bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single Gene Disorders with Craniofacial and Oral Manifestations
Authors: Patil Shankargouda , Majumdar Barnali
Published: February 2015

Gene and environmental factors are instrumental in genesis of complex and wide range of disorders and syndromes. The newer gene sequencing and other advanced technologies have made our previous knowledge of genetic etiopathogenesis of various disorders more transparent. Single gene disorders refer to the disorders caused due to mutations in a single gene and a fair number of these manifest as craniofacial defects and anomalies. This review is an attempt to give a detailed insight into the varied single gene disorders and syndromes with an emphasis on dental implications.

How to cite this article

Patil S, Rao RS, Majumdar B. Single Gene Disorders with Craniofacial and Oral Manifestations. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(5):659-671.
A Time-saving method for Transferring Occlusal Vertical Dimension and Centric Relation of Complete Denture to a Full Arch Implant Prosthesis
Authors: Parnia Fereidoun , Moslehifard Elnaz , Motayagheni Negar , Pournasrollah Alireza
Published: February 2015

Aim

This clinical report describes a time-saving recording procedure for implant prosthesis.

Background

In implant prosthodontics, a few procedures have been suggested to record jaw relationships. Record bases with occlusion rims supported by healing abutments, or screw retained bases are the conventional methods used for mounting definitive implant casts in the articulator.

Technique

This article describes a simple method that enables the clinician to transfer the existing occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) and centric relation (CR) of acceptable complete denture to final fixed prostheses. Advantages and disadvantages of this procedure are also discussed.

Conclusion

The method described in this article reduces the chair time and is comfortable for both the patient and clinician.

Clinical significance

In this article, a chair side technique is presented for articulating the definitive implant casts that maintains the established OVD and CR of the patient's existing complete dentures.

