bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ekspresi Realtif mRNA LMP2A Virus Epstein Barr Pada Berbagai Stadium Karsinoma Nasofaring di RSUD prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo
Authors: Pratama Tisna Sendy
Published: July 2019

Karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) adalah keganasan yang tersering di kepala dan Leher. Karsinogenesis KNF dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor seperti faktor lingkungan, genetik, dan infeksi virus. Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) terbukti berperan penting dalam karsinogenesis KNF dan salah satu protein yang berperan penting adalah LMP2A. Penelitan ini mengidentifikasi hubungan antara stadium klinis KNF, klasifikasi TNM, dan ekspresi relatif mRNA LMP2A EBV. Biopsi formalin-fixed parafin-embedded (FFPE) dari jaringan tumor primer terkumpul dari 24 pasien KNF. Sampel diproses menggunakan qRT-PCR. Data di analisa dengan metode 2-ΔCt dan dianalisis secara statistik. Seluruh sampel mengekspresikan LMP2A. Berdasarkan analisis statistik tidak ditemukan hubungan stadium tumor dan klasifikasi TNM dengan ekspresi relatif mRNA LMP2A. Namun demikian  terdapat tren penurunan Ct dengan peningkatan stadium klinis KNF.
Uji Efek Antipiretik Air Perasan Rimpang Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) pada Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Jantan Galur Wistar yang Diinduksi Ragi Roti
Authors: Viandri Ari , Safithri Fathiyah , Pravitasari Dwi Nurwulan Nurwulan
Published: July 2019

Latar  Belakang:  Demam  dapat  diatasi  dengan  menggunakan  parasetamol.  Pemberian parasetamol lebih dari dosis yang dianjurkan pada anak usia kurang dari 2 tahun selama ± 1 hari  telah  terbukti  sebagai  risiko  hepatotoksisitas.  Rimpang  jahe  merah  mengandung gingerol   dapat   memberikan   efek   antipiretik   dengan   cara   menghambat   pembentukan prostaglandin dan menstimulasi produksi IL-10.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui apakah air perasan rimpang jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) dapat memberikan efek antipiretik pada tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan galur wistar yang diinduksi ragi roti.Metode:  Penelitian  true  experimental  menggunakan  24  ekor  tikus  yang  dibagi  menjadi  4 kelompok. Setelah 4 jam diinduksi ragi roti, kelompok pertama diberikan aquades per oral. Kelompok kedua, ketiga, dan keempat diberikan dosis perasan rimpang jahe merah sebesar 70 mg/kgBB, 140 mg/kgBB, dan 210 mg/kgBB per oral.Hasil Penelitian dan Diskusi:  Perasan rimpang jahe merah dosis 140 mg/kgBB dan 210 mg/kgBB  menunjukkan  hasil  yang  signifikan  dalam  menghambat  peningkatan  suhu  rektal tikus  dan  menurunkan  suhu  rektal  tikus  yang  diinduksi  ragi  roti  (p<0,05).  Dosis  yang memberikan efek antipiretik paling besar adalah 210 mg/kgBB.Kesimpulan: Air perasan rimpang jahe merah dapat memberikan efek antipiretik pada tikus putih jantan galur wistar yang diinduksi ragi roti. Kata Kunci: Antipiretik, perasan rimpang jahe merah, ragi roti.
PERSEPSI TENAGA MEDIS DAN PARAMEDIS TERHADAP PASIEN MENINGGAL DI RS PKU MUHAMMADIYAH GOMBONG
Authors: Nitiprodjo Abdul Hakim , Maulana Andi Muhammad
Published: July 2019

Latar belakang: Seorang dokter pasti akan dihadapkan pada kasus kematian dalam melaksanakan profesinya. Di Rumah Sakit, dari hasil pengamatan dokter dan perawat, pasien yang ditandai dengan pupil midriasis, berhentinya denyut jantung dan pernafasan dianggap telah meninggal dunia atau mati secara klinis. Dalam waktu kurang dari satu jam bahkan kurang dari30 menit, pasien yang meninggal baik di Instalasi Gawat Darurat, rawat inap, ICU dipindahkan ke Instalasi Pemulasaraan Jenazah. Tindakan tersebut bukan berarti tidak menimbulkan perdebatan, karena adanya kemungkinan bahwa pasien hanya mati suri. Waktu yang diperlukan untuk menimbulkan tanda pasti kematian minimal sekitar satu hingga dua jam pasca mati klinis. Tujuan: Mengamati persepsi tenaga medis dan paramedis terhadap pasien meninggal di RumahSakit dalam menentukan diagnosa kematian. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Populasi yang diteliti adalah dokter dan perawat di RS PKU Muhammadiyah Gombong. Sampel  yang digunakan adalah dokter jaga dan perawat yang bertugas di Instalasi Gawat Darurat, ruang Rawat Inap, dan ruang Intensive Care Unit  (ICU) RS PKU Muhammadiyah Gombong.  Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode judgmental sampling (teknik sampling). Jumlah sampel penelitian diambil 20% dari total sampel yang ada di RS PKU Muhammadiyah Gombong. Hasil: Terdapat variasi atau perbedaan persepsi di antara ketiga dokter mengenai pasien yang dinyatakan  meninggal,  dua  dari  tiga  dokter  memeriksa  tanda  pasti  kematian  pada  pasien. Terdapat variasi atau perbedaan persepsi mengenai pasien yang dinyatakan meninggal dari 37 perawat yang dikelompokkan menjadi tujuh grup sesuai dengan pernyataannya masing – masing, enam dari tujuh grup memeriksa tanda pasti kematian pada pasien. Kesimpulan: Terdapat variasi persepsi tenaga medis dan paramedis terhadap pasien yang meninggal di Rumah Sakit PKU Muhammadiyah Gombong. Sebagian besar dokter dan perawat telah menerapkan thanatologi dalam mendiagnosa kematian yang pasti pada pasien. Kata kunci: Kematian, persepsi, tenaga medis, paramedis
Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kemangi Sayur (Ocimum Basilicum) Terhadap Kadar Serum Alanin Aminotrasferase (ALT) dan Aspartat Aminotrasferase (AST) Mencit (Mus musculus) Jantan Galur Swiss yang Diinjeksi Asam Urat
Authors: ADAM ABDUL KHALIK , Kusumawati Anis , Nugraha Putra Rizka Adi
Published: July 2019

