bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Knitting Parameters on Moisture Management and Air Permeability of Interlock Fabrics
Authors: Nazir Ahsan , Hussain Tanveer , Ahmad Faheem , Faheem Sajid
Published: March 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of knitting parameters on the moisture management and air
permeability of the interlock fabrics. Samples were produced at two different knitting gauges, each with three
different stitch lengths. It was found that the fabric mass per square metre increases by increasing machine gauge
and decreasing the stitch length, whereas the fabric thickness and porosity increase at these settings. It was further
concluded that the loosely knitted fabric samples with higher amount of entrapped air exhibit good air permeability
but poor moisture management properties.
Effectiveness of Proadrenomedullin Enhanced CURB65 Score Algorithm in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia in “Real Life”, an Observational Quality Control Survey
Authors: Widmer Daniel , Drozdov Daniel , Rüegger Kristina , Litke Alexander , Arici Birsen , Regez Katharina , Guglielmetti Merih , Schild Ursula , Conca Antoinette , Schäfer Petra , Kouegbe Rita , Reutlinger Barbara , Blum Claudine , Schuetz Philipp , Irani Sarosh , Huber Andreas , Bürgi Ulrich , Müller Beat , Albrich Werner
Published: March 2014

Background: An intervention trial found a trend for shorter length of stay (LOS) in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) when the CURB65 score was combined with the prognostic biomarker proadrenomedullin (ProADM) (CURB65-A). However, the efficacy and safety of CURB65-A in real life situations remains unclear. Methods: From September, 2011, until April, 2012, we performed a post-study prospective observational quality control survey at the cantonal Hospital of Aarau, Switzerland of consecutive adults with CAP. The primary endpoint was length of stay (LOS) during the index hospitalization and within 30 days. We compared the results with two well-defined historic cohorts of CAP patients hospitalized in the same hospital with the use of multivariate regression, namely 83 patients in the observation study without ProADM (OPTIMA I) and the 169 patients in the intervention study (OPTIMA II RCT). Results: A total of 89 patients with confirmed CAP were included. As compared to patients with CURB65 only observed in the OPTIMA I study, adjusted regression analysis showed a significant shorter initial LOS (7.5 vs. 10.4 days; −2.32; 95% CI, −4.51 to −0.13; p = 0.04) when CURB65-A was used in clinical routine. No significant differences were found for LOS within 30 days. There were no significant differences in safety outcomes in regard to mortality and ICU admission between the cohorts. Conclusion: This post-study survey provides evidence that the use of ProADM in combination with CURB65 (CURB65-A) in “real life” situations reduces initial LOS compared to the CURB65 score alone without apparent negative effects on patient safety.
Ochracenoids A and B, Guaiazulene-Based Analogues from Gorgonian Anthogorgia ochracea Collected from the South China Sea
Authors: Zheng Juan-Juan , Shao Chang-Lun , Chen Min , Gan Li-She , Fang Yu-Chun , Wang Xu-Hui , Wang Chang-Yun
Published: March 2014

Two new guaiazulene-based analogues, ochracenoids A (1) and B (2), along with four known analogues (3–6), were isolated from the gorgonian Anthogorgia ochracea collected from the South China Sea. The planar structures of the new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined as 3R by the comparison of TDDFT calculated electronic circular dichroism with its experimental spectrum. Compound 1 is a rare guaiazulene-based analogue possessing a unique C16 skeleton. The possible generation process of 1 through an intermolecular one-carbon-transfer reaction was also discussed. Compound 2 was previously described as a presumed intermediate involved in the biogenesis of anthogorgienes A and I. Compound 3 exhibited antiproliferative effects on the embryo development of zebrafish Danio rerio.
AN INNOVATIVE APPLICATION OF COMPUTERIZED CELL IMAGE ANALYSIS IN THE THERAPEUTIC AND CLINICAL FOLLOW UP — QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENT IN A CASE OF CUTANEOUS MASTOCYTOSIS RECEIVING A SERIES OF UVA1 IRRADIATION
Authors: Chang Tsai-Rong , Chen Ding-Horng , Wu Yu-Shien , Lu Chin-Fang , Lu Chun-Ming
Published: March 2014

The severity and outcome of mastocytosis are known to be related to the number and size of mast cells. The standard treatment of this rare dermatological disorder is phototherapy with UVA1 irradiation. Here, the treatment effects were evaluated during the course of phototherapy on a patient with mastocytosis (urticaria pigmentosa). Photomicrographs of CD117 antibody-stained histological sections of the dermis were analyzed using image software programmed with artificial neural networks. The artificial neural networks analyzed the color feature of epidermis, dermis and mast cells. First, mast cells were isolated from epidermis and dermis, and RGB pixels were converted to HSV color space for artificial neural networks training. Secondly, morphology and connective component labeling were used in epidermal pixels classification to determine the scope of dermal areas. Thirdly, regional separation isolated the dermis for the mast cell analysis. Specifically, the number and size of mast cells were quantified. The method has good reproducibility compared with other methods which had larger variance and lower accuracy. We found also that the UVA1 phototherapy was effective as indicated by a post-treatment change in the ratio of mast cell surface to cell number. In addition, we compared similar results based on subjective visual inspection (from 10 human subjects). Both methods of analysis showed a reduction in the number and size of mast cells after phototherapy. But compared with human judgment, the computerized method was superior in accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of the findings.
A Match Made in “Outer Heaven:”
Authors: Gomez Jorge
Published: March 2014

