bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
760 PB 184 INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID REGULATES APICAL DOMINANCE BY CONTROLLING THE STATE OF WATER AND MEMBRANE LIPID COMPOSITION IN BUDS OF MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH
Authors: Wang Shiow Y. , Faust Miklos , Line Michael J.
Published: February 2019

The effect of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on apical dominance in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) buds was examined by studying changes In proton density (free water) and membrane lipid composition in lateral buds. Decapitation induced budbreak and enhanced lateral bud growth. IAA replaced apical control of lateral bud paradormancy. Maximal inhibition was obtained when IAA was applied immediately after the apical bud was removed. Delaying this application weakens the effect of IAA. An increase in proton density in lateral buds was observable 2 days after decapitation, whereas the change in membrane lipid composition occurred 4 days later. Decapitating the terminal bud induced an increase in membrane galacto- and phospholipids. and the ratio of unsaturated to corresponding saturated fatty acids. Decapitation also induced a decrease in the ratio of free sterols to phospholipids in lateral buds. Application of IAA to the terminal end of decapitated shoots inhibited the increase of proton density and prevented changes in the membrane lipid composition of lateral buds.
768 PB 389 THE INFLUENCE OF ROOT-ZONE HEAT AND NIGHT AIR TEMPERATURES ON THE PRODUCTION OF SNAPDRAGONS (ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS L.) GROWN FOR CUT FLOWERS
Authors: Maqbool Muhammad , Newman Steven E.
Published: February 2019

Twelve snapdragon cultivars of different response groups were grown in a double polyethylene greenhouse to determine the impact of no root-zone heat (RZH) and 22C RZH at 15 or 20C night air temperature (NT) on flower quality. Data were recorded when the first floret of each stem showed color and harvested when the lower third of the florets were open, Flower quality was evaluated at harvest based upon stem length and fresh weight using Society of American Florists standards. Cultivars `Butterfly White II', `Hercules', `Navajo', and West Virginia' (Group II) were the first to bloom under 20C NT regardless of RZH; whereas cultivars `Oklahoma', Houston', and `Potomac Pink' (Group IV) were delayed. Similar trends were observed under 15C NT, but the crop was harvested a few days earlier with RZH as compared to no heat. Flower quality was better under 15C NT.
770 PB 348 INFLUENCE OF CHILLING TEMPERATURE TREATMENT ON CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION AND ENDODORMANCY OF AZALEA
Authors: Werther Camille B. , Lane N. Suzanne , Lang Gregory A.
Published: February 2019

Year-round production of the florist azalea cv. Gloria is limited by non-uniform flowering in fall-produced, endodormant-budded plants. To examine the effects of the standard dormancy-breaking chilling treatment (six weeks at 3.5 C) on carbohydrate metabolism, single-cutting plants were chilled in low light (10 μmol·m-2s-1) or in continuous dark Treatment effects were studied by destructively harvesting canopy organs for dry weight and carbohydrate analysis at two week intervals during treatment and at five day intervals during greenhouse forcing. Flowering performance was also evaluated. No differences were found between the low light or continuous dark chilling treatments for canopy organ dry weights, days to initial flowering, or days to 50% flowering. Leaf dry weight decreased 22% during chilling, and did not recover to pre-treatment levels through 15 days of forcing. Stem dry weights did not change during treatment or forcing. Floral bud dry weights were maintained during treatment and increased during forcing. Analysis of soluble carbohydrates indicated that the low light treatment influenced carbohydrate metabolism, resulting in Increased concentrations of sucrose, fructose, and glucose in all canopy organs compared to the dark treatment Maltose concentrations were higher in the light for leaves and stems, but not buds. The potential significance of these changes, with respect to dormancy-breaking treatments and uniform flowering performance, will be discussed.
774 PB 360 THE RESPONSE OF IRIDON CHRYSANTHEMUMS TO DIFFERENT KINDS OF GROWTH REGULATORS
Authors: Williams Eddie B. , Hayslett William F. , Shaw Sabrina L.
Published: February 2019

Growth regulators were applied on Iridon Chrysanthemums during the month of January, 1993 to determine their response. The growth regulators used were uniconizole, [(E)-(+)-(S)-I-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4 dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-trazol-lyl)-1-pent-lene-3-01],daminozide [(butanedoic acid mono (2,2dimethyl hydraide)], ancymidol [a-cyclopropyl-a-(p-methoxy-phenyl)-5-pyridinemethanol] and chlormequat* (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (not labeled for mums). The daminozide treated plants received a second application 14 days after the initial treatment. Peters 20-20-20 NPK water soluble all purpose fertilizer were used for all treatments.

There were significant differences in plant height, total fresh weight, total dry weight, total number of flowers, and total number of buds due to treatment. Uniconizode had the greatest effect on plant height, and the other parameters observed. Although there were differences between the uniconizide and daminozide treated plants for number of flowers and number of buds, these differences were not significant.
772 PB 354 DYNAMICS OF NITROGEN PARTITIONING IN ROSES DURING A FLOWERING CYCLE
Authors: Cabrera Raul I. , Evans Richard Y. , Paul J.L.
Published: February 2019

