bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Positivity, sums of squares and the multi-dimensional moment problem II
Authors: Kuhlmann S. , Marshall M. , Schwartz N.
Published: April 2006

The paper is a continuation of work initiated by the
first two authors in [S. Kuhlmann, M. Marshall, Positivity, sums of squares and
the multi-dimensional moment problem. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 354 (2002), 4285–4301]. Section 1 is introductory. In Section 2
we prove a basic lemma, Lemma 2.1, and use it to give new proofs of key
technical results of Scheiderer in [C. Scheiderer, Sums of squares of regular
functions on real algebraic varieties. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 352 (2000), 1039–1069] [C. Scheiderer, Sums of squares on real
algebraic curves. Math. Z. 245 (2003), 725–760] in the compact case;
see Corollaries 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5. Lemma 2.1 is also used in Section 3 where we
continue the examination of the case n = 1 initiated in [S.
Kuhlmann, M. Marshall, Positivity, sums of squares and the multi-dimensional
moment problem. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 354 (2002), 4285–4301],
concentrating on the compact case. In Section 4 we prove certain uniform degree
bounds for representations in the case n = 1, which we then use in
Section 5 to prove that (‡) holds for basic closed semi-algebraic subsets of
cylinders with compact cross-section, provided the generators satisfy certain
conditions; see Theorem 5.3 and Corollary 5.5. Theorem 5.3 provides a partial
answer to a question raised by Schmüdgen in [K. Schmüdgen, On the moment problem
of closed semi-algebraic sets. J. Reine Angew. Math. 558 (2003),
225–234]. We also show that, for basic closed semi-algebraic subsets of
cylinders with compact cross-section, the sufficient conditions for (SMP) given
in [K. Schmüdgen, On the moment problem of closed semi-algebraic sets. J.
Reine Angew. Math. 558 (2003), 225–234] are also necessary; see Corollary
5.2(b). In Section 6 we prove a module variant of the result in [K. Schmüdgen,
On the moment problem of closed semi-algebraic sets. J. Reine Angew.
Math. 558 (2003), 225–234], in the
same spirit as Putinar’s variant [M. Putinar, Positive polynomials on compact
semi-algebraic sets. Indiana Univ. Math. J. 42 (1993), 969–984] of the
result in [K. Schmüdgen, The K-moment problem for compact semi-algebraic sets.
Math. Ann. 289 (1991), 203–206] in the compact case; see Theorem 6.1.
We apply this to basic closed semi-algebraic subsets of cylinders with compact
cross-section; see Corollary 6.4. In Section 7 we apply the results from Section
5 to solve two of the open problems listed in [S. Kuhlmann, M. Marshall,
Positivity, sums of squares and the multi-dimensional moment problem. Trans.
Amer. Math. Soc.

354 (2002), 4285–4301]; see
Corollary 7.1 and Corollary 7.4. In Section 8 we consider a number of examples
in the plane. In Section 9 we list some open problems.
Allomorphy in the usage-based model: The Russian past passive participle
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: April 2006

Langacker's usage-based model provides cognitive linguists with a useful tool for the study of allomorphy. In the present article the model is applied to a central problem in Russian conjugation, viz., the formation of the past passive participle. The analysis demonstrates the restrictiveness of the model, which precludes reference to arbitrary indices and underlying representations. Thus, the analyst is forced to look for surface-true generalizations including phonological, semantic, and symbolic structures and relationships holding between them. This reseach strategy proves fruitful for the Russian past passive participle. The choice of suffixes is shown to be predictable from the shape of the past-tense stem, facilitating the formation of simple generalizations about the distribution of the relevant suffixes.
When down is not bad, and up not good enough: A usage-based assessment of the plus–minus parameter in image-schema theory
Authors: Hampe Beate
Published: April 2006

Preceding research in cognitive linguistics has advanced the claim that evaluative components form an integral part of image schemas (cf. Krzeszowski 1993, 1997; Cienki 1997: 3–6). This so-called “plus–minus” (or “axiological”) parameter has primarily been discussed with regard to opposing dimensions within a range of image-schematic contexts. In the paired particles in–out, up–down, and on–off, for instance, the meaning of which is based on the image-schematic notions of CONTAINMENT, VERTICALITY, and CONTACT, respectively, the second elements are assumed to carry negative default evaluations. Additionally, the Axiological Invariance Principle (Krzeszowski 1997) claims that these evaluative components are generally retained in metaphorical extensions. This study applies the plus–minus hypothesis in image-schema theory to the analysis of semantically highly redundant verb-particle constructions in English. The hypotheses derived from this application are tested against the real usage of such constructions as documented in the British National Corpus and the Collins Online. Though the presentation of a full-blown alternative to the plus–minus assumption is beyond the scope of this empirical investigation, an important implication of this study is that the isolated, “primitive” (noncompound) image schemas traditionally dealt with in cognitive linguistic research should not be considered as the locus of evaluative defaults. It is suggested instead that axiological components are dimensions of richer, contextualized cognitive models, in which image schemas appear as complex superimpositions, i.e., image-schema groupings or compounds.
Modality, mood, and change of modal meanings: A new perspective
Authors: Narrog Heiko
Published: April 2006

