bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE HETEROCHEYLIDAE TRÄGÅRDH (ACARI: ACARIFORMES: PROSTIGMATA)
Authors: Lindquist Evert E. , Kethley John B.
Published: December 2009

The history of placement of the Heterocheylidae Trägårdh, 1950, is reviewed. The family does not belong in either the Anystoidea or the Cheyletoidea, and instead is placed in its own superfamily, Heterocheyloidea Trägårdh new status, which in turn is transferred to a position beside the cohort Tarsonemina in the supercohort Heterostigmata. The placement of Heterocheylidae in the Heterostigmata is based upon the presence of paired stigmatic openings on the anterolateral margin of the dorsum of the propodosoma, the subcapsular form of the gnathosoma, the structure of the palpi, the sequence of dorsal setae and tergites of the hysterosoma, and other characters. Diagnoses for the Heterostigmata and the Heterocheyloidea are given. The relationship of the Heterocheyloidea to the Tarsonemina is discussed.
INTERACTION OF BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND ROOT-ROT PATHOGENS IN GRAND FIR IN NORTHERN IDAHO
Authors: Hertert H. D. , Miller D. L. , Partridge A. D.
Published: December 2009

Using explosives, 93 grand fir were examined for root decay and bark beetle activity. Ninety-six per cent of the trees attacked by bark beetles also had root rot. From the data it appears that root disease is an important factor in predisposing fir to attack by bark beetles. Significant relationships were found between the presence of root decay and both the incidence of beetle attack and the number of attacks. No such relationship could be found concerning the success of beetle attacks. The question of bark beetles as vectors of root disease was not considered.
ESTABLISHMENT IN CANADA OF THE CINNABAR MOTH, TYRIA JACOBAEAE (LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE) FOR CONTROLLING THE WEED SENECIO JACOBAEA
Authors: Harris P. , Wilkinson A. T. S. , Neary M. E. , Thompson L. S. , Finnamore D.
Published: December 2009

The cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae L., was established in the Atlantic provinces and British Columbia for the control of tansy ragwort. Establishment was difficult to obtain with imported stock: only two of 14 colonies survived, one on each coast. The rate of survival in these colonies increased with succeeding generations, and with stock from the regional colony eight of nine releases became established in Nova Scotia. Most of the established colonies increased until the ragwort was defoliated.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE PARASITOIDHYPOSOTER EXIGUAEAND THE CABBAGE LOOPER,TRICHOPLUSIA NI: EFFECTS ON HEAD-CAPSULE WIDTH, LIVE AND DRY WEIGHTS, AND HEMOLYMPH SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF HOSTS AT DIFFERENT AGES
Authors: Iwantsch Gerard F. , Smilowitz Zane
Published: December 2009

The effects of parasitism byHyposoter exiguae(Viereck) on certain developmental parameters ofTrichoplusia ni(Hübner) were influenced by host age at parasitism.

Head-capsule growth increments for parasitizedTrichoplusia nibecame smaller with each successive molt during parasitism so that determination of instar on the basis of head-capsule width became impossible.

ParisitizedT.nishowed a proportionately smaller gain in weight from time of stinging until parasitoid emergence the older they were when stung (6 times for 3rd instars; 2 times for 4th instars; and no gain for 5th instars). This retardation was evident 24 h after parasitism. Essentially the same results were obtained for dry weight.

Percentage dry weight of parasitized larvae tended to increase over control values until the 5th stadium when controls abruptly increased. Values for parasitized 5ths remained below the controls. Values found on the last days reflected those of the parasitoid which composed most of the mass inside the host cuticle.

Hemolymph specific gravity in controls and parasitized 3rd instars oscillated with a frequency of one stadium in the 3rd, 4th, and early 5th stadia. Specific gravity of controls then rose to a maximum of 1.0501 in the prespinning phase and dropped by the pharate–pupal phase. Values for parasitized larvae in the 5th stadium rose slightly before leveling off, and parasitized 5th instars rose to a maximum on the next-to-last day. Maximum values attained for hosts parasitized as 3rd and 5th instars never reached that for controls on day 11. This may be related to the complete unacceptability or unsuitability ofT.nilarvae for parasitism from day 11 on.
SEASONAL SUCCESSION OF THE MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) OF THE CHALK RIVER AREA
Authors: Baldwin W. F. , Chant G. D.
Published: December 2009

The results of surveys of adult and larval mosquitoes in the environs of Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories (CRNL) near Chalk River, Ont., are presented. Twenty-six species were identified, and the succession of major species throughout the summer months has been illustrated. Members of the genus Aedes (A. communis, A. punctor, and A. excrucians) dominated the populations in early and late June. Later, mosquitoes such as Mansonia perturbons and Aedes vexans were the most troublesome.
NEW AND UNUSUAL RHYACOPHILA (TRICHOPTERA: RHYACOPHILIDAE)
Authors: Denning D. G.
Published: December 2009

Five new species of western Rhyacophila, leechi, siskiyou, lurella, arcella, and tehama, are described; siskiyou is remarkably different from other described species. The vedra complex, comprising five species, is discussed with descriptions of two new species.
IDENTITIES OF LANCE FLIES (DIPTERA: LONCHAEIDAE) DESCRIBED BY DE MEIJERE, WITH NOTES ON RELATED SPECIES
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: December 2009

