bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Technology Plan
Authors: Bynog Melinda
Published: November 2012

The composition of a technology plan is a complex process composed of many parts. The integration of curriculum instruction, levels of technology across the curriculum, the establishment of technology standards, and strategies for the development of equity along with administration and support staff are just a few of the components that assist in the creation of a successful technology plan. A technology plan encompasses other plans, which provides the necessary support for the technology plan’s development. For example, there are professional development plans and technology support plans that have completely different goals. This chapter focuses on components, strategies, and information that comprise the foundation of a technology plan. The technology plan is a basic tool that can be modified to suit the situation, and used to outline and identify the basic needs for the development of a technology plan.
Implementation of the Technology Plan
Authors: Yocom Howard
Published: November 2012

Much of America’s educational system is in trouble; often suffering from a lack of direction and haphazardly incorporating solutions to little understood problems. One method of bringing America’s educational system up to standards is through the incorporation of a technology plan that will propel current school systems through the twenty-first century and beyond. This is no easy task, but can be done by creating a plan that is capable of self-evolution. This chapter provides an overview of the tools necessary for the creation of such a plan, beginning with the technology plan itself. The overview then continues through changes and prevention in respect to a plan’s failure, and the steps of a technology plan’s implementation. This includes conducting technology planning meetings, establishing professional development, designing paths for and tracking of the technology plan’s progress, and implementing effective budgetary strategies.
Designing a Professional Development Program
Authors: Payne Amy
Published: November 2012

Professional development is an essential aspect of any career. Many professions have minimum standards or requirements of training each year to maintain a license and/or job. This chapter outlines the necessary components for effective professional development training in terms of technology use, and examines some reasons why certain professional development programs may be ineffective. The chapter also discusses ways to assess the overall efficiency of a professional development program and highlight some outstanding professional development programs/practices in existence. A comparison between professional development practices performed in the United States with other countries around the world is provided to offer an understanding how professional development can vary depending upon culture.
Roles of a Technology Leader
Authors: Beedle Jonathan , Wang Sirui
Published: November 2012

Technology leaders facilitate and influence the development of diverse fields and disciplines including business, mass communication, computer science, and technology education. This chapter reveals the roles and responsibilities of technology leaders in education, administration, business, government, and other organizations. The focus of technology leadership should be on technical content knowledge, the dynamics of complex organizations, and soft skills/emotional intelligences that include interpersonal skills, work ethic, and attitude. The chapter discusses technology leaders’ roles in the advancement of technology & the responsibilities of building standards for education, training, and professional development purposes.
Dissemination of Practice
Authors: Trest Michael
Published: November 2012

The sharing of information and knowledge is vitally important for advancement in all professional fields. This is true in research and in education. Technology leaders have a responsibility to their organizations to remain current in technology trends and practices. There are many ways that this can be accomplished, but some of the best are attending and presenting at conferences, publishing academic articles, and becoming involved in professional organizations. This chapter is dedicated to giving relevant, useful information about each of these methods of sharing information and what technology leaders may expect. There is also a list of resources to aid in further reading.
Establishing Ethos on Proprietary and Open Source Software Websites
Authors: Brock Kevin
Published: November 2012

The increasing prominence and variety of open source software (OSS) threaten to upset conventional approaches to software development and marketing. While a tremendous amount of scholarship has been published on the differences between proprietary and OSS development, little has been discussed regarding the effect of rhetorical appeals used to promote either type of software. This chapter offers just such an examination, focusing its scrutiny on the websites for three pairs of competitors (operating system, Web browser, and image manipulation program). The means by which the OSS websites promote their programs provide a significant set of insights into the potential trajectory of OSS development and its widespread public acceptance, in terms of both its initial philosophy and its perceived alternative nature to traditional software products and models.
Digital Parrhesia as a Counterweight to Astroturfing
Authors: Gilewicz Nicholas , Allard-Huver François
Published: November 2012

Astroturfing—fake grassroots communications about an issue of public interest—is further problematized in digital space. Because digitally mediated communication easily accommodates pseudonymous and anonymous speech, digital ethos depends upon finding the proper balance between the ability to create pseudonymous and anonymous online presences and the public need for transparency in public speech. Analyzing such content requires analyzing media forms and the honesty of speakers themselves. This chapter applies Michel Foucault’s articulation of parrhesia—the ability to speak freely and the concomitant public duties it requires of speakers—to digital communication. It first theorizes digital parrhesia, then outlines a techno-semiotic methodological approach with which researchers—and the public—can consider online advocacy speech. The chapter then analyzes two very different instances of astroturfing using this techno-semiotic method in order to demonstrate the generalizability of the theory of digital parresia, and the utility of the techno-semiotic approach.
Theory and Application
Authors: Knight Misty L. , Knight Richard A. , Goben Abigail , Dobbs Aaron W.
Published: November 2012