This paper has two goals. The first is to develop a
cross-linguistically valid model of modality and mood that captures the most
important dimensions along which modal expressions vary. I posit a model with
two such dimensions, one of volitivity, and one of event-orientation vs.
speaker-orientation, mood being placed at the speaker-oriented end relative to
modality proper. The second goal is to provide a new perspective on semantic
change of modal expressions on the basis of the proposed model. I argue that
unidirectional change along the event-oriented / speaker-oriented dimension is
the one overarching tendency of semantic change in modals. This stands in
contrast to the widespread perception that change from deontic to epistemic is
the dominant tendency. The directionality suggested in this new model is also
more comprehensive than previously proposed tendencies of change, such as ‘‘from
agent-oriented to epistemic’’, ‘‘from agent-oriented to speaker-oriented’’, and
‘‘from participant-internal to participant-external’’, as it better accounts for
various kinds of change that have been previously neglected, including change
from epistemic to deontic.
Humor enhancers in the study of humorous literature
Authors: Triezenberg Katrina
Published: April 2006

This paper examines the treatment of literary humor. Attardo has extended the SSTH/GTVH (Raskin 1985; Attardo and Raskin 1991) to longer humorous literary texts, not simply sequences of jokes (Attardo 2001; Attardo et al. 2002). While the GTVH knowledge resources may be the necessary conditions for the presence of textual humor, I maintain that they are insufficient to completely describe the humor of any literary text. Literary texts do have the formal properties of all texts, but they are also art, and as such resist purely formal interpretation and description. To reduce literary art to linguistic formalisms would be deeply disturbing; therefore, the linguistic method should, at a certain point in the analysis, be supplemented by the literary method. This assertion is supported by the discovery of humor enhancers in humorous texts, which condition the reader for humor reception, thus enhancing humor while containing no discernible script opposition. These enhancers are both outside of Raskin's formal description of humor and Attardo's formal description of textual content. Subscribing to Raskin's theory of limited applications and recognizing Attardo's ability to push the GTVH into literary analysis, I suggest that literary humor is best treated by its own theory and propose the enhancers as its components.
Policy, Regulation and Attitudes towards Agricultural Biotechnology in Japan
Authors: Inaba Masakazu , Macer Darryl
Published: April 2006

One of the central questions in the development of international biotechnology policy is whether persons have the same concepts of benefit and risk between countries, and how these views influence the policy. This paper presents results of recent research on people's attitudes to biotechnology in Japan, including analysis of comments on the benefits, risks and moral acceptability of biotechnology as viewed from different sectors of society. Two samples were obtained from mail response surveys in the year 2000, from the general public (N=297) and scientists (N=370), and one from the general public in 2003 (N=377). Then the paper reviews some of the laws, policies and practice relating to agricultural biotechnology in Japan.
Queensland’s Biodiscovery Act 2004
Authors: Spranger Tade M.
Published: April 2006

Background

As one of the so called megadiversity countries, Australia hosts an estimated 10–13 % of the total biodiversity of the planet. Its biological resources include plants, animals and microorganisms living on land, below ground, in inland waters, and at sea. Australia’s bioregions span a range of climates from tropical to Antarctic and from dry to wet. In addition, about 75 % of Australian species are endemic. Unlike most of the other megadiversity states, the Australian industry also provides the means which are necessary to exploit plant and animal genetic resources. Currently, Australia has a relatively immature bioprospecting industry, in which only a small number of companies and organisations are involved. This situation is very likely to be changed in the foreseeable future, though.
Pharmacogenomics: An In-House Advantage?
Authors: Borchardt Paul E. , Fernandez Dennis S.
Published: April 2006

Introduction

With the expectation that future drug approval may hinge on pharmacogenomic testing of patients, what are the advantages of the in-house testing of patient samples compared to supplying diagnostic kits? The genetic testing industry provides an interesting reference from which to examine this question. The genetic testing industry falls chiefly under the less stringent, regulatory oversight of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and not the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Genetic testing is also a service and not a product, with different, perhaps lesser, legal liabilities. Additionally, in-house testing may provide unique business advantages. This article examines the genetic testing industry and how the benefits of in-house testing may apply to the nascent pharmacogenomics industry.
Joke shop names
Authors: Toolan Michael
Published: April 2006

Why does an ordinary suburban laundry call itself
Soap Opera ? Why does a
local hairdressers announce itself as Snip Joint
? What motivates these playful namings, and do they reflect a shift in
societal attitudes to language, laundries and hairdressers? This paper examines
a range of ‘joke shop names’ of the kind found on many contemporary British high
streets (as elsewhere), and offers a commentary on their linguistic structure,
semantic tendencies, as well as suggesting some of their interpersonal functions
and effects. Such names enact or perform difference; for joke shop name
establishments, the naming asserts and demonstrates that the proprietor and
perhaps the staff, the modus operandi, the ambience, the treatment of customers,
and so on, are non-standard by the expectations of normal mainstream businesses.
Among other claims, I propose that joke shop names are almost the opposite of
the processes of image-conscious logo-fashioning, the branding and re-branding
of businesses, organizations and institutions that seems to be particularly
actively pursued at present, driven by competitive and often globalizing
forces.
Birth of St. Mary (St. Anne’s parturition) in the light of messages from medical education: Three examples from Croatian sacral heritage
Authors: Škrobonja Ante , Muzur Amir , Kontošić Ivica
Published: April 2006

Christian tradition treats birth in several characteristic
motives. The most frequent is the Birth of Jesus Christ,
while much rarer is the apocryphal motive of the birth
of St. Mary. By analyzing three paintings from Croatian
16–17th-century sacral-art heritage, depicting the parturition of St. Anne (St. Mary's Mother), the authors of
this paper are trying to define the role of ethnomedical
notions in the formation of modern medical and general
culture.
The semiotics of intercultural exchange: Ostensive definition and digital reason
Authors: Ruthrof Horst
Published: April 2006