The stealth-action videogame Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots features the tired heroics of Solid Snake (also known as Old Snake), a retired, legendary soldier whose services are demanded one last time by a world in perpetual war. This epic game, containing almost ten hours of cutscenes alone, delineates the consequences not only of nuclear proliferation, but of mass (re)production in a digital age. In this fourth and final entry in the Solid Snake saga the two go hand-in-hand: a nuclear age exacerbated by advanced technology, advanced technology proliferated under the banner of a post-Cold War war economy. In this chapter, Kenneth Burke's rhetoric of rebirth and Slavoj Žižek's ideological criticism, along with several ludological frameworks, are adopted to show how various multiliteracies can be unearthed from this artifact of digital rhetoric. The chapter closes with implications for digital rhetoric studies.
Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): a global budget and source attribution
Authors: Fischer E. V. , Jacob D. J. , Yantosca R. M. , Sulprizio M. P. , Millet D. B. , Mao J. , Paulot F. , Singh H. B. , Roiger A. , Ries L. , Talbot R.W. , Dzepina K. , Pandey Deolal S.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formed in the atmospheric oxidation of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) is the principal tropospheric reservoir for nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx = NO + NO2). PAN enables the transport and release of NOx to the remote troposphere with major implications for the global distributions of ozone and OH, the main tropospheric oxidants. Simulation of PAN is a challenge for global models because of the dependence of PAN on vertical transport as well as complex and uncertain NMVOC sources and chemistry. Here we use an improved representation of NMVOCs in a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and show that it can simulate PAN observations from aircraft campaigns worldwide. The immediate carbonyl precursors for PAN formation include acetaldehyde (44% of the global source), methylglyoxal (30%), acetone (7%), and a suite of other isoprene and terpene oxidation products (19%). A diversity of NMVOC emissions is responsible for PAN formation globally including isoprene (37%) and alkanes (14%). Anthropogenic sources are dominant in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere outside the growing season. Open fires appear to play little role except at high northern latitudes in spring, although results are very sensitive to plume chemistry and plume rise. Lightning NOx is the dominant contributor to the observed PAN maximum in the free troposphere over the South Atlantic.
Dimension of aircraft exhaust plumes at cruise conditions: effect of wake vortices
Authors: Unterstrasser S. , Paoli R. , Sölch I. , Kühnlein C. , Gerz T.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The dispersion of aircraft emissions during the vortex phase is studied using a 3-D LES model with Lagrangian particle tracking. The simulations start with a fully rolled-up vortex pair of a type B747/A340 airplane and the tracer centred around the vortex cores. The tracer dilution and plume extent is studied for a variety of ambient and aircraft parameters until aircraft-induced effects have ceased. For typical upper tropospheric conditions, the impact of stratification is more dominant compared to turbulence intensity or vertical wind shear. Moreover, the sensitivity to the initial tracer distribution was found to be weak. Along the transverse direction, the tracer concentrations can be well approximated by a Gaussian distribution, along the vertical a superposition of three Gaussian distributions is adequate. For the studied parameter range, the vertical plume expansion ranges from 400 m to 550 m and cross-sectional area from 4.0 × 104 m2 to 6 × 104 m2 after six minutes. For validation, selected simulations were compared to an alternative LES model and to in-situ NO-measurements.
A global model simulation of present and future nitrate aerosols and their direct radiative forcing of climate
Authors: Hauglustaine D. A. , Balkanski Y. , Schulz M.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The ammonia cycle and nitrate particle formation have been introduced in the LMDz-INCA global model. Both fine nitrate particles formation in the accumulation mode and coarse nitrate forming on existing dust and sea-salt particles are considered. The model simulates distributions of nitrates and related species in agreement with previous studies and observations. The calculated present-day total nitrate direct radiative forcing since the pre-industrial is −0.056 W m−2. This forcing has the same magnitude than the forcing associated with organic carbon particles and represents 18% of the sulfate forcing. Fine particles largely dominate the nitrate forcing representing close to 90% of this value. The model has been used to investigate the future changes in nitrates and direct radiative forcing of climate based on snapshot simulations for the four Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios and for the 2030, 2050 and 2100 time horizons. Due to a decrease in fossil fuel emissions in the future, the concentrations of most of the species involved in the nitrate-ammonium-sulfate system drop by 2100 except for ammonia which originates from agricultural practices and for which emissions significantly increase in the future. Despite the decrease of nitrate surface levels in Europe and Northern America, the global burden of accumulation mode nitrates increases by up to a factor of 2.6 in 2100. This increase in nitrate in the future arises despite decreasing NOx emissions due to increased availability of ammonia to form ammonium nitrate. The total aerosol direct forcing decreases from its present-day value of −0.234 W m−2 to a range of −0.070 to −0.130 W m−2 in 2100 based on the considered scenario. The direct forcing decreases for all aerosols except for nitrates for which the direct negative forcing increases to a range of −0.060 to −0.115 W m−2 in 2100. Including nitrates in the radiative forcing calculations increases the total direct forcing of aerosols by a factor of 1.3 in 2000, by a factor of 1.7–2.6 in 2030, by 1.9–4.8 in 2050 and by 6.4–8.6 in 2100. These results show that agricultural emissions of ammonia will play a key role in the future mitigation of climate change with nitrates becoming the dominant contributor to the anthropogenic aerosol optical depth during the second half of the XXIst century and significantly increasing the calculated aerosol direct forcing. This significant increase in the influence that nitrate exert on climate in the future will at the same time affect regional air quality and nitrogen deposition to the ecosystems.
Laboratory and field measurements of enantiomeric monoterpene emissions as a function of chemotype, light and temperature
Authors: Song W. , Staudt M. , Bourgeois I. , Williams J.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Plants emit significant amounts of monoterpenes into the earth's atmosphere, where they react rapidly to form a multitude of gas phase species and particles. Many monoterpenes exist in mirror-image forms or enantiomers. In this study the enantiomeric monoterpene profile for several representative plants (Quercus ilex L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Pinus halepensis Mill.) was investigated as a function of chemotype, light and temperature both in the laboratory and in the field. Analysis of enantiomeric monoterpenes from 19 Quercus ilex individuals from Southern France and Spain revealed four regiospecific chemotypes (genetically fixed emission patterns). In agreement with previous work, only Quercus ilex emissions increased strongly with light. However, for all three plant species no consistent enantiomeric variation was observed as a function of light, and the enantiomeric ratio of α-pinene was found to vary by less than 20% from 100 and 1000 μmol m−2 s−1 PAR (photosynthetically active radiation). The rate of monoterpene emission increased with temperature from all three plant species, but little variation in the enantiomeric distribution of α-pinene was observed with temperature. There was more enantiomeric variability between individuals of the same species than could be induced by either light or temperature. Field measurements of α-pinene enantiomer mixing ratios in the air, taken at a Quercus ilex forest in Southern France, and several other previously reported field enantiomeric ratio diel cycle profiles are compared. All show smoothly varying diel cycles (some positive and some negative) even over changing wind directions. This is surprising in comparison with variations of enantiomeric emission patterns shown by individuals of the same species.
Human Hand Motion Analysis and Synthesis of Optimal Power Grasps for a Robotic Hand
Authors: Cordella Francesca , Zollo Loredana , Salerno Antonino , Accoto Dino , Guglielmelli Eugenio , Siciliano Bruno
Published: March 2014

