bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geographical variation of lactate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase in the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus
Authors: Kimura Masao
Published: August 2010

One of the two loci controlling muscle lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was shown to be polymorphic in the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. The result of the survey on four populations suggests that the differences in the LDH gene frequencies are correlated with the geographical distribution of the loach. A fourth phosphoglucomutase allele (PGMD) was found in one of the loach populations examined.
Plasma fibrinogen and factor VII concentrations in adults after prenatal exposure to famine
Authors: Roseboom T. J. , Van Der Meulen J. H. P. , Ravelli A. C. J. , Osmond C. , Barker D. J. P. , Bleker O. P.
Published: August 2010

To assess the effect of maternal malnutrition during different stages of gestation on plasma concentrations of fibrinogen and factor VII, we investigated 725 people, aged 50 years, born around the time of the Dutch famine 1944–5. After adjustment for sex, plasma fibrinogen concentrations differed by −0·01 g/l (95% confidence interval, −0·14–0·11) in those exposed in late gestation, by −0·03 g/l (−0·16–0·11) in those exposed in mid gestation, and by 0·13 g/l (−0·03–0·30) in those exposed in early gestation, compared with non‐exposed people (those born before and those conceived after the famine pooled together). Plasma factor VII concentrations differed by 0·4% (−5·4% to 6·6%) in those exposed to famine in late gestation, by 1·5% (−4·6% to 8·1%) in those exposed in mid gestation, and by −11·8% (−18·4% to −4·8%) in those exposed in early gestation, compared with non‐exposed people. Size at birth was not associated with plasma concentrations of fibrinogen or factor VII. Our finding that factor VII concentrations were significantly lower in people whose mothers had been exposed to famine in early pregnancy suggests that liver function may be affected by undernutrition in early gestation.
Highly conserved gene expression profiles in humans with allergic rhinitis altered by immunotherapy
Authors: Liu Z. , Yelverton R. W. , Kraft B. , Tanner S. B. , Olsen N. J. , Aune T. M.
Published: August 2010

Background
Atopic diseases, resulting from hypersensitivity to a wide variety of allergens, affect 10–20% of the population. Immunotherapy is an effective treatment for atopic diseases, but its mechanisms are not fully understood.

Objective
We studied gene expression profiles in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and examined whether the individuals with allergic rhinitis (AR) have a unique gene expression profile and how the immunotherapy affect the gene expression profiles.

Methods
We used cDNA microarray and ‘expression analysis systemic explorer’ to examine the gene expression profiles in the PBMC of atopic subjects and other groups.

Results
We identified a highly conserved gene expression profile in atopic subjects that permitted their accurate segregation from control or autoimmune subjects. A major feature of this profile was the under‐expression of a variety of genes that encode proteins required for apoptosis and over‐expression of genes that encode proteins critical for stress responses and signal transduction. We also identified 563 genes that can segregate individuals with AR based upon receipt of immunotherapy.

Conclusion
There is a highly conserved gene expression profile in the PBMC of individuals with AR. This profile can be used to identify individuals with AR and to evaluate responses to immunotherapy. Quantitative endpoints, such as gene expression, may assist clinicians faced with clinical decisions in the diagnosis of patients and the evaluation of response to therapy. The knowledge of the possible genetic basis for immunotherapy efficacy may also lead to novel therapeutic approaches for atopic diseases.
The impact of aluminium in acid‐suppressing drugs on the immune response of BALB/c mice
Authors: Brunner R. , Wallmann J. , Szalai K. , Karagiannis P. , Kopp T. , Scheiner O. , Jensen‐Jarolim E. , Pali‐Schöll I.
Published: August 2010

Background
Recently we have shown that anti‐acid drugs lead to an enhanced risk of food allergy. This may be due to hindered peptic digestion, caused by an elevation of the gastric pH. Additionally, it is known that aluminium‐linked antigens lead to an increased probability of sensitization.

Objective
Our aim in this study was to show whether sucralfate promotes sensitization not only by preventing peptic digestion but also by acting as a T‐helper type 2 (Th2) adjuvant.

Methods
To avoid the effect of sucralfate on the gastric pH and to show only the adjuvant effect, BALB/c mice were immunized on the parenteral route with codfish extract plus sucralfate, and control groups with aluminium hydroxide (alum) (Th2 adjuvant) or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) (Th1 adjuvant). Antigen‐specific antibodies and cytokine levels were determined. The in vivo effect was investigated by intradermal skin tests.

Results
Codfish‐specific high IgG1 and IgE antibody levels as well as elevated IL‐4 and IL‐5 levels in alum‐ and MPL‐treated mice, but more importantly also in sucralfate‐treated mice, indicated a Th2 shift. Positive skin tests confirmed this Th2 response.

