bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ipsilateral Supracondylar Fracture and Forearm Bone Injury in Children: A Retrospective Review of Thirty one Cases
Authors: Dhoju D , Shrestha D , Parajuli N , Dhakal G , Shrestha R
Published: June 2012

Background Supracondylar fracture and forearm bone fracture in isolation is common musculoskeletal injury in pediatric age group But combined supracondylar fracture with ipsilateral forearm bone fracture, also known as floating elbow is not common injury. The incidence of this association varies between 3% and 13%. Since the injury is rare and only limited literatures are available, choosing best management options for floating elbow is challenging. Method In retrospective review of 759 consecutive supracondylar fracture managed in between July 2005 to June 2011, children with combined supracondylar fracture with forearm bone injuries were identified and their demographic profiles, mode of injury, fracture types, treatment procedures, outcome and complications were analyzed. Result Thirty one patients (mean age 8.91 yrs, range 2-14 yrs; male 26; left side 18) had combined supracondylar fracture and ipsilateral forearm bone injury including four open fractures. There were 20 (64.51%) Gartland type III (13 type IIIA and 7 type III B), seven (22.58 %) type II, three (9.67 %) type I and one (3.22 %) flexion type supracondylar fracture. Nine patients had distal radius fracture, six had distal third both bone fracture, three had distal ulna fracture, two had mid shaft both bone injury and one with segmental ulna with distal radius fracture. There were Monteggia fracture dislocation, proximal ulna fracture, olecranon process fracture, undisplaced radial head fracture of one each and two undisplaced coronoid process fracture. Type I supracondylar fracture with undisplaced forearm were treated with closed reduction and long arm back slab or long arm cast. Displaced forearm fracture required closed reduction and fixation with Kirschner wires or intramedullary nailing. Nineteen patients with Gartland type III fracture underwent operative intervention. Among them nine had closed reduction and K wire fixation for both supracondylar fracture and forearm bone injury. One patient with closed reduction and long arm cast application for both type III supracondylar fracture and distal third radius fracture developed impending compartment syndrome and required splitting of cast, remanipulation and Kirschner wire fixation. There were three radial nerve, one ulnar nerve and one median nerve injury and two postoperative ulnar nerve palsy. Three patients had pin tract related complications. Among type III, 16 (80%) patients had good to excellent, two had fair and one gad poor result in terms of Flynn’s criteria in three months follow up ConclusionDisplaced supracondylar fracture with ipsilateral displaced forearm bone injuries need early operative management in the form of closed reduction and percutaneous pinning which provides not only stable fixation but also allows close observation for early sign and symptom of development of any compartment syndrome.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i2.6280 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(2):11-16
The Glucose Challenge Test for Screening of Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Shrestha A , Chawla C D
Published: June 2012

Background The frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is 0.6% -15% of pregnant woman. The modern trend towards the delay starting family is the main factor responsible for increase prevalence of GDM. This condition is associated with the adverse effect on mother and fetus, so it is important to find out the GDM by screening of all the pregnant women. Objective To observe the feasibility of using the 50g GCT for all pregnant women attending Dhulikhel Hospital, Obstetric OPD. To determine the incidence of gestational diabetes in the population and to observe the maternal and fetal outcome among those having an elevated GCT level and gestational diabetes. Methods A prospective and analytical study of 1598 pregnant women booked and delivered between June 2009and August 2010. Glucose challenge test (GCT) performed by using 50gm glucose and diagnosis of gestational diabetes performed by using the Carpenter Coustan Criteria. Pregnancy outcomes were assessed by the gestation and mode of delivery. Similarly, neonatal outcomes assessed in terms of birth weights, APGAR scores, congenital abnormalities, hyperbilirubinaemia, hypoglycaemia or respiratory distress syndrome. Results The detected incidence of gestational diabetes was 0.75%. With the threshold plasma glucose level at140 mg/ dl, 198 women needed to undergo the 100g oral glucose tolerance test and 12 women had gestational diabetes. The diagnostic yield was 6.06%. Perinatal outcome was similar to the rest of the women with normal glucose challenge test. Conclusions The 50g GCT is feasible and also helps to find out GDM. It is easy, user friendly, cheap and convenient for screening purpose. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i2.6282  Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(2):22-25
Pattern of Organophosphorous Poisoning: A Retrospective Community Based Study
Authors: Chataut J , Adhikari R K , Sinha N P , Marahatta S B
Published: June 2012