Biologically inspired robotic systems can find important applications in biomedical robotics, since studying and replicating human behaviour can provide new insights into motor recovery, functional substitution and human-robot interaction. The analysis of human hand motion is essential for collecting information about human hand movements useful for generalizing reaching and grasping actions on a robotic system. This paper focuses on the definition and extraction of quantitative indicators for describing optimal hand grasping postures and replicating them on an anthropomorphic robotic hand. A motion analysis has been carried out on six healthy human subjects performing a transverse volar grasp. The extracted indicators point to invariant grasping behaviours between the involved subjects, thus providing some constraints for identifying the optimal grasping configuration. Hence, an optimization algorithm based on the Nelder-Mead simplex method has been developed for determining the optimal grasp configuration of a robotic hand, grounded on the aforementioned constraints. It is characterized by a reduced computational cost. The grasp stability has been tested by introducing a quality index that satisfies the form-closure property. The grasping strategy has been validated by means of simulation tests and experimental trials on an arm-hand robotic system. The obtained results have shown the effectiveness of the extracted indicators to reduce the non-linear optimization problem complexity and lead to the synthesis of a grasping posture able to replicate the human behaviour while ensuring grasp stability. The experimental results have also highlighted the limitations of the adopted robotic platform (mainly due to the mechanical structure) to achieve the optimal grasp configuration.
Analysis of Frequency of Use of Different Scar Assessment Scales Based on the Scar Condition and Treatment Method
Authors: Bae Seong Hwan , Bae Yong Chan
Published: March 2014

Analysis of scars in various conditions is essential, but no consensus had been reached on the scar assessment scale to select for a given condition. We reviewed papers to determine the scar assessment scale selected depending on the scar condition and treatment method. We searched PubMed for articles published since 2000 with the contents of the scar evaluation using a scar assessment scale with a Journal Citation Report impact factor >0.5. Among them, 96 articles that conducted a scar evaluation using a scar assessment scale were reviewed and analyzed. The scar assessment scales were identified and organized by various criteria. Among the types of scar assessment scales, the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) was found to be the most frequently used scale. As for the assessment of newly developed operative scars, the POSAS was most used. Meanwhile, for categories depending on the treatment methods for preexisting scars, the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was used in 6 studies following a laser treatment, the POSAS was used in 7 studies following surgical treatment, and the POSAS was used in 7 studies following a conservative treatment. Within the 12 categories of scar status, the VSS showed the highest frequency in 6 categories and the POSAS showed the highest frequency in the other 6 categories. According to our reviews, the POSAS and VSS are the most frequently used scar assessment scales. In the future, an optimal, universal scar scoring system is needed in order to better evaluate and treat pathologic scarring.
Perforator Flaps after Excision of Large Epidermal Cysts in the Buttocks
Authors: Kim Sang Wha , Yang Seong Hyeok , Kim Jeong Tae , Kim Youn Hwan
Published: March 2014

Background Epidermal cysts are commonly occurring masses usually less than 5 cm in diameter, but in predisposed patients, epidermal cysts can grow relatively large due to chronic infection.

Methods From June 2002 to July 2010, 17 patients received 19 regional perforator-based island flaps to cover defects due to the excision of large epidermal cysts (diameter >5 cm) in the buttocks. Eight patients had diabetes, and seven had rheumatoid arthritis. The pedicles were not fully isolated to prevent spasms or twisting.

Results All the flaps survived completely, except for one case with partial necrosis of the flap, which necessitated another perforator-based island flap for coverage. There were two cases of wound dehiscence, which were re-closed after meticulous debridement. There were no recurrences of the masses during follow-up periods of 8.1 months (range, 6-12 months).