How to cite this article

Parnia F, Moslehifard E, Motayagheni N, Pournasrollah A. A Time-saving method for Transferring Occlusal Vertical Dimension and Centric Relation of Complete Denture to a Full Arch Implant Prosthesis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(5):672-675.
The relative dispersion of cloud droplets: its robustness with respect to key cloud properties
Authors: Tas E. , Teller A. , Altaratz O. , Axisa D. , Bruintjes R. , Levin Z. , Koren I.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Flight data measured in warm convective clouds near Istanbul in June 2008 were used to investigate the relative dispersion of cloud droplet size distribution. The relative dispersion (ϵ), defined as the ratio between the standard deviation (σ) of the cloud droplet size distribution and cloud droplet average radius (⟨r⟩), is a key factor in regional and global models. The relationship between ε and the clouds' microphysical and thermodynamic characteristics is examined. The results show that ε is constrained with average values in the range of ~0.25–0.35. ε is shown not to be correlated with cloud droplet concentration or liquid water content (LWC). However, ε variance is shown to be sensitive to droplet concentration and LWC, suggesting smaller variability of ϵ in the clouds' most adiabatic regions. A criterion for use of in situ airborne measurement data for calculations of statistical moments (used in bulk microphysical schemes), based on the evaluation of ϵ, is suggested.
Contribution of liquid, NAT and ice particles to chlorine activation and ozone depletion in Antarctic winter and spring
Authors: Kirner O. , Müller R. , Ruhnke R. , Fischer H.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Heterogeneous reactions in the Antarctic stratosphere are the cause of chlorine activation and ozone depletion, but the relative roles of different types of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in chlorine activation is an open question. We use multi-year simulations of the chemistry-climate model ECHAM5/MESSy for Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) to investigate the impact that the various types of PSCs have on Antarctic chlorine activation and ozone loss. One standard and three sensitivity EMAC simulations have been performed. In all simulations a Newtonian relaxation technique using the ERA-Interim reanalysis was applied to simulate realistic synoptic conditions. In the three sensitivity simulations, we only changed the heterogeneous chemistry on PSC particles by switching the chemistry on liquid, nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) and ice particles on and off. The results of these simulations show that the significance of heterogeneous reactions on NAT and ice particles for chlorine activation and ozone depletion in Antarctic winter and spring is small in comparison to the significance of heterogeneous reactions on liquid particles. Liquid particles alone are sufficient to activate almost all of the available chlorine, with the exception of the upper PSC regions between 10 and 30 hPa, where temporarily ice particles show a relevant contribution. Shortly after the first PSC occurrence, NAT particles contribute a small fraction to chlorine activation. Heterogeneous chemistry on liquid particles is responsible for more than 90% of the ozone depletion in Antarctic spring in the model simulations. In high southern latitudes, heterogeneous chemistry on ice particles causes only up to 5 DU of additional ozone depletion in the column and heterogeneous chemistry on NAT particles less than 0.5 DU. The simulated HNO3, ClO and O3 results agree closely with observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) onboard NASA's Aura satellite.
Factors influencing CO2 and CH4 emissions from coastal wetlands in the Liaohe Delta, Northeast China
Authors: Olsson L. , Ye S. , Yu X. , Wei M. , Krauss K. W. , Brix H.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Many factors are known to influence greenhouse gas emissions from coastal wetlands, but it is still unclear which factors are most important under field conditions when they are all acting simultaneously. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of water table, salinity, soil temperature and vegetation on CH4 emissions and ecosystem respiration (Reco) from five coastal wetlands in the Liaohe Delta, northeast China: two Phragmites australis (common reed) wetlands, two Suaeda salsa (sea blite) marshes and a rice (Oryza sativa) paddy. Throughout the growing season, the Suaeda wetlands were net CH4 sinks whereas the Phragmites wetlands and the rice paddy were net CH4 sources emitting 1.2–6.1 g CH4 m−2 y−1. The Phragmites wetlands emitted the most CH4 per unit area and the most CH4 relative to CO2. The main controlling factors for the CH4 emissions were water table, temperature and salinity. The CH4 emission was accelerated at high and constant (or managed) water tables and decreased at water tables below the soil surface. High temperatures enhanced CH4 emissions, and emission rates were consistently low (< 1 mg CH4 m−2 h) at soil temperatures <18 °C. At salinity levels > 18 ppt, the CH4 emission rates were always low (< 1 mg CH4 m−2 h−1) probably because methanogens were outcompeted by sulphate reducing bacteria. Saline Phragmites wetlands can, however, emit significant amounts of CH4 as CH4 produced in deep soil layers are transported through the air-space tissue of the plants to the atmosphere. The CH4 emission from coastal wetlands can be reduced by creating fluctuating water tables, including water tables below the soil surface, as well as by occasional flooding by high-salinity water. The effects of water management schemes on the biological communities in the wetlands must, however, be carefully studied prior to the management in order to avoid undesirable effects on the wetland communities.
A test of an optimal stomatal conductance scheme within the CABLE land surface model
Authors: De Kauwe M. G. , Kala J. , Lin Y.-S. , Pitman A. J. , Medlyn B. E. , Duursma R. A. , Abramowitz G. , Wang Y.-P. , Miralles D. G.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Stomatal conductance (gs) affects the fluxes of carbon, energy and water between the vegetated land surface and the atmosphere. We test an implementation of an optimal stomatal conductance model within the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) land surface model (LSM). In common with many LSMs, CABLE does not differentiate between gs model parameters in relation to plant functional type (PFT), but instead only in relation to photosynthetic pathway. We constrained the key model parameter "g1", which represents plant water use strategy, by PFT, based on a global synthesis of stomatal behaviour. As proof of concept, we also demonstrate that the g1 parameter can be estimated using two long-term average (1960–1990) bioclimatic variables: (i) temperature and (ii) an indirect estimate of annual plant water availability. The new stomatal model, in conjunction with PFT parameterisations, resulted in a large reduction in annual fluxes of transpiration (~ 30% compared to the standard CABLE simulations) across evergreen needleleaf, tundra and C4 grass regions. Differences in other regions of the globe were typically small. Model performance against upscaled data products was not degraded, but did not noticeably reduce existing model–data biases. We identified assumptions relating to the coupling of the vegetation to the atmosphere and the parameterisation of the minimum stomatal conductance as areas requiring further investigation in both CABLE and potentially other LSMs. We conclude that optimisation theory can yield a simple and tractable approach to predicting stomatal conductance in LSMs.
Sensitivity of potential evaporation estimates to 100 years of climate variability
Authors: Bartholomeus R. P. , Stagge J. H. , Tallaksen L. M. , Witte J. P. M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Hydrological modeling frameworks require an accurate representation of evaporation fluxes for appropriate quantification of, e.g., the water balance, soil moisture budget, recharge and groundwater processes. Many frameworks have used the concept of potential evaporation, often estimated for different vegetation classes by multiplying the evaporation from a reference surface ("reference evaporation") by crop-specific scaling factors ("crop factors"). Though this two-step potential evaporation approach undoubtedly has practical advantages, the empirical nature of both reference evaporation methods and crop factors limits its usability in extrapolations under non-stationary climatic conditions. In this paper, rather than simply warning about the dangers of extrapolation, we quantify the sensitivity of potential evaporation estimates for different vegetation classes using the two-step approach when calibrated using a non-stationary climate. We used the past century's time series of observed climate, containing non-stationary signals of multi-decadal atmospheric oscillations, global warming, and global dimming/brightening, to evaluate the sensitivity of potential evaporation estimates to the choice and length of the calibration period. We show that using empirical coefficients outside their calibration range may lead to systematic differences between process-based and empirical reference evaporation methods, and systematic errors in estimated potential evaporation components. Quantification of errors provides a possibility to correct potential evaporation calculations and to rate them for their suitability to model climate conditions that differ significantly from the historical record, so-called no-analog climate conditions.
Laboratory experiments on rainfall-induced flowslide from pore pressure and moisture content measurements
Authors: Hakro M. R. , Harahap I. S. H.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. During or immediately after rainfall many slope failures have been observed. The slope failure occurred due to rainfall infiltration that rapidly increase the pore pressure and trigger the slope failure. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the rainfall-induced slope failure, but the mechanism of slope failure is still not well clarified. To investigate mechanism of rainfall-induced slope failure laboratory experiments have been conducted in flume. The slope was prepared with sandy soil in flume with constant inclination of 45°, because most of rainfall-induced slope failure occurred in sandy soil and on steep slope. The hydrological parameters such as pore pressure and moisture content were measured with piezometers and advanced Imko TDRs respectively. The slope failure occurred due to increase in moisture content and rise in pore pressure. During the flowslide type of slope failure the sudden increase in pore pressure was observed. The higher moisture content and pore pressure was at the toe of the slope. The pore pressure was higher at the toe of the slope and smaller at the upper part of the slope. After the saturation the run-off was observed at the toe of the slope that erodes the toe and forming the gullies from toe to upper part of the slope. In the case antecedent moisture conditions the moisture content and the pore pressure increased quickly and producing the surface runoff at the horizontal part of the slope. The slope having less density suffer from flowslide type of the failure, however in dense slope no major failure was occurred even at higher rainfall intensity. The antecedent moisture accompanied with high rainfall intensity also not favors the initiation of flowslide in case of dense slope. The flowslide type of failure can be avoided by controlling the density of soil slope. Knowing such parameters that controls the large mass movement helpful in developing the early warning system for flowslide type of failure.
Large-area land surface simulations in heterogeneous terrain driven by global data sets: application to mountain permafrost
Authors: Fiddes J. , Endrizzi S. , Gruber S.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Numerical simulations of land surface processes are important in order to perform landscape-scale assessments of earth systems. This task is problematic in complex terrain due to (i) high-resolution grids required to capture strong lateral variability, and (ii) lack of meteorological forcing data where they are required. In this study we test a topography and climate processor, which is designed for use with large-area land surface simulation, in complex and remote terrain. The scheme is driven entirely by globally available data sets. We simulate air temperature, ground surface temperature and snow depth and test the model with a large network of measurements in the Swiss Alps. We obtain root-mean-squared error (RMSE) values of 0.64 °C for air temperature, 0.67–1.34 °C for non-bedrock ground surface temperature, and 44.5 mm for snow depth, which is likely affected by poor input precipitation field. Due to this we trial a simple winter precipitation correction method based on melt dates of the snowpack. We present a test application of the scheme in the context of simulating mountain permafrost. The scheme produces a permafrost estimate of 2000 km2, which compares well to published estimates. We suggest that this scheme represents a useful step in application of numerical models over large areas in heterogeneous terrain.
Crónicas periodísticas
Authors: Iturri Salmón Jaime
Published: February 2015

