bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract IA17: Challenges and opportunities in environmental carcinogenesis: The NIEHS perspective
Authors: Woychik Richard
Published: June 2022

The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) embraces a mission to understand how the environment influences a wide range of health outcomes, but cancer has been a major focus of the Institute’s work since its early days. Last year, NIEHS published a new iteration of its strategic plan, streamlining its work into three interrelated themes: advancing environmental health sciences; translating those advances from data to knowledge to action; and supporting the training, processes, partnerships, and infrastructure to make the mission possible. “Advancing environmental health sciences” includes studying not just effects of acute exposures, but also of chronic low level exposures to environmental agents that happen over time; discovering the mechanisms that govern susceptibility during different time periods over the lifespan; understanding the effects of exposure to complex real-world mixtures or even of the full exposome; and most recently, learning about how environmental exposures can impact health and cancer outcomes by changing the microbiome in the gut. All these research areas are key components to understanding how factors in the environment can impact carcinogenesis. Additionally, the institute has embraced new advances to study how genetic and epigenetic variability in the host impacts carcinogenesis. For example, use of the Diversity Outcross resource of outbred mice provides an opportunity to overcome the difficulties inherent in using genetically uniform inbred strains of mice to understand genetic susceptibility to environmental carcinogens. Another exciting direction for the Institute is the use of archived tumor tissues from the National Toxicology Program to determine whether there are specific mutagenic signatures associated with different environmental agents. Along these lines, the Institute collaborated with Agilent to develop the first rat exome probe set that is being used to sequence the exons from material derived from FFPE samples. This research was supported by the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.

Citation Format: Richard Woychik. Challenges and opportunities in environmental carcinogenesis: The NIEHS perspective [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Environmental Carcinogenesis: Potential Pathway to Cancer Prevention; 2019 Jun 22-24; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2020;13(7 Suppl): Abstract nr IA17.
Abstract IA19: A compendium of mutational signatures due to environmental exposures
Authors: Nik-Zainal Serena
Published: June 2022

Whole-genome sequencing of human tumors has revealed distinct mutation patterns that hint at the causative origins of cancer. We examined mutational signatures in 324 whole-genome sequences of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) following exposure to known or suspected environmental carcinogens. 79 agents were tested with or without metabolic activation at concentrations that produced measurable cytotoxicity; 41 yielded characteristic substitution mutational signatures that, in some cases, exhibit similarity with signatures found in human tumors. Additionally, 6 agents produced double-substitution signatures and 8 also produced indel signatures. Investigating mutation distribution asymmetries across genome topography reveals fully functional mismatch and transcription-coupled repair pathways in iPSCs. Primary adducts induced by environmental carcinogens can be resolved by disparate repair/replicative pathways, resulting in an assortment of signature outcomes even for a single mutagen. This compendium of experimentally induced mutational signatures permits further exploration of roles of environmental agents in cancer etiology, and underscores how human stem cell DNA is directly vulnerable to environmental agents.

Citation Format: Serena Nik-Zainal. A compendium of mutational signatures due to environmental exposures [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Environmental Carcinogenesis: Potential Pathway to Cancer Prevention; 2019 Jun 22-24; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2020;13(7 Suppl): Abstract nr IA19.
Abstract PR04: Exposure-based assessment and economic valuation of adverse birth outcomes and cancer risk due to nitrate in United States drinking water
Authors: Temkin Alexis , Evans Sydney , Manidis Tatiana , Campbell Chris , Naidenko Olga V.
Published: June 2022

Background: Nitrate ingestion from drinking water has been associated with an increased risk of adverse birth outcomes as well as elevated risk of colorectal cancer and several other cancers. Yet, to date no studies have attempted to quantify the health and economic impacts due to nitrate in drinking water in the United States.

Methods: This study presents a first-of-its-kind comprehensive assessment of nitrate exposure from drinking water for the entire United States population. This exposure assessment serves as the basis for our analysis of the annual nitrate-attributable disease cases in the United States and the associated economic losses due to medical costs and lost productivity. Additionally, through a meta-analysis of studies on drinking water nitrate and colorectal cancer, we examine the exposure-response relationship for nitrate and cancer risk.

Results: On the basis of national nitrate occurrence data and relative risk ratios reported in the epidemiology literature, we calculated that annually, 2,939 cases of very low birth weight, 1,725 cases of very preterm birth, and 41 cases of neural tube defects could be related to nitrate exposure from drinking water. For cancer risk, combining nitrate-specific risk estimates for colorectal, ovarian, thyroid, kidney, and bladder cancers results in a range of 2,300 to 12,594 annual nitrate-attributable cancer cases (mean: 6,537 estimated cases). For medical expenditures alone, this burden of cancer corresponds to an annual economic cost of $250 million to $1.5 billion U.S. dollars, together with a potential $1.3 to $6.5 billion impact due to lost productivity. With the meta-analysis of eight studies of drinking water nitrate and colorectal cancer, we observed a statistically significant positive association for nitrate exposure and colorectal cancer risk and calculated a one-in-one million cancer risk level of 0.14 mg/L nitrate in drinking water.

