bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automated feedback generation for introductory programming assignments
Authors: Singh Rishabh , Gulwani Sumit , Solar-Lezama Armando
Published: July 2013

We present a new method for automatically providing feedback for introductory programming problems. In order to use this method, we need a reference implementation of the assignment, and an error model consisting of potential corrections to errors that students might make. Using this information, the system automatically derives minimal corrections to student's incorrect solutions, providing them with a measure of exactly how incorrect a given solution was, as well as feedback about what they did wrong.

We introduce a simple language for describing error models in terms of correction rules, and formally define a rule-directed translation strategy that reduces the problem of finding minimal corrections in an incorrect program to the problem of synthesizing a correct program from a sketch. We have evaluated our system on thousands of real student attempts obtained from the Introduction to Programming course at MIT (6.00) and MITx (6.00x). Our results show that relatively simple error models can correct on average 64% of all incorrect submissions in our benchmark set.
Compiler testing via a theory of sound optimisations in the C11/C++11 memory model
Authors: Morisset Robin , Pawan Pankaj , Zappa Nardelli Francesco
Published: July 2013

Compilers sometimes generate correct sequential code but break the concurrency memory model of the programming language: these subtle compiler bugs are observable only when the miscompiled functions interact with concurrent contexts, making them particularly hard to detect. In this work we design a strategy to reduce the hard problem of hunting concurrency compiler bugs to differential testing of sequential code and build a tool that puts this strategy to work. Our first contribution is a theory of sound optimisations in the C11/C++11 memory model, covering most of the optimisations we have observed in real compilers and validating the claim that common compiler optimisations are sound in the C11/C++11 memory model. Our second contribution is to show how, building on this theory, concurrency compiler bugs can be identified by comparing the memory trace of compiled code against a reference memory trace for the source code. Our tool identified several mistaken write introductions and other unexpected behaviours in the latest release of the gcc compiler.
Verifying higher-order programs with the dijkstra monad
Authors: Swamy Nikhil , Weinberger Joel , Schlesinger Cole , Chen Juan , Livshits Benjamin
Published: July 2013

Modern programming languages, ranging from Haskell and ML, to JavaScript, C# and Java, all make extensive use of higher-order state. This paper advocates a new verification methodology for higher-order stateful programs, based on a new monad of predicate transformers called the Dijkstra monad.

Using the Dijkstra monad has a number of benefits. First, the monad naturally yields a weakest pre-condition calculus. Second, the computed specifications are structurally simpler in several ways, e.g., single-state post-conditions are sufficient (rather than the more complex two-state post-conditions). Finally, the monad can easily be varied to handle features like exceptions and heap invariants, while retaining the same type inference algorithm.

We implement the Dijkstra monad and its type inference algorithm for the F* programming language. Our most extensive case study evaluates the Dijkstra monad and its F* implementation by using it to verify JavaScript programs.

Specifically, we describe a tool chain that translates programs in a subset of JavaScript decorated with assertions and loop invariants to F*. Once in F*, our type inference algorithm computes verification conditions and automatically discharges their proofs using an SMT solver. We use our tools to prove that a core model of the JavaScript runtime in F* respects various invariants and that a suite of JavaScript source programs are free of runtime errors.
Monadic abstract interpreters
Authors: Sergey Ilya , Devriese Dominique , Might Matthew , Midtgaard Jan , Darais David , Clarke Dave , Piessens Frank
Published: July 2013

Recent developments in the systematic construction of abstract interpreters hinted at the possibility of a broad unification of concepts in static analysis. We deliver that unification by showing context-sensitivity, polyvariance, flow-sensitivity, reachability-pruning, heap-cloning and cardinality-bounding to be independent of any particular semantics. Monads become the unifying agent between these concepts and between semantics. For instance, by plugging the same "context-insensitivity monad" into a monadically-parameterized semantics for Java or for the lambda calculus, it yields the expected context-insensitive analysis.

To achieve this unification, we develop a systematic method for transforming a concrete semantics into a monadically-parameterized abstract machine. Changing the monad changes the behavior of the machine. By changing the monad, we recover a spectrum of machines---from the original concrete semantics to a monovariant, flow- and context-insensitive static analysis with a singly-threaded heap and weak updates.

The monadic parameterization also suggests an abstraction over the ubiquitous monotone fixed-point computation found in static analysis. This abstraction makes it straightforward to instrument an analysis with high-level strategies for improving precision and performance, such as abstract garbage collection and widening.

While the paper itself runs the development for continuation-passing style, our generic implementation replays it for direct-style lambda-calculus and Featherweight Java to support generality.
Elucidating Immune Mechanisms Causing Hypertension During Pregnancy
Authors: LaMarca Babbette , Cornelius Denise , Wallace Kedra
Published: July 2013

Preeclampsia is associated with hypertension and increased infant and maternal morbidity and mortality. The underlying cause of preeclampsia is largely unknown, but it is clear that an immunological component plays a key pathophysiological role. This review will highlight immunological key players in the pathology of preeclampsia and discuss their role in the pathophysiology observed in the reduced placental perfusion (RUPP) rat model of preeclampsia.
Acoustic Velocity Log Numerical Simulation and Saturation Estimation of Gas Hydrate Reservoir in Shenhu Area, South China Sea
Authors: Xiao Kun , Zou Changchun , Xiang Biao , Liu Jieqiong
Published: July 2013

