bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Kingdom of Heaven and the Temporal Kingdoms: Controversy between V.S. Solovyov and Antony (Khrapovitsky)
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Vorozhikhina Ksenia
Published: July 2021

The article considers the controversy between philosopher V.S. Solovyov and Antony (Khrapovitsky) on the relationship between the Kingdom of Heaven and temporal kingdoms, i.e. about the relationship between the church and the state. The study touches upon certain biographical moments – the circumstances of the acquaintance and the first meeting of Solovyov and Antony, as well as the history of their personal communication. The article analyzes in detail Antony’s criticism of the book “Russia and the Universal Church”, written in French, which was banned in Russia, examines the dispute between the philosopher and the future church hierarch about the nature of the church, about the essence of Christian love, true Christianity, the essence of papist teaching and the truth and untruth of Catholicism. The research methodology involves a comprehensive historical and philosophical analysis of sources. In order to analyze the basic concepts discussed in polemics (“church”, “state”, “love”, etc.), to trace the ideas of thinkers, it is necessary to see the integrity of their worldview and views, and for this to carry out a certain synthesis based on the corpus of works, as well as public letters and personal correspondence of the authors. At the same time, philosophical and categorical analysis is required to clarify the discussed ideas and concepts. In addition, the research involved the methods of historical and philosophical reconstruction, comparative analysis, systematization of conclusions and results, as well as historical and biographical analysis. As a result of the study, the author examines personal relationships between Solovyov and Antony, which remained respectful and friendly, despite the worldview and ideological differences, as well as the controversy of the philosopher and the hieromonk about the Kingdom of God and the temporal kingdoms, about common good and personal salvation. Solovyov’s theocratic project, which presupposes the transformation of the Christian state into a universal church, was unacceptable to Anthony, who believed that church and state should be separated in order to avoid the redemption of the church. If Solovyov is convinced that individual salvation is impossible without concern for the common good, that salvation is carried out in the collective organism of mankind, Antony comes to the conclusion that for a Christian concern for his own soul is primary, and the common good by itself grows around the righteous.
Text-Mentative in Russian Literature of the XX-XXI Centuries
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Theater Institute, Russian Federation, Glembotskaya Yana , Kuznetsov Ilya ,   Novosibirsk State Theater Institute, Russian Federation
Published: July 2021

The subject of the article is the text-mentative and its functioning in the Russian literature of the XX-XXI centuries. The concept of ‘mentative’ (which appeared in linguistics since the beginning of the XXI century by analogy with ‘narrative’) means a text with a mental reference, dialogically responding to the word and thought of the other. In linguistics, there is a typology of communicative strategies of the mentative in relation to the speech of the other. There are 8 strategies, they are equal logically, but unequal in dialogical and, consequently, heuristic relations. In Russian fiction, the text-mentative was established in the middle of the XIX century. That was due to the beginning of the stage of convergence of the artistic and non-artistic word in Russian literary evolution. The novel “War and Peace” by L. Tolstoy, containing multiple mentative fragments and entire chapters, became a clear sign of the mentative appearance in fiction. The stage of convergence of the artistic and non-artistic word continued until the end of the XX century, and all this time the specific weight and importance of the mentative in Russian fiction were steadily increasing. The article shows functioning of the mentative in the ideologically and artistically most important works of Russian literature of the mid – late XX century. These are novels by B. Pasternak “Doctor Zhivago”, A. Bitov “Pushkin’s House”, V. Pelevin “Generation ‘P’”, A. Chudakov “The Mist Falls on the Old Steps”, texts by A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Rasputin, V. Makanin. In all these works, the mentative allows us to formulate the key thoughts for the self-consciousness of the XX century Russian literature: morality, truth, the meaning of life and the danger of consumerism. In the XXI century, in the works by M. Kucherskaya, E. Chizhova, E. Vodolazkin, the mentative also occupies a large place, appearing in ideologically important fragments of works. As a result of the above, it is concluded that the role of the mentative in Russian literature of the XX century was steadily increasing. The authors of the article suppose that we witness starting of the stage of mental thematization of writing in the Russian literary evolution in the XXI century.
Teenage Suicide as a Reflection of the Realities of the Modern Information Society
Authors:   Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management, Russian Federation, Solovyova Kristina
Published: July 2021

