bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stuck in the Age of Containment
Authors: Hempstead Katherine
Published: June 2024

This chapter traces the origins of health insurance, which emerged as a small and unimportant-seeming subcomponent of the broader category of disability insurance. Disability insurance was soon offered by life insurers, which came to dominate the business. The rapid growth of group benefits created a private welfare system subsidized by a federal tax incentive. The threat of greater public involvement bound insurers and providers together in a futile attempt to demonstrate that the private sector could meet the nation’s demand for coverage. The passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965 was in one sense a refutation of this effort yet also showed that the federal government had no intention of displacing the private insurance industry. Ultimately cost pressures led to health maintenance organizations and the birth of managed care. Life insurers largely exited the health insurance business in the 1980s and 1990s, ceding ground to these new entities.
Hard Markets
Authors: Hempstead Katherine
Published: June 2024

The inadequacy of insurance coverage for storm damage became an increasingly important issue in the latter half of the twentieth century. This was just one of a number of affordability and availability problems that emerged in residential and commercial property and liability insurance. These issues highlighted tensions between insurer business models and the public demand for coverage that could not be meaningfully resolved by the state regulatory structure. The National Flood Insurance Program was created in the late 1960s, but the program’s impact was weakened by its fragmentary design and piecemeal implementation. A contemporaneous federal attempt to reduce insurer withdrawals from urban areas faced similar challenges. The commercial liability crisis of the 1980s led to a critique of state regulation and calls for federal oversight. Hurricane Katrina, a super-catastrophe on par with the San Francisco earthquake and fire, revealed how little had changed in the relationship between insurers and government.
The Challenge to Individual Choice
Authors: Clifford Damian
Published: June 2024

^Data subjects are presented with choices through mechanisms such as consent and the operation of the data subject rights provided for in data protection law. An important challenge however, is that although data protection law provides subjective control rights so that we can make our own choices, it assumes data subjects’ objective rational capacity to make them and fails to account for how people actually make decisions in reality. The purpose of this chapter, therefore, is to explore the role of choice in data protection law through a law and emotion theory lens. To demonstrate the role of choice and the potential impact of the insights from this scholarship, the analysis explores the development of Emotional Artificial Intelligence as a case study through the lens of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation.
The Limits of Data Protection Law
Authors: Clifford Damian
Published: June 2024

Data protection law and its focus on the control of personal data through subjective rights has its limitations. The question therefore is what value a focus on control adds despite these criticisms. In this chapter, the conceptual value of control as distinct from its instrumental role is explored. In addition, the uncertain foundations of data protection law are outlined through an analysis of control as one underpinning value with potentially different meanings and, arguably, an uncertain relationship with data protection law depending on the jurisdiction. To assess its effectiveness, it is suggested that we need to better understand data protection law’s underlying values and the potential differences between jurisdictions to appreciate the significance of critiques’ and value of comparative insights. We need to differentiate between data protection law’s limitations as a regulatory instrument and its limits as one framework amongst many.
The Choice-Equality Foundation of Choice of Law: The Restatement
Authors: Peari Sagi
Published: June 2024

This chapter restates the Choice-Equality Foundation of Choice of Law. It argues that the normative structure of the choice-of-law question could be reduced to the two following fundamental principles. First, as a matter of its daily activity, the forum must apply its positive choice-of-law rules, subject to inherent equality and state equality exceptions. Second, as a matter of the desirable choice-of-law rules and legal reform, the forum should strive to apply that framework which coerces the parties the least; this is, again, subject to the two exceptions of the inherent equality of individuals and state equality. Taken together these two principles epitomize the notion of ‘conflict justice’ and are embedded in a wide variety of contemporary choice-of-law doctrines, principles, and concepts.
Not an Isolated, Exceptional, and Indeed Contradictory Branch of Jurisprudence
Authors: Dyzenhaus David
Published: June 2024

Private international law (PIL), a leading scholar suggests, quintessentially deals with the ‘other’ whose presence in a community raises the question of how the law should accommodate their difference. This chapter considers the journey from the well-known House of Lords judgment in Oppenheimer v Cattermole through PIL scholarship to philosophy of law. It shows that ‘alterity’ is an animating theme of all three in the form of the legal subject’s question ‘But, how can that be law for me?’ PIL makes such alterity visible and suggests techniques for responding to it. But, the claim is made, it is the same kind of alterity which should be made visible—and sometimes is—in other fields.
Authority and Interest Analysis
Authors: Green Michael S
Published: June 2024

