bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Objective versus Individual Mental Ability Tests with Former Head Start Children in the First Grade
Authors: Parker Harry J. , Sternlof Richard E. , McCoy John F.
Published: September 2011

To determine if individual or objective mental ability tests provide more accurate information with culturally deprived children when they reach primary grades, the SRA PMA Test K-1 was administered in the first grade to 62 former Head Start white and Negro boys and girls. The Columbia Mental Maturity Scale, Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test, and Vineland Maturity Scale were administered 6 mo. earlier. On the PMA, significant differences were found for Verbal Meaning, Number Facility, and Total Score for the 4 groups, with scores for whites higher than for Negroes. White boys exceeded girls on all subtests, while Negro boys exceeded Negro girls except on Total Score. Perceptual Speed scores were elevated beyond other scores for all but white girls. Whites exceeded Negroes by an average of 9 mo. on the Primary Mental Abilities, while on the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale the difference was 13 mo. Subject to the users' understanding of the PMA, it appears to be reasonably applicable for use with ethnic and culturally deprived groups in primary grades and could serve as an alternative to individual mental ability testing.
Figure Drawings by Sex Offenders and a Random Sample of Offenders
Authors: Jensen Diana E. , Prandoni Jogues R. , Abudabbeh Nuha N.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to test the relationship between the Draw-a-Person Test (DAP) and sexual pathology. Drawings by 53 sex offenders were compared with drawings by 63 nonsexual offenders randomly chosen from the clinic files. Drawings were compared for over-all quality on a special scale, and presence or absence of signs often considered indicative of sexual disturbance. There were no significant differences between the drawings of the random sample and the drawings of sex offenders. It was concluded that the measures used were poor indicators of sexual disturbance and were not sensitive to sexual pathology in this sample.
Differences in Selected Psychological Characteristics of Participants and Nonparticipants in Activity
Authors: Fletcher Raymond
Published: September 2011

Comparisons of EPPS responses by 672 activity participants and 278 nonparticipants yielded 1 difference (endurance) significant at p.01 and 4 differences at p.05. The magnitudes of these differences were so small as to be inconsequential for prediction.
Birth Order, Sex, and Complexity-Simplicity: An Attempt at Replication
Authors: Looft William R. , Baranowski Marc D.
Published: September 2011

Birth order, sex, and preference-for-complexity data were obtained from 119 Ss in order to test four hypotheses derived from the findings of several studies reported by Eisenman. Only one of these hypotheses concerning birth order and sex differences for complexity preference was statistically supported, though other differences were in the hypothesized directions. Mean complexity scores and correlations of the complexity measure with sex and birth order were widely discrepant with those reported in earlier studies by Eisenman. The presence of marked differences between the present population and those sampled by Eisenman may account for the discrepancies.
Perceptual Learning Disabilities in Blind Children
Authors: Brodlie Jerome F. , Burke John
Published: September 2011

119 totally blind and 81 legally blind children were observed for perceptual problems in learning to read and write. Error patterns analogous to those found in sighted ‘dyslexic’ children were observed in about 15% of both groups. These legally blind children with perceptual deficits were first taught to read and write by sighted methods before learning Braille. A child had similar errors when learning to read or write Braille and when learning by the traditional sighted method.
Differences between Correlates of Perceptual Style and Petrie Task Performance in Chronic and Acute Schizophrenics
Authors: Schooler Carmi , Silverman Julian
Published: September 2011

Acute schizophrenics open to perceptual stimuli are receptive to emotional stimuli and are intellectually able. Conversely, chronics maintaining active internal lives are inattentive to external stimuli. The Petrie procedure appears uncorrelated with the Silverman KFA. Overestimation after Petrie large-stimulus interpolation relates to passive behavior; overestimation after small-stimulus interpolation relates to good intellectual and psychological functioning among all, and among chronics to behavioral and conceptual expansiveness.
Conceptual Development in Advantaged and Disadvantaged Kindergarten Children
Authors: Thomas Elizabeth C.
Published: September 2011

This study examined conceptualization in 60 white advantaged (a) and disadvantaged ( da) kindergarten children as demonstrated by their performance on an object-sorting test. The two tasks in this test, varying in degree of structure, were referred to as spontaneous and structured sorting. Ss were equally divided as to sex. The two groups were significantly different on the following variables: mental age, educational level of father, educational level of mother, occupation of father, restriction of home environment, stimulating opportunities provided by games in the home, availability of record player, and attendance of movies. A significant difference was found in the performance of the two groups with the advantaged performing at a higher level. Sex and task differences were not significant. The failure to find a discrepancy between spontaneous and structured sorting was considered to be growth from egocentric thinking to an acquisition of greater flexibility in change of focus. The postulated five-level hierarchy in conceptual development, useful in early childhood curriculum planning, was supported by the distribution of responses.
Determining the Hierarchical Structure of a Multidimensional Body of Information
Authors: Zavala Albert
Published: September 2011

