bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
User-centered and theory-based design of a professional training program on shared decision-making with older adults living with neurocognitive disorders: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Lawani Moulikatou Adouni , Turgeon Yves , Côté Luc , Légaré France , Witteman Holly O. , Morin Michèle , Kroger Edeltraut , Voyer Philippe , Rodriguez Charo , Giguere Anik
Published: February 2021

Background

We know little about the best approaches to design training for healthcare professionals. We thus studied how user-centered and theory-based design contribute to the development of a distance learning program for professionals, to increase their shared decision-making (SDM) with older adults living with neurocognitive disorders and their caregivers.

Methods

In this mixed-methods study, healthcare professionals who worked in family medicine clinics and homecare services evaluated a training program in a user-centered approach with several iterative phases of quantitative and qualitative evaluation, each followed by modifications. The program comprised an e-learning activity and five evidence summaries. A subsample assessed the e-learning activity during semi-structured think-aloud sessions. A second subsample assessed the evidence summaries they received by email. All participants completed a theory-based questionnaire to assess their intention to adopt SDM. Descriptive statistical analyses and qualitative thematic analyses were integrated at each round to prioritize training improvements with regard to the determinants most likely to influence participants’ intention.

Results

Of 106 participants, 98 completed their evaluations of either the e-learning activity or evidence summary (93%). The professions most represented were physicians (60%) and nurses (15%). Professionals valued the e-learning component to gain knowledge on the theory and practice of SDM, and the evidence summaries to apply the knowledge gained through the e-learning activity to diverse clinical contexts. The iterative design process allowed addressing most weaknesses reported. Participants’ intentions to adopt SDM and to use the summaries were high at baseline and remained positive as the rounds progressed. Attitude and social influence significantly influenced participants' intention to use the evidence summaries (P < 0.0001). Despite strong intention and the tailoring of tools to users, certain factors external to the training program can still influence the effective use of these tools and the adoption of SDM in practice.

Conclusions

A theory-based and user-centered design approach for continuing professional development interventions on SDM with older adults living with neurocognitive disorders and their caregivers appeared useful to identify the most important determinants of learners’ intentions to use SDM in their practice, and validate our initial interpretations of learners’ assessments during the subsequent evaluation round.
Differences in ambulatory care fragmentation by race
Authors: Kern Lisa M. , Rajan Mangala , Colantonio Lisandro D. , Reshetnyak Evgeniya , Ringel Joanna Bryan , Muntner Paul M. , Casalino Lawrence P. , Pinheiro Laura C. , Safford Monika M.
Published: February 2021

Background

More fragmented ambulatory care (i.e., care spread across many providers without a dominant provider) has been associated with more subsequent healthcare utilization (such as more tests, procedures, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations) than less fragmented ambulatory care. It is not known if race and socioeconomic status are associated with fragmented ambulatory care.

Methods

We conducted a longitudinal analysis of data from the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, using the REGARDS baseline visit plus the first year of follow-up. We included participants ≥65 years old, who had linked fee-for-service Medicare claims, and ≥ 4 ambulatory visits in the first year of follow-up. We used Tobit regression to determine the associations between race, annual household income, and educational attainment at baseline and fragmentation score in the subsequent year (as measured with the reversed Bice-Boxerman Index). Covariates included other demographic characteristics, medical conditions, medication use, health behaviors, and psychosocial variables. Additional analyses categorized visits by the type of provider (primary care vs. specialist).

Results

The study participants (N = 6799) had an average age of 73.0 years, 53% were female, and 30% were black. Nearly half had low annual household income (<$35,000) and 41% had a high school education or less. Overall, participants had a median of 10 ambulatory visits to 4 providers in the 12 months following their baseline study visit. Participants in the highest quintile of fragmentation scores had a median of 11 visits to 7 providers. Black race was associated with an absolute adjusted 3% lower fragmentation score compared to white race (95% confidence interval (2% lower to 4% lower; p < 0.001). This difference was explained by blacks seeing fewer specialists than whites. Income and education were not independent predictors of fragmentation scores.

Conclusions

Among Medicare beneficiaries, blacks had less fragmented ambulatory care than whites, due to lower utilization of specialty care. Future research is needed to determine the effect of fragmented care on health outcomes for blacks and whites.
The effectiveness of different patient referral systems to shorten waiting times for elective surgeries: systematic review
Authors: Rathnayake Dimuthu , Clarke Mike
Published: February 2021

Background

Long waiting times for elective surgery are common to many publicly funded health systems. Inefficiencies in referral systems in high-income countries are more pronounced than lower and middle-income countries. Primary care practitioners play a major role in determining which patients are referred to surgeon and might represent an opportunity to improve this situation. With conventional methods of referrals, surgery clinics are often overcrowded with non-surgical referrals and surgical patients experience longer waiting times as a consequence. Improving the quality of referral communications should lead to more timely access and better cost-effectiveness for elective surgical care. This review summarises the research evidence for effective interventions within the scope of primary-care referral methods in the surgical care pathway that might shorten waiting time for elective surgeries.

