bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MR elastography and diffusion‐weighted imaging of ex vivo prostate cancer: quantitative comparison to histopathology
Authors: Sahebjavaher Ramin S. , Nir Guy , Gagnon Louis O. , Ischia Joseph , Jones Edward C. , Chang Silvia D. , Yung Andrew , Honarvar Mohammad , Fazli Ladan , Goldenberg S. Larry , Rohling Robert , Sinkus Ralph , Kozlowski Piotr , Salcudean Septimiu E.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this work was (1) to develop a magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) system for imaging of the ex vivo human prostate and (2) to assess the diagnostic power of mono‐frequency and multi‐frequency MRE and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) alone and combined as correlated with histopathology in a patient study.

An electromagnetic driver was designed specifically for MRE studies in small‐bore MR scanners. Ex vivo prostate specimens (post‐fixation) of 14 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy were imaged with MRE at 7 T (nine cases had DWI). In six patients, the MRE examination was performed at three frequencies (600, 800, 1000 Hz) to extract the power‐law exponent Gamma. The images were registered to wholemount pathology slides marked with the Gleason score. The areas under the receiver‐operator‐characteristic curves (AUC) were calculated.

The methods were validated in a phantom study and it was demonstrated that (i) the driver does not interfere with the acquisition process and (ii) the driver can generate amplitudes greater than 100 µm for frequencies less than 1 kHz. In the quantitative study, cancerous tissue with Gleason score at least 3 + 3 was distinguished from normal tissue in the peripheral zone (PZ) with an average AUC of 0.75 (Gd), 0.75 (Gl), 0.70 (Gamma‐Gd), 0.68 (apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC), and 0.82 (Gd + Gl + ADC). The differentiation between PZ and central gland was modest for Gd (p < 0.07), Gl (p < 0.06) but not significant for Gamma (p < 0.2). A correlation of 0.4 kPa/h was found between the fixation time of the prostate specimen and the stiffness of the tissue, which could affect the diagnostic power results.

DWI and MRE may provide complementary information; in fact MRE performed better than ADC in distinguishing normal from cancerous tissue in some cases. Multi‐frequency (Gamma) analysis did not appear to improve the results. However, in light of the effect of tissue fixation, the clinical implication of our results may be inconclusive and more experiments are needed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A matheuristic algorithm for the mixed capacitated general routing problem
Authors: Bosco Adamo , Laganà Demetrio , Musmanno Roberto , Vocaturo Francesca
Published: November 2014

We study the general routing problem defined on a mixed graph and subject to capacity constraints. Such a problem aims to find the set of routes of minimum overall cost servicing a subset of required elements like vertices, arcs, and edges, without exceeding the capacity of a fleet of homogeneous vehicles based at the same depot. The problem is a generalization of a large variety of node and arc routing problems. It belongs to the family of NP‐hard combinatorial problems. Instances with a small number of vehicles and required elements can be effectively solved by means of exact methods. Heuristic approaches are helpful to obtain feasible solutions for medium to large size instances. In this article, we present a matheuristic approach to the problem, in which a set of neighborhood structures is iteratively searched and a branch‐and‐cut algorithm is used to improve the quality of the solutions found during the search. The search is iterated within a defined global number of steps, in which the solution space is explored. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach through an extensive computational study on several benchmark instances. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 64(4), 262–281 2014
‘Our Good Work’ or ‘the Devil's Work'? Inequality, Exchange, and Card Playing among the Gende
Authors: Zimmer‐Tamakoshi Laura
Published: November 2014

This paper looks at Gende card playing and its responsiveness to a varied history of economic downturns and upswings, along with its multifaceted and creative uses. Card gambling has a role as a parallel exchange system that continues to help the Gende sustain their community by providing a means for less wealthy players to increase their incomes, and acting as a platform for prospect‐poor bachelors to display their self‐control and mastery in card games involving both skill and luck. Such capabilities have encouraged the flow of wealth and kept the traditional reciprocal exchange system active in the face of both inequality and uncertainty. Today, while social gambling continues, more aggressive and acquisitive forms of card playing are disrupting the public peace in villages that are now the site of large‐scale mining activity and extreme inequality. Mine workers and their families, and returning migrants with aspirations of receiving landowner compensation from the mines, are challenged and challenging others in card games in efforts to keep their salaries for their own ends or to live off gambling income while awaiting land royalties. Both past and present card playing have generated discourse over the morality of different game strategies over the years.
Numerical study of a coastal fog event over Casablanca, Morocco
Authors: Bari Driss , Bergot Thierry , El Khlifi Mohamed
Published: November 2014