A method for extracting the hierarchical structure of a body of information is described. The method uses factor analysis to extract the principal components of a multidimensional measurement space. The principal axis solution of the factor analysis is rotated, starting with the two factors having the largest eigenvalues, and in successive rotations, adding facors with the highest eigenvalue from the remaining unrotated factors. The results are then presented in graphic form. The method is called rotation to hierarchical structure (Rotohist) and uses a single computer run for the analysis.
An Observational Study of Sleep of the Aged
Authors: Webb Wilse B. , Swinburne Heather
Published: September 2011

9 males and 10 females with a mean age of 77 yr. and with only the general debilities of aging were observed for two 36-hr. periods in 15-min. intervals. Sleep and waking behavior was recorded. Ss spent almost half of their time in bed; their sleep was often interrupted by wakefulness; almost all took one or more naps; the nap lengths were unrelated to the length of night sleep. The sleep of the elderly is certainly no less than that of younger Ss and, for the male, is perhaps longer and more variable between Ss. Sleep amounts from period to period were significantly correlated.
Phonemic Processing in Silent Reading
Authors: Locke John L.
Published: September 2011

6 adults silently read short passages containing a high, medium, or low frequency of words whose pronunciation requires labial movement. Analysis of electromyographic recordings at a chin-lip site showed significantly higher tracings for the high- than for the low-labial passages, suggesting that covert oral activity during silent reading is a form of speech and can be measured.
Temporal Perspective as a Personality Dimension in College Students: A Re-Evaluation
Authors: Platt Jerome J. , Eisenman Russell , De Lisser Oswald , Darbes Alex
Published: September 2011

Relationships among 6 measures of temporal perspective and 9 personality variables were examined separately for male and female college students, and a factor analysis of scores was carried out. Scores (males: ns = 49 to 54; females: ns = 81 to 121) on temporal perspective instruments were significantly related to personality variables, although not in any consistent manner. The factor analysis showed different measures of temporal perspective to share little common meaning. The presumed unitary nature of the concept is challenged.
Body Satisfaction in Adolescence
Authors: Clifford Edward
Published: September 2011

Body-satisfaction and self-satisfaction scales based on the work of Secord and Jourard (1953) were given to 146 male and 194 female adolescents ranging in age from 11 through 19 yr. Response tendencies of males and females are significantly different, females expressing more dissatisfaction with themselves and their bodies than do males. The expression of body- and self-satisfaction was not related to age for this range. Despite differences in response tendencies, male and female adolescents tended to react to body- and self-satisfaction items in a similar fashion. For both sexes the same degree of relative dissatisfaction was expressed for those aspects of the body experience associated with growth, namely, height, weight, and physique. It is also suggested that the relative expression of dissatisfaction with height, weight, chest, waist, and hips may reflect cultural factors associated with concerns with weight gain in an affluent society, rather than concerns with stylized standards of beauty.
Spatial Coding in Normal, Autistic and Blind Children
Authors: Hermelin B. , O'Connor N.
Published: September 2011

The experiment tested whether tactile stimulation would be coded in terms of visual location, even when no visual cues were available. 10 blind, 10 blindfolded, and 10 sighted normal as well as 10 sighted autistic children, were tested, and the results did not indicate that space is represented solely in visual terms. The findings suggested that all groups used such information as was most readily available from the incoming sensory data rather than internally represented schemata of visually organized space.
Reevaluation of Some Measures of Cognitive Styles
Authors: Denmark Florence L. , Havlena Robert A. , Murgatroyd Dorothy
Published: September 2011

The present study has indicated that a spuriously high correlation may be obtained by using extreme scores for the EFT and RFT. Such correlations imply that the tasks measure the same thing and may be used interchangeably, which is misleading. In addition, the results indicated that the Stroop test is measuring a different cognitive style than the EFT or RFT.
Perceptual Field Dependence among Aged Persons
Authors: Markus Elliot J.
Published: September 2011

In a comparison of CEFT scores of large samples of institutionalized and club-going aged men ( ns = 80, 78) and women ( ns = 196, 116), institutionalization and age were associated with low CEFT scores, raising the possibility of some developmental process in which perceptual field independence decreases or regresses.
Relationships among Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Goodenough-Harris, and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Tests with Institutionalized Retarded Adults
Authors: Wells Donald G. , Pedrini Duilio T.
Published: September 2011

Test data for 150 adult institutionalized retardates were subjected to a two-factor analysis of variance with repeated measures (tests) on one factor. The matched male ( n = 32) and female ( n = 32) groups showed no sex differences but significant test differences. On the Goodenough-Harris Draw-A-Man, the Woman Point scale mean IQs were lower than the Man Point scale means. The Point scale means were significantly lower than the Quality scale means for all three drawings (Man, Woman, Self). Correlations of the Goodenough-Harris IQs with WAIS and PPVT IQs were lower for women than for men. The Goodenough-Harris IQ scores correlated better with the WAIS Performance scale IQ than with the Verbal scale IQ. PPVT IQs tended to fall between the WAIS Verbal and Performance scale IQs but correlated better with the Verbal scale than with the Performance scale. The PPVT, a vocabulary measure, was a somewhat better over-all predictor of the WAIS IQ than the Goodenough-Harris drawings.
Effects of Order and Trial on Necker Cube Reversals under Free and Resistive Instructions
Authors: Morris B. B.
Published: September 2011

