bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Broken Altars: The Work of Form in George Herbert’s Temple
Authors: Cruickshank Frances
Published: November 2016

George Herbert’s collection of poetry is very visibly structured: his famous shape poems are only the most obvious in an entire collection that is cleverly and carefully shaped. While this formality has suggested to some an approach to poetry either rigid and conventional or quaint and fussy, the content of the poems is far less fixed. It is deep and meditative, doubtful and unsettled. The poet is in pursuit of an emotional or spiritual authenticity he finds elusive, and that seems specifically precluded, even on his own account, by the highly artful forms of his poems. Close attention to this apparent discrepancy between the form and the content of the poetry reveals a richer understanding of the way form works—or the work form does—in Herbert’s spiritual poetics.
I-TRACH: Validating A Tool for Predicting Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Clark Paul A. , Inocencio Ryan C. , Lettieri Christopher J.
Published: November 2016

Purpose:

We previously developed a bedside model (I-TRACH), which used commonly obtained data at the time of intubation to predict the duration of mechanical ventilation (MV). We now sought to validate this in a prospective trial.

Methods:

A prospective, observational study of 225 consecutive adult medical intensive care unit patients requiring MV. Utilizing the original 6 variables used in the I-TRACH model (Intubation in the ICU, Tachycardia [heart rate > 110], Renal dysfunction [blood urea nitrogen > 25], Acidemia [pH < 7.25], Creatinine [>2.0 or >50% increase from baseline values], and decreased HCO3 [<20]), we (1) confirmed that these were still predictive of length of MV by multivariate analysis and (2) assessed the correlation between the number of criteria met and the subsequent duration of MV. In addition, we compared the performance of I-TRACH to Acute Physiology Age Chronic Health Evaluation-II and III, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, and Acute Physiology Score as predictors of length of MV.

Results:

Mean age was 62.6 ± 18.7 years, with a mean duration of MV of 5.8 ± 5.7 days. The number of I-TRACH criteria met directly correlated with the duration of MV. Individuals with ≥4 criteria were significantly more likely to require MV >7 and >14 days. Similarly, those who remained on ventilators for both >7 and >14 days met significantly more I-TRACH criteria than those requiring shorter durations of MV (1.7 ± 1.3 vs 2.8 ± 1.3 vs 3.8 ± 1.3 criteria, P < .001). I-TRACH performed better than all other models used to predict the duration of MV.

Conclusion:

Similar to our previous retrospective study, these findings validate I-TRACH in determining the subsequent need for MV >7 and >14 days at the time of intubation.
Source of Sex Information and Condom Use Intention Among Latino Adolescents
Authors: Eversole Jillian S. , Berglas Nancy F. , Deardorff Julianna , Constantine Norman A.
Published: November 2016

Adolescence is a common time for sexual initiation and information seeking about sexual health, yet little is known about how adolescents’ sources of information about sex influence their sexual beliefs and behaviors. This is particularly true for Latino adolescents, whose sources of sex information and sexual behaviors are vastly understudied. A survey of ninth-grade Latino adolescents ( N = 1,186) was employed to examine the relationship between adolescents’ primary source of sex information and their intention to use condoms. The study also examined the potential influences of demographics (age, gender), sociodemographics (socioeconomic status, parent education, and linguistic acculturation), and sexual experience on condom use intention. Among Latino youth, the most commonly reported source of sex information was parents (37.8%), followed by another relative (17.1%), school (13.4%), and friends (11.4%). Hierarchical regression analyses showed that after controlling for other factors, primary source of sex information was significantly associated with condom use intention ( p = .042). Hierarchical regression results stratified by gender showed that this relationship remained significant for males ( p = .004) but not for females ( p = .242). Males who reported friends (odds ratio [ OR] = 0.44, p = .003) or the media/Internet ( OR = 0.44, p = .008) as their primary sources of sex information, as compared to parents as their primary source, reported significantly lower intention to use condoms. These findings suggest it may be important for Latino adolescents, particularly males, to have additional or other sources for sex information in order to promote healthy sexual behaviors. Alternatively, interventions targeting parents or other family members to improve sexual health communication with adolescent boys may prove essential.
Disparity in report of autism-related behaviors by social demographic characteristics: Findings from a community-based study in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Peng-Chou , Harrington Rebecca A , Lung For-Wey , Lee Li-Ching
Published: November 2016

The Social Communication Questionnaire is one of the most commonly used screening tools for autism spectrum disorder. The Social Communication Questionnaire is a caregiver-reported questionnaire with 40 items based on questions from the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised. This study collected Social Communication Questionnaire data from a community-based, multi-stage case identification design epidemiologic study in one socioeconomically disadvantaged county in Taiwan. The Social Communication Questionnaire was distributed to 3034 school children, aged 6–8 years. Item prevalence results indicate males were reported to have more autism-related behaviors than females (higher prevalence on most items), in the whole study sample as well as in children meeting Social Communication Questionnaire clinical cut-offs (⩾15). Children whose biological fathers completed the Social Communication Questionnaire were reported to have more behavioral issues than children whose biological mothers were the respondent. Lower respondent education levels were associated with reports of clinically concerning autism-related behaviors. However, males were not at higher risk of meeting Social Communication Questionnaire clinical cut-offs than females in this study population. Findings from this study help to better understand reporting patterns on children’s autism-related behaviors potentially due to social demographic characteristics and child sex, which may lead to improved identification of these behaviors.
More or less diverse: An assessment of the effect of attention to media salient company types on media agenda diversity in Dutch newspaper coverage between 2007 and 2013
Authors: Jonkman Jeroen GF , Trilling Damian , Verhoeven Piet , Vliegenthart Rens
Published: November 2016

