bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Los donativos voluntarios: un aspecto poco estudiado de la política americana de los Habsburgo de España (siglos XVI-XVII)
Authors: De Nardi Loris
Published: July 2017

En las últimas décadas, muchas investigaciones se centraron en los donativos voluntarios pedidos por los Habsburgo de España, en los siglos XVIy XVII. Sin embargo, estos estudios comparten un fuerte límite: todos se enfocan en un único ámbito geográfico, la península ibérica. Con el presente artículo se intentará delinear un primer cuadro general relativo a los donativos voluntarios pedidos por la corona en los dominios americanos, durante los siglos xvi y xvii. Entonces, la meta de este trabajo no es tanto la cuantificación de los introitos que proporcionaron, si bien algunas cifras a este respecto se indicarán, sino presentar una serie de datos funcionales a demostrar la relevancia que los donativos voluntarios tuvieron en la política americana de los Habsburgo de España, yevidenciar algunas características principales de estos instrumentos de recaudación financiera hasta hoy ignorados por los estudiosos americanistas.
La navegación directa de Canarias a América y su papel en el sistema comercial atlántico, 1718-1778
Authors: Solbes Ferri Sergio
Published: July 2017

El sistema comercial atlántico se puede analizar hoy en día desde una renovada perspectiva institucionalista. El interés del caso imperial español del siglo xviii se concentra en el análisis de las causas que impidieron una más rápida reorientación administrativa hacia el libre comercio. Con todo, el sistema monopolístico oficial se constituye como la esencia de dicho análisis, sin dejar apenas espacio para la mención de otras posibilidades como la navegación directa entre Canarias e Indias, vigente durante todo el Antiguo Régimen. Este trabajo reivindica su transcendencia institucional, valora los efectos económicos derivados de ella y destaca la importancia de los retornos como vía legítima para la entrada de coloniales en Europa.
Obtener o no obtener una opinión de no infringir patentes. ¡Esa es la cuestión!
Authors: Ping-Hsun Chen
Published: July 2017

Este trabajo pretende analizar el riesgo al adquirir una opinión de no infringir patentes. Después del caso Seagate, han aparecido muchas decisiones de los tribunales distritales o del Tribunal de Circuito Federal que han implicado infracciones intencionales. Este documento articula algunas observaciones de esas decisiones que dan una base para pensar en si se debería adquirir una opinión de no infringir patentes. El análisis está presentado para analizar a un infractor, sea potencial o ya acusado: la compañía T que podría ser acusada de violación directa o indirecta. Al analizar y discutir los casos federales de circuito o de juzgados de distrito después del caso Seagate, este texto sugiere que no hay ninguna obligación de obtener una opinión de no infringir patentes y que la mejor estrategia para un infractor, sea potencial o ya acusado, sería obtener tal carta de opinión.
Tesla Motors: planteando estrategias originales
Authors: Grijalva María Paula
Published: July 2017

En la facultad de derecho se nos ha enseñado que, ciertamente, el núcleo de la propiedad intelectual se basa en la posibilidad de hacer valer un derecho ante terceras personas. Las nuevas tendencias, impuestas por más de un empresario exitoso en el mundo de los negocios, se han alejado de la esfera impositiva de la propiedad intelectual, prefiriendo un movimiento de código abierto. Algunas de las más influyentes compañías en liderazgo tecnológico han escogido apartarse del sendero tradicional y han encontrado en el mundo del creative commons el verdadero valor añadido que proviene de un derecho de propiedad intelectual. A pesar de que este artículo gira en torno a conceptos, estrategias y la experiencia real de Tesla Motors, en realidad busca ser una invitación para que todos abramos nuestra mente y desafiemos el pensamiento tradicional. Dejemos, pues, que las ideas revolucionarias aterricen.
Verdad histórica y verdad procesal. Felipe Rodríguez Moreno (2016). Quito: Cevallos Editora Jurídica
Authors: Estrada Proaño Ramiro
Published: July 2017

Verdad histórica y verdad procesal. Felipe Rodríguez Moreno (2016). Quito: Cevallos Editora Jurídica.
A medio camino. Intertextos entre la literatura y el derecho. Diego Falconí Trávez (ed.) (2016). Valencia: Tirant Humanidades
Authors: Bastidas Tamayo María Susana
Published: July 2017

A medio camino. Intertextos entre la literatura y el derecho. Diego Falconí Trávez (ed.) (2016). Valencia: Tirant Humanidades.
O desafio do enfermeiro frente à liderança compartilhada e colaborativa
Authors: Braun Ana Claudia , Fagundes Camila Dewes Porto
Published: July 2017

O cotidiano do enfermeiro é permeado por desafios. Um deles reside na liderança de forma compartilhada e colaborativa. A presente pesquisa objetiva averiguar a percepção de enfermeiros sobre os desafios da liderança compartilhada e colaborativa. Para tal, realizou-se um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, transversal e exploratória com oito enfermeiros-líderes de diferentes turnos de um hospital privado de Porto Alegre. Após a análise e o tratamento dos dados, os principais resultados demonstram  que a liderança compartilhada desenvolvida pelos enfermeiros entrevistados possui barreiras que são inerentes às atividades assistenciais e administrativas realizadas por estes profissionais, tais como os diferentes estilos de liderança adotados, gestão de conflitos, tomada de decisão e relacionamento interpessoal. Como implicação prática, sugere-se o investimento em treinamentos organizacionais que colaborem para o entendimento da liderança compartilhada a fim de dirimir suas barreiras e incentivar a sua execução qualificada.
Avaliação do brand equity de uma instituição de ensino superior por meio da ressonância de marca e seus componentes
Authors: Moura Luiz Rodrigo Cunha , Ferreira Paulo Roberto , Oliveira Alessandra Duarte de , Moura Luiz Eduardo Leite de , Cunha Nina Rosa da Silveira
Published: July 2017

