bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pembuatan Beton dengan Campuran Limbah Plastik dan Karakterisasinya
Authors: Rismayasari Yessi , U Utari , Santosa Usman
Published: May 2016

Research on concrete containing plastic waste as an alternative polymer material has been conducted.It studied the concrete characteristic through compressive strength, impact testing, thermal conductivity, and density testing. Plastic waste used for concrete manufacture was black because it is strong but light. The goal of this research is to determine the characteristics value of concrete with and without plastic waste mixing. Concrete was mixed with the ratio of 1cement: 2 sands: 3 gravel and cement water factor of 0.5. The addition of plastic waste were 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% of cement mass.Specimens used was (15x15x15) cm cube with sides for compressive strength testing, (8x2x2) cm a block with the size of for impact testing, a
cylinder with a diameter of 4cm and thickness respectively 0.2 cm and 0.4 cm for thermal conductivity testing, and a sides (15 x 15 x 15)cm cube with for density testing. The diameter of plastic waste was 0.1 to 0.8 cm. The test was performed at 28 days of concrete age. The result showed that the addition of 4% of plastic waste recorded the best compressive strength, impact testing, and thermal conductivity. In this research, the density was of the range (16 ± 6)
x 102 kg / m³up to(22 ± 4) x 102 kg / m³, compressive strength(21.8 ± 0.2) x 106 N / m² of the range (16 ± 0.1) x 106 N / m²to(21.8 ± 0.2) x 106 N / m², impact (8.7 ± 0.3)x 10-1Joule to the range (3.5 ± 0.3)x 10-1Joules up to (8.7 ± 0.3)x 10-1Joule and thermal conductivity (6.0 ± 0.5) x 10 -5 kcal / ms °C was (1.17 ± 0.5) x 10-5 kcal / ms °C to (6.0 ± 0.5) x 10 -5 kcal / ms °C.
Spectral reverberations: A history of the present
Authors: Garoian Charles R.
Published: May 2016

In the article that follows, memory and cultural history are folded onto the present to expose their reverberations, their yet unseen and unknown ideational encounters and alliances. In thinking and writing present and past events through one another constitutes fabulation, a parabolic telling that acts on and reverberates the hauntings of the foundational knowledge again and again, yet differently. A past event that repeats differently in the present constitutes time-out-of-joint – that is, a history of the present. The truth and accuracy of such a paradoxical account reverberates virtually as a newly created and different life in which one is no longer held hostage by the hauntings of memory and history.
Multiple entry points to the arts and culture of China
Authors: Kan Koon Hwee
Published: May 2016

Two ostensibly unrelated journeys are recounted with photocollage and essay in two voices (italics and roman). In one, the author rambled along as a child, acquiring an education in Singapore while exposed to the cultural forces that shaped her educational values and beliefs. She ultimately transformed them into the curriculum design for a new course culminating in a travel-study to China. In the other, she accompanied several US college students on an intellectual and creative trek to explore how art-centred learning can actualize experiential education in travel-study. The co-constructed learning experience was reciprocal and facilitated the author’s personal, cultural and professional identity quest.
Beautiful uncertainty: The art of breaking and making
Authors: Squier Joseph
Published: May 2016

Falling into art-making by accident introduced me to an image-world of symbol, metaphor and meaning. As a practising artist, I have been able to explore openended possibilities, and discover the deep beauty of ambiguity and the unknown. As a teacher of mostly non-art majors, I have been given the opportunity to share this fragment of my autobiography, and have discovered a diverse audience of students hungry for complex and nuanced challenges that develop their abilities to see, feel and intuit. My classroom acknowledges and explicitly values these fundamental human qualities, and for many students offers an antidote to an education that otherwise appears to value only quantification and instrumentality.
Teaching artfully: On encountering the unknown in higher education
Authors: Chemi Tatiana
Published: May 2016

In this contribution I address the challenges and rewards that are brought by teaching creatively in higher education. By looking auto-ethnographically at my own practice as educator at undergraduate and graduate programs in Denmark, I describe a number of creative educational tools: metaphor-building by means of artefacts, integrated use of visuals in lectures, and dramaturgical structure in educational design. My objective in teaching creatively is to inspire my students, who are educators-to-be or facilitators of educational processes and are used to problem-based-learning approaches (PBL), to (more) critical and original thinking. The aspiration of the present contribution is to disseminate my thoughts, reflections, experiences and engage in a conversation with a scholarly field, to whom academia is much more than logical-verbal transmission of knowledge.
Teaching the unknown to facilitate the emergence of a pedagogical event
Authors: Hernández-Hernández Fernando
Published: May 2016

I have organized this article into two parts. First, I present some of the main concepts that illustrate the praxis of my teaching and research. These are concepts that help me build my positionality in order to cope with the unknown and move through the disturbances of the pedagogical relations at the university. In the second part, to illustrate how these concepts are performed in a collaborative teaching and researching process, I present a case study developed with a group of undergraduate students in a course on arts-based research. Sharing and analysing some of these disturbances help me to review my teaching position, notions about learning, assessment strategies, relationship with the students, uncertainties that emerged from the practice and certainties that sometimes immobilize me in teaching activities.
Correlations Between the Gradient of Contrast Density, Evaluated by Cardio CT, and Functional Significance of Coronary Artery Stenosis
Authors: Orzan Marius , Jako Beata , Blendea Ciprian , Benedek Annabell , Bajka Balazs , Benedek Imre
Published: May 2016

Background: Assessment of the hemodynamic significance of a coronary artery stenosis is a challenging task, being extremely important for the establishment of indication for revascularization in atherosclerotic coronary artery stenosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of a new marker reflecting the functional significance of a coronary artery stenosis, represented by the attenuation degree of contrast density along the stenosis by Coronary CT.

