bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of aspirin, furosemide, and commercial low-salt diet on digoxin pharmacokinetic properties in clinically normal cats
Authors: Atkins Clarke E. , Snyder Patti S. , Keene Bruce W.
Published: February 2025

Steady-state serum digoxin concentration ([digoxin]) was measured for 48 hours in 6 healthy cats after they were treated with digoxin tablets (0.01 mg/kg of body weight, q 48 h) for 10 days and again after concurrent treatment of identical duration with orally administered digoxin, aspirin (80 mg, q 48 h), furosemide (2 mg/kg, q 12 h), and a commercial low-salt diet. The concurrent treatment substantially altered digoxin pharmacokinetic properties, with a resultant increase in peak (mean ± sem; from 2.1 ± 0.35 to 3.3 ± 0.6 ng/ml), 8-hour (from 1.4 ± 0.35 to 2.5 ± 0.64 ng/ml), and 48-hour mean (from 1.1 ± 0.22 to 2.2 ± 0.57 ng/ml) serum [digoxin]; an increase in the number of hours during which serum [digoxin] was in the toxic range (from 3 ± 1.7 to 24.7 ± 9.8 h); and a decrease in oral clearance (from 0.15 ± 0.04 to 0.08 ± 0.02 L/h•kg). Of these differences, all but the 8-hour serum [digoxin] were significant at P<0.05.

Similar sampling procedures were performed in 3 cats after administration of digoxin alone (0.01 mg/kg, q 48 h) until steady-state conditions were reached (10 days) and again after an additional 10 days of treatment. Differences were not noticed in digoxin pharmacokinetic properties.

Eight-hour serum [digoxin] was shown to correlate closely with the mean serum [digoxin] at steady-state conditions when digoxin was administered every 48 hours. Variation in digoxin pharmacokinetic properties was noticed between cats.

We concluded that concurrent treatment with aspirin, furosemide, and a commercial low-salt diet alters feline digoxin pharmacokinetic properties, predisposing cats to digitalis intoxication. The digoxin dosage should approximate 0.007 mg/kg, q 48 h, when these compounds are used in conjunction with digoxin. Furthermore, because of variation in digoxin pharmacokinetic properties, serum [digoxin] should be measured to maximize therapeutic efficacy. We recommend that serum [digoxin] be determined approximately 8 hours after administration.
Generalized peritonitis in dogs: 50 cases (1975–1986)
Authors: Hosgood Giselle , Salisbury S. Kathleen
Published: February 2025

Medical records of 50 dogs with generalized peritonitis and examined between 1975 and 1986 were reviewed. In these dogs, the gastrointestinal tract was the most common source of peritoneal cavity contamination (30 dogs). The most common cause of contamination was surgical wound dehiscence (14 dogs). Overall mortality of the 50 dogs was 68%.
Comparison of the general moral reasoning of small animal veterinarians vs large animal veterinarians
Authors: Self Donnie J. , Safford Susan K. , Shelton George C.
Published: February 2025

This project was developed to gather data on the general moral reasoning of practicing veterinarians and to compare the responses of small animal veterinarians vs large animal veterinarians and of male veterinarians vs female veterinarians. Using the Defining Issues Test for assessing moral reasoning, it was found that there is no significant difference between the levels of moral reasoning of small animal and large animal veterinarians. However, a slightly significant (P = 0.045) difference was found between the levels of moral reasoning of male and female veterinarians. Explanations of these findings are given. This report provides baseline data on the moral reasoning of veterinarians, which can serve as a foundation and stimulus for comparison in other studies.
Radiotherapy of soft tissue sarcomas in dogs
Authors: McChesney Sharon L. , Withrow Stephen J. , Gillette Edward L. , Powers Barbara E. , Dewhirst Mark W.
Published: February 2025

Megavoltage radiotherapy was administered to 42 dogs with soft tissue sarcoma. Acceptable local control of these aggressive tumors was achieved after one year of treatment. Control rates of 48 and 67% were obtained at doses of 45 and 50 gray (Gy), respectively. At 2 years, control rates decreased to 33% at the dose of 50 Gy. Serious complications developed in 4 of 42 dogs at doses of 40 to 50 Gy. The estimated dose with a 50% probability for causing serious complications was 54 Gy, given in 10 fractions. We believe that the large doses per fraction used in this study probably led to an increased probability for necrosis. Hemangiopericytomas seemed to be more responsive than fibrosarcomas. Only 2 of 11 recurrent tumors were controlled with surgery. Good local control was achieved with radiation alone for one year at doses with a low probability for serious complications; however, higher total radiation doses or combined modalities, such as surgery and radiation or radiation and hyperthermia, may be needed for longer-term control.
Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats from the continental United States and Canada and possible mode of transmission
Authors: Yamamoto Janet K. , Hansen Herman , Ho Esther W. , Morishita Teresa Y. , Okuda Takiko , Sawa Thomas R. , Nakamura Robert M. , Pedersen Niels C.
Published: February 2025

The epidemiologic features of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infection were evaluated in 2,765 cats from the United States and Canada. Of these cats, 2,254 were considered by veterinarians to be at high risk for the infection, and 511 were healthy cats considered to be at low or unknown risk. Of the cats in the high-risk group, 318 (14%) were found to be infected with fiv. The infection rate among low- or unknown-risk cats was 6 of 511 (1.2%). Male cats in the high-risk group were 3 times more likely to be infected than were females, similarly as were cats >6 years old, compared with younger cats; domestic cats, compared with purebred cats; and free-roaming cats, compared with confined cats. Feline immunodeficiency virus and FeLV infections did not appear to be linked with each other; 16% of FeLV-infected cats in the high- and low-risk groups were coinfected with fiv. In contrast, there was a pronounced linkage between fiv and feline syncytium-forming virus (FeSFV) infections. Seventy-four percent of FeSFV-infected cats in the high-risk study group were coinfected with fiv, compared with a 38% fiv infection rate among cats that were not infected with FeSFV.