Under any plausible theory of the authority claimed by legal officials, they must attempt to sum up the relevant considerations for and against their directives. Someone who makes an intentionally arbitrary decision, by refusing to take relevant considerations into account, cannot possibly be an authority. This chapter uses this requirement for authority to argue against interest analysis—the choice-of-law approach used by most courts in the United States. It begins by modelling the purposivist method for domestic choice of law (the standard method), which interest analysts claim should also be used when choosing between the laws of different jurisdictions. Under the standard method, the court makes its choice by considering how well each law’s purposes would be satisfied by its application to the facts. In applying the standard method, the court satisfies the requirement for authority. The chapter then describes a simple interjurisdictional choice-of-law problem, in which a court uses interest analysis to choose between different jurisdictions’ laws, to show that an interest analysis court does not use the standard method. If it chooses A’s law over B’s, it does so solely because a subset of considerations in favour of A’s law is vindicated, ignoring other relevant considerations. It chooses law arbitrarily in a manner that is incompatible with authority. And that is a sufficient reason to reject interest analysis as a choice-of-law approach.
Conflict of Laws and Global Governance
Authors: Yokomizo Dai
Published: June 2024

This chapter will deal with some issues on conflict of laws (private international law) and global governance. Some authors claim that conflict of laws should contribute to global governance in response to challenges created by globalization to conflict of laws. About this proposal, some questions arise: should conflict of laws play a certain role in global governance? Is there any risk that conflict of laws would become a political instrument by being regarded as a means for global governance? Can conflict of laws play any significant role in global governance? This chapter will attempt to find answers to these questions. The author’s argument is as follows: conflict of laws needs to adapt itself to the transformation of the world, at least in some functionally differentiated fields; it can avoid becoming a direct instrument of state policies by refusing to introduce specific conflict-of-laws rules seeking for these policies; and, it can play a significant role if it enlarges the scope of legal orders to be coordinated to include non-state normative orders, and that of legal relations to include public relations.
“Learning toys” as education through commodification
Authors: Lewis Tyson E.
Published: June 2024

This chapter argues that learning toys actually transform toys into equipment, thus negating the “toyness” of toys. Learning, on this reading, is the educational logic of knowledge capitalism, emphasizing measurable skills necessary to become competitive in an economy driven by and through the production of social life, information, and affect. To save toys from becoming mere tools to promote such learning, the chapter turns to the critical theory of Walter Benjamin who, by not conflating toys with equipment, enables us to think through the logic of toys as toys. For Benjamin, toys do not elicit certain kinds of play/learning that accommodate children to adult expectations and assumptions concerning which skills, dispositions, and capacities ought to be developed. Instead, play creates toys as interventions into the status quo, making possible another kind of world not envisioned by adults. The chapter then explores the three dimensions of creative play—profanation, recycling, and repetition—that together produce toys, and looks at how these creative dimensions are internally related to the educational practice of study (as opposed to learning). It concludes by suggesting that toys are the creative production of open-ended, experimental play just as study is the creative production of ideas.
Can regions learn?
Authors: Johnsen Hans Chr. Garmann , Knudsen Jon P.
Published: June 2024

The concept of a learning region attained a certain popularity in the latter part of the twentieth century as a way of covering a variety of processes of development and social change, especially taking place in Europe and North America. This chapter goes back to the early roots of thinking on learning in the social sciences, and argues that the social and geographical concept of learning, as coined in the concept of the learning region, is too broad and imprecise to capture its complexity. This may be an explanation for a recent drop seen in the frequency of references to learning regions.
Belonging and being unique
Authors: Örtenblad Anders
Published: June 2024

This chapter presents a study of the values that could be said to lie behind ten multiword terms, all of which have learning as the premodifier: learning city, learning climate, learning community, learning country, learning economy, learning evaluation, learning organization, learning region, learning school, and learning society. As a basis for the analysis of these terms, a set of five discourses—some of which have their origin in stakeholder perspectives—are used. The texts on three of the studied terms are dominated by the learning for all discourse; three terms are dominated by the effectiveness discourse; one term is dominated by the Bildung discourse; and three terms are influenced by various mixtures of discourses. The chapter concludes that the sets of texts on the same term in many cases are consistent, but that there also is room for differences, and that the learning premodifier seems to give far more opportunities for divergence than one could have expected. On this basis, it suggests that the learning premodifier has dual functions—it can serve to offer the user belongingness and can also provide uniqueness, even at the same time.
Interpreting the decline in the common use of the learning premodifier
Authors: Papastephanou Marianna
Published: June 2024

Questions about how to interpret the conceptual history and reception of the learning premodifier operate at a diachronic rather than synchronic level. Such questions include, for instance: what caused the ascending popularity of the learning labels? And what may explain the noticeable decrease in the common academic use of them? The chapter begins with some thoughts about the synchronic and diachronic engagement with the learning premodifier. Then it offers some interpretive possibilities concerning what such a decrease in the common use of the learning premodifier may mean and what predictive value there may be in anticipating its course in the future. To illuminate the relevance of time to the politics of the learning premodifier that have affected the fluctuation in its use, the chapter utilizes the notions of kairos, chronos, and kairikotis (that is, the lifespan of an idea or label).
Basic Equality
Authors: Kirby Nikolas , Floris Giacomo
Published: June 2024