The article presents the actual problem of teenagers’ suicides as a reflection of the realities of the modern information society. The research methodology was made up of a general scientific method, namely the analysis of scientific literature on the research topic, as well as methods of statistical data analysis, which made it possible to prove that the modern information society increases the threats in the field of adolescent suicide. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the individual psychological characteristics of children and teenagers affect the formation of their propensity for suicidal behavior. In adolescence, children have not yet formed an adequate attitude towards death, which can lead to committing suicide for seemingly insignificant reasons.The main conclusion that we have made basing on the results of the study is the following: adolescence is a very dangerous and unstable period in the development of an individual. Social structure, environment, various events - all these things can have a detrimental effect on the vulnerable, fragile psyche of a teenager.The Internet is a separate and very significant threat, as the global network contains dangerous content. In a modern fragmented society, a teenager is usually left to himself, and if, at the same time, he does not have an emotional contact with his parents (and this contact, as a rule, is absent during this period even in fairly prosperous families), then the teenager has no one to share his experiences or consult.Thus, an unhealthy society creates unhealthy conditions for the development of future generations, and as a result, modern children choose death without even knowing life.
Development of a hardware and software complex for speech analysis and correction
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Borovikova Daria , Grishin Oleg ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Nenko Anastasia ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Yupashevsky Anton ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Kazmina Anna ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Markov Artem ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Metsler Konstantin ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation
Published: July 2021

In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of people suffering from functional disorders of voice, usually caused by a psychoemotional stress. Such disorders bring significant discomfort to a person's life as they reduce their communication and social adaptation capacitty, which in turn increases the psychoemotional load. As a result, functional disorders are fixed by the vicious circle mechanism o and can be transformed into the pathology of the speech apparatus. The main method of diagnosis remains expert assessment, which directly depends on the professional skills of a specialist in working with voice. In this connection, the issue of developing such systems for diagnosing voice-speech disorders that would allow for an objective assessment based on the processing of voice-speech characteristics, as well as to identify the violation in time and prevent the development of pathology, is relevant. Such methods and systems can be useful both for diagnostics and for monitoring the effectiveness of voice therapy. The existing methods of hardware diagnostics have not yet found their application in practice due to their inconsistency with the results of expert evaluation. In this paper, we propose a new concept of hardware and software complex for the analysis of voice based on acoustic characteristics of a set of harmonics of the voice signal. A VASA (Voice and Speech Analyzing system) complex has been developed that provides an automatic analysis of the amplitudes of the first 16 harmonics. The tests performed on three volunteers showed a high level of reproducibility and repeatability (within 10 % < %R&R < 30 %), sufficient for conducting comparative studies on healthy people and people with functional speech disorders.
The structure and features of the software for geophysical geometrical 3D inversions
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Vagin Denis
Published: July 2021

The structure and features of a software package for 3D inversion of geophysical data are considered. The presented software package is focused on solving direct and inverse problems of electrical exploration and engineering geophysics. In addition to the parameters that determine physical properties of the medium, the software package allows you to restore the geometry parameters of the geophysical model, namely layer reliefs and boundaries of three-dimensional inclusions. The inclusions can be in the form of arbitrary hexagons or prisms with a polygonal base. The software package consists of four main subsystems: an interface, subsystems for solving direct and inverse problems, and a client-server part for performing calculations on remote computing nodes. The graphical interface consists of geophysicist-oriented pre- and postprocessor modules that allow you to describe the problem and present the results of its solution in user-friendly terms. To solve direct problems, the finite element method and the technology for dividing the field into normal and anomalous components are used. At the same time, special methods of discretization of the computational domain are used, which make it possible to take into account both the complex three-dimensional structure of the environment and the presence of man-made objects (wells) in the computational domain. To increase the efficiency of solving direct problems, nonconforming grids with cells in the form of arbitrary hexahedrons are used. Methods for efficient calculation of derivatives (with respect to these parameters) necessary for solving inverse problems by the Gauss-Newton method are also described for the geometry parameters. The main idea for efficient derivatives computation is to identify the effect of changing the value of the parameter (used to compute the value of the generalized derivative) on the problem. The main actions performed by the subsystem for solving inverse problems and the features associated with the processing of geometry parameters are described.
Problems of nonparametric goodness-of-fit test application in tasks of measurement results processing
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Lemeshko Boris , Lemeshko Stanislav ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation
Published: July 2021

