bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visual Discrimination in Sharks without Optic Tectum
Authors: Graeber R. Curtis , Ebbesson Sven O. E. , Jane John A.
Published: October 2006

After complete removal of the optic tectum, nurse sharks can learn to discriminate black versus white and horizontal versus vertical stripes. This finding is contrary to the traditional belief of exclusive tectal control over visuomotor behavior in lower vertebrates and suggests a role for the telencephalon in the vision of these primitive animals.
Heart Activity and High-Pressure Circulation in Cirripedia
Authors: Fyhn H. J. , Petersen J. A. , Johansen K.
Published: October 2006

Pulsating hemolymph pressures of remarkable magnitude for invertebrates are prevalent in the Pacific gooseneck barnacle. Mean pressures of 250 centimeters of water are common with pulse pressures up to 70 centimeters of water. The pulsations are distinctly rhythmical and the pulsation rate is highly temperature-dependent. The results strongly suggest that in cirripeds hemolymph is circulated by muscular contractions of a functional heart.
Cosmic Ray Sources: Evidence for Two Acceleration Mechanisms
Authors: Ramaty R. , Balasubrahmanyan V. K. , Ormes J. F.
Published: October 2006

The difference between the energy spectra of iron and other cosmic rays is interpreted in terms of two source mechanisms. One mechanism, possibly acceleration at neutron star surfaces, produces the iron, and another is responsible for the rest of the primary nuclei. Within this model, observations of high-energy cosmic rays could determine whether secondary nuclei are produced in the sources or in the interstellar medium.
Anticoagulant-Resistant Rats: Possible Control by the Use of the Chloro Analog of Vitamin K
1
Authors: Suttie J. W.
Published: October 2006

Strains of wild rats that are resistant to the anticoagulant action of coumarins and derivatives of indandione have been discovered in a number of geographic areas. These rats have now been shown to be more susceptible than normal rats are to the anticoagulant action of the vitamin K antagonist, 2-chloro-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. This compound, either alone or in combination with warfarin, would appear to be an effective rodenticide in areas where resistance to the indirect anticoagulants is a problem.
Segregation of Loci for C-Type Virus Induction in Strains of Mice with High and Low Incidence of Leukemia
Authors: Stephenson John R. , Aaronson Stuart A.
Published: October 2006

Multiple genetic loci for induction of murine leukemia viruses are demonstrated in cells of the high leukemic incidence C58 mouse strain. The biologic properties of viruses at C58 inducibility loci are clearly distinguishable from those of viruses activated from mouse cells containing a locus for virus induction of the low leukemia incidence BALB/c strain. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the genes for virus induction in normal mouse embryo cells represent viral structural information.
Laser Transit-Time Measurements between the Earth and the Moon with a Transportable System
Authors: Lehr C. G. , Criswell S. J. , Ouellette J. P. , Sozanski P. W. , Mulholland J. D. , Shelus P. J.
Published: October 2006

A high-radiance, pulsed laser system with a transportable transmitting unit was used at Agassiz Station, Harvard College Observatory, Harvard, Massachusetts, to measure the transit times of 25-nanosecond, 10-joule, 530-nanometer pulses from the earth to the Apollo 15 retroreflector on the moon and back.
Isotachysterol
3
and 25-Hydroxyisotachysterol
3
: Analogs of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
3
Authors: Holick M. F. , DeLuca H. F. , Kasten P. M. , Korycka M. B.
Published: October 2006

Isotachysterol
3
, 25-hydroxyisotachysterol
3
, and isovitamin D
3
have been synthesized and tested for biological activity. Like 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
, isotachysterol
3
stimulates intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization in anephric rats, whereas 25-hydroxyvitamin D
3
does not. Although isovitamin D
3
is biologically active in normal rats it is inactive in anephric rats.
Apollo 17 Seismic Profiling: Probing the Lunar Crust
Authors: Kovach Robert L. , Watkins Joel S.
Published: October 2006

Apollo 17 seismic data are interpreted to determine the structure of the lunar crust to a depth of several kilometers. Seismic velocity increases in a marked stepwise manner beneath the Taurus-Littrow region at the Apollo 17 site. A thickness of about 1200 meters is indicated for the infilling mare basalts at Taurus-Littrow. The apparent velocity is high (about 4 kilometers per second) in the material immediately underlying the basalts.
Virus-Induced Transformation without Cell Division
Authors: Bader John P.
Published: October 2006

Interference with the cell cycle by vinblastine sulfate immediately after cells were infected with Rous sarcoma virus had little effect on the development of two metabolic changes that occur in transformed cells. These results, along with an earlier demonstration of morphological changes developing in infected nondividing cells, demonstrate that the phenotypic development of the malignant state can occur without the intervention of cell divisions after infection by Rous sarcoma virus.
Al-Khwarizmi: A New-Found Basin on the Lunar Far Side
Authors: El-Baz Farouk
Published: October 2006

Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 photographs of the far side of the moon reveal a double-ringed basin 500 kilometers in diameter centered at 1°N, 112°E. The structure is very old and subdued; it is probably Pre-Nectarian in age and appears to have been filled and modified by younger events. The heights of the basin's rings are based on laser altimeter data from Apollo missions 15 through 17; these data suggest a third outer ring, approximately 1000 kilometers in diameter. Laser measurements also indicate that the filled basin separates the relatively low terrain on the eastern limb of the moon from the higher, more rugged highlands to the east.
Antibodies to a Precursor of Human Collagen
Authors: Sherr Charles J. , Goldberg Burton
Published: October 2006

