bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Image of the Information Society in Culture: Optimism Gives Way to Pessimism?
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrova Ekaterina V.
Published: August 2021

During its existence, the idea of an information society has undergone significant changes, many concepts of the information society have appeared, as well as re­lated concepts of a network, communicative, digital society. The purpose of this article is to trace the transformation of the “image” of the information society in culture from the stage of expectations of the embodiment of its main parame­ters to the peculiarities of vision and assessment of its characteristics, which have become everyday reality today. In the definitions and assessments of the in­formation society, proposed by philosophers and sociologists at the end of the last century, its technological characteristics, which are quite optimistic for society, were emphasized. Three decades later, negative assessments of the mod­ern “information landscape”, such as Internet addiction, information pollution, information stress, began to prevail in discussions about the impact of these characteristics on everyday life. “Technological optimism” is replaced by “hu­manitarian pessimism”, that is, the emphasis from technological advances is shifted to the impact of information technology on a person, his psycho-emo­tional state, consciousness, worldview, and cognitive abilities. The objectives of the article include the analysis of real changes in consciousness, psyche and hu­man brain, caused by the introduction of information technology in the daily life of people. All these processes lead to the formation of a negative image of the “digital society”, to the rejection of the realities associated with it. But the fact that the information society in its ideal embodiment did not take place does not negate the growing role of information technologies in modern life. And against this background, the author believes, a purposeful, including a philo­sophical analysis of relevant problems is needed in order to understand how to balance the image of the “person – information environment” system. Informa­tion ecology can play a significant role in such analysis.
Globalization and Digitalization: Social Consequences of Cumulative Interaction
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chumakov Alexander N.
Published: August 2021

The main purpose of this article is to bring to the discussion a new research topic arising from the interaction of the two main vectors and the most characteristic trends in the development of the modern world: globalization and digitalization. The author not only gives his original interpretations of these widely discussed phenomena, focusing on their natural history essence, but also comes to the con­clusion about their inseparable connection and interdependence. At the same time, he points out the cumulative effect of the interaction between globalization and digitalization, reveals its positive and negative aspects and gives estimates of the impact of this effect on public life both at the national and global levels. The article also says that as the processes of globalization and digitalization in­crease, the world community is not only integrating, but also differentiating. In addition, the coronavirus pandemic is making serious adjustments to these processes. As a result, the author concludes that no matter how much globaliza­tion and digitalization are assessed, what hopes would not be placed on progress in the development of science, technology and advanced technologies, real progress lies primarily in the development of society itself. And it is defined by the level of responsibility, consciousness, morality and, ultimately, the behavior of people.
The Eclipse of Reason. M.F. Sciacca on Western Civilization
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Rutkevich Alexey M.
Published: August 2021

We offer to our readers the first Russian translation of the chapter “La stupidita” from the book L’oscuramento dell’intelligenza by the Italian Catholic philoso­pher M.F. Sciacca, who called his teaching Christian Spiritualism. The starting point for him is the ancient idea of measure, understanding the finiteness of exis­tence in relationship with other finite beings and with infiniteness of God. The wisdom consists of life according to the order of being, in the perfect real­ization of the proper finite existence. The eclipse of mind is the strife of identifi­cation with the beings, having a lower place in the cosmic order, or a hubris, a loss of pietas, an exaltation of himself to the level of God. The civilizations die as a result of arrogance and stupidity, of the eclipse of reason. Hellenism re­placed the ancient wisdom, the Roman was replaced by Romanism; during the last four centuries, the eclipse of the western reason is in process, transforming the West into “Occidentalism”. This process began in the baroque times, so-called “Great Systems” of the XVIIth century were the first stage of this eclipse: ontology was replaced by methodology, gradually transformed into technology of attainment of the “optimum of happiness”. The contemporary stage of this de­cline is not even decadence but complete corruption. The West is dead now, rests the “Occidentalism’, imposed on the entire world. All the religions and even the ideologies of previous times gave way to the cult of production and consump­tion. The ruling technocracy replicates the type of homo calculator, claiming to be the apex of human development and “measure of all the things”.
National Idea: the View of a Geographer
Authors:   Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Shuper Viacheslav A.
Published: August 2021