It is argued that in most cases two reasons underlie the incorrect application of nonparametric goodness-of-fit tests in various applications. The first reason is that when testing composite hypotheses and evaluating the parameters of the law for the analyzed sample, classical results associated with testing simple hypotheses are used. When testing composite hypotheses, the distributions of goodness-of-fit statistics are influenced by the form of the observed law F(x, q) corresponding to the hypothesis being tested, by the type and number of estimated parameters, by the estimation method, and in some cases by the value of the shape parameter. The paper shows the influence of all mentiomed factors on the distribution of test statistics. It is emphasized that, when testing composite hypotheses, the neglect, of the fact that the test has lost the property of “freedom from distribution” leads to an increase in the probability of the 2nd kind errors. It is shown that the distribution of the statistics of the test necessary for the formation of a conclusion about the results of testing a composite hypothesis can be found using simulation in an interactive mode directly in the process of testing. The second reason is associated with the presence of round-off errors which can significantly change the distributions of test statistics. The paper shows that asymptotic results when testing simple and composite hypotheses can be used with round -off errors D much less than the standard deviation s of the distribution law of measurement errors and sample sizes n not exceeding some maximum values. For sample sizes larger than these maximum values, the real distributions of the test statistics deviate from asymptotic ones towards larger statistics values. In such situations, the use of asymptotic distributions to arrive at a conclusion about the test results leads to an increase in the probabilities of errors of the 1st kind (to the rejection of a valid hypothesis being tested). It is shown that when the round-off errors and s are commensurable, the distributions of the test statistics deviate from the asymptotic distributions for small n. And as n grows, the situation only gets worse. In the paper, changes in the distributions of statistics under the influence of rounding are demonstrated both when testing both simple and composite hypotheses. It is shown that the only way out that ensures the correctness of conclusions according to the applied tests in such non-standard conditions is the use of real distributions of statistics. This task can be solved interactively (in the process of verification) and rely on computer research technologies and the apparatus of mathematical statistics.
Building robust neural networks using different loss functions
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation, Sivak Maria , Timofeev Vladimir ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russian Federation
Published: July 2021

The paper considers the problem of building robust neural networks using different robust loss functions. Applying such neural networks is reasonably when working with noisy data, and it can serve as an alternative to data preprocessing and to making neural network architecture more complex. In order to work adequately, the error back-propagation algorithm requires a loss function to be continuously or two-times differentiable. According to this requirement, two five robust loss functions were chosen (Andrews, Welsch, Huber, Ramsey and Fair). Using the above-mentioned functions in the error back-propagation algorithm instead of the quadratic one allows obtaining an entirely new class of neural networks. For investigating the properties of the built networks a number of computational experiments were carried out. Different values of outliers’ fraction and various numbers of epochs were considered. The first step included adjusting the obtained neural networks, which lead to choosing such values of internal loss function parameters that resulted in achieving the highest accuracy of a neural network. To determine the ranges of parameter values, a preliminary study was pursued. The results of the first stage allowed giving recommendations on choosing the best parameter values for each of the loss functions under study. The second stage dealt with comparing the investigated robust networks with each other and with the classical one. The analysis of the results shows that using the robust technique leads to a significant increase in neural network accuracy and in a learning rate.
A parabolic model in the form of space states of the dynamics of savings
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Abdenova Gaukhar , Bazikova Karlygash ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kenzhegalym Zhangul ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan
Published: July 2021

An important place in the theory of partial differential equations and its applications is occupied by the heat equation, a representative of the class of the so-called parabolic equations. It is known that to check the correctness of a mathematical model based on a parabolic equation, the existence of its solution is very important since a mathematical model is not always adequate to a specific phenomenon and the existence of a solution to a corresponding mathematical problem does not follow from the existence of a solution to a real applied problem. Therefore, methods for solving partial differential equations, both analytical and numerical, are always relevant. Nowadays, a computational experiment has become a powerful tool for theoretical research. It is carried out over a mathematical model of the object under study, but at the same time, other parameters are calculated using one of the parameters of the model and conclusions are drawn about the properties of the object or phenomenon under study. The problem of passive parametric identification of systems with distributed parameters for resource accumulation dynamics of many households using a stochastic distributed model in the form of a state space with regard to the white noise of the dynamics model of the object under study and the white noise of the model of a linear-type measuring system is considered in the paper. The use of the finite difference method allowed us to reduce the solution of partial differential equations of a parabolic type to the solution of a system of linear finite difference and algebraic equations represented by models in the form of a state space. It was also proposed to use a filtering algorithm based on the Kalman scheme for reliable estimation of the object behavior. Calculations were carried out using the Matlab mathematical system based on statistical data for five years, taken from the site “Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan Bureau of National Statistics”. Estimation of the coefficients of the equations for the household resource accumulation in the form of a state space using this technique is sufficiently universal and can be applied in other fields of science and technology.
A Linguistic and Stylistic Analysis of Ted Hughes’s “Hawk Roosting”
Authors: Ghazzoul Nahed
Published: July 2021

