bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Journals, Peer Review, and Preprints
Authors: Oransky Ivan
Published: September 2022

Ivan Oransky, editor-in-chief of Spectrum magazine and the cofounder of the acclaimed website Retraction Watch, offers some cautionary advice on reporting from scientific papers in this chapter. Such studies can be great sources of stories, he writes, but understanding their limitations and how they came to be what they are is critical. It’s important to be aware that lots of flawed papers make it through peer review. In fact, at least four in every 10,000 are retracted due to problems ranging from plagiarism to fraud. Reporters should begin by evaluating whether a study is worth a story. They can do this with intelligence by reviewing the research through platforms like PubMed and Google Scholar, paying attention to the journal in question (is it predatory?), and understanding the restrictions placed by journal embargoes. With freedom comes responsibility, however. More than ever journalists covering science must hone their ability to vet and report on scientific findings, including finding and interviewing sources.
Story Structure
Authors: Blum Deborah
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, Deborah Blum, the Pulitzer Prize–winning author of six books and director of the Knight Science Journalism Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, explores some of the most popular structures used by narrative writers to craft a compelling story. She writes: The best writers understand that a good story just can’t spiral out in all directions. It needs form, shape, a structure designed to pull the reader from start to finish. Some well-used structures—from the inverted pyramid famed in news writing to the ever-versatile diamond shape of a magazine story—can help a writer figure out how to build the most compelling tale possible. They are especially valuable in the preplanning of a story and in thinking about how to best weave technical information into a tale. And they are a reminder that plotting a story in advance is one of the smartest things we do.
Opinion Writing
Authors: Venkataraman Bina
Published: September 2022

Bina Venkataraman, the editorial page editor for the Boston Globe, argues in this chapter that opinion journalism plays a powerful role in shaping public dialogues and decisions. Great opinion writing provokes readers to think in new ways and to question or affirm their own views on a subject, Venkataraman notes, and it should draw on all three persuasive modes: ethos, logos, and pathos. Counterarguments should be directly engaged, and the values and trade-offs inherent in taking the writer’s position should be wrestled with. But most importantly, in a media ecosystem rife with Twitter tirades and broadcast punditry, opinion journalism backed by rigorous reporting and thoughtful analysis can still rise above the din and become both a meaningful endeavor for any writer and a great public service.
Accessing Public Records
Authors: Morisy Michael
Published: September 2022

There are countless documents with interesting stories to tell squirreled away in filing cabinets, government warehouses, and agency hard drives all around the world, just waiting for a journalist to uncover. In this chapter, Michael Morisy, founder of the information watchdog organization MuckRock, encourages journalists to set aside time each week to let their minds wander around what interesting databases might exist, what reports might be getting filed, which hotline complaints are logged—and then ask to see them. Such is the nature of the U.S. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and related sunshine laws. Crucially, Morisy shows readers not only how to do that, but also what to expect in response, how to navigate around attempts to block access, and when to engage legal avenues in order to make hidden public documents and records precisely that: public.
The Art of the Interview
Authors: Ghosh Pallab
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, television, radio, and digital reporter Pallab Ghosh draws from his experience as a BBC science correspondent to show readers how to make the most out of their interviews. The chapter offers strategies for preparing for interviews under tight deadlines; establishing a rapport with interview subjects; knowing when to go off script; handling interviews with adversarial sources; and making the most of precious time talking with high-profile figures. To get subjects to open up—to say what they really believe and feel, rather than what they think they are supposed to say—the interviewer has to ask the right questions, Ghosh writes. This chapter gives readers a road map for figuring out what those questions should be.
Cybersecurity and Protecting Your Sources
Authors: Fiscutean Andrada
Published: September 2022

Hackers are constantly finding new ways of attacking their victims, forcing security experts to scramble to keep pace to protect users. In this chapter, Andrada Fiscutean, a science and technology reporter based in Bucharest, Romania, explains that journalists, as much as anyone else, are likely to find themselves in the crosshairs of these nefarious actors. Luckily, there are ways to stay safe, with vigilance and tools like password managers, antivirus software, multifactor authentication, encryption, burners, and even a bag of chips. Such tools not only increase a journalist’s personal security, but also help reporters gain the trust of sources who have sensitive material to offer and protect those sources from prying eyes.
Genetics
Authors: Regalado Antonio
Published: September 2022

