bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stem cell transplantation for pediatric patients with adrenoleukodystrophy: A nationwide retrospective analysis in Japan
Authors: Kato Koji , Yabe Hiromasa , Shimozawa Nobuyuki , Adachi Souichi , Kurokawa Mineo , Hashii Yoshiko , Sato Atsushi , Yoshida Nao , Kaga Makiko , Onodera Osamu , Kato Shunichi , Atsuta Yoshiko , Morio Tomohiro
Published: October 2021

Background

Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an X‐linked recessive disorder and 30–40% of patients develop progressive cerebral neurodegeneration. For symptomatic ALD patients, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is considered the standard treatment modality to stabilize or prevent the progression of neurological symptoms.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the transplant outcomes of 99 pediatric patients with cerebral ALD in Japan. The conditioning regimens included Regimen A: fludarabine/melphalan/low‐dose total body irradiation (TBI) with brain sparing (n = 39), Regimen B; busulfan/cyclophosphamide ± others (n = 23), Regimen C: melphalan/total lymphoid irradiation/thoracoabdominal irradiation ± anti‐T lymphocyte globulin ± fludarabine (n = 27), and Regimen D: others (n = 10).

Results

The 5‐year overall survival (OS) and event‐free survival (EFS) of all patients were 90.0% and 72.9%, respectively. The 5‐year OS was 100.0% for Regimen A, 91.1% for Regimen B, 84.4% for Regimen C, and 67.5% for Regimen D (p = 0.028). The 5‐year EFS was 78.3% for Regimen A, 78.0% for Regimen B, 70.4% for Regimen C, and 48.0% for Regimen D (p = 0.304). The OS marginally improved after 2007 compared with before 2006 (95.3% vs. 85.2%, p = 0.066), due to the improvement of cord blood transplantation (CBT) outcomes after 2007 compared with before 2006 (96.6% vs. 68.4%, p = 0.005). On magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, a reduced Loes score after SCT was only observed in one of the 15 bone marrow transplantation (BMT) patients, but in 5 of the 15 CBT patients (p = 0.173).

Conclusions

Our study revealed that a reduced conditioning regimen with fludarabine/melphalan/low‐dose TBI provides better outcomes, and the results of CBT significantly improved after 2007.
Acute kidney disease predicts chronic kidney disease in pediatric non‐kidney solid organ transplant patients
Authors: Patel Mital , Heipertz Anna , Joyce Emily , Kellum John A. , Horvat Christopher , Squires James E. , West Shawn C. , Priyanka Priyanka , Fuhrman Dana Y.
Published: October 2021

Background

Acute kidney disease (AKD) is defined as impaired kidney function present for <90 days with or without an acute kidney injury (AKI) event. Adults with AKD have an increased risk for progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mortality. There are no data on the epidemiology of AKD in children after transplant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for AKI, AKD, and CKD in children after transplantation.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study of all children undergoing non‐kidney solid organ transplant between 2011 and 2019 at UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. AKI and AKD were defined using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Patients with a new estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73m2 persisting for >3 months met criteria for new CKD. Variables associated with AKI, AKD, and CKD were analyzed.

Results

Among 338 patients, 37.9% met criteria for severe AKI, 13% for AKD, and 8% for a new diagnosis of CKD. Stage 3 AKI was independently associated with AKD (OR: 5.35; 95% CI: 2.23–12.86). Severe AKI was not associated with new‐onset CKD, whereas AKD was associated with new‐onset CKD (OR: 29.74; CI: 11.22–78.82).

Conclusion

AKD may be superior to AKI in predicting risk of CKD in children after non‐kidney solid organ transplantation.
New species Micractinium kostikovii (Chlorellaceae, Trebouxiophyceae) from Russia
Authors: Krivina Elena , Temraleeva Anna , Sinetova Maria
Published: October 2021

Correctly identifying species of Chlorella‐like microalgae is difficult because of their morphological simplicity and high phenotypic plasticity. The use of molecular tools has revolutionized research on algal diversity, enabling such advances as the discovery of numerous new taxa. This article presents the results of a study of strains that are newly isolated from a freshwater Lake Prudovikov (Samara region, Russian Federation). These strains had the typical Chlorella morphology, exhibiting spherical cells and a cup‐shaped parietal chloroplast. The chloroplast contained a single pyrenoid enveloped by starch grains. However, 18S–ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 sequence analyses indicated that the studied strains are strongly allied with the well‐supported genus Micractinium. Based on the results of a comparative analysis of the morphological, molecular and environmental characteristics of the studied strains (employing a polyphasic approach), we propose that they are new species of Micractinium: Micractinium kostikovii sp. nov.
The Great Homeland: Nationalist discourse and disappointment among the ‘grandchildren of the Ottomans’
Authors: Levin Irina
Published: October 2021