The formulation of the national idea takes place in the context of a sharp escala­tion of the struggle for power as a result of the transition to a multipolar world, a fundamental slowdown in demographic and economic growth, the beginning of the second global disintegration cycle and the end of the five-hundred-year domination of the West. Russia developed Siberia, but was at the same time a product of it. Probably, the national character and the national idea were largely formed by centuries of moving to the Pacific. Without Siberia, the coun­try would now occupy the same modest place other metropolises of former co­lonial empires do. National idea should be inspired by the independence of thoughts and the spirit of the pioneers. The large-scale projects which form large-scale personalities to prevent the spread of ignorance and a learned-out helplessness are necessary for the development of the country. The L.N. Gu­milev’s geographic-psychological concept gains in this context special interest. “The saving of the people” should have not only the demographic but also the energetic dimension. Gumilev’s concept is meant to restore the position of the natural sciences in the formation of the scientific view of the world which sees humanity as a part of nature with special qualities. It is also necessary to re­think the position of V.I. Vernadsky about the organization of the learning people in the context of the mobilization model of the development of society. The es­sence of this model should be the mobilization model of education, which should be considered as the basis of the national idea.
Formation of the Ontology of a Modern Subject. Origins and Articulation
Authors:   Ukrainian Institute of Strategies of Global Development and Adaptation, Levytskyy Victor S.
Published: August 2021

The subject of the article is the process of forming a new ontological paradigm of the subject – the modern subject as a center of transformative activity aimed at the world (nature) – the object. Today, along with the classical concepts (M. Heidegger, M. Foucault) linking the genesis of the modern type of subject with the philosophy of Descartes, studies (P. Hajdu, A. De Libera), in which his Christian origins and nature are grounded, are gaining more and more in­fluence. The article focuses on the ontological dimension of this genesis, the author shows that in the process of forming the ontology of the Christian paradigm of the subject, three stages can be distinguished: 1) the formation of Christian ideas about God as a subject of being and at the same time a loving Person, whose incarnation removes the barrier between the divine and the hu­man; 2) articulation of ontological concepts in the form of doctrinal principles of Christianity; 3) conceptualization of the doctrine in the text of the Symbol of Faith, which provides a categorical apparatus and a specific vocabulary for ontological discourse of a new type, one of the central meanings of which is the new subject. The process of general secularization of the Christian doctrine in the rational discourses of modern philosophy, primarily in the concept of Descartes and German classical idealism, led to the consolidation of the Chris­tian type of subjectivity for a person as an existential center of a new ontologi­cal paradigm, whose activity turns into a new metaphysical foundation of the world of objects.
Educational Literature in Russia of the 17th–18th Centuries as a Source for the History of Moral Concepts
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Chumakova Tatiana V. , Ovchinnikova Elena A. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: August 2021

The article analyses moral concepts in the educational literature and didactic manuals, which were popular in Russia in the seventeenth – eighteenth centuries. The main sources for the research are the following texts: ‘The Citizenship of Children’s Habits’ (translation of ‘De civilitate morum puerilium’ by Erasmus of Rotterdam), ‘The Honest Mirror of Youth’, ‘Iphika and Hieropolitic’, ‘Arithmetic’ by Leontiy Magnitsky, a translation of ‘Orbis sensu­alium pictus’ by John Amos Comenius, and ‘Didactic Philosophy’ by F.X. Baumeister. The chronological frames of the research are defined as a period of and active ‘appropria­tion’ of moral codes of the European good manners, and the shaping of the ethical language allowing to build both the outer forms of the moral life of the society, and its ethical reflec­tion. Taking into account the educational literature of that period, we may not only reveal its moral concepts, but also outline the general volume of new terms and their definitions. Moral concepts captured the rules of behaviour, moral characteristics of persons, the ethical significance of their labour, education, and upbringing. Studying the educational literature allows us to understand the role of the introduction of basic grammar, arithmetic, and other disciplines in the shaping of the new moral world in its integrity and diversity, to trace the history of formation of moral terms and concepts from didactic ethical compositions to the first manuals of the late eighteenth century, where ethic was presented as a specific field of philosophy. Thus, studying such various sources in the context of the ethic analyzes allows us to do a complex research of the basics of theoretical philosophical ethic in Russia, as well as the commonplace moral language of the Russian society of the epoch of Enlightenment. Largely thanks to these manuals, the categorical and conceptual language of morality was formed in Russian culture.
Moral Assessment of War in Russian Marxist Thought in the 1910–1930s
Authors:   HSE University, Kumankov Arseniy D.
Published: August 2021

