bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Police Use of Force: Individuals, Situations, and Organizations
Authors: Friedrich Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Police use of force is theoretically important because it involves the execution of perhaps the essential func tion of the state and is practically important because it af fects the public's attitudes and behaviors toward the police and government more generally. Because of its importance, much attention has been devoted to understanding how and why it varies. Three different types of explanation have been advanced: those explaining the use of force in terms of individual characteristics of policemen; those explaining it in terms of the characteristics of the situation in which police meet citizens; and those explaining it in terms of the organiza tion in which police work. But studies up to now have not determined which factors have a genuine influence and how important the various factors are. An analysis of Albert J. Reiss's 1966 observational data, using crosstabulations and multiple regression analysis, finds individual and aggregate relationships so weak that theoretical and methodological re- formulations seem imperative. But the results suggest that many factors commonly thought to affect the use of force have little effect. Only the behavior of the offender and the visibility of the encounter to peers and public emerge as significant influences on police use of force.
The Violent Police-Citizen Encounter
Authors: Binder Arnold , Scharf Peter
Published: March 2007

While the emphasis in this article is on physical force by police officers, the perspective adopted is one of a transaction affected by police characteristics, citizen charac teristics, and their interactions in a given setting. The violent police-citizen encounter, moreover, is considered a develop mental process in which successive decisions and behaviors by either police officer or citizen, or both, make the violent outcome more or less likely. The emphasis upon mutual con tributions in the encounter carries policy implications that have not always been carefully considered in the past.
The Black Community in the 1980s: Questions of Race, Class, and Public Policy
Authors: Wilson William Julius
Published: March 2007

Because the dissimilar effects of policy pro grams on different segments of the black population are usually not specified or recognized, recent developments involving Blacks are puzzling to observers of race relations. This article argues for a return to the emphasis on the eco nomic dimensions of racial inequality that characterized important writings on race in the mid-1960s. The deteriorating economic conditions of the black poor and the changes in their family structure are discussed and analyzed. Aguments are advanced for why it is important to distinguish the black poor's situation from that of more prosperous Blacks, and for why their economic plight calls for public policies sig nificantly different from the race-oriented programs that have benefited the black middle class.
Black Power and White Reactions: The Revitalization of Race-thinking in the United States
Authors: Killian Lewis M.
Published: March 2007

The Black Power movement emerged as a reaction to lagging, uneven progress toward equality and as a challenge to the assimilationist theme of the Civil Rights movement. The current controversy over affirmative action and the revitalization of what Jacques Barzun called "race- thinking" stem from white reactions to both movements. Black Power leaders introduced the theme of group rights, demanding reparations for black slave labor. The demand was for compensation to Blacks as a community, not to individuals as members of a genetically defined category. Affirmative action as protective or remedial discrimination deviates from both the notion of community reparations and proposals such as the Domestic Marshall Plan for eliminating poverty among all groups. The emergent governmental policy of collecting statistics based on descent as a means of identifying the "victims" in the society constitutes both a revival of race- thinking and a simplistic solution to the question of who are the deserving have-nots. The choice of currently "protected categories" can be explained only in terms of an implicit rule of non-European descent.
Blacks and Jews: The Strained Alliance
Authors: Rose Peter I.
Published: March 2007

Martin Luther King once stated that "It would be impossible to record the contribution that Jewish people have made toward the Negro's struggle for freedom, it has been so great." For years there was a good deal of public dis cussion of the commitment of Jews to the relief of black suffer ing and of black appreciation for it. Recently much has been written about the asymmetrical character of the relationship and about the once-masked, now-open evidence of black anti- Semitism and Jewish racism in certain quarters of both com munities, some of them quite strategic. The fact is that Black- Jewish relations have always had a paradoxical quality: Blacks and Jews have been strangers to one another, more than popular liberal sentiment would suggest; neighbors, who, at least in the North, have lived and worked in close proximity if not equality; allies in the struggle for civil rights; and op ponents, especially on issues as diverse as affirmative action and American policy in the Middle East. This article examines some of the paradoxes in "the strained alliance."
Leadership in a decentralized public service
Authors: Humphreys Peter C. , O'Donnell Orla
Published: March 2007

Building upon earlier `decentralization' initiatives to disperse geographically Irish civil service staff outside Dublin, a new government programme, announced in December 2003, will result in over half of all civil service posts, including some of the most senior officials and head offices, being located away from the capital. This unique initiative in European terms will raise significant leadership opportunities and challenges for the effective running of Ireland Inc. This article seeks to identify and analyse a number of these opportunities and challenges from a public service leadership perspective. In addition to a detailed literature review, the research analysed available data on previous national and international experience and involved in-depth discussions with senior managers and other stakeholders. It is argued that effective leadership is at a premium within the context of a geographically complex, decentralized civil and public service.
Éamon de Valéra and the Survival of Democracy in Inter-War Ireland
Authors: Kissane Bill
Published: March 2007