This paper analyses the ‘nationalist movement’ of Ahıska, a forcibly displaced people who have been arriving in Turkey from various parts of the former Soviet Union since the early 1990s. I focus on how members of this community attempt to define the Turkish nation, how they invoke migration to Turkey as a patriotic and nationalist act, how they criticize the state’s responses to this migration as insufficiently nationalist, and how they respond to the movement of non‐Turkish others into the territorial and documentary space that they seek to inhabit. This nationalist movement, albeit small in number, demands our attention because it is born of a phenomenon that is intimately familiar to displaced people and not commonly associated with nationalism – the longing for rest. This longing animates Ahıska efforts to organize themselves and engage with the Turkish state. What possibilities and limitations does this genre of nationalist movement hold for displaced people across the world?
A mixed methods exploration of secondary students’ attitudes and intentions in relation to elective science course enrollment
Authors: Summers Ryan
Published: October 2021

Many students have the opportunity to enroll in elective courses during secondary school and the choices they make about pursuing specific electives may foreshadow future outcomes. The present study utilized a sequential, mixed methods design to investigate the association between students’ attitudes toward science, their declared intentions to engage with science in the future, and their eventual decision to enroll in an elective science course. Students in grades 9 through 11 completed a 30‐item survey rooted in the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior, which provided self‐report data about their attitudes, intentions, and related variables (N = 698). Course enrollment data were obtained during the following academic year for a sub‐sample of Grade 12 students who previously completed the survey. Pathway analysis supported the theoretical model and explained a majority of the variance between students’ reported intentions and their actual course enrollment. Other factors that students considered when making their decisions were investigated through group interviews. Based on interviews conducted, students that enrolled in an elective science course generally saw science as a part of their post‐secondary plans.
The Role of Natio‐Ethno‐Cultural Difference in Narratives of Neighbourhood Change – An Arrival Area in the East German Context
Authors: Wiest Karin , Torreiter Laura , Kirndörfer Elisabeth
Published: October 2021

The article investigates the representations and perceptions of an arrival neighbourhood in the broader context of an urban society with a post‐socialist migration history. The study is situated in the East German city of Leipzig, which is characterised by a particular dynamic demographic development and a newly emerging plurality through immigration. By juxtaposing public media coverage about the neighbourhood and subjective perspectives of migrant homeowners and entrepreneurs, the paper approaches societal inclusions and exclusions that take effect through attributions of ‘natio‐ethno‐cultural difference’. The media and individual‐subjective narratives around the neighbourhood referring to the differentiated logics in dealing with migration reflect power hierarchies on different scales and are linked with the national East‐West relation.
Cholecystectomy in 23 cats (2005‐2021)
Authors: Simpson Matthew , Neville‐Towle Jack , Lee Karla , Rossanese Matteo
Published: October 2021

Objective

To describe the clinical presentation, treatments, and long‐term outcomes following cholecystectomy in cats.

Study design

Clinical retrospective study.

Animals

Twenty‐three client‐owned cats.

Methods

Medical records of all cats undergoing cholecystectomy between 2005 and 2021 at a single referral hospital were retrospectively reviewed. No cats were excluded. An owner questionnaire assessed long‐term outcomes.

Results

Vomiting, jaundice, and abdominal pain were the most common clinical signs; median duration of signs was 4 days (range 1‐21). Cholelithiasis was the major indication for cholecystectomy followed by cholecystitis. Intraoperative hypotension and postoperative anemia were commonly encountered. Nine cats required a postoperative blood product transfusion. Cardiopulmonary arrest and death occurred in five cats. Eighteen cats (78.3%) survived to discharge. Long‐term follow up (>60 days) was available for 16 cats at a median of 1003 days (range 81‐4995). Fifteen cats survived over 6 months with eight cats (44.4%) surviving over 3 years. The most common short‐term and long‐term postoperative complication was vomiting. Owners assessed postoperative outcome as excellent in all cats and quality of life as excellent or good.

Conclusion

The most common indication for cholecystectomy was cholelithiasis. Perioperative complications were commonly encountered. Perioperative mortality rate was 21.7%. Long‐term owner evaluation of clinical outcome was considered excellent.

Clinical significance

Cats undergoing cholecystectomy for non‐neoplastic causes can have a favorable prognosis for recovery and quality of life. Concurrent extrahepatic biliary duct obstruction is not a contraindication for cholecystectomy provided that patency of the common bile duct is restored.
Experimental Study of NCM-Si Batteries With Bi-Directional Actuation
Authors: Shan Shuhua , Gonzalez Cody , Rahn Christopher , Frecker Mary
Published: October 2021

Silicon is regarded as one of the most promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Its high theoretical capacity (4000 mAh/g) has the potential to meet the demands of high-energy density applications, such as electric air and ground vehicles. The volume expansion of Si during lithiation is over 300%, indicating its promise as a large strain electrochemical actuator. A Si-anode battery is multifunctional, storing electrical energy and actuating through volume change by lithium-ion insertion.

