bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring abnormal rotational movements in free-swimming fish with accelerometers: implications for quantifying tag- and parasite-load
Authors: Broell Franziska , Burnell Celene , Taggart Christopher T.
Published: January 2016

Animal-borne data loggers allow movement, associated behaviours, and energy expenditure in fish to be quantified without direct observations. As with any tagging, tags that are attached externally may adversely affect fish behaviour, swimming efficiency and survival. We report on free-swimming wild Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) held in a large mesocosm that exhibited distinctly aberrant rotational swimming (scouring) when externally tagged with accelerometer data loggers. To quantify the phenomenon, the cod were tagged with two sizes of loggers (18 g and 6 g;<2% body weight) that measured tri-axial acceleration at 50 Hz. An automated algorithm, based on body angular rotation, was designed to extract the scouring and normal (swimming or gliding) movements from the acceleration signal (98% accuracy). The algorithm also identified the frequency pattern and associated energy expenditure of scouring in relation to tag load (% body weight). The average per cent time spent scouring (5%) was independent of tag load. VeDBA used as a proxy for energy expenditure increased with tag load (r2=0.46), and suggests that fish with large tags spent more energy when scouring than fish with small tags. The information allowed us to determine potential detrimental effects of an external tag on fish behaviour and how the effects may be mitigated by tag size. The algorithm can potentially identify similar rotational movements associated with spawning, courtship, feeding, and parasite-load shedding in the wild. The results infer a more careful interpretation of data derived from external tags and the careful consideration of tag-type, -drag, -buoyancy, and -placement, as well as animal buoyancy and species.
Repeatability of metabolic rate is lower for animals living under field versus laboratory conditions
Authors: Auer Sonya K. , Bassar Ronald D. , Salin Karine , Metcalfe Neil B.
Published: January 2016

Metabolic rate has been linked to multiple components of fitness and is both heritable and repeatable to a certain extent. However, its repeatability can differ among studies, even after controlling for the time interval between measurements. Some of this variation in repeatability may be due to the relative stability of the environmental conditions in which the animals are living between measurements. We compared published repeatability estimates for basal, resting, and maximum metabolic rate from studies of endotherms living in the laboratory versus those living in the wild during the interval between measurements. We found that repeatability declines over time, as demonstrated previously, but show for the first time that estimates from free-living animals are also considerably lower than those from animals living under more stable laboratory conditions.
Glucose metabolism ontogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the light of the recently sequenced genome: new tools for intermediary metabolism programming
Authors: Marandel Lucie , Véron Vincent , Surget Anne , Plagnes-Juan Élisabeth , Panserat Stéphane
Published: January 2016

The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a carnivorous fish species, displays a “glucose-intolerant” phenotype when fed a high carbohydrate diet. The importance of carbohydrate metabolism during embryogenesis and the timing of establishing this latter phenotype are currently unclear. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the poor ability of carnivorous fish to use dietary carbohydrates as a major energy substrate are poorly understood. It has recently been shown in trout that duplicated genes involved in glucose metabolism may be involved in establishing the glucose-intolerant phenotype. The aim of this study was therefore to provide new understanding of glucose metabolism during ontogenesis and nutritional transition, taking into consideration the complexity of the trout genome.

Trout were sampled at several stages of development from fertilization to hatching, and alevins were then fed a non-, or a high carbohydrate diet during first-feeding. mRNA levels of all glucose metabolism-related genes increased in embryos during the setting up of the primitive liver. After the first meal, genes rapidly displayed expression patterns equivalent to those observed in the livers of juveniles. g6pcb2.a (one glucose-6-phosphatase encoding gene) was up-regulated in alevins fed a high carbohydrate diet, mimicking the expression pattern of gck genes. The g6pcb2.a gene may contribute to the non-inhibition of the last step of gluconeogenesis and thus to establishing the glucose-intolerant phenotype in trout fed a high carbohydrate diet as early as first-feeding. This information is crucial for nutritional programming investigations as it suggests that first feeding would be too late to programme glucose metabolism in the long term.
Limits to sustained energy intake. XXIII. Does heat dissipation capacity limit the energy budget of lactating bank voles?
Authors: Sadowska Edyta T. , Król Elżbieta , Chrzascik Katarzyna M. , Rudolf Agata M. , Speakman John R. , Koteja Paweł
Published: January 2016

Understanding factors limiting sustained metabolic rate (SusMR) is a central issue in ecological physiology. According to the heat dissipation limit (HDL) theory, the SusMR at peak lactation is constrained by maternal capacity to dissipate body heat. To test that theory, we shaved lactating bank voles (Myodes glareolus) to experimentally elevate their capacity for heat dissipation. The voles were sampled from lines selected for high aerobic exercise metabolism (A; characterized also by increased basal metabolic rate) and unselected control lines (C). Fur removal significantly increased the peak-lactation food intake (mass-adjusted least square means±s.e.; shaved: 16.3±0.3 g day−1, unshaved: 14.4±0.2 g day−1; P<0.0001), average daily metabolic rate (shaved: 109±2 kJ day−1; unshaved: 97±2 kJ day−1; P<0.0001), and metabolisable energy intake (shaved: 215±4 kJ day−1; unshaved: 185±4 kJ day−1; P<0.0001), as well as the milk energy output (shaved: 104±4 kJ day−1; unshaved: 93±4 kJ day−1; P=0.021) and litter growth rate (shaved: 9.4±0.7 g 4 days−1; unshaved: 7.7±0.7 g 4 days−1; P=0.028). Thus, fur removal increased both the total energy budget and reproductive output at the most demanding period of lactation, which supports the HDL theory. However, digestive efficiency was lower in shaved voles (76.0±0.3%) than in unshaved ones (78.5±0.2%; P<0.0001), which may indicate that a limit imposed by the capacity of alimentary system was also approached. Shaving similarly affected the metabolic and reproductive traits in voles from the A and C lines. Thus, the experimental evolution model did not reveal a difference in the limiting mechanism between animals with inherently different metabolic rates.
The Information Value of Credit Rating Action Reports: A Textual Analysis
Authors: Agarwal Sumit , Chen Vincent Y. S. , Zhang Weina
Published: January 2016

