bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DPPA4 modulates chromatin structure via association with DNA and core histone H3 in mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Masaki Hisaharu , Nishida Tomohiro , Sakasai Ryo , Teraoka Hirobumi
Published: March 2010

Developmental pluripotency associated 4 (DPPA4) is one of the uncharacterized genes that is highly expressed in embryonic stem (ES) cells. DPPA4 is associated with active chromatin and involved in the pluripotency of mouse ES cells. However, the biological function of DPPA4 remains poorly understood. In this study, we performed fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis to examine the dynamics of DPPA4 in ES cells. FRAP analysis showed that the mobility of DPPA4 is similar to that of histone H1. In addition, biochemical analysis with purified proteins and immunoprecipitation analysis showed that DPPA4 directly binds to both DNA and core histone H3. The analysis using truncated proteins indicated that DPPA4 is associated with DNA via the N‐terminal region and histone H3 via the C‐terminal region. In vitro assembled chromatin showed resistance to micrococcal nuclease (MNase) digestion in the presence of DPPA4. Moreover, MNase assay and FRAP analysis with the truncated proteins implies that DPPA4 binding to both DNA and histone H3 is necessary for the chromatin structure resistant to MNase and for the proper localization of DPPA4 in ES cell nuclei. These results suggest that DPPA4 modulates the chromatin structure in association with DNA and histone H3 in ES cells.
The Eastern Congo—a beauty spot, rediscovered from a geological point of view
Authors: Bauer F.U. , Glasmacher U.A. , Malikwisha M. , Mambo V.S. , Mutete B.V.
Published: March 2010

In East Africa, the feedback between tectonic uplift, erosional denudation and associated possible climate changes is being studied by a multidisciplinary research group, ‘Riftlink’. The group's focus is the Albertine Rift, the northern part of the western branch of the East African Rift System, and in particular the rising Rwenzori Mountains that stretch along the border of the D.R. Congo and Uganda. Major questions relate to the timing of the formation of the Rwenzori Mountains, and whether the height of these mountains (> 5000 m) relates to rift movements in Neogene times, or represents an old basement block that formed a topographic high long before. Though, at first, research concentrated on the eastern (Ugandan) part of the Albertine Rift and Rwenzori Mountains, it has now moved further to the west to the D.R. Congo. A first field‐campaign, covering the area from northern Lake Edward along the rift shoulder up to the Blue Mountains at Lake Albert, was conducted in summer 2009, in cooperation with the Ruwenzori State University of Butembo. Here, we present a brief overview of the field‐campaign, with impressions gathered on the morphology and geology of the study area.
Collapsing volcanoes: the sleeping giants' threat
Authors: Shea Thomas , Van Wyk de Vries Benjamin
Published: March 2010

Dormant volcanoes are typically thought of as relatively safe environments to live around. However, under certain geological conditions, such volcanoes can be prone to collapse and may generate massive rockslide avalanches reaching tens of kilometres from the volcano.
Characterization of the migration of lung and blood T cells in response CXCL12 in a three‐dimensional matrix
Authors: Day Caroline E. , Guillen Cristina , Willars Gary B. , Wardlaw Andrew J.
Published: March 2010

