bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cohesion in TIME Magazine Article “How covid-19 will shape the class of 2020 for the rest of their live”
Authors: Cahyono Setyo Prasiyanto , Suryaningtyas Valentina Widya , Nugroho Raden Arief
Published: September 2020

Abstract. This study is aimed at investigating the types of cohesive devices and their relationship which are found in an article of Time magazine entitled “how covid-19 will shape the class of 2020 for the rest of their live”. In conducting this study, the researchers employ descriptive qualitative as the research design. Meanwhile, in collecting the data, the researcher applied a purposive sampling method by choosing an article in an on line Time magazine. Meanwhile, the text was analyzed using systemic functional linguistics (SFL) especially those contributing to the cohesion of the text, including grammatical and lexical cohesion. The result of this study reveals that the text is “hang-together” which is described by the successfully use of cohesive devices. These patterns indicate that the writer of the article introduces the capacity to create a text with cohesion not only at the clause level but also to create text with better unity, flow and connectedness of information of the whole text. Besides, the use of cohesion in the text can create a relationship between language elements. Furthermore, the text of the article uses some simple cohesive devices such as reference, conjunction, repetition, and synonym.Keywords: cohesion, cohesive devices, language elements, magazine, SFLAbstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki jenis perangkat kohesif dan keterkaitannya dalam artikel majalah Time berjudul “how covid-19 will shape the class of 2020 for the rest of their live”. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Sedangkan dalam pengumpulan data, peneliti menggunakan sampel purposive dengan memilih artikel di majalah on line Time. Sedangkan teks dianalisis dengan menggunakan linguistik fungsional sistemik (LFS) terutama yang berkontribusi pada kohesi teks, termasuk kohesi gramatikal dan leksikal. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa teks yang dihasilkan oleh penulis “saling terpadu” yang digambarkan dengan berhasilnya penggunaan elemen perangkat kohesif. Pola-pola ini menunjukkan bahwa penulis artikel memunculkan kapasitas untuk membuat teks dengan kohesi tidak hanya pada tingkat klausa tetapi juga untuk membuat teks dengan kesatuan, aliran, dan keterhubungan informasi yang lebih baik dari keseluruhan teks. Selain itu penggunaan kohesi dalam teks dapat menciptakan hubungan antar elemen bahasa. Lebih lanjut lagi, teks tersebut menggunakan beberapa perangkat kohesif sederhana seperti referensi, konjungsi dan juga pengulangan, dan sinonim.Kata kunci: kohesi,  peranti kohesi, unsur bahasa, LSF, majalah, perangkat kohesif
Introduction: Welcome to the Grey
Authors: Gentry Caron E.
Published: September 2020

The introduction situates the book at the crossroads of Critical Military Studies, Feminist Security Studies, and Critical Terrorism Studies. It pays particular attention to hierarchies and poses the question of how the West, primarily, got to such a polarised moment, one pitted between the ‘baddie’ terrorist and the ‘goodie’ counter-terrorist. All three sub-disciplines lead us to some understanding of the binaries within the War on Terror. Yet, each of them contributes something different; helping us to recognise the intersection of gender, race, and heteronormativity, thereby moving beyond dichotomy into a more complex understanding of terrorism. This chapter therefore lays out an intersectional discourse analysis of ‘asking the other question,’ which interrogates how gender, race, heteronormativity, class, etc., all intersect in marginalising individuals, here those labelled as ‘terrorists.’
The Structural Signification of Terrorism
Authors: Gentry Caron E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that one of the central debates within Terrorism Studies will never be resolved: that of an agreed upon, objective definition. Several Terrorism Studies scholars believe that Terrorism Studies would be better off if it arrived at an objective definition for terrorism. Yet, this chapter demonstrates that how terrorism is largely understood is dependent upon various social structures, including gender, race, and heteronormativity. Thus, a thicker understanding of terrorism would acknowledge that it is an essentially contested concept or as an ‘utterance’. An agreed upon definition would present only a thin understanding, erasing the social structures that shape our understanding. Therefore, the chapter relies upon the concept of ‘aphasia,’ or calculated forgettings, from Critical Race theory. This concept holds that Western thought and society has purposefully forgotten how race and racialisation work to deny people of colour many things, including rationality, intelligence, and agency. Gender and heteronormativity operate in a similar way. Such operations infect all areas of life—the purpose of this chapter is to look at terrorism.
Ir/rationality: Radicalisation, ‘Black Extremism’ and Prevent Tragedies
Authors: Gentry Caron E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the racialisation and gendering of rationality further. It begins by looking at different conceptualisations of rationality, including ‘bounded’ and ‘think’ rationality. It then turns to the the decolonialism literature, noting that as much as social scientists work to approach rationality from a new perspective, it is impossible to erase the gendered, racialised, and heteronormative expectations behind it. Thus, when Terrorism Studies, and notably Critical Terrorism Studies, attempt to rescue ‘terrorist’ actors from earlier claims of irrationality, problems still remain. It still presumes rationality exists and, by not dealing with the problematic discourses behind rationality claims, these discourses are inadvertently reapplied. The chapter then turns to making an important claim that irrationality and radicalisation are synonymous. It looks then at the discourses of radicalisation in counter-terrorism, particularly in two different cases of Prevent Tragedies and the blind spot towards white extremism in the US.
Introduction
Authors: Knoll Gillian
Published: September 2020

