bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Where Is Developmental Social Work as Social Work Practice Method in Tanzania? The Case of Dar es Salaam Region
Authors: Manyama William
Published: July 2018

There is a consensus that developmental social work method is increasingly gaining support as a panacea for social and economic problems facing the African continent. The main emphasis of the method is centered on pulling together community resources in addressing social and economic problems. The literature shows that the method is currently underutilized in Tanzania and the reasons propelling such a situation are not clear. This study has found that developmental social work is confronted with the following barriers in Tanzania: lack of resources, nature of social work training and curricula, organizational factors/nature of social service agencies activities, lack of innovation and absence of regulations/clear guidelines. The findings also suggest that in order to make full utilization of developmental social work, structural, institutional, professional and individual factors have to be addressed. The recommendations of this study are: developmental social work is very important so as to bring about social and economic development. The nature of economic and social problems facing vulnerable populations in Tanzania today requires a combination of different methods including that of developmental social work, if sustainable development has to be realized.
La Tisuloterapia. Esta temática fue ampliada en el conversatorio con la Dra. Marie Christine Scholler
Authors: Urrutia García Javier
Published: July 2018

No hay resúmenes disponiblesAKADEMOS, Año 11, Vol. 2, No 29, Julio-Diciembre 2017: 113-121
Professors’ Attitudes Toward Considering Spirituality and Spiritual Counseling and Training During Medical Education Among Medical Students: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Fard Golnaz Mazaheri Nejad , Farid Ali Asghar Asgharnejad , Farahani Neda Shahvaroughi , Ghaempanah Zeinab , Pirmoradi Mohammad Reza
Published: July 2018

Background and aim: Spirituality is considered as one of the dimensions of health, along with physical, psychological and social health which includes an element of excellence and transcendence. However, it is unclear whether contemporary medical professors in Iran still considering this concept in their training program. This study assesses the professors' attitude toward considering spirituality and spiritual counseling and training during medical education among medical students.Materials and methods: This is a qualitative study with conventional content analysis method. 43 participants, who were main stakeholders in medical education were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected using structured interviews from September to October 2017, which continued until data saturation.Ethical consideration: the principles of ethics and integrity in the research, citation and literature analysis were taken into consideration.Finding: Three main themes and their categories were extracted from analysis of data. The themes are (1) helping to solve the students' spiritual problems and challenges (2), Psycho-spiritual characteristics of medical student (3), training spiritual concepts.Conclusion: A majority of professors acknowledged the use of spirituality concepts in medical education. It seems that implementation of such programs requires attention to facilitating factors and challenges proposed by those involved.
Studying Relationship Between Static and Dynamic Balance Indices and Knee Pain Severity in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Akbari Narges Jahantigh , Ashtiani Ahmad Reza Askary , Mohammadi Mehdi , Nouraisarjou Salman
Published: July 2018

Background and Objectives: One of the predisposing factors for postural sway changes in patients with knee osteoarthritis is the severity of knee pain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between pain severity and static and dynamic balance indices in patients with knee osteoarthritis.Materials and Methods: 15 patients with knee osteoarthritis were selected through simple non-probability sampling. Static and dynamic balance indices were also measured by Biodex system, the pain severity by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in two pre and post time intervals. The treatment was performed for the balance trainings group for 3 weeks and 5 times per week. Paired statistical t-test and Pearson test were used to analyze the data.Results: The results showed that balance trainings resulted in significant improvement in pain severity and dynamic and static balance indices. There was a significant direct correlation between pain severity and anterior-posterior stability index and medial-lateral stability index on two feet with the closed eyes with exercise, respectively (rho = 0.52, p = 0.04) and (rho = 0.53, p = 0.03). There was also a significant indirect correlation between pain severity and anterior-posterior stability index on the affected leg with the closed eyes (rho = 0.60, p = 0.01).Conclusion: The results of the study confirm the direct and indirect relationship between dynamic balance indices and pain intensity; in the future studies the effect of pain on neuromuscular factors should be considered.
The effect of increasing the contact surface on tendon healing
Authors: Bilgen Fatma , Duman Yakup , Bulut Ömer , Bekerecioğlu Mehmet
Published: July 2018

Background The most common complication after tendon repair is the development of adhesion, with subsequent rupture.

Methods In this study, we present a new method in which the tendon healing contact surface is increased to reduce these complications. The tendons of chickens in groups 1, 3, and 5 were transversely cut and repaired with in the traditional fashion with double-modified Kessler method and 5/0 polypropylene. In the other groups, 3 mm of the tendon was removed from the proximal half of the upper end and from the distal half of the lower end of the tendon, and they were repaired with the modified Kessler method. The tendons of the chickens in groups 1 and 2 were evaluated immediatelly after surgery. Groups 3 and 4 were evaluated at 4 weeks after surgery. Groups 5 and 6 were evaluated at 6 weeks.

Results Increases in transient inflammation and connective tissue formation were observed more clearly in the group treated with the new method in histopathological investigations at weeks 4 and 6. The stretching test showed statistically significant differences between groups 3 and 4 (P<0.05) and groups 5 and 6 (P<0.05).