The paper distinguishes two forms of intercultural
exchange, negotiation between cultures at a personal level and global exchange.
In the first case, Ostensive Definition appears to be crucial. The paper
attempts an intersemiotic rehabilitation of OD in response to Wittgenstein and
Quine. In global intercultural exchange the ‘universal grammar’ of digital
reason appears to be the crucial component to be analysed. Both forms of
negotiation, the paper argues, rely on Vorstellung as an essential
ingredient. Yet Vorstellung is missing from the traditional
theorisation of both OD and the digital bitstream. The paper concludes with a
ubiquity thesis of Vorstellung.
Die Europäisierung des Strafrechtsaus der polnischen Sicht
Authors: Zoll Andrzej
Published: April 2006

Es würde den Rahmen dieses Referats sprengen, wollte man ausführlich die Strafrechtsinstitute in vergleichender Sicht darstellen. Von Bedeutung kann,wie mir scheint, eine Darstellung der wichtigsten Ausgangspunkte für eine Debatte über die Annäherung der Strafbarkeitsgrundsätze in den Mitgliedstaatender Europäischen Union sein. Die Frage, ob dies überhaupt möglichsei, war bereits Gegenstand zahlreicher Diskussionen und Überlegungen.Seit 1991 fanden in Deutschland mindestens vier große Konferenzen zudiesem Thema statt. Und wie es bei solchen Fragen nicht selten der Fall ist,gingen die Meinungen zu einer möglichen Annäherung im Allgemeinen, undzur Notwendigkeit eines europäischen Strafrechts im Sinne einer supranationalen Strafrechtsordnung im Besonderen stark auseinander, und sindnach wie vor geteilt. Es besteht heute kein Zweifel darüber, dass ein europäisches Wirtschaftsrecht bereits Tatsache ist, dass an einem europäischen Verwaltungsrechtgearbeitet wird, dass für die Schaffung des europäischen Zivilrechts sehr viel getan wurde. Warum kommt es also dann zu Bedenken,wenn von einem europäischen Strafrecht die Rede ist? Es wird oft betont,dass es gerade das Strafrecht sei, in dem die Souveränität eines Staates imhöchsten Grad zum Ausdruck kommt. In dem Recht zu strafen, d.h. zubestimmen, welche Verhaltensweisen auf dem jeweiligen Gebiet strafwürdigzu sein haben, und welche Strafen für solche Verhaltensweisen vorzusehensind, kommt die Souveränität eines Staates am deutlichsten zum Ausdruck.
Diskussionsbeiträge der Strafrechtslehrertagung 2005in Frankfurt/Oder
Authors: Heger Martin
Published: April 2006

Vom 5. bis 8. Mai 2005 – ein Jahr vor dem 500. Geburtstag der Viadrina sowie dem 15. Geburtstag der Europa-Universität – fand an der Europa- Universität Viadrina in Frankfurt/Oder unter dem Schwerpunktthema „Transnationale Grundlagen des Strafrechts“ die Tagung der deutschsprachigen Strafrechtslehrerinnen und Strafrechtslehrer statt. Sie wurde von den Frankfurter Professoren Heghmanns, Joerden, Scheffler und Wolf sowieihren Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern vorzüglich organisiert.

Die Frankfurter Tagung konnte mit dieser inhaltlichen Zielsetzung an die unter dem Eindruck der fortschreitenden Europäisierung des Strafrechts im November 2003 in Dresden abgehaltene außerordentliche Strafrechtslehrertagung anknüpfen. Mit Ausnahme der in dieser Form neu in das Programm der Strafrechtslehrertagungen aufgenommenen Schlussdiskussion zu dem Thema „Krieg dem Terror“ ordneten sich alle behandelten Themen aus den Gebieten des Strafrechts, der Gesetzgebungslehre sowie des Strafverfahrensrechts in dieses Oberthema ein. Die gegenüber der Strafrechtslehrertagung in Bayreuth 2003 vorgenommene Reduzierung der Themen ermöglichte nicht nur die ausführliche und prominent besetzte Schlussdiskussion, sondern hatte auch den beabsichtigten Effekt, mehr Zeit für die Diskussion der einzelnen Referate zur Verfügung zu stellen. Neuland betrat die Frankfurter Tagung überdies räumlich und personell, denn angesichts der Brückenstellung der Europa-Universität zum Nachbarland Polen fand nicht nur eine Sitzung in der jenseits der Oder gelegenen Stadt Słubice statt; vielmehr beteiligten sich erstmals in der Geschichte der Strafrechtslehrertagungen polnische Strafrechtslehrer an der inhaltlichen Gestaltung durch die Übernahme einer Diskussionsleitung sowie eines Referats. Verbindungen zu Polen kennzeichneten schließlich auch das Rahmenprogramm, das auch eine ganztägige Exkursion nach Poznań, den Sitz der Partneruniversität der Viadrina, umfasste; der gemeinsame Ausflug wurde schließlich durch eine Darbietung des Chors der Adam-Mickiewicz-Universität Poznań gekrönt.
Die Entwicklung der Strafjustiz in Südafrika seit 1994
Authors: Fernandez Lovell , Nerlich Volker
Published: April 2006

In den 1950er Jahren stellte der spätere südafrikanische Präsident P. W. Botha fest: „Wer die Vorherrschaft der Weißen in Südafrika sichern will, muss allesstaatliche Handeln diesem Ziel unterordnen“. Es überrascht nicht, dass das Strafrecht und die Strafjustiz eine zentrale Rolle bei der Umsetzung der Apartheidpolitik einnahmen.