Antonio Regalado, an award-winning biomedicine reporter at MIT Technology Review and a long-time genetics reporter, explains the critical issues in smart genetics journalism in this chapter. He emphasizes that genetic research is the story of technologies that are going to shape the 21st century—it’s about mastery of the molecular world and, sooner than people think, of their own chemical makeup. To cover genetics well, dive deep into the science, learn about new discoveries and technology, and then find a person, idea, or situation that makes the future impact clear to the reader. Understanding both the history of genetics research and the recent adaptation of pioneering new tools, like CRISPR, is essential. It’s important for the public to be aware and get involved early; otherwise, scientists will simply move ahead based on their own motivations, like curiosity, winning grants, or starting companies.
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Hutson Matthew
Published: September 2022

Artificial intelligence, or AI, is a fast-moving and multifaceted field, which makes it both exciting and tricky to cover. AI infiltrates much of people’s lives in ways seen and unseen. Hyperbole and exaggeration of AI’s potential is rampant, and in this chapter, New Yorker contributor and book author Matthew Hutson urges young journalists to get the science right by educating themselves and working with expert sources. Looking beyond the science to who is creating—and who is affected by—AI is also key. That’s where reporters will best be able to push beyond press releases to uncover new and important case studies and voices.
Supplementary Poems from Dōgen’s Extensive Record
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2022

The final chapter contains a couple of dozen additional poems written by Dōgen that are not part of Menzan’s compilation but that I have selected from various parts of the Extensive Record, including sermons in volumes 1–7 plus 8, kōan comments in volume 9, and diverse poetic styles in volume 10. These materials are presented to supplement and complement the verses contained in Wisdom within Words by showing several different facets of Dōgen’s literary interests and writing skills. These are seen in relation to how he articulates the quest for enlightenment by encompassing particular examples of the universal meanings of spiritual realization in support of the conduct of a Zen adept and his assembly of monks during meditative practice, ceremonial occasions, or other particular activities.
How to Market the Arts
Authors: Rhine Anthony S. , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

In the 1940s, Neil Borden developed the term “marketing mix” to refer to the entire work of a business executive. The notion suggests that the function of business is marketing, and in 1960 Jerome McCarthy defined the functions of the marketing mix as the four Ps: Product, price, place, and promotion. In the arts, the Ps dont work. This text proposes a new paradigm—the four Es—that better explain what is, and what should be, happening in nonprofit arts marketing. Though art presented might be defined as a product, product misses the fact that the art occurs within audiences leading to an arts experience. Typical pricing strategies tend to be largely ineffective in the arts, which are typically inelastic. Ease of access is a concept that better addresses how arts organizations can reduce possible obstacles their potential audience may face. Place refers to the systems that move a product from a creator to a consumer, which are handled by channel managers. The arts, however, can rarely be moved through distribution channels. Instead, the piece that arts executives must consider in balancing their marketing mix is the environment in which the art is being provided. Even the concept of promotion is typically a stretch for arts organizations with limited resources and constantly evolving experiences. However, when the function of the arts promoter is considered to be education about the arts experience for the marketplace, the approach leads to enhanced value and engagement for the community.
Introduction
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

This introduction provides an overview of the book How to Market the Arts: A Practical Approach for the 21st Century. It introduces the inspiration for the book: consistent scholarly material focused on engagement, experience, and environment for nonprofit arts organizations. It brings the reader step by step, describing the five parts to the book to establish expectations. It introduces how case studies are implemented in the book and notes that some have been anonymized to protect the identity of arts organizations that have struggled with the marketing mix. Finally, the introduction describes how the reader and an arts organization can use the book to transform their approach to engagement.
Place and the Arts
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

This chapter reviews the notion of place as it refers to the supply chains and distribution channels of a business. It presents some of the major and various facets of the notion of place, and demonstrates why their structure may be suited for commercial and for-profit operations. It then investigates how those same reasons often lead to failure when attempting to implement them in the nonprofit arts. Nonprofit arts organizations rarely (if ever) use traditional distribution channels advocated by McCarthy to distribute art to consumers. The chapter includes a case about an arts organization that attempted to use multiply distribution channels to sell a greater number of tickets to their community.
Ease of Access and the Arts
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay
Published: September 2022

This chapter centers on describing the new framework of ease of access. In considering ease of access, arts organizations should explore how they can reduce the inevitable obstacles that exist between patrons and the access to the arts experience. It explores the broad obstacles of price, time, location, accessibility in venues, and self-efficacy that sometimes create barriers for community members to engage with an arts organization. The chapter encourages arts organizations to see that obstacles can be broken into two components: actual impact and how the obstacle occurs in the potential audience member’s mind. The chapter includes the case of the Public Theater’s Mobile Unit that eased access to communities throughout New York City in the 1950s, by reducing barriers of price, location, and self-efficacy.
Introduction
Authors: Penney Joel
Published: September 2022