The ability of T cells to microlocalize within tissues, such as the lung, is crucial for immune surveillance and increased T‐cell infiltration is a feature of many inflammatory lung conditions. T‐cell migration has mainly been studied in two‐dimensional assays. Using three‐dimensional collagen gels to mimic the extracellular matrix of lung tissue, we have characterized the migration of T lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood (PBT) and lung (LT) in response to interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) and CXCL12. Freshly isolated PBT and LT showed a low degree of migration (blood 4·0 ± 1·3% and lung 4·1 ± 1·7%). Twenty‐four hours of culture increased the percentage of migrating PBT and LT (blood 17·5 ± 2·9% and lung 17·7 ± 3·8%). The IL‐2 stimulation modestly increased migration of PBT after 6 days (32·3 ± 6·0%), but had no effect on the migration of LT (25·5 ± 3·2%). Twenty‐four hours of stimulation with anti‐CD3/CD28 caused a small but significant increase in the migration of PBT (to 36·4 ± 5·8%). In a directional three‐dimensional assay, CXCL12 failed to induce migration of fresh PBT or LT. Twenty‐four hours of culture, which increased CXCR4 expression of PBT 3·6‐fold, significantly increased the migration of PBT in response to CXCL12. Migration of PBT to CXCL12 was blocked by pertussis toxin, but not by the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase inhibitor wortmannin. Twenty‐four‐hour cultured LT did not respond to CXCL12. CD3/CD28‐stimulation inhibited CXCL12‐mediated migration of PBT. These results suggest that the migration pattern of PBT is distinct from that of LT.
Outcomes of kidney transplantation in children with nephronophthisis: An analysis of the North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies (NAPRTCS) Registry
Authors: Hamiwka Lorraine A. , Midgley Julian P. , Wade Andrew W. , Martz Karen L. , Grisaru Silviu
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  NPHP is an autosomal recessive chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy that progresses to ESRD. In the 2006 NAPRTCS report, NPHP was the primary diagnosis in 2.8% of all renal transplant patients. At our pediatric center, that covers a population in which the NPHP1 gene is prevalent, 24% of transplant recipients had a primary diagnosis of NPHP. Since no previous literature reports have documented kidney transplant outcomes in patients with NPHP, a review of the 2006 NAPRTCS database was performed. The results of this review illustrate that patients with NPHP as their underlying kidney disease have a significantly better overall graft survival when compared with all other patients registered in the NAPRTCS database. Sub‐analysis demonstrated that this benefit is statistically significant only for LD kidney transplant recipients. CrCl was better in NPHP at all time points from transplant up to five‐yr follow‐up. Moreover, in NPHP LD transplant recipients the decline of CrCl over five yr was slower compared with non‐NPHP LD transplant recipients. Rates of thrombosis, acute, and chronic rejection as well as causes of graft failure were similar in NPHP patients and all other patients. This review demonstrates that NPHP transplant recipients have excellent outcomes that are shown to be better compared with the general pediatric transplant population.
Providing support to siblings of hospitalised children
Authors: Newton Amanda S , Wolgemuth Amy , Gallivan Jennifer , Wrightson Dawn
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to describe child life services provided to siblings of hospitalised children and the resources associated with these services in major paediatric hospitals throughout the United States (U.S.) and Canada. Cross‐sectional data on sibling support services and resources needed for capacity building were collected via a web‐based survey from administrative and clinical practice leads in identified Child Life Departments. The 34‐item survey targeted three domains: Facility Demography, Sibling Support Resources, and Capacity Building and Funding. Surveys were sent to 217 leads and 109 responded (50% response rate). Of the 109 respondents, 48% indicated their facilities provided sibling support including grief or palliative support (90% of facilities) and therapeutic play (94% of facilities). More than 50% indicated that these services were not evaluated for improved family or sibling outcomes. Twenty‐six percent of the respondents indicated having monies earmarked for sibling support from the following sources: hospital budget (34%), private donation (25%), foundation (22%), other (14%) and government (4%). There was a significant relationship between respondents who indicated sibling support services and funding (χ2= 0.0001). Resources identified included staff availability and funding as needed for sibling support capacity building. Given the limited sibling support available in major paediatric hospitals across the U.S. and Canada, hospitals with existing resources should act as exemplars and evaluate the impact of their services with clear dissemination to other facilities. In addition to defining service effectiveness, this evaluation can help to determine the most fiscally responsible ways to deliver sibling support in their established facilities and others.
Monolobar ductal plate malformation disease of the liver
Authors: Terada Tadashi , Moriki Toshiaki
Published: March 2010

We herein report a unique monolobar hepatic disease composed of Caroli's disease, peribiliary cysts, ductal plate malformations, peribiliary gland proliferation, hepatolithiasis, and portal phlebosclerosis with thrombi. A 73‐year‐old man underwent abdominal imaging, which revealed multiple segmental dilations of the left intrahepatic bile ducts. Polycystic kidney diseases were absent. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was suspected, and extended left lobectomy of the liver was preformed. Grossly, the hepatic left lobe was atrophic, and partly replaced by fibrous tissue. The intrahepatic bile ducts were dilated (Caroli's disease), and showed small calcium bilirubinate hepatoliths. Microscopically, the intrahepatic bile duct showed non‐obstructive segmental dilations (Caroli's disease), numerous peribiliary cysts, numerous ductal plate malformations, proliferation of intrahepatic peribiliary glands, and calcium bilirubinate hepatolithiasis. Portal veins showed phlebosclerosis with thrombi. Immunohistochemically, the various biliary epithelial cells were positive for cytokeratin (CK) 7, 8, 18, and 19, and for MUC6 and CD10. They were negative for MUC2 and MUC5AC. The ductal plate malformations were positive for fetal biliary antigen MUC1, but other biliary cell types were negative for MUC1. The present case resembles ‘monolobar Caroli's disease’. We believe that the present monolobular liver disease was congenital in origin.
Australia's marine biogeography revisited: Back to the future?
Authors: WATERS JONATHAN M. , WERNBERG THOMAS , CONNELL SEAN D. , THOMSEN MADS S. , ZUCCARELLO GIUSEPPE C. , KRAFT GERALD T. , SANDERSON J. CRAIG , WEST JOHN A. , GURGEL CARLOS F. D.
Published: March 2010

The recognition of broad biogeographic provinces provides an important framework for ecological and conservation biological research. Marine biologists have long recognized distinct biogeographic provinces in southern Australia, primarily on the basis of qualitative differences in intertidal species assemblages. Here we provide an a priori test for these traditional eastern (Peronian), western (Flindersian) and south‐eastern (Maugean) provinces. Specifically, we analyse distributional data for approximately 1500 algal species using the newly available Australian Virtual Herbarium, an online database of herbarium specimens. Our quantitative algal analyses across southern Australia identify three distinct biogeographic assemblages, consistent with traditional qualitative provinces. We argue that these broad provinces provide a highly effective framework for understanding and managing Australia's marine biodiversity. In particular, biogeographic provinces provide a regional framework for integrating the ongoing discovery of biological variation at finer scales. More broadly therefore we recommend that biologists undertake quantitative analyses to test provincial biogeographic boundaries around the globe.
Ethical issues in end of life treatments for patients with dementia
Authors: Congedo M. , Causarano R. I. , Alberti F. , Bonito V. , Borghi L. , Colombi L. , Defanti C. A. , Marcello N. , Porteri C. , Pucci E. , Tarquini D. , Tettamanti M. , Tiezzi A. , Tiraboschi P. , Gasparini M. ,   For the Bioethics and Palliative Care in Neurology Study Group of the Italian Society of Neurology
Published: March 2010