Material and Method: We evaluated retrospectively 30 patients with angina and coronary luminal narrowing, who underwent 64-slice Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography. We measured the stenosis degree, intraluminal contrast density (Hounsfield units [HU]) at two levels, proximal and distal to stenosis, and the attenuation gradient was calculated on this basis.

Results: The average contrast density was 77,96 UH proximal to the stenosis and 67,6 UH distal to the stenosis. The average transluminal gradient was 10,36. The average length of the coronary lesions was 16,93 mm. In those lesions with significant stenosis, expressed by >70% luminal narrowing, we recorded a significantly higher transluminal attenuation gradient as compared to those with <70% luminal narrowing (6.16 +/−3.7, 95%CI 4.3-80 vs 16.6 +/− 8.4, 95% CI 11.3 – 21.9). The degree of luminal narrowing significantly correlated with the contrast attenuation gradient (r=0.71, p<0.001).

Conclusions: The assessment of intraluminal contrast density by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography may represent a new noninvasive tool to obtain relevant information about the clinical significance of a coronary stenosis. Larger studies are requested to emphasize the benefits brought by CCTA in evaluating coronary lesions.
Plastid terminal oxidase acts as an alternative electron sink in a marine cyanobacterium Arthrospira sp.
Authors: Zhang Litao , Liu Jianguo
Published: May 2016

In the marine cyanobacterium Arthrospira sp. under high light, the electron transport activity of photosystem (PS) II was much higher than the activities of PSI and the whole chain, indicating the existence of an alternative electron sink in PSII. Under high light, the addition of n-propyl gallate (PG), an inhibitor of plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX), decreased photosynthetic electron transport significantly as compared with that under low light. A significant residual level of photosynthetic electron transport remained in the presence of 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB) under high light. The extent of DBMIB insensitive electron transport was close to that of PG sensitive electron transport, suggesting that the PTOX acted as an alternative electron sink, accounting for 27% of total PSII electron transport in Arthrospira sp. cells under high light.
Development of ICP-MS and ICP-OES methods for determination of gadolinium in samples related to hospital waste water treatment
Authors: Bendakovská Lenka , Krejčová Anna , Černohorský Tomáš , Zelenková Jana
Published: May 2016

A suitable analytical method making possible the determination of Gd and other rare-earth elements in samples related to hospital waste water treatment was sought with regard to various aspects of the experiment aimed at monitoring the fate of Gd-based contrast agents in the aquatic environment. The discrepancies and pitfalls of the proposed methodology were considered, resulting in a functional experimental plan. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method was used for the determination of Gd and other rare earth elements in river and hospital waste water and algae
Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Brown Rice in China
Authors: Ye Lingxu , Zhou Sumei , Liu Liya , Liu Lei , Waters Daniel L. E. , Zhong Kui , Zhou Xianrong , Ma Xiaojun , Liu Xingxun
Published: May 2016

The phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of brown rice are well known but the extent to which phenolics and antioxidant activity varies within rice (Oryza sativa) is not known. This study evaluated the natural variation of phenolic compounds in brown rice of the major cultivars currently grown in China. Free phenolics were extracted with chilled methanol, while bound phenolics were released and extracted by alkaline hydrolysis. There were significant differences in phenolic and flavonoid content between these cultivars and significant differences in bound and total phenolics between japonica and indica samples. Ferulic and p-coumaric acids were the major phenolic acids and existed in both free and bound forms, with the bound form of ferulic acid being a dominant phenolic compound in brown rice. Phenolic compounds were the major contributor to the antioxidant capacity of brown rice and bound phenolics contributed more than free phenolics as estimated using ABTS+ radical scavenging method. This study provides additional information on brown rice from japonica and indica subspecies and may assist in retaining or increasing phenolics and antioxidant activity in rice.
How sports clubs include children and adolescents with disabilities in their activities. A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles
Authors: Geidne Susanna , Jerlinder Kajsa
Published: May 2016

Young people with disabilities participate in sports to a lesser extent than other adolescents. That physical activity has positive effects on young people are understood. Sports clubs are identified as potential environments for physical activity. The reasons why young people with disabilities participate to a lower extent in organized sport is complex and barriers can be deriving from many different levels. However, barriers have been studied more than what can facilitate participation in organized sport. Therefor the aim of this study is to increase the understanding of how sports clubs include children and adolescents with disabilities in their activities. The results of this systematic search are presented using the three research questions: What are the characteristics of the sports clubs that include young people with disabilities?; How are the young people with disabilities included in sports clubs’ activities?; and finally Why are young people with disabilities included in the sports activities?. A vision must be to go from adapting physical activity for disabled persons to adapting physical activity for all people, because the diversity of people’s reasons for doing sports, their differing backgrounds and their uniqueness all demand it. This will result in more people doing sports for longer in life.
Historische Prozesse sozialer Mobilisierung / Historical Processes of Social Mobilization
Authors: Peter Flora
Published: May 2016