Gas hydrate model and free gas model are established, and two‐phase theory (TPT) for numerical simulation of elastic wave velocity is adopted to investigate the unconsolidated deep‐water sedimentary strata in Shenhu area, South China Sea. The relationships between compression wave (P wave) velocity and gas hydrate saturation, free gas saturation, and sediment porosity at site SH2 are studied, respectively, and gas hydrate saturation of research area is estimated by gas hydrate model. In depth of 50 to 245 m below seafloor (mbsf), as sediment porosity decreases, P wave velocity increases gradually; as gas hydrate saturation increases, P wave velocity increases gradually; as free gas saturation increases, P wave velocity decreases. This rule is almost consistent with the previous research result. In depth of 195 to 220 mbsf, the actual measurement of P wave velocity increases significantly relative to the P wave velocity of saturated water modeling, and this layer is determined to be rich in gas hydrate. The average value of gas hydrate saturation estimated from the TPT model is 23.2%, and the maximum saturation is 31.5%, which is basically in accordance with simplified three‐phase equation (STPE), effective medium theory (EMT), resistivity log (Rt), and chloride anomaly method.
Total Body Irradiation with Step Translation and Dynamic Field Matching
Authors: Chen Ho-Hsing , Wu Jay , Chuang Keh-Shih , Lin Jia-Fu , Lee Jia-Cheng , Lin Jin-Ching
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this study is to develop a total body irradiation technique that does not require additional devices or sophisticated processes to overcome the space limitation of a small treatment room. The technique aims to deliver a uniform dose to the entire body while keeping the lung dose within the tolerance level. The technique treats the patient lying on the floor anteriorly and posteriorly. For each AP/PA treatment, two complementary fields with dynamic field edges are matched over an overlapped region defined by the marks on the body surface. A compensator, a spoiler, and lung shielding blocks were used during the treatment. Moreover, electron beams were used to further boost the chest wall around the lungs. The technique was validated in a RANDO phantom using GAFCHROMIC films. Dose ratios at different body sites along the midline ranged from 0.945 to 1.076. The dose variation in the AP direction ranged from 96.0% to 104.6%. The dose distribution in the overlapped region ranged from 98.5% to 102.8%. Lateral dose profiles at abdomen and head revealed 109.8% and 111.7% high doses, respectively, at the body edges. The results confirmed that the technique is capable of delivering a uniform dose distribution to the midline of the body in a small treatment room while keeping the lung dose within the tolerance level.
Barriers to Acceptance of Provider-Initiated Testing and Counseling among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Shenyang, China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Hu Qinghai , Xu Junjie , Chu Zhenxing , Zhang Jing , Yun Ke , Shi Feng , Jiang Yongjun , Geng Wenqing , Shang Hong
Published: July 2013

A high prevalence of HIV infection is present among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China, but many people living with HIV or AIDS (PLWHs) are unaware of their HIV infection status. Provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling (PITC) is a streamlined model that can significantly enhance HIV detection and detect infections earlier. However, PITC has not yet been widely applied, and no studies have been conducted on MSM’s attitudes towards PITC in China. In this study, a total of 438 MSM were recruited in Shenyang city. A multivariate logistic regression model showed that certain conditions made MSM more accepting of PITC: those who had attended VCT (voluntary counseling and testing) more than three times (odds ratio [OR]: 2.95, 95% CI: 1.36–6.37), those who considered PITC beneficial for family and friends (OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.25–2.92), those who obtained HIV/AIDS knowledge from brochures (OR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.64–3.87), those who obtained HIV/AIDS knowledge from the Internet (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.07–2.58), and those who were highly aware of their own risk of being infected with HIV (OR: 2.84, 95% CI: 1.37–5.91). To improve acceptance of PITC among MSM in China, stronger efforts are needed to lower the psychosocial barriers to receiving PITC, to promote HIV/AIDS awareness, and to encourage the extension of HIV testing.
Bidens pilosaL. (Asteraceae): Botanical Properties, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology
Authors: Bartolome Arlene P. , Villaseñor Irene M. , Yang Wen-Chin
Published: July 2013

There are 230 to 240 knownBidensspecies. Among them,Bidens pilosais a representative perennial herb, globally distributed across temperate and tropical regions.B. pilosahas been traditionally used in foods and medicines without obvious adverse effects. Despite significant progress in phytochemical and biological analyses ofB. pilosaover the past few years, comprehensive and critical reviews of this plant are anachronistic or relatively limited in scope. The present review aims to summarize up-to-date information on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology ofB. pilosafrom the literature. In addition to botanical studies and records of the traditional use ofB. pilosain over 40 diseases, scientific studies investigating the potential medicinal uses of this species and its constituent phytochemicals for a variety of disorders are presented and discussed. The structure, bioactivity, and likely mechanisms of action ofB. pilosaand its phytochemicals are emphasized. Although some progress has been made, further rigorous efforts are required to investigate the individual compounds isolated fromB. pilosato understand and validate its traditional uses and develop clinical applications. The present review provides preliminary information and gives guidance for further basic and clinical research into this plant.
Properties of Some Partial Dynamic Equations on Time Scales
Authors: Pachpatte Deepak B.
Published: July 2013

