bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corruption, asset origin and the criminal case of money laundering in Indonesian law
Authors: Ali Mahrus , Nurhidayat Syarif , Prabowo Muhammad Shidqon , Muhammad Rusli
Published: August 2021

Purpose

This study aims to investigate Indonesian regulation of Article 69 of the Money Laundering Criminal Act (TPPU) related to proving predicate crimes, as it leaves a debate whether it must be proven beforehand or not.

Design/methodology/approach

This research is a normative juridical study, in addition to examining the views of criminal law experts on the formulation of Article 69 of the TPPU Law; it is also extended to the practice of prosecution and court decisions in TPPU cases.

Findings

The results of this study show that there are two views related to the obligation to not prove the corruption in the ML case. The first view states that the origin of corruption must be proven, especially because ML is a follow-up crime, so it is necessary to prove corrosive crime as one of the predicate offenses. The second view states that the predicate offense of corruption does not have to be proven beforehand because TPPU is an independent offense.

Originality/value

This research focuses on analyzing whether or not it is obligatory to prove the original crime of corruption in the money laundering case.
Demand for money laundering in developing countries and its deterrence: a quantitative analysis
Authors: Javaid Anam , Arshed Noman
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Money laundering is an activity where illegal proceeds are hidden. This often leads to a reduction in government revenue and loss of government control of public funds. This study aims to identify the important sources of growing demand for money laundering in developing countries. Further, it identifies the factors that reduce the impact of sources of demand for money laundering.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used the panel approach of feasible generalized least square to investigate the growing demand for money laundering in 62 developing countries and provides a moderation-based solution for managing the demand factors.

Findings

The empirical results of this study indicate that there are two sources that increase the demand for money laundering in developing countries. This includes a high tax rate on profit linked with private firms and businesses and diversion of public funds related to government officials and politicians. The results indicate that profit tax and diversion of funds increase the demand for money laundering. The profit tax-based money laundering can be moderated by the quality of the education system and the diversion of public funds and money laundering can be moderated using bureaucracy quality.

Originality/value

This is one of the first studies to empirically estimate the impact of two important sources (i.e. diversion of public funds by government officials and politicians and a high tax rate) that create demand for money laundering in developing countries. The findings help developing countries’ governments formulate policies and curb the growing demand for money laundering.
Using complex systems mapping to build a strategic public health response to mental health in England
Authors: Stansfield Jude , Cavill Nick , Marshall Louise , Robson Claire , Rutter Harry
Published: August 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to use systems mapping as a tool to develop an organisation-wide approach to public mental health to inform strategic direction within a national public health agency.

Design/methodology/approach

Two workshops were facilitated with internal staff from a wide range of public health policy teams working in small groups to produce paper-based maps. These were collated and refined by the project team and digitised.

Findings

The approach engaged a range of teams in forming a shared understanding and producing a complex system map of the influences on population mental health and well-being, where current policy initiatives were addressing them and what the gaps and priorities were. Participants valued the approach which led to further study and organisational commitment to the whole system working as part of national public mental health strategy.

Research limitations/implications

The approach was limited to internal stakeholders and wider engagement with other sectors and community members would help further the application of complex system approaches to public mental health.

Originality/value

It was a valuable process for developing a whole-organisation approach and stimulating thinking and practice in complex system approaches. The paper provides a practical example of how to apply systems mapping and its benefits for organising public mental health practice.
Balancing medical education with service in the workplace: a qualitative case study
Authors: Fish Rebecca Mary , Gawne Suzanne Jane , Machin Laura
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Finding a balance between the provision of quality individualized care and the ongoing education of junior doctors had been flagged as a concern at a large National Health Service (NHS) teaching hospital in the north of England. In response to this, the organization introduced an intervention designed to improve educational culture by providing support to educators, leaders and clinical staff.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper features themed results from eight in-depth interviews with educators, consultants and junior doctors to describe and evaluate the process and impact.

Findings

Factors that contributed to a positive educational environment included trainees and educators feeling valued, the presence of supportive leaders and the provision of a safe space for learning. Perceived barriers included time constraints, differing motivation and the generic format of formal education. Participants reflected on how the Wrap Around project helped improve the workplace educational culture and offered suggestions for further improvement including the provision of ongoing feedback to learners about their performance.

Originality/value

Research aimed at recognizing and resolving the perceived tensions between the priorities of education and health-care delivery has been flagged as a gap in the literature. The authors argue that developing and enhancing collaborative leadership and educational culture within an organization can reduce these tensions for those working on the front line. Future work should focus on addressing the perceived distinction between the two within services.
Tackling energy poverty through social intrapreneurship in large-scale energy companies
Authors: Manjon Maria-Jose , Merino Amparo , Cairns Iain
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present advances towards a social intrapreneurship department within energy corporations. By drawing on the literature on social intrapreneurship and stakeholder theory, this paper provides a conceptual proposal for an organisational structure. This paper builds on the notion of bridging and boundary organisations, to suggest an organisational innovative structure as a social intrapreneurship endeavour focussing on the increasing salience of weak stakeholders in energy corporations from the energy justice approach.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper draws on the literatures on social intrapreneurship and stakeholder theory, to provide arguments and an organisational proposal to alleviate energy poverty in energy corporations.