The major clinical manifestations associated with fiv infection in cats that were surveyed included chronic oral cavity infections (56%), chronic upper respiratory tract disease (34%), chronic enteritis (19%), and chronic conjunctivitis (11%). Bacterial infections of the urinary tract (cystitis), skin, and ears were seen in a small proportion of cats. Fever of unspecified origin, anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, vomiting, abnormal behavioral problems, lymphosarcoma, and myeloproliferative disorders were seen as accompanying or primary features of the disease in a proportion of affected cats. Anemia and leukopenia were observed in about a third of the cats that were clinically ill at the time of testing.

Experimental studies indicated that biting was a highly efficient mode of transmission. Cats with clinical signs of illness tended to shed more virus in their saliva than did healthy carrier cats. Seroepidemiologic studies also supported the notion that territorial aggression and biting were important natural modes of fiv transmission.

A group of 18 human beings who had intimate contact with fiv-infected cats were found to be seronegative for the virus. There was no positive evidence that fiv was of public health importance.
Feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats of Japan
Authors: Ishida Takuo , Washizu Tsukimi , Toriyabe Kazushige , Motoyoshi Shigekatsu , Tomoda Isamu , Pedersen Niels C.
Published: February 2025

A seroepidemiologic survey for feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infection was conducted in Japan. Between June and December 1987, individual sera (n = 3,323) were submitted by veterinary practitioners from many parts of the country. Specimens were from 1,739 cats with clinical signs suggestive of fiv infection and from 1,584 healthy-appearing cats seen by the same practitioners. The overall fiv infection rate among cats in Japan was 960/3,323 cats (28.9%). The infection rate was more than 3 times higher in the clinically ill cats, compared with that in the healthy cats of the same cohort (43.9 vs 12.4%). Male cats were 1.5 times as likely to be infected as were females. Almost all fiv-infected cats were domestic cats (as opposed to purebred cats).

Complete clinical history was available for 700 of 960 fiv-infected cats. Of these 700 fiv-infected cats, 626 (89.4%) were clinically ill, and the remainder did not have clinical signs of disease. The mean age at the time of fiv diagnosis for the 700 cats was 5.2 years, with younger mean age for males (4.9 years) than for females (5.8 years). Most of the infected cats (94.7%) were either allowed to run outdoors or had lived outdoors before being brought into homes. The mortality for fiv-infected cats during the 6 months after diagnosis was 14.7%, and the mean age at the time of death was 5.7 years.

Concurrent FeLV infection was seen in 12.4% of the fiv-infected cats, but this was not much different from the historical incidence of FeLV infection in similar groups of cats not infected with fiv. Dually infected cats were of a younger mean age than were cats infected only with fiv (4.3 vs 5.2 years). Cats coinfected with fiv and FeLV tended to die at a younger age than did cats infected only with fiv (4.6 vs 5.7 years). There was no obvious relationship between fiv infection rate and antibody titer interpreted as positive for infection with feline infectious peritonitis virus, and feline infectious periotonitis among fiv-infected cats was less than historically expected for the population as a whole.

The clinical signs seen most frequently in fiv-infected cats were stomatitis/gingivitis (52.4%), chronic upper respiratory tract disease (28.9%), anemia (17.9%), emaciation (14.6%), bacterial infections (14.4%), chronic shin disease (13.4%), and chronic enteritis (11.9%). Less frequently observed clinical findings were renal disease, fever of unknown origin, lymphadenopathy, and leukopenia. A small number of fiv-positive cats had infections caused by opportunistic organisms. These diseases included haemobartonellosis, notoedric mange, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, Pseudomonas infection, candidiasis, and atypical mycobacterial infections. Three young fiv-infected cats had FeLV-negative lymphosarcoma or fibrosarcoma.
Epidemiologic observations on feline immunodeficiency virus and Toxoplasma gondii coinfection in cats in Baltimore, Md
Authors: Witt C. J. , Moench T. R. , Gittelsohn A. M. , Bishop B. D. , Childs J. E.
Published: February 2025

Five hundred eighty-five serum samples obtained between 1980 and 1981 from a diverse population of cats were tested by use of an indirect immunoperoxidase assay for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv). Results of 14 of the samples were positive (prevalence, 2.4%). The fiv-positive cats were markedly older than the overall population and frequently were coinfected (57%) with Toxoplasma gondii. The Toxoplasma titers of the fiv-positive cats were significantly (P<0.03) higher than those of the fiv-negative cats. The fiv-positive cats were not coinfected with FeLV. Our findings suggested that fiv-associated immunosuppression may be a factor in active Toxoplasma infection in adult cats.
Serologic response of domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) to canine distemper and rabies virus vaccines
Authors: Hoover John P. , Baldwin Charles A. , Rupprecht Charles E.
Published: February 2025

Nine unrelated 12-week-old naive domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) were used to evaluate the serologic responses to commercial canine distemper virus (cdv) and rabies virus (rv) vaccines. Five of the ferrets (group 1) were inoculated 3 times at 2-week intervals with a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine of canine cell-line origin, containing cdv and an inactivated rv vaccine. Four of the ferrets (group 2) were inoculated once with the multivalent modified-live virus vaccine containing cdv and were not inoculated with the rv vaccine. Both group-1 and group-2 ferrets seroconverted to the cdv component of the vaccine. Group-1 ferrets also seroconverted after rv vaccination and maintained serum antibody titers to both cdv and rv for at least 7 months.

