bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internationalisation and Economic Institutions:
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: September 2007

The book examines when, how, and why internationalisation affects decisions about national economic institutions. It confronts questions at the heart of debates in political economy and comparative politics. What does internationalisation of markets mean? Who are its carriers in domestic arenas? Through which mechanisms does it operate? What are its effects on institutional reform? To respond to these questions, the book develops a ‘policy analysis’ approach to market internationalisation and domestic institutions. It draws on two literatures, the second image reversed approach and historical institutionalist/‘varieties of capitalism’ studies, but seeks to overcome their limitation. In particular, it offers a definition of market internationalisation that includes policy forms, namely regulatory change in powerful overseas nations and by the EU, and gives due attention to policy processes and mechanisms. The book shows that contrary to expectations, transnational technological and economic factors made little impact, whereas regulatory reforms by the US, Britain, and the EU, undermined long-standing national institutions. Policy forms of internationalisation were more influential because they become part of domestic decision-making through a broader range of mechanisms than economic efficiency or distributional conflicts. Indeed, reform was led by domestic actors, not just socio-economic interests but also political and state actors, who altered their strategies and used policy forms of internationalisation to build new coalitions and legitimate change. The book's arguments are sustained by an analysis of five strategic sectors (securities trading, telecommunications, electricity, airlines, and postal services) in Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, over the period 1965-2005. It combines cross-national, historical, and cross-sectoral comparisons to show the carriers mechanisms and outcomes of internationalisation.
Common Pressures, Diverse Paths: Securities Trading in France, West Germany, and Italy 1965–85
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses how and why two forms of internationalisation — transnational technological and economic developments and reforms in the US — were met with institutional inertia, or at most limited divergent reforms in France, West Germany, and Italy between the mid-1960s and 1985. It shows that the two forms of internationalisation placed major pressures on traditional sectoral institutions that were very long-standing and protective of suppliers, such as public ownership of stock exchanges, legal monopolies, and the allocation of regulatory powers to governments and associations of brokers and exchanges. They led to debates in all three countries on modest reform proposals. Yet even limited alterations were largely blocked, due to the failure of governments to form a strong alliance with the leaders of stock exchanges that could overcome opposition to change. Instead, either poorly-functioning institutions were continued or non-institutional responses to internationalisation pressures were found.
11 Geographical contrasts and demographic variation
Authors: Sallares Robert
Published: September 2007

The extreme geographical variations in mortality patterns and life expectancy produced by the localized presence of malaria are discussed, with particular reference to the contrast between Pliny’s villas at Laurentum in Latium and at Tifernum in Umbria. Parallels are drawn with early modern evidence for the demography of the city of Rome. The role of Rome as a population sink in antiquity is analysed, and it demonstrated that people in antiquity were well aware of the demographic variations generated by malaria. Finally, the human response to malaria in terms of avoidance behaviour is considered.
Late Roman Warlords
Authors: MacGeorge Penny
Published: September 2007

This book reconstructs the careers of some of the men who shaped (and were shaped by) the last quarter century of the Western Empire. The difficult sources for this period have been analysed (and translated as necessary) to produce a chronological account, and relevant archaeological and numismatic evidence has been utilised. An overview of earlier warlords, including Aetius, is followed by three studies of individual warlords and the regions they dominated. The first covers Dalmatia and Marcellinus, its ruler during the 450s and 460s. A major theme is the question of Marcellinus' western or eastern affiliations: using an often-ignored Greek source, this book suggests a new interpretation. The second part is concerned with the Gallic general Aegidius and his son Syagrius, who ruled in northern Gaul, probably from Soissons. This extends to AD 486 (well after the fall of the Western Empire). The problem of the existence or non-existence of a ‘kingdom of Soissons’ is discussed, introducing evidence from the Merovingian period, and a solution put forward. This section also looks at how the political situation in northern Gaul might throw light on contemporary post-Roman Britain. The third study is of the barbarian patrician Ricimer, defender of Italy, and his successors (the Burgundian prince Gundobad and Orestes, a former employee of Attila) down to the coup of 476 by which Odovacer became the first barbarian king of Italy. This includes discussion of the character and motivation of Ricimer, particularly in relation to the emperors he promoted and destroyed, and of how historians' assessments of him have changed over time.
A Splintery Frame: the Heroides as Short Stories
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the Heroides as short stories. It addresses aspects of brevity that involve more than Quellenforschung; brevity, as envisaged here, works as a catalyst that sets off a complex war of supremacy within the collection. The heroines' short stories reveal the heroines' daring protest against the mega-narratives of the past, but their fervent rhetoric also encompasses their creator.
Technography
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers the nature of the technical literature on rhetorical theory and its relationship to teaching. It begins by addressing problems about the composition and transmission of these texts. Evidence from Galen shows that technical literature was composed in a variety of ways and for many different purposes; its public circulation did not always involve formal publication. The diversity of the technical literature on rhetoric confirms this complicated picture. Its composition may have involved dictation, perhaps assisted by shorthand, or reconstruction of lectures from the notes or memories of students. Although the texts were not necessarily addressed to students, they were designed to inform rhetorical training, at least indirectly.
The ‘Motion in Corruption’ of Donne's Anniversaries
Authors: Cotterill Anne
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses the eccentric length and aggressive narrator of Donne's Anniversaries (1612). Donne uses the public occasion of lamenting a deceased girl he never knew to anatomize his own fears of loss — including the loss with life's breath of inspiration — and to return to poetic life, rising with Elizabeth Drury to a superior vantage. The arc of past descent ‘represented’, climaxed by the beheaded man (II.9-17), and future ascent of the ‘low’ ‘contemplated’, climaxing in the violence of a burst abscess (II.474-482), suggest his drama of failed opportunities and determination to rise with his new patron. Donne's brooding over physical and psychical imprisonment, depletion, and dissolution — and ambition that drives him to speak beyond the requirements and understanding of his patron — propel the inordinate length. Lament and anger shape the digressive, serpentine mode of praise for his subject, which combines a surge forward of hyperbole and detours into satire.
Epilogue: Wandered too far? Swift's Monstrous Voice
Authors: Cotterill Anne
Published: September 2007