The introduction presents the main argument of Conceiving Desire in Lyly and Shakespeare: that metaphors dramatize inward erotic experience on the early modern stage. The opening pages chart the book’s methodology, situate it among other studies of desire, and introduce conceptual metaphor theory via George Lakoff, Mark Johnson, and Mark Turner’s foundational work in cognitive linguistics. To illustrate the importance of cognition to erotic experience, the introduction analyses Troilus’s soliloquy in which he anticipates his tryst with Cressida. Troilus’s imagination makes him “giddy” but it also betrays his cognitive performance anxiety—a fear of being unable to conceive of the “subtle” pleasures that await him, dooming them to be lost to him forever. Troilus confirms that our ability to process erotic experience mentally is what grants us access to it; both action and contemplation are vital ingredients in erotic experience. These pages conclude by discussing the value of pairing John Lyly’s and William Shakespeare’s plays to study erotic language. Both playwrights, but especially Lyly, reveal the power of contemplative speech to constitute vibrant, frenzied action on a stage.
Binding the Void: The Erotics of Place in Antony and Cleopatra
Authors: Knoll Gillian
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 analyses the erotics of bounded place and of limitless space in Antony and Cleopatra. The chapter begins by exploring Edward Casey’s philosophical history of place and space in order to consider the erotic implications of these two scenes for characters as well as for audiences. Images of bounded place in Antony and Cleopatra get their erotic charge from the language of sexual bondage, more specifically, the formal and temporal features of masochism. Chapter 4 then explores accounts of infinite space from early modern cosmologists such as Francesco Patrizi and Giordano Bruno, who theorized about the void. This chapter argues that Antony and Cleopatra eroticize the infinite void by imposing the sturdy boundaries of place onto vacant space. Binding the void allows the lovers to present this vacancy to one another, enabling pleasurable experiences of self-loss and self-forgetting.
‘You lie, in Faith’: Making Marriage in The Taming of the Shrew
Authors: Knoll Gillian
Published: September 2020

The “Desiring is Creating” metaphor in The Taming of the Shrew depends upon the generative power of words as erotic instruments. Petruchio’s blatant lies loosen the connection between words and the world they putatively reflect, and thus create the possibility of a different world—one that, for all that it is a lie, nonetheless can conjure a privately and mutually constituted truth. Or, it can do this if Kate confirms his untruths. Petruchio may believe that he must “tame” Kate if he is to secure her confirmation, but Shakespeare reveals that only their mutual erotic and affective experiences enable them to inhabit the shared reality that becomes their marriage. This shared reality is put to the test in Kate’s problematic final monologue in which she goes it alone, without Petruchio’s poetic flourishes to animate or invigorate her speech. Only when Kate and Petruchio’s words are placed in relation do the lovers generate friction and heat.
The Physics and Metaphysics of Metaphor
Authors: Knoll Gillian
Published: September 2020

This section argues that Lyly’s and Shakespeare’s characters process and experience eros through the primary metaphor of motion. These introductory pages explore the philosophical and conceptual underpinnings of this metaphor through the example of Shakespeare’s Angelo in Measure for Measure. Drawing from the work of cognitive linguistics George Lakoff, Mark Johnson, and Zoltan Kövecses, this section explores the broad metaphorical structures that shape Angelo’s erotic experience as both a passion and an action. Things happen within Angelo well before he ‘acts out’ his sexual pursuit of the novitiate Isabella. The remainder of this section investigates the relationship between erotic potentiality and actuality, or entelechy, in Aristotle’s Physics and Metaphysics. In Aristotle’s writings, as in Shakespeare’s play, the boundary between potency and actuality is fluid rather than fixed. As a result, Angelo’s metaphors dramatize the capacity of erotic potentiality to create drama. For him, as for so many of Lyly’s and Shakespeare’s characters, desire is itself a frenzied action.
Introduction
Authors: Knoll Gillian
Published: September 2020

Part III studies characters who conceive of desire as a dynamic process of mutual creation. These introductory pages explore the world-making capacities of the metaphor ‘Love is a Collaborative Work of Art,’ which conceptualises love as artfully creating a reality. This creative process often invites a third entity—a filter, a buffer, or an instrument—that mediates between the subject and object of desire. When Kenneth Burke writes about the role of instruments in daily life, he emphasises the instrument’s ontological connection, its potential fusion, with the subject who deploys it. This section explores this dynamic connection in the collaborative work of art that is Shakespeare’s Cesario. In Twelfth Night, Cesario is an ongoing process rather than a finished product. An erotic subject, object, and instrument, Cesario keeps becoming Cesario through his/their continued exchanges with Orsino and Olivia.
Pan-Africanism: Freedom for Africa
Authors: Johnson David
Published: September 2020

