bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A link between the ice nucleation activity and the biogeochemistry of seawater
Authors: Wolf Martin J. , Goodell Megan , Dong Eric , Dove Lilian A. , Zhang Cuiqi , Franco Lesly J. , Shen Chuanyang , Rutkowski Emma G. , Narducci Domenic N. , Mullen Susan , Babbin Andrew R. , Cziczo Daniel J.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Emissions of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) from sea spray can
impact climate and precipitation by changing cloud formation, precipitation,
and albedo. However, the relationship between seawater biogeochemistry and
the ice nucleation activity of sea spray aerosols remains unclarified. Here,
we demonstrate a link between the biological productivity in seawater and
the ice nucleation activity of sea spray aerosol under conditions relevant
to cirrus and mixed-phase cloud formation. We show for the first time that
aerosol particles generated from both subsurface and microlayer seawater
from the highly productive eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean are
effective INPs in the deposition and immersion freezing modes. Seawater
particles of composition similar to subsurface waters of highly productive
regions may therefore be an unrealized source of effective INPs. In
contrast, the subsurface water from the less productive Florida Straits
produced less effective immersion mode INPs and ineffective depositional
mode INPs. These results indicate that the regional biogeochemistry of
seawater can strongly affect the ice nucleation activity of sea spray
aerosol.
Revisiting the relationship between Atlantic dust and tropical cyclone activity using aerosol optical depth reanalyses: 2003–2018
Authors: Xian Peng , Klotzbach Philip J. , Dunion Jason P. , Janiga Matthew A. , Reid Jeffrey S. , Colarco Peter R. , Kipling Zak
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Previous studies have noted a relationship between African dust and Atlantic
tropical cyclone (TC) activity. However, due to the limitations of past dust
analyses, the strength of this relationship remains uncertain. The emergence
of aerosol reanalyses, including the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction
System (NAAPS) aerosol optical depth (AOD) reanalysis, NASA Modern-Era
Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2),
and ECMWF Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service reanalysis (CAMSRA),
enables an investigation of the relationship between African dust and TC
activity over the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean in a consistent temporal
and spatial manner for 2003–2018. Although June–July–August (JJA) 550 nm
dust AOD (DAOD) from all three reanalysis products correlates significantly
over the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean, the difference in DAOD magnitude
between products can be as large as 60 % over the Caribbean and 20 %
over the tropical North Atlantic. Based on the three individual reanalyses,
we have created an aerosol multi-reanalysis consensus (MRC). The MRC
presents overall better root mean square error over the tropical Atlantic
and Caribbean compared to individual reanalyses when verified with
ground-based AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) AOD measurements. Each of the
three individual reanalyses and the MRC have significant negative
correlations between JJA Caribbean DAOD and seasonal Atlantic accumulated
cyclone energy (ACE), while the correlation between JJA tropical North
Atlantic DAOD and seasonal ACE is weaker. Possible reasons for this regional
difference are provided. A composite analysis of 3 high-JJA-Caribbean-DAOD years versus 3 low-JJA-Caribbean-DAOD years reveals large differences in overall Atlantic TC
activity. We also show that JJA Caribbean DAOD is significantly correlated
with large-scale fields associated with variability in interannual Atlantic
TC activity including zonal wind shear, mid-level moisture, and sea surface temperature (SST), as well
as the El Niño–Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) and the Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM), implying confounding effects
of these factors on the dust–TC relationship. We find that seasonal Atlantic
DAOD and the AMM, the leading mode of coupled Atlantic variability, are
inversely related and intertwined in the dust–TC relationship. Overall, DAOD
in both the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean is negatively correlated with
Atlantic hurricane frequency and intensity, with stronger correlations in
the Caribbean than farther east in the tropical North Atlantic.
Technical note: Lowermost-stratosphere moist bias in ECMWF IFS model diagnosed from airborne GLORIA observations during winter–spring 2016
Authors: Woiwode Wolfgang , Dörnbrack Andreas , Polichtchouk Inna , Johansson Sören , Harvey Ben , Höpfner Michael , Ungermann Jörn , Friedl-Vallon Felix
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Numerical weather forecast systems like the ECMWF IFS
(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts – Integrated
Forecasting System) are known to be affected by a moist bias in the
extratropical lowermost stratosphere (LMS) which results in a systematic
cold bias there. We use high-spatial-resolution water vapor measurements by the airborne infrared limb-imager GLORIA (Gimballed Limb Observer for
Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere) during the PGS
(POLSTRACC/GW-LCYCLE-II/SALSA) campaign to study the LMS moist bias in ECMWF analyses and 12 h forecasts from January to March 2016. Thereby, we
exploit the two-dimensional observational capabilities of GLORIA, when
compared to in situ observations, and the higher vertical and horizontal
resolution, when compared to satellite observations. Using GLORIA
observations taken during five flights in the polar sub-vortex region around Scandinavia and Greenland, we diagnose a systematic moist bias in the LMS exceeding +50 % (January) to +30 % (March) at potential vorticity levels from 10 PVU (∼ highest level accessed with suitable
coverage) to 7 PVU. In the diagnosed time period, the moist bias decreases at the highest and driest air masses observed but clearly persists at lower levels until mid-March. Sensitivity experiments with more frequent temporal output, and lower or higher horizontal and vertical resolution, show the short-term forecasts to be practically insensitive to these parameters on timescales of < 12 h. Our results confirm that the diagnosed
moist bias is already present in the initial conditions (i.e., the analysis)
and thus support the hypothesis that the cold bias develops as a result of
forecast initialization. The moist bias in the analysis might be explained
by a model bias together with the lack of water vapor observations suitable
for assimilation above the tropopause.