This article explores how, in the wake of civil war and continued instability, Éamon de Valéra attempted to stabilize parliamentary democracy in Ireland through the introduction of a new constitution in 1937. This constitution has been seen as a product of his uniquely conservative personality, but Irish constitutional developments between the wars reflected the tensions of an era in which liberal constitutionalism proved unable to meet the challenges posed to it. This article constitutes an attempt to put the constitution into its appropriate European context.
Christianity and the Nazi Movement: A Response
Authors: Steigmann-Gall Richard
Published: March 2007

To varying degrees the contributors to this symposium on The Holy Reich challenge both its arguments and its findings. Taking issue with its methodology, pointing to what they believe are fundamental mistakes, errors, and other shortcomings, they argue the work reflects tendentiousness and a lack of originality; a refusal to explore countervailing evidence or to acknowledge prior work. The author analyses these critiques comparatively and from multiple perspectives, and offers rejoinders point by point. What appear to be comprehensive and authoritative critiques are, upon closer inspection, a series of misinterpretations, and too often (as is demonstrated through close scrutiny of their arguments and evidence) distortions and fabrications. As is demonstrated, some of the respondents do not actually address the evidence provided in the book, while others extrapolate from minor points of evidence and analysis to cast unfounded doubts upon the soundness of the author's scholarship. Most problematically, their attempts to provide their own countervailing empiricism are frequently sloppy or simply wrong. The author compares the respondents and finds revealing patterns that help the reader understand the nature of their frequently groundless criticisms.
The Social Etiquette of Sleep: Some Sociological Reflections and Observations
Authors: Williams Simon J.
Published: March 2007

This ar ticle provides a critical examination of the seemingly counter-intuitive sociological notion of the `social etiquette of sleep': the socially appropriate and inappropriate, prescriptive and proscriptive, ways of'doing'sleeping, that is to say, in ever yday/night life. The first par t of the ar ticle provides a brief discussion of the rationale for a sociological engagement with sleep. The remaining sections then proceed to a detailed sociological account of the `civilizing' of sleep, the social uses and abuses of sleep, the socially attentive sleeper, the inconsiderate or selfish sleeper, and the anarchic, anomic, deviant or stigmatized sleeper. The ar ticle closes with some fur ther sociological reflections on these dormative/normative matters.A sociological engagement with sleep, it concludes, is far from a contradiction in terms.
What Goes Online Comes Offline: Knowledge Management System Use in a Soft Bureaucracy
Authors: Vaast Emmanuelle
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates when and how online practices (i.e. practices of management and use of web-based Information Technology) impact offline practices (i.e. regular work practices and communication patterns) within a bureaucratic environment. A case study of implementation and use of a Knowledge Management System by members of a network of practice within the bureaucratic environment of a public administration is interpreted through a situated learning perspective. This lens helps us to understand the process of emergence of continuity between online and offline practices. Findings indicate that the constructed continuity within the network of practice emerged from a combination of structural changes in the environment and of the involvement of key actors who actively encouraged others to integrate their online practices into their regular activities. The paper helps us to understand the processes of construction of continuity of online and offline practices and the bounded impacts of this continuity within bureaucracies. Such continuity may contribute to the circumscribed emergence of a soft bureaucracy in which professional competences and exchanges are recognized and encouraged, while the structural features of decision making, control, and resource allocation remain unchanged.
Contributing to Public Document Repositories: A Critical Mass Theory Perspective
Authors: Peddibhotla Naren B. , Subramani Mani R.
Published: March 2007

Public document repositories (PDRs) are valuable resources available on the Internet and are a component of the broader information commons freely accessible to the public. Instances of PDRs include the repository of reviews at Amazon.com and the online encyclopedia at Wikipedia. These repositories are created and sustained by the voluntary contributions of individuals who are not compensated for their inputs. This paper draws on and extends critical mass theory in the context of PDRs. Using data on the reviews written by prolific reviewers at Amazon.com and the text of their personal profiles, we find the critical mass of contributors at the PDR not only to be prolific and contributing high-quality reviews, but also to be among the earliest contributors of reviews on products. Reviewer profiles revealed the presence of multiple self-oriented motives (self expression, personal development, utilitarian motives, and enjoyment) and other-oriented motives (social affiliation, altruism, and reciprocity) for contribution. We find that the quality and quantity of contributions are inversely related and the motives for quantity of contribution are different from those related to the quality of contribution. The study highlights that PDRs are viewed by contributors as social contexts even though making contributions is an individual act that does not involve social interaction.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Online Communities
Authors: Sproull Lee , Dutton William , Kiesler Sara
Published: March 2007

The Internet has impelled scholars to expand their views of organization. In 2005, Organization Studies called for papers about online communities that would stretch the field of organization studies. The articles in this special issue use empirical research and theory to re-examine fundamental questions of organizational boundaries, community, and member motivation.
India
Authors: Arndt C.O.
Published: March 2007

