertain how the profession conceptualizes immigrant children and the education of those who will teach them. Using this review as a foundation, the article then outlines key issues that must be taken into account when preparing teachers to work effectively with immigrant children. The article concludes with recommendations for teacher educators.