bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review : The Role of Schwann cells in Neural Regeneration
Authors: Weinstein David E.
Published: March 2007

The difference in regenerative capacity between the PNS and the CNS is not due to an intrinsic inability of central neurons to extend fibers. Rather, it is probably related to the environment in the CNS that is either repulsive to axonal outgrowth and/or nonsupportive of axonal elongation. In contrast, the PNS both supports and allows for axonal elongation after injury. The Schwann cell, which is the glial cell of the PNS, is strictly required for peripheral regeneration. Here we discuss recent work describing the biology of Schwann cell- dependent regeneration, discuss what is known of the molecular basis of this phenomenon, and how it might apply to the damaged CNS. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:208-216, 1999
Expanding Science Policy Regarding Research with Vulnerable Families
Authors: Feetham Suzanne L. , Deatrick Janet A.
Published: March 2007

Research with families described as vulnerable is a rapidly evolving area. This study provides a brief commentary on articles from the Eastern Nursing Research Society (ENRS) symposium on research of vulnerable families using standards for research of families. These standards constitute science policy that is intended to advance nursing or family science through setting broad-based standards and providing guidelines for research. This commentary also discusses the usefulness of these standards for research with vulnerable families and provides recommendations for positioning this research to inform social and health policy to improve the outcomes for these families.
Couples’ Experiences with Fatigue during the Transition to Parenthood
Authors: Elek Susan M. , Hudson Diane Brage , Fleck Margaret Ofe
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine mothers’ and fathers’ reports of fatigue prior to and after the birth of their first child. Data from 44 couples were collected from the 9th month of the mothers’ pregnancy to 4 months postpartum. Both parents’ reports of fatigue significantly increased from before to 1 month after the birth of the child, then remained stable. Mothers’and fathers’level of fatigue did not differ after the birth of the child, although fathers experienced a greater change in their reports of fatigue than mothers. Couples always reported less morning fatigue than nighttime fatigue but still reported mild to moderate levels of morning fatigue. At different times, the mother’s fatigue was related to her marital satisfaction, depression, income, and maternity leave; the father’s fatigue was most often related to his age, income, and depression. Implications for family functioning, nursing assessment, and family interventions are discussed.
Asian American Women Caring for Elderly Parents
Authors: Jones Patricia S.
Published: March 2007

In Asian Amerncan families, women caringfor elderly parents are at risk when family and cultural obligations conflict with acculturation factors and employment. This descriptive correlational study investigated the relationships between resources and strategies used and perceived health in Chinese and Filipino American women caringfor elderly parents. Meleis's theory of role integration, Lazarus and Folkman's theory of cognitive appraisal, and Antonovsky's healthgenerating theory of stress were integrated with Pearlin's model of caregiver stress to examine the relationships between stressors, resources, and outcomes of caregiving. Twenty Asian American women, 10 Chinese and 10 Filipino, participated in the study. Instruments included The Jalowiec Coping Scale, The Lewis Coherency Scale, Total Role Investment Scale, Stress and Satisfaction Scales, Affect Balance Scale, and the Cantril Ladder. Findings support the possibility that satisfaction from caregiving can help to balance caregiver stress and that a sense of coherence may contribute to positive health outcomes in family caregivers.
The Role of the Family Coordinator in Longitudinal Research: Strategies to Recruit and Retain Families
Authors: Ryan Eileen A. , Hayman Laura L.
Published: March 2007

The role of thefamily coordinator in longitudinal research is described in this article. A masters prepared specialist in nursing of children operationalized the role using family systems and developmental theories. Strategies are offered for dealing with issues in longitudinal family research, such as reluctance to participate, family changes/crises, and situational stressors. The skills required by a nurse specialist in the family coordinator role are examined.
Using the Case Method to Develop Critical Thinking Skills for the Care of High-Risk Families
Authors: Wade Gail Holland
Published: March 2007

The complexity of the high-risk family coupled with the intricacies of the changing health care system force educators to examine how nursing students are prepared to care for these families. The Nursing and the High Risk Family course employs the case method teaching and learning strategy to help nursing students develop the critical thinking skills needed to assist high-risk childbearing and child-rearing families to meet their needs. Using the case method teaching and learning strategy, groups of students experience real-life situations in a nonthreatening classroom environment. The case method approach supports flexibility, creativity, change, risk taking, and consequently, encourages critical thinking. The Critical Thinking Model for Nursing Judgment, which defines the basic, complex, and commitment level of critical thinking, provides a framework for integrating increasingly more complex case studies into the course. Different case formats and levels of questioning promote students’ progression toward the commitment level of critical thinking.
Maximizing Time, Minimizing Suffering: The 15-Minute (or less) Family Interview
Authors: Wright Lorraine M. , Leahey Maureen
Published: March 2007