The acceptance of the idea of basic equality is widely recognized as one of the most significant achievements of modernity. However, what exactly does it mean to say that we are one another’s equals in some fundamental sense? How can it possibly be true, given that we are unequals in almost every other aspect of our lives? And, who, exactly, is meant to fall within its scope? In this introductory chapter, we outline the most significant challenges that theories of basic equality must face in answering these questions, as well as introducing some conceptual distinctions that clarify important aspects of this debate. This, in turn, provides background for understanding the questions that the essays in this book seek to answer.
Basic and Relational Equality
Authors: Waldron Jeremy
Published: June 2024

Theorists of ‘relational equality’ have defined and elaborated an attractive ideal, which they present as an alternative understanding of equality, superior to distribution-focused theories such as luck-egalitarianism. In my book One Another’s Equals, I presented an understanding of what I called ‘basic equality’, which I also differentiated from distributive theories such as luck-egalitarianism. Does this mean basic equality and relational equality are the same? No. To mangle Euclid, things which are different from the same thing (distributive equality) are not necessarily equal to one another. This chapter explores the differences between basic and relational equality, and shows that ideals like relational equality, important though they are as social ideals, still require basic equality as a foundation.
First Among Equals
Authors: Sher George
Published: June 2024

Elsewhere, I have argued that the moral equality of humans is explained by the fact that each of us is a complete centre of subjectivity. Because many animals are also complete centres of subjectivity, this explanation implies that many animals are our moral equals—an implication that appears to conflict with the common belief that it is often permissible to treat humans and animals differently. However, taking my cue from the permissibility of treating different humans differently, I argue that there is no real conflict here. To take two beings to have equal moral standing is simply to weight their interests equally in our deliberations about the principles that ought to guide us when the interests of different beings conflict. Because this weighting occurs prior to any substantive deliberation, it is quite compatible with our settling on principles that license many forms of differential treatment.
Experiencing the International Space
Authors: Furia Annalisa
Published: June 2024

This chapter seeks to reconstruct the main qualifying characteristics of the notion of international space Arendt derived from her intellectual analysis and existential experience, and that (implicitly and explicitly) informs her political theorizing. Without aiming at providing either an exhaustive review of the many international issues she addressed in her writings or a critical scrutiny of the consistency of her conceptualizations, this chapter argues that she delineates a notion of international space that is neither the simple reflection of what exists nor the simple product of an idea(l). Rather, it is conceived as a demanding dimension that can be safeguarded and kept alive by human action only if its constitutive relationships with reality, history, and plurality are preserved. This is one of the most important contributions Arendt’s thought offers to the contemporary debate on the theory and practice of the international.
“At tu nomen inane es”
Authors: Lorini Gualtiero
Published: June 2024

