bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ductile‐to‐brittle transition in steels controlled by particle cracking
Authors: ORTNER S. R.
Published: August 2006

Fracture initiation sites in a number of MnMoNi steels have been assessed, leading to the development of a model describing cleavage fracture in these steels. The weak links in all the steels are iron carbides. The model finds an effective upper limit (rmax) to the carbide size distribution, apparently dependent on the final quench. Carbide cracking is strain‐controlled, and microcrack extension is stress‐controlled. Fulfillment of the criteria for particle cracking and microcrack extension leads to predictions of fracture toughness that increase with temperature and, ultimately, become infinite. The model predicts quantitatively the effects on fracture toughness of heat treatments that induce changes in segregation, in particle size distributions and flow properties. After a severe quench, the rmax criterion results in the apparent domination of fracture by a critical stress.
Grain and phase stress criteria for behaviour and cleavage in duplex and bainitic steels
Authors: INAL K. , PESCI R. , LEBRUN J. L. , DIARD O. , MASSON R.
Published: August 2006

Stress analyses by X‐ray diffraction are performed on a cast duplex (32% ferrite) stainless steel elbow and a bainitic (95% ferrite) pressure vessel steel. During an in situ tensile test, micrographic observations are made (visible glides and microcracks) and related to the stress state determined in the individual ferritic grains (aged duplex) and the ferritic phase (bainite loaded at low temperatures). Several material parameters have been identified at different scales, as for example, the critical resolved shear stress of 245 MPa for the aged ferritic grain (duplex) or 275 MPa for bainite (–60 °C), a crystallographic cleavage propagation criterion of 465 MPa (stress normal to {100} planes), and a fracture stress of approximately 700 MPa in the ferritic phase. Even though the two steels are different in many respects, the macroscopic fracture strains and stresses are well predicted by the polycrystalline model developed for bainite, whatever the temperatures tested (considering 7% of the grains reaching the local criterion).
An assessment of re‐randomization methods in bark beetle (Scolytidae) trapping bioassays
Authors: Fettig Christopher J. , Dabney Christopher P. , McKelvey Stephen R. , Borys Robert R.
Published: August 2006

1 Numerous studies have explored the role of semiochemicals in the behaviour of bark beetles (Scolytidae).

2 Multiple‐funnel traps are often used to elucidate these behavioural responses. Sufficient sample sizes are obtained by using large numbers of traps to which treatments are randomly assigned once, or by frequent collection of trap catches and subsequent re‐randomization of treatments.

3 Recently, there has been some debate about the potential for trap contamination to occur when semiochemical treatments (baits), and not trap‐treatment units (traps and baits), are re‐randomized among existing traps. Due to the volatility of many semiochemicals, small levels of contamination could potentially confound results.

4 A literature survey was conducted to determine the frequency of re‐randomizing semiochemical treatments (baits) vs. trap‐treatment units (traps and baits) in scolytid trapping bioassays. An experiment was then conducted to determine whether differences in the response ofDendroctonus brevicomisLeConte to attractant‐baited traps exist between the two methods.

5 The majority of papers examined reported use of a large number of fixed replicates (traps) rather than re‐randomization of treatments at frequent intervals. Seventy‐five percent of papers for which re‐randomization methods could be determined reported relocation of semiochemical treatments (baits) only.

6 No significant differences in trap catch were observed among multiple‐funnel traps aged withD. brevcomisbaits (Phero Tech Inc., Canada) for 0, 30 and 90 days, suggesting that contamination did not influence the results.

7 It is concluded that re‐randomizing baits is a viable cost‐effective option to re‐randomizing trap and bait units.
Feeding on roots in the humus layer by adult pine weevil, Hylobius abietis
Authors: Wallertz Kristina , Nordlander Göran , Örlander Göran
Published: August 2006

1 The consumption by adult pine weevil, Hylobius abietis, of the bark of roots present in the humus layer was assessed in a field study conducted in southern Sweden during two years (1998 and 2002). The study sites were divided into two areas: (i) a shelterwood where 80–100 mature Scots pine trees per hectare remained after cutting and (ii) a clearcut where no trees were left.

2 On average, 3741 m2 per hectare of root bark was present in the humus layer, of which 135 m2 was not coniferous but comprised species such as bilberry and broadleaved trees.

3 The mean area debarked by pine weevils was 2.9 m2 per hectare; 2.6 m2 of conifer roots and 0.3 m2 of bilberry roots. Roots of broadleaved trees were almost never consumed. No clear preferences for roots of a specific level of vitality were observed.

4 No consistent difference between the shelterwood and clearcut was found, either in the amount of root bark area available or in the extent of root feeding by pine weevil.

5 A weak negative correlation between debarked areas on roots and seedlings was found, indicating that root feeding may have reduced damage to seedlings.

