bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility Weighted Imaging as a Biomarker for Cortical Spreading Depression
Authors: Scutelnic Adrian , Stöckli Isabelle Dominique , Klein Antonia , Riederer Franz , Slavova Nedelina , Schankin Christoph J.
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is thought to be the pathophysiologic correlate of migraine aura. In experimental animals, CSD was shown to cause an increase in oxyhemoglobin. Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depicts cerebral veins according to their concentration in oxyhemoglobin. The aim of this study was to assess whether the distribution of SWI changes in people with migraine aura resembles the clinical presentation, with a focus on topology. Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, patients were included if they (i) had acute focal neurological symptoms beginning with visual symptoms, (ii) underwent head MRI including SWI within eight hours of symptom onset, (iii) SWI showed focal dilated veins, and (iv) they had a discharge diagnosis of migraine with aura. Eleven predefined cerebral regions of interest (ROIs) were assessed for prominent focal veins (PFVs) on SWI. We determined whether symptoms correlated with the topography of ROIs with PFVs. Results: We found a posterior to anterior gradient of SWI changes during acute migraine aura when visual symptoms were present. Conclusion: MRI with SWI might be able to detect traces of CSD. The posterior to anterior distribution of areas with SWI changes corresponds anatomically to the canonical succession of symptoms in migraine aura.
Therapeutic Role of Microglia/Macrophage Polarization in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Dinc Rasit , Ardic Nurittin
Published: January 2025

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a significant health problem with high mortality and morbidity rates, partly due to limited treatment options. Hematoma after ICH causes neurological deficits due to the mass effect. Hemorrhage catalyzes secondary damage, resulting in increased neurological damage, poor prognosis, and treatment problems. This review evaluates the role of immunotherapeutic approaches in ICH based on original full-text and review articles on the pathophysiology and immunotherapy of ICH, with emphasis on the modulation of microglia/macrophage polarization to the M2 subtype. In this review, we concluded that the pathophysiology of injury progression after ICH is complex and multifaceted. Inflammation plays a dominant role in secondary injuries. Furthermore, cells involved in the inflammatory process have dual roles in pro-inflammatory/destructive and anti-inflammatory/healing. While the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology makes the immune system a therapeutic target in ICH, the dual role of cells makes them a therapeutic target that can modulate anti-inflammatory/healing. Resident microglia (and even macrophages migrating from a peripheral source) are important therapeutic targets for modulation because of their role in the initiation phase and in shaping immunity. Although clinical results remain poor, experimental and clinical trial data seem promising for deciphering the pathophysiology of ICH and providing treatment options.
Advancing Radiobiology: Investigating the Effects of Photon, Proton, and Carbon-Ion Irradiation on PANC-1 Cells in 2D and 3D Tumor Models
Authors: Charalampopoulou Alexandra , Barcellini Amelia , Magro Giuseppe , Bellini Anna , Borgna Sara Sevan , Fulgini Giorgia , Ivaldi Giovanni Battista , Mereghetti Alessio , Orlandi Ester , Pullia Marco Giuseppe , Savazzi Simone , Tabarelli De Fatis Paola , Volpi Gaia , Facoetti Angelica
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most aggressive and lethal malignancies, calling for enhanced research. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents 70–80% of all cases and is known for its resistance to conventional therapies. Carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) has emerged as a promising approach due to its ability to deliver highly localized doses and unique radiobiological properties compared to X-rays. In vitro radiobiology has relied on two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models so far; however, these are not sufficient to replicate the complexity of the in vivo tumor architecture. Three-dimensional (3D) models become a paradigm shift, surpassing the constraints of traditional models by accurately re-creating morphological, histological, and genetic characteristics as well as the interaction of tumour cells with the microenvironment. Materials and Methods: This study investigates the survival of pancreatic cancer cells in both 2D and spheroids, a 3D model, following photon, proton, and carbon-ion irradiation by means of clonogenic, MTT, spheroid growth, and vitality assays. Results: Our results demonstrate that carbon ions are more efficient in reducing cancer cell survival compared to photons and protons. In 2D cultures, carbon-ion irradiation reduced cell survival to approximately 15%, compared to 45% with photons and 30% with protons. In the 3D culture model, spheroid growth was similarly inhibited by carbon-ion irradiation; however, the overall survival rates were higher across all irradiation modalities compared to the 2D cultures. Carbon ions consistently showed the highest efficacy in reducing cell viability in both models. Conclusions: Our research highlights the pivotal role of 3D models in unraveling the complexities of pancreatic cancer radiobiology, offering new avenues for designing more effective and precise treatment protocols.
The PREPARE Study: Acceptability and Feasibility of a Telehealth Trimodal Prehabilitation Program for Women with Endometrial Neoplasia
Authors: Legault Elise P. , Ribeiro Paula A. B. , Moreau-Amaru Danielle , Robert Emmanuelle , Forte Sara , Comtois Alain S. , Samouëlian Vanessa , Tournoux François
Published: January 2025