The processes of social mobilization in which particularistic-parochial roles and collectivities are broken up have a crucial importance for societal modernization. This paper analyzes two elementary and long-term processes of social mobilization: urbanization and literacy development in 94 countries between 1850 and 1965 using quantitative aggregative data. It is shown that the relationship between the two processes of mobilization has changed radically in the course of history: while the ‘old’ nations were characterized by a gradual development of literacy of a mainly rural population, the characteristic of the ‘new’ nations is an accelerated urbanization of a largely illiterate population. This development leads to rising pressures on the political system of the ‘new’ nations without commensurately enlarging their capacities. It results in an increase of collective violence and political instability. The problems of controlling the mobilization and of institutionalizing political participation, therefore, becomes a focus of interest.
Erfahrungsstruktur und Konflikt bei stationären Patienten / Patterns of Experience and Conflict of Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Siegrist Johannes
Published: May 2016

It is still the prevailing view that the patient in the hospital shows a tendency towards regressive and infantile reactions. The author - using a sociology of knowledge approach - attempts to demonstrate that there exist however multiple differentiated patterns of awareness and behavior caused by the cognitive disorganization of the hospitalized individual: increased loss of self-control, heightened sensitivity, need for relevant informations, as well as egocentric perception.

Interactions with medical personal contain built-in conflict since the accomodation between the patient’s modified attern of expection and the hospital routines is problematic. Systematic observations and interviews of patients in medical hospital illustrate and confirm these hypotheses.
Zur Kritik der empiristischen Forschungspraxis / Criticism of Empirist Research Practice
Authors: Münch Richard
Published: May 2016

Starting from falsificationism, as developed by critical rationalists as POPPER, FEYERABEND and LAKATOS, the criticism of this study is directed against the empirist research practice, that is going to dominate empirical research methods of the social sciences. This research practice minimizes the growth of our knowledge concerning our human and societal problems in favour of mere exactness and certainty. Falsificationism succeeds in developing a model of test that shows the far distance between theories and its empirical basis. It is therefore necessary to construct a set of general and specified theories of observation, that is background-theories, which only permit such tests. Such a methodological approach shows that there is not any longer consistency or contradiction between a basic statement and a theory, but only between scrutinized theories and the concerning theories of observation. Thus appears the challenging problem concerning the criterions of acceptability of theories, for we do not know apriori which of the contradictory theories has to be dropped out. This problem can only be solved by the principle of progressive change according to which we not only accept or rule out single theories but series of such theories in so far as such a proceeding implies a progressive change, e.g. growth in truth-content and minimization in falsity-content.
„Bürokratische“ oder „Kader“-Verwaltung? / „Bureaucratic“ or „Cadres’“-Administration?
Authors: Balla Bálint
Published: May 2016

The present paper is a summing-up of a more extensive work on the ideal type of ‚bureaucracy‘ of Soviet and ‚people’s democratic‘ provenience, and on the necessary conceptual delineation of that ideal type from the conventional notion of bureaucracy. - There are three dimensions relevant to the activities of any administrative organization - viz., one that comprises all the problems and performances relating to ‚humanization‘, and two others connected in the same way with ‚power‘ and ‚techniques‘, respectively. In a similar pattern there also do exist three organizational models, each one corresponding to one of those dimensions, and all in common having been decisive in shaping the manifest type of cadres’ administration: this administration has its roots in efforts to combine the MARXIAN concept of a universal and humanized administration with LENIN’S notion that administration is to be viewed as a transmitting agency (thus bringing ,power‘ into the picture); cadres’ administration, based on those two totality-aspiring conceptions, consequently represents the opposite of bureaucratic administration in the conventional sense (meaning an organization that is founded on the principles of particularism and of ,pure techniques‘).

Supplementing the theoretical and socio-historical analysis of the subject, there is a presentation of empirical materials, in which the differentiation outlined above is reflected.
Anthropologische Voraussetzungen einer Theorie der Sozialisation / Anthropological Foundations of a Theory of Socialization
Authors: Claessens Dieter
Published: May 2016

Anthropology today consists of statements about the evolution of the mammals resulting in man; it could provide the counterpoint to mans plasticity (GEHLEN) and implies the assumption that man is not capable of unlimited educational moulding.

The subsistence of life in general requires a complementary and affine environment. With the evolution of (bi- parental) care of young, the development of „existing“ - that is, biologically possible - dispositions and competences becomes more highly contingent; personality development in each individual depends on the timeley offer of appropriate external stimuli for the inner mechanisms.

COUNT’s concept of the biogram points the correspondence between the constitution of an organism (as a product of its evolution) and its behavior. However, his emphasis on the continuity of evolutionary prerequisites of human culture with the tendencies of mammal and primate evolution fails to grasp the particular complexity of the human biogram. The realization of man’s social, sexual and linguistic competence entangles him necessarily in cultural and social networks, thus the extent to which such competences exist even as possibilities depends on the opportunities for such participation. Precondition for their realization is the isolation from selective pressures through the group (H. MILLER). This relieves the individual from specialization towards the environment and at the same time requires that he specializes in aiding the survival of the group as such. The (social and sexual) tendencies which lead to building a group are thereafter modified by the genesis of principally new social relationships and new real needs. Constitutive for the specifically human development is „work“, which may be defined as the consequence of intending or wanting something which one cannot do alone. Language is a necessary product and prerequisite of planned (not merely ad hoc) work. This may be seen as the threshold which defines the evolving species as „man“.