This epilogue argues that in anger at, yet sensitive mimicry of, the discursive freedom of Dryden and other ‘moderns’ in the marketplace, Swift's A Tale of a Tub (1704) heightens the self-authorizing voice of digression into a monster of fragment and miscellany. Swift understood the danger of digressiveness to the straight line of narrative and logic, to traditional lines of authority and hierarchy. He angrily conflates Dryden's liberties in his digressive prefaces and the laureate's claims in his late work for an alternate family of fathers and sons based on textual offspring, an exclusive genealogy of fathers and heirs, with the iconoclastic religious and sexual liberties of sectarian zealots and with the digressing, orphaned sons of the allegory. The digression becomes synonymous with the Hack's chaotic writing voice, a mind disconnected from any body — disinherited from the parent narrative of the ancients and in permanent exile of modernity on the popular page.
Defaults for Definite Descriptions
Authors: Jaszczolt K.M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the three readings of definite descriptions: default referential, non-default referential, and attributive. It contains the merger representations for utterances containing them. The degrees of referentiality of definite descriptions, proper names, and indexicals are analyzed.
Josephus' Roman Audience: Josephus and the Roman Elites
Authors: Cotton Hannah M. , Eck Werner
Published: September 2007

In an attempt to elucidate the social and political environment in which Josephus composed his works, this chapter tries to determine the extent to which the Judean writer was ingratiated with the imperial court and the local aristocracy at Rome. Prominent in their investigation is the hitherto unidentifiable Epaphroditus to whom Josephus’ final three compositions were dedicated. After parsing the relevant literary and epigraphic evidence, the identity of Josephus’ patron remains problematic. He cannot, with confidence, be identified as Nero’s a libellis (freedman in charge of petitions) or with the freedman M. Mettius Epaphroditus mentioned in the Suda, despite the fact that he was a grammarian and literary critic. The chapter argues that Josephus was excluded from the inner circles of the Roman elite during the first century CE, especially in the second half of his literary career under the Emperor Domitian.
The rise of ‘autobiography’
Authors: Treadwell James
Published: September 2007

The word ‘autobiography’ is a late 18th-century coinage; but by 1834 Carlyle referred to ‘these Autobiographical times of ours’. The chapter describes the debate over the nature and propriety of what was felt at the time to be a newly prominent way of writing. From Dr. Johnson's 1750 essay on biography to an 1829 article by Mary Busk in Blackwood's, the chapter analyses some important instances of contemporary commentary on autobiography by critics and reviewers. While the commentators agree on the principles that would make autobiographical writing valuable, their prescriptive ideals prove difficult to maintain. The act of reading autobiography provokes confusions and missed expectations, which turn out to be crucial to the period's emerging sense of what autobiographical writing actually is.
Autobiography and the literary public sphere
Authors: Treadwell James
Published: September 2007

