bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of various dimensions in food-based dietary guidelines via mathematical approaches: report of a DGE/FENS Workshop in Bonn, Germany, 23–24 September 2019
Authors: Schäfer Anne Carolin , Schmidt Annemarie , Bechthold Angela , Boeing Heiner , Watzl Bernhard , Darmon Nicole , Devleesschauwer Brecht , Heckelei Thomas , Pires Sara Monteiro , Nadaud Perrine , van Dooren Corné , Vieux Florent
Published: December 2020

In the past, food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) were derived nearly exclusively by using systematic reviews on diet–health relationships and translating dietary reference values for nutrient intake into foods. This approach neglects many other implications that dietary recommendations have on society, the economy and environment. In view of pressing challenges, such as climate change and the rising burden of diet-related diseases, the simultaneous integration of evidence-based findings from different dimensions into FBDGs is required. Consequently, mathematical methods and data processing are evolving as powerful tools in nutritional sciences. The possibilities and reasons for the derivation of FBDGs via mathematical approaches were the subject of a joint workshop hosted by the German Nutrition Society (DGE) and the Federation of European Nutrition Societies (FENS) in September 2019 in Bonn, Germany. European scientists were invited to discuss and exchange on the topics of mathematical optimisation for the development of FBDGs and different approaches to integrate various dimensions into FBDGs. We concluded that mathematical optimisation is a suitable tool to formulate FBDGs finding trade-offs between conflicting goals and taking several dimensions into account. We identified a lack of evidence for the extent to which constraints and weights for different dimensions are set and the challenge to compile diverse data that suit the demands of optimisation models. We also found that individualisation via mathematical optimisation is one perspective of FBDGs to increase consumer acceptance, but the application of mathematical optimisation for population-based and individual FBDGs requires more experience and evaluation for further improvements.
Petrogenesis of Silurian ultramafic–mafic plutons in southern Jiangxi: implications for the Wuyi–Yunkai orogen, South China
Authors: Yang Jie , Liu Wei , Han Zuozhen , Zeng Zuoxun , Wan Le , Mohammed Adil S.
Published: December 2020

The South China Block is one of the largest continental blocks located on the East Asian continent. The early Palaeozoic Wuyi–Yunkai orogen of the South China Block (known as the Caledonian orogen in Europe) is a major orogenic belt in East Asia and represents the first episode of extensive crustal reworking since Neoproterozoic time. Although this orogen is key to deciphering the formation and evolution of the South China Block, details about the orogen remain poorly defined. The Songshutang and Wushitou ultramafic–mafic units in southern Jiangxi Province, South China, have206Pb–238U ages ofc. 437 Ma, suggesting a Silurian formation age. All the Songshutang and Wushitou ultramafic–mafic rocks show relatively flat chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns, depletions in Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf and Ti, and low ϵNd(t) values from −9.12 to −5.49 with negative zircon ϵHf(t) values from −10.84 to −2.58, resembling a typical arc magma affinity. Geochemical and isotopic data indicate that the newly identified ultramafic–mafic rocks, along with the reported Silurian mafic rocks in South China, possibly originated from the similar partial melting of an ancient subducted slab, fluid/sediment and metasomatized lithospheric mantle with varying degrees of fractional crystallization. In conjunction with other records of magmatism and metamorphism in South China, a late-orogenic extensional event led to the melting of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle in Silurian time and generated ultramafic–mafic rocks with a limited distribution along the Wuyi–Yunkai orogen and widespread late-orogenic granitic plutons in the South China Block.
Enforcing Commercial Judgments between China and South Africa in the Context of BRICS and BRI
Authors: Zhu Weidong
Published: December 2020

The frequent business transactions between China and South Africa in the context of BRICS and the Belt and Road Initiative have resulted in many commercial disputes. The ultimate resolution of such disputes requires a feasible enforcement mechanism for commercial judgments, but some obstacles remain when enforcing commercial judgments from each side. Both countries have adopted different approaches and principles to ascertain the jurisdiction of the adjudicating court, the application of reciprocity and an understanding of public policy. This article examines these obstacles by comparing the two enforcement regimes, and explores ways to overcome these obstacles and to realize the free flow of commercial judgments between both sides.
Ventilation tube non-function due to blockage in children: the frequency, course and effect on hearing. A prospective cohort study
Authors: Merven M , Loock J W , Browning G G
Published: December 2020

Objective

To assess the effect on hearing of non-functioning ventilation tubes due to blockage during the first six months post-operatively, using UK national guidelines.

Method

A prospective, observational study was conducted on 37 children who underwent bilateral ventilation tube insertion. Air and bone conduction thresholds were measured before and following surgery, and at one, three and six months post-operatively. Tube non-function was assessed by tympanometry supported by otoscopy.

Results

Post-operatively, an average of 21 per cent of ventilation tubes were non-functioning. Ears with non-functioning tubes had significantly (p = 0.0001) poorer mean air conduction thresholds than functioning tubes, with a magnitude of 6 dB HL. Ears with otorrhoea were most affected (15 per cent). At any one visit, the air–bone gap was closed to 10 dB or less in 76 per cent of ears. Non-functioning tubes reduced this to 56 per cent. Compared with tympanometry, otoscopy underdiagnosed tube non-function due to blockage by 22 per cent.