The world of birds in Ted Hughes poems has always been the subject of a controversy and critical interest. His attempts to majestify their violence, and project their terrifying and brutal traits might tend to give the impression that the poet is the envoy of terror. However, a closer inspection indicates that the bird-of-prey-world is boldly a foil to project human concerns and moral behaviour. This study provides a linguistic and stylistic analysis of the poem “Hawk Roosting”. Metonymically, the figure of the Hawk in the poem stands for birds of prey, and allegorically, it refers to political dictators in human history. The study, and for the first time, applies the concept of mind style, dramatic monologues and mask lyrics in its analysis to reflect the Hawk’s strange psychology and worldview depending on the rhythmic form and stylistic features. Thus, the study shows how distinctive linguistic features—such as, the use of pronouns, simple present tense, polysemy, enjambment, and deviant constructions among others—relate to the mental representation of the Hawk’s world. This view indicates that there would always be a Hawk to plague, or a dictator to rule, no matter where you are, or which time you live in.
Water as a Symbol of “Shāntih” in T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land: An Upanishadic Reading
Authors: Bhatta Damaru Chandra
Published: July 2021

This paper tries to explore jivātmās' (souls' or individual selves') spiritual journey from bondage to liberation for “Shāntih” (Peace), especially represented by the symbol of water in T. S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land from the viewpoint of the principal Upanishads. The ultimate goal of life is to attain "Shāntih," Brahma, or moksha (liberation). This is symbolized through the search for water in the poem. Thus, the search for water is the search for "Shantih." The poem is influenced by the fundamental concept of the Upanishads that it is impossible to attain moksha without breaking the ignorance or the materialistic thinking that we are body and mind, made especially for sexual pleasures. We need to follow the eternal teachings of the Brihadāranyaka Upanishad—give charity or donation ("Datta"), be kind ("Dayadhvam"), and control yourself ("Dāmyata")—to achieve liberation from different kinds of sufferings as expressed in the poem. Eliot suggests that the knowledge and implementation of these spiritual values could help humanity to be free from the bondage of mundane desires, which are the causes of sufferings. Thus, this paper tries to analyze the poem from the viewpoint of the principal Upanishads to widen the horizon of knowledge for the benefit of humankind and to understand Eliot scholarship by crossing the boundaries of the Western culture.
Efeitos de Fatores Comportamentais no Desempenho da Tarefa de Peritos Contábeis Judiciais
Authors: Corrêa dos Santos Alexandre , Maria Beuren Ilse , Maria Beuren Ilse
Published: July 2021

Objetivo: O estudo objetiva analisar os efeitos do estilo de tomada de decisão, da flexibilidade cognitiva e dos traços de personalidade no desempenho da tarefa de peritos contábeis judiciais.

Método: Uma survey foi realizada com peritos contábeis judiciais, o que resultou em uma amostra final de 259 respostas válidas. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se a técnica de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais, por meio do software Smart PLS, versão 3.

Resultados: Os resultados apontam que os fatores comportamentais flexibilidade cognitiva e traços de personalidade influenciam positivamente no desempenho da tarefa, enquanto o fator estilo de tomada de decisão apresenta relação negativa.

Contribuições: Esse estudo contribui ao sinalizar que é preciso expandir o escopo de análises do desempenho da tarefa para além de estudos positivistas, ou seja, não se pode presumir que um indivíduo possa melhorar seu desempenho unicamente por comandos racionais de trabalho. Portanto, abre caminhos de investigação e incentiva a busca de novas abordagens e construtos para explicar os comportamentos relacionados ao desempenho da tarefa de indivíduos.
Memorias en contexto. Más allá de la literalidad de las palabras
Authors: Suárez Andrés Fernando
Published: July 2021

La memoria puede ser fuente para esclarecer el contexto histórico, pero también ese contexto puede aportar a la comprensión de la memoria, así que sus significados y sus reclamos solo pueden ser entendidos si se tienen en cuenta las condiciones bajo las cuales se hace memoria. A partir de la propuesta conceptual y metodológica de Alessandro Portelli, se describen los énfasis y los silencios más recurrentes en la memoria de las víctimas del conflicto armado luego de una década de implementación institucional de la justicia transicional en Colombia, y propone herramientas interpretativas basadas en una lectura de contexto para entenderlos más allá de su literalidad narrativa. Los énfasis y los silencios en las memorias de las víctimas están profundamente imbricados con sus experiencias, con la dura realidad de una violencia que se instala en la cotidianidad de las víctimas como único referente para sobrevivir y para reclamar contra lo incomprensible y lo inimaginable.
¿Es la pobreza mundial un problema de justicia para los países más ricos?
Authors: Cortés Rodas Francisco
Published: July 2021