Findings

The results are presented in a conceptual process model for the development of Social Energy Department units within large energy companies, illustrating their embeddedness in both societal and company-level processes to facilitate social intrapreneurship initiatives that would alleviate energy poverty in the just transition.

Practical implications

The paper promises novel insights at the nexus of social enterprise and organisational change. The practical applicability is particularly promising, as it focusses on integrating novel units in energy companies and stimulates further research on models of social intrapreneurship to tackle energy poverty.

Originality/value

The paper offers both practical and theoretical contributions to the stakeholder theory field with insights from social intrapreneurship and organisational stakeholder theory in the context of a specific social problem – energy poverty, energy justice and the just energy transition.
“Living-with-dying”: the elderly’s language of terminal illness
Authors: Maci Stefania M.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

This study aims to examine the way in which elderly people, men and women, with a terminal illness use language to construct a narrative about their “living-with-dying” experience.

Design/methodology/approach

This investigation is a secondary analysis based on a corpus of health and illness narratives collected by the Health Experiences Research Group at the University of Oxford and published by the DIPEx charity (available at:http://healthtalk.org/home).

Findings

This study shows that there are qualitative differences in the way in which not only elderly people but also men and women report their experience with terminal illness and their relation to death.

Originality/value

Understanding the different perspectives from which elderly people narrate their experiences of how they live while dying from terminal illness can help health professionals to develop more effective all-inclusive health policies and practices in end-of-life care.
Constructing a professional identity as an in-home carer
Authors: Blundell Catherine Jane
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways in which foreign live-in carers are able to construct agentive identities which counteract negative discourses regarding care work, sex and nationality.

Design/methodology/approach

Interviews with women working as carers in Bologna form the basis of this research which focuses on “small stories”. Using positioning analysis, both the immediate context where the narrative takes place and the wider societal discourses being referenced are examined. Subsequently, common recurrent discourses related to being a foreign carer in Italy are identified.

Findings

The interviewees make strategic use of prevailing negative discourses to construct counter narratives to avoid being positioned as low-skilled workers and to permit them to reject negative stereotypes of what it means to be a carer. In addition, more positive identities are constructed.

Practical implications

These findings suggest that a sociolinguistic approach can help towards a better understanding of the lived-experiences of foreign care workers, as it can reveal aspects of carers’ lives which do not easily fit into the categories which are often the focus of larger-scale, thematic studies.

Originality/value

This paper combines an analysis of content together with an analysis of the construction of narrative to present a more complete picture of the reality of working as a carer today.
Whole‐genome analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae from bovine mastitis milk in the U.S.
Authors: Zheng Zhiyi , Gorden Patrick J. , Xia Xiaoqin , Zheng Ying , Li Ganwu
Published: August 2021

Dairy cattle mastitis has long been one of the most common and costly diseases in the dairy industry worldwide, due to its significant impact on milk production and animal welfare. Among all mastitis causing bacterial pathogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae causes the largest milk loss. To better understand the genomic features of this population, 180 K. pneumoniae strains isolated from dairy cattle mastitis milk in 11 U.S. states were sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis classified all mastitis‐causing K. pneumoniae into two major phylogroups, with exclusive predominance in phylogroup KpI. Analysis of more than 61 sequence types, 51 capsular types and 12 lipopolysaccharide O‐antigen types revealed great genomic diversity of this K. pneumoniae population. Approximately 100 gene units in accessory genomes were detected with significantly higher prevalence in bovine mastitis strains, compared to human‐sourced or dairy environmental strains. The most notable genes were identified associated with ferric citrate uptake, lactose fermentation and resistance to heavy metals. The acquired antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in sporadic mastitis strains. This comprehensive genomic epidemiological study provides insights for a better understanding of the virulence of mastitis‐causing K. pneumoniae strains and may lead to the development of novel diagnostic tools and preventive strategies.
‘Facing it Together’: Early Caregiving Responses to Vancouver's HIV/AIDS Epidemic
Authors: Klassen Benjamin
Published: August 2021

This article utilises oral history interviews with long‐term survivors and caregivers in Vancouver, British Columbia to foreground the importance of gay men's early HIV/AIDS caregiving work. Caregiving was essential to the health and resilience of Vancouver's gay community and served as a political response to homophobic discourses that demonised gay men and devalued the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS. This analysis of the practical and political significance of HIV/AIDS caregiving demonstrates that historians must find better ways to recover the often‐untold histories of men's caregiving and domesticity and appreciate their significance to the success of social movements.
Delirium Reduction by Analgesia Management in Hip Fracture surgery (DRAM‐HF): Exploration of perceived facilitators and barriers
Authors: Hunter Carol Lu , Ni Chroinin Danielle , McEvoy Lynette , Chuan Alwin
Published: August 2021

Objectives

In tandem with the implementation of a multidisciplinary protocol which was successful in reducing delirium after hip fracture surgery (DRAM‐HF), we sought to investigate enablers and barriers to same.