Latar Belakang: ALT dan AST merupakan suatu biomarker yang dapat mengindikasikan adanya kerusakan hepatosit. Hiperurisemia diketahui merupakan salah satu penyebab utama cedera hepatosit sehingga hiperurisemia yang tidak terkontrol akan menyebabkan kerusakan pada hepar. Ocimum basilicum (kemangi sayur) diketahui memiliki kandungan antioksidan tinggi dan sifat hepatoprotektif sehingga berpotensi untuk menjadi terapi herbal alternatif pencegahan kerusakan hepar akibat hiperurisemia.Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun kemangi terhadap kadar serum ALT dan AST  pada mencit (Mus musculus) yang diinjeksi asam urat.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan quasy experimental dengan post-test only control group design. Penelitian ini menggunakan 25 ekor mencit yang diinjeksi asam urat intraperitoneal sebanyak 125 mg/KgBB, kemudian dilakukan pemberian terapi ekstrak etanol daun kemangi sayur dengan dosis 11,2 mg/20gBB, 14 mg/20gBB, dan 16,8 mg/20gBB. Data kadar AST dilakukan pengujian statistik menggunakan uji ANOVA dan Post-Hoc Bonferroni test, sedangkan data kadar ALT menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis dan Mann-Whitney test.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan rerata yang bermakna pada kadar AST serum (p=0,00) maupun pada kadar ALT serum (p=0,008) secara keseluruhan kelompok. Perbedaan kadar AST serum tampak signifikan pada kelompok K+ terhadap K1 (p=0,039), K+ terhadap K2 (p=0,001), dan K+ terhadap K3 (p=0,008). Sedangkan pada kadar ALT serum, adanya perbedaan yang bermakna didapatkan pada kelompok K+ terhadap K1 (p=0,047), K+ terhadap K2 (p=0,009), dan K+ terhadap K3 (p=0,009).Simpulan: Pemberian ekstrak etanol daun kemangi sayur memiliki pengaruh terhadap penurunan kadar AST dan ALT serum pada mencit yang diinjeksi  asam urat. Kata Kunci : Hiperurisemia, AST, ALT, Ocimum basilicum, antioksidan
PENGARUH EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KEMANGI (Ocimum basilicum) TERHADAP KADAR UREUM DAN KREATININ TIKUS GALUR WISTAR JANTAN (Rattus norvegicus Strain Wistar) YANG DIINDUKSI MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE (MSG)
Authors: Putri Githa Septaliani , Romdhoni Muhammad Fadhol , Bahar Yenni
Published: July 2019

MSG adalah zat adiktif yang ditambahkan pada makanan untuk menambah kelezatan rasa. Konsumsi MSG dalam dosis yang tinggi terbukti dapat mempengaruhi fungsi ginjal yang ditandai dengan adanya peningkatan kadar ureum dan kreatinin dalam darah. MSG mempengaruhi fungsi ginjal karena dapat meningkatkan Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) yang menyebabkan stres oksidatif sehingga menyebabkan kerusakan sel di ginjal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah pengaruh pemberian ekstrak kemangi (Ocimum basilicum) dapat mencegah peningkatan kadar ureum dan kreatinin pada tikus putih jantan galur wistar yang diinduksi Monosodium glutamat (MSG). Subjek yang terdiri dari 24 ekor tikus dibagi kedalam 4 kelompok. Kelompok kontrol positif adalah kelompok yang diinduksi Monosodium glutamate dan kelompok perlakuan yang terdiri dari tiga kelompok yaitu kelompok yang diinduksi MSG dan ekstrak etanol daun kemangi dengan dosis 175mg/kgBB, 350 mg/kgBB dan 700mg/kgBB. Perlakuan penelitian dilakukan selama 14 hari setelah dilakukan aklimatisasi selama 7 hari.  Pada hari ke 22 dilakukan pemeriksaan ureum dan kreatinin dalam darah tikus. Data dianalisis menggunakan One Way ANOVA dan LSD. Hasil analisis dengan One Way ANOVA menunjukan adanya pengaruh setelah pemberian ekstrak kemangi terhadap kadar ureum dan kreatinin. Pemberian ekstrak kemangi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kadar ureum karena nilai signifikansi p=0.014 (p<0.05), namun tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kadar kreatinin karena nilai signifikansi yaitu p=0.097 (p>0.05) . Hasil uji post hoc dengan LSD menunjukan perbedaan yang paling signifikan terdapat pada pemberian ekstrak kemangi dosis 700mg/kgBB. Ekstrak etanol daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum) dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap kadar ureum dan kreatinin dalam darah tikus setelah diinduksi MSG.
PERBANDINGAN EFEKTIVITAS TAMPON MINYAK BIJI JINTAN HITAM (Nigella sativa) DENGAN TAMPON RIVANOL 0,1% TERHADAP GEJALA KLINIS OTITIS EKSTERNA AKUT
Authors: Nur fachrudien Ferdian Rifqy , Haitamy Muhammad Nurrizki , Maulana Andi Muh , Kadarullah Oke
Published: July 2019