Methods

We searched PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases in December-2019 to January-2020, for articles published after 2013. Eligibility criteria included major elective surgery lists of adult patients, excluding cancer related surgeries. Both randomised and non-randomised controlled studies were eligible. The quality of evidence was assessed using ROBINS-I, AMSTAR 2 and CASP, as appropriate to the study method used. The review presentation was limited to a narrative synthesis because of heterogeneity. The PROSPERO registration number is CRD42019158455.

Results

The electronic search yielded 7543 records. Finally, nine articles were considered as eligible after deduplication and full article screening. The eligible research varied widely in design, scope, reported outcomes and overall quality, with one randomised trial, two quasi-experimental studies, two longitudinal follow up studies, three systematic reviews and one observational study. All the six original articles were based on referral methods in high-income countries. The included research showed that patient triage and prioritisation at the referral stage improved timely access and increased the number of consultations of surgical patients in clinics.

Conclusions

The available studies included a variety of interventions and were of medium to high quality researches. Managing patient referrals with proper triaging and prioritisation using structured referral formats is likely to be effective in health systems to shorten the waiting times for elective surgeries, specifically in high-income countries.
C2HEST score predicts clinical outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a secondary analysis of the TOPCAT trial
Authors: Liang Weihao , Wu Yuzhong , Xue Ruicong , Wu Zexuan , Wu Dexi , He Jiangui , Dong Yugang , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Zhu Wengen , Liu Chen
Published: February 2021

Background

The C2HEST score has been validated for predicting AF in the general population or post-stroke patients. We aimed to assess whether this risk score could predict incident AF and other clinical outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patients.

Methods

A total of 2202 HFpEF patients without baseline AF in the TOPCAT trial were stratified by baseline C2HEST score. Cox proportional hazard model and competing risk regression model was used to explore the relationship between C2HEST score and outcomes, including incident AF, stroke, all-cause death, cardiovascular death, any hospitalization, and HF hospitalization. The discriminative ability of the C2HEST score for various outcomes was assessed by calculating the area under the curve (AUC).

Results

The incidence rates of incident AF, stroke, all-cause death, cardiovascular death, any hospitalization, and HF hospitalization were 1.79, 0.70, 3.81, 2.42, 15.50, and 3.32 per 100 person-years, respectively. When the C2HEST score was analyzed as a continuous variable, increased C2HEST score was associated with increased risk of incident AF (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.29–1.75), as well as increased risks of all-cause death, cardiovascular death, any hospitalization, and HF hospitalization. The AUC for the C2HEST score in predicting incident AF (0.694, 95% CI 0.640–0.748) was higher than all-cause death, cardiovascular death, any hospitalization, or HF hospitalization.

Conclusions

The C2HEST score could predict the risk of incident AF as well as death and hospitalization with moderately good predictive abilities in patients with HFpEF. Its simplicity may allow the possibility of quick risk assessments in busy clinical settings.
Neurophysiological validation of simultaneous intrinsic and reflexive joint impedance estimates
Authors: van ’t Veld Ronald C. , Schouten Alfred C. , van der Kooij Herman , van Asseldonk Edwin H. F.
Published: February 2021

Background

People with brain or neural injuries, such as cerebral palsy or spinal cord injury, commonly have joint hyper-resistance. Diagnosis and treatment of joint hyper-resistance is challenging due to a mix of tonic and phasic contributions. The parallel-cascade (PC) system identification technique offers a potential solution to disentangle the intrinsic (tonic) and reflexive (phasic) contributions to joint impedance, i.e. resistance. However, a simultaneous neurophysiological validation of both intrinsic and reflexive joint impedances is lacking. This simultaneous validation is important given the mix of tonic and phasic contributions to joint hyper-resistance. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to perform a group-level neurophysiological validation of the PC system identification technique using electromyography (EMG) measurements.

Methods

Ten healthy people participated in the study. Perturbations were applied to the ankle joint to elicit reflexes and allow for system identification. Participants completed 20 hold periods of 60 seconds, assumed to have constant joint impedance, with varying magnitudes of intrinsic and reflexive joint impedances across periods. Each hold period provided a paired data point between the PC-based estimates and neurophysiological measures, i.e. between intrinsic stiffness and background EMG, and between reflexive gain and reflex EMG.

Results

The intrinsic paired data points, with all subjects combined, were strongly correlated, with a range of $$r = [0.87\ 0.91]$$

r
=
[
0.87

0.91
]

in both ankle plantarflexors and dorsiflexors. The reflexive paired data points were moderately correlated, with $$r = [0.64\ 0.69]$$

r
=
[
0.64

0.69
]

in the ankle plantarflexors only.