Antiserum prepared against serum-free medium from human fibroblast cultures reacted specifically with protropocollagen, an assembled, soluble precursor of tropocollagen. The antibodies were directed to antigenic determinants in the nonhelical, amino terminal peptide extensions (propeptides). Amino acid sequences in the precursor molecule corresponding to the telopeptides and helical alpha chains of tropocollagen were not recognized by the antiserum.
Water Content in Convective Storm Clouds
Authors: Kyle Thomas G. , Sand Wayne R.
Published: October 2006

The condensed water content of convective storms was measured by the use of a penetrating aircraft. Regions 1 to 2 kilometers in extent and having condensed water contents of about 20 grams per cubic meter were found to be definite features of the cloud interior.
Axonal Transport of Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase by Human Sural Nerves in vitro
Authors: Brimijoin Stephen , Čapek Patrick , Dyck Peter James
Published: October 2006

Dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity accumulated above a ligature on biopsy samples of normal human sural nerves incubated in vitro. The rate of accumulation indicated that this enzyme was transported distally at a velocity of 2 millimeters per hour. Axoplasmic transport of dopamine-β-hydroxylase was greatly reduced in sural nerves from a few patients with peripheral neuropathies.
Lunar Volcanism: Age of the Glass in the Apollo 17 Orange Soil
Authors: Husain Liaquat , Schaeffer Oliver A.
Published: October 2006

The formation age of the glass in the orange soil brought back by the Apollo 17 astronauts from the Taurus-Littrow valley has been measured by the
40
Ar-
39
Ar stepwise heating technique to be 3710 ± 60 × 10
6
years. The orange glass is thus much older than expected. Four fragments, presumably from the subfloor basalt, were also analyzed and have crystallization ages of 3710 ± 70, 3720 ± 50, 3770 ± 50, and 3790 ± 70 × 10
6
years. These ages do not provide evidence for recent extensive lunar volcanism. The magmatic activity in the Sea of Serenity and the Sea of Tranquillity occurred very close in time, if not contemporaneously. The volcanic activity in the Sea of Tranquillity and the Sea of Serenity may have been triggered by the impact event forming the Sea of Rains basin.
Succession: Similarities of Species Turnover Rates
Authors: Shugart Herman H. , Hett Joan M.
Published: October 2006

The rate coefficients for species turnover (the proportion of species lost per unit time) for successional communities decrease as the communities approach some equilibrium state. This observation makes it possible to determine the parameters of a two-parameter model which quantifies the time variation of successional changes in the second derivative.
Ethanol-Induced Depletion of Cerebellar Guanosine 3′,5′-Cyclic Monophosphate
Authors: Redos James D. , Catravas George N. , Hunt Walter A.
Published: October 2006

Single doses of ethanol induce a severe depletion (95 percent) of cerebellar guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) within 1 hour after administration. The degree of this depletion is dose-dependent and is a function of the amount of ethanol in the blood. Interactions between ethanol and cyclic GMP may account for some of the intoxicating properties of ethanol.
Enhanced Template Activity in Chromatin from Adrenal Medulla After Phosphorylation of Chromosomal Proteins
Authors: Chuang D. M. , Hollenbeck R. , Costa E.
Published: October 2006

Translocation of protein kinase to the nucleus had been implicated earlier in the transsynaptic control of gene expression mediated by cholinergic nerves in adrenal medulla. Phosphorylation of chromosomal proteins by adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase and adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate enhances the template activity of chromatin from adrenal medulla. When homologous RNA polymerase II is used the relative activation is greater than that obtained with
Escherichia coli
RNA polymerase. The substrate for such phosphorylation does not seem to be RNA polymerase II. Phosphorylation of specific acidic protein probably mediates this enhancement of template activity.
Nonhistone Chromosomal Protein Synthesis: Utilization of Preexisting and Newly Transcribed Messenger RNA's
Authors: Stein Gary S. , Matthews David E.
Published: October 2006

Treatment of HeLa S
3
cells with actinomycin D during mitosis suppresses the synthesis of several major classes of nonhistone chromosomal proteins during the subsequent period before DNA replication, but allows the synthesis of other species of these proteins. Such results are consistent with the utilization of preexisting, as well as newly transcribed, messenger RNA's for nonhistone chromosomal protein synthesis during the prereplicative phase of the cell cycle.
Heavy Elements in Surface Materials: Determination by Alpha Particle Scattering
Authors: Economou Thanasis E. , Anderson Wayne A. , Blume Edwin M. , Turkevich Anthony L.
Published: October 2006

The backscattering of alpha particles from a radioactive source can be used to determine the amounts of heavy elements such as lead in surface materials. A light, portable instrument has been constructed that can be used as a survey meter for painted surfaces. It has a sensitivity of 0.3 percent by weight in a measurement of a few minutes.
Suspensions: Fluids with Fading Memories
Authors: Okagawa A. , Mason S. G.
Published: October 2006

A sheared liquid suspension whose flow is reversed remembers with various degrees of perfection all earlier configurations of the particles. The memory effects, studied primarily because of their importance in suspension rheology, may be of wider significance.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Taunton-Rigby Alison , Sher Stephanie E. , Kelley Paul R.
Published: October 2006

