bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidental 99mTc MDP uptake in the intestines and intravenous CT contrast
Authors: Kim Soo , Lee Joo , Hyun Seung , Cho Young , Moon Seung , Choe Yearn , Lee Kyung-Han , Kim Byung-Tae , Choi Joon
Published: December 2015

Aim: We evaluated the association between intestinal visualization on bone scintigraphy and IV CT contrast in patients with breast cancer. Patients, methods: 452 patients with breast cancer underwent a 99mTc methylene diphosphonate (MDP) bone scan for surveillance of bone metastasis. Presence, site and intensity of intestinal uptake were visually assessed. For patients with intestinal visualization, medical records were reviewed to identify the alleged potential causes. When IV CT contrast was administrated on the same day as bone scan, the time between IV CT contrast injection, 99mTc MDP administration and bone scan was assessed. Results: Intestinal 99mTc MDP uptake was observed in 44 of the 452 patients (9.7%). Bone scans showed no thyroid or gastric uptake that suggested free pertechnetate. There were no patients with documented causes of intestinal uptake except for one patient with vesicoenteric fistula. Of the 452 patients, 149 (33.0%) underwent IV contrast-enhanced CT on the same day as bone scan. Forty of the 44 patients (90.9%) with intestinal uptake on bone scan underwent IV contrast-enhanced CT on the same day, whereas 109 of 408 (26.7%) patients without intestinal uptake on bone scintigraphy underwent IV contrast-enhanced CT on the same day (p < 0.001). The patients who underwent IV contrast injection between Tc-99m MDP administration and acquisition of bone scans had significantly more frequent intestinal uptake than patients who underwent IV contrast injection either before 99mTc MDP administration or after bone scanning (42.4% vs. 1.8%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: IV CT contrast injection administered on the same day as bone scintigraphy is significantly associated with 99mTc MDP uptake in the intestines among patients with breast cancer.
Silica-coated upconversion lanthanide nanoparticles: The effect of crystal design on morphology, structure and optical properties
Authors: Kostiv Uliana , Šlouf Miroslav , Macková Hana , Zhigunov Alexander , Engstová Hana , Smolková Katarína , Ježek Petr , Horák Daniel
Published: December 2015

NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ nanoparticles were synthesized by thermal decomposition of lanthanide trifluoroacetates using oleylamine (OM) as both solvent and surface binding ligand. The effect of reaction temperature and time on the properties of the particles was investigated. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine morphology, size, polydispersity, crystal structure and elemental composition of the nanocrystals. TEM microscopy revealed that the morphology of the nanoparticles could be fine-tuned by modifying of the synthetic conditions. A cubic-to-hexagonal phase transition of the NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ nanoparticles at temperatures above 300 °C was confirmed by both ED and XRD. Upconversion luminescence under excitation at 980 nm was observed in the luminescence spectra of OM–NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ nanoparticles. Finally, the OM–NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ nanoparticles were coated with a silica shell to enable further functionalization and increase biocompatibility and stability in aqueous media, preventing particle aggregation.
Expanding Maize Genetic Resources with Predomestication Alleles: Maize–Teosinte Introgression Populations
Authors: Liu Zhengbin , Cook Jason , Melia‐Hancock Susan , Guill Katherine , Bottoms Christopher , Garcia Arturo , Ott Oliver , Nelson Rebecca , Recker Jill , Balint‐Kurti Peter , Larsson Sara , Lepak Nicholas , Buckler Ed , Trimble Loren , Tracy William , McMullen Michael D. , Flint‐Garcia Sherry A.
Published: December 2015

Teosinte (Zea mays subsp. parviglumis H. H. Iltis & Doebley) has greater genetic diversity than maize inbreds and landraces (Z. mays subsp. mays). There are, however, limited genetic resources to efficiently evaluate and tap this diversity. To broaden resources for genetic diversity studies in maize, we developed and evaluated 928 near‐isogenic introgression lines (NILs) from 10 teosinte accessions in the B73 background. Joint linkage analysis of the 10 introgression populations identified several large‐effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for days to anthesis (DTA), kernel row number (KRN), and 50‐kernel weight (Wt50k). Our results confirm prior reports of kernel domestication loci and identify previously uncharacterized QTL with a range of allelic effects enabling future research into the genetic basis of these traits. Additionally, we used a targeted set of NILs to validate the effects of a KRN QTL located on chromosome 2. These introgression populations offer novel tools for QTL discovery and validation as well as a platform for initiating fine mapping.
Municipal Solid Waste Management
Authors: Chatsiwa Jaison , Mujere Never , Maiyana Avhatendi Bethania
Published: December 2015

The rapid increase in urban population has resulted in poor environmental conditions in urban and peri-urban settlements. In most developing countries, the problem of inefficient municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is endemic. The problem manifests in heaps of uncollected solid waste or ubiquitous illegal dumps on open areas and by the street sides. This paper examines issues of solid waste management practices in the City of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. It highlights types of waste, its generation, transfer and disposal. A mixed methodological approach including field observations, structured questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews were employed in the gathering of data for the study. The key findings established to be the factors affecting effective solid waste management in the City are irregular solid waste collection, inadequate operational funding, inappropriate technologies, inadequate staffing, lack of knowledge cooperation and knowledge on the part of the residents. Based on the research findings, principles of environmental stewardship need to be promoted in the City.
Green Marketing and Stakeholder Perceptions
Authors: Ulker-Demirel Elif , Demirel Engin
Published: December 2015

