bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of Congo, Red Rhodamine B and Disperse Blue Dyes From Aqueous Solution onto Raw Flint Clay
Authors: Kareem Sameer H. , ABD-Al-Hussien Enaas
Published: March 2024

Removal of Congo red, Rhodamine B, and Dispers Blue dyes from water solution have been achieved using Flint Clay as an adsorbent. The adsorption was studied as a function of contact time, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature under batch adsorption technique. The equilibrium data fit with Langmuir, Freundlich and Toth models of adsorption and the linear regression coefficient R2 was used to elucidate the best fitting isotherm model. Different thermodynamic parameters, namely Gibb’s free energy, enthalpy and entropy of the on-going adsorption process have also been evaluated. Batch technique has been employed for the kinetic measurements and the adsorption of the three dyes follows a second order rate kinetics. The kinetic investigations also reveal that intraparticle diffusion mechanism was operative
Molecular Diagnosis of Brucella species in Baghdad
Authors: Mohammed Inas Saad , Habeb Khaled A. , Faik Ashna Jamal
Published: March 2024

Brucellosis is possess a significant public health problem in Baghdad. In this study, we investigated the potential role of the PCR assay in detection of Brucella species, from patients suspect to have brucellosis, using blood samples in both human and animal.
To establish a PCR technique for diagnosis of active brucellosis in our samples, DNA extraction was carried out using a commercial kit, and a laboratory extraction procedure. PCR amplification was done using 1 set of primers: B4/B5 for Brucella species. Extraction of Brucella DNA using the commercial kit was successful. The laboratory extraction was successful and more economic.
A total of 178 peripheral blood specimens were collected from patients with high suspected brucellosis, and 15 samples from animals. When PCR technique was applied to blood samples, 13 cases for patients blood and 9 cases for animals blood, were positive for Brucella species.
Species of Centaurium Hill. in Iraq and its geographical distribution
Authors: Al-Allaq Sanaria A. , AL-Mossawei Ali H. , Alzhra Lemea A.
Published: March 2024

Comparative taxonomic study has been compeleted for the species of the. genus Centaurium Hill. of Iraq. So the morphological characters were studied comparatively for the first time form Iraqi materials. Stems, leaves ,infloresences and reproductive organs characters were a good taxonomic importance. Geographical distrtribution has been done for the species of the genus in addition to the environment information. The results were presented with schedules, tables, maps and micrographs. Taxonomic key for the species separation was also presented.
Study the Spectral reflectance and factor affecting they for the dominate land cover by using remote sensing technique in Abu-Gharib projection.
Authors: Muhaimed Ahmed. S. , Zaeen Ahmed. A.
Published: March 2024

Image of landsate-7 taken by thematic mapper was used and classified using supervised method. Results of supervised classification indicated presence of nine land cover classes. Salt-soils class shows the highest reflectance value while water bodies' class shows the lowest values. Also the results indicated that soil properties show different effects on reflectance. There was a high significant positive relation of carbonate, gypsum, electric conductivity and silt content, while there was a week positive relation with sand and negative relation with organic matter, water content, bulk density and cataion exchange capacity.
Corrosion Protection Study of Carbon Steel and 316 Stainless Steel Alloys Coated by Nanoparticles
Authors: Jassim Rasha A. , Farhan Ahlam M. , Ali Abdulkareem M.
Published: March 2024

The Corrosion protection effectiveness of Alimina(Al2O3,50nm)and Zinc oxide (ZnO,30nm) nanoparticales were studied on carbon steel and 316 stainless steel alloys in saline water (3.5%NaCl)at four temperatures: (20,30,40,50 OC)using three electrodes potentiostat. An average corrosion protection efficiencies of 65 %and 80% was achieved using Al2O3 NP's on carbon steel and stainless steel samples respectively, and it seems that no effect of rising temperature on the performances of the coated layers. While ZnO NP'S showed protection efficiency around 65% for the two alloys and little effected by temperature rising on the performanes of the coated layers. The morphology of the coated spesiemses was examined by Atomic force microscope.
Role of TGF-?1 in Urinary Bladder Carcinoma
Authors: Mousa Hind M. , Jassem Amna N. , Hussain Munther J.
Published: March 2024

The present study aimed to evaluate sera TGF- ?1 concentration in patients with urinary bladder carcinoma (UBC). All malignant of them was transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) type , patients with urinary bladder disorders (UBD ) and healthy control , and to study the correlation between sera TGF-?1 levels and tumor stages and grades in UBC patients . A direct ELISA test was used to quantify the seraTGF-?1 concentrations in sera of 58 patients with urinary bladder carcinoma UBC of different grades (G) and stages (T) all malignant of them was transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) type , 15 from patients with UBD and 15 healthy subjects . Sera levels of TGF-?1 were elevated in patients with UBC and UBD compared to healthy (P ? 0.01) .There was no association between tumor stages and serum level of TGF-?1 (P?0.05) . Whereas there was an association between serum levels of TFG-?1 and tumor grades (p ?0.05) . Increased serum level was found in high grades G?2 of patient with UBC .
Convergence of the Generalized Homotopy Perturbation Method for Solving Fractional Order Integro-Differential Equations
Authors: Hasan Sameer Qasim , Sahib Ali Adnan Abdul
Published: March 2024

