bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forced to stay at home—impact of curfews on mood during a pandemic for individuals with exercise dependence
Authors: Timme Sinika , Cook Brian , Schipfer Melanie , Stoll Oliver
Published: February 2022

The effects of COVID-19-related lockdowns on deterioration of mental health and use of exercise to remediate such effects has been well documented in numerous populations. However, it remains unknown how lockdown restrictions impacted individuals differently and who was more likely to change their exercise behavior and experience negative well-being. The current study examined exercise dependence as a risk factor and its impact on exercise behavior and mood during the initial COVID-19 lockdowns on a global scale in 11,898 participants from 17 countries. Mixed effects models revealed that reducing exercise behavior was associated with a stronger decrease in mood for individuals at risk of exercise dependence compared to individuals at low risk of exercise dependence. Participants at high risk and exercising more prior to the pandemic reported the most exercise during lockdown. Effects of lowered mood were most pronounced in participants with high risk of exercise dependence who reported greater reduction in exercise frequency during lockdown. These results support recent etiological evidence for exercise dependence and add to a growing body of literature documenting mental health effects related to COVID-19.
Miracles persist: a reply to Sus
Authors: Linnemann Niels , Read James
Published: February 2022

In a recent article in this journal, Sus purports to account for what have been identified as the ‘two miracles’ of general relativity—that (1) the local symmetries of all dynamical equations for matter fields coincide, and (2) the symmetries of the dynamical equations governing matter fields coincide locally with the symmetries of the metric field—by application of the familiar result that every symmetry of the action is also a symmetry of the resulting equations of motion. In this reply, we argue that, while otherwise exemplary in its clarity, Sus’ paper fails in this regard, for it rests upon a illegitimate application of the aforementioned result. Thus, we conclude,paceSus, that these two miracles persist in general relativity.
Simulation of non-dilute fibre suspensions using RBF-based macro–micro multiscale method
Authors: Nguyen Hung Quoc , Tran Canh-Dung
Published: February 2022

The multiscale stochastic simulation method based on the marriage of the Brownian Configuration Field (BCF) and the Radial Basis Function mesh-free approximation for dilute fibre suspensions by our group, is further developed to simulate non-dilute fibre suspensions. For the present approach, the macro and micro processes proceeded at each time step are linked to each other by a fibre contributed stress formula associated with the used kinetic model. Due to the feature of non-dilute fibre suspensions, the interaction between fibres is introduced into the evolution equation to determine fibre configurations using the BCF method. The fibre stresses are then determined based on the fibre configuration fields using the Phan–Thien–Graham model. The efficiency of the simulation method is demonstrated by the analysis of the two challenging problems, the axisymmetric contraction and expansion flows, for a range of the fibre concentration from semi-dilute to concentrated regimes. Results evidenced by numerical experiments show that the present method would be potential in analysing and simulating various suspensions in food and medical industries.
Increasing the functional quality of Crocus sativus L. by-product (tepals) by controlling spectral composition
Authors: Orlando Matteo , Trivellini Alice , Puccinelli Martina , Ferrante Antonio , Incrocci Luca , Mensuali-Sodi Anna
Published: February 2022

Crocus sativus L. is a crop grown for spice production, and large amounts of residues from the flowers are produced during the process. The underutilized by-product from saffron spice production, the C. sativus tepals, was investigated as a promising raw material of natural bioactive compounds using light spectrum manipulation in controlled environments. The plants were grown under either light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or natural light (NL, greenhouse). LED experiments were performed in controlled-environment chambers (120 µmol m–2 s–1of photosynthetically active radiation, 18 °C, 16-h photoperiod). The LED treatments used were as follows: (i) red ʎ = 660 nm (62%) and blue ʎ = 450 nm (38%) (RB); and (ii) red ʎ = 660 nm (50%), green ʎ = 500–600 nm (12%), and blue ʎ = 4 50 nm (38%) (RGB). Flower growth parameters, total phenols, total flavonoids, flavonols, flavonol glycosides, and antioxidant properties were measured in harvested tepals. Floral by-products from plants grown under the two LED treatments accumulated higher amounts of antioxidant compounds compared to those of plants grown under NL. The total flavonoids content was significantly enhanced in the RGB LED treatment, while the corolla fresh weight significantly declined in the same treatments. The higher content of bioactive secondary metabolites in plants grown under both RB and RGB light environments resulted in increased antioxidant capacity measured by DPPH free-radical scavenging capacity and the ferric reducing antioxidant power method. These results indicate that manipulation of LED spectra could boost secondary metabolites and antioxidant capacity to obtain phytochemically enriched floral by-products with superior functional quality.
Novel insights on acetylcholinesterase inhibition by Convolvulus pluricaulis, scopolamine and their combination in zebrafish
Authors: Karunakaran Kalyani Bindu , Thiyagaraj Anand , Santhakumar Kirankumar
Published: February 2022

