bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acidente vascular cerebral precoce: implicações para adultos em idade produtiva atendidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde
Authors: Falcão Ilka Veras , Carvalho Eduardo Maia Freese de , Barreto Kátia Magdala Lima , Lessa Fabio José Delgado , Leite Valéria Moura Moreira
Published: April 2005

OBJETIVOS: conhecer as incapacidades e identificar se há diferenças de gênero, em sobreviventes de primeiro episódio de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), entre 20 e 59 anos de idade, na cidade do Recife e que tenham sido hospitalizados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. MÉTODOS: entrevista domiciliar com uma amostra de sobreviventes, investigando-se as incapacidades referidas na vida funcional e produtiva deles. RESULTADOS: amostra equilibrada entre os sexos, média de idade de 52 anos, com nível elementar de estudos ou analfabeto e trabalhando no setor de serviços, informal ou doméstico. Menos de 20% informam recuperação total após o AVC. Aproximadamente 80% apresentam algum déficit, sendo os problemas de comunicação e os sintomas depressivos mais freqüentes entre as mulheres. Após o AVC aumentou o número de desempregados e aposentados e as incapacidades repercutem negativamente na satisfação de vida de mais de 70% dos entrevistados. CONCLUSÕES: é expressivo o percentual de casos, ainda jovens, com seqüelas pós AVC, sendo este mais precoce e o quadro de incapacidades mais freqüente e/ou grave entre as mulheres. A prevenção e a reabilitação após o AVC são desejáveis, com a implantação de programas, considerando as condições de gênero, para o controle dos riscos e para as seqüelas resultantes do AVC.
Intervalo entre o nascimento e o registro civil: situação no município de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Scochi Carmen Gracinda Silvan , Costa Isabel Aparecida Ribeiro , Rocha Semiramis Melani Melo , Leite Adriana Moraes , Nascimento Lucila Castanheira
Published: April 2005

OBJETIVOS: identificar a amplitude de variação do intervalo de tempo entre o nascimento e o registro civil em Ribeirão Preto, e a ocorrência de registros tardios e atrasados. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo transversal baseado em dados obtidos junto a Secretaria Municipal da Saúde, tendo como fonte uma planilha que contém informações sobre os registros de nascimento declarados nos quatro cartórios do município. Realizou-se um censo do total de registros de nascimentos efetuados no período de janeiro a junho de 1996, totalizando 4429. RESULTADOS: 4207 (94,99%) registros procediam de mães residentes em Ribeirão Preto e 222 (5,01%) de outros municípios. Do total, 3583 (80,90%) foram registrados com intervalo de até 60 dias entre o nascimento e a data de registro. Houve 846 (19,10%) registros tardios, com intervalo superior a 60 dias, dos quais 700 (82,74%) eram atrasados pois não ocorreram no mesmo ano do nascimento, representando 15,80% do total. CONCLUSÕES: as proporções de registros tardios e atrasados foram consideradas elevadas.
Avaliação dos conhecimentos de equipes do Programa de Saúde da Família sobre o manejo do aleitamento materno em um município da região metropolitana de São Paulo
Authors: Ciconi Rita de Cássia Veríssimo , Venancio Sonia Isoyama , Escuder Maria Mercedes L.
Published: April 2005

OBJETIVOS: avaliar os conhecimentos e a capacitação de equipes do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) para o desenvolvimento de ações de incentivo ao aleitamento materno (AM) no município de Francisco Morato, São Paulo. MÉTODOS: um questionário contendo questões sobre características dos profissionais, sensibilização para o trabalho de incentivo à amamentação, conhecimentos sobre manejo do AM, capacitação em AM e organização das ações de incentivo à amamentação foi aplicado a 61 profissionais do PSF do município, selecionados por amostragem aleatória estratificada. RESULTADOS: 45,9% dos entrevistados citaram o AM como uma das ações prioritárias desenvolvidas para saúde da criança; 98,4% reconheceram a importância e as vantagens do AM para a dupla mãe-bebê; 96,7% recomendam o AM exclusivo até seis meses de vida; 24,6% orientam as mães a continuarem o AM até os dois anos; 88,5% orientam sobre pega e posicionamento da mamada, sendo que 38,9% fazem a orientação de forma satisfatória; quanto à ordenha manual, 21,4% orientam satisfatoriamente. CONCLUSÕES: os entrevistados estão sensibilizados quanto à importância do AM e têm conhecimentos teóricos sobre o tema, mas apresentam dificuldades para a resolução de questões práticas sobre o manejo da amamentação, o que pode interferir de forma negativa no trabalho desenvolvido de apoio às mães lactantes.
Estudo das variações dos níveis de retinol no colostro humano de parturientes a termo e pré-termo
Authors: Melo Illana Louise Pereira de , Ribeiro Karla Danielly da Silva , Dimenstein Roberto
Published: April 2005