The seven species of Lonchaeidae described by de Meijere from south-east Asia (all placed by him in the genus Lonchaea) are redescribed, compared with their relatives, and assigned to their proper genera: Lonchaea minuta, L. pugionata, Silba gibbosa, S. lucens, S. obscuripennis, S. setifera (all from Java), and S. cupraria (from Krakatau). Lectotypes are designated for all except cupraria which is known from the holotype only. L. minuta is a prior name for lambiana Bezzi (= longicornis Lamb). S. obscuripennis (= zopherosa McAlpine) is a junior synonym of S. atratula (Walker). Three new species, L. marshalli from Natal, L. hennigi from Formosa, and S. vanemdeni from Malaya, are described. Keys to the world species of the L. impressifrons and of the S. abstata groups of species are provided. The genitalia of 16 species are figured.
A NEW NEARCTIC SPECIES OF MISUMENOPS (ARANEIDA: THOMISIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H.
Published: December 2009

The genus Misumenops F. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 is represented in the Nearctic region by approximately 20 named species, most of which are restricted to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The new species described here brings to five the total known from eastern North America.
SUPPRESSION OF CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) BY SEX PHEROMONE TRAPPING OF MALES
Authors: MacLellan C. R.
Published: December 2009

The intensive use of sex pheromone traps in an insecticide-free apple orchard from 1972 to 1974 reduced the codling moth population and level of fruit damage. The sex ratio of bait-trapped adults indicated that the male population was being reduced by the pheromone traps. In commercial orchards pheromone trapping of males suppressed codling moth damage to fruit but the amount of damage was above acceptable economic levels.
AN EVALUATION OF A SCOLYTUS TSUGAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) INFESTATION IN A SMALL STAND OF DOUGLAS-FIR SAPLINGS IN NORTHERN IDAHO
Authors: Schenk John A. , Berryman Alan A. , Dale John W.
Published: December 2009

The distribution of attack by Scolytus tsugae (Swaine) between and within trees was evaluated in a small, isolated stand of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) saplings in northern Idaho. Distribution of attacked trees was determined from a complete inventory of the stand Within-tree distribution of attack was evaluated from sample bolts removed from three levels of each of nine sample trees. The infestation was concentrated (> 50%) in the 5-in. (12.7-cm) (dbh) trees during the 3-year outbreak period, but spread to the next smaller and larger diameter classes during the peak year. Approximately 52% of available host trees in each of the 5- and 7-in. (12.7- and 17.8-cm) diameter classes were killed during the outbreak. The lower and middle thirds of the bole sustained the highest number of attacks per ft2 (930 cm2). There was no significant difference in the percentage of successful attacks per ft2 (930 cm2) between tree level; however, the degree of success tended to increase with height in the tree.
A REARRANGEMENT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CLUBIONA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES (ARANEIDA: CLUBIONIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H.
Published: December 2009

The 50 known species of North American Clubiona Latreille, 1804 are rearranged in seven species-groups as follows: trivialis group (1 Holarctic, 4 Nearctic), obesa group (11 Nearctic), reclusa group (2 Holarctic, 3 Nearctic), pallidula group (1 Holarctic), abboti group (25 Nearctic), lutescens group (1 Holarctic, 1 Nearctic), maritima group (1 Nearctic). Clubiona quebecana and C. angulata are described as new species from eastern North America. C. kuratai Roddy, 1966, originally described from the female only, is synonymized under C. chippewa Gertsch, 1941, which was originally described from the male only. C. opeongo Edwards, 1958 and C. bishopi Edwards, 1958 are redescribed, the male of the former and the female of the latter not having been previously described.
FEEDING HABITS AND FOOD PREFERENCES OF MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS AND M. FEMURRUBRUM (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Bailey C. G. , Mukerji M. K.
Published: December 2009

The feeding habits of Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) and M. femurrubrum (DeGeer) in an Ontario grassland were investigated by analyzing crop contents. The study revealed that both species are mixed feeders which prefer forbs over grasses. Both species ingested a wide range of host plants in the field, showing preferences for some species over others. Differential growth and mortality resulted when grasshoppers were reared on different host plants.
A REVISION OF THE ISMARINAE OF THE NEW WORLD (HYMENOPTERA, PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, DIAPRIIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

The genus Ismarus Haliday of the New World is revised. Twenty-one species are recognized, described, and keyed, of which the following 16 are new: I. brevicornis n. sp. ♂ (Mexico), I. clarkae n. sp. ♀ (Canada), I. dux n. sp. ♂ (Panama, Costa Rica), I. flavicrus n. sp. ♀ (Mexico), I. flavigena n. sp. ♂ (Canada, U.S.A.), I. gibsoni n. sp. ♀ (Canada, U.S.A.), I. gracilis n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico, Panama), I. helavai n. sp. ♀ (Panama), I. masoni n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico), I. mexicanus n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico), I. neotropicus n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Brazil), I. porteri n. sp. ♂ (Argentina), I. orion n. sp. ♀ (Mexico), I. rex n. sp. ♀ ♂ (Mexico), I. varicornis n. sp. ♀ (Brazil), and I. vigil n. sp. ♂ (U.S.A.). The hitherto unknown males of I. americanus Fouts and I. nevadensis Kieff. are described. I. rugulosus Foerst., I. halidayi Foerst., and I. flavicornis (Thorns.), previously known from Europe, are recorded from Canada and the U.S.A. Higher classification, interrelationships, and world distribution of Ismarus are discussed.
A REVIEW OF THE SPIDER GENUSPHILODROMUSIN THE AMERICAS (ARANEIDA: PHILODROMIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H.
Published: December 2009