Patients with endometrial neoplasia (EN) often have multiple comorbidities and a higher surgical risk. Prehabilitation programs (PPs) combine various interventions to improve preoperative conditions and reduce impairment due to surgical stress. We conducted a pragmatic pilot study to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of a trimodal telehealth PP (exercise, nutrition, and psychological support) for EN patients. The participants could select their exercise group: (1) a supervised PP (SPP), group sessions 3×/week; (2) a semi-supervised PP (SSPP), group session 1×/week, training alone 2×/week; or (3) a physical activity counseling session (PACS). Out of the 150 EN patients awaiting surgery screened during the 18 months of the study recruitment, 66% (99/150) were eligible, and 40% consented to participate (SPP, n = 13; SSPP, n = 17; PACS, n = 9). The overall dropout was low (13%; 5/39), with no significant differences across groups. No serious adverse events occurred. We observed a positive impact on different outcomes across the different groups, such as in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy quality of life score (SPP; delta = 6.1 [CI: 0.9; 12.6]) and functional capacity measured using the 30″ sit-to-stand test (PACS delta = 2.4 [CI: 1.2; 3.6]). The same-day hospital leave was high in the SSPP group (54.5%). Our pilot telehealth PP seems to be safe, feasible, and well accepted and may procure clinical and patient-centered gains that need to be confirmed in a larger trial.
Effects of Flow Velocity on the Dynamics of Juvenile Fish Habitats in River Meanders of the Irtysh River
Authors: Chemagin Andrey A. , Popova Elena I. , Schletterer Martin
Published: January 2025

Understanding the spatial distribution of freshwater fish in heterogeneous aquatic environments is crucial for understanding riverine ecosystems and the rational use of aquatic biological resources. This study investigates the distribution patterns of juvenile fish in the lower reaches of the Irtysh River, including hydrodynamic conditions during different water level regimes. With hydroacoustic surveys, we assessed fish density and distribution in two wintering riverbed depressions during the spring flood and summer low water period. The main fish aggregations consisted of Cyprinidae and Percidae, with juveniles predominantly occupying areas with reduced flow velocities (0.15–0.75 m s−1). Correlation analysis showed strong direct relationships between the area occupied by juvenile carp and perch and zones with specific flow velocities. The study highlights that hydrodynamic characteristics, particularly flow velocity, are key factors influencing the distribution and aggregation of juvenile fish. These findings underscore the importance of considering hydrodynamic factors and species-specific traits in understanding fish distribution patterns and in managing freshwater ecosystems effectively. This research contributes to the understanding of the multifunctional roles of riverbed depressions in supporting juvenile fish populations and emphasizes the importance of hydroacoustics to predict fish distributions in dynamic aquatic environments.
Beauty Bias? Exploring the Influence of Attractiveness on Conservation Intentions for Plants and Their Pollinators
Authors: Prokop Pavol , Todáková Simona , Fančovičová Jana
Published: January 2025

Plants are an essential component of ecosystems; however, their significance is frequently underestimated, resulting in less effective conservation efforts. One approach to address plant blindness (PB) or plant awareness disparity (PAD) is to establish connections between plants and animals, as animals inherently attract more human attention. In this study, we employed an online questionnaire to manipulate visual materials featuring plant flowers alone, plant flowers accompanied by pollinators, and pollinators in isolation. We assessed participants’ willingness to protect (WTP) and the perceived attractiveness of both plants and their pollinators. Our findings revealed that pollinators presented alone received higher WTP scores than plants. Moreover, the visual association between pollinators and plants enhanced WTP plants. Conversely, plants were consistently perceived as more attractive than pollinators, irrespective of whether the flowers were displayed alone or alongside pollinators. The perceived attractiveness of both plants and pollinators was significantly correlated with WTP. Notably, colourful pollinators such as Selasphorus rufus, Vestiaria coccinea, and Danaus plexippus positively influenced WTP plants, while the remaining five species (predominantly invertebrates) did not exhibit a similar effect. We propose that establishing a connection between visually appealing pollinators and plants can help mitigate PB/PAD. These pollinators should be utilised as umbrella species to enhance human attention and interest in pollination processes and plant biology.
Effect of Simulated Autogamy and Allogamy on the Success of Cephalanthera longifolia and Cephalanthera rubra (Orchidaceae) Fruit Set
Authors: Taura Laurynas , Gudžinskas Zigmantas
Published: January 2025