In recent years, environmental factors have played a vital role in developing of the firm's production process. And also these factors have affected and shaped management decisions which has related with price, distribution and promotion process of firms. In this concept, green movement has gained more importance to enhance the environmental awareness. In this study we combine different academic views on stakeholder perspective for green policies of a company's that cover environmental friendly acts. In order to provide alternative point of views for the companies' green marketing concepts, various academic perspectives are examined. This literature research aims to investigate green policies; management thinking on environmental perspective and those creates significant impact on stakeholders' theories and marketing process.
Towards Smart Cities in Turkey?
Authors: Okay Esin
Published: December 2015

The earth faces huge environmental changes and climate problems leading to catastrophic failure of our sources and surroundings. Besides, the world suffers from urban and industrial wastes and that is a double whammy which disrupts the ecological maintenance. Energy is a big issue for achieving ecological welfare and sustainability. Carbon energy sources that destruct the living standards of cities act against global ecology damaging health. However, the renewable energy sources are healtiful, clean and cheap. Environment and cities where we live can only be protected with creative eco-energy. Nowadays, the future of global ecology is to create a world with zero-carbon cities. Turkey, as a developing country finally solved the energy problem and implemented policies to improve renewables and energy efficiency. Although Turkey has a huge potential of renewable energy resources, the progress of the energy market is still slow that it's not widespread and transitioned to urban planning, yet.
Physical Distribution Problems of Textile Companies in Turkey
Authors: Selvi Murat Selim
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this study is to discover what sort of similar and different problems textile companies face in physical distribution process and provide suggestions. The research includes only six textile companies operating in the Thrace region, Tekirdag province, Çorlu and Çerkezköy districts. This research is an exploratory study. The interview guide used in the paper includes open-ended questions focusing on certain issues. The data are coded systematically and direct quotations were provided in the descriptive analysis. The participants' own words were the units for analysis. Data triangulation and a chain of evidence can be mentioned in this regard. These points ensure the reliability and construct validity of the research. Findings indicate that companies make mistakes and errors in product stacking, product codification, and product description. In addition, storage spaces of companies are insufficient; warehouses cannot be managed well. Companies face many problems such as the imbalance arising from working on minimum-maximum stock, faulty orders, and packaging materials.
Remanufacturing, an Added Value Product Recovery Strategy
Authors: Corum Adnan
Published: December 2015

Organizations offer a variety of products to the market with affordable prices. The popularity of a product rapidly disappears with the introduction of a new one and consequently end-of-life products and waste disposal rates increase. In the past, there were not strict regulations and sufficient public awareness about the disposal of products. Companies had limited concern for the consequences of their products sold. Nowadays there are economical and environmental motivations for organizations to look for alternative ways to value their end-of-life products. For that reason, alternative means of disposals of these products such as recycling, direct reuse, repair, refurbishing, and remanufacturing have growing attention. Among these only in remanufacturing used products are brought at least to the original equipment manufacturer performance specification. Worn-out parts are removed and replaced. It conserves the product identity and seeks to bring the product back into like-new condition. In this chapter the features of remanufacturing is presented.
Hierarchical Design Method for Multi-Agent Systems
Authors: Messaouda Bouneb , Eddine Saïdouni Djamel
Published: December 2015

This paper proposes a new hierarchical design method for the specification and the verification of multi agent systems (MAS). For this purpose, the authors propose the model of Refinable Recursive Petri Nets (RRPN) under a maximality semantics. In this model, a notion of undefined transitions is considered. The underlying semantics model is the Abstract Maximality-based Labeled Transition System (AMLTS). Hence, the model supports a definition of a hierarchical design methodology. The example of goods transportation is used for illustrating the approach. For the system assessment, the properties are expressed in CTL logic and verified using the verification environment FOCOVE (Formal Concurrency Verification Environment).
Subclinical pulmonary edema in endurance athletes
Authors: Bussotti M. , Di Marco S. , Marchese G. , Agostoni P.G.
Published: December 2015

Strenuous exercise may cause progressive and proportional haemodynamic overload damage to the alveolar membrane, even in athletes. Despite the high incidence of arterial desaturation reported in endurance athletes has been attributed, into other factors, also to the damage of the alveolar-capillary membrane this evidence is equivocal. Some studies demonstrated flood of the interstitial space and consequent increase in pulmonary water content, but most of them were able to show this through indirect signs of interstitial oedema. The present review illustrates the literatureâ€™s data in favour or against pulmonary interstitial edema due to intense exercise in athletes.
Bullous lung disease and neurofibromatosis type-1
Authors: Nardecchia E. , Perfetti L. , Castiglioni M. , Di Natale D. , Imperatori A. , Rotolo N.
Published: December 2015