This study on news coverage of highly visible company types in a Dutch daily quality newspaper ( NRC Handelsblad; N = 14,363), during the economic crisis (2007–2013), shows that attention to banks (and to a lesser extent also to the automobile and components industry) had a structural negative influence on media agenda diversity. The majority of the other salient company types had a significant positive impact on diversity. These results suggest that banks attracted attention at the expense of more varied, diverse coverage during the crisis. Our findings extend knowledge of agenda-building dynamics in relation to organizational news by considering characteristics of the broader media agenda. We discuss our findings in light of causes and consequences of media coverage of salient businesses.
Poverty, partiality, and the purchase of expensive education
Authors: Freiman Christopher
Published: November 2016

Prioritarianism doesn’t value equality as such – any reason to equalize is due to the benefits for the worse off. But some argue that prioritarianism and egalitarianism coincide in their implications for the distribution of education: Equalizing educational opportunities improves the socioeconomic opportunities of the worse off. More specifically, a system that prohibits parents from making differential private educational expenditures would result in greater gains to the worse off than a system that permits these expenditures, all else equal. This article argues that prioritarianism opposes a cap on educational expenditures. The argument, in brief, is that an equalized provision of schooling does a worse job of channeling the partiality of rich families in ways that produce positive spillover for poorer children. My challenge to the prioritarian case for educational equality is an internal one: the very concerns about parental partiality that underlie prioritarian objections to uncapped educational expenditures apply with even greater force to a system that caps educational expenditures.
The Big Five, Learning Goals, Exam Preparedness, and Preference for Flipped Classroom Teaching: Evidence from a Large Psychology Undergraduate Cohort
Authors: Lyons Minna , Limniou Maria , Schermbrucker Ian , Hands Caroline , Downes John J.
Published: November 2016

Previous research has found that the flipped classroom (i.e., learning prior to the lecture, and using the lecture time for consolidating knowledge) increases students’ deep learning, and has an association with improved grades. However, not all students benefit equally from flipping the classroom, and there may be important individual differences that influence preference for different teaching styles. In the present study, undergraduate Psychology students ( n = 200) answered questions about exam preparedness, learning goals, preference for the traditional or flipped classroom, and the Big Five of personality. We found that preference for the flipped classroom had a significant, positive association with agreeableness and the mastery goal. Preference for the traditional lecture was predicted by beliefs about exam preparedness. The results are discussed with a reference to the Big Five paradigm in the context of learning and teaching.
Can We Help Care Providers Communicate More Effectively With Persons Having Dementia Living in Long-Term Care Homes?
Authors: McGilton Katherine S. , Rochon Elizabeth , Sidani Souraya , Shaw Alexander , Ben-David Boaz M. , Saragosa Marianne , Boscart Veronique M. , Wilson Rozanne , Galimidi-Epstein Karmit K. , Pichora-Fuller M. Kathleen
Published: November 2016

Background:

Effective communication between residents with dementia and care providers in long-term care homes (LTCHs) is essential to resident-centered care.

Purpose:

To determine the effects of a communication intervention on residents’ quality of life (QOL) and care, as well as care providers’ perceived knowledge, mood, and burden.

Method:

The intervention included (1) individualized communication plans, (2) a dementia care workshop, and (3) a care provider support system. Pre- and postintervention scores were compared to evaluate the effects of the intervention. A total of 12 residents and 20 care providers in an LTCH participated in the feasibility study.

Results:

The rate of care providers’ adherence to the communication plans was 91%. Postintervention, residents experienced a significant increase in overall QOL. Care providers had significant improvement in mood and perceived reduced burden.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that the communication intervention demonstrates preliminary evidence of positive effects on residents’ QOL and care providers’ mood and burden.
Nonbreeding Bird Communities Along an Urban–Rural Gradient of a Tropical City in Central Myanmar
Authors: Suarez-Rubio Marcela , Aung Thein , Lin Oo Sai Sein , Shwe Nay Myo , Hlaing Nay Myo , Naing Kyaw Myo , Oo Tun , Sein Mie Mie , Renner Swen C.
Published: November 2016

Urbanization is known to be a major driver in abundance and species richness of birds. However, how birds respond to urbanization in tropical cities is understudied in general and entirely absent from Myanmar. We conducted a study in and around Mandalay, a large city in central Myanmar to gather first data on birds and their response to urbanization. We selected four habitats with 10 sampling points each in November 2015. We made 1,536 observations of 68 bird species. The number of species and diversity significantly differed between the four localities. Mandalay Hill and Downtown Mandalay had the lowest number of species and diversity, whereas the University Campus and Paddy Fields had the highest. The highest number of observations was in Downtown Mandalay (1,003 counts) and the lowest on Mandalay Hill (103). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination techniques showed that the four habitat types had significantly different bird species composition. Our results indicate a large effect of urbanization on species diversity, species richness, and species composition of birds.
Plasma cell-rich acute rejection of renal allograft: an unusual case of acute allograft dysfunction
Authors: Lee Kian-Guan , Thangaraju Sobhana , Ahmed Syed Salahuddin , Loh Hwai Liang , Tng Alvin Ren Kwang , Kee Terence Yi Shern
Published: November 2016