Detailed knowledge of reproductive traits and success is essential for the effective conservation of rare and endangered species. It has been reported that Cephalanthera longifolia and C. rubra (Orchidaceae) were abundantly fruiting in some regions several decades ago, but recent studies have shown a low natural fruit set rate for both species. The aim of this study was to experimentally test the fruit set of C. longifolia and C. rubra after simulated self-pollination and cross-pollination, and to investigate the mating system of both species. Simulated self-pollination and cross-pollination experiments were conducted on two populations of C. longifolia and one population of C. rubra in Lithuania in 2022. The results of the experiment showed that the fruit set rate of C. longifolia after simulated cross-pollination was 68.9%, and after simulated self-pollination, it was 70.4%, while in the control group (free pollination), the fruit set rate was 5.1%. The fruit set rate of C. rubra was 88.2% after simulated cross-pollination, 96.5% after simulated self-pollination and 17.8% in the control group (free pollination). No significant differences in fruit set rate were found between simulated cross-pollination and self-pollination, but significant differences were found compared to the control group (free pollination) in both study species. We conclude that both study species are self-compatible, can set fruit after self-pollination, and that natural low fruit set is not related to limited energy resources of the individual, but is caused by the inefficient pollination of flowers due to a lack of pollinators during the flowering period. The artificial pollination of flowers can be used to increase fruit set in rare species of the Orchidaceae family and improve their natural recruitment by seed.
Protection of Passeriformes Birds in Wetland Ecological Restoration: A Case Study of the Reed Parrotbill (Paradoxornis heudei) in Baiyangdian
Authors: Sun Qi , Wu Heng , Zuo Taijun , Tian Zengrui , Wang Jiaojiao , Hou Jianhua
Published: January 2025

Due to the increasing impact of human activities on the environment, habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation pose significant threats to bird diversity worldwide. Baiyangdian, the largest freshwater lake wetland in North China, is an important habitat for birds. The degradation of water quality caused by decaying reed rhizomes has prompted governmental initiatives for ecological restoration in Baiyangdian. However, it has also led to the significant destruction of reed habitats within the wetlands consequently. Bird species that rely on these reed habitats, especially the reed parrotbill, face a significant threat, necessitating the establishment of species reserves to mitigate the loss of bird diversity. Our research aims to identify the potential suitable habitats for the reed parrotbill in Baiyangdian and establish priority conservation areas. Using the environmental factors determined with Google Earth Engine (GEE), ultimately we designated the following areas as priority conservation zones: the Fuhe Wetland (FHW), the reed area south of Beihezhuang (BHV), both sides of the Baiyangdian Bridge (BYDB), the western shoreline of Shaochedian (SCD), Yannandi Park (YNDP), east of Guangdianzhangzhuang Village (GDZZV), east of Dongtianzhuang (DTV), north of Xilizhuang (XLV), south of Caiputai Village (CPTV), north of Gaolou Village (GLV), and the Xiaoyihe Wetland (XYW). Our findings provide a scientific reference for ecological restoration projects in the Baiyangdian region and offer supporting data for the conservation management of the reed parrotbill.
Maternal Uterine Artery Doppler and Serum Marker in the First Trimester as Predictive Markers for Small for Gestational Age Neonates and Preeclampsia: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lee Je Yeon , Lee Kyung A , Park So Yun , Kim Soo Jung , Shim So-Yeon , Kim Young Ju , Park Mi Hye
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Although preeclampsia (PE) and small for gestational age (SGA) are known to come from impaired placentation during the first trimester, prior studies have focused mostly on Doppler findings in the second trimester. Methods: In this retrospective pilot study, we enrolled 628 singleton pregnant women who underwent ultrasound in both the first and second trimesters and blood test. For SGA correlation, we further excluded 12 subjects with PE because PE may be the cause of SGA. We first presented the reference range of parameters of uterine artery Doppler in the first trimester and then grouped the subjects according to the presence of SGA (presence = 104, absence = 512) or PE (presence = 12, absence = 616) and investigated the association of uterine artery Doppler findings and serum markers in the first trimester with the occurrence of SGA or PE. Results: The uterine artery pulsatility index and the resistance index and the proportion of uterine artery notch decreased progressively in the first trimester. A lower serum beta-hCG level in the first trimester predicted the occurrence of SGA (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.53, p = 0.019), while the presence of the uterine artery notch in the first trimester predicted the development of PE (notch at least on one side: AOR = 8.65, p = 0.045 and notch on both sides: AOR = 8.91, p = 0.047). Regardless of whether a notch was present in the second trimester, a uterine artery notch in the first trimester was associated with an excellent negative predictive value (99.6%) for PE. Conclusions: This study suggests the clinical importance of assessing serum beta-hCG and the uterine artery notch in the first trimester to predict SGA and PE.
Does the Type of Resin Luting Material Affect the Bonding of CAD/CAM Materials to Dentin?
Authors: Dikici Burcu , Türkeş Başaran Elif , Can Esra
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of composite-based (Cerasmart), polymer-infiltrated (Vita Enamic), and feldspathic (Cerec) CAD/CAM blocks luted to dentin using a dual-cure resin cement (LinkForce), as well as micro-hybrid (G-aenial) and flowable composites (G-aenial Universal Flo), and evaluate the microhardness (HV) of luting materials through the CAD/CAM blocks. Methods: Cerasmart, Enamic, and Cerec were luted to dentin using three luting materials; LinkForce, G-aenial, and Universal Flo (n = 5). For HV, 117 disk-shaped specimens from LinkForce, G-aenial, and Universal Flo (n = 13) were polymerized through 3 mm thick CAD/CAM. Thirty-nine light-cured specimens without CAD/CAM were used as control. Following 24 h storage, the µTBS and HV were evaluated. Data were analyzed using the two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests (p < 0.05). Results: The µTBS to dentin and HV were significantly influenced by the type of luting material and CAD/CAM material. With all the CAD/CAM materials, LinkForce and Universal Flo exhibited a significantly similar µTBS to that of dentin (p > 0.05). Compared with the control group, all the HV values of the luting materials decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Heavily filled flowable composites exhibit a bonding effectiveness similar to that of dual-cure resin cements. All the luting materials showed similar HV when polymerized through the polymer-infiltrated CAD/CAM material.
Enhancing the Performance of Novel Archimedes Spiral Hydrokinetic Turbines Utilizing Blade Winglets in Deep-Sea Power Generation for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Song Ke , Huan Huiting , Wei Liuchuang , Liu Chunxia
Published: January 2025