To meet the many requests from schools for teaching materials, aids, and references on India, this list was prepared by Dr. C. O. Arndt, specialist in Far Eastern Education. Schools will find this list helpful in the selection of materials for a study of India. Reprints are available through the U. S. Office of Education.—The Editor.
Auditorium and Stage Facilities
Authors: Robinson Horace W.
Published: March 2007

This article has been prepared by the Chairman of the Theatre Archi tecture Committee of the A.E.T.A. The members of the committee are War ren M. Lee, University of South Dakota; John A. Walker, University of Virginia; William Angus, Queens University, Ontario; Walden P. Boyle, University of California at Los Angeles; Marion Robinson, Goucher College; A. Laurence Mortensen, University of Oklahoma; Horace W. Robinson, Uni versity of Oregon, Chairman. Invaluable assistance has been provided by the individual members of the committee. The responsibility for opinions and recommendations, placement, and dimensions, however, should rest entirely with the author. [Editor.]
Modified Audio-Lingual Methods in the High School
Authors: Reinert Harry
Published: March 2007

A foreign language teacher who attempts to use the "pure" audio-lingual method at the high school level is overlooking some of the hard facts of the adolescent world, claims this ex perienced language teacher.
The Expanding World of International Education
Authors: Ackerman William C.
Published: March 2007

International education is coming of age, says a U.S. State Department official. This article formed the major portion of an address de livered at the 1966 NASSP Convention.
Teaching by the Inquiry Method
Authors: Robinson Donald W.
Published: March 2007

This essay is based on a new book, Teaching the New Social Studies in Secondary Schools: An Inductive Approach. Edwin Fenton. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. 526 pp. $7.95.
Interaction Analysis Applied to Teaching
Authors: Amidon Edmund
Published: March 2007

"Look who's talking!" usually is denigrating, but not when it's used to characterize the obser vational method described in this article.
Public Participation in Negotiations
Authors: Leddy John H.
Published: March 2007

In this article, a professional negotiator for school boards explains why public participation in teach ers' contract negotiations won't work.
National-State Relationship— Where Are We Headed?
Authors: Fitzsimmons Robert
Published: March 2007

The author, himself an executive secretary of a state association, suggests areas in the realm of status and welfare for continued discussion and consideration by both state and national asso ciations.
A Salary Formula for Principals
Authors: Gilbert Michael B.
Published: March 2007

When each administrative salary contract is negotiated individually, inequities creep in, many administrators feel. This article suggests a formula for determining principals' salaries based on education and experience, days of work, and responsibilities.
Some Trends in Salaries and Fringe Benefits
Authors: Ditzhazy Helen E. R.
Published: March 2007

Reflecting upon her own experiences first as an assistant principal and then as a principal, this writer describes salaries and fringes, and how they were determined, to show the wide variations that exist from district to district.
Helping Teachers vs. Evaluating Teachers
Authors: salek Charles Jerrold
Published: March 2007

For principals to help teachers improve the quality of their instructions, this author suggests that judgmental attitudes must be completely eradi cated. In the place of evaluation, non-directive supervisory conferencing is suggested. This article describes the technique.
Planning School Media Centers
Authors: Teeter Tom A.
Published: March 2007

This article offers a practical approach to planning media centers: where to begin, whom to involve, and what factors deserve important consideration in view of today's interest in conservation measures.
The Principal's Role in Facilities Planning
Authors: Fredrickson John H.
Published: March 2007

Do you plan or hope to build a new school or reno vate an old one? Practical guidelines for exerting leadership during facilities planning are provided here.
Measuring Change in Catholic Schools
Authors: Koppes Albert P.
Published: March 2007

This article reports educational changes evidenced in a selected group of innovative Catholic schools. A study of these schools compared their educa tional practices with those advocated by the NASSP Model Schools Project. The findings are pertinent to any school contemplating change.
Are Counselors Meeting Student and Teacher Needs?
Authors: Trump J. Lloyd
Published: March 2007

Guidance counselors are not performing to potential in most schools, this educator contends. He outlines his concept of the guidance function in this article.
The Teacher-Adviser: An Old Solution Looking for a Problem
Authors: Jenkins John M.
Published: March 2007

A teacher-adviser program that includes all profes sionals in the school building is one solution to the counselor-student ratio imbalance. A description of one such program that has proved successful is presented here.
An Achievement Motivation Program
Authors: Musholt Wayne
Published: March 2007

The Harlem Middle School, Rockford, III., provides tangible evidence that educators are capable of solving their own problems if given the resources and the freedom to explore. A Title III program at Harlem has produced evidence that categorical aid will stimulate innovative solutions to educational problems.
Training Counselors for Today's World
Authors: Quinn Tom
Published: March 2007