Domestic ferret sera were found to have IgG epitopes similar to sera of domestic dogs and cats. Domestic ferret sera did not contain antibodies to feline coronavirus or FeLV antigens.
Idiopathic gonitis in heifers: 34 cases (1976–1986)
Authors: Madison John B. , Tulleners Eric P. , Ducharme Normand G. , Hull Bruce L. , Rings D. Michael , Welker Frank H.
Published: February 2025

Acute suppurative arthritis of the stifle joint was diagnosed in 34 Holstein heifers between 1976 and 1986. Only 1 stifle joint was affected in each heifer; however, 1 heifer also had involvement of the contralateral radiocarpal joint. In each hiefer, there was marked lameness and synovitis characterized by an effusion with high synovial fluid nucleated cell counts and total protein concentration. Seventy-four percent (25/34) of the heifers had radiographic evidence of an osteolytic lesion involving the lateral tibial plateau. Bacteriologic cultures of synovial fluid, synovial membrane, and bone yielded no growth. Eighteen of 23 (78%) affected heifers for which follow-up data was obtained became productive herd members after treatment.
Ultrasonography as a diagnostic aid in horses with anaerobic bacterial pleuropneumonia and/or pulmonary abscessation: 27 cases (1984–1986)
Authors: Reimer Johanna M. , Reef Virginia B. , Spencer Pamela A.
Published: February 2025

The medical records of 83 horses with pleuropneumonia and/or pulmonary abscessation, in which thoracic sonography was used, were reviewed. The sonograms of these horses were reviewed retrospectively for free gas echoes within pleural or abscess fluid. Anaerobic infection was confirmed in 27 horses, and gas echoes were observed in 21 horses. There was a significant (P<0.001) correlation between the observation of gas echoes and anaerobic infection in horses with pleuropneumonia and/or pulmonary abscessation. A foul odor to the breath or pleural fluid was significantly (P<0.001) associated with anaerobic infection. Poor survival rates were associated with gas echoes or a foul odor to the breath or pleural fluid, both of which were associated with anaerobic infection.

Gas echoes within pleural or abscess fluid were found to be a sensitive and specific indicator of anaerobic infection, as was a putrid odor to the breath or pleural fluid. Evaluation for gas echoes and foul odor had better predictive value than did evaluation for gas echoes or foul odor alone.

Gas echoes within pleural or abscess fluid is highly suggestive of anaerobic infection. Ultrasonography should be performed repeatedly in horses with pleuropneumonia to assess the progression or resolution of pleural and parenchymal disease. The detection of gas echoes on subsequent ultrasonograms may indicate the development of anaerobic infection.
Efficacy of intrauterine infusion of plasma for treatment of infertility and endometritis in mares
Authors: Adams G. P. , Ginther O. J.
Published: February 2025

We evaluated the efficacy of intrauterine plasma infusion in mares as a treatment for infertility caused by endometritis and distinguished the effects of intrauterine infusion of plasma vs saline solution. Forty-three subfertile mares were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: untreated controls (n = 14), those treated by saline infusion (n = 14), and those treated by plasma infusion (n = 15). Reproductive status was assessed daily by transrectal ultrasonography. Uterine aspirates and biopsy specimens were obtained 8 days after ovulation for cytologic and histologic evaluation, and mares were treated on days 12 to 16. Uterine aspirates and biopsy specimens were obtained again on day 8 of the next estrous cycle, and the mares were bred at the subsequent estrus. A postovulation intrauterine infusion of either plasma or saline solution was administered to mares in their respective treatment groups. Biopsy specimens were scored from 1 (no indications of inflammation) to 6 (severe inflammation).

The pregnancy rate was lower (P<0.005) for mares with scores 5 and 6 (0/5) than for those with scores 1 to 4 (17/35). There was no significant effect of treatment nor a treatment by biopsy score interaction on pregnancy rate; however, the pregnancy rate for mares treated with plasma or saline solution (9/27) tended to be lower than for the control (untreated) mares (8/13). There was no change in mean biopsy score between specimens obtained before treatment and those obtained after treatment for the control group and the group treated with saline solution; however, there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in scores in the group treated with plasma. Averaged over all groups, the uterine aspirates of mares that became pregnant had more (P<0.01) healthy epithelial cells and fewer (P<0.01) neutrophils than mares that did not become pregnant.