Conclusions
Our data show that parenterally applied sucralfate is able to induce a Th2 response probably due to the aluminium content. This indicates that orally applied sucralfate may lead to an enhanced risk of food allergy not only by inhibiting peptic digestion but also by acting as a Th2 adjuvant.
BSACI guidelines for the investigation of suspected anaphylaxis during general anaesthesia
Authors: Ewan P. W. , Dugué P. , Mirakian R. , Dixon T. A. , Harper J. N. , Nasser S. M.
Published: August 2010

Investigation of anaphylaxis during general anaesthesia requires an accurate record of events including information on timing of drug administration provided by the anaesthetist, as well as timed acute tryptase measurements. Referrals should be made to a centre with the experience and ability to investigate reactions to a range of drug classes/substances including neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) intravenous (i.v.) anaesthetics, antibiotics, opioid analgesics, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), local anaesthetics, colloids, latex and other agents. About a third of cases are due to allergy to NMBAs. Therefore, investigation should be carried out in a dedicated drug allergy clinic to allow seamless investigation of all suspected drug classes as a single day‐case. This will often require skin prick tests, intra‐dermal testing and/or drug challenge. Investigation must cover the agents administered, but should also include most other commonly used NMBAs and i.v. anaesthetics. The outcome should be to identify the cause and a range of drugs/agents likely to be safe for future use. The allergist is responsible for a detailed report to the referring anaesthetist and to the patient's GP as well as the surgeon/obstetrician. A shorter report should be provided to the patient, adding an allergy alert to the case notes and providing an application form for an alert‐bracelet indicating the wording to be inscribed. The MHRA should be notified. Investigation of anaphylaxis during general anaesthesia should be focussed in major allergy centres with a high throughput of cases and with experience and ability as described above. We suggest this focus since there is a distinct lack of validated data for testing, thus requiring experience in interpreting tests and because of the serious consequences of diagnostic error.

Cite this as: P. W. Ewan, P. Dugué, R. Mirakian, T. A. Dixon, J. N. Harper and S. M. Nasser, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 15–31.
Reproducibility of nasal allergen challenge in evaluating the efficacy of intranasal corticosteroid treatment
Authors: Proud D. , Riker D. K. , Togias A.
Published: August 2010

Background
Although nasal challenge with allergen has often been used to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic modalities used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, the reproducibility of this model in quantitatively evaluating efficacy has not been rigorously examined.

Objective
To examine the reproducibility of the suppressive effects of an intranasal corticosteroid on the clinical and biochemical outcomes of a nasal allergen challenge during two identical treatment periods using the same subjects.

Methods
In a single‐blind study, 25 seasonal allergic subjects with positive skin tests to grass or ragweed were studied outside of their pollen season. Subjects underwent a baseline, three‐dose allergen challenge. Beginning 1 week later, subjects received two 7‐day courses of intranasal beclomethasone (168 μg b.i.d.) separated by a 1‐month washout period. Nasal challenges with allergen were performed after each treatment period. The nasal allergic response was evaluated by counting sneezes, recording symptom scores and measuring levels of albumin (an index of vascular permeability), lysozyme (an index of serous glandular secretion) and kinins (proinflammatory peptides) in recovered nasal lavages.

Results
Compared with the baseline challenge, each course of beclomethasone significantly reduced sneezing, symptom scores, albumin and kinins, but not lysozyme. Reproducibility analysis of the net changes from diluent challenge in the two beclomethasone treatment periods, showed the following intraclass correlation coefficients: sneezing (0.92), lysozyme (0.82), symptom scores (0.72), albumin (0.64) and kinins (0.28).

Conclusion
We conclude that the nasal challenge model is a reproducible method to evaluate the efficacy of anti‐allergic medications. For nasal corticosteroid trials, sneezing, symptom scores and albumin levels are recommended as the most reproducibly suppressive outcome measures.

Cite this as: D. Proud, D. K. Riker and A. Togias, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 738–744.
Identification of Bet v 1‐related allergens in fig and other Moraceae fruits
Authors: Hemmer W. , Focke M. , Marzban G. , Swoboda I. , Jarisch R. , Laimer M.
Published: August 2010

Background
Allergy to fig fruit (Ficus carica) has been described in patients allergic to Ficus benjamina or rubber latex but may occur also in pollen‐allergic patients.

Objective
To study the potential cross‐reactivity between fig and taxonomically related fruits with the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1.

Methods
One hundred and eighty‐eight patients with or without birch pollen allergy were prick‐to‐prick tested with fig (F. carica), mulberry (Morus alba), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus; all family Moraceae) and other pollen‐associated foods. Moraceae fruit extracts were separated by SDS‐PAGE and tested with patient sera and polyclonal antisera against Mal d 1. Western blot inhibition was performed with Moraceae fruit extracts, birch pollen and recombinant Bet v 1. Putative Bet v 1 homologs in Moraceae fruits were analysed by liquid chromatography‐ion trap mass spectrometry.

Results
Among 85 patients with isolated birch pollen allergy, 78% had a positive skin test to fresh fig, 10% to dried fig, 91% to mulberry, 91% to jackfruit, 77% to Rosaceae fruits and 83% to hazelnut. Sixty‐six per cent of birch pollen‐allergic patients positive for fig, reported symptoms after consumption of fresh figs, whereas dried figs were mostly well tolerated. In 60 patients with isolated Ficus benjamina sensitization, the reactivity rates to the same foods were 83‐40‐0‐0‐0‐0%. None of 32 mugwort pollen‐allergic patients reacted to Moraceae fruits. Rabbit anti‐Mal d 1 and patient sera reacted to a 17 kDa band in all Moraceae extracts. IgE binding to these proteins was completely inhibited by birch pollen and rBet v 1. Mass spectrometry identified several peptides from the 17 kDa fig, mulberry and jackfruit allergen with respectively 60%, 56% and 76% homology to Bet v 1.

Conclusion
Fig and other Moraceae fruits contain allergens homologous to Bet v 1 and represent clinically relevant birch pollen‐associated foods.

