bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Capacity Configuration of Energy Storage System in DC Microgrid with Source-storage Integration
Authors: Wei Tianliu , Li Weiwei , Guo Fang , Wang Ruiyang , Wei Chengzhi , Zheng Bingyao
Published: October 2023

The occurrence of a fault in a DC microgrid can significantly jeopardize the system’s safe operation, making it a critical area of research for scholars. One key focus of this research is on developing methods to suppress the fault current, which has become a research hotspot for many scholars. Each distributed power source is connected to DC microgrid through a battery storage system to form a source-storage integration DC microgrid structure, which can have good fault current control ability and obvious improvement effect on reducing the protection technology difficulty of DC microgrid and enhancing the flexibility of distribution network. Compared with the traditional DC microgrid structure, the source-storage integration DC microgrid, whose battery storage system is changed from centralized to distributed, will smooth fluctuations in distributed power output by modifying energy storage planning principles, and also maintain bus voltage and realize fault current control with distributed power sources. Capacity planning principles for energy storage systems proposed in this paper were studied for DC microgrids with source-storage integration, and the total energy storage capacity and power under two DC microgrid structures were compared and analyzed with a scenic complementary power station as an example. Although a DC microgrid with a changed grid structure would require less than a 20% increase in the overall capacity and power of the energy storage system, according to the calculation results, the operation of the microgrid can be significantly improved, the flexibility of power dispatching of the distribution network was enhanced, and the investment cost of fault protection was reduced. Research into the capacity configuration of energy storage systems has demonstrated that DC microgrids with integrated source and storage capabilities hold significant engineering application value and practical significance.
Research on Solid-state Optical Filtering Technology Using Faraday Anomalous Dispersion in Rare Earth-doped Crystals
Authors: Wen Kailun , Bai Xuanyao , Liu Shuangqiang , Luo Le
Published: October 2023

This paper proposes a Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter that uses rare earth-doped crystals to overcome the limitations of current atomic filtering technology, which include limited working wavelength and Doppler broadening. The paper analyses Er3+: LiYF4 1530 nm as an example filter. The results show that the proposed filter achieves high transmission while maintaining an ultra-narrow bandwidth transmission spectrum. The maximum transmission efficiency reaches 94.8% with a transmission bandwidth of hundred trillions HZ. The position of the transmission peak can be tuned by adjusting the size of the magnetic field, enabling the conversion of the transmission spectrum between the line center and the line wing.
Effect of Sheet Thickness on Forming Precision in Single Laser Shock Forming with Mold
Authors: Zhang Yan , Zhang Xingquan
Published: October 2023

Laser shock forming (LSF) is one of the sheet metal dynamic forming techniques that employ laser-induced shock waves to form sheet metal into complex three-dimensional parts rapidly. This work investigates the effect of sheet thickness on the forming precision in laser shock forming with mold. ABAQUS/Explicit analysis software is adopted to study the effect of sheet metal thickness on forming accuracy. The corresponding forming experiments with sheet thickness arranged from 0.1mm to 0.4 mm are conducted to validate those numerical values. The numerical and experimental results indicate that the sheet thickness plays an important role in the precision of the formed parts, with the increase of sheet thickness, the forming precision is decreased.
Direct Band-gap 1.64μm Electroluminescence from Edge Emitting Germanium Diode for Near-infrared Application
Authors: Yang Jiayin , Chen Lei , Zhang Long , Xiong Kaili
Published: October 2023

Germanium has been considered as a promising material for near-infrared optical devices due to its higher carrier mobility and adjustable band structure. In this study, the low temperature combined with high temperature (LT-HT) two-step method is utilized to fabricate the edge emitting germanium diode who can be an application for near infrared. The tensile strain of the germanium layer is determined by XRD and Raman, which are about 0.3%. The TEM results show a high material quality near the surface of the Ge layer with few defects at the Si/Ge interface. Then, the chip is packaged to facilitate testing and protect the device. The I-V characteristics indicate a reserve saturation current of about 10−3A/cm2 at -0.1V in the dark. The EL measurement with a stable EL peak at 1640nm was observed.
Design Method of Meta Operators Based on Equivalence Class Distribution
Authors: Shu Guoqiang , Fei Yangyang , Yi Zongjiang , Xu Jinchen , Liu Fudong , Shan Zheng
Published: October 2023

