bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial inequality in children's schooling in Gansu, Western China: reality and challenges
Authors: CAO HUHUA
Published: November 2008

China has experienced considerable economic growth following the economic reforms of 1978, while simultaneously facing dramatic increases in regional inequality. China is becoming a polarized society—a phenomenon that is at the heart of a multitude of serious problems that are threatening sustainable development, as well as social cohesion within the country. Among the key reasons for this polarization are the quality of and accessibility to basic education for children. Since the establishment of the law for nine‐year compulsory education in 1986, children's education has progressed remarkably in most parts of China. It has, however, remained persistently problematic in the western provinces, particularly in remote regions, rural areas and minority communities. Even though some studies on child education in China have been carried out, very little existing research examines spatial inequality in children's schooling or accounts for the importance of sociocultural and geographic contexts. Using the example of Gansu, one of the poorest provinces in Western China, our research emphasizes the two main aspects that have led to high nonschooling rates for children: an unfavourable sociocultural milieu and inadequate educational resources.
‘Partially provided’: geography at the University of Toronto, 1844–1935
Authors: WARKENTIN JOHN
Published: November 2008

In universities, as in everyday life, there is a fundamental need for geographical knowledge, even when no formal departments exist to provide instruction. This need was true in the University of Toronto during the decades before Griffith Taylor was appointed in 1935 to the first university Chair in geography in English‐speaking Canada. Using matriculation and annual university course examinations, university calendars and the papers of President Falconer and Professors James Mavor and Harold Innis, I trace the development of geography at the University of Toronto from the mid‐nineteenth century to the arrival of Taylor. Courses taught in selected aspects of physical and human geography in the Departments of Geology, Political Economy and History are particularly significant. Underlying this instruction, and also the desire to establish a geography department, was an acute awareness of the fundamental importance of geography to help understand a large regionally complex homeland, and a wider world.
Irradiation does not affect field dispersal ability in the West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus
Authors: Kumano Norikuni , Kawamura Futoshi , Haraguchi Dai , Kohama Tsuguo
Published: November 2008

The effect of irradiation on the dispersal ability of males and females of the flightless West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a major sweet potato pest, was examined in the field using mark–release–recapture techniques. To evaluate the dispersal ability of the weevil, we released 7 619 weevils in two replicates (July and August 2007). Each replicate lasted 5 days from release to sampling and consisted of one weevil release and two weevil samplings. Thirty‐two traps were placed in lines corresponding to eight compass directions and in four distance classes (8, 12, 16, and 20 m) in each replicate. We captured 709 (9.3%) weevils in the two replicates. Weevils dispersed at least 20 m from the release point in 2 days, regardless of sex or irradiation. Dispersal was strongly affected by wind direction, and in both replicates most weevils were recaptured in upwind directions. The mean dispersal distance for non‐irradiated weevils was about 11 m per 2 days. Although there were some differences between sexes in recapture rate and dispersal distance, there was no consistent difference between irradiated and non‐irradiated weevils in dispersal distance. We conclude that irradiation does not affect the dispersal ability of flightless E. postfasciatus in the field.
Reduction of aliphatic nitroesters andN‐nitramines byEnterobacter cloacaePB2 pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase
Authors: Nivinskas Henrikas , Šarlauskas Jonas , Anusevičius Žilvinas , Toogood Helen S. , Scrutton Nigel S. , Čėnas Narimantas
Published: November 2008

Enterobacter cloacaePB2 NADPH:pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase (PETNR) performs the biodegradation of explosive organic nitrate esters via their reductive denitration. In order to understand the enzyme substrate specificity, we have examined the reactions of PETNR with organic nitrates (n = 15) and their nitrogen analogues,N‐nitramines (n = 4). The reactions of these compounds with PETNR were accompanied by the release of 1–2 mol of nitrite per mole of compound, but were not accompanied by their redox cycling and superoxide formation. The reduction rate constants (kcat/Km) of inositol hexanitrate, diglycerol tetranitrate, erythritol tetranitrate, mannitol hexanitrate and xylitol pentanitrate were similar to those of the established PETNR substrates, PETN and glycerol trinitrate, whereas the reactivities of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine and octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine were three orders of magnitude lower. The log kcat/Kmvalue of the compounds increased with a decrease in the enthalpy of formation of the hydride adducts [ΔHf(R–O–N(OH)O−) or ΔHf(R1,R2 > N–N(OH)O−)], and with an increase in their lipophilicity (octanol/water partition coefficient, log Pow), and did not depend on their van der Waals’ volumes. Hydrophobic organic nitroesters and hydrophilicN‐nitramines compete for the same binding site in the reduced enzyme form. The role of the hydrophobic interaction of PETNR with glycerol trinitrate was supported by the positive dependence of glycerol trinitrate reactivity on the solution ionic strength. The discrimination of nitroesters andN‐nitramines according to their log Powvalues seems to be a specific feature of the Old Yellow Enzyme family of flavoenzymes.
Treatment with Dehydroepiandrosterone Increases Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors of Mitochondria from Cerebral Cortex ind‐Galactose‐Induced Aged Rats
Authors: Chen Chunfu , Lang Senyang , Zuo Pingping , Yang Nan , Wang Xiangqing
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to determine whether dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) could regulate the expression of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors of mitochondria in cerebral cortex. The rats were divided into five groups. Those, in the vehicle‐physiological or senescent group, received physiological ord‐galactose (subcutaneously) once a day. Rats, in the vehicle‐dimethyl sulfoxide‐ or DHEA‐treated senescent group, received 2% of dimethyl sulfoxide or DHEA (intraperitoneally) every other day besidesd‐galactose (subcutaneously) once a day. Rats in the DHEA‐treated normal group received physiological once a day and DHEA every other day. After 8‐week, spatial learning was assessed for 5 days by water maze methods. Following behavioural testing, the cerebral cortex mitochondria were purified for PK11195 binding analysis. When compared to the respective vehicle,d‐galactose alone induced a significant impairment in water maze performance accompanied by a reduction (30.7%) in peripheral benzodiazepine receptor density of mitochondria, and DHEA displayed a significant enhancement in learning memory accompanied by the elevation (18.3%) of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor density but not affinity in senescent rats. DHEA showed insignificant effects on both learning/memory ability and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in normal rats when compared to physiological saline. These results suggest that chronic treatment with DHEA enhance cognitive function and increase peripheral benzodiazepine receptor density in cerebral cortex mitochondria in middle‐aged senescent rats.
Effects of Sulfur and a Lubricity Improver on the Tribological Characteristics of Si3N4 Ceramics against Steel in Fuel
Authors: Kitaoka Satoshi , Kashiwagi Kazumi , Wada Masashi , Sakai Takenobu
Published: November 2008

