bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evolution of evidence‐based treatment for children and adolescents: Tackling poor outcomes in treatment
Authors: Walters Anne
Published: April 2019

The term “evidence‐based” was first used by David M. Eddy in 1987 to describe developing clinical practice guidelines in medicine. By the 1990s, this phrase described a clinical decision‐making approach informed by published findings pointing to the efficacy of a certain practice. The first formal definition in 1996 by David L. Sackett and colleagues noted that evidence‐based medicine involves assessing and using the current best evidence and clinical judgment to make decisions about care. Evidence‐based treatment has become a solidly entrenched goal for most therapists at this point, and guidelines for clinicians are readily available.
The Influence of RuO2Distribution and Dispersion on the Reactivity of RuO2−SnO2Composite Oxide Catalysts Probed by CO Oxidation
Authors: Xu Xianglan , Liu Fuyan , Huang Jin , Luo Wenping , Yu Jing , Fang Xiuzhong , Lebedeva Olga E. , Wang Xiang
Published: April 2019

To elucidate the distribution and dispersion of RuO2species on the reactivity, RuO2−SnO2catalysts with 2 % and 5 % Ru contents have been prepared with impregnation (IMP), deposition‐precipitation (DP) and co‐precipitation (CP) methods, and probed by CO oxidation. With IMP and DP methods, RuO2crystallites are predominantly formed on the catalyst surface, which is favorable for CO oxidation. Moreover, the IMP catalyst possesses surface RuO2having smaller mean crystallite size and better dispersion than the DP catalyst, thus SnRuO‐IMP displays higher activity than SnRuO‐DP at the same Ru loadings. However, with CP method, RuO2species is mainly present as Ru4+cations in the lattice of rutile SnO2to form a solid solution structure below the lattice capacity, which is less reactive than the surface RuO2due to the restriction by the SnO2lattice. In conclusion, surface RuO2is revealed to be the active species, whose amount and dispersion determine the activity of the catalysts. By changing preparation methods, the distribution of RuO2species in the catalysts is varied and impacts the reactivity of the catalysts evidently. The traditional impregnation is found to be the best method to prepare RuO2−SnO2, which shows the highest activity among all the catalysts.
Nickel‐Copper‐Catalyzed Hydroacylation of Vinylarenes with Acyl Fluorides and Hydrosilanes
Authors: Ueda Yusuke , Iwai Tomohiro , Sawamura Masaya
Published: April 2019

The hydroacylation of vinylarenes with acyl fluorides and hydrosilanes was enabled by a synergistic bimetallic Ni/Cu‐catalytic system, giving access to the corresponding branched ketone products. The reaction takes place under mild conditions at 25–80 °C and tolerates base‐sensitive functional groups such as methoxycarbonyl and acetoxy groups.
Hydrogel‐Derived Honeycomb Ni3S4/N,P‐C as an Efficient Oxygen Evolution Catalyst
Authors: Hu Xuejiao , Li Tiancheng , Tang Yidan , Wang Yirong , Wang Ao , Fu Gengtao , Li Xiaodong , Tang Yawen
Published: April 2019

The development of high‐efficiency electrocatalysts with low costs for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential, but remains challenging. Herein, a new synthetic process is proposed to prepare Ni3S4 particles embedded in N,P‐codoped honeycomb porous carbon aerogels (Ni3S4/N,P‐HPC) through a hydrogel approach. The preparation of Ni3S4/N,P‐HPC begins with the sol–gel polymerization of tripolyphosphate, chitosan, and guanidine polymer that contains metal‐binding sites, allowing for the uniform incorporation of Ni ions into the gel matrix, freeze‐drying, and subsequent carbonization under an inert atmosphere. This synthesis resolves difficulties in synthesizing the pure Ni3S4 phase caused by the instability of Ni3S4 at high temperature, while affording good control of the porous structure and N,P‐doping of carbon aerogels. The synergy between the structural advantages of N,P‐carbon aerogels (such as easily accessible active sites, high specific surface area, and excellent electron transport) and the intrinsic electrochemical properties of Ni3S4 result in the outstanding OER performance of Ni3S4/N,P‐HPC, with overpotentials as low as 0.37 V at 10 mA cm−2. The work outlined herein offers a simple and effective method for the development of carbon‐based electrocatalysts for renewable energy conversion.
Einfluss von Mahlhilfsmitteln auf die Staubungsneigung
Authors: Londershausen Tim , Vaupel Kai , Prziwara Paul , Schmidt Eberhard
Published: April 2019

Die zumeist unerwünschte Freisetzung von Partikeln aus Schüttgütern kann bei den unterschiedlichsten Handhabungen der Materialien erfolgen und eine Gefährdung für Mensch und Umwelt darstellen. Die Staubungsneigung ist somit eine wichtige Eigenschaft eines Materials und dabei abhängig von der jeweiligen Art der Beanspruchung. In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Staubungsneigung und der Einfluss von Mahlhilfsmitteln auf diese mit einer Fallapparatur und einer Rotationsapparatur untersucht. Die ermittelten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Staubungsneigung von Schüttgütern durch die Zugabe von Mahlhilfsmitteln erheblich gesteigert werden kann.
The Driving Force for the Acylation of β‐Lactam Antibiotics by L,D‐Transpeptidase 2: Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) Study
Authors: Ibeji Collins U. , Lawal Monsurat M. , Tolufashe Gideon F. , Govender Thavendran , Naicker Tricia , Maguire Glenn E. M. , Lamichhane Gyanu , Kruger Hendrik G. , Honarparvar Bahareh
Published: April 2019