This article precedes a large-scale study of the ethics of war in the USSR. The text deals with the problem of finding moral argumentation in the Russian Marxist tradition of under­standing of war in 1910–1930s. Lenin, developing the ideas of Marx and Clausewitz, formu­lated that war is continuation of politics, which in turn is an expression of the class struggle. This thesis was sometimes taken as evidence of a rejection of the ethical consideration of war. However, a closer study of the literature and comparative research of the Bolsheviks theorists’ attitudes to militarism and pacifism, can lead to the conclusion that the ethical view on war was not completely alien to the Soviet authors. The typology of war, peculiar to the Russian Marxism of the specified period, is given, and the main strategies of moral legit­imization of war are also designated. At the end of the article, the question of the complexity of studying the soviet ethics of war in the context of the homogenization of philosophical and military discourses in the USSR is considered. However, it is concluded that this institu­tional feature of Soviet science and philosophy manifested itself over time, that the reduc­tion in the possibility of free thought and discussion gradually increased. Accordingly, in the writings of the 1920s and 1930s, we can try to discover the original Soviet ethics of war and fix various points of view and positions on the issues of the moral limitation of war. The ar­ticle ends with the definition of the directions of further develop­ment of the subject. These tasks are: differentiation of the generalized views on the moral dimension of war presented in this article, clarification the dynamics and forms of the Soviet moral theory of war canon, and identification the differences between Lenin’s and Stalin’s approaches to understanding the war.
Mercy and/oder Justice: Almsgiving in the Catholic Thought, the 16th–17th Centuries
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Korzo Margarita A.
Published: August 2021

Approaches to almsgiving in the Catholic tradition of the Early Modern Times largely fol­lowed the ideas, developed in the previous period: surplus and need are taking into account, and only a certain correlation of them turns alms from pious counsel to an obli­gation, gives the poor certain rights as well; important is a distinction between different categories of needy recipients (by criterion of moral dignity, place in the hierarchy of the so-called “or­dered love”, etc.). At the same time, approaches to almsgiving slightly vary in the “high” theology and in writings addressed to the laity. In the first case, there is a noticeable depar­ture from the medieval understanding of alms as mainly spiritual practice, or an act of char­ity directed at the benefactor himself; the understanding of alms as a form of redistribution of goods, or an act of justice directed at another comes to the fore. This is also reflected in the development of practical criteria for distribution of alms: to whom, on what grounds, how much is due. These trends are less pronounced in the “popular” theology: as before, the reasoning on almsgiving in the 16th and 17th centuries focuses on the person of a benefactor and his merits – lifetime and posthumous. In this context, almsgiving acts primarily as an act of charity. At the same time, the focus in the “high” and “popular” theo­logy is not so much on the problem of poverty as a social phenomenon and of opportunities to eradicate it, as the question of opposing its specific manifestations.
Francis Hutcheson on Shame
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prokofyev Andrey V.
Published: August 2021

The paper analyzes the conception of shame of the British sentimentalist Francis Hutcheson. It rests on the understanding of moral virtue as a representation of benevolence and the iden­tification of shame with the misery from the unfavorable opinions of others. For Hutcheson, shame complements honour as a second part of the particular human capacity that linked to the moral sense. In ‘An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue’, Hutch­eson is arguing with Bernard Mandeville about the role of shame and honour in the genesis of morality. He tries to show that the general approval of benevolence and the love of public good cannot be born out of self-love and a sensitivity to public opinion. He uses three argu­ments: a) shame is an immediate evil, b) shame is inseparable from the moral sense, b) their link is independent from public opinion. In addition, Hutcheson demonstrates that the sense of honour and shame can deviate from the moral sense in par­ticular instances via some asso­ciations. Hutcheson’ attitude to these deviations is uncertain and ambivalent. In ‘A System of Moral Philosophy’, honour and shame accompany not only the moral sense but also the sense of decency and dignity. This treatise also contains a brief polemics with Aristotle on the role of emotions generated by opinions of others in the pro­cess of moral self-improve­ment. Hutcheson’s conception of shame is a step in the develop­ment of socialized interpreta­tion of this emotion. Theoretically, it is interesting as an attempt to analyze origins of the particular lists of subjects of shame.
“The Concreteness of Metaphysics”: F.M. Dostoevsky in the Philosophy of N.A. Berdyaev and S.L. Frank
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Martemianov Kirill A.
Published: August 2021

