bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate in combination with corticosteroids mitigates heat stress‐induced acute kidney injury through modulating heat shock protein 70 and toll‐like receptor 4‐dependent pathways
Authors: Shafeek Faten , El‐Kashef Dalia H. , Abu‐Elsaad Nashwa , Ibrahim Tarek
Published: April 2023

Recently, recurrent heat stress (HS) and dehydration have been exhibited to give rise to kidney disease epidemic in hot regions. The current study was carried out to estimate a possible renoprotective effect of dexamethasone (Dexa) and epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) as a heat shock protein (HSP)‐70 inhibitor on HS‐induced nephropathy. In total, five groups of rats were used: control group, HS group (exposed to heat for 40 min), Dexa+HS group (rats were injected with Dexa i.p.15 mg/kg/day for 3 days followed by HS), EGCG+HS group (rats received EGCG 100 mg/kg/day, orally, for 7 days followed by HS), and EGCG+ Dexa +HS group (rats received EGCG 100 mg/kg/day, orally, for 7 days and injected Dexa as described along the last 3 days followed by HS). Kidney sections were stained with H&E and scored for tubular injury. A marked increase in creatinine, urea, malondialdehyde (MDA), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1, HSP‐70, nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR‐4) and Caspase‐3 expression was observed after HS induction (p < 0.001). Treatment with EGCG combined with Dexa notably reduced tubular injury, MCP‐1, HSP‐70, NF‐κB, and TLR‐4 levels (p < 0.001). Moreover, it increased IL‐10, antioxidant capacity and Bcl‐2 expression levels in the kidney (p < 0.001). This renoprotective impact might be attributed to anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti‐apoptotic mechanisms besides interfering with TLR‐4‐mediated NF‐κB activation pathway.
Kaempferol induces mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy by activating the LKB1/AMPK/MFF pathway in breast precancerous lesions
Authors: Cao Jingyu , Ma Xinyi , Yan Xianxin , Zhang Guijuan , Hong Shouyi , Ma Ruirui , Wang Yanqiu , Ma Min
Published: April 2023

Kaempferol has been suggested to be an effective anticancer agent in several malignant tumors. However, its function and mechanisms in breast precancerous lesions remain largely elusive. Here, we showed that kaempferol induced excessive mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial damage with activated mitochondrial fission factor (MFF)‐mediated dynamin‐related protein (DRP) 1 mitochondrial translocation. As a result, the PTEN‐induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin signaling pathway was activated, accompanied by excessive mitophagy and reduced mitochondrial mass in cells. We also revealed that kaempferol‐induced lethal mitophagy contributed to inhibiting breast precancerous lesion growth in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we verified serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11/LKB1)/AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway deficiency in breast precancerous lesions. Moreover, LKB1/AMPK pathway reactivation by kaempferol was required for excessive mitochondrial fission and lethal mitophagy. Taken together, our findings shed new light on the molecular mechanisms related to breast cancer prevention by kaempferol and provide evidence for its potential clinical application.
Cinnamaldehyde induces apoptosis and enhances anti‐colorectal cancer activity via covalent binding to HSPD1
Authors: Zhang Weiyi , Lei Wei , Shen Fukui , Wang Mukuo , Li Linlin , Chang Junmin
Published: April 2023

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Although surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy/chemotherapy are the mainstays of CRC treatment, the efficacy is unsatisfactory due to several limitations, including high drug resistance. Accordingly, there is a dire need for new drugs or a novel combination approach to treat this patient population. Herein, we found that cinnamaldehyde (CA) could exert an antitumor effect in HCT‐116 cell lines. Target fishing, molecular imaging, and live‐cell tracing using an alkynyl–CA probe revealed that the heat shock 60 kDa protein 1 (HSPD1) protein was the target of CA. The covalent binding of CA with HSPD1 altered its stability. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that CA could induce cell apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and enhanced anti‐CRC activity both in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, CA combined with different chemotherapeutic agents was beneficial to patients resistant to anti‐CRC drug therapy.
Facile and Scalable Mechanochemical Synthesis of Defective MoS2 with Ru Single Atoms Toward High‐Current‐Density Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Lang Chengguang , Jiang Wenbin , Yang Cheng‐Jie , Zhong Hao , Chen Peirong , Wu Qilong , Yan Xuecheng , Dong Chung‐Li , Lin Yue , Ouyang Liuzhang , Jia Yi , Yao Xiangdong
Published: April 2023

Designing a facile strategy to prepare catalysts with highly active sites are challenging for large‐scale implementation of electrochemical hydrogen production. Herein, a straightforward and eco‐friendly method by high‐energy mechanochemical ball milling for mass production of atomic Ru dispersive in defective MoS2 catalysts (Ru1@D‐MoS2) is developed. It is found that single atomic Ru doping induces the generation of S vacancies, which can break the electronic neutrality around Ru atoms, leading to an asymmetrical distribution of electrons. It is also demonstrated that the Ru1@D‐MoS2 exhibits superb alkaline hydrogen evolution enhancement, possibly attributing to this electronic asymmetry. The overpotential required to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2 is as low as 107 mV, which is much lower than that of commercial MoS2 (C‐MoS2, 364 mV). Further density functional theory (DFT) calculations also support that the vacancy‐coupled single Ru enables much higher electronic distribution asymmetry degree, which could regulate the adsorption energy of intermediates, favoring the water dissociation and the adsorption/desorption of H*. Besides, the long‐term stability test under 500 mA cm−2 further confirms the robust performance of Ru1@D‐MoS2. Our strategy provides a promising and practical way towards large‐scale preparation of advanced HER catalysts for commercial applications.
Self‐Compositing: A Efficient Method of Improving the Electrical Conductivity of Graphene Nanoplatelet/Thermosetting Resin Composites
Authors: Qiu Xiaowen , Lin Zewen , Zhao Yanan , Zhang Jinmeng , Hu Xiaolan , Bai Hua
Published: April 2023