N uptake by greenhouse roses is out of phase with flower shoot elongation, such that N uptake is highest when shoots are not growing and lowest when shoots are elongating rapidly. Isotopically labelled 15N fertilizer was supplied at different stages of one flowering cycle to `Royalty' rose plants growing in a static nutrient solution system to study the partitioning of recently-absorbed N and the dynamics of N partitioning. After a two-day exposure, whole plants were harvested, separated into old and new leaves, stems, and roots, and analyzed for total N and 15N enrichment. During rapid shoot elongation, N uptake by roots supplied 16 to 36% of shoot N demand. The remaining N came from other organs, particularly old stems and leaves. The increased N uptake later in the flowering cycle was sufficient to meet shoot N demand and replenish the N supply in old foliage and woody tissues. These organs continued to accumulate N until the subsequent bud break, when this N became available for the next cycle of flowering shoot growth.
780 PB 398 BENZYLADENINE UPTAKE AND ENDOGENOUS FREE IAA LEVELS DURING SHOOT INDUCTION IN CYMBIDIUM cv. YUH HWA RHIZOMES
Authors: Lu I-lun , Burger David W. , Sutter Ellen G.
Published: February 2019

Long term exposure to high benzyladenine (BA) concentrations inhibited shoot elongation and root growth of Cymbidium cv. Yuh Hwa rhizome explants. Through transfer experiments, it was determined that the commitment to shoot induction occurred between 10 and 14 days of exposure to at least 2.5 μM BA. BA when supplied at 20 μM during the fit 14 days of culture was found to be sufficient to induce shoot formation. Both shoot elongation and root formation were greatly improved by decreasing the BA concentration. By using radiolabelled BA, adenine was found to be a major metabolite in the rhizome tissue. Free IAA levels, quantitated by GC-MS, did not correlate well with the organogenesis of rhizomes, nor did the levels of free IAA correlate well with the activities of peroxidase and IAA oxidase, indicating a complex relationship between hormone concentration and differentiation.
788 PB 024 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WINTER BUD CONSTRUCTION ANDFLOWER AND FRUIT NUMBER IN `CONCORD' AND `NIAGARA' GRAPEVINES
Authors: Goffinet Martin C. , Lakso Alan N , Welser Mary Jean
Published: February 2019

Winter buds of `Concord' and `Niagara' grapevines were dissected and their embryonic clusters scored to developmental stage. Stage was regressed against flower and fruit number per cluster the following year to see if flowering or fruiting potential could be gauged from bud morphology. `Concord' vines were either minimal-pruned (MP) or balance-pruned (BP) and non-irrigated or provided supplemental irrigation. `Niagara' vines were BP vines which were non-irrigated, irrigated, or nitrogen fertigated. Winter buds of MP `Concord' were significantly less developed than buds of BP vines, and flower and fruit number per cluster also significantly less. Irrigation did not affect bud construction or flower or fruit number per cluster in either pruning regime. Winter buds of `Niagara' had similar cluster stages in all treatments and there were similar flower and fruit number per cluster the following season. Within cultivar and year, there was a positive linear relationship between mean flower number or fruit number per cluster and mean stage of cluster differentiation within buds the previous dormant period. In `Concord', a given winter cluster stage allowed production of significantly more flowers and fruit in 1992 than it did in 1993. A bud's flowering potential thus varies from year to year and depends on factors not solely related to bud morphology.
797 PB 071 THYLAKOID THERMOSTABILIN OF WINE GRAPES
Authors: Kadir Sorkel , Wample Robert
Published: February 2019

Evaluation of thermostability of photosynthetic apparatus of intact leaves and isolated thylakoids of five cultivars of wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) was conducted. Four- week- old plants of Semillon, Chenin Blnac, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, and White Riesling, were placed into a control environment chamber held at 20/15° 30/25°, and 40/35 °C day/night temperature for 14 days. Induced (F0), variable (Fv), and maximum fluorescence (Fm) and the quantum yield of net photosynthesis (Fv/Fm) were measured after 1-14 days exposure. All fluorescence parameters were not affected by 20/15° and 30/25°C. However, high temperature (40/35°C) increased F0 and decreased Fm, Fv, and Fv/Fm. These changes were severe in Semillon and Chenin Blanc, moderate in Chardonnay and White Riesling and scarce in Pinot Noir. Average high temperature data that are experienced in Yakima Valley area will be presented. Isolated thylakoid membranes from the cultivars were heated at 20-40°C. and uncoupled electron transport was determined. Thylakoid stability to heating varied similarly to whole-plant response to high temperature.
801 PB 103 BIOLOGY OF GRAPE PHYLLOXERA IN OREGON
Authors: Connelly Anne E. , Strik Bernadine C. , Granett Jeffrey , Fisher Glenn
Published: February 2019

Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) was studied in three infested, self-rooted, European wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyards in western Oregon. Bi-weekly sampling of infested roots at two depths (15-30 cm and 30-45 cm) was done during the growing season in 1992 and 1993. Centrifuged laboratory extractions of insects were seperated into life stages and counted. Results indicate hibernants emerged in April/May when soil temperatures varied from 8 to 21°C. Viable eggs were recovered in June/July. Alates and above ground crawlers were found on sticky trunk wraps in July/August. It appears there were three generations of phylloxera with the third being significantly smaller. Replicated laboratory colonies were reared at 5 temperatures (7, 10, 13, 16, 21 °C). Reproductive rates will be contrasted with field populations.
810 PB 193 EVALUATION OF CATHARANTHUS (VINCA) CULTIVARS FOR THE LANDSCAPE
Authors: Howe T.K. , Waters W.E.
Published: February 2019

