bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
[Ge4O6Te4]4—, an Adamantanoid Oxotellurido Germanate(IV) with a Central Ge4O6 Core
Authors: van Almsick Tobias , Kromm Anna , Sheldrick William S.
Published: December 2004

[Mn(en)3]2[Ge4O6Te4]·1.5en (1) and (enH)3[Mn(en)3]3[Ge4O6Te4]2I·4.7en (2) may be prepared at 150 °C by solvothermal reaction of elemental Ge and Te with Mn(OOCCH3)2 ·4H2O in the presence of [CH3)4N]I as a mineralizer in respectively superheated ethylenediamine (en) or an en/CH3OH (3:2) mixture. Both contain the novel [Ge4O6Te4]4— anion with a central adamantanoid Ge4O6 core and four terminal Te atoms and represent the first examples of such a mixed [M4E6E4′]4— anion (M = Si‐Sn; E = O‐Te). As a result of their increased polarity, the Ge‐Te bonds of 2 are markedly shorter (2.438 — 2.462Å) than those previously reported for telluridogermanates(IV).
Large Diverticulum and Volvulus of the Small Bowel in Adults
Authors: Chou Chung Kuao , Mark Chee‐Wai , Wu Reng‐Hong , Chang Jinn‐Ming
Published: December 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of large diverticulum (>3 cm) and volvulus of the small bowel (SB) in adults. A computer search of the medical records between January 1995 and December 2002 revealed 94 surgically proved cases of small bowel volvulus in adults. We reviewed the surgical records and recorded any specific condition found during laparotomy. The control group included 107 consecutive patients receiving a laparotomy with a diagnosis other than SB volvulus. In the 94 surgically proved cases of SB volvulus, the surgical records described presence of adhesion in 47 cases, adhesions around large SB diverticulum (>3 cm) in 5 cases, coexistence of large SB diverticulum and adhesions around the narrowed mesenteric root in 4 cases, large SB diverticulum without a specific description of the presence of adhesion or narrowed mesenteric root in 24 cases, narrowed mesenteric root without large SB diverticulum in 3 cases, internal hernia in 4 cases, tumors in 3 cases, and absence of any specific lesion in 4 cases. Only one case was found to have a large SB diverticulum in the control group. The incidence of large SB diverticulum in SB volvulus of adults was 35% (33/94), significantly higher than that of the control group (1%, 1/107) (p < 0.01). Large diverticulum of the small bowel might play a contributing role in the occurrence of SB volvulus in adults.
Role of Ganglion Cells in Sigmoid Volvulus
Authors: Furuya Yoshitaka , Yasuhara Hiroshi , Yanagie Hironobu , Naka Shuji , Takenoue Tomohiro , Shinkawa Hiroki , Niwa Hirotaka , Kikuchi Tsuyoshi , Nagao Toshitaka
Published: December 2004

The aim of this study was to clarify the role of ganglion cells in the development and recurrence of sigmoid volvulus. We analyzed 9 samples obtained from 9 patients who had undergone sigmoidectomy for sigmoid volvulus, and, for comparison, 18 samples from 18 patients who had undergone sigmoidectomy or low anterior resection for rectal cancer. Neuron‐specific enolase was used for immunohistochemical staining to detect ganglion cells, and the number of ganglion cells in 20 contiguous fields was counted at 200? magnification. The average number of ganglion cells per 1000 cm3 was corrected using the ratio of the circumference of the resected sigmoid colon to the average circumference in the control group.

The raw numbers of ganglion cells in the Meissner’s and Auerbach’s plexuses in the volvulus group were significantly lower than those in the non‐volvulus group (Meissner: p = 0.017, Auerbach: p = 0.007). The circumference of the resected sigmoid colons with volvulus was greater than that of those without volvulus (p = 0.00013). There was no significant difference in the corrected numbers of ganglion cells in the Meissner’s plexus or Auerbach’s plexus per 1000 cm3 between the volvulus and non‐volvulus groups (Meissner: p = 0.410, Auerbach: p = 0.890).

Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the corrected numbers of ganglion cells between the revolvulus and non‐revolvulus groups. These findings led us to conclude that functional disorder of bowel movement or elongation of the bowel in sigmoid volvulus or revolvulus is not related to the number of ganglion cells in Auerbach’s or Meissner’s plexus.
Efficacy of Hepatic Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinomas Larger than 10 cm
Authors: Nagano Yasuhiko , Tanaka Kuniya , Togo Shinji , Matsuo Kenichi , Kunisaki Chikara , Sugita Mitsutaka , Morioka Daisuke , Miura Yasuhiko , Kubota Toru , Endo Itaru , Sekido Hitoshi , Shimada Hiroshi
Published: December 2004