Conductive composites based on thermosetting resins have broad applications in various fields. In this paper, a new self‐compositing strategy is developed for improving the conductivity of graphene nanoplatelet/thermosetting resin composites by optimizing the transport channels. To implement this strategy, conventional graphene nanoplatelet/thermosetting resin is crushed into micron‐sized composite powders, which are mixed with graphene nanoplatelets to form novel complex fillers to prepare the self‐composited materials with thermosetting resins. A highly conductive compact graphene layer is formed on the surface of the crushed composite powders, while the addition of the micron‐sized powder induces the orientation of graphene nanoplatelets in the resin matrix. Therefore, a highly conductive network is constructed inside the self‐composited material, significantly enhancing the electrical conductivity. The composite materials based on epoxy resin, cyanate resin, and unsaturated polyester are prepared with this method, reflecting that the method is universal for preparing composites based on thermosetting resins. The highest electrical conductivity of the self‐composited material based on unsaturated polyester is as high as 25.9 S m−1. This self‐compositing strategy is simple, efficient, and compatible with large‐scale industrial production, thus it is a promising and general way to enhance the conductivity of thermosetting resin matrix composites.
Low‐Temperature Chemical Bath Deposition of Conformal and Compact NiOXfor Scalable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Modules
Authors: Li Sibo , Wang Xin , Li Huan , Fang Jun , Wang Daozeng , Xie Guanshui , Lin Dongxu , He Sisi , Qiu Longbin
Published: April 2023

A scalable and low‐cost deposition of high‐quality charge transport layers and photoactive perovskite layers are the grand challenges for large‐area and efficient perovskite solar modules and tandem cells. An inverted structure with an inorganic hole transport layer is expected for long‐term stability. Among various hole transport materials, nickel oxide has been investigated for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. However, the reported deposition methods are either difficult for large‐scale conformal deposition or require a high vacuum process. Chemical bath deposition is supposed to realize a uniform, conformal, and scalable coating by a solution process. However, the conventional chemical bath deposition requires a high annealing temperature of over 400 °C. In this work, an amino‐alcohol ligand‐based controllable release and deposition of NiOXusing chemical bath deposition with a low calcining temperature of 270 °C is developed. The uniform and conformal in‐situ growth precursive films can be adjusted by tuning the ligand structure. The inverted structured perovskite solar cells and large‐area solar modules reached a champion PCE of 22.03% and 19.03%, respectively. This study paves an efficient, low‐temperature, and scalable chemical bath deposition route for large‐area NiOXthin films for the scalable fabrication of highly efficient perovskite solar modules.
N‐Doping Coupled with Co‐Vacancies Activating Sulfur Atoms and Narrowing Bandgap for CoS Toward Synergistically Accelerating Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zeng Ping , Meng Yang , Liu Zhan , Sun Guo‐Qi , Li Xiao‐Yun , Yang Xiao‐Yu , Ye Cui‐Fang , Li Yu , Liu Jin‐Ping , Chen Li‐Hua , Su Bao‐Lian , Wang Yi‐Long
Published: April 2023

The combination of hetero‐elemental doping and vacancy engineering will be developed as one of the most efficient strategies to design excellent electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, a novel strategy for N‐doping coupled with Co‐vacancies is demonstrated to precisely activate inert S atoms adjacent to Co‐vacancies and significantly improve charge transfer for CoS toward accelerating HER. In this strategy, N‐doping favors the presence of Co‐vacancies, due to greatly decreasing their formation energy. The as‐developed strategy realizes the upshift of S 3p orbitals followed by more overlapping between S 3py and H 1s orbitals, which results in the favorable hydrogen atom adsorption free energy change (ΔGH) to activate inert S atoms as newborn catalytical sites. Besides, this strategy synergistically decreases the bandgap of CoS, thereby achieving satisfactory electrical conductivity and low charge‐transfer resistance for the as‐obtained electrocatalysts. With an excellent HER activity of −89.0 mV at 10.0 mA cm−2 in alkaline environments, this work provides a new approach to unlocking inert sites and significantly improving charge transfer toward cobalt‐based materials for highly efficient HER.
Facile Control of Ferroelectricity Driven by Ingenious Interaction Engineering
Authors: Li Jun‐Yi , Zhang Tie , Lun Meng‐Meng , Zhang Yi , Chen Li‐Zhuang , Fu Da‐Wei
Published: April 2023