The journalistic article may not constitute works of great importance, which does not signify that its pages are lacking that creative potential which  Carlos Monsivais so pointedly attributed to the modern article: “the necessity to create a corridor of mirrors where society or societies are seen with greater precision” and the peculiarity of “being a form of solidarity – sometimes out of impotence – that permits readers to find out what is happening without failing into despair.” One by one, the articles of Jaime Iturri Salmón make these words their own and offer us a lively kind of writing, enjoyable and concise, which in showing us what goes on in life in the city, the country and the world, invites us to know them better.
Mariposa Mundial
Authors: Mariposa Mundial BSJ
Published: February 2015

mariposa mundial
Teaching Note: Reflections of a Transgender Medievalist
Authors: Davi Angelique
Published: February 2015

I am a gender-bending lesbian who teaches Beowulf at a business university.  In this piece, I reflect on an incident that reminds me I have little control over where and when my identity becomes more or less prominent for my students.  Because the incident took me by surprise, I failed to capitalize on a teachable moment; this piece is my attempt at making sense of that failure.
Cape Town, South Africa, 2003
Authors: Maher Frinde
Published: February 2015

An account of the author's six-month sojourn at the University of the Western Cape, (UWC), Cape Town, in the spring of 2003.
“It’s Not Personal, It’s Business: or Teaching Structural Explanation” (at an HBCU)
Authors: Meyerson Greg
Published: February 2015

Needless to say, the dominant explanatory framework among our students generally is still individualism, and when it comes to their career trajectories, American dreams and equal opportunities predominate. Where I currently teach, the Historically Black University (HBCU) of civil rights fame North Carolina A and T University, it is more complicated.
Contributors' Notes
Authors: Editors Radical Teacher
Published: February 2015

None
The Tax Treatment of Alternative Litigation Funding: Some Answers, but Mostly Questions
Authors: Morrison Alan B. , Haight Randy
Published: February 2015

The Tax Treatment of Alternative Litigation Funding:  Some Answers, but Mostly Questions
Front Matter
Authors: Review Tax
Published: February 2015

Front Matter
Overheidsmaatregelen onder het mededingingsrecht: de norm van artikel 106 lid 1 jo. 102 VWEU verduidelijkt
Authors: Verschuur Steven , van Aanholt Lotte
Published: February 2015

Overheidsmaatregelen onder het mededingingsrecht: de norm van artikel 106 lid 1 jo. 102 VWEU verduidelijkt

Bespreking van het arrest van het Hof van Justitie van 17 juli 2014 inzake Commissie/DEI.
Het dilemma van vrij verkeer van gezondheidszorg en arme lidstaten
Authors: Sluijs J.J.M.
Published: February 2015

Op het gebied van gezondheidszorg functioneert het vrij verkeer nog niet optimaal. Burgers uit arme lidstaten dienen noodzakelijke zorg in hun eigen lidstaat te ondergaan. Pas wanneer zij nergens terecht kunnen, mogen zij de medische nood in een andere EU-lidstaat ledigen.

