bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Discrepancies in Percent Total Body Surface Area Burn Assessments Between Prehospital Providers and Burn Center Physicians
Authors: Tran Duy P , Arnold Donald H , Thompson Callie M , Richmond Neal J , Gondek Stephen , Kidd Rebecca S
Published: July 2021

Burns are routinely assessed at the scene of the incident by prehospital or emergency medical services providers. The initial management of burns is based on the calculation of the extent of the injury, reported as percent total body surface area (TBSA). This study evaluates discrepancies in the estimation of TBSA between prehospital providers and burn team physicians over a 3-year period at an academic, university medical center serving as the regional burn center. A total of 120 adult and 27 pediatric patients (younger than age 16 years) were included in this study; 95 (65%) patients were male, 67 (46%) patients were Caucasian, 62 (42%) patients had no healthcare insurance, and the median age was 35 years (interquartile range [IQR] 27). The most common etiology of burns was hot liquid, 39 (26.5%). Median [IQR] and mean (SD) estimated TBSA (%) were 4 [1–10] and 8.6 (12.8) for prehospital providers and 2 [1–6] and 5.9 (9.9) for burn team physicians. Bland–Altman plots evaluating second- and third-degree burns separately and combined demonstrated that, as burns involved more surface area, agreement decreased between emergency medical service providers and burn physicians. Agreement between prehospital providers and burn physicians decreased as TBSA of burns increased. This finding reaffirms the need for more standardized education and training for all medical personnel.
A Comparative Spatial and Climate Analysis of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis and Human Babesiosis in New York State (2013–2018)
Authors: O’Connor Collin , Prusinski Melissa A , Jiang Shiguo , Russell Alexis , White Jennifer , Falco Richard , Kokas John , Vinci Vanessa , Gall Wayne , Tober Keith , Haight Jamie , Oliver JoAnne , Meehan Lisa , Sporn Lee Ann , Brisson Dustin , Backenson P Bryon
Published: July 2021

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) and human babesiosis are tick-borne diseases spread by the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis Say, Acari: Ixodidae) and are the result of infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia microti, respectively. In New York State (NYS), incidence rates of these diseases increased concordantly until around 2013, when rates of HGA began to increase more rapidly than human babesiosis, and the spatial extent of the diseases diverged. Surveillance data of tick-borne pathogens (2007 to 2018) and reported human cases of HGA (n = 4,297) and human babesiosis (n = 2,986) (2013–2018) from the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) showed a positive association between the presence/temporal emergence of each pathogen and rates of disease in surrounding areas. Incidence rates of HGA were higher than human babesiosis among White and non-Hispanic/non-Latino individuals, as well as all age and sex groups. Human babesiosis exhibited higher rates among non-White individuals. Climate, weather, and landscape data were used to build a spatially weighted zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) model to examine and compare associations between the environment and rates of HGA and human babesiosis. HGA and human babesiosis ZINB models indicated similar associations with forest cover, forest land cover change, and winter minimum temperature; and differing associations with elevation, urban land cover change, and winter precipitation. These results indicate that tick-borne disease ecology varies between pathogens spread by I. scapularis.
First Record of an Established Population of Triatoma sanguisuga (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Richardson County, Nebraska
Authors: Nielsen David H , Koch Kyle , Roachell Walter , Delgado Bernardo , Bast Joshua
Published: July 2021

In 2017, a single adult Triatoma sanguisuga (LeConte) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) was identified from Indian Cave State Park in Nemaha County, NE. The following summer, a single adult specimen was found in a 4-H insect collection at the Nebraska State Fair from Richardson County. A subsequent investigation found that these were collected from a residence in Richardson County and three more adults were collected in 2019. In 2020, the latter three kissing bugs were submitted to Public Health Command-Central’s DoD Food Analysis and Diagnostic Laboratory (DOD FADL) for confirmatory species identification and diagnostic testing for Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. One specimen tested positive for T. cruzi using a real-time dual-target PCR screen followed by confirmatory dual-target traditional PCR. Based on these findings, a survey plan was developed for Richardson and surrounding counties in southeast Nebraska. In July of 2020, two adult and seven nymphs (multiple instars) of T. sanguisuga were collected in Richardson County, one of which tested positive for T. cruzi. This is the first record of an established population of T. sanguisuga and T. cruzi-infected kissing bugs in Nebraska.
Effects of Cell Phone Use on Caregiver Supervision and Child Injury Risk
Authors: Cosottile McKenna , Damashek Amy
Published: July 2021

Objective

Unintentional injuries are the leading killer of children in the United States. Caregiver supervision decreases child injury risk; however, little research has examined the effects of distractions (e.g., cell phone use) on caregiver supervision and subsequent ability to protect children from injury. In particular, despite the prevalence of cell phone use, no research has examined the degree to which caregiver cell phone use may impair caregivers’ ability to supervise their children effectively. The present study used a within-subjects design to examine whether caregiver cell phone use impacted caregiver vigilance and child engagement with potential hazards.

