bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: BIS(TRIMETHYLSILYL) SULFATE AS AN ORGANOSILICON SYNTHON
Authors: VORONKOV M. G. , ROMAN V. K. , MALETINA E. A.
Published: April 2016

Bis‐trimethylsilyl‐sulfat (III) liefert mit den Salzen (II) die Trimethylsilane (I) und mit den elektronenreichen Aromaten (IV) die Arylsulfonsäuren (V).
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF HYDROGEN IN NITROARENES BY PHOSPHORUS‐STABILIZED CARBANIONS
Authors: MAKOSZA M. , GOLINSKI J.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Nitroaromaten (I) werden durch "vicarious Substitution" mit den Phosphorverbindungen (II) bzw. (IV) die Substit/Ixtionsprodukte (III) bzw. (V) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: TRIVALENT‐PENTAVALENT PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS/PHOSPHAZENES. VI. DESILYLATION REACTIONS WITH 2,2,2‐TRIFLUOROETHYL DIPHENYLPHOSPHINITE
Authors: FLINDT E.‐P.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung der Titelverbindung (II) mit den N‐silylierten Iminophosphoranen (I) oder Diphosphazenen (IV) führt unter Entsilylierung und N‐P‐Verknüpfung zu den entsprechenden Phosphaz;eno‐phosphinen (III) bzw. (V).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SOME N‐SUBSTITUTED β‐AMINOETHYL ESTERS OF α‐HYDROXYPHOSPHINIC ACIDS AND THEIR METHIODIDES
Authors: GODOVIKOV N. N. , KARDANOV N. A. , CHEPAIKINA T. A. , KABACHNIK M. I.
Published: April 2016

Durch Umsetzung der Kalium‐ oder Triethylammonium‐Salze von Alkyl‐ oder Aryl‐a‐hydroxyalkyl‐phosphinsäuren (I) mit N,N‐disubstituierten ββhlorethylaminen (II) erhält man die N,N‐disubstituierten β‐Aminoethylester von α‐Hydroxyalkyl‐phosphinsäuren (III).
ChemInform Abstract: CARBON‐PHOSPHORUS HETEROCYCLES. SYNTHESIS, SEPARATION AND RESOLUTION OF STEREOISOMERS OF 1,1′‐(1,2‐ETHANEDIYL)BIS(1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDRO‐4,4‐DIMETHYL‐1‐PHENYLPHOSPHINOLINIUM) DIPERCHLORATE. THE USE OF PHOSPHORUS‐31 NMR ANALYSIS TO MONITOR THE RESOLUTION
Authors: GURUSAMY N. , BERLIN K. D.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (IIa) wird als diastereomeres Gemisch durch Cyclisierung des Bis‐[phosphonium]‐Salzes (I) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SURFACE COMPOUNDS OF TRANSITION METALS. XXIV. CHEMISTRY OF POLYFUNCTIONAL LIGANDS. LIX. COMPLEXES OF CHROMIUM(II) CHLORIDE AND SURFACE CHROMIUM(II) WITH POLYDENTATE PHOSPHORUS AND ARSENIC LIGANDS
Authors: ELLERMANN J. , HAGEN K. , KRAUSS H. L.
Published: April 2016

Dichloro‐bis‐[acetonitril]‐Cr(II) reagiert in der Schmelze mit 1,2‐Bis‐[diphenylphosphino]‐ethan quantitativ zu dem Polymeren (I) , in Ethanol/Aceton zu dem Polymeren (II), das sich mit Acetonitril in das Dimere (III) umlagert.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOADDITION OF A 1,3‐DIENE TO A CARBON‐CARBON DOUBLE BOND ASSISTED BY IRON CARBONYLS. SYNTHESIS OF AN ANTHRACYCLINONE PRECURSOR
Authors: VIOGET P. , VOGEL P. , ROULET R.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Bismethylenoxabicyclohepten (I) entstehen die Eisencarbonylkomplexe (III) bzw. (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES IN THE SYSTEM (CARBONYLMETALATE/KETENIMINE/ACID). I. IMINOACYL AND AMINOCARBENE COMPLEXES
Authors: FEHLHAMMER W. P. , HIRSCHMANN P. , MAYR A.
Published: April 2016

Die stark nucleophilen Eisen‐cyclopentadienyl‐carbonyl‐ Anionen (I) reagieren mit den Keteniminen (II) zu den Primäraddukten (III), die unter Addition des stark basischen Imino‐Stickstoffatoms an das Kohlenstoffatom eines benachbarten Carbonyl‐Liganden zu den Sekundärprodukten (IV) mit Ferraazetidinstruktur weiterreagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS. XXXV. A PACKAGE COMPOUND OF A METAL ATOM WITH A HYDROCARBON (4)(4)(4)(4)(3)(1,2,3,4,5)FERROCENOPHANE
Authors: HISATOME M. , KAWAJIRI Y. , YAMAKAWA K. , HARADA Y. , IITAKA Y.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem bekannten Keton (Ia) erhält man durch Homologisierung mit Diazomethan die beiden Ketone (II) und (III), die zu (IVa) reduziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS OF SOLID NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES. XVII. STOICHIOMETRY OF THERMAL DECOMPOSITION AND STEREOCHEMISTRY OF COMPLEX COMPOUNDS OF THE TYPE NI(NCS)2(3‐RPY)4 (R = ET, CL, BR, CN, AND NH2) AND OF THEIR DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS
Authors: JAMNICKY M. , JONA E.
Published: April 2016

Die durch Umsetzung von Ni‐nitrat und den 3‐substituierten Pyridinen in wäßriger Lösung unter Metathese oder direkt aus Ni‐isothiocyanat in Ethanol dargestellten oktaedrischen Komplexe (I) werden thermisch zersetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on the Intermolecular Interactions of Metal Chelate Complexes. Part 3. Studies on the Interactions of Ni(II) Chelates with N02.
Authors: YORDANOV N. D. , ILIEV V. , SHOPOV D.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion der Diketonatokomplexe (I) und des Oxinat‐Komplexes (IIa) mit N02 liefert freie Iminoxyradikale der Liganden.
ChemInform Abstract: The Non‐template Synthesis of Novel non‐Symmetrical, Tetradentate Schiff Bases. Their Nickel(II) and Cobalt(III) Complexes.
Authors: COSTES J.‐P. , CROS G. , DARBIEU M.‐H. , LAURENT J.‐P.
Published: April 2016

