bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo Simulations Comparing Fisher Exact Test and Unequal Variances t Test for Analysis of Differences Between Groups in Brief Hospital Lengths of Stay
Authors: Dexter Franklin , Bayman Emine O. , Dexter Elisabeth U.
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND:

We examined type I and II error rates for analysis of (1) mean hospital length of stay (LOS) versus (2) percentage of hospital LOS that are overnight. These 2 end points are suitable for when LOS is treated as a secondary economic end point.

METHODS:

We repeatedly resampled LOS for 5052 discharges of thoracoscopic wedge resections and lung lobectomy at 26 hospitals.

RESULTS:

Unequal variancesttest (Welch method) and Fisher exact test both were conservative (ie, type I error rate less than nominal level). The Wilcoxon rank sum test was included as a comparator; the type I error rates did not differ from the nominal level of 0.05 or 0.01. Fisher exact test was more powerful than the unequal variancesttest at detecting differences among hospitals; estimated odds ratio for obtainingP< .05 with Fisher exact test versus unequal variancesttest = 1.94, with 95% confidence interval, 1.31–3.01. Fisher exact test and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney had comparable statistical power in terms of differentiating LOS between hospitals.

CONCLUSIONS:

For studies with LOS to be used as a secondary end point of economic interest, there is currently considerable interest in the planned analysis being for the percentage of patients suitable for ambulatory surgery (ie, hospital LOS equals 0 or 1 midnight). Our results show that there need not be a loss of statistical power when groups are compared using this binary end point, as compared with either Welch method or Wilcoxon rank sum test.
The Technology of Video Laryngoscopy
Authors: Berkow Lauren C. , Morey Timothy E. , Urdaneta Felipe
Published: September 2017

Tracheal intubation via laryngeal exposure has evolved over the past 150 years and has greatly expanded in the last decade with the introduction and development of newer, more sophisticated optical airway devices. The introduction of indirect and video-assisted laryngoscopes has significantly impacted airway management as evidenced by the presence of these devices in the majority of published difficult airway algorithms. However, it is quite possible that many airway managers do not have a thorough comprehension of how these devices actually function, an understanding that is vital not only for their use but also for assessing the devices’ limitations. This article discusses the development of video laryngoscopy, how the video laryngoscope works, and the impact of video laryngoscopy on difficult airway management.
Maternal Death Due to Amniotic Fluid Embolism: A National Study in France
Authors: Bonnet Marie-Pierre , Zlotnik Diane , Saucedo Monica , Chassard Dominique , Bouvier-Colle Marie-Hélène , Deneux-Tharaux Catherine
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND:

A structured definition of amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) based on 4 criteria was recently proposed for use in research by the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) and the Amniotic Fluid Embolism Foundation. The main objective of this study was to review all AFE-related maternal deaths in France during 2007–2011 according to the presence or not of all these 4 diagnostic criteria.

METHODS:

Maternal deaths due to AFE were identified by the national experts committee of the French Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths during 2007–2011 (n = 39). The maternal mortality ratio for AFE was calculated. We applied the structured definition proposed by the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine and the Amniotic Fluid Embolism Foundation to AFE-related maternal deaths identified by the national experts committee. Characteristics of women, pregnancies and deliveries; clinical and biological features of AFE; and specific laboratory tests used were described by the presence or not of all 4 diagnostic criteria. Management of obstetric hemorrhage and quality of care according to the experts were also described.

RESULTS:

The maternal mortality ratio from AFE was 0.95/100,000 live births (95% confidence interval, 0.67–1.3). Detailed clinical data were collected for 36 women who died from AFE: 21 (58%) had all 4 proposed diagnostic criteria and 15 (42%) had 1 or more missing criterion. Documented early disseminated intravascular coagulopathy was missing for 14 women, and 2 women exhibited more than 1 missing criterion. Ten of the 15 women with missing criteria had clinical coagulopathy, with standard hemostasis tests performed in only 3. Specific diagnostic examinations for AFE were performed in similar proportions by the presence or not of all diagnostic criteria. Opportunities to improve care included timely performance of indicated hysterectomy (n = 13) and improved transfusion practices (n = 9). In the context of maternal cardiac arrest, for 5 of 13 women, fetal extraction was performed within 5 minutes.