PhilodromusWalckenaer 1826 and its seven component species groups in the Americas are defined and diagnosed. The 12 species of theaureolusgroup are keyed, diagnosed, and mapped.P.obscurusBlackwail, 1871 is placed in synonymy underP.cespitum(Walckenaer, 1802).P.lutulentusGertsch, 1934 is raised to species status from synonymy underP.laticepsKeyserling, 1880, andP.eremusBuckle, 1973 is placed in synonymy underP.lutulentus.P.agreutesSchick, 1965 is placed in synonymy underP.californicusKeyserling, 1884, andP.decolorO. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 underP.satullusKeyserling, 1880. The South American speciesP.fuliginosusNicoletinGay, 1849,P.juniorNicoletinGay, 1849, andP.meridionalisKeyserling, 1891 are removed to the genusPetrichus, andP.setosusPetrunkevitch, 1929 is removed to the genusThanatus, where it becomes a junior synonym ofT.vulgarisSimon, 1870.
SEX PHEROMONE OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): OPTIMUM BLEND OF TRANS- AND CIS-11-TETRADECENAL
Authors: Sanders C. J. , Weatherston J.
Published: December 2009

A reinvestigation of the sex pheromone of the eastern spruce bud worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), showed that it contains 11-tetradecenal in the ratio 96% trans-: 4% cis-. Field trapping showed the pure trans- compound to be only slightly attractive. Maximum attraction occurred in the range 2% to 5% cis-.
RELATION OF MORTALITY CAUSED BY PARASITES TO THE POPULATION DENSITY OF HYPHANTRIA CUNEA
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: December 2009

Parasitism in natural populations of Hyphantria cunea Drury was measured in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, 1957–1973. Thirteen parasite species were recovered during this period but only a few caused an appreciable degree of mortality. The per cent mortality showed an immediate rather than a delayed response to host density, the relationship being direct up to a density of about 10 host colonies per mile, then inverse. Possible reasons for this sort of relationship are discussed.
PARTHENOGENESIS IN THE BURROWING MAYFLY HEXAGENIA RIGIDA (EPHEMEROPTERA)
Authors: Friesen M. K. , Flannagan J. F.
Published: December 2009

Parthenogenesis in North American mayflies occurs in Ameletus ludens Needham (Clemens 1922), Ephoron album (Say) (Britt 1962), Stenonema fermoratum (Say) (McCafferty and Huff 1974), S. interpunctatum (Say), S. pulchellum (Walsh), and S. vicarium (Walker) (Huff and McCafferty 1974). Attempts to determine its occurrence in the genus Hexagenia are reported for H. limbata occulta Walker (Neave 1932), H. limbata (Serville) (Hunt 1953), and H. bilineata (Say) (Thomforde and Fremling 1968). The purpose of this note is to report hatching in unfertilized eggs of H. rigida McDunnough.
AGGREGATION OF SPRUCE BEETLES (COLEOPTERA) TO SEUDENOL AND REPRESSION OF ATTRACTION BY METHYLCYCLOHEXENONE IN ALASKA
Authors: Furniss Malcolm M. , Baker Bruce H. , Hostetler Bruce B.
Published: December 2009

In tests conducted on the Kenai National Moose Range, Alaska, seudenol and α-pinene attracted more spruce beetles (Dendroctonus rufipennis(Kirby)) than did frontalin and α-pinene, the best previously reported synthetic attractant. Addition of methylcyclohexenone (MCH) to sticky traps baited with spruce logs (Picea glauca(Moench) Voss.) infested with 20 female spruce beetles or to traps treated with seudenol and α-pinene reduced the number of spruce beetles caught by 87% and 99%, respectively. MCH appears to have similar repressive effect on the attraction of spruce beetle populations that differ in their geographic locations and hosts. A total of 179 other scolytids, representing 8 genera and 10 species, were caught by traps; greatest numbers were attracted to treatments containingtrans-verbenol and uninfested spruce log sections.Scierus pubescens(Swaine) was recorded from Alaska for the first time. No members ofThanasimusspecies were caught although they have been consistently present in abundance in similar tests elsewhere.
LIFE HISTORIES OF COEXISTING SPECIES OFCERACLEACADDISFLIES (TRICHOPTERA: LEPTOCERIDAE): THE OPERATION OF INDEPENDENT FUNCTIONAL UNITS IN A STREAM ECOSYSTEM
Authors: Resh Vincent H.
Published: December 2009

Bionomics of the stream caddisflies,Ceraclea transversa(Hagen) (=Athripsodes angustusBanks) andCeraclea ancylus(Vorhies) (=Athripsodes ancylus(Vorhies)) were compared with generalized trichopteran life cycles. The univoltine detritus-feedingC.ancylushas five larval instars and a brief adult emergence period.C.transversahas five larval instars but two distinct cohorts, in which larvae of the first cohort feed entirely on freshwater sponge, overwinter as inactive prepupae, pupate, and emerge the following spring. The second larval cohort feeds on sponge until the onset of gemmulation in autumn, then the larvae must overwinter as active third- or fourth-instar detritus-feeders, pupating and emerging later in the summer than the first cohort. The detritus-feedingC.ancyluslarvae have a diurnal feeding cycle. The sand case ofC.ancylusand the silk-secreted case ofC.transversadiffer in shape and composition, although both species initiate case construction using egg mass matrix, silk, and detritus. Emergence, flight activity, sex ratios, and adult survival depart from reported generalizations of caddisfly biology. Neither the validity of generalizing typical life cycles in benthic studies, nor the rationale that congeneric species operate as a functional unit in stream dynamics, is substantiated.
THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE). ARTIFICIAL DIET AND REARING TECHNIQUE
Authors: Bucher G. E. , Bracken G. K.
Published: December 2009

