bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Culture within and culture about crime: The case of the “Rodney King Riots”
Authors: Katz Jack
Published: May 2016

Does cultural criminology have a distinct intellectual mission? How might it be defined? I suggest analyzing three levels of social interaction. At the first level, the culture of crime used by those committing crimes and the process of creating representations of crime in the news, entertainment products, and political position statements proceed independently. At the second level, there is asymmetrical interaction between those creating images of crime and those committing crime: offenders use media images to create crime, but cultural representations of crime in the news, official statistics, and entertainment are developed without drawing on what offenders do when they commit crime, or vice versa. At a third level, we can find symmetrical, recursive interactions between the cultures used to do crime and cultures created by media, popular culture, and political expressions about crime. Using the “Rodney King Riots” as an example, I illustrate the looping interactions through which actors on the streets, law enforcement officials, and politicians and news media workers, by taking into account each other’s past and likely responses, develop an episode of anarchy through multiple identifiable stages and transformational contingencies.
The ‘Dunblane massacre’ as a ‘photosensitive plate’
Authors: Wilson David , Yardley Elizabeth , Pemberton Sarah
Published: May 2016

This article seeks to understand the mass murders that took place at Dunblane in 1996 and to consider if we might see aspects of this mass shooting as prophetic of other mass murders, such as those that took place at Columbine, Sandy Hook and on Utoya Island. It does this by using what we describe as a ‘criminological autopsy’ about the shootings and, in doing so, considers why this mass murder – still the worst in British history – has rarely been considered within criminology.
Worry and time: the unseen costs of informal care
Authors: Jowsey Tanisha , Strazdins Lyndall , Yen Laurann
Published: May 2016

Objectives

The objective of this study is to examine the experiences of informal carers in terms of how their time spent caring is related to worry. Is worry about a care recipient a care practice, and if so, to what extent it can be understood temporally?

Methods

Classical phenomenology underpinned this study. Three qualitative studies of people living with chronic illness in Australia were conducted between 2009 and 2013. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Phenomenological thematic analysis of the data was undertaken.

Results

Twenty-five informal carers participated. The findings pivot around three interconnected themes: time, worry and cost. Worry was identified as a temporally bound unseen cost to carers that informs carer identity irrespective of culture, ethnicity, or social status.

Discussion

Worry is a practice that most carers report engaging in and it is one that comes with a temporal cost—it keeps people busy looking after the needs of others during the day and it keeps some people awake when they would rather be sleeping. Worry takes time and effort, it informs people’s construction of their own sense of self, motivates acts of care, and informs carers’ imaginings of what their future and that of their loved one(s) may entail.
A preliminary investigation of the suitability of aquatics for people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities
Authors: Aherne Cian , Coughlan Barry
Published: May 2016

Background:

Aquatics is an under-researched but possibly appropriate form of activity for people with severe to profound intellectual disabilities (SPIDs).

Aim:

The current pilot study investigates the suitability of an aquatics programme for service users with SPIDs.

Method:

Four service users with SPID completed an 8–12-session aquatics programme. Front-line staff ( N = 6) were interviewed after the programme to explore its suitability. A thematic analysis of the interviews was utilized.

Results:

The thematic analysis unearthed main themes of effects, facilitators, barriers, strengths and needs.

Conclusion:

Aquatics can be an appropriate and beneficial form of physical activity for people with SPIDs, but there are many barriers to participation. Tailored programmes are required. Further investigation of the experiences of people with SPIDs in relation to physical activity is recommended.
Ultrasound imaging of the distal radioulnar joint: a new method to assess ulnar radial translation in forearm rotation
Authors: Oldfield C. E. , Boland M. R. , Greybe D. , Hing W.
Published: May 2016

A cross-sectional reliability study was conducted with 23 normal participants to establish normal values, and the repeatability and validity of distal radioulnar joint translation measurements using ultrasound imaging. Static transverse images of maximal supination, neutral and maximal pronation were examined to assess translation, using a method consistent with the rheumatoid arthritis subluxation ratio. Translation while gripping a 1 kg weight in supinated and pronated positions was then compared with non-gripping translation. There was significantly more ulnar radial translation found with pronation than supination, when compared with neutral. Gripping in pronation did not produce statistically significant changes in translation, whereas the changes produced by gripping in supination were significant. Internal consistency was deemed very high and the rheumatoid arthritis subluxation ratio values measured using ultrasound imaging were consistent with previously documented values measured by computerized tomography. This study demonstrated that translational movement of the distal radioulnar joint can be reliably detected in healthy participants using ultrasound imaging. This may reduce dependency on other imaging modalities to diagnose distal radioulnar joint instability.

