bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three Critics
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the criticisms of three prominent Strauß critics: Nietzsche, Treitschke, and Schweitzer. Nietzsche’s criticism is disarmed by showing how it applies entirely to the later Strauß; though he does not admit it, Nietzsche was inspired by the early Strauß. Treitschke’s critique of Strauß fails because it accuses Strauß of problems that he foresaw and already replied to. Although Schweitzer was very sympathetic to Strauβ and truly appreciated his achievement, his criticisms of Strauβ—that his critique is too negative—do not carry much weight because they do not consider the problems anyone would face in coming to more positive conclusions.
Introduction: Recycling and Reuse in the Roman economy
Authors: Duckworth Chloë N. , Wilson Andrew
Published: October 2020

The importance of creating space for discussion between specialists lies at the heart of this volume. Many approaches to the study of past recycling and reuse enjoy shared methodologies and theoretical perspectives, so we can all learn from one another in this way. Furthermore, it is likely that the same agents were often responsible for the recycling (and to a lesser extent, reuse) of a whole range of materials, due to shared knowledge (e.g. of pyrotechnology), and because both activities have to do with the processing of waste. In this introductory chapter, we outline some of the key principles behind the creation of this volume, consider links between different chapters, and cast a light upon some of the ways in which the study of recycling and reuse can improve our understanding of the Roman economy.
Recycling in the Roman World
Authors: Peña J. Theodore
Published: October 2020

In this chapter my aim is to furnish some general context for the several more narrowly targeted contributions that follow by defining certain basic concepts and terms linked to recycling, articulating a set of general questions that we may pose regarding recycling in the Roman world, and then offering what must be regarded as preliminary efforts both to identify the range of materials that the Romans recycled and to characterize the various ways in which Roman recycling activities were organized and carried out. This programme is rather expansive and the evidence on which it draws is both varied and complex, implicating a wide range of specializations. In this contribution I can thus do no more than offer a broad overview of these topics.
Reuse and Recycling of Papyrus
Authors: Salmenkivi Erja
Published: October 2020

The reuse of writing material manufactured from papyrus is widely attested. This chapter presents some illustrative examples of how the blank sides of previously written-upon texts have been used, mostly from the time of Augustus until the fourth century AD. Discarded documents and sometimes literary manuscripts were recycled as raw material for a kind of papier-mâché referred to as cartonnage. I discuss this term, suggesting that recycled papyri from book covers should not be called cartonnage papyri, but rather papyri from book covers. The reuse of writing material for later texts, and the recycling of papyri into cartonnage and book covers have been used as evidence both pro and contra the argument that papyrus was expensive. The apparently contradictory evidence for the value of papyrus can be explained by the fact that, while papyrus as a writing material was cheap, once written upon, manuscripts (especially of literary compositions) became costly.
An Inconvenient Truth
Authors: Brughmans Tom , Pecci Alessandra
Published: October 2020

Amphora reuse is an inconvenient truth: the topic has received little attention in Roman studies, even though it certainly happened, and potentially on a huge scale. What was the effect of amphora reuse in the past? What data and methods can archaeologists use to evaluate it? How does the phenomenon affect our ability to interpret Roman amphora distributions as proxy evidence for the distribution of foodstuffs? In this chapter we summarize the theories and evidence used in the study of amphora reuse to identify the significant challenges involved in tackling this inconvenient truth. We argue for the need to do this through computational simulation modelling combined with residue analysis. As a proof-of-concept, we illustrate our approach through a simple abstract model simulating selected theories of amphora reuse: the differential effects on amphora distribution patterns of different probabilities of reuse at prime-use locales, and of reuse selection probabilities at port sites.
Time Out of Mind
Authors: Elsky Stephanie
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines aspects of common-law custom crucial to early modern literary production. It sets the stage for understanding how a key concept of legal and constitutionalist thought shaped sixteenth-century literature, while this literature, in turn, transformed a legal-political concept into an evocative mythopoetics. It does so by focusing on a central aspect of custom that allowed for this relationship: the long duration of a practice, its supposed use since “time immemorial.” Temporality played a role not only in establishing the practice itself as a pattern, but also in legal education and professional knowledge about the practices that made up common law, often called “common learning.” Finally, “time immemorial” undergirded the increasingly political idea of the “ancient constitution.” This temporality was dynamic in nature and, as a result, it rendered custom and the ancient constitution a poetics that proved crucial for early modern literary writers.
Inventing Custom
Authors: Elsky Stephanie
Published: October 2020

