bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the Remittance Mantra: A Study of Migration–Development Policy Formation in Tanzania
Authors: Hansen Peter
Published: May 2012

In this paper, I explore the links between migration and development in Tanzania and the formation of migration–development policies. I argue that current remittance and diaspora policies are not based on knowledge of the transnational practices of the existing diaspora but, rather, on general notions of remittances and diasporas that are circulated by international development institutions. I also argue that although migration–development policies arouse great optimism among some Tanzanian government officials and leading politicians, the use of remittances and the diaspora as vehicles for development and economic growth in fact collides with other policy considerations. Analytically, in this paper I examine the cultural values and ideas embedded in remittance and diaspora policy formation. I draw on the study of the religious movements known as “cargo cults”, to examine the emergence of Tanzanian migration–development policies and argue that there are striking similarities between remittance and diaspora policy formation and cargo cults. Most importantly, they both express belief in the existence of an external transformative power, with development and change seen as coming from the outside rather than from within. Cargo cults and remittance policies also share a sense of local ownership over a flow of resources emanating from the outside, and they both emphasize technical solutions and communication when trying to attract wealth back to local communities. I also use the analysis of cargo cults to understand why such optimism surrounds remittance and diaspora policies in Tanzania. Overall, in this paper I add to our understanding of the links between migration and development in Tanzania, and to our understanding of the difficulties faced by poor developing countries in effectively formulating and implementing migration–development policies.
The Migration and Development Pendulum: A Critical View on Research and Policy
Authors: de Haas Hein
Published: May 2012

At the dawn of the new millennium, international development agencies and governments have “discovered” the potential of migration and remittances to stimulate development in poor countries. However, migration and development is anything but a new topic. The debate about migration and development has swung back and forth like a pendulum, from optimism in the postwar period to deep “brain drain” pessimism since the 1970s towards neo‐optimistic “brain gain” since 2000. Influenced by growing policy disappointment, we might now be at the beginning of a backswing towards more pessimistic views. While these shifts are rooted in deeper ideological and paradigmatic shifts, a review of empirical evidence yields a much more nuanced picture. Despite the often considerable benefits of migration and remittances for individuals and communities involved, migrants alone can generally not remove more structural development constraints and migration may actually contribute to development stagnation and reinforce the political status quo. Despite their development potential, migrants and remittances can therefore neither be blamed for a lack of development nor be expected to trigger take‐off development in generally unattractive investment environments. Recent views celebrating migration as self‐help development “from below” are partly driven by neoliberal ideologies that shift the attention away from structural development constraints and, hence, the responsibility of migrant‐sending states to pursue political and economic reform. Immigrant‐receiving countries can increase the development potential of migration by creating legal channels for high‐ and lower‐skilled migration and integration policies that favour socio‐economic mobility of migrants and avoid their marginalization.
Does translocation influence physiological stress in the desert tortoise?
Authors: Drake K. K. , Nussear K. E. , Esque T. C. , Barber A. M. , Vittum K. M. , Medica P. A. , Tracy C. R. , Hunter K. W.
Published: May 2012

Wildlife translocation is increasingly used to mitigate disturbances to animals or habitat due to human activities, yet little is known about the extent to which translocating animals causes stress. To understand the relationship between physiological stress and translocation, we conducted a multiyear study (2007–2009) using a population of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) near Fort Irwin, California. Blood samples were collected from adult tortoises in three treatment groups (resident, translocated and control) for 1 year prior to and 2 years after translocation. Samples were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for plasma total corticosterone (CORT), a glucocorticoid hormone commonly associated with stress responses in reptiles. CORT values were analyzed in relation to potential covariates (animal sex, date, behavior, treatment, handling time, air temperature, home‐range size, precipitation and annual plant production) among seasons and years. CORT values in males were higher than in females, and values for both varied monthly throughout the activity season and among years. Year and sex were strong predictors of CORT, and translocation explained little in terms of CORT. Based on these results, we conclude that translocation does not elicit a physiological stress response in desert tortoises.
A novel mutation in the β‐tubulin gene TUBB2B associated with complex malformation of cortical development and deficits in axonal guidance
Authors: ROMANIELLO ROMINA , TONELLI ALESSANDRA , ARRIGONI FILIPPO , BASCHIROTTO CINZIA , TRIULZI FABIO , BRESOLIN NEREO , BASSI MARIA TERESA , BORGATTI RENATO
Published: May 2012

Neurological disorders characterized by abnormal neuronal migration, organization, axon guidance, and maintenance have recently been associated with missense and splice‐site mutations in the genes encoding α‐ and β‐tubulin isotypes TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3, and TUBA8. We found a novel heterozygous mutation c.419G > C in exon 4 of the gene encoding TUBB2B in a female with microcephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, open‐lip schizencephaly of the left parietal lobe, extensive polymicrogyria, basal ganglia and thalami dysmorphisms, and vermis and right third nerve hypoplasia. The missense change results in a glycine to alanine substitution; the mutated residue falls within an invariant glycine‐rich region and therefore is likely to result in impaired protein function and possibly microtubule formation. This study expands the spectrum of brain malformations associated with mutations in the β‐tubulin gene TUBB2B, supporting its critical role in migration/organization and axon guidance processes. In addition, it suggests a possible genetic aetiology of schizencephaly, thus strengthening the hypothesis that there is a common pathophysiological base in polymicrogyria and schizencephaly.
The interpupillary distance in adult Caucasian subjects, with reference to ‘readymade’ reading spectacle centration
Authors: Pointer Jonathan S
Published: May 2012