Conclusion: Health and economic analyses presented here suggest that lowering exposure to nitrate in drinking water could bring economic benefits by alleviating the impacts of nitrate-associated diseases.

This abstract is also being presented as Poster A44.

Citation Format: Alexis Temkin, Sydney Evans, Tatiana Manidis, Chris Campbell, Olga V. Naidenko. Exposure-based assessment and economic valuation of adverse birth outcomes and cancer risk due to nitrate in United States drinking water [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Environmental Carcinogenesis: Potential Pathway to Cancer Prevention; 2019 Jun 22-24; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2020;13(7 Suppl): Abstract nr PR04.
suPAR: An Inflammatory Mediator for Kidneys
Authors: Sudhini Yashwanth Reddy , Wei Changli , Reiser Jochen
Published: June 2022

Background: Inflammation is a common feature of many kidney diseases. The implicated inflammatory mediators and their underlying molecular mechanisms however are often not clear. Summary: suPAR is the soluble form of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), associated with inflammation and immune activation. It has evolved into a unique circulating kidney disease factor over the last 10 years. In particular, suPAR has multiple looks due to enzymatic cleavage and alternative transcriptional splicing of the uPAR gene. Most recently, suPAR has emerged as a systemic mediator for COVID-19 infection, associated with lung as well as kidney dysfunction. Like membrane-bound uPAR, suPAR could interact with integrins (e.g., αvβ3 integrin) on podocytes, providing the molecular basis for some glomerular kidney diseases. In addition, there have been numerous studies suggesting that suPAR connects acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease as a special kidney risk factor. Moreover, the implication of circulating suPAR levels in kidney transplantation and plasmapheresis not only indicates its relevance in monitoring for recurrence but also implies suPAR as a possible therapeutic target. In fact, the therapeutic concept of manipulating suPAR function has been evidenced in several kidney disease experimental models. Key Messages: The last 10 years of research has established suPAR as a unique inflammatory mediator for kidneys. While open questions remain and deserve additional studies, modulating suPAR function may represent a promising novel therapeutic strategy for kidney disease.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: a Review of Shared Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
Authors: Muzurović Emir , Peng Carol Chiung-Hui , Belanger Matthew J. , Sanoudou Despina , Mikhailidis Dimitri P. , Mantzoros Christos S.
Published: June 2022

The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising. NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated not only with hepatic morbidity and mortality but also with an increased cardiovascular risk. NAFLD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) share several risk factors, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. This review summarizes the evidence linking cardiometabolic risk factors and NAFLD in the context of risk for CVD. The cause of NAFLD/NASH is complex, involving a range of factors from genetics to lifestyle and energy balance. Genetically driven high liver fat content does not appear to be causally associated with increased CVD risk. In contrast, metabolic dysfunction not only predisposes to liver pathology but also leads to a significantly higher CVD risk. Given that NAFLD pathophysiology is influenced by multiple factors, each patient is unique as to their risk of developing CVD and liver pathology. At the same time, the rising burden of NAFLD/NASH is closely linked with the global increase in metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, both personalized therapeutic approaches that recognize individual pathophysiology, as well as public health policies that address the root causes of cardiometabolic risk factors for NAFLD may be needed to effectively address the NAFLD/NASH epidemic.
Cardiovascular Events After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Li Linxin , Murthy Santosh B.
Published: June 2022

Cardiovascular events after primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have emerged as a leading cause of poor functional outcomes and mortality during the long-term recovery after an ICH. These events encompass arterial ischemic events such as ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction, arterial hemorrhagic events that include recurrent ICH, and venous thrombotic events such as venous thromboembolism. The purpose of this review is to summarize the cardiovascular complications after ICH, epidemiology and associated risk factors, and their impact on ICH outcomes. Additionally, we will highlight possible pathophysiological mechanisms to explain the short- and long-term increased risks of ischemic and hemorrhagic events after ICH. Finally, we will highlight potential secondary stroke and venous thrombotic prevention strategies often not considered after ICH, balanced against the risk of ICH recurrence.
Mazax akephaloi sp. nov.—a new Neotropical spider species resembling ‘headless’ Ectatomma ants (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
Authors: PERGER ROBERT , PETT BROGAN L.
Published: June 2022

A new ant-like spider species of the subfamily Castianeirinae, Mazax akephaloi sp. nov., representing the second species of Mazax recorded from South America, is described from the Bolivian orocline and the Paraguayan Chaco region. The new species superficially resembles Mazax ramirezi Rubio & Danişman, 2014, but can be distinguished from this species and all other congeners by a combination of the following characters: feathery setae on the carapace, a tibia I spine formula of 5–4 in males and 5–5 in females, the embolus sub-apical with a spatulate extension, the lung-shaped spermathecae II and slightly undulating copulatory ducts. Adults of M. akephaloi sp. nov. were observed foraging in association with workers of the ant Ectatomma permagnum Forel, 1908 on the ground or leaf litter along forest edges. Although the spiders were lacking a structure imitating the head of the ants, they shared several characters (dark brown integument with distinct, coarse wrinkles and shiny reflections, abdomen anteriorly with dorsally pointing process and distinct median constriction) that increased the species-specific similarity to their potential ant models.
Understanding Errors in Cloud Liquid Water Path Retrievals Derived from CloudSat Path-Integrated Attenuation
Authors: Lebsock Matthew , Takahashi Hanii , Roy Richard , Kurowski Marcin J. , Oreopoulos Lazaros
Published: June 2022

