bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Jesuits and the Enlightenment
Authors: Rubiés Joan-Pau
Published: October 2018

How we think of the relationship between the Jesuits and the Enlightenment largely depends on how we conceptualize the latter. This chapter addresses it as a series of debates conducted in the context of a cosmopolitan Republic of Letters, and a number of specific cultural practices that made that very Republic possible. The Jesuits were, therefore, participants in, rather than enemies of, the Enlightenment. Because they combined theological conservatism with cultural modernity, the Jesuits were feared and resented with particular vehemence. Placed between two different modernities, one characterized by global structures of communication and learning, as well as by the practices of cultural accommodation, the other by the attack on superstition and religious authority, the Jesuits helped create the conditions for the Enlightenment, making important but paradoxical contributions to some of its central debates. Nowhere was this more obvious than in the impact of missionary ethnographies concerning the “Gentile” pagan peoples of the world.
Jesuit Missions’ Past and the Idea of Return
Authors: Wilde Guillermo
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores narratives about the past of the Jesuit missions in the context of the restoration of the Society of Jesus in the Iberian world in the nineteenth century. The first narrative is that of the Jesuits themselves, who try to connect their missionary past and present, by building a continuity based on the texts of the Ignatian spirituality (Constitutions, Spiritual Exercises, letters, hagiographies, etc.). The second narrative is that of the independent states that emerged from the collapse of the Iberian monarchies. Independent states expected from the restored Jesuit order to contribute to the construction of the new nations and the foundation of a new secular regime based on education. The third narrative is that of the local Christian communities, which had continued with devotional practices learned in the earlier Jesuit period. Religious practices of these communities would gradually become an object of condemnation by the returned Jesuits and ecclesiastical authorities for their autonomy and heterodoxy.
Weight Identity Among Older Adults in the United States: Genetic and Environmental Influences
Authors: Wedow Robbee , Briley Daniel A. , Short Susan E. , Boardman Jason
Published: October 2018

This chapter uses twin pairs from the Midlife in the United States study to investigate the genetic and environmental influences on perceived weight status for midlife adults. The inquiry builds on previous work investigating the same phenomenon in adolescents, and it shows that perceived weight status is not only heritable, but also heritable beyond objective weight. Subjective assessment of physical weight is independent of one’s physical weight and described as “weight identity.” Importantly, significant differences are shown in the heritability of weight identity among men and women. The chapter ends by discussing the potential relevance of these findings for broader social identity research.
Associations Between Personality and Health Behaviors Across the Life Span
Authors: Turiano Nicholas A. , Hill Patrick L. , Graham Eileen K. , Mroczek Daniel K.
Published: October 2018

Personality traits are robust predictors of health over the life span and behavioral choices connect personality to health. Personality characteristics predict whether individuals will engage in health-promoting or health-detrimental behaviors. The chapter examines personality–behavior associations and reviews the Health Behavior Model of personality and associated literature. It focuses on how the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study has advanced research by discussing both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between personality traits and behavior and interactive effects among personality traits. Findings suggest that higher levels of neuroticism and lower levels of conscientiousness are associated with engagement in detrimental behaviors. These associations tend to persist over time. Also discussed are the methodological advances using MIDUS data to formally test mediation models. Future directions can advance understanding of personality–behavior associations, including examining the bidirectional relationship between behavior and personality and identifying whether such associations differ by age.
Social Inequalities, Psychological Risk and Resilience, and Health
Authors: Morozink Boylan Jennifer , Coe Christopher L. , Ryff Carol D.
Published: October 2018

Epidemiological evidence from the Midlife in the United States and other studies shows robust socioeconomic disparities in mental and physical health outcomes. Considerable heterogeneity exists in health within socioeconomic strata; not all socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals exhibit poor health. Evidence is presented supporting an integrative conceptual framework wherein psychological factors moderate the association between socioeconomic status and health, illuminating unique risk and resilience profiles. Regarding protective factors, distinctions between hedonic well-being and eudaimonic well-being are highlighted. Regarding psychological risk factors, the focus is on the experience and expression of anger. Several pathways through which socioeconomic and psychological factors may affect health, including health behaviors, emotion regulation, and physiological responses to stress are considered. The chapter concludes with directions for future research, including efforts to integrate psychological strengths and risk factors and the need for longitudinal and intervention approaches to address the public health issue of health disparities from a biopsychosocial perspective.
Latino/as and Sports
Authors: Iber Jorge
Published: October 2018