The article considers the influence of Dostoevsky’s thought to the philosophy of N.A. Berdyaev and S.L. Frank. The crucial concept and experience of “living knowledge” and its anticipation in Dostoevsky’s heritage are discussed. Given that the problem of “living knowledge” overpasses the boundaries of pure gnoseology, we examines themes of ethical ideal, the meaning of religious belief and its existential significance. Besides that, in the article are presented three interrelated projects of theodicy in the Russian philosophy of 20th century (by N.A. Berdyaev, B.P. Vysheslavtsev and S.L. Frank). All of these projects are grounded in Dostoevsky’s thought. The supplement to the article consists of the first Russian translation of N.A. Arsenyev’s lecture “The central inspiration of Dostoevsky”.
French Neo-Hegelianism in Four Acts
Authors:   National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Khan Kate I.
Published: August 2021

The review presents the recently published monograph of Ivan Kurilovich “French neohegelianism: J. Wahl, A. Koyré, A. Kojève and J. Hyppolite in search of a unified phenomenology of Hegel – Husserl – Heidegger”. The book is dedicated to the history of the reception of the Hegel’s ideas in France in 1920–1960s. I. Kurilovich suggests his overview of the development of neo-hegelianism in its interconnection with the phenomenology, he analyses different versions and interpretative strategies on Hegel’s legacy: the theory of “malheur de la conscience” by J. Wahl, the epistemological framework suggested by A. Koyré, the phenomenologically-oriented interpretation of “Hegel – Heidegger” by A. Kojève, and the historical-philosophical reconstruction of Hegelian philosophy by J. Hyppolite. I. Kurilovich demonstrates the significant results of the interference between the ideas of Hegel and Husserl, Hegel and Heidegger. He problematizes the historical and philosophical concept of neo-hegelianism as such and demonstrates its ambiguity, as well as the lack of the direct intellectual lineage of its representatives. The book provides an opportunity to work with well-structured and informative historical content, which includes biographies and philosophical views, and gives a sophisticated view on the “conflict of interpretations” of Hegelian philosophy, suggested by J. Wahl, A. Koyré, A. Kojève and J. Hyppolite.
Female Characters in “Thus spoke Zarathustra”
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Sysolyatin Alexander A.
Published: August 2021

The article analyses relation between the central character of “Thus spoke Zarathustra” and associated female characters, which could be nominally indicated as “Zarathustra’s beloved ones”. The author examines several sets of characters, inside which intrinsic solitude of Zarathustra becomes disclosed through the relation to female characters. Such a disclosure is thematized in Nietzsche’s text as love. Pursued the comparison of these characters to other female characters from Nietzsche’s unpublished writings and his poems, chronologically preceding the edition of “Thus spoke Zarathustra”. On the basis of these texts formulated the difference between two value positions, defined as “masculine” and “feminine”. Despite of the fact, that in the majority of sets these positions are divided between distinct characters, Zarathustra displays simultaneously elements of both positions, which makes it possible to indicate him as a complicated, male-female character.
Apollonian and Dionysian: the Life and Fate of a Famous Metaphor
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Matveychev Oleg A.
Published: August 2021

The article examines the genesis, development and historical fate of the famous Nietzschean antithesis “Apollonian and Dionysian”. The content and consequences of the discussion on the “Birth of Tragedy” by F. Nietzsche between U. Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and E. Rohde are analyzed. The heuristic potential of this metaphor is evaluated. The author draws attention to the fact that the opposition between the “cult of Apollo” and “the cult of Dionysus” was never practiced in Ancient Greece itself. At the same time, Nietzsche's scheme turned out to be extremely long lived; not only for numerous writers and publicists, but also for scientists of various specializations who used it liberally.
Classical theory of analysis and synthesis
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Levin G.D.
Published: August 2021

The article explores the classical understanding of analysis as the mental decomposition of the studied object into components and synthesis as the mental combination of these compo­nents into a whole. The naive understanding of analysis as the mental decomposition of any­thing into any parts is criticized. It is opposed by the assertion that at the analytical stage of the study of an object we gain the knowledge about its components, and at the synthetic stage we gain the knowledge about those relationships that combine these components into a whole object. A generalized understanding of synthesis as a knowledge of relations be­tween any objects and analysis as a knowledge of the carriers of these relations is intro­duced. Based on the material of the history of the study of value relations – Wertverhältnis – the epistemological mechanism of a holistic analytical and synthetic research is investigated. The relation of the classical theory of analysis and synthesis to nonclassical is clarified.
Modern problems of bioethics (review)
Authors:   Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Letov O.V.
Published: August 2021