6 It is concluded that conifer roots in the humus layer constitute a major food source for the pine weevil and can be utilized for a considerable period in both clearcuts and shelterwoods.
Pre‐copulatory isolation in sympatric Melolontha species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Reinecke Andreas , Ruther Joachim , Hilker Monika
Published: August 2006

1 The two most abundant cockchafer species in Europe, the forest cockchafer Melolontha hippocastani Fabr. and the European cockchafer Melolontha melolontha L., tend to form calamitous mass breedings with casual reports on sympatric and simultaneous occurrence.

2 Both species are known to use feeding‐induced green leaf volatiles (GLV) as primary attractants (sexual kairomones) for mate finding. The attractiveness of GLV is enhanced by the sex pheromones 1,4‐benzoquinone in M. hippocastani and toluquinone in M. melolontha. Phenol attracts males from both species. All three compounds are present in females of both species.

3 In the present study, it is confirmed that only male M. melolontha perform the typical swarming flight at dusk, as has already been shown for M. hippocastani. Furthermore, whether swarming Melolontha males were cross‐attracted to heterospecific females, and whether males could discriminate olfactorily between conspecific and heterospecific females, was tested in the field.

4 Males of both species preferred females when given the choice between females and males of the other species. However, they preferred conspecific females when females from both species were offered simultaneously.

5 The results suggest that species‐specific pheromone blends contribute to precopulatory reproductive isolation in sympatric populations of M. melolontha and M. hippocastani, but are not mutually exclusive or indispensable prerequisites for mate finding as in other insects.
Analysis of mercuric reductase (merA) gene diversity in an anaerobic mercury‐contaminated sediment enrichment
Authors: Ní Chadhain Sinéad M. , Schaefer Jeffra K. , Crane Sharron , Zylstra Gerben J. , Barkay Tamar
Published: August 2006

The reduction of ionic mercury to elemental mercury by the mercuric reductase (MerA) enzyme plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of mercury in contaminated environments by partitioning mercury to the atmosphere. This activity, common in aerobic environments, has rarely been examined in anoxic sediments where production of highly toxic methylmercury occurs. Novel degenerate PCR primers were developed which span the known diversity of merA genes in Gram‐negative bacteria and amplify a 285 bp fragment at the 3′ end of merA. These primers were used to create a clone library and to analyse merA diversity in an anaerobic sediment enrichment collected from a mercury‐contaminated site in the Meadowlands, New Jersey. A total of 174 sequences were analysed, representing 71 merA phylotypes and four novel MerA clades. This first examination of merA diversity in anoxic environments suggests an untapped resource for novel merA sequences.
Prevalence of obesity in Morocco
Authors: Rguibi M. , Belahsen R.
Published: August 2006

Data on measured heights and weights indicate that the prevalence of obesity has increased among Moroccan population over the past 15 years. In 1984/1985, 4.1% of the adult population was obese, and the prevalence increased to 10.3% in 1998/1999. In the most recent survey in the year 2000, 13.3% of individuals aged 20 years and more were obese (22% among women and 8% among men). Excessive weight is more prevalent in urban than in rural areas, varies by geographical residence, positively associated with age and negatively with education level. The increasing prevalence of obesity poses challenges for researchers and policy makers.
Obesity and prognosis of breast cancer
Authors: Carmichael A. R.
Published: August 2006

Obesity has a complicated relationship to both breast cancer risk and the clinical behaviour of the established disease. It is suggested that obesity is associated with both an increased risk of developing breast cancer risk and worse prognosis after disease onset. In post‐menopausal women, various measures of obesity such as body mass index, weight, weight gain and waist : hip ratio have all been positively associated with risk of developing breast cancer. In most but not all case–control and prospective cohort studies, an inverse relationship has been found between weight and breast cancer among pre‐menopausal women. Some data suggest that adult weight gain and central obesity increase the risk of pre‐menopausal breast cancer. Obesity at the time of diagnosis is thought to be significant as a poor prognostic factor. Obesity is associated with adverse outcomes in both pre‐ and post‐menopausal women with breast cancer. Many cancer survivors seek ways to minimize the risk of recurrence and death because of breast cancer. Despite complex and at times controversial data, enough evidence is available at present to suggest that weight management should be a part of the strategy to prevent the occurrence, recurrence and death because of breast cancer. In this review the effect of obesity on the prognosis of breast cancer is examined in detail.
Milk and the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Pfeuffer M. , Schrezenmeir J.
Published: August 2006