Citation information:Pointer JS. The interpupillary distance in adult Caucasian subjects, with reference to ‘readymade’ reading spectacle centration.Ophthalmic Physiol Opt2012,32, 324–331. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2012.00910.x

Purpose: The magnitude of the far interpupillary distance (FIPD) has recognized significance within and beyond clinical optometry. Quantitative information regarding the lesser‐reported near parameter (NIPD) would similarly be of interest, and could be of relevance with regard to the visual comfort obtained with ‘readymade’ reading spectacles.

Methods: Mensuration statistics relating to the FIPD and NIPD are presented, as collated from the spectacle dispensing records ofn = 1354 healthy Caucasian presbyopic subjects. The FIPD data were partitioned across 4 age bands (by decade, 41–80 years of age): the NIPD data were distributed across seven nominal reading powers (in 0.50 D steps, +1.00 to +4.00 D). The results of these analyses are considered here, along with their potential application.

Results: Consistent gender (male > female) and classification (far > near) differences in IPD (both of approximately 3 mm) were confirmed throughout these data. The magnitude of the adult FIPD is in accord with previously published results; this dimension is now supplemented by NIPD values, whose relationship with total near power is also described.

Conclusions: This new anthropometric survey indicates that inter‐ and intra‐gender interocular facial measurement stability is a characteristic of presbyopic subjects. It is suggested that across the anticipated range of age and total reading power requirement of Caucasian (White Northern European) wearers of ‘readymade’ reading spectacles, adoption of a standard optical centration distance of 61 mm would be universally appropriate.
The short‐run impact of using lotteries for school admissions: early results from Brighton and Hove’s reforms
Authors: Allen Rebecca , Burgess Simon , McKenna Leigh
Published: May 2012

We analyse the initial impact of a major school admission reform in Brighton and Hove. The new system incorporated a lottery for oversubscribed places and new catchment areas. We examine the post‐reform changes in school composition. We locate the major winners and losers in terms of the quality of school attended. We match similar cities and conduct a difference‐in‐difference analysis of the policy change. The results are complex: we see an increase in student sorting but we also see a significant weakening of the dependence of school attended on student’s prior attainment.
Hidden histories made visible? Reflections on a geographical exhibition
Authors: Driver Felix
Published: May 2012

This paper addresses the potential of public exhibitions to challenge long taken‐for‐granted assumptions about the history of exploration and geography. The Hidden Histories of Exploration exhibition, originally held in 2009, was based on historical research in the Royal Geographical Society’s extensive collections, including manuscripts, books, maps and atlases, artefacts, artworks, photography and film. The exhibition was designed to reveal the agency of indigenous peoples and intermediaries in the history of exploration, as reflected especially in the recruitment of guides, interpreters, porters and pilots. By highlighting and to some extent celebrating the role of such individuals, it sought to prompt questions about what is made visible and what is obscured in standard narratives of exploration, especially when seen from a metropolitan perspective. However, the relationship between research and exhibition was by no means one‐way, as is implied by the language of ‘dissemination’ and ‘output’: the process of bringing the exhibition into being raised questions about the structure of the archives on which the exhibition depended, as well as prompting further reflection on the biographical mode in which the work of recovery of ‘hidden histories’ is often conceived in the heritage sector. Particular attention is devoted to the impact of collaboration with designers on the presentation and interpretation of materials in the exhibition. The paper focuses on three design strategies reflected in the exhibition space: ‘role reversal’ (celebrating the role of intermediaries and presenting the explorers as dependent); ‘juxtaposition’ (emphasising the importance of partnership and the co‐production of geographical knowledge); and ‘re‐scaling’ (transforming anonymous archival fragments into documents of a truly human history).
Eye masks and earplugs improve patient's perception of sleep
Authors: Jones Catherine , Dawson Deborah
Published: May 2012

Background: Critical care patients experience deranged sleep for a number of reasons including noise, environment, severity of illness and care activities. This service evaluation was prompted by the concern that patients were not getting enough sleep because of excessive noise levels in our unit.

Aim: To determine self‐reported sleep experiences and perceived factors affecting sleep quality among intensive care patients before and after the introduction of earplugs and eye masks.

Design: A pre/post intervention service evaluation (n = 100) was completed to evaluate the efficacy of eye masks and earplugs in critical care patients.

Methods: Participants (n = 100) were recruited from one large critical care unit. During August 2008 to January 2009, 50 patients were recruited and received standard care. A further 50 were recruited between May and October 2009. This group was given eye masks and earplugs to aid their sleep on the critical care unit. A data collection tool was devised comprising three elements: (1) collection of demographic data from hospital charts and medical notes, (2) rating quality and quantity of sleep using two likert scales and (3) a four‐item data collection sheet was used comprising of one closed and three open‐ended questions.

