bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reversible phase-transition control in nanometer-sized zirconium wires via pulse-voltage impression
Authors: Tsuruoka Yuuki , Obi Takuya , Kizuka Tokushi
Published: June 2020

Pulse-voltage-stimulated phase transition in nanometer-sized zirconium (Zr) wires was observed in situ by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Simultaneously, the variation in conductance during the transition between crystalline and amorphous phases was examined. The crystalline phase of a hexagonal closed-packed structure in the wires transformed into an amorphous phase while applying pulse voltages of 4 ns in width, and subsequently returned to the initial crystalline phase by the impression of pulse voltages of 5 ms in width; the reversible phase transition via voltage impression using shorter and longer pulse waves was observed. The average conductance per a unit area in the amorphous phases was decreased to 0.87 of the crystalline phases. The amorphous region in the wires expanded gradually by every pulse-voltage impression, whereas the conductance decreased stepwise in response to the gradual expansion. It was demonstrated that the conductance of the wires can be controlled in a stepwise manner via pulse-voltage impression, leading to the application of the nanowires to functional nanodevices.
Frontline Workers in the Backrooms of COVID-19
Authors: Myers Jeffrey L , Mulder Lotte
Published: June 2020

Objectives

To review the response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in a forensics center that integrates an academic department of pathology with multiple regional county medical examiners’ offices.

Methods

Faculty and staff were asked to volunteer stories, data, and photographs describing their activities from March through May 2020. The information was assembled into a narrative summary.

Results

Increased deaths challenged capacity limits in a hospital morgue and a large urban medical examiner’s office (MEO) successfully managed by forensic teams and monitored by an institutional command center. Autopsies of suspected and proven cases of COVID-19 were performed in both facilities. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing of decedents was performed in a MEO serving a large urban area. Scene investigators worked directly with families to meet needs unique to a pandemic. Artful photographs of decedent’s hands and/or tattoos were offered to those unable to have in-person viewings. Pathologists and social workers were available to families of the deceased and created novel solutions to facilitate the grieving process.

Conclusions

Forensic pathology is important to successfully navigating emerging diseases like the COVID-19 pandemic. Direct conversations with families are common in forensic pathology and serve as a model for patient- and family-centered care.
Modeling circRNA expression pattern with integrated sequence and epigenetic features demonstrates the potential involvement of H3K79me2 in circRNA expression
Authors: Chen Jia-Bin , Dong Shan-Shan , Yao Shi , Duan Yuan-Yuan , Hu Wei-Xin , Chen Hao , Wang Nai-Ning , Chen Xiao-Feng , Hao Ruo-Han , Thynn Hlaing Nwe , Guo Ming-Rui , Zhang Yu-Jie , Rong Yu , Chen Yi-Xiao , Zhou Fu-Ling , Guo Yan , Yang Tie-Lin
Published: June 2020

Motivation

CircRNAs are an abundant class of non-coding RNAs with widespread, cell-/tissue-specific patterns. Previous work suggested that epigenetic features might be related to circRNA expression. However, the contribution of epigenetic changes to circRNA expression has not been investigated systematically. Here, we built a machine learning framework named CIRCScan, to predict circRNA expression in various cell lines based on the sequence and epigenetic features.

Results

The predicted accuracy of the expression status models was high with area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) values of 0.89–0.92 and the false-positive rates of 0.17–0.25. Predicted expressed circRNAs were further validated by RNA-seq data. The performance of expression-level prediction models was also good with normalized root-mean-square errors of 0.28–0.30 and Pearson’s correlation coefficient r over 0.4 in all cell lines, along with Spearman's correlation coefficient ρ of 0.33–0.46. Noteworthy, H3K79me2 was highly ranked in modeling both circRNA expression status and levels across different cells. Further analysis in additional nine cell lines demonstrated a significant enrichment of H3K79me2 in circRNA flanking intron regions, supporting the potential involvement of H3K79me2 in circRNA expression regulation.

Availability and implementation

The CIRCScan assembler is freely available online for academic use at https://github.com/johnlcd/CIRCScan.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Persistence of the ‘broken escalator’ phenomenon in functional gait disorder: mechanistic insights
Authors: Perez David L
Published: June 2020

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Dissociated motor learning and de-adaptation in patients with functional gait disorders’, by Lin etal. (doi:10.1093/brain/awaa190)
Predictors of children’s health system use: cross-sectional study of linked data
Authors: Perrin Rebecca , Patel Sanjay , Lees Amanda , Smith Dianna , Woodcock Tina , Harris Scott , Fraser Simon D S
Published: June 2020

Background

Use of health services is increasing in many countries. Most health service research exploring determinants of use has focused on adults and on secondary care. Less is known about factors associated with the use of the emergency department (ED) and general practice (GP) among young children.