En la literatura filosófica sobre justicia global, ha habido un largo debate sobre lo que los países más ricos del mundo deben a los ciudadanos de los países más pobres. Algunos han argumentado que los países más ricos tienen deberes positivos de beneficencia para ayudar a los más pobres, mientras que otros han afirmado que los primeros tienen solamente deberes negativos de no causarles daño. En este artículo se expondrán tres posiciones que serán cuestionadas al final: el neoliberalismo, el liberalismo estatista y los teóricos de la justicia global. Se tratará de investigar si es posible establecer algún tipo de responsabilidad por los daños causados a los países más pobres por los más ricos y si esa responsabilidad puede atribuirse a determinados agentes como gobiernos, multinacionales y élites locales. Se trata de criticar las concepciones liberales de justicia redistributiva porque no dan cuenta de los problemas estructurales de poder que determinan las injusticias y se busca proponer una visión posliberal de justicia que sirva al fin de la transformación de las relaciones dominantes de poder.
Los fundamentos ontológicos del cambio paradigmático de políticas públicas y sus implicaciones teóricas
Authors: Zamora-Aviles Edgar Alberto
Published: July 2021

Este trabajo problematiza los fundamentos ontológicos de algunas explicaciones del cambio paradigmático de políticas públicas. Se realiza una revisión de literatura utilizando la tipología de fundamentos ontológicos para la explicación causal propuesta por Patrick Jackson, para mapear distintas explicaciones del cambio paradigmático de políticas públicas. Se argumenta que el desacuerdo persistente sobre el cambio paradigmático de políticas y sobre el concepto de paradigma se debe a diferencias en los fundamentos ontológicos de las teorías. Este desacuerdo es herencia parcial de Peter Hall porque en su trabajo existe ambigüedad entre dos explicaciones causales ontológicamente diferentes: una que da lugar a considerar que el cambio paradigmático puede ser incremental y otra que lo sitúa como de naturaleza diferente al aprendizaje social. En términos de teorías sustantivas, esta diferencia ontológica se expresa entre enfoques más centrados en las instituciones —y los actores— y enfoques más centrados en las ideas para explicar el cambio paradigmático de políticas públicas. Esto contribuye a aclarar ciertas discusiones sobre la interacción ideas-instituciones en los procesos de cambio gradual-acumulativo teorizados recientemente.
La persona que me ayuda en la casa. Trabajo de cuidado doméstico remunerado, culturas y prácticas políticas en capas medias habaneras
Authors: Gámez Pérez Irenia
Published: July 2021

La problemática de los cuidados —remunerados y no remunerados— es un tema poco presente en las esferas públicas cubanas. A partir de un estudio de caso de carácter exploratorio, cualitativo y constructivista, este artículo propone un acercamiento a las formas en que el trabajo doméstico y de cuidado remunerado se define al interior de las culturas y prácticas políticas de un grupo de pequeños y medianos propietarios(as) de negocios privados que pertenecen a las capas medias habaneras. Dicha investigación develó la feminización naturalizada del trabajo doméstico remunerado, el uso de formas de contratación verbal y la distorsión en las relaciones laborales hacia «relaciones familiares», lo cual viene acompañado de vulneración de derechos, precariedad y desamparo legal en un escenario de sombras y silencios, tanto por parte del Estado cubano como por la sociedad en general.
The capacity of informal caregivers in the rehabilitation of older people after a stroke
Authors: Predebon Mariane Lurdes , Dal Pizzol Fernanda Laís Fengler , Dos Santos Naiana Oliveira , Bierhals Carla Cristiane Becker Kottwitz , Rosset Idiane , Paskulin Lisiane Manganelli Girardi
Published: July 2021

Objective. To characterize informal caregivers of dependent older people after a stroke related to aspects of care, and to describe the activities performed and the difficulties faced by these caregivers.

Methods. Cross-sectional, descriptive study, held in southern Brazil with 190 informal caregivers of older adults after stroke. The sociodemographic data instrument and the Capacity Scale for Informal Caregivers of Elderly Stroke Patients (ECCIID-AVC), adapted and validated for use in Brazil by Dal Pizzol et al., were used.

Results. Most caregivers were women (82.6%) or children (56.3%), had average schooling of 9.6 years, and the majority (68.3%) provided care for people with moderate to severe disability. The main activities carried out included: providing materials and/or support for eating (99%), dressing (98.4%), and administering medications (96.2%). Caregivers had the most difficulty with transferring and positioning activities.