Latar Belakang: Otitis eksterna akut merupakan penyakit radang telinga luar meliputi bagian distal daun telinga sampai dengan bagian proximal membran timpani yang disebabkan oleh bakteri, jamur, maupun virus. Penyakit ini memiliki onset inflamasi yang cepat dengan gejala klinis berupa gatal, otalgia, edema, eritema, dan otorrhea. Terapi otitis eksterna akut dilakukan dengan pemberian antibiotik dan antiinflamasi topikal. Rivanol 0,1% terbukti memiliki efektivitas mengobati otitis eksterna akut dengan aktivitas panjang sebagai antiseptik aktif pada pH alkali yang akan berikatan dengan bakteri. Minyak biji Nigella sativa terbukti memiliki aktivitas sebagai antibakteri gram positif maupun negatif, antiinflamasi dan penyembuh luka dengan meningkatkan pertumbuhan serabut kolagen.Tujuan: Untuk membandingkan efektivitas penggobatan otitis eksterna akut terhadap gejala klinis menggunakan tampon rivanol 0,1% dengan tampon minyak biji Nigella sativa.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain post test only randomized controlled grup design dengan data primer yaitu skor gejala klinis sembilan subjek penderita otitis eksterna akut. Subjek dibagi menjadi dua kelompok terapi : empat penderita dengan tampon rivanol 0,1% dan lima penderita dengan tampon Nigella sativa. Evaluasi gejala klinis dilakukan pada hari ketiga dan kelima pengobatan.Hasil: Tidak ada perbedaan gejala klinis selama pengobatan antara kedua kelompok (p=0.329), namun terdapat perbaikan skor gejala klinis antara hari ketiga dan hari kelima pengobatan (p=0.001) di masing-masing kelompok.Simpulan: Minyak Nigella sativa memiliki efektifitas pada pengobatan otitis eksterna akut tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna dengan pengobatan menggunakan rivanol 0,1%. Kata Kunci: Otitis eksterna, Nigella sativa, Rivanol 0,1%
PREVALENSI MALNUTRISI PADA LANSIA DENGAN PENGUKURAN MINI NUTRITIONAL ASESSMENT (MNA) DI PUSKESMAS
Authors: Boy Elman
Published: July 2019

Lansia merupakan fase akhir kehidupan manusia sehingga terjadi penurunan fungsi  organ. Kurang gizi merupakan masalah yang sering terjadi pada lansia. Hal ini akibat tidak tercukupinya asupan energi dan protein. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mengetahui hasil penggunaan instrumen pengkajian status gizi pasien geriatri di Puskesmas Kota Matsum Kota Medan tahun 2018. penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kategorik yang dilakukan secara cross sectional, sampel diambil menggunakan rumus Slovin dipilih secara consecutif sampling. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 93 orang. Pada penelitian ini didapati responden tebanyak pada usia 60-74 tahun (89,3%) dan berdasarkan jenis kelamin adalah perempuan (54,8%). Status gizi berdasarkan IMT didapati hasil terbanyak responden dengan gizi nomal (64,5%) dan berdasarkan MNA didapati hasil terbanyak pada responden dengan resiko malnutrisi (59,2%). Pada penelitian ini didapati hasil terbanyak pada usia 64-70 tahun dan perempuan lebih banyak dari pada laki-laki. Dilihat dari segi status gizi, didapati hasil tebanyak dan yang beresiko malnutrisi.
EFEKTIVITAS DAYA HAMBAT CAMPURAN EKSTRAK RUMPUT LAUT (Gelidium latifolium) DAN EKSTRAK JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantifolia) TERHADAP Candida albicans SECARA IN VITRO
Authors: Satrianugraha Muhammad Duddy , Lubis Irwan , Amardina Nur Fitriani
Published: July 2019

Infeksi Candida albicans dapat berupa infeksi superfisial hingga sistemik. Ekstrak rumput laut dan minyak atsiri ekstrak jeruk nipis terbukti dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Candida albicans. Belum adanya penelitian mengenai penggunaan jeruk nipis dan rumput laut secara bersamaan sebagai anti jamur, menarik peneliti untuk meneliti masalah ini. Membandingkan efektivitas daya hambat campuran ekstrak rumput laut dan ekstrak jeruk nipis terhadap Candida albicans secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian Postest Only Control Group Design. Dibuat 7 perlakuan, 2 perlakuan kontrol dan 5 kelompok perlakuan yang diberi campuran ekstrak rumput laut dan ekstrak jeruk nipis dengan perbandingan 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, dan 0:4. Hasil rerata daya hambat campuran ekstrak rumput laut dan ekstrak jeruk nipis dengan perbandingan 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, dan 0:4 (3,62 mm, 25,5 mm, 31 mm, 42,5 mm dan 42,5 mm dengan P < 0,05). Hasil uji multifariat menunjukan nilai signifikansi P<0,05, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa paling tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata antar dua kelompok perlakuan. Hasil uji post hoc menunjukan 9 pasang perlakuan memiliki nilai P < 0,05 dan 6 pasang perlakuan memiliki nilai P > 0,05. Campuran ekstrak rumput laut dan ekstrak jeruk nipis dengan perbandingan 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, 0:4 memiliki daya hambat terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans.
GAMBARAN KLINIS DAN RADIOLOGIS MENURUT KELLGREN AND LAWRENCE PADA PENDERITA OSTEOARTHRITIS GENU YANG BEROBAT JALAN DI POLOKLINIK ORTOPEDI RSU ANUTAPURA PALU TAHUN 2018
Authors: Amran Mukramin
Published: July 2019