One way for a school to better meet its students' needs is to have its counselors serve as counselor- consultants. Rationale for such a program and the additional staff training it would require are out lined below.
House Group: A Guidance Role for the Teacher
Authors: Goldberg Mark F.
Published: March 2007

House Group is an organizational system intended to ensure that each student develops a solid rela tionship with at least one adult professional in the school. The author encourages readers wishing additional information about the program to write to him.
Four Dimensions of Quality in Effective Schools: How Important For Principals?
Authors: Brannon Donald R. , Parrish Bill , Brannon Horrace
Published: March 2007

After an analysis of the dimensions that they believe indicate quality, the authors suggest actions principals can take to pursue quality in their schools.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Program Delivery
Authors: Hamilton Stephen F. , Mamary Albert
Published: March 2007

Guidelines for assessing teacher and student behaviors that work in one school district are detailed here.
Quality Circles: Tools for Assessing Effectiveness and Planning Strategy
Authors: Dillon Linda , Brown Malcolm
Published: March 2007

Quality Circles—a management tool applied in industry—can be effective when applied to education as well.
A Model for Organizing Your School's Activities Program
Authors: Vornberg James A. , Zukowski James J. , Gipson Vance W. , Southern J. Stephen
Published: March 2007

How effective is your school's student activities program? Com pare its structure to the model presented here for some insight.
One Administrator's Reflections A Decade After Greening
Authors: Sanders K. Penny
Published: March 2007

This writer takes a thoughtful look at the changes that have occurred in education—and society—since Charles Reich's best- selling book was published 10 years ago.
Documenting Your Case for Dismissal with Acceptable Evidence
Authors: John Walter St.
Published: March 2007

This writer suggests some guidelines for ethical and proper dis missal procedures.
Moving Toward Educational Change—Where Does One Start?
Authors: Mackenzie Donald G.
Published: March 2007

Too many teachers and administrators have little idea of how to promote change, says this writer, who looks at the concept of motivation as related to organizational change.
Effective High Schools— What Are the Common Characteristics?
Authors: Murphy Joseph , Hallinger Philip
Published: March 2007

Provided here are descriptions of some of the most instruc tionally effective high schools in California. Although not all of the effectiveness factors that are described were found in all schools, the authors note, taken together, the eight effectiveness factors do characterize the group of effective schools as a whole.
Nation at Odds—Better Description Than Nation at Risk
Authors: Fernandez Edward
Published: March 2007

Have educators thrown away too much of the workable "old" in favor of the unknown "new"? The author examines this ques tion by reviewing 25 statements in the 1983 Nation At Risk report to the American people.*
How About College or Cooperative Education for Youth, Aged 14-16?
Authors: Parsons Cynthia
Published: March 2007

Some educators may have difficulty in accepting the proposal described here by a former, well-known education writer. Al though there's nothing new about cooperative education, she believes it's an answer for many youngsters having problems. The editors invite reader comments.
Music in Our Schools— Purpose and Goals
Authors: Michalski Stanley F.
Published: March 2007

Music is one of the few offerings in our schools that can be something to everyone, says this writer, who looks at some of the needs music meets in our society.
Is Work Beneficial to Teenagers?
Authors: Gottfredson Denise C.
Published: March 2007

Is the work experience a positive one for young people? And, further, what effect does teenage employment have on drug use and serious types of delinquency? This writer shares survey results that aim to answer those questions.
The Process and the Technique of Managing Schoolwide Tragedy
Authors: Wall F. Edward , Viers Lawrence A.
Published: March 2007

This is a story of a crisis that most schools fortunately do not have to confront. However, when such crises do occur, the process described here by those with experience may be helpful.
Discipline—Still Number One on the Administrator's List of Problems
Authors: Bartosh Fred , Barilla John
Published: March 2007

Disciplinary problems remain at the top of the list when it comes to the frustrations encountered by school administrators. These writers offer suggestions in two related areas: discipline record systems, and discipline conferences with parents.
A Strategy for Classroom Resolution of Chronic Discipline Problems
Authors: Levin James , Nolan James , Hoffman Nancy
Published: March 2007

The use of anecdotal records to monitor—and improve—the behavior of chronically disruptive students is effective, con venient, and inexpensive, say these writers. They explain the technique on the following pages.
Legal Responsibilities of Students: Study Shows School Officials Also Win Court Decisions
Authors: Bartlett Larry
Published: March 2007

After reading much in the past several years about the increasing rights of students, school administrators will find this article about their own rights and the legal responsibilities of students very interesting. The editors have included an extensive list of references—a practice normally avoided—for readers wishing to study the issues in more detail.
School-to-Work Transition Programs—Are They Needed? What Are the Benefits?
Authors: Dupont Pierre S.
Published: March 2007

Unemployment among youth is a major social problem facing America, according to Gov. du Pont, who describes here Jobs for America's Graduates, a school-to-work transition program. Several states are testing the model to demonstrate the value of a prevention strategy to reduce unemployment.
Administrative Uses of Microcomputers, Part I: Needs Evaluation
Authors: Crawford Chase W.
Published: March 2007