The objective of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of hepatic resection for large hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and examine clinicopathologic factors influencing overall survival after resection of a large HCC. The pre‐, intra‐, and postoperative factors and long‐term outcome of 26 patients with HCCs >10 cm who underwent hepatic resection (group A) were compared with the those of 143 patients with HCCs ≤10 cm (group B). Hepatic resection for large HCCs can be performed with a mortality rate of 3.8%, which was similar to the rate for group B (2.1%). The overall cumulative survival results for group A (1 year 41.0%, 3 years 29.3%, 5 years 29.3%; median survival 10.1 months) were markedly worse than those for group B (1 year 93.1%, 3 years 74.5%, 5 years 44.7%; median survival 53.4 months) (p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis identified venous invasion as an independent risk factor of survival of patients with a large HCC. The overall cumulative survival results in patients with venous invasion (1 year 28.0%, 3 years 0%; median survival 6.4 months) were markedly worse than in patients without venous invasion (1 year 64.8%, 3.5 years 64.8%; median survival, 51.8 months) (p < 0.0066). We concluded that hepatic resection can be performed safely for HCCs >10 cm with a low mortality rate. It appears reasonable to believe that hepatic resection is the treatment of choice for large HCCs without venous invasion.
Esophageal Carcinoma: Prognostic Differences between Squamous Cell Carcinoma And Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Mariette Christophe , Finzi Laetitia , Piessen Guillaume , Van Seuningen Isabelle , Triboulet Jean Pierre
Published: December 2004

Whether squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) of the esophagus differ in their natural history and treatment outcome remains controversial. The aim of the study was to identify the similarities and differences between SCC and ADC in terms of their clinical and histologic presentations and the oncologic results. Curative esophagectomy was attempted in 742 consecutive patients between January 1982 and January 2002. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy was proposed for patients with locally advanced tumors. Demographic parameters, histomorphologic tumor characteristics, treatment strategies, postoperative mortality and morbidity rates, recurrence, and long‐term prognosis were recorded retrospectively.

The SCC and ADC groups were composed of 624 and 118 patients, respectively. ADC occurrence increased significantly during the study period. Compared to the SCC group, patients in the ADC group were significantly older and had a lower incidence of respiratory and otolaryngologic histories; they also had more advanced tumors and a higher percentage of invaded lymph nodes, shorter time until resumption of feeding, shorter hospital stay, a higher diffuse recurrence rate, and a lower incidence of tobacco‐related second primary tumors. Five‐year survival rates after R0 resection were 46% and 45% in the SCC and ADC groups, respectively (p = 0.804). There was a significant survival advantage for ADC patients with pT1, pN0, or stage I tumors (p < 0.050) and different independent prognostic factors than those with SCCs. In conclusion, the clinical, histologic, and oncologic differences between SCC and ADC justify a differentiated therapeutic concept for these two tumor entities and distinct consideration in clinical reports.
Building and breeding molecules to spy on cells and tumors
Authors: Tsien Roger Y.
Published: December 2004

Imaging of biochemical processes in living cells and organisms is essential for understanding how genes and gene products work together in space and time and in health and disease. Such imaging depends crucially on indicator molecules designed to maximize sensitivity and specificity. These molecules can be entirely synthetic, entirely genetically encoded macromolecules, or hybrid combinations, each approach having its own pros and cons. Recent examples from the author's laboratory include peptides whose uptake into cells is triggered by proteases typical of tumors, monomeric red fluorescent proteins and biarsenical–tetracysteine systems for determining the age and electron‐microscopic location of proteins.
Telomeres and telomerase: their mechanisms of action and the effects of altering their functions
Authors: Blackburn Elizabeth H.
Published: December 2004

The molecular features of telomeres and telomerase are conserved among most eukaryotes. How telomerase and telomeres function and how they interact to promote the chromosome‐stabilizing properties of telomeres are discussed here.
Performance of Search Algorithms in the Examination of Chemical Reaction Spaces with an Automated Chemistry Workstation
Authors: Lindsey James M. Dixon and Jonathan S.
Published: December 2004

One of the challenges in applying automated chemistry workstations to problems of reaction optimization entails choosing an appropriate optimization algorithm. In the study described herein, 10 different algorithms have been examined for efficacy in searching reaction spaces using scenarios that explore effects of workstation parallelism and search space size. The algorithms differ in scheduling (serial vs. parallel), adaptive features (open loop vs. closed loop), and methods for stepping through the search space. Several two-tiered algorithms enable a breadth-first survey followed by an indepth optimization. For a workstation with modest parallel capacity, a parallel but nonadaptive algorithm is most effective in small or coarse-grained search spaces, whereas parallel adaptive algorithms are superior for examining large or fine-grained search spaces. The parallel adaptive algorithms become increasingly effective as the size of the search space increases. A serial algorithm is most attractive with a serial workstation, or when chemical resources are limited regardless of workstation or search space. The breadth-first survey of the twotiered algorithms significantly improves the efficiency of the subsequent in-depth optimization. The results obtained provide guidance in choosing optimization algorithms, designing more sophisticated algorithms, and developing workstations with parallel and/or adaptive features that use such algorithms.
Documenting Laboratory Workflows Using the Analytical Information Markup Language
Authors: Schäfer Burkhard A. , Poetz Dominik , Kramer Gary W.
Published: December 2004