Entertainment journalism still has many barriers to overcome in terms of providing a meaningful public service to news audiences. Yet such an endeavor is increasingly necessary at a time when the cultural and political spheres are colliding in ever more unprecedented and consequential ways. Due to a multitude of factors, the identity politics of race, gender, and sexuality have moved to the center of US public discourse, making their symbolic representation in pop culture as salient as ever. As entertainment industry figures increasingly embrace the roles of political advocates and agents of transformation in a landscape of blurred media and social boundaries, the journalists who cover them have an obligation to help the public make sense of these dynamics. However, the reporters and commentators tasked with unpacking the politics of pop culture and celebrity have been largely devalued or ignored by the journalism industry and the academic journalism studies field.
Progressing Hollywood
Authors: Penney Joel
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on how left-wing pop culture news coverage seeks to advance a project of cultural, social, and political progress by publicly scrutinizing the entertainment industry for its messages, representations, and off-screen actions. Through firsthand interviews, it explores how these journalists assess their influence on cultural producers and form an apparatus of accountability—typically in conjunction with social media activists—that creates public pressure on Hollywood to reform its ways. At the same time, journalists also raise concerns about how the push for progressive values in pop culture can be taken advantage of by Hollywood decision-makers to merely secure glowing news coverage for corporate entertainment products. Furthermore, the chapter addresses how issues of tokenism and surface-level progress also vex the field of entertainment journalism itself, even as it has made parallel moves to increase diversity in its workforce and elevate the cultural voices and political concerns of marginalized groups.
Rights and Their Limits
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This book deals with how rights and their limits are dealt with in theories as well as in hypothetical and practical cases. It begins by considering moral status and its relation to having rights including whether animals have them and what rights future persons have. It considers whether rights are grounded in duties to oneself, which duties are correlative to rights, and whether neuroscientific and psychological studies can help determine what rights we have. The limits of the right not to be harmed are investigated by considering critiques of deontological distinctions, costs that must be undertaken to avoid harming, and a proposal for permissibly harming someone in the Trolley Problem. The possibility that the Trolley Problem can help determine what rights are involved in programming self-driving cars, providing medical treatments, and redistributive economic policy is considered. The book concludes by comparing the use of case-based judgments about extreme cases in moral versus aesthetic theory, and by exploring the significance of the right not to be harmed for morally correct policies in the extreme cases of torture and a pandemic. Where pertinent, the views on these issues of T. Regan, D. Parfit, C. Korsgaard, S. Kagan, R. Dworkin, A. Sen, A. Gibbard, J. Greene, A. Danto, and J. Thomson, among others, are considered.
Rights and Their Related Duties
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers the extent to which a theory of perfect justice is necessary and important for identifying actual injustices in the real world. It examines Amartya Sen’s views of perfect and imperfect justice and various traditional and nontraditional conceptions of moral rights and the correlative duties that putatively arise from them. Sen’s approach to rights and justice is compared and contrasted with John Rawls’s. In the course of examining these topics, human rights, impartiality, responsibility, and the relevance of end-states (as well as how they’re produced) to theories of justice are also discussed.
Intuitions, the Veil of Ignorance, and Strains of Commitment
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter further discusses three sets of issues touched upon in earlier chapters: the nature and significance of intuitions such as are used in case-based reasoning, reasoning behind a veil of ignorance, and common versus personal goals. It does this by examining the treatment of these issues in Allan Gibbard’s Tanner Lectures. The first section centers on Gibbard’s discussion of the nature and significance of intuitions, considering Gibbard’s views about the justification of intuitive judgments and why people should place stock in intuitions if they accept a naturalistic worldview. The second section focuses on disagreements about the correct form of contractualist reasoning, critically discussing Gibbard’s view that to the extent to which morality is good for people, it involves giving each individual the highest prospective utility from behind the veil or ignorance. The third section centers on Gibbard’s discussion of how strains of commitment to others affect moral reasoning and the idea that each person acting for a shared goal may be the most rational course, yet something people can reasonably reject.
Rights and Their Limits: Nonconsequentialism in Light of the Trolley Problem
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter defends a nonconsequentialist approach to justifying harming innocent, nonthreatening people. The discussion centers on variations of cases where either a trolley driver or a bystander may redirect a trolley so that it kills one person, rather than five people to whom it is headed. The chapter begins by critically examining other nonconsequentialist proposals for why turning the trolley may be justified in both types of cases. The chapter then defends seven principles, which together make up the Doctrine of Productive Purity (DPP). The DPP is a “downstreamish” theory, implying that interpersonal harms may be justified by what produces them, as opposed to by the goods they produce as in consequentialist views. The chapter contrasts the DPP with threshold deontology and considers how those permissibly harmed may still resist being wronged. The chapter concludes by considering limits of the DPP, the moral significance of the DPP for relations between people, and its implications for the killing/letting die distinction.
The Trolley Problem and Economic Policy
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter’s subject is whether the permissibility of turning a runaway trolley from killing five toward killing one other person undermines the libertarian argument that we may not harm some people, by way of taxation policies, in order to help others to a greater degree. Guido Pincione has argued that the conditions that make it permissible to turn the trolley are also satisfied in the taxation case. The chapter examines Pincione’s account and raises three concerns with it, noting that (i) there may be morally significant differences between killing and imposing economic harm, (ii) accepting Pincione’s analogy may have counterintuitive implications, and (iii) the conditions that make it permissible to turn the trolley may not be satisfied in the taxation case. The chapter closes by considering how more recent work on the Trolley Problem bears on Pincione’s discussion.
Citizenships and Jurisdictions
Authors: Kantor Georgy
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the legal dimension of the local citizenships of Greek poleis in the long second century. After discussion of methodological issues, it offers a detailed case study of Parthicopolis in Macedonia, which provides our most detailed evidence for the role of citizenship in a non-privileged civic community (especially interesting as it was a new foundation in this period). This is followed by discussion of citizenships in privileged “free” cities, with particular attention to our best-attested case of Aphrodisias in Caria and to the role of multiple citizenships. The final section of the chapter explores evidence for local substantive law in this period and the extent to which it was connected to civic status; significant evidence of the recently published decree of Tralles on public morals shows the competing principle of territoriality at work. The citizenship principle in jurisdiction and application of substantive rules remained strong in Greek cities in this period but existed in constant competition and negotiation with the claims of the territorial principle. The tension between the two is best understood in terms of what legal anthropologist Lauren Benton has termed “jurisdictional politics.”
Experiencing Roman Citizenship in the Greek East during the Second Century CE
Authors: Brélaz Cédric
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the local contexts that can account for the conflicting interests and contrasting attitudes of local elites toward Roman citizenship in the Greek-speaking provinces of the Roman Empire during the second century CE. It addresses four main issues: the significance of Roman citizenship for local elites in a local context, the indirect benefits derived by local elites from the possession of Roman citizenship with regard to their activities at the regional level, attitudes toward Roman citizenship in free cities (which in theory were not part of the Roman Empire), and the distinction between Roman citizens of Italian or Western descent and those from native families. Contrary to what is usually assumed, the chapter argues that Roman citizenship was not necessarily attractive for all local elites during the second century CE, that the interest in universal citizenship was determined by more local concerns, and that the most tangible citizenship for most people was the local one. This chapter is an attempt at giving a qualitative explanation—inferred from political, social, and cultural factors—for why there were such large discrepancies in the numbers of Roman citizens among local elites and local officials depending on the city in the Greek East and at reassessing the narrative of decline of both Roman and local citizenships during the imperial period.
Introduction
Authors: Delgado James P.
Published: September 2022