Deep-sea exploration relies heavily on autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for data acquisition, but their operational endurance is limited by battery constraints. The Archimedes spiral hydrokinetic turbine (ASHT), as a novel type of horizontal-axis hydrokinetic turbine, has emerged as a promising solution for the harnessing of localized energy in the deep sea to power AUVs. This study explores the application of winglets on an ASHT to enhance its performance through computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The analysis focuses on the effects of the winglet angle and height ratio on the power and thrust, as well as the pressure distribution and flow characteristics. The findings indicate that strategically designed winglets, particularly those with angles greater than 90° and larger height ratios, can significantly improve the ASHT’s performance. This enhancement can be attributed to the winglets’ capacity to effectively reduce tip loss and expand the turbine’s swept area, thereby enhancing power extraction. The optimal configuration, determined at a winglet angle of 135° and a height ratio of 12–14%, demonstrates significant enhancements, including a minimum increase of 12.0% in power efficiency compared to the original ASHT. However, the study also acknowledges potential challenges; winglets with larger angles and height ratios may lead to increased load fluctuations, which require careful structural considerations. This study provides valuable insights into the design and optimization of ASHTs for deep-sea power generation, thereby contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy solutions for AUVs.
The Power of Play: Investigating the Effects of Gamification on Motivation and Engagement in Physics Classroom
Authors: Gaurina Marija , Alajbeg Anna , Weber Ivana
Published: January 2025

The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze how first-grade high school students experience a positive classroom environment (excitement, competition, connectedness, satisfaction, and aspiration) by applying gamification as a teaching strategy in physics classes. An experimental study was conducted within the teaching topic of conservation of momentum and energy, in which N = 69 students in three classes took part. In the experimental group, one class with n = 23 students engaged in physics lessons, using gamification as a teaching strategy. In contrast, the control group comprised two classes with n = 46 students. The My Class Inventory questionnaire was used for this study. The study’s results revealed statistically significant differences in the perception of the student learning experience between the control and experimental groups. The experimental group rated the student learning experience significantly better than the control group. Gamification as a strategy contributes positively to the student learning experience, fostering collaboration among students when tackling challenging problems. It is essential to highlight that even if we do not entirely depart from traditional teaching methods, simply changing our strategy can lead to significant improvements. In our case, gamification can create a more engaging student learning experience, making students more motivated and involved. Consequently, this shift could result in a better understanding and mastery of physics concepts.
Vocational Education, Skill Formation, and Social Development
Authors: Pan Haisheng , Wang Geng , Gao Wenjuan , Liu Xinqiao
Published: January 2025

Vocational education plays a crucial role in cultivating high-quality skilled professionals to meet the demands of social development and is intrinsically linked to industrial upgrading [...]
Towards Failure-Aware Inference in Harsh Operating Conditions: Robust Mobile Offloading of Pre-Trained Neural Networks
Authors: Liu Wenjing , Chen Zhongmin , Gong Yunzhan
Published: January 2025

Pre-trained neural networks like GPT-4 and Llama2 have revolutionized intelligent information processing, but their deployment in industrial applications faces challenges, particularly in harsh environments. To address these related issues, model offloading, which involves distributing the computational load of pre-trained models across edge devices, has emerged as a promising solution. While this approach enables the utilization of more powerful models, it faces significant challenges in harsh environments, where reliability, connectivity, and resilience are critical. This paper introduces failure-resilient inference in mobile networks (FRIM), a framework that ensures robust offloading and inference without the need for model retraining or reconstruction. FRIM leverages graph theory to optimize partition redundancy and incorporates an adaptive failure detection mechanism for mobile inference with efficient fault tolerance. Experimental results on DNN models (AlexNet, ResNet, VGG-16) show that FRIM improves inference performance and resilience, enabling more reliable mobile applications in harsh operating environments.
Dual-Band Dual-Circularly Polarized Shared-Aperture Phased Array for S-/C-Band Satellite Communications
Authors: Xiao Yuanming , He Lianxing , Wei Xiaoli
Published: January 2025