The few studies on the connection between Baumgarten’s practical philosophy and Kantian moral philosophy have revealed two dimensions of influence. First, Baumgarten influenced Kant’s moral terminology, with themes like obligation showing a positive impact. Second, Kant diverged from Baumgarten’s view of the role of the divine. While Baumgarten associates the legislator with God in defining natural laws and the obligations linked thereto, Kant rejects this notion, distinguishing between the “author of the law” and God as the “lawgiver.” Despite excluding God from the basis of morality, Kant draws on moral theology for support as a postulate, due to the structural necessity of justice within morality, even if this is not explicitly addressed. Exploring Kant’s position in the Metaphysics of Morals, this study seeks to assess the significance of employing a supreme lawgiver as a heuristic to ensure effective moral legislation in ethical and legal contexts, so as to avoid these becoming what Brutus called, in the words of Dio Cassius, empty names.
Perfectionism from Wolff to Kant
Authors: Fugate Courtney D.
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the evolution of moral perfectionism from Wolff to Kant through Baumgarten. Fugate argues that Kant’s moral philosophy can be understood as a form of perfectionism, focusing on the concept of natural perfection. Wolff initially presents this concept as a guide to identifying moral laws, while Baumgarten refines it into what Kant would call an “idea of reason,” i.e. a perfection from which arises certain regulative principles then applied to the system of moral laws. Fugate suggests that Kant, influenced by Baumgarten, adopts the idea of absolute perfection, viewing it as constitutive to free willing. Unlike earlier interpretations, Kant sees morality as stemming from the nature of free will itself rather than as a means to discover moral laws in nature. The chapter’s analysis of Kant’s notes on Baumgarten’s Elements highlights Kant’s emphasis on natural perfection as crucial to his ethical framework, marking a departure from traditional notions of perfectionism.
Capitalism and Entrepreneurship in the Meiji Period (1868–1912)
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 3 focuses on the development of private firms during the Meiji period. After providing a general overview of the structure of business and the changes in the legal framework, it explores the role of private entrepreneurship through the activities of the ‘father of Japanese capitalism’, Shibusawa Eiichi. It then investigates the changing nature of Japanese capitalism through the development of the financial system and private banks, the zaibatsu and the growth of the modern corporation, the emergence of large private firms, namely Osaka Spinning, and the characteristics of the hundreds of SMEs located in and around Tokyo and Osaka. The first business schools, one of which was founded by Shibusawa, trained a new class of professional managers to head Japan’s industries. It concludes with a discussion of the import-substitution industrialization strategy devised by Meiji elites and implemented by private entrepreneurs with the support of the state. It emphasizes the many roles of capitalists during this period, and that industrialization did not lead to a homogenized capitalist system, but rather to the co-existence of several forms of capitalism. These include a waning form of state capitalism, Manchester-style laissez-faire capitalism at SMEs, emerging monopolistic capitalism controlled by zaibatsu, and American-style capitalism based on large modern enterprises and financial markets.
Global Competition during the Lost Decades
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 11 traces the transformation of Japanese capitalism towards a new model during ‘the lost decades period’. In the first lost decade (1990s), Japan faced the problem of restructuring its financial system, while in the second, Japanese firms experienced a decline in competitiveness in global markets. The distinction between the two lost decades is necessary to understand the changes in Japanese capitalism, which is characterized by a new system of corporate governance (1990s) and globalization through outward FDI (2000s). After examining the evolution in the institutional and macroeconomic environments, the chapter focuses on two case studies: the electronics industry, which attempted to cope with a loss of global advantages by shifting production to East Asia, and automobile manufacturing, which retained its competitiveness. The chapter also investigates two kinds of businesses which became major actors in most advanced economies, but not in Japan: foreign firms and start-ups. Their limited presence in Japan resulted from the features of communitarian capitalism. Consequently, foreign firms struggled to find distributors and local partners and adapt to Japanese business practices, namely the system of lifetime employment, while for start-ups, the major obstacle was the lack of incentives for venture capital funding. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of the government’s promotion of ‘Cool Japan’ and the expansion of the cultural industries in overseas markets. While many large firms suffered during the long recession, a new fast fashion brand, Uniqlo achieved success both in Japan and abroad.
Why Ecosystems Matter
Authors: Wills Christopher
Published: June 2024

The ecosystems of the world, the complex and resilient communities of interacting species that surround us, play a central role in our planet’s health and in our own survival. This book shows how recent insights into the many capabilities of ecosystems will enable us to understand and protect them. We will travel to remote deserts, thriving rainforests, coral reefs, and the open ocean to discover how each of their groups of fiercely competing and often cooperating species evolve and adapt to change. Laboratory experiments are now revealing the central roles played by communities of bacteria and viruses that make up ecosystems’ microbiomes. The speed with which ecosystems are able to seize new opportunities and adapt to new challenges depends to a surprising extent on the bubbling cauldrons of evolutionary activity that are taking place in their microbiomes. At the same time, extensive DNA surveys are detecting deep reserves of genetic diversity throughout the living world. These reserves, along with many mechanisms that aid the transfer of genes between species, provide additional powerful evolutionary resources to the species that share an ecosystem. We explore how these discoveries are leading to new interventions that can help restore a healthy balance to even badly damaged ecosystems, such as the many grasslands around the world that are becoming deserts. And we show how much we can learn from the few ecosystems where humans and nature have been able to coexist for centuries. This new research leads to a conclusion that is becoming clearer with every day that passes: we must protect and nurture the totality of our ecosystems, or our world may not endure.
The Genetic Contents of the Evolutionary Cauldron
Authors: Wills Christopher
Published: June 2024

This chapter traces the history of our growing understanding of the true nature and extent of the genetic variation that is concealed in the gene pools of each of an ecosystem’s component. It begins with a brief account of the author’s career-shaping experiences as a student of the distinguished evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky. One of the first scientists to probe species’ gene pools, Dobzhansky found that sometimes two or more “sibling” species can lurk hidden inside the gene pool of what seems to be a single species. These insights were basic to the later pathbreaking work of Martin Kreitman, who first glimpsed a gene pool’s variation at the DNA level. He saw clues to how gene frequencies have changed over time, and how the fates of groups of genes are often linked. Then we explore the latest cutting-edge technology that allows entire gene pools, and even the DNA of entire ecosystems, to be sequenced and compared. These studies have revealed new vistas of evolutionary potential that become available when groups of genetically variable species interact.
The Boundless Potential of Evolutionary Entanglements
Authors: Wills Christopher
Published: June 2024