Über zehn Jahre sind vergangen, seit Südafrika eine demokratische Verfassung erhalten hat und die Rassentrennung endgültig abgeschafftwurde. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, wie sich die südafrikanische Strafjustiz indieser Zeit entwickelt hat. Zunächst wird kurz die Rolle der Strafjustiz im Apartheidstaat beleuchtet (I.). Sodann wird die Reform des Straf- und Strafverfahrensrechtsdargestellt (II.). Schließlich wird der Umbau der Institutionen– Staatsanwaltschaft, Gerichte, Polizei und Strafanstalten – beschrieben(III.). Eine Darstellung der Rolle der Strafjustiz bei der Aufarbeitung des Apartheidunrechts schließt den Beitrag ab (IV.).
Effects of phosphate and ionic strength upon uranium(VI) sorption onto alumina as a function of pH
Authors: Zhijun Guo , Feihu Guo , Zuyi Tao
Published: April 2006

The sorption edges and the sorption isotherms of UO22+onto alumina were determined by a batch technique in the presence and absence of phosphate at pH range 3–6, ionic strength range 0.05–0.5 mol/L and UO22+concentrations 10-5–10-4mol/L. The dependence of sorption percentage of UO22+onto Al2O3as a function of initial concentration of phosphate was also investigated. The effects of phosphate and ionic strength on the sorption of UO22+onto Al2O3as a function of pH were emphatically investigated. It was found that the pH value and the presence of phosphate play a very important role in the UO22+sorption onto Al2O3, even if the concentration of phosphate is only a half of the concentration of UO22+. The sorption steeply increases with increasing pH from 3 to 6, and the sorption is enhanced with increasing concentration of phosphate at sorption percentage lower than 97%. The ionic strength is insensitive to UO22+sorption in the ionic strength range from 0.05 to 0.1 mol/L KNO3, while the sorption is slightly decreased with increasing ionic strength from 0.1 to 0.5 mol/L. The enhanced sorption of UO22+is attributed to the formation of ternary surface complexes involving UO22+and phosphate.
Deepwater Core Comparison With Answers From a Real-Time Petrophysical Evaluation
Authors: Poulin M. , Hidore J. , Sutiyono S. , Herron M. , Herron S. , Seleznev N. , Grau J. , Horkowitz J. , Chabernaud T. , Alden M.
Published: April 2006

A recently introduced rapid petrophysical wireline evaluation has been tested and demonstrated to provide accurate petrophysical answers in a deepwater Gulf of Mexico well. This new interpretation scheme uses the combination of elemental concentrations from nuclear capture spectroscopy logs and standard neutron, density, resistivity, or "triple-combo" log measurements to get a more accurate description of the lithology and matrix parameters. Of particular value in the interpretation are the straightforward computation of matrix density from elemental concentrations and the resulting accurate porosity. Accurate clay and porosity values combine to provide a good estimate of permeability. These are all integrated with resistivity logs to estimate water saturation and irreducible water saturation to complete the petrophysical interpretation (Herron et al. 2002).

In this study, the rapid petrophysical evaluations of porosity, permeability, and irreducible water saturation are demonstrated to agree well with core data. Initial disagreement between the interpreted lithology and core data jeopardized future use of the new interpretation, but on further investigation, the discrepancies were proved to be caused by the core measurements, not the wireline data. Therefore, part of the study focuses on the reanalysis and evaluation of core samples.
Psychological Methods and Anthropological Problems
Authors: Bartlett F. C.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

In this paper I do not propose to try to discuss those contributions made in the name of psychology to anthropological research and explanation which are already well known. Most of these have been made in the interests of some general theory. They involve assumptions concerning which there is legitimate and sharp division of opinion. My task is the less controversial one of attempting a survey of developments of psychological research which have taken place during the last ten or fifteen years, with a view to indicating the ways in which they may be of service to the anthropologist.
Les Sociétés Berbères dans L'aurès Méridional
Authors: Tillion G.
Published: April 2006

Les Berbères de l'Aurès, pour désigner leurs groupes sociaux, utilisent deux mots: harfiqt et εarch L'un, εarch, correspond à la tribu, c'est-à-dire à un groupe politique; l'autre, harfiqt, au groupe familial ou pseudo-familial. C'est la réunion d'un certain nombre de groupes pseudo-familiaux qui constitue une tribu.
The Teaching of African Languages in African Schools: A Need for Improvement
Authors: Elliott A. V. P.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Great progress has been made in recent years in the study of African languages and in the construction of suitable and standardized orthographies. This work has had several aims, among them those of bringing order out of confusion and of ensuring that the sounds of the spoken word shall be adequately represented in writing. There is, however, one all-important and far-reaching aim, referred to by Professor Westermann in The International Review of Missions. ‘Orthography and the evolution of a standard language are means to an end, and the end is a vernacular literature.’
The Hadzapi or Watindega of Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Bleek D. F.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