Construction of ferroelectric and optimization of macroscopic polarization has attracted tremendous attention for next generation light weight and flexible devices, which brings fundamental vitality for molecular ferroelectrics. However, effective molecular tailoring toward cations makes ferroelectric synthesis and modification relatively elaborate. Here, the study proposes a facile method to realize triggering and optimization of ferroelectricity. The experimental and theoretical investigation reveals that orientation and alignment of polar cations, dominated factors in molecular ferroelectrics, can be controlled by easily processed anionic modification. In one respect, ferroelectricity is induced by strengthened intermolecular interaction. Moreover, ≈50% of microscopic polarization enhancement (from 8.07 to 11.68 µC cm−2) and doubling of equivalent polarization direction (from 4 to 8) are realized in resultant ferroelectric FEtQ2ZnBrI3 (FEQZBI, FEtQ = N‐fluoroethyl‐quinuclidine). The work offers a totally novel platform for control of ferroelectricity in organic–inorganic hybrid ferroelectrics and a deep insight of structure–property correlations.
A Universal Synthesis Strategy for Lanthanide Sulfide Nanocrystals with Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Zhong Ziyun , Fu Hao , Wang Siyuan , Duan Yingnan , Wang Qinglun , Yan Chun‐Hua , Du Yaping
Published: April 2023

As an important lanthanide (Ln)‐based functional materials, the Ln chalcogenides possess unique properties and various applications. However, the controllable synthesis of Ln chalcogenide nanocrystals still faces great challenges because of the rather poor affinity between Ln and chalcogenide ions (S, Se, Te) as well as strong preference of combination with existed oxygen. Herein, a facile but general heterogeneous nucleation synthetic strategy is established toward a series of colloidal ternary Cu Ln sulfides nanocrystals using the Ln dithiocarbamates and CuI as precursors. To extend this synthetic protocol, similar strategy is used to prepare six kinds of high quality CuLnS2 nanocrystals, while the bulk ones are only obtained by the traditional solid‐state reaction at rigorous condition. Importantly, high‐entropy nanocrystals CuLnS2 and CuEuxLn2‐xS3 which contain six Ln elements (Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy) are readily obtained by the co‐decomposed process attributed to their similar diffusion speed. As a proof‐of‐concept application, CuEu2S3 nanocrystals showed efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production properties.
Construction of the Fast Potassiation Path in SbxBi1‐x@NC Anode with Ultrahigh Cycling Stability for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Junhao , Zhang Dantong , Cui Jie , Li Peihang , Xu Xijun , Liu Zhengbo , Liu Jiangwen , Peng Chao , Xue Dongfeng , Zhu Min , Liu Jun
Published: April 2023

Due to the scarce of lithium resources, potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) have attracted extensive attention due to their similar electrochemical properties to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and more abundant potassium resources. Even though there is considerable progress in SbBi alloy anode for LIBs and PIBs, most studies are focused on the morphology/structure tuning, while the inherent physical features of alloy composition's effect on the electrochemical performance are rarely investigated. Herein, combined the nanonization, carbon compounding, and alloying with composition regulation, the anode of nitrogen‐doped carbon‐coated SbxBi1‐x (SbxBi1‐x@NC) with a series of tuned chemical compositions is designed as an ideal model. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation and experimental investigation results show that the K+ diffusion barrier is lower and the path is easier to carry out when element Bi dominates the potassiation reaction, which is also the reason for better circulation. The optimized Sb0.25Bi0.75@NC shows an excellent cycling performance with a reversible specific capacity of 301.9 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at 0.1 A g−1. Meanwhile, the charge–discharge mechanism is intuitively invetigated and analyzed by in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in detail. Such an alloy‐type anode synthesis approach and in situ observation method provide an adjustable strategy for the designing and investigating of PIB anodes.
Solar‐Powered Interfacial Evaporation and Deicing Based on a 3D‐Printed Multiscale Hierarchical Design
Authors: Li Na , Shao Ke , He Jintao , Wang Shuxue , Li Shuai , Wu Xiaochun , Li Jingjing , Guo Cui , Yu Liangmin , Murto Petri , Chen Junwu , Xu Xiaofeng
Published: April 2023

Solar‐powered interfacial heating has emerged as a sustainable technology for hybrid applications with minimal carbon footprints. Aerogels, hydrogels, and sponges/foams are the main building blocks for state‐of‐the‐art photothermal materials. However, these conventional three‐dimensional (3D) structures and related fabrication technologies intrinsically fail to maximize important performance‐enhancing strategies and this technology still faces several performance roadblocks. Herein, monolithic, self‐standing, and durable aerogel matrices are developed based on composite photothermal inks and ink‐extrusion 3D printing, delivering all‐in‐one interfacial steam generators (SGs). Rapid prototyping of multiscale hierarchical structures synergistically reduce the energy demand for evaporation, expand actual evaporation areas, generate massive environmental energy input, and improve mass flows. Under 1 sun, high water evaporation rates of 3.74 kg m−2 h−1 in calm air and 25.3 kg m−2 h−1 at a gentle breeze of 2 m s−1 are achieved, ranking among the best‐performing solar‐powered interfacial SGs. 3D‐printed microchannels and hydrophobic modification deliver an icephobic surface of the aerogels, leading to self‐propelled and rapid removal of ice droplets. This work shines light on rational fabrication of hierarchical photothermal materials, not merely breaking through the constraints of solar‐powered interfacial evaporation and clean water production, but also discovering new functions for photothermal interfacial deicing.
PdRh‐Sensitized Iron Oxide Ultrathin Film Sensors and Mechanistic Investigation by Operando TEM and DFT Calculation
Authors: Zhou Lihao , Li Zishuo , Chang Xiao , Liu Xianghong , Hu Yinhua , Li Ming , Xu Pengcheng , Pinna Nicola , Zhang Jun
Published: April 2023

Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) thin films are of critical importance to both fundamental research and practical applications of gas sensors. Herein, a high‐performance H2 sensor based on palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) co‐functionalized Fe2O3 films with an ultrathin thickness of 8.9 nm deposited by using atomic layer deposition is reported. The sensor delivers an exceptional response of 105.9 toward 10 ppm H2 at 230 °C, as well as high selectivity, immunity to humidity, and low detection limit (43 ppb), which are superior to the reported MOS sensors. Importantly, the Fe2O3 film sensor under dynamic H2 detection is for the first time observed by operando transmission electron microscopy, which provides deterministic evidence for structure evolution of MOS during sensing reactions. To further reveal the sensing mechanism, density functional theory calculations are performed to elucidate the sensitization effect of PdRh catalysts. Mechanistic studies suggest that Pd promotes the adsorption and dissociation of H2 to generate PdHx, while Rh promotes the dissociation of oxygen adsorbed on the surface, thereby jointly promoting the redox reactions on the films. A wireless H2 detection system is also successfully demonstrated using the thin film sensors, certifying a great potential of the strategy to practical sensors.
Centimeter‐Sized Single Crystals of Dion‐Jacobson Phase Lead‐Free Double Perovskite for Efficient X‐ray Detection
Authors: Fan Qingshun , Xu Haojie , You Shihai , Ma Yu , Liu Yi , Guo Wuqian , Hu Xinxin , Wang Beibei , Gao Changhao , Liu Wei , Luo Junhua , Sun Zhihua
Published: April 2023

2D Dion–Jacobson (DJ) phase hybrid perovskites have shown great promise in the photoelectronic field owing to their outstanding optoelectronic performance and superior structural rigidity. However, DJ phase lead‐free double perovskites are still a virgin land with direct X‐ray detection. Herein, we have designed and synthesized a new DJ phase lead‐free layered double perovskite of (HIS)2AgSbBr8 (1, HIS2+ = histammonium). Centimeter‐sized (18 × 10 × 5 mm3) single crystals of 1 are successfully grown via the temperature cooling technique, exhibiting remarkable semiconductive characteristics such as a high resistivity (2.2 × 1011 Ω cm), a low trap state density (3.56 × 1010 cm−3), and a large mobility‐lifetime product (1.72 × 10−3 cm2 V−1). Strikingly, its single‐crystal‐based X‐ray detector shows a high sensitivity of 223 µC Gy−1air cm−2 under 33.3 V mm−1, a low detection limit (84.2 nGyairs−1) and superior anti‐fatigue. As far as we know, we firstly demonstrates the potential of 2D DJ phase lead‐free hybrid double perovskite in X‐ray detection, showing excellent photoelectric response and operational stability. This work will pave a promising pathway to the innovative application of hybrid perovskites for eco‐friendly and efficient X‐ray detection.
Strain‐Regulated Pt–NiO@Ni Sub‐Micron Particles Achieving Bifunctional Electrocatalysis for Zinc–Air Battery
Authors: Zhang Fan , Ji Renjie , Zhu Xiaoyang , Li Hongke , Wang Yating , Wang Jingpeng , Wang Fei , Lan Hongbo
Published: April 2023

Highly active bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) have always been the key factors to affect the performance of zinc–air batteries. However, integrating the independent reaction sites of ORR and OER in a catalyst remains a major challenge. Herein, a collaborative strategy based on defect induction and doping is proposed to prepare the strain‐regulated Pt–NiO@Ni sub‐micron particles (Pt–NiO@Ni SP). Benefiting from the synergistic effect of tensile strain and Pt‐doped, the metallic Ni‐based sub‐micron particles with tensile strain as the catalyst carriers can effectively optimize the electronic distribution of atomic structures in Pt and NiO on the surface of particles, leading to reduce the energy barrier of intermediates for ORR and OER. Consequently, the Pt–NiO@Ni SP exhibits outstanding bifunctional catalytic activity with the ΔE index of 0.65 V under a low Pt loading, outperforming that of the benchmark Pt/C+IrO2 catalysts (0.76 V). Impressively, the Pt–NiO@Ni SP‐based liquid zinc–air battery develops a high open‐circuit potential (1.47 V), excellent energy density (188.2 mW cm−2), and favorable cyclic charge–discharge cycling durability (200 h at 20 mA cm−2). This work provides an innovative avenue for the rational construction of highly active bifunctional electrocatalysts for practical applications.
Aqueous Zinc–Chlorine Battery Modulated by a MnO2 Redox Adsorbent
Authors: Chen Na , Wang Weiping , Ma Yirui , Chuai Mingyan , Zheng Xinhua , Wang Mingming , Xu Yan , Yuan Yuan , Sun Jifei , Li Ke , Meng Yahan , Shen Chunyue , Chen Wei
Published: April 2023

Aqueous zinc–chlorine battery with high discharge voltage and attractive theoretical energy density is expected to become an important technology for large‐scale energy storage. However, the practical application of Zn–Cl2 batteries has been restricted due to the Cl2 cathode with sluggish kinetics and low Coulombic efficiency (CE). Here, an aqueous Zn–Cl2 battery using an inexpensive and effective MnO2 redox adsorbent (referred to Zn‐Cl2@MnO2 battery) to modulate the electrochemical performance of the Cl2 cathode is developed. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the existence of the intermediate state Clads free radical catalyzed by MnO2 on the Cl2 cathode contributes to the charge storage capacity, which is the key to modulate the electrode and improve the electrochemical performance. Further analysis of the Cl2 cathode kinetics discloses the adsorption and catalytic roles of the MnO2 redox adsorbent. The Zn–Cl2@MnO2 battery displays an enhanced discharge voltage of 2.0 V at a current density of 2.5 mA cm−2, and stable 1000 cycles with an average CE of 91.6%, much superior to the conventional Zn–Cl2 battery with an average CE of only 66.8%. The regulation strategy to the Cl2 cathode provides opportunities for the future development of aqueous Zn‐Cl2 batteries.
Two‐Dimensional MXenes Derived from Medium/High‐Entropy MAX Phases M2GaC (M = Ti/V/Nb/Ta/Mo) and their Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Chen Lu , Li Youbing , Liang Kun , Chen Ke , Li Mian , Du Shiyu , Chai Zhifang , Naguib Michael , Huang Qing
Published: April 2023