Cite this as: W. Hemmer, M. Focke, G. Marzban, I. Swoboda, R. Jarisch and M. Laimer, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 679–687.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated cross-reactivity between mesquite pollen proteins and lima bean, an edible legume
Authors: Dhyani A , Arora N , Jain V K , Sridhara S , Singh B P
Published: August 2010

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy often develops as a consequence of allergic sensitization to pollen proteins. Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) tree pollen is reported to be cross-reactive with other pollen species, but little has been reported on its cross-reactivity with plant-derived foods belonging to the same/different families. The present study investigates the in vitro cross-reactivity of mesquite pollen and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), an edible seed belonging to the Leguminosae family. Of 110 patients (asthma, rhinitis or both) tested intradermally, 20 showed marked positive reactions with Prosopis pollen extract. Of these, 12 patients showed elevated specific IgE to Prosopis pollen extract alone and four to both Phaseolus and pollen extract. In vitro cross-reactivity was investigated using inhibition assays [enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibition, immunoblot inhibition], histamine release and lymphoproliferation. P. lunatus extract could inhibit IgE binding to P. juliflora in a dose-dependent manner, requiring 400 ng of protein for 50% inhibition in ELISA assay. Immunoblot and immunoblot inhibition demonstrated the presence of 20, 26, 35, 66 and 72 kDa as shared IgE binding components between the two extracts. Histamine release, peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation and interleukin (IL)-4 levels also suggested allergenic cross-reactivity. In conclusion, there is humoral and cellular cross-reactivity between Prosopis pollen and Phaseolus seed allergens.
Extremes of l-ficolin concentration in children with recurrent infections are associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FCN2 gene
Authors: Cedzynski M , Nuytinck L , Atkinson A P M , St Swierzko A , Zeman K , Szemraj J , Szala A , Turner M L , Kilpatrick D C
Published: August 2010

l-ficolin (also called ficolin-2, P35 or hucolin) is a soluble pattern recognition molecule of suspected importance in anti-microbial immunity. It activates the lectin pathway of complement and acts as an opsonin. l-ficolin, encoded by the FCN2 gene, recognizes microbial polysaccharides and glycoconjugates rich in GlcNAc or GalNAc. We report here data concerning four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the FCN2 gene and their relationship to l-ficolin serum concentrations. There are two pairs of SNPs in linkage disequilibrium: ss32469536 (located in promoter) with rs7851696 (in exon 8) and ss32469537 (promoter) with ss32469544 (exon 8). We selected groups possessing low or high serum l-ficolin concentrations (≤ 2·8 µg/ml or ≥ 4·5 µg/ml, respectively) from Polish children suffering from recurrent respiratory infections (n = 146). Low l-ficolin levels were associated with variant alleles for ss32469536 and rs7851696 and normal alleles for ss32469537 and ss32469544. Conversely, high l-ficolin levels were associated with variant alleles of ss32469537 and ss32469544. FCN2 genotyping should be a valuable additional tool for disease association studies.
An atherogenic lipid profile with low serum paraoxonase‐1 activity during nematode infection in rats
Authors: Farid Ayman Samir , Mido Shogo , Linh Bui Khanh , Hayashi Toshiharu , Horii Yoichiro
Published: August 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (11): 984–993

Background  Inflammation and oxidative stress are associated with cardiovascular diseases and underlying atherosclerosis. The high density lipoprotein (HDL)‐associated paraoxonase‐1 (PON1) enzyme is known to be involved in the protection of serum lipids from such oxidation. Nonetheless, the disturbances of lipid profile during nematode‐infected model have not yet been studied. Therefore, we aimed to explore the effects of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in male Wistar rats, a model of human gastrointestinal nematode infections, on hepatic PON1 synthesis and the levels of lipid parameters.

Materials and methods  Nippostrongylus brasiliensis‐infected rats fed standard and high‐fat diets. Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were measured on day 0, 2, 4, 7, and 14 post‐infection (PI). Hepatic PONs and pro‐inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression levels were evaluated in a standard diet‐fed groups, and the disturbances in lipid profile as well as the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and oxidized‐LDL (Ox‐LDL) were measured in high‐fat diet‐fed groups.

Results  We found that N. brasiliensis‐infected rats fed the standard diet show a significant reduction in serum PON1 activity and down‐regulation of hepatic PON1 mRNA expression as well as up‐regulation of hepatic IL‐1β, IL‐β receptor (R), TNF‐α, and TNFR1 mRNA expressions in association with hepatic recruitments of Kupffer cells and neutrohils. In the presence of the high‐fat diet, N. brasiliensis infection increases serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL/VLDL, TBARS and Ox‐LDL as well as decreases serum HDL coinciding with a maximum serum PON1 reduction.

Conclusions  Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection can induce atherogenic lipid profile and reduce serum PON1 activity.
A mechanistic model for describing the sorption and desorption of phosphate by soil
Authors: BARROW N. J.
Published: August 2010

A model of phosphate reaction is constructed and its output compared with observations for the sorption and desorption of phosphate by soil. The model has three components: first, the reaction between divalent phosphate ions and a variable‐charge surface; second, the assumption that there is a range of values of surface properties and that these are normally distributed; third, the assumption that the initial adsorption induces a diffusion gradient towards the interior of the particle which begins a solid‐state diffusion process.