Aerosol-enhanced high precipitation events near the Himalayan foothills
Authors: Choudhury Goutam , Tyagi Bhishma , Vissa Naresh Krishna , Singh Jyotsna , Sarangi Chandan , Tripathi Sachchida Nand , Tesche Matthias
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Particulate emissions can alter the physical and dynamical properties of cloud systems and, in turn, amplify rainfall events over orographic regions downwind of highly polluted urban areas. The Indo-Gangetic Plain, one of the most polluted regions of the world, is located upwind of the Himalayan foothills. The region, therefore, provides an opportunity for studying how aerosol effects, in connection with orographic forcing, affect extreme rainfall events. This study uses 17 years (2001–2017) of observed rain rate, aerosol optical depth (AOD), meteorological reanalysis fields and outgoing long-wave radiation to investigate high precipitation events on the foothills of the Himalayas. Composite analysis of all these co-located data sets for high precipitation events (daily rainfall > 95th percentile) is done to understand the inherent dynamics and linkages between the AOD and extreme events. Clear and robust associations are found between high precipitation events, high aerosol loading and high moist static energy values. Results show an average increase in AOD by 36 %, along with an average increase in low-level moist static energy (1000–850 hPa) by ≈ 1500 J kg−1 inside the selected domain for high precipitation events. The finding highlights the crucial role of the aerosol direct radiative effect on high precipitation events over the Himalayan region.
Constraining the relationships between aerosol height, aerosol optical depth and total column trace gas measurements using remote sensing and models
Authors: Wang Shuo , Cohen Jason Blake , Lin Chuyong , Deng Weizhi
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Proper quantification of the aerosol vertical height is
essential to constrain the atmospheric distribution and lifetime of
aerosols, as well as their impact on the environment. We use globally
distributed, daily averaged measurements of aerosol stereo heights of fire
aerosols from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) to understand the aerosol distribution. We also connect
these results with a simple plume rise model and a new multi-linear
regression model approach based on daily measurements of NO2 from OMI and CO from MOPITT to understand and model the global aerosol vertical height profile over biomass burning regions. First, plumes associated with the local dry-burning season at midlatitudes to high latitudes frequently have a substantial fraction lofted into the free troposphere and in some cases even the stratosphere. Second, plumes mainly associated with less-polluted regions in developing countries and heavily forested areas tend to stay closer to the ground, although they are not always uniformly distributed throughout the boundary layer. Third, plumes associated with more serious loadings of pollution (such as in Africa, Southeast Asia and northeast China) tend to have a substantial amount of smoke transported uniformly through the planetary boundary layer and up to around 3 km. Fourth, the regression model approach yields a better ability to reproduce the measured heights compared to the plume rise model approach. This improvement is based on a removal of the negative bias observed from the plume model approach, as well as a better ability to work under more heavily polluted conditions. However, over many regions, both approaches fail, requiring deeper work to understand the physical, chemical and dynamical reasons underlying the failure over these regions.
Airborne measurements of fire emission factors for African biomass burning sampled during the MOYA campaign
Authors: Barker Patrick A. , Allen Grant , Gallagher Martin , Pitt Joseph R. , Fisher Rebecca E. , Bannan Thomas , Nisbet Euan G. , Bauguitte Stéphane J.-B. , Pasternak Dominika , Cliff Samuel , Schimpf Marina B. , Mehra Archit , Bower Keith N. , Lee James D. , Coe Hugh , Percival Carl J.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Airborne sampling of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2),
carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrous oxide (N2O) mole fractions was
conducted during field campaigns targeting fires over Senegal in February and
March 2017 and Uganda in January 2019. The majority of fire plumes sampled
were close to or directly over burning vegetation, with the exception of two
longer-range flights over the West African Atlantic seaboard
(100–300 km from source), where the continental outflow of biomass
burning emissions from a wider area of West Africa was sampled. Fire emission
factors (EFs) and modified combustion efficiencies (MCEs) were estimated from
the enhancements in measured mole fractions. For the Senegalese fires, mean
EFs and corresponding uncertainties in units of gram per kilogram of dry fuel were 1.8±0.19 for CH4, 1633±171.4 for CO2, and 67±7.4 for CO, with a mean MCE of 0.94±0.005. For the Ugandan fires, mean
EFs were 3.1±0.35 for CH4, 1610±169.7 for CO2,
and 78±8.9 for CO, with a mean modified combustion efficiency of 0.93±0.004. A mean N2O EF of 0.08±0.002 g kg−1 is
also reported for one flight over Uganda; issues with temperature control of
the instrument optical bench prevented N2O EFs from being obtained
for other flights over Uganda. This study has provided new datasets of African
biomass burning EFs and MCEs for two distinct study regions, in which both
have been studied little by aircraft measurement previously. These results
highlight the important intracontinental variability of biomass burning trace
gas emissions and can be used to better constrain future biomass burning
emission budgets. More generally, these results highlight the importance of
regional and fuel-type variability when attempting to spatially scale biomass
burning emissions. Further work to constrain EFs at more local scales and for
more specific (and quantifiable) fuel types will serve to improve global
estimates of biomass burning emissions of climate-relevant gases.