Methods

Single‐centre, prospective, before‐and‐after questionnaire targeted at health‐care professionals involved in DRAM‐HF. We assessed respondent‐reported enablers and barriers to the multidisciplinary protocol, using 0‐100 agreement scales and free‐text responses.

Results

A total of 134 preintervention and 124 postintervention responses were collated (out of 200, response rates 67% and 62%, respectively). Preintervention support for DRAM‐HF was 100% (n = 130) and postintervention 95.9% (n = 116).

Study design was well received with a mean score of 76.7 (SD 19.7) for being easy to understand. Support for additional computer alert systems was also high (mean 73.6, SD 23.9). Free‐text responses emphasised the need for integration of ward pharmacists into medication optimisation (n = 31) and upskilling nurse practitioners (n = 23).

Conclusion

Whilst generally supported, DRAM‐HF implementation may be streamlined by optimising electronic delivery, offering targeted education and expanding roles.
Subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma in a 14‐year‐old female homozygous for HAVCR2 mutation
Authors: Frederiks Aaron J , Spagnolo Dominic V , Ramachandran Shanti , Brand Roland
Published: August 2021

Subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma (SPTCL) is a rare cytotoxic T‐cell lymphoma preferentially involving subcutis. A link between patients with SPTCL and HAVCR2 mutations has recently been discovered. We present a 14‐year‐old girl of Chinese heritage who was diagnosed with SPTCL in the context of homozygous HAVCR2 status for c.245A>G p. (Tyr82Cys) and achieved complete remission after treatment with cyclosporin and steroids. Dermatologists should be aware of the diagnostic, management and familial genetic counselling utility of HAVCR2 for investigating and managing patients with SPTCL.
Hospital survival outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients receiving veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for longer than 28 days: A retrospective study
Authors: Umei Nao , Ichiba Shingo , Genda Yuki , Mase Hiroshi , Sakamoto Atsuhiro
Published: August 2021

The successful use of prolonged (ie, >28 days) veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V‐V ECMO) is being increasingly reported. However, limited data are available on its outcomes. This study investigated the outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients on prolonged ECMO support. We retrospectively evaluated 57 patients requiring V‐V ECMO for ARDS between 2015 and 2020. The patients were divided into two groups according to ECMO duration: (a) ≤28 days group (n = 43, 75%) or (b) >28 days (n = 14, 25%) group. Clinical characteristics, complications, and outcomes between these two groups were statistically compared. There were no significant differences in demographics, comorbidity, ARDS etiology, and severity scores between the two groups. However, the mechanical ventilation period before ECMO initiation was significantly longer in the >28 days group than in the ≤28 days group (10.5 days vs. 1 day; P < .05). The incidence of positive bacterial blood culture results during ECMO was significantly higher in the >28 days group than in the ≤28 days group (43% vs. 9%; P < .05). Additionally, the hospital survival rate was significantly lower in the >28 days group than in the ≤28 days ECMO group (21% vs. 60%; P < .05). Prolonged ECMO was associated with worse hospital survival outcomes. Early initiation of ECMO along with meticulous care and appropriate treatment against infection during ECMO could improve the hospital survival of ARDS patients on prolonged ECMO support.
Characterization of in vitro 3D cultures
Authors: Mousavi Nabi
Published: August 2021

Over the past decade, 3D culture models of human and animal cells have found their way into tissue differentiation, drug development, personalized medicine and tumour behaviour studies. Embryoid bodies (EBs) are in vitro 3D cultures established from murine pluripotential stem cells, whereas tumoroids are patient‐derived in vitro 3D cultures. This thesis aims to describe a new implication of an embryoid body model and to characterize the patient‐specific microenvironment of the parental tumour in relation to tumoroid growth rate. In this thesis, we described a high‐throughput monitoring method, where EBs are used as a dynamic angiogenesis model. In this model, digital image analysis (DIA) is implemented on immunohistochemistry (IHC) stained sections of the cultures over time. Furthermore, we have investigated the correlation between the genetic profile and inflammatory microenvironment of parental tumours on the in vitro growth rate of tumoroids. The EBs were cultured in spinner flasks. The samples were collected at days 4, 6, 9, 14, 18 and 21, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. The histological sections were IHC stained for the endothelial marker CD31 and digitally scanned. The virtual whole‐image slides were digitally analysed by Visiopharm® software. Histological evaluation showed vascular‐like structures over time. The quantitative DIA was plausible to monitor significant increase in the total area of the EBs and an increase in endothelial differentiation. The tumoroids were established from 32 colorectal adenocarcinomas. The in vitro growth rate of the tumoroids was followed by automated microscopy over an 11‐day period. The parental tumours were analysed by next‐generation sequencing for KRAS, TP53, PIK3CA, SMAD4, MAP2K1, BRAF, FGFR3 and FBXW7 status. The tumoroids established from KRAS‐mutated parental tumours showed a significantly higher growth rate compared to their wild‐type counterparts. The density of CD3+ T lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages was calculated in the centre of the tumours and at the invasive margin of the tumours. The high density of CD3+ cells and the low density of CD68+ cells showed a significant correlation with a higher growth rate of the tumoroids. In conclusion, a novel approach for histological monitoring of endothelial differentiation is presented in the stem cell‐derived EBs. Furthermore, the KRAS status and density of CD3+ T cells and macrophages in the parental tumour influence the growth rate of the tumoroids. Our results indicate that these parameters should be included when tumoroids are to be implemented in personalized medicine
Involvement of the effect of renal hypoperfusion medications on vancomycin trough concentration: A secondary analysis using a retrospective observational data
Authors: Hirai Toshinori , Hanada Kazuhiko , Iwamoto Takuya , Itoh Toshimasa
Published: August 2021

