bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Food Availability and Administration of Orexigenic and Anorectic Agents on Elevated Ethanol Drinking Associated With Drinking in the Dark Procedures
Authors: Lyons Angela M. , Lowery Emily G. , Sparta Dennis R. , Thiele Todd E.
Published: September 2008

Background:  Drinking in the dark (DID) procedures have recently been developed to induce high levels of ethanol drinking in C57BL/6J mice, which result in blood ethanol concentrations reaching levels that have measurable affects on physiology and/or behavior. The present study determined if increased ethanol drinking associated with DID procedures may be motivated by caloric need rather than by the postingestive pharmacological effects of ethanol. To this end, food availability was manipulated or mice were given peripheral administration of orexigenic or anorectic agents during DID procedures.

Methods:  C57BL/6J had 2‐hours of access to the 20% (v/v) ethanol solution beginning 3‐hours into the dark cycle on days 1 to 3, and 4‐hours of access to the ethanol bottle on day 4 of DID procedures. In Experiment 1, the effects of food deprivation on ethanol consumption during DID procedures was assessed. In Experiments 2 and 3, mice were given intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin (0, 10 or 30 mg/kg) or the anorectic protein leptin (0 or 20 μg/g), respectively, before access to ethanol on day 4 of DID procedures. In Experiment 4, hourly consumption of food and a 0.05% saccharin solution were assessed over a period of hours that included those used with DID procedures.

Results:  Consistent with previous research, mice achieved blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) that ranged between 100 and 150 mg% on day 4 of DID experiments. Neither food deprivation nor administration of orexigenic or anorectic compounds significantly altered ethanol drinking with DID procedures. Interestingly, mice exhibited their highest level of food and saccharin solution consumption during hours that overlapped with DID procedures.

Conclusions:  The present observations are inconsistent with the hypothesis that C57BL/6J mice consume large amounts of ethanol during DID procedures in order to satisfy a caloric need.
The Relationship Between Recent Alcohol Use and Sexual Behaviors: Gender Differences Among Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic Patients
Authors: Hutton Heidi E. , McCaul Mary E. , Santora Patricia B. , Erbelding Emily J.
Published: September 2008

Background: Binge drinking is associated with risky sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Few studies have investigated this by gender or in an STD clinic. This cross‐sectional study examined the association between binge drinking and risky sexual behaviors/STDs among patients attending an urban STD clinic.

Method: A total of 671 STD clinic patients were tested for STDs, and queried about recent alcohol/drug use and risky sexual behaviors using audio computer‐assisted‐self‐interview. The association between binge drinking and sexual behaviors/STDs was analyzed using logistic regression adjusting for age, employment, and drug use.

Results: Binge drinking was reported by 30% of women and 42% of men. Gender differences were found in rates of receptive anal sex which increased linearly with increased alcohol use among women but did not differ among men. Within gender analyses showed that women binge drinkers engaged in anal sex at more than twice the rate of women who drank alcohol without binges (33.3% vs. 15.9%;p < 0.05) and 3 times the rate of women who abstained from alcohol (11.1%;p < 0.05). Having multiple sex partners was more than twice as common among women binge drinkers than women abstainers (40.5% vs. 16.8%;p < 0.05). Gonorrhea was nearly 5 times higher among women binge drinkers compared to women abstainers (10.6% vs. 2.2%;p < 0.05). The association between binge drinking and sexual behaviors/gonorrhea remained after controlling for drug use. Among men, rates of risky sexual behaviors/STDs were high, but did not differ by alcohol use.

Conclusion: Rates of binge drinking among STD clinic patients were high. Among women, binge drinking was uniquely associated with risky sexual behaviors and an STD diagnosis. Our findings support the need to routinely screen for binge drinking as part of clinical care in STD clinics. Women binge drinkers, in particular, may benefit from interventions that jointly address binge drinking and risky sexual behaviors. Developing gender‐specific interventions could improve overall health outcomes in this population.
Adolescent but Not Adult Rats Exhibit Ethanol‐Mediated Appetitive Second‐Order Conditioning
Authors: Pautassi Ricardo Marcos , Myers Mallory , Spear Linda Patia , Molina Juan Carlos , Spear Norman E.
Published: September 2008

Background:  Adolescent rats are less sensitive to the sedative effects of ethanol than older animals. They also seem to perceive the reinforcing properties of ethanol. However, unlike neonates or infants, ethanol‐mediated appetitive behavior is yet to be clearly shown in adolescents. Appetitive ethanol reinforcement was assessed in adolescent (postnatal day 33, P33) and adult rats (P71) through second‐order conditioning (SOC).

Methods:  On P32 or P70, animals were intragastrically administered ethanol (0.5 or 2.0 g/kg) paired with intra‐oral pulses of sucrose (CS1, first‐order conditioning phase). CS1 delivery took place either 5–20 (early pairing) or 30–45 minutes (late pairing) following ethanol administration. The time interval between CS1 exposure and ethanol administration was 240 minutes in unpaired controls. On P33 or P71, animals were presented the CS1 (second‐order conditioning phase) in a distinctive chamber (CS2, second‐order conditioning). Then they were tested for CS2 preference.