The article is an analytical review of English-language articles on contemporary issues of bioethics. Ethical categories such as informed consent of the patient, the principle of freedom of choice of the subject, risk ethics, consequentialism and deontologism, etc. are considered. It is noted, in particular, that some moral principles provide an essential general point of view regard­ing judgments in the field of biomedical sciences, and that these principles cannot be convinc­ingly ranked hierarchically. It is shown how the processes of specification and balancing connect broad principles and rules with specific moral judgments necessary in practical ethics. A deeper understanding of women’s experiences of fear of childbirth, interpreted through the metaphor of “being at a point where there is no return”, is demonstrated.
Nikolay N. Semyonov: a prophet and a tamer of fire and atom energy
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Dolgov K.M.
Published: August 2021

The paper is a memoirs of the Honoured scientist of the Russian Federation Konstan­tin M. Dolgov of his communication with Soviet Academy of Science member Nikolay N. Se­myonov – one of the founders of the physical chemistry and the only Soviet Nobel Prize winner in chemistry. The paper provides the analysis of the personality of this prominent scientist, his achievements and his views upon the development of science and interactions between different branches of science.
Science and humanities: clarification of differences and synthesis prospects
Authors:   National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Tulchinskii G.L.
Published: August 2021

An attempt is proposed to overcome the tough opposition of the sciences and humanities. Both types of scientific knowledge have been realized in three ways of their presentation: factual descriptions, establishment of deterministic dependencies and the target context. Such a common platform allows us to specify their interaction. Thus, the results of psy­chophysiology studies of the brain demonstrate the potential of humanitarian concepts (nar­ratives, memory, self-awareness, freedom), which allows us to clarify the possibilities of in­terdisciplinary research and the “convergence” of humanitarian and natural-scientific knowledge in technological applications.
Are there limits to the methodological convergence of natural-scientific and social-humanitarian knowledge?
Authors:   National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Knyazeva H.N. , Kuznetsov V.G. ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Smirnova N.M. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tulchinskii G.L. ,   National Research University “Higher School of Economics”
Published: August 2021

The prospects of various interdisciplinary researches, the problem of the unity of scientific knowledge, the possibility of translating methods from one discipline to another, the impact of digitalization on various fields of scientific knowledge, the acceptability of general ap­proaches to science management, in particular, to the evaluation of scientific productivity are debated in the discussion on the limits of methodological convergence of natural-scien­tific and social-humanitarian knowledge. The debaters E.N. Knyazeva, G.L. Tulchinsky, V.G. Kuznetsov and N.M. Smirnova comment on each other’s positions, point out the strengths and weaknesses in proponents’ justification, agree on a number of issues, and indi­cate the main theses and arguments for each position, groping for prospects for further de­velopment of the discussed issues.
Interview with professor Graham Harman
Authors:   Southern California Institute of Architecture, Harman Graham , Thiago Pinho ,   Federal University of Bahia
Published: August 2021

The paper is an interview with professor Graham Harman, one of the key representatives of the speculative realism approach, who has formulated the idea of object-oriented ontology. G. Harman speaks of how he came to be a philosopher, of his understanding of philosophy and explains basic ideas of his conception.
Contemporary investigations of moral intuition in epistemology and cognitive science
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanov D.V.
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis and comparison of theories of moral intuition, actively discussed in epistemology and cognitive science in the first two decades of this century. At the beginning of the twentieth century intuitionism was a popular position in ethics. However, already in the middle of the last century this position was rejected by philoso­phers. At the beginning of the new century, we can see a return of interest in the study of in­tuition and its role in ethical decision-making. The main disciplines in which there is an in­crease in the number of studies of moral intuition are primarily cognitive science and epistemology. Approaches to the phenomenon of moral intuition in these disciplines are dif­ferent. Cognitive science, moral psychology, is primarily focused on understanding intu­ition as a psychological process characterized by a specific cognitive role. Epistemology is interested in moral intuition as an epistemic state, in what role it plays in justification of our knowledge of moral facts. However, despite the fact that moral intuition is understood dif­ferently in these disciplines, we can nevertheless highlight common points. The paper notes that the revival of interest in moral intuition is associated largely with the development of research in the field of decision theory, namely the development of a theory of ethical deci­sion-making. Another area of research, with which the study of moral intuition is closely re­lated, is the problem of moral uncertainty.
Social and humanitarian knowledge and natural sciences: blurring boundaries
Authors:   National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Knyazeva H.N.
Published: August 2021