Conclusion

An agreement with the neurophysiological basis on which PC algorithms are built is necessary to support its clinical application in people with joint hyper-resistance. Our results show this agreement for the PC system identification technique on group-level. Consequently, these results show the validity of the use of the technique for the integrated assessment and training of people with joint hyper-resistance in clinical practice.
The combined effect of food additive titanium dioxide and lipopolysaccharide on mouse intestinal barrier function after chronic exposure of titanium dioxide-contained feedstuffs
Authors: Zhang Yongliang , Duan Shumin , Liu Ying , Wang Yun
Published: February 2021

Objective

Up to 44% of particulates of food-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2) are in nanoscale, while the effect and combined effect of which with other substances on intestinal barrier haven’t been fully understood yet. This study is aimed to study the effect of two kinds of TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs and TiO2 MPs) on intestinal barrier functions, to reveal the combined effect of TiO2 NPs and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on intestinal barrier.

Methods

Male ICR mice were randomly divided into 18 groups (3 feed types * 3 exposure length * 2 LPS dosage) and were fed with normal or TiO2-mixed feed (containing 1% (mass fraction, w/w) TiO2 NPs or TiO2 MPs) for 1, 3, 6 months, followed by a single oral administration of 0 or 10 mg/(kg body weight) LPS. Four hours later, the transportation of TiO2, the intestinal barrier functions and the inflammatory response were evaluated.

Results

Both TiO2 notably increased the intestinal villi height / crypt depth ratios after 1 and 3 months of exposure, and increased the expression of ileal tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) after 1 month of exposure. After 6 months of exposure, TiO2 NPs led to reduced feed consumption, TiO2 MPs caused spare microvilli in small intestine and elevated Ti content in the blood cells. The intestinal permeability didn’t change in both TiO2 exposed groups. After LPS administration, we observed altered intestinal villi height / crypt depth ratios, lowered intestinal permeability (DAO) and upregulated expression of ileal ZO-1 in both (TiO2 +LPS) exposed groups. There are no significant changes of ileal or serum cytokines except for a higher serum TNF-α level in LPS treated group. The antagonistic effect was found between TiO2 NPs and LPS, but there are complicated interactions between TiO2 MPs and LPS.

Conclusion

Long-term intake of food additive TiO2 could alter the intestinal epithelial structure without influencing intestinal barrier function. Co-exposure of TiO2 and LPS would enhance intestinal barrier function without causing notable inflammatory responses, and there is antagonistic effect between TiO2 NPs and LPS. All the minor effects observed might associate with the gentle exposure method where TiO2 being ingested with feed.
Adjuvant radiotherapy versus observation following gross total resection for atypical meningioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chun Se-Woong , Kim Kyung Min , Kim Min-Sung , Kang Ho , Dho Yun-Sik , Seo Youngbeom , Kim Jin Wook , Kim Yong Hwy , Park Chul-Kee
Published: February 2021

Background

The impact of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) on atypical meningioma (AM) underwent a gross total resection (GTR) remains unclear, showing conflicting results from various studies. The objective of this study was to perform an updated meta-analysis for observational studies to determine the effect of adjuvant RT after GTR on local recurrence and survival outcomes compared to observation after GTR.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched to identify comparative studies that reported outcomes of adjuvant RT versus observation for AM patients after GTR. Local recurrence rate, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicities related to RT were considered as outcomes of interest. Differences between two cohorts were estimated by calculating odds ratios (OR) for LR rate and hazard ratios (HR) for survival outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for meta-analysis, using R version 4.0.3 software. Included studies were appraised with the Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-Randomized Studies. Outcome ratios were combined with the Mantel–Haenszel method and the inverse variance-weighted method, appropriately.

Results

Data from 30 studies involving 2904 patients (adjuvant RT: n = 737; observation: n = 2167) were eventually included. Significant reduction of local recurrence rate was seen in the adjuvant RT cohort compare to that in the observation cohort (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.36–0.68;p < 0.0001). Pooled HRs of PFS at 1-year, 3-year, 5-year, and > 5-year revealed that adjuvant RT was superior to observation. There was no significant difference in OS between the two cohorts during any period. Most toxicities were tolerable with grade 1 or 2. There was no documented grade 5 toxicity.

Conclusions

For AM patients who underwent GTR, evidence suggested that adjuvant RT could potentially decrease local recurrence and improve PFS better than observation.
Specific EtMIC3-binding peptides inhibit Eimeria tenella sporozoites entry into host cells
Authors: Chen Wenjing , Ma Chunli , Li Guanghao , Jia Zhipeng , Yang Xuelian , Pan Xinghui , Ma Dexing
Published: February 2021