Conclusions When repairing tendons with the new method, the healing surface increases and the direction of collagen fibers at the surface changes. Because of these effects, the strength of the tendon healing line increases; we therefore expect that this technique will enable patients to safely engage in early active exercise after the operation, with less risk of tendon rupture.
Extension block and direct pinning methods for mallet fracture: A comparative study
Authors: Han Hyun Ho , Cho Hyun Jun , Kim Seong Yeon , Oh Deuk Young
Published: July 2018

Background Mallet fracture can easily occur during sports activities or in daily life; however, the principles and methods of treatment for such fractures remain debated. Among the surgical treatments, various methods of closed reduction have been proposed. We treated patients with the extension block method (EBM) and the direct pinning method (DPM), and then compared the results. We assessed differences in range of motion and measurements of finger movement after surgery.

Methods A total of 41 patients who underwent surgery from August 2013 to September 2015 were evaluated retrospectively. Among them, 21 patients were treated with the EBM and 20 patients were treated with the DPM. We then compared extensor lag, range of motion, and outcomes according to Crawford’s criteria between before surgery and at 6 to 8 months postoperatively.

Results The postoperative extensor lag improvement was 4.28° and 10.73°, and the postoperative arc of motion was 55.76° and 61.17° in the EBM and DPM groups, respectively. The Crawford assessment showed no statistically significant difference between the groups, although the score in the DPM group was higher than that in the EBM group (3.5 vs. 3.1).

Conclusions As closed reduction methods for the treatment of mallet fracture, both the EBM and DPM showed good results. However, the DPM proved to be superior to the EBM in that it produced greater improvements in extensor lag and range of motion.
DATENSPIEL/ DATAPLAY: From critical awareness to emancipation: four workshops led by artists for the citizens of Athens
Authors: Dragona Daphne
Published: July 2018

El artículo analiza la necesidad de sensibilizar y crear modos de empoderamiento y emancipación ciudadana en las actuales metropolis organizadas en torno a los datos. Presenta los desafíos y las ideas erróneas que se esconden detrás de la constante acumulación y análisis de datos urbanos y cuestiona la manera en que estos procesos tienden progresivamente a definir nuevas condiciones para el entorno urbano.
Al mismo tiempo que analiza a qué intereses sirven estos procesos, este artículo se centra en el arte como lugar desde el que se puede derivar una llamada a la resistencia. Como ejemplo se presentan cuatro talleres desarrollados por artistas organizados en Atenas en 2013.
La revitalización del espacio público desde la comunicación y la práctica creativa neomedial: Nuevos lenguajes para el diálogo entre el ciudadano y el entorno urbano
Authors: Felip Miralles Francisco , Galán Serrano Julia
Published: July 2018

La ciudad actual se construye, desarrolla y practica desde la comunicación, y el lenguaje, clave en la formación del pensamiento, la cultura y las identidades, evoluciona en sociedad. Cabe por tanto reflexionar sobre la capacidad de los nuevos lenguajes que emergen de la integración de las nuevas tecnologías en el entorno urbano para proponer un nuevo tipo de comunicación con la ciudad que revitalice sus diferentes espacios.
En este artículo se identifican las distintas tipologías de espacios públicos desde los que el ciudadano establece su relación con la ciudad. Así mismo, se estudia cómo una incorporación creativa de las NTIC en los soportes más habituales de estos lugares ayuda a percibirlos como espacios urbanos de relación vividos por el ciudadano desde la interacción, identificando claves que ayudan a entender mejor la comunicación en la urbe y su relación con la emergencia de una ciudad híbrida. Desde el análisis de significativas aportaciones creativas de la última década se identifican diferentes lenguajes y tipologías de comunicación que acontecen en la ciudad, reflexionando sobre tendencias y escenarios de interés para los campos del arte y el diseño orientados a reforzar el concepto de ciudad practicada que ayuda a canalizar la revitalización de los distintos espacios urbanos.
La emergencia de la multitud y las prácticas de crowdmapping: Reflexionando sobre los espacios posmodernos y sus narrativas
Authors: Caetano Nêto Juliana
Published: July 2018

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre la relación entre la convergencia de medios, responsable de la distribución de contenidos en diferentes formatos, y la multitud comprometida con la producción de informaciones en el espacio urbano. La hipótesis es que la relación entre ellos propicia nuevas experiencias en el espacio y en las relaciones interpersonales. Para probar el alcance de la hipótesis, se optó por el análisis de narrativas colaborativas etiquetadas como prácticas de crowdmapping, que contienen conceptos clave para la reflexión teórica como georeferenciación, mapeado colectivo, espacio híbrido y principalmente la acción de una multitud conectada. Las formas de vida contemporáneas ponene de relieve la pertinencia del concepto de multitud desde la perspectiva de autores como Antonio Negri y Paolo Virno, y de la consecuente disolución del concepto de “pueblo”. De naturaleza plural, desvinculada de una unidad politica o estatal, la multitud encuentra en las medios espacio para actuar de forma no representativa y demuestra, en sus narrativas, los nuevos paradigmas que moldean la sociedad contemporánea, los individuos y sus respectivos espacios. Pensar el espacio urbano posmoderno y sus poéticas, teniendo como presupuesto una cultura de convergencia mediática, implica describir una serie de cambios en relación, sobretodo, a la interacción entre personas y ambientes, así como la producción y el consumo de informaciones.
Intersection Graphs of Rays and Grounded Segments
Authors: Cardinal Jean , Felsner Stefan , Miltzow Tillmann , Tompkins Casey , Vogtenhuber Birgit
Published: July 2018