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors increase the retention of acetylcholine (ACh) in synapses. Although they alleviate cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease, their limited benefits warrant investigations of plant extracts with similar properties. We studied the anti-AChE activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis (CP) in a zebrafish model of cognitive impairment induced by scopolamine (SCOP). CP is a perennial herb with anti-amnesiac and anxiolytic properties. It contains alkaloid, anthocyanin, coumarin, flavonoid, phytosterol and triterpenoid components. Isoxazole (ISOX) was used as a positive control for AChE inhibition. CP-treated 168 hpf larvae showed a similar pattern of AChE inhibition (in the myelencephalon and somites) as that of ISOX-treated larvae. CP was superior to ISOX as evidenced by the retention of avoidance response behavior in adult zebrafish. Molecular docking studies indicated that ISOX binds Ser203 of the catalytic triad on the human AChE. The active components of CP—scopoletin and kaempferol—were bound by His447 of the catalytic triad, the anionic subsite of the catalytic center, and the peripheral anionic site. This suggested the ability of CP to mediate both competitive and non-competitive modes of inhibition. Surprisingly, SCOP showed AChE inhibition in larvae, possibly mediated via the choline-binding sites. CP + SCOP induced a concentration-dependent increase in AChE inhibition and ACh depletion. Abnormal motor responses were observed with ISOX, CP, ISOX + SCOP, and CP + SCOP, indicative of undesirable effects on the peripheral cholinergic system. Our study proposes the examination of CP, SCOP, and CP + SCOP as potential AChE inhibitors for their ability to modulate cognitive deficits.
Electrospun composites nanofibers from cellulose acetate/carbon black as efficient adsorbents for heavy and light machine oil from aquatic environment
Authors: Elmaghraby Nehad A. , Omer Ahmed M. , Kenawy El-Refaie , Gaber Mohamed , El Nemr Ahmed
Published: February 2022

The feasibility of preparing cellulose acetate/carbon black (CA/CB) composite nanofiber in one step through electrospinning process and investigating its potential oil absorbability and application for machine oil removal from aquatic environment was reported. Different CA/CB composite nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning of cellulose acetate (CA) solution containing different loads of 0.7, 1.5, and 2.2% CB relative to the weight of CA and labeled as CA/CB0.7, CA/CB1.5, and CA/CB2.2. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed continuous and smooth fiber with submicron diameter ranging from 400–900 nm with good adhering of CB into CA nanofiber. Furthermore, the CA/CB composite nanofibers exhibited high surface area compared with CA nanofiber, which reached 3.057, 2.8718 and 8.244 m2/g for CA/CB0.7, CA/CB1.5 and CA/CB2.2, respectively. Oil adsorption tests were performed with heavy and light machine oils. The CA/CB composite nanofibers showed higher affinity for oil removal from an aqueous solution than pure CA nanofiber. The CA/CB1.5 composite nanofiber has an exceptional performance for the adsorption of both oils, and the maximum oil adsorbed reached 10.6 and 18.3 g/g for light and heavy machine oils, respectively. The kinetic of machine oils adsorption was fitted well by the pseudo-second-order model. Besides, CA/CB composite nanofiber exposed good adsorption properties and respectable reusability after regeneration for four consecutive cycles. The results advocate the excellent potential of as-fabricated CA/CB composite nanofiber as a promising reusable oil adsorbent for oil spill cleanup applications.
Eigenvalue-based entropy and spectrum of bipartite digraph
Authors: Sun Yan , Zhao Haixing
Published: February 2022

Graph entropy is an important measure of the evolution and complexity of networks. Bipartite graph is a special network and an important mathematical model for system resource allocation and management. In reality, a network system usually has obvious directionality. The direction of the network, or the movement trend of the network, can be described with spectrum index. However, little research has been done on the eigenvalue-based entropy of directed bipartite network. In this study, based on the adjacency matrix, the in-degree Laplacian matrix and the in-degree signless Laplacian matrix of directed bipartite graph, we defined the eigenvalue-based entropy for the directed bipartite network. Using the eigenvalue-based entropy, we described the evolution law of the directed bipartite network structure. Aiming at the direction and bipartite feature of the directed bipartite network, we improved the generation algorithm of the undirected network. We then constructed the directed bipartite nearest-neighbor coupling network, directed bipartite small-world network, directed bipartite scale-free network, and directed bipartite random network. In the proposed model, spectrum of those directed bipartite network is used to describe the directionality and bipartite property. Moreover, eigenvalue-based entropy is empirically studied on a real-world directed movie recommendation network, in which the law of eigenvalue-base entropy is observed. That is, if eigenvalue-based entropy value of the recommendation system is large, the evolution of movie recommendation network becomes orderless. While if eigenvalue-based entropy value is small, the structural evolution of the movie recommendation network tends to be regular. The simulation experiment shows that eigenvalue-based entropy value in the real directed bipartite network is between the values of a directed bipartite small world and a scale-free network. It shows that the real directed bipartite network has the structural property of the two typical directed bipartite networks. The coexistence of the small-world phenomena and the scale-free phenomena in the real network is consistent with the evolution law of typical network models. The experimental results show that the validity and rationality of the definition of eigenvalue-based entropy, which serves as a tool in the analysis of directed bipartite networks.
The development trend of China’s aging population: a forecast perspective
Authors: Liu Xuchong , Zhu Jianian , Zou Kai
Published: February 2022