Methods

A total of 51 caregiver–child dyads were observed in a pseudo hazards room across three conditions (cell phone distraction, pen-and-paper distraction, no distraction) to examine the effects of cell phone use on caregiver vigilance and child behavior (i.e., engagement with hazards) related to injury risk.

Results

Caregiver vigilance was higher in the no distraction condition compared to the two distraction conditions (cell phone and pen-and-paper). Moreover, child engagement with hazards was lower in the no distraction condition than in the two distraction conditions. Although both distraction conditions impaired caregiver vigilance, caregivers were more impaired in the pen-and-paper condition compared to the cell phone condition.

Discussion

Regardless the form, distracting tasks (both cell phone use and pen-and-paper task) impacted both caregiver and child behavior associated with injury risk. It is important that professionals working with parents educate them about the risks of supervising children while distracted and encourage mindful supervision to ensure safety.
miRge3.0: a comprehensive microRNA and tRF sequencing analysis pipeline
Authors: Patil Arun H , Halushka Marc K
Published: July 2021

MicroRNAs and tRFs are classes of small non-coding RNAs, known for their roles in translational regulation of genes. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have enabled high-throughput small RNA-seq studies, which require robust alignment pipelines. Our laboratory previously developed miRge and miRge2.0, as flexible tools to process sequencing data for annotation of miRNAs and other small-RNA species and further predict novel miRNAs using a support vector machine approach. Although miRge2.0 is a leading analysis tool in terms of speed with unique quantifying and annotation features, it has a few limitations. We present miRge3.0 that provides additional features along with compatibility to newer versions of Cutadapt and Python. The revisions of the tool include the ability to process Unique Molecular Identifiers (UMIs) to account for PCR duplicates while quantifying miRNAs in the datasets, correct erroneous single base substitutions in miRNAs with miREC and an accurate mirGFF3 formatted isomiR tool. miRge3.0 also has speed improvements benchmarked to miRge2.0, Chimira and sRNAbench. Finally, miRge3.0 output integrates into other packages for a streamlined analysis process and provides a cross-platform Graphical User Interface (GUI). In conclusion miRge3.0 is our third generation small RNA-seq aligner with improvements in speed, versatility and functionality over earlier iterations.
Introduction
Authors: Schellenberg Ryan S.
Published: July 2021

What could it mean for Paul to express contentment and joy in prison? This question lies at the heart of this book. Its force is often blunted, however, by heroizing depictions of Paul that render his joy the singular feat of a legendary apostle. Misleading juxtapositions with other ancient prison letters have only reinforced this tendency, and comparisons with Stoic discourses of eupathic joy have failed to reckon with the concrete social and somatic location from which Paul writes. This introductory chapter sets the theoretical groundwork for a different mode of comparison, one rooted in the premise that Paul’s letter to the Philippians is an artifact of Paul’s imprisoned body. A history of Paul’s emotions, it argues, is also a history of his body, which is itself a history of his social interaction. Comparison with modern prisoners serves to defamiliarize the ancient evidence and suggest how it might be redescribed.
How Do We See a Changing World?
Authors: Grossberg Stephen
Published: July 2021

This chapter begins an analysis of how we see changing visual images and scenes. It explains why moving objects do not create unduly persistent trails, or streaks, of persistent visual images that could interfere with our ability to see what is there after they pass by. It does so by showing how the circuits already described for static visual form perception automatically reset themselves in response to changing visual cues, and thereby prevent undue persistence, when they are augmented with habituative transmitter gates, or MTM traces. The MTM traces gate specific connections among the hypercomplex cells that control completion of static boundaries. These MTM-gated circuits embody gated dipoles whose rebound properties autonomically reset boundaries at appropriate times in response to changing visual inputs. A tradeoff between boundary resonance and reset is clarified by this analysis. This kind of resonance and reset cycle shares many properties with the resonance and reset cycle that controls the learning of recognition categories in Adaptive Resonance Theory. The MTM-gated circuits quantitatively explain the main properties of visual persistence that do occur, including persistence of real and illusory contours, persistence after offset of oriented adapting stimuli, and persistence due to spatial competition. Psychophysical data about afterimages and residual traces are also explained by the same mechanisms.
How We See the World in Depth
Authors: Grossberg Stephen
Published: July 2021

