bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of Simulated Moving Bed Plants by Using Noncompetitive Langmuir Isotherms
Authors: Fütterer M.
Published: September 2009

The simulated moving bed process is increasingly used for the separation of binary mixtures. To ensure proper operation, the volumetric flow rates and the time interval must be exactly adjusted. This study presents a general method for determining the control variables for a dispersion‐free SMB process. For noncompetitive Langmuir isotherms, explicit equations are derived for the case of complete separation. The proposed method allows both a good estimation of the time trajectories of the concentrations at the drains and the design of new applications for optimization and control of SMB plants.
Average Crossflow Velocity in Laminar Flow Systems with Periodic Finned Surfaces
Authors: Olayiwola B. O. , Schaldach G. , Walzel P.
Published: September 2009

Experimental and CFD studies of the enhanced average crossflow velocity in a laminar flow system were performed. The experiments were carried out using working fluid with a kinematic viscosity of 1.8·10–6 m2/s. A steady flow Reynolds number in the laminar range of 0 < Re < 400 and oscillation Reynolds number in the range 0 < Reosc < 1000 were studied. The range of oscillation amplitude and frequency were 0.2 mm < A < 1.0 mm and 5 Hz < f < 90 Hz respectively. Three experimental configurations were studied, i.e., oscillating finned surface in a fluid at rest, which is similar to a batch configuration, steady finned flow and oscillating finned flow configurations. The acquired images were analyzed using particle image velocimetry (PIV) software. The study is also supported by CFD simulations using the software suit CFX 11.0 from ANSYS GmbH, Germany. The results of the flow visualization and PIV analyses reveal the formation of periodic vortices and increased transverse transport. The maximum enhancement of the average crossflow velocity was obtained at κ = 3. The oscillation parameters and shape of the fins have a significant influence on the flow patterns and the crossflow effects. A triangular finned geometry gives better performance considering the enhanced average crossflow velocity. In general, efficient fluid mixing is possible due to the complex flow structures generated.
PI(4,5)P2 Degradation Promotes the Formation of Cytoskeleton‐Free Model Membrane Systems
Authors: Keller Heiko , Lorizate Maier , Schwille Petra
Published: September 2009

Giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) are cell‐derived model membrane systems that undergo large‐scale lipid phase separation when cooled below room temperature. Because of their presumably more physiological lipid composition, they are increasingly used as alternatives to synthetic model membranes. However, the exact mechanism of GPMV formation, and thus, effects of this process on the physiological integrity of the membrane are still unclear. Herein, we identify the key steps of GPMV formation and characterize their differences with respect to the plasma membrane of intact cells. Addition of GPMV‐inducing reagents triggers a steady Ca2+ influx that is accompanied by phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] degradation and phosphatidyl serine (PS) externalization before detachment of the cytoskeleton and the onset of vesicle formation. When comparing GPMVs to other cell‐derived model systems, PI(4,5)P2 is not detectable in phase‐separating plasma membrane spheres (PMSs) either, but is present in non‐phase‐separating blebs. GPMVs differ from the physiological state of the plasma membrane in the presence of specific lipids, which limits their use as model systems. Furthermore, we propose that PI(4,5)P2 influences the phase‐separation behavior.
Design of the QoS framework for the IEEE 802.16 mesh networks
Authors: Yang Chun‐Chuan , Mai Yi‐Ting , Tsai Liang‐Chi
Published: September 2009

IEEE 802.16 (WiMax) technology is designed to support broadband speeds over wireless networks for the coming era of broadband wireless access (BWA). IEEE 802.16 is expected to provide transmission of high‐rate and high‐volume multimedia data streams for fixed and mobile applications. As an extension of point‐to‐multipoint (PMP) configuration, the IEEE 802.16 mesh mode provides a quicker and more flexible approach for network deployment. Multimedia networking requires quality‐of‐service (QoS) support, which demands elaborate mechanisms in addition to the four service types defined in the specification. By examining standard centralized and distributed scheduling/routing schemes in the mesh mode from QoS aspect, a BS‐controlled and delay‐sensitive scheduling/routing scheme is proposed in the paper. Associate mechanisms including admission control, flow setup and link state monitoring are also proposed. Integration of the proposed mechanisms is presented as a complete QoS framework. Simulation study has demonstrated that the average delay as well as the delay jitters per hop in the proposed scheme is smaller than that of the distributed scheme and much smaller than that of the centralized scheme. Furthermore, proposed mechanisms can also achieve higher throughput than the contrasts and generate much smaller signaling overhead, making the proposed framework a promising scheme for multimedia support in the IEEE 802.16 mesh network. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the impact of riparian processes on streambank stability
Authors: Langendoen Eddy J. , Richard Lowrance R. , Simon Andrew
Published: September 2009