To accurately predict the aging population in China, a novel grey prediction model (CFODGMW(1,1, $$\alpha $$
α
) model) is established in this study. The CFODGMW(1,1, $$\alpha $$
α
) model has all the advantages of the weighted least square method, combined fractional-order accumulation generation operation and grey prediction model with time power term, which makes it have excellent prediction performance. Compared with the traditional grey prediction model based on the least square method and the first-order accumulation operation, the CFODGMW(1,1, $$\alpha $$
α
) model has stronger adaptability. The proposed model and its competing models are used to analyze the aging population in five regions of China. The results show that the prediction performance of the CFODGMW(1,1, $$\alpha $$
α
) model is better than other models. Based on this, the CFODGMW(1,1, $$\alpha $$
α
) model is used to predict the aging population in China in the next 4 years, and some suggestions are given based on the development trend of the aging population.
Architecture Design and Interface Engineering of Self-assembly VS4/rGO Heterostructures for Ultrathin Absorbent
Authors: Li Qi , Zhao Xuan , Zhang Zheng , Xun Xiaochen , Zhao Bin , Xu Liangxu , Kang Zhuo , Liao Qingliang , Zhang Yue
Published: February 2022

The employment of microwave absorbents is highly desirable to address the increasing threats of electromagnetic pollution. Importantly, developing ultrathin absorbent is acknowledged as a linchpin in the design of lightweight and flexible electronic devices, but there are remaining unprecedented challenges. Herein, the self-assembly VS4/rGO heterostructure is constructed to be engineered as ultrathin microwave absorbent through the strategies of architecture design and interface engineering. The microarchitecture and heterointerface of VS4/rGO heterostructure can be regulated by the generation of VS4 nanorods anchored on rGO, which can effectively modulate the impedance matching and attenuation constant. The maximum reflection loss of 2VS4/rGO40 heterostructure can reach − 43.5 dB at 14 GHz with the impedance matching and attenuation constant approaching 0.98 and 187, respectively. The effective absorption bandwidth of 4.8 GHz can be achieved with an ultrathin thickness of 1.4 mm. The far-reaching comprehension of the heterointerface on microwave absorption performance is explicitly unveiled by experimental results and theoretical calculations. Microarchitecture and heterointerface synergistically inspire multi-dimensional advantages to enhance dipole polarization, interfacial polarization, and multiple reflections and scatterings of microwaves. Overall, the strategies of architecture design and interface engineering pave the way for achieving ultrathin and enhanced microwave absorption materials.
Positive Solutions for Anisotropic Singular Dirichlet Problems
Authors: Papageorgiou Nikolaos S. , Scapellato Andrea
Published: February 2022

We consider a Dirichlet problem driven by a (p(z), q(z))-Laplacian and a reaction involving the sum of a parametric singular term plus a superlinear perturbation. We prove a bifurcation-type result describing the changes in the set of positive solutions as the parameter $$\lambda >0$$

λ
>
0

varies. Also we show that for every admissible parameter the problem has a smallest positive solution and obtain the monotonicity and continuity properties of the minimal solution map.
Predicting the effect of dissolved humic acid on sorption of benzotriazole to biochar
Authors: Wu Lin , Zhao Xiaoli , Bi Erping
Published: February 2022

Dissolved organic matter plays a critical role in affecting sorption properties of biochar for organic contaminants. In this study, dissolved humic acid (DHA) as a representative of dissolved organic matter and oak sawdust-derived biochar as a sorbent were prepared and characterized. Roles of DHA in sorption of benzotriazole (BTA), an emerging organic contaminant, to biochar in different electrolyte solutions were investigated. The results revealed the dual roles of DHA in BTA sorption to biochar. On the one hand, DHA can compete for sites and/or block pores available for BTA to inhibit the adsorption of BTA to biochar. On the other hand, the sorbed DHA on biochar can serve as additional partitioning phase to promote the partition of BTA. The finding was in accordance with the site energy distribution analysis of BTA sorption that the site energy of the highest occurring frequency in the DHA-BTA system was lower than that in the DHA-free system (3.41–10.4 versus 13.1–20.1 kJ mol−1). The variation in apparent BTA sorption to biochar affected by DHA was thus a combination of changes in both its partition and adsorption properties. A modified Dual-mode model including the aqueous concentration of DHA was proposed to predict the effect of DHA on BTA sorption to biochar in different electrolyte solutions, which showed good prediction performance with most BTA sorption coefficient (Kd, L g−1) deviations within 0.1 log unit.
Disparities in Prenatal Sexually Transmitted Infections among a Diverse Population of Foreign-Born and US-Born Women
Authors: Noah Akaninyene , Hill Ashley V. , Perez-Patron Maria J. , Berenson Abbey B. , Comeaux Camilla R. , Taylor Brandie D.
Published: February 2022

