bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Ultrastructure of Pseudopod Formation in Human Blood Platelets.
Authors: Skjørten Fredrik
Published: August 2010

A method for quantitative evaluation of blood platelet pseudopod formation is presented. Pseudopod formation was studied in whole blood incubated for 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 minutes at + 4°, + 15° or + 37° C. Samples were anticoagulated with EDTA or sodium citrate, or incubated without anticoagulant. In instantly fixed blood, platelets showed a pseudopod index of about 0.5. In samples incubated at + 4° C., the pseudopod index rose to about 3 after 20 minutes. After 40 minutes there was no further increase. At + 37° C. the pseudopod index did not increase during the first 20 minutes of incubation, but after 40 minutes it had risen to levels almost similar to those of the + 4° samples.

EDTA and sodium citrate exerted no influence upon pseudopod formation at any temperature level tested. Mechanical forces operating during the preparation of platelet rich plasma caused pseudopod formation and enhanced temperature induced pseudopod formation.

These results support the theory of Bull & Zucker (1965) that blood platelets maintain their lenticular shape by energy requiring processes.
Observations on the Measurement of Platelet Adhesiveness with the Glassbead Column Technique
Authors: Bennett Peter N.
Published: August 2010

Platelet adhesiveness measured with the glass‐bead column technique was found to be dependent on the age of the glass‐bead columns. Comparison of absolute levels of platelet adhesiveness may therefore not be valid unless columns are matched for age.

Increases or decreases in platelet adhesiveness may be compared in columns of the same age irrespective of the absolute levels of adhesiveness.
Acute Renal Failure in Hereditary Spherocytosis. Report of a Case
Authors: Grahl‐Madsen Roar , Pallisgaard Gunnar
Published: August 2010

Acute renal failure is reported during a haemolytic crisis in a boy with hereditary spherocytosis since this complication has not previously been published.
Plasma Clearance Studies of 57Co Vitamin B12 in Fish Tapeworm Anaemia
Authors: Meyer Leo M. , Levanto Antero , Salmi Heikki A.
Published: August 2010

Plasma clearance of intravenously administered 57Co vitamin B12 in four patients with fish tapeworm anaemia in relapse was slow in all cases when compared to normal subjects. When labelled vitamin was pre‐bound to normal serum and injected into these patients the clearance pattern became normal. The ability to correct clearance was lost when 57Co B12 and normal serum were heated to 56° C. for 30 minutes. Addition of an amount of normal serum equal to heated 57Co B12 serum failed to correct slow clearance in two of three cases.
Effects of Ethylenediamine Tetracetic Acid (EDTA) on Platelet Structure
Authors: White James G.
Published: August 2010

The anticoagulant, EDTA, is known to produce changes in the external contour of platelets. In the present investigation the fine structural alterations which develop in EDTA platelets were examined in the electron microscope. Platelets exposed to EDTA at 37° C. lose their disc shape and become irregularly swollen with multiple pseudopods. This external transformation is identical to the change which occurs in platelets exposed to ADP, thrombin, or low temperature. Internal changes in EDTA platelets, however, are markedly different from those which occur under the influence of aggregating agents or cold. The differences indicate that the effects of EDTA on platelet shape are not due to dispersal of marginal band microtubules or to the trigging of an internal wave of contraction. Chelation of membrane calcium by EDTA appears to cause marked irregularities in the platelet wall and massive swelling of the canalicular system. Swelling of internal channals is the dominant alteration in EDTA platelets, and this change appears ultimately to be related to the breakdown of platelet granules.
Development of Immune Haemolytic Anaemia and Thrombocytopenia in a Chronic Biologic False‐Positive Reactor for Syphilis
Authors: Sievers K. , Lehtinen Marja , Aho K.
Published: August 2010

Report of a case of immune haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia antedated by 19 years with biologic false positive serological reactions for syphilis and initially associated with an aplastic crisis. The erythrocytes were heavily sensitized with complement and weakly with γG globulin. In spite of elevated cold agglutinins, the patient had not experienced Raynaud's phenomenon and there was no abnormal cold haemolysis. Ultracentrifugation studies revealed a quality change in the Wassermann antibodies that roughly parallelled the development of the haemolytic disease.
Carbohydrates in Erythrocyte Stroma: II. Thin Layer Chromatographic Study of Acid Hydrolysates of Human, Bovine, Pig and Horse Erythrocyte Stroma
Authors: Relander Arvo
Published: August 2010

Thin layer chromatography was used to identify hexoses, pentoses and methyl‐pentoses, disaccharides, hexuronic acids and hexosamines in acid hydorlysates of human, bovine, pig and horse erythrocyte stroma. The presence of galactose, glucose, mannose, fucose, glucosamine, and galactosamine was found in all of these stroma samples, arabinose was present in human and bovine stroma, and glucuronic acid in bovine and pig stroma. In the acid hydrolysate of human stroma there was one fraction that had about the same Rf‐value as lactose or isomaltose.
Platelet Aggregation: an Intermediary Mechanism in Carbon Clearance
Authors: Aken W. G. van , Goote Th. M. , Vreeken J.
Published: August 2010

The clearance of carbon particles in rabbits is accompanied by aggregation of blood platelets.

Substances which influence platelet aggregation (adenosine‐nucleotides) diminish the rate at which carbon is cleared from the blood. The disappearance of carbon particles is accelerated by platelet transfusion.