The series of biennial United States (US) National Water Quality Inventory surveys shows no reduction in the percentage of degraded miles of streams since the early 1990s despite an exponential increase in river restoration projects to improve water quality, enhance in‐stream habitat and manage the riparian zone. This may suggest that many river restoration projects fail to achieve their objectives. This is partly due to a lack of understanding of the dynamics of the degraded riverine system and its interaction with the riparian zone. These projects could, therefore, benefit from using proven models of stream and riparian processes to guide restoration design and to evaluate indicators of ecological integrity. The US Department of Agriculture has developed two such models: the channel evolution computer model CONCEPTS and the riparian ecosystem model REMM. These models have been integrated to evaluate the impact of edge‐of‐field and riparian conservation measures on stream morphology and water quality. Vegetative riparian conservation measures are commonly used to stabilize failing streambanks. The shear strength of bank soils is greatly affected by the degree of saturation of the soils and root reinforcement provided by riparian vegetation. The integrated model was used to study the effectiveness of woody and herbaceous riparian buffers in controlling streambank erosion of an incised stream in northern Mississippi. Comparison of model results with observations showed that pore‐water pressures are accurately predicted in the upper part of the streambank, away from the groundwater table. Simulated pore‐water pressures deviate from those observed lower in the streambank near the phreatic surface. These discrepancies are mainly caused by differences in the simulated location of the phreatic surface and simulated evapotranspiration in case of the woody buffer. The modelling exercise further showed that a coarse rooting system, e.g. as provided by trees, significantly reduced bank erosion rates for this deeply incised stream. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecohydrology in a human‐dominated landscape
Authors: Jackson Robert B. , Jobbágy Esteban G. , Nosetto Marcelo D.
Published: September 2009

As the earth becomes a quilt of managed patches, ecohydrologists need to move from describing to predicting the consequences of human activities, using knowledge to improve human well‐being. We highlight three current opportunities in ecohydrology. The first is the need for stronger research in arid and semi‐arid ecosystems, where water is scarce and a tight coupling exists between hydrology and ecology. The second is to build better predictive frameworks for understanding the consequences of vegetation change. The new framework we propose here combines landscape connectivity, through recharge and discharge dynamics, with global climate. In systems where annual precipitation and evapotranspiration are similar, the evapotranspirative differences of altered vegetation can quickly tip the water balance between positive and negative, fundamentally altering water flows and biogeochemistry. The third opportunity is to use simplified agricultural systems to build and test ecohydrological theory. Such systems function under the same biophysical rules but are often better controlled and replicated than more natural ecosystems. Resolving today's controversies requires sound ecohydrological science in a world where the influences of people are increasingly universal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self Humidifying Hybrid Anion–Cation Membrane Fuel Cell Operated Under Dry Conditions
Authors: Ünlü M. , Zhou J. , Kohl P. A.
Published: September 2009

Hybrid fuel cells composed of a low‐pH proton conductive membrane in contact with a high‐pH anion conductive membrane were investigated. The effect of relative humidity (RH), ionomer content in the anion‐conductive electrode and the inlet gas flow rates were evaluated. The formation of water at the junction of the anion conductive member and proton conductive membrane is especially interesting because it can self‐humidify the fuel cell when dry gases are used. In situ alternative current (AC) impedance spectroscopy was used as a diagnostic tool to understand the performance limitations under different test conditions. The cell output increased at low RH compared to a traditional proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The cell current under dry conditions was limited by the availability of oxygen in the catalyst sites due to flooding in the electrode layer. The ionomer fraction of the high‐pH cathode plays a significant role in the cell performance. At high gas feed rates, water removal from the electrode layers increased and mitigated the effects of flooding. The hybrid cells were operated at steady‐state operation at 0.58 V and 200 mA cm–2 using dry H2/O2 feeds at 80 °C.
Differential vesicular distribution and trafficking of MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and their inhibitors in astrocytes
Authors: Sbai Oualid , Ould‐Yahoui Adlane , Ferhat Lotfi , Gueye Yatma , Bernard Anne , Charrat Eliane , Mehanna Ali , Risso Jean‐Jacques , Chauvin Jean‐Paul , Fenouillet Emmanuel , Rivera Santiago , Khrestchatisky Michel
Published: September 2009

Astrocytes play an active role in the central nervous system and are critically involved in astrogliosis, a homotypic response of these cells to disease, injury, and associated neuroinflammation. Among the numerous molecules involved in these processes are the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of zinc‐dependent endopeptidases, secreted or membrane‐bound, that regulate by proteolytic cleavage the extracellular matrix, cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, and plasma membrane receptors. MMP activity is tightly regulated by the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), a family of secreted multifunctional proteins. Astrogliosisin vivoand astrocyte reactivity inducedin vitroby proinflammatory cues are associated with modulation of expression and/or activity of members of the MMP/TIMP system. However, nothing is known concerning the intracellular distribution and secretory pathways of MMPs and TIMPs in astrocytes. Using a combination of cell biology, biochemistry, fluorescence and electron microscopy approaches, we investigated in cultured reactive astrocytes the intracellular distribution, transport, and secretion of MMP‐2, MMP‐9, TIMP‐1, and TIMP‐2. MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 demonstrate nuclear localization, differential intracellular vesicular distribution relative to the myosin V and kinesin molecular motors, and LAMP‐2‐labeled lysosomal compartment, and we show vesicular secretion for MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and their inhibitors. Our results suggest that these proteinases and their inhibitors use different pathways for trafficking and secretion for distinct astrocytic functions. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of age‐related degeneration on regenerative potential of human nucleus pulposus cells
Authors: Yang Shu‐Hua , Lin Chen‐Chiang , Hu Ming‐Hsiao , Shih Tiffany Ting‐Fang , Sun Yuan‐Hui , Lin Feng‐Huei
Published: September 2009

Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, sourced from herniation surgeries, may be used as a cell‐based therapy for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. But, both the regenerative potential of these degenerative adult NP cells and how to stimulate optimum matrix synthesis is not yet clear. The purpose of the current study was to understand the different phenotypic behaviors between degenerative adult NP cells and normal adolescent NP cells. Degenerative adult NP cells produced a significantly higher amount of proteoglycans and collagens than adolescent cells. Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 was the only anabolic cytokine with increased endogenous expression in degenerative adult NP cells. TGF‐β1 treatment of degenerative NP cells promoted matrix synthesis but stimulated too much type I collagen and suppressed type II collagen and aggrecan. Adult degenerative NP cells possess upregulated regenerative potential, but stimulation in addition to TGF‐β1 is needed to enhance matrix productivity and optimize the collagen expression profile. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:379–383, 2010
Polarised IR and Raman spectra of non‐centrosymmetric Na3Li(MoO4)2· 6H2O crystal—a new Raman laser material
Authors: Hanuza J. , Ma̧czka M. , Lorenc J. , Kaminskii A. A. , Bohaty L. , Becker P.
Published: September 2009

Polarised IR and Raman spectra of Na3Li(MoO4)2· 6H2O single crystal were measured. Discussion of the results is based on the factor group approach for the trigonal R 3c(C3v6) space group with Z = 2. The assignment of the observed bands was performed on the basis of their polarisation behaviour and literature data. The obtained results for the spontaneous Raman scattering were used in the analysis of the stimulated Raman spectra of the material studied—a new Raman laser crystal. The promoting modes of the stimulated effect were identified. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of the basic copper arsenate mineral: euchroite
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Čejka Jiří , Sejkora Jiří , Plášil Jakub , Bahfenne Silmarilly , Palmer Sara J.
Published: September 2009

Raman spectroscopy complemented with infrared spectroscopy was used to study the molecular structure of the mineral euchroite, a mineral involved in a complex set of equilibria between the copper hydroxy arsenates: euchroite Cu2(AsO4)(OH)·3H2O → olivenite Cu2(AsO4)(OH) → strashimirite Cu8(AsO4)4(OH)4·5H2O → arhbarite Cu2Mg(AsO4)(OH)3. The Raman bands observed at 848 and 768 cm−1 are assigned to the ν1 and ν3 (AsO4)3− stretching vibrations. Two Raman bands at 358 and 385 cm−1 are attributed to the ν2 (AsO4)3− bending mode and two Raman bands at 441 and 474 cm−1 to the ν4 AsO43− bending modes. Two sharp Raman bands are observed at 3470 and 3537 cm−1 and are attributed to the stretching vibrations of hydroxyl units. A comparison of the Raman spectrum of euchroite is made with the other copper hydroxy arsenate minerals including strashimirite, olivenite, cornubite, and cornwallite. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absorption of anthocyanins through intestinal epithelial cells – Putative involvement of GLUT2
Authors: Faria Ana , Pestana Diogo , Azevedo Joana , Martel Fátima , de Freitas Victor , Azevedo Isabel , Mateus Nuno , Calhau Conceição
Published: September 2009

Anthocyanins bioavailability is a major issue regarding their biological effects and remains unclear due to few data available on this matter. This work aimed to evaluate the absorption of anthocyanins at the intestine using Caco‐2 cells. Anthocyanin extract, rich in malvidin‐3‐glucoside, was obtained from red grape skins and tested on Caco‐2 cells. The absorption of anthocyanins, in absence or presence of 1% ethanol, was detected by HPLC/DAD/LC‐MS. Our results showed that this transport was significantly increased in the presence of ethanol especially after 60 min of incubation. In addition, cells that were pretreated for 96 h with anthocyanins (200 μg/mL) showed an increase of their own transport (about 50% increase). Expression of glucose transporters sodium‐dependent glucose transporter 1, facilitative glucose transporters 5, and facilitative glucose transporters 2 was assessed by RT‐PCR. It was found that facilitative glucose transporters 2 expression was increased (60%) in Caco‐2 cells pretreated with anthocyanins, by comparison with controls. When the effect of anthocyanin extract on3H‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose uptake was tested, an inhibitory effect was observed (about 60% decrease). However, the malvidin aglycone was tested and had no effect. In conclusion, anthocyanins could be absorbed through Caco‐2 cells, and can interfere with their own transport and also with glucose intestinal uptake.
Assessment of the effects of cellular tissue properties on ADC measurements by numerical simulation of water diffusion
Authors: Harkins Kevin D. , Galons Jean‐Philippe , Secomb Timothy W. , Trouard Theodore P.
Published: September 2009