OBJETIVOS: analisar as variações dos níveis de retinol no colostro de parturientes a termo e pré-termo. MÉTODOS: foram analisadas amostras de leite de 78 lactantes, sendo metade delas mães de recém-nascidos prematuros. As amostras de colostro foram obtidas por expressão manual de uma mama, até 72 horas após o parto, no turno vespertino e no início da mamada, até atingir um volume de 2,0 ml. A determinação do retinol foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística através do teste t de Student. RESULTADOS: o valor médio do retinol no colostro de mães a termo (n = 39) e pré-termo (n = 39) foram, respectivamente, 89,4 ± 46,1 mig/dL e 55,6 ± 27,7 mig/dL. A diferença entre as médias foi estatisticamente significante (p < 0,001). O leite humano atende as necessidades de vitamina A do recém-nascido a termo. Entretanto, o leite prematuro cobre apenas 66% das necessidades da criança prematura. CONCLUSÕES: os resultados sugerem que as necessidades do recém-nascido pré-termo não podem ser completamente supridas por uso exclusivo de leite humano e que a suplementação materna de vitamina A pode reduzir os riscos de uma possível deficiência deste micronutriente.
Prevalência de cárie dentária em escolares de 12 e 15 anos de Salvador, Bahia, 2001
Authors: Cangussu Maria Cristina Teixeira , Castellanos Fernandez Roberto Augusto
Published: April 2005

OBJETIVOS: determinar a prevalência e severidade da cárie em escolares aos 12 e 15 anos de idade em Salvador, segundo distrito sanitário. MÉTODOS: desenvolveu-se um estudo transversal com uma amostra probabilística, pré-estratificada pelos 12 distritos. Equipes calibradas examinaram 3313 escolares (CPO-D). Dados sobre acesso e cobertura dos serviços de saúde foram obtidos através de questionário. Para a análise utilizaram-se: teste do qui-quadrado, t de Student, análise bivariada e de regressão logística com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: 49,6% da amostra teve acesso ao dentista no último ano e quase 40% aos 12 anos e 27,7% aos 15 anos relataram ter participado de programas coletivos nos últimos dois anos. Observou-se um CPO-D de 1,44 e 49% das crianças livres de cárie aos 12 anos, e um índice de 2,66 aos 15 anos. Os distritos com menor prevalência de cárie foram o de Pau da Lima, Cajazeiras e Subúrbio Ferroviário. CONCLUSÕES: foi baixa a prevalência de cárie, e são encontradas iniqüidades na distribuição da cárie em áreas geográficas distintas, reforçando a necessidade de vigilância à saúde.
Reações adversas a medicamentos em pediatria: uma revisão sistemática de estudos prospectivos
Authors: Santos Djanilson Barbosa dos , Coelho Helena Lutéscia Luna
Published: April 2005

O objetivo desta revisão foi explorar e comparar as informações derivadas de estudos prospectivos sobre a incidência de reações adversas a medicamentos (RAM) em pediatria, publicados de janeiro de 1966 a novembro de 2003 em revistas indexadas nas bases MEDLINE, IPA e LILACS. Foram buscados trabalhos que abordassem a ocorrência de RAM em crianças atendidas em ambulatório, durante a hospitalização ou como causa de internação hospitalar não focalizados em tratamentos ou condições clínicas específicas. A análise incluiu vinte estudos de coorte prospectivos, entre os quais a incidência de RAM variou de 0,75% a 11,1% em ambulatório, de 0,6 a 4,3% como causa de internação hospitalar e de 4,4 a 18,1% entre crianças hospitalizadas. O trabalho ressalta o potencial de contribuição dos estudos prospectivos para o uso seguro de medicamentos em pediatria e sugere que a padronização de definições e de critérios metodológicos poderia torná-los mais úteis para esse objetivo.
Hipotireoidismo na gestação
Authors: Costa Sheila Mamede da , Netto Lino Sieiro , Buescu Alexandre , Vaisman Mario
Published: April 2005

A gestação induz mudanças fisiológicas na função tireoidiana materna. Além disso a presença de auto-imunidade tireoidiana ou de deficiência de iodo exacerbam essas alterações, podendo resultar em hipotireoidismo materno e/ou fetal e desta forma ocasionar complicações para as mães e o desenvolvimento dos fetos. Vários estudos têm demonstrado que filhos de mães com hipotireoidismo não tratado durante a gestação, podem apresentar comprometimento do desenvolvimento intelectual. O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica é mostrar a importância de identificar e tratar precocemente as gestantes com essa enfermidade, e dessa forma eliminar os riscos de complicações. Recomenda-se também que as mulheres com diagnóstico prévio de hipotireoidismo devem ser aconselhadas a estabilizar a sua doença antes da gestação e assim previnirem em complicações.
Núcleos de epidemiologia em hospitais de alta complexidade da rede pública de saúde situados no Recife, Pernambuco: avaliação da implantação
Authors: Mendes Marina F. de Medeiros , Freese Eduardo , Guimarães Maria José Bezerra
Published: April 2005

Este artigo tem por objetivo avaliar a implantação dos núcleos epidemiologia de sete hospitais de alta complexidade da rede publica de saúde de Pernambuco, identificando os principais problemas e dificuldades para sua implantação e operacionalização. Para avaliar o grau de implantação foi construído um sistema de escores, baseado na situação dos recursos físicos, materiais e humanos, práticas operacionais, atividades de ensino e pesquisa e gestão dos núcleos. A constituição dos núcleos e sua regulamentação foi um grande avanço institucional, porém a operacionalização vem encontrando muitas dificuldades. O atual estágio de implantação da maioria dos núcleos não é satisfatório, existindo diferenças marcantes em relação ao grau de implantação entre os hospitais. O contexto político representado pela decisão dos gestores influenciou efetivamente no grau de implantação e dependendo da atuação dos atores de apoio ou não, representou uma força antagônica ou sinérgica ao investimento.
Campylobacter rectus Mediates Growth Restriction in Pregnant Mice
Authors: Yeo Alvin , Smith Mary Alice , Lin Dongming , Riché Estelle L. , Moore Adam , Elter John , Offenbacher Steven
Published: April 2005

Background: Recent studies have suggested that subclinical infection may be an important cause of low birth weight. Campylobacters are important human pathogens, causing septicemia and occasionally abortion, premature labor, or severe perinatal infection. The potential role of oral species of Campylobacter in mediating adverse pregnancy outcomes in animal models has not yet been determined. Our objective was to determine the effects of Campylobacter rectus (C. rectus) infection on pregnancy outcomes in a mouse model.