In this paper,the homtopy perturbation method (HPM) was applied to obtain the approximate solutions of the fractional order integro-differential equations . The fractional order derivatives and fractional order integral are described in the Caputo and Riemann-Liouville sense respectively. We can easily obtain the solution from convergent the infinite series of HPM . A theorem for convergence and error estimates of the HPM for solving fractional order integro-differential equations was given. Moreover, numerical results show that our theoretical analysis are accurate and the HPM can be considered as a powerful method for solving fractional order integro-diffrential equations.
Study of the Toxic effect of new Cadmium ( II) complex [ CdL2]. 1/2H2O on GPT and ALP activity in some organs of female mice comparable with anitumor drug Cyclophosphamide (CP)
Authors: Razzaq Iman H. Abdul
Published: March 2024

Cadmium has been known to be harmful to human healthy , manily Via contaminated drinking water , food supplies , tobacco and industrial pollutant . The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of new Cadmium (II) complex ( Bis[ 5- ( P- nitrophenyl ) – ? 4 – Phenyl- 1,2,4- triazole -3- dithiocarbamatohydrazide] cadmium (II) Hydra ( 0.5) and compare it with anticancer drug cyclophosphamide ( CP) in female albino mice . This complex causes to several alterations in Enzymatic activity of Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP ) in three organs after the treatment of mice with different doses of a new cadmium (II) complex ( 0.09 / 0.25ml , 0.18/ 0.5ml and 0.25mg /0.7 ml /30 gm of mouse ) for three days by the decreased of Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase activity in lung , Liver and kidney , while the Alkaline Phosphatase activity was increased in kidney , lung and liver . The results were indicated that no significant differences ( P > 0.05 ) in Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase activity between the treatment of mice with cadmium ( II ) complex and cyclophosphamide (CP) in the liver , kidney and Alkaline Phosphatase activity in the liver at each three doses .
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy-Graphite Composites
Authors: Al-rawi Khalid R. , Majeed Noor Husian
Published: March 2024

This search study the effect of particle size of graphite on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy composites, where graphite adopted with particle sizes (45,53,75) ?m, respectively, and the percentages by weight (0,1,3,5,7,9)% for each size of this three particle sizes.Mechanical properties represented by the bending (three-point bending) and through which the conclusion is bending stress and modulus of elasticity, thermal properties were either through thermal conductivity tests.The results showed that the ratio(1%) is the maximum value of bending stress at the three particle size and the (45 ?m) is the maximum.Thermal conductivity result show is the maximum value at ratio (1%) of particle size(53 ?m)
Determination of Serum CA125 and evaluate its efficiency as screening tool For Early Detection of Ovarian Tumors
Authors: Habib Khalid A. , Jumaa Maisaa G. , Hussein Munther J.
Published: March 2024

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women. To date, an effective screening tool for ovarian cancer has not been identified Several clinical and biological factors including serum cancer antigen 125 (CA- 125) have been assessed for prognostic and predictive relevance CA-125 is an epithelial marker derived from coelomic epithelium. It is elevated in 90% of advanced ovarian cancers and in 50% of early ovarian cancers while 20% of ovarian cancers have low or no expression of CA- 125 CA-125 concentrations were measured by Mini Vidas test (VIDAS CA125 II / BIOMERIEUX / France). The median CA-125 levels were significantly higher in the sera of ovarian cancer patients than in those with benign tumors and in healthy controls. However in correlation with stages the results showed that Patients with stage II have highly significant differences in level of serum CA125 compare with stage I in and stage III.CA125 showed low sensitivity to detect stage I carcinoma of the ovary which limits its value as an initial screening tool therefore combining of CA125 with other markers might enable improved early detection of ovarian cancer as compared with use of this marker alone.
Detection of Cronobacter sakazakii (Enterobacter sakazakii) in powdered food infants (PIF) and raw milk in Iraq
Authors: Al.Mossawi Muna T. , Al-joubori Yasmin S. H.
Published: March 2024

This study was conducted to detect C.sakazakii PIF and raw milk. Two hundred samples of PIF were taken from the infected hospital infants who used this type of milk and from the local markets in addition to 16 sample of raw milk were collected. The study is the first to report the isolation of C. sakazakii and Enterobacter spp. from raw milk in Iraq. The distribution of C.sakazakii and Enterobacter spp. among the presumptive isolates using Vitek-GN2 system gave 1/16(6.25%) isolates of C.sakazakii and 4/16 (25%) isolates of Enterobacter spp. Enterobacter spp. isolates include (E.cloacae ssp. cloacae and E.cloacae ssp. dissolvens, E.hormaechei, and E.ludwigii) that isolate from raw milk Differences in between percentages of each isolate persence were non-significant (P
Variation of Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.) Traits Induced By Heat, Electric Shock and Mutagen Nitrous Acid
Authors: AL-Shamma Laith M. J.
Published: March 2024