Nineteen vinca (Catharanthus roseus) cultivars were evaluated for days to flower, flower diameter, flower color, plant dimensions, and appearance during the summer and fall of 1993. Summer: Days from sowing to flower ranged from 58 days for `Pretty in Pink' to 64 days for `Pretty in Rose'. Flower diameter ranged from 4.3 to 5.8 cm for `Orchid Cooler' and `Parasol', respectively. `Parasol' produced the largest flower. The `Carpet' entries (creeping types) were shorter than all others. Appearance ratings were similar among all entries at 85 and 109 days after sowing. Fall: Days from sowing to flower ranged from 51 days for `Grape Cooler' to 58 days for `Tropicana Rose'. Flower diameter ranged from 4.3 to 5.1 cm for `Orchid Cooler' and `Parasol', respectively. `Peppermint Cooler', `Grape Cooler' and `Orchid Cooler' were the only entries with significantly smaller flower size than `Parasol'. Appearance ratings at 109 and 141 days after sowing were similar for all entries, however at 166 days `Dawn Carpet' and `Pink Carpet' had significantly lower ratings than 15 other entries due to frost damage.
814 PB 225 ADAPTABILITY OF ELITE SYCAMORE AND SWEETGUM PROVENANCES TO FIELD NURSERY PRODUCTION AND ESTABLISHMENT FOLLOWING BARE-ROOT TRANSPLANTING
Authors: Arnold Michael A. , Davis W. Edgar
Published: February 2019

Growth and post-transplant establishment of half-sib seedlings from two elite sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) mother trees (Westvaco Corp.) and seedlings from a bulk seed lot from elite sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) trees (Scott Paper Co.) were compared to that of seedlings from a native (Cookeville, TN) sycamore tree and a commercial source of sweetgum seeds. Seedlings were grown under standard field nursery conditions for two years, dug hare-root in autumn, and transplanted to another site to simulate landscape planting. Growth of elite seedlings during production was increased by 11 to 22% in height and 10 to 118 in caliper compared to that of conventional seed sources. Growth differences were maintained following transplanting. The primary lateral root number at transplanting was increased by 2 to 3 on elite sycamore seedlings compared to conventional seedlings. The number of pruning cuts required to eliminate multiple leaders tended to be less for elite seed sources. Survival did not differ among seed sources within a species.
815 PB 228 THE EFFECT OF PRUNING ON BRANCH GROWTH IN TWO OAK SPECIES
Authors: Downer A. James , Shaw Matthew , Pittenser Dennis
Published: February 2019

Coast Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) and White oak (Q. lobata) are landscape trees which are prone to sudden branch drop. The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of various pruning techniques on growth reduction of one member of a pair of codominant stems. Forty trees of each species were selected with codominant stems. One stem of each pair was pruned by: 1. removing all apical meristems; 2. thinning 50% of branches; 3. heading back to a 10cm stub or, 4. unpruned. Calipers of thinned or headed branches were most retarded while tipped and unpruned branches grew most. Results suggest that pruning by thinning may be an alternative to removal of codominant branches when training young trees.
817 PB 234 EFFECTS OF SOIL AMENDMENT AND MULCHING WITH FRESH AND AGED OAK SAWDUST ON FORSYTHIA GROWTH AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Starbuck Christopher J.
Published: February 2019

A 7.5 cm layer (.1 m3) of fresh or 8-year-old oak sawdust was applied to 1.7 m2 plots as a mulch or tilled in to a depth of 10 cm. Saw dust-treated and control plots received 0.45 or 227 g of nitrogen applied as ammonium nitrate. Five one-year-old `Lynwood Gold' forsythia plants were planted in each of the 90 plots in the experiment in September 1992 and were pruned in March 1993 to 20 cm above the soil surface. Plant height, soil pH and levels of Na, organic matter, P, K Ca, Mg, NO3 and NH3 in the soil were determined following the 1993 growing season. Fresh and aged saw dust reduced plant growth by 40 and 31% respectively when incorporated without supplemental nitrogen. Adding the high rate of nitrogen overcame the inhibition caused by aged but not fresh sawdust. Both materials significantly reduced soil nitrate content even when used as a mulch and reduced phosphorus when incorporated. Organic matter content of sawdust-amended plots averaged over twice that of control plots. Neither material had a significant influence on pH as determined one year after incorporation.
824 PB 275 UTILIZATION OF MSW COMPOST IN CONTAINER MEDIA
Authors: Beeson Richard C.
Published: February 2019

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) compost was evaluated as a component of landscape ornamental container media to reduce irrigation requirements and identify beneficial uses of the material. MSW compost was blended at 10 to 40% by volume with pine bank and coarse sand. Three landscape ornamentals were produced to marketable 10 liter-size plants in each medium during an 18-month production period. Twenty percent MSW compost produced similar shoot and root growth to the “standard” medium consisting of 20% Florida sledge peat. Thirty or 40% MSW compost inhibited root growth to the lower depths of a container during the rainy summer months. This inhibition was no longer evident after growth during the dry late fall to early spring months. Root growth inhibition was due to decreased aeration rather than phytotoxic leachate. Up to 20% MSW compost can be used for container media in wet climates whereas 40% would produce high quality plants under dry climates.
832 PB 320 DISTURBED AND UNDISTURBED COMMUNITY COMPARISON USING GIS, VEGETATION, AND WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
Authors: Perry I.H. , Zajicek J.M. , Hatch S.L.
Published: February 2019

Understanding the effect of catastrophic disturbances on natural communities is necessary and vital to planning and executing development and to reclamation and restoration projects. Two nearby sites one catastrophically disturbed by flooding and one undisturbed area were compared. Field vegetation analysis three years after the flood in the disturbed area showed changes in the community structure along the stream, no overstory and a majority of obligate emergent wetland vegetation. In the undisturbed site, community structure along the stream is uniform; the overstory is well-developed, and herbaceous plants are predominantly facultative wetland but with few emergents. The field water quality analysis of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and specific conductivity are compared in the areas. GIS (Geographic Information System) analysis used the USGS 1:24,000 maps of the area and SCS county soil survey maps to analyze erosion risk, soil types, topography and vegetation potential in the 200 km2 Miller Springs Natural Area and the immediately surrounding 5 10 km2 watershed.
GLYCERIN/DYE SOLUTION UPTAKE IN PRESERVED DECORATIVE FOLIAGE
Authors: Stevens Alan , Gast Karen
Published: February 2019

