bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nonergodic Universe: The Possibility Of New Laws
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A
Published: November 2023

Our now familiar liter of gas particles at room temperature comes to equilibrium rapidly, certainly on the order of hours or days. “Equilibrium” means, roughly, that the macroscopic properties of the system, such as temperature and pressure, have stopped changing, except for small “square root N’’ fluctuations away from equilibrium that soon dissipate back toward equilibrium. As we have noted, thanks to the ergodic hypothesis, the gas system ultimately visits each macrostate at a number of times proportional to the number of microstates in that macrostate.
Bodies Marriage, Adultery, and Death
Authors: Israel Kali
Published: November 2023

This chapter, like the last, ranges through three sets of stories: stories that depict marriage as a site of mortal con¯ict over bodies and minds; stories of extramarital relationships that invite and elude scandalously sexual interpretations; and stories about dying. In each section, I show stories embedded in the texts of relationships and stories that circulated more widely; the story of sex told by Francis Pattison’s letters and the stories Emilia Dilke published about women’s bodies; the story constructed by Mark Pattison and Meta Bradley about their innocence and the novel Rhoda Broughton published in revenge for Mark Pattison’s involving her in his stories; the story of Mark Pattison’s death his wife/widow told and that death’s ironic relation to novels. In these tales, bodies—conjugal and celibate, wedded and unlicensed, expressive and paralyzed, healthy and suffering, living and dead—form the stakes in and gesture to urgent struggles over minds, souls, families, and writing.
Renaissances
Authors: Israel Kali
Published: November 2023

EF. S. Pattison’s two-volume The Renaissance of Art in France (1879) was followed by a biocritical study in French, Claude Lorrain, Sa Vie et Ses Oeuvres in 1884; Pattison published at least a hundred signed articles and reviews between 1869 and 1884. Emilia Dilke wrote Art in the Modern State—on French art and the state under Louis XIV—and her four volumes on French art in the eighteenth century, covering painting, sculpture, engraving, drawing, architecture, furniture, and decoration, as well as essays, reviews, and contributions to the Encyclopaedia Britannica.1 Pattison/Dilke’s works on French art extend from the ®fteenth century through and beyond the Salon des Reèfuseès; Colin Eisler claimed, “To this day, no other scholar can be said to have been so profoundly cognizant of ®ve hundred years of French art as this Englishwoman, who was largely self-educated in the ®elds of her professional activity.”2 Pattison/Dilke’s range is unnerving. Her work drew on source texts and scholarly works in many languages and historical knowledge of Italy, Germany, early Christianity, and ancient Greece.
Neuropathological Changes in Normal Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Gómez-Isla Teresa , Hyman Bradley T
Published: November 2023

From a clinical perspective, Alzheimer’s disease has a stereotyped progression, starting with early impairments dominated by memory dysfunction and later evolving into a more generalized dementia with impairments of language, judgment, and executive function. The major structural abnormalities that are believed to be responsible for these impairments are the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques and the loss of neurons and synapses.
“Of This Generation” The New Left and the Student Movement
Authors: Breines Wini
Published: November 2023

College and university attendance exploded in the postwar period. There were two million college students in 1950, three million in 1960, five million by 1965 (the first baby boomers were college age in 1964), seven million by 1968 and, by 1973, ten million. In 1970, 50 percent of all people in the United States from eighteen to twenty-two years old were attending college, primarily large public universities. Educational democratization was under way, thanks in part, ironically, to the increasingly tight partnership between the federal government and the universities. Federal money poured into the universities, much of which was tied to military-sponsored research. For the first time in American history, masses of young people, female and male, lived together away from their families.1 I was one of them. In the midst of a growing student population, early white student movement activists often do not stand out from the rest of the conservatively dressed and buttoned-down students in campus photographs. The young men had short hair and wore white shirts, dark trousers, and sometimes even ties. Young women wore skirts. As a girl in the 1950s, I remember having to wear white gloves for dress occasions. The 1950s were a conservative time in America, and campuses reflected it.
Negroes No More The Emergence of Black Student Activism
Authors: Miller Karen K
Published: November 2023

During the decade immediately following the Supreme Court’s Brown  v. Board of Education decision in 1954, assimilationist integration dominated civil rights discourse as well as strategies adopted to overcome racial inequality in the United States. Implicit in integrationist discourse was a “color blindness” that belied the historical evolution of racial politics and policy. Assimilationist idealism projected an invisibility of race in image and in language that emphasized the common humanity of blacks and whites, but it overlooked the centrality of race in post-Brown civil rights conflicts. Symbolic images of blacks and whites playing, working, praying, and singing together, oblivious to skin color, conveyed optimism about the possibilities for an interracial harmonic future. Rather than speak in terms of black and white, assimilationist integration employed a racially neutered lexicon of “disadvantaged,” “underprivileged,” and “less fortunate” to articulate a vision of “minority” absorption into the “American mainstream.”
Sources of the Second Wave The Rebirth of Feminism
Authors: Evans Sara M
Published: November 2023