We consider several classes of intersection graphs of line segments in the plane and prove new equality and separation results between those classes.
In particular, we show that:

intersection graphs of grounded segments and intersection graphs of downward rays form the same graph class,
not every intersection graph of rays is an intersection graph of downward rays, and
not every outer segment graph is an intersection graph of rays.

The first result answers an open problem posed by Cabello and Jejčič. The third result confirms a conjecture by Cabello.
We thereby completely elucidate the remaining open questions on the containment relations between these classes of segment graphs.
We further characterize the complexity of the recognition problems for the classes of outer segment, grounded segment, and ray intersection graphs.
We prove that these recognition problems are complete for the existential theory of the reals.
This holds even if a 1-string realization is given as additional input.
An I/O-Efficient Algorithm for Computing Vertex Separators on Multi-Dimensional Grid Graphs and Its Applications
Authors: Gan Junhao , Tao Yufei
Published: July 2018

A vertex separator, in general, refers to a set of vertices whose removal disconnects the original graph into subgraphs possessing certain nice properties. Such separators have proved useful for solving a variety of graph problems. The core contribution of the paper is an I/O-efficient algorithm that finds, on any $d$-dimensional grid graph, a small vertex separator which mimics the well-known separator of [Maheshwari and Zeh, SICOMP'08] for planar graphs. We accompany our algorithm with two applications. First, by integrating our separators with existing algorithms, we strengthen the current state-of-the-art results of three fundamental problems on 2D grid graphs: finding connected components, finding single source shortest paths, and breadth-first search. Second, we show how our separator-algorithm can be deployed to perform density-based clustering on $d$-dimensional points I/O-efficiently.
The SNPR neighbourhood of tree-child networks
Authors: Klawitter Jonathan
Published: July 2018

Network rearrangement operations like SNPR (SubNet Prune and Regraft), a recent generalisation of
rSPR (rooted Subtree Prune and Regraft), induce a metric on phylogenetic networks. To search the
space of these networks one important property of these metrics is the sizes of the neighbourhoods,
that is, the number of networks reachable by exactly one operation from a given network. In this
paper, we present exact expressions for the SNPR neighbourhood of tree-child networks, which depend
on both the size and the topology of a network. We furthermore give upper and lower bounds for
the minimum and maximum size of such a neighbourhood.
Inferential statistics are descriptive statistics
Authors: Amrhein Valentin , Trafimow David , Greenland Sander
Published: July 2018

There has been much discussion of a "replication crisis" related to statistical inference, which has largely been attributed to overemphasis on and abuse of hypothesis testing. Much of the abuse stems from failure to recognize that statistical tests not only test hypotheses, but countless assumptions and the entire environment in which research takes place. Honestly reported results must vary from replication to replication because of varying assumption violations and random variation; excessive agreement itself would suggest deeper problems, such as failure to publish results in conflict with group expectations or desires. Considerable non-replication is thus to be expected even with the best reporting practices, and generalizations from single studies are rarely if ever warranted. Because of all the uncertain and unknown assumptions that underpin statistical inferences, we should treat inferential statistics as highly unstable local descriptions of relations between assumptions and data, rather than as generalizable inferences about hypotheses or models. And that means we should treat statistical results as being much more incomplete and uncertain than is currently the norm. Rather than focusing our study reports on uncertain conclusions, we should thus focus on describing accurately how the study was conducted, what data resulted, what analysis methods were used and why, and what problems occurred.
Importance of miRNA stability and alternative primary miRNA isoforms in gene regulation during Drosophila development
Authors: Zhou Li , Lim Mandy Yu Theng , Kaur Prameet , Saj Abil , Bortolamiol-Becet Diane , Gopal Vikneswaran , Tolwinski Nicholas , Tucker-Kellogg Greg , Okamura Katsutomo
Published: July 2018

Mature microRNAs (miRNAs) are processed from primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs), and their expression is controlled at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. However, how regulation at multiple levels achieves precise control remains elusive. Using published and new datasets, we profile a time course of mature and pri-miRNAs in Drosophila embryos and reveal the dynamics of miRNA production and degradation as well as dynamic changes in pri-miRNA isoform selection. We found that 5’ nucleotides influence stability of mature miRNAs. Furthermore, distinct half-lives of miRNAs from the mir-309 cluster shape their temporal expression patterns, and the importance of rapid degradation of the miRNAs in gene regulation is detected as distinct evolutionary signatures at the target sites in the transcriptome. Finally, we show that rapid degradation of miR-3/–309 may be important for regulation of the planar cell polarity pathway component Vang. Altogether, the results suggest that complex mechanisms regulate miRNA expression to support normal development.
A Flight Within: Keat’s Nightingale In Light of the Sufis
Authors: Hamed Ezzeldin Hend
Published: July 2018