Level of Evidence: 2.
Chemometric analysis of attenuated total reflectance infrared spectra of Proteus mirabilis strains with defined structures of LPS
Authors: Zarnowiec Paulina , Mizera Andrzej , Chrapek Magdalena , Urbaniak Mariusz , Kaca Wieslaw
Published: May 2016

Proteus spp. strains are some of the most important pathogens associated with complicated urinary tract infections and bacteremia affecting patients with immunodeficiency and long-term urinary catheterization. For epidemiological purposes, various molecular typing methods have been developed for this pathogen. However, these methods are labor intensive and time consuming. We evaluated a new method of differentiation between strains. A collection of Proteus spp. strains was analyzed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region. ATR FT-IR spectroscopy used in conjunction with a diamond ATR accessory directly produced the biochemical profile of the surface chemistry of bacteria. We conclude that a combination of ATR FT-IR spectroscopy and mathematical modeling provides a fast and reliable alternative for discrimination between Proteus isolates, contributing to epidemiological research.
One-Year Results of an Educational Program on Osteoarthritis
Authors: de Rezende Marcia Uchoa , Hissadomi Marcelo Issao , de Campos Gustavo Constantino , Frucchi Renato , Pailo Alexandre Felício , Pasqualin Thiago , Brito Nadia Lucila Rocha , Santana Olga Fugiko Magashima , Moreira Merilu Marins , Strutz Carolina Guimarães , Matos Natalia Beraldo dos Santos , de Camargo Olavo Pires , Hernandez Arnaldo José
Published: May 2016

Introduction:

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is the most prevalent form of osteoarthritis. Low socioeconomic level, age, and obesity are directly correlated with the incidence of the disease. Education, exercise, and diet are the core recommendations of all KOA treatment guidelines.

Objective:

To evaluate the impact of a multiprofessional educational program on patients with KOA.

Methods:

Of a total of 198 participants, 150 patients with KOA attended 2 days of lectures (at 1- to 3-month intervals) and received educational material on osteoarthritis, and a control group (48 patients) received educational materials only. Body mass index (BMI), frequency, and intensity of physical activity, pain, function, and quality-of-life scores were assessed at baseline and at 4 and 12 months after the educational program. Bimonthly telephone calls were made to half of the participants. Correlations between BMI, level of education, coping skills, functional, and pain results was procured.

Results:

The groups were similar in terms of race, gender, affected side, and osteoarthritis severity. The results were not affected by the telephone calls or the patients’ level of education. At baseline, 25 performed physical activity, whereas 123 performed at 1 year. Seventy-two (36.36%) patients decreased BMI (45 by 1 point and 27 by more than 2 points). There were some weak correlations such as BMI reduction with pain and functional improvements and with coping results. Significant improvements in function and quality of life were found at 4 months. Quality of life remained improved at 1 year.

Conclusion:

The effect of this educational program in function and quality of life of patients with KOA is very subtle. Interval between classes (1, 2, or 3 months) is not an important issue.
Caste and class in late colonial Andhra: Dalits and Communist mobilisation
Authors: Rao Yagati Chinna
Published: May 2016

The Dalits or depressed castes labour under both economic and social disablilities, facing landlessness and ‘untouchability’. The mobilisation of agricultural labour in Andhra by the Communists in the 1930s and 1940s was a significant achievement. But the failure to secure land for the landless and more conscious struggle against caste undermined the Dalit support they had earlier attained, and this may partly explain the decline of Communist influence in Andhra after the 1950s.
Arresting Dentine Caries with Different Concentration and Periodicity of Silver Diamine Fluoride
Authors: Fung M.H.T. , Duangthip D. , Wong M.C.M. , Lo E.C.M. , Chu C.H.
Published: May 2016

Different regimens of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) have been used to manage early childhood caries. So far, there is limited information regarding the concentrations and frequency of applications for effective caries control in primary teeth. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of 2 commercially available SDF solutions at preprepared concentrations of 38% and 12% when applied annually or biannually over 18 mo in arresting dentine caries in primary teeth. This randomized double-blinded clinical trial recruited kindergarten children aged 3 to 4 y who had at least 1 tooth with dentine caries. The children were randomly allocated to receive 4 treatment protocols: group 1, annual application of 12% SDF; group 2, biannual application of 12% SDF; group 3, annual application of 38% SDF; and group 4, biannual application of 38% SDF. Clinical examinations at 6-mo intervals were conducted to assess whether active carious lesions became arrested. Information on the children’s background and oral hygiene habits was collected through a parental questionnaire at baseline and follow-up examinations. A total of 888 children with 4,220 dentine carious tooth surfaces received treatment at baseline. After 18 mo, 831 children (94%) were examined. The caries arrest rates were 50%, 55%, 64%, and 74% for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively ( P < 0.001). Lesions treated with SDF biannual application had a higher chance of becoming arrested compared with those receiving SDF annual application (odds ratio, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.71; P = 0.025). The interaction between concentration and lesion site was statistically significant ( P < 0.001). Compared with 12% SDF, the use of 38% SDF increased a chance of becoming arrested ( P < 0.05), except lesions on occlusal surfaces. Based on the 18-mo results, SDF is more effective in arresting dentin caries in the primary teeth of preschool children at 38% concentration than 12% concentration and when applied biannually rather than annually.

Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this study can be used by clinicians and dental public health professionals when deciding which concentrations and frequency of application of silver diamine fluoride solution should be adopted for arresting dentine caries. With consideration of caries arrest treatment with silver diamine fluoride, which is painless, simple, and low cost, this information could lead to more appropriate therapeutic decisions for caries control in young children or those who lack access to affordable conventional dental care.
Ferrivauxite, a new phosphate mineral from Llallagua, Bolivia
Authors: Raade G. , Grice J. D. , Rowe R.
Published: May 2016

Ferrivauxite, ideally Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O, is an oxidized equivalent of vauxite, Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·6H2O, and forms oxidation pseudomorphs after that mineral. It occurs in association with sigloite and crandallite at the Llallagua tin deposit, Bolivia. It is triclinic, space group P1̄, with a = 9.198(2), b = 11.607(3), c = 6.112(2) Å, α = 98.237(9), β = 91.900(13), γ = 108.658(9)°, V = 609.7(5) Å3, Z = 2. Strongest reflections of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern are [dobsin Å(Iobs)(hkl)]: 10.834(100)(010), 8.682(24)(100), 8.242 (65)(110), 6.018(28)(001), 5.918(23)(1̄10), 5.491 (30)(1̄20), 4.338(26)(200), 2.898 (32)(300). The structure was refined to R1 = 0.0369 for 3244 observed reflections. Twinning occurs on {010}. Ferrivauxite is isotypic with vauxite but with positional disorder of the Fe1 site and some of the oxygen sites. Disorder is also indicated by the infrared spectrum. One of the water molecules in vauxite is deprotonated in conjunction with the oxidation process and becomes a hydroxyl group. Ferrivauxite is translucent to transparent, has a golden brown colour with a pale yellow-brown streak and vitreous lustre. It is brittle with an irregular fracture and shows no cleavage. The Mohs hardness is estimated to be ∼3½ by comparison with vauxite. D(calc.) is 2.39 g cm–3for the empirical formula Fe3+0.94Mn0.01Al1.98P2.05O8(OH)3· 5H2O, obtained by electron-microprobe analysis in wavelength dispersive spectroscopy mode. The mineral is optically biaxial negative with α = 1.589(1), β = 1.593(1), γ = 1.596(1); the refractive indices are higher than those of vauxite.
The mineralogical system: Can global plots teach us something new?
Authors: Rieder Milan
Published: May 2016

Data based on end-member formulae of 4872 minerals (4975 entries) were subjected to numerical treatment and plotting. Most conspicuous among the findings is the hydration trend that spans the whole mineralogical system– something that may be related to the geological history of
mineral formation on Earth. Interesting negative relationships were confirmed for pairs O and F, O and Cl, and Al and Si, while the O vs. S graph documents the dual nature of the behaviour of sulfur. Determinations of Al and Si have the potential of alarming the analyst that his phase
might contain hydrogen. The dataset available also permitted the plotting of histograms that illustrate the preferred concentration distribution of individual elements throughout the mineral kingdom.
Reducing Unplanned Medical Oncology Readmissions by Improving Outpatient Care Transitions: A Process Improvement Project at the Cleveland Clinic
Authors: Montero Alberto J. , Stevenson James , Guthrie Amy E. , Best Carolyn , Goodman Lindsey Martin , Shrotriya Shiva , Azzouqa Abdel-Ghani , Parala Armida , Lagman Ruth , Bolwell Brian J. , Kalaycio Matt E. , Khorana Alok A.
Published: May 2016

Purpose:

Reducing 30-day unplanned hospital readmissions is a national policy priority. We examined the impact of a quality improvement project focused on reducing oncology readmissions among patients with cancer who were admitted to palliative and general medical oncology services at the Cleveland Clinic.

Methods:

Baseline rates of readmissions were gathered during the period from January 2013 to April 2014. A quality improvement project designed to improve outpatient care transitions was initiated during the period leading to April 1, 2014, including: (1) provider education, (2) postdischarge nursing phone calls within 48 hours, and (3) postdischarge provider follow-up appointments within 5 business days. Nursing callback components included symptom management, education, medication review/compliance, and follow-up appointment reminder.

Results:

During the baseline period, there were 2,638 admissions and 722 unplanned 30-day readmissions for an overall readmission rate of 27.4%. Callbacks and 5-day follow-up appointment monitoring revealed a mean monthly compliance of 72% and 78%, respectively, improving over time during the study period. Readmission rates declined by 4.5% to 22.9% (P < .01; relative risk reduction, 18%) during the study period. The mean direct cost of one readmission was $10,884, suggesting an annualized cost savings of $1.04 million with the observed reduction in unplanned readmissions.

Conclusion:

Modest readmission reductions can be achieved through better systematic transitions to outpatient care (including follow-up calls and early provider visits), thereby leading to a reduction in use of inpatient resources. These data suggest that efforts focused on improving outpatient care transition were effective in reducing unplanned oncology readmissions.
Faster FOLFOX: Oxaliplatin Can Be Safely Infused at a Rate of 1 mg/m2/min
Authors: Cercek Andrea , Park Vivian , Yaeger Rona , Reidy-Lagunes Diane , Kemeny Nancy E. , Stadler Zsofia K. , Segal Neil H. , Varghese Anna , Saltz Leonard B.
Published: May 2016

Purpose:

Oxaliplatin at a dose of 85 mg/m2 traditionally has been administered over 120 min in the standard FOLFOX (infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin) regimen. CapeOx (capecitabine plus oxaliplatin), in which the dose of oxaliplatin is 130 mg/m2, has also been infused over 120 min. Maintenance of a prolonged infusion time has been largely based on the concern for a potential hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) if administered too quickly.