CONCLUSIONS:

The structured definition of AFE for research studies would exclude more than one-third of AFE-related maternal deaths identified by the national experts committee. Inclusion of clinical coagulopathy as a diagnostic criterion for AFE would reduce this proportion to 14%. There is still room for improvement in the management of obstetric hemorrhage and timely fetal extraction in the context of maternal cardiac arrest, frequently observed in AFE-related maternal death.
Release of condensin from mitotic chromosomes requires the Ran-GTP gradient in the reorganized nucleus
Authors: Aoki Keita , Niki Hironori
Published: September 2017

After mitosis, nuclear reorganization occurs together with decondensation of mitotic chromosomes and reformation of the nuclear envelope, thereby restoring the Ran-GTP gradient between nucleus and cytoplasm. The Ran-GTP gradient is dependent on Pim1/RCC1. Interestingly, a defect in Pim1/RCC1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe causes post-mitotic condensation of chromatin, namely hyper-condensation, suggesting a relationship between the Ran-GTP gradient and chromosome decondensation. However, how Ran-GTP interacts with chromosome decondensation is unresolved. To examine this interaction, we used Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, which is known to undergo partial breakdown of the nuclear membrane during mitosis. We found that Pim1/RCC1 was localized on nuclear pores, but this localization failed in a temperature-sensitive mutant of Pim1/RCC1. The mutant cells exhibited hyper-condensed chromatin after mitosis due to prolonged association of condensin on the chromosomes. Conceivably, a condensin-dephosphorylation defect might cause hyper-condensed chromatin, since chromosomal localization of condensin is dependent on phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). Indeed, CDK-phospho-mimic mutation of condensin alone caused untimely condensin localization, resulting in hyper-condensed chromatin. Together, these results suggest that dephosphorylation of CDK sites of condensin might require the Ran-GTP gradient produced by nuclear pore-localized Pim1/RCC1.
An evolutionarily conserved phosphatidate phosphatase maintains lipid droplet number and ER morphology but not nuclear morphology
Authors: Pillai Anoop Narayana , Shukla Sushmita , Rahaman Abdur
Published: September 2017

Phosphatidic acid phosphatases are involved in the biosynthesis of phospholipids and triacylglycerol, and also act as transcriptional regulators. Studies to ascertain its role in lipid metabolism and membrane biogenesis are restricted only to Opisthokonta and Archaeplastida. Herein, we report the role of phosphatidate phosphatase (PAH) in Tetrahymena thermophila, belonging to the Alveolata clade. We identified two PAH homologs in Tetrahymena, TtPAH1, and TtPAH2. Loss of function of TtPAH1 results in reduced lipid droplet number and increase in ER content. It also shows more ER sheet structure as compared to wild type Tetrahymena. Surprisingly, we did not observe a visible defect in nuclear morphology of ΔTtpah1 mutant. TtPAH1 rescued all the known defects in yeast pah1Δ strain and is conserved functionally between Tetrahymena and yeast. The homologous gene derived from Trypanosoma also rescued the defects of yeast pah1Δ strain. Our results indicate that PAH, previously known to be conserved between Opisthokonts, is also present in a set of distant lineages. Thus, a phosphatase cascade is evolutionarily conserved and is functionally interchangeable across eukaryotic lineages.
Linking the why and how of aging; evidence for somatotropic control of long-term memory function in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis
Authors: de Weerd Lis , Hermann Petra M. , Wildering Willem C.
Published: September 2017

Organisms live on a budget; hence they cannot maximize all their activities at the same time. Instead, they must prioritize how they spend limiting resources on the many processes they rely on in their lives. Amongst others, they are thought to skimp on the maintenance and repair processes required for survival in favour of maximizing reproduction, with aging as a consequence. We investigate the biological mechanisms of neuronal aging. Using Lymnaea stagnalis, we previously described various aspects of age-associated neuronal decline and appetitive long-term memory (LTM) failure. In view of postulated trade-offs between somatic maintenance and reproduction, we tested for interactions between resource allocation mechanisms and brain function. We show that removal of the lateral lobes, key regulators of Lymnaea's energy balance, increases body weight and enhances appetitive learning, raising the perspective that the lateral lobes are one of the sites where the why and how of (neuronal) aging meet.
Recent Advances in Understanding Werner Syndrome
Authors: Shamanna Raghavendra A. , Croteau Deborah L. , Lee Jong-Hyuk , Bohr Vilhelm A.
Published: September 2017

Aging, the universal phenomenon, affects human health and is the primary risk factor for major disease pathologies. Progeroid diseases, which mimic aging at an accelerated rate, have provided cues in understanding the hallmarks of aging. Mutations in DNA repair genes as well as in telomerase subunits are known to cause progeroid syndromes. Werner syndrome (WS), which is characterized by accelerated aging, is an autosomal-recessive genetic disorder. Hallmarks that define the aging process include genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulation of nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. WS recapitulates these hallmarks of aging and shows increased incidence and early onset of specific cancers. Genome integrity and stability ensure the normal functioning of the cell and are mainly guarded by the DNA repair machinery and telomeres. WRN, being a RecQ helicase, protects genome stability by regulating DNA repair pathways and telomeres. Recent advances in WS research have elucidated WRN’s role in DNA repair pathway choice regulation, telomere maintenance, resolution of complex DNA structures, epigenetic regulation, and stem cell maintenance.
Extending voluntary health insurance to the informal sector: experiences and expectations of the informal sector in Kenya
Authors: Barasa Edwine W. , Mwaura Njeri , Rogo Khama , Andrawes Ledia
Published: September 2017

Background: Kenya has made a policy decision to use contributory health insurance as one of its key pre-payment health financing mechanisms. The National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) is the main health insurer in Kenya. While the NHIF has hitherto focused its efforts on providing health insurance coverage to individuals in the formal sector, it has recently broadened its focus to include individuals in the informal sector. This paper provides an analysis of the perceptions, and experiences of informal sector individuals in Kenya with regard to enrolment with the NHIF.