Background Pesticide poisoning is very common in Nepal. Hospital based studies from various parts of Nepal have shown that poisoning with organophosphorus compounds is the most common type of poisoning. Current study is undertaken to see the pattern of organophosphorus poisoning and to identify the common risk factors among the cases. If the risk factors are modifiable, attempts in addressing the risk factors and decreasing the likelihood of poisoning will certainly be fruitful in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with organophosphorus poisoning. Objectives To assess the risk factors of organophosphorus poisoning which is major public health problem in Nepal. Methods A community based retrospective study of 75 cases of organophosphate poisoning who were brought to the emergency department of Dhulikhel hospital over the period of 3 years. Basic information was collected from hospital records and home visits were made to study the risk factors. Data were collected through interviews of the study population and their family members using a pre-designed questionnaire. Results In this study 75 cases and their families were interviewed of which there were 59% males and 42% females (M/F ratio of 1:1.4). The majority (40%) of the poisoning cases were in the age group 25-34 years. Lower literacy level showed positive association with the incidence of poisoning. Occupation wise vast majority (80%) of the cases were engaged in agricultural work. Suicidal attempts by ingesting organophosphate compounds were high in farmers and females. Conclusion In this study, majority of the poisoning were attempts of intentional self harm. Agriculture workers and females are high risk groups and may be associated with the fact that they have easy access to the poison. Interventions directed towards health education, counseling, and enforcement of laws restricting the availability and use of harmful pesticides may help in reducing such events in future. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i2.6284Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(2):31-4
Haemolytic Effects of Hypo-osmotic Salt Solutions on Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Nepal O , Rao J P
Published: June 2012

Background While it is well known that hypotonic solutions of sodium chloride induce hemolysis, the effects of other salt solutions on human erythrocytes have not been well documented. Objective The study is to compare the effects of other salt solutions on human red cells. Methods Iso-osmotic and hypo-osmotic solutions of various salts were prepared after taking into account their molecular weight and osmotic pressure. Five healthy volunteers between the age of 22-30 years were randomly selected and ten blood samples were collected from them. The study was conducted from January 2009 to February 2009. Blood was collected from subjects by venepuncture into heparinised tubes. 20 ?l of blood was pipetted into 1 ml of each solution and incubated for one hour at 37ºC in a water bath. The solutions were centrifuged and the colour of the supernatant was read in a spectrophotometer. Supernatant from blood added to distilled water was considered 100% hemolysed. Results Iso-osmotic salt solutions were free of hemolysis. Among chloride salts, sodium chloride showed the least hemolysis and potassium chloride and nickel chloride resulted into greater hemolysis. Among potassium salts, potassium bromate caused highest amount of hemolysis whereas potassium sulphate showed the least. Conclusion The significant differences in hemolytic pattern in hypo-osmotic salts solutions suggest that the hypo-osmotic stress causes morphological changes in red cells that alter their permeability to various ions leading to hemolysis. This probably occurs through opening of volume sensitive channels. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i2.6285Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(2):35-9
Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections in a Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: Karn D , Amatya A , Aryal E R , KC S , Timalsina M
Published: June 2012

Background The burden of sexually transmitted infections is huge and is disproportionately affecting developing nations. In Nepal, recent available data on sexually transmitted infections are mostly targeted to high risk population. A prevalence study was thus done to explore the pattern of sexually transmitted infection syndromes among general population of Nepal. Objectives To highlight the prevalence and changing pattern of sexually transmitted infections among general population. Methods A retrospective study. The study was conducted among 145 patients attending Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, for voluntary counseling and testing from April 2010 to April 2011. Syndromic case management approach was used for the classification and treatment of the patients. Results 106 patients were suffering from Sexually Transmitted Infections and 2 patients were positive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The most common diagnosis was genital viral infections (41.7%). Prevalence was highest among drivers/conductors (26.9%) and migrating workers (23.1%). Age group 20 to 24 years was the maximum sufferers (37%). Unsafe sexual activity (66.7%) was the most potential exposure and majority of the patients were not consistent in using condom. Conclusions Genital viral infections constitute the major bulk of sexually transmitted infections. Majority of the patients suffering from sexually transmitted infections were in the age group 20 to 24 years and were mostly drivers, conductors or migrating workers by occupation. In the background of few available baseline data, the results are expected to assist successful target interventions in the near future.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i2.6287  Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(2):44-8
Antenatal Care Practices in Tamang Community of Hilly Area in Central Nepal
Authors: Sanjel S , Ghimire R H , Pun K
Published: June 2012

Background Antenatal care is provided during pregnancy to save lives of mother and foetus. World Health Organization recommends four focused visits as sufficient for normal pregnancy. Objective The objective of the study was to find out antenatal care practices in Tamang community of hilly areas of central Nepal. Methods Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Tamang community of Lalitpur district. Systematic random sampling method was used to collect data from April to May 2011. Data of 194 women having ?3 years of children was collected and analyzed in descriptive and inferential ways. Results Antenatal visits were made by 78.9% (153) of women but only 46.4% (71) completed four antenatal visits. Mean visit was of 3.5 ± 1.13 times. Ninety four (61.4%) of first antenatal visits attainders completed the fourth visit. Age of women and antenatal visits, taking tetanus toxoid injection and knowledge on work of iron tablets exhibited significant association at 95% level of confidence (p <0.05). There was also significant association between numbers of childbirth and antenatal visits at 95% level of confidence (p <0.05). ConclusionsThere was a high rate of early marriage and early pregnancy in the Tamang communities. Women did not place high importance on antenatal visits. A large percentage did not complete all four recommended antenatal visits. Use of necessary medicine like iron, albendazole tablets and tetanus toxoid injection was often incomplete. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i2.6290 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(2):57-61
Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis with Locking Compression Plate for Distal Diametaphyseal Tibia Fracture
Authors: Shrestha D , Acharya B M , Shrestha P M
Published: June 2012