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive and degenerative chronic musculoskeletal disease caused by thinning of the cartilage in the joint due to bone rubbing against each other. History of the patient's history, clinical picture of the physical examination and the results of the radiological examination are basic things to diagnose OA. Patient's complaints include joint pain which is a major complaint that brings the patient to the doctor, joint stiffness, crepitation, joint swelling, and changes in gait. Gait changes due to pain are found on a physical examination even though radiologically is still at an initial level. In addition it can be found that crepitus, swollen joints are often asymmetrical. The aim of this study was to determine clinical and radiological features by counselor and Lawrence of outpatient genotypes osteoarthritis patients in the rsu anutapura hammer orthopedic polyclinic in 2018. Descriptive research methods were conducted on 27 people with genital osteoarthritis who were treated at the orthopedic clinic in Anutapura Palu Public Hospital 2018. Consecutive sampling was used and data collection through interviews and observations in the form of pain, joint stiffness, crepitus, joint swelling and gait changes and radiological examinations based on Kellgren and Lawrence criteria. Data analysis using SPSS 25 with frequency distribution test. The results of the study were (1) based on the clinical picture in genu osteoarthritis patients pain (100%), pain accompanied by gait changes (70.37%), pain accompanied by joint stiffness (51.4%), pain accompanied by joint swelling (44, 4%), and pain with crepitus (37.0%). (2) based on radiology in patients with osteoarthritis genu with the highest grade 3 and 4 respectively (33.3%), grade 2 (29.6%), grade 1 (3.7%) and in grade 0 not found. Conclusion: found joint pain and a small portion of pain accompanied by crepitus, radiologists found in most grades 3 and 4 while grade 0 was not found.
The Use of Digital Storytelling (DST) to Help Students in Learning Multimodal Writing
Authors: Puspitasari Dewi
Published: July 2019

This article explores the use of DST and the explicit teaching in one of universities in Indonesia on how stu-dents use it to help the learning process. Using a digital story to teach English and Based on multimodal theory, the term of DST has been increasingly used by scholars to illustrate various forms of support of learn-ing to help students learn successfully in a classroom. Despite being widely used in educational context of many countries, DST has received scanty attention from teacher especially in ESP classes. This article specif-ically describes our experience of using DST as a learning aid with students of 18 to 19 years old. In this project they individually created collected the photographs based on their interest related to the specified theme as multimodal text. In the process they utilized two linguistic resources (Bahasa Indonesia and Eng-lish) to help them in understanding the process of creation. Several supports from machine translation and machine pronunciation software were employed during the creation of DST project. The result shows that DST helps students in composing narrative writing by analyzing the visual prompts. This proves that DST is impending to support the writing process as students were engaged during the process.
Text Translation Method by Considering Information Distribution in the Form of Theme-Rheme Relation
Authors: Karini Zulia
Published: July 2019

This study will analyze the translation of sentences in the text by giving consideration to the distribution of information presented in the form of Theme-Rheme relation. First we will identify Themes - Rheme in the sentences in the text and will analyze the results of the translation. The theme is information that is priori-tized in a sentence usually placed in the beginning of sentence, and Rheme is the proposed information. There are three types of Themes, namely Topical Theme, Interpersonal Theme, and Textual Theme. The object of discussion here is the Topical Themes, which are Themes relating to how the subject matter discussed in the clause or sentence is laid out. Topical themes are divided into two types: Marked Topical Theme and Un-marked Topical Theme. The analysis of Topical Themes are taken from a bilingual children's book entitled Sangkuriang from the publisher Nexx Media Inc., Bandung. Sangkuriang is one of the popular Indonesian folklore that tells of a very beautiful mother whose admirer is his own son. The text to be analyzed is part of the text that tells about the birth of Dayang Sumbi, the mother of Sangkuriang. From the result of the whole analysis, the source text consists of 10 Marked Topical Theme and Top 10 Unmarked Topical Theme. There are some Topical theme changes from the source text to the target text: a sentence with an Unmarked Topical Theme is translated into a sentence with a Marked Topical Theme, and vice versa. Based on the analysis of Topical Themes on the Source Text and Target Text it can be concluded that there are some sentences that have shifted Topical Themes. There have been some changes in information due to the shift in this Topical Theme, so it can be said that this translation is not good. At the end of the analysis is given an edit on the target text. The edit of this translation does not change the Topical Theme from the Source Text, so the sub-ject matter in each sentence of the Target text is the same as the subject matter in each sentence of the Source Text.
Komitmen Politik dan Peluang Pengembangan Kebijakan Gizi Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur
Authors: Boli Elisabet Bre , Baliwati Yayuk Farida , Sukandar Dadang
Published: July 2019

Nusa Tenggara Timur adalah salah satu daerah di Indonesia dengan prevalensi gizi buruk tertinggi. Banyak penelitian telah mengidentifikasi bahwa komitmen politik adalah salah satu alasan penting terkait rendahnya prioritas intervensi gizi buruk dan dengan mengetahui peluang kebijakan dapat membantu untuk memajukan masalah dan solusi baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai komitmen politik dan peluang  pengembangan kebijakan gizi. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dan sekunder. Data primer dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner PCOM-RAT, sebuah teknik penilaian cepat untuk mengidentifikasi komitmen politik dan peluang kebijakan. Informan berasal dari Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi NTT, Bappeda Provini NTT, akademisi kesehatan, dan UNICEF perwakilan NTT yang terlibat dalam perencanaan kebijakan dari pemerintah dan non-pemerintah. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif terhadap skoring hasil penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemimpin politik secara verbal dan simbolis berkomitmen untuk mengatasi masalah gizi, tetapi alokasi anggaran dinilai masih rendah. Media diidentifikasi tidak memahami dalam melaporkan masalah gizi tanpa menggunakan indikator yang kredibel dan alternatif kebijakan yang dipikirkan dengan baik hadir tetapi masih tidak memiliki kelayakan untuk diimplementasikan.
Analisis Sosiodemografi terhadap Pemberian ASI Eksklusif di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan : Analisis Data Susenas 2017
Authors: Ayulestari Dwi , Soewondo Prastuti
Published: July 2019