β‐lactam antibiotics, which are used to treat infectious diseases, are currently the most widely used class of antibiotics. This study focused on the chemical reactivity of five‐ and six‐membered ring systems attached to the β‐lactam ring. The ring strain energy (RSE), force constant (FC) of amide (C−N), acylation transition states and second‐order perturbation stabilization energies of 13 basic structural units of β‐lactam derivatives were computed using the M06‐2X and G3/B3LYP multistep method. In the ring strain calculations, an isodesmic reaction scheme was used to obtain the total energies. RSE is relatively greater in the five‐(1a–2c) compared to the six‐membered ring systems except for 4b, which gives a RSE that is comparable to five‐membered ring lactams. These variations were also observed in the calculated inter‐atomic amide bond distances (C−N), which is why the six‐membered ring lactams C−N bond are more rigid than those with five‐membered ring lactams. The calculated ΔG# values from the acylation reaction of the lactams (involving the S−H group of the cysteine active residue from L,D transpeptidase 2) revealed a faster rate of C−N cleavage in the five‐membered ring lactams especially in the 1–2 derivatives (17.58 kcal mol−1). This observation is also reflected in the calculated amide bond force constant (1.26 mDyn/A) indicating a weaker bond strength, suggesting that electronic factors (electron delocalization) play more of a role on reactivity of the β‐lactam ring, than ring strain.
Early Time Solvation Dynamics Probed by Spectrally Resolved Degenerate Pump‐Probe Spectroscopy
Authors: Silori Yogita , Seliya Pankaj , De Arijit K.
Published: April 2019

The dynamic role of solvent in influencing the rates of physico‐chemical processes (for example, polar solvation and electron transfer) has been extensively studied using time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Here we study ultrafast excited state relaxation dynamics of three different fluorescent probes (DNTTCI, IR‐140 and IR‐144) in two polar solvents, ethanol and ethylene glycol, using spectrally resolved degenerate pump‐probe spectroscopy. We discuss how time‐resolved emission spectra can be directly used for constructing relaxation correlation function, obviating spectral reconstruction and estimation of time‐zero spectrum in non‐polar solvents. We show that depending on the specific probe used, the relaxation dynamics is governed either by intramolecular vibrational relaxation (for IR140) or by intermolecular solvation (for DNTTCI) or by both (for IR144). We further show (using DNTTCI as a probe) that major differences in solvation by ethanol and ethylene glycol is contributed by early time (<1 ps) dynamics.
An Improved Strategy for the Chemical Synthesis of 3′,5′‐Cyclic Diguanylic Acid
Authors: Grajkowski Andrzej , Takahashi Mayumi , Kaczyński Tomasz , Srivastava Suresh C. , Beaucage Serge L.
Published: April 2019

The physiological functions of c‐di‐GMP and its involvement in many key processes led to its recognition as a major and ubiquitous bacterial second messenger. Aside from being a bacterial signaling molecule, c‐di‐GMP is also an immunostimulatory molecule capable of inducing innate and adaptive immune responses through maturation of immune mammalian cells. Given the broad biological functions of c‐di‐GMP and its potential applications as a nucleic‐acid‐based drug, the chemical synthesis of c‐di‐GMP has drawn considerable interest. An improved phosphoramidite approach to the synthesis of c‐di‐GMP is reported herein. The synthetic approach is based on the use of a 5′‐O‐formyl protecting group, which can be rapidly and chemoselectively cleaved from a key dinucleotide phosphoramidite intermediate to enable a cyclocondensation reaction leading to a fully protected c‐di‐GMP product in a yield ∼80%. The native c‐di‐GMP is isolated, after complete deprotection, in an overall yield of 36% based on the commercial ribonucleoside used as starting material. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stakeholder engagement mechanisms and their contribution to eco‐innovation: Differentiated effects of communication and cooperation
Authors: Garcés‐Ayerbe Concepción , Rivera‐Torres Pilar , Suárez‐Perales Inés
Published: April 2019

This study analyses the effect of communication and cooperation—as engagement mechanisms of stakeholder's integration capacity—on eco‐innovation intensity in firms. With this purpose, a mediation model is conducted, controlling by activity sector and firm's size. Results show that communication, as the first stakeholder engagement mechanism, has a positive effect on eco‐innovation strategy and that communication is a step that comes before cooperation. Results show that cooperation with stakeholders also supports eco‐innovation strategy development. It is therefore concluded that, when firms reach the greatest degree of stakeholder integration, through cooperation mechanisms, eco‐innovation strategy is greater than when there is only communication. This study provides three types of contribution to the literature: First, the effects of two types of stakeholder engagement mechanisms, communication, and cooperation, on firm's eco‐innovation strategy are separately analysed, as the interconnection between them. Second, the study proposes a novel way of measuring eco‐innovation that enables us to consider different degrees of eco‐innovative intensity based on a capital model that includes the accumulation of tangible and intangible assets derived from activities recently adopted by firms to reduce environmental impact. Third, this study provides empirical evidence to previous literature, generally case study‐based, of the effect that the stakeholder integration process has on eco‐innovation, through communication and cooperation mechanisms.
The influence of potential stressors on oviposition site selection and subsequent growth, survival and emergence of the non‐biting midge (Chironomus tepperi)
Authors: Hale Robin , Colombo Valentina , Hoak Molly , Pettigrove Vin , Swearer Stephen E.
Published: April 2019