Scholars are increasingly engaging with their peers in synchronous and asynchronous online forums. In order to adapt to this current trend, librarians and faculty must consider the nuances of computer- mediated communication and learn to understand the potential benefits and hazards of creating online identities that may round out others’ perceptions. It can be overwhelming and confusing to determine how to best present oneself or to “create” a credible identity. Through the introduction and explanation of communication concepts and theories, this chapter discusses online credibility, or ethos, and examples of those who have successfully built online credibility.
Public Sector Transformation
Authors: Alyagout Fareed , Siti-Nabiha A. K.
Published: November 2012

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has embarked on the privatization of its public enterprises with the main objectives of improving the efficiency of the national economy, enlarging Saudi citizens’ ownership of productive assets, and encouraging local and foreign capital investment in the Kingdom. Subsequently, in 2003, the Saudi Council of Ministries approved a list of twenty-two targeted economic activities and government services to be privatized and the private sector is being invited to participate in many economic activities and services. As such, the aim of this chapter is to present the historical context and rationale for privatization in Saudi Arabia. The objectives and implementation process taken by the Saudi government to create a suitable environment for private sector investment and the issues and problems associated with privatization initiatives are also discussed in this chapter.
Public Sector Transformation and the Design of Public Policies for Electronic Commerce and the New Economy
Authors: Fluvià Modest , Rigall-I-Torrent Ricard
Published: November 2012

The current situation of taxation of electronic commerce is still in its infancy in regard to its actual implementation as well as in the existence of doctrinal principles and generally accepted guidelines on the characteristics and implementation of taxation. This chapter uses the concepts, analytical tools, and appropriate models of economic analysis to understand and explain the economic phenomena observed in the New Economy and how the public sector can adapt to the new challenges. Thus, the chapter analyzes the optimal design of tax policy for electronic markets, in particular electronic commerce, and the guidelines of antitrust policy in electronic markets. This chapter also analyzes the strategies that can be adopted by firms in the New Economy to avoid or minimize the risk of intervention by antitrust authorities.
Electronic Procurement in the Construction Industry
Authors: Eadie Robert , Perera Srinath , Heaney George
Published: November 2012

The benefits of e-business have been widely promoted but the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector has lagged behind other sectors in the adoption of e-procurement. The prospective benefits for the AEC sector are suggested by the proven advantages of general e-procurement where adoption has been faster and deeper. However, several studies indicated that barely 20% of documentation is tendered electronically, suggesting there are barriers to e-procurement. In order to promote adoption of e-procurement in the AEC sector, it is important to establish the status of the industry and identify the drivers as well as barriers to e-procurement. This chapter provides a detailed discussion of the state of the industry and its drivers and barriers while ranking these according to its importance. It acts as a reference guide to allow those implementing e-procurement in construction to make informed decisions as to where to focus their efforts to achieve successful realisation incorporating the benefits and avoiding the pitfalls in the process. The chapter also provides some insight into the current state, trends, and future directions of e-procurement in the construction industry.
Social e-Enterprise through Technological Innovations and Mobile Social Networks
Authors: Ratten Vanessa
Published: November 2012

Social electronic enterprises (e-enterprises) are an important part of the global business environment, which have developed from technological innovations that have enabled businesses to create and sustain financial endeavors that have an integrated social aspect. Part of the increase of social e-enterprises has been led by mobile social networks growing in popularity as people utilize mobile communication technology to communicate with stakeholders that are part of their social network. This form of community interactivity represents a technology innovation that has a strong combined business and social potential. This has enabled mobile social networks to form part of a social e-enterprises computer mediated communication that impacts the way technology is marketed to people. The purpose of this chapter is to review the existing research on technological innovations in social e-enterprise and mobile social networks by providing a set of research propositions that can be used to understand the adoption of social technology innovations. Suggestions for future research and practical marketing implications of social technological innovations in the context of facilitating social e-enterprise through mobile social communities are also stated.
Social e-Entrepreneurship, Employment, and e-Learning
Authors: Tezcan Mediha
Published: November 2012

Social entrepreneurship is the demonstration of entrepreneurial behavior aimed to meet the requirements of the society, rather than generating profit, bearing economic risks, providing innovative opportunities, having a social goal and value and for social benefits, and members are comprised of volunteering individuals and groups. Social entrepreneurs serve in a wide range of areas. Employment is among the most significant of these. The labor market policies implemented to increase employment also include education. Education is the power that allows rearing well-rounded and conscious citizens and building interdependent and participatory societies. The rapid changes in the communications and information technologies sectors today have also influenced the educational sciences. In this chapter, the social and economic benefits provided by the utilization of the e-learning programs in the trainings provided by the social entrepreneur organizations, aimed to generate employment, are discussed.
Cutting Edge: B Cells Are Essential for Protective Immunity against Salmonella Independent of Antibody Secretion
Authors: Nanton Minelva R. , Way Sing Sing , Shlomchik Mark J. , McSorley Stephen J.
Published: November 2012

