bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solidification Microstructure Evolution Modeling in Nb-Si Based Intermetallics-Strengthened-Metal-Matrix Composites
Authors: Kar Sujoy , Bewlay Bernard , Yang Ying
Published: March 2009

For higher fuel efficiency and greater thrust to weight ratios, there is a continuous drive for higher performance turbine engine components. Nb-silicide intermetallics, owing to their high melting point and high-temperature strength, are potential candidates for high temperature applications. These intermetallics when precipitated in the metal matrix of a (Nb) solid solution, result in intermetallic-strengthened metal matrix composites that have a good combination of room temperature toughness and high temperature strength. The microstructures of these in-situ composites can be complex and vary significantly with the addition of elements such as Ti and Hf. Hence an improved understanding of phase stability and the microstructural evolution of these alloys is essential for alloy optimization. In the present paper we describe binary alloy microstructural evolution modeling of dendritic and eutectic solidification obtained using phasefield simulations. The effect of parameters such as heat extraction rate, the ratio of the diffusivity of the solute in liquid to solid, and the liquid-solid interfacial energy, on microstructural evolution during solidification is discussed in detail.
A Grower Survey of Herbicide Use Patterns in Glyphosate-Resistant Cropping Systems
Authors: Givens Wade A. , Shaw David R. , Johnson William G. , Weller Stephen C. , Young Bryan G. , Wilson Robert G. , Owen Micheal D. K. , Jordan David
Published: March 2009

A telephone survey was conducted with growers in Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Nebraska, Mississippi, and North Carolina to discern the utilization of the glyphosate-resistant (GR) trait in crop rotations, weed pressure, tillage practices, herbicide use, and perception of GR weeds. This paper focuses on survey results regarding herbicide decisions made during the 2005 cropping season. Less than 20% of the respondents made fall herbicide applications. The most frequently used herbicides for fall applications were 2,4-D and glyphosate, and these herbicides were also the most frequently used for preplant burndown weed control in the spring. Atrazine and acetochlor were frequently used in rotations containing GR corn. As expected, crop rotations using a GR crop had a high percentage of respondents that made one to three POST applications of glyphosate per year. GR corn, GR cotton, and non-GR crops had the highest percentage of growers applying non-glyphosate herbicides during the 2005 growing season. A crop rotation containing GR soybean had the greatest negative impact on non-glyphosate use. Overall, glyphosate use has continued to increase, with concomitant decreases in utilization of other herbicides.
Using a Grower Survey to Assess the Benefits and Challenges of Glyphosate-Resistant Cropping Systems for Weed Management in U.S. Corn, Cotton, and Soybean
Authors: Shaw David R. , Givens Wade A. , Farno Luke A. , Gerard Patrick D. , Jordan David , Johnson William G. , Weller Stephen C. , Young Bryan G. , Wilson Robert G. , Owen Michael D. K.
Published: March 2009

Over 175 growers in each of six states (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Mississippi, Nebraska, and North Carolina) were surveyed by telephone to assess their perceptions of the benefits of utilizing the glyphosate-resistant (GR) crop trait in corn, cotton, and soybean. The survey was also used to determine the weed management challenges growers were facing after using this trait for a minimum of 4 yr. This survey allowed the development of baseline information on how weed management and crop production practices have changed since the introduction of the trait. It provided useful information on common weed management issues that should be addressed through applied research and extension efforts. The survey also allowed an assessment of the perceived levels of concern among growers about glyphosate resistance in weeds and whether they believed they had experienced glyphosate resistance on their farms. Across the six states surveyed, producers reported 38, 97, and 96% of their corn, cotton, and soybean hectarage planted in a GR cultivar. The most widely adopted GR cropping system was a GR soybean/non-GR crop rotation system; second most common was a GR soybean/GR corn crop rotation system. The non-GR crop component varied widely, with the most common crops being non-GR corn or rice. A large range in farm size for the respondents was observed, with North Carolina having the smallest farms in all three crops. A large majority of corn and soybean growers reported using some type of crop rotation system, whereas very few cotton growers rotated out of cotton. Overall, rotations were much more common in Midwestern states than in Southern states. This is important information as weed scientists assist growers in developing and using best management practices to minimize the development of glyphosate resistance.
Effect of Tillage on Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) Emergence and Vertical Distribution of Seed in the Soil
Authors: Refsell D. E. , Hartzler R. G.
Published: March 2009

Field studies were conducted in 2001 and 2002 to determine the effect of tillage on the emergence of common waterhemp from the soil seedbank. Emergence of common waterhemp was three times greater in no-till than chisel-till cultivation. Tillage did not affect the initial time of emergence; however, the time to 50% emergence was longer in no-till than chisel till. Duration of emergence did not differ among tillage systems. Common waterhemp seed was concentrated near the soil surface in no-till plots, whereas seed in the chisel-till plots were primarily found between 9 and 15 cm. The delayed and increased emergence in no-till cultivation may contribute to the greater problems in managing common waterhemp in no-till plots compared with plots where tillage is used.
Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) Response to Soil- and Foliar-Applied Mesotrione
Authors: McCurdy James D. , McElroy J. Scott , Breeden Greg K.
Published: March 2009