A radioimmunoassay for
d
-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is described. Antibodies to LSD were obtained by immunizing rabbits with a conjugate of LSD and human serum albumin. The specificity of the antibody was shown by competitive binding studies. The method has been used to detect the presence of LSD in human urines. Picogram amounts can be measured by this assay.
Esterase, Malate, and Lactate Dehydrogenases Activity in Murine Neuroblastoma
Authors: Prasad Rupi , Prasad Naresh , Prasad Kedar N.
Published: October 2006

Mouse neuroblastoma tumors have only the fifth isozyme band (A
4
) of lactate dehydrogenase, whereas this band is missing in the brain which contained four other bands of lactate dehydrogenase. The α-esterase isozyme patterns of tumors, kidney, and brain are similar except that there is an additional slowest-moving form of esterase in all tumor tissues. The malate dehydrogenase pattern is not altered in any of the tissues.
Infertility in Female Rabbits Immunized with Lactate Dehydrogenase X
Authors: Goldberg Erwin
Published: October 2006

Immunization of female rabbits with the sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-X) resulted in a highly significant reduction of pregnancies compared to nonimmunized controls. This is the first demonstration of immunosuppression of fertility by a crystalline protein shown to be strictly homogeneous by ultracentrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunodiffusion, and micro complement fixation.
Lectins in Precipitin Reactions with Soluble H Substance of Human Saliva and Serum
Authors: Grundbacher F. J.
Published: October 2006

Lectins that precipitate the soluble H substances of saliva were produced for the first time from the four commonly used sources of seed. In Ouchterlony precipitin reactions, identity was observed between extracts of
Cytisus sessilifolius
and
Laburnum alpinum
. but these extracts displayed incomplete identity with extracts from
Ulex europaeus
. These three sources of the precipitating lectin formed bands when tested with saliva from all secretors and none with saliva from nonsecretors. Extracts from
Lotus tetragonolobus
, however, formed two bands with saliva from secretors and one strong band with all saliva from nonsecretors. This new antigen, which reacts with
Lotus
, is present in all saliva and on red cells of all normal individuals, but it is absent in the O
h
(Bombay) type. The lectins formed bands with serums of secretor and nonsecretor individuals, but these bands were weaker than those with saliva, and revealed incomplete identity between H substance of serum and saliva. The precipitin reaction of the lectins is an efficient method for demonstrating relations among lectins and among antigens and has led to the discovery of a new human antigen.
Aftershocks and Intensity of the Managua Earthquake of 23 December 1972
Authors: Matumoto Tosimatu , Latham Gary
Published: October 2006

Two portable seismic stations and a fixed array of five seismometers were used to record aftershocks in the vicinity of Managua, Nicaragua, after the earthquake of 23 December 1972. Approximately 3000 aftershocks were recorded during a 20-day period in January 1973. Left lateral motion along at least two faults, both trending N40°E, is inferred from the seismic data. This is in good agreement with dislocations mapped at the surface in Managua. The data suggest that the shallow earthquakes of the Managua region are a consequence of north-south compressional stresses and east-west tensional stresses. This is consistent with regional plate movements deduced in other investigations.
Progesterone-Dependent Messenger RNA: Heterospecific Activity in vivo
Authors: Segal Sheldon J. , Ige Rufus O. , Tuohimaa Pentti , Burgos Mario H.
Published: October 2006

The action of progesterone in mediating the synthesis of avidin by the chick oviduct can be simulated by the intraoviductal instillation of nitrocellulose-trapped RNA from hormonally prepared chick or pigeon oviduct. Similarly, the pigeon oviduct synthesizes avidin in response to chick oviduct RNA. Thus, a heterospecific transfer of hormonal stimulation, through the transfer of progesterone-induced RNA, is demonstrated. The biological activity is lost after digestion by pancreatic ribonuclease. The 50-fold purification achieved by nitrocellulose chromatography of the total RNA preparation suggests that the activity resides in a messenger RNA fraction.
Juvenile Hormone Analogs: A Possible Case of Mistaken Identity?
Authors: Slade Michael , Wilkinson C. F.
Published: October 2006

Many synthetic compounds that exhibit activity in juvenile hormone assays have limited structural resemblance to natural juvenile hormones. The observed morphogenic action of many of the compounds considered to be biologically analogous to juvenile hormones is probably synergistic rather than intrinsically hormonal.
Stimulus-Coupled Secretion of γ-Aminobutyric Acid from Rat Brain Synaptosomes
Authors: Levy William B. , Redburn Dianna A. , Cotman Carl W.
Published: October 2006

Synaptosomes treated with radioactive γ-aminobutyric acid can be stimulated to release this substance. The release is maximal within 40 seconds after stimulation and is dependent on calcium. Magnesium and manganese ions, known to block stimulus-secretion coupling processes, depress calcium-dependent release. This release is specific to synaptosomes because microsomal or myelin fractions do not release accumulated γ-aminobutyric acid. The data illustrate a simple in vitro system suitable for analysis of secretion of γ-aminobutyric acid in brain and in addition describe several new aspects of uptake and secretion of this compound at brain nerve endings.
Osmolar Control of Prolactin Secretion in Man
Authors: Buckman Maire T. , Peake Glenn T.
Published: October 2006