In this, the first of a series on the administrative uses of mi crocomputers, the writer looks at some of the initial problems. that may be encountered and offers some solutions.
Educators Team up to Help Students Learn
Authors: Armbruster Barbara , Howe Clifford E.
Published: March 2007

Here's a model—proven successful in Iowa City schools—for teaming a special education teacher with a regular content teacher to help learning disabled youngsters in the classroom setting.
Ready or Not, High School Graduates Are Going to College
Authors: Bandy Irene G.
Published: March 2007

A lack of clearly-stated academic requirements by Ohio colleges and universities was one reason remedial coursework was re quired of significant numbers of incoming freshmen. Here's what the state did to remedy that situation.
Microcomputers in the Classroom—What Are the Elements of Inservice Workshops for Teachers?
Authors: Tauber Robert T.
Published: March 2007

What can school administrators do to ensure that students have appropriate training in the use and application of microcomput ers? Provide inservice training for the teachers, advises this educator, who outlines here the ingredients of a workshop that will help.
Language Laboratories: What Have We Learned?
Authors: Harding Edith , Rodgers Ted
Published: March 2007

These writers reflect on what was expected from language labo ratories 25 years ago, what lessons have been learned, and what these lessons mean for present language teachers and school administrators.
Educational Technology: Sixty Years of Change
Authors: Wittich Walter A.
Published: March 2007

Instructional technology has moved from lantern slides to inter active video in the lifetime of this writer, an acknowledged pioneer in the field. But one thing has not changed, he cautions. The most sophisticated of instructional materials are only as good as the minds of those who produce them.
The Forgotten Medium—Are We Too Visually Dependent?
Authors: Kearns Karen
Published: March 2007

Audio instructional materials can provide an added dimension to the learning process, says this writer, who looks at the avail ability of some such materials.
Computers in Schools—A Runaway Stagecoach?
Authors: Hertz Karl V.
Published: March 2007

Let's keep the role of computers in the curriculum in per spective, warns this writer, who says that too many educators have been caught up in the rush to purchase computers without first setting objectives for their use.
It's Not Just the Kids Anymore: How To Cope with Employee Drug Abuse
Authors: Gorton Dick
Published: March 2007

It has been estimated that, on any given day in any given school system, about eight percent of the employees are working under the influence of alcohol. Here's one plan for helping such peo ple.
Evaluating the Curriculum: What, Why, and How
Authors: Talmage Harriet
Published: March 2007

What are the essential questions that touch on educational evalu ation? Several are raised here along with some thoughts to con sider prior to undertaking an evaluation.
Guidelines for Change and Innovation in the Secondary School Curriculum
Authors: Levine Daniel U. , Levine Rayna F. , Ornstein Allan C.
Published: March 2007

Following the guidelines offered here should help the edu cational innovator avoid past mistakes in attempts at curriculum improvement.
A Systematic Model For Curriculum Development
Authors: Hunkins Francis P.
Published: March 2007

Curriculum development is not a simple process, says this writer, who encourages the use of a systematic curriculum de velopment model. Such a model is provided here.
How Do Educators Meet the Needs of Society? How Are Education's Aims Determined?
Authors: Ornstein Allan C.
Published: March 2007

Contemporary society is facing rapid and fundamental changes, and educators must take the lessons of the past and shape a plan for the future. That's the message of this writer, who traces curriculum trends from the late nineteenth century to the present.
The Principal as Instructional Leader: An Evolving Role
Authors: Blome Arvin C. , James Mary Ellen
Published: March 2007

The present era of school reform has made the concept of posi tive school leadership even more imperative, say these writers, who warn that it will be the individual principal who determines his or her role in the decades to come.
The Future of Textbooks— Can They Help Individualize Education?
Authors: Maxwell John
Published: March 2007

Textbooks will not only survive present controversies, but they will emerge as more useful tools than they are now. This writer's hope is that more textbooks will be available to enable a better fit between texts, teachers, and students, thereby making indi vidualized education closer to reality.
Collective Bargaining: How Does It Change the Principal's Role?
Authors: Mazzarella Jo Ann
Published: March 2007

Principals have believed that their jobs are very different under collective bargaining. Does research confirm this feeling or, instead, indicate that under collective bargaining, schools really haven't changed very much after all? This writer looks at two research studies that have dealt with this question.
Youth Service Initiatives— A Promise for the Future
Authors: Eberly Donald J.
Published: March 2007

A nationwide program of youth service—whether federally, state, or locally sponsored—can operate successfully. That's the verdict of this writer, who looks at some existing programs and cites their benefits.
Administrative Uses of Microcomputers, Part III: Evaluation and Selection
Authors: Crawford Chase W.
Published: March 2007