Objective

To explore factors associated with GP consultations and ED attendances among children under 5 in a single UK city.

Methods

Cross-sectional exploratory study using anonymized individual-level health service use data for children aged 0–4 from 21 GPs in Southampton, UK, linked to ED data, over a 1-year period. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to explore the association of socio-demographic factors [using the 2015 Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) to define socio-economic status] with high service use (defined as more than eight GP consultations and/or two ED attendances respectively).

Results

Among 11 062 children, there were 76 092 GP consultations and 6107 ED attendances. Three thousand two hundred thirty-three (29%) children were high users of GP and 564 (5%) of ED services. Greater socio-economic deprivation was independently associated with high use of GP and ED services separately [odds ratios (OR) for most versus least deprived IMD quintile 1.45 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.20–1.75) and 2.21 (95% CI 1.41–3.46), respectively], and together [OR 2.62 (95% CI 1.48–4.65)].

Conclusion

Young children are frequent users of health services, particularly GP. Socio-economic deprivation is an important factor. Parents, carers and health services may benefit from interventions that support families in their management of children’s health.
The Use of Online Health-Management Tools and Health Care Utilization Among Older Americans
Authors: Liu Darren , Yamashita Takashi , Burston Betty , Keene Jennifer R
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives

The digital divide, or differences in access to technology, can have far-reaching consequences. This study identified disparities in access to online health-related technology. It then investigated associations between online health-related technology use and health care utilization among older adults in the United States.

Research Design and Methods

The study used a cross-sectional data set of 1,497 adults aged 51 and older from the 2014 Health and Retirement Study (HRS)’s supplemental module (Health Behaviors) and the RAND version of the HRS fat file.

Results

Older age, being a racial/ethnic minority, married, uninsured, and having lower educational attainment, lower income, and reporting poorer health were each associated with lower levels of use of online health-management tools. The use of online health-management tools was associated with a 34% greater mean number of doctor visits (incidence rate ratio = 1.34, SE = 0.10, p < .05) than nonuse. However, such use was not associated with the number or type of hospitalizations. Indeed, only health care needs as measured by self-rated health status (odds ratio [OR] = 0.58, SE = 0.18, p < .05) and the number of chronic conditions were associated with hospitalizations (OR = 1.68, SE = 0.07, p < .05).

Discussion and Implications

While more research is needed to clarify the purposes (e.g., prevention vs. treatment) and outcomes of health care service utilization as a function of technology use, it may be wise to proactively tackle the digital divide as one upstream strategy for improving various health and health care outcomes among older adults.
A Naïve Population of European Oyster Ostrea edulis with Reduced Susceptibility to the Pathogen Bonamia ostreae: Are S-Strategy Life Traits Providing Protection?
Authors: Egerton Sian , Lynch Sharon A , Prado-Alvarez Maria , Flannery Grace , Brennan Elaine , Hugh-Jones Tristan , Hugh-Jones David , Culloty Sarah C
Published: June 2020

Synopsis

European populations of the native flat oyster, Ostrea edulis, have been heavily depleted by two protozoan parasites, Marteila refringens and Bonamia ostreae, with mortalities of up to 90% reported in naïve populations. However, in studies carried out over a 10-year period, researching the parasite–host relationship of B. ostreae and O. edulis in several age cohorts within a naïve O. edulis population from Loch Ryan (LR), Scotland, 1364 specimens were challenged and only 64 (5%), across multiple testing protocols, screened positive for B. ostreae. This article presents a case for the development of S-strategy life traits in the LR population that coincide with enhanced immune function and survival. Oysters are considered typical r-strategists (small in size with fast development and high fecundity) while S-strategists, as outlined in Grime’s (1977) competitor–stress tolerant–ruderal (C–S–R) triangle theory, are characterized by slow growth and investment in the durability of individuals. This study hypothesizes that slower growth and reduced reproductive output in LR oysters has resulted in the investment of an enhanced immune function and reduced susceptibility to B. ostreae that is, r-strategists with S-strategy life traits equates to protection from significant pathogens. The findings presented here within provide a strong case study for local adaptation of energy allocation and provides empirical support for the C–S–R triangle theory in a marine organism.
Outcomes of chest wall fixation in cardiopulmonary resuscitation-induced flail chest
Authors: Claydon Oliver , Benamore Rachel , Belcher Elizabeth
Published: June 2020