In the northern part of the Central Province of Tanganyika Territory, near the swamp or lake marked on maps as Lake Eyasi, dwells a tribe of hunters speaking a clicking language which is related to the Bushman and Hottentot tongues. These people call themselves Hadzapi (singular Hadza); neighbouring tribes call them by various names, of which the Isanzu term Watindega (singular Mutindega) is probably the best known. Mr. J. F. Bagshawe has contributed some papers to the Journal of the African Society on ‘The Peoples of the Happy Valley’ in which he includes this tribe, calling them the Kangeju, probably the name given to them by their neighbours to the east. The Masai are said to call them the Ashi.
Supplementary Notes on Hygiene Books used in Africa
Authors: Wrong M. , Brackett D. G.
Published: April 2006

A Survey of hygiene books used in English-speaking areas in Africa appeared in Volume iii, No. 4 of this journal. At that time no other lists of this kind were being published, but information with regard to new literature both in European languages and in the vernacular is now published regularly in Books for Africa, the bulletin of the International Committee on Christian Literature for Africa, in Oversea Education, published with the approval of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, and in the Bibliography of current literature relating to Africa which appears in this journal. Those interested in the subject can, therefore, obtain the information they need in regard to new literature from these various publications and it does not appear that a further paper dealing with these books is required.
Afrikanische Völkernamen in Europäischen Sprachen
Authors: Wanger W.
Published: April 2006

Auf Karten und in der Literatur herrscht offensichtliche Verschiedenheit in der Schreibung det Völkernamen, die im Titel angedeutet sind. Eine kleine Auslese möge uns das vergegenwärtigen. Um sie möglichst anschaulich zu machen, setzen wir die einheimische und die europäische nebeneinander, wobei ich mir vorgreifend erlaube, den Anfangsbuchstaben des Stammes gross zu schreiben.
The Evolution of the South African Native Mind
Authors: Huss Bernard
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

‘One must be a native in order to understand the native.’ So we are categorically told by one of our prominent native leaders. Justified race-pride of an awakening people may have prompted that leader to say so, but he can hardly have meant to say that the native mind shall for ever be a sealed book to us. Otherwise we could retort and claim that one must be a European in order to understand the European mind which finds its expression in our culture, and we could quote instances where we see African people trying to do what they believe Europeans do, with but poor or deplorable results.
The Fanti Asafu
Authors: Johnson J. C. de Graft
Published: April 2006

Among the Akan peoples of the Gold Coast the warrior organization is known as Asafu. This is found in almost every town or village in the Gold Coast in a more or less developed state, but nowhere has the organization been so fully developed or does it play so important a part in the social and political life of the people as among the Fantis of the coast towns. Owing, however, to the fact that its activities in these towns are more often than not rather disturbing to the maintenance of peace and occasionally result in sanguinary riots with fatal consequences, the organization is perhaps quite unjustifiably viewed with suspicion and condemned accordingly. Amidst drumming, dancing, and drinking, it requires only a word or a gesture on the part of any members of one Asafu momentarily carried away by the ecstasies of the dance, which is capable of being interpreted as an affront against another Asafu, to raise the beast in man and to set the whole place ablaze. That aspect of the Asafu would lead any foreigner to conclude, perhaps hastily but not without some justification, that it is an unprofitable institution. And yet the wonder is that even now the organization shows no signs of decay. To understand the institution itself and the sources of its vitality one must endeavour to find out what the organization is and what it stands for: its origin, history, development and scope.
Das Leben des Kindes im Nsungli-Stamm
Authors: Sieber D. und J.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Vorbemerkungen : Der Nsungli-Stamm bewohnt ein Gebiet im nördlichen Kamerun unter britischem Mandat. Es erstreckt sich von etwa 6° 5′ N. bis 6° 45′ N. und von 10° 30′ bis 11° 15′ O. Das Gelände ist vorwiegend welliges Hochland von 1600 bis 2300 m. Man unterscheidet zwei Jahreszeiten: die Trockenzeit und die Regenzeit. Erstere beginnt Anfang November. Im März setzen in der Regel wieder die ersten Regen ein. Die eigentlichen Regenmonate sind Juli bis Oktober. Bedingt durch die Höhenlage hat das Nsungli-Land eine für afrikanische Verhältnisse recht niedrige Temperatur. Meist sind morgens 7 h nicht mehr als 9-12° C. Mittags steigt das Thermometer auf 20-28° C, um am Abend wieder auf 15-18° C zu fallen. Bei Einwirkung der rauhen NO. Winde geht die Temperatur auch noch unter 7° C zurück.
Die Afrikanischen Kulturkreise
Authors: Baumann H.
Published: April 2006

Die Geburtsstunden der systematischen Ethnologie standen unter einem Unstern. Derjenige, der das Verdienst hatte, diese Wissen-schaft in Deutschland hoffähig gemacht zu haben, Adolf Bastian, verstand es selbst nicht, aus seinen Gedanken praktische Folgerungen zu ziehen und das Lehrgebäude über Anregungen hinaus aufzubauen. Zudem kam Bastian ganz aus der Psychologie und hatte kaum Verständnis für historische Zusammenhänge. Er hat zwar das Verdienst, eingeschlichene individual-psychologische Erwägungen aus der Ethnologie verbannt zu haben, verfiel aber, im Drange, seine Lehre von den Völker- und Elementargedanken zu fundieren, in eine hemmungslose und fast krankhafte Materialsammlung, die leider auf jede wirklich historische Wertung der Einzeltatsachen verzichtete. Die besonders in Andrees ethnographischen Parallelen und Vergleichen auftretende, bei dem damaligen Materialmangel noch begreifliche Art der bequemen Ausflucht auf die alien Völkern gemeinsamen Elementargedanken, die höchstens durch die geographischen Provinzen ihre besonderen Ausprägungen als Völkergedanken erhielten, war lange Zeit die all-gemein üibliche ethnologische Betrachtungsweise. Auffallende Über-einstimmungen von Kulturgütern erklärte man, sobald sie in weit getrennten Kulturgebieten vorkamen, einfach mit den gleichen Elementargedanken der Menschheit, bestenfalls als Konvergenzerscheinungen. So lag die wiklich kulturgeschichtliche Erforschung des völkerkundlichen Materials sowohl in Afrika als auch in den anderen Erdteilen noch sehr im Argen.
The Present Linguistic Situation in Ibo Country
Authors: Green Margaret M.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