Spanish-surnamed athletes have been part of American sports for many decades, yet they have not been adequately recognized for their contributions, particularly at the collegiate and high school levels. As the nation’s demographics continue to change, Latinos/as in rural areas are even becoming prominent in athletics, as well as in states outside of the areas considered “traditional” for this population. How will such changes impact social relations both on and off the fields of athletic competition? It is important to focus on two critical issues with this burgeoning population: (1) Why do Latinos/as continue to be underrepresented at all levels of collegiate sport?; and (2) What are some of the issues concerning the classification of Latino/a athletes who do not have Spanish surnames? Are they to be chastised if they do not choose to represent the nations of their ethnic background?
Ideology as Alienated Socialization
Authors: Rehmann Jan
Published: October 2018

Against a widespread misunderstanding, Marx and Engels did not consider ideology as a mere form of consciousness expressing an underlying economic interest. They developed a critical approach that saw ideology as an alienated socialization from above, which is to be overcome in a classless society. It is also shown that their ideology-critical approach was not restricted to a critique of “false consciousness” but was mainly interested in unveiling the real “inversions” in the societal relations of class societies: the division of manual and intellectual labor; the fetishism of the commodity, money, and capital; and finally in the detached position of the state emerging together with class antagonisms as the “first ideological power” (Engels) over society. Marx and Engels thus anticipated a materialist concept of the ideological that was later developed explicitly in theories of hegemony and of ideology (e.g. by Gramsci, Althusser and the Berlin Projekt Ideologietheorie [PIT]).
Marx’s Conceptualization of Value in Capital
Authors: Reuten Geert
Published: October 2018

This article reviews the three conceptual stages of the determinants of the commodities’ value in Marx’s Capital. It concludes that the dynamic second stage (designed in 1866–1867) overrules the third stage—of prices of production (designed 1864–1865). The first stage (Capital I, Part 1) is an important, though static averages account, positing that the commodities’ value is determined by average socially necessary labor time. The second stage (Capital I, Part 4) is a dynamic account of the “intensity of labour” and the mainly technology determined “productive power of labour,” each one implying, first, that clock-time of labor is an insufficient measure and, second, that rates of surplus value diverge between sectors of production. Whereas intensity determined intersector rates of surplus value might equalize due to intralabor competition, Marx posits no mechanism for such equalization regarding the technology determined productive power. The third stage posits the transformation of values into prices of production (Capital III, Part 2—its text being based on a manuscript from 1864–1865). The article’s main finding is that the determinant of the “technology associated productive power” was a novel result of Marx’s 1866–1867 final version of Capital I (1867). It makes Marx’s earlier third stage redundant.
The Sharing Economy
Authors: Schor Juliet B. , Cansoy Mehmet
Published: October 2018

The “sharing economy” has become highly contentious. This chapter takes a broad view, addressing key issues in ongoing debates: terminology, participation, experiences, regulation, discrimination, and inequality. High cultural capital (HCC) participants, who are the majority, see themselves creating a virtuous moral alternative to the conventional market. However, their activities increasingly take place on large for-profit platforms that are resulting in a series of undesirable outcomes. These include pervasive racial and class discrimination, and the generation of inequality. The two largest platforms (Airbnb and Uber) have had adverse effects on urban housing and transportation, which have been the subject of recent regulatory efforts. Ultimately, the dynamism of the sharing economy, and the lack of fixed institutions, norms, and participants, means consumer researchers should be asking critical questions about the sector, its claims of common good, and its impact on social life.
Deportation, Crisis, and Social Change
Authors: Drotbohm Heike , Hasselberg Ines
Published: October 2018

In contemporary migration policy and practice across the globe, deportation has emerged as an apparently inevitable response to real, or otherwise perceived, migration crises. A skeptical attitudetoward the analytic use of “crisis” in the context of deportation is called for, as is the need to concentrate on the political genealogy of the term, which culminates in the justification of “emergency” policies and the implementation of new measures of control. Yet, at the same time—when states govern undocumented or unwanted residents through deportation and employ the notion of crisis for justifying irregular and often violent acts towards deportable subjects—a situation emerges that indeed shares key characteristics with the definition of crisis. Not only deportees, but also their families and other community members perceive the threat, the execution, and the outcome of deportation as a radical disruption from the norm, a break of a situation considered normal, stable, and healthy. By means of distinguishing different levels of perceptions as well as rationales of linking deportation to the notion of crisis, the transformative element inherent in deportation is revealed, which complicates popular and political notions of membership, security, and mobility.
Managing the “Refugee Crisis” along the Balkan Route
Authors: Minca Claudio , Šantić Danica , Umek Dragan
Published: October 2018