Chest wall injury is a common complication of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Chest wall fixation of flail chest has been shown to improve outcomes in patients in whom trauma is the primary pathology. Its efficacy in the post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation setting where the primary event is cardiac arrest is yet to be determined. We report outcomes in a series of 4 patients who underwent rib fixation in the setting of cardiopulmonary resuscitation-induced flail chest.
Airborne SARS-CoV-2 Is Rapidly Inactivated by Simulated Sunlight
Authors: Schuit Michael , Ratnesar-Shumate Shanna , Yolitz Jason , Williams Gregory , Weaver Wade , Green Brian , Miller David , Krause Melissa , Beck Katie , Wood Stewart , Holland Brian , Bohannon Jordan , Freeburger Denise , Hooper Idris , Biryukov Jennifer , Altamura Louis A , Wahl Victoria , Hevey Michael , Dabisch Paul
Published: June 2020

Aerosols represent a potential transmission route of COVID-19. This study examined effect of simulated sunlight, relative humidity, and suspension matrix on stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols. Simulated sunlight and matrix significantly affected decay rate of the virus. Relative humidity alone did not affect the decay rate; however, minor interactions between relative humidity and other factors were observed. Mean decay rates (± SD) in simulated saliva, under simulated sunlight levels representative of late winter/early fall and summer were 0.121 ± 0.017 min−1 (90% loss, 19 minutes) and 0.306 ± 0.097 min−1 (90% loss, 8 minutes), respectively. Mean decay rate without simulated sunlight across all relative humidity levels was 0.008 ± 0.011 min−1 (90% loss, 286 minutes). These results suggest that the potential for aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may be dependent on environmental conditions, particularly sunlight. These data may be useful to inform mitigation strategies to minimize the potential for aerosol transmission.
Complete Blood Count and Derived Indices: Evolution Pattern and Prognostic Value in Adult Burned Patients
Authors: Angulo Martín , Moreno Laura , Aramendi Ignacio , dos Santos Gimena , Cabrera Julio , Burghi Gastón
Published: June 2020

Certain parameters of complete blood count (CBC) such as red cell distribution width (RDW) and mean platelet volume, as well as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and RDW-to-platelet ratio (RPR) have been associated with inflammatory status and outcome in diverse medical conditions. The aim of this study was to describe the evolution pattern of these parameters in adult burned patients. Adult burned patients admitted to the National Burn Center in Uruguay between May 2017 and February 2018 (discovery cohort) and between March 2018 and August 2019 (validation cohort) were included. Patients’ characteristics and outcomes were recorded, as well as CBC parameters on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after thermal injury. Eighty-eight patients were included in the discovery cohort. Total body surface area burned was 14 [7–23]% and mortality was 15%. Nonsurvivors presented higher RDW and mean platelet volume (P < .01). NLR decreased after admission in all patients (P < .01), but was higher in nonsurvivors (P < .01). Deceased patients also presented higher RPR on days 3, 5, and 7 (P < .001). On the contrary, PLR was reduced in nonsurvivors (P < .05). There was a significant correlation between NLR on admission and burn extension and severity. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that NLR, PLR, and RPR could identify patients with increased mortality. These findings were confirmed in the validation cohort (n = 95). Basic CBC parameters and derived indices could be useful as biomarkers to determine prognosis in adults with thermal injuries.
The use of data from electronic health records in times of a pandemic—a legal and ethical assessment
Authors: Stoeger Karl , Schmidhuber Martina
Published: June 2020

National electronic health record systems controlled (at least in parts) by the patient are becoming increasingly common. During a pandemic, data stored in such records could be used by health authorities to identify persons with a particular health risk. In this contribution, the authors focus-from the perspective of law and medical ethics-on the question whether such state access to data could, under certain circumstances, be disadvantageous to a person’s state of health in the long run. This may be the case if the data extracted is not only used for the purpose of informing persons, but serves as a basis for measures taken against the will of the individual concerned. This might be perceived as a “breach of trust” and could result in persons opting out of or not opting into an electronic health record system. Such unintended consequences raise concerns from an ethical and a legal point of view. It follows that, even in times of a pandemic, access to personal data stored in patient-controlled health records should be used as a last resort only. While this contribution deals with the legal framework within the EU, its considerations are transferable to other national electronic health record systems.
Kinetic analysis of the intracellular processing of siRNAs by confocal microscopy
Authors: Vocelle Daniel , Chesniak Olivia M , Smith Milton R , Chan Christina , Walton S Patrick
Published: June 2020