The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic disorders, namely dyslipidaemia, hypertension, obesity and glucose intolerance. Insulin resistance is the core phenomenon. Co‐occurrence is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Observational studies found no increased CVD risk with increasing consumption of milk and other dairy products. In several studies dairy consumption was inversely associated with the occurrence of one or several facets of the metabolic syndrome. Many dairy components may contribute to the beneficial effects. Milk and particularly whey appeared insulinotropic when given in a single meal, but not in longer‐term intervention. Medium chain fatty acids improve insulin sensitivity. Whey proteins, amino acids, medium chain fatty acids and in particular calcium and other minerals may contribute to the beneficial effect of dairy products on body weight and body fat. Peptides, calcium and other minerals reduce blood pressure. Fermented products and probiotic bacteria decrease absorption of cholesterol, sphingomyelin of cholesterol and fat, calcium of cholesterol, bile acids and fat. Proteins, peptides and bacteria may also reduce plasma cholesterol. Lactose, citrate, proteins and peptides improve weight control, blood pressure and plasma lipids indirectly, by improving calcium bioavailability. Furthermore, dairy consumption improves the bioavailability of folate and other secondary plant components.
The McCartney Sisters' Search for Justice: Gender and Political Protest in Northern Ireland
Authors: Ashe Fidelma
Published: August 2006

The murder of Robert McCartney in Belfast in January 2005 sparked a campaign by his sisters and partner to bring his murderer(s), allegedly members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, to justice. The article examines the gender politics of this campaign. It explores how the campaign simultaneously reflected and contested traditional ideas about women's subjectivities and roles in ethnically divided societies. Furthermore, the article highlights how the ideologies of masculinity and femininity acted as political resources for the campaigners in their struggle with the Irish republican hierarchy.
Global Poverty and Desert
Authors: Brock Gillian
Published: August 2006

Several reasons are offered to explain why global poverty is of no serious moral concern for the affluent of developed countries. Often it is claimed that there are no morally salient connections between our actions and their poverty. In the first part of this article I argue that there are important morally salient connections between the affluent of developed countries and those in poverty. Considerations of desert and (fair) entitlement can bring this into better view. I argue that there are significant problems with the notion of desert that we typically invoke to defend our holdings. When we try to reconstruct a coherent notion of desert, we find we must be committed to a principle of (fair) equality of opportunity, so we must care about people's starting positions and desert-generating processes, in order for any claims of desert to defensibly gain moral recognition.
Does Business Really Run EU Trade Policy? Observations about EU Trade Policy Lobbying
Authors: Gerlach Carina
Published: August 2006

An assumption in the EU trade policy debate is that European business makes an essential contribution to the evolution and content of EU trade policy. The article contributes to this discussion in analysing the ways in which trade policy lobbying positions are developed within industry associations at the EU level. It identifies a potential lack of input and interest of European business in current trade policy issues, which raises a set of challenges for further research on business involvement in EU trade policy.
Elite Interviewing in a Divided Society: Lessons from Northern Ireland
Authors: McEvoy Joanne
Published: August 2006

This article explores the particular challenges facing researchers interviewing political elites in a divided society. With evidence from interviews with former ministers in the Northern Ireland power-sharing government from 1999 to 2002, I demonstrate that researchers must consider a number of concerns relating to identity, bias and the polarised positions of politicians in a divided society. The researcher needs to consider how their identity may have an impact on the respondents, whether the researcher brings bias to the interviews and how they might seek to probe beyond ethnic party positions based on mistrust of the other side.
Ancestors, magic, and exchange in Yolngu doctrines: extensions of the person in time and space
Authors: Keen Ian
Published: August 2006

The article draws on the association drawn by Munn between Aboriginal ancestral transformations and the moral order, and the theory of partible persons, in order to re‐examine Yolngu doctrines and related practices to do with totemic ancestors and their traces, magic and sorcery, and exchange. It argues that all three broad domains draw on beliefs about intrinsic relations between part and whole, image and object, and the intrinsic powers of bodily substance and spirits of the dead. These domains imply the extension of persons in time and space, and each relates to a rather distinct aspect of the moral‐political order. The article shows that the strong dichotomy drawn by Durkheim and his followers between ‘religion’ and ‘magic’ obscures the connections between these domains, and neglects the instrumental aspect of Yolngu ancestral doctrines and practices.
Genetic defects or generative prototypes? Competing models for livestock improvement in southern Bolivia
Authors: Bolton Maggie
Published: August 2006

Following neo‐liberal ‘structural adjustments’ in Bolivia, peasant llama‐herders are expected to become entrepreneurs and their animal products to compete in global markets. To facilitate the entry of llama produce into global trade, scientifically trained experts working for NGOs give herders ‘capacity‐building’ courses in livestock management and organize livestock shows to teach them about animal conformation. This article examines negotiations and accommodations between indigenous knowledge and science, and in particular focuses upon competing claims to knowledge about herd management and animal improvement. While experts look to improve animals from without – through hybridization with animals from other areas, which also constitutes exchanges in genetic capital – herders expect improvement to come from within – placing emphasis on the unity of their herds as reproductive groups and regarding animals condemned as ‘defective’ by experts as generative prototypes that indicate the herds' fertility.
Monsters and caricatures: spirit possession in Tana Toraja
Authors: Tsintjilonis Dimitri
Published: August 2006

