bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Assessment-Treatment Relationship and Functional Analysis in Behavior Therapy
Authors: Haynes Stephen N.
Published: January 2008

Many clinical judgments affect treatment decisions in behavior therapy. For most patients psychiatric diagnosis is insufficient for behavioral treatment design because there are important between-patient differences in causal factors. Pretreatment behavioral assessment is necessary to insure the most effective treatment strategy. Behavioral treatment programs are often based on assessment-based judgments about patient behavior problems, goals, and causal variables. These judgments and the subsequent methods of assessment, however, are affected by the tenets of the respective behavioral assessment paradigm. Such tenets include the multimodal, conditional, and dynamic nature of behavior problems; the importance of behavior in the natural environment, reciprocal determinism; and multiple, dynamic, and between-person differences in causal factors. Behavioral, as opposed to nonbehavioral, assessment methods are often lower-level, less inferential, focus on situational factors, and emphasize observation and behavioral skills in the natural environment. The functional analysis is the integration of pretreatment assessment data on a patient. It identifies the important, controllable, causal relationships applicable to specified behaviors for an individual patient. The Functional Analytic Clinical Case Model is an efficient method of organizing and communicating about the functional analysis.
Educational and Psychological Testing in Zimbabwean Schools: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Mpofu Elias , Nyanungo Kwadzanai R.L.
Published: January 2008

Psychoeducational testing practices in Zimbabwe can be understood in terms of the colonial heritage of the country and the democratization of the education system following Black majority rule. Regulations for psychological practice and Western-oriented psychology curricula inherited from the colonial era are elements of continuity in the country's psychoeducational testing practices. The demands of the postindependence education dispensation that extended psychological services to native Blacks represent elements of change that challenge psychological and educational testing in the country to be more responsive to the cultural diversity. A survey of test users in educational settings in the country revealed a significant use of Western tests, although some limited progress has been made in developing local tests, particularly in the area of achievement testing. The current status of psychoeducational testing in Zimbabwe is best characterized as being in a transitional or modeling stage, entailing the application of Western concepts and technologies. Authentic testing has great potential as an alternative in this developing country.
Constructing Items Measuring Logical Operational Thinking: Facet Design-Based Item Construction Using Multiple Categories Scoring
Authors: Bergling Barbro M.
Published: January 2008

The development and application of test items of logical operational thinking are described. Twelve classical Piagetian experiments were transformed into objective test items using Guttman's facet design. In the item construction the response options received such a theoretical underpinning and form that they were considered to represent in a prototypical way all three operational levels, allowing interpretation of hypothetical reasoning strategies behind the student's choice of alternative. The items in multiple-choice format were given to four samples of Swedish students as a national option of the Second IEA Science Study: 1322 students in Grade 3, 1423 in Grade 4, 784 in Grade 7, and 725 in Grade 8. Twenty-two items were administered, of which 5 were specific for Grades 3 and 4, and 5 specific for Grades 7 and 8. The Rasch partial credit model was applied in order to take into account the information in all response options. Fifteen items in Grades 3 and 4, and 18 items in Grades 7 and 8 showed acceptable fit to the measurement model. The overall mean-square fit statistics were in accordance with model expectations.
Lessons Learned about Evaluation in the United States and Some Possible Implications for Europe
Authors: Cook Thomas D. , Wittmann Werner W.
Published: January 2008

The history of program evaluation in the United States over the last 25 years is used to abstract themes that may be of importance to the development of evaluation in Europe. The themes relate to (1) the organizational context of evaluation, particularly as regards the tension between the different roles of the social scientist and the auditor; (2) the dependence of evaluation on politics, which entails that research findings be selectively used, and that evaluation questions serve some political interests more than others unless active steps are taken to make evaluations broadly accountable and their results widely disseminated; (3) the reality that most understandings of evaluation emphasize describing what programs have actually achieved, whereas some program planners want it to refer to the ex-ante task of analyzing what the results of a future program might be if it were to be implemented; (4) the mutually supportive roles that both qualitative and quantitative methods have to play in evaluation once the trap is avoided of assuming the supremacy of either one of these method types over the other; and (5) the limited value that can usually be assigned to the results of individual evaluations when compared to what careful literature reviews can accomplish. We argue that a flourishing evaluation culture requires strong methods, strong theory about the nature of evaluation and its links to use, plus continuous updates of what evaluations have discovered in different substantive areas. Today, North American evaluation is perhaps best characterized as applied social-science methods - and this may be too narrow a conception for evaluation to continue flourishing.
The Constructive Thinking Inventory: Factorial Structure in Healthy Individuals and Patients with Chronic Skin Diseases
Authors: Hoyer Jürgen , Averbeck Mechthild , Heidenreich Thomas , Stangier Ulrich , Pöhlmann Karin , Rössler Gabriele
Published: January 2008