This chapter explains how 3D vision and figure-ground perception occur in our brains. It shows how the 2D boundary and surface processes that are described in earlier chapters naturally generalize to 3D via both the FACADE (Form-And-Color-And-DEpth) theory of 3D vision and figure-ground perception, and the 3D LAMINART model that generalizes the laminar cortical circuits of Chapter 10 to 3D and naturally embodies and generalizes FACADE. Contrast-specific binocular fusion and contrast-invariant boundary formation are explained in terms of identified cells in specific layers of cortical areas V1 and V2. The correspondence problem is solved using a disparity filter that eliminates false binocular matches in layer 2/3 of V2, while it chooses the 3D binocular boundary grouping that is best supported by scenic cues. The critical role of monocular boundary information in figure-ground perception is explained and used to simulate DaVinci stereopsis percepts, along with surface-to-boundary surface contour signals and a fixation plane bias due to life-long experiences with fixated scenic features. Simulated data include the Venetian blind effect, Panum’s limiting case, dichoptic masking, 3D Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet effect, Julesz random dot stereograms, 3D percepts of 2D pictures of shaded ellipses and discrete textures, simultaneous fusion and rivalry percepts when viewing Kulikowski and Kaufman stereograms, stimulus rivalry and eye rivalry, and bistable percepts of slanted surfaces, including the Necker cube. The size-disparity correlation enables signals from multiple scales to cooperate and compete to generate boundary representations at multiple depths. 3D percepts of natural scenes from stereograms are also simulated with these circuits.
From Knowing to Feeling
Authors: Grossberg Stephen
Published: July 2021

Visual and auditory processes represent sensory information, but do not evaluate its importance for survival or success. Interactions between perceptual/cognitive and evaluative reinforcement/emotional/motivational mechanisms accomplish this. Cognitive-emotional resonances support conscious feelings, knowing their source, and controlling motivation and responses to acquire valued goals. Also explained is how emotions may affect behavior without being conscious, and how learning adaptively times actions to achieve desired goals. Breakdowns in cognitive-emotional resonances can cause symptoms of mental disorders such as depression, autism, schizophrenia, and ADHD, including explanations of how affective meanings fail to organize behavior when this happens. Historic trends in the understanding of cognition and emotion are summarized, including work of Chomsky and Skinner. Brain circuits of conditioned reinforcer learning and incentive motivational learning are modeled, including the inverted-U in conditioning as a function of interstimulus interval, secondary conditioning, and attentional blocking and unblocking. How humans and animals act as minimal adaptive predictors is explained using the CogEM model’s interactions between sensory cortices, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex. Cognitive-emotional properties solve phylogenetically ancient Synchronization and Persistence Problems using circuits that are conserved between mollusks and humans. Avalanche command circuits for learning arbitrary sequences of sensory-motor acts, dating back to crustacea, increase their sensitivity to environmental feedback as they morph over phylogeny into mammalian cognitive and emotional circuits. Antagonistic rebounds drive affective extinction. READ circuits model how life-long learning occurs without associative saturation or passive forgetting. Affective memories of opponent emotions like fear vs. relief can then persist until they are disconfirmed by environmental feedback.
Bricks and Boxes
Authors: Nathan Marco J.
Published: July 2021

This chapter provides an introduction and synopsis of the entire book. It begins by presenting the traditional “brick-by-brick” conception of scientific knowledge, discussing its shortcomings. Next, a puzzle is raised: why hasn’t this old-fashioned characterization been replaced? There are currently two competing models of science: reductionism and antireductionism. Neither provides an accurate depiction of the productive interaction between knowledge and ignorance, supplanting the old image of the wall. The chapter then presents the conceptual heart of the constructive proposal developed here: the black box. The final sections of the chapter sketch a synopsis of the book, and address its aim and scope.
Between Scylla and Charybdis
Authors: Nathan Marco J.
Published: July 2021

This chapter outlines the development of the reductionism vs. antireductionism debate, which has set the stage for philosophical analyses of science since the early decades of the twentieth century. The point of departure is the rise and fall of the classical model of reduction, epitomized by the work of Ernest Nagel. Next is the subsequent forging of the “antireductionist consensus” and the “reductionist anti-consensus.” The chapter concludes by arguing how modest reductionism and sophisticated antireductionism substantially overlap, making the dispute more terminological than it is often appreciated. Even more problematically, friends and foes of reductionism share an overly restrictive characterization of the interface between levels of explanation. Thus, it is time for philosophy to move away from these intertwining strands, which fail to capture the productive interplay between knowledge and ignorance in science, and to develop new categories for charting the nature and advancement of science.
Black-Boxing 101
Authors: Nathan Marco J.
Published: July 2021