Through detailed readings of a number of reviews of autobiographical publications in the Romantic period, the chapter specifies the most important terms and concepts used by readers to understand autobiography at the time. In particular, it asks what it was about self-writing that seemed dangerous or objectionable. The key term is ‘egotism’, which is shown to be a problem to do with the circulation of the written self in public: a problem of decorum. An important 1827 article by Lockhart illustrates how autobiography offends against propriety. Commentators set up ideal values of truth and objectivity as the proper measures of autobiographical worth. However, distinctions between the offensive circulation of privacy in public and the valuable publication of worthy self-writing prove impossible to maintain.
Biographia Literaria
Authors: Treadwell James
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a reading of Coleridge's 1817 ‘literary life’. The focus is on the text's difficult struggles with the idea of self-representation in writing. Autobiography is central to the philosophical and literary projects of the book, but it also disrupts them. These ambivalences are closely related to the anxieties surrounding self-writing — the circulation and reception of the ‘I’ in print — which have been explored in the preceding chapters.
The Economics of Systems Integration
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Hobday Mike , Marengo Luigi , Prencipe Andrea
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores some theoretical elements of the economics of systems integration (and disintegration) by placing the idea of systems integration within the context of evolutionary economics. It argues that systems integrators (as firms) and systems integration (as a key capability within and across firms) perform a central function as the visible hand of much modern industrial activity, especially in complex products and systems. The latter includes a significant subset of capital goods, such as mobile communication systems, military systems, corporate information technology networks, train engines, aircraft, intelligent buildings, air traffic control systems, and tailored software packages.
The Cognitive Basis of Systems Integration
Authors: Paoli Massimo
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that the strategic control over the technological and commercial evolution of complicated multi-technological platforms (families of products) calls for a deep control of the processes of systems integration. The chapter aims to define the key elements of the cognitive nature of the process of systems integration, and provides an epistemological reflection on personal and social knowledge. It is argued that the meta-process of systems integration is first of all integration of knowledge: a process of processes that require a powerful control of knowledge development.
Medical Drug Utilization Information Systems in the United States and Europe
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines information systems for the use of medical drugs, known as drug utilization systems, also referred to as prescription systems in the UK. Since the 1980s, information systems in the US and Europe that monitor drug utilization and influence doctors’ prescribing behaviour acquired great significance, due to the increased costs of drug treatments and the problem of cost containment faced by healthcare organizations. By outlining what drug utilization systems have been implemented in the US and the UK — two countries with very different healthcare systems and both experiencing reform pressures — this case study shows two things. First, how different information systems emerge in healthcare systems organized according to different principles of rationality. Second, how, even in the same country and organizational setting, information systems are confronted with different and competing substantive rationalities. In this case, economic management, equitable high-quality public service, and science-based professional conduct.
Bilingualism and Biculturalism in Antonine Rome
Authors: Swain Simon
Published: September 2007

Having considered the Romans' relationship with Greek culture from Cicero by way of the Elder Seneca, Quintilian, the Younger Pliny, and Suetonius down to Apuleius, in particular, the implications of code-switching and the linguistic annexation that made Greek a resource for the improvement of Latin and a mark of superior Roman education, the chapter turns to the specific cases of Fronto, in whom Greek negotiates social complications (as in the correspondence with Marcus, does the language of love), particularly between superior and inferior, and of Gellius, who is far more relaxed about Greek discourse and ready to admit that Latin cannot always compete, but brings out cases where it does. Moreover, he expects a Roman to be master of the latter, his own language, as well as Greek. Finally, these authors' practice in respect of Greek is compared with those of Tertullian, Aelian, and Ulpian.
‘Not Read and Consumed in the Same Way as Other Books’: Identification and the Genre of Testimony
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues for the singularity of Holocaust testimonies as a genre. Analysing a range of commentary on testimonies by survivors and critics, it finds the current ideas about this form of writing lacking. It argues that testimonies both encourage, through their form, and reject, for ethical and epistemological reasons, the empathic identifications of readers. In order to understand this better, the chapter analyses currently very insufficient theoretical accounts of identification, and then sets them in the context of debates over the form of Holocaust testimonies, trauma, and imagery. It concludes by offering an account of the genre of testimony and its importance, arguing that this tension between identification and its prohibition is central to these testimony texts.
Failure to Communicate: British Telecommunications and the American Model
Authors: Lipartito Kenneth
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses British telecommunications policy. Throughout the 20th century, British telecommunications has remained substantially behind the United States in measures such as productivity and telephones per capita. Britain also didn't adopt advanced electronic switching technology until nearly two decades after the United States. It lagged behind other nations as well, such as Sweden and Japan. Nor did telecommunications manufacturing firms in Britain keep pace with global leaders. In attempting to redress these failures, however, British policy makers made two mistakes: they ignored powerful international tendencies embodied in ‘best practice’ nations such as the United States; and also responded to backwardness by adhering too closely to policies devised for other places and other times.
Mass Production or ‘Organized Craftsmanship’? The Post-War Italian Automobile Industry
Authors: Bigazzi Duccio
Published: September 2007