If human nature is then the necessity incessantly to come to terms with the consequences of realizing competence, it has in historical fact developed as inequality of adaptive pressure within the society and towards the environment. It is thus not possible to speak of a general human social, sexual or linguistics competence, as the lack of developmental opportunity deforms or destroys the competence. The anthropological concept of competence must therefore be historically specified. Socialization theory must begin by analyzing the (social) sources of impediments to the development and the realization of competence before it can describe abstractly the conditions for the chance of realization.
Die statistische Natur der Grundgesetze der Gesellschaft / On the Statistical nature of the fundamental laws of society
Authors: Krajewski Wladyslaw
Published: May 2016

There are two different kinds of statistical laws, viz,(i) statistical laws in a narrower sense, directly determining probabilities (e.g., statistical distributions), and (ii) statistical laws in a wider sense, occurring in the form of unequivocal laws, descriptive, however, not of certain, but of probable events, and realized not in every individual case but, with a hig probability, in a huge multitude of events. DARWIN’S law of natural selection states that in the struggle for existence those individuals are likely to survive that are equipped with the more advantageous characteristics. That, however, is not a certainty but a probability, and it is the more probable, the greater the advantage in question. Thus, DARWIN’S law is a statistical law in a wider sense. In a analogous fashion, we interpret the MARXian law, according to which social consciousness is determined by social reality. It is the intellectuals who will create diverse kinds of social and philosophical ideas, ethical systems, and political programmes.

Of the latter creations, those are likely to „stay alive“ that in some way or other meet the interests of some social class or grouping. The better these ideas are matched to class interests, the greater their chances of survival and success will be, whilst ideas lacking in this quality will tend to die out.
Gesellschaftliche Wertorientierungen und politisches Verhalten / Social value orientations and political behavior
Authors: Pappi Franz Urban , Laumann Edward O.
Published: May 2016

Social value orientations are introduced as a central set of variables for theories of voting behavior. Voting behavior is used as an example for a class of models which can demonstrate the linkage between social structure and individual behavior. Social value orientations are analytically defined and examined in relationship with related and complementary concepts like interests. Theoretically based on the AGIL paradigm, a comprehensive sample of indicators of social values is drawn from appropriate attitude scales. The structure of value orientations is empirically delineated by a multidimensional scaling procedure using the correlations between the indicators as input. Knowing this structure it is possible to construct a parsimonious set of eight scales of value orientations. Canonical correlations and discriminant analysis are the procedures used to relate this set with social structural antecedents and political attitudes and behavior as presumed consequences. The empirical analysis is based on data from the Jülich community study.
Einführende Bemerkungen zu einer Theorie symbolisch generalisierter Kommunikationsmedien / Introductory remarks towards a theory of symbolically generalized media of communication
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: May 2016

In addition to and in connection with analyses from both systems theory and evolution theory, the theory of society needs a third footing, viz, a theory of symbolically generalized media of communication. The present paper attempts to sketch a number of starting points from which to construct a theory of this kind. Its fundamental problem is to be found in the transmission of accomplished selective effects. This problem may be solved by way of a binary coding of specific preferences. Transmission is not problematical, except in particular situations, for which special codes of very different kinds have been elaborated. Truth, love, property/money, and power/law are the main meaning structures in relation to which codes have been formed that are proven evolutionary successful. These codes are compared to one another with respect to such general properties as their symbolical structures, their environmental relationships, and the conditions for increasing their efficiency.
Sozialarbeit als System – Die Entwicklung des Systembegriffs durch N. Luhmann im Hinblick auf eine Funktionsbestimmung sozialer Arbeit / A systematic attempt in social welfare work – On the theory of “system” and “evolution” of N. Luhmann with special regard to the definition of functions of social work
Authors: Harney Klaus
Published: May 2016

The essay in hand is an attempt to make use of systematic theoretical categories in order to describe the function of a defined professional field, social welfare work. On the basis of LUHMANN’S systematology, the definition and explanation of which is the subject of the first part of the essay, the functions of social work are analysed under the aspect of accomplishing the complexity between service-system and client-system, which is brought by way of social technology.

To make evident the special significance of the theoretical disposition in this essay, it is based on a standardization, definition, and valuation of those functional definitions of social welfare work that are presently acknowledged.
Resistenz und Rezeptivität der Wissenschaft – Zu den Entstehungsbedingungen neuer Disziplinen durch wissenschaftspolitische Steuerung / Resistance and receptivity of science – On the emergence of new disciplines through science policy
Authors: Daele Wolfgang van den , Weingart Peter
Published: May 2016

Present science policy is oriented towards the „product value“ of science. It attemps to orient scientific developments toward the solution of specific politically defined problems (e.g. cancer research, fusion research). A dimensional analysis is given, by which on the level of political control objectives and of cognitive and institutional scientific structures variables are identified, which are relevant for a comparative description of the politically motivated formation of scientific specialties. Relations of interdependence between political control intentions and cognitive and social scientific structures are constructed. The correlation of technical demands implied in political objectives and of various cognitive stages of scientific development allows for a model of the first order of cognitive receptivity and resistance of a scientific discipline towards external problems.
Das Konzept des sozialen Netzwerks: Eine Einführung in die Literatur / The concept of social network
Authors: Kähler Harro Dietrich
Published: May 2016

