bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coloring Bipartite Graphs with Semi-small List Size
Authors: Zhu Daniel G.
Published: January 2023

Recently, Alon, Cambie, and Kang introduced asymmetric list coloring of bipartite graphs, where the size of each vertex’s list depends on its part. For complete bipartite graphs, we fix the list sizes of one part and consider the resulting asymptotics, revealing an invariant quantity instrumental in determining choosability across most of the parameter space. By connecting this quantity to a simple question on independent sets of hypergraphs, we strengthen bounds when a part has list size 2. Finally, we state via our framework a conjecture on general bipartite graphs, unifying three conjectures of Alon–Cambie–Kang.
Hotelling tubes, confidence bands and conformal inference
Authors: Koenker Roger
Published: January 2023

Stochastic frontier models and methods as pioneered by Peter Schmidt in Aigner et al. (J Econom 6:21–37, 1977), Horrace and Schmidt (J Product Anal 7:257–282, 1996), Amsler et al. (J Econom 190:280–288, 2016) constitute a rare departure from the usual econometric obsession with models for conditional means. They also provided an early stimulus for the development of quantile regression methods. After a brief tutorial on Hotelling tube methods for constructing confidence bands for nonparametric quantile regression, strengthened performance guarantees for such bands are described based on recent developments in conformal inference. These methods may be considered to be a rather idiosyncratic new approach to nonparametric inference for stochastic frontier models.
In-situ temperature and major species measurements of sooting flames based on short-gated spontaneous Raman scattering
Authors: Meng Hu , Ren Yihua , Cameron Florence , Pitsch Heinz
Published: January 2023

Spontaneous Raman scattering is a conventional in-situ laser-diagnostic method that has been widely used for measurements of temperature and major species. However, utilization of Raman scattering in sooting flames suffers from strong interference including laser-induced fluorescence, laser-induced incandescence, and flame luminosity, which has been a challenge for a long time. This work introduces an easy-to-implement and calibration-free Raman scattering thermometry in sooting flames based on a 355-nm nanosecond-pulsed laser beam. Several strategies were utilized to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and suppress the interference: (1) nanosecond intensified CCD gate width; (2) optimized intensified CCD gate delay; (3) specially designed focused laser beam; (4) ultraviolet polarizer filter. The temperature was obtained by fitting the spectral profile of Stokes-Raman scattering of N2molecules without any calibrations. Based on the measured temperature, the mole fraction of major species can be evaluated. This method was applied to measure the temperature and major species profiles in a steady ethylene–air counterflow diffusion flame with a spatial resolution of 1.2 mm × 10.8 mm × 0.13 mm. The experimental results agree well with the simulation results in both sooting and non-sooting regions, demonstrating the feasibility of this method for quantitative diagnostics of temperature and major species in multiphase reacting flows.
Random Euclidean coverage from within
Authors: Penrose Mathew D.
Published: January 2023

Let$$X_1,X_2, \ldots $$X1,X2,…be independent random uniform points in a bounded domain$$A \subset \mathbb {R}^d$$A⊂Rdwith smooth boundary. Define thecoverage threshold$$R_n$$Rnto be the smallestrsuch thatAis covered by the balls of radiusrcentred on$$X_1,\ldots ,X_n$$X1,…,Xn. We obtain the limiting distribution of$$R_n$$Rnand also a strong law of large numbers for$$R_n$$Rnin the large-nlimit. For example, ifAhas volume 1 and perimeter$$|\partial A|$$|∂A|, if$$d=3$$d=3then$$\mathbb {P}[n\pi R_n^3 - \log n - 2 \log (\log n) \le x]$$P[nπRn3-logn-2log(logn)≤x]converges to$$\exp (-2^{-4}\pi ^{5/3} |\partial A| e^{-2 x/3})$$exp(-2-4π5/3|∂A|e-2x/3)and$$(n \pi R_n^3)/(\log n) \rightarrow 1$$(nπRn3)/(logn)→1almost surely, and if$$d=2$$d=2then$$\mathbb {P}[n \pi R_n^2 - \log n - \log (\log n) \le x]$$P[nπRn2-logn-log(logn)≤x]converges to$$\exp (- e^{-x}- |\partial A|\pi ^{-1/2} e^{-x/2})$$exp(-e-x-|∂A|π-1/2e-x/2). We give similar results for generald, and also for the case whereAis a polytope. We also generalize to allow for multiple coverage. The analysis relies on classical results by Hall and by Janson, along with a careful treatment of boundary effects. For the strong laws of large numbers, we can relax the requirement that the underlying density onAbe uniform.
Septic arthritis of the native hip joint: a multi-pattern, multi-outcome disease
Authors: Kim Byungseob , Boukebous Baptiste , White Douglas , Baker Joseph F.
Published: January 2023

Purpose

Septic arthritis of the native hip joint (SANH) is an uncommon surgical and medical emergency with few reports. The aim of this study was to determine predictors of return to theatre (RTT), complications and mortality.

Methods

Patients with SANH were identified from January 2009 to June 2022; 50 patients and three subgroups were identified: Pyogenic (surgical washout without systemic inflammatory disease), Systemic (surgical washout with SIDs) and patients managed non-surgically. Patterns of these groups were assessed with a principal component analysis. The cumulative incidences for death, any complication and RTT for repeat washout were calculated. The predictive variables associated with outcomes were selected with univariable models and then incorporated in multivariable CoxPH regressions.