This chapter breaks down the black-boxing process into three constitutive steps. First, in the framing stage, the explanandum is sharpened by placing the object of explanation in the appropriate context. This is typically accomplished by constructing a frame, a placeholder that stands in for patterns of behavior in need of explanation. Second, the difference-making stage provides a causal explanation of the framed explanandum. This involves identifying the relevant difference-makers, placeholders that stand in for the mechanisms producing these patterns. The final representation stage determines which mechanistic components and activities should be explicitly represented, and which can be idealized or abstracted away. The outcome of this process is a model of the explanandum, a depiction of the relevant portion of the world. This analysis provides the general definition the reader has been looking for. A black box is a placeholder—frame or difference-maker—in a causal explanation represented in a model.
Roma Music and Emotion
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

By combining long-term field research with hypotheses from the cognitive sciences, this book proposes a groundbreaking anthropological theory on the emotional power of music. It hig hlights a human tendency to engage in empathic relations through and with the musical artifacts, veritable “sonic agents” for which we can feel pity, compassion, or sympathy. The theory originates from a detailed ethnography of the musical life of a small Roma community of Transylvania (Romania), where Filippo Bonini Baraldi lived several years, seeking an answer to intriguing questions such as: Why do the Roma cry while playing music? What lies behind their ability to move their customers? What happens when instrumental music and wailing voices come together at funerals? Through the analysis of numerous weddings, funeral wakes, community celebrations, and intimate family gatherings, the author shows that music and weeping go hand in hand, revealing fundamental tensions between unity and division, life and death, the self and others—tensions that the Roma enhance, overemphasize, and perceive as central to their identity. In addition to improving our understanding of a community still shrouded in stereotypes, this book is an important contribution for research on musical emotion, which thus far has focused almost exclusively on western classical music.
Introduction
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

This chapter introduces the ethnographic context of this research: a small Hungarian and Roma village of central Transylvania (Romania) called Ceuaş or Csávás [h]. It describes the daily life of the Roma and their relationships with the Hungarian peasants living in the same village. The second part of the chapter discusses how the topic of musical emotions can be approached from an anthropological and ethnomusicological perspective, and what concerns it raises. The final part presents the methodological choices the author made in order to understand why the Transylvanian Roma cry with music.
How to make music work, how to arouse emotions
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

This chapter proposes some more general thoughts on the professional activity of the Roma musicians of Ceuaş. First, the following question is addressed: How do the professional relationships that form the context of musicians’ work affect their mental representation and organization of the musical repertoire? It is claimed that Roma musicians base their approach and organization of music on its potential efficacy. The more the musicians can tailor their music to their customers’ “national,” “regional,” or “personal” preferences, the more effective their action. The chapter then focuses on how musicians arouse bittersweet emotions in their clients. This is achieved through finely calibrated “personal tunes” that bring the past alive with a rush of memories and eventually make customers cry. Finally, it is argued that during the “service” there can be moments when musicians openly express their emotions. Musicians’ emotional involvement can be interpreted either as a form of freedom, depending on the circumstances, or as an extreme form of subordination to their clients.
Other occasions when musical emotions can arise in ţigănie
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

This chapter presents a detailed ethnography of other situations in which musicians—either professional, semiprofessional, or amateur—, cry openly while playing music. These are smaller celebrations and spontaneous parties in the Roma neighborhood of Ceuaş. The chapter first describes a baptism, and then more intimate musical gatherings taking place at the musicians’ homes. The comparison of all these situations reveals the main factors that trigger the musicians’ emotional outbursts: a particular social context (at home with friends), alcohol, and “personal” tunes.
Performing sorrow
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

This chapter analyzes the slow “sorrowful” (de jale) tunes that Roma often associate with crying. Three musical parameters characterize this repertoire: (1) the rhythmic and temporal structure (irregular aksak or unmeasured rhythm); (2) the slight asynchronies between the melody and the harmonic accompaniment, which creates a swinging effect; and (3) the complex elaboration of the melodic line, in particular the addition of ornaments and passing notes to create an effect that is known locally as “sweetness.” The analysis is supported by empirical measurements of timing durations, obtained by tracking the musician’s bow’s movements with motion capture techniques.
Personal tunes
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

This chapter analyzes the process through which a melody becomes someone’s “personal” tune. The following questions are addressed: How are these associations created and transmitted? How does a tune come to be generally agreed to belong to this or that person? Who are those who tend to become associated with a tune? Which tunes are the most likely to become identified with someone? It is argued that if the Roma of Ceuaş perceive a tune as emotionally charged, this is not so much because of its formal properties as its association with a specific human being.
Toward an anthropological approach to musical empathy
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