Conclusions In patients with large epidermal cysts and underlying medical disorders, regional perforator-based island flaps can be the solution to coverage of the defects after excision.
Ensaio farmacológico da Luffa operculata
Authors: Caribé Rebeka Alves , Cavalcanti Karen Pena de Souza , Souza Ivone Antonia de , Silva Elisangela Christhianne Barbosa da , Silva Evandro Valentim da , Santos Flávia Cassia Maria dos
Published: March 2014

O uso de plantas no tratamento e na cura de enfermidades e tão antigo quanto à espécie humana. Luffa operculata cong é nativa da America do Sul especialmente do Brasil, podendo ser encontrada amplamente distribuída em Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e Ceará. Trata-se de uma planta angiosperma e dicotiledônia da família cucurbitaceae, popularmente conhecida como buchinha, cabacinha, purga-de-jalapa e purga-dos-paulistas. Sendo empregada na medicina popular tradicional principalmente para sinusite, rinite e como descongestionante nasal. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a toxicidade aguda, atividade farmacológica (antitumoral em roedores) e microbiológica do extrato bruto etanólico de Luffa operculata cong. Foram realizados ensaios de toxicidade aguda por via intraperitoneal com observações comportamentais para efeitos depressores do Sistema Nervoso Central. A DL50 determinada por via intraperitoneal foi 3,3 mg/kg considerada muito tóxica. Na avaliação antitumoral de Luffa operculata cong frente ao sarcoma 180, células tumorais foram implantadas em camundongos Swiss (Mus musculus) fêmeas sadias. Os animais divididos em grupos de seis, foram tratados com solução fisiológica 0,9% metotrexano (10 mg/kg) e extrato bruto etanólico de Luffa operculata cong nas doses de 0,3; 0,6 e 1,0 mg/kg. Os animais tratados com a maior dose do extrato obtiveram índice de inibição significativo de 61,7% quando comparado com grupo controle. Para os animais tratados com metotrexato (10 mg/kg) a inibição foi de 95,4 %. Na análise microbiológica foram realizadas avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana da Luffa Operculata Cong contra espécies bacterianas e fúngicas da origem clínica da coleção. Os ensaios foram realizados, através do método de difusão em meio sólido, incubados em temperatura de 35 °C durante 7 – 14 dias para espécies fúngicas. Os resultados demonstram que o extrato da Luffa operculata cong apresenta atividade antimicrobiana contra Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans, e Cândida Tropicalis. Embora seja considerada muito tóxica a Luffa operculata apresentou inibição tumoral em neoplasias malignas em tumor de tecido conjuntivo com perspectivas para novas investigações em outros processos neoplásicos.
Impact of additional Pt and NiSi crystal orientation on channel stress induced by Ni silicide film in metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors
Authors: Mizuo Mariko , Yamaguchi Tadashi , Kudo Shuichi , Hirose Yukinori , Kimura Hiroshi , Tsuchimoto Jun-ichi , Hattori Nobuyoshi
Published: March 2014

The impact of additional Pt and Ni monosilicide (NiSi) crystal orientation on channel stress from Ni silicide in metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) has been demonstrated. The channel stress generation mechanism can be explained by the NiSi crystal orientation. In pure Ni silicide films, the channel stress in the p-type substrate is much larger than that in the n-type one, since the NiSi a-axis parallel to the channel direction is strongly aligned on the p-type substrate compared with on the n-type one. On the other hand, in NiPt silicide films, the difference in the channel stress between the p- and n-type substrates is small, because the NiSi crystal orientation on the p-type substrate is similar to that on the n-type one. These results can be explained by the Pt segregation at the interface between the NiSi film and the Si surface. Segregated Pt atoms cause the NiSi b-axis to align normal to the Si(001) surface in the nucleation step owing to the expansion of the NiSi lattice spacing at the NiSi/Si interface. Furthermore, the Pt segregation mechanism is considered to be caused by the grain boundary diffusion in the Ni2Si film during NiSi formation. We confirmed that the grains of Ni2Si on the p-type substrate are smaller than those on the n-type one. The Ni2Si film on the p-type substrate has more grain boundary diffusion paths than that on the n-type one. Therefore, the amount of Pt segregation at the NiSi/Si interface on the p-type substrate is larger than that on the n-type one. Consequently, the number of NiSi grains with the b-axis aligned normal to the Si(001) in the p-type substrate is larger than that in the n-type one. As a result, the channel stress induced by NiPt silicide in PMOS is larger than that in NMOS. According to this mechanism, controlling the Pt concentration at the NiSi/Si interface is one of the key factors for channel stress engineering.
Compact modeling of injection-enhanced insulated-gate bipolar transistor for accurate circuit switching prediction
Authors: Yamamoto Takao , Miyake Masataka , Kato Hisato , Feldmann Uwe , Mattausch Hans Jürgen , Miura-Mattausch Mitiko
Published: March 2014

We have improved a compact model of an injection-enhanced insulated-gate bipolar transistor for accurate circuit switching prediction. The conventional model simulates the negative gate capacitance attributed to the floating-base effect. The relationship between the negative capacitance and the switching waveform is newly solved. The main development is concentrated on the floating-base region, the charge accumulation determined by the floating-base region structure, and the device model parameters. With the use of the model, it is demonstrated that the measured gradual slope switching performance of the studied device can be accurately predicted. It is shown that the gradual slope of I
c depends on the device parameters, which can be utilized for device optimization.
Traps
Authors: Zhang Jian Fu
Published: March 2014