Results

The 1-year cumulative incidence was 14% for mortality and 48.5% for any complication. Amongst patients managed surgically, 1-year risk of RTT was 46% in Pyogenic subgroup and 21% in Systemic subgroup. Systemic subgroup had lower complications and RTT and higher rate of sterile aspirate, compared to Pyogenic. Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) (HR = 1.41, P value = 0.03), preoperative albumin (HR = 0.81, P value = 0.009) and preoperative haemoglobin (HR = 0.95, P value = 0.02) were significantly associated with 1-year mortality. Time between symptom onset and admission > 7 days (HR = 3.15, P value = 0.042), preoperative Hb (HR = 1.05, P value = 0.016), socioeconomic deprivation (HR = 1.18, P value = 0.04) and Systemic subgroup (HR = 0.25, P value = 0.04) were significantly associated with RTT.

Conclusion

Mortality was well predicted by the usual parameters including CCI, albumin, but also low haemoglobin. Patients presenting in a delayed fashion were more likely to have multiple lavages.
$$(d,\varvec{\sigma })$$-Veronese variety and some applications
Authors: Durante N. , Longobardi G. , Pepe V.
Published: January 2023

Let $${\mathbb K}$$
K
be the Galois field $${\mathbb F}_{q^t}$$

F

q
t

of order $$q^t, q=p^e, p$$

q
t

,
q
=

p
e

,
p

a prime, $$A={{\,\mathrm{{Aut}}\,}}({\mathbb K})$$

A
=

Aut

(
K
)

be the automorphism group of $${\mathbb K}$$
K
and $$\varvec{\sigma }=(\sigma _0,\ldots , \sigma _{d-1}) \in A^d$$

σ

=

(

σ
0

,
…
,

σ

d
-
1

)

∈

A
d

, $$d \ge 1$$

d
≥
1

. In this paper the following generalization of the Veronese map is studied: $$\begin{aligned} \nu _{d,\varvec{\sigma }} : \langle v \rangle \in {{\,\mathrm{{PG}}\,}}(n-1,{\mathbb K}) \longrightarrow \langle v^{\sigma _0} \otimes v^{\sigma _1} \otimes \cdots \otimes v^{\sigma _{d-1}} \rangle \in {{\,\mathrm{{PG}}\,}}(n^d-1,{\mathbb K}). \end{aligned}$$

ν

d
,

σ

:

⟨
v
⟩

∈

PG

(
n
-
1
,
K
)

⟶

⟨

v

σ
0

⊗

v

σ
1

⊗
⋯
⊗

v

σ

d
-
1

⟩

∈

PG

(

n
d

-
1
,
K
)

.

Its image will be called the $$(d,\varvec{\sigma })$$

(
d
,

σ

)

-Veronese variety$$\mathcal V_{d,\varvec{\sigma }}$$

V

d
,

σ

. For $$d=t$$

d
=
t

, $$\sigma $$
σ
a generator of $$\textrm{Gal}({\mathbb F}_{q^t}|{\mathbb F}_{q})$$

Gal
(

F

q
t

|

F
q

)

and $$\varvec{\sigma }=(1,\sigma ,\sigma ^2,\ldots ,\sigma ^{t-1})$$

σ

=
(
1
,
σ
,

σ
2

,
…
,

σ

t
-
1

)

, the $$(t,\varvec{\sigma })$$

(
t
,

σ

)

-Veronese variety $$\mathcal V_{t,\varvec{\sigma }}$$

V

t
,

σ

is the variety studied in [9, 11, 13]. Such a variety is the Grassmann embedding of the Desarguesian spread of $${{\,\mathrm{{PG}}\,}}(nt-1,{\mathbb F}_q)$$

PG

(
n
t
-
1
,

F
q

)

and it has been used to construct codes [3] and (partial) ovoids of quadrics, see [9, 12]. Here, we will show that $$\mathcal V_{d,\varvec{\sigma }}$$

V

d
,

σ

is the Grassmann embedding of a normal rational scroll and any $$d+1$$

d
+
1

points of it are linearly independent. We give a characterization of $$d+2$$

d
+
2

linearly dependent points of $$\mathcal V_{d,\varvec{\sigma }}$$

V

d
,

σ

and for some choices of parameters, $$\mathcal V_{p,\varvec{\sigma }}$$

V

p
,

σ

is the normal rational curve; for $$p=2$$

p
=
2

, it can be the Segre’s arc of $${{\,\mathrm{{PG}}\,}}(3,q^t)$$

PG

(
3
,

q
t

)

; for $$p=3$$

p
=
3

$$\mathcal V_{p,\varvec{\sigma }}$$

V

p
,

σ

can be also a $$|\mathcal V_{p,\varvec{\sigma }}|$$

|

V

p
,

σ

|

-track of $${{\,\mathrm{{PG}}\,}}(5,q^t)$$

PG

(
5
,

q
t

)

. Finally, investigate the link between such points sets and a linear code $${\mathcal C}_{d,\varvec{\sigma }}$$

C

d
,

σ

that can be associated to the variety, obtaining examples of MDS and almost MDS codes.
Unique optima of the Delsarte linear program
Authors: Li Rupert
Published: January 2023

The Delsarte linear program is used to bound the size of codes given their block length n and minimal distance d by taking a linear relaxation from codes to quasicodes. We study for which values of (n, d) this linear program has a unique optimum: while we show that it does not always have a unique optimum, we prove that it does if $$d>n/2$$

d
>
n
/
2

or if $$d \le 2$$

d
≤
2

. Introducing the Krawtchouk decomposition of a quasicode, we prove there exist optima to the (n, 2e) and $$(n-1,2e-1)$$