Dementia is a terminal disease, associated with great suffering and difficult decisions in the severe stage. The decision‐making process is characterized by uncertainty because of lack of scientific evidence in treatments and by the need to reconcile conflicting points of view. In intercurrent diseases, aggressive interventions are used without consideration of its futility; in comparison with cancer, several consequences of physicians’ attitude not to consider dementia as a terminal disease have been reported, especially concerning pain relief. Lack of evidence of artificial nutrition and hydration effectiveness makes advance care planning relevant.
The ceramide transporter and the Goodpasture antigen binding protein: one protein – one function?
Authors: Mencarelli Chiara , Losen Mario , Hammels Caroline , De Vry Jochen , Hesselink Matthijs K. C. , Steinbusch Harry W. M. , De Baets Marc H. , Martínez‐Martínez Pilar
Published: March 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 1369–1386.

The Goodpasture antigen‐binding protein (GPBP) and its splice variant the ceramide transporter (CERT) are multifunctional proteins that have been found to play important roles in brain development and biology. However, the function of GPBP and CERT is controversial because of their involvement in two apparently unrelated research fields: GPBP was initially isolated as a protein associated with collagen IV in patients with the autoimmune disease Goodpasture syndrome. Subsequently, a splice variant lacking a serine‐rich domain of 26 amino acids (GPBPΔ26) was found to mediate the cytosolic transport of ceramide and was therefore (re)named CERT. The two splice forms likely carry out different functions in specific sub‐cellular localizations. Selective GPBP knockdown induces extensive apoptosis and tissue loss in the brain of zebrafish. GPBP/GPBPΔ26 knock‐out mice die as a result of structural and functional defects in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Because both mitochondria and ceramide play an important role in many biological events that regulate neuronal differentiation, cellular senescence, proliferation and cell death, we propose that GPBP and CERT are pivotal in neurodegenerative processes. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge on GPBP and CERT, including the molecular and biochemical characterization of GPBP in the field of autoimmunity as well as the fundamental research on CERT in ceramide transport, biosynthesis, localization, metabolism and cell homeostasis.
The cyclooxygenase site, but not the peroxidase site of cyclooxygenase‐2 is required for neurotoxicity in hypoxic and ischemic injury
Authors: Li Wenjin , Wu Shasha , Ahmad Muzamil , Jiang Jianfei , Liu Hao , Nagayama Tetsuya , Rose Marie E. , Tyurin Vladimir A. , Tyurina Yulia Y. , Borisenko Grigory G. , Belikova Natalia , Chen Jun , Kagan Valerian E. , Graham Steven H.
Published: March 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 965–977.

Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic injury, but the exact mechanisms responsible for its toxicity remain unclear. Infection of primary neurons with an adenovirus expressing wild type (WT) COX‐2 increased the susceptibility of neurons to hypoxia. Infection with an adenoviral vector expressing COX‐2 with a mutation at the cyclooxygenase site did not increase susceptibility to hypoxia, whereas over‐expression of COX‐2 with a mutation in the peroxidase site produced similar susceptibility to hypoxia as WT COX‐2. Primary neuronal cultures obtained from transgenic mice bearing a mutation in the COX‐2 cylooxygenase site were protected from hypoxia. Mice with a mutation in the cyclooxygenase site had smaller infarctions 24 h after 70 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion than WT control mice. COX‐2 activity had no effect on the formation of protein carbonyls. Ascorbate radicals were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance as a product of recombinant COX‐2 activity and were blocked by COX‐2 inhibitors. Similarly, formation of ascorbate radicals was inhibited in the presence of COX‐2 inhibitors and in homogenates obtained from COX‐2 null mice. Taken together, these results indicate that the cyclooxygenase activity of COX‐2 is necessary to exacerbate neuronal hypoxia/ischemia injury rather than the peroxidase activity of the enzyme.
Old‐growth forests as objects in complex spatialities
Authors: Kortelainen Jarmo
Published: March 2010

This article discusses complex spatialities utilising concepts developed in the discipline of science, technology and society (STS). With the help of an empirical case, Karelian old‐growth forests, I argue that territorial regions are object‐like things. The concepts of STS can be utilised when studying fixed territorial regions. The existence of old‐growth forests as defined territories depends on materiality and mobility in regional space, stable relations in network space, adaptability in fluid space and various absent‐presences in fire space. I also draw conclusions on the spatiality of transnational environmental governance.
A study investigating obstetricians’ and gynaecologists’ management of women requesting an intrauterine device
Authors: BLACK Kirsten I. , SAKHAEI Tahereh , GARLAND Suzanne M.
Published: March 2010

Background:  Intrauterine methods including the copper intrauterine device (Cu‐IUD) and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG‐IUS) provide highly effective long‐term reversible contraception. The reasons for relative low use of these methods in Australia compared to many European countries are not clear, but may in part relate to provider reluctance because of outdated knowledge about their safety and efficacy.