This chapter considers custom’s function in colonial conquest, juxtaposing England’s conquest-filled history, which emerges in Edmund Spenser and Gabriel Harvey’s debate about the imposition of classical meter, or quantitative verse, on English verse, with English attempts at expansion in Ireland, the subject of Spenser’s A View. I argue that their debate reveals the method by which the foreign becomes native via custom, a process that Spenser draws upon in order to justify his violent approach to conquering Ireland and imposing common law. At the same time, however, by exploring the history of Ireland’s equally customary Brehon law, Spenser reveals the difficulty of establishing linguistic—and therefore political—chronologies within a global history that stretches beyond the vexed borders of Ireland and England.
Scribes, Sages, and Seers in the First Temple
Authors: Dell Katharine J.
Published: October 2020

This chapter studies the categories of scribes, sages, and seers, their definitions and possible roles. Most sages were scribes but not all scribes were sages. The chapter divides into three sections: a) Scribes in the Israelite Bureaucracy; b) Sages in the Israelite Courts, and c) seers/mantic sages in Second Temple Judah. Section a) describes the Solomonic enlightenment theory and other theories and evidence for administrators within a royal court, including that of Hezekiah. Section b) looks at Solomon, Hezekiah, and Joseph as role models for the ‘sage’ in the royal court and considers the existence of schools, possibly linked to the court. Section c) considers the possibility of a more religious link in later times with possible temple/cult/seer roles.
Agapic love and justice
Authors: Lippitt John
Published: October 2020

Does valorizing ‘love’s forgiveness’ amount to prioritizing agapic love over justice? Or is there some other picture, according to which forgiveness manages to combine love and justice? This chapter, addresses this question through a discussion of Nicholas Wolterstorff’s important distinction between ‘benevolence-agapism’ and ‘care-agapism’, and his defence of the latter. The framework for this is laid out (drawing on several key New Testament passages), before showing the reasons for diverging from Wolterstorff on the question of conditional versus unconditional (invitational) forgiveness. It is argued that forgiveness as a work of love need not—as some of its defenders assume—be an instance of benevolence-agapism, but can rather be an instance of care-agapism. This shows that there is available an understanding of forgiveness as a work of love that manages to incorporate both agapic love and a proper concern for justice.
On learning humility from the lilies and the birds
Authors: Lippitt John
Published: October 2020

This chapter begins to explore what other virtues might complement ‘forgivingness’. After a justification of the use of the very language of ‘virtues’, it is argued that a key part of the answer is a certain view of humility: one that can be teased out from several Kierkegaardian discourses, and which has recently been gaining increasing support against competing views. Humility is understood not in terms of self-abasement, underestimating oneself, or being ignorant of one’s good qualities, but rather in terms of decentring the self, being focused on others and sources of value besides oneself. In exploring the centrality of future-oriented worries to Kierkegaard’s lily and bird discourses, it is argued that such worries often stem from excessive, debilitating self-absorption, which the kind of humility sketched here enables us to avoid. All this is connected to the forgiving person through a discussion of the relationship between humility and gratitude, and the distinction between the virtue of humility and the vice of servility.
Self-forgiveness and the moral perspective of humility
Authors: Lippitt John
Published: October 2020

This chapter presents the argument that the conception of humility outlined in chapter 7—whose features include radical dependence and other-focus—is important in the process of morally responsible self-forgiveness. The case of Briony Tallis in Ian McEwan’s Atonement illustrates this and allows us to recognize (in line with an insight of Robin S. Dillon’s) a kind of self-forgiveness that includes continued self-reproach. Briony illustrates aspects of the kind of self-absorption about which critics of continued self-reproach (such as Margaret Holmgren) are rightly concerned, but she also illustrates a way of getting beyond this, such that the delicate balance between self-forgiveness and self-condemnation is plausibly upheld. Atonement also shows the significance of a particular kind of narrative continuity in the task of self-forgiveness.
Basic Concepts
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T.
Published: October 2020

This chapter introduces the basic properties of the neutron and its interactions with matter. The principal methods for neutron production are described, especially reactor and spallation sources. The kinematics of scattering are explained, and a simple interpretation is given in terms of the interference of matter waves. Nuclear scattering is separated into coherent and incoherent contributions, and the neutron scattering length is defined. The concept of the cross-section is introduced, and the total, differential, and partial differential scattering cross-sections, as well as the absorption cross-section, are defined.
Magnetic Scattering: General Properties
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T.
Published: October 2020

The basic theory of magnetic scattering is presented. A response function for magnetic scattering is defined, and expressed in terms partial response functions. The relation between the partial response functions and the correlation function for components of the magnetization is obtained, and the dynamical part of the partial reponse functions is linked via the fluctuation-dissipation theorem to the absorptive part of the generalized susceptibility. It is shown how the dipole approximation can be used to simply the magnetic scattering operator for localized electrons, and the magnetic form factor is introduced. Examples of the use of the dipole magnetic form factor, as well as more general anisotropic magnetic form factors, are given. A comparison with the X-ray atomic form factor is given. Various sum rules for the magnetic response function and generalized susceptibility are obtained.
Magnetic Diffraction
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T.
Published: October 2020