All of the social movements of the 1960s-clvil rights, student New Left, antiwar, counterculture—emphasized the personal nature of political action. They expressed the existential yearning for authenticity and meaning of a generation raised in postwar affluence, and idealistic rage at the betrayals of the American dream: hunger in the midst of plenty, racism in a democracy, and imperialism by the leader of the “free” world. The women’s liberation movement burst on the scene in the late 1960s to take this yet one step further by declaring that “the personal is political.” With this critical insight, women challenged the ways power and sexism shaped relationships from the bedroom to the boardroom, and they demanded that American society redefine the meanings of masculinity and femininity.
Parsing The Subcomponents Of Emotion aand Disorders of Emotion: Perspectives from Affective Neuroscience
Authors: Davidson Richard J , Pizzagalli Diego , Nitschke Jack B , Kalin Ned H
Published: November 2023

Affective neuroscience is the subdiscipline of the biobehavioral sciences that examines the underlying neural bases of mood and emotion. The application of this body of theory and data to the understanding of individual differences in affective style, mood regulation, and mood disorders is helping to generate a new understanding of the brain circuitry underlying these phenomena. At a more general level, this approach is helping to bridge the wide chasm between the literatures that have focused on normal emotion and the disorders of emotion. Historically, these research traditions have had little to do with one another and have emerged completely independently. However, affective neuroscience has helped to integrate these approaches into a more unified project that is focused on the understanding of normal and pathological individual differences in affective style, its constituent components, and their neural bases (see, e.g., Davidson, Jackson, & Kalin, 2000; Davidson, 2000). Affective neuroscience takes as its overall aims a project that is similar to that pursued by its cognate discipline, cognitive neuroscience, though focused instead on affective processes. The decomposition of cognitive processes into more elementary constituents that can then be studied in neural terms has been remarkably successful. We no longer query subjects about the contents of their cognitive processes since many of the processes so central to important aspects of cognitive function are opaque to consciousness. Instead, modern cognitive scientists and neuroscientists have developed laboratory tasks to interrogate and reveal more elementary cognitive function. These more elementary processes can then be studied using imaging methods in humans, lesion methods in animals, and the study of human patients with focal brain damage. Affective neuroscience approaches emotion using the same strategy. Global constructs of emotion are giving way to more specific and elementary constituents that can be examined with objective laboratory measures. For example, the time course of emotional responding and the mechanisms that are brought into play during the regulation of emotion can now be probed using objective laboratory measures.
Facial Expression Of Emotion
Authors: Keltner Dacher , Ekman Paul , Gonzaga, Gian C , Beer Jennifer
Published: November 2023

The study of facial expression of emotion has long been the focus of theoretical controversy and empirical research (e.g., Allport, 1924; Birdwhistell, 1963; Coleman, 1949; Darwin, 1872/1998; Ekman, 1973, 1994; Fridlund, 1991; Hunt, 1941; Landis, 1924; Mead, 1975; Munn, 1940; Osgood, 1966; Russell, 1994; Schlosberg, 1954; Woodworth, 1938). In studies of facial expression, researchers have addressed how emotions develop, to what extent the information they convey is best captured verbally by discrete categories or scalar dimensions, whether emotions have distinct biological substrates, and the extent to which facial expressions of emotion are universal and how they vary across cultures. In this chapter, we first briefly review the history of the study of facial expression, highlighting the ebb and flow of theory on the aforementioned issues. We then review evidence relevant to three long-standing questions in the field: Are facial expressions accurate indicators of emotion? In which respects are facial expressions of emotion universal and in which ways are they culturally specific? And are the states signaled or represented by facial expressions of emotion best viewed as discrete systems or dimension-based entities? We conclude by highlighting more recent developments in the study of facial expression, focusing on how facial expressions shape social interaction and how individual variations in facial expression relate to personality and psychopathology. The contemporary study of facial expression was profoundly shaped by Darwin’s Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872/1998). In this book, Darwin described distinct facial expressions of different emotions, thus setting the stage for discrete theories of emotion (e.g., Ekman, 1993). He also described the likely meaning of individual muscle actions (e.g., the furrowed brow), an intellectual foray that in part inspired componential theories of facial expression (Smith & Scott, 1997). He described similarities between human expressions and those of other species—an emphasis that guides research to this day (see chapter 24, this volume). And he argued that facial expressions were universal, and even obtained data from informants in different countries and within England, and analyzed observers’ responses to different expressions. Although Darwin’s influence is clear today, it would be almost 100 years before psychologists would conduct research to explore Darwin’s insights.
The Patient-Physician Relationship in the Treatment of Hypochondriasis
Authors: Lipsitt Don R
Published: November 2023