The Pan-Africanist dream of freedom as expressed in South African political writings and literature from the 1940s to 1970s is the focus of the final chapter. The Pan-Africanist dreams expressed in political discourse that are discussed include: the ANC Youth League’s Manifesto (1944); the ANC’s Programme of Action (1949); the political writings of Muziwakhe Anton Lembede, A. P. Mda and Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe; the PAC’s Manifesto of the Africanist Movement (1959); and the articles and reviews in PAC publications like The Africanist and Mafube. Pan-Africanist dreams of freedom expressed in literary terms are discussed in sections on Lembede’s thoughts on individual literary works; Mda’s prescriptions for literature; Sobukwe’s wide reading and eclectic literary tastes; Melikhaya Mbutumu’s praise poems; novels hostile to the PAC by Peter Abrahams, Richard Rive and Alex la Guma; and novels sympathetic to the PAC by Lauretta Ngcobo and Bessie Head. The popularity within the PAC of Howard Fast’s novels My Glorious Brothers (1948) and Spartacus (1951) is also assessed.
Introduction: The Art of In-Betweenness in Contemporary Eastern European Cinema
Authors: Pethő Ágnes
Published: September 2020

The introduction offers an overview of a wide spectrum of approaches to studying intermediality in the context of Eastern European cinemas, from concept-based studies to analyses of films, and the stylistic devices of intermediality. It presents the way in which the poetics of intermediality can reflect not only the correlations between arts and media, but also between art and life, corporeality and abstraction. The relevance of intermediality is that it enables us to grasp the complexity of reality and culture, to observe various tensional states of in-betweenness, along with anxieties, relations of power and conflict that define life in Eastern Europe. The introduction outlines some of the main figurations of intermediality or 'strategies of in-betweenness’ which have significantly shaped the aesthetic of contemporary Eastern European films followed by a brief summary of each chapter in this volume.
‘Fog is My Land’: A Citizenship of Mutual Estrangement in the Painted Books of Etel Adnan
Authors: Scappettone Jennifer
Published: September 2020

In a 1989 essay titled “To Write in a Foreign Language,” Etel Adnan describes the trajectory of her relationship to Arabic, a language associated with shame and sin in the context of her French convent education in Beirut, but which her Syrian father had her copy by rote from an Arabic-Turkish grammar as a desperate means of recuperation. Her family’s common languages were Turkish and French; Adnan acquired knowledge of Arabic writing through a channel more somatic than semantic. During the Algerian war of independence, when a dream of Arab unity emerged, Adnan’s attitude to the languages of her inheritance changed: “I didn’t need to write in French anymore, I was going to paint in Arabic.” How does this dream constitute itself in Adnan’s poetry and painting? And how are readers to parse the sometimes unintelligible sign systems that result? This chapter will explore the geopolitical implications of Adnan’s “xenoglossic” poetics, which sporadically merges the mediums of writing and painting in folded leporello books, to contemplate how her practices of transcription and supralinguistic gesture enable us to revise reigning discursive categories of cultural nativity and solidarity, citizenship and statelessness.
Contemporary Experimental Translations and Translingual Poetics
Authors: Seita Sophie
Published: September 2020

This chapter attends to the nuances and difficulties in reading and translating contemporary translingual poetry, by focusing on the German poet Uljana Wolf, who has traversed the language barriers between English, German, Polish, and Belarusian in conceptually and linguistically innovative ways in her multilingual and politically engaged poetry and poetics. The chapter argues that Wolf’s work criticises national and linguistic borders and ‘mother tongues’ both thematically and poetically, i.e. by way of neologisms, unusual syntax and prefixes, and by splicing a number of languages into the texture and prosody of what Wolf calls her ‘other-tongued’ German poetry. Such an approach to multi- and translingualism as a formal feature with political stakes and a concomitant rejection of an idealised originality, the chapter goes on to argue, also invites a similarly rigorous playfulness and multilingual alertness from a translator. Suggesting that translation is generative and dialogic, in its ability to forge conversations and transnational communities, Wolf’s experimental translational practice is contextualised by reference to other innovative English-language and translingual poets, such as Rosmarie Waldrop, Theresa Hak Kyung Cha, M. NourbeSe Philip, and to the recent critical writing and anthologies of translation and anti-colonial discourses. In conclusion, the chapter argues that Wolf, along with these thinkers and poets, helps readers reconceive translation as a radically inventive and collaborative practice that complicates access to the ‘foreign’ it is usually supposed to facilitate.
Introduction
Authors: Leonte Florin
Published: September 2020