Described in a “you are there” style, the events of December 1, 1842, on the deck of the U.S. Brig Somers take place as three men have their wrists and ankles bound, their faces shrouded, and a hangman’s noose placed around each of their necks. A cannon fires, and the three men are rapidly hauled up into the rigging of the ship, struggling as they die. The captain, with his crew—almost all of them young boys, some weeping—assembled before him, gives a passionate sermon, and dismisses the crew as the bodies are lowered, and preparations are made to bury them at sea. Again assembled, as darkness falls, the crew watch as another sermon is read, and the three bodies are committed to the deep. This powerful and terrible day has ended, but the event that has just taken place will spark a national controversy, ruin careers and lives, and remain a notorious event well into the twenty-first century.
A Sailor’s Life for Me
Authors: Delgado James P.
Published: September 2022

The United States in 1840 was a nation in the midst of dramatic change with religion, politics, economic woes, and nationalism dominating public opinion and change. Immigration was changing the demographics of America, and the U.S. Navy was also changing in response. Life at sea, especially in naval service, was difficult, with alcoholism, violence, harsh discipline, and an undercurrent of sex that led to calls for naval “reform.” Somers was built to be a platform for a new approach to training young men to be sailors and officers. The result was a ship primed for failure, as Captain Mackenzie expected an environment that removed young impressionable boys from older, jaded men who could lead them astray with alcohol, tobacco, and sex, and instead offer a practical, religion-reinforced education “before the mast.” That would not be the case with Somers, especially with Philip Spencer on board as one of its officers.
Controversy and Inquiry
Authors: Delgado James P.
Published: September 2022