HvJ 9 oktober 2014, zaak C-268/13, Elena Petru/Casa Judeţeană de Asigurări de Sănătate Sibiu en Casa Naţională de Asaigurări de Sănătate, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2271, n.n.g.
Sharing Important Research Topics With the Drinking Water Community
Authors: De Haan Michelle , Owen Christine
Published: February 2015

AWWA Water Science & Research committees have identified important topics in current research for water utilities, including manganese control and treatment, the status of Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 3, and water treatment residuals.
Technical Note: Calculation of the Langelier Index at High pH
Authors: Kenny John D. , Hokanson David R. , Trussell R. Rhodes
Published: February 2015

While calculating the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) for calcium carbonate for a low‐alkalinity mountain supply, the authors discovered that Method 2330 B for calculating the LSI for calcium carbonate includes an incorrect equation for calculating the concentration of bicarbonate ion.
Graded Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent coupling of voltage-gated CaV1.2 channels
Authors: Dixon Rose E , Moreno Claudia M , Yuan Can , Opitz-Araya Ximena , Binder Marc D , Navedo Manuel F , Santana Luis F
Published: February 2015

In the heart, reliable activation of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during the plateau of the ventricular action potential requires synchronous opening of multiple CaV1.2 channels. Yet the mechanisms that coordinate this simultaneous opening during every heartbeat are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that CaV1.2 channels form clusters that undergo dynamic, reciprocal, allosteric interactions. This ‘functional coupling’ facilitates Ca2+ influx by increasing activation of adjoined channels and occurs through C-terminal-to-C-terminal interactions. These interactions are initiated by binding of incoming Ca2+ to calmodulin (CaM) and proceed through Ca2+/CaM binding to the CaV1.2 pre-IQ domain. Coupling fades as [Ca2+]i decreases, but persists longer than the current that evoked it, providing evidence for ‘molecular memory’. Our findings suggest a model for CaV1.2 channel gating and Ca2+-influx amplification that unifies diverse observations about Ca2+ signaling in the heart, and challenges the long-held view that voltage-gated channels open and close independently.
Melt instabilities in an intraplate lithosphere and implications for volcanism in the Harrat Ash‐Shaam volcanic field (NW Arabia)
Authors: Regenauer‐Lieb Klaus , Rosenbaum Gideon , Lyakhovsky Vladimir , Liu Jie , Weinberg Roberto , Segev Amit , Weinstein Yishai
Published: February 2015

We investigate melt generation in a slowly extending lithosphere with the aim of understanding the spatial and temporal relationships between magmatism and preexisting rift systems. We present numerical models that consider feedback between melt generation and lithospheric deformation, and we incorporate three different damage mechanisms: brittle damage, creep damage, and melt damage. Melt conditions are calculated with a Helmholtz free energy minimization method, and the energy equation is solved self‐consistently for latent heat and shear heating effects. Using a case of a slowly extending (1–1.5 mm/yr) continental lithosphere with a relatively low surface heat flow (~50 mW/m2), we show that melt‐rich shear bands are nucleated at the bottom of the lithosphere as a result of shear heating and damage mechanisms. Upon further deformation, melt zones intersect creep damage zones, thus forming channels that may be used for the melt to migrate upward. If a preexisting structure resides only in the brittle crust, it does not control the path of melt migration to the surface, and melt‐filled channels propagate from the bottom upwards, independently of upper crustal structures. In contrast, a preexisting weak structure that reaches a critical depth of 20 km allows fast (~2 Ma) propagation of melt‐filled channels that link melt damage from the bottom of the lithosphere to near‐surface structures. Our model results may explain the short time scale, volume, and magma extraction from the asthenosphere through a low surface heat flow lithosphere, such as observed, for example, in the Harrat Ash‐Shaam volcanic field (northwestern Arabia), which developed in the Arabian Plate and is spatially linked to the Azraq‐Sirhan Graben.
Photoabsorption cross‐section measurements of 32S, 33S, 34S, and 36S sulfur dioxide from 190 to 220 nm
Authors: Endo Yoshiaki , Danielache Sebastian O. , Ueno Yuichiro , Hattori Shohei , Johnson Matthew S. , Yoshida Naohiro , Kjaergaard Henrik G.
Published: February 2015