Focusing on a specific healing ritual, this article explores the efficacy of spirit possession in Tana Toraja. Framed in terms of indigenous exegesis, this exploration centres on the link between spirit possession and death, which manifests an intrinsic connection between spirit possession and sacrifice. In articulating this connection, the article foregrounds the body of the healer and attempts to explicate its ‘monstrous’ potency.
Once upon a time in the West? Stories of migration and modernity from Kerala, South India
Authors: Osella Caroline , Osella Filippo
Published: August 2006

This article explores how members of an ex‐untouchable, ‘backward’ community of South India – the Izhavas of Kerala – represent and make sense of their entanglements within ‘modernity’. Izhava narratives suggest ambivalence: while failure stories remain individualized, narrated in terms of bad luck or others' cheating, success stories are presented as exemplars of a twentieth‐century global master narrative of progress. We note many correspondences between this ex‐untouchable community's optimistic master narrative and another powerful and pervasive meta‐narrative – the global story of modernity as development, promoted by state government, reform movements, and development theorists alike. Life‐history narratives forcibly bring us – European interlocutors – into the same space as the tale‐tellers, speak of encounters between Indians and Europeans, and urge us to recognize that we live in ‘one world’. Malayalis stake claims for equal participation in modernity's projects even as they point out ways in which coevalness is denied. This prompts us to suggest that narratives of modernity in India and the UK should occupy the same analytical space, contrary to moves to theorize multiple modernities. With our Malayali respondents, we are participating in a confabulation/confabrication of a shared story which appears to be one about the nature of global capitalism. Modernity produces dream and disillusionment, promising progress to all while delivering to a few. In its seemingly endless capacity for self‐regeneration and reinvention it is, as a phenomenon in global history, far from over. Even as theorists try to write it off as a moment past or a project failed, it still holds out its promises and provides a structuring framework for contemporary life‐stories.
Post‐socialism and notions of context in St Petersburg
Authors: Nafus Dawn
Published: August 2006

The anthropology of post‐socialism has largely been framed around a suspension of judgement of the so‐called ‘transition to market capitalism’. In this article I explore this theme as an ethnographic question and ask how social context is marked locally. I argue that while suspending judgements about the nature of context is nearly impossible in a sustained fashion – marriages must be planned, universities attended, etc. – in many ways people have a practical disposition that does in fact resemble the anthropological hesitance to pass judgement. I argue that ways of imagining context have more to do with historically informed practices of personhood and ‘pretence’ than with crisis and chaos.
Landmarks for ‘Nowhereland’: scratching the surface of transnational Dutch‐Iranian hyperlink networks
Authors: Van Den Bos Matthijs
Published: August 2006

Transnational Dutch‐Iranian hyperlink networks allow the exploration of relationships between virtual and physical space. According to many of its analysts, the Internet implies a virtual transcendence of place, but ethnographic approaches have convincingly redirected attention to issues of embeddedness. Here, this concept principally applies to national contexts of hyperlink production, content, and directionality. This article examines the interrelationships of on‐line and off‐line contexts (patterns of Dutch‐Iranian communal organization) as a prelude to explorations of transnational hyperlinking. My findings indicate that national hyperlinks remain relatively important and that transnational links, far from being ‘deterritorialized’, follow national patterns for their sectoral distribution. That is, physical space, of nation‐state boundaries in particular, weighs heavily on virtual interaction.
Scoring Situational Judgment Tests: Once You Get the Data, Your Troubles Begin
Authors: Bergman Mindy E. , Drasgow Fritz , Donovan Michelle A. , Henning Jaime B. , Juraska Suzanne E.
Published: August 2006

Although situational judgment tests (SJTs) have been in use for decades, consensus has not been reached on the best way to score these assessments or others (e.g., biodata) whose items do not have a single demonstrably correct answer. The purpose of this paper is to review and to demonstrate the scoring strategies that have been described in the literature. Implementation and relative merits of these strategies are described. Then, several of these methods are applied to create 11 different keys for a video‐based SJT in order to demonstrate how to evaluate the quality of keys. Implications of scoring SJTs for theory and practice are discussed.
Case for Non‐Biased Intelligence Testing Against Black Africans Has Not Been Made: A Comment on Rushton, Skuy, and Bons (2004)
Authors: Cronshaw Steven F. , Hamilton Leah K. , Onyura Betty R. , Winston Andrew S.
Published: August 2006