News of the “Somers Affair” quickly became national news and highly controversial. Supporters and detractors of Mackenzie commented publicly and privately, and Mackenzie wrote a lengthy defense of his actions that proved more damning than helpful. Spencer’s father, John Canfield Spencer, the secretary of war, wrote a spirited attack on Mackenzie and his officers. The secretary of navy ordered a court of inquiry, which was followed avidly in the press, and followed by a court-martial. The trial was the most-followed legal proceeding of the time, and Mackenzie’s acquittal left his detractors unhappy. The trial and revelations of Mackenzie’s own troubled behavior, near-panic, and excessive discipline damaged Mackenzie’s reputation, and his naval career, once promising, was also damaged beyond repair. Legal proceedings against the boys arrested and confined by Mackenzie but not hanged ended in their favor. An old foe of Mackenzie, James Fenimore Cooper, launched an affective public attack on the captain, as did other polemics. Mackenzie’s inability to remain silent, or at least parse his words, continued to harm him throughout the controversy.
“Damn Bad Luck Follows”
Authors: Delgado James P.
Published: September 2022

Following the trial, the reputation of Somers and Mackenzie were further damaged by the suicide on board the brig by the ship’s surgeon, the navy’s decision to no longer use it as a training ship, and by the post-mortem mistaken portrayal of Spencer as an anti-hero. Passionate disagreement by friends of Mackenzie and Spencer surfaced and dominated national attention through the rest of the nineteenth century. The affair also focuses attention on the troubled psychology of the Spencer family, and the post-mutiny later-life career of Philip’s brother Ambrose shows a troubling similarity to the behavior of his executed younger brother. “Damn bad luck” is a phrase used by later crews of Somers, which became known as a haunted, cursed ship, and it is also true for many of those involved in the story, including Mackenzie and his first officer, Guert Gansevoort. Somers was lost, with thirty-two of its crew, while blockading the Gulf port of Veracruz during the United States’ war with Mexico. While lost, Somers would never be forgotten; it had become the most infamous ship in the U.S. Navy.
Epilogue
Authors: Delgado James P.
Published: September 2022

The 1980s discovery of the wreck of Somers by adventurer and art dealer George Belcher and his bother Joel in 110 feet of water off Veracruz sparked fresh interest in the ship and its story. Ongoing archaeological work underscores the nature of the small, overcrowded brig, and is key physical evidence not only of the ship, but of the environment in which two troubled personalities, surrounded by raw, rebellious youth, would clash with deadly effect. The dives, which the author took a lead role in, underscore the importance of shipwreck archaeology, and also provided, at least for one of the archaeological team, an eerie glimpse into the paranormal.
When You Can’t Remove the Pump Handle, Reduce Harm
Authors: Beard Jennifer
Published: September 2022

Prevention is central to all that we do in public health, but preventing unclear, wordy, vague, imprecise writing is impossible. A harm reduction approach to mentoring student writers meets them where they are and offers an array of strategies and tools they can use to make incremental, deliberate improvements to everything they write. We all write garbled, ill-conceived sentences, paragraphs, pages, and documents. Getting our thoughts down, even incoherently, is step one of the writing process. Polished, clearly written, engaging prose of any type takes time, revision, feedback, and more revision. Chapter 2 adapts harm reduction principles to a detailed example of mentoring a student who has submitted a paper rife with problems. It also offers concrete strategies for helping students revise (punch lists, peer review, the paramedic method of self-editing) as they take their papers through a multi-draft process.
Examples of Public Health Writing Assignments
Authors: Beard Jennifer
Published: September 2022

All of the writing assignments that make up Chapter 5 are used in public health classes. They can be adapted to many types of public health classes at the graduate and undergraduate level. The types of documents included represent the writing commonly done by public health professionals in the workplace. The professors who contributed to this section represent a wide range of disciplines including epidemiology, economics, social and behavioral sciences, and health communication and promotion. Example assignments includes: case analysis, concept notes, evidence summary, explainer article, framing memo, infographic, literature review, op-ed, policy brief, and presentation.
Democratization and Globalization
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James
Published: September 2022