These observations suggest that thrombocyte aggregation is essential for transport of carbon to the Reticulo‐endothelial System.
Studies of Platelet Adhesiveness with Reference to Platelet Age
Authors: Rolovic Zoran , Baldini Mario G.
Published: August 2010

In this study, autologous human platelets labelled with 31Cr were infused in healthy volunteers and their adhesiveness to glass was repeatedly measured during their survival in the circulation using the Salzman's technique. 51Cr‐specific activity was determined seperately for the ‘adhesive’ and ‘non‐adhesive’ platelets and expressed as a ratio of the two values. This ratio was found to be approximately 1 in all the conditions studied. The results indicated: (1) that platelet labelling in vitro with 51Cr did not alter platelet adhesiveness to glass, and (2) that aging of the platelets in the circulation was not associated with a change in their adhesiveness.

Other experiments were done using platelets which had been damaged by a 24hour storage at 4°C. before infusion. The results demonstrated that although survival of these platelets was drastically reduced, their adhesive property to glass remained unchanged. It was concluded that a large ‘reservoir’ of adhesive property must exist in the platelets and that this is independent of the damage produced by cell aging in the circulation and by storage in vitro at 4°C.
Pituitary Control of Erythropoiesis
Authors: Lindemann Rolf , Trygstad Olav , Halvorsen Sverre
Published: August 2010

The effect on erythropoiesis of extracts from human pituitary glands and of single commercially available pituitary hormones has been studied. Extraction of human pituitary glands at pH 3 yielded a material which was erythropoietically active in normal and polycythaemic mice. In hypoxia‐induced polycythaemic mice adrenocorticotropin hydrocortisone, prolactin and TSH increased the 59Fe incorporation into red blood cells. In transfusion‐induced polycythaemic mice, however, only the pituitary extract at pH 3 and prolactin increased the 59Fe uptake. The content of ACTH and TSH in the pituitary extract was measured. ACTH was found in an amount of 1% and TSH less than 2.5%. It is therefore not reasonable that the effect observed is due to a contamination of these hormones only; however, the possibility exists that the erythropoietic effect may be due to a synergistic effect of several hormones. Fractionation of the crude pituitary extract may solve the question of the existence of a specific erythropoietically active pituitary agent.
Increased Incidence of Neoplasia in Association with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Hyman George A.
Published: August 2010

Etiologic factors were evaluated in an attempt to answer the question: ‘Does chronic lymphocytic leukaemia predispose to other neoplasms?’ The occurrence of the CLL prior to or simultaneous with the second neoplasm in 70% of instances, the known loss of immunologic function, both in the circulating immunoglobulins and in the fixed tissue response in the patient with CLL, and in some instances the use of immunosuppressive drugs and/or radiotherapy as well as prolongation of life, may be the important factors in the increased incidence of second neoplasms demonstrated in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. A further evaluation of this possible reduced immunity to neoplasms in the patient with CLL is certainly justified.
The Concentration of Gc Globulin and Transferrin in Human Fetal and Infant Sera
Authors: Toivanen P. , Rossi Tuire , Hirvonen T.
Published: August 2010

The serum level of Gc globulin and transferrin was determined by radial immunodiffusion in a group of fetal, neonatal, infant and adult sera. The results show an even increase of both these proteins from the early stages of intrauterine life to the end of the first year. At birth, the Gc globulin concentration is almost the same as in adult controls, and the transferrin level is significantly below the normal adult value. Both reach clearly the adult level during the first few months of life. Infants aged six to twelve months have Gc globulin and transferrin concentrations higher than in normal adults. Gc and transferrin phenotypes were readily determinable also in the smallest fetuses with a crown‐heel length of 9 to 12 cm.
The Development of Plasma Cells in Antigen Stimulated Rabbit Blood Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Lamvik J. O.
Published: August 2010

Cells with morphological appearance like that of plasma cells were found in sheep red cell (SRC) stimulated cultures containing blood lymphocytes from SRC immunized rabbits after more than one week's culturing. These cells were strongly pyroninophilic and showed cytoplasmatic fluorescence after staining with fluorescein conjugated goat antirabbit gammaglobulin antiserum. The results indicate that antibody producing plasma cells evolved from the proliferating blastoid cells in the cultures.
Subcellular Particles of Human Platelets
Authors: Day H. James , Holmsen Holm , DR. PHILOS  , Hovig Torstein
Published: August 2010