O objetivo desse trabalho foi o de mensurar o brand equity da marca de uma IES por meio dos seis blocos – proeminência, imagem, desempenho, sentimento, julgamento e ressonância – da Pirâmide de Ressonância da Marca. Além disso, foi mensurada a confiança na marca e calculadas as correlações entre os próprios blocos de ressonância de marca e a confiança. Foram aplicados 491 questionários para os alunos que estudavam em quatro campi de uma IES. Os resultados indicam que a IES possui os blocos mais fortes da Pirâmide de Ressonância de Marca em termos de proeminência, imagem e julgamento da marca. Além disso, conforme descrito na teoria, o brand equity se inicia na proeminência de marca e termina na ressonância de marca. Todavia, para que a ressonância de marca possa ocorrer, os blocos anteriores devem ser alcançados a partir da percepção dos consumidores. Também foram calculadas as correlações entre os blocos e se alcançou a validade nomológica. No caso da confiança, ela possui uma grande correlação conforme também descrito na teoria. A IES possui uma boa imagem e é facilmente reconhecida e lembrada pelos seus alunos, mas precisa melhorar principalmente os aspectos relacionados à ressonância de marca e à confiança na marca.
Perspectives of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Production in the Arc Discharge Process
Authors: Krestinin A.V. , Kiselev N.A. , Raevskii A.V. , Ryabenko A.G. , Zakharov D.N. , Zvereva G.I.
Published: July 2017

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) promise wide applications in many technical fields. As a result purified SWNT material is sold now on the West market at more than $1000 per 1 gram. Thus developing an effective technology for SWNTs production rises to a very important scientific problem. The perspectives of three existing methods providing raw material in the technology of SWNT production have been analyzed. They are i) pulsed laser evaporation of graphite/metal composites, ii) evaporation of graphite electrodes with metal content in the arc discharge process, and iii) catalytic decomposition of the mixture of CO and metal carbonyl catalyst precursor. The observed dynamics of SWNT market points to replacing the laser method of SWNTs production by the arc process. The conclusion has been made that the technology based on the arc process will be the major one for the fabrication of purified SWNTs at least for the next five years. A reliable estimation of a low price limit of SWNTs was derived from a comparison of two technologies based on the arc discharge process: the first one is the production of SWNTs and the second one is the production of a fullerene mixture С60 + С70. The main conclusion was made that the price of purified SWNTs should always be more by 2-3 times the price of fullerene mixture. The parameters of a lab-scale technology for the production of purified SWNTs are listed. A large-scale application of the developed technology is expected to reduce the price of purified SWNTs by approximately ten times. The methods now employed for the characterization of products containing SWNTs are briefly observed. It is concluded that electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, absorption and Raman spectroscopy, measurement of the specific surface aria, optical microscopy – each in separation is not enough for extensive characterization of a sample containing SWNTs, and all these methods should be used together.
Adsorption Methods of Hydrogen and Methane Storage for the Fuel Cell Application
Authors: Ismagilov Z.R. , Fenelonov V.B. , Krechetova A.V. , Derevyankin A.Yu. , Avdeeva L.B. , Reshetenko T.V. , Barnakov Ch.N. , Kozlov A.P. , Seit-Ablaeva S.K. , Chesnokov V.V. , Parmon V.N.
Published: July 2017

Adsorption of H2 and CH4 was performed at a pressure of to 100 atm on the samples of catalytic filamentous carbon (CFC) and supermicroporous active carbon (SAC) with a surface area ca. 3000 m2/g. It is shown that H2 is better sorbed on the CFC than on the SAC, while the opposite is observed for the CH4 adsorption. The high values of H2 sorption on the CFC (to 25-35 mg H2/g carbon) with a surface area of 100-300 m2/g is explained by hydrogen intercalation between the graphite-like CFC layers. Thus, it is worthwhile investigating the possibility of hydrogen and methane storage on the carbon porous materials.
Contributors
Authors: Eiserman Jennifer
Published: July 2017

Biographies of artists and writers included in this issue.
Preserving Filtering Unification by Adding Compatible Operations to Some Heyting Algebras
Authors: Dzik Wojciech , Radeleczki Sándor
Published: July 2017

We show that adding compatible operations to Heyting algebras and to commutative residuated lattices, both satisfying the Stone law ¬x ⋁ ¬¬x = 1, preserves filtering (or directed) unification, that is, the property that for every two unifiers there is a unifier more general then both of them. Contrary to that, often adding new operations to algebras results in changing the unification type. To prove the results we apply the theorems of [9] on direct products of l-algebras and filtering unification. We consider examples of frontal Heyting algebras, in particular Heyting algebras with the successor, γ and G operations as well as expansions of some commutative integral residuated lattices with successor operations.
Diferencias en el uso de estrategias en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas en enseñanza secundaria según el sexo
Authors: Gasco-Txabarri Javier
Published: July 2017