Conclusion. Most caregivers have adequate capacity to provide essential care to the dependent older adult after a stroke. However, a significant portion had difficulty in the activities of transferring and positioning the older person due to the lack of guidance regarding the posture to carry out these activities. The assessment of nurses regarding the activities performed and the difficulties faced by caregivers is an important strategy to identify problems and effectively attend to the needs of these individuals at all levels of health care.
The Issue of the Continuity and Discontinuity of the Historical Process in Russian Religious Philosophy
Authors: Medovarov M.V.
Published: July 2021

This article considers the issue of the continuity and discontinuity of the historical process within the legacy of the Russian philosophers of the first half of the twentieth century. Its main task is to reconstruct their understanding of the category of discontinuity in relation to social sciences and the humanities in the works of N.V. Bugaev, V.G. Alekseev, P.A. Florensky, V.F. Ern, and L.P. Karsavin. This task is accomplished by carrying out a comparative historical study of the works of these philosophers in the context of their mutual influence and of how the given topics are developed. The research, which was conducted mainly on the existing historiography of the Moscow School of Philosophy and Mathematics, identifies a number of lacunae regarding the category of continuity/discontinuity. While this issue was first raised by Nikolai Bugaev and Vissarion Alekseev, it was Pavel Florensky who suggested a solution to the problem by applying the theory of discontinuous functions used in arithmology to the historical process. Florensky’s efforts were initially fruitless, however, and it was not until after 1905 that he succeeded in doing so. It has been proven that Vladimir Ern radicalized Florensky’s thoughts and made significant progress in understanding the topic of discontinuity within the historical process and the progress of mankind. Considerable attention is also paid to the reasons for the repressions enacted against the Moscow school during the Soviet period. Finally, Lev Karsavin’s relationship with this line of study of discontinuity in Russian philosophy is clarified and the place of Karsavin’s early and late works in the study of the category of continuity and discontinuity in the history of mankind is also considered. The conclusion of this article deals with the relevance of this legacy of Russian philosophers in contemporary epistemology and the methodology of history.
Chelpanov: The Psychologist as a Realist Neo-Kantian
Authors: Nemeth T.
Published: July 2021

This essay explores the writings of Georgij Chelpanov, who recognized the value of both psychology and philosophy, much to the displeasure of all. Chelpanov only very guardedly expressed his own philosophical views, which stand, I conclude, in stark contrast with the neo-Kantianisms of both the Marburg and the Baden Schools. We see that in his earliest writings on spatial perception, he not so much differs with Kant as saw the matter from a different perspective. Nonetheless, he shares Kant’s affirmation that the universality and necessity associated with our representation of space affirms its apriority as a condition of cognition, particularly with respect to mathematics. Chelpanov departs from Kant in rejecting the exclusive subjectivity of space and time, arguing that there is something in noumenal reality that corresponds to our specific representations of an object’s temporal and spatial position. Otherwise, there is no way to account for their specificity, for why a perceived object is here and not there. Chelpanov argues this from a psychological viewpoint, but he acknowledges that Kant argues from a logical viewpoint. Turning to the issue of free will, he, in short, argues for a soft determinism that is quite consistent with Kantianism, even though Chelpanov’s argument is bereft of the metaphysics and the architectonic of Kant’s system. In conclusion, although scholars dispute his allegiance to neo-Kantianism, his philosophical writings demonstrate his subdued advocacy of a neo-Kantianism, albeit one more akin to the transcendental realism of Riehl and Paulsen.
A. Blok’s Marginalia on the Albigensian Crusade as an Indication of the Historical Sources of “Notes” in the Drama “The Rose and the Cross”
Authors: Rychkov A.L.
Published: July 2021

This article considers the problem of the historical sources reflected in Blok’s drama “The Rose and the Cross”. It demonstrates that Blok’s marginalia in the books of his library serve as an indication of the unknown literary and historical sources of the “Notes” on the Albigensian crusade in the drama “The Rose and the Cross”, and can also be used in interpreting the symbolism of this drama. The marginal notes on the history of the Albigensian crusade that Blok made while working on the play are drawn on as a scholarly source for the first time. In the Appendice to the article facsimiles of Blok’s notes on the Albigensian crusade are published for the first time, accompanied by commentaries and a concordance.
Demographic Disparities Using Ranked-Choice Voting? Ranking Difficulty, Under-Voting, and the 2020 Democratic Primary
Authors: Coll Joseph A.
Published: July 2021

Ranked choice voting (RCV) has become increasingly popular in recent years, as more jurisdictions in the US adopt the voting system for local, state, and federal elections. Though previous studies have found potential benefits of RCV, some evidence suggests ranking multiple candidates instead of choosing one most preferred candidate may be difficult, with potential demographic disparities linked to age, gender, or racial or ethnic identity. Further, these difficulties have been assumed to cause individuals to improperly fill out RCV ballots, such as ranking too many or not enough candidates. This study seeks to answer three interrelated questions: 1) Which demographic groups find it difficult to rank candidates in RCV elections? 2) Who is more likely to cast under-voted ballots (not ranking all candidates)? 3) Is there a relationship between finding RCV voting difficult and the likelihood of casting an under-voted ballot? Using unique national survey data of 2020 Democratic primary candidate preferences, the results indicate most respondents find ranking candidates easy, but older, less interested, and more ideologically conservative individuals find it more difficult. In a hypothetical ranking of primary candidates, 12% of respondents under-voted (did not rank all options). Despite their perceived increased difficulty, older individuals were less likely to under-vote their ballot. No other demographic groups consistently experienced systematic differences in ranking difficulty or under-voting across a series of model specifications. These findings support previous evidence of older voters having increased difficulty, but challenge research assuming difficulty leads to under-voting, and that racial and ethnic groups are disadvantaged by RCV.
Irritation Design: Updating Steering Theory in the Age of Governance
Authors: Mölders Marc
Published: July 2021