 Methods: We collected data through key informant interviews (39) in two purposefully selected counties. Study participants were drawn from healthcare facilities contracted by the NHIF, and current, former, and prospective informal sector members. We analyzed data using a grounded approach.

 Results: Participants felt that the NHIF provided inadequate information about the registration and membership processes as well as benefit entitlements. There was variable and inconsistent communication by the NHIF. There was also variance between the official benefit package and the actual benefits received by members. The NHIF registration requirements and processes presented an administrative barrier to obtaining membership. The NHIF premium level and contribution mechanism presents a financial barrier to current and prospective members. Healthcare providers discriminated against NHIF members compared to cash-payers or private insurance holders.

 Conclusions: The NHIF could improve enrolment and retention of informal sector individuals by; 1) using communication strategies that are effective at reaching the informal sector, 2) improving the affordability of the premium rates, 3) simplifying the enrolment requirements and process, and 4) strengthening accountability mechanisms between itself and healthcare facilities to ensure that enrolled members receive the benefits that they are entitled to, and that client experience at healthcare facilities are satisfactory.
EFFECT OF HEATING TEMPERATURE DURING SEMI-SOLID PROCESSING ON STRUCTURE OF X210CR12 STEEL
Authors: Jirková Hana , Rubešová Kateřina , Opatová Kateřina , Peković Michal , Mašek Bohuslav
Published: September 2017

Semi-solid processing is an unconventional technique, which can be used to produce intricate components by forming and also to remove the sharp-edged carbides. However, the resulting microstructure after semi-solid processing consists of polyhedral austenite grains and lamellar ledeburite network. The network can be fragmented by applying an appropriate deformation sequence during cooling. X210Cr12 tool was experimentally processed by a combination of semi-solid processing and subsequent thermomechanical treatment. The heating temperature was varied from 1200°C to 1280°C. The obtained microstructures consisted of recrystallized grains of the M-A constituent and fine chromium precipitates without sharp-edged carbides with hardness higher than 800 HV10.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS FOR 100Cr6 STEEL
Authors: Tran Xuan Thi , Vu Toai Dinh , Dang Khanh Quoc
Published: September 2017

The success of quenching process depended heavily on the suitable choice of a quenching media. In this work, a numerical simulation of the process of quenching C-ring sample of 100Cr6 steel was discussed. The results showed an overview of the phase transformation, residual stress, distortion and hardness on the specimen throughout quenching process to the end. The simulation results also revealed that the sample is not cracked and the highest residual stress located on the inner and outer at the bottom edge of the C-ring with C-ring model being quenched in PVP-12 solution. At the same time, the obtained hardness was qualified the working requirements.
EFFECT OF QPQ TREATMENT ON THE PERFORMANCE FOR H13 DIE STEEL
Authors: Lu Shijing , Meng Fanna , Cai Wei , Wei Wei , Hu Jing
Published: September 2017

QPQ salt bath treatment of H13 steel was conducted by nitriding at the same temperature of 565℃ for various times, followed by the same post-oxidation process. Optical microscope, micro-hardness tester, X-ray diffraction and wear resistance tester were employed to characterize the microstructure, phase constituents, micro-hardness and wear resistance of the treated specimens. The results showed a compound layer mainly composed of ε-Fe2-3N and diffusion layer were formed during salt bath nitriding and a thin oxide layer composed of Fe3O4 was formed by post-oxidation, and the compound layer thickness increases with the nitriding time. The maximum surface hardness value of 1441 HV0.3was obtained after nitriding at 565℃ for 150 min, which is as three times high as that of untreated sample. Meanwhile the wear resistance of H13 steel is significantly improved by QPQ treatment, 150 min is the optimum nitriding time to improve the surface hardness and wear resistance of H13 steel.
Heuristic Solutions to the Facility Location Problem with General Bernoulli Demands
Authors: Albareda-Sambola Maria , Fernández Elena , Saldanha-da-Gama Francisco
Published: September 2017

In this paper, a heuristic procedure is proposed for the facility location problem with general Bernoulli demands. This is a discrete facility location problem with stochastic demands that can be formulated as a two-stage stochastic program with recourse. In particular, facility locations and customer assignments must be decided here and now, i.e., before knowing the customers who will actually require to be served. In a second stage, service decisions are made according to the actual requests. The heuristic proposed consists of a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure followed by a path relinking. The heterogeneous Bernoulli demands make prohibitive the computational effort for evaluating feasible solutions. Thus the expected cost of a feasible solution is simulated when necessary. The results of extensive computational tests performed for evaluating the quality of the heuristic are reported, showing that high-quality feasible solutions can be obtained for the problem in fairly small computational times.