The market in public debt was globalized and democratized in the nineteenth century, when a growing base of retail investors adventured their savings in bonds issued by sovereigns. Spending priorities meanwhile shifted from financing wars to supplying public goods and services. As cities expanded, demands arose for transportation, clean water, sewers, and electricity. In response, governments issued bonds to finance public infrastructure. This transition again illustrates the role of public debt in state building—in lending legitimacy to the state by enabling it to meet the needs of its constituents. But where savings were low and financial markets were underdeveloped, governments could not finance such projects at home. Such governments, including those of Southern Europe and recently independent Latin American republics, borrowed abroad. External debt emerged as an asset class.
Warfare to Welfare
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , El-Ganainy Asmaa , Esteves Rui , Mitchener Kris James
Published: September 2022

In the first half of the twentieth century, the focus of government borrowing shifted again, this time toward funding social services and transfer payments. War, of course, remained important: World Wars I and II led to major bursts of debt accumulation. In addition, democratization created a demand for social welfare that governments could not ignore, particularly during the difficult postwar years and Great Depression. A political consensus emerged according to which the state should provide insurance to citizens in situations when they could not adequately insure themselves. When revenues did not keep pace with these demands, governments borrowed to fill the gap. Another legacy of the Depression was the all but complete closure of the global debt market. After the defaults of the 1930s, investors displayed little appetite for foreign bonds. Governments too became wary of international financial markets. When they borrowed abroad after World War II, they turned to allied governments, multilateral organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, and eventually commercial banks.
Introduction
Authors: Agarwala Rina
Published: September 2022

Chapter 1 introduces the book’s key motivating question: What is the relationship between the Indian state and its different classes of emigrants, and how has this shifted over time? Sending and receiving states both serve as “migration states” because they hold an uncontested right to differentially regulate human mobility according to class. By enacting class-differentiated regulations on who can enter or leave a country, migration states help structure class inequalities. But Indian emigration practices have not followed global patterns or scholarly assumptions around neoliberalism, and they thus raise several important puzzles. This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book and provides a chapter outline.
The CEO MDR (1977–Present)
Authors: Agarwala Rina
Published: September 2022

Chapter 5 details how the contemporary CEO MDR (1977–present) has legitimized poor and elite emigrants’ financial contributions from abroad (in the form of remittances, savings accounts, investments, and bonds), thereby reframing emigrants as a resource for India (rather than an embarrassment, as in the Nationalist MDR) and building consent for foreign capital inflows. This chapter also explains how the Indian state has justified these changes (which, in fact, echo India’s colonial-era MDR) to retain its political legitimacy, especially among domestic resisters to globalization. The state has emphasized poor workers’ demands for mobility while remaining tethered to electoral expectations of state protection. An important consequence of the CEO MDR’s reliance on circular/temporary emigration is that the state has inadvertently committed to reincorporating poor workers into India’s economy upon their return. Therefore, the state has extended protection in the form of emigration restrictions, oversight, and some welfare upon return. Toward elite emigrants, the state has appealed to shared racial and ethnic solidarity bonds between Indians who remain at home and those abroad (a practice first initiated during the independence movement) and offered elite emigrants material incentives in return for their financial contributions. These attempts have yielded uneven results. While poor emigrants’ economic remittances have been astounding, elite emigrants’ economic contributions have been costly, volatile, and meager given their salary base.
Antiquity
Authors: Leithart Peter J.
Published: September 2022

The legalization of Christianity in the late Roman Empire was a key moment in the development of Western constitutionalism. Harold Berman famously emphasized the role of the Gregorian Papal Revolution in the development of Western law. But that medieval revolution that lies at the foundation of constitutionalism depended on the much earlier Constantinian revolution, which secured the independence of the church. Merely as a sociological phenomenon, the church was unique in the ancient world, and the church claimed to be much more than a purely sociological phenomenon. She claimed to be the bearer of the meaning of human history, a holy and separate people that was a sign of a perfected kingdom of the future. In recognizing the church, Constantine inaugurated, without entirely realizing it, a “migration of the holy,” a shift of the locus of sanctity from the prince to the church. Legalization of the church dealt a blow to the belief in “sacral kingship” common in ancient politics right up to the imperium of Diocletian. After Constantine, Christian emperors recognized the church’s leaders as spokesmen of God, to whom they were accountable. The fifth-century Gelasian theory of “two powers” was an early form of the “separation of powers” as the church provided a “check and balance,” a real counterweight to imperial authority.
Separation of Powers
Authors: Bernal Carlos
Published: September 2022