This research was carried out to determine the impact of heat shock, electric shock and seeds in soaking nitrous acid mutagen solution on three cultivars of faba beans plant (Zaina, Aguadulce and Local) at the year 2012-2013. Factorial experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates were used. The results showed that heat shock lead to early plants of 50% in flowering and an increase in the number of branches/plant and the number of seeds/pod compared to other treatments, whereas the seeds soaked in nitrous acid mutagen solution gave the highest plant height, leaf area index, number of pods/plant, seed weight, seed yield kg/ha, and did not differ significantly with treatment of electric shock in the protein yield(kg/ha). Zaina cultivar was superior over other cultivars in early to 50% flowering, number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant and seed weight, while gave the lowest value in plant height. Significant differences also observed for the interaction between cultivars and treatments. Zaina cultivar with heat shock treatment gave less number of days to 50% flowering, highest number of branches/plant and the number of seeds/pod, either when seeds soaked in nitrous acid mutagen solution given the highest plant height of plant, highest mean of seed weight, seed yield kg/ha and did not differ significantly with local variety in the number of pods/plant trait .
A Solution of Second Kind Volterra Integral Equations Using Third Order Non-Polynomial Spline Function
Authors: Harbi Sarah H. , Murad Mohammed Ali , Majeed Saba N.
Published: March 2024

In this paper, third order non-polynomial spline function is used to solve 2nd kind Volterra integral equations. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the applications of this method, and to compare the computed results with other known methods.
Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of Arctic Polygonal Wedge Structures
Authors: Edemsky D.E. , Tumskoy V.E. , Prokopovich I.V.
Published: March 2024

—Ground penetrating radar method which was applied to study distribution and occurrence of polygonal wedge ice along with other structural features in the near-surface layers of the permafrost section on the western coast of the Taymyr Peninsula and Kotelny Island. The polygonal microrelief in the region under study is at a descending stage of development and is mainly placed in sand-gravel deposits and silts with rare interlayers of light gray sands. The ground penetrating radar (GPR) data were analyzed and interpreted by modeling of the polygonal wedge ice structures in gprMax – a software that simulates electromagnetic wave propagation. The effect of the seasonally thawed layer on the measurement results was assessed, and the results of ground penetrating radar sounding of the polygonal microrelief were interpreted. The ground penetrating radar studies performed in this work indicate that unmelted lower ends of ice wedges preserved under pseudomorphs can be observed in some spots. Repeated wedge structures of higher generation, which do not appear on the surface, have been identified. The propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves in the studied sediments was determined.
The Early Cenozoic Volcanism of the Northern Okhotsk Region System of Grabens and Faults
Authors: Fedorov P.I. , Smirnov V.N. , Bogomolov E.S. , Kondratyev M.N.
Published: March 2024

—We studied geochemical compositions of the early Paleocene basaltic and andesite dikes associated to linear zones of the Lankovo–Omolon shearing system (Northern Okhotsk region) and basalts of the Evdyreveem volcanic field associated to the Okhotsk–Penzhinsk fault system, and compared them to other synchronous manifestations of basic volcanism: andesibasalts and andesites of the studied earlier Garmanda field, as well as with the Late Cretaceous basalts of the Mygdykit Formation of the Northern Okhotsk region, roofing the Okhotsk–Chukotka volcanic belt. The isotopic composition of Sr and Nd in dikes, the distribution of major and trace elements with the ratios of noncoherent elements indicate the formation of volcanic bodies in the environment of continental margin rifting, which is confirmed by the combination of depleted, intraplate and above subduction geochemical features of their composition. Such behavior of the elements indicates multi-stage processes of the earlier Mesozoic supra-subduction fluid metasomatosis. Melting of an ancient buried Cretaceous slab may explain the appearance of such “above subduction” marks as the Nb–Ta negative anomalies in the studied basaltoids. Andesite dikes are characterized by higher isotope ratios of Nd and lower Sr, with lower absolute concentrations of trace elements and more pronounced anomalies on spider plots.
A Retrospective Study of Children with Frequently Relapsing Nephrotic Syndrome Using Levothyroxine Added to Steroids During Relapses
Authors: Saberinejad Javad , Taheri Amin , Dormanesh Banafshe , Moghtaderi Mastaneh
Published: March 2024