We examine whether Standard & Poor’s (S&P) credit rating action reports contain new default-related information beyond credit rating actions such as rating changes, credit watch, and outlooks. We find that the net linguistic tone (negative minus positive tone) in the reports is significantly and negatively related to abnormal returns and predicts future rating changes. We discover that the provision of tone does not seem to be inflated by the conventional proxies of conflict of interest faced by S&P, as higher conflict of interest is related to more negative net tone. Moreover, the tone can predict future rating changes even when conflict of interest is high. Overall, our study reveals novel evidence on the information value of credit rating action reports.

This paper was accepted by Wei Jiang, finance.
Bargaining in Supply Chains
Authors: Leider Stephen , Lovejoy William S.
Published: January 2016

We study experimentally bargaining in a multiple-tier supply chain with horizontal competition and sequential bargaining between tiers. Our treatments vary the cost differences between firms in tiers 1 and 2. We measure how these underlying costs influence the efficiency, negotiated prices, and profit distribution across the supply chain, as well as the consistency of these outcomes with existing theory. We find that the structural issue of cost differentials dominates personal characteristics in explaining outcomes, with profits in a tier generally increasing with decreased competition in the tier and increasing with decreased competition in alternate tiers. The balanced principal model of supply chain bargaining does a good job explaining our data, and it outperforms the common assumption of leader–follower negotiations. We find a significant anchoring effect from a firm’s first bid but no effect of the sequence of those bids, no evidence of failure to close via escalation of commitment, and mixed results for a deadline effect. We also find an interesting asymmetry between the buy and sell sides in employed bidding strategy. All firms make predominantly concessionary offers after the initial anchor; however, sell-side firms that engage in aggressive anticoncessionary bidding successfully increase prices while not compromising closure rates. Buy-side firms achieve much smaller price changes from anticoncessionary tactics and risk reduced closure, yielding no net benefit.

This paper was accepted by Yossi Aviv, operations management.
Local Utility and Multivariate Risk Aversion
Authors: Charpentier Arthur , Galichon Alfred , Henry Marc
Published: January 2016

We revisit Machina’s local utility as a tool to analyze attitudes to multivariate risks. We show that for nonexpected utility maximizers choosing between multivariate prospects, aversion to multivariate mean preserving increases in risk is equivalent to the concavity of the local utility functions, thereby generalizing Machina’s result [Machina M (1982) “Expected utility” analysis without the independence axiom. Econometrica 50:277–323]. To analyze comparative risk attitudes within the multivariate extension of rank dependent expected utility of Galichon and Henry [Galichon A, Henry M (2012) Dual theory of choice with multivariate risks. J. Econom. Theory 147:1501–1516], we extend Quiggin’s monotone mean and utility preserving increases in risk and show that the useful characterization given in Landsberger and Meilijson [Landsberger M, Meilijson I (1994) Comonotone allocations, Bickel-Lehmann dispersion and the Arrow-Pratt measure of risk aversion. Ann. Oper. Res. 52:97–106] still holds in the multivariate case.
Minimizing Cubic and Homogeneous Polynomials over Integers in the Plane
Authors: Del Pia Alberto , Hildebrand Robert , Weismantel Robert , Zemmer Kevin
Published: January 2016

We complete the complexity classification by degree of minimizing a polynomial over the integer points in a polyhedron in a real vector space of dimension two. Previous work shows that optimizing a quadratic polynomial over the integer points in a polyhedral region in a real vector space of dimension two can be done in polynomial time, whereas optimizing a quartic polynomial in the same type of region is NP-hard. We close the gap by showing that this problem can be solved in polynomial time for cubic polynomials.