Human platelet subcellular particles have been fractionated by three methods. The isolated fractions have been examined by electron microscopy and assayed for protein, serotonin, lactate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, β‐hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, 5′‐nucleotidase, acid phosphatase, β‐glucu‐ronidase, β‐galactosidase, β‐N‐acetylgluco‐saminidase, cathepsin, aryl sulphatase and a‐mannosidase. The latter two enzymes had low activities. Homogenization with blendor caused great solubilization of serotonin and lysosomal enzymes but not cytochrome c oxidase. The granules in the homogenate were swollen and showed great loss of osmo‐philia. The particles were isolated by differential centrifugation and separated into 3 zones after centrifugation on discontinuous sucrose gradients. The upper zone contained proteinaceous material, the second contained mostly vesicular membranes and the lowest one contained α‐granules, transected pseudo‐pods plus mitochondria with varying degrees of preservation. Acid phosphatase was present in the membranes but the highest activity was found in the upper part of the granular band together with β‐galactosidase. β‐Glucuronidase, β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase and cathepsin were mainly located in the lower part of this band. Homogenization with a ‘no‐clearance’ Teflon pestle caused less solubilization than the blendor and gave better organelle preservation. Isolated particles from such homogenates separated into two bands on gradient centrifugation which morphologically and biochemically were equal to those obtained when these homogenates were applied directly on the gradient. The upper particulate band contained membranes and had bound 5′‐nucleotidase. The lower band possessed in its upper part well‐preserved α‐granules and mitochondria whereas in the lower regions more electron dense granules, often with ‘Bull's eye’, were present. Swollen α‐granules were present mainly in the lower part of this band. All lysosomal enzymes were localized at the same sucrose density. Probably, the α‐gra‐nules are the platelet lysosomes, but with pestle homogenization there was not the biochemical heterogenity as found when using the blendor. With pestle homogenization particle bound serotonin was found in fractions of high sucrose density which contained the dense α‐granules with the ‘Bull's eye’.
A Heterogeneity of the HD‐Receptor, Demonstrable by HD‐Cold Antibodies: HD1/HD2
Authors: Roelcke Dieter , Uhlenbruck Gerhard , Bauer Klausdieter
Published: August 2010

The HD receptors of human erythrocytes, which are demonstrable by HD cold auto antibodies and can be inactivated by both neuraminidase and proteases, are heterogenous. Whereas the HD1 receptor was found exclusively on human erythrocytes, the HD2 receptor could be demonstrated on human as well as on rat and guinea‐pig erythrocytes. As neuraminidase has been shown to be the ‘specific’ enzyme for inactivating both the HD1 and HD2 receptors it can be concluded that also the configuration of the neuraminic acid as the HD determinant must be different. The special position of the HD receptor complex in comparison to other receptors determined by neuraminic acid is stressed.
Impaired Phagocytosis by Peripheral Blood Granulocytes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Brandt L. , Hedberg H.
Published: August 2010

The phagocytic activity of peripheral blood granulocytes was assayed in 12 normals, 7 cases of rheumatoid arthritis and 7 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus. Phagocytosis was indistinguishable in the normal group and the R. A. group. The phagocytic capacity of the granulocytes from the S. L. E. group was significantly lower than in the normal group and the R. A. group. Phagocytosis was not reduced when normal granulocytes were suspended in S. L. E. plasma. Nor did the activity of S. L. E. granulocytes increase in normal plasma. The lowest phagocytic indices found in the S.L.E. group tended to be associated with neutrocytopenia.
Intestinal Mucosa in Children with Geophagia and Iron‐Deficiency Anaemia
Authors: Berkel Izzet , Say Burhan , Kiran ÖZden
Published: August 2010

Twenty‐one patients between the ages of 3 1/2 and 16 years, with geophagia and iron deficiency anaemia were investigated by d‐Xylose absorption, glucose tolerance tests and oral intestinal biopsy, in addition to routine haematological studies. Two subjects had flat glucose tolerance curves and one had abnormal d‐Xylose absorption whereas 13 showed evident but slight histologic changes compatible with malabsorption. Oral iron treatment and a normal diet corrected both the anaemia and the abnormal mucosal histology.
An Inhibitor to Fibrin Stabilizing Factor (FSF, Factor XIII)
Authors: Godal H. C.
Published: August 2010

An inhibitor to fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF, factor XIII), associated with a bleeding tendency, was demonstrated in a 24 years old female. The inhibitor was most likely a γG‐globulin. FSF and inhibitor were both present in the patient's plasma, and could be separated by euglobulin precipitation. The inhibitor was acting very rapid and was effective even when added during fibrin polymerization.
Subbands of Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes in Human Thrombocytes
Authors: Knudsen F. Ursin , Gormsen Johs.
Published: August 2010

Isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from human platelets exhibit formation of subbands when examined by disc acrylamide electrophoresis using a 13% acrylamide in separating gel with a running temperature within the column of 45° C. at pH 8.9. One subband is found close to LDH 1, two bands close to LDH 2, all exhibiting a slower electrophoretic mobility than the main band. Three bands are seen in the LDH 3 area. No subbands formation is seen in the LDH 4 area. According to macroscopic evaluation identical parameters are seen whether the platelets are taken from normal controls or from patients suffering from diseases combined with a change in H/M ratio and/or myeloproliferative disorders.
Effects of Some Chemicals on Blood Platelet Microtubules, Platelet Shape and Some Platelet Functions in vitro
Authors: Behnke O.
Published: August 2010

Human blood platelets were treated in vitro with various chemicals to test whether a chemical which affects microtubules (demecolcine) also affects platelet shape and platelet function (aggregation and contraction) and whether chemicals which affect platelet function (cyanide, monoidoacetate, cyanide plus monoiodoacetate, fluoride, Ouabain, N‐ethylmaleimide, Mersalyl, and cocaine) also affect platelet shape and platelet microtubules.