Two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and/or nitrides, MXenes, are prepared by selective etching of the A‐site atomically thin metal layers from their MAX phase precursors. High entropy MXenes, the most recent subfamily of MXenes, are in their infancy and have attracted great interest recently. They are currently synthesized mainly through wet chemical etching of Al‐containing MAX phases, while various MAX phases with A‐sites elements other than Al have not been explored. It is important to embody non‐Al MAX phases as precursors for the high entropy MXenes synthesis to allow for new compositions. In this work, it is reported on the design and synthesis of Ga‐containing medium/high entropy MAX phases and then their corresponding medium/high entropy MXenes. Gallium atomic layer etching is carried out using a Lewis acid molten salt (CuCl2). The as‐prepared (Ti1/4V1/4Nb1/4Ta1/4)2CTx exhibits a Li+ specific capacity of ≈400 mAh g−1. For (Ti1/5V1/5Nb1/5Ta1/5Mo1/5)2CTx a specific capacity of 302 mAh g−1 is achieved after 300 cycles, and high cycling stability is observed at high current densities. This work is of great significance for expanding the family members of MXenes with tunable chemistries and structures.
Single‐Cell Enzymatic Screening for Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition with an Ultrasensitive Superwetting Droplet‐Array Microchip
Authors: Xiao Xiang , Miao Xinxing , Duan Shanzhou , Liu Sidi , Cao Qinghua , Wu Renfei , Tao Chengcheng , Zhao Jian , Qu Qing , Markiewicz Aleksandra , Peng Rui , Chen Yongbing , Żaczek Anna , Liu Jian
Published: April 2023

The phenotypic changes of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) during the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been a hot topic in tumor biology and cancer therapeutic development. Here, an integrated platform of single‐cell fluorescent enzymatic assays with superwetting droplet‐array microchips (SDAM) for ultrasensitive functional screening of epithelial–mesenchymal sub‐phenotypes of CTCs is reported. The SDAM can generate high‐density, volume well‐defined droplet (0.66 nL per droplet) arrays isolating single tumor cells via a discontinuous dewetting effect. It enables sensitive detection of MMP9 enzyme activities secreted by single tumor cells, correlating to their epithelial–mesenchymal sub‐phenotypes. In the pilot clinical double‐blind tests, the authors have demonstrated that SDAM assays allow for rapid identification and functional screening of CTCs with different epithelial–mesenchymal properties. The consistency with the clinical outcomes validates the usefulness of single‐cell secreted MMP9 as a biomarker for selective CTC screening and tumor metastasis monitoring. Convenient addressing and recovery of individual CTCs from SDAM have been demonstrated for gene mutation sequencing, immunostaining, and transcriptome analysis, revealing new understandings of the signaling pathways between MMP9 secretion and the EMT regulation of CTCs. The SDAM approach combined with sequencing technologies promises to explore the dynamic EMT plasticity of tumors at the single‐cell level.
De Novo Evolution of an Antibody‐Mimicking Multivalent Aptamer via a DNA Framework
Authors: Tang Linlin , Huang Mengjiao , Zhang Mingjiao , Pei Yufeng , Liu Yan , Wei Yong , Yang Chaoyong , Xie Teng , Zhang Dong , Zhou Ruhong , Song Yanling , Song Jie
Published: April 2023

Multivalent interactions can often endow ligands with more efficient binding performance toward target molecules. Generally speaking, a multivalent aptamer can be constructed via post‐assembly based on chemical structural information of target molecules and pre‐identified monovalent aptamers derived from traditional systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technology. However, many target molecules may not have known matched aptamer partners, thus a de novo evolution will be highly desired as an alternative strategy for directed selection of a high‐avidity, multivalent aptamer. Here, inspired by the superiority of multivalent interactions between antibodies and antigens, a direct SELEX strategy with a preorganized DNA framework library for an “Antibody‐mimicking multivalent aptamer” (Amap) selection to epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), a model target protein is reported. The Amap presents a relatively good binding affinity through both aptamer moieties concurrently binding to EpCAM, which has been confirmed by affinity analysis and molecular modeling. Furthermore, dynamic interactions between Amap and EpCAM are directly visualized by magnetic tweezers at the single‐molecule level. A nice binding affinity of Amap to EpCAM‐positive cancer cells has also been verified, which hints that their Amap‐SELEX strategy has the potential to be a new route for de novo evolution of multivalent aptamers.
Performance evaluation and design of B‐128 modified Blowfish algorithm
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Kumar Dilip
Published: April 2023