In this article, a novel method of achieving a single-layer, dual-band, dual-circularly polarized (CP) shared-aperture phased array antenna with wide beam scanning coverage is presented. The space antenna was designed to provide direct-to-cellular communications services at S-/C-bands with a frequency ratio of 1:1.8. Using novel ceramic substrates with high dielectric constants for antenna miniaturization, the optimum interelement spacing can be ensured in one single layer to meet the large-angle scanning demand. The CP characteristic of the phased array is improved by the sequential rotation technique. A prototype of phased array, which is composed of an 8 × 8 S-band Rx array and a 16 × 16 C-band Tx array, is fabricated to verify this design. The measured results show that the shared-aperture phased array can provide ±50° beam scanning coverage at both the S- and C-bands simultaneously to meet the direct-to-cellular communication demand in low earth orbit (LEO) satellites.
Multiplex Graph Contrastive Learning with Soft Negatives
Authors: Zhao Zhenhao , Zhu Minhong , Wang Chen , Wang Sijia , Zhang Jiqiang , Chen Li , Cai Weiran
Published: January 2025

Graph Contrastive Learning (GCL) seeks to learn nodal or graph representations that contain maximal consistent information from graph-structured data. While node-level contrasting modes are dominating, some efforts have commenced to explore consistency across different scales. Yet, they tend to lose consistent information and be contaminated by disturbing features. We propose MUX-GCL, a novel cross-scale contrastive learning framework that addresses these key challenges in GCL by leveraging multiplex representations as effective patches to enhance information consistency. Our method introduces a soft-negative contrasting strategy based on positional affinities to reduce false negatives, thereby minimizing information loss during multi-scale contrasts. While this learning mode minimizes contaminating noises, a commensurate contrasting strategy using positional affinities further avoids information loss by correcting false negative pairs across scales. Extensive downstream experiments demonstrate that MUX-GCL yields multiple state-of-the-art results on public datasets. Our theoretical analysis further guarantees the new objective function as a stricter lower bound of mutual information of raw input features and output embeddings, which rationalizes this paradigm.
Testing Method for Non-Isothermal Radial Wall Jets from Ceiling Diffusers Used in Building Ventilation
Authors: Hurnik Maria
Published: January 2025

Diffusers producing radial jets attached to the ceiling are most often used in ventilation and air conditioning systems. In building ventilation, the temperature of the jet supplying the air into the rooms is usually different to the surrounding air temperature. To save energy for air transportation during periods of low heat gains, the air flow should be reduced as low as possible, to about 20% of its nominal value. A significant decrease in the air flow supply in cooling mode may cause cold air dumping and, consequently, increase the risk of local discomfort due to drafts in the occupied zone. In this study, a method for assessing the effect of non-isothermality on the speed distribution of radial wall jets has been developed. The measured terminal speed isolines, W = 0.2 m/s, were compared with the isolines determined for isothermal jets. The test results have shown that, for radial wall jets supplying air at an Archimedes number higher than approximately 50 × 10−4, the risk of jet dumping is significant.
Economic–Energy–Environmental Optimization of a Multi-Energy System in a University District
Authors: Bacci Luca , Dal Cin Enrico , Carraro Gianluca , Rech Sergio , Lazzaretto Andrea
Published: January 2025

The integration of energy generation and consumption is one of the most effective ways to reduce energy-system-related waste, costs, and emissions in cities. This paper considers a university district consisting of 32 buildings where electrical demand is currently met by the national grid, and 31% of thermal demand is supplied by a centralized heating station through a district heating network; the remainder is covered by small, dedicated boilers. Starting from the present system, the goal is to identify “retrofit” design solutions to reduce cost, environmental impact, and the primary energy consumption of the district. To this end, three new configurations of the multi-energy system (MES) of the district are proposed considering (i) the installation of new energy conversion and storage units, (ii) the enlargement of the existing district heating network, and (iii) the inclusion of new branches of the electrical and heating network. The configurations differ in increasing levels of integration through the energy networks. The results show that the installation of cogeneration engines leads to significant benefits in both economic (up to −12.3% of total annual costs) and energy (up to −10.2% of the primary energy consumption) terms; these benefits increase as the level of integration increases. On the other hand, the limited availability of space for photovoltaics results in increased CO2 emissions when only total cost minimization is considered. However, by accepting a cost increase of 8.4% over the least expensive solution, a significant reduction in CO2 (−23.9%) can be achieved while still keeping total costs lower than the existing MES.
Strategies for Workplace EV Charging Management
Authors: Andrenacci Natascia , Genovese Antonino , Giuli Giancarlo
Published: January 2025

Electric vehicles (EVs) help reduce transportation emissions. A user-friendly charging infrastructure and efficient charging processes can promote their wider adoption. Low-power charging is effective for short-distance travel, especially when vehicles are parked for extended periods, like during daily commutes. These idle times present opportunities to improve coordination between EVs and service providers to meet charging needs. The present study examines strategies for coordinated charging in workplace parking lots to minimize the impact on the power grid while maximizing the satisfaction of charging demand. Our method utilizes a heuristic approach for EV charging, focusing on event logic that considers arrival and departure times and energy requirements. We compare various charging management methods in a workplace parking lot against a first-in-first-out (FIFO) strategy. Using real data on workplace parking lot usage, the study found that efficient electric vehicle charging in a parking lot can be achieved either through optimized scheduling with a single high-power charger, requiring user cooperation, or by installing multiple chargers with alternating sockets. Compared to FIFO charging, the implemented strategies allow for a reduction in the maximum charging power between 30 and 40%, a charging demand satisfaction rate of 99%, and a minimum SOC amount of 83%.
Restoration Strategy for Urban Power Distribution Systems Considering Coupling with Transportation Networks Under Heavy Rainstorm Disasters
Authors: Jia Dongli , Li Zhao , Dong Yongle , Wang Xiaojun , Lin Mingcong , He Kaiyuan , Yang Xiaoyu , Liu Jiajing
Published: January 2025