Menyusui merupakan kewajiban seorang ibu untuk memberikan hak anak mendapatkan nutrisi yang dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang sehat. Penelitian ini adalah data sekunder Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) tahun 2017. Responden penelitian adalah seluruh ibu yang memiliki bayi usia 6-24 bulan di provinsi Sulawesi Selatan sebanyak 1.857 ibu. Binary Regression yaitu model Logit dan model Probit digunakan untuk menemukan probabilitas dari faktor sosiodemografi terhadap pemberian ASI eksklusif. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa umur ibu berpengaruh negatif terhadap pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan nilai koefisien Logit -0,105 dan Probit -0,600 (p value < 0,01). Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan rumah tangga berpengaruh positif terhadap pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan nilai koefisien Logit 0,645 dan Probit 0,376 (p value < 0,01) begitupun dengan paritas yang berpengaruh positif terhadap pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan nilai koefisien Logit 1,210 dan Probit 0,713 (p value < 0,01). Umur ibu merupakan faktor sosiodemografi terhadap pemberian ASI eksklusif, namun umur ibu menunjukkan pengaruh yang negatif. Sementara responden dengan pendapatan rumah tangga dan paritas menunjukkan pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap pemberian ASI ekslusif. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi umur ibu maka semakin tinggi peluang untuk tidak memberikan ASI eksklusif
Analisis Sosial Ekonomi dalam Pemanfaatan Fasilitas Kesehatan untuk Berobat Jalan di Provinsi Jawa Barat : Analisis Data Susenas Tahun 2017
Authors: Rabbaniyah Fairuz , Nadjib Mardiati
Published: July 2019

Pada tahun 2008-2014 pemanfaatan fasilitas kesehatan untuk berobat jalan di Indonesia mengalami penurunan. Menurut data BPS, pada tahun 2008 pemanfaatan fasilitas kesehatan untuk berobat jalan sebesar 33,4%, pada tahun 2012 sebesar 30% dan pada tahun 2014 sebesar 27,1%. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor sosial ekonomi yang mempengaruhi pemanfaatan fasilitas kesehatan untuk berobat jalan di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder, yaitu data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) tahun 2017. Responden penelitiaan adalah 22.955 kepala rumah tangga di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan ekonometrika dengan menggunakan metode Binary Regression, yaitu dengan model logit dan model probit. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa faktor pendapatan dan status pekerjaan kepala rumah tangga mempengaruhi secara positif dilihat dari nilai koefisien. Pendapatan dan status pekerjaan kepala rumah tangga berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap pemanfaatan fasilitas kesehatan. Nilai p-value untuk pendapatan adalah 0,001 (p-value
Konsentrasi Paraquat dalam Urin Pekerja Akibat Paparan Paraquat di Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit
Authors: Maksuk Maksuk -
Published: July 2019

Paraquat merupakan herbisida yang sangat toksik terutama yang masuk ke dalam tubuh manusia melalui rute ingesti, inhalasi dan kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsentrasi paraquat dalam urin pekerja akibat paparan paraquat di perkebunan kelapa sawit. Desain studi potong lintang, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 60 responden dan dipilih secara acak. Urin dikumpulkan pada hari terakhir penyemprotan paraquat dan merupakan urin sewaktu. Pemeriksaan konsentrasi paraquat dalam urin pekerja dilakukan di laboratorium menggunakan High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) dengan metode EPA 549.2. Data dianalisis dengan cara univariat dan bivariat menggunakan uji Mann Whitney. Konsentrasi paraquat dalam urin pekerja ditemukan pada pekerja pria dengan rerata yaitu 6,35 mg/L dan wanita 6,55 mg/L, dengan kisaran antara 0,25 – 35,75 mg/L, tetapi hasil ini tidak dapat dibandingkan dengan nilai indeks pemantaun biologi karena belum ada batasan yang ditetapkan baik secara nasional maupun internasional. Hasil uji Mann Whitney menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi paraquat dalam urin pekerja dipengaruhi oleh beberapa variabel yaitu lama kerja (p=0,026), metode penyemprotan (p=0,048), makan/minum saat aplikasi (p=0,040), kelengkapan penggunaan alat pelindung diri (p=0,03) dan dekontaminasi setelah terpapar paraquat (p=0,026). Penelitian ini memberikan bukti mengenai keberadaan paraquat dalam urin pekerja, yang seharusnya paraquat tidak berada dalam tubuh pekerja. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan biomonitoring secara berkala untuk konsentrasi paraquat dalam urin pekerja terutama yang melakukan aplikasi penyemprotan paraquat
INFLUENCE OF BRAND ATTRIBUTES TO BRAND AWARENESS IN NALA HUSADA DENTAL HOSPITAL
Authors: Hollanda Ghita Hadi , Maharani Aulia Dwi
Published: July 2019

Background: The company is able to be the basis of the formation of customer loyalty and fanaticism of the product or service through a strong brand. Having a strong brand is a vital aspect for any company, because the advantage gained diverse. Based on the data in 2014 and 2015, it showed the decreased number of patients at the Nala Husada Dental Hospital from 2014 to 2015 amounted to 949 people (8%), as well as the number of patients in the Polyclinic of Dental Specialists, were 14,6% (348 patients) from ideal capacity (2384 patients). Purpose: The aim of this study is to find out the influence of brand attributes to brand awareness in Nala Husada Dental Hospital. Methods: This study was an observational study that used 200 respondences from the patients population of Nala Husada Dental Hospital. The study was conducted at Nala Husada Dental Hospital from March-April 2018. Results: The results showed that the characteristics of patients who seek treatment at the Nala Husada Dental Hospital were majority adults in productive age (25-35 years old), at middle to lower-end of socio-economic class, and had the education level of SLTA grade. Most of respondents had bad perception for the brand attributes of Nala Husada Dental Hospital. Most of them had low brand awareness towards the Nala Husada Dental Hospital. There was a tendency if the brand attributes were good, the brand awareness was getting better.

Keywords: Brand Attributes, Brand Awareness.