Time is of the essence in nursing practice. Major changes in health care delivery, budgetary constraints, and staff cutbacks have required new ideas for involving families. Rather than excluding family members from health care, more efficient ways need to be determined of how to conduct brief family interviews. This article proposes that a 15-minute (or less) family interview with appropriate knowledge and skills can respond to this important aspect of nursing care. Suggestions are made for facilitating beliefs that need to be embraced for involving families in health care. Essential knowledge of sound family assessment and intervention models, interviewing skills, and questions are given. Identification and discussion of the five key ingredients for brief family interviews are offered. These are: manners, therapeutic conversation, family genogram, therapeutic questions, and commendations. This article cites two clinical examples that highlight the effectiveness and potential for healing in brief family interviews, whether in 15 minutes or in one sentence.
Primitives among Us
Authors: PALMER ALLEN W.
Published: March 2007

Controversy over the authenticity of the primitive Tasaday tribe discovered in the Philippines in 1971, as well as the selective portrayal of other indigenous groups like the Yanomami in the Amazon, the!Kung San of South Africa, and the “hoaxing” of Margaret Mead in Samoa, point to the need to examine mass media portrayals of anthropological field studies. Portrayals of so-called lost tribes are examined in this article in terms of anthropologists' struggle with their discipline's colonial past and the popularity of primitivity as a theme in global media discourse in which characteristics of ethnic cultures are unfairly reduced to a single dimension.
Interactivity, Information Processing, and Learning on the World Wide Web
Authors: TREMAYNE MARK , DUNWOODY SHARON
Published: March 2007

This study examines the role of interactivity in the presentation of science news on the World Wide Web. The authors propose and test a model of interactive information processing that suggests a relationship between interactivity, cognitive elaboration, and learning. A think-aloud method was employed to provide insight into study participants' mental processes during Web use.
Shaping Decisions with Reading-Based Information
Authors: Ershoff Daniel H. , Aaronson Neil K. , Wilner Daniel M.
Published: March 2007

Previous research has documented the fact that policy makers underutilize social science research literature in shaping their decisions. The two factors most often identified as accounting for this utilization gap are quality of research and organizational/political constraints. A third factor that has received relatively less attention is barriers to accessing relevant literature. To determine the importance ofaccessproblems among mental health professionals, a national sample (N = 367) of community mental health center (CMHC) executives was surveyed regarding attitudes and practices with respect to published social science research. Thefindings revealed that CMHC policy makers (1) consider published literature as important relative to other sources of information; (2) have difficulty accessing desired information via traditional means (e.g., personal and institutional librariesf, and (3) are generally unfamiliar with currently available information accessing technologies (i.e., computer-based bibliographic retrieval systems). Thesefindings suggest the need for greater emphasis on access barriers in a model predicting utilization of social science research in mental health policy formulation.
Innovation A doption in an Urban Setting
Authors: Bingham Richard D. , Freeman Patricia K. , Felbinger Claire L.
Published: March 2007

In 1976, George Downs and Lawrence Mohr published an article explaining the potential causes of the inconsistency of findings in innovation research. The article was widely quoted and many researchers incorporated some of the suggestions in their research designs. Other researchers, however, were highly critical of the methodological prescriptions. The research presented in this article tested the Downs and Mohr methodological prescriptions. The findings substantiate the distinctions that Downs and Mohr make regarding the primary attributes of both organizations and innovations, support the use of interactive models, and validate the substantial contributions of the innovation-decision design to innovation research.
Guidelines for Monitoring the Scientific Competence of Preventive Intervention Research Centers
Authors: Campbell Donald T.
Published: March 2007

Advisingfunders of applied social science on how to optimize the validity ofsuch research requires an implicit or explicit "sociology of scientific validity. " While such a sociology is not yet formally available, this essay attempts to make recommendations upon such a base. The specific target is preventive intervention research in mental health. Twelve of the specific recommendations are directed toward creating a mutually-monitoring (reinforcing and criticizing) applied scientific community. One section addresses the undesirable side effects that monitoring by funders can produce. A third section of four parts addresses conceptualizations of validity appropriate to applied social science.
The Problem-Solving Community
Authors: Mathisen Werner Christie
Published: March 2007

This article is written against the background of the cross-pressures on researchers who attempt to do work that they want to be recognized by disciplinary colleagues and at the same time satisfy customer demands for useful and relevant knowledge to help solve concrete social problems. The article shows that problem-solving communities, which encompass both researchers from several disciplines and representatives from the users of research in society, can reduce these cross-pressures. It discusses how problem-solving communities can perform the same functions as disciplinary communities in respect to promoting good research. Finally, it points to the conditions for developing a well-functioning problem-solving community.
Tilling Fertile Soil
Authors: Klein Susan Shurberg
Published: March 2007