A technique is described for rearing successive generations of the insect in numbers from 200 to 40,000 continuously without diapause. All components of the diet are commercially available and the principal ingredients are of plant origin. Survival at four stages of development is given and the causes of mortality are discussed. The per cent survival of insects from instar III to pupation times the percentage of perfect female pupae obtained at harvest gives a factor considered to be the best measure of the worth of an artificial diet. The variability of these statistics is shown by frequency distributions obtained in 50 independent tests of the diet. Overall survival of 84% times 73% perfect females gave a diet worth factor of 61. An analysis of rearing costs is presented. Although 15 continuous generations have been reared, egg production of the highly selected strain has not deteriorated.
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON NON-DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT IN MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Bailey Clyde G.
Published: December 2009

Differential survival and development rates were obtained for the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk., reared at nine constant temperatures. Eggs and larvae had high survival rates at temperatures ranging from 8 °C to 32 °C and pupae showed good survival between 8 °C and 28 °C. Eggs and larvae did not complete development at 6° and 36 °C; and 32 °C was lethal for pupae. Duration of the egg, larval, and pupal stages decreased as the temperature increased from 8 °C to 28 °C. When duration and developmental rates were plotted against temperatures, the observed points did not differ significantly from curves formulated from the logistic equation 1/y = K/(1 + ea−bx). With a developmental threshold of 7 °C, 82, 356, and 352 accumulated day-degrees above the threshold were required for development of eggs, larvae, and pupae, respectively.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): V. REARING PROCEDURES, AND LIFE CYCLES OF 36 SPECIES
Authors: Hinks C. F. , Byers J. R.
Published: December 2009

A rearing method, based upon an artificial diet, has proved successful in establishing laboratory colonies of 36 species of the genus Euxoa. The diet is described, along with methods for controlling disease, particularly by the use of antimicrobial agents.

Many of the 36 species of Euxoa have not been reared before and their habits and life histories are little known. The data derived from their development under laboratory conditions and which can be related to seasonal distribution are recorded. Particular emphasis is given to the overwintering stage and to the occurrence of an aestivating stage.
THE DISPERSAL OF LOPHYROPLECTUS LUTEATOR (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) ON NEODIPRION SERTIFER (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Rose A. H.
Published: December 2009

The introduced parasite Lophyroplectus luteator Thunberg has spread 305 km in an easterly direction in the 13 years since its release and has dispersed faster in southern Ontario than its host, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy). The prevailing westerly winds were probably an important factor. The limited dispersal from a second liberation is discussed.
AN UPPER BOUNDARY FOR THE SEX RATIO IN A HAPLODIPLOID INSECT
Authors: Mackauer M.
Published: December 2009

Mated females of the aphid parasiteAphidius smithiproduced only unfertilized eggs (i.e. sons) for the first 2–3 h after copulation and a variable proportion of fertilized eggs (i.e. daughters) thereafter. As a result, the mean proportion of daughters among the offspring of single females was always less than unity, even in a highly favourable environment; the limiting value of the sex ratio was estimated at approximately 85% females. An argument is presented that in haplodiploid species with a variable and environmentally controlled sex ratio a male-producing mechanism is required to ensure the production of a sufficient number of males for the fertilization of all females.
GENETIC CONTROL OF INSECT POPULATIONS: ISOLATION AND FITNESS DETERMINATION OF AUTOSOMAL TRANSLOCATIONS
Authors: Reid J. A. Keith , Wehrhahn C. F.
Published: December 2009

Recent advances in genetic insect control theory have made it important to investigate the fitness effects of, and isolation procedures for, autosomal translocations. We isolated 57 autosomal translocations inDrosophila melanogaster(Dipt., Dros.). Twenty-one were homozygous-viable and a few of these were almost as viable as wild-types. From data obtained during the isolation of these translocations it appears that those translocations whose heterozygotes produce high levels of unbalanced gametes have the same range of homozygous viabilities as others. We may infer, therefore, that it is possible to use our simple marker-free isolation method to isolate translocations with sufficiently low heterozygote and sufficiently high homozygote fitness to make population replacement practicable.

This is confirmed in population cage competition experiments. It appears that between 5 and 10% of induced marker-free translocations may be useful for population replacement.
SELECTION FOR A UNIVOLTINE STRAIN OF MEGACHILE (EUTRICHARAEA) PACIFICA (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)
Authors: Hobbs G. A. , Richards K. W.
Published: December 2009

A strain of the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile pacifica Panzer, that has produced less than 1% second-generation adults for 3 consecutive years was produced by selection against bivoltinism. The selection process also resulted in the production of bees that reproduced at a much higher rate than the unselected parent stock.
HYLEMYA EXTREMITATA(DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) AND SPECIES OF CHLOROPIDAE ASSOCIATED WITH INJURY TO BROMEGRASS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF LARVAE
Authors: Teskey H. J. , Clarke J. M. , Elliott C. R.
Published: December 2009