To utilize the property of large volume expansion, we design, fabricate, and test two types of Si anode cantilevers with bi-directional actuation: (a) bimorph actuator and (b) insulated double unimorph actuator. A transparent battery chamber is fabricated, provided with NCM cathodes, and filled with electrolyte. The relationship between state of charge and electrode deformation is measured using current integration and high-resolution photogrammetry, respectively. The electrochemical performance, including voltage versus capacity and Coulombic efficiency versus cycle number, is measured for several charge/discharge cycles. Both configurations exhibit deflections in two directions and can store energy. In case (a), the largest deflection is roughly 35% of the cantilever length. Twisting and unexpected bending deflections are observed in this case, possibly due to back-side lithiation, non-uniform coating thickness, and uneven lithium distribution. In case (b), the single silicon active coating layer can deflect 12 passive layers.
Electrical Self-Sensing of Pulsed Laser Ablation in Nanofiller-Modified Composites
Authors: Jain Rajan , Hassan Hashim , Chen Weinong , Tallman Tyler N. , Kedir Nesredin
Published: October 2021

Laser-to-composite interactions are becoming increasingly common in diverse applications such as diagnostics, fabrication and machining, and weapons systems. Despite a lack of physical contact, lasers can induce seemingly imperceptible structural damage to materials. In safety-critical venues like aerospace, automotive, and civil infrastructure where composites are playing an increasingly prominent role, it is desirable to have means of sensing laser exposure on a composite material. Self-sensing materials may be a powerful method of addressing this need. Herein, we present an initial exploratory study on the potential of using changes in electrical measurements as a way of detecting laser exposure to a carbon nanofiber (CNF)-modified glass fiber/epoxy laminate. CNFs were dispersed in liquid epoxy resin prior to laminate fabrication via hand layup. The dispersed CNFs form a three-dimensional conductive network which allows for electrical measurements to be taken from the traditionally insulating glass fiber/epoxy material system. It is expected that damage to the network will disrupt the electrical pathways, thereby causing the material to exhibit slightly higher resistance. To test laser sensing capabilities, a resistance baseline of the CNF-modified glass fiber/epoxy was first established before laser exposure. The specimens were then exposed to an infra-red laser operating at 1064 nm, 35 kHz, and pulse duration of 8.2 ns. The specimens were irradiated for a total of 20 seconds (4 exposures each at 5 seconds). The resistances of the specimens were then measured again post-ablation. It was found that the average resistance increased by about 18 percent. This established that the laser was indeed causing damage to the specimen sufficient to evoke a change in electrical properties. To expand on this result, electrical impedance tomography (EIT) was employed for localization of 1, 3, and 5-second laser exposure on a larger specimen. EIT was not only successful in detecting damage that was virtually imperceptible to the human-eye, but it also accurately localized the exposure sites. The post-ablation conductivity of the exposure sites decreased in a manner that was comparable to the resistance increases obtained during prior resistance change testing. Based on this preliminary study, this research could lead to the development of a real-time exposure detection and tracking system for the measurement, fabrication, and defense industries.
Characterization and Quantification of Hierarchical Particle Microstructures in External Field-Processed Composites
Authors: Papula Dashiell , Ounaies Zoubeida , von Lockette Paris , Widdowson Denise , Erol Anil , Masud Abdulla
Published: October 2021

In this study, we discuss the characterization and quantification of composite microstructures formed by the external field manipulation of high aspect ratio magnetic particles in an elastomeric matrix. In our prior work, we have demonstrated that the simultaneous application of electric and magnetic fields on hard magnetic particles with geometric anisotropy can create a hierarchy of structures at different length scales, which can be used to achieve a wide range of properties. We aim to characterize these hierarchical structures and relate them to final composite properties so we can achieve our ultimate goal of designing a material for a prescribed performance. The complex particle structures are formed during processing by using electric and magnetic fields, and they are then locked-in by curing the polymer matrix around the particles. The model materials used in the study are barium hexaferrite (BHF) particles and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer. BHF was selected for its hard magnetic properties and high geometric anisotropy. PDMS was selected for its good mechanical properties and its tunable curing kinetics. The resulting BHF-PDMS composites are magnetoactive, i.e., they will deform and actuate in response to magnetic fields. In order to investigate the resulting particle orientation, distribution and alignment and to predict the composite’s macro scale properties, we developed techniques to quantify the particle structures.

The general framework we developed allows us to quantify and directly compare the microstructures created within the composites. To identify structures at the different length scales, images of the composite are taken using both optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. We then use ImageJ to analyze them and gather data on particle size, location, and orientation angle. The data is then exported to MATLAB, and is used to run a Minimum Spanning Tree Algorithm to classify the particle structures, and von Mises Distributions to quantify the alignment of said structures.