Currently, there are many physical systems for quantum computing and to adapt to the physical characteristics of different systems, engineers have designed different basic gate groups for gate circuit calculation models. The quantum algorithm realizes the evolution of the quantum state by applying unitary operators to the quantum states, and the results are obtained by measuring the outputs. These operators will be done in the corresponding physical system by compiling and decomposing into hardware supported basic gates. Universal fundamental gates can construct all quantum algorithms, but their computational efficiency is limited. Drawing on the idea of meta operators in classical machine learning, by constructing a deep learning framework for deep learning models, the common computational logic of operators in different deep learning frameworks is abstracted as ‘meta operators’ [1, 2]. This article aims to study and propose the common computational logic of quantum computing with geometric equivalence class distribution methods, using the volume size of the equivalence class space as a performance indicator for meta operators and identifying the optimal meta operators to optimize the depth of the circuits in the experiments. Which proves the effectiveness of the design method proposed and provides solutions for quantum circuit optimization and dedicated gate design.
Spatially divided two-step phase-shifting method for computational optical scanning holography
Authors: Yoneda Naru , Matoba Osamu
Published: October 2023

Computational optical scanning holography (COSH) is one of the single-pixel incoherent digital holographic techniques; therefore, three-dimensional fluorescent objects can be measured as a digital hologram with a single-pixel detector. However, due to the requirement of a phase-shifting method to remove unnecessary components from holograms, the number of measurements of COSH is larger than the number of pixels. To reduce the number of measurements, the spatially divided phase-shifting method has been proposed. Similar to the parallel four-step phase-shifting digital holography, the spatially divided phase-shifting method can obtain four phase-shifted holograms simultaneously. However, the spatially divided phase-shifting method has a problem in that the spatial resolution is lower than the original COSH. In this paper, a spatially divided two-step phase-shifting method is proposed to improve spatial resolution. The numerical evaluation results indicate the feasibility of the proposed method. In addition, the proposed method is applied to microscopy for proof of principle experiment. The experimental results indicate the proposed method improves the image quality compared with the conventional spatially divided four-step phase shifting method.
Phonon-mediated magneto-resonances in biased graphene layers
Authors: Pandey Mrityunjay , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Raghavan Srinivasan , Chandni U
Published: October 2023

We explore the non-equilibrium transport regime in graphene using a large dc current in combination with a perpendicular magnetic field. The strong in-plane Hall field generated in the graphene channel results in Landau levels that are tilted spatially. The energy of cyclotron orbits in the bulk varies as a function of the spatial position of the guiding center, enabling us to observe a series of compelling features. While Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations are predictably suppressed in the presence of the Hall field, a set of fresh magneto resistance oscillations emerge near the charge neutrality point as a function of dc current. Two branches of oscillations with linear dispersions are evident as we vary carrier density and dc current, the velocities of which closely resemble the transverse acoustic (TA) and longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonon modes, suggestive of phonon-assisted intra-Landau level transitions between adjacent cyclotron orbits. Our results offer unique possibilities to explore non-equilibrium phenomena in two-dimensional materials and van der Waals heterostructures.
Polarization-tuneable excitonic spectral features in the optoelectronic response of atomically thin ReS2
Authors: Vaquero Daniel , Arroyo-Gascón Olga , Salvador-Sánchez Juan , Alcázar-Ruano Pedro L , Diez Enrique , Perez-Rodríguez Ana , Correa Julián D , Dominguez-Adame Francisco , Chico Leonor , Quereda Jorge
Published: October 2023

The low crystal symmetry of rhenium disulphide (ReS2) leads to the emergence of dichroic optical and optoelectronic response, absent in other layered transition metal dichalcogenides, which could be exploited for device applications requiring polarization resolution. To date, spectroscopy studies on the optical response of ReS2 have relied almost exclusively in characterization techniques involving optical detection, such as photoluminescence, absorbance, or reflectance spectroscopy. However, to realize the full potential of this material, it is necessary to develop knowledge on its optoelectronic response with spectral resolution. In this work, we study the polarization-dependent photocurrent spectra of few-layer ReS2 photodetectors, both in room conditions and at cryogenic temperature. Our spectral measurements reveal two main exciton lines at energies matching those reported for optical spectroscopy measurements, as well as their excited states. Moreover, we also observe an additional exciton-like spectral feature with a photoresponse intensity comparable to the two main exciton lines. We attribute this feature, not observed in earlier photoluminescence measurements, to a non-radiative exciton transition. The intensities of the three main exciton features, as well as their excited states, modulate with linear polarization of light, each one acquiring maximal strength at a different polarization angle. We have performed first-principles exciton calculations employing the Bethe-Salpeter formalism, which corroborate our experimental findings. Our results bring new perspectives for the development of ReS2-based nanodevices.
Effect of carbon nanotube type and length on the electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Elaskalany Mostafa , Behdinan Kamran
Published: October 2023