A Bird's eye view of the present Ibo linguistic situation is not in one sense an inspiriting prospect. A rich profusion of dialects makes intercommunication a problem both for the 3 1/4 million Ibo-speaking people themselves and for the Europeans who live among them. The European attempt—a gallant effort in the face of extreme difficulty—to produce a lingua franca known as Union Ibo will be regarded either as a mitigating factor or an added complication according to the onlooker's point of view. In any case it has become to some extent a bone of contention as has also the question of orthography. Two different scripts are at present in use in the country, adding thus to the difficulty of the Ibo who wants to read and write his own language and of the European who wishes to learn it. And the lot of the Europeans faced by a difficult tonal and dialect-riven language is made harder by the fact that few if any of them get adequate linguistic training before going to the country or enough time to work at the language after arriving in it.
The Religion of the Pagan Tribes of the White Nile
Authors: Seligman C. G.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

It is now possible to give an outline of the religious ideas of the more important tribes of the White Nile between Khartum and the southern boundary of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Actually our knowledge is not so excessively limited as would appear from the following narrative; for lack of space I have omitted much that might be said of rain-makers, totemism, and the cult of the dead, and have avoided all discussion of sacred spears (a considerable cult) and the ‘People of the Nile’ and their river cattle.
Education and the Social Adjustment of the Primitive Peoples of Africa to European Culture
Authors: Mumford W. Bryant
Published: April 2006

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The problem of the social adjustment of primitive races to European culture is one which is being and has been faced by a considerable number of officials and settlers in the various tropical countries of the world. Many of those who may read these words will have a far wider experience than the writer. To these men of experience the writer appeals for criticisms and suggestions. The article is written in the spirit of one who is anxious to learn. It is an attempt to think out the part schools should or could play in the general problem of social adjustment. It suggests how, by preserving and developing African tradition and culture in the schools, Africa may be helped to make a happy and satisfactory adjustment to her changed social environment following increasing contacts with Europe and the world. It outlines an experiment to be tried at Iringa, Tanganyika Territory.
Parenté à Plaisanteries et Alliance par le Sang en Afrique Occidentale
Authors: Paulme Denise
Published: April 2006

Plusieurs auteurs ont signalé l'existence d'une curieuse forme d'alliance, chez les Manding ainsi que chez d'autres peuples du Soudan français. Cette alliance joue entre représentants de groupes déterminés — familles, villages, régions, peuples — porteurs de noms différents. Elle donne lieu à diverses manifestations, dont certaines fort étranges.
Der Bodengott Der Asu
Authors: Guth W.
Published: April 2006

Die Asu oder Pare, die den dreigliedrigen Gebirgsstock zwischen Usambara und Kilimanjaro im Norden von Tanganyika bewohnen und auf rund 60,000 Seelen angewachsen sind, zählen nicht nur Sonne und Mond sowie eine Reihe von Tieren und Bäumen zu ihren Gottheiten, sondern verehren vor allem einen selbsthergestellten Fetisch von der Grösse und Form eines Gänseeies, den sie auf dem Hausboden auf bewahren und mrungu wa gu, Hausbodengott, nennen. Die Arbeit stellt auf Grund von eingehenden Studien den Versuch dar, die Herstellung und den Kultus dieses Bodengottes zu beschreiben.
An Outline of the Native Conception of Education in Africa
Authors: Hoernlé A. W.
Published: April 2006

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It may seem a very ambitious task to attempt even an outline of the native conception of education in so large an area as Africa, with its varying races and languages, its great variety in types of social organization. Nevertheless, there are certain fundamental aspects of these African cultures which are identical in them all, and which differ profoundly from those which form the foundation of our own educational needs. If we wish to understand and to help these African peoples, it is essential that we should learn to look at their culture and their world with their eyes, in order that we may know the basis of the faith by which they live, otherwise we run a grave risk of inadvertently destroying the foundations of social organization and belief which make life, not only tolerable, but possible at all.
Einflüsse der Europäischen Zivilisation auf das Familienleben der Bantu
Authors: Knak D. S.
Published: April 2006

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Wer, wie es mir in jüngster Zeit vergönnt war, einen grossen Teil des von Bantu bewohnten Afrika durchreist und unter der Führung kundiger Missionare überall in verhältnismässig nahe Berühtung zur Eingeborenenbevölkerung kommt, dem tritt in einer überwältigenden Fülle von Bildern die Tatsache entgegen, dass Afrika unter dem Einfluss der europäischen Zivilisation inmitten einer ungeheuren Revolution steht. Die grössten Umwälzungen sind immer diejenigen, die sich auf dem Gebiete des Geisteslebens volkiehen. Da aber das Leben der Bantu nach alter Art unlöslich mit Stamm und Sippe verknupft ist, da der entscheidende Zug an der Eigenart der Bantu ihr Gemeinschaftsgefühl ist und ihr Bewusstsein Glied eines lebendigen Organismus zu sein, so sind die seelischen Veränderungen da am stârksten, wo der alte Stammes- und Sippenverband aufgelöst wird und wo ihr Familienleben neue Formen annimmt.
The Vandau of Sofala
Authors: Earthy E. Dora
Published: April 2006