Here, we describe a method for tracking intracellular processing of small interfering RNA (siRNA) containing complexes using automated microscopy controls and image acquisition to minimize user effort and time. This technique uses fluorescence colocalization to monitor dual-labeled fluorescent siRNAs delivered by silica nanoparticles in different intracellular locations, including the early/late endosomes, fast/slow recycling endosomes, lysosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. Combining the temporal association of siRNAs with each intracellular location, we reconstructed the intracellular pathways used in siRNA processing, and demonstrate how these pathways vary based on the chemical composition of the delivery vehicle.
Overview of EU Antitrust Procedure: Legal Framework, Institutional Design, and Decision-Making Process
Authors: Cunningham Monica , Gerard Damien , Rousseva Ekaterina
Published: June 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the procedure governing the application of Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) or the ‘antitrust rules’. The EU antitrust procedural rules are the tools that enable enforcement of the EU substantive antitrust rules. At top of the hierarchy of rules governing EU antitrust enforcement are the procedural rules set out in the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and TFEU. Article 103 TFEU defines the type of legal acts that the EU institutions should adopt in order to give effect of the principles set out in the substantive provisions. Article 104 TFEU defines the duties of the Member State until such regulations are adopted, while Article 105 TFEU defines the scope of the power of the European Commission in the area of antitrust. Other general principles of law, such as proportionality and legal certainty, also form an integral part of EU antitrust procedural law.
Handling and Rejecting Complaints
Authors: Dawes Anthony , Rousseva Ekaterina
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores the grounds for, and the process of, rejecting complaints, and outlines complainants’ rights. Complaints are crucial for effective antitrust enforcement. They are a tool to trigger cases and help the European Commission to focus on markets and practices that matter to EU citizens. The Commission therefore encourages the submission of complaints. At the same time, the Commission, as any administrative body, has limited resources. To this effect, the EU Courts have on many occasions acknowledged the Commission’s discretion to give differing degrees of priority to the examination of complaints and to choose the criteria for rejecting complaints. The EU competition rules take into account the fact that complaints are better dealt with by the competition authority which is closer to the facts. Moreover, once an allegedly anticompetitive practice is being reviewed or has been already reviewed by a competition authority, Article 13 of Regulation 1/2003 provides that other competition authorities can rely on this review to reject the same allegations if brought to their attention. The approach to complaints also takes into account that Articles 101 and 102 TFEU are directly applicable and that persons affected by allegedly anticompetitive practices may seek redress before national courts.
Fines Imposed for Substantive Infringements of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU
Authors: Garrido Tatiana López , Papanikolaou Alexandros
Published: June 2020

This chapter details the methodology of setting fines for substantive infringements under the Fining Guidelines and describes various adjustment factors that may apply in a particular case. Article 23(2)(a) of Regulation 1/2003 empowers the European Commission to adopt decisions imposing monetary fines on undertakings or associations of undertakings having committed infringements of Article 101 or 102 TFEU, either intentionally or by negligence. However, Regulation 1/2003 does not contain detailed prescriptive provisions relating to how the Commission must assess and impose fines. Hence, the Regulation grants the Commission a wide margin of discretion in relation to the imposition of fines for substantive infringements of the competition rules. The Commission follows a two-step method for setting fines. First, a ‘basic amount’ is calculated for each undertaking or association of undertakings by reference to the value of sales and the duration. Second, the basic amount is adjusted upwards or downwards based on various factors.
Infringements of the Antitrust Rules by the EU Member States
Authors: Mamdaniová Eliška
Published: June 2020

This chapter looks at the procedure for the enforcement of antitrust rules in case of infringements by Member States. The ability of Member States to distort competition has been accordingly reflected in the EU legal system. Member States are subject to a specific obligation to respect the provisions of the Treaty under Article 106 TFEU; they are obliged to adhere to the principle of sincere cooperation as reflected in Article 4(3) TEU; and any support to companies they wish to grant is subject to state aid control. Furthermore, the general infringement procedure pursuant to Article 258 TFEU can be used to hold a Member State liable for any breach of the Treaty rules. The chapter deals with procedural rules relating to the former two forms of state behaviour captured by Article 106 TFEU and Article 4(3) TFEU—in conjunction with Articles 101 or 102 TFEU.
Cooperation Between the Commission and the Courts of the EU Member States
Authors: Holzwarth Johannes
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores the cooperation between the European Commission and Member States’ courts that apply Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. The risk of inconsistent interpretations of EU competition rules renders cooperation between the Commission and Member State courts crucial, particularly due to the role that such courts play when it comes to the effective enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU at the national level: in the era of decentralisation, it is the national courts that will ultimately be called upon to apply Articles 101 and 102 TFEU either directly, or when reviewing national authorities’ decisions based on those provisions. The central role that the Commission retains for the enforcement of EU competition law means that it has a particularly strong interest in ensuring effective cooperation with national courts. Moreover, the importance of cooperation between the Commission and Member State courts is further increasing due to the rise of private enforcement. This type of enforcement is generally associated with civil actions and damages awarded by national courts or tribunals.
International Cooperation
Authors: Smijter Eddy De , Gasparon Philipp , Berghe Pascal
Published: June 2020