This reply reviews the conceptual, methodological, and statistical foundations of Rushton, Skuy and Bons' article in this journal that compared Black Africans, Whites and East Indians on the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices, and concluded that the Raven's is an unbiased test. Through a technical re‐analysis of both the internal and external validity criteria for test bias using data reported in the Rushton et al. paper, we demonstrate that the Raven's Matrices test is in fact biased against Black Africans. We take issue with several additional elements of Rushton et al.'s study, including the use of non‐equivalent groups in test samples. We briefly review Rushton's racial‐realist research agenda and show that the assumption of test bias is central to advancing that agenda. Industrial/organizational and occupational psychologists should critically analyze and re‐evaluate the science employed in Rushton's racial‐realist research and also should better understand the ethical and social implications of accepting his reports of research findings on test bias and White–Black IQ differences as established scientific facts.
How Many Perspectives Provide a Compass? Differentiating 360‐Degree and Multi‐Source Feedback
Authors: Foster Craig A. , Law Melanie R. F.
Published: August 2006

Researchers have been inconsistent regarding (a) the relationship between 360° feedback and multi‐source feedback and (b) the definition of 360° feedback. In the present paper, we review these topics and offer two solutions that could facilitate effective communication about these terms.
Great Expectations – and What Comes of it: The Effects of Unmet Expectations on Work Motivation and Outcomes Among Newcomers
Authors: Taris Toon W. , Feij Jan A. , Capel Sandra
Published: August 2006

The present research focused on newcomers' socialization process in a three‐wave study among 1477 newcomers from seven Western (mainly European) countries. Based on previous research, we expected that unmet expectations regarding selected intrinsic work aspects would have adverse effects on work outcomes such as worker motivation for learning, effort, and turnover. Further, we expected that the strength of the effects of unmet expectations would vary as a function of the perceived importance of the work aspects in question. Structural equation modeling supported our expectations regarding the adverse effects of unmet expectations. However, the strength of these relationships did not depend on the importance attached to the work aspects. Instead, workers who attached much importance to particular work aspects reported higher levels of effort and a higher motivation for learning new behavior patterns. Further, newcomers tended to consider work aspects for which their expectations were not met as less important across time. We conclude that unmet expectations affect work outcomes both directly and indirectly, through the importance attached to particular work aspects.
A Field Study of the Role of Big Five Personality in Applicant Perceptions of Selection Fairness, Self, and the Hiring Organization
Authors: Truxillo Donald M. , Bauer Talya N. , Campion Michael A. , Paronto Matthew E.
Published: August 2006

Although there is a growing applicant reactions literature, relatively little work has addressed the role of personality in applicant perceptions. Using a sample of actual law enforcement applicants (N=120), we studied the relationship between Big Five personality measured before a written test and applicants' post‐test fairness perceptions, perceptions of themselves, and perceptions of the hiring organization. Personality was related to applicant perceptions after controlling for gender and test score. Personality also accounted for significant variance in self‐perceptions and perceptions of the hiring organization beyond that accounted for by fairness perceptions. Neuroticism and agreeableness were the most consistent predictors of applicant perceptions. Our discussion focuses on the consideration of individual differences in applicant reactions research.
The Variability of Criterion‐Related Validity Estimates Among Interviewers and Interview Panels
Authors: Van Iddekinge Chad H. , Sager Christopher E. , Burnfield Jennifer L. , Heffner Tonia S.
Published: August 2006

The authors examined differences in criterion‐related validity estimates among ratings from individual interviewers and interview panels within a structured interview. Senior non‐commissioned officers (NCOs) in the U.S. Army (N=64) conducted panel interviews with 944 junior NCOs during a concurrent validation project. Analysis of the data revealed considerable variation in interviewer validity coefficients in relation to multiple performance criteria. Results also indicated the importance of adopting a multivariate perspective when evaluating interviewer validity differences in that the amount of variation in validity coefficients differed both by interview dimension and criterion. A similar pattern of findings emerged when analyses were performed on ratings averaged within interview panel. Nonetheless, when meta‐analysis was used to estimate the amount of true variance in interviewer‐ and panel‐level validity coefficients, most or all of the variance for some interview‐criterion combinations appeared to be due to statistical artifacts.
Horizontale Fusionen auf zweiseitigen Märkten am Beispiel von Printmedien
Authors: Dewenter Ralf , Kaiser Ulrich
Published: August 2006

The recent discussion about the revision of German merger control underlines the relevance of media economic questions. This discussion frequently neglects the particularities of media markets, for example the mutual interconnection of advertising and media markets, i.e. of “two-sided markets”. In this paper the impact of “two-sided markets” on mergers is analyzed. The results indicate that an intensive analysis of each case because of the heterogeneity of each market and a stronger economization of merger control would be useful. The basis for an economization could be quantitative analyses that are conducted using existing market data. The print media market is an example of the peculiarities of “two-sided markets” at which network externalities lead to pricing behavior that deviates from that on normal markets.
Selektivität und direkte Wirkungen von Vermittlungsgutscheinen: Empirische Befunde aus der Einführungsphase
Authors: Pfeiffer Friedhelm , Winterhager Henrik
Published: August 2006