Mesotrione, a carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor, is being evaluated for use in turfgrass systems. It was hypothesized that root absorption of soil-applied mesotrione is necessary for effective weed control. Greenhouse studies were conducted to compare the effects of foliar-, soil-, and soil-plus-foliar–applied mesotrione at 0.14 and 0.28 kg ai/ha on yellow nutsedge and large crabgrass. In general, greatest control of yellow nutsedge and large crabgrass was by treatments that included soil application. In addition, mesotrione applied at 0.28 kg/ha generally controlled both yellow nutsedge and large crabgrass more effectively than mesotrione applied at 0.14 kg/ha. Soil- and soil-plus-foliar–applied mesotrione at 0.28 kg/ha controlled yellow nutsedge more than foliar-applied mesotrione 56 d after treatment. Soil-plus-foliar–applied mesotrione at 0.28 kg/ha controlled large crabgrass more than any other treatment 28 d after treatment. Soil- and soil-plus-foliar–applied mesotrione at both rates reduced large crabgrass foliar dry weight more effectively than did foliar-applied mesotrione. Results indicate that root absorption of mesotrione from soil is beneficial for the effective control of both yellow nutsedge and large crabgrass. For this reason, methods such as granular or high-volume applications, which enhance delivery of mesotrione to soil, would be potentially beneficial for turfgrass weed control.
Imidazolinone-Resistant Sunflower Tolerance to Imazapic
Authors: Prostko Eric P. , Grey Timothy L. , Davis Jerry W.
Published: March 2009

Field trials were conducted in Georgia in 2007 to 2008 to evaluate the tolerance of three imidazolinone-resistant sunflower cultivars to POST applications of imazapic. There was no interaction between sunflower cultivar and herbicide treatment. When averaged over sunflower cultivars, imazapic, at 70 and 140 g ai/ha and applied at 30 d after planting, had no effect on sunflower above-ground biomass, plant height, seed-heads per meter row, and seed-head weights. Sunflower response to imazapic was similar to that of imazamox. Imazapic could be used in imidazolinone-resistant sunflower production systems without risk of unacceptable crop injury.
Immunotherapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Current Approaches
Authors: Smits Evelien L.J.M. , Berneman Zwi N. , Van Tendeloo Viggo F.I.
Published: March 2009

Learning Objectives

Analyze the reasons for active investigation of immunotherapy of AML. Compare active and passive immunotherapy approaches of AML. Summarize strategies for immunotherapy of AML and evaluate their potential for further investigation and/or clinical implementation.

This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Hydro-mechanical modelling of landslides with a material instability criterion
Authors: LIGNON S. , LAOUAFA F. , PRUNIER F. , KHOA H.D.V. , DARVE F.
Published: March 2009

The Petacciato landslide that occurred between 1906 and 1966 along a stretch of the Adriatic coast (Italy) and the Trevoux landslide that appeared in 1983 in France are analysed using Hill's material sufficient stability condition, which is based on the sign of the second-order work. Local and global sufficient stability criteria allow detecting and describing the instability phenomena, respectively, at the material point level and for the whole domain. By considering the non-associated Plasol elasto-plastic constitutive model and the second-order work criterion, it is shown that unstable stress–strain states can be reached in plane strain conditions, strictly inside the plastic limit criterion. The two landslides that occurred in Petacciato and Trevoux are then analysed by modelling unsaturated hydro-mechanical coupling. The analysis is carried out using the Lagamine finite element code. This original approach to slope stability analysis makes it possible successfully to exhibit the landslide mechanism observed on these slopes after a long rainy period: this could not be described with the classical methods.
A review of the Scottish rain-gauge network
Authors: McGregor P. , MacDougall K.
Published: March 2009

A review of the rain-gauge network in Scotland was undertaken on behalf of the UK Met Office and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) to evaluate the existing network against current user requirements for rainfall data, investigate the interaction between the rain-gauge and radar networks and to inform recommendations for improvements to the network and associated rainfall data. The review identified a diverse user requirement from core Met Office requirements for numerical weather prediction, rainfall radar adjustment and climatology, to a wide range of water-related applications including flood estimation, forecasting and warning, water quality, water resources, emergency planning, landslip prediction and a variety of amenity applications. Key findings of the review were a need for expansion of the gauge network in urban, remote and high-altitude areas and for radar adjustment/verification purposes. In addition to improved radar rainfall forecasts, such targeted network expansion would improve rainfall data availability and utility for the wider user community. Significant potential benefits to both the Met Office and SEPA were identified through the real-time sharing of data between organisations, with improved radar rainfall forecasts benefiting a range of applications, in particular flood warning.
New Lab Tests and Models Improve Planning for Complex Cementing Jobs Offshore New Zealand
Authors: Parr I. , Sweatman R. , Lee S. , Farnworth S.
Published: March 2009