Is steering still a viable concept? The article answers this question with a conditional yes. On the one hand, its conceptual core remains intact. Getting others—who are considered to be idiosyncratic—to solve rather than pose societal problems is no less relevant for recent governance analyses. On the other, steering as a concept needs some updates in terms of subjects, objects, and ways of steering. Beyond merely extending the list of possible subjects and objects of steering, the concept of irritation design is proposed. It stresses that making communication hard to ignore can be a matter of design. Modern society seems to be crowded with steering entities, many of which displaying smart irritation designs. This leads to complex constellations. Yet it remains valuable to analyze strategies of influence because despite all dynamics and happenstance, different chances of impact correlate with different irritation design. Still, we have to account for two aspects: 1) Capacities (beyond money or power) needed for designing irritations are unequally distributed; 2) material effects and empirical boundaries have their share in a decreased ignorability.
Mothers and Parental Leave in Belgium: Social Inequalities in Eligibility and Uptake
Authors: Marynissen Leen , Wood Jonas , Neels Karel
Published: July 2021

In recent decades, many Western European countries introduced parental leave policies to support the work–family combination in families with young children. However, these parental leave schemes often exhibit employment‐based eligibility criteria, so the question arises to which extent social inequalities emerge in the access to parental leave, and as a result thereof also in the uptake of parental leave. Although research on parental leave increasingly addresses the issue of inclusiveness, only a limited number of studies has yet examined individual‐level differentials in parents’, and especially mothers’, eligibility. Using detailed register data, we develop an individual‐level indicator of eligibility in Belgium and deploy it to document differentiation in mothers’ eligibility by age at first birth, partnership status, migration background and education. In addition, we examine to what extent differential eligibility can explain inequalities in parental leave uptake. Our results show that a considerable share of mothers—specifically very young, single, low educated mothers and mothers with a migration background—do not meet the eligibility criteria and thus are structurally excluded from parental leave in Belgium. Furthermore, differential eligibility can account for a large part of the age and educational gradients in parental leave use, as well as differences by migration background. Eligibility cannot (fully) account for lower parental leave use by single mothers and mothers with a Moroccan or Turkish migration background. Our findings suggest that a reconsideration of eligibility criteria may be instrumental in increasing the inclusiveness of parental leave policies.
How Different Parental Leave Schemes Create Different Take-Up Patterns: Denmark in Nordic Comparison
Authors: Rostgaard Tine , Ejrnæs Anders
Published: July 2021

The prevailing gender ideologies in the Nordic countries generally support the equal division of work and family life between men and women, including the equal sharing of parental leave. Regardless, as the exceptional case in the Nordic region, Denmark currently has no father’s quota, and this despite the strong impact such policy has effectively proven to have on gender equality in take-up of parental leave. While a quota intended for the father is instead implemented in Denmark via collective agreements, this is mainly available for fathers in more secure labour market positions. This situates Danish fathers, mothers and their children very unequally regarding parental leave entitlements, and the existing inequalities continue across gender, social class and labour market positions. This article explores to what extent institutional variables vis-à-vis cultural explanations such as gender attitudes provide an understanding of why Danish fathers take less parental leave than other Nordic fathers. We use data from the European Values Study (1990‒2017) as well as administrative data for fathers’ parental leave take-up in the same period, relative to the other Nordics and for specific education backgrounds. We conclude that Danish men and women are even more supportive of gender equality in terms of work‒family life sharing compared to other Nordic countries. This indicates that institutional conditions such as parental leave entitlement matter for leave take-up, but in the Danish case attitudes do less so. Not having a father’s quota seems to affect fathers disproportionally across the education divide, and the lower parental leave take-up among Danish men with little education is primarily ascribed to their labour market insecurity. The policy implication is clear: If we want mothers and fathers with different social backgrounds to share parental leave more equally, the policy must change—not attitudes.
Mythologizing History in Buryat Shamanic Rites
Authors:   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Buryat Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Dampilova L. S.
Published: July 2021