The commercial production of preserved plant materials for decorative purposes is expanding. The industry, once dominated by a relatively small number of large wholesale firms, marketing through traditional retail florists, is undergoing change. A large retail craft supply industry, country accent retail stores and home-based businesses selling at craft fairs have greatly expanded the market for preserved plant materials. Glycerin has often been used to maintain flexibility and reduce breakage of preserved foliages. Dyes are added to the glycerin to add color to the tissue as the chlorophyll fades. Competition in the marketplace places constant pressure on controlling costs. Technical grade dyes of lower dye purity and higher salt concentrations have a lower cost per gram of material than food grade dyes. The effect of the two grades of dye on uptake of glycerin/dye solutions into Eucalyptus cinerea were measured. Under both growth chamber and laboratory room environments glycerin solution alone was systemically absorbed at a greater rate and in larger quantity than either grade of dye. A variation in systemic absorption between grades of dye was also indicated.
850 PB 393 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BITTERCRESS IN AN ORNAMENTAL NURSERY
Authors: Bachman Gary R. , Whitwell Ted
Published: February 2019

Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta) is a nuisance weed in the ornamental nursery industry. Seed formation and dispersal during propagation production at an ornamental nursery were studied. There is much variability in silique number and seed per silique with the means being 77 and 29. respectively after five weeks. Average number of seed produced was 2233 per plant. The seeds arc forcefully expelled with a mean distance of 61 cm. Germination of these freshly released seeds was 90% after 13 days with a generation time of nine weeks. Seed source in the nursery was from either the gravel floor or reuse of the propagation containers. Comparing germination of bittercress seedlings in dirty or cleaned containers, use of dirty containers resulted in significantly higher numbers of bittercress seedlings than the cleaned.
855 PB 428 EFFECTS OF SPIN OUR™-TREATED CONTAINERS ON SHORT TERM LEACHING OF COPPER AND COPPER ACCUMULATION IN RECYCLED IRRIGATION WATER DURING GROWTH OF CORN AND BALDCYPRESS IN SAND OR BARK MEDIA
Authors: Shoemake Larry J. , Arnold Michael A.
Published: February 2019

Zea mays L. and Taxodium distichum L. seedlings were grown for 35 days in sand or 3:1 milled pine bark:sand media in 0.7 liter containers. Containers were painted on interior surfaces with 100 g Cu(OH)2/liter or 200 g Cu(OH)2/liter latex carrier (Spin Out™) or not. Five seedlings of each treatment combination were watered daily from 9.5 liter reservoirs with 100 ml of recycled fertilizer (20N-8.7P -16.6K. pH 6.0) solution initially containing 0.036 mg Cu/liter. Fertilizer solutions containing 0.036, 5, 10, 100, or 1000 mg Cu/liter were used to develop toxicity response curves with additional seedlings. Growth of both species in both media was increased by Spin Out treatments. Soluble Cu content of the recycled solution from Spin Out treated containers increased slightly (<1.2 mg/liter) during the experiment. Soluble Cu in leachate from Cu-treated containers ranged from 0.2 to 5 mg/liter with sand and from 0.30 to 1.2 mg/liter with bark. Soluble Cu in leachatc from non-treated containers ranged from 0.02 to 0.40 mg/liter with sand and 0.10 to 0.86 mg/liter for bark media.
857 PB 434 ROOT DISTRIBUTION OF SIX PALM SPECIES GROWN IN CUPRIC HYDROXIDE-TREATED CONTAINERS
Authors: Svenson Sven E. , Broschat Timothy K.
Published: February 2019

The root distribution of seedlings of Acoelorrhaphe wrightii, Carpentaria acuminata, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, Livistona chinensis, Phoenix roebellenii, and Washingtonia robusta were grown in nontreated containers or in containers treated on their interior surfaces with 25, 50 or 100 g CU(OH)2/1. Seedlings of all species grown in treated containers had reduced circling or matted roots at the container wall-growing medium interface. The distribution of root dry weight and root length was species specific, and was significantly influenced by the rate of copper hydroxide applied. Copper treatment did not induce visual signs of copper toxicity, nor differences in shoot growth, nor differences in the number of higher-order lateral roots.
859A PB 458 IRON DEFICIENCY STRESS INFLUENCES PHYSIOLOGY OF IRON ACQUISITION IN MARIGOLD (T. erecta L.)
Authors: Albano Joseph P. , Miller William B.
Published: February 2019

Marigolds under iron deficiency stress exhibited characteristics associated with iron efficiency (e.g. induced reductase and rhizosphere acidification). Ferric reduction rates for roots of the minus Fe-DTPA treatment group was 0.97 μmol·g FW-1·h-1, 14 times greater than the 17.9 μM Fe-DTPA treatment group. Excised primary lateral roots from the minus Fe-DTPA and 17.9 μM Fe-DTPA treatment groups embedded in an Fe reductase activity gel visually confirmed an increased Fe reduction rate for the minus Fe-DTPA treatment group. The pH of the nutrient solution one week after initiation of treatments indicated that the minus Fe-DTPA treatment group was 1 pH unit lower than the 17.9 μM Fe-DTPA treatment group at 4.1 and 5.1, respectively.
871 PB 223 IMPROVED GERMINATION OF PANSY SEED AT HIGH TEMPERATURES BY PRIMING WITH SALT SOLUTIONS
Authors: Yoon Beyoung-han , Lane Harvey J. , Cobb B. Greg
Published: February 2019