Conclusion

Non-functioning of ventilation tubes occurs frequently and can be missed on otoscopy. Although it is associated with poorer air conduction thresholds, the magnitude of this difference is unlikely to warrant further intervention unless there is otorrhoea or recurrence of bilateral hearing impairment.
Designing for international law: The architecture of international organizations 1922–1952
Authors: Bak McKenna Miriam
Published: December 2020

Situating itself in current debates over the international legal archive, this article delves into the material and conceptual implications of architecture for international law. To do so I trace the architectural developments of international law’s organizational and administrative spaces during the early to mid twentieth century. These architectural endeavours unfolded in three main stages: the years 1922–1926, during which the International Labour Organization (ILO) building, the first building exclusively designed for an international organization was constructed; the years 1927–1937 which saw the great polemic between modernist and classical architects over the building of the Palace of Nations; and the years 1947–1952, with the triumph of modernism, represented by the UN Headquarters in New York. These events provide an illuminating allegorical insight into the physical manifestation, modes of self-expression, and transformation of international law during this era, particularly the relationship between international law and the function and role of international organizations.
A Marxist Educated Kant: Philosophy of History in Kant and the Frankfurt School
Authors: Brunkhorst Hauke
Published: December 2020

In a lecture that Habermas gave on his 90th birthday he ironically, but with serious intent, called a good Kant a sufficiently Marxist educated Kant. This dialectical Kant is the only one of the many Kants who maintains the idea of an unconditioned moral autonomy but completely within evolution, history and in the middle of societal class and other struggles. The article tries to show what Kant could have learned from his later critics to enable him to become a member of the Frankfurt School’s neo-Marxist theory of society.
A Frankfurter in Königsberg: Prolegomenon to any Future non-metaphysical Kant
Authors: Finlayson James Gordon
Published: December 2020

In this article I press four different objections on Forst’s theory of the ‘Right to Justification’. These are (i) that the principle of justification is not well-formulated; (ii) that ‘reasonableness and reciprocity’, as these notions are used by Rawls, are not apt to support a Kantian conception of morality; (iii) that the principle of justification, as Forst understands it, gives an inadequate account of what makes actions wrong; and (iv) that, in spite of his protestations to the contrary, Forst’s account veers towards a version of moral realism that isprima facieincompatible with Kantian constructivism. I then evaluate Forst’s theory in the light of a distinction made by Sharon Street between restricted and unrestricted constructivism. I show that Forst has reason to deny that it is either the one or the other, but he is not able to show that it is both or neither. I conclude that the arguments Forst advances in support of his constructivist theory of the right to justification entail that it is a metaphysical and comprehensive conception in the relevant, Rawlsian sense. Forst’s theory of the right to justification therefore fails to fulfil one of the main stated aims.
Seeing Blue in Black and White: Race and Perceptions of Officer-Involved Shootings
Authors: Jefferson Hakeem , Neuner Fabian G. , Pasek Josh
Published: December 2020

Following racially charged events, individuals often diverge in perceptions of what happened and how justice should be served. Examining data gathered shortly after the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri alongside reactions to a novel officer-involved shooting, we unpack the processes by which racial divisions emerge. Even in a controlled information environment, white Americans preferred information that supported claims of a justified shooting. Conversely, Black Americans preferred information that implied that the officer behaved inappropriately. These differences stemmed from two distinct processes: we find some evidence for a form of race-based motivated reasoning and strong evidence for belief updating based on racially distinct priors. Differences in summary judgments were larger when individuals identified strongly with their racial group or when expectations about the typical behaviors of Black Americans and police diverged. The findings elucidate processes whereby individuals in different social groups come to accept differing narratives about contentious events.
Three strategies to track configurations over time with Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Authors: Verweij Stefan , Vis Barbara
Published: December 2020

Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) – a configurational research approach – has become often-used in political science. In its original form, QCA is relatively static and does not analyze configurations over time. Since many key questions in political science – and other social sciences – have a temporal dimension, this is a major drawback of QCA. Therefore, we discuss and compare three QCA-related strategies that enable researchers to track configurations over time: (1) Multiple Time Periods, Single QCA; (2) Multiple QCAs, Different Time Periods; and (3) Fuzzy-Set Ideal Type Analysis. We use existing datasets to empirically demonstrate and visualize the strategies. By comparing the strategies, we also contribute to existing overviews on how to address time in QCA. We conclude by formulating an agenda for the further development of the three strategies in applied research, in political science and beyond.
Evolution of perinatal outcomes and sociodemographic variables in Chile (1996–2017)
Authors: Mardones Francisco , Acuña José
Published: December 2020

The evolution of birth weight (BW), birth length (BL), and gestational age at delivery (GAD) and their correlation with various maternal sociodemographic variables were studied in Chilean newborns from years 1996 to 2017. A slight decrease in the mean values of these perinatal outcomes was observed; however, their risk sub-categories increased significantly, especially for GAD, indicating an important deterioration. GAD was strongly correlated with BW and BL. In the contingency tables, all sociodemographic variables, with the exemption of sex, had a higher proportion of early term 37–38-week and late pre-term 34–36-week newborns in women with a higher socioeconomic level; the strongest positive association was observed between mother’s years of education and the GAD risk category 37–38 weeks. Different maternal factors, such as a higher frequency of cesarean sections, including either obesity presence or smoking habit, could be influencing presented results.
The economic value of tropical forests in meeting global climate stabilization goals
Authors: Fuss Sabine , Golub Alexander , Lubowski Ruben
Published: December 2020