The concept of social network which is rarely used in German social science literature, is introduced emphasizing recent advances of social anthropological research. Some important dimensions of social networks are described. Finally, the potential utility of the concept is discussed.
Über strukturelle Implikationen / On structural implications
Authors: Lenk Hans
Published: May 2016

Although theoretical concepts, in principle, may be eliminated from a precise axiomatic theory, sociology practically cannot dispense with theoretical concepts. Theoretical concepts comprise structural content, i. e., their meaning is in part determined by logical-structural relationships in which they occur in general hypotheses of the theory. Consequences derived from statements of such structural character, structural implications, are illustrated by a sociometric example and by an organization-sociological one drawn from the theory of tournaments. Some statements seemingly comprising empirical content, thus, turn out to be structural implications of experimental pre-arrangements, of descriptive models or of socially valid institutional structural rules. Structural implications are either analytical implications of the experimental set-up or of the descriptive model as well as of the structural content of the theory. Sociologists should know and realize structural implications in order not falsely to take analytical deductions from the model for statements with empirical content. Concerning such methodological knowledge sociologists have to be able to avail themselves of results of philosophy of science.
Perspektiven einer Soziologie der Sozialisation – Die Entwicklung der Rolle des Kindes / Towards a sociology of socialization – The development of the child’s role
Authors: Lüscher Kurt
Published: May 2016

A growing number of historical studies shows a considerable change in the conception of the child. This can be interpreted as the development of everyday and scientific knowledge of socialization and exemplified in view of an emergent understanding of its basic features, namely, the individual „needs“ for nurture, for learning, for personality-development, and their interrelations with the social structure. Historical data, for instance, on infant mortality and child labor demonstrate the relative weight of different social factors. Ultimately, a frame of reference for the sociological analysis of socialization is offered and examples are given for topics of research.
Social Structure as a Network Process / Sozialstruktur als ein Netzwerk-Prozeß
Authors: Holland Paul W. , Leinhardt Samuel
Published: May 2016

Ziel des Aufsatzes ist eine Diskussion des Konzepts der sozialen Struktur sowie die Beschreibung eines mathematischen Modells zur Analyse sozialer Strukturen. Es wird argumentiert, daß eine möglicherweise fruchtbare Darstellung sozialer Strukturen erreicht werden kann, wenn man sich bestimmter stochastischer Netzwerk-Prozeß-Modelle bedient. Ausgangspunkt sind die strukturellen Eigenschaften elementarer sozialer Beziehungen als erster Schritt zu einem besseren Verständnis der Entstehung und Entwicklung von Strukturen sozialer Beziehungen.
Unbekannte Quellen der Religionssoziologie Max Webers / Unknown sources of Max Weber’s sociology of religion
Authors: Küenzlen Gottfried
Published: May 2016

The question of the sources used by MAX WEBER has not yet been fully satisfactorily noted in the secondary literature. In spite of the major efforts made by specialists and the important conclusions reached in regard to both specific aspects of WEBER’s sociology as well as its more general orientations, systematic investigations of the sources used by WEBER and their significance are only rarely to be found. A valid base of interpretation of an oeuvre requires not only a methodical analysis of the texts and a coherent statement of their main themes, but also knowledge of the specific problems and scientific discussions addressed by the author and within which his thought matured.

This is also the case for an understanding of MAX WEBER’s sociology: Only after the boundaries of the scientific environment within which he worked have been examined and clearly defined and only after the sources from which he created his sociology have been identified can the manner in which WEBER related to this environment and utilized his sources be ascertained. The uniquely WEBERian substance in his opus can be fully acknowledged and evaluated only after an assessment of the extent to which WEBER adopted theories prevalent in his time and the degree to which he qualitatively went beyond them.

Beginning with this conviction, this study investigates the sources for specific parts of WEBER’s sociology of religion. It has been demonstrated that WEBER created focal as well as secondary components and concepts of his sociology of religion in close reference to the thinking predominant in a specific influential school of thought that existed at the end of the nineteenth century (C. P. THIELE, and others).
Alternativen in der Kreuztabellenanalyse – Ein Vergleich zwischen Goodmans „General Model” (ECTA) und dem Verfahren gewichteter Regression nach Grizzle et al. (NONMET II)
Authors: Küchler Manfred
Published: May 2016

Reanalysing data from a former empirical study the GOODMAN approach for analysing nonmetric data is compared with a method of weighted regression analysis by GRIZZLE, STARMER, and KOCH, which recently has been transformed into a neat computer program greatly facilitating its application. By describung both approaches as modfied regression analyses common traits and differences can be pointed out very clearly. It turns out that in the majority of research problems the GSK approach is superior due to the fact that substantive results will both be more detailed and entail a higher degree of intuitive appeal.
Zur gesellschaftlichen Konstruktion abweichenden Verhaltens: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Labeling-Perspektive
Authors: Lilli Waldemar
Published: May 2016

Die labeling-Perspektive wird als eine sinnvolle Ergänzung der Ursachentheorien des abweichenden Verhaltens angesehen, weil sie den wichtigen Gesichtspunkt enthält, daß ein Teil des abweichenden Verhaltens durch bloße Definition zu erklären ist. Trotz zahlreicher empirischer Arbeiten sind die Grundthesen des labeling nicht befriedigend geprüft. Systematische Erforschung der Definitions-Spielräume der Instanzen sozialer Kontrolle sowie der in diesem Spielräumen wirksam werdenden Alltagstheorien könnten eine Grundlage dafür schaffen, daß man z.B. den Anteil bloßer Definition in bestimmten Rubriken der Devianz-Statistik abschätzbar machen kann.
Eine Skala zur Messung der normativen Geschlechtsrollen-Orientierung (GRO-Skala)
Authors: Krampen Günter
Published: May 2016