Lung interstitial diseases and bullae are described as possible complications of neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF-1), a genetic disorder inherited as a autosomal-dominant trait. We report the case of a 16-year-old male non-smoker with NF-1, who presented with pneumothorax caused by ruptured lung bullae. The case of this young patient, successfully treated by video-assisted thoracoscopic resection of bullae, supports the concept that pulmonary alterations may be part of the NF-1 syndrome, rather than as an unrelated complication.
Sarcoidosis and multiple sclerosis: systemic toxicity associated with the use of interferon-beta therapy
Authors: Carbonelli C. , Montepietra S. , Caruso A. , Cavazza A. , Feo C. , Menzella F. , Motti L. , Zucchi L.
Published: December 2015

Sarcoidosis is a multi-systemic inflammatory disease of unknown origin characterized by the presence of noncaseating epitheloid cell granulomas in multiple organs. Diagnosis is made on the basis of a compatible clinical-radiological scenario and the histological demonstration of the typical granulomas in the affected tissues. Interferons are immuno-modulators that have been used in a wide range of diseases, including hepatitis C virus infection, multiple sclerosis, and multiple myeloma and other types of tumours, including leukemia, lymphomas, Kaposiâ€™s sarcoma, and melanoma. Interferon-Î±-induced sarcoidosis has been reported repeatedly and there are two reports in the literature of cases of pulmonary sarcoidosis treated with interferon-1b therapy: one for advanced renal cell carcinoma and the other for multiple myeloma. A 35-year-old man on chronic immune-modulant Interferon- 1b-based therapy for multiple sclerosis presented to the Neurology Unit with mild dyspnoea, dry cough, and transient pain to right upper abdomen. Lungs, spleen, liver, and almost all lymphnode stations of abdomen and mediastinum were clearly involved on ultrasound examination, chest X-ray, and computed tomography. A transbronchial biopsy showed non-caseating granuloma on histopathologic evaluation of the lungs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a chronic multisystemic sarcoidosis that was associated with interferon-beta treatment.
A Late Silurian fauna from the Sutherland River Formation, Devon Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Authors: Boucot A J , Martinsson A , Thorsteinsson R , Walliser O H , Whittington H B , Yochelson E
Published: December 2015

A silicified fauna from the Sutherland River formation, Devon Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, found in the course of a helicopter survey by the Geological Survey of Canada, is of considerable interest because (1) its age places it near the Siluro-Devonian
boundary and (2) it comes from the large Arctic region where paleontologic data are still meagre. The fauna includes brachiopods, ostracods, conodonts, scolecodonts, trilobites, gastropods, and a fish plate, descriptions of which are provided. The age of the fauna is concluded to be Ludlovian,
possibly upper Ludlovian.
Palaeomagnetism and correlation of Keweenawan rocks
Authors: Dubois P M
Published: December 2015

The directions of the remanent magnetism of pre-Tertiary rocks are different from the direction to be expected from an axial geocentric dipole with the present axis of rotation of the earth. This difference is interpreted as a movement of the geographic and
geomagnetic poles relative to the collecting sites. After the path followed by the pole during a geological period has been accurately determined, it should be possible to discover the relative age of a geological unit formed during that period by determining, from the remanent magnetism, the
position of the pole when the rocks were formed. In this study 400 oriented specimens were collected from one of the thickest and best known successions of the Precambrian rocks in the Lake Superior region. The palaeomagnetic directions of some of these specimens served to trace the curve of polar
wandering during that part of the Precambrian known as the Keweenawan. The relative ages of other Keweenawan samples collected in areas where the age and correlation were in doubt, were determined by comparing their direction of magnetization with the polar wandering curve established. The study was
extended to include palaeomagnetic measurements of Precambrian specimens from the Boulter and Umfraville-Thanet gabbros of the Bancroft area, the norite of the Sudbury basin, the Belt Series of Alberta, members of the Grenville series, the Hakatai shale of Arizona, and the Hazel formation of Texas.
The ages deduced from the palaeomagnetism are in complete accord with the known geological facts and the isotopic age determinations made for these or closely related rocks.
The Silurian fauna of the Sandpile Group of northern British Columbia
Authors: Norford B S
Published: December 2015

The Sandpile Group outcrops in the Cassiar Mountains, west of the Rocky Mountain Trench. Beds in the upper part of the group contain a large silicified fauna. Forty-two species are described and represent twenty-nine coral, brachiopod, and crinoid genera. Five
new species are proposed: Halysites occidens, Halysites sandpilensis, Fletcheria major, Fletcheria deadwoodensis, and Atrypa gabrielsi. The fauna is thought to be of middle Clinton (late Early or early Middle Silurian) age.
Ordovician Stratigraphy of northern Hudson Bay Lowland, Manitoba
Authors: Nelson S J
Published: December 2015

The Ordovician and Silurian formations on Nelson, Churchill, South Knife, and North Knife Rivers, in the northern part of the Hudson Bay Lowland, are described and their faunas listed. The succession along Churchill River is taken as the type for the Ordovician
of the region. The formations consist mainly of carbonates and, in ascending order, are the Portage Chute and Surprise Creek Formations of the Bad Cache Rapids Group; the Caution Creek and Chasm Creek Formations of the Churchill River Group; the Red Head Rapids Formation, and the Port Nelson
Formation. The Bad Cache Rapids Group rests on Precambrian and is correlated with the Red River Formation, considered to be of Upper Ordovician age. The Churchill River Group is coeval with the Richmondian and Gamachian Stony Mountain Formation of the same area. The Red Head Rapids Formation is
questionably referred to the Ordovician and is correlated with the Stonewall Formation of southern Manitoba. The Port Nelson Formation is exposed only on Nelson River and is considered to be Middle Silurian.
Sur l’application des périodes d’une variation de structure de Hodge attachée aux familles d’hypersurfaces à singularités simples
Authors: Eyssidieux Philippe , Mégy Damien
Published: December 2015