We report a case of renal allograft dysfunction due to plasma cell-rich acute rejection (PCAR), which is an uncommon clinical entity with a wide range of differential diagnoses. Extensive diagnostic workup, treatment approach and outcome are discussed and we provide a brief summary of the current management dilemma. Nevertheless, the diagnosis of PCAR portends a poor prognosis and therefore timely diagnosis and intensification of treatment is crucial to prevent disease progression.
Book Review: Bhairabi Sahu (with a chapter contributed by Kesavan Veluthat), Society and Culture in Post-Mauryan India, c. 200 BC–AD 300
Authors: Singh Snigdha
Published: November 2016

Bhairabi Sahu (with a chapter contributed by Kesavan Veluthat), Society and Culture in Post-Mauryan India, c. 200 BC–AD 300, being Vol. 7 of the People’s History of India Series (New Delhi: Aligarh Historians Society and Tulika Books), 2015, v–xii + 81 pp., Hardback, ₹200.
Book Review: Ayesha Jalal, The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics
Authors: Habib Irfan
Published: November 2016

Ayesha Jalal, The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics (Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press), 2014, ii + 435 pp., (hb) $35 (USA); ₹995 (India).
Albertiniite, Fe2+(SO3)·3H2O, a new sulfite mineral species from the Monte Falò Pb-Zn mine, Coiromonte, Armeno Municipality, Verbano Cusio Ossola Province, Piedmont, Italy
Authors: Vignola P. , Gatta G. D. , Rotiroti N. , Gentile P. , Hatert F. , Baijot M. , Bersani D. , Risplendente A. , Pavese A.
Published: November 2016

Albertiniite, Fe2+(SO3)·3H2O, is a new Fe2+ sulfite trihydrate, related chemically to gravegliaite. It occurs at the Monte Falò Pb-Zn mine near Coiromonte, in the Armeno Municipality, Verbano–Cusio–Ossola Province, Italy. It is an intermediate product of oxidation between iron sulfides and sulfates, forming monoclinic, colourless to pale yellow, transparent crystals with a vitreous lustre. The mineral occurs associated with stolzite, pyromorphite, hinsdalite, plumbogummite, gibbsite, scheelite and jarosite on brittle fractures of quartz veins or chlorite-schist. Albertiniite is optically biaxial (+) with 2V(meas) ≈ 40° and 2V(calc) = 66°. The measured refractive indices, using sodium light (589 nm) are: α = 1.612(2)°, β = 1.618(2)° and γ = 1.632(2)°. The optical axis plane is parallel to the perfect {010} cleavage plane. It is non-fluorescent under shortwave (254 nm) or longwave (366 nm) ultraviolet light. The calculated density is 2.469 g cm–3 (from the crystal-structure refinement), or 2.458 g cm–3 (from the chemical analysis and the single-crystal unit-cell parameters). The empirical formula is (average of 16 spots and based on 3 anhydrous oxygen apfu) (Ca0.001Mg0.001Na0.003)∑1.061(S0.971O3)·2.84H2O, with the H2O content calculated by difference to 100 wt.%. Albertiniite is monoclinic, with space group P21/n. Its unit-cell parameters are: a = 6.633(1), b = 8.831(1), c = 8.773(1) Å, β = 96.106(8)° and V = 511.0(1) Å3, with Z = 4. The eight strongest measured lines in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern are [d in Å, (I/I0), (hkl)]: 4.072 (100) (1̄11), 3.539 (93) (1̄12), 5.533 (27) (1̄01), 6.167 (14) (011), 2.830 (14) (211), 4.998 (14) (101), 4.353 (12) (111) and 3.897 (12) (012). The mineral, which has been approved by the CNMNC, number IMA2015-004, is named albertiniite in honour of Claudio Albertini, an Italian mineral collector and expert in the systematic mineralogy of the Alps and pegmatites.
Water incorporation in garnets from ultrahigh pressure eclogites at Shuanghe, Dabieshan
Authors: Liu Xiang-Wen , Xie Zhan-Jun , Wang Lu , Xu Wei , Jin Zhen-Min
Published: November 2016

The hydrogen concentration and composition of garnets in the ultrahigh pressure eclogites at Shuanghe, eastern Dabieshan, were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electron microprobe analysis. The OH absorption bands can be divided into four groups: (1) 3635–3655 cm–1; (2) 3600–3630 cm–1; (3) 3540–3580 cm–1; and (4) 3400–3450 cm–1and the water content ranges from 45 to 2529 ppm. Based on the behaviour of the OH absorption band and the relationship between water content and the composition of garnets, the samples can be divided into two classes: samples with >400 ppm H2O and samples with ≤400 ppm H2O. The water content of the former shows an obvious positive correlation with Ca atoms and a negative correlation with the Si, Mg and Fe2+atoms per 12 anions, whereas the water content of the latter shows no obvious linear correlation with cations. It is concluded that the major mechanism of hydroxyl incorporation in garnets with >400 ppm H2O is by the coupled substitution 4H +Z□ → □+ZSi in the tetrahedral site, and that several mechanisms are responsible for OH incorporation in garnets with ≤400 ppm H2O.
Oxo-mangani-leakeite from the Hoskins mine, New South Wales, Australia: occurrence and mineral description
Authors: Oberti Roberta , Boiocchi Massimo , Hawthorne Frank C. , Ball Neil A. , Ashley Paul M.
Published: November 2016