The field of information security has many uses in the modern day and beyond. Encryption is a method used to secure information from unauthorized access. Since symmetric key algorithms can decrypt data much more quickly than asymmetric key algorithms, the former are more popular. Blowfish is an unpatented, freely useable, compact, quick, and efficient symmetric key encryption technique. Additionally, this method has a high level of security. The size of its blocks (64 bits) is limiting its use, though. The paper aims to propose a modified version of the Blowfish algorithm that performs high‐speed encryption with high throughput and supports 128‐bit block size, enhancing its applicability in various areas. The algorithm can be an alternative to the AES algorithm with limited power consumption. The proposed algorithm is compared with the original Blowfish algorithm based on execution speed, throughput, and the avalanche effect. The algorithm's performance is also evaluated on images based on diffusion properties, image histogram, entropy, and correlation coefficient.
Cell‐free RNA for the liquid biopsy of gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Xing Shaozhen , Zhu Yumin , You Yaxian , Wang Siqi , Wang Hongke , Ning Meng , Jin Heyue , Liu Zhengxia , Zhang Xinhua , Yu Chunzhao , Lu Zhi John
Published: April 2023

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer includes many cancer types, such as esophageal, liver, gastric, pancreatic, and colorectal cancer. As the cornerstone of personalized medicine for GI cancer, liquid biopsy based on noninvasive biomarkers provides promising opportunities for early diagnosis and dynamic treatment management. Recently, a growing number of studies have demonstrated the potential of cell‐free RNA (cfRNA) as a new type of noninvasive biomarker in body fluids, such as blood, saliva, and urine. Meanwhile, transcriptomes based on high‐throughput RNA detection technologies keep discovering new cfRNA biomarkers. In this review, we introduce the origins and applications of cfRNA, describe its detection and qualification methods in liquid biopsy, and summarize a comprehensive list of cfRNA biomarkers in different GI cancer types. Moreover, we also discuss perspective studies of cfRNA to overcome its current limitations in clinical applications.

This article is categorized under:

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Non-invertible symmetries in supergravity
Authors: García-Valdecasas Eduardo
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Non-invertible symmetries have been extensively studied in quantum field theories in recent years. In this note we initiate their study in supergravity. We find infinite families of non-invertible defects in 11d and 10d Type II supergravities. These operators display a rich action on different probe branes. We comment on how these symmetries are removed in the UV completion, M-theory and Type II String Theory and how their existence strengthens the link between the absence of global symmetries in Quantum Gravity and the Completeness Hypothesis.
On professional skill in the age of digital technology
Authors: Sandblad Anders
Published: April 2023

This article is about professional skill and what happens when work is instrumented with technology. The purpose is to contribute to the understanding of the professional skill, its role and development in an increasingly digitalized working life. The article also argues that more research is needed to understand what is at stake in terms of professional skill in the age of digital technology. The research on which the article is based shows that people adapt their way of thinking and perceiving reality to the technology they use. This means that people are gradually becoming more and more like machines. There is an ongoing intellectual inner mechanization, which can be contrasted with the outer mechanization of human muscle power that the industrial revolution entailed. The intellectually mechanized man observes and describes reality in the terms of technology and loses the ability to discern nuances and make qualified judgments gradually. The concepts of Turing’s man and functional autism capture these phenomena. Tacit engagement is a concept that captures the tacit knowledge that can only be expressed when people share physical space. The concept draws attention to the importance of the physical space and the body and what is at stake in terms of interpersonal knowledge in the wake of digital communication technology. It is not machines with supposedly human abilities and characteristics that we need to pay attention to when working life becomes increasingly digitalized, but people who gradually become like machines. What is required to safeguard the knowledge that is unique to man is bildung, i.e., to see the limits of the technology and the abstract theoretical models one uses. Art, classical literature, and drama, with their more plastic language, can reach areas where mathematics and natural science cannot reach.
Next generation risk assessment of human exposure to estrogens using safe comparator compound values based on in vitro bioactivity assays
Authors: van Tongeren Tessa C. A. , Wang Si , Carmichael Paul L. , Rietjens Ivonne M. C. M. , Li Hequn
Published: April 2023

In next generation risk assessment (NGRA), the Dietary Comparator Ratio (DCR) can be used to assess the safety of chemical exposures to humans in a 3R compliant approach. The DCR compares the Exposure Activity Ratio (EAR) for exposure to a compound of interest (EARtest) to the EAR for an established safe exposure level to a comparator compound (EARcomparator), acting by the same mode of action. It can be concluded that the exposure to a test compound is safe at a corresponding DCR ≤ 1. In this study, genistein (GEN) was selected as a comparator compound by comparison of reported safe internal exposures to GEN to its BMCL05, as no effect level, the latter determined in the in vitro estrogenic MCF7/Bos proliferation, T47D ER-CALUX, and U2OS ERα-CALUX assay. The EARcomparator was defined using the BMCL05 and EC50 values from the 3 in vitro assays and subsequently used to calculate the DCRs for exposures to 14 test compounds, predicting the (absence of) estrogenicity. The predictions were evaluated by comparison to reported in vivo estrogenicity in humans for these exposures. The results obtained support in the DCR approach as an important animal-free new approach methodology (NAM) in NGRA and show how in vitro assays can be used to define DCR values.
EANM enabling guide: how to improve the accessibility of clinical dosimetry
Authors: Gear Jonathan , Stokke Caroline , Terwinghe Christelle , Gnesin Silvano , Sandström Mattias , Tran-Gia Johannes , Cremonesi Marta , Cicone Francesco , Verburg Fredrik , Hustinx Roland , Giovanella Luca , Herrmann Ken , Gabiña Pablo Minguez
Published: April 2023