This book is equally about people and their texts. It seeks to explore how a Byzantine emperor negotiated his authority in the troubled waters of late Byzantium where churchmen and court-based interest groups vied for the attention of wider audiences. And it is about the construction of discursive strategies by adapting the rules of rhetorical genres to historical circumstances. The focus of the book is Manuel II Palaiologos, both emperor of Byzantium (r. 1391–1425) and prolific author of a range of oratorical and theological texts. The argument is that the emperor maintained his position of authority not only by direct political agency but also by rhetorically advertising his ideas about the imperial office. Throughout his reign, Manuel II created a parallel literary court where he presided over a group of peer literati who supported his position and did not contest his imperial prerogatives. It was within this group that his texts were copied and subsequently disseminated in order to promote a renewed version of the idea of imperial authority. His ideological commitments valued education and the use of rhetorical skills as instruments of social and political change. His vision evolved and changed according to the opportunities and conditions of his reign. In order to understand it one needs to attend not only to his texts but to other contemporary written sources. This will allow us to further scrutinise the late Byzantine understanding(s) of the imperial office as well as the extent to which Manuel II’s writings mirrored or obliterated contemporary concerns....
Voices of Dissent: Preaching and Negotiating Authority
Authors: Leonte Florin
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the attempts of the late Byzantine churchmen to formulate a parallel and divergent view over the idea of imperial authority. In their concerted efforts to construct a coherent programme of action, the churchmen saw themselves both as defenders of social fairness and as promoters of an Orthodox spirituality which they deemed to be core connected aspects in defining Byzantine identity. The evidence presented here also suggests that they avoided showing allegiance to imperial policies. Instead, what they valued in the imperial persona was rather the cultural and spiritual aspects. While, naturally, the church continued to claim authority in the spiritual sphere, it also increasingly asserted the links between religious reform and social changes.
The Didactic Voice: The Orations (Seven Ethico-Political Orations)
Authors: Leonte Florin
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that, despite the differences of form, the seven orations included in this collection constituted a unitary collection and, for this reason, one should consider their interrelations as well as their distinctive features. Furthermore, the seven orations establish a tight connection with the preceding work, the Foundations, with which they share several themes. Admittedly, far from being a text focused on kingship, the Orations are rather geared towards the presentation of an individual’s acquisition of moral values. The correlation between ethics, the rulers’ virtues and rhetorical skills is framed in a tradition that originated in the writings of the rhetoricians of Hellenistic and Graeco-Roman times. Yet in Manuel’s case, through the development of the idea of a special kind of imperial behaviour, the presentation of moral virtues reflects, on the one hand, such a tradition and, on the other hand, an insight that could only have come with practical experience. Drawing on multiple philosophical sources, this formulation of imperial behaviour was based on the ideal of tolerance, with strong bonds of friendship and values such as education and moderate enjoyment of life.
The Narrative Voice: The Funeral Oration on His Brother Theodore, Despot of Morea
Authors: Leonte Florin
Published: September 2020

In this chapter it is suggested that the encomium for Manuel’s deceased brother, Theodore Palaiologos was integrated into a broader account of the affairs of the Morea. Manuel emulated the traditions both of the panegyric oration and of the epic/chronicle. The subject matter, the praise for his brother, is treated in the form of a narrative account, and to a large extent the author is precise about the events he recounts. By this account, the unit dealing with Theodore’s achievements was conceived not as a mere list of glorious deeds illustrating Theodore’s virtues but as a string of interconnected episodes, truly an account of the Morea and not only of the brother. Certainly, these elements did not combine in a composition resembling a historical chronicle. However, they were primarily intended not just to describe military situations but also to convey a political message, as various stylistic devices such as the configuration of a strong narrative voice or the use of criticism indicate. Based on the peculiarities of the author’s literary strategies, this narrative of Theodore’s deeds took the form of a sanitised, official account of events which put forward a message that claimed Morea’s dynastic control.
Conclusions
Authors: Leonte Florin
Published: September 2020

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
The Dawn of Roman Law
Authors: du Plessis Paul J , W Sinclair
Published: September 2020

When the compilers of Justinian’s Digest in the sixth century CE reflected on the origins of Roman law as a legal order, they decided that the topic was of such importance that it had to be placed at the very front of the Digest, in book 1 title 2, directly after the introductory title in which central concepts such as ‘justice’ and ‘law’ were explained....
Authority and Display in Sixth-Century Etruria: The Vicchio Stele
Authors: Warden P Gregory , Maggiani Adriano
Published: September 2020

The discovery of an inscribed stele at the sanctuary of Poggio Colla (Vicchio, FI) provides new information about the sanctuary and its cults and raises important questions about literacy and elite authority at the northern edge of Etruria in the Archaic Period. The Vicchio stele has a very long series of inscriptions, possibly the longest Etruscan lapidary inscription to date. As law, the stele could have been consulted and interpreted by the literate few, but its authority would have been easily understood even without being read. It is as powerful a symbol as the imposing temple that arose in its place in the next century, a temple whose own authority rested on the foundation, physical and symbolic, of the Vicchio stele.
The leges regiae through Tradition, Historicity and Invention: A Comparison of Historico-literary and Jurisprudential Sources
Authors: Laurendi Rossella
Published: September 2020