Oxo-mangano-leakeite, a newly approved end-member of the amphibole supergroup (IMA-CNMNC 20150-35), has been found in a rock containing manganese silicate and oxide at the Hoskins Mine, a Mn deposit 3 km west of Grenfell, New South Wales. The end-member formula of oxo-mangani-leakeite is ANaBNa2C(Mn3+4Li)TSi8 O22WO2, which would require SiO2 53.15, Mn2O3 34.91, Li2O 1.66, Na2O 10.28, total 100.00 wt.%. The empirical formula derived for the sample of this work from electron and ion microprobe analysis using constraints resulting from single-crystal structure refinement is A(Na0.65K0.36)∑ = 1.01B(Na1.94Ca0.06)∑ = 2.00C(Mg1.60Zn0.01 Li0.58)∑ = 5.01T(Si7.98Al0.02)∑ = 8.00O22W(O1.34OH0.66)∑ = 2.00. Oxo-mangano-leakeite is biaxial (–), with α = 1.681, β = 1.712, γ = 1.738, all ± 0.002, and 2V (meas.) = 81.0(4)°, 2V (calc.) = 83.5°. The unit-cell dimensions are a = 9.875(5), b = 17.873(9), c = 5.295(2) Å, β = 104.74(3)°, V = 903.8 (7) Å3; the space group is C2/m, with Z = 2. The strongest ten reflections in the powder X-ray pattern [d values (in Å), I, (hkl)] are: 8.423, 100, (110); 3.377, 46, (131); 4.461, 40, (040); 4.451, 40, (021); 3.134, 37, (310); 2.694, 37, (151); 2.282, 27, (); 2.734, 25, (31); 2.575, 24, (061); 2.331, 24, [() ()]. The holotype material is deposited in the Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, under the catalogue number CMNMC 86895.
Kuratite, Ca4(Fe2+10Ti2)O4[Si8Al4O36], the Fe2+-analogue of rhönite, a new mineral from the D'Orbigny angrite meteorite
Authors: Hwang S.-L. , Shen P. , Chu H.-T. , Yui T.-F. , Varela M.-E. , Iizuka Y.
Published: November 2016

Kuratite, ideally Ca4(Fe2+10Ti2)O4[Si8Al4O36], the Fe2+-analogue of rhönite and a new member of the sapphirine supergroup, was identified from the D'Orbigny angrite meteorite by electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Based on the least-squares refinement of 25 d-spacings measured from selected-area electron diffraction patterns of 11 zone axes, the symmetry of kuratite was shown to be triclinic (space group by analogy to rhönite) with a = 10.513(7), b = 10.887(7), c = 9.004(18) Å, α = 105.97(13), β = 96.00(12), γ = 124.82(04)°, V = 767 ± 2 Å3 and Z = 1 for the 40 oxygen formula. The empirical formula based on eight electron microprobe analyses is (Ca3.88Na0.02REE3+0.03Mn0.03Mg0.01Ni0.02Zn0.01Sr0.01)∑4.01 (Fe2+9.989.9Ti2.00)∑11.98(Si7.80Al3.52Fe3+0.64P0.05S0.02)∑12.03O39.98F0.01Cl0.01. The simplified formula is Ca4(Fe2+10Ti2)O4[Si8Al4O36]. Micro-Raman spectroscopy showed four main bands resembling those of lunar rhönite but with higher frequencies due to different chemical composition. Analogous to the occurrence of kuratite in terrestrial basaltic rocks, kuratite coexisting with Al, Ti-bearing hedenbergite, ulvöspinel, iron-sulfide, tsangpoite, Ca-rich fayalite and kirschsteinite in D'Orbigny angrite most probably was formed at >1000°C by rapid cooling of an interstitial melt, which is subsilicic, almost Mg-free but enriched in Al-P-Ca-Ti-Fe.
Acquired somatic mutations in PNH reveal long-term maintenance of adaptive NK cells independent of HSPCs
Authors: Corat Marcus A. F. , Schlums Heinrich , Wu Chuanfeng , Theorell Jakob , Espinoza Diego A. , Sellers Stephanie E. , Townsley Danielle M. , Young Neal S. , Bryceson Yenan T. , Dunbar Cynthia E. , Winkler Thomas
Published: November 2016

Key Points

GPIposCD56dim NK cells with an adaptive phenotype persist long-term in PNH patients. Clonal tracking of adaptive NK cells in PNH patients suggests maintenance independent of HSPCs.
A phase 3 randomized trial comparing inolimomab vs usual care in steroid-resistant acute GVHD
Authors: Socié Gérard , Vigouroux Stéphane , Yakoub-Agha Ibrahim , Bay Jacques-Olivier , Fürst Sabine , Bilger Karin , Suarez Felipe , Michallet Mauricette , Bron Dominique , Gard Philippe , Medeghri Zakaria , Lehert Philippe , Lai Chinglin , Corn Tim , Vernant Jean-Paul
Published: November 2016

Key Points

In steroid-resistant acute GVHD 1-year survival without changing baseline therapy was not different after inolimomab vs ATG. Using current care, the expected 1-year survival of these patients lies in the 55% range.
BCR-ABL1 gene rearrangement as a subclonal change in ETV6-RUNX1–positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Dun Karen A. , Vanhaeften Rob , Batt Tracey J. , Riley Louise A. , Diano Giuseppe , Williamson Jan
Published: November 2016