The online supplement is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2017.0755 .
Formulations and Approximation Algorithms for Multilevel Uncapacitated Facility Location
Authors: Ortiz-Astorquiza Camilo , Contreras Ivan , Laporte Gilbert
Published: September 2017

This paper studies multilevel uncapacitated p-location problems, a general class of facility location problems. We use a combinatorial representation of the general problem where the objective function satisfies the submodular property, and we exploit this characterization to derive worst-case bounds for a greedy heuristic. We also obtain sharper bounds when the setup cost for opening facilities is zero and the allocation profits are nonnegative. Moreover, we introduce a mixed integer linear programming formulation for the problem based on the submodularity property. We present results of computational experiments to assess the performance of the greedy heuristic and that of the formulation. We compare the models with previously studied formulations.

The online supplement and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2017.0757 .
Deletion Presolve for Accelerating Infeasibility Diagnosis in Optimization Models
Authors: Puranik Yash , Sahinidis Nikolaos V.
Published: September 2017

Whereas much research in the area of optimization is directed toward developing algorithms for optimization of feasible models, the diagnosis of infeasible models has not received as much attention. Identification of irreducible infeasible sets (IISs) can facilitate the process of correcting infeasible models. Several filtering algorithms have been proposed for IIS identification but efficient implementations are available only for linear programs. We propose a novel approach for IIS identification that is applicable to linear programs (LPs), nonlinear programs (NLPs), mixed-integer linear programs (MIPs), and mixed-integer nonlinear programs (MINLPs). The approach makes use of a deletion presolve procedure that exploits bounds tightening techniques to reduce the model to an infeasible set (IS) in a computationally efficient manner. The IS is subsequently reduced to an IIS by applying one of the currently available exact filtering algorithms for IIS identification. We implement the proposed deletion presolve along with four filtering algorithms for IIS identification within the global solver BARON. The effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through computational experiments on a test set of 790 infeasible LPs, NLPs, MIPs, and MINLPs. Deletion presolve rapidly eliminates a large fraction of the problem constraints and speeds up the filtering algorithms by over forty times on average. Speedups of as high as 1,000 times are observed for some problems, while, for 40% of the test problems, the deletion presolve itself reduces the original model to an IIS.
Does Online Word of Mouth Increase Demand? (And How?) Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Seiler Stephan , Yao Song , Wang Wenbo
Published: September 2017

We leverage a temporary block of the Chinese microblogging platform Sina Weibo due to political events to estimate the causal effect of online word-of-mouth content on product demand in the context of TV show viewership. Based on this source of exogenous variation, we estimate an elasticity of TV show ratings (market share in terms of viewership) with respect to the number of relevant comments (comments were disabled during the block) of 0.016. We find that more postshow microblogging activity increases demand, whereas comments posted prior to the show airing do not affect viewership. These patterns are inconsistent with informative or persuasive effects and suggest complementarity between TV consumption and anticipated postshow microblogging activity.

Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2017.1045 .
Promotion of oral health by community nurses
Authors: Garry Brendan , Boran Sue
Published: September 2017

Aim:

To explore the enablers and barriers perceived by community nurses in the promotion of oral health in an adult community trust directorate.

Background:

Oral health care promotion in community care settings is being neglected. England and Wales have witnessed marked improvements in periodontal disease; however, no improvements have been seen in older people.

Method:

A qualitative methodology was employed, where eight nurses from Band 5 to 7 were interviewed using a semi-structured approach. The data was analysed thematically.

Findings:

Data analysis was organised into four themes: professional self-concept and the development of knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary in the promotion of oral health; the impact an organisation has on the promotion of oral health and an exploration of the enablers and barriers identified by the community nurses while delivering care; the relationships between the nurse and patient and the potential impact on oral health promotion; the concept of self-regard in relation to the promotion of oral health and its overall impact. A commitment to improving oral health and requests for additional educational input were apparent. Organisational enablers and barriers were identified, alongside the crucial role a positive self-regard for oral health care may play in the promotion of oral health.

Conclusion:

Nurses need relevant education, organisational support, adequate resources and support from a multidisciplinary team to deliver optimal oral health promotion.
Recognition and nursing management of abusive head trauma in children
Authors: Payne Francesca Louise , Fernandez Daphin Nazareth , Jenner Lucy , Paul Siba Prosad
Published: September 2017

Abusive head trauma (AHT) describes an injury to the head caused by a deliberate impact or shaking by a parent or carer. It can cause significant morbidity and mortality in infants, and is most commonly seen in those aged under 2 years. The initial presentation of AHT can include vague symptoms and the correct diagnosis may be missed by health professionals. Subdural haematoma, brain oedema and retinal haemorrhages are well-known features associated with AHT. However, other conditions such as birth trauma, accidental falls in infants and bleeding disorders can all mimic AHT, thus making its recognition difficult. Suspicion of AHT should lead to initiation of safeguarding procedures alongside organising neurological imaging to identify skull fracture and/or intracranial lesions. This article highlights different aspects of the clinical presentation of AHT and its management. Safeguarding and recognising child abuse is vital and requires every member of the multidisciplinary team to remain vigilant. An illustrative case study is included to highlight some of the challenges that health professionals working in different clinical set-ups are likely to come across while managing an infant with AHT.
Nurses as role models in health promotion: a concept analysis
Authors: Darch Joy , Baillie Lesley , Gillison Fiona
Published: September 2017