This chapter studies the cooperation between the European Commission and competition authorities and courts outside the EU, at both bilateral and multilateral level, and highlights the importance of that cooperation in the context of proliferation of competition regimes and the continual increase in cross-border business activities. In more than half of its enforcement activities, the Commission cooperates with one or more foreign jurisdictions, obviously with varying degrees of intensity. The bulk of this international cooperation, in the fields of both merger control and anticompetitive practices, is with the U.S. and the Canadian competition authorities. The chapter then sets out the legal framework for international cooperation and explains the principles determining the Commission’s jurisdiction in cases having an international dimension. It also considers cooperation in antitrust enforcement, with particular attention given to the exchange of information and disclosure of evidence.
Embedded Mental Health in the United States Marine Corps
Authors: Pierce Katherine E , Broderick David , Johnston Scott , Holloway Kathryn J
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Despite the rich history and progression of mental health assets and their utilization within the Marine Corps, the implementation of these assets has been varied and inconsistent. This article strives to take the lessons learned from the past and improve on them. The goal is to develop a consistent program focused on resiliency and retention, and propose an integrated organized structure across all the Marine Expeditionary Forces (MEF).

Means and Methods

Review of the literature, current practices, and future recommendations.

Results

This article demonstrates that continuing to utilize mental health resources at the Regimental level with a focus on community mental health principles rather than the medical model allows for proximity to members and leadership of their primary command, immediate access to them as their Special Staff Officer, the ability to set the expectation of recovery, resiliency, and readiness, and the capability to implement simple principles of nonmedical recuperation and advisement.

Conclusions

Improving on the organizational structure of mental health in the Marine Corps by placing a mental health Special Staff Officer at the MEF level and focusing on the principles of community mental health will shift the focus back to the primary and secondary prevention care efforts across all levels of the Marine Corps and provide clinical and leadership oversight as it relates to the philosophy, role, and implementation of organic mental health Officers.
Impact of Risk Adjustment Using Clinical vs Administrative Data on Hospital Sepsis Mortality Comparisons
Authors: Rhee Chanu , Li Zhonghe , Wang Rui , Song Yue , Kadri Sameer S , Septimus Edward J , Chen Huai-Chun , Fram David , Jin Robert , Poland Russell , Sands Kenneth , Klompas Michael
Published: June 2020

Background

A reliable risk-adjusted sepsis outcome measure could complement current national process metrics by identifying outlier hospitals and catalyzing additional improvements in care. However, it is unclear whether integrating clinical data into risk adjustment models identifies similar high- and low-performing hospitals compared with administrative data alone, which are simpler to acquire and analyze.

Methods

We ranked 200 US hospitals by their Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Adult Sepsis Event (ASE) mortality rates and assessed how rankings changed after applying (1) an administrative risk adjustment model incorporating demographics, comorbidities, and codes for severe illness and (2) an integrated clinical and administrative model replacing severity-of-illness codes with laboratory results, vasopressors, and mechanical ventilation. We assessed agreement between hospitals’ risk-adjusted ASE mortality rates when ranked into quartiles using weighted kappa statistics (к).

Results

The cohort included 4 009 631 hospitalizations, of which 245 808 met ASE criteria. Risk-adjustment had a large effect on rankings: 22/50 hospitals (44%) in the worst quartile using crude mortality rates shifted into better quartiles after administrative risk adjustment, and a further 21/50 (42%) of hospitals in the worst quartile using administrative risk adjustment shifted to better quartiles after incorporating clinical data. Conversely, 14/50 (28%) hospitals in the best quartile using administrative risk adjustment shifted to worse quartiles with clinical data. Overall agreement between hospital quartile rankings when risk-adjusted using administrative vs clinical data was moderate (к = 0.55).

Conclusions

Incorporating clinical data into risk adjustment substantially changes rankings of hospitals’ sepsis mortality rates compared with using administrative data alone. Comprehensive risk adjustment using both administrative and clinical data is necessary before comparing hospitals by sepsis mortality rates.
Illustrated Guide to the Transradial Approach for Neuroendovascular Surgery: A Step-by-Step Description Gleaned From Over 500 Cases at an Early Adopter Single Center
Authors: Sattur Mithun G , Almallouhi Eyad , Lena Jonathan R , Spiotta Alejandro M
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Traditionally, neuroangiography for diagnosis and therapy has been achieved via the transfemoral route. Femoral access, however, has been associated with catastrophic complications. Although transradial access (TRA) has been adopted late by the field of neuroendovascular surgery, several groups have recently demonstrated a dramatically safe and rapid learning curve with a radial-first approach. However, there is a need for a detailed illustrative approach on the transradial technique.

OBJECTIVE

To provide a detailed description of the operative technique with step-by-step illustrations derived from our single center series of 506 cases, as an early adopter.

METHODS

A step-by-step illustrated approach to our technique of transradial angiography is provided, based on our clinical experience of an early radial-first approach. Prospective review of patients undergoing transradial angiography and interventions from April 1 to November 30, 2019, at our institution was performed. We included all cases that received radial-first arterial access for diagnostic and interventional neuroangiography. Efficacy, complications, catheter use, and radiation metrics of TRA for the entire cohort were noted. The radial approach was described in 4 stages beginning from the wrist (Stage I) and ending with distal access to target vessel of interest (Stage IV).