Durch Reaktion von Ethylendiamin mit einem Mol Acetylaceton wurde ein 1:1‐Kondensationsprodukt (I) erhalten, das durch Reaktion mit Salicylaldehyd in CHCl3 oder 2‐Hydroxyacetophenon in MeOH die Schiffschen Basen (II) liefert, deren Co‐ und Ni‐Komplexe (III) nach bekannter Methode dargestellt wurden.
ChemInform Abstract: THREE TYPES OF DIASTEREOMERIC SALTS CONTAINING TRIS(2,2′‐BIPYRIDINE)METAL(II) COMPLEX AND D‐TARTRATE IONS
Authors: TADA T. , KUSHI Y. , YONEDA H.
Published: April 2016

Die Zugabe des NH4‐Sa1zes von d‐Weinsäure zu einer Lösung der Tris‐[bipyridyl]‐metallchloride lieferte in allen Fällen die Salze (I) mit A‐ Konfiguration.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of (η‐C5H5)2Ni2Ru2(CO)6[C2(H)C(=CH2)CH3]. A New Heterometallic Cluster with an Uncommon Metal Atom Framework.
Authors: LANFRANCHI M. , TIRIPICCHIO A. , TIRIPICCHIO CAMELLINI M. , GAMBINO O. , SAPPA E.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung wurde durch Reaktion "von dimerem n‐Cyclopentadieny1‐carbonyl‐ Ni mit Isopropenylacetylen in Heptan (180 min Rückfluß, N2) und anschließende Umsetzung mit Ru3(CO)" (20 min Rückfluß) neben Spuren eines Komplexes der Zusammensetzung (n‐C5H5 )NiRu3 (CO)9 [C2 (H)C(=CH2)(Me)] und 5% [M‐Cs H5)‐ Ru(CO)2]2 mit 40% Ausb. erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: X‐RAY STRUCTURES OF TWO UNEXPECTED COMPLEXES ISOLATED DURING CARBONYL SUBSTITUTIONS BY PHOSPHINE LIGANDS IN DINUCLEAR BRIDGED D8 METAL COMPLEXES
Authors: KALCK P. , BONNET J.‐J. , POILBLANC R.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des Komplexes (I) mit 2 Mol Trimethylphosphin in Hexan liefert die beiden Komplexe (II) und (III), deren Strukturen röntgenkristallographisch bestimmt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: 7‐O‐(3‐Azido‐2,3,6‐trideoxy‐α‐ and ‐β‐L‐ribo‐hexopyranosyl)‐carminomycinone: Novel Analogues of Anthracycline Antibiotics.
Authors: SZTARICSKAI F. , MENYHART M. , BOGNAR R. , NESZMELYI A.
Published: April 2016

Der Azidozucker (Ia) wird acyliert zu (Ib).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Allyl‐ and N‐Benzyl Derivatives of 2‐Amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose.The Allyl Group for Protection in Carbohydrate Chemistry. Part 12.
Authors: GIGG R. , CONANT R.
Published: April 2016

In der Arbeit wird die Umwandlung von Derivaten der 2‐Benzamido‐2‐desoxy‐D‐glucose in die entsprechenden N‐Acetamidoderivate der Glucose beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Route to Alkyl 2‐Benzamido‐4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐glucopyranosides.
Authors: GIGG R. , CONANT R.
Published: April 2016

Die Phenyloxazoline der Glucofuranose (I) reagieren mit den Alkoholen (II) in guten Ausbeuten zu den Benzamidopyranosiden (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Synthesis and 13C‐NMR Spectra of Methyl β‐Glycosides of (1→4)‐β‐D‐xylo‐Oligosaccharides. Alternative Syntheses of Methylated Sugars. Part 24.
Authors: KOVAC P. , HIRSCH J.
Published: April 2016

In der Arbeit wird die stufenweise Synthese von Xylodextrinen beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of 2,1′‐Anhydro‐, 2,1′:3,6‐Dianhydro‐, and 2,1′:3,6:3′,6′‐Trianhydro‐sucrose. Sucrochemistry. Part 32.
Authors: CHIU A. K. B. , GURJAR M. K. , HOUGH L. , SINCHAROENKUL L. V. , RICHARDSON A. C.
Published: April 2016

Die Basenbehandlung der sulfonylierten Sucrosederivate (I) ergibt die 2,1 ′‐Anhydrosucrose (IIa) und nicht das 1′,4′‐Anhydrid.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF 11‐METHOXYNAUCLEFINE AND 11‐METHOXYRUTAECARPINE
Authors: ATTA‐UR‐RAHMAN ATTA‐UR‐RAHMAN , GHAZALA M.
Published: April 2016

1. 1 1‐Methoxynauclefin (IIIa) ist neben den Verbindungen (IIIb) und (IV) durch Umsetzung von Harmalin (I) mit Nicotinoylchlorid (II) zugänglich.
ChemInform Abstract: 4′‐SUBSTITUTED NUCLEOSIDES. PART 6. SYNTHESIS OF 4′‐METHOXYADENOSINE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: RICHARDS C. M. , VERHEYDEN J. P. H. , MOFFATT J. G.
Published: April 2016

Das Iodadenosinderivat (I) wird mit Phosgen zum cyclischen Carbonat (II) umgesetzt, welches zum Olefin (III) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME MIXED HALOGENOMERCURATE(II) ANIONIC COMPLEXES. VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA AND STRUCTURE
Authors: CONTRERAS J. G. , SEGUEL G. V.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelkomplexe (III) werden durch Umsetzung von HgCl2 mit dem entsprechenden Tetrapropylammonium‐Salz in Ethanol dargestellt (keine Ausb.‐Angabe).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOEMISSION OF GADOLINIUM, TERBIUM, AND THE METAL‐RICH CHLORIDES GADOLINIUM CHLORIDE (GD2CL3) AND TERBIUM CHLORIDE (TB2CL3)
Authors: EBBINGHAUS G. , SIMON A. , GRIFFITH A.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Photoelektronenspektren (AIKQ, HeI, Hell) von Gd, Tb, GdzCls und Tbz C13 folgt, daß Gd und Tb in den Verbindungen Gdz C13 und Tb, C13 die Elektronenkonfiguration 4f7 bzw. 4f3 wie in den freien Metallen und ihren Verbindungen in der Oxidationsstufe +3 haben.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF POTASSIUM SODIUM OXIDE AND RUBIDIUM SODIUM OXIDE
Authors: SABROWSKY H. , SCHROEER U. +
Published: April 2016

Zur Darstellung von KNaO werden äquimolare Gemenge von Na2O und K20 unter Ar 1 h bei 630 Kgetempert.
ChemInform Abstract: INFRARED MATRIX ISOLATION STUDIES OF THE PENTAHALOGERMANATE ANIONS
Authors: MCNAIR A. M. , AULT B. S.
Published: April 2016