Of the hundreds of thousands of patient-physician interactions occurring world wide, probably a relatively small number would be characterized as “difficult.” Nonetheless, this group would appear to be most taxing of the physician’s tolerance, patience, understanding, and clinical skill. If, as the literature suggests, somatizing patients are especially high utilizers of medical services (Barsky et al., 1996; Escobar et al., 1987; Katon et al., 1990; Lin et al., 1991), then it can be expected that every practicing physician will experience the often vexing challenge of treating patients whose primary or secondary condition is hypochondriasis (Kaplan et al., 1988).
The Astonishing Leap From Traits to Genes
Authors: Barondes Samuel H
Published: November 2023

When Emil Kraepelin expressed the view that manic depressive insanity was due to “hereditary taint,” he had no way of foreseeing that the specific factors-the genes-that transmit this vulnerability might some day be identified. To Kraepelin, heredity was simply another way of saying that the disorder ran in families, and that he suspected that this trend was caused by nature rather than nurture. Yet in 1865, long before Kraepelin himself began laying the clinical groundwork for a study of the role of genes in mood disorders, the fundamental rules of heredity that would eventually guide this work had already been put forward. They had been discovered over the course of just a few years by an Augustinian rponk, Gregor Mendel, working in his monastery garden in Brno (now in the Czech Republic), and later shown to apply as much to human beings as to plants. The most important of these Mendelian rules is that some inherited properties-such as the colors of the flowers in Mendel’s garden or certain human diseases-can be thought of as being controlled by a single unit, which Mendel referred to as an “element of the germinal cell,” and to which in 1909 the Danish biologist Wilhelm Johannsen gave the “ gene”.
“Better Than Well”. Some Trouble With Michael
Authors: Barondes Samuel H
Published: November 2023

Several years ago, and more than a decade after his son Jerry’s manic episode, Michael decided to go to his family doctor for a checkup. Mainly interested in a routine .examination, he was also concerned that he wasn’t feeling as spunky as he used to. Though still in his fifties, Michael felt that his productivity had begun to slip and that he seemed to be having less fun. Could there be something wrong? Nothing alarming turned up at the checkup, but Michael wasn’t satisfied. He wondered if there was a treatment for his waning zest for living.
Correspondence Theories and Their Implications for Judgment Under Stress
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

l now briefly describe several research programs that focus their efforts on attempting to understand the correspondence between person’ s judgments and empirical events. l also indicate the potential usefulness of these research programs for the study of the effects of stress on judgment within the correspondence metatheory. Signal Detection Theory (SDT) had its origins in Broadbent’ s (1957, 1958) theory of attention, in which he postulated that a sensory input must first pass through a selective filter and a channel of limited capacity before detection. Differences in the level of attention given to a stimulus could lead an observer to set the decision criterion higher or lower for determining whether a stimulus is present. That is, a less attentive person would set the decision criterion higher before saying the stimulus is present, a more attentive person would set the decision criterion lower. Broadbent’ s work led to a landmark book titled Decision and Stress in 1971. The reason the word “decision” appeared in the title was because Broadbent required his subjects to decide between the presence and absence of a stimulus. And that led to the theory of signal detection (Green & Swets, 1966/1974; Swets, 1973).
Conclusion
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Current theories of the effects of “stress” on judgment (or other behavior) are unsatisfactory for a number of reasons: Many are impossible to falsify, and they all have an escape route for negative results. And the escape route is always the same; it lies in the expansion, contraction, or other revision in the definitions of stress. Revisions are not objectionable in themselves; indeed, one is offered here. But these are generally open ended, largely because of the recourse to subjective expressions of stress. That is, for purely psychological theories, we only know when and if “stress” occurs if the subject tells us that it has or has not. If that conclusion is correct, then it is imperative to develop a falsifiable theory of the phenomena of interest without the baggage of the term “stress” or the “perception of stress.” That will require independent definitions and determination of both environmental and subjective conditions, and, we can hope, contributions from neuroscience.
Appendix: Literature Review
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Note: In what follows the term “stress” is used in the loose sense in which it has been traditionally used colloquially and in the stress literature. Progress in the field of stress research is marked by a clear division of three literatures (indicated also in a history provided by Appley & Turnbull, 1986). One literature is oriented toward the clinical/personality/social psychology of the effects of stress on cognition and other processes, exemplified by the persistent work of Lazarus, Janis, and others. A second literature is oriented toward ergonomics, or human factors psychology, exemplified by the work of Hockey, Hamilton, and Hancock among others. As might be expected, the former is dominated by theory, research, and generalizations that are broader in scope, less precise in terminology and measurement, less experimental and more psychological test related than the latter. Both literatures are voluminous, but the former has far more popular appeal than the latter. Also, as might be expected, the two literatures exist in almost perfect isolation; cross-citations are almost nonexistent. The second, human factors literature, does have some links with the third, psychophysiological literature, but none to the fourth, the judgment and decision making literature.
Ceremony
Authors: Olsen Christopher J
Published: November 2023