Soit

n \in \mathbb N^*

un entier positif pair et

d

un entier positif. Pour toute famille complète

Y

d'hypersurfaces de

\mathbb{P}^{n+1}

de degré

d

à singularités isolées de type A-D-E, nous construisons d'après une idée de Carlson et Toledo reprise dans [34, 43] un champ de Deligne–Mumford

\widehat Y

d'espace de modules

Y

auquel la représentation de monodromie de la famille se prolonge. Nous étudions l'application de périodes associée et montrons un théorème de Torelli infinitésimal le long des strates isosingulières de

Y

sous des hypothèses de transversalité. Enfin, nous appliquons ce résultat à l'étude du revêtement universel de

\widehat Y

.
Triangulation of refined families
Authors: Liu Ruochuan
Published: December 2015

We prove the global triangulation conjecture for families of refined

p

-adic representations under a mild condition. That is, for a refined family, the associated family of

(\varphi, \Gamma)

-modules admits a global triangulation on a Zariski open and dense subspace of the base that contains all regular non-critical points. We also determine a large class of points which belongs to the locus of global triangulation. Furthermore, we prove that all the specializations of a refined family are trianguline. In the case of the Coleman–Mazur eigencurve, our results provide the key ingredient for showing its properness in a subsequent work [15].
On Welschinger invariants of symplectic 4-manifolds
Authors: Brugallé Erwan , Puignau Nicolas
Published: December 2015

We prove the vanishing of many Welschinger invariants of real symplectic 4-manifolds. In some particular instances, we also determine their sign and show that they are divisible by a large power of 2. Those results are a consequence of several relations among Welschinger invariants obtained by a real version of symplectic sum formula. In particular, this note contains proofs of results announced in [4].
On the rank one abelian Gross–Stark conjecture
Authors: Ventullo Kevin
Published: December 2015

Let

F

be a totally real number field,

p

a rational prime, and

\chi

a finite order totally odd abelian character of Gal

(\overline{F}/F)

such that

\chi(\mathfrak{p})=1

for some

\mathfrak{p}|p

. Motivated by a conjecture of Stark, Gross conjectured a relation between the derivative of the

p

-adic

L

-function associated to

\chi

at its exceptional zero and the

\mathfrak{p}

-adic logarithm of a

p

-unit in the

\chi

component of

F_\chi^\times

. In a recent work, Dasgupta, Darmon, and Pollack have proven this conjecture in the rank one setting assuming two conditions: that Leopoldt's conjecture holds for

F

and

p

, and that if there is only one prime of

F

lying above

p

, a certain relation holds between the

\mathscr{L}

-invariants of

\chi

and

\chi^{-1}

. The main result of this paper removes both of these conditions, thus giving an unconditional proof of the rank one conjecture.
Dispersion estimates for one-dimensional discrete Schrödinger and wave equations
Authors: Egorova Iryna , Kopylova Elena A. , Teschl Gerald
Published: December 2015

We derive dispersion estimates for solutions of the one-dimensional discrete perturbed Schrödinger and wave equations. In particular, we improve upon previous works and weaken the conditions on the potentials. To this end we also provide new results concerning scattering for one-dimensional discrete perturbed Schrödinger operators which are of independent interest. Most notably we show that the reection and transmission coefficients belong to the Wiener algebra.
Spectral asymptotics for resolvent differences of elliptic operators with $\delta$ and $\delta^{\prime}$-interactions on hypersurfaces
Authors: Behrndt Jussi , Grubb Gerd , Langer Matthias , Lotoreichik Vladimir
Published: December 2015

We consider self-adjoint realizations of a second-order elliptic differential expression on

\mathbb R^n

with singular interactions of

\delta

and

\delta^\prime

-type supported on a compact closed smooth hypersurface in

\mathbb R^n

. In our main results we prove spectral asymptotics formulae with refined remainder estimates for the singular values of the resolvent difference between the standard self-adjoint realizations and the operators with a

\delta

and

\delta^\prime

-interaction, respectively. Our technique makes use of general pseudodifferential methods, classical results on spectral asymptotics of

\psi

do's on closed manifolds and Krein-type resolvent formulae.
La gestión de intangibles y la marca corporativa: ¿ha cambiado algo en la relación entre las empresas y la sociedad?
Authors: Villagra Nuria , López Belén , Monfort Abel
Published: December 2015