Umsetzung von CsF mit GeF4 in der Gasphase unter Ar‐Verdünnung, gefolgt von schneller Kondensation in einer inerten Matrix bei 15 K führt zur Bildung des Anions GeFg in Form von Ionenpaaren mit Cs+ . Bei höheren Konzentrationen wird außerdem GeFä′ beobachtet.
ChemInform Abstract: LIQUID‐CRYSTALLINE CATION‐RADICAL CHARGE‐TRANSFER SYSTEMS
Authors: SAEVA F. D. , REYNOLDS G. A. , KASZCZUK L.
Published: April 2016

Das Pyryliumsalz (I) das eine smektische Mesophase zwischen l17‐139.5°C aufweist, bildet mit Tributylphosphin das Bipyran (II).
ChemInform Abstract: GAS‐PHASE REACTIONS. 33. REACTIONS OF CYANOGEN WITH WHITE PHOSPHORUS AND DIMETHYL DISULFIDE
Authors: BOCK H. , WITTMANN J. , MUELLER H. +
Published: April 2016

Während das Disulfid (I) bei ca. 940 Kmit Dicyan nahezu quantitativ in das Rhodanid (II) übergeht, gewinnt bei weiterer Temp.‐Steigerung die Bildung von CHZS und CH3SH immer mehr an Bedeutung.
ChemInform Abstract: MICELLAR EFFECTS UPON DEPHOSPHORYLATION BY AMIDOXIMES
Authors: BUNTON C. A. , NELSON S. E. , QUAN C.
Published: April 2016

Die aus den Amidoximen (I) erhaltenen Anionen (II) werden zur Transphosphorylierung der Phosphate (III) zu (IV) eingesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF 3‐(PHENYLTHIO)‐3‐BUTEN‐2‐ONE WITH CYCLOALKANONES. A NEW APPROACH TO FUSED PHENOLS
Authors: TAKAKI K. , OKADA M. , YAMADA M. , NEGORO K.
Published: April 2016

3jPhenylthio‐3‐′buten‐2‐on (II) kann durch Oxidation des Alkohols (I) oder aus dem Ketolacton (III) nach Behandlung mit Phenylse1enenylchlo‐ rid und Eliminierung erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: ACYLATIVE CLEAVAGE OF ETHERS CATALYZED BY TRIORGANOTIN HALIDES AND PALLADIUM(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: PRI‐BAR I. , STILLE J. K.
Published: April 2016

Tetrahydrofuran (I) reagiert mit Säurechloriden (II) in Gegenwart von Pd(II)‐Salzen und Zinnverbindungen zu den Estern (III) unter Spaltung der Etherbindung.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMILUMINESCENCE FROM A PHENOXIDE‐SUBSTITUTED 1,2‐DIOXETANE: A MODEL FOR FIREFLY BIOLUMINESCENCE
Authors: SCHAAP A. P. , GAGNON S. D.
Published: April 2016

Im Zusammenhang mit der Lumineszenz von Leuchtkäfern wird gezeigt, daß das Dioxetan (IIa), das als Öl aus dem Dioxen (Ia) durch Photooxidation in Gegenwart von Polymer‐gebundenem Bengalrosa entsteht, bei der thermischen Ring‐ Öffnung zum Diester (IIIa) eine Chemilumineszenz mit Halbwertszeiten zwischen 57 h (25°C) und 17 Jahren (‐30°C) aufweist.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMICAL GENERATION OF KETENES. AN ULTRAVIOLET AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF 1‐ AND 2‐DIAZONAPHTHALENONES AT 77 K
Authors: HACKER N. P. , TURRO N. J.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Diazoketonen (I) bzw. (III) werden bei der Photolyse die Ketene (II) gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Reduction of N‐Bromosuccinimide. Reaction Mechanism for Formation of the Succinimidyl Radical.
Authors: BARRY J. E. , FINKELSTEIN M. , MORRE W. M. , ROSS S. D. , EBERSON L. , JOENSSON L. +
Published: April 2016

Die elektrochemische Reduktion von N‐Bromsuccinimid (I) liefert das Anion (II), das mit weiterem (I) zum Radikal (III) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROCARBON OXIDATION BY HIGH‐VALENT GROUP VI OXIDES
Authors: RAPPE A. K. , GODDARD W. A. III
Published: April 2016

Mittels ab initio‐Methoden werden Mechanismen der Oxidation von Alkanen, Alkoholen und Alkenen durch Chromyl‐ und Molybdylchloride ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE FORMATION OF INTERMEDIATES IN THE ENE REACTION OF SINGLET OXYGEN WITH TETRAALKYL‐SUBSTITUTED ALKENES
Authors: ASVELD E. W. H. , KELLOGG R. M.
Published: April 2016

Aus den 4‐tert.‐Butyl‐cyclohexyliden‐4‐tert.‐butyl‐cyclohexanen (I) und (IV) entstehen mit Singulett‐Sauerstoff und durch anschließende Reduktion über die Hydroperoxide (IIa) und (IIIa) die entsprechenden Alkohole (IIb) und (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: KINETICS OF THE PYRIDOXAL‐CATALYZED DEALDOLATION AND β ELIMINATION OF SOME AROMATIC β‐HYDROXY α‐AMINO ACIDS
Authors: MARCELLO J. A. , MARTELL A. E.
Published: April 2016

Mittels 1H‐NMR wird die Titelreaktion an den p‐substituierten Phenylserinen 4‐X‐C6H4‐CH(OH)‐CH(NH2 )‐COOH (X: ‐H, ‐Cl, ‐NH2 , ‐NO, , ‐Me), an Phenylthreonin und einigen weiteren Analoga untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SIMPLE DERIVATIVES OF (2Z,4Z)‐3‐METHYL‐2,4‐HEXADIENEDIOIC ACID
Authors: JAROSZEWSKI J. W. , ETTLINGER M. G.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Baeyer‐Villiger‐Oxidation von 4‐Methyl‐1,2‐benzochinon (I) entsteht das cyclische Anhydrid (II), das mit Methanol nach weiterer Veresterung in den Diendicarbonsäurediester (IIIa) übergeführt werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: AN EFFICIENT AND HIGHLY FLEXIBLE SYNTHESIS OF α,β‐UNSATURATED Γ‐OXO ESTERS
Authors: BOEHM I. + , SCHULZ R. , REISSIG H.‐U.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Oxo‐Verbindungen (I) erhält man nach bekannten Verfahren die Trimethylsil‐ oxycyclopropane (II), die durch Bromierung zu den ungesättigten Keto‐estern (III) gespalten bzw. zu den stabilen Brom‐Verbindungen (IV) substituiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: THE PENTACYCLOPROPYLETHYL CARBOCATION
Authors: JUN Y. M. , TIMBERLAKE J. W.
Published: April 2016

