bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HISTORY OF RUSSIAN MONGOLIAN STUDIES OF THE 1920–1930s ON THE PAGES OF «VOSTOK» JOURNAL
Authors:   Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat State University, Ivan N. Semushev
Published: October 2021

Studies of Mongolian history and culture in the context of the events of the October Socialist Revolution and the subsequent change of the agenda of our state have moved to a new stage of development. Academic and popular science periodicals played an important role in the process of studying and spreading scientific knowledge during that period. The article analyzes the development of Russian Mon-golian studies on the pages of the Soviet journal of literature, science and art “Vos-tok”.
“...TEACHERS WORK ENTHUSIASTICALLY AND HAVE NO COMPLAINTS...”: ETHNOGRAPH M. N. KHANGALOV IN THE SERVICE OF EDUCATION
Authors:   Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat State University, Natalya E. Zhukova , Elizaveta N. Palkhaeva ,   Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat State University, Tatyana V. Palikova ,   Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat State University
Published: October 2021

The article presents to the reader’s attention the famous scientist-ethnographer Mat-vey Nikolaevich Khangalov as an enthusiastic, talented teacher. The key source for the analysis and description of Khangalov’s activities as the head of the Bilchir School was his diary of 1910–1911. It is divided into three parts: the first is devoted to the description of shamanic rituals, the second is an illustration of school daily routine, the third is a demonstration of fragments of rural life in Bilchir village. The description of school daily routine included various issues of the educa-tional process from problems with the schedule to repair work. Diary shed light on the small number and poor qualification of teachers, the mobility of the quantitative composition of pupils, the constant shortage of educational facilities and their actual unsuitability, which significantly complicated the work of Matvey Nikolaevich. In conclusion, we come to the conclusion that educational activity was M. N. Khangalov’s lifework.
The Impact of Population Density and Economic Growth on Environmental Quality: Study in Indonesia
Authors: Wafiq Abdulloh Nashiruddin , Suryanto Suryanto
Published: October 2021

Sustainable economic growth is followed by an improvement in environmental quality. The purpose of this study is to identify the correlation between economic growth and population density on the environmental quality index (EQI) in Indonesia. In addition, it also aims to determine the impact of economic growth and population density on the environmental quality Index. This study uses a quantitative method with secondary data from 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2010 to 2016. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and panel data regression. The result showed that the correlation between economic growth and population density on the quality of the environment was moderate. It has a significant negative impact on environmental quality.
Relationship between axial length, keratometry and central corneal thickness in patients with refractive errors at a teaching hospital in Southwest, Nigeria
Authors: Betiku Anthony O. , Onakoya Adeola O. , Aribaba Olufisayo T. , Jagun Omodele O.
Published: October 2021

Background: Aim of the study was to determine the relationship between axial length (AL), keratometry and central corneal thickness (CCT), and refractive errors in adult patients attending the Guinness eye centre (GEC), Lagos university teaching hospital (LUTH) Idi-Araba, Lagos.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among consecutive patients aged 16 years and above with refractive errors attending the GEC, LUTH. Ocular parameters measured included AL, anterior corneal curvature, CCT and refractive errors. AL and keratometry were measured with IOL master and CCT with ultrasonic A scan pachymeter. Refraction was done with auto-refractor-keratometer. Data analysis was done with statistical package for social science (SPSS) 20. Results: A total of 394 patients were studied, 157 males and 237 females. The age range was 16-65 years, mean -37.9±13.3 years and median -36.5 years. There were more myopic patients 215 (54.6%) than hyper-metropes 179 (45.4%). The mean AL was 23.9±1.1 mm and eyes with longer AL were more likely to be myopic (r=-0.676, p<0.001); to have flatter cornea (r=0.519, p<0.001) and thicker cornea (r=0.149, p=0.003). The mean CCT was 520.3±31.0 µm. There was a weak negative correlation between CCT and refractive error (r=-0.111, p=0.027).Conclusions: The mean CCT was lower than the mean CCT of other Nigerian studies. Hypermetropic patients were more likely to have thinner corneas. This may lead to underestimation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in these patients. Significant correlation was seen between AL and refractive error, CCT and keratometry. AL correlated with less spherical equivalent refractive error, flatter and thicker cornea. It is therefore important to measure the CCT of all patients going for refractive surgery to detect those at risk of developing corneal ectasia following refractive surgery.
Distal renal tubular acidosis in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Dhanju Avtar S. , Batra Pranjali , Gupta Namit , Manekar Praneet , Bhola Suraj , Parmar Apoorva , Dhawan Malika
Published: October 2021

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem disorder of autoimmune etiology. Renal involvement is frequently seen in SLE. Tubular dysfunction is also seen in SLE. Authors report a case of distal renal tubular acidosis in patient with SLE.
Oto acoustic emissions in early detection of sensorineural hearing loss in high-risk neonates
Authors: Ramanjaneyulu J. , Kumar S. Rajesh , Chaitanya V. Krishna , Kusumanjali A.
Published: October 2021

Background: Early identiﬁcation of congenital hearing loss and early intervention ameliorated many adverse consequences. This study was performed to observe effectiveness of otoacoustic emission in screening of hearing loss in high-risk babies.