Dosimetry can be a useful tool for personalization of molecular radiotherapy (MRT) procedures, enabling the continuous development of theranostic concepts. However, the additional resource requirements are often seen as a barrier to implementation. This guide discusses the requirements for dosimetry and demonstrates how a dosimetry regimen can be tailored to the available facilities of a centre. The aim is to help centres wishing to initiate a dosimetry service but may not have the experience or resources of some of the more established therapy and dosimetry centres. The multidisciplinary approach and different personnel requirements are discussed and key equipment reviewed example protocols demonstrating these factors are given in the supplementary material for the main therapies carried out in nuclear medicine, including [131I]-NaI for benign thyroid disorders, [177Lu]-DOTATATE and131I-mIBG for neuroendocrine tumours and [90Y]-microspheres for unresectable hepatic carcinoma.
Ultrasonographic features associated with previous torsion and the impact of surgery in managing neonatal ovarian cysts: a 20-year single-centre retrospective study
Authors: Tyraskis Athanasios , Davidson Joseph , Billington Jennifer , Blackburn Simon , Curry Joseph , Mullassery Dhanya , Giuliani Stefano , Eaton Simon , Cross Kate , De Coppi Paolo
Published: April 2023

Purpose

To identify markers of previous ovarian torsion and outline the outcomes according to US appearance and operative management.

Methods

A retrospective single-centre review of neonatal ovarian cysts from January 2000 to January 2020. Data on postnatal cyst size and sonographic features and operative treatment were co-related with outcomes of ovarian loss and histology.

Results

77 females were included with 22 simple and 56 complex cysts, one patient had bilateral cysts. 9/22 (41%) simple cysts regressed spontaneously in a median of 13 weeks (8–17). Complex cysts regressed spontaneously less frequently, 7/56(12%, P = 0.01), in 13 weeks (7–39). 38/56 (68%) complex and 12/22 (55%) simple cysts were treated operatively. 21/22 (95%) ovaries with initially simple cyst were salvaged compared to 20/56(36%) with initially complex cyst (P < 0.001). A fluid-debris level in 23/26 complex cysts was most associated with ovarian loss (P = 0.0006). Presence of viable ovarian stromal tissue was seen in 8/20 (40%) excised specimens during ovarian sparing procedures and in 5/30 (17%) oophorectomies for necrotic appearing ovaries.

Conclusions

Fluid-debris level on US is significantly associated with ovarian loss likely due to previous torsion. Simple cysts are viable and often regress spontaneously. The finding of viable ovarian stromal tissue in resected specimens supports attempting ovarian preservation wherever possible.
Can robots be trustworthy?
Authors: Schröder Ines , Müller Oliver , Scholl Helena , Levy-Tzedek Shelly , Kellmeyer Philipp
Published: April 2023

Definition of the problem

This article critically addresses the conceptualization of trust in the ethical discussion on artificial intelligence (AI) in the specific context of social robots in care. First, we attempt to define in which respect we can speak of ‘social’ robots and how their ‘social affordances’ affect the human propensity to trust in human–robot interaction. Against this background, we examine the use of the concept of ‘trust’ and ‘trustworthiness’ with respect to the guidelines and recommendations of the High-Level Expert Group on AI of the European Union.

Arguments

Trust is analyzed as a multidimensional concept and phenomenon that must be primarily understood as departing from trusting as a human functioning and capability. To trust is an essential part of the human basic capability to form relations with others. We further want to discuss the concept of responsivity which has been established in phenomenological research as a foundational structure of the relation between the self and the other. We argue that trust and trusting as a capability is fundamentally responsive and needs responsive others to be realized. An understanding of responsivity is thus crucial to conceptualize trusting in the ethical framework of human flourishing. We apply a phenomenological–anthropological analysis to explore the link between certain qualities of social robots that construct responsiveness and thereby simulate responsivity and the human propensity to trust.

Conclusion

Against this background, we want to critically ask whether the concept of trustworthiness in social human–robot interaction could be misguided because of the limited ethical demands that the constructed responsiveness of social robots is able to answer to.
ExPeCT: a randomised trial examining the impact of exercise on quality of life in men with metastatic prostate cancer
Authors: Sheill Gráinne , Brady Lauren , Hayes Brian , Baird Anne-Marie , Guinan Emer , Vishwakarma Rishabh , Brophy Caroline , Vlajnic Tatjana , Casey Orla , Murphy Verena , Greene John , Allott Emma , Hussey Juliette , Cahill Fidelma , Van Hemelrijck Mieke , Peat Nicola , Mucci Lorelei , Cunningham Moya , Grogan Liam , Lynch Thomas , Manecksha Rustom P. , McCaffrey John , O’Donnell Dearbhaile , Sheils Orla , O’Leary John , Rudman Sarah , McDermott Ray , Finn Stephen
Published: April 2023

Purpose

All patients living with cancer, including those with metastatic cancer, are encouraged to be physically active. This paper examines the secondary endpoints of an aerobic exercise intervention for men with metastatic prostate cancer.

Methods

ExPeCT (Exercise, Prostate Cancer and Circulating Tumour Cells), was a multi-centre randomised control trial with a 6-month aerobic exercise intervention arm or a standard care control arm. Exercise adherence data was collected via heart rate monitors. Quality of life (FACT-P) and physical activity (self-administered questionnaire) assessments were completed at baseline, at 3 months and at 6 months.