Este artículo es un análisis de la gestión de intangibles en las corporaciones. Esto implica redefinir la identidad y la gestión de la marca corporativa para obtener reconocimiento social y apoyo de los stakeholders. Metodología. Se utiliza una metodología cualitativa mediante el método Delphi. Las entrevistas a expertos de comunicación muestran las consecuencias de la gestión de intangibles en los nuevos medios de comunicación. Resultados. La gestión de intangibles contribuye a diferenciar y fortalecer la marca e incrementar la reputación de la compañía. Sin embargo, es necesaria una clara orientación en la gestión corporativa y la comunicación de la marca hacia los intereses de la sociedad. Discusión. Para obtener influencia y recomendación de los stakeholders, las empresas deben explicar qué y por qué realizan determinadas acciones y su impacto. Conclusiones. Los nuevos medios de comunicación deben ser participativos para lograr reconocimiento y favorecer soluciones reales a las demandas sociales.
Аналог теоремы Полиа для кусочно голоморфных функций
Authors: Buslaev Viktor Ivanovich
Published: December 2015

Известная теорема Полиа для функции, заданной своим голоморфным ростком в точке $z=\infty$, распространена в статье на случай кусочно голоморфной функции, заданной на произвольном компакте в $\overline{\mathbb C}$. Полученный результат применен к проблеме существования компактов, имеющих минимальный трансфинитный диаметр во внешнем поле логарифмического потенциала единичного отрицательного заряда среди всех компактов, вне которых многозначная кусочно аналитическая функция является однозначной кусочно голоморфной функцией.
Библиография: 13 названий.
О функциях, связанных с представлением группы
Authors: Ismagilov Rais Sal'manovich
Published: December 2015

Обычно, имея линейное представление группы, рассматривают связанные с ним числовые функции (возможно, обобщенные) на группе. Простейшие функции - это матричные элементы. Они задаются парой векторов, выбор которых произволен и случаен. Однако нас интересуют функции, лишенные этого элемента произвола (и тем самым естественным образом связанные с представлением); мы называем их модифицированными следами представления. Примерами таких функций являются обычный след представления (если он существует, возможно, как обобщенная функция), а также сферические функции, порожденные неподвижным вектором некоторой подгруппы. Может случиться, однако, что для данного представления не удается определить ни след, ни сферические функции. Хотелось бы и в этих случаях ввести функции на группе, естественным образом связанные с представлением. Мы решаем эту задачу для групп диффеоморфизмов и некоторых их представлений.
Библиография: 4 названия.
Trends in etnocentrische reacties onder de Nederlandse bevolking, 1979-2012
Authors: Coenders Marcel , Lubbers Marcel , te Grotenhuis Manfred , Thijs Paula , Scheepers Peer
Published: December 2015

Summary Trends in ethnocentric reactions among the Dutch population, 1979-2012Based upon predictions from 1996 about future trends in ethnocentric reactions in the Netherlands, we investigate the trends in ethnocentric reactions among the general public
from 1979 to 2012. We distinguish two forms of ethnocentric reactions: negative attitudes towards ethnic minorities and public support for ethnic discrimination. In line with one of the predictions from 1996, we find an increase in negative attitudes towards ethnic minorities. Although this
relates to increasing levels of diversity in the Netherlands, this finding may also reflect a decrease in the social norm that prohibits overt negative stances towards ethnic minorities. With regard to public support for ethnic discrimination, we find no clear upward or downward trend since
the mid-nineties. Lower educated and older birth cohorts show stronger ethnocentric reactions. Although there are some indications that those with secondary educational levels and the youngest birth cohorts show stronger ethnocentric reactions over time, there are no significant differences
in trends across educational levels and birth cohorts. Changes in ethnocentric reactions are rather robust across different social categories.
Onderwijs als scheidslijn op de Nederlandse arbeidsmarkt, 1993-2011
Authors: de Graaf Paul M. , Wolbers Maarten H.J.
Published: December 2015