The effects of sulfur (dibenzothiophene) and a lubricity improver (glyceride) on the tribological behavior of combinations of Si3N4 ceramics and steel were investigated in kerosene at 373 K. The tests were performed by sliding the circumferential surface of a rotating disk with two plates. Lubricity was not improved by the addition of glyceride for the combination of the different materials. The oxidation wear of the Si3N4 was considered to have occurred by a trace amount of water as an impurity in the kerosene. The steel plate was mainly removed by mechanical wear, which was accelerated by increasing the sulfur concentration.
The Effect of Dopants on the Dielectric Properties of Ba(B′1/2Ta1/2)O3 (B′=La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Y, Yb, and In) Microwave Ceramics
Authors: Khalam Lamrat Abdul , Anjana Prabhakaran Sreekumari , Sebastian Mailadil Thomas
Published: November 2008

Low‐loss dielectric ceramics based on Ba(B′1/2Ta1/2)O3 (B′=La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Y, Yb, and In) complex perovskites have been prepared by the solid‐state ceramic route. The dielectric properties (ɛr, Qu, and τf) of the ceramics have been measured in the frequency range 4–6 GHz by the resonance method. The resonators have a relatively high dielectric constant and high quality factor. Most of the compounds have a low coefficient of temperature variation of the resonant frequencies. The microwave dielectric properties have been improved by the addition of dopants and by solid solution formation. The solid solution Ba[(Y1−xPrx)1/2Ta1/2]O3 has x=0.15, with ɛr=33.2, Qu×f=51,500 GHz, and τf≈0. The microwave dielectric properties of Ba(B′1/2Ta1/2)O3 ceramics are found to depend on the tolerance factor (t), ionic radius, and ionization energy.
Effects of Rare‐Earth Dopants on the Ferroelectric and Pyroelectric Properties of Strontium Barium Niobate Ceramics
Authors: Yao Yingbang , Mak Chee Leung , Wong Kin Hung , Lu Shengguo , Xu Zhengkui
Published: November 2008

Effects of various rare‐earth (RE) dopants (Y3+, La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tm3+, Dy3+, Er3+, and Yb3+) on the dielectric, ferroelectric, and pyroelectric properties of Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 (SBN50) ceramics were investigated. In the present studies, the doping concentrations of all the RE dopants were fixed at 1 mol%. Their potential usefulness in pyroelectric applications was discussed based on their measured pyroelectric detectivity figure of merit (FOM). On the basis of our studies, for RE dopants with atomic numbers smaller than Nd, their dielectric constants were greatly increased, while for RE dopants with atomic numbers larger than Sm, their dielectric constants as well as dielectric losses became smaller. Among various dopants, Eu‐doped SBN showed the most improved ferroelectric properties. Its remnant polarization (Pr) was increased to 4.86 μC/cm2 as compared with 3.23 μC/cm2 obtained in undoped SBN50. On the other hand, Gd‐doped SBN exhibited the largest pyroelectric coefficient of 168 μC/m2 K, which was over three times of that of the undoped sample (49 μC/m2 K). The work shows that Gd‐doped SBN exhibits the greatest potential for pyro‐applications because it bears the largest FOM of 0.45 × 10−5 Pa−0.5 [Correction: After online publication on 11/05/2008, an error was found in this article. The original value, 1.35×10−5 Pa−0.5, was incorrect. The data has been replaced with the correct value.].
Sintering Behavior and Microstructure Development of Porous Silicon Nitride Ceramics Prepared in an Air Atmosphere Furnace
Authors: Plucknett Kevin
Published: November 2008

Porous silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics have been sintered in a conventional air atmosphere furnace at temperatures between 1500°C and 1700°C, with sintering additions of either 5 or 10 wt% yttria (Y2O3). The use of a protective α‐Si3N4 powder bed helps to prevent significant oxidation of the samples during sintering in air, keeping oxidation weight gains below 4 wt% (typically <2.5 wt%). This compares with more typical weight losses when sintering in nitrogen. Samples prepared with a protective α‐Si3N4 powder bed exhibited sintered densities up to ∼89% of the theoretical, which was notably higher than for similar compositions prepared in a controlled nitrogen atmosphere (i.e., ∼70% of theoretical). Increased densification is proposed to arise from the formation of a thin SiO2 surface layer on individual α‐Si3N4 particles, through passive oxidation, which is expected to promote viscous‐flow densification at lower temperatures. The excess of SiO2, relative to the starting composition, is also reflected in the final phase assembly, with Si2N2O formed in addition to the transformation of α‐ to β‐Si3N4, when sintering above ∼1550°C. A Si2N2O gradient occurs, with the surface being approximately 80 vol% Si2N2O and the bulk predominantly Si3N4, for samples sintered at 1600°C and 1700°C. Conversely, Si2N2O is not observed in any measurable volume for similar samples sintered in nitrogen.
Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of Silicon Nitride Particle‐Reinforced Silicon Nitride Matrix Composites by Chemical Vapor Infiltration
Authors: Liu Yongsheng , Zhang Litong , Cheng Laifei , Xu Yongdong , Liu Yi
Published: November 2008