Theory predicts that animals should prefer habitats where their fitness is maximized but some mistakenly select habitats where their fitness is compromised, that is, ecological traps. Understanding why this happens requires knowledge of the habitat selection cues animals use, the habitats they prefer and why, and the fitness costs of habitat selection decisions. We conducted experiments with a freshwater insect, the non‐biting midge Chironomus tepperi to ask: (a) whether females respond to potential oviposition cues, (b) to explore whether oviposition is adaptive in relation to metal pollution and conductivity, and (c) whether individuals raised in poor quality sites are more likely to breed in similarly poor locations. We found the following: (a) females responded to some cues, especially conductivity and conspecifics, (b) females preferred sites with higher concentrations of bioavailable metals but suffered no consequences to egg/larval survival, (c) females showed some avoidance of high conductivities, but they still laid eggs resulting in reduced egg hatching, larval survival, and adult emergence, and (d) preferences were independent of natal environment. Our results show that C. tepperi is susceptible to ecological traps, depending on life stage and the relative differences in conductivities among potential oviposition sites. Our results highlight that (a) the fitness outcomes of habitat selection need to be assessed across the life cycle and (b) the relative differences in preference/suitability of habitats need to be considered in ecological trap research. This information can help determine why habitat preferences and their fitness consequences differ among species, which is critical for determining which species are susceptible to ecological traps.
Structural Impact of Chelation on Phytate, a Highly Phosphorylated Biomolecule
Authors: Reinmuth Molly , Pramanik Subhamay , Douglas Justin T. , Day Victor W. , Bowman‐James Kristin
Published: April 2019

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Kristin Bowman‐James from the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. The cover image shows an overhead view of the highly phosphorylated biomolecule known as phytate, which resides in significant quantities in nuts and legumes, such as those accompanying the phytate.
A Transition‐Metal‐Free One‐Pot Cascade Process for Transformation of Primary Alcohols (RCH2OH) to Nitriles (RCN) Mediated by SO2F2
Authors: Jiang Ying , Sun Bing , Fang Wan‐Yin , Qin Hua‐Li
Published: April 2019

A new transition‐metal‐free one‐pot cascade process for the direct conversion of alcohols to nitriles was developed without introducing an “additional carbon atom”. This protocol allows transformations of readily available, inexpensive, and abundant alcohols to highly valuable nitriles.
Voltammetric Study and Rapid Quantification of Resorcinol in Hair Dye and Biological Samples Using Ultrasensitive Maghemite/MWCNT Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Manasa G. , Bhakta Arvind K. , Mekhalif Zineb , Mascarenhas Ronald J.
Published: April 2019

Increased concern over the risk resorcinol (RS) pose to ecology and humans, led to its position in European Union Category 1 list of endocrine disruptors. Legal measures restricted RS utilization and hence crucial to monitor its levels in the environment. Herein we report development of highly efficient and economically viable electrochemical sensor for quantitative determination of RS based on 77Maghemite/MultiWall Carbon Nanotube (M/MWCNT) modified carbon paste electrode. M/MWCNT was synthesized via strategic IR irradiation for the first time, a promising approach to overcome other complicated chemical routes. Powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) were used for characterization. Using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV), we report the lowest detection limit at 0.02 μM. The potential application of the sensor was accomplished as a result of excellent recoveries made from real samples fortified with RS. Results indicated the proficiency of the sensor reliable for rapid, onsite monitoring of RS water contamination and in biological matrices.
Two dimensional nanomaterial‐based separation membranes
Authors: Zhang Jian , Li Ziyi , Zhan Kan , Sun Runqing , Sheng Zhizhi , Wang Miao , Wang Shuli , Hou Xu
Published: April 2019

Two dimensional nanomaterials including graphene, hexagonal boron‐nitride, molybdenum disulfide, etc., provide immense potentials for separation applications. However, the tradeoff between selectivity and permeability in choosing 2D nanomaterial‐based membrane is inevitable, limiting the progress on separation efficiency for mass industrial applications. To target these issues, versatile strategies such as the rational design of predefined interlayer channels, membrane nanopores, and reasonable functionalization, as well as new mechanisms have been emerged. In this review, we introduce the recent progress on separation mechanisms of 2D nanomaterial‐based membranes with different structures (including the interlayer channels type and the membrane nanopores type) and their inner surface functionalization. Moreover, the interface designs are discussed, in terms of employing dynamic liquid–liquid/liquid–gas interfaces, to advance the selectivity and permeability of the membranes. We further discuss the variety of separation applications based on 2D nanomaterial‐based membranes. The authors hope this review will inspire the active interest of many scientists in the area of the development and application of membrane science.
Operational Results of an 150/30 kW RSOC System in an Industrial Environment
Authors: Schwarze K. , Posdziech O. , Mermelstein J. , Kroop S.
Published: April 2019