Summary Education as a cleavage in the Dutch labour market, 1993-2011This article describes developments in the association between educational attainment and labour market outcomes in the Netherlands over the last 20 years. Education has remained a very
important asset on the labour market. The higher educated have higher participation rates and attain better jobs than the lower educated. The labour market participation rate has increased for all educational categories, and especially for women with low educational qualifications. The association
between educational attainment and unemployment has not changed over this period. We do observe that higher credentials have less value on the labour market with respect to occupational status than before, pointing to overschooling. Furthermore, we see that the permanent full-time job is on
the downhill. The relationships between educational qualifications and permanent or full-time jobs have not changed systematically over the two decades.
Organic nitrate aerosol formation via NO3 + biogenic volatile organic compounds in the southeastern United States
Authors: Ayres B. R. , Allen H. M. , Draper D. C. , Brown S. S. , Wild R. J. , Jimenez J. L. , Day D. A. , Campuzano-Jost P. , Hu W. , de Gouw J. , Koss A. , Cohen R. C. , Duffey K. C. , Romer P. , Baumann K. , Edgerton E. , Takahama S. , Thornton J. A. , Lee B. H. , Lopez-Hilfiker F. D. , Mohr C. , Wennberg P. O. , Nguyen T. B. , Teng A. , Goldstein A. H. , Olson K. , Fry J. L.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Gas- and aerosol-phase measurements of oxidants, biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and organic nitrates made during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS campaign, Summer 2013) in central Alabama show that a nitrate radical (NO3) reaction with monoterpenes leads to significant secondary aerosol formation. Cumulative losses of NO3 to terpenes are correlated with increase in gas- and aerosol-organic nitrate concentrations made during the campaign. Correlation of NO3 radical consumption to organic nitrate aerosol formation as measured by aerosol mass spectrometry and thermal dissociation laser-induced fluorescence suggests a molar yield of aerosol-phase monoterpene nitrates of 23–44 %. Compounds observed via chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) are correlated to predicted nitrate loss to BVOCs and show C10H17NO5, likely a hydroperoxy nitrate, is a major nitrate-oxidized terpene product being incorporated into aerosols. The comparable isoprene product C5H9NO5 was observed to contribute less than 1 % of the total organic nitrate in the aerosol phase and correlations show that it is principally a gas-phase product from nitrate oxidation of isoprene. Organic nitrates comprise between 30 and 45 % of the NOy budget during SOAS. Inorganic nitrates were also monitored and showed that during incidents of increased coarse-mode mineral dust, HNO3 uptake produced nitrate aerosol mass loading at a rate comparable to that of organic nitrate produced via NO3 + BVOCs.
Controlled weather balloon ascents and descents for atmospheric research and climate monitoring
Authors: Kräuchi A. , Philipona R. , Romanens G. , Hurst D. F. , Hall E. G. , Jordan A. F.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. In situ upper-air measurements are often made with instruments attached to weather balloons launched at the surface and lifted into the stratosphere. Present day balloon-borne sensors allow near-continuous measurements from the Earth's surface to about 35 km (3–5 hPa), where the balloons burst and their instrument payloads descend with parachutes. It has been demonstrated that ascending weather balloons can perturb the air measured by very sensitive humidity and temperature sensors trailing behind them, particularly in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). The use of controlled balloon descent for such measurements has therefore been investigated and is described here. We distinguish between the one balloon technique that uses a simple automatic valve system to release helium from the balloon at a pre-set ambient pressure, and the double balloon technique that uses a carrier balloon to lift the payload and a parachute balloon to control the descent of instruments after the carrier balloon is released at pre-set altitude. The automatic valve technique has been used for several decades for water vapor soundings with frost point hygrometers, whereas the double balloon technique has recently been re-established and deployed to measure radiation and temperature profiles through the atmosphere. Double balloon soundings also strongly reduce pendulum motion of the payload, stabilizing radiation instruments during ascent. We present the flight characteristics of these two ballooning techniques and compare the quality of temperature and humidity measurements made during ascent and descent.
Estimates of Mode-S EHS aircraft derived wind observation errors using triple collocation
Authors: de Haan S.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Information on the accuracy of meteorological observation is essential to assess the applicability of the measurement. In general, accuracy information is difficult to obtain in operational situations, since the truth is unknown. One method to determine this accuracy is by comparison with model equivalent of the observation. The advantage of this method is that all measured parameters can be evaluated, from two meter temperature observation to satellite radiances. The drawback is that these comparisons contain also the (unknown) model error. By applying the so-called triple collocation method (Stoffelen, 1998), on two independent observation at the same location in space and time, combined with model output, and assuming uncorrelated observations, the three error variances can be estimated. This method is applied in this study to estimate wind observation errors from aircraft, obtained using Mode-S EHS (de Haan, 2011). Radial wind measurements from Doppler weather Radar and wind vector measurements from Sodar, together with equivalents from a non-hydrostatic numerical weather prediction model are used to assess the accuracy of the Mode-S EHS wind observations. The Mode-S EHS wind observation error is estimated to be less than 1.4 ± 0.1 m s−1 near the surface and around 1.1 ± 0.3 m s−1 at 500 hPa.
Laboratory-based observations of capillary barriers and preferential flow in layered snow
Authors: Avanzi F. , Hirashima H. , Yamaguchi S. , Katsushima T. , De Michele C.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Several evidences are nowadays available that show how the effects of capillary gradients and preferential flow on water transmission in snow may play a more important role than expected. To observe these processes and to contribute in their characterization, we performed observations on the development of capillary barriers and preferential flow patterns in layered snow during cold laboratory experiments. We considered three different layering (all characterized by a finer-over-coarser texture in grain size) and three different water input rates. Nine samples of layered snow were sieved in a cold laboratory, and subjected to a constant supply of dyed tracer. By means of visual inspection, horizontal sectioning and liquid water content measurements, the processes of ponding and preferential flow were characterized as a function of texture and water input rate. The dynamics of each sample were replicated using the multi-layer physically-based SNOWPACK model. Results show that capillary barriers and preferential flow are relevant processes ruling the speed of liquid water in stratified snow. Ponding is associated with peaks in LWC at the boundary between the two layers equal to ~ 33–36 vol. % when the upper layer is composed by fine snow (grain size smaller than 0.5 mm). The thickness of the ponding layer at the textural boundary is between 0 and 3 cm, depending on sample stratigraphy. Heterogeneity in water transmission increases with grain size, while we do not observe any clear dependency on water input rate. The extensive comparison between observed and simulated LWC profiles by SNOWPACK (using an approximation of Richards Equation) shows high performances by the model in estimating the LWC peak over the boundary, while water speed in snow is underestimated by the chosen water transport scheme.
The Cape York Welfare Reform Trial – Continuing Acts of Paternalism
Authors: Campbell Fiona
Published: December 2015