Results: Noise was identified as a significant factor preventing sleep in the pre‐intervention (50%) and intervention (52%) group. The pre‐intervention group identified medication (26%) (i.e. night sedation or analgesia) and ‘simply nothing’ (24%) as factors promoting sleep.

Conclusion: The intervention group identified earplugs (22%) and eye masks (28%) as factors promoting sleep. It appears that simple interventions such as eye masks and earplugs may be a valuable addition to patients attempting to sleep in a critical care unit.

Relevance to clinical practice: Earplugs and eye masks are a useful adjunct to strategies promoting sleep in critical care areas.
Analysis of Inland Crude Oil Spill Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Emergency Response in the Midwest United States
Authors: Brody Thomas M. , Bianca Paisly Di , Krysa Jan
Published: May 2012

Although coastal oil spills tend to be highly publicized, crude oil spills in the United States affect inland areas relatively often. Spills to inland areas often affect sensitive environments and can have greater impacts to health and welfare than spills to coastal areas. For these reasons, the authors investigated inland crude oil spill threats, vulnerabilities, and emergency response in the midwestern U.S. states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. These states work with the Region 5 Offices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Region 5's geospatial data in the Inland Sensitivity Atlas were turned into metrics indicating inland crude oil spill threats and vulnerabilities among the Region's sub‐watersheds. These threats and vulnerabilities were weighted using data from the National Response Center and the Department of Energy's Environmental Restoration Priority System. The locations of the Region's emergency responders were geocoded in GIS. The GIS calculated the emergency response times to the Region's sub‐watersheds. The resulting scatter plots are connected to the sub‐watersheds in the map so stakeholders can (1) see the outlying sub‐watersheds of concern and (2) better understand how reducing threats and better response time can reduce the risk of inland crude oil spills.
Laser Speckle Flowmetry Method for Measuring Spatial and Temporal Hemodynamic Alterations Throughout Large Microvascular Networks
Authors: MEISNER JOSHUA K. , SUMER SUNA , MURRELL KELSEY P. , HIGGINS TIMOTHY J. , PRICE RICHARD J.
Published: May 2012

Please cite this paper as: Meisner JK, Sumer S, Murrell KP, Higgins TJ, Price RJ. Laser speckle flowmetry method for measuring spatial and temporal hemodynamic alterations throughout large microvascular networks. Microcirculation 19: 619–631, 2012.

Objectives:  1) To develop and validate laser speckle flowmetry (LSF) as a quantitative tool for individual microvessel hemodynamics in large networks. 2) To use LSF to determine if structural differences in the dorsal skinfold microcirculation (DSFWC) of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice impart differential network hemodynamic responses to occlusion.

Methods:  We compared LSF velocity measurements with known/measured velocities in vitro using capillary tube tissue phantoms and in vivo using mouse DSFWCs and cremaster muscles. Hemodynamic changes induced by feed arteriole occlusion were measured using LSF in DSFWCs implanted on C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice.

Results:  In vitro, we found that the normalized speckle intensity (NSI) versus velocity linear relationship (R2 ≥ 0.97) did not vary with diameter or hematocrit and can be shifted to meet an expected operating range. In vivo, DSFWC and cremaster muscle preparations (R2 = 0.92 and 0.95, respectively) demonstrated similar linear relationships between NSI and centerline velocity. Stratification of arterioles into predicted collateral pathways revealed significant differences between C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains in response to feed arteriole occlusion.

Conclusions:  These data demonstrate the applicability of LSF to intravital microscopy microcirculation preparations for determining both relative and absolute hemodynamics on a network‐wide scale while maintaining the resolution of individual microvessels.
Species Boundaries in Tintinnid Ciliates: A Case Study – Morphometric Variability, Molecular Characterization, and Temporal Distribution of Helicostomella species (Ciliophora, Tintinnina)
Authors: Xu Dapeng , Sun Ping , Shin Mann KYOON , Kim Young OK
Published: May 2012

Tintinnids are a large group of planktonic ciliates with diverse morphologies. The range of variability in lorica shapes and sizes can be very high even within a single species depending on life stages and environmental conditions, which makes the delimitation of different species based on morphological criteria alone very difficult. Accordingly, comparisons of morphological and molecular variability in tintinnids are necessary to provide a pragmatic approach for establishing species boundaries within this diverse and poorly understood group. We investigated the temporal distribution of species of the hyaline tintinnid Helicostomella (Ciliophora, Tintinnina), which were collected daily from September 2008 to August 2009 in Jangmok Bay of Geoje Island on the south coast of Korea. Two forms – a long form and a short form, were discovered. The long form was found in cold waters in February and March whereas the short form occurred in warm waters from June to October. Thus, these two forms were seasonally isolated. However, all the morphological characteristics for these two forms overlap to some degree. A comparison of the small subunit (SSU) rDNA, ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2, and ITS2 sequences from two forms revealed 0.5%, 3.8%, and 5.6% divergences, respectively. Morever, one compensatory base change (CBC) and three hemi‐CBCs were identified from ITS2 secondary structures of these two forms. All these data suggest that these two forms represent two distinct species despite their highly similar lorica morphology. The phylogenetic position of the genus Helicostomella was also examined using SSU rDNA sequences.
Causal Systems Categories: Differences in Novice and Expert Categorization of Causal Phenomena
Authors: Rottman Benjamin M. , Gentner Dedre , Goldwater Micah B.
Published: May 2012