Non-technical summary

Conserving tropical forests has many benefits, from protecting biodiversity, sustaining indigenous and local communities, and safeguarding climate. To achieve the ambitious climate goals of the Paris Agreement, forest protection is essential. Yet deforestation continues to diminish the world's forests. Halting this trend is the objective of the international framework for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+). While previous studies have demonstrated the contribution of tropical forests to mitigate climate change, here we show that tropical forest protection can ‘flatten the curve’ of the costs of transition to climate stability, estimating tens of trillions of dollars in policy cost savings.
Entwicklungen in der Vollprothetik des Kniegelenkes
Authors: Mathis Dominic T. , Hirschmann Michael T.
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung. Zur Behandlung der endgradigen Arthrose hat sich der Ersatz des Kniegelenkes mit einer Knietotalprothese als wirksame und effektive Therapie erwiesen. Die Knieprothetik hat sich in den letzten Jahren stark weiterentwickelt und wird sich weiterentwickeln. Entscheidend ist es, diese Entwicklungen und Innovationen zu verfolgen und stets in Bezug auf ihre Verbesserung der Ergebnisse für unsere Patienten wissenschaftlich zu prüfen. Nicht jede Innovation führt zwangsläufig zu einer Verbesserung. Die wichtigsten Innovationen in den letzten Jahren waren vor allem Computer-gestützte operative Techniken, wie zum Beispiel die Navigation oder Robotik sowie die zunehmende Personalisierung – hier wären Patienten-spezifische Schnittblöcke oder Prothesen und individualisierte Prothesenversorgungskonzepte zu nennen. Diese Übersicht bietet eine Zusammenfassung der aktuellen Entwicklungen in der Vollprothetik des Kniegelenkes und veranschaulicht die vorherrschenden Konzepte.
Aktueller Stand der Schulterendoprothetik
Authors: Müller Sebastian A. , Taha Mohy , Müller Andreas M.
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die endoprothetische Versorgung an der Schulter hat sich als Standardverfahren zur Behandlung von Arthrose, Athropathien bei defekter Rotatorenmanschette, Frakturen und posttraumatischen Zuständen etabliert. Eine besondere Bedeutung kommt der Rotatorenmanschette zu. Bei intakter Manschette werden anatomische Prothesen durch Ersatz von Humeruskopf und Glenoid als Totalendoprothese verwendet. Die Zahl der Hemiprothesen, bei denen nur der Humeruskopf ersetzt wird, nicht jedoch das Glenoid, ist rückläufig. Bei defekter Rotatorenmanschette und Knochendefekten besteht die Möglichkeit der inversen Schultertotalendoprothese, wobei konvexer und konkaver Gelenkpartner durch den jeweils anderen ersetzt werden. Komplexe proximale Frakturen bei der geriatrischen Bevölkerung werden vermehrt mit inversen Prothesen versorgt. Eine Konversion von anatomischer zu inverser Prothese ist im Verlauf möglich. Moderne Operationstechniken, neue Implantate und präoperative dreidimensionale Planungen mit der Möglichkeit von patientenspezifischen Instrumentierungen haben das Behandlungsspektrum erweitert und die Ergebnisse verbessert. Der folgende Artikel gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Schulterendoprothetik.
Entwicklungen in der Hüftendoprothetik
Authors: Nowakowski Andrej Maria
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung. Bereits vor etwa 60 Jahren etablierte Sir John Charnley die Grundlagen der Hüftendoprothetik, wie wir sie heute noch kennen. Die Implantation künstlicher Hüftgelenke entwickelte sich seither zu einem der erfolgreichsten und sichersten medizintherapeutischen Verfahren. Wir können gute Langzeitergebnisse mit problemlosen Verläufen über Jahrzehnte hinweg nachweisen. In den letzten 20 Jahren hat insbesondere die Entwicklung und Etablierung minimalinvasiver Operationstechniken rasante Veränderungen hervorgebracht. Zusätzlich wurde das perioperative Patientenmanagement optimiert. Seitens der Implantate führten vor allem werkstoffseitige und tribologische Verbesserungen zu erfolgsversprechenden Entwicklungen. Eine Analyse möglicher Komplikationen zeigt, dass dennoch Potenzial zur Weiterentwicklung vorhanden sein dürfte, zum Beispiel im Bereich der Pfannengeometrie. Optimierungen hinsichtlich der Operationssicherheit können sicherlich durch weiterentwickelte Ausbildungskonzepte für Operateure, Operationssimulatoren, einfache Navigationshilfen zur Komponentenpositionierung etc. erzielt werden.
Examining Adherence to Suicide Reporting Guidelines in Initial Reports on High-Profile Celebrity Suicides
Authors: Kenny Therese E. , Goldfinger Sierra , Lewis Stephen P.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Background: Research has found varying adherence by media professionals to recommendations for reporting on suicide. Aims: We compared adherence to recommendations for what to do and what not to do when reporting on suicide in initial reports of high-profile celebrity suicides in major media outlets. Method: A total of 100 articles published in news outlets during 2004–2018 and reporting on celebrity suicides were examined for adherence to reporting guidelines using content analysis. Results: Articles frequently adhered to guidelines for what not to do when reporting on suicide (83%), but rarely adhered to guidelines for what to do (26%). Limitations: This study was a single cross-sectional analysis and may not generalize to different outlets, guidelines, or countries. Conclusion: While news articles frequently do not include harmful information, they also do not include potentially protective content.
Suicide Prevention Public Service Announcements
Authors: Wiglesworth Andrea , Abate Josephine P. , Klimes-Dougan Bonnie
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Background: Suicide prevention public service announcements (PSAs) help to disseminate information about suicide and help-seeking options. However, little is known about how individuals at risk for suicide recall PSAs. Aims: The current project assessed which features of suicide prevention PSAs are recalled by young adult participants and whether there are differences between those who are at low or high risk for suicide. Method: Participants ( N = 140) viewed a simulated suicide prevention billboard that consisted of a main message, help-seeking message, and graphical features. Participants provided written recollections of the billboard features approximately 15 min post-viewing, which were coded and analyzed. Results: High-risk participants were significantly less likely than low-risk participants to include a description of the help-seeking message in their written recall. Few group differences were noted in the recall of the main message or graphical features. Limitations: Recall was limited to short-term recall based on a single exposure. Efforts to enhance internal validity (e.g., measurement of suicide risk) and external validity (e.g., a balanced sample regarding sex and race) are recommended. Conclusions: Results suggest that new tactics may need to be considered when developing suicide prevention messages, including crafting help-seeking messages that are more easily committed to memory for target audiences.
Coverage of Robin Williams' Suicide in Australian Newspapers
Authors: Pirkis Jane , Currier Dianne , Bryant Marc , Bartlett Sara , Sinyor Mark , Spittal Matthew J.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Background: Australia's Mindframe guidelines provide media professionals with advice on ways to safely report on suicide. Aims: We aimed to examine the extent to which Australian newspaper articles on Robin Williams' suicide conformed to the Mindframe recommendations. Method: We searched Factiva for relevant articles appearing in Australian newspapers during the 5 months following Williams' death on August 11, 2014. We retrieved the text of these articles from Factiva and, wherever possible, sourced scanned copies from the National Library of Australia. Trained coders rated the articles for quality, using a 10-item coding framework derived from the Mindframe guidelines. Results: Our search yielded 303 articles. In general, there were high levels of adherence to the Mindframe guidelines, with 67% of articles adhering to at least eight (80%) of the Mindframe guidelines. Limitations: We may have missed some articles and the coders' task involved some subjective judgments. Conclusion: Australian newspaper reporting of Robin Williams' suicide was largely consistent with the Mindframe guidelines. In particular, there was good adherence to recommendations designed to minimize the risk of imitative acts, which is positive. The poorer performance of articles in terms of recommendations to do with public education about suicide may be a missed opportunity.
Reliability and Convergence of Conflict Effects
Authors: Whitehead Peter S. , Brewer Gene A. , Blais Chris
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Recent work in attentional control has suggested that conflict effects measured across different tasks are not reliable and by extension unrelated. The lack of correlation between these conflict effects is in juxtaposition not only to theoretical predictions of a domain-general attentional control mechanism but also to a large body of individual differences research that has used these tasks to show evidence for an attentional control construct and its relatedness to other psychological constructs. In an effort to address this, we fit hierarchical models to each task that modeled trial-to-trial variability in response times to assess the extent to which the parameter estimates for the conflict effect correlated across tasks. We compared this method of assessing shared variance to more traditional summed difference score estimates of the conflict effect by analyzing data from a large-scale individual differences experiment, in which N = 582 subjects completed a Stroop, Flanker, and Simon task. Across tasks, we found that while the reliability of the conflict was sufficiently high and the between-task conflict effect significantly correlated, the magnitude of the between-task correlation was low. We discuss the implications of these results as providing more support for a domain-specific than domain-general attentional control mechanism.
Concentrated Slip and Low Rupture Velocity for the May 20, 2012, MW5.8, Po Plain (Northern Italy) Earthquake Revealed From the Analysis of Source Time Functions
Authors: Convertito Vincenzo , Pino Nicola Alessandro , Piccinini Davide
Published: December 2020

