bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Meusinger Reinhard , Chippendale A. Margaret , Fairhurst Shirley A.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Principles of Magnetic Resonance2.1.Nuclear and Electronic Properties2.2.Nuclei and Electrons in a Stationary Magnetic Field2.3.Basic Principles of the NMR and ESR Experiments2.4.Relaxation3.High‐Resolution Solution NMR Spectroscopy3.1.The NMR Experiment3.1.1.Continuous Wave Methodology3.1.2.Fourier Transform Methodology3.2.Spectral Parameters3.2.1.Chemical Shift3.2.2.Spin ‐ Spin Coupling3.2.3.Signal Intensity3.2.4.Relaxation Times3.3.NMR and Structure3.3.1.Hydrogen (1H and2H)3.3.2.Carbon (13C)3.3.3.Fluorine (19F)3.3.4.Phosphorus (31P)3.3.5.Nitrogen (14N and15N)3.3.6.Oxygen (17O)3.3.7.Silicon (29Si)3.4.Double Resonance Techniques3.4.1.Homonuclear Spin Decoupling3.4.2.Heteronuclear Spin Decoupling3.4.3.NOE Difference Spectroscopy3.5.One‐Dimensional Multi‐Pulse FT Experiments3.5.1.T1Measurement3.5.2.T2Measurement3.5.3.Spectral Editing Experiments3.6.Multi‐Dimensional NMR3.6.1.Basic Principles3.6.2.J‐Resolved Spectra3.6.3.Homonuclear Chemical Shift Correlation (COSY)3.6.4.Heteronuclear Chemical Shift Correlation (HETCOR, HMQC)3.6.5.Homonuclear NOE Correlation3.7.NMR Spectral Collections, Databases, and Expert Systems3.8.Applications3.8.1.Chemical Structure Determination3.8.2.Quantitative Chemical Analysis by NMR3.8.3.Rate Processes and NMR Spectra3.8.4.NMR Methods Utilized in Combinatorial Chemistry and Biochemistry4.NMR of Solids and Heterogeneous Systems4.1.High‐Resolution NMR of Solids4.2.Low Resolution1H NMR of Heterogeneous Systems5.NMR Imaging6.ESR Spectroscopy6.1.The ESR Experiment6.1.1.Continuous Wave ESR6.1.2.ENDOR and Triple Resonance6.1.3.Pulse ESR6.1.4.ESR Imaging6.2.Spectral Parameters6.2.1.g‐Factor6.2.2.Nuclear Hyperfine Interaction6.2.3.Quantitative Measurements6.3.ESR in the Liquid State6.3.1.Slow Molecular Tumbling6.3.2.Exchange Processes6.4.Computer Simulation of Spectra6.5.Specialist Techniques6.5.1.Spin Trapping6.5.2.Spin Labeling6.5.3.Oximetry6.5.4.Saturation Transfer
Occupational Health and Safety
Authors: Miksche Leopold W. , Meyer Gunter , Kolk Jan J. , Noordam Philip , Lamb Donald W. , Bosatra Dan , Kiesselbach Niko , Gruber Joachim , Dosch Rainer
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.History1.2.Differentiation of Tasks1.3.Hazards in the Chemical Industry1.4.General Outline of Goals1.5.Experts and their Training2.Legal Background2.1.Laws and Regulations in Germany2.1.1.State Legislation and Controls2.1.2.Trade Associations2.1.3.Company Occupational Safety System2.1.4.Role of the Social Partner and Associations2.1.5.Future Developments2.2.Legal Requirements in Other European Countries2.3.European Legislation2.4.Regulations in the United States3.Industrial Hygiene3.1.Introduction and History3.2.Requirements for an Effective Program3.3.Objectives and Standards3.4.Organization and Staff Management3.5.Anticipation of Health Hazards3.6.Occupational Exposure Assessment3.6.1.Introduction3.6.2.Characterization and Identification3.6.3.Preliminary Evaluation and Prioritization (Qualitative Assessment)3.6.4.Occupational Exposure Limits3.6.5.Quantitative Assessment‐Occupational Hygiene Monitoring3.6.6.Monitoring Planning and Strategy Definition3.6.7.Sampling and Analysis; Data Quality Assurance3.6.8.Sampling and Analysis Execution3.6.9.Data Interpretation and Reporting; Record Keeping3.7.Exposure Control Methods3.7.1.General Concepts3.7.2.Personal Protective Equipment3.8.Physical Agents3.9.Communication and Training3.10.Industrial Hygiene in the United States4.Occupational Medicine4.1.Health Surveillance4.1.1.Monitoring4.1.2.Periodical Medical Examination4.1.3.Evaluation and Interpretation of Data4.1.4.Reporting Health Surveillance Results4.1.5.Corrective Actions4.2.Biological Monitoring4.2.1.Basic Considerations4.2.2.Prerequisites4.2.3.Biological Media4.2.4.Biological Occupational Limits4.2.5.Interpretation of Biological Monitoring Data4.3.Occupational Epidemiology4.3.1.Introduction4.3.2.Basic Requirements‐Data Collection4.3.2.1.Data on Exposed Individuals in the Study Group4.3.2.2.Technical Data on the Occupational Environment4.3.3.Descriptive and Analytical Study Types4.3.4.Usefulness of Occupational Epidemiological Studies4.4.Ergonomics4.4.1.Introduction; Definitions4.4.2.Scope of Ergonomics4.4.3.Stress Factors4.4.4.Assessment and Testing Criteria4.4.5.Objectives4.5.Evaluation of Health Risks4.5.1.Basic Considerations4.5.2.Difficulties in Interpretation4.5.3.Dose/Effect/Polymorphism4.5.4.Hazard Identification4.5.5.Risk Estimation4.5.6.Risk Evaluation4.5.7.Risk Limitation4.6.Occupational Diseases and Work‐Related Illnesses4.6.1.Introduction; Definitions4.6.2.Occupational Diseases4.6.3.Prevention4.6.4.Compensation for Occupational Diseases4.6.5.Trends4.6.6.Work‐Related Illnesses4.7.First Aid4.8.Occupational Medicine in the United States5.Acknowledgement
Combinatorial Methods in Catalysis and Materials Science
Authors: Brümmer Oliver , Hall Keith A. , Leclerc Margarete , Lee Silvia E. , Murphy Vince
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Enzyme Mimetics and Metal Complexes as Enzyme Mimetics2.1.Combinatorial Libraries of Catalysts as Enzyme Mimetics2.2.Combinatorial Synthesis Enzyme Mimetics2.2.1.Hydrolytically Active Metal Complexes2.2.2.Evolutionary Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Oxygenase Mimics2.2.3.Libraries of Organic Acylation Catalysts3.Combinatorial Catalysis in Asymmetric Synthesis3.1.Combinatorial Catalyst Libraries in Enantioselective Additions of Dialkylzinc Reagents3.2.Ligands for the Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Aza Diels ‐ Alder Reaction3.3.Divergent Ligand Synthesis for Enantioselective Alkylations3.4.Chiral Phosphine Ligands for Asymmetric Hydrogenation3.5.Asymmetric Reactions Catalyzed by Schiff Base‐Type Ligands: the Positional Scanning Approach3.6.Identification of Novel Catalysts for Asymmetric Epoxidations by the Positional Scanning Approach4.Multidimensional Combinatorial Screening for the Identification of Novel Catalysts4.1.Catalyst Discovery and Optimization Using Catalyst Arrays4.2.Parallel Array Screening for Catalyst Optimization Using Discovery and Focused Ligand Libraries5.One‐Pot, Multi‐Substrate Screening6.Combinatorial Approaches to Olefin Polymerization Catalysts7.Combinatorial Inorganic Catalysis7.1.Combinatorial Libraries of Homogeneous Polyoxometalate‐Based Catalysts7.2.Combinatorial Libraries and High‐Throughput Screening of Heterogenous Polyoxometalate Catalysts8.Combinatorial Heterogeneous Catalysis8.1.Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane8.2.Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane8.3.Catalytic Oxidation of CO and Reduction of NO9.Combinatorial Electrocatalysis9.1.Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells9.2.Combinatorial Electrosynthesis10.High‐throughput Screening Tools for Catalysis11.Combinatorial Solid‐State Materials Science11.1.Materials Library Synthesis11.1.1.Vapor Deposition Techniques11.1.2.Alternative Library Synthesis Techniques11.2.High‐Throughput Screening for Materials11.2.1.Optical Screening11.2.2.X‐Ray Characterization11.3.Applications of Materials11.3.1.Superconductivity11.3.2.Ferromagnetic Semiconductors11.3.3.Magnetoresistant Materials11.3.4.Dielectric and Ferroelectric Materials11.3.5.Luminescent Materials12.Organic Materials and Polymers12.1.Schiff Bases for Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Materials12.2.Artificial Receptors for Small Organic Molecules12.3.New Materials for the Separation of Enantiomers12.4.Molecular Imprinting12.5.Polymer Topologies and Functionalization13.Summary and Outlook
Neurotransmitter Transporters
Authors: Hu Jia , Leitzell Katherine , Wang Dan , Quick Michael W.
Published: December 2006