To study the effect of changing serum osmolality on serum prolactin concentration 11 volunteers were given oral and intravenous hypotonic and hypertonic fluids. Mean serum prolactin fell to 10.5 percent of baseline after oral water loading and to 15 percent of baseline after intravenous hypotonic saline infusion. Conversely, mean prolactin rose to 417 percent of baseline after intravenous hypertonic saline administration. The correlation coefficient of simultaneously determined serum prolactin and osmolality was highly significant (
P
< .001). Isoosmolar changes in extracellular fluid volume did not consistently affect the concentration of prolactin in the serum. Thus, prolactin may be involved in the physiologic regulation of osmolar balance and the kidney may be an important target organ for prolactin.
VLS (Vapor-Liquid-Solid): Newly Discovered Growth Mechanism on the Lunar Surface?
Authors: Carter James L.
Published: October 2006

A probable vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) type of growth has been discovered for the first time in nature on the surface of lunar rock 15015. Scanning electron microprobe and energy dispersive x-ray data indicate that the growth occurs as metallic iron stalks from about 0.015 to 0.15 micrometer in diameter, with bulbous tips consisting of a mixture of iron and sulfur and measuring from about 0.03 to 0.2 micrometer in diameter. The stalk length is two to ten times the bulb diameter.
Membrane-Associated Particles: Increase at Sites of Pinocytosis Demonstrated by Freeze-Etching
Authors: Orci L. , Perrelet A.
Published: October 2006

An increased number of membrane-associated particles has been demonstrated by freeze-etching in areas of pinocytosis in the intestinal smooth muscle cell. A peculiar distribution of the particles is described, which might be closely related to the formation of pinocytotic vesicles (caveolae).
Immunity to Colon Cancer Assessed by Antigen-Induced Inhibition of Mixed Mononuclear Cell Migration
Authors: Bull David M. , Leibach Jon R. , Williams Marjorie A. , Helms Richard A.
Published: October 2006

A purified preparation of mixed human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes was used in an inhibition-of-migration assay for cell-mediated immunity to cancer of the colon. This preparation was reproducibly antigen-responsive and migrated with greater reliability than did a more complex cell mixture. Of 27 patients with this disease, cells from 24 showed inhibited migration in response to colon carcinoma antigen. Uninhibited migration patterns were found in each of the 52 cancer-free controls, including eight patients with nonmalignant disease initially diagnosed as cancer of the colon, and in nine patients with surgically cured adenocarcinoma of the colon.
Amphibian Pituitary Growth Hormone and Prolactin: Immunochemical Relatedness to Rat Growth Hormone
Authors: Hayashida Ted , Licht Paul , Nicoll Charles S.
Published: October 2006

Growth hormone and prolactin were electrophoretically isolated from amphibian pituitaries and then were tested in a radioimmunoassay with labeled rat growth hormone and antiserum to the same hormone. This isolation and purification of the hormones increased the steepness of the slopes of competitive inhibition in this system when compared to those of crude extracts. Both hormones from most species tested showed high immunochemical cross-reactivity, indicating that amphibian growth hormone and prolactin are structurally related to rat growth hormone.
Millikelvin Temperatures Measured with a Noise Thermometer
Authors: Wheatley John C. , Webb R. A.
Published: October 2006

We find that the current-sensitive noise thermometer is a satisfactory sensor of absolute temperature down to 2 mK and possibly below. Its field of application is primarily to magnetically and electrically quiet situations where accuracy is important and high precision is not required. For example, the noise thermometer is an ideal instrument for calibrating a secondary thermometer, such as a pressure thermometer, whose calibration can readily and accurately be transferred from one laboratory to another. Further instrumental development for millidegree applications seems unnecessary at present. Rather the major problems in millikelvin noise thermometry that require attention in the immediate future involve establishing thermal contact to the thermometer and reducing its thermal response time.
Application of the Elution Centrifuge to Separation of Polynucleotides with the Use of Polymer Phase Systems
Authors: Ito Yoichiro , Bowman Robert L.
Published: October 2006

A flow-through centrifuge without rotating seals enables the use of polymer phase systems for chromatographic separation of macromolecules. The capability of the technique is demonstrated on partition of polynucleotides.
Fatty Acyl-Coenzyme A Elongation in Brain of Normal and Quaking Mice
Authors: Goldberg Israel , Shechter Ishaiahu , Bloch Konrad
Published: October 2006

Microsomal enzyme systems from mouse brain that catalyze, respectively, the elongation of palmitoyl-coenzyme A (palmitoyl-CoA), stearoyl-CoA, or arachidyl-CoA appear and reach maximal activity at different times after birth of the animal. A specific C
20
-CoA elongating system exists in mouse brain in addition to the previously recognized C
16
-CoA and C
18
-CoA elongating enzymes. The C
20
-CoA elongation system is severely reduced in the mutant quaking mouse.
Chemical Facilitation of Thermal Conduction in Physiological Systems
Authors: Hills B. A.
Published: October 2006

Experimental evidence supports the concept that solutes capable of reversible chemical reaction can passively facilitate thermal conduction within their solutions. Myoglobin and bicarbonate are suggested as energy carriers in muscle, having the combined capacity for conveying all waste metabolic heat produced under normal physiological conditions. The concept is extended to convective heat transfer in vivo; this implicates hemoglobin.
Conformation of
N
6
-Methyladenine, a Base Involved in DNA Modification: Restriction Processes
Authors: Sternglanz Helene , Bugg Charles E.
Published: October 2006