Methods:

We first performed a retrospective review of our institutional experience to assess whether HSR rates were similar in FOLFOX and CapeOx by using computerized pharmacy records between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2013. We then instituted a new policy to infuse all nonresearch doses of oxaliplatin at a set rate of 1 mg/m2/min (85 mg/m2 given over 85 min; 68 mg/m2 over 68 min, etc). The incidence of HSRs with the new infusion rate was actively monitored.

Results:

Of 2,097 patients who previously received oxaliplatin over 120 min, 1,936 received a dose of 85 mg/m2 (± 10%), and 161 received a dose of 130 mg/m2. The incidence of HSRs in the 85 mg/m2 group was 11% versus 7% in the 130 mg/m2 group (P = .13). Then between December 1, 2014, and June 4, 2015, 667 patients received oxaliplatin at a rate of 1 mg/m2/min for all doses. The incidence of HSRs in patients treated at this fixed infusion rate was 8%.

Conclusion:

Infusing oxaliplatin at a rate of 1 mg/m2/min does not increase the rate of HSRs and does not compromise patient safety. This infusion rate is safe for use in routine practice.
Reference Values for IGF-I Serum Concentrations: Comparison of Six Immunoassays
Authors: Chanson Philippe , Arnoux Armelle , Mavromati Maria , Brailly-Tabard Sylvie , Massart Catherine , Young Jacques , Piketty Marie-Liesse , Souberbielle Jean-Claude ,   for the VARIETE Investigators
Published: May 2016

Context:

Measurement of IGF-I is essential for diagnosis and management of patients with disorders affecting the somatotropic axis. However, even when IGF-I kit manufacturers follow recent consensus guidelines, different kits can give very different results for a given sample.

Objectives:

We sought to establish normative data for six IGF-I assay kits based on a large random sample of the French general adult population.

Subjects and Methods:

In a cross-sectional multicenter cohort study, we measured IGF-I in 911 healthy adults (18–90 years) with six immunoassays (iSYS, LIAISON XL, IMMULITE, IGFI RIACT, Mediagnost ELISA, and Mediagnost RIA). Pairwise concordance between assays was assessed with Bland-Altman plots for both IGF-1 raw data and standard deviation scores (SDS), as well as with the percentage of observed agreement and the weighted Kappa coefficient for categorized IGF-I SDS.

Results:

Normative data included the range of values (2.5–97.5 percentiles) given by the six IGF-I assays according to age group and sex. A formula for SDS calculation is provided. Although the lower limits of the reference intervals of the six assays were similar, the upper limits varied markedly. Pairwise concordances were moderate to good (0.38–0.70).

Conclusion:

Despite being obtained in the same healthy population, the reference intervals of the six commercial IGF-1 assay kits showed noteworthy differences. Agreement between methods was moderate to good.
Photocatalytic H2 Evolution by Pt-Loaded 9,9′-Spirobifluorene-Based Conjugated Microporous Polymers under Visible-Light Irradiation
Authors: Modak Arindam , Yamanaka Ken-ichi , Goto Yasutomo , Inagaki Shinji
Published: May 2016

Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have recently been investigated as an alternative approach to light-to-chemical energy conversion. In a previous paper, we reported an easy, safe, and low-cost synthesis of a 9,9′-spirobifluorene-based conjugated microporous organic polymer (COP-3), which had a large surface area and large micropore volume. Herein, we report photocatalytic H2 evolution from water using Pt-loaded COP-3 (Pt/COP-3). H2 was successfully evolved under irradiation with visible light (>380 nm) on COP-3 dispersed in distilled water containing triethanolamine (TEOA, sacrificial agent) and a Pt source (H2PtCl6). The HOMO and LUMO energy levels for COP-3 were positive and negative enough to oxidize TEOA and reduce PtCl62− and H+, respectively. The stability of Pt/COP-3 further underlines the merit of COP-3 as a heterogeneous photosensitizer.
IL-6 stimulates a concentration-dependent increase in MCP-1 in immortalised human brain endothelial cells
Authors: Choi Jai Min , Rotimi Odunayo O. , O'Carroll Simon J. , Nicholson Louise F.B.
Published: May 2016

Systemic inflammation is associated with neurodegeneration, with elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6) in particular being correlated with an increased risk of dementia. The brain endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier (BBB) serve as the interface between the systemic circulation and the brain microenvironment and are therefore likely to be a key player in the development of neuropathology associated with systemic inflammation. Endothelial cells are known to require soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) in order to respond to IL-6, but studies in rat models have shown that this is not the case for brain endothelial cells and studies conducted in human cells are limited. Here we report for the first time that the human cerebral microvascular cell line, hCMVEC, uses the classical mIL-6R signalling pathway in response to IL-6 in a concentration-dependent manner as measured by the production of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1). This novel finding highlights a unique characteristic of human brain endothelial cells and that further investigation into the phenotype of this cell type is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of BBB pathology in inflammatory conditions.
ASSESSING THE ADEQUACY OF MODELING THE IMPACT OF HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLES ON A CHIP
Authors: Грошев  , Groshev A. , Чубур  , Chubur K. , Яньков  , Yankov A. , Зольников  , Zolnikov Konstantin , Савченко  , Savchenko Andrey
Published: May 2016