Carbon nanotube (CNT) type and length are two key factors that affect the electrical behavior of CNT/polymer nanocomposites. However, numerical studies that consider these two factors simultaneously are limited. This paper presented a stochastic multiscale numerical model to predict the electrical conductivity and percolation threshold of polymer nanocomposites containing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The combined effects of CNT type and length on the electrical conductivity and percolation threshold of the polymer nanocomposites were investigated. The model predictions were validated against experimental data of commercially available CNTs. Our results showed that the effect of CNT type varied based on both the length and aspect ratio of the CNTs. Long SWCNTs exhibited the greatest enhancement of the polymer’s electrical conductivity with the lowest percolation threshold among all the CNT types studied.
Modulation of electrocatalytic activity by tuning anion electronegativity: case study with copper chalcogenides
Authors: Singh Harish , Prendergast David , Nath Manashi
Published: October 2023

Anion-tuning in metallic chalcogenides has been shown to have a significant impact on their electrocatalytic ability for overall water splitting. In this article, copper-based chalcogenides (Cu2
X, X= O, S, Se, and Te) have been systematically studied to examine the effect of decreasing anion electronegativity and increasing covalency on the electrocatalytic performance. Among the copper chalcogenides, Cu2Te has the highest oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity and can sustain high current density of 10 and 50 mA cm−2 for 12 h. The difference in intrinsic catalytic activity of these chalcogenide surfaces have been also probed through density functional theory calculations, which was used to estimate energy of the catalyst activation step. It was observed that the hydroxyl adsorption on the surface catalytic site is critically important for the onset and progress of OER activity. Consequently, it was also observed that the –OH adsorption energy can be used as a simple but accurate descriptor to explain the catalytic efficiency through volcano-like correlation plot. Such observation will have a significant impact on developing design principle for optimal catalytic surface exhibiting high performance as well as prolonged stability.
Passively stretchable vacuum-powered artificial muscle with variable stiffness skin
Authors: Wang Tao , Wang Xi , Fu Guoqiang , Lu Caijiang
Published: October 2023

A passively stretchable vacuum-powered artificial muscle (VPAM) is proposed in this work that extends the deformation mode of the existing VPAM, allowing it to have passively stretchable properties while maintaining the performance benefits. The passively stretchable VPAM is made possible by a new variable stiffness skin consisting of two composite layers. Each composite layer is divided into two parts: a non-stretchable part and a stretchable part. When vacuum pressure is applied, the composite layers are jammed and the skin becomes non-stretchable. Conversely, in the absence of pressure, the skin becomes stretchable, making the VPAM stretchable. The behaviour of the actuator has been theoretically modelled and the corresponding experiments have been carried out. Since the behaviour of the actuator with the skin in jammed state is consistent with that of the existing VPAM, the effect of passive tensile deformation on the behaviour of this type of VPAM is primarily analyzed. It is shown that the passively stretchable properties not only make the VPAM more similar to the deformation behaviour of biological muscles, but also enable the regulation of the blocked force and maximum contraction rate of the VPAM. We believe that the proposed artificial muscle will contribute to new robotic systems and provide more inspiration to the robotics community.
In vitro generated antibodies guide thermostable ADDomer nanoparticle design for nasal vaccination and passive immunization against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Buzas Dora , Bunzel Adrian H , Staufer Oskar , Milodowski Emily J , Edmunds Grace L , Bufton Joshua C , Vidana Mateo Beatriz V , Yadav Sathish K N , Gupta Kapil , Fletcher Charlotte , Williamson Maia K , Harrison Alexandra , Borucu Ufuk , Capin Julien , Francis Ore , Balchin Georgia , Hall Sophie , Vega Mirella V , Durbesson Fabien , Lingappa Srikanth , Vincentelli Renaud , Roe Joe , Wooldridge Linda , Burt Rachel , Anderson Ross J L , Mulholland Adrian J , Bristol UNCOVER Group  , Hare Jonathan , Bailey Mick , Davidson Andrew D , Finn Adam , Morgan David , Mann Jamie , Spatz Joachim , Garzoni Frederic , Schaffitzel Christiane , Berger Imre
Published: October 2023

Background

Due to COVID-19, pandemic preparedness emerges as a key imperative, necessitating new approaches to accelerate development of reagents against infectious pathogens.

Methods

Here, we developed an integrated approach combining synthetic, computational and structural methods with in vitro antibody selection and in vivo immunization to design, produce and validate nature-inspired nanoparticle-based reagents against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Results

Our approach resulted in two innovations: (i) a thermostable nasal vaccine called ADDoCoV, displaying multiple copies of a SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding motif derived epitope and (ii) a multivalent nanoparticle superbinder, called Gigabody, against SARS-CoV-2 including immune-evasive variants of concern (VOCs). In vitro generated neutralizing nanobodies and electron cryo-microscopy established authenticity and accessibility of epitopes displayed by ADDoCoV. Gigabody comprising multimerized nanobodies prevented SARS-CoV-2 virion attachment with picomolar EC50. Vaccinating mice resulted in antibodies cross-reacting with VOCs including Delta and Omicron.

