bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
e-ASPECTS software is non-inferior to neuroradiologists in applying the ASPECT score to computed tomography scans of acute ischemic stroke patients
Authors: Nagel Simon , Sinha Devesh , Day Diana , Reith Wolfgang , Chapot René , Papanagiotou Panagiotis , Warburton Elizabeth A , Guyler Paul , Tysoe Sharon , Fassbender Klaus , Walter Silke , Essig Marco , Heidenrich Jens , Konstas Angelos A , Harrison Michael , Papadakis Michalis , Greveson Eric , Joly Olivier , Gerry Stephen , Maguire Holly , Roffe Christine , Hampton-Till James , Buchan Alastair M , Grunwald Iris Q
Published: November 2016

Background

The Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS) is an established 10-point quantitative topographic computed tomography scan score to assess early ischemic changes. We performed a non-inferiority trial between the e-ASPECTS software and neuroradiologists in scoring ASPECTS on non-contrast enhanced computed tomography images of acute ischemic stroke patients.

Methods

In this multicenter study, e-ASPECTS and three independent neuroradiologists retrospectively and blindly assessed baseline non-contrast enhanced computed tomography images of 132 patients with acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke. Follow-up scans served as ground truth to determine the definite area of infarction. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for region- and score-based analysis, receiver-operating characteristic curves, Bland-Altman plots and Matthews correlation coefficients relative to the ground truth were calculated and comparisons were made between neuroradiologists and different pre-specified e-ASPECTS operating points. The non-inferiority margin was set to 10% for both sensitivity and specificity on region-based analysis.

Results

In total 2640 (132 patients × 20 regions per patient) ASPECTS regions were scored. Mean time from onset to baseline computed tomography was 146 ± 124 min and median NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was 11 (6–17, interquartile range). Median ASPECTS for ground truth on follow-up imaging was 8 (6.5–9, interquartile range). In the region-based analysis, two e-ASPECTS operating points (sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 44%, 93%, 87% and 44%, 91%, 85%) were statistically non-inferior to all three neuroradiologists (all p-values <0.003). Both Matthews correlation coefficients for e-ASPECTS were higher (0.36 and 0.34) than those of all neuroradiologists (0.32, 0.31, and 0.3).

Conclusions

e-ASPECTS was non-inferior to three neuroradiologists in scoring ASPECTS on non-contrast enhanced computed tomography images of acute stroke patients.
Biofidelic mechanical ageing of ethylene vinyl acetate running footwear midsole foam
Authors: Lippa Nadine M , Krzeminski David E , Piland Scott G , Rawlins James W , Gould Trenton E
Published: November 2016

Simple manipulation of force–time input is a potential strategy to increase the biofidelity of running footwear mechanical ageing. The purpose of this study was to compare a Dwell protocol, which incorporated a recovery period characteristic of the float phase of running, to traditional sinusoidal ageing. A second aim was to use the protocol to compare the mechanical ageing performance of foam, a halved commercial running shoe, and a cylindrical plug cut from a running shoe to quantify effects due to testing geometry and to estimate the contribution of midsole foam to shoe energy management. Dwell was more biofidelic and less aggressive than Sine because (1) net displacement and energy absorption were greater than Sine and (2) net displacement and energy absorption decreased at a slower rate than Sine. Using a 60 mm diameter cylindrical plug to estimate the performance of a halved shoe with 100 mm contact area led to 20% overestimation of energy absorption. Comparing the performance of a slab of foam and a cylindrical plug cut out from a shoe, the midsole was estimated to manage 90% of the energy. Differences between sample types were also related to stiffness, yield behavior, and resulting hysteresis curve shapes, which revealed that the outsole improved sample deformation and durability. Overall, results supported that Dwell improved the biofidelity of mechanical ageing, testing geometry is an important consideration in experimental design, and most of the energy was managed by the midsole.
The Elimination of Transfer Distances Is an Important Part of Hospital Design
Authors: Karvonen Sauli , Nordback Isto , Elo Jussi , Havulinna Jouni , Laine Heikki-Jussi
Published: November 2016

Objective:

The objective of the present study was to describe how a specific patient flow analysis with from-to charts can be used in hospital design and layout planning.

Background:

As part of a large renewal project at a university hospital, a detailed patient flow analysis was applied to planning the musculoskeletal surgery unit (orthopedics and traumatology, hand surgery, and plastic surgery).

Method:

First, the main activities of the unit were determined. Next, the routes of all patients treated over the course of 1 year were studied, and their physical movements in the current hospital were calculated. An ideal layout of the new hospital was then generated to minimize transfer distances by placing the main activities with close to each other, according to the patient flow analysis. The actual architectural design was based on the ideal layout plan. Finally, we compared the current transfer distances to the distances patients will move in the new hospital.

Results:

The methods enabled us to estimate an approximate 50% reduction in transfer distances for inpatients (from 3,100 km/year to 1,600 km/year) and 30% reduction for outpatients (from 2,100 km/year to 1,400 km/year).