This chapter reflects on the management of the “refugee crisis” along the Balkan Route on the part of the Serbian authorities by highlighting how, with the exception of the dramatic months of the second part of 2015, when over 800,000 refugees crossed with largely no opposition the entire region to reach the rest of Europe, the presence of refugees in Serbia and their related mobility has been somehow normalized. Serbia has been long prepared to provide humanitarian support to the refugees using the informal Balkan Route, since their presence is not considered contingent but rather constitutive of the mutated European geographies of irregular migrations. The “refugee crisis” also has put Serbia under a positive light internationally thanks to the relatively unconditional humanitarian support that guides its policy toward these families and individuals on the move. While this may place Serbia in a stronger position when negotiating its relationship with the European Union, the chapter also argues that the permanent presence of the refugees and related hospitality camps is important for the impact that they have on some local economies but also for the streams of funding coming from the rest of Europe. The chapter thus problematizes the idea of a permanent “refugee crisis” along the Balkan Route, and in Serbia in particular, and at the same time emphasizes how the role of Serbia in the new European geographies of humanitarian management of displaced people is increasingly important for its integration into the broader economic and political geographies of the continent.
Poor Things, Vile Things
Authors: Shannon Laurie
Published: October 2018

This chapter considers Shakespeare’s comedies as they approach human being comparatively, as a species or ‘kind’. While evidence can readily be found supporting a sense of human privilege, perhaps surprisingly we also find human negative exceptionalism—a sense that humans are uniquely weak among creatures and fundamentally at sea in the cosmos: ‘poor things’. This chapter draws on natural-historical thought (from Pliny’s Historia naturalis to Darwin’s Descent of Man) to consider Shakespeare’s comedy as a taxonomic project in its own right, working with The Winter’s Tale, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, and the Induction to The Taming of the Shrew. Shakespeare’s ‘comedy of kinds’ sets up what we might call calamities of exposure, and it answers by exploring the terms of entry into what we should call the human fold; comic community, in other words, figures species membership itself.
Shakespearean Comedy and the Senses
Authors: Curran Kevin
Published: October 2018

In Shakespeare’s comedies, sensation is both a problem and a solution. It is the source of division and the grounds of unity. This paradox is consistent with the early modern period’s mixed conception of the senses. If antitheatrical tracts and clerical literature denounced sensory experience as an impediment to truth and spiritual understanding, printed defences of theatre and a variety of medical and psychological tracts treated the senses as a powerful source of knowledge and judgement. This essay traces how Shakespeare’s treatment of the senses relates to both of these traditions. It addresses the connection between this double rendering of sensation and comic form and concludes by considering the ethical implications of sensory experience in the theatre. Examples are drawn from a variety of plays, including The Comedy of Errors, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, and As You Like It.
Shakespearean Comedy and the Discourses of Print
Authors: Kiefer Frederick
Published: October 2018

The printing press wrought huge changes in European culture, and among these is the proliferation of letters and books on the stage. In Shakespeare’s comedies letters become an integral part of wooing, pledging the writer’s love and beseeching the affectionate response of the reader. Letters, however, may prove unreliable as an indicator of the writer’s heart. And those letters at times may represent society’s reservations about the printed word, which moved in tandem with the written. Figurative language, whether deployed in writing or print, registers the twofold status that words may possess in a romantic context. By the time Queen Elizabeth died, love letters had become a source of mockery.
Brexit Dreams
Authors: Escolme Bridget
Published: October 2018

This essay considers some of the cultural and political drives underpinning the production of Shakespeare’s comedies, particularly Much Ado About Nothing and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. With a focus on configurations of the nostalgic and the critical in performance, I consider the purpose of performing 400-year-old comedies now, at a time when British and American Shakespeare production companies continue to be optimistic about the role of Shakespeare in culture and education, but when these cultures—at least as they feature in the mainstream media—appear never more divided. What kind of comedy is needed at this fraught or divisive time, in the second decade of the twenty-first century? As media-styled ‘liberal elites’ mourn for progressive politics whilst right-wing ‘populism’ indulges its nostalgia for an imagined migrant-free nationhood, Escolme examines the part that Shakespeare production plays in reflecting and constructing cultural nostalgia.
Problem Comedies
Authors: Arnold Oliver
Published: October 2018

This chapter challenges the traditional term ‘problem play’ to categorize Troilus and Cressida, Measure for Measure, and All’s Well That Ends Well and instead looks at them as ‘comedies of rule’, in which young lovers seeking romantic felicity share the stage with rulers seeking power. Earlier comedies, of course, feature rulers such as dukes or kings, but in these the political interests of (mostly) benevolent rulers are aligned with the romantic interests of young lovers. In Troilus, Measure, and All’s Well, rulers, far from felicitously reconciling the assertion of their own power and the liberation of lovers from oppressive parents, consolidate political authority by regulating romantic desire. The chapter argues that this darker version of the comic ruler is a response to James I’s absolutist construction of the relation between rex and lex and his investment in fashioning himself as parens patriae.
The Person Model Theory and the Question of Situatedness of Social Understanding
Authors: Newen Albert
Published: October 2018