If neighborhoods were the sine qua non of Mississippi politics, then election day was its defining moment. When considered from a ritualistic perspective, the acts of voting and running for office take on deeper significance as social and cultural events. Besides a way to settle the issue of winners and losers, elections were frequent and inclusive ceremonies that submitted a man’s personal reputation to the approval of his peers. The context of honor and communal manhood made them especially charged events in which candidates sought validation and the public support of friends and neighbors. To voters, this open, only semi-secret, process offered the chance to demonstrate friendship, loyalty, or gratitude; and its rituals incorporated the understanding of honor, fidelity, and duty that always mitigated American egalitarianism and masculine competitiveness. Of course, elections were only one of many public occasions that brought men together and—like court day or the militia muster—helped unify the ruling caste, test the loyalty of newcomers, and reaffirm camaraderie among old friends.
Wonders of Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

If we actually received messages from the stars, what would we do with them? Who were the five strangest mathematicians in history? What are the ten most interesting numbers? Who is the Number King? Jam-packed with thought-provoking mathematical mysteries, puzzles, and games--as well as the answers to all of the above questions--Wonders of Numbers will enchant even the most left-brained of readers. Hosted by the quirky Dr. Googol--who resides on an island in Sri Lanka and occasionally collaborates with Clifford Pickover--Wonders of Numbers focuses on creativity and the delight of discovery. Here is a potpourri of common and unusual number theory problems of varying difficulty--each presented in brief chapters that convey to readers the essence of the problem rather than the extraneous, convoluted history of it. Want to know about undulating numbers? Turn to Chapter 53 and in just a few pages you'll have a quick challenge. Interested in Fibonacci numbers? Turn to Chapter 74 for the same. Peppered throughout with illustrations that clarify many of the problems, Wonders of Numbers also includes fascinating "math gossip." How would we use numbers to communicate with aliens? Check out Chapter 31. What are the five saddest mathematical scandals? You'll find them in Chapter 35. Did you know that there is a Numerical Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? There is, and it's in Chapter 46. Indeed, each chapter in Wonders of Numbers is a paradox and a mystery. From the beautiful formula of India's most famous mathematician to the Leviathan number so big it makes a trillion look small, Dr. Googol's witty, disarming, and straightforward approach to numbers will entice students, educators, and scientists alike to pick up a pencil and work a problem.
Adie’S Syndrome
Authors: Bruyn George W , Gooddy William
Published: November 2023

William John Adie was born in Geelong, Australia, on 31 October 1886. His education at the Flinders School there was cut short at the early age of 13 years, because of his father’s death in 1899. He had to help in the dire situation of the family, soon finding a job as errand boy in an office. His employer was quite satisfied by William’s efficient work and, struck by the young boy’s quick intelligence, paid for evening courses of further education, and young Adie passed the final exam of the secondary “school” in 1905. Soon he found employment as practice assistant with the local general practitioner, Dr. Arthur South. The work inspired him to become a physician. Goddess Fortuna smiled upon him a second time: his uncle, a brother of his late father, in Boston, gave him £19 for a one-way trip from Melbourne to England, promising financial help in the first years of study.
Beyond Massive Retaliation
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

As secretary of state, Dean Acheson had used the sudden end to the U.S. atomic monopoly in August 1949, when the first Soviet test was detected, to initiate a reappraisal of security policy. One outcome was the development of thermonuclear weapons in order to maintain superiority for as long as possible; another, adopted after the start of the Korean War, was a sustained rearmament program to reduce dependence upon this superiority before its inevitable loss. The Eisenhower administration criticized this stance as unnecessarily expensive in its reliance on conventional forces and constraining in its reluctance to exploit America’s prime strategic asset. This was summed up by the stalemate in Korea, where self-imposed limitations left the Americans fighting in a framework that played to the communists’ advantages. In a famous speech of January 1954 Dulles asserted, ‘‘The way to deter aggression is for the free community to be willing and able to respond vigorously at places and with means of its own choosing.’’1 America’s means of choice appeared to be ‘‘massive retaliatory power’’ (hence the policy’s label of ‘‘massive retaliation’’). To its critics, the obvious flaw lay in the excessive dependence placed on the credibility of U.S. nuclear threats, even as it declined when the Soviet Union acquired its own massive retaliatory power. Prominent among the policy’s critics was Acheson, who denounced it as an ‘‘Orwellian attempt to persuade the country that it got stronger by getting weaker,’’ charging that it would preclude the United States from making a forceful response to local aggression.2
Flexible Reoponse
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: November 2023

gerlin ogliged kennedy to address the fundamental questions of war and peace in the nuclear age. He was torn between the need to appear un yielding in the ddl:nsc of Anu:rica ‘s interests and his real frar of sudden lurches into crisis and then war.
The Coalition between the Followers of Ahmed R1za and the Activists
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M
Published: November 2023