Introduction: Levothyroxine treatment for thyroid hormone disorders, alongside standard Nephrotic Syndrome therapy during nephrotic syndrom relapses, might reduce relapse duration and corticosteroid consumption, despite debates over its necessity. This study explores levothyroxine's potential benefits in patients with frequent relapses and thyroid hormone disorders.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective study investigated children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome (FRNS) at ages 1–12 with elevated TSH levels, which have been treated according to IPNA guidelines for FRNS. Patients treated with levothyroxine were considered the levothyroxine group. This study compared outcomes between patients treated with levothyroxine and a control group, examining TSH levels, remission periods, and prognosis.
Results: The mean dose of prednisolone and time to remission were significantly lower in the levothyroxine group compared to the controls (0.51 ± 0.40 versus 0.55 ± 0.50 mg/kg/day; p=0.03 and 6.0 ± 2.17 versus 9.7 ± 2.87 days; p<0.001, respectively). The relapse rate was 1.17 versus 1.53 with an incidence rate ratio of 0.76 (95% CL: 0.46–1.22; p = 0.24). There was a significant difference in the levels of TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), albumin, and creatinine. This significant difference disappeared during remission for albumin but remained significant for TSH and creatinine.
Conclusion: This study suggests that administering levothyroxine during relapses can reduce the time to remission and, consequently, the cumulative dose of prednisolone. However, it does not significantly affect the prevention of future relapses, treatment failure, or steroid toxicity.
WITHDRAWN: The Impact of COVID-19 in Software Design Activities in Global Software Engineering – A Study of R&D in Modern Computing Perspective
Authors: Nabi Faisal , Fatima Hina , Maple Carsten
Published: March 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic, widely acknowledged as the most significant global health crisis of this century, has impacted virtually every sector, including software development. This unprecedented situation has led to significant implications for software projects and the professionals involved in software development, presenting substantial challenges. The primary objective of this study is to systematically analyze the evolving research trends within the Global Software Engineering (GSE) field. This study focuses on examining whether the global pandemic has led to an increased emphasis on software design research. Furthermore, we investigate the existing gap in social interaction during the software design phase of development. The research methodology consists of a two-phase systematic analysis of the existing literature. In the first phase involves the mapping of GSE research conducted over the two decades preceding the pandemic (2000–2020). In the second phase, this study employed a forward snowballing approach to review literature related to the software design phase published between 2020 and 2022. The analysis of 592 research studies in these two phases reveals various trends in GSE research. Evaluation research stands out as the most extensively explored research type across methods, processes, and human aspects of development. Despite the considerable impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to an increased reliance on distributed teams, our findings suggest that, while software organizations have been extensively studied across all software engineering phases, the software design phase remains one of the least explored areas. Our contribution envisions a more collaborative and adaptable GSE field, providing guidance for future research endeavors aimed at supporting distributed teams.
A simple and Sequential Strategy for the Introduction of Complexity and Hierarchy in Hydrogen-bonded Organic Framework (HOF) Crystals for Environmental Applications
Authors: Fernández Antonio , Halliwell Chris , Jolley Kenny , Yendall Keith , Elsegood Mark R.J. , Parkinson Gary
Published: March 2024

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are a new class of crystalline porous organic molecular materials (POMMs) with great potential for a diverse range of applications. HOFs face common challenges to POMMs, and in general to purely organic crystals, that is, the difficulty of integrating complexity in crystals. Herein, we proposed a simple and sequential strategy for the formation of HOFs with hierarchical superstructures. The strategy is based on controlling the assembly conditions, avoiding the use of any surface functionalization or template, which allows to obtain hierarchical crystalline porous superstructures in an easy manner. As proof of concept, we obtained the first example of core-shell (HOF-on-HOF) crystals and HOFs with hierarchical superstructures having superhydrophobicity and trapping abilities for the capture of persistent water contaminants such as oils and microplastics. We expect that this strategy could serve as inspiration for the construction of more intricated multiscale structures that could greatly expand the library of HOFs materials.
Sustainable manufacture of a directly accessible liquid nitrogenous fertilizer
Authors: Zhang Bin , Han Shuhe , Yang Kaiwen , Li Tieliang , Huang Yanmei , Zhou Jin , Zhang Bao Shun , Zhu Jiewei , Yu Yifu
Published: March 2024

Nitrogen fertilizer, the most commonly used fertilizer, plays a significant role in agriculture. The conventional production and usage of solid nitrogenous fertilizers result in severe energy consumption and groundwater pollution. Here, we construct a plasma−driven nitrogen fixation and membrane−free electrolysis relay system to continuously manufacture directly accessible liquid fertilizer (NH4NO3 solution) without any other additive ions; this system can be utilized by crops with high efficiency. RuCo−based powders are chosen as model catalysts. Ru9Co91Ox possesses the optimal plasma-catalytic ability, while Ru9Co91 exhibits the highest electro-catalytic activity. 15N isotope labelling experiments and a series of in situ characterizations unveil the electroreduction mechanism and N−contribution of NO/NO2/NO2−/NO3−, which directs the establishment of a nitrogen balance between two relay processes. Impressively, a 20 L plasma reactor combined with an 8 L membrane−free electrolyzer is employed for the pilot−plant test, which outputs 4 L h-1 NH4NO3 solution at a constant concentration (840 ppm−N) to meet the N−fertilizer requirement in a 50 m2 farmland.
Critical material supply sustainability for wind turbine deployment towards 2050
Authors: Li Jinhui , Gómez Moisés , Zeng Xianlai
Published: March 2024