The model closely describes the effects on sorption of phosphate of: concentration of phosphate, pH, temperature, and time of contact. It also reproduces the effects on desorption of phosphate of: period of prior contact, period and temperature of desorption, and soil: solution ratio. The model is general and should apply to other specifically adsorbed anions and cations. It suggests that phosphate that has reacted with soil for a long period is not ‘fixed’ but has mostly penetrated into the soil particles. The phosphorus can be recovered slowly if a low enough surface activity is induced.
Changes in organic and inorganic phosphorus composition of two grassland soils and their particle size fractions during 60–90 years of cultivation
Authors: TIESSEN H. , STEWART J. W. B. , MOIR J. O.
Published: August 2010

Changes are reported in the chemical and biological composition of soil phosphorus (P) in a Black Chernozemic silt loam (Blaine Lake Association) and a Dark Brown Chernozemic sandy loam (Bradwell Association) during 60–90 years of cultivation. Cultivated and adjacent uncultivated soils were sampled, separated into particle size fractions by physical dispersion and the fractions subjected to a sequential chemical extraction to remove several forms of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and organic phosphorus (Po).

In the uncultivated Bradwell soil significant amounts (7%) of secondary (NaOH extractable) Pi forms were associated with high levels of labile (bicarbonate and resin extractable) Pi. These secondary Pi forms, which were concentrated in the finer particle size fractions (<2μm), contributed to the P loss during cultivation of the coarse textured Bradwell soil, whereas all P loss in the Blaine Lake soils was due to Po losses alone. Sulphuric acid extractable P (thought to be mainly apatites) accumulated in both soils under cultivation, particularly in the coarse silt (50–5 μm) fraction. Labile P fractions were greatly reduced during cultivation, indicating a significant reduction in available P and P fertility of cultivated soils. This reduction in P fertility was closely tied to soil organic matter losses.
Use of centrifugal photosedimentation to measure the particle size distribution of clays
Authors: WHALLEY W. R. , MULLINS C. E. , LIVESEY N. T.
Published: August 2010

A procedure is developed which allows centrifugal photosedimentation to be used for analysing samples, such as clays, containing a broad range of particle sizes. The implicit assumptions that have to be made are discussed and the calculation of the particle size distribution from photosedimentation data is described. In particular, it is important to be certain that any light scattering theory, used to correct for the variation in light scattering with particle size, accurately represents the light scattering behaviour of clays. Appropriate theories of light scattering that can be used to correct photo sedimentation data for the variation in light scattering with particle size are identified. For kaolinite, over the size range 100 nm−1 μm, the anomalous diffraction theory for oblate ellipsoids was found to be a suitable theory for correcting photosedimentation data.
Influence of soil solution Ca concentration on short‐term K release and fixation of a loamy soil
Authors: SCHNEIDER A.
Published: August 2010

The Ca concentration of the soil solution influences K plant nutrition by its influence on K concentration of the soil solution and on soil buffer power through ion exchange and K release or fixation. The effects of the imposed solution Ca concentration on the estimates of these parameters and on these two phenomena were studied on a loamy soil. Potassium sorption and desorption experiments were conducted for 16 h at five initial Ca concentrations (from 0 to 10−1 M) and followed by the measurement of soil exchangeable K (ammonium acetate extraction). Soil K‐Ca exchange properties and the contributions of exchangeable K and non‐exchangeable K to K dynamics of the soil‐solution system were estimated. The‘Ratio Law’ applied for the medium range of Ca concentrations, i.e. 10−1 M to 10−3 M. But, it failed for some experiments at small initial Ca concentrations (0 M and 10−4 M). This failure went with a decrease of the number of sites of great affinity for K in K‐Ca ion exchange and/or a decrease of the amount of K not in exchange equilibrium with Ca but extracted by M ammonium acetate. Release of K increased and fixation of K decreased when Ca concentration increased. The relation between the change in the amount of non‐exchangeable K during the experiment and the initial constraint (ø) was curvilinear on the large range of ø investigated. But, this relation was independent of Ca concentration. The K concentration of the solution for which neither sorption of K by the soil nor desorption of K from the soil occurred decreased and the slope of the sorption‐desorption curve at this K concentration increased when the solution Ca concentration decreased. These two parameters can be considered the K concentration of the soil solution of the soil and the buffer power of the soil, respectively, only if the initial Ca concentration imposed during the sorption‐desorption experiments is close to the Ca concentration of the soil solution of the soil. A predictive model of the soil buffer power based on ion exchange and release‐fixation properties is proposed. Despite some discrepancies at very low Ca concentrations (<0·5 mM Ca) when‘Ratio Law’did not apply the agreement between calculated and observed values was good. The model permits the correction of the experimentally obtained buffer power for the bias related to the great solution volume: soil weight ratio commonly used during the sorption‐desorption experiments.
Variation of the critical‐state boundaries of an agricultural soil
Authors: ADAMS B. A. , WULFSOHN D.
Published: August 2010

The critical‐state theory can be applied profitably to analyse the mechanical behaviour of agricultural soil. Critical‐state parameters and other soil properties are affected by the microstructure and unsaturated nature of agricultural soils. We determined the critical‐state boundaries of an agricultural soil in both saturated and unsaturated triaxial tests and examined the effects of matric suction and initial structure on critical‐state boundaries. On the compression plane, the presence of air and matric suction in the pores of unsaturated soil significantly affected critical‐state boundaries by increasing compressibility, λ On the deviatoric stress‐mean net stress plane, the strength increased with matric suction. On this plane, the critical‐state lines for the unsaturated tests had non‐zero intercepts. For a given soil structure, the frictional parameter M remained fairly constant with matric suction change. However, a change in the initial microstructure resulted in a change in M, causing the position of the critical‐state line to ‘pivot’ in state space.
Effectiveness of four electronic apex locators to determine distance from the apical foramen
Authors: Stoll R. , Urban‐Klein B. , Roggendorf M. J. , Jablonski‐Momeni A. , Strauch K. , Frankenberger R.
Published: August 2010

Stoll R, Urban‐Klein B, Roggendorf MJ, Jablonski‐Momeni A, Strauch K, Frankenberger R. Effectiveness of four electronic apex locators to determine distance from the apical foramen. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 808–817, 2010.