Silicon nitride particle‐reinforced silicon nitride matrix composites were fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). The particle preforms with a bimodal pore size distribution were favorable for the subsequent CVI process, which included intraagglomerate pores (0.1–4 μm) and interagglomerate pores (20–300 μm). X‐ray fluorescence results showed that the main elements of the composites are Si, N, and O. The composite is composed of α‐Si3N4, amorphous Si3N4, amorphous SiO2, and a small amount of β‐Si3N4 and free silicon. The α‐Si3N4 transformed into β‐Si3N4 after heat treatment at 1600°C for 2 h. The flexural strength, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss of the Si3N4(p)/Si3N4 composites increased with increasing infiltration time; however, the pore ratios decreased with increasing infiltration time. The maximum value of the flexural strength was 114.07 MPa. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the composites were 4.47 and 4.25 × 10−3, respectively. The present Si3N4(p)/Si3N4 composite is a good candidate for high‐temperature radomes.
Low‐Sintering High‐k Materials for an LTCC Application
Authors: Barth Stefan , Arnold Michael , Grützmann Dieter , Pawlowski Beate , Rothe Peter , Bartnitzek Thomas
Published: November 2008

High‐k LTCC tapes with ultralow sintering temperatures were developed from lead‐free perovskite powders. Lowering of the sintering temperature from 1250°C down to 900°C has been achieved by means of ultrafine ceramic powders in combination with suitable sintering aids. The tape‐casting process has been optimized for ultrafine powders with an enhanced sintering activity. Low‐sintering high‐k tapes of a thickness down to 40 μm, suitable for LTCC processing, were obtained. The sintering behavior of these high‐k tapes has been studied and compared with other LTCC materials. Dielectric properties of the high‐k material have been investigated on a multilayer test structure consisting of up to 20 dielectric layers. After metallization with an Ag conductor, the green tapes were stacked and laminated. Sintering of these multilayer stacks at 900°C gives dense ceramic samples. Permittivities up to 2000 have been obtained, together with low dielectric losses. Material compatibility with several Ag/Au‐thick‐film‐paste systems has been tested.
Energy‐Absorbing TRIP‐Steel/Mg‐PSZ Composite Honeycomb Structures Based on Ceramic Extrusion at Room Temperature
Authors: Aneziris Christos G. , Schärfl Wolfgang , Biermann Horst , Martin Ullrich
Published: November 2008

Porous materials have received extensive attention for energy absorption in the last few years. In terms of this study, austenitic TRIP‐steel/Mg‐PSZ‐composite honeycomb structures are formed with different mixing proportions due to ceramic extrusion at room temperature. Their specific energy absorption SEA as well as their compression strength have been registered as a function of the compressive strain. X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) as well as electron dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis support the microstructure characterization. The zirconia addition has mainly contributed as a hard phase in a ductile TRIP steel matrix and has reinforced the composite material up to a compressive strain of about 24%.
High‐protein meals may benefit fat oxidation and energy expenditure in individuals with higher body fat
Authors: BATTERHAM Marijka , CAVANAGH Rachael , JENKINS Arthur , TAPSELL Linda , PLASQUI Guy , CLIFTON Peter
Published: November 2008

Aim:  Fat oxidation is impaired in obesity. The aim of the present study was to determine if fat oxidation, seen in a high‐protein meal response, was influenced by body composition.

Methods:  Subjects were provided with control (14% protein, glycaemic index, GI 65), high‐protein high‐GI (33% protein, GI 74) and high‐protein low‐GI (35% protein, GI 45) meals. Substrate oxidation and energy expenditure were measured in room calorimeters over eight hours in 18 subjects. Results were compared using a repeated‐measures anova with a customised post‐hoc analysis (to compare the protein diets averaged vs control and to compare the low‐ and high‐GI diets) and covariates in a linear model of the form: y = α + β1 × fat‐free mass (kg) + β2 × loge fat mass (kg).

Results:  The full model found significant meal effects on fat oxidation (0.21 ± 0.21 kcal/minute high‐protein high‐GI, 0.34 ± 0.11 kcal/minute high‐protein low‐GI, 0.55 ± 0.2 kcal/minute control, F = 3.50, P = 0.007). The effect on energy expenditure (1.67 ± 0.07 kcal/minute high‐protein high‐GI, 1.61 ± 0.08 kcal/minute high‐protein low‐GI, 1.67 ± 0.08 kcal/minute control) approached significance (F = 2.45, P = 0.070). Post‐hoc analysis revealed a protein effect (P = 0.004 for fat oxidation and P = 0.030 for energy expenditure). Significant interactions indicated that meal response was influenced by body composition. The high‐protein meals eliminated the negative relationship between body fat and fat oxidation (α = −4.7, β2 = 2.23, P < 0.01) and between body fat and energy expenditure, which were evident in the control meal (α = −1.5, β2 = 0.63, P < 0.05). No effect of GI was evident.