The previous chapter has set the stage for a discussion of Michael McDonald’s experiments on populations of single-celled yeast. He has shown that these populations quickly accumulate genetic variation even when grown in a simple environment. The yeast populations retain the most advantageous combinations of these new mutant genes and tend to lose lineages that carry disadvantageous ones. “Super-advantageous” mutations appear to be common in these populations. McDonald and others are also exploring a newly discovered part of the story of how ecosystems evolve and adapt, by studying the role of transfers of genes between hosts and parasites in simple laboratory communities. These exchanges can greatly increase the speed with which laboratory populations evolve. The chapter closes with an account of the substantial role that has been played by gene transfers between species in our own microbiomes.
Venturing beyond the Red Queen
Authors: Wills Christopher
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines how networks of cooperating and competing species can reach a flexible stability, simultaneously remaining stable while retaining the ability to evolve in many directions. Cooperation among species alone cannot explain this, because such cooperation can only evolve if it makes the participating species, acting as a unit, better overall competitors in the larger ecosystem. We explore how these continually shifting cooperative and competitive interactions can result in a flexible, rather than an ossified, stable state. Remarkable new adaptations are free to appear, along with avenues for other members of the ecosystems to adapt to them. Such ecosystem flexibility explains the history of the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. This system, on which almost all of Earth’s life now depends, began its evolution as types of more-limited anoxygenic photosynthesis in two bacterial lineages. Gene transfers brought these photosynthetic mechanisms together in a third bacterial lineage. There, they evolved cooperative interactions that allowed them to use carbon dioxide and water to generate chemical energy and release gaseous oxygen as a “waste” product. This did not result in the immediate death of all anaerobic organisms that were sensitive to oxygen, however. We explore why, in spite of the overwhelming advantage of oxygenic photosynthesis, it took two billion years for oxygenic photosynthetic organisms to fully take over the planet. This was because ecosystems still had many routes by which their species could adapt to this new selective factor, slowing its advance and increasing life’s complexity and flexibility at the same time.
New directions in the history and sociolinguistics of French
Authors: Carruthers Janice , McLaughlin Mairi , Walsh Olivia
Published: June 2024

This chapter positions the contribution of the volume in the wider research context in which it was designed. It charts the evolution of the two main strands of research at the heart of the volume—sociolinguistics and historical (socio-)linguistics—exploring in each case the influence of the field on our understanding of the French language. In so doing, it draws on theoretical and methodological approaches from around the world, notably work by scholars in North America and Europe, particularly in Francophone and Anglophone traditions. The chapter sets out the distinctive approach of this volume, notably its multilingual perspectives (within France, across Europe, and in North America), its comparative dimension (across languages, geographies, and historical periods), and, crucially, its focus on data-driven methodologies. While theoretically diverse, and addressing a range of linguistic and sociolinguistic issues, the chapters are unified by an emphasis on data, drawing on recent datasets and electronic corpora of different text types that allow us to shed new light on the French language, both diachronically and synchronically.
Language authority, language ideologies, and eighteenth-century bilingual lexicographers of French, German, and English
Authors: McLelland Nicola
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the construction of linguistic authority and adherence to language ideologies in three related eighteenth-century bilingual dictionaries which deal with English, French, and German: the bidirectional French–English dictionaries of Abel Boyer (1699, 1700), and two dictionaries closely based on Boyer’s works; Christian Ludwig’s English-to-German dictionary (1706), including its third edition, revised by J. B. Rogler (1763); and Lewis Chambaud’s French-to-English dictionary (1761). The chapter presents evidence that early modern bilingual dictionary compilers may claim authority over language, and that their works may also serve as vehicles of standard language ideology, no less than monolingual codifications, for example through their metalinguistic labelling. While Ludwig makes relatively little comment on language and makes less use of metalinguistic labelling than Boyer, Chambaud has firm views on what constitutes good French and accordingly uses a wide range of metalinguistic labels marking style, register, and social status.
The history of terms for varieties of Gallo-Romance
Authors: Kibbee Douglas A.
Published: June 2024

The various terms for the object of linguistic study—language, dialect, idiom, speech, patois—defy scientific definition. Typically, language is distinguished from the others by various tests, none of which stand up to close scrutiny. Within the history of the study of French, evolving versions of the nation-state—monarchy, empire, republic, and most recently the state within international organizations (Council of Europe, European Union)—influence the choice of terms, and the ways in which varieties are studied. The remarqueurs of the seventeenth century frequently reject as ‘not French’ forms used by the most celebrated authors. In the early nineteenth century variation is considered a vice, with many manuals condemning ‘locutions vicieuses’. The unity of the state, from the Middle Ages to the present, is seen to depend on the unity of the language but defining that language has proven most difficult.
Breton dictionaries and contemporary corpus planning
Authors: Davies-Deacon Merryn
Published: June 2024