RESULTS

A total of 506 patients underwent TRA over the 7-mo period. Procedural success was achieved in 92.3% of patients (93.7% for diagnostic and 88.5% for interventional). Crossover to the femoral route occurred in 33 (6.5%) cases (25 diagnostic and 8 interventional). The majority occurred in Stage I. No major complications were noted.

CONCLUSION

Our preferred technique for the transradial approach provides excellent safety and efficacy in performing diagnostic and interventional neuroangiography. The illustrated technical steps are expected to provide guidance for early adopters of TRA.
Double-Barrel Superficial Temporal Artery-M2 Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass and Creation of a Middle Communicating Artery via M2-M2 End-to-End Reimplantation for Trapping of a Dolichoectatic Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Catapano Joshua S , Frisoli Fabio A , Cadigan Megan S , Farhadi Dara S , Nguyen Candice L , Lawton Michael T
Published: June 2020

Large dolichoectatic aneurysms of middle cerebral artery (MCA) trifurcations are rare and often require trapping and revascularization of the region with a bypass.
1-9
This video describes the treatment of an MCA trifurcation aneurysm by clip trapping and double-barrel superficial temporal artery (STA) to M2-MCA bypass followed by M2-M2 end-to-end reimplantation to create a middle communicating artery (MCoA). The patient, a 60-yr-old woman, presented with headache, a history of smoking, and a family history of ruptured aneurysms. Angiography demonstrated a 1.7-cm dolichoectatic aneurysm of the MCA trifurcation. While the natural history of these lesions is unclear, the aneurysm size and family history of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were factors in proceeding with treatment. Informed written consent was obtained from the patient and her family.

 The STA branches were harvested microsurgically, a pterional craniotomy was performed, and the aneurysm was exposed through a transsylvian approach. The two STA branches were anastomosed end-to-side to the middle and inferior trunks of the MCA. Due to the significant mismatch between the donor and recipient vessel calibers, we were concerned that the donors might provide insufficient flow in isolation. Therefore, we decided to transect both M2 trunks from the aneurysm, proximal to the inflow of the bypass, and reimplant them end-to-end. This reimplantation created an MCoA, allowing the two donor arteries to supply the new communication between the inferior and middle trunks, redistributing blood flow through the MCoA according to cerebral demand.

 Bypass patency and aneurysm obliteration were confirmed on postoperative angiography. At the 6-mo follow-up, the patient's modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was 0. The MCoA is a novel construct that, like natural communicating arteries, redistributes flow in response to shifting demand, without the need for additional ischemia time during the bypass. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
Theory of Mind
Authors: Tucci Stacey L. , Easterbrooks Susan R.
Published: June 2020

Recent research on theory of mind (ToM) provides insights into challenges to learning and cognition in both children and adults. This chapter reviews the literature on ToM in general, focusing on the areas of difference from the viewpoint of ToM as a way to understand the challenges to learning and cognition in deaf and hard-of-hearing learners. Deaf and hard-of-hearing people demonstrate similar abilities to those with typical hearing across several cognitive tasks, including, but not limited to, imagination, creativity, and long-term memory. Differences exist, however, in the domains of visual-spatial processing, short-term memory, and executive functioning. These similarities and differences have implications for learning and cognitive development as they interact with ToM concepts. Concepts explored include, but are not limited to, language, affect, social experiences, the role of the family and the environment, learning, and reading.
Accommodating Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children with Cognitive Deficits
Authors: Knoors Harry , Marschark Marc
Published: June 2020

Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children are more at risk than hearing children for developing cognitive deficits despite universal newborn hearing screening, early intervention, early input of sign language, and pediatric cochlear implantation. DHH children and adolescents may exhibit cognitive differences due to differences in perception and language modality. They may also experience an elevated risk of developing cognitive deficits due to periods of linguistic and cognitive deprivation and periods of chronic stress and fatigue. This chapter describes the possible causes for cognitive deficits of DHH children and the consequences for learning, both direct (because of cognitive overload) and indirect (because of behavior problems). Subsequently, the chapter outlines the various ways in which cognitive deficits may be accommodated through preventive measures, structured instruction, and specific interventions. The chapter concludes that, in all areas, there is first and foremost a need for more well-constructed effect studies. At the same time, application and further evaluation of the few available well-designed interventions are highly recommended.
I Should Do as I Say, Not as I Do
Authors: Castellanos Irina , Pisoni David B. , Kronenberger William G.
Published: June 2020

