bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internet computer virus protection policy
Authors: Wen H. Joseph
Published: July 2002

Organizations and individuals today need to have a comprehensive virus protection policy to face the growing threats of Internet computer viruses. The purpose of this paper is to introduce to the reader the threats that Internet computer viruses can cause and provide guidelines on how organizations or individuals can protect themselves against these viruses. Discusses the full set of virus types. Recommends the development of virus protection policy for organizations.
Features and functions overload
Authors: Hurley Margaret A.
Published: July 2002

Addresses the issue of the addition of features and functions to end‐user computer systems in an effort to increase the productivity of users. Argues that the core productive functions of most technology in daily use has been achieved and that vendors of this software are giving users greatly diminishing returns for further investments in new versions. Suggests that better knowledge of what exists, rather than additional features, is a more fruitful path to achieving productivity gains.
IT contingency planning: management roles
Authors: Jordan Ernest
Published: July 2002

This paper presents an analysis of selected participants in a survey of Australian organisations’ approaches to business and information technology (IT) contingency planning. In particular, it examines the role of management in planning and setting priorities for contingency planning, especially in those organisations that have specified that IT is critical to the business operations. The survey was undertaken because there was a perception that coping with disaster is a much‐neglected aspect of management in Australia, and this analysis examines the underlying attitudes. The findings reveal that most organisations are inadequately prepared and fail to take the issue seriously. Business continuity is not rated as a high priority. Managers in the IT area are also expected to take the responsibility for contingency planning for the whole business.
Copyright protection in the digital age
Authors: Oddie Carolyn
Published: July 2002

The global generation and the use of digital information over online networks has massive implications for copyright management, a situation for which few countries are well prepared. Current copyright protection measures cause difficulties with new works such as computer‐generated material, multimedia products and digital technology. In Australia, Internet service providers (ISPs) have been targeted in cases of copyright infringement on the Internet, and there has been much debate about ISPs’ liability, forcing the Australian Government to consider limiting liability for copyright infringemnt by ISPs.
Security requirements, risks and recommendations for small enterprise and home‐office environments
Authors: Spinellis D. , Kokolakis S. , Gritzalis S.
Published: July 2002

The pervasive use of information technology in enterprises of every size and the emergence of widely deployed ubiquitous networking technologies have brought with them a widening need for security. Information system security policy development must begin with a thorough analysis of sensitivity and criticality. Risk analysis methodologies, like CRAMM, provide the ability to analyse and manage the associated risks. By performing a risk analysis on a typical small enterprise and a home‐office set‐up the article identifies the risks associated with availability, confidentiality, and integrity requirements. Although both environments share weaknesses and security requirements with larger enterprises, the risk management approaches required are different in nature and scale. Their implementation requires co‐operation between end users, network service providers, and software vendors.
International Publishers Association 4th International Copyright Symposium, Tokyo, 22‐24 January 1998
Authors: Evans John
Published: July 2002

The 1998 Asia Pacific Publishers Association Meeting in Tokyo was followed by the International Publishers Association 4th International Copyright Symposium, the first of this series to be held in Asia. The meeting explored the publishers’ new roles and legal protection of the publishers’ rights in the evolving digital and information‐based society. Descriptions and demonstrations of Electronic Copyright Management Systems were a key feature. The need for greater librarian interest in “rights” issues and in the new roles that are rapidly emerging was stressed.
A descriptive survey of library and information science education personnel in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wijetunge Pradeepa , Willson Jonathan
Published: July 2002

This article contains the results of a descriptive survey of library and information (LIS) teachers of Sri Lanka, the first of its kind carried out in the country. All LIS teachers were identified, and a questionnaire was distributed to obtain their personal, educational and professional information. The data gathered revealed that 94 per cent of the teachers were occupied full‐time in executive jobs other than teaching, a higher percentage were middle‐aged and close to retirement, while there were relatively few young professionals entering teaching. Professional education in Sri Lanka depends mainly on the commitment of part‐time teachers. Therefore, the development of professional education is hindered. The paper includes recommendations to overcome this problem; it stresses the need for a complete manpower survey of LIS personnel at national level.
Preserving Chinese historical resources
Authors: Perushek Diane , Smith Kathlin
Published: July 2002

US and Chinese institutions recently concluded a co‐operative project to microfilm more than 3,700 titles of Chinese‐language monographs published from 1932 to 1945 ‐ the years leading to and including the Sino‐Japanese War. The books were all from the collection of Fudan University in Shanghai, which also undertook the filming with support from American partners. The project had three explicit objectives: to enrich the US collection from this period, to preserve the fragile monographs, and to build capacity within Fudan University for future preservation microfilming work. While successful in meeting these objectives, the project also offers many lessons for future co‐operation.
Sharing multimedia representations of practice over the Web
Authors: Sgouropoulou Cleo , Koutoumano Anastasios , Skordalakis Emmanuel
Published: July 2002