Conclusion

Our study elucidates Adenovirus-derived dodecamer (ADDomer)-based nanoparticles for use in active and passive immunization and provides a blueprint for crafting reagents to combat respiratory viral infections.
Corporate Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Alt Elisa
Published: October 2023

Corporate social entrepreneurship (CSE) is a subject of growing interest for scholars in the areas of corporate entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship, and corporate social responsibility as it has the potential of engaging corporations in activities that transform traditional practices, advance corporate purpose, and promote positive social change. CSE consists of identifying, evaluating, and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities that address social and environmental problems through market means from within corporations. Dual value creation—the simultaneous pursuit of social and economic value creation—is a core element of CSE, however, in organizations that have not been originally designed for this purpose. As an umbrella concept, CSE embraces similar terms such as social intrapreneurship and sustainable corporate entrepreneurship. CSE often starts autonomously through managers and employees acting as social intrapreneurs, until initiatives are accepted and integrated into the firm’s concept of strategy. CSE introduces a societal concern to corporate entrepreneurship, contextualizes social entrepreneurship in corporations, and advances entrepreneurial approaches to corporate social responsibility—all of which are topics that remain relatively unexplored and that offer vibrant opportunities for future research.
The Ethnic Heritage of Party Politics and Political Communication in Lusophone African Countries
Authors: Salgado Susana , Biscaia Afonso
Published: October 2023

The processes through which ethnicity becomes visible are varied, and its impacts have not always been the same throughout history. Investigating the roles ethnicity played in Angolan, Mozambican, Cape Verdean, and São Tomé and Principean histories makes clear that colonizers themselves placed different emphases on the relevance and the role of ethnicity in these countries. Currently, partly due to the traumas engendered by decades of conflict in Angola and Mozambique, ethnicity is mostly a silent factor, operating in the ways people interact with one another but not overtly mentioned by politicians. The insular nations’ (Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe) history with ethnicity is different from that of their continental counterparts, – partly due to the influence of Creoleness – but is not devoid of tensions; nevertheless, politicians from both archipelagic countries tend to downplay the influence of ethnicity, even if its effects can also be occasionally but subtly felt. More recently, mainstream political discourses focused on the idea of the “unitary nation” are being paired with those of spontaneous movements advocating the valorization of local cultures and languages, which are being boosted by the use of social media.
Causal Attribution
Authors: N'gbala Ahogni , Hilton Denis
Published: October 2023

Attribution theory is an area of research in social psychology, which deals with how people perceive and interpret the causes of their own and others’ behavior. Attributional theory deals with how the observer’s causal perceptions and interpretations guide his/her own subsequent behavior. In recent years, work in the area has been broadened to include new theoretical models concerned with the explanation of intentional behaviors and responsibility, and blame assignment, along with counterfactual thinking, where mental simulations of changes in the causal structure of events have been shown to affect emotional reactions. As such attribution(al) theory overlaps with research in cognitive, developmental, and moral psychology, and its concepts have been applied to a wide variety of domains such as clinical psychology, marketing, and organizational behavior.
Development of Visually Guided Action
Authors: Vishton Peter
Published: October 2023

Humans use visual information to select, plan, and control nearly all actions that they perform. Children are born with the ability to perform some actions, while others emerge only after several months. For instance, newborn infants can direct their eyes to attractive stimuli, but they are unable to smoothly follow these stimuli if they move. Many factors influence the action abilities of children and adults. As children mature, they become stronger and able to more precisely control their bodies. The interactions that the children have with their environment matter a great deal as well, such that the age at which children gain particular action abilities varies widely. Some developmental changes are highly action- and context-specific, but other changes broadly influence cognitive development. For instance, learning to walk enhances children’s language development. An understanding of visually guided action development is thus essential to any complete theory of human mental development. Characterizing the development of visually guided action abilities provides a better understanding of mental and physical development as well as enabling insights into how visually guided actions are learned and controlled in adults.
Social Innovation Pedagogies and Sustainable Models for Future Entrepreneurs, Intrapreneurs, and Citizens
Authors: Lyons Roisin , Bender-Salazar Rahmin
Published: October 2023