Methods: On embryonic day (E) 7.5, pregnant mice received a subcutaneous, intra‐chamber challenge with live C. rectus at concentrations of 0, 107 or 109 colony forming units (CFU)/ml. They were sacrificed on E 16.5 and fetuses were evaluated for stage of development, weight, and crown‐rump length.

Results: Dams receiving C. rectus had more fetal resorptions after challenge with 107 or 109 CFU/ml (24.1% and 30.1%, respectively) than controls (9%). Higher numbers of growth‐restricted fetuses were also observed in the C. rectus challenged groups (21%) as compared to controls (2.3%). Fetuses from dams challenged with 109 CFU/ml weighed less (0.49 ± 0.05 g) and had shorter crown‐rump lengths (14.69 ± 0.56 mm) than controls (0.53 ± 0.04 g; 15.54 ± 0.63 mm). C. rectus was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the placentas from both treated groups and in maternal liver tissues from the 109 CFU/ml challenged group.

Conclusions: Remote subcutaneous maternal C. rectus infection increases fetal resorptions and fetal growth restriction in a mouse model. The effects of an oral C. rectus infection on pregnancy remain to be determined. J Periodontol 2005;76:551‐557.
The Baltimore Youth Ammunition Initiative: A Model Application of Local Public Health Authority in Preventing Gun Violence
Authors: Lewin Nancy L. , Vernick Jon S. , Beilenson Peter L. , Mair Julie S. , Lindamood Melisa M. , Teret Stephen P. , Webster Daniel W.
Published: April 2005

In 2002, the Baltimore City Health Department, in collaboration with the Baltimore Police Department and the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research, launched the Youth Ammunition Initiative. The initiative addressed Baltimore’s problem of youth gun violence by targeting illegal firearm ammunition sales to the city’s young people. The initiative included undercover “sting” investigations of local businesses and issuance of health department violation and abatement notices.

Intermediate results included the passage of 2 Baltimore city council ordinances regulating ammunition sales and reducing the number of outlets eligible to sell ammunition. Although it is too early to assess effects on violent crime, the intervention could theoretically reduce youth violence by interrupting one source of ammunition to youths.

More important, the initiative can serve as a policy model for health commissioners seeking to become more active in gun violence prevention efforts.
Can We Capitalize on the Virtues of Vaccines? Insights from the Polio Eradication Initiative
Authors: Aylward R. Bruce , Heymann David L.
Published: April 2005

Twenty-five years after the eradication of smallpox, the ongoing effort to eradicate poliomyelitis has grown into the largest international health initiative ever undertaken.

By 2004, however, the polio eradication effort was threatened by a challenge regularly faced by public health policymakers everywhere—misperception about the benefits and risks of vaccines. The propagation of false rumors about oral poliovirus vaccine safety led to the reinfection of 13 previously polio-free countries and the largest polio epidemic in Africa in recent years.

With deft management of such challenges by local, national, and international health authorities, poliomyelitis, a disease that threatened children everywhere just 2 generations ago, could soon be relegated to history like smallpox before it.
Hydrodynamics of the mixing head in RIM: LDA flow‐field characterization
Authors: Teixeira André M. , Santos Ricardo J. , Costa Mário Rui P. F. N. , Lopes José Carlos B.
Published: April 2005

The flow field in a reaction injection molding (RIM) machine mixing head was characterized using the laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) technique. This study covered the range of Reynolds numbers from 50 to 600, normally used in industry for the RIM process. The three time‐averaged spatial distributions of velocity components, inside the mixing head, were obtained: the two horizontal components directly from LDA measurements and the third component through numerical integration. Flow‐field distributions were also computed, including probability density functions of the velocity, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds stresses. The present study provides new insights into the mixing mechanisms involved in RIM machines and more generally in opposed‐jet mixers. In particular, new features were found: the dominant role of interactions of the opposed jets as the main mixing mechanism; and that the flow‐field dynamics evolve with Re at constant Strouhal number within the typical range, 150 ≤ Re ≤ 600, of operation of RIM machines. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Rheological properties of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) in capillary flow
Authors: Chen Kequan , Shen Jie , Tang Xiaozhen
Published: April 2005