Pansy (Viola × wiffrockiana cv. Majestic Giant Blue Shades and Crystal Bowl Sky Blue) seeds were primed in various salt sololions at -1.0 MPa for 3, 6 or 9 days at 23C to determine if priming could overcome thermoinhihition at high temperatures (30C and above). Salt solutions tested were KNO3, KCl, NaCl, MgCl2, Na2SO4, Na2HPO4, K2HPO4 and CaCl2, with polyethylene glycol (PEG) serving as a comparison non-salt solution. Total percent germination (G) of non-primed seeds decreased significantly for both cultivars as germination temperature increased from 25C to 35C. Total seed germination and time to 50% germination (TS,) varied widely among the different priming solutions, with all solutions decreasing Tso as compared to non-primed seeds. Seeds primed with PEG for 6 and 9 days, however, germinated during the priming process and were not further examined. Priming did not significantly improve total percent germination versus non-primed seed at 25C. Seeds that had the best G and T50 at temperatures at or above 30C were those primed for 3 days with CaCl2 (for `Crystal Bowl' there was a 40% increase in G at 35C), and MgCl2 (for `Majestic Giant' there was a 15% increase in G at 35C).
874 PB 232 STATISTICAL DETERMINATION OF ADEQUATE SAMPLE SIZE AND REDUCTION OF VARIANCE IN TOMATO TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Bobisud Carol A. , Martin Susan P. , Sekioka Terry T.
Published: February 2019

To estimate the components of variance of a tissue culture experiment, hypocotyl sections of tomato cultivars (C) `Healani,' `Kewalo' and `Anahu' were cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog medium with 10 uM IAA and 10 uM BAP. Three explants were placed in each of 45 flasks per cultivar. This procedure was repeated three times (R) on different dates. Mean values of the number of shoots per explant were 7.0. 8.2 and 9.2 for `Healani', `Kewalo', and `Anahu', respectively. The data were transformed by adding 0.5 and then taking the square root of the sum. Components of variance of the transformed data were σ2 = 0.01, σC2 = -0.02, σRC2 = 0.09, σFC2 = 0.22 and σE2 = 1.68 (error term). The components of variance were used to determine the theoretical variance of the cultivar (treatment) mean. Results indicated that the most efficient method of reducing the error is by increasing the number of explants per flask. Stein's two-stage sample equation determined the number of explants required for a 95% confidence level to be 1613, 807 and 380 to detect differences of 5% 7% and 10%. respectively, of the overall transformed mean.
881 PB 273 MICROPROPAGATION OF CHIMERAL AFRICAN VIOLETS
Authors: Schoneweis Susan D. , Read Paul E.
Published: February 2019

Chimeral African violets do not come true when propagated from leaf cuttings in conventional or micropropagation systems. Chimeral plants are normally propagated by rooting suckers from mother plants. Premium prices are charged for chimeral plants due to the low numbers produced.

Reports in the African violet Society Magazine indicate that chimeral plants can be started by rooting flower peduncles. However, only one or two new plants are generated from each peduncle.

Peduncle tissue was grown in vitro to produce large numbers of plants from chimeral African violets. Ratios of plants with true-to-type vs. off-type flowers varied by cultivar and tissue used. The potential use of this technology will be discussed.
884 PB 302 PLANT REGENERATION FROM OVARY TISSUES OF EASTER LILY
Authors: Ramsay Jodie L. , Galitz Donald S. , Lee Chiwon W.
Published: February 2019

Influences of culture media, sucrose, and growth regulator concentrations on plant regeneration from Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum L.) were investigated. Ovary tissues excised from unopened flower buds (3-10 cm long) were cultured on either B-5 medium or MS medium containing 2, 5, or 10% sucrose, 0.8% agar or Phytagel, and varying concentrations of 2,4-D, kinetin, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and benzyladenine (BA). Callus formation from explants was more prolific on MS medium than on B-5 medium and when cultures were initially placed in the dark for 20 days. Cultures grew best when the medium contained 5% sucrose. Shoot differentiation from callus was maximum when MS medium contained 1 mg/liter 2,4-D and 2 mg/liter BA. Roots developed when shoots were placed on the same medium with 1 mg/liter 2,4-D, 0.1 mg/liter NAA and 0.1 mg/liter kinetin. Rooted plants were successfully transferred into soil medium in a greenhouse.
888 PB 466 SEGREGATION OF CHIMERAL APPLES INTO THEIR COMPONENT GENOTYPES IN VITRO
Authors: McMeans Orlando , Skirvin Robert M.
Published: February 2019

To isolate unique fruit colors and look for somaclonal variation among regenerants, a regeneration protocol was established for various cultivars of striped apples (`Mailing 26', `Mutsu', `Regal Gala', `Summerland Red', and `Fuji'). Leaves were harvested from in m-grown plants, transferred to regeneration media [MS + NAA (5.4 μM) + TDZ (3 μM)], stored in the dark for 3 to 4 weeks, then moved to controlled light conditions, where adventitious shoot regeneration was observed. Developing shoots were transferred to proliferation medium and screened for their red or green phenotype by placing them on MS media containing various concentrations of sucrose (30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 g\L) and BA (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 μM). Some of the regenerated apple shoots exhibited red color soon after being taken from the dark treatment. Others were less distinct, with colors ranging from dull green to a green-pink mixture. The red and green shoots are now being rooted and will be transferred to the field, where they will be grown to maturity.
889 PB 469 IN VITRO SELECTION FOR DWARFISM IN APPLE
Authors: Sarwar Mushtaq , Skirvin Robert M.
Published: February 2019