This numerical study focuses on a dense fog event that occurred during the night of 21–22 January 2008 in the Grand Casablanca region, on the northwestern coast of Morocco. This fog event, which lasted for 15 h, is simulated by the mesoscale non‐hydrostatic model Meso‐NH and analyzed using conventional meteorological observations from two synoptic stations of the region, Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite imagery and the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA‐Interim reanalysis. Results demonstrate that this fog event included the formation of radiation fog over a continental zone and its extension to the coastal zone through the lowering of low‐stratus clouds, which is in agreement with observations and is captured well by the Meso‐NH model. Sensitivity experiments show that coastal fog prediction improves with improved sea‐surface temperature. Model skill also depends on the adjustment of microphysical parameters when a single‐moment microphysical scheme is used, and on reliable initial conditions.
Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Colloidal Composite ‘Sponges’ via Internal Crosslinking
Authors: Duncan Bradley , Landis Ryan F. , Jerri Huda A. , Normand Valery , Benczédi Daniel , Ouali Lahoussine , Rotello Vincent M.
Published: November 2014

An effective method for the generation of hybrid organic–inorganic nanocomposite microparticles featuring controlled size and high structural stability is presented. In this process, an oil‐in‐water Pickering emulsion is formed using hydrophilic amine‐functionalized silica nanoparticles. Covalent modification using a hydrophobic maleic anhydride copolymer then alters nanoparticle wettability during crosslinking, causing a core‐shell to nanocomposite structural reorganization of the assemblies. The resulting porous nanocomposites maintain discrete microparticle structures and retain payloads in their oil phase even when incubated in competitive solvents such as ethanol.
High‐Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors Based on Multilayer MnO2/Graphene Oxide Nanoflakes and Hierarchical Porous Carbon with Enhanced Cycling Stability
Authors: Zhao Yufeng , Ran Wei , He Jing , Huang Yizhong , Liu Zhifeng , Liu Wei , Tang Yongfu , Zhang Long , Gao Dawei , Gao Faming
Published: November 2014

In this work, MnO2/GO (graphene oxide) composites with novel multilayer nanoflake structure, and a carbon material derived from Artemia cyst shell with genetic 3D hierarchical porous structure (HPC), are prepared. An asymmetric supercapacitor has been fabricated using MnO2/GO as positive electrode and HPC as negative electrode material. Because of their unique structures, both MnO2/GO composites and HPC exhibit excellent electrochemical performances. The optimized asymmetric supercapacitor could be cycled reversibly in the high voltage range of 0–2 V in aqueous electrolyte, which exhibits maximum energy density of 46.7 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 100 W kg−1 and remains 18.9 Wh kg−1 at 2000 W kg−1. Additionally, such device also shows superior long cycle life along with ∼100% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles and ∼93% after 4000 cycles.
Habitual behaviors or patterns of practice? Explaining and changing repetitive climate‐relevant actions
Authors: Kurz Tim , Gardner Benjamin , Verplanken Bas , Abraham Charles
Published: November 2014

Understanding human behavior lies at the heart of responses to climate change. Many environmentally relevant behavior patterns are frequent, stable, and persistent. There is an increasing focus on understanding these patterns less in terms of deliberative processes and more in terms of habits and routines embedded in everyday life. Examinations of the ‘habitual’ nature of environmentally consequential activities have been approached from two theoretically distinct perspectives. From a social psychological perspective, ‘habit’ is studied as an intra‐individual psychological construct that sustains ingrained behavior patterns in stable settings and obstructs adoption of more environmentally friendly alternatives. Sociologists from the social practice tradition, in contrast, have sought to highlight the ways in which resource‐intensive ‘habitual practices’ become established and maintained in society through a commingling of material, procedural, and socio‐discursive elements. We reflect critically upon key theoretical differences underpinning these two approaches to repetitive behaviors and review empirical work from both traditions that speaks to the relevance of ‘habitual behavior patterns’ central to addressing climate change. Finally, we examine how changes in habits are theorized and operationalized within both social psychological and social practice approaches, and practical implications for promoting environmentally sustainable societies. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:113–128. doi: 10.1002/wcc.327

This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Behavior Change and Responses
There and back again: development and regeneration of the zebrafish lateral line system
Authors: Thomas Eric D. , Cruz Ivan A. , Hailey Dale W. , Raible David W.
Published: November 2014

The zebrafish lateral line is a sensory system used to detect changes in water flow. It is comprised of clusters of mechanosensory hair cells called neuromasts. The lateral line is initially established by a migratory group of cells, called a primordium, that deposits neuromasts at stereotyped locations along the surface of the fish. Wnt, FGF, and Notch signaling are all important regulators of various aspects of lateral line development, from primordium migration to hair cell specification. As zebrafish age, the organization of the lateral line becomes more complex in order to accommodate the fish's increased size. This expansion is regulated by many of the same factors involved in the initial development. Furthermore, unlike mammalian hair cells, lateral line hair cells have the capacity to regenerate after damage. New hair cells arise from the proliferation and differentiation of surrounding support cells, and the molecular and cellular pathways regulating this are beginning to be elucidated. All in all, the zebrafish lateral line has proven to be an excellent model in which to study a diverse array of processes, including collective cell migration, cell polarity, cell fate, and regeneration. WIREs Dev Biol 2015, 4:1–16. doi: 10.1002/wdev.160