This article describes how the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Cooperative Extension Service (CES) might serve as a model for improving the dissemination of education research and development results. It is based on a paper prepared for the House Subcommittee on Select Education in the U.S. Congress, to assist the reauthorization of the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI) in the U.S. Department of Education. After reviewing the distinctive aspects of each dissemination system, the author lists various features of CES that might be replicated and others that should be avoided.
The Measurement of Misconduct
Authors: Buzzelli Donald E.
Published: March 2007

The Office of Inspector General at the U.S. National Science Foundation is studying the feasibility of statistical surveys to measure the frequency with which misconduct in science occurs. Such information would be useful in shaping federal government policy. Existing data are known to be inadequate for this purpose. A basic choice must be made between a survey in which respondents would report on their own misconduct and one in which they would report on misconduct they have observed. The methodological difficulties involved in both kinds of survey are discussed Suggestions are sought from the scientific community.
A Case of Problematic Diffusion
Authors: Luthra Rashmi
Published: March 2007

Sex determination techniques have diffused rapidly in India, and are being used to detect female fetuses and subsequently to abort them. This technology has spread rapidly because it imparts knowledge that is of great value within the Indian context, and because it fits in neatly with the modernization dynamic within India, which itself has enmeshed with traditional patriarchal institutions to oppress Indian women. More research needs to be done on ways to stem the adoption of problematic innovations.
The Challenges of Technological Change to Copyright Law
Authors: ELKIN-KOREN NIVA
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the future of copyright law in cyberspace. It argues that the potential of cyberspace to decentralize the production and dissemination of knowledge requires adjusting copyright rules to serve the promise of decentralization and to facilitate participation in the production of knowledge. This argument is demonstrated through analysis of a reform proposal made by the Working Group on Intellectual Property of the Information Infrastructure Task Force. The article suggests an alternative approach to copyright reform that focuses on facilitating the social choices created by digital technology.
Knowledge Competition and Personal Ambition
Authors: HULTMAN GLENN , HÖRBERG CRISTINA ROBERTSON
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on knowledge and the use of research in relation to local actors in social situations by analyzing data from ongoing research in Swedish schools. The authors propose a theoretical framework for knowledge utilization. It introduces the concept of knowledge competition in relation to teachers' personal views, arguing that the use of knowledge must be understood in its social context and in relation to how different people comprehend knowledge. The authors explore the utilization of research-based knowledge under different themes: teachers' views, utilization, context, knowledge as personal and situated, and thinking and acting. There is often a measure of competition inherent in the desire to obtain new knowledge, where competition is understood to be the relationship that arises between the teacher and the context and a process, that is, characterized as being socially negotiated. The authors conclude that a teacher's knowledge is mainly personal, specific, and action oriented concerning its origin, content, and function. Local actors (i.e., teachers) may be influenced more by frames, personal needs, and driving forces than by formal research and knowledge created out of their local context. A theoretical framework for knowledge use and action in context is presented.
The Media and Public Understanding of Biotechnology
Authors: GUNTER BARRIE , KINDERLERER JULIAN , BEYLEVELD DERYCK
Published: March 2007

An exploratory survey was conducted to investigate the perceptions and opinions of two important “expert” groups—scientists and journalists. Scientists working in the biotechnology field and journalists who had written or broadcast about it were regarded as key players in the communication of information about scientific developments to the lay population. This research showed that both groups agreed that the media have an important part to play in informing the public about biotechnology. Scientists were more likely than journalists to perceive coverage as too sensational and dramatic, too speculative, with too much emphasis on risks. Scientists did not exhibit much trust in journalists, even though journalists were as likely as scientists to agree that media reporting of biotechnology should be sober, balanced, and focused on the facts. Both groups also agreed that journalists need to ensure they are technically prepared when reporting on complex science issues. Scientists probably needed more media training and support from their own professional culture to facilitate more effective relations with media professionals and the public.
Behind the Curve: A Critical Assessment of How Little is Known about Arrangements between Managed Care Plans and Physicians
Authors: Gold Marsha , Nelson Lyle , Lake Timothy , Hurley Robert , Berenson Robert
Published: March 2007