The rapid expansion of wind energy utilization is equipped with the input of wind turbine. The material reliance of wind turbine deployment remains unclear. Here we uncover the global mineral requirements and environmental impacts of wind turbine deployment from 2000 to 2050. Our findings reveal a substantial need for metals, categorized into extreme risk (Dy, Tb, Nd, Pr, Nb, Mo, and Cu), high risk (steel and Ni), and medium-low risk (Al, Cr, B, and Pb). Shortages of material may potentially manifest by the end of this decade. Extending turbine lifespans by 5-10 years reduces material use, energy consumption, water usage, and CO2 emissions by 8.8-16.2% compared to a 20-year lifespan. The obtained results also indicate that an exponential increase in end-of-life wind turbines is currently in progress, emphasizing the urgent need for strategic planning, supporting policies, and efficient management to promptly tackle this critical issue.
LY86 facilitates ox-LDL-induced lipid accumulation in macrophages by upregulating SREBP2/HMGCR expression
Authors: Jiang Guangwei , Li Jikuan , Niu Shuai , Dong Ruoyu , Chen Yuyan , Bi Wei
Published: March 2024

LY86, also known as MD1, has been implicated in various pathophysiological processes including inflammation, obesity, insulin resistance, and immunoregulation. However, the role of LY86 in cholesterol metabolism remains incompletely understood. Several studies have reported significant up-regulation of LY86 mRNA in atherosclerosis; nevertheless, the regulatory mechanism by which LY86 is involved in this disease remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether LY86 affects ox-LDL-induced lipid accumulation in macrophages. Firstly, we confirmed that LY86 is indeed involved in the process of atherosclerosis and found high expression levels of LY86 in human atherosclerotic plaque tissue. Furthermore, our findings suggest that LY86 may mediate intracellular lipid accumulation induced by ox-LDL through the SREBP2/HMGCR pathway. This mechanism could be associated with increased cholesterol synthesis resulting from enhanced endoplasmic reticulum stress response.
On the relationship of the Shift of the North Magnetic Pole with Volcanic Activity in the Yellowstone Caldera
Authors: Vassilyev Ivan Veniaminovich , Zhumabayev Beibit Tenelovich , Mendakulov Zhassulan Korabayevich
Published: March 2024

One of the unsolved tasks in the problem of the nature of the Earth's magnetic field (EMF) is the reason for the displacement of the magnetic poles. The work draws attention to the temporal coincidence of the beginning of the accelerated drift of the north magnetic pole with the development of volcanic and tectonic activity in the Yellowstone caldera. Attention is drawn to the fact that the north magnetic pole is shifting towards the geographic pole relative to the geographic coordinates of the Yellowstone caldera. The relationship of these events cannot be explained based on the theory of hydromagnetic dynamo, but can be explained within the framework of the hypothesis of the connection of the Earth's magnetic field with the dipole moments of silicon dioxide molecules, identically oriented towards the center of the Earth under the influence of gravitational forces during quartz crystallization. If the ordered orientation of quartz molecules is disrupted during local volcanic activity, this should affect the displacement of the magnetic dipole axis. A simplified model of the Earth's magnetic field is presented based on a rotating charged ring with an uneven distribution of charges around the circumference of the ring. It is shown that the magnetic axis of the dipole shifts from the rotation axis towards a higher charge concentration. The article provides a detailed calculation of the Earth's magnetic field created by quartzites based on the proposed theory. The calculated average intensity of the Earth's magnetic field was equal to 43.68 A/m. This value almost identical to the average intensity of the observed Earth's magnetic field.
Developmental Differences in Reaching-and-Placing Movement and Its Potential in Classifying Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder: Deep Learning Approach
Authors: Su Wan-Chun , Mutersbaugh John , Huang Wei-Lun , Bhat Anjana , Gandjbakhche Amir
Published: March 2024

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is among the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders, yet the current diagnostic procedures rely on behavioral analyses and interviews and lack objective screening methods. This study seeks to address this gap by integrating upper limb kinematics and deep learning methods to identify potential biomarkers that could be validated in younger age groups in the future to enhance the identification of ASD. Forty-one school-age children, with and without an ASD diagnosis (Mean age ± SE = 10.3 ± 0.4; 12 Females), participated in the study. A single Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) was affixed to the child’s wrist as they engaged in a continuous reaching and placing task. Deep learning techniques were employed to classify children with and without ASD. Our findings suggest delays in motor planning and control in school-age children compared to healthy adults. Compared to TD children, children with ASD exhibited poor motor planning and control as seen by greater number of movement units, more movement overshooting, and prolonged time to peak velocity/acceleration. Compensatory movement strategies such as greater velocity and acceleration were also seen in the ASD group. More importantly, using Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) model, we demonstrated an accuracy of ~ 78.1% in classifying children with and without ASD. These findings underscore the potential use of studying upper limb movement kinematics during goal-directed arm movements and deep learning methods as valuable tools for classifying and, consequently, aiding in the diagnosis and early identification of ASD upon further validation in younger children.
Reducing GPS orbital and clock errors using recurrent neural networks
Authors: A.A BOUSNANE. , Berguig.M.C.  , Dekkiche.H
Published: March 2024