Neurotransmitter transporters belong to the superfamily of solute carrier. Transporters regulate transmitter levels in the extracellular space and in transmitter‐containing vesiclesby controlling the movement of transmitter between various intracellular andextracellular compartments in brain. This function is achieved in part by coupling the movement of transmitter against its concentration gradient to the movement of associated ions down their electrochemical gradients. Disruption of the normal transport process isassociated with a variety of brain disorders including Alzheimer's disease, depression, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and substance abuse. Moreover, some transportersin this gene family are primary targets of potent psychoactive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, and antidepressants. Neurons and glia have multiple mechanisms by which they control transporter expression and function on a variety of time scales. This regulation is not only important for understanding the role of transporters in physiological and pathological processes, but may provide mechanistic targets for therapeutics aimed at disorders related to abnormal transmitter levels.
A patient with duplication (7)(p22.1pter) characterized by array‐CGH
Authors: Zahed Laila , Pramparo Tiziano , Farra Chantal , Mikati Mohammad , Zuffardi Orsetta
Published: December 2006

Approximately 40 patients with terminal duplication of the distal short arm of chromosome 7 have been reported, the smallest being dup(7)(p21). We report here on a patient with a smaller duplication, dup(7)(p22.1), detected on G‐banding and characterized by array‐CGH. We establish phenotype–karyotype correlations with the reported patients with other 7p duplications. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
COL2A1–related skeletal dysplasias with predominant metaphyseal involvement
Authors: Walter Kerstin , Tansek Mojca , Tobias Edward S. , Ikegawa Shiro , Coucke Paul , Hyland James , Mortier Geert , Iwaya Tsutomu , Nishimura Gen , Superti‐Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: December 2006

Skeletal dysplasias induced by mutations in the collagen 2 gene (the so‐called “type 2 collagenopathies”) form a wide spectrum in severity and are distinguished by subtle clinical and radiographic differential signs. The unifying features are predominant involvement of the vertebral bodies and the epiphyses of the long bones (“spondylo‐epiphyseal” pattern). A mild degree of metaphyseal dysplasia can be seen in the so‐called Strudwick variant of spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia and is generally mild or absent in other forms.