Typhoid fever and nontyphoidal bacteremia caused by Salmonella remain critical human health problems. B cells are required for protective immunity to Salmonella, but the mechanism of protection remains unclear. In this study, we immunized wild-type, B cell–deficient, Ab-deficient, and class-switched Ab-deficient mice with attenuated Salmonella and examined protection against secondary infection. As expected, wild-type mice were protected and B cell–deficient mice succumbed to secondary infection. Interestingly, mice with B cells but lacking secreted Ab or class-switched Ab had little deficiency in resistance to Salmonella infection. The susceptibility of B cell–deficient mice correlated with marked reductions in CD4 T cell IFN-γ production after secondary infection. Taken together, these data suggest that the primary role of B cells in acquired immunity to Salmonella is via the development of protective T cell immunity.
A new benchmark in biodiversity monitoring
Authors: Scholes Robert J.
Published: November 2012

How to cite this book review: Scholes, R.J., 2012, ‘A new benchmark in biodiversity monitoring’, Koedoe 54(1), Art. #1109, 2 pages. http:// dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe. v54i1.1109
The Greedy Hippo and Red Riding Hood: The grotesque in fairy tales
Authors: Van der Walt Dineke
Published: November 2012

This article presents a comparative reading of two folktales that are also characterised as children’s stories (one from Venda folklore and the other a popular European narrative) in order to explore a number of similarities between these stories. These similarities include the grotesque activity of eating human flesh, the way that overly trusting people are tricked by means of a masquerade and other ‘unethical’ and ‘immoral’ activities that occur in both narratives. In The Greedy Hippo (Hippopotamus throws his weight around), the monster for instance mimics the voice of a little boy in order to trick his sister and gain access to the children’s hut, whilst in Little Red Riding Hood the wolf tricks the grandmother in the same way to gain access to her house, in order to later trick Red Riding Hood. Furthermore, in both stories, the little girls (as well as the grandmother in Little Red Riding Hood) are swallowed by vicious wild animals (either a hippopotamus or a wolf). As is often the case in fairy tales; however, the victims are saved or escape and live happily ever after. In this article, I argue that, although it seems absurd for children’s stories to deal with the grotesque, the presence of the grotesque actually serves an elevating purpose. I conclude that, because of the shock value of the grotesque, these stories not only intrigue children emotionally, but that the shocking quality of the grotesque also serves as a source of fascination for them. Therefore, the warning messages contained in the stories are more persuasively communicated and better remembered by the child audience.
We are aware – Creative writing, concrete poetry and writers’ resistance
Authors: Kleyn Leti
Published: November 2012

In this article, the focus is on the artist’s book – Sanity on the line – a catalogue of individual work (of students) compiled from a cut-up poetry project that was exhibited as part of the Transgressions and boundaries of the page artist’s book project. Amongst others, the phenomenon known as concrete poetry, which was developed by Hunley (2007) as an alternative approach to teaching through the creative art of writing workshop method, is explored. Furthermore, a few individual works in the cut-up poetry project are discussed by relating them to existing South African examples of concrete poetry. A strong focus is placed on examples from Afrikaans literature as well as the work of Willem Boshoff and Wopko Jensma.
The Tambani project: A computer animation of The Greedy Hippo
Authors: Swanepoel Rita M.C. , Van der Westhuizen Christiaan
Published: November 2012

This article presented an investigation of and reflection on the techniques and production processes used to transform a traditional Ngano Venda folktale, The Greedy Hippo, from embroideries into a digitally animated film. The article was guided by a method derived from a practice-based research model for creative production which describes ways in which creative outputs can be regarded as a viable research option. The method comprised the documentation of and reflection on the project in three phases, namely pre-production, production and postproduction. The Tambani embroidery project is a community outreach initiative launched by Ina le Roux. Ngano is the collective noun for traditional Venda folklore. In this article, we argued that computer animation techniques could be implemented successfully in the digital transformation of a Venda folktale that was originally part of an oral tradition. We demonstrated this argument by means of Christiaan van der Westhuizen’s transformation of The Greedy Hippo folktale into a computer animation format.
The diary of Bertha Marks as a heterotopia, as articulated in the artwork, The Futility of Writing 24-Page Letters
Authors: Farber Leora , Dreyer Elfriede
Published: November 2012