The Queensland Government has managed Aboriginal peoples’ property since at least 1897. Today, in four predominantly Aboriginal communities in Cape York and Doomadgee in the Gulf of Carpentaria, the Family Responsibilities Commission can direct Centrelink to manage up to 90 per cent of a person’s social security payment if they fail to meet one of four ‘social responsibilities’. If social security payments could be found to be property, as occurs in European countries, income management of Aboriginal people’s social security payments arguably breaches the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Queensland Discriminatory Laws) Act 1975 (Cth) which require equality for Aboriginal peoples in exercising their right to own and manage property. If social security cannot be found to be property, a court is likely to find income management to be a special measure for the benefit of Aboriginal people.
Irene Watson, Aboriginal Peoples, Colonialism and International Law: Raw Law
Authors: Ingram Ivan
Published: December 2015

Professor Watson’s Aboriginal Peoples, Colonialism and International Law: Raw Law is presented in a multi-dimensional narrative, from the perspective of Aboriginal laws and customs, which are usually confined to western epistemologies and ideologies related to the anthropological classification of Indigeneity. Professor Watson opens by prefacing the ultimate aim of this text as: ‘decentering the usual analytical tendency to privilege the dominant structure and concepts of western law’. Irene Watson is a Research Professor of Law at the University of South Australia and is a well-respected scholar in the legal fraternity. She is also a well-known advocate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people’s rights. This text is the ideal vessel to demonstrate the clear mastery of knowledge and perspective needed to have a meaningful conversation about these serious and what some would view as ‘controversial’ issues. The disenfranchisement of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples is well documented, as the survival and long-term effects of the so-called ‘colonial project’ persist.
Throughfall nutrients in a degraded indigenous Fagus orientalis forest and a Picea abies plantation in the of North of Iran
Authors: Abbasian Parisa , Attarod Pedram , Sadeghi Seyed M.M. , Van Stan II John T. , Hojjati Seyed M.
Published: December 2015

Aim of study: The objective of this study was to compare the quantity and quality of TF (throughfall) in an indigenous, but degraded, stand of Fagus orientalis and Picea abies plantation.Area of study: Forests of Kelar-Dasht region located in Mazandaran province, northern Iran.Material and Methods: TF measured by twenty collectors that were distributed randomly underneath each stand. For 21 storms sampled in 2012 (August-December) and 2013 (April-June), we analyzed pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NO3-, and P of  gross rainfall (GR) and TF.Main results: Cumulative interception (I) for F. orientalis and P. abies were 114.2 mm and 194.8 mm of the total GR, respectively. The amount of K+ (13.4 mg L-1) and Ca2+ (0.9 mg L-1) were higher (for both elements, p = 0.001) in the TF of P. abies compared to those of F. orientalis (6.8 and 0.5, mg L-1, respectively) and GR (3.2 and 0.37 mg L-1, respectively). Conversely, mean P concentration was doubled (p = 0.022) in the TF of F. orientalis (11.1 mg L-1) compared to GR (5.8 mg L-1).Research highlights: P. abies plantations may provide a solution for reforestation of degraded F. orientalis forests of northern Iran, yet how P. abies plantations differentially affect the quality and quantity of rainfall reaching subcanopy soils (TF) compared to F. orientalis is unknown. Understanding the connection between hydrological processes and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems is crucial for choosing the appropriate species to rehabilitate the degraded indigenous forests with nonindigenous species.  Keywords: concentration; hydrological process; interception; reforestation.
Soil compaction of various Central European forest soils caused by traffic of forestry machines with various chassis
Authors: Allman Michal , Jankovský Martin , Messingerová Valéria , Allmanová Zuzana , Ferenčík Michal
Published: December 2015

Aim of study: The primary objective of this paper was to compare the effects of different types of forestry machine chassis on the compaction of the top layers of soil and to define the soil moisture content level, at which machine traffic results in maximum compaction.Area of study: Measurements were conducted in eight forest stands located in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The soil types in the stands subjected to the study were luvisols, stagnosols, cambisols, and rendzinas.Material and Methods: The measurements were focused on tracked and wheeled (equipped with low pressure tyres) cut-to-length machines, and skidders equipped with wide and standard tyres. The bulk density of soil was determined from soil samples extracted from the ruts, the centre of the skid trail, and the undisturbed stand. To determine soil moisture content, at which the soil is the most susceptible to compaction, the Proctor standard test was employed.Main results: The moisture content for maximal compaction fluctuated from 12% to 34.06%. Wheeled machines compacted the soil to 1.24 – 1.36 g.cm-3 (30.3 – 35.4 % compaction) in dried state. Bulk density of soil in stands where tracked machine operated was lower, ranging from 1.02 to 1.06 g.cm-3 (25.3 % compaction).Research highlights: All wheeled machines caused the same amount of soil compaction in the ruts, despite differences in tyres, machine weight, etc. Maximum compaction caused by forestry machines occurred at minimal moisture contents, easily achievable in European climatic conditions.  Keywords: soil compaction; bulk density; soil moisture content limits; cut-to-length machines; skidders.
EucaTool®, a cloud computing application for estimating the growth and production of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. plantations in Galicia (NW Spain)
Authors: Rojo-Alboreca Alberto , García-Villabrille Juan D. , Pérez-Rodríguez Fernando
Published: December 2015