Adventitious shoots were regenerated from apple (`Wijcik', `McIntosh', `Macspur', `M-26' and `Mutsu') by excising leaves from in vitro-grown shoots, cutting them into three sections, and plating them onto regeneration media. Cultures were kept in the dark for 1 to 4 weeks and then moved to light for further shoot development. MS medium supplemented with thiadiazuron (2-3 μM) and napthaleneacetic acid (5 μM) produced the highest number of shoots per leaf segment. `Wijcik' and `M-26' regenerated best from big leaves, whereas `McIntosh' and `Macspur' regenerated best from small leaves. Shoot formation was enhanced by 3 to 4 weeks of dark treatment and by placing the leaf on medium with its abaxial surface uppermost. The cut surface of leaf segments produced the most regeneration sites. In vitro adventitious shoots were transferred to various concentrations of BA (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 μM to screen them for BA tolerance and to predict their adult growth habit. These shoots will be rooted and transferred to greenhouse and field conditions for long-term evaluations.
907 PB 531 EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON SUCROSE METABOLISM IN SOURCE AND SINK TISSUES OF POTATO
Authors: Lafta Abbas M. , Lorenzen James H.
Published: February 2019

Potato plants are sensitive to heat stress, which reduces tuber yield and alters whole plant partitioning. This study was conducted to determine the effect of high temperature on activity of enzymes related to sucrose metabolism in source and sink tissues of potato plants. Potato plants were exposed to two temperature regimes (20 and 28 C) for 3 days. High temperatures resulted in an increase in sucrose synthase and acid and neutral invertase activities in young growing leaves (< 1.5 cm). However, there were no significant changes in these enzyme activities in stems or mature leaves. The results indicate that both sucrose synthase and invertases are involved in sucrose breakdown in young leaves. We will also discuss the role of sucrose phosphate synthase in mature source leaves and how it is affected by temperature and altered partitioning pattern. Activity of sucrose synthase was affected more than ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in small growing tubers exposed to high temperatures.
908 PB 533 STUDIES ON NATURE OF SALT TOLERANCE IN OKRA
Authors: Okasha Kh. A. , Helal R. M.
Published: February 2019

Salt tolerance of four okra cutivars namely : white velvet ; Gold coast ; Balady and Eskandarani, were investigated during three different stages of plant development namely : seed germination, seedling and reproductive stages. At both first and second stages of plant development various concentrations of sea water (diluted with tap water) were used for irrigation while at the third stage, various saline water with different electronic conductivities were used for irrigation

Results of these studies revealed that salinity reduced and delayed seed germination At this stage, white velvet cv. appeared to be tolerant to salinity. At the seedling stage, salinity generally reduced hash weight of plant for all tested cuitivars and Gold coast was the lead affected one At the reproductive stage, salinity reduced plant growth and total yield/plant but with different degrees depending upon cultivar In this respect, yield of both Gold coast and Balady was not greatly reduced at the high level of salinity

The anatomical studies showed that salinity reduced xylem and phloem elements in okra roots depending upon both salinity level and cultivar

Generally, the obtained results suggest that both Gold coast and Balady okra cultivars can considered as tolerant genotypes to salinity and recommended for cultivation in both and and semi-arid lands where salinity is considered a potential problem
917 PB 191 EFFECT OF DATE OF PRIMOCANE SUPPRESSION ON `MARION' TRAILING BLACKBERRY: YIELD COMPONENTS
Authors: Bell Neil C. , Strik Bernadine C. , Marti Lloyd
Published: February 2019

Primocanes were cut at ground level at one-month intervals from late April to late July 1991 and 1992. An uncut control was included. Four canes per plant were trained either in August or the following February, the others being removed and measured. Yield data were collected and yield components measured in 1992 and 1993. Cane diameter, main cane length and branch cane length per plant generally declined with later suppression date. Consequently, yield per meter of cane declined with later suppression date. However, cane number and total plant main cane length were greater for all suppression treatments and percent budbreak increased with later suppression date. As a result, April- and May-suppressed plants had increased-yields compared to control plants in both 1992 and 1993, as did June-suppressed plants in 1993. August-trained plants had significantly higher yields than February-trained in both years, primarily because of increased budbreak. The basal section of canes was the most productive, because of increased budbreak and branch cane production.
919 PB 197 YIELD ANALYSIS IN EASTERN THORNLESS BLACKBERRY
Authors: Takeda Fumiomi
Published: February 2019

Easter thornless blackberries (ETB) are highly productive and commercially grow” in several areas of the country. Fruit are acceptable for the fresh market and the processor. Mature plants of ETB cultivars develop 3 or 4 primocanes annually. On these primocanes as many as 15 lateral shoots may develop from axillary buds. In 1992, the effects of lateral shoot numbers on axillary bud break, fruit cluster numbers, berry size, and yield were determined. `Black Satin' (9-yr-old) vines were dormant pruned to three floricanes with 3, 6, 9, or 12 l2-node lateral shoots (108. 216, 324, or 432 axillary buds per plant). In all plants, about 77% of primary axillary buds broke and grew into fruiting laterals. However, percentage bud break of secondary axillary buds was reduced as the lateral shoots per floricane increased. Pruning severity affected neither berry size (6.4 gm) or SSC (9.5%). Yield per lateral shoot was reduced as lateral shoot number increased. For higher fruit production in ETB, the number of primocanes as well as the lateral shoot numbers per plant must increase.
922 PB 467 TOLERANCE OF THE GALIA cv. OF MELON (Cucumis melo L.). TO IRRADIATION AS A QUARANTINE TREATMENT
Authors: Lalaguna Fernando
Published: February 2019