Conclusions:

Patient transfers are nonvalue-added activities. This study demonstrates that a detailed patient flow analysis with from-to charts can substantially shorten transfer distances, thereby minimizing extraneous patient and personnel movements. This reduction supports productivity improvement, cross-professional teamwork, and patient safety by placing all patient flow activities close to each other. Thus, this method is a valuable additional tool in hospital design.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medication use: factors involved in prescribing, safety aspects and outcomes
Authors: Martinez-Raga Jose , Ferreros Amparo , Knecht Carlos , de Alvaro Raquel , Carabal Eloisa
Published: November 2016

While treatment of patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is based on a multimodal approach that combines medication with specific psychological interventions, pharmacotherapy alone is generally considered an essential and cost-effective element. This paper aims to comprehensively and critically review factors involved in prescribing and medication use in individuals diagnosed with ADHD, focusing on the difficulties facing patients with ADHD seeking treatment, as well as the safety and tolerability aspects of ADHD pharmacotherapies, with particular attention on the cardiovascular adverse events and the potential risk of misuse or diversion of ADHD medications. A comprehensive and systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE database was conducted to identify studies published in peer-reviewed journals until 1 August 2016. Children, adolescents and adults often encounter significant difficulties in the process of accessing specialist assessment and treatment for ADHD as a consequence of disparities in service organization and available treatment provision. Despite the well-established efficacy and overall safety profile, ADHD medications are not exempt from adverse events. The cardiovascular safety of pharmacotherapies used for treating individuals with ADHD has raised particular concerns; however there is little evidence of serious cardiovascular adverse events, including no serious corrected QT (QTc) abnormalities associated with stimulants, atomoxetine or α2-adrenergic receptor agonists. Although the abuse of prescription stimulant drugs, particularly, short-acting stimulants is a prevalent and growing problem, nonmedical use of prescription stimulants within the clinical context is very limited. In addition, nonstimulant ADHD medications lack any reinforcing effects and consequently any abuse potential.
Adverse drug reactions in therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest
Authors: Witcher Robert , Dzierba Amy L. , Kim Catherine , Smithburger Pamela L. , Kane-Gill Sandra L.
Published: November 2016

Background:

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) improves survival and neurologic function in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Many medications used to support TH have altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during this treatment. It is unknown if or at what frequency the medications used during TH cause adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) after cardiac arrest and treated with TH from January 2009 to June 2012 at two urban, university-affiliated, tertiary-care medical centres. Medications commonly used during TH were screened for association with significant ADRs (grade 3 or greater per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events) using three published ADR detection instruments.

Results:

A total of 229 patients were included, the majority being males with median age of 62 presenting with an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in pulseless electrical activity or asystole. The most common comorbidities were hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes mellitus. There were 670 possible ADRs and 69 probable ADRs identified. Of the 670 possible ADRs, propofol, fentanyl, and acetaminophen were the most common drugs associated with ADRs. Whereas fentanyl, insulin, and propofol were the most common drugs associated with a probable ADR. Patients were managed with TH for a median of 22 hours, with 38% of patients surviving to hospital discharge.

Conclusions:

Patients undergoing TH after cardiac arrest frequently experience possible adverse reactions associated with medications and the corresponding laboratory abnormalities are significant. There is a need for judicious use and close monitoring of drugs in the setting of TH until recommendations for dose adjustments are available to help prevent ADRs.
An Exercise in Failure
Authors: Gascón Luis Daniel , Roussell Aaron
Published: November 2016

Juvenile correctional boot camps seek to transform youth labeled “at-risk” into productive members of society. While these military-style programs have been in decline since the early 2000s, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), one of the largest agencies in the country, continues to embrace them as a key disciplinary practice and vestige of the “get tough” era in U.S. juvenile justice reform. Contemporary transformative programs have been linked to Progressive Era juvenile social control, and scholars are beginning to show that, historically, racial exclusion has been a central function. The goals of this research are to interrogate the treatment of boot camp participants by police and demonstrate how racial exclusion remains central to juvenile social control. Drawing on collaborative ethnographic fieldwork, this study shows how police stigmatize Black and Latino parents, adopt the role of disciplinary authority in the family, and infuse formal control processes into domestic life. Youth face stigmatizing encounters through degradation and punitive physical training as part of the camp’s disciplinary regime. This research suggests that youth intervention programs built on liberal ideals are the most recent in a long line of racialized social control systems in the United States that seek to stigmatize and confine youth of color.
Essentials in Return to Work Issues
Authors: Sandal Candace L.
Published: November 2016

To manage potential disabilities, the occupational and environmental health nurse has an extensive understanding of disability issues, provides functional worker assessments, and meets business requirements. They appropriately assess worker health issues and offer creative solutions to address both worker and business needs.
Book Review: Lisa Balabanlilar, Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia
Authors: Moosvi Shireen
Published: November 2016

Lisa Balabanlilar, Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia, Indian edition (New Delhi: Viva Books), 2013, xix + 216 pp., ₹1,895 (hardback).
Rent and poverty in Western Uttar Pradesh: The Official Inquiry of 1888–89
Authors: Moosvi Shireen
Published: November 2016