With the increasing frequency of extreme weather events such as heavy rainstorm disasters, the stable operation of power systems is facing significant challenges. This paper proposes a two-stage restoration strategy for the distribution networks (DNs). First, a grid-based modeling approach is developed for urban DNs and transportation networks (TNs), capturing the dynamic evolution of heavy rainstorm disasters and more accurately modeling the impact on TNs and DNs. Then, a two-stage restoration strategy is designed for the DN by coordinating soft open points (SOPs) and mobile energy storage systems (MESSs). In the disaster progression stage, SOPs are utilized to enable the flexible reconfiguration and islanding of the DN, minimizing load loss. In the post-disaster recovery stage, the MESS and repair crew are optimally dispatched, taking into account the state of the TN to expedite power restoration. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method reduces load loss during restoration by 8.09% compared to approaches without precise TN and DN modeling.
Spatiotemporal Variability in Wind Turbine Blade Leading Edge Erosion
Authors: Pryor Sara C. , Coburn Jacob J. , Barthelmie Rebecca J.
Published: January 2025

Wind turbine blade leading edge erosion (LEE) reduces energy production and increases wind energy operation and maintenance costs. Degradation of the blade coating and ultimately damage to the underlying blade structure are caused by collisions of falling hydrometeors with rotating blades. The selection of optimal methods to mitigate/reduce LEE are critically dependent on the rates of coating fatigue accumulation at a given location and the time variance in the accumulation of material stresses. However, no such assessment currently exists for the United States of America (USA). To address this research gap, blade coating lifetimes at 883 sites across the USA are generated based on high-frequency (5-min) estimates of material fatigue derived using a mechanistic model and robust meteorological measurements. Results indicate blade coating failure at some sites in as few as 4 years, and that the frequency and intensity of material stresses are both highly episodic and spatially varying. Time series analyses indicate that up to one-third of blade coating lifetime is exhausted in just 360 5-min periods in the Southern Great Plains (SGP). Conversely, sites in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) exhibit the same level of coating lifetime depletion in over three times as many time periods. Thus, it may be more cost-effective to use wind turbine deregulation (erosion-safe mode) for damage reduction and blade lifetime extension in the SGP, while the application of blade leading edge protective measures may be more appropriate in the PNW. Annual total precipitation and mean wind speed are shown to be poor predictors of blade coating lifetime, re-emphasizing the need for detailed modeling studies such as that presented herein.
Diffusion Characteristics of Dissolved Gases in Oil Under Different Oil Flow Circulations
Authors: Luo Chuanxian , Zhu Ye , Li Zhuangzhuang , Yu Peng , Zhou Zhengqin , Yang Xu , Liao Minfu
Published: January 2025

The prediction of dissolved gas concentrations in oil can provide crucial data for the assessment of power transformer conditions and early fault diagnosis. Current simulations mainly focus on the generation and accumulation of characteristic gases, lacking a global perspective on gas diffusion and dissolution. This study simulates the characteristic gases produced by typical faults at different flow rates. Using ANSYS 2022 R1 simulation software, a gas–liquid two-phase model is established to simulate the flow and diffusion of characteristic gases under fault conditions. Additionally, a fault-simulation gas production test platform was built based on a ±400 kV actual converter transformer. The experimental data show good consistency with the simulation trends. The results indicate that the diffusion of dissolved gases in oil is significantly affected by the oil flow velocity. At higher flow rates, the characteristic gases primarily move within the oil tank along with the oil circulation, leading to a faster rate of gas dissolution in oil and a shorter time to reach equilibrium within the tank. At lower flow rates, the diffusion of characteristic gases depends not only on oil flow circulation but also on self-diffusion driven by concentration gradients, resulting in a nonlinear change in gas concentration across various monitoring points.
Dynamic Heat Transfer Modeling and Validation of Super-Long Flexible Thermosyphons for Shallow Geothermal Applications
Authors: Liu Jianhua , Ding Yanghuiqin , Liu Hao , Zheng Liying , Wang Xiaoyuan , Zhu Yuezhao
Published: January 2025

In comparison to borehole heat exchangers that rely on forced convection, super-long thermosyphons offer a more efficient approach to extracting shallow geothermal energy. This work conducted field tests on a super-long flexible thermosyphon (SFTS) to evaluate its heat transfer characteristics. The tests investigated the effects of cooling water temperature and the inclination angle of the condenser on the start-up characteristics and steady-state heat transfer performance. Based on the field test results, the study proposed a dynamic heat transfer modeling method for SFTSs using the equivalent thermal conductivity (ETC) model. Furthermore, a full-scale 3D CFD model for geothermal extraction via SFTS was developed, taking into account weather conditions and groundwater advection. The modeling validation showed that the simulation results aligned well with the temperature and heat transfer power variations observed in the field tests when the empirical coefficient in the ETC model was specified as 2. This work offers a semi-empirical dynamic heat transfer modeling method for geothermal thermosyphons, which can be readily incorporated into the overall simulation of a geothermal system that integrates thermosyphons.
Artificial Intelligence in Automotives: ANNs’ Impact on Biodiesel Engine Performance and Emissions
Authors: Khujamberdiev Ramozon , Cho Haeng Muk
Published: January 2025