This study examined association between foreign-born (FB) status and a sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or syphilis among a cohort of expecting mothers, and stratified by race/ethnicity. As a secondary analysis, subsequent adverse birth outcomes following STIs were examined. We used data from a large perinatal database to conduct a retrospective cohort study of 37,211 singleton births. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between FB status and STIs. We adjusted for maternal demographics, prior complications, and chronic disease. As a secondary analysis, we examined the association between STIs, and adverse birth outcomes stratified by FB status. FB women had lower odds of STI diagnosis (ORadj 0.81, 95% CI 0.71–0.93); this was observed for each STI. Among Hispanic women, FB status did not reduce odds of STIs (ORadj 0.89, 95% CI 0.76–1.04). However, FB Black women had reduced odds of STIs (ORadj 0.53, 95% CI 0.36–0.79). Secondary analyses revealed that STIs increased odds of adverse birth outcomes among US-born Black women but not US-born Hispanic women. Among FB Black women, STIs increased odds of medically indicated preterm birth (ORadj 3.77, 95% CI 1.19–12.00) and preeclampsia (ORadj 2.35, 95% CI 1.02–5.42). This was not observed among FB Hispanic women. Previous studies suggest that FB women are less likely to have adverse birth outcomes; our study extends this observation to risk of prenatal STIs. However, FB status does not protect Black women against adverse birth outcomes following an STI.
The abortion debate in American Christianity: church authority structures, denominational responses, and the stances of the affiliated
Authors: Bohrer Bryan
Published: February 2022

With religion serving an important role in shaping individuals’ stances on moral issues, the question of how religion impacts major social and political issues is of undeniable consequence. This paper explores both the response of Christian denominations in the USA to the evolving social dialog on abortion and the stances of affiliated members in relation to those denominational stances. For the first aspect, the organizational and authority structures of the denominations in question were examined to see if they play a role in how denominations responded to this social issue. For the second aspect, General Social Survey data were used to examine the general stances on abortion of the religiously affiliated belonging to specific polities over the past half-century. Polities were selected due to their similar organizational structures, as this granted insight into possible organizational influence at the individual level. This research highlights both the dissimilarities between similarly structured religious organizations and the general mindsets of the congregations on abortion as well as how the varying organizational structures in question exhibit inherent differences between one another yet have relative stability in their positions on abortion over time.
Agency and subjective health from early adulthood to mid-life: evidence from the prospective Youth Development Study
Authors: Mortimer Jeylan T. , Staff Jeremy
Published: February 2022

Understanding the determinants of subjective or self-rated health (SRH) is of central importance because SRH is a significant correlate of actual health as well as mortality. A large body of research has examined the correlates, antecedents, or presumed determinants of SRH, usually measured at a given time or endpoint. In the present study, we investigate whether individual mastery, a prominent indicator of agency, has a positive effect on SRH over a broad span of the life course. Drawing on longitudinal data from the Youth Development Study (n = 741), we examine the impacts of mastery on SRH over a 24-year period (from ages 21–22 to 45–46). The findings of a fixed effects analysis, controlling time-varying educational attainment, unemployment, age, obesity, serious health diagnoses, and time-constant individual differences, lead us to conclude that mastery is a stable predictor of SRH from early adulthood to mid-life. This study provides evidence that psychological resources influence individuals’ subjective assessment of their health, even when objective physical health variables and socioeconomic indicators are taken into account.
A review of microscopic cell imaging and neural network recognition for synergistic cyanobacteria identification and enumeration
Authors: Vaughan Liam , Zamyadi Arash , Ajjampur Suraj , Almutaram Husein , Freguia Stefano
Published: February 2022

Real-time cyanobacteria/algal monitoring is a valuable tool for early detection of harmful algal blooms, water treatment efficacy evaluation, and assists tailored water quality risk assessments by considering taxonomy and cell counts. This review evaluates and proposes a synergistic approach using neural network image recognition and microscopic imaging devices by first evaluating published literature for both imaging microscopes and image recognition. Quantitative phase imaging was considered the most promising of the investigated imaging techniques due to the provision of enhanced information relative to alternatives. This information provides significant value to image recognition neural networks, such as the convolutional neural networks discussed within this review. Considering published literature, a cyanobacteria monitoring system and corresponding image processing workflow using in situ sample collection buoys and on-shore sample processing was proposed. This system can be implemented using commercially available equipment to facilitate accurate, real-time water quality monitoring.

Graphical abstract
The Changing Flow of Energy Through the Climate System
Authors: Trenberth Kevin E.
Published: February 2022

Kevin E. Trenberth emphasizes the fundamental role of energy flows in the climate system and anthropogenic climate change. The distribution of heat, or more generally, energy, is the main determinant of weather patterns in the atmosphere and their impacts. The topics addressed cover many facets of climate and the climate crisis. These include the diurnal cycle; the seasons; energy differences between the continents and the oceans, the poles and the tropics; interannual variability such as Niño; natural decadal variability; and ice ages. Human-induced climate change rides on and interacts with all of these natural phenomena, and the result is an unevenly warming planet and changing weather extremes. The book emphasizes the need to not only slow or stop climate change, but also to better prepare for it and build resilience. Students, researchers, and professionals from a wide range of backgrounds will benefit from this deeper understanding of climate change.
Kingman’s model with random mutation probabilities: convergence and condensation I
Authors: Yuan Linglong
Published: February 2022