The enquiry into rural poverty undertaken in 1888-89 in what is now Uttar Pradesh is very difficult to obtain, although it was printed at the time and placed before parliament in London. It has information on many aspects like food eaten, cloth worn etc., but in this paper only information about rent and debt from the three West U.P. destricts of Mathura, Etah and Etawa is analysed and presented. It shows that it was the heavy revenue demand which largely pushed up the rents imposed by landlords on peasants.
Drivers Enabling Value Co-creation: A Study of Select IT-services Outsourcing Firms (Client vis-à-vis Service Provider)
Authors: Chebiyyam Murthy , Srivastava Vibhava , Aggarwal Vijay , Gupta Narain
Published: November 2016

The phenomenon of value creation is witnessing a shift towards value co-creation, particularly in collaborative relationship. This study explores and prioritizes drivers enabling value co-creation from the perspectives of client and service provider in the context of IT-services outsourcing. An extensive literature review and subsequent pilot study suggest six probable value drivers that are further, statistically validated and prioritized. The unit of analysis is front-line professionals, working with either party. A web-based survey was administered to collect data from 256 respondents, drawn using judgemental sampling. Strategic Intent and Service Actualization are found to be significant and common value drivers for both parties (client and service provider), though with different priorities. The other significant value drivers are found to be Collective Capabilities for client and Intrapreneurship for service provider (these value drivers are not common to the client and service provider). This study reiterates and crystallizes the understanding of value co-creation process in the context of IT-services outsourcing. The identified drivers would enable practitioners to understand and to reconcile the drivers for client(s) and service provider(s) in order to realize the respective value outcome. The commonality of two value drivers; strategic intent and service actualization for both clients and service providers indicates the opportunity for co-creation of value.
Knowledge of Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Prevention
Authors: Mohamed Sahimi , Abdul Razak Tariq , Hashim Rosnani , Mohd Ali Zarina
Published: November 2016

Bacground: Atrial fibrillation (AF) patients are 5 times more likely to have stroke than non-AF patients. Stroke prevention (SP) using anticoagulation therapy was recommended in AF patients. Knowledge about AF and SP (KAFSP) is one of the essential factors that can improve patients’ adherence. Yet no established studies were found to determine patients’ KAFSP among AF patients. Objectives: To develop and validate the questionnaire used to measure KAFSP. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 4 hospitals in Malaysia. The psychometric of the KAFSP Questionnaire (KAFSP-Q) were performed using content validity index (CVI), internal consistency, test-retest, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and sensitivity test. Results: A total of 304 patients completed a face-to-face interview to answer the KAFSP-Q. Content and face validity was assessed by 6 experts who are knowledgeable in this field and 15 AF patients, respectively. The KAFSP-Q had good CVI and were well understood by AF patients. The KAFSP-Q also had good reliability and stability with Cronbach’s α of .83 and intraclass correlation coefficient values in test-retest for stability of .9. The EFA results indicated that there were 6 factors with factor loadings above .30. The low correlations between subscales ranged between .01 and .48, which indicated that good discriminant and construct validity were achieved. The scale was able to differentiate between patients’ knowledge levels before and after counseling given. Conclusions: The KAFSP-Q is reliable and valid to measure patients’ KAFSP. Further validation studies are recommended to validate the KAFSP-Q in different contexts and in other languages.
Tvrdýite, Fe2+Fe32+Al3(PO4)4(OH)5(OH2)4·2H2O, a new phosphate mineral from Krásno near Horní Slavkov, Czech Republic
Authors: Sejkora J. , Grey I. E. , Kampf A. R. , Price J. R. , Čejka J.
Published: November 2016

Tvrdýite, Fe2+Fe3+2A13(PO4)4(OH)5(OH2)4·2H2O, is a new phosphate mineral from the abandoned Huber open pit, in the Krásno ore district near Horní Slavkov, western Bohemia, Czech Republic. It was found along with Al-rich beraunite, fluorapatite and pharmacosiderite in a cavity of quartz gangue. Tvrdýite forms acicular to fibrous crystals with diameters in the range 0.5–5 μm and lengths up to 300 μm, partly grouped in radiating aggregates up to 3 mm in size. It has a silvery to olive, greyish green colour with pearly lustre, greyish-white streak and is very brittle with an uneven fracture; individual fibres are somewhat flexible. Cleavage on {100} is good; the Mohs hardness is ∼3–4. The calculated density is 2.834 g cm–3. Tvrdýite is optically biaxial (–), with α = 1.650(2), β = 1.671(1) and γ = 1.677(1) (white light); 2V = 56(1)°; dispersion: r > v, strong; optical orientation: Z = b, X ≈ a, Y ≈ c; pleochroism: X = greenish blue, Y = yellowish orange, Z = yellowish orange (X>> Y > Z). Tvrdýite is monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 20.564(4), b = 5.101(1), c = 18.883(4) Å, β = 93.68(3)° and V = 1976.7(7) Å3, Z = 4, a:b:c= 4.031:1:3.702. The strongest eight lines in the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern [d in Å (I)(hkl)] are 10.227 (100) (200), 9.400 (6) (002), 7.156 (14) (202), 5.120 (7) (400), 3.416 (11) (600), 3.278 (6) (602), 2.562 (5) (800) and 2.0511 (3) (10,0,0). Chemical analyses by electron microprobe yielded MnO 0.01, ZnO 5.08, , FeO 4.31, Fe2O3 21.16, Al2O316.71, P2O5 32.64, As2O5 2.56, F 0.53, H2O (calc.) 17.84, O = F –0.22, total 100.62 wt.%. The resulting empirical formula, calculated on the base of 27 anions, obtained from the crystal structure, is Zn0.52Fe2+0.50Fe3+2.21Al2.75(PO4)3.86(AsO4)0.19OH4.60F0.23(OH2)4·2H2O. The ideal formula, Fe2+Fe3+2Al3(PO4)4(OH)5(OH2)4-2H2O, requires FeO 8.75, Fe2O3 19.44, Al2O3 18.62, P2O5 34.56, H2O 18.64, total 100.00 wt.%. The crystal structure of tvrdýite was solved from single-crystal data (synchrotron beamline) and refined to R1 = 0.038 for 2276 reflections with I > 2σ(I). Tvrdýite is isostructural with beraunite, but contains dominant Al in two of the four independent M sites, which are all occupied by Fe in beraunite.
Targetable subsets of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Malawi define therapeutic opportunities
Authors: Morgan Elizabeth A. , Sweeney M. Patrick , Tomoka Tamiwe , Kopp Nadja , Gusenleitner Daniel , Redd Robert A. , Carey Christopher D. , Masamba Leo , Kamiza Steve , Pinkus Geraldine S. , Neuberg Donna S. , Rodig Scott J. , Milner Danny A. , Weinstock David M.
Published: November 2016