Sufism is the mode of religious life in Islam in which emphasis is placed on the activities of the inner self than external rituals and performances. The essence of Sufism lies in its internal transcendental experience. The aim of Sufis is to delve into the human soul and see through its darkness in order to reach the ultimate truth. Sufi poetry is abundant with images that present the human soul as a mystery that could be decrypted via contemplation, meditation, and inner vision. The target of Sufis is to reunite with the Universal Self that is the ‘truer’ self of every human (i.e. God). Likewise, Romanticism is founded on the doctrine that all creation began in harmonious unity. Romantic poets share Sufis’ quest for truth and an illuminating path towards reaching the essence of the Divine. A renowned Romantic poet, John Keats, contrary to his fellow Romantics, never alluded to sharing any interest with the orient or the spirituality it incarnates. However, by attempting a Sufi reading of his poem ‘Ode to a Nightingale’, this research paper will attempt to highlight the underlying philosophy and uncover the spiritual implications hidden within Keats’ ode and propound a solid connection between Sufi and Romantic ideologies.
The Philosophical Values of the Buginese-makassarese Women in the novel Pulau Based on the Adat Point of View: A Genetic Structural Review
Authors: Tundreng Syarifuddin , Emzir E. , Lustyantie Ninuk
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study is to obtain an in-depth understanding of the description of Buginese-Makassarese women’s values in the novel Pulau by Aspar Paturusi from a customary (adat) point of view completely and intact. This research, using a qualitative approach with content analysis method. Data were collected through a recurrent and profound reading of the novel. Subsequently, recording, coding, identification, and classification were made. The data were analyzed and interpreted through a deep understanding and abstraction of the society described in the novel. The research findings show that in the life of the society of the ‘70s, the values of Buginese-Makassarese women in the novel Pulau by Aspar Paturusi covering the values of glory, loyalty, and tenacity value, adherence value, and family honor are highly preserved, nurtured, and upheld. These values are attached to Buginese-Makassarese women because they are able to understand and apply their roles and functions as identity, pride, and family honor.
The Relationship Between Phonemics And Segmentation In English
Authors: Rezqallah May Stephan
Published: July 2018

With the advent of communication facilities, most of our students are enthusiastic to get highly acquainted with rhythmical languages; one of these languages is English. Students prefer to speak the language more than to ®write a composition, or get in touch with its grammar. In other words, a question is raised “how can we learn English through its spoken form represented in conversations and dialogues ?” It is not an easy task to teach phonetics and phonology concepts to Iraqi college students; the concepts of visualization of those students; the distinctions between phonemes and segments. So far, they are keen to communicate in English, still their demand and study are to tackle the basic notions. In other words, those students have to get in perceiving the e.g., difference between production and pronunciation; the air stream mechanism participation to make them cope with the precise production and pronunciation. This paper is to reveal the importance of segmentation and phonemics of English for Iraqi students (undergraduates & postgraduates). In other word it is done in order to cope with such inquiry, the linguistic subjects - phonetics and phonology are taught with so many details; i.e., students have to know that letters are written and sounds are spoken. The result would reveal the accents and dialects of English; overseas students are instructed to get used to the teachable variety of English-hence BBC.
Ecological Discourse Analysis of an UN Environmental Story in Terms of Transitivity Process
Authors: Gong Heng , Liu Lingling
Published: July 2018

With the rapid development of our economy, the ecology issues are becoming more and more important. In order to raise people’s ecological awareness, I conducted this empirical study on the transitivity analysis of a story (Our Way of Life Is Piling Pressure on Ecosystems) from the website of the United Nations Environment Programme. By analysing and comparing the distribution and percentage of different transitivity process in this story, what we can find are:1) the main processes are material process (60.9%) and relational process (21.7%), followed by the behavioural process (8.7%), verbal process (4.3%), and existential process (4.3%); 2) most of the more-than-human beings influenced by human beings are in the passive position, and few of them are in the positive position; 3) no matter what position the more-than-human beings are in, they are always the victims of human beings’ activity. Based on the above findings, this story can be regarded as a beneficial discourse, and we should promote and spread it as it can encourage people to protect environment.
Department of Ghanaian Languages and Linguistics, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
Authors: Kubi Benjamin
Published: July 2018

Love, as a subject, has received a lot of attention in literature, particularly poetry. This is probably because poetry is traditionally seen as the creative exploration and expression of an individual’s emotion and passion. A genre of Ga oral poetry that has love as its primary subject is the adaawe songs which are sung by Ga maidens. This paper examines an aspect of Ga women’s discourse on love in the songs. Particularly, it examines how love is bemoaned. This was done based on the premise that, as a creative exploration and expression of individuals’ emotions and passions, adaawe songs contribute a unique commentary on the subject of love. Songs which were recorded and transcribed, as well as songs collected from Hamond’s (1970) Obɔade Lalai were analysed, paying attention to content and style. The analysis revealed that love is usually bemoaned when there is lack of continuous interest in a persona by the other party in a love relationship, or when there is a betrayal of love.
“Kiss Me on the Lips, for I Love You” Over A Century of Heterosexism in the Spanish Translation of Oscar Wilde
Authors: Rojas-Lizana Sol , Tolton Laura , Hannah Emily
Published: July 2018