The basic concepts of magnetic order in crystals are reviewed, including magnetic unit cells, propagation vectors and magnetic domains. Some commonly-occuring magnetic structures are discussed, such as ferromagnets, antiferromagnets, ferrimagnets, and noncollinear and incommensurate magnetic structures. The differential cross-section for neutron diffraction from a magnetic structure is derived, and the magnetic structure factor is defined. The use of neutron polarization analysis, including spherical neutron polarimetry, in the determination of magnetic structures and of the spatial distribution of magnetization is described in detail. Diffuse magnetic scattering due to magnetic frustration and magnetic phase transitions is discussed, and the relevance of the static approximation is explained. Neutron diffraction studies of nuclear spin order are described.
Practical Aspects of Neutron Scattering
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T.
Published: October 2020

In this chapter, aspects of the planning and optimization of a neutron scattering experiment are covered, including attenuation, multiple scattering, data normalization, counting statistics, resolution, corrections for polarization analysis, and spurions. Practical aspects of diffraction experiments are described, including instrumentation, Rietveld refinement, anisotropic displacement parameters, the Ewald sphere construction, Lorentz factors, extinction and multiple scattering. Practical aspects of spectroscopy are also described, including triple-axis, time-of-flight and backscattering spectrometers, direct and indirect geometry, and some specific points arising in time-of flight inelastic scattering.
First-Principles Studies of Structural Domain Walls
Authors: Íñiguez J.
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses representative first-principles studies of structural domain walls in ferroics, focusing on the compounds that have received most attention by the simulations community so far: perovskite oxides. It describes in some detail a reduced number of case studies that come handy to illustrate different effects and to highlight the added value of the first-principles investigations. As regards the simulation methods, the chapter focuses on applications of density functional theory (DFT), typically employing an approximation for an effective treatment of ionic cores. A discussion on the application to domain-wall problems of first-principles-based methods for large-scale simulations of ferroelectrics and ferroelastics is also included. Finally, this chapter briefly on the opportunities and challenges for first-principles research in this field.
Fundamental Properties of Ferroelectric Domain Walls from Ginzburg–Landau Models
Authors: Ondrejkovic P. , Marton P. , Stepkova V. , Hlinka J.
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses the contemporary possibilities, prospects, and limitations of phase-field simulations and Ginzburg-Landau-Devonshire models of DWs. It focuses on the most studied ferroelectric oxides BaTiO3, KNbO3, PbTiO3, as well as in various complex perovskite oxides like lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and lead-based relaxor ferroelectrics. In the past decade, there have been multiple important results published in the field of perovskite ferroelectrics with a support of phase-field simulations. Certain predictions, like existence of Bloch walls in BaTiO3 or vortex structures in PbTiO3-SrTiO3 superlattices have been verified by atomistic or ab-initio calculations. The chapter resumes their available model potentials and the key predictions reported in the last decade. It is complemented by original data allowing comparisons and an outlook.
Improper Ferroelectric Domain Walls
Authors: Evans D. M. , Cochard Ch. , McQuaid R. G. P. , Cano A. , Gregg J. M. , Meier D.
Published: October 2020

This chapter focuses on the specific physical properties at domain walls in ferroelectric materials where the spontaneous electric polarization appears as a by-product of a structural or magnetic phase transition, and not as its primary order parameter. The chapter begins with a short introduction to the fundamentals of improper ferroelectricity, followed by a discussion of emergent functional domain wall properties in different improper ferroelectric model systems. It then covers the broad variety of electronic states and application opportunities associated with improper ferroelectric domain walls in hexagonal manganites. Next, this chapter addresses the electronic transport and manipulation of domain walls in boracites, and presents additional magnetoelectric coupling phenomena that arise when the interaction of magnetic spins and electric charges gives rise to improper ferroelectricity. A perspective regarding future research and application opportunities of improper ferroelectric domain walls is given last.
Turing Patterns in Ferroelectric Domains: Nonlinear Instabilities
Authors: Scott J. F.
Published: October 2020

This chapter outlines how ferroelectric domain patterns link to various, cross-disciplinary, fundamental instabilities. It starts by highlighting the startling resemblance between Turing patterns and the ‘labyrinthine’ polar nanoregHions associated with ferroelectric relaxors. The chapter goes on to look at patterns arising out of the Landau-Ginzburg approach and links these to experimentally observed domain patterns. The link between Turing patterns and those from Landau-Ginzburg is particularly noteworthy as the terms, and considerations, of the two approaches differ: yet both can describe ferroic domain configurations in lead based ferroelectrics in different boundary conditions. This chapter considers other fundamental situations, such as Zhabotinskii-Belousov patterns and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities, before looking at the evolution of these patterns with increasing. It concludes by looking at the dimensionality of PbTiO3. Because many of these processes require diffusion, they should be absent (or qualitatively different) near Quantum Critical points.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Ferroelectric Domain Walls in BiFeO3 Thin Films: Structures and Switching Dynamics
Authors: Li L. , Pan X.
Published: October 2020