An interdisciplinary approach to historical criticism allows us to investigate the tradition of the royal laws and their collection, ostensibly made by one Papirius at the start of the Republic. Despite the lengthy, stratified process of formation and transmission of historical memory by historians, grammarians, writers and jurists from the late Republic onwards, the identification of certain authentic elements of these laws is possible. In the case of the law on paelex, attributed to Numa, a philological analysis suggests its archaic origins, even if we cannot prove that Numa was the drafter of this law. The law appears to be made up of a precept (prohibition against approaching the altar or the temple of Juno) and a sanction (sacrifice with loose hair). The significance of the loose hair, typical signs of pain and penance, is the key to reading the law. By the enactment of this law, the social status of the paelex was diminished, analogous to that of a married man's concubine.
Finding Melanesia in Ancient Rome: Mauss’ Anthropology of nexum
Authors: Pottage Alain
Published: September 2020

Marcel Mauss’ The Gift is an original and unique anthropology of law. Law is the object and medium of the analysis, and the conceptual and political strategies of the text are closely adapted to the symptomatic tensions that Mauss elicits from law. And for Mauss these tensions were concentrated in one particular legal institution – the archaic Roman institution of nexum. As I argue in this chapter, the technicalities of the legal institution of nexum – however they are now recollected – should be seen as largely subordinate to the social-structural and economic forces that shaped ancient Roman society. And this approach might in turn lead to a set of questions that Mauss would have found entirely pertinent, as to what nexum might tell us about the genealogy or deep infrastructure of debt and precarity in contemporary societies.
Embodying War, Becoming Warriors: Media, Militarisation and the Case of Islamic State’s Online Propaganda
Authors: Ølgaard Daniel Møller
Published: September 2020

This chapter investigates digital media as new spaces for the promotion and normalisation of war and violence and marks a shift in analytical focus from the content of digital text, images or videos to the wide range of senses and practices involved in providing meaning to these forms of representation. To this end, the chapter presents an embodied reading of Islamic State’s (IS) propaganda video ‘Flames of War’. This draws out, firstly, how the organisation’s online propaganda addresses the embodied and affective sensibilities of spectators to facilitate a felt sense of intimacy and, secondly, how the affective potentials and intensities generated by such experiences are mobilised through the networked dynamic of digital and social media. These, the chapter argues, are distinctive features of how war is experienced on and through digital media, revealing new possibilities for promoting military action for insurgent groups like IS who do not have the communicative capacities that state militaries do.
The Defender Collection: Militarisation, Historical Mythology and the Everyday Affective Politics of Nationalist Fashion in Croatia
Authors: Baker Catherine
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores civilian fashion’s fascination with military aesthetics, and the affective politics of militarisation and ethnonationalism in Croatia a generation since the country’s war of independence from Yugoslavia, through the case of clothing marketed to young people who sympathise with oppositional right-wing and anti-Communist nationalism. The national, ideological and subcultural identifications that this collection of clothing invites customers to make includes but is not limited to identifications with the recent and more distant national military past. An aesthetic approach to how political and historical mythology is visualised in this collection reveal how it constructs a certain contentious ideal of national military masculinity as normal and natural, and how broader processes of societal militarisation in Croatia have laid the foundations for this to be meaningful.
Word Formation, Borrowing and their Interaction
Authors: Hacken Pius Ten , Panocová Renáta
Published: September 2020

Word formation and borrowing can both be used to create neologisms. Their interaction is a topic that has not been widely discussed, because they have generally been assigned to different domains of linguistics. The study of word formation is usually considered part of the domain of morphology, whereas the study of borrowing has been undertaken partly in lexicography and etymology, partly in sociolinguistics and language policy.
Word formation and borrowing are both responses to naming needs. As such they can be in competition. The competition is quite unequal, however, because the two processes operate very differently. Whereas a borrowing is based on an individual expression (typically a word) from another language, word formation is based on the application of rules to existing lexical material. When we consider the origin of a particular word, it is not always straightforward to determine whether the word is the result of borrowing or word formation. In some cases, the two processes may in fact both be involved and the relative contribution of each may vary among speakers.
(Pseudo-)Anglicisms as Nominal Compounds in Italian
Authors: Cacchiani Silvia
Published: September 2020

The frequency of (pseudo-)Anglicisms in Italian has steadily increased in the past decades. In Italian, N+N compounds are rare and generally left-headed. Taking a broadly functional-cognitive perspective on the outcomes of contact with English right-headed word formation, the analysis discusses Italian classifying and identifying compounds primarily mediated through the press or coined for use as names and trademarks. The data suggest that English foreign compounding only ever has a reinforcing effect on word formation patterns that are already available to Italian. For example, favouring the spread from learned to non-learned word formation in second-generation neoclassical compounds. Additionally, while the pressure to adapt borrowed compounds from English leads to reductions to simplexes or loan translations, other compounds retain the English order of components. Thus we also find right-headed hybrid analogues and constructs with cognate bases that are formed in Italian by analogy with Anglicisms.
The Role of Borrowing in the Derivation of Passive Potential Adjectives in Polish
Authors: Bloch-Trojnar Maria
Published: September 2020