WebOrama is a Web‐based system that provides a platform for creating, managing, and sharing representations of practice in the form of asynchronous multimedia annotations. It has been used within the “SHARP” project for the support of co‐ordinated, asynchronous discussions which emanate from a video representation of the industry’s best practice. These discussions serve as a medium for the exchange of tacit, experience‐based knowledge among a community of practitioners and, also, facilitate learners in the acquisition of complex skills applicable to real‐world working contexts. WebOrama utilises an innovative algorithm for dynamic filtering of annotations in order to provide an adaptive and customisable representation of content, personalised for a particular user‐group’s perspective. This paper presents the requirements definition and the design of WebOrama.
PimaInformation Systems
Authors: Loftus Terry F.
Published: July 2002

PimaInformation Systems is a collection of interactive information
dispersal systems that has been developed by the District Computer
Services of Pima County Community College District of Tucson, Arizona.
PCC is a multi‐campus environment spread over three counties with an
enrollment of over 30,000 students.
Home, home on the web
Authors: Strauss Howard
Published: July 2002

Even a year ago, having an e‐mail address and a fax number were
enough to ensure that you were considered among the most technologically
advantaged. Now, my old aunt Matilda has them, and she is crocheting an
Afghan that includes gothic text URLs of her favorite places on the web.
The World Wide Web, that is. If you have not spent the last year under a
rock in Katmandu, you have heard about “the web”. The web
gives you access to the Internet. Of course, gopher gives you access to
the Internet too, but the cute little rodent never made it to News
Week, Business Week, Time and even People, as the web does
in every issue. Does Al Gore have a gopher server? Does Intel? Does IRS?
Even if they did, no one would care any more. The adorable little gopher
has been fatally trampled by the faceless web. Today, to be anybody, you
must be on the web.
Library OPAC vendors and the Web: Innopac, Ameritech, DRA
Authors: Henry Marcia
Published: July 2002

Describes the development of New York University’s Web site from a designer’s viewpoint. Outlines issues facing Internet information providers.
Technology and innovation with notebook computers
Authors: Brown Ray C.
Published: July 2002

Describes an initiative by two universities in North Dakota, USA, to implement an administrative partnership which was committed to lifelong learning and the sharing and development of resources. The collaboration involved the networking of computers using student notebook computers. Discusses the reasons for choosing notebook computers and presents the results of the initiative since the formation of the partnership.
In need of support: the academic help desk
Authors: Middleton Iain A. , Marcella Rita
Published: July 2002

The help desk and user support industry has, over the last ten years, risen to prominence as one of the most important areas of the IT and customer services industry. However, it has also become clear that not all help desks have the same requirements, and help desks operating in academic environments find themselves with distinct circumstances and problems. Drawing on research published by the author, and a comprehensive review of recent literature and input from practitioners, addresses these issues which distinguish the help desk in academia. Also finds that it often suffers from difficulty in defining its role and obtaining resources, examines how some institutions have successfully tackled these problems and offers some suggestions for strategies, future developments and sources of expert advice.
Using a Web camera
Authors: Certo Matt
Published: July 2002

Describes the experience at Rollins College, of delivering live imagery to the Web. Outlines the steps taken, and the end result. Uses Web cams to deliver a temporary solution. Argues that real‐time video delivery is on the horizon.
Disabling myth or writing for the world: the secondary schools language project in the Eastern Province, South Africa
Authors: Bleach Jean
Published: July 2002

The majority of learners in South African schools are black, and they learn through English as a second language (L2). This contrasts with white students who learn through their first language (L1), English or Afrikaans. Most black students in South Africa are multilingual, and new developments in the curriculum promise to value this achievement. Even now, young black students display considerable competence in their written English when they use electronic links to communicate with fellow students and adults worldwide. Computers motivate students as writers and language learners. One of the many disabling myths that threatens to impede progress towards equity in educational outcomes in South Africa is the myth that teachers of writing in historically black schools will wait a very long time for the technologies of word processing and e‐mail to be available to them. In the Eastern Province many schools have no telephones or electricity. The ANC Government is struggling to meet basic needs quickly and computers could then be used to promote equity among learners. In this study, students had only limited access to keyboard and e‐mail facilities, yet the enthusiasm and concentration computers generated meant that they could leapfrog many hours of classroom instruction.
Information system management issues in small colleges and universities
Authors: McClintock Maggie
Published: July 2002