Extraordinary growth in managed care arrangements over the past decade has been both widely praised and criticized. Proponents and critics agree that the nature of medical practice is being profoundly altered by this growth, even if they cannot articulate the direction and consequences of this change. We explore the roots of this uncertainty by examining the available evidence on critical features of the arrangements managed care plans currently have with affiliated physicians. Our approach is to review and synthesize the literature in several key substantive areas from a broad range of sources. We found that existing knowledge is dated, derived from a limited subset of plans, inattentive to important structural diferences between plans, and responsive to a very naorow set of issues poorly rflecting the range of medical practice and change introduced by managed care We highlight key questions of interest and the knowledge gaps critical to address so that policy and management decisions can both reflect and be informed on these issues that define the arrangements managed care plans make with physicians and ultimately influence medical practice.
Using Health Insurance Claims Data to Analyze Substance Abuse Charges and Utilization
Authors: Garnick Deborah W. , Horgan Constance M. , Hendricks Ann M. , Comstock Catherine
Published: March 2007

It is crucial to evaluate whether health insurance data sets will provide robust answers to significant research questions in advance of undertaking large research studies using these data. In this article, we present the research challenges of using insurance claims data sets to study substance abuse. Using illustrations from the itemized claims from three large employers, we focus on using administrative data to analyze costs to employers, utilization of services to treat abuse of specific drugs, and the effects of managed care strategies. We conclude that insurance claims data sets are useful for reporting employers' payments for treatment of identified substance abusers and for tracking changes over time but are not useful for studies of the use of treatment for specific drugs.
Competition between for-Profit and Nonprofit Health Care Providers: Can it Help Achieve Social Goals?
Authors: Hirth Richard A.
Published: March 2007

This article outlines a theory of competition between for-profit and nonprofit health care providers. The theory demonstrates conditions under which nonprofits can help achieve social goals and explores how the nondistribution constraint imposed on nonprofits regulates the competitive process. It is shown that competition from nonprofits can create a positive spillover effect on the performance of the for-profit sector. The theoretical arguments, which focus on patients who are poorly informed about quality, are then extended to the hospital sector where there are a variety of social goods including charity care, education, and community health programs. These ideas serve as the basis for a literature review on hospital ownership, competition, and the provision of social goods and a critique of empirical research on the relative performance of for-profit and nonprofit providers. The article concludes with implications for policy toward nonprofit organizations in service industries and a discussion of how empirical research can inform such policy.
A Comparison of Hospital Utilization by Medicaid and Privately Insured Patients
Authors: Arndt Margarete , Bradbury Robert C. , Golec Joseph H. , M. Steen Paul
Published: March 2007

This study of 45,691 patients from 73 hospitals in 22 states shows that Medicaid patients have longer total lengths of stay as well as longer preoperative and postoperative lengths of stay than privately insured patients after adjusting for admission severity of illness and other patient variables. Medicaid patients also had higher ancillary charges and higher total charges. These hospital utilization patterns held in states that paid hospitals per case as well as in states that paid hospitals per diem rates with the exception of ancillary services in the per diem states. A direct test between Medicaid patients under the two payment systems revealed no difference in length of stay, ancillary, and total charges. These findings suggest that service levels to Medicaid patients were not associated with how the hospitals were paid and challenge the assumptions that hospitals can continue to reduce services in response to reimbursement constraints. The implications of these findings for health policy and health services management are discussed.
Managed Care, Medical Technology, and Health Care Cost Growth: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Chernew Michael E. , Hirth Richard A. , Sonnad Seema S. , Ermann Rachel , Fendrick A. Mark
Published: March 2007

Although managed care plans reduce health care expenditures at any point in time, less is known about whether such plans control health care cost growth. Because use of new medical technology is an important determinant of cost growth, the impact of managed care on utilization of medical technology will largely determine whether managed care can reduce expenditure growth to sustainable levels. This article reviews the literature relating medical technology to cost growth and the literature examining the impact of managed care on either cost growth or on the diffusion of medical technology. Studies that examine plan-level data often reach different conclusions than studies that examine market-level data. The evidence suggests that managed care, as currently practiced, may reduce the rate of cost growth. However, managed care is unlikely to prevent the share of gross domestic product spent on health care from rising unless the cost-increasing nature of new technology changes.
Cultural Evidence, Child Maltreatment, and the Law
Authors: Levesque Roger J. R.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses child maltreatment law's use of cultural evidence. Such evidence, offered by immigrant and nonmainstream parents accused of child maltreatment, serves to mitigate intervention in families or to minimize punishment for the offense. The article explores how the two areas of law that currently regulate child maltreatment—criminal and child welfare law—approach the use of such evidence. Civil, child welfare law tends to formally accept and allow for the use of cultural evidence. Criminal law rejects cultural evidence to mount a formal cultural defense that would automatically exempt individuals from punishment for criminal acts, but the system still allows cultural evidence to affect legal decisions. How both systems actually use cultural evidence in practice, however, remains to be determined. The article offers an approach to encourage both legal systems to evaluate and consider cultural evidence more systematically and critically. The analysis also addresses likely objections to the proposed alternatives.
Two Formats for Eliciting Retrospective Reports of Child Sexual and Physical Abuse: Effects on Apparent Prevalence and Relationships to Adjustment
Authors: Silvern Louise , Waelde Lynn C. , Baughan Brook McClintic , Karyl Jane , Kaersvang Lynn L.
Published: March 2007