Traps are the defects that can capture mobile charge carriers and this article focuses on the traps in gate dielectrics prepared on Silicon substrate, which dominates the modern semiconductor industry. There are two types of traps: the electron traps capture electrons and form negative space charges and the hole traps capture holes and form positive space charges. Traps degrade device performance and their minimization is a key task for the semiconductor device manufacturers. This article will summarize the impact of traps on the performance of devices used in modern semiconductor industry first, including shift in device parameters and device lifetime, time‐dependent dielectric breakdown, stress‐induced leakage, noises, and time‐dependent device‐to‐device variation. The key properties of traps will then be reviewed, including trapping kinetics, capture cross sections, effective densities, energy levels, and physical locations. Attentions will be paid to both the as‐grown traps and the generated ones and their similarity and differences will be highlighted.
Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Chang Y.‐L. , Lu Z.‐H.
Published: March 2014

The organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) is considered the ultimate technology for displays because of its unique form factor and its ability to produce vibrant colors. It is being actively studied for use as the most desired broadband light source for next‐generation solid‐state lighting. Already, small active matrix OLED (AMOLED) displays have become popular in smartphones worldwide and even large‐sized (55 in.) AMOLED televisions are now commercially available. The key features of OLED include high energy efficiency, high color quality, environmental friendliness, and most distinctively, an ultrathin and flexible form factor, which provides a unique opportunity for a plethora of innovative designs such as wearable screens, semitransparent displays, and lighting panels. In this article, the fundamental concepts and current status of OLEDs will be presented.
Multiresidue Analysis: State of the Art and Prospects
Authors: Plaza‐Bolaños Patricia , Romero‐González Roberto , Garrido Frenich Antonia
Published: March 2014

Sample treatment is still one of the most critical steps in the analytical process. This chapter aims to show an overview of the main extraction procedures for the multiresidue analysis of organic compounds (e.g. pesticides and veterinary drugs) at trace levels in liquid and solid samples, for instance, food and environmental samples. Considering that traditional extraction techniques such as liquid–liquid extraction and solid‐phase extraction are labor intensive and time consuming, new extraction approaches [i.e. pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), microextraction techniques,QuEChERS‐based methods (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe)], have been developed in order to minimize organic solvent waste and increase sample throughput and/or automation. Moreover, new developed methods, such as dilute‐and‐shoot are also focused on the extraction of as many residues as possible in order to increase the scope of the analysis. A review of the most relevant extraction techniques has been performed, including traditional, most employed, and recent techniques. Principles and applications of each technique are provided, with figures illustrating the extraction process. In summary, this chapter is a first approach to the analytical methodologies mostly utilized in routine laboratories.
A One‐Step Imaging Assay to Monitor Cell Cycle State and Apoptosis in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Tang Yangzhong
Published: March 2014

High‐content screening (HCS; fluorescence microscopy with multiple markers followed by automated image analysis) is gaining popularity in drug discovery due to the rich information it reveals about drug responses. It is particularly useful in studying anti‐mitotic drug responses since mitotic arrest provides an activity biomarker. One conventional way to probe mitotic arrest and downstream apoptosis response is to use mitosis‐ and apoptosis‐specific antibodies in cell‐based imaging assays. However, weakly attached cells, especially dead cells, are mostly washed out during antibody labeling steps. Here, we report a rapid and convenient one‐step cell‐imaging assay that accurately measures cell‐cycle state and apoptosis in mammalian cells. The assay uses three fluorescent dyes to stain living cells, involves no wash, and is fixable after live‐cell labeling. Compared to the antibody‐based method, this assay is quicker, more cost‐effective, and yields more accurate dose‐response results. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 6:1‐5. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of different catalysts on urea–formaldehyde resin synthesis
Authors: Sun Qi‐Ning , Hse Chung‐Yun , Shupe Todd F.
Published: March 2014

Four catalysts (H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, and NaOH/NH4OH) were studied in the preparation of melamine modified urea–formaldehyde (UFM) resins. 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of the UFM resins at different synthesis stages revealed the polymer structure and detailed reaction mechanism. Three acidic catalysts (H2SO4, HCl, and H3PO4) enhanced the resin polymerization through the formation of various contents of methylene, ether linkages, and urons. H3PO4 yielded the most terminal ether linkages at the first stage and enhanced polycondensation by depleting all free urea and glycols to form the most linear methylene linkages NHCH2NH in the end. However, at the initial synthesis stage, NaOH/NH4OH catalyzed the formation of UFM prepolymer to a limited extent with a large amount of free urea left, and therefore produced the final polymer with relatively more substituted methylolureas and linear ether linkages. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40644.
Von Biodiversität zu Biodiversifizierung: Eine Neue Ökonomie der Natur?
Authors: Höhler Sabine
Published: March 2014

From Biodiversity to Biodiversification: A New Economy of Nature? This paper explores the relations between economy and ecology in the last quarter of the 20th century with the example of biodiversity. From its definition in the 1980s, the concept of biodiversity responded not only to conservational concerns but also to hopes and demands of economic profitability. The paper argues that archival systems of inventorying and surveying nature, the biodiversity database and the biodiversity portfolio, changed the view on nature from a resource to an investment. The paper studies the alliances of ecologists and environmental economists in managing nature according to economic principles of successful asset management, “diversification”, with the aim to distribute risk, minimize ecological loss and maximize overall ecosystem performance. Finally, the paper discusses the assumptions and the consequences of transferring principles from financial risk management to landscape management. How has the substitution of the existential values of nature by shareholder value affected the relations between ecology, environment, and ecosystem conservation? Who gains and who looses in exchanging natural capital and financial capital, yields, and profits?
Inventuren der Erde. Vorratsschätzungen für mineralische Rohstoffe und die Etablierung der Ressourcenökonomie
Authors: Westermann Andrea
Published: March 2014