We report here on four individuals with COL2A1 mutations associated with marked metaphyseal involvement with only mild epiphyseal and spondylar changes. One patient who carried a Gly283Arg substitution had a pattern of metaphyseal dysplasia that corresponded precisely to what was termed “Murdoch type metaphyseal dysplasia” in 1960s and was renamed Strudwick type SEMD in 1980s; the second patient carried a Gly181Arg substitution and had severe metaphyseal dysplasia with fractures at the metaphyses reminiscent of the “corner fractures” or Sutcliffe type spondylometaphyseal dysplasia. The third patient also had major metaphyseal involvement but more epiphyseal changes than the others in this study and had a Gly922Arg mutation in COL2A1. The final patient had a small in‐frame deletion and unusually ballooned and distorted metaphyses.

While it remains true that most individuals with COL2A1 mutations have chondrodysplasia with a spondylo‐epiphyseal pattern, metaphyseal involvement is not incompatible with a COL2A1 dysplasia and mutation analysis can be indicated. The observation of these individuals with metaphyseal dysplasia indicates that the phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations in type 2 collagen, the main cartilage protein, is even wider than hitherto assumed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Digestive enzyme compartmentalization and recycling and sites of absorption and secretion along the midgut of Dermestes maculatus (Coleoptera) larvae
Authors: Caldeira Waldir , Dias Alcides B. , Terra Walter R. , Ribeiro Alberto F.
Published: December 2006

Bostrichiformia is the less known major series of Coleoptera regarding digestive physiology. The midgut of Dermestes maculatus has a cylindrical ventriculus with anterior caeca. There is no cell differentiation along the ventriculus, except for the predominance of cells undergoing apocrine secretion in the anterior region. Apocrine secretion affects a larger extension and a greater number of cells in caeca than in ventriculus. Ventricular cells putatively secrete digestive enzymes, whereas caecal cells are supposed to secrete peritrophic gel (PG) glycoproteins. Feeding larvae with dyes showed that caeca are water‐absorbing, whereas the posterior ventriculus is water‐secreting. Midgut dissection revealed a PG and a peritrophic membrane (PM) covering the contents in anterior and posterior ventriculus, respectively. This was confirmed by in situ chitin detection with FITC‐WGA conjugates. Ion‐exchange chromatography of midgut homogenates, associated with enzymatic assays with natural and synthetic substrates and specific inhibitors, showed that trypsin and chymotrypsin are the major proteinases, cysteine proteinase is absent, and aspartic proteinase probably is negligible. Amylase and trypsin occur in contents and decrease along the ventriculus; the contrary is true for cell‐membrane‐bound aminopeptidase. Maltase is cell‐membrane‐bound and predominates in anterior and middle midgut. Digestive enzyme activities in hindgut are negligible. This, together with dye data, indicates that enzymes are recovered from inside PM by a posterior‐anterior flux of fluid outside PM before being excreted. The combined results suggest that protein digestion starts in anterior midgut and ends in the surface of posterior midgut cells. All glycogen digestion takes place in anterior midgut. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 64:1–18, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit geneMdα2from the house fly,Musca domestica
Authors: Gao Jian‐Rong , Deacutis Juliane M. , Scott Jeffrey G.
Published: December 2006

A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit gene,Mdα2, was isolated and characterized from the house fly,Musca domestica. This is the first nAChR family member cloned from house flies.Mdα2had a cDNA of 2,607 bp, which included a 696 bp 5′‐untranslated region (UTR), an open reading frame of 1,692 bp, and a 219 bp 3′‐UTR. Its deduced amino acid sequence possesses the typical characteristics of nAChRs.Mdα2genomic sequence was 11.2 kb in length in the aabys strain and 10.9 kb in the OCR strain, including eight exons and seven introns. Based on the deduced amino acid sequence,Mdα2had the closest phylogenetic relationship to theDrosophila melanogaster Dα2andAnopheles gambiae Agamα2, and a similar genomic structure toDα2. Quantitative real‐time PCR analysis showed thatMdα2is expressed in the head and the thorax at 150‐ and 8.5‐fold higher levels than in the abdomen. Linkage analysis of aMdα2polymorphism indicates this gene is on autosome 2. The importance of these results in understanding the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of insect nAChRs, the physiology of nAChRs in the house fly, and the utility of nAChR sequences in resistance detection/monitoring is discussed. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 64:30–42, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biocidal effect of cathodic protection on bacterial viability in biofilm attached to carbon steel
Authors: Miyanaga Kazuhiko , Terashi Ryosuke , Kawai Hirofumi , Unno Hajime , Tanji Yasunori
Published: December 2006