Humans are hyper-social beings, highly dependent on others and on successfully interacting with them. Which theory can adequately describe our ability to understand others? In the literature we have an intense debate among proponents of theory-theory, simulation theory, and interaction theory. I argue first that none of these accounts is adequate but that we need to go in the direction of what I call the “person model theory.” The second important question is which types of embodiment (or further aspects of 4E) are systematically relevant for social understanding according to the person model theory? I argue that there are clear cases of embodiment of social understanding, while extendedness and/or enactment seem to be only clearly implemented in early infancy. Furthermore, 4E features of being embodied, enacted, extended, or embedded can only be ascribed to an implementation, a token of a specific type which makes the 4E features intensely context-dependent.
Thinking and feeling
Authors: Hobson R. Peter
Published: October 2018

When reflecting on the nature of thought, it is helpful to consider how thinking develops. Here I consider how in typical development, creative flexible thinking emerges over the first two years of a child’s life. Thinking develops through, and is grounded in, affective communication between the child and other expressive, embodied persons who relate to a shared world. In order to come to think symbolically (in a full sense), a human being needs to share and coordinate experiences of the world on a non-inferential, affective basis, drawing on biologically based capacities to identify with the attitudes of others. Individuals with autism and/or congenital blindness illustrate the implications for the development of thinking when a child’s experience of self-other-world relations are compromised in these respects.
Critical Note
Authors: Stephan Achim
Published: October 2018

Having introduced situated affectivity, I locate the contributions to this section within this new framework: Carr and colleagues argue that embodied emotional processes strongly (though not indispensably) influence cognitive and motivational tasks. Bypassing the debate on causal dependency (embeddedness) and co-constitution (extendedness), I propose the category of environmental affective scaffolding as the one Hobson’s contribution fits in. He stresses the essential impact an infant’s capacity for social-affective relatedness has on her cognitive development. The enactive approach, as introduced by Colombetti, accounts well for the dynamical couplings between two or more emoters (or an emoter and her environment). If more persons are involved, they constitute a case of distributed rather than extended affectivity, since no single individual is the hub of such an affective process. The contribution of Zahavi and Michael promises to apply the 4E approach to empathy. Considering environmental scaffolds to empathy might enrich it.
Mindshaping
Authors: Zawidzki Tadeusz W.
Published: October 2018

According to consensus, distinctively human social accomplishments rely on an individual, neurally implemented capacity to represent the mental states of others, typically called “mindreading” or “theory of mind.” On this view, early humans and their immediate precursors moved beyond typical primate social arrangements, e.g., by engaging in large-scale cooperative projects with individuals of whom they have scant personal knowledge, in virtue of developing a theory of mind. This chapter articulates, explores, and defends an alternative. On this view, mindreading is not the lynchpin of distinctively human sociality; rather, what sets us apart is “mindshaping”—our capacity to shape each other to be easily interpretable. Such mindshaping includes high-fidelity imitation, prolific pedagogy, norm enforcement, and narrative self-constitution. Compared to other primates we excel at these; according to the mindshaping hypothesis, this explains our distinctive social capacities. The affinities between the mindshaping hypothesis and 4E approaches to cognition are also discussed.
Scaffolding Intuitive Rationality
Authors: Buckner Cameron
Published: October 2018

In this chapter, I articulate a category of rational intuitive inference that stands between the simplest forms of association and the most complex forms of deductive reasoning. I focus especially on how intuitive inferences can be scaffolded up through successive levels of abstraction to more stimulus-independent forms of judgment that look (from the outside, at least) like paradigm instances of reasoning. Such abstraction can, I argue, lead to thoughts that are “unsaturated” in the Fregean sense, with abstract “slots” into which individuals must be fit for the thought to be complete. Finally, I consider whether such abstraction can achieve the formal, validity-preserving forms of inference familiar from symbolic logic, arguing that the psychology of intuitive judgment should respect older Fregean lessons about the border between psychology and logic.
Embodied Aesthetics
Authors: Montero Barbara Gail
Published: October 2018

Although great art frequently revers the body, bodily experience itself is traditionally excluded from the aesthetic realm. This tradition, however, is in tension with the experience of expert dancers who find intense aesthetic pleasure in the experience of their own bodily movements. How to resolve this tension is the goal of this chapter. More specifically, in contrast to the traditional view that denigrates the bodily even while elevating the body, I aim to make sense of dancers’ embodied aesthetic experience of their own movements, as well as observers’ embodied aesthetic experience of seeing bodies move.
Biographical Dickens
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie
Published: October 2018