While the new central committee members were devoting their efforts to a quixotic coup attempt, Ahmed R1za’s followers and the activists were trying to strengthen their union and enjoying a relatively tranquil period. Although a source close to Sabahaddin Bey claims that members of this coalition had shown interest in taking part in the stillborn coup d’état,1 other relevant sources and documents reveal that the coalition had not established meaningful relations with the “majority” of the congress.
The CPU at Work: The Preparation and Execution of the Young Turk Revolution of 1908
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M
Published: November 2023

The reorganization of the CPU created an effective Young Turk committee that adopted activist tactics and aimed at revolution. The leaders of the CPU set about creating a network of branches and correspondents that would enable them to spread extensive propaganda. Their success at this endeavor prompted them to take the second and final step: preparation for a revolution. Scholars have traditionally attributed the CPU’s rapid success in carrying out a revolution in the summer of 1908 to the Hamidian regime’s unpreparedness and to the fact that the palace was caught by surprise. Although these factors undoubtedly did play a role in the CPU’s triumph, the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 cannot be fully understood without an examination of the CPU’s own efforts to prepare it. This chapter will discuss these efforts. It will not, however, attempt to provide an evaluation of the revolution and its consequences as a whole.
A Sampling of Theoretical, Methodological, and Policy Issues in Marriage Education: Implications for Family Psychology
Authors: Markman Howard J , Kline Galena H , Rea Jacqueline G , Piper, Samantha Simms , Stanley Scott M
Published: November 2023

The above quote is from a recent article about the possibilities that relationship and marriage education classes offered in Oklahoma can foster economic stability by helping people have healthier relationships and marriages. There is growing national consensus from both liberals and conservatives that children who grow up in stable and healthy families do better in terms of economic and social well-being and that relationship and marriage education programs are one way to help people have healthier relationships and marriages. Yet discussions of education approaches to helping couples are relatively new to the field of family psychology. Thus, our goal in this chapter is to review some of the major theoretical and methodological issues in the areas of preventing poor marital/relational outcomes and promoting healthy relationships and marriages through education programs.
Fathers in African American Families:The Importance of Social and Cultural Context
Authors: Wilson Melvin N , Chambers, Anthony L , Woods LaKeesha N
Published: November 2023

A family is influenced and facilitated by the opportunities and constraints of its social context. In order to ensure its own existence, a family adapts available resources to normal and abnormal transitional and crisis stress events. Family resources involve the ability of family members to contribute tangible help, such as material support, income, child care, and household maintenance, and nontangible aid, such as expressive interaction, emotional support, instruction, and social training and regulation. An important but not well-understood aspect of family life is the role that fathers play in the performance of familial activities and duties. In addition, fathers’ involvement in family life is greatly influenced by the cultural context in which the family resides.
Wharton’s “Others”
Authors: Bauer Dale M
Published: November 2023

Ever since the rise of Women’s Studies and feminist theory, scholars have been continually revising their critical interests ill Edith Wharton, one of the few twentieth-century female American authors canonized by the 1970s. Crucial to these reassessments has been the assumption that Wharton celebrated women’s sexuality and power. R. W B. Lewis’s Pulitzer Prize winning biography (1975) establishes Wharton as the consummate professional author, while Shari Benstock (1994) enshrines Wharton for her prominence as a female modernist. In 1977, Cynthia Griffin Wolff established Wharton as a self-fashioned (“anti-Romantic realist”) artist, and Amy Kaplan (1988) cemented the interest in Wharton’s “profession of authorship” by analyzing her major fictions as participating in the “construction of realism.” In 1980, Elizabeth Ammons published her landmark study of Wharton’s fiction. Other Wharton critics have followed through on the assumption that sexuality shapes the ground upon which the reader can find Edith Wharton’s “argument with America” (Ammons), her “brave new politics” (Bauer), her “ethnography of manners” (Bentley), her “sexual education” (Erlich), her “inner circle” of friends (Goodman), her preoccupation with “shame” (Raphael), her “anxious power” (Singley and Sweeney), her exploration of women’s social and sexual power (Tichi), and her mythic “underworld” (Waid).
Motion Verbs as Functional Heads
Authors: Cardinaletti Anna , Giusti Giuliana
Published: November 2023