This chapter investigates issues around corpus planning for the minoritized languages of France, taking Breton as a case study. Much academic work has suggested that language planners and language activists favour a purist, neo-Celtic lexicon over the French borrowings found in the Breton of traditional speakers. This chapter investigates the validity of this claim using two methods of enquiry. First, an investigation of the lexicon included in a number of dictionaries and terminology databases allows us to track any changes in attitudes towards neologisms and borrowings over time. Second, details from an interview with an employee of the state-sanctioned Breton language-planning body allow us to understand more about the official corpus-planning process for Breton and how language planners in the twenty-first century may take different approaches from their predecessors.
Arlen and Johnny Mercer
Authors: Frisch Walter
Published: June 2024

The collaboration with Johnny Mercer, beginning in 1940, marked a new phase in Arlen’s career. Songs like “Blues in the Night” fully integrate blues and jazz elements into his style. Arlen explores more extended forms (“tapeworms”) in numbers like “One for My Baby” and “That Old Black Magic.” With Mercer, Arlen writes a Black-cast musical St. Louis Woman (1946) that generates controversy because of its stereotypes but also produces important standards like “Come Rain or Come Shine.” In the 1950s St. Louis Woman is developed into Blues Opera, with the addition of recitatives and the interpolation of other Arlen numbers. Arlen and Mercer’s final collaboration was the musical Saratoga (1959), which lasted only a short time on Broadway.
Arlen, Truman Capote, and House of Flowers
Authors: Frisch Walter
Published: June 2024

In 1954, Arlen collaborated with Truman Capote, a neophyte lyricist but established author, to adapt a Capote short story into the Black-cast musical House of Flowers, set in the French Caribbean. Peter Brook was the director and George Balanchine the original choreographer, who left the show in tryouts. Pearl Bailey starred as the madame of a bordello, and Diahann Carroll made her stage debut. Many dancers who would go on to major careers also appeared in House of Flowers, including Alvin Ailey, Arthur Mitchell, Geoffrey Holder, and Carmen de Lavallade. Beset by problems, including imperious behavior by Bailey and a weak book, House of Flowers closed after five months. But the score, infused with Caribbean musical elements, is regarded as one of Arlen’s greatest achievements for numbers like “A Sleepin’ Bee” and “I Never Has Seen Snow.”
A Late Style? Arlen, Dory Langdon, and Martin Charnin—and Harold Arlen
Authors: Frisch Walter
Published: June 2024

In the 1960s and into the 1970s, as musical styles and audience tastes changed, Arlen pursued fewer opportunities on Broadway and in Hollywood. He was energized by new collaborations with two younger lyricists, Dory Langdon and Martin Charnin. In their songs we can detect traces of a “late” Arlen style, sparser and more experimental. With Charnin, Arlen embarked in 1965–1966 on an ambitious new musical, Softly, set in occupied Japan after World War II. Arlen and Charnin wrote over twenty songs for the show, which was never completed, mainly because of a problematic, ever-changing book by Hugh Wheeler. After this experience, Arlen largely retreated from songwriting, although in 1972 he wrote both music and lyrics for eight songs for a projected television musical with a book by Leonard Melfi, Clippety Clop and Clementine.
The Bilingual Revolution Will Not Be Funded
Authors: Flores Nelson
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the role of philanthropic funding in moderating demands made by bilingual education activists away from race radicalism and toward liberal multiculturalism. The first half of the chapter examines the Ford Foundation’s efforts to move Mexican American activists in the American Southwest away from supporting grassroots political mobilization toward adopting a technocratic approach that would eventually lead to the creation of National Council of La Raza (NCLR). The second half of the chapter examines the Ford Foundation’s efforts to move Puerto Rican activists in a similar direction through the funding of Aspira. Both efforts served to professionalize bilingual education advocacy in ways that removed it from lived reality of low-income Latinx communities. The growing cadre of Latinx professionals began to compete with one another for influence over the system and for the funding associated with promoting bilingual education.
Thomas Jefferson
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 4 explores how Thomas Jefferson limited the national government while simultaneously creating an empire. Jefferson’s presidency expanded civil liberties, notably freedom of speech. Jefferson also found occasion to enunciate his conviction that governments should not hamper freedom of worship. The chapter expounds on how Jefferson undid the seamiest transactions of the Adams presidency and altered the style of the national government by replacing the rococo excess of the Federalists with Doric simplicity.
The Role of Narratives in Dialogue and Intersubjectivity
Authors: Wertsch James V.
Published: June 2024