Crystal structures of
N
6
,
N
9
-dimethyladenine and
N
6
-methyladenine hydrochloride were determined from three-dimensional x-ray diffraction data. The bases assume a conformation in which the N(6)-methyl group blocks one of the hydrogen-bonding sites normally used by adenine to form Watson-Crick pairs with thymine in double-helical DNA. When in this conformation,
N
6
-methyladenine residues might alter the secondary structure of DNA. thereby preventing the scission of modified DNA's by restriction enzymes.
Departments and Disciplines: Stasis and Change
Authors: Straus Robert
Published: October 2006

Because I believe that the departmental power base of universities has been a major factor in resisting inevitable and continuing changes in the disciplinary boundaries of research and teaching, I predict that significant changes in the nature of departments are inevitable. Departments will either permit, or even seek, a realignment of their spheres of control over disciplinary activity or they will lose the power of control over basic academic decisions and rewards.

To the extent that society at large expresses resistance to change, the status quo of departments may have a temporary lease on life. On the other hand, society's current disenchantment with academia may make radical internal change seem vital to the maintenance of public support, and even the survival of universities, and thus hasten changes in either departmental structure or departmental power. Within universities, resistance to such change is generally supported on the assumption that academic freedom will be threatened. Obviously, all change involves some risk, but a very significant limitation to academic freedom already exists in the pressures that many departments exert on members to restrict their intellectual activity to fit the departmental mold. Departments can regain their important role in fostering both academic freedom and academic responsibility for excellence if they will redefine their discipline-oriented identities and realign their priorities to include cross-disciplinary inquiry and teaching and greater responsiveness to the responsibilities and expectations of the university and society.
Jupiter's Radiation Belts: Can Pioneer 10 Survive?
Authors: Hess W. N. , Birmingham T. J. , Mead G. D.
Published: October 2006

Model calculations of Jupiter's electron and proton radiation belts indicate that the
Galilean satellites can reduce particle fluxes in certain regions of the inner
magnetosphere by as much as six orders of magnitude. Average fluxes should be reduced by a
factor of 100 or more along the Pioneer 10 trajectory through the heart of Jupiter's
radiation belts in early December. This may be enough to prevent serious radiation damage
to the spacecraft.
Structure of a Dinucleotide: Thymidylyl-(5′ → 3′)-Thymidylate-5′ (pTpT)
Authors: Camerman Norman , Fawcett J. K. , Camerman Arthur
Published: October 2006

The crystal and molecular structure of the naturally occurring deoxyribose dinucleotide sodium thymidylyl-(5′→3′)-thymidylate-5′ has been determined by x-ray diffraction. There are four molecules of dinucleotide and 52 water molecules in an orthorhombic unit cell of dimensions (in angstroms)
a
= 16.06,
b
= 15.13,
c
= 15.65, space group
P
2
1
2
1
2. There is a very high degree of conformational consistency between the two halves of the molecule when the dinucleotide is viewed as the combination of two 5′-mononucleotides. The planes of the two thymines are not parallel, but are tilted 38° with respect to each other. An extensive system of hydrogen bonding exists involving the bases, waters, phosphates, and sodiums; no base-base hydrogen bonding occurs. The dinucleotide structural parameters should be of assistance in interpreting DNA fiber diagrams in terms of possible structures.
Taxonomic and Environmental Stability in the Paleozoic
Authors: Thayer Charles W.
Published: October 2006

Available paleontological data show no relationship between environmental stress (proximity to the ancient shoreline) and duration of marine benthic macroinvertebrate genera in the Paleozoic. This is contrary to inferences from fossil community lineages, but in accord with genetic and physiological data on living taxa.
Phosphate-Induced Protein Chromatography
Authors: Rimerman Ronald A. , Hatfield G. Wesley
Published: October 2006

High phosphate concentration is shown to cause a large proportion of the proteins of a cell-free extract of
Escherichia coli
to bind to agarose columns to which
L
-valine is attached. With a decreasing concentration gradient of potassium phosphate, the proteins elute in relation to their solubility in concentrated ammonium sulfate. This column technique appears to provide a general tool for the purification of proteins.
Io-Accelerated Electrons: Predictions for Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11
Authors: Shawhan Stanley D. , Gurnett Donald A. , Hubbard Richard F. , Joyce Glenn
Published: October 2006

Based on a model in which electrons are accelerated to energies of 100 kiloelectron volts through sheaths associated with Io, predictions are made about energetic electrons to be observed by Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 in the Jovian magnetosphere. This energetic electron source may be distinguishable from the solar wind diffusion source by the radial flux profile and by the characteristic electron energies.
Carboxyhemoglobin Concentrations in Blood from Donors in Chicago, Milwaukee, New York, and Los Angeles
Authors: Stewart Richard D. , Baretta Edward D. , Platte Leigh R. , Stewart Elizabeth B. , Kalbfleisch John H. , Van Yserloo Barbara , Rimm Alfred A.
Published: October 2006

To determine the carbon monoxide exposure experienced by the residents of Chicago, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, and New York, venous blood samples were obtained from adults at arbitrarily chosen blood bank collection sites in the four cities and analyzed for circulating carbon monoxide, carboxyhemoglobin. For comparative purposes, blood was obtained from volunteers breathing carbon monoxide-free air and was found to contain 0.45 percent carboxyhemoglobin. By contrast a high percentage of all the nonsmoking blood donors breathing city air had carboxyhemoglobin saturations greater than 1.5 percent, which indicated that exposure to carbon monoxide in excess of that permitted by the quality standards of the Clean Air Act of 1971 was widespread and occurring regularly.
Temporal Bone Preservation in a 2600-Year-Old Egyptian Mummy
Authors: Lynn George E. , Benitez Jaime T.
Published: October 2006