Recent investigative work for cementing highly deviated liners offshore New Zealand (NZ) employed several types of laboratory tests and numerical models—with many developed specifically for this project—to determine the best way to prepare the hole and then complete the cement job. Well-established test methods were used along with tests designed specifically to understand certain formation, mud, and cement interactions. The newly developed laboratory testing methods include: mud film testing using mud, spacer, and cement; ultra-low shear rheology (ULSR) testing under downhole conditions to determine mud and cement static gel strength development, as well as erodibility and removal of the mud by spacer and cement; Dynamic High Angle Sag Testing (DHAST) for both mud and spacer; and dewatering and filter cake build-up testing of mud, spacer, and cement, using a Fann 90 test apparatus. Both standard and newly-developed numerical models aided lab test data analysis in making decisions on materials and equipment and ensuring successful cement placement. One new model used DHAST data to check for effects on cement placement by calculating settled solids volumes dynamically deposited ahead of the cement slurry. A second model analyzed ULSR data to predict mud displacement results with different fluid properties designed for the mud, spacer, and cement. A third new model predicted displacement pressure effects by mud and cement interfacial mixing associated with certain cementing conditions and job procedures. The model also qualified the risk of multi-fluid vs. single fluid annular flow which determined procedures to minimize bypassed mud and cement slurry channeling.

The results of these efforts greatly aided the understanding of the cement, mud, and spacer interactions with the formation. This paper aims to highlight the developed testing and modeling methods, provide information on the results of the methods, and demonstrate how the methods enabled the successful cementation of several highly deviated offshore liners in NZ.
Ultra-Extended-Reach Drilling (u-ERD: Tunnel in the Earth)—A New Well-Path Design
Authors: Samuel G. Robello
Published: March 2009

Drilling ultra-extended-reach wells and extending their reach to greater depths requires both improved models and comprehensive analysis. Wellbore friction is an important factor in drilling ultra-long wells and optimizing the well-path design is an effective means for reducing torque and drag. This paper describes a new well-path design that will allow extending the reach of a well to a greater depth. Usually, well trajectories are designed with constant curvature with well-defined arcs connecting the transition between the tangent sections. Even though the transition between the tangent and build sections or tangent and drop sections appears to be smooth there will be some discontinuity that will place a lot of stress on the tubulars, increase torque and drag, and result in poor hole cleaning and other problems. To avoid curvature and torsion discontinuities between sections, curvature-bridge curves, or transition curves called clothoid spirals can be used.

This paper presents a new mathematical formulation for well-path designs using curvature bridges. Results show that the essential elements in planning a proposed well path are determining the shape and position of the bridged section, the characteristic parameter describing its shape, and its position in the well profile. To provide a quantitative means for measuring the complexity of well-path designs, a coupled analytical criterion based on the minimum energy of the curve is proposed. The proposed approach is a superior method and a more effective tool for describing and comparing the minimum energies used in well-path designs. This paper compares simulated well-path designs created with the new method with actual conventional well-path designs and describes the accuracy and applicability of the new well-path model. The results of this study demonstrate that well-path designs using curvature bridges are superior to the existing well-path designs used for drilling ERD and u-ERD wells.
New Standard for Evaluating Casing Connections for Thermal Well Applications
Authors: Nowinka Jaroslaw , Dall'Acqua Dan
Published: March 2009

Casing connections in thermal wells, such as SAGD and CSS wells, experience extreme loads due to exposure to high temperatures up to 200°C–350°C, stresses exceeding the elastic limit, and cyclic plastic deformation. To-date, no standard procedure has been adopted by the industry to qualify casing connections for such conditions. In particular, the existing evaluation standard ISO13679/API5C5 excludes temperatures above 180°C and tubular loads beyond pipe body yield. Proprietary procedures have been used to qualify connections for individual thermal operations, but none of those has been accepted as an industry standard.

This paper introduces a new protocol for evaluating casing connections for thermal well applications: Thermal Well Casing Connection Evaluation Protocol (TWCCEP), founded on long-standing work in the thermal-well arena. TWCCEP has been developed through a multi-client project, sponsored by operators and connection manufacturers involved in thermal-well operations in Canada: EnCana, Husky Energy, Evraz (formerly Ipsco), Nexen, Pengrowth, Petro-Canada, Shell, TenarisHydril, and Total. Recently, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee 67 Sub Committee 5 registered a new work item to consider adopting TWCCEP as an international standard.

This paper refers to the TWCCEP version available at the time of submitting the paper manuscript. TWCCEP employs both analytical and experimental procedures to assess performance of a candidate connection under conditions typical of service in thermally-stimulated wells. The objective of the analytical component is to assess sensitivities of the candidate connection to selected design variables, and identify worst-case combinations of those variables for subsequent configuration of specimens for physical testing. The purpose of the physical testing is to verify performance of the connection specimens under assembly-and-loading conditions simulating the thermal-well service.

In addition to the protocol overview, this paper illustrates how engineering analysis, numerical simulation, and reduced-scale physical testing were used in the protocol development to examine impacts of various design and loading variables on connection strength and sealability, and how those results were utilized to formulate the analysis-and-test matrix prescribed in the TWCCEP evaluation procedure.