The translation of sexuality has proven to be challenging throughout the times due to the dominant mores at the time of translation. Framed within Critical Translation Studies, this article examines cases of heterosexist manipulation in the Spanish translation of “The Happy Prince” by Oscar Wilde. It proposes that Wilde’s specific intent in using the fairy tale genre is not transmitted in any Spanish version of the story, from its first translation in 1900 to date (2018). We show that the translations manipulate both grammatical gender and sexuality in such a way that one of the messages of the story, the value of homosexual love, is omitted entirely to become the standard and conventional view of sexuality that dominates contemporary Western tradition. The article indicates the linguistic, stylistic and cultural choices that should be considered for a new translation of the story.
Short-term deleterious effects of standard isolation and cultivation methods on new tropical freshwater microalgae strains
Authors: Aray-Andrade M. Magdalena , Uyaguari-Diaz Miguel I. , Bermúdez J. Rafael
Published: July 2018

Algae with potential biotechnological applications in different industries are commonly isolated from the environment in order to obtain pure (axenic) stocks that can be safely stored for long periods of time. To obtain axenic cultures, antibiotics are frequently employed, and cryopreservation is applied to preserve standing stocks. However, many of these now standard methods were developed using strains derived from pristine to near-pristine environments and cold to temperate regions. The potential effect of the said methods on the life cycle and biochemical profile of algae isolates from hyper-eutrophic and constant high-temperature tropical regions is not well understood. These effects could potentially render them unsuitable for their intended biotechnological application. In this study, we conducted a genetic characterization (18S rRNA) and evaluated the effect of purification (the use of the antibiotic chloramphenicol, CAP) and cryopreservation (dimethyl sulfoxide; DMSO–sucrose mix and glycerol) on the growth rate and lipid content of three new tropical freshwater algal isolates: Chorella sp. M2, Chlorella sp. M6, and Scenedesmus sp. R3, obtained from the Ecuadorian coast. The genetic and morphological characterization revealed a clear discrimination between these strains. All strains cultured with CAP exhibited a lower growth rate. Subsequent to cryopreservation, Chorella sp. M2, Chlorella sp. M6, and Scenedesmus sp. R3 presented no significant difference in growth rate between the cryopreservants. Further, a significantly higher lipid content was observed in the biomass cryopreserved with glycerol in relation to the DMSO–sucrose, with Chorella sp. M2 and Chlorella sp. M6 having twice as much as they had in the first treatment. These results highlight the relevance of selecting an appropriate method for storage, as the materials used can affect the biological performance of different tropical species, although it is still to be determined if the effects observed in this study are long lasting in subsequent cultures of these algae.
Effects of supplemental lighting with different light qualities on growth and secondary metabolite content ofAnoectochilus roxburghii
Authors: Wang Wei , Su Minghua , Li Huihua , Zeng Biyu , Chang Qiang , Lai Zhongxiong
Published: July 2018

Background

Anoectochilus roxburghiiis a widespread herbaceous plant with high medicinal value. WildA. roxburghiiresources face extinction due to their slow growth rate and over exploitation. The growing market demand has led to advances in the field of artificial planting ofA. roxburghii. Methods to increase the economic benefits of cultivation and the production of medicinal ingredients are very useful.

Methods

A. roxburghiiwas exposed to red light, blue light (BL), yellow light (YL), green light, or white light as supplemental lighting at night (18:00–02:00) in a greenhouse or were left in darkness (control, CK) to investigate the effects of various light qualities on growth indices, photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, root vitality, stomatal density, soluble proteins, sugars, and the accumulation of secondary metabolites.

Results

Supplementation of BL had a positive effect onA. roxburghiigrowth and secondary metabolite accumulation. Leaf number, stem diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll a content, and secondary metabolite (total flavonoids, total polyphenols) content increased significantly. YL treatment showed significantly higher soluble sugar and polysaccharide contents than the control.

Discussion

BL treatment was conducive to promoting the growth and accumulation of secondary metabolites (total flavonoids, total polyphenols); YL treatment significantly increased the content of soluble sugar and polysaccharides more than the control. Polysaccharides and total flavonoids are important medicinal ingredients ofAnoectochilus, so future research will focus on the combination of blue and YL.
Diferenciación de repertorios léxicos en los nombres comunes de las plantas americanas
Authors:   Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (España), Cáceres-Lorenzo María-Teresa , Salas-Pascual Marcos ,   Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (España)
Published: July 2018

En la historia del léxico que da nombre a las plantas americanas, se intuye que conviven diferentes repertorios de designaciones vernáculas. Nuestras preguntas de investigación no han sido respondidas anteriormente por la bibliografía especializada y planteamos si es posible diferenciar diacrónicamente los nombres comunes de las plantas americanas según su utilización en documentos de América o de España. Para dar respuesta a esta cuestión, se ha diseñado una investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa con fundamentación documental por medio de la búsqueda de 30 especies y sus respectivos 79 fitónimos. Los resultados nos muestran la coexistencia de varios inventarios que revelan la diversidad en la configuración de un léxico de fitónimos panhispánicos.
Félix San Vicente (dir. y coord.): GREIT. Gramática de referencia de español para italófonos
Authors:   Universidad de Trieste (Italia), Pontrandolfo Gianluca
Published: July 2018