Modern silicon dynamics of a small high-latitude subarctic lake
Authors: Zahajská Petra , Olid Carolina , Stadmark Johanna , Fritz Sherilyn C. , Opfergelt Sophie , Conley Daniel J.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. High biogenic silica (BSi) concentration occurs sporadically in lake sediments throughout the world, however, the processes leading to high BSi concentrations varies. While BSi formation and preservation is expected to occur in silica-rich environments with high dissolved silicon (DSi) concentrations such as volcanic and hydrothermal inputs, the factors and mechanisms explaining high DSi and BSi concentrations in lakes remain unclear. We explored the factors responsible for the high BSi concentration in sediments of a small, high-latitude subarctic lake (Lake 850). To do this, we combined measurements of variations in stream discharges, DSi concentrations and stable Si isotopes in both lake and stream water with measurements of BSi content in lake sediments. Water, radon, and Si mass balances revealed the importance of groundwater discharge as a main source of DSi to the lake, with groundwater-derived DSi inputs 3 times higher than those from ephemeral stream inlets. After including all external DSi sources (i.e., inlets and groundwater discharge) and estimating the total BSi accumulation in the sediment, we show that diatom production consumes up to 79 % of total DSi input. Additionally, low sediment accumulation rates were observed based on the dated core. Our findings thus demonstrate that groundwater discharge and low mass accumulation rate can account for the high BSi accumulation during the last 150 cal. yr BP. Globally, lakes have been estimated to retain one fifth of the annual DSi delivery into the ocean. Well constrained lake mass balances, such as presented here, bring clarity to those estimates of the terrestrial Si cycle sinks.
Sea ice dynamics in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctic Peninsula, during the past 240 years: a multi-proxy intercomparison study
Authors: Vorrath Maria-Elena , Müller Juliane , Rebolledo Lorena , Cárdenas Paola , Shi Xiaoxu , Esper Oliver , Opel Thomas , Geibert Walter , Muñoz Práxedes , Haas Christian , Kuhn Gerhard , Lange Carina B. , Lohmann Gerrit , Mollenhauer Gesine
Published: December 2020

Abstract. In the last decades, changing climate conditions have had a severe
impact on sea ice at the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), an area rapidly
transforming under global warming. To study the development of spring sea
ice and environmental conditions in the pre-satellite era we investigated
three short marine sediment cores for their biomarker inventory with a
particular focus on the sea ice proxy IPSO25 and micropaleontological
proxies. The core sites are located in the Bransfield Strait in shelf to
deep basin areas characterized by a complex oceanographic frontal system,
coastal influence and sensitivity to large-scale atmospheric circulation
patterns. We analyzed geochemical bulk parameters, biomarkers (highly
branched isoprenoids, glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers, sterols), and diatom abundances and diversity over the past 240 years and
compared them to observational data, sedimentary and ice core climate
archives, and results from numerical models. Based on biomarker
results we identified four different environmental units characterized by
(A) low sea ice cover and high ocean temperatures, (B) moderate sea ice
cover with decreasing ocean temperatures, (C) high but variable sea ice
cover during intervals of lower ocean temperatures, and (D) extended sea ice
cover coincident with a rapid ocean warming. While IPSO25
concentrations correspond quite well to satellite sea ice observations for
the past 40 years, we note discrepancies between the biomarker-based sea ice
estimates, the long-term model output for the past 240 years, ice core
records, and reconstructed atmospheric circulation patterns such as the El
Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Southern Annular Mode (SAM). We
propose that the sea ice biomarker proxies IPSO25 and PIPSO25 are
not linearly related to sea ice cover, and, additionally, each core site
reflects specific local environmental conditions. High IPSO25 and
PIPSO25 values may not be directly interpreted as referring to high
spring sea ice cover because variable sea ice conditions and enhanced
nutrient supply may affect the production of both the sea-ice-associated and
phytoplankton-derived (open marine, pelagic) biomarker lipids. For future
interpretations we recommend carefully considering individual biomarker
records to distinguish between cold sea-ice-favoring and warm sea-ice-diminishing environmental conditions.
Dating hiatuses: a statistical model of the recent slowdown in global warming and the next one
Authors: Miller J. Isaac , Nam Kyungsik
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Much has been written about the so-called hiatus or pause in global warming,
also known as the stasis period, the start of which is typically dated to
1998. HadCRUT4 global mean temperatures slightly decreased over the 1998–2013 period,
although a simple statistical model predicts that they should have grown by
0.016 ∘C/yr, in proportion to the increases in the concentrations of well-mixed
greenhouse gases (WMGHGs) and ozone. We employ a statistical approach to assess the
contributions of model forcings and natural variability to the hiatus. Our
point estimates suggest that none of the model forcings explain more than one-third of the missing heat, accounting for the upper bound of the confidence
interval on the effect of tropospheric aerosols, which is the most prominent
yet most uncertainly measured of the model forcings that could explain the
missing heat. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) explains up to about
one-third of the missing heat, and two-thirds and possibly up to 81 % is
explained by the unusually high temperature of 1998. Looking forward, the
simple model also fails to explain the large increases since then
(0.087 ∘C/yr from 2013 to 2016).