Aim  To evaluate the accuracy of four electronic apex locators (EAL) in the apical region (0–3 mm short of the foramen) and to compare the precision of the readings on the display with the real position of the file in the root canal.

Methodology  Twenty single‐rooted extracted teeth with round root canals were used. The canal orifices were preflared, and the length to the major foramen was determined visually under a microscope. Canals were enlarged, so that a size 15 file fitted well inside the canal. Teeth were mounted in acrylic test tubes filled with physiologic saline solution. Electronic length was determined in the region between the major foramen and 3 mm short of it in 0.5 mm steps with the Dentaport ZX, Root ZX mini, Elements Diagnostic Unit and Apex Locator and Raypex 5 using files of size 10 and size 15. The data were analysed using linear regression between true length and EAL reading, Bland–Altman plots and nonparametric tests at a significance level of alpha = 0.05.

Results  The major foramen was detected by all EALs. With a measurement file positioned directly at the major foramen, meter readings were equivalent to a position 0.01–0.38 mm away. For the Dentaport ZX, a better accuracy using the size 15 file for the area 0–1.5 mm short of the apex was found. The differences in measurements between the two files were smaller for the other EALs. In linear regression, a good linearity for Dentaport ZX and Root ZX mini and moderate linearity for Elements Diagnostic Unit and Apex Locator and Raypex 5 were found. The slope of the measurement curve was too low (0.37–0.57) for the Raypex 5 and almost optimal for the Dentaport ZX (1.01–1.05). The Root ZX mini and the Elements Obturation Unit produced lower slope values and especially the Elements Obturation Unit revealed much higher SDs at the different measurement levels.

Conclusion  Amongst the four EALs, the Dentaport ZX and Root ZX mini had the best agreement between true lengths and meter readings. For the Raypex 5, an interpretation of the colour‐coded zones as distance to the foramen cannot be recommended and might lead to erroneous interpretations.
Bioactivity of novel carboxymethyl chitosan scaffold incorporating MTA in a tooth model
Authors: Budiraharjo R. , Neoh K. G. , Kang E. T. , Kishen A.
Published: August 2010

Budiraharjo R, Neoh KG, Kang ET, Kishen A. Bioactivity of novel carboxymethyl chitosan scaffold incorporating MTA in a tooth model. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 930–939, 2010.

Aim  To characterise the bioactivity of a novel carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) scaffold with and without incorporating mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in a tooth model.

Methodology  Cross‐linked CMCS scaffold (CaC) and MTA‐coated CaC (CaMT) scaffold were prepared by freeze‐drying. The bioactivity of the scaffolds was tested in vitro in four different mineralisation solutions (bulk system) and ex vivo in simulated body fluid (SBF) in the tooth model. After mineralisation, the mineral deposits on the scaffolds were analysed using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. All data were statistically analysed using the two‐sample t‐test (P < 0.05).

Results  Hydroxyapatite (HAP) deposition was observed on CaC and CaMT scaffolds after 1 week of mineralisation in the tooth model and in the bulk system. The deposition was significantly higher (P < 0.05) on CaMT scaffold than that on CaC scaffold. The amount of HAP formed in the tooth model was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that in the bulk solution.

Conclusions  The CMCS scaffolds are bioactive and capable of biomineralisation by forming HAP within a tooth model ex vivo. The bioactivity of the CMCS scaffold can be enhanced by incorporating MTA.
The effect of antibiotic therapy on the oral health of cystic fibrosis children
Authors: KINIRONS M. J.
Published: August 2010

Summary. This study examined the relationship between antibiotic usage and plaque, gingivitis and dental caries experience in a group of children suffering from cystic fibrosis. Their scores for plaque, gingivitis and dental caries were compared with those of healthy control children who were individually matched on the basis of age, sex and social class. Significant negative relationships were noted between (i) antibiotic usage during the 4 weeks prior to examination and plaque and gingivitis scores, and (ii) antibiotic usage since the age of 6 years and DMFT. It is suggested that antibiotic therapy may be a major cause of the lower levels of dental disease observed in cystic fibrosis children.

La relation entre le traitement par antibiotiques et l'importance du nombre de caries, la quantité de plaque et le gingivite chez un groupe d'enfants souffrant de fibrose kystique a été étudiée. Les résultats en ce qui concerne la plaque, la gingivite et le nombre de caries ont été comparés avec ceux d'un groupe d'enfants normaux de méme age, sexe et groupe social, enfant par enfant. Une relation significative négative a été trouvée entre a) le traitement par antibiotiques pendant les quatre semaines précédants l'examen, la quantité de plaque et la gingivite et b) le traitement par antibiotiques depuis l'age de six ans et l'indice CAO. Les résultats montreraient que le traitement par antibiotiques est une cause importante du faible niveau de maladies dentaires chez les enfants souffrant de fibrose kystique.