This article is categorized under:

Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: Regional Development

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Optical Properties of a New Sodium‐Cadmium Carbonate Na4Cd3(CO3)4(OH)2
Authors: Chen Jie , Luo Min , Ye Ning
Published: November 2014

The carbonate Na4Cd3(CO3)4(OH)2 was synthesized by hydrothermal methods and the crystal structure was established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Na4Cd3(CO3)4(OH)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic system with space group P21/c (No.14). The structure of Na4Cd3(CO3)4(OH)2 is built‐up from [Cd3(CO3)4(OH)2]∞ layers which are separated by Na(1) and Na(2) atoms. In addition, the UV/Vis‐IR diffuse reflectance spectra exhibit that it has the relatively wide bandgaps of 5.40 eV. Electronic structure and linear optical properties are studied by First‐principle theoretical calculation.
Thrombin Causes Neuronal Atrophy and Acute but not Chronic Cell Death
Authors: Caliaperumal Jayalakshmi , Brodie Sonia , Ma Yonglie , Colbourne Frederick
Published: November 2014

Background: Brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) arises from numerous contributors, of which some also play essential roles. Notably, thrombin production, needed to stop bleeding, also causes acute cell death and edema. In some rodent models of ICH, peri-hematoma neurons die over weeks. Hence we evaluated whether thrombin is responsible for this chronic degeneration. Functional impairments after ICH also result from sub-lethal damage to neurons, especially the loss of dendrites. Thus, we evaluated whether thrombin infusion alone, a reductionist model of ICH, causes similar injury. Methods: Adult rats had a modest intra-striatal infusion of thrombin (1 U) or saline followed by a behavioral test, to verify impairment, 7 days later. After this they were euthanized and tissue stained with Golgi-Cox solution to allow the assessment of dendritic morphology in striatal neurons. In a second experiment, rats survived 7 or 60 days after thrombin infusion in order to histologically determine lesion volume. Results: Thrombin caused early cell death and considerable atrophy in surviving peri-lesion neurons, which had less than half of their usual numbers of branches. However, total tissue loss was comparable at 7 (24.1 mm3) and 60 days (25.6 mm3). Conclusion: Thrombin infusion causes early cell death and neuronal atrophy in nearby surviving striatal neurons but thrombin does not cause chronic tissue loss. Thus, the chronic degeneration found after ICH in rats is not simply and solely due to acute thrombin production. Nonetheless, thrombin is an important contributor to behavioral dysfunction because it causes cell death and substantial dendritic injury.
Population Based Analysis Ependymoma Patients in Alberta from 1975 to 2007
Authors: Roldán Urgoiti Gloria B. , Singh Amitabh D. , Tsang Roger Y. , Nordal Robert A. , Lim Gerald , Chan Jennifer A. , Starreveld Yves P. , de Robles Paula A. , Biagioni Bradly J. , Hamilton Mark G. , Easaw Jacob C.
Published: November 2014

Background: Ependymomas are rare tumors of the central nervous system whose management is controversial. This population-based study of adults and children with ependymoma aims to (1) identify clinical and treatment-related factors that impact survival and (2) determine if postoperative radiotherapy (RT) can improve survival of patients with subtotal resection (STR) to levels similar to patients who had gross total resection (GTR). Methods: This retrospective population-based study evaluated 158 patients with ependymoma diagnosed between 1975-2007 in Alberta, Canada. Results: Younger patients (<7 years of age) were more likely to be diagnosed with grade III tumors compared with adults in whom grade I tumors were more common (p=0.003). Adults were more likely to have spinally located tumors compared to young children whose tumors were typically found in the brain. Overall, young children with ependymoma were more likely to die than older children or adults (p=0.001). An equivalent number of patients underwent GTR as compared with STR (48% vs 45%, respectively). Overall, older age, spinal tumor location, lower grade, and GTR were associated with improved progression free survival but only GTR was associated with significant improvement in overall survival. Median survival after STR and RT was 82 months compared with 122 months in patients who had GTR (p=0.0022). Conclusions: This is the first Canadian population-based analysis of patients with ependymoma including adults and children. Extent of resection appears to be the most important factor determining overall survival. Importantly, the addition of RT to patients initially treated with STR does not improve survival to levels similar to patients receiving GTR.
The Ontario Brain Institute: Completing the Circle
Authors: Stuss Donald T.
Published: November 2014

The Province of Ontario recognized the pressing need to improve the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of brain disorders. It also recognized that maximizing the existing strengths through a province-wide integrated approach was a pivotal mechanism. To achieve this, the Province established the Ontario Brain Institute. The goal of this article is to introduce the elements of the Ontario Brain Institute to the neuroscience community: the motivation for establishing it, the philosophy behind its creation, the principles guiding its development, the rapid evolution of its functional structure, the tools available to achieve its vision, and the management structure to ensure success. The singular goal of the Province and the Ontario Brain Institute is a comprehensive system that assures that basic research is embedded in the clinical system and is facilitating product development to accelerate benefits to both health and the economy of health: science with impact.
Journalists and Public Health Professionals: Challenges of a Symbiotic Relationship
Authors: Lubens Pauline
Published: November 2014