Results:  Early and late paired adolescents, but not adults, had greater preference for the CS2 than controls, a result indicative of ontogenetic variation in ethanol‐mediated reinforcement. During the CS1‐CS2 associative phase, paired adolescents given 2.0 g/kg ethanol wall‐climbed more than controls. Blood and brain ethanol levels associated with the 0.5 and 2.0 g/kg doses at the onset of each conditioning phase did not differ substantially across age, with mean blood ethanol concentration of 38 and 112 mg%.

Conclusions:  These data indicate age‐related differences between adolescent and adult rats in terms of sensitivity to ethanol’s motivational effects. Adolescents exhibited high sensitivity for ethanol’s appetitive effects. These animals also showed ethanol‐mediated behavioral activation during the SOC phase. The SOC preparation provides a valuable conditioning model for assessing ethanol’s motivational effects across ontogeny.
Clinical Research in Interventional Pain Management Techniques: An Epidemiologist/Trialist's View
Authors: Taylor Rod
Published: September 2008

In contrast to drug therapy, interventional pain therapies involve a complex “interaction” between the clinician (“the operator”), the clinical procedure and medical device/equipment. An appreciation of this interaction is fundamental to the understanding of the challenges of designing clinical trials for interventional procedures in chronic pain. This article overviews the evolving evidence requirements of healthcare policy makers and payers, discusses the specific challenges of designing clinical trials of interventional procedures, and outlines some potential clinical trial design solutions to these challenges.
Quality Assessment in Clinical Trials: Considerations for Outcomes Research in Interventional Pain Medicine*
Authors: Hartrick Craig T.
Published: September 2008

The assessment of quality in clinical trials involves multiple considerations. While compliance with both Good Clinical Practice and International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines is required, variations in many other factors contribute to the overall quality of the report. Principal among these factors is the development of a testable study question. Study questions that are feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant are desirable. The methodology used to answer the question should be described in sufficient detail and documented to provide for reproducibility and transparency. This is essential for both interpretation of the results and for assessing the applicability of the results to clinical practice. While randomized controlled trials (RCT) are currently the penultimate methodological standard for quality in research study design, they typically do not mimic clinical practice, which can present limitations to their value. This is particularly relevant with respect to interventional therapies, where RCT designs can be associated with scientific and ethical challenges. Well‐designed observational studies may overcome some of these drawbacks, but often require very large study populations. Technological advances in communication may permit the pooling of data and the emergence of new standards for interventional pain research.
PREP Inside and Out: Marriage Education for Inmates
Authors: EINHORN LINDSEY , WILLIAMS TAMARA , STANLEY SCOTT , WUNDERLIN NICOLE , MARKMAN HOWARD , EASON JOANNE
Published: September 2008

Although research has demonstrated that marriage education has positive effects on relationship quality, little is known about how such services impact relationships where one partner is incarcerated. The current study implemented an adapted version of the Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP Inside and Out) for inmates in Oklahoma correctional facilities. Inmates, with or without their partners, participated in the 12‐hour program. The impact of the program was investigated on a range of relationship variables including satisfaction with relationship, dedication, confidence, communication skills, friendship, and negative interactions as reported by the inmate partner. Participants reported substantial gains in all variables and in overall satisfaction with their relationship after completing the program, regardless of their gender and racial/ethnic background. Implications for future marriage education programs and research in prisons are discussed.
How do Hostile and Emotionally Overinvolved Relatives View Relationships?: What Relatives' Pronoun Use Tells Us
Authors: SIMMONS RACHEL A. , CHAMBLESS DIANNE L. , GORDON PETER C.
Published: September 2008

Expressed emotion (EE) has been linked to negative outcomes for a variety of psychiatric illnesses. Despite development of effective interventions to reduce EE, relatively little is known about EE's antecedents or maintaining factors. The present study uses a novel methodology (measurement of pronouns used by relatives during the Camberwell Family Interview [CFI] or a problem‐solving interaction with the patient) to explore possible cognitive correlates of EE. Participants were 98 outpatients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder or panic disorder with agoraphobia and their primary relative. Results showed that relatives' pronoun use was stable across situations. Relatives' hostility and criticism, as measured by objective coding of relatives' behavior during the CFI and interactions, respectively, were related to relatives' decreased we‐focus and increased me‐focus in the 2 situations. In contrast to expectations, relatives' emotional overinvolvement was related to their decreased we‐focus during CFIs and interactions. Results support the value of using pronouns as a means to explore important aspects of relationship functioning.
Engineered Nanostructures for Multifunctional Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Silicon Nitride Nanocomposites
Authors: Corral Erica L. , Cesarano Joseph , Shyam Amit , Lara‐Curzio Edgar , Bell Nelson , Stuecker John , Perry Nicola , Di Prima Matthew , Munir Zuhair , Garay Javier , Barrera Enrique V.
Published: September 2008