Because satellite orbits and clocks are usually treated as known quantities in GPS positioning models, these errors are one of the most impactful in Global Navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning, especially in single point positioning mode. In this work we tried to reduce orbit and clock errors using deep learning technique (recurrent neural network) by creating a model that predict the offsets of broadcast ephemeris and clock biases, from precise products. We tried two different methods, the first one is predicting the future offsets for the next +72 hours basing on both precise and broadcast ephemeris, and the second method is predicting the current offsets using only broadcast ephemeris as inputs. To create the models, we used Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) architectures. These architectures are generally used to solve sequential problems in deep learning. We got results that vary between methods in terms of satellites and time steps. For the first method we get (10-50cm) and (0.5-1.7ns) reduced from (~130cm, ~14ns), It increases over time steps, and we get a minimum of (44cm) for the second method.
Functional MRI of imprinting memory: a new avenue for neurobiology of early learning
Authors: Behroozi Mehdi , Lorenzi Elena , Tabrik Sepideh , Tegenthoff Martin , Gozzi Alessandro , Güntürkün Onur , Vallortigara Giorgio
Published: March 2024

Filial imprinting, a crucial ethological paradigm, provides insights into the neurobiology of early learning and its long-term impact on behaviour. To date, only invasive techniques, such as autoradiography or lesion, have been employed to understand this behaviour. The primary limitation of these methods lies in their constrained access to the entire brain, impeding the exploration of brain networks crucial at various stages of this paradigm. Recently, advances in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the avian brain have opened new windows to explore bird’s brain function at the network level. Here, we developed a ground-breaking non-invasive functional MRI technique for awake, newly hatched chicks that record whole-brain BOLD signal changes throughout imprinting experiments. While the initial phases of memory acquisition imprinting behaviour have been unravelled, the long-term storage and retrieval components of imprinting memories are still unknown. Our findings identified potential long-term storage of imprinting memories across a neural network, including the hippocampal formation, the medial striatum, the arcopallium, and the prefrontal-like nidopallium caudolaterale. This platform opens up new avenues for exploring the broader landscape of learning and memory processes in neonatal vertebrates, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between behaviour and brain networks.
Association of osteoporotic fractures of femoral neck and femoral neck geometric parameters in native Chinese women
Authors: Li Lin , Shen Yi , Tan Li-Hua , Zhang Hong , Dai Ru-Chun , Yuan Ling-Qing , Sheng Zhi-Feng , Wu Xi-Yu
Published: March 2024

Background
Although it is generally believed that the femoral neck fracture is related to the femoral neck geometric parameters (FNGPs), the association between the risk of osteoporotic fracture of the femoral neck and FNGPs in native Chinese women is still unclear.
Methods
A total of 374 female patients (mean age 70.2 ± 9.32 years) with osteoporotic fracture of the femoral neck who met the inclusion criteria were identified, and 374 non-fracture control groups were completely matched with the case group according to the age and gender ratio of 1:1. This study measured eight FNGPs: the outer diameter (OD), cross-sectional area (CSA), cortical thickness (CT), endocortical diameter (ED), buckling ratio (BR), section modulus (SM), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), and compressive strength index (CSI) at the narrowest point of the femoral neck.
Results
Compared with the control group, the average values of OD (2.9%), ED (4.5%), and BR (26.1%) in the patient group significantly increased (p = 0.015 to < 0.001), while CSA (‒15.3%), CT (‒18.2%), SM (‒10.3%), CSMI (‒6.4%), and CSI (‒10.8%) significantly decreased (all p < 0.001). The prevalence of osteoporosis in the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip was, respectively, 82%, 81%, and 65% in fracture patients. Cox proportional hazard model analysis showed that in the age adjusted model, the fracture hazard ratio (HR) of CSA, CT, BR, SM, and CSI significantly increased (HRs = 1.60‒8.33; 95% CI = 1.08‒16.6; all p < 0.001). In the model adjusted for age and femoral neck BMD, HRs of CT (HRs = 3.90‒8.03; 95% CI = 2.45‒15.1; all p < 0.001) and BR (HRs = 1.62‒2.60; 95% CI = 1.20‒5.44; all p < 0.001) were still significantly increased.
Conclusion
These results suggest that the majority of osteoporotic fractures of the femoral neck of native Chinese women occur in patients with osteoporosis. CT thinning or BR increase of FNGPs may be independent predictors of fragility fracture of femoral neck in native Chinese women unrelated to BMD.
Did war have a more adverse impact on women's long-term health outcomes: Evidence from China
Authors: zhen Zhang , Tang Daisheng , Wang Xinyuan , Bu Tao , Feng Quishi
Published: March 2024

Men and women may face different risks and experiences in war, which can lead to significantly different long-term health outcomes impacts. This paper distinguishes the aggressive wars and civil wars in modern China and uses 1998–2018 CLHLS data to examine gender differences and its nature differences in the long-term health outcomes impacts of war shocks on individual, the potential mechanisms and compensatory effects. We find that the negative effects of war experiences in early life course on women's long-term health outcomes is more significant compared to men. The war nature exhibits a heterogeneous influence on women's long-term health outcomes, with aggressive wars having greater negative effects than civil wars. And factors such as lack of drinking water and inadequate healthcare services in early life course are wars potential mechanisms, with aggressive wars having greater effects. In addition, the education level, healthcare service, marital status, and Communist Party membership have significant compensatory effects for wars, with civil wars particularly stronger are. Indicating the consequences of aggressive war on women's long-term health outcomes are permanent and cannot be reversed.
RETRACTED: Risk Assessement and Seasonal Variation of Atmospheric Ammonia in Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ediagbonya Thompson Faraday , Olojugba Michael Rotimi , Uche Joseph Ifeanyi , Atolagbe Moyinoluwa
Published: March 2024