Important findings show 1) the ability to control structure using a combination of external electric, magnetic and thermal fields; 2) that electric fields promote long range order while magnetic fields promote short-range order; and 3) the resulting hierarchical structure greatly influence bulk material properties. Manipulating particles in a composite material is technologically important because changes in microstructure can alter the properties of the bulk material. The multifield processing we investigate here can form the basis for next generation additive manufacturing platforms where desired properties are tailored locally through in-situ hierarchical control of particle arrangements.
Transverse Wave Propagation Bandgap in a Buckled Kirigami Sheet
Authors: Khosravi Hesameddin , Li Suyi
Published: October 2021

This study examines the transverse elastic wave propagation bandgap in a buckled kirigami sheet. Kirigami — the ancient art of paper cutting — has become a design and fabrication framework for constructing metamaterials, robotics, and mechanical devices of vastly different sizes. For the first time, this study focuses on the wave propagation in a buckled kirigami sheet with uniformly distributed parallel cuts. When we apply an in-plane stretching force that exceeds a critical threshold, this kirigami sheet buckles and generates an out-of-plane, periodic deformation pattern that can change the propagation direction of passing waves. That is, waves entering the buckled Kirigami unit cells through its longitudinal direction can turn to the out-of-plane direction. As a result, the stretched kirigami sheet shows wave propagation band gaps in specific frequency ranges. This study formulates an analytical model to analyze the correlation between such propagation bandgap and the kirigami geometry. This model first simplifies the complex shape of buckled kirigami by introducing “virtual” folds and flat facets in between them. Then it incorporates the plane wave expansion method (PWE) to calculate the dispersion relationship, which shows that the periodic nature of the buckled kirigami sheet is sufficient to create Bragg scattering propagation bandgap. This study’s results could open up new dynamic functionalities of kirigami as a versatile and multi-functional structural system.
Variations in Survival Time after Whole-Body Radiation at Two Times of Day
Authors: Pizzarello Donald J. , Witcofski Richard L. , Lyons E. Ann
Published: October 2021

Rats, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, given 900 roentgens of x-radiation over the entire body, survived more than 130 days when the radiation was given in the morning. The same dosage killed all the animals within 13 days when the radiation was given at night.
Testes in
Enchytraeus fragmentosus
Bell
Authors: Vena Joseph A. , Palumbo Magdalene
Published: October 2021

Testes have been localized in the seventh or eighth segment of
Enchytraeus fragmentosus
Bell. This species was previously described as lacking gonads.
Structure of Membranes: Reaction of Red Blood Cell Membranes with Phospholipase C
Authors: Lenard John , Singer S. J.
Published: October 2021

Treatment of human red blood cell membranes with phospholipase C releases 68 to 74 percent of the total membrane phosphorus into solution, through hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids to diglycerides and water-soluble phosphorylated amines. In spite of this drastic change, the membrane remains intact in phase microscopy, and the average protein conformation in the membranes, as determined by circular dichroism measurements in the ultraviolet, is unaffected. These results are readily explained by a model of membrane structure that is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and in which the polar and ionic heads of lipids are on the outer surfaces of the membrane, in contact with the bulk aqueous phase and accessible to the action of phospholipase C.
DDT Metabolism: Oxidation of the Metabolite 2,2-
bis
(
p
-Chlorophenyl) ethanol by Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Authors: Suggs Joseph E. , Hawk Robert E. , Curley August , Boozer Elizabeth L. , McKinney James D.
Published: October 2021

A metabolite of DDT, 2,2-bis(
p
-chlorophenyl)ethanol, is a substrate of crystalline liver alcohol dehydrogenase. The oxidation of the substrate was detected spectrophotometrically. The
p
-nitrophenylhydrazone derivative of the product, 2,2-bis(
p
-chlorophenyl)acetaldehyde, was identified by comparing its mass spectrum and thin-layer chromatographic behavior with that of an authentic sample.
Misplaced Research
Authors: Timms Arthur M.
Published: October 2021

I wish to draw attention to the fact that Banting and Best worked at the University of Toronto and not at the University of Ontario, as indicated in Thomas H. Maugh's article on diabetes (Research News, 30 May, p. 920). A University of Ontario is nonexistent.
Deep Cuts Put Heat on Fusion, Labs
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: October 2021

The final budget bill for the Department of Energy doesn't carry out the Republican's pledge to kill off the department, but it will starve many of its programs. Fusion research and development takes a hard hit, and cost-cutting will be stepped up at the national labs.
Can Some Infants Beat HIV?
Authors: Thompson Clare
Published: October 2021

For years, AIDS researchers have passionately debated the possibility that some people 's immune systems might be able to clear HIV infection. Earlier claims were controversial, but two large European studies have yielded what some researchers regard as solid evidence that infants, at least, can cast off the virus. In a total of about 400 babies born to HIV-positive mothers, the studies identified some 20 who were originally infected and later had no detectable virus in their blood.
Clotting Controversy
Authors: Friedly Jock
Published: October 2021

The conflict between Yale University and Corvas International Inc. over hookworm proteins isn't the only item of rancor between the two institutions. An older, but unresolved, fight over the rights to human tissue factor—a protein used to measure anticoagulant effectiveness—has been simmering for years. A Yale researcher claims a scientist affiliated with Corvas used information from a preprint to deduce the protein's cDNA sequence and file a patent; Corvas and the scientist say the work was completely independent. A patent interference claim has been filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Support for Science Stays Strong
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: October 2021

Two new surveys show that the public's support for science and technology remains strong even as federal legislators weigh cuts in the overall R&D budget. At the same time, the surveys—one nationwide and the other based on a sample of Californians—suggest that public understanding of basic scientific concepts is shaky at best.
A Weight-Driven Kymograph
Authors: McLaughlin Alvah R.
Published: October 2021

(1) Herein has been described a stand for supporting the drum, a device for starting and stopping the drum and a circuit-breaker for a weight-driven kymograph.