This chapter proposes an anthropological approach to musical empathy, relying on Alfred Gell’s notion of agency. It is claimed that: (1) musical emotions are best approached as empathetic phenomena, as opposed to cognitive acts involving the decoding of a message; (2) it is possible to distinguish between different types of musical empathy, depending on the type of agency relationship: “empathy with the musical being,” “empathy with the artist,” “empathy with musical memory-images,” and “intersubjective musical empathy”; (3) the representation of a network of agency can reveal the role played by the performance context in the emotions attributed to music; (4) The notion of agency makes it possible to consider “personal” tunes as “distributed persons,” as opposed to signs of persons; (5) the highly ornamented de jale (“sorrowful”) tunes can be seen as “sonic agents,” or “sonic beings” arousing in the listeners feelings of attachment, rapture, and loss.
Conclusion
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

This final chapter summarizes the main achievement of this research on the “musical tears” of the Roma of Ceuaş. It shows what light it sheds, more generally, on European Roma communities and on the question of musical emotions. The chapter raises the question of how the gap between laboratory research and fieldwork can be reduced, and poses the foundations of an interdisciplinary approach to musical emotions.
The Beauty of the Houri
Authors: Rustomji Nerina
Published: July 2021

The fascination with the houri, the pure female of Islamic paradise, began long before September 11, 2001. The Beauty of the Houri demonstrates how the ambiguous reward of the houri, mentioned in the Qurʾan and developed in Islamic theological writings, has gained a distinctive place in English and French literature from the sixteenth to the twenty-first century and in digital material in the twenty-first century. The houri had multiple functions in Islamic texts that ranged from caretaker to pure companion to entertainment. French, English, and American writers used the houri to critique Islam and Muslim societies while also adopting the houri as a model of feminine beauty. Unlike earlier texts that presented different forms of the houri or universalized the houri for all women, writings about the houri after September 11th offer contradictory messages about Islam. In the twenty-first century, the image of the houri symbolizes a reward for violence and the possibility of gender parity. As a cosmic figure that inspires enduring questions about the promise of paradise and the idealized feminine form, the houri has a singular past and potential for future interpretation.
The Nature and Etiology of Uncertainty
Authors: Han Paul K.J.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 2 examines the nature and etiology of uncertainty in medicine. It reviews existing conceptions of uncertainty and demonstrates the diversity of ways in which it has been defined, both in and outside of medicine. It describes the meaning and functions of metacognition, and offers a working definition of uncertainty as the metacognitive awareness of ignorance. Referencing various insights from the social science literature, the chapter describes how uncertainty as a more general phenomenon is both psychologically generated by novelty, discrepancy, and deliberation and socially constructed and transmitted through the exchange of information.
The Management of Uncertainty
Authors: Han Paul K.J.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 5 presents an approach to managing uncertainty in medicine. It develops the idea of “uncertainty tolerance” as a normative goal for efforts to manage uncertainty. It offers a working definition of uncertainty tolerance as an optimal, adaptive balance in people’s responses to uncertainty and identifies humility, flexibility, and courage as key moral virtues or capacities that enable uncertainty tolerance. The chapter presents a practical integrative framework of uncertainty management that aims to promote uncertainty tolerance through four key tasks: establishing the diagnosis of uncertainty, assessing its prognosis, clarifying goals, and initiating treatment. The chapter uses a case study to explore the potential practical value of the framework in helping clinicians and patients to manage and tolerate the uncertainties they experience.
Prankery
Authors: Keyes Ralph
Published: July 2021

The history of word-coining is rich with cases of neologisms created as part of pranks that went on to become part of our lexicon. The surname of Washington Irving’s faux historian of New York, Diedrich Knickerbocker, inspired a nickname for New Yorkers, and, shortened, to a type of underwear: knickers. Miscegenation was the title of a hoax booklet produced by two Democrats during the 1864 election to falsely portray Abraham Lincoln as an advocate of intermarriage. Maury Maverick’s popular neologism gobbledygook was apparently a prank-coinage based on a slang term for fellatio. In some cases neologisms created as part of a strategic hoax caught on. The name of a military vehicle known as a tank grew out of an elaborate British ruse to conceal its development by calling this vehicle a “water tank.” Publishers of dictionaries sometimes included faux neologisms called mountweazels, or nihilartikels, to smoke out plagiarizers.
Naming the Future
Authors: Keyes Ralph
Published: July 2021