The results did not support the hypothesis that intrauterine infusion with plasma or saline solution is efficacious in treating endometritis. Pregnancy rate and uterine biopsy scores were not improved after either treatment, and in the group treated with plasma, the degree of endometrial inflammation was greater during the posttreatment estrous cycle.
Cholelithiasis in horses: Ten cases (1982–1986)
Authors: Johnston Janet K. , Divers Thomas J. , Reef Virginia B. , Acland Helen
Published: February 2025

Ten horses with clinical signs consistent with cholelithiasis were evaluated. Fever, icterus, mild intermittent colic, and weight loss were reported. Clinical laboratory abnormalities included leukocytosis, hyperproteinemia, and hyperfibrinogenemia. Gamma glutamyltransferase and liver isoenzyme of lactate dehydrogenase activities also were high. Choleliths were observed via ultrasonography of the liver in 5 of the 8 horses evaluated, and increased echogenicity of the hepatic parenchyma and dilated bile ducts were observed in all horses. Seven horses were treated medically, 5 of which died or were euthanatized. Three horses were treated surgically, of which only 1 survived. Cholelith composition varied, but cholesterol, calcium bilirubinate, and mixed bile pigments were most commonly observed.
Mycotic omasitis and rumenitis as sequelae to sepsis in dairy cattle: Six cases (1979–1986)
Authors: Sweeney R. W. , Divers T. J. , Gillette D. M. , Whitlock R. H.
Published: February 2025

Medical records of 6 cows with mycotic rumenitis or omasitis, but no history of grain engorgement, were reviewed. A diagnosis was made at necropsy in all cows, although the condition was suspected before euthanasia in 3 cows. Common clinical findings included inappetence, rumen stasis, fluid rumen contents, and scant, pasty, or loose feces. Postmortem findings included severe ulcerative rumenitis or omasitis, with thrombosis of blood vessels in the submucosa, and branching, septate fungal hyphae abundant in inflamed tissues. In these cows, mycotic omasitis and rumenitis were thought to be sequelae of sepsis, with reflux of abomasal fluid into the forestomach and broad spectrum antimicrobial therapy as possible predisposing factors for mycotic infections.
Randomized efficacy trials of long-acting oxytetracycline in neonatal pigs
Authors: Gardner Ian A. , Hird David W. , Franti Charles E. , Glenn John S.
Published: February 2025

Prophylactic efficacy of 100 mg of long-acting oxytetracycline (otc) given im to neonatal pigs within 12 hours of birth was evaluated in a swine herd. The herd had a history of increased neonatal mortality, diarrhea, foot abscess, and arthritis in nursing pigs. Two trials were conducted in which litters and individual pigs were the treatment groups of interest. In both trials, otc treatment failed to reduce mortality, diarrhea, or arthritis or the need for subsequent antimicrobial therapy (P > 0.05). Preweaning weight gains were not increased (P > 0.05) in treated pigs. However, in the individual pig trial, foot abscess rates were significantly (P = 0.01) lower in treated pigs (3.7%) than in nontreated pigs (8%). Aerobic bacteria isolated from pigs with diarrhea, arthritis, or foot abscess had minimum inhibitory concentrations for otc of ≥64 μg/ml or were classed as resistant on the basis of disk-diffusion tests.
Total parenteral nutrition in clinically normal cats
Authors: Lippert Aunna C. , Faulkner James E. , Evans A. Thomas , Mullaney Thomas P.
Published: February 2025

Seven clinically normal cats were maintained on total parenteral nutrition (tpn) with nothing given po for 2 weeks. The tpn solution consisted of a mixture of dextrose, amino acids, soybean oil emulsion, electrolytes, and vitamins.

Three cats were fed calories in excess of published maintenance requirements, and they gained some weight, vomited occasionally, had oral ulcerations, and had signs of depression after 10 to 13 days on tpn. Four cats that were not overfed did well clinically and maintained stable body weights.

All cats developed anemia and thrombocytopenia to varying degrees during tpn administration and had polyuria and serum triglyceride concentrations higher than normal fasting values. Some cats had changes in liver-specific biochemical variables. Hepatocellular swelling and vacuolation and small intestinal villous atrophy and fusion were the most common histopathologic changes seen after tpn. These changes were reversible when tpn was discontinued and the cats were returned to enteral nutrition.
Fate of conceptus and corpus luteum after induced embryonic loss in heifers
Authors: Kastelic J. P. , Ginther O. J.
Published: February 2025

Ultrasonography was performed to determine the fate of the conceptus and the corpus luteum after induced embryonic loss in heifers. When embryonic loss was induced by administration of prostaglandin F2α (25 mg, im) on day 28 (n = 10) or day 42 (n = 10), embryonic death occurred 2.3 ± 0.2 (mean ± sem) and 2.6 ± 0.2 days, respectively, after treatment, and subsequent ovulation occurred 2.4 ± 0.3 and 2.7 ± 0.2 days, respectively, after embryonic death. Administration of a mitotic inhibitor (1 mg of colchicine, intrauterine; n = 4) on day 42 resulted in embryonic death in 1.2 ± 0.2 days and ovulation in 20.8 ± 3.1 days after embryonic death. Rupture of the amnion on day 42 (n = 3) resulted in immediate death of the embryo and ovulation in 35 ± 3.5 days.

In prostaglandin-treated heifers, area of the corpus luteum decreased (P<0.01) between days —2 and —1, relative to day of embryonic death. Volume of uterine contents remained approximately constant for 2 or 3 days after treatment, then decreased >75% between examinations on consecutive days. Embryonic death apparently resulted from luteolysis and was characterized by rapid loss of the conceptus with minimal conceptus degeneration; an intact conceptus was recovered from the vagina of 3 heifers treated on day 42.