The chapter deals with the role of the [±native] marking in the formation of deverbal adjectives terminating in the suffix -alny in Polish and attributes the rise in the productivity of the suffix in the past fifty years to the linguistic influence of English. It is argued that the influx and subsequent adaptation of English verbs coupled with the speakers’ awareness that -able and -alny discharge similar roles in their respective systems of word formation has a role to play in raising the productivity of the suffix. A frequency analysis supported by diachronic information conducted on the National Corpus of the Polish Language reveals that the rule produces twice as many hapax legomena in the foreign subdomain. However, the formation of -alny derivatives on borrowed or adapted stems seems to have given a new impulse to the formation of passive potential adjectives based on native bases. This is due to the fact that, counter to what previous analyses concluded, the rule is operative on transitive eventive verbs forming aspectual pairs irrespective of whether they are [±native].
The Suffixes -ismus and -ita in Nouns in Czech
Authors: Ševčˇíková Magda
Published: September 2020

This chapter documents the interplay between borrowing and word formation on the example of the suffixes -ismus and -ita, which are listed among the most common suffixes in loan nouns in Czech. The suffixes are both used to form abstract nouns but differ in many aspects. The suffix -ismus combines with bases that form larger derivational families than those of -ita but still most nouns in -ita share their root with several other derivatives, too. By analysing selected derivatives and their mutual relations across a large amount of derivational families, the study demonstrates that the size and inner structure of derivational families can provide significant knowledge about the meaning of the formations analysed. The meanings of the suffixes are described by patterns which involve the most relevant derivatives with explicitly marked derivational relations. Using the patterns, it is possible to explain semantic nuances that have not been described with loan words in Czech so far.
Loanword Formation in Minority Languages: Lexical Strata in Titsch and Töitschu
Authors: Gaeta Livio , Angster Marco
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the growing effect of loanwords on the word formation of Titsch and Töitschu, two Walser German varieties spoken in the Aosta Valley in the Northwest of Italy, in Gressoney and Issime, respectively. Even if both communities of speakers are surrounded by a Romance-speaking area, the two varieties display strikingly different results due to distinct histories of language contact. The chapter considers the case of verb borrowing and the collapse of the stratal condition constraining certain word formation rules to apply only to non-native bases in Töitschu, the development in both varieties of a productive class of semelfactive action nominals not occurring in Modern Standard German and the emergence in Töitschu of phrasal verbs linked to the more general syntactic remodelling sustained by this variety. The phenomena considered show how contact has resulted in the extensive borrowing of patterns of a growing complexity, in direct dependence of the intensity of the contact with the surrounding Romance varieties.
Schizoanalytic Ecology
Authors: Berressem Hanjo
Published: September 2020

Set against contemporary versions of a dark ecology, the chapter shows the inherent luminism of Guattari’s ecosophy, which it develops from within the complementarity of the differently luminous planes of immanence and of consistency. Drawing on Guattari’s ecologization of the notion of the abstract machine, the chapter turns to architecture as a testing site of the alignment of given world and giving creatures. A reading of Guattari’s writings on architecture shows that a schizoecological architecture should be, like ecology itself, both intensely impersonal and intensely personal, both intensely abstract and concrete. After tracing the conceptual architectures of the La Borde clinic, it develops, against recent theories of an all-encompassing and all-pervading capitalism, the theory of a time- and site-specific capitalism, and, set against against Lacanian paychoanalysis, of a time- and site-specific unconscious. The chapter concludes with a reading of The Three Ecologies and Chaosmosis in the light of Schizoanalytic Cartographies.
Conclusion: Right Here, Right Now
Authors: Berressem Hanjo
Published: September 2020

Drawing on Jan Smuts’ notion of a holism that is not whole, the conclusion argues that Guattari considers any given situation as always already ecological, and as simultaneously scientific, political, philosophical, biological, chemical, and so on. To consider a situation ecologically, therefore, means to consider it according to an overall ecological attitude, and to administer it with the aim of creating a space that allows to actualize viable modes of life. In the terms of Schizoanalytic Cartography, to act ecologically means to square situations in the light of the operation of an excessive, experimental, luminous world that everywhere favours change and newness over stasis. Accordingly, a schizoecologic ethics should be adequate to the world’s given multiplicity, as expresssed by Heinz von Foerster’s ethical imperative to act in such a way that the number of possibilities of choice increases. For better and worse, Guattari’s schizoecology is always ‘right here, right now.’
Contested Liberalisms
Authors: Crawford Iain
Published: September 2020