In (1), the verb following the motion verb is infinitive. In (2), it is inflected for mood (indicative), for tense (present), and for agreement (3rd person singular). We call (1) the “infinitival construction” and (2) the “inflected construction.” In this chapter, we show that the status of the motion verb is different in the two constructions and, in particular, that the motion verb in the inflected construction is a functional element, much like an auxiliary. We provide examples with the motion verb iri only, but all the properties we discuss hold for viniri and passari as well. We start by considering the connecting element a, which turns out to be different in the two constructions from both the synchronic and the diachronic point of view. We show that, although a in the inflected construction is derived from the Latin coordinative conjunction AC, this construction cannot be considered a coordination. In the rest of the chapter, we compare the motion verb in the inflected construction with auxiliary verbs and show that they behave alike with respect to a number of properties typical of functional elements.
How the Heavens Go
Authors: Galilei Galileo
Published: November 2023

Legend has it that a young, ambitious, and at that moment frustrated mathematics professor climbed to the top of the bell tower in Pisa one day, perhaps in 1591, with a bag of ebony and lead balls. He had advertised to the university community at Pisa that he intended to disprove by experiment a doctrine originated by Aristotle almost two thousand years earlier: that objects fall at a rate proportional to their weight; a ten-pound ball would fall ten times faster than a one-pound ball. With a flourish the young professor signaled to the crowd of amused students and disapproving philosophy professors below, selected balls of the same material but with much different weights, and dropped them. Without air resistance (that is, in a vacuum), two balls of different weights (and made of any material) would have reached the ground at the same time. That did not happen in Pisa on that day in 1591, but Aristotle’s ancient principle was clearly violated anyway, and that, the young professor told his audience, was the lesson. The students cheered, and the philosophy professors were skeptical.
On the Dark Side
Authors: Mayer Robert
Published: November 2023

To the modern student, the term energy has a meaning that is almost self-evident. This meaning was far from clear, however, to scientists of the early nineteenth century. The many effects that would finally be unified by the concept of energy were still seen mostly as diverse phenomena. It was suspected that mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, and magnetic effects had something in common, but the connections were incomplete and confused.
A Holy Undertaking
Authors: Joule James
Published: November 2023

James Joule’s story may seem a little hard to believe. He lived near Manchester, England—in the scientific hinterland during much of Joule’s career—where his family operated a brewery, making ale and porter. He did some of his most important work in the early morning and evening, before and after a day at the brewery. He had no university education, and hardly any formal training at all in science. As a scientist he was, in every way, an amateur. Like Mayer, who was also an amateur as a physicist, Joule was ignored at first by the scientific establishment. Yet, despite his amateur status, isolation, and neglect, he managed to probe more deeply than anyone else at the time (the early and middle 1840s) the tantalizing mysteries of conversion processes. And (unlike Mayer) he did not suffer prolonged neglect. The story of Joule’s rapid progress, from dilettante to a position of eminence in British science, can hardly be imagined in today’s world of research factories and prolonged scientific apprenticeships.
A Force of Nature
Authors: Faraday Michael
Published: November 2023

The scientists in these chapters are a diverse group. One would look in vain to find particular aspects of their backgrounds or characters that guaranteed their success in science. Some were introverted and solitary, others extroverted and gregarious. Some were neurotic, while others were well adjusted. They could be friendly and agreeable, or unfriendly and contentious. Their marriages were usually happy, but some were disastrous. Their educations were both formal and informal. Some had mentors, others did not. Some founded schools to carry on their work, and others worked alone.
Molecules and Entropy
Authors: Boltzmann Ludwig
Published: November 2023

Restlessness was the story of his life and work. Ludwig Boltzmann saw the physical world as a perpetually agitated molecular chaos; and, like the molecules, he never found rest himself. He moved from one academic post to another seven times during his career of almost forty years. The chronology goes like this: two years (1867–69) at the University of Vienna as an assistant professor; four years (1869–73) as an assistant professor of mathematical physics at the University of Graz; back to Vienna for three years (1873–76) as a professor of mathematics; to Graz again for fourteen years (1876–90) as a professor of experimental physics; four years (1890–94) as a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Munich; a second return to Vienna for four years (1894–1900), this time as a professor of theoretical physics; two years in Leipzig (1900–1902) as a professor of theoretical physics; and a third and final return to Vienna to succeed himself in the chair still unoccupied since his departure two years earlier.
iγ.ðψ=mψ
Authors: Dirac Paul
Published: November 2023

The story of Paul Dirac’s life reads like a dark psychological novel. During his childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood in Bristol, England, he was dominated by a misanthropic father. Charles Dirac had little use for social contacts, and he imposed his bleak outlook on his family. He taught French at the University of Bristol, and brought the French lessons into the home by forcing Paul to converse in French at the dinner table, while the rest of the family—Paul’s mother, Florence; his older brother, Reginald; and his younger sister, Beatrice— ate in the kitchen. The roots of this domestic disaster were deep: Charles Dirac himself suffered an unhappy childhood in Switzerland and had run away from home at age twenty. Paul did not reach that extremity, but he had no love for his father; when he became a Nobel laureate in 1933, he did not invite his father to attend the ceremony. When Charles Dirac died in 1936, Paul wrote to his wife, “I feel much freer now.”
Porosity and Permeability Modeling
Authors: Deutsch Clayton V
Published: November 2023