Furthermore, we show that the problem of minimizing a homogeneous polynomial of any fixed degree over the integer points in a bounded polyhedron in a real vector space of dimension two is solvable in polynomial time. We show that this holds for polynomials that can be translated into homogeneous polynomials, even when the translation vector is unknown. We demonstrate that such problems in the unbounded case can have smallest optimal solutions of exponential size in the size of the input, thus requiring a compact representation of solutions for a general polynomial time algorithm for the unbounded case.
Technical Note—Sequential Multiproduct Price Competition in Supply Chain Networks
Authors: Federgruen Awi , Hu Ming
Published: January 2016

We analyze a general model in which, at each echelon of the supply process, an arbitrary number of firms compete, offering one or multiple products to some or all of the firms at the next echelon, with firms at the most downstream echelon selling to the end consumer. At each echelon, the offered products are differentiated and the firms belonging to this echelon engage in price competition. The model assumes a general set of piecewise linear consumer demand functions for all products (potentially) brought to the consumer market, where each product’s demand volume may depend on the retail prices charged for all products; consumers’ preferences over the various product/retailer combinations are general and asymmetric. Similarly, the cost rates incurred by the firms at the most upstream echelon are general as well. We fully characterize the equilibrium behavior under linear price-only contracts, and we show how all equilibrium performance measures can be computed via a simple recursive scheme. Moreover, we establish how changes in the model parameters, in particular, exogenous cost rates or intercept values in the demand functions, impact the system-wide equilibrium. These comparative statics results allow for the quantification of cost pass-through effects and the measurement and characterization of the firms’ brand value. Lastly, we illustrate what qualitative impacts various changes in the structure of the supply chain network may bring forth.
Climbing Benjacob's Ladder: An Evaluation of Vinograd's Thesaurus of the Hebrew Book
Authors: Kohn Roger
Published: January 2016

The Thesaurus of the Hebrew Book, by Yeshayahu Vinograd, is reviewed in the context of both general bibliography and of general Hebraica bibliography. Significant contributions in Hebrew bibliography preceding the Thesaurus are discussed. After reviewing a previous work of Y. Vinograd, the author evaluates the Thesaurus from a bibliographer's perspective, using the criteria established by Louise-Noelle Malcles. The article concludes with a biographical note on Yeshayahu Vinograd.
Jewish Theological Seminary of America Library. Broadside Collection. Hamden, Conn.: Micrographic Systems of Connecticut for The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1992. 3 microfilm reels. $35.00 per reel + shipping
Authors: Walfish Barry
Published: January 2016

Reviews the broadside collection published by the Jewish Theological Seminary on microfilm, provides highlights from the collection, and evaluates the organization, cataloging, and indexing of the material.
Some Problems of Ladino/Judezmo Romanization
Authors: Baker Zachary
Published: January 2016

While ALA/LC standards have been developed for the Romanization of Hebrew and Yiddish for bibliographic purposes, the lack of such a standard for the Romanization of Ladino/Judezmo impedes access to materials in that language. The distinctiveness of Ladino/Judezmo argues that it be treated on its own terms, and not as merely derivative of its principal components, Spanish and Hebrew. This article establishes the rationale for an ALA/LC standard for the Romanization of Ladino/Judezmo and suggests sources that could serve as its basis.
Ambiguities in the Romanization of Yiddish
Authors: Weinberg Bella
Published: January 2016

Romanization of Yiddish is one of the most complex activities in Hebraica cataloging, especially for publications that do not use Standard Yiddish Orthography. The Library of Congress has adopted the VIVO table for vowels, but uses its own Hebrew table for consonants. LC's publication Hebraica Cataloging provides little guidance on Yiddish Romanization, and MARC records contain many errors and inconsistencies in the application of the table. VIVO's linguistic reference works, notably Uriel Weinreich's Modern English-Yiddish, Yiddish-English Dictionary and the translation of Max Weinreich's History of the Yiddish Language, often contradict each other in the Romanization of Hebraisms, while LC's rules for Romanizing Hebraisms seem to have changed recently.
Hebrew titles for Yiddish works are particularly problematic, as there are two possible pronunciations. LC appears to be moving in the direction of providing two Romanized title entries in such cases.
Several transliterated Yiddish dictionaries have been published in the last decade. Some use the VIVO system; others do not. The extent to which these tools can provide assistance to Hebraica catalogers is assessed.
"Hayah noten ba-hem simanim": Hebrew Abbreviations, Chiefly Rabbinic, and Their ALA/LC Romanization
Authors: Biella Joan , Simon Rachel
Published: January 2016

This list provides the ALA/LC standard romanization of many acronyms and initialisms commonly encountered in Hebrew cataloging. The list is arranged by Hebrew abbreviation. Spaces and apostrophes are ignored in filing. Initial Hebrew definite articles are not ignored. The list includes a few terms that are not abbreviations, but which may be mistakenly interpreted as such.
Establishing Uniform Headings for the Sacred Scriptures: A Persistent Issue in Hebraica-Judaica Cataloging
Authors: Suiter David
Published: January 2016

The Library of Congress headings used for the Bible are theologically laden terms showing a clear preference for Christian designations (Old Testament and New Testament). This is so despite the fact that four-fifths of what Christianity calls "Bible" is also scripture for Judaism (called Bible or Tanakh). This paper explores the issues in identifying sacred scriptures for catalog access. Several alternatives to the qualifiers O.T. and N.T. are posited, including one proposal to replace the terms altogether with First Testament and Second Testament. Such terminology would account for the canons of the distinct religious communities by replacing the theological terms with terms that are historically objective.
Library of Congress Subject Headings in Jewish Studies: Recent Changes (1994-1995)
Authors: Galron-Goldschliiger Joseph
Published: January 2016