The integration of renewable energy into industrial processes has a high potential for moving to a competitive low‐carbon economy in 2050, as targeted by the European Commission. The vision of the GrInHy project is to provide ‘green’ hydrogen via electrolysis using renewable electricity and to provide grid management services as a reversible generator in the iron‐and‐steel works of Salzgitter Flachstahl GmbH (Germany). Therefore, an reverse solid oxide cell (RSOC) system was built with a nominal electrolyzer power consumption of 150 kWAC and a power output of 30 kWAC in fuel cell operation with hydrogen, respectively, 25 kWAC with natural gas. A key outcome of the project is to prove high system efficiencies up to 84%LHV in electrolysis mode and more than 50%LHV in fuel cell mode with natural gas are achievable in a real life system. It also showed long‐term operability at degradation rates < 1% kh−1. The findings and results of the first 5,000 h of operation are presented in this paper. The GrInHy prototype demonstrates the technical feasibility of the integration of an RSOC system in an industrial environment as flexible load or power source. It proves that steam electrolyzers have reached a technical readiness that allows their scale‐up to a level at which real life customer demands can be covered.
Überlegungen zu Gebirgsinjektionen für den Tunnelbau im gestörten Gebirgsverband mittels Manschettenrohren
Authors: Wannenmacher Helmut , Entfellner Manuel , Krenn Harald
Published: April 2019

Grouting into an open borehole is a process that has been well described academically. Numerous grouting techniques and grouting criteria are available for various applications and combinations of rock mass/ground. Tube á manchette (TAM) or sleeve port grouting systems have until now mostly been used in specialized civil engineering work in soft ground. In order to be able to carry out grouting successfully in faulted rocks, cased drilling is necessary in order to maintain the stability of the borehole for the insertion of the sleeve pipe. Under these premises, fundamental considerations for successful TAM grouting in faulted rocks are presented. The rheological properties of the grout used, the form and size of the injection opening and the strength and thickness of the sheathing compound significantly influence the penetration into the surrounding rock mass. Increased effective pressure is necessary in order to break through the sheathing compound and also to overcome friction losses during the grouting process. The necessity of high effective pressure and the emergence of the grout at the sleeve ports can, in contrast to an open borehole, increase the risk of jacking the ground in the course of grouting and this has to be carefully taken into account and investigated in advance. The interaction of effective grouting pressures and friction losses of the grouting system and their effect on the grouting process in faulted rock are described through the formulation of a general grouting criteria for TAM grouting.
A novel transpalatal‐transoral robotic surgery approach to clival chordomas extending into the nasopharynx
Authors: Henry Laura E. , Haugen Thorsen W. , Rassekh Christopher H. , Adappa Nithin D. , Weinstein Gregory S. , O'Malley Bert W.
Published: April 2019

Background

In this paper, we present three cases where a novel transoral robotic surgery (TORS) approach was used to resect clival chordomas extending into the nasopharynx to demonstrate progress in the evolution of robotic surgery of the head and neck.

Methods

The first patient had a history of metastatic chordoma resection and presented with trismus and dysphagia; the second and third patients had first presentation with nasal congestion and facial numbness, respectively. All patients underwent a novel transpalatal‐TORS resection.

Results

Total resection was achieved in the first patient and near‐total resections were achieved in the second and third patients. All patients had minimal postoperative morbidity and no patients experienced significant adverse events.

Conclusion

Clival chordomas are rare, potentially dangerous lesions with a high rate of recurrence. The novel transpalatal‐TORS approach to these tumors presented in this series represents advancement in the realm of minimally invasive surgery of the head and neck. This approach offers patients total or near‐total control of these lesions with minimal intraoperative and postoperative side effects.
Outcomes following head neck free flap reconstruction requiring interposition vein graft or vascular bridge flap
Authors: Di Taranto Giuseppe , Chen Shih‐Heng , Elia Rossella , Sitpahul Ngamcherd , Chan Jeffrey C. Y. , Losco Luigi , Cigna Emanuele , Ribuffo Diego , Chen Hung‐Chi
Published: April 2019

Background

Interposition vein grafts (IVG) and vascular bridge flaps (VBF) have been exploited as vascular conduit in challenging head and neck reconstructions.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted on 6025 flaps. The effect of patients' characteristics and length of IVG on flap compromise and loss were analyzed. Comparison between IVG and VBF was performed.

Results

The flap compromise and loss rates for the overall group were 8.2% and 3.2%, respectively. An IVG was used in 309 free flaps. The average length of the vein grafts was 6.9 ± 4.2 cm. An unplanned return to the operation room occurred in 32 cases (10.4%) and failure of the flap in 12 patients (3.9%). Binary logistic regression found a significant association between flap compromise and loss rates and length of IVG, hypertension, prior radiation, and neck dissection. In the multiple regression model, length of IVG and prior radiation significantly influenced the outcomes. Thirty‐nine patients underwent reconstruction with a long IVG (>10 cm). Twenty‐six patients underwent surgical reconstruction with radial forearm flap as a VBF. The rate of flap compromise was higher in the group with a long IVG (P = .01).