Aus Tetracyclopropyl‐ethylen (I) erhält man das Epoxid (II), das mit Ameisensäure zum Keton (III) umgelagert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐NITRO KETONES. 6. SYNTHESIS AND CONFORMATION OF 2‐METHYL‐2‐NITRO‐, CIS‐ AND TRANS‐6‐METHYL‐2‐NITRO‐, AND CIS‐ AND TRANS‐2,6‐DIMETHYL‐2‐NITROCYCLOHEXANONES
Authors: DAMPAWAN P. , ZAJAC W. W. JUN.
Published: April 2016

Q‐Methyl‐cyclohexanon (I) liefert die isomeren Enolether (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF THE REACTION OF SULFUR HALIDES WITH UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS. 16. NEW TYPE OF REACTIONS OF SULFUR DICHLORIDE WITH OLEFINS
Authors: TOLSTIKOV G. A. , LERMAN B. M. , UMANSKAYA L. I. , STRUCHKOV YU. T.
Published: April 2016

Bei Einwirkung von ca. l Mol Schwefeldichlorid in einem Lösungsmittel auf 1 Mol Adamantyliden‐adamantan (I) bei O‐20°C erhält man ein Gemisch der Derivate (II)‐(IV).
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISM OF THE REACTION BETWEEN BENZYLMAGNESIUM CHLORIDE AND CARBONYL COMPOUNDS. A DETAILED STUDY WITH FORMALDEHYDE
Authors: BENKESER R. A. , SNYDER D. C.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung zwischen Benzylmagnesiumchlorid (I) und Formaldehyd (II) zu Toluol (III) und den Hydroxylverbindungen (IV)‐(VI) wird ausführlich untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: FLASH VACUUM THERMOLYSIS OF β‐OXO TRIMETHYLSILYL ENOL ETHERS. SYNTHESIS OF ALLENIC AND FURANIC DERIVATIVES
Authors: JULLIEN J. , PECHINE J. M. , PEREZ F. , PIADE J. J.
Published: April 2016

Die Diketone (I) werden in die Titelverbindungen (II) übergeführt, von denen (IIa), (IIb) und (IId) als E/Z‐Isomerengemische, die Verbindungen (IIc) als reine Z‐Isomere vorliegen.
ChemInform Abstract: PERICYCLIC REACTIONS OF PSEUDO‐TRIENES. ELECTROCYCLIZATION OF S‐BUTADIENYL SULFILIMINES
Authors: GAONI Y.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion der Butadienyl‐sulfide (I) mit Chloramin T (II) liefert die Sulfilimine (III), die photolytisch zu (IV) umgelagert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITIONS. 86. AROMATIC AZOXY COMPOUNDS AND STRAINED CYCLOALKENES
Authors: HUISGEN R. , PALACIOS GAMBRA F.
Published: April 2016

Umsetzung des Azoxybenzols (Ia) mit E‐Cycloocten (II) liefert über die Intermediärstufen (III) und (IV) (Diskussion des Mechanismus) als Endprodukt das Enhydrazin (V).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON V‐TRIAZOLES. PART III. ON THE NITRATION OF 9‐OXO‐1H,9H‐BENZOPYRANO(2,3‐D)‐V‐TRIAZOLE
Authors: BUCKLE D. R.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Nitrierung des Benzopyranotriazols (II) erhält man anstelle der erwarteten Nitroverbindung (I) das Nitrirnino‐diazo‐benzopyranyloxid (IIIa) und dessen Nitrierungsprodukt (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: 2′‐ACETOXY‐2‐HYDROXY‐5‐METHOXYBENZOPHENONE. PHOTOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS, TRANSACYLATION, AND CYCLIZATION TO 2‐METHOXYXANTHONE
Authors: DIAZ‐MONDEJAR M. R. , MIRANDA M. A.
Published: April 2016

Durch Kondensation des Säurechlorids (I) mit dem Phenol (II) wird das Benzoat (III) erhalten, das beim Bestrahlen unter Friesscher Verschiebung in die Titelverbindung (IV) übergeht, die basisch zu dem Xanthon (V) cyclisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS FOR OBTAINING 8‐AMINOELLIPTICINE: SYNTHESIS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF 8‐NITROELLIPTICINE
Authors: GANSSER C. , LEVEQUE X. , PLAT M. , VIEL C. , MERIENNE C. , MALVY C. , CROS S.
Published: April 2016

Durch Kondensation des Enamins (I) mit Pentenon (II) erhält man das Isochinolinon (III), das reduziert und zu (IV) methyliert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: INDOLIZIDINE SYNTHESIS BY TRANSANNULAR CYCLIZATION
Authors: WILSON S. R. , SAWICKI R. A.
Published: April 2016

Das Epoxi‐cycloocten (I) liefert mit Organolithiumverbindungen die Cyclooctenole (II); neben (IIb) wird leicht das Dien (III) gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF 2‐SUBSTITUTED 3‐ARYL‐3‐HYDROXYQUINUCLIDINES
Authors: BONDARENKO V. A. , TRUBITSYNA T. K. , ANISIMOVA O. S. , MIKHLINA E. E. , MASHKOVSKII M. D. , YAKHONTOV L. N.
Published: April 2016

Umsetzung von 2‐Methylen‐3‐oxo‐chinuclidin (I) mit den metallorganischen Verbindungen (II) führt je nach der Substitution von (II) zu Produktgemischen wechselnder Zusammensetzung aus den Hydroxyverbindungen (III) und den Ketoverbindungen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF NEW DERIVATIVES OF ETHYL 3H‐2‐IMINO‐7‐METHYL‐4‐OXOPYRIDO(3,2‐E)‐1,3‐THIAZINE‐6‐CARBOXYLATE AND ISOMERIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: SLADOWSKA H. , ZAWISZA T.
Published: April 2016

Der Chlor‐pyridincarbonsäureester (I) reagiert mit Thioharnstoffen (II) teilweise zu den Pyrido‐pyrimidinen (III), teilweise jedoch (nach Behandlung mit Ammoniak) zu den Pyrido‐thiazinen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: TETRACYCLIC PHENOTHIAZINES. VI (1). ATTEMPTED PUMMERER CYCLIZATION OF 10‐(2‐KETO‐3‐METHYLSULFINYLPROPYL)PHENOTHIAZINE
Authors: VISHWAKARMA L. C. , MARTIN A. R.
Published: April 2016