Abstract. This book chapter argues that the Bible provides a justification for the separation of powers and, in particular, for a conception according to which, judges should be empowered with a catalytic role. It claims that, following the scriptures, prophets play a catalytic role in incentivizing political authorities to behave in a virtuous manner for protecting the rights and interests of the people. An appropriate conception of the separation of powers in a constitutional democracy requires reigniting that role. Judges are in the best position to play it. The judiciary should prompt the other branches to act according to their mission but not to supplant them.
Justice
Authors: Chaplin Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This chapter argues that the nature of a political constitution can only adequately be specified with reference to the characteristic political purpose(s) of the political community it orders. Drawing on sources from the twentieth- and twenty-first-century Reformed Protestant thought, it proposes that this purpose be construed normatively, in terms of a capacious and complex general account of “justice.” This general account is then elaborated in a specific account of the internal justice of the political community (“constitutional justice”) and the external justice governing the relations between the political community and other bodies (“public justice”). On the basis of these notions, broad principles of normative constitutional design emerge, including the following. A constitution should facilitate the pursuit of substantive political purposes such as “public justice” (and, to that end, may include a “substantive purpose” clause); enable the actual delivery of such purposes by the state, allowing it to be organizationally coherent, administratively capable, coercively resourced, and behaviorally transparent; seek to limit and disperse sovereignty; ensure robust legal and political accountability and a fair electoral system; and respect the religious impartiality of the state.
A Theory of Domestic Contagion Effects
Authors: Nelson Chad E.
Published: September 2022

Chapter 2 lays out the two key questions the book asks and answers. First, when do leaders fear that a revolution abroad will infect their own polity? It argues that the fear of contagion is more the product of the host than the infecting revolutionary agent. Leaders fear contagion effects when they have significant revolutionary movements of the same character as the revolutionary state. Whether the revolutionary state has a policy of exporting revolution is not the critical factor. Second, what are the international effects of this fear of revolutionary contagion? When leaders have these contagion concerns, they will be hostile toward the revolutionary state and cooperate with states that have similar concerns, sometimes in contrast to geopolitical pressures. The chapter describes how the theory will be tested and provides a preview of the findings.
Democratic Revolutions and the Ancien Régime
Authors: Nelson Chad E.
Published: September 2022

This chapter applies the domestic contagion effects theory to the response to two democratic revolutions: the American Revolution and the Dutch Patriot Revolt. It establishes that there were no significant democratic revolutionary movements in the great powers responding to these revolutions, and thus, as the domestic contagion effects theory predicts, there were no contagion concerns that affected foreign policy. France (and Spain in the American case) supported these revolutions for geopolitical aims, and the other great powers (Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia) either opposed or remained indifferent to these revolutions based on geopolitical calculations. There are hints of anxiety regarding domestic spillover from these revolutions, but the concern remained too abstract to affect foreign policy, with the partial exception of Spain. This is expected by the domestic contagion effect theory, but anomalous from an ideological perspective.
Definitions Related to the Safeguarding of Living Culture
Authors: van Zanten Wim
Published: September 2022

The 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage does not include a list of definitions of major concepts. In this chapter, the author argues that in 2021, the Operational Directives and the different documents of the meetings concerning the Convention supply a wealth of information about the different aspects of these major concepts. The terminology of the 2003 Convention is more “anthropological” and less “legal” than earlier safeguarding instruments, and this sometimes causes misunderstanding. Moreover, having a good glossary is no guarantee that in practice the safeguarding of living culture will lead to the results wanted. A concept like “sustainability” has several dimensions (social, economic, environmental), and in safeguarding processes each dimension should be given its proper weight. In the examples given, the first one concerns the concept of community in relation to the discussion about the Sinterklaas festivities in the multicultural state of the Netherlands. The second example is about the concept of sustainability, and more particularly about cultural tourism in relation to the small indigenous community of the Baduy in western Java, Indonesia.
UNESCO-Based and UNESCO-Free
Authors: Muslu Olcay
Published: September 2022