Habituated but not practiced Ss were required to count the reversals of the Necker cube under free (passive) and hold (resistive) instructions. Two 30-sec. trials under each instructional set, for 2 testing periods, were administered. Two groups of 15 men each viewed the trials in the orders: free, free, hold, hold and hold, hold, free, free. Stable free and hold scores over these 2 testing periods were sought. For the free scores, successive trials, periods, and the order conditions did not produce significant changes in the number of fluctuations. However, the trials × orders interaction was significant. For the hold-score analysis, trials, and trials × periods × orders interaction was significant. In general, the order interaction for the free scores and the significant effects for the hold scores were interpreted as related to a failure to provide a number of habituation trials in the hold condition equal to those for the free conditions. Suggestions for obtaining stable free and hold fluctuation scores over a short testing period and a possible procedure for studying both free and hold scores as related to personality variables were presented.
Visual-Motor Skills and Reading Ability of Deaf Children
Authors: Clarke Bryan R. , Leslie Perry T.
Published: September 2011

A battery of tests was administered to 59 deaf children with an age range of 8 to 12 yr. On the basis of performance IQ and reading level, 27 Ss were divided into three groups of 9 retarded readers with IQs below 90, 9 retarded readers with IQs above 90, and 9 non-retarded readers with IQs above 90. Statistical treatment of Ss' scores on the Bender-Gestalt, the Graham and Kendall Memory-for-Designs, and the Picture Completion, Picture Arrangement, Block Design, Object Assembly and Coding subtests of the WISC did not significantly differentiate between deaf retarded readers and non-retarded readers. However, the data show that deaf children's performance on visual-motor tasks, irrespective of their reading ability, is generally below that of their hearing peers.
Tsai Number-Joining Test Scores Correlated with College Students' Performance on Wais and Dat
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng , Haines Richard B.
Published: September 2011

25 college seniors and graduate students took the WAIS and another group took the DAT ( ns, 28 to 34). Scores were correlated with performance on the Tsai Number-joining Test. Pearson correlations for Performance, Verbal and Full Scale WAIS IQs are .31, .00, and .13 respectively. Subtest correlations range from .35 (Digit Symbol) to .02 (Digit Span). For DAT, Tsai test performance has much higher rs with Spelling (.65), Verbal Reasoning (.61), Grammar (.47), and Abstract Reasoning (.36) than with Clerical Speed and Accuracy (.25), Numerical Ability (.23), Space Relations (.21), and Mechanical Reasoning (.08). Comparisons were made with findings of previous investigators. Relative potentiality of the Tsai Number-joining Test as an aptitude vs an intelligence test, besides being a research tool, is discussed.
Tests between Two Models of Stimulus Predifferentiation
Authors: Smothergill Daniel W. , Cook Harold
Published: September 2011

A stimulus predifferentiation experiment was performed as a test between two models (mediation and differentiation) of discriminative processes. Three groups of preschoolers (n = 51) learned a two-choice simultaneous discrimination between similar line-drawings. Previously, two groups had learned a distinctive name for each drawing and one of them had then repeated the names for 30 sec. Repetition had no effect on discrimination learning, as predicted by the differentiation model but contrary to the mediation model.
Subjective Velocity Estimates of Apparent Movement following Visual Stimulation
Authors: Collins John K.
Published: September 2011

Tracking the apparent movement of a stationary target following prior stimulation by rotation was used to estimate the subjective velocity of the visual motion aftereffect. 10 Ss were given 4 trials each with the apparent velocity averaged over a 10-sec. period following 60 sec. stimulation. The intertrial interval was 5 min. The mean apparent rotation was 1.5° per sec. with SD of 1.6°.
Phonetic Correlates of Graphic Recall
Authors: Locke John L. , Fehr Fred S.
Published: September 2011

A previous paper (Locke & Fehr, in press a) reported analyses of EMG recordings from a chin-lip sire of 24 adults during their perception and rehearsal of word lists, with the general finding that lip activity was substantially greater when Ss processed lip-articulated compared to nonlabial words. This paper reports a subsequent analysis of phonetic activity during Ss' recall of the word lists, which was effected orally or graphically, with the finding that Ss' written reports were accompanied by as much motor-phonetic activity as spoken recall. The primary difference between overt and covert forms of speech appears not to lie in the nature of labial-nonlabial tracing relationships but in the absolute magnitude of EMG values.
Effect of Stimulus-Change Method on Tactile-Image Recognition
Authors: Beauchamp Kenneth L. , Matheson Douglas W. , Scadden Lawrence A.
Published: September 2011