This study examined the association between vancomycin (VCM) trough concentration and confounding factors including renal hypoperfusion medications which include angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, loop/thiazide diuretics, or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. This secondary analysis included patients aged >15 years who were administered VCM intravenously between June 2015 and August 2017 at the Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East. We investigated predictors for three (initial, mean, and final) dose‐normalized VCM trough concentration (dose‐normalized VCMtrough) as outcome using a multiple linear regression analysis. In total, 208 patients were analysed (use of loop/thiazide diuretics: 48 [23%]). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the initial dose‐normalized VCMtrough was negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (p = 0.028) and positively correlated with the use of loop/thiazide diuretics (p = 0.003). Meanwhile, there was a positive correlation between the mean dose‐normalized VCMtrough and age (p = 0.023). The mean dose‐normalized VCMtrough was negatively correlated with eGFR (p < 0.001) and serum albumin (p < 0.001). The final dose‐normalized VCMtrough was positively associated with age (p = 0.034) and negatively associated with eGFR (p = 0.032) and serum albumin (p = 0.007). Clinicians should closely monitor VCM trough concentration while receiving VCM and loop/thiazide diuretics.
Comparisons of oxygen gradient ektacytometry parameters between sickle cell patients with or without α‐thalassaemia
Authors: Boisson Camille , Renoux Céline , Nader Elie , Gauthier Alexandra , Poutrel Solène , Rab Minke , Fort Romain , Bertrand Yves , Stauffer Emeric , Cannas Giovanna , Kebaili Kamila , Virot Emilie , Hot Arnaud , Sheehan Vivien , van Beers Eduard , van Wijk Richard , Joly Philippe , Connes Philippe
Published: August 2021

The present study tested the impact of α‐thalassaemia on oxygen gradient ektacytometry in sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Three SCA groups were compared: (i) no α‐thalassaemia (four α‐genes, n = 62), (ii) silent α‐thalassaemia (three α‐genes, n = 35) and (iii) homozygous α‐thalassaemia (two α‐genes, n = 12). Red blood cell (RBC) deformability measured in normoxia was not different between the three groups. The lowest RBC deformability reached at low oxygen partial pressure (pO2) was greater and the pO2 at which RBC started to sickle was lower in the two α‐genes group compared to the other groups. Our present study showed an effect of α‐thalassaemia on oxygen gradient ektacytometry in SCA.
Developmental screening of three‐year‐old children with sickle cell disease compared to controls
Authors: Wang Winfred , Freeman Molly , Hamilton Latacha , Carroll Yvonne , Kang Guolian , Moen Joseph , Smeltzer Matthew P. , Schreiber Jane , Heitzer Andrew M. , Estepp Jeremie , Aygun Banu
Published: August 2021

We previously found that neurodevelopmental deficits commonly occurred in three‐year‐olds with sickle cell disease (SCD), but clinical significance was uncertain because a comparison group was lacking. Our objective in the current study was to prospectively compare neurodevelopment in three‐year‐old children with SCD to an age‐appropriate control group. The Brigance Preschool Screen II is a neurodevelopmental screening examination which can be administered in 15–20 min. SCD patients (Group 1) were compared with community controls of similar age and ethnicity enrolled in daycare/preschool (Group 2). SCD patients who were receiving hydroxycarbamide treatment were also compared (Group 3). Two hundred forty‐five three‐year‐olds were evaluated: Group 1, 111; Group 2, 114; and Group 3, 20. The below cut‐off rate on the Brigance test was higher in Group 1 (73%) than in Group 2 (61%; P = 0·04). In multivariate analysis of Group 1 patients, only lower household income and more persons living in the home were independent predictors of this. Patients with SCD and matched controls had high rates of ‘failing’ the Brigance test. The below cut‐off rate in untreated children with SCD was associated with low household income and increased number of persons living in the home.
COVID‐19 and coagulopathy
Authors: Sarkar Malay , Madabhavi Irappa V. , Quy Pham Nguyen , Govindagoudar Manjunath B.
Published: August 2021