This period coincides with another El Niño, but
the ENSO fails to satisfactorily account for the increase. Instead, we propose
a semiparametric cointegrating statistical model that augments an energy
balance model with a novel multi-basin measure of the oceans' multidecadal
temperature cycles. The model partially explains the recent slowdown and
explains all of the subsequent warming. The natural cycle suggests the
possibility – depending in part on the rate of increase of WMGHG
concentrations – of a much longer hiatus over the period from roughly 2023 to 2061, with
potentially important implications for policy evaluation.
Data generated during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE campaign: an introduction and overview
Authors: de Boer Gijs , Houston Adam , Jacob Jamey , Chilson Phillip B. , Smith Suzanne W. , Argrow Brian , Lawrence Dale , Elston Jack , Brus David , Kemppinen Osku , Klein Petra , Lundquist Julie K. , Waugh Sean , Bailey Sean C. C. , Frazier Amy , Sama Michael P. , Crick Christopher , Schmale III David , Pinto James , Pillar-Little Elizabeth A. , Natalie Victoria , Jensen Anders
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) offer innovative capabilities for
providing new perspectives on the atmosphere, and therefore atmospheric
scientists are rapidly expanding their use, particularly for studying the
planetary boundary layer. In support of this expansion, from 14 to 20 July 2018
the International Society for Atmospheric Research using Remotely piloted
Aircraft (ISARRA) hosted a community flight week, dubbed the Lower
Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation – a Remotely-piloted Aircraft
Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE; de Boer et al., 2020a). This field campaign
spanned a 1-week deployment to Colorado's San Luis Valley, involving over
100 students, scientists, engineers, pilots, and outreach coordinators.
These groups conducted intensive field operations using unmanned aircraft
and ground-based assets to develop comprehensive datasets spanning a variety
of scientific objectives, including a total of nearly 1300 research flights
totaling over 250 flight hours. This article introduces this campaign and
lays the groundwork for a special issue on the LAPSE-RATE project. The
remainder of the special issue provides detailed overviews of the datasets
collected and the platforms used to collect them. All of the datasets
covered by this special issue have been uploaded to a LAPSE-RATE community
set up at the Zenodo data archive (https://zenodo.org/communities/lapse-rate/, last access: 3 December 2020).
Deep-sea sediments of the global ocean
Authors: Diesing Markus
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Although the deep-sea floor accounts for approximately
60 % of Earth's surface, there has been little progress in relation
to deriving maps of seafloor sediment distribution based on transparent,
repeatable, and automated methods such as machine learning. A new digital
map of the spatial distribution of seafloor lithologies below 500 m water
depth is presented to address this shortcoming. The lithology map is
accompanied by estimates of the probability of the most probable class,
which may be interpreted as a spatially explicit measure of confidence in
the predictions, and probabilities for the occurrence of five lithology
classes (calcareous sediment, clay, diatom ooze, lithogenous sediment, and
radiolarian ooze). These map products were derived by the application of the
random-forest machine-learning algorithm to a homogenised dataset of
seafloor lithology samples and global environmental predictor variables that
were selected based on the current understanding of the controls on the
spatial distribution of deep-sea sediments. It is expected that the map
products are useful for various purposes including, but not limited to,
teaching, management, spatial planning, design of marine protected areas, and
as input for global spatial predictions of marine species distributions and
seafloor sediment properties. The map products are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.911692 (Diesing, 2020).
Maximum-variance gradiometer technique for removal of spacecraft-generated disturbances from magnetic field data
Authors: Constantinescu Ovidiu Dragoş , Auster Hans-Ulrich , Delva Magda , Hillenmaier Olaf , Magnes Werner , Plaschke Ferdinand
Published: December 2020

Abstract. In situ measurement of the magnetic field using spaceborne instruments requires a magnetically clean platform and/or a very long boom for accommodating magnetometer sensors at a large distance from the spacecraft body. This significantly drives up the costs and the time required to build a spacecraft. Here we present an alternative sensor configuration and a technique allowing for removal of the spacecraft-generated AC disturbances from the magnetic field measurements, thus lessening the need for a magnetic cleanliness programme and allowing for shorter boom length. The final expression of the corrected data takes the form of a linear combination of the measurements from all sensors, allowing for simple onboard software implementation. The proposed technique is applied to the Service Oriented Spacecraft Magnetometer (SOSMAG) on board the Korean geostationary satellite GeoKompsat-2A (GK2A). In contrast to other missions where multi-sensor measurements were used to clean the data on the ground, the SOSMAG instrument performs the cleaning on board and transmits the corrected data in real time, as needed by space weather applications. The successful elimination of the AC disturbances originating from several sources validates the proposed cleaning technique.