Futuristic writers like H. G. Wells, Robert Heinlein and Isaac Asimov have been an unusually fruitful source of new words needed for a changing world. Authors of science fiction imagine future societies with lots of conjured elements that need names. As contemporary life catches up with their imagined versions, we continually tap neologisms that have appeared in science fiction to name new phenomena. Terms such as robot, grok, karass, countdown, space cadet, test tube baby, pod person, Stepford, Cyberspace, and many more first appeared on the pages of futuristic fiction before joining the language as a whole.
A Powerful Weapon
Authors: Burkholder Zoë
Published: July 2021

Chapter 3 highlights a resurgence of northern Black support for school integration alongside the expanding civil rights movement. The outbreak of World War II created economic opportunities that drew Black migrants North in a second wave and sparked more militant civil rights activism. NAACP leaders persuaded northern Black communities to reject school segregation. By citing anti-discrimination legislation and organizing petitions and boycotts, these activists won the formal desegregation of public schools in the North between 1940 and 1954. A potent combination of civil rights activism, the decline of scientific racism, and the emergence of the Cold War pushed school integration to the forefront of national politics. Following the Brown decision, northern Blacks demanded school integration. The process was contentious, especially when districts closed Black schools and fired Black teachers. By 1965, many Black northerners expressed frustration with school integration and what they viewed as its failure to improve the quality of education for Black youth.
Conflict in the Community
Authors: Burkholder Zoë
Published: July 2021

Chapter 4 charts the most contested phase of Black educational activism in the North as support for Black-controlled schools expanded alongside the Black Power movement, concurrent with the growth of court-ordered school desegregation across the urban North. “Community-control” activists, like those in New York City and Newark, New Jersey, saw separation as a rational response to what they viewed as the dismal failure of school integration. They called for community control over administration, curriculum, pedagogy, and hiring in majority Black schools and called for desegregation plans to be halted. Student activists demanded Black history courses, fairer discipline and dress code policies, and more respect for Black culture. Not everyone agreed with this renewed vision of autonomous Black institution-building, especially an older generation of civil rights warriors. Although briefly appealing, community control and Afrocentric curricula did not successfully equalize public education and receded in the early 1970s.
Interiority and Expression in Dickinson’s Lyrics, Magdalena Ostas
Authors: Ostas Magdalena
Published: July 2021

The argument in this chapter is that Dickinson’s poetics of inner life makes us see anew the long-standing philosophical problem of expression. Dickinson’s poetry invests itself in an understanding of subjectivity that rearranges the anchors we often turn to in thinking about how lives and identities take on shape in expressive forms. Poetry forces this essentially inward poet to conclude that introspection leads to blindness and rather than to self-knowledge and understanding. Dickinson presents us with a new picture of a human subject unable to find comfort or satisfaction in pursuing itself on the inside. Poetry, instead, gives Dickinson evidence of herself and allows her to encounter the particular what and how of her own inner life as it takes shape outside of her. What literature and philosophy at their crossroads can gain by engaging the idea that poems probe hypotheses about subjectivity is a central concern in the readings.
Dickinson and Pivoting Thought, Eileen John
Authors: John Eileen
Published: July 2021

Emily Dickinson’s poems hold a constructive response to an epistemic and practical predicament. We are aware of an overwhelmingly expansive reality, and we know that our knowledge is limited. Must we be disoriented or stymied as knowers and agents? I will highlight Dickinson’s attention to devices that link different planes and materials, such as hinges and seams. These devices have a bearing on our predicament, as they can be understood to orient us in relation to a multiply demanding reality. Competence with using or maintaining a seam or hinge shows some understanding of what “pulls” us toward different domains, of what is relevant to multiple fields of knowledge and action, without simultaneous grasp of the whole.
Setting the Foundation
Authors: Savvidou Paola
Published: July 2021

This chapter provides an overview of wellness theories, along with a profile of the challenges facing music students today, and a brief background of performing arts medicine. The multidimensional nature of wellness is introduced as the basis for the explorations that follow in this book. The top impediments to academic performance faced by college students are identified and grounded in national surveys and research. Some of these challenges include stress, anxiety, sleep deprivation, and depression. A discussion specific to music students points to additional challenges, such as performance-related musculoskeletal injuries, isolation, competition, and performance anxiety. The toolkit at the end of the chapter provides eight assessments for each dimension of wellness.
Stacking the Joints
Authors: Savvidou Paola
Published: July 2021

This chapter presents foundational principles of optimal alignment based on biomechanics and body mapping. This approach to physical alignment moves away from a traditional static posture, toward a model that places the breath at the heart of balanced movement. Key components the music instructor can draw from to support retraining students’ physical alignment include heightening their kinesthetic awareness through body mapping movement explorations and sharing factual information about joint alignment and the breathing mechanism. Guidelines for the instructors’ approach to incorporating these elements are introduced. Such guidelines include use of imagery, prioritizing ease, and using appropriate language.
Epilogue
Authors: Griffel Frank
Published: July 2021