Aims:  The aim of this study was to survey Australian Fellows of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists about their knowledge of the risks, benefits and mechanisms of action of intrauterine methods.

Methods:  In 2008, we undertook a cross‐sectional survey of all Australian Fellows not registered as a subspecialist. The survey was mailed to 1050 practitioners and 701 were returned, comprising a response rate of 67%.

Results:  Knowledge about the LNG‐IUS was significantly better than for the Cu‐IUD in terms of correct understanding about mechanism of action (89.3% vs. 30%; P < 0.001) and efficacy (63.2% vs. 33.5%; P < 0.001). According to the WHO, both methods are considered suitable for use in nulliparous women, yet only 39.1% of providers believed the Cu‐IUD suitable compared to 69.4% for the LNG‐IUS (P < 0.001). When responses were analysed according to time from graduation, many aspects of knowledge about these devices showed a linear trend, with greater accuracy in recent graduates (<10 years) compared with graduates of more than 30 years.

Conclusion:  Both methods are highly effective, non‐user dependent and reversible and deserve greater understanding and consideration for use by Australian practitioners and women.
Borders, Globalization and Eucharistic Hospitality
Authors: Carvalhaes Cláudio
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  This article relates the sacrament of the Eucharist to world migration and hospitality. To weave these themes is to find borders all around the Eucharistic table/altar, borders often unnoticed but borders that define economic, social, cultural, sexual and class divides. Using the notion of borderless borders and engaging Jacques Derrida's notion of hospitality, the author tries to expand the possibilities of the Christian demand to welcome people in and around and through the eucharistic sacrament as people gather with one another to be with one another and issue this constant call of welcome to whomever wants to come and eat.
The Revolutionary Luther: A Gramscian Analysis of Luther's Universal Priesthood
Authors: Montover Nathan
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  The purpose of this article is to present an image of Martin Luther viewed through the lens of Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci. The primary focus of the article will be on Luther's articulation of the universal priesthood as it was presented in the 1520 treatise “To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation.” We will discover that in this treatise Luther's attack on papal authority was, in Gramscian terms, a counter‐hegemonic revolutionary act.
Accuracy assessment of computer‐assisted flapless implant placement in partial edentulism
Authors: Van Assche N. , Van Steenberghe D. , Quirynen M. , Jacobs R.
Published: March 2010

Van Assche N, van Steenberghe D, Quirynen M, Jacobs R. Accuracy assessment of computer‐assisted flapless implant placement in partial edentulism. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 398–403. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01535.x

Aim: To assess the accuracy of implants placed flapless by a stereolithographic template in partially edentulous patients.

Material and Methods: Eight patients, requiring two to four implants (maxilla or mandible), were consecutively recruited. Radiographical data were obtained by means of a cone beam or a multi‐slice CT scan and imported in a software program. Implants (n=21) were planned in a virtual environment, leading to the manufacture of one stereolithographic template per patient to guide the implant placement in a one‐stage flapless procedure. A postoperative cone beam CT was performed to calculate the difference between virtual implant (n=21) positions in the preoperative planning and postoperative situation.

Results: A mean angular deviation of 2.7° (range 0.4–8, SD 1.9), with a mean deviation at the apex of 1.0 mm (range 0.2–3.0, SD 0.7), was observed. If one patient, a dropout because of non‐conformity with the protocol, was excluded, the angular deviation was reduced to 2.2° (range 0.6–3.9, SD 1.1), and the apical deviation to 0.9 mm (range 0.2–1.8).

Conclusion: Based on this limited patient population, a flapless implant installation appears to be a useful procedure even when based on accurate and reliable 3D CT‐based image data and a dedicated implant planning software.
Short‐term benefits of the adjunctive use of metronidazole plus amoxicillin in the microbial profile and in the clinical parameters of subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Mestnik Maria Josefa , Feres Magda , Figueiredo Luciene Cristina , Duarte Poliana Mendes , Lira Eisla Alline Gomes , Faveri Marcelo
Published: March 2010

Mestnik MJ, Feres M, Figueiredo LC, Duarte PM, Lira EAG, Faveri M. Short‐term benefits of the adjunctive use of metronidazole plus amoxicillin in the microbial profile and in clinical parameters of subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 353–365. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01538.x

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) alone or combined with metronidazole (MTZ) and amoxicillin (AMX) in the treatment of subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP).

Materials and Methods: A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical trial was conducted in 30 subjects receiving SRP alone or combined with MTZ (400 mg 3 × per day) and AMX (500 mg 3 × per day) for 14 days. Clinical and microbiological examinations were performed at baseline and 3 months post‐SRP. Nine subgingival plaque samples per subject were analysed using checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization.

Results: Subjects receiving MTZ and AMX showed the greatest improvements in the mean full‐mouth probing depth and clinical attachment level and at initially intermediate and deep sites. The most beneficial changes in the microbial profile were also observed in the MTZ+AMX group, which showed the lowest proportions of the red complex as well as a significant decrease in the proportions of the orange complex after treatment. The antibiotic therapy also reduced the levels of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans at initially deep sites.