Colloidal processing was used to make highly dispersed aqueous composite suspensions containing single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and Si3N4 particles. The SWNTs and Si3N4 particles were stabilized into composite suspensions using a cationic surfactant at low pH values. Bulk nanocomposites containing 1.0, 2.0, and 6.0 vol% SWNTs were successfully fabricated using rapid prototyping. The survival of SWNTs was detected, using Raman spectroscopy, after high‐temperature sintering, up to 1800°C. The nanocomposites have densities up to 97% of the composite theoretical density. The engineered nanostructures reveal an increase in grindability and damage tolerance behavior over the monolithic ceramic. We also observed toughening mechanisms such as SWNT crack bridging and pull‐out, indicating that SWNTs have the potential to serve as toughening agents in ceramics. Increased fracture toughness values over the monolithic Si3N4 were observed for the 2.0‐vol% SWNT–Si3N4 nanocomposite when a given sintered microstructure was present. We report here the effects of colloidal processing on mechanical behavior of SWNT reinforced nonoxide ceramic nanocomposites.
Deposition of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite (CO3HAp) on Poly(Methylmethacrylate) Surfaces by Decomposition of Calcium–EDTA Chelate
Authors: Yusufoglu Yusuf , Akinc Mufit
Published: September 2008

Inspired from the nature, the development of organic–inorganic composites between polymers and hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been investigated extensively. In this study, bone‐like apatite (carbonated hydroxyapatite, CO3HAp) was precipitated on poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) films by the oxidative decomposition of Ca–EDTA (calcium–ethylenediamine tetraacetate) chelates. Corona‐treated PMMA films were soaked in a Ca–EDTA–PO4–H2O2 solution and aged at 63°C and pH∼9 for times ranging from 1 to 24 h. Apatite formed on PMMA films was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope, energy‐dipersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and carbon analysis. The apatite was found to be CO3HAp with Ca/P atomic ratio ranging between 1.3 and 1.9. Elemental analyses indicated that the carbonate content of the apatite phase was around 6.5 wt% after 24 h of aging time. Lattice parameters were estimated using a Rietveld profile‐analysis and found to be a=0.9438 nm and c=0.6901 nm. Furthermore, FTIR spectra indicated that the apatite deposited on PMMA was B‐type CO3HAp, in which carbonate ions occupy the phosphate sites. In the first 3 h of aging, isolated rod‐like HAp particles were observed. With time, the needle‐like crystallites radiate from a nucleus to form double‐spherulite shape particles. The crystallites grew into a continuous layer with a thickness of ∼15 μm after 24‐h aging. The adhesive strength between the PMMA substrate and the apatite layer was determined to be around 1.7 MPa.
Oxidation Kinetics and Mechanisms of Hot‐Pressed TiB2–MoSi2Composites
Authors: Raju Golla Brahma , Basu Bikramjit , Suri Ashok Kumar
Published: September 2008

The densification of titanium diboride (TiB2) at lower sintering temperature requires the use of sinter‐aid. However, from the high temperature application point of view, it is important to assess whether the presence of sinter‐aid degrades the material properties, including the oxidation resistance. In the present work, the isothermal oxidation behavior of TiB2‐xwt% MoSi2(x=0, 2.5, and 10) composites was carried out using thermogravimetric analyzer in order to study the effect of MoSi2content on the oxidation kinetics of TiB2at 1200°C for a duration of 12 h. The oxidized surface of monolithic TiB2composed of highly textured rod‐like rutile (TiO2) crystals. In contrast, the oxide scales on TiB2–MoSi2materials consist of a thin layer of SiO2along with TiO2. Interestingly, the analysis of the continuous measurements of the weight gain reveals parabolic rate law of oxidation for all the investigated ceramics. However, the oxidation kinetics is slower for the TiB2‐10 wt% MoSi2, probably due to the presence of SiO2in the oxide scale.
Facile Synthesis of Polycrystalline NiO Nanorods Assisted by Microwave Heating
Authors: Song Xuefeng , Gao Lian
Published: September 2008

Polycrystalline NiO nanorods have been synthesized by thermal decomposition of rod‐like nickel oxide precursor achieved by microwave‐assisted method. The structure, morphology, and crystalline phase of the products are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffractometry, Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy, and UV‐visible absorption spectrum. TEM reveals that NiO nanorods consist of numerous NiO nanoparticles. The average size of NiO nanoparticles as a function of the calcination temperature has been investigated. The optical absorption band gap of polycrystalline NiO nanorods is 3.7 eV.
Mechanical Ventilation Was Associated with Acidemia in a Case Series of Salicylate‐poisoned Patients
Authors: Stolbach Andrew I. , Hoffman Robert S. , Nelson Lewis S.
Published: September 2008

Objectives: Despite little empiric evidence, mechanical ventilation (MV) in the setting of salicylate poisoning is considered by many to be harmful. When salicylate‐poisoned patients are ventilated at conventional settings, the respiratory alkalosis is abolished, more salicylate is able to pass into the central nervous system (CNS), and neurotoxicity worsens. The objective of this study was to identify a relationship between MV, acidosis, and outcome in salicylate‐poisoned patients.