It is concluded that an intact marginal bundle of microtubules is essential for the maintenance of platelet shape but intact microtubules are not essential for ADP‐induced platelet aggregation or for clot retraction.
Haemolysis in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia during Extracorporeal Irradiation of the Blood
Authors: Andersen Vagn , Karle Hans , Dige‐Petersen Harriet
Published: August 2010

Erythrocyte destruction was studied in six patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with extracorporeal irradiation of the blood (ECI). Before treatment all patients were anaemic. 51Cr‐labelling showed an apparent half‐life of 14 to 19 days indicating a reduced erythrocyte life span. 59Fe‐data were suggestive of random destruction of erythrocytes in four of the six patients. During the later part of the ECI period considerable reticulocytosis developed, and increased disappearance rate of 51Cr‐label was evident after a mean cumulative erythrocyte dose between 18,500 and 34,000 rads had been reached. This indicates the occurrence of haemolysis which was most pronounced in the one patient with a slightly positive Coombs' test. The 59Fe‐curves were either unaffected by the irradiation or showed only minor effects; since labelling was performed immediately before treatment, this indicates that young erythrocytes are less radiosensitive.
The Concentration of Granulocytic Stem Cells in Mouse Bone Marrow, Determined with Diffusion Chamber Technique
Authors: Bøyum Arne , Borgstrøm Reidar
Published: August 2010

The present paper describes a technique for determining the concentration of granulocytic stem cells by culturing mouse bone marrow cells in diffusion chambers, intraperitoneally.

In chambers which initially contain no stem cells, all the young cells differentiate towards the granulocyte compartment. After a culture period of 6–7 days, these chambers contain either no granulocytic cells, or mature granulocytes only. These chamber are defined as ‘empty’: In chambers which initially contain stem cells, there is a continuous supplying with young cells from the stem cell level, and after a culture period of 7 days, the chambers contain all types of granulocytic cells. We diluted the marrow until we got some ‘empty’ chambers and determined the fraction, P(o), of ‘empty’ chambers. If the average stem cell number per chamber in a series of chambers is δ, then it follows from the Poisson probability law that, δ = ‐ 1nP(o).

With this technique we found that C3H × DBA mice had 1 effective granulocytic stem cell per 2,000 bone marrow cells. In white, outbred mice we found average values ranging from 1 stem cell per 2,700 bone marrow cells to 1 per 4,900. These variations were possibly due to seasonal factors.
The Interpretation of Red Cell Survival Curves in Non‐Stationary States
Authors: Garby Lars , Groth Torgny
Published: August 2010

The population kinetics of the red cell system was simulated on a digital computer. Disturbances in red cell production and survival characteristics were imposed on the system in order to imitate various non‐stationary conditions. The consequences of assuming stationarity were systematically investigated from the point of view of conclusions concerning the mean cell life span.
RNA Content of Megaloblasts in Pernicious Anaemia
Authors: Wickramasinghe S. N.
Published: August 2010

Azure B has been used as a metachromatic stain for the quantitative cytochemical estimation of total RNA in developing erythroblasts. The megaloblasts of pernicious anaemia show a progressive reduction of RNA with increasing maturity; the decrease being similar to that seen during normal erythropoiesis.
Effect of Treatment with Combined Phenformin and Ethyloestrenol on the Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Systems
Authors: Isacson Sune , Nilsson Inga Marie
Published: August 2010

Administration of 100 mg phenformin combined with 8 mg ethyloestrenol for 30 days to 9 healthy volunteers raised the fibrinolytic activity in the circulating blood, reduced the fibrinogen content and platelet adhesiveness. In addition, it increased the plasminogen content, decreased the α2‐macroglobulin and increased the plasminogen activator content in the walls of the superficial veins. In the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, then, the combined treatment produced changes tending to counteract the development of thrombosis.
Prolonged Survival in Homozygous High A2‐Type Beta Thalassaemia
Authors: Farhangi Mehdi , Sass Martin D. , Bank Arthur
Published: August 2010

Longevity in patients with well‐documented homozygous β thalassaemia is quite uncommon. This report describes a family with two brothers with β thalassaemia of intermediate severity who lived until ages 34 and 51. The older sibling had a haemoglobin A2 of 6.3% and a haemoglobin F og 25.1%. The presence of thalassaemia trait in all four of his children in the face of haematologically normal spouse, provided genetic evidence for homozygosity in this patient. Biochemical studies confirmed the diagnosis of homozygous β thalassaemia by showing markedly decreased β chain synthesis in his reticulocytes. This family study indicates that the condition of homozygosity is one of the possibilities in thalassaemic patients with prolonged survival.
Quantitative Studies on the Decay of Lymphocytes in the Blood of the Mouse
Authors: Claësson M. H. , Olsson L.
Published: August 2010

The number of decaying lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the mouse was determined by means of the dye exclusion test. Under normal conditions the lymphocyte decay was very constant (1.1%).

Treatment with pertussis vaccine, anti‐lymphocyte serum, and hydrocortisone either alone or in combination greatly influenced the number of decaying blood lymphocytes.