Methods: Prospective study on 45 high-risk newborns delivered during period of 2013-2014. Selective newborn hearing performed with oto acoustic emissions (OAE) and auditory brain stem responses (ABR), in high-risk infants aged below 7 days, 15 days, after 45 days and after 90 days.

Results: Study population comprised of 45 high-risk newborns. In 1st level screening, 28 (62%) babies showed recordable OAE, 17 (38%) babies failed. In 2nd level screening 31 (81%) passed and 7 (19%) failed and death occurred in 7 infants. In 3rd level screening both OAE and brain stem evoked response audiometry (BERA), was performed in 38 cases and positivity was reported in 37 cases. 4th level screening was similar to 3rd level screening where 3 babies failed ABR test. In our study incidence of sensorineural hearing loss found to be 78.91% (3/38×1000) per 1000 high-risk babies. Auditory neuropathy was observed in 2 (4.4%) patients. Sensitivity and specificity of OAE was 100% and 33.3% respectively. In high-risk low birth weight neonates’ sensitivity and specificity was 66.7% and 50.0%.

Conclusions: In high-risk babies, appropriate time for screening with OAE is around 60 days of age. OAE are useful diagnostic tool in evaluation of high-risk neonates for early detection of sensorineural hearing loss.
Comparing titanium elastic nailing and plate osteosynthesis in treating both bone diaphyseal fractures of forearm in children
Authors: Barua Debanga S. , Joon Anuj , A. Vaisakh , Shirdinayak Tirupati S. , G. Hari K. N. , Das Abhijit
Published: October 2021

Background: The present study aimed to compare the outcome of fixation of diaphyseal fractures of both bones of forearm using plate osteosynthesis (PO) and titanium elastic nail (TEN).

Methods: This comparative non-randomized clinical trial was done on children aged 5 to 15 years, with diaphyseal fractures of both bone forearm fractures, operated and managed at the department of orthopedics, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh. Intra- and post-operative findings were compared between PO and TEN group patients.

Results: Duration of hospital stay was significantly lower in patients in the TEN group (44.75±6.38 minutes) as compared to those in the PO group (69.71±5.91 minutes), p value <0.01. Similarly, duration of hospital stay was significantly lower in patients in the TEN group (5.01±0.67 days) as compared to those in the PO group (8.32±1.44 days), p value <0.05. Based on price criteria, 80% of the patients in the PO group and 85% in TEN group had excellent functional outcome. Radiological union time, maximum radial bow and location of maximal radial bow were found to be statistically similar in the two groups. Complication rate was similar in the two study groups.

Conclusions: Based on the results of the present study, we conclude that both PO and TEN are be safely performed in children with diaphyseal both bone forearm fractures. With comparable functional and radiological outcomes, future studies are required before one technique can be recommended over the other.
Cities as Hotspots in Medieval Societies
Authors: Blockmans Wim
Published: October 2021

Starting from Tönnies’ classic dichotomy community/society, this paper compares the emergence of very large capital cities in the world’s earliest urbanised areas in South Asia, China, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, to the appearance of smaller cities in Europe later on. Whereas the former were built on political and military power, the latter, by contrast, developed rather in confrontation with it and increasingly independent from it. In the most urbanised regions, North-central Italy and the Low Countries, the largest cities were the wealthiest, the most socially differentiated, conflictual, and competitive. In this environment, creativity flourished in all areas. The comparison with imperial China shows that free economic and cultural exchanges were an additional condition fostering creativity and its application. Cultural innovation is spread by adoption and adaptation of ideas and products developed elsewhere, and the liberty to market them to ambitious buyers belonging to various classes in different places.
Borders in the System of the Local Community (Concejo) in Central Spain from the 11th to the Middle of the 14th Century
Authors: Aurov Oleg
Published: October 2021

The article attempts to analyze a complex of external and internal borders of the local community (concejo), which existed in the Kingdom of Castile and Leon from the 11th to the middle of the 14th century. The information of the primary sources (mostly the legislative texts and the documents) explains that the concejo (which united city and country in its borders) had a wide territorial jurisdiction. But in the same time the local community was much more the element of the feudal (royal and manorial) power mechanisms that the self-governed municipal institute.
He reo ka tipu i ngā kura Growing te reo Māori in schools
Authors:   NZCER, Bright Nicola , Smaill Esther , Overbye Sinead , Edge Kiri
Published: October 2021