Journalists and health professionals share a symbiotic relationship during a disease outbreak as both professions play an important role in informing the public’s perceptions and the decisions of policy makers. Although critics in the United States have focused on US reporters and media outlets whose coverage has been sensationalist and alarmist, the discussion in this article is based on the ideal—gold standard—for US journalists. Journalists perform three primary functions during times of health crises: disseminating accurate information to the public, medical professionals, and policy makers; acting as the go-between for the public and decision makers and health and science experts; and monitoring the performance of institutions responsible for the public health response. A journalist’s goal is to responsibly inform the public in order to optimize the public health goals of prevention while minimizing panic. The struggle to strike a balance between humanizing a story and protecting the dignity of patients while also capturing the severity of an epidemic is harder in the era of the 24-7 news cycle. Journalists grapple with dueling pressures: confirming that their information is correct while meeting the demand for rapid updates. Just as health care professionals triage patients, journalists triage information. The challenge going forward will be how to get ahead of the story from the onset, racing against the pace of digital dissemination of misinformation by continuing to refine the media-science relationship. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-5)
Dissipative conformal measures on locally compact spaces
Authors: THOMSEN KLAUS
Published: November 2014

The paper introduces a general method to construct conformal measures for a local homeomorphism on a locally compact non-compact Hausdorff space, subject to mild irreducibility-like conditions. Among other things, the method is used to give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of eigenmeasures for the dual Ruelle operator associated to a locally compact non-compact irreducible Markov shift equipped with a uniformly continuous potential function. As an application to operator algebras the results are used to determine for which ${\it\beta}$ there are gauge invariant ${\it\beta}$-KMS weights on a simple graph $C^{\ast }$-algebra when the one-parameter automorphism group is given by a uniformly continuous real-valued function on the path space of the graph.
Ergodic multiplier properties
Authors: GLÜCKSAM ADI
Published: November 2014

In this article we will extend ‘the weak mixing theorem’ for certain locally compact Polish groups (Moore groups and minimally weakly mixing groups). In addition, we will show that the Gaussian action associated with the infinite-dimensional irreducible representation of the continuous Heisenberg group,$H_{3}(\mathbb{R})$, is weakly mixing but not mildly mixing.
No semiconjugacy to a map of constant slope
Authors: MISIUREWICZ MICHAŁ , ROTH SAMUEL
Published: November 2014

We study countably piecewise continuous, piecewise monotone interval maps. We establish a necessary and sufficient criterion for the existence of a non-decreasing semiconjugacy to a map of constant slope in terms of the existence of an eigenvector of an operator acting on a space of measures. Then we give sufficient conditions under which this criterion is not satisfied. Finally, we give examples of maps not semiconjugate to a map of constant slope via a non-decreasing map. Our examples are continuous and transitive.
On PZ type Siegel disks of the sine family
Authors: ZHANG GAOFEI
Published: November 2014

We prove that for typical rotation numbers $0<{\it\theta}<1$, the boundary of the Siegel disk of $f_{{\it\theta}}(z)=e^{2{\it\pi}i{\it\theta}}\sin (z)$ centered at the origin is a Jordan curve which passes through exactly two critical points ${\it\pi}/2$ and $-{\it\pi}/2$.
Learning What Your Face Is Like
Authors: Yocum Sandra
Published: November 2014

This year we are blessed with a beautifully expressed convention theme: “God Has Begun a Great Work in Us: The Embodiment of Love in Contemporary Consecrated Life and New Ecclesial Movements.” I hear in the phrasing of this theme profound faith, great hope, and deep joy. And while the theme's focus is on the special witness of consecrated lives and ecclesial movements, still it seems to me that within all of us, individually and even more so collectively, God's work has begun, and we are called to embody love. Tonight I want to use the time that I have been given for my presidential address, a privilege indeed, to reflect on this embodiment from one perspective. This evening, I want to consider faces.
Americanized Catholicism? A Glance from the United States back toward Germany
Authors: Doyle Dennis M.
Published: November 2014

Thomas Schärtl observes that many trends in the United States are adapted in Europe and especially in Germany, yet there remain categories that are incommensurable. What can appear to be an ideal pluralism in the United States can also be interpreted as “bubbles” that reveal a lack of interaction among various groups. Consumerism and individualism have an impact on even some US Catholic bishops, leading to actions that appear strange to a German observer, such as protesting President Obama's invitation to speak at Notre Dame and teaming up politically with conservative Evangelical and Pentecostal Christians. German Catholics need to safeguard the relationship between religion and reason. Dennis Doyle agrees with Schärtl on the big picture but offers qualifications on specific points, noting especially the positive dimensions of Catholic interaction with Evangelicals and Pentecostals.
My Theological Reflection with Karl Rahner: Rupture, Discontinuity . . . Incomprehensible Mystery
Authors: Farmer Jerry T.
Published: November 2014