This chapter presents a review on the recent progress in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of ferroelectric DWs in one of the most widely studied ferroelectric systems — BiFeO3 thin films. This system has been chosen representative for a much wider range of ferroelectric perovskites with functional DWs, due to its strong spontaneous polarization, coexistence of ferroelectricity, ferroelasticity and antiferromagnetism, and numerous functionalities at the DWs. Here, the chapter first briefly introduces the instrumentation, experimental procedures, imaging mechanisms, and analytical methods of the state-of-the-art TEM-based techniques. The application of these techniques to the study of DW structures and switching behaviors is demonstrated, with particular emphasis on the critical roles of interfaces and defects, and interplay between different types of DWs. The phenomena and mechanism discovered in the model system of BiFeO3 are also applicable to many other ferroelectric materials with similar DW structures. The results not only advance the fundamental understanding of static and dynamic properties of ferroelectric DWs, but also form the basis for designing of practical ferroelectric-DW-based devices.
Nanoscale Ferroelectric Switching: A Method to Inject and Study Non-equilibrium Domain Walls
Authors: Ievlev A. V. , Tselev A. , Vasudevan R. , Kalinin S. V. , Morozovska A. , Maksymovych P.
Published: October 2020

This chapter focuses on the electric field-induced formation of a single nanoscale polarization domain, emphasizing that nucleation, growth, and annihilation of such a domain enables injection of non-equilibrium domain walls. The focus on nanoscale domains is motivated in large part by advances in scanning probe microscopy (SPM), where the ever-increasing drive to improve spatial resolution was met by a natural reduction of the size of one of the electrodes in a ferroelectric capacitor down to nanoscale dimensions. In this case, the process of ferroelectric switching becomes dominated by the nucleation of a single domain of the opposite polarization. Once allowed to equilibrate, the end-result of the single-domain switching is injection of a new domain wall(s) into the original ferroelectric volume. Likewise, reversing the polarization under the probe will in general eliminate the domain wall(s). The nanoscale ferroelectric switching becomes, therefore, an efficient approach to inject and erase DWs on-demand. However, its primary value may be in facilitation of detailed understanding of the DW injection mechanisms as well as investigation of the range of possible DW configurations, that can be injected up to the highest fields achievable in a given material.
Post-Quantum Blockchains
Authors: Bolfing Andreas
Published: October 2020

Chapter 10 deals with the fact that quantum computers will break all current practical digital signature schemes once large-scale quantum computers become reality. The chapter starts with an outline of the major cryptographic primitives that are considered to be quantum-safe and compare their efficiency and usability for blockchain networks. For this, it compares the basic factors of the most popular classical public-key schemes and some chosen post-quantum approaches. This is followed by an introduction to hash-based cryptosystems. Based on Lamport-Diffie one-time signatures, it shows how hash-based signature schemes work and how they can be transformed to multi-signature schemes.
Photon messengers
Authors: Shore Bruce W.
Published: October 2020

Chapter 6 examines notions of messaging and information and overviews the ways that photons serve that purpose, starting with the remarkable views they brought to astronomers in the 1950s. It comments on the involvement of photons in teleportation, correlation and entanglement.
‘We Were All Very Sick and Very Stupid’
Authors: Butler Lise
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses the Conference on the Psychological and Sociological Problems of Modern Socialism held at University College Oxford in 1945. This event featured prominent left-wing policy makers, intellectuals, and social scientists, including the MP Evan Durbin, the political theorist G. D. H. Cole, the writer and politician Margaret Cole, the child psychologist John Bowlby, the historian R. H. Tawney, and Michael Young, who was then the Secretary of the Labour Party Research Department. The conference reflected multiple strands of inter-war and mid-twentieth century political thought and social science which emphasized the political and social importance of small groups, notably through guild socialist arguments for pluralistic forms of political organization, and theories about human attachment drawn from child psychology. The views expressed at the conference reflected a sense that active and participatory democracy was not just morally right but psychologically necessary to prevent popular political radicalization, limit the appeal of totalitarianism, and promote peaceful civil society. The chapter concludes by noting that the events of the conference, and the intellectual influences that it represented, would subsequently shape Michael Young’s project to promote social science within the Labour Party during the later years of the Attlee government.
‘For Richer, For Poorer’
Authors: Butler Lise
Published: October 2020