Key Points

NHL subclassification is lacking in Malawi due to resource constraints yet is critical for directing therapy. Targeted gene expression profiling facilitates objective assessment and segregation of biologically defined subsets of NHL from Malawi.
Bortezomib-based antibody depletion for refractory autoimmune hematological diseases
Authors: Ratnasingam Sumita , Walker Patricia A. , Tran Huy , Kaplan Zane S. , McFadyen James D. , Tran Huyen , Teh Tse-Chieh , Fleming Shaun , Catalano John V. , Chunilal Sanjeev D. , Johnston Anna , Opat Stephen S. , Shortt Jake
Published: November 2016

Key Points

Proteasome inhibition has pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties and is cytotoxic to antibody-producing B lymphocytes and plasma cells. Bortezomib yields high response rates in antibody-mediated autoimmune hematological diseases refractory to conventional immunosuppression.
Distal airway dysfunction identifies pulmonary inflammation in asymptomatic smokers
Authors: Berger Kenneth I. , Pradhan Deepak R. , Goldring Roberta M. , Oppenheimer Beno W. , Rom William N. , Segal Leopoldo N.
Published: November 2016

Smoking induced inflammation leads to distal airway destruction. However, the relationship between distal airway dysfunction and inflammation remains unclear, particularly in smokers prior to the development of airway obstruction.

Seven normal controls and 16 smokers without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were studied. Respiratory function was assessed using the forced oscillation technique (FOT). Abnormal FOT was defined as elevated resistance at 5 Hz (R5). Parameters reflecting distal lung function included frequency dependence of resistance (R5–20) and dynamic elastance (X5). Inflammation was quantified in concentrated bronchoalveolar lavage utilising cell count differential and cytokines expressed as concentration per mL epithelial lining fluid.

All control subjects and seven smokers had normalR5. Nine smokers had elevatedR5with abnormalR5–20andX5, indicating distal lung dysfunction. The presence of abnormal FOT was associated with two-fold higher lymphocyte and neutrophil counts (p<0.025) and with higher interleukin (IL)-8, eotaxin and fractalkine levels (p<0.01). Reactivity ofR5–20andX5correlated with levels of IL-8, eotaxin, fractalkine, IL-12p70 and transforming growth factor-α (r>0.47, p<0.01).

Distal airway dysfunction in smokers without COPD identifies the presence of distal lung inflammation that parallel reported observations in established COPD. These findings were not evident on routine pulmonary function testing and may allow the identification of smokers at risk of progression to COPD.
Automatic software correction of residual aberrations in reconstructed HRTEM exit waves of crystalline samples
Authors: Ophus Colin , Rasool Haider I , Linck Martin , Zettl Alex , Ciston Jim
Published: November 2016

We develop an automatic and objective method to measure and correct residual aberrations in atomic-resolution HRTEM complex exit waves for crystalline samples aligned along a low-index zone axis. Our method uses the approximate rotational point symmetry of a column of atoms or single atom to iteratively calculate a best-fit numerical phase plate for this symmetry condition, and does not require information about the sample thickness or precise structure. We apply our method to two experimental focal series reconstructions, imaging a β-Si3N4 wedge with O and N doping, and a single-layer graphene grain boundary. We use peak and lattice fitting to evaluate the precision of the corrected exit waves. We also apply our method to the exit wave of a Si wedge retrieved by off-axis electron holography. In all cases, the software correction of the residual aberration function improves the accuracy of the measured exit waves.
The Human Adrenal Gland Proteome Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling
Authors: Bergman Julia , Botling Johan , Fagerberg Linn , Hallström Björn M. , Djureinovic Dijana , Uhlén Mathias , Pontén Fredrik
Published: November 2016