Adoption and consistent use of TWCCEP is expected to increase operational reliability and decrease failure potential of casing strings in thermal wells. Learnings from the protocol development will also help define requirements for connection re-qualification in cases when one or more of the design variables change (i.e. in product line qualification).
Real-Time Optimization of the Drilling Process—Challenges in Industrialization
Authors: Cayeux E. , Dvergsnes E. W. , Iversen F.
Published: March 2009

Recently, a successful Offshore Field test in the North Sea of a new drilling control system for real-time optimization and automation control was performed. This system has been developed in an ongoing research project, which will now enter an industrialization phase with focus on improved user friendliness, sensor quality/reliability, work process and training.

The system, which is based on application of advanced real-time process models for calculation of both hydraulic and mechanical forces, requires an extensive set of input data. Results from the calculation modules are applied directly in the drilling control system, affecting parameters such as pipe acceleration, velocity and deceleration, and the pump startup profile. Subsequently, it is of major importance that the data entered as input are correct and of high quality. Both system setup data and measurements from real-time sensors have to be validated before they can be applied.

Here we give an overview of lessons learned from the field test, and discuss how the most important challenges revealed during the test can be solved. We also discuss how such a system may benefit from emerging new technology in moving towards a higher degree of automation.

Automation of the drilling process has for a long time been a widely discussed topic. Despite the enormous focus, the limited number of successful solutions available to the industry today is a strong indication that applying automation to the drilling process is a very complicated and compound challenge. The authors believe that resolving the generic challenges experienced in industrialization of the described system constitutes an important step towards extended automation of the drilling process.

Extensions of the system are already on the drawing-board in an extension of the original research project which led to the development of this technology. Although there are still challenges to be resolved for the existing system, we are confident that these are manageable and that automation has a bright future within drilling.
Case History: Automated Drilling Performance Measurement of Crews and Drilling Equipment
Authors: Andersen Ketil , Sjøwall Per Arild , Maidla Eric , King Buddy , Thonhauser Gerhard , Zöllner Philipp
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the development and implementation of a unique new capability to automatically measure the performance of drilling crews, drilling equipment and downtime. The methodology and supporting technology make it possible to carry out a detailed comparison of the performance of equipment and crews across a large number of installations. The system was tested on 8 drilling units (fixed and mobile) in the North Sea.

When the data is analysed and plotted as a histogram (frequency against time taken for each task) the information provided gives: The management a process to select the best supplier based on the performance of its equipment when compared to the technical limit of that equipment.The crews the most consistent and efficient way of working (best practice).The management an automated measuring tool to set and follow up the targets for crew performance.A tool that makes ‘hidden down time’ visible, so appropriate actions can be taken to improve performance.A process to see if operations can be eliminated or considerably reduced in time (reaming, circulating, etc).

When it comes to crew handling of the equipment the results show a performance improvement of 30%. There are potential time savings of between 40 to 60% in some individual drilling tasks such as slip to slip connection times and weight to weight connection times. This is achieved by performing each operation in a more efficient and consistent way. Optimizing a number of identified KPIs for drilling, including tripping and casing running times, shows a potential saving of between 8 to 15% of the total well construction time. Automated Drilling Performance Measurement (ADPM) has been proven in over 30 wells on 8 rigs in the North Sea.

This paper also describes the implementation strategy and approach including the elements of the change management and training that are required to implement this new drilling performance process.
Extension of an Existing Model for Soil Water Evaporation and Redistribution under High Water Content Conditions
Authors: Ritchie Joe T. , Porter Cheryl H. , Judge Jasmeet , Jones James W. , Suleiman Ayman A.
Published: March 2009

Most crop, hydrology, and water quality models require the simulation of evaporation from the soil surface. A model developed by J.T. Ritchie in 1972 provides useful algorithms for estimating soil evaporation, but it does not calculate the soil water redistribution resulting from evaporation. A physically‐based model using diffusion theory, described previously by Suleiman and Ritchie in 2003, provides efficient algorithms for soil water redistribution and soil evaporation. However, the model is appropriate only for second stage drying when the soil in the entire profile being simulated is below the drained upper limit (θDUL) and no more drainage occurs due to gravity. This paper extends the Suleiman–Ritchie model for soil water contents higher than θDUL where soil evaporation rates are usually higher than second stage drying. New algorithms were developed for these wetter conditions that are functions of soil depth and the wetness of the near‐surface soil. New model parameters were calibrated with data measured in laboratory soil column studies. The resulting model was integrated into DSSAT‐CSM (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer Cropping Systems Model). Simulated soil evaporation rates and soil water contents obtained using the Suleiman–Ritchie model with the developed extensions and the previous DSSAT soil evaporation model were compared and evaluated with field measurements of soil water content during several drying cycles for parts of 3 yr in North Central Florida. Computed soil water contents from the model agreed well with the measured soil water contents near the surface, and provided more accurate estimations than the original DSSAT soil evaporation model, especially for the 5‐cm surface layer.
Analytical Method for Estimating Soil Hydraulic Parameters from Horizontal Absorption
Authors: Ma DongHao , Wang QuanJiu , Shao MingAn
Published: March 2009