This chapter expands on Rommetveit’s conceptual framework by introducing narratives into the picture. Drawing on Vygotsky and Bakhtin, two figures who played a role in Rommetveit’s thinking in the latter decades of his career, narratives are viewed as cultural tools provided by a sociocultural setting. These narrative tools can shape discourse to such an extent that they sometimes seem to do some of our speaking and thinking for us. But these tools do not act in isolation. Instead, drawing on Bakhtin, it is possible to see how narratives themselves engage in a form of dialogue. This can be witnessed in concrete utterances, but it is often most pronounced at the level of underlying codes of schematic narrative templates. Understanding the power of these narrative templates is a first step in finding ways to manage some of the polarization and confrontation that shapes contemporary discourse in education, the media, and other forums of dialogue.
A Queer History of Sexual Racism
Authors: Callander Denton , Ayres Tony , Trott Donovan
Published: June 2024

This chapter charts a queer history of sexual racism, drawing on two films on the subject produced two decades apart: the documentary China Dolls (1998) and the comedy feature No Chocolate No Rice (2018). In conversation with the films’ creators, this chapter explores the temporality of sexual racism among queer men in countries like Australia and the United States. The films provide a powerful lens through which to view the regressive discourse on this issue over the past twenty years, which we attribute to neoliberal sexual politics that refuse to even recognize sexual racism. The analysis highlights how the rise of individualism and individualization among communities of cisgender gay men has advanced white supremacy by stifling efforts to undo sexual racism. As counterpoint, the chapter suggests queer politics that reject individualism and embrace intersectionality offer far more transformative paths toward undoing sexual racism including for filmmakers, artists, poets, and scholars.
“I Am Dark and Beautiful”
Authors: Hatzaw Siam
Published: June 2024

Desire through the lens of sexual racism can become a revolutionary act and a site of protest. The biblical text Song of Songs contains erotic poetry that evokes the desire of/for a woman of color. As the Bible has historically exerted incredible influence over cultural understandings of sex, issues of (mis)translation echo contemporary discourse on how desire is coded to discern which bodies are deserving of love, reflecting how deeply sexual racism is entrenched in our histories. Reading Audre Lorde’s Uses of the Erotic and Poetry Is Not a Luxury illuminates how this poetry can become a source of power; the text stands out amid a whitewashed world, speaking to contexts in which desire is racially conditioned. This chapter envisions Song of Songs as an empowering proclamation that resonates with women of color, an assertion of love decentered from whiteness, and a poetic form explicitly giving name to, and celebrating, our desires.
Approaching Chord Tones by Three or More Notes
Authors: McNeil John , Nielsen Ryan
Published: June 2024

Chapter 7 looks at ways to design melodies that approach chord tones by three or more notes. The diatonic 3rds sequence is concluded in preparation for the more elaborate exercises of chapter 8. Chromatic enclosures are introduced, as well as ways of adding the 7th to melodic design. The teacher’s notes cover ways of approaching with four or five notes, and ways to ; simplify three-note approaches for less experienced students.
General Scale Skills
Authors: McNeil John , Nielsen Ryan
Published: June 2024

Building on the skills that have been developed with diatonic 3rds, chapter 10 introduces students to designing melodies based on diatonic triads. The process learned in chapter 9 is applied to diatonic triads, 7th chords, and other intervals. In the chapter, students learn the strength of melodies that have a descending stepwise scale in the background.
Understanding Chord Symbols and Respelling Chords
Authors: McNeil John , Nielsen Ryan
Published: June 2024

Chapter 11 considers how to read chord symbols and respell them in order to give students immediate access to improvising on any chord quality, even if they only have mastery of the materials from chapters 2 to 3. The two families of chord and scales are discussed. Examples of respelling are given and applied to common chord progression in jazz. A glimpse is also offered of more advanced uses of respelling (including the use of parallel structures). The teacher’s notes explain some of the theoretical reasons behind respelling. The rhythm section notes suggest when to use respellings for bass, piano, and guitar.
Searching for Sources Part 1
Authors: Rogers Victoria
Published: June 2024

Chapter 2 is the first of two chapters that discuss a pivotal aspect of the research process: searching for sources of information. The chapter begins by discussing the three categories into which sources of information can be divided: primary, secondary, and tertiary. It then goes on to identify the key resources and resource portals that are used in music research, their value, and where they can be found. The resources are grouped into eight categories: (1) writings about music; (2) archival sources; (3) scores, editions, and collections; (4) thematic catalogues; (5) music iconography; (6) sound recordings, films, and videos; (7) search engines and websites; and (8) social media, blogs, and podcasts.
Writing a Research Proposal
Authors: Rogers Victoria
Published: June 2024