Phenothiazino‐essigsäureester (I) reagiert mit dem Dimsylanion (II) zum Sulfoxid (III), das in Gegenwart von Säuren nicht cyclisiert, sondern lediglich u.a. das Pummerer‐Umlagerungsprodukt (IV) bildet.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 1,3,4‐THIADIAZOLO(2,3‐C)(1,2,4)TRIAZINES
Authors: HETZHEIM A. , SCHNEIDER D.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Triazinen (I) werden die Thiadiazolotriazine (II) und sowohl aus (I) und (II) die Triaziniumsalze (III) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: REGIOSELECTIVE FUNCTIONALIZATION. 5. NITROGEN INSERTION REACTIONS OF BICYCLO(3.2.1)OCTAN‐2‐ONE. REEXAMINATION OF BRIDGEHEAD VS. METHYLENE MIGRATORY PREFERENCES
Authors: KROW G. R. , SZCZEPANSKI S.
Published: April 2016

Bicyclo[3,2,l ]octan‐2‐on (I) wird ggf. über Oxime und ihre Derivate (II), in die isomeren Lactame (III) und (IV) umgewandelt, und für (III) und (IV) werden optimale Herstellungsbedingungen ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW ANSWERS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF GLYCEROPHOSPHATIDES
Authors: PREDVODITELEV D. A. , RASADKINA E. N. , GRACHEV M. K. , NIFANT'EV E. E.
Published: April 2016

Die Darstellung der Titelverbindungen (I‐I) und (VII) wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: DIPHENYLPHOSPHINYLMETHYLTRIPHENYLPHOSPHONIUM BROMIDE
Authors: GLOYNA D.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (IIa) wird durch Umsetzung des Phosphinylmethylphosphins (I) mit Brombenzol in Gegenwart von Ni(II)‐chlorid unter Ar entweder in siedendem Benzonitril oder im Bombenrohr (bei doppelter Menge an (I)) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: THE ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY OF 2,2,4,4‐TETRAKIS(AZIRIDINYL)‐6,6,‐DICHLOROCYCLOTRIPHOSPHAZA‐1,3,5‐TRIENE, GEM‐N3P3AZ4CL2, A NOVEL ANTICANCER AGENT
Authors: GUERCH G. , LABARRE J.‐F. , SOURNIES F. , MANFAIT M. , SPREAFICO F. , FILIPPESCHI S.
Published: April 2016

Die nach bekannter Methode dargestellte Titelverbindung wird durch massen‐, IR‐, Raman‐ und 3′ P‐ NMR‐spektroskopische Daten sowie durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF ARSINIDENE COMPLEXES: ARSENIC AS A TRIGONALLY PLANAR COORDINATED BRIDGING ELEMENT IN TRINUCLEAR METAL COMPLEXES
Authors: HUTTNER G. , SIGWARTH B. , VON SEYERL J. , ZSOLNAI L.
Published: April 2016

Durch Reaktion von Arsiniden‐ Komplexen (I) mit metallorganischen Nucleophilen (II) erfolgt erstmals die Synthese von Verbindungen (III), in denen alle fünf Valenzelektronen eines uyverbrückenden As‐Atoms in die Bindung zu drei Metall‐Ligand‐Fragmenten einbezogen sind.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOPROPENES AS COMPLEX LIGANDS: METAL‐INDUCED RING OPENING AND CARBONYLATION OF A BICYCLOPROPENYL WITH FORMATION OF A TROPONE. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF TRICARBONYL(4‐7‐η4‐2,3,5,7‐TETRAPHENYL‐2,4,6‐CYCLOHEPTATRIEN‐1‐ONE)IRON
Authors: KLIMES J. , WEISS E.
Published: April 2016

Die 1:2‐molare Reaktion des Bicyclopropenyls (I) mit Nonacarbonyldieisen liefert den Titelkomplex (II).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF LABDA‐8(17),13(14)‐DIEN‐15,16‐OLIDE AND 15,16‐EPOXYLABDA‐8(17),13(16),14‐TRIENE AND THEIR REARRANGEMENTS TO CLERODANE DERIVATIVES
Authors: NAKANO T. , MARTIN A. , ROJAS A.
Published: April 2016

Die säurekatalysiesierte Labdan‐Clerodan‐UmlagerungAwird am Verhalten der Titelverbindung, des Butenolids (II) [aus dem Gemisch der bei der Oxidation von Manool mit Pyridiniumchlorochromat entstehenden Aldehyde (I) erhältlich] untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SACCHARIDES AND RELATED POLYHYDROXYLATED NATURAL PRODUCTS. 3. EFFICIENT CONVERSION OF 2,3‐ERYTHRO‐ALDOSES TO 2,3‐THREO‐ALDOSES
Authors: LEE A. W. M. , MARTIN V. S. , MASAMUNE S. , SHARPLESS K. B. , WALKER F. J.
Published: April 2016

Die jeweils aus dem Aldehyd (I) nach bekannten Verfahren zugänglichen epimeren Epoxide (II) werden über die Stufen (III) in die Acetoxy‐thioacetale (IVa) bzw. (IVb) übergeführt, aus denen 1. mit Diisobutyl‐AIH die Isopropyliden‐Zucker(V) bzw. (VII) , 2. durch Behandlung mit K2CO3 /Methanol dagegen deren Epirneren (VI) bzw. (VIII) gebildet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF CHIRAL (18O)PHOSPHOROTHIOATE ANALOGS OF ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES
Authors: RICHARD J. P. , FREY P. A.
Published: April 2016

Auf den angegebenen Wegen werden die Titelverbindungen (IV) [ausgehend von den Komponenten (I) und (II)], (VIIa) und (VIIb) [ausgehend von den Komponenten (V) und (II) sowie (Xa) und (Xb) [ausgehend von den Komponenten (V) und (VIII)] synthetisiert, die nützliche Substrate für stereochemische Untersuchungen von Phosphotransferasen sind.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF METHYL ESTERS OF (.+‐.)‐8,12‐TRANS‐Δ5‐ENE‐CIS‐9‐KETO‐13,14‐ENE‐TRANS‐15‐R,S‐HYDROXYPROSTAN# OIC ACID
Authors: PIRILLO D. , GANDINI C.
Published: April 2016

Der Ketalester (I) reagiert nach alkalischer Verseifung zur Säure (II) mit der Persäure (III) zum Anhydrid (IV), welches thermisch zum Anhydrid (V) umgelagert werden kann.
Spontaneous Aerosol Ejection: Origin of Inorganic Particles in Biomass Pyrolysis
Authors: Teixeira Andrew R. , Gantt Rachel , Joseph Kristeen E. , Maduskar Saurabh , Paulsen Alex D. , Krumm Christoph , Zhu Cheng , Dauenhauer Paul J.
Published: April 2016