Biofilm formed on carbon steel by various species of bacterial cells causes serious problems such as corrosion of steel, choking of flow in the pipe, deterioration of the heat‐transfer efficiency, and so on. Cathodic protection is known to be a reliable method for protecting carbon steel from corrosion. However, the initial attachment of bacteria to the surface and the effects of cathodic protection on bacterial viability in the biofilm have not been clarified. In this study, cathodic protection was applied to an artificial biofilm containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1), a biofilm constituent, on carbon steel. The aims of this study were to evaluate the inhibition effect of cathodic protection on biofilm formation and to reveal the inhibition mechanisms. The viability of PAO1 in artificial biofilm of 5 mm thickness on cathodically protected steel decreased to 1% of the initial cell concentration. Analysis of pH distribution in the artificial biofilm by pH microelectrode revealed that pH in proximity to carbon steel increased to approximately 11 after cathodic protection for 5 h. Moreover, 99% of region in the artificial biofilm was under the pH conditions of over nine. A simulation of pH profile was shown to correspond to experimental values. These results indicate cells in the artificial biofilm were killed or damaged by cathodic protection due to pH increase. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 850–857. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance characteristics of a two‐stage dark fermentative system producing hydrogen and methane continuously
Authors: Kyazze G. , Dinsdale R. , Guwy A.J. , Hawkes F.R. , Premier G.C. , Hawkes D.L.
Published: December 2006

The performance of a mesophilic two‐stage system generating hydrogen and methane continuously from sucrose (10–30 g/L) was investigated. A hydrogen‐generating CSTR followed by an upflow anaerobic filter were both inoculated with anaerobically digested sewage sludge, and ORP, pH, gas output, %H2, %CH4 and %CO2 monitored. pH was controlled with NaOH, KOH or Ca(OH)2. Using NaOH as alkali with 10 g/L sucrose, yields of 1.62 ± 0.2 mol H2/mol hexose added and 323 mL CH4/gCOD added to the hydrogen and methane reactors respectively were achieved. The overall chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction was 92.6% with 0.90 ± 0.1 g/L sodium and 316 ± 40 mg/L residual acetate in the methane reactor. Operation at 20 g/L sucrose and NaOH as alkali led to impaired volatile fatty acid (VFA) degradation in the methane reactor with 2.23 ± 0.2 g/L sodium, 1,885 mg/L residual acetate, a hydrogen yield of 1.47 ± 0.1 mol/mol hexose added, a methane yield of 294 mL/gCOD added and an overall COD reduction of 83%. Using Ca(OH)2 as alkali with 20 g/L sucrose gave a hydrogen yield of 1.29 ± 0.3 mol/mol hexose added, a methane yield of 337 mL/gCOD added and improved the overall COD reduction to 91% with residual acetate concentrations of 522 ± 87 mg/L. Operation at 30 g/L sucrose with Ca(OH)2 gave poorer overall COD reduction (68%), a hydrogen yield of 1.47 ± 0.2 mol/mol hexose added, a methane yield of 138 mL/gCOD added and residual acetate 7,343 ± 715 mg/L. It was shown that sodium toxicity and overloading are important issues for successful anaerobic digestion of effluent from biohydrogen reactors in high rate systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 759–770. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ordered Arrays of Organometallic Iridium Complexes with Long Alkyl Chains on Graphite
Authors: Otsuki Joe , Tokimoto Tsubasa , Noda Yuki , Yano Tomohiro , Hasegawa Takeshi , Chen Xiaoming , Okamoto Yoshio
Published: December 2006

Iridium(III) fac‐tris(2‐phenylpyridine) fac‐[Ir(ppy)3] complexes equipped with long alkyl chains were prepared to examine their capability to form organized arrays on the surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The molecules form lamellar arrays at the 1‐phenyloctane/HOPG interface. From the analysis of the STM images, it was concluded that the molecules align with alkyl chains being interdigitated. Similar lamellar arrays were also obtained at the air/HOPG interface upon drop‐casting of toluene solutions. The lamellar structure at the molecular level leads to rectangular two‐dimensional crystalline domains a few hundred nanometers long (nanoslips). Infrared external reflection spectroscopy suggested that the adsorbed alkyl chains adopt the trans‐zigzag conformation in the nanoslip, although the orientations of the zigzag plane of the alkyl groups are mixed. Cyclic voltammetry indicates fast electron transfer between the adsorbed molecules and the substrate and significant intermolecular electronic interactions. It was found that annealing at high temperatures is an effective method to prepare ordered assemblies more than a few micrometer scale (microslips). The orientations of the nanoslips prepared from the racemic mixture exhibited an apparent 12‐fold symmetry, while its optically active enantiomer resulted in more irregular domains with a six‐fold symmetry, implying an important role of chirality on packing at the molecular level and on the orientation of the domains at larger scales. When drop‐cast from more concentrated solutions than a few hundreds of micromolar, multilayers were obtained, in which the alkyl chains in the molecules are more or less perpendicular to the surface. This structure can be transformed into the nanoslips upon standing.
From Trifluoroacetate Complex Precursors to Monodisperse Rare‐Earth Fluoride and Oxyfluoride Nanocrystals with Diverse Shapes through Controlled Fluorination in Solution Phase
Authors: Sun Xiao , Zhang Ya‐Wen , Du Ya‐Ping , Yan Zheng‐Guang , Si Rui , You Li‐Ping , Yan Chun‐Hua
Published: December 2006