For a one-locus haploid infinite population with discrete generations, the celebrated model of Kingman describes the evolution of fitness distributions under the competition of selection and mutation, with a constant mutation probability. This paper generalises Kingman’s model by using independent and identically distributed random mutation probabilities, to reflect the influence of a random environment. The weak convergence of fitness distributions to the globally stable equilibrium is proved. Condensation occurs when almost surely a positive proportion of the population travels to and condenses at the largest fitness value. Condensation may occur when selection is favoured over mutation. A criterion for the occurrence of condensation is given.
Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Geriatric Residents in Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Mehdi Syed Muhammad Ahsan , Meyers Barnett , Nathanson Mark , Devanand D. P.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. COVID-19 pandemic has raised serious concerns about the mental well-being of the older residents of long-term care facilities. The authors discuss the developing mental health crisis in this population, focusing on the major psychiatric manifestations of the COVID-19 and their underlying pathophysiology. Despite early reports of resilience among older persons against the impact of chronic lockdown, current literature suggests an overall negative impact on the mental health in this population.
Punitive Reactions to Tax Evasion in Italy
Authors: De Cristofaro Valeria , Giacomantonio Mauro
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The present research investigates whether and how intentionality of (i.e., a retribution-related factor) and the difficulty to detect (i.e., a utilitarianism-related factor) tax evasion may influence people’s punitive reactions depending on individual differences in economic system justification. Results of a moderation analysis revealed (a) a positive effect of intentionality, but not difficult to detect, on punitiveness; (b) a negative effect of economic system justification on punitiveness; (c) an interactive effect between intentionality and economic system justification, suggesting that intentionality predicts punitive reactions towards tax evaders only when economic system justification is low. These results qualify the notion that people are more concerned about retribution than about utilitarianism, thereby providing support for the intuitive retributivism hypothesis. Also, they suggest that economic system justification plays a role in demotivating punishment toward tax evaders, especially in conjunction with retribution.
A Painful Message
Authors: Aharoni Eyal , Simpson David , Nahmias Eddy , Gollwitzer Mario
Published: February 2022

Abstract. This preregistered experiment examined two proximate drivers of retributive punishment attitudes: the motivation to make the perpetrator suffer, and understand the wrongfulness of his offense. In a sample of 514 US adults, we presented criminal case summaries that varied the level of suffering (absent vs. present) and understanding (absent vs. present) experienced by the perpetrator and measured punishment judgments and attitudes. Our results demonstrate, as predicted, that participants were more satisfied by the sentence and less punitive when they believed that the perpetrator had suffered from the punishment or that he understood the wrongfulness of his actions. This pattern held across crimes of varying seriousness (theft vs. aggravated robbery) and across two narrative perspectives (participant as victim vs. participant as third party). However, joint evidence of suffering and understanding did not strengthen this effect, contrary to predictions. We discuss the implications of these findings for leading philosophical theories of punishment.
Testing the Intuitive Retributivism Dual Process Model
Authors: Rehren Paul , Zisman Valerij
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Research on the motives individuals have to punish criminal offenders suggests that punitive reactions are primarily driven by retributive, not utilitarian, motives. To explain this, several authors have suggested a dual process model (DPM) of punitive reactions. According to this model, punitive reactions are the product of two distinct types of processing (type I and type II), which differentially support retributive vs. utilitarian punishment motives. In response to cases of criminal wrongdoing, type I swiftly outputs a retributive reaction. In contrast, for utilitarian motives to play a role, this reaction has to be overridden by type II processing, which only happens rarely. In this article, we argue that despite its popularity, there is little concrete evidence for the DPM. We then report the results of a preregistered study investigating the effect of increased processing effort on retributive vs. utilitarian punitive reactions. We argue that the results fail to support the DPM.
Magnetotelluric Evidence for Distributed Lithospheric Modification Beneath the Yinchuan‐Jilantai Rift System and Its Implications for Late Cenozoic Rifting in Western North China
Authors: Li Xin , Chen Yun , Tian Xiaobo , Liu Shaozhuo
Published: February 2022

The Yinchuan‐Jilantai rift system (YJRS) is a prominent Cenozoic intracontinental rift zone located along the northwestern margin of the Ordos Block in western North China. Although the absence of volcanism indicates a passive origin, the tectonic driving forces and rift‐related deep processes remain poorly understood. Here we use newly obtained broadband magnetotelluric (MT) data to image the lithospheric electrical structure along a ∼500‐km‐long profile across the YJRS. At middle–lower crustal levels, the resulting model reveals several subvertical, crustal‐scale conductors that spatially correlate with the rift‐parallel, high‐angle normal faults. We attribute these features to a combined effect of saline fluids and partial melt due to recent supply of heat and volatiles into the crust from below. The crustal‐penetrating normal faults that were reactivated during extension serve as permeable pathways for deep fluid migration. In the uppermost mantle, a ∼400‐km‐wide zone of enhanced conductivity is present and requires the presence of partial melt. We interpret this feature as evidence for lithospheric modification through upwelling and decompressional melting of the volatile‐enriched mantle. When compared with the narrow (<100‐km‐wide) mantle conductors imaged beneath the Shanxi rift system along the eastern margin of the Ordos Block, such a feature indicates the YJRS has experienced a larger extent of lithospheric modification. Combined with additional geologic and geophysical observations, we attribute this essential difference to the inherited lithospheric heterogeneity and the eastward decreasing far‐field impacts from the India‐Eurasia collision.
Submesoscale Processes in the Upper Red Sea
Authors: Zhan Peng , Guo Daquan , Krokos George , Dong Jihai , Duran Rodrigo , Hoteit Ibrahim
Published: February 2022