Epstein's “Constructive Thinking Inventory” (CTI) was developed to measure the construct of experiential intelligence, which is based on his cognitive-experiential self-theory. Inventory items were generated by sampling naturally occurring automatic cognitions. Using principal component analysis, the findings showed a global factor of coping ability as well as six main factors: Emotional Coping, Behavioral Coping, Categorical Thinking, Personal Superstitious Thinking, Esoteric Thinking, and Naive Optimism. We tested the replicability of this factor structure and the amount of statistical independence (nonredundancy) between these factors in an initial study of German students (Study 1, N = 439) and in a second study of patients with chronic skin disorders (Study 2, N = 187). Factor congruence with the original (American) data was determined using a formula proposed by Schneewind and Cattell (1970) . Our findings show satisfactory factor congruence and statistical independence for Emotional Coping and Esoteric Thinking in both studies, while full replicability or independence could not be found in both for the other factors. Implications for the use and further development of the CTI are discussed.
Coherent radar imaging of mesosphere summer echoes: Influence of radar beam pattern and tilted structures on atmospheric echo center
Authors: Chen Jenn‐Shyong , Hoffmann Peter , Zecha Marius , Hsieh Cheng‐Hsiung
Published: January 2008

Multiple echo centers of a mesosphere‐summer‐echo layer (MSE) observed by the six‐receiver OSWIN VHF radar (54.1°N, 11.8°E) were examined with the coherent radar imaging (CRI) technique. The data were collected by different observational modes: vertical and oblique radar beams with the receiving configurations of 3 × 2, 6 × 1 (meridional alignment) and 1 × 6 (zonal alignment) antenna groups. The unique receiving configurations of meridional and zonal aligned antenna groups reveal that the echo centers clustered in three distinct groups above the range height of ∼86 km. The central group of echo centers was around the direction of radar beam; however, the off‐zenith angles of the two side groups, ranging between several and 20 degrees, increased with ascendant range height. Two potential causes of the echoes in the two side groups were examined on the basis of simulation calculation, namely, tilted structures in the layer and additionally, the influence of radar beam pattern. It is indicated that some echoes, originating from the lower part (<∼86 km) of the layer, can enter from the first and second sidelobes of the radar beam pattern and then be received at higher range gates (>∼86 km) at larger off‐zenith angles. The tilted structures, which are considered to be related to wave activities, can also produce the features similar to the observations. This is demonstrated by simulation calculation with wavy reflecting layers, in which the waves are supposed to modulate the multiple reflecting layers, with increasing amplitudes, tilted shapes, asynchronous phases, and horizontal travel.
Pulse trains that are characteristic of preliminary breakdown in cloud‐to‐ground lightning but are not followed by return stroke pulses
Authors: Nag Amitabh , Rakov Vladimir A.
Published: January 2008

In this study, we identify and examine electric field pulse trains that are characteristic of preliminary breakdown in negative cloud‐to‐ground discharges but are not followed by return stroke waveforms. We assume that such trains are manifestations of the initiation of downward negative stepped leaders that fail to propagate all the way to the ground and refer to these events as “attempted first cloud‐to‐ground leaders,” although some of them were followed by full‐fledged cloud discharges. We examined a total of 2475 electric field records of lightning events acquired in Gainesville, Florida, in 2006, and waveforms in 33 of them were found to satisfy criteria set for attempted cloud‐to‐ground leaders. In addition to pronounced bipolar pulses with positive (atmospheric electricity sign convention) initial half cycle, negative unipolar and negative (initial half cycle) bipolar pulses were sometimes seen toward the end of the train. We also observed that at the beginning and at the end of the pulse train, there were narrower pulses, often having durations in the range of 1–2μs, which are more than an order of magnitude shorter than for “classical” preliminary breakdown pulses. The arithmetic mean of total pulse train durations is 2.7 ms, and the weighted arithmetic means of individual pulse durations and interpulse intervals are 17 and 73μs, respectively. Some of the attempted cloud‐to‐ground leaders, which should belong to the cloud discharge category, can be misclassified as negative cloud‐to‐ground discharges by lightning locating systems such as the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network.
A method to study the crack healing process of glassformers
Authors: Wu W. H. , Zhang J. L. , Zhou H. W. , Huang Y. N. , Zhang L. , Ying X. N.
Published: January 2008

A mechanical spectroscopy method of quantitatively monitoring the healing of stress-induced microcracks in small glass samples is described. Whereas the cracks are generated catastrophically at some unpredictable interval below the glass temperature Tg the healing process proves to be highly reproducible and a characteristic temperature for the crack healing process, the temperature of maximum healing rate Tch coincides with Tg.
An efficient method for the calculation of quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics free energies
Authors: Woods Christopher J. , Manby Frederick R. , Mulholland Adrian J.
Published: January 2008