Soil hydraulic properties are required to quantitatively simulate water and chemical transport processes in the vadose zone and groundwater with various numerical models. Most methods for determination of soil hydraulic properties are time consuming and expensive, which limits the application of the methods. The objective of this study was to develop an analytical method based on an assumption of exponential flux distribution to determine soil hydraulic parameters. Using this method, parameters of the Brooks–Corey model and exponential water diffusivity can be easily estimated from cumulative infiltration and wetting length vs. time in horizontal absorption experiments. The analytical method was tested and improved using 19 numerical soils in a wide range of textures. The results indicated that all the Brooks–Corey model parameters estimated by the improved method were very close to the simulated values. In addition, the water content, soil tension, and water flux distributions of three typical soils (clay, loam, and sand soils) estimated by the approximate solution of the improved method agreed well with those calculated by the HYDRUS‐1D software as well as cumulative infiltration data. Therefore, although a large number of experiments are still required to test the method, it provides a simple approach to determine the hydraulic parameters of soils in a wide range of textures, providing a very good approximate solution to the problem of horizontal absorption.
Soil Water Thermal Liquid Diffusivity
Authors: Prunty Lyle
Published: March 2009

The background of the thermal liquid diffusivity (TLD) concept was reviewed. Application of TLD to matric‐head‐based equations for water flow when a thermal gradient is present have been contradictory to the original development by Philip and de Vries (PdV). Beginning from Darcy's law for liquid water transport and Fick's law for water vapor transport was the foundational and well‐known approach of PdV. The end result for an equation system based on water content and temperature gradients as driving forces includes a TLD coefficient. In a system based on gradients of water potential and temperature, no TLD follows, but one has appeared in several derivative works that have claimed PdV as their starting point. Typical calculated liquid water transport values attributable to TLD as a fraction of pure Darcy law transport may be about 5%. For isohydraulic conditions (zero hydraulic potential gradient) the relative difference is, however, unbounded.
Comment on Brad Delong: Can We Generate Controlled Reflation in a Liquidity Trap?
Authors: Sumner Scott
Published: March 2009

Brad Delong overlooks several highly effective ways of exiting liquidity traps without overshooting toward excess inflation, according to Scott Sumner of Bentley University.
A Just Retirement Pension System: Beyond Neoliberalism
Authors: Hyde Mark , Dixon John
Published: March 2009

This article takes issue with the neoliberal conception of justice that has informed much of retirement pension policy in recent decades. Drawing upon an appraisal of a spectrum of liberal philosophical perspectives, it develops an evaluative framework that specifies the appropriate normative foundations of the design of retirement pension systems. We contend that justice is comprised of three core principles: need, which legitimates the social minimum that is necessary to sustain an adequate standard of living for the least advantaged; desert, which provides a justification for allocating income in accordance with differentials in work participation prior to retirement; and equality, which provides a normative rationale for universal citizenship entitlements. Their corresponding design features may be used to assess the degree to which the design of retirement pension systems is consistent with the requirements of distributive justice.
Public Policy, Income Distribution, and Class Warfare
Authors: Stephens G. Ross
Published: March 2009

As the result of accumulated public policy, the distribution of personal income in the United States has been drastically altered over the last twenty‐five to thirty years. Over the same period, there have been massive increases in both private and public debt. These changes are important factors behind an unprecedented redistribution of income. While the causes are multiple, one major driving force behind the altered distribution of income is change in the revenue structure of our three levels of government: a) in terms of who pays the taxes and other revenue sources (and who does not), and b) change in emphasis, rates, and revenue sources collected. This presentation and analysis focuses on a) personal income, b) revenue collection across the range personal of income, and c) the incidence of revenue as it relates to business versus personal income and wealth by federal and sub‐national (state and local) governments. Over time, the revenue structure of the federal system has been downloaded on the personal income of middle‐ and low‐income residents. The class war is over. It has already been won ‐ by the very wealthy, the corporate elites, and the multinationals.
The St. Louis 10‐Year Plan to End Chronic Homelessness: Analyzing the Policy from a Social Capital Perspective
Authors: Maram Allan
Published: March 2009

The St. Louis 10‐year plan to end homelessness was unveiled in 2005. According to Mayor Francis G. Slay, the plan was a new strategy based on best practices. This analysis is not a detailed case study of the St. Louis plan, but rather an examination of the extent to which social capital is one of the plan's key focus areas, and whether it can help address some of the challenges that the plan documents. The study concludes that the principles of social capital can be of importance to other cities seeking to alleviate homelessness.
Poverty in the Twenty‐First Century: Explaining the Need for the New Journal and Describing Its Goals
Authors: Skidmore Max J.
Published: March 2009