(2) This device has proved satisfactory for recording simple muscular contractions, for securing data for the determination of the speed of the nerve-impulse and for determining reaction times.

(3) With but a little training in technic, college freshmen have secured very good graphs with this apparatus.

(4) This machine, exclusive of the drum, has been constructed at less than one third the cost of a spring-driven kymograph, and the drum of the latter may readily be used for either, since but a few minutes are required to make the shift.
Further Experiments on Cortico-Adrenal Extract: Its Efficacy by Mouth
Authors: Britton S. W. , Silvette H.
Published: October 2021

Increase of the blood sugar which invariably follows administration of cortico-adrenal extract to adrenalectomized cats with symptoms of insufficiency is a reliable index of potency and affords a means of bio-assay of the material.
A Preliminary Note on the Significance of the Phosphorus Intake in the Diet and Blood Phosphorus Concentration, in the Experimental Production of Caries-Immunity and Caries-Susceptibility in the Rat
Authors: Klein Henry , McCollum E. V.
Published: October 2021

(1) Estimations of the phosphorus content of diets reported to produce caries in rats indicate that rations containing 0.4802 grams of phosphorus per 100 grams of diet, or less than 0.4802 grams of phosphorus per 100 grams of diet, tend to induce dental caries in rats if Ca intake is 0.3424 per cent.

(2) Estimations of the phosphorus content of diets reported to produce rats immune to dental caries indicate that such diets contain 0.5282 or more grams of phosphorus per 100 grams of diet and 0.4012 or less grams of calcium per 100 grams of diet.

(3) Experimental evidence is presented which indicates that the level of phosphorus in the diet is an important factor in producing caries-susceptibility and caries-immunity in rats.

(4) We have also found that a relation exists between blood composition (phosphorus) and the incidence of dental caries in rats. Caries arises in rats whose blood phosphorus falls below a critical level (about 10.5 ± .5 mg
6
of phosphorus per 100 grams of serum), while those rats whose blood phosphorus concentration is 10.5 ± .5 or above are immune from dental caries.

(5) It is indicated that this blood figure is dependent upon the level of phosphorus, calcium and vitamin ingested in the diet.

In a forthcoming paper we shall present the results of an extensive review of the recorded observations of our own and other laboratories on the relation between diet and susceptibility to dental caries in the rat and our conclusions from examining these data in the light of the working hypothesis (blood phosphorus critical level) here presented.
How conducting polymer electrodes operate
Authors: Berggren Magnus , Malliaras George G.
Published: October 2021

To optimize devices, elementary steps that store or transfer charge must be identified
Learning high-speed flight in the wild
Authors: Loquercio Antonio , Kaufmann Elia , Ranftl René , Müller Matthias , Koltun Vladlen , Scaramuzza Davide
Published: October 2021

Deep Learning enables agile flight in challenging environments with onboard sensing and computation.
Complete Genome Sequences of Pseudomonas lundensis Strains M101 and M105, Isolated from 1% Pasteurized Milk
Authors: Ravi Keerthikka , Erb-Downward John R. , Gammon Natalie K. , Falkowski Nicole R. , Huffnagle Gary B.
Published: October 2021

Here, we report the complete genome sequences of two strains of
Pseudomonas lundensis
, M101 and M105, which were isolated from 1% pasteurized milk. Long-read sequencing was performed using a MinION sequencer, and reads were assembled into circular chromosomes of 4,842,187 bp and 4,814,486 bp for M101 and M105, respectively. Both strains had additional plasmid sequences.
Supplemental Material: Devonian to Triassic tectonic evolution and basin transition in the East Kunlun–Qaidam area, northern Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from stratigraphy and detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology
Authors: Sun Jiaopeng , al. et
Published: October 2021

Table S1: Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) data of detrital zircons from Carboniferous and Permian sandstones from the East Kunlun–Qaidam area; Table S2: Compilation of detrital zircon U–Pb ages used for comparison in Figure 12 from the East Kunlun–Qaidam area and its vicinity.
Expedition “Chhito Ra Pakka”
Authors: Yeoman L. P.
Published: October 2021

This article describes a nine day trek covering in excess of 100 miles in the Himalayas, reaching Mount Annapurna Base Camp (15,000 ft), undertaken by members of the ship’s company of HMS Swift and myself during an Adventurous Training period. The expedition title, “Chhito Ra Pakka”, derived from the ship’s motto “Swift and Sure”, proved to be an apt choice.
Interventional Radiology. Part III: Urological procedures and other techniques
Authors: Hogg J. I. C.
Published: October 2021