Results

A total of 61 patients were included (69.4 ± 7.3 yr, body mass index 29.2 ± 5.8 kg/m2). The median time since diagnosis was 34 months (IQR 7–54). A total of 35 (55%) of participants had > 1 region affected by metastatic disease. No adverse events were reported by participants. There was no effect of exercise on quality of life (Cohen’s d =  − 0.082). Overall adherence to the supervised sessions was 83% (329 out of 396 possible sessions attended by participants). Overall adherence to the non-supervised home exercise sessions was 72% (months 1–3) and 67% (months 3–6). Modelling results for overall physical activity scores showed no significant main effect for the group (p-value = 0.25) or for time (p-value = 0.24).

Conclusion

In a group of patients with a high burden of metastatic prostate cancer, a 6-month aerobic exercise intervention did not lead to change in quality of life. Further exercise studies examining the role of exercise for people living with metastatic prostate cancer are needed.

Trial Registration

The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02453139) on May 25th 2015.
Thermal eye injuries from dermatologic laser treatments—an experimental study
Authors: Nguyen Lynhda , Seeber Nikolaus , Schneider Stefan W. , Herberger Katharina
Published: April 2023

In recent years, severe ocular complications
after dermatological laser therapies have been reported. One hypothesis is thermal damage due to heating of the metal eye shields. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the safety of ocular metal eye shields during laser therapy of the periocular region. For the experimental study, porcine eyelids were exposed to continuously increasing laser energy and multiple pulses using a number of dermatologic laser systems. Temperature differences of the convex and concave surface of metal eye shields were constantly measured using a thermocouple. Maximum increase of the convex surface of shields was + 8.9 °C (± 0.1 °C) provided by the long-pulsed alexandrite laser (20–25-J/cm2 energy, 15-mm spot size, 20-ms pulse duration, 1 Hz). Present data indicate that metal eye shields provide sufficient thermal protection when clinically used laser parameters are applied. Other safety precautions continue to be essential to protect both the patient and the laser operator. These include the use of nonreflective metal eye shields, precise knowledge of laser physics, and a clear understanding of how they interact with ocular and periocular anatomy.
Invasives EEG bei nichtläsioneller Epilepsie
Authors: Stefanits H. , Hengsberger A. , Gruber A. , Aichholzer M.
Published: April 2023

Die invasive prächirurgische Abklärung von therapieresistenten Epilepsien kann mit epi- oder subduralen Platten- oder Streifenelektroden oder mit Tiefenelektroden, also der Stereoelektroenzephalographie (SEEG), durchgeführt werden. Beide Methoden haben die Eingrenzung der epileptogenen Zone, die Darstellung der Nahebeziehung zu eloquenten Hirnarealen und die Lateralisation zum Ziel. Vor allem bei nichtläsionellen, also MR-negativen Epilepsien können diese Techniken zu einer höheren Rate an chirurgisch therapierbaren Fällen führen. In den letzten Jahren wird zunehmend das SEEG eingesetzt, da es bei deutlich geringerer Morbidität und höherem Patientenkomfort eine zumindest gleichwertige Aussagekraft wie die anderen Techniken bietet. Etwa 4–15 % aller prächirurgisch evaluierten Patienten sind nichtläsionell, und etwa 10–20 % werden mittels invasiven EEGs abgeleitet. Bis zu 67 % der invasiv abgeleiteten Patienten werden einem resektiven Eingriff zugeführt, wobei bis zu 50 % Chance auf Anfallsfreiheit besteht. Für die Temporallappenepilepsien spielt die Abklärung mittels invasiver EEG-Ableitung (iEEG) eine eher untergeordnete Rolle, obwohl sie v. a. für die Unterscheidung eines bilateralen Anfallsursprungs oder schneller Propagation eingesetzt wird. Bei den Frontallappenepilepsien dient das iEEG aufgrund der Größe des Lappens sowie der mannigfaltigen Verbindungen zur Lokalisationsdiagnostik, zum Ausschluss von schneller Propagation, zur Abgrenzung von eloquenten Arealen und zur Ableitung tiefer Strukturen (orbitofrontal). Im Bereich der Insel zeigt das SEEG seine große Überlegenheit, da diese erst durch den Einsatz von Tiefenelektroden explorierbar geworden ist. Sowohl subdurale Elektroden als auch das SEEG sind morbiditätsarme Methoden für die invasive prächirurgische Epilepsiediagnostik, wobei SEEG aufgrund der geringeren Komplikationsraten zunehmend häufiger eingesetzt wird. Es lässt Rückschlüsse auf Lage, Ausdehnung und Nahebeziehung der epileptogenen Zone zu und kann durch die dreidimensionale Abdeckung auch schnelle Propagation gut detektieren. Ihr Vorteil liegt in der Explorierbarkeit tiefer anatomischer Strukturen bei geringerer flächiger Abdeckung von oberflächlichem Kortex.
The Dialectical Principle of Charity: A Procedure for a Critical Discussion
Authors: Pruś Jakub , Sikora Piotr
Published: April 2023

This paper aims to discuss a well-known concept from argumentation theory, namely the principle of charity. It will show that this principle, especially in its contemporary version as formulated by Donald Davidson, meets with some serious problems. Since we need the principle of charity in any kind of critical discussion, we propose the way of modifying it according to the presupponendum—the rule written in the sixteenth century by Ignatius Loyola. While also corresponding with pragma-dialectical rules, it also provides additional content. This will be termed the dialectical principle of charity, and it offers a few steps to be performed during an argument in order to make sure that the participants understand each other well and are not deceived by any cognitive bias. The meaning of these results could be of great significance for argumentation theory, pragma-dialectics and the practice of public discourse as it enhances the principle of charity and makes it easier to apply in argumentation.