An algorithm that derives the nonprecipitating cloud liquid water path Wcld from CloudSat using a surface reference technique (SRT) is presented. The uncertainty characteristics of the SRT are evaluated. It is demonstrated that an accurate analytical formulation for the pixel-scale precision can be derived. The average precision of the SRT is estimated to be 34 g m−2 at the individual pixel scale; however, precision systematically decreases from around 30 to 40 g m−2 as cloud fraction varies from 0% to 100%. The retrievals of clear-sky Wcld have a mean bias of 0.9 g m−2. Output from a large-eddy simulation coupled to a radar simulator shows that an additional bias of −8% may result from nonuniformity within the footprint of cloudy pixels. The retrieval yield for the SRT, measured relative to all warm clouds over ocean between 60°N and 60°S latitude is 43%. The SRT Wcld is compared with one estimate of Wcld from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) using an adiabatic cloud profile and an effective radius derived from 3.7-μm reflectance. A strong correlation between the mean MODIS Wcld and SRT Wcld is found across diverse cloud regimes, but with biases in the mean Wcld that are cloud-regime dependent. Overall, the mean bias of the SRT relative to MODIS is −13.1 g m−2. Systematic underestimates of Wcld by the SRT resulting from nonuniform beamfilling cannot be ruled out as an explanation for the retrieval bias.
A Generalized Dual-Frequency Ratio (DFR) Approach for Rain Retrievals
Authors: Meneghini Robert , Liao Liang , Iguchi Toshio
Published: June 2022

The dual-frequency ratio of radar reflectivity factors (DFR) has been shown to be a useful quantity as it is independent of the number concentration of the particle size distribution and primarily a function of the mass-weighted particle diameter Dm. A drawback of DFR-related methods for rain estimation, however, is the nonunique relationship between Dm and DFR. At Ku- and Ka-band frequencies, two solutions for Dm exist when DFR is less than zero. This ambiguity generates multiple solutions for the range profiles of the particle size parameters. We investigate characteristics of these solutions for both the initial-value (forward) and final-value (backward) forms of the equations. To choose one among many possible range profiles of Dm, number concentration, and rain rate R, independently measured path attenuations are used. For the backward approach, the possibility exists of dispensing with externally measured path attenuations by achieving consistency between the input and output path attenuations. The methods are tested by means of a simulation based on disdrometer-measured raindrop size distributions and the results are compared with a simplified version of the operational R–Dm method.
Effects of Free Trade Agreements on Trade Activities of Signatory Countries
Authors: Gurtu Amulya , Johny Jestin , Chowdhary Rupal
Published: June 2022

The study analyses the effects of free trade agreements (FTAs) signed by India on the changes in the trade volumes of member states. The article analyses the benefits of the economic integration of export earnings to meet the import demands. It is found that FTAs improve economic activities among the signing countries. This article highlights the role of FTAs in the economic activities of countries signing the trade agreement. Post FTAs, the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of exports increased and imports reduced. This research will help researchers identify the areas and countries where FTAs are desirable and help improve economic activities.

JEL Codes: F15
Violated entitlement and the nation: How feelings of relative deprivation shape nationalism and constructive patriotism
Authors: Wamsler Steffen
Published: June 2022

Perceptions of violated entitlement resulting from group-based relative deprivation shape attitudes and behaviors decisively. Drawing on social identity theory, I hypothesize that nationalism and constructive patriotism portray divergent relationships with subjective feelings of being disadvantaged due to different coping strategies to overcome status inferiority. Employing an original, large-scale survey from six European countries, the results clearly show that group-based relative deprivation is positively linked to nationalism, whereas the reverse holds for constructive patriotism. These results hold irrespective of a wide array of robustness checks. Thus, the present study adds to extant literature by identifying feelings of disadvantage as crucial for predicting nationalism and constructive patriotism, two key manifestations of group membership and in-group identification.
Social Network Ties and Responses to COVID-19 Among E-Cigarette Users
Authors: Kelly Brian C. , Pawson Mark , Vuolo Mike
Published: June 2022

Social networks can enhance behavioral changes or entrench existing patterns of behavior. We aimed to identify how network ties to other e-cigarette users shaped responses to the pandemic and e-cigarette considerations. A national U.S. survey of 562 e-cigarette users was conducted during April 2020. Participants self-reported network ties to other e-cigarette users and pandemic outcomes: receiving expressions of concern about vaping, risk for a bad COVID outcome, changes in e-cigarette risk perceptions, and considerations of quitting. Each additional e-cigarette user tie was associated with a 0.014 unit increase in expressions of concern ( p < 0.001), a 0.034 unit increase in perceived risk of a bad outcome ( p < 0.05), and 3.9% higher odds of quit considerations (OR = 1.039; p < 0.01). Family ties to e-cigarette users were particularly important. Additional e-cigarette users within a network shaped risk perceptions in response to COVID-19. Network ties to other e-cigarette users have implications for cessation or reduction of e-cigarette use.
Suspense and Surprise in Media Product Design: Evidence from Twitch
Authors: Simonov Andrey , Ursu Raluca M. , Zheng Carolina
Published: June 2022