This report is literature review to support English-medium primary schools that are seeking to strengthen their reo Māori teaching and learning programmes. The report explains why English-medium primary schools should take a strategic approach to teaching and learning te reo Māori. It identifies key issues or kaupapa that schools should consider when adopting such an approach and provides practical evidence-based advice to assist schools as they engage with and respond to these important kaupapa.
INTEGRATED ALGORITHM FOR COMPILINGAND ASSESSMENT OF DIRECT ROUTES RESTRICTIONS IN FREE ROUTE AIRSPACE OF UKRAINE
Authors: Chynchenko Yuriy , Kharchenko Volodymyr
Published: October 2021

The article describes the principles of acceptability assignment for direct routes restrictions in free route airspace of Ukraine for publication in Route Availability Document and further use by the Integrated Initial Flight Plan Processing System of Eurocontrol. The algorithms of correct generation of direct routes restrictions for the selected issues in a horizontal and vertical plane were proposed. As a main decision criteriafor these algorithms were chosen the shortest distance to the state boundary (in a horizontal plane) and space attitude (location) of aircraft (in avertical plane).
Clinical, Demographic, and Aetiological Profile of Liver Abscess in Children Admitted at a Tertiary Care Hospital - North India
Authors: Manugu Navya Sree , Lunavath Narayana , Pedada Ramu
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND Amoebic liver abscess is the commonest extra intestinal site of invasive amoebiasis which mainly affects infants and young children. The incidence of pyogenic liver abscess is much higher among children in developing countries than those in developed countries. Diagnosis of liver abscess can be challenging and is often delayed; a high index of suspicion is necessary in children with risk factors. Children have unique set of predisposing causes for liver abscesses. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical, demographic, and etiological profile of liver abscess in children between 1 month to 12 years of age. METHODS This is a prospective observational study conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Chacha Nehru Bal Chikistalaya (An Autonomous Institute under Govt. of NCT (National Capital Territory) of Delhi, affiliated to University of Delhi), Delhi from July 2016 to August 2017. All children aged 1 month to 12 years admitted with liver abscess (included consecutively) were enrolled after considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Written and informed consent was taken from parents/guardians of children aged less than 7 years. Informed assent was taken from children aged more than 7 years, along with written and informed consent from their parents/guardians. Their clinical characteristics, radiological features and laboratory data were analysed. RESULTS Most common age group suffering from liver abscess was 5 - 10 years with male preponderance. Majority of the children belonged to lower socio-economic class and half of them were suffering from malnutrition. Most common clinical presentation of children suffering from liver abscess was fever with pain abdomen and tender hepatomegaly. Majority of the children had leucocytosis, high level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Deranged liver function test with coagulopathy was noted in more than half of the children suffering from liver abscess. Commonest bacterial pathogen was methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus followed by Salmonella typhi, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, coagulase negative Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus hominis. Entamoeba histolytica is a common parasitic agent causing liver abscess in children. CONCLUSIONS Liver abscess should be considered in children presenting with fever and abdominal pain. Most cases involve a single lesion on right lobe of the liver. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus followed by Salmonella typhi are the two most common pathogens. KEYWORDS Paediatric Liver Abscess, Amoebic Liver Abscess, Pyogenic Liver Abscess, Children
The Effects of International Financial Reporting Standard Adoption on Conservatism in Malaysian Banks
Authors: Wan Abdullah Wan Rabia’tul A’dawiyah , Marzuki Marziana Madah
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of IFRS full convergence in 2012 on conservatism of banks in Malaysia. Based on 66 firm-year observations of Malaysian banks listed in the main market of Bursa Malaysia, the results of this study reveal an overall increase in conservatism during the study period and a higher increase of conservatism following IFRS adoption. The results also provide evidence of significant differences in the level of conservatism in pre- and post-adoption of IFRS. The findings of this study highlight the benefit of IFRS full convergence among the banks in Malaysia in enhancing financial reporting quality proxied by conservatism. Thus, this study provide implication to the regulators and banks to continually support IFRS adoption as the standard continually change over the time. Our result also provides new evidence on the effect of IFRS on conservatism for financial sector which have different regulatory framework from other sectors.
Saudi EFL Students’ Production of Conventional Expressions in Second Language Pragmatics
Authors: Almegren Afnan
Published: October 2021

This study compared and explored the differences and similarities in the production of conventional expressions between native English speakers and non-native English speakers represented by the Saudi EFL learners. It also examined the pragma-linguistic differences in the production of conventional expressions. Forty-seven native English speakers and forty-seven non-native English speakers participated in this study. The questionnaire consisted of nineteen scenarios representing different speech acts. Students were requested to reply to these scenarios as if they were real-life situations. The findings established that almost half of the comparisons between Saudi EFL learners and native English speakers presented similarities in the production of conventional expressions. However, there were some pragma-linguistic differences between the native English speakers and some of the Saudi EFL learners, such as misunderstandings due to the misuse of expected expressions, verbosity, the use of expressions that formal speakers considered rude, and transferred from their first language. These findings provide an empirical vision to the status of Saudi EFL learners conventional expressions. Future research could investigate conventional EFL expressions locally and globally.
Research & Development Premium in the Indian Equity Market: An Empirical Study
Authors: Sharma Bhumiswor , P Srikanth
Published: October 2021