A brief infestation of near outbreak proportions by larvae ofHylemya extremitataMalloch occurred on bromegrass,Bromus inermisLeyss andB.pumpellianusScribn., at Beaverlodge, Alta., in 1971–72. Larvae feeding primarily on meristematic tissue caused injury to as many as 20% of the grass tillers examined. Mature larvae overwintered within the tillers. Adults emerged in mid-June. Descriptions are given of the three larval stages of this species and of mature larvae of the first two of the following four species of Chloropidae, which were also found living within the bromegrass:Olcella provocans(Becker),Oscinella coxendix(Fitch),Oscinella incertaBecker, andConioscinella melancholicaBecker.
SIZE- AND SEX-RELATED EMERGENCE, AND SURVIVAL IN COLD STORAGE, OF MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE ADULTS
Authors: Safranyik L.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk., were reared to adults in naturally infested bolts of lodgepole pine, Pinus conforta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm., at 21 ± 3 °C. The mean pronotal width of the emerging beetles of both sexes decreased, and the male:female ratio increased, during the emergence period. On the average, larger individuals of both sexes survived longer when adult beetles were stored at 1 ± 2 °C. Also, the male:female ratio of the surviving beetles decreased with increased storage duration. These and related results in the literature suggest that in natural populations of the mountain pine beetle average adult size increases, and the male:female ratio decreases, following stress-induced mortality in the larval and(or) adult stages.
FUMIGATION OF APPLES UNDER PLASTIC TARPAULINS WITH ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE TO CONTROL DIAPAUSING EUROPEAN RED MITE (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE) EGGS
Authors: Sanford K. H. , Stewart D. K. R. , Poapst P. A.
Published: December 2009

Overwintering eggs of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), were killed on McIntosh and Red Delicious apples by 4½-h fumigation treatments with ethylene dibromide. Constant concentrations of 8 mg EDB/1. at 14 °C achieved 100% mortality, and absorption of the fumigant by the apples, the bins, and the chamber was determined so that the amount of fumigant for various size commercial loads could be calculated. Treatments increased scald on McIntosh but reduced it on Red Delicious. Taste and other qualities of the fruit were not affected.
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NAMIB DESERT TENEBRIONID BEETLE ONYMACRIS RUGATIPENNIS
Authors: Hamilton William J. , Buskirk Ruth E. , Buskirk William H.
Published: December 2009

Onymacris rugatipennis is one of several diurnal adesmiine tenebrionid beetles living in various habitats near Gobabeb in the Namib Desert, South West Africa.

Late in the active part of the female daily cycle and before they dig into the ground, females are often persistently followed by one or more males. Intruding male challenges to followers are commonplace. Following occurs during the latter phase of the morning and especially during the afternoon activity cycle. Early in these activity cycles the principle male activity is feeding. Males emerge in the morning earlier than females, and late in their activity period most males are engaged in following or attempts to dislodge other followers. Of the five diurnal adesmiine species living near Gobabeb, only the males of O. rugatipennis fight with one another and defend space. Their space is maintained above the site where a female has dug into the ground at midday or in the evening. Defense involves exclusion of other males from the immediate vicinity of the female. Alien males are immediately evicted, but on some occasions there are serious challenges. Pairs of males may engage in vigorous wrestling matches involving head butting, shoving, throwing, biting, and kicking. Evenly matched individuals may wrestle for over 30 min and for more than 20 falls. The winner of such encounters remains over the buried female. The last individual to hold the space in the evening may mate with the resident female. The observed behavior is not territorial in the sense that there are no mutually recognized frontiers. There is, however, exclusive use of space and aggressive defense of that space.

Social order is re-established daily. There are no persistent inter-individual bonds between males and females. Males may return to the general area but not the exact place where they held space the previous day. Many individuals move long distances from the place where they were active on the preceding day.

Larger males tend to win wrestling matches. However, males are on the average smaller than females. Since larval males live in the habitats occupied by females, adult male body size is apparently not limited by larval energy limits. Hence we conclude that small adult male body size conveys advantages which may outweigh the disadvantage in wrestling matches. Some of the possible selection relationships countering large male size are discussed.

Females reject most mating attempts by males when they are active on the surface. They exercise no choice in mate selection following burrowing. Hence the mating system results in mating by the most persistent male followers and aggressive individuals able to hold the space above the place where the female burrows into the ground.
MATING ABILITY IN NEODIPRION SERTIFER (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Lyons L. A.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory tests showed that the mating frequency of males of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) averaged 4.28 and varied from 0 to 11. A few adults of both sexes did not mate, despite repeated opportunities. As many virgin as mated females oviposited, but virgins laid 19% fewer eggs. Progeny sex ratios were independent of the number of previous matings by the parental male, but apparently were inversely related to the male’s mating ability and may have been determined paternally.
EFFECT OF VARIED COPULATORY PERIODS OF MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) FEMALES ON EGG HATCHABILITY AND HATCHLING SEX RATIOS
Authors: Pickford R. , Gillott C.
Published: December 2009

Mating studies with M. sanguinipes (Fabr.) indicated that egg hatchability and percentage of males among the hatchlings decreased as copulatory period decreased; this was probably caused by depletion of viable sperm in the female resulting from inadequate sexual contact with the male.
RESOURCE UTILIZATION BY THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Coulson Robert N. , Mayyasi Adil M. , Foltz J. L. , Hain F. P. , Martin W. C.
Published: December 2009