The Analytical Information Markup Language (AnIML) is a standardization effort of ASTM (formerly American Society for Testing and Materials) Subcommittee E13.15 on Analytical Data. AnIML provides an XML-based format for analytical data. It is designed specifically for spectroscopy and chromatography data, but is suitable for use with many different analytical measurement techniques. AnIML consists of a generic core structure that permits the storage of arbitrary analytical data. These include multi-dimensional data, name-value pairs, and hierarchies. The concept of technique definitions permits the formal specification of constraints for usage of the core. This way, a definition can prescribe how the data for specific measurement techniques should be captured in the data file. To address changing requirements, AnIML supports an extension concept that allows vendors or end users to specify additional data that should be stored for a technique. These extensions can also be formally documented so that they do not break compatibility with existing software. This article presents an overview of AnIML and demonstrates how AnIML can be used to record data from everyday experimental workflows in a laboratoryenvironment. Issues related to the usage of AnIML in regulated environments are also discussed, including the use of digital signatures and audit trail functionality to ensure data integrity.
Differences in the neurochemical characteristics of the cortex and striatum of mice with cerebral malaria
Authors: CLARK C. J. , PHILLIPS R. S. , McMILLAN R. B. , MONTGOMERY I. O. , STONE T. W.
Published: December 2004

Fatal murine cerebral malaria is an encephalitis and not simply a local manifestation in the brain of a systemic process. Histopathologically, murine cerebral malaria has been characterized by monocyte adherence to the endothelium of the microvasculature, activation of microglial cells, swelling of endothelial cell nuclei, microvasculature damage, and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier with cerebral oedema. Brain parenchymal cells have been proposed to be actively involved in the pathogenesis of murine cerebral malaria. We, therefore, compared the neurochemical characteristics ofPlasmodium bergheiANKA-infected mice with controls to determine whether cerebral malarial infection significantly impairs specific neuronal populations. Between 6 and 7 days after infection, we found a significant loss of neurones containing substance P, with preservation of cells containing somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and calbindin in the striatum of infected mice compared with controls. In the cortex of infected mice, we found a significant reduction in the number of cells containing substance P, somatostatin and neuropeptide Y. The number of calbindin-containing neurones was unchanged. This study found significant changes in the neurochemical characteristics of the cortex and striatum of mice infected withP. bergheiANKA, which may contribute to their cerebral symptoms.
Selection of peptides recognized by human antibodies against the surface ofPlasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes
Authors: EDA S. , SHERMAN I. W.
Published: December 2004

In an attempt to identify mimotopes of the surface antigens ofP. falciparum-infected erythrocytes (iRBC), antibodies were eluted from iRBC that had been treated with a pool of sera from malaria-infected individuals (IHS), and were used to screen a phage display library (PDL). After repeated panning of the PDL on immobilized antibodies, phage that selectively bound to IHS were accumulated. Of 23 randomly chosen clones that were sequenced, 13 individual sequences were detected at varying frequencies and 3 of the 13 sequences had homology with membrane proteins known to exist on iRBC. The majority of phage clones (7 out of 8 clones) selected after the 4th panning bound selectively to IgG in IHS. Specific binding of the selected phage to IgG in IHS was also confirmed using 24 IHS and 11 sera from uninfected individuals. One phage clone was the most frequently found in the sequenced clones after the 4th panning, and the binding of this clone to IgG in all IHS was greater than in any serum from uninfected individuals. A rabbit antiserum against the peptide expressed on the clone specifically recognized the surface of iRBC and resulted in iRBC haemolysis.
Use of proteolytic enzymes as an additional tool for trypanosomatid identification
Authors: SANTOS A. L. S. , ABREU C. M. , ALVIANO C. S. , SOARES R. M. A.
Published: December 2004

The expression of proteolytic activities in the Trypanosomatidae family was explored as a potential marker to discriminate between the morphologically indistinguishable flagellates isolated from insects and plants. We have comparatively analysed the proteolytic profiles of 19 monoxenous trypanosomatids (Herpetomonas anglusteri,H. samuelpessoai,H. mariadeanei,H. roitmani,H. muscarum ingenoplastis,H. muscarum muscarum,H. megaseliae,H. dendoderi,Herpetomoassp.,Crithidia oncopelti,C. deanei,C. acanthocephali,C. harmosa,C. fasciculata,C. guilhermei,C. luciliae,Blastocrithidia culicis,Leptomonas samueliandLept. seymouri) and 4 heteroxenous flagellates (Phytomonas serpens,P. mcgheei,Trypanosoma cruziandLeishmania amazonensis) byin situdetection of enzyme activities on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE ) containing co-polymerized gelatine as substrate, in association with specific proteinase inhibitors. All 23 trypanosomatids expressed at least 1 acidic proteolytic enzyme. In addition, a characteristic and specific pattern of cell-associated metallo and/or cysteine proteinases was observed, except for the similar profiles detected in 2Herpetomonas(H. anglusteriandH. samuelpessoai) and 3Crithidia(C. fasciculata,C. guilhermeiandC. luciliae) species. However, these flagellates released distinct secretory proteinase profiles into the extracellular medium. These findings strongly suggest that the association of cellular and secretory proteinase pattern could represent a useful marker to help trypanosomatid identification.
Mapping fucosylated epitopes on glycoproteins and glycolipids ofSchistosoma mansonicercariae, adult worms and eggs
Authors: ROBIJN M. L. M. , WUHRER M. , KORNELIS D. , DEELDER A. M. , GEYER R. , HOKKE C. H.
Published: December 2004