Conclusion:  High‐protein intakes may ameliorate an obesity‐induced decline in fat oxidation.
Nutritional management of cystic fibrosis in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: KING Susannah J. , COLLINS Clare E. , CROWDER Tory , MATSON Angela G. , VOLDERS Evelyn
Published: November 2008

Aim:  To document current practice in the nutritional management of cystic fibrosis in Australia and New Zealand and to examine changes in practice since 1996.

Methods:  Thirty‐four cystic fibrosis services in Australia and New Zealand responded to a survey that examined current nutritional management practices and dietetic staffing levels. The questionnaire was based on a previous survey conducted in 1996.

Results:  Cystic fibrosis dietetic staffing levels were low. No service met the staffing level recommended by the UK Cystic Fibrosis Trust. Minor practice variations existed in nutrition assessment and monitoring: nutrition support and vitamin supplementation. Changes in the management of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy and cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes were reported since 1996.

Conclusion:  This survey highlights that improvements in consistency of nutrition management have been achieved since 1996 and reflect adherence to available clinical guidelines for pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. While there are many areas of agreement in nutrition care for people with cystic fibrosis around Australia and New Zealand, there are still practice differences, implying that Australian‐ and New Zealand‐specific clinical guidelines are warranted. The implementation of the Australasian Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Cystic Fibrosis will be important in standardising and improving cystic fibrosis care.
Does intervention by the dietitian and diabetes educator of a More Allied Health Services program improve glycosylated haemoglobin levels for those with type 2 diabetes? Implications for rural dietetic practice
Authors: CUSACK Monique , ASYO Noor , FROST Catherine , O'BRIEN Kerryn , O'KANE Gabrielle
Published: November 2008

Aim:  The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the number and intensity of visits to the More Allied Health Services (MAHS) clinics and a change in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in people with type 2 diabetes.

Methods:  Data on subjects accessing diabetes clinics in rural southern New South Wales were analysed retrospectively. Data included age at the end of the data collection period, sex, number and dates of visits to the MAHS dietitian and diabetes educator, weights and heights, HbA1c and cholesterol levels.

Results:  Sixty‐four patient records were analysed. The median period of clinic attendance was 32.5 months; median number of combined visits to MAHS dietitian and diabetes educator was three. Older subjects were significantly more likely to show a reduction in HbA1c than younger subjects. Subjects visiting the MAHS program more regularly than once every eight months were significantly more likely to achieve a reduction in HbA1c than those who were seen by MAHS staff once every eight months or more. Sixty per cent of those subjects with four or more visits to the MAHS program showed a reduction in HbA1c, while 38% of those with fewer than four visits showed a reduction in HbA1c, but this association did not reach significance.

Conclusions:  Older subjects and those attending the MAHS diabetes clinics more intensively were significantly more likely to show a reduction in HbA1c than younger subjects and those attending the clinic once every eight months or more. Future, larger studies using additional outcome measures will allow for an improved evaluation of interventions by dietitians and diabetes educators for those with type 2 diabetes.
Crystal Structures of a New Polymorphic Form of Gabapentin Monohydrate and the E and Z Isomers of 4‐Tertiarybutylgabapentin
Authors: Vasudev Prema G. , Aravinda Subrayashastry , Ananda Kuppanna , Veena Shettykere Dayananda , Nagarajan Kuppuswamy , Shamala Narayanaswamy , Balaram Padmanabhan
Published: November 2008

Gabapentin, a widely used antiepileptic drug, crystallizes in multiple polymorphic forms. A new crystal form of gabapentin monohydrate in the space group Pbca is reported and the packing arrangement compared with that of a previously reported polymorph in the space group P21/c [Ibers, J.A. (2001) Acta Crystallogr; C57:641]. Gabapentin polymorphs can also occur from a selection of one of the two distinct chair forms of the 1,1‐disubstituted cyclohexane. Crystal structures of the E and Z isomers of 4‐tert‐butylgabapentin provide models for analyzing anticipated packing modes in the conformational isomers of gabapentin. The E isomer crystallized in the space group Pca21, while the Z isomer crystallized in the space group P21/c. The crystal structure of E‐4‐tert‐butylgabapentin provides the only example of a structure in a non‐centrosymmetric space group. Crystal structures of the hydrochloride and hydrobromide salts of 4‐tert‐butyl derivatives are reported. The results suggest that for gabapentin, a large ‘polymorph‐space’ may be anticipated, in view of the multiple conformational states that are accessible to the molecule.
The Ashele Deposit: A Recently Discovered Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Cu‐Zn Deposit in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Wang Denghong , Chen Yuchuan , Mao Jingwen
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The Ashele Cu‐Zn deposit is a recently discovered volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit in Xinjiang, Northwestern China. It is the largest Cu‐Zn deposit in this type of deposits in China, which were formed in the early period of later Palaeozoic Era. This deposit is hosted within a suit of bimodal submarine volcanic rocks of the Ashele Formation of Lower‐Middle Devonian System formed in an environment of paleocontinental margin rift setting. Lensoid orebodies occur between spilitic rocks developed at footwall and quartz‐keratophyric tuff at hanging wall. Zonation of metal elements in the Ashele mine is one of typical volcanic‐related exhalative Cu‐Zn sulfide deposits in the world. Black ores enriched in Pb, Zn and Ag occurs on the top of the No. 1 orebody in the Ashele deposit, yellow ores enriched in Cu in the middle part, and the chalcopyritization stringer below the massive sulfide ores. Zonation of ore‐structure in the No. 1 orebody is also apparent and corresponds to the zoning of elements, i. e. lamellar and/or banded sulfide‐sulfate ores on the top, massive sulfide ores in the middle, and stockwork veinlets associated with altered breccia pipe on the bottom. Four epochs of mineralization in the Ashele deposit has been recognized. The first period of syngenetic‐exhalative deposition of sulfides is the main epoch of mineralization, and the ores deposited subsequently subjected to thermo‐metamorphism at the second epoch, superimposed by hydrothermal mineralization at the third epoch, and weathered or oxidized at the fourth epoch.