The process of resource utilization by Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman attacking loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., was investigated. The quantitative relationship of attacking parent adult D. frontalis as a function of the normalized infested bole height is described by the model y = Ax(1−x)eBx. Greatest attack density occurs at the mid-bole of the tree and tapers toward the top and bottom. Gallery length (and hence eggs)/100 cm2 was independent of attack density. The relationship between gallery length (or eggs) per parent adult and parent adult density is described by the exponential decay curve y = AeBx, indicating that gallery length and egg population density are controlled by a density dependent compensatory feedback process operating instantaneously. Further support for the mechanism was obtained by analyzing the gallery length per parent adult at different locations on the infested bole. The relationship is described by the model y = [AeBx]/[x(1−x)] and indicates that gallery construction and egg population per attacking beetle increase in the upper and basal portion of the bole. The result is a uniform amount of food and space per individual of the developing population.
EVALUATION OF PHEROMONE BAITED TRAPS IN A PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ON PEARS FOR CODLING MOTH CONTROL
Authors: Westigard P. H. , Graves K. L.
Published: December 2009

Traps baited with the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), sex pheromone, trans-8, trans- 10-dodecadien-1-ol, were evaluated for their suitability in a pest management program in an area of high host abandonment. Modifications in trap design, trap condition, or pheromone cap type resulted in variation in male moth catch. In commercial orchards the necessity of both interior and perimeter traps is indicated. Reduction in pesticide sprays was obtained in two of the four orchards monitored, but utilization of traps in a pest management program is hampered by several factors including orchard design, grower attitude, and considerations of cultural practices.
INFLUENCE OF DIETARY COPPER AND ZINC ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF THE HOUSE CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: December 2009

The addition of copper to an artificial diet greatly improves growth of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.). Adding zinc improves growth in the presence of added copper, but not in its absence, indicating an interaction between the two trace elements. Reproduction is always ’normal’ with added copper in the diet. Zinc added at a low level will support ’normal’ reproduction, but not at high levels. Survival is poor without added copper in the diet. It is suggested that the minimum growth requirements for zinc and copper are a total of 23 μg/g diet and 14 μg/g diet respectively.
COMPLEXITIES IN THE NUMBER OF LARVAL INSTARS OF THE BIRCH CASEBEARER IN NEWFOUNDLAND (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE)
Authors: Raske Arthur G.
Published: December 2009

The birch casebearer, Coleophora fuscedinella Zeller, has five larval instars in northeastern North America, but commonly only four in insular Newfoundland. The occurrence of four larval instars in Newfoundland represents the omission of either the third or the fourth instar. Local Newfoundland populations may have five larval instars, but the late-developing larvae of these populations have only four larval instars. Head capsule width can be used to identify instars but case characteristics are recommended because the bimodality of third instar head widths can cause confusion.
RELATIONSHIP OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURES TO DIEL PERIODICITIES OF SEX ATTRACTION IN SIX SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Comeau A. , Cardé R. T. , Roelofs W. L.
Published: December 2009

Field studies of male sex attraction rhythms in Argyrotaenia velutinana and five other lepidopterous species reveal that the diel periodicity was modified by ambient temperature. The temperature near the mean hour of attraction appeared to be the most important environmental parameter correlated to the shift in rhythmicity.
THE COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO EGG PARASITES OF RHODNIUS PROLIXUS (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE), VECTOR OF CHAGAS’ DISEASE IN VENEZUELA
Authors: Gerling D. , Conde J. E. , Rabinovich J. E.
Published: December 2009

A study was made of the developmental biology of two parasite species that attack the eggs of Rhodnius prolixus. The gregarious encyrtid Ooencyrtus trinidadensis has a life cycle of 14 days, from egg to adult. The larvae, which hatch after a 42 h incubation, are attached to the egg chorion during the first and second instars. The solitary scelionid Telenomus costa-limai has a longer life cycle (20 days), but its eggs hatch after only 17 h, and its first-instar larva is equipped with large mandibles. It is possible that this free larva is better equipped for elimination of multiple or supernumerary parasites than that of O. trinidadensis. The characteristic features of the larvae of each parasite species are also described.
CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE): MONITORING POPULATIONS IN APPLE ORCHARDS WITH SEX PHEROMONE TRAPS
Authors: Vakenti Jerry M. , Madsen Harold F.
Published: December 2009

Codling moth populations in six orchards in the Okanagan and Similkameen valleys of British Columbia were monitored for 2 seasons with traps baited with trans-8, trans-10, dodecadien-1-ol, the sex pheromone of the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.). Sprays were applied if traps within the orchard captured two or more moths per trap per week during 2 consecutive weeks. Traps installed in neighboring orchards minimized male moth influx. A 43.1% reduction in the number of required cover sprays for codling moth control was obtained over a 2-year period compared with a standard three spray program. Fruit injured by codling moth in monitored orchards varied, but was less than 1% in all but one orchard.
FORECASTING CODLING MOTH PHENOLOGY BASED ON PHEROMONE TRAP CATCHES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL-TIME MODELS
Authors: Riedl Helmut , Croft B. A. , Howitt A. J.
Published: December 2009

The relationship of pheromone trap catch to emergence and oviposition of the codling moth was defined for the two-generation climate of Michigan. Catch anticipated emergence and oviposition during spring flight when the trap displayed greatest efficiency, but lagged behind emergence and closely followed oviposition during the second generation. Trapping efficiency declined towards the end of the first generation and was generally lower during summer flight. Factors which possibly relate to this efficiency loss are discussed. First catch and the catch peaks in both generations were evaluated as reference points for the prediction of phenological events (particularly egg hatch) in both generations Of four forecasting methods, degree day and developmental unit summations, starting from first catch, for the preoviposition and incubation period were most reliable in predicting the beginning of spring brood egg hatch.
NOTES ON THE NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES OF TUSSOCK MOTHS OF THE GENUS ORGYIA (LEPIDOPTERA)
Authors: Hughes Kenneth M.
Published: December 2009