Research on outcomes following cochlear implantation has focused primarily on auditory and proximal spoken-language skills. More recently, however, evidence has emerged demonstrating that the effects of early auditory deprivation and language delays associated with deafness can have distal, cascading effects on neurocognitive and psychosocial outcomes. The few studies on psychosocial outcomes suggest that prelingually deaf cochlear implant (CI) users display highly variable outcomes, with some children demonstrating excellent adjustment and others struggling with emotional-behavioral problems and/or social deficits or delays. In this chapter, we describe how underlying neurocognitive processes, such as language and the self-regulation of cognitive and emotional responses, may account for unexplained individual differences in psychosocial outcomes in CI users. Furthermore, we identify the lack of psychometrically sound questionnaire measures of psychosocial functioning as a critical barrier to progress in the early identification and effective treatment of poor social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes in CI users.
Corpus Translation and Interpreting Studies
Authors: Laviosa Sara , Malamatidou Sofia
Published: June 2020

Since their introduction in translation and interpreting studies in the 1990s, computerized corpora have given rise to a substantial body of descriptive and applied research that is contributing to the development of the discipline as a whole. The present chapter surveys a particularly socially relevant domain of corpus use, namely the education of translator trainees in today’s multilingual and technologized language industry. After introducing the main features and ambits of corpus research into translation and interpreting, the present contribution traces the development of corpus use in translator and interpreter education from its introduction in the field in the late 1990s to the present day. In the concluding section the authors pull together the main threads that have been laid out and look to the future.
Translation and Social Practices
Authors: Ji Meng
Published: June 2020

The various chapters in this book discuss and explore the viability and social significance of adapting translation as a social intervention instrument to advance the global sustainable development agenda. It is argued that translation studies could make useful contributions to sustainable social development by engaging in translation research innovation. Existing approaches to translation studies have overlooked the function of translation as an important and powerful policy communication and research intervention instrument. However, the development of specialized translation in the healthcare, environmental, policy, and legal domains has demonstrated and will continue to have important social impacts and lasting public educational values.
Corpus Statistics for Empirical Translation Studies
Authors: Oakes Michael P.
Published: June 2020

In recent years a number of authors have made good use of statistical texts in empirical translation studies. These tests are well established in the scientific literature but have only recently been applied to the comparison of original and translated texts for the identification of the characteristics of “translationese.” There has also been interest in the comparison between professional and student translations and between machine and human translation. In this chapter, various statistical tests are examined in the context of real-world empirical studies in translation: analysis of variance and Tukey’s “honestly significant difference” test, the chi-squared test and the G-statistic, and the visualization techniques of hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The chapter finishes with a discussion of the linguistic features chosen or found to characterize the original and translated texts.
The Co-Occurrence of Autism and Gender Diversity
Authors: Fodstad Jill C. , Elias Rebecca , Sarawgi Shivali
Published: June 2020

Gender diversity refers to gender expressions and/or gender identity experiences that vary from the common experiences of gender. Gender-diverse people may be gender nonconforming, gender nonbinary, gender fluid, gender exploring, transgender, and so forth. Some gender-diverse individuals experience gender dysphoria and/or gender incongruence and may require gender-affirming supports, including gender-affirming medical interventions. The co-occurrence of autism and gender diversity has been highlighted in a series of studies internationally as well as through rich community expressions. Studies in gender-referred individuals reveal high rates of autism traits as well as high rates of existing autism diagnoses. Studies in autistic populations reveal greater gender diversity characteristics. The long-term course of gender diversity in autistic individuals is poorly understood. Clinical guidelines have been developed for adolescents with the co-occurrence, but much work remains: No gender-related measures have been developed and tested for use in neurodiverse populations, no programs exist to support gender-diverse neurodiverse adults, and little is known about co-occurring mental health profiles, risks, or protective factors for people with the co-occurrence. The inclusion of this chapter on co-occurring autism and gender diversity within a book on “co-occurring psychiatric conditions” is problematic, because gender diversity is not a “psychiatric condition,” but instead a form of human diversity. The diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria is useful only insomuch as it allows individuals to obtain necessary gender-related supports. The authors’ choice to include this chapter in this book reflects a compromise, motivated by the need for educating both autism and gender specialists in this common co-occurrence.
Suicidality and Self-Harm in Autism Spectrum Conditions
Authors: Haddock Jennifer N. , Hagopian Louis P.
Published: June 2020

Self-harm and suicidality in autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) have been underresearched. However, there is now convincing evidence that suicide is a leading cause of early death in the autistic community, and the prevalence of self-harm, suicidal thoughts, and suicidal behaviors is significantly elevated in autistic children and adults compared to the general population and psychiatric groups. Less research is currently available exploring the reasons why (etiology), how to assess or measure self-harm and suicidality, or how to treat these difficulties in autistic people. This chapter will summarize existing evidence on this topic and provide recommendations for future research and clinical practice to improve understanding, assessment, and prevention of self-harm and suicidality in ASD.
Designing Autism Spectrum Disorder Interventions for Community Implementation
Authors: Gabriels Robin L. , Barnes Julia
Published: June 2020