Conclusions

In head and neck free flap reconstruction, the length of IVGs and history of radiotherapy are associated with flap compromise and loss. In case of long distance between the pedicle and the recipient site, the use of a VBF bridge should be considered as a safe alternative.
The influence of birth cohort and calendar period on global trends in ovarian cancer incidence
Authors: Cabasag Citadel J. , Arnold Melina , Butler John , Inoue Manami , Trabert Britton , Webb Penelope M , Bray Freddie , Soerjomataram Isabelle
Published: April 2019

Ovarian cancer is the eighth most common cancer in women worldwide and incidence rates vary markedly by world region. Our study provides a comprehensive overview of ovarian cancer incidence trends globally, examining the influence of birth cohort and period of diagnosis on changing risk. We presented current patterns and trends of ovarian cancer incidence until 2012 using data from successive volumes of Cancer Incidence in Five Contents. The incidence of ovarian cancer is highest in northern and eastern European countries and in northern America. Declining trends were observed in most countries with the exception of a few central and eastern Asian countries. Marked declines were seen in Europe and North America for women aged 50–74 where rates have declined up to 2.4% (95% CI: −3.9, −0.9) annually in Denmark (DNK) over the last decade. Additionally, declines in the incidence rate ratio (IRR) were observed for generations born after the 1930s, with an additional strong period effect seen around 2000 in United States and DNK. In contrast, IRRs increased among younger generations born after the 1950s in Japan and Belarus. Overall, the favorable trends in ovarian cancer incidence is likely due to the increase use of oral contraceptive pills, and changes in the prevalence of other reproductive risk and protective factors for ovarian cancer over the years studied. Changes in disease classifications and cancer registry practices may also partially contribute to the variation in ovarian cancer incidence rates. Thus, continuous cancer surveillance is essential to detect the shifting patterns of ovarian cancer.
microRNA‐34a aggravates coxsackievirus B3‐induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes through the SIRT1‐p53 pathway
Authors: Jiang Dehua , Li Minghui , Yu Ying , Shi Hui , Chen Ruizhen
Published: April 2019

Viral myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium mainly caused by a viral infection, and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection is one of the most common. It is well known that cardiomyocyte apoptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis. microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are endogenous noncoding oligoribonucleotides involved in various pathological conditions, and miR‐34a is one of the miRNAs causing apoptosis. Whether miR‐34a participates in cardiomyocyte apoptosis during CVB3 infection and the underlying mechanisms is still unclear. In this in vitro study, we found that miR‐34a expression increased in cardiomyocytes after CVB3 infection. Furthermore, we found that CVB3 infection augmented histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and Bax expression while inhibiting sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and Bcl‐2 expression, along with the acetylated p53 (Ac‐p53) upregulation in cardiomyocytes. The above‐mentioned phenomenon was reversed by a miR‐34a inhibitor after CVB3 infection. In addition, the Ac‐p53 amount increased in CVB3‐infected cardiomyocytes, and SRT1720 and trichostatin A (TSA) pretreatment decreased Ac‐p53 levels. After pifithrin‐α pretreatment of CVB3‐infected cardiomyocytes, the protein expression level of HDAC1 decreased while that of SIRT1 increased. Moreover, miR‐34a expression and CVB3‐induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes were attenuated by pretreatment with SRT1720, TSA, or pifithrin‐α, accompanied with Bax downregulation and Bcl‐2 upregulation. In summary, these data indicate that miR‐34a induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis by downregulating SIRT1, and the activation of the SIRT1‐p53 pathway contributes to CVB3‐induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Thus, miR‐34a might serve as a potential therapeutic target because it promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis through the SIRT1‐p53 signaling pathway.
Long noncoding RNA TSPOAP1 antisense RNA 1 negatively modulates type I IFN signaling to facilitate influenza A virus replication
Authors: Wang Qi , Zhang Daining , Feng Wenjing , Guo Yidi , Sun Xiaoning , Zhang Maolin , Guan Zhenhong , Duan Ming
Published: April 2019

Although the expression of thousands of host long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can be regulated by viral infection, the number of lncRNAs with experimentally verified function is limited. In this study, the expression of host lncRNA TSPOAP1‐AS1 was significantly induced by influenza A virus (IAV) infection in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Polyinosine‐polycytidylic acid (﻿p﻿﻿oly (I:C))﻿, a synthetic analog of double‐stranded RNA, also increased TSPOAP1‐AS1 expression. RNA fractionation revealed that TSPOAP1‐AS1 was a nucleocytoplasmic lncRNA, and an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio was detected after IAV infection. The nuclear factor‐κB signaling acting as a critical factor in the transcription of TSPOAP1‐AS1 was determined through the use of pharmacological and genetic approaches. Functionally, overexpression of TSPOAP1‐AS1 resulted in a significant increase in IAV replication. In contrast, the abolition of TSPOAP1‐AS1 by RNA interference restricted viral replication. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TSPOAP1‐AS1 negatively modulated the IAV‐induced Ifnb1 transcription, i﻿nterferon‐sensitive response element (﻿ISRE)﻿ activation, and downstream interferon‐stimulated genes expression. Collectively, our data provides evidence for the host lncRNA utilized by viruses to support its replication.
Mentoring leaders across race and gender lines: Insight from US Army officers
Authors: Randolph Burl W. , Nisbett Kim
Published: April 2019