Avian coccidiosis caused by Eimeria leads to huge economic losses on the global poultry industry. In this study, microneme adhesive repeat regions (MARR) bc1 of E. tenella microneme protein 3 (EtMIC3-bc1) was used as ligand, and peptides binding to EtMIC3 were screened from a phage display peptide library. The positive phage clones were checked by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Competitive ELISA was applied to further verify the binding capability between the positive phages and recombinant EtMIC3-bc1 protein or sporozoites protein. The inhibitory effects of target peptides on sporozoites invasion of MDBK cells were measured in vitro. Chickens were orally administrated with target positive phages and the protective effects against homologous challenge were evaluated. The model of three-dimensional (3D) structure for EtMIC3-bc1 was conducted, and molecular docking between target peptides and EtMIC3-bc1 model was analyzed. The results demonstrated that three selected positive phages specifically bind to EtMIC3-bc1 protein. The three peptides A, D and W effectively inhibited invasion of MDBK cells by sporozoites, showing inhibited ratio of 71.8%, 54.6% and 20.8%, respectively. Chickens in the group orally inoculated with phages A displayed more protective efficacies against homologous challenge than other groups. Molecular docking showed that amino acids in three peptides, especially in peptide A, insert into the hydrophobic groove of EtMIC3-bc1 protein, and bind to EtMIC3-bc1 through intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Taken together, the results suggest EtMIC3-binding peptides inhibit sporozoites entry into host cells. This study provides new idea for exploring novel strategies against coccidiosis.
PEDV infection in neonatal piglets through the nasal cavity is mediated by subepithelial CD3+ T cells
Authors: Yuan Chen , Jin Yuxin , Li Yuchen , Zhang En , Zhang Penghao , Yang Qian
Published: February 2021

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) primarily infects neonatal piglets causing catastrophic effects on the global pig farming industry. PEDV infects piglets through the nasal cavity, a process in which dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role. However, neonatal piglets have fewer nasal DCs. This study found that subepithelial CD3+T cells mediated PEDV invasion through the nasal cavity in neonatal piglets. PEDV could replicate in the nasal epithelial cells (NECs) isolated from the nasal cavity of neonatal piglets. Infection of NECs with PEDV could induce antiviral and inflammatory cytokines at the late stage. The infected NECs mediated transfer of virus to CD3+T cells distributed in the subepithelial of the nasal cavity via cell-to-cell contact. The infected CD3+T cells could migrate to the intestine via blood circulation, causing intestinal infection in neonatal piglets. Thus, the findings of this study indicate the importance of CD3+T cells in the dissemination of PEDV from the nasal cavity to the intestinal mucosa in neonatal piglets.
Shifted ultraspherical pseudo-Galerkin method for approximating the solutions of some types of ordinary fractional problems
Authors: Abdelhakem Mohamed , Mahmoud Doha , Baleanu Dumitru , El-kady Mamdouh
Published: February 2021

In this work, a technique for finding approximate solutions for ordinary fraction differential equations (OFDEs) of any order has been proposed. The method is a hybrid between Galerkin and collocation methods. Also, this method can be extended to approximate fractional integro-differential equations (FIDEs) and fractional optimal control problems (FOCPs). The spatial approximations with their derivatives are based on shifted ultraspherical polynomials (SUPs). Modified Galerkin spectral method has been used to create direct approximate solutions of linear/nonlinear ordinary fractional differential equations, a system of ordinary fraction differential equations, fractional integro-differential equations, or fractional optimal control problems. The aim is to transform those problems into a system of algebraic equations. That system will be efficiently solved by any solver. Three spaces of collocation nodes have been used through that transformation. Finally, numerical examples show the accuracy and efficiency of the investigated method.
Cerebral fat embolization with paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity syndrome and septic shock at high altitude: a case report and literature review
Authors: Li Min , Zhu Gang , Guo Hao , Ge Shun Nan , Gao Guo Dong , Qu Yan
Published: February 2021

Background

Cerebral fat embolism (CFE) syndrome at high altitude was rare complicated with paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) syndrome and septic shock. It is a challenge to differential diagnosis and treatment at high altitude.

Case presentation

This case presents a CFE with PSH and septic shock of a 23-year-old man occurred at high altitude of 3800 m above sea level, transferred by airplane successfully and cured in the department of neurosurgery, Xi’an Tangdu Hospital.

Conclusions

It is key that CFE with PSH can be rapid diagnosed and treatment bundles of septic shock should be initiated as soon as possible. Early neurological rehabilitation played an important role for good outcome.
Providers’ perspectives of socio-cultural and health service challenges related to postpartum family planning in Alexandria, Egypt
Authors: El Weshahi Heba Mahmoud Taha , Galal Ahmed Fawzy , Sultan Eman Anwar
Published: February 2021

Background

Postpartum family planning (PPFP) focuses on prevention of unintended pregnancy and closely spaced pregnancies through the first 12 months following childbirth. Adoption of family planning during the postpartum period in Egypt faces unique challenges. This study aimed to explore the socio-cultural and health service challenges related to PPFP in Alexandria, Egypt, from perspectives of family planning providers working in public settings.

Methods

Three focus group discussions were conducted in the period from May to July 2017. It included 32 family planning physicians working in the family health centers and maternal and child health centers in Alexandria for 3 years or more. A discussion guide was prepared. Analysis of data was done using thematic data analysis using a deductive approach.