This article aims to investigate the research and development (R&D) premium and explore the three most prominent asset pricing models: capital asset pricing and the three-and five-factor models (Fama & French, 1993; 2015). The results show that India's annualized average R&D premium is significantly higher than the existing value, market, profitability, size and investment premiums, implying that the R&D premium is a more significant concern for Indian investors, particularly for high R&D firms. It was also observed that by applying the GRS test and the Fama and MacBeth (1973) two-pass procedure, the R&D risk factor augmented the CAPM, FF3F and FF5F models outperforming the existing CAPM, FF3F and FF5F models, respectively. We can also report that R&D is, unquestionably, a priced ingredient and a critical factor in developing pricing models for developing markets such as India. The paper's conclusions add to the current literature in R&D and asset pricing and assist investment professionals in developing better investment and trading strategies.
Factors Affecting Farm Performance among Small-Scale Farmers in the Volcanic Highlands of Rwanda: What is the Role of Institutions?
Authors: Maniriho Aristide , Musabanganji Edouard , Lebailly Philippe
Published: October 2021

This study attempted to examine the role of institutions in boosting rural and agricultural development in the region of the Volcanic Highlands of Rwanda. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from a random sample of 401 small-scale farmers through a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using a weighted least-squares method to account for heteroscedasticity, a common issue in cross-sectional studies. Results from crop output function reveal a positive and significant effect of cooperative membership, a negative but significant effect of extension services, and a negative non-significant effect of land tenure, credit access, and market access on farm production, respectively. In terms of net farm income function, the results demonstrate that farmer cooperation, land tenure, extension services, and access to output markets have a positive, non-significant influence, but that access to finance has a negative non-significant effect. Results also point to a positive and significant effect of some household characteristics, namely family size, farming experience, land size, and farm yield, on farm production. As for net farm income, education of the head, family size, farm experience, land size, farm yield, selling price, and cattle proved to be among primary determinants. It was therefore suggested that agricultural sector programs and activities should be readapted and strengthened in order to leverage rural and agricultural development in Rwanda.
Experimental design
Authors: Białowąs Sylwester , Reshetkova Atanaska , Szyszka Adrianna
Published: October 2021

Experiment is a research method appropriate to examine causal relationships, also in relation to the current problems of science, including sustainable development. Conducting experiments can take place in laboratory conditions, but also in natural environments. The main objective of an experiment is always to test what the researcher actually wants and to obtain results that can be generalised to the entire population. In other words, planning experiments requires considering many aspects related to their internal and external validity. The key aspect that needs to be considered in conducting experiments is proper problem defining, as well as the concepts of causality, manipulation or null and alternative hypotheses. It is also worth bearing in mind that in social sciences, when engaging participants in research, caution must be exercised. Depending on whether each participant of the experiment is exposed to all conditions or different people test different ones, the classification of experiments is distinguished into within-subjects and between- subjects design. In this chapter, the most commonly used experimental designs in this division are presented. However, the experimental method offers more complex schemes such as randomised block design or Latin square design. Finally, the obtained findings should be properly presented—in the form of a report following APA standards.
Civil Right Protection Limits: Issues of the Theory and Practice
Authors:   Associate Professor of the Department of Civil and Legal Disciplines of the Astrakhan Branch of the Saratov State Law Academy, Judge of the Astrakhan Regional Court, PhD (Law), Associate Professor, Stepin Aleksandr B.
Published: October 2021

Civil rights protection is an independent sphere of legal activity where subjective civil rights and powers of state and local self-government bodies and their officials are implemented. Ensuring compliance (coherence, balance) of the implementation of civil rights and individual public powers with the norms(s) of the law is achieved by means of limits (rules) judicial and non-judicial protection. The limits of protection are a system concept that combines the (internal) limits (rules) of the exercise of subjective civil rights (art. 10 of the civil code of the Russian Federation) and (external) limits (rules)of the authority granted (in the proper administrative procedure). They are considered together and characterize the officially established order of protection. When resolving complex issues of law enforcement related to the type of legal proceedings, the choice of the form and appropriate method of protection, etc., the limits allow you to avoid and (or) minimize the possible risks of adverse consequences in the implementation of the right to protection. At the stages of applying, securing and restoring the violated (disputed) right, the limits determine the sequence of implementation of the methods (means) of protection, the model of behavior, the scope of actions (inaction) of the counterparty, etc.
Corporate Rights and Obligations of Members of Self-Regulated Organizations: Some Law Enforcement Issues
Authors:   Head of the Department of Entrepreneurial, Labor and Corporate Law of the Institute of Law and National Security of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), LL.D., Professor, Leskova Yulia G.
Published: October 2021