More than 100 categories of minerals have been recognized in the Ashele mine, but only pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, galena, barite, quartz, chlorite, sericite, and calcite are dominant, making up various types of ores, and alteration pipes or horizons. Studies of ore petrology suggest that the massive ores were volcanogenic and deposited by exhalative process.
Tectono–Magmatic Evolution and Metallogenesis along the Northeast Jiangxi Deep Fault, China
Authors: Ye Ying , Shimazaki Hidehiko , Shimizu Masaaki , Hu Shouxi
Published: November 2008

Abstract: From the southernmost part of Jiangsu province to the northeastern part of Jiangxi province, China, the Northeast Jiangxi Deep Fault runs for about 400 km length with a width of 30 to 40 km. This fault marks the suture zone of two ter‐ranes of Proterozoic age. At the both sides of the fault, Yanshanian granitic activity is recognized. That is, the Dexing‐Wuyuan porphyry belt on the NW side of the fault, and the Damaoshan‐Lingshan granite belt on the SE side. The former activity is characterized by the occurrence of small stocks of granodioritic composition, rich in siderophile elements but poor in LIL elements. No distinct Eu anomaly is recognized in the REE pattern, and a low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio is reported. Magnetite, sphene and apatite are observed as accessory minerals. On the contrary, granitic activity on the SE side of the fault is characterized by the occurrence of composite batholiths, in general of granitic to monzogranitic composition, rich in LIL and alkali elements but poor in siderophile and alkali earth elements. A strong Eu anamaly is recognized in the REE pattern, and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios are as high as 0. 716. Fluorite, zircon and REE minerals are observed as accessory minerals. These two contrasting granitic activities are refered to as syntexis– and transformation–types, respectively, following the classification commonly used in China, and have similar petrochemical characteristics to those defined for the magnetite– and ilmenite–series, and I– and S‐type granitoids.

Considering that the above igneous activity occurred far from the supposed subduction zone along the East Coast of China, intracontinental A‐type (continent to continent) subduction is proposed to have occurred northwestwards along the NE Jiangxi Deep Fault during Yanshanian time due to a strong compressional stress from SE to NW. A‐type subduction introduced the continental slab to some depth, and resulted in the production of the paired granitic activity observed on both sides of the fault. Many mineral deposits are associated with both granitic belts. In the Dexing‐Wuyuan porphyry belt, the Dexing porphyry Cu and Yinshan polymetallic deposits are representative, whereas in the Damaoshan‐Lingshan granite belt, several tens of rare metal deposits are known such as the Geyuan Nb–Ta–W–Sn deposits. Metal assemblages of those deposits reflect the source materials of magmas in both granitic belts.
Heavy Mineral Placer Deposits of Ekakula Beach, Gahiramatha Coast, Orissa, India
Authors: ACHARYA Bhaskar Chandra , PANIGRAHY Prasanta Kumar , NAYAK Binod Bihari , SAHOO Rama Krishna
Published: November 2008

Abstract:Ilmenite, hematite, garnet, monazite, zircon, rutile, magnetite, sillimanite, pyroxene and amphibole from the beach sands of Ekakula, Gahiramatha coast, Orissa, India are reported here for the first time. Their total concentration varies from 26. 4 to 100%. Ilmenite, monazite and zircon are between 100 and 300 um in size and are well rounded in shape. Ilmenite‐hematite intergrowth is common. Ilmenite has 50. 02–54. 73% TiO2, 42. 42–46. 90% FeO (total Fe) and small amounts of Al, Mn, Mg, Ca, Ba, Si, V, Cr, and Zn. The bulk samples contain 10. 63–41. 42 % TiO2, 6. 15–26. 07 % FeO, 5. 86–16. 75 % Fe2O3, 7. 41–61. 74 % SiO2, 1. 39–12. 83% A12O3, 0. 32–4. 97% CaO, 0. 53–4. 24% P2O5, 0. 17–3. 27% MgO, 0. 15–2. 97% Na2O, 0. 07–2. 34% K2O, and 0. 05–0. 71% V2O5together with appreciable amounts of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Y, U, Th, Zr, and trace amounts of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, and Cr. Khondalite, charnockite, calc‐silicate granulite, leptynite, migmatite, gneiss, basic granulite and pegmatite of the Eastern Ghats appear to be the major source for the above heavy mineral assemblages. The samples are amenable to gravity and magnetic methods of beneficiation.
Mineral Potential of Myanmar
Authors: WIN SOE , MYINT MARLAR MYO
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Myanmar is rich in mineral resources, and of potential importance are the deposits of antimony, chromium, nickel, PGM, copper, gold, lead, zinc, silver, tin and tungsten, which form district metallogenic provinces within the six geomor–phic–tectonic units. In terms of past production and potential mineral wealth Myanmar ranks high among Asian countries. The last few decades witnessed a dramatic fall in mineral production, but undoubtedly, the high level of mineral potential remains unrealized. This paper reveals mineral belts with a high level of economic potential which form attractive targets for mineral exploration and some individual mineral deposits of significant magnitude and grade, creating opportunities for development and mining investment.
Isotope Geochemistry of Granitoids in South China and Their Metallogeny
Authors: HONG Dawei , XIE Xilin , ZHANG Jisheng
Published: November 2008