This chapter treats the two most contested episodes in Dickens biography, his stint as a child labourer at Warren’s Blacking in 1824, and the breakup of his marriage to Catherine Hogarth Dickens in 1858. Both occasions prompted Dickens to write autobiographically in ways intended to control the way his life would be interpreted by others. The blacking warehouse memories were shaped some 20 years after the childhood experience in a document privately given to John Forster. The banishment of Catherine was written up in the heat of the moment, in letters to friends and justifications published in newspapers. The circumstances were very different, yet both these attempts at information control help to shed light on Dickens’s characteristic ways of managing his image, and on the subsequent evolution of Dickens biography.
Barnaby Rudge and the Jesuit Menace
Authors: Eslick Mark
Published: October 2018

This chapter considers the religious topicality of Barnaby Rudge by reading the novel in the context of the virulent anti-Catholicism of the late 1830s and early 1840s. Barnaby Rudge is deeply ambivalent towards Catholicism, a religion Dickens frequently railed against. The novel imparts a real sympathy for victimized Catholics. Yet throughout the book Catholicism is oddly constituted and Catholic characters are compromised. Intriguingly, Dickens’s portrait of Gashford, the malevolent secretary of Lord George Gordon, resonates strongly with contemporary anti-Jesuit writing and seems to play upon Protestant fears of Jesuits conspiring to infiltrate and destabilize England. Barnaby Rudge’s ambivalence towards the Catholic religion therefore offers a fresh lens through which to view Dickens’s complex relationship with the Catholic religion. Catholicism may hold a strange ‘attraction of repulsion’ for Dickens by providing him with a rich source of imaginative and narrative possibilities.
Hard Times for our Times
Authors: Smith Grahame
Published: October 2018

A historical overview of the critical and scholarly examination of Hard Times leads, first, to a scrutiny of the work of key figures such as Ruskin, Shaw, and Leavis. Leavis opens the way to the institutionalized study of the work via scholarly articles. A key factor in the establishment of the novel as a subject for university study is the Norton Critical Edition. However, this achievement is questioned and challenged by the possibilities opened up by Dickens Journals Online, which enables the text to be seen as it was by its first readers. The novel can thus be read in new ways, a key example being the relatively recent development of blogging.
Domesticity and Queer Theory
Authors: Furneaux Holly
Published: October 2018

Katherine Mansfield described Dickens’s Mrs Wilfer (Our Mutual Friend)—a character who strenuously resists the role of angel in the house showing distaste for marriage and motherhood—as ‘after my own heart’. This chapter reconsiders Dickens’s difficult women in the light of recent work in queer and gender theory on the political value of anti-sociability with particular attention to the domestic and emotional experience of the affect alien. As well as Mrs Wilfer, key figures include Mrs Jellyby (Bleak House), and Martha Varden (Barnaby Rudge). The chapter offers a sustained new reading of the ugly feelings and household disharmonies of Barnaby Rudge, exploring Dickens’s engagement with the incoherence of Victorian domestic ideology as enshrined by figures like John Ruskin.
Social Reform
Authors: Vincent David Michael
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses Dickens’s career-long engagement with the ills of mid-nineteenth-century society. It stresses the importance of the 1832 Reform Act in determining Dickens’s limited engagement with the political process and creating a broad, socially conscious readership for his novels. Dickens neither created an agenda for reform nor achieved specific legislative change. His engagement with reform was less a campaign than a dialogue, enlarging the knowledge of his readers and increasing their commitment to change. He subverted the emerging structures of power less by direct attack and more by addressing his broad readership as equal moral beings, capable of challenging the agents and agencies of authority, whether in political action or private philanthropy.
History and Change
Authors: Paroissien David
Published: October 2018

This chapter questions the view that Dickens took little interest in history and remained ignorant of the challenge of writing about the past. Following John Forster’s dismissal of A Child’s History of England as ‘that little book’, which ‘cannot be said to have quite hit the mark’, A Child’s History, Barnaby Rudge, and A Tale of Two Cities have received often unsympathetic treatment, particularly with respect to the way the past is used in his two historical novels. Read within the context of ideas about history advocated by Carlyle and Macaulay in the 1830s, this chapter contends that fresh light can be shed on Dickens’s awareness of historiography and on his familiarity with an invigorated approach to the discipline advocated by the two most prominent historians of the first half of the nineteenth century.
Dickens’s Global Circulation
Authors: Gagnier Regenia
Published: October 2018