No contempla resumen
Starch biosynthesis by AGPase, but not starch degradation by BAM1/3 and SEX1, is rate‐limiting for CO2‐regulated stomatal movements under short‐day conditions
Authors: Azoulay‐Shemer Tamar , Schwankl Nikki , Rog Ido , Moshelion Menachem , Schroeder Julian I.
Published: July 2018

Starch in guard cells functions in osmoregulation during stomatal movements. Starch metabolism is controlled by the circadian clock. We investigated the role of starch metabolism in stomatal responses to CO2 under different photoperiodic conditions. Guard cell starch levels correlate with low/high [CO2] exposure. Starch biosynthesis‐deficient AGPase (ADG1) mutants but, unexpectedly, not the starch degradation‐deficient BAM1, BAM3, and SEX1 mutants alone, are rate‐limiting for stomatal conductance responses to [CO2]‐shifts. Interestingly, AGPase is rate‐limiting solely under short‐ but not long‐day conditions. These findings suggest a model of enhanced AGPase activity in guard cells under short days such that starch biosynthesis becomes rate‐limiting for CO2‐induced stomatal closing.
Phenobarbital‐induced phosphorylation converts nuclear receptor RORα from a repressor to an activator of the estrogen sulfotransferase gene Sult1e1 in mouse livers
Authors: Fashe Muluneh , Hashiguchi Takuyu , Yi MyeongJin , Moore Rick , Negishi Masahiko
Published: July 2018

The estrogen sulfotransferase SULT1E1 sulfates and inactivates estrogen, which is reactivated via desulfation by steroid sulfatase, thus regulating estrogen homeostasis. Phenobarbital (PB), a clinical sedative, activates Sult1e1 gene transcription in mouse livers. Here, the molecular mechanism by which the nuclear receptors CAR, which is targeted by PB, and RORα communicate through phosphorylation to regulate Sult1e1 activation has been studied. RORα, a basal activity repressor of the Sult1e1 promoter, becomes phosphorylated at serine 100 and converts to an activator of the Sult1e1 promoter in response to PB. CAR regulates both the RORα phosphorylation and conversion. Our findings suggest that PB signals CAR to communicate with RORα via serine 100 phosphorylation, converting RORα from transcription repressor to activator of the Sult1e1 gene and inducing SULT1E1 expression in mouse livers.
Recent Progress in High‐Mobility Organic Transistors: A Reality Check
Authors: Paterson Alexandra F. , Singh Saumya , Fallon Kealan J. , Hodsden Thomas , Han Yang , Schroeder Bob C. , Bronstein Hugo , Heeney Martin , McCulloch Iain , Anthopoulos Thomas D.
Published: July 2018

Over the past three decades, significant research efforts have focused on improving the charge carrier mobility of organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs). In recent years, a commonly observed nonlinearity in OTFT current–voltage characteristics, known as the “kink” or “double slope,” has led to widespread mobility overestimations, contaminating the relevant literature. Here, published data from the past 30 years is reviewed to uncover the extent of the field‐effect mobility hype and identify the progress that has actually been achieved in the field of OTFTs. Present carrier‐mobility‐related challenges are identified, finding that reliable hole and electron mobility values of 20 and 10 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively, have yet to be achieved. Based on the analysis, the literature is then reviewed to summarize the concepts behind the success of high‐performance p‐type polymers, along with the latest understanding of the design criteria that will enable further mobility enhancement in n‐type polymers and small molecules, and the reasons why high carrier mobility values have been consistently produced from small molecule/polymer blend semiconductors. Overall, this review brings together important information that aids reliable OTFT data analysis, while providing guidelines for the development of next‐generation organic semiconductors.
Performance Improvements in Conjugated Polymer Devices by Removal of Water‐Induced Traps
Authors: Nikolka Mark , Schweicher Guillaume , Armitage John , Nasrallah Iyad , Jellett Cameron , Guo Zhijie , Hurhangee Michael , Sadhanala Aditya , McCulloch Iain , Nielsen Christian B. , Sirringhaus Henning
Published: July 2018

The exploration of a wide range of molecular structures has led to the development of high‐performance conjugated polymer semiconductors for flexible electronic applications including displays, sensors, and logic circuits. Nevertheless, many conjugated polymer field‐effect transistors (OFETs) exhibit nonideal device characteristics and device instabilities rendering them unfit for industrial applications. These often do not originate in the material's intrinsic molecular structure, but rather in external trap states caused by chemical impurities or environmental species such as water. Here, a highly efficient mechanism is demonstrated for the removal of water‐induced traps that are omnipresent in conjugated polymer devices even when processed in inert environments; the underlying mechanism is shown, by which small‐molecular additives with water‐binding nitrile groups or alternatively water–solvent azeotropes are capable of removing water‐induced traps leading to a significant improvement in OFET performance. It is also shown how certain polymer structures containing strong hydrogen accepting groups will suffer from poor performances due to their high susceptibility to interact with water molecules; this allows the design guidelines for a next generation of stable, high‐performing conjugated polymers to be set forth.
Resonance‐Enhanced Absorption in Hollow Nanoshell Spheres with Omnidirectional Detection and High Responsivity and Speed
Authors: Lien Der‐Hsien , Dong Zhenghong , Retamal Jose Ramon Duran , Wang Hsin‐Ping , Wei Tzu‐Chiao , Wang Dan , He Jr‐Hau , Cui Yi
Published: July 2018