There are national and international expectations that nurses are healthy role models; however, there is a lack of clarity about what this concept means. This study used concept analysis methodology to provide theoretical clarity for the concept of role models in health promoting behaviour for registered nurses and students. The framework included analysis of literature and qualitative data from six focus groups and one interview. Participants (n=39) included pre-registration students (adult field), nurse lecturers and registered nurses (RNs), working in NHS Trusts across London and South East London. From the findings, being a role model in health promoting behaviour involves being an exemplar, portraying a healthy image (being fit and healthy), and championing health and wellness. Personal attributes of a role model in health promoting behaviour include being caring, non-judgemental, trustworthy, inspiring and motivating, self-caring, knowledgeable and self-confident, innovative, professional and having a deep sense of self.
The Properties of Clay Minerals in Soil Particles from Two Ultisols, China
Authors: Zhang Zhi Yi , Huang Li , Liu Fan , Wang Ming Kuang , Fu Qing Ling , Zhu Jun
Published: September 2017

Soil aggregates consist of sand, silt, and clay size particles. Many of the clay size particles in soils are clay minerals, which actively influence soil behavior. The properties of clay minerals may change significantly as soil particle size decreases to the nanoscale; however, little information is available about these properties for the Ultisols in China. In the present study, the clay mineral components and structural characteristics of four particle-size fractions (i.e., <2000, 450–2000, 100–450, and 25–100 nm) of two Ultisol samples (Ult-1 and Ult-2) were investigated using elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. The molar SiO2to Al2O3ratios were lower in the nanoscale particle-size fraction (25–100 nm) than in the 450–2000 and <2000 nm fractions. This indicates greater desilicification and allitization of the smaller Ultisol particles. Furthermore, the Fe oxide and Al oxide contents increased and reached a maximum level in the 25–100 nm fraction of the two Ultisols. Goethite was mainly found in the 100–450 nm and 25–100 nm fractions. The dominant clay minerals in the Ultisol 25–100 nm fraction were kaolinite and illite with a small amount of a hydroxy-interlayered mineral in Ult-1 and gibbsite in Ult-2. The kaolinite crystallinity decreased as particle size decreased. The low crystallinity of the kaolinite in the A horizon 25–100 nm fraction was attributed to a reduction in the thickness of coherent scattering domains, as well as to decreases in OH groups and the dimensions of octahedral AlO6sheets. A determination of the chemical and mineralogic properties of the different size fractions of the Ultisols is important to understand the desilicification and Al and Fe oxide enrichment mechanisms during soil formation. The significance of these results can help to reveal the nanoscale transformations of clay minerals. Analysis of clay mineral compositions in nanoparticles can provide the additional data needed to understand the adsorption and mobility of nutrients and pollutants.
An Approach to Genesis of Sepiolite and Palygorskite in Lacustrine Sediments of the Lower Pliocene Sakarya and Porsuk Formations in the Sivrihisar and Yunusemre-Biçer Regions (Eskişehir), Turkey
Authors: Kadir Selahattin , Eren Muhsin , İkeç Taner , Erkoyun Hülya , Külah Tacit , Önalgil Nergis , Huggett Jennifer
Published: September 2017

The Lower Pliocene lacustrine sediments of the Sakarya and Porsuk Formations in the Sivrihisar and Yunusemre-Biçer regions consist of claystone, argillaceous carbonate, carbonate, and evaporites. No detailed studies of paleoclimatic conditions have been performed previously. The present study aimed to determine the depositional environment and paleoclimatic conditions for the formation of these economically important sepiolite/palygorskite/carbonate/evaporite deposits based on detailed mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic studies. Samples from various lacustrine sediments were examined using polarized-light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical and isotopic analysis methods. Dolomites are predominantly of micrite, which is partly recrystallized to dolomicrosparite/dolosparite close to desiccation fractures. The presence of ostracods and dacycladecean algae in the carbonates reflects a restricted depositional environment. The formation of sepiolite and palygorskite fibers, either as cement between/enclosing dolomite and/or as calcite crystals, reflects occasional changes in physicochemical conditions provided by fluctuations in the lake-water level and influx of groundwater in relation to climatic changes during and after dolomite precipitation. The positive correlations of ΣREE with Al2O3, Nb, high-field-strength elements, and transition elements are due to alteration of feldspar and hornblende in the volcanic units. The high values of Ba and Sr relative to Cr, Co, Ni, and V also indicate that felsic rather than ophiolitic rocks were the parent material. The crossplot of whole-rock SiO2vs. Al2O3+K2O+Na2O and V/Cr ratio suggests deposition of carbonate-dolomitic sepiolite-sepiolitic dolomite under arid climate and oxic conditions, whereas the Ni/Co and V/(V+Ni) ratios of the sediments indicate deposition of organic-bearing sepiolite/palygorskite under anoxic-dysoxic conditions. An enrichment in δ13C and δ18O values of dolomite with respect to calcite is probably due to differences in mineral fractionations. The δ34S and δ18O values and 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios for gypsum suggest an intensely evaporitic lacustrine environment fed by an older marine evaporitic source. The Si, Al, Mg, Ca, and enhanced TOT/C required for periodic precipitation of organic-rich brown sepiolite/palygorskite characterize deposition in a swampy environment, while dolomitic sepiolite and sepiolitic dolomite formed in ponds by partial drying of the main alkaline lake.
“Abd-i memluk” in social perception: The social identity of male slaves according to court records of Trabzon
Toplumsal algıda “abd-ı memluk”: Trabzon şer’iyye sicillerine göre erkek kölelerin toplumsal kimliği
Authors: Deliktaş Aslı
Published: September 2017