This study compared two common questionnaire formats for eliciting retrospective child abuse reports. Self-defined formats ask participants whether they were abused, using that term. Researcher-defined formats ask about particular abuse-related events, allowing researchers to specify criteria for identifying abuse histories. Adjustment was measured by self-report inventories of depressive and posttraumatic symptoms and global self-esteem. Participants were 542 college women and men. Significantly less abuse was reported on the self- versus researcher-defined formats. Self-defined abuse was more frequent if participants met criteria for researcher- defined sexual or dual abuse versus physical abuse and if they reported relatively frequent childhood physical violence, severe sexual acts, and marginally, sexual perpetrators who were incestuous. Relationships of adjustment with researcher-defined versus self-defined abuse were stronger, and relationships between adjustment and researcher-defined abuse were independent of self-defined abuse. Discussion addressed methods of eliciting retrospective abuse histories for research and for clinical purposes.
Factors Related to Mothers' Perceptions of Parenting Following their Children's Disclosures of Sexual Abuse
Authors: Hiebert-Murphy Diane
Published: March 2007

Predictors of parenting satisfaction and efficacy were examined in a sample of 102 mothers of children who disclosed sexual abuse within the previous 12 months. Parenting satisfaction was predicted by conduct behavior problems exhibited by the child, social support from friends, and the use of approach coping strategies. Parenting efficacy was predicted by age of the child and conduct and sexual behavior problems exhibited by the child. Maternal history of child sexual abuse was not related to parenting satisfaction or efficacy. Results are discussed in relation to a stress-coping model of understanding mothers during the postdisclosure period.
Attachment Behaviors, Depression, and Anxiety in Nonoffending Mothers of Child Sexual Abuse Victims
Authors: Lewin Linda , Bergin Christi
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychological well-being and attachment behavior of nonoffending mothers of child sexual abuse victims (CSAVs). This topic is significant because it is the mothers who most often provide support for young child victims. Two sets of data on maternal depression, state and trait anxiety, and Ainsworth's maternal attachment behaviors were analyzed. First, 38 mothers of CSAVs were compared based on the presence or absence of maternal history of abuse. Second, from the original 38 mothers of CSAVs, 27 mothers were compared to a matched group of mothers of nonabused children. Children in both data sets were 6 to 48 months. In the first data set, there were no significant differences in depression, anxiety, and attachment behaviors based on mothers' personal history of abuse. However, in the second data set, mothers of CSAVs had heightened levels of depression and anxiety and diminished maternal attachment behaviors.
Effects of a Personal Safety Program on Preschoolers' Knowledge, Skills, and Perceptions of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Sarno Julie A. , Wurtele Sandra K.
Published: March 2007

This study examined preschoolers' knowledge, skills, and perceptions of child sexual abuse. Seventy-five preschoolers were pretested, randomly assigned to participate in either a personal safety program or a general safety control program, and then posttested. The personal safety program produced significant gains in knowledge and skills thought to be useful in helping children avoid sexual victimization. Program participants improved significantly in their abilities to recognize abuse, respond in potentially abusive situations (say “no,” get away), report secret touching, and remember key concepts (e.g., that abuse is never a child's fault). The program did not, however, affect participants' perceptions of the age and gender of perpetrators or the gender of the victims, the relationship between victims and perpetrators, or the possibility of abuse recurrence. The program did not make children suspicious of innocuous touches, nor did it affect negatively their views on normal sexual behavior. The advantages of studying children's responses to personal safety programs through a developmental lens are discussed, and suggestions for future research are offered.
A Personal Position Paper on Participatory Research: Personal Quest for Living Knowledge
Authors: Swantz Marja-Liisa
Published: March 2007

This article is a personal position paper in which the author presents thoughts about participatory research as they evolved during years of search for "living knowledge." The author weaves together experiences gathered from her work in two regions of Tanzania and a personal history to make conclusions about and derive implications for participatory research.
Violence at the Door
Authors: MARGOLIES LIZ , LEEDER ELAINE
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors present their clinical experience with more than 30 lesbian batterers in a large city and a small rural community. Data are offered on the psychological profile of batterers and relationships in which abuse occurs. Two treatment models are described: group therapy and a three-phase community model. The authors suggest that lesbian batterers are women who have broken the norm of compliant victim, running counter to the developmental expectations of female survivors of childhood family violence.
Mothers in “Incest Families”
Authors: GREEN JUDITH
Published: March 2007