Petrophysical properties such as porosity and permeability are modeled within each facies and reservoir layer. Shale and non-net facies may be assigned arbitrary low values; however, the petrophysical properties within most facies must be assigned to reproduce the representative histogram, variogram, and correlation with related secondary variables. The Gaussian and indicator techniques introduced in Chapter 5 are used for this purpose. This chapter discusses practical considerations and implementation details.
Special Topics
Authors: Deutsch Clayton V
Published: November 2023

Geostatistical reservoir modeling is the subject of ongoing research and development. This chapter presents some frontier areas that are expected to become important in the future.
Designing and Implementing Interventions to Promote Health and Prevent Illness
Authors: Westmaas J Lee , Gil-Rivas Virginia , Silver Roxane Cohen
Published: November 2023

Warnings in the media are plentiful about the dangers of potential threats to our health such as flu pandemics, mad cow disease, and excessive use of pesticides and antibiotics. Although efforts to prevent such scenarios from becoming reality are well placed, many other health conditions in which individuals can play a role in their prevention are already taking the lives of millions of people. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that more than 440,000 smokers in the United States die prematurely every year from smoking-related diseases (CDC, 2002). In addition, although HIV infection has been known for more than a decade to be mostly preventable by behaviors such as using a condom, approximately 40,000 persons become infected with HIV each year (Glynn & Rhodes, 2005), and 4.3 million adults worldwide were newly infected with HIV in 2004 (UNAIDS, 2004). These sobering statistics point out the need to develop, and the challenge of developing, effective interventions to promote health and prevent illness.
The Origins and Scope of Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa
Published: November 2023

Until recently, there was a common opinion that parenting pattern contributed to the development of PD. In the absence of early infant and parent–child interaction studies, and other family studies on the early origin of pathological narcissism and the etiology of adult NPD, each theoretical school derived its own hypothesis about the genesis of pathological narcissism that could explain the later development of NPD. According to the ego psychological object relation theory (O. Kernberg, 1989, 1998), a cold, frustrating parenting style (usually from a mother) with hidden aggression and indifference in an otherwise superficially well structured environment could implement the development of NPD. The child reacts with aggression, envy, devaluation, and resentment to early parental frustration. These earliest feelings of rage and envy form the core state which the narcissistic individual later defend himself against. Theories pertinent to the self and the “self-system” (Akhtar, 1997; Cooper 1998; Kohut, 1968, 1972) have stressed the lack of match or attunement between parent and child, and the parents’ repeated failures to empathically mirror their child’s affects and meet the needs of the child leading to a developmental arrest and the development of the grandiose self.
The Value of Polls in Promoting Good Government and Democracy
Authors: Taylor Humphrey
Published: November 2023

Those who are critical of the influence of opinion polls on the political process in the United States might change their opinions if they considered the experience of countries where free, independent polls are rarely or never published. A recent United Nations Development Program (UNDP) report argues that bad government is the most important cause of poverty in developing countries.
Phonology and Bilingualism
Authors: Sebastia´n-Galle´s Nu´ ria , Bosch Laura
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, research about phonological processing in bilinguals is reviewed. Different domains within phonological processing are considered. We approach the different domains within phonology following the developmental sequence that infant research has proposed for early linguistic development. First, the question of when bilingual infants are able to distinguish between the two languages of exposure is addressed. This issue is approached from the perspective of the rhythmic hypothesis, and its consequences on adult speech processing are also discussed.
Selection Processes in Monolingual and Bilingual Lexical Access
Authors: Heij Wido La
Published: November 2023

How do bilinguals selectively retrieve words from either the first or second language when both words express the same conceptual content? Formulated in this way, this problem is very similar to the one faced by monolinguals when a preverbal message does not uniquely specify a single lexical item (the ‘‘convergence problem’’). In this chapter, I argue that this convergence problem is nonexistent if one assumes that the preverbal message contains all necessary information, including affective and pragmatic features, to uniquely specify a single word. In monolinguals, these features may indicate the intention to use slang, formal language, or a euphemism.
The Recovery Movement: Consumers, Families, and the Mental Health System
Authors: Green-Hennessy Sharon , Hennessy Kevin D
Published: November 2023