A device that communicates pictorial information through tactual stimulation of the skin was used in a study with 16 adults. The device converts an optical TV image into a vibratory display on S's back. The study compared the effects on pattern recognition of two methods of producing stimulus change in the tactual input. Geometric forms and block letters were presented by horizontally panning the TV camera across static figures or by drawing the figures with a moving dot in the camera's field. The drawing procedure produced fewer recognition errors with both types of figures.
Effects of Symbolic Verbalization by the Model on Children's Observational Learning
Authors: Tsujimoto Richard N. , Liebert Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments on the effects of symbolic verbalization by a model upon children's recall of the model's responses for a series of dichotomous choices were conducted. As expected, Exp. I, conducted with first grade children, showed that such verbalizations did significantly improve imitative recall although this influence did not extend to a second block of trials in which the verbalizations were no longer provided. Exp. II, with preschool children, again showed a facilitating effect for symbolic verbalizations.
Wais-Predicted Category Test Scores with the Halstead Neuropsychological Battery
Authors: Logue Patrick E. , Allen Kathe
Published: September 2011

The study was an attempt to predict scores on the Halstead Category test of organicity based on the observed relationship between Wechsler scores and the category scores. A predictor table is provided to allow the clinician to correct for intelligence.
IES Test Scores of Students in Great Britain
Authors: Kline Paul , Trejdosiewicz Ludwik
Published: September 2011

The IES test was administered to 20 male British undergraduates. Their responses were compared with those of comparable groups tested in America. Some doubts were expressed about the validity of the IES test especially when used with British students.
Relationships among Arrow-Dot IES Scores and Wechsler IQS and MMPI Scales for Hospitalized, Disturbed Adolescents
Authors: McCormick Clarence C. , Klappauf Jeannie , Schnobrich Janice N. , Harvey John
Published: September 2011

24 disturbed adolescents in a psychiatric hospital were administered the Arrow-Dot test, Wechsler Intelligence Scale, and the MMPI. On the Arrow-Dot test the I-score is higher and the E-score lower, on the average, than is typical of this age range in normal populations. The MMPI profile shows an over-all elevation typical of psychological disturbance and a profile code of 8-4 which is characteristic of disturbed adolescents. The Arrow-Dot I-score was moderately and positively correlated with the Pd scale. The S-score was moderately and positively correlated with the F, Hs, and Ma scales and moderately and negatively correlated with IQ and Intellectual Efficiency scale. The E-scores were moderately and positively correlated with IQ and the Intellectual Efficiency scale and moderately and negatively correlated with most of the clinical pathology scales— F, Hs, Hy, Pd, Pa, Pt, and Sc. These results indicate that the Arrow-Dot test does seem to be validly measuring personality factors involved in ego-functions.
Field Dependence-Independence as Related to College Curricula
Authors: DeRussy Edith A. , Futch Emily
Published: September 2011

32 college students took part in an experiment using Witkin's Embedded-figures Test as a measure of field dependence. It was hypothesized that: (1) students majoring in liberal arts are more field-dependent than those majoring in math, physics, and chemistry; and (2) college-age females are more field-dependent than college-age males. The data supported both hypotheses.
Rated Imagery and Pictures in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Morelli George , Lang Diana
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effect of two tests of imagery, the Betts QMI Vividness of Mental Imagery Test vs the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control, in a paired-associate learning task involving imposed imagery versus uncontrolled imagery. 57 Ss were equally divided into Picture, Competing-picture, Words-alone groups and were asked to rate themselves as to method of learning. Later Ss were given the imagery tests. No relation was found between the Betts QMI and PA learning. The Gordon Test related to PA learning only in the picture-imposed imagery condition. Comparisons between Ss who rated themselves pictorializers vs verbalizers were related to PA learning only in the picture-imposed imagery condition.
Leadership and the Group-Shift Phenomenon
Authors: Boulanger Fabien , Fischer Donald G.
Published: September 2011

Leadership was shown to be a very important variable in predicting group decisions. This may partially account for the group-shift phenomenon. Leaders (confederates) were instructed to adopt a (1) risk, (2) conservative, or (3) no-position on caution-oriented items. Comparison of Ss responses to caution items on the Life's Dilemma Questionnaire showed: (1) a significant shift in the risk direction for the risk-leader groups; (2) a significant shift in the conservative direction for the caution-leader groups; (3) a significant shift in the conservative direction for the control group; (4) a significantly greater conservative shift for the caution-leader groups than the control groups; (5) a more stable shift for the caution-leader and control groups, and (6) a transitory shift for risk-leader groups. These results were discussed in terms of their relevance for the group-shift phenomenon.
Usefulness of the Kahn Intelligence Test in Assessing the Intelligence of Retardates
Authors: Deich Ruth F.
Published: September 2011

The Kahn Intelligence Test was given to 48 moderately to severe mentally retarded, institutionalized patients ranging in CA from 6 to 56 yr. Correlation of IQs on this non-verbal test and the Stanford-Binet, L-M, was .90. Contrary to expectations, analysis of variance indicated significant and consistent differences in favor of the Stanford-Binet.
Comparison of Three Approaches to Teaching Reading Skills
Authors: Hartlage Lawrence C. , Lucas David G. , Main William H.
Published: September 2011