The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), as measured by diffusion‐weighted MRI, has proven useful in the diagnosis and evaluation of ischemic stroke. The ADC of tissue water is reduced by 30‐50% following ischemia and provides excellent contrast between normal and affected tissue. Despite its clinical utility, there is no consensus on the biophysical mechanism underlying the reduction in ADC. In this work, a numerical simulation of water diffusion is used to predict the effects of cellular tissue properties on experimentally measured ADC. The model indicates that the biophysical mechanisms responsible for changes in ADC postischemia depend upon the time over which diffusion is measured. At short diffusion times, the ADC is dependent upon the intrinsic intracellular diffusivity, while at longer, clinically relevant diffusion times, the ADC is highly dependent upon the cell volume fraction. The model also predicts that at clinically relevant diffusion times, the 30‐50% drop in ADC after ischemia can be accounted for by cell swelling alone when intracellular T2 is allowed to be shorter than extracellular T2. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pattern recognition of MRSI data shows regions of glioma growth that agree with DTI markers of brain tumor infiltration
Authors: Wright Alan J. , Fellows G. , Byrnes T. J. , Opstad K. S. , McIntyre D. J. O. , Griffiths J. R. , Bell B. A. , Clark C. A. , Barrick T. R. , Howe F. A.
Published: September 2009

Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors and the majority are highly malignant, with one of the worst prognoses for patients. Gliomas are characterized by invasive growth into normal brain tissue that makes complete surgical resection and accurate radiotherapy planning extremely difficult. We have performed independent component analysis of magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging data from human gliomas to segment brain tissue into tumor core, tumor infiltration, and normal brain, with confirmation by diffusion tensor imaging analysis. Our data are consistent with previous studies that compared anomalies in isotropic and anisotropic diffusion images to determine regions of potential glioma infiltration. We show that coefficients of independent components can be used to create colored images for easy visual identification of regions of infiltrative tumor growth. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The molecular underpinning of lobular histological growth pattern: a genome‐wide transcriptomic analysis of invasive lobular carcinomas and grade‐ and molecular subtype‐matched invasive ductal carcinomas of no special type
Authors: Weigelt Britta , Geyer Felipe C , Natrajan Rachael , Lopez‐Garcia Maria A , Ahmad Amar S , Savage Kay , Kreike Bas , Reis‐Filho Jorge S
Published: September 2009

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the most frequent special type of breast cancer. The majority of these tumours are of low histological grade, express hormone receptors, and lack HER2 expression. The pleomorphic variant of ILCs (PLCs) is characterized by atypical cells with pleomorphic nuclei and is reported to have an aggressive clinical behaviour. Expression profiling studies have demonstrated that classic ILCs preferentially display a luminal phenotype, whereas PLCs may be of luminal, HER2 or molecular apocrine subtypes. The aims of this study were two‐fold: to determine the transcriptomic characteristics of lobular carcinomas and to define the genome‐wide transcriptomic differences between classic ILCs and PLCs. To define the transcriptomic characteristics of ILCs, minimizing the impact of histological grade and molecular subtype on the analysis, we subjected a series of grade‐ and molecular subtype‐matched ILCs and invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs) to genome‐wide gene expression profiling using oligonucleotide microarrays. Hierarchical clustering analysis demonstrated that ILCs formed a separate cluster and a supervised analysis revealed that 5.8% of the transcriptionally regulated genes were significantly differentially expressed in ILCs compared to grade‐ and molecular subtype‐matched IDCs. ILCs displayed down‐regulation of E‐cadherin and of genes related to actin cytoskeleton remodelling, protein ubiquitin, DNA repair, cell adhesion, TGF‐beta signalling; and up‐regulation of transcription factors/immediate early genes, lipid/prostaglandin biosynthesis genes, and cell migration‐associated genes. Supervised analysis of classic ILCs and PLCs demonstrated that less than 0.1% of genes were significantly differentially expressed between these tumour subtypes. Our results demonstrate that ILCs differ from grade‐ and molecular subtype‐matched IDCs in the expression of genes related to cell adhesion, cell‐to‐cell signalling, and actin cytoskeleton signalling. However, classic ILCs and PLCs are remarkably similar at the molecular level and should be considered as part of a spectrum of lesions. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peripheral blood stem cell mobilization with pegfilgrastim compared to filgrastim in children and young adults with malignancies
Authors: Fritsch Peter , Schwinger Wolfgang , Schwantzer Gerold , Lackner Herwig , Sovinz Petra , Wendelin Gerald , Benesch Martin , Sipurzynski Sabine , Urban Christian
Published: September 2009

Background

Pegfilgrastim, the long acting agent of rh‐GCSF, has been shown to be as effective as Filgrastim in children undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy by reducing the duration of neutropenia. Recent studies in adults have also shown that Pegfilgrastim is effective to mobilize CD34+ stem cells, resulting in earlier peripheral stem cell collections (PSCC). The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of Pegfilgrastim with Filgrastim for CD34+ stem cell mobilization in children.

Procedure

Three groups of patients were compared: Group 1: six patients with Ewing Sarcoma stimulated with Filgrastim; Group 2: five patients with Ewing Sarcoma, Ependymoma, and Neuroblastoma; Group 3: four patients with relapsed neoplasm. Patients of Group 2 and 3 were stimulated with Pegfilgrastim followed by peripheral stem cell collection. Two patients in Group 3 needed further cytokine stimulation with Filgrastim combined with stem cell factor, Ancestim.