This article explored the conception, historical context and theoretical underpinnings of Leora Farber’s 2010 artwork entitled The Futility of Writing 24-Page Letters, which forms an extension of the work on her exhibition entitled Dis-Location/Re-Location. The Futility of Writing 24-Page Letters falls within Dis-Location/Re-Location’s thematics, but focuses on one aspect thereof, namely, how fin-de-siècle Jewish colonial women who were immigrants to southern Africa, as exemplified in the persona of Bertha Marks (1862–1934), experienced nineteenthcentury Victorian gender ideologies. Their life experiences often entailed resistance to their positions as subjects of a patriarchal social system; yet, as women, they were simultaneously complicit in upholding discriminatory colonial ideologies and in maintaining the racial,social and cultural prejudices and forms of subjugation that underpinned them. Bertha Marks is shown to have occupied a personalised heterotopia: whilst operating from within, and maintaining the racial and social prejudices of the colonial era, she was simultaneously constrained by her positioning within it. This heterotopic life experience is reflected in the diary extracts which comprise The Futility of Writing 24-Page Letters, which reveal that she occupied the conflicting positions of victim, witness, bystander, collaborator and beneficiary of colonial injustices and exploitation, and assumes varying degrees of co-responsibility and co-liability for her roles and actions.
Transgressions and boundaries of the page as conceptual art
Authors: Swanepoel Rita M.C.
Published: November 2012

This article offers a philosophical overview of conceptual art. I argue that, since the project Transgressions and boundaries of the page transgresses and conceptually extends the boundaries of the concept of the book, it can be viewed in its entirety as a language-based installation art, consisting of various components, viz. artists’ books. Due to its interdisciplinary nature, this conceptual art installation challenges the boundaries of conceptual art. The project and exhibitions confirm that artists’ books constitute an ideal medium to involve artists from divergent disciplines in the play with and discovery of the possibilities of the book. The project as a whole can be categorised as conceptual art, as it reconsiders, reinvents and theorises the concept book.
Preface - Transgressions and boundaries of the page
Authors: Greyling Franci , Marley Ian , Combrink Louisemarié
Published: November 2012

No abstract available.
Financially resourcing the ministry in the Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa in the 21st century
Authors: Tucker Arthur Roger
Published: November 2012

From 1994 the Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa has increasingly encountered tremendous challenges in financing its ministry on a just and equitable basis across all communities. This issue peaked when the Presbyterian Church of South Africa and the Reformed Presbyterian Church united to form the Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa (UPCSA) in 1999. The union produced tensions concerning the financial support of the ministry. These centred on as yet unresolved proposals for the centralisation and equalisation of ministerial stipends, which have been discussed at every biennial General Assembly of the UPCSA from 2006. This article has briefly analysed the theological, ecclesiological, missional, economic, sociological and practical administrative issues that it believes should inform the final decision and may help to establish a new ministerial, missional and congregational support paradigm for many other churches in the new South Africa.
Myosinome: A Database of Myosins from Select Eukaryotic Genomes to Facilitate Analysis of Sequence-Structure-Function Relationships
Authors: Syamaladevi Divya P. , Sunitha Margaret S , Kalaimathy S. , Reddy Chandrashekar C. , Iftekhar Mohammed , Pasha Shaik N. , Sowdhamini R.
Published: November 2012

Myosins are one of the largest protein superfamilies with 24 classes. They have conserved structural features and catalytic domains yet show huge variation at different domains resulting in a variety of functions. Myosins are molecules driving various kinds of cellular processes and motility until the level of organisms. These are ATPases that utilize the chemical energy released by ATP hydrolysis to bring about conformational changes leading to a motor function. Myosins are important as they are involved in almost all cellular activities ranging from cell division to transcriptional regulation. They are crucial due to their involvement in many congenital diseases symptomatized by muscular malfunctions, cardiac diseases, deafness, neural and immunological dysfunction, and so on, many of which lead to death at an early age. We present Myosinome, a database of selected myosin classes (myosin II, V, and VI) from five model organisms. This knowledge base provides the sequences, phylogenetic clustering, domain architectures of myosins and molecular models, structural analyses, and relevant literature of their coiled-coil domains. In the current version of Myosinome, information about 71 myosin sequences belonging to three myosin classes (myosin II, V, and VI) in five model organisms ( Homo Sapiens, Mus musculus, D. melanogaster, C. elegans and S. cereviseae) identified using bioinformatics surveys are presented, and several of them are yet to be functionally characterized. As these proteins are involved in congenital diseases, such a database would be useful in short-listing candidates for gene therapy and drug development. The database can be accessed from http://caps.ncbs.res.in/myosinome .
An effective protocol for improved regeneration capacity of Kabuli chickpeas
Authors: Yadav I. S. , Singh N. P.
Published: November 2012