Die deutschsprachige Version einer Skala zur Messung der normativen Geschlechtsrollen-Orientierung (GRO-Skala) wird vorgelegt. Geschlechtsrollen-Orientierungen werden als die normativen Konzeptionen eines Individuums über angemessenes Verhalten von Frauen und Männern definiert. Die Skafa wurde in einer Stichprobe von N = 151 Personen eingesetzt. Item-Charakteristika, Testhalbierungszuverlässigkeit und interne Konsistenz sprechen für die Tauglichkeit der Skala. Die GRO-Skala steht in Beziehungen zum Geschlecht, Alter und der Religionszugehörigkeit der Personen; Alkoholiker haben traditionellere Geschlechtsrollen-Orientierungen als sonstige Personen (differentielle Validität). Die Konstruktvalidität wurde konvergent und faktoriell abgesichert. Geschlechtsrollen-Orientierungen stehen in Relation zu Faschismus, Rigidität, Konservatismus und externalen Kontroll- überzeugungen. Abschließend wird auf Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in der pädagogisch-psychologischen und sozial- psychologischen Forschung eingegangen.
Interpretationsprobleme und Verwendung der Residuen in der multiplen Regression
Authors: Holtmann Dieter
Published: May 2016

Die Zuordnung der gesamten erklärten Varianz zu den Prädiktoren wird diskutiert. Mit Hilfe der Residuen werden u.a. die Beta-Koeffizienten und die Part Correlation Coefficients charakterisiert. Die erklärte Varianz läßt sich zerlegen: 1) „von unten“ (mit Hilfe der quadrierten Part Correlation Coefficients), 2) „von oben“ (mit Hilfe der quadrierten Simple Correlations), 3) hierarchisch bei der schrittweisen Regression, 4) nur formal befriedigend mit den Produkten aus Beta-Koeffizienten und Simple Correlations. In der Pfadanalyse sollten neben den direkten Effekten (Beta-Koeffizienten) die Gesamterklärungskraft (Simple Correlations zum Quadrat) und die zusätzliche Erklärungskraft (Part Correlations zum Quadrat) der Prädiktoren zur Charakterisierung der Pfade berücksichtigt werden.
Interviewer- und Situationseffekte in Umfragen: Eine log-lineare Analyse
Authors: Hoag Wendy J. , Allerbeck Klaus R.
Published: May 2016

Antworten von Befragten in Umfragen stellen nicht nur deren „Meinungen“ dar, sondern enthalten auch Effekte der Situation wie Einflüsse des Interviewers oder die Anwesenheit Dritter. Das log-lineare Modell der Tabellenanalyse ist geeignet, solche Effekte analytisch zu erfassen. Daten zweier Umfragen werden mit diesem Modell untersucht. Dabei werden Einflüsse des Geschlechts des Interviewers sowie des Sprachgebrauchs des Interviewers (Dialekt oder Hochdeutsch) nachgewiesen. Die Hypothese, Interviewereffekte seien Scheinkorrelationen, wird zurückgewiesen. Einflüsse der Situation auf das Befragtenverhalten sind kein technisch auszuschaltender Störfaktor, nach dessen Abzug eine „wahre Meinung“ des Befragten vorstellbar ist. Das Problem ist nicht allgemein technisch, sondern spezifisch theoretisch. Inhaltliche „Theorien“ dürfen nicht unproblematische Messungen postulieren, sondern müssen auch Meßvorschriften spezifizieren.
Die Suche nach Sicherheit: Kombinierte Produktionsformen im sogenannten Informellen Sektor
Authors: Elwert Georg , Evers Hans-Dieter , Wilkens Werner
Published: May 2016

In der soziologischen Beschäftigung mit Arbeitslosigkeit in europäischen Ländern wird zunehmend auf Arbeitsformen verwiesen, die sich jenseits von Lohnarbeit finden. Dieser Bereich wird mit dem in der Entwicklungssoziologie seit längerem diskutierten Begriff des „informellen Sektors“ belegt. Dieser Aufsatz kommt, ausgehend von empirischen Studien in Entwicklungsländern, zu dem Schluß, daß der Begriff informeller Sektor zwar deskriptiv, wohl aber kaum analytisch verwendbar sei. Der angesprochene Bereich läßt sich soziologisch als „Schicht der Ungesicherten“ bezeichnen, in der die Suche nach Sicherheit eine absolute Priorität vor der Einkommensmaximierung hat. Bei dieser Suche nach Sicherheit sticht gerade der Versuch der Schaffung kooperativer Strukturen und der meist vergebliche Appell an den Staat zur Bereitstellung kooperativer Strukturen der Sicherun hervor. Solche Versuche haben bisweilen die Form von ethnischen Vereinigungen oder auch die Form „neuer Kirchen“. Die Informalisierung bzw. Peripherisierung eines Teil der Ökonomie und Gesellschaft beruht auf einem Einsatz von Macht zur Überformung des Marktgeschehens. Diese Privilegierungs- und Monopolisierungsprozesse konzentrieren die Ressourcen in einem staatlichen/urbanen/großindustriellen Bereich und entziehen sie so den anderen Sektoren.
Innovationshemmnis Industriemeister?
Authors: Bargmann Holger
Published: May 2016