The combination of quantum mechanics (QM) with molecular mechanics (MM) offers a route to improved accuracy in the study of biological systems, and there is now significant research effort being spent to develop QM/MM methods that can be applied to the calculation of relative free energies. Currently, the computational expense of the QM part of the calculation means that there is no single method that achieves both efficiency and rigor; either the QM/MM free energy method is rigorous and computationally expensive, or the method introduces efficiency-led assumptions that can lead to errors in the result, or a lack of generality of application. In this paper we demonstrate a combined approach to form a single, efficient, and, in principle, exact QM/MM free energy method. We demonstrate the application of this method by using it to explore the difference in hydration of water and methane. We demonstrate that it is possible to calculate highly converged QM/MM relative free energies at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ/OPLS level within just two days of computation, using commodity processors, and show how the method allows consistent, high-quality sampling of complex solvent configurational change, both when perturbing hydrophilic water into hydrophobic methane, and also when moving from a MM Hamiltonian to a QM/MM Hamiltonian. The results demonstrate the validity and power of this methodology, and raise important questions regarding the compatibility of MM and QM/MM forcefields, and offer a potential route to improved compatibility.
Superlinearly converging dimer method for transition state search
Authors: Kästner Johannes , Sherwood Paul
Published: January 2008

Algorithmic improvements of the dimer method [G. Henkelman and H. Jónsson, J. Chem. Phys. 111, 7010 (1999)] are described in this paper. Using the limited memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (L-BFGS) optimizer for the dimer translation greatly improves the convergence compared to the previously used conjugate gradient algorithm. It also saves one energy and gradient calculation per dimer iteration. Extrapolation of the gradient during repeated dimer rotations reduces the computational cost to one gradient calculation per dimer rotation. The L-BFGS algorithm also improves convergence of the rotation. Thus, three to four energy and gradient evaluations are needed per iteration at the beginning of a transition state search, while only two are required close to convergence. Moreover, we apply the dimer method in internal coordinates to reduce coupling between the degrees of freedom. Weighting the coordinates can be used to apply chemical knowledge about the system and restrict the transition state search to only part of the system while minimizing the remainder. These improvements led to an efficient method for the location of transition states without the need to calculate the Hessian. Thus, it is especially useful in large systems with expensive gradient evaluations.
Coupled perturbed Hartree-Fock for periodic systems: The role of symmetry and related computational aspects
Authors: Ferrero Mauro , Rérat Michel , Orlando Roberto , Dovesi Roberto
Published: January 2008

A general and efficient implementation of the coupled perturbed Hartree-Fock (CPHF) scheme in the CRYSTAL06 code that applies to systems periodic in one dimension (polymers), two dimensions (slabs), three dimensions (crystals) and, as a limiting case, zero dimension (molecules) is presented. The dielectric tensor of large unit cell systems such as boehmite (γ-AlOOH, 8 atoms/cell), calcite (CaCO3, 10 atoms/cell), and pyrope (Mg3Al2Si3O12, 80 atoms/cell) has been computed. Results are well converged with respect to the computational parameters, in particular, to the number of k points in the reciprocal space and tolerances used in the truncation of the Coulomb and exchange series, showing that the same standard computational conditions used for the self-consistent-field (SCF) step can also be used safely in a CPHF calculation. Point symmetry, being so important in determining crystal properties, also reduces dramatically the computational cost both of the preliminary SCF step and the CPHF calculation, so that the dielectric tensor for large unit cell systems such as pyrope can be computed within 2 CPU hours on a single processor PC.
Analytical model to evaluate interface characteristics of carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum oxide nanocomposites
Authors: Chen Yao , Balani Kantesh , Agarwal Arvind
Published: January 2008

This research presents an analytical method to investigate the effect of volume fraction and the number of outer walls of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) reinforcement on load carrying capability in the aluminum oxide matrix. Interfacial shear stress transfer and energy dissipation have been estimated using the Cox model. Critical energy release rate for the debonding of MWNT from the matrix is also estimated based on the crack deflection. The computed results sufficiently manifest that MWNT pullout and crack deflection contributes greatly to improved fracture toughness of carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum oxide nanocomposites.
Infrared transient grating measurements of the dynamics of hydrogen local mode vibrations in amorphous silicon-germanium
Authors: Jobson K. W. , Wells J.-P. R. , Schropp R. E. I. , Vinh N. Q. , Dijkhuis J. I.
Published: January 2008

We report on picosecond, time-resolved measurements of the vibrational relaxation and decay pathways of the Si–H and Ge–H stretching modes in hydrogenated amorphous silicon-germanium thin films (a-SiGe:H). It is demonstrated that the decay of both modes has a nonexponential shape, attributable to the local environment of the Si–H and Ge–H bonds. Temperature dependent measurements of the ensemble averaged population decay time ⟨T1⟩ are used to demonstrate that the stretch modes relax to Si(Ge)-H bending modes and that the excess energy is dissipated into a combination of bulk vibrations. The influence of the mixed character Si-Ge bulk vibrations upon the relaxation dynamics is discussed.
Enhanced piezoelectric response from barium strontium titanate multilayer films
Authors: Nath R. , Zhong S. , Alpay S. P. , Huey B. D. , Cole M. W.
Published: January 2008