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Sofala, Portuguese East Africa, is not very easy of access. The journey has to be made from Beira, in a small hired motor-boat, and takes about six hours in favourable weather, but the Indian Ocean in the vicinity of Beira is often notoriously rough. In the dry season, part of the journey may be made overland, in a machila or travellinghammock. On our forward voyage in January 1930, the engine of the motor-boat was put out of action by the amount of water shipped. This caused a delay of about half an hour while bailing was done by the natives who managed the boat, and we were glad to enter the calm waters of Sofala Bay about 1.30 p.m., having left Beira at 7.30 a.m.
Konkomba Nominal Classes
Authors: Tait David , Strevens P. D.
Published: April 2006

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Three is, so far as I know, no published account of the nominal class system of the Gurma group of languages. This group, which belongs, in Delafosse's classification, to the Voltaic family and, according to Westermann and Bryan, to the Gur languages, was discussed by Bertho but he did not give an outline of the nominal class system. He says, ‘Les Kokombas ou Konkombas se disent originaires de la région située à l'Ouest de l'Oti. Il se donnent à eux-mêmes le nom de Kpakpamba. Leur dialecte à préfixes-suffixes tient le milieu entre le gourma et le bassari-tshamba, dialectes qui possèdent également les préfixes-suffixes.’ Nor does Westermann in his account of Akasele give a class system for that language.
Nyoro Kinship
Authors: Beattie J. H. M.
Published: April 2006

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In this article and in a succeeding one I give a preliminary account of Nyoro kinship and affinal terms, together with some description of the expected and actual behaviour associated with the categories they denote. I hope at a later date to publish a very much fuller account, but it may in the meantime be useful to put on record a broad outline of the Nyoro system, so far undescribed except for the few pages devoted to it in Roscoe's work. In the present article I discuss Nyoro categories of kin; in the one which follows I shall consider affinal relationships and Nyoro notions about them.
Gurage Notes
Authors: Ullendorff Edward
Published: April 2006

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The existence of the country and people of the Gurage in Ethiopia has long been known in Europe from the writings of the Portuguese in the sixteenth century. A few references to the Gurage may also be found in Ludolf's Historia Aethiopica (1681), and Bruce's Travels (vol. iv, pp. 147 et seq.) contain some amusing accounts of Gurage activities. Bruce thought they were ‘troglodytes and all robbers; their constant occupation is attending the Abyssinian camps, and stealing horses, mules, or whatever they can get, which they do in a very singular manner’. He then describes such a Gurage robbery in some detail and remarks that when the culprit was finally apprehended, he was found to speak ‘the Amharic language as well as his own, contrary to what the villain had all along pretended’.
Practical Anthropology in the Lifetime of the International African Institute
Authors: Richards A. I.
Published: April 2006

The research programme of the Institute, has been an experiment in applied anthropology from the start. The first volume of Africa announced that one of the Institute's major aims was ‘the closer association of scientific knowledge and research with practical affairs’ ‘Practical Anthropology’ was the title of an article published by Malinowski in the succeeding volume, when he advocated the study of such subjects as African political systems, native customary law, land tenure, and economic activities, which were likely to prove useful to the administrator. The Institute's first five-year plan of research was centred on the comparative study of changes in African society produced by such factors as European administration and education, the introduction of modern industry, and the influence of Christianity. This five-year programme, and the work which grew out of it, must be recognized as the first organized attempt, as set out in the original plan, ‘to provide, through disinterested study of the facts, a scientific sociological basis for dealing with practical questions of administration and education … and to place in increasing measure at the disposal of administrators, educators, missionaries, and those engaged in industry and commerce, and of the native leaders of African society, the exact knowledge which will assist them in determining the right relations between the institutions of African society and alien systems of government, education, and religion’.
Les Pêcheurs de Stanleyville. Quelques aspects de la vie sociale et coutumière des Wagenia
Authors: Dedave André
Published: April 2006

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Dans cet aperçu sur une tribu assez bien connue du Territoire de Stanleyville, dont les coutumes ancestrales ont été, jusqu'à présent, peu étudiées, je me limiterai à trois points principaux que j'examinerai dans l'ordre suivant: tout d'abord, l'origine présumée de cette peuplade et son installation à proximitè des Stanley-Falls; ensuite, quelques mots de leurs moyens de pêche très originaux, et enfin un exposé d'une parmi de nombreuses coutumes wagenia: la circoncision.
Éléments de Potlatch chez les Hamba
Authors: de Heusch Luc
Published: April 2006