The ultraviolet absorption cross sections of the SO2 isotopologues are essential to understanding the photochemical fractionation of sulfur isotopes in planetary atmospheres. We present measurements of the absorption cross sections of 32SO2, 33SO2, 34SO2, and 36SO2, recorded from 190 to 220 nm at room temperature with a resolution of 0.1 nm (~25 cm−1) made using a dual‐beam photospectrometer. The measured absorption cross sections show an apparent pressure dependence and a newly developed analytical model shows that this is caused by underresolved fine structure. The model made possible the calculation of absorption cross sections at the zero‐pressure limit that can be used to calculate photolysis rates for atmospheric scenarios. The 32SO2, 33SO2, and 34SO2 cross sections improve upon previously published spectra including fine structure and peak widths. This is the first report of absolute absorption cross sections of the 36SO2 isotopologue for the C1B2‐X1A2 band where the amplitude of the vibrational structure is smaller than the other isotopologues throughout the spectrum. Based on the new results, solar UV photodissociation of SO2 produces 34ε, 33Ε, and 36Ε isotopic fractionations of +4.6 ± 11.6‰, +8.8 ± 9.0‰, and −8.8 ± 19.6‰, respectively. From these spectra isotopic effects during photolysis in the Archean atmosphere can be calculated and compared to the Archean sedimentary record. Our results suggest that broadband solar UV photolysis is capable of producing the mass‐independent fractionation observed in the Archean sedimentary record without involving shielding by specific gaseous compounds in the atmosphere including SO2 itself. The estimated magnitude of 33Ε, for example, is close to the maximum Δ33S observed in the geological record.
Dynamic weakening of smectite‐bearing faults at intermediate velocities: Implications for subduction zone earthquakes
Authors: Oohashi Kiyokazu , Hirose Takehiro , Takahashi Miki , Tanikawa Wataru
Published: February 2015

The hydrous clay mineral smectite, which is pervasive in sediments on subducting oceanic plates, is thought to weaken and stabilize subduction thrust faults. However, these frictional properties of smectite alone cannot explain the large coseismic slip in the vicinity of a trench. Here we performed friction experiments to demonstrate the rate dependence of friction at slip rates from 30 µm/s to 1.3 m/s for water‐saturated smectite‐quartz mixtures with various smectite contents, so as to shed light on the frictional response of smectite‐bearing faults at intermediate to high slip rates. At slip rates of 30 to 150 µm/s, the friction coefficients decreased gradually from 0.5–0.6 to 0.1 with an increase in smectite content from 20 to 50 wt %. In contrast, at slip rates higher than 1.3 mm/s, friction exhibited marked slip weakening, resulting in low friction coefficients of 0.1–0.05, even for low smectite contents (roughly <30 wt %). Drastic slip weakening occurred at smectite contents of 10–30 wt % at slip rates of ~10 mm/s, which is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than the slip rate at which slip weakening was observed in previous experiments on various rock types. The intermediate velocity weakening could be attributed to a rise in pore pressure caused by both shear‐enhanced compaction and microscopic thermal pressurization of pore fluids. This process could weaken the fault even below seismic slip rates, leading to an acceleration of fault motion and potentially facilitating large coseismic slip and a stress drop in the vicinity of a trench.
Epigenetics for anthropologists: An introduction to methods
Authors: Non Amy L. , Thayer Zaneta M.
Published: February 2015

The study of epigenetics, or chemical modifications to the genome that may alter gene expression, is a growing area of interest for social scientists. Anthropologists and human biologists are interested in epigenetics specifically, as it provides a potential link between the environment and the genome, as well as a new layer of complexity for the study of human biological variation. In pace with the rapid increase in interest in epigenetic research, the range of methods has greatly expanded over the past decade. The primary objective of this article is to provide an overview of the current methods for assaying DNA methylation, the most commonly studied epigenetic modification. We will address considerations for all steps required to plan and conduct an analysis of DNA methylation, from appropriate sample collection, to the most commonly used methods for laboratory analyses of locus‐specific and genome‐wide approaches, and recommendations for statistical analyses. Key challenges in the study of DNA methylation are also discussed, including tissue specificity, the stability of measures, timing of sample collection, statistical considerations, batch effects, and challenges related to analysis and interpretation of data. Our hope is that this review serves as a primer for anthropologists and human biologists interested in incorporating epigenetic data into their research programs. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:295–303, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduced sleep duration and history of work‐related injuries among Washington State adolescents with a history of working
Authors: Graves Janessa M. , Miller Mary E.
Published: February 2015

Background

The relationship between sleep and occupational injury risk has not been adequately explored for working adolescents.

Methods

Data were analyzed from the 2010 Washington State Healthy Youth Survey of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade public school students. Teens reported average school and weekend night sleep hours and history of work‐related injury that received medical treatment. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association between sleep duration and occupational injury.

Results

Of 4,144 working teens, 6.4% reported ever having an occupational injury. Teens who sleep ≤5 hr/school night had greater odds of a history of occupational injury than those sleeping 8 hr (OR:2.91, 95% CI:1.85–4.57). No significant association was observed for weekend night sleep duration.

Conclusions

Reduced school night sleep was associated with increased odds of work‐related injury in adolescents. Long hours and late night schedules may contribute to decreased sleep time and potentially have other health and developmental impacts for youth. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:464–471, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mortality among sheet metal workers participating in a respiratory screening program
Authors: Welch Laura , Dement John , West Gavin
Published: February 2015

Background

The Sheet Metal Occupational Health Institute Trust (SMOHIT) established a screening program in 1985 to examine the health hazards of the sheet metal industry in the U.S. and Canada.