In heifers treated with colchicine or in which the amnion was ruptured, embryonic death was associated with maintenance of the corpus luteum and prolonged retention of the conceptus, which underwent extensive degeneration. In colchicine-treated heifers, area of the corpus luteum and height of uterine contents decreased (P < 0.02) between days —1 and 0 relative to day of first detected cervical patency. In heifers with amniotic rupture, there was a tendency for area of the corpus luteum to decrease between days —2 and —1 and for volume of uterine contents to decrease between days —4 and —3, relative to cervical patency.
Breeding soundness of beef bulls after circumcision: 33 cases (1980–1986)
Authors: Baxter G. M. , Allen D. , Wallace C. E.
Published: February 2025

Case records of 33 beef bulls that had preputial prolapses and underwent circumcisions were reviewed. Data retrieved included age, breed, duration of preoperative medical treatment, complications of surgery, length of time from surgery to first breeding, ability of bull to copulate, duration of active breeding, and complications resulting in breeding unsoundness. The mean age of all bulls was 3.5 years (1 to 7 years). Breeds represented included Santa Gertrudis (n = 13), Beefmaster (n = 8), Brangus (n = 7), Brahman (n = 4), and Angus (n = 1). The mean duration of medical treatment before surgery for all bulls was 16.4 days (2 to 38 days). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean duration of medical treatment before surgery between bulls that became breeding sound (16 days), compared with those that were breeding unsound (19 days). However, bulls requiring more than 14 days of medical treatment before surgery were approximately 3 times (relative risk, 2.8) more likely to develop postoperative complications than those bulls requiring 14 days of treatment or less. Eleven bulls (33%) developed one or more postoperative complications. The complications resolved in 4 bulls, but 7 were never able to breed. Of these 7 bulls, 4 had problems directly related to the circumcision, 2 had extensive fibrosis of the prepuce already present at surgery, and 1 was discharged from the hospital with no apparent complications but was never able to breed. Twenty-five of the 33 bulls (76%) were breeding sound for 1 or more years after surgery. One bull, although able to breed, died 3 to 4 months after surgery, possibly from pneumonia secondary to aspiration of rumen contents during anesthesia. The mean duration from surgery to the first breeding for those bulls that became breeding sound was 4.3 months (0.5 to 10.5 months). The mean duration of active breeding for these 25 bulls was 2 years (1 to 5.5 years), with 17 still breeding cows. Complications leading to breeding unsoundness included phimosis (n = 4), adhesions (n = 5), preputial strictures (n = 4), and fibrosis of the prepuce (n = 3). Usually more than one of these problems contributed to each bull’s inability to copulate.
Relation of endogenous Heinz bodies to disease and anemia in cats: 120 cases (1978-1987)
Authors: Christopher Mary M.
Published: February 2025

Disease diagnosis, age, sex, and selected hematologic variables were evaluated retrospectively in a population of feline patients with high number of circulating Heinz bodies. By comparing these cats with a control population and results of additional hematologic investigation on a subsample of the cats, we tested the hypotheses that endogenous Heinz body formation is increased in specific disease states and that endogenous Heinz bodies may contribute to anemia.

There was strong correlation between diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, and lymphoma and Heinz body formation. Diabetic cats, in particular, consistently had marked Heinz body formation. These diseases together accounted for nearly 40% of cats with Heinz body formation, but for <12% of cats of the control group. The pcv of cats with Heinz bodies (29.77 ± 9.32%) was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than that of control cats (35.33 ± 8.08%). Polychromasia and punctate reticulocyte number were slightly increased in cats with Heinz body formation and correlated significantly (P <0.001) with pcv. A subsample of 13 of the cats had significant (P < 0.006) inverse correlation between Heinz body percentage and erythrocyte reduced glutathione (gsh) concentration. Mean gsh concentration was significantly lower in cats with Heinz bodies, compared with that in a random cat population (5.28 ± 1.67 μmοl/g of hemoglobin vs 7.06 ± 2.10 μmol/g of hemoglobin), in which gshvalues followed normal distribution. Cats with Heinz body formation were older, and were more likely to be spayed.
Horner's syndrome in dogs and cats: 49 cases (1980-1986)
Authors: Morgan Rhea V. , Zanotti Stephen W.
Published: February 2025

Medical records of 49 dogs and cats with Horner's syndrome were reviewed. Causes included head, neck, and chest trauma, chronic otitis, cranial thoracic mass, and injury attributable to cleaning of the external ear canal. Cause could not be delineated in 54.5% of the dogs. Numerous diagnostic tests and pharmacologic challenge exposure with epinephrine were used to localize the site of injury. Resolution of all clinical signs was observed in 36 animals and required a mean of 7.7 weeks.
Description of an epizootic and persistence of Streptococcus equi infections in horses
Authors: Sweeney Corinne Raphel , Benson Charles E. , Whitlock Robert H. , Meirs David A. , Barningham Stephen O. , Whitehead Suzanne C. , Cohen Daniel
Published: February 2025

The age-specific attack rates of Streptococcus equi infections of the upper respiratory tract and lymph nodes (strangles) in horses for the different age groups were 17.6% for broodmares, 47.5% for 1-year-old horses, and 37.5% for foals. Streptococcus equi was isolated from nasal, pharyngeal, or lymph node specimens in 31 (60.8%) of 51 sick horses. A male 1-year-old horse, shipped from Kentucky to farm A, was considered to be the index case. Six (19.4%) of 31 horses with strangles remained as shedders of S equi after clinical signs of the disease had ended. Shedders of S equi were not identified from horses that were exposed to infected horses but never developed strangles.
Comparison of bronchodilators in alleviating clinical signs in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Pearson Erwin G. , Riebold Thomas W.
Published: February 2025

A representative of each of 3 types of bronchodilators was given iv to horses with clinical signs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We used atropine (0.01 mg/kg of body weight) as an anticholinergic, isoproterenol HCl as a β-adrenergic, and aminophylline, the soluble salt of theophylline, as a methylxanthine. Response to these drugs was evaluated by measuring maximal change in intrathoracic pressures (ΔPpl) and observing clinical signs.