Prevailing attitudes toward mothers in families in which father-daughter incest is disclosed cause a destructive misdirecting of blame that ultimately supports victimization of women. Blame-oriented explanations of mothers' roles are critically reviewed and contrasted with feminist reassessments in a sociopolitical context. Identified as additional victims in the complex matrix of family and community, mothers are revictimized by a clinical establishment that upholds the nonconscious patriarchal ideology underlying violence against women. Clinicians need to validate and support mothers in their “disenfranchised grief” so they can better help their daughters to heal, and to design and lobby for programs that will promote social changes necessary for a more egalitarian society.
Elderly Adult Survivors of Family Violence
Authors: ANETZBERGER GEORGIA J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effects of family violence on elderly adult survivors, the vast majority of whom are women. Two timeframes are considered: violence experienced early in life and elder abuse. A review of the literature on these and related topics reveals a conceptual framework for explaining the effects. Implications for practice are discussed along with case studies to illustrate key constructs.
Rethinking Estrangement, Interventions, and Intimate Femicide
Authors: ELLIS DESMOND , DeKESEREDY WALTER S.
Published: March 2007

North American research shows that interventions and their type, appropriateness, timing, and patterning may help explain variations in the relationship between estrangement and intimate femicide on one hand and reintegration or conciliation on the other. The main objective of this article is to build on Wilson and Daly's male proprietariness thesis by integrating it with a theory of interventions.
Playing Gender Against Race Through High-Profile Crime Cases
Authors: CHANCER LYNN S.
Published: March 2007

When the Clarence Thomas, Mike Tyson, and O. J. Simpson cases emerged as high-profile media cases, a pattern was established in which Black men became symbolic representatives of three distinctively feminist issues. These issues were sexual harassment, rape, and domestic violence, respectively. This article argues that a competitive and antagonistic relationship, or a playing of gender against race, developed through this disproportionate media emphasis. Three explanations for the pattern are explored: historical biases, the structure of legal trials, and media philosophy.
King Kong and the White Woman
Authors: DINES GAIL
Published: March 2007

The demonization by the media of Black men as rapists and murderes has been well documented by scholars interested in film, television, and rap music. Recently, a number of researchers have turned their attention to pornography, specifically, how the codes and conventions of this genre (re)construct the Black male body, especially the penis, as dangerous and as a threat to White male power. These studies focus on the poorly produced, hard-core pornography movies that, because of their explicit imagery, are relegated to the shelves of adult-only stores. What tends to be ignored is the content of the mass-produced, mass-circulated pornography magazines that have a much larger audience. Of the three giants that dominate the mainstream pornography magazine market (Playboy, Penthouse, and Hustler), Hustler is the only one that features representations of Black masculinity. Although these representations can only be found in the humor sections, particularly the cartoons, they have much in common with those representations found in nonhumorous media forms. This article will examine how Hustler draws from past regimes of racial representation and articulates a more contemporary myth that Black masculinity, having been allowed to run amok in the post-civilrights era, has finally rendered White men impotent, both sexually and economically.
A Nationwide Survey of Domestic Violence Shelters' Programming for Older Women
Authors: VINTON LINDA
Published: March 2007

This article describes a nationwide survey of domestic violence shelters that examined special programming for older battered women. More than two fifths of the 428 respondents had sheltered at least one woman age 60 or older during the previous year, and 61 stated they offered special programming for older women. This programming most often was outreach or individual interventions. A majority of the respondents provided education about domestic violence to adult protective services staff and senior centers, but only 22% presented information to aging agency staff. Interactions between domestic violence and service providers for the aged are critical as they discover they have clients in common.
Policy Preferences Among Urban Mayors
Authors: Sacco John F. , Parle William M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to determine which of a selected number of factors in the urban environment are important in influencing the priorities and goals mayors espouse for their cities. Mayors are often deemed influential in community politics; however, little is known about what shapes their priorities. To probe this question, four goal areas—community attractiveness, economic development, aid to the disadvantaged, and government efficiency—are selected for analysis. The results—based on data from National Opinion Research Center's Permanent Community Sample—suggest that no one political or social factor in the urban environment dominates across all four goal areas, but rather that there tends to be a different "politics" at work in each goal area.
Community Size, Public Attitudes, and Population- Policy Preferences
Authors: Caputo David A.
Published: March 2007