Inventories of the Earth. Mineral Resource Appraisals and the Rise of Resource Economics.How do the earth sciences mediate between the natural and social world? This paper explores the question by focusing on the history of nonfuel mineral resource appraisal from the late nineteenth to the mid twentieth century. It argues that earth sciences early on embraced social scientific knowledge, i. e. economic knowledge, in particular, when it came to determining ore deposits and estimating the magnitude of mineral reserves. After 1900, assessing national and global mineral reserves and their “life span” or years of supply became ever more important, scaling up and complementing traditional appraisal practices on the level of individual mines or mining and trading companies. As a consequence, economic methods gained new weight for mineral resource estimation. Natural resource economics as an own field of research grew out of these efforts. By way of example, the mineral resource appraisal assigned to the U.S. Materials Policy Commission by President Harry S. Truman in 1951 is analyzed in more detail. Natural resource economics and environmental economics might be interpreted as a strategy to bring down the vast and holistically conceived object of geological and ecological research, the earth, to human scale, and assimilate it into social matters.
Martin Gierl, Geschichte als präzisierte Wissenschaft. Johann Christoph Gatterer und die Historiographie des 18. Jahrhunderts im ganzen Umfang, (Fundamenta Historica; 4)
Authors: Török Borbála Zsuzsanna
Published: March 2014

Stuttgart‐Bad Cannstatt: frommann‐holzboog 2012. VIII, 458 S.,
63 Abb., geb., € 148,00. ISBN 978‐3‐7728‐2568‐2.
Jeanne Haffner, The View from Above: The Science of Social Space
Authors: Etzemüller Thomas
Published: March 2014

Cambridge, Massachusetts usw.: MIT Press 2013. 208 S., geb., € 32,00. ISBN 978‐0262‐0187‐91.
Michael Eckert, Arnold Sommerfeld. Atomphysiker und Kulturbote 1868–1951. Eine Biografie, (Deutsches Museum. Abhandlungen und Berichte – Neue Folge; 29)
Authors: Kohl Thorsten
Published: March 2014

Göttingen: Wallstein 2013. 604 S., 35 Abb., € 39,90. ISBN 978‐3‐8353‐1206‐7.
Editorial
Authors: Fangerau Heiner , Borck Cornelius
Published: March 2014

The pyrano‐phenazine derivatives 6 were synthesized by an efficient procedure using the reaction between benzo[a]phenacin‐5‐ols with the condensation product of an aldehyde with Meldrum's acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of Et3N at ambient temperature. The procedure is very simple, and products could be separated from the reaction media by simple filtration. High functional‐group tolerance both in the benzo[a]phenazin‐5‐ol and aldehyde moieties, facile reaction procedure, medium‐to‐high yields, and simple separation of the products from the reaction media are the advantages of this route.
ChemInform Abstract: Labile Degree of Disorder in Bismuth‐Oxophosphate Compounds: Illustration Through Three New Structural Types.
Authors: Aliev A. , Endara D. , Huve M. , Colmont M. , Roussel P. , Delevoye L. , Tran T. T. , Halasyamani P. S. , Mentre O.
Published: March 2014

Single crystals of [Bi2(Bi1.56K0.44)O3] K0.88(PO4)2 (I), [Bi10 (Bi0.5Cd0.5)8O16] (Bi0.6Cd0.8)2(PO4)8 (II), and [Bi18Zn10O21] Zn5(PO4)14 (III) are prepared by melting K2CO3 (or CdO or ZnO), Bi2O3, and (NH4)2HPO4 in a 1:1:2 molar ratio (open Au tube, 900—950 °C, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Disorder in AMoO4 (A: Ca, Sr, Ba) Scheelite Nanocrystals.
Authors: Rabuffetti Federico A. , Culver Sean P. , Suescun Leopoldo , Brutchey Richard L.
Published: March 2014

MMoO4 (M: Ca, Sr, Ba) scheelite nanocrystals of ≤15 nm size are prepared by a vapor diffusion sol‐gel method using MoO2(acac)2 dissolved in M(OR)2 (R: ‐CH2CH2‐O‐Me for Ca and ‐CH2CH(Me)‐O‐Me for Sr and Ba) in a 1:1 molar ratio followed by diffusion of H2O vapor into the solution, thermal aging (80 °C, 1 d, under N2), and vacuum drying at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Noncentrosymmetric YVSe2O8 and Centrosymmetric YVTe2O8: Macroscopic Centricities Influenced by the Size of Lone Pair Cation Linkers.
Authors: Kim Yeong Hun , Lee Dong Woo , Ok Kang Min
Published: March 2014

Single crystals and polycrystalline YVSe2O8 (I) and YVTe2O8 (II) are prepared from stoichiometric amounts of Y2O3, V2O5, and SeO2 in both hydrothermal (autoclave, 230 °C, 4 d) and solid‐state reactions (evacuated silica tube, 650 °C, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Free Synthesis of ZnSe:Mn and ZnSe:Mn/ZnS Doped Quantum Dots Using New Se and S Precursors.
Authors: Zhang Lai‐Jun , Shen Xing‐Can , Liang Hong , Chen Fa‐Yun , Huang Hai‐Jin
Published: March 2014

The title quantum dots are prepared at 240 °C using Zn(OOC‐(CH2)7‐Me)2 and Mn(OOC‐(CH2)7‐Me)2 as Zn and Mn precursors, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Inorganic Solid State Ion Conductor for Rechargeable Mg Batteries.
Authors: Higashi Shougo , Miwa Kazutoshi , Aoki Masakazu , Takechi Kensuke
Published: March 2014