The third of a series of three articles on Interventional Radiology reviews some of the Urological procedures now undertaken and also techniques of Biopsy, Aspiration and Drainage.
Properties of the free boundary near the fixed boundary of the double obstacle problems
Authors: Park Jinwan
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we study the tangential touch and [Formula: see text] regularity of the free boundary near the fixed boundary of the double obstacle problem for Laplacian and fully nonlinear operator. The main idea to have the properties is regarding the upper obstacle as a solution of the single obstacle problem. Then, in the classification of global solutions of the double problem, it is enough to consider only two cases for the upper obstacle, [Formula: see text] The second one is a new type of upper obstacle, which does not exist in the study of local regularity of the free boundary of the double problem. Thus, in this paper, a new type of difficulties that come from the second type upper obstacle is mainly studied.
Ranks in the family of hyperelliptic Jacobians of y2 = x5 + ax II
Authors: Jȩdrzejak Tomasz
Published: October 2021

This paper is a continuation of our previous one under the same title. In both articles, we study the hyperelliptic curves [Formula: see text] defined over [Formula: see text], and their Jacobians [Formula: see text] (without loss of generality a is a nonzero 8th power free integer). Previously, we considered the case when the polynomial [Formula: see text] is irreducible in [Formula: see text] and obtained (under certain conditions on the quartic field [Formula: see text]) upper bounds for the [Formula: see text]; in particular, we found infinite subfamilies of [Formula: see text] with rank zero. Now we consider all cases when [Formula: see text] is reducible in [Formula: see text] and prove analogous results. First we obtain (under mild conditions on some quadratic fields) upper bounds for the ranks in a rather general situation, then we restrict to a several infinite subfamilies of [Formula: see text] (when 2a has two primes divisors) and get the best possible bounds or even the exact value of rank (if it is zero). We deduce as conclusions the complete lists of rational points on [Formula: see text] in such cases.
The fourth conference "computer algebra" in Moscow
Authors: Abramov Sergei A. , Ryabenko Anna , Sevastianov Leonid A. , Zonn Yvette , Wu Min
Published: October 2021

The International Conference "Computer Algebra" was held online via Zoom on June 28-29, 2021 and the conference web-site is http://www.ccas.ru/ca/conference. Co-organized by the Dorodnicyn Computing Center of Federal Research Center "Computer Science and Control" of Russian Academy of Science and the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, the conference was devoted to inspiring discussions on computer algebra and related topics. Researchers from different countries presented talks on their latest research work.

This is the fourth edition of the conference, and the previous three were in 2016, 2017 and 2019, respectively.
Music, Language, Aurality: Latin American and Caribbean Resoundings
Authors: Minks Amanda , Ochoa Gautier Ana María
Published: October 2021

Recent work in anthropology has attended to the imbrication of music, sound, listening, and language in research on, and from, Latin America and the Caribbean, as part of a broader movement across regions. In this article, we argue that these relations have their own intellectual genealogies in Latin America and the Caribbean, which have often been neglected in studies written about the region. We focus on recent theorization of aurality—the immediate and mediated practices of listening that construct perceptions of nature, bodies, voices, and technologies. We provide an overview of regional discourses on the interrelations of voice, orality, and writing, and then we discuss the aural turn in four areas: race; migration; socialization and youth cultures; and epistemologies of history, memory, and heritage. We put different bodies of discourse into dialogue as a means of charting a path toward decolonial (inter)disciplinary transformations that are built on other histories, vocalities, and modes of knowledge.
Analysis of Shear Stress and Rutting Performance of Semirigid Base Asphalt Pavement on Steep Longitudinal Slope
Authors: Guo Jiafu , Yang Song , Sun Yongchao , Chao Zhensheng , Yang Ruikang , Cheng Huailei
Published: October 2021

Rutting is the most common distress of the asphalt pavement with a semirigid base, mainly when located on a steep longitudinal slope. Previous studies have shown that shear stress is the leading cause of rutting. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the distribution characteristics of shear stress to evaluate pavement rutting performance. Firstly, the truck speed was measured at different locations on the steep longitudinal slope section. Then, the calculation method of shear stress was improved based on the method of “systematic clustering.” The distribution characteristics of shear stress were studied under the different gradients, slope lengths, horizontal forces, and interlayer bond conditions. Finally, the rutting prediction model was used to evaluate the rutting performance of the steep longitudinal slope section. The results show two critical parameters of a steep longitudinal slope: gradient and slope length can be quantified by establishing the relationship between truck speed and those parameters. The improved shear stress calculation method can correspond well with the layer where maximum rutting occurs. Gradients and slope lengths have little effect on shear stresses, while horizontal forces and interlayer bond conditions significantly change the shear stress distribution characteristics within the pavement. For the steep longitudinal slope sections, the rutting prediction model should consider the truck speed separately. With increasing gradient and slope length, the rutting increases the fastest in the middle layer. For sections with horizontal forces and poor interlayer bonding, the layers with the highest rutting accumulation are the upper layer and the lower layer, respectively.
PD-L1 (Programmed Death Ligand 1) Regulates T-Cell Differentiation to Control Adaptive Venous Remodeling
Authors: (松原 裕)  , Gonzalez Luis , Kiwan Gathe , (刘 佳)  , Langford John , (高 明杰)  , (高 喜翔)  , (谷口 良輔)  , Yatsula Bogdan , (古山 正)  , (松本 拓也)  , (古森 公浩)  , (森 正樹)  , Dardik Alan
Published: October 2021

Objective:

Patients with end-stage renal disease depend on hemodialysis for survival. Although arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis, the primary success rate of AVF is only 30% to 50% within 6 months, showing an urgent need for improvement. PD-L1 (programmed death ligand 1) is a ligand that regulates T-cell activity. Since T cells have an important role during AVF maturation, we hypothesized that PD-L1 regulates T cells to control venous remodeling that occurs during AVF maturation.