We analyse the rupture properties of the May 20, 2012, MW5.8, Po Plain (Northern Italy) earthquake by using two different modeling procedures based on the source time functions: a forward modeling and a global inversion Bayesian method. While the forward modeling allows to retrieve general information on the source characteristics, the global inversion allows to explore a substantially larger number of possible solutions, with more parameters, providing a quantitative estimate of the misfit. We invert for the spatial slip distribution and for the rupture velocity on a planar fault model. The unknown slip is given at the nodes of the subfaults (control points) and then given at the elementary subfaults through a bilinear interpolation. The number of control points is progressively increased to move from a high‐ to low‐wavelength description of final slip on the fault plane. The optimal model parameter set is chosen according to the Akaike Information Criterion. The uncertainty on the slip distribution and rupture velocity has been estimated by a statistical analysis of the model ensemble and, in particular, through the weighted mean model and the standard deviation. We find that the most earthquake slip occurred in the regions located northeast and southwest of the hypocenter, consistent with the forward modeling. Moreover, we find a low rupture propagation velocity (0.4 compressional Mach number) similarly to what has been observed for the close 29 May, MW5.6, and radiation efficiency suggesting that half of the strain energy was used to create new fracture.
Femtosecond X‐Ray Diffraction of Laser‐Shocked Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) to 122 GPa
Authors: Kim Donghoon , Tracy Sally J. , Smith Raymond F. , Gleason Arianna E. , Bolme Cindy A. , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Appel Karen , Speziale Sergio , Wicks June K. , Berryman Eleanor J. , Han Sirus K. , Schoelmerich Markus O. , Lee Hae Ja , Nagler Bob , Cunningham Eric F. , Akin Minta C. , Asimow Paul D. , Eggert Jon H. , Duffy Thomas S.
Published: December 2020