The authors quantify the relative importance of beliefs-based suspense and surprise measures in the entertainment preferences of viewers of Twitch, the largest online video game streaming platform. Using detailed viewership and game statistics data from broadcasts of tournaments of a popular video game, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, the authors compute measures of suspense and surprise for a rational viewer. They then develop and estimate a stylized utility model that underlies viewers’ decisions to both join and leave a game stream. The method used enables the authors to causally identify the direct effect of suspense and surprise on viewers’ utilities, separating it from other sources of entertainment value (e.g., team skill) and from indirect/supply-side effects (e.g., word of mouth, advertising). The authors show that suspense enters a viewer's utility but find little evidence of the effect of surprise. The magnitudes imply that a one-standard-deviation increase in round-level suspense decreases the probability of leaving a stream by .27 percentage points. The authors find no detectable effect of suspense and surprise on the decision to join a stream, ruling out indirect effects. Variation in suspense levels explains 9.2% of the observed range of the evolution of a stream's viewership. The authors use these estimates to evaluate counterfactual game and platform designs. They show that historical updates to Counter-Strike: Global Offensive game rules have increased tournament viewership by 4.1%, that rules can be further modified to increase viewership, and that alternative platform designs that inform joining users of games’ scores will additionally increase overall viewership by 1.3%. Together, these results illustrate the value of the authors’ method as a general tool that content producers and platforms can use to evaluate and design media products.
Learn and Adapt, or Perish: The Case of the F35 Lightning II
Authors: Gerrits Lasse , Marks Peter
Published: June 2022

We assess to what extent a (co)evolutionary macro level approach enhances our understanding of learning in governance processes. We ask the question: in what ways do actors learn to improve their chances of long-term survival in complex governance processes? We deploy a model of collective decision making moulded upon fitness landscapes to analyze a longitudinal case study of collective (political and administrative) decision making, namely the process of developing and acquiring the F35 Lightning II fighter jet. The study demonstrates that actors learn how to ensure survival over time but create a failing megaproject in the process.
ETS1 is a novel transcriptional regulator of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma of North American descent
Authors: Luchtel Rebecca A. , Zhao Yongmei , Aggarwal Ritesh K. , Pradhan Kith , Maqbool Shahina B.
Published: June 2022

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive T-cell lymphoma associated with the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 virus endemic in regions including Japan, the Caribbean islands, and Latin America. Although progress has been made to understand the disease, survival outcomes with current standard therapy remain extremely poor particularly in acute ATLL, underlying the need for better understanding of its biology and identification of novel therapeutic targets. Recently, it was demonstrated that ATLL of North American–descendent patients (NA-ATLL) is both clinically and molecularly distinct from Japanese-descendent (J-ATLL), with inferior prognosis and higher incidence of epigenetic-targeting mutations compared with J-ATLL. In this study, combined chromatin accessibility and transcriptomic profiling were used to further understand the key transcriptional regulators of NA-ATLL compared with J-ATLL. The ETS1 motif was found to be enriched in chromatin regions that were differentially open in NA-ATLL, whereas the AP1/IRF4 motifs were enriched in chromatin regions more open in J-ATLL. ETS1 expression was markedly elevated in NA-ATLL in both cell line and primary tumor samples, and knockdown of ETS1 in NA-ATLL cells resulted in inhibition of cell growth. CCR4, a previously identified oncogenic factor in ATLL, was found to be a direct ETS1 transcriptional target in NA-ATLL. As such, ETS1 provides an alternate mechanism to enhance CCR4 expression/activity in NA-ATLL, even in the absence of activating CCR4 mutations (CCR4 mutations were identified in 4 of 9 NA-ATLL cases). Taken together, this study identifies ETS1 as a novel dominant oncogenic transcriptional regulator in NA-ATLL.
Modeling and Parameter Sensitivity Analysis of Valve-Controlled Helical Hydraulic Rotary Actuator System
Authors: Zhang Kun , Zhang Junhui , Gan Minyao , Zong Huaizhi , Wang Ximeng , Huang Hsinpu , Su Qi , Xu Bing
Published: June 2022