In einem zur Zeit noch laufenden Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekt zur Humanisierung der Arbeit zeigte sich, daß die Fertigungsmeister - trotz verbaler Zustimmung und Unterstützung - dieses entscheidend behinderten. Wir konnten feststellen, daß die Meister auch im „normalen“ Betriebsalltag Widerstand gegen Innovationen leisteten: sie blockierten das Ideenpotential der Arbeiter und unterliefen Maßnahmen der Unternehmensleitung. Die bisherigen Konzepte, insbesondere das des Funktionsverlustes, vermögen dieses Phänomen nicht zu erklären, v. a. deshalb nicht, weil sie sich vorwiegend auf formale Veränderungen innerhalb der Organisation beziehen, deren faktische Durchsetzung und die empirischen Reaktionen der Betroffenen jedoch nicht erfassen. Ausgehend von der Vermutung, daß es sich bei diesen Widerständen gegen betriebliche Innovationen nicht um einen atypisch konstituierten Sonderfall, sondern um ein generelles Phänomen handelt, versucht dieser Beitrag folgende zentrale These zu entwickeln: Auf Entwertung ihres beruflichen Status’ reagieren die Meister mit Formen illegaler Machtausübung, die unter der Hand den status quo ante faktisch wiederherstellen sollen. Sie fungieren dadurch als „Innovationsbremse“.
Klassenlagen als Determinanten von Einkommensungleichheit
Authors: Terwey Michael
Published: May 2016

In diesem Artikel wird eine These, die in der nordamerikanischen Soziologie von Wright und Perrone aufgestellt wurde, nochmals überprüft. Die genannten Autoren gehen von der Annahme aus, daß marxistisch definierte Klassenlagen in charakteristischer Weise als Einkommensdeterminanten wirken. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt dabei den klassenspezifischen Zusammenhängen zwischen Schulbildung und Einkommenshöhe. Die diesbezüglichen Hypothesen aufnehmend, vergleichen wir einige der für die USA resultierenden Hauptergebnisse mit den Resultaten eigener Untersuchungen für die Bundesrepublik. Abgesehen von geringfügigen Unterschieden ergeben sich auch hier ähnliche klassenspezifische Relationen zwischen Schulbildung und Einkommen, welche überwiegend in Einklang mit den marxistischen Hypothesen gesehen werden können. Die Einführung weiterer einkommensrelevanter Variablen läßt die jeweils spezifische Bedeutung der Klassenpositionen für die Einkommensdifferenzierung noch deutlicher hervortreten. Während die empirischen Ergebnisse somit das Zusammenwirken von individuellen Merkmalen und strukturellen Rahmenbedingungen bei der Einkommenserzielung aufzeigen, muß auf der Seite theoretischer Interpretation die spezifisch marxistische Komponente kritisch hinterfragt werden.
Der neue Mittelbau. Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung des Projektpersonals
Authors: Kaddatz Burckhard
Published: May 2016

Mit der fortschreitenden Durchrationalisierung der Hochschulen entstehen Folgewirkungen für die Organisation und Rationalität des wissenschaftlichen Arbeitsprozesses. Die zunehmende Bedeutung der Drittmittelforschung schafft veränderte Strukturen des Personaleinsatzes; sie erzeugt in Form des Projektpersonals eine neue Personalkategorie, die als eigenständiges Forschungspersonal außerhalb der - auf Einheit von Forschung und Lehre bezogenen - Planstellen entsteht; die bisher wenig beachteten Arbeits- und Karrierechancen dieser Gruppe werden analysiert, wobei sich zeigt, daß wissenschaftspolitische Nivellierungsprozesse von den unterschiedlichen Verhältnissen in den verschiedenen Disziplinen gebrochen werden und fragwürdige Effekte hervorrufen. - Der handlungstheoretisch orientierten Studie liegt eine empirische Erhebung zugrunde, die in Form einer teilstandardisierten Fragebogenerhebung in den Disziplinen Medizin, Chemie und Rechtswissenschaft an drei westdeutschen Hochschulen durchgeführt wurde.
Inequality in Professional Service Encounters: Verbal Strategies of Control versus Task Performance in Calls to the Police
Authors: Eglin Peter , Wideman Doug
Published: May 2016

According to the interactional form of the professional dominance (PD) thesis professional service encounters, especially of the medical sort, are arenas of negotiation, conflict or struggle in which professional service providers attempt to dominate lay service seekers through various verbal strategies for controlling the definition of the situation, the interactional agenda and the time and resources expended in the encounter. Prominent among these purported linguistic strategies are the use of interruptions, questions (and particular types of questions) and silences. Service seekers are correspondingly said to resist such attempts at control. In this paper we criticize the PD thesis as it applies to interruptions and questions through a brief re-examination of some of the analyses by C. West and by Scheff of medical and psychiatric encounters, and through a longer scrutiny of a corpus of calls to the police. Not finding any evidence of these verbal control strategies we propose an alternative ethnomethodological (conversation-analytic) account of the occurrence of overlaps (in West’s data) and of the so-called ‘abruptness’, ‘constraining influence’ and ‘asymmetry’ of questions in calls to the police. We locate these apparent features in a general account of the interactional shape of the calls, an account which sees that shape as a concerted accomplishment of the parties to them. That accomplishment, we claim, derives from the parties’ mutual orientation to (a) the occasion of the call as one directed to the performance of a set of tasks, which establish (b) the relevance of co-identification in terms of a particular set of identities and (c) a characteristic distribution of speakers’ rights to turns at talk. While not disputing (here) the structural version of the PD thesis we wish to replace the interactional version of it by an approach which begins to address how the institutional interaction reproducing that structure is produced as such in the first place.
Der Traum von der ‚alternativen‘ Wissenschaft
Authors: Daele Wolfgang van den
Published: May 2016