Linguistic, look-say, and special alphabet approaches to teaching initial reading skills were compared among 814 beginning first grade children of equivalent readiness levels. Wide Range Achievement Test reading scores at the end of first grade showed a significant superiority of the special alphabet approach, with the linguistic approach also significantly more effective than the more traditional look-say procedure.
Validity of the Slosson Drawing Coordination Test with Adolescents of Below-Average Ability
Authors: Alcorn Charles L. , Nicholson Charles L.
Published: September 2011

Moderate to low correlations of the Slosson with selected sub-tests and scales of the WISC or WAIS, the Benton, and Raven Matrices suggest that the Slosson aids in the identification of visual-perceptual or motor coordination problems with adolescents of below-average ability. Some racial differences were reflected in the correlations. It is suggested that the Slosson be used only for screening
Effect of Rem Sleep Deprivation on Learning and Recall by Humans
Authors: Chernik D. A.
Published: September 2011

16 Ss were deprived of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep for 2 nights by awakening them at the first sign of each REM period. 16 control Ss, initially matched with REM-deprived Ss on a paired-associate learning task, were awakened a similar number of times, but only from sleep without REMs. There were no significant differences between REM-deprived and control Ss on post-deprivation recall of paired-associate adjectives learned prior to deprivation or on the post-deprivation serial learning of trigrams. The results fail to support an important role for REM sleep in human memory or learning. Neither did REM-deprived and control Ss differ significantly on two mood check lists or on a number cancellation performance test.
Performance of Medically Diagnosed Brain-Damaged Children and Control Ss
Authors: Cundick Bert P. , Robison Linda R.
Published: September 2011

A group of 50 sets of geometric designs was administered to 24 children diagnosed as brain-injured by a physician and 24 control children who were matched on sex, age, and verbal ability as determined by a vocabulary test. Two administrations of the test were given to each child. The first time children were presented with a stimulus design and after a 5-sec. interval asked to select the same design from four alternatives on a second card. The second administration involved marching the stimulus design with one of the four alternatives with the stimulus card still in view. The difference in performance between the two groups under both conditions was significant ( p < .001).
Attributional Determinants of Reactions to Performance in Academic Situations
Authors: Neale John M. , Friend Ronald M.
Published: September 2011

30 college students, divided into two groups as a function of their level of achievement motivation, were asked to evaluate 80 possible academic situations involving all possible combinations of the following: grade (A, B, C, D, F), ability (high-low), effort (high-low), task difficulty (high-low), and lucky (lucky-unlucky). For each situation they indicated: (a) their emotional reaction on a pride—shame dimension, (b) their liklihood of taking an advanced course, and (c) their expected grade in an advanced course. The results indicated that grades were the most powerful determinant of Ss' reactions. The remaining factors, especially ability and effort, were important in conjunction with having received a high grade particularly among those Ss high in achievement motivation.
Relationship between Vertical Space Perception and a Dynamic Non-Locomotor Balance Task
Authors: Shugart Betty J. , Souder Marjorie A. , Bunker Linda K.
Published: September 2011

A group of 30 junior high school age girls were selected because of their extreme scores on the rod-and-frame test of perceptual style. Test scores for the 15 field-independent and 15 field-dependent Ss were compared to scores received on a test for dynamic, non-locomotor balancing ability. The field-independent group performed significantly better on the stabilometer test of balancing ability. Also noted were the results of test-retest data over a 15-mo. period on a portable rod-and-frame apparatus. Scores on both correlated .98, indicating consistency and stability of this cognitive style in adolescent girls.
Do the Poor Know how We See Them?: Preliminary Study
Authors: Donald A. P. Mac , Majumder Ranjit K.
Published: September 2011

A poverty scale designed to measure attitudes toward the poor was administered to 104 disadvantaged youths from rural Appalachia. 55 Ss completed the scale for self and 49 Ss completed the scale as they supposed it might be answered by the manager of a large chain store. As predicted, Ss guessed that the manager would rate the poor more negatively than they would. Males viewed the poor more negatively than females, and for all Ss negative attititudes increase with social class, as roughly indexed by Ss' fathers' levels of education. It is suggested that this technique might be useful for assessing the degree to which the poor feel alienated from various groups, e.g., politicians, welfare administrators, social workers.
Perceived Control and Military Riskiness
Authors: Higbee Kenneth L.
Published: September 2011

Contrary to findings of laboratory studies on betting, Higbee and Streufert (1969) found that in a complex decision-making task, Ss who felt that they had control over their environment tended to be less risky than Ss who felt that they did not have control over their environment. Their study involved economic risk, to be comparable with studies on betting. The present study investigated the generality of this finding, using a larger sample of participants and a different kind of risk. Ss participated in the Tactical and Negotiations Game, a complex decision-making task involving a simulated internation conflict. Ss who felt that they were in control of their environment (High Control Group) tended to make more risky military decisions than did Ss who felt that they did not have as much control over their environment (Low Control Group). However, Ss in the High Group were more active. That is, they made more military decisions (risky and nonrisky) than Ss in the Low Group. The High Group did not make more risky decisions relative to the total number of decisions made than did the Low Group.
Motor and Tactile-Perceptual Deficits in Brain-Damaged Children
Authors: Boll Thomas J. , Reitan Ralph M.
Published: September 2011