Aim of study: To present the software utilities and explain how to use EucaTool®, a free cloud computing application developed to estimate the growth and production of seedling and clonal blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) plantations in Galicia (NW Spain).Area of study: Galicia (NW Spain).Material and methods: EucaTool® implements a dynamic growth and production model that is valid for clonal and non-clonal blue gum plantations in the region. The model integrates transition functions for dominant height (site index curves), number of stems per hectare (mortality function) and basal area, as well as output functions for tree and stand volume, biomass and carbon content.Main results: EucaTool® can be freely accessed from any device with an Internet connection, from http://app.eucatool.com. In addition, useful information about the application is published on a related website: http://www.eucatool.com.Research highlights: The application has been designed to enable forest stakeholders to estimate volume, biomass and carbon content of forest plantations from individual trees, diameter classes or stand data, as well as to estimate growth and future production (indicating the optimal rotation age for maximum income) by measurement of only four stand variables: age, number of trees per hectare, dominant height and basal area.Keywords: forest management; biomass; seedling; clones; blue gum; forest tool.
Bending of Pinus jeffreyi in response to wind
Authors: Bullock Stephen H. , Martínez-Osuna J. Francisco , López-Reyes Eulogio , Rodríguez-Navarro José L.
Published: December 2015

Aim of study: To evaluate the degree of trunk sway in relation to wind velocity, with varying temporal integration and to compare this relation among seasons.Area of study: Sierra de Juárez, Baja California, MéxicoMaterials and Methods: Displacements of a 19 m tall Jeffrey pine tree were recorded at 6 m from a three dimensional digital compass during one year, at c. 4 Hz. Adjacent wind speed at 6 m was recorded at 1 Hz.Main results: Sway was essentially unaffected by wind in the same second  but increasing dependence of cumulative displacement on average sustained wind speed was found for intervals of 1 to 60 minutes (r2 up to 0.89).  The relation is generally log-linear but apparently differs in parameters between seasons.Research highlights: Wind-sway relations are clear from integration of several-to-many minutes. However, to estimate cumulative stress, sub-second data on sway are essential.  Sub-second, precision measurements of sway can be registered from small, inexpensive sensors.Keywords: biomechanics; Pinus jeffreyi; seasonality; stress accumulation; time series; tree bending.
Ahmad Shawqi and Educational Poetic Stories on the Tongues of the Animals
Authors: Al-Rifai Nada Yousuf
Published: December 2015

Ahmad Shawqi, the most famous Egyptian poet, used the animal world to narrate children stories. He began using this genre as a student in France to express his moral, national, and social desires and to awaken his fellow countrymen’s outrage against colonialism and its machinations. He narrated fifty-six tales, the first of which, entitled “Al-Deek Al-Hindi wa Al-Dajaj Al-Baladi” (The Indian Rooster and the Local Chicken), was published in the newspaper Al-Ahram in 1892. Shawqi’s tales were often written in the form of odes, following the rajaz rhythm, and using variable rhymes. They are easy to read, short, often educational, and can be easily memorized. Shawqi used the Holy Quran, books of proverbs, and Arabic wise sayings as his primary influences. Indeed, Shawqi’s tales are definitely Islamic in nature and tone.
Teaching Strategies from the Perspective of Learners’ Individual Factors
Authors: Zhao Lili
Published: December 2015

Individual factors play a significant role in language teaching and learning. However, the phenomenon still exists that cognition and individual differences are separated from each other in college English teaching in China, which attaches too much importance to cognitive side of language learning while neglecting the functions of individual factors. The paper first gives a brief introduction about the present status of language teaching in China. And then the theoretical background of the study is proposed. Afterwards, a detailed analysis is given in this paper about the influences that individual factors bring about on language learning and teaching. Finally, some suggestions are put forward on how to reduce the negative aspects of learners’ individual factors to strengthen the positive teaching effects.
The Heroine Jane Eyre’s Image Changing in China in the 20th Century
Authors: Wang Wenjing
Published: December 2015

Jane Eyre’s image changing in China in the 20th century is the portraiture of the changing of social features and ideology in China. In the era of ideology playing an important role people explain and understand Jane Eyre according to ideology. No matter what she had modern female consciousness or the pursuit of equality or holding Christ and Confuciansim and whatever kind of a woman she was, everything was Jane Eyre’s expression of a specific feature in the paper.
Irish Poetry and Its Contribution to European Literature
Authors: Alsaeed Nora Hadi Q.
Published: December 2015

Irish poetry is considered one of the oldest and most enriched sources of poetry in Europe. As a small nation with a less prominent contribution to world literature, the Irish have benchmarked some of their brightest examples in the form of Gaelic writings, and present an outstanding account of oral traditions and oral poetry that have passed down the generations to the contemporary 21st century. Their literature represents various facets of Irish culture, history, and socio-cultural aspects reflected through magical verses of poems, the nature of which has transcended generations and established itself in the history of Europe.