This paper explores the integration and advancements of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in modeling diesel engine performance, particularly focusing on biodiesel-fueled engines. ANNs have emerged as a vital tool in predicting and optimizing engine parameters, contributing to the enhancement of fuel efficiency and a reduction in emissions. The novelty of this review lies in its critical analysis of the existing literature on ANN applications in biodiesel engines, identifying gaps in optimization and emission control. While ANNs have shown promise in predicting engine parameters, fuel efficiency, and emission reduction, this paper highlights their limitations and areas for improvement, especially in the context of biodiesel-fueled engines. The integration of ANNs with big data and sophisticated algorithms paves the way for more accurate and reliable engine modeling, essential for advancing sustainable and eco-friendly automotive technologies. This research underscores the growing importance of ANNs in optimizing biodiesel-fueled diesel engines, aligning with global efforts towards cleaner and more sustainable energy solutions.
Optimal On-Load Tap Changer Tap Control Method for Voltage Compliance Rate Improvement in Distribution Systems, Based on Field Measurement Data
Authors: Lim Hanmin , Jo Jongmin , Chun Kwan-Ho
Published: January 2025

This paper proposes an optimal control method for the on-load tap changer (OLTC) of a substation’s main transformer (M.TR), to maximize the voltage compliance rate (VCR) in distribution system feeders. The conventional auto voltage regulator (AVR)’s line-drop compensation (LDC) control method struggles with accurately determining load centers and has limitations in managing voltage due to the variability of distributed energy resources (DERs). To address these challenges, this study defines sample number-based VCR (SNB-VCR) as the performance index function to be maximized. The optimal tap positions for the OLTC are obtained using the gradient ascent method. Since the SNB-VCR evaluates voltage compliance using 15 min interval data collected from all the load and DER connection points in the distribution system, the tap position obtained by the gradient ascent method maximizes voltage quality for every feeder included in the system. Using a simulation, it is verified that the proposed tap control method improves the overall voltage quality and reduces the occurrence of overvoltage or undervoltage compared to LDC control. The proposed control strategy offers a practical solution for enhancing voltage management efficiency in modern distribution systems, particularly those with high penetration of DERs.
Ecotoxicological Effects of the Herbicide Metribuzin on Tenebrio molitor Hemocytes
Authors: Vommaro Maria Luigia , Guadagnolo Michela , Lento Martina , Giglio Anita
Published: January 2025

Herbicides are synthetic chemicals that are extensively employed in agricultural practices with the objective of enhancing crop yield and quality. Despite their selectivity for plant systems and being generally regarded as non-toxic to animals, there is a paucity of understanding surrounding the sublethal effects on non-target organisms, including animals. This gap underscores the necessity for ecotoxicological research that prioritizes the identification of suitable models and develops reliable biomarkers for the early assessment of environmental impact. In this context, hemocytes—circulating immune cells found in invertebrates—have been identified as a crucial system for assessing sublethal toxicological effects, given their role in immune defense and overall organism health. Tenebrio molitor, a beetle pest of stored grain, was used as a model for the assessment of the effects of a metribuzin-based herbicide (MTB, Feinzin DF 70, 70% metribuzin, 0.25 kg ha−1). Following a 96 h exposure to MTB, the males (7–10 days post-eclosion) were examined for multiple biomarkers in their hemocytes, including cell density, phagocytic activity, lysosomal membrane stability, and cytological changes. Although no mortality was observed, exposure to MTB resulted in a reduction in the phagocytic index and an increase in blast-like cells, indicating the potential for immunotoxicity. Lysosomal membrane stability was reduced, though no significant changes in hemocyte density or nuclear morphology were observed. These responses indicate potential immune system impairment, which could affect the beetle’s fitness and reproductive potential. This study highlights the potential of hemocytes for assessing sublethal herbicide effects, raising concerns about the ecological impact of herbicides in agroecosystems and their potential risks to both wildlife and human health.
Impact of Thermal Treatment and Accelerated Aging on the Chemical Composition, Morphology, and Properties of Spruce Wood
Authors: Kačík František , Kúdela Jozef , Výbohová Eva , Jurczyková Tereza , Čabalová Iveta , Adamčík Lukáš , Kmeťová Elena , Kačíková Danica
Published: January 2025