We investigated the understanding of causal systems categories—categories defined by common causal structure rather than by common domain content—among college students. We asked students who were either novices or experts in the physical sciences to sort descriptions of real‐world phenomena that varied in their causal structure (e.g., negative feedback vs. causal chain) and in their content domain (e.g., economics vs. biology). Our hypothesis was that there would be a shift from domain‐based sorting to causal sorting with increasing expertise in the relevant domains. This prediction was borne out: The novice groups sorted primarily by domain and the expert group sorted by causal category. These results suggest that science training facilitates insight about causal structures.
Neurovascular anatomical variations in the anterior palate observed on CBCT images
Authors: de Oliveira‐Santos Christiano , Rubira‐Bullen Izabel R. F. , Monteiro Solange A. C. , León Jorge E. , Jacobs Reinhilde
Published: May 2012

Objective

This study aimed to assess the presence of additional foramina and canals in the anterior palate region, through cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, describing their location, direction, and diameter.

Materials & Methods

CBCT exams of 178 subjects displaying the anterior maxilla were included and the following parameters were registered: gender; age group; presence of additional foramina in the anterior palate (AFP) with at least 1 mm in diameter; location and diameter of AFP; and direction of bony canals associated with AFP.

Results

Twenty‐eight patients (15.7%) presented AFP and in total 34 additional foramina were registered. No statistical differences between patients with or without AFP were found for gender or age. The average diameter of AFP was 1.4 mm (range from 1 to 1.9 mm). Their location was variable, with most of the cases occurring in the alveolar process near the incisors or canines (n = 27). In 18 cases, AFP was associated with bony canals with upward or oblique direction toward the anterior nasal cavity floor. In 14 cases, the canal presented as a direct extension of the canalis sinuosus, in an upward direction laterally to the nasal cavity aperture. In two cases, the canal was observed adjacent to the incisive and joined the nasopalatine canal superiorly.

Discussion

CBCT images have a crucial role in the recognition of anatomical variations by allowing detailed tridimensional evaluations. Additional foramina and canals in the anterior region of the upper jaw are relatively frequent. Practitioners should be aware and trained to identify these variations.

Conclusions

Over 15% of the population studied had additional foramina in the anterior palate, between 1 mm and 1.9 mm wide, with variable locations. In most cases the canals associated with these foramina either presented as a direct extension of the canalis sinuosus, or coursed towards the nasal cavity floor.
Simulation‐based local anaesthesia teaching enhances learning outcomes
Authors: Marei H. F. , Al‐Jandan B. A.
Published: May 2012

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of simulation‐based local anaesthesia teaching strategies compared to the traditional classroom lecture format on the acquisition of knowledge by students.

Subjects and methods

Two groups of 10 students each were included in our study. Each of the dental students was enrolled in their third year of the programme. None of the students had ever received instructions in local anaesthesia. Group I received a 45‐min instructional module that was delivered in the classroom in the traditional PowerPoint lecture format. Group II received a 45‐min instructional module in the simulation laboratory as a short tutorial that was followed by an integrated practical demonstration and a hands‐on practice session using local anaesthesia simulation phantoms. An identical 15‐question multiple‐choice test was used to test student knowledge acquisition at the end of the given session.

Results

There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups, as the participants in group II had higher score results than those of group I.

Conclusion

In contrast to the traditional classroom lecture format, simulation‐based local anaesthesia teaching is an effective tool to enhance the acquisition of theoretical knowledge by students.
Bone health in persons with haemophilia: a review
Authors: Ghosh Kanjaksha , Shetty Shrimati
Published: May 2012

Bone density is a measure of equilibrium between bone formation and bone resorption; any imbalance in these two processes might lead to osteopenia and osteoporosis. Osteoporosis in general has been considered to be an important cause of morbidity in both men and women and more so in haemophilia and other bleeding disorders. Specific triggering factors in persons with haemophilia (PWH) are abnormal liver function because of viral infection, bleeding and inflammation, lack of physical and athletic activities, low body weight and others. Although the pathogenesis of osteoporosis is not clear, it has been considered as a severe comorbidity in PWH in both developing and developed countries. This is more evident in developing countries where there is no free access to factor concentrates, and primary prophylaxis is beyond the reach of vast majority of the patients. Only few references are available in the literature on the prevalence and management of osteoporosis in haemophilia population. This review summarises the prevalence, plausible mechanisms and management options of this important morbidity in PWH.
Effects of simulated light intensity, habitat complexity and forage type on predator–prey interactions in walleye Sander vitreus
Authors: Einfalt Lisa M. , Grace Edward J. , Wahl David H.
Published: May 2012