In the United States approximately 9% of adults, and a comparable number of children and adolescents, are estimated to have a mental illness with accompanying functional impairment (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [HHS], 1999). While the direct and indirect financial costs of these illnesses to society are considerable (Kessler and Frank, 1997; HHS, 1999), the emotional costs to the persons so diagnosed and to their family and friends can be overwhelming (Druss et al., 2000; Felker et al., 1996; Harrison et al., 2001; Marsh and Johnson, 1997; Tennakoon et al., 2000). Unfortunately, the psychiatric symptoms experienced by individuals with mental illness represent only part of their difficulties. They also face a society that often reacts to these symptoms with fear and discrimination, a culture that traditionally has not respected their rights and has limited their opportunities, and a mental health system that at times has undermined the very healing it attempts to promote (Chamberlin, 1990; Link et al., 1999; Marsh, 2000; Wahl, 1999).
Energetics, Thermal Biology, and Torpor
Authors: Geiser Fritz
Published: November 2023

Although most Australian bats have been isolated from bat species in other parts of the world for prolonged periods and may functionally differ, little detailed research has been conducted to determine how Australian bats cope with seasonal and short-term food shortages and adverse environmental conditions. This chapter provides a comparative summary about the limited information on the thermal biology and energetics of Australian bats. The data suggest that, in general, Australian bats are similar in their thermal characteristics and energy use to other bats. Thermal conductance of Australian bats is almost identical to what has been observed in other bat species, although conductance in some tropical taxa is higher than predicted. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) of Australian bats tends to be somewhat below that predicted from allometric equations for bats and, in general, is well below that of placental mammals. However, BMRs of the insectivorous/carnivorous microbats (Microchiroptera) do not appear to differ from those of frugivorous/ nectarivorous megabats (Megachiroptera). Torpor appears to be common in Australian bats and has been observed in six of seven families: Pteropodidae (blossom-bats and tube-nosed bats), Emballonuridae (sheathtail bats), Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bats), Hipposideridae (leaf-nosed bats), Vespertilionidae (long-eared and bentwing bats and others), and Molossidae (free-tailed bats). Australian vespertilionids (and likely members of other families) have the ability to enter deep and prolonged torpor in winter (i.e., hibernate) and members of the genus Nyctophilus have been observed entering brief bouts of torpor in the field on every day during the resting phase, even in summer. The body temperature (Tb) in some vespertilionids falls to minima between 2 and 5 oC and the metabolic rate (MR) during torpor can be as low as 3–4% of BMR. Small megabats (e.g., blossom-bats) enter daily torpor, their Tb falls to a minimum of 17–23 oC and their MR to about 50% of BMR. Unlike many other species, torpor in blossom-bats is more pronounced in summer than in winter, likely due to the low supply of nectar during the warm season. The low BMR and the high proclivity of Australian bats for using torpor suggest that they are constrained by limited energy availability and that heterothermy plays a key role in their life history. However, more.
Measurement, Correlates, and Importance of Oviposition Preference in the Life of Checkerspots
Authors: Singer Michael C
Published: November 2023

For almost all butterflies, oviposition preference is the principal mechanism by which the insect-host plant relationship is established. It is this trait of the insect that interacts with spatial distributions, abundances, and acceptabilities of plants to generate patterns of insect-host association across the landscape. There are a few putative exceptions. Parnassius apollo in Sweden and Melanargia galathea in Britain are described as scattering eggs without regard to host distributions (Ford 1945, Wiklund 1982). Nonetheless, all aspects of the distribution and abundance of butterflies are influenced by host plant relations.
Introduction
Authors: Sawyer R Keith
Published: November 2023

Genius. Invention. Talent. And, of course, creativity. These words describe the highest levels of human performance. When we are engaged in the act of being creative, we feel we are performing at the peak of our abilities. Creative works give us insight and enrich our lives. Creativity is part of what makes us human. Our nearest relatives, chimpanzees and other primates, are often quite intelligent but never reach these high levels of performance. And although advanced “artificially intelligent” computer programs hold the world title in chess, and can crunch through mounds of data and identify patterns invisible to the human eye, they still cannot master everyday creative skills. In spite of its importance, creativity has not received much attention from scientists. Until very recently, only a few researchers had studied creativity. Most psychologists instead study what they believe are more fundamental mental properties—memory, logical reasoning, and attention. But in recent years psychologists—along with increasing numbers of sociologists, anthropologists, musicologists, theater experts, and art critics—have increasingly turned their attention to creativity. Because creativity is not a central topic in any of these fields, these scholars work without big research grants, and without a lot of attention from the leaders of their fields. Even so, their research findings have gradually accumulated, and our knowledge about creativity has now attained a critical mass. Perhaps for the first time, we hold in our grasp the potential to explain creativity.
Computational Approaches
Authors: Sawyer R Keith
Published: November 2023

In October 1997, an audience filed into the theater at the University of Oregon and sat down to hear a very unusual concert. A professional concert pianist, Winifred Kerner, was performing several pieces composed by Bach. Well, actually, not all of the pieces had been composed by Bach, although they all sounded like they were. This was a competition to determine who could best compose pieces in Bach’s style, and the audience’s task was to listen to three compositions, one by Bach and the others by two different composers, and then vote on which was the real thing.