In April 2002 German government introduced job placement vouchers as a new instrument of active labour market policy to foster the transition of unemployed to jobs. This paper investigates the demand, the treatment effect of the treated and the economic efficiency of job placement vouchers issued from May 2003 to June 2004. The analysis employs a large sample of unemployed individuals from administrative data collected by the German Federal Employment Agency. 20 percent of the West German and 37 percent of the East German unemployed demanded a voucher. According to the microeconometric results the treatment impact of the treated is positive. 5 out of 100 voucher recipients found a job as a result of the instrument. An additional analysis of the cost and returns of the voucher scheme reveals that the return remains positive if no more than 70 per cent of the direct effects are compensated by indirect (substitution) effects.
Bildungspolitische Lehren aus den internationalen Schülertests: Wettbewerb, Autonomie und externe Leistungsüberprüfung Bildungspolitische Lehren aus den internationalen Schülertests: Wettbewerb, Autonomie und externe Leistungsüberprüfung
Authors: Wößmann Ludger
Published: August 2006

Evidence using micro data from four international student achievement tests shows that institutional features that ensure competition, autonomy and accountability in school systems are key to high student performance. The lessons that education policy can learn from the cross-country evidence include that students perform better (a) in countries with more competition from privately managed but publicly funded schools, (b) in schools with autonomy in process and personnel decisions, (c) if teachers have both incentives and powers to select appropriate teaching methods, (d) if parents take interest in teaching matters and (e) if students and schools are held accountable by external examinations
Changing the face of challenging behaviour services: the Special Projects Team
Authors: Allen David , Lowe Kathy , Jones Edwin , James Wendy , Doyle Tony , Andrew Jock , Davies Dee , Moore Kate , Brophy Sam
Published: August 2006

The background to an exciting and probably unique initiative for people with challenging behaviour is described. The Special Projects Team (SPT) was established in the context of increasing knowledge of effective treatment responses, but lack of widespread expertise as well as growing crisis within challenging behaviour services. Unlike previous innovative approaches, the SPT is designed to focus on the development of new services and demonstration projects as well enhancing local knowledge through training and research, and encouraging collaborative developments by working with partners across agencies and across all sectors. The vision of the ideal multi‐component, comprehensive, tiered system of support services is outlined, as are the project brief and principal objectives. Key activities in the initial years have encompassed resettlement, a major epidemiological and service mapping study, the development of the first of a series of accredited training courses, research reviews, and the establishment of formal links with other organizations, including the formation of the Unit for Development in Intellectual Disabilities. Aims for the next phases of the Team are highlighted.
What do older adults with Down's syndrome want from their doctor? A preliminary report
Authors: Fender Aileen , Marsden Lou , Starr John M.
Published: August 2006

This paper describes how a group of five older adults with Down's syndrome decided what they wanted from their doctor. The group worked out what they meant by health. The group also looked at what it was OK for a doctor to ask or do. They made lists of these. The group decided that being healthy means being able to do things. Feelings, of being scared for example, are an important part of being ill. Older adults with Down's syndrome are able to say what they want from their doctor. They can be helped to do this by working together in a small group.
Meeting the cancer information needs of people with learning disabilities: experiences of paid carers
Authors: Jones Amelia , Tuffrey‐Wijne Irene , Bernal Jane , Butler Gary , Hollins Sheila
Published: August 2006

Accessible summary

What we did:

We made a picture book about cancer for people with learning disabilities.

The book explains about cancer.

It also explains about the treatments for cancer.

We wanted to find out if the book is useful for people with learning disabilities.

We met five people with learning disabilities who wanted to find out about cancer.

Most of these people had a mum or dad who died of cancer.

We watched them when they read the cancer book.

We talked to them after they read the cancer book.

We also met their supporter. They were professionals.

What we found out:

• The doctors didn't tell people with learning disabilities about cancer. The supporters had to do it. Sometimes the supporters decided not to tell the person with learning disabilities about cancer.

• The supporters found it difficult to talk about cancer and dying. They didn't know enough about cancer themselves.

What we want to say to everyone now:

It is important that people with learning disabilities are told about cancer.

But the supporters need to be helped too.

Learning disability staff and cancer staff need to work together.

Learning disability staff need training to be health facilitators.

Together they can help people with learning disabilities to find out about cancer.