The following subject headings of interest to Judaica and Hebraica librarians were culled from Library of Congress Weekly Lists (1994) nos. 6-52 (Feb. 9, 1994–December 28, 1994), and (1995) nos. 1–36 (January 4, 1995-September 6, 1995). This list continues my earlier one, published in Judaica Librarianship, vol. 8, no. 1–2 (Spring 1993–Winter 1994), pp. 73–82. The list is also an update of my 4th edition of Library of Congress Subject Headings in Jewish Studies (New York: Association of Jewish Libraries, 1993).
Library of Congress Classification for Judaica: Recent Changes (1993-1994)
Authors: Ruderman Ella
Published: January 2016

The additions and changes to the Library of Congress Classification made from April 1993 to December 1994 and which are relevant for Judaica libraries are covered in this column. Most of the changes come under classes BM (Judaism), BS (Bible), DS (History of Asia) and PJ (Oriental philology and literature). Of major significance are the following changes: (1) Class number DS110 (Israeli regions, towns, etc., A–Z) was expanded with an extensive list of new cutters. (2) The scope of class number PJ5054 was limited to Hebrew authors who published between 1946 and 1990, and a new class number, PJ5055—with a sophisticated breakdown—was introduced for authors who published since 1991. (3) The part of class number Z7772 dealing with Bibliographies on Parts of the Old Testament was divided into two sections: Groups of O. T. Books and Individual O. T. Books; each section was in turn expanded with numerous cutters.
Midrash in Jewish Children's Literature
Authors: Barbara Diamond Goldin
Published: January 2016

The term midrash has a specific meaning and a broader one. Specifically, midrash refers to the post Talmudic body of writings (post-500 C.E.) such as Midrash Rabbah and Pirke de-Rabi Eliezer. In broader terms, midrash has come to mean a Jewish story that explains, clarifies, or elaborates on an event or passage in the Torah.
There are many stories in midrasnhic sources that are appropriate and valuable to retell for children. A retelling of the story "Solomon and the Demon King," for instance, can captivate a fifth grader today who plays computer games and rides a skateboard, just as much as it did a shtetl boy who walked barefoot to beder and learned to chant Talmudic passages at age four.
Rabbinic stories are not old and outdated, but alive and timeless. Within these stories, children can find heroic individuals just as brave and daring as the current ones who sport masks and capes and fancy weaponry-people like Rabbi Johanan ben Zaikai and Rabbi Akiva. But these rabbinic heroes provide something many of the television heroes do not-moral and ethical values as a basis for action.
AJL Sydney Taylor Award Presentations, 1994
Authors: Fechter Claudia
Published: January 2016

The Sydney Taylor Awards were established in 1968 to honor the memory of one of the favorite and finest of all children's literature providers. Sydney Taylor, herself, set the standard of teaching about Jewish values and a Jewish way of life through stories. In her memory, her husband, Ralph Taylor, of blessed memory, and now her daughter, Jo Marshall, have provided a handsome prize for the outstanding writers and illustrators of new Jewish juvenile literature. No children's collection should be without these wonderful works.
Epistle from Israel (1995)
Authors: Aronson Ya'akov
Published: January 2016

This column reports on activities of the Judaica Librarians' Group, projects of the Jewish National and University Library, and developments in the field of Judaica in university and yeshiva libraries from 1994 to 1995. Also included is information on a new bookmobile service in Jerusalem that provides Judaica materials on tape, and about new editions of classic Judaica texts.
Judaica Libraries and Archives in Argentina
Authors: Saccal Rita , Münster Irene
Published: January 2016

Describes the situation of Jewish libraries and archives in Argentina that are still operating after the July 1994 bombing of the AMIA building. The majority of the collections are not professionally organized.
The Library of the Seminario Rabínico Latinoamericano (Latin-American Rabbinical Seminary)
Authors: Münster Irene , Saccal Rita
Published: January 2016

The history, organization, and current financial situation of the Library of the Seminario Rabínico Latinoamericano in Buenos Aires, Argentina, are described. Besides a card catalog for books, the Library maintains an analytical catalog for journals and collections. Sample entries from the two catalogs, as well as an excerpt from the authority list of Spanish subject headings, illustrate the paper.
Yitzhak Kertesz (1956-1995): In Memoriam
Authors: Erenyi Zvi
Published: January 2016

The career and contributions of Yitzhak Kertesz, the late Chief Librarian of the Leo Baeck Institute in New York, are described. Appended is a translation of a eulogy by Dr. Jozsef Schweitzer, Director of the Rabbinical Seminary in Budapest, which appeared originally in Hungarian.
Rabbi Yitzhak Kertesz, 1956-1995: Menuḥato kavod
Authors: Schweitzer Jozsef
Published: January 2016

A translation (by Zvi Erenyi) of a eulogy for Yitzhak by Dr. Jozsef Schweitzer, Director of the Rabbinical Seminary in Budapest. The eulogy appeared originally in the March 1, 1995 issue of the Hungarian periodical Uj Elet (New Life).
Reference Sources for Sephardic Studies
Authors: Simon Rachel
Published: January 2016

Some of the main reference sources for Sephardic studies in the broader sense, namely, covering issues related not only to the Jews of the Iberian peninsula and their descendants, but also to those of the Middle East and North Africa for the same period of time, are described. The categories covered are: Sepharad and Sephardic culture, the Sephardic diaspora, catalogs of special collections, and subject catalogs.
Serially Speaking
Authors: Vernon Elizabeth
Published: January 2016