Predator‐prey interactions can be influenced by the behaviour of individual species as well as environmental factors. We conducted laboratory experiments to test for the influences of two abiotic factors (light intensity and habitat complexity) on predator–prey interactions between walleye Sander vitreus and two prey species, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas. Three light intensities were simulated (day, twilight and night) in the presence or absence of simulated vegetation. Observations of predator behaviour indicated that walleye increased activity and foraging success with decreasing light levels and had most success capturing dispersed, closer prey. While schooling could not be maintained as light levels diminished, prey decreased predation vulnerability by moving into vegetation or higher in the water column. Throughout all treatments, bluegill were more evasive to capture as the number of strikes was similar on both prey but capture rates were higher for golden shiner. Although light intensity and simulated habitat complexity affected predator and prey behaviour, these factors did not interact to influence foraging success of walleye. To fully understand predator and prey behaviours in fishes, an understanding of species‐specific responses to abiotic and biotic factors is necessary.
Role of the junctional epithelium in periodontal innate defense and homeostasis
Authors: Tsukamoto Y. , Usui M. , Yamamoto G. , Takagi Y. , Tachikawa T. , Yamamoto M. , Nakamura M.
Published: May 2012

Tsukamoto Y, Usui M, Yamamoto G, Takagi Y, Tachikawa T, Yamamoto M, Nakamura M. Role of the junctional epithelium in periodontal innate defense and homeostasis. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 750–757. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  The junctional epithelium provides the front‐line defense against periodontal bacterial infection. The migration of neutrophils into the junctional epithelium might represent a protective reaction against bacterial infections. However, neutrophils penetrate into the junctional epithelium even under sterile conditions. In this study, we analyzed and compared the number of neutrophils and the cytokine expression related to neutrophil migration in the junctional epithelium in conventional and germ‐free mice.

Material and Methods:  Germ‐free and conventional ICR mice were used at 12 wk of age. Frozen sections were used for the detection of Gr‐1, macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 (MIP‐2/CXCL2) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen‐positive cells in the two groups of mice. Laser capture microdissection and RT‐PCR analysis were used to evaluate the expression of keratinocyte‐derived chemokine (KC/CXCL1), MIP‐2, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) mRNAs in the two groups of mice.

Results:  Morphometric examination indicated an increase in the area of the junctional epithelium upon bacterial infection. Immunohistochemical studies also detected an increased number of neutrophils in the junctional epithelium upon bacterial infection. Higher up‐regulation of KC and MIP‐2 were detected in the junctional epithelium of conventional mice than in germ‐free mice, whereas the expression of Il‐1β and Tnfα mRNAs was not affected.

Conclusion:  Junctional epithelium cells constitutively expressed several types of chemokines and cytokines and the expression of chemokines was augmented by bacterial infection. Therefore, the constitutive expression of cytokines in junctional epithelium might be related to the morphological and functional homeostasis of the junctional epithelium in addition to the defense against the bacterial infection.
Transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 regulates osteoprotegerin/RANKL homeostasis in human periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Sooampon S. , Manokawinchoke J. , Pavasant P.
Published: May 2012

Background and Objective:  Increasing evidence has shown the presence of transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 (TRPV1) in a variety of nonneuronal tissues; however, the function of TRPV1 in these cells is not well understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression and function of TRPV1 in human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells. As HPDL cells are known to play an important role in the bone‐remodeling process, we hypothesized that TRPV1 might be implicated in the regulation of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL expression.

Material and Methods:  TRPV1 expression was examined by western blot analysis. The function of TRPV1 was studied using capsaicin, a well‐known TRPV1 agonist. RT‐PCR was performed to study the expression of OPG and RANKL mRNAs. The expression of OPG and RANKL proteins was analyzed by ELISA and western blotting, respectively. The mechanisms of capsaicin‐induced OPG expression in HPDL cells were studied using inhibitors.

Results:  In this study we found that TRPV1 was present in HPDL cells. Treatment with capsaicin induced OPG expression in a dose‐dependent manner but did not affect the expression of RANKL. The increase of the OPG/RANKL ratio was also found in human osteoblasts, but not in MC3T3‐E1 cells, a mouse osteoblastic cell line, suggesting species specificity. Capsazepine, the competitive TRPV1 antagonist, significantly abolished the effect of capsaicin on OPG expression in HPDL cells. In addition, studies investigating the effects of a calcium chelator and a phospholipase C inhibitor indicated that calcium ions and phospholipase C were required for the induction. Interestingly, capsaicin was able to increase the OPG/RANKL ratio, even in the presence of prostaglandin E2, a potent inducer of RANKL.