The shear viscosity, extensional viscosity, and die swell of the PTT melt were investigated using a capillary rheometer. The results showed that the PTT melt was a typical pseudoplastic fluid exhibiting shear thinning and extensional thinning phenomena in capillary flow. There existed no melt fracture phenomenon in the PTT melt through a capillary die even though the shear rate was 20,000 s−1. Increasing the shear rate would decrease the flow activation energy and decline the sensitivity of the shear viscosity to the melt temperature. The molecular weight had a significant influence on the flow curve. The flow behavior of the PTT melt approached that of Newtonian fluid even though the weight‐molecular weight was below 43,000 s−1 at 260°C. The extensional viscosity decreased with the increase of the extensional stress, which became more obvious with increasing the molecular weight. The sensitiveness of the extensional viscosity to the melt temperature decreased promptly along with increasing the extensional strain rate. The die swell ratio and end effect would increase along with increasing the shear rate and with decreasing the temperature, which represented that the increase of the shear rate and the decrease of temperature would increase the extruding elasticity of the PTT melt in the capillary die. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 705–709, 2005
Controlled synthesis of high‐ortho‐substitution phenol–formaldehyde resins
Authors: Huang Jianying , Xu Miaoqing , Ge Qiang , Lin Minghua , Lin Qiang , Chen Yihong , Chu Jiayan , Dai Lizong , Zou Yousi
Published: April 2005

The relationship between the use of 19 kinds of metal catalysts and the proportion of ortho–ortho links of novolac resins was studied. The proportion of ortho–ortho links of novolac resins was characterized with Fourier transform infrared, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR. The effects of different catalysts and different reaction conditions, such as the molar ratio of phenol to formaldehyde, the pH value of the reaction, and the reaction time, were examined. Phenol–formaldehyde resins were synthesized with a certain proportion of the ortho position through the adjustment of the reaction conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 652–658, 2005
Rheological behavior of polyamide 11 with varying initial moisture content
Authors: Acierno Stefano , Van Puyvelde Peter
Published: April 2005

The rheological behavior of polyamide 11 samples with different initial moisture levels is investigated. More specifically, the time evolution of the linear viscoelastic properties is monitored at a given frequency. The time dependence of these properties is exponential in time, reflecting postcondensation reactions in the samples. The crossover time, at which the storage modulus and loss modulus intersect, can be used as a characteristic timescale for the reaction. This crossover time and the corresponding complex viscosity can be used as fingerprints of the material, reflecting the moisture content in the material. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 666–670, 2005
Composite polymer particles with a gradated resin composition by suspension polymerization
Authors: Sawatari Norio , Fukuda Makoto , Taguchi Yoshinari , Tanaka Masato
Published: April 2005

We have conducted a study of composite polymer particles with a gradated resin composition by suspension polymerization, in which the resin composition gradually changes from the surface to the center of the particles. The binder resin of the polymer particles consists primarily of styrene, butyl acrylate, and methacrylic acid (MAA). Fourier transform infrared/photoacoustic spectroscopy analysis of the polymer particles by suspension polymerization has proved that MAA, having a higher polarity, concentrates near the surface of the particles, and this results in a formation similar to a core–shell structure. These composite polymer particles are excellent in blocking resistivity because the resin, containing a higher concentration of MAA, has a high glass‐transition temperature. Composite polymer particles with a gradated MAA concentration could be used for toner applications in low‐power hot‐roll fusing electrophotography systems because the melting property of the core resin is controlled and allows fusing at lower temperatures. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 682–690, 2005
Synthesis and chelating properties of some poly(amidoxime‐hydroxamic acid) resins toward some trivalent lanthanide metal ions
Authors: Alakhras Fadi A. , Dari Kamal Abu , Mubarak Mohammad S.
Published: April 2005

The chelation properties of the addition‐type polymers poly(amidoxime‐hydroxamic acid) and poly(N‐methyl amidoxime‐N‐methyl hydroxamic acid) toward some trivalent lanthanide metal ions [La(III), Nd(III), Sm(III), Gd(III), and Tb(III)] were studied by a batch equilibration technique as a function of contact time, pH, and counterion. The effect of the crosslinker, divinylbenzene, was also studied. The selectivity and binding capacity of the resins toward various lanthanide metal ions are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 691–696, 2005
Capillary electrophoretic determination of triamterene, methotrexate, and creatinine in human urine
Authors: Rodríguez Flores Juana , Berzas Nevado Juan J. , Durán Merás Isabel , Rodríguez Gómez Maria J.
Published: April 2005

A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method using a fused‐silica capillary (60.2 cm×75 μm ID) was investigated for the determination of triamterene (TRI), methotrexate (MTX), and creatinine (CREA) in human urine. The separation was performed using a hydrodynamic injection time of 7 s (0.5 psi), a voltage of 25 kV, a capillary temperature of 30°C, and 40 mM phosphoric acid adjusted to pH 2.25 by addition of triethanolamine as separation electrolyte. Under these conditions, analysis takes about 15 min. A linear response over the 0.5–15.0 mg L–1 concentration range was found for TRI and MTX, and 0.5–80.0 mg L–1 for CREA. Dilution of the sample (water:urine, 1 : 1 for TRI and MTX, and 1:25 for CREA determination) was the only step necessary prior to analysis by electrophoresis. The developed method is easy, rapid, and sensitive and has been applied to determine triamterene, methotrexate, and creatinine in urine samples with satisfactory results.
Fingerprint chromatogram analysis of extracts from the leaves of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Li Ke , Wang Shudong
Published: April 2005