Dating back to archaic ages, Trabzon had hosted several societies before it was conquered in 1461 by Ottomans. Having been dominated by Trabzon Empire for a long time, the city harbored continuous human population and became a city of Muslims with the ultimate conquest of Fatih the Conqueror and Christians’, who had comprised the majority of the population, becoming minority in the region in time. Being among the people comprising the population of the city, slaves did not form a different section of the population by nature of their social roles and positions and did not create a class category within the frame of legal sanctions and social rules. The difference was shaped in having capability with the definition of law, but not any differences that would evoke the differentiation of these positions in daily life applications was observed. In this study, to what extent the slaves were valued by owners of slaves in Trabzon of Ottoman Empire within the dilemma of property-human and therefore the position of slaves in social perception were analyzed, and It was read over the data obtained from Court Records of Trabzon of XVII century that the factors determining the attitudes of family and social environment they were involved in towards slaves were determined either according to the principles specified by Islamic law or within the direction of rules formed beyond these principles.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetTarihi geçmişi antikçağlara dayanan Trabzon 1461’ de Osmanlılar tarafından fethedilmeden önce pek çok topluma ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Uzun bir süre Trabzon İmparatorluğu’nun hâkimiyeti altında kalan kent, kesintisiz bir insan nüfusu barındırmış, Fatih Sultan Mehmed’in kenti nihai olarak fethetmesiyle ve zaman içerisinde nüfusun büyük çoğunluğunu oluşturan Hristiyan kesimin bölgede azınlığa düşmesiyle önemli bir Müslüman kenti haline gelmiştir. Şehrin nüfusunu oluşturan insanlar arasında yer alan köleler, toplumsal konum ve rolleri gereği nüfusun farklı bir kesimini oluşturmamış, hukuki müeyyideler ve toplumsal kurallar çerçevesinde sınıfsal bir kategori yaratmamışlardır. Farklılık hukukun tanımı ile ehliyete sahip olma derecelerinde şekillenmiş ancak gündelik hayatın uygulamaları içerisinde bu konumun ayrımını hissettirecek önemli farklılıklar gözlenmemiştir. Bu çalışmada, Osmanlı Trabzon’unda köle sahibi olan insanların mülk-insan ikilemi arasında köleye ne açıdan değer biçtiği dolayısıyla kölelerin toplumsal algının neresinde yer aldıkları incelenmiş, mensup oldukları aile ve sosyal çevrenin köleye karşı tavrını belirleyen etkenlerin İslam hukukunun belirlediği prensipler dâhilinde mi yoksa bu prensiplerin ötesinde oluşturulan yargılar çerçevesinde mi şekillendiği XVII. yüzyıl Trabzon Şer’iyye sicillerinden elde edilen veriler üzerinden okunmuştur.
Bioinspired approach toward molecular electrets: synthetic proteome for materials
Authors: Espinoza Eli M. , Larsen-Clinton Jillian M. , Krzeszewski Maciej , Darabedian Narek , Gryko Daniel T. , Vullev Valentine I.
Published: September 2017

Molecular-level control of charge transfer (CT) is essential for both, organic electronics and solar-energy conversion, as well as for a wide range of biological processes. This article provides an overview of the utility of local electric fields originating from molecular dipoles for directing CT processes. Systems with ordered dipoles, i.e. molecular electrets, are the centerpiece of the discussion. The conceptual evolution from biomimicry to biomimesis, and then to biological inspiration, paves the roads leading from testing the understanding of how natural living systems function to implementing these lessons into optimal paradigms for specific applications. This progression of the evolving structure-function relationships allows for the development of bioinspired electrets composed of non-native aromatic amino acids. A set of such non-native residues that are electron-rich can be viewed as a synthetic proteome for hole-transfer electrets. Detailed considerations of the electronic structure of an individual residue prove of key importance for designating the points for optimal injection of holes (i.e. extraction of electrons) in electret oligomers. This multifaceted bioinspired approach for the design of CT molecular systems provides unexplored paradigms for electronic and energy science and engineering.
Evaluation Models for the Peak Shear-Strength and Shear-Resistance Components of Rough Rock Joints
Authors: Zhang X. B. , Yi B. , Jiang Q. H. , Feng X. X. , Chen N.
Published: September 2017