The main objective of the paper is to study the properties of the solution of a certain partial dynamic equation on time scales. The tools employed are based on the application of the Banach fixed-point theorem and a certain integral inequality with explicit estimates on time scales.
Numerical Study on Nonlinear Semiactive Control of Steel-Concrete Hybrid Structures Using MR Dampers
Authors: Xu Long-He , Li Zhong-Xian , Lv Yang
Published: July 2013

Controlling the damage process, avoiding the global collapse, and increasing the seismic safety of the super high-rise building structures are of great significance to the casualties’ reduction and seismic losses mitigation. In this paper, a semiactive control platform based on magnetorheological (MR) dampers comprising the Bouc-Wen model, the semi-active control law, and the shear wall damage criteria and steel damage material model is developed in LS-DYNA program, based on the data transferring between the main program and the control platform; it can realize the purpose of integrated modeling, analysis, and design of the nonlinear semi-active control system. The nonlinear seismic control effectiveness is verified by the numerical example of a 15-story steel-concrete hybrid structure; the results indicate that the control platform and the numerical method are stable and fast, the relative displacement, shear force, and damage of the steel-concrete structure are largely reduced using the optimal designed MR dampers, and the deformations and shear forces of the concrete tube and frame are better consorted by the control devices.
Polyisoprenylated Methylated Protein Methyl Esterase Is Both Sensitive to Curcumin and Overexpressed in Colorectal Cancer: Implications for Chemoprevention and Treatment
Authors: Amissah Felix , Duverna Randolph , Aguilar Byron J. , Poku Rosemary A. , Lamango Nazarius S.
Published: July 2013

Inhibition of PMPMEase, a key enzyme in the polyisoprenylation pathway, induces cancer cell death. In this study, purified PMPMEase was inhibited by the chemopreventive agent, curcumin, with aKiof 0.3 μM (IC50= 12.4 μM). Preincubation of PMPMEase with 1 mM curcumin followed by gel-filtration chromatography resulted in recovery of the enzyme activity, indicative of reversible inhibition. Kinetics analysis with N-para-nitrobenzoyl-S-trans,trans-farnesylcysteine methyl ester substrate yieldedKMvalues of 23.6 ± 2.7 and 85.3 ± 15.3 μM in the absence or presence of 20 μM curcumin, respectively. Treatment of colorectal cancer (Caco2) cells with curcumin resulted in concentration-dependent cell death with an EC50of 22.0 μg/mL. PMPMEase activity in the curcumin-treated cell lysate followed a similar concentration-dependent profile with IC50of 22.6 μg/mL. In colorectal cancer tissue microarray studies, PMPMEase immunoreactivity was significantly higher in 88.6% of cases compared to normal colon tissues(P<0.0001). The mean scores ± SEM were 91.7 ± 11.4 (normal), 75.0 ± 14.4 (normal adjacent), 294.8 ± 7.8 (adenocarcinoma), and 310.0 ± 22.6 (mucinous adenocarcinoma), respectively. PMPMEase overexpression in colorectal cancer and cancer cell death stemming from its inhibition is an indication of its possible role in cancer progression and a target for chemopreventive agents.
Determinants of Hypovitaminosis D in Pregnant Women and Their Newborns in a Sunny Region
Authors: Kelishadi Roya , Sharifi-Ghazvini Faezeh , Poursafa Parinaz , Mehrabian Ferdous , Farajian Sanam , Yousefy Hosseinali , Movahedian Mahsa , Sharifi-Ghazvini Sanaz
Published: July 2013

Introduction.This study aims to assess the factors associated with 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in pregnant women and their newborns in a sunny region.Materials and Methods.This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 in Isfahan, Iran. It comprised 100 nulliparous singleton pregnant women, selected by random cluster sampling. Laboratory tests were assessed before delivery in mothers and after delivery in their infants’ umbilical cord blood. ThePfor trend of variables was assessed across the air quality index (AQI) quartiles. The associations of AQI and 25(OH)D were assessed by multiple linear regression after adjustment for age, body mass index, and dietary intake.Results.Sera of 98 mothers and an equal number of newborns were analyzed. The median (interquartile range, IQR) of serum 25(OH)D of mothers and neonates was 15.1(12.6, 18.2) ng/mL in mothers and 15.7(12.0, 18.1) ng/mL in neonates, respectively. AQI had an inverse association with serum 25(OH)D (Beta = −0.58,P=0.04). The corresponding figure was also inverse and significant for newborns (Beta (SE)= −0.51(0.04),P=0.01).Conclusion.The independent inverse association of 25(OH)D with air quality can explain the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in pregnant women living in this sunny region.
Comparative Analysis and Systematic Mapping of the Labial Sensilla in the Nepomorpha (Heteroptera: Insecta)
Authors: Brożek Jolanta
Published: July 2013