Multilayered and homogeneous thin films of BaxSr1−xTiO3 (BST) were grown on Pt-coated Si substrates via metal-organic solution deposition. The multilayer 220nm thick BST heterostructure consisted of Ba0.60Sr0.40TiO3, Ba0.75Sr0.25TiO3, and Ba0.90Sr0.10TiO3. A single composition 220nm thick Ba0.60Sr0.40TiO3 was also grown for comparison. The piezoelectric properties were measured using piezoresponse force microscopy. There is approximately a 50% improvement in the piezoelectric response of the multilayered heterostructure compared to the homogeneous sample, with some spatial inhomogeneity. This enhancement can be attributed to the internal potential that arises from the polarization gradient and the commensurate built-in strain in the multilayer sample.
A dual-deposition setup for fabricating nanoparticle-thin film hybrid structures
Authors: Kala S. , Mehta B. R. , Kruis F. E.
Published: January 2008

This report describes a dual-deposition setup for fabricating well-defined nanoparticles-thin film structures. The setup consists of a particle synthesis section for the gas phase generation of size-selected nanoparticles and a deposition section for the sequential growth of thin film and nanoparticle layers on substrates using vacuum evaporation and atmospheric pressure electrostatic precipitator techniques, respectively. The setup has been used to deposit Pd nanoparticles-Pr thin film structures. Average sizes and size distributions of Pd nanoparticles measured online during the particle synthesis by means of electrical mobility analysis have been compared with those of nanoparticle samples deposited on Pr thin film and other substrates and measured by high resolution scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The setup is useful for depositing a variety of nanoparticles-thin film structures.
Numerical and experimental study of a thermal probe for measuring groundwater velocity
Authors: Guaraglia Dardo O. , Mayosky Miguel A. , Pousa Jorge L. , Kruse Eduardo E.
Published: January 2008

A thermal method for a rapid measurement of groundwater velocity, particularly in aquifers with preferential flow where groundwater velocities over tenths of (m/d) are expected, was studied. Some instruments for measuring groundwater velocity are based on the application of heat. Those consisting of a central heater surrounded by several thermistors seem adequate for the above purpose, but their measuring range lies below 30m∕d (meters per day) and there are few works about their theory. Based on the diffusion-convection-dispersion equation, an electrical model is proposed for representing this type of instruments and a theoretical study is presented in an attempt to extend their measuring range. The model can be excited with any shape of power or temperature signals, allows the signals to be feedbacked for controlling the heater’s excitation, and includes the thermal features of the heater and thermistors. The model was validated through laboratory tests with velocities of up to 100m∕d and extrapolated up to 1000m∕d. Numerical results suggest that exciting the heater with constant temperature allows the measuring range of these probes to be extended.
Localization of He induced nanovoids in buried Si1−xGex thin films
Authors: D’Angelo D. , Mirabella S. , Bruno E. , Terrasi A. , Bongiorno C. , Giannazzo F. , Raineri V. , Bisognin G. , Berti M.
Published: January 2008

The localization of voids in thin Si1−xGex layers after He+ implantation and thermal annealing is reported. A Si/Si1−xGex multilayer grown onto (001) Si was implanted with He+ in the 10−30 keV range, with fluences from 7×1015 up to 1×1016 cm−2, and annealed at 800 °C for 1 h. Samples were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, showing void formation only within the two layers containing Ge or at the film/substrate interface. Our results support the idea that the compressive strain in the Si1−xGex layers induces the nucleation of small cavities and the growth of voids by a mechanism where vacancies are stabilized by He.
Development of two-level porosity during glancing angle deposition
Authors: Zhou C. M. , Gall D.
Published: January 2008

Porous Ta and Al layers that exhibit 280-nm-wide micropores, which are interconnected by 5–50-nm-wide nanopores, were grown by glancing angle deposition (GLAD). The micropore nucleation is facilitated by patterning Si(001) substrates with inverted-pyramidal pit arrays using anisotropic etching through lithographic masks obtained by colloidal self-assembly. The microstructure consists of vertical nanorods with an average width w that increases with layer thickness t, following a power law w∝tβ. This indicates a self-similar growth mode which is controlled by purely geometric long-range atomic shadowing interactions. However, statistical analyses show a larger growth exponent βAl=0.58±0.07 for Al than for Ta with βTa=0.46±0.08, suggesting a secondary effect where the surface curvature of the high adatom mobility Al rods is lowered by diffusion-mediated lateral growth which exacerbates inter-rod competition and, in turn, leads to an enhanced rod broadening. The broadening in Al causes a close-up of the microscopic pores, a decrease in the porosity to 54% at t=750nm, and a reduction in the rod number density n, where n∝tγ and the extinction exponent γAl=−1.02±0.01. In contrast, the Ta porosity remains constant at 70%, the pore width is independent of t, and the extinction rate decreases from γ=−2.5 to −0.5. This is attributed to a transition from two- to one-dimensional shadowing, associated with the microscopic pores that initially enhance but later suppress growth competition in comparison to conventional GLAD on flat substrates where γ is expected to be ∼−1. These results provide insight into columnar competition under anisotropic shadowing conditions and also demonstrate a path to create layers with a controlled bimodal pore structure.
Tuning in-plane magnetic anisotropy in (110) La2∕3Ca1∕3MnO3 films by anisotropic strain relaxation
Authors: Infante I. C. , Ossó J. O. , Sánchez F. , Fontcuberta J.
Published: January 2008