In 1945, the Italian industrial sector was well prepared to measure itself against the American model. In the engineering sector, direct contacts between technical experts on the two sides were established around the turn of the century, and these had intensified during the First World War. During the Fascist period, the diffusion of American methods met with resistance from the traditionalist approach to technology and organization of most Italian industrialists, who preferred low wages and a strongly authoritarian form of paternalism. Nonetheless, the most innovative managers and entrepreneurs continued to look up to America as the most efficient technical and productive model.
American Occupation, Market Order, and Democracy: Reconfiguring the Steel Industry in Japan and Germany after the Second World War
Authors: Herrigel Gary
Published: September 2007

Engagement with American practices and ideas in the period after the Second World War differed in Germany and Japan compared to in many of the other political economies considered in this volume, because both were militarily occupied countries. Thus, in addition to the diffusion (or in any case, incursion) of American industrial ideas, principles of organization, and technologies by way of markets, scholarly and technical writings, and elite circulation, American ideals were also imposed on Germany and Japan by military governors during the first decade after the war. By analysing the process of restructuring in the steel industries in both occupied countries, this chapter examines the complexity of the notion of ‘imposition’ in the context of this military occupation. The main argument is that the American occupation dramatically changed both societies by forcing them to grapple with American ideas of social, industrial, and political order.
Costly and Bounded Rationality in Individual and Team Decision-making
Authors: Radner Roy
Published: September 2007

The ‘Savage’ paradigm of rational decision-making under uncertainty has become the dominant model of human behaviour in mainstream economics and game theory. However, under the rubric of ‘bounded rationality’, this model has been criticized as inadequate from both normative and descriptive viewpoints. This chapter sketches the historical roots and some current developments of this movement, distinguishing between attempts to extend the ‘Savage’ paradigm (costly rationality) and the need for more radical departures (truly bounded rationality).
The Slow Pace of Rapid Technological Change: Gradualism and Punctuation in Technological Change
Authors: Levinthal Daniel A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter champions the punctuated equilibrium framework of evolutionary biology as an alternative approach toward explaining technological change. It argues that the critical event is not a transformation of the technology, but speciation — the application of existing technology to a new domain of application. As a result of the distinct selection criteria and the degree of resource abundance in the new domain, a new technological form may emerge. This new technological form may be able to penetrate other niches and, in particular, may precipitate a process of ‘creative destruction’ and out-compete prior technologies. This framework is applied to an historical study of wireless communication, from the early experimental efforts of Hertz to the modern development of wireless telephony.
London as an International Banking Center, 1950–1980
Authors: Baker Mae , Collins Michale
Published: September 2007

The late 1950s and early 1960s marked the beginning of a period of important structural change and innovation within British banking. After the war, of course, the City's fortune was far from assured — with the UK's relative economic weakness, the weak international financial legacy from sterling's experience in the 1930s and during the Second World War, and the continued unfavourably restrictive international financial environment facing City institutions. This chapter examines the re-emergence of London as an international banking centre by focusing on the rapid growth of foreign banks locating in the City in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, and the consequent competition they posed for British banks.
Creating Silicon Valley in Europe
Authors: Casper Steven
Published: September 2007

Through the 1990s and early 2000s, a strength of the United States economy has been its ability to foster large numbers of small innovative technology companies, a few of which have grown to dominate new industries, such as Microsoft, Genentech, or Google. US technology clusters such as Silicon Valley have become engines of innovation and wealth creation, and the envy of governments around the world. This book examines trajectories by which new technology industries emerge and become sustainable across different types of economies. Governments around the world have poured vast sums of money into policies designed to foster clusters of similar start-up firms in their economies. The book employs empirical studies of the biotechnology and software industries in the US and several European economies to examine the relative success of policies aimed at cultivating the “Silicon Valley Model” of organizing and financing companies in Europe. Research associated with the “varieties of capitalism” literature has argued that countries with liberal market orientations, such as the US and the UK, can more easily design policies to cultivate success in new technology industries compared to countries associated with organized economies, such as Germany and Sweden. The book's empirical findings support the view that national institutional factors strongly condition the success of new technology policies. However, the study also identifies important cases in which radically innovative new technology firms have thrived within organized economy. Through examining cases of both success and failure, this book helps identify constellations of market and governmental activities that can lead to the emergence of sustainable clusters of new technology firms across both organized and liberal market economies.
Comparative Institutional Analysis of Corporate Governance
Authors: Aoki Masahiko
Published: September 2007