Methods: The authors electronically searched a poison control center (PCC) database (2001–2007) for patients with salicylate poisoning, defined as a serum concentration >50 mg/dL, who had MV listed as a therapy. For the 7‐year study period, a total of 3,144 salicylate‐poisoning cases were identified. Eleven patients met the inclusion criteria of having both salicylate concentrations >50 mg/dL and required MV; only 7 of them had post‐MV data available.

Results: In all seven patients with post‐MV blood gas data, the post‐MV pH was <7.4. In five of six patients with recorded PCO2, the post‐MV PCO2was >50 mm Hg. Two of the seven patients in the study group died following intubation (two patients died within 3 hours [serum salicylate concentrations, 85 and 79 mg/dL, respectively]). Another patient sustained severe neurologic injury (serum salicylate concentration, 84 mg/dL). The other four patients were ultimately discharged home. In the three patients with the worst clinical outcome, deterioration was reported within hours of intubation.

Conclusions: Inadequate MV of patients with salicylate poisoning is associated with respiratory acidosis, acidemia, and clinical deterioration in this series of cases. This supports warnings about the danger of improper MV in patients with salicylate poisoning. A prospective study should be performed.
International Emergency Medicine: A Review of the Literature from 2007
Authors: Levine Adam C. , Becker Joseph , Lippert Suzanne , Rosborough Stephanie , Arnold Kris ,   on behalf of the Emergency Medicine Resident Association (EMRA) International Emergency Medicine Literature Review Group
Published: September 2008

The subspecialty of international emergency medicine (IEM) continues to grow within the United States, just as the specialty of emergency medicine (EM) continues to spread to both developed and developing countries around the world. One of the greatest obstacles, however, faced by IEM researchers and practitioners alike, remains the lack of a high‐quality, consolidated, and easily accessible evidence‐base of literature. In response to this perceived need, members of the Emergency Medicine Resident Association (EMRA) International Emergency Medicine Committee, in conjunction with members of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) International Health Interest Group, have embarked on the task of creating a recurring review of IEM literature. This publication represents the third annual review, covering the top 30 IEM research articles published in 2007. Articles were selected for the review according to explicit, predetermined criteria that included both methodologic quality and perceived impact of the research. It is hoped that this annual review will act as a forum for disseminating best practices, while also stimulating further research in the field of IEM.
Pediatric Emergency Department Overcrowding and Impact on Patient Flow Outcomes
Authors: Timm Nathan L. , Ho Mona L. , Luria Joseph W.
Published: September 2008

Background:  Understanding the impact of overcrowding in pediatric emergency departments (PEDs) on quality of care is a growing concern. Boarding admitted patients in the PED and increasing emergency department (ED) visits are two potentially significant factors affecting quality of care.

Objectives:  The objective was to describe the impact ED boarding time and daily census have on the timeliness of care in a PED.

Methods:  Pediatric ED boarding time and daily census were determined each day from July 2003 to July 2007. Outcome measures included mean length of stay (LOS), time to triage, time to physician, and patient elopement during a 24‐hour period.

Results:  For every 50 patients seen above the average daily volume of 250, LOS increased 14.8 minutes, time to triage increased 6.6 minutes, time to physician increased 18.2 minutes, and number of patient elopements increased by three. For each increment of 24 hours to total ED boarding time, LOS increased 7.6 minutes, time to triage increased 0.6 minutes, time to physician increased 3 minutes, and number of patient elopements increased by 0.6 patients.

Conclusions:  ED boarding time and ED daily census show independent associations with increasing overall LOS, time to triage, time to physician, and number of patient elopements in a PED.
Rumor Has It: The Moderating Effect of Identification on Rumor Impact and the Effectiveness of Rumor Refutation1
Authors: Einwiller Sabine A. , Kamins Michael A.
Published: September 2008

Two studies were undertaken to examine the moderating effect of identification with a rumor target on rumor impact and refutation effectiveness. We show that identification and its opposite, disidentification, bias the way individuals react to a rumor. That is, as identification with the rumor target increased from disidentification to neutral to identification, belief in an aversive rumor declined. Furthermore, the effectiveness of a refutation was moderated by an individual's level of identification. People with a neutral identification level processed a refutation heuristically and were persuaded by it, whether it contained strong or weak arguments. Disidentifiers, who engaged in systematic processing, believed the rumor less only when the refutation contained strong arguments. Identifiers, processing heuristically, remained unbelieving in the rumor.
Interpersonal Attributions of Responsibility in the Chinese Workplace: A Test of Western Models in a Collectivistic Context1
Authors: Zhang Aiqing , Reyna Christine , Qian Zhenbo , Yu Guangtao
Published: September 2008