The SARS‐CoV‐2 is a new coronavirus responsible for the COVID‐19 disease and has caused the pandemic worldwide. A large number of cases have overwhelmed the healthcare system worldwide. The COVID‐19 infection has been associated with a heightened risk of thromboembolic complications. Various mechanisms are leading to the high thrombotic risk in COVID‐19 patients such as inflammation, endotheliitis, hyperviscosity, and hypercoagulability. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL from January 2020 to December 2020. We used the following search terms: COVID‐19, coagulopathy, and thrombosis. We reviewed the epidemiology, clinical features, mechanisms, and treatment of COVID‐19‐associated coagulopathy.
Geographic disparities in heart transplantation persist under the new allocation policy
Authors: Hess Nicholas R. , Seese Laura M. , Sultan Ibrahim , Wang Yisi , Hickey Gavin W. , Kilic Arman
Published: August 2021

Background

This study evaluated the impact of the 2018 heart allocation policy change on geographic disparities in United States orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT).

Methods

The United Network for Organ Sharing registry was queried to measure geographic disparity in OHT rates between pre‐policy and post‐policy change eras. We performed multilevel Poisson regression to measure region‐level OHT rates. We derived an allocation priority‐adjusted median incidence rate ratio (MIRR) for each policy era, a measure of median change in OHT rates between regions.

Results

5958.78 waitlist person‐years were analyzed, comprising 6596 OHT procedures (3890 pre‐policy and 2706 post‐policy). Median region‐level OHT rate was .94 transplants/person‐years before and 1.51 transplants/person‐years after the policy change (P < .001). The unadjusted OHT MIRR across regions was 1.29 (95% CI 1.00–1.50) pre‐policy change and 1.17 (95% CI 1.00–1.43) post‐policy change, suggesting that the region‐related variance in OHT rates decreased under the new allocation. After adjustment for allocation priority risk factors, the MIRR pre‐policy change was 1.13 (95% CI 1.01–1.32) and post‐policy change was 1.15 (95% CI 1.00–1.35).

Conclusions

Geography accounts for ∼10% of the disparity among United States OHT rates. Despite broader heart sharing, the updated allocation policy did not substantially alter the existing geographic disparities among OHT recipients.
Clinicopathological features of nodular gastritis in three classes of age
Authors: Kako Satoko , Iwaya Yugo , Nagaya Tadanobu , Hara Daichi , Okamura Takuma , Iwaya Mai , Kurasawa Shingo , Kato Sawako , Nakayama Yoshiko , Akamatsu Taiji , Umemura Takeji
Published: August 2021

Background

Nodular gastritis is most often one of the manifestations of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, which is a risk factor for gastric cancer. This study aimed to determine if the histological characteristics of nodular gastritis differed across classes of age.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients who had undergone esophagogastroduodenoscopy with multiple mucosal biopsies of the stomach between 2003 and 2019 for evaluation of updated Sydney System scores. We analyzed and compared the histological characteristics of pediatric (≤15 years old), young (16–29 years old), and older (≥30 years old) patients.

Results

Of the 1321 patients enrolled, 1027 patients (78%) had H. pylori infection, with 214 patients (21%) of them displaying nodular gastritis. Among nodular gastritis patients, mononuclear cell infiltration Sydney System scores in the gastric body were significantly higher in the older group than in the pediatric (p < .001) and young (p < .001) groups. Similar results were seen for neutrophil infiltration scores in the gastric body. To clarify the characteristics of older nodular gastritis, we investigated 1056 older patients (66 with nodular gastritis, 754 with atrophic gastritis, and 236 H. pylori‐negative). The scores for mononuclear and neutrophil cell infiltration in the gastric body were significantly higher in nodular gastritis patients than in atrophic gastritis patients (both p < .001) and patients negative for H. pylori (both p < .001).

Conclusions

The inflammatory changes in the gastric body in older nodular gastritis patients were more severe as compared with those in pediatric and young nodular gastritis patients in addition to older atrophic gastritis patients.
Adab and governance in two letters of al‐Ṣāḥib b. ʿAbbād
Authors: Pomerantz Maurice A.
Published: August 2021

This article considers the role of adab literary cultivation in the practice of Islamic statecraft in the 4th/10 century Western Iran. Analyzing two letters drawn from a surviving dīwān of letters composed during the period of Buyid rule in Iraq and Western Iran by the famed vizier al‐Ṣāḥib b. ʿAbbād (d. 385/995), the article addresses how adab learning informed and inflected the conduct and practice of interactions with the state. Countering the oft‐made claim that learning was functional grease for the machinery of government, it argues that adab was essential to holding state and society together.
Comparing two different family‐based childhood obesity treatment programmes in a medically underserved region: Effectiveness, engagement and implementation outcomes from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zoellner Jamie M. , You Wen , Hill Jennie L. , Brock Donna‐Jean P. , Yuhas Maryam , Price Bryan , Wilson Jonathon , Montague Danielle R. , Estabrooks Paul A.
Published: August 2021

Background

Access to evidence‐ and family‐based childhood obesity (FBCO) treatment interventions is a challenge, especially in underserved regions where childhood obesity disparities persist.