Yadav, I. S. and Singh, N. P. 2012. An effective protocol for improved regeneration capacity of Kabuli chickpeas. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1057–1064. An efficient protocol for in vitro regeneration is essential for genetic manipulation and micro-propagation of important plant species. A direct shoot regeneration system has been optimized for Desi chickpeas, but an effective regeneration protocol is still needed for Kabuli chickpeas. An efficient regeneration protocol for Kabuli chickpeas was developed, using whole embryonic axes, an embryonic axes slice and cotyledonary node explants from two genotypes L550 and JGK-1. Depending upon chickpea genotype, type of explant and culture medium, percentage of shoot producing explants (frequency) and the number of shoots per explant (efficiency) varied from 10 to 83% and from 1 to 58, respectively. The shoot regeneration capacity (SRC=frequency×efficiency), which is an indicator of the effectiveness of the protocol, varied from 47 to 2508 shoots per 100 explants cultured. On average, SRC of L550 was 1.8 times higher than JGK-1. Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium+B5 vitamins supplemented with 8.0 µM benzyl amino purine (BAP)+0.5 µM α- naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 0.1 M sucrose plus embryonic axes was found to be the most effective culture medium and type of explants, respectively. Half strength MS medium+2% sucrose supplemented with 4 µM NAA, 3µ M IAA or 4µM IAA produced a high rooting percentage in both chickpea genotypes. The regeneration process starting from explant preparation to establishment of a complete plant in soil took 105–110 d. This optimized regeneration method holds promise for facilitating the insertion of interested genes through genetic transformation for improvement of Kabuli chickpeas.
Organic agriculture project in Nepal: An international twinning partnership program initiative
Authors: Burlakoti Rishi R. , Lynch Derek , Halde Caroline , Beach Tom , Dahal Sabitri , Debnath Samir C.
Published: November 2012

Burlakoti, R. R., Lynch, D., Halde, C., Beach, T., Dahal, S. and Debnath, S. C. 2012. Organic agriculture project in Nepal: An international twinning partnership program initiative. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 997–1003. Agriculture is the major occupation in Nepal, contributing 32% of total gross domestic product (GDP) and 75% of the country's exports. The traditional way of farming using low inputs (inorganic fertilizers and pesticides) provides opportunities to adopt organic farming for diversified crops, with potential domestic markets and export markets in Japan and Europe. With a goal of improving the livelihood of rural ethnic marginalized farmers of the mid-western hill of Nepal, an international development project was started through a joint effort of the Agricultural Institute of Canada (AIC), Sustainable Agriculture Development Program (SADP) Nepal, the Canadian Society of Agronomy (CSA) and the Canadian Society for Horticultural Science (CSHS). The project, entitled “Research and support to organic agriculture in Tanahu district of Nepal”, commenced in April 2010. Canadian team members visited Nepal in December 2009 and 2010. To date, the project has successfully strengthened the organizational capacity of the lead organization (SADP, Nepal), conducted a baseline assessment study in the project area, assessed the potential domestic market for organic product, promoted organic farming among the ethnic marginal farmer groups (Kumal and Darai), and identified and established a strong collaborative project link with the agricultural university and scientific societies of Nepal. A proposed further 5-yr (2011 to 2016) project aims to change the traditional subsistent farming to commercial organic farming in the target area and aims to improve the livelihood of the farmers through better income generation from organic farming. The project will include scientific research on organic farming led by the Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal, in collaboration with other scientific societies of Nepal. The CSA and CSHS will provide technical input, advice for the project, and monitor and supervise the project progress.
Switchgrass silage for methane production as affected by date of harvest
Authors: Bélanger Gilles , Savoie Philippe , Parent Gaétan , Claessens Annie , Bertrand Annick , Tremblay Gaëtan F. , Massé Daniel , Gilbert Yan , Babineau Daniel
Published: November 2012

Bélanger, G., Savoie, P., Parent, G., Claessens, A., Bertrand, A., Tremblay, G. F., Massé, D., Gilbert, Y. and Babineau, D. 2012. Switchgrass silage for methane production as affected by date of harvest. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1187–1197. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season grass recognized as a potential biomass crop for energy production in North America, but little information exists on the effect of harvest date on forage and silage characteristics of switchgrass grown in eastern Canada. Our objectives were to determine how harvest date affects several forage and silage characteristics of switchgrass and to relate these to specific methane yield from anaerobically digested switchgrass silage. Switchgrass, seeded in 2002 and 2006, was harvested and ensiled as a one-cut system on three dates in 2007: late July, early September, and early October. The regrowth from the late July harvest was also harvested in early October as a two-cut system. Silage quality parameters [pH, and concentrations of N, N-NH3, total amino acids (TAA), and volatile fatty acids (VFA)] indicated adequate fermentation of all silage samples. In a one-cut system, delaying harvest from late July to early September increased forage dry matter (DM) yield from 9.0 to 11.5 Mg ha−1, forage soluble carbohydrate (SC) concentration from 51 to 85 g kg−1 DM, and silage SC concentration from 13 to 25 g kg−1 DM; delaying harvest from late July to early October decreased forage in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) from 720 to 582 g kg−1 DM, forage in vitro digestibility of the neutral detergent fibre (dNDF) from 590 to 409 g kg−1 DM, and silage acetate concentration from 7.7 to 2.6 g kg−1 DM. The regrowth had higher IVTD and dNDF, lower acid detergent fibre concentration, and higher silage lactate and acetate concentrations than a single harvest taken in early September or early October. The two-cut system and the single harvest in early September produced the highest seasonal forage DM yields (11.5 and 11.9 Mg ha−1). High specific methane yield was (i) correlated with low forage fibre concentration and high DM digestibility and (ii) more correlated to silage concentrations of lactate and acetate than to silage SC concentration.
Seasonal growth dynamics and carbon allocation of the wild blueberry plant (Vaccinium angustifoliumAit.)
Authors: Kaur Jatinder , Percival David , Hainstock Lindsay J. , Privé Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2012