The adrenal gland is a composite endocrine organ with vital functions that include the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids and catecholamines. To define the molecular landscape that underlies the specific functions of the adrenal gland, we combined a genome-wide transcriptomics approach using messenger RNA sequencing of human tissues with immunohistochemistry-based protein profiling on tissue microarrays. Approximately two-thirds of all putative protein coding genes were expressed in the adrenal gland, and the analysis identified 253 genes with an elevated pattern of expression in the adrenal gland, with only 37 genes showing a markedly greater expression level (more than fivefold) in the adrenal gland compared with 31 other normal human tissue types analyzed. The analyses allowed for an assessment of the relative expression levels for well-known proteins involved in adrenal gland function but also identified previously poorly characterized proteins in the adrenal cortex, such as the FERM (4.1 protein, ezrin, radixin, moesin) domain containing 5 and the nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV) protein homolog. We have provided a global analysis of the adrenal gland transcriptome and proteome, with a comprehensive list of genes with elevated expression in the adrenal gland and spatial information with examples of protein expression patterns for corresponding proteins. These genes and proteins constitute important starting points for an improved understanding of the normal function and pathophysiology of the adrenal glands.
Zika Virus and Patient Blood Management
Authors: Goodnough Lawrence T. , Marques Marisa B.
Published: November 2016

Sporadic Zika virus infections had only occurred in Africa and Asia until an outbreak in Micronesia (Oceania) in 2007. In 2013 to 2014, several outer Pacific Islands reported local outbreaks. Soon thereafter, the virus was likely introduced in Brazil from competing athletes from French Polynesia and other countries that participated in a competition there. Transmission is thought to have occurred through mosquito bites and spread to the immunologically naive population. Being also a flavivirus, the Zika virus is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito that is endemic in South and Central America that is also the vector of West Nile virus, dengue, and chikungunya. In less than a year, physicians in Brazil reported a many-fold increase in the number of babies born with microcephaly. Despite initial skepticism regarding the causal association of the Zika virus epidemic and birth defects, extensive basic and clinical research evidence has now confirmed this relationship. In the United States, more than 4000 travel-associated infections have been reported by the middle of 2016 to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Furthermore, many local mosquito-borne infections have occurred in Puerto Rico and Florida. Considering that the virus causes a viremia in which 80% of infected individuals have no symptoms, the potential for transfusion transmission from an asymptomatic blood donor is high if utilizing donor screening alone without testing. Platelet units have been shown to infect 2 patients via transfusion in Brazil. Although there was an investigational nucleic acid test available for testing donors, not all blood centers were initially required to participate. Subsequently, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a guidance in August 2016 that recommended universal nucleic acid testing for the Zika virus on blood donors.

In this report, we review the potentially devastating effects of Zika virus infection during pregnancy and its implication in cases of Guillain–Barre syndrome in adults. Furthermore, we urge hospital-based clinicians and transfusion medicine specialists to implement perisurgical patient blood management strategies to avoid blood component transfusions with their potential risks of emerging pathogens, illustrated here by the Zika virus. Ultimately, this current global threat, as described by the World Health Organization, will inevitably be followed by future outbreaks of other bloodborne pathogens; the principles and practices of perioperative patient blood management will reduce the risks from not only known, but also unknown risks of blood transfusion for our patients.
Malinowski, Herskovits, and the Controversy Over Economics in Anthropology
Authors: Cook Scott , Young Michael W.
Published: November 2016

Bronislaw Malinowski and Melville Herskovits were founding contributors to the anthropological study of economic life—Malinowski as a pioneering ethnographer in Melanesia and a late-career ethnographer in Oaxaca, Mexico, and Herskovits as the leading exponent of comparative studies. The definition of their respective approaches to the study of economic life began in the 1940s with Karl Polanyi and in the 1950s with Raymond Firth, culminating in the formalist-substantivist debate of the 1960s–1970s. Malinowski's contribution was defined as emphasizing the institutional matrix of the economy while denying the universal applicability of classical/neoclassical economics; Herskovits's was defined as promoting the applicability of economics in comparative studies. A reconsideration of Herskovits's writings shows that his advocacy of the application of economics by anthropologists had qualifications and caveats. New documentary information about Malinowski's approach reinforces his commitment to the study of economic life as an ethnographic pursuit rather than a comparative one. It further reveals his late-career openness to the use of classical/neoclassical economic principles and concepts, his familiarity with market economics, and his views on the role of theory in ethnographic economics.
An Activist Stance: The 1828 French Translation of Jeremy Bentham's Defence of Usury
Authors: Sigot Nathalie
Published: November 2016

This article aims to understand the reasons why, in 1828, Jeremy Bentham's Defence of Usury was translated into French by Saint-Amand Bazard, one of the two leaders of the Saint-Simonians, even though it had already been translated twice, in 1790. Addressing this issue enables us, first, to question the role of translations in the diffusion of economic ideas and, second, to better understand the relationship between a key component of the Saint-Simonians' economic theory—their ideas about the banking system—and Bentham's criticism of the usury laws that prevailed at the time. We reject the possibility that Bazard translated Bentham's work because he thought the two earlier translations inadequate and instead argue that he used the translation as a method to diffuse Saint-Simonian theories on credit and banking.
The role of the antioxidant system during intense endurance exercise: lessons from migrating birds
Authors: Cooper-Mullin Clara , McWilliams Scott R.
Published: November 2016