Mg(BH4)(NH2) (I) is prepared by ball milling of a 1:1 molar mixture of Mg(BH4)2 (II) and Mg(NH2)2 followed by annealing.
ChemInform Abstract: An Aqueous Rechargeable Battery Based on Zinc Anode and Na0.95MnO2.
Authors: Zhang Baihe , Liu Yu , Wu Xiongwei , Yang Yaqiong , Chang Zheng , Wen Zubiao , Wu Yuping
Published: March 2014

Rod‐like Na0.95MnO2 is prepared by a cheap and environmentally friendly method comprising hydrothermal reaction of MnSO4, (NH4)2S2O8, and (NH4)2SO4 in an 1:1:4 molar ratio (140 °C) to give birnessite‐like δ‐MnO2 nanowires followed by ball milling with Na2CO3 and calcination (870 °C, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A Tellurium‐Substituted Lindqvist‐Type Polyoxoniobate Showing High H2 Evolution Catalyzed by Tellurium Nanowires via Photodecomposition.
Authors: Son Jung‐Ho , Wang Jiarui , Osterloh Frank E. , Yu Ping , Casey William H.
Published: March 2014

The Lindqvist‐type compound (NMe4)5 [H2TeNb5O19]·20H2O is prepared by hydrothermal reaction of Te(OH)6, Nb2O3, and (NMe4)OH (autoclave, 110 °C, 5 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Topological Morphology Conversion Towards SnO2/SiC Hollow Sphere Nanochains with Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.
Authors: Zhou Xunfu , Liu Yingju , Li Xin , Gao Qiongzhi , Liu Xiaotang , Fang Yueping
Published: March 2014

SnO2@C core—shell nanochains are obtained from aqueous solutions of Na2SnO3 and D‐glucose (autoclave, 180 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Active Mixed‐Valent MnOx Water Oxidation Catalysts Through Partial Oxidation (Corrosion) of Nanostructured MnO Particles.
Authors: Indra Arindam , Menezes Prashanth W. , Zaharieva Ivelina , Baktash Elham , Pfrommer Johannes , Schwarze Michael , Dau Holger , Driess Matthias
Published: March 2014

Mixed‐valent amorphous MnOx catalysts suitable for photochemical and electrochemical water oxidation are prepared by treatment of nanostructured catalytically inactive MnO precursors with (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 solution for 15 min under vigorous stirring.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Dimensional MoS2—CdS—γ‐TaON Hollow Composites for Enhanced Visible‐Light‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution.
Authors: Wang Zheng , Hou Jungang , Yang Chao , Jiao Shuqiang , Zhu Hongmin
Published: March 2014

High efficiency of photocatalytic H2 production from water under visible light irradiation is achieved over the title MoS2—CdS—γ‐TaON hollow composite photocatalyst without a noble metal cocatalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymeric Double‐Anion Templated Er48 Nanotubes.
Authors: Wu Mingyan , Jiang Feilong , Yuan Daqiang , Pang Jiandong , Qian Jinjie , AL‐Thabaiti Shaeel A. , Hong Maochun
Published: March 2014

The polymeric tube‐like Er48 complex [Cl2(NO3)]@ [Er48(NIA)44(OH)90(N3) (H2O)24]Cl6·35H2O (HNIA: nicotinic acid) is hydrothermally synthesized from an aqueous solution of ErCl3, NaN3, HNIA, and NaNO3 (autoclave, 190 °C, 3 d, 19% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Pb4Zn2B10O21: A Congruently Melting Lead Zinc Borate with a Novel [B10O24] Anionic Group and an Interesting [Pb4O12]∞ Chain.
Authors: Yu Hongwei , Wu Hongping , Pan Shilie , Zhang Bingbing , Dong Lingyun , Han Shujuan , Yang Zhihua
Published: March 2014

The title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of PbO, ZnO, and H3BO3 (Pt crucible, 500 °C, 72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Nitro‐δ‐ketosulfones via a Quinine‐Squaramide Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of α‐Nitrosulfones to Enones.
Authors: Bera Kalisankar , Namboothiri Irishi N. N.
Published: March 2014

The title reaction affords α‐nitro‐δ‐ketosulfones (III) and (VI) bearing a tetrasubstituted chiral center in excellent yields and enantioselectivities in most cases.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Organic Two‐Electron Oxidant: 9,10‐Diaryl‐9,10‐dihydroanthracene‐9,10‐bis(ylium).
Authors: Ichikawa Junji , Tanabe Hiroyuki , Yoshida Suguru , Kawai Takaharu , Shinjo Masahiko , Fujita Takeshi
Published: March 2014

The title cation, generated in situ, is applied as an oxidant in the self‐coupling of anilines, naphthols and the oxidative deprotection of Pmb‐ethers.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper Nanoparticle‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Alkyl Halides with Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Kim Ju Hyun , Chung Young Keun
Published: March 2014

A cross‐coupling reaction between alkyl halides and various Grignard reagents is carried out in the presence of commercially available copper nanoparticles as a catalyst and an alkyne additive.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Combinatorial Synthesis of Allocolchicine Analogues via a Triple Cascade Reaction and Their Evaluation as Inhibitors of Insulin Aggregation.
Authors: Bhowmik Subhendu , Khanna Shruti , Srivastava Kumkum , Hasanain Mohammad , Sarkar Jayanta , Verma Sandeep , Batra Sanjay
Published: March 2014

A total of 21 different analogues is synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Role of Anionic Ligands in the Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Base‐Free Selective Hydrogenation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Dupau Philippe , Bonomo Lucia , Kermorvan Laurent
Published: March 2014