When an employee fails in the workplace, judgments of responsibility based on perceived locus and controllability guide how managers motivate the employee. However, this model of attributions has not been tested in highly collectivistic cultures. In the present study, 296 Chinese managers and employees made attributional judgments for a workplace failure, and then made suggestions for how to respond to the failing employee. Results revealed that judgments of responsibility were based on causal locus, as well as perceptions of controllability. Responsibility elicited anger, less sympathy, and predicted behavioral response toward the failing employee. Findings are discussed in terms of the similarities and differences in attributional processes across cultures, especially as they apply to work‐oriented contexts.
The utilization of dental care services according to health insurance coverage in Catalonia (Spain)
Authors: Pizarro Vladimir , Ferrer Montse , Domingo‐Salvany Antonia , Benach Joan , Borrell Carme , Pont Angels , Schiaffino Anna , Almansa Josue , Tresserras Ricard , Alonso Jordi
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of dental care service use with health insurance and its evolution. The Catalan Health Interview Survey is a cross‐sectional study conducted in 1994 (n = 15 000) and 2001–2 (n = 8400) by interviews at home to a representative sample of Catalonia (Spain). All the estimates were obtained by applying weights to restore the representativeness of the Catalonia general population. In the bivariate analysis, age, gender, social class and health insurance coverage were statistically associated with a dental visit in the previous year (P < 0.001). Analysis with logistic regression showed that health insurance status has a statistically significant association with utilization (P < 0.001), which was independent of the other socio‐economic factors (age, gender, country of birth, and social class). However, the falling trend of differences by health insurance coverage is of note (adjusted OR = 2.2 and 1.5 at 1994 and 2002, respectively); as well as the positive evolution of the overall rate of dental service care use in the previous year, from 26.7% in 1994 to 34.3% in 2002. Future studies will be needed to monitor this tendency.
Diagnostic accuracy of digitized periapical radiographs validated against micro‐computed tomography scanning in evaluating orthodontically induced apical root resorption
Authors: Dudic Alexander , Giannopoulou Catherine , Martinez Manuela , Montet Xavier , Kiliaridis Stavros
Published: September 2008

The aim of this study was to validate the use of digitized periapical radiographs in evaluating orthodontically induced apical root resorption against micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) scanning as a criterion standard test. In a standardized experimental protocol, 29 premolars in 16 subjects were tipped buccally for 8 wk. Nineteen contralateral premolars not subjected to orthodontic movement served as controls. Standardized periapical radiographs were taken before and after the experimental period (Rx method). These teeth were extracted and scanned using a micro‐CT technique with a 9 μm resolution. Two calibrated examiners assessed blindly the presence or absence of apical root resorption on digitized radiographs and three‐dimensional reconstructions of the scans. Significant differences were detected between the orthodontically moved teeth and controls: 86% of the orthodontically moved teeth and 21% of the control teeth showed apical root resorption when using micro‐CT as a validation method. A total of 55% of the experimental teeth and 5% of the control teeth showed resorption when assessed using Rx method. The Rx method showed a specificity of 78% and a sensitivity of 44%, which means that less than half of the cases with root resorption identified using a CT scanner were identified by radiography. Nearly all the orthodontically moved teeth showed apical root resorption. Apical root resorption may be underestimated when evaluated using digitized periapical radiographs.
Waking‐state oral parafunctional behaviors: specificity and validity as assessed by electromyography
Authors: Ohrbach Richard , Markiewicz Michael R. , McCall Jr Willard D.
Published: September 2008

In contrast to sleep‐related oral parafunctional behaviors, little is known about waking oral parafunctional behaviors. The Oral Behaviors Checklist contains terms referring to a variety of non‐observable behaviors that are reliable when prompted (e.g. ‘clench’) but validity data are absent. Our goal was to assess whether (i) each behavioral term is distinct electromyographically, and (ii) temporomandibular disorder (TMD) subjects differ from non‐TMD subjects in their performance. Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity was used to measure bilateral masseter, temporalis, and suprahyoid muscles while subjects (27 patients with TMD; 27 healthy controls) performed ten oral behaviors without explanation. Electromyographic data were averaged between bilateral muscles and two trials. A multivariate construct (jaw muscle activity) was analyzed using Wilks lambda within multivariate analysis of variance (manova). Obvious behaviors (e.g. clench, read, tongue press) exhibited expected EMG patterns, and patients and controls produced identical profile plots of the EMG data. Of 10 tested behaviors, nine were found to be associated with significantly differing proportions of amplitudes across muscles and were thus unique. Behaviors with similar terms were associated with different EMG patterns. The present data support the specificity of behavioral terms and performances. Implications include causation related to TMD based on subtle behaviors that occur at a high frequency.
Dental pain and care‐seeking in 11–14‐yr‐old adolescents in a low‐income country
Authors: Pau Allan , Khan Sami S. , Babar Muneer G. , Croucher Ray
Published: September 2008

The purpose of this article was to document the 1‐month dental pain prevalence in 11–14‐yr‐old subjects attending Grade Six of middle schools in Peshawar, Pakistan, and to explore the effect of dental pain and the impact on daily living on dental care‐seeking. A self‐completed questionnaire survey of all 13 middle schools in University Town, Peshawar, Pakistan, was carried out in April 2007. Questionnaire items on dental pain were adapted from the dental pain screening questionnaire (DePaQ) and items on the impact on daily living were adapted from the child‐oral impact on daily performance (OIDP‐Child) questionnaire. Regression analysis was carried out to determine the relative usefulness of predictors for care‐seeking. The prevalence of dental pain was estimated to be 30.4%, and care‐seeking in those reporting pain was estimated to be 64%. Care‐seeking was associated with ‘pain felt in one tooth’, ‘painful tooth felt loose’, ‘difficulties sleeping’, and ‘difficulties playing’, which accounted for 35% of the explained variance. The findings substantiate dental pain as an important dental public health concern in Pakistan and support the hypothesis that assessment of dental pain characteristics can add to the accuracy of dental need estimation.
Linking oral health, general health, and quality of life
Authors: Kieffer Jacobien M. , Hoogstraten Johan
Published: September 2008