This study aims to present a new model for evaluating the peak shear strength of rock joints and investigate the contribution from different shear components to the total shear resistance. Direct shear tests under constant normal load (CNL) conditions were performed on artificial rock joints with different morphology. Before the shear test, a 3D optical scanner was used to measure the joint morphology, and then two statistical parameters were suggested to characterize the joint roughness. For establishing an evaluation model of peak shear strength of rock joints, a model of peak dilatancy angle was first developed and then incorporated into the Maksimovic criterion. A new peak shear strength model for rock joints was thus established, and a good evaluating precision of the new criterion was found by comparing predictive results with experimental results. Three shear strength components, i.e., basic friction, dilation, and shear-off of asperities were investigated. Results show that the basic friction represents over 50 % of the total shear resistance, and this proportion grows steadily by increasing the normal stress. As the normal stress increases, the percentage of shear-off rises gradually before approaching a stable level, whereas dilation consistently decreases. At a certain normal stress level, the basic friction of joints with a lower roughness makes up more of the contribution to the total shear strength, whereas the shear-off component tends to be greater on rougher rock joints. However, the dilation of joints with different roughness does not show an obvious difference in terms of proportion. The apparent cohesion of sheared rock joints increases as the normal stress increases. The rock joint with a rougher surface has a larger apparent cohesion at a certain normal stress level.
Assessment of Spatiotemporal Heat Flux during Quenching in TiO2 and AlN Nanofluids
Authors: Nayak U. V. , Ramesh G. , Prabhu K. N.
Published: September 2017

In the present work, spatiotemporal heat flux transients were estimated during quenching of an Inconel 600 alloy probe in water-based titanium dioxide (TiO2) and aluminum nitride (AlN) nanofluids that have nanoparticle concentrations varying from 0.001 to 0.5 vol. %. The results showed reduced peak heat flux and a longer vapor phase stage during quenching with nanofluids compared to quenching with water. The peak heat flux for quenching in nanofluids was lowered with increase in the nanoparticle concentration. Quenching with TiO2 nanofluids resulted in slower heat extraction compared to quenching in AlN nanofluids at higher concentrations. Quenching with nanofluids resulted in a more uniform quench compared to quenching with water because of the reduction in the rewetting period.
Corpo-espaço cidade-corpo: possibilidades de urbgrafias na cidade habitada.
Authors: Nascimento Elaine , Gonçalves dos Santos Rodrigo
Published: September 2017

Dentro da construção diária do espaço urbano podemos destacar a relação direta entre corpo e espaço, assim como os possíveis vetores que atuam nessa relação, seja de atravessamento a esse corpo urbano, seja o próprio corpo como vetor que atravessa e ressignifica o espaço. A partir dessa premissa e com base no conceito de corpografia enquanto cartografias do espaço urbano no corpo de quem habita a cidade, proponho a possibilidade de urbgrafias: cartografias do corpo enquanto vetor ativo de ação no espaço urbano. O intuito do artigo é fazer uma reflexão sobre a possibilidade dessas cartografias através das intervenções artísticas no espaço da cidade, trazendo para a discussão seus aspectos sociais, estéticos e políticos, entendendo urbgrafias como possibilidades de operacionalização de aspectos sensíveis da vivência da cidade.
MARÉ DANÇA
Authors: Pereira Renata De Mello Cerqueira
Published: September 2017

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Activity-Dependence of Synaptic Vesicle Dynamics
Authors: Forte Luca A. , Gramlich Michael W. , Klyachko Vitaly A.
Published: September 2017