A simple and reliable high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the study of fingerprint chromatograms of extracts from the leaves of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. (TWHF) and for controlling the quality of the herb. HPLC separation of the extracts was performed on a Lichrospher RP‐18 column and detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 210 nm. The column temperature was maintained at 35°C. A mobile phase composed of acetonitrile:H2O in the ratio of 39 : 61 (v/v) was found to be most suitable for this separation at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min with isocratic elution. Under the chromatographic conditions described, the peak profile of the 10 components collected within 35 min made up the fingerprint of the extracts from leaves of TWHF with universal features. The fingerprint chromatograms had a good stability, precision, and reproducibility. The similarity of the extracts from leaves of TWHF collected in summer and winter was studied with triptolide as a reference peak. The method is suitable for differentiation of extracts from the leaves of TWHF, and can be used as a quality control method for this herb.
Addiction in Parkinson's disease: Impact of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation
Authors: Witjas Tatiana , Baunez Christelle , Henry Jean Marc , Delfini Marie , Regis Jean , Cherif André Ali , Peragut Jean Claude , Azulay Jean Philippe
Published: April 2005

In Parkinson's disease, dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) is characterized by severe dopamine addiction and behavioral disorders such as manic psychosis, hypersexuality, pathological gambling, and mood swings. Here, we describe the case of 2 young parkinsonian patients suffering from disabling motor fluctuations and dyskinesia associated with severe DDS. In addition to alleviating the motor disability in both patients, subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation greatly reduced the behavioral disorders as well as completely abolished the addiction to dopaminergic treatment. Dopaminergic addiction in patients with Parkinson's disease, therefore, does not constitute an obstacle to high‐frequency STN stimulation, and this treatment may even cure the addiction. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Localization of transient receptor potential ion channels in primary and motile cilia of the female murine reproductive organs
Authors: Teilmann Stefan C. , Byskov Anne Grete , Pedersen Per A. , Wheatley Denys N. , Pazour Gregory J. , Christensen Søren T.
Published: April 2005

We have examined the subcellular localization of transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels and the potential sensory role of cilia in murine female reproductive organs using confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis on ovary and oviduct tissue sections as well as on primary cultures of follicular granulosa cells. We show that the Ca2+ permeable cation channel, polycystin‐2, as well as polycystin‐1, a receptor that forms a functional protein complex with polycystin 2, distinctively localize to primary cilia emerging from granulosa cells of antral follicles in vivo and in vitro. Both polycystins are localized to motile oviduct cilia and this localization is greatly increased upon ovulatory gonadotropic stimulation. Further, the Ca2+ permeable cation channel, TRP vaniloid 4 (TRPV4), localizes to a sub‐population of motile cilia on the epithelial cells of the ampulla and isthmus with high intensity in proximal invaginations of the epithelial folds. These observations are the first to demonstrate ciliary localization of TRP ion channels and their possible receptor function in the female reproductive organs. We suggest that polycystins 1 and 2 play an important role in granulosa cell differentiation and in development and maturation of ovarian follicles. In the oviduct both TRPV4 and polycystins could be important in relaying physiochemical changes in the oviduct upon ovulation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What some recent research tells us about planned giving (legacy marketing) in North America
Authors: Richardson Donna , Chapman Gwen
Published: April 2005

The transformation of fundraising from an ‘emerging profession’ to a ‘true profession’ is contingent on the continual development of a formal body of knowledge based on theory and research. To further that goal, this paper, written from a Canadian perspective, reviews current and recent research studies in both Canada and the USA, focusing specifically on the areas of legacy marketing and bequest gifts.

The aim of this paper is two‐fold: first, to bring forward ‘established knowledge’ in this relatively new and burgeoning area of fundraising; and second, to draw attention to areas where there is a knowledge gap, thereby laying the groundwork for further research and progress in this area.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The final gift: targeting the potential charity legator
Authors: Sargeant Adrian , Hilton T.
Published: April 2005

Although legacy income is of enormous importance to many of the UK's fundraising charities, little reliable information exists to assist practitioners in targeting potential legators with appropriate messages. In particular, the motives for making a legacy gift and the differences between those doing so and the general supporter base are unknown. This makes segmentation and the subsequent development of strategy problematic.

This exploratory study seeks to address these issues and compare the motives of individuals who support charities during their lifetime with the motives of individuals who, in addition, pledge a legacy. The authors conclude that fundraisers looking to increase legacy income should target their older supporters, particularly those in their mid to late 60s', as well as users of their services. The findings also suggest that communications to these groups should stress organizational performance and service quality commitments.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polysomnographic values in children 2–9 years old: Additional data and review of the literature
Authors: Traeger Nadav , Schultz Brian , Pollock Avrum N. , Mason Thornton , Marcus Carole L. , Arens Raanan
Published: April 2005

The establishment of normal pediatric polysomnographic parameters is important for both clinical and research interests. Our objectives were to describe respiratory events, paradoxical breathing, periodic limb movements, and sleep architecture of children at the age of peak incidence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. We performed a retrospective cross‐sectional analysis of a prospective cohort study of 66 children, 2–9 years old, at the Sleep Disorders Center at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Subjects screened by questionnaire underwent a standard polysomnogram. The percent of total sleep time spent in sleep stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and rapid eye movement (REM) were 4 ± 3%, 44 ± 10%, 10 ± 6%, 22 ± 8%, and 21 ± 6%, respectively. The arousal and awakening index was 11.2 ± 4.3/hr. Respiratory events included a central apnea index of 0.08 ± 0.14/hr, obstructive apnea index of 0.01 ± 0.03/hr, and obstructive hypopnea index of 0.3 ± 0.5/hr. The baseline arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) was 97 ± 1%, with a nadir of 92 ± 3%. The index of periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) was 1.3 ± 2.2/hr. Paradoxical breathing appeared significantly more frequent with piezo crystal effort belts (40 ± 24% of epochs) than with respiratory inductive plethysmography (1.5 ± 3% of epochs). We describe the occurrence of hypopneas during sleep, arousals and awakenings, and PLMS. We illustrate how different technologies can vary the apparent amount of paradoxical breathing. We also confirm previous data on the frequency distribution of sleep stages, SpO2, and relative rarity of respiratory events in this age group. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytokine levels in sputum of cystic fibrosis patients before and after antibiotic therapy
Authors: Colombo Carla , Costantini Diana , Rocchi Alessia , Cariani Lisa , Garlaschi Maria Laura , Tirelli Silvia , Calori Giliola , Copreni Elena , Conese Massimo
Published: April 2005