The classical separation of the methods of natural science and social-humanitarian knowl­edge ceases to be radical and unconditional in the modern science. On the one hand, histori­cal, descriptive and narrative methods and personalized approaches penetrate the modern natural science, and a humanitarian, ethical examination of the scientific researches. On the other hand, the social and humanitarian knowledge more and more widely uses, at least, as tools the methods of mathematization and digitalization. The growing popularity of all-pen­etrating interdisciplinary areas of research also becomes an indicator of erasing the rigid boundaries between the methods of natural science and socio-humanitarian knowledge.
The collective subject in complex human-dimensional systems: intelligence or the sum of technologies?
Authors:   MIREA – Russian Technological University, Nikitina E.A.
Published: August 2021

The relevance of addressing the problem of the collective subject is due to the need to study the laws of complex self-developing human-dimensional systems. In these systems, the subjects of knowledge and activity are organically connected with the means of knowledge and activity and objects. Self-development is realized in these systems through the information and communication technology environment. Self-development is carried out with the help of the reflexive activity of the collective subject. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the collective subject in complex human-dimensional systems. It is shown that the characteristics of the collective subject are influenced by such trends as the intellectualization of the technosphere and the technologization of human cognition and activity. The functions of a collective subject in the information society are beginning to be performed by information management systems. The collective subject under the conditions of the co-evolution of man and technology evolves in the direction of a hybrid collective subject.
Sublime sacrifice or total revenge: images of science and the scientist in an American horror film
Authors:   Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Malenko S.A. , Nekita A.G. ,   Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University
Published: August 2021

Hollywood horror films, which belong to a special genre of cinema, have been extremely sensitive to the topic of scientific and technological progress and the role of research scientists in shaping and promoting the technological picture of the world since their inception. The steadily increasing popularity of visual images of science and scientists in popular culture sets the tone for the development of themes and storylines of this genre. They became the immediate fabric of horror films, but unlike politics, art, and religion, Hollywood cinema first looked at the situation from the point of view of its existential dimension. And if the leading social institutions were interested in science only from the point of view of its social utility and pragmatism, then Hollywood horror cinema managed to reveal the existential emptiness and tragedy of the researcher, whom the government plunges into a continuous and mad race for scientific discoveries. It is in this genre that the destinies of human and the nature represented by human mind, enclosed in the narrows of technological civilization, are most clearly drawn. The image of a scientist in an American horror film is outlined in two main trends, negative and positive. Negative visualization is associated with the image of a mad researcher who uses the potential of his intelligence for sophisticated revenge on the social environment. The positive model, due to the demonstration of outstanding achievements of scientists, involves a nightmarish visualization of all possible deviations of power and defects of the social system that are not able to adequately operate with the achievements of science.
Psychopathy in the context of modernity: from a biosocial problem in the definition of a person to a psychopathic model of society
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Kucherova A.V.
Published: August 2021

The natural sciences have changed the traditional understanding of human nature by pointing out the biological dependence of human. The relationship between the biological and the social has become a problem, and this reflects the phenomenon of psychopathy – a special type of personality that combines neurophysiological abnormalities and related behavior. The article summarizes the conclusions of the latest experimental research in this field. It is hypothesized that psychopathic properties exactly correspond to the ideological requirements of modern society, and the development of modern technologies contributes to their reproduction. The cultivation of psychopathy can completely change human beings, making society physically psychopathic, and psychopathy can be a model for the future state of society.
Computing nature – reality or metaphor? DISCUSSION ON THE I. MIKHAILOV’S PAPER “COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH TO SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE”
Authors:   Ulyanovsk State University, Department of Philosophy, Bazhanov V.A.
Published: August 2021

The article critically evaluates the computational approach and its application to living beings and social organization. Arguments are put forward according to which the cognitive potential of more traditional approaches to these subject areas – at least at the present time – is far from a state of exhaustion, and the computational approach is unable to create an alternative to them. This leads to the idea that the naturalization of the concept of computation in relation to such systems should be treated only as a metaphor.
Computational philosophy in search of boundaries between object and method
Authors:   Pyatigorsk State University, Baryshnikov P.N.
Published: August 2021

The main goal of this paper is to point out a number of methodological difficulties faced by the supporters of different kinds of philosophical computationalism in the formation of their conceptual apparatus. The text examines the beliefs underlying physicalist panсomputationalism, as well as some inaccuracies in the classification of the concept of computation. Particular attention is paid to the principles of hierarchical correlation that underlie social neurosciences that actively use computational methods.
Cognitive science: from paradigms to theoretical complexes
Authors:   Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sushchin M.A.
Published: August 2021