This paper reports the findings of a study that examined several aspects of information systems at colleges and universities with 5,000 or fewer students. The subject schools were members of either CAUSE or Educom. The information system administrators at these institutions were mailed a survey that consisted of 20 questions that related to institutional demographics, management/ governance issues and finance/budgeting issues. A total of 21 hypotheses were tested for significant relationships using chi‐squares at 0.05 alpha level. This article specifically addresses parts of the study that related to information systems management structure, policy setting and resource acquisition.
Cost accounting a network ‐ a case study
Authors: Levine Larry , McClain Betsy
Published: July 2002

Regardless of how they are budgeted, information technology (IT) costs must be paid. Most schools offer some computing services at no cost to the individual or unit and some that are charged back to users and units. Typically, common good services are centrally funded, and services that differentially benefit specific individuals or units are charged for. How services are funded often reflects a school’s philosophy about IT and about finances. Preferably, IT funding mechanisms deliberately help shape and influence an institution’s IT and services philosophy, as opposed to an IT or service philosophy being unintentionally shaped by fiscal policies that follow no particular strategy. Levying fees to users on an individual or departmental basis may yield a different demand and expectation of IT services than when costs are borne by a central budget. Quantity and quality, degree of centralization, and administrative complexity of services are major variables in determining funding. Also at stake is the degree to which an institution wishes to endorse, suppress, control or expand IT services. These issues are specifically illustrated through a case study of the formulation of a new budget and cost accounting model to both finance an institution‐wide network upgrade and to maintain that network.
The campus Web: a connecting device or a trap?
Authors: Coombs Norman
Published: July 2002

The World Wide Web is the most significant advance in mass dissemination of information since the invention of the printing press. Because electronic information is largely display independent, it is accessible to persons with disabilities who have the use of a computer with adaptive technology. Unfortunately, some Web design erects new, needless barriers to the use of this medium. This article outlines some of the problems, describes international activities aimed to transcend these problems and also suggests some simple, immediate solutions.
Managing the Space Business Archives with DB/TextWorks
Authors: Dahlstrom Neil
Published: July 2002

The Space Business Archives collects, preserves and makes accessible documents that trace the development of the commercial space industry. The collection consists of business plans, marketing reports and proposals, videos, photographs, and similar material that is representative of the dynamic industry we serve. In order to make this material accessible to a global market, we have built our cataloging system through DB/TextWorks, Version 3.0. Some of the most attractive features of this software are its speed and ease of record retrieval through keyword searching, unlimited description fields for data entry, and the ability to design query and report forms that are both comprehensive and user friendly. These features, combined with traditional archival standards of arrangement, have allowed us not only to create and maintain an efficient internal cataloging system, but also, with the utilization of DB/Text WebPublisher, to provide our customers worldwide access to our collection via the World Wide Web.
Organizing Internet resources: teaching cataloging standards and beyond
Authors: Hsieh‐Yee Ingrid
Published: July 2002

Recognizing changes in the information environment and related changes in cataloging standards, Catholic University of America’s LIS program adopted a strategy to offer students three levels of knowledge in organizing Internet resources. In the basic cataloging course, the instructor raises student awareness of Internet resources cataloging and metadata through demonstrations and discussions. In the advanced cataloging course, students apply cataloging standards and Dublin Core to Internet resources and selected types of material, and consider issues related to the implementation of metadata standards. In the advanced Internet resources organization course, students obtain hands‐on practice in creating electronic pathfinders and using metadata schemes such as Dublin Core, text encoding initiative (TEI), and encoded archival description (EAD). The instructor’s objectives are to broaden students’ understanding of the types of resources that need to be organized, give students knowledge and skills for the organization of digital resources, and prepare them to redefine cataloging in the twenty‐first century.
OCLC Users Council minutes: January 23‐25, 1995
Authors: Ostendorf JoEllen
Published: July 2002

Reports the minutes of the winter meeting of the OCLC Users
Councils, January 23‐25, 1995, which focussed on “The NII, the
Internet, and OCLC: The Next Generation”. Speakers talked about
Freenets, the effects of current federal legislation on the development
of a national information infrastructure (NII) for an information
highway, and how librarians need to influence public policy making to
remain key players in the development of the National Internet
Infrastructure.
OML for the Libs+ system using PFW
Authors: Hahn Joel A.
Published: July 2002

Passportt for Windows (PFW) is not limited to accessing OCLC’s systems. It can also access a local Libs+ system through the internet. Such a connection makes it possible to use the automation capabilities of the OCLC Macro Language (OML), which is built into PFW, for the local Libs+ system. Once certain setup requirements have been completed, PFW can be used to accomplish quickly many routine tasks and thereby increase productivity and decrease error rates. Because it can be used to automate many local tasks, PFW remains an important tool for librarians.
The Mankato schools Internet project
Authors: Johnson Douglas A.
Published: July 2002