Correspondence: Ghita Hadi Hollanda; Department of Dental Public Health; Faculty of Dentistry; Universitas Hang Tuah; Arif Rahman Hakim No. 150, Surabaya; Phone +6231-5912191; Email: gh.hollanda@gmail.com
The Effect of Brown Algae Sargassum sp. Extract Towards The Amount of Macrophages in The Healing Process of Traumatic Ulcer
Authors: Pargaputri Agni Febrina , Rahmawati Annisa , S Isidora Karsini
Published: July 2019

Background: The Sarggasum’s sp. extract contains of several chemical properties such as flavonoid, vitamin A, vitamin C, zinc, and calcium  which has benefit as anti-inflammation, so it can be used as an alternative therapy for traumatic ulcer. Purpose: To investigate the effectivity of Sargassum’s sp. extract towards the amount of macrophages in the healing process of traumatic ulcers. Material and Method: 32 wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, K1 the negative control group without treatment, K2 the positive control group with the drugs containing 0.2% hyaluronic acid, and the treatment group K3 Sargassum’s sp. extract concentrations of 50% and K4 Sargassum’s sp. extract concentrations of 75%. Traumatic ulcer were made in the labial mucosa of rats by using heated amalgam stopper. On the fourth and seventh day, rats were sacrified and biopsied on lower labial mucosa. The macrophages were observed using a 1000x magnification light microscope with OptiLab viewer. Result: The statistical test using One Way ANOVA showed significant difference (p<0,05) of macrophage on fourth day group. The LSD test showed a significant difference (p<0,05) in macrophages at K1 (2.83±1.03) compared to K3 (1.17±0.64), K1 compared to K4 (0.58±0.79), K2 (2.58±0.50) compared to K3, and K2 compared to K4 at the fourth day group, whereas the seventh day group showed no significant differences between each groups. Conclusion: The Sargassum’s sp. extract concentrations of 75% is the most effective in decreasing amount of macrophages in the healing process of traumatic ulcers.

 

Keywords: traumatic ulcer, inflammation, macrophage, Sargassum sp. extract

 

Correspondence: Agni Febrina Pargaputri, Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hang Tuah University, Arief Rahman Hakim 150, Surabaya, Phone. 031-5912191, Email: agni_febrina@yahoo.com
EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK IKAN HARUAN (Channa striata) TERHADAP JUMLAH NEUTROFIL PADA PROSES PENYEMBUHAN ULKUS TRAUMATIKUS
Authors: Karsini Isidora , Fadhila Farhana Nur , Nafiah Nafiah
Published: July 2019

Background: Channa striata contains important compounds in the process of tissue synthesis and important role in wound healing, such as albumin, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and unsaturated fat acids. Purpose : To determine the effect of Channa striata extract to the amount of neutrophil in healing process of traumatic ulcer. Material and Method : The design of this study used randomized post test only control group design. 18 wistar rats were divided into 6 groups, i.e: K-1 (no treatment for 1 day), K-3 (no treatment for 3 days), K+1 (giving hyaluronic acid 0.2% for 1 day), K+3 (giving hyaluronic acis 0.2% for 3 days), P1 (giving Channa striata extract 100% for 1 day), P3 (giving Channa striata extract 100% for 3 days). Results : There was a decrease in the number of neutrophil in the treatment group. The mean and standart deviation of the number of neutrophil in the K-1 group (75,96±3,65), K-3 (50,76±2,04), K+1(72,96±2,97),K+3(45,06±2,83),P1(54,20±1,31),P3(32,50±,85). Conclusion : The using of Channa striata extract 100% for 3 days are the most effective in decreasing the amount of neutrophil in healing process of traumatic ulcer of Rattus Novergicus Strain Wistar.
Pengaruh Bone Graft Senyawa Kalsium Hasil Sintesis Cangkang Kerang Darah (Anadara granosa) dengan Variasi Waktu Sintering terhadap Proliferasi Sel Fibroblas pada Proses Socket Healing
Authors: Ashrin Meinar Nur , Prananingrum Widyasri , Yonatasya Firda Dean
Published: July 2019

Backgorund: Anadara granosa shells can be converted into calcium compounds in the form of hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) by hydrothermal method. These calcium compounds have the potential to increase the proliferation of fibroblast cells in the socket healing process. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of calcium compounds from the synthesis of Anadara granosa with variations in sintering time against proliferation of fibroblast cells in socket healing. Methods: 36 Wistar rats were divided into control group (K1, K2), and treatment group (P1a, P1b, P2a, P2b) which was applied by bone graft with the sintering time 6 and 12 hours on the socket incisor of the left mandible. On the 7th and 14th days, the mandibular bone was cut transversely and stained. Observation of the number of fibroblast cells use 400x magnification with 3 visual fields and the mean was calculated. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The mean number of fibroblast cells in groups K1, K2, P1a, P1b, P2a and P2b respectively is 23.50; 30,16; 28.94; 34.22; 30,16; and 37.50. There were significant differences in all groups, except K2-P1a, K2-P2a, and P1a-P2a. Conclusion: Calcium compounds bone graft from the synthesis of Anadara granosa with sintering time of 6 and 12 hours affect the proliferation of fibroblast cells in socket healing. Bone graft with a sintering time of 12 hours can increase fibroblast cell proliferation more effectively.
PERBEDAAN EFEKTIFITAS PEMBERIAN TOPIKAL GEL Spirulina platenis EKSTRAK ETANOL 96% DAN 70% TERHADAP KEPADATAN SERABUT KOLAGEN PADA PENYEMBUHAN ULKUS TRAUMATIKUS
Authors: Nafiah Nafiah , Sarianoferni Sarianoferni , Putri Rizqi Ananda
Published: July 2019