From skill to value: isolating the influence of end user behavior on seasonal forecast assessment
Authors: Giuliani Matteo , Crochemore Louise , Pechlivanidis Ilias , Castelletti Andrea
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Recent improvements in initialization procedures and representation of large-scale hydrometeorological processes have contributed to advancing the accuracy of hydroclimatic forecasts, which are progressively more skillful over seasonal and longer timescales. These forecasts are potentially valuable for informing strategic multisector decisions, including irrigated agriculture, for which they can improve crop choices and irrigation scheduling. In this operational context, the accuracy associated with the forecast system setup does not necessarily yield proportional marginal benefit, as this is also affected by how forecasts are employed by end users.
This paper aims at quantifying the value of hydroclimatic forecasts in terms of potential economic benefit to the end users, which allows for the inference of a relation between gains in forecast skill and gains in end user profit. We also explore the sensitivity of this benefit to both forecast system setup and end user behavioral factors. These analyses are supported by an evaluation framework demonstrated on the Lake Como system (Italy), a regulated lake operated for flood protection and irrigation supply. Our framework relies on an integrated modeling chain composed of three building blocks: bias-adjusted seasonal meteorological forecasts are used as input to the continentally calibrated E-HYPE hydrological model; predicted lake inflows are used for conditioning the daily lake operations; and the resulting lake releases feed an agricultural model to estimate the net profit of the farmers in a downstream irrigation district. Results suggest that despite the gain in average conditions being negligible, informing the operations of Lake Como based on seasonal hydrological forecasts during intense drought episodes allows about 15 % of the farmers' profit to be gained with respect to a baseline solution not informed by any forecast. Moreover, our analysis suggests that behavioral factors capturing different perceptions of risk and uncertainty significantly impact the quantification of the benefit to the end users, whereby the estimated forecast value is potentially undermined by different levels of end user risk aversion.
Lastly, our results show an intricate skill-to-value relation modulated by the underlying hydrologic conditions, which is well aligned over an exponential function in dry years, while the gains in profit are almost insensitive to the improvements in forecast skill in wet years.
Modeling dependence and coincidence of storm surges and high tide: methodology, discussion and recommendations based on a simplified case study in Le Havre (France)
Authors: Ben Daoued Amine , Hamdi Yasser , Mouhous-Voyneau Nassima , Sergent Philippe
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Coastal facilities such as nuclear power plants (NPPs) have to be
designed to withstand extreme weather conditions and must, in particular, be
protected against coastal floods because it is the most important source of
coastal lowland inundations. Indeed, considering the combination of tide
and extreme storm surges (SSs) is a key issue in the evaluation of the risk
associated with coastal flooding hazard. Most existing studies are generally
based on the assumption that high tides and extreme SSs are
independent. While there are several approaches to analyze and characterize
coastal flooding hazard with either extreme SSs or sea levels, only few
studies propose and compare several approaches combining the tide density
with the SS variable. Thus this study aims to develop a method for modeling
dependence and coincidence of SSs and high tide. In this work, we have used
existing methods for tide and SS combination and tried to improve the
results by proposing a new alternative approach while showing the
limitations and advantages of each method. Indeed, in order to estimate
extreme sea levels, the classic joint probability method (JPM) is used by
making use of a convolution between tide and the skew storm surge (SSS).
Another statistical indirect analysis using the maximum instantaneous storm
surge (MSS) is proposed in this paper as an alternative to the first method
with the SSS variable. A direct frequency analysis using the extreme total
sea level is also used as a reference method. The question we are trying to
answer in this paper is then the coincidence and dependency essential for a
combined tide and SS hazard analysis. The results brought to light a bias in
the MSS-based procedure compared to the direct statistics on sea levels, and this
bias is more important for high return periods. It was also concluded that
an appropriate coincidence probability concept, considering the dependence
structure between SSs, is needed for a better assessment of the risk using
the MSS. The city of Le Havre in France was used as a case study. Overall,
the example has shown that the return level (RL) estimates using the MSS
variable are quite different from those obtained with the method using
the SSSs, with acceptable uncertainty. Furthermore, the shape parameter is
negative from all the methods with a much heavier tail when the SSS and the
extreme sea levels (ESLs) are used as variables of interest.
Modeling of wildfire occurrence by using climate data and
effect of temperature increments
Authors: Sadat Razavi Amir Hossein , Shafiepour Motlagh Majid , Noorpoor Alireza , Ehsani Amir Houshang
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Forest fires are assumed as one of the key natural hazards in the globe since it causes great losses in ecology, economy, and human lives; recent fire cases in US and their vast damages are vivid reasons to study the wildfires more deeply One of the basic requirements to manage the threats and protect wildlife is the ability to predict wildfire spots which is necessary to prioritize forest management. In this study, a 25-year period natural wildfire database and a wide array of environmental variables are used to develop an artificial neural network model with the aim of predicting potential fire spots. This study focuses on non-human reasons of wildfires (natural) to compute global warming effects on wildfires. Among the environmental variables, this study shows the significance of temperature for predicting wildfire cases while other parameters are presented in the next study. The study area of this study includes all forest fire cases in united states from 1992 to 2015 excluding tropical forests. The data of eight days including the day fire occurred and 7 previous days are used as input to the model to forecast fire occurrence probability of that day. The climatic inputs are extracted from ECMWF. The inputs of the model are temperature at 2 meter above surface, relative humidity, Total pressure, evaporation, volumetric soil water layer 1, snow melt, Keetch–Byram drought index, total precipitation, wind speed (along U and V direction), and NDVI. The results show there is a transient temperature span for each forest type which acts like a threshold to predict fire occurrence. In Temperate forests, A 0.1-degree Celsius increase in temperature relative to 7-day average temperature before a fire occurrence results in prediction model output of greater than 0.8 for 4.75 % of fire forest cases. In Boreal forests, the model output for temperature increase of less than 1 degree relative to past 7-day average temperature represents no chance of wildfire. But the non-zero fire forest starts at 2 degrees increase of temperature which ends to 2.62 % of fire forest cases with model output of larger than 0.8. It is concluded that other variables except temperature are more determinant to predict wildfires in temperate forests rather than in boreal forests.