35 brain-damaged and normal Ss were matched in pairs. They were compared on motor strength, motor speed, psychomotor skill and tactile-perceptual function including finger localization, finger-tip number writing, and form recognition for preferred and non-preferred hands. Methods of inference utilized include: level of performance, pathognomic sign and performance of the preferred vs non-preferred hands. Brain-damaged children consistently performed more poorly than control children. Motor-performance measures showed greater deficits than did tests of tactile-perception. Each method of inference (level, sign, preferred vs non-preferred hand) was validated by the results. Combined use of these methods provided complementary information concerning differences in brain-damaged and normal children.
Information Transmission in Brief Exposures as a Function of Association Value
Authors: Rodewald H. Keith , Bosma Leonard F.
Published: September 2011

The amount of information Transmitted as a function of Glaze's (1928) association value of nonsense syllables was determined by tachistoscopic presentation of the syllables for 30-msec. durations. S attempted to identify which syllabic of a known set of syllables had been exposed. The information theory meaure of transmission indicated a direct relation between association value and recognizability.
Development of Visual Perceptual Tests for Normal and Neurologically Handicapped Children
Authors: Wise James E. , Jones Franklin R. , Renz Paul
Published: September 2011

An experimental test battery was developed to measure the visual-perceptual development of normal and neurologically impaired children of elementary school age. The test battery was administered to 4 groups of 12 Ss, ranging from normal to impaired. The battery was sensitive and information processing ability, in terms of channel capacity, decreased as a function of impairment and early age.
Effects of Signal Intensity on Increase of Reaction Time on an Auditory Monitoring Task
Authors: Lisper Hans-Olof , Kjellberg Anders , Melin Lennart
Published: September 2011

5 Ss were required to respond as rapidly as possible to auditory signals of threshold, 34, 48, and 88 db intensity, mixed within the same 2-hr. session. Reaction time increased over time for all signal intensities, but the increase was larger for the threshold signal. There were two kinds of increase, one independent of signal intensity transferring the entire distribution toward longer reaction times. The other kind of increase was dependent on signal intensity and increased the number of long reaction times for the threshold signal.
Predicting Reading Ability in First Grade Children
Authors: Hartlage Lawrence C. , Lucas David G.
Published: September 2011

A screening test for early measurement of various aspects of reading ability was developed, utilizing findings from a number of previous researchers. The test was administered to two first grade classes ( n = 44), and correlated at significant levels with both teacher estimates and objective measures of reading ability. Findings suggest that a group-screening procedure may be effective in predicting reading disability and may further help identify the child's areas of weakness and so point to appropriate remedial procedures.
Dream Recall and Total Sleep Time
Authors: Cohen David B.
Published: September 2011

It was predicted that diary and questionnaire measures of dream recall would be greater for long than for short sleep time. Total sleep time was a significant predictor variable for dream recall for males only. Results for females were in the predicted direction but consistently nonsignificant. This study confirms previously published findings on the significance of total sleep time for males but raises the question of sex differences in determinants of dream recall.
Effects of Frequency and Specificity of Information Feedback on Acquisition and Extinction of a Positioning Task
Authors: Baird Inga S. , Hughes Glenn H.
Published: September 2011

An experiment designed to specify the process similarities of information feedback and reinforcement and to note the interaction of 2 major feedback variables on a simple positioning task. 80 students were randomly divided into 4 groups receiving either 25, 50, 75, or 100% schedules of feedback, analogous to fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement. The 4 groups were further divided into 2 subgroups that differed in terms of specificity of feedback. Results indicated that when all Ss were provided the same number of feedbacks, the groups did not differ during acquisition. Groups with partial information feedback demonstrated greater resistance to extinction. The coarse-scale treatment facilitated learning but had no effect during extinction. There was no interaction between frequency and specificity of information.
Cognitive Differentiation between Self-Concept and Image of Self Ascribed to Parents in Boys on Verge of Delinquency
Authors: Teichman Meir
Published: September 2011

Patterns of self-perception and perception of parental attitudes toward the self of 25 boys on verge of delinquency were studied. It was hypothesized that the patterns of cognitive differentiation of Ss on verge of delinquency would be similar to those found in institutionalized delinquents and differ from those of non-delinquent boys. The hypothesis was supported.
Relation of Meaningfulness to the Distance from English of Phonemic CCVCS
Authors: Koutstaal C. W. , Smith O. W.
Published: September 2011