The importance of mentoring to career development is well recognized; yet practice does not always follow theory, often to the exclusion of minorities and women. Interviews with 13 US Army officers representing various backgrounds highlighted several inequities that have been reported in previous organizational research. The inquiry also emphasized the need for organizational leaders to create a common operating picture to improve the execution of their mentoring programs, ensure ongoing mentoring throughout staff members' careers, and identify and eliminate barriers to mentoring based on race or gender. Although such efforts may require a paradigm shift in organizational practices and culture, they are essential to ensuring equity in the workplace, robust leadership development, a high level of commitment and performance, and success at all levels.
Psychosocial job characteristics, employee well‐being, and quit intentions in Pakistan's insurance sector
Authors: Rana Fawad Asif , Javed Uzma
Published: April 2019

Researchers applied Karasek's job demand–control–social support model to examine the impact of psychosocial job characteristics on frontline sales employees' well‐being and intentions to quit. Focused on the demanding insurance industry, their study gathered feedback from 331 frontline sales employees in four major insurance companies in Pakistan to analyze their level of job satisfaction, burnout, and quit intentions. The results indicated that the level of job demands and supervisor support and peer support were associated with employee well‐being, but that the level of job control was not. In addition, the study found that burnout, along with low levels of supervisor support and peer support, is a significant predictor of quit intentions. It also revealed that burnout partially mediates the effect of peer support on quit intentions and fully mediates the effect of job demands on quit intentions. These findings point to several policy recommendations to foster the favorable psychosocial job characteristics needed to improve employees’ job satisfaction and reduce turnover.
Deep neuromuscular blockade for endolaryngeal procedures: A multicenter randomized study
Authors: Laosuwan Prok , Songarj Phuriphong , Lapisatepun Worawut , Boonsri Settapong , Rodanant Oraluxna , Wasinwong Wirat , Sriraj Wimonrat , Watcharotayangul Jittiya , Wongyingsinn Mingkwan
Published: April 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

The aim of the present study was to compare the surgical condition between deep neuromuscular blockade (NMB) and moderate NMB.

Study Design

Multicenter, randomized, parallel intervention trial.

Methods

One hundred two patients underwent microscopic endolaryngeal surgery at four university hospitals. The patients were randomized into moderate NMB (train‐of‐four 1‐2) (M group) or deep NMB (post‐tetanic count 1‐2) (D group) with moderate or high doses of rocuronium, respectively. Surgical rating conditions (SRCs) were evaluated during the surgery. Sugammadex was given to the M group at 2 mg/kg and the D group at 4 mg/kg. Perioperative clinical signs and conditions were recorded until discharge from the postanesthesia care unit.

Results

Clinically acceptable SRC was observed in 49 patients (100%) in the D group and 43 patients (89.6%) in the M group (P = .027). The frequency of notable vocal fold movement in the M group was significantly higher than the D group (70.8% vs. 32.7%). The patients in the M group required more additional doses of rocuronium (47.9%) than the D group (20.4%) to maintain full relaxation (P = .005). The median time (interquartile range) from administration of sugammadex to train‐of‐four ratio 0.9 in the D group was shorter than the M group (120 [109–180 minutes] vs. 180 minutes [120–240 minutes], P = .034).

Conclusions

Deep NMB with high doses of rocuronium combined with 4 mg/kg of sugammadex for reversal during endolaryngeal surgery provided better SRC and anesthetic conditions than moderate NMB of rocuronium with 2 mg/kg of sugammadex.

Level of Evidence

1b Laryngoscope, 130:437–441, 2020
The High‐Order Toroidal Moments and Anapole States in All‐Dielectric Photonics
Authors: Gurvitz Egor A. , Ladutenko Konstantin S. , Dergachev Pavel A. , Evlyukhin Andrey B. , Miroshnichenko Andrey E. , Shalin Alexander S.
Published: April 2019

All‐dielectric nanophotonics attracts ever increasing attention nowadays due to the possibility of controlling and configuring light scattering on high‐index semiconductor nanoparticles. It opens a room of opportunities for designing novel types of nanoscale elements and devices, and paves the way for advanced technologies of light energy manipulation. One of the exciting and promising prospects is associated with utilizing the so‐called toroidal moment, being the result of poloidal currents excitation, and anapole states, corresponding to the interference of dipole and toroidal electric moments. Here, higher‐order toroidal moments of both types (up to the electric octupole toroidal moment) are presented and investigated in detail via the direct Cartesian multipole decomposition allowing new near‐ and far‐field configurations to be obtained. Poloidal currents can be associated with vortex‐like distributions of the displacement currents inside nanoparticles, revealing the physical meaning of the high‐order toroidal moments and the convenience of the Cartesian multipoles as an auxiliary tool for analysis. High‐order nonradiating anapole states accompanied by the excitation of intense near‐fields are demonstrated. It is believed that the results are of high importance for both the fundamental understanding of light scattering by high‐index particles and a variety of nanophotonics applications and light governing on nanoscale.
Utilization of 4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonates as Counter Ions Tunes the Initiator Efficiency of Sophisticated Initiators for the Preparation of Well‐Defined poly(2‐oxazoline)s
Authors: Engel Nora , Dirauf Michael , Seupel Susanne , Leiske Meike N. , Schubert Stephanie , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: April 2019