In this essay, the author reflects on the personal experience of the loss of his spouse, a reflection inspired and informed by the faith and theology of Karl Rahner. With death, it is not that a “new” time has begun, but that time itself has ended. And yet that mutual love as spouses continues. Life following the death of a spouse presents itself as an empty nothingness. But God, incomprehensible mystery, is our beginning. Our lives are filled with rupture and discontinuity not as evidence of a missing or absent God, but that we are not God.
Small Screen Technology Use Among Indigenous Boarding School Adolescents from Remote Regions of Western Australia
Authors: Johnson Genevieve Marie , Oliver Rhonda
Published: November 2014

The uptake of small screen technology by adolescents is widespread, particularly in industrial nations. Whether the same is true for Australian Aboriginal youth is less clear as there is a dearth of research in this regard. Therefore, in this exploratory study the use of small screen technology by Indigenous students was examined. Twenty-four Indigenous adolescents (mean age 16.4 years) attending a boarding school in a remote region of Western Australia participated in individual and in-depth structured interviews that queried their use of: (1) television, (2) video games, (3) computers, (4) the internet, and (5) mobile phones. The results showed that mobile phones were the most frequently used and the most popular (i.e., they were nominated as first choice in a hypothetical scenario), followed by the internet, whereas television, video games and computers were used less often. It did appear that mobile phones were used by participating Aboriginal adolescents in ways similar to non-Indigenous adolescents (e.g., not only to make phone calls, but also to send text messages and access the internet). However, their mobile phone use did reflect differences based on their cultural values and identity, and also reflected their physical distance from their family (i.e., because of their enrolment at a boarding school). This study supports anecdotal evidence of a rapid uptake of mobile phones by Indigenous adolescents. It also suggests that as the small screen technology of choice, they have the potential to be utilised for educational opportunities.
Indigenous Secondary Education in the Northern Territory: Building for the Future
Authors: Herbert Jeannie , McInerney Dennis M. , Fasoli Lyn , Stephenson Peter , Ford Lysbeth
Published: November 2014

This article reports on the findings of an Australian Research Council (ARC) funded research project, ‘Building the future for Indigenous students’, an investigation of the hopes and dreams for the future of over 1,000 secondary students, 733 of whom were Indigenous, living in very remote, remote, and urban locations in the Northern Territory. Using both quantitative and qualitative research tools, researchers sought to understand what motivated the students at school and how they studied — critical elements in successful school achievement. In this article, the analysis of Indigenous student responses to a series of questions in the qualitative component of the study is presented. The analysis concludes that urban and remote Indigenous school children provide similar responses to questions that probe: (1) the value of education/school/self, (2) learner future goals, (3) learner motivation, and (4) learning preferences. The study also finds that very remote Indigenous school children, while similar in some question responses to both groups, also show some important differences that raise questions for more research.
Rebraiding Photovoice: Methodological Métissage at the Cultural Interface
Authors: Higgins Marc
Published: November 2014

Photovoice, the most prevalent participatory visual research methodology utilised within social science research, has begun making its way into Indigenous contexts in light of its critical and pedagogical potential. However, this potential is not always actualised as the assumptions that undergird photovoice are often the same ones that (re)produce inequalities. Working from the notion that methodologies are the space in between theory, methods, and ethics, this manuscript works with/in the cultural interface between the Western theories that shape photovoice (i.e., standpoint theory, praxis) and Indigenous analogues (i.e., Nakata's [2007a, 2007b] Indigenous standpoint theory, Grande's [2004, 2008] Red pedagogy) in order to differentially (re)braid photovoice. Following a thumbnail description of these four bodies of scholarship, a concept key to photovoice (i.e., voice) is differentially configured with, in, and for the cultural interface to provide research considerations for various stages of participatory visual research projects (i.e., fieldwork, analysis, dissemination).
Motivation Matters: Profiling Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Students’ Motivational Goals
Authors: Magson Natasha R. , Craven Rhonda G. , Nelson Genevieve F. , Yeung Alexander S. , Bodkin-Andrews Gawaian H. , McInerney Dennis M.
Published: November 2014

This research explored gender and cross-cultural similarities and differences in the motivational profiles of Indigenous Papua New Guinean (PNG) and Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Secondary students (N = 1,792) completed self-report motivational measures. Invariance testing demonstrated that the Inventory of School Motivation (McInerney, Yeung, & McInerney, 2001) measure was invariant across both gender and Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups. Structural equation modelling (SEM) results explicated that males were significantly more performance orientated than females in all three groups examined; however, the disparity between genders was most apparent in non-Indigenous Australians. Diverging from previous findings with non-Indigenous students, the current study found that PNG and Australian Indigenous males endorsed mastery goals more strongly than Indigenous females. In contrast, non-Indigenous females were more mastery orientated than non-Indigenous males. Finally, the two Indigenous groups endorsed social goals more strongly than the non-Indigenous Australians. The current findings highlight the importance of assessing gender and group differences, as broad statements relating to student motivation do not appear to be applicable in all cultural contexts.
Critical Design Features of Pre-Service Education Programs to Enhance Teacher Capacity to Effectively Work in Schools With Indigenous Students
Authors: Labone Elizabeth , Cavanagh Patrick , Long Janette
Published: November 2014