At high thermal flux and temperatures of approximately 500 °C, lignocellulosic biomass transforms to a reactive liquid intermediate before evaporating to condensable bio‐oil for downstream upgrading to renewable fuels and chemicals. However, the existence of a fraction of nonvolatile compounds in condensed bio‐oil diminishes the product quality and, in the case of inorganic materials, catalyzes undesirable aging reactions within bio‐oil. In this study, ablative pyrolysis of crystalline cellulose was evaluated, with and without doped calcium, for the generation of inorganic‐transporting aerosols by reactive boiling ejection from liquid intermediate cellulose. Aerosols were characterized by laser diffraction light scattering, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, and high‐speed photography. Pyrolysis product fractionation revealed that approximately 3 % of the initial feed (both organic and inorganic) was transported to the gas phase as aerosols. Large bubble‐to‐aerosol size ratios and visualization of significant late‐time ejections in the pyrolyzing cellulose suggest the formation of film bubbles in addition to the previously discovered jet formation mechanism.
Achievable sum‐rate maximization using relay/antenna selection for MIMO two‐way AF relaying with channel uncertainties
Authors: Hu Chia‐Chang , Chen Bo‐Hung , Kao Yi‐Chi
Published: April 2016

This paper focuses on the layered relay‐and‐antenna selection (LRAS) for achievable sum‐rate (ASR) maximization while considering the impacts of residual self‐interference due to channel estimation errors in multiple‐input multiple‐output two‐way amplify‐and‐forward relaying systems. Two LRAS algorithms, namely, the Gram–Schmidt and the adaptive discrete stochastic approximation selection techniques, are investigated based on the ASR maximization under an equal power allocation. To alleviate the complexity burden of the LRAS strategies, the optimal relay and the subset of transmit‐and‐receive antenna pairs are determined by a two‐stage selection mechanism. By taking two LRAS strategies and correlated channel uncertainties into account, the development of a two‐way multiple‐input multiple‐output multi‐amplify‐and‐forward‐relay system is able to provide improved robustness against the channel state information mismatch and the residual self‐interference. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Germline recombination in a novel Cre transgenic line, Prl3b1‐Cre mouse
Authors: Al‐Soudy Al‐Sayed , Nakanishi Tsuyoshi , Mizuno Seiya , Hasegawa Yoshikazu , Shawki Hossam H. , Katoh Megumi C. , Basha Walaa A. , Ibrahim Abdelaziz E. , El‐Shemy Hany A. , Iseki Hiroyoshi , Yoshiki Atsushi , Hiromori Youhei , Nagase Hisamitsu , Takahashi Satoru , Oishi Hisashi , Sugiyama Fumihiro
Published: April 2016

Spermatogenesis is a complex and highly regulated process by which spermatogonial stem cells differentiate into spermatozoa. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of the process, the Cre/loxP system has been widely utilized for conditional gene knockout in mice. In this study, we generated a transgenic mouse line that expresses Cre recombinase under the control of the 2.5 kbp of the Prolactin family 3, subfamily b, member 1 (Prl3b1) gene promoter (Prl3b1‐cre). Prl3b1 was initially reported to code for placental lactogen 2 (PL‐2) protein in placenta along with increased expression toward the end of pregnancy. PL‐2 was found to be expressed in germ cells in the testis, especially in spermatocytes. To analyze the specificity and efficiency of Cre recombinase activity in Prl3b1‐cre mice, the mice were mated with reporter R26GRR mice, which express GFP ubiquitously before and tdsRed exclusively after Cre recombination. The systemic examination of Prl3b1‐cre;R26GRR mice revealed that tdsRed‐positive cells were detected only in the testis and epididymis. Fluorescence imaging of Prl3b1‐cre;R26GRR testes suggested that Cre‐mediated recombination took place in the germ cells with approximately 74% efficiency determined by in vitro fertilization. In conclusion, our results suggest that the Prl3b1‐cre mice line provides a unique resource to understand testicular germ‐cell development. genesis 54:389–397, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seed‐bank structure and plant‐recruitment conditions regulate the dynamics of a grassland‐shrubland Chihuahuan ecotone
Authors: Moreno‐de las Heras Mariano , Turnbull Laura , Wainwright John
Published: April 2016

Large areas of desert grasslands in the southwestern United States have shifted to sparse shrublands dominated by drought‐tolerant woody species over the last 150 yr, accompanied by accelerated soil erosion. An important step toward the understanding of patterns in species dominance and vegetation change at desert grassland–shrubland transitions is the study of environmental limitations imposed by the shrub‐encroachment phenomenon on plant establishment. Here, we analyze the structure of soil seed banks, environmental limitations for seed germination (i.e., soil‐water availability and temperature), and simulated seedling emergence and early establishment of dominant species (black grama, Bouteloua eriopoda, and creosotebush, Larrea tridentata) across a Chihuahuan grassland–shrubland ecotone (Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico, USA). Average viable seed density in soils across the ecotone is generally low (200–400 seeds/m2), although is largely concentrated in densely vegetated areas (with peaks up to 800–1,200 seeds/m2 in vegetated patches). Species composition in the seed bank is strongly affected by shrub encroachment, with seed densities of grass species sharply decreasing in shrub‐dominated sites. Environmental conditions for seed germination and seedling emergence are synchronized with the summer monsoon. Soil‐moisture conditions for seedling establishment of B. eriopoda take place with a recurrence interval ranging between 5 and 8 yr for grassland and shrubland sites, respectively, and are favored by strong monsoonal precipitation. Limited L. tridentata seed dispersal and a narrow range of rainfall conditions for early seedling establishment (50–100 mm for five to six consecutive weeks) constrain shrub‐recruitment pulses to localized and episodic decadal events (9–25 yr recurrence intervals) generally associated with late‐summer rainfall. Re‐establishment of B. eriopoda in areas now dominated by L. tridentata is strongly limited by the lack of seeds and decreased plant‐available soil moisture for seedling establishment.
Density constrains cascading consequences of warming and nitrogen from invertebrate growth to litter decomposition
Authors: Hines Jes , Reyes Marta , Gessner Mark O.
Published: April 2016

Smaller invertebrate body mass is claimed to be a universal response to climate warming. It has been suggested that body mass could also predict consumer influences on ecosystem processes in a warmer world because generalized rules describe relationships between body mass, temperature, and metabolism. However, the utility of this suggestion remains tenuous because the nutritional and physiological constraints underlying relationships between body mass and consumer‐driven processes are highly variable in realistic settings. Here we test, using a generalist invertebrate detritivore, fungi, and leaf litter, the limitations imposed by nutrition on growth and decomposition in response to global change. Strong competition for fungal food resources limited invertebrate growth and reduced body mass plasticity in response to warming and nitrogen pollution scenarios. When competition was relaxed by experimentally reducing invertebrate density, consumption of fungi promoted rapid invertebrate growth and enhanced invertebrate sensitivity to the global change scenarios, especially warming and nitrogen pollution together. Accordingly, fungi promoted invertebrate body mass plasticity and mediated consumer effects on decomposition causing the relative influence of warming and nitrogen pollution to vary across trophic levels. An important implication is that managing nitrogen pollution may alter which trophic level is most sensitive to warming.
Sensor Devices Inspired by the Five Senses: A Review
Authors: Svechtarova Mila I. , Buzzacchera Irene , Toebes B. Jelle , Lauko Jan , Anton Nicoleta , Wilson Christopher J.
Published: April 2016