(
n
-
1
,
2
e
-
1
)

linear programs that have essentially identical Krawtchouk decompositions, revealing a parity phenomenon among the Delsarte linear programs. We generalize the notion of extending and puncturing codes to quasicodes, from which we see that this parity relationship is given by extending/puncturing. We further characterize these pairs of optima, in particular demonstrating that they exhibit a symmetry property, effectively halving the number of decision variables.
Speaker identification and localization using shuffled MFCC features and deep learning
Authors: Barhoush Mahdi , Hallawa Ahmed , Schmeink Anke
Published: January 2023

The use of machine learning in automatic speaker identification and localization systems has recently seen significant advances. However, this progress comes at the cost of using complex models, computations, and increasing the number of microphone arrays and training data. Therefore, in this work, we propose a new end-to-end identification and localization model based on a simple fully connected deep neural network (FC-DNN) and just two input microphones. This model can jointly or separately localize and identify an active speaker with high accuracy in single and multi-speaker scenarios by exploiting a new data augmentation approach. In this regard, we propose using a novel Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) based feature called Shuffled MFCC (SHMFCC) and its variant Difference Shuffled MFCC (DSHMFCC). In order to test our approach, we analyzed the performance of the identification and localization proposed model on the new features at different noise and reverberation conditions for single and multi-speaker scenarios. The results show that our approach achieves high accuracy in these scenarios, outperforms the baseline and conventional methods, and achieves robustness even with small-sized training data.
The Inspiring and the Purple, and the Worthy and the Dull
Authors: Kirchin Simon
Published: January 2023

In this critical discussion I summarize Sophie-Grace Chappell’s excellent Epiphanies. Doing so leads me to ask a question. She is clearly against ‘moral theory’ and puts forward her preferred account of ‘epiphanic reflection’. But does she seek to wholly replace moral theory with epiphanic reflection or is she seeking to achieve a form of accommodation where both are given their due in our everyday moral lives? After voicing this issue I consider what options there might be in order to help us understand the question better and then to answer it.
The impurity of praxis: Arendt and Agamben
Authors: Sjöblom Katarina
Published: January 2023

If politics is understood as a foundational and open-ended activity, a general problem that arises from such a framing concerns the question of how to sustain the possibility of continuous openings without converting action into permanence and closure. In this article, we approach this problematic by treating Hannah Arendt as an exemplary figure in the current of political thought that emphasizes the indeterminate nature of action. We focus more specifically on how Arendt addressed the question of sustaining action by exploring the role of forgiveness, promises, divided power, and principles of action in her thought. While we show that the task of sustaining the indeterminacy of action partly remains an unresolvable paradox for Arendt, a general force underpinning the thought of Giorgio Agamben sheds new light on this paradox. Rather than affirming radical openness and pure praxis as such, Agamben’s work helps accentuate the need of a certain contamination of praxis by its own limit or apparent opposite. Importantly, this allows us to interpret Arendt and the paradoxical task of bestowing some degree of permanence to the open horizon of political action in a decidedly positive light: that praxis implies a moment of impurity is the very force that sustains it without sacrificing its indeterminate nature.
Exploring the philosophical concept of my death in the context of biology: the scholarly significance of the unknown
Authors: Fukuda Manabu
Published: January 2023

Contemplating one’s own death is a core aspect in the history of Western philosophy. In the modern era, existential philosophy has inherited this tradition and established unique discussions on the concept of “mydeath,” resting on the premise that this concept is unapproachable via scientific inquiry. Conversely, biological research is essentially conducted within the scope of life phenomena, with death being referred to in the sense of lifespan; thus, death is not among its inherent themes, which automatically excludes the concept ofmydeath from its scope. To establish a dialogue between the two fields, this study questions the widely held premise thatmydeath is unrelated to science and is best examined by philosophy. I consider the movement between continuity and discontinuity as foundational to scientific development, and integrate it with the relationship between the unknown and known. Furthermore, I extend this to the concepts of consciousness and body, and subsequently clarify and define the unknown divisions. Finally, I examine the kinds of unknowns that science confronts to interpret philosophically how an aspect of reproductive theory has unwittingly revealed a completely new dimension of life:mydeath. Overall, I argue thatmydeath is an essential point of contact between philosophy and biology that reveals the scholarly significance of the unknown.
The Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights: In Search of Enaction, at Risk of Inaction
Authors: Hine Emmie , Floridi Luciano
Published: January 2023

The US is promoting a new vision of a “Good AI Society” through its recent AI Bill of Rights. This offers a promising vision of community-oriented equity unique amongst peer countries. However, it leaves the door open for potential rights violations. Furthermore, it may have some federal impact, but it is non-binding, and without concrete legislation, the private sector is likely to ignore it.
Numerical Model For Short-Time High-Temperature Isothermal Oxidation of Fe–Mn Binaries at High Oxygen Partial Pressure
Authors: Aghaeian S. , Brouwer J. C. , Sloof W. G. , Mol J. M. C. , Böttger A. J.
Published: January 2023