Las estrategias de aprendizaje fomentan la autonomía y la autorregulación en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Dichas estrategias adquieren sentido dentro de una concepción del aprendizaje como proceso constructivo autorregulado. En matemáticas, un mayor empleo de estas puede tener repercusión en el razonamiento, la resolución de problemas y el rendimiento, entre otros aspectos. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las diferencias que se puedan producir en el empleo de dichas estrategias en función del género. Para ello se han recogido datos de 565 estudiantes de 2.º, 3.º y 4.º curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) pertenecientes a centros educativos de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca. La herramienta empleada para tal fin ha sido una adaptación en lengua castellana del Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) centrado en el estudio de las matemáticas. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las alumnas declaran emplear más las estrategias de organización y de recursos de ayuda, aunque las variaciones son débiles. Estos datos indican que las mujeres tienen tendencia a ordenar y a gestionar mejor los saberes matemáticos, así como a pedir ayuda en mayor medida que los hombres en caso de dificultad. En lo que respecta a la ausencia de diferencias, estos resultados señalan un empleo similar de alumnos y alumnas en las demás estrategias: repetición, elaboración, planificación y seguimiento-regulación (ambas estrategias metacognitivas) y entorno de estudio.
Presentación
Authors: Vaillant Denise
Published: July 2017

Cuadernos de Investigación Educativa es la revista académica, arbitrada y semestral de investigación científica del Instituto de Educación de la Universidad ORT Uruguay.Agrupa artículos originales, de académicos tanto nacionales como internacionales, seleccionados por su capacidad investigativa, por su rigor científico, así como por la calidad de sus aportes. Los mismos son examinados mediante la evaluación por pares y con la modalidad doble ciego.
THE UNUSUAL CASE OF A SINGLE FATAL PENETRATING WOUND OF THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL WITH MULTIPLE WOUND CHANNELS IN THE LIVER
Authors: Rasnyuk S. V. , Musin E. H. , Romanko N. A.
Published: July 2017

The article refers to a rare case of a suicide by causing a single penetrating wound on the skin of the anterior abdominal wall with multiple wound channels in the liver. The wound was formed by 2 sequential actions taken by two different types of weapon: the cutting and the piercing types.
TECHNOLOGIES OF SELECTION OF AUTOPSY BLOOD FOR FORENSIC BIOCHEMISTRY RESEARCH
Authors: Gilmanov A. Zh. , Sashkov V. A. , Pavlyushina V. A.
Published: July 2017

The article is devoted to the collection of cadaveric blood for forensic biochemical research. New rules for sampling cadaveric blood for obtaining serum and plasma, suitable for basic biochemical research, are described. Advantages of delivery of autopsy blood in special thermo-packets that protect the material from freezing in winter and exposure to high temperatures in summer are described.
Teor de sódio em preparações oferecidas por restaurantes comerciais da cidade de Itaqui, RS
Authors: Borges Carla Adriana Thones Machado , Kaminski Tiago André
Published: July 2017

O trabalho se propôs a avaliar teor de sódio em preparações oferecidas por restaurantes comerciais do tipo self-service da cidade de Itaqui. Foram realizadas três coletas de alimentos cozidos (arroz branco, feijão em caldo e carne assada) em cinco restaurantes. Previamente à análise de sódio por fotometria de chama, as amostras foram submetidas à pré-secagem, moagem e digestão nitroperclórica. O arroz do restaurante 2 apresentou maiores teores de sódio, sem diferir do restaurante 4 na 1ª coleta; enquanto os teores do restaurante 3 foram menores nas três coletas. Todas as amostras de arroz superaram a recomendação dietética de sal. Os feijões do restaurante 4 apresentaram maiores teores de sódio, enquanto que do restaurante 5 foram menores na 1ª e 2ª, e do 1 na 3ª coleta. Apenas os feijões do restaurante 5 na 1ª e 2ª coletas estiveram ajustados à recomendação de 131 mg% de sódio. Diferentes restaurantes apresentaram maiores teores de sódio na carne em cada coleta, sendo inicialmente maior no restaurante 4, seguido do 1 e 5. O restaurante 2 demonstrou teores de sódio abaixo da recomendação de 283 mg% para a carne. A somatória das porções variou entre 848,50 a 2736,40 mg de sódio, com menores valores no restaurante 3. Conclui-se que o sal é demasiadamente utilizado nas preparações analisadas dos restaurantes, estando em conformidade com recomendações dietéticas apenas em duas amostras de feijão (15%) e três de carne (20%). A somatória das porções das três preparações só não superou o limite do Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador na 2ª coleta do restaurante 3.
Death Certificate
Authors: Schnall Adrian M.
Published: July 2017

How far back in the chain to go?I’m penning in an entryon the parchment of public record,creating a statistic for the students of disease,but writing too the final wordon the last page of the bookfor the bereaved. So robust, barrel of a woman,layered in corsets from another century.Her heart went dead December first,but Staphylococci startedseeding her veins three days before,breeding in the purple sorethat showed its color Labor Day.An ulcer on her bottom,branded there by months of sittingstaring at air, still as a Stonehenge rock.We lost her when her mind burned out in May. Should I say dementia killed her? Not enough space for a dissertationon causation and its subtleties.I can’t just call it stoppageof the clock— that’s one frameout of thousands in a documentary.I settle for “Septicemia, Staph.”The statisticians will be pleased,two different categories.And there’s her daughter’s face,and her grandchildren at peace,remembering her as maimedby an invading legion,forgettingher forgettingof their names.
Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) in Proportional-Stop-Loss Reinsurance
Authors: Wang Jiexuan , Poh Kim Leng
Published: July 2017