Methods

17,345 individuals with over 20 years in the trade and who participated in the program were followed for causes of death between 1986 and 2010. Both SMRs and Cox proportional hazards models investigated predictors of death due to lung cancer, mesothelioma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Results

Significant excess mortality was seen for mesothelioma and asbestosis. Controlling for smoking, a strong trend for increasing lung cancer risk with increasing chest x‐ray profusion >0/0 was observed. With an profusion score <1/0, FEV1 /FVC <80% was associated with lung cancer risk. COPD risk increased with increasing profusion score.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates asbestos‐related diseases among workers with largely indirect exposures and an increased lung cancer risk with low ILO scores. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:378–391, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Atypical functional brain connectivity during rest in autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Doyle‐Thomas Krissy A. R. , Lee Wayne , Foster Nicholas E. V. , Tryfon Ana , Ouimet Tia , Hyde Krista L. , Evans Alan C. , Lewis John , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Anagnostou Evdokia ,   for the NeuroDevNet ASD Imaging Group
Published: February 2015

Objective

Connectivity atypicalities in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been extensively proposed. The default mode network (DMN) is critical in this study, given the insight it provides for long‐distance connectivity, and the importance of regions in this network for introspection and social emotion processing, areas affected in ASD. However, study of this network has largely been limited to adults; research earlier in development is lacking. The objective of this study was to examine DMN connectivity in children/adolescents with ASD.

Methods

A total of 115 children/adolescents, aged 6 to 17 years (71 males with ASD and 44 group age‐matched TD males) were included in these analyses. We examined group differences in (1) functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and regions across the brain, (2) connectivity within the DMN as a function of age and intelligence quotient (IQ), and (3) the association between DMN connectivity and empathic accuracy.

Results

Individuals with ASD, relative to controls, showed either stronger or weaker connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and DMN regions, depending on the region, but also showed stronger connectivity with non‐DMN regions. A significant group‐by‐age interaction was observed in functional connectivity between the PCC and medial prefrontal cortex; connectivity increased with age in controls, but decreased in individuals with ASD. No effects of IQ were found. There was a significant group difference in the relation between DMN connectivity and empathic accuracy.

Interpretation

Differences in functional connectivity may suggest the presence of neural atypicalities that impact the development of typical connectivity in ASD. In addition to affecting DMN dynamics, these atypicalities may also impact social–cognitive abilities. Ann Neurol 2015;77:866–876
Fyn inhibition rescues established memory and synapse loss in Alzheimer mice
Authors: Kaufman Adam C. , Salazar Santiago V. , Haas Laura T. , Yang Jinhee , Kostylev Mikhail A. , Jeng Amanda T. , Robinson Sophie A. , Gunther Erik C. , van Dyck Christopher H. , Nygaard Haakon B. , Strittmatter Stephen M.
Published: February 2015

Objective

Currently no effective disease‐modifying agents exist for the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD). The Fyn tyrosine kinase is implicated in AD pathology triggered by amyloid‐ß oligomers (Aßo) and propagated by Tau. Thus, Fyn inhibition may prevent or delay disease progression. Here, we sought to repurpose the Src family kinase inhibitor oncology compound, AZD0530, for AD.

Methods

The pharmacokinetics and distribution of AZD0530 were evaluated in mice. Inhibition of Aßo signaling to Fyn, Pyk2, and Glu receptors by AZD0530 was tested by brain slice assays. After AZD0530 or vehicle treatment of wild‐type and AD transgenic mice, memory was assessed by Morris water maze and novel object recognition. For these cohorts, amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism, synaptic markers (SV2 and PSD‐95), and targets of Fyn (Pyk2 and Tau) were studied by immunohistochemistry and by immunoblotting.

Results

AZD0530 potently inhibits Fyn and prevents both Aßo‐induced Fyn signaling and downstream phosphorylation of the AD risk gene product Pyk2, and of NR2B Glu receptors in brain slices. After 4 weeks of treatment, AZD0530 dosing of APP/PS1 transgenic mice fully rescues spatial memory deficits and synaptic depletion, without altering APP or Aß metabolism. AZD0530 treatment also reduces microglial activation in APP/PS1 mice, and rescues Tau phosphorylation and deposition abnormalities in APP/PS1/Tau transgenic mice. There is no evidence of AZD0530 chronic toxicity.

Interpretation

Targeting Fyn can reverse memory deficits found in AD mouse models, and rescue synapse density loss characteristic of the disease. Thus, AZD0530 is a promising candidate to test as a potential therapy for AD. Ann Neurol 2015;77:953–971
A Tailor‐Made Specific Anion‐Binding Motif in the Side Chain Transforms a Tetrapeptide into an Efficient Vector for Gene Delivery
Authors: Li Mao , Schlesiger Stefanie , Knauer Shirley K. , Schmuck Carsten
Published: February 2015

Arginine‐rich cell‐penetrating peptides are widely utilized as vectors for gene delivery. However, their transfection efficacy still needs to be optimized. To accomplish this, guanidinocarbonylpyrrole groups, which are tailor‐made anion binding sites, were introduced into the side chains of tetralysine to obtain the peptide analogue 1. In contrast to the common strategy of adding a lipophilic tail to peptide vectors, this novel method most likely enhances transfection efficacy through more specific interactions between the binding motifs and DNA or the cell membrane. Tetrapeptide analogue 1 is thus the smallest peptidic transfection vector that has been reported to date. The transfection efficacy of 1, which on average has less than two positive charges under physiological conditions, is even better than that of polyethylenimine (PEI). Furthermore, 1 exhibits only negligible cytotoxicity, which makes it an interesting candidate for further development.
Examination of radio‐opacity enhancing additives in shape memory polyurethane foams
Authors: Weems Andrew C. , Raymond Jeffery E. , Wacker Kevin T. , Gustafson Tiffany P. , Keller Brandis , Wooley Karen L. , Maitland Duncan J.
Published: February 2015