During migration, birds substantially increase their metabolic rate and burn fats as fuel and yet somehow avoid succumbing to overwhelming oxidative damage. The physiological means by which vertebrates such as migrating birds can counteract an increased production of reactive species (RS) are rather limited: they can upregulate their endogenous antioxidant system and/or consume dietary antioxidants (prophylactically or therapeutically). Thus, birds can alter different components of their antioxidant system to respond to the demands of long-duration flights, but much remains to be discovered about the complexities of RS production and antioxidant protection throughout migration. Here, we use bird migration as an example to discuss how RS are produced during endurance exercise and how the complex antioxidant system can protect against cellular damage caused by RS. Understanding how a bird's antioxidant system responds during migration can lend insights into how antioxidants protect birds during other life-history stages when metabolic rate may be high, and how antioxidants protect other vertebrates from oxidative damage during endurance exercise.
The role of plantigrady and heel-strike in the mechanics and energetics of human walking with implications for the evolution of the human foot
Authors: Webber James T. , Raichlen David A.
Published: November 2016

Human bipedal locomotion is characterized by a habitual heel-strike (HS) plantigrade gait, yet the significance of walking foot-posture is not well understood. To date, researchers have not fully investigated the costs of non-heel-strike (NHS) walking. Therefore, we examined walking speed, walk-to-run transition speed, estimated locomotor costs (lower limb muscle volume activated during walking), impact transient (rapid increase in ground force at touchdown) and effective limb length (ELL) in subjects (n=14) who walked at self-selected speeds using HS and NHS gaits. HS walking increases ELL compared with NHS walking since the center of pressure translates anteriorly from heel touchdown to toe-off. NHS gaits led to decreased absolute walking speeds (P=0.012) and walk-to-run transition speeds (P=0.0025), and increased estimated locomotor energy costs (P<0.0001) compared with HS gaits. These differences lost significance after using the dynamic similarity hypothesis to account for the effects of foot landing posture on ELL. Thus, reduced locomotor costs and increased maximum walking speeds in HS gaits are linked to the increased ELL compared with NHS gaits. However, HS walking significantly increases impact transient values at all speeds (P<0.0001). These trade-offs may be key to understanding the functional benefits of HS walking. Given the current debate over the locomotor mechanics of early hominins and the range of foot landing postures used by nonhuman apes, we suggest the consistent use of HS gaits provides key locomotor advantages to striding bipeds and may have appeared early in hominin evolution.
Metal Ion Hydrocarbon Bidentate Bonding in Alkyl Acetates, Methyl Alkanoates, Alcohols and 1-Alkenes: A Comparative Study
Authors: Burgers Peter C. , Holmes John L. , Terlouw Johan K.
Published: November 2016

The relative affinity of the monovalent metal ions Li+, Na+, Cu+ and Ag+ towards a series of aliphatic alkyl acetates and some selected 1-alkenes (P) was examined using the kinetic method. A detailed analysis of the dissociation characteristics of a series of mixed metal-bound dimer ions of the type P1-M+-P2 and the evaluated proton affinities (PAs) of the monomers shows that the affinity of the cation towards long-chain alkyl acetates and alkenes (having a chain length ? C4) is markedly enhanced. In line with recent studies of nitriles, alcohols and methyl alkanoates, this is attributed to a bidentate interaction of the metal ion with the functional group or double bond and the aliphatic chain. In particular, the longer chain alkyl acetates, methyl alkanoates and alcohols show a remarkably similar behaviour with respect to silver ion hydrocarbon bonding. The Ag+ adducts of the alkyl acetates dissociate by loss of CH3COOH. This reaction becomes more pronounced at longer chain lengths, which points to metal ion bidentate formation in [Ag+···1-alkene] product ions having a long hydrocarbon chain. In the same vein, the heterodimers [1-hexene···Ag+···1-heptene] and [1-heptene·Ag+···1-octene] dissociate primarily into [Ag+···1-heptene] and [Ag+···1-octene] ions, respectively. Hydrocarbon bidentate formation in [Ag+···1-octene] also reveals itself by the reluctance of this ion to react with water in an ion trap, as opposed to [Ag+···1-hexene] which readily undergoes hydration.
The Determinants of Productivity in Medical Testing: Intensity and Allocation of Care
Authors: Abaluck Jason , Agha Leila , Kabrhel Chris , Raja Ali , Venkatesh Arjun
Published: November 2016

A large body of research has investigated whether physicians overuse care. There is less evidence on whether, for a fixed level of spending, doctors allocate resources to patients with the highest expected returns. We assess both sources of inefficiency, exploiting variation in rates of negative imaging tests for pulmonary embolism. We document enormous across-doctor heterogeneity in testing conditional on patient population, which explains the negative relationship between physicians' testing rates and test yields. Furthermore, doctors do not target testing to the highest risk patients, reducing test yields by one-third. Our calibration suggests misallocation is more costly than overuse. (JEL I11, I13, I18)
Creative Destruction and Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Aghion Philippe , Akcigit Ufuk , Deaton Angus , Roulet Alexandra
Published: November 2016