The article provides a detailed analysis of the court’s decision on the controversial issues of exercising corporate rights and performing corporate duties by members of self-regulating organizations that are not regulated in detail by the current legislation of the Russian Federation. Attention is drawn to the fact that the specific status of the SRO, the special corporate nature of the rights and obligations of its members requires the establishment of special rules in relation to corporate relations that arise between self-regulating organizations and its members.
The Civil Law Liability of Taxi Aggregators
Authors:   Associate Professor of the Department of Entrepreneurial, Labor and Corporate Law of the Law Faculty of the Institute of Law and National Security, PhD (Law), Associate Professor, Dolgov Sergey G.
Published: October 2021

Within the framework of this article, an analysis of the points of view of the authors, who in their works touched on the problems associated with the impossibility of bringing taxi aggregators to civil liability, was carried out, it was revealed that the current regulatory legal acts do not contain a direct rule providing for the liability of taxi aggregators, it was concluded that that the absence of legislation at the federal level creates problems for victims who have suffered from the dishonest actions of taxi drivers to receive compensation for the damage to life and health caused by road accidents, an analysis of judicial practice confirming the problem of bringing taxi aggregators to justice.
Relevant Issues of the Judicial Practice in Intellectual Property Protection
Authors:   Deputy Director for Research of the Volga-Vyatka Institute (Branch) of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), PhD (Law), Kirsanov Konstantin A. , Barmina Olga N. ,   Associate Professor of the Department of Labor and Entrepreneurial Law of the Volga-Vyatka Institute (Branch) of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), PhD (Law)
Published: October 2021

Intellectual property is currently one of the key areas of modern civil law relations. In the present article, the authors reviewed and summarized the main current areas of judicial practice in the field of violations related to the exclusive rights to a company name, characters and trademarks.
Suitability of three newly released Kenyan potato varieties for processing into crisps and French fries
Authors:   University of Nairobi, Ooko GA , Kabira JN
Published: October 2021

French fries and potato crisps are the most consumed industrially processed potato products in Kenya, especially in the major urban centers. Processors have, however, complained of the inadequate supply and low quality of potatoes currently available in the market. This study was instituted to evaluate the suitability of three newly released Kenyan potato varieties for processing . The three new potato varieties (Purple Gold, Kenya Mpya and Sherekea) and two established varieties (Tigoni and Dutch Robjin) used in this study were grown under standard conditions at the National Potato Research Centre, Kenya . They were harvested at maturity, cured and analyzed for physico -chemical characteristics and processed into crisps and French fries for suitability evaluation. All the cultivars had tuber sizes within recommended range for crisps (40 -60 mm) and French fries ( ≤ 45 mm). Dry matter contents differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) among the varieties ranging from 20.81 % in Golden Purple to 25.77 % in Kenya Mpya . Crisps oil content varied significantly (P ≤ 0.05) from 31.28 % in Kenya Mpya to 36.8 % in Golden Purple while it ranged from 7.51 % to 8.81 % in French fries of the same varieties. Dry matter content was negatively correlated to oil contents of crisps and French fries. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) varietal differences in color and textural properties of crisps and French fries were noted. Kenya Mpya, Tigoni, Sherekea and Golden Purple in that order of preference could be used to produce crisps that are comparable to Dutch Robjin, an established crisping variety in the local market. With the exception of Kenya Mpya, varieties Sherekea, Dutch Robj in and Golden Purple produced good quality French fries comparable to the established chipping variety , Tigoni. Potatoes from the new varieties are expected to form an additional pool of raw material for processing in Kenya and should be promoted alongside the established ones to support the growing industry.
Comparison of biochemical and physiological properties of Nigerian tomato fruits ripened under different conditions
Authors:   Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Abdul-Hammed Misbaudeen , Bello IA , Olajire AA
Published: October 2021