This chapter synthesizes research on the global circulation of Dickens and the place of Dickens in current debates about World Literatures and Translation Studies. It focuses on Dickens outside Britain, Europe, and North America, in terms of geography as well as literary traditions: New Zealand, Australia, Africa, Socialist Poland, Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic, with some reference to more widely studied areas such as Spanish, Russian, and South Asian literary traditions. It urges us to think less in terms of originality and derivation than of circulation, appropriation, use, and their corollaries of triangulation, transculturation, revoicing, and (re)mediation. It considers the multiple meanings of ‘Dickens’ in cultural translation and in global literary histories. Societies caught between traditional cultures and the forces of modernization give rise to ‘Dickensian’ novels, ‘Dickensian’ characters, ‘Dickensian’ affect, ‘Dickensian’ institutions, and so forth, showing that comparable conditions give rise to formal resemblances.
Adopting and Adapting Dickens since 1870
Authors: Weltman Sharon Aronofsky
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses the plenitude of adaptations from Dickens’s fiction to performance media since his death in 1870. The first half considers how Dickens helps us to think about theories of adaptation and what makes Dickens’s fiction—conceived through performance—so suitable for rendering into such varied forms as theatre, cinema, radio, and television. The second half examines key adaptations of Oliver Twist, Dickens’s second-most-adapted work. Adapters serve as interpreters of the novel, not only choosing to dramatize what interests them or what works well in performance but also offering a particular vision of what the text means, at least for the moment. Actors make performance choices that reveal problems and possibilities within both adaptation and source. Dickens’s rich legacy of adaptation demonstrates his fiction’s flexibility as a vehicle to comment on contemporary cultural, political, and social concerns.
Oliver Twist
Authors: Benziman Galia
Published: October 2018

This chapter, reflecting the changes in critical understanding of Oliver Twist in recent decades, addresses two themes: Oliver Twist’s urban aesthetic, and the topos of the homeless child. Oliver’s London has been read as a place of squalor, alienation, and danger, as opposed to a countryside idyll. Within this binary, the child is understood as an emblem of innocence, immune to the corrupting influence of the urban setting. Establishing a more benign Dickensian urban ecology, the chapter discusses the urban experience as a precondition of Bildung (education, formation), allowing for greater agency and individual growth. The rural, albeit peaceful, is regressive, monologic, and morbid. Such a reading allows for re-examination of Oliver’s freedom of choice and challenges the contention that he is but a static, helpless pawn in the hands of others. Oliver’s moments of weakness and loss in the urban labyrinth are opportunities for empowerment that enable him to invent himself anew.
The Philosophic Origins of Deliberative Ideals
Authors: Chambers Simone
Published: October 2018

Deliberative democracy is a relatively recent development in democratic theory. But the theorists and practitioners of deliberative democracy often reach far back for philosophical and theoretic resources to develop the core ideas. This chapter traces some of those sources and ideas. As deliberative democracy is itself a somewhat contested theory, the chapter does not present a linear story of intellectual heritage. Instead it draws on a variety of sometimes disparate sources to identify different ideals that become stressed in different versions of deliberation and deliberative democracy. The philosophic sources canvased include Aristotle, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, John Dewey and American Pragmatism, John Rawls, and Jürgen Habermas. The chapter pays special attention to the way different philosophical sources speak to the balance between the epistemic and normative claims of deliberative democracy.
Deliberative Democracy in Latin America
Authors: Pogrebinschi Thamy
Published: October 2018

Latin America is a recurring reference among scholars of deliberative democracy, mostly due to the participatory budgeting, which was created in Brazil, and quickly spread around the world. The participatory budgeting was deemed successful due to its positive social and political outcomes, but also because it has shown that deliberation can be an inclusive and effective means of democratic decision-making. Yet, the participatory budget is one among hundreds of deliberative practices evolved in Latin America. While a large volume of research has focused on factors leading to participatory budgeting’s success, few have asked what are the contextual and institutional factors that explain why such inclusive and effective deliberative practice was born and bred in Latin America. This chapter tackles this question, and answers it by casting light on a variety of deliberative practices that compose Latin America’s vast experimentation with democracy.
Transnational and Global Deliberation
Authors: Smith William
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores the case for cultivating transnational deliberative processes within the global order. These processes can be associated with modes of communicative action that are reasoned, epistemic-reflective, and responsive to salient societal perspectives. The discussion is structured around three related but distinct “turns” within the emerging literature on transnational and global deliberation. The first addresses the paradigmatic features of transnational deliberation, the second looks at the more applied issue of how such a practice could be institutionalized, and the third considers the prospects for transnational deliberation as a complex system of interrelated parts. The argument of the chapter is that the “systemic turn” offers the most promising avenue for conceptualizing and realizing transnational and global deliberation, as it resists the temptation to place too much emphasis on a particular institution, forum or process.
Mini-Publics and Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Smith Graham , Setälä Maija
Published: October 2018