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
How does mindfulness skills training works on emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder?
Authors: Schmidt Carlos , Soler Joaquim , Vega Daniel , Nicolaou Stella , Arias Laia , Pascual Juan C.
Published: March 2024

Background
Mindfulness skills training is a core component of Dialectical Behavior Therapy and aims to improve emotion dysregulation (ED) in people with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). However, the underlying mechanisms of change are not fully understood.
Methods
A total of 75 BPD outpatients participated in a 10-week mindfulness skills training. Decentering, nonjudgment, body awareness and attention awareness was proposed as putative mechanisms. Multilevel models with a time-lagged approach were conducted to examine the temporal dynamics between these mechanisms and ED.
Results
Greater nonjudgment and body awareness showed within-person effects; participants who reported higher nonjudgement of inner experience and body awareness than their own personal average at a given week showed improvement in ED at the following week. Notably, decentering moderated these associations, such that increased nonjudgment and body awareness predicted improvements in ED more strongly in those participants with high decentering ability. Lastly, a bidirectional relationship between the mechanisms and ED was found; when participants were more emotionally dysregulated than their usual state, they showed less gain in the mechanisms at the following week.
Conclusions
Knowing how mindfulness training works is relevant to optimize treatments. Clinicians may use strategies to increase these mechanisms when the goal is to improve emotion regulation difficulties in BPD.
Automatic Segmentation of 15 Critical Anatomical Labels and Measurements of the Cardiac Axis and Cardiothoracic Ratio in Fetal Four Chambers Using nnU-NetV2
Authors: Liang Bocheng , Peng Fengfeng , Luo Dandan , Zen Qing , Wen Huaxuan , Zheng Bowen , Zou Zhiyin , An Liting , Wen Huiying , Wen Xin , Liao Yimei , Yuan Ying , Li Shengli
Published: March 2024

Background
The fetal four-chamber view is essential in prenatal echocardiography for screening and diagnosing fetal heart disease. Accurate cardiac axis (CAx) and cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) measurements are critical for assessing fetal cardiac position and function. This study developed an AI-based model using nnU-NetV2 to segment the four-chamber view automatically and measure the CAx and CTR.
Methods
High-quality fetal four-chamber view images were collected from our hospital. Images meeting the ISUOG criteria were annotated with critical structures to train an AI-based model. Postprocessing enabled automated CAx and CTR measurements with clinical validation by sonographers with 1, 5, and 10 years of experience. The analyses used Dice coefficients, mIoUs, ICCs, and Bland‒Altman plots in R and Python.
Results
A total of 1083 finely labeled images were used to train the model (867 training/validation images, 216 test images). The model demonstrated high segmentation accuracy (Dice coefficient of 87.11 and mIoU of 77.68). Visual inspection verified smooth contour segmentation. The CAx and CTR measurements were highly concordant between the model and sonographers, especially for the sonographers with ten years of experience (CAx ICC 0.83, CTR ICC 0.81). The Bland‒Altman plots showed high agreement between the model and experienced sonographers.
Conclusion
The AI-based model effectively automated the identification and segmentation of critical structures with robust accuracy. It accurately computed CAx and CTR, exhibiting strong concordance with the findings of the senior sonographer. This suggests that the model can assist in diagnosing fetal congenital heart disease through ultrasound while reducing the workload of sonographers.
Genetic erosion and population decline in four threatened rattan species of India: insights from genome-wide microsatellite analysis
Authors: Sarath Paremmal , Parveen Muneera , Sreeku VB , Dasgupta Modhumita , Bohra HR , Dev Suma Arun
Published: March 2024

Rattans are climbing palms, known for their strong flexible canes and are important Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in south and southeast Asian countries. Of the five palm genera known as rattans, Calamus holds a pivotal position owing to huge local and global market demand. A substantial part of the NTFPs is harvested from the natural populations, thus many of the economically exploited rattan species are on the verge of extinction. The present work intended to study the consequences of population decline on the genetic structure and diversity parameters of four economically exploited threatened Calamus species (C. brandisii, C. acanthospathus, C. nambariensis and C. andamanicus) distributed in the three geographical zones of India (viz. Western Ghats, northeast and Andaman-Nicobar Islands). The study generated a 848.89 Mb length draft assembly of C. brandisii genome and genome-wide microsatellite (SSR) markers were mined out. The microsatellite markers standardized in C. brandisii were cross-amplified in other Calamus species used in the study. Population genetic analysis revealed deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, heterozygosity excess in the populations, unique/private alleles, and genetic distinctiveness of populations in the species’. This has been inferred as the result of small reproductive population size and obligatory outcrossing in the species. Genetic structure analysis revealed high genetic divergence and evidence for genetic bottleneck events which can severely impact their long-term evolution and survival. Conservation and management actions should focus on the augmentation of population size, improving genetic connectivity and assisted migration with unique alleles to enhance the adaptive potential and survival of these threatened rattan resources.
Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio associated with long-term adverse clinical outcomes in patients deferred revascularization following fractional flow reserve
Authors: Li Fanqi
Published: March 2024