Abstract: On the basis of data of initial strontium ratios for over 300 plutons, neodymium isotopes for 240 plutons and oxygen isotopes for more than 200 plutons, the granites of South China are divided into six belts which are different from each other in petrology, geochemistry and mineralization. The similar Nd isotopic composition between the peraluminous granites and Proterozoic crust reveals that there is intermediate to felsic composition crust at mid‐crustal depth throughout the South China interior. The six granitic belts mentioned above belong to different lithospheric plates with different composition basement. Differences in the extent and nature of interaction between mantle and crusts in different geodynamic setting and the different extent of differentiation of magma have all controlled the characteristics of the granites and their related mineralization.
The Origin of the Proterozoic Bidjovagge Gold‐Copper Deposit, Finnmark, Northern Norway, as Deduced from Rare Earth Element and Nd Isotopic Evidences on Calcites
Authors: NIE Feng–Jun , BJφRLYKKE Arne , NILSEN Kjell S.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The Bidjovagge gold‐copper deposit, northern Norway occurs in the lower Proterozoic Kautokeino greenstone belt, and consists of ten ore bodies in albite felsite, graphite schist and meta‐diabase sills, along with a series of syenodiorite dykes. Calcite is one of the most important gangue minerals occurring within the ore veins. The early primary calcite samples from A, C and D ore bodies (copper–rich) show almost flat chondrite‐normalised REE curves, and slightly positive Eu anomalies. A Sm‐Nd isotope age of 1858 ± 72 Ma (2ρ) has been given based on fifteen primary calcite samples. The Sm‐Nd age of calcite is in well agreement with previously published U‐Pb davidite age of 1885 ±18 Ma (2ρ) and Sm‐Nd davidite age of 1886 ± 88 Ma (2ρ). All these isotopic age data indicate that the gold‐copper mineralisation may occur during or slightly after the peak of the Svecokarelian orogeny. Two late primary calcite samples from C and D ore bodies have flat chondrite‐normalised LREE curves, positive HREE curves, and negative Eu anomalies. In contrast, most of the early primary calcite samples from B ore body (gold–rich) show an overall negative chondrite‐normalised REE slope and negative Eu anomalies. Sm‐Nd data on seven primary calcite samples from the B ore body are relatively scattered, and gave an isochrone age of 1809 ± 150 Ma (2ρ), identical to the age of the calcite samples from A, C and D ore bodies. Two late primary calcite samples from the B ore body have almost flat chondrite‐normalised REE slope and negative Eu anomalies.

REE patterns and eNd (T) values of calcites suggest that the ore fluids for the calcites from the A, C and D ore bodies derived their metals from mafic igneous rocks (diabase sills). For the secondary calcites from the C ore body, their relative high initial Nd (T) values at 1858 Ma imply that much more radiogenic Nd‐component were incorporated during calcite crystallisation when another ore fluid emplaced. Combined Nd isotope data and REE geochemical features suggest that the isotopically more evolved source such as albite felsite and syn‐genetic high level syenodiorite dykes were probably metal source for these calcites in the B ore body. Three samples of secondary calcite from the B ore body, which obviously deviated from 1809 Ma isochron are easily explained as products of post‐ore hydrothermal events.
A Proposal of Caldera‐Related Genesis for the Roseki Deposits in the Mitsuishi Mining Area, Southwest Japan
Authors: ISHIHARA Shunso , IMAOKA Teruyoshi
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Geology of the largest Roseki (pyrophyllite–clay)–mineralized, Mitsuishi mining area was re–examined, and a composite caldera model (Wake caldera) was proposed. Evidence for the caldera formation is (1) Existence of huge volume of rhyolitic tuffs in the mining area, (2) A basin structure in rhyolitic tuffs surrounded by the Permo‐Triassic basement rocks, (3) Arc‐like distribution of the Roseki deposits along the eastern edge of the proposed caldera, (4) Tectonic disturbance and intrusive bodies along the caldera wall, and (5) Presence of meso– and mega‐breccias at the bottom of the caldera wall. The proposed caldera, sizing NNW‐SSE 23 km by ENE‐WSW 15 km, may have younger, Inner caldera (15 by 15 km), defined by Lower Member of the late Cretaceous rhyolitic tuffs, thus composite in character. The Roseki deposits were formed after the Inner caldera collapse by hydrothermal fluids ascended through the caldera wall, then spread into the permeable horizon. This caldera proposal bears a significant change in the regional exploration strategy for the Roseki deposits.
Some Aspects Regarding the Tectonic Setting of High– and Low‐sulfidation Epithermal Gold Deposits of Chile
Authors: KOJIMA Shoji
Published: November 2008