Three microparticle additives, tungsten (W), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), and barium sulfate (BaSO4) were selected to enhance the radio‐opacity in shape memory polymer (SMP) foam biomaterials. The addition of filler causes no significant alterations of glass transition temperatures, density of the materials increases, pore diameter decreases, and total volume recovery decreases from approximately 70 times in unfilled foams to 20 times (4% W and 10% ZrO2). The addition of W increases time to recovery; ZrO2 causes little variation in time to shape recovery; BaSO4 increases the time to recovery. On a 2.00 mean X‐ray density (mean X.D.) scale, a GDC coil standard has a mean X.D. of 0.62; 4% W enhances the mean X.D. to 1.89, 10% ZrO2 to 1.39 and 4% BaSO4 to 0.74. Radio‐opacity enhancing additives could be used to produce SMP foams with controlled shape memory kinetics, low density, and enhanced X‐ray opacity for medical materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42054.
One‐Pot Multi‐Component Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines Using Zn2+@KSF and Evaluating Their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Mahmoodi Nosrat O. , Ramzanpour Sahar , Ghanbari Pirbasti Fateme
Published: February 2015

New 5‐aryl‐10‐(4‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)thiazole‐2‐yl)‐9,10‐dihydropyrido[2,3‐d:5,6‐d′]dipyrimidinone‐2,4,6,8‐(1H,3H,5H,7H)‐tetraones 6a–d were synthesized through one‐pot four‐component reaction of aldehydes, barbituric acid, and thiazole using Zn2+@KSF under reflux condition. The key features of this reaction are: incorporating four heterocyclic rings, using a heterogeneous and efficient catalyst, high yield, and easy‐to‐setup reaction. The structure of the products was confirmed by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectra. The antibacterial activities of compounds 6a–d were screened against Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains using the zone inhibition method. Also, the 2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities of compounds 6a–d were evaluated. All compounds showed good antioxidant capacity in comparison to ascorbic acid. The IC50 values of the antioxidant activity were calculated. The proposed mechanism for antioxidant activity is discussed.
De Novo Design and Synthesis of a γ‐Turn Peptidomimetic Scaffold and Its Application as JNK3 Allosteric Ligand
Authors: Kim Mi‐hyun , Lee Junghun , Hah Jung‐Mi
Published: February 2015

As a way to develop a neuroprotective agent for the JNK3‐JIP1‐binding site, peptidomimetics of JIP‐1 as JNK3 allosteric regulators have been examined. The study consisted of in silico scaffold hopping, molecular docking, solution and solid‐phase peptide syntheses, and Kd measurements using surface plasmon resonance. As a peptidomimetic of JIP1, heptamer mimetic 16 (Kd=2.72 μm) displayed a higher affinity than decamer JIP1 (Kd=23.6 μm). The high affinity of 16 implies that the characteristic γ‐turn mimetic structure, “”Φ‐X‐Φ“ hydrophobic motif in 16, increased its affinity toward the JIP‐site of JNK3.
Bias in closed‐form gamma parameter estimates for disdrometer data
Authors: Brawn Dan
Published: February 2015

Bias in a recently introduced closed‐form estimator for gamma parameters is described via simulations over a wide range of feasible parameters. The simulated data are lower truncated and grouped with a Joss‐Waldvogel disdrometer bin regime. A crude model for the bias in a ratio of adjacent moments is sufficient to eliminate most of the gamma parameter bias. This provides confidence in the parameter estimates, at least for near gamma distributed data and larger sample sizes.
A new logit‐artificial neural network ensemble for mode choice modeling: a case study for border transport
Authors: Gazder Uneb , Ratrout Nedal T.
Published: February 2015

Logit model is one of the statistical techniques commonly used for mode choice modeling, while artificial neural network (ANN) is a very popular type of artificial intelligence technique used for mode choice modeling. Ensemble learning has evolved to be very effective approach to enhance the performance for many applications through integration of different models. In spite of this advantage, the use of ANN‐based ensembles in mode choice modeling is under explored. The focus of this study is to investigate the use of aforementioned techniques for different number of transportation modes and predictor variables. This study proposes a logit‐ANN ensemble for mode choice modeling and investigates its efficiency in different situations. Travel between Khobar‐Dammam metropolitan area of Saudi Arabia and Kingdom of Bahrain is selected for mode choice modeling. The travel on this route can be performed mainly by air travel or private vehicle through King Fahd causeway. The results show that the proposed ensemble gives consistently better accuracies than single models for multinomial choice problems irrespective of number of input variables. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Evaluation of Imitation Recognition Abilities in Typically Developing Children and Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Berger Natalie I. , Ingersoll Brooke
Published: February 2015