We report the first systematic synthesis of monodisperse rare‐earth (RE=La to Lu, Y) fluoride and oxyfluoride nanocrystals with diverse shapes (trigonal REF3 triangular, truncated‐triangular, hexagonal, and polygonal nanoplates; orthorhombic REF3 quadrilateral and zigzag‐shaped nanoplates; cubic REOF nanopolyhedra and nanorods) from single‐source precursors (SSP) of [RE(CF3COO)3] through controlled fluorination in oleic acid (OA)/oleylamine (OM)/1‐octadecene (ODE). To selectively obtain REF3 or REOF nanocrystals, the fluorination of the REO bond to the REF bond at the nucleation stage was controlled by finely tuning the ratio of OA/ODE or OA/OM, and the reaction temperature. For phase‐pure REF3 or REOF naocrystals, their shape‐selective syntheses could be realized by further modifying the reaction conditions. The two‐dimensional growth of the REF3 nanoplates and the one‐dimensional growth of the REOF nanorods were likely due to the selective adsorption of the capping ligands on specific crystal planes of the nanocrystals. Those well‐shaped nanocrystals with diverse geometric symmetries (such as D3h, D6h, C2h, Oh, and Dnh) displayed a remarkable capability to form self‐assembled superlattices. By manipulating the solvent–substrate combination, the plate‐shaped REF3 nanocrystals could form highly ordered nanoarrays by means of either the face‐to‐face formation or the edge‐to‐edge formation. By using this SSP strategy, we also obtained high‐quality LaF3:Eu and LaF3:Eu/LaF3 triangular nanoplates that showed photoluminescent red emissions of Eu3+ ions sensitive to the surface effect.
The Design of Inhibitors for Medicinally Relevant Metalloproteins
Authors: Jacobsen Faith E. , Lewis Jana A. , Cohen Seth M.
Published: December 2006

A number of metalloproteins are important medicinal targets for conditions ranging from pathogenic infections to cancer. Many but not all of these metalloproteins contain a zinc(II) ion in the protein active site. Small‐molecule inhibitors of these metalloproteins are designed to bind directly to the active site metal ions. In this review several metalloproteins of interest are discussed, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), histone deacetylases (HDACs), anthrax lethal factor (LF), and others. Different strategies that have been employed to design effective inhibitors against these proteins are described, with an effort to highlight the strengths and drawbacks of each approach. An emphasis is placed on examining the bioinorganic chemistry of these metal active sites and how a better understanding of the coordination chemistry in these systems may lead to improved inhibitors. It is hoped that this review will help inspire medicinal, biological, and inorganic chemists to tackle this important problem by considering all aspects of metalloprotein inhibitor design.
Safety and efficacy of repeat administration of samarium Sm‐153 lexidronam to patients with metastatic bone pain
Authors: Sartor Oliver , Reid Robert H. , Bushnell David L. , Quick Donald P. , Ell Peter J.
Published: December 2006

BACKGROUND.

Samarium Sm 153 lexidronam (Sm‐153) is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment for painful bone metastases. The purpose of the analysis was to assess the safety and efficacy of repeated doses of Sm‐153 in patients with metastatic bone pain.

METHODS.

Data were collected prospectively for 202 patients administered 1.0 mCi/kg of Sm‐153. Particular emphasis was placed on analysis of data from 55 patients receiving ≥2 doses. Pain scores, adverse events, and hematologic parameters were assessed after each dose.

RESULTS.

Mild, transient suppression of platelets and white blood cell counts was the most common adverse event after treatment. Nadirs were approximately half of baseline at 4 weeks after dosing with recovery by Week 8 in 90% of patients. Temporary grade 3 thrombocytopenia occurred in 11%, 12%, and 17% of patients after the first, second, and third drug administration, respectively. Grade 3 leukopenia occurred in less than 7% of patients independent of the number of administrations. Significant decreases in pain scores (P < .001) were observed at Week 4 after each of the first 3 doses and maintained at Week 8 after the first 2 doses (P < .003) but not the third. Decreases in pain scores were observed in 70%, 63%, and 80% of patients, respectively, at Week 4 after the first 3 administrations.

CONCLUSIONS.

Repeated dosing of 1.0 mCi/kg of Sm‐153 was both safe and effective and is a reasonable treatment option in patients whose bone pain responds and then recurs after an initial dose provided that adequate hematologic function is present at the time of drug administration. Cancer 2007;109:637–643. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Partial volume tolerance of the spinal cord and complications of single‐dose radiosurgery
Authors: Ryu Samuel , Jin Jian‐Yue , Jin Ryan , Rock Jack , Ajlouni Munther , Movsas Benjamin , Rosenblum Mark , Kim Jae Ho
Published: December 2006

BACKGROUND.

Spine radiosurgery causes a rapid dose fall‐off within the spinal cord. The tolerance of partial volume of the spinal cord may determine the extent of clinical application. The study analyzed the partial volume tolerance of the human spinal cord to single fraction radiosurgery.

METHODS.

A total of 230 lesions with spine metastases in 177 patients were treated with radiosurgery with single fraction of 8 to 18 Gy, prescribed to the 90% isodose line that encompassed the target volume. Spinal cord volume was defined as 6 mm above and below the radiosurgery target volume. Spinal cord dose was calculated from the radiation dose/spinal cord volume histogram and correlated with clinical/neurological status and radiographic studies. Median follow‐up was 6.4 months (range, 0.5–49 months). The 1‐year survival rate was 49%.

RESULTS.

The average spinal cord volume defined at the treated spinal segment was 5.9 ± 2.2 mL. The average dose to the 10% spinal cord volume was 9.8 ± 1.5 Gy, calculated from the dose‐volume histogram in the group of 18 Gy prescribed dose. The spinal cord volume that received higher than 80% of the prescribed dose was 0.07 ± 0.10 mL, which represented 1.3 ± 1.8% of the cord volume. Among the 86 patients who survived longer than 1 year there was 1 case of radiation‐induced cord injury after 13 months of radiosurgery. There were no other cases of spinal cord sequelae.

CONCLUSIONS.

Whereas the maximum spinal cord tolerance to single‐dose radiation is not known, partial volume tolerance of the human spinal cord is at least 10 Gy to 10% of the spinal cord volume defined as 6 mm above and below the radiosurgery target. Cancer 2007;109:628–636. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Variables that influence diagnosis and treatment of the eating disorders within primary care settings: A vignette study
Authors: Currin Laura , Schmidt Ulrike , Waller Glenn
Published: December 2006

Objective:

This study examined the influence of clinical and nonclinical features of case presentation on the diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders in primary care.