Since the oxidation reactions in the process of steel production occur in harsh conditions (i.e., high temperatures and gas atmospheres), it is practically impossible to observe in situ the compositional changes in the steel and the formed oxide scale. Hence, a coupled thermodynamic-kinetic numerical model is developed that predicts the formation of oxide phases and the composition profile of the steel alloy’s constituents in a short time due to external oxidation. The model is applied to high-temperature oxidation of Fe–Mn alloys under different conditions. Oxidizing experiments executed with a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) on Fe–Mn alloys with different Mn contents (below 10 wt %) are used to determine kinetic parameters that serve as an input for the model. The mass gain data as a function of time show both linear and parabolic regimes. The results of the numerical simulations are presented. The effect of different parameters, such as temperature, Mn content of the alloy, oxygen partial pressure, and oxidizing gas flow rate on the alloy composition and oxide phases formed, is determined. It is shown that increasing the temperature and decreasing the oxygen partial pressure both lead to a thicker depleted area.
Experimental investigation of soil–structure interface behaviour under monotonic and cyclic thermal loading
Authors: Guo Yimu , Golchin Ali , Hicks Michael A. , Liu Songyu , Zhang Guozhu , Vardon Philip J.
Published: January 2023

The effect of temperature on the monotonic and cyclic shearing response of a soil–structure interface is of critical importance for the application of thermal-active geo-structures. To investigate this, soils and soil–concrete interfaces were comprehensively tested with a temperature-controlled direct shear device under both fixed temperatures and thermal/mechanical cycles within the range of 2–38 °C. Monotonic and cyclic shearing with various boundary conditions, including constant normal load (CNL), constant normal stiffness (CNS) and constant volume (CV), were conducted to resemble the conditions that thermal-active-geo-structures may experience. The strength properties of the sand, clay, and sand–concrete and clay–concrete interfaces were partially influenced by heating and cooling under all boundary conditions. However, several effects were observed which could affect the performance of thermo-active structures. Heating cycles caused the clay–concrete interface to be overconsolidated, implying a lower excess pore pressure would be generated during shearing. The cyclic CNS tests suggested that the interface strength could degrade due to (thermally induced) cyclic shear displacements, with this effect strongly related to the state of the soil rather than the temperature directly. In these tests, the medium-dense sand–concrete interface degraded to almost zero shear strength after 5 cycles, whereas the clay–concrete interface asymptotically degraded to around 60% of its strength after 10 cycles.
Consolidation and swelling behavior of kaolinite clay containing xanthan gum biopolymer
Authors: Kwon Yeong-Man , Chang Ilhan , Cho Gye-Chun
Published: January 2023

Recently, microbial biopolymer-based soil treatment (BPST) has gained attention for its application in environmentally friendly soil stabilization, particularly for enhancing the strength and stability of fine-grained soils. However, the effects of BPST on clay’s compressibility (consolidation) and expansion (swelling) behaviors remain unclear. This study used xanthan gum, a microbially produced polysaccharide with anionic charges, to stabilize kaolinite clay. The effect of xanthan gum BPST on the consolidation and swelling behavior of cohesive kaolinite clays was assessed through a series of experimental tests, including one-dimensional consolidation tests with elastic wave measurements, swelling tests, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and unconsolidated-undrained triaxial tests. The formation of xanthan gum hydrogels induces pore-clogging, resulting in a delay in the consolidation process, increased energy dissipation, and compressibility. Furthermore, the interaction between kaolinite and xanthan gum improved the undrained shear strength of kaolinite soils, thereby reducing the consolidation time required for a specific bearing capacity. This study demonstrates the possible application of controlling hydraulic conductivity, seismic stabilization, and rapid surface stabilization. However, additional drainage is necessary for in situ applications.
On nilcompactifications of prime spectra of commutative rings
Authors: Acosta Gempeler Lorenzo , Rubio Perilla I. Marcela
Published: January 2023

Given a ring R and one of its proper ideals S, we obtain a compactification of the prime spectrum of S through a mainly algebraic process. We call it the R-nilcompactification of $$\textrm{Spec}S$$

Spec
S

. We study some categorical properties of this construction.
Study of Tribological Properties of Bulk Nanostructured Aluminum and Copper Samples Applicable in Automotive Bearing Application
Authors: Eskandarzade Mehdi , Masalehdan Tahereh , Tutunchi Abolfazl , Osouli-Bostanabad Karim , Hildyard Robin , Bewsher Stephen Rickie , Mohammadpour Mahdi
Published: February 2023

Using lightweight systems and friction reduction approaches are two main contributors towards modern and efficient powertrains in the automotive industry. New materials and processes are required to achieve the demanding and ever-increasing performance requirement of automotive systems. Nanostructure induced by severe plastic deformation methods involves bimodal microstructures and hence, shows exceptional mechanical characteristics which can be exploited for automotive application. Through this study, samples were prepared using pure copper, aluminum alloy (series 7000) and were processed to attain bulk nanostructured samples using a Single Step High Pressure Torsion technique with appropriate dimensions applicable as the rolling elements of automotive bearings. The induced nanostructures resulted micro hardness and frictional characteristics of the bulk samples were assessed using transmission electron (TEM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopies as well as microhardness evaluations. The results revealed that a fully refined nanostructured samples were achieved with 90% increase in the hardness at the outer diameter of the sample. The AFM measurements indicated that the friction coefficient of nanostructured copper and aluminum samples were ~ 25 and ~ 45% less than that of both the unprocessed samples, respectively. Characteristics of treated samples suggest that these processes can be potentially used in demanding conditions of rolling element bearings with reduced weight and frictional losses.
Penalty contracts: is it all about paying the cash upfront?
Authors: Essl Andrea , Friedrich Kathrin , Schumacher Stefanie , von Bieberstein Frauke
Published: January 2023