The banning of ethylene dibromide put an end to the exportation of Venezuelan melon to the northamerican market and made it a need testing alternative treatments. Melons were purchased from a grower/exporter and alloted in groups of 24 to the following treatments: control, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 KGy, and dip in water at 53C for 1 min. alone and plus 0.5 KGy, then they were stored at about 23C and 70% RH during 2 to 3 weeks in two experiments in one season. All the treatments resulted in comparable ratings for sensory attributes and figures for soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic/dehydroascorbic acid; the melons dipped in hot water showed the lowest decay. With the possible exception of the 1 KGy melons, the treated melons had attributes and lasted as least like the control ones, which indicates that the Galia cv. of melon grown in Venezuela tolerates irradiation with doses useful in quarantine and technological terms.
925 PB 476 IMPACT BRUISING AND DETERIORATION OF TOMATO FRUIT
Authors: Al-Said Fahad , Huber Donald J.
Published: February 2019

A general feature of tomato fruit containing genetically reduced levels of polygalacmronase activity is decreased deterioration and cracking, particularly when handled at the ripe and over ripe stages. As fully ripe fruit are metabolically compromised and very prone to mechanical injuries, we investigated the influence of impact bruising on electrolyte leakage, pectin solubility, and depolymerization in ripening tomato fruit.

`Sunny' tomato fruit harvested at the mature-green, turning, and ripe stages of development and subjected to controlled impact injury exhibited elevated ethylene production at all developmental stages. Subsequent analyses were performed on discs prepared from bruised and uninjured pericarp tissue. Discs from bruised tissues exhibited enhanced electrolyte leakage and, in bruised tissues from ripe fruit, enhanced pectin efflux. Levels of soluble pectins derived from ethanol-insoluble powders were unaffected by bruising; however, pectins from bruised ripe fruit exhibited mol wt downshifts relative to those from nonbruised tissues.
926 PB 497 SOFTENING OF GAMMA-IRRADIATED TOMATO FRUITS
Authors: El-Assi N. , Huber D. J. , Brecht J. K.
Published: February 2019

The use of irradiation to increase longevity and quality of horticultural commodities often results in undesirable softening. The biochemical basis of irradiation-induced softening is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the role of the pectic polysaccharides in irradiation-induced textural changes of `Sunny' tomato fruit. `Sunny' mature-green and pink fruit subjected to 84 or 240 Krad experienced a dosage-dependent decrease in firmness, an increase in electrolyte leakage, and an increase in chelator-soluble pectins. Additionally, pectins prepared from 240 Krad-irradiated fruit were of markedly lower mol wt compared to those from nonirradiated fruit. Irradiation-induced downshifts in pectin mol wt were also noted for preripe fruit that lack PG activity. Mol wt decreases noted for pectins from 240 Krad-treated fruit exceeded those observed for fully ripe, nonirradiated fruit The role of other cell wall polymers in irradiation-induced textural changes is currently being addressed.
927 PB 500 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PERMEABLE COATINGS ON THE STORAGE LIFE OF TOMATOES
Authors: Ramirez Hugo , Zambrano Judith , Bracho Eusebio
Published: February 2019

They were done studies on the influence of temperature (10, 15 and 24 C) and permeable coatings (Prolong and Primafresh) on the storage life of tomatoes cv `Large River' and `Caribbean'. Fruits were obtained from a commercial source in the Clear River area of the Lara State, at the breaker state. Quality measurements included weight loss, color, titrable acidity, pH, total soluble solids and dry matter. Weight loss was highest in the `Caribbean' cultivar being notorious in the first five days of storage, but it was not observed a meaningful response with respect to permeable coatings. `Large River' developed color early, though it was affected very little by the temperature of 10 C and Prolong. `Caribbean- resulted firmer during all the period of storage and the low temperature. Both cultivars showed equal trend with respect to increase total soluble solids. Dry matter showed a similar trend for both cultivars, temperature and permeable coatings.
931 PB 512 COMPARISON OF THREE CULTIVARS AND TWO HYBRIDS OF ONIONS (TEXAS GRANEX 502 PRR, TEXAS GRANEX 502, HOUSTON, HYBRID GRANEX 33, AND HYBRID GRANEX 429) ON DIFFERENT STORAGE TEMPERATURE
Authors: Manzano Juan E. , Zambrano Judith , Delgado Douglas
Published: February 2019

Aproximately one Kg of Onions bulbs were put in a plastic net and stored at 5°C, 12°C and room temperature (25-3B)°C, with three replications. Analysis of samples were made weekly to detect weight loss during storage for thirteen weeks. Determination of soluble solid content, pH, titratable acidity, reducing sugars were made at weeks two and twelve. Onions stored at room temperature were completely rot, in the week fourteen.