In this paper we analyze the relationship between turnover-driven growth and subjective well-being. Our model of innovation-led growth and unemployment predicts that: (i) the effect of creative destruction on expected individual welfare should be unambiguously positive if we control for unemployment, less so if we do not; (ii) job creation has a positive and job destruction has a negative impact on well-being; (iii) job destruction has a less negative impact in areas with more generous unemployment insurance policies; and (iv) job creation has a more positive effect on individuals that are more forward-looking. The empirical analysis using cross-sectional MSA (metropolitan statistical area)-level and individual-level data provide empirical support to these predictions. (JEL I31, J63, J65, O33, O38)
Quality and Accountability in Health Care Delivery: Audit-Study Evidence from Primary Care in India
Authors: Das Jishnu , Holla Alaka , Mohpal Aakash , Muralidharan Karthik
Published: November 2016

We present unique audit-study evidence on health care quality in rural India, and find that most private providers lacked medical qualifications, but completed more checklist items than public providers and recommended correct treatments equally often. Among doctors with public and private practices, all quality metrics were higher in their private clinics. Market prices are positively correlated with checklist completion and correct treatment, but also with unnecessary treatments. However, public sector salaries are uncorrelated with quality. A simple model helps interpret our findings: Where public-sector effort is low, the benefits of higher diagnostic effort among private providers may outweigh costs of potential overtreatment. (JEL H42, I11, I18, O15)
Breakthroughs, Deadlines, and Self-Reported Progress: Contracting for Multistage Projects
Authors: Green Brett , Taylor Curtis R.
Published: November 2016

We study the optimal incentive scheme for a multistage project in which the agent privately observes intermediate progress. The optimal contract involves a soft deadline wherein the principal guarantees funding up to a certain date—if the agent reports progress at that date, then the principal gives him a relatively short hard deadline to complete the project—if progress is not reported at that date, then a probationary phase begins in which the project is randomly terminated at a constant rate until progress is reported. We explore several variants of the model with implications for optimal project design. In particular, we show that the principal benefits by imposing a small cost on the agent for submitting a progress report or by making the first stage of the project somewhat “harder” than the second. (JEL D82, D86, G32)
Biting the hand that feeds: current opinion on the interpersonal causes, correlates, and consequences of borderline personality disorder
Authors: Crowell Sheila E.
Published: November 2016

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex psychiatric diagnosis characterized by dysregulated behaviors, emotions, cognitions, and interpersonal relationships. In recent years, developmental psychopathologists have sought to identify early origins of BPD, with the ultimate goal of developing and providing effective preventative interventions for those at highest risk. In addition to heritable biological sensitivities, many scholars assert that environmental and interpersonal risk factors contribute to the emergence and maintenance of key borderline traits. Nonetheless, many BPD researchers examine only affected individuals, neglecting the family, peer, couple, and other dynamic contextual forces that impinge upon individual-level behavior. In the past decade, however, theoretical and empirical research has increasingly explored the interpersonal causes, correlates, and consequences of BPD. Such work has resulted in novel research and clinical theories intended to better understand and improve interpersonal dynamics among those with borderline traits. A major objective for the field is to better characterize how interpersonal dynamics affect (and are affected by) the behaviors, emotions, and thoughts of vulnerable individuals to either reduce or heighten risk for BPD.
Genetic factors influencing risk to orofacial clefts: today’s challenges and tomorrow’s opportunities
Authors: Beaty Terri H. , Marazita Mary L. , Leslie Elizabeth J.
Published: November 2016

Orofacial clefts include cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip and palate (CLP), which combined represent the largest group of craniofacial malformations in humans with an overall prevalence of one per 1,000 live births. Each of these birth defects shows strong familial aggregation, suggesting a major genetic component to their etiology. Genetic studies of orofacial clefts extend back centuries, but it has proven difficult to define any single etiologic mechanism because many genes appear to influence risk. Both linkage and association studies have identified several genes influencing risk, but these differ across families and across populations. Genome-wide association studies have identified almost two dozen different genes achieving genome-wide significance, and there are broad classes of ‘causal genes’ for orofacial clefts: a few genes strongly associated with risk and possibly directly responsible for Mendelian syndromes which include orofacial clefts as a key phenotypic feature of the syndrome, and multiple genes with modest individual effects on risk but capable of disrupting normal craniofacial development under the right circumstances (which may include exposure to environmental risk factors). Genomic sequencing studies are now underway which will no doubt reveal additional genes/regions where variants (sequence and structural) can play a role in controlling risk to orofacial clefts. The real challenge to medicine and public health is twofold: to identify specific genes and other etiologic factors in families with affected members and then to devise effective interventions for these different biological mechanisms controlling risk to complex and heterogeneous birth defects such as orofacial clefts.
The lichens and allied fungi from the Leningrad Region and Saint Petersburg in the lichen herbarium of the University of Tartu
Authors: Himelbrant Dmitry E.
Published: November 2016