The use of innovation to address our social or environmental needs is now critical. Globally, we are faced with numerous challenges which require novel, robust solutions that consider multiple scenarios and stakeholders. Innovation education has often been siloed into enterprise, business, and engineering programs to bolster the innovative potency of startup ventures and internal corporate processes. However, social innovation education (SIE) has merit in all disciplines, and for all citizens, to address these emergent global challenges. Social innovation as a concept and field is related but independent from the concept of innovation, and the pedagogies currently in use in these domains are in early development and practice. Social innovation relates to the creation of new ideas displaying a positive impact on the quality and duration of life. Theories of significance to SIE are rooted in the fields of design, creativity, and education while continuing to expand and evolve. A fitting pedagogy for social innovation should foster socially aware students who have both critical- and systems-thinking skills, empathy and an appreciation for human behavior, and who can leverage innovative competencies to develop solutions for positive social impact. In order to successfully create effective learning spaces, we contend that the curricula elements of (a) empathy, (b) locus of control, and (c) speculative thinking, should be embedded into all SIE learning designs.
Indigenous Language Revitalization
Authors: Guerrettaz Anne Marie , Engman Mel M.
Published: October 2023

Countless Indigenous languages around the world are the focus of innovative community regeneration efforts, as the legacies of colonialism have created conditions of extreme sociopolitical, educational, and economic adversity for the speakers of these languages—and their descendants. In response to these conditions that Indigenous people face globally, the burgeoning field of Indigenous language revitalization and maintenance has emerged since the 1990s with the goal of supporting speakers of these languages and future generations. Indigenous language revitalization involves different but often interlocking domains of research, practice, and activism. Given the uniqueness of each community and their desires, history, values, and culture, the significance of the local is critical to the global phenomenon that is language revitalization. For instance, cases on five different continents offer valuable insights into this field, including the Hawaiian language in Oceania; Myaamia in the United States (North America); Básáa in the Cameroon (Africa); Sámi in Finland (Europe); and, Cristang and Malay in Malaysia (Asia). These offer examples of both local resources and common challenges that characterize revitalization efforts.

The field of Indigenous language revitalization is interdisciplinary in nature, exemplified through five lines of inquiry that significantly contribute to this area of research: (a) theoretical linguistics and anthropology, (b) applied linguistics, (c) education, (d) policy studies, and (e) critical studies, including postcolonial studies, Indigenous studies, and raciolinguistics. Questions of research ethics are central to the field of Indigenous language revitalization since reciprocity and collaboration between researchers and Indigenous communities matter as the lifeblood of Indigenous language revitalization work. Finally, we believe that the notion of Indigenous language revitalization pedagogies along with underexplored Indigenous concepts (e.g., from Yucatecan and Māori scholars) offer compelling directions for future research.
Canadian Foreign Policy in Historical Perspective
Authors: Nossal Kim Richard
Published: October 2023

The field of Canadian foreign policy is often characterized as multidisciplinary. An examination of the evolution of the literature on Canadian foreign policy over the course of the 20th century reveals a field that grew slowly during the two decades after World War I but developed substantially after World War II when Canada’s involvement in global politics shifted substantially when governments in Ottawa rejected a return to interwar isolationism and embraced internationalism. The Canadian foreign policy literature that developed in the 30 years after World War II was dominated by historians and “historically minded political scientists.” This pattern changed with the massification of the Canadian university system, with political scientists dominating the literature after the 1970s. However, the burgeoning literature in the field has been marked by considerable theoretical and methodological diversity, more undisciplined than multidisciplinary.
Multimodal Anthropology
Authors: Nesvaderani Nat
Published: October 2023

Since the 2010s, there has been an enthusiastic call for using multimodal methods in anthropological research. This call dovetails with the democratization of media production technologies that make the collection of data and the distribution of findings more accessible, particularly to audiences outside of academia. Existing modalities, such as sound, image, print, and archival practices, are joined by newer digital modalities, including social media, digital mapping, video games, and artificial intelligence technologies. The contemporary field of multimodal anthropology has developed from longer-established fields of visual anthropology and media anthropology, which have participated in the production, dissemination, and study of images since the advent of the camera. Anthropologists were among the first to use camera equipment and sound recorders in their research activities when these were considered new technologies in the early 20th century. Together, anthropologists and experimental filmmakers developed the tradition of ethnographic filmmaking, a cinematic genre that for decades was nearly synonymous with the field of visual anthropology, a subdiscipline including soundscape production.

Anthropologists have explored multimodality as a feminist and decolonial approach to ethnographic methods. Newer multimodal methods strive to redefine and expand what counts as knowledge in ways that move beyond racist, colonial, and ableist legacies in the field of anthropology. Like the field of media anthropology, multimodal anthropology acknowledges and embraces the central role that media play in everyday life, for anthropologists and interlocutors alike. Notably, the initial excitement for multimodal methods has been closely followed by an ambivalence among scholars, who account for how new digital media tools often fall short of creating the hoped-for social and political change. The ethical use of new online platforms requires scholars to remain cautious of the ways in which popular digital technologies are often subsumed in contemporary forms of racial capitalism and White supremacy through ongoing issues of data-centered extraction and exploitation. Scholars working with multimodal methods are called to embrace the potential of this new field while being aware of its limitations. Such awareness requires scholars to center the contributions of intersectional feminist and decolonial approaches to doing multimodal anthropology.
Motherhood in Early America
Authors: Doyle Nora
Published: October 2023