Perforated eardrums in the preserved temporal bones of a mummified Egyptian male in otherwise normal middle ears offer new evidence of acute otitis media and probable defective hearing among ancient Egyptians.
Ordered Lattice Defects in Colored Fluorite: Direct Observations
Authors: Murr L. E.
Published: October 2006

Ordered arrays of defect aggregates in the (111) planes of natural fluorite have been observed by transmission electron microscopy. The intense blue coloration observed in corresponding sample areas after 200-kilovolt electron microscopy confirms the conclusion that these are color-center aggregates and, conversely, that color centers are primarily responsible for fluorite coloration.
Industrial Air Pollution: Possible Effect on Lung Cancer
Authors: Menck Herman R. , Casagrande John T. , Henderson Brian E.
Published: October 2006

Higher lung cancer mortality rates occurred in males living in certain heavily industrialized areas of Los Angeles County, California. These areas were characterized by elevated concentrations of benzo[
a
]pyrene and other polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of primarily industrial origin in the soil and air.
Miniature End Plate Potentials Recorded from Mammalian Myoneural Junctions in vivo
Authors: Hoekman Theodore B. , Dretchen Kenneth L. , Standaert Frank G.
Published: October 2006

Fibers of the cat soleus muscle had a mean resting potential of 87 millivolts as measured with an intracellular microelectrode. Miniature end plate potentials had a mean amplitude of 0.95 millivolt, a mean frequency of 1.01 per second, a mean duration of 4.44 milliseconds, and a mean rate of rise of 0.99 volt per second. Two populations of response could be discerned on the basis of rate of rise. Neither α-chloralose nor nerve section had any significant effect on the response pattern. The in vivo preparation appears to provide a superior representation of the physiology of the myoneural junction.
Norepinephrine Uptake into Cerebral Cortical Synaptosomes after One Fight or Electroconvulsive Shock
Authors: Welch Bruce L. , Hendley Edith D. , Turek Ibrahim
Published: October 2006

Membrane affinity for the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is rapidly but reversibly decreased in nerve terminals of the cerebral cortex by intense nervous stimulation. This should adaptively facilitate alerting during acute emergency and stress. The Michaelis constant (
K
m
) for the high-affinity active uptake of norepinephrine into crude synaptosome-rich homogenates of the cerebral cortices of mice was increased 68 percent after 15 minutes of intense fighting and 110 percent 5 minutes after a single electroconvulsive shock. These changes were no longer evident 18 to 20 hours later.
Preliminary Pioneer 10 Encounter Results from the Ames Research Center Plasma Analyzer Experiment
Authors: Wolfe John H. , Collard H. R. , Mihalov J. D. , Intriligator D. S.
Published: October 2006

Preliminary results from the Ames Research Center plasma analyzer experiment for the Pioneer 10 Jupiter encounter indicate that Jupiter has a detached bow shock and magnetopause similar to the case at Earth but much larger in spatial extent. In contrast to Earth, Jupiter's outer magnetosphere appears to be highly inflated by thermal plasma and therefore highly responsive in size to changes in solar wind dynamic pressure.
Radiation Belts of Jupiter
Authors: Fillius R. Walker , McIlwain Carl E.
Published: October 2006

Pioneer 10 counted relativistic electrons throughout the magnetosphere of Jupiter, with the greatest fluxes being inside 20 Jupiter radii. The peak flux of electrons with energy greater than 50 million electron volts was 1.3 × 10
7
per square centimeter per second at the innermost penetration of the radiation belts.
Tolerance to Heterologous Erythrocytes
Authors: Auerbach Robert , Roethle Joan
Published: October 2006

Injection of a water-soluble nonantigenic fraction obtained from lysed sheep red blood cells virtually abolishes the subsequent immune response to the red cells. The suppression is systemic and appears to be serum mediated.
Amphetamine in Human Plasma: A Sensitive and Specific Enzymatic Assay
Authors: Kreuz David S. , Axelrod Julius
Published: October 2006

A sensitive and specific enzymatic-isotopic method of determining plasma amphetamine concentrations in man is described. The assay is based on the transfer of the tritiated methyl group of
S
-adenosyl-L-[methyl-
3
H]methionine to amphetamine in the presence of a partially purified
N
-methyltransferase from rabbit lung. With this assay as little as 10 nanograms of amphetamine per milliliter of plasma can be accurately determined. The concentrations of
d
- and
l
-amphetamine in the plasma after 20 to 30 milligrams of the drug had been ingested by human subjects are reported.
Phosphate Absorption Capacity and Acclimation Potential in Plants along a Latitudinal Gradient
Authors: Chapin F. Stuart
Published: October 2006

The capacity for phosphate absorption by marsh plants is negatively correlated with the soil temperature of the habitat of origin. Species and races from thermally fluctuating environments achieve greater compensatory changes in the phosphate absorption rate through temperature acclimation than their counterparts from more stable environments.
Piperidine Increase in the Brain of Dormant Mice
Authors: Stepita-Klauco Matej , Dolezalova Hana , Fairweather Robert
Published: October 2006