The aim of this work was to assess the association among oral health, general health, and quality of life (QoL). The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐49) and the RAND‐36 were distributed amongst 118 psychology freshmen. Additionally, two single items self‐rated general health (SRGH) and self‐rated oral health (SROH) – were administered. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U‐tests were used to evaluate differences between SRGH and SROH categories, regarding OHIP subscale scores and RAND subscale scores. More than 75% of the subjects rated their oral and general health as good. Mean OHIP scores and RAND scores indicated a relatively good oral‐ and general health‐related QoL respectively. The correlation between oral and general health was weak. Significant differences were found between SRGH categories regarding RAND subscale scores, except for the ‘role emotional’ and ‘mental health’ subscales. Significant differences were also found between SROH categories regarding OHIP subscale scores, except for the ‘psychological disability’ subscale. However, no significant differences were found between SRGH categories regarding OHIP subscale scores, or between SROH categories regarding RAND subscale scores. The findings suggest that oral health, general health, and QoL have different determinants. Furthermore, oral health and general health appear to be mostly unrelated in this seemingly healthy population. It is proposed that if no apparent disease is present, oral and general health must be regarded as separate constructs.
Non‐participation and adjustment for bias in case–control studies of periodontitis
Authors: López Rodrigo , Frydenberg Morten , Baelum Vibeke
Published: September 2008

Periodontal researchers frequently use case–control studies, but information on participation rates and the reasons for participation are often missing in the publications, thus hindering the assessment of the validity of those studies. A nested case–control study based on a well‐defined population was used to (i) describe the patterns of participation; (ii) show how some associations can be biased; and (iii) illustrate how inverse probability weights can be applied to reduce bias. Differential subject participation was quantified using the ratio between participation for each level and the overall participation. Possible biased associations were illustrated using the odds ratios found for eligible and participant subjects. Finally, we used the estimated probability that an individual participates in the case–control study conditional on that individual’s covariate pattern, as observed in the screening study to attempt bias reduction. Considerable differential participation was observed for selected factors, including age, annual tuitions and fees, parental income, and parental education. The strategy used for adjustment of bias resulted in some degree of bias reduction. These findings challenge the inferential validity of many studies on periodontitis. The design and conduct of these studies should aim to improve subject participation and must consider and minimize this potential source of bias.
Influence of a chitosan on oral bacterial adhesion and growth in vitro
Authors: Busscher Henk J. , Engels Eefje , Dijkstra Rene J. B. , Van Der Mei Henny C.
Published: September 2008

Generally, mechanical plaque control without chemical support is insufficient to prevent oral diseases, and an ongoing quest exists for new antimicrobials for use in oral healthcare. Chitosans are polycationic, naturally occurring antimicrobials that are rapidly finding their way into oral healthcare. In this study we determined the effects of pellicle treatment with chitosan on bacterial adhesion and growth. Chitosan caused a reduction in bacterial adhesion and was responsible for bacterial death upon contact compared with a buffer control. Exposure of adhering bacteria to a chitosan solution or a buffer control did not cause detachment, but the chitosan solution left a small proportion of the adhering bacteria alive. Growth after exposure to chitosan was similar to (Streptococcus mutans ATCC700610, Streptococcus oralis HM1, Streptococcus sobrinus HG1025) or less than (S. mutans NS, Actinomyces naeslundii HM1) that of the control, while biofilm viability after chitosan treatment was lower than that of the control, except for S. oralis HM1. Therefore, chitosan is a promising antimicrobial for use in oral healthcare.
Thymosin beta4 is cytoprotective in human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Reti Robert , Kwon Edwin , Qiu Pin , Wheater Michelle , Sosne Gabriel
Published: September 2008

Thymosin beta4 (Tβ4) is a naturally occurring, ubiquitous, non‐toxic protein with documented wound‐healing, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐apoptotic, and tissue‐repair properties in skin, the ocular surface, and the heart. The ability of Tβ4 to demonstrate similar protective properties in cells of the oral cavity was analyzed using an in vitro model of cultured human gingival fibroblasts. Thymosin beta 4 significantly suppressed the secretion of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) following stimulation with tumor necrosis factorα (TNF‐α), suggesting that it may suppress the inflammatory response initiated by pro‐inflammatory cytokines. By contrast, Tβ4 was not effective in protecting fibroblasts from challenge with lipopolysaccharide purified from Porphyromonas gingivalis or Escherichia coli. Thymosin beta 4 was able to protect gingival fibroblasts against the known cytotoxic effects of chlorhexidine digluconate, a mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine digluconate, and carbamide peroxide. Additionally, Tβ4 was able to protect gingival fibroblasts from the apoptosis that is induced by stimulation with TNF‐α or by exposure to chlorhexidine. Because of its multifunctional roles in protecting cells against damage, Tβ4 may have significant potential for use as an oral heathcare aid with combined antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐apoptotic, and cytoprotective properties.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effect of Progesterone on Proinflammatory Cytokine Production by Monocytes Stimulated with Pathogens Associated with Preterm birth
Authors: Peltier Morgan R. , Tee Siew C. , Smulian John C.
Published: September 2008