Chapter 3 examines an unpublished policy document that Young submitted to the Labour Party Policy Committee in 1952 called ‘For Richer, For Poorer’, which marked a transition from Young’s public policy career towards sociology and social research. Young left his position in the Labour Party Research Department after the Conservative election victory in the 1951 general election, and undertook a Ph.D. in social administration at the London School of Economics supervised by the social policy thinker Richard Titmuss. Responding to the Labour Party’s failure to appeal to women voters in the 1951 election, ‘For Richer, For Poorer’ urged the Labour Party to pay more attention to family policy. Young integrated a historical vision of declining social cohesion caused by industrialization and suburbanization with contemporary concerns about the poverty of women and children that built on the work of earlier social poverty researchers and the feminist campaigns for a family allowance led by Eleanor Rathbone. This document reflected a turn in Young’s thought away from the focus on full employment and macro-economic planning which had characterized much of his policy work during the Attlee government, and towards thinking about social policy from the perspective of those he conceived of as non-workers, including the elderly, the unemployed, children, and women.
Conclusion
Authors: Butler Lise
Published: October 2020

The conclusion describes how the Social Science Research Council, and in particular the discipline of sociology, came under increasing attack by Conservative policy makers in the 1970s and 1980s. It briefly outlines Young’s biography and career after 1970, and summarizes the key arguments of the book as a whole. The conclusion cautions against populist and communitarian arguments which idealize nostalgic visions of community, pointing out that Young’s portrayals of the East London working class were ideologically and politically motivated, and did not fully account for changing gender norms or the impact of immigration. The book concludes by re-emphasizing the importance of the social sciences in twentieth-century politics and political thought, and argues that historians should continue to take their role in modern British history seriously.
Introduction
Authors: Conley Carolyn A.
Published: October 2020

This book examines how the types of homicides women were accused of and the responses these women encountered in the courts and the press reflected and challenged prevailing gender norms. The primary sources are the Old Bailey Sessions Papers which include the trials heard at the Central Criminal Court in London between 1674 and 1913. The introduction discusses the strengths and limitations of the Old Bailey Sessions Papers as well as other primary sources such as the Ordinary Accounts, broadsheets, pamphlets, and newspapers. It offers an overview of changing norms and stereotypes for women during the period as well as a summary of changes in criminal procedures.
1674–1753: Strumpets and Wenches
Authors: Conley Carolyn A.
Published: October 2020

Women in Restoration London were actively involved in public life and often blamed for manipulating men to violence. Other than neonaticide which was punished severely under a draconian Statute of 1624, women were most likely to be accused of killing an unrelated adult male in a public brawl. Women convicted of murdering their husbands were burned at the stake for petty treason, though juries often showed sympathy for women who had lashed out during a violent struggle. Women were also charged with the deaths of servants and, in the early period, bailiffs. Women were very rarely accused of killing their own children other than illegitimate newborns. Cases where the accused had clearly been insane were rarely prosecuted. Women tried for homicide were assumed to have made a rational decision to behave in a wicked manner. Though juries were becoming less likely to convict in neonaticide cases by mid-century, most women were held fully accountable for their actions without regard to gender or circumstances.
Conclusion
Authors: Conley Carolyn A.
Published: October 2020

The outcomes for women tried for homicide as well as the types of homicides they were accused of changed dramatically over the centuries. Overall women grew less likely to be convicted of murder, and those convicted of murder, far less likely to be executed. Women were also more often found insane. But analysis of different categories reveals that changes in the treatment of neonaticides as well as an enormous increase in the rate at which women were prosecuted for killing their own children accounted for the most dramatic changes in verdicts. By the early twentieth century, prosecutions in both categories were beginning to decline as the amount of support increased and unwed mothers were viewed more sympathetically. But increased concern for the survival of children had led to more prosecutions and harsher sentences for caregivers accused in the deaths of their charges. The number of women prosecuted for killing non-related adults fell. Women accused of non-domestic homicides were usually seen as having been unduly influenced by men. The few women who committed murder on their own were viewed as monsters. Spousal homicide was the category in which the prosecution rate showed the least fluctuation. The outcomes for women convicted of killing their husbands changed dramatically but this category seems particularly resistant to outside influence. It seems likely that prosecution rates fluctuated more than actual homicide rates and some of the stereotypes regarding women and lethal violence seem to reflect real differences between men and women as opposed to gender constructs.
Romans, Britons, and the Construction of ‘Anglo-Saxon’ Identity
Authors: Bintley Michael D.J.
Published: October 2020