Key Points

BCR-ABL1 rearrangement as a subclonal change in ETV6-RUNX1–positive B-ALL is a rare occurrence not previously reported. The prognosis of this rare subclonal change has not been determined, yet inclusion of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in treatment is ubiquitous.
Adenosine signaling mediates hypoxic responses in the chronic lymphocytic leukemia microenvironment
Authors: Serra Sara , Vaisitti Tiziana , Audrito Valentina , Bologna Cinzia , Buonincontri Roberta , Chen Shih-Shih , Arruga Francesca , Brusa Davide , Coscia Marta , Jaksic Ozren , Inghirami Giorgio , Rossi Davide , Furman Richard R. , Robson Simon C. , Gaidano Gianluca , Chiorazzi Nicholas , Deaglio Silvia
Published: November 2016

Key Points

Hypoxia shapes the CLL lymph node microenvironment by acting through the A2A adenosine receptor. Inhibiting the A2A adenosine receptor counteracts the effects of hypoxia on CLL cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes.
Reciprocal Crosstalk Between Autophagic and Endocrine Signaling in Metabolic Homeostasis
Authors: Sinha Rohit A. , Singh Brijesh K. , Yen Paul M.
Published: November 2016

Autophagy is a cellular quality control and energy-providing process that is under strict control by intra- and extracellular stimuli. Recently, there has been an exponential increase in autophagy research and its implications for mammalian physiology. Autophagy deregulation is now being implicated in many human diseases, and its modulation has shown promising results in several preclinical studies. However, despite the initial discovery of autophagy as a hormone-regulated process by De Duve in the early 1960s, endocrine regulation of autophagy still remains poorly understood. In this review, we provide a critical summary of our present understanding of the basic mechanism of autophagy, its regulation by endocrine hormones, and its contribution to endocrine and metabolic homeostasis under physiological and pathological settings. Understanding the cross-regulation of hormones and autophagy on endocrine cell signaling and function will provide new insight into mammalian physiology as well as promote the development of new therapeutic strategies involving modulation of autophagy in endocrine and metabolic disorders.
Bilateral Testicular Tumors Resulting in Recurrent Cushing Disease After Bilateral Adrenalectomy
Authors: Puar Troy , Engels Manon , van Herwaarden Antonius E. , Sweep Fred C. G. J. , Hulsbergen-van de Kaa Christina , Kamphuis-van Ulzen Karin , Chortis Vasileios , Arlt Wiebke , Stikkelbroeck Nike , Claahsen-van der Grinten Hedi L. , Hermus Ad R. M. M.
Published: November 2016

Context:

Recurrence of hypercortisolism in patients after bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing disease is extremely rare.

Patient:

We present a 27-year-old man who previously underwent bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing disease with complete clinical resolution. Cushingoid features recurred 12 years later, with bilateral testicular enlargement. Hormonal tests confirmed adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent Cushing disease. Surgical resection of the testicular tumors led to clinical and biochemical remission.

Design and Results:

Gene expression analysis of the tumor tissue by quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed high expression of all key steroidogenic enzymes. Adrenocortical-specific genes were 5.1 × 105 (CYP11B1), 1.8 × 102 (CYP11B2), and 6.3 × 104 (MC2R) times higher than nonsteroidogenic fibroblast control. This correlated with urine steroid metabolome profiling showing 2 fivefold increases in the excretion of the metabolites of 11-deoxycortisol, 21-deoxycortisol, and total glucocorticoids. Leydig-specific genes were 4.3 × 101 (LHCGR) and 9.3 × 100 (HSD17B3) times higher than control, and urinary steroid profiling showed twofold increased excretion of the major androgen metabolites androsterone and etiocholanolone. These distinctly increased steroid metabolites were suppressed by dexamethasone but unresponsive to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation, supporting the role of ACTH, but not luteinizing hormone, in regulating tumor-specific steroid excess.

Conclusion:

We report bilateral testicular tumors occurring in a patient with recurrent Cushing disease 12 years after bilateral adrenalectomy. Using mRNA expression analysis and steroid metabolome profiling, the tumors demonstrated both adrenocortical and gonadal steroidogenic properties, similar to testicular adrenal rest tumors found in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, suggesting the presence of pluripotent cells even in patients without congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
11-Oxygenated C19 Steroids Are the Predominant Androgens in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: O’Reilly Michael W. , Kempegowda Punith , Jenkinson Carl , Taylor Angela E. , Quanson Jonathan L. , Storbeck Karl-Heinz , Arlt Wiebke
Published: November 2016

Context:

Androgen excess is a defining feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but the exact origin of hyperandrogenemia remains a matter of debate. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the 11-oxygenated C19 steroid pathway to androgen metabolism in humans. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of 11-oxygenated androgens to androgen excess in women with PCOS.

Methods:

One hundred fourteen women with PCOS and 49 healthy control subjects underwent measurement of serum androgens by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Twenty-four–hour urinary androgen excretion was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fasting plasma insulin and glucose were measured for homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Baseline demographic data, including body mass index, were recorded.

Results:

As expected, serum concentrations of the classic androgens testosterone (P < 0.001), androstenedione (P < 0.001), and dehydroepiandrosterone (P < 0.01) were significantly increased in PCOS. Mirroring this, serum 11-oxygenated androgens 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, 11-ketoandrostenedione, 11β-hydroxytestosterone, and 11-ketotestosterone were significantly higher in PCOS than in control subjects, as was the urinary 11-oxygenated androgen metabolite 11β-hydroxyandrosterone. The proportionate contribution of 11-oxygenated to total serum androgens was significantly higher in patients with PCOS compared with control subjects [53.0% (interquartile range, 48.7 to 60.3) vs 44.0% (interquartile range, 32.9 to 54.9); P < 0.0001]. Obese (n = 51) and nonobese (n = 63) patients with PCOS had significantly increased 11-oxygenated androgens. Serum 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione and 11-ketoandrostenedione correlated significantly with markers of insulin resistance.