The present study provides new data concerning the morphology and distribution of the labial sensilla of 55 species of 12 nepomorphan families (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha) using the scanning electron microscope. On the labial tip, three morphologically distinct types of chemosensilla have been identified: two types of papillae sensilla and one type of peg‐in‐pit sensilla. Twenty‐one morphologically distinct types of the mechanosensilla as well as two types of the trichoid sensilla (contact‐chemoreceptive sensillum) have been identified on all labial segments in representatives of subfamilies. In Nepomorpha, morphological ground plan of the labial sensory structures is represented by an apical sensory field with 10–13 pairs of papillae sensilla and the peg‐in‐pit ones placed more laterally; numerous trichoid sensilla are placed on the IV segment; the chaetica sensilla are present and placed in groups or rows distributed along the labium near the labial groove on the dorsal side, and also several chaetica sensilla are unevenly scattered on the surface of that segment; the cupola and peg sensilla are numerous and evenly scattered on the fourth labial segment; the prioprerecptive sensilla, one pair is positioned on the dorsal side and on the fourth segment of the labium. The new apomorphical characters have been established for the labial sensilla in the Nepomorpha.
Preparation and Characterization of Some Hyperbranched Polyesteramides/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites
Authors: Amin Amal , Samy Moshera
Published: July 2013

Different polyesteramides hyperbranched polymers (HPEA1-6)/montomorillonite clay (MMT) nanocomposites were prepared with three different loading contents of clay (4, 10, and 15 wt%). The obtained nanocomposites were characterized via XRD, thermal analyses, and TEM. Generally, intercalation behavior was observed. The hyperbranched polyesteramides (HPEA1-6) were originally prepared by the bulky reaction between maleic anhydride (MAn), succinic anhydride (ScAn), and phthalic anhydride (PhAn) with either diethanolamine (DEA) or diisopropanolamine (DiPA). The resulting hyperbranched polyesteramides (HPEA1-6) were characterized by GPC, IR,1H-NMR, TGA, and DSC.
Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease: A Review of Current Concepts
Authors: Palavra Natalie C. , Naismith Sharon L. , Lewis Simon J. G.
Published: July 2013

Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease (PD-MCI) is common and may be associated with accelerated progression to dementia. Considering the importance of this emerging entity, new diagnostic criteria have recently been proposed. Early recognition and accurate classification of PD-MCI could offer opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions. This review discusses current definitions for PD-MCI, the screening tools used, the pattern of cognitive deficits observed, and the predictors of cognitive decline and transition to Parkinson’s Disease Dementia. Emerging biomarkers, which may aid diagnosis, are also explored and the role of novel treatment options is considered.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity of 4-(2-Hydroxy-5-(aryl-diazenyl)phenyl)-6-(aryl)pyrimidin-2-ols Derivatives
Authors: Pandhurnekar Chandrashekhar P. , Meshram Ekta M. , Chopde Himani N. , Batra Rameshkumar J.
Published: July 2013

With the aim of synthesizing new heterocyclic compounds and exploring biological potency, new series of chalcones, that is, 3-(2-hydroxy-5-(aryl-diazenyl)phenyl)-1-(aryl)prop-2-en-1-one and their pyrimidine derivatives, that is, 4-(2-hydroxy-5-(aryl-diazenyl)phenyl)-6-(aryl)pyrimidin-2-ols were synthesized using different aromatic amines and salicylaldehyde as starting moieties. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were confirmed using different spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and mass spectral analysis, and elemental analysis. The newly synthesized pyrimidines derivatives were screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. It was observed that some of the newly synthesized compounds had shown promising activity against several bacterial and fungal stains. Anti-bacterial activity and anti-fungal activity studies revealed that pyrimidine derivatives consisting of nitro group in their molecular structure possess better activity than their corresponding chalcones.
Geriatric Chest Imaging: When and How to Image the Elderly Lung, Age-Related Changes, and Common Pathologies
Authors: Gossner J. , Nau R.
Published: July 2013

Even in a global perspective, societies are getting older. We think that diagnostic lung imaging of older patients requires special knowledge. Imaging strategies have to be adjusted to the needs of frail patients, for example, immobility, impossibility for long breath holds, renal insufficiency, or poor peripheral venous access. Beside conventional radiography, modern multislice computed tomography is the method of choice in lung imaging. It is especially important to separate the process of ageing from the disease itself. Pathologies with a special relevance for the elderly patient are discussed in detail: pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the problem of overlapping heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary drug toxicity, incidental pulmonary embolism pulmonary nodules, and thoracic trauma.
A Replication Study from Chinese Supports Association between Lupus-Risk Allele inTNFSF4and Renal Disorder
Authors: Zhou Xu-jie , Cheng Fa-juan , Qi Yuan-yuan , Zhao Ming-hui , Zhang Hong
Published: July 2013

A recent phenotypic association study of genetic susceptibility loci in SLE suggested thatTNFSF4gene might be useful to predict renal disorder in lupus patients. To replicate the association, two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs: rs2205960 and rs10489265) were genotyped in 814 SLE patients. Correlations between genotypes andTNFSF4expression were determined. The stainings ofTNFSF4in renal biopsy specimens were checked by immunohistochemistry. The SNPs ofTNFSF4were associated with renal involvement in lupus patients from the Chinese population (Pvalues for rs2205960 and rs10489265 were 0.014 and 0.005 in additive model, resp.). An association between risk genotypes and low C3 levels was also observed (P=0.034). Functional prediction suggested that rs2205960 had a regulatory feature. The risk alleles seemingly correlated with lowerTNFSF4expression. StrongTNFSF4expression was detected in lymph nodes and “apparently normal” paratumor renal biopsy but not in renal biopsies from lupus nephritis. In genome-wide expression data,TNFSF4was also observed to be downregulated in LN in both glomeruli and tubulointerstitium from kidney biopsies. However, the associations were marginally significant. Our data firstly replicated the association ofTNFSF4with renal disorder in SLE patients in the Chinese population, which supported thatTNFSF4may act as a marker of lupus nephritis. The detailed mechanisms of its role in pathogenesis will still be further needed.
Optimal Scheduling for Retrieval Jobs in Double-Deep AS/RS by Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Wu Kuo-Yang , Xu Sendren Sheng-Dong , Wu Tzong-Chen
Published: July 2013