We experimentally investigate the relevance of a cash upfront payment for the effort-enhancing effect of penalty contracts. We find that penalty contracts where participants receive the upfront payment physically before working on a real effort task induce more effort than penalty contracts where participants are only informed about the upfront payment. When comparing penalty contracts with economically-equivalent bonus contracts, we find that penalty contracts lead to higher effort provision than bonus contracts, but only if participants physically receive the upfront cash payment in advance. We suggest that the higher salience of the cash upfront payment might be a core driver of the detected framing effect. Our findings emphasize the importance of experimental design choices when studying framed incentive contracts.
Posterior-only correction surgery for idiopathic scoliosis Lenke type 5c: differences of strategies and outcomes between adult patients and adolescent patients
Authors: Pan Xiyu , Qiao Jun , Liu Zhen , Shi Benlong , Mao Saihu , Li Song , Sun Xu , Zhu Zezhang , Qiu Yong
Published: January 2023

Purpose

To compare radiographic parameters, and functional and surgical outcomes between lumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and lumbar adult idiopathic scoliosis (AdIS).

Methods

A retrospective study was performed to identify Lenke 5c type AIS and AdIS patients from our scoliosis database who had undergone posterior surgical treatment for scoliosis. Preoperative and postoperative radiographic and clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups.

Results

A total of 22 patients were included in AdIS group, and 44 matched patients in AIS group. AdIS group had significantly larger L3 and L4 tilt and translation than AIS group (P < 0.05). AdIS group had larger T10-L2 angle and smaller T5–T12 angle (P < 0.05). AdIS group had higher VAS scores (P < 0.05) and pain domain of SRS-22 scores (P < 0.05) as compared to AIS group. Correlation analysis demonstrated positive relationship between VAS scores and T10-L2 angle (r = 0.492, P < 0.05). AdIS group was fused longer than AIS group (P < 0.05). Cobb angle of TL/L curve was larger and correction ratio was smaller at AdIS group (P < 0.05). AdIS group still had significantly larger L3 and L4 tilt and translation than AIS group (P < 0.05). CT measurements demonstrated larger postoperative vertebral body rotation at apical vertebrae and LIV at AdIS group (P < 0.05). Vertebral correction ratio was smaller at AdIS group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Lenke 5c AdIS patients had greater preoperative and postoperative L3 and L4 tilt and translation, as well as less correction of major curve and vertebral body derotation than AIS patients. However, the incidence of adding-on was similar between the two groups.
Understanding cycling mobility: Bologna case study
Authors: Bertini Flavio , Davtian Taron , Sharma Rajesh
Published: January 2023

Understanding human mobility in touristic and historical cities is of the utmost importance for managing traffic and deploying new resources and services. In recent years, the need to enhance mobility has been exacerbated due to rapid urbanisation and climate changes. The main objective of this work is to study cycling mobility within the city of Bologna, Italy. We used six months dataset that consists of 320,118 self-reported bike trips. First, we performed several descriptive analysis to understand the temporal and spatial patterns of bike users for understanding popular roads and most favourite points within the city. The findings show how bike users present regular daily and weekly temporal patterns and the characteristics of their trips (i.e. distance, time and speed) follow well-known distribution laws. We also identified several points of interest in the city that are particularly attractive for cycling. Moreover, using several other public datasets, we found that bike usage is more correlated to temperature and precipitation and has no correlation to wind speed and pollution. We also exploited machine learning approaches for predicting short-term trips in the near future (that is for the following 10, 30, and 60 minutes), which could help local governmental agencies with urban planning. The best model achieved an R square of 0.91 for the 30-minute time interval, and a Mean Absolute Error of 2.52 and a Root Mean Squared Error of 3.88 for the 10-minute time interval.
Rejecting the Social Contract: Criminal Governance, Agrarian Inequalities and the Autodefensa Movement in Michoacán, Mexico
Authors: Herrera Joel Salvador
Published: February 2023

In many developing countries where formal institutions fail to guarantee rule of law, criminal organisations have emerged as intermediaries between citizens and the state. In some cases, these armed non-state actors adopt repressive strategies to govern their territories and local populations. This study asks under what circumstances local actors mobilise against criminal governance. Focusing on the case of Michoacán, Mexico, I argue that the emergence of vigilante groups, known as autodefensas, was prompted by the breaching of a social contract – a set of formal and informal agreements and obligations – between organised crime and civil society. As criminal governance spread in Michoacán, so did predatory behaviour against local communities, which gave way to an elite-organised social movement structured by rural inequalities.
Prädiktoren für frühe ungeplante Rehospitalisationen
Authors: Rageth Luana , Leuppi Jörg D. , Leuppi-Taegtmeyer Anne B. , Lüthi-Corridori Giorgia , Boesing Maria
Published: February 2023

Zusammenfassung. Ungeplante Rehospitalisationen stellen eine grosse Belastung für Patientinnen und Patienten, deren Angehörige und das Gesundheitssystem dar. Vor allem seit der Einführung der SwissDRG im Jahr 2012 wurden finanzielle Anreize für Spitäler geschaffen, Wiederaufnahmen zu verhindern. Nicht alle Patientinnen und Patienten haben dasselbe Risiko für eine Rehospitalisation. Mittels Prädiktoren aus verschiedenen Bereichen können Risikopatientinnen und -patienten erkannt werden, um bereits frühzeitig adäquate Interventionen zur Vermeidung einer Wiederaufnahme zu implementieren. Prädiktoren lassen sich bei den Patientinnen und Patienten finden, beispielsweise Polypharmazie und viele Komorbiditäten, oder beim Geschlecht, aber auch behandler- und systembezogene Prädiktoren spielen eine Rolle. Als wirksame Interventionen werden in der Literatur frühe Nachkontrollen und Medikationsüberprüfungen vor Austritt genannt.
The NB5I
Authors: Bäckström Martin , Björklund Fredrik , Maddux Rachel E. , Lindén Magnus
Published: February 2023