Considered a comparison of experimental and theoretical results is the number of failures at the chip under the influence of heavy charged particles. Comparison of the results showed good agreement.
REAL PROBLEM OF ASYMMETRICAL SOLID BODY ROTATION RELATIVELY MOTIONLESS POINT
Authors: Котов  , Kotov P.
Published: May 2016

The version problem of an asymmetrical solid body rotation relatively fixed center of inertia – pole described by autonomous system of the material differential equations is considered and constructive aspects solutions of a sought for nonrelativistic problem with the fixed moments of inertia are proposed.
PROBABILISTIC MODELING OF ADAPTIVE TRANSPORT LOGISTICS
Authors: Стародубцев  , Starodubtsev Viktor , Асташов  , Astashov Ya.
Published: May 2016

The article is the use of self-organizing methods to identify processes in the socio-economic systems of transport companies. Through the prism of a systematic approach is considered a sequence make effective management decisions based on predictive models of the processes of socio-economic system of motor transport enterprise for sustainable development of production.
Fast Approximation Algorithm for Maximum Lifetime Aggregation Trees in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Zhu Xiaojun , Chen Guihai , Tang Shaojie , Wu Xiaobing , Chen Bing
Published: May 2016

One ultimate goal of wireless sensor networks is to collect the sensed data from a set of sensors and transmit them to some sink node via a data gathering tree. In this work, we are interested in data aggregation, where the sink node wants to know the value for a certain function of all sensed data, such as minimum, maximum, average, and summation. Given a data aggregation tree, sensors receive messages from children periodically, merge them with its own packet, and send the new packet to its parent. The problem of finding an aggregation tree with the maximum lifetime has been proved to be NP-hard and can be generalized to finding a spanning tree with the minimum maximum vertex load, where the load of a vertex is a nondecreasing function of its degree in the tree. Although there is a rich body of research in those problems, they either fail to meet a theoretical bound or need high running time. In this paper, we develop a novel algorithm with provable performance bounds for the generalized problem. We show that the running time of our algorithm is in the order of O(mnα(m, n)), where m is the number of edges, n is the number of sensors, and α is the inverse Ackerman function. Though our work is motivated by applications in sensor networks, the proposed algorithm is general enough to handle a wide range of degree-oriented spanning tree problems, including bounded degree spanning tree problem and minimum degree spanning tree problem. When applied to these problems, it incurs a lower computational cost in comparison to existing methods. Simulation results validate our theoretical analysis.
Control of Stain and Mold Fungi on Red Alder Pallet Stock
Authors: Morrell Jeffrey J. , Sanders Dennis
Published: May 2016

The potential for limiting fungal attack on red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) pallet stock was evaluated in a small-scale field test. Alder is extremely susceptible to biological attack, as evidenced by the nearly complete colonization of nontreated materials within 18 days after cutting. Pallet stock was either dipped or sprayed with 11 different candidate fungicides. Dipping tended to produce better protection than spraying, reflecting the opportunity for greater uptake during the dipping process. Most treatments provided protection for 11 days when applied by dipping, while only four treatments were able to provide protection for the full 30-day test period. The results suggest that chemical protection of alder is possible, but the protective period is much shorter than that found with other wood species.
Social Norms and Stigma Regarding Unintended Pregnancy and Pregnancy Decisions: A Qualitative Study of Young Women in Alabama
Authors: Smith Whitney , Turan Janet M. , White Kari , Stringer Kristi L. , Helova Anna , Simpson Tina , Cockrill Kate
Published: May 2016

CONTEXT

Social norms and stigma may play important roles in reproductive health behavior and decision making among young women in the U.S. South, who disproportionately experience unintended pregnancies. No research has described the presence and manifestations of social norms and stigmas associated with unintended pregnancy and related decision making from the perspective of this population.

METHODS

Six focus groups and 12 cognitive interviews were conducted between December 2013 and July 2014 with 46 low‐income women aged 19–24 living in Birmingham, Alabama; respondents were recruited from two public health department centers and a community college. Semistructured interview guides were used to facilitate discussion about social perceptions of unintended pregnancy and related pregnancy decisions. Sessions were audio‐recorded, and transcripts were analyzed using a theme‐based approach.