Results

The working experience of participants ranged from 3 to 30 years. The most frequently reported reasons for unmet need for PPFP were cultural norms about the contraceptive effects of lactation and inaccurate knowledge of women about the conditions for appropriate use of the lactation amenorrhea as a contraceptive method. The most commonly cited challenge related to the quality of service was the inadequate health education services about PPFP. Lack of training and supervision of community health workers was one of the underlying causes of the perceived inadequacy of the service.

Conclusions

Mass media campaigns advocating for family planning are urgently needed with full support from the government. Improvement of health education services is a must. Redistribution of family planning providers with an increase in the staff members is highly recommended.
Is This Science? Students’ Experiences of Failure Make a Research-Based Course Feel Authentic
Authors: Goodwin Emma C. , Anokhin Vladimir , Gray MacKenzie J. , Zajic Daniel E. , Podrabsky Jason E. , Shortlidge Erin E.
Published: February 2021

In a mixed-methods study with students in course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) and inquiry courses, student perceptions of authentic research elements in their courses were measured and compared. It was found that experiencing failure enhanced perceived research authenticity, and this seems to be especially powerful for CURE students in the context of relevant discovery.
Antiracism and the Problems with “Achievement Gaps” in STEM Education
Authors: Gouvea Julia Svoboda
Published: February 2021

This Current Insights draws together recent scholarship to motivate critical reflection on the problem of “achievement gaps” in STEM education.
EDCs Reorganize Brain-Behavior Phenotypic Relationships in Rats
Authors: Hernandez Scudder Morgan E , Young Rebecca L , Thompson Lindsay M , Kore Pragati , Crews David , Hofmann Hans A , Gore Andrea C
Published: February 2021

All species, including humans, are exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Previous experiments have shown behavioral deficits caused by EDCs that have implications for social competence and sexual selection. The neuromolecular mechanisms for these behavioral changes induced by EDCs have not been thoroughly explored. Here, we tested the hypothesis that EDCs administered to rats during a critical period of embryonic brain development would lead to the disruption of normal social preference behavior, and that this involves a network of underlying gene pathways in brain regions that regulate these behaviors. Rats were exposed prenatally to human-relevant concentrations of EDCs (polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], vinclozolin [VIN]), or vehicle. In adulthood, a sociosexual preference test was administered. We profiled gene expression of in preoptic area, medial amygdala, and ventromedial nucleus. Prenatal PCBs impaired sociosexual preference in both sexes, and VIN disrupted this behavior in males. Each brain region had unique sets of genes altered in a sex- and EDC-specific manner. The effects of EDCs on individual traits were typically small, but robust; EDC exposure changed the relationships between gene expression and behavior, a pattern we refer to as dis-integration and reconstitution. These findings underscore the effects that developmental exposure to EDCs can have on adult social behavior, highlight sex-specific and individual variation in responses, and provide a foundation for further work on the disruption of genes and behavior after prenatal exposure to EDCs.
Ways of Working with Language
Authors: Arac Jonathan
Published: February 2021

With reference to the author’s experience with English and other languages, this essay reflects on the problem of American monolingualism and explores modes of learned critical attention to the work language does in society, examining writing by Kenneth Burke, Raymond Williams, Erich Auerbach, and Sheldon Pollock.
Trends and predictors of HIV positivity and time since last test at voluntary counselling and testing encounters among adults in Kilifi, Kenya, 2006-2017
Authors: Mugo Peter M. , Agutu Clara A. , Wahome Elizabeth , Juma Margaret , Nzioka Joseph , Mohamed Khamisi , Mumba Teresia , Shally Mahmoud , Fauz Ibrahim , Omar Anisa , Rinke de Wit Tobias F. , van der Elst Elise M. , Graham Susan M. , Sanders Eduard J.
Published: February 2021

Background: Little is known about HIV retesting uptake among key populations (KP) and general populations (GP) in Kenya. We assessed trends and predictors of first-time testing (FTT), late retesting (previous test more than one year ago for GP or three months for KP), and test positivity at three voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) centres in coastal Kenya.

Methods: Routine VCT data covering 2006-2017 was collected from three VCT centres in Kilifi County. We analysed HIV testing history and test results from encounters among adults 18-39 years, categorized as GP men, GP women, men who have sex with men (MSM), and female sex workers (FSW).    

Results: Based on 24,728 test encounters (32% FTT), we observed declines in HIV positivity (proportion of encounters where the result was positive) among GP men, GP women, first-time testers and MSM but not among FSW. The proportion of encounters for FTT and late retesting decreased for both GP and KP but remained much higher in KP than GP. HIV positivity was higher at FTT and late retesting encounters; at FSW and MSM encounters; and at encounters with clients reporting lower educational attainment and sexually transmitted infection (STI) symptoms. HIV positivity was lower in GP men, never married clients and those less than 35 years of age. FTT was associated with town, risk group, age 18-24 years, never-married status, low educational attainment, and STI symptoms. Late retesting was less common among encounters with GP individuals who were never married, had Muslim or no religious affiliation, had lower educational attainment, or reported STI symptoms.