It is not known whether cytokine levels in sputum may be used as outocome measures after parenteral antibiotic therapy in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Here, we assessed the effects of antibiotic therapy on cytokine levels in sputum and serum obtained from young CF patients. Thirty‐two CF patients (14 females; mean age, 18.6 years; range, 11.4–35.7 years), consecutively admitted at the CF Center of Milan for parenteral antibiotic therapy during pulmonary exacerbation, were enrolled in the study. Before and after 21 days (range, 5–41) of intravenous antibiotic treatment, all patients underwent routine laboratory determinations (including white blood cell (WBC) count and C‐reactive protein (CRP)), a chest X‐ray, pulmonary function tests (forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) as % predicted), and sputum cultures. Interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α levels in serum and sputum samples were determined by means of immunometric assays. After therapy, FEV1 and FVC significantly improved (median increase of 7.5% and 8.5% predicted, respectively), while CRP and WBC count were signifcantly decreased (median values from 14 to 5.5 mg/dl and from 8,350 to 7,400 n/mm3, respectively). While levels of IL‐6 and IL‐10 in sputum were generally undetectable, IL‐8 and TNF‐α were always measurable, and IL‐8 levels significantly decreased after antibiotic treatment (median values from 7,165 to 5,415 pg/ml). Following antibiotic therapy, IL‐8 and TNF‐α levels in sputum were inversely related with both FEV1 and FVC. In conclusion, TNF‐α and IL‐8 levels in sputum of young CF patients with pulmonary exacerbation were always detectable and may be useful, noninvasive outcome measures to assess response to therapy in CF patients. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gauged maximal supergravities and hierarchies of nonabelian vector‐tensor systems
Authors: de Wit B. , Samtleben H.
Published: April 2005

We describe generalizations of the manifestly E6(6) covariant formulation of five‐dimensional gauged maximal supergravity with regard to the structure of the vector and tensor fields. We indicate how the group‐theoretical structures that we discover seem to play a role in gauged supergravities in various space‐time dimensions.
On particle dynamics in AdSN+1space‐time
Authors: Dorn H. , Jorjadze G.
Published: April 2005

We summarize part of a systematic study of particle dynamics onAdSN+1space‐time based on Hamiltonian methods. New explicit UIR's ofSO(2,N), defined on certain spaces of holomorphic functions, are constructed. The connection to some field theoretic results, including the construction of propagators, is discussed.
Conifold cosmologies in IIA string theory
Authors: Mohaupt T. , Saueressig F.
Published: April 2005

We discuss the extension of our recent work on M‐theory conifold cosmologies to general conifold transitions and type‐IIA string theory.
Mice lacking the adenosine A1 receptor have normal spatial learning and plasticity in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, but they habituate more slowly
Authors: Giménez‐Llort Lydia , Masino Susan A. , Diao Lihong , Fernández‐Teruel Alberto , Tobeña Adolf , Halldner Linda , Fredholm Bertil B.
Published: April 2005

Using mice with a targeted disruption of the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R), we examined the role of A1Rs in hippocampal long‐term potentiation (LTP), long‐term depression (LTD), and memory formation. Recordings from the Shaffer collateral–CA1 pathway of hippocampal slices from adult mice showed no differences between theta burst and tetanic stimulation‐induced LTP in adenosine A1 receptor knockout (A1R−/−), heterozygote (A1R+/−), and wildtype (A1R+/+) mice. However, paired pulse facilitation was impaired significantly in A1R−/− slices as compared to A1R+/+ slices. LTD in the CA1 region was unaffected by the genetic manipulation. The three genotypes showed similar memory acquisition patterns when assessed for spatial reference and working memory in the Morris water maze tasks at 9 months of age. However, 10 months later A1R−/− mice showed some deficits in the 6‐arm radial tunnel maze test. The latter appeared, however, not due to memory deficits but to decreased habituation to the test environment. Taken together, we observe normal spatial learning and memory and hippocampal CA1 synaptic plasticity in adult adenosine A1R knockout mice, but find modifications in arousal‐related processes, including habituation, in this knockout model. Synapse 57:8–16, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of L-alanine and L-alanine peptides on the chemotaxis of tetrahymena: Evolutionary conclusions
Authors: Csaba G. , Kôhidai L.
Published: April 2005