Treatment with heparin markedly increased the number of circulating non‐viable lymphocytes, probably due to inhibition of the reticuloendothelial macrophage system. Methods for determination of the average period a decaying lymphocyte stays in blood were elaborated and used under normal and experimental conditions.
An Extra C Chromosome and Various Metabolic Abnormalities in the Bone Marrow from a Patient with Refractory Sideroblastic Anaemia
Authors: Hellström Kjell , Hagenfeldt Lars , Larsson Agne , Lindsten Jan , Sundelin Pär , Tiepolo Luciano
Published: August 2010

A clinical, cytological and biological study of a 57‐year‐old man with a sideroblastic anaemia is presented. A large population of cells with 47 chromosomes and an extra C chromosome was found in the bone marrow cells but not in skin cells or lymphocytes. The concentration of uracil nucleotides in the bone marrow of the patient was increased. When incubated with 3H‐thymidine the erythroblasts of the patient's marrow showed a low labelling index, A considerable number of early erythroblasts not incorporating thymidine had an intermediate DNA content indicating an arrest in DNA synthesis. A normal labelling index was recorded for the myelopoietic cells.
An Inhibitor of Factor VII from Human Placenta
Authors: Uszynski M. , Godal H. C.
Published: August 2010

An inhibitor of the extrinsic coagulation system was obtained from human placenta. The inhibitor is directed against factor VII or factor VII‐thromboplastin‐calcium complex (convertin). The inhibitor is non‐dialysable, destroyed upon heating to 56° C, and not adsorbed to BaSO4. Inhibition is non‐progressive, and no antithrombin effect could be demonstrated.
Failure of Soluble Fibrin to Influence the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Authors: Godal H. C. , Kierulf P.
Published: August 2010

Soluble fibrin, obtained by incubation of purified fibrinogen or plasma with small amounts of thrombin, did not increase the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). This observation argues against a recently proposed hypothesis that soluble fibrinogen‐ fibrin complexes, adsorbed onto erythrocytes, influences ESR.
Atypical Pyruvate Kinase in a Patient with Haemolytic Anaemia
Authors: Brandt N. J. , Hanel H. K.
Published: August 2010

In a case of hereditary nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia an atypical erythrocyte pyruvate kinase was found.

The pyruvate kinase was characterized as atypical on the basis of the following biochemical parameters which differed from those of the normal enzyme: Michaelis' constant, thermostability, pH dependency, urea inhibition, and electrophoretic mobility.

The results indicate that there may be a structural difference between the atypical and normal pyruvate kinase.
Release Reaction in Washed Platelet Suspensions Induced by Kaolin and Other Particles
Authors: Cronberg S. , Caen J. P.
Published: August 2010

A method is described for testing the release of ADP in a platelet suspension induced by kaolin, latex, other particles and distilled water. A refined technique was developed to determine ADP quantitatively by its ability to aggregate platelets. Total adenine nucleotide release was also determined spectrophotometrically. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages.

In a platelet suspension the release induced by kaolin occurred in the absence of cofactors and even in the presence of EDTA. Maximal release occurred at 37° C. In the absence of other inducers, calcium alone did not produce release, but it potentiated the release by other inducers, which was most conspicious at low temperatures. The release reaction of this type was not mediated by thrombin and was not inhibited by acetylsalicylic acid. Adhesion of platelets to the particles evidently preceded the release.

Patients were investigated and a normal or increased release was found in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and von Willebrand's disease. A patient with prolonged bleeding time showed and isolated decrease in the total content of ADP.
The Effect of Filter Age in the Platelet Adhesiveness Test
Authors: Hellem Arvid J.
Published: August 2010

Two different qualities of PVC were used for preparation of glass bead filters. Type I, which is used in our laboratory, did not change its properties during 3 years of storage, whereas another quality (type II) did so. The change in properties is probably due to interaction between the PVC material and the glass beads, leading to coating by some unknown substance. The hypothetical substance is not soluble in saline or in PPP. The need for careful selection of PVC tubing for preparation of filters is stressed.
Rare Congenital Coagulation Factor Defects in Finland
Authors: Ikkala E. , Myllylä G. , Nevanlinna H. R.
Published: August 2010

In the series of 241 patients with congenital coagulation factor deficiencies studied in the Central Laboratory of FRC Blood Transfusion Service, 13 patients had factor XII, 4 factor V, 1 factor II and 5 factor XIII deficiency. The proportion of the rare defects in the total of congenital coagulation factor defects is more than double the ratio in any report published elsewhere. It is suggested that this high number of rare recessively inherited defects depends on the abnormal structure of Finnish rural population.
Haematological Aspects of Drug‐Induced Agranulocytosis
Authors: RUVIDIĆ R. , JELIĆ S.
Published: August 2010

Haematological disorders were studied in 26 patients who survived 30 attaks of acute agranulocytosis (24 due to pyrazolone derivatives and 6 to antithyroid drugs). Sixty‐three samples of the bone marrow were analysed, retrogradely, from the day when the number of blood granulocytes reached its normal level (the ‘day of recovery’). In early phasis of agranulocytosis, an aplasia of granulocytic and erythroid series was noted, the megakaryocytopoiesis remaining unaffected. The promyelocytic‐myelocytic marrow, a cytological phenomenon to which the term ‘maturation arrest’ has been applied, was found to precede the reappearance of granulocytes in peripheral blood.

It is confirmed that acute agranulocytosis is the result of bone marrow damage which leads to a stop in the production of granulocytes. It is shown also that red cell production is stopped but the long survival of erythrocytes accounts for the absence of anaemia. The promyelocytic‐myelocytic marrow, erroneously termed ‘maturation arrest’, represents a step in regeneration of granulocytopoiesis and reflects an intensive proliferative activity of granulocytic series.
Release of Lymphocytes from the Spleen in Neonatally Thymectomized Guinea‐Pigs
Authors: SANDBERG GÖRAN
Published: August 2010

Migration of lymphocytes from the spleen into the blood was studied by comparison of the content of cells in splenic afferent and efferent blood. Guinea‐pigs thymectomized or sham‐operated at birth were investigated prior to and at various intervals after injection of sheep erythrocytes at 40 days of age. Lymphocytes were subdivided into classes on the basis of different mitochondrial content.