Background Distal diametaphyseal tibia fracture though requires operative treatment is difficult to manage. Conventional osteosynthesis is not suitable because distal tibia is subcutaneous bone with poor vascularity. Closed reduction and minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) with locking compression plate (LCP) has emerged as an alternative treatment option because it respects biology of distal tibia and fracture hematoma and also provides biomechanicaly stable construct. Objectives To find out suitability of MIPO with LCP for distal diametaphyseal tibia fracture including union time and complicatios and compare wih other available management options in literature. Methods Twenty patients with closed distal diametaphyseal tibia fracture with or without intra articular extension (AO classification: 12 type 43A1, 4 type 43A2, 2 type 43A3 and 2 type 43B1) treated with MIPO with LCP were prospectively followed for average duration of 18.45 months (range 5-30 months). Results Average duration of injury-hospital and injury-surgery interval was 12.8 hrs (range 2-44 hrs) and 4.45 days (range 1-10 days) respectively. All fractures got united with an average duration of 18.5 weeks (range14-28weeks) except one case of delayed union which was managed with percutaneous bone marrow injection. Two patients had union with valgus angulation < 5 degees but no nonunion was found. There were two superficial and one deep post operative wound infection. All infections healed with extended period of intravenous antibiotics besides repeated debridemet for deep infection. Implants were removed in eight patients among whom six (30%) had malleolar skin irritation and pain due to prominent hardware. Conclusion The present case series shows that MIPO with LCP is an effective treatment method in terms of union time and complications rate for distal diametaphyseal tibia fracture. Malleolar skin irritation is common problem because of prominent hardware.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i2.6291Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(2):62-8
Bacterial Conjunctivitis and Use of Antibiotics in Dhulikhel Hospital - Kathmandu University Hospital
Authors: Sthapit P R , Tuladhar N R , Marasini S , Khoju U , Thapa G
Published: June 2012

Background Acute Infective Conjunctivitis may be due to viral or bacterial infection; though it is usually self limiting, topical antibiotics are often prescribed for rapid recovery. Objectives This study aims to find out prevalence of bacterial infection among cases of acute infective conjunctivitis and to determine their in-vitro antibacterial susceptibilities to commonly used antibacterial agents and to find out whether the rampant use of topical antibiotics are at all necessary or justified. Methods A prospective analytical study conducted over a period of two years on clinically diagnosed cases of Acute Infective Conjunctivitis. Isolation and identification of microorganisms by culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test were done on conjunctival swabs from 65 patients. Results A total of 65 patients were included where children (one month to 10 years old) accounted for the commonest age group (35.4%).On Gram’s Stain, 90.8% were negative for pus cells or micro organisms. Gram positive cocci were found in 6.2% of cases. On culture, bacterial growth was seen in 11 cases (18.9%) among which Streptococcus pneumonia was seen in seven cases (10.8%).The analysis on in-vitro susceptibility testing showed that Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin were the most sensitive (78.6% of samples) drugs for conjunctivitis. ConclusionOphthalmic antibiotics should be prescribed judiciously in acute infective conjunctivitis even for suspected bacterial cases; since it is found to resolve spontaneously without any serious complications. Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin are drugs of choice if at all required.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i2.6292 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(2):69-72
Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Industrial Harbor Sediments by GC-MS
Authors: Dong Cheng-Di , Chen Chih-Feng , Chen Chiu-Wen
Published: June 2012

Analysis of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of the US Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutant list was carried out in sediment samples of an industrial port in the southern Kaohsiung Harbor of Taiwan which is supposed to be extensively polluted by industrial wastewater discharges. The determination and quantification of PAHs in sediment samples were performed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with the aid of deuterated PAH internal standards and surrogate standards. The total concentrations of the 16 PAHs varied from 4,425 to 51,261 ng/g dw, with a mean concentration of 13,196 ng/g dw. The PAHs concentration is relatively high in the river mouth region, and gradually diminishes toward the harbor region. Diagnostic ratios showed that the possible source of PAHs in the industrial port area could be coal combustion. As compared with the US Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs), the various observed levels of PAHs exceeded the effects range median (ERM), and could thus cause acute biological damages. The results can be used for regular monitoring, and future pollution prevention and management should target the various industries in this region for reducing pollution.
Lycopene Effects on Serum Mineral Elements and Bone Strength in Rats
Authors: Liang Haidong , Yu Fang , Tong Zhihong , Zeng Weifeng
Published: June 2012