Max J. Skidmore, Editor‐in‐Chief of Poverty & Public Policy, explains the need for this new journal and contextualizes its goals. He emphasizes the journal's commitment to making a difference, offering a place for views that may be unorthodox or foreign to mainstream policy studies. He introduces the authors of the inaugural issue, and renews the call for manuscripts of quality for subsequent issues which may include empirical research, case studies, theoretical works, observations by practitioners and public officials, and even soundly‐based thought pieces.
Influence of rotatory inertia on stochastic stability of a viscoelastic rotating shaft
Authors: Pavlovic Ratko , Kozic P. , Janevski G.
Published: March 2009

The stochastic stability problem of a viscoelastic Voigt-Kelvin balanced rotating shaft subjected to action of axial forces at the ends is studied. The shaft is of circular cross-section, it rotates at a constant rate about its longitudinal axis of symmetry. The effect of rotatory inertia of the shaft cross-section and external viscous damping are included into account. The force consists of a constant part and a time-dependent stochastic function. Closed form analytical solutions are obtained for simply supported boundary conditions. By using the direct Liapunov method almost sure asymptotic stability conditions are obtained as the function of stochastic process variance, external damping coefficient, retardation time, angular velocity, and geometric and physical parameters of the shaft. Numerical calculations are performed for the Gaussian process with a zero mean and variance ?2 as well as for harmonic process with amplitude H.
Death and the Maidens: Vancouver's Missing Women, the Montreal Massacre, and Commemoration's Blind Spots
Authors: McNeill Laurie
Published: March 2009

In this study, I focus on memorial responses to two crimes, the Montreal Massacre and Vancouver's so-called “Missing Women” serial killings, both large-scale, very public acts of violence targeted specifically at women. Comparing the memorializing of these mass murders, I analyse the complexities and the possibilities of contemporary memorial rhetoric and the issues of accessibility and legibility it raises; the gap between official and marginalized mourners (and victims) evident in these case studies stands as both a means of maintaining the status quo and an opportunity for resistance to these norms. Looking at particular commemorative acts, I explore how traumatic deaths—and the lives behind them—are remembered by the survivors, their communities, and the nation at large. Because memorials in their sundry forms bring together individual and public grief, personal and collective memory, and, in so doing, determine whose lives count to the community, they provide rich subject matter for analysing how death and life together contribute to auto/biographical identities and narratives.
Toxicity of some Indigenous Plant Extracts against Tribolium confusum Duval
Authors: Mahfuz I , Khanam LAM
Published: March 2009

The efficacy of seven different plant extracts viz. Acorus calamus rhizome, leaves of Datura fastuosa, Datura stramonium and seeds of D. stramonium, Corchorus capsularis, Aphanamixis polystachea and Jatropha curcas on Tribolium confusum adult was studied. Dose mortality experiments were conducted with three solvent (petroleum ether, acetone and methanol) extracts separately but J. curcas seed was tested with petroleum ether extract only. Among three solvents, petroleum ether extract exhibited piquant toxic effect against the beetle at all the intervals although D. fastuosa leaf produces no mortality at 24 hours of treatment. Acetone extract of A. calamus rhizome, D. fastuosa leaf, D. stramonium seed and C. capsularis seed produced mortality at all the intervals but D. stramonium leaf and A. polystachea seed did not show any toxic effect. Methanol extract of C. capsularis seed showed toxicity at all the duration. Key words: Toxic effect, plant extracts, Tribolium confusum. Â  doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2153 J. bio-sci. 15: 133-138, 2007
Incidence of Nematode Infections among the Children brought to ICDDR, B Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Muznebin Farhana , Khanum Hamida , Hossain Anoware
Published: March 2009

Helminthic infection due to nematodes is a major public health problem in the developing and underdeveloped countries including Bangladesh. This is due to poor hygienic habits and living condition of the majority of the population. The common nematodes found in Bangladesh are Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale etc. Ascariasis, Trichuriasis and Ancylostomiasis appear to flourish in the communities where the socio-economic status is dominated by poverty, poor housing, insufficient sanitation and a need of health education (Crompton 1988). Â  doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2157 Â  J. bio-sci. 15: 159-164, 2007
L'engagement des professionnels comme conséquence de tensions consubstantielles à leur pratique : l'architecture moderne entre les deux guerres
Authors: Champy Florent
Published: March 2009

Résumé En 1928, des architectes de plusieurs pays d'Europe se regroupent pour créer les Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). Leurs réunions périodiques et leurs réflexions contribuent ensuite à la naissance de l'urbanisme et de l'architecture modernes qui dominent la production architecturale des années 1950 à 1970, provoquant une bifurcation de l'histoire de la discipline. La plupart de ces architectes sont engagés dans des mouvements socialistes ou révolutionnaires mais le lien entre les CIAM et un positionnement politique à gauche n'est pas pour autant automatique, plusieurs membres importants faisant exception. Aussi l'engagement dans ce mouvement ne peut-il pas être expliqué par des raisons principalement politiques. L'article montre que cet engagement trouve son principal ressort dans des tensions consubstantielles à la pratique architecturale, qui confrontent l'architecte à la nécessité d'opérer des choix d'ordre politique. De plus, l'utilisation de traités d'architecture, dont celui de Vitruve vieux de plus de vingt siècles, révèle que ces tensions sont anciennes, ce qui conduit à reconsidérer la discontinuité constatée dans l'histoire de l'architecture. La compréhension de l'engagement des architectes modernes comme prolongement direct de l'activité professionnelle permet d'éclairer d'un jour nouveau le constat, formulé par Freidson, d'une forte propension des professionnels à s'engager, et de mettre au jour un type original de professions : les professions à pratique prudentielle.
Vers une histoire transnationale des sciences sociales
Authors: Heilbron Johan , Jeanpierre Laurent , Guilhot Nicolas
Published: March 2009