Atropine caused a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in ΔPpl, compared with that caused by aminophylline. Atropine caused the ΔPpl to decrease an average of 83 ± 15% toward normal. Clinical improvement was noticed in 87% of the cases. Maximal changes in pleural pressures were reduced by an average of 21 ± 14 mm of Hg, with 27% returning completely to normal. Isoproterenol helped 77% of horses clinically, and caused ΔPpl to decrease an average of 68 ± 31% toward normal. The average reduction in ΔPpl was 16 ± 10 mm of Hg. Aminophylline helped alleviate clinical signs of 50% of the horses and caused ΔPpl to decrease an average of 41 ± 36% toward normal. The average reduction in ΔPpl was 10 ± 11 mm of Hg.
Prevalence of leukemic blood and bone marrow in dogs with multicentric lymphoma
Authors: Raskin Rose E. , Krehbiel Janver D.
Published: February 2025

Multicentric lymphoma was diagnosed in 53 dogs. A study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of leukemic involvement in blood samples, bone marrow aspirates, and bone marrow core biopsy specimens at the time of initial diagnosis. Data indicated that 57% (30/53) of the dogs were leukemic when all materials were considered relative to the presence of cellular atypia or immaturity and abnormal tissue distribution. In the 30 leukemic dogs, detection was made in the specimens with the following frequency: 15 in blood (50%), 18 in bone marrow aspirates (60%), and 29 in bone marrow core biopsy specimens (97%). Five cases (17%) were only detected by core biopsy examination, even when dogs with bone marrow lymphocytosis of greater than 15% of nucleated cells were considered leukemic. Nondiffuse histologic colonization patterns accounted for the lack of correlation between the type of bone marrow specimens. Clinical staging for treatment response and prognosis was best determined by evaluation of concurrently obtained blood samples, bone marrow aspirates, and bone marrow core biopsy specimens.
Side effects of etomidate in dogs
Authors: Muir William W. , Mason Diane E.
Published: February 2025

Intravenous administration of etomidate, a nonbarbiturate sedative hypnotic, induced excitement, myoclonus, pain on injection, vomiting, and apnea during induction of anesthesia in 20 experimental dogs and 70 hospitalized dogs. The dogs had excitement and purposeless muscle movements during recovery from anesthesia. The frequency and severity of the side effects were markedly attenuated or eliminated by the administration of diazepam, acepromazine, or morphine prior to etomidate administration.
Prognostic factors and survival after radiotherapy for intranasal neoplasms in dogs: 70 cases (1974–1985)
Authors: Evans Sydney M. , Goldschmidt Michael , McKee Linda J. , Harvey Colin E.
Published: February 2025

Survival time and 31 prognostic factors were analyzed for 70 dogs undergoing radiotherapy for intranasal tumors at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between 1974 and 1985. At the time of analysis (January 1987), 14.3% (10 of 70) of the dogs were alive. Of the remaining dogs, 34 died because of tumor recurrence, 14 died because of intercurrent disease, and 12 were lost to follow-up evaluation. Pretreatment prognostic factors that were significantly correlated with disease-free interval or long-term survival could not be identified. Notably, presence of a facial mass was not prognostically significant, suggesting that extensive disease should not preclude treatment. Median survival time of dogs with all tumor types was 16.5 months, with a 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival of 54%, 43%, and 35%, respectively. Median survival time of dogs with carcinoma was 13.5 months, with 1-year survival of 51%, 2-year survival of 37%, and 3-year survival of 31%. Orthovoltage radiation was efficacious in the treatment of canine intranasal tumors.
Clinical, radiographic, and bronchial cytologic features of cats with bronchial disease: 65 cases (1980–1986)
Authors: Moise N. Sydney , Wiedenkeller Dayna , Yeager Amy E. , Blue Julia T. , Scarlett Janet
Published: February 2025

Medical records, radiographs, and bronchial cytologic abnormalities of 65 cats with bronchial disease were reviewed. Bronchial disease was defined as abnormality of the lower airways to the exclusion of disease originating or mainly involving the alveoli, interstitium, vasculature, or pleura. Cats with bronchial disease were more likely to be female and older. Siamese cats were overrepresented and had more chronic disease. In order of frequency, the following clinical signs were reported: coughing, dyspnea, occasional sneezing, wheezing, and vomiting. Radiography revealed prominent bronchial markings, with some cats having collapse of the middle lobe of the right lung (n = 7), overinflation of the lungs (n = 9), or aerophagia (n = 13). Of 65 bronchial washes, 58 were considered exudative, with the predominant cell type being eosinophil in 24%, neutrophil in 33%, macrophage in 22%, and mixed population of cells in 21%. Cultures for bacteria were considered positive in 24% of the cats. Circulating eosinophilia was not helpful in predicting the predominant cell type in bronchial cytologic exudates. Hyperproteinemia without dehydration was present in a third of the cats, indicating an immunologic response. Half the cats had resolution of clinical signs, whereas half the cats required continuing medication with bronchodilators, antimicrobial agents, or corticosteroids.
Evaluation of full cortical allografts in 25 dogs
Authors: Sinibaldi Kenneth R.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-five dogs received 26 cortical allografts from Apr 9, 1976 through Jan 31, 1982. Cortical allografts were used to reconstruct fractures of the femur, humerus, tibia, radius, and ulna. These grafts were used to replace comminuted fragments; to lengthen bones; to correct malunions, delayed unions, and nonunions; and in one case, to replace bone lost to sequestrum formation in an infected fracture site. All fractures were stabilized by use of standard ASIF techniques and dynamic compression plates. Frozen bone allografts were used in all cases. These were harvested aseptically and stored in a household freezer for 3 days to one year before use. Clinically normal function was achieved in 96% of the dogs.
Adjustment of total serum calcium concentration for binding to albumin and protein in cats: 291 cases (1986-1987)
Authors: Flanders James A. , Scarlett Janet M. , Blue Julia T. , Neth Steven
Published: February 2025