Women’s lives in British North America and the early United States were fundamentally shaped by the experiences of childbearing and childrearing and by the ideologies of motherhood that emerged from a range of cultural contexts. Most women in this period became mothers, either through choice or coercion, but their experiences of childbearing and motherhood differed sharply depending on their cultural background, social status, and experience of freedom or bondage. The history of motherhood was marked by significant continuities as well as change over time. For most women, motherhood was fundamentally defined by the physical rigors of pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding, and these experiences remained central across generations. Motherhood comprised a range of roles, activities, and areas of expertise, and as a result many women enjoyed considerable authority as mothers within their families and communities; this too remained constant.

Changes to childbearing, motherhood, and maternal ideology occurred gradually and unevenly and affected women from different backgrounds in distinct ways. The incursions of European settler colonialism and the later expansion of the new United States, for instance, brought growing instability to Native American communities and threatened to undermine Native women’s power as mothers, though they formulated strategic responses to preserve their authority. The second half of the 18th century saw changes to women’s experiences and to feminine ideology in Anglo-American society. Middle-class and elite White women precipitated a fertility revolution that resulted in steadily declining family size; in contrast, enslaved women of African descent generally experienced increasing rates of fertility in the 18th century, and their childbearing experiences were shaped by the commodification of their reproductive labor. At the same time, a gradual transition began in the realm of childbirth as some middle-class and elite white women called on male physicians to manage their births. Meanwhile, this same era also saw a significant ideological shift as motherhood gained new significance in Anglo-American culture, making the image of the ideal white mother the most potent symbol of feminine virtue and influence.
Indigenous Peoples and the Environment to 1890
Authors: Weisiger Marsha
Published: October 2023

Indigenous peoples have had profound spiritual and ethical relationships with their environments, but they necessarily altered ecosystems as they fed, clothed, and sheltered themselves and traded goods, long before European colonists arrived. Their impacts became broader in scope and scale under settler colonialism, which corrupted and constrained their environmental relationships. The history of Indigenous peoples and their environments, to be sure, is not a single narrative but a constellation of stories that converge and diverge. Nonetheless, an analysis of the environmental histories of only a fraction of the more than 575 Indigenous groups, including Alaska Natives and Native Hawaiians, reveals major trends and commonalities. The environmental historiography of the First Peoples from their beginnings in what is now the United States roughly through the 19th century provides an opportunity to address such topics as the myth of the “Ecological Indian,” ancient urban societies, the introduction of European livestock and disease, and subsistence through agriculture, hunting, and fishing. The history of dispossession in the late 19th century and the environmental history of Indigenous peoples in the recent era may be found in “Indigenous Peoples and the Environment since 1890.”
The Harlem Renaissance
Authors: Farebrother Rachel
Published: October 2023

The Harlem Renaissance or New Negro movement was an unprecedented flowering of Black American cultural production and activism in the 1920s and 1930s. Shaped by larger social shifts such as the Great Migration—the mass movement of Black Americans from rural southern communities to northern cities such as New York and Chicago—it was a period when, in Langston Hughes’s words, “the Negro was in vogue.” Dancers like Bill “Bojangles” Robinson became celebrities, blues records topped the charts, and there were new opportunities for performance, publication, and artistic collaboration for Black performers, artists, and writers. Harlem became the actual and symbolic capital of the movement (and a significant setting and idea in Black American expressive art), but the outpouring of Black cultural expression spanned the United States (from cities like Chicago to the US South, which was often imagined as a wellspring of Black American folk culture). Since the publication of Paul Gilroy’s The Black Atlantic (1993), conceptions of the Harlem Renaissance have been transformed by attention to the transcultural and diasporic reach of Black cultural production. Participants in the movement, who included luminaries such as Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Nella Larsen, engaged in vigorous debate about art and its purpose; the complex relationships between culture, race, and politics; and questions of audience. The cultural experimentation for which the era is known owes much to interartistic experimentation: writers and artists drew inspiration from jazz and blues, dance, and visual art to reimagine Black American identities and experiences, and to make modernity Black.
Venality and Colonial Administration in Iberian America
Authors: Stumpf Roberta
Published: October 2023