This study investigated the beneficial effect of lycopene on bone biomarkers in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Female Wistar rats were either sham operated or surgically ovariectomized and then fed with lycopene for 8 weeks. Serum Ca, P, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and bone gla protein (BGP) concentration was significantly higher in the untreated OVX group compared with that of the sham group, whereas serum estrogen levels were lower. Bone mineral density (BMD), BMD/wt, bone mineral content (BMC), BMC/wt values, maximum load, stiffness, energy and maximum stress were significantly lower in the untreated OVX group compared with that of the sham group. Administration of lycopene (20, 30 and 40 mg/kg b.w.) for 8 weeks significantly decreased serum Ca, P, ALP, and IL-6 concentration, and enhanced serum estrogen level, BMD, BMD/wt, BMC, BMC/wt values, maximum load, stiffness, energy and maximum stress in lycopene-treated OVX groups. In conclusion, the consumption of lycopene may have the most protective effect on bone in OVX rats.
La erupción submarina de La Restinga en la isla de El Hierro, Canarias: Octubre 2011-Marzo 2012
Authors: Perez-Torrado F. J. , Carracedo J. C. , Rodríguez-González A. , Soler V. , Troll V. R. , Wiesmaier S.
Published: June 2012

Los primeros indicios de una posible erupción volcánica en El Hierro se percibieron a partir de julio de 2011 en forma de sismos de baja intensidad pero anormalmente numerosos. La intensificación de la sismicidad culminó con el inicio de la erupción submarina el 10 de octubre de 2011 a unos 2 km al sur de La Restinga. La sismicidad y deformación del terreno que precedieron y acompañaron a esta erupción han permitido reconstruir las principales fases de actividad volcánica: 1) generación y ascenso del magma con migración de los hipocentros sísmicos desde el norte, en el Golfo, hasta el rift sur, en La Restinga, marcando la apertura hidráulica del conducto magmático; y 2) inicio y continuidad de la erupción volcánica evidenciada por un tremor armónico continuo de intensidad variable en el tiempo. Las características observadas a lo largo de la erupción, principalmente localización, profundidad y evolución morfológica del foco emisor, así como emisión de materiales volcánicos flotantes, inicialmente con un núcleo blanco poroso (procedentes de la fusión parcial de sedimentos de la capa superior de la corteza oceánica anteriores a la construcción del edificio insular de El Hierro) envuelto por una corteza basanítica y después huecas (lava balloons), se han correspondido con una erupción submarina fisural profunda sin que nunca hayan intervenido mecanismos más explosivos tipo surtseyano. La erupción se mantuvo activa durante unos cinco meses, dándose por finalizada en marzo del 2012, convirtiéndose de este modo en la segunda erupción histórica más longeva de Canarias después de la de Timanfaya (1730-36) en Lanzarote. Esta erupción ha supuesto la primera oportunidad en 40 años de gestionar una crisis volcánica en Canarias y de analizar las observaciones e interpretaciones y las decisiones adoptadas, con objeto de mejorar la gestión de futuras crisis volcánicas. El Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) se encargó de adquirir y analizar la información sísmica y de deformación durante todo el proceso. Sin embargo, no se dispuso inicialmente de un barco oceanográfico que realizara estudios sistemáticos de la profundidad y progresión de la erupción, así como de toma de muestras de los materiales emitidos (piroclastos y lavas), elementos claves para la determinación de la peligrosidad eruptiva. Estas deficiencias en el seguimiento científico del proceso eruptivo dificultaron en algunos momentos la toma de decisiones de protección civil. El análisis de la crisis ha puesto de manifiesto que, aunque se disponga de una infraestructura técnica adecuada para la detección temprana de crisis eruptivas en el archipiélago, de poco valen las medidas administrativas planificadas sin un seguimiento científico continuo e integrador del proceso eruptivo, abierto a la colaboración científica nacional e internacional.
Correlation analysis in different planting dates of rapeseed varieties
Authors: Rameeh V
Published: June 2012

The present study was aimed at finding out the planting dates effects on yield associated traits and also determining the variations of correlations among the traits in different planting dates of rapeseed genotypes. Significant planting dates and genotypes effects for phenological traits, yield components, seed yield and oil percentage revealed significant differences of planting dates and genotypes for these traits. Plant height had positive effect on pods per plant by increasing number of branches in each plant and length of main raceme. 1000-seed weight had significant positive correlation with seed yield, so any changes for this trait had considerable effect on seed yield. The variation of correlation between duration of flowering and pods per plant was less than the correlation of duration of flowering to other traits in different planting dates, so it can be used as selection breeding criterion. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v7i2.4407 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2012, vol.7, no 2 76-84
Moving out of chronic poverty: community level study on poverty over the time
Authors: Samaraweera SANC , Abeynayake NR
Published: June 2012

In this study poverty is measured as the low level of satisfaction of the ten basic needs and the underutilization of material and non material resources. Further this study explores the economic factors which are related to poverty such as financial capital, physical capital and natural capital (land). The survey was carried out in Wanduressa village which is established by settling down of one of the low caste communities in the country named as Rodiya community. This study was done as close as possible to the base research done Ratnapala, 1979 in same village to compare the current situation. The results indicated that over the time, the community level satisfaction for ten basic needs has increased by 54.95%. According to the satisfaction index constructed, 98% households obtained satisfaction level above 0.5. Poverty alleviation programmes, awareness programmes and the effort taken by the households to reduce their separation from the high caste communities were the main causes to reduce the poverty over the time. Multiple Linear Regression analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between the satisfaction Index with their income and skills. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v7i2.4412 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2012, vol.7, no 2 97-107
Eskers around the Keewatin Ice Divide: Northwest Territories and Nunavut
Authors: Aylsworth J M , Shilts W W , Russell H A J , Pyne D M
Published: June 2012