As a type of hydraulic rotary actuator, a helical hydraulic rotary actuator exhibits a large angle, high torque, and compact structure; hence, it has been widely used in various fields. However, its core technology is proprietary to several companies and thus has not been disclosed. Furthermore, the relevant reports are primarily limited to the component level. The dynamic characteristics of the output when a helical rotary actuator is applied to a closed-loop system are investigated from the perspective of driving system design. Two main aspects are considered: one is to establish a reliable mathematical model and the other is to consider the effect of system parameter perturbation on the output. In this study, a detailed mechanical analysis of a helical rotary hydraulic cylinder is first performed, factors such as friction and load are considered, and an accurate dynamic model of the actuator is established. Subsequently, considering the nonlinear characteristics of pressure flow and the dynamic characteristics of the valve, a dynamic model of a valve-controlled helical rotary actuator angle closed-loop system is described based on sixth-order nonlinear state equations, which has never been reported previously. After deriving the system model, a sensitivity analysis of 23 main parameters in the model with a perturbation of 10% is performed under nine operating conditions. Finally, the system dynamics model and sensitivity analysis results are verified via a prototype experiment and co-simulation, which demonstrate the reliability of the theoretical results obtained in this study. The results provide an accurate mathematical model and analysis basis for the structural optimization or control compensation of similar systems.
Radiographer-led discharge for emergency care patients, requiring projection radiography of minor musculoskeletal injuries: a scoping review
Authors: Shepherd Jenny , Lourida Ilianna , Meertens Robert M.
Published: June 2022

Background

Pressure on emergency departments (EDs) from increased attendance for minor injuries has been recognised in the United Kingdom. Radiographer-led discharge (RLD) has potential for improving efficiency, through radiographers trained to discharge patients or refer them for treatment at the point of image assessment. This review aims to scope all RLD literature and identify research assessing the merits of RLD and requirements to enable implementation.

Methods

We conducted a scoping review of studies relating to RLD of emergency care patients requiring projection radiography of minor musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries. MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL, relevant radiography journals and grey literature were searched. Articles were reviewed and the full texts of selected studies were screened against eligibility criteria. The data were extracted, collated and a narrative synthesis completed.

Results

Seven studies with varying study designs were included in the review. The small number of studies was possibly due to a generally low research uptake in radiography. The main outcome for four studies was reduced length of stay in ED, with recall and re-attendance to ED a primary outcome in one study and secondary outcome for two other studies. The potential for increased efficiency in the minor MSK pathway patient pathway and capacity for ED staff was recognised. Radiographers identified a concern regarding the risk of litigation and incentive of increased salary when considering RLD. The studies were broadly radiographer focussed, despite RLD spanning ED and Radiology.

Conclusion

There were a low number of RLD active radiographers, likely to be motivated individuals. However, RLD has potential for generalisability with protocol variations evident, all producing similar positive outcomes. Understanding radiography and ED culture could clarify facilitators for RLD to be utilised more sustainably into the future. Cost effectiveness studies, action research within ED, and cluster randomised controlled trial with process evaluation are needed to fully understand the potential for RLD.

The cost effectiveness of RLD may provide financial support for training radiographers and increasing their salary, with potential future benefit of reduction in workload within ED. RLD implementation would require an inter-professional approach achieved by understanding ED staff and patient perspectives and ensuring these views are central to RLD implementation.
Immunogenicity after outbreak response immunization activities among young healthcare workers with secondary vaccine failure during the measles epidemic in Korea, 2019
Authors: Seok Hyeri , Españo Erica , Kim Jooyun , Jeon Ji Hoon , Choi Won Suk , Kim Yun-Kyung , Kim Jeong-Ki , Park Dae Won
Published: June 2022

Background

Despite high vaccination coverage, measles outbreaks have been reported in measles elimination countries, especially among healthcare workers in their 20 and 30 s. This study was designed to identify measles-susceptible individuals and to evaluate whether primary or secondary vaccine failure occurred during measles outbreak response immunization (ORI) activities.

Methods

The study population was divided into three groups as follows: natural immunity group (Group 1), vaccine-induced immunity group (Group 2), and vaccine failure group (Group 3). We evaluated the immunogenicity of measles among healthcare workers using three methods—enzyme-linked immunoassays, plaque reduction neutralization tests, and avidity assays. The results were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks after, and 6 months after the completion of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination.

Results

In total, 120 subjects were enrolled, with 40 subjects in each group. The median age of Group 3 was 29 years, which was significantly lower than that of the other groups. The baseline negative measles virus (MeV) IgG in Group 3 increased to a median value of 165 AU/mL at 4 weeks after ORI and was lower than that in Groups 1 and 2. The median neutralizing antibody titer was highest in Group 1, and this was significantly different from that in Group 2 or Group 3 at 4 weeks (944 vs. 405 vs. 482 mIU/mL, P = 0.001) and 6 months (826 vs. 401 vs. 470, P = 0.011) after ORI. The rates of high MeV avidity IgG were highest in Group 2, and these were significantly different from those in Groups 1 or 3 at 4 weeks (77.5 vs. 90% vs. 88.6%, P = 0.03) and 6 months (81 vs. 94.8 vs. 82.1%, P = 0.01) after ORI.