Results

In Groups 1–3, a median of 4, 3, and 3 PSCC between day 12–24, 6–13, and 8–30 were performed, yielding a median of 14.2, 24.0, and 10.3 × 106 CD34+ stem cells/kg BW, respectively.

Conclusions

Group 2 data show that stem cell mobilization with Pegfilgrastim in children when performed during primary or without previous long lasting chemotherapy seems to produce earlier CD34+ peaks and better CD34+ yields than in Group 1. CD34+ cell mobilization with Pegfilgrastim in Group 3‐patients with previous long lasting chemotherapy was possible. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:134–137. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation of cultivation sources of Ganoderma lucidum by NMR‐based metabolomics approach
Authors: Wen He , Kang Sunmi , Song Youngmin , Song Yonghyun , Sung Sang Hyun , Park Sunghyouk
Published: September 2009

Introduction – Ganoderma lucidum is a widely used and high‐value medicinal natural product. Correct identification of its cultivation source is important for proper quality assurance, but is so far mostly dependent on subjective morphological examinations.

Objective – To develop an efficient way of discriminating the cultivation sources of Ganoderma lucidum, particularly those from Korea and China, the two major sources of the mushroom using NMR‐based metabolomic differentiation.

Methodology – Ganoderma lucidum samples were collected from Korea (26 samples) and China (20 samples), and their NMR spectra were obtained. The raw data were processed, and analysed using multivariate statistical analysis.

Results – Although conventional principal component analysis showed some overlaps, orthogonal projections to latent structure discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA) provided clean distinction between samples from the two countries. Contributing signals were also identified using S‐plot, and further verified with independent t‐test. Final validation of the model was obtained using prediction test of the unknowns, where the model predicted all of the 14 test samples correctly. Distinction between the cultivation sources within China was also established.

Conclusion – The easiness and transferability of our NMR‐based approach should contribute to addressing an important aspect of quality control process of Ganoderma lucidum. We believe the method can be easily applied to other herbal medical products. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Value of religious care for relief of psycho‐existential suffering in Japanese terminally ill cancer patients: the perspective of bereaved family members
Authors: Ando Michiyo , Kawamura Ryo , Morita Tatsuya , Hirai Kei , Miyashita Mitsunori , Okamoto Takuya , Shima Yasuo
Published: September 2009

Objective: This study aimed to clarify the experience of bereaved family members of cancer patients regarding the usefulness of religious care (perceived usefulness). The value of this care to palliate psycho‐existential suffering in future patients was also examined (predicted usefulness).

Methods: A questionnaire was sent to 592 bereaved family members of cancer patients who were admitted to certified palliative care units in Japan. Responses were obtained from 378 families, indicating whether the patient received religious care, the perceived usefulness of the care, and its predicted usefulness for palliation of psycho‐existential suffering.

Results: About 25% (N=83) indicated that the patient had received religious care, whereas 75% (N=255) had not received it. Families of patients who had received religious care evaluated pastoral care workers (86%), religious services (82%), and religious music (80%) as ‘very useful’ or ‘useful’. Families predicted usefulness of religious care for future patients: attending a religious service (very useful or useful, 56%; not useful or harmful, 44%), a religious atmosphere (48%, 52%), meeting with a pastoral care worker (50%, 50%), and religious care by physicians (26%, 74%), and nurses (27%, 73%). Families with a religion were significantly more likely to rate religious care as useful for future patients.

Conclusions: Families of patients who received religious care generally evaluated this care to be very useful or useful. For future patients, some families felt that religious care would be useful, but some did not. In Japan, religious care is more likely to provide benefits to patients who have a religion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal structure of a 3B3 variant—A broadly neutralizing HIV‐1 scFv antibody
Authors: Clark K. Reed , Walsh Scott T. R.
Published: September 2009

We present the crystal structure determination of an anti‐HIV‐1 gp120 single‐chain variable fragment antibody variant, 3B3, at 2.5 Å resolution. This 3B3 variant was derived from the b12 antibody, using phage display and site‐directed mutagenesis of the variable heavy chain (VH) complementary‐determining regions (CDRs). 3B3 exhibits enhanced binding affinity and neutralization activity against several cross‐clade primary isolates of HIV‐1 by interaction with the recessed CD4‐binding site on the gp120 envelope protein. Comparison with the structures of the unbound and bound forms of b12, the 3B3 structure closely resembles these structures with minimal differences with two notable exceptions. First, there is a reorientation of the CDR‐H3 of the VH domain where the primary sequences evolved from b12 to 3B3. The structural changes in CDR‐H3 of 3B3, in light of the b12‐gp120 complex structure, allow for positioning an additional Trp side chain in the binding interface with gp120. Finally, the second region of structural change involves two peptide bond flips in CDR‐L3 of the variable light (VL) domain triggered by a point mutation in CDR‐H3 of Q100eY resulting in changes in the intramolecular hydrogen bonding patterning between the VL and VH domains. Thus, the enhanced binding affinities and neutralization capabilities of 3B3 relative to b12 probably result from higher hydrophobic driving potential by burying more aromatic residues at the 3B3‐gp120 interface and by indirect stabilization of intramolecular contacts of the core framework residues between the VL and VH domains possibly through more favorable entropic effect through the expulsion of water.
Prevalence of cross‐ or multiple resistance to the acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors fenoxaprop, clodinafop and pinoxaden in black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) in France
Authors: Petit Cécile , Bay Guillaume , Pernin Fanny , Délye Christophe
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND: Repeated use of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, especially fenoxaprop and clodinafop, since the late 1980s has selected for resistance in Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (black‐grass) in France. We investigated whether resistance to pinoxaden, a phenylpyrazoline ACCase inhibitor to be marketed in France, was present in French black‐grass populations. We investigated pinoxaden resistance conferred by five mutant ACCase isoforms. Using 84 French black‐grass field samples, we also compared the frequencies of other mechanisms endowing resistance to fenoxaprop, clodinafop or pinoxaden.