This article addresses reinsurance decision making process, which involves the insurance company and the reinsurance company, and is negotiated through reinsurance intermediaries. The article proposes a decision flow to model the reinsurance design and selection process. In contrast to existing literature on pure proportional reinsurance or stop-loss reinsurance, this article focuses on the combination into Proportional-Stop-loss reinsurance design which better addresses interest of both parties. In terms of methodology, the significant contribution of the study is to incorporate Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) into modelling the reinsurance selection. The Multi-Objective Decision Making (MODM) model is applied in designing reinsurance alternatives. Then MADM is applied to aid insurance companies in choosing the most appropriate reinsurance contract. To illustrate the feasibility of incorporating intelligent decision supporting system in reinsurance market, the study includes a numerical case study using simulation software @Risk in modeling insurance claims, and programming in MATLAB to realize MADM. Managerial implications could be drawn from the case study results. More specifically, when choosing the most appropriate reinsurance, insurance companies should base their decision on multiple measurements instead of single-criteria decision making models for their decisions to be more robust.
Maths Arcade at Sheffield Hallam University: Developments made in a new space
Authors: Cornock Claire
Published: July 2017

The Maths Arcade at Sheffield Hallam University has been developed since it was established in 2012. The move to a new space has led to an increase in its popularity and inter-year interactions. It has added to the extensive number of factors that help ease the transition into university. In particular, it now features in the induction week programme and plays a part in our peer assisted learning scheme. In addition to the weekly sessions enjoyed by the students, the Maths Arcade has also been used at a number of events such as the final year de-stress day, and used by the Women in Engineering and Mathematics Society. The Maths Arcade has also hosted another Rubik’s cube championship.
Editorial
Authors: Owen Alun , Rowlett Peter
Published: July 2017

Editorial
Interning for the Mathematics Resources Centre at the University of Bath – a student reflection
Authors: Collins-Jones Emma
Published: July 2017

In the summer of 2015, sigma and the Mathematics Resources Centre funded three studentinternships at the University of Bath to look at a student-centred approach to promoting amathematics support centre. A recent graduate of BSc Sport & Exercise Science, I worked on thisproject alongside Lynn Luong (BSc Economics) and Inès Righi (BSc Politics with Economics). In thisshort article, I will reflect upon my experience.
USF1 w patologii wybranych jednostek chorobowych
Authors: Iwanicka Joanna , Żak Iwona
Published: July 2017

USF1 należy do rodziny czynników transkrypcyjnych charakteryzujących się obecnością wysoce konserwatywnych domen: helisa-pętla-helisa oraz zamka leucynowego. USF1 kodowany jest przez gen USF1, którego locus znajduje się naramieniu długim chromosomu 1. Białko USF1 może tworzyć homodimery lub heterodimery z polipeptydem USF2. Będąc podjednostką dimerycznego czynnika transkrypcyjnego, USF1 reguluje ekspresję wielu genów cechujących się obecnością motywu E-box w obrębie regionu promotorowego. Aktywacja transkrypcji danego genu jest zależna od integralności zdimeryzowanych domen b-HLH-LZ USF z regionem DNA. Procesy fosforylacji i metylacji mogą regulować zarówno ekspresję samego genu USF1, jak i zdolność wiązania się białkowego czynnika transkrypcyjnego z regionem promotora genu docelowego. Czynnik transkrypcyjny USF1 reguluje ekspresję istotnych genów zaangażowanych m.in. wcykl komórkowy, proliferację komórkową, procesy starzenia komórkowego, reakcję na stres, odpowiedź immunologiczną organizmu, procesy nowotworzenia oraz w metabolizm węglowodanów i lipidów. Ponadto warianty polimorficzne genu USF1 mogą być związane m.in. z ponadnormatywnymi stężeniami wskaźników gospodarki lipidowej, glukozy, a także markerów specyficznych dla procesów kancerogenezy. Spośród zbadanych polimorfizmów genu USF1 można wyróżnić grupę wariantów genetycznych, którym przypisuje się również związek z czynnikami ryzyka predysponującymi do wystąpienia zdarzeń sercowo-naczyniowych. USF1 jest jednym z głównych czynników zaangażowanych wpatomechanizm jednostek chorobowych takich jak: choroba wieńcowa, cukrzyca typu II, zespół metaboliczny oraz rodzinna hiperlipidemia mieszana.
Wpływ ćwiczeń mięśni dna miednicy z udziałem i bez udziału mięśni synergistycznych na jakość życia kobiet z wysiłkowym nietrzymaniem moczu
Authors: Ptak Magdalena
Published: July 2017

Wstęp: Wysiłkowe nietrzymanie moczu (WNM) jest dolegliwością dotyczącą wielu kobiet w różnych okresach życia. Szacuje się, iż prawie 60% z nich w wieku perimenopauzalnym doświadczy wpływu WNM na jakość życia (QOL). Według International Continence Society leczenie rozpoczyna się od metod zachowawczych, do których zalicza się gimnastykę mięśni dna miednicy (MDM).Celem pracy było porównanie QOL pacjentek z WNM I stopnia po zastosowaniu gimnastyki MDM z mięśniem synergistycznym oraz gimnastyki wyłącznie MDM, którą przeprowadzono w okresie 3 miesięcy. Dodatkowo oceniono wpływ wskaźnika masy ciała (BMI), wskaźnika dystrybucji tkanki tłuszczowej w organizmie (WHR), liczby porodów oraz statusu menopauzalnego na efektywność leczenia.Materiały i metody: Do badania zakwalifikowano 140 kobiet będących w okresie okołomenopauzalnym, ze zdiagnozowanym WNM I stopnia. W obu grupach wiek pacjentek wynosił średnio 51–53 lata, a BMI wahało się w granicach 27,4 kg/m2, natomiast WHR wynosił 0,88 i 0,81. Zastosowano kwestionariusz ICIQ LUTS qol badający QOL przed i po leczeniu zachowawczym. Dodatkowo zalecono estrogeny dopochwowe (estriol) przez cały okres leczenia. Do obliczeń statystycznych użyto pakiet Satistica v. 12.0 PL firmy StatSoft, USA.Wyniki: Analiza wyników pochodzących z kwestionariusza ICIQ LUTS qol wykazała, iż jakość życia pacjentek poprawiła się w większości badanych obszarów. Istotna zmiana nie pojawiła się w relacjach międzyludzkich. Dowiedziono, iż w badanych grupach gimnastka MDM z mięśniem synergistycznym oraz gimnastyka wyizolowanych MDM jest skuteczna. Wykazano wpływ takich czynników jak WHR, liczba porodów czy status menopauzalny na skuteczność przeprowadzonego leczenia.Wnioski: Gimnastyka MDM i mięśnia synergistycznego oraz wyizolowanych MDM wpłynęły na poprawę QOL pacjentek z WNM I stopnia. Tylko status menopauzalny, WHR oraz liczba porodów wpłynęły na wynik leczenia zachowawczego. Zwięzła wersja rozprawy doktorskiej przyjętej przez Radę Wydziału Nauk o Zdrowiu Pomorskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Szczecinie. Promotor: dr hab. n. med., prof. PUM Agnieszka Brodowska. Oryginał obejmuje: 132 strony, 15 tabel, 11 rycin i 213 pozycji piśmiennictwa.
Status i potrzeby leczenia protetycznego braków zębowych u osób w wieku 65–74 lat w województwie zachodniopomorskim w zależności od źródła finansowania
Authors: Wilczyński Łukasz
Published: July 2017