RESULTS

Participants described community expectations that pregnancy occur in the context of monogamous relationships, in which both partners are mature, educated and financially stable. However, respondents reported that unintended pregnancy outside of these circumstances was common, and that the community expected young women faced with unintended pregnancies to bear and raise their children. Women who chose to do so were viewed more positively than were women who chose abortion or adoption. The community generally considered these alternatives to parenting unacceptable, and participants discussed them in terms of negative labels, social judgment and nondisclosure.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings suggest a need to reduce stigma and create a social environment in which young women are empowered to make the best reproductive decisions for themselves.
Biochar adicionado em Latossolo Vermelho beneficia o desenvolvimento de mudas de beterraba?
Authors: Lima Stefany Lorrayny , Marimon-Junior Ben Hur , Tamiozzo Suelen , Petter Fabiano André , Marimon Beatriz Schwantes , Abreu Mariângela Fernandes
Published: May 2016

The objective of this study was to verify the effect of biochar (granulated charcoal) added to an oxisol on the sugar beet seedlings production. The experiment was conducted in the seedlings nursery at the Mato Grosso State University, located at Nova Xavantina municipality, MT, Brazil, during the 2011 crop year. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four repetitions. Different doses of biochar were applied to an oxisol in order to evaluate the seedlings growth and quality, studing the differences between doses of biochar through linear regression. The biochar addition to the oxisol did not promoted growth or quality increase on sugar beet seedlings. All the evaluated treatments presented poor seedlings development and quality, below the optimal level. The addition of low-chemical quality biochar in low fertility soils and with no fertilization is not recommended for sugar beet production during the short seedling production cycle.
Analysis of nomofobic behaviors of adolescents regarding various factors
Authors: Gezgin Deniz Mertkan , Çakır Özlem
Published: May 2016

Although the developments in technology have made our lives and daily activities easier, it is believed that problematic and excessive use of technology could have some negative effects on people. One of these negative effects is the prevalence of nomophobia, which is considered as a new phobia in recent years. Nomophobia is defined as the fear and anxiety when an individual cannot access his or her mobile/smart phone or cannot have the chance to communicate online and offline via mobile devices. Nomophobic tendencies can change individuals’ daily habits. Negative emotions due to nomophobic tendencies like fear and anxiety especially in young people is thought to affect their school lives and academic achievements. The purpose of this research is to analyze the prevalence of nomophobia among high school students regarding various factors. The Nomophobia Scale (NMP-Q), which was used in this study, was developed by Yildirim and Correia (2015), and adapted into Turkish by Yildirim, Sumuer, Adnan and Yildirim (2015). The study group consists of 475 high school students attending six different schools situated in diverse socio-economic areas in Izmir and Edirne in 2015-2016 education year. The study was conducted in survey model and descriptive statistics. T-test for independent samples and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques were used at the analysis stage. According to the findings, mean scores obtained from the scale demonstrated that the levels of nomophobic behaviors of high school students were above the average. Besides, female students have higher nomophobia levels compared to male students in terms of gender variable and a significant difference was found in terms of the duration of mobile internet usage. A significant difference could not be found in terms of the variables such as grade, parents’ education levels, and the duration of smartphone usage. Furthermore, the study has revealed that high school students use their smartphones and mobile internet largely for social networks, music, communication, photographs, education, research, games and videos.
Calcitonin measurement and immunoassay interference: a case report and literature review
Authors: Censi Simona , Cavedon Elisabetta , Fernando Sara Watutantrige , Barollo Susi , Bertazza Loris , Zambonin Laura , Zaninotto Martina , Faggian Diego , Plebani Mario , Mian Caterina
Published: May 2016

Calcitonin (CT) is currently the most sensitive serological marker of C-cell disease [medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and C-cell hyperplasia]. Starting with a report on a case that occurred at our institution, this review focuses on trying to explain the reasons behind the poor specificity and sensitivity of the various CT immunoassays. A 15-year-old patient was referred to our institution in May 2014 for moderately elevated CT levels. Thyroid ultrasonography (US) documented a colloidal goiter. Secondary causes of the hypercalcitoninemia (hyperCT) were ruled out. The mismatch between the clinical picture and the laboratory results prompted us to search for other reasons for the patient’s high CT levels, so we applied the heterophilic blocking tube (HBT) procedure to the patient’s sera before the CT assay. Using this pretreatment step, his serum CT concentration dropped to <1 ng/L, as measured at the same laboratory. Measuring plasma CT has an important role in screening for C-cell disease, but moderately elevated serum CT levels need to be placed in their clinical context, bearing in mind all the secondary causes of C-cell hyperplasia and the possibility of laboratory interference, before exposing patients to the risks and costs of further tests.
Valorization of rambutan peel for the synthesis of silver-doped titanium dioxide (Ag/TiO2) nanoparticles
Authors: Kumar Brajesh , Smita Kumari , Angulo Yolanda , Cumbal Luis
Published: May 2016

In this article, silver-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Ag/TiO2 NPs) were synthesized in an ecologically and economically favorable way using rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) peel extracts along with the study of its photocatalytic activity on methylene blue (MB) dye and antioxidant efficacy against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·). A wide range of analytical techniques including UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis were performed to ascertain the synthesis of Ag/TiO2 NPs. The synthesized Ag/TiO2 NPs enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of MB (81.6%, k=0.002495 min-1) under direct solar light irradiation. The results showed that discarded agricultural waste as rambutan peel can be utilized as natural bioreductant in future materials science applications.
Extracting property values and oil: Los Angeles’ petroleum booms and the definition of urban space in the twentieth century
Authors: Elkind Sarah S.
Published: May 2016