Method:

Family physicians from a defined region of the UK were provided with two vignettes, characterizing eating disorder presentations in primary care. Case gender, ethnicity, weight status, and diabetes history were experimentally manipulated. Outcome variables included the primary diagnosis and the treatment course selected for each case.

Results:

Female cases were more likely to receive an eating disorder diagnosis, even when their symptoms were identical to those of males. Nonclinical demographic variables also influenced treatment decisions. Weight status and physical comorbidity had a limited influence on treatment pathways.

Conclusion:

Nonclinical features of case presentations are used when making eating disorder diagnoses and in selecting treatment. Decision‐making in primary care does not reflect recommendations from clinical guidance, and this disparity might increase the risk of complications in the care of sub‐groups of eating‐disordered patients. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
Access point selection strategy in IEEE802.11E WLAN networks toward load balancing
Authors: Takeuchi Shojiro , Sezaki Kaoru , Yasuda Yasuhiko
Published: December 2006

IEEE802.11 WLAN (Wireless LAN) has been widely used in enterprises and public spaces such as airports. In these large WLAN networks, RRM (Radio Resource Management) is necessary for efficient use of radio resources, and also load balancing among APs (Access Point) has to be taken into account. Since, in IEEE802.11, STA (Station) has the right to select an AP with which it will associate, the AP selection mechanism implemented in STA is important for load balancing. This paper proposes an association mechanism called HRFA (High‐Rate First Association) in order to achieve load balancing and efficient use of radio resources. Furthermore, IEEE802.11e was developed by Task Group E of the IEEE802.11 working group and specified a MAC protocol to provide QoS in the MAC layer and to support real‐time traffic over WLAN. In order for WLAN to be more widely used, the functionalities of IEEE802.11e must be provided in WLAN devices. Our proposed HRFA can be applied to WLANs compliant with IEEE802.11e. Since the HRFA can be implemented without any modifications in the IEEE802.11 and IEEE802.11e standards, it is useful from the implementation‐cost and compatibility point of views. Simulation results show that HRFA can efficiently utilize radio resources and can also achieve load balancing in IEEE802.11e WLAN networks. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(4): 35–45, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20347
Specification execution model for detecting feature interactions
Authors: Shimokura Masayuki , Kawada Sachiko , Kawauchi Shizuko , Ohta Tadashi
Published: December 2006

While independent provision of service results in normal operation, operation in tandem with other services causes defective operation to occur. These defects are called ‘feature interactions.’ Our investigation of the international benchmark for detection of feature interactions revealed that feature interactions not occurring in real systems (called ‘lsquo;seeming interactions’) were being detected. Analysis of the cause showed that a conventional state transition model was being used unchanged for the service specification execution model. Seeming interactions are an important issue for increasing the man‐hours used to solve feature interactions. In this paper, we propose a trigger point model that clarifies the service specification trigger point as the specification execution model. Through use of this model, we were able to eliminate as seeming interactions about 60% of the feature interactions listed in the international benchmark, confirming the validity of the proposed model. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(4): 23–34, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20349
Warped‐TSP: An acoustic measurement signal robust to background noise and harmonic distortion
Authors: Morise Masanori , Irino Toshio , Banno Hideki
Published: December 2006

TSP (Time‐Stretched Pulse, lin‐TSP afterwards) and logarithmic TSP (log‐TSP) are commonly used in impulse response measurements of audio systems and room acoustics. But the optimal test signal for each environment is different. It is necessary to choose an appropriate test signal for each environment to achieve a better SNR in the measured impulse response. A new acoustic measurement signal that is a hybrid signal of lin‐TSP and log‐TSP is proposed. The proposed signal, called “warped‐TSP,” achieves an SNR higher than that obtained by lin‐TSP and log‐TSP. It also provides a means to eliminate harmonic distortion due to the reproduction system. In this paper, the definition and features of warped‐TSP are introduced in comparison with lin‐TSP and log‐TSP. We also present the relations between the parameters of warped‐TSP, the amplitude frequency characteristics of warped‐TSP, and the effects on the representation components due to harmonic distortion. Based on these discussions, a method of selecting the optimal parameters of warped‐TSP for a specific measuring environment is given. A series of impulse response measurements performed under different ambient noise conditions revealed that the proposed method outperformed lin‐TSP and log‐TSP under all conditions in terms of the SNR of the measured impulse response. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(4): 18– 26, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20260
A note on the improvement of a fast correlation attack on stream ciphers
Authors: Hosobuchi Satoshi , Saito Tomohiko , Matsushima Toshiyasu
Published: December 2006