The proper function of synapses relies on efficient recycling of synaptic vesicles. The small size of synaptic boutons has hampered efforts to define the dynamical states of vesicles during recycling. Moreover, whether vesicle motion during recycling is regulated by neural activity remains largely unknown. We combined nanoscale-resolution tracking of individual synaptic vesicles in cultured hippocampal neurons from rats of both sexes with advanced motion analyses to demonstrate that the majority of recently endocytosed vesicles undergo sequences of transient dynamical states including epochs of directed, diffusional, and stalled motion. We observed that vesicle motion is modulated in an activity-dependent manner, with dynamical changes apparent in ∼20% of observed boutons. Within this subpopulation of boutons, 35% of observed vesicles exhibited acceleration and 65% exhibited deceleration, accompanied by corresponding changes in directed motion. Individual vesicles observed in the remaining ∼80% of boutons did not exhibit apparent dynamical changes in response to stimulation. More quantitative transient motion analyses revealed that the overall reduction of vesicle mobility, and specifically of the directed motion component, is the predominant activity-evoked change across the entire bouton population. Activity-dependent modulation of vesicle mobility may represent an important mechanism controlling vesicle availability and neurotransmitter release.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMechanisms governing synaptic vesicle dynamics during recycling remain poorly understood. Using nanoscale resolution tracking of individual synaptic vesicles in hippocampal synapses and advanced motion analysis tools we demonstrate that synaptic vesicles undergo complex sets of dynamical states that include epochs of directed, diffusive, and stalled motion. Most importantly, our analyses revealed that vesicle motion is modulated in an activity-dependent manner apparent as the reduction in overall vesicle mobility in response to stimulation. These results define the vesicle dynamical states during recycling and reveal their activity-dependent modulation. Our study thus provides fundamental new insights into the principles governing synaptic function.
Sex- and Estrus-Dependent Differences in Rat Basolateral Amygdala
Authors: Blume Shannon R. , Freedberg Mari , Vantrease Jaime E. , Chan Ronny , Padival Mallika , Record Matthew J. , DeJoseph M. Regina , Urban Janice H. , Rosenkranz J. Amiel
Published: September 2017

Depression and anxiety are diagnosed almost twice as often in women, and the symptomology differs in men and women and is sensitive to sex hormones. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) contributes to emotion-related behaviors that differ between males and females and across the reproductive cycle. This hints at sex- or estrus-dependent features of BLA function, about which very little is known. The purpose of this study was to test whether there are sex differences or estrous cyclicity in rat BLA physiology and to determine their mechanistic correlates. We found substantial sex differences in the activity of neurons in lateral nuclei (LAT) and basal nuclei (BA) of the BLA that were associated with greater excitatory synaptic input in females. We also found strong differences in the activity of LAT and BA neurons across the estrous cycle. These differences were associated with a shift in the inhibition–excitation balance such that LAT had relatively greater inhibition during proestrus which paralleled more rapid cued fear extinction. In contrast, BA had relatively greater inhibition during diestrus that paralleled more rapid contextual fear extinction. These results are the first to demonstrate sex differences in BLA neuronal activity and the impact of estrous cyclicity on these measures. The shift between LAT and BA predominance across the estrous cycle provides a simple construct for understanding the effects of the estrous cycle on BLA-dependent behaviors. These results provide a novel framework to understand the cyclicity of emotional memory and highlight the importance of considering ovarian cycle when studying the BLA of females.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThere are differences in emotional responses and many psychiatric symptoms between males and females. This may point to sex differences in limbic brain regions. Here we demonstrate sex differences in neuronal activity in one key limbic region, the basolateral amygdala (BLA), whose activity fluctuates across the estrous cycle due to a shift in the balance of inhibition and excitation across two BLA regions, the lateral and basal nuclei. By uncovering this push–pull shift between lateral and basal nuclei, these results help to explain disparate findings about the effects of biological sex and estrous cyclicity on emotion and provide a framework for understanding fluctuations in emotional memory and psychiatric symptoms.
A Crucial Test of the Population Separation Model of Auditory Stream Segregation in Macaque Primary Auditory Cortex
Authors: Fishman Yonatan I. , Kim Mimi , Steinschneider Mitchell
Published: September 2017

An important aspect of auditory scene analysis is auditory stream segregation—the organization of sound sequences into perceptual streams reflecting different sound sources in the environment. Several models have been proposed to account for stream segregation. According to the “population separation” (PS) model, alternating ABAB tone sequences are perceived as a single stream or as two separate streams when “A” and “B” tones activate the same or distinct frequency-tuned neuronal populations in primary auditory cortex (A1), respectively. A crucial test of the PS model is whether it can account for the observation that A and B tones are generally perceived as a single stream when presented synchronously, rather than in an alternating pattern, even if they are widely separated in frequency. Here, we tested the PS model by recording neural responses to alternating (ALT) and synchronous (SYNC) tone sequences in A1 of male macaques. Consistent with predictions of the PS model, a greater effective tonotopic separation of A and B tone responses was observed under ALT than under SYNC conditions, thus paralleling the perceptual organization of the sequences. While other models of stream segregation, such as temporal coherence, are not excluded by the present findings, we conclude that PS is sufficient to account for the perceptual organization of ALT and SYNC sequences and thus remains a viable model of auditory stream segregation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAccording to the population separation (PS) model of auditory stream segregation, sounds that activate the same or separate neural populations in primary auditory cortex (A1) are perceived as one or two streams, respectively. It is unclear, however, whether the PS model can account for the perception of sounds as a single stream when they are presented synchronously. Here, we tested the PS model by recording neural responses to alternating (ALT) and synchronous (SYNC) tone sequences in macaque A1. A greater effective separation of tonotopic activity patterns was observed under ALT than under SYNC conditions, thus paralleling the perceptual organization of the sequences. Based on these findings, we conclude that PS remains a plausible neurophysiological model of auditory stream segregation.