Oil extraction began in the City of Los Angeles in the 1890s and continues to this day. A series of oil booms contributed to the city’s explosive growth in the early twentieth century. Because oil drilling was so dangerous, however, Los Angeles residents and city officials tried repeatedly to regulate oil exploration near homes and businesses. This article explains how oil drilling influenced Los Angeles residents’ understanding of property rights, how damage to residential property in the 1930s finally enabled city officials to pass and enforce limits on oil drilling, and then, how mobilization for World War II undermined those limits.
The phosphate archipelago: Imperial mining and global agriculture in French North Africa
Authors: Jackson Simon
Published: May 2016

This article analyzes the network of phosphate producing sites in French colonial North Africa in the twentieth century. By tracing phosphate flows across the region between mining sites, and by placing the North African network into imperial and global perspective, the article develops the concept of a phosphate archipelago, capable of recognizing the shared specificities of the phosphate mines as extractive spaces and of describing their insertion into adjacent local and regional dynamics. Drawing on political-economic writings after World War One, the article focuses mainly on phosphates’ role in the colonial politics of economic autarky, but also touches on labour migration, the role of phosphates as an actor, and the trajectory of the phosphate archipelago in North Africa across the watershed of independence in the 1950s and down to the present day, when it plays a key role in the politics of global nutrition and food security.
Kredite für den Wiederaufbau. Die Reichswirtschaftshilfe in der Saarpfalz, in Lothringen und im Elsass, 1940-1942
Authors: Stein Luise
Published: May 2016

This article investigates the Reich Economic Aid (“Reichswirtschaftshilfe”) which offered state-guaranteed bank loans to companies in Alsace, Lorraine and the Saar region from 1940 onwards. Following the French defeat, these companies suffered from a lack of capital. This lack was caused by the evacuations of the border region at the beginning of the Second World War and war destruction. First, the article examines the political and legal conditions of the Reichswirtschaftshilfe in the Altreich and the annexed regions. This contribution then focuses on Alsace and Lorraine. It is examined how the loans granted in Strasbourg and Metz reflected German economic policies pursued in annexed territories, ranging from material reconstruction to ideological reorganization of the local economies.
Uncertainty orders on the sublinear expectation space
Authors: Tian Dejian , Jiang Long
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we introduce some definitions of uncertainty orders for random vectors in a sublinear expectation space. We all know that, under some continuity conditions, each sublinear expectation 𝔼 has a robust representation as the supremum of a family of probability measures. We describe uncertainty orders from two different viewpoints. One is from sublinear operator viewpoint. After giving definitions such as monotonic orders, convex orders and increasing convex orders, we use these uncertainty orders to derive characterizations for maximal distributions, G-normal distributions and G-distributions, which are the most important random vectors in the sublinear expectation space theory. On the other hand, we also establish some uncertainty orders’ characterizations from the viewpoint of probability measures and build some connections with the theory of risk measures.
Generalized derivations of Lie triple systems
Authors: Zhou Jia , Chen Liangyun , Ma Yao
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we present some basic properties concerning the derivation algebra Der (T), the quasiderivation algebra QDer (T) and the generalized derivation algebra GDer (T) of a Lie triple system T, with the relationship Der (T) ⊆ QDer (T) ⊆ GDer (T) ⊆ End (T). Furthermore, we completely determine those Lie triple systems T with condition QDer (T) = End (T). We also show that the quasiderivations of T can be embedded as derivations in a larger Lie triple system.
Shakespeare and National Mythologizing in Czech Nineteenth Century Drama
Authors: Procházka Martin
Published: May 2016

The paper will discuss the ways in which Shakespeare’s tragedies (King Lear) and histories (1 and 2 Henry IV), translated in the period of the Czech cultural renaissance (known also as the Czech National Revival) at the end of the 18th and in the first half of the 19th century, challenge and transform the nationalist concept of history based on “primordialism” (Anthony Smith), deriving from an invented account of remote past (the forged Manuscripts of Dvur Kralove and Zelena Hora) and emphasizing its absolute value for the present and future of the Czech nation. While for nationalist leaders Shakespeare’s dramas served as models for “boldly painted heroic characters” of the Czech past, translators, dramatists and poets had to deal with the aspects of Shakespeare’s tragedies and histories which were disrupting the nationalist visions of the past and future. Contrasting the appropriations of King Lear and both parts of Henry IV in the translations and historical plays by the leading Czech dramatist Josef Kajetán Tyl (1808-1852) and the notebooks and dramatic fragments of the major romantic poet Karel Hynek Mácha (1810-1836), the paper will attempt to specify the role of Shakespeare in shaping the historical consciousness of emerging modern Czech culture.
“All’s Well that Ends Welles”: Orson Welles and the “Voodoo” "Macbeth"
Authors: Sawyer Robert
Published: May 2016

The Federal Theatre Project, which was established in 1935 to put unemployed Americans back to work after the Great Depression, and later employed over 10,000 people at its peak, financed one particularly original adaptation of Shakespeare: the “voodoo” Macbeth directed by Orson Welles in 1936. Debuting in Harlem with an all-black cast, the play’s setting resembled a Haiti-like island instead of ancient Scotland, and Welles also supplemented the witches with voodoo priestesses, sensing that the practice of voodoo was more relevant, if not more realistic, for a contemporary audience than early modern witchcraft. My essay will consider how the terms “national origins” and “originality” intersect in three distinct ways vis-a-vis this play: The Harlem locale for the premier, the Caribbean setting for the tragedy, and the federal funding for the production.
Book Reviews
Authors: Hui Baisali , Sarkar Dhrubajyoti
Published: May 2016