Die Forderung nach ‚alternativer‘ Wissenschaft ist eine Konsequenz radikaler Wissenschaftskritik. Sie zielt auf eine Entdifferenzierung von objektiver Geltung und moralischen Ansprüchen im Begriff der Erkenntnis ab und auf eine Deinstitutionalisierung gegenwärtiger Wissenschaftsstandards als Bezugsrahmen des Forschungshandelns und des gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisses zur Natur. Behandelt werden einige soziologische Implikationen dieser Perspektiven. Die Möglichkeit ‚alternativer‘ Wissenschaft wird anhand der Strategien und Resultate der Ökosystemforschung diskutiert. Dieser Forschung wurde auch von Ökologen das Potential zugeschrieben, eine normative Naturerkenntnis zu realisieren.
Publizieren oder resignieren?
Authors: Borkenau Peter
Published: May 2016

Es wurde eine schriftliche Umfrage unter den Angehörigen des Mittelbaus der Universität Bielefeld durchgeführt. Die Fragen zielten auf die wissenschaftliche Produktivität der einzelnen, ihre subjektiven Berufsaussichten, ihre Kontrollüberzeugungen und ihre Befindlichkeit. Unbefristet Beschäftigte gaben weniger Bedrücktheit, Verunsicherung und Besorgtheit an als befristet Beschäftigte, unterschieden sich aber nicht bezüglich ihrer wissenschaftlichen Produktivität. Die Zahl der Publikationen korrelierte bedeutsam mit „Folgeereignissen“ (Zitationen, Gastvorträge, Gastprofessuren, Reviewer- und Herausgeberfunktionen), ließ sich aber aus psychologischen Variablen wie Kausalattribution von Erfolg, Wirksamkeitserwartung und Bedrücktheit kaum prognostizieren. Es wurde ein „paradoxes Muster“ der Kausalattribution gefunden, insofern Personen mit höherer Publikationsrate Erfolg erwartungswidrig eher auf Glück und persönliche Beziehungen denn auf Fähigkeit und Anstrengung zurückführten. Es wird argumentiert, daß die gegenwärtigen Berufsaussichten des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses sich eher leistungshemmend als leistungsfördernd auswirken.
Nichtlineare Hauptkomponentenanalyse
Authors: Kohlmann Thomas
Published: May 2016

In der statistischen Auswertung von Fragebatterien wird häufig die Faktoren- oder die Hauptkomponentenanalyse verwendet. Bei der Anwendung dieser Auswertungsverfahren wird davon ausgegangen, daß dem Untersucher die angemessene Quantifizierung der Antwortkategorien bekannt ist. Im Gegensatz zur herkömmlichen Technik kann im Rahmen der nichtlinearen Hauptkomponentenanalyse die optimale Quantifizierung der Antwortkategorien aus den Daten selbst berechnet werden, so daß Annahmen über Eigenschaften der Daten einer empirischen Prüfung zugänglich werden. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Grundzüge der nichtlinearen Hauptkomponentenanalyse und erläutert an zwei Beispielen die Einsatzmöglichkeiten des Verfahrens.
Die kognitive Konstitution sozialer Strukturen
Authors: Fischer Klaus
Published: May 2016

Im ersten Teil zeigt der Autor, daß Mead, Schütz und Berger/Luckmann das Problem, wie die von den Gesellschaftsmitgliedern konstruierten individuellen Bilder der sozialen Wirklichkeit sich zu einer gemeinsamen Perspektive („Lebenswelt“) verdichten können, nicht gelöst haben. Der zweite Teil zielt darauf ab, die kognitiven Mechanismen zu durchleuchten, die den Konstruktionsprozeß sozialer Wirklichkeit bestimmen, und den „Koppelungsparameter“ zu lokalisieren, der Kommunikation, Handlungskoordination und damit soziale Ordnung erst ermöglicht. Es wird ein Modell funktionsgesteuerter (nicht-intendierter) Prozesse in adaptiven kognitiven Systemen vorgestellt, das auf der Interaktion von zwölf Variablen beruht, die sich auf den Informationsinput, auf Eigenschaften der Mustererkennungssysteme sowie auf strukturelle Kennzeichen des Systems mentaler Repräsentationen der sozialen Umwelt beziehen. Der dritte Teil ist der Operationalisierung und Anwendung des entwickelten kognitiven Modells innerhalb soziologischer Erklärungszusammenhänge gewidmet. Es werden Interaktionen zwischen verschiedenen Merkmalen der Gesellschaftsstruktur bzw. der sozialen Situation des Individuums einerseits und der Struktur seiner mentalen Repräsentation dieser sozialen Umgebung analysiert und Möglichkeiten der Anwendung des Modells auf das soziale Handeln von Aggregaten erörtert.