Conclusions

Considering the MeV-neutralizing antibodies and IgG avidity after MMR vaccination in measles-susceptible group, vaccine failure is inferred as secondary vaccine failure, and further data regarding the maintenance of immunogenicity are needed based on long-term data. The MeV-neutralizing antibody levels were highest in the natural immunity group, and the primary vaccine-induced immunity group showed the highest rates of high MeV IgG avidity.
Risk factors for postoperative pneumonia in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Han Seung-Beom , Kim Sang-Bum , Shin Kyun-Ho
Published: June 2022

Background

Postoperative pneumonia (POP) is a devastating complication that can frequently occur after hip fracture surgery. This study aimed to quantitatively and comprehensively summarize the risk factors for POP following hip fracture surgery.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for studies assessing risk factors for POP following hip fracture surgery. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and standardized mean difference (SMD) between patients with and without POP were calculated. Evidence was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale.

Results

Ten studies including 37,130 patients with hip fractures were selected. POP occurred in 1768 cases with an accumulated incidence of 7.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.061–0.094). Advanced age (SMD: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.10–0.90), male sex (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.12–2.01), American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status scale ≥3 (OR: 3.17, 95% CI: 1.25–8.05), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.43–2.94), coronary heart disease (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.27–2.60), arrhythmia (OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.04–2.15), congestive heart failure (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.14–1.75), chronic kidney disease (OR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.28–3.41), and cerebrovascular accident (OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.60–2.85) were risk factors for POP. Hemoglobin (SMD: -0.14, 95% CI: − 0.25 to − 0.03), albumin (SMD: -0.97, 95% CI: − 1.54–-0.41), blood urea nitrogen (SMD: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.03–0.37), alanine aminotransferase (SMD: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.10–0.44), arterial oxygen pressure (SMD: -0.49, 95% CI: − 0.71–-0.27), time from injury to surgery (SMD: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.08–0.17), and surgery within 48 h (OR: 3.74, 95% CI: 2.40–5.85) were associated with the development of POP.

Conclusion

Patients with the aforementioned risk factors should be identified preoperatively, and related prophylaxis strategies should be implemented to prevent POP following hip fracture surgery.
Neuropathological and behavioral features of an APP/PS1/MAPT (6xTg) transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Tag Sung Hyun , Kim Baeksun , Bae Jinhee , Chang Keun-A , Im Heh-In
Published: June 2022

Alzheimer's disease is associated with various brain dysfunctions, including memory impairment, neuronal loss, astrocyte activation, amyloid-β plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. Transgenic animal models of Alzheimer's disease have proven to be invaluable for the basic research of Alzheimer's disease. However, Alzheimer's disease mouse models developed so far do not fully recapitulate the pathological and behavioral features reminiscent of Alzheimer's disease in humans. Here, we investigated the neurobehavioral sequelae in the novel 6xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, which was developed by incorporating human tau containing P301L mutation in the widely used 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. At 11-months-old, 6xTg mice displayed the core pathological processes found in Alzheimer's disease, including accumulation of amyloid-β plaque, extensive neuronal loss, elevated level of astrocyte activation, and abnormal tau phosphorylation in the brain. At 9 to 11-months-old, 6xTg mice exhibited both cognitive and non-cognitive behavioral impairments relevant to Alzheimer’s disease, including memory loss, hyperlocomotion, anxiety-like behavior, depression-like behavior, and reduced sensorimotor gating. Our data suggest that the aged 6xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease presents pathological and cognitive-behavioral features reminiscent of Alzheimer's disease in humans. Thus, the 6xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease may be a valuable model for studying Alzheimer’s disease-relevant non-cognitive behaviors.
College students’ attachment to their smartphones: a subjective operant approach
Authors: Tai Zixue , Dai Cheng
Published: June 2022

Background

Smartphone use has become a pervasive aspect of youth daily life today. Immersive engagement with apps and features on the smartphone may lead to intimate and affectionate human-device relationships. The purpose of this research is to holistically dissect the ranked order of the various dimensions of college students’ attachment to the smartphones through the by-person factorial analytical power of Q methodology.

Methods

Inspired by extant research into diverse aspects of human attachment to the smartphones, a concourse of 50 statements pertinent to the functional, behavioral, emotional and psychological dimensions of human-smartphone attachment were pilot tested and developed. A P sample of 67 participants completed the Q sort based on respective subjective perceptions and self-references. Data was processed utilizing the open-source Web-based Ken-Q Analysis software in detecting the main factorial structure.

Results

Five distinct factor (persona) exemplars were identified illustrating different pragmatic, cognitive and attitudinal approaches to smartphone engagement. They were labeled mainstream users, disciplined conventionalists, casual fun-seekers, inquisitive nerds, and sentient pragmatists in response to their respective psycho-behavioral traits. There were clear patterns of similarity and divergence among the five personas.