The growth in chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, various types of cancers and cardiovascular diseases is an argument in favour of promoting fruit and vegetable consumption in Africa, with the main obstacle being the purchasing power. The objective of this study was to investigate the respective impacts of ripening stages and techniques of ripening on tomato fruit quality in order to recommend which of the conditions of ripening is better for optimum benefit of the tomatoes. The physiological and biochemical changes in tomato fruits of two varieties (Ibadan-Local and Roma cultivars) ripened using two different techniques (field and ambient temperature ripening) were monitored; the differences in the mean values between the ripening methods are discussed at appropriate significance levels. The mean differences in percent total solids for tomato fruits between the two conditions of ripening are significant (P<0.05 at the breaker stage of Ibadan-local cultivar and P<0.01 for other stages in the two varieties). The differences are much higher at the pink to fully-red stages in tomatoes ripened under the ambient temperature. Except at light-red stage of Ibadan-local cultivar and breaker stage of Roma cultivar, the mean differences in pH values between the ripening methods are significant (P<0.05 at the breaker stage of Ibadan-local cultivar and at the light-red stage of Roma cultivar and P<0.01 for other stages in the two varieties). Mean differences in percent titratable acidity (as citric acid) of the fruits under the two methods of ripening are also significant (P<0.05 at the breaker stage of Roma cultivar and P<0.01 for other stages in the two varieties) with exceptions at fully-red stage of the two varieties. However, high significant differences (P<0.01) exist between the mean values of reducing sugar, lycopene (but P<0.05 at breaker stage of Roma cultivars) and beta-carotene contents of the tomato fruits under the two conditions of ripening, with higher values obtained mostly in the field ripening method. About 69.2 g and 58.3 g of tomato fruits, ripened on the parent plants (field ripening), at light-red stage of Ibadan-local and Roma-type respectively, are recommended daily in accordance with average daily recommendation of 25.2 mg of lycopene per day in Canadian diet and from the study from Harvard School of Medicine. Equivalent quantities could only be reached by consuming higher quantities of tomatoes ripened at ambient temperature.
Physicochemical, nutritional and organoleptic evaluation of cookies from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and cocoyam (Xanthosoma sp) flour blends
Authors:   Ebonyi State University, Okpala L.C , Chinyelu VA
Published: October 2021

Cookies were made from pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan ) and cocoyam ( Xanthosoma sagittifolium ) flour blends. Pigeon pea flour (PPF) was mixed with cocoyam flour (CF) at ratios of 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50 and 60:40 respectively . The cookies were evaluated for proximate composition, saponins, oxalate, trypsin inhibitors, in -vitro protein digestibility, in -vitro carbohydrate digestibility, physical and sensory qualities. Standard experimental protocols were employed in the estimation of all indices. The protein content s of the cookies were significantly different (p<0.05) from each other and ranged from 10.89 to 11.60% with cookies from 60:40 PPF to CF having the highest value of 11.60% and cookies 20:80 PPF to CF having the least value of 10.89%. T he level s of antinutrients analyzed were low with saponin content ranging from 0.05 to 0.08mg/100g; trypsin inhibitors ranging from 0.08 to 0.11mg/100g and oxalate content between 0.06 to 0.68mg/100g. There were significant differences (p<0.05) observed in the in-vitro digestibility (protein and carbohydrate) with cookies made from 20:80 PPF to CF having the highest protein and carbohydrate in -vitro digestibilities of 64.81% and 67.35% , respectively. Results from the physical evaluation of the cookies revealed that the diameter and spread ratio of the cookies were significantly different (p<0.05) from each other and decreased with increasing levels of pigeon pea flour. Data obtained from the sensory evaluation indicated that the mean scores for taste, colour, general acceptabil ity and texture were generally high for cookies containing at least 50% cocoyam flour. However, cookies made from 20:80 PPF to CF had the highest mean scores for all the parameters assessed and were not significantly (p> 0.05) different from the control (100% wheat). It may, therefore be concluded from the strength of this work that cookies produced from 20% pigeon pea flour and 80% cocoyam flour have great potential as they compared favourably with cookies produced from wheat. The use of this composite flour would go a long way in reducing dependency on wheat flour in countries that import wheat.
Mould contamination of ready-to-eat cereal-based foods retailed in Lesotho with special reference to toxigenic aspergillus flavus
Authors:   National University of Lesotho, Mohale S , Allotey J ,   University of Botswana
Published: October 2021

Samples belonging to four different brands ( Instant Morvi te™, E -Papa™, Ace Instant Porridge™ and Roasted Morvite™) of ready -to-eat fortified cereal -based foodstuffs imported from the Republic of South Africa were bought from different retail outlets in the Roma valley , Lesotho and examined for contamination with moulds. All (100%) of Roasted Morvite™ and E-Papa™ examined were contaminated with fungi. The greatest average fungal load (1.33 × 10 5 ) was recorded on Roasted Morvite™ sample s. Although all the E -papa™ samples were contaminated, the upper limit average m ould load ( 1.0 × 10 4 ) was the lowest compared to other brands that were analysed . A total of 226 isolates belonging to five different genera ( Aspergillus , Penicillium , Cladosporium , Wallemia and unidentified genus) were recovered. For each of the brands assessed, average mould counts for some samples were above maximum permissible limits (10 3 CFU/g) established by World Food Programme guidelines for fortified blended foods. Aspergillus and Penicillium isolates exhibited greatest fungal population densities, 52.7%, 36.3% , respectively. Wallemia was the least frequently isolated genus in this study; only four isolates (1.8%) recovered from all the samples investigated belonged to this genus . Of the Aspergillus species isolated, A. niger had the greatest relative density (39.5%) followed by A. flavus (37.8%) , while Aspergillus amstelodami and unidentified Aspergillus species had the lowest. Of the 22 A. flavus isolates tested for sclerotia production potential, 18 produced large sclerotia with average diameter > 400.02±82.61 on Czapek solution, agar. Ten (56%) of these isolates were toxigenic as evidenced by formation of a blue fluorescence on the reverse of the plates when observed under UV (365 nm) . It was conclude d that the detection of above -permissible limits levels of moulds and aflatoxigenic fungi in some samples analysed presents a risk to consumers’ health. It is, therefore, suggested that a statutory, independent and science -based body dedicated to protecting public health and consumer interest in the area of food safety and hygiene be established. The main function of such a body would be to take all reasonable steps to ensure that food produced, distributed or marketed in Lesotho meets the highest standards of fo od safety and hygiene available.
Optimization of roasting temperature and time during oil extraction from orange (Citrus sinensis) seeds: A response surface methodology approach
Authors:   University of Ibadan, Akinoso R , Aboaba SA , Olajide WO
Published: October 2021