We investigate the optimal scheduling of retrieval jobs for double-deep type Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (AS/RS) in the Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) used in modern industrial production. Three types of evolutionary algorithms, the Genetic Algorithm (GA), the Immune Genetic Algorithm (IGA), and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, are implemented to obtain the optimal assignments. The objective is to minimize the working distance, that is, the shortest retrieval time travelled by the Storage and Retrieval (S/R) machine. Simulation results and comparisons show the advantages and feasibility of the proposed methods.
Spatiotemporal Pattern in a Self- and Cross-Diffusive Predation Model with the Allee Effect
Authors: Rao Feng
Published: July 2013

This paper proposes and analyzes a mathematical model for a predator-prey interaction with the Allee effect on prey species and with self- and cross-diffusion. The effect of diffusion which can drive the model with zero-flux boundary conditions to Turing instability is investigated. We present numerical evidence of time evolution of patterns controlled by self- and cross-diffusion in the model and find that the model dynamics exhibits a cross-diffusion controlled formation growth to spotted and striped-like coexisting and spotted pattern replication. Moreover, we discuss the effect of cross-diffusivity on the stability of the nontrivial equilibrium of the model, which depends upon the magnitudes of the self- and cross-diffusion coefficients. The obtained results show that cross-diffusion plays an important role in the pattern formation of the predator-prey model. It is also useful to apply the reaction-diffusion model to reveal the spatial predation in the real world.
Application of Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm in the Heating System Planning Problem
Authors: Ma Rong-Jiang , Yu Nan-Yang , Hu Jun-Yi
Published: July 2013

Based on the life cycle cost (LCC) approach, this paper presents an integral mathematical model and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for the heating system planning (HSP) problem. The proposed mathematical model minimizes the cost of heating system as the objective for a given life cycle time. For the particularity of HSP problem, the general particle swarm optimization algorithm was improved. An actual case study was calculated to check its feasibility in practical use. The results show that the improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm can more preferably solve the HSP problem than PSO algorithm. Moreover, the results also present the potential to provide useful information when making decisions in the practical planning process. Therefore, it is believed that if this approach is applied correctly and in combination with other elements, it can become a powerful and effective optimization tool for HSP problem.
The Benefits of Humanized Yeast Models to Study Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Franssens V. , Bynens T. , Van den Brande J. , Vandermeeren K. , Verduyckt M. , Winderickx J.
Published: July 2013

Over the past decade, the baker’s yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaehas proven to be a useful model system to investigate fundamental questions concerning the pathogenic role of human proteins in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). These so-called humanized yeast models for PD initially focused onα-synuclein, which plays a key role in the etiology of PD. Upon expression of this human protein in the baker’s yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, the events leading to aggregation and the molecular mechanisms that result in cellular toxicity are faithfully reproduced. More recently, a similar model to study the presumed pathobiology of theα-synuclein interaction partner synphilin-1 has been established. In this review we will discuss recent advances using these humanized yeast models, pointing to new roles for cell wall integrity signaling, Ca2+homeostasis, mitophagy, and the cytoskeleton.
Effects of Moxibustion Temperature on Blood Cholesterol Level in a Mice Model of Acute Hyperlipidemia: Role of TRPV1
Authors: Wang Gui-Ying , Wang Ling-Ling , Xu Bin , Zhang Jian-Bin , Jiang Jin-Feng
Published: July 2013

Objectives. To compare the effects of moxibustion at two different temperatures (38°C and 46°C) on the blood cholesterol level in a mice model of acute hyperlipidemia, to detect the different expression levels of transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1 (TRPV1) in the dorsal root ganglions of the wild mice, and to explore the correlation between TRPV1 and moxibustion’s cholesterol-lowering effects.Method. Two different mice models were used: C57BL/6J wild type (WT) and TRPV1 gene knockout (TRPV1−/−). Each model was randomly divided into control group and model group with three subgroups after acute hyperlipidemia was established: model control group, 38°C moxibustion group, and 46°C moxibustion group. The mice in 38°C group and 46°C group were subject to moxibustion. After the therapy, the cholesterol concentration in serum was measured, and the expression of TRPV1 was quantified.Results. In WT mice, moxibustion caused a decrease in blood cholesterol level and upregulation of TRPV1 at the mRNA level, which was significantly greater in the 46°C group. In contrast, in TRPV1−/− mice, the differences of cholesterol-lowering effects of moxibustion were lost.Conclusions. Temperature is one of the important factors affecting the effects of moxibustion, and the cholesterol -lowering effect of moxibustion is related to the activation of TRPV1.
Complex Dynamical Behavior of a Predator-Prey System with Group Defense
Authors: Zhao Jianglin , Zhao Min , Yu Hengguo
Published: July 2013