Abstract: In Chile the principal gold deposits of the low‐ and high‐sulfidation types occur in the middle Creataceous‐early Eocene Precordillera and in the middle to late Miocene Andean Cordillera, respectively. In both areas their related magma‐tism migrates south‐east with time. This feature suggests that the metallogenic integrity is greatly affected by a change in the tectonic regime from a transpressive oblique subduction to a weakly‐compressive normal subduction. Moreover, certain differences in the geologic setting, such as the structure of host rocks are recognized between the two types of Chilean epither‐mal gold deposits. This data provide us not only with genetic implications regarding epithermal gold deposits, but also an important guide for gold exploration in the Chilean Cordillera.
Incipient Stage of Ore Formation Process of the Kamioka Zn‐Pb Ore Deposit in the Hida Metamorphic Belt, Central Japan: Leaching and Precipitation of Clinopyroxene
Authors: KUNUGIZA Keitaro
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Boundaries between the cpx Zn‐Pb ores of the Kamioka ore deposit and host clinopyroxene granitoid in the Hida metamorphic belt were examined to decipher the incipient stage of ore formation process. The boundaries are characterized by the compositional zoning of relic clinopyroxene with outward increase of XMg from 0. 5 to 0. 75 in the host rocks, and by the incline of XMg towards the ores, passing through the boundaries, reaching up to 0. 95. In the ores, relic clinopyroxene is rimmed by hedenbergite. Both clinopyroxenes show compositional zoning with outward decrease and increase of XMg and MnO, down to 0. 02 and to 3. 2 wt%, respectively. The presence of high magnesian clinopyroxene can be explained if hydrothermal fluid flow had leached hedenbergite component of relic clinopyroxene. The incline of XMg of clinopyroxene toward the ores was attributed to the degree of dissolution of clinopyroxene, and thus the total amounts of fluid to have passed. The outward decrease of XMg of clinopyroxenes in the ores was due to crystal‐fluid fractionation during precipitation.

These mineralogical changes at the boundaries indicate the time‐integrated phenomena of hydrothermal ore forming process. Firstly, leaching of ore components by infiltrating fluid proceeded in host rocks, and enhanced the formation of a fluid channel. The condition of fluid changes through the fluid channel in P‐T space, and hence ore forming minerals precipitate at a remote place from the leaching one. This in turn caused the physicochemical change of fluid condition anyhow, and accelerated the precipitation of the minerals. This leaching‐precipitation sequence appears a basic process of hydrothermal ore‐forming system, and characterizes the incipient stage of ore formation process of the Kamioka Zn‐Pb ore deposit. Compositional zoning of clinopyroxenes defines Z‐shaped compositional trend in the Di–Hd–Jo diagram, each arm of which corresponds to the leaching and the precipitation stages, and the secondary dissolution of precipitated clinopyroxene.
Genesis of the Kamioka Skarn Deposits: An Important Role of Clinopyroxene Skarn and Graphite‐bearing Limestone in Precipitating Sulfide Ore
Authors: KATO Yasuhiro
Published: November 2008

Abstract: A genetical relationship between skarn formation and mineralization is investigated for the Kamioka skarn deposits which are the largest Zn‐Pb producer in Japan. In the Mozumi deposit, one of main deposits in the Kamioka mining area as well as Tochibora and Maruyama, clinopyroxene skarn was generally subjected to later replacement by garnet or magnetite–calcite–quartz during the Zn‐Pb mineralization. The replacement of hedenbergitic clinopyroxene by andraditic garnet resulted in the formation of diopsidic clinopyroxene relicts. With the progress of replacement, the S/So value (So: an estimated area occupied by an original clinopyroxene grain in a thin section, S: a total area of relict clinopyroxene fragments) which is an index of the degree of replacement decreases from 0. 7 to 0. 1, and the hedenbergite mole percent of relict clinopyroxene decreases drastically from about 65 to less than 40. A close association of andraditic garnet and sphalerite suggests that heden‐bergitic clinopyroxene skarn played an important role to reduce the relatively oxic ore‐forming fluid enriched in Zn2+ and SO42– and to precipitate sphalerite from the fluid. Ferrous iron in the hedenbergitic clinopyroxene skarn was oxidized to form andraditic garnet. Besides this garnet formation, the mineral assemblage of magnetite–calcite–quartz replaced the clinopyroxene skarn at the time of mineralization. In both cases, the reduction of relatively oxic ore‐forming fluid by hedenbergitic clinopy‐roxene skarn at the later stage brought about the precipitation of sulfide minerals.