Deliberative mini-publics are institutions in which a diverse body of citizens is selected randomly to reason together about an issue of public concern. Despite the intense scholarly interest in mini-publics, to date their role has been fairly marginal in democratic polities. The chapter opens with an introduction to the variations in the design of mini-publics. We then review empirical evidence on the internal practice of mini-publics and argue that their capacity to support high quality deliberation explains the growing interest in these institutions. Finally, we analyze the possible roles of mini-publics within the political process. In both practical and normative terms, mini-publics tend to be perceived as consultative bodies. We examine arguments against the use of mini-publics in political decision making, evidence from their integration with direct and representative decision-making, and finally arguments for giving mini-publics a more decisive role in the political process.
Deliberation and Equality
Authors: Beauvais Edana
Published: October 2018

Political systems are democratic to the extent that people are empowered to participate in political practices—such as voting, representing, deliberating, and resisting—that contribute to self-and collective-rule. There is a close relationship between equality and democracy, as equality distributes symmetrical empowerments that enable people affected by collective endeavors to participate in political practices that contribute to self- and collective-rule. This chapter elucidates the relationship between equality, inclusion, and deliberative practices in democratic systems. It describes two distinguishable values of equality required for distributing empowerments that enable deliberation: the value of universal moral equality, and the value of equity. The chapter then outlines different institutional arrangements that promote the values of universal moral equality and equity in deliberative practices.
The Political Psychology of Deliberation
Authors: Karpowitz Christopher , Mendelberg Tali
Published: October 2018

How does research from political and social psychology inform expectations for deliberation? In this chapter, we review two aspects of such research: the structure of individual belief systems and the role of group-based forces. Considerable evidence has shown that low levels of political knowledge, ideological inconsistency, and a vulnerability to framing effects are common elements of citizen belief systems. These represent both a challenge and an opportunity for deliberative forums. Evidence shows that deliberation can, under the right circumstances, interrupt typical cognitive patterns and produce more thoughtful and informed political judgments. But the extent to which deliberation has such salutary effects also depends on group-level dynamics and norms. We review three important types of group effects: group polarization, the effects of preference diversity on group interactions, and how unequal social identities can shape deliberative exchanges. The social and psychological forces present in deliberating groups require considerable additional study.
Deliberation Constrained
Authors: Eriksen Erik , Fossum Jan-Erik
Published: October 2018

Deliberation has figured centrally in the EU integration process, and in the workings of the consensus-oriented EU decision-making system. Can deliberation bear the burden of political legitimation or does deliberation itself require institutional support? In this chapter, we outline some of the cultural-institutional factors that variously foster and constrain deliberation in Europe. Further specification is provided through outlining the two main positions on the role and nature of deliberative democracy in the European Union context, namely the transnational and the institutional variant. An important question today concerns the prospects for deliberation after the Euro-crisis, a major institutional and constitutional crisis for the EU. The Euro-crisis (and the other associated challenges) is transforming the EU into a segmented political order which reduces the democratic merits of deliberation. Deliberation within segmented contexts is biased towards professionalized expertise and the trained incapacity of epistemic communities.
Deliberation in Communication Studies
Authors: Gastil John , Black Laura
Published: October 2018

The discipline of communication encompasses a broad spectrum of humanistic, interpretive, and social scientific approaches to studying public deliberation. Early work engaged Habermasian theories of the public sphere, and rhetorical scholarship has foregrounded the deliberative threads running back to the discipline’s earliest history in ancient Greece. The bulk of contemporary work, however, has examined the dynamics of deliberation, particularly in the context of face-to-face discussions and dialogues in small groups. These studies have revealed the importance of narrative and dialogic exchanges during deliberation, as well as the critical role of facilitation and the maintenance of deliberative norms. Research has also assessed the practical consequences of participating in deliberation. The discipline’s practical orientation has led some scholars to seek ways to optimize deliberative designs to maximize simultaneously the quality of their decision outputs and their civic impacts on participants.
Deliberative Law
Authors: Ponet David , Leib Ethan J.
Published: October 2018