Cefalu, Paul. Tragic Cognition in Shakespeare’s Othello: Beyond the Neural Sublime. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2015. Pp. viii + 124. ISBN: 978-1-4725-2346-4

Ryan, Kiernan. Shakespeare’s Universality. Here’s Fine Revolution. Bloomsbury Arden Shakespeare. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2015. Pp. xvi, 141. ISBN: PB-978-1-4081-8349-6. Price not stated
Abraham and Jesus as Ancient Migrants: An African Migration Perspective
Authors: Dube Zorodzai
Published: May 2016

The study is a response to the call for papers that focuses on African issues and, I chose to discuss the issue of migration. Though not a historical document, the Bible records various journeys that the ancient people travelled;1 it narrates people’s relocations from one geographic place to the other. However, migration has never been the main focus of several biblical interpreters who seem to perceive the Bible mostly from a theological lens. Largely, this study is informed by current challenges associated with immigration, highlighting comparative migration experiences that seem embellished under theological themes. For examples, each day we hear about stories of migrants who drown in the sea while trying to cross to Europe or of foreigners, due to xenophobic conflicts over few economic resources, die in numbers in South Africa. This study explores two biblical characters—Abraham and Jesus from a migration perspective, focusing on the pushed or pulled factors embedded under their stories.
Electrical Conductivity of Molten CdCl2 at Temperatures as High as 1474 K
Authors: Salyulev Alexander B. , Potapov Alexei M.
Published: May 2016

The electrical conductivity of molten CdCl2 was measured across a wide temperature range (ΔT=628 K), from 846 K to as high as 1474 K, i.e. 241° above the normal boiling point of the salt. In previous studies, a maximum temperature of 1201 K was reached, this being 273° lower than in the present work. The activation energy of electrical conductivity was calculated.
Design, synthesis and evaluation of antitumor activity of new rotundic acid acylhydrazone derivatives
Authors: He Yu-Fang , Nan Min-Lun , Zhao Yu-Wei , Sun Wen-Yi , Li Wei , Zhao Quan-cheng
Published: May 2016

In light of the important antitumor activity of acylhydrazone compounds and based on our previous study, 18 new rotundic acid (RA) acylhydrazone derivatives were synthesized. All of the compounds were characterized by their spectroscopic data. The antiproliferative activity of the compounds was evaluated in vitro via the MTT method in three tumor cell lines, including A-375 (human malignant melanoma cells), SPC-A1 (human lung adenocarcinoma) and NCI-H446 (small cell lung cancer). The results showed that the antiproliferative activity of all of the compounds on the NCI-H446 cell line did not increase compared to RA, however, most of the derivatives exhibited higher activity against the A375 and SPC-A1 cell lines as compared to RA. Importantly, the antiproliferative activities of compounds 5a and 5b were the highest among the compounds, with IC50 values <10 μM. Collectively, compounds 5a and 5b may act as potential anti-tumor agents in the future.
Neonatal Tissue Damage Promotes Spike Timing-Dependent Synaptic Long-Term Potentiation in Adult Spinal Projection Neurons
Authors: Li Jie , Baccei Mark L.
Published: May 2016

Mounting evidence from both humans and rodents suggests that tissue damage during the neonatal period can “prime” developing nociceptive pathways such that a subsequent injury during adulthood causes an exacerbated degree of pain hypersensitivity. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie this priming effect remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that neonatal surgical injury relaxes the timing rules governing long-term potentiation (LTP) at mouse primary afferent synapses onto mature lamina I projection neurons, which serve as a major output of the spinal nociceptive network and are essential for pain perception. In addition, whereas LTP in naive mice was only observed if the presynaptic input preceded postsynaptic firing, early tissue injury removed this temporal requirement and LTP was observed regardless of the order in which the inputs were activated. Neonatal tissue damage also reduced the dependence of spike-timing-dependent LTP on NMDAR activation and unmasked a novel contribution of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs. These results suggest for the first time that transient tissue damage during early life creates a more permissive environment for the production of LTP within adult spinal nociceptive circuits. This persistent metaplasticity may promote the excessive amplification of ascending nociceptive transmission to the mature brain and thereby facilitate the generation of chronic pain after injury, thus representing a novel potential mechanism by which early trauma can prime adult pain pathways in the CNS.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTissue damage during early life can “prime” developing nociceptive pathways in the CNS, leading to greater pain severity after repeat injury via mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that neonatal surgical injury widens the timing window during which correlated presynaptic and postsynaptic activity can evoke long-term potentiation (LTP) at sensory synapses onto adult lamina I projection neurons, which serve as a major output of the spinal nociceptive circuit and are essential for pain perception. This persistent increase in the likelihood of LTP induction after neonatal injury is predicted to favor the excessive amplification of ascending nociceptive transmission to the mature brain in response to subsequent injury and thereby exacerbate chronic pain.