There are well-documented gaps between evidence-based interventions (EBIs) developed and tested in controlled research settings and those delivered in routine, community-based care. The field of implementation science has developed in response to identified gaps to study methods to promote the uptake and sustainment of EBIs in community care. Community mental health (MH) services play an important role in caring for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) across the lifespan who have co-occurring psychiatric conditions. This chapter summarizes over a decade of community-engaged research aimed to (a) characterize MH services for children with ASD, including the training needs of therapists and clinical needs of children with ASD receiving care; (b) develop the AIM HI (An Individualized Mental Health Intervention for ASD) intervention, a package of well-established, evidence-based behavioral strategies designed to reduce challenging behaviors in children served in MH service settings; (c) test the impact of training therapists to deliver AIM HI on child outcomes; (d) identify potential influences on implementation; and (e) test the impact of different implementation strategies to enhance therapist delivery of AIM HI. The chapter includes directions for future research including applying the AIM HI development model to older individuals with ASD and other community service systems and integrating implementation science approaches earlier in the pipeline of research-to-practice translation.
Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Gotham Katherine , Pezzimenti Florencia , Eydt-Beebe Mareike , Han Gloria T. , Herrington Catherine G.
Published: June 2020

There is substantial data pointing to evidence of heightened rates of psychotic experiences and schizophrenia spectrum disorders in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Given overlapping genetics and neurobiology between the two disorders, the prevalence of this comorbidity is not surprising. And yet, psychosis in ASD has received relatively little attention in either the scientific or the clinical literatures. Following an introduction to the shared historical context of schizophrenia and ASD, this chapter reviews the diagnostic criteria for psychosis and the assessment tools available for evaluating symptoms. Difficulties in differentiating true psychotic symptoms from several hallmark ASD features, as well as in diagnosing psychosis in minimally verbal individuals with ASD, are highlighted, and recommendations for making this diagnostic distinction are offered. With regard to treatment, there is a striking absence of literature addressing how to treat psychosis when it presents in individuals with ASD. This chapter highlights best practice treatments for childhood-onset and adult schizophrenia and related disorders and discusses how these treatments might apply or need adaptation when treating an individual with ASD. Finally, this chapter offers recommendations for future research regarding the nature, prevalence, developmental course, assessment, and most effective treatments for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders when they present in individuals with ASD.
Politics and Youth in the 1980s
Authors: Bridger Emily
Published: June 2020

As popular resistance against apartheid swelled in many townships during the mid-1980s, it was the country’s youth who rose to the forefront of the struggle, engaging in both nonviolent resistance and militant confrontation with the apartheid state. Initial academic work on South African youth politics sought to document their centrality to the liberation movement and counter state-sponsored stereotypes of them as destructive and violent. Research stressed that the youth were not a monolithic “lost generation” but an incredibly diverse group, who included everyone from precocious activists to opportunist criminals. Today, the youth of South Africa’s past have once again become a key topic of academic inquiry, as many of the structural condition [stet] that led to the youth uprising of the 1980s, such as unemployment, poor-quality education, and high rates of violent crime, did not disappear with the end of apartheid and continue to inflame contemporary politics. Yet our understanding of the youth of the 1980s remains incomplete, particularly when it comes to their involvement in violence, gender, and female youth, and those who were not involved in the liberation struggle.
Qur’anic Ethics
Authors: Moosa Ebrahim
Published: June 2020

Qur’anic ethics stands at the centre of Muslim exegesis of the Qur’an both in the past and the present. The belief exists that the Qur’an recommends crucial teachings for the good life that, in turn, serve as means of salvation in the afterlife. Dīn, one of the key ideas used in the revelation vouchsafed to the Prophet Muḥammad, carries with it the resonance of righteousness. Although the word dīn is translated as ‘religion’ in modern times, to the first listeners of the revelation it had a normative resonance related to human conduct. An overlapping semiotic framework provides for a nuanced and at times detailed ethical outline of practices in the Qur’an. Some attempts were made in the past to flesh out a Qur’an-based ethics, but it did not reach fruition. All Muslim ethicists would, of course, insist that the Qur’an forms the basis of their ethical deliberations. What some mean by a Qur’anic ethics is the centrality of Qur’anic teachings to the study of ethics while all other considerations ought to be deemed secondary. This is not how ethics unfolded in Islam historically speaking, for often Greek and mystical traditions of the ethical overlapped with those teachings derived from the Qur’an. In modern times this effort to find an exclusively Qur’an-based ethics was again attempted with mixed success or perhaps should be viewed as a work-in-progress.