Wstęp: Według prognoz demograficznych liczba osób w wieku 65 lat i powyżej w skali globalnej osiągnie w 2030 r. miliard. Wiedza na temat epidemiologii statusu protetycznego i potrzeb leczenia protetycznego w populacji osób starszych jest niezbędna do ustalenia czynników ryzyka utraty zębów, a także przygotowania kompleksowego leczenia stomatologicznego oraz stworzenia odpowiednich programów profilaktycznych dla tej grupy badanych.Celem pracy było porównanie statusu protetycznego i potrzeb leczenia protetycznego braków zębowych u osób starszych w zależności od źródła finansowania ich leczenia stomatologicznego.Materiały i metody: Badanie przeprowadzono na grupie 294 osób (163 kobiety i 131 mężczyzn) w wieku 65–74 lat, mieszkających na terenie województwa zachodniopomorskiego. W badaniu klinicznym oceniono liczbę zachowanych zębów, średnią liczbę PUW i jej składowe, liczbę zachowanych stref podparcia napodstawie zmodyfikowanej klasyfikacji wg Eichnera, status protetyczny oraz potrzeby leczenia protetycznego braków zębowych wg klasyfikacji WHO (Genewa, 1997). Uzyskane dane porównano ze źródłem finansowania leczenia stomatologicznego badanych.Wyniki: Wśród badanych korzystających wyłącznie z usług stomatologicznych w ramach Narodowego Funduszu Zdrowia (NFZ), w porównaniu do osób korzystających tylko z usług stomatologicznych gabinetów prywatnych, stwierdzono: wyższy odsetek osób bezzębnych (27,4% vs 2,06%), niższy odsetek osób z zachowanym funkcjonalnym uzębieniem (15,07% vs 49,48%), wyższą średnią liczbę zębów usuniętych (18,14% vs 9,73%), wyższy odsetek osób nieposiadających stref podparcia (45,21% vs 10,31%), niższy odsetek osób użytkujących uzupełnienia stałe w szczęce (5,48% vs 29,9%) i w żuchwie (1,37% vs 17,53%), wyższy odsetek osób użytkujących protezę całkowitą w szczęce (34,25% vs 4,12%) i w żuchwie (23,29% vs 3,09%), wyższy odsetek osób wymagających uzupełnienia protetycznego bezzębia w szczęce (23,29% vs 2,06%) i w żuchwie (20,55% vs 3,09%).Wniosek: W badaniu stwierdzono istotnie gorszy stan zdrowia jamy ustnej u pacjentów deklarujących korzystanie wyłącznie z usług stomatologicznych wramach świadczeń gwarantowanych NFZ.Zwięzła wersja rozprawy doktorskiej przyjętej przez Radę Wydziału Lekarsko-Stomatologicznego Pomorskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Szczecinie. Promotor dr hab. n. med., prof. PUM Elżbieta Dembowska. Oryginał obejmuje: 197 stron, 75 tabel, 4 ryciny i 149 pozycji piśmiennictwa
Wiedza na temat szpiku kostnego i jego transplantacji wśród młodzieży licealnej
Authors: Wolińska Weronika , Ewa Karpeta-Pawlak Iwona , Kotwas Artur , Bażydło Marta , Karakiewicz Beata
Published: July 2017