RESULTS: ACCase mutant isoforms Leu‐1781, Gly‐2078 and, likely, Cys‐2027 conferred cross‐resistance to pinoxaden, while isoform Asn‐2041 possibly conferred moderate resistance. Other mechanisms of resistance to fenoxaprop, clodinafop and pinoxaden were detected in 99, 68 and 64% of the samples investigated, respectively. Cross‐ or multiple resistance to fenoxaprop or clodinafop and pinoxaden was not systematically observed, suggesting a diversity of mechanisms exist.

CONCLUSION: Pinoxaden resistance was observed before pinoxaden release in France. Only a fraction of the mechanisms endowing fenoxaprop or clodinafop resistance also confer pinoxaden resistance. Pinoxaden resistance was likely mostly selected for by ACCase inhibitors, and, in some cases, possibly by herbicides with other modes of action. This illustrates the necessity to use metabolisable herbicides cautiously where black‐grass has evolved non‐target‐site‐based resistance. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Artichoke leaf extract reduces oxidative stress and lipoprotein dyshomeostasis in rats fed on high cholesterol diet
Authors: Küskü‐Kiraz Z. , Mehmetçik G. , Doǧru‐Abbasoǧlu S. , Uysal M.
Published: September 2009

Hypercholesterolemia and lipid peroxidation play complementary role in atherosclerosis. Artichoke leaf extract (ALE) is rich in natural antioxidants and has a cholesterol‐reducing effect. However, there is no study investigating the effect of ALE on lipid levels and lipid peroxidation in experimental hypercholesterolemic conditions. Rats were fed on 4% (w/w) cholesterol and 1% (w/w) cholic acid supplemented diet for 1 month. ALE (1.5 g/kg/day) was given by gavage during the last 2 weeks. Serum lipid composition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and diene conjugate (DC) levels and plasma antioxidant activity (AOA) were measured. In addition, endogenous DC and copper‐induced MDA levels were determined in apo B‐containing lipoproteins (LDL+VLDL fraction). Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and the ratio of cholesterol to HDL‐cholesterol decreased due to ALE treatment in rats fed on HC diet. Significant decreases in serum MDA and DC levels and increases in plasma AOA were detected in serum in ALE‐treated hypercholesterolemic rats. Endogenous DC and copper‐induced MDA levels were also lower in LDL+VLDL fraction due to ALE‐treatment in hypercholesterolemic rats. Our results indicate that ALE may be useful for the prevention of hypercholesterolemia‐induced pro‐oxidant state in LDL+VLDL fraction and the reduction of increased serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional mapping with time‐of‐flight cameras
Authors: May Stefan , Droeschel David , Holz Dirk , Fuchs Stefan , Malis Ezio , Nüchter Andreas , Hertzberg Joachim
Published: September 2009

This article investigates the use of time‐of‐flight (ToF) cameras in mapping tasks for autonomous mobile robots, in particular in simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) tasks. Although ToF cameras are in principle an attractive type of sensor for three‐dimensional (3D) mapping owing to their high rate of frames of 3D data, two features make them difficult as mapping sensors, namely, their restricted field of view and influences on the quality of range measurements by high dynamics in object reflectivity; in addition, currently available models suffer from poor data quality in a number of aspects. The paper first summarizes calibration and filtering approaches for improving the accuracy, precision, and robustness of ToF cameras independent of their intended usage. Then, several ego motion estimation approaches are applied or adapted, respectively, in order to provide a performance benchmark for registering ToF camera data. As a part of this, an extension to the iterative closest point algorithm has been developed that increases the robustness under restricted field of view and under larger displacements. Using an indoor environment, the paper provides results from SLAM experiments using these approaches in comparison. It turns out that the application of ToF cameras is feasible to SLAM tasks, although this type of sensor has a complex error characteristic. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is doing good good for you? how corporate charitable contributions enhance revenue growth
Authors: Lev Baruch , Petrovits Christine , Radhakrishnan Suresh
Published: September 2009

This study examines the impact of corporate philanthropy growth on sales growth using a large sample of charitable contributions made by U.S. public companies from 1989 through 2000. Applying Granger causality tests, we find that charitable contributions are significantly associated with future revenue, whereas the association between revenue and future contributions is marginally significant at best. We then identify the mechanism underlying our findings. Our results are particularly pronounced for firms that are highly sensitive to consumer perception, where individual consumers are the predominant customers. In addition, we document a positive relationship between contributions and customer satisfaction. Overall, our evidence suggests that corporate philanthropy, under certain circumstances, furthers firms' economic objectives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does interdependency affect firm and industry profitability? an empirical test
Authors: Lenox Michael J. , Rockart Scott F. , Lewin Arie Y.
Published: September 2009