The “systemic turn” in deliberative democractic theory builds off the critical insight that one instance or site of deliberation does not legitimate an entire political system. But accepting too easily that non-deliberative parts can contribute to a deliberative sum can risk deliberative democracy’s aspirations for reform. This chapter examines three evolving areas of deliberative lawmaking—administrative lawmaking, districting commissions, and deliberative plebiscites—that underscore the ongoing relevance and promise of “second wave” deliberative democratic institutional design. The “notice and comment” structure of administrative rule-making, for instance, can invite the admission of multiple voices into the lawmaking process, especially when combined with the court’s role in incentivizing such practice. The trend toward nonpartisan or bipartisan commissions establishing legislative district lines can also generate powerful deliberative democratic dividends. Similarly, practices in plebisicitary democracy—whether through instances such as citizen policy juries or other directly democratic mechanisms—can contribute toward the deliberative democratization of law and society.
Deliberative and Participatory Democracy
Authors: Elstub Stephen
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores the relationship between participatory and deliberative democracy; analysing their similarities and differences, compatibilities and tensions, to ascertain whether they should, and can, be pursued in tandem. The case is made that the normative and explanatory potential of each approach is diminished without the presence of the other in these conceptions so it is desirable and coherent to pursue a ‘participatory deliberative democracy’ in which citizens participate in making collective decisions through deliberation. There are certainly challenges in combining them, but the inconclusive evidence on their compatibility provides insufficient reason not to try given the legitimacy benefits that could be accrued if successful. Indeed, it is concluded that many citizens would welcome more opportunities to participate in, meaningful and consequential, deliberation.
Deliberative Negotiation
Authors: Naurin Daniel , Reh Christine
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses three questions: What is deliberative negotiation? How can deliberative negotiation be achieved? What does deliberative negotiation do? First, deliberative negotiation is a communication process that contributes to reaching binding decisions in democratic politics, and is characterized by justification, mutual respect, and the absence of coercion. Second, three sets of conditions—related to 1) formal institutions, 2) social context, 3) issue characteristics—conduce “deliberative moments” in a negotiation. The chapter illustrates how these conditions work, with a focus on EU negotiations. Third, we explore the impact of deliberative negotiation on delivering outcomes tout court (e.g. by offering solutions to the negotiators’ dilemma) and on producing “better” outcomes (e.g. by increasing the likelihood of overall preference satisfaction). The chapter concludes that both the process and outcome of deliberative negotiation can instil legitimacy even when other aspects of a negotiation (or of the political system itself) struggle to do so.
Deliberation and Voting Entwined
Authors: Mackie Gerry
Published: October 2018

Deliberative democracy arose in opposition to a reigning aggregative conception of democracy in political science, solely about voting. Not long ago, political scientists arduously believed, based on logical speculations, that democratic voting is arbitrary and meaningless and that democratic voting is irrational as well. Rather than challenge these mistaken views about voting, democratic theorists instead singled out and celebrated deliberation. We review how those views about voting failed and report democratic theory’s reconciliation with voting.. Deliberative theory often says that variation in quality of deliberation can shape voting for better or worse; we add the idea that choice of voting rule can shape the value of deliberation for better or worse, illustrated with three examples. Finally, we compare the ideal values of voting and discussion, which overlap but are not identical.
Deliberation and Long-Term Decisions
Authors: MacKenzie Michael K.
Published: October 2018

This chapter argues that deliberation can help support the effective representation of future generations in several ways. First, deliberation can help motivate long-term thinking. If our preferences are shaped by cognitive biases against the future, the demands of deliberation can encourage us to think more carefully about the future. Deliberation also creates pragmatic incentives for political actors to invoke the potential interests of future generations. Second, deliberative democracy (on the large scale) makes it possible for societies to talk to themselves about what they are doing and where they want to go. Third, practices of public reason-giving can help coordinate the actions of non-overlapping generations by providing long-term initiatives with a discursive basis of justification. This can help protect against the time-inconsistency problem and thereby provide incentives for contemporary actors to invest in long-term projects.
Giftedness and Talent Development in Children and Youth
Authors: Pfeiffer Steven I.
Published: October 2018

This chapter provides an overview on giftedness and talent development, its history, controversies, and recent trends and new directions. The chapter includes a brief description of the major theories of intelligence that have guided and impacted the gifted education field. Noting that there are many different ways to define, measure, and conceptualize giftedness, the chapter introduces the tripartite model of giftedness as a new and particularly useful and compelling way to view students of high ability or extraordinary potential. The chapter argues for a clear linkage between ideas that are part of the tripartite model and the talent development zeitgeist within gifted education and the construct of expertise.
The Neuroaesthetics of Music: A Research Agenda Coming of Age
Authors: Brattico Elvira
Published: October 2018

This chapter offers an overview on the state-of-the-art research under the agenda of the neuroaesthetics of music. This research agenda, inspired by the neuroaesthetics of visual art, represents a paradigm shift from neuroimaging studies focused exclusively on music perception, cognition, and emotion to studies that consider aesthetic responses such as liking, preference, and aesthetic judgments. The existing models depicting information processing stages of the musical aesthetic experiences and their loci in the brain are summarized. The latest findings point at a synergy between neural systems, and particularly between superior temporal gyrus and limbic reward areas for issuing aesthetic responses to music. Future challenges for the field are the discovery of the neural mechanisms of inter-subject communication during musical performance leading to an efficacious aesthetic experience.