The revision of specimens in the lichen herbarium of the University of Tartu revealed 127 specimens representing 86 species from the Leningrad Region and Saint Petersburg; these include Calicium adspersum published as a new species for the Leningrad Region and Carbonicola anthracophila reported for the first time for the Eastern Leningrad Region. A curious finding is Umbilicaria muehlenbergii, collected in 1954 in the northern part of Karelian Isthmus. Forgotten collections by Anne-Liis Sõmermaa (1972) from the territory of the modern Vepssky Forest Nature Park, by Haide-Ene Rebassoo (1988) from Maly Tuters Island (Vähä-Tytärsaari, Säyvö) and by Paul von Kühlewein (“regio Petropolitano”, 19th century) are of special interest.
The genus Lepraria (Stereocaulaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in Belarus
Authors: Tsurykau Andrei , Golubkov Vladimir , Bely Pavel
Published: November 2016

Based on an examination of 360 herbarium specimens of the genus Lepraria, this study deals with their morphology, secondary chemistry, habitat requirements and distribution in Belarus. Nine taxa have been accepted, of which L. ecorticata, L. finkii and L. rigidula are new to the country. L. incana appears to be the commonest species in the country (48% of the studied specimens).
EVALUACIÓN ON-LINE DEL PROCESO DE RESOLUCIÓN DE PROBLEMAS MATEMÁTICOS EN ESTUDIANTES DE QUINTO Y SEXTO CURSO: AUTO-REGULACIÓN Y LOGRO
Authors: Trinidad  , Betts Lucy , González-Castro Paloma , González-Pienda Julio Antonio , Rodríguez Celestino
Published: November 2016

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido poner a prueba un método de evaluación del proceso implicado en la resolución de problemas matemáticos, basado en la metodología de la Triple Tarea y en los principios del Aprendizaje Auto-regulado. Este protocolo se administró a 510 estudiantes de quinto y sexto curso procedentes del Norte de España, los cuales realizaron dos tareas matemáticas de diferente dificultad. Los resultados indicaron la presencia de unas estrategias de planificación ineficaces, así como la ausencia de mecanismos de revisión. Sin embargo, el análisis de las diferencias entre los grupos con diferente rendimiento en las tareas reveló los sub-procesos implicados en la planificación, y especialmente el empleo de estrategias de representación de la información, como determinantes importantes en el éxito de los estudiantes, ejerciendo un efecto mayor conforme la dificultad de la tarea aumentó.
Epilepsy in pregnancy: Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Authors: Doyle Lisa , Geraghty Sadie , Folan Margaret
Published: November 2016

After headache, epilepsy is the second most common neurological disorder encountered in pregnancy. Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological conditions in the world, with an estimated 50 million people affected worldwide. The majority of pregnant women with epilepsy have an uneventful pregnancy, labour and birth. Many pregnant women with epilepsy have well-controlled seizure activity owing to antiepileptic drugs. The use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy is challenging because of the need to maintain the balance between the benefits for the woman in seizure control and the risks to the fetus from the teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Sodium valproate and lamotrigine are currently prescribed for seizure control in pregnancy; midwives should be aware of the effects of these antiepileptic medications on the pregnant woman and her fetus.
Episiotomy and women's sexual function 2–5 years after childbirth: A study from the Czech Republic
Authors: Kramná Petra , Vrublová Yvetta
Published: November 2016

Background:

Episiotomy is one of the most common interventions during the second stage of labour. Some studies have identified episiotomy as a risk factor for pain during sexual intercourse.

Aims:

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the effect of episiotomy on the sexual function of women 2–5 years after a vaginal birth.

Methods:

Women with episiotomy were compared with four control groups: women with intact perineum, women with first-degree perineal tear, women with second-degree perineal tear and women with third- and fourth-degree perineal tear. Data were collected from 13 private gynaecological clinics in three regions in the Czech Republic during August–September 2013. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was used. Response rate was 41% (246/600 questionnaires); 35 questionnaires were excluded, so the final sample was 211 women. The Kruskal–Wallis test was performed on all women in the study (n = 211) and then again for only the primiparous women (n = 112).

Findings:

In all samples in women with second-degree perineal tears, lower score values were found in the domains of arousal and orgasm, and these women had a lower total FSFI score compared to those with first-degree perineal tears and women who received an episiotomy. However, in primiparous women only, there was no difference between these groups.

Conclusions:

Further research is required to establish the effect of episiotomy on women's sexual function.
Implications of advances in coronary care for nurses
Authors: Quinn Tom
Published: November 2016

The use of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction (MI) has revolutionized the management of acute heart attack. However, the dramatic increase in the number of patients admitted to hospital for assessment of acute chest pain, and the subsequent squeeze on coronary care and medical beds and resources, has great implications for nurses.
Factors influencing the frequency of ventilator circuit changes
Authors: Harrison Lynne
Published: November 2016

This article examines the factors that influence the frequency with which ventilator circuits are changed in terms of maintaining patient safety. In addition, the quality of care is balanced against the financial considerations.