The stream cipher, a type of secret‐key cipher, gives the key to a pseudorandom number generator and generates a pseudorandom sequence called the key sequence, and generates the ciphertext sequence taking the exclusive‐or of this sequence and the plaintext sequence. A nonlinear combiner generator is a type of pseudorandom number generator used by stream ciphers and is configured from multiple linear‐feedback shift registers (LFSRs) and one nonlinear function. A correlation attack is a method for attacking this type of pseudorandom number generator. The correlation between the output sequence of an LFSR and the key sequence is used to estimate the initial state of the LFSR. However, a conventional attack method attacks a single LFSR and is used only to estimate a portion of the multidimensional correlations of the multiple LFSR sequences and the key sequence. Therefore, we propose an algorithm that improves the attack method using the belief propagation (BP) algorithm of Mihaljević and colleagues and simultaneously attacks multiple LFSRs using the multidimensional correlation. By increasing the information used in the estimation, an improvement in the decoding success rate is expected. In addition, the computational load of the estimation increases, but this increase can be suppressed by an approximation based on the parallel BP algorithm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(4): 9 – 17, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20270
A possible role for dihydrodiol dehydrogenase in the formation of benzo[a]pyrene‐DNA adducts in lung cancer cells and tumor tissues
Authors: Cheng Ya‐Wen , Tsai Horng‐Jyh , Wu Jeng‐Yuan , Hsu Yi‐Feng , Chen Chih‐Yi , Hao Nina‐Jyu , Lee Huei
Published: December 2006

Epidemiological studies indicate that there is a gender difference in the susceptibility to tobacco and environmental carcinogens, and this gender difference is suspected to result in a higher risk for lung cancer among women. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this sexual dimorphism remain unclear. In the present study, we have evaluated the roles of CYP1A1 and dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DDH) in the formation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) DNA adducts in various lung cancer cell lines. Among six lung cancer cell lines tested, higher adduct levels were observed in CL‐3 and CL1‐1 cells, which had relatively high expression of both CYP1A1 and DDH isoform 1 (DHH1). To determine whether a reduction in DDH expression changed the adduct levels, an siRNA was used to knock down DDH1 expression in CL‐3 cells. The BaP adduct levels in siDDH‐CL‐3 cells increased 1.4–2.2‐fold relative to that of the parental CL‐3 cells. We also examined BaP‐like DNA adducts, and CYP1A1 and DDH1 expression by immunohistochemistry in 120 lung tumors. Detection of DNA adducts correlated with CYP1A1‐positive tumors (P = 0.023), but not with DDH1‐positive tumors. In addition, 28 of 33 tumors (85%) that were CYP1A1‐positive and DDH1‐negative contained detectable levels of DNA adducts, a proportion that was higher than for tumors from the other three categories of CYP1A1 and DDH1 expression (P = 0.012). Finally, a greater proportion of adduct‐positive tumors from females were CYP1A1‐positive/DDH1‐negative (45.3%) than were tumors from males (27.3%). These results suggest that the reduction of DDH expression in lung tumors may contribute to an increase in DNA adduct levels, which may be partly responsible for the higher susceptibility of female lung cancer patients to DNA damage. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short‐term culture and γH2AX flow cytometry determine differences in individual radiosensitivity in human peripheral T lymphocytes
Authors: Hamasaki Kanya , Imai Kazue , Nakachi Kei , Takahashi Norio , Kodama Yoshiaki , Kusunoki Yoichiro
Published: December 2006

Histone H2AX, a subfamily of histone H2A, is phosphorylated and forms proteinaceous repair foci at the sites of DNA double‐strand breaks in response to genotoxic insults, such as ionizing radiation. This process is believed to play a key role in the repair of DNA damage. In this study, we established a flow cytometry (FCM) system for measuring radiation‐induced phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) in cultured human T lymphocytes to evaluate individual radiation sensitivity in vitro. Irradiation of short‐term (∼7 days) cultured T lymphocytes exhibited significant interindividual, but not interexperimental, differences in the cellular content of γH2AX 6 hr after 4 Gy of X‐irradiation in three independent experiments using peripheral blood lymphocytes from six healthy donors. However, these differences were not as marked in uncultured lymphocytes, or lymphocytes that were cultured for a prolonged period (∼13 days). The variation of γH2AX focus formation in lymphocytes of individuals was reproducible, with differences reaching about 1.5‐fold following 7 days of culture. Therefore, the FCM‐based γH2AX measurement appeared to reflect both the temporal course and the amount of DNA damage within the irradiated lymphocytes. Further, we confirmed that the differences in residual lymphocyte subsets were not involved in individual radiosensitivity. These results suggest that the FCM‐based γH2AX assay using cultured T lymphocytes might be useful for the rapid and reliable assessment of individual radiation sensitivity involved in DNA damage repair. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgen receptor coregulators and their involvement in the development and progression of prostate cancer
Authors: Chmelar Renée , Buchanan Grant , Need Eleanor F. , Tilley Wayne , Greenberg Norman M.
Published: December 2006

The androgen receptor signaling axis plays an essential role in the development, function and homeostasis of male urogenital structures including the prostate gland although the mechanism by which the AR axis contributes to the initiation, progression and metastatic spread of prostate cancer remains somewhat enigmatic. A number of molecular events have been proposed to act at the level of the AR and associated coregulators to influence the natural history of prostate cancer including deregulated expression, somatic mutation, and post‐translational modification. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence for deregulated expression and function of the AR and associated coactivators and corepressors and how such events might contribute to the progression of prostate cancer by controlling the selection and expression of AR targets. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GPI‐anchored CEA family glycoproteins CEA and CEACAM6 mediate their biological effects through enhanced integrin α5β1‐fibronectin interaction&
Authors: Ordonez Cosme , Zhai Alexander B. , Camacho‐Leal Pilar , Demarte Luisa , Fan Mannie M.Y. , Stanners Clifford P.
Published: December 2006