This column features announcements and descriptions of new serials in various areas of Jewish Studies, in English and other Western languages, as well as Hebrew and Yiddish. It will also periodically include bibliographies of serials in a specific subject area.
Application of scenario-driven hazard analysis in the solid rocket booster
Authors: Jenab Kouroush , Ottosen Nikita , Moslehpour Saeid
Published: January 2016

Bibliographical Notes: Kouroush Jenab is a senior member of IEEE, received the B.Sc. degree from the IE Department at Isfahan University of Technology (1989), the M.Sc. degree from the IE Department at Tehran Polytechnic (1992), and the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Ottawa (2005). He served as a senior engineer/manager in auto, and high-tech industries for 18 years. He joined the National Research Council Canada as a research officer where he participated in several international research projects. In 2006, he joined the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Ryerson University, Toronto as assistant professor. Currently, Dr. Jenab is Faculty of the College of Aeronautics at Embry-riddle Aeronautical University, FL, USA. He has published over 110 papers in international scientific journals based on his experiences in industries.Nikita Ottosen is a current Systems Engineering graduate student at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. She received her undergraduate degree from ERAU in Aeronautics and is currently working as an Assistant Campus Director at the Crestview, FL campus. She gained valuable knowledge previously working for the Boeing Company and Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, known as The Port of Seattle, in Seattle, Washington. During her time at The Port of Seattle she worked alongside the Wildlife Management department to conduct a study on effective wildlife management strategies. Her study will become a part of a future Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) publication, sponsored by the FAA’s Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.Saeid Moslehpour is a full professor and department chair in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department in the College of Engineering, Technology, and Architecture at the University of Hartford. He holds Ph.D. (1993) from Iowa State University and Bachelor of Science (1989) and Master of Science (1990) degrees from University of Central Missouri. His research interests include failure analysis, logic design, CPLDs, FPGAs, Embedded electronic system testing and distance learning.
On effective determination of Maass forms from central values of Rankin–Selberg L-function
Authors: Munshi Ritabrata , Sengupta Jyoti
Published: January 2016

We address the problem of identifying a Hecke–Maass cusp form f of full level from the central values of the Rankin–Selberg L-functions L(1/2,f⊗h) where h runs through the set of Hecke–Maass eigenforms of full level. We prove a quantitative result in this direction.
Nilpotent covers and non-nilpotent subsets of finite groups of Lie type
Authors: Azad Azizollah , Britnell John R. , Gill Nick
Published: January 2016

Let G be a finite group and c be an element of

ℤ
+

∪

{
∞
}

${\mathbb {Z}^+\cup \lbrace \infty \rbrace }$

. A subgroup H of G is said to be
c-nilpotent
if it is nilpotent and has nilpotency class at most c. A subset X of G is said to be
non-c-nilpotent if it contains no two elements x and y such that the subgroup

〈
x
,
y
〉

${\langle x,y\rangle }$

is c-nilpotent. In this paper we study the quantity

ω
c

(
G
)

${\omega _c({G})}$

, defined to be the size of the largest non-c-nilpotent subset of L.

In the case that L is a finite group of Lie type, we identify covers of L by c-nilpotent subgroups, and
we use these covers to construct large non-c-nilpotent sets in the group L. We prove that for groups L of fixed rank r, there exist constants
Dr
and Er
such that

D
r

N
≤

ω
∞

(
L
)

≤

E
r

N

${D_r N \le \omega _\infty (L) \le E_r N}$

, where N is the number of maximal tori in L.

In the case of groups L with twisted rank 1, we provide exact formulae for

ω
c

(
L
)

${\omega _c({L})}$

for all

c
∈

ℤ
+

∪

{
∞
}

${c\in \mathbb {Z}^+\cup \lbrace \infty \rbrace }$

. If we write q for the level of the Frobenius endomorphism associated with L and assume that q > 5, then

ω
∞

(
L
)

${\omega _\infty ({L})}$

may be expressed as a polynomial in q with coefficients in

{
0
,
1
}

$\lbrace 0,1\rbrace $

.
Agile CD22 nanoclusters run rings around fenced BCR
Authors: Depoil David , Dustin Michael L
Published: January 2016

B lymphocytes are key players in host defence, but also autoimmune diseases. Their survival depends upon tonic signals transduced by surface immunoglobulin (BCR) and the process leading to antibody secretion is initiated by interaction of BCR with a cognate antigen. CD22 limits signalling of the BCR to strike a balance between tonic signalling, reactivity to pathogens and prevention of autoimmunity. In this issue, Gasparrini et al (2016) combined super‐resolution imaging approaches with single‐particle tracking and simulations to show how CD22 controls the signalling state of the BCR. They demonstrated that small CD22 nanoclusters run rings around the BCR in confined steady state to maintain low tonic signals, but releasing BCR from these corrals allows BCR cluster growth, which overcomes the harrying inhibition from highly mobile CD22.
Pancreatic cancer microenvironment, to target or not to target?
Authors: Carr Ryan M , Fernandez‐Zapico Martin E
Published: January 2016