We have investigated structural and functional properties of (110) La2∕3Ca1∕3MnO3 films grown on (110) SrTiO3 substrates. We have observed that there is an anisotropic in-plane lattice strain relaxation with faster relaxation along the [1−10] direction than along the [001] one, which leads to an anisotropic in-plane stress that evolves gradually with film thickness. The resultant anisotropy of the magnetoelastic energy imposes the [001] direction to be the in-plane magnetic easy axis and the strength of the in-plane magnetic anisotropy can be tuned by varying film thickness.
Oxygen effects on plastic deformation of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass
Authors: Lu Z. P. , Bei H. , Wu Y. , Chen G. L. , George E. P. , Liu C. T.
Published: January 2008

Starting with Zr of two different purities, Zr-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) with a nominal composition of Zr62Cu15.5Ni12.5Al10 were prepared having oxygen concentrations of about 3900 and 920at.ppm, respectively. Uniaxial compression tests showed that the BMG containing the higher level of oxygen has a higher yield strength and is capable of undergoing much less plastic deformation than that containing the lower level of oxygen. It appears that oxygen suppresses the formation of multiple shear bands but leads to an inability to sustain shear-band propagation, thus, changing the failure mode from relatively ductile to catastrophic brittle fracture.
Localized breakdown in dielectrics and macroscopic charge transport through the whole gate stack: A comparative study
Authors: Zheng Yi , Wee Andrew T. S. , Ong Yi Ching , Pey K. L. , Troadec Cedric , O’Shea Sean J. , Chandrasekhar N.
Published: January 2008

Au – Hf O 2 – Si O x – Si structures with 4nm HfO2 and 1.5nm SiOx interfacial layer (IL) have been electrically stressed by ballistic electron emission spectroscopy (BEES). The continuous BEES stressing at the same location induced gradual degradations and finally led to breakdowns in the IL. The degradation and breakdown cannot be observed using macroscopic conventional current-voltage (IV) measurements over the same area just before and after the BEES stressing process. The localized degradation and breakdown in the dielectric is masked by the macroscopic gate area. Tunneling calculations can estimate the critical area required for a macroscopic device to be able to measure such microscopic breakdown, a problem that becomes increasingly important for characterizing ultrathin gate dielectrics.
Temperature dependence of optical constants for InSb films including molten phases
Authors: Ohkubo Shuichi , Aoki Kazuhiko , Eto Daisuke
Published: January 2008

We have measured the temperature dependence of optical constants of InSb films including molten phases. It has been found that the optical constants differ between the as-sputtered amorphous and the molten states. Also, the optical constants exhibit the large change associated with the crystalline-to-molten phase transition. In the crystalline states, the extinction coefficient increases as the temperature increases. This temperature dependence can be explained by the decrease of the band gap energy.
Synchronously pumped femtosecond optical parametric oscillator with integrated sum frequency generation
Authors: Ruebel Felix , Haag Peter , L’huillier Johannes A.
Published: January 2008

A synchronously pumped femtosecond optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with intracavity sum frequency generation in a single, periodically poled MgO-doped LiNbO3 (MgO:PPLN) is reported. The used MgO:PPLN crystal contains in series two sections with different poling periods. The first section which generates the 2.5μm OPO idler wave is followed by a second section which generates the sum frequency of the pump and the idler radiation and thus provides at 589nm yellow 140fs long pulses with an average power of up to 190mW. This corresponds to an optical overall conversion efficiency of 15%.
High frequency switching in bit-patterned media: A method to overcome synchronization issue
Authors: Sbiaa R. , Piramanayagam S. N.
Published: January 2008

In this study, we show that high frequency reversal of magnetization for over Tbits∕in.2 recording density can be controlled by adjusting the magnetic field, media properties, and bit geometry. Using micromagnetic simulation, magnetization reversal speed depends strongly on exchange coupling (A) and the ratio between applied and anisotropy fields. The analysis also shows the effect of anisotropy variation and interbit interaction on magnetization switching. When high frequency write field is applied to less than a half bit, the switching may not occur for A higher than an optimal value. This characteristic can be used to reduce overwriting on adjacent bits.
Optically controllable transflective spatial filter with high- and low-pass or notch- and band-pass functions based on a dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal film
Authors: Yeh H.-C. , Wang J.-D. , Lo K.-C. , Lee C.-R. , Mo T.-S. , Huang S.-Y.
Published: January 2008

This study developed an optically controllable transflective spatial filter in a dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal (DDCLC) film. The mechanism to induce the spatial filter is attributable to the photoisomerization-induced controllability of the redshift of the reflection band in the DDCLC cell. At various pumped intensities, different spatial distributions of the diffraction pattern of the object can be selected to be filtered, such that high- and low-pass or notch- and band-pass transmitted and reflected images can be simultaneously obtained, respectively.
Problematising the ‘Orderly’ Aesthetic Assumptions of Forecasts of East–West Migration in the European Union
Authors: Pijpers Roos
Published: January 2008