This article deals with the task of understanding main theoretical movements in cognitive science, including classical computational cognitivism, connectionism, moderate embodied cognition, and predictive processing. For this purpose, the article analyzes the well-known post-positivist conceptions of philosophy of science developed by T. Kuhn, I. Lakatos, and L. Laudan, which focus not on individual theories, but on groups of theories. Despite the fact that all these well-known post-positivist conceptions describe well certain features of theoretical movements in cognitive science, none of them as such can be taken as a basis for understanding those cognitivist groups of theories and models. Thus, the article develops an alternative approach based on the author’s idea of theoretical complexes. With the help of this idea, it becomes possible, firstly, to characterize the form of organization of main theoretical movements in cognitive science. From this point of view, complexes of individual theories, models, and conceptions in cognitive science can be formed both on the basis of one common property or a number of common properties, and on the basis of family resemblance. And, secondly, the idea of theoretical complexes has made it possible to clarify the basic functions of cognitivist theoretical movements. These functions include the constructive function of a landmark for the supporters of one particular complex (including the subordinate functions of creating and modifying individual theories, defining their basic concepts, etc.). and the negative function of a target for criticism for supporters of competing complexes.
Chess and the Turing Machine: the limits of applicability of computationalism in the social sciences
Authors:   Vologda State University, Yastreb N.A.
Published: August 2021

The article discusses the limits of applicability of the computational approach in the social sciences. A comparative analysis of the use of the Turing machine as a metaphor for computation and chess as a metaphor for social life is made. It is shown that within the framework of computationalism, the essence of the symbols, over which calculations are performed, remains unclear. The application of computationalism in the social sciences is possible only in combination with the methods of humanitarian research.
Prospects for a computational approach in the social sciences. Discussion
Authors:   Pyatigorsk State University, Baryshnikov P.N. , Bazhanov V.A. ,   Ulyanovsk State University, Mikhailov I.F. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Smirnova N.M. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yastreb N.A. ,   Vologda State University
Published: August 2021

Panelists N.M. Smirnova, V.A. Bazhanov, N.A. Yastreb, and P.N. Baryshnikov discuss the main ideas of I.F. Mikhailov's article “Computational Approach in Social Cognition” and the ideas expressed by each of them in the commentary texts regarding the prospects of the computational approach in the social sciences. The discussion ends with the response of I.F. Mikhailov. In it he gives an assessment of the objections made and clarifies those points of his text that, in his opinion, were ignored or remained misunderstood by the debaters.
The myth of the three crises in foundations of mathematics Part 1
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Shaposhnikov V.A.
Published: August 2021

The story of “the three crises in foundations of mathematics” is widely popular in Russian publications on the philosophy of mathematics. This paper aims at evaluating this story against the background of the contemporary scholarship in the history of mathematics. The conclusion is that it should be considered as a specimen of modern myth-making activity brought to the fore by an unconscious tendency to model the whole history of mathematics on the pattern of the foundational crisis of the first decades of the 20th century. What is more, the consideration of the specific role and character of the foundations in both early Greek mathematics and 18th-century mathematics gives an occasion to raise a more general question regarding the true meaning of the historicity of mathematics. The first part of this paper deals with the point whether there was a foundational crisis in pre-Euclidean Greek mathematics caused by the discovery of incommensurable magnitudes and Zeno’s paradoxes. The result is negative: we have no direct historical evidence of such a crisis; as for secondary considerations, they also mainly count against it. The idea of the first crisis in foundations of mathematics has emerged as a result of the unjustified transference of the modern grasp of foundational issues and the modern “mentalité de crise” to the ancient past.
From the science foundation program to its research and methodology of science
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Rozin V.M.
Published: August 2021

The article proposes a reconstruction of the evolution of the concepts of philosophy of science, including the author's concept of science. The basis for such a reconstruction is the distinction between three concepts – justification, study and methodology. Is it possible to assume, the author asks, that the first stage of the formation of the philosophy of science (the concept of positivists and neopositivists) was characterized by a substantiation approach, the second (concepts of T. Kuhn and S. Toulmin) – the point of view of scientific research, the third – the methodology of science. It is the ideas of the concept of substantiation of science, coming from F. Bacon, differently understood in the works of D. Hilbert and L. Wittgenstein, that make it possible to understand the negative attitude of positivists to philosophy, and also why logic was taken to determine the rigor of scientific constructions, and theory was made the central subject of consideration. The transition to the scientific study of science in the works of T. Kuhn and S. Toulmin forced to change this subject (not theory, but the paradigm and evolution of science). The author discusses the conditions for the study of science, showing that the representatives of the second direction relied on social science and the activity approach. The methodological approach to the study of science is analyzed on the example of the ideas of the concept of research programs by I. Lakatos and the implementation of this concept in the study of ancient philosophy by P.P. Gaidenko. The a thor also positions himself as a representative of the methodological approach. He presents the main stages of his own methodological research of science. The main ideas of his concept of science include: the cultural and historical reconstruction of science, thehypothesis of two starts of the formation of science – in antiquity and in the culture of the New Age, characteristics of the “‘genome of science’ that developed in ancient philosophy and re-established in the following cultures, features of “science as social institution of modernity”. The author considers all his constructions ideal-typical and methodological.
Realistic Theory of Classical Analysis and Synthesis
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Levin Georgy
Published: August 2021