During a 2-hour period of dormancy (sleep), piperidine is accumulated in the mouse brain.
Institutions in Modern Society: Caretakers and Subjects
Authors: Romano-V. Octavio I.
Published: October 2006

The problems that relate to the outermost limits of institutional care, if such limits exist, will certainly be among the most salient problems during the coming years—no matter whether such care proceeds on an inpatient or an outpatient basis. Whatever course may be taken will certainly affect the lives of every citizen in urbanized and industrialized society. At present in California there is considerable shifting of individuals from one care status or category to another, in efforts to find accommodations that will better reflect the realities of modern existence. However, such shifting of caseloads as the moving of individuals from nursing and convalescent homes to hospitals and back again does not constitute a change, either from the standpoint of the subjects involved or from the standpoint of significantly affecting the overall caseload. Most commonly, the shifting of caseloads has been merely jurisdictional. Much the same can be said of the transfers from a police agency to welfare, or vice versa. Similarly, a shift from inpatient status to outpatient status does not constitute a significant change. Such transfers from one jurisdiction to another reflect a reduction in caseload for one agency, but a corresponding increase in caseload for another. Thus, there has been no significant change in the subject population as such.

Jurisdictional transfers are often merely caretaking actions that reflect bureaucratic decisions. Equally often, such decisions do not address themselves to the basic priorities that guide the functions of caretaking. Explicitly stated priorities must supersede jurisdictional transfers if the concept of caretaking is to include better resources for human development and if the subject population is to participate in the managing of institutions.

On any given day during 1969 in the state of California, virtually 8 million people from an estimated population of 19,800,000 were under some form of institutional care or in some institutional program, or were employed to provide the care and administer the programs. Clearly this is a vast effort toward the training and retraining, as well as the rehabilitation of people, in the traditional sense of these words. The salient problems that have emerged from this context of urban and industrial development involve social control, social mobility, organizational behavior by caretakers and subjects, minority peoples, and the extensions of institutions into communities. Given these developments, is it not proper to ask whether or not the nature of urbanized and industrialized society has changed to such a point that a return to the past (and past solutions) is no longer feasible? Is it not also proper to ask what voice the subject population will have in helping to guide the urban and industrialized state into the future? And certainly there is a question that virtually everyone will ask: What percentage of tax revenues (whether shared or under direct programs) shall be destined to better meet the problems of this future society, which, it seems, is already upon us?
Predictive Simulation of the Subsidence of Venice
Authors: Gambolati Giuseppe , Gatto Paolo , Freeze R. Allan
Published: October 2006

Land subsidence at Venice is the result of sediment compaction in the unconsolidated, aquifer-aquitard system that underlies the Venetian Lagoon. Compaction is caused by extensive groundwater withdrawals at the nearby industrial port of Marghera. The total subsidence at Venice for the period from 1930 through 1973 has been about 15 centimeters. Predictive simulations with a calibrated mathematical model were hampered by the sparseness of available data, but, as a first estimate, they suggest that, if withdrawals are kept constant in the future as they have been since 1969, about 3 centimeters of further subsidence can be expected.
Human DNA Polymerase III (R-DNA Polymerase): Distinction from DNA Polymerase I and Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Lewis Brian J. , Abrell John W. , Smith R. Graham , Gallo Robert C.
Published: October 2006

DNA polymerase III is an enzyme activity in eukaryotic cells which under certain conditions shows strong preference for polyadenylic acid as template when primed by oligodeoxythymidylate. Its first complete separation from other DNA polymerases in human lymphoblasts is reported. This enzyme is biochemically and immunologically distinct from DNA polymerase I and from viral reverse transcriptase from a primate type C virus.
Atmospheric Effects of Pollutants
Authors: Hobbs P. V. , Harrison H. , Robinson E.
Published: October 2006

We have argued that aerosols are probably the principal agents by which pollutants may affect weather and climate. They are most likely to act by influencing the structure and distribution of clouds. On the local scale, the effects of pollutants on some aspects of weather are unmistakable. The effects of man-made pollutants on global climate are a matter of debate, but they may already be significant.
Disruption of Gypsy Moth Mating with Microencapsulated Disparlure
Authors: Cameron E. Alan , Schwalbe Charles P. , Beroza M. , Knipling E. F.
Published: October 2006

Broadcast applications of microencapsulated disparlure at rates of 2.5 to 15.0 grams per hectare are capable of reducing successful mating of wild gypsy moths under field conditions. In test plots, population densities were as high as 32 pairs of pupae in an area of about 700 square meters.
Prolactin Receptors in an Estrogen Receptor-Deficient Mammary Carcinoma
Authors: Costlow M. E. , Buschow R. A. , McGuire W. L.
Published: October 2006

We demonstrate for the first time the presence of specific high-affinity receptors for prolactin in rat mammary carcinoma. There appear to be no significant differences between normal rat mammary tissue and the transplantable, estrogen receptor-deficient R3230AC tumor with regard to the number of binding sites, the affinity of the receptor for prolactin, or the specificity of binding.
Sulfuric Acid-Ammonium Sulfate Aerosol: Optical Detection in the St. Louis Region
Authors: Charlson R. J. , Vanderpol A. H. , Covert D. S. , Waggoner A. P. , Ahlquist N. C.
Published: October 2006