Measuring hydraulic fracture apertures: a comparison of methods
Authors: Cheng Chaojie , Hale Sina , Milsch Harald , Blum Philipp
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Hydraulic fracture apertures predominantly control fluid
transport in fractured rock masses. Hence, the objective of the current
study is to investigate and compare three different laboratory-scale methods
to determine hydraulic apertures in fractured (Fontainebleau and
Flechtinger) sandstone samples with negligible matrix permeability. Direct
measurements were performed by using a flow-through apparatus and a
transient-airflow permeameter. In addition, a microscope camera permitted measuring the mechanical fracture apertures from which the corresponding
hydraulic apertures were indirectly derived by applying various empirical
correlations. Single fractures in the sample cores were generated
artificially either by axial splitting or by a saw cut resulting in
hydraulic apertures that ranged between 8 and 66 µm.
Hydraulic apertures, accurately determined by the flow-through apparatus,
are used to compare results obtained by the other methods. The
transient-airflow permeameter delivers accurate values, particularly when
repeated measurements along the full fracture width are performed. In this
case, the derived mean hydraulic fracture apertures are in excellent
quantitative agreement. When hydraulic apertures are calculated indirectly
from optically determined mechanical apertures using empirical equations,
they show larger variations that are difficult to compare with the
flow-through-derived results. Variations in hydraulic apertures as observed
between methods are almost certainly related to differences in sampled
fracture volume. Overall, using direct flow-through measurements as a
reference, this study demonstrates the applicability of portable methods to
determine hydraulic fracture apertures at both the laboratory and outcrop
scales.
Análisis léxico-cognitivo de la influencia de los medios de comunicación en las percepciones de universitarios españoles ante la COVID-19
Authors: Ávila Muñoz Antonio Manuel , Santos Díaz Inmaculada Clotilde , Ibáñez Ester Trigo
Published: December 2020

El año 2020 ha estado marcado por la crisis del coronavirus y sus efectos. Dado que, sobre todo al principio de la emergencia sanitaria, la población estuvo muy (de)pendiente de los medios de comunicación, el presente trabajo analiza cómo estos han influido en la percepción de la realidad directamente asociada con la pandemia y sus consecuencias. Se ha estudiado el léxico compartido por un grupo de universitarios españoles usando herramientas léxico-estadísticas capaces de permitir el acceso a los prototipos cognitivos comunitarios surgidos a raíz de esta crisis de origen sanitario, aunque de alcance económico y social. Los resultados reflejan concepciones colectivas desesperanzadoras que demuestran el “terror” ante la pandemia, el “agobio” durante la situación de confinamiento, la “incertidumbre” ante el futuro y la sensación de “mentira” cuando se trata de política. Asimismo, se demuestra que la mayor exposición a los medios de comunicación refuerza aún más la visión pesimista generalizada.
LOTE (Languages Other than English) learners’ investment in learning languages
Authors: Lu Juexuan , He Lifen , Shen Qi
Published: December 2020

This study draws on the model of language learning investment to explore China’s LOTE (Languages Other than English) students’ learning motivation. Data collected through in-depth interviews with 35 university students were analyzed in an inductive way. The findings show that: (1) the participants invested in learning LOTEs because they had enough affordances (resources applicable to LOTE learning) and/or perceived target language-related benefits (economic, cultural or social ones) from LOTE learning, even though most of our participants were initially involuntary applicants; (2) students were reluctant to invest in learning their target language(s) and merely strove to fulfil their program(s) when they were lacking affordances, perceiving few benefits, or even devalued by the in-context ideologies. These findings provide important implications for LOTE educators to motivate their students, and for policy makers to improve China’s LOTE education.
La presencia de la cultura en los libros de texto: Una herramienta para la evaluación de aspectos culturales
Authors: Larrea Espinar Ángela Mª , Raigón Rodríguez Antonio
Published: December 2020

En los últimos años, se ha retomado la conexión que siempre ha existido entre lengua y cultura. Esta investigación se suma a los estudios sobre el contenido cultural de materiales de enseñanza de inglés aportando el diseño de una lista para examinar los elementos culturales en los libros de texto. Aplicando esa herramienta y empleando la metodología de análisis de contenido, hemos analizado tres ediciones de un mismo manual para determinar qué tipo de destreza es la más empleada para desarrollar el aprendizaje cultural y si ha habido una incorporación gradual de aspectos culturales a los libros de texto, puesto que el Marco Común Europeo de Referencia precisa que la adquisición de la competencia cultural es imprescindible para desarrollar ciudadanos interculturales. Los resultados del estudio indican que, aunque sí se ha producido una progresiva incorporación de aspectos culturales al manual, no todos los aspectos están presentes por igual, lo que sugiere que el aprendizaje cultural no es completo.