Approach and results:

In the mouse aortocaval fistula model, anti-PD-L1 antibody (200 mg, 3×/wk intraperitoneal) was given to inhibit PD-L1 activity during AVF maturation. Inhibition of PD-L1 increased T-helper type 1 cells and T-helper type 2 cells but reduced regulatory T cells to increase M1-type macrophages and reduce M2-type macrophages; these changes were associated with reduced vascular wall thickening and reduced AVF patency. Inhibition of PD-L1 also inhibited smooth muscle cell proliferation and increased endothelial dysfunction. The effects of anti-PD-L1 antibody on adaptive venous remodeling were diminished in nude mice; however, they were restored after T-cell transfer into nude mice, indicating the effects of anti-PD-L1 antibody on venous remodeling were dependent on T cells.

Conclusions:

Regulation of PD-L1 activity may be a potential therapeutic target for clinical translation to improve AVF maturation.
Differences in gray matter volume in episodic migraine patients with and without prior diagnosis or clinical care: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Burrowes Shana A.B. , Goloubeva Olga , Keaser Michael L , Haythornthwaite Jennifer A. , Seminowicz David A.
Published: October 2021

Background

Migraine sufferers face difficulties getting appropriate care and treatment. Migraine is associated with reduced gray matter volume (GMV) in several brain regions, which could be related to various clinical characteristics of the disorder.

Objectives

To examine differences in GMV in migraine patients with and without prior clinical care for migraine and examine differences in migraine clinical variables, psychosocial symptoms and their relationship with GMV.

Methods

We utilized the baseline MRI scan and psychosocial symptom questionnaires from a longitudinal randomized controlled trial. Prior care of migraine was determined by diagnosis by a medical practitioner or prescription of migraine specific medication.

Results

117 patients were included in the study. Patients without prior care (n=23) had reduced GMV in the right dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dMPFC) relative to patients who had prior care (p=0.034, FWE corrected). Both patient groups had reduced GMV compared to healthy controls (n=36). Patient groups did not differ in headache clinical variables. Regardless of care status, increasing scores on the stress (Perceived Stress Score) and depression questionnaires (Patient Health Questionnaire) were associated with increased GMV in the dMPFC.

Conclusions

Clinical care may impact GMV in migraine patients. Patients may need different treatment options to address this baseline deficit.

Trial registration

NCT02133209.
Association between preoperative toe perfusion index and maternal core temperature decrease during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Kaneko Shohei , Hara Kentaro , Sato Shuntaro , Nakashima Takaya , Kawazoe Yurika , Taguchi Miyako , Urabe Shigehiko , Nakao Akiha , Hamada Kozue , Yamaguchi Michiko , Hara Tetsuya
Published: October 2021

Background

The main mechanism of body temperature decrease during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia is core-to-peripheral redistribution of body heat, attributable to vasodilation. Perfusion index (PI) obtained with a pulse oximeter helps to assess peripheral perfusion dynamics by detecting the change in peripheral vascular tone. This study aimed to examine whether preoperative toe PI could predict the decrease in core temperature induced by spinal anesthesia during cesarean delivery.

Methods

Parturients undergoing scheduled cesarean delivery under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia from September 2019 to March 2020 were enrolled in this single-center prospective cohort study. All parturients received 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (10 mg) with fentanyl (15 μg) intrathecally. A pulse oximeter probe was placed on the left second toe for continuous PI measurement. The 3 M™ Bair Hugger™ Temperature Monitoring System placed over the right temporal region was used to record core temperature over time. We evaluated the association between the maximum core temperature decrease, which is the primary outcome, and the preoperative toe PI at operating room (OR) admission using a segmented regression model (SRM) and a generalized additive model (GAM). The maximum core temperature decrease was defined as the difference between core temperature at OR admission and minimum intraoperative core temperature.

Results

Forty-eight patients were evaluated. In the SRM, the slope for the association between the maximum core temperature decrease and the preoperative toe PI changed from 0.031 to 0.124 after PI = 2.4%. Likewise, with the GAM, there was a small core temperature decrease when preoperative toe PI was greater than 2.0 to 3.0%.

Conclusions

Low preoperative toe PI was associated with maternal core temperature decrease during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Preoperative toe PI is a simple, non-invasive, and effective tool for the early prediction of perioperative core temperature decrease during cesarean delivery.