Conclusion

The typological diversity points to the multiplicate nature of human-smartphone attachment. Clusters of cognitive, behavioral and habitual patterns in smartphone engagement driving each persona may be a productive area of exploration in future research in exploring their respective emotional and other outcomes. The concurrent agency of nomophobia and anthropomorphic attribution is an intriguing line of academic inquiry.
Results of phase 3 randomized trial for use of docetaxel as a radiosensitizer in patients with head and neck cancer unsuitable for cisplatin-based chemoradiation.
Authors: Patil Vijay Maruti , Noronha Vanita , Menon Nandini Sharrel , Laskar Sarbani , Budrukkar Ashwini , Swain Monali , Bhattacharjee Atanu , Balaji Arun , Chaturvedi Pankaj , Chaukar Devendra A , Pai P. S. , Nair Sudhir Vasudevan , Purandare Nilendu , Agrawal Archi , Puranik Ameya , Nawale Kavita Prakash , Mathrudev Vijayalakshmi , Prabhash Kumar
Published: June 2022

LBA6003

Background: Systemic therapy options have not been systematically evaluated in cisplatin-ineligible locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LAHNSCC) patients undergoing chemoradiation. This study evaluated docetaxel as a radiosensitizer in this setting. Methods: This was a randomised open-label study. Adults with LAHNSCC planned for radical or adjuvant chemoradiation, with ECOG PS 0-2 and who were cisplatin-ineligible as per the criteria by Ahn et al were enrolled. The patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive radiation alone or radiation with concurrent docetaxel 15 mg/m2 weekly for a maximum of 7 cycles. Adverse events were recorded in accordance with CTCAE version 4.03. The FACT-G, and H and N questionnaires (version 4) were self-administered at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and at 24 months. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival (DFS) and key secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS), adverse events and quality of life (Trial outcome index (TOI)). Results: The study recruited 356 patients with 176 in RT and 180 in the docetaxel-RT arm. The 2-year DFS was 30.3% (95%CI 23.6-37.4) versus 42% (95%CI 34.6-49.2) in the RT and docetaxel-RT arms respectively (Hazard ratio- 0.673; 95% CI 0.521-0.868; P-value=0.002). The median overall survival (OS) was 15.3 months (95%CI 13.1-22) in the RT arm and 25.5 months (95% CI 17.6-32.5) in the docetaxel-RT arm. (Log-rank P-value =.0.035). The 2 -year OS was 41.7% (95%CI 34.1-49.1) versus 50.8% (95%CI 43.1-58.1) in the RT and docetaxel-RT arms respectively (Hazard ratio-0.747; 95% CI 0.569-0.98; P-value=0.035). Any grade 3 or above adverse events were seen in 102 patients (58%) in RT and in 146 (81.6%) in docetaxel-RT arms respectively (P-value=0.000). There was a higher incidence of grade 3 and above mucositis (22.2% versus 49.7%; P<0.001), odynophagia (33.5% versus 52.5%; P<0.001) and dysphagia (33% versus 49.7%; P<0.002) with the addition of docetaxel. The addition of docetaxel did not lead to a worsening of TOI scores and FACT-G scores at 6 months. Conclusions: The addition of docetaxel to radiation improved disease-free survival and overall survival in cisplatin-ineligible LAHNSCC and represents a new standard of care. Clinical trial information: CTRI/2017/05/008700.
“The Love That Muslims Have for Mary”
Authors: Abillama Raja
Published: June 2022

The end of the Lebanese Civil War (1975–90) brought a renewed insistence on the coexistence of Muslims and Christians. The “formula of Christian-Muslim coexistence” would seem to circumvent any injunction for the separation of religion and the state along “Western European” lines—for example, laïcité as state ideology—and to allow for religion to mark the state in one shape or another, without that entailing the legal grounding of the state in sharia as is prevalent among Arab states. It would seem an appropriate compromise between two different visions of the state, visions that are bound with the different experiences that Christians and Muslims have had of the circumstances and processes in which the modern Lebanese state was formed. “Muslim-Christian coexistence” would make it possible to deal adequately with religious difference and some of its more destructive political consequences. But, is it the case that the principle is as exclusive of the secular as it appears? In this article, the author argues that Christian-Muslim coexistence is a distinctively Lebanese articulation of a secular sensibility, one that privileges certain ways of being Muslim or Christian, ways that would require Christians and Muslims to constitute themselves, or be constituted, as proper legal subjects.
Robinson Crusoe's Watch
Authors: Holt Elizabeth M.
Published: June 2022

This article reads Buṭrus al-Bustānī’s 1861 translation of Daniel Defoe's 1719 Robinson Crusoe into Arabic in Beirut alongside Karl Marx's contemporaneous critique of the popularity of Robinsonades among British political economists. Al-Bustānī’s translation of Robinson Crusoe sought to synch Arabic up with a global age of double-column bookkeeping, the telegraph, the steamship, and the newspaper, and in turn supplant the Indian Ocean stories of Sindbad the Sailor among Beirut's merchants. The latter story cycle constitutes Arabic literary capital appropriated, enumerated, and rendered exchangeable by the new novel form in the serialized English press of the mercantilist era. In Capital, Vol. 1, in the chapter “The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof,” Marx represents Robinson not as a well-armed slave trader, but rather as endowed with only a watch (unbeknownst to Defoe), paper, pen, and ink. With these tools Marx's Robinson enacts the theory of value in the time of factory labor and the incomplete abolition of slavery. Al-Bustānī—like Faraḥ Anṭūn forty years later—confronts this unevenly syncopated, up-to-the-minute temporality in Arabic, as imperial finance reshapes the resources of the Eastern Mediterranean and migrant laborers depart its shores to work in textile mills in Argentina, Brazil, and the United States.
The High Tide of Colonialism
Authors: Malak Karim
Published: June 2022