This chapter argues that early English writing and material culture manipulated and manufactured British and Roman identities in the formation of an ‘Anglo-Saxon’ identity between the eighth and eleventh centuries. Historical and literary works present a narrative in which the British were conquered or pushed to the fringes of society, despite the coexistence of ample evidence for inter-group cooperation and collaboration. At the same time, other cultural productions sought to emphasize the incorporation—and continuation—of various aspects of Romanitas. Interrogating a range of textual and material evidence, this chapter presents an overview of the various approaches to ‘British’ and ‘Roman’ identity that are visible in early English culture. It gives special consideration to one of the most prominent stages on which this negotiation took place: the former towns of Roman Britain.
The Politics of British Antiquity and the Descent from Troy in the Early Stuart Era
Authors: Schwyzer Philip
Published: October 2020

By the early Stuart era, English scholars and statesmen had largely abandoned belief in medieval Welsh traditions regarding the Trojan Brutus and the British empire ruled by his descendants, choosing instead to rely on Classical descriptions of British antiquity. Yet in defiance of this historiographical turn, the themes of Trojan descent and ancient empire enjoyed a remarkable popular renaissance in the first half of the seventeenth century. Despite Geoffrey of Monmouth’s banishment from the realm of serious history, the Descent from Troy was arguably known, accepted, and publicly celebrated by more people in the early Stuart era than at any point in the past. Focusing on texts including Michael Drayton’s topographical epic Poly-Olbion, Anthony Munday’s civic pageant The Triumphes of Reunited Britannia, and the anonymous broadside Troynovant Must Not be Burnt, this chapter explores a range of factors that help account for this late efflorescence of the British History, including James VI and I’s unsuccessful campaign for closer union between England and Scotland, and the local priorities of communities in Wales and London.
Greek Gaels, British Gaels
Authors: Coira M. Pía
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores the use of Classical allusions in early-modern Scottish Gaelic poetry, and the two distinct ways in which they connected with the Scottish Gaels’ understanding of Britishness. Gaelic Scotland and Gaelic Ireland shared the same field of literary reference, with Ireland as the fountainhead. Consequently, Classical reception in Scottish Gaelic literature owed much to Classical reception in Ireland. However, once Scotland became part of the kingdom of Britain, and particularly in the Jacobite period, poets began to deploy new Classical allusions, in which a shift in type and purpose can be detected, designed to address contemporary political circumstances. A sense of Gaelic Britishness, and a specific understanding of what it meant to be British, developed in Gaelic Scotland in the seventeenth century. Classical allusion played a meaningful role in its expression through poetic discourse right up to the aftermath of Culloden, the final Jacobite defeat.
Celts and Romans on Tour
Authors: Constantine Mary-Ann
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores the presence of Romans and Britons in the tour literature of late-eighteenth-century Britain. It argues that the deeply ingrained narratives of Classical authors such as Caesar and Tacitus offered many tourists a framework not only for reading the past in the landscape, but also the present, as the recollection of former conflicts in situ stimulated questions of loyalty and cultural diversity within a recently ‘united’ Britain. An examination of a selection of tourist accounts from the 1770s to the early 1800s shows how certain key texts, notably Thomas Pennant’s Tours of Wales and Scotland, set the historical agenda for many decades, and reveals how the power dynamics of that ancient Classical/Celtic conflict could be usefully re-animated in different contemporary political contexts.
Moderns of the Past, Moderns of the Future
Authors: Currie Arabella
Published: October 2020

This chapter complements the volume’s focus on Celtic–Classical interactions within the notion of Britishness by examining the role of such a dialogue in Ireland’s attempts to extricate itself from the British Empire, and by emphasizing the part that Irish scholars and poets have played in shaping Celtic, Roman, and British identities. It focuses on the Revivalist translator and neurologist, George Sigerson (1836–1925), whose comparative reading of ‘Celtic’ and Latin poetry set out to prove an Irish influence on Latin verse, on the one hand by arguing that Cicero was directly influenced in his poetry by a Celtic druid, and on the other by proving that the author of the first Latin biblical epic of Late Antiquity was Irish. The chapter examines these arguments for the forgotten Celticization of Rome in the light of colonial mimicry, before asking how Sigerson put his theories of the postcolonial power of cross-linguistic influence into practice in his own translation strategy. It concludes by highlighting the lasting implications of Sigerson’s call for a new way of reading texts across languages, attuned to verbal and stylistic echoes and so able to dismantle any strict divide between the Celtic and the Classical.
Alternative Histories
Authors: Burton Philip
Published: October 2020