Major esker ridges as mapped by line symbology have been captured digitally for 113 1:250,000 scale NTS map sheets in the Northwest Territories and western mainland Nunavut, formally the districts of Mackenzie and Keewatin. The complete dataset has only been
available in a generalized form via the 1:1,000,000 hardcopy release of Aylsworth and Shilts (1989). It is now available in a digital vector format with basic line segment attribution at the original 1:250,000 scale. Basic data validation indicates that there are only minor registration issues as
compared against 1:250,000 topographic base data from CanVec and NTDB datasets. Comparison of the esker network against more recent, higher resolution esker mapping at 1:125,000 and 1:250,000 scale indicates that the esker network captured here represents the long dendritic and subparallel esker
classes of Brennand (2000) relatively well, but underestimates the number of isolated short esker segments. The utility of the digital dataset has been demonstrated in its use as a training dataset for a quantitative esker mapping algorithm (Broscoe et al., 2011). It is a comparable dataset to other
synoptic digital glacial landform datasets generated in recent years, for example Storrar & Stokes (2007); with the exception that this dataset focuses on one landform element, eskers.
Summary of current geochemical, geophysical and biostratigraphic data for Chevron SOBC WM N. Parkin YT D-61 (UWI 300D616630137000), Eagle Plain, Yukon
Authors: Lane L S , Hayman A , Utting J , Sweet A R
Published: June 2012

This tabulation and graphical summary presents multiple key datasets reflecting the current state of knowledge for N. Parkin YT D-61 petroleum exploration well in eastern Eagle Plain, northern Yukon. The graphical summary contains four parts: images of the key
downhole geophysical logs that are commonly used for lithological and sequence stratigraphic analysis; biostratigraphic and lithological summaries together with tops picks that illustrate the historical evolution of stratigraphic knowledge; analytical columns summarizing organic and inorganic
geochemistry and thermal maturity data; and finally a list of references documenting the source data used
in the compilation. The data tabulation consists of an Excel spreadsheet containing all of the public domain data summarized in the graphic.
2011 Canadian High Arctic Seismic Expedition: CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent expedition report
Authors: Mosher D C
Published: June 2012

The principal objectives of the 2011 Canadian High Arctic Seismic Expedition were to acquire multichannel seismic reflection, refraction and bathymetric data along positions that serve to establish sediment thicknesses, structural and morphologic criteria along
Canadian and US western Arctic continental margins. Strategic ship track lines were established to complement existing data to meet UNCLOS Extended Continental Shelf (ECS) sediment thickness, bathymetric and scientific objectives. In addition, the first Autonomous Underwater Vehicle deployment from
an icebreaker in the high Arctic was achieved, permitting acquisition of additional bathymetric data in areas of perennial sea ice cover. Ancillary programs included ice observations to groundtruth remotely sensed data, physical oceanographic data were acquired on an opportunistic basis and an
Environment Canada O-buoy was deployed. 1437 line-km of high quality multichannel seismic reflection data were acquired in addition to seismic refraction data recorded from 21 sonobuoy deployments. 7848 line-km of single beam bathymetry, subbottom profiler and shipborne gravity data were obtained
from the Louis S. St-Laurent over the course of the entire mission, plus 75 helicopter spot soundings. 110 km of bathymetric data were acquired by the AUV and in excess of 4500 line-km of mulitbeam bathymetric data were acquired from the USCGC Healy.
An updated assessment of ground ice and permafrost geology-related observations based on seismic shothole drillers' log records, Northwest Territories and northern Yukon
Authors: Smith I R , Lesk-Winfield K
Published: June 2012

This publication utilizes seismic shothole drillers' litholog records to document ground ice and massive ice thickness and extents in the Northwest Territories and northern Yukon. It also provides estimates of permafrost thickness in areas of thin extensive and
sporadic discontinuous permafrost, and the identification of unfrozen sediments (non-ice-bonded permafrost and/or existing and relic taliks) in areas of thick permafrost cover, and in offshore Mackenzie Delta sediments. Limitations of the seismic shothole drillers' log data are clearly recognized in
their application to permafrost studies (reflecting the generally shallow (10 - 60 m) shothole depth, and logging imprecision). They nonetheless provide a rich archive of information that in some cases represents orders of magnitude more records than previously existed, that can be correlated with
established monitoring sites and used to expand regional interpretations. The information interpreted from the drillers' log records will perhaps best serve as guides to future permafrost research by identifying key areas of interest, lithostratigraphic associations, and anomalous permafrost
conditions that can be studied and tested in follow-up field research.
Palynology of the INCO Winisk #49204 core (54°18'30"N, 87°02'30"W, NTS 43L/6), Ontario
Authors: Galloway J M , Armstrong D , Lavoie D
Published: June 2012