Conclusion: Subjects with GAgP significantly benefit from the adjunctive use of MTZ and AMX. The short‐term advantages are observed in the clinical and microbiological parameters.
Local‐scale habitat influences morphological diversity of species assemblages of cichlid fishes in a tropical floodplain river
Authors: Montaña C. G. , Winemiller K. O.
Published: March 2010

Montaña CG, Winemiller KO. Local‐scale habitat influences morphological diversity of species assemblages of cichlid fishes in a tropical floodplain river. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 216–227. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  We examined the taxonomic and morphological diversity of cichlid fish assemblages in a floodplain river in Venezuela during the dry season at two spatial scales: macrohabitats (lagoons, main channels and creeks) and mesohabitats (leaf litter, sand banks, rocky shoals and woody debris). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling did not reveal differences for species assemblages among macro and mesohabitats. The first two axes from canonical correspondence analysis based on 19 species and six physical variables modelled >61% of the taxonomic variation in assemblages from rock shoals and woody debris, and 55% of variation in assemblages from sand banks and leaf litter. Principal components analysis based on 22 morphological variables yielded two dominant axes that explained >86% of variation in the cichlid assemblages. Morphological diversity was analysed to test the idea that assemblage structure is nonrandom, with structurally complex habitats supporting more species with more functional morphological diversity than simple habitats. Average and standard deviation (SD) of the morphological Euclidean distances of local assemblages among mesohabitats tended to decrease or be constant as the number of species increased. Regressions of the average nearest neighbour distance (NND) and SD of NND with species richness resulted in low and negative slopes of species assemblages among mesohabitats. These relationships suggest that when more species are added to a habitat patch, assemblage morphospace remains approximately constant, species average similarity increases and species dispersion in morphological space becomes more uniform. Results support that cichlids partition habitat at the local scale but not at the macrohabitat scale.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Women with Multiple Implantation Failures and Recurrent Pregnancy Losses have Increased Peripheral Blood T Cell Activation
Authors: Yang Kwang Moon , Ntrivalas Evangelos , Cho Hye Jin , Kim Na Young , Beaman Kenneth , Gilman‐Sachs Alice , Kwak‐Kim Joanne
Published: March 2010

Citation Yang KM, Ntrivalas E, Cho HJ, Kim NY, Beaman K, Gilman‐Sachs A, Kwak‐Kim J. Women with multiple implantation failures and recurrent pregnancy losses have increased peripheral blood T cell activation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010

Problem  We aim to determine whether peripheral blood T cell activation is associated with repeated implantation failures or recurrent pregnancy losses (RPLs).

Method of study  Women with a history of repeated implantation failure (n = 18) or RPLs (n = 17) comprise the study group. Normal fertile women (n = 11) are included as controls. Proportion of activated peripheral blood T cells (CD69+, CD154+) and Th1/Th2 cell ratios are measured by flow cytometric analysis.

Results  Proportions (%) of CD4+/154+ of CD4+ and CD8+/154+ of CD8+ cells were significantly higher in study group than those of controls. Proportions (%) of CD3+/69+ of CD3+ cells and CD8+/69+ of CD8+ cells were significantly increased in study group compared to controls. Proportion (%) of CD4+/69+ cells significantly correlated with % CD4+/154+ cells (P = 0.003). Activated cytotoxic T cells (CD8+/154+, CD8+/69+) inversely correlated with INF‐γ/IL‐10 producing CD3+/4+ T cell ratios. Proportion of activated CD3+/8+/69 and CD3+/8+/154+ cells was inversely correlated with IFN‐γ/IL‐10 expressing CD3+/4+ T cell ratios.

Conclusion  Women with MIFs or RPLs have increased T cell activation in peripheral blood lymphocytes, and T cell suppressor activation seems to be associated with decreased Th1 immunity. Further studies on T cell activation may elucidate molecular mechanisms controlling Th1 effectors.
Recent advances in the molecular and functional characterization of acid/base and electrolyte transporters in the basolateral membranes of gastric and duodenal epithelial cells
Authors: Seidler U. , Song P. , Xiao F. , Riederer B. , Bachmann O. , Chen M.
Published: March 2010

All segments of the gastrointestinal tract are comprised of an elaborately folded epithelium that expresses a variety of cell types and performs multiple secretory and absorptive functions. While the apical membrane expresses the electrolyte transporters that secrete or absorb electrolytes and water, basolateral transporters regulate the secretory or absorptive rates. During gastric acid formation, Cl−/HCO3−and Na+/H+exchange and other transporters secure Cl−re‐supply as well as pH and volume regulation. Gastric surface cells utilize ion transporters to secrete HCO3−, maintain pHiduring a luminal acid load and repair damaged surface areas during the process of epithelial restitution. Na+/H+exchange and Na+/HCO3−cotransport serve basolateral acid/base import for gastroduodenal HCO3−secretion. The gastric and duodenal epithelium also absorbs salt and water. Recent molecular information on novel ion transporters expressed in the gastric and duodenal epithelium has exploded; however, a function has not been found yet for all transporters. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the molecular identity and cellular function of basolateral ion transporters in the gastric and duodenal epithelium.
Problem Department
Authors: Willerding Margaret F.
Published: March 2010

This department aims to provide problems of varying degrees of difficulty which will interest anyone engaged in the study of mathematics.

All readers are invited to propose problems and to solve problems here proposed. Drawings to illustrate the problems should be well done in India ink. Problems and solutions will be credited to their authors. Each solution or proposed problem sent the Editor should have the author's name introducing the problem or solution as on the following pages.