Conclusions: HIV positive test results were most common at encounters with first-time testers and late re-testers. While the proportion of encounters at which late retesting was reported decreased steadily over the period reviewed, efforts are needed to increase retesting among the most at-risk populations.
The Unintended Consequences of Headquarters’ Involvement in Decentralized Transfer Price Negotiations: Experimental Evidence
Authors: Arnold Markus , Elsinger Florian , Rankin Frederick W.
Published: February 2021

This study investigates how headquarters’ involvement affects the efficiency of transfer price negotiations. Although prior research explores autonomous transfer price negotiations, evidence suggests that headquarters can become involved in these negotiations, particularly after they fail. Although the likely intention of headquarters’ involvement is to overcome inefficiencies arising from decentralized managers’ inability to agree on a transfer price, we suggest that such involvement can reduce agreement frequency and the efficiency of transfer pricing in coordinating transfers between divisions. Reduced agreement may occur because involvement can reduce managers’ perceived responsibility for the negotiation outcome and because they may expect headquarters’ decision to be more favorable for them than a negotiated price. Headquarters’ involvement can also reduce the coordination efficiency of transfer pricing because of information asymmetries and headquarters’ decision biases in interpreting negotiation failure and using available information. In an experiment, we manipulate whether headquarters’ involvement is absent or present. We also manipulate whether headquarters suggests a nonbinding price (weak involvement) or whether it imposes a price on divisions (strong involvement). Consistent with our predictions, we find that headquarters’ involvement reduces the frequency of negotiation agreement and the coordination efficiency of transfer pricing. Efficiency is reduced more when involvement is strong rather than weak. We contribute to research by studying managers’ negotiation behavior in the realistic setting of potential headquarters’ involvement and by providing evidence on headquarters’ biased perceptions of negotiation impasse and the unintended consequences of its involvement.

This paper was accepted by Brian Bushee, accounting.
Investor Sentiment and Stock Option Vesting Terms
Authors: Huang Shawn X. , Keskek Sami , Sanchez Juan Manuel
Published: February 2021

Using the details of vesting terms, we document that stock options granted in high-investor-sentiment periods tend to have shorter vesting periods and durations and are more likely to vest completely or have a significantly larger fraction vested within one year of the grant date, relative to low-sentiment periods. We further find that the sentiment effect on vesting terms is more pronounced when firms are largely held by investors with short investment horizons (e.g., transient institutions). Moreover, short vesting terms in high-sentiment periods are positively associated with future mergers-and-acquisitions activity and capital expenditures. Overall, our findings are consistent with theoretical predictions that, in a speculative market, shareholders incentivize managers with short-term-oriented compensation contracts to induce managers to pursue actions maintaining overvaluation.

This paper was accepted by Shiva Rajgopal, accounting.
PUDARNYA KUASA NEGARA: ANALISIS CERPEN-CERPEN SENO GUMIRA AJIDARMA DALAM PERSPEKTIF FOUCAULT
Authors: Rizqi Turama Akhmad
Published: February 2021

Merujuk pada pendapat bahwa sastra mencerminkan realitas, muncul sebuah masalah mengenai ada tidaknya perubahan posisi negara dalam cerpen sebelum dan sesudah reformasi. Dua cerpen yang dijadikan bahan analisis adalah Saksi Mata dan Aku, Pembunuh Munirkarya Seno Gumira Ajidarma. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan perspektif Foucault. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terjadi pergeseran kekuasaan negara setelah reformasi. Hal ini ditunjukkan terutama dalam lima hal, yaitu motif kehadiran saksi di pengadilan, wibawa hakim, keberpihakan tokoh utama, wujud penjahat, dan pengadilan sebagai lambang negara.
PASEMON: WUJUD KEELEGANAN TUTURAN DIREKTIF MASYARAKAT JAWA
Authors: Rahadini Astiana Ajeng
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas tentang 1) wujud pasemon yang menyatakan direktif; 2) makna pasemon; 3) sisi keeleganan dalam pasemon direktif. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Objek penelitian ini yaitu pasemon yang digunakan di lingkungan masyarakat Jawa khususnya di wilayah Surakarta terutama untuk pasemon yang digunakan untuk meminta dan menyuruh (direktif). Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi dan studi pustaka. Uji validitas data menggunakan uji triangulasi metode, yaitu dengan membandingkan data hasil observasi dan data hasil studi pustaka. Teknik analisis data menggunakan teknik dasar dan teknik lanjutan dalam metode padan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa wujud pasemon direktif berupa tindakan dan ucapan. Sisi keeleganan terdapat pada ungkapan meminta dan memerintah yang dilakukan secara tidak langsung sehingga membuat mitra tutur tetap merasa dihormati.
STRUKTURASI IDEOLOGI CERPEN “GERIMIS YANG SEDERHANA” KARYA EKA KURNIAWAN
Authors: Rakhman Arif Kurniar
Published: February 2021