Conclusions:

We show that 11-oxygenated androgens represent the majority of circulating androgens in women with PCOS, with close correlation to markers of metabolic risk.
The 1920s Viennese Intellectual Community as a Center for Ideas Exchange: A Network Analysis
Authors: Wright Claire
Published: November 2016

This article constructs a social network, based on informal seminar attendance, for intellectuals living and working in Vienna in the 1920s. A range of primary and secondary sources has been used to compile a dataset on the duration, operation, and membership of informal seminars and the movement of individuals through the Viennese intellectual community between 1918 and 1930. This has then been visualized as a social network, highlighting the interrelationships between individuals, seminars, and different fields of study in Vienna in this period. By linking the structure of social relationships to differences in ideas between individuals and groups, this technique complements the qualitative techniques that are traditionally used to analyze communities in the history of economic thought. It is argued that the nature of this intellectual community meant that scholars could easily move between different disciplines and that certain individuals assisted this process by acting as intermediaries between domains of knowledge.
Bristles reduce the force required to ‘fling’ wings apart in the smallest insects
Authors: Jones Shannon K. , Yun Young J. J. , Hedrick Tyson L. , Griffith Boyce E. , Miller Laura A.
Published: November 2016

The smallest flying insects commonly possess wings with long bristles. Little quantitative information is available on the morphology of these bristles, and their functional importance remains a mystery. In this study, we (1) collected morphological data on the bristles of 23 species of Mymaridae by analyzing high-resolution photographs and (2) used the immersed boundary method to determine via numerical simulation whether bristled wings reduced the force required to fling the wings apart while still maintaining lift. The effects of Reynolds number, angle of attack, bristle spacing and wing–wing interactions were investigated. In the morphological study, we found that as the body length of Mymaridae decreases, the diameter and gap between bristles decreases and the percentage of the wing area covered by bristles increases. In the numerical study, we found that a bristled wing experiences less force than a solid wing. The decrease in force with increasing gap to diameter ratio is greater at higher angles of attack than at lower angles of attack, suggesting that bristled wings may act more like solid wings at lower angles of attack than they do at higher angles of attack. In wing–wing interactions, bristled wings significantly decrease the drag required to fling two wings apart compared with solid wings, especially at lower Reynolds numbers. These results support the idea that bristles may offer an aerodynamic benefit during clap and fling in tiny insects.
Thermal Desorption Combined with Atmospheric Pressure Photo Ionization for the Analysis of Volatile Compounds and its Possible Applications
Authors: Kostyukevich Yury , Borisova Ludmila , Kononikhin Alexey , Popov Igor , Kukaev Eugene , Nikolaev Eugene
Published: November 2016

We report an approach to study volatile organic compounds based on thermal desorption combined with atmospheric pressure photo ionization. The approach allows the sequential evaporation of different fractions of the sample, which simplifies the mass spectrum. We have applied the developed method for the detection of petroleum in vegetable oil. We have shown that in the negative mode, ions of fatty acids corresponding to vegetable oil dominates, while in the positive mode under relatively low temperature the light fraction of petroleum rapidly evaporates making it easy detectable.
Efficient Bailouts?
Authors: Bianchi Javier
Published: November 2016

We develop a quantitative equilibrium model of financial crises to assess the interaction between ex post interventions in credit markets and the buildup of risk ex ante. During a systemic crisis, bailouts relax balance sheet constraints and mitigate the severity of the recession. Ex ante, the anticipation of such bailouts leads to an increase in risk-taking, making the economy more vulnerable to a financial crisis. We find that moral hazard effects are limited if bailouts are systemic and broad-based. If bailouts are idiosyncratic and targeted, however, this makes the economy significantly more exposed to financial crises. (JEL E23, E32, E44, E63, G01, G21, G28)
Sticky Leverage
Authors: Gomes João , Jermann Urban , Schmid Lukas
Published: November 2016

We develop a tractable general equilibrium model that captures the interplay between nominal long-term corporate debt, inflation, and real aggregates. We show that unanticipated inflation changes the real burden of debt and, more significantly, leads to a debt overhang that distorts future investment and production decisions. For these effects to be both large and very persistent, it is essential that debt maturity exceeds one period. We also show that interest rate rules can help stabilize our economy. (JEL E12, E31, E44, E52, G01, G32, G35)
Choice Inconsistencies among the Elderly: Evidence from Plan Choice in the Medicare Part D Program: Comment
Authors: Ketcham Jonathan D. , Kuminoff Nicolai V. , Powers Christopher A.
Published: November 2016

Consumers' enrollment decisions in Medicare Part D can be explained by Abaluck and Gruber's (2011) model of utility maximization with psychological biases or by a neoclassical version of their model that precludes such biases. We evaluate these competing hypotheses by applying nonparametric tests of utility maximization and model validation tests to administrative data. We find that 79 percent of enrollment decisions from 2006 to 2010 satisfied basic axioms of consumer theory under the assumption of full information. The validation tests provide evidence against widespread psychological biases. In particular, we find that precluding psychological biases improves the structural model's out-of-sample predictions for consumer behavior. (JEL C52, D12, I13, I18, J14)
Income-Induced Expenditure Switching
Authors: Bems Rudolfs , di Giovanni Julian
Published: November 2016