In this, the third of a series, the writer provides a list of criteria to be used in evaluating administrative software.
Private School Practices Can Help Public Education
Authors: Nickerson Neal C.
Published: March 2007

Private schools do four things more effectively than public schools, and none of these things is expensive, says this writer, who warns that public school people must emulate their private school counterparts if they are to avoid future difficulties.
Science Education for a New Age: The Reform Movement
Authors: Hurd Paul Dehart
Published: March 2007

Our nation's young people grow up as foreigners in their own culture and leave high school as scientific and tech nological illiterates.
Developing an Alternative High School: Dos and Don'ts
Authors: Whalen Barry
Published: March 2007

Alternative schools have an important place in our educational system, says this writer, who offers some suggestions to con sider before establishing such a school.
The Bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution: Reaching New Heights for an Enterprising Nation
Authors: Cannon Mark W.
Published: March 2007

Two years from now the nation will celebrate the 200th anniver sary of its Constitution. The nature of this truly great document is described in this article.
Model Describes How Principals Can Achieve Quality Instruction
Authors: Irwin Claire C.
Published: March 2007

The research literature is voluminous, but after some sifting it reveals action plans that principals—those who have the ultimate responsibility for local schools—can use to improve instruction.
Student Activities and Academic Eligibility Requirements
Authors: Joekel Ronald G.
Published: March 2007

Let's not forget the purpose of education in a democracy and the role that activities play in our schools, warns this writer, who reminds critics of student activity programs that such programs are an integral part of education.
Legal Aspects of Student Activities
Authors: Gluckman Ivan B.
Published: March 2007

The principal and the adviser should have a clear understanding of student, school, and staff responsibilities in regard to student activities. NASSP's legal counsel reviews the recent cases on the following pages.
Student Achievement and Cocurricular Activity Participation
Authors: Gholson Ronald E.
Published: March 2007

A high GPA may be earned without learning a great deal about other human beings, warns this writer, who looks at the cor relation between success as an adult and involvement as a stu dent.
Looking to the Future: School Community Service Programs
Authors: Griffith Carol
Published: March 2007

Your school and your students can reap many benefits from a community service program. After outlining the benefits, the author suggests the steps to take in starting a program.
Teacher Excellence—Is It a Contemporary Oxymoron?
Authors: Dyer Daniel
Published: March 2007

Attempting to grasp the horns of this oxymoron, the writer first discusses what teacher excellence means and then explains why excellent teachers are not in great supply. Not wishing to leave readers without a solution, he suggests the steps to improve the situation. Readers are invited to comment on these suggestions.
Learning How to Learn: How Important Are Study Skills?
Authors: Christen William L. , Murphy Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

Knowing how to learn and knowing what's important to learn are skills that must be taught to all youngsters, conclude these writ ers, who believe more content is not sufficient—students must become more effective and efficient learners.
Minorities in Nonpublic Schools: A Call for Action
Authors: Mawdsley Ralph D.
Published: March 2007

Nonpublic schools exist for many reasons, says this writer. These include the pursuit of religious, cultural, and vocational goals. They also may include discriminatory goals, which, he cautions, must be corrected.
A District-Wide Approach to Individualized Staff Development
Authors: Welch Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Here's how one school district's innovative approach to staff development improved morale, lessened the burnout rate, and saved the district money.
The Excellence Movement: What's the Connection to Student Needs?
Authors: Little Rick
Published: March 2007

The real world of students rarely receives the attention it de serves. Its importance, however, cannot be overestimated. Writ ing about it here is the founder of Quest, a nonprofit organization dedicated to positive youth development.
You Can Be a One Minute Principal
Authors: Brown Richard
Published: March 2007

This popular management system has great potential value for administrators as they work with inexperienced and marginal teachers—and it only takes a minute.
Secondary School Counseling: A Time for Reassessment and Revitalization
Authors: Monson Robert J. , Brown Duane
Published: March 2007

The principal must assume responsibility for ensuring that the school counseling program is an effective one, say these writers, who provide a seven-step plan for revitalizing the counseling program.
Censorship in the Schools: The Responsibilities of Courts, Boards, and Administrators
Authors: Epley B. Glen , Moore Kay M.
Published: March 2007

In the eyes of some people, censorship in the schools is on the rise. The courts, they claim, have been unwilling to formulate guidelines to protect the student's right to know. That position, others say, is not accurate. Both views are examined in these two articles. The editors solicit readers' comments on this issue for the "Letters" column.
Literature, History, Philosophy Stimulate Principals, Improve Schools
Authors: Peterson Kent D. , Finn Chester E.
Published: March 2007

Principals reading and discussing Plato, Homer, Shakespeare— that's part of the scene at summer institutes, conducted under the auspices of the National Endowment for the Arts, to engage principals in the humanities for both personal enrichment and school improvement. This article describes why the program has been so successful and what lies ahead.
Fitness in the Educational Workplace: An Essential for Top Performance
Authors: Plowman Sharon A. , Bischoff Judith A.
Published: March 2007