Objective

Compare two 6‐month FBCO treatment interventions, iChoose (high intensity, parent–child dyads) and Family Connections (low intensity, parents only), in one underserved US region.

Methods

This unblinded, RCT reports on effectiveness and implementation outcomes. Eligibility included children ages 5–12 with BMI ≥85th percentile. Analyses included descriptive statistics and intention‐to‐treat Heckman treatment effect models.

Results

Enrolled children (n = 139, mean age 10.1 ± 1.7 years, 30% with overweight, 70% with obesity, 45% black, 63% Medicaid) were randomly assigned to iChoose (n = 70) or Family Connections (n = 69). Retention rates were 63% for iChoose and 84% for Family Connection. Among children, 6‐month BMI z‐score changes were not statistically significant within iChoose [BMI z‐score 0.03 (95% CI = −0.13, 0.19)] or Family Connections [BMI z‐score 0.00 (95% CI = −0.16, 0.16)]. Likewise, parents' BMI changes were not statistically significant. No adverse events were reported. Both programmes were delivered with high fidelity (77%–100%). Engagement in core components was 25%–36% for iChoose and 52%–61% for Family Connections. Implementation costs per child with improved BMI z‐score were $2841 for iChoose and $955 for Family Connections.

Conclusions

Neither intervention yielded significant improvements in child BMI z‐score or parent BMI, yet both were delivered with high fidelity. Relative to iChoose, descriptive data indicated higher retention, better engagement, and lower costs for Family Connections—suggesting that a lower intensity and parent‐focused programme may better fit the intended audience's context.
The IL‐23/IL‐17 axis promotes the formation of retinal neovascularization by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages in an experimental retinopathy mouse model
Authors: Sui Ailing , Chen Xiuping , Yao Yiyun , Yao Yixuan , Shen Xi , Zhu Yanji , Xie Bing
Published: August 2021

Retinal neovascularization (RNV), a pathological process shared among diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity and other retinopathies, has been widely studied, but the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the mechanism by which the interleukin (IL)‐23/IL‐17 axis regulates RNV in oxygen‐induced retinopathy (OIR) model mice and in cell experiments in vitro was characterized. In the retinas of OIR mice, IL‐23/IL‐17 axis activation was increased and regulated RNV formation, and this effect was accompanied by increased macrophage recruitment and nucleotide‐binding domain leucine‐rich repeat and pyrin domain containing receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Moreover, inhibiting the IL‐23/IL‐17 axis reduced the number of macrophage and the expression and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. On the other hand, recombinant (r) IL‐23p19 and rIL‐17A promoted the expression and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, and the proliferation and migration of macrophages. Furthermore, macrophage elimination decreased the activation of IL‐23/IL‐17 axis and the expression and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. In summary, our experiments showed that the IL‐23/IL‐17 axis promoted the formation of RNV by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome in retinal macrophages of an OIR mouse model.
Interdisciplinary management of a maxillary central incisor with a palato‐radicular groove: A case report with 27 years follow‐up
Authors: Mathews David P. , Hansen David E.
Published: August 2021

Objective

The palato‐radicular groove (PRG) is caused by a developmental anomaly, genetically determined, whereby an in‐folding of the enamel organ and Hertwig's epithelial root sheath occurs. The depth and length of the groove determine the prognosis for the tooth. The interdisciplinary team formulated a treatment plan to save this tooth for this 8‐year‐old patient. The goal was to prolong the life of the tooth until his growth was completed and a more permanent tooth replacement could be considered if the tooth failed.

Clinical considerations

This patient had #8 with a very deep palatal groove extending from the CEJ to the apex of the tooth, causing a 12 mm periodontal pocket with suppuration. Endodontic treatment, periodontal regeneration, and orthodontics were done to prolong the life of the tooth and preserve the bone for future tooth replacement if the tooth failed and needed to be extracted. The tooth survived for 11 years before the pocketing recurred due to the deep groove. The tooth was extracted and replaced with an implant.

Conclusion

Teeth with a PRG present multiple challenges depending on the depth and length of the groove. An accurate diagnosis of the endodontic and periodontal status of the tooth is critical. Teeth with very long and deep grooves make the case more difficult to treat endodontically and periodontally. The tooth had a very poor prognosis; however, it was saved for an extended period of time with a well thought out interdisciplinary treatment plan. The advantages of maintaining this tooth, in lieu of extraction at age 8, will be elucidated.