This chapter applies a ‘comparative institutional analysis’ approach to CG. It criticizes the property right approach for being a special case, and develops a more general model of governance with shifting allocations of property rights to different internal and external actors, contingent to the overall economic performance of the firm. This contingent relational governance solution is deemed to be complementary with an uncontingently horizontal organization, at least in innovative activities. The Silicon Valley model is discussed as supportive evidence of this mode of CG.
War and Absolutism, 1648–1660
Authors: Lockhart Paul Douglas
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the problems faced by the new regime following Christian IV's death. Topics covered include the aristocratic reaction to the transfer of power from Christian to Duke Frederik, the bureaucratic state, foreign policy, the bloodless coup d'état in 1660, and hereditary and absolute monarchy.
Epilogue
Authors: Lockhart Paul Douglas
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with a discussion of historical changes in Denmark, Scandinavia, and of all Europe between 1660 and 1661. It then describes the political change in Denmark and the resultant diminution of its international standing. The new order and the significance of the Oldenburg state are also discussed.
The Family, the Church, and Civil Ordering
Authors: WATERS BRENT
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores how the tension between the providential witness of the family and the eschatological witness of the church, as examined in the preceding chapter, should inform a Christian vision of civil community. It is argued that both the family and the church disclose the principal normative characteristics of the social and political ordering of a vindicated creation, namely, that the bonds of human association as well as the foundation of freedom are created, natural, imposed, social, and political. The implications of these characteristics are further developed by focusing on the themes of the gift of social ordering, the relation between destiny and the common good, and, following Oliver O'Donovan, what the nations (should) desire.
Intellectual Formation: Trinity College, Dublin
Authors: Ford Alan
Published: September 2007

This chapter traces the intellectual formation of Ussher at Trinity College Dublin, following the early impact of Ramism, and examining the puritan, even presbyterian nature of the College. Rather than seeing Trinity in narrow sectarian terms, it is argued that the College and Ussher were part of a broadly-based Calvinist church, which embraced puritans and presbyterians, and focused their energies not on internal disagreement, but on countering the theological threat of Catholicism.
Internal Exile: Ussher and Laudianism: 1633–40
Authors: Ford Alan
Published: September 2007

The arrival of Lord Deputy Wentworth in Ireland in 1633 marked a dramatic change in the tenor of ecclesiastical policy. In one respect, this was welcome to Ussher and his fellow clergy — Wentworth proved to be firm, even fierce, in his efforts to protect and improve the endowment of the church. But the other main thrust of his policy — to bring the Irish church closer into line with the Church of England — proved to be much more controversial. With the help of his chaplain, John Bramhall, and under the direction of his close ally, William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Wentworth set about in the Church of Ireland's convocation in 1634, introducing the Thirty Nine Articles as the church's confession and the 1604 English canons as its disciplinary code. Fierce resistance from Ussher and convocation forced a partial retreat: eventually, Wentworth and Bramhall made convocation adopt the English confession without abrogating the Irish one, and to agree an amended version of the 1604 canons. After convocation, Ussher left the task of directing the Church of Ireland to Bramhall and focused instead upon his studies. Though some historians have suggested that Ussher was, as a result, hostile to Wentworth, the primate seems to have maintained friendly relations with the Lord Deputy.
Conclusion: History, Theology, and Politics in Ireland and Britain
Authors: Ford Alan
Published: September 2007

Ussher did much to create an intellectual basis for Irish protestantism, both through his polemic against popery, which marked the Church of Ireland as firmly anti-Catholic, and through his historical researches, which provided the Church with a clear sense of its own legitimacy and identity. Ussher thus helped to create an Irish protestant sense of history that sustained them from Richard Cox in the 17th century down to the classic history of the Church of Ireland in the 20th century. He also contributed many of the attributes and ambiguities which characterize Irish protestantism: strongly evangelical and hostile to Arminianism or high churchmanship; politically loyal to the English crown, but proud of the independence of the Church of Ireland; English in culture, but tracing their religious roots back to the Gaelic church; and fiercely anti-Catholic, but living in a Catholic country. Ussher also demonstrated how a protestant Irishman could effortlessly move across the Irish Sea and participate in the ecclesiastical politics of England, brining to it a markedly different perspective. Given his immense learning and considerable scholarship, Ussher had a considerable reputation after his death. Indeed, such as the esteem in which he was held that his posthumous endorsement was much sought after, as high and low churchmen claimed his support. This ambiguity was partly a result of Ussher's personality, which was, for the most part, mild and unchallenging, but it was also a product of his authorial style, which often preferred to quote sources rather than provide his own definitive interpretation.
Workforce Diversity Policies
Authors: Ferner Anthony , Morley Michael , Muller-Camen Michael , Susaeta Lourdes
Published: September 2007