Nutritionally, oils obtained from oilseeds provide the calories, vitamins and essential fatty acids in the human diet in an easily digested form. The rate of vegetable oil consumption is increasing compared with animal fat due to its low sterol. In addition to being nutritious, edible vegetable oils also have industrial uses. Separation of oil from oil seeds is an important processing operation because it affects the quality and quantity of oil obtained from the oil seeds. Literature on oil extraction from some cultivars of citrus seeds showed good potential, therefore, focus on optimization of oil extraction could enhance economic status of the seed. In this study, response surface modeling approach was employed to optimize oil extraction from orange (Citrus sinensis) seed. Each sample was roasted for 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes at temperatures of 110, 120, 130, 150, and 170 oC. The parameters analysed included oil yield, free fatty acid, color, refractive index, specific gravity and pH. The treatments resulted in oil yield ranging from 32.0 ± 2.7 to 56.0 ± 6.5 %, free fatty acid (0.3 ± 0.0 to 3.01± 1.7%), colour (3.45 ± 1.9 to 20.5 ± 1.8 abs), refractive index (1.4 ± 0.1 to 1.46 ± 0.1), specific gravity (0.87 ± 0.1 to 0.94 ± 0.0) and pH (4.05 ± 1.0 to 5.66 ± 1.1). Maximum oil yield of 56.0 ± 6.5 % was obtained after roasting citrus seed at 170 oC for 30 min. Roasting temperature and duration showed significant (p < 0.05) effect on oil yield, free fatty acid, colour and specific gravity of the oil. However, nonsignificant (p > 0.05) effect was recorded on refractive index and pH of the extracted oil. The computer software package (Design-Expert) used for optimization gave four possible optimum conditions with desirability ranging from 0.50 to 0.68. The best desirability (0.68) was achieved at roasting temperature and duration of 150o C and 20 min., respectively. At these conditions oil yield was 52.6 ± 0.1%; free fatty acid, 1.4 ± 0.0%; colour, 4.7 ± 0.0 abs; specific gravity, 0.92 ± 0.0, and pH, 5.4 ± 0.1. The quantity, free fatty acid, colour and specific gravity of extracted oil from orange seed significantly depend on temperature at which the seed is roasted and duration of roasting.
The primacy of trust in the social networks and livelihoods of women agro-entrepreneurs in nothern Tanzania
Authors:   The Pennsylvania State University, Mehta K , Semali L , Maretzki A
Published: October 2021

This paper describes the primacy of trust in the social networks and livelihoods of rural Tanzanian women engaged in agro-entrepreneurial activity. The importance of trust emerged from a study of the “who you know” social and economic network knowledge systems of these enterprising women in Moshi, Tanzania and the role cell phones play within their networks. The nature of the women’s agricultural businesses and their perceptions of the characteristics of women business leaders and cooperative group members were also studied. The objective of the study was to identify opportunities for developing innovative cellphone-based applications that link smallscale farmers and other entrepreneurs to markets, thus enabling these entrepreneurs to utilize, strengthen and expand their social and economic networks. A complementary goal was to identify the characteristics of women who are likely to successfully champion new entrepreneurial ventures. Three data collection techniques were employed: (1) a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) survey, (2) structured interviews; and (3) focus group interviews. There were 26 women participants in this network study - all living in multi-ethnic areas in, or near, the town of Moshi. Each participant was the proprietor of a stall selling agricultural products in one of the three town markets. A total of 92 relationships were described by these 26 women. The majority of the women primarily used cell phones in their business communication and considered cell phones crucial to their businesses. The women valued long-term relationships with over 70% of the business relationships described by the women having lasted for more than one year. The study revealed that these relationships were based very strongly on trust and respect. This primacy of trust in these networks was further validated by the individual interviews and focus group discussions. Loyalty and the maintenance of inter-personal relationships are more important than price in these women’s business-related decision-making. The findings suggest the importance of building trust while expanding “who you know” networks to create social and economic capital in rural African communities. The pervasiveness and importance of cell phones in these communities raises the possibility of employing this technology to create value by harnessing social capital and expanding social networks. An entrepreneurial venture called WishVast emerged from this study and is described in this paper. WishVast is a cellphone-based system that allows individuals to interact within an expanded, geographically dispersed social network – and as a result, it enables traditionally isolated individuals to connect, communicate and coordinate with a large number of potential clients.
Overweight and hypertension among college of health sciences employees in Ghana
Authors:   University of Ghana, Aryeetey R , Ansong J ,   Health Concern Ghana
Published: October 2021