The Editor of the Department desires to serve her readers by making it interesting and helpful to them. Address suggestions and problems to Margaret F. Willerding, San Diego State College, San Diego, Calif. 92115.
Problem Department
Authors: Willerding Margaret F.
Published: March 2010

This department aims to provide problems of varying degrees of difficulty which will interest anyone engaged in the study of mathematics.

All readers are invited to propose problems and to solve problems here proposed. Drawings to illustrate the problems should be well done in India ink. Problems and solutions will be credited to their authors. Each solution or proposed problem sent the Editor should have the author's name introducing the problem or solution as on the following pages.

The Editor of the Department desires to serve her readers by making it interesting and helpful to them. Address suggestions and problems to Margaret F. Willerding, San Diego State College, San Diego, Calif, 92115.
Software Review
Authors: Casey Don
Published: March 2010

Mastering Math Worksheet Generator

Discovery Lab

Ant Farm

IBM Personal Computer Software Educational Systems
Software Reviews
Authors: Casey Don
Published: March 2010

Building Perspective

Quest For Files: Science
Software Reviews
Authors: McGrath Diane
Published: March 2010

Geometric Connectors: Transformation Sunburst Communications, Inc.

SimAnt Maxis
Book Reviews
Authors: Shroyer Gail
Published: March 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Books You Can Count On: Linking Mathematics & Literature, Rachel Griffiths, Margaret Clyne

The Insect Almanac: A Year‐Round Activity Guide, Monica Russo

Earthquake, Seymour Simon
Imaging of the shoulder
Authors: Redding W. R. , Pease A. P.
Published: March 2010

Diagnosis of lameness associated with the shoulder region requires a careful clinical examination, the use of specifically placed intra‐articular analgesia and a combination of some common imaging techniques to accurately define the source of pain. Most equine practices performing lameness examinations in the horse have the radiographic and ultrasonographic equipment necessary to accurately image the shoulder. This article presents a description of the unique anatomy of the shoulder and the specific application of radiographic and ultrasonographic techniques to provide a complete set of diagnostic images of the shoulder region. A brief discussion of nuclear scintigraphy of this region is also included.
Suspected idiopathic intestinal lymphangiectasia in two foals with chylous peritoneal effusion
Authors: Cesar F. B. , Johnson C. R. , Pantaleon L. G.
Published: March 2010

Two foals were examined for signs of abdominal discomfort. Transabdominal ultrasonography revealed an increased amount of free peritoneal fluid and thickened small intestine walls. Abdominocentesis yielded an odourless, white‐to‐yellow, opaque, homogeneous peritoneal fluid with elevated triglyceride levels. Based on the findings, diagnosis of chylous ascites was made. Idiopathic intestinal lymphangiectasia was suspected to be the cause for the condition. Both foals responded well and the condition resolved.
Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 improves inotropic responses of cardiac myocytes in ageing heart without affecting mitochondrial activity
Authors: Tan Tao , Marín‐García José , Damle Shirish , Weiss Harvey R.
Published: March 2010

Ageing reduces the ability of cardiac myocytes to respond to inotropic agents. We hypothesized that hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) would improve the functional and Ca2+transient responses of ageing myocytes to the inotropic agents and this would act, in part, through altered mitochondrial activity. Young (3–4 months) and older Fischer 344 rats (18–20 months) were used. Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α was upregulated with ciclopirox olamine (CPX, 50 mg kg−1on 2 days). Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 upregulation was detected by Western blot. Cardiomyocyte contraction and Ca2+transients were measured at baseline and after forskolin and ouabain. We also measured mitochondrial complex activities and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the young group, forskolin (31%) and ouabain (31%) significantly increased percentage shortening. Similar changes were observed in the young + CPX group. Calcium transients also responded in a similar manner. However, in the older group, forskolin (12%) and ouabain (6%) did not significantly increase myocyte contractility or Ca2+transients. In the older + CPX group, the effects of forskolin (34%) and ouabain (29%) were restored. In the young + CPX group, there was increased ROS production and mitochondrial complex I and III activity compared with the young group. These differences were not observed in older groups. These data demonstrate an impaired functional and Ca2+effect of positive inotropic agents in older myocytes. Upregulation of HIF‐1 restored this blunted response, but this was not related to changed mitochondrial activity induced by HIF‐1. Thus, we found that HIF‐1 improved inotropy in older myocytes without requiring mitochondrial activity changes.
Estimation of cerebral vascular tone during exercise; evaluation by critical closing pressure in humans
Authors: Ogoh Shigehiko , Brothers R. Matthew , Jeschke Monica , Secher Niels H. , Raven Peter B.
Published: March 2010