Strategy researchers have argued that heterogeneity in firms' practices and profitability within and across industries may derive from industry‐level differences in the extent of interdependencies among firms' activities. Theoretical models have clarified how and why differences in the extent of the interdependencies faced by firms across industries may affect the distributions of firm profits, but the specific predictions from these models have not been empirically tested. In this paper, we present what we believe is the first large scale empirical analysis linking differences in the extent of interdependencies across industries to differences in the distribution of firm profits within and across those industries. We use survey data to measure interdependencies systematically across a wide number of industries, thus addressing the primary obstacle to incorporating interdependencies in larger scale empirical work, and find evidence consistent with the theoretical predictions: average profitability is highest in industries with moderate levels of interdependency; the dispersion of profits among firms is higher in industries with more extensive interdependencies; and industries with more extensive interdependencies have a more positively skewed performance distribution. We find that the effect of interdependencies on average industry profitability is similar in scale to the effect of patent protection and industry growth rates, placing interdependency squarely among the strategy field's central concepts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complement-Derived Anaphylatoxin C3a Regulates In Vitro Differentiation and Migration of Neural Progenitor Cells
Authors: Shinjyo Noriko , Ståhlberg Anders , Dragunow Mike , Pekny Milos , Pekna Marcela
Published: September 2009

Anaphylatoxin C3a is a third complement component (C3)-derived peptide, the multiple functions of which range from stimulation of inflammation to neuroprotection. In a previous study, we have shown that signaling through C3a receptor positively regulates in vivo neurogenesis in adult mouse brain. Here, we studied the direct effects of C3a on adult mouse whole brain-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in vitro. Our results demonstrate that NPCs bind C3a in a specific and reversible manner and that C3a stimulates neuronal differentiation of NPCs. Furthermore, C3a stimulated the migration of NPCs induced by low concentrations of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α, whereas it inhibited NPC migration at high concentration of SDF-1α. In the same manner, C3a modulated SDF-1α-induced extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in these cells. In addition, C3a had inhibitory effect on SDF-1α-induced neuronal differentiation of NPCs. These data show that C3a modulates SDF-1α-induced differentiation and migration of these cells, conceivably through the regulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Our results provide the first evidence that C3a regulates neurogenesis by directly affecting the fate and properties of NPCs.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Enhanced Hematovascular Contribution of SCL 3′ Enhancer Expressing Fetal Liver Cells Uncovers Their Potential to Integrate in Extramedullary Adult Niches
Authors: Garcia-Ortega Antonio M. , Cañete Ana , Quinter Cristina , Silberstein Lev , Piquer-Gil Marina , Alvarez-Dolado Manuel , Dekel Benjamin , Gottgens Berthild , Sánchez María-José
Published: September 2009

Fetal liver (FL) hematopoietic progenitors have superior blood engraftment competence compared with adult bone marrow (BM), however less is known about FL in vivo vascular capacity. Here we show in transplantation assays that FL cells possess enhanced vascular endothelial potential compared with adult bone marrow. We generated high-level hematopoietic chimeras using donor cells from mice transgenic for the stem cell leukaemia 3′ enhancer human placental alkaline phosphatase (SCL3′Enh-PLAP) reporter construct, active in vascular endothelium, and blood progenitor and stem cells. Long-term lineage tracing analysis revealed PLAP+ vascular-like patches in FL-derived chimeras, whereas adult BM-derived chimeras presented only rare and scattered PLAP+ cells. PLAP+ vascular-like patches were formed following transplantation into both newborn and adult recipient mice, although their frequency was reduced in adult recipients. Confocal analysis of multiple labeled tissues revealed that whereas most liver and heart PLAP+ vascular patch-associated cells were endothelial, PLAP+ vascular patches in the kidney contained endothelial, hematopoietic, and putative hemangioblastic cells. Moreover, fluorescence-activated cell sorting assays showed that only FL PLAPbright+ donor cells can generate PLAP+ vascular patches upon transplantation. Taken together, these data demonstrate superior vascular contribution potential of FL cells, and not only provide new insights into the developmental pathways controlling endothelial development but also may prove informative when addressing the mechanisms involved in vascular regeneration and hemangiogenic recovery in a clinical context.
Insulin but Not Glucagon Gene is Silenced in Human Pancreas-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Wilson Leah M. , Wong Stephen H.K. , Yu Ningpu , Geras-Raaka Elizabeth , Raaka Bruce M. , Gershengorn Marvin C.
Published: September 2009