Diese Studie prüfte die Beziehung zwischen der Anwendung von Antibiotika, der Plaque, Gingivitis und Kariesanfälligkeit bei einer Gruppe von Kindern mit Cystic‐Fibrosis. Diese Werte wurden verglichen mit denjenigen von gesunden Kindern gleichen Alters, Geschlecht und sozialer Abstammung. Aus den ermittelten Resultaten kann geschlossen wérden, dass eine Antibiotikatherapie die Hauptursache eines niedrigen Stands von Zahnerkrankungen bei Kindern mit Cystic‐Fibrosis ist.

Este estudio examina la relación entre el uso de antibióticos y placa, gingivitis y caries al compararse con los de niños sanos apareados en base a edad, sexo y clase social. Significativas relaciones negativas fueron observadas entre a) el uso de antibióticos durante las 4 semanas antes del examen y placa y gingivitis; b) uso de antibióticos desde los 6 años de edad y CPOD (DMFT). Se sugiere que la terapia antibiótica puede ser la causa principal del mas bajo nivel de enfermedades bucales observadas en niños con fibrosis quística.
Observations on the use of rectally administered diazepam for sedating children before treatment of maxillofacial injuries: report of nine cases
Authors: LOWEY M. N. , HALFPENNY W.
Published: August 2010

Summary. The use of diazepam in solution, administered per rectum, as an adjunct to treatment of paediatric maxillofacial injuries, has not been previously reported. Its use in a series of nine cases is described. The authors recommend this route of administration as an alternative form of management in the treatment of maxillofacial injuries in anxious children.

l'utilisation de Diazépam, par voie rectale, chez des enfants souffrant de traumatismes maxillo‐faciaux, n'a jamais été rapportée. Neuf cas traités, sous Diazépam, sont décrits.

Les auteurs recommandent cette utilisation, chez les enfants anxieux, pour le traitement des traumatismes maxillo‐faciaux.

Dizepam in Lösung rectal verabreicht wurde bei pädiatrischen maxillofazialen Traumata angewendet. Eine bisher nicht publizierte Methode 9 Fälle werden beschrieben. Der Autor empfiehlt diese Methode als alternative Form um bei ängstlichen Kindern solche Unfälle zu behandeln.

Se describe el uso de diazepam en solución, administrado rectalmente, y como coadyuvante al tratamiento de traumatismos maxilofaciales en niños. Su uso se describe en nueve niños. Los autores recomiendan esta ruta de administración como una alternativa en el manejo del comportamiento en niños ansiosos con traumatismos maxilofaciales.

We would like to thank Mr K. R. Ray, Consultant in Oral Surgery, for his invaluable assistance in the preparation of this paper, and Dr P. D. Farugia and Mr S. M. Soysa, Consultants in the Accident and Emergency Department, for their advice and support. We would also like to thank Mr S. Grogan of CP Pharmaceuticals for forwarding information used in the preparation of this paper.
Clinical evaluation of a light‐cured glass ionomer lining cement
Authors: KIMURA M. , MAKI K. , NISHIDA I. , BRAHAM R. L.
Published: August 2010

Summary. This study was a clinical evaluation of a light‐cured glass ionomer lining material (Fuji Lining LC) applied to prepared cavities in 45 primary teeth of children aged 3–5 years. The overall assessment, based on clinical and radiographic findings, was ‘good’ in 42 cases and ‘fair’ in the other three cases. The material had no effect on the shade of the composite resin restorative material that was used. The findings indicate that Fuji Lining LC has significant value in clinical practice.

Cette étude a porté sur l'évaluation clinique d'un matériau d'obturation verre‐ionomère photo‐polymérisable (Fuji lining LC) dans les cavités taillées dans 45 dents temporaries d'enfants âgés de trois à cinq ans. Les résultats, basés sur les renseignements cliniques et radiographiques, étaient bons dans 42 cas et moyens pour les trois autres cas. Le matériau n'avait pas eu d'influence sur la teinte de la restauration par composite. Les résultats montrent que le Fuji liner est intéressant en utilisation clinique.

Diese Studie befasst sich mit der klinischen Beurteilung des lichthärtenden Unterfül‐lungsmatriales ‘Fuji Lining’ LC, Es wurde angewendet für 45 Milchzahnkavitäten bei 3–5 jährigen Kinderen. Eine allgemeine Bewertung begründet auf klinisch und radiologische Befunde, war gut in 42 Fällen, genügend in den restlichen 3 Fällen. Das Material hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Farbe des benutzen Kompositmatriales. Diese Resultate beweisen dass Fuji‐Lining signifikanten klinischen Wert hat.

Este estudio clínico evaluó un ionómero de vidrio fotopolimerizable para recubrimiento de cavidades (Fuji Lining LC) aplicado en preparaciones de 45 dientes temporales de niños de 3–5 años de edad. Le evaluación, basada en exámenes clínicos y radio‐gráficos, fueron ‘buenos’ en 42 casos y ‘regulares’ en los otros tres casos. El material no tuvo ningun efecto sobre el color de la resina composite utilizado como material restaurador. Los hallazgos muestran que el Fuji Lining LC tiene un significative valor clínico.
Combined surgical and orthodontic treatment of bilaterial double teeth: a case report
Authors: PEARSON A. I. , WILLMOT D. R.
Published: August 2010

Summary. A case of bilateral ‘double teeth’ is described. The patient, aged 8 at initial presentation, was unhappy with the appearance of his two abnormally large upper central incisor teeth. Endodontic treatment was carried out on both teeth followed by surgical splitting and the removal of half of each so as to leave two reasonably‐shaped central incisors. Comprehensive orthodontic treatment was then carried out to align the teeth and reduce the overjet, following which the central incisors exhibited no increased mobility or any periodontal problems.