The Mankato (MN) public school district has created a districtwide
computer network which allows all its staff and students full Internet
access. Discusses a snapshot of the work‐in‐progress. Includes the
goals, scope, and history of the project; provides a technical overview
and cost analysis; and projects future direction. Concludes with some
suggestions for other educators who are considering similar projects.
E.QUALITY@BT…
Authors: Macmillan Roderick H.
Published: July 2002

Explains that an on‐line ISO 9001‐based management system has been developed using the World Wide Web (WWW), a hypermedia system and part of the Internet. Subject matter is presented as an alphabetical list of linked encyclopedia‐style entries. Numerous navigational techniques are available, and the system allows the user several different routes to particular information. ISO 9001 and Tickit cross‐references are incorporated, together with linked process diagrams, a topic‐based change log and electronic forms. The level of detail presented on screen may be controlled by users.
Visits, hits, caching and counting on the World Wide Web: old wine in new bottles?
Authors: Berthon Pierre , Pitt Leyland , Prendergast Gerard
Published: July 2002

Explores the problems of “counting” hits and visits to Web sites on the World Wide Web. Nominally, cyberspace offers unrivalled monitoring and tracking potential when compared with other marketing media. However, further inspection reveals some complicating factors. Identifies the phenomenon of cache memory, the use of proxy servers and trawler software and explores their influence on under‐ and over‐counting. Drawing on the hierarchy of effects model developed by Berthon et al. (1996), presents a series of correction factors. Concludes that the problem of accurate counting on the Web is a new manifestation of an old problem: old wine in new bottles.
Brussels and the global information society
Authors: Flesch Colette
Published: July 2002

Considers the correct role of the European Commission in the light of its dependency on information from all European Union institutions.
Web page design and network analysis
Authors: Wan Hakman A. , Chung Chi‐wai
Published: July 2002

This research project looks at problems in Web site design from the perspective of network analysis. In view of the similarity between the hypertext structure of Web pages and a generic network, the authors find in network analysis several concepts and theories which could provide some insight for Web site design. In this paper, the problem of homepage location and the control of number of Web pages and their links are described. Solutions to these problems are discussed.
Qualitative investigation of an e‐mail mediated help service
Authors: Hahn Karla
Published: July 2002

Many organizations are developing e‐mail mediated help services, although the implications of using e‐mail for client service are not yet fully understood. A qualitative study of a successful service was developed incorporating content analysis of service logs and interviews with staff and users. Two models of ideal service exchanges emerge: concise question/response dyads and extended dialog. Staff tend to consider dialog typical, while users almost exclusively consider the minimum exchange normal. Service logs show most exchanges are simple question/answer pairs where users explicitly request instructions, explanations, brief informational answers, or direct intervention by staff. However, users sometimes underspecify their request or omit needed information while staff often respond incompletely to queries. This frequent omission of information places significant stresses on a dyadic exchange model. As users become more experienced in the using e‐mail for requesting service, broader acceptance and use of a dialog model of help provision might occur.
Content design frameworks for Internet Studies curricula and research
Authors: Maule R. William
Published: July 2002

This article examines instructional frameworks for university‐level education in Internet content design. Examined are academic constructs, philosophies and strategies from two disciplines traditionally associated with content ‐ herein defined as instructional science and informational studies. These approaches are then extended into a curricula paradigm for academic studies in Internet content design. The intent of the article is to begin dialog on the development of university‐level curricula and degree programs in Internet studies.
Shared semantics and the use of organizational memories for e‐mail communications
Authors: Schwartz David G.
Published: July 2002

Examines the use of shared semantics information to link concepts in an organizational memory to e‐mail communications. E‐mail is by far the dominant business application of the Internet, yet the use of e‐mail relies on a number of assumptions regarding the effectiveness of interpersonal communications. One of these assumptions is that of common meaning or shared semantics. Assuming shared semantics in electronic communications can lead to a breakdown in communication, and the very managerial improvements that e‐mail is intended to foster can be negated by the resultant lack of understanding. In this paper how shared semantics are created, maintained, and used to enhance e‐mail communications is discussed. A framework for determining shared semantics based on organizational and personal user profiles is presented. How shared semantics are used by the HyperMail system to help link OM content to e‐mail messages is illustrated.
ADDE: Application Development for the Distributed Enterprise
Authors: Franckson Marcel , Hall John , Helmerich Alfred , Cañadas Rafael , Dehn Martin
Published: July 2002