Wstęp: Wiedza na temat szpiku kostnego wśród społeczeństwa nie jest wystarczająco pogłębiona, co skutkuje obawą przed rejestracją w bazach potencjalnych dawców szpiku. Edukacja na ten temat może zarówno pozwolić na pozyskanie większej liczby dawców, jak i zapewnić lepszą perspektywę dla chorych potrzebujących szpiku kostnego.Celem pracy było poznanie poziomu wiedzy młodzieży licealnej na temat szpiku kostnego oraz jego transplantacji, a także określenie skuteczności warsztatów edukacyjnych w podnoszeniu wiedzy licealistów.Materiały i metody: Badanie przeprowadzono na terenie Szczecina wśród uczniów losowo wybranych szkół ponadgimnazjalnych. W badaniach uczestniczyło 406 uczniów – 273 kobiety (67,91%) i 129 mężczyzn (32,09%). Wybraną metodą był sondaż diagnostyczny przeprowadzony za pomocą ankiety. Zastosowano autorski kwestionariusz ankiety, który składał się z 23 pytań. Ankieta zawierała m.in. pytania dotyczące wiedzy na temat szpiku kostnego. W związku zbadaniami przeprowadzono również warsztaty edukacyjne w celu porównania poziomu wiedzy przed ich realizacją i po ich zrealizowaniu. Uzyskane wyniki poddano analizie statystycznej w programie PQstat.Wyniki: Wśród respondentów najwięcej trafnych odpowiedzi uzyskano w pytaniach dotyczących definicji i spełnianej funkcji szpiku kostnego, co mogło się wiązać z informacjami przekazywanymi podczas lekcji biologii. W pytaniu dotyczącym anonimowości i bezpłatności zabiegu, jakim jest pobieranie szpiku kostnego, prawidłową odpowiedź wskazało ponad 75% ankietowanych. Jednakże respondenci nie wiedzą, na czym polega procedura związana z pobieraniem komórek macierzystych.Wnioski: Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań wysnuto wniosek, iż wiedza młodzieży ponadgimnazjalnej z zakresu szpiku kostnego jest mała. Edukacja w szkołach ponadgimnazjalnych na lekcjach biologii umożliwia zdobycie wiedzy dotyczącej szpiku kostnego w zakresie podstawowym. Uczniowie nie mają wiedzy na temat procedury pobierania szpiku kostnego ze względu na brak dostępu do niniejszych informacji oraz nieuwzględnienie ich w treściach programowych.
Nitrogen Application and Leaf Harvesting Improves Yield and Nutritional Quality of Beetroot
Authors: Mampa Salfina S. , Maboko Martin M. , Soundy Puffy , Sivakumar Dharini
Published: July 2017

Beetroot (Beta vulgaris), commonly known as table beet, is used as a staple in the diet of many people through the consumption of the entire plant, leaf, and the root. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of nitrogen (N) application and leaf harvest percentage on the yield and quality of roots and leaves of beetroot. The treatment design was a randomized complete block design with five levels of N (0, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg·ha−1) combined with three leaf harvest percentages (0, 30, and 50) and replicated three times. The first leaf harvest was initiated 35 days after transplanting (DAT) by removing the outer matured leaves and the second harvest occurred 80 DAT by removing all the leaves. The results showed increases in leaf and root yield with an increase in N application. Nitrogen application at 90 and 120 kg·ha−1 increased fresh leaf weight, leaf number, and fresh and dry root weight, including root diameter and length with the exception of leaf area which was significantly higher at 120 kg·ha−1 N. Magnesium and iron leaf content, and N root content were significantly improved by the application of 120 kg·ha−1 N. Leaf harvest percentage did not have a significant effect on leaf yield or leaf and root mineral content. However, dry root weight was significantly reduced by the 50% leaf harvest. Leaf harvest at 30% or 50% increased total protein content of the roots of beetroot, whereas an increase in N application decreased concentration of total proteins. Results demonstrate that leaf and root yield, as well as magnesium, zinc, and iron leaf content, increased with the application of 120 kg·ha−1 N, whereas 30% leaf harvest did not negatively affect root yield.
Nitrogen and Sprigging Rate Effects on ‘Latitude 36’ Hybrid Bermudagrass Establishment
Authors: Munshaw Gregg C. , Beasley Jeffery S. , Baldwin Christian M. , Moss Justin Q. , Cropper Kenneth L. , Philley H. Wayne , Segars Chrissie A. , Stewart Barry R.
Published: July 2017

Hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis] is frequently used throughout the southern and transitional climatic zones of the United States. These grasses can only be vegetatively propagated, such as by sprigging. Turf managers will often apply high rates of sprigs and nitrogen (N) in an attempt to minimize the time to establishment. However, little is known about how planting and N rates affect establishment. The objective of this study was to determine optimum sprigging and N rates during the establishment of ‘Latitude 36’ hybrid bermudagrass to minimize time to full surface cover. The study was conducted in four locations across the southern United States during Summer 2015. Sprigging rates consisted of 200, 400, 600, and 800 U.S. bushels/acre (9.3 gal/bushel), and N rates were 0, 11, 22, and 44 lb/acre N per week. Results showed that as the N rate increased, percent cover generally increased but only slightly [7% difference between high and low rates 5 weeks after planting (WAP)]. The effect of sprig rate on percent cover indicated that as rate increased, cover also increased. Differences in establishment due to sprig rate were present until 6 WAP at which time all plots achieved 100% cover. The greatest difference between N and sprig rate was that sprig rate showed differences in percent cover immediately, whereas N rate differences were not apparent until 2 WAP. Increasing sprig rather than N rate should be considered to speed up establishment.
Influence of pH and Etridiazole on Pythium Species
Authors: Krasnow Charles S. , Hausbeck Mary K.
Published: July 2017