L-alanine and its peptides (L-Ala-2–6) do not attract or repulse Tetrahymena in a 10−8M concentration. In 10−10M concentration there is a consistent repellent effect. Twenty four hours after L-alanine or L-alanine-peptides' pretreatment (imprinting) the progeny generation of the cells react differently to the same materials. L-Alanine, L-alanine penta- and hexapeptide in both concentrations are chemoattractant, while L-alanine tetrapeptide is repellent. L-Alanine dipeptide is inert in 10−10M and repellent at 10−8M concentrations, while L-alanine tripeptide is strongly repellent at 10−10M and attractant at 10−8M concentrations. This means, that the first encounter (imprinting) with an exogeneous amino acid or peptide is decisive to the later reaction of the protozoan cell. The chain length is important in the imprinting, however the reaction is not consistent. The experiments call the attention to the significance of imprinting in the receptor and hormone evolution.
Changes in T-cell subpopulations in mice during prolonged experimental secondary infection with Echinococcus granulosus
Authors: Rueda M. C. , Osuna A. , De Rycke P. H. , Janssen D.
Published: April 2005

Balb/c mice were infected intraperitoneally with protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus. After 15 months of infection, and by means of flow cytometry, the expression of T-cell markers CD3, CD4, and CDS on T cells from peripheral blood, spleen, and thymus was analyzed and compared with that of age-matched controls. Infected mice had higher percentages of CD3+, and CD4+ cells in peripheral blood, and higher percentages of CD8+ cells in the spleen, when compared with control mice. CD4+ and CD8+ cells in peripheral blood and CD8+ cells in thymus also showed higher percentages of expression of interleukin-2 receptor. The results infer a role for interleukin-2 in experimental secondary echinococcosis.
The anticalmodulin effect of aflatoxin B1 on purified erythrocyte Ca2+-AtPase
Authors: Adebayo Aderonke O. , Okunade Gbolahan W. , Olorunsogo Olufunso O.
Published: April 2005

The genotoxic carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) inhibited the calmodulin-stimulated membrane-bound (Ca2+Mg2+)-ATPase. Using the purified enzyme, 12 nmoles per ml of AFB1 caused maximum inhibition of 28% and 50%, of the acidic phospholipid-stimulated and calmodulin-activated Ca2+-ATPase activity respectively. Treatment of red cell ghosts with increasing concentrations of Triton X-100, a non-ionic detergent caused a progressive loss of both the basal and calmodulin-stimulated Ca2+-ATPase activity. The activity of the phospholipid-free, detergent-solubilized enzyme was almost fully restored by phosphatidyl serine (PS) and its sensitivity to calmodulin was restored in the presence of phosphatidyl choline (PC). Analysis of the results obtained using varying concentrations of ATP shows that AFB1 did not affect the Km and Vmax of the unstimulated enzyme whereas these parameters were reduced by about 75% and 50%, respectively, in the presence of calmodulin. Using the product of limited proteolysis by trypsin i.e. the 90 kDa fragment which still retains its calmodulin binding-domain and the 76 kDa fragment which has lost this domain, kinetic studies on the enzyme activity revealed that AFB1 inhibited the calmodulin-activated 90 kDa fragment by about 50% while the 76 kDa was not affected at all by the toxin and calmodulin. The toxin had no significant affect on the basal activity of the 90 kDa limited proteolysis fragment of the enzyme. These observations suggest that AFB1 inhibits the activated Ca2+-ATPase by binding to an important site in the calmodulin-binding domain of the enzyme. It seems likely that the toxin binds to tryptophan in the calmodulin-binding domain, thus causing a reduction in the rate at which this domain can interact with Ca2+-calmodulin or acidic phospholipids. The implication of these observations is that Ca2+-extrusion and other calmodulin-activated enzymes and processes may be slowed down during prolonged exposure to AFB1 because of its anticalmodulin effect.
A Technique for distal splenocaval shunt in the rat
Authors: Holmin Torsten , Schröder Rolf , Berchtold Rudolf
Published: April 2005

Distal splenocaval anastomosis was performed in 58 rats, using a microsurgical technique. Provided that the splenic artery was occluded during construction of the shunt, a patency rate of about 80% could be achieved. The model can be used for studying the effects of shunting blood from the splenic vein into the systemic circulation.
Natural history of cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: Briele Henry A. , Das Gupta T. K.
Published: April 2005

The rising incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma with the consequent increase in mortality from melanoma has intensified efforts to understand the factors that initiate the malignant transformation of melanocytes and to define those tumor‐host interactions that play a relevant role in the clinical course of this disease. Increased exposure to solar radiation has been proposed as an explanation for the rising incidence of melanoma observed in light‐skinned races. Because of the low incidence of melanoma in darkly pigmented races and its tendency in these individuals to develop in relatively nonpigmented areas, such as the sole of the foot, it is postulated that melanin, in addition to its well‐known photoprotective effects, may protect against certain intrinsic carcinogenic agents. Developing cutaneous malignant melanomas progress through several cell types that have varying potentials for invasion and metastasis. This developmental process can be appreciated by examination of the various histologic types of melanomas. Early superficial spreading melanoma and lentigo maligna melanoma are characterized by cells that exhibit a prolonged intraepidermal growth phase, and most of these lesions can be diagnosed while they are still curable by simple surgical therapy. Subpopulations of more aggressive cells eventually develop, however. These cells also may characterize the initial stages of nodular melanoma in which the intraepidermal growth phase is absent and early invasion is common. Prognosis for survival depends on the depth of invasion of the primary tumor. Microstaging of the depth of invasion together with information as to mitotic index, sex, site, age, and histologic type will usually predict the natural history of the disease. With present‐day management, the overall long‐term, disease‐free survival rate of patients with cutaneous melanoma is 60–70% and compares favorably with that of the more common cancers.
Eleven years' experience with hyperthermic perfusion for melanoma of the extremities
Authors: Stehlin John S. , Giovanella Beppino C. , de Ipolyi Peter D. , Anderson Robert F.
Published: April 2005