Kaur, J., Percival, D., Hainstock, L. J. and Privé, J.-P. 2012. Seasonal growth dynamics and carbon allocation of the wild blueberry plant ( Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1145–1154. Field studies were conducted at the Wild Blueberry Research Station, Debert, NS, to examine the carbon allocation dynamics within the wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.). This was achieved with biweekly measurements of dry weight, soluble sugar and starch levels of the rhizomes, roots, stems/leaves and berries of plants in the vegetative (i.e., sprout phase) and cropping phases of production. Non-structural carbohydrate levels were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Growth parameters included phenology, stem height, dry weights of the above-ground vegetation (stems and leaves), berries, rhizomes and roots. Interestingly, root growth was observed prior to upright shoot emergence and dry weight for rhizome remained higher compared with stems and leaves. The rhizomes acted as a carbohydrate source during stem and root growth. The developing berry crop appeared to be a strong sink for photo-assimilates, as berries were found to import sucrose and convert it to fructose and glucose during maturation, and HPLC studies further confirmed the increasing levels of fructose and glucose. Given the phenology of the wild blueberry, the results exemplify the importance of the rhizomes as a strong carbohydrate source, especially in the early stages of a growing season when the carbohydrate production is limited.
Effect of acidification on quality and shelf-life of carrot juice
Authors: Yu Li Juan , Rupasinghe H. P. Vasantha
Published: November 2012