The article shows that all modern theories of analysis and synthesis, on one basis, are divided into classical and non-classical, and on the other, into realistic and anti-realistic. A realistic version of the classical theory, according to which analysis is a real or mental decomposition of the phenomena of the objective and subjective world into components, and synthesis is a real or mental combination of these components into a whole, is considered. The naive understanding of analysis, which includes in its task the cognition of the components of the object under study, and those relations that form it from these components, has been criticized. It is shown that the cognition of such relations is a task of synthesis. The history of the study of the problem of mental synthesis from Plato to modern nominalism is considered. Mental analysis and synthesis are compared with practical ones. Two stages of the history of practical analysis and synthesis are investigated — pre-scientific and scientific. The theories of analysis and synthesis, formed at these stages, are compared.
Merab Mamardashvili: the Author with His Voice and Act
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Spirova Elvira
Published: August 2021

The article analyses the approaches of outstanding Russian philosophers — V.A. Podoroga and S.A. Smirnov — to the philosophical works of Merab Konstantinovich Mamardashvili. Their two monographic studies, published in 2020, offer a perfectly unique view through the original authorial lenses of the philosophical ideas of M.K. Mamardashvili. Making special mention of the topological configuration of Mamardashvili’s thinking, his specific metaphoricalness, these authors, each in his own way, immerse the readers into the semantic space of his philosophy. V.A. Podoroga reveals the unique philosophical style of Mamardashvili built on free speech-thought in contrast to a written text, with its permanent desire to repeat what was said in order to receive a new impetus for the motion of thought, and with its invariable return to the starting point. S.A. Smirnov retraces Mamardashvili’s authorial act of utterance as an autobiographic one, restoring the navigation of the philosopher’s personality through his creation that appears as an organ-tool of understanding. The monographs are a significant contribution to comprehension of the Russian philosophical tradition of the 20th century.
Philosophical Analysis of the Image of "Artificial Man" in Literary Works of the XIX-XX Centuries
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Odinokaya Daria
Published: August 2021

Thanks to the development of modern technologies, there is a feeling that the machine can do anything: write a pseudoscientific article, perform household chores, and remind us of important things. Questions arise: what can't the machine do? What does it mean to be human today? The article examines the versions of how the border between the human and non-human in a person is interpreted in fiction. Such variations of "artificial man" as golem, robot, and artificial intelligence are studied. Created from different materials and animated by different methods, these creatures reflect different ideas about who a person is. We propose two approaches to the idea of creating a "man — artificial man" — mythological and natural science, supported by posthumanist philosophy. The deanthropologizing tendency in literary works anticipates the logic of transhumanism. A person is reduced either to a biological datum (a set of genes, a game of hormones, neural connections), or to intelligence, competing with artificial intelligence and inevitably suffering defeat. The anthropological approach in works of art continues the mythological tradition. Man is thought of as a being endowed with consciousness, which is not reducible to the world. "Artificial man" is a double, an antipode, another, that is, absolutely different, in relation to which a person can establish his own identity.
Paul Ricoeur about Man
Authors: Gurevich Pavel
Published: August 2021

The article analyzes a wide range of philosophical and anthropological subjects in the works of the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur. Rejecting the idea of system-creation, Ricoeur creates a generalized image of a person in the form of polemical, sometimes marginal notes in relation to other European thinkers. His works reveal an original view on the problems of human subjectivity, Ego, personality, selfness, identity, etc. The author of the article shows that all the variety of anthropological topics in Ricoeur can be clarified through the phenomenon of human subjectivity, which the philosopher connects with spirituality, which is born in pre-reflexive forms of life and culture. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the personality as an individuality of a special kind and to the process of identification of the person as an individual. P. Ricoeur managed to give a new interpretation to the concept of identity through a complex dialectic of internal and external self-identity.