Pythium root rot (Pythium sp.) is ubiquitous in Michigan greenhouses that produce herbaceous ornamentals, an industry worth $393 million in the state. Disease symptoms include stunting, flowering delay, root rot, and death. Fungicides that are highly effective against pythium root rot are limited, and pathogen resistance has been documented. The objectives of this study were to determine the sensitivity of Pythium irregulare, Pythium ultimum, and Pythium aphanidermatum isolates from symptomatic herbaceous greenhouse ornamentals to the fungicide etridiazole and to determine the influence of pH and etridiazole on Pythium mycelial growth and asexual reproduction. Isolates were tested in vitro for sensitivity to etridiazole by growing the pathogen on amended V8-agar plates sealed in plastic containers to minimize fungicide loss from the vapor phase. The majority of isolates of all three species were sensitive to the fungicide with EC50 (effective concentration resulting in 50% inhibition of linear growth) values ranging from 0.10 to 5.03 μg·mL−1. Two isolates of P. irregulare had an EC90 (effective concentration resulting in 90% inhibition of linear growth) value >80 μg·mL−1. The acidity of the medium influenced the ability of etridiazole to inhibit Pythium mycelial growth and asexual reproduction. Agar plates amended with 1 μg·mL−1 etridiazole and adjusted to pH 4.5 limited the mycelial growth of two P. aphanidermatum isolates and two P. irregulare isolates by 90% and 56%, respectively, compared with amended agar at pH 6.5. Sporangial formation by P. aphanidermatum was less frequent on mycelial disks incubated in etridiazole-amended sterile distilled water (SDW) at pH 4.5 than pH 6.5 (P < 0.05). P. aphanidermatum zoospore cyst germination was less sensitive to etridiazole than sporangia or mycelial growth; however, the influence of pH and fungicide on cyst germination was significant (P < 0.01). At 250 μg·mL−1 etridiazole and solution pH 4.5, zoospore cyst germination was inhibited 99.9% compared with 94.2% at pH 6.5. In a greenhouse experiment, disease symptoms were observed on ‘Pinto White’ geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum) in a potting medium infested with P. aphanidermatum and adjusted to pH 4.5 or 6.5; however, plant health and fresh weight were greater in low pH potting medium. Etridiazole, applied as a drench at transplant, did not improve control of root rot for plants grown at low pH (P > 0.05). Fresh weight of plants grown in infested potting medium adjusted to pH 4.5 and amended with a single drench of etridiazole (100 μg·mL−1) was reduced 20%, statistically similar to the untreated control. Adjusting the acidity of irrigation water at the time of etridiazole application in ebb and flow and flood floor production systems could be beneficial in pythium root rot management of certain ornamental crops if plants have tolerance to low pH.
Effect of Deficit Irrigation Timing on Sugarbeet
Authors: Tarkalson David D. , King Bradley A.
Published: July 2017

Core Ideas

Water allocation timing under drip irrigation effected sugarbeet yield.

Excessive water stress early in the season reduced yields.

Areas with water shortages have options to grow sugarbeet.

Increased water demands and drought have resulted in a need to determine the impact of deficit water management in irrigated sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) production. This study was conducted over 3 yr at USDA‐ARS in Kimberly, ID, on a Portneuf silt loam soil. Eight irrigation treatments consisted of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) rates combined with application timing. Treatments were: W1 Even: approximately (≈) 100% ETc evenly throughout the growing season; W2 Even: ≈65% crop evapotranspiration; W2 Early: ≈100% ETc early in season, ≈55% ETc the remainder of the season; W2 Late: rain‐fed from emergence to end of July, ≈100% ETc the remainder of the season; W3 Even: ≈40% ETc; W3 Early: ≈100% ETc early in season, ≈25% the remainder of the season; W3 Late: rain‐fed through mid‐August, ≈100% ETc the remainder of the season, and rain‐fed: no post emergence irrigation. Results showed that within deficit irrigation treatments, higher yields were obtained when water was applied evenly throughout the season (Even) or ≈100% of ETc was applied early with deficit irrigation later in the season (Early). Thus, the W2 Even and W2 Early treatments had 31.6, 32.9, and 28.2% greater estimated recoverable sucrose (ERS) yields compared to the W2 Late treatment in 2011, 2012, and 2016, respectively. Across all years, ERS yields increased at rates ranging from 17.3 to 22.0 kg ha−1 mm−1 actual crop water evapotranspiration (ETa). Generally, sugarbeet with greater water stress early in the season followed by ≈100% ETc later had lower yields and sucrose content (late treatments).
Field Evaluation of Transgenic and Classical Sources of Wheat streak mosaic virus Resistance
Authors: Sharp G. L. , Martin J. M. , Lanning S. P. , Blake N. K. , Brey C. W. , Sivamani E. , Qu R. , Talbert L. E.
Published: July 2017

The development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars that are resistant to Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), yet competitive in yield under nondiseased conditions, is an objective for breeding programs in the Great Plains. This field study was conducted to compare classical and transgenic sources of resistance to WSMV. Three sets of germplasm were evaluated. These included adapted cultivars with various levels of tolerance, transgenic wheat lines containing viral coat protein or replicase sequences from WSMV that showed resistance in greenhouse trials, and germplasm with resistance to WSMV due to a translocated segment of chromosome 4Ai‐2 from Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth and Dewey containing Wsm1 A replicated field trial was conducted at Bozeman, MT, over a two‐year period to evaluate the effectiveness of these different sources of resistance to mechanical inoculation of WSMV. Adapted cultivars differed in their ability to tolerate WSMV with mean reductions in yield over the two years ranging from 41 to 74%. Incorporation of the replicase or coat protein gene from WSMV did not provide field resistance to viral infection and in general, transgenic lines yielded less than their parent cultivar, ‘Hi‐Line’. Wheat‐Thinopyrum lines positive for a DNA marker linked to the Wsm1 gene had significantly reduced yield losses ranging from 5 to 39% compared with yield losses of 57 to 88% in near isogenic lines not having the Wsm1 gene. Yield of lines with Wsm1 in the absence of disease ranged from 11 to 28% less than yield of lines without Wsm1 Our results suggest Wsm1 provides the best source of WSMV resistance but a yield penalty may exist because of the presence of the translocation.
Biplot Analysis of Test Sites and Trait Relations of Soybean in Ontario
Authors: Yan Weikai , Rajcan Istvan
Published: July 2017