Abstract: Personality is usually measured by means of self-ratings. Despite some drawbacks, the method is here to stay, and improving on it, particularly regarding social desirability, is essential. One way to do this is evaluative neutralization, that is, to rephrase items such that it is less obvious to the respondent what would be a desirable response. We present a 120-item evaluatively neutralized five-factor inventory and compare it to the IPIP-NEO ( Goldberg et al., 2006 ). Psychometric analyses revealed that the new inventory has high factor homogeneity, relatively independent facets with acceptable homogeneity and normally distributed ratings, and relatively evaluatively neutral ratings (as indicated by the level of item popularity). In sum, this new inventory captures the same personality variance as other five-factor inventories but with less influence from individual differences in evaluative responding, resulting in less correlation between factors and a factor structure more in line with the simple structure model than many other five-factor inventories. Evaluatively neutralized inventories should be particularly useful when the factor structure is central to the research question and focuses on discriminant validity, such as identifying theoretically valid relationships between personality traits and other concepts.
Identification and Removal of Reaction Wheel Interference From In‐Situ Magnetic Field Data Using Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis
Authors: Finley Matthew G. , Broadfoot Robert M. , Shekhar Sapna , Miles David M.
Published: January 2023

In situ magnetic field measurements are critical to our understanding of a variety of space physics phenomena including field‐aligned currents and plasma waves. Unfortunately, high‐fidelity magnetometer measurements are often degraded by stray magnetic fields from the host spacecraft, its subsystems, and other instruments. One dominant source of magnetic interference on many missions are reaction wheels—spinning platters of varying rates used to control spacecraft attitude. This manuscript presents a novel approach to the mitigation of reaction wheel interference on magnetometer measurements aboard spacecraft where multiple magnetometer sensors are deployed. Specifically, multichannel singular spectrum analysis is employed to decompose multiple time series simultaneously. A technique for automatic component selection is proposed that classifies the decomposed signals into common geophysical signals and disparate locally generated signals enabling the robust estimation and removal of the local interference without requiring any assumptions about its characteristics or source. The utility of this proposed method is demonstrated empirically using in situ data from the CASSIOPE/Swarm‐Echo mission, and a data interval with near‐constant background field was shown to have its local reaction wheel interference reduced from 1.90 nT RMS, for the uncorrected outboard sensor, to 0.21 nT RMS (an 89.0% reduction). This technique can be generalized to arrays of more than two sensors, and should apply to additional types of magnetic interference.
MESSENGER Observations of Reconnection in Mercury's Magnetotail Under Strong IMF Forcing
Authors: Zhong Jun , Lee Lou‐Chuang , Slavin James A. , Zhang Hui , Wei Yong
Published: January 2023

The MESSENGER spacecraft typically crossed Mercury's magnetotail current sheet relatively close to the planet, that is, less than 2.5 RM (planet radius; 2,440 km). Magnetometer measurements are used to detect active reconnection events by identifying the quadrupole Hall magnetic field signatures that form about X‐lines. Statistical analyses of the 51 active reconnection events detected in this manner indicate that they occur most frequently on the duskside and typically at a mean altitude greater than 1.5 RM. In contrast, the dawnside events occur at altitudes of ∼1 RM. In addition, a higher recurrence rate of flux ropes formed in the Hall region was observed on the dawnside. Applying the Kan‐Lee solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling function confirmed that these near‐tail reconnection events at Mercury are observed under strong forcing by the interplanetary magnetic field. We further propose that the reconnection‐driven nightside magnetosphere‐planet interaction is characterized by a pronounced dawn‐dusk asymmetry and may significantly influence the near‐Mercury space environment.
Seismic Azimuthal Anisotropy Beneath a Fast Moving Ancient Continent: Constraints From Shear Wave Splitting Analysis in Australia
Authors: Ba Kailun , Gao Stephen S. , Song Jianguo , Liu Kelly H.
Published: January 2023

Seismic azimuthal anisotropy beneath Australia is investigated using splitting of the teleseismic PKS, SKKS, and SKS phases to delineate asthenospheric flow and lithospheric deformation beneath one of the oldest and fast‐moving continents on Earth. In total 511 pairs of high‐quality splitting parameters were observed at 116 seismic stations. Unlike other stable continental areas in Africa, East Asia, and North America, where spatially consistent splitting parameters dominate, the fast orientations and splitting times observed in Australia show a complex pattern, with a slightly smaller than normal average splitting time of 0.85 ± 0.33 s. On the North Australian Craton, the fast orientations are mostly N‐S, which is parallel to the absolute plate motion (APM) direction in the hotspot frame. Those observed in the South Australian Craton are mostly NE‐SW and E‐W, which are perpendicular to the maximum lithospheric horizontal shortening direction. In east Australia, the observed azimuthal anisotropy can be attributed to either APM induced simple shear or lithospheric fabric parallel to the strike of the orogenic belts. The observed spatial variations of the seismic azimuthal anisotropy, when combined with results from depth estimation utilizing the spatial coherency of the splitting parameters and seismic tomography studies, suggest that the azimuthal anisotropy in Australia can mostly be related to simple shear in the rheologically transition layer between the lithosphere and asthenosphere. Non‐APM parallel anisotropy is attributable to modulations of the mantle flow system by undulations of the bottom of the lithosphere, with a spatially variable degree of contribution from lithospheric fabric.
On the Ionospheric Disturbances in New Zealand and Australia Following the Eruption of the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Volcano on 15 January 2022
Authors: Chen Peng , Xiong Mingzhu , Wang Rong , Yao Yibin , Tang Fucai , Chen Hao , Qiu Liangcai
Published: January 2023

The Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (hereafter HTHH) submarine volcano erupted at 04:14:45 UT on 15 January 2022, causing ionospheric disturbances. This paper uses carrier phase observations from GNSS tracking stations in New Zealand and Australia to calculate the vertical total electron content. At 06:10, the ground‐based GNSS tracking station in New Zealand observes a maximum amplitude of 2.26 TECU anomaly caused by a mesoscale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) with a wavelength of 200–250 km, a period of 6–13 min, and a maximum propagation velocity of 330 m/s. The anomaly developed with time along the north‐south island direction toward the south island and lasted for about three and a half hours, with the ionosphere returning to pre‐eruption levels after 09:50, indicating a correlation between ionospheric activity and volcanic eruption. An ionospheric anomaly caused by an MSTID was also observed off the east coast of Australia around 08:11, with a maximum amplitude of 3.17 TECU and a maximum propagation velocity of 356 m/s. The ionospheric anomaly in Australia spreads out in a plane. In the process of propagation, it continuously impacts the area it passes through, and the entire anomaly process lasts for more than 7 hr. Still, the anomalous propagation velocities are more significant than in New Zealand, indicating that the Lamb waves excited by the eruption of the HTHH submarine volcano are directional in propagation speed; westward travels faster than southward. This finding will provide more references for scholars to study the mechanism and characteristics of anomaly propagation.
Lysimeter and In Situ Field Experiments to Study Soil Evaporation Through a Dry Soil Layer Under Semi‐Arid Climate
Authors: Balugani E. , Lubczynski M. W. , Metselaar K.
Published: January 2023

During droughts, soil evaporation is often constrained by water vapor transport through an air‐dry soil layer (DSL). Fick's water vapor diffusion is widely regarded as the only process for such transport; however, field studies conducted in arid and semi‐arid conditions showed measured evaporation rates higher than those predicted by diffusion. Therefore, transport processes other than diffusion could be relevant. To study the evaporation through a DSL, the same lysimeter column with 70 cm thick DSL as earlier applied in laboratory in Balugani et al. (2021), was installed in the field in Spain applying an original weighing setup to measure evaporation. The correlation between the measured evaporation and possible drivers of the water vapor transport were evaluated. With the DSL thickness of 70 cm in 2012 and 12 cm in 2015, the lysimeter recorded similar groundwater evaporation rates: 1.25 and 1.05 mm days−1, respectively; these rates were much larger than the laboratory recorded rates (0.3 mm days−1) and those estimated in this study using Hydrus1D accounting for non‐isothermal liquid water fluxes and water vapor diffusion. The main forcing driver of the field lysimeter evaporation was the soil profile temperature fluctuation, which concealed other less important forcing factors, that is, atmospheric pressure fluctuations and diffusion. A multivariate regression model to estimate evaporation was proposed, based on the profile temperature fluctuation, that, when added to the atmospheric pressure fluctuations, yielded reliable estimates of the cumulative evaporation measured in both 2012 and 2015.
Socioexposomics of COVID-19 across New Jersey: a comparison of geostatistical and machine learning approaches
Authors: Ren Xiang , Mi Zhongyuan , Georgopoulos Panos G.
Published: February 2023

Background

Disparities in adverse COVID-19 health outcomes have been associated with multiple social and environmental stressors. However, research is needed to evaluate the consistency and efficiency of methods for studying these associations at local scales.

Objective

To assess socioexposomic associations with COVID-19 outcomes across New Jersey and evaluate consistency of findings from multiple modeling approaches.

Methods

We retrieved data for COVID-19 cases and deaths for the 565 municipalities of New Jersey up to the end of the first phase of the pandemic, and calculated mortality rates with and without long-term-care (LTC) facility deaths. We considered 84 spatially heterogeneous environmental, demographic and socioeconomic factors from publicly available databases, including air pollution, proximity to industrial sites/facilities, transportation-related noise, occupation and commuting, neighborhood and housing characteristics, age structure, racial/ethnic composition, poverty, etc. Six geostatistical models (Poisson/Negative-Binomial regression, Poison/Negative-Binomial mixed effect model, Poisson/Negative-Binomial Bersag-York-Mollie spatial model) and two Machine Learning (ML) methods (Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting) were implemented to assess association patterns. The Shapley effects plot was established for explainable ML and change of support validation was introduced to compare performances of different approaches.

Results

We found robust positive associations of COVID-19 mortality with historic exposures to NO2, population density, percentage of minority and below high school education, and other social and environmental factors. Exclusion of LTC deaths does not significantly affect correlations for most factors but findings can be substantially influenced by model structures and assumptions. The best performing geostatistical models involved flexible structures representing data variations. ML methods captured association patterns consistent with the best performing geostatistical models, and furthermore detected consistent nonlinear associations not captured by geostatistical models.