Conclusion:  Our study demonstrates that activation of TRPV1 leads to an increase of the OPG/RANKL ratio in HPDL cells. These findings suggest the novel function of TRPV1 in periodontal tissues, at least, as the regulator of the OPG/RANKL axis.
Placental melatonin production and melatonin receptor expression are altered in preeclampsia: new insights into the role of this hormone in pregnancy
Authors: Lanoix Dave , Guérin Pascale , Vaillancourt Cathy
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  The melatonin system in preeclamptic pregnancies has been largely overlooked, especially in the placenta. We have previously documented melatonin production and expression of its receptors in normal human placentas. In addition, we and others have shown a beneficial role of melatonin in placental and fetal functions. In line with this, decreased maternal blood levels of melatonin are found in preeclamptic compared with normotensive pregnancies. However, melatonin production and expression of its receptors in preeclamptic compared with normotensive pregnancy placentas has never been examined. This study compares (i) melatonin‐synthesizing enzyme expression and activity, (ii) melatonin and serotonin, melatonin’s immediate precursor, levels and (iii) expression of MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors in placentas from preeclamptic and normotensive pregnancies. Protein and mRNA expression of aralkylamine N‐acetyltransferase (AANAT) and hydroxyindole O‐methyltransferase (HIOMT), the melatonin‐synthesizing enzymes, as well as MT1 and MT2 receptors were determined by RT‐qPCR and Western blot, respectively. The activities of melatonin‐synthesizing enzymes were assessed by radiometric assays while melatonin levels were determined by LC‐MS/MS. There is a significant inhibition of AANAT, melatonin’s rate‐limiting enzyme, expression and activity in preeclamptic placentas, correlating with decreased melatonin levels. Likewise, MT1 and MT2 expression is significantly reduced in preeclamptic compared with normotensive pregnancy placentas. We propose that reduced maternal plasma melatonin levels may be an early diagnostic tool to identify pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. This study indicates a clinical utility of melatonin as a potential treatment for preeclampsia in women where reduced maternal plasma levels have been identified.
Does simultaneous bilingualism aggravate children’s specific language problems?
Authors: Korkman Marit , Stenroos Maria , Mickos Annika , Westman Martin , Ekholm Pia , Byring Roger
Published: May 2012

Aim:  There is little data on whether or not a bilingual upbringing may aggravate specific language problems in children. This study analysed whether there was an interaction of such problems and simultaneous bilingualism.

Methods:  Participants were 5‐ to 7‐year‐old children with specific language problems (LANG group, N = 56) or who were typically developing (CONTR group, N = 60). Seventy‐three children were Swedish–Finnish bilingual and 43 were Swedish‐speaking monolingual. Assessments (in Swedish) included tests of expressive language, comprehension, repetition and verbal memory.

Results:  Per definition, the LANG group had lower scores than the CONTR group on all language tests. The bilingual group had lower scores than the monolingual group only on a test of body part naming. Importantly, the interaction of group (LANG or CONTR) and bilingualism was not significant on any of the language scores.

Conclusions:  Simultaneous bilingualism does not aggravate specific language problems but may result in a slower development of vocabulary both in children with and without specific language problems. Considering also advantages, a bilingual upbringing is an option also for children with specific language problems. In assessment, tests of vocabulary may be sensitive to bilingualism, instead tests assessing comprehension, syntax and nonword repetition may provide less biased methods.
Synthetic Biotinylated Peptide Compound, BP21, Specifically Recognizes Lysophosphatidylcholine Micelles
Authors: Sato Akira , Aoki Junken , Ebina Keiichi
Published: May 2012

Lysophosphatidylcholine, a major phospholipid component of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein, is implicated in many inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. We previously reported that Asp‐hemolysin‐related synthetic peptide (P21) composed of 21 amino acid residues markedly inhibits the bioactivities of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein and lysophosphatidylcholine, by directly binding to oxidized low‐density lipoprotein and lysophosphatidylcholine. Here, to clarify whether P21 specifically binds to lysophosphatidylcholine and what forms of lysophosphatidylcholine with which P21 interact, we investigated the interaction between P21 containing two tryptophan residues and lysophosphatidylcholine by using fluorescence spectroscopy, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and surface plasmon resonance. From tryptophan fluorescence measurements, N‐terminally biotinylated P21 specifically interacted with lysophosphatidylcholine, at concentrations exceeding the critical micelle concentration. From tryptophan fluorescence quenching, the tryptophan residues in biotinylated P21 in the presence of lysophosphatidylcholine were mostly exposed on the outer side of the peptide. From polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and surface plasmon resonance, bound to 1‐palmitoyl‐lysophosphatidylcholine at concentrations higher than 100 μm, ensuring stable micelles. These results indicate that biotinylated P21 specifically recognizes lysophosphatidylcholine micelles. Further study of the interaction between biotinylated P21 and lysophosphatidylcholine micelles may provide important information for the prevention and treatment for many inflammatory diseases caused by lysophosphatidylcholine micelles.
The relationship between regulation and contracts in infrastructure industries: Regulation as ordered renegotiation
Authors: Stern Jon
Published: May 2012

This paper discusses the relationship between regulation and contracts in infrastructure industries and the role of regulation, particularly the role of regulatory agencies in the review, revision, and renegotiation of contracts. The paper starts with a short survey of relevant economic and legal issues. Examples are presented of how and why infrastructure contracts, including concession contracts, have been combined with monitoring and enforcement by external regulatory agencies. The examples discussed include historical UK experience, recent French experience, and developing country experience. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role that regulatory entities can play to reinforce trust and sustain contracts by enabling simpler contracts, resolving contract misunderstandings, and providing processes for ordered renegotiations.
New Beverages of Lemon Juice with Elderberry and Grape Concentrates as a Source of Bioactive Compounds
Authors: González‐Molina Elena , Gironés‐Vilaplana Amadeo , Mena Pedro , Moreno Diego A. , García‐Viguera Cristina
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Considering the health potential of lemon and berry fruits, different functional beverages rich in antioxidant phytochemicals, which demonstrated beneficial effects, were developed. To fulfill this objective, lemon juice was combined with 2 different concentrates, elderberry and grape, in a proportion of 5% (w/v). Bioactive composition (flavonoids and vitamin C) and color stability, as well as the antioxidant capacity of mixtures, during a period of 56 d of storage, were studied. A protective role of anthocyanins on ascorbic acid preservation was noted for both lemon–berry blends, keeping vitamin C stable until the end of the storage. In addition, the new drink combining lemon and elderberry performed better than the grape–lemon mixture in terms of health‐promoting phytochemicals content, just as in vitro antioxidant capacity and color characteristics.