Legal responsibilities imposed on Contracting States to the Intangible Cultural Heritage oblige them to play more active roles in its application. However, the “protectability” and “transferability” of ICH remain problematic in terms of efforts to list and inventory elements, the form and performance of National Committees, and the structural organs of governments. In Turkey, new ways of working with cultural and political stakeholders were developed following major structural changes to the administration of the Republic of Turkey in 2018 and the adoption of the current presidential system. This chapter examines the successes and failures of two different approaches to safeguarding intangible cultural heritage: a UNESCO-aligned approach, and an independent grassroots approach. The former is given through the example of traditional sıra gecesi of the city of Şanlıurfa in southeastern Turkey. The latter is considered within the context of a “UNESCO-free” applied ethnomusicology project conducted in rural Anatolia. Findings reveal that the implementation of the Convention is largely left to state actors in Turkey. This becomes a basis for the dominance of diplomacy and bureaucracy in the functioning of the convention and the landscape is extremely political. The commodification of ICH elements such as sıra gecesi and their usage as promotional material for tourism are seen as destructive by some communities, but the counter argument shows that such usage allows the elements in question to be better safeguarded. Without the support of local, national, and international authorities, the safeguarding capacity of independent actors remains extremely limited in economically challenged places like rural Anatolia.
Community Engagement as a Site of Struggle
Authors: Sooi Beng Tan
Published: September 2022

Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) and community engagement are sites of contestation. This chapter discusses the complex intersections between the international UNESCO inscriptions and conventions, top-down national policies over the representation of art forms, strategies of local state governments, banning of forms by religious authorities, and the engagement of local cultural bearers in sustaining their ICH. It looks at the development and destinies of the Mak Yong dance theatre of Kelantan (inscribed as a “Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity” in 2005) and the multicultural ICH of George Town (inscribed as a World UNESCO Site together with Malacca in 2008) as case studies.
Reading ICH in Cultural Space
Authors: Shu Gao
Published: September 2022

In 2007, the Chinese Ministry of Culture launched a new and experimental project for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage (ICH): establishing the National Cultural Ecosystem Conservation Area (NCECA). Since the first instance of the Southern Fujian NCECA, the project has now come to cover 21 areas. This chapter uses the puppetry tradition of the southern Fujian area as an example to examine the link between the concept of NCECA and ICH items, which involves the connections and interplay of three core elements: people, item knowledge systems, and cultural-natural-historical backgrounds. As an experimental project of the Chinese government, the establishment of NCECA is a core result of China’s recent thinking on the safeguarding of ICH overall. The project involves a reading of ICH items in cultural space and represents a practice that approaches collective cultural identities, which, though intangible, are important and closely related to local people’s daily life.
Mapping Musical Vitality
Authors: Grant Catherine
Published: September 2022

This chapter weaves together three existing theoretical and practical tools in the area of music sustainability to examine whether their combined usage could lead to greater understanding of the global circumstances and trends in music endangerment and vitality. It also considers whether the integrated use of these tools could lead to improved decision-making about the local, national, and/or international allocation of funds and resources for music safeguarding. The three tools are: (1) the Music Vitality and Endangerment Framework (MVEF), a tool to gauge, monitor, and evaluate changes in the vitality of music genres; (2) the map Music Endangerment and Vitality, a key outcome of a project that used a survey methodology based on the MVEF to map 101 music genres across the world; and (3) the Assets, Threats, Solvability (ATS) Model, a triage system for determining how best to allocate support and resources to support specific genres that may be in need of support. The chapter begins with some context around comparative approaches to ethnomusicological research, focusing particularly on mapping. It then briefly presents the MVEF and map tools, before exploring some challenges, risks, and limitations of using them to evaluate and represent music genres. The chapter closes by critically considering some implications of this comparative approach to understanding music endangerment and vitality, including how employing the ATS Model in conjunction with the MVEF and map could strengthen the usefulness and outcomes of all three tools.
Weaponizing Culture
Authors: MacIntosh Duncan
Published: September 2022

It is widely thought that stealing, trading, and destroying cultural artifacts in times of war are inherently immoral actions, and that it is right that they be treated as war crimes, which, indeed, they currently are. But oppressive cultures have their heritage and cultural artifacts too, in the form of monuments, sites of worship, and so on. For the oppressed, these things may be awful reminders of their subordination, and may even perpetuate it. This chapter suggests that, since cultural objects can be both tools and symbols of unjust oppression, their theft and destruction ought to be seen as appropriate when this would be a means of overcoming oppression. Despite current law, in these instances, it would be morally inappropriate to count such acts as war crimes. Furthermore, it is bizarre that theft and destruction of cultural property are counted as war crimes when soldiers killing each other is not (due to combatant immunity). Surely killing is worse than property destruction and theft. It is therefore argued that, where possible, it would be better for conflicts to be fought using the latter methods. Finally, the chapter responds to many objections to using theft and destruction of cultural property as a method of warfare. To the objection that such property has timeless, transcultural, aesthetic, historical, and scientific value, it is replied that justice is a more important value; and to the objection that these practices amount to cultural genocide, it is replied that unjust cultures have no right to exist unmodified.