Survey data from the 1971 Commission on Population Growth and the American Future are utilized to investigate the relationships between community size, public attitudes, and population-policy preferences. Contrary to popular belief, the analysis indicates that there is no direct relationship between larger community size and concern over population matters or more activist governmental policies to control or influence population growth or distribution. The analysis also indicates that policy makers may not be as bound by public attitudes as they claim when dealing with population issues. The implications of these findings for subsequent policy making are then pursued.
Black Political Representation in Southern Cities
Authors: Latimer Margaret K.
Published: March 2007

Cities of the deep South are distinctive because they are at once influenced by a con sistently large black population and a history of discrimination. This study seeks to identify and measure the significant causal variables that affect black representation in cities of three southern states. Blacks are greatly underrepresented, but changes are occurring and black representation is increasing. This situation requires person-to-person data gathering for accuracy. The results show that equitable representation for black citizens in southern cities depends heavily on the method by which the city governing body is elected. The at-large selection systems used by two-thirds of the cities have a negative impact on black representation. The percentage of black population is highly significant as a positive causal variable. Socioeconomic variables appear less important but are difficult to evaluate. A speculative finding that election method affects southern black political participation makes this variable especially important to equitable representation of the black citizen in the southern city.
Black-To-White Successions in Central-City Housing
Authors: Spain Daphne
Published: March 2007

The extent to which whites are replacing blacks in central-city housing-one measure of what is popularly known as the "back to the city" movement-has so far been undocu mented on a national scale. Data from matched years of the Annual Housing Survey can address this issue for the mid-1970s. Approximately twice as many central-city residential successions involved transitions from black to white occupancy in 1973-1976 as in 1967- 1971. The income and educational levels of central-city whites appear to have exceeded those of the blacks they replaced for the first time in 1975-1976, presenting limited support for the belief that cities are beginning to experience a gradual "revitalization."
More Trouble in Paradise
Authors: Baldassare Mark , Wilson Georjeanna
Published: March 2007

Many urban scholars have assumed that urbanization has had adverse effects on the quality of life of suburban residents, but there are few empirical tests of their hypotheses. The 1982 and 1991 Orange County, California, Annual Surveys indicate that perceived quality-of-life ratings have declined over the decade that this suburban region experienced urbanization. The hypothesis that city-level measures of urbanization, such as population size, density, heterogeneity, and growth rates, are related to lower quality-of-life ratings was only partially confirmed. Over time, high density and perceived rapid growth emerge as strong predictors of perceived quality of life.
Globalization, Culture, and Neighborhood Change
Authors: Mele Christopher
Published: March 2007

Globalization of the production, distribution, and consumption of culture has affected the identity of locale or neighborhood. In many instances, local cultural forms, such as music and art, are appropriated for international consumer markets. The author analyzes the effect of global appropriation on urban form. The emerging global cultural economy creates new opportunities for place entrepreneurs to redevelop poor neighborhoods and challenges the traditional means of local resistance for residents and community groups.
The Effects of Local Conditions on Economic Growth, 1977-1990
Authors: Schneider Mark , Kim Duckjoon
Published: March 2007

To promote economic growth and improve their tax base, local governments compete to attract "high-tech" industries. The authors analyze the outcome of this competition, documenting the geographical dispersion of high-tech activities over the last 15 years and assessing the degree to which their location is attributable to the effects of local factors, including public policies. They show that high-tech jobs and establishments have changed location across localities and that many local conditions influence the location of high-tech activities. However, these conditions reflect the wealth of the community and not local governmental spending and tax policies, which have only marginal effects on the location of high-tech activities.
Geographic Concentration of Affluence and Poverty in 100 Metropolitan Areas, 1990
Authors: Coulton Claudia J. , Chow Julian , Wang Edward C. , Su Marilyn
Published: March 2007

The geographic concentration of poverty and affluence is examined for the 100 largest metropolitan areas. Concentration of poverty and affluence are uncorrelated, but metropolitan areas can be classified into five types based on six indices of concentration and affluence. The types differ significantly in their racial and ethnic segregation, the relative advantage of the central city as compared to the suburbs, and the economic inequality in the population. Cities in which both affluence and poverty are highly concentrated differ along all dimensions from cities of the more egalitarian type.
Urban Development, Policy Failure, and Regime Change in a Manager-Council City
Authors: Rigos Platon N. , Paulson Darryl
Published: March 2007

This study of St. Petersburg, Florida, shows that large-scale urban development decisions are irreversible. A prodevelopment regime used an aggressive city manager, a prodevelopment council, and a mayor to pursue risky development policies. Scandal, policy failure, and racial polarization triggered a governmental structure change. Mounting debt forced the adoption of caretaker, or maintenance, policies to minimize the tax burden.
City-Suburban Income Disparities and Metropolitan Area Employment
Authors: Hill Edward W. , Wolman Harold L.
Published: March 2007