Trial registration

UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (registry number:UMIN000037965).
Real-life isoniazid and rifampicin plasma concentrations in children: a tool for therapeutic drug monitoring of tuberculosis
Authors: Tersigni Chiara , Boiardi Giulia , Tofani Lorenzo , Venturini Elisabetta , Montagnani Carlotta , Bortone Barbara , Bianchi Leila , Chiappini Elena , Cassetta Maria Iris , Fallani Stefania , Novelli Andrea , Galli Luisa
Published: October 2021

Background

Low plasma levels of first-line antitubercular drugs can be counted among the main causes of poor response to antitubercular therapy, and therapeutic drug monitoring has been proposed as a method to promote tailored treatments for both child and adult patients. The main aim of the study was to evaluate serum concentrations of isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) and to investigate reasons for sub-therapeutic plasma concentrations in order to fix dosages.

Methods

Children with TB were prospectively enrolled from January to August 2019. Two venous blood samples were collected (the first at least 15 days after the beginning of antitubercular treatment, and the second between 1 and 8 weeks later). Plasma concentrations were determined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method.

Results

In all, 45 children were included. Seventy blood samples for INH plasma concentration were collected between 120 and 240 min after drug intake. Adjusting for dose (mg/kg/day) and time of INH administration, when considering three different age groups (≤ 2 years, 2–12 years, > 12 years), a statistically significant lower INH plasma concentration was observed in younger children compared to the older age groups in the multivariate analysis (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). A total of 68 blood samples were evaluated for RIF concentrations. Both for INH and RIF a statistically significant lower plasma concentration was also observed in adolescents (p < 0.001). Fifteen children (15/45, 33%) presented drug concentrations under the referral therapeutic range.

Conclusions

Based on our findings, monitoring patients’ drug plasma concentrations in children under 2 years of age and in adolescents can make treatment more patient-tailored.
A survival comparison of gastric mucin-producing adenocarcinoma to conventional adenocarcinoma: a SEER database analysis
Authors: Wang Qiang , Zhong Junbin , Huang Qing , Chen Zhuanpeng , Wei Jianchang , Wei Fang , Cao Jie
Published: October 2021

Background

Compared to conventional adenocarcinoma (CA), mucin-producing adenocarcinoma (MPA) is an uncommon histological subtype and is usually separated from other histological types and has been evaluated separately. The objective was to compare the clinicopathological characteristics and survivals of MPA with CA.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 1515 MPA patients in SEER database. Log-rank tests and KM survival curves were applied to determine the differences in overall survival (OS) and cancer specific survival (CSS) time.

Results

No significant differences were noted in OS and CSS time. The MPA patients who were treated with surgery and chemotherapy exhibited longer OS and CSS time periods than those without treatment. MPA patients treated with radiotherapy exhibited similar OS and CSS time with those without radiotherapy. MPA was not a prognostic factor of survival.

Conclusions

MPA was a rare histological type of gastric cancer. Patients with MPA exhibited similar prognosis with those with CA. Surgery and chemotherapy were effective treatments for patients with MPA.
STEM, STEAM, STREAM: Posibilidades, reflexiones y experiencias
Authors: Vanegas Yuly
Published: October 2021

Introducción a la sección monográfica
Los mapas y la transición digital: una oportunidad para la geografía urbana crítica
Authors: Font-Casaseca Núria
Published: October 2021

La geografía urbana crítica se encuentra en una posición privilegiada para aprovechar las oportunidades que ofrece la transición digital cartográfica. Para conseguir este objetivo es necesario, sin embargo, desarrollar unas prácticas cartográficas renovadas y creativas. En este artículo destacamos algunas aportaciones, realizadas desde la denominada cartografía crítica, útiles para entender las limitaciones que impone el mapa como herramienta de investigación. También identificamos algunos ejemplos cartográficos que muestran las ventajas de representar el espacio social urbano desde concepciones espaciales diversas. Una aproximación cartográfica más reflexiva e imaginativa puede ser útil también para aquellas personas y colectivos que empiezan a realizar mapas sin mucha experiencia cartográfica previa ni conocimientos formales sobre los efectos que tienen los mapas sobre la realidad que tratan de representar.
Tenperatura aldaketak orekatzen dituen ehun adimenduna
Authors: Moreno Amaia , Veloso-Fernández Antonio
Published: October 2021

Material adimenduen presentzia gero eta nabarmenagoa da gaur egun, gehienbat ehungintzan. Material hauen artean poliuretanoak dira ezaugarri onenak aurkezten dituztenak, eta garrantzitsua da hauen trantsizio tenperatura gorputz tenperaturaren parekoa izatea, forma-memoria izaera aktibatzeko; beroa baita aplikatu beharreko kanpo estimuluetariko bat, aplikazio gisa biomedikuntzan edo arropetan erabili ahal izateko. Giza gorputzak berez orekako tenperatura bat dauka eta homeotermoa da, hala ere, naturak eskaintzen dituen mugak gaindi daitezke ehunetan fasez aldatzen diren materialak jarriz gero; modu horretan eramaileak konfort termikoa izanik momentu oro. Lan honetan, material konposatu edo konpositeak aztertuko dira, konkretuki polimeroz eta partikulaz osatuta daudenak; zuntzak edo hariak bilakatuko direnak estrusio prozesuaren bidez, amaieran, aipatutako propietateak eguneroko arropetan eraman ahal izateko.