Weight loss was lower at 5°C storage In the cultivar Texas Granex 502. In this cultivar soluble solid and pH increase during storage to low temperature while titratable acidity and reducing sugar decreased. The cultivar Texas Granex 502 was the best.
945 SUCTION LYSIMETER TUBES AS A SOLUTION EXTRACTION METHOD FOR SOIL TESTING PEAT-BASED CONTAINER MEDIA
Authors: Bergman Erica M. , Marshal Michelle , Weesies Brian , Argo William R. , Biernbaum John A.
Published: February 2019

A small suction lysimeter tube (SLT) was used to extract media solution samples for twelve pot plant species in peat-based media subirrigated with 50, 100, or 200 mg · liter-1 N and K2O. Media samples from different pots were also tested using the saturated media extract (SME) procedure. Sample solution pH, EC, NO3--N and K+ were measured with Cardy flat electrode meters. Averaged over crops, solution pH was similar for SLT and SME (after extraction) at each N concentration. The mean (12 crops × 3 reps at each N level) SME and SLT solution EC and K+ concentrations were similar for samples collected from the 50 and 100 mg · liter-1 N treatments. NO3--N values were lower with the SLT than SME method at 50 mg·liter-1 N. SLT levels for EC, NO3--N, and K+ were 27, 39, and 24% higher than SME values for samples collected from the 200 mg·liter-1 N treatments. Sample variation between replicates and between methods for the single pot samples was unacceptable. More testing is needed with SME and SLT samples from the same pot and composite samples from several pots, but SLT sampling is fast, nondestructive, simple, and economical at $6-7 per tube.
946 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL RESPONSES OF POINSETTA TO CALCIUM NITRATE AND TO 6-BA
Authors: Grishow Lisa , Ching Alejandro
Published: February 2019

Some studies have shown that the presence of calcium ions greatly influence the growth of lateral shoots in poinsettia. Rooted cuttins were transplanted in 13.14 cm dia. plastic pots and grown on Metro-mix soil, fertilized with 20-10-S osmocote and watered as needed. Plants were sprayed with 300 & 600 ppm of ca(NO3)2. Others treated with 500 ppm of 6-BA, plus 300 and 600 ppm of Ca(NO3)2 and then with 500 ppn of 6-BA. Some plants were left without treatments as check. The average number of lateral bud breaks were highest on plants treated with 6-BA when compared to plants treated only with Ca(NO3)2 and the check. The number of lateral bud breaks increased from an average of 11 on the 5th day to 15 on the 30th day whenever 6-BA was applied. The average length of lateral shoots also increased from an average of 10mm the 5th day to over 23mn on the 30th day when 6-BA was applied, but the presence of Ca(NO3)2 at 300 ppm lateral shoot growth was greater than at 600 ppm. In general, the average growth rate in height increased in all treatments compared to the check and the presence of Ca(NO3)2 further increased the growth in height. Finally, the foliage growth rate (in diameter) was greatly influenced by 6-BA and 600 ppm of Ca(NO3)2.
951 PB 446 RESPONSE OF TOMATOES GROWN IN AN AEROPONIC GROWTH CHAMBER
Authors: Berg Michael D. , Andrews Preston K.
Published: February 2019

An aeroponic growth chamber is a system for growing plants in air with water and nutrients supplied by intermittent mist. This type of plant growth system is especially useful for experiments where root accessibility is desired. Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L. `Bonnie Best') were used to test the performance of an aeroponic growth chamber. A nutrient solution mist was applied through spray nozzles suspended below roots of supported seedlings. Mist application was regulated by electric timers, so that mist was applied for 50 sec. every 5 min. during the 16-hr light period, which was supplemented with a high-pressure sodium lamp. Root and stem lengths, leaf number and leaf lengths were measured weekly. Plastochron index (PI) was used to measure rate of leaf initiation. PI increased linearly, indicating uniform initiation of leaf primordia and absence of environmental stresses. Stem and root lengths increased consistently throughout the growing period. Each plant was harvested, separated into leaves, shoots and roots, oven dried, and dry weights measured.
953 PB 452 COMPATIBILITY OF AMELANCHIER SPECIES WITH `ANJOU' PEAR AND VARIOUS ROOTSTOCKS
Authors: Thayer Glenn R. , Andrews Preston K.
Published: February 2019

Dwarfing rootstocks are essential for developing high-density pear orchards with increased precocity. The graft compatibility of Amelanchier alnifolia, A. x grandiflora, A. canadensis, and A. alnifolia `Thiessen' as a rootstock for `Anjou' pear or as an interstock on `Bartlett' seedling, `Old Home × Farmingdale' and Crataegus rootstocks are being tested. Twenty rootstock and rootstock/interstock combinations were top grafted 27 Jan. 1994. Ten replicates will be planted in pots for each graft combination in March after callusing. Growth of successful graft combinations will be measured every two weeks. Shoot length and diameter and trunk diameter at a designated reference point will be measured. Leaf color will be evaluated periodically using a Minolta colorimeter. At natural leaffall, leaf areas will be measured. Graft compatibility will be evaluated. All data will be analyzed by analysis of variance.
993 THEORY AND APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING FOR STRESS RESISTANCE AND AVOIDANCE
Authors: Lindow Steven E.
Published: February 2019

Genes determining the ability of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae to catalyze ice formation have been cloned and characterized. Ice nucleation active (Ice+) strains of this species are common on plants and the supercooling ability of frost sensitive plants is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the population size of Ice+ bacteria at temperatures above -5C. Recombinant Ice- derivatives off. syringae were produced by site-directed mutagenesis using deletion containing ice genes cloned form this species. The Ice- strains colonized potatoes well in field studies, reduced the population size of Ice+ bacterial strains by about 50-fold, and reduced the incidence of frost injury an average of 82% in several radiative frosts of temperatures in the range of -3 to -5 C. The ice gene has also been introduced into Solanum commersonii to determine its effect on increasing the tolerance of ice formation in this frost tolerant species. Transgenic plants exhibit a much higher threshold ice nucleation temperature than the parental plants.