Clinical significance

Retaining guarded teeth in the maxillary esthetic zone for an 8‐year‐old patient, has many advantages. It can simplify and enhance future treatment results. The patient retained this central incisor through the formative years. It simplified the orthodontic treatment and implant treatment. The importance of keeping “roots in the bone” to preserve the alveolar bone has many advantages for future treatment options.
Building stock dynamics and the impact of construction bubble and bust on employment in China
Authors: Liu Qiance , Liu Litao , Liu Xiaojie , Li Shenggong , Liu Gang
Published: August 2021

The rapid urbanization and building boom in China in the past decades provided not only massive residential and nonresidential floor space, but also millions of jobs especially for migrants from rural areas. However, such high‐speed growth of building stocks is not expected to continue forever and its dynamics, especially declining, may affect the job market of the construction sector and further China's social stability. Here, we extended a dynamic material flow analysis (dMFA) model that characterized the building stocks and flows to forecast the province‐level direct labor demand in construction, installation, and decoration in mainland China from 1950 to 2050. We show that as China's per capita building stocks start to saturate in the next decades, building inflow will decrease with a speed of 2.6–2.7 billion m2/year, corresponding to a decrease of direct construction employment by 2–3 million by 2050. The flow of migrant workers from Central South and Southwestern China to construction in the Southeastern coast of China will remain until 2050. Our results exemplify the usefulness of dMFA for labor demand forecasting and call for proper governmental plans and policies in advance to train migrant workers for new labor markets and potential re‐employment in face of the construction bubble and bust.
Nurses’ Priorities for Improving Pregnancy and Birth Care for Individuals with Opioid use Disorder
Authors: Busse Morgan M. , Kim Jane , Unite Marianne , Kantrowitz‐Gordon Ira , Altman Molly R.
Published: August 2021

Introduction

The motivation to seek treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) can increase during the perinatal period. However, several identified barriers, such as poor access to services, lack of trained providers, stigma, and legal ramifications of OUD, limit the ability for individuals with OUD to receive safe and supportive care during pregnancy and birth. During the birth hospital stay in particular, nurses provide the majority of care for pregnant and birthing families. We aimed to engage nurses, with experience caring for pregnant and postpartum individuals with OUD, in priority setting as a way to identify areas of need in the current health care systems.

Methods

Using community‐engaged priority setting methods, we recruited a sample of 47 nurses (phase 1) and 20 nurses (phase 2), including nurse‐midwives and other advanced practice nurses, at a statewide nursing conference, who reported regularly providing care for pregnant and postpartum individuals with OUD. We invited participants to submit questions and concerns regarding the provision of care for individuals with OUD (phase 1). A selection of those who submitted questions attended a focus group to rank and prioritize submitted questions into a set of priorities for research, policy, and care improvement (phase 2).

Results

In phase 1, participants submitted a total of 165 questions and concerns. In phase 2, participants prioritized the following: funding to support improvements in OUD care in the perinatal period, increased access to services, supportive housing for individuals in recovery, standardization of care for individuals with OUD, and efforts to destigmatize care.

Discussion

Nurses who work with pregnant and postpartum individuals with OUD have a unique insight as to how health care providers, including midwives, can better support this community and should be engaged setting priorities for research, changes to policy, and improvement in care.
Investigating the dose‐response relationship between motor imagery and motor recovery of upper‐limb impairment and function in chronic stroke: A scoping review
Authors: Gaughan Theresa C. L. S. , Boe Shaun G.
Published: August 2021

The recovery of upper‐limb impairment and dysfunction post‐stroke is often incomplete owing to the limited time in therapy focused on upper‐limb recovery and the severity of the impairment. In these cases, motor imagery (MI) may be used as a precursor to physical therapies to initiate rehabilitation early on when it would be otherwise impossible to engage in therapy, as well as to increase the dose of therapy when MI is used in adjunct to physical therapy. While previous reviews have shown MI to be effective as a therapeutic option, disparity in findings exists, with some studies suggesting MI is not an effective treatment for post‐stroke impairment and dysfunction. One factor contributing to these findings is inconsistency in the dose of MI applied. To explore the relationship between MI dose and recovery, a scoping review of MI literature as a treatment for adult survivors of stroke with chronic upper‐limb motor deficit was performed. Embase, Medline and CINHAL databases were searched for articles related to MI and stroke. Following a two‐phase review process, 21 papers were included, and data related to treatment dose and measures of impairment and function were extracted. Effect sizes were calculated to investigate the effect of dosage on motor recovery. Findings showed a high degree of variability in dosage regimens across studies, with no clear pattern for the effect of dose on outcome. The present review highlights the gaps in MI literature, including variables that contribute to the dose‐response relationship, that future studies should consider when implementing MI.
MRI of middle ear cholesteatoma: The importance of observer reliance from diffusion sequences
Authors: Fischer Natalie , Plaikner Michaela , Schartinger Volker H. , Kremser Christian , Riechelmann Herbert , Schmutzhard Joachim , Gottfried Timo , Dejaco Daniel , Tauber Helmuth , Josip Ena , Henninger Benjamin
Published: August 2021

Background and Purpose

Diffusion‐weighted imaging(DWI) in MRI has been developed as an important tool for the detection of cholesteatoma. Various DWI sequences are available. This study aims to evaluate the importance of the observer's reliance level for the detection of cholesteatoma.