The response of forsterite, Mg2SiO4, under dynamic compression is of fundamental importance for understanding its phase transformations and high‐pressure behavior. Here, we have carried out an in situ X‐ray diffraction study of laser‐shocked polycrystalline and single‐crystal forsterite (a‐, b‐, and c‐orientations) from 19 to 122 GPa using the Matter in Extreme Conditions end‐station of the Linac Coherent Light Source. Under laser‐based shock loading, forsterite does not transform to the high‐pressure equilibrium assemblage of MgSiO3 bridgmanite and MgO periclase, as has been suggested previously. Instead, we observe forsterite and forsterite III, a metastable polymorph of Mg2SiO4, coexisting in a mixed‐phase region from 33 to 75 GPa for both polycrystalline and single‐crystal samples. Densities inferred from X‐ray diffraction data are consistent with earlier gas‐gun shock data. At higher stress, the response is sample‐dependent. Polycrystalline samples undergo amorphization above 79 GPa. For [010]‐ and [001]‐oriented crystals, a mixture of crystalline and amorphous material is observed to 108 GPa, whereas the [100]‐oriented forsterite adopts an unknown phase at 122 GPa. The first two sharp diffraction peaks of amorphous Mg2SiO4 show a similar trend with compression as those observed for MgSiO3 in both recent static‐ and laser‐driven shock experiments. Upon release to ambient pressure, all samples retain or revert to forsterite with evidence for amorphous material also present in some cases. This study demonstrates the utility of femtosecond free‐electron laser X‐ray sources for probing the temporal evolution of high‐pressure silicate structures through the nanosecond‐scale events of shock compression and release.
The Birth of a Hawaiian Fissure Eruption
Authors: Houghton B. F. , Tisdale C. M. , Llewellin E. W. , Taddeucci J. , Orr T. R. , Walker B.H. , Patrick M. R.
Published: December 2020

Most basaltic explosive eruptions intensify abruptly, allowing little time to document processes at the start of eruption. One opportunity came with the initiation of activity from fissure 8 (F8) during the 2018 eruption on the lower East Rift Zone of Kīlauea, Hawaii. F8 erupted in four episodes. We recorded 28 min of high‐definition video during a 51‐min period, capturing the onset of the second episode on 5 May. From the videos, we were able to analyze the following in‐flight parameters: frequency and duration of explosions; ejecta heights; pyroclast exit velocities; in‐flight total mass and estimated mass eruption rates; and the in‐flight total grain size distributions. The videos record a transition from initial pulsating outgassing, via spaced, but increasingly rapid, discrete explosions, to quasisustained, unsteady fountaining. This transition accompanied waxing intensity (mass flux) of the F8 eruption. We infer that all activity was driven by a combination of the ascent of a coupled mixture of small bubbles and melt, and the buoyant rise of decoupled gas slugs and/or pockets. The balance between these two types of concurrent flow determined the exact form of the eruptive activity at any point in time, and changes to their relative contributions drove the transition we observed at early F8. Qualitative observations of other Hawaiian fountains at Kīlauea suggest that this physical model may apply more generally. This study demonstrates the value of in‐flight parameters derived from high‐resolution videos, which offer a rapid and highly time‐sensitive alternative to measurements based on sampling of deposits posteruption.
Present‐Day Kinematics in Southeastern Tibet Inferred From GPS Measurements
Authors: Wang Wei , Qiao Xuejun , Ding Kaihua
Published: December 2020

Quantifying the regional kinematics is critical for understanding the deformation mechanisms of the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we construct an elastic block model using a dense GPS velocity field to derive the fault slip rates in SE Tibet. We uncover good agreement between GPS and late Quaternary slip estimates, suggesting that the GPS slip rates estimated from our model can represent the long‐term fault motions in SE Tibet. Specifically, our model shows that the slip along the Xianshuihe fault increases from west to east, which may result from the initiation of the Longriba fault. The Litang, Zhongdian, and Xiaojiang faults and the faults bounding the Lijiang block exhibit extensional motions, in agreement with the regional tectonics and earthquake focal mechanisms. In the regions north of the Red River fault whose kinematics can be described through the rotations of subblocks with small residuals, the fault motions agree with focal mechanism patterns and tectonic block models. In regions south of the Red River fault, the right‐lateral shearing among the Red River, Lancang and Sagaing faults appears to explain the first‐order deformation features. However, the relatively large residuals and complex tectonic setting suggest that various other factors, such as asthenospheric flow and the subduction of the Burma plate may also influence the deformation. Thus, a single model extended to interpret all the geodynamic features in SE Tibet, especially south of the Red River fault, may be overly simple, and the extent to which each factor contributes to this deformation requires further study.
Lithogenic Particle Transport Trajectories on the Northwest Atlantic Margin
Authors: Hwang Jeomshik , Blusztajn Jurek , Giosan Liviu , Kim Minkyoung , Manganini Steven J. , Montluçon Daniel , Toole John M. , Eglinton Timothy I.
Published: December 2020