Practical Application:  Beverages made from lemon juice and berries could contribute to develop new drinks with a prolonged preservation of bioactive compounds throughout storage, keeping an attractive color and a high antioxidant activity during long periods of time. The information obtained in the present work is in agreement to the rules of health and safety for juices established by the Directive of European Commission Dir2001/112/CE incorporated to the Spanish law through the RD1050/2003 regulation. Consequently, an improved performance of industrial products would be achieved.
The Combination of Quantitative PCR and Western Blot Detecting CP4‐EPSPS Component in Roundup Ready Soy Plant Tissues and Commercial Soy‐Related Foodstuffs
Authors: Xiao Xiao , Wu Honghong , Zhou Xinghu , Xu Sheng , He Jian , Shen Wenbiao , Zhou Guanghong , Huang Ming
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  With the widespread use of Roundup Ready soy (event 40–3‐2) (RRS), the comprehensive detection of genetically modified component in foodstuffs is of significant interest, but few protein‐based approaches have been found useful in processed foods. In this report, the combination of quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blot was used to detect cp4‐epsps gene and its protein product in different RRS plant tissues and commercial soy‐containing foodstuffs. The foods included those of plant origin produced by different processing procedures and also some products containing both meat and plant protein concentrates. The validity of the 2 methods was confirmed first. We also showed that the CP4‐EPSPS protein existed in different RRS plant tissues. In certain cases, the results from the western blot and the qPCR were not consistent. To be specific, at least 2 degraded fragments of CP4‐EPSPS protein (35.5 and 24.6 kDa) were observed. For dried bean curd crust and deep‐fried bean curd, a degraded protein fragment with the size of 24.6 kDa appeared, while cp4‐epsps gene could not be traced by qPCR. In contrast, we found a signal of cp4‐epsps DNA in 3 foodstuffs, including soy‐containing ham cutlet product, meat ball, and sausage by qPCR, while CP4‐EPSPS protein could not be detected by western blot in such samples. Our study therefore concluded that the combination of DNA‐ and protein‐based methods would compensate each other, thus resulting in a more comprehensive detection from nucleic acid and protein levels.

Practical Application:  The combination of quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blot was used to detect cp4‐epsps gene and its protein product in different Roundup Ready soy (event 40–3‐2) plant tissues and commercial soy‐containing foodstuffs. The foods included those of plant origin produced by different processing procedures and also some products containing a combination of both meat and plant protein concentrates. This study indicated that the combination of DNA‐ and protein‐based methods would supplement each other for genetically modified detection from nucleic acid and protein levels. Accordingly, qPCR and western blot could be used in CP4‐EPSPS detection in a wide variety of soy‐related foodstuffs.
Oxidative Stability of Virgin Olive Oil as Affected by the Bene Unsaponifiable Matters and Tertiary‐Butylhydroquinone
Authors: Farhoosh Reza , Haddad Khodaparast Mohammad Hossein , Sharif Ali , Zamani‐Ghalehshahi Atefeh , Hoseini‐Yazdi Seyedeh‐Zohreh
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  During 16 h heating at 180 °C, the oxidative stability (OS) of virgin olive oil (VOO) as affected by the same concentrations (200 ppm) of tertiary‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and unsaponifiable matters of bene kernel (UKO) and hull (UHO) oils in terms of the inhibitory effect on the formation of conjugated diene hydroperoxides (OSCDV) and off‐flavor carbonyl compounds (OSCV) was investigated. TBHQ was not able to considerably increase the OSCDV (7.51) of the VOO (7.2) and showed no synergistic effect with indigenous antioxidative compounds of the VOO (IOV) in this respect. However, it could significantly improve the OSCV (from 2.49 to 4.52), which was mainly due to its synergism with the IOV. The UKO increased considerably the OSCDV (to 11.8), and its OSCV (4.22) was nearly the same as that of TBHQ. The IOV still had marked contributions to the prevention of VOO oxidation but the majority of stabilizing effect was related to the UKO and its synergism with the IOV. The OSCDV in presence of the UHO was less than that of the VOO (5.96), although it significantly increased the OSCV (to 5.2), mainly due to the stabilizing effect of UHO and its synergism with the IOV.
Rapid Purification and Characterization of γ‐Glutamyl‐Transpeptidase from Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinus Edodes)
Authors: Li Jianrong , Huang Ju , Yin Jie , Wu Ning , Song Jun , Zhang Lei , Jiang Tianjia
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  γ‐Glutamyl‐transpeptidase (GGT) is one of the important enzymes in the pathway of odor formation in shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes). Rapid purification and characterization of GGT from shiitake mushroom were studied in this work. The GGT was purified 179‐fold after 3 primary steps: precipitation by ammonium sulfate, isolation by Phenyl Sepharose 6 FF, and desalting by Sephadex G‐25. The enzyme, consisting of a small and a large subunit with Mr 28 KDa and 60 KDa, respectively, is composed of 17 kinds of amino acids with the ratio of basic and acidic residues 1 : 1.84, and its secondary structure was also determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The properties of GGT were studied with γ‐glutamyl‐p‐nitroanilide as the substrate. The results showed Km value of 2.601 μM, optimal temperature of 40 °C, and isoelectric point of 6.4. In addition, the activity of GGT was promoted by Na+, K+, and Ca2+ and inhibited by Cu2+, Ag+, Zn2+, and Fe3+.