The short story "Gerimis yang Sederhana" by Eka Kurniawan is an interesting literary work to be studied, through hegemony and structuration approaches. This short story presents a psychological impact (trauma) after the violence that occurred in the Chinese community in 1998, especially for victims of 1998 who chose to stay abroad. In the context of ideology, there are four ideologies in this short story, namely: the ideology of tyranny, humanism, conservatives, and liberalism. Tyrannical and conservative ideologies became the dominant group. The ideology of liberalism becomes ideological negotiation. The ideology of liberalism also reflects the author's ideology. Regarding the application of the structuration theory, Eka Kurniawan responded to the condition of the victims of 1998, who were still traumatized. This condition has an impact on their lack of participation in public spaces. The ideology of liberalism is expected to encourage that. As a result, five years later there was a deputy governor (subsequently governor) who was directly elected by the people to lead Jakarta from the Chinese community. That is, there is an influence between the agent (author) with the structure of society
NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM CERITA RAKYAT KABUPATEN BANTUL “KI AGENG MANGIR” (KAJIAN FOLKLOR)
Authors: Himawan Riswanda Riswan
Published: February 2021

The problem in this study is how the structure of the folklore "Ki Ageng Mangir", the function of folklore from Bantul district "Ki Ageng Mangir", as well as any moral values contained in the folklore. This study aims to describe the structure, function and the moral value of the folklore "Ki Ageng Mangir" The research method used is descriptive, data collection techniques using reading and note-taking techniques, the data generated in this study are written data.The results of the study indicate that the Ki Ageng Mangir people's stories have a function as the source of reference for historical events in Bantul district, the values contained in this story are cultural, religious and moral values.
Brillouin scattering—theory and experiment: tutorial
Authors: Wolff C. , Smith M. J. A. , Stiller B. , Poulton C. G.
Published: February 2021

Brillouin scattering is an important and interesting nonlinear effect involving the interaction between optical and acoustic fields in optical waveguides. It is increasingly useful in the field of photonics, where it supplies a tunable ultra-narrow linewidth response that can be used for applications including sensing, filtering, and lasing, as well as the acoustic storage of optical pulses. This tutorial gives an overview of the fundamentals of Brillouin scattering aimed at newcomers to the field, and covers the physics underlying the interaction, the mathematical theory, and setup details of foundational Brillouin experiments.
High-power Si-Ge photodiode assisted by doping regulation
Authors: Jiang Zhibin , Yu Yu , Wang Yilun , Zhou De , Deng Wentao , Zhang Xinliang
Published: February 2021

High-power silicon-based photodiodes are key components in many silicon photonics systems, such as microwave photonics systems, an optical interconnection system with multi-level modulation formats, etc. Usually, the saturation power of the silicon-germanium (Si-Ge) photodiode is limited by the space-charge screening (SCS) effect and the feasibility of the fabrication process. Here, we propose a high saturation power Si-Ge photodiode assisted by doping regulation. Through alleviating the SCS effect of the photodiode, we successfully demonstrate an 85.7% improvement on the saturation power and a 57% improvement on the -1 dB compression photocurrent. The proposed high-power Si-Ge photodiode requires no specific fabrication process and will promote the low-cost integrated silicon photonics systems for more applications.
Vanadium-dioxide microstructures with designable temperature-dependent thermal emission
Authors: Audhkhasi Romil , Povinelli Michelle L.
Published: February 2021

We propose gold-vanadium dioxide microstructures for which the difference in thermally radiated power between the low and high temperature states can be tuned via structural design. We start by incorporating

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in a gold-dielectric-gold waveguide to achieve a temperature-dependent mode effective index. We show that a cavity formed in this waveguide structure has a fundamental resonance wavelength that shifts with temperature. We calculate the thermal radiated power from the cavity at temperatures above and below the phase transition of

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for wavelengths between 8 and 14 µm. We show that the difference in radiated power can be made positive, negative, or zero simply by adjusting the cavity length. Finally, we use our cavity to design thermally emissive metasurfaces with spatial emission patterns that can be inverted with temperature. Our emitters could serve as building blocks in the realization of metasurfaces enabling complex thermal radiation control.
The plant metabolome guides fitness-relevant foraging decisions of a specialist herbivore
Authors: Machado Ricardo A. R. , Theepan Vanitha , Robert Christelle A. M. , Züst Tobias , Hu Lingfei , Su Qi , Schimmel Bernardus C. J. , Erb Matthias
Published: February 2021