Spatial‐temporal submesoscale variabilities in the upper Red Sea and their generation mechanisms, including frontogenesis, mixed‐layer instability (MLI), and symmetric instability (SI) are qualitatively investigated using high‐resolution simulations. The results suggest that submesoscales are critical hydrodynamic components and stirring at submesoscale has a clear signal in the Red Sea, enhanced in winter, particularly in the central and northern basins, and intensified toward the eastern coast. Frontogenesis and MLI energize submesoscales with winter peaks, when SI could also be triggered by the enhanced frontal gradients and buoyancy loss that reduce the surface potential vorticity. The MLI and SI have larger (smaller) scales in winter (summer). The seasonal submesoscale variability is governed by the vertical structure of the mixed layer forced by atmospheric conditions, significantly modulating the mesoscale eddies' seasonality via an inverse cascade. This study offers new insights into understanding the Red Sea submesoscales and have potential applications to other marginal seas.
Deficiencies of Phenology Models in Simulating Spatial and Temporal Variations in Temperate Spring Leaf Phenology
Authors: Li Shihua , Wang Yingping , Ciais Philippe , Sitch Stephen , Sato Hisashi , Shen Miaogen , Chen Xiuzhi , Ito Akihiko , Wu Chaoyang , Kucharik Christopher J. , Yuan Wenping
Published: February 2022

Spring leaf phenology and its response to climate change have crucial effects on surface albedo, carbon balance, and the water cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. Based on long‐term (period 1963–2014) in situ observations of budburst date and leaf unfolding date of more than 300 deciduous woody species from 32 sites across the temperate zone in China, we conducted model‐data comparison of spatial and temporal variations for spring leaf phenology calculated using the phenology modules that were embed into 10 existing terrestrial ecosystem models. Our results suggested that ORganizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic EcosystEms and Spatially Explicit Individual‐Based performed the best in reproducing the spatial patterns of spring leaf phenology, but tended to underestimate the temporal variations in responding to temperature warming, showing low interannual variability (IAV) and temperature sensitivity (ST). In contrast, the performances of Vegetation Integrated SImulator for Trace Gases were the best in modeling IAV and ST. BIOME3, Lund‐Potsdam‐Jena model, Joint UK Land Environment Simulator, BioGeochemical Cycles, Community Land Model, Integrated Biosphere Simulator, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange Model failed to reproduce both the spatial and temporal patterns. Using temperature series (1960–2100) form Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Number 6 scenarios to force the 10 phenology modules, our results highlighted large uncertainties in predicting spring leaf phenology changes with the warming climate, and more work is required to deal with the deficiencies of phenology model parameters and algorithms.
Integrating Perspectives on Dissolved Organic Carbon Removal and Whole‐Stream Metabolism
Authors: Plont Stephen , Riney Jacob , Hotchkiss Erin R.
Published: February 2022

Quantifying organic carbon (OC) removal in streams is needed to integrate the functional role of inland waters into landscape carbon budgets. To illustrate how in‐stream OC removal measurements can be used to characterize ecosystem and landscape carbon fluxes, we compared two common methods: (a) Bioassays measuring water column dissolved organic carbon (DOC) uptake and (b) daily rates of whole‐stream metabolism and OC spiraling calculated from fluorescent dissolved organic matter, oxygen, and discharge measurements. We then assessed how OC removal rates from these two methods, measured in two low‐productivity heterotrophic streams, affected estimates of terrestrial OC loading and export using a mass balance model. OC mineralization velocities calculated from whole‐stream metabolism (0.06 ± 0.03 m d−1 (mean ± SD)) were greater than water column bioassay DOC uptake velocities (0.01 ± 0.01 m d−1), which resulted in higher in‐stream OC removal estimates (0.5%–15.2% and 0.02%–4.2% removal for whole‐stream metabolism and bioassays, respectively). Furthermore, the terrestrial OC inputs needed to sustain in‐stream OC concentrations differ among methods, with simulated inputs ranging from 79 to 1,300 or 3–350 g OC d−1 for whole‐stream metabolism or bioassays, respectively. We show how in‐stream OC removal can be used to quantify terrestrial‐aquatic linkages by estimating OC inputs needed to fuel whole‐stream metabolism in low‐productivity streams, and offer future directions to better link OC removal with whole‐ecosystem OC budgets. Without appropriate conversions to whole‐stream processes, bioassays systematically underestimate whole‐stream carbon cycling. By integrating whole‐stream metabolism with OC transport, we can better elucidate the role of running waters in landscape carbon budgets and the global carbon cycle.
TRIM45 causes neuronal damage by aggravating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation upon cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury
Authors: Xia Qian , Zhan Gaofeng , Mao Meng , Zhao Yin , Li Xing
Published: February 2022