Educators should be concerned about the increase in job-related stress and its effect on their professional lives. The authors discuss several factors that may influence teacher stress and performance and suggest that personal fitness is one method of stress management.
Frequent Marijuana Use in Adolescence: What Are the Signs, Stages?
Authors: Schwartz Richard H.
Published: March 2007

Although many educators are aware that their students may use marijuana frequently, some do not know or cannot identify the various stages of marijuana abuse. This doctor describes the stages and effects.
The "One in a Billion" Student
Authors: Fulton O.K.
Published: March 2007

After a student made a miraculous recovery from near-death, the school pulled together to help him regain a normal life. The associate principal relates the story.
A Guide for Interpreting Standardized Test Scores
Authors: Greeen Donald Ross
Published: March 2007

If standardized tests are given to obtain information about stu dent knowledge and skills, we must know what the scores tell us and how they should be used. The writer, who describes the maze of NPs, GEs, and NCEs, advises readers about the relative usefulness of the different scores.
Setting Passing Scores on Competency Tests
Authors: Berk Ronald A.
Published: March 2007

To date, 40 states have mandated minimum competency testing programs for students, and more than 30 have mandated com petency tests for teachers, administrators, and/or other educa tional personnel. This writer reviews a dozen basic questions about passing scores on these various tests, considering what is actually being done versus what should be done with reference to testing practices.
The Microcomputer: A Decision-Making Tool for Improving School Discipline
Authors: Burgos Fermin , Thierbach Schneider Gail
Published: March 2007

Maintaining student records can be a tedious and time- consuming task. The use of microcomputers can reduce the tedium and allow for the generation of additional data, as illus trated by these writers.
Today's Curriculum—How Appropriate Will It Be in Year 2000?
Authors: Hodgkinson Harold
Published: March 2007

The demographics of our school-age population are changing, and by the year 2,000 that change will have been dramatic. The curriculum must undergo equally dramatic changes to meet the needs of these youngsters, this writer warns.
The Critical Questions of Instructional Leadership
Authors: Keefe James W.
Published: March 2007

Principals interested in becoming effective instructional leaders must have a clear concept and a systematic plan for actualizing instructional leadership. This writer provides readers with an outline for developing such a plan.
What Students Should Learn In Schools. An Issue for Staff Development
Authors: Stallings Jane
Published: March 2007

For teachers to gain the most from staff development, the deliv ery process should be carefully planned according to their pro fessional stages of maturity. The novice teacher and the experi enced professional should not be expected to take part in the same way in the same staff development program.
Profile of a Principal— Blending Multiple Roles for Success
Authors: Philips Patricia , Mistretta Anne Marie
Published: March 2007

What qualities make a principal outstanding—an education leader and innovator? The authors spent a day with one such principal whose reputation as action-oriented yet deliberately pensive, radical but conservative, has earned him the reputation as an exemplary administrator.
Clinical Supervision: History, Practice, Perspective
Authors: Miller Robert , Miller Kathleen
Published: March 2007

There is a natural link between clinical supervision and the current interest in effective teaching, according to these writ ers, who take a look at how the process affects practice in schools today.
Effective Teacher Evaluation: A Quantitative and Qualitative Process
Authors: Herrmann Beth Ann
Published: March 2007

This writer argues that teacher evaluation models focusing exclusively on the quantitative recording and coding of observable behaviors may not assist teachers in improving the quality of their instruction, and that teacher evaluation should place more emphasis on qualitative dimensions of what teach ers say during instruction.
Teacher Behavior Research: Theory, Practice, and Recommendations
Authors: Ornstein Allan C.
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of a teacher depends on students' social, economic, cognitive, psychological characteristics, grade level, and subject area. Failure to recognize these variables can distort research findings and recommended methods for good teaching.
Administrator Feedback Can Improve Classroom Instruction
Authors: Seyfarth John T. , Nowinski Elaine M.
Published: March 2007

Many teachers indicate that they would appreciate more administrator feedback about their classroom performance but they don't receive it. Principals must make the time and effort to help teachers improve their instructional skills.
The Principal: An Agent For Reducing Teacher Stress
Authors: Calabrese Raymond L.
Published: March 2007

Teachers sometimes cite stress as a reason for leaving the pro fession, but stress does not have to be a negative factor. Principals can use their leadership skills to make it a positive force.
Secondary Principal Certification Requirements— A State-by-State Review
Authors: Splawn Robert E.
Published: March 2007

This writer reviews the current certification requirements for principals in the 50 states, and speculates about what might occur in the future.
Do's and Don'ts for Dealing With the Press
Authors: Shaw Robert C.
Published: March 2007

Here's a list of 10 do's and don'ts—some basic, common sense advice for principals who must, on occasion, deal with the news media.
How To Make the Most of Teacher Interviews
Authors: Roberts JO
Published: March 2007