Background: Pravalence of Traumatic Ulcers is quite high in Indonesia. Therapy that has been carried out is still symptomatic, now there are many herbal ingredients that can be used as an alternative ingredients for medicine, including spirulina platensis. Spirulina platensis is one type of biological wealth that is widespread in Indonesian marine waters, and has bioactive ingredients that are beneficial to the body and can help the wound healing process. Purpose: to determine the differences in the effectiveness of topical administration of spirulina platensis ethanol extract 96% and 70% against the density of collagen fibers in healing traumatic ulcers. Methods: The subjects of the study were 36 wistar rattus novergicus rats divided into 6 groups, treated with traumatic ulcers in the lower labial mucosa, treated according to their respective groups K1.3 (control group 3 days), P1.3 (Giving spirulina gel platensis ethanol extract 96% 3 days), P2.3 (Giving spirulina platensis ethanol extract 70% 3 days), K1.7 (Control group 7 days), P1.7 (Giving spirulina platensis ethanol extract 96% ethanol 7 days ), P2.7 Giving spirulina platensis ethanol extract 70% 7 days 7). Results: There were differences in the effectiveness of giving spirulina platensis ethanol extract 96% and 70%. There is a significant difference in the P1.7 group (score = 4) with P2.7 (score = 3), P1.3 (score = 3) with P1.7 (4), P1.3 (score = 3) with P2 .3 (score 3), K1.3 (score = 2) with P1.3 (score = 3) and P2.3 (score = 3), K1.7 (score = 3) with P1.7 (score = 4) ) and P2.7 (3). Conclusion: There was no difference in effectiveness between 96% and 70% spirulina platensis ethanol extract gel on day 3 and there was a difference in effectiveness between 96% spirulina platensis ethanol extract gel on day 7.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK METHANOL DAUN Acanthus ilicifolius TOPIKAL TERHADAP JUMLAH MAKROFAG PADA PENYEMBUHAN MODEL ORAL CANDIDIASIS DENGAN KONDISI IMUNOSUPRESI
Authors: Andriani Dwi , Soesilo Diana , Setyawan Ghora
Published: July 2019

Background: Corticosteroid has a strong anti-inflammatory effect, unfortunately long-term usege of corticosteroid drugs can suppressed immune system. This condition makes Candida albicans as an opportunistic phatogen caused Oral Candidiasis. Macrophages have an important role in the first defense against infection. Methanol extract of A.ilicifolius leaf  has anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory compounds to fight the growth of Candida albicans. Purpose: To determine the effect of methanol extract of A.ilicifolius leaf theraphy to the amount of macrophages in the healing pricess of oral candidiasis models with immunosuppressed conditions. Method: This study was true experimental with post test only control group design. Thirty-six strain wistar, 3 months old, and 250 grams of weight which were given dexamethason 0.5 mg and tetracycline 0.5mg for 7days, after Candida albican(ATCC10231) was induced for 2 weeks (3 times/week). Rats were divided into 6 groups: untreated(K-), nystatin(K+), A.ilicifolius 8%(P1), A.ilicifolius 12%(P2), A.ilicifolius 16%(P3), A.ilicifolius 20%(P4 ) all groups were treated for 2 weeks. After being treated, the rats tongue biopsied to examine the macrophages with Haematoxylin-eosin staining and observed with microscope (400x magnification). Data analyzed statistically by One-way ANOVA. Results: the amount of macrophages at K+(47.60±4.16), P4(40.20±3.56), P3(36.20±1.92), P2(17.00±2.45) were greater than K-(15.60±4.56), P1(14.60±2.70). there are no significant difference between group K- with P1 and P2, P3 with P4. There are significant difference between group K- with K+, K- with P3 and P4. K+ with P1, P2, P3 and P4. Group P1 with P3 and P4. Group P2 with P3 and P4.
Conclusion: A.ilicifolius extract can increase the amount of macrophages in oral candidiasis immunosuppression models
PENGARUH KOMBINASI TERAPI OKSIGEN HIPERBARIK DAN PROPOLIS TERHADAP DIAMETER PEMBULUH DARAH DI DAERAH TARIKAN LIGAMEN PERIODONTAL SELAMA PERGERAKAN GIGI UNTUK MENCEGAH RELAPS
Authors: Rahardjo Pambudi , Tandjung Maria Lisdiana , Angkasa Dandy Bayu
Published: July 2019

Background: The mechanical force of orthodontic device causes occurrence of a tension and a pressure area in the periodontal ligament. In the tension area, an inflammatory response characterized by vasodilation of blood vessels will occur. The function of blood vessel is to flow blood and other nutrients to accelerate the periodontal ligament remodeling process, so that relapse can be prevented. Objective: To determine the effect of combination of propolis 3%, 5% for 14 days and HBOT 2,4 ATA 3x30 minutes with 5 minutes interval for 7 days in the tension area of the periodontal ligament as an effort to prevent relapse. Materials and Methods: A randomized post-test only control group design was used in this study. 42 male guinea pigs (cavia cobaya) are divided into 7 groups K- (without treatment), K + (using separator), P1 (using separator and propolis extract 3%), P2 (using separator and propolis extract 5%), P3 (using separator and hyperbaric oxygen therapy), P4 (using separator and combination of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and 3% propolis extract), and P5 (using separator and combination of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and 5% propolis extract) . Results: Data shows that mean of diameter of blood vessels increased from the smallest K- (41,8417±0,84511), K+(61,77±1,254482), P1(72,5983±0,68869), P2(73,2333±1,24481), P3(74,2583± 0,62030), P4(91,47±0,76585), to the largest in P5(91,5483±0,96178). One-way Anova and LSD test showed significant differences in blood vessels diameter (p <0.05). Conclusion: The combination of propolis 3% and 5% and HBOT have significant effect in increasing blood vessels diameter in the tension area of the periodontal ligament
Pemberdayaan Umat Melalaui Program Distribusi Zakat Produktif Pada Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (BAZNAS) Kabupaten Lumajang
Authors: Wibisono Yusuf
Published: July 2019

This study aims to examine the distribution of zakat carried out by the National Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) in productive zakat assistance programs for the empowerment of people, especially the poor in the Lumajang Regency. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. This research will give a systematic and accurate description of the problems, circumstances and events related to the distribution of productive zakat carried out by the National Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) as it is. Of the several BAZNAS zakat distribution programs that are the focus of the research are productive zakat distribution, both in the provision of revolving productive business capital assistance for individuals and groups. Because zakat can be used for productive efforts in order to help improve the quality of life of the people, especially the poor. Furthermore, from the results of this study, it can be seen that the zakat, infaq and shadaqah (ZIS) distribution program carried out by the BAZNAS in Lumajang Regency proved to be very useful and gave a very positive contribution to the small entrepreneurs in developing their businesses. Revolving capital assistance provided in groups can be better developed, compared to those given individually.
Pengendalain Harga Pokok Produksi Dengan Metode Full Costing Pada “Kerupuk Sari Udang Mbah Oerip-Sidoarjo”
Authors: Darno Darno
Published: July 2019

