bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
287 Impact of pre- and Post-Natal Nutritional Extremes on Responsiveness of Ovariectomized, Sexually Mature Heifers to a Neurokinin B Agonist During Progesterone Dominance
Authors: Garza Viviana , Kellerman Julie I , Cardoso Rodolfo C , Williams Gary L
Published: September 2022

Objectives were to test the hypothesis that nutritional extremes during prenatal development interact with postnatal nutrition during the juvenile period of heifers to impact KNDy neuron responsiveness to a neurokinin B (NKB) agonist (Senktide) during progesterone dominance. Heifers were selected from a larger population programmed nutritionally using a 3x2 factorial arrangement of pre- and post-natal diets. Bos indicus-influenced cows (n = 95) were fed to achieve body condition scores (BCS; 1-9 scale) of 3-3.5 (L; thin), 5.5-6 (M; moderate), or 7.5-8 (H; obese) by the onset of the third trimester and maintained thereafter. Heifer offspring were weaned at 3-3.5 mo of age and assigned to either a low- (L; 0.5 kg/day) or high-gain (H; 1 kg/day) diet until 8 mo of age, then fed a common diet until puberty. For the current experiment, heifers (n = 18; 6/group) representing LL, MH, and HH combinations were ovariectomized postpubertally (17.1 mo of age) and received estradiol (E2) replacement to maintain basal E2 concentrations at 2-4 pg/mL. To achieve progesterone dominance, 3 CIDR devices were placed intravaginally 6 days prior to the initiation of Senktide challenge. Heifers were sampled for a 4.5-h period and received intravenous injections of saline or Senktide (14.8 ug/kg I.V.) at 0, 90, and 180 min. Jugular blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals for radioimmunoassay of LH. Irrespective of Senktide treatment