The short epilogue asks whether the observations this study makes about Fakhr al-Din al-Razi early career before he reached the age of 40, when he wrote philosophical books, are also true for his late œuvre? It suggests that during his late life, al-Razi was overwhelmed by an argument similar to Pascal’s wager: If the rational evidence in favor of a philosophical God is equal in strength to the rational evidence for the God of kalam, prudence dictates to choses the latter. This, because if kalam is right and God is a free-choosing and omniscient agent, then He will punish all those who deny these attributes. The God of philosophy, however, will not punish believers in those attributes. A decision in favor of the God of kalam will, in whatever circumstance, not trigger punishment in the afterlife. In his late work al-Razi decided in favor of the God of kalam, not because he thought such a decision is more convincing, but because it is more prudent.
Absent and Present
Authors: Hernández Gloria Maité
Published: July 2021

The second chapter initiates the comparative readings by examining the dynamics of absence and presence through the lenses of poetry and theological meaning. Read together, the Cántico and Rāsa Līlā bring into focus the capacity of poetry to evoke the presence of God. But in the two poems most of such evocations take place not through descriptive narratives but through intimations of God’s presence when he is not obviously there. The two sections that comprise this second chapter—“Singing the Absent God” and “Looking for God in Nature”—examine the means by which the Cántico’s female lover (the Amada) and Kṛṣṇa’s lovers (the gopīs) search for their hidden lovers and invoke his presence. In their commentaries, John and the Gauḍīya theologians explain God’s absence and presence as the two sides of the coin of God’s love.
Introduction
Authors: Coen Sharon , Bull Peter
Published: July 2021

In contemporary Western societies, journalism often comes under fire. This is due in part to the increased economic threat posed to the profession by a steady decline in the consumption of news but also to increasing scepticism in the value of news and the media in general. This introductory chapter summarizes the theoretical approaches taken in this book, highlighting the unique contributions that a media psychological approach can make to our understanding of news-making and the construction of meaning. The chapter presents an overview of how psychology can contribute to our understanding of news, and it describes in relation to journalism uniquely media psychological constructs (parasocial interactions and the third-person effect). The chapter concludes with a chapter-by-chapter summary of the rest of the book.
The Importance of Visual Attention and Perception in Journalism
Authors: Thompson Catherine , Coen Sharon
Published: July 2021

In this chapter, psychological theories of visual perception and attention are considered in relation to journalism. First, the chapter discusses so-called limited capacity processing—that is, humans are limited in the amount of information they can process at any one time. Next, journalists’ use of visual images is discussed. Although a picture ‘may be worth a thousand words’ (or more), journalists also need to take account of so-called ‘wishful seeing’—that people may see only what they want to see. The chapter then considers the phenomenon of ‘priming’ in relation to the way in which a story is framed, which may trigger particular concepts or stereotypes (positive or negative). Finally, the chapter considers emotional processing within journalism—how an individual’s emotional state may impact on their perceptions of a story, and how journalists may utilize emotion to influence audience engagement and comprehension.
Reconsidering Informed and Participatory Citizenship in the Current Media Ecosystem
Authors: Grabe Maria Elizabeth , Bas Ozen
Published: July 2021

The focus of this chapter is on how changes in the media landscape have forced the reconsideration of the way in which ‘memory’, ‘knowledge’, and ‘informed citizenship’ are understood, defined, and researched. Thus, for example, journalism needs to take account of the phenomenon of so-called news grazing (the active consumption of news by flipping through channels and skipping unwanted material) and that of incidental news exposure (unintended exposure to news when media users go online for non-news functions). Traditional views of informed citizenship (as simply acquiring appropriate facts and information) are challenged by calls to include applied understanding and comprehension of social issues and emotional responses to those issues. The chapter is critical of an excessive reliance on verbal tests of memory and stresses the need to develop visual measures, given that the human brain is better adapted for visual than verbal processing.
Ideology and Culture
Authors: Meurs Nathalie Van , Coen Sharon , Bull Peter
Published: July 2021

In this chapter, cross-cultural psychology is discussed in relation to the influence of ideology and culture on journalism. As a case study, a cross-cultural analysis of media systems is reported. One major finding is that in countries in which media have a strong public service mandate and public broadcasting systems, there is a better quality of news provision and a higher level of informed and engaged citizenry. Particular attention is given to the research of Hofstede, who has identified six major dimensions for cross-cultural analysis, and that of Schwartz (1992), who has identified value dimensions with universal meaning (e.g., security, happiness, and benevolence). Social identity theory is also considered, illustrated by the way in which the media may create and foster an ‘us’ versus ‘them’ mentality. In conclusion, the chapter affirms that there is no one nation which holds the gold standard for journalism and can be used as a reference point for all others.
Romantic Relationships and the Transition to Work
Authors: Domene José F. , Johnson Sarah M.
Published: July 2021