Previous work has indicated that both typically developing children and children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) display a range of imitation recognition behaviors in response to a contingent adult imitator. However, it is unknown how the two groups perform comparatively on this construct. In this study, imitation recognition behaviors for children with ASD and typically developing children were observed during periods of contingent imitation imbedded in a naturalistic imitation task. Results from this study indicate that children with ASD are impaired in their ability to recognize being imitated relative to typically developing peers as demonstrated both by behaviors representing basic social attention and more mature imitation recognition. Display of imitation recognition behaviors was independent of length of contingent imitation period in typically developing children, but rate of engagement in imitation recognition behaviors was positively correlated with length of contingent imitation period in children with ASD. Exploratory findings also suggest a link between the ability to demonstrate recognition of being imitated and ASD symptom severity, language, and object imitation for young children with ASD. Autism Res 2015, 8: 442–453. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Global abnormalities in lymphatic function following systemic therapy in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Bains S K , Peters A M , Zammit C , Ryan N , Ballinger J , Glass D M , Allen S , Stanton A W B , Mortimer P S , Purushotham A D
Published: February 2015

Background

Breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) is a result of interaction between several pathophysiological processes, and is not simply a ‘stopcock’ effect resulting from removal of axillary lymph nodes. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that there is a constitutional ‘global’ lymphatic dysfunction in patients who develop BCRL.

Methods

Lower-limb lymphoscintigraphy was performed in 30 women who had undergone axillary lymph node dissection at least 3 years previously, of whom 15 had BCRL and 15 did not. No patient had any clinical abnormality of the lower limb. The control group comprised 24 women with no history of cancer or lower-limb lymphoedema. 99mTc-Nanocoll was injected subcutaneously into the first webspace of each foot, followed by whole-body imaging. Scans were reported as abnormal if there was delay in lymph transport or rerouting through skin or deep system. Quantification was expressed as the percentage injected activity accumulating in ilioinguinal nodes.

Results

Mean(s.d.) ilioinguinal nodal accumulation at 150 min was significantly lower in women with BCRL than in those without (2·7(2·5) versus 5·9(4·8) per cent respectively; P = 0·006). Abnormal findings on lower-limb lymphoscintigraphy were observed in 17 of the 30 patients: ten of the 15 women who had BCRL and seven of the 15 who did not. None of the 24 control subjects had abnormal scan findings.

Conclusion

Women with BCRL had reduced lower-limb lymph drainage, supporting the hypothesis of a predisposition to BCRL. A surprisingly high proportion of patients with breast cancer also demonstrated lymphatic dysfunction, despite clinically normal lower limbs. Possible explanations could be a systemic effect of breast cancer or its treatment, or an unidentified association between breast cancer and lymphatic dysfunction. Registration number: ISRCTN84866416 (http://www.isrctn.com).
Development and validation of TLC‐densitometric method for determination of lipid A adjuvant as a bulk and in solid fat nanoemulsions
Authors: Minz Sunita , Kaurav Monika , Sahu Kantrol Kumar , Mandal Vivekananda , Pandey Ravi Shankar
Published: February 2015

A simple, sensitive, selective and precise high‐performance thin‐layer chromatographic method was developed for determination of lipid A (MPLA) adjuvant as a bulk and in solid fat nanoemulsions. Chromatographic separations were performed on thin‐layer chromatography aluminum plates precoated with silica gel 60 F‐254 as stationary phase and chloroform–methanol–ethyl acetate solution (10:2:4, v/v/v) as mobile phase. With this solvent system, compact spots for MPLA at Rf value 0.80 ± 0.02 were obtained. Densitometric analysis of MPLA was carried out in absorbance mode at 357 nm. Linear regression analysis for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship with r = 0.9996 in the concentration range of 20–100 ng/spot. The mean values (±SD) of slope and intercept were found to be 7.355 ± 0.006 and 109.52 ± 0.170, respectively. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were observed at 3.096 and 9.382 ng/spot, respectively.The method was validated for precision, accuracy, robustness and recovery as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Statistical analysis proved that the developed method for quantification of MPLA as a bulk and in solid fat nanoemulsions is reproducible, selective and economical. This method could be applied for quantitative assay of MPLA in lipid‐based vaccine formulations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Valve‐in‐valve‐in‐valve: Treating endocarditis of a transcatheter heart valve
Authors: Nguyen Caroline , Cheong Adrian P. , Himbert Dominique
Published: February 2015

Transcatheter heart valve endocarditis is a rare, but life threatening complication. We describe the case of a patient who was successfully treated by transcatheter aortic valve‐in‐valve‐in‐valve replacement with a favorable 1‐year outcome, despite severe early complications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Knowledge‐Based Conceptual Synthesis of Industrial‐Scale Downstream Processes for Biochemical Products
Authors: Backhaus Karin , Lochmüller Mirka , Arndt Markus Christian , Riechert Ole , Schembecker Gerhard
Published: February 2015

A generic, knowledge‐based guideline assisting downstream process synthesis for biochemical products is presented. It offers process designers a structured process design methodology supporting them in capturing potentially relevant information, which might be beyond their expertise. The guideline is based on heuristic knowledge which was collected, structured in a generic way, and clearly represented. The generation of alternative downstream routes as starting points for experiments, simulation, and cost calculation is hereby accelerated. The application of the guideline is demonstrated on the example of penicillin V downstream processing from fermentation broth.