This paper critically examines migration forecasts: numerical guesstimates of future patterns of migration flows. In the enlarging European Union, migration forecasts are often carried out upon requests from mass-migration-fearing policy makers. Most forecasts are based on key principles and working practices adhered to in neoclassical economics and spatial science—notably, equilibrium and place. Offering apparent numerical certainty, migration forecasts speak to a latent desire for aesthetic sociospatial order. Migration is considered a disequilibrium phenomenon, and linear movements and final destinations are presupposed. However, it is argued that these ‘orderly’ aesthetic assumptions do not correspond with ‘messy’ real East–West migration dynamics in the EU, which are foremost temporary and circulatory in nature. Drawing on evidence from the Netherlands, the paper concludes by suggesting that migration forecasts may indirectly strengthen claims for restrictive migration policy.
The Planners' City: The Construction of a Town Planning Perception of Colombo
Authors: Perera Nihal
Published: January 2008

The cities that administrators administer, planners plan, and scholars examine are perceptions that represent the absolute city ‘that is out there’. This paper narrates how a new perception of the city based on British town planning, modified within the Empire, was established in Colombo, the former capital of Sri Lanka. It focuses on the interpretation and representation of physical realities in Colombo using the norms imported through the Housing Ordinance of 1915 and later the town planning discourse. The ordinance problematic the living environments of the poor residents, requiring solutions that were not available in Colombo. Instead of solving these, the colonial/imperial planner Patrick Geddes, and the others who followed him, carried town planning to Colombo and kept rewriting its history. The new perception of the city focused the attention of the authorities on a capitalist city, which was lain over the colonial city, marginalizing the poor. In this way the colonial planners taught the Ceylonese urban authorities and planners how to perceive and act on the city from a town planning vantage point. The discourse was not directly imposed or imported, but negotiated between many agencies including the (British) municipal authorities of Colombo, the colonial government, colonial/imperial planners, the newspapers, and other stakeholders. Many changes to this perception were introduced in Sri Lanka after independence, but they do not represent any substantial cultural questioning of this discourse. This is the contribution of this study.
SENSITIVITY OF DNA REPAIR‐DEFICIENT STRAINS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI K‐12 TO VARIOUS FUROCOUMARINS AND NEAR‐ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Authors: Leonard I. , Grossweiner  , Smith Kendric C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Survival curves were obtained for DNA repair‐deficient strains of Escherichia coli K‐12 (polA1, uvrB5, and recA56) exposed to near‐ultraviolet radiation [black light (BL)] in the presence of the DNA cross‐linking agent 8‐methoxypsoralen (8‐MOP) or in the presence of photosensitizers forming primarily monoadducts with DNA [angelicin; 3‐carbethoxypsoralen (3‐CPs); 5,7‐dimethoxycoumarin (DMC)], and after exposure to blue light (BluL) in the presence of 8‐MOP or 3‐CPs. An interpretation of these data suggests that DNA polymerase I is required for the major pathway of monoadduct repair, but appears to play little or no role in the repair of 8‐MOP cross‐links. The uvrB and recA strains were very sensitive, both to the cross‐linking agent and to the monoadduct formers. The markedly different results for BL plus DMC or 3‐CPs compared to angelicin suggests that the DMC and 3‐CPs monoadducts are repaired by a different mechanism than are the angelicin monoadducts, or else DMC and 3‐CPs undergo photochemical side reactions that produce DNA lesions other than the expected monoadducts. From photochemical evidence, we predicted that fewer 8‐MOP monoadducts should be converted to cross‐links by BluL vs BL; this appears to be the case. 3‐CPs showed dramatically different biological results when irradiated with BL vs BluL, suggesting that 3‐CPs may form more types of photoproducts than the expected monoadducts; BluL, however, appears to favor monoadduct formation.
BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL
Authors: KAZAKOV D. I.
Published: January 2008

Review of recent developments in attempts to go beyond the Standard Model is given. We concentrate on three main unresolved problems: mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking, expected new physics at the TeV scale (mainly SUSY) and the origin of the Dark matter.
ELECTROWEAK PHYSICS
Authors: WOOD D. R.
Published: January 2008

This contributions summarizes some of the developments in tests and measurements of the electroweak sector of the standard model. Recent experimental results and their implications are emphasized.
ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
Authors: BETTINI A.
Published: January 2008

Astroparticle is a very wide, expanding, sector of Physics; this report covers only a fraction of it complementing the plenary reports of Y. Takahashi and K. Inoue. I will focus, in particular, on the experimental evidence of new physics, beyond the Standard Model. Astroparticle and accelerator experiments will give complementary tools in the search of new particles, like those of the dark matter, and new fundamental fields, like the inflaton.
STRINGS FOR QUANTUMCHROMODYNAMICS
Authors: SCHOMERUS VOLKER
Published: January 2008