Bilingüismo versus monolingüismo y su correlación con la técnica de interpretación
Authors: Vertanová Silvia , Slobodová Monika
Published: December 2020

El artículo presenta resultados de una investigación del ámbito de intérpretes profesionales, en concreto a cerca de la existencia de la correlación entre el bilingüismo/monolingüismo y las preferencias personales en el modo de interpretación consecutivo y simultáneo. Según los resultados, tal correlación es estadísticamente significativa. En particular se comprobó que los intérpretes profesionales bilingües prefieren la interpretación consecutiva, mientras que los intérpretes profesionales monolingües prefieren la interpretación simultánea. Gracias a esta información se pueden elaborar actividades didácticas para el proceso de la preparación universitaria de los futuros intérpretes que, en su caso, son mayoritariamente personas monolingües. Además de otras formas para profundizar en la inmersión cultural de los estudiantes de interpretación, es conveniente incluir también clases de oratoria y ejercicios antiestrés en el idioma meta en la preparación de dichos profesionales.
Relaciones entre categoría gramatical de la base y productividad de los derivados nominales en español y en chino
Authors: Zuo Ya
Published: December 2020

Este trabajo parte de la perspectiva cognitiva y la contrastiva e intenta investigar las relaciones entre la categoría gramatical de la base y la productividad de los derivados nominales en español y en chino. Se combinan los métodos cuantitativo y cualitativo con el fin de explicar los siguientes fenómenos: 1) los derivados nominales deverbales son más productivos que los derivados deadjetivales en ambas lenguas; 2) la capacidad de alterar la categoría gramatical de la base es más notoria en chino que en español; 3) en chino, los derivados denominales son los más productivos y en español, los deverbales; Basándonos en los resultados extraídos, también hemos aportado algunas sugerencias didácticas para facilitar la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de los derivados nominales en español.
Los 'Bronces de Maquiz'. Nuevas propuestas para su contextualización dentro del proceso histórico de 'Iliturgi'
Authors: Lechuga Chica Miguel Ángel , Rueda Galán Carmen , Bellón Ruiz Juan Pedro
Published: December 2020

A pesar de haberse convertido en materiales referentes de la historiografía arqueológica española, los conocidos como “Bronces de Maquiz” (Mengíbar, Jaén) aún presentan una serie de interrogantes en cuanto a su cronología y contexto de amortización, en buena medida debido a su hallazgo fortuito hace más de 150 años y a la escasez de paralelos peninsulares directos. Recientes hallazgos, como el producido en la necrópolis de Piquía (Arjona, Jaén), han puesto de manifiesto la adscripción de objetos de bronce similares a un contexto funerario y a una cronología tardía, de inicios del siglo I a.C. Por otro lado, el análisis de la documentación conservada sobre el hallazgo en Mengíbar aporta un contexto espacial bastante preciso, que nos permite situarlo en la ladera oriental de Cerro Maquiz, un área carente de secuencia de ocupación anterior al siglo II a.C. El estudio relacional desde perspectivas formales y funcionales, así como la valoración más compleja del lugar de hallazgo nos conducen a definir nuevas propuestas interpretativas y contextuales para este conjunto de materiales, todo ello integrado en las dinámicas de investigación centradas en el proceso histórico del territorio de Iliturgi.
La carrera investigadora en arqueología y su impacto en la salud mental de los investigadores predoctorales
Authors: Canosa-Betés Jorge , Díaz de Liaño Guillermo
Published: December 2020

Presentamos los resultados de dos cuestionarios sobre la salud mental de estudiantes y doctorandos en arqueología y los ponemos en relación con el contexto de la carrera investigadora y las prácticas de profesionalización en la universidad española. Observamos una alta incidencia de problemas de salud mental entre investigadores predoctorales e identificamos el género, la carga de trabajo o la incertidumbre sobre el futuro como factores determinantes a la hora de experimentar este tipo de problemas, planteando la necesidad de dar visibilidad a estas cuestiones en el mundo de la investigación.
Técnicas analíticas en el estudio de iconografías secuenciales en Perú y México
Authors: López Estupiñán Laura
Published: December 2020

Este artículo es un aporte a los análisis iconográficos en murales arqueológicos elaborados por dos sociedades de la costa norte peruana y el centro de México. Para avanzar en la comprensión contextual de las iconografías secuenciales, conocidas también como la serie de secuencias iconográficas que representan movimiento en murales arqueológicos, se aplican dos técnicas analíticas, la morfometría geométrica (técnica matemática que permite la visualización de los cambios espaciales de los trazos y formas de las representaciones iconográficas) y la cronofotografía (técnica fotográfica que comunica la sensación de dinamismo de los cuerpos en un tiempo determinado). Con el fin de garantizar la animación de las representaciones contenidas en los murales arqueológicos de Tula (México) y Huaca de la Luna (Perú), la investigación recurrió a la experimentación digital en los software Fantamorph, MorphX, Adobe Photoshop CS6 y Adobe Premiere Pro CS6.