Problem A number of clinical trials have demonstrated that supplemental progesterone (P4) can prevent preterm birth. Although P4 can decrease the production of mediators of inflammation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated macrophages, a majority of infections associated with preterm birth are due to Ureaplasma urealyticum, which does not contain LPS. Therefore, we studied whether P4 could lower the production of proinflammatory cytokines by monocytes stimulated with U. urealyticum.

Method of study Human monocytes (THP‐1 cells) were treated with P4 and then stimulated with heat‐killed Escherichia coli or U. urealyticum. Cytokine concentrations in the conditioned medium were then measured by ELISA and relative viability of the cells was assessed colorimetrically. The impact of P4 on interleukin (IL)‐1β, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and IL‐8 production was assessed by comparing levels across different P4 dosages and organism concentrations.

Results Both organisms increased IL‐1β, TNF‐α and IL‐8 production in a dose‐dependent manner. P4 enhanced the production of IL‐1β and IL‐8, but inhibited TNF‐α production by monocytes stimulated with either organism.

Conclusion P4 modulates cytokine production by E. coli and U. urealyticum‐stimulated monocytes in a similar manner and is not strictly immunosuppressive. This suggests that P4 does not prevent preterm birth by simply suppressing bacteria‐stimulated cytokine production.
Mineral trioxide aggregate as an alternative treatment for intruded permanent teeth with root resorption and incomplete apex formation
Authors: Oliveira Thais Marchini , Sakai Vivien Thiemy , Silva Thiago Cruvinel , Santos Carlos Ferreira , Abdo Ruy Cesar Camargo , Machado Maria Aparecida Andrade Moreira
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  A case of extensive crown fracture associated with intrusion of the permanent maxillary central incisors in an 8‐year‐old boy is reported. The treatment of both injured teeth included attempts of apexification and arrest of root resorption with calcium hydroxide. After 8 months of the trauma, there was no calcified barrier formation in the apex. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was then used as a filling material. At 15‐month follow up, the teeth were asymptomatic and correctly sealed, the external inflammatory root resorption had stopped, and the radiolucent image had disappeared, which meant the initial healing of the periapical lesion. MTA may be considered as an alternative option for the treatment of traumatized and immature permanent teeth.
Two‐year follow‐up of fractured anterior teeth restored with direct composite resin: report of three cases
Authors: Ozel Emre , Kazandag Meric Karapinar , Soyman Mubin , Bayirli Gunduz
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  Thirty‐five (case 1), 15 (case 2) and 22 (case 3)‐year‐old female patients presented to Yeditepe University Dental Faculty Clinic because of esthetic reasons. Fractures of maxillar central incisors including enamel and dentin were diagnosed. Beveling with diamond bur was performed in all four cases. Dentin was cleaned with tungsten carbid bur. The teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid, restored with an adhesive system and microhybrid composite. Finishing and polishing procedures were performed by discs (Sof‐Lex) and burs. Restorations were found successful according to modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria after 2 years in terms of retention, color match, marginal discoloration, secondary caries, marginal adaptation, and surface texture.
Intraradicular splinting with endodontic instrument of horizontal root fracture – case report
Authors: Kocak Sibel , Cinar Serkan , Murat Kocak M. , Kayaoglu Guven
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  This case report describes the treatment of a horizontal mid‐root‐fractured incisor with an alternative fixation technique. As a result of clinical signs of pulpal necrosis, both the coronal and the apical root fragments were endodontically treated and obturated at single visit, and the fragments were stabilized internally through insertion of a stainless‐steel endodontic file into the root canal. Four‐year follow‐up examination revealed satisfactory clinical and radiographic findings with hard tissue repair of the fracture line. This technique can be a quick remedy for patients with root‐fractured tooth, especially for those who cannot make a second visit to the dental clinic.
The relationship between sports activities and permanent incisor crown fractures in a group of school children aged 7–9 and 11–13 in Ankara, Turkey
Authors: Çetinbaş Tuğba , Yildirim Gözde , Sönmez Hayriye
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  The objective of the study was to determine the distribution, aetiology of the crown fractures of permanent anterior teeth in children aged 7–9 and 11–13 years and to identify the role of participation in sports associated with crown fractures. The study population comprised 2570 students from 10 primary schools randomly selected from five municipalities in Ankara, Turkey. Two paediatric dentists examined all permanent maxillary and mandibular incisors for evidence of fracture and completed a standardized examination form to obtain information on the age, gender, severity of incisor injury and frequency and type of sports participation for each child, as well as whether or not children used mouthguards during sports activities. Chi‐square and z‐tests were used to determine differences. A total of 191 (7.43%) of the 2570 subjects examined were affected by dental trauma. The proportion of fractured incisors was significantly higher in males than in females among older children (P < 0.01). Out of a total of 222 fractured teeth, 84% involved the maxillary central incisors. Bicycling caused significantly higher rates of crown fractures than other types of sports (P < 0.05). The percentage of incisal fractures caused by sports‐related accidents was 14.14%. The number of children interested in sports is high, and the sports chosen are generally contact sports. The high rate (14.14%) of crown injuries caused by sports activities supports these findings.
Arrest of root formation in a permanent maxillary central incisor subsequent to trauma and pulp necrosis to the primary predecessor
Authors: Nelson‐Filho Paulo , Silva Raquel Assed Bezerra , Leonardo Mario Roberto , De Freitas Aldevina Campos , Assed Sada
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  This paper reports a case in which a previous traumatic injury at the age of 2 and pulp necrosis to a primary incisor resulted in a rare injury to the permanent successor tooth. The radiographic examination at the age of 9 showed the arrest of root formation of the permanent maxillary right central incisor, which did not erupt. Tooth 11 was extracted and a functional removable space maintainer was prepared. At the age of 17, the patient received an anterior fixed prosthesis for re‐establishment of the esthetics, phonetics and deglutition.
Efficacy of enamel matrix derivatives (Emdogain®) in treatment of replanted teeth – a systematic review based on animal studies
Authors: Wiegand Annette , Attin Thomas
Published: September 2008