We have collectively been spoiled by the astounding clinical benefit of antimicrobials. Much like the discovery and use of penicillin to eradicate once deadly infections, we continue to desperately search for the next “magic bullet” to kill cancer while sparing the non‐transformed cells. Greater appreciation for the molecular intricacies of malignancy has resulted in dedicated pursuit of cancer genomics and large‐scale informatics to identify “drugable” targets within the cancer cell itself. However, studies at the bench elucidating a dynamic relationship between tumor and microenvironment have become more common and demonstrate promise for novel therapeutic intervention.
CRISPR/Cas‐mediated genome editing to treat EGFR‐mutant lung cancer: a personalized molecular surgical therapy
Authors: Tang Huibin , Shrager Joseph B
Published: January 2016

While substantial progress has been made in the treatment of lung cancer with the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that target tumor‐driving mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), nearly all patients treated with TKIs ultimately develop drug resistance due to resistance‐conferring genomic mutations. CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated genome editing is a powerful new technique that allows precise changes to be made to cells’ genomes. This technology is currently used widely in research laboratories, but it has yet to make an impact in the clinics. We suggest a potential exciting clinical application for this technical advance—allowing personalized, molecular surgery to correct or destroy the mutated EGFR. After detection of EGFR mutations in individual patients’ cancers from biopsy samples, the EGFR‐mutant genes will be repaired or destroyed with virus‐delivered CRISPR/Cas system. We demonstrate the feasibility of such an approach with examples from the most common primary and secondary EGFR mutations that are encountered. These proposed “molecular surgeries” on genomic DNA directly target the cause of the disease in a personalized and possibly permanent manner. This approach could be combined with traditional surgery, radiation therapy, or chemo/targeted therapy.
The Female Post-Mating Response Requires Genes Expressed in the Secondary Cells of the Male Accessory Gland inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Sitnik Jessica L , Gligorov Dragan , Maeda Robert K , Karch François , Wolfner Mariana F
Published: January 2016

Seminal proteins from the Drosophila male accessory gland induce post-mating responses (PMR) in females. The PMR comprise behavioral and physiological changes that include increased egg laying, decreased receptivity to courting males, and changes in the storage and use of sperm. Many of these changes are induced by a “sex peptide” (SP) and are maintained by SP’s binding to, and slow release from, sperm. The accessory gland contains two secretory cell types with distinct morphological and developmental characteristics. Products of these “main” and “secondary” cells work interdependently to induce and maintain the PMR. To identify individual genes needed for the morphology and function of secondary cells, we studied iab-6cocu males, whose secondary cells have abnormal morphology and fail to provide products to maintain the PMR. By RNA-seq, we identified 77 genes that are downregulated by a factor of >5× in iab-6cocu males. By functional assays and microscopy, we tested 20 candidate genes and found that at least 9 are required for normal storage and release of SP in mated females. Knockdown of each of these 9 genes consequently leads to a reduction in egg laying and an increase in receptivity over time, confirming a role for the secondary cells in maintaining the long-term PMR. Interestingly, only 1 of the 9 genes, CG3349, encodes a previously reported seminal fluid protein (Sfp), suggesting that secondary cells may perform essential functions beyond the production and modification of known Sfps. At least 3 of the 9 genes also regulate the size and/or abundance of secondary cell vacuoles, suggesting that the vacuoles’ contents may be important for the machinery used to maintain the PMR.
Hyperthyroidism Presenting With Pathologic Fractures
Authors: Sarezky Margaret D. , Corwin Daniel J. , Harrison Victor S. , Jacobstein Cynthia
Published: January 2016

Previous studies have shown that thyroid hormone directly stimulates bone resorption in in vitro organ culture, and in adults excess thyroid hormone is associated with decreased bone mineral density. There are limited data in children regarding the effect of hyperthyroidism on bone metabolism and even fewer instances in the literature of hyperthyroidism presenting with bone demineralization and fracture. We report a case of an 11-year-old boy with undiagnosed hyperthyroidism presenting with fractures and osteoporosis. This case emphasizes the importance of maintaining a broad differential diagnosis when a patient presents with a pathologic fracture.
Incidence of Concussion in Youth Ice Hockey Players
Authors: Kontos Anthony P. , Elbin R.J. , Sufrinko Alicia , Dakan Scott , Bookwalter Kylie , Price Ali , Meehan William P. , Collins Michael W.
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND:

Ice hockey is a fast-paced collision sport that entails both intentional (ie, body checking) and incidental contact that may involve the head. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of concussions in relation to games/practices and age among competition-level youth ice hockey players (ages 12–18 years).

METHODS:

Participants included 397 youth ice hockey players from Western Pennsylvania; Boston, Massachusetts; and Birmingham, Alabama, during the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 youth ice hockey seasons. Incidence rates (IRs) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of concussion were calculated for games/practices and age groups.

RESULTS:

A total of 23 369 (12 784 practice/10 585 game) athletic exposures (AEs) involving 37 medically diagnosed concussions occurred. More than 40% of concussions involved illegal contact. The combined IR for games and practices was 1.58 concussions per 1000 AEs. The IRR was 2.86 times (95% confidence interval 0.68–4.42) higher during games (2.49 per 1000 AEs) than practices (1.04 per 1000 AEs).