(Diamine)(diphosphine)ruthenium‐type complexes act as unprecedented catalysts for the hydrogenation of aldehydes by using sterically hindered carboxylates as anionic ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Olefin Cyclopropanation with α‐Ketodiazoacetates.
Authors: Xu Xue , Zhu Shifa , Cui Xin , Wojtas Lukasz , Zhang X. Peter
Published: March 2014

It is demonstrated that a metalloradical Co‐porphyrin catalyst is highly effective for the asymmetric cyclopropanation of olefins with α‐ketodiazoacetates.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Carbon Nucleophiles with 2,2,3‐Trisubstituted Ethynylaziridines.
Authors: Kelley Brandon T. , Joullie Madeleine M.
Published: March 2014

The products (III) are obtained via ring opening reaction of aziridines (I) with magnesium organocuprates in an anti‐fashion.
ChemInform Abstract: An Improved Catalyst System for the Pd‐Catalyzed Fluorination of (Hetero)Aryl Triflates.
Authors: Lee Hong Geun , Milner Phillip J. , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: March 2014

A stable Pd(0)‐complex containing 1,5‐cyclooctadiene and AdBrettPhos as ligands is described as catalyst for the fluorination of a range of functionalized aryl and heteroaryl triflates with CsF.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Mediated Vinyl‐Transfer Reaction of Alkynes to N‐Alkylimines by Using the N‐Alkyl Residue as a Sacrificial Hydrogen Donor.
Authors: Malakar Chandi C. , Stas Sara , Herrebout Wouter , Abbaspour Tehrani Kourosch
Published: March 2014

A wide variety of allylic amines from imines and alkynes are synthesized by using In(O‐Tf)3 as Lewis acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Stereoselective anti‐Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by Simple Chiral Diamines and Their Unique Application in Configuration Switch of Aldol Products.
Authors: Li Lei , Gou Shaohua , Liu Fei
Published: March 2014

The new catalytic system consisting of a chiral trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane derivative and TFA in ethanol allows the synthesis of anti‐aldol products with excellent dia‐ and enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium/Copper Complexes Co‐Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Ring Opening Reaction of Azabenzonorbornadienes with Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Fan Baomin , et al. et al.
Published: March 2014

The reaction tolerates a wide range of aromatic and aliphatic terminal alkynes and proceeds with enantioselectivities up to <99.9% e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: An Elusive Fulvene 1,7,11,24‐C60(CF3)4 and Its Unusual Reactivity.
Authors: Whitaker James B. , Kuvychko Igor V. , Shustova Natalia B. , Chen Yu‐Sheng , Strauss Steven H. , Boltalina Olga V.
Published: March 2014

The X‐ray crystal structure of the title compound is reported for the first time.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed Three‐Component Ugi and Passerini Reactions of 4‐Oxoazetidine‐2‐carbaldehydes and Azetidine‐2,3‐diones. Application to the Synthesis of γ‐Lactams and γ‐Lactones.
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Aragoncillo Cristina , Callejo Ricardo , Ruiz M. Pilar
Published: March 2014

The Ugi and Passerini reactions of oxaazetidine‐2‐carbaldehydes in the presence of phosphinic acid are found to proceed with moderate diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Acid Catalyzed Ring Transformation of Benzofurans to Tri‐ and Tetrasubstituted Furans.
Authors: Dhiman Seema , Ramasastry S. S. V.
Published: March 2014

A unusual acid catalyzed ring opening and ring closure sequence is presented to give the title furans (20 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Lithiation Trapping of N‐Boc Heterocycles at Temperatures above ‐78 °C.
Authors: Gelardi Giacomo , Barker Graeme , O'Brien Peter , Blakemore David C.
Published: March 2014

The asymmetric lithiation of N‐Boc heterocycles and subsequent trapping with electrophiles at reaction temperatures of up to ‐20 °C is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Pyrrolidine Derivatives Employing β‐Lactam as a Chiral Building Block.
Authors: Tadano Genta , Ishikura Koji , Tanino Keiji
Published: March 2014

The present concept is applied to the preparation of A‐315675 analogue (VII) and its side chain diastereomer (not shown).
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclodextrin Host as a Supramolecular Catalyst in Nonpolar Solvents: Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)‐3‐Alkylideneoxindoles.
Authors: Asahara Haruyasu , Kida Toshiyuki , Hinoue Tomoaki , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: March 2014

The Knoevenagel reaction of oxindoles with cinnamaldehydes is accelerated with enhanced E/Z selectivities in the presence of 6‐O‐modified cyclodextrins as catalyst in nonpolar solvents.
ChemInform Abstract: Cascade Fluorofunctionalization of 2,3‐Unsubstituted Indoles by Means of Electrophilic Fluorination.
Authors: Nguyen Tuan Minh , Duong Hung A. , Richard Jean‐Alexandre , Johannes Charles William , Pincheng Fu , Ye Danson Kwong Jia , Shuying Eileen Lau
Published: March 2014

The use of an O‐nucleophile tethered to the indole nitrogen atom enables the synthesis of polycyclic fluorinated indoline derivatives from simple precursors in moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Scandium Triflate‐Catalyzed Nucleophilic Additions to Indolylmethyl Meldrum′s Acid Derivatives via a Gramine‐Type Fragmentation: Synthesis of Substituted Indolemethanes.
Authors: Armstrong Erin L. , Grover Huck K. , Kerr Michael A.
Published: March 2014

The expedient and efficient synthesis of the title compounds via fragmentation/nucleophilic trapping is versatile for a variety of nucleophiles.