Проведено исследование региональной специфики бурятских обрядов в разнообразии реализаций мифологических и исторических составляющих и поздних инноваций. Впервые в историческом и этнокультурном контексте расшифровывается мифологический компонент вербального материала, сопровождающего обрядовые действа бурят. По современным полевым и архивным материалам выявлены контаминация, трансформация мифа и истории в ходе культового ритуала. Определены основные персонажи (небесные божества, шаманы, предводители племени или рода), семантика и прагматика духов предков и духов-хозяев. Установлен мифологический статус потусторонних персонажей обрядового действа. Выявлены конкретные этнические критерии мифологизации реальных личностей в соответствии с историческими событиями. Определены такие универсальные мотивы мифологизации истории, как устойчивое смешение мифологических и исторических фактов, временных кодов, особо выделен мотив перевоплощения. Также в итоге исследования сделан вывод о том, что сохраняются прежде всего прагматические обряды и постепенно идет процесс демифологизации и дегиперболизации ритуальных действ.
Population Affinities of the Ancient Northern Okhotsk People: Cranial Evidence from a Collective Burial in a Rock Niche on Cape Bratyev, the Northern Okhotsk Coast
Authors:   Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moiseyev V. G. , Zubova A. V. ,   Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, Grebenyuk P. S. ,   North-East Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lebedintsev A. I. ,   North-East Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Malyarchuk B. A. ,   Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fedorchenko A. Y. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: July 2021

В работе обсуждаются популяционные связи населения, оставившего коллективное захоронение на м. Братьев в заливе Бабушкина. Погребение в каменной нише на берегу Охотского моря было исследовано С.П. Ефимовым в 1976 г. и предположительно отнесено к древнекорякской археологической культуре. Серия из захоронения включает 13 черепов различной сохранности (пять мужских, пять женских, для трех пол не определен). В Центре геогенетики Университета Копенгагена был выполнен полногеномный анализ ее состава. Палеогенетические данные подтверждают гипотезу о принадлежности погребения к древнекорякской культуре. Краниометрические характеристики свидетельствуют о сложности состава группы, оставившей захоронение. Она может отражать гетерогенность древнекорякского населения в целом. Результаты статистического анализа показали наличие популяционных контактов между древними коряками и носителями эпидзёмонских традиций с о-ва Хоккайдо. Также они позволяют говорить об общих эпизодах популяционной истории у группы с м. Братьев и представителей охотской культуры. Две из трех охотских серий, привлеченных для анализа, демонстрируют наивысший уровень суммарного сходства с индивидами из изучаемого погребения. Согласно результатам данного исследования и более ранних, происхождение носителей охотской культуры связано с метисационными процессами, в которых участвовали арктические и тунгусо-манчжурские группы. Существенным отличием древнекорякского населения от охотцев является наличие антропологического компонента, сближающего индивидов с м. Братьев с нивхами.
The possibility of molecular genetic identity testing of an unidentified body from the second world war
Authors: Zemskova Elena Yu. , Ivanov Pavel L.
Published: July 2021

Background: In the current forensic scenario, molecular genetic analyzes are used to identify the remains of victims of natural and man-made disasters, emergencies, and war conflicts. Aim: This study aimed to summarize forensic molecular genetic examinations conducted at the RCFME for identifying the victims of the Second World War in the Russian Federation. This was conducted to assess the prospects of using DNA identification analysis for unidentified remains of bodies buried in 19391945. Material and methods: We studied 30 expert reports from 2007 to 2021 of 171 skeletal bodies from exhumed graves. The total number of objects studied was 421 (bone fragments and teeth, from 1 to 5 objects from 1 body). Results: Using the remains, genotypes of 167 people were established. The success rate of evidence-based molecular genetic identification was 98% (171 cases). Of these, positive identification was noted for 10 body remains and negative identification for 157 remains. Four skeletal bodies (2%) were deemed unsuitable for research. In most cases, indirect identification schemes were used a comparative study with putative relatives by biostatistical analysis of allelic variants of polymorphic loci of autosomal DNA as well as by direct comparative analysis of the polymorphism at the Y-chromosome DNA and mitochondrial DNA. Conclusions: Molecular genetic studies are highly effective for identifying the remains of victims of natural and man-made disasters, military conflicts, and other emergencies. The success of molecular genetic studies regarding the identification of victims of the Second World War conducted at the RCFME clearly demonstrate these possibilities. Simultaneously, it should be emphasized that this type of expertise falls to the category of rather complex molecular genetic studies, which requires the use of expanded panels of analytical test systems as well as the use of special methodological techniques and hardware and software.
Congress "Topical Issues of Forensic Medicine and Expert Practice-2021"
Authors: Klevno Vladimir A.
Published: July 2021

2122 April 2021 in the Moscow Regional Research Institute named after M. F. Vladimirsky was held the International Congress "Topical Issues of Forensic Medicine and Expert Practice-2021". This article an overview of the most important events of the Congress.