Abstract –  The objective of the current systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) (Emdogain®) on healing of replanted or autotransplanted permanent teeth. A review of the published literature [search term: (Emdogain OR enamel matrix derivative OR enamel matrix protein] AND [avulsion OR replantation OR autotransplantation)] was conducted by two independent investigators according to defined selection criteria. For data extraction of the identified animal studies, the following histomorphometric findings were considered: (i) healed PDL, (ii) surface resorption, (iii) inflammatory resorption and (iv) replacement resorption. The heterogenity of data collection and the small amount of identified publications did not allow for statistical analysis. Four controlled trials (CT) conducted in animals, but no randomized controlled trials (RCT) or clinical controlled trials (CCT) could be received from the systematic search. From the selected studies, two CT gave evidence of EMD treatment to be effective in inducing healing of replanted teeth, while one CT found no differences between EMD treated teeth and controls. Finally, one CT compared EMD and sodium fluoride application, but revealed no differences between the treatments. The data of controlled trials available are limited and conflicting. No firm conclusion regarding the efficacy of EMD application on healing of replanted or autotransplanted permanent teeth can be drawn because of lack of RCT and CCT.
A Comparison of Biological Risk Factors in Two Populations: The United States and Japan
Authors: Crimmins Eileen M. , Vasunilashorn Sarinnapha , Kim Jung Ki , Hagedorn Aaron , Saito Yasuhiko
Published: September 2008

Life expectancy is higher in Japan than in the United States. We compared the prevalence of clinically recognized risk factors in the two countries to explore the possibility that differences in these likely precursors to disease and death are linked to the paths to higher mortality for Americans. We found that American men and women have higher levels of total biological risk than the Japanese, particularly for risk factors included in the metabolic syndrome. A significant difference between the two countries is the higher prevalence of overweight among Americans. On the other hand, measured blood pressure appears more favorable among Americans. A larger proportion of Americans use prescription drugs, which results in lowered levels of measured biological risk. There are large differences in the prevalence of a number of risk factors between American and Japanese women less than age 40; this could mean that Americans develop biological risk earlier in life or that the differences are growing larger in more recent cohorts.
“I Vow to Thee my Countries” – The Expansion of Dual Citizenship in the 21st Century
Authors: Sejersen Tanja Brøndsted
Published: September 2008

Global developments in dual citizenship legislation highlight changes to conceptualizations of citizenship by increasing the focus on individual rights. Questions of inclusion and exclusion have been illuminated by the move toward wider acceptance of dual citizenship. To understand global patterns and developments in dual citizenship laws this article analyzes the legislation pertaining to dual citizenship in 115 countries. The results show how dual citizenship is becoming increasingly accepted – a development that has predominantly taken place within the last 20 years. A strong regional pattern is identified, supporting the argument that dual citizenship is spreading in a fashion similar to how the idea of citizenship expanded from Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. Potential internal and external reasons for this development are discussed and individual countries' experiences analyzed.
Eager to Leave? Intentions to Migrate Abroad among Young People in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Agadjanian Victor , Nedoluzhko Lesia , Kumskov Gennady
Published: September 2008

This study examines young people's intentions to migrate abroad in Kyrgyzstan, focusing in particular on differences between Asian and European-origin ethnic groups. The multivariate analyses of recent survey data show that even after controlling for socioeconomic characteristics and social embeddedness Europeans are significantly more inclined to migrate than Asians. Whereas no gender differences in migration intentions among either group are detected, marriage, childbearing, and social capital exhibit distinct ethnic-specific effects. Although economic considerations are prevailing stimuli for migration in both groups, the results point to the formation of two dominant ethnic-specific migration preference types – for temporary migration among Asians and permanent migration among Europeans.