We report on the age and depositional environment interpreted from palynological analysis of 10 samples from the INCO Winisk #49204 core (54°18'30"N, 87°02'30"W, NTS 43L/6, Ontario) spanning 62.56 m to 79.19 m depth. The composition of palynomorphs
contained in the INCO Winisk #49204 core material suggests that sediments accumulated no earlier than the mid-Tertiary and in a freshwater environment. A paucity of bisaccate pollen relative to accumulations in modern water-lain sediments suggest that the samples are likely older than Quaternary in
age. An abundance of pollen types typical of grass-land and heath environments suggest that the analyzed deposit may be Miocene in age.
Electrical resistivity surveys for permafrost terrain characterization along the Highway 3 corridor, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories
Authors: Oldenborger G A
Published: June 2012

This open file reports on recent geophysical data collected and processed by the Geological Survey of Canada as part of the Great Slave Transportation Risk in the Arctic to Climatic Sensitivity activity within the Climate Change Geoscience Program. In late August
of 2011, electrical resistivity surveys were performed at selected sites along the Highway 3 corridor, west of Yellowknife. Highway 3 presently suffers from road instabilities including settlement, heave and rotations related to transitions between differing terrain and drainage conditions within
discontinuous permafrost. Electrical resistivity data were collected over identified terrain types, and across potential terrain transitions and thaw fronts based on the hypothesis that permafrost distribution and conditions vary with terrain type. Processed resistivity models suggest distinct
electrical signatures for most of the terrain types which would allow for extensive geophysical characterization complimentary to landscape mapping, temperature data and shallow boreholes. The resistivity models also exhibit features indicative of the base of ice-bonded permafrost, ice-rich sediment
and thaw zones, which can be correlated with terrain features. Observed resistivity anomalies indicate thaw zones related to existing and past road infrastructure, which may help in understanding conditions causing highway subsidence.
Seasonal surface displacement and highway embankment grade derived from InSAR and LiDAR, Highway 3 west of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories
Authors: Stevens C W , Short N , Wolfe S
A
Published: June 2012

Monitoring highway conditions is critical to effectively maintain northern infrastructure within discontinuous permafrost environments. This Open File presents seasonal surface displacement and embankment grade calculated for a 48 km section of Highway 3 (km
marker 282 to 330), located to the west of Yellowknife. Satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) was used to calculate relative surface displacement from May to September of 2010 along the highway corridor. Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data acquired on August 22 and
24, 2010 were also used to measure road elevations, calculate embankment grade and map raised ice-rich clay terrain. The highway embankment was determined to be seasonally stable over 67% (31.2 linear km) of the 48 linear kilometres analyzed, which corresponds to sections where bedrock is
exposed or covered by a thin veneer of sediment. Low downward displacement (-1 to -3 cm) was calculated over 20% (9.3 linear km) and moderate downward displacement (-3 to -6 cm) over 2% (1.0 linear km) of the highway. Downward displacement is attributed to subsidence that occurs across
forested clay and peatland terrain. Over an additional 11% (4.9 linear km) of the highway, displacement was not measured due to incoherence between repeat satellite observations. Incoherence over the highway is primarily attributed to the smooth surface of the roadway that produces very low
radar return (i.e. low signal strength). At one location where the highway crosses the former location of an ice-rich clay ridge, the embankment has subsided by 95 cm over a 4-5 year period following construction. Embankment side slopes were determined to be steeper than recommended grade along some
sections where highway instability exists. LiDAR intensity is also shown to be successful for mapping wet terrain that may thermally impact permafrost. The derived data products accompanying this Open File are presented in the form of graphical representations and digital geotiff and shapefiles
compatible with ArcGIS. The datasets demonstrate the ability to remotely monitor several aspects of highway infrastructure located within the discontinuous permafrost zone and to identify sections of the highway that may require future remediation and adaption measures.
Diagenetic study of Tertiary sequences, Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin - Phase 1
Authors:   CMH Petrology Consultant Inc.
Published: June 2012

The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) is involved with a multi-disciplinary study of petroleum systems of the Beaufort-Mackenzie region of Arctic Canada under the Earth Sciences Sector Geo-Mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) Program. As part of this research, a
contracted petrological study of petroleum reservoir quality was undertaken to investigate the post-depositional controls on porosity and permeability of the Tertiary (Paleogene age; 62 - 24 Ma) sedimentary sequences (Aklak, Taglu, Richards and Kugmallit sequences) that host petroleum discoveries in
the area. Porosity is important for calculating the volume of petroleum within a reservoir and permeability affects that rate at which petroleum can be produced. Both parameters are critical for evaluating the economic viability of individual petroleum prospects and for assessing the petroleum
resource potential of the area. Generally, porosity and permeability are high at the time of sediment deposition but both are reduced by mechanical compaction with increasing sediment burial. As temperature and burial depth increase, diagenetic processes such as mineral dissolution or precipitation
(cementation) can further enhance or reduce porosity and permeability. This study focuses on how cementation processes affect reservoir quality and it builds on the previous work of Dr. Volkmar Schmidt which is summarized in GSC Open File 1534. The report is rich in petrographic descriptions and
contains many photographic images of rock cores and thin sections used for microscopic examination. These results provide a firm foundation for future studies of the diagenetic evolution of sedimentary successions of the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin. This study was funded by the former
Beaufort-Mackenzie consortium of companies (BP Canada Energy Company, Chevron Canada Limited, ConocoPhillips Canada Resources Corporation, Imperial Oil Resources Ventures Limited, MGM Energy Corporation, and Shell Exploration and Production Company).
Performance comparison between current automated earthquake location methods, Autoloc and Antelope
Authors: Edwards W N
Published: June 2012