This paper reports on one of the findings of a small study that aimed to explore how people with learning disabilities accessed and were supported to use a pictorial cancer information book. Five people with learning disabilities who were affected by cancer and their paid carers participated in the study. Support staff in the study were the people who provided cancer information for people with learning disabilities. They struggled with this task, particularly when the person needed information about cancer that exceeded the staff's own knowledge and experience. Most were also inexperienced in dealing with the emotions around cancer. There was little evidence that the support staff received any support themselves, either from cancer professionals or from within their own organizations. The authors conclude that although the findings of this study are based on a small number of people, collaboration is required between health and learning disability services. Further more, in aid of collaboration, staff in learning disability services require education programmes to enhance their skills in facilitating the health needs of people with learning disabilities.
The Religious Institutional Base and Violent Crime in Rural Areas
Authors: LEE MATTHEW R.
Published: August 2006

Research on the relationship between religion and crime has typically focused on individual religiosity and delinquency, or moral communities and crime at the macro level. This study extends prior research by delineating the sociological implications of a strong religious institutional base, and investigating the ties between the religious institutional base and violent crime across rural communities. Multivariate regression analysis of Uniform Crime Report data on violent crime, Census of Churches and Church membership data, and U.S. Census data circa 2000 reveal that rural violent crime rates on average are consistently lower where there are more churches per capita. This relationship holds net of the overall adherence rates, the presence of civically engaged religious adherents, and the presence of conservative Protestant adherents. Moreover, regional variations are evident, with the South and the Midwest—two highly religious regions of the country—sustaining most of the observed institutional effects.
The Effect of Religiosity on Tax Fraud Acceptability: A Cross‐National Analysis
Authors: STACK STEVEN , KPOSOWA AUGUSTINE
Published: August 2006

Religion provides an important basis for social integration and the prevention of deviant behavior, such as tax fraud, a crime that costs society billions of dollars in lost revenue. The literature on tax fraud and tax fraud acceptability (TFA) has neglected religiosity as a social bond that may deter this type of behavior. Furthermore, existing work is based on the United States; there are no systematic cross‐national studies. In particular, there is no research exploring the “moral communities” hypothesis that religiosity's effect on deviance will vary according to the strength of national moral communities. The present study addresses these two gaps in the literature by analyzing data on 45,728 individuals in 36 nations from the World Values Surveys. We control for other predictors of TFA, including social bonds, economic strain, and demographic factors. The results determined that the higher the individual's level of religiosity, the lower the TFA. Results on the moral community's hypothesis were mixed. However, in a separate analysis of individual nations, the presence of a “moral community” (majority of the population identifies with a religious group) explained 39 percent of the variation in the presence or absence of the expected religiosity‐TFA relationship. Furthermore, the presence of a communist regime in a nation, often known for the oppression of religious groups who then may view the regime as illegitimate, diminished the impact of religion on TFA.
Gender, Religion, and Feminism: The Case of Jewish Israeli Traditionalists
Authors: YADGAR YAACOV
Published: August 2006

This article explores the issue of gender, feminism, and religion through a study of Jewish Israeli traditionalist (masorti) women. Based on the premise that feminist discourse and rhetoric have become widely accepted and disseminated (while sociocultural and political practices are far from fully implementing this discourse), the article asks how women who choose an identity that refuses to fall into the one‐dimensional dichotomy that distinguishes between the category of the “secular‐modern‐feminist” and that of the “religious‐traditional‐subordinate” construct and negotiate their feminine identity, while exploring the varying ways in which this identity‐construct interplays with these women's identity as members of an ethno‐national collective. This exploration deals with issues of: feminist and Jewish traditionalist discourses; body, dress, and ritual; family, spousal relations, and personal security; and women in synagogue.
Whosoever Will Let Her Come: Social Activism and Gender Inclusivity in the Black Church
Authors: BARNES SANDRA L.
Published: August 2006

This study examines the relationship between Black Church involvement in social and racial justice issues and support for women in the pastorate, using Faith Factor 2000 national data for seven denominations and bivariate and logistic regression analyses. Findings suggest that involvement in social activism does not necessarily correlate positively with support for women as pastors. Although frequent sermonic focus on Black Liberation and Womanist theology, and clergy involvement in protest efforts, engender such support, sermonic focus on general issues of racial justice actually undermine support for women in the pastorate. These findings have important implications for efforts toward increased gender equity in the Black Church tradition.
Religious Free Riders: The Impact of Market Share
Authors: BREWER STEPHANIE M. , JOZEFOWICZ JAMES J. , STONEBRAKER ROBERT J.
Published: August 2006