Yu, L. J. and Rupasinghe, H. P. V. 2012. Effect of acidification on quality and shelf-life of carrot juice. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1113–1120. This study compared the effects of different acidification methods for processing carrot juice: blanching of carrot with 20 and 40 g L−1 of citric acid, 20 and 40 g L−1 of lactic acid and blending carrot juice with cranberry juice in 80:20 and 70:30 ratios. The quality was measured in terms of changes in pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), turbidity, antioxidant capacity, beta-carotene content and total aerobic colony count (TAC) during a 21-d storage at 4°C. Water blanched carrot juice was selected as the control. During storage, the pH, TA, TSS and turbidity values were much more stable for all acidified juices than for water blanched juice. The highest value and stability of antioxidant capacity measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) belonged to a carrot-cranberry juice blend in a 70:30 ratio. The highest beta-carotene value belonged to 40 g L−1 lactic acid blanched juices. Carrot-cranberry juice blend in an 80:20 ratio gave the maximum stability for beta-carotene. All acidification methods prolonged the shelf-life of carrot juice in terms of TAC. Blanching with 40 g L−1 of lactic acid or citric acid provided 3–4 log reduction TAC and was among the most effective methods for extending the shelf-life of carrot juice.
Southern hemispheric halon trends and global halon emissions, 1978–2011
Authors: Newland M. J. , Reeves C. E. , Oram D. E. , Laube J. C. , Sturges W. T. , Hogan C. , Begley P. , Fraser P. J.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The atmospheric records of four halons, H-1211 (CBrClF2), H-1301 (CBrF3), H-2402 (CBrF2CBrF2) and H-1202 (CBr2F2), measured from air collected at Cape Grim, Tasmania between 1978 and 2011, are reported. Mixing ratios of H-1211, H-2402 and H-1202 began to decline in the early to mid-2000s but those of H-1301 continue to increase throughout the record. These trends are compared to those reported by NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Experiment). The continued increase of H-1301 mixing ratios means that the contribution of the halons to total tropospheric bromine is not declining. Top-down global annual emissions of the halons were derived using a two-dimensional atmospheric model. The emissions of all four have decreased since peaking in the late 1980s–mid 1990s but this decline has slowed recently, particularly for H-1301 and H-2402 which have shown no decrease in emissions over the past five years. The UEA top-down model derived emissions are compared to those reported using a top-down approach by NOAA and AGAGE and the bottom-up estimates of HTOC (Halons Technical Options Committee). Additionally results are presented that suggest that H-1202 emissions are linked to H-1211 emissions rather than H-1211 production. Finally revised steady state atmospheric lifetimes are reported as 14 yr for H-1211, 75 yr for H-1301, 17 yr for H-2402 and 2.6 yr for H-1202. These revised lifetimes would reduce the estimated existing bank of H-1211 by over 80% to 10 Gg while increasing the H-1301 bank by 15% to 49 Gg.
Unmanned aircraft system measurements of the atmospheric boundary layer over Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica
Authors: Knuth S. L. , Cassano J. J. , Maslanik J. A. , Herrmann P. D. , Kernebone P. A. , Crocker R. I. , Logan N. J.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. In September 2009, a series of long-range unmanned aircraft system (UAS) flights collected basic atmospheric data over the Terra Nova Bay polynya in Antarctica. Air temperature, wind, pressure, relative humidity, radiation, skin temperature, GPS, and operational aircraft data were collected and quality controlled for scientific use. The data has been submitted to the United States Antarctic Program Data Coordination Center (USAP-DCC) for free access (doi:10.1594/USAP/0739464).
Intercomparison of temperature trends in IPCC CMIP5 simulations with observations, reanalyses and CMIP3 models
Authors: Xu J. , Powell A. M.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. On the basis of the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and the climate model simulations covering 1979 through 2005, the temperature trends and their uncertainties have been examined to note the similarities or differences compared to the radiosonde observations, reanalyses and the third Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) simulations. The results show noticeable discrepancies for the estimated temperature trends in the four data groups (Radiosonde, Reanalysis, CMIP3 and CMIP5) although similarities can be observed. Compared to the CMIP3 model simulations, the simulation in some of CMIP5 models were improved. The CMIP5 models displayed a negative temperature trend in the stratosphere closer to the strong negative trend seen in the observations. However, the positive tropospheric trend in the tropics is overestimated by the CMIP5 models relative to CMIP3 models. While some of the models produce temperature trend patterns more highly correlated with the observed patterns in CMIP5, the other models (such as CCSM4 and IPSL_CM5A-LR) exhibit the reverse tendency. The CMIP5 temperature trend uncertainty was significantly reduced in most areas, especially in the Arctic and Antarctic stratosphere, compared to the CMIP3 simulations. Similar to the CMIP3, the CMIP5 simulations overestimated the tropospheric warming in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere and underestimated the stratospheric cooling. The crossover point where tropospheric warming changes into stratospheric cooling occurred near 100 hPa in the tropics, which is higher than in the radiosonde and reanalysis data. The result is likely related to the overestimation of convective activity over the tropical areas in both the CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. Generally, for the temperature trend estimates associated with the numerical models including the reanalyses and global climate models, the uncertainty in the stratosphere is much larger than that in the troposphere, and the uncertainty in the Antarctic is the largest. In addition, note that the reanalyses show the largest uncertainty in the lower tropical stratosphere, and the CMIP3 simulations show the largest uncertainty in both the south and north polar regions.
Suspended sediment load in the tidal zone of an Indonesian river
Authors: Buschman F. A. , Hoitink A. J. F. , de Jong S. M. , Hoekstra P. , Hidayat H. , Sassi M. G.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Forest clearing for reasons of timber production, open pit mining and the establishment of oil palm plantations generally results in excessively high sediment loads in tropical rivers. The increasing sediment loads pose a threat to coastal marine ecosystems, such as coral reefs. This study presents observations of suspended sediment loads in the Berau River (Kalimantan, Indonesia), which debouches into a coastal ocean that is a preeminent center of coral diversity. The Berau River is relatively small and drains a mountainous, still relatively pristine basin that receives abundant rainfall. In the tidal zone of the Berau River, flow velocity was measured over a large part of the river width using a horizontal acoustic Doppler current profiler (HADCP). Surrogate measurements of suspended sediment concentration were taken with an optical backscatter sensor (OBS). Averaged over the 6.5 weeks covered by the benchmark survey period, the suspended sediment load was estimated at 2 Mt yr−1. Based on rainfall-runoff modeling though, the river discharge peak during the survey was supposed to be moderate and the yearly averaged suspended sediment load is most likely somewhat higher than 2 Mt yr−1. The consequences of ongoing clearing of rainforest were explored using a plot-scale erosion model. When rainforest, which still covered 50–60% of the basin in 2007, is converted to production land, soil loss is expected to increase with a factor between 10 and 100. If this soil loss is transported seaward as suspended sediment, the increase in suspended sediment load in the Berau River would impose a severe stress on this global hotspot of coral reef diversity.
Multi-variable evaluation of hydrological model predictions for a headwater basin in the Canadian Rocky Mountains
Authors: Fang X. , Pomeroy J. W. , Ellis C. R. , MacDonald M. K. , DeBeer C. M. , Brown T.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. One of the purposes of the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling platform (CRHM) is to diagnose inadequacies in the understanding of the hydrological cycle and its simulation. A physically based hydrological model including a full suite of snow and cold regions hydrology processes as well as warm season, hillslope and groundwater hydrology was developed in CRHM for application in the Marmot Creek Research Basin (~ 9.4km2), located in the Front Ranges of Canadian Rocky Mountains. Parameters were selected from digital elevation model, forest, soil and geological maps, and from the results of many cold regions hydrology studies in the region and elsewhere. Non-calibrated simulations were conducted for six hydrological years during 2005–2011 and were compared with detailed field observations of several hydrological cycle components. Results showed good model performance for snow accumulation and snowmelt compared to the field observations for four seasons during 2007–2011, with a small bias and normalized root mean square difference (NRMSD) ranging from 40 to 42% for the subalpine conifer forests and from 31 to 67% for the alpine tundra and tree-line larch forest environments. Overestimation or underestimation of the peak SWE ranged from 1.6 to 29%. Simulations matched well with the observed unfrozen moisture fluctuation in the top soil layer at a lodgepole pine site during 2006–2011, with a NRMSD ranging from 17% to 39%, but with consistent overestimation of 7 to 34%. Evaluations of seasonal streamflow during 2006–2011 revealed the model generally predicted well compared to observations at the basin scale, with a NRMSD of 77% and small model bias (6%), but at the sub-basin scale NRMSD were larger, ranging from 86 to 106%; though overestimation or underestimation for the cumulative seasonal discharge was within 24%. Timing of discharge was better predicted at the Marmot Creek basin outlet having a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.31 compared to the outlets of the sub-basins where NSE ranged from −0.03 to −0.76. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of 0.12 and 0.17 for comparisons between the simulated groundwater storage and observed groundwater level fluctuation at two wells indicate weak but positive correlations. The model results are encouraging for uncalibrated prediction and indicate research priorities to improve simulations of snow accumulation at treeline, groundwater dynamics and small-scale runoff generation processes in this environment. The study shows that improved hydrological cycle model prediction can be derived from improved hydrological understanding and therefore is a model that can be applied for prediction in ungauged basins.
Simulating snow maps for Norway: description and statistical evaluation of the seNorge snow model
Authors: Saloranta T. M.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Daily maps of snow conditions have been produced in Norway with the seNorge snow model since 2004. The seNorge snow model operates with 1 × 1 km resolution, uses gridded observations of daily temperature and precipitation as its input forcing, and simulates, among others, snow water equivalent (SWE), snow depth (SD), and the snow bulk density (ρ). In this paper the set of equations contained in the seNorge model code is described and a thorough spatiotemporal statistical evaluation of the model performance from 1957–2011 is made using the two major sets of extensive in situ snow measurements that exist for Norway. The evaluation results show that the seNorge model generally overestimates both SWE and ρ, and that the overestimation of SWE increases with elevation throughout the snow season. However, the R2-values for model fit are 0.60 for (log-transformed) SWE and 0.45 for ρ, indicating that after removal of the detected systematic model biases (e.g. by recalibrating the model or expressing snow conditions in relative units) the model performs rather well. The seNorge model provides a relatively simple, not very data-demanding, yet nonetheless process-based method to construct snow maps of high spatiotemporal resolution. It is an especially well suited alternative for operational snow mapping in regions with rugged topography and large spatiotemporal variability in snow conditions, as is the case in the mountainous Norway.
Job and Work Attitude Determinants: An Application of Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Josephat Peter , Ismail Abbas
Published: November 2012