Contested Liberalisms corrects a long-standing critical narrative of the relationship between Harriet Martineau and Charles Dickens. That narrative has occluded the importance of Martineau’s contribution to the development of the early Victorian press, obscured the degree to which her and Dickens’s public quarrel in the mid-1850s represented larger fissures within nineteenth-century liberalism, and has prevented us from appreciating how those fissures were embedded within a transatlantic conversation over the role of the press in forming a public sphere essential to the development of a liberal society. This book thus focuses upon the role played in the early Victorian press by two of its essential shaping figures, and this project offers a new reading of the formation of the early Victorian press and of the ways in which that press both contributed to and was shaped by a transatlantic community of letters broadly united in support for the advance of progressive values but crucially divided over core elements of the ideology of liberalism itself.
‘The display of woman’s naked mind to the gaze of the world’: Harriet Martineau and the Press, 1830–1834
Authors: Crawford Iain
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 connects Martineau’s early writing for and about the press with the intellectual legacy she derived from Enlightenment thought. Specifically, it explores her modification of the stadial theory of social progress that she derived from Adam Smith as she blended elements from Smith’s work on moral sympathy with Schiller’s writing on aesthetics and the formation of a community of taste. After showing how both Smith and Schiller contributed to her understanding of the crucial role of public discourse as an essential agent of social progress, the chapter moves to examine her advocacy for the press in the years immediately before she traveled to America. Martineau’s own journalism in the early 1830s makes a popularized version of the argument that was simultaneously being developed in the elite reviews, emphasizing a vital connection between the promotion of universal access to education and the removal of the ‘taxes upon knowledge’ that inhibited the free circulation of information and ideas. Martineau’s distinctive contribution to that argument, however, appears in two articles on Sir Walter Scott that she published shortly after his death in 1833, and the chapter concludes by arguing for a new reading of these essays as a combined statement of the essential need to write women into the narrative of history and a claim for her own authority to undertake such work.
‘Yield to the mighty mind of the Popular Instructor’: Print and the Press in Martin Chuzzlewit
Authors: Crawford Iain
Published: September 2020

Building on the case made in chapter 3, chapter 4 tunes to consider Martin Chuzzlewit and examines the ways in which the novel addresses the relationship between literacy, print media, and the experience of modern urbanism. Together eith its predecessor, the chapter argues that for Dickens America was far more than what has been generally perceived as an increasingly negative experience that chastened his understanding of the press and of mass culture. Rather, and notwithstanding all his complaints about Americans, tobacco, and spit, the encounter with America in fact provided him with a new sense, at once disturbing and alluring, of the potential power of a cheap mass-market press led by entrepreneurial editors operating in a print environment unconstrained by state controls. Moreover, in writing about America, and above all in writing about its newspapers in both American Notes and Martin Chuzzlewit, Dickens for the first time discovered a methodology for fusing fiction and the press in ways that would be foundational his most significant contribution to Victorian journalism, Household Words and its successor, All the Year Round.
Setting the Stage before Conflict
Authors: Fishman Louis A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at the history of Ottoman Palestine from the late 18th century up to the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, focusing on the historic ties to the land of both Palestinians and Jews. It then looks at why both communities welcomed the revolution, adopting a sense of Ottoman civic identity. However, rather than bringing the two communities together, Ottomanism did the opposite, placing the two communities on a track of conflict, with each community taking steps to “claim the homeland.”
The Emergence of a Collective Palestinian Identity
Authors: Fishman Louis A.
Published: September 2020

Following the Young Turk Revolution, Palestinians began to unite as a people and to take steps to claim the homeland. While Zionism posed a threat to their local hegemony, British imperialism also became a growing concern. It is for this reason that the Palestinians set out on a collective struggle to defend their rights, which was expressed in the form of petitions addressed to the central government in Istanbul and within the local Arabic press. Furthermore, during these years a local identity emerged, Palestinianism, with Muslim and Christian Arabs forming new ties, and the urban population creating new bonds with Palestine’s Arab peasants. Lastly, this chapter shows the worries Palestinians had concerning not only Jewish immigration to Palestine, but also Palestinian emigration from it.
The Haram al-Sharif Incident and its Aftermath1
Authors: Fishman Louis A.
Published: September 2020

In 1911, Jerusalem was shaken by a British archaeological team’s search for treasures within the holy compound of the Haram al-Sharif. In the aftermath of the affair, Palestinians united not only against the British team’s desecration of the holy site, but also against the local Ottoman administration, who was blamed for collaborating with the British team. In the wake of this incident, Palestinians set out to strengthen their hold over the city, which included a plan to open an Islamic university. Interestingly, this case offers an example of Palestinians uniting together over an issue that had little to do with Zionism and much more with the growing fear of British imperialism.
Collective Temperament: Esprit de Corps as Sociality and Individuation in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: de Miranda Luis
Published: September 2020