Résumé Les comptes rendus historiques du développement des sciences sociales ont trop souvent considéré les institutions locales ou nationales comme le cadre d'analyse pertinent, au lieu de prendre en compte leur insertion dans divers types de relations transnationales. L'évolution des structures de mobilité et d'échanges transnationaux met à mal les distinctions nettes entre le local, le national et l'international, et représente une composante essentielle de la dynamique des sciences sociales, ainsi qu'une perspective prometteuse pour repenser leur développement historique. Dans l'esquisse programmatique qui suit, nous suggérons qu'il est possible de concevoir une histoire transnationale des sciences sociales à partir de trois mécanismes généraux qui ont structuré de façon décisive les flux transnationaux d'individus et d'idées : a) le fonctionnement des institutions scientifiques internationales, b) la mobilité transnationale des universitaires, et c) les politiques d'échanges transnationaux poursuivies par des institutions non-universitaires.
An Efficient Enantioselective Method for Asymmetric Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes
Authors: Hong Liang , Wang Lei , Chen Chao , Zhang Bangzhi , Wang Rui
Published: March 2009

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The Lewis base‐Lewis base bifunctional catalytic system has been developed and successfully applied to the asymmetric Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. The reactions are promoted by chiral diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether in the presence of triethylamine. By this protocol, optically active 3‐substituted indoles can be obtained in an organocatalytic process that is free of Lewis or protic acid in high yields with up to 98% ee. Besides, this reaction could be carried out on a gram scale without any loss in the enantioselectivity.
Comparative Reactivity of Hypervalent Iodine Oxidants in Metalloporphyrin‐Catalyzed Oxygenation of Hydrocarbons: Iodosylbenzene Sulfate and 2‐Iodylbenzoic Acid Ester as Safe and Convenient Alternatives to Iodosylbenzene
Authors: Geraskin Ivan M. , Pavlova Olga , Neu Heather M. , Yusubov Mekhman S. , Nemykin Victor N. , Zhdankin Viktor V.
Published: March 2009

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A comparative study of the reactivity of 2‐iodylbenzoic acid isopropyl ester (IBX‐ester), oligomeric iodosylbenzene sulfate [(PhIO)3⋅SO3]n, and iodosylbenzene in the oxygenation of anthracene in the presence of metal porphyrin or phthalocyanine complexes is reported. Results of this study demonstrate that oligomeric iodosylbenzene sulfate and the IBX‐ester are the most reactive oxygenating reagents that can be used as a safe and convenient alternative to the thermally unstable and potentially explosive iodosylbenzene.
Immobilisation of the Pyrphos Ligand on Soluble Hyperbranched Supports and Use in Rhodium‐Catalysed Hydrogenation in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kassube Jutta K. , Gade Lutz H.
Published: March 2009

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The immobilisation of the pyrphos ligand has been extended from highly symmetric dendrimers to less regular structured hyperbranched poly(ethylene imines). Cationic dendritic pyrphos‐rhodium(norbornadiene) [pyrphos‐Rh(NBD)] complexes have been synthesised using poly(propylene imine) (PPI) and poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers as supports bearing between 4 and 64 potential catalytically active sites at their periphery as well as pyrphos‐Rh(NBD) complexes tethered to hyperbranched poly(ethylene imines) carrying on average 9 to 139 functionalities located throughout the whole supporting structure. These immobilised systems have been used as catalysts for the hydrogenation of Z‐methyl α‐acetamidocinnamate. With the PPI, PAMAM, and hyperbranched poly(ethylene imine)‐bound pyrphos‐Rh(NBD) omplexes as catalysts, hydrogenations were carried out in methanol, and a decrease in activity and selectivity was observed with increasing size of the macromolecular support. Furthermore, the polycationic catalysts were tested in a liquid/liquid‐biphasic system consisting of the ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate {[BMIM] [BF4]} and isopropyl alcohol. Using the PPI‐, PAMAM‐, and PEI‐immobilised systems, a strong negative “dendritic effect” with increasing molecular size was observed with respect to the catalytic activity, the stereoinduction, and the recyclability. The PPI‐bound rhodium(I)‐complexes of generations one and two showed good reusability; even after triple recycling, with no loss of activity or selectivity being noted. It has been demonstrated that in this case the catalytic behaviour of hyperbranched systems is essentially similar to that of the related dendritic model system.
Dental caries in a Portuguese identified skeletal sample from the late 19th and early 20th centuries
Authors: Wasterlain Sofia N. , Hillson Simon , Cunha Eugénia
Published: March 2009