This chapter suggests that Celts and Celticism are key themes in the legendarium of J.R.R. Tolkien, and furthermore that while his fiction is not ‘Classical reception’ in the conventional sense, our understanding of it is enriched if we read it not simply as a work of fantasy, but as a series of alternative histories, in which relations between various traditional ethnic groups of Europe are imaginatively recreated. It is proposed that various of Tolkien’s fictional peoples may be identified as ‘crypto-Celts’, ‘crypto-Romans’, and ‘crypto-Saxons’, and that he uses these crypto-peoples as means of considering the different ways in which real-world peoples interact. The implications of this for Tolkien’s views on ‘Englishness’ and ‘Britishness’ are considered, and the widespread belief that Tolkien regularly deals with hypostatized ethnic or national groups is challenged. Emphasis is given rather to the importance in his work of contact and mixture between groups, and his implicit critique of Romantic notions of Heimat. Particular attention is also paid to groups or individuals who function as ‘crypto-Roman Catholics’, and their importance for Tolkien’s vision of a re-Catholicized England.
The Civil Procedure Rules Twenty Years On
Authors: Byrne Hill Damien , McIntosh Maura
Published: October 2020

Cost and delay have always been the two great challenges facing the civil justice system. Lord Woolf sought to address these issues with his recommendations, which were largely implemented in the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) twenty years ago. Lord Justice Jackson again took up the challenge in his Review of Civil Litigation Costs ten years later, leading to further significant reforms. But the reform process is far from over, with the rules on disclosure and witness statements currently in the spotlight. This chapter considers how the CPR and the various reforms have worked in practice from the perspective of the commercial solicitor, and whether more needs to be done to address the challenges.
Discovery
Authors: Coulson Peter
Published: October 2020

This short chapter considers the various reforms to the procedural problem child of disclosure. History shows that disclosure reform is difficult. This is because the basic principle of disclosure, that each side has to disclose everything relevant, even the documents that might show them in a very bad light, is a critical foundation of the Rule of Law. It underpins the whole concept of a fair trial in this country, and it is one of the reasons why England is a centre for international litigation. The key features of the disclosure pilot were fully consulted on and will be properly evaluated. They hold out the potential for better balancing the need for both sides to disclose everything that is relevant, whilst also ensuring that disclosure does not become an exercise that is too expensive and too enormous.
National Security, Closed Material Procedures, and Fair Trials
Authors: Chamberlain Martin
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the arguments advanced against the extension of closed material procedures (CMPs) prior to the passage of the Justice and Security Act 2013. In the light of experience since the coming into force of that Act, it asks whether and to what extent the arguments against CMPs have been shown to be correct; whether and when CMPs are necessary; and whether and when they are capable of providing the ‘substantial measure of procedural justice’ their proponents promised. Any assessment of the degree to which CMPs give rise to procedural unfairness must be attentive to two factors: first, the degree to which the excluded party will be disadvantaged by being represented by a special advocate, rather than their own lawyer; and secondly, what is the alternative to a CMP. This leads to a mixed picture where CMPs can cause considerable unfairness in some cases, but in others it may be the only the way to effectively challenge a decision by way of judicial review.
A Core Irreducible Minimum? The Operation of the AF (No. 3)
Authors: Hooper Hayley J.
Published: October 2020

The landmark House of Lords ruling in Home Secretary v AF (No. 3) [2009] UKHL 28 imposed a ‘core irreducible minimum’ of disclosure (the AF (No. 3) duty) to suspects challenging a control order in judicial review proceedings which necessitated a closed material procedure (CMP) for national security reasons. This chapter outlines the application and impact of that decision in respect of the many other types of proceedings which require a CMP in national security and related contexts. It argues that the judicial treatment of the duty has been inconsistent, meaning that the enhanced procedural protection offered by the AF (No. 3) duty is often not present when the circumstances faced by the litigant are the most serious.
Reform of Civil Justice
Authors: Goodman Richard
Published: October 2020

This chapter sets out the HMCTS approach to its reform programme that first originated in September 2016, when the then Lord Chief Justice and Lord Chancellor, together with the Senior President of Tribunals, set out their joint vision for a reformed, modernised justice system, one that would combine its ‘respected traditions with the enabling power of technology’. The aim of programme is to develop a digital system of civil justice which is increasingly open to all and progressively easier, and more efficient, to run. The need for reform is beyond doubt. Countless reviews and studies have highlighted significant weaknesses of a system that has long been beset by complex, paper-based processes and crippling costs. Our approach to reform deliberately eschews the risky ‘big bangs’ familiar to many reforms, instead favouring incremental change. It involves testing again and again new digital ways of working with real members of the public to establish what works best. In practice, the reforms mean building new, intuitive ways for the public—and their representatives—to structure, submit, and manage claims online. Early feedback, including from the new Online Civil Money Claims Service, suggests higher levels of engagement with the process and high levels of user satisfaction.
Introduction: wholes-of-parts
Authors: Damhuis Koen
Published: October 2020