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Les Hamba appartiennent à la grande ethnie mongo du Congo belge. Étroitement apparentés aux Tetela, avec lesquels ils traversèrent le Lomami, ils habitant une zone forestière englobant le nord-ouest du Territoire de Katako-Kombe et la partie centrale du Territoire de Lomela. Les communautés indepéndantes qu'ils ont constituées, sont toutes dépourvues d'autorité centrale. Je séjournai principalement chez les Djumbusanga (Secteur Otitu, Territoire de Katako-Kombe). Cette communauté compte environ 2.600 âmes, réparties en 14 villages. Quatre lignages patrilinéaires, dont la profondeur généalogique varie de 8 à 10 générations, sont issus de l'ancêtre éponyme Djumbusanga; nous les appellerons lignages maximaux. Étudions brièvement le processus de fragmentation de l'un de ceux-ci, le lignage maximal Nanalungu. A l'ancêtre Nanalungu se rattachent quatre lignages secondaires; deux de ceux-ci forment aujourd'hui chacun un village, les deux autres composent une seule agglomeration. Mais le groupe residentiel correspondait jadis a une division plus petite du lignage maximal, placée sous l'autorité théorique de l'aîné investi, c'est à dire du successeur en ligne paternelle de l'ancêtre fondateur. II ne constituait guère plus qu'un hameau. Nous appellerons ces anciennes unités résidentielles ‘lignages minimaux’. Il faut souligner qu'aucune des divisions de la grande ‘famille’ Djumbusanga, que nous isolons pour les besoins de l'analyse, n'est désignée par un nom particulier. Un groupe de descendance patrilinéaire, quel qu'il soit, est un ‘ventre’ (otema). Dans le lignage maximal Nanalungu, les lignages issus du même ancêtre immediat se sont groupés il y a quelques années, à l'instigation de l'Administration, désireuse de traiter avec des groupes humains plus denses. Ces lignages minimaux présentent aujourd'hui une profondeur généalogique variant de cinq à huit générations. Normalement le lignage se développe sans cesse par scissiparité. L'autorité de l'aîné investi (nkum'ekanga) dans le lignage minimal est trés lâche.
Religious Beliefs of the Akan
Authors: Smith Edwin W.
Published: April 2006

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The eminent scholar-missionary J. G. Christaller, compiler of the Twi dictionary and of 3,680 Twi proverbs, wrote in 1879: ‘May those Africans who are enjoying the benefit of a Christian education make the best of the privilege; but let them not despise the sparks of truth entrusted to and preserved by their own people.’ Now Dr. J. B. Danquah, well known as the author of those admirable volumes Akan Laws and Customs and Cases in Akan Law, has brought a philosophical mind trained by such teachers as G. Dawes Hicks of University College, London, to expound the religious and ethical system of his own people. It is the first time, I believe, that an African educated on western lines has produced so detailed an exposition. It should, and doubtless will, be studied sympathetically by every Africanist. It would, however, be no compliment to the talented author if his statements were accepted without question. Very unfortunately two of the three manuscript volumes were destroyed by fire; and these, we are given to understand, contained many of the data upon which Dr. Danquah based his conclusions. Had the book been published in its entirety no doubt many of the questions we now ask would have been forestalled.
Reason and Unreason in African Law
Authors: Nadel S. F.
Published: April 2006

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In this essay I propose to discuss three recent studies of African legal systems—Anderson's survey of Mohammedan law in British African territories, Gluckman's book on the Barotse (or Lozi, to mention the tribe mainly considered), and Howell's book on Nuer law. To begin with, this seemed merely a convenient way of combining three reviews; nor did the three books seem to have very much more in common than the date of their publication and the fact that they are all concerned with Africa. The types of law described and the scope of the descriptions differ widely. So does even the background of the authors; for Professor Anderson is a jurist, Professor Gluckman an anthropologist with legal training and interests, and Dr. Howell an administrator-cum-magistrate with anthropological training and interests.
Devinettes Peules et Bororo
Authors: Dupire M. , de Tressan Marquis
Published: April 2006

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Le sens poétique du Peul nomade n'est pas, comme celui de son frère islamisé, orienté vers les formes littéraires alambiquées. Il ignore les poèmes mystiques religieux et n'émaille que rarement sa conversation des proverbes dont les sédentaires aiment faire usage.

Les seuls genres littéraires dont il fasse cas font partie de la littérature orale populaire. Devinette (tâlol), chanson (gimol), histoire vécue et conte (habaru, tâlol) ne sont pas l'apanage de quelques esprits subtils. Tous les connaissent, les racontent, les chantent, les écoutent. Le style, bref et naïf, est loin d'atteindre au raffinement de la littérature arabisée, mais ce genre plonge profondément dans la mentalité traditionnelle et la réalité quotidienne.
A Study of Hausa Domestic Economy in Northern Zaria
Authors: Smith M. G.
Published: April 2006

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Hausa is primarily a linguistic term but it has definite cultural connotations and refers to the Hausa-speaking Muslim populations of Northern Nigeria and adjoining French territories, who are typically organized in large centralized states. Such a definition excludes the pagan Maguzawa, whose native speech is also Hausa, and it ignores ethnic differences between the indigenous Habe, who were conquered by Fulani in the ‘Holy War’ of 1804-10, the settled Fulani, who now form the ruling group in most of the states, and the large assimilated populations of slave origin in Hausa communities.
Joking Relationships in Tanganyika
Authors: Moreau R. E.
Published: April 2006

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The note on ‘Joking relationship in East Africa’ in Africa, vol. xiii, pp. 170-3, 1940, brought to my notice a custom of which I had never heard. It led me to make inquiries about utani among the Africans on my station, whom I found without exception to be ready to discuss the matter. What follows is based on the information given me in Swahili by thirty-two men belonging to the following seventeen tribes:

Yao, Ngoni, Wemba, Ngindo, Nyakyusa, Kinga, Mbunga, Ha, Sumbwa, Nyamwezi, Zaramu, Zigua, Nyiramba, Chagga, Sambaa, Bondei, and Digo.