During the last decades, poly(2‐oxazoline)s (POx) have gained increased interest due to their versatility. In particular, cationic ring‐opening polymerization (CROP) enables the synthesis of well‐defined polymers bearing quantitative α‐ and ω‐functionalities. In contrast to small initiating groups, the introduction of more sophisticated, respectively demanding groups remains challenging. To fulfill this challenge, the initiator should comply with one major requirement in order to yield well‐defined polymers: a fast and complete initiation. The straight forward two‐step synthesis of a novel initiator containing a 4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate (fluorylate, TosCF3) counter‐ion is herein presented to accomplish the introduction of a sophisticated functional 3‐(2‐(2‐ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)prop‐1‐ene (TEG) initiating group. Kinetic studies are conducted in acetonitrile and chlorobenzene using the hydrophilic 2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline (EtOx) as well as the hydrophobic 2‐octyl‐2‐oxazoline (OctOx) as monomers to examine the influences of the solvent as well as the different monomers. In particular, the initiator efficiency is determined by 1H and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and compared to the corresponding tosylate (TEGTos) and triflate (TEGTf). It is shown that the fluorylate combines the stability of the tosylate and an enhanced propagation rate comparable to the triflate.
Coarse‐Grained Dendrimers in a Good Solvent: Comparison of Monte Carlo Simulations, Self‐Consistent Field Theory, and a Hybrid Modeling Strategy
Authors: Bergsma Johan , van der Gucht Jasper , Leermakers Frans A. M.
Published: April 2019

Recently, a hybrid method has been developed, wherein the positions of some polymer segments are constrained to a small volume. The volume's position is sampled with a Monte Carlo algorithm. The distribution of the remaining segments is determined with Scheutjens–Fleer self‐consistent field theory (SF‐SCF). This incorporates thermal fluctuations into the model. Here it is investigated whether this also leads to an improved treatment of the excluded volume interactions. Dendrimers, with f = 1⋅⋅⋅7 generations, g = 2⋅⋅⋅5 spacers per branch point, and spacers of 20 or 50 segments, are used as a model system. The focus is on the radius of gyration, the asphericity, the radial density, and the end point and first branch point distribution. As expected, both SCF methods underestimate the radius of gyration due to underestimating the short range excluded volume. The SF‐SCF model, however, also gives a slightly different scaling and, in contrast to the other models, also predicts a bimodal distribution for first generation branch points for large f and g. This difference is attributed to overestimating the excluded volume at long ranges. As the hybrid method does not show this, localizing just a few segments largely compensates this shortcoming in the SF‐SCF theory.
International corruption and its impacts across entrepreneurship types
Authors: Goel Rajeev K. , Saunoris James W.
Published: April 2019

Using a large cross‐country sample, this paper examines the impact of corruption on entrepreneurial activities by uniquely addressing two questions: (a) Does the impact of corruption on entrepreneurship vary across entrepreneurship type? (b) How does the effect of corruption differ across nations with varying prevalence of entrepreneurship? Considering three dimensions of entrepreneurship, nascent entrepreneurship, new business owners, and established new business owners, results, accounting for possible two‐way causality, show that entrepreneurship is negatively affected by corruption across entrepreneurship types, with differences in the relative magnitudes of effects. This sanding effect of corruption, however, varies across the prevalence of corruption and switches to greasing for nascent entrepreneurs.
Novel mutations of COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 genes in Chinese patients with Alport Syndrome using next generation sequence technique
Authors: Zhao Xuechao , Chen Chen , Wei Yanfu , Zhao Ganye , Liu Lina , Wang Conghui , Zhang Junjun , Kong Xiangdong
Published: April 2019

Background

Alport syndrome (AS) is an inherited progressive renal disease caused by mutations in COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 genes. The large sizes of these genes and the absence of mutation hot spots have complicated mutational analysis by routine PCR‐based approaches. In recent years, the development of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) has made possible the time‐ and cost‐effective and accurate analysis of the three genes in a single step.

Methods

Here, we analyze COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 simultaneously in 29 AS patients using NGS. Candidate mutations were validated by classic Sanger sequencing and Real‐time PCR.

Results

Twenty two new mutations and 10 known mutations were detected. Of those novel mutations, 18, 3, and 1 mutations were detected in COL4A5, COL4A4, and COL4A3, respectively. Twenty six patients showed X‐linked inheritance, one showed autosomal recessive inheritance and two showed digenic inheritance (DI).

Conclusion

A comparison of the clinical manifestations caused by different types of mutations in COL4A5 suggested that large fragment mutations are relatively more severe than the other missense mutations and AS by some mutations may show inter‐ and intra‐familial phenotypic variability. It is important to consider these transmission patterns in the clinical evaluation according to the results of genetic testing, especially for DI. Twenty two new mutations can expand the genotypic spectrum of AS.
QSAR Analysis of a Series of Hydantoin‐based Androgen Receptor Modulators and Corresponding Binding Affinities
Authors: Wang Xin , Han Wenya , Li Jiazhong
Published: April 2019