Since 1967, we have used a system of hyperthermic perfusion with melphalan to treat patients with melanoma of the extremities. This report presents additional follow‐up data on 165 patients, first reported on in 1975, who underwent 185 perfusions. The 70 patients classified as stage I (Stehlin classification system) had a 5‐year survival rate of 86.3%. The 5‐year survival rate for the 73 patients with stage II and stage III disease was 52.5%. There was a dramatic increase in the 5‐year survival rate for patients with stage IIIA disease, from 22.2% prior to the use of heat to 74% for 30 patients undergoing hyperthermic perfusion.
Chemotherapy of malignant melanoma
Authors: Benjamin Robert S.
Published: April 2005

A number of drugs are being used in chemotherapy treatment programs of advanced melanoma. Of these, DTIC is the most important drug currently in use, producing a response rate of about 20% when used as a single agent. Studies with nitrosoureas report response rates ranging from 6 to 41%, with an average of 24%. Combinations of these 2 agents and other drugs have not yet shown a significant improvement in response over either drug used alone. However, several studies of chemo‐immunotherapy have reported overall response rates in the vicinity of 28%, somewhat higher than that obtained with chemotherapy alone.
The guy's trial of treatments of “early” breast cancer
Authors: Hayward John L.
Published: April 2005

Between 1961 and 1971, 370 patients with stages I and II breast cancer were assigned by random sample to receive either wide local excision or standard radical mastectomy. Patients in both groups received postoperative radiotherapy which, admittedly, would be considered less than optimal nowadays for patients with an intact axilla. Follow‐up has been conducted for 5 years in all patients and for 10 years in about half of them. Wide local excision was followed by a higher incidence of local cancer recurrence. However, there was no significant difference between the 2 operations in 5‐and 10‐year survival. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the 2 treatment groups in the incidence of distant metastases after 10 years, although patients with stage II cancer had a significantly higher incidence of distant metastases after 5 years (but not after 10 years).
Conservative treatment of breast cancer: A trial in progress at the cancer institute of Milan
Authors: Veronesi Umberto
Published: April 2005

In 1973, a clinical trial was started in patients with stage I breast cancer comparing conservative treatment consisting of partial mastectomy plus axillary dissection plus postoperative radiotherapy to the involved breast with conventional radical mastectomy. Patients with positive lymph nodes in the partial mastectomy group have been further randomized to receive either additional radiotherapy to the supraclavicular and internal mammary node areas or no additional radiotherapy. By June 1976, 302 patients had entered the trial. To date there are no significant differences between the conservative and radical surgical treatment groups in regard to local cancer recurrence, the incidence of distant metastases or the development of cancer in the contralateral breast, but it is too early to have obtained meaningful results.
The residency training program for general surgeons in Groningen, the Netherlands
Authors: Kuijjer Peter J.
Published: April 2005

In 1970, a new residency training program for general surgeons was started at the university hospital in Groningen to meet the new requirements of the national Committee of Specialist Registration and the Central Board. The program consists of 6 years of formal training in general surgery and the surgical specialties, divided into 24 rotation terms of 3 months each. During the 6 years, the residents spend 3‐1/4 years in general surgery (which includes conventional general surgery, pediatric surgery, traumatology, surgical oncology and vascular surgery), 1‐1/4 years distributed among the surgical specialties (orthopedics, anesthesiology, plastic and reconstructive surgery, urology and cardiothoracic surgery), 9 months in the first aid and acute admissions department, 6 months in an elective period of their choice, and 3 months performing consultations. Upon satisfactory completion of the training, the resident is certified as a specialist. No final examinations are given, but the training program is carefully supervised according to strict requirements. Although the program has some problems related to its rigidity, there is general enthusiasm for it among both residents and staff members because it provides a uniformly high standard of surgical education in a stable framework.
Complications of carotid endarterectomy and their prevention
Authors: Thompson Jesse E.
Published: April 2005

Mortality and morbidity associated with carotid endarterectomy may be minimized by proper selection of patients and proper operative and postoperative management. Complications include cardiac and airway problems related to anesthesia, infection, hematoma, nerve pareses, parotitis, arterial disruption, false aneurysms, and carotid‐cavernous fistula. The most serious complication is the occurrence of neurologic deficits as a result of cerebral emboli or ischemia. Emboli are due to excessive manipulation of the artery, while ischemia results from hypotension, intracerebral thrombosis, or inadequate cerebral protection. Adequacy of collateral blood flow during carotid clamping is determined by temporary occlusion under local anesthesia, measurement of internal carotid artery stump pressure, or EEG monitoring. The most reliable method of cerebral protection is a temporary inlying shunt. Selective shunting is used if the patient is intolerant of temporary clamping, if stump pressure is below 55 mm Hg, or if EEG changes occur. For maximum safety, the author suggests routine shunting and general anesthesia. Operative mortality for patients experiencing transient ischemic attacks should be less than 1% and operation‐related neurologic deficits no more than 2%. Meticulous attention to technical details is obligatory. Hypotension should be avoided during and after operation to avert thrombosis, and excessive hypertension postoperatively must be treated promptly to avoid cerebral hemorrhage and edema. Operation is contraindicated on patients with acute profound and progressing strokes.