A comparative analysis of the Portuguese and Spanish administrations in Latin America during the early modern period reveals both similarities and differences in the policies by which governmental, tax collection, and judiciary posts were filled. The practice of selling appointments to civil posts in the Americas, common to both monarchies, was not only based on a shared legal framework but was also actively transposed to Portugal during the period when the Portuguese kingdom and its possessions were incorporated into the Habsburg monarchy while at the same time maintaining and emphasizing the Portuguese differences. It’s worth studying the reasons that led the Iberian monarchies to sell appointments to civil offices on the American continent beginning in the 16th century for Spain and in the 17th century for Portugal. It is worth highlighting differences in the chronology (which are also visible in the 18th century), the manner of filling the posts, and the regulations governing the offices that were sold. Both monarchies not only sold appointments to offices that were held for a particular period but also published notices advertising the sale of lifetime appointments and some offices held in perpetuity. Although the policies on the sale of appointments were not synchronized, they were also not mere coincidences. When studying the official venality of offices it is necessary to focus on the sale of offices by the monarchs or their representatives rather than on those negotiated, usually illegally, between private parties. Because the topic is better known and more thoroughly studied in the context of Spanish America, it is important to give greater attention to the sale of offices and administration in Portuguese America.
Phonological Variation and Change in Latin American Spanish
Authors: Martín-Butragueño Pedro , Mendoza Érika
Published: October 2023

“Latin American Spanish” (LAS) represents a substantial portion of the Spanish-speaking world. The geographical distances, the contrasts between rural and extremely urbanized areas, the existence of strong social inequalities and migratory streams, and the presence of a high number of indigenous American languages—all create the conditions for a complex linguistic reality, clearly diversified, while also unitary. Many variable linguistic phenomena correlate with the age of LAS expansion and the continuing massive urbanization that began in the 1960s.

American Spanish-speaking communities have different segmental processes, such as consonantal weakening in intervocalic contexts, deletion in syllabic coda, vowel devoicing, among others. On the prosodic level, there is dialectal variation in intonational patterns and differences in rhythmic properties. Both segmental and prosodic variation is conditioned by linguistic, geographical, and social factors.
The Syntax of Causatives in the Romance Languages
Authors: Martin Fabienne
Published: October 2023

This article discusses the syntax of lexical and periphrastic causative verbs in the Romance languages. Several aspects of these verbs are examined: the building blocks of lexical causative verbs, the role of reflexive marking on the anticausative form, the interaction between causativity and agentivity, the morphosyntactic make-up of causative verbs with causative semantics. It offers a comprehensive typology of lexical causatives, resultatives and periphrastic causatives, relying on recent research on these topics.
The Locative Existential Construction in Chinese
Authors: Gu Yang , Guo Jie
Published: October 2023

The locative inversion constructions are characterized by a noncanonical word order where a locative phrase is inverted preceding the verb and the thematic subject follows the verb. This phenomenon is found quite common crosslinguistically, though whether “inversion” is the right label for the constructions or not remains controversial. Issues regarding the status of the locative phrase, Case assignment, unaccusativity, verb argument structure, agreement, and the mechanism that triggers this noncanonical word order have been the major concerns in various proposals.

The closest constructions that exhibit similar word order found in Chinese are locative existential constructions (LECs). However, the assumption of locative inversion in the constructions requires substantial empirical support. The Chinese LECs depict or present the existence of an entity or an eventuality. As in English and other languages where locative inversion prevails, issues related to the grammatical function of the locative phrase, Case assignment, and types of verbs in LECs draw a lot of attention from researchers in Chinese linguistics. In particular, research on the types of verbs in LECs has important bearing on the possible syntactic derivation of locative existential sentences. The discussions in this article show that the verbs allowed in the constructions vary. Some are intrinsically intransitive postural verbs, and many others are lexical-syntactically derived from ditransitive placement verbs such as fang ‘put’, gua ‘hang’, etc. via decausativization. The result of the derivation yields verbs that show alternation with their ditransitive counterparts. These derived verbs are seemingly similar to the unaccusative member of the causative~unaccusative pairs in English, but different in terms of their argument structure and syntactic behavior. The intransitive and the derived verbs found in the LECs are shown to have the same lexical semantic sense of spatial configuration and can be treated on a par with a template of [y
Location HAVE z
Theme]. The abstract verb HAVE, meaning existentiality but lacking manner of existence, can be lexicalized by verbs, specifying various manner of existentiality. In other words, the argument structure of the verbs in the constructions is , where the location is realized by a locative phrase, which is a noun phrase in Chinese, base generated in [Spec, vP] in accordance with VP-internal Subject Hypothesis, and the theme by another noun phrase denoting an entity. It is the lexical semantics of these verbs that accounts for not only the general properties of Chinese LECs shared with other languages like English but also the language particular properties such as the word order and the aspect marker obligatorily used in Chinese LECs. Given these particular properties, Chinese LECs are shown not to involve locative inversion.
Segmental Phenomena in Germanic: Consonants
Authors: Litty Samantha , Salmons Joseph
Published: October 2023

Speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants, the latter being the focus here. Germanic includes ancient and modern “named languages”—traditionally divided into North Germanic (e.g., Swedish, Danish, Faroese), West Germanic (e.g., German, English, Yiddish), and East Germanic languages not spoken for centuries (notably Gothic). The family also includes countless “dialects,” which are often not mutually intelligible and so could be understood as distinct languages. Languages of the world vary in how many consonants distinguish differences in meaning (create phonological contrasts), like bear versus pear, from 6 to over 100. Most have about 20 and Germanic languages are near that number. Beyond abstract phonological contrasts, each consonant varies phonetically, in actual pronunciation, from varying degrees of aspiration on p, t, k and voicing on b, d, g to fundamental variation in the realizations of /r/, /l/, and /h/. Key consonantal phenomena are presented in historical context and for contemporary languages, with an emphasis on distinguishing abstract, phonological patterns from concrete, phonetic ones. Despite the long research tradition, many issues proffer opportunities to advance the field and are discussed to encourage readers to engage with them.
Binding in Germanic
Authors: Reuland Eric , Everaert Martin
Published: October 2023

All languages have expressions, typically pronominals and anaphors, that may or must depend for their interpretation on another expression, their antecedent. When such a dependency is subject to structural conditions, it reflects binding. Although there is considerable variation in binding patterns cross-linguistically, in fact, variation is along a limited set of parameters. The Germanic languages exemplify some of the main factors involved.

In Germanic, third-person pronominals generally do not allow binding by a co-argument. However, in Frisian and Afrikaans, they do, being embedded in a richer structure than meets the eye. In Continental West Germanic and Scandinavian, anaphors come in two types: simplex anaphors (SE-anaphors)—deficient for number and gender—and complex anaphors (SELF-anaphors). These typically consist of a pronominal or SE-anaphor combined with an element like Dutch zelf ‘self’ or one of its cognates. In all the Germanic languages SELF-anaphors are bound in their local domain—approximately the domain of their nearest subject—except in a few identifiable positions, where they are interpreted logophorically. That is, they accept a non-local antecedent, provided this element holds the perspective of the sentence.

The distribution of SE-anaphors involves three different conditions. First, they can be bound by a co-argument only if the verb belongs to a restricted class, which allows syntactic detransitivization. Second, in general, SE-anaphors allow non-local binding. But the conditions differ among subgroups. In Dutch and German, they can only be bound non-locally when contained in a causative or perception verb complement or a small clause. In Mainland Scandinavian, non-local binding is, in principle, available to all infinitival clauses (subject to some dialectal variation). For instance, in some varieties of Norwegian, referentiality of intervening subjects restricts binding; in other varieties, the restricting factor is not “finiteness” but “being specified for tense.” Third, in Icelandic long-distance antecedents beyond the infinitival domain are licensed by a subjunctive, together with the requirement that the antecedent holds the perspective. Faroese largely patterns like Icelandic, although lacking a subjunctive. However, the class of verbs that allow this pattern coincides with the class of verbs in Icelandic that have a subjunctive complement.

Non-local binding of SE-anaphors is sensitive to the requirement that the antecedent be animate, but the languages show differences in the details.

Unlike the West Germanic languages, the Scandinavian languages all have a possessive reflexive in third person. In general, their distribution appears to be quite close to that of SE-anaphors, but this is subject to dialectal variation, with various differences in the details.
Geographic Variation, Economic Activity, and Labor Market Characteristics in Trajectories of Suicide in the United States, 2008–2020
Authors: Keyes Katherine M , Kandula Sasikiran , Martinez-Ales Gonzalo , Gimbrone Catherine , Joseph Victoria , Monnat Shannon , Rutherford Caroline , Olfson Mark , Gould Madelyn , Shaman Jeffrey
Published: October 2023

Suicide rates in the United States have increased over the past 15 years, with substantial geographic variation in these increases; yet there have been few attempts to cluster counties by the magnitude of suicide rate changes according to intercept and slope or to identify the economic precursors of increases. We used vital statistics data and growth mixture models to identify clusters of counties by their magnitude of suicide growth from 2008 to 2020 and examined associations with county economic and labor indices. Our models identified 5 clusters, each differentiated by intercept and slope magnitude, with the highest-rate cluster (4% of counties) being observed mainly in sparsely populated areas in the West and Alaska, starting the time series at 25.4 suicides per 100,000 population, and exhibiting the steepest increase in slope (0.69/100,000/year). There was no cluster for which the suicide rate was stable or declining. Counties in the highest-rate cluster were more likely to have agricultural and service economies and less likely to have urban professional economies. Given the increased burden of suicide, with no clusters of counties improving over time, additional policy and prevention efforts are needed, particularly targeted at rural areas in the West.