Were tight metropolitan labor markets in 1990 associated with narrow spatial income disparities between central cities and their suburbs? In U.S. national policy, it is assumed that maintaining high levels of national economic growth will attract inner-city poverty populations into the world of work, thereby reducing suburban-city income gaps. The authors examine the impact of tight labor markets on these disparities by developing regression models for metropolitan statistical areas. Economic growth, fostering tighter labor markets, is clearly desirable. However, tightening local labor markets actually exacerbates disparities to a point. Past that point disparities begin to decrease, but at a very slow rate.
Transportation Policy in Mexico City
Authors: Wirth Clifford J.
Published: March 2007

The impacts of privatization in transportation for Mexico City are examined through a cost-and-benefit analysis. Privatization in transportation has reduced direct government spending in some areas but has exacerbated economic inequities, political corruption, traffic congestion, and traffic injuries and fatalities as well as air pollution and related illness and mortality. Transport policy has benefited the Federal District, affluent residents, and service providers, but the users and poor who live in marginal zones have received less benefits from these policies.
Race, Concentrated Poverty, Social Isolation, and Political Behavior
Authors: Alex-Assensoh Yvette
Published: March 2007

The author examines the relative impact of concentrated-poverty neighborhoods and social isolation on the political behavior of white and black inner-city residents. She demonstrates that social isolation undermines the political participation of blacks and that residence in concentrated-poverty neighborhoods is most detrimental to the political participation of whites. The effects of social isolation and concentrated-poverty neighborhoods exert substantively and statistically significant effects on the political behavior of whites as well as blacks above and beyond the influences of human capital characteristics and sociopolitical resources.
The Housing Act of 1954
Authors: Flanagan Richard M.
Published: March 2007

The Housing Act of 1954 marked a historic turn in housing policy and federal-city relations. The act replaced public housing with commercially oriented urban renewal. It also served to redefine urban liberalism. Before 1954, New Deal class divisions characterized debates about the role of the federal government in the cities; after 1954, a new, powerful alliance of mayors and business groups-led by the Eisenhower administration-created consensus around urban redevelopment policies. The change in the trajectory of policy and politics is explained in this article by a model that emphasizes the importance of state institutions, interest groups, and ideas.
Primary Partnership: A Blended Model for Patient Care in the Psychiatric Unit
Authors: Walther Roxanne Darling
Published: March 2007

This article documents the experience with restructuring as it relates to the develop ment and implementation of a new blended nursing care delivery model and the be ginning steps toward shared governance. The reorganization process was stimu lated by the merger of two small psychiatric units into one large 28-bed neuro-gero psychiatric inpatient service. This change required a modification of the nursing care delivery system, major changes in roles, and in practice philosophy . This entire pro cess of analyzing the current system and developing and implementing the new nurs ing care delivery model is described. (J AM PSYCHIATR NURSES Assoc [1995]. 1, 97-101)
The Effect of Psychiatric Home Nurse Follow-up on Readmission Rates of Patients With Depression
Authors: Barker Earlene , Robinson Denise , Brautigan Robert
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND: Patients who are still recovering from depression are being discharged from the inpatient setting to their homes much sooner than they were a decade ago. Few studies of the effectiveness of home follow-up for patients with depression have been conducted in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether hospital readmission rates of patients with depression decreased as a result of psychiattic nurse home vis its.

DESIGN: A prospective descriptive research design was used. Patients admitted to the mental health unit during a 30-day period were followed up in this study. Patients received follow-up care only if it was prescribed by the physician; no manipulation of subjects occurred. The health care professionals who provided care for the patients were contacted in 60 days to determine the readmission status of the patients.

RESULTS: A total of 68 subjects were followed up to determine readmission rates. Twelve subjects received psychiatric home nurse follow-up, and 56 received standard care. A substantial reduction in readmissions was found in the psychiatric nurse home follow- up group (χ2 (1, N = 68) = 968, p = .008). No readmissions occurred in the group with psychiatric nurse home follow-up care, but 33% (n = 36) of the group without home follow-up were readmitted, despite similar outpatient care.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide support for psychiatric nurse home follow-up for patients with depression after discharge from an inpatient setting. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [1999]. 5, 111 116)
Press Self-Censorship and Political Transition in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Chin-Chuan
Published: March 2007

Hong Kong's handover has induced self-censorship among the press in order to curry favor with and avoid coercive pressure from China. Based on a comprehensive survey, this article shows that many journalists perceive their colleagues as being afraid to criticize China but think of themselves as being more courageous. Journalists from the party press are systematically different from those from the market-oriented press. However, market-driven “information newspapers” are moving toward apoliticization and toward accommodating the new sovereign, thus blurring their differences with market-driven “story newspapers.”