How can administrators, in a brief interview, determine if a teacher candidate will be effective, efficient, and an asset to the school? A set of standard questions can help administra tors identify the effective teacher.
Strategic Planning and the Secondary Principal—the Key Approach to Success
Authors: Bradley Larry G. , Vrettas Arthur T.
Published: March 2007

Strategic planning is a powerful tool, if used honestly and objec tively, to guide our school systems, say these writers, who provide an in-depth look at the process.
Secondary School Imperatives for the '90S— Strategies to Achieve Reform
Authors: Stewart William J.
Published: March 2007

Although the calls for reform in the 1980s created a stir in educa tion, they did little to improve stu dent achievement. Reform efforts in the 1990s must concentrate on education as a means to an end, not an end in itself.
Distributed Cognition and the Task of Science
Authors: Magnus P. D.
Published: March 2007

This paper gives a characterization of distributed cognition (d-cog) and explores ways that the framework might be applied in studies of science. I argue that a system can only be given a d-cog description if it is thought of as performing a task. Turning our attention to science, we can try to give a global d-cog account of science or local d-cog accounts of particular scientific projects. Several accounts of science can be seen as global d-cog accounts: Robert Merton’s sociology of scientific norms, Philip Kitcher’s 20th-century account of cognitive labor, and Kitcher’s 21st-century notion of well-ordered science. Problems that arise for them arise just because of the way that they attribute a function to science. The paper concludes by considering local d-cog accounts. Here, too, the task is the crux of the matter.
“Static” and “Dynamic” as Sociological Categories
Authors: Adorno Theodor W.
Published: March 2007

The connection between static and dynamic forces in society became, once again, a topic for debate at the sociological congress held in Amsterdam in 1955. The reason for this renewed interest is not far to seek. Dynamic phenomena of great intensity force themselves on the observer of the contemporary scene. Within the Soviet sphere of influence, the structure of society is undergoing radical changes. At the same time, the Orient and all those areas said, not without reason, to be “developing,” are in the throes of modernization. And finally, even in countries ruled by liberalism and marked by stable institutions, the inner structure of such fundamental social concepts as “individual,” “family,” “stratification,” “organization” and “government” is rapidly being transformed. On the other hand, there are many countries in which society appears to be gravitating towards a static condition, characterized by Veblen more than fifty years ago, as a “new feudalism.” When all areas beyond the present-day borders of capitalism will have been industrialized, capitalism will no longer be able to rely on new resources elsewhere, and its economic expansion, which was once thought to be demanded by the very nature of the system, will have come to an end. Capitalism will then have to revert to simply reproducing itself. This prospect is reflected in our present-day culture. Thus, Olivier Messiaen, a composer of the group known as “La Jeune France,” said only recently, that the historical development of music had reached a ceiling beyond which no further development could be imagined; whether he was right or not, is not the point. What should be of most interest in a discussion of the conflict between static and dynamic forces, is the question which of these will prove to be the stronger; whether the trend of development prevailing since the Middle Ages will continue, or whether it will terminate in a state of paralysis of the kind that Himmler prophesied when he said that the Third Reich would last for ten or twenty thousand years, until the “end of modern times.” But before we can speculate about the outcome of the conflict between the static and dynamic, we must reflect on the ideas connected with them; otherwise it would be like trying to settle the course of world history by idly tossing a coin.
A Better Life in an Affluent Society
Authors: de Jouvenel Bertrand
Published: March 2007

Contemporary society is preoccupied with wealth. There is no need here to distinguish between capitalism and communism. It is a well-known fact that the great declared objective of Soviet economic planning is “to attain and to surpass the American standard of life.”

Every country employs statisticians to compute the annual increase in its national wealth. If the increase is substantial, the government prides itself on it; if it is small, the opposition finds in it a grievance capable of rallying public opinion behind it. In democratic countries, the political organizations that are most firmly entrenched are the ones that seek to advance the pretensions of one group for a larger share of the national wealth, and those that seek to defend the present share of a group against such pretensions. Public affairs consist to a large extent of pleadings and pressures concerning the division of wealth, and to some extent of more technical discussions concerning its increase.
On the Transition From the Sacred To the Profane
Authors: Burgelin Pierre
Published: March 2007

We live in a universe infinitely more complex than that which is evoked by the word reality. Only the desire for pragmatic knowledge allows us to believe that things are simply that which they are: the bearers of material qualities by which we distinguish or manipulate them. We give them names, which designate their genre, and make use of them according to our fancy. They are tools or means which refer us to other things to which they have a relation. When knowledge is elevated to a science, in doing away with appearances we discover their structure, and new types of relations, expressed in the language of figures and numbers, beyond which there is only the possibility of other structures and other numbers. The object is explained either by the finiteness of human needs or by the network of scientific relations. It is what it is, nothing more.