Background
Deferred revascularization following fractional flow reserve (FFR) for coronary intermediate lesions is highly recommended by guidelines. The effect of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) on cardiovascular diseases is also well studied. However, the relationship between TG/HDL-C and long-term clinical adverse outcomes remains unknown for patients deferred revascularization following FFR.
Methods
We retrospectively included 374 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with non-significant coronary lesions diagnosed by coronary angiography (CAG) and FFR. All patients were categorized into three subgroups in terms of TG/HDL-C tertiles. The primary endpoint was the composite of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs). A Cox regression model was utilized to reveal the association between TG/HDL-C and prevalence of MACCEs.
Results
47 MACCEs were documented over a median follow-up period of 6.6 years. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed a higher MACCEs rate occurred in the higher TG/HDL-C group (5.6% vs. 12.9% vs. 19.4%, log-rank p < 0.01). After adjustment, patients in T3 suffered a 2.6-fold risk compared to the T1 group (T3 vs. T1: HR 2.55, 95% CI 1.05–6.21, p = 0.038; T2 vs. T1: HR 1.71, 95% CI 0.65–4.49, p = 0.075; p for trend = 0.001). The restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis illustrated that the HR for MACCEs increased with increasing TG/HDL-C. Both the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and time-dependent ROC proved the excellent predictive power of TG/HDL-C.
Conclusion
The present study demonstrates that TG/HDL-C is associated with MACCEs risk and suggests that TG/HDL-C is a reliable predictor of long-term cardiovascular events in CAD patients deferred revascularization following FFR.
Identification of quantitative trait loci for lodging and related agronomic traits in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)
Authors: Chen Bo , Chai Cheng , Duan Mingming , Yang Ximeng , Cai Zhandong , Jia Jia , Xia Qiuju , Luo Shilin , Yin Lu , Li Yunxia , Huang Nianen , Ma Qibin , Nian Hai , Cheng Yanbo
Published: March 2024

Background:Lodging, a crucial agronomic trait linked to soybean yield, poses a significant challenge in soybean production. Nevertheless, there has been less research on soybean lodging compared to other important agronomic traits, hindering progress in breeding high-yield soybeans. Our goals were to investigate lodging, pinpoint quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to lodging, and forecast potential candidate genes linked to this trait. To achieve this, we employed a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between Guizao 1 and B13 (GB) across various environments.
Results:The lodging score of the RIL population was found to be significantly positively correlated with flowering time, maturity time, plant height, number of main stem nodes, stem diameter, and internode length, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.457 to 0.783. A total of 84 QTLs associated with soybean lodging and related traits were identified using the GB population. The contribution of phenotypic variance ranged from 1.26% to 66.87%, with LOD scores ranging from 2.52 to 69.22. Additionally, within these QTLs, a stable major QTL associated with lodging was newly discovered in the GB population. Out of the 10 major QTLs associated with other related traits, nine of them were situated within the qLD-4-1interval of the major lodging score locus, displaying phenotypic variations ranging from 12.10% to 66.87%. Specific alterations in gene expression were revealed through the analysis of resequencing data from the two parental lines, potentially indicating their significant roles in lodging. Subsequently, it was determined through qRT-PCR that three genes are likely to be the major genes controlling soybean lodging.
Conclusions:This study's findings offer valuable insights into the genetic underpinnings of soybean lodging resistance traits. By comprehending the potential genetic factors associated with lodging, this research lays the groundwork for breeding high-yield soybeans with improved lodging resistance.
Classification and Diagnosis of Heart Disease Using Machine Learning
Authors: Mohsen‬‏ ‪Ayedh Abdulaziz , Naoufel Kharroubi , Alrashahy Taher , Noaman Somia
Published: March 2024

Heart disease is a common and serious disease that causes many deaths around the world. The study aims to explore the use of machine learning techniques in classifying and diagnosing heart diseases and to develop a system capable of diagnosing and classifying different types of heart diseases using machine learning techniques. A number of algorithms commonly used in healthcare, such as Naive Bayes model, SVM, k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), and others, were reviewed. The study points out the importance of the quality of the data used in the database to obtain an accurate and reliable diagnosis. Data were collected from patient records in hospitals and clinics, analyzed and compared with previous relevant studies. Clinical decision assistance software has been used to help make medical decisions based on patient information. Positive results have been achieved that confirm the effectiveness of using machine learning techniques in diagnosing heart diseases. These technologies have shown the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced health burdens. It also concluded the need to develop effective diagnostic tools and enhance the prevention of heart disease. The study is an important foundation for healthcare professionals and doctors working in the field of cardiology, as the techniques used can help them better understand and diagnose conditions and improve patient care.