A diffusive predator-prey system with prey refuge is studied analytically and numerically. The Turing bifurcation is analyzed in detail, which in turn provides a theoretical basis for the numerical simulation. The influence of prey refuge and group defense on the equilibrium density and patterns of species under the condition of Turing instability is explored by numerical simulations, and this shows that the prey refuge and group defense have an important effect on the equilibrium density and patterns of species. Moreover, it can be obtained that the distributions of species are more sensitive to group defense than prey refuge. These results are expected to be of significance in exploration for the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems.
Iodine‐Mediated Neutral and Selective N‐Boc Deprotection
Authors: Pavan Kumar G. , Rambabu D. , Basaveswara Rao M. V. , Pal Manojit
Published: July 2013

A simple, efficient, and alternative method has been developed for the N‐Boc deprotection of structurally diverse protected amines. Selective removal of N‐Boc groups was achieved with excellent yields under a solvent‐free condition or in a solvent using iodine as a catalyst. The methodology involving the first use of iodine for N‐Boc deprotection of protected amines represents an effective and useful alternative to the previously reported methods.
Acute Encephalopathy with Unilateral Cortical-Subcortical Lesions in Two Unrelated Kindreds Treated with Glucocorticoids Prenatally for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: Established Facts and Novel Insight
Authors: Grunt Sebastian , Steinlin Maja , Weisstanner Christian , Schöning Martin , Mullis Primus E. , Flück Christa E.
Published: July 2013

Background: Prenatal glucocorticoid (GC) treatment of the female fetus with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) may prevent genital virilization and androgen effects on the brain, but prenatal GC therapy is controversial because of possible adverse effects on fetal programming, the cardiovascular system and the brain. Case Reports: We report 2 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-OHD who were treated prenatally with dexamethasone, suffered from an acute encephalopathy and showed focal and multifocal cortical and subcortical diffusion restrictions in early MRI and signs of permanent alterations in the follow-up neuroimaging studies. Both patients recovered from the acute episode. Whereas the first patient recovered without neurological sequelae the second patient showed hemianopsia and spastic hemiplegia in the neurological follow-up examination. Conclusion: These are 2 children with CAH, both treated prenatally with high doses of dexamethasone to prevent virilization. The question arises whether prenatal high-dose GC treatment in patients with CAH might represent a risk factor for brain lesions in later life. Adverse effects/events should be reported systematically in patients undergoing prenatal GC treatment and long-term follow-up studies involving risk factors for cerebrovascular disease should be performed.
Role of Viral Genotypes and Hepatitis B Viral Mutants in the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Hepatitis B and C Dual Infection
Authors: Hung Chao-Hung , Chen Chien-Hung , Lee Chuan-Mo , Hu Tsung-Hui , Lu Sheng-Nan , Wang Jing-Houng , Huang Chao-Min
Published: July 2013

Background/Aims: The independent and interactive effects of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) factors on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic HBV/HCV dually-infected patients remain unclear. Methods: In a cross-sectional and case-controlled study, the HBV and HCV loads and genotypes and the sequences of pre-S and precore/core promoter regions were determined in 146 HCC patients and 167 chronic carriers with HBV/HCV dual infection. Results: Age (odds ratio (OR) 1.1), male sex (OR 2.3), pre-S deletion (OR 5.0), A1762T/G1764A mutant (OR 2.5), HCV genotype-1 (OR 2.4) and platelet count <15 × 104/μl (OR 1.9) were independently associated with HCC by stepwise logistic regression analysis. Patients with combined HBV mutations (pre-S deletion and A1762T/G1764A mutant) and HCV genotype-1 had a 39-fold increased risk of developing HCC compared to those with A1762T/G1764A and pre-S wild-type strains and HCV genotype non-1. In the nested case-control study, patients with HCC had a higher HBV DNA level (p < 0.001), a higher frequency of pre-S deletion (p < 0.001) and A1762T/G1764A mutant (p = 0.005), a lower HCV RNA level (p = 0.012) and a higher prevalence of HCV genotype-1 (p = 0.002) than those without. Conclusions: Pre-S deletion, A1762T/G1764A mutation and HCV genotype-1 are important in hepatocarcinogenesis in chronic HBV/HCV dual infection.
Identification of species in the Cladia aggregata group using DNA barcoding (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)
Authors: PARNMEN SITTIPORN , LEAVITT STEVEN D. , RANGSIRUJI ACHARIYA , LUMBSCH H. THORSTEN
Published: July 2013

The DNA barcode approach is using a short genetic marker for rapid identification of a particular species. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has been chosen as barcode marker for fungi. Here we tested the potential of ITS to identify distinct lineages in the Cladia aggregata complex, a group of lichenized fungi exhibiting remarkable morphological and chemical diversity. Our recent studies using multilocus DNA sequence data and coalescent-based species delimitation methods supported a 12 species delimitation scenario. In this study, we evaluated the ratio of the intra- and interspecific genetic distances of ITS in these 12 putative species. All 12 putative species showed a lower ratio of intraspecific variation than interspecific variation, supporting the hypothesis that these represent distinct lineages. Consequently, these lineages are here accepted at species level and three new species, viz. Cladia blanchonii Parnmen & Lumbsch, C. cryptica Parnmen & Lumbsch and C. tasmanica Parnmen & Lumbsch are described and the new combinations Cladia gorgonea (Eschw.) Parnmen & Lumbsch, C. neocaledonica (Räs.) Parnmen & Lumbsch, and C. terebrata (Laurer) Parnmen & Lumbsch proposed.
Envekadea metzeltinii sp. nov., a new diatom (Bacillariophyta) species from the subtropical karstic wetlands of the Florida Everglades, U.S.A.
Authors: LEE SYLVIA S. , TOBIAS FRANCO A. C. , DE VIJVER BART VAN
Published: July 2013