Application Development for the Distributed Enterprise (ADDE) is a methodological set that supports design of distributed business processes and ICT systems. ADDE provides a guide, a repository and supporting software tools, an underlying meta‐model, based on UML, that may be used in developing further software tools, or adapting existing tools to work with the ADDE repository. The main principles that have driven the authors’ approach to distributed system design are presented. These principles are the focus on distribution issues, the separation of organisational and technical issues, the emphasis on the design process as a decision process, the notion of technological services and the method independence of the guidance. Following this, the guidance on the definition and planning of the application development will be introduced. A presentation of the guidance on distributed application design, as well as the concepts of macro and micro decisions follows. Finally, the future work of the ADDE project will be outlined.
Commercial WWW site appeal: how does it affect online food and drink consumers’ purchasing behavior?
Authors: White Gregory K. , Manning Barbara J.
Published: July 2002

This paper reports the results of a recent online survey of consumer attitudes toward selected US online storefronts marketing barbecue sauce, cheese, olive oil, and potato chips as well as international companies marketing an assortment of specialty food products. It describes the relationship between consumer attitudes toward a commercial WWW site and likelihood of purchase as well as demographic factors which are related to online purchasing behavior of food and drink products.
Mobile agents for Web‐based systems management
Authors: Bellavista Paolo , Corradi Antonio , Tarantino Fabio , Stefanelli Cesare
Published: July 2002

The increasing dimension and heterogeneity of global Web systems make their management with tools based on the client/server model more difficult. The mobile agent technology overcomes the limits of traditional approaches and proposes solutions that are suitable for the management of distributed and heterogeneous Internet‐based systems. The paper describes the MAMAS environment and its implementation with a mobile agent technology. MAMAS has the goals of monitoring the whole system, introducing dynamic corrective actions and modifying system policies at run‐time. MAMAS achieves these objectives by answering the guidelines of both security and compliance to standards. The choice of Java as the implementation language has made it possible to achieve portability, to exploit the language security features, and to provide Web accessibility. The MAMAS compliance with CORBA ensures interoperability with legacy management platforms.
Extending teamwork in schools
Authors: Stott Kenneth , Walker Allan
Published: July 2002

There is widespread agreement that teams form an increasingly important part of life in schools. Whereas individuals used to assume responsibility for managing resources, planning the curriculum and organising major events, such responsibilities now fall often into the domain of groups of staff. But have schools given sufficient thought to what teamwork involves and how it must be nurtured? This article attempts to answer this question and to examines the benefits that might accrue from adopting team approaches to school management. It suggests there are several critical issues schools, as organisations, must address if they are to enable effective teamwork to take place. Without the right form of support, it is argued that teamwork can be little more than a token form of democracy, and if schools are to optimise their use of teams, they must face up to some of the inconsistencies evident in their structures, systems and processes.
Evolution of product warranty: a chronological study
Authors: Loomba Arvinder P.S.
Published: July 2002

Provides a chronological account of the evolution of the concept of product warranty and its development over the four millennia to its present state at the dawn of twenty‐first century. This study examines how the concept of product warranty originated and illustrates how this concept was an integral element of accepted business practices in commerce and trade over the ages in almost all civilizations spanning the globe. The civilizations include the Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations twenty‐first century bc, the Roman era of the fifth century bc, Bavarian rule at the start of the Christian era, earlier Jewish period of the second century ad, Hindu period of the fifth, Islamic era of the eighth, Russian period of the early tenth, church rule of the medieval times, customs of the English boroughs, and ultimately the post‐industrial era of consumerism and today’s times of warranty legislation.
Cameralist thought and public administration
Authors: Spicer Michael W.
Published: July 2002

Cameralism, as a set if ideas, refers to a system of “sciences” whose professors, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, recorded and attempted to extend and improve administrative practices to serve the absolutist monarchs of Germany and Austria. This article examines some of the major themes of cameralist political and social thought. Particular attention is paid here to cameralist writings about the nature of the state, the value of science, and the power of the executive. It is concluded here that the cameralists sounded themes that continue to resonate in much of modern American public administration, but that these themes may not be as relevant to a constitutional republic as they were to the absolutist regimes of Germany and Austria.
Management history gurus of the 1990s
Authors: Whitney Gibson Jane , Hodgetts Richard M. , Herrera Jorge M.
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses the lives and contributions of five key members of the Management History Division: Arthur G. Bedeian; Alfred A. Bolton; James C. Worthy (now deceased); Charles D. Wrege; and Daniel A. Wren. Each has proved himself a teacher and intellectual leader in matters of fundamental concern to management history.
Symposium introduction: an operational code approach to W. Edwards Deming
Authors: Stupak Ronald J.
Published: July 2002