Optical resonance formed inside a nanocavity resonator can trap light within the active region and hence enhance light absorption, effectively boosting device or material performance in applications of solar cells, photodetectors (PDs), and photocatalysts. Complementing conventional circular and spherical structures, a new type of multishelled spherical resonant strategy is presented. Due to the resonance‐enhanced absorption by multiple convex shells, ZnO nanoshell PDs show improved optoelectronic performance and omnidirectional detection of light at different incidence angles and polarization. In addition, the response and recovery speeds of these devices are improved (0.8 and 0.7 ms, respectively) up to three orders of magnitude faster than in previous reports because of the existence of junction barriers between the nanoshells. The general design principles behind these hollow ZnO nanoshells pave a new way to improve the performance of sophisticated nanophotonic devices.
Strong, Conductive, Foldable Graphene Sheets by Sequential Ionic and π Bridging
Authors: Wan Sijie , Fang Shaoli , Jiang Lei , Cheng Qunfeng , Baughman Ray H.
Published: July 2018

The goal of this work is to develop an inexpensive low‐temperature process that provides polymer‐free, high‐strength, high‐toughness, electrically conducting sheets of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). To develop this process, we have evaluated the mechanical and electrical properties resulting from the application of an ionic bonding agent (Cr3+), a π–π bonding agent comprising pyrene end groups, and their combinations for enhancing the performance of rGO sheets. When only one bonding agent was used, the π–π bonding agent is much more effective than the ionic bonding agent for improving both the mechanical and electrical properties of rGO sheets. However, the successive application of ionic bonding and π–π bonding agents maximizes tensile strength, toughness, long‐term electrical stability in various corrosive solutions, and resistance to mechanical abuse and ultrasonic dissolution. Using a combination of ionic bonding and π–π bonding agents, high tensile strength (821 MPa), high toughness (20 MJ m−3), and electrical conductivity (416 S cm−1) were obtained, as well as remarkable retention of mechanical and electrical properties during ultrasonication and mechanical cycling by both sheet stretch and sheet folding, suggesting high potential for applications in aerospace and flexible electronics.
Hierarchically Porous Fe2CoSe4 Binary‐Metal Selenide for Extraordinary Rate Performance and Durable Anode of Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ali Zeeshan , Asif Muhammad , Huang Xiaoxiao , Tang Tianyu , Hou Yanglong
Published: July 2018

Owing to high energy capacities, transition metal chalcogenides have drawn significant research attention as the promising electrode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, limited cycle life and inferior rate capabilities still hinder their practical application. Improvement of the intrinsic conductivity by smart choice of elemental combination along with carbon coupling of the nanostructures may result in excellence of rate capability and prolonged cycling stability. Herein, a hierarchically porous binary transition metal selenide (Fe2CoSe4, termed as FCSe) nanomaterial with improved intrinsic conductivity was prepared through an exclusive methodology. The hierarchically porous structure, intimate nanoparticle–carbon matrix contact, and better intrinsic conductivity result in extraordinary electrochemical performance through their synergistic effect. The synthesized FCSe exhibits excellent rate capability (816.3 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and 400.2 mA h g−1 at 32 A g−1), extended cycle life (350 mA h g−1 even after 5000 cycles at 4 A g−1), and adequately high energy capacity (614.5 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 100 cycles) as anode material for SIBs. When further combined with lab‐made Na3V2(PO4)3/C cathode in Na‐ion full cells, FCSe presents reasonably high and stable specific capacity.
Heteroatom Donor‐Decorated Polymer‐Immobilized Ionic Liquid Stabilized Palladium Nanoparticles: Efficient Catalysts for Room‐Temperature Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling in Aqueous Media
Authors: Doherty Simon , Knight Julian G. , Backhouse Tom , Abood Einas , Al‐shaikh Hind , Clemmet Ashley R. , Ellison Jack R. , Bourne Richard A. , Chamberlain Thomas W. , Stones Rebecca , Warren Nicholas J. , Fairlamb Ian J. S. , Lovelock Kevin R. J.
Published: July 2018