During the last decade, intriguing dualities between gauge and string theory have been found and explored. They provide a novel window on strongly coupled gauge physics, including QCD-like models. Based on a short historical review of modern string theory, we shall explain how so-called AdS/CFT dualities emerged at the end of the 1990s. Some of their concrete implications and remarkable recent progress are then illustrated for the simplest example, namely the multicolor limit of [Formula: see text] SYM theory in four dimensions. We end with a few comments on existing extensions to more realistic models and applications, in particular to the sQGP. This text is meant as a non-technical introduction to gauge/string dualities for (particle) physicists.
PREPARING FOR PHYSICS AT THE LHC
Authors: GIANOTTI F.
Published: January 2008

The status of the construction and commissioning of the LHC machine and detectors is presented, with emphasis on the experiment preparation for physics with test-beam data and cosmics runs. A few examples of physics goals with the very first data (from a few to a few hundred pb-1) are discussed.
ACCELERATOR PROSPECTS FOR HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS
Authors: SKRINSKY A. N.
Published: January 2008

This talk is an attempt to present the current accelerator field status and assured prospects for elementary particle physics. The discussed subject is so rich that many interesting and important components of the picture are inevitably missing. The talk is updated version of my talk at HEP2005 International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics in Lisboa, Portugal.
Stemming Indonesian
Authors: Adriani Mirna , Asian Jelita , Nazief Bobby , Tahaghoghi S. M.M. , Williams Hugh E.
Published: January 2008

Stemming words to (usually) remove suffixes has applications in text search, machine translation, document summarization, and text classification. For example, English stemming reduces the words "computer," "computing," "computation," and "computability" to their common morphological root, "comput-." In text search, this permits a search for "computers" to find documents containing all words with the stem "comput-." In the Indonesian language, stemming is of crucial importance: words have prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and confixes that make matching related words difficult.

This work surveys existing techniques for stemming Indonesian words to their morphological roots, presents our novel and highly accurate CS algorithm, and explores the effectiveness of stemming in the context of general-purpose text information retrieval through ad hoc queries.
Cardinality estimation for the optimization of queries on ontologies
Authors: Shironoshita E. Patrick , Ryan Michael T. , Kabuka Mansur R.
Published: January 2008

An effective, accurate algorithm for cardinality estimation of queries on ontology models of data is presented. The algorithm relies on the decomposition of queries into query pattern paths, where each path produces a set of values for each variable within the result form of the query. In order to estimate the total number of result set parameters for each path, a set of statistics is compiled on the properties of the ontology. Experimental analysis has shown that the algorithm produces estimates with high accuracy and with high correlation to actual values. Thus, this algorithm can be used as the cornerstone of an effective optimization strategy for queries on diverse, heterogeneous data sources modeled as ontologies.
Navigational XPath
Authors: ten Cate Balder , Marx Maarten
Published: January 2008

We survey expressivity results for navigational fragments of XPath 1.0 and 2.0, as well as Regular XPath≈. We also investigate algebras for these fragments.
Myoglobin Induces Oxidative Stress and Decreases Endocytosis and Monolayer Permissiveness in Cultured Kidney Epithelial Cells without Affecting Viability
Authors: Parry Sarah N. , Ellis Natasha , Li Zhe , Maitz Peter , Witting Paul K.
Published: January 2008

Background: Muscle degradation caused by severe burn releases myoglobin (Mb), which accumulates in the kidney (termed myoglobinuria). Mb is a pro-oxidant. Aim: To demonstrate that Mb promotes oxidative stress and dysfunction in cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney type II (MDCK II) cells. Methods: The glutathione redox ratio was used to monitor oxidative stress. Regulation of antioxidant response genes was determined with RT-PCR. Propidium iodide and annexin V staining were markers of necrosis and apoptosis, respectively. Mitochondrial function was assessed by monitoring mitochondrial depolarisation. Endocytosis was determined with immune fluorescence microscopy, and monolayer permeability was monitored with labelled inulin. Results: Kidney epithelial cells exposed to (0–100 µM) Mb showed a dose-dependent decrease in the glutathione redox ratio indicative of enhanced oxidative stress. In parallel, the expression of antioxidant genes for superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1/2, inducible haemoxygenase (HO-1) and catalase (CAT) increased in MDCK II cells, coupled with increases in corresponding activity. Notably, apoptosis and necrosis remained unaffected. However, transferrin endocytosis and monolayer permeability decreased significantly, while clathrin distribution and mitochondrial function were unaffected. Conclusion: Low concentrations of Mb promote oxidative stress in kidney epithelial cells that manifest as subtle changes to function without decreasing viability. Whether this impairs kidney function in burns patients is not clear.
Extended ENSO Predictions Using a Fully Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model
Authors: Luo Jing-Jia , Masson Sebastien , Behera Swadhin K. , Yamagata Toshio
Published: January 2008