The two methods of automatic earthquake location currently in use (as of May 2010) by the Canadian Hazards Information Service, Autoloc and Antelope, are compared to solutions produced daily by seismologists in an effort to evaluate the performance of both
algorithms. The one year evaluation period extends from May 7, 2009 to May 6, 2010. Results show that both algorithms have their strengths and weaknesses that are specific to their current usage. In general Autoloc outperforms Antelope in terms of earthquake event detection across magnitudes of 2.0
and greater, while Antelope appears to possess a superior ability to identify seismic phase arrival times and thus is more accurate in its automated locations of earthquakes. Currently magnitude assessment is difficult for Antelope due to limitations in its design, however, for Autoloc current
overall automated magnitudes for earthquakes >2.0 are underestimated by -0.3 magnitudes, improving to 0.04 as magnitude increases to 4.5. Potential exists in combining the strengths of both algorithms either as a single entity or by using both in tandem for improved hazard
awareness.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Modulates Vomeronasal Neuron Response to Male Salamander Pheromone
Authors: Wirsig-Wiechmann Celeste R. , Colvard Justin , Aston Christopher E. , Dighe Radhika , Houck Lynne D. , Feldhoff Pamela W. , Feldhoff Richard C.
Published: June 2012

Electrophysiological studies have shown that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) modifies chemosensory neurons responses to odors. We have previously demonstrated that male Plethodon shermani pheromone stimulates vomeronasal neurons in the female conspecific. In the present study we used agmatine uptake as a relative measure of the effects of GnRH on this pheromone-induced neural activation of vomeronasal neurons. Whole male pheromone extract containing 3 millimolar agmatine with or without 10 micromolar GnRH was applied to the nasolabial groove of female salamanders for 45 minutes. Immunocytochemical procedures were conducted to visualize and quantify relative agmatine uptake as measured by labeling density of activated vomeronasal neurons. The relative number of labeled neurons did not differ between the two groups: pheromone alone or pheromone-GnRH. However, vomeronasal neurons exposed to pheromone-GnRH collectively demonstrated higher labeling intensity, as a percentage above background (75%) as compared with neurons exposed to pheromone alone (63%, P < 0.018). Since the labeling intensity of agmatine within neurons signifies the relative activity levels of the neurons, these results suggest that GnRH increases the response of female vomeronasal neurons to male pheromone.
Relative drifts and stability of satellite and ground-based stratospheric ozone profiles at NDACC lidar stations
Authors: Nair P. J. , Godin-Beekmann S. , Froidevaux L. , Flynn L. E. , Zawodny J. M. , Russell J. M. , Pazmiño A. , Ancellet G. , Steinbrecht W. , Claude H. , Leblanc T. , McDermid S. , van Gijsel J. A. E. , Johnson B. , Thomas A. , Hubert D. , Lambert J.-C. , Nakane H. , Swart D. P. J.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The long-term evolution of stratospheric ozone at different stations in the low and mid-latitudes is investigated. The analysis is performed by comparing the collocated profiles of ozone lidars, at the northern mid-latitudes (Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeißenberg, Haute-Provence Observatory, Tsukuba and Table Mountain Facility), tropics (Mauna Loa Observatory) and southern mid-latitudes (Lauder), with ozonesondes and space-borne sensors (SBUV(/2), SAGE II, HALOE, UARS MLS and Aura MLS), extracted around the stations. Relative differences are calculated to find biases and temporal drifts in the measurements. All measurement techniques show their best agreement with respect to the lidar at 20–40 km, where the differences and drifts are generally within ±5% and ±0.5% yr−1, respectively, at most stations. In addition, the stability of the long-term ozone observations (lidar, SBUV(/2), SAGE II and HALOE) is evaluated by the cross-comparison of each data set. In general, all lidars and SBUV(/2) exhibit near-zero drifts and the comparison between SAGE II and HALOE shows larger, but insignificant drifts. The RMS of the drifts of lidar and SBUV(/2) is 0.22 and 0.27% yr−1, respectively at 20–40 km. The average drifts of the long-term data sets, derived from various comparisons, are less than ±0.3% yr−1 in the 20–40 km altitude at all stations. A combined time series of the relative differences between SAGE II, HALOE and Aura MLS with respect to lidar data at six sites is constructed, to obtain long-term data sets lasting up to 27 years. The relative drifts derived from these combined data are very small, within ±0.2% yr−1.
Changes in the Adriatic oceanographic properties induced by the Eastern Mediterranean Transient