This paper analyzed variables that used to measure job and work attitude of an employee in an organization. Analysis was done using multivariate analysis. Data used was collected from Dodoma and Musoma municipalities as the municipalities were randomly selected. A sample size of the study was 118. Cross sectional research design was adopted. The study found that there are five factors which influence job and work attitude. These are satisfaction, independency, teamwork, freedom of expression and supervisory relationship. All these factors are significantly positive related to dependent variable job and work attitude.
The Evaluation of Maximum Tariffs in an Emerging Economy: The Nigerian Case
Authors: Audu N. P. , Apere T. O.
Published: November 2012

Using the Cournot and Stackelberg theories of oligopolistic competition, the paper re-evaluate the importance of tariff ranking issue under a mixed oligopoly model with foreign competitors and asymmetric costs. We demonstrated that under Cournot theory, when the size of domestic private and foreign private firms becomes more unequally distributed, maximum–welfare tariff will exceed maximum–revenue tariff. The study also revealed that under Stackelberg theory, when the domestic government protects its domestic sector, it will levy higher maximum–welfare tariffs versus maximum–revenue tariffs. These two positions notwithstanding, when the Nigerian government decides to open its doors more for foreign competitors, it will need to levy higher maximum-revenue tariffs versus maximum–welfare tariffs. The findings of this paper remain valid whether the domestic public firm acts as a leader or a follower in the market.
The International Court of justice: Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece Intervening)
Authors: Love Ben
Published: November 2012

On February 3, 2012, the International Court of Justice (‘‘ICJ’’ or ‘‘Court’’) issued a widely-anticipated judgment in a dispute over state immunity between Italy and Germany. The Court found that Italy violated its international law obligation to respect the jurisdictional immunity of the German state by: (i) allowing individuals to bring civil claims against Germany in Italian courts for violations of international humanitarian law committed by the German Reich between 1943 and 1945; (ii) declaring Greek judgments finding similar international law violations by Germany enforceable in Italy; and (iii) taking measures of constraint against public and non-commercial property owned by Germany in Italy. The Court accordingly found that Italy must ensure that the decisions of its courts infringing upon Germany’s immunity cease to have effect.