Who votes for the radical right and why? In recent years, many studies have been published that try to answer this question. The aim of the introductory chapter is to situate this book in the abundant radical right literature. By doing so, it explains why and how demand-side and supply-side factors need to be taken into account, before arguing why the widespread assumption of electoral homogeneity should be questioned. Drawing on historical and contemporary evidence in the sociological and political science literature, the chapter subsequently introduces the concept of electoral equifinality, that is of key importance for the rest of the study. This section directly leads to the chapter’s final part, in which the research questions and the outline of the book are presented.
Radical right supporters in the social space
Authors: Damhuis Koen
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the structural sources of heterogeneity among radical right voters. It does so by focusing on three dimensions: whodunnit (social characteristics), whydunnit (political preferences) and howdunnit (the political decision-making process). In order to account for the interrelatedness of socio-structural variables, this part of the study relies on Pierre Bourdieu’s conception of social space. In this two-dimensional framework, the volume of cultural and economic capital constitutes a vertical axis (with high capital volume at the top and low capital volume at the bottom), whereas the horizontal dimension covers the composition of capital (with a dominance of cultural capital on the left side and a dominance of economic capital on the right side of the axis). Based on specific multiple correspondence analyses (MCA), the chapter reports recurring patterns of structural diversity among radical right-wing voters, that are of crucial importance with respect to the findings presented in Chapters 6, 7, and 8.
Predicting What is Predictable
Authors: Smith Gary , Cordes Jay
Published: October 2020

Coincidental correlations are useless for making predictions. In order to predict something, it has to be predictable; there must be an underlying causal structure—a real reason for the correlation. Correlation without causation mean predictions without hope. Causation can be demonstrated by a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which there is both a treatment group and a control group, and in which the subjects are randomly assigned to the two groups. There should also be enough data to draw meaningful conclusions. A/B tests are essentially RCTs for the Internet. Unfortunately, we often cannot do RCTs. We have to make do with observational data. A valid study specifies the theory to be tested before looking at the data. Finding a pattern after looking at the data is treacherous, and likely to end badly—with a worthless, temporary coincidental correlation.
Fooled Again and Again
Authors: Smith Gary , Cordes Jay
Published: October 2020

Patterns are inevitable and we should not be surprised by them. Streaks, clusters, and correlations are the norm, not the exception. In a large number of coin flips, there are likely to be coincidental clusters of heads and tails. In nationwide data on cancer, crime, or test scores, there are likely to be flukey clusters. When the data are separated into smaller geographic units like cities, the most extreme results are likely to be found in the smallest cities. In athletic competitions between well-matched teams, the outcome of a small number of games is almost meaningless. Our challenge is to overcome our inherited inclination to think that all patterns are meaningful; for example, thinking that clustering in large data sets or differences among small data sets must be something real that needs to be explained. Often, it is just meaningless happenstance.
Fruitless Searches
Authors: Smith Gary , Cordes Jay
Published: October 2020

The Internet provides a firehose of data that researchers can use to understand and predict people’s behavior. However, unless A/B tests are used, these data are not from randomized controlled trials that allow us to rule out confounding influences. In addition, the people using the Internet in general, and social media in particular, are surely unrepresentative and their activities should be used cautiously for drawing conclusions about the general population. Things we read or see on the Internet are not necessarily true. Things we do on the Internet are not necessarily informative. An unrestrained scrutiny of searches, updates, tweets, hashtags, images, videos, or captions is certain to turn up an essentially unlimited number of phantom patterns that are entirely coincidental, and completely worthless.
The Reproducibility Crisis
Authors: Smith Gary , Cordes Jay
Published: October 2020

Attempts to replicate reported studies often fail because the research relied on data mining—searching through data for patterns without any pre-specified, coherent theories. The perils of data mining can be exacerbated by data torturing—slicing, dicing, and otherwise mangling data to create patterns. If there is no underlying reason for a pattern, it is likely to disappear when someone attempts to replicate the study. Big data and powerful computers are part of the problem, not the solution, in that they can easily identify an essentially unlimited number of phantom patterns and relationships, which vanish when confronted with fresh data. If a researcher will benefit from a claim, it is likely to be biased. If a claim sounds implausible, it is probably misleading. If the statistical evidence sounds too good to be true, it probably is.
Authoring, reading, and exploring an Appendix
Authors: Franklinos T. E. , Fulkerson Laurel
Published: October 2020

This introduction outlines the primary contexts for the volume that follows, offering a way to conceive of appendical texts not only as fake or less-than, but as works of literature in their own right. What we know about the specific conditions of production of the three corpora is explored, together with what is and has historically been at stake in the determination of them as genuine or spurious. Taking the poems on their own terms, we suggest, requires engaging with what the notion of authorship is and how it functions in classical scholarship, and also with how canons are formed and unformed. So too, serious attention to the appendical texts may allow us to think differently about the aesthetic issues that so often underpin our appreciation of the literature we study.