Authors: Vilibić I. , Matijević S. , Šepić J. , Kušpilić G.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Long-term time series of physical and chemical parameters collected between 1960 and 2010 along the Palagruža Sill transect, Middle Adriatic Sea, have been investigated in terms of average water properties and their variability. Nutrients, especially orthophosphates, reached rather high levels of concentration below the euphotic zone between 1991 and 1998, the highest levels in the investigated period. Simultaneously, the N:P ratio, which is normally higher than 25:1, decreased to values less than 16:1 in the euphotic zone, indicating a switch from typical phosphorus to nitrogen- limited preconditioning for the primary production. Higher-than-usual nutrient levels peaking in the mid-1990s, coupled with lower-than-usual temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH values, are presumably related to the flow of the nutrient richer Western Mediterranean waters to the Adriatic below the euphotic layer. These waters, which keep their footprint in the N:P ratio, enter the Adriatic during the anticyclonic phase of the Bimodal Adriatic-Ionian Oscillation (BiOS), which has been uniquely strengthened by the Eastern Mediterranean Transient occurring in the early 1990s. This hypothesis should be confirmed through targeted research and modelling exercises, as it is highly relevant for the biogeochemistry of the Adriatic Sea.
Nitrate removal in a restored riparian groundwater system: functioning and importance of individual riparian zones
Authors: Peter S. , Rechsteiner R. , Lehmann M. F. , Brankatschk R. , Vogt T. , Diem S. , Wehrli B. , Tockner K. , Durisch-Kaiser E.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. For the design and the assessment of river restoration projects, it is important to know to what extent the elimination of reactive nitrogen (N) can be improved in the riparian groundwater. We investigated the effectiveness of different riparian zones, characterized by a riparian vegetation succession, on nitrate (NO3−) removal from infiltrating river water in a restored and a still channelized section of the River Thur, Switzerland. Functional genes of denitrification (nirS and nosZ) were relatively abundant in groundwater from willow bush and mixed forest dominated zones, where oxygen concentrations remained low compared to the main channel and other riparian zones. After flood events, a substantial decline in NO3− concentration (>50 %) was observed in the willow bush zone, but not in the other riparian zones closer to the river. In addition, the characteristic enrichment of 15N and 18O in the residual NO3− pool (by up to 22 ‰ for δ15N and up to 12 ‰ for δ18O) provides qualitative evidence that the willow bush and forest zones were sites of active denitrification and, to a lesser extent, NO3− removal by plant uptake. Particularly in the willow bush zone, during a period of water table elevation after a flooding event, substantial input of organic carbon into the groundwater occurred, thereby fostering post-flood denitrification activity that reduced NO3− concentration with a rate of ~21 μmol N l−1 d−1. Nitrogen removal in the forest zone was not sensitive to flood pluses, and overall NO3− removal rates were lower (~6 μmol l−1 d−1). Hence, discharge-modulated vegetation-soil-groundwater coupling was found to be a~key driver for riparian NO3− removal. We estimated that, despite higher rates in the fairly constrained willow bush hot spot, total NO3− removal from the groundwater is lower than in the extended forest area. Overall, the aquifer in the restored section was more effective and removed ~20 % more NO3− than the channelized section.
The Aptian evaporites of the South Atlantic: a climatic paradox?
Authors: Chaboureau A.-C. , Donnadieu Y. , Sepulchre P. , Robin C. , Guillocheau F. , Rohais S.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. For a long time, evaporitic sequences have been interpreted as indicative of an arid climate. Such systematic interpretations led to the suggestion that the Central segment of the South Atlantic (20–0°) was characterized by an arid climate during the upper Aptian. Indeed, synchronous to this period that corresponds to the rifting and to the opening of this part of the South Atlantic, a large evaporitic sequence spreads out from the equator to 20° S. Using the fully ocean atmosphere coupled model FOAM, we test the potential for the Aptian geography to produce an arid area over the Central segment. Sensitivity to the altitude of the rift shoulders separating the Africa and the South America cratons, to the water depth of the Central segment and to the drainage pattern have been performed. Using seawater salinity as a diagnostic, our simulations show that the southern part of the Central segment is characterized by very high salinity in the case of catchment areas draining the water out of the Central segment. Conversely, whatever the boundary conditions used, the northern part of the Central segment remains humid and salinities are very low. Hence, we conclude that the evaporites deposited in the southern part of the Central segment may have been controlled by the climate favouring aridity and high saline waters. In contrast, the evaporites of the northern part can hardly be reconciled with the climatic conditions occurring there and may be due to hydrothermal sources. Our interpretations are in agreement with the gradient found in the mineralogical compositions of the evaporites from the North to the South, i.e. the northern evaporites are at least 4 times more concentrated than the southern one.