Nephelometric sensing of the deliquescence of ammonium sulfate produced by the reaction of sulfuric acid or ammonium bisulfate aerosol with ammonia provides a means for detecting these substances in air. Field experiments show them to be the dominant substances in the submicrometer, light-scattering aerosol in the St. Louis region.
Metabolic Differences between Normal and Neoplastic Cells: Effects of Aminonucleoside on Cytoplasmic Messenger RNA
Authors: Cholon Jolanta J. , Studzinski George P.
Published: October 2006

Treatment of cultured normal human fibroblasts with an adenosine analog (aminonucleoside of puromycin) rapidly inhibits the appearance of cytoplasmic messenger RNA, identified by its polyadenylate sequence. Similar treatment of SV40-transformed fibroblasts does not lead to such an inhibition. Cordycepin, another analog of adenosine, inhibits polyadenylate-containing cytoplasmic RNA in both types of cell.
Human Chromosome Banding by Feulgen Stain Aids in Localizing Classes of Chromatin
Authors: Rodman Toby C.
Published: October 2006

The band patterns of human chromosomes displayed by the Feulgen stain are similar to but not identical with those of the conventional quinacrine and Giemsa preparations. The parallelism among the three is principally that of prominent negative bands that appear consistently at characteristic loci throughout a wide range of chromosome compaction. The correlation of those bands with regions of low optical density in nonbanded Fuelgen-stained chromosomes suggests that they are loci of DNA that is inherently diffuse or readily labile. The instances of disparity among the patterns of the three modes of banding occur at the telomeres and at known regions of heterochromatin, and are interpreted here as reflecting the heterogeneity of the protein moieties in their reactivity to the cytochemical treatments.
Economic Strategy for Import-Export Controls on Energy Materials
Authors: Frank Helmut J.
Published: October 2006

Five policy elements should be combined in assuring adequate energy supplies at acceptable costs: moving toward a more balanced distribution of power between producing and consuming countries; developing a technological readiness for national energy independence; establishing desirable stocks and reserve productive capacity; relying on a flexible tariff system for linking domestic and world energy markets; and adopting an export strategy that supports the basic objective.

Two conditions are sine qua non's to any import-export strategy regarding energy materials. Policies must be clearly laid out and pursued with a steady hand in order that investors can afford to commit the vast sums necessary and expect recovery and adequate returns, typically spread over long periods of times. The policy package must be internally consistent, avoiding the conflicts and contradictions that so often have marred U.S. energy policy in the past.
Mariner 10 Pictures of Mercury: First Results
Authors: Murray Bruce C. , Belton Michael J. S. , Danielson G. Edward , Davies Merton E. , Gault Donald , Hapke Bruce , O'Leary Brian , Strom Robert G. , Suomi Verner , Trask Newell
Published: October 2006

Mercury has a heavily cratered surface containing basins up to at least 1300 kilometers diameter flooded with mare-like material. Many features are closely similar to those on the moon, but significant structural differences exist. Major chemical differentiation before termination of accretion is implied.
Atmosphere of Venus: Implications of Venera 8 Sunlight Measurements
Authors: Lacis Andrew A. , Hansen James E.
Published: October 2006

Venera 8 measurements of solar illumination within the atmosphere of Venus are quantitatively analyzed by using a multilayer model atmosphere. The analysis shows that there are at least three different scattering layers in the atmosphere of Venus and the total cloud optical thickness is ≳ 10. However, because of the nature of the observations it is not possible to determine the vertical distribution of absorbed solar energy, which would reveal the drive for the atmospheric dynamics and the strength of the greenhouse effect. Future spacecraft observations should be designed to (i) measure both upward and downward solar fluxes, (ii) include measurements of the highest cold lavers. and (iii) employ narrow-band and broad-band sensors.
Hot Hydrogen Atoms: Initiators of Reactions of Interest in Interstellar Chemistry and Evolution
Authors: Hong Kong-yi , Hong Jane-Huey , Becker Ralph S.
Published: October 2006

Photochemically generated hot hydrogen atoms initiate reactions with simple molecular substrates including methane to produce organic alcohols, amines, acids, amino acids, and other compounds. The typical quantum yields for the formation of amino acids are 2 × 10
-5
to 4 × 10
-5
. Hot hydrogen atoms may be important initiators of reactions in interstellar space and in planetary atmospheres.
Enzyme Measurements on Single Cells
Authors: Wudl Linda , Paigen Kenneth
Published: October 2006

A simple and sensitive procedure has been developed for enzymatic assays in single cells and applied to the measurement of β-glucuronidase in single parenchymal cells of liver. Cells deposited in microdroplets under oil were ruptured by freezing and thawing and allowed to react with a fluorogenic substrate. The fluorescence is developed by diffusing an organic base into the droplets and measured in a fluorescence microscope equipped with a photomultiplier.
Nicotine Inhibition of the Metabolism of 3,4-Benzopyrene, a Carcinogen in Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Weber Rocky P. , Coon Julius M. , Triolo Anthony J.
Published: October 2006

A decreased rate of biliary excretion of radioactive metabolites of 3,4-benzopyrene was observed in rats given a single dose of nicotine. Prior treatment of rats with nicotine decreased benzopyrene hydroxylase activity in homogenates of liver, lung, and small intestine. The addition of nicotine to incubated tissues also decreased benzopyrene hydroxylase activity. These findings show that nicotine inhibits the metabolism of 3,4-benzopyrene in vivo and in vitro.