The neodymium isotopic composition of the detrital (lithogenic) fraction (εNd‐detrital) of surface sediments and sinking particles was examined to constrain transport trajectories associated with hemipelagic sedimentation on the northwest Atlantic margin. The provenance of resuspended sediments and modes of lateral transport in the water column were of particular interest given the energetic hydrodynamic regime that sustains bottom and intermediate nepheloid layers over the margin. A large across‐margin gradient of ∼5 εNd units was observed for surface sediments, implying strong contrasts in sediment provenance, with εNd‐detrital values on the lower slope similar to those of “upstream regions” (Scotian margin) under the influence of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC). Sinking particles collected at three depths at a site (total water depth, ∼3,000 m) on the New England margin within the core of the DWBC exhibited a similarly large range in εNd‐detrital values. The εNd‐detrital values of particles intercepted at intermediate water depths (1,000 and 2,000 m) were similar to each other but significantly higher than those at 3,000 m (∼50 m above the seafloor). These observations suggest that lithogenic material accumulating in the upper two traps was primarily advected in intermediate nepheloid layers emanating from the adjacent shelf, while that at 3,000 m is strongly influenced by sediment resuspension and along‐margin, southward lateral transport within the bottom nepheloid layer via entrainment in the DWBC. Our results highlight the importance of both along‐ and across‐margin sediment transport as vectors for lithogenic material and associated organic carbon transport.
Emissions of Reactive Nitrogen From Western U.S. Wildfires During Summer 2018
Authors: Lindaas Jakob , Pollack Ilana B. , Garofalo Lauren A. , Pothier Matson A. , Farmer Delphine K. , Kreidenweis Sonia M. , Campos Teresa L. , Flocke Frank , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Montzka Denise D. , Tyndall Geoffrey S. , Palm Brett B. , Peng Qiaoyun , Thornton Joel A. , Permar Wade , Wielgasz Catherine , Hu Lu , Ottmar Roger D. , Restaino Joseph C. , Hudak Andrew T. , Ku I‐Ting , Zhou Yong , Sive Barkley C. , Sullivan Amy , Collett Jeffrey L. , Fischer Emily V.
Published: December 2020

Reactive nitrogen (Nr) within smoke plumes plays important roles in the production of ozone, the formation of secondary aerosols, and deposition of fixed N to ecosystems. The Western Wildfire Experiment for Cloud Chemistry, Aerosol Absorption, and Nitrogen (WE‐CAN) field campaign sampled smoke from 23 wildfires throughout the western U.S. during summer 2018 using the NSF/NCAR C‐130 research aircraft. We empirically estimate Nr normalized excess mixing ratios and emission factors from fires sampled within 80 min of estimated emission and explore variability in the dominant forms of Nr between these fires. We find that reduced N compounds comprise a majority (39%–80%; median = 66%) of total measured reactive nitrogen (ΣNr) emissions. The smoke plumes sampled during WE‐CAN feature rapid chemical transformations after emission. As a result, within minutes after emission total measured oxidized nitrogen (ΣNOy) and measured total ΣNHx (NH3 + pNH4) are more robustly correlated with modified combustion efficiency (MCE) than NOx and NH3 by themselves. The ratio of ΣNHx/ΣNOy displays a negative relationship with MCE, consistent with previous studies. A positive relationship with total measured ΣNr suggests that both burn conditions and fuel N content/volatilization differences contribute to the observed variability in the distribution of reduced and oxidized Nr. Additionally, we compare our in situ field estimates of Nr EFs to previous lab and field studies. For similar fuel types, we find ΣNHx EFs are of the same magnitude or larger than lab‐based NH3 EF estimates, and ΣNOy EFs are smaller than lab NOx EFs.
First Observations of Elves and Their Causative Very Strong Lightning Discharges in an Unusual Small‐Scale Continental Spring‐Time Thunderstorm
Authors: Kolmašová Ivana , Santolík Ondřej , Kašpar Petr , Popek Martin , Pizzuti Andrea , Spurný Pavel , Borovička Jiří , Mlynarczyk Janusz , Manninen Jyrki , Macotela Edith L. , Zacharov Petr , Lán Radek , Uhlíř Luděk , Diendorfer Gerhard , Bennett Alec , Füllekrug Martin , Slošiar Rudolf
Published: December 2020