In contrast, these types of later replacement are not found in the Tochibora deposit. Instead, graphite‐bearing crystalline limestone and relatively fresh clinopyroxene skarn are common. Mineralized clinopyroxene skarn has high graphite carbon contents relative to barren one, suggesting that the amount of graphite in the skarn was an important controlling factor for mineralization. It is very likely that the graphite played a role of reducing agent during the mineralization in the Tochibora deposit.
Physicochemical Environment during the Formation of the Mozumi Skarn‐type Pb–Zn–Ag Deposit at the Kamioka Mine, Central Japan: A Thermochemical Study
Authors: OMORI Soichi , MARIKO Tadashi
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The physicochemical environment during the ore formation of the Mozumi skarn‐type Pb–Zn–Ag deposit, Kamioka mine, Central Japan is discussed with silicate phase equilibria using calculated phase diagrams. The mineral assemblages, mineral chemistry, and fluid inclusion data are coupled with thermodynamic calculation to estimate the stability fO2–XCO2condition of the mineral assemblages at each ore formation stage. The skarn was approximated by the model system CaO–A12O3–FeO–SiO2–O2–CO2–H2O including grossular‐andradite garnet and clinozoisite‐epidote solid solutions. The solid solutions are combined into the calculation using “pseudocompound approximation”, and real boundary of the mineral assemblages other than simple activity corrected diagram was provided. The diagrams also show isoplethal contour for garnet and epidote.
Gold Grade and Tonnage Models of the Gold Deposits, China
Authors: ZHOU Jun , FLOOD Peter G. , LI Wei
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The gold grade and tonnage modelling is applied to some types of the gold deposits in China, including placer, Archaean lode, slate belt, Carlin, volcanogenic, skarn and Shandong Peninsula, among others. The Shandong Peninsula type denotes the gold deposit, which was formed in an intensely reshaped Archaean greenstone belt. The modelling results show: (1) the Archaean lode gold deposits of China are similar to the Homestake type in gold grades. (2) The Chinese slate belt type gold deposits are marked by moderately lower gold grades but considerably larger ore volumes than the similar type elsewhere. (3) The Carlin style gold deposits of China are identified by higher Au grades but evidently smaller sizes in comparison with their counterparts in western North America. (4) The volcanogenic (continental) style is similar to Sado epithermal veins in gold grade‐tonnage models and general characteristics while volcanogenic gold deposits of the oceanic subgroup contrast with Kuroko‐type deposits in the gold grade model. But the Chinese volcanogenic (oceanic) subtype (Palaeozoic age) shows similar higher gold grades to those of the Palaeozoic Kuroko‐type deposits elsewhere. (5) Porphyry and skarn gold deposits tend to have a large size but low grade. (6) Less than half of the Shandong Peninsula gold deposits are of ore volumes exceeding the 50th intercept of the relevant gold tonnage model, implying possible undiscovered gold deposits with a larger size in the peninsula. (7) In general, Chinese gold deposits of larger sizes tend to have lower gold grades in relation to gold grade models. (8) Gold grade‐tonnage models can be effectively influenced by how to include or exclude non‐economic gold resources in the modelling. Ore volumes of gold deposits actually to some extent depend on gold grades. Consequently, the way of including or excluding low‐grade values may effect a gold grade‐tonnage model and cause different interpretation of the modelling results. This is particularly true to the gold deposits, which generally show an inverse correlation between gold grade and tonnage.
Characterization of Magnetically Zoned Pluton, Tsushima, Japan
Authors: SHIMADA Nobutaka , OHYAMA Youichi , IKEMI Hiroaki
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Systematic measurements of magnetic susceptibility were carried out at the outcrops of the Uchiyama granitic pluton, Tsushima Islands. The pluton consists of hornblende‐biotite granodiorite and biotite granite. It intrudes concordantly along an anticline axis of the Taishu Group in middle Miocene (16. 10. 5 Ma), and crops out in five areas. The results show that the low magnetic susceptibility facies (LM–facies, <100A‐10‐6 emu/g) always occurs in the peripheral part of the pluton, while the high magnetic susceptibility facies (HM–facies, > 250 A 10‐6 emu/g) occupies the core through the medium magnetic susceptibility zone (MM–facies). It is pointed out that the pluton forms a magnetic zoning within a single plutonic body.

Chemical compositions of the granitoids show no conspicuous differences in major elements among the LM–, MM–, and HM–facies. Biotites from the LM–, MM–, and HM‐facies also indicate uniform compositions with Fe/(Fe+Mg)=0. 6.

The pluton is principally surrounded by black mudstones of the Lower Formation of the Taishu Group, which is deltaic to shallow sea sediments of the Eocene to early Miocene age, and the carbon contents in them were analyzed. The analyses show that carbon was mostly decomposed and lost in the hornfels zone, while mudstones in the non‐hornfels zone usually contain 0. 5 to 0. 7 % C.

From these facts, it is concluded that the magnetically zoned pluton at Tsushima was formed by an external volatile buffer system such as CH4–CO2 during the solidifying magma process.
Characterization of Banded Iron Formations by Two‐Dimensional XRF Imaging and XANES Analyses
Authors: MATSUNAGA Masaya , FUKUDA Katsunori , KATO Yasuhiro , NAKAI Izumi
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Synchrotron radiation‐induced X–ray fluorescence (SR–XRF) and conventional X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses were applied to determine the distributions of iron, manganese, calcium, titanium, and silicon, and chemical forms of iron and trace manganese in three banded iron formation (BIF) samples. The XRF imagings on the weathered and altered BIF from the Cleaverville Formation (3. 3–3. 1 Gyr), Western Australia, showed redistributions of iron, calcium, and manganese with the disappearance of the primary bandings, while, in contrast, titanium preserved its primary depositional distribution. The XRF imagings on the BIF from the Hamersley Group (2. 5 Gyr), Western Australia, showed that manganese and titanium distribute originally at boundary region between the iron‐rich mesoband and the silica‐rich mesoband. The X‐ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) analysis revealed that the chemical forms of manganese and iron well represent the rhythmic change of the bandings.
Sulfur Isotopic Study of the Toyoha Deposit, Hokkaido, Japan Comparison between the Earlier‐Stage and the Later‐Stage Veins
Authors: HAMADA Morihisa , IMAI Akira
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The sulfur isotopic ratios (δ34S) of ore minerals from the Toyoha deposit, Hokkaido, one of the largest Pb–Zn–Ag polymetallic vein‐type deposits in Japan, were studied. More than 90% of the δ34S values of the studied sulfide minerals collected from the Toyoha deposit range from +5 to +9%, with an average of approximately +7% irrespective of the mineral species, veins, elevations, depth, mineralization stages and mineral assemblages. Relatively uniform δ34S values obtained in this study suggest that the reduced aqueous sulfur species predominated over the oxidized sulfur in the ore solution throughout the mineralization stages. Thus, the source of sulfur for the ore sulfides is postulated to be magmatic.

The temperature obtained from the fluid inclusion study and the temperature of the sulfur isotopic geothermometer are not consistent. This suggests that each mineral precipitated under disequilibrated conditions with respect to the sulfur isotope.

The change in redox conditions presumably encountered between the mineralization stages did not account for the isotopic fluctuations since the isotopic exchanges between the oxidized and reduced aqueous sulfurs are much slower than the rate of oxidation of the ore solution.