¿Textiles mediáticos? Investigar sobre activismo indígena en Panamá, Guatemala y el espacio Web 2.0
Authors: Celigueta Comerma Gemma , Martínez Mauri Mònica
Published: December 2020

Este artículo analiza las denuncias de apropiaciones culturales derivadas del uso indebido de diseños tradicionales por parte de organizaciones y personas indígenas a través de los medios de comunicación, sobre todo en las redes sociales. A partir de un trabajo de campo multisituado realizado en Panamá, Guatemala y en las redes sociales, estudiamos dos casos: 1) la apropiación por parte de empresas panameñas y multinacionales del arte textil guna protegido por leyes nacionales sui generis de propiedad intelectual y 2) las demandas de protección de los tejidos mayas por parte del Movimiento Nacional de Tejedoras Ruchajixik ri qana’ojbäl de Guatemala. Gracias a nuestro trabajo de campo online y offline, reflexionamos sobre las dificultades y las oportunidades que nos ofrecen la articulación de la etnografía digital y el trabajo de campo clásico para entender la comunicación indígena en contextos marcados por el conflicto en torno a la propiedad de los conocimientos y las expresiones tradicionales.
Conectando con la Amazonia transparente. El cuerpo afroindígena y la comunicación más allá de las élites
Authors: Arregui Aníbal G.
Published: December 2020

En Brasil, el término quilombola –o afroindígena en algunas corrientes antropológicas– designa descendientes de esclavos africanos que huyeron y formaron comunidades en Amazonia y otros lugares aislados. Circunvalando los parámetros puramente etnohistóricos del “quilombolismo”, en este ensayo sugiero repensar las formas locales de identificación y comunicación política a través de la etnografía del cuerpo. Me baso en el trabajo de campo realizado entre 2006 y 2019 en el río Erepecurú para visibilizar el cuerpo como un medio de comunicación afroindígena que, si bien está ahí, aparece como una entidad transparente en buena parte de la literatura militante sobre la Amazonia negra. Desde esa Amazonia menos escuchada, argumentaré que el cuerpo afroindígena no sólo materializa un eficaz medio de comunicación local, sino que también recrea una colectividad sociopolítica a la sombra de las élites locales, institucionales e intelectuales
Tecnología, cultura material y materialidad: aproximaciones conceptuales a las actividades del ser humano y sus producciones materiales
Authors: G. Landa Carlos , C. Ciarlo Nicolás
Published: December 2020

Los estudios sobre el quehacer humano y sus evidencias materiales han ocupado un espacio de relevancia en la agenda de varias disciplinas sociales. Estas investigaciones revisten sumo interés para el conocimiento de diferentes aspectos de la vida pasada y presente de las personas. En conjunto, abarcan diferentes contextos temporales y espaciales, aproximaciones teóricas, problemáticas, materiales, etc. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión de las principales conceptualizaciones utilizadas en Antropología, Arqueología y, de modo complementario, Sociología e Historia, desde finales del siglo XIX. Puntualmente, se pasa revista a las nociones de cultura material, materialidad, tecnología y conceptos afines, teniendo en cuenta sus semejanzas y diferencias. Se discuten algunas cuestiones del proceso de conceptualización, la especificidad de cada disciplina y la dinámica de comunicación entre ellas, a partir de lo cual se vislumbra el enorme potencial que supone un acercamiento interdisciplinar.
STUDY ON THE FREQUENCY OF TEETH BRUSHING FOR PATIENTS WITH TERMINAL STAGE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND BEING ON CHRONIODIALYSIS, AND HEALTHY CONTROLS
Authors:   Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University - Varna, Bulgaria., Nenova-Nogalcheva Anna , Konstantinova Desislava ,   Department of Dental Materials Science and Propedeutics of Prosthetic Dental Medicine, Medical University - Varna, Bulgaria., Pechalova Petia ,   Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University - Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
Published: December 2020

Dentists usually recommend at least two minutes of brushing two times per day as a minimum. The purpose of this study is to establish the frequency of teeth brushing for patients with terminal stage of chronic kidney disease and for healthy controls. Materials and methods: 140 patients from Northeastern Bulgaria took informed participation, volunteering, in this study. They are separated into two groups – 70 people were diagnosed with terminal stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and chroniohemodialysis at different stages of disease duration and 70 healthy controls. Anamnestic and socio-demographic data were collected, about gender, age and frequency of teeth brushing. The result was statistically processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics software, Version 20. Results: Data show that there is a statistically significant difference (χ2 = 79,031, p=0,000 ) between the patients of the groups studied. As we have expected, the patients from the control group brush their teeth more often (between 2 and 3 times per day). The Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni correction shows that the CKD patients brush their teeth daily less than the people from the control group. Statistically significant difference (U = 1831,000, р = 0,004) is established between the two group participants. Conclusion: The frequency of teeth brushing as a main factor for maintaining good personal oral hygiene is higher for the healthy controls in comparison to the patients under the study, who belong to the group of people with CKD. We need more studies in order to understand better how could the frequency of teeth brushing influence the limitation of oral problems for people with kidney diseases on chroniodialysis.