100 Ss judged the 24 CCVCs of Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) List 1 by the method of Noble, Stockwell, and Pryer (1957). Mean scale values for meaningfulness correlated —.69 with S scale values for the distance of the CCVCs from English. The former values also correlated —.79 with Smith and Koutstaal's (1969) strangeness values for the same CCVCs. Meaningfulness is an additional correlate of Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) S scale
Intercorrelation of Greenberg and Jenkins's Scale and Effort Ratings of Phonemic CCVCS by Ss from Different Groups of Languages
Authors: Koutstaal C. W. , Smith O. W. , Knops L.
Published: September 2011

Effort ratings for subvocalizing the 24 CCVCs of Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) List 1 were obtained from native speakers of Bantu, Chinese, Dutch, English, Flemish, Spanish, and Swedish. Predictions were that the effort ratings would intercorrelate significantly as well as correlate significantly with S values of the CCVCs. Correlations ranged from .64 to .89 with a median of .81. The predictions proved to be tenable on the basis of the data.
Analysis of Wisc Coding: 2. Memory and Verbal Mediation
Authors: Johnson E. G. , Lyle J. G.
Published: September 2011

Investigations were carried out to determine whether the difference between good and poor coders of equal CA and IQ was accounted for by (a) differential recall of the symbols and associates and (b) by differential application of a labeling strategy. Group differences were found in recall. Training in labeling improved coding performance of both groups but not differentially.
Effect of Altitude on Taste Thresholds
Authors: Maga J. A. , Lorenz K.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to evaluate what effect altitude has on a person's ability to detect the four basic tastes (salt, sour, bitter, and sweet). Increasing molar concentrations of compounds representative of the four tastes were presented to a 6-member panel and their threshold value for each taste determined. To simulate altitude, a chamber equipped with vacuum and pressure controls and controlled temperature and humidity was used. The altitudes studied were sea level, 5,000 and 10,000 ft. above sea level. The altitude and sample sequence for each member was varied since the panel had been accustomed to living at 5,000 ft. The results were evaluated by the split-plot analysis of variance method. When the four tastes were considered as a unit, a significant difference (α = 0.05) resulted between sea level and 5,000 ft. since the lower the altitude the more sensitive was the composite taste response. However, no significant difference resulted in going from 5,000 to 10,000 ft. This study demonstrates that basic taste sensitivity can be significantly influenced by altitude.
Effect of Set Size, Age, and Mode of Stimulus Presentation on Information-Processing Speed
Authors: Norton James Carling
Published: September 2011

First, second, and third grade pupils served as Ss in an experiment designed to show the effect of age, mode of stimulus presentation, and information value on recognition time. Stimuli were presented in picture and printed word form and in groups of 2, 4, and 8. The results of the study indicate that first graders are slower than second and third graders who are neatly equal. There is a gross shift in reaction time as a function of mode of stimulus presentation with increase in age. The first graders take much longer to identify words than pictures, while the reverse is true of the older groups. With regard to set size, a slope appears in the pictures condition in the older groups, while for first graders, a large slope occurs in the words condition and only a much smaller one for pictures. For the older groups, there is no increase in reaction time with larger set sizes in the words condition, and, in fact, the values tend to decrease.
Relationship between Age and Pupil Size: Some Additional Variables
Authors: Bernick Niles
Published: September 2011

The negative relationship between age and pupil size has been a consistent finding in the literature, however, the effects of the related factors of range of pupillary response and level of pupillary activity have never been separated from these two factors. Using a fairly limited age range (19 to 49 yr.) and a fairly small sample (20) the relationship reported in the literature was confirmed using simple Pearson correlations. However, to separate the effects of range and activity from the relationship between age and size, partial correlations were calculated. The age-size relationship no longer was significant following this manipulation. Several other correlations were significant and were briefly discussed.
Autokinesis and Attention Distribution
Authors: Starker Steven
Published: September 2011

An attempt is made to test experimentally the Voth and Mayman hypothesis that autokinesis is mediated by an attention-distribution mechanism. Experimental manipulations of attention distribution failed to yield significant effects upon autokinetic perception. The tentativeness of the Voth and Mayman model of autokinesis is emphasized.
Quantifiable Aspects of Human Figure Drawings by Male Narcotics Addicts: Replications and Extensions
Authors: Pantleo Paul M. , Kelling George W.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to clarify several theoretical and methodological problems in the use of human figure drawings with male narcotics addicts. Human figure drawings of both sexes were obtained from 295 institutionalized male narcotic addicts. 33% of Ss were asked to assign an age to each drawing. In general, our results gave some support to findings reported in the literature. 68% drew the female first, or larger, or both, indicating a certain amount of “mother-involvement.” Female figures were drawn significantly larger than male figures. Ethnic differences were also noted.
Keeping Track of Sequential Events: Multiple Tallies and Exposure Duration
Authors: Karsh Robert , Monty Richard A.
Published: September 2011

The ability to keep track of sequential events was examined as a function of on-off ratio and the number of items simultaneously displayed. On-off ratio did not affect performance while the number of items simultaneously displayed did. Implications for a theory of keeping-track performance are discussed.
Development of Motor Impulse Control and Reflectivity
Authors: Bucky Steven F. , Banta Thomas J. , Gross Ruth B.
Published: September 2011