In this chapter, the authors address intersections between romantic relationship factors and the transition to work experience. They briefly summarize the nature of romantic relationships during emerging adulthood and then review research conducted around the world, which reveals that these two aspects of a person’s life are closely intertwined during emerging adulthood. They describe the ways romantic relationship development and career development have been found to influence each other and the concerns that many emerging adults have about balancing their goals in these two areas of life. Drawing on this literature, they make several recommendations for practitioners who are assisting emerging adults to make an optimal transition to work in the context of their romantic relationships. Finally, the authors use a case study, drawn from research conducted by the first author, to illustrate how the principles discussed in this review can manifest in the lives of one emerging adult couple.
Acquire and Integrate Data
Authors: Larsen Kai R. , Becker Daniel S.
Published: July 2021

Access to additional and relevant data will lead to better predictions from algorithms until we reach the point where more observations (cases) are no longer helpful to detect the signal, the feature(s), or conditions that inform the target. In addition to obtaining more observations, we can also look for additional features of interest that we do not currently have, at which point it will invariably be necessary to integrate data from different sources. This section introduces this process of data integration, starting with an introduction of two methods: “joins” (to access more features) and “unions” (to access more observations) and continues on to cover regular expressions, data summarization, crosstabs, data reduction and splitting, and data wrangling in all its flavors.
Interpret and Communicate
Authors: Larsen Kai R. , Becker Daniel S.
Published: July 2021

Having evaluated all the measures and selected the best model for this case, and much of the machine learning process has been clarified, our understanding of the problem context is still relatively immature. That is, while we have carefully specified the problem, we still do not fully understand what drives that target. Convincing management to support the implementation of the model typically includes explaining the answers to “why,” “what,” “where,” and “when” questions embedded in the model. While the model may be the best overall possible model according to selected measures, for the particular problem related to hospital readmissions, it is still not clear why the model predicts the readmission of some patients will be readmitted and that others will not. It also remains unknown what features drive these outcomes, where the patients who were readmitted come from, or whether or not this is relevant. In this case, access to time information is also unavailable––when, so it is not relevant, but it is easy to imagine that patients admitted in the middle of the night might have worse outcomes due to tired staff or lack of access to the best physicians. If we can convince management that the current analysis is useful, we can likely also make a case for the collection of additional data. The new data might include more information on past interactions with this patient, as well as date and time information to test the hypothesis about the effect of time-of-admission and whether the specific staff caring for a patient matters.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Kay
Published: July 2021

Chapter 1 introduces the key question asked by the book: whether mental health law should be abolished or reformed and defines all the key terms (e.g. mental health law, mental impairment, involuntary detention and treatment, voluntary treatment, abolition and reform, etc). It puts mental health law into its wider social context pointing out that while at least 20 per cent of the community in any given year and 50 per cent in their lifetime have a mental health problem, mental health law only applies to a relatively small number of persons with severe mental health problems who are medically assessed to be at risk of harming themselves or others. It sets out the background to the fierce controversy about the future of mental health law during the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) negotiations and since its entry into force in 2008. It explains the conceptual framework for the book being human rights treaty interpretation and the jurisprudential or ethical analysis consistent with Ronald Dworkin of three core CRPD and human rights concepts—dignity (including autonomy), equality, and participation—to create the ‘interpretive compass.’ It discusses the social model of disability, the medical model, the human rights model, and the interactive model. It defines the scope of the book in that it excludes consideration of mental health specific criminal law doctrines like fitness to plead and the insanity defence and clarifies that the focus is on mental health law rather than other forms of substitute decision-making like guardianship. It explains the structure of the book.
The Interpretive Framework and the Reform (as opposed to the Abolition) of Mental Health Law
Authors: Wilson Kay
Published: July 2021

Having rejected the abolition of mental health law in Chapters 4 to 7, Chapter 8 explores the possibility of the reform of mental health law. It explains the Mental Capacity with Support and Support Except Where There is Harm models. It applies the interpretive compass of inherent dignity (including autonomy), equality, and participation to both models and compares them to the Abolition with Support model. It argues in favour of the Mental Capacity with Support model as being compatible with the CRPD (despite the contrary arguments from abolitionists) and more transparent than Abolition with Support. It proposes improvements to the Mental Capacity with Support model. It discusses wider reforms to the mental health system, social reforms, and how reform is possible without abolishing mental health law first.