Envekadea metzeltinii sp. nov. is described from periphyton assemblages in the subtropical karstic wetlands of the Florida Everglades, U.S.A. The morphology of the new diatom species is documented by light and scanning electron micrographs and discussed in detail, including comparisons with related species in the genera Envekadea, Caloneis, andNavicula. The new species is characterized by a linear valve outline, a sigmoid raphe course, broad variability in areola shapes and sizes, and two clearly raised axial costae. Apart from the type locality in Florida, the species was observed from similar wetlands in the Yucatan, Mexico. Notes on its ecology and distribution are added.Based on the morphology of the most similar species, Navicula palestinae, the latter is transferred to the genus Envekadea.
Impatiens lixianensis, a new species of Balsaminaceae from Sichuan, China
Authors: YU SHENG-XIANG , LIDÉN MAGNUS , HAN BAO-CAI , ZHANG XIAO-XIA
Published: July 2013

Impatiens lixianensis, a new species of Balsaminaceae from Zhegushan, Lixian, Sichuan province, China, is described and illustrated. This species is closely related to I. apsotis in having small white to greenish-white flowers, 2 lateral sepals, and 1–2-flowered short racemes, but differs by its non-crested dorsal petals, a short 2-lobed swollen spur, long-clawed lower petals, and small scale-shaped upper petals. Regarding palynological characters, the lumina of the reticulum in I. lixianensis are smaller and much more granulate than those in I. apsotis.
A review of the species in the genus Cryptops Leach, 1815 from the Old World and the Australasian region related to Cryptops (Cryptops) doriae Pocock, 1891 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Cryptopidae)
Authors: LEWIS JOHN G.E.
Published: July 2013

The 25 putative species and two subspecies of the doriae group of the genus Cryptops (subgenus Cryptops) from the Old World and the Australasian region are here reviewed. The following are regarded as valid: C. audax Attems, 1928, C. aus-tralis Newport, 1845, C. dentipes Lawrence, 1960, C. dilagus Archey, 1921, C. doriae Pocock, 1891, C. japonicus Takakuwa, 1934, C. lamprethus Chamberlin, 1920, C. milloti Lawrence, 1960, C. modiglianii Silvestri, 1895, C. nanus Attems, 1938, C. navis Chamberlin, 1930, C. nepalensis Lewis, 1999, C. niuensis Chamberlin, 1920, C. pauliani Law-LEWIS 2 · Zootaxa 3683 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press rence, 1960, C. philammus Attems, 1928, C. polyodontus Attems, 1903, C. setosior Chamberlin, 1959, C. stupendus Attems, 1928, C. tahitianus Chamberlin, 1920, C. typhloporus Lawrence, 1955. South African material assigned to C. aus-tralis by Attems (1928) is described as a new species C. capensis, and C. (C.) australis africanus Lawrence, 1955 is raised to full specific status as C. africanus. C. sinesicus Chamberlin, 1940 is a new junior subjective synonym of C. navis. C. afghanus Loksa, 1971, C. gracilimus Machado, 1951 and C. pauperatus Attems, 1937 are nomina dubia. Of the species here regarded as valid, further material from Australia and New Zealand is required to clarify the characteristics of C. aus-tralis. There has been confusion over the identities of the New Zealand species C. dilagus, C. lamprethus and C. polyo-dontus; their relationship should be further examined. The South African C. philammus and C. stupendus are also very similar and it is possible that further work may show them to be conspecific. The widely distributed C. doriae populations would, likewise, merit further investigation as would the relationship of the species to C. nepalensis and C. niuensis. It is possible that the inadequately described C. afghanus is identical to C. doriae. A provisional key to these species is pro-vided.
Austroteneriffia shiraziensis sp. nov. (Acari: Teneriffiidae) from southwestern Iran, with description of male and immature stages
Authors: KHANJANI MOHAMMAD , YAZDANPANAH SHIMA , FAYAZ BAHMAN ASALI
Published: July 2013

A new species, Austroteneriffia shiraziensis sp. nov., is described and illustrated from soil under oak trees in the Koohm-are Sorkhi region, Fars province, south western Iran. The description of A. shiraziensis sp. nov. is based on females, males, deutonymphs, and protonymphs. A key to adult females of Austroteneriffia is provided.
Revision of the subgenus Episyrphus (Episyrphus) Matsumura (Diptera: Syrphidae) in Australia
Authors: WRIGHT SUSAN G. , SKEVINGTON JEFFREY H.
Published: July 2013

Three species of Episyrphus (Episyrphus) Matsumura, 1917 are here recorded in Australia: E. (E.) viridaureus (Wiede-mann, 1824) and two new species E. (E.) oliviae Wright sp. nov. and E. (E.) glaber Wright sp. nov. A key to Australian Episyrphus (Episyrphus) species is provided, important taxonomic characters are illustrated and distributions of the three species are mapped. The distribution of E. (E.) viridaureus is extended to include Australia. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) data are provided from some Episyrphus species to test morphological species concepts.
The terrestrial tadpole of Leptodactylus andreae (Anura, Leptodactylidae), a member of the Leptodactylus marmoratus species group
Authors: MENIN MARCELO , RODRIGUES DOMINGOS J.
Published: July 2013