This paper shows that an income effect can drive expenditure switching between domestic and imported goods. We use a unique Latvian scanner-level dataset, covering the 2008–2009 crisis, to document several empirical findings. First, expenditure switching accounted for one-third of the fall in imports, and took place within narrowly defined product groups. Second, there was no corresponding within-group change in relative prices. Third, consumers substituted from expensive imports to cheaper domestic alternatives. These findings motivate us to estimate a model of nonhomothetic consumer demand, which explains two-thirds of the observed expenditure switching. Estimated switching is driven by income, not changes in relative prices. (JEL E21, F14, F31, F32, I11, L81)
RNA-seq analysis is easy as 1-2-3 with limma, Glimma and edgeR
Authors: Law Charity W. , Alhamdoosh Monther , Su Shian , Smyth Gordon K. , Ritchie Matthew E.
Published: November 2016

The ability to easily and efficiently analyse RNA-sequencing data is a key strength of the Bioconductor project. Starting with counts summarised at the gene-level, a typical analysis involves pre-processing, exploratory data analysis, differential expression testing and pathway analysis with the results obtained informing future experiments and validation studies. In this workflow article, we analyse RNA-sequencing data from the mouse mammary gland, demonstrating use of the popular edgeR package to import, organise, filter and normalise the data, followed by the limma package with its voom method, linear modelling and empirical Bayes moderation to assess differential expression and perform gene set testing. This pipeline is further enhanced by the Glimma package which enables interactive exploration of the results so that individual samples and genes can be examined by the user. The complete analysis offered by these three packages highlights the ease with which researchers can turn the raw counts from an RNA-sequencing experiment into biological insights using Bioconductor.
Understanding nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease: it’s been a long time coming
Authors: Griffith David E. , Aksamit Timothy R.
Published: November 2016

With a surprising predictability, most studies and reviews addressing therapy for nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease either start or end by mentioning the paucity of data from randomized and controlled trials. That is a legitimate criticism for NTM lung disease therapy, but it also somehow seems to influence attitudes toward all aspects of NTM investigation. Certainly the study of NTM diseases in general and NTM lung disease in particular is a recent development. Previously, NTM were viewed as minor, if inconvenient, pathogens similar toMycobacterium tuberculosis. However, over the last three decades, NTM have emerged as increasingly important pathogens that are clearly different compared with tuberculosis. Although there has been frustratingly slow progress in the treatment of NTM diseases, in contrast there has unquestionably been impressive progress in almost every other realm of investigation into NTM disease. Our understanding of NTM lung disease a) pathophysiology, including mechanisms of organism acquisition, b) epidemiology, including estimates of disease prevalence, c) mycobacteriology, including application of molecular laboratory techniques and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight (MALDI–TOF) mass spectrometry, and d) even treatment strategies, including the recognition of innate drug resistance mechanisms, has immeasurably and permanently changed and advanced the landscape for NTM lung disease. It is no longer necessary to apologize for the state of NTM lung disease knowledge and understanding, but rather it is time to recognize the great distance we have travelled over the last 30 years.
New records of lichens and allied fungi from the Leningrad Region, Russia. VII
Authors: Himelbrant Dmitry E. , Stepanchikova Irina S. , Motiejūnaitė Jurga , Gagarina Ludmila V. , Dyomina Alexandra V.
Published: November 2016

Fourteen species of lichens, fifteen lichenicolous fungi and one saprobic fungus are reported for the first time for St. Petersburg, Western or Eastern Leningrad Region. The lichen Lecidella meiococca and the lichenicolous fungus Tremella phaeophysciae are reported as new to Russia, the lichen Lecania sambucina and the lichenicolous fungus Endococcus tricolorans are new for the European Russia, the lichens Buellia arborea, Chaenotheca cinerea, Bellemerea sanguinea, resinicolous calicioid fungus Chaenothecopsis mediarossica and lichenicolous fungi Arthonia molendoi, Lichenochora obscuroides, Pronectria leptaleae, Sphaerellothecium cladoniae are new for the North-Western European Russia. The most interesting records are briefly discussed.
New Estonian records and amendments: Lichenized fungi
Authors: Oja Ede , Gerasimova Julia , Suija Ave , Lõhmus Piret , Randlane Tiina
Published: November 2016

Ten lichenized fungi are reported as new to Estonia: Atla wheldonii, Bacidia coprodes, Bacidina assulata, Bacidina brandii, Candelariella lutella, Gyalidea fritzei, Piccolia ochrophora, Protoparmelia oleagina, Sclerophora amabilis and Strangospora deplanata. One lichenized fungus, Leptogium subtile, has been reported from Estonia earlier, but all the specimens of this species in the herbarium of University of Tartu appeared to be misidentifications; currently the species has one certain locality in Estonia.
COMPETENCIA MATEMÁTICA DE LOS ALUMNOS EN EL CONTEXTO DE UNA MODELIZACIÓN: ACEITE Y AGUA
Authors: Búa Ares J. Benito , Fernández Blanco Mª Teresa , Salinas Portugal Mª Jesús
Published: November 2016