For more than 3 decades governments and education systems have struggled to address the gaps in educational outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous students. Over the past 10 years it has become increasingly apparent that central to redressing these gaps is the development of teachers who are able to effectively engage with Indigenous students, their families and communities. The introduction of National Professional Standards has increased the focus on the development of pre-service teachers’ capacity to effectively teach Indigenous students. In 2008, the New South Wales Department of Education (DET) and four universities implemented an enhanced teacher training program (ETTP) that was delivered to final-year primary pre-service teachers. The success and continuing expansion of this program, coupled with the current national focus on building pre-service teachers’ capacity to teach Indigenous students, suggests it is timely to detail the critical design features of, and rationale for, this program to inform and support development of similar programs within pre-service teacher education. The article reports on four critical elements of the program: knowledge and understanding of Aboriginal history and culture; effective cross-cultural communication skills; holistic understanding of Aboriginal education and strategies required for improving Aboriginal student outcomes; and appropriate pedagogy and classroom management strategies.
The MLE Teacher: An Agent of Change or a Cog in the Wheel?
Authors: Bedamatta Urmishree
Published: November 2014

This article examines the role of the multilingual education (MLE) teacher in the mother tongue-based MLE program for the Juangas, a tribe in Odisha, an eastern state of India, and is part of a broader study of the MLE program in the state. For the specific purpose of this article, I have adopted Welmond's (2002) three-step process: identifying culture-specific knowledge about the role of a teacher; examining the state's education objectives that influence teachers’ behaviour and experiences; and focusing on the behaviour and experience of teachers at the local level. These three steps constantly merged into one another during the examination of the subject under discussion. The paper recognises that the MLE teachers are not only first-generation teachers, but also first-generation practitioners of MLE, and therefore need to be resourceful and experimental in their classroom practices. However, given the national imperative to achieve universal elementary education by 2015, within the para-teacher framework adopted by the Government of India, the MLE teacher seems to be just a means to an end.
Why We Drop Out of School: Voices of San School Dropouts in Botswana
Authors: Mokibelo Eureka B.
Published: November 2014

Among San communities in Botswana, the rate of student disengagement from both primary and junior secondary school is an ongoing concern for educators. San learners leave school at all levels of primary and junior secondary education. Students who leave school have tended not to provide reasons as to why they are dropping out. This study investigated some of the reasons why San learners decided to drop out at primary and junior secondary school levels in the Central District in Botswana. In-depth interviews were undertaken with 20 former students living in five cattle-posts where the participants worked as cattle herders. The results indicate that some San drop out of school for reasons of survival, both within and outside school. The findings of the study offer insights into some of the issues that impede students within San communities in achieving their educational goals. Further, the findings could assist educational authorities in their review of current educational practices in Botswana so that that all citizens can be appropriately accommodated within the education system.
Teaching Beginning Teachers to ‘Think What We Are Doing’ in Indigenous Education
Authors: Kameniar Barbara , Windsor Sally , Sifa Sue
Published: November 2014

Working with beginning teachers to assist them to begin to ‘think what we do’ (Arendt, 1998) in both mainstream and Indigenous education is problematic. This is particularly so because the majority of our teacher candidates, and indeed most of their university lecturers, are positioned close to the racial, social and cultural centre of Australian education. That is, teachers and teacher educators tend to be white, middle class, educationally successful, and accepting of the main premises and assumptions, purposes and values of formal schooling in Australia. This proximity to the centre can lead to an inability to question ideas and practices that, while everyday and seemingly innocuous, are frequently dangerous and destructive for those at the margins. In this article, we illustrate the normative power of hegemonic ideas by using aspects of the teen fiction The Hunger Games as an analogy for ‘thoughtless’ and unquestioning acceptance of authority. We then describe and discuss a pedagogic practice used within the Master of Teaching program at the Melbourne Graduate School of Education. The practice is designed to challenge normative understandings about Australian history, teaching Indigenous Australian students, and to encourage engagement with the German-American Jewish philosopher and political theorist Hannah Arendt's provocative question ‘What are we doing?’ (Arendt, 1998, p. 5). We conclude the article with a challenge to re-think current policies and practices in the education of Indigenous Australians.
Dietary patterns and physical inactivity, two contributing factors to the double burden of malnutrition among adults in Burkina Faso, West Africa
Authors: Zeba Augustin N. , Delisle Hélène F. , Renier Genevieve
Published: November 2014