Workforce diversity is a defining issue of international HR policy transfer in US multinationals. Demographic characteristics, socio-political developments, and the evolution of the legal framework have created a distinctive constellation of diversity agendas in the US. This chapter explores the way in which these agendas were transferred by US companies to their subsidiaries, in host business systems with varying demographic patterns and legal traditions that were not necessarily consonant with American diversity practice. The case studies reveal that there was a frequent lack of fit between the diversity agendas of US multinationals and host-country institutional frameworks, provoking considerable resistance from subsidiaries. However, there was considerable variation in subsidiary responses to diversity, partly explained by structural factors, such as the degree of international integration of operations, and partly by the more contingent strategic and political choices of actors at different levels of the multinational.
The Role of the International Personnel Function
Authors: Wächter Hartmut , Peters René , Ferner Anthony , Gunnigle Paddy , Quintanilla Javier
Published: September 2007

There is a dearth of existing literature on cross-national variations in the organization, role, and boundaries of the personnel function. This chapter explores the evolving role and structure of the personnel function within the different national subsidiaries of US multinationals, and how these fit with the multinational company’s conception of the function’s role at an international level. It is argued that personnel departments in US multinationals face mounting pressures to reduce costs, leading to structural innovations such as shared service centres. Subsidiary personnel departments have pursued a more strategic role as ‘business partner’, and as contributor to the design of international HR policies. The management of tensions between the US approach and different host-country traditions of personnel management are examined, as well as the way in which subsidiary personnel managers ‘negotiate’ with higher levels of the international HR function, drawing on the institutional resources of their local environment.
Knowledge-In-The-Making: The ‘Construction’ of Fiat's Melfi Factory
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses the action-based processes of knowing and organizing surrounding the coming into existence of one of the most advanced car manufacturing plants in the world: Fiat's Melfi assembly plant. This new ‘green field’ factory features a lean production organization, work flow based on assembly lines and teams, advanced applications of IT to production management and control, and extensive reliance on total quality management. Beyond technical specifications, however, the most interesting feature of the plant is that it has been built with the active involvement of the workforce. Indeed, the Fiat management conceived the whole Melfi project as a learning experiment based on a greenfield strategy where the future workers would literally build the factory, including the place and the setting where they would be assembling cars. The experiment had no antecedents in Fiat's history and the whole project relied on a young and inexperienced workforce.
Re-thinking Knowledge in Organizations
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo
Published: September 2007

This chapter spells out the main contributions of the book and outlines their implications for research and practice. The theoretical perspectives presented together with the empirical evidence derived from the case studies in the book have provided a sketch of where organizational knowledge resides. Essential terminology for informing a phenomenological perspective on knowing and organizing, and the methodological contributions of the book are discussed.
Horsens: Local Strategies on a Global Stage
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull , Zeitlin Jonathan
Published: September 2007

It is difficult to imagine actors transforming their aspirations, orientation, and outlook more radically than Horsens's managing director and convener did. Within a few years, they put their most creative and constructive potential in the service of a global rather than a local firm. In many ways, their perspective and reflexive practices had undergone a transformation, and as a result their career prospects looked brighter than ever. Another way to assess their situation is to evaluate how many of the potential advantages from joining an MNC outlined in Chapter 1 had been realized by Horsens. It is argued that Horsens had capitalized on all five dimensions.
Antigone between Ethics and Politics
Authors: Leonard Miriam
Published: September 2007

Hegel's seminal interpretation of Sophocles in the Phenomenology of Spirit dramatizes a clash between family and State, the individual and the polis. This chapter investigates the legacy of this Hegelian reading in French post-war debates about ethics and politics. Lacan's Antigone flees the state and its moral dictates to take refuge in an ethics of ‘pure desire’. Antigone's resistance to Creon represents a resistance to the political as such. In his student Luce Irigaray, however, Lacan finds a critic all too anxious to expose the dangerous ideological leanings of Lacan's apolitical Greeks. Derrida's re-reading of Hegel's Antigone exposes the exclusionary politics of Hegel's philhellenism. Hegel's investment in Greek culture is predicated on the construction of an internal other — the Jew. This section explores how an opposition between Hellenism and Hebraism lies behind both Hegel's and Derrida's notion of citizenship in the Antigone.
De Memoria et Reminiscentia 1 450a10
Authors: Gregoric Pavel
Published: September 2007