Using a fully coupled global ocean–atmosphere general circulation model assimilating only sea surface temperature, the authors found for the first time that several El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events over the past two decades can be predicted at lead times of up to 2 yr. The El Niño condition in the 1997/98 winter can be predicted to some extent up to about a 1½-yr lead but with a weak intensity and large phase delay in the prediction of the onset of this exceptionally strong event. This is attributed to the influence of active and intensive stochastic westerly wind bursts during late 1996 to mid-1997, which are generally unpredictable at seasonal time scales. The cold signals in the 1984/85 and 1999/2000 winters during the peak phases of the past two long-lasting La Niña events are predicted well up to a 2-yr lead. Amazingly, the mild El Niño–like event of 2002/03 is also predicted well up to a 2-yr lead, suggesting a link between the prolonged El Niño and the tropical Pacific decadal variability. Seasonal climate anomalies over vast parts of the globe during specific ENSO years are also realistically predicted up to a 2-yr lead for the first time.
Successive Modulation of ENSO to the Future Greenhouse Warming
Authors: An Soon-Il , Kug Jong-Seong , Ham Yoo-Geun , Kang In-Sik
Published: January 2008

The multidecadal modulation of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) due to greenhouse warming has been analyzed herein by means of diagnostics of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) and the eigenanalysis of a simplified version of an intermediate ENSO model. The response of the global-mean troposphere temperature to increasing greenhouse gases is more likely linear, while the amplitude and period of ENSO fluctuates in a multidecadal time scale. The climate system model outputs suggest that the multidecadal modulation of ENSO is related to the delayed response of the subsurface temperature in the tropical Pacific compared to the response time of the sea surface temperature (SST), which would lead a modulation of the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, an eigenanalysis considering only two parameters, the changes in the zonal contrast of the mean background SST and the changes in the vertical contrast between the mean surface and subsurface temperatures in the tropical Pacific, exhibits a good agreement with the CGCM outputs in terms of the multidecadal modulations of the ENSO amplitude and period. In particular, the change in the vertical contrast, that is, change in difference between the subsurface temperature and SST, turns out to be more influential on the ENSO modulation than changes in the mean SST itself.
Childhood Overweight and the Relationship between Parent Behaviors, Parenting Style, and Family Functioning
Authors: Rhee Kyung
Published: January 2008

This article discusses the relationship between parent behaviors, parenting style, and how a family functions with respect to the development of childhood overweight. Parents can influence a child's weight through specific feeding and activity practices and perhaps more broadly through their parenting style and management of family functioning. These more global influences of parenting style and family functioning provide a framework in which specific parent behaviors can be interpreted by the child. Therefore, understanding the impact of specific parent behaviors within the context of parenting style and family functioning needs to be explored. This article highlights the pervasive influence of parents around the development of dietary habits, and suggests that additional efforts to examine the interaction between specific feeding behaviors and parenting style/family functioning should be promoted to better inform the development of interventions that may help stem the growing prevalence of obesity among our children.
Identifying Young Gifted Children Using the Gifted Rating Scales—Preschool/ Kindergarten Form
Authors: Pfeiffer Steven I. , Petscher Yaacov
Published: January 2008

This article reports on an analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of a new teacher rating scale designed to assist in the identification of gifted preschool and kindergarten students. The Gifted Rating Scales—Preschool/Kindergarten Form (GRS-P) is based on a multidimensional model of giftedness. An examination of the standardization sample using diagnostic efficiency statistics provides support for the diagnostic accuracy of the GRS-P Intellectual Ability and Academic Ability scales identifying intellectual giftedness, irrespective of the IQ cut score used to demarcate giftedness. The present findings extend the analysis of the standardization sample reported in the test manual and provide additional support for the GRS-P as a gifted screening tool.
Psychometric Characteristics of the Harter Self-Perception Profiles for Adolescents and Children for Use With Gifted Populations
Authors: Moritz Rudasill Kathleen , Callahan Carolyn M.
Published: January 2008

Assessing the psychometric properties of scores on self-concept measures with gifted students may provide guidance for interpretation and selection of appropriate instruments to use for individual assessments and in studies of self-concept. Given the widespread use of the Harter Self-Perception Profiles for Children and Adolescents, the purposes of this study were to replicate reliability studies of the Self-Perception Profile for Children in a sample of gifted students, to assess the reliability of gifted students' scores on the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents, and to examine the validity of scores on both instruments for use with gifted populations. Results provide evidence of validity and reliability for use with gifted populations.
A National Picture of Talent Search and Talent Search Educational Programs
Authors: Lee Seon-Young , Matthews Michael S. , Olszewski-Kubilius Paula
Published: January 2008

This article presents a comprehensive portrait of talent search testing and associated educational programs in the United States, now some 35 years after Dr. Julian Stanley originated the concept. Survey data from the six major talent search centers in the United States were used to examine the scope of talent search educational offerings, including accelerated summer, distance education, Saturday and weekend, and leadership programs. Reported data reveal that over 3 million students have participated in talent search testing since these programs' inception, and subsequently thousands of these students participate each year in other educational programs offered by these organizations. In addition to above-level test scores, data used to prequalify students to participate include on-level standardized achievement tests, teacher or parent nominations, and portfolios. Disproportional representations within talent search testing and educational programs by racial and household income levels were addressed with a need for more financial support and collaborative work between talent search centers and local schools for more students to benefit from the talent search model.