Wearable devices (wearables) have recently gained significant traction and are predicted to dominate many areas of research over the next 5 years. Many wearables contain a host of sensors that feedback vital bodily parameters to a central system. Although many artificial sensors exist, the biggest challenge to medical wearables is to interface and harness the “big data” set from the human bodies own complex sensor network to better allow early diagnosis and/or treatment and prevention of diseases that have a huge economic burden on society such as type II diabetes. Cybernetics and medicine are joining their forces to overcome the new challenges in developing smarter, more intuitive and smaller sensors that interface with the human sensory system. This review is focused on the interface of devices to ion‐mediated transduction pathways both through G‐Coupled Protein Receptors and direct or mechanically transduced ion pathways.
Rapid Immunosensing of Salmonella Typhimurium Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy: the Effect of Sample Treatment
Authors: Farka Zdeněk , Juřík Tomáš , Pastucha Matěj , Kovář David , Lacina Karel , Skládal Petr
Published: April 2016

A label‐free immunosensor for rapid detection of Salmonella Typhimurium based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was developed. Specific antibody was immobilized to a screen‐printed electrode via cysteamine monolayer activated with glutaraldehyde and the impedance was measured between two gold electrodes. Different procedures for sample treatment (combinations of heat and sonication) were tested and their impact on the assay performance was compared. Atomic force microscopy was used to study the effect of the treatment on the cell shape and to confirm the specific binding of Salmonella to the sensing surface. The immunosensor allowed detection of 1×103 CFU ⋅ mL−1 in 20 min with negligible interference from other bacteria. Wide linear response was obtained in the range between 103 CFU ⋅ mL−1 and 108 CFU ⋅ mL−1. The successful detection of Salmonella in spiked milk demonstrates the suitability of sensor for the analysis of real samples.
Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography as a suitable tool for lipophilicity determination of acidic, neutral, and basic compounds
Authors: Subirats Xavier , Yuan Hui‐Ping , Chaves Verónica , Marzal Núria , Rosés Martí
Published: April 2016

In the present work, several MEEKC systems are studied to assess their suitability for lipophilicity determination of acidic, neutral, and basic compounds. Thus, several microemulsion compositions over a wide range of pH values (from 2.0 to 12.0), containing heptane, 1−butanol and different types and amounts of surfactant (SDS or sodium cholate: from 1.3 to 3.3%) are characterized using Abraham's solvation model. The addition of acetonitrile (up to 10%) is also studied, since it increases the resolution of the technique for the most lipophilic compounds. The system coefficients obtained are very similar to those of the 1−octanol/water, used as the reference lipophilicity index, allowing simple and linear correlations between the 1−octanol/water partition values (log Po/w) and MEEKC mass distribution ratios (log kMEEKC). Variations in the microemulsion composition (aqueous buffer, surfactant, concentration of ACN) did not significantly affect the similarity of the MEEKC systems to log Po/w partition.
Opt Out: An Examination of Issues
Authors: Bennett Randy E.
Published: April 2016

Media reports have recently given significant attention to the opt‐out movement, an organized effort to refuse to take standardized tests. Although the narrative often told in early press accounts was of a viral grass‐roots effort led by parents who object to state‐mandated testing, the reality has turned out to be more complicated. Through a synthesis of news accounts, research studies, survey results, and state and federal education department documents, this paper examines the opt‐out movement and some of the dynamics that appear to underlie it. Several topics are covered, including the movement's extent, the demographics of those participating in it, how much time students devote to tests, what other factors might be motivating the movement, and the level of public support for testing in general. The paper concludes with suggestions for how the assessment community might respond to the concerns raised by the movement and by the general public.
Yield Curve Forecasting with the Burg Model
Authors: Rostan Pierre , Belhachemi Rachid , Racicot François‐Eric
Published: April 2016

We introduce a versatile and robust model that may help policymakers, bond portfolio managers and financial institutions to gain insight into the future shape of the yield curve. The Burg model forecasts a 20‐day yield curve, which fits a pth‐order autoregressive (AR) model to the input signal by minimizing (least squares) the forward and backward prediction errors while constraining the autoregressive parameters to satisfy the Levinson–Durbin recursion. Then, it uses an infinite impulse response prediction error filter. Results are striking when the Burg model is compared to the Diebold and Li model: the model not only significantly improves accuracy, but also its forecast yield curves stick to the shape of observed yield curves, whether normal, humped, flat or inverted. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late‐onset major depression is associated with age‐related white matter lesions in the brainstem
Authors: Schwichtenberg Johannes , Al‐Zghloul Mansour , Kerl Hans U. , Wenz Holger , Hausner Lucrezia , Frölich Lutz , Groden Christoph , Förster Alex
Published: April 2016

Objective

Age‐related white matter lesions (ARWMLs) have been identified in various clinical conditions such as reduced gait speed, cognitive impairment, urogenital dysfunction, and mood disturbances. Previous studies indicated an association between ARWML and late‐onset major depression. However, most of these focused on the extent of supratentorial ARWML and neglected presence and degree of infratentorial lesions.

Methods

In 45 patients (mean age 73.7 ± 6.3 years, 17 (37.8%) men, 28 (62.2%) women) with late‐onset major depression, MRI findings (3.0‐T MR system, Magnetom Trio, Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany) were analyzed with emphasis on the extent of supratentorial and infratentorial, as well as brainstem ARWMLs, and compared with control subjects. ARWMLs were determined by semiquantitative rating scales (modified Fazekas rating scale, Scheltens' rating scale), as well as a semiautomatic volumetric assessment, using a specific software (MRIcron). Supratentorial and infratentorial, as well as brainstem ARWMLs, were assessed both on fluid attenuated inversion recovery and T2‐weighted images.

Results

Patients with late‐onset major depression had significantly higher infratentorial ARWML rating scores (5 (5–7) vs 4.5 (3–6), p = 0.003) on T2‐weighted images and volumes (1.58 ± 1.35 mL vs 1.05 ± 0.81 mL, p = 0.03) on T2‐weighted images, as well as fluid attenuated inversion recovery images (2.07 ± 1.35 mL vs 1.52 ± 1.10 mL, p = 0.04), than normal controls. In more detail, in particular, the pontine ARWML rating subscore was significantly higher in patients with late‐onset major depression (1 (1–2) vs 1 (1–1), p = 0.004).