Androgen receptor (AR), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of intracellular ligand‐dependent transcription factors, plays an indispensable role in normal male development through the regulation of androgen through the binding with endogenous androgens. Inappropriate amounts of androgens have a severe adverse effect on men. Excessive androgen may contribute to accelerate prostatic hypertrophy, even prostate cancer, while the absence of androgen may result in reduced muscle mass and strength, decreased bone mass, low energy, diminished sexual function and an increased risk of osteoporosis and fracture. In these cases, androgen receptor modulators are important to maintain the normal biological function of AR. So androgen receptor modulators are necessary for human being to improve their happy life index. To explore the relationships between molecular structures and corresponding binding abilities to aid the new AR modulator design, multiple linear regressions (MLR) are employed to analyze a series of hydantoin analogues, which can bind to androgen receptor acting as AR modulators. The obtained optimum model presents wonderful reliabilities and strong predictive abilities with R2=0.858,
=0.822,
=0.813,
=0.840,
=0.807,
=0.814, CCC=0.893, respectively. The derived model can be used to predict the binding abilities of unknown chemicals and may help to design novel molecules with better AR affinity activity.
Well‐posedness of time‐space fractional stochastic evolution equations driven by α‐stable noise
Authors: Xu Pengfei , Huang Jianhua , Zou Guangan
Published: April 2019

This paper is devoted to the well‐posedness for time‐space fractional Ginzburg‐Landau equation and time‐space fractional Navier‐Stokes equations by α‐stable noise. The spatial regularity and the temporal regularity of the nonlocal stochastic convolution are firstly established, and then the existence and uniqueness of the global mild solution are obtained by the Banach fixed point theorem and Mittag‐Leffler functions, respectively. Numerical simulations for time‐space fractional Ginzburg‐Landau equation are provided to verify the analysis results.
The nursing work environment and quality of care: Content analysis of comments made by registered nurses responding to the Essentials of Magnetism II scale
Authors: Oshodi Titilayo O. , Bruneau Benjamin , Crockett Rachel , Kinchington Francia , Nayar Shoba , West Elizabeth
Published: April 2019

Aim

To report a qualitative study of themes Registered Nurses raised spontaneously about their work environment, in a cross‐sectional survey study when responding to the Essentials of Magnetism II (EOMII) scale.

Design

Qualitative descriptive survey.

Methods

At the end of the EOMII scale, a free form text section was included asking nurses to add comments about their ward/work environment. Of the 247 nurses who completed the EOMII scale, 30% (N = 75) provided comments. Inductive content analysis was used to analyse the textual information generated.

Results

Three key themes emerged: “nurses need nurses to nurse”; working as a team and workplace environment. Participants described issues they were facing which comprised high turnover rates, inadequate staffing levels, increasing workload and high stress levels. Particular attention was drawn to the role of the ward manager in promoting a positive work environment, good teamwork and quality patient care.
Increase opportunity in the workforce with alternative credentials
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: April 2019

CLEVELAND — It's never been more true or relevant that learning is a lifelong endeavor than it is now, as the workforce demands a constantly shifting set of skills. While students face a variety of options to constantly grow their set of skills for workforce relevance, it's not always easy to determine the best path to take to secure a dream job, get a promotion, or move to a new field.
Unintended consequences of evolution of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events
Authors: Miller Tamara P. , Fisher Brian T. , Getz Kelly D. , Sack Leah , Razzaghi Hanieh , Seif Alix E. , Bagatell Rochelle , Adamson Peter C. , Aplenc Richard
Published: April 2019

Background

Adverse events (AEs) on Children's Oncology Group (COG) trials are reported manually by clinical research assistants (CRAs). The Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) was developed to provide standardized definitions for identifying and grading AEs. The CTCAE has expanded significantly over its five versions, but the impact of CTCAE definitional changes has not been examined.

Procedure

This study compared AE number and ascertainment among the first four CTCAE versions using a case vignette. Each CTCAE version was used to create a list of AEs and grades by two separate CRAs.

Results

The CTCAE expanded from 9 categories and 49 AEs in v1.0 to 26 categories and 790 AEs in v4.0. CRAs independently selected different approaches to AE ascertainment—comprehensive and parsimonious. The number of AEs identified in the parsimonious approach was stable with 10–14 in each CTC version. The comprehensive approach identified 9, 20, 29, and 37 AEs in CTC versions 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0, respectively. Only approximately 65% of AEs were conclusively graded in versions 2.0 to 4.0 using the comprehensive approach.

Conclusions

CTCAE has increased in complexity. Although this increased complexity allows for more granular AE reporting, these data demonstrate potential unintended negative consequences of increasing CTC AE complexity, including the risk of varying approaches to AE capture. A comprehensive evaluation of CTC AE definitions and CRA reporting practices across COG institutions and AEs are needed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of AE reporting.
Proteomics Approaches to Define Senescence Heterogeneity and Chemotherapy Response
Authors: Petit Coralie , Guillon Jordan , Toutain Bertrand , Boissard Alice , Patsouris Anne , Lelièvre Eric , Guette Catherine , Coqueret Olivier
Published: April 2019

In primary cells, senescence induces a permanent proliferative arrest to prevent the propagation of malignant cells. However, the outcome of senescence is more complex in advanced cancer cells where senescent states are heterogeneous. Here, this heterogeneity is discussed and it is proposed that proteomic analysis should be used to identify specific signatures of cancer cells that use this pathway as an adaptive mechanism. Since senescent cells produce an inflammatory secretome, MRM approaches and quantification with internal standards might be particularly suited to follow the expression of the corresponding markers in body fluids. Used in combination with imaging medical technics, a better characterization of senescence heterogeneity should help to monitor the response to chemotherapy treatment.