Three western species of tussock moths of the genus Orgyia are all susceptible to infection by the same two nuclear polyhedrosis viruses. An eastern species of Orgyia is also affected by these viruses. In the Western States, the natural occurrence of the two viruses appears to be limited to definite geographic areas. Infectivity of the viruses for hosts outside the genus Orgyia is not known. One report of such cross-infectivity could not be substantiated. Bodies which appear to be composed of viral materials but which are not normal virus particles are sometimes found occluded in polyhedra.
EFFECTS OF TWO INSECT GROWTH DISRUPTORS, PH 6038 AND PH 6040, ON THE WINTER MOTH, OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Pree D. J.
Published: December 2009

The activity of two insect growth disruptors PH 6038 and PH 6040 was assessed against larvae of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) in the laboratory and field. Larvae fed on foliage treated with PH 6038 and PH 6040 until death occurred at ecdysis owing to disruption in cuticle formation. Field tests with PH 6040 indicated that concentrations of 165 ppm were effective for control. As measured by bioassay, using winter moth larvae, PH 6040 was persistent for at least 28 days in the field.
A HOST INDEX FOR SPECIES OF APHIDOIDEA DESCRIBED DURING 1935 TO 1969
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

This Index endeavors to continue part of Patch's (1938) impressive work, “Food Plant Catalogue of the Aphids of the World,” which attempted to include all host records up to the end of 1935. Although Higuchi and Miyazaki (1969) have produced a tentative host catalogue for Aphidoidea in Japan and Sharma (1969, 1971, 1972), Smith (1972), and Szelegiewicz (1969) have produced more recent bibliographies, Patch's host catalogue has not been updated on a world-wide basis. This is an attempt to fill this need as regards original host records of species of aphids described during 1935 to 1969. The index has been arranged alphabetically by genus and species of host, or under the colloquial name for the host where this was the only information given in the description of the species. Fossils, and species where the host was not given, have been listed underFossilsandUnknownrespectively.
A NEW SPECIES OF PTEROMALINAE (PTEROMALIDAE: CHALCIDOIDEA) FROM NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Dorcatomophaga (Nearctomophaga) jonesi n. subgen., n. sp. is described. Subgeneric characters are compared between the Nearctic and Palearctic forms. Representatives of the genus have not previously been recorded from North America.
THE MIRID (HEMIPTERA) FAUNA OFSOLIDAGO CANADENSIS(ASTERACEA) IN SOUTH-EASTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Reid D.G. , Loan C. C. , Harmsen R.
Published: December 2009

Forty-six species of adult Miridae were recorded fromSolidago canadensisL. in south-eastern Ontario. Major resident (breeding) species were determined on the basis of the relative abundance of nymphal and adult populations recorded from six plot-years. Although the composition of the mirid fauna varies temporally, over 90% of the Miridae belong to the following group of seven species:Slaterocoris breviatus(Kngt.),S.atritibialis(Kngt.),Lygus lineolaris(Beauv.),L.vanduzeeiKngt.,Plagiognathus cuneatusKngt.,P.politusUhl., andPolymerus venaticus(Uhl.).

Total nymphal abundance is seasonally bimodal, relating to species differences in overwintering stage. TheLygusspecies overwinter as adults, and nymphs are abundant primarily in August, The remaining five species overwinter as eggs and their nymphs are present primarily during May to mid-July. In contrast to the bimodal phenology exhibited by nymphs, adults are temporally grouped in the mid- to late season, with adults of both overwintering classes overlapping. The adults, however, follow a characteristic sequence of initial occurrence, from early to late season, of:S.atritibialis,P.venaticus,L.vanduzeei,S.breviatus,P.politus,P.cuneatus, andL.lineolaris.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OFPRIONUS LATICOLLIS(COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Benham Gerald S. , Farrar Richard J.
Published: December 2009

The broad-necked root borer,Prionus laticollis(Drury), causes economic damage to apple orchards in the eastern United States by boring in the roots of apple trees. The insect has a 3- to 4-year life cycle. Eggs are deposited in the soil or on the soil surface in mid-summer, and larvae tunnel through the bark and may excavate the interior wood of living, weakened, or dead apple tree roots. Larvae leave the roots to pupate in the soil and have been found up to a depth of 84 cm below the soil surface. Prepupae occur in the soil during May and June and pupae in June and July. Adults live approximately 1 week after emergence and mate several times. A tachinid fly, several potential pathogenic microorganisms, larvae biting one another, and freezing temperatures were observed to be mortality factors.
THE SEVEN LARVAL INSTARS OF SIMULIUM ARCTICUM (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: December 2009

The larvae of Simulium arcticum Malloch in three collections from the North Saskatchewan River of May and June 1969, 1971, and 1974 showed seven instars. The first instar larva possessed an egg burster and the seventh instar larva possessed separated cervical sclerites. The intervening instars, however, could be decisively identified only by measuring the lengths of the postgenae. The observed mean postgenal lengths for all but the seventh instar were near those predicted by the regression line logeY = 4.1216 +.2927X. The observed mean lengths of whole larvae of all seven instars were near those predicted by the regression line logeY = −.5234 +.3238X but with relatively large standard deviations. Thus there were geometric increases in size between successive instars.
PARASITISM OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG, LYGUS LINEOLARIS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE), BY PERISTENUS PALLIPES AND P. PSEUDOPALLIPES (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Lim K. P. , Stewart R. K.
Published: December 2009