Palladium nanoparticles stabilized by heteroatom donor‐modified polystyrene‐based polymer immobilized ionic liquids (PdNP@HAD‐PIILP; HAD‐PPh2, OMe, NH2, CN, pyrrolidone) are highly efficient catalysts for the Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling in aqueous media under mild conditions. Catalyst modified with phosphine was consistently the most efficient as it gave high yields across a range of substrates under mild conditions at low catalyst loadings. Incorporation of polyethylene glycol into the phosphine modified immobilised ionic liquid support improved catalyst efficacy by improving dispersibility and facilitating access to the active site. Moreover, each of the heteroatom modified catalysts was more active than the corresponding unsubstituted imidazolium‐based polystyrene benchmark as well as commercial samples of Pd/C. Catalyst generated in situ from either [PdCl4]@PPh2‐PIILP or its PEGylated counterpart [PdCl4]@PPh2‐PEGPIILP, by reduction with phenylboronic acid, outperformed their pre‐formed counterparts for the vast majority of substrates examined. The turnover frequency of 16,300 h−1 obtained at room temperature is one of the highest to be reported for palladium nanoparticle‐catalysed Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling between 4‐bromoacetophenone and phenylboronic acid in aqueous media under such mild conditions.

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Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Aryl C−H Carboxylation of 2‐Pyridylphenols with CO2
Authors: Cai Zhihua , Li Shangda , Gao Yuzhen , Li Gang
Published: July 2018

A protocol for C−H carboxylation of electron‐deficient 2‐pyridylphenols with CO2through a Rh(II)‐catalyzed C−H bond activation under redox‐neutral conditions has been developed. A suitable phosphine ligand was crucial for this reaction. This method provided, in generally high yields, an access to a class of pyrido‐coumarins that are key structural motifs in biologically important molecules. Facile product derivatizations were also exemplified.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 3‐NO2 Quinolines from o‐Azidobenzaldehyde and Nitro‐olefins and its Application in the Concise Synthesis of Quindolines
Authors: Zheng Lei , Zeng Zhigang , Yan Qiong , Jia Fengcheng , Jia Lihui , Chen Yunfeng
Published: July 2018

An efficient copper‐catalyzed cyclization of o‐azidobenzaldehyde and nitro‐olefins was developed. This reaction proceeds under solvent‐free conditions and displays broad functional group compatibility and affords 3‐nitroquinolines in good to excellent yields. The synthetic utility of this strategy is illustrated by the concise construction of quindolines in only three steps, which renders the reaction more practical.

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Long‐term group membership and dynamics in a wild western lowland gorilla population (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) inferred using non‐invasive genetics
Authors: Hagemann Laura , Boesch Christophe , Robbins Martha M. , Arandjelovic Mimi , Deschner Tobias , Lewis Matthew , Froese Graden , Vigilant Linda
Published: July 2018

The social organization of a group‐living animal is defined by a balance between group dynamic events such as group formation, group dissolution, and dispersal events and group stability in membership and over time. Understanding these processes, which are relevant for questions ranging from disease transmission patterns to the evolution of polygyny, requires long‐term monitoring of multiple social units over time. Because all great ape species are long‐lived and elusive, the number of studies on these key aspects of social organization are limited, especially for western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). In this study, we used non‐invasive genetic samples collected within an approximately 100 km2 area of Loango National Park, Gabon to reconstruct group compositions and changes in composition over more than a decade. We identified 98 gorillas and 11 mixed sex groups sampled during 2014–2017. Using published data from 85 individuals and 12 groups surveyed between 2005 and 2009 at the same locality, we tracked groups and individuals back in time. The identification of 11 silverbacks via parentage analyses and the genetic tracking of 39 individuals across studies allowed us to infer six group formations, five group dissolutions, and 40 dispersal events within 12 years. We also observed four groups persisting across the sampling periods with a maximum inferred existence of nearly 17 years and exhibiting variation in membership stability. Our results highlight the variation in composition and stability among groups of western lowland gorillas and illustrate the power of non‐invasive genetic sampling for long‐term monitoring.
Foraging and inter‐individual distances of bearded capuchin monkeys
Authors: Howard Allison , Mainali Kumar , Fagan William F. , Visalberghi Elisabetta , Izar Patrícia , Jones Caroline , Fragaszy Dorothy
Published: July 2018

Extractive foraging is a skill young capuchin monkeys learn over time. A key unknown is whether unskilled individuals occupy spatial positions that increase their opportunities to learn. We observed the spatial positions of individuals in a group of capuchin monkeys in Northeastern Brazil. To improve our understanding of the relationship between learning by young capuchin monkeys and inter‐individual distance, we investigated the associations between the proximity of individuals and their age, activity, and proficiency at extractive foraging. To do this, we used one form of extractive foraging, opening palm nuts, as an index of proficiency at all types of extractive foraging. Our results indicate that, in the subset of the data where dyads consisted of one proficient individual and a partner with any level of proficiency, the distance between individuals was predicted by their foraging activity (i.e., extractive foraging, other foraging, or not foraging). In those dyads, the proficiency of the partner did not significantly improve prediction of inter‐individual distances, indicating that spatial proximity of proficient individuals to others does not function primarily to increase opportunities for unskilled individuals to observe extractive foraging. Dyads in which both individuals were engaged in similar foraging activities (e.g., both “extractive foraging”) exhibited the shortest inter‐individual distances. Proximity between individuals engaged in similar foraging activities may result from the spatial distribution of resources or from social learning mechanisms, such as local or stimulus enhancement.