This article explores a seaborne genealogy of sovereignty and governmentality by drawing on the case of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Egypt. It argues that a particular form of totalizing sovereignty emerged through the Levant Crisis and its resolution in 1841 when the Mediterranean became mare clausum. Subsequently, it demonstrates how a rivaling seaborne genealogy of sovereignty and governmentality complicates the standard Foucauldian narrative of the emergence of governmentality. In contrast to the classic land-based history of sovereignty and governmentality, a seaborne story can point to a different and earlier periodization of colonization that involves the acquisition of naval stations, outposts, and customs houses hidden under the veneer of naval science.
Phantom Limbs, Embodied Horror, and the Afterlives of the Armenian Genocide
Authors: Semerdjian Elyse
Published: June 2022

The affective horrors of the Armenian genocide leave traces upon the living. Most pilgrims who visit sites of mass killing in contemporary Syria and Turkey note that they feel a profound sense of sadness and are overcome with tears of mourning while visiting the sites. This essay explores these experiences along with two anomalous cases of visitors who had an altogether different experience of the uncanny including physical ailment. Semerdjian suggests that some who visit spaces where Armenian genocide atrocities were committed a century ago are unsettled temporally, geographically, and bodily because they are visitors to haunted spaces or what Roma Sendayka has called “non-sites of memory.” How do communal memories of horrific bodily violence sometimes result in embodied hauntings? How have visitors historically enacted rituals—including collecting bones of martyrs—in an attempt to vacate the affective necrogeography of ghosts by naming the unnamed dead?
The Figure of the Martyr in Iran-Iraq Postwar Movies
Authors: Moallem Minoo
Published: June 2022

This article focuses on the post–Iran-Iraq War representations of the martyr figure, with a close reading of the film Safar be Chazzabeh. The author interrogates the gendered representation of martyrdom and masculinity as central to the narration of the postwar films. She shows how postwar films continue to keep Islamic nationalism in circulation through the martyr figure by conveying a fictive yet affective time of the nation where death opens space for the continuation of life. While post–Iran-Iraq War movies collapse men's emotional relations in the war zone with their heroic martyrdom for the nation-state's sake, they aesthetically mediate the possibility of men's homosociality in the precarious and affective intensity of the war zone.
The Transnational Afterlives of European Muslims
Authors: Balkan Osman , Masarwa Yumna
Published: June 2022

How do European Muslims navigate death and burial in countries where they face systematic barriers to political inclusion? The authors of this article investigate the complex negotiations surrounding end-of-life decisions for Muslim communities in France and Germany. Drawing on multisited ethnographic research among Algerian and Turkish diasporas in Marseilles and Berlin, they illustrate how burial decisions reflect divergent ideas about citizenship, belonging, and identity. While some Muslims are interred in local cemeteries, many more are repatriated out of Europe to be laid in ancestral soils in countries of origin. Through interviews with Muslim death-care workers and community members the authors analyze the significance and symbolic value that such posthumous journeys carry in postmigratory settings. They argue that the Muslim corpse embodies a range of overlapping desires, experiences, and expectations connected to histories of migration, settlement, and return, as well as attitudes toward death and beliefs about the afterlife. Consequently, the corpse offers a compelling window into the transnational afterlives of migration and empire.
Associations between Amount of Recess, Physical Activity, and Cardiometabolic Traits in U.S. Children
Authors: Clevenger Kimberly A. , Belcher Britni R. , Berrigan David
Published: June 2022

Introduction/Purpose

In the United States, it is recommended that schools provide at least 20 min of daily recess, but the optimal amount for health benefits is unknown. We examined associations between amount of recess and health indicators using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2013–2016).

Methods

For this cross-sectional analysis, parents/guardians of 6- to 11-yr-olds (n = 738) reported recess provision which was classified as low (22.8%; approximately 10–15 min, 5 d·wk−1), medium (54.9%; approximately 16–30 min, 5 d·wk−1), or high (22.3%; approximately >30 min, 5 d·wk−1). Outcomes measured included parent/guardian-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity (PA), blood pressure, cholesterol, grip strength, bone mineral content, weight status, percent body fat, vitamin D level, and C-reactive protein level. Linear and logistic regression compared outcomes by level of recess provision accounting for the NHANES complex survey design.

Results

The odds of meeting PA guidelines according to parent/guardian reports were 1.70 and 2.05 times higher in those with medium and high (respectively) versus low recess provision. Accelerometer-measured weekday activity was highest in those with high recess provision, whereas weekend activity was highest in those with low recess provision (Cohen's d = 0.40–0.45). There were no other significant associations.

Conclusion

At least 30 min of daily recess is associated with twofold greater odds of achieving recommended PA levels according to parent/guardian reports; accelerometer data suggest that this is through increased weekday activity. This finding suggests that current national recess recommendations are insufficient for PA promotion. More detailed data on the frequency and duration of recess are needed to quantify optimal provision more precisely.