Writing a research proposal is the subject of chapter 5, which explores what a research proposal is, why it is important, and what it contains. Each element in a proposal is discussed in some detail: title page; project title; table of contents; lists of tables, figures, and musical examples; abstract; introduction; hypothesis or research question; literature review; aims and rationale; anticipated outcomes; significance; methodology; structure of the thesis; timeline; ethics clearance; budget; bibliography/reference list; footnotes and endnotes; and appendices. Three exercises are included in this chapter. Exercise 1 is a class debate on the provocative topic, “Practice-based research in music is a fraud.” Exercise 2 is concerned with abstract writing. Exercise 3 involves the critical evaluation of an existing research proposal.
Writing a Thesis Part 4
Authors: Rogers Victoria
Published: June 2024

Chapter 9 is the last of the four chapters that explore the various aspects of writing a thesis. Content, style, and the musical lexicon have occupied the preceding three chapters. This chapter focuses on strategies and understandings that lead to greater efficiency and effectiveness in the writing process. These strategies and understandings can usefully be grouped into seven categories: (1) finding a way into each chapter; (2) getting the ideas down on paper; (3) building in breaks; (4) good scholarship is slow scholarship; (5) making the most of supervision; (6) editing; (7) saving and backing up.
Beyond the Thesis
Authors: Rogers Victoria
Published: June 2024

This brief concluding chapter is a metaphorical dipping of the toes into the academic world that beckons following completion of the thesis. With the skills acquired through writing a thesis, students are now equipped to take on new challenges: those of presenting their research findings at conferences and in publications. This chapter provides an overview of the where, the what and the how of presenting a conference paper, and of publishing the research in academic journals and books. The practical advice that is offered facilitates the transition from student to scholar and provides a pathway for continuing involvement in the world of scholarship.
Regulating Impairment
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: June 2024

Chapter 3 examines the classification of athletes’ impairments for the purpose of competition. It offers a history of the development of Para sport and the advent of sport classes. It then details the classification process before delving into some of the controversies that process engenders. As that history evolved, several controversies have emerged, including those related to the deceptive practice of intentional misrepresentation, eligibility, sport class assignment, reclassification, and discrimination. It also considers scenarios wherein impairment may be an advantage, particularly when it comes to the use of prostheses and other assistive devices.
Regulating Dope
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: June 2024

Chapter 4 provides an overview of anti-doping regulations. It discusses the establishment of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), funded by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and national governments, which is responsible for several duties, including anti-doping research, education, determining the prohibition of substances and methods, and testing. The unintended consequences of WADA’s policies revolve around the violation of athletes’ rights, unhealthy behaviors and deceptive practices, and impeding the progress of sport and human potential. The chapter concludes with possible alternatives between the pro-doping and anti-doping positions.
Overcoming System and “Science” in War and Peace
Authors: Morson Gary Saul
Published: June 2024

Ever since Isaac Newton explained the amazingly complex movements of the planets by four simple laws, thinkers have claimed to have done the same for society and history. They have aspired to a social “science,” in the hard sense, a deterministic model as capable of prediction as physics and astronomy. Tolstoy regarded all such ambitions as absurd and dedicated War and Peace to showing why. Most generals believe in a hard science of warfare that will allow them to “foresee all contingencies,” but Kutuzov knows that battle is a matter of “a hundred million diverse chances which will be decided on the instant.” The putative social science presumes a world of certainty, but in Tolstoy’s world wisdom consists in knowing how to orient oneself to a world of radical uncertainty, as Kutuzov does. Tolstoy’s argument is all the more pertinent in our time.
Introduction
Authors: Reeder Tyson
Published: June 2024

In 1811, a former British spy and a French con artist arrived in America and over the next several months duped President James Madison into purchasing a stash of papers they claimed would prove a conspiracy between his political rivals and Great Britain. The episode highlighted a destructive cycle that plagued the early republic: Foreign powers meddled in US politics; US partisans accused each other of colluding with foreign powers; those accusations deepened party animosity; that animosity made it easier for foreign powers to meddle in US politics. The Henry-Soubiran incident crystallizes the malicious harmony between foreign meddling and partisan hostility that lasted from the period of the American Revolution until the War of 1812. To Federalists, Soubiran was a French serpent who had beguiled the administration, while Republicans described Henry as a British serpent who tempted their opponents to treachery. Each side was convinced that the other imperiled their republican paradise.
Cost
Authors: Guenther Genevieve
Published: June 2024

“Cost” examines the fossil-fuel propaganda that inflates the cost of climate action. The chapter argues that far from being a cost, decarbonizing the US economy will lead to a windfall for the majority of Americans. It analyzes the assumptions in the climate economics invented by William Nordhaus, which have been used to justify fossil-fuel disinformation about the economic effects of decarbonization. It discusses Martin Weitzman’s critique of Nordhaus’ damage function. It describes new economic research into the benefits of achieving net zero emissions. It notes that fossil-fuel assets will be stranded under the temperature targets of the Paris Agreement, but shows that even so, decarbonization is affordable and will increase the well-being of most US voters.