The relationships between total serum calcium and serum albumin and total serum calcium and serum protein concentrations were examined in 291 cats. There was a significant (P < 0.001) linear relationship between serum calcium and serum albumin concentrations. Because of extreme variability among the calcium and albumin concentrations (R2 = 0.18), however, a dependable formula to adjust total serum calcium values for albumin or protein binding in the cat could not be constructed. An adjustment formula could not be based on the relationship between calcium and total protein concentrations because of the lack of a significant relationship (P = 0.21). The association between serum calcium and serum albumin or serum calcium and total protein concentrations is weaker in cats than in dogs or man.
Drug residues in food animals
Authors: Van Dresser W. R. , Wilcke J. R.
Published: February 2025

A total of 292 field investigative reports of drug residues in food animals for 1983 to 1988 were analyzed. The investigations had been conducted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Virginia State Veterinarian's Office, in cooperation with the Center for Veterinary Medicine of the FDA, to trace residues reported by the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service to the source of the animal and the administration of the drug.

The analysis disclosed the following. (1) Antibiotic residues were most often associated with streptomycin, penicillin, oxytetracycline, and neomycin. Sulfamethazine was, by far, the most frequently cited sulfonamide. (2) Residues are being found predominantly in cows, veal calves, and market hogs (barrows and gilts). (3) The cause of drug residue most frequently cited by the field investigators was failure to observe the withholding time for the drug. Almost half of these investigations revealed that the individual responsible for the sale of the animal did not know the proper withholding time for the drug. Failure to maintain adequate records was also a contributing factor. (4) The producer was considered to be the responsible party in over 80% of the cases for which responsibility was determined. (5) Residues associated with injectable drugs were investigated most frequently. Long-acting and sustained-release products were most often associated with penicillin and oxytetracycline residues. (6) The 2 most common sources of purchase for the drugs involved in the investigations were the feed/farm supply store and the veterinarian. (7) Unapproved drug use was not a major cause of residues.
Treatment of canker in horses
Authors: Wilson David G. , Calderwood Mays Maron B. , Colahan Patrick T.
Published: February 2025

Seven horses with canker had radical surgical debridement and various irritant substances applied to the wounds. Four of the horses were clinically normal in (mean) 3.6 months, 1 mare was lame, and 2 horses were euthanatized because of complications of their treatments. Seven horses that had minor surgical debridement and antimicrobial agents used systemically and topically were clinically normal in (mean) 1.4 months. Seemingly, canker in horses should be managed using minor surgical debridement and appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
Bacterial culture of blood from critically ill dogs and cats: 100 cases (1985-1987)
Authors: Dow Steven W. , Curtis Charles R. , Jones Robert L. , Wingfield Wayne E.
Published: February 2025

Of 100 critically ill dogs and cats, 49 (39 dogs, 10 cats) had bacteremia. Gram-negative bacilli were the most common isolates from the bloodstream of dogs with bacteremia (46%), and gram-positive cocci and anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 36% and 31% of positive cultures, respectively; 15% of positive cultures were polymicrobial. In cats, gram-negative bacilli (especially Salmonella enteritidis) and anaerobic bacteria were the most common isolates, and 30% of positive cultures were polymicrobial. Gram-positive cocci were not isolated from the bloodstream of cats.

Odds ratios, adjusted for the combined effects of disease status (severe vs nonsevere), results of bacterial culture of blood result (positive vs negative), and species (dog vs cat) were calculated for mortality in animals in the study. In animals with bacteremia, severe disease increased the risk of death 11.6-fold, compared with the risk in animals with nonsevere disease. Bacteremia increased mortality 10-fold in animals with severe disease, compared with mortality in animals with severe disease without bacteremia. Animals with severe disease and bacteremia were 15.6 times more likely to die than were those with nonsevere disease and negative culture results. In animals with nonsevere disease, culture results (positive vs negative) were not related significantly to mortality. Disease status (severe vs nonsevere) in animals without bacteremia also was not significantly related to mortality. There was no significant difference in overall mortality in dogs, compared with that in cats.