The developmental expression of the antigenic fucosylated glycan motifs Fucα1-3GalNAcβ1-4GlcNAc (F-LDN), Fucα1-3GalNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc (F-LDN-F), GalNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc (LDN-F), Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc (Lewis X), and GalNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-2Fucα1-3)GlcNAc (LDN-DF) inSchistosoma mansonicercariae, adult worms and eggs, was surveyed using previously defined anti-carbohydrate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Lewis X was found both on glycolipids and glycoproteins, yet with completely different expression patterns during the life-cycle: on glycolipids, Lewis X was mainly found in the cercarial stage, while protein-conjugated Lewis X was mainly present in the egg stage. Also protein-conjugated LDN-F and LDN-DF were most highly expressed in the egg-stage. On glycolipids LDN-DF was found in all three examined stages, whereas LDN-F containing glycolipids were restricted to adult worms and eggs. The motifs F-LDN and F-LDN-F were found both on glycoproteins and glycolipids of the cercarial and egg stage, while in the adult stage, they appeared to occur predominantly on glycolipids. Immunofluorescence assays (IFA) showed that these F-LDN and F-LDN-F containing glycolipids were localized in a yet undefined duct or excretory system of adult worms. Murine infection serum showed major reactivity with this adult worm duct-system, which could be fully inhibited by pre-incubation with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). Clearly, the use of defined mAbs provides a quick and convenient way to map expression profiles of carbohydrate epitopes.
A zonal wave 3 index for the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Raphael M. N.
Published: December 2004

In this study 500 hPa geopotential heights from the NCAR‐NCEP Reanalysis are used to calculate an index describing the spatial and temporal characteristics of zonal wave three (ZW3) in the high latitude Southern Hemisphere atmosphere. The index spans the period 1958–2001. Wavelet analysis of the index shows the strong interannual variation which is characteristic of ZW3 and also reveals significant, high amplitude decadal‐scale variation. This interannual variation takes the form of marked fluctuation in sign and magnitude of the index. It appears to occur when there are rapid changes from strongly meridional to strongly zonal flow or vice versa. Initial indications are that some of this variability may be associated with ENSO events.
Analysis of Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) aerosol optical depths over greater India during winter 2001–2004
Authors: Di Girolamo L. , Bond T. C. , Bramer D. , Diner D. J. , Fettinger F. , Kahn R. A. , Martonchik J. V. , Ramana M. V. , Ramanathan V. , Rasch P. J.
Published: December 2004

We present the first detailed spatial analysis of a four‐year, wintertime visible aerosol optical depth (AOD) climatology from the Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) over greater India. Meteorological fields from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis, topographic data, and information related to aerosol source regions are used to explain the spatial patterns in MISR AODs. High AODs are found over much of greater India. The highest AODs are over the northern Indian state of Bihar, where we show that meteorology, topography, and aerosol sources all favor development of a concentrated pool of airborne particles. MISR AODs are validated against five ground‐based sites in India and Nepal, revealing similar error characteristics found in other validation studies for the MISR aerosol product.
Unexpected spectral characteristics of VHF radar signals from 150‐km region over Jicamarca
Authors: Chau Jorge L.
Published: December 2004

The physical mechanisms that cause daytime 150‐km echoes at equatorial latitudes are still puzzling. However, there is a general consensus that the radar signals coming from this altitude region should present a narrow spectra (<20 m s−1). Moreover 150‐km echoes are believed to come from field‐aligned irregularities, and to be very aspect sensitive, i.e., they come from regions where the radar line of sight is perpendicular to the magnetic field (B). In this letter, we present evidence of a surprising result: radar signals around 150 km altitudes are also obtained when the radar points few degrees off‐perpendicular to B, and more importantly, their spectra are very wide (>1000 m s−1). On the other hand, the time and altitudinal characteristics of these off‐perpendicular observations are the same as those presented by the so‐called 150‐km echoes. Moreover, the off‐perpendicular echo strengths are several orders of magnitude weaker than perpendicular echoes. Our preliminary interpretation of these results suggests that the spectra of these signals are controlled by ion (electron) dynamics when they are observed off‐perpendicular (perpendicular) to B.
Intensity variation of large solar energetic particle events associated with coronal mass ejections
Authors: Gopalswamy N. , Yashiro S. , Krucker S. , Stenborg G. , Howard R. A.
Published: December 2004