The aim of the present study was to calculate critical closing pressure (CCP) of the cerebral vasculature at rest and during exercise to estimate cerebral vascular tone. Five men and two women were seated upright for 15 min and then performed 15 min of right‐legged knee extension exercise at 40, 60 and 75% of their maximal workload (WLmax). Middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCA V) and blood pressure in the radial artery were recorded. The CCP was calculated by linear extrapolation from 1 min recordings of pairs of systolic and diastolic pressure and MCA V waveforms from both the right and the left MCA. In both arteries, the CCP increased (right MCA, +6.6 ± 8.5 mmHg, P= 0.023; left MCA, +7.3 ± 9.1 mmHg, P= 0.016) during 75% WLmax without changes in resistance–area product, while femoral vascular resistance of the non‐exercising leg decreased (from 0.32 ± 0.07 to 0.18 ± 0.05 mmHg min ml−1; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in CCP between the right and left MCA (P= 0.31). These findings suggest an increase in cerebral vascular tone in both the right and the left MCA from rest to exercise despite a decrease in vascular resistance of the systemic vasculature. In addition, the increases in CCP were related to the increases in plasma noradrenaline concentrations (right, P= 0.001; left, P= 0.025) and decreases in the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (right, P= 0.008; left, P= 0.086), but not to changes in mean arterial pressure (right, P= 0.282; left, P= 0.564) or adrenaline concentrations (right, P= 0.138; left, P= 0.108). We consider that an exercise‐induced increase in cerebral vascular tone serves to protect the blood–brain barrier from the exercise‐induced hypertension.
Relative Gain Array Analysis of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Gas Turbine Hybrid Plant
Authors: Tsai Alex , Banta Larry , Tucker David , Gemmen Randall
Published: March 2010

This paper presents a relative gain array (RGA) analysis of a simulated solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine plant, based on a multivariate empirical formulation of a 300 kW hybrid system. The HyPer test facility at the National Energy Technology Laboratory, served as the test bed for deriving frequency response data and subsequent multivariable model of a direct-fired, recuperated hybrid cycle plant. Through the modulation of various airflow bypass valves, magnitude and phase data are used to formulate transfer function (TF) equations that describe input/output system interaction. A frequency dependent RGA calculation of the empirical TF matrix provides a means of quantifying the degree of coupling between system inputs and outputs for the configuration studied. Various input/output interaction time scales are obtained to identify frequencies where fully developed system coupling occur. Analysis of the RGA matrix leads to a better understanding of the inherent properties and the hybrid configuration, and can serve as a validating tool to existing analytical RGA calculations of similar types of hybrids.
The Tests of 1 kWe Diesel Reformer and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System
Authors: Kang Inyong , Yoon Sangho , Bae Gyujong , Kim Junghyun , Baek Seungwhan , Bae Joongmyeon
Published: March 2010

The high temperatures required to operate solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) allow for internal reforming of hydrocarbon fuels over a Ni-based anode. With their capability of being fuel flexible, SOFCs have operated under a wide range of fuels including diesel as examined in this study. But in order to reduce high possibilities of deposit formation in diesel internal reforming, additional external reforming technology was used for our system. The final goal of this research is to develop 1 kWe diesel-powered SOFC systems for residential power generation. Before constructing a complete 1 kWe SOFC system, a series of durability experiments were conducted on individual components of the system including the fuel reformer and stack. After testing the full-scale 1 kWe diesel reformer, deposit formation was visible within the catalyst and on the surface of the reactor head, which seriously degraded the performance. With several individual components tested, the construction of one-box type 1 kWe SOFC system is in progress. In a preliminary six-cell stack test using sulfur-free synthetic diesel, the system initially showed an output power of ∼110 kWe at a 0.8 V average cell potential. However, there was a significant drop off in output power after a few hours of operation, which was likely caused by severe deposit formation on the SOFC stack. Light hydrocarbons such as ethylene and/or “less reformed” heavier hydrocarbons caused by gas reactions under the incomplete fuel mixing upstream of the catalyst were likely responsible for the deposit formation.
Operating Experiences on Commercial Fuel Cell Units for Back Up Power Generation
Authors: Scagliotti Mauro , Valli Carmen
Published: March 2010

Extensive residential demonstration programs and the needs for innovative and reliable back up power systems are driving the development and diffusion of small (<10 kWe) stationary fuel cell power systems. Low temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) power systems are particularly suitable for back up and UPS applications due to short start up times, whereas for small cogenerative residential applications both PEFC and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are emerging as promising technologies. The technical and economical viabilities of fuel cell based systems have been already demonstrated for a few niche applications such as back up system with high autonomy. Nevertheless fuel cell technologies are not yet mature. Durability and reliability are of great concern and have to be specifically addressed. Real world experiences and extensive laboratory testing are paramount for the development of reliable products, as well as to harmonize and refine codes and standards required for the market entry. This paper presents and discusses the results of a 3 year experience on commercial PEFC 1 kWe units. Basic characterization, cycling, and steady state endurance testing data are analyzed herein with a focus on power system performance, reliability, and degradation issues. End user and system integrator testing approaches were applied. Power system response to load demand and electrical efficiency were measured following as much as possible the prescriptions of codes and standards. The influences of operating and environmental conditions on system efficiency were investigated as well. Positive results were achieved and, in particular, system availability resulted extremely high. Steady state long term endurance tests evidenced, however, critical durability and safety issues to be improved.
Got Milk?
Authors: Bremer Andrew A.
Published: March 2010

Infant behavior and temperament are influenced by the quantity and quality of the mother's milk.
Decoding Neurologic Disorders with Whole-Genome Sequencing
Authors: Damani Samir
Published: March 2010