Thymectomy without immunization abolished the normal splenic output of lymphocytes with high mitochondrial content (large lymphocytes), while the output of lymphocytes with low and medium mitochondrial content was unaffected. The blood was deficient in lymphocytes when compared with the sham‐operated controls. Immunization further emphasized the difference between the thymectomized and sham‐operated animals. In the latter it caused an increased difference in number of lymphocytes between splenic efferent and afferent blood on the 9th day. This peak value, indicating increased output of lymphocytes from the spleen, was significantly higher than the value found in the thymectomized animals.

It is concluded that release of splenic lymphocytes into the blood is influenced by immunization with sheep erythrocytes. Furthermore, the present data indicate that this release of lymphocytes after immunization is dependant on the presence of an intact thymus.
Antibody ‐ Induced Platelet Injury: Its Potency as a Trigger of Intravascular Clotting
Authors: EVENSEN STEIN A. , ELGJO RAGNA FØLLING
Published: August 2010

Rabbits were injected with platelet antiserum to investigate whether antibody‐induced injury of platelets triggers intravascular clotting. More than 97 % of the circulating platelets were acutely removed, and profound thrombocytopenia persisted during an observation period of 6 hrs. The thrombocytopenic effect of platelet antiserum was associated with moderately increased consumption of 125I‐fibrinogen and significant decreases in factors V and VIII, while the level of antigen reacting like fibrinogen (FR‐antigen) in serum did not increase.

The antiserum produced a transient leucopenia, and the effects of platelet antiserum were therefore also evaluated in rabbits made severely leucopenic, but not thrombocytopenic, with nitrogen mustard. Similar results were obtained, indicating that the consumption of clotting factors did not result from leucocyte injury. Pretreatment with Thorotrast reduced rather than enhanced the clotting changes after platelet antiserum. In these animals non‐clottable degradation products of fibrinogen were found in serum. In neither group were fibrin thrombi observed in glomerular capillaries at autopsy. Our findings support the concept that antibody‐induced injury of the platelet membrane triggered moderate intravascular clotting in normal animals. Thorotrast modified the response probably in multiple ways.
Reduced Number of Peripheral Blood Granulocytes in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia during Administration of Clofazimine (B 663)
Authors: BRANDT L.
Published: August 2010

7 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in relapse were given a daily oral dose of 100–600 mg of clofazimine, a phenazine derivative, for 4 weeks. During this period there was a significant decrease in the WBC in venous blood mainly due to a lowering of the number of mature granulocytes by about 30 %. In 4 patients the blood histamine level was determined before and during administration of the drug and proved to be lowered indicating a reduction also of basophilic leucocytes. The haemoglobin concentration and the thrombocyte counts were not significantly affected and splenomegaly seemed to be constant during the period. On continuous administration of the drug for a longer period of time the WBC tended to return towards higher values. In one patient given the drug during three separate periods, every course of treatment was associated with a lowering of the WBC.

The reduction of the circulating granulocyte pool was probably not a cytotoxic effect since long‐term treatment of leprosy patients with the drug is not associated with haematologic side effects. It has previously been found that oral administration of clofazimine causes an increase of the subnormal phagocytic capacity of mature neutrophils in CML. Since phagocytic activity and adhesiveness seem to be related functions of the granulocytes, the stimulatory effect of clofazimine might increase the adhesion of neutrophils to capillary walls. Such a mechanism might possibly reduce the abnormally long time of circulation of granulocytes known to contribute to leucocytosis in CML.

Apart from a moderate and reversible reddish discoloration of the skin, no side effects were observed and the response to subsequent treatment with busulphan or splenic irradiation was satisfactory.
On the Mechanism of Platelet Aggregation Induced by Heparin, Protamine and Polybrene
Authors: EIKA C.
Published: August 2010

Heparin and the two heparin‐neutralizing agents protamine and polybrene aggregated washed human platelets by different mechanisms. The aggregation by heparin was preceded by a lag phase and was inhibited by EDTA, adenosine, apyrase, acetylsalicylic acid and inhibitors of platelet metabolism. It is concluded that heparin aggregates platelets by inducing release of platelet ADP. In contrast, the aggregation by protamine and polybrene occurred immediately and was not influenced by the above mentioned inhibitors. It is concluded that protamine and polybrene aggregate platelets by a direct effect on the platelet membrane. Polybrene was, weight for weight, approximately twice as potent as protamine, in accordance with their antiheparin effect.