We studied the coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and flares associated with large solar energetic particle (SEP) events of solar cycle 23 (1996–2002) in order to determine what property of the solar eruptions might order the SEP intensity. The SEP events were divided into three groups: (1) events in which the primary CME was preceded by one or more wide CMEs from the same solar source, (2) events with no such preceding CMEs, and (3) events in which the primary CME might have interacted with a streamer or with a nearby halo CME. The SEP intensities are distinct for groups 1 and 2 although the CME properties were nearly identical. Group 3 was similar to group 1. The primary findings of this study are as follows: (1) Higher SEP intensity results whenever a CME is preceded by another wide CME from the same source region. (2) The average flare size was also larger for high‐intensity SEP events. (3) The intensity of SEP events with preceding CMEs showed a tighter correlation with CME speed. The extent of scatter in the CME speed versus SEP intensity plots was reduced when various subgroups were considered separately. (4) The intensities of energetic electrons were better correlated with flare size than with CME speed. (5) The SEP intensity showed poor correlation with the flare size, except for group 3 events. Since only a third of the events did not have preceding CMEs, we conclude that the majority of SEP producing CMEs propagate through the near‐Sun interplanetary medium severely disturbed and distorted by the preceding CMEs. Furthermore, the preceding CMEs are faster and wider on the average, so they may provide seed particles for CME‐driven shocks that follow. Therefore we conclude that the differing intensities of SEP events in the two groups may not have resulted due to the inherent properties of the CMEs. The presence of preceding CMEs seems to be the discriminating characteristic of the high‐ and low‐intensity SEP events.
Solar wind control of Earth's H+ and O+ outflow rates in the 15‐eV to 33‐keV energy range
Authors: Lennartsson O. W. , Collin H. L. , Peterson W. K.
Published: December 2004

Earth's high‐latitude outflow of H+ and O+ ions has been examined with the Toroidal Imaging Mass‐Angle Spectrograph instrument on the Polar satellite in the 15‐eV to 33‐keV energy range over an almost 3‐year period near solar minimum (1996–1998). This outflow is compared with solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) data from the Wind spacecraft, the latter having been time shifted to the subsolar magnetopause and averaged for 15 min prior to each sampling of Earth's magnetic field‐aligned ion flow densities. When the flow data are arranged according to the polarity of the IMF Bz (in GSM coordinates) and limited to times with Bz > 3 nT or Bz < −3 nT, the total rate of ion outflow is seen to be significantly enhanced with negative Bz, typically by factors of 2.5–3 for the O+ and 1.5–2 for the H+, more than previously reported from similar but less extensive comparisons. With either IMF Bz polarity the rate of ion outflow is well correlated with the solar wind energy flow density, especially well with the density of kinetic energy flow. The rate of ion outflow within the instrument's energy range is a strong function of the Polar satellite altitude, increasing almost threefold from perigee (R ∼ 2 RE) toward apogee (R ∼ 4–9 RE) for O+ ions, i.e., up to 1026 ions s−1 or more per hemisphere. The apogee enhancement may be still larger for the H+, but it is obscured by mantle flow of cusp origin solar H+. Ion mean energy also increases with altitude, leading to about a twentyfold increase in the O+ energy flow rate from Polar perigee to apogee altitude, reaching values of 20 GW or more per hemisphere. While the perigee outflow of H+ has little or no seasonal modulation, in terms of ions s−1 the O+ outflow rates at both altitudes do increase during local summer and so does the rate of cusp origin H+ flow near apogee. The latter rate, in fact, has very similar seasonal modulation as the O+ rates, suggesting that it has a significant influence on the O+ outflow.
Absolute Judgments Are Relative: A Reinterpretation of Some Psychophysical Ideas
Authors: Lockhead Gregory R.
Published: December 2004

A central theoretical assumption in classical psychophysics is that people judge the intensities of stimulus elements; for example, observers directly report the loudness of a tone or the intensity of a shock. A methodological assumption in classical psychophysics is that averaged data demonstrate this theoretical view. It is shown in this article that both assumptions are wrong and that the psychophysical laws of Weber, Fechner, and Stevens are not general. Rather, psychophysical judgments are made in relation to contexts and memories, measures of which provide new information about psychophysical judgments and new understandings of channel capacity, the local-global distinction, and the source of noise in signal detection theory.
The Emotional Dog Gets Mistaken for a Possum
Authors: Haidt Jonathan
Published: December 2004

H. D. Saltzstein and T. Kasachkoff (2004) critique the social intuitionist model ( J. Haidt, 2001 ), but the model they critique is a stripped-down version that should be called the “possum” model. They make 3 charges about the possum model that are not true about the social intuitionist model: that it includes no role for reasoning, that it reduces social influence to compliance, and that it does not take a developmental perspective. After a defense of the honor of the social intuitionist model, this article raises 2 areas of legitimate dispute: the scope and nature of moral reasoning and the usefulness of appealing to innate ideas, rather than to learning and reasoning, as the origin of moral knowledge. This article presents 3 clusters of innate moral intuitions, related to sympathy, hierarchy, and reciprocity.
Characterization of near-wall turbulence in terms of equilibrium and “bursting” solutions
Authors: Jiménez Javier , Kawahara Genta , Simens Mark P. , Nagata Masato , Shiba Makoto
Published: December 2004