Life cycles of Peristenus pallipes (Curtis) and P. pseudopallipes (Loan), parasitoids of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.), were investigated in an alfalfa field and in uncut weeds in the Ste. Anne de Bellevue area. In 1972, P. pallipes adults emerged in mid-May and P. pseudopallipes adults emerged in late July. The incidence of parasitism in nymphal and adult stages of the tarnished plant bug, L. lineolaris, was measured. The population of the tarnished plant bug in the weeds was more heavily parasitized than the one in the alfalfa field. The ichneumonid hyperparasite Mesochorus curvulus Thomson was also found in this area.
PARENTAL BEHAVIOR IN THE DERMAPTERA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TOFORFICULA AURICULARIA(DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE)
Authors: Lamb Robert J.
Published: December 2009

New observations on parental behavior of the earwig,Forficula auriculariaL., are reported and the literature on the parental behavior in the Dermaptera is summarized. The construction of the nest, care of the eggs and nymphs, and the duration of parental care are described. The control of parental behavior and the role of the male in nest establishment are also considered.
COLCONDAMYIA AUDITRIX NOV. SP. (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE), A PARASITE WHICH IS ATTRACTED BY THE MATING SONG OF ITS HOST, OKANAGANA RIMOSA (HOMOPTERA: CICADIDAE)
Authors: Soper R. S. , Shewell G. E. , Tyrrell D.
Published: December 2009

A new species of sarcophagid, Colcondamyia auditrix, is described, which locates its cicada host by sound. The fly was shown to respond to the mating song of the male cicada, and the majority of parasitized cicadas were male. Parasitism of females occasionally occurs when they are attracted to males simultaneously with the parasite. Levels of parasitism varied from 18.6% in 1962 to 0.2% in 1967 to 14.1% in 1973. Male cicadas lost their sound producing capability following parasitization, rendering them inaccessible to further female flies and thus apparently preventing multiple parasitism.
EMBRYONIC GROWTH AND HATCHABILITY OF EGGS OF THE TWO-STRIPED GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE), IN RELATION TO DATE OF OVIPOSITION AND WEATHER
Authors: Pickford R.
Published: December 2009

The date of oviposition of eggs of Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) had a major effect on the stage of embryonic development at freeze-up, and subsequently on the sequence of hatching and hatchability the following spring. The later eggs were laid during summer and autumn, with generally declining temperatures, the greater the retardation in development, and in turn the greater the delay of hatching the following spring and the reduction in percentage hatch. Seasonal and diumal emergence of the hatchlings is described in relation to weather conditions.
EFFECT OF AN INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR ON LIPID AND CARBOHYDRATE RESERVES OF MOSQUITO PUPAE (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Downer R. G. H. , Spring J. H. , Smith S. M.
Published: December 2009

Pupae of the yellow fever mosquito,Aedes aegyti(L.), were examined for glycogen and lipid content under normal conditions and following exposure, as fourth-instar larvae, to 0.1 ppm of the insect growth regulator, Altosid®(isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-dodeca-2,4-dienoate).

The glycogen reserves of control and experimental insects show similar rates of utilization up to about 24 h of pupal life, but at 48 h, the glycogen reserves of treated animals are depleted. Examination of pupal lipid content indicates that insects treated with Altosid begin pupal life with lipid reserves which are considerably less than those of control animals.

The reduced energy reserves available to newly emerged adults may contribute to premature mortality.
ALFALFA AND THE EGYPTIAN ALFALFA WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Gutierrez A. P. , Christensen J. B. , Merritt C. M. , Loew W. B. , Summers C. G. , Cothran W. R.
Published: December 2009

Population models for the Egyptian alfalfa weevil and alfalfa are reported, which compared favorably with field data. A mechanism for coupling the plant–herbivore trophic levels is suggested.
INTERFERENCE AMONG FEMALES OF NASONIA VITRIPENNIS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) AND ITS EFFECT ON SEX RATIO OF THEIR PROGENY
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Interference among females of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) reduced consistently though not significantly the percentage of fertilized (i.e. female) eggs that each female laid. The physical aspect of the interference apparently was responsible for part of the reduction; females whose oviposition was interrupted physically in each of six other ways also laid relatively though not significantly fewer fertilized eggs. Neither olfactory stimuli from other females of the same species, nor contact chemical stimuli left in the area earlier by these females, had any effect. Females resumed fertilizing eggs normally after the interference factor had been removed.
TOXICITY AND PERSISTENCE OF BIOETHANOMETHRIN AND DIMETHOATE IN THE CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA)
Authors: Burrage R. H. , McKinlay K. S. , Ford R. J.
Published: December 2009

In laboratory tests Bioethanomethrin was more than 20 times as toxic as dimethoate when sprayed on nymphs of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.). Its residual effect on grasshoppers fed treated foliage was relatively insignificant. Toxicity in small field experiments resulted mainly from spray hitting the grasshoppers rather than from their walking or feeding on treated foliage. For 8 days the dimethoate treatment kept numbers of invading grasshoppers significantly lower than those in untreated plots, whereas Bioethanomethrin was ineffective after 2 days. The results indicate that the residual toxicity of the insecticides was of secondary importance in reducing the initial infestation; however, residues do offer a margin of safety against such hazards as poor application, invasion from outside, or continued hatching after treatment.