Some possible reasons for the conflicting reports concerning the aggregating effect of heparin on platelets are discussed.
The Effect of Inhibition of the Platelet Release Reaction on Platelet Behaviour in vitro and in vivo
Authors: ARFORS K.‐E. , BERGQVIST D. , BYGDEMAN S. , MCKENZIE F. N. , SVENSJÖ E.
Published: August 2010

The possibility of modifying the in vivo behaviour of platelets by drugs which inhibit the platelet ‘release reaction’ is currently a subject of considerable interest. The suppressive effect of amitriptyline and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on collagen induced platelet aggregation in vitro is ascribed to inhibition of the release mechanism. The effects of these materials on the platelet response to biolaser induced endothelial injury in conscious rabbits and the formation and stability of haemostatic plugs formed in transected mesenteric vessels of anaesthetised rabbits were studied. Neither ASA (200 mg/kg body weight i.v. given in THAM buffered saline) nor amitriptyline chloride (5 mg/kg b.w., i.v.) had any effect on platelet reactivity at sites of biolaser induced endothelial injury in rabbit ear chamber preparations. The same dose of amitriptyline given i.v. to urethane anaesthetised rabbits did not alter arteriolar or venular bleeding time from transected mesenteric vessels. In contrast, while ASA (200 mg/kg i.v.) did not alter the arteriolar bleeding time, the venular bleeding time was significantlydecreasedwhen compared with saline treated animals. The same result was obtained when ASA was given i.v. to pentobarbital anaesthetised animals or 2 h after oral administration of the drug. ASA had no effect on portal or central venous pressures and measurements of plasma salicylate levels after THAM‐ASA gave results similar to those reported in man. The results show that, in the experimental models used, aggregation and adhesion of platelets at sites of vessel damage are not suppressed by drugs which inhibit the platelet release reaction.
Evidence against Human Bone Marrow Lymphocytes being Committed Haemopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: BACCARANI MICHELE , KILLMANN SVEN‐AAGE
Published: August 2010

In 11 patients with untreated pernicious anaemia the percentage and the 3H‐thymidine labelling index of bone marrow lymphocytes and of E1 erythroblasts were determined. It is concluded that bone marrow lymphocytes cannot account for the expected flux into erythropoiesis; hence they cannot be the immediate progenitor's (committed stem cells) of erythroid precursors. It is suggested that in man the rapidly turning over committed stem cells may have the morphology of already recognized precursor cells.
The Oxygen Dissociation Curve of Whole Blood Containing Haemoglobin Malmö
Authors: BERGLUND STIG
Published: August 2010

The oxygen dissociation curve of whole blood containing Hb Malmö (β 97 (FG 4) Histidine → Glutamine), an abnormal Hb associated with familial erythrocytosis, was determined. It was found to be hyperbolic with a reduced Hill's n value of 1.5 indicating decreased haem‐haem interaction. The curve was shifted to the left with a P50 value of only 13 mm Hg (37.0° C, pH 7.40). Whole blood studies suggest that Hb Malmö exhibits a Bohr effect.
Fibrosis and Carcinoma of the Lung in a Family with Haemoglobin Malmö Anatomic Findings
Authors: BERGLUND STIG , LINELL FOLKE
Published: August 2010

The anatomic findings in two members of a family with erythrocytosis due to the presence of an abnormal haemoglobin, Hb Malmö, are described. Both had erythrocytosis and pulmonary fibrosis with honeycombing. Both also developed anaplastic pulmonary carcinomas with metastases. Family studies have revealed that both the abnormal Hb and the pulmonary disease are hereditary and caused by separate genes. The carcinomas most probably are secondary to the pulmonary fibrosis. Interesting was the fact that both tumours were of the same histological type.
The Whole Body/Venous Haematocrit Ratio in Chronic Non‐Specific Obstructive Lung Disease
Authors: COCKING J. B. , WILSON E.
Published: August 2010

45 patients with chronic non‐specific obstructive lung disease had a whole body/venous haematocrit ratio of 0.86 ± 0.008 SEM. This is lower than the ratio found in normal adults. For greatest accuracy independent measurement of red cell and plasma volumes should be undertaken in this condition.
Erythroleukaemia in a Melphalan‐Treated Patient with Primary Macroglobulinaemia
Authors: Petersen Helena Søndergaard
Published: August 2010

Within the last two years, the development of acute leukaemia after long‐continued treatment with alkylating cytostatic agents has repeatedly been reported. A watch is therefore kept for the possible leukaemogenic action of these drugs. In view of this, it will be of interest to report a case in which erythroleukaemia developed in an 81‐year‐old man with macroglobulinaemia who had been treated with melphalan for 3 1/2 years.
The Effect of Methotrexate and Folinic Acid Therapy on the Platelet Count
Authors: Shaw M. T.
Published: August 2010

25 females with gestational trophoblastic tumours were treated with several courses of methotrexate and folinic acid. A consistent fall in platelet count followed by a ‘rebound’ thrombocytosis occurred during the first 2 courses but this was not seen during subsequent courses. A possible explanation of this phenomenon is discussed.
Haemoglobin H Disease in a Turkish Family
Authors: Ozsoylu Sinasi , Isik Kutay
Published: August 2010

Hb H disease was found in a Turkish woman, her mother and two of her siblings. Although all had mild pallor and two had mild splenomegaly, these persons were asymptomatic. In addition to two anodal bands, interpreted as Hb H and Hb Bart's, a third band was seen on Hb‐starch‐gel electrophoresis at pH 7. The slightly elevated plasma Hb level, the presence of methaemalbumin, and the absence of haptoglobin in the serum of the propositus were attributed to haemolytic anaemia.
Plant Cytotoxicity of Human Serum in Relation to Anti‐A and Anti‐B Isoagglutinins
Authors: Rønnike Folke
Published: August 2010

In accordance with an earlier discovery, that human serum upon Ehrlich ascites tumour cells from probands of group O probably has a more inhibitory (lysing) action than serum from group AB probands, it has now also been found than plant cells (intact roots of wheat seedlings) under certain conditions are able to distinguish between serum with and serum without a content of the two isoagglutinins anti‐A and anti‐B.
Perturbation of Cell Cycle of Human Leukaemic Myeloblasts in vivo by Cytosine Arabinoside
Authors: Ernst Peter , Faille Annick , Killmann Sven‐Aage
Published: August 2010

The effect of a single intravenous flash injection of cytosine‐arabinoside (ARA‐C) (2.0–2.5 mg/kg BW) on the cell cycle of leukaemic myeloblasts in vivo was studied in 7 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia.