Near-wall turbulence in the buffer region of Couette and Poiseuille flows is characterized in terms of recently-found nonlinear three-dimensional solutions to the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations for wall-bounded shear flows. The data suggest that those solutions can be classified into two families, of which one is dominated by streamwise vortices, and the other one by streaks. They can be associated with the upper and lower branches of the equilibrium solutions for Couette flow found by Nagata [“Three-dimensional finite-amplitude solutions in plane Couette flow: Bifurcation from infinity,” J. Fluid Mech. 217, 519 (1990)]. The quiescent structures of near-wall turbulence are shown to correspond to the vortex-dominated family, but evidence is presented that they burst intermittently both in minimal and in fully turbulent flows. The intensity and period of the bursts are Reynolds-number dependent, but they saturate at high enough Reynolds numbers. The time-periodic exact solution found for Couette flow by Kawahara and Kida [“Periodic motion embedded in plane Couette turbulence: Regeneration cycle and burst,” J. Fluid Mech. 449, 291 (2001)] can be used as a simplified model for the bursting process.
Transgenic perspectives in livestock science: a review
Authors: Nottle M. B. , Boquest A. C. , Harrison S. J. , Grupen C. G. , Faast R. A. , Ashman R. J. , McIlfatrick S. M.
Published: December 2004

The limitations of existing transgenic technology, the potential of cloning technology to overcome these, as well as technologies which may be available in the future for inserting new genetic material are discussed. Currently, transgenic livestock are produced by injecting hundreds to thousands of copies of a particular transgene into the pronucleus of a fertilised egg. This method suffers from a number of inherent limitations that prevent the full potential of this technology from being explored. Most of these limitations stem from the fact that it is impossible to control the site at which the transgene becomes inserted. Transgenic technology holds considerable promise for the livestock industries as well as having important biomedical applications. However, before any of these possibilities can be realised, technology is required whereby a single copy of a particular transgene can be inserted or ‘knocked in’ at a site that does not interfere with expression, as well as having the capacity to ‘knockout’ existing genes. This is possible in mice using a combination of homologous recombination and embryonic stem cell technologies. However, despite considerable effort worldwide, embryonic stem cells are yet to be isolated from any of the livestock species. The ability to clone these now means that somatic cells most notably fetal fibroblasts, can used for gene targeting purposes instead of embryonic stem cells. However, this method is not without its limitations and it is possible that more efficient methods will be developed in the future. In particular, the use of mammalian artificial chromosomes will extend this technology to allow combinations of transgenes as well as chromosomal segments to be incorporated, allowing us to explore the full potential of transgenic technology for agricultural as well as biomedical applications.
Development and application of a bovine cDNA microarray for expression profiling of muscle and adipose tissue
Authors: Lehnert S. A. , Wang Y. H. , Byrne K. A.
Published: December 2004

In order to gain new knowledge of the genetic control of biochemical and developmental processes that contribute to beef quality, we constructed a bovine microarray of 9600 elements comprising about 2000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and 7300 anonymous cDNA clones from muscle and fat-derived cDNA libraries. The microarray was used in 2 animal experiments aimed at uncovering gene expression differences associated with adipogenesis and protein turnover. The results obtained so far show that expression profiling of bovine muscle using the microarray can reliably identify differentially expressed genes and confirm existing hypotheses. Moreover, the technique can provide new evidence on the detailed involvement of well-characterised genes and can identify genes that have not previously been described as having a role in these processes.
Interaction and quantitative trait loci
Authors: Mayo O.
Published: December 2004

Parallel searches for quantitative trait loci (QTL) for growth-related traits in different populations frequently detect sets of QTL that hardly overlap. Thus, many QTL potentially exist. Tools for the detection of QTL that interact are available and are currently being tested. Initial results suggest that epistasis is widespread. Modelling of the first recognised interaction, dominance, continues to be developed. Multigenic interaction appears to be a necessary part of any explanation. This paper covers an attempt to link some of these studies and to draw inferences about useful approaches to understanding and using the genes that influence quantitative traits.
Facilitated Heterogeneous Photodegradation of Dissolved Organic Matter by Particulate Iron
Authors: Howitt Julia A. , Baldwin Darren S. , Rees Gavin N. , Hart Barry T.
Published: December 2004

Environmental Context. Iron oxides, as suspended minerals or as a colloidal phase, are common in Australian freshwater systems. Freshwater systems are also loaded with carbon-based substances, ‘dissolved organic matter’, but not all is biologically available as food to freshwater organisms. However, photochemical interactions between these iron oxides and dissolved organic matter provide a mechanism for biologically resistant carbon to re-enter the food web. Suspended iron oxides thus need to be considered in carbon cycles in aquatic ecosystems. Abstract. The photochemical degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from the leaves of River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) was examined, with a particular focus on the photochemical generation of CO2, consumption of O2, and the effect of particulate iron minerals on these photochemical reactions. Solutions of leaf leachate were irradiated with ultraviolet and visible light in the presence and absence of amorphous iron oxides. Addition of fresh iron oxide was found to increase the rate of photodegradation of the organic matter by up to an order of magnitude compared to the reactions without added iron oxide. The ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed was ~1:1 in both the presence and absence of iron oxyhydroxide. The reactivity of the iron oxides was dependent on the preparation method and decreased with increased storage time. These results suggest that photochemical reactions on particle surfaces should be considered when examining carbon transformation in aquatic ecosystems, especially at sites with potential for the production of iron oxyhydroxides.
Laser Ablation ICP-MS Analysis of Faviidae Corals for Environmental Monitoring of a Tropical Estuary
Authors: Munksgaard Niels C. , Antwertinger Yasmin , Parry David L.
Published: December 2004