Excessive and unresolved neuroinflammation is a key component of the pathological cascade in brain injuries such as ischemic stroke. Tripartite motif-containing 45 (TRIM45) is a ubiquitin E3 ligase involved in various critical biological processes. However, the role of TRIM45 in cerebral ischemia remains unknown. Here, we found that the TRIM45 protein was highly expressed in the peri-infarct areas of mice subjected to cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. This study systemically evaluated the putative role of TRIM45 in the regulation of neuroinflammation during ischemic injury and the potential underlying mechanisms. We found that TRIM45 knockdown significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in primary cultured microglia challenged with oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) treatment. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that TRIM45 constitutively interacted with TAB2 and consequently facilitated the Lys-63-linked polyubiquitination of TAB2, leading to the formation of the TAB1–TAK1–TAB2 complex and activation of TAK1, which was ultimately followed by activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In an in vitro coculture Transwell system, downregulation of TRIM45 expression also inhibited the OGD/R-induced activation of microglia and alleviated neuronal apoptosis. More importantly, microglia-specific knockdown of TRIM45 in mice significantly reduced the infarct size, mitigated neurological deficit scores, and improved cognitive function after ischemic stroke. Taken together, our study reveals that the TRIM45–TAB2 axis is a crucial checkpoint that controls NF-κB signaling in microglia during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Therefore, targeting TRIM45 may be an attractive therapeutic strategy.
The m6A reader IGF2BP3 promotes acute myeloid leukemia progression by enhancing RCC2 stability
Authors: Zhang Nan , Shen Yan , Li Huan , Chen Ying , Zhang Ping , Lou Shifeng , Deng Jianchuan
Published: February 2022

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant posttranscriptional modification of mRNA in eukaryotes. Recent evidence suggests that dysregulated m6A-associated proteins and m6A modifications play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of diseases such as cancer. Here, we identified that IGF2BP3 is specifically overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a subtype of leukemia associated with poor prognosis and high genetic risk. IGF2BP3 is required for maintaining AML cell survival in an m6A-dependent manner, and knockdown of IGF2BP3 dramatically suppresses the apoptosis, reduces the proliferation, and impairs the leukemic capacity of AML cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, IGF2BP3 interacts with RCC2 mRNA and stabilizes the expression of m6A-modified RNA. Thus, we provided compelling evidence demonstrating that the m6A reader IGF2BP3 contributes to tumorigenesis and poor prognosis in AML and can serve as a target for the development of cancer therapeutics.
Three doses of prototypic SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine induce cross-protection against its variants of concern
Authors: Xie Tianhong , Lu Shuaiyao , He Zhanlong , Liu Hongqi , Wang Junbin , Tang Cong , Yang Ting , Yu Wenhai , Li Hua , Yang Yun , Yang Hao , Yue Lei , Zhou Yanan , Yang Fengmei , Luo Zhiwu , Li Yanyan , Xiang Hong , Zhao Yuan , Wang Jie , Wang Haixuan , Long Runxiang , Kuang Dexuan , Tan Wenjie , Peng Xiaozhong , Li Qihan , Xie Zhongping
Published: February 2022

Variants are globally emerging very quickly following pandemic prototypic SARS-CoV-2. To evaluate the cross-protection of prototypic SARS-CoV-2 vaccine against its variants, we vaccinated rhesus monkeys with three doses of prototypic SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine, followed by challenging with emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). These vaccinated animals produced neutralizing antibodies against Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants, although there were certain declinations of geometric mean titer (GMT) as compared with prototypic SARS-CoV-2. Of note, in vivo this prototypic vaccine not only reduced the viral loads in nasal, throat and anal swabs, pulmonary tissues, but also improved the pathological changes in the lung infected by variants of Alpha, Beta, and Delta. In summary, the prototypic SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine in this study protected against VOCs to certain extension, which is of great significance for prevention and control of COVID-19.
Spinal cord injury reprograms muscle fibroadipogenic progenitors to form heterotopic bones within muscles
Authors: Tseng Hsu-Wen , Girard Dorothée , Alexander Kylie A. , Millard Susan M. , Torossian Frédéric , Anginot Adrienne , Fleming Whitney , Gueguen Jules , Goriot Marie-Emmanuelle , Clay Denis , Jose Beulah , Nowlan Bianca , Pettit Allison R. , Salga Marjorie , Genêt François , Bousse-Kerdilès Marie-Caroline Le , Banzet Sébastien , Lévesque Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2022