It was found that the3H‐thymidine labelling index, the mitotic index and the mean grain count of the cells showed a transitory decrease but within the observation period (36 h) returned to pretreatment values. Microspectrophotometric measurements of single cell DNA content suggested an undisturbed flux of cells into DNA synthesis from G1phase. The findings are in accordance with the assumption that ARA‐C arrests cells in DNA synthesis without directly interfering with the progression of cells through G1, G2, or mitosis. Problems of cell synchronization and recruitment due to cytotoxic therapy are discussed.
Subcellular Localization of Platelet Factor 3 and Platelet Factor 4
Authors: Day H. James , Stormorken H. , Holmsen H.
Published: August 2010

The subcellular distribution of platelet factor 3 and 4 (PF‐3 and 4) activity has been determined in sucrose gradient fractions of platelet homogenates. The distribution patterns were influenced by the homogenization technique (blendor or pestle) and the method of calculation (total activity or per mg protein).

The bulk PF‐3 activity was present in membraneous fractions both from granular and plasma membranes with negligible amounts in the soluble fraction. In contrast, PF‐4 activity appeared in small amounts in the membraneous fraction with a distribution of about one third in the soluble fraction and two thirds in the granule fraction, particularly the higher density fractions which fractions also contain the serotonin and the non‐metabolic adenine nucleotides.
The Use of Automated Image Analysis in Differential White Cell Counting
Authors: Mahouy G. , Lund Pamela R. , Chinn Susan , Barnes R. D.
Published: August 2010

An image analysing system has been applied to differential white cell counting. With cell size, nuclear area and an index of cell circumference as parameters, it has been possible to separate polymorphs from monocytes, and partially from lymphocytes. In addition, tumour cells were distinguished from polymorphs and old lymphocytes.
A Mechanism of Thrombosis Requiring Neither Platelets Nor Thrombin
Authors: Mariscal I. , Moffat C. , Huebner B. , Seaman A. J.
Published: August 2010

A unique form of thrombosis results when sodium acetrizoate 70 % is administered i.v. This radiocontrast agent long ago was withdrawn from clinical investigational use as a cardiovascular visualization medium because cardiac arrhythmias and cerebrovascular accidents were encountered. Thrombosis results because acetrizoate extracts an endothelial component, a heat stable glycoprotein, which together with the radiocontrast agent produces an insoluble fibrillary fibrinogen derivative. These fibrils attach to endothelium and entrap erythrocytes in arterial, capillary and venous thrombi obstructing and embolizing in the microcirculation. Such thrombi form in our experimental preparation in the simultaneous absence of platelets and of all plasma coagulation factors except fibrinogen.
IgA Deficiency and Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia
Authors: Bergström K. , Britton M. , Hanson L. Å. , Holm G. , Kardos M. , Wester P. O.
Published: August 2010

Selective IgA deficiency is often connected with autoimmune diseases. However, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia has only rarely been demonstrated in IgA deficient patients. This paper describes a 70‐year‐old woman with Coombs' positive haemolytic anaemia and IgA deficiency. With single radial immunodiffusion no IgA was detectable in serum, saliva and jejunal secretion. IgA‐containing plasma cells were not seen by indirect immunofluorescence on jejunal biopsy specimens. Saliva contained the secretory component. The IgE concentration in serum was at the lower border of the normal range. IgG was slightly raised whereas IgM was normal. The patient suffered from frequent loose stols and recurrent respiratory and urinary tract infections. Clinical examination revealed a malabsorption syndrome whereas the histology of a jejunal biopsy was normal. The indirect Coombs' test was positive, showing IgG, IgM and complement on the red cells. Antibody specificity of the eluted immunoglobulins could not be detected. Autoantibodies against other tissues were not found. The family history revealed an unusual accumulation of diseases in siblings and parents: rheumatoid arthritis, thyreotoxicosis, mental diseases and spina bifida congenita. The IgG, IgA and IgM serum concentrations in four siblings were normal. The karyotype of the patient's lymphocytes was normal.
Failure to Trigger Intravascular Coagulation by Water‐Induced Haemolysis in Rabbits
Authors: Slaastad R. A. , Eika C.
Published: August 2010

Massive haemolysis induced by infusion of distilled water into rabbits did not produce signs of intravascular coagulation in healthy rabbits, nor did haemolysis accentuate thromboplastin induced DIC. Some possible mechanisms for these unexpected findings are briefly discussed.
Phagocytic Tumour Cells
Authors: Spivak Jerry L.
Published: August 2010

In two patients, one with carcinoma of the lung and the other with carcinoma of the breast, bone marrow aspirates contained tumour cells in the cytoplasm of which were red cells. Special stains were used to confirm this observation. A review of 99 other bone marrow aspiates containing metastatic tumour cells failed to reveal other examples of this phenomenon.