CONCLUSIONS:

The overall IR for concussion in youth ice hockey was comparable to those reported in other youth collision sports. The game-to-practice IRR was lower than previously reported in ice hockey and other youth sports, although more concussions per exposure occurred in games compared with practices. Younger players had a higher rate of concussions than older players.
Turner Syndrome and Celiac Disease: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Mårild Karl , Størdal Ketil , Hagman Anna , Ludvigsson Jonas F.
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE:

Turner syndrome (TS) is the most common sex chromosome abnormality in females. Previous research has indicated a high prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in TS, but data have mostly been limited to case series at tertiary centers. We aimed to examine the risk for CD in individuals with TS compared with the general population.

METHODS:

This Swedish nationwide case-control study included individuals with CD and controls born in 1973-2006. The study consisted of 2 groups: (1) 7548 females with biopsy-verified CD (villous atrophy; Marsh stage 3) diagnosed until January 2008 according to histopathology report data from all 28 Swedish pathology departments and (2) 34 492 population-based controls matched by gender, age, calendar year of birth, and county of residence. TS, diagnosed by the end of 2009, was identified using prospectively recorded data from 3 nationwide health registries. Odds ratios (ORs) for CD were calculated using conditional logistic regression.

RESULTS:

Of the 7548 females with CD, 20 had a diagnosis of TS (0.26%) compared with 21 of 34 492 controls (0.06%), corresponding to an OR of 3.29 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.94–5.56) for CD in individuals with TS. The risk of CD in females with TS ranged from twofold (OR 2.16; 95% CI 0.91–5.11) in the first 5 years of life to a more than fivefold increase in females aged >10 years at CD diagnosis (OR 5.50; 95% CI 1.53–19.78). The association between TS and CD was largely unaffected by concurrent type 1 diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS:

Females with TS are more likely to develop CD. This study supports active case-finding for CD in TS.
Narratividade histórica e natureza humana em Hume
Authors: Lemos Fabiano
Published: January 2016

O artigo pretende discutir o estatuto da narratividade na obra de Hume, não apenas como metodologia, mas como o único meio através do qual a natureza humana ela mesma pode ser abordada no interior de seu projeto de uma ciência do homem. Em uma perspectiva exclusivamente empírica, a história se revela como o nível de composição de narrações – tanto no estudo dos costumes quanto ao lidar com a formação das relações de ideias. A leitura de muitos comentadores de Hume, que dissociam o Tratado da História da Inglaterra como dois desenvolvimentos separados de uma escrita heterogênea, pode ser desconstruída, assim, através de uma consideração atenta do que está em jogo nas demandas de objetividade no contexto da historiografia pós-rankeana.
El mosaico de Bernard – La explicación causal en biología funcional
Authors: Caponi Gustavo
Published: January 2016

Según un punto de vista muy difundido, y alineado con la concepción nómica de la explicación causal, la biología funcional está sometida a un régimen de heteronomía explicativa en cuyo marco los fenómenos orgánicos deben explicarse recurriendo a leyes oriundas de la física y la química. En contra de esa perspectiva, la concepción experimental de la causación permite entender la naturaleza de muchas explicaciones biológicas que, sin hacer referencia a leyes causales – físicas, químicas o de cualquier otra naturaleza – se legitiman por el hecho de ponernos en condiciones de controlar experimentalmente fenómenos relativos al funcionamiento y a la constitución de los organismos. Esas explicaciones suponen invariantes locales que muchas veces, pero no necesariamente, podrán llegar a ser caracterizados como instancias de leyes físico químicas.
Condición, naturaleza humana y el origen de la sociedad civil en la filosofía vitoriana
Authors: Rivas Diego Alfredo Perez
Published: January 2016

En la filosofía de Francisco de Vitoria la creación de la sociedad civil es causada por la vulnerabilidad de la condición humana, así como por el posterior desarrollo de las facultades intelectuales. Vitoria planteó que el poder civil residía fundamentalmente en la república, no siendo transferido mediante gracia divina a ninguna persona en particular. En esta visión, la discusión sobre el origen de la sociedad civil es desarrollada mediante argumentos filosóficos y excluyendo los argumentos teológicos como la gracia divina. Con estas ideas creó un primer puente que conecta su visión con las teorías modernas de la soberanía popular. En el artículo se propone la revisión de las ideas de Vitoria considerando tres dicotomías: la gracia y la naturaleza humana, el lógos y la sociabilidad, la racionalidad y la libertad.
A filosofia política de João Gerson (1363-1429) e o debate sobre a autonomia e os limites dos poderes
Authors: Culleton Alfredo
Published: January 2016

O longo debate provocado pelo Cisma do Ocidente (1378-1417) propiciou um profícuo aprofundamento de alguns conceitos próprios da filosofia política, que, ainda que no marco da filosofia medieval, oferece elementos que serão fundamentais para o desenvolvimento da filosofia política moderna. Neste artigo, estudaremos a contribuição dado por João Gerson a esse debate, sobretudo relativa aos conceitos de lei natural, regimes de governo e divisão de poderes.
Apresentação
Authors: Pich Roberto Hofmeister
Published: January 2016

.
Tripartição e estrutura bipolar da alma em Platão
Authors: Perine Marcelo
Published: January 2016