Significance

The findings of this work improve the understanding of how social and environmental disparities impacted COVID-19 outcomes across New Jersey.
The RESP AI model accelerates the identification of tight-binding antibodies
Authors: Parkinson Jonathan , Hard Ryan , Wang Wei
Published: January 2023

High-affinity antibodies are often identified through directed evolution, which may require many iterations of mutagenesis and selection to find an optimal candidate. Deep learning techniques hold the potential to accelerate this process but the existing methods cannot provide the confidence interval or uncertainty needed to assess the reliability of the predictions. Here we present a pipeline called RESP for efficient identification of high affinity antibodies. We develop a learned representation trained on over 3 million human B-cell receptor sequences to encode antibody sequences. We then develop a variational Bayesian neural network to perform ordinal regression on a set of the directed evolution sequences binned by off-rate and quantify their likelihood to be tight binders against an antigen. Importantly, this model can assess sequences not present in the directed evolution library and thus greatly expand the search space to uncover the best sequences for experimental evaluation. We demonstrate the power of this pipeline by achieving a 17-fold improvement in the KD of the PD-L1 antibody Atezolizumab and this success illustrates the potential of RESP in facilitating general antibody development.
A novel hybrid methodology to secure GOOSE messages against cyberattacks in smart grids
Authors: Hussain Shahbaz , Iqbal Atif , Hussain S. M. Suhail , Zanero Stefano , Shikfa Abdullatif , Ragaini Enrico , Khan Irfan , Alammari Rashid
Published: February 2023

IEC 61850 is emerging as a popular communication standard for smart grids. Standardized communication in smart grids has an unwanted consequence of higher vulnerability to cyber-attacks. Attackers exploit the standardized semantics of the communication protocols to launch different types of attacks such as false data injection (FDI) attacks. Hence, there is a need to develop a cybersecurity testbed and novel mitigation strategies to study the impact of attacks and mitigate them. This paper presents a testbed and methodology to simulate FDI attacks on IEC 61850 standard compliant Generic Object-Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) protocol using real time digital simulator (RTDS) together with open-source tools such as Snort and Wireshark. Furthermore, a novel hybrid cybersecurity solution by the name of sequence content resolver is proposed to counter such attacks on the GOOSE protocol in smart grids. Utilizing the developed testbed FDI attacks in the form of replay and masquerade attacks on are launched and the impact of attacks on electrical side is studied. Finally, the proposed hybrid cybersecurity solution is implemented with the developed testbed and its effectiveness is demonstrated.
Multiple opsins in a reef-building coral, Acropora millepora
Authors: Mason Benjamin M. , Koyanagi Mitsumasa , Sugihara Tomohiro , Iwasaki Makoto , Slepak Vladlen , Miller David J. , Sakai Yusuke , Terakita Akihisa
Published: January 2023

Opsins, light-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors, have been identified in corals but their properties are largely unknown. Here, we identified six opsin genes (acropsins 1–6) from a coral species Acropora millepora, including three novel opsins (acropsins 4–6), and successfully characterized the properties of four out of the six acropsins. Acropsins 1 and 6 exhibited light-dependent cAMP increases in cultured cells, suggesting that the acropsins could light-dependently activate Gs-type G protein like the box jellyfish opsin from the same opsin group. Spectral sensitivity curves having the maximum sensitivities at ~ 472 nm and ~ 476 nm were estimated for acropsins 1 and 6, respectively, based on the light wavelength-dependent cAMP increases in these opsins-expressing cells (heterologous action spectroscopy). Acropsin 2 belonging to the same group as acropsins 1 and 6 did not induce light-dependent cAMP or Ca2+ changes. We then successfully estimated the acropsin 2 spectral sensitivity curve having its maximum value at ~ 471 nm with its chimera mutant which possessed the third cytoplasmic loop of the Gs-coupled jellyfish opsin. Acropsin 4 categorized as another group light-dependently induced intracellular Ca2+ increases but not cAMP changes. Our results uncovered that the Acropora coral possesses multiple opsins coupling two distinct cascades, cyclic nucleotide and Ca2+signaling light-dependently.
Observation of plasma inflows in laser-produced Sn plasma and their contribution to extreme-ultraviolet light output enhancement
Authors: Tomita Kentaro , Pan Yiming , Sunahara Atsushi , Kouge Kouichiro , Mizoguchi Hakaru , Nishihara Katsunobu
Published: February 2023

Plasma dynamics are governed by electron density (ne), electron temperature (Te), and radiative energy transfer as well as by macroscopic flows. However, plasma flow-velocity fields (vflow) inside laser-produced plasmas (LPPs) have rarely been measured, owing to their small sizes (< 1 mm) and short lifetimes (< 100 ns). Herein, we report, for the first time, two-dimensional (2D) vflow measurements of Sn-LPPs (“double-pulse” scheme with a CO2 laser) for extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) light sources for semiconductor lithography using the collective Thomson scattering technique, which is typically used to measure ne, Te, and averaged ionic charge (Z) of plasmas. Inside the EUV source, we observed plasma inflow speed exceeding 104 m/s magnitudes toward a plasma central axis from its peripheral regions. The time-resolved 2D profiles of ne, Te, Z, and vflow indicate that the plasma inflows maintain the EUV source at a temperature suitable (25 eV < Te < 40 eV) for EUV light emission at a high density (ne > 3 × 1024 m−3) and for a relatively long time (> 10 ns), resulting increment of total EUV light emission. These results indicate that controlling the plasma flow can improve EUV light output and that there is potential to increase the EUV output further.