In order to understand both the man and his contributions, this symposium is an attempt to construct an operational code based on the historical records and the data of W. Edwards Deming. Operational code is defined as those Deming guidelines and actions believed to be essential for the effective productivity of high performing individuals and organizations. It is assumed that these Deming rules and principles have general applicability to public and private organizations in the USA, and throughout the world. Because today one hears more discussion of the views of commentators and less discussion from the practitioners themselves, the thrust of this symposium is with the use of personal power and the elaboration of Deming’s compositions, books, letters, correspondence, and personal lectures on the management process as interpreted by both professional managers and Deming scholars. This development of an operational code hopefully will add critically important dimensions and synergy to the many biographical, historical, and eulogistic materials on Deming scattered in various journals, archives, and libraries.
A rapid mould‐making system: material properties and design considerations
Authors: Barlow Joel W. , Beaman Joseph J. , Balasubramanian Badrinarayan
Published: July 2002

Presents the mechanical properties of a new mould‐making material, proposed for producing rapidly prototyped injection mould inserts for plastics by selective laser sintering. Explains that although the strength of this material is far below that of the tool steel usually used to fabricate moulds, design calculations indicate that it can still be used for mould insert production. Points out that the thermal conductivity of this material is lower than that for steel but higher than that for plastic melts. Indicates from the calculations that proper choices of conduction length and cycle time can minimize differences, relative to steel moulds, in the operational behaviour of moulds made of the new material. Discusses the longevity of example moulds.
Multiple LED photographic curing of models for design verification
Authors: Loose Toshiki Niino Kai , Nakagawa Takeo
Published: July 2002

At The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) a new process named multiple LED photographic curing (MPC) has been developed. As a matter of priority, MPC is thought to be applied to concept modelling. The building data are available in bitmap or voxel representation respectively. In MPC, light is generated by light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). Exposing of a photopolymer happens through raster scanning. An array of multiple beams of light is projected onto the resin surface while the scan head moves across the vat. The fabrication of test parts has proven the system’s practical ability to create geometric objects. Surface finish is quite good, certainly adequate for most concept verification. Some obstacles such as low exposure energy have yet to be overcome. Scaling up the build envelope enables fabricating much larger parts.
Raster‐based exposure through multiple parallel beams in stereolithography
Authors: Loose Kai , Niino Toshiki , Nakagawa Takeo
Published: July 2002

A method to control raster‐based exposure in multiple‐LED photographic curing (MPC) is introduced. During the build process, beams of multiple sources, each exposing a separate area, are projected vertically onto the resin surface while the projector moves continuously across the resin vat. In the projector, 1,024 beams of light are arranged in an array of eight staggered rows. Part‐building data are written in numerical control (NC) geometric details (G)‐codes to produce a physical replica of the digital part design. The sliced 3D data are converted into bitmap data, an image consisting of tiny dots called pixels. The individual layers of a part are built up through pixels arranged in a bitmap. The formation of objects happens through curing in an orthogonal raster with a mesh of 62.5mm. To obtain even intensity in the surface, five beams are used to cure a single string. In part‐building experiments, microscopic photographs taken of parts clarified the characteristic pattern of the exposure technique.
Packaging of closed chamber PCR‐chips for DNA amplification
Authors: Schabmueller C.G.J. , Evans A.G.R. , Brunnschweiler A. , Ensell G. , Leslie D.L. , Lee M.A.
Published: July 2002

Reports the design, fabrication and packaging of a micromachined silicon/Pyrex based chip for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The anodic bonding method is used for sealing the chambers of 1μl volume with a Pyrex glass wafer. Platinum resistors on the back of the wafer are used as heaters and temperature sensors. The chip is externally cooled by forced air to achieve rapid temperature cycling. The transparency of the Pyrex makes it possible for using optical readout methods. The packaging is especially designed for easy handling, filling, power connection, temperature regulation and optical readout. The mass production of such silicon reactors could make single‐shot throwaway devices economically viable.
Low cost high‐density multilayer circuits for MCM‐C
Authors: Born I. , Detemmerman D. , Vrana M. , De Baets J. , Van Calster A.
Published: July 2002