Quando Platão trata das “afecções e as formas que ela [a alma]tem na vida humana” (República X, 612 A), ele a descreve segundo umesquema tripartite, tal como aparece também na exposição dos seusgêneros na República (IV, 437 B-441 C). No Timeu, ao tomar a via maislonga para expor a natureza da alma, Platão apresenta a Ideia da almacósmica como uma mistura de três Ideias intermediárias procedentesde um princípio bipolar. Assim como na alma do mundo, também aalma humana possui uma estrutura tripartite hierarquizada segundoo mesmo princípio bipolar que governa a realidade. O artigo pretendemostrar que essas perspectivas não se contradizem, mas se completamna obra platônica.
A concepção de alma em Avicena: não apesar de Aristóteles e, sim, através de Aristóteles
Authors: Genz Antonio Carlos de Madalena
Published: January 2016

No artigo, analisa-se a concepção de alma de Avicena (Ibn Sina), apresentada no Livro da alma, com particular atenção ao experimento do Homem Suspenso no Espaço (HSE) e as questões derivadas a partir do mesmo. Essas dizem respeito ao vínculo de Avicena com o aristotelismo ou o neoplatonismo, as duas principaisinfluências filosóficas sobre o autor. Embora utilize principalmente conceitos aristotélicos, com o mencionado experimento Avicena rompe com a concepção aristotélica da alma, afirmando a estrita substancialidade dessa última. No artigo, busca-se mostrar que, não obstante a noção de substancialidade ser estranha ao quadro aristotélico, ainda assim Avicena é mais bem compreendido, quanto àdoutrina da alma, se visto pela ótica aristotélica, e não por uma óticaneoplatônica.
A liberdade humana e as suas diferentes situações existenciais: a infância, o sono, a demência e a ignorância no pensamento de Luis de Molina (1535-1600)
Authors: Rebalde João
Published: January 2016

Neste estudo, pretende-se mostrar como o jesuíta Luis de Molina define a liberdade humana e a pensa em diferentes situações existenciais, nomeadamente a infância, o sono, a demência e a ignorância, na obra Concordia liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, providentia, praedestinatione et reprobatione (1588). Discute-se também a importância da educação, da medicina e da religião no desenvolvimento do ser humano, no pensamento de Molina.
Wittgenstein: uma abordagem expressivista sobre as emoções
Authors: Carmo Juliano Santos do
Published: January 2016

Neste trabalho, tem-se a intenção de mostrar que a abordagem de Wittgenstein sobre os conceitos de sensação e emoção pode lançar luz sobre muitos dilemas filosóficos que permanecem presentes no debate contemporâneo. A minha análise tem como ponto de partida a abordagem de Jesse Prinz sobre as emoções, a qual é fortemente influenciada pela teoria fisiológica de William James. Nesse sentido, procurarei mostrar que Prinz está sujeito as mesmas críticas que Wittgenstein endereçou à teoria de William James. Por fim, eu argumentarei que Wittgenstein, nas Investigações filosóficas, defendeu um tipo peculiar de expressivismo que, apesar de manter profundas diferenças com o expressivismo tradicional, é capaz de figurar como uma posição não cognitivista. Argumentarei, adicionalmente, que o erro na teoria de William James (e, portanto, também o erro de Prinz) é não considerar os múltiplos usos dos termos psicológicos (ou seja, pensar que os termos psicológicos possuem um uso uniforme).
Trademark property and human rights
Authors: Vida Sándor
Published: January 2016

The article reports on some judgments of the European Court of Human Rights applying the principles of the European Convention on Human Rights in respect of trademarks. The first group of cases relates to the freedom of expression (Art 10). In the cases Tokaji, Marlboro and McDonald’s, the applicants referred to this principle to defend their actions related to the trademark. The second kind of cases relate to the protection of property (Protocol No. 1). In the case of Budweiser the European Court took the position in favor of applying this rule to a trademark application. The third group of cases relates to the right to a fair trial (Art. 6). According to reports on the Orient and McDonald’s cases, the national courts committed important procedural faults. The conclusion of the author is that trademark rights can be protected by means of human rights only in exceptional circumstances.
Sovereignty — out, constitutional identity — In: The ‘core areas’ of controversy of EU membership
Authors: Jovanović Miodrag
Published: January 2016

The Lisbon Treaty has sparked a new round of debate about the nature of membership in the European Union. Constitutional courts of Germany and the Czech Republic played a prominent role in this debate. Parts of their rulings were framed in the traditional vocabulary of ‘sovereignty’. In this paper, I proceed by showing heuristic limitations of the concept of ‘sovereignty’ in addressing the intricate issue of the EU membership. I will, first, argue that none of the aspects of sovereignty – neither international, nor domestic – is significantly affected by the membership in the Union. Moreover, the sovereignty lenses necessarily put emphasis on the question of the final authority, which legal pluralists rightly reject as misleading in the EU context. This rejection is a result of a genuine “heterarchical” relation between the EU and Member States. As a consequence, the EU membership can be more adequately reconstructed through the constitutional identity lenses. This is what both constitutional courts to a certain extent did in their Lisbon rulings. The German court, in addition, tried to determine the “core areas” of competences beyond which the constitutional identity of Germany as a member state can be compromised within the EU. In the last part of the paper, I will challenge this course of action by demonstrating that it is problematic on a number of accounts. In this respect, the Czech Constitutional Court’s (hereinafter: CCC) approach of refraining from determining in advance and in abstracto what might be the ultimate defining elements of the Czech constitutional identity seems to be more commendable.