We show for the first time that elves can be produced by an unusual small‐scale continental spring‐time thunderstorm. The storm occurred in Central Europe, covered a very small area of ∼50 × ∼30 km and lasted only for ∼4 h on April 2, 2017. The fraction of intense positive cloud‐to‐ground lightning strokes was unusually high, reaching 55%, with a mean peak current of 64 kA. The peak currents of return strokes (RS) associated with elves exceeded ∼300 kA. Elves and their causative RS have been observed with different optical and electromagnetic recordings. Signatures of ionospheric disturbances indicating the presence of elves were found in measurements of displacement currents, ionospheric reflections of sferics and man‐made narrow‐band transmissions. All these electromagnetic observations coincide with four optical detections of elves and strongly suggest the occurrence of two more elves later in the decaying phase of the storm. Surprisingly, the same electromagnetic measurements indicate that other strong strokes did not produce any elves. Our simulation results show that the formation of an elve is not only determined by the high‐peak current of their causative strokes but that it is also controlled by the conductivity of the lightning channels and velocity of the current wavefront. We hypothesize that because of a lower conductivity of RS lightning channels and/or slower current waves only very strong strokes with peak currents above ∼300 kA might have been capable to produce observable elves during this thunderstorm.
Aircraft‐Based Observations of Ozone‐Depleting Substances in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere in and Above the Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Adcock Karina E. , Fraser Paul J. , Hall Brad D. , Langenfelds Ray L. , Lee Geoffrey , Montzka Stephen A. , Oram David E. , Röckmann Thomas , Stroh Fred , Sturges William T. , Vogel Bärbel , Laube Johannes C.
Published: December 2020

Recent studies show that the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone (ASMA) transports emissions from the rapidly industrializing nations in Asia into the tropical upper troposphere. Here, we present a unique set of measurements on over 100 air samples collected on multiple flights of the M55 Geophysica high altitude research aircraft over the Mediterranean, Nepal, and Northern India during the summers of 2016 and 2017 as part of the European Union project StratoClim. These air samples were measured for 27 ozone‐depleting substances (ODSs), many of which were enhanced above expected levels, including the chlorinated very short‐lived substances, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), 1,2‐dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl), and chloroform (CHCl3). CH2Cl2 mixing ratios in the tropopause region were 65–136 parts per trillion (ppt) in comparison to previous estimates of mixing ratios in the tropical tropopause layer of 30–44 ppt in 2013–2014. Backward trajectories, calculated with the trajectory module of the chemistry‐transport model CLaMS and driven by the ERA5 reanalysis, indicate possible source regions of CH2Cl2 in South Asia. We derived total equivalent chlorine (ECl), and equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC) and found that these quantities were substantially higher than previous estimates in the literature. EESC at mean age‐of‐air of 3 years based on the 2016 measurements was 1,861–1,872 ppt in comparison to a previously estimated EESC of 1,646 ppt. Our findings show that the ASMA transports larger than expected mixing ratios of long‐lived and very short‐lived ODSs into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, likely leading to an impact on the stratospheric ozone layer.
Tumor-promoting macrophages prevail in malignant ascites of advanced gastric cancer
Authors: Eum Hye Hyeon , Kwon Minsuk , Ryu Daeun , Jo Areum , Chung Woosung , Kim Nayoung , Hong Yourae , Son Dae-Soon , Kim Seung Tae , Lee Jeeyun , Lee Hae-Ock , Park Woong-Yang
Published: December 2020

Gastric cancer (GC) patients develop malignant ascites as the disease progresses owing to peritoneal metastasis. GC patients with malignant ascites have a rapidly deteriorating clinical course with short survival following the onset of malignant ascites. Better optimized treatment strategies for this subset of patients are needed. To define the cellular characteristics of malignant ascites of GC, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) from four samples of malignant ascites and one sample of cerebrospinal fluid. Reference transcriptomes for M1 and M2 macrophages were generated by in vitro differentiation of healthy blood-derived monocytes and applied to assess the inflammatory properties of TAMs. We analyzed 180 cells, including tumor cells, macrophages, and mesothelial cells. Dynamic exchange of tumor-promoting signals, including the CCL3–CCR1 or IL1B–IL1R2 interactions, suggests macrophage recruitment and anti-inflammatory tuning by tumor cells. By comparing these data with reference transcriptomes for M1-type and M2-type macrophages, we found noninflammatory characteristics in macrophages recovered from the malignant ascites of GC. Using public datasets, we demonstrated that the single-cell transcriptome-driven M2-specific signature was associated with poor prognosis in GC. Our data indicate that the anti-inflammatory characteristics of TAMs are controlled by tumor cells and present implications for treatment strategies for GC patients in which combination treatment targeting cancer cells and macrophages may have a reciprocal synergistic effect.
Methionine metabolism in chronic liver diseases: an update on molecular mechanism and therapeutic implication
Authors: Li Zhanghao , Wang Feixia , Liang Baoyu , Su Ying , Sun Sumin , Xia Siwei , Shao Jiangjuan , Zhang Zili , Hong Min , Zhang Feng , Zheng Shizhong
Published: December 2020