The cells of origin of neurogenic heterotopic ossifications (NHOs), which develop frequently in the periarticular muscles following spinal cord injuries (SCIs) and traumatic brain injuries, remain unclear because skeletal muscle harbors two progenitor cell populations: satellite cells (SCs), which are myogenic, and fibroadipogenic progenitors (FAPs), which are mesenchymal. Lineage-tracing experiments using the Cre recombinase/LoxP system were performed in two mouse strains with the fluorescent protein ZsGreen specifically expressed in either SCs or FAPs in skeletal muscles under the control of the Pax7 or Prrx1 gene promoter, respectively. These experiments demonstrate that following muscle injury, SCI causes the upregulation of PDGFRα expression on FAPs but not SCs and the failure of SCs to regenerate myofibers in the injured muscle, with reduced apoptosis and continued proliferation of muscle resident FAPs enabling their osteogenic differentiation into NHOs. No cells expressing ZsGreen under the Prrx1 promoter were detected in the blood after injury, suggesting that the cells of origin of NHOs are locally derived from the injured muscle. We validated these findings using human NHO biopsies. PDGFRα+ mesenchymal cells isolated from the muscle surrounding NHO biopsies could develop ectopic human bones when transplanted into immunocompromised mice, whereas CD56+ myogenic cells had a much lower potential. Therefore, NHO is a pathology of the injured muscle in which SCI reprograms FAPs to undergo uncontrolled proliferation and differentiation into osteoblasts.
Massive iron accumulation in PKAN-derived neurons and astrocytes: light on the human pathological phenotype
Authors: Santambrogio Paolo , Ripamonti Maddalena , Cozzi Anna , Raimondi Marzia , Cavestro Chiara , Di Meo Ivano , Rubio Alicia , Taverna Stefano , Tiranti Valeria , Levi Sonia
Published: February 2022

Neurodegeneration associated with defective pantothenate kinase-2 (PKAN) is an early-onset monogenic autosomal-recessive disorder. The hallmark of the disease is the massive accumulation of iron in the globus pallidus brain region of patients. PKAN is caused by mutations in the PANK2 gene encoding the mitochondrial enzyme pantothenate kinase-2, whose function is to catalyze the first reaction of the CoA biosynthetic pathway. To date, the way in which this alteration leads to brain iron accumulation has not been elucidated. Starting from previously obtained hiPS clones, we set up a differentiation protocol able to generate inhibitory neurons. We obtained striatal-like medium spiny neurons composed of approximately 70–80% GABAergic neurons and 10–20% glial cells. Within this mixed population, we detected iron deposition in both PKAN cell types, however, the viability of PKAN GABAergic neurons was strongly affected. CoA treatment was able to reduce cell death and, notably, iron overload. Further differentiation of hiPS clones in a pure population of astrocytes showed particularly evident iron accumulation, with approximately 50% of cells positive for Perls staining. The analysis of these PKAN astrocytes indicated alterations in iron metabolism, mitochondrial morphology, respiratory activity, and oxidative status. Moreover, PKAN astrocytes showed signs of ferroptosis and were prone to developing a stellate phenotype, thus gaining neurotoxic features. This characteristic was confirmed in iPS-derived astrocyte and glutamatergic neuron cocultures, in which PKAN glutamatergic neurons were less viable in the presence of PKAN astrocytes. This newly generated astrocyte model is the first in vitro disease model recapitulating the human phenotype and can be exploited to deeply clarify the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the disease.
Salt-inducible kinases inhibitor HG-9-91-01 targets RIPK3 kinase activity to alleviate necroptosis-mediated inflammatory injury
Authors: Huang Dongxuan , Chen Pengfei , Huang Guoqing , Sun Huimin , Luo Xiaohua , He Chaowen , Chen Fei , Wang Yong , Zeng Changchun , Su Lianhui , Zeng Xiaobin , Lu Jiachun , Li Shiyue , Huang Dongsheng , Gao Hanchao , Cao Mengtao
Published: February 2022

Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) functions as a central regulator of necroptosis, mediating signaling transduction to activate pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) phosphorylation. Increasing evidences show that RIPK3 contributes to the pathologies of inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis, infection and colitis. Here, we identified a novel small molecular compound Salt-inducible Kinases (SIKs) inhibitor HG-9-91-01 inhibiting necroptosis by targeting RIPK3 kinase activity. We found that SIKs inhibitor HG-9-91-01 could block TNF- or Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated necroptosis independent of SIKs. We revealed that HG-9-91-01 dramatically decreased cellular activation of RIPK3 and MLKL. Meanwhile, HG-9-91-01 inhibited the association of RIPK3 with MLKL and oligomerization of downstream MLKL. Interestingly, we found that HG-9-91-01 also trigger RIPK3-RIPK1-caspase 1-caspase 8-dependent apoptosis, which activated cleavage of GSDME leading to its dependent pyroptosis. Mechanistic studies revealed that SIKs inhibitor HG-9-91-01 directly inhibited RIPK3 kinase activity to block necroptosis and interacted with RIPK3 and recruited RIPK1 to activate caspases leading to cleave GSDME. Importantly, mice pretreated with HG-9-91-01 showed resistance to TNF-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Consistently, HG-9-91-01 treatment protected mice against Staphylococcus aureus-mediated lung damage through targeting RIPK3 kinase activity. Overall, our results revealed that SIKs inhibitor HG-9-91-01 is a novel inhibitor of RIPK3 kinase and a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of necroptosis-mediated inflammatory diseases.