A next-generation sequencing approach identifies two single nucleotide variants in the gene
SH3TCT
that contribute to Charcot-Marie-Tooth susceptibility.
Playing Without Pain—Or Tumors
Authors: Ng Kenneth W.
Published: March 2010

Stem-cell differentiation before therapeutic implantation may be key in reducing the risk of tumor formation and metastatic cancer.
Characterization of Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Acidophilic Microbial Biofilms
Authors: Jiao Yongqin , Cody George D. , Harding Anna K. , Wilmes Paul , Schrenk Matthew , Wheeler Korin E. , Banfield Jillian F. , Thelen Michael P.
Published: March 2010

We examined the chemical composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from two natural microbial pellicle biofilms growing on acid mine drainage (AMD) solutions. The EPS obtained from a mid-developmental-stage biofilm (DS1) and a mature biofilm (DS2) were qualitatively and quantitatively compared. More than twice as much EPS was derived from DS2 as from DS1 (approximately 340 and 150 mg of EPS per g [dry weight] for DS2 and DS1, respectively). Composition analyses indicated the presence of carbohydrates, metals, proteins, and minor quantities of DNA and lipids, although the relative concentrations of these components were different for the two EPS samples. EPS from DS2 contained higher concentrations of metals and carbohydrates than EPS from DS1. Fe was the most abundant metal in both samples, accounting for about 73% of the total metal content, followed by Al, Mg, and Zn. The relative concentration profile for these metals resembled that for the AMD solution in which the biofilms grew, except for Si, Mn, and Co. Glycosyl composition analysis indicated that both EPS samples were composed primarily of galactose, glucose, heptose, rhamnose, and mannose, while the relative amounts of individual sugars were substantially different in DS1 and DS2. Additionally, carbohydrate linkage analysis revealed multiply linked heptose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and rhamnose, with some of the glucose in a 4-linked form. These results indicate that the biochemical composition of the EPS from these acidic biofilms is dependent on maturity and is controlled by the microbial communities, as well as the local geochemical environment.
Effects of Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on Coronavirus Survival on Surfaces
Authors: Casanova Lisa M. , Jeon Soyoung , Rutala William A. , Weber David J. , Sobsey Mark D.
Published: March 2010

Assessment of the risks posed by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) on surfaces requires data on survival of this virus on environmental surfaces and on how survival is affected by environmental variables, such as air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH). The use of surrogate viruses has the potential to overcome the challenges of working with SARS-CoV and to increase the available data on coronavirus survival on surfaces. Two potential surrogates were evaluated in this study; transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) were used to determine effects of AT and RH on the survival of coronaviruses on stainless steel. At 4°C, infectious virus persisted for as long as 28 days, and the lowest level of inactivation occurred at 20% RH. Inactivation was more rapid at 20°C than at 4°C at all humidity levels; the viruses persisted for 5 to 28 days, and the slowest inactivation occurred at low RH. Both viruses were inactivated more rapidly at 40°C than at 20°C. The relationship between inactivation and RH was not monotonic, and there was greater survival or a greater protective effect at low RH (20%) and high RH (80%) than at moderate RH (50%). There was also evidence of an interaction between AT and RH. The results show that when high numbers of viruses are deposited, TGEV and MHV may survive for days on surfaces at ATs and RHs typical of indoor environments. TGEV and MHV could serve as conservative surrogates for modeling exposure, the risk of transmission, and control measures for pathogenic enveloped viruses, such as SARS-CoV and influenza virus, on health care surfaces.
Identification, Characterization, and Regulation of a Novel Antifungal Chitosanase Gene (
cho
) in
Anabaena
spp
Authors: Gupta Vishal , Prasanna Radha , Natarajan Chitra , Srivastava Ashish Kumar , Sharma Jitender
Published: March 2010

Two contrasting cyanobacterial species (
Anabaena fertilissima
and
Anabaena sphaerica
) were selected based on differences in antifungal behavior in order to study the mechanism for production of an antifungal enzyme and the genes responsible for this production. In
A. fertilissima
, chitosanase and antifungal activities were increased significantly under of growth-limiting conditions (8 of light and 16 h of darkness). The lack of such activities in
A. sphaerica
was associated with high levels of protein that accumulated during the stationary phase (at 28 days) under the same light conditions. The gene putatively responsible for chitosanase and antifungal activities was amplified using specific primers, and sequence analysis of the amplified products (1.086 and 1.101 kb in
A. sphaerica
and
A. fertilissima
, respectively) showed that they belong to the glycoside hydrolase 3 (GH3)-like family of
Anabaena variabilis
ATCC 29413. Pairwise alignment of the corresponding protein sequences identified a putative signal peptide (amino acids 1 to 23) and some amino acid changes in the sequence of
A. fertilissima
which may be responsible for functioning of the chitosanase and the observed antifungal activity. Hydrolysis of the chitosan oligosaccharide (GlcN)
5
to (GlcN)
2
and (GlcN)
3
confirmed the presence of chitosanase activity in
A. fertilissima
. Site-directed mutagenesis of the
A. fertilissima
chitosanase-encoding gene (
cho
) led to identification of catalytic residues (Glu-121 and Glu-141) important for the antifungal effect of the
cho
product. The level of expression of
cho
was monitored by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR, which indicated that transcription of this gene is significantly enhanced under conditions that retard growth, such as a long dark period.