Dental caries was investigated in 600 adult dentitions belonging to the identified osteological collections of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Coimbra, Portugal (late 19th/early 20th centuries). The main advantage of this sample compared to an archaeological source is the presence of known demographic parameters such as age, sex, and occupation. The aim of this study is to investigate the issues involved in comparing caries data derived from archaeological death assemblages with statistics compiled from clinical studies of the living. When only the upper dentition was considered, higher rates were observed in females than in males. No differences were found between sexes for lower teeth. In both sexes, both the percentage of carious teeth and the severity of lesions were found to increase with age, demonstrating that caries activity continued throughout life. The slight decrease observed for the age group 70–79 years is probably due to the increased antemortem tooth loss in the elderly. Caries was most common at contact areas (32.9%) and rarest at smooth crown surfaces (6.5%). Root surface caries was graphed in relation to the exposure of roots, and it was confirmed that the degree of root exposure was not strongly related to the frequency of carious lesions on the exposed root surface, although both increased with age. Molars were attacked more frequently by caries as a whole than premolars, canines or incisors. The results are similar to studies of recent living populations with a limited access to professional dental care. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Not so fast: Speed effects on forelimb kinematics in cercopithecine monkeys and implications for digitigrade postures in primates
Authors: Patel Biren A.
Published: March 2009

Terrestrial mammals are characterized by their digitigrade limb postures, which are proposed to increase effective limb length (ELL) to achieve preferred or higher locomotor speeds more efficiently. Accordingly, digitigrade postures are associated with cursorial locomotion. Unlike most medium‐ to large‐sized terrestrial mammals, terrestrial cercopithecine monkeys lack most cursorial adaptations, but still adopt digitigrade hand postures. This study investigates when and why terrestrial cercopithecine monkeys adopt digitigrade hand postures during quadrupedal locomotion. Three cercopithecine species (Papio anubis, Macaca mulatta, Erythrocebus patas) were videotaped moving unrestrained along a horizontal runway at a range of speeds (0.4–3.4 m/s). Three‐dimensional forelimb kinematic data were recorded during forelimb support. Hand posture was measured as the angle between the metacarpal segments and the ground (MGA). As predicted, a larger MGA was correlated with a longer ELL. At slower speeds, subjects used digitigrade postures (larger MGA), however, contrary to expectations, all subjects used more palmigrade hand postures (smaller MGA) at faster speeds. Digitigrade postures at slower speeds may lower cost of transport by increasing ELL and step lengths. At higher speeds, palmigrade postures may be better suited to spread out high ground reaction forces across a larger portion of the hand thereby potentially decreasing stresses in hand bones. It is concluded that a digitigrade forelimb posture in primates is not an adaptation for high speed locomotion. Accordingly, digitigrady may have evolved for different reasons in primates compared to other mammalian lineages. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Orthorhombic Mo‐V‐Sb Oxide Species by Assembly of Pentagonal Mo6O21 Polyoxometalate Building Blocks
Authors: Sadakane Masahiro , Yamagata Keiko , Kodato Katsunori , Endo Keisuke , Toriumi Koshiro , Ozawa Yoshiki , Ozeki Tomoji , Nagai Takuro , Matsui Yoshio , Sakaguchi Norihito , Pyrz William D. , Buttrey Douglas J. , Blom Douglas A. , Vogt Thomas , Ueda Wataru
Published: March 2009

Gute Mischung: Der pentagonale Polyoxomolybdat‐Baustein [Mo6O21]n− vereinigt sich mit anderen Mo‐, V‐ und Sb‐haltigen Ionen zu einem orthorhombischen Mo‐V‐Sb‐Oxid. Die erste Einkristall‐Röntgenstrukturanalyse eines orthorhombischen Mo‐V‐Mischoxids, das als Katalysator für die selektive Oxidation leichter Alkane infrage kommt, charakterisiert die Struktur der Verbindung.

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Titelbild: Enhancement of Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence and Radical Stability by Peripheral Multidonors on Alkynylpyrene Derivatives (Angew. Chem. 14/2009)
Authors: Oh Jeong‐Wook , Lee Yeon Ok , Kim Tae Hyun , Ko Kyoung Chul , Lee Jin Yong , Kim Hasuck , Kim Jong Seung
Published: March 2009

Ein leistungsstarker Luminophor bestehend aus einem zentrierten Pyren‐Akzeptor mit peripheren Amin‐Donoren beschreiben J. S. Kim und Mitarbeiter in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 2560 ff. Die Elektrochemilumineszenz (ECL) und die Radikalstabilität des schwachen ECL‐Luminophors Pyren steigen mit der Zahl peripherer Donoreinheiten. Die ECL‐Verstärkung wird anhand photophysikalischer, elektrochemischer und theoretischer Studien erklärt.

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Lost in Transcription—Inhibition of RNA Polymerase
Authors: Haebich Dieter , von Nussbaum Franz
Published: March 2009

Form and function: The natural product myxopyronin A provides the key to understanding the inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase and should spark new ideas for the design of new antibiotics against tuberculosis and other infectious diseases.

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