This chapter offers an interpretation of the passage in De Memoria et Reminiscentia 1 which aims to show that memory does not belong to the rational capacity of the soul, but rather to what Aristotle calls the ‘primary perceptual capacity of the soul’ (proton aisthetikon) and, at one point, the ‘common sense’. The crucial step in the argument relies on the notion of the perception of time, which is investigated in some detail. It is argued that the perception of time requires joint operation of perception and imagination, and is hence the work of the sensory capacity of the soul. In other words, what Aristotle calls the ‘primary perceptual capacity of the soul’ and ‘common sense’ in this passage is the sensory capacity of the soul. This establishes the same reference for the phrase ‘common sense’ in De Partibus Animalium IV.10 and De Memoria et Reminiscentia 1.
Perceptual Discrimination
Authors: Gregoric Pavel
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines Aristotle's notion of perceptual discrimination, which he discusses in De Anima III.2 (426 b 8-427 a 16) and III.7 (431 a 20 b 1). In the first of these passages the solution from De Sensu 7 seems to be rejected because it cannot account for perceptual discrimination of two or more homogeneous special perceptibles, e.g. black and white. That solution is supplanted by another one in which Aristotle compares the discriminating capacity to the geometrical point. This analogy is closely examined and an interpretation of its application to the case of perceptual discrimination of homogeneous special perceptibles is proposed. This interpretation is then supported, if only tentatively, by an analysis of a notoriously difficult passage from De Anima III.7. It is concluded that Aristotle's explanation of simultaneous perception and perceptual discrimination of two or more homogeneous special perceptibles is rather unsatisfactory.
Conclusion
Authors: Gregoric Pavel
Published: September 2007

The conclusion discusses the common sense as envisioned by Aristotle, particularly what he himself designates with the phrase and what we should designate as the Aristotelian notion of the common sense. Aristotle designates three different things with the phrase ‘common sense’ and its variants. An individual sense, namely touch, is called a ‘common sense’ in Historia Animalium I.3 489 a 17. It is so called because it is shared by all animals, for the sense of touch is found in every individual animal of every species. Similarly, all the individual senses indiscriminately are called ‘common senses’ in Metaphysics I.1 I.1 981. In De Anima III.1 Aristotle distinguishes an aspect of the properly functioning individual senses according to types of features perceived, and calls it ‘aisthesis koine’, which is often wrongly interpreted as the ‘common sense’. Finally, the phrase ‘common sense’ is used in De Partibus Animalium IV.10 686 a 31, De Memoria et Reminiscentia 1 450 a 10, and De Anima III.7 431 b 5 consistently as a proper name for the sensory capacity of the soul which comprises the perceptual and the imaginative capacities. Paradoxically, Aristotle never uses the phrase ‘common sense’ to refer to the higher-order perceptual power which emerges from the unity of the perceptual capacity of the soul, which is how the common sense tends to be understood in later tradition. However, he does refer to it as a ‘common power which accompanies the individual senses’ in the De Somno et Vigilia 2. Four distinct functions of the common sense have been identified and discussed: simultaneous perception, perceptual discrimination, control of the senses in waking and sleep, and monitoring of the senses.
Back to the Text: Four Readings in Sophocles' Electra
Authors: Dik Helma
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses a number of short passages in order to offer a better synthesis for the argument of the whole of this book, and to show how to apply the findings based on various highly restricted sets of data to the ‘random’ selection of a passage, any passage, of tragic trimeters. Among these is Electra 516-27, offered as a pendant to Schein's explication de métrique of these same lines.
Epilogue: Combining the Threads
Authors: Meissner Torsten
Published: September 2007