Practical Application:  In this work, the γ‐glutamyl‐transpeptidase (GGT) from shiitake mushroom was purified with a simple scheme. Through the characterization of GGT, the relationship between endogenous formaldehyde and odor formation is to be clarified and assist in finding means of formaldehyde control in shiitake mushroom.
Current status and limitations of the newly developed endocytoscope GIF‐Y0002 with reference to its diagnostic performance for common esophageal lesions
Authors: KUMAGAI Youichi , KAWADA Kenro , YAMAZAKI Shigeru , IIDA Michio , ODAJIMA Hajime , OCHIAI Takanori , KAWANO Tatsuyuki , TAKUBO Kaiyo
Published: May 2012

Objectives:  To investigate both neoplastic and non‐neoplastic lesions of the esophagus and to clarify the features of the surface cell morphology using a newly developed endocytoscope, the GIF‐Y0002.

Methods:  The surface cell morphology was examined with toluidine blue staining, and histological features of 53 patients with 54 lesions, including 39 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and 14 patients with 15 non‐neoplastic esophageal lesions, were compared. One endoscopist classified the lesions using type classification, and we consulted one pathologist to evaluate the endocytoscopy pictures with regard to neoplasia or non‐neoplasia.

Results:  The overall sensitivity for ESCC of the findings by the endoscopist and pathologist based on GIF‐Y0002 observation were 100.0% and 94.9%, respectively; while the specificity was 80.0% and 46.7%. For the 3 cases of low‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia, 2 were diagnosed as Type 2 and one case as suspected neoplasia by the endoscopist while the pathologist considered 2 cases to be neoplastic. Among the 9 cases of esophagitis, the endoscopist diagnosed 2 cases as Type 2 or 3, which was suggestive of neoplasia, whereas the pathologist diagnosed 6 cases to be neoplastic.

Conclusion:  The low percentage of specificity for the pathologist's diagnosis was considered to be attributed to the low magnification power of the GIF‐Y0002. A further increase in the magnifying power of this instrument will be necessary to broaden its clinical applications.
Clinical Impact of Solifenacin on Generic and Symptom‐Specific Quality of Life for Females with Overactive Bladder: Using the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score and Rand Medical Outcomes Study 36‐Item Health Survey
Authors: YANO Masashi , SUZUKI Hiroyoshi , KAMIYA Naoto , KATO Tomonori , NOMURA Kazushi , KURAMOCHI Hiroaki , OHTA Sho , MIKAMI Kazuo , NAKATSU Hiroomi , OKANO Tatsuya , ONISHI Tetsuro , ICHIKAWA Tomohiko
Published: May 2012

Objectives: We evaluated the effectiveness of antimuscarinic treatment on disease‐specific and generic quality of life (QoL) in females with clinically diagnosed overactive bladder (OAB) by prospectively analyzing improvements in the overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS) and the Rand Medical Outcomes Study 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36).

Methods: We prospectively recruited newly diagnosed female patients with OAB. Pretreatment disease‐specific symptoms were documented, and generic QoL questionnaires were administered. All subjects received solifenacin 5 mg/day for >8 weeks. Symptoms and general health‐related QoL (HRQoL) were assessed using the OABSS and SF‐36, respectively. Other objective variables, such as maximum urinary flow rate and postvoid residual urine volume, were also evaluated.

Results: Seventy‐eight subjects met all inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria. After 8 weeks, the mean OABSS decreased by approximately 50% compared with baseline (from 9.1 ± 2.8 to 4.5 ± 3.6). All individual scores in OABSS improved after administration of solifenacin. Before treatment, the scores of the study subjects in all SF‐36 domains were significantly worse than the age‐ and gender‐adjusted Japanese national norms (P < 0.01), except the vitality (VT) scale. Intra‐group comparisons between age groups showed worse mental health (MH) scores in all age groups. In the OAB group, three mean SF‐36 scales (physical function [PF], VT, and MH) significantly improved after treatment.

Conclusion: Treatment of OAB with solifenacin is associated with significant improvement in generic HRQoL and disease‐specific symptoms at 8 weeks after drug administration. Particularly for generic HRQoL as measured by the SF‐36, solifenacin treatment effectively improves three SF‐36 scores: PF, VT, and MH.