Traitement chirurgical et orthodontique de dents géminées bilatérales: étude d'un cas

Un cas de dents bigéminées bilatérales est décrit. Le patient âgé de huit ans, lors de la première consultation, se plaignait de l'aspect de ses deux incisives centrales supérieures, anormalement larges. Un traitement endodontique a été réalisé suivi d'une suppression chirurgicale de la moitié de chaque incisive pour obtenir un aspect normal. Un traitement orthodontique a permis l'alignement des dents et la suppression de l'overjet. Les incisives ne montraient aucune mobilité accrue, ni problémes paradontaux après ces traitements.

Eine kombinierte chirurgische und orthodontische Behandlungsmethode von bilateralen Doppelzähnen: Ein Fallreport

Ein Fall von bilateralen Doppelzähnen wird beschrieben. Ein Patient 8 Jahre alt war unglücklich mit dem Aussehen seiner Zwei zentralen übergrossen Schneidezähnen. Eine Wurzelbehandlung an beiden Zähnen wurde durchgeführt, dann eine chirurgische Trennung und die Entfernung deren Hälften, so das 2 relativ normal grosse zentrale Schneidezähne übrig blieben. Anschliessend wurden mittels einer orthodontischen Behandlung die Zähne eingereiht, und der Overjet reduziert, mit dem Resultat das die behandelten Schneidezähne keinerlei erhönte Beweglichtkeit oder periodontale Propleme aufwiesen.

Tratamiento quirúrgico‐ortodóntico combinado en dientes dobles bilatérales: reporte de un caso

Se describe un caso de ‘diente doble’. El paciente, de 8 años de edad durante el examen inicial, no estaba satisfecho con la apariencia de sus dos incisivos superiores anormalmente agrandados. Se realizó el tratamiento endodóntico en ambos dientes seguido por la remoción quirúrgica de la mitad de cada dienta para dejar en su lugar dos dientes de apariencia normal. Se realizó el tratamiento ortodóntico para alinear los dientes y reducir el overjet. Seguido el tratamiento, los incisivos no mostraron movilidad ni problemas periodontales.
Short root anomaly in a patient with severe short‐limbed dwarfism
Authors: SHAW L.
Published: August 2010

Summary. A 17‐year‐old youth was referred complaining of missing mandibular incisors and mobile canine teeth. He was extremely short (99 cm), with shortening of both trunk and limbs. A radiological skeletal survey showed abnormal and unusual findings, and his teeth were found to have short, conical roots and obliterated pulp chambers. Despite extensive biochemical and endocrinological investigation, it was concluded that the findings were not consistent with any recognized skeletal dysplasia nor with any recognized syndrome affecting the oral and dental tissues.

Racines dentaires courtes chez un patient souffrant d'un nanisme sévére avec membres courts

Un adolescent de 17 ans, très petit (99 cm), avec tronc et membres courts, a été adressé en consultation pour absence des incisives mandibulaires et mobilité des canines. L'examen radiologique du squelette a montré des anomalies inhabituelles: les dents avaient des racines coniques et courtes et les chambres pulpaires étaient oblitérées. En dépit d'examens extensifs biochimiques et endocriniens, les résultats n'étaient pas cohérents avec des dysplasies squelettiques connues ou avec des syndromes connus affectant les tissus oraux et dentaires.

Eine Anomalle von kurzen Wurzein bei einem Fall von Dwarfism mit kurzen Extremität

Ein 17 Jahre alter Jüngling wurde überwiesen wegen fehlenden unterer Schneidezähne und bewegliche Eckzähne. Er war sehr klein (99 cm), mit sehr kurzem Leib und Extremitäten. Eine radiologische skelettale Untersuchung zeigte abnorme nichtübliche Befunde, seine Zähne hatten konische, kurze Wurzein und obliterite Pulpakammern. Trotz extensive, biochemische und end endokrinale Untersuchungen kam man zum Schluss, dass die Befunde in keinen Zusammenhang standen mit irgendeiner bekannten skelettalen Dysplasie oder bekannten Syndrom welche die oralen oder dentalen Gewebe befallen.

Anomalia de raíz corta en un paciente con enanismo severeo y dedos cortos

Un joven de 17 años de edad fue referido por presentar ausencia de un incisivo mandibular y movilidad de un canino. El joven era muy bajo (99 cm). El estudio radiológico reveló que sus dientes tenian raíces cónicas y cortas y conductos obliterados. Una investigación bioquimica y endocrinológica concluyó que la condición no pareció consistir en ninguna displasia esquelética ni ningun sindrome dental u oral reconocido.
Mixed dentition analysis: a review of methods and their accuracy
Authors: IRWIN R. D. , HEROLD J. S. , RICHARDSON A.
Published: August 2010

Summary. Methods that have been proposed for mixed dentition analysis are reviewed. Prediction of the space required in the dental arch for unerupted permanent canines and premolars has been based either on the correlation between the mesio‐distal widths of these teeth and of crupted mandibular incisors, or on measurements of the unerupted teeth on radiographs. Studies comparing the different methods have shown that the method of Hixon & Oldfather (1958), as refined by Staley & Kerber (1980), is the most accurate.
The use of a special mouthguard in the management of oral injury self‐inflicted by a 4‐year‐old child
Authors: ÇEHRELI ZAFER C. , ÖLMEZ SEVAL
Published: August 2010

Summary. This paper describes the management of self‐inflicted trauma by a 4‐year‐old boy who was mentally retarded as a result of encephalitis in infancy. There was severe damage to his lower lip, as well as a moderate degree of injury to the skin and nail of his right thumb. Preliminary intervention was made with a mouthguard using silicone elastomeric positioner material, which soon proved ineffective because of poor retention. The problem was overcome succesfully through use of a special appliance in which a heat‐cured acrylic base was combined with a superstructure made of silicone positioner material retained mechanically with retention loops of 0.7 mm orthodontic wire.