Companies must be able to compete in terms of prices by managing the handling of raw materials, labor and overhaed factories. All three are very important because they directly affect the cost of the product (HPP). UD company Redjo Makmoer Indonesia, is a company that produces crackers. For the determination of production costs and pricing of sales, the company makes a policy on the method of calculating the cost of production. In addition to pricing, also to control the process and reduce the size of the company's production costs. Based on observations for one month the production process, the cost of production with the method of the company that has been run is Rp. 40,100.00. With the full costing method, Rp. 41,500.00. It can be concluded that the cost of production based on the two calculation methods above there are differences or differences. With the full costing method, the cost of production is higher. This shows that so far the calculations made by the company have several elements that have not been included in the calculation.
Corporate Social Responsibility Dalam Value Perusahaan Dengan Profitabilitas Dan Ukuran Perusahaan Sebagai Variabel Moderating
Authors: Taufiq Muuchamad
Published: July 2019

This study aims to determine whether the Corporate Social Responsibility affect the value of the company to profitability and the size of the company as variable moderang. This study is based on the theory that the rise and fall in value is influenced by the reporting company's Corporate Social Responsibility towards the public and variable proritabilitas well as the size of company that is considered capable of affecting the value of the company as Corporate Social Responsibility reporting to company value decreases and increases. This research is a quantitative research in the form of hypothesis testing. The method used in this research is descriptive statistical methods, this study uses an external data source with secondary data obtained from the financial statements issued by companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI),. The test in doing this research is the analysis of test data and test hypotheses and test the significance of studies using multiple linear regression. The results showed Corporate Social Responsibility positive effect on firm value with significance 0.012. Profitability as a moderating variable 1 does  affect the Corporate Social Responsibility and the value of the company the significance value of 0.048. The size of the company as a moderating variable 2 is considered a positive influence on Corporate Social Responsibility and the value of the company with a significance value of 0.049. This research is consistent with prior research as explained in the discussion.
Perbandingan Harga Pokok Kopi Arabika Dan Kopi Robusta Dari Sisi Proses Pengolahan Kopi
Authors: Ratindra Yunda Ratih , Koeshardjono R. Hery , Suharsono Judi
Published: July 2019

Coffee constitute on of the commodity mainstay plantage be the that possess contribution a big enough in economy Indonesia. Coffee arabica and coffee robusta constitute coffee drink the very by the people of fond. Purpose of research this be for know result for difference process a processing coffee arabica and coffee robusta, for know and acquire result comparison price basic production in coffee arabica and coffee robusta for side process a processing coffee with method full costing and variabel costing. Population which in take of whole price basic production as long as one time harvest in a one year, whereas sample which in take of price basic production in a whole manner of population, because researcher take 100 day picking in a one year very as long as three month production. Research this use research quantitative, purpose research quantitative depict data research of numbers. Result a research that indicate, process a processing coffee arabica which in did by PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XII use manner wet and Perkebunan Rakyat use process a processing coffee robusta with manner dry. For computation price basic production follow method full costing coffee arabica as big as Rp 1.027.641.350 and coffee robusta as big as Rp 339.059.600, whereas follow method variabel costing coffee arabica as big as Rp 975.441.500 and coffee robusta as big as Rp 316.646.000.
Sub Sektor Pariwisata terhadap Pembangunan Daerah di Kabupaten Lumajang
Authors: Cahyo Herman Diartho
Published: July 2019

This research is a Descriptive research which aims to find out how much the level of labor elasticity of tourism subsector in Lumajnag regency, to know contribution of tourism subsector to local revenue (PAD) in Lumajang Regency, and to know the growth of labor absorption in tourism sector in Lumajang regency. The type of data used in this research is secondary data in the form of time series data with the object of research on the tourism subsector in Lumajang District and data obtained from the Department of Tourism, Department of Manpower and Dinas revenue Lumajang District in 2011-2017. Data analysis method used in this research is elasticity and proportion analysis. The results of this study indicate that the ability of the tourism subsector is not much in the absorption of labor that is equal to -1.49 percent of the number of workers who have worked or categorized as inelastic. In addition, the tourism subsector also did not contribute a considerable amount during the period of 2011-2017 to the Regional Original Income of Lumajang Regency which averaged only 1.41 percent. Overall contribution or contribution given by the tourism sector from year to year during the period 2011-2017 tends to decrease.
Analisa Faktor Kunjungan Wisatawan Mancanegara dan Penginapan Hotel Terhadap Penerimaan Sub Sektor PDRB pada Industri Pariwisata di Kabupaten Jember Tahun 2008-2018
Authors: Salim Helmi Agus
Published: July 2019

Indonesia is one country with enormous natural resource potential that can be maximized in the tourism industry sector. Besides that, there is great hope that this tourism sector can increase PDRB in an area. According to the results of the analysis, this study shows the influence of the number of foreign tourist visits and hotel occupancy on the receipt of the tourism industry's PDRP sector in 2008-2018. The data used is time series data from the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Department of Tourism. This research uses quantitative research methods and uses partial addjustmen models using time series processes. In this study, the independent variables are foreign tourists (W1) and hotels (H2) while the dependent variable is PDRP (R). The results of the study using known multiple regression analysis and simultaneous regression test (F test) note that F -st5959.6 confidence below 1 percent indicates that foreign tourists and hotels have a significant effect on PDRP in Jember Regency. Partial regression test (t test) shows that there is a significant influence between the variables of foreign tourists and hotel occupancy on the PDRP of Jember Regency. The magnitude of the effect is that (R2) of 0.95. This means that the PDRP as the dependent variable is explained by the independent variables namely foreign tourists and hotel occupancy by 95% and the remaining 5% is explained by other variables outside the research.