Thermal modification improves the properties of wood, especially its stability and durability. We thermally treated spruce wood with the Thermowood process at three temperatures (160 °C, 180 °C, and 210 °C) and subjected it to accelerated aging in wet mode. We evaluated the chemical composition (wet chemistry, infrared spectroscopy), color, surface morphology, and wetting of the wood surface with water. Thermal treatment caused a significant decrease in hemicelluloses (up to 72.39% at a temperature of 210 °C), which initiated an increase in the content of more resistant wood components—cellulose and lignin. With accelerated aging, the hemicellulose content decreased by another 5%. The most significant differences between the infrared spectra of thermally modified wood before and after exposure to accelerated aging were in the absorption bands of lignin (1509 and 1596 cm−1) and in the region of carbonyl groups between 1800 and 1630 cm−1. Thermal treatment also caused a change in the color of the wood to dark brown; the overall color difference ΔE increased several times. The thermal-induced shortening of polysaccharide fibers and reduction in their width were even more manifested during accelerated aging. This work contains new knowledge about the properties critical for the reuse of thermally modified wood after accelerated aging, simulating the end of its life cycle.
Production of an Extract with β-1,4-Xylanase Activity by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis on a Sonicated Brewer’s Spent Grain Substrate
Authors: Arreola-Cruz Irma A. , Troncoso-Rojas Rosalba , Vásquez-Lara Francisco , Heredia-Sandoval Nina G. , Islas-Rubio Alma R.
Published: January 2025

The Fusarium oxysporum species commonly found in soil include plant and human pathogens, and nonpathogenic species. F. oxysporum grown on lignocellulosic substrates under submerged conditions produces an extracellular enzyme profile with hemicellulolytic and cellulolytic activities. Our aim was to produce an extract of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis with β-1,4-xylanase activity after fermentation on a Brewers’ spent grain (BSG)-containing substrate. We prepared the BSG substrate, with or without sonication, for the submerged fermentation of Fusarium oxysporum previously isolated from local soil and preserved at 4 °C. First, an enriched inoculum was prepared, and later, the production of β-1,4-xylanase using the BSG substrates was monitored for up to 6 or 10 days in the enriched inoculum or in the enzyme extract, respectively. An activity of β-1,4-xylanase 12.0 U/mL (day 3) was obtained in the enriched inoculum with the untreated BSG, remaining constant for 3 days. A significant increase in the activity of this enzyme was observed (day 6), especially in the extract obtained using the sonicated BSG substrate (39 U/mL). Applying ultrasound to the BSG before its use in a submerged fermentation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis could be an alternative for producing β-1,4-xylanase.
A Novel Process for Oleacein Production from Olive Leaves Using Freeze Drying Methodology
Authors: Koutra Christina , Routsi Efi , Stathopoulos Panagiotis , Kalpoutzakis Eleftherios , Humbert Marina , Maubert Olivier , Skaltsounis Alexios-Leandros
Published: January 2025

The abundant yet underutilized olive leaves, a renewable by-product of olive cultivation, offer untapped potential for producing high-value bioactive compounds, notably oleacein. Existing extraction methods are often inefficient, yielding low quantities of oleacein due to enzymatic degradation of its precursor, oleuropein, during conventional processing and storage. This study aimed to overcome these limitations by exploring a novel methodology based on freeze-drying, to facilitate the in situ enzymatic biotransformation of oleuropein into oleacein directly within the plant matrix. Olive leaves were subjected to three drying methods—ambient air drying, microwave drying, and freeze-drying—and their phenolic profiles were analyzed. The findings demonstrated that freeze drying uniquely promotes the selective activation of β-glucosidase and esterase enzymes while simultaneously inhibiting oxidative enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, resulting in significantly enriched oleacein content. This process eliminates the need for extensive post-extraction transformations, providing a cost-effective, scalable, and sustainable approach to oleacein production. The proposed methodology aligns with circular economy principles and holds substantial potential for applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and functional food industries.
Effects of Lutjanus erythropterus Protein on Depression-like Behavior and Gut Microbiota in Stressed Juvenile Mice
Authors: Luo Jinjin , Wang Chen , Ye Weichang , He Ruiyang , Huang Ling , Fang Zhijia , Deng Qi , Qiu Mei , Sun Lijun , Gooneratne Ravi
Published: January 2025

Lutjanus erythropterus protein (Lep) exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, but its antidepressant activity is unknown. This study used a 44-day chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model to determine whether Lep has a beneficial effect through the gut–brain axis in 3-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. Gavaging with Lep solution alleviated the depression-like behavior and anxiety symptoms in CUMS growing mice. Administration of Lep decreased serum IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α levels and restored colonic mucosal damage. In addition, Lep improved the disturbance of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) secretion in the gut–brain axis. Pearson analysis revealed that gut short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) concentration significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with mucosal damage scores and the depression-like behavior index. Lep was able to prevent the gut SCFA enrichment. Lep upregulated gut Muribaculaceae and downregulated SCFA-producing bacteria by replenishing deficient amino acid (AA) (tryptophan, alanine, aspartate, glutamate) and decreased (p < 0.01) the gene abundance of the AA metabolism pathway of SCFA-producing bacteria, thereby preventing gut SCFA enrichment and alleviating associated depression-like behavior. These findings indicate that Lep could attenuate depression in CUMS juvenile mice via the gut microbiota-SCFA–brain axis.