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CEA family member CEACAM6 are glycophosphatidyl inositol (GPI)‐anchored, intercellular adhesion molecules that are up‐regulated in a wide variety of human cancers, including colon, breast, and lung. When over‐expressed in a number of cellular systems, these molecules are capable of inhibiting cellular differentiation and anoikis, as well as disrupting cell polarization and tissue architecture, thus increasing tumorigenicity. The present study shows that perturbation of the major fibronectin receptor, integrin α5β1, underlies some of these biological effects. Using confocal microscopy and specific antibodies, CEA and CEACAM6 were demonstrated to co‐cluster with integrin α5β1 on the cell surface. The presence of CEA and CEACAM6 was shown to lead to an increase in the binding of the integrin α5β1 receptor to its ligand fibronectin, without changing its cell surface levels, resulting in increased adhesion of CEA/CEACAM6‐expressing cells to fibronectin. More tenacious binding of free fibronectin to cells led to enhanced fibronectin matrix assembly and the formation of a polymerized fibronectin “cocoon” around the cells. Disruption of this process with specific monoclonal antibodies against either fibronectin or integrin α5β1 led to the restoration of cellular differentiation and anoikis in CEA/CEACAM6 producing cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 210: 757–765, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) induces RANKL, MCP‐1, and MIP‐1β expression in osteoblasts through the angiotensin II type 1 receptor
Authors: Bandow Kenjiro , Nishikawa Yoshiaki , Ohnishi Tomokazu , Kakimoto Kyoko , Soejima Kazuhisa , Iwabuchi Sadahiro , Kuroe Kazuto , Matsuguchi Tetsuya
Published: December 2006

Constant mechanical stress is essential for the maintenance of bone mass and strength, which is achieved through the cooperative functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. However, it has not been fully elucidated how these cell types mediate mechanical signals. Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) therapy is a recently developed method for application of mechanical stress, and is used clinically to promote bone fracture healing. In the present study, we applied LIPUS to osteoblasts at different stages of maturation and analyzed their chemokine and cytokine expression. In comparison with their immature counterparts, mature osteoblasts expressed significantly higher levels of mRNAs for the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1, and macrophage‐inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1β after a few hours of LIPUS treatment. Intriguingly, protein and mRNA expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1), a known mechanoreceptor in cardiomyocytes, was detected in osteoblasts, and the level of expression increased significantly during cell maturation. Furthermore, LIPUS‐induced extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and RANKL/chemokine expression was abrogated by a specific AT1 inhibitor. Thus, AT1 may play one of the essential roles in bone metabolism as a mechanoreceptor of osteoblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 392–398, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of OPA1 mutations on mitochondrial morphology and apoptosis: Relevance to ADOA pathogenesis
Authors: Olichon Aurélien , Landes Thomas , Arnauné‐Pelloquin Laetitia , Emorine Laurent J. , Mils Valérie , Guichet Agnès , Delettre Cécile , Hamel Christian , Amati‐Bonneau Patrizia , Bonneau Dominique , Reynier Pascal , Lenaers Guy , Belenguer Pascale
Published: December 2006

To characterize the molecular links between type‐1 autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) and OPA1 dysfunctions, the effects of pathogenic alleles of this dynamin on mitochondrial morphology and apoptosis were analyzed, either in fibroblasts from affected individuals, or in HeLa cells transfected with similar mutants. The alleles were missense substitutions in the GTPase domain (OPA1G300E and OPA1R290Q) or deletion of the GTPase effector domain (OPA1Δ58). Fragmentation of mitochondria and apoptosis increased in OPA1R290Q fibroblasts and in OPA1G300E transfected HeLa cells. OPA1Δ58 did not influence mitochondrial morphology, but increased the sensitivity to staurosporine of fibroblasts. In these cells, the amount of OPA1 protein was half of that in control fibroblasts. We conclude that GTPase mutants exert a dominant negative effect by competing with wild‐type alleles to integrate into fusion‐competent complexes, whereas C‐terminal truncated alleles act by haplo‐insufficiency. We present a model where antagonistic fusion and fission forces maintain the mitochondrial network, within morphological limits that are compatible with cellular functions. In the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of patients suffering from type‐1 ADOA, OPA1‐driven fusion cannot adequately oppose fission, thereby rendering them more sensitive to apoptotic stimuli and eventually leading to optic nerve degeneration. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 423–430, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
p66Shc is involved in promoting HIF‐1α accumulation and cell death in hypoxic T cells
Authors: Carraro Fabio , Pucci Annalisa , Pellegrini Michela , Giuseppe Pelicci Pier , Baldari Cosima T. , Naldini Antonella
Published: December 2006

Hypoxia results in adaptationally appropriate alterations of gene expression through the activation of hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1 to overcome any shortage of oxygen. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells may be exposed to low oxygen tensions for different times as they migrate between blood and various tissues. We and others have previously shown that T‐cell adaptation to hypoxia is characterized by a modulation of cytokine expression and an inhibition of T‐cell activation. We have recently demonstrated that the adaptor protein p66Shc negatively regulates T‐cell activation and survival. We here show that hypoxia enhances HIF‐1α accumulation and vascular endothelial growth factor production in T cells. Hypoxic T cells expressed high levels of p21WAF1/CIP1, of the pro‐apoptotic molecules BNIP3, a classic HIF target gene, and BAX, as well as low levels of the anti‐apoptotic molecule BCLxl, associated with an induction of cell death. We found out that hypoxic T cells expressed p66Shc. Furthermore, using T‐cell transfectants expressing p66Shc, as well as T cells derived from mice p66Shc−/−, we defined a role of p66Shc in T‐cell responses to hypoxia. Of interest, hypoxic p66Shc‐positive transfectants expressed higher level of HIF‐1α than negative controls. Thus, p66Shc may play an important role in downstream hypoxic signaling, involving HIF‐1α protein accumulation and cell death in T lymphocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 439–447, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.