For many years C‐MAC has used thick film technology in many electronic products for a large range of customer applications. A high degree of integration has been achievable, together with high reliability. Recently, however, new materials have been developed allowing for a further miniaturization. This paper reports on the development of a multilayer technology, based on the combination of state‐of‐the‐art Fodel® materials with Diffusion Patterning™ dielectric and and standard thick film materials. The combination of such materials allows for the manufacture of high density products, addressing the present and future needs of many new applications. Besides the process technology for manufacturing the substrate, different assembly technologies like dip and reflow soldering and chip and wire bonding have been successfully investigated. In comparison to LTCC, this technology offers the possibility of using only a few layers, therefore allowing for faster product development, more flexibility during manufacturing and optimisation of cost.
Thermal fatigue analysis of the flip chip assembly on the polymer stud grid array (PSGA) package
Authors: Vandevelde Bart , Beyne Eric
Published: July 2002

Presents the thermo‐mechanical modelling of a new type of area array package: the flip chip on polymer stud grid array (PSGA). The objective is to optimise the material and geometrical design of this PSGA package and the flip chip assembly in order to achieve the highest thermal fatigue reliability for the solder joints in this structure. A parameterised non‐linear finite element model is used to calculate the inelastic strains induced in the solder joints due to thermal cycling. The techniques of design of experiments (DOE) and response surface modelling (RSM) enhance the parameter sensitivity analysis and optimisation of the PSGA design. After the optimisation of the structure, a very high solder joint fatigue reliability of this flip chip to PSGA package has been achieved.
HDI substrate technology for electronic automotive applications
Authors: Bremond M. , Lambert D.
Published: July 2002

Presents a survey of build‐up technologies based on the manufacture of microvia in thin dielectric sheets (< 100µm) deposited on PWB materials. These technologies will permit the PWB industry to manufacture high density interconnect substrates and answer the routeing requirements of high number I/Os, BGAs and new area array components. Bull Electronics Angers (BEA) has developed an HDI technology where microvias with hole diameters lower than 100µm are mechanically or laser drilled and interconnected lines at pitch down to 200µm are manufactured. In the frame of a European MEDEA project, ATEMAES, the design of an electronic subsystem manufactured by Magnetti Marelli in ceramic thick film technology has been adapted to the design rules of the HDI technology developed by Bull. This is part of an evaluation program for the use of HDI technology for automotive applications.
Modelling continuous improvement and benchmarking processes through the use of benefit curves
Authors: Fuller Colin
Published: July 2002

A theoretical model, which describes continuous improvement and benchmarking processes, was developed. The model was based on the concepts that improvements in management inputs should produce organizational benefits and that management inputs are limited by budget constraints. The model was developed using health and safety as an example of operational management issues. In this example, organizational benefits related to reductions in the number and costs of accidents and management inputs referred to the provision and costs of accident prevention control measures. The utility of the model was demonstrated with five health and safety scenarios, which tested the model against the continuous improvement philosophy and benchmarking with respect to reducing costs, improving performance, minimising organizational change and assessing performance within different work environments.
The assessment of worth: the need for standards
Authors: Mackmin David , Emary Richard
Published: July 2002

Buy/sell decisions in the property market, as in most markets, are based on individual or professional opinions that the exchange price is below or above the individual’s opinion of worth. This article considers the RICS definition of worth and explores other definitions and meanings in the property investment market. It reviews the current provision for DCF in standards or information papers and concludes that, while the International Valuation Standard Committee’s definition of market value is now recognised on a world basis, confusion over the meaning of “worth” and the use of DCF will continue if similar international standards are not agreed.
Financial reporting standards: is market value for the existing use now obsolete? International valuation standards put into practice
Authors: Dunckley John
Published: July 2002

This paper backgrounds the recent changes to international financial reporting standards and some possible impacts on current valuation practices. Specifically, it debates issues surrounding the existing use principle and its ability to provide the required information for financial reporting. Also discussed is the role that interaction and debate between international bodies, such as IVSC and IASC, has in the resolution of such issues.
Activity development leadership and geographic areas in Spain
Authors: Taltavull de La Paz Paloma
Published: July 2002

Theory and empirical research show how building cycles’ behaviour has substantial differences within countries among its different geographical areas. There is evidence of the existence of specific area leadership regarding development activity and how this influence is transmitted to the rest of the country as a locomotive effect in residential construction. This means that the aggregate building cycle could strongly depend on cycles in specific areas. This paper follows this approach and investigates the relationship between geographic areas’ intensity in housing construction, showing how activity development in some of these areas is influencing the rest of the country. This process is analysed in Spain during the 1990s, using information on house licenses of construction given by regional areas and applying cointegration methodology to identify leading areas in building activity. Some leadership effect is found in the Levante area attracting building activity from the rest of the country during this period.
Prospects for investment in the private rented sector
Authors: Collett Alan P.
Published: July 2002