Environmental Context: The composition of calcium carbonate in annual skeletal growth bands reflects the environmental conditions in which coral grows, enabling their use as long-term bio-monitors and archives of environmental conditions. Such archives will provide a baseline against which recent and future pollutant levels can be compared.
Abstract: An LA-ICP-MS linescan procedure has been developed for the determination of sub-millimetre scale elemental compositions of Al, Ba, Cu, La, Mg, Mn, Pb, Rb, Sr, U, and Zn in corallite walls of Faviidae corals, with the aim of establishing coral-based pollution monitoring in a tropical estuary. By selectively analyzing corallite walls, analytical signals from voids, organic, and detrital phases were minimized. Although the relative ablation yields of coral aragonite and NIST glass calibration standards differed and was dependent on pulse energy, accurate internal-standard normalized results could be verified for Ba, Cu, La, Mn, Pb, Sr, U, and Zn through the use of a secondary carbonate standard (MACS-1) and comparison with solution ICP-MS analysis. Signal smoothing and pre-acquisition surface cleaning procedures were applied. Corallite wall compositions varied by factors of up to five over distances of a few hundred micrometres. Significantly, the compositional variations along and perpendicular to the coral growth axis were of similar magnitude on a sub-millimetre scale. Consequently, compositional variations along the growth axis could not be interpreted chronologically on a sub-annual time scale. However, compositional records based on multi-annual integrated line scans should still reflect long-term environmental influences.
10 TIMED ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN CATTLE WITH REDUCED DOSAGE OF SPERMATOZOA
Authors: Becker F. , Alm H. , Schneider F. , Nehring H. , Rothe L. , Kanitz W.
Published: December 2004

Estrus detection and determination of time of insemination are very important factors in reproduction management of cattle. Therefore an estrus synchronization schedule in combination with induction of ovulation and a single insemination at a predetermined time in dairy cattle was established to achieve high pregnancy rates (Kanitz etal. 2002 Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 42, 587–599; Becker et al. 2004). The aim of the recent study was to investigate the influence of the number of spermatozoa per insemination dosage on embryo development and the interrelationship between number of accessory sperms per embryo and its development using this schedule. In total 116 German Holstein heifers received GnRH (i.m.; 0.05 mg Gonavet®, Veyx, Schwarzenborn, Germany) 60 h after PGF2α application (i.m.; 0.5 mg Cloprostenol forte®, Jenapharm, Jena, Germany) administered between Days 8 and 14 of the estrous cycle. Artificial insemination was carried out 13 h after GnRH application. Three different dosages of spermatozoa (15 × 106, 5 × 106, and 1 × 106) from three ejaculates from four fertile bulls were used. Embryos and oocytes were flushed from the oviducts of animals ovulated (n = 106; ovulation rate 91.3%). Animals were slaughtered on Day 4 after insemination. The quality of the embryos and oocytes was evaluated by microscopic examination. Embryos were stained with Hoechst 33258 to verify the number of accessory sperm. The evaluation of the data was carried out with the GLM procedure of the statistics software package SAS® (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). As a post-hoc test the Student’s t-test was used. Significance was set at P = 0.05. After flushing of 106 animals, 85 embryos and oocytes was recovered (recovery rate 80.2%). Relative to the three sperm concentrations, there were no significant differences among fertilization rates (92.3, 96.2, and 78.8%) and among the portions of normal developed embryos (84.6, 80.7, and 75.8%, all respectively) between groups. Interestingly, significant differences were found according to the mean number of accessory sperm/embryo (29.6 ± 8.4, 45.3 ± 8.6, and 6.5 ± 7.2, respectively) and in the portion of embryos without or with more than 10 accessory sperm/embryo. Results show that fixed-time insemination, independent of detection of onset of estrus can result in high fertilization rates. Insemination with dosages <5 × 106 spermatozoa can reduce fertilization rates. Likewise, significant differences regarding fertilization rate were found after insemination of reduced sperm dosages of individual bulls. The number of accessory sperms/embryo seems to be an irrelevant parameter for quality of embryos produced under described conditions.
11 TIME OF INSEMINATION RELATIVE TO OVULATION EXPLAINS FERTILITY VARIATIONS OFFROZEN - THAWED SPERMATOZOA BETWEEN FARMS
Authors: Bolarín A. , Carvajal G. , Hernandez M. , Vazquez J.M. , Martinez E.A. , Roca J.
Published: December 2004