Plants produce complex mixtures of primary and secondary metabolites. Herbivores use these metabolites as behavioral cues to increase their fitness. However, how herbivores combine and integrate different metabolite classes into fitness-relevant foraging decisions in planta is poorly understood. We developed a molecular manipulative approach to modulate the availability of sugars and benzoxazinoid secondary metabolites as foraging cues for a specialist maize herbivore, the western corn rootworm. By disrupting sugar perception in the western corn rootworm and benzoxazinoid production in maize, we show that sugars and benzoxazinoids act as distinct and dynamically combined mediators of short-distance host finding and acceptance. While sugars improve the capacity of rootworm larvae to find a host plant and to distinguish postembryonic from less nutritious embryonic roots, benzoxazinoids are specifically required for the latter. Host acceptance in the form of root damage is increased by benzoxazinoids and sugars in an additive manner. This pattern is driven by increasing damage to postembryonic roots in the presence of benzoxazinoids and sugars. Benzoxazinoid- and sugar-mediated foraging directly improves western corn rootworm growth and survival. Interestingly, western corn rootworm larvae retain a substantial fraction of their capacity to feed and survive on maize plants even when both classes of chemical cues are almost completely absent. This study unravels fine-grained differentiation and combination of primary and secondary metabolites into herbivore foraging and documents how the capacity to compensate for the lack of important chemical cues enables a specialist herbivore to survive within unpredictable metabolic landscapes.
Sensing ecosystem dynamics via audio source separation: A case study of marine soundscapes off northeastern Taiwan
Authors: Lin Tzu-Hao , Akamatsu Tomonari , Tsao Yu
Published: February 2021

Remote acquisition of information on ecosystem dynamics is essential for conservation management, especially for the deep ocean. Soundscape offers unique opportunities to study the behavior of soniferous marine animals and their interactions with various noise-generating activities at a fine temporal resolution. However, the retrieval of soundscape information remains challenging owing to limitations in audio analysis techniques that are effective in the face of highly variable interfering sources. This study investigated the application of a seafloor acoustic observatory as a long-term platform for observing marine ecosystem dynamics through audio source separation. A source separation model based on the assumption of source-specific periodicity was used to factorize time-frequency representations of long-duration underwater recordings. With minimal supervision, the model learned to discriminate source-specific spectral features and prove to be effective in the separation of sounds made by cetaceans, soniferous fish, and abiotic sources from the deep-water soundscapes off northeastern Taiwan. Results revealed phenological differences among the sound sources and identified diurnal and seasonal interactions between cetaceans and soniferous fish. The application of clustering to source separation results generated a database featuring the diversity of soundscapes and revealed a compositional shift in clusters of cetacean vocalizations and fish choruses during diurnal and seasonal cycles. The source separation model enables the transformation of single-channel audio into multiple channels encoding the dynamics of biophony, geophony, and anthropophony, which are essential for characterizing the community of soniferous animals, quality of acoustic habitat, and their interactions. Our results demonstrated the application of source separation could facilitate acoustic diversity assessment, which is a crucial task in soundscape-based ecosystem monitoring. Future implementation of soundscape information retrieval in long-term marine observation networks will lead to the use of soundscapes as a new tool for conservation management in an increasingly noisy ocean.
Fruitless decommissions regulatory elements to implement cell-type-specific neuronal masculinization
Authors: Brovkina Margarita V. , Duffié Rachel , Burtis Abbigayl E. C. , Clowney E. Josephine
Published: February 2021

In the fruit flyDrosophila melanogaster, male-specific splicing and translation of the Fruitless transcription factor (FruM) alters the presence, anatomy, and/or connectivity of >60 types of central brain neurons that interconnect to generate male-typical behaviors. While the indispensable function of FruMin sex-specific behavior has been understood for decades, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity remain unknown. Here, we take a genome-wide, brain-wide approach to identifying regulatory elements whose activity depends on the presence of FruM. We identify 436 high-confidence genomic regions differentially accessible in malefruitlessneurons, validate candidate regions as bona fide, differentially regulated enhancers, and describe the particular cell types in which these enhancers are active. We find that individual enhancers are not activated universally but are dedicated to specificfru+cell types. Aside fromfruitself, genes are not dedicated to or common across thefrucircuit; rather, FruMappears to masculinize each cell type differently, by tweaking expression of the same effector genes used in other circuits. Finally, we find FruMmotifs enriched among regulatory elements that are open in the female but closed in the male. Together, these results suggest that FruMacts cell-type-specifically to decommission regulatory elements in malefruitlessneurons.
RanBP2/Nup358 enhances miRNA activity by sumoylating Argonautes
Authors: Shen Qingtang , Wang Yifan E. , Truong Mathew , Mahadevan Kohila , Wu Jingze J. , Zhang Hui , Li Jiawei , Smith Harrison W. , Smibert Craig A. , Palazzo Alexander F.
Published: February 2021

Mutations in RanBP2 (also known as Nup358), one of the main components of the cytoplasmic filaments of the nuclear pore complex, contribute to the overproduction of acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE1)-associated cytokines. Here we report that RanBP2 represses the translation of the interleukin 6 (IL6) mRNA, which encodes a cytokine that is aberrantly up-regulated in ANE1. Our data indicates that soon after its production, the IL6 messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) recruits Argonautes bound to let-7 microRNA. After this mRNP is exported to the cytosol, RanBP2 sumoylates mRNP-associated Argonautes, thereby stabilizing them and enforcing mRNA silencing. Collectively, these results support a model whereby RanBP2 promotes an mRNP remodelling event that is critical for the miRNA-mediated suppression of clinically relevant mRNAs, such as IL6.