After 90 years of decline caused by economic and social factors, the deregulation and fiscal changes in 1988 brought about a structural change in the private rented sector. The emergence of a true open market, altered investment criteria and demographic and lifestyle changes have led to the creation of a multi‐billion pound investment market. Investors, managers and valuers have had to develop new skills and attitudes to adapt to these changed circumstances.
Assessing the compensation for electricity wayleaves
Authors: Hutchison Norman , Cameron Andrew , Rowan‐Robinson Jeremy
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the measure of compensation payable for electricity wayleaves through afforestation and considers the merits of using a discounted cash flow approach to calculate the level of compensation. The research finds that the majority of negotiations take place “under the shadow” of compulsory powers and that the measure of compensation is based on the principle of equivalence; the compensation payable being the loss to the landowner and not the gain to the electricity supply company. It concludes that great caution is needed when applying a discounted cash flow approach to the valuation of afforestation owing to the large number of inputs and the sensitivity of the estimated land value to changes to key variables such as the discount rate and tree species.
The national land and property gazetteer: addressing property properly?
Authors: Wyatt Peter
Published: July 2002

In the past property research has been constrained by inadequate technology and unavailable data. In recent years, however, significant advances have been made in both of these areas. To an extent they are closely related – as technology improves the ability to collect and handle large volumes of property data becomes more achievable. This is evident as many surveying firms computerise their property files and commercial data suppliers collect, integrate and market increasing volumes of property data. Furthermore, in the public sector, the Ordnance Survey, Land Registry, Valuation Office, DETR, utilities and local authorities are custodians of substantial property data sets which are increasingly held in digital form. This paper describes the key issues that arise when property information is recorded in a database and, in particular, a geo‐referenced database. Some of the issues have been addressed in the British Standard for a National Land and Property Gazetteer but there is flexibility built into this standard which inevitably leads to disparity between gazetteers created by local authorities. There are also particular concerns when the standard is applied in a commercial rather than public sector environment. These issues are fundamental to the ability to integrate property data from disparate sources for property research purposes. The paper draws on experience of the use of the Land and Property Gazetteer in the National Land Information Service pilot in Bristol and the development of land and property gazetteers by local authorities and private practice. The impact of the National Land Use Database and the UK Standard Geographic Base initiatives are also considered.
Do valuers have a greater tendency to adjust a previous valuation upwards or downwards?
Authors: Havard Timothy
Published: July 2002

Valuers are often aware of previous valuation figures or have knowledge of transaction prices when carrying out valuation instructions. This most frequently occurs in two important types of valuation instructions: loan security valuations and investment asset valuations. Earlier research has suggested that valuers may be biased by this knowledge. This paper examines experimentally whether valuers have a greater tendency to adjust a valuation upwards when they have knowledge of a previous low valuation than they are to adjust a valuation downwards when they have knowledge of a previous high valuation. The paper is a preliminary study utilising student valuers as the study group. The findings of the experiment suggest that the hypothesis is correct. Further research is suggested.
Towards a new paradigm of resource sharing The partnership between a mirror site and consortium in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Ya‐ning
Published: July 2002

It is a tradition in libraries to offer scholarly materials for supporting research and education. In the digital age, it becomes both a challenging issue and an opportunity for libraries to provide electronic resources ofscholarly materials in networked environments. Owing to slow network traffic speed and traffic jams resulting from connection between the Internet and the Taiwan Academic Network, Academia Sinica has introduced a great number of electronic databases to its end users by applying mirroring technology. Academia Sinica also cooperates with other organisations and consortia in Taiwan to set up a new resource sharing paradigm for libraries. This case has so far proven to be a workable and practical solution with consortia’s support and coordination. Consequently the information providers and agents also get the expected profit under reasonable, affordable, and profitable principles.
A comparison of salts for the crystallization of macromolecules
Authors: Mcpherson Alexander
Published: July 2002

Thirty‐one proteins and viruses that we knew from our own experience could be crystallized, or had been reported to have been crystallized by others, were investigated. In this experiment, each protein or virus was subjected to a crystallization screen of 12 different salts, each titrated to pH 7.2 beforehand, at concentrations ranging from 20% saturation to 90% saturation. Eight macromolecules failed to crystallize at all from any salt and were omitted from consideration. From the remaining 23 proteins, each salt was scored according to how many proteins and viruses it successfully crystallized. Among several results, one was particularly striking. Sodium malonate clearly was much more successful than any other salt, resulting in the crystallization of 19 of the 23 macromolecules, almost twice as effective as the next most successful salt, which was a draw between sodium acetate, sodium tartrate, sodium formate, and ammonium sulfate (11 of 22). The high success rate of sodium malonate in producing crystals was even more impressive when an overall unique success rate with individual macromolecules was considered.