Data for 80 male and 80 female Ss, aged 5, 10, 15, and 20 yr., given the Draw-a-line Slowly, Walk-a-line Slowly, Matching Familiar Figures, and Embedded-figures Tests, indicated that motor-impulse control and reflectivity increased from 5 yr. of age to 15 but not from 15 yr. of age to 20; there were no sex differences. Scores from another group of 20-yr.-olds indicated that motivation is important in the measurement of motor-impulse control. Intercorrelations did not support the notion of a general impulse-control and reflectivity factor.
Visual Half-Field Differences in the Recognition of Bilaterally Presented Single Letters and Vertically Spelled Words
Authors: McKeever Walter F. , Gill Kathleen M.
Published: September 2011

Tachistoscopic recognition of bilaterally presented single letters and vertically spelled words as a function of the lateral visual-half-field placement of the stimuli was examined. Right visual-field recognition superiority obtained for both types of stimuli, but the percentage of Ss showing right-field superiority was much lower than obtained in earlier experiments using horizontally spelled words as stimuli. Data from this aggregate of experiments were discussed in terms of compatibility with the view that reading habits play at least some role in producing right-field superiority with horizontal words. It was suggested that reading habits are not fundamental to the results and that all the data can be encompassed within a lateral dominance and visual masking-temporal registration sequence model in which the temporal patterning of inputs from differing retinal locations plays a major role in producing left-right differences for horizontally displayed words.
Stress and Motor Performance and Learning by Ss of Low and High Initial Ability
Authors: Garvie Gordon T.
Published: September 2011

60 male university students were given 24 trials on the pursuit rotor over 2 days to examine the effects of electric shock stress on the motor performance by learners of low and high initial ability. In the initial period (Trials 1 to 4 of Day 1) no shock was given; during the stress period (Trials 5 to 12 of Day 1) shock was interpolated during practice; and, in the retest period (Trials 13 to 24 of Day 2) no shock was given. After testing Ss in experimental and control groups, scores were ranked according to initial period and the top 20 scorers (10 control and 10 experimental) were designated as the high-ability group and the low 20 (10 control and 10 experimental) were designated as the low-ability group. Heart rates were monitored during Day 1 performance as a basis for determining whether the experimental Ss were in fact stressed. Threat and administration of electric shock had differential effects on the heart rates of Ss of different initial abilities. The high-ability Ss showed increased heart rates while the low-ability Ss had decreased heart rates. The stress produced by electric shock did not significantly affect motor performance of low-ability and high-ability groups.
Spontaneous Rem Behaviors in a Microcephalic Infant
Authors: Harmon Robert J. , Emde Robert N.
Published: September 2011

A microcephalic human newborn exhibited a repertoire of spontaneous REM behaviors, including REM smiling, at rates characteristic of a normal newborn comparison group. Cyclical alternations between behavioral REM and non-REM states were also documented. A detailed post-mortem examination supported an inference that this infant had severely impaired functioning of cerebral cortex and limbic system during its brief postuterine life. The findings support a tentative conclusion that the observed spontaneous REM behaviors are mediated through the brain stem and that cerebral structures, including the limbic system, are not necessary for this mediation. The findings are also consistent with previous evidence that the seat of organization of REM and non-REM sleep is in the brain stem.
Spatial Coding of Serial Verbal Input
Authors: Taylor Richard L. , Taub Harvey A.
Published: September 2011

60 Ss were given 8 lists consisting of 9 consonants each to recall. The letters were presented serially either at the same location on a memory drum, at different locations haphazardly arranged across the viewing slot, or left to right at different locations. Both where and when an S wrote an item during recall were recorded. Although total items recalled remained the same, temporal position recall declined with practice while spatial location recall was sensitive only to whether or not the items had been shown in left to right order. The results indicate that spatial coding of serial verbal input can occur, at least when stimuli are presented in a spatially coherent fashion, and that spatial coding is not necessarily derived from temporal ordering of the stimuli in memory.
Concurrent Task Practice Conditions and Transfer
Authors: Rivenes Richard S. , Caplan Calvin S.
Published: September 2011

60 girls practiced rotary pursuit with 10-sec. work, 15-sec. rest. 20 transferred to 60 rpm after 20 trials at 45 rpm, 20 transferred from 45 to 60 rpm, and 20 alternated trials. Total time on target was higher for 45 rpm than for 60 rpm and transfer was greater from the slower to the faster speed but over-all group performance was equivalent.
Verbal Reports of Pain without Noxious Stimulation
Authors: Craig Kenneth D. , Weiss Stephen M.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that allowing Ss to observe a confederate model reporting a constant, nonaversive electric shock as progressively more noxious would elicit reports of pain to this same shock from Ss themselves. Two groups of 10 Ss received nonincremental shocks, with one group observing a model rate the shocks as progressively more painful. Ss concurrently rated shock intensity on a scale varying from undetectable to painful. Ss paired with a progressively less tolerant model matched this behavior. The findings were discussed in the context of vicarious learning theory and social influences on expressions of pain.