Swine fertility after AI with frozen-thawed spermatozoa varies between trials. As thawed spermatozoa have an extremely limited life span in the female genital tract, fertility of frozen-thawed spermatozoa depends mainly on the time of insemination relative to ovulation. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the time of insemination relative to ovulation could explain the farm differences in fertility when frozen-thawed spermatozoa are used. Pooled sperm-rich fractions collected from three mature Pietrain boars were diluted in lactose/egg-yolk/glicerol/Orvus-ES-Paste extender, loaded in 0.5-mL straws (1 × 109 cells/mL), and frozen under controlled conditions (Carvajal et al. 2003 J. Androl. 25, 389–396). Thawing was conducted in a waterbath at 37°C for 20 s. Inseminations were performed using the deep intrauterine insemination technique (Martínez et al. 2002 Reproduction 123, 167–170) with 1 × 109 thawed spermatozoa (post-thaw motility >50%) diluted in 5 mL of Beltsville thaw solution (BTS). Ninety-seven and 82 weaned sows (parity 2–7) in farms A and B, respectively, were twice inseminated at 30 and 36 h after onset of estrus (estrus detection was performed twice a day by allowing females nose-to-nose contact with a mature boar and by applying back pressure). At insemination time, both ovaries were checked for ovulation by transrectal ultrasonography and sows were classified into three groups: F sows (follicles visible during the two examinations), O sows (ovulation visible during at least one examination), and C sows (corpora lutea visible during both examinations). Data were analysed with ANOVA and chi-square test, and are reported as % or mean ± SEM. Overall farrowing rates differed (P < 0.01) between farms: 70.1% (68/97) and 51.22% (42/82) in farms A and B, respectively. Litter size did not differ (P > 0.05) between farms (9.18 ± 0.24 and 9 ± 0.39 in farms A and B, respectively). Distribution of sows among F, O, and C groups differed (P < 0.05) between farms. Seventeen (17.52%), 70 (72.16%), and 10 (10.31%) sows in farm A and 33 (40.24%), 24 (29.27%), and 25 (30.49%) sows in farm B were classified as F, O, and C, respectively. Fertility in F, O, or C sows did not differ (P > 0.05) between farms. Farrowing rates and litter size in O sows (82.98% and 9.45 ± 0.23) were higher (P < 0.05) than in F (48% and 8.67 ± 0.54) and C (48.57% and 7.55 ± 0.62) sows. We can conclude that time of insemination relative to ovulation explains fertility differences between farms when frozen-thawed spermatozoa are used.
This work was supported by INIA (RZ01-019) and INFO (CARM).
116 ACTIVE METHYLATION AND ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3-K9 IN MOUSE EMBRYO WITH DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF MATERNAL AND PATERNAL GENOME
Authors: Nguyen V.T. , Wakayama S. , Bui H.-T. , Wakayama T.
Published: December 2004

Epigenetic modification of parental genomes plays a prominent role in regulating genome expression in the early development of embryos. In general, histone H3 of the paternal genome is demethylated at lysine 9 (H3-K9) during the first and second mitotic divisions in fertilized embryos, while the maternal genome is methylated. We investigated the effects of maternal genomes (Mgen) and paternal genomes (Pgen) on H3-K9 methylation and acetylation during the early development of murine embryos. Histone H3-K9 methylation and acetylation were detected by anti-trimethyl histone H3-K9 and anti-triacetyl histone H3-K9 antibodies. The following embryos were used in this study: (1) intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) embryos (50% Mgen, 50% Pgen); (2) parthenogenetic diploid embryos (100% Mgen, 0% Pgen); (3) somatic nuclear transfer embryos (50% Mgen, 50% Pgen from previous generation); (4) androgenetic diploid embryos (0% Mgen, 100% Pgen); and (5) haploidized somatic nucleus and sperm embryo (about 25% Mgen, about 75% Pgen). Each experiment was repeated five times to obtain more than 120 embryos per group. Our results show that: (1) in the ICSI embryo, histone H3 methylation occurs in Mgen but not in Pgen at the first and second mitotic divisions; (2) in the parthenogenetic embryo, histone H3 methylation occurs in both nuclei at the first and second mitotic divisions; (3) in the somatic nuclear transfer embryo, histone H3 is methylated in all of the nuclei at the first and second mitotic divisions; (4) in the androgenetic embryo, methylated H3-K9 is detected weakly in the heterochromatin enclosed around the nucleolus of the pronuclei of the one-cell embryo, and methylated in the entire nuclei of the two-cell embryo; and (5) in the haploidized somatic and sperm embryo, the pattern of histone H3-L9 methylation resembles that of the ICSI embryo. While histone H3-K9 acetylation occurs in both paternal and maternal genomes during interphase, even when the nuclear membrane is completely degraded and the chromosome is condensed, it disappears rapidly when the chromosome enters the real metaphase, and reappears at the early stage of pronuclear formation in all types of embryo. These results suggest that the absence of maternal genomes results in histone H3-K9 methylation in the paternal genomes during the first and second mitotic divisions of embryos in mice. In addition, histone H3-K9 acetylation is independent of the presence or absence of maternal or paternal genomes during pre-implantation development in mice.
This study was supported by grants-in-aid for Creative Scientific Research (13GS0008) and a project for the realization of regenerative medicine (the research field for the technical development of stem cell manipulation) to T.W. from MEXT, Japan.