Methods

Forty patients meeting the following criteria were included in the study: (1) chronic otitis media, (2) preoperative MRI including various DWI sequences, and (3) middle‐ear surgery. The MRI protocol contained the following sequences: (1) axial and (2) coronal echoplanar imaging (EPI) readout‐segmented (RESOLVE) DWI with Trace acquisition and (3) coronal non‐EPI half‐Fourier acquired single‐shot turbo spin‐echo (HASTE) DWI. Cholesteatoma diagnosis was based on standard diagnostic criteria for cholesteatoma with DWI. Additionally, the radiologists were asked to grade personal reliance on their diagnosis using a Likert‐type scale from 1 = very insecure to 5 = very secure.

Results

Axial and coronal RESOLVE DWI showed a sensitivity of 77.3% and a specificity of 72.2%, respectively. The mean reliance was 3.9 for axial and 3.8 for coronal images. HASTE DWI had a sensitivity/specificity of 81.8%/66.7% with the highest reliance of all evaluated sequences (4.4). Cases with a reliance level of 5 showed a sensitivity/specificity of 100% in all sequences. A reliance level of 5 was given in the axial and coronal RESOLVE DWI in 32.5% of cases and in the HASTE DWI in 57.5%.

Conclusion

The evaluated DWI sequences showed comparable results. The reliance level significantly improved the predictor of cholesteatoma disease with MRI techniques.
Function analysis of a cotton R2R3 MYB transcription factor GhMYB3 in regulating plant trichome development
Authors: Shangguan X. , Yang Q. , Wu X. , Cao J.
Published: August 2021

Cotton is an important fibre‐producing crop. Cotton fibres consist of highly elongated trichomes derived from the ovule. To improve the quality of cotton, it is necessary to identify the genes regulating fibre development.

GhMYB3 was identified through bioinfomatic analysis and introduced to Arabidopsis and cotton to observe the phenotype. Protein inteaction and promoter bingding assays were conducted to explore the role of GhMYB3 in trichome fibre growth.

Cotton fibre development might share a similar regulatory mechanism to Arabidopsis leaf trichomes, which is determined by the essential regulatory complex, MYB‐bHLH‐WD40. The GL1‐like R2R3 MYB transcription factor GhMYB3 interacts with the AtGL3 protein involved in Arabidopsis trichome development. Ectopic expression of GhMYB3 could rescue the glabrous phenotype of the Arabidopsis gl1 mutant and produced more ectopic trichomes on inflorescence stems and floral organs, confirming its orthologous function in plant trichome development. The expression of GhMYB3 increased in response to exogenous gibberellin (GA3), auxin (IAA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Overexpression of this gene in cotton leads to a slight increase in fibre length and lint percentage, possibly by activating the transcription of its downstream gene GhRDL1 or other fibre‐related genes.

The results increase our understanding of the key role of GhMYB3 in positively controlling plant trichome development, and this gene could be a potential target for molecular breeding in cotton.
Examining the role of pre‐pregnancy weight and gestational weight gain in allergic disease development among offspring: A population‐based cohort study in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Srugo Sebastian A. , Fell Deshayne B. , Corsi Daniel J. , Fakhraei Romina , Guo Yanfang , Gaudet Laura M.
Published: August 2021

Background

Studies suggest maternal weight and weight gain during pregnancy may influence foetal immunological development. However, their role in the aetiology of allergic disease is unclear.

Objectives

We sought to examine the impact of maternal pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) on the incidence of four common paediatric allergic diseases.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective, population‐based cohort study of all singleton live births in Ontario, Canada between 2012 and 2014, using maternal‐newborn records from the provincial birth registry linked with health administrative databases. Neonates were followed up to 7 years for anaphylaxis, asthma, dermatitis and rhinitis, identified through validated algorithms based on healthcare encounters. We multiply imputed missing data and employed Cox proportional‐hazards models to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). To test the robustness of our findings, we also conducted several sensitivity analyses, including probabilistic bias analyses for exposure and outcome misclassification. All methods were prespecified in a published protocol.

Results

Of the 248,017 infants followed, 52% were born to mothers with a pre‐pregnancy BMI in the normal range and only 19% were born to mothers with adequate weight gain during pregnancy. Incidence rates (per 100,000 person‐days) for anaphylaxis, asthma, dermatitis and rhinitis were 0.22, 6.80, 12.41 and 1.54, respectively. Compared with normal BMI, maternal obesity was associated with increased hazards of asthma in offspring (aHR 1.08, 95% CI 1.05, 1.11), but decreased hazards of anaphylaxis (aHR 0.83, 95% CI 0.69, 0.99) and dermatitis (aHR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94, 0.99). In contrast, maternal underweight was associated with increased hazards of dermatitis (aHR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02, 1.10). We found no associations between pre‐pregnancy BMI and rhinitis or GWG and any allergic outcome, and no evidence of effect measures modification by infant sex.

Conclusions

These findings provide support for the involvement of maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI in paediatric allergic disease development.