El presente artículo describe los resultados fundamentales de una investigación centrada en la modelización matemática y el uso del modelo obtenido en un contexto cercano a la realidad. Los alumnos obtienen un modelo, que toma la forma de una función, y lo aplican para contestar preguntas contextualizadas en un hipotético problema del mundo real, lo que aproxima la experiencia a las recomendaciones de la OECD y PISA sobre la resolución de problemas. En este trabajo se intenta comprobar el uso de competencias matemáticas de los alumnos asociadas al modelo obtenido.
Do psychosocial interventions have an impact on maternal perception of perinatal depression?
Authors: Firth Amanda , Haith-Cooper Melanie , Egan Dominic
Published: November 2016

Background:

Poor perinatal mental health, in particular depression, affects at least 10% of new mothers in the UK. Current best practice recommends the use of talking therapies or medication; however, many women choose not to use medication or are deterred from accessing NHS services. Those who can access NHS treatment often face a long waiting list to see a clinician or therapist. Untreated perinatal depression has an impact on the health and wellbeing of women and babies, so it is essential to consider alternative psychosocial interventions delivered by non-clinicians.

Aims:

This review aims to explore the effects of psychosocial interventions on maternal perception of perinatal depression.

Methods:

A systematic review was conducted on seven quantitative studies examining the effect of psychosocial interventions in reducing maternal symptoms of depression. Interventions focused either on physical activity or peer support, measuring depression scores with a validated screening tool.

Findings:

The seven reviewed studies considered either physical activity or peer support-based interventions. There is some evidence that antenatal group peer support may benefit women in the antenatal period and that postnatal peer telephone support may be helpful for primiparous women.

Conclusions:

Further large-scale research is required to ascertain the effectiveness of a range of interventions in improving maternal perception of perinatal depression.
Does racism exist in nursing?
Authors: McGee Paula
Published: November 2016

There is considerable evidence to support the view that members of Black and ethnic minority groups get a poor deal out of the NHS. For example, in 1983 Wright undertook a survey of GPs who were based in an area of Newcastle that had high immigration rates from Pakistan. The Pakistani women spoke little English and, according to the doctors, often presented with ‘trivial’ complaints. The doctors clearly regarded these women as nuisances and presumably conveyed as much to them; yet, when the language barriers were removed by the presence of an interpreter or a doctor who could speak the same language, the doctors' attitudes changed and these so-called trival complaints disappeared.
Management of obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Heath Maureen
Published: November 2016

Obstructive sleep apnoea, characterized by abnormal breathing during sleep, has potentially serious implications both for the sufferer and for those people with whom he/she comes into contact. The Respiratory Support and Sleep Centre at Papworth Hospital offers advice and treatment for such patients.
The nurse's role in caring for people with learning disabilities
Authors: Baldwin Susan , Birchenall Mary
Published: November 2016

Nurses caring for people with learning disabilities are facing role confusion and virtual extinction as a consequence of changes in care provision. This article draws from the results of a working party established to clarify their role and offers a model which can provide comprehensive and quality health care.
Warning: some courses can damage your education
Authors: Castledine George
Published: November 2016

It's that time of year when those with restless keen minds turn their attention to educational courses to wile away those long, dull winter evenings.
Supporting the nurse as well as the patient
Authors: Notter Joy
Published: November 2016

In my years as a nurse there seems to have been a non-stop stream of new approaches to care, all designed to maintain and improve standards. In fact, there is now a proliferation of different models and theories of nursing. Sadly, however, these have not necessarily filtered down into practice and there are still clear examples of poor and unacceptable care.
Should practice nurses be involved in diabetic care?
Authors: Stearn Ruth , Sullivan Frank M
Published: November 2016

Primary care teams who involve practice nurses in the management of patients with diabetes mellitus provide better care. Measures of the structure and process of care are improved when nurses are involved in diabetic care.
Ethics and disability
Authors: Hanford Linda
Published: November 2016

By using principlism to teach ethics, we are reinforcing a sense of professional superiority among health care professionals. If we are to adequately serve not just the disabled, but all those who come to us for care, we need to rethink and restructure ethics teaching to create a learning environment that promotes and enhances caring.
Research and first aid
Authors: Walton Jane
Published: November 2016

This article asks whether nurses make inadequate first aiders and invites nurses to fill in a questionnaire as part of a research study into nurses' knowledge of first aid and emergency care. The results will be presented in this journal in 1994.
Fetal tissue transplantation in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Bain Louise
Published: November 2016

Parkinson's disease is the most prevalent degenerative neurological disorder. Although fetal tissue transplantation offers new hope for sufferers, it has created moral and ethical dilemmas that require careful consideration by patients, health professionals and, indeed, the whole of society.
Stricter control needed over private nursing homes
Authors: Castledine George
Published: November 2016

Care of the aged is costly and getting costlier. Over the past few years, increasing demand for hospital beds and the high costs involved have led the NHS to off-load the responsibility for the long-term care of old people on to the private nursing home sector.
First-aid management of psychological emergencies: 1
Authors: Castledine George
Published: November 2016

Psychological emergencies are complex events whose management requires considerable skill on the part of the nurse aider. This article, the first in a series on the management of psychological emergencies, outlines the main areas of assessment and the nurse-aid management of a psychologically disturbed person.
Planning and resource allocation in NHS colleges of health studies: 1
Authors: Lung Michael , Somerville Fay Chantry
Published: November 2016

The rapidly changing environment in which NHS colleges of health studies are now operating presents tremendous challenges to leaders in nurse education. Financial constraints brought about by the internal market and rapidly changing technology have resulted in complex funding arrangements and incompatible planning cycles. In the first of two articles, the funding of nurse education is explained and the recent changes in funding for NHS colleges are explained.