Health care workers , by virtue of their greater access to information, are expected to have less risk of obesity , hypertension, and other health outcomes often linked to lifestyles . However, t here is limited evidence on practices and status of personnel who work in the healthcare setting about hypertension and overweight in Ghana. The current study tests the hypothesis that overweight and hypertension rates, as well as related risk factors among staff and faculty of the College of Health Sciences (CHS), University of Ghana , will be more positive than among the lay public . In June and July 2009, a cross -sectional self -completed survey was administered to 141 male and female faculty and staff of the College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, in Accra. A representative sample was selected by proportionate random sampling from all seven academic and research units of the CHS . Anthropometry and blood pressure measurements were taken with questionnaire data on lifestyle , dietary history, and socio -demographic variables . Overweight and obesity were diagnosed as BMI >25 and >30 kg/m 2 , respectively. Abdominal adiposity was estimated as waist hip ratio >0.80 (females) or >0.95 (males). Hypertension was diagnosed as diastolic or systolic blood pressure > 140 or 90 mm Hg , respectively . Mean age of respondents was 40.5 + 10.8 years ; 43% were over -weight, including 13% obese. More than one -third of overweight respondents did not report an overweight body image. Abdominal adiposity and hypertension rates were 25% and 34% , respectively . Low rates of regular physical activity (25%) and consumption of fruits and vegetables (40%) were observed. Overweight (OR=3.83; p<0.01) and central adiposity (OR=4.8; p<0.01) were associated with significantly increased risk of hypertension. Being married was a significant predictor of overweight (p<0.05), abdominal adiposity (p<0.05), and hypertension (p<0.05). The study concludes that working i n a health care environment or being a health worker does not diminish your risk of overweight and hypertension. It is, therefore , recommended that interventions addressing overweight and hypertension should place attention more on environmental modifications rather than awareness creation .
Evaluation of Autologous Bone Marrow Concentrate along with Hydroxyapatite-collagen for Management of Long Bone Fracture in Canines
Authors: Jain Reshma , Shukla B.P. , Shukla Supriya , Chhabra Daljeet , Karmore S.K. , Shrivastava Nidhi
Published: October 2021

Background: Fractures are a major concern in Veterinary orthopedic surgery because they are often complicated into non unions. The present study was planned to evaluate the fracture healing by using hydroxyapatite-collagen (HAp-Col) as a bone graft substitute and autologous bone marrow concentrate, after the internal fixation by titanium elastic pin. Method: The present work was conducted on 12 clinical cases of dogs having diaphyseal fracture of long bones. In group I (6 animals) fractures were immobilized by an internal fixation technique. In group II fracture was immobilized as in group I with use of autologous bone marrow concentrate along with Hydroxyapatite-collagen at the fracture site. The weight bearing and the progress of fracture healing were recorded. Result: Study showed early weight bearing and no observable lameness in group II as compared to group I animals. Fracture union was earlier and with minimum periosteal callus formation in one animal, five animals at 45 days and 60 days respectively while in group I fracture healing was observed in one animal, two animals at 60 day and 90 days respectively. On basis of result, it is concluded that Hydroxyapatite-collagen composite can be used as along with autolologus bone marrow concentrate as alternative therapy to bone graft in clinical cases to enhance the fracture healing. The use of autogenous and allogenic bone graft having some advantages which is overcome by this present technique.
The role of acetic acid bacteria in brewing and their detection in operation
Authors: Kubizniaková Petra , Kyselová Lucie , Brožová Martina , Hanzalíková Katarína , Matoulková Dagmar
Published: October 2021

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are often considered a threat of the past because today’s equipment allows to perform post-fermentation processes under greatly reduced level of oxygen. This paper deals with the current importance of AAB in brewing. The risk of contamination as well as functional role in spontaneously fermented sour beers is reviewed. The main harmful effect of AAB lies in the direct spoilage of draft beer and formation of biofilms, most often in dispensing systems. On contrary AAB seems to be indispensable in the case of sour beer production. A key issue of AAB in brewing environment is their (early) detection and identification. Therefore, part of this study is devoted to both the latest sophisticated methods and also those of traditional cultivation. which are still prevalent in operating laboratories due to their cost and easy implementation. Finally, the experimental and pictorial material is added as a guide for operations that have less experience with AAB.