Superior crop cultivars must be identified through multi‐environment trials (MET) and on the basis of multiple traits. The objectives of this paper were to describe two types of biplots, the GGE biplot and the GT biplot, which graphically display genotype by environment data and genotype by trait data, respectively, and hence facilitate cultivar evaluation on the basis of MET data and multiple traits. Genotype main effect plus genotype by environment interaction effect (GGE) biplot analysis of the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield data for the 2800 crop heat unit area of Ontario for MET in the period 1994–1999 revealed yearly crossover genotype by site interactions. The eastern Ontario site Winchester showed a different genotype response pattern from the three southwestern Ontario sites in four of the six years. The interactions were not large enough to divide the area into different mega‐environments as when analyzed over years, a single cultivar yielded the best in all four sites. The southwestern site, St. Pauls, was found to always group together with at least one of the other three sites; it did not provide unique information on genotype performance. Therefore, in future cultivar evaluations, Winchester should always be used but St. Pauls can be dismissed. Applying GT biplot to the 1994–1999 multiple trait data illustrated that GT biplots graphically displayed the interrelationships among seed yield, oil content, protein content, plant height, and days to maturity, among other traits, and facilitated visual cultivar comparisons and selection. It was found that selection for seed yield alone was not only the simplest, but also the most effective strategy in the early stages of soybean breeding.
Improving Intrinsic Water‐Use Efficiency and Crop Yield
Authors: Condon A. G. , Richards R. A. , Rebetzke G. J. , Farquhar G. D.
Published: July 2017

Greater yield per unit rainfall is one of the most important challenges in dryland agriculture. Improving intrinsic water‐use efficiency (WT), the ratio of CO2 assimilation rate to transpiration rate at the stomata, may be one means of achieving this goal. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) is recognized as a reliable surrogate for WT and there have now been numerous studies which have examined the relationship between crop yield and WT (measured as Δ13C). These studies have shown the relationship between yield and WT to be highly variable. The impact on crop yield of genotypic variation in WT will depend on three factors: (i) the impact of variation in WT on crop growth rate, (ii) the impact of variation in WT on the rate of crop water use, and (iii) how growth and water use interact over the crop's duration to produce grain yield. The relative importance of these three factors will differ depending on the crop species being grown and the nature of the cropping environment. Here we consider these interactions using (i) the results of field trials with bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (T. turgidum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) that have examined the association between yield and Δ13C and (ii) computer simulations with the SIMTAG wheat crop growth model. We present details of progress in breeding to improve WT and yield of wheat for Australian environments where crop growth is strongly dependent on subsoil moisture stored from out‐of‐season rains and assess other opportunities to improve crop yield using WT
Effect of Cultivar and Environment on Seed Yield in Alfalfa
Authors: Bolaños‐Aguilar Eduardo‐Daniel , Huyghe Christian , Ecalle Christian , Hacquet Jacques , Julier Bernadette
Published: July 2017

Seed yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is important in determining the effective distribution of new cultivars to farmers. Many genetic and environmental factors affect seed yield. This study was conducted to explain seed yield variation induced by either environmental conditions or cultivars. We analyzed seed yield, aboveground phytomass, harvest index, and seed yield components for a set of 12 cultivars at four locations across France in each of three years. Each location × year combination was considered an environment. Seed weight, number of pods per inflorescence, number of seeds per pod, and mean seed weight were measured. Mean seed yield was 801 kg ha−1 Large variation in seed yield was found among cultivars and environments. The cultivar × environment interaction was significant. Among environments, seed yield was highly correlated with aboveground phytomass at harvest (r = 0.94) as the lowest seed yields were obtained in the seeding year. The cultivars most adapted to grazing showed the lowest seed yields. Seed yield was genetically correlated with lodging resistance (r = −0.89) and harvest index (r = 0.99). The mean harvest index was 12.7%. The seed weight per inflorescence showed a high broad‐sense heritability (0.58) and a high genetic correlation with seed yield (r = 0.91) and with harvest index (r = 0.96). Variation in seed weight per inflorescence was associated with variation in the number of seeds per pod and number of pods per inflorescence. Seed weight per inflorescence appears to have a strong genetic association with seed yield in alfalfa. Environments with high aboveground phytomass potential also have high seed yield potential.
Ryegrass Host Genetic Control of Concentrations of Endophyte‐Derived Alkaloids
Authors: Easton H. S. , Latch G. C. M. , Tapper B. A. , Ball O. J.‐P.
Published: July 2017

Endophytic fungi in pasture grasses produce alkaloids which affect invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores. While the competence to produce an alkaloid is a property of the fungus, the host plant may moderate fungal activity. Host genetic influence on endophyte activity was studied in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) infected with a common strain of Neotyphodium lolii (Latch, Christensen & Samuels) Glenn, Bacon & Hanlin. Progeny seedling families of a partial diallel cross and their 12 parent clones were compared in a glasshouse experiment. Peramine and ergovaline concentrations were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and intensity of endophyte infection was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Concentrations of peramine and ergovaline and the amount of endophyte mycelium in plants varied between families, consistently across two glasshouse cells and (for the HPLC data) two harvests. There was no indication of any maternal effects. Host genetic control was evident in significant general combining ability effects and smaller specific combining ability effects. Parent‐progeny correlation coefficients were high, and narrow‐sense heritability was estimated as 0.70, 0.72, and 0.58 respectively for ergovaline, peramine, and ELISA. Further analysis indicated little interaction between loci, and no directional dominance. The three traits were correlated, indicating that 41 and 65% of the genetically controlled variation in ergovaline and peramine concentrations, respectively, was a function of mycelial mass. However, there were departures from these relationships. Host plant selection may enable development of pastures with controlled low levels of toxic but ecologically beneficial endophyte metabolites.