A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in the northern neighbourhoods of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), to examine the relationship of nutritional deficiencies and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) with lifestyle in adults. We randomly selected 330 households stratified by income tertile. In each income stratum, 110 individuals aged 25–60 years and having lived in Ouagadougou for at least 6 months were randomly selected. We performed anthropometric, dietary intake and physical activity measurements, and blood sample collection. Cluster analysis of dietary intake identified two dietary patterns: ‘urban’ (29 % of subjects) and ‘traditional’ (71 %). The ‘urban’ cluster exhibited a higher intake of fat and sugar, whereas a higher intake of plant protein, complex carbohydrate and fibre was observed in the ‘traditional’ pattern. Female sex, low income and lack of education were associated with the ‘traditional’ cluster, as well as Fe and vitamin A deficiency. CMRF prevalence (abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia) was similar in both clusters. Subjects in the ‘traditional’ cluster spent more time in physical activity and had less sedentary time than those in the ‘urban’ cluster. ‘Traditional’ dietary pattern, low income, female sex and sedentary time were significant contributing factors to the double burden of malnutrition. The rapid nutrition transition is reflected in this co-occurrence of CMRF and nutritional deficiencies. This stresses the need for prevention strategies addressing both ends of the nutrition spectrum.
Epistemic inclination and factualization: a synchronic and diachronic study on the semantic gradience of factuality
Authors: TANTUCCI VITTORIO
Published: November 2014

abstract

This paper proposes a gradient redefinition of the notion of factuality, here intended as a dynamic continuum unfolding through several epistemic levels. In this respect, the speaker/writer’s increasing certainty upon the realization of an event or situation is here as factualization. Factualization is a conceptual phenomenon determined by an embodied mechanism (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980, 1999; Lakoff, 1987, 2003; Grush, 2004; Gallese & Lakoff, 2005) of cyclic acquisition and control with respect to a new proposition P. Being a form of subjectification (Traugott, 1989, 1995, 2003, 2010, 2012; Traugott & Dasher, 2002), factualization occurs as the semasiological reanalysis of an epistemic construction. Drawing on Langacker’s (1991, 2008, 2009) notion of the ‘epistemic control cycle’ (see also Kan, Teubner-Rhodes, Drummey, Nutile, Krupa, & Novick, 2013, on cognitive control), I claim and demonstrate that epistemic predicates originally conveying weak certainty towards a proposition P diachronically develop an increasingly factual meaning conveying more and more frequently a subjected form of certainty. This phenomenon is first shown through a qualitative and quantitative corpus analysis from the BNC,1which provides a measurable account of the various degrees of polysemy of the three epistemic predicatesI think,I believe, andI reckon. In addition, I discuss the results of a diachronic corpus survey from the diaCoris on the factualization process of(Io) penso‘I think’ in Modern Italian during the last 150 years, showing how the contemporary usage of(Io) pensois notably more oriented towards absolute factuality than it was 150 years earlier.
Storms in a lagoon: Flooding history during the last 1200 years derived from geological and historical archives of Schokland (Noordoostpolder, the Netherlands)
Authors: van den Biggelaar D.F.A.M. , Kluiving S.J. , van Balen R.T. , Kasse C. , Troelstra S.R. , Prins M.A.
Published: November 2014

Flevoland (central Netherlands) is an area of long-term discontinuous deposition that has been reclaimed from the Zuiderzee in the 20th century. Before the reclamation, the Zuiderzee had been in a phase of enlargement, threatening inhabitants on the islands and the shores, since the Medieval Period. During this phase, a surficial clay cover was deposited on the island of Schokland (World Heritage Site: Noordoostpolder, northern Flevoland). We have studied the clay sequence in order to reconstruct the island’s flooding history during the last 1200 years. The depositional history of the youngest clay deposit on Schokland is inferred from a literature study, analyses of a digital elevation model, six coring transects, three new14C accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates and laboratory analyses. The laboratory analyses include thermogravimetric analysis, grain-size end-member modelling (unmixing grain-size distributions), foraminifera, bivalves and ostracods. The geological data were combined with information from historical archives. Together, the results show that a combination of embankments and proximity to the coastline determined the sedimentation history and spatial distribution pattern of the sediment. The results also indicate that sedimentary remains of Late Holocene storm events are still present in the clay deposit on Schokland.
Late Palaeozoic to Early Cenozoic geological evolution of the northwestern German North Sea (Entenschnabel): New results and insights
Authors: Arfai Jashar , Jähne Fabian , Lutz Rüdiger , Franke Dieter , Gaedicke Christoph , Kley Jonas
Published: November 2014