Resumé.

Utilisation d'un protecteur buccal pour la prévention des auto‐mutilations chez un enfant de 4 ans

Cette étude décrit la prise en charge des auto‐mutilations chez un garçon de 4 ans, retardé mental à la suite d'une encéphalite dans la petite enfance. Les lésions étaient importantes à la lèvre inférieure et modérées sur la peau et l'ongle du pouce droit. La première intervention a été la confection d'un protecteur buccal à base de silicone élastomère, qui s'est révélé inefficace en raison de son manque de rétention. Le problème a été résolu par un appareil dont la base était en silicone polymérisé à la chaleur et la superstructure en silicone avec rétention par des crochets en forme de boucle, réalisés avec un fil d'orthodontie de 0.7 mm.

Die Anwendung eines besonderen Mundachutzes zur Vorhinderung einer Selbstvorletzung bei einen 4 Jahr alten Kind

Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Anwendung solch eines Gerätes bei einem 4 Jahr alten geistig behinderten Knaben in Folge einer Enzephalitis in der Kindheit. Man fand eine schwer geschädigte Unterlippe und leichtere Verletzungen der Haut und des Fingernagels des rechten Daumens. Zuerst versuchte man es mit einen Mundschutz aus einen Silikon‐Elastomere Material, welcher aber wegen mangelhafter Retention nicht wirksam war. Ein zweite Apparatur aus einer harten Kunststoffplatte kombiniert mit einenm Silikonmateriales und Retentionsklammern fÜhrte zum gewÜnschten Resultat.

Uso de un protector bucal especial en el manejo de traumatismos orales auto‐producidos por un niño de 4 años de edad

Se describe el manejo de trauma auto‐producido por un niño de 4 años de edad con retardo mental debido a encefalitis producida durante la infancia. Hubo daño severo al labio inferior, así como moderado grado de injuria a la piel y uña del pulgar. La intervención preliminar se realizó con un protector bucal utilizando silicone elastomérica el cual no fue efectivo debido a la pobre retención. El problema fue resuelto utilizando un aparato especial en el que acrílico curado por calor se combinó con una superestructura hecha del material de silicona retenido mecánicamente con asas hechas con alambre ortodóntico de 0.7 mm.
Different but equal: the implausible assumption at the heart of neutral theory
Authors: Purves Drew W. , Turnbull Lindsay A.
Published: August 2010

1. The core assumption of neutral theory is that all individuals in a community have equal fitness regardless of species, and regardless of the species composition of the community. But, real communities consist of species exhibiting large trait differences; hence these differences must be subject to perfect fitness‐equalizing trade‐offs for neutrality to hold.

2. Here we explain that perfect equalizing trade‐offs are extremely unlikely to occur in reality, because equality of fitness among species is destroyed by: (i) any deviation in the functional form of the trade‐off away from the one special form that gives equal fitness; (ii) spatial or temporal variation in performance; (iii) random species differences in performance.

3. In the absence of the density‐dependent processes stressed by traditional niche‐based community ecology, communities featuring small amounts of (i) or (ii) rapidly lose trait variation, becoming dominated by species with similar traits, and exhibit substantially lower species richness compared to the neutral case. Communities featuring random interspecific variation in traits (iii) lose all but a few fortuitous species.

4. Thus neutrality should be viewed, a priori, as a highly improbable explanation for the long‐term co‐occurrence of measurably different species within ecological communities. In contrast, coexistence via niche structure and density dependence, is robust to species differences in baseline fitness, and so remains plausible.

5. We conclude that: (i) co‐occurring species will typically exhibit substantial differences in baseline fitness even when (imperfect) equalizing trade‐offs have been taken into account; (ii) therefore, communities must be strongly niche structured, otherwise they would lose both trait variation and species richness; (iii) nonetheless, even in strongly niche‐structured communities, it is possible that the abundance of species with similar traits are at least partially free to drift.
Mental health services accreditation in Italy
Authors: Gigantesco Antonella , Morosini Pierluigi
Published: August 2010

Rationale, aims and objectives  This paper deals mainly with health services peer accreditation in Italy, but a preliminary brief description of governmental accreditation is done, inasmuch as peer initiatives must take into account – and build upon – institutional accreditation requirements and practices. In Italy, no independent agency, such as the ‘Commission for Health Improvement’ or the ‘Health Advisory Service’ is operating.

Methods  In the field of mental health services, two major peer accreditation programmes have been carried out. The paper focuses on the most original features of both programmes and reports examples of standards belonging to the more recent accreditation manual.

Results  In the manual, because of a lesser need to reach a consensus between services with widely different outlook, professional standards are more detailed and the importance that they should be based on the principle of evidence‐based mental health is more stressed.

Conclusions  The Italian peer accreditation approach in mental health may raise interest also in other countries.