We previously characterized human islet-derived precursor cells (hIPCs) as a specific type of mesenchymal stem cell capable of differentiating to insulin (INS)- and glucagon (GCG)-expressing cells. However, during proliferative expansion, INS transcript becomes undetectable and then cannot be induced, a phenomenon consistent with silencing of the INS gene. We explored this possibility by determining whether ectopic expression of transcription factors known to induce transcription of this gene in β cells, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox factor 1 (Pdx1), V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (Mafa), and neurogenic differentiation 1 (Neurod1), would activate INS gene expression in long-term hIPC cultures. Coexpression of all three transcription factors had little effect on INS mRNA levels but unexpectedly increased GCG mRNA at least 100,000-fold. In contrast to the endogenous promoter, an exogenous rat INS promoter was activated by expression of Pdx1 and Mafa in hIPCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays using antibodies directed at posttranslationally modified histones show that regions of the INS and GCG genes have similar levels of activation-associated modifications but the INS gene has higher levels of repression-associated modifications. Furthermore, the INS gene was found to be less accessible to micrococcal nuclease digestion than the GCG gene. Lastly, ChIP assays show that exogenously expressed Pdx1 and Mafa bind at very low levels to the INS promoter and at 20- to 25-fold higher levels to the GCG promoter in hIPCs. We conclude that the INS gene in hIPCs is modified epigenetically (“silenced”) so that it is resistant to activation by transcription factors.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Infrarot‐Laserabsorptionsspektroskopie mit Quantenkaskadenlasern in der industriellen Anwendung
Authors: Zimmermann Henrik , Scheffler Peter , Spreeberg Sebastian
Published: September 2009

Spektroskopischen Verfahren zur Gasösung, sie waren unhandlich, nicht robust genug oder schlicht zu teuer. Durch Quantenkaskadenlaser als Strahlungsquelle kann nun die Anwendung der MIR‐Absorptionsspektroskopie in der Industrie revolutioniert werden. Zwar steht die industrielle Nutzung in der Plasmaprozesstechnik noch am Anfang, jedoch ist ihr enormes Potenzial bereits jetzt erkennbar, was durch Messungen an Plasmaätzanlagen der Halbleiterindustrie eindrucksvoll belegt wird.
Carbon Nanotubes ‐ Megatrend der Werkstofftechnologie mit aussichtsreichen Anwendungsperspektiven
Authors: Hoffschulz Holger , Krüger Péter
Published: September 2009

Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) sind weltweit ein Megatrend der Werkstofftechnologie mit faszinierenden Perspektiven. CNTs können dazu beitragen, die mechanischen, elektronischen und thermischen Eigenschaften von Werkstoffen grundlegend zu verbessern und haben das Potenzial, völlig neue Werkstoffe und Produkte hervorzubringen, die mit bisheriger Technologie nicht realisierbar sind.

In Deutschland hat sich kürzlich ein eng vernetzter Forschungsverbund mit rund 80 namhaften Partnern aus Wissenschaft, Mittelstand und Großindustrie zusammen gefunden, um die Basis für einen Leitmarkt für diesen Werkstoff zu legen. Die Initiative schlägt eine Brücke zwischen wegweisender Technologie und praxisnahen Anwendungen und entwickelt in 18 Projekten innovative Applikationen auf den Gebieten Energie/Umwelt, Mobilität sowie Leichtbau.
Statistics in forensic science
Authors: Curran James M.
Published: September 2009

Statistical thinking and computation are taking an increasing role in the field of forensic science. Heavy emphasis on Bayesian reasoning and logic over the last 20 years has revolutionized the interpretation of DNA evidence, glass evidence, and fingerprint evidence. This revolution has led to an increased demand for statistical software that makes the methodology accessible and usable. Interpretation of evidence is one part of forensic science where statistics is making a contribution. There are strong efforts, especially in the field of DNA, being made toward developing probabilistic expert systems which can aid investigators through intelligence‐led policing. This paper will attempt to review the advances that have been made in the field of forensic science through statistical methodology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Psychometrics
Cu9Bi9S16Cl8 und Cu7.4Bi6Se12Cl7 – Polyedernetzwerke mit Dichalkogenidbrücken und mobilen Kupfer(I)‐Kationen
Authors: Heerwig Andreas , Ruck Michael
Published: September 2009

Melting reactions of Cu, CuCl, Q (Q = S, Se), and Bi2Q3 yield black, shiny needles of the chalcogenide chlorides Cu9Bi9S16Cl8 or Cu7.4Bi6Se12Cl7. The compounds decompose peritectically above 612(5) K and 623(5) K. Raman spectra reveal the presence of dichalcogenide groups, whereas for copper the oxidation state +I is supported by Cu‐K‐XANES. Cu9Bi9S16Cl8 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m with a = 2061.6(3) pm, b = 394.89(3) pm, c = 1194.1(2) pm, β = 102.98(1) °, T = 293(2) K. Three sulfide and four chloride anions coordinate each of the two independent bismuth cations in the shape of monocapped trigonal prisms. The [BiS3Cl4] polyhedra form quadruple rods by sharing edges and faces. Covalent bonds between sulfide anions connect the rods into layers parallel to (001). Disordered copper as well as bismuth cations fill the voids between the layers. The Joint Probability Density Function (JPDF) reveals a continuous pathway along [010], which might be used for ion conduction. Cu7.4Bi6Se12Cl7 crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P6/m with a = 1505.8(1) pm, c = 401.41(3) pm, T = 293(2) K. Monocapped trigonal prisms [BiSe3Cl4] share faces along [001]. Through edge‐sharing these rods form hexagonal tubes, which are filled with disordered copper cations as well as chloride anions. Diselenide bridges link neighboring tubes. The intertubular channels contain stationary copper cations.