Conclusions

The extent and localization of brainstem ARWML might be of importance for the pathophysiology of late‐onset major depression. In particular, this may hold true for pontine ARWML. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of fluid shear stress on the in vitro degradation of poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) acid membranes
Authors: Chu Zhaowei , Zheng Quan , Guo Meng , Yao Jie , Xu Peng , Feng Wentao , Hou Yongzhao , Zhou Gang , Wang Lizhen , Li Xiaoming , Fan Yubo
Published: April 2016

Poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) acid (PLGA) has been widely used as a biodegradable polymer material for coating stents or fabricating biodegradable stents. Its mechanism of degradation has been extensively investigated, especially with regard to how tensile and compressive loadings may affect the in vitro degradation of PLGA. Fluid shear stress is also one of the most important factors in the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis. But the effect of fluid shear stress on the degradation process is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to characterize the in vitro degradation of PLGA membranes that experienced different fluid shear stresses in 150 mL of deionized water at 37°C for 20 days. Particular emphasis was given to changes in the viscosity of the degradation solution, as well as the mechanical and morphological properties of the samples. The viscosity of the degradation solution with the mechanical loaded specimens was more severely affected than that of the control group. Increasing the fluid shear stress could accelerate the loss of the ultimate strength of PLGA membranes while it slowed down the change of the tensile elastic modulus in the early period. With regard to morphology, the surface roughness was more obviously reduced in the loaded groups. This indicated that the fluid shear stress could affect the in vitro degradation of PLGA membranes. Therefore, this study could help improve the design of PLGA membranes for biomedical applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2016.
Long‐Term Effect of Rifampicin‐Based Anti‐TB Regimen Coadministration on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Efavirenz and 8‐Hydroxy‐Efavirenz in Ethiopian Patients
Authors: Habtewold Abiy , Aklillu Eleni , Makonnen Eyasu , Amogne Wondwossen , Yimer Getnet , Aderaye Getachew , Bertilsson Leif , Owen Joel S. , Burhenne Jürgen
Published: April 2016

We compared the pharmacokinetic (PK) exposure parameters of efavirenz (EFV) and its major inactive metabolite, 8‐hydroxy‐efavirenz (8‐OH‐EFV), in an open‐label, single‐sequence, and parallel design of HIV‐infected and tuberculosis (TB)‐HIV‐coinfected Ethiopian patients in the HIV‐TB Pharmagene study with 20 and 33 patients, respectively. Both treatment groups underwent PK sampling following oral 600 mg EFV in week 16 of initiating EFV‐based combination antiretroviral therapy. The TB‐HIV‐coinfected group repeated the PK sampling 8 weeks after stopping rifampin (RIF)–based anti‐TB treatment. Between‐treatment group analysis indicated no significant effect of RIF‐based anti‐TB cotreatment on PK exposure parameters of EFV, nor was there a significant effect after controlling for sex or CYP2B6 genotype. However, RIF‐based therapy in TB‐HIV‐coinfected patients had significantly increased 8‐OH‐EFV PK exposure measures and metabolic ratio relative to HIV‐only patients, AUC0–24 greater by 79%. The effect was more prominent in women and CYP2B6*6 carriers in within‐sex and CYP2B6 genotype comparisons. Within‐subject comparisons for AUC0–24 and Cmax when “on” and “off” RIF‐based anti‐TB cotreatment showed geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) of 100.5% (98.7%–102.3%) and 100.2% (98.1%–102.4%), respectively, for EFV and 98.6% (95.5%–101.7%–) and 97.6% (92.2%–103.0%), respectively, for 8‐OH‐EFV. We report no significant influence of RIF‐based anti‐TB cotherapy on the EFV PK exposure measures. The study also calls for caution related to higher exposure to 8‐OH‐EFV during simultaneous coadministration of EFV and RIF‐based anti‐TB regimens, which may be associated with neurotoxicity, particularly in female patients and CYP2B6*6 carriers.
Synthesis of isotopically labelled 2‐isopropylthioxanthone from 2,2′‐dithiosalicylic acid and deuterium cumene
Authors: Fang Chao , Yang Weicheng , Yang Chao , Wang Haoran , Sun Kai , Luo Yong
Published: April 2016

Two efficient synthetic routes of stable deuterium labelled 2‐isopropylthioxanthone were presented with 98.1% and 98.8% isotopic abundance in acceptable yields and excellent chemical purities. Their structures and the isotope‐abundance were confirmed according to proton nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Young patients with synchronous colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Smith James D. , Lowery Maeve A. , Fell David , Gallagher David J. , Nash Garrett M. , Kemeny Nancy E.
Published: April 2016

Background

An increasing proportion of patients are presenting with colorectal cancer at an early age. A proportion of these occur with genetic syndromes; however the majority present as sporadic. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prognosis and treatment of young patients with sporadic metastatic colorectal cancer.

Methods

Following IRB approval, patients with sporadic metastatic colorectal cancer at 40 years or under were identified. Patient charts and pathology reports were analyzed retrospectively for clinical and pathological factors.

Results

Three hundred and two patients were identified; 148 with liver metastases only, and 154 with extra‐hepatic disease. Five‐year overall survival was 19%, 28% for liver only disease, and 12% for extrahepatic disease. For patients with liver metastases only, factors associated with survival on univariable analysis included diagnosis in the 2000's, unilobular hepatic disease, smaller volume liver metastases, intrahepatic pump chemotherapy, resection of the primary, and resection of liver metastases. On multivariable analysis factors associated with survival included resection of the primary, resection of liver metastases, and diagnosis in the 2000's.

Conclusion

Sporadic metastatic colorectal cancer in young patients appears to have a similar prognosis to that in older patients. The most significant prognostic factor was the ability to resect all sites of disease. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:473–476. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CO2‐Breathing Induced Reversible Activation of Mechanophore within Microgels
Authors: Li Meng , Lei Lei , Zhang Qi , Zhu Shiping
Published: April 2016

In this work, CO2‐breathing induced reversible activation of mechanophore within microgels is reported. The microgels are prepared through soap‐free emulsion polymerization of CO2‐switchable monomer 2‐(diethylamino)ethyl‐methacrylate, using spiropyran (SP) based mechanophore MA‐SP‐MA as cross‐linker. The microgels can be swollen by CO2 aeration. The swelling of microgels activates the SP mechanophore into merocyanine, causing distinguished color and fluorescence change. Moreover, these transitions are highly reversible, and the initial states of microgels can be easily recovered by “washing off” CO2 with N2. The present contribution represents the first example of CO2‐breathing activation of mechanophore within microgels.

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