As one of the bicyclic metabolic pathways of one-carbon metabolism, methionine metabolism is the pivot linking the folate cycle to the transsulfuration pathway. In addition to being a precursor for glutathione synthesis, and the principal methyl donor for nucleic acid, phospholipid, histone, biogenic amine, and protein methylation, methionine metabolites can participate in polyamine synthesis. Methionine metabolism disorder can aggravate the damage in the pathological state of a disease. In the occurrence and development of chronic liver diseases (CLDs), changes in various components involved in methionine metabolism can affect the pathological state through various mechanisms. A methionine-deficient diet is commonly used for building CLD models. The conversion of key enzymes of methionine metabolism methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) 1 A and MAT2A/MAT2B is closely related to fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that by intervening related enzymes or downstream metabolites to interfere with methionine metabolism, the liver injuries could be reduced. Recently, methionine supplementation has gradually attracted the attention of many clinical researchers. Most researchers agree that adequate methionine supplementation can help reduce liver damage. Retrospective analysis of recently conducted relevant studies is of profound significance. This paper reviews the latest achievements related to methionine metabolism and CLD, from molecular mechanisms to clinical research, and provides some insights into the future direction of basic and clinical research.
Bioinspired carrier-free peptide conjugated BF2-oxasmaragdyrin dye-based nano self-assemblies: a photostable NIR cancer theragnostic agent
Authors: Laxman Kandala , Reddy B. Pradeep K. , Mishra Sumit K. , Robinson Andrea , De Abhijit , Srivastava Rohit , Ravikanth Mangalampalli
Published: December 2020

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted great interest in cancer treatment, and the quest for potential organic photothermal agents is underway owing to the nonbiodegradable nature and chronic toxicity of existing inorganic nanomaterials. Organic material-based nanoformulations with good photothermal and fluorescence properties in the near-infrared (NIR-I) window are scarce. However, porphyrins are one category of biocompatible systems that are advantageous for photothermal therapy but are currently based in the visible region, causing limited depth of tissue penetration and leading to compromised photothermal and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging applications. To overcome these limitations, we report the synthesis of L,L-diphenylalanine conjugated BF2-oxasmaragdyrin (FF-BSC) and the fabrication of monodispersed spherical self-assemblies (FF-BSC NPs) using a USP class 3 solvent-water mixture. The resulting product exhibited excellent photostability (NIR exposure), multicycle photothermal efficacy, and NIR fluorescence. In vitro studies revealed good biocompatibility, efficient cellular internalization, and photothermal efficacy. Preclinical studies of these nano-self-assemblies demonstrated nontoxicity, efficient whole-body NIRF imaging, fractional passive tumor homing, and excellent photothermal tumor ablation potential. The absorbance and fluorescence of FF-BSC NPs in NIR-I make them suitable for theragnostic applications over existing porphyrins/inorganic nanomaterials for future clinical applications.
3D projection electrophoresis for single-cell immunoblotting
Authors: Grist Samantha M. , Mourdoukoutas Andoni P. , Herr Amy E.
Published: December 2020

Immunoassays and mass spectrometry are powerful single-cell protein analysis tools; however, interfacing and throughput bottlenecks remain. Here, we introduce three-dimensional single-cell immunoblots to detect both cytosolic and nuclear proteins. The 3D microfluidic device is a photoactive polyacrylamide gel with a microwell array-patterned face (xy) for cell isolation and lysis. Single-cell lysate in each microwell is “electrophoretically projected” into the 3rd dimension (z-axis), separated by size, and photo-captured in the gel for immunoprobing and confocal/light-sheet imaging. Design and analysis are informed by the physics of 3D diffusion. Electrophoresis throughput is > 2.5 cells/s (70× faster than published serial sampling), with 25 immunoblots/mm2 device area (>10× increase over previous immunoblots). The 3D microdevice design synchronizes analyses of hundreds of cells, compared to status quo serial analyses that impart hours-long delay between the first and last cells. Here, we introduce projection electrophoresis to augment the heavily genomic and transcriptomic single-cell atlases with protein-level profiling.
Epigenetic activation of a RAS/MYC axis in H3.3K27M-driven cancer
Authors: Pajovic Sanja , Siddaway Robert , Bridge Taylor , Sheth Javal , Rakopoulos Patricia , Kim Byungjin , Ryall Scott , Agnihotri Sameer , Phillips Lauren , Yu Man , Li Christopher , Milos Scott , Patel Palak , Srikanthan Dilakshan , Huang Annie , Hawkins Cynthia
Published: December 2020

Histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27M) mutations represent the canonical oncohistone, occurring frequently in midline gliomas but also identified in haematopoietic malignancies and carcinomas. H3K27M functions, at least in part, through widespread changes in H3K27 trimethylation but its role in tumour initiation remains obscure. To address this, we created a transgenic mouse expressing H3.3K27M in diverse progenitor cell populations. H3.3K27M expression drives tumorigenesis in multiple tissues, which is further enhanced by Trp53 deletion. We find that H3.3K27M epigenetically activates a transcriptome, enriched for PRC2 and SOX10 targets, that overrides developmental and tissue specificity and is conserved between H3.3K27M-mutant mouse and human tumours. A key feature of the H3K27M transcriptome is activation of a RAS/MYC axis, which we find can be targeted therapeutically in isogenic and primary DIPG cell lines with H3.3K27M mutations, providing an explanation for the common co-occurrence of alterations in these pathways in human H3.3K27M-driven cancer. Taken together, these results show how H3.3K27M-driven transcriptome remodelling promotes tumorigenesis and will be critical for targeting cancers with these mutations.