Free riders can be a problem in large congregations. Many studies have shown that large congregations attract members who are less active and who contribute smaller sums of money. We extend this literature by studying the impact of denominational market share on free‐riding behavior. We hypothesize that people who want the benefit of a church affiliation without contributing to its mission may be drawn to the more popular denominations in their region. For example, in an area dominated by Lutherans, membership in a Lutheran congregation may offer potential free riders more social acceptance and connections. However, where Lutherans are in a distinct minority, free riders may perceive less benefit in being Lutheran. If so, only those who are serious about being a Lutheran are likely to join and free‐riding behavior should be less evident. Tests using data for the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America (ELCA) congregations are consistent with our hypothesis.
Associations Between Religious Personality Dimensions and Implicit Homosexual Prejudice
Authors: ROWATT WADE C. , TSANG JO‐ANN , KELLY JESSICA , LaMARTINA BROOKE , McCULLERS MICHELLE , McKINLEY APRIL
Published: August 2006

Personality correlates of implicit and explicit attitudes toward homosexual and heterosexual individuals were examined within a sample of predominantly Protestant college students in the south‐central United States. Implicit attitudes were measured with the Implicit Association Test, a computer program that recorded reaction times as participants categorized symbols (of heterosexual individuals and gay men) and adjectives (good or bad words). Participants also completed self‐report measures of religious fundamentalism (RF), Christian orthodoxy (CO), right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA), impression management (IM), and attitudes toward heterosexuals, gay men, and lesbians. Participants displayed fairly negative implicit and explicit attitudes toward homosexual relative to heterosexual individuals. Consistent with previous research, RF, CO, RWA, and IM were associated with increases in self‐reported homosexual prejudice. Religious fundamentalism was the strongest predictor of a negative implicit attitude toward gay men relative to heterosexuals.
Exploring the Dimensionality of “Religiosity” and “Spirituality” in the Fetzer Multidimensional Measure
Authors: NEFF JAMES ALAN
Published: August 2006

Reliable and valid measures of religiosity and spiritual dimensions appropriate for ethnically diverse groups are needed. I examine the factor structure of the relatively new Fetzer multidimensional measure (Fetzer Institute 1999). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) of national data collected in the 1998 General Social Survey are conducted to (1) test the fit of the proposed dimensionality of the Fetzer measure, specifically comparing the Fetzer structure with a simpler single‐factor model suggested by preliminary exploratory factor analyses; and (2) evaluate ethnic differences in factor structure of the Fetzer items. Data from 1,201 adults, 1,019 whites and 182 African Americans, are examined to compare the fit of the multidimensional Fetzer model against an alternative single‐factor (“unitary spirituality”) model. CFA analyses indicated that only the Fetzer models had acceptable fit indices (NFI and/or NNFI approaching or reaching 0.90). Ethnic differences in loadings, while significant, were not substantively different. These findings suggest that a multidimensional measure like the Fetzer is useful for multiethnic research and that combining the daily spirituality and values/beliefs dimensions into a single factor provides a simpler model overall (compared to the Fetzer model separating these dimensions out) while providing acceptable fit.
Intra‐Industry Effects of Earnings Restatements Due to Accounting Irregularities
Authors: Xu Tan , Najand Mohammad , Ziegenfuss Douglas
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  This paper investigates the intra‐industry effects of earnings restatements due to accounting irregularities. We detect a significant contagion effect for rival firms whose cash flow characteristics are similar to those of the restating firm. The restatement doesn't seem to influence all the firms in the industry or firms that have a high probability of involving the same type of accounting irregularity as the restating firm does. We do not detect any competitive effect; nor do we find a significant change in the implied cost of equity capital of the rival firms, suggesting that the contagion effect is due to the revision in the expected short‐run future earnings of the rival firms.
Food Security in China and Contingency Planning: the Significance of Grain Reserves
Authors: Bruins Hendrik J. , Bu Fengxian
Published: August 2006

China is inhabited by ca 20 percent of the world population, but has only 7 percent of global arable land and only 6.6 percent of global freshwater resources. These unfavourable relationships between population size and the basic resources for food production – soil and water – require careful food security and contingency planning by the Chinese authorities. The country has been remarkably successful in raising its food production since 1949 at a faster rate (400 percent) than the increase in its population (240 percent). This has basically been achieved by increasing the yields per unit area with enhanced fertilizer use, as the total size of arable land has been decreasing in recent years. Though China attempts to be largely self‐sufficient in food grain production, two possible contingency scenarios are suggested that might cause grave problems: (1) severe multi‐annual drought; (2) reduced chemical fertilizer manufacturing. If Chinese food production would drop as a result by, say, 33 percent, famine, the dreaded scourge throughout Chinese history, might recur. A shortage of ca 150 million tons of food grains cannot easily be buffered by the volume of food grains annually traded on the world market, ca 240 million tons. Much of this amount tends to be committed already to traditional buyers, as most countries in the world have to import food grains. Cash reserves, therefore, may not guarantee food purchases, because global grain reserves are limited and declining. The formation and maintenance of large internal food grain reserves in China, common in its tradition and ancient history, seem the only realistic contingency planning strategy to avert famine in case of a severe decline in its food production in future crisis years.