The results of a detailed seismic mapping campaign of 13 horizons in the northwestern German North Sea, covering Late Permian to Palaeogene sedimentary successions, are presented. Based on the interpretation of four 3D and two 2D seismic surveys, thickness and depth maps of prominent stratigraphic units were constructed. These maps provide an overview of key structural elements, the sedimentation and erosion, and give insights into the evolution of the German Central Graben. The base of the Zechstein Group reaches a maximum depth of 7800 m within the German Central Graben. Lateral thickness variations in the Zechstein reflect the extensive mobilisation of Zechstein salt. Complex rift-related structures, with the Central Graben as the main structural element, were found not later than the Early Triassic. Up to 3000-m thick Triassic sediments are preserved in the eastern German Central Graben of which 1800 m consist of Keuper sediments. The Lower Buntsandstein unit shows increasing thicknesses towards the southeastern study area, likely related to distinct lateral subsidence. As a consequence of uplift of the North Sea Dome, Middle Jurassic sediments were eroded in large parts of the northwestern German North Sea and are only preserved in the German Central Graben. The NNW–SSE oriented John Basin is another important structural element, which shows maximum subsidence during the Late Jurassic. In most parts of the study area Lower Cretaceous sediments are absent due to either erosion or non-deposition. Lower Cretaceous deposits are preserved in the Outer Rough Basin in the northwest and within the German Central Graben. Upper Cretaceous sediments are found at depths between 1500 and 3600 m, reaching a maximum thickness of approximately 1600 m on the Schillgrund High. Contraction and inversion of pre-existing Mesozoic faults during the Late Cretaceous is distinct at the Schillgrund Fault, i.e. the eastern border fault of the Central Graben. The Palaeogene is predominantly a period of strong basin subsidence. Within 37 Myrs, up to 1400 m of Palaeogene sediments were deposited in the northwesternmost part of the study area. Detailed mapping of salt structures enables a reconstruction of halokinetic movements over time and a deciphering of the influence of the Zechstein salt on the sedimentary evolution during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Increasing sediment thicknesses in rim-synclines indicate that most of the salt structures in the German Central Graben had their main growth phase during the Late Jurassic.
Early Middle Pleistocene drainage in southern central England
Authors: Belshaw R.K. , Gibbard P.L. , Murton J.B. , Murton D.K.
Published: November 2014

The fluvial sequences of the Milton and the Letchworth formations in the south Midlands of England and neighbouring regions represent at least two pre-existing rivers, the Milton and Brigstock streams, underlying Middle Pleistocene glacial sediments. The Milton Formation includes sand sourced from the Midlands bedrock. This implies that both streams were aligned in a northwest to southeast direction. This direction parallels the contemporaneous courses of the rivers Thames and Trent, the former turning towards the east and northeast to enter the North Sea. Their alignments indicate that the Milton and Letchworth streams formed left-bank tributaries of the Thames, joining the river in Hertfordshire and Essex, as illustrated in the article. This reconstruction has important implications for the interpretation of the proto-Soar river of the south Midlands, represented by the Baginton Formation. Although originally thought to represent a late Middle Pleistocene line, this southwest to northeast aligned system was reinterpreted as the headwaters of a pre-Anglian ‘Bytham river’, a1ligned towards East Anglia. However, recent work has shown that this river could not have existed in the pre-Anglian since there is no link between the Midlands and East Anglian spreads. Recent re-recognition that the Baginton Formation deposits do represent a later, post-Anglian drainage line is reinforced by the identification of the Milton and Letchworth streams, whose catchments occupied the area later drained by the proto-Soar. Overall, the main drainage alignment in southern England during the pre-Anglian period was dominated by northwest–southeast-draining consequent rivers adjusted to the regional geological dip. After widespread drainage disruption caused by the Anglian glaciation, northeast–southwest-orientated subsequent streams eroded frost-susceptible clay bedrock under periglacial and permafrost conditions, and beheaded the courses of some of the older consequent streams.
Impacts of climate change on maize and winter wheat yields in China from 1961 to 2010 based on provincial data
Authors: CHEN C. , ZHOU G. S. , PANG Y. M.
Published: November 2014

The impacts of climate change on maize and winter wheat yields in China from 1961 to 2010 were studied in the current paper, based on provincial data. The results indicated that rising average temperatures resulted in decreased maize yield in most of the study regions, and reduced maize production at a national scale by c. 3·4% relative to the average from 1961 to 2010. Moreover, the warming resulted in a decrease of winter wheat yield in the Huang-Huai-Hai and southwest regions and led to an overall loss in production of c. 5·8% at a national scale. The decrease of diurnal temperature range (DTR) affected maize yield adversely in the west and central regions, but a beneficial DTR effect was observed in the other provinces. The changes in DTR resulted in increased maize production at a national scale by c. 0·6%. However, the generally decreasing trends for DTR resulted in an increasing winter wheat yield in the northwest and south regions but a decreasing yield in the other provinces, and the production of winter wheat at a national scale was reduced by c. 2·9% because of changes in DTR. Changes in precipitation increased maize and winter wheat yields in some provinces but reduced crop yield in others. There was no significant effect of precipitation on maize production at a national scale, but the contribution of precipitation change reached c. 1·6% for winter wheat production.