Esprit de corps became a key concept in sociology and political thought in the nineteenth century, under the influence of Fourier, Tocqueville, Durkheim, and Tarde. This chapter shows how the first sociologists have often reappraised the idea of community against individualism, using esprit de corps as a core concept. The chapter also narrates how the legalisation of labour unions (syndicats) slowly emerged from the contested notion of the workers corps. The author distinguishes different forms of esprit de corps (conformative or autonomist), a distinction that will be refined in the conclusion of this book (creative and universalist esprit de corps). In particular, Alexis de Tocqueville’s paradoxical defence of esprit de corps is explained. The new democratic form of individualism was, according to him, a process of deindividuation, a gradual loss of self-distinction and identity. Conversely, group or class distinctions maintained a level of individuation that was not incompatible with esprit de corps, but rather produced and enhanced by it.
Conclusion: Ensemblance
Authors: de Miranda Luis
Published: September 2020

At the end of this book, we understand that esprit de corps, in all its ambiguity, is the reflection of our modern evaluative ambiguities towards the collective and the individual. Is the group a cognitive prison, the locus of social control, be it political or economic? Or can esprit de corps be a sphere of resistance and well-belonging? Is the individual the engine of history or a social automaton? From the different analyses proposed in the book, four dynamic types or moments of esprit de corps emerge: creative, autonomist, conformative, and universalist. The author argues that autonomist esprit de corps is a model from which we can learn to answer questions of well- or ill-belonging in times of regimental capitalism. With the evolution of digital networks and big data, new forms of esprit de corps are emerging. But it seems that many still haven’t solved what is perhaps the most important question of our modernity: not ‘to be or not to be’, but rather to belong or not to belong.
Central and Eastern Europe: The New Core or the Periphery of Europe?
Authors: Karolewski Ireneusz Paweł
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on Central and Eastern European (CEE) member states of the EU, and how they positioned themselves in the new constellation of conflicts within the EU in the aftermath of the multiple crisis. It deals mainly with the Visegrad Group (V4) and explores its ‘repositioning’ in regard to two crisis-ridden policy fields of the EU: controversies about the rule of law and the refugee crisis. With regard to the former issue, the chapter discusses Poland as the most prominent case among the CEE countries. Against this background, it highlights two specific aspects of domestic politics: the memory games that the V4 countries play with their past and the Euroscepticism of government circles as well as a broader public.
Conceit and Deceit in the European Union: Imaginaries of Europe and a Pan-Eurasian Alternative
Authors: Hann Chris
Published: September 2020

Current tensions between ‘old’ and ‘new’ members of the EU are explored with reference to capitalist political economy and historical constructions of a continental divide. While ‘populist’ politicians in the countries of the Visegrád cooperation celebrate their nations and Christian civilisation, the Wertegemeinschaft espoused by the EU mainstream is a form of liberal cosmopolitanism. These contrasting imaginaries of Europe are reinforced by structural inequalities, accentuated by the eurozone (as analysed by W. Streeck and C. Offe). EU elites conceptualize Asia as a distinct continent, and Hungarian leaders invoke the Asian roots of the Magyars when it suits their legitimation strategies. The chapter concludes by drawing attention to long-term commonalities extending across the entire landmass of Eurasia, and the potential of this civilizational heritage for creating new forms of political cooperation.
The Endurance of Exclusion: Versions of Ned Kelly
Authors: McCarthy Conor
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the endurance of the practice of outlawry into nineteenth century Australia, and the subsequent endurance of the Australian bushranger in multiple reinterpretations and reworkings, via the figure of Ned Kelly. It considers Kelly as social bandit and homo sacer, Irish rebel and Australian myth, through a variety of versions of the Kelly story, from Kelly’s own Jerilderie Letter up to and including Peter Carey’s quasi-Joycean reworking of Kelly’s life in an Hiberno-English ‘language of the outlaw.’ Again, outlawry as defined in law is read here against other forms of legal exclusion: the exclusions that create the Australian colonies via transportation for convicts, a practice not unlike the previous legal punishment of banishment (akin to outlawry); the non-recognition of Indigenous sovereignty and tenure; and the exclusion of Aboriginal Australians from law, rendering them de facto outlaws.
‘All Plots Tend to Move Deathward’: Plots and Consequences in Don DeLillo
Authors: McCarthy Conor
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the place of espionage and its consequences in the work of Don De Lillo. The discussion opens with a consideration of naïveté and danger in CIA intervention overseas as depicted in The Names. James Axton, an American in Greece, is perhaps the last to discover that he is working at one remove for the CIA, a role that may have placed his life, and those of others, at risk. If The Names suggests that American intelligence poses substantial risks for America and Americans, Libra brings that message home to the heart of the state itself in a fictionalized account of the Kennedy assassination. Here, the President's launching of covert operations against Cuba eventually turns back against him when a coalition led by disgruntled former CIA agents mount an attempt on the President's life, co-opting the inscrutable figure of Lee Harvey Oswald as a seeming lone radical. In this chapter’s final section, the discussion returns again to the subject of extralegal action by the state in a reading of Point Omega’s meditations on extraordinary rendition and torture, in a text centred on absences and death set against the backdrop of the Iraq war.