The Leptodactylus marmoratus species group, as currently recognized (Almeida & Angulo 2006), is composed of fifteen nominal species (Frost 2013). Tadpoles of eight species have been described, including species awaiting formal descriptions (e.g. Kokubum & Giaretta 2005). The tadpoles of this species group can be divided into two types: exotrophic tadpoles with aquatic development (e.g. Leptodactylus thomei; Almeida & Angulo 2006) and endotrophic tadpoles with terrestrial development (e.g. Leptodactylus hylaedactylus; Menin et al. 2009). Leptodactylus andreae Müller, 1923 occurs in lowlands of northern South America east of the Andes, including and limited to Amazonia to the south and east (Frost 2013). The tadpole of this species was briefly described in diagrammatic drawings by Hero (1990). Herein, we describe the tadpole of L. andreae based on individuals at three stages of development and also provide comments on the spawning sites.
Tropical–Extratropical Interactions of Intraseasonal Oscillations
Authors: Frederiksen Jorgen S. , Lin Hai
Published: July 2013

Tropical–extratropical interactions of intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs), based on 30 years (1979–2009) of northern winter observations and theory, are compared. The phase relationships between the tropical signal of the leading theoretical ISO for a January 1979 basic state and the development of Pacific–North America (PNA)-like and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) teleconnection patterns are found to compare closely with those for the observed Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). For both observations and theory positive NAO occurs 5–15 days after MJO convection [negative outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and positive precipitation] and negative upper-troposphere velocity potential ISO anomalies are focused over the central Indian Ocean. The fluxes of wave activity, based on the upper-troposphere streamfunction of the leading theoretical mode, indicate strong tropical–extratropical interactions and have very similar structures to those obtained by H. Lin et al. based on observations of extratropical anomalies associated with MJO convection.

The second leading theoretical ISO mode for January 1979 has quite similar properties to the leading ISO mode but has a longer period of 44.5 days compared with 34.4 days and a more distinct quadrupole streamfunction structure straddling the equator. Theoretical ISO modes for other observed basic states, including January 1988 and the 30-yr average of January 1980–2009, again link the tropical ISO signal with Northern Hemisphere teleconnection patterns, particularly the NAO. The growth rates of ISO modes increase with stronger baroclinicity of the basic-state zonal winds in the main jet streams and, importantly, with increased tropical–extratropical interactions because of stronger meridional winds.
Ocean Waves and Teleconnection Patterns in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Shimura Tomoya , Mori Nobuhito , Mase Hajime
Published: July 2013

Understanding long-term, ocean wave climate variability is important to assess climate change impacts on coastal and ocean physics and engineering. Teleconnection patterns can represent wave climate variability in the context of climate change. The objective of this study is to identify how large-scale spatial distributions of wave heights vary on a monthly basis and how they are influenced by various teleconnection patterns using reanalysis datasets. The wave height climate responses to teleconnection patterns in the eastern part of the North Pacific and North Atlantic are more sensible than in the corresponding western parts. The dominant spatial patterns of monthly averaged wave height variability in winter were obtained by empirical orthogonal function analysis. The three dominant patterns in the North Pacific and North Atlantic are similar. It is remarkable that one of the three dominant patterns, a band-shaped pattern, exhibits a strong relation to the teleconnection pattern in each ocean. The band-shaped pattern for the North Pacific was investigated in detail and found to be related to the west Pacific (WP) pattern. Where and how each teleconnection pattern influences wave climate becomes apparent especially during winter.
Gender Differences in Environmental Concern
Authors: Xiao Chenyang , McCright Aaron M.
Published: July 2013

Research on environmental concern has consistently found that women have modestly stronger pro-environmental values, beliefs, and attitudes than do men. Scholars have proposed and examined several explanations and have found that only a few hypotheses receive somewhat consistent empirical support, including the institutional trust hypothesis. Given that recent research suggests that men and women have equivalent levels of trust in social institutions, we chose to revisit the institutional trust hypothesis. We use a structural equation modeling technique on General Social Survey data from 2000 and 2010. In both years, we found that women report greater pro-environmental views and concern about environmental problems than do men. Yet, we found only minimal gender differences in institutional trust and no evidence that institutional trust mediates the relationship between gender and environmental concern. Our study does not support the institutional trust hypothesis. We end by identifying potential implications of our findings and suggestions for future research.
Water Governance and Supply in Urban Areas
Authors: Roy Dunu , Akshintala Vasudha , Sharma Ruchika
Published: July 2013

Water is a basic human resource that should be distributed equally, but increasingly there is uneven distribution, as in the majority of the cities covered under JNNURM which are unable to provide access to water supply to more than half the slum population. Research in Delhi demonstrates that both slums and resettlement colonies are inhabited by the poorer classes who do not have political claim to resources, and ‘resettlement’ from slums is to evict them from where land is more ‘valuable’ to relocate them in the to-be-developed periphery where there is no water supply. Construction of toilets only ensures greater use of water, which eventually pollutes the surface as well as ground water sources. Health services are concentrated in the core of the city. The social determinants of health in urban areas are clearly rooted in the investment policies that are driving processes of ‘urban renewal’ and ‘economic growth’.