The overall aim of this study is to determine the morphological and semantic characteristics of the various sigmatic formations, while accounting for their development within Greek and from reconstructed PIE into Greek. None of the suffixes involved could be studied in isolation, and to this end the consideration of their mutual interaction as well as of the connection between them and morphologically different but semantically close or equivalent formations was necessary. One lesson to be learned by this study is a fundamental one: that morphology and semantics are inseparable.
3 Gods and Goddesses
Authors: West M. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses gods and goddesses in Indo-European poetry. The Indo-Europeans spoke both about ‘the gods’ collectively and about gods as individuals. They perhaps had their different words for different categories of supernatural being. But the most important term, one that has left representatives in nearly all branches of the Indo-European family, was based on the root *diw/dyu, which denoted the bright sky or the light of day. Upper and lower gods, characteristics of divinity, relations with mankind, gods' names, female deities, and mythical themes are discussed.
8 Hymns and Spells
Authors: West M. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses Indo-European hymns and spells. Topics covered include invocatory hymns, magic, charms, incantations, nine as a sacral number, herbs, maledictions, healing, and a combination of myth and spell called ‘Legendenzauber’.
10 Mortality and Fame
Authors: West M. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter shows that fame won in battle was a major preoccupation of Indo-European poetic and narrative tradition. Indo-Europeans believed in a kind of afterlife. A limited number of great men — kings, warriors, seers, and even some women associated with them — lived on in the memory of the people, in poem and story. Topics discussed include the origin of humankind, the fates, death, and transcending mortality through fame.
The Long Divorce of Steel
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at the rhetorical culture of early Tudor England. It argues that educated English men (and to a lesser extent, women) were used to a degree of intellectual freedom in the 1510s and 1520s, allowing the kind of robust intellectual enquiry and argument that was taught in the grammar schools and universities, and which formed the bedrock of the training of the Inns of Court. It charts the decline in the reputation and governmental methods of Henry VIII from the time of his accession, when he was lauded as a liberal scholar’s champion, to the last years of his reign, when he was widely condemned as a tyrant. It shows how, as his reign progressed, his subjects had to learn new ways of thinking and speaking in the face of his government’s oppressive demands.
Thynne and Tuke's Apocrypha ‘Chaucer’ and the Poetry of Moderation
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks in detail at the contents and arrangement of Thynne’s 1532 edition of Chaucer’s Works. It examines the three poems placed at the beginning of the volume: the anonymous Eight Goodly Questions; Thomas Hoccleve’s To the King’s Most Noble Grace and to the Lords and Knights of the Garter; and the anonymous prophecy, When Faith Faileth in Priests’ Saws, arguing for their contemporary resonances in the troubled realm of 1531-2. It then examines the edition’s deployment of apocryphal material, suggesting that much of the conservative, catholic material, and social and political matter serves to shape the book into an extended work of counsel; a speculum principis cautioning princes in general, and its dedicatee, Henry VIII in particular, to behave with discretion and moderation in troubled times.
War, Food, and Politics in Early Hellenistic Athens
Authors: Oliver G. J.
Published: September 2007

This book provides a new assessment of the economic history of Athens in the Hellenistic era, when the city was no longer an imperial power and struggled to maintain its territory, both at home in Attica and overseas in the cleruchies. The book assesses how political and military change affected the fragile economies of the Athenian polis. Warfare in Attica required the Athenians to protect their domestic grain supply and seek out those beyond the city to provide commodities from abroad. The book stresses the economic importance of benefaction and civic honours, and shows how much the citizens of Athens contributed to the defence and finances of their city.
‘Unscrupulously Epic’
Authors: Hurst Isobel
Published: September 2007

This chapter emphasizes how Elizabeth Barrett Browning, a woman who was largely self-taught, successfully negotiated gender difficulties by choosing to concentrate on poetry rather than philological scholarship. Her autobiographical essays demonstrate how a woman whose access to the classics was comparatively easy might imagine herself as the author of a female epic, ‘the feminine of Homer’. In her earliest poems, she attempted to emulate the poetry of canonical authors such as Homer, Milton, and Pope. The Italian Risorgimento enabled her to write a poem on an epic subject with a contemporary setting, Casa Guidi Windows. In Aurora Leigh, Barrett Browning draws on classical epic, the mock-heroic poetry of Pope and Byron, and Victorian women's novels to create a new kind of epic.
The Detection of Heresy in Late Medieval England
Authors: Forrest Ian
Published: September 2007

Heresy was the most feared crime in the medieval moral universe. It was seen as a social disease capable of poisoning the body politic and shattering the unity of the church. The study of heresy in late medieval England has, to date, focussed largely on the heretics. In consequence, we know very little about how this crime was defined by the churchmen who passed authoritative judgement on it. By examining the drafting, publicizing, and implementing of new laws against heresy using published and unpublished judicial records, this book presents a study of inquisition in medieval England. It argues that because heresy was a problem simultaneously national and local, detection relied upon collaboration between rulers and the ruled. While involvement in detection brought local society into contact with the apparatus of government, uneducated laymen still had to be kept at arm's length because judgements about heresy were deemed too subtle and important to be left to them. Detection required bishops and inquisitors to balance reported suspicions against canonical proof, and threats to public safety against the rights of the suspect and the deficiencies of human justice. The major figures in the prosecution of heresy were Thomas Arundel and Henry Chichele, archbishops of Canterbury. At present, the character and significance of lollardy, the heresy associated with John Wyclif, in late medieval England is the subject of much debate. The book considers that this debate has to be informed by a greater awareness of the legal and social contexts within which heresy took on its many real and imagined attributes.
Questions of Knowledge and Ignorance
Authors: Forrest Ian
Published: September 2007

This chapter is an assessment of knowledge about heresy, setting the limits of historical inquiry within the context of medieval and specifically English expectations of the law. The theme of uncertainty and doubt in canon law is discussed and the canon law of heresy is outlined with reference to Gratian's Decretum, the Liber extra, Liber sextus, and the Clementines. Heresy, inquisition, and canon law in England before 1380 are discussed, including the works of English canonists like William Paul.