Mortality rates were not significantly different among animals with bacteremia caused by gram-negative bacilli, gram-positive cocci, anaerobic bacteria, or multiple organisms. Overall, animals with bacteremia were significantly more likely to be febrile (or hypothermic), to have an abnormal leukogram, and to be in shock than were animals without bacteremia.
Colostral and serum IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations in Standardbred mares and their foals at parturition
Authors: Kohn Catherine W. , Knight Debra , Hueston William , Jacobs R. , Reed Stephen M.
Published: February 2025

Immunoglobulin G, IgM, and IgA concentrations were measured in serum collected from 36 Standardbred mares within 12 hours of foaling, in colostrum collected within 6 hours of foaling, and in serum collected from foals 24 to 48 hours after birth. In serum collected from mares after parturition, mean concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgA were 2,463.9 ± 1,337.3 mg/dl, 136.4 ± 218 mg/dl, and 305.2 ± 237.5 mg/dl, respectively. In serum from foals, mean concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgA were 1,953.3 ± 1,635 mg/dl, 33.8 ± 30.4 mg/dl, and 58.4 ± 42.2 mg/dl, respectively. In colostrum, mean concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgA were 8,911.9 ± 6,282.2 mg/dl, 957 ± 1088.1 mg/dl, and 122.9 ± 77.3 mg/dl, respectively. The IgG concentrations in foal serum were poorly correlated with IgG concentrations in colostrum (r = 0.462, P < 0.01). Correlations of IgM or IgA concentrations in serum from foals with IgM or IgA concentrations in colostrum and correlations of IgG concentrations in serum from mares with those in colostrum were not significant (P < 0.01). Of 36 foals, 1 (2.8%) had a serum IgG concentration < 400 mg/dl. Of 36 foals monitored for 4 months, 6 developed infectious respiratory tract disease requiring antimicrobial therapy at ages varying from 55 to 113 days; these infections were probably not related to failure or partial failure of passive transfer of antibody.
Clinical use of the neuromuscular blocking agents atracurium and pancuronium for equine anesthesia
Authors: Hildebrand S. V. , Holland M. , Copland V. S. , Daunt D. , Brock N.
Published: February 2025

Neuromuscular blocking agents (muscle relaxants) are useful and common adjuncts to general anesthesia for human beings, but have not been used extensively during anesthesia of large animal species. Over a 3-year period, atracurium or pancuronium were used as adjuncts to general anesthesia for 89 anesthetic procedures in 88 equids (of 18 breeds and age ranging in age from 5 weeks to 25 years) at the teaching hospital.

Forty-one of the anesthetic procedures were for abdominal surgery, and orthopedic (n = 19), ophthalmologic (n = 17), thoracotomy (n = 1), and soft tissue (n = 14) procedures composed the rest. Most equids were given atracurium because it was less expensive than pancuronium. Initial dosage of either relaxant ranged from 0.12 to 0.2 mg/kg of body weight iv, and repeat doses ranged from 10 to 30 mg. Relaxants were used for as long as 205 minutes. Muscles of the face or hind limb digital extensor muscles were used to monitor relaxation. Muscles of the hind limb were more sensitive to the effects of relaxants than were muscles of the face.

At the end of a surgical procedure, just prior to being taken to the recovery stall, a relaxant antagonist, edrophonium (0.5 to 1 mg/kg), was administered iv to each equid. Edrophonium caused blood pressure to increase in most of the equids. Heart rate change was variable, with approximately half the equids having no change or increased heart rate and the remainder having decreased heart rate. Recovery to standing after anesthesia was rated excellent or good for 72 equids, fair for 11, and poor for 2. In one equid, difficult recovery was attributed to inadequate reversal of relaxant. Relaxants were considered particularly useful for ensuring a motionless eye during ophthalmologic surgery, improving surgical exposure for abdominal surgery such as ovariectomy, facilitating fracture reduction, and solving problems of persistent intraoperative movement coincident with hypotension.
Use of radionuclide imaging to identify malignant mammary tumor bone metastases in dogs
Authors: Ogilvie Gregory K. , Allhands Roger V. , Reynolds H. A.
Published: February 2025

Radionuclide imaging techniques were used to indicate the location and incidence of bone metastases in 30 dogs with malignant mammary tumors. The method was successful in distinguishing mammary tumor metastases in the sternum of one dog.
Pulmonary thromboembolism associated with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs: Ten cases (1982-1987)
Authors: Klein Mary Kay , Dow Steven W. , Rosychuk Rodney A. W.
Published: February 2025

Pulmonary thromboembolism was confirmed at necropsy in 10 (32.2%) of 31 dogs treated for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Radiographic findings associated with thromboembolism included pronounced interstitial lung pattern and small amounts of pleural effusion. Variables associated with significantly higher incidence of pulmonary thromboembolism included hyperbilirubinemia (P = 0.023), negative Coombs test result (P = 0.032), and presence of an indwelling catheter (P = 0.04). There was a tendency (P = 0.06) for association of higher number of whole blood transfusions with pulmonary thromboembolism.
Combined Kirschner-Ehmer device and dorsal spinal plate fixation technique for caudal lumbar vertebral fractures in dogs
Authors: Shores Andy , Nichols Chad , Rochat M. , Fox S. M. , Burt G. J. , Fox W. R.
Published: February 2025

A new surgical technique was developed for the fixation of caudal lumbar vertebral fractures in dogs. The technique provides optimal stabilization, can be used in combination with dorsal decompression, and does not require an intact spinous process on the fractured vertebra or attachment of the fixation devices to the fractured vertebra. The fixation consists of a Kirschner-Ehmer device and dorsal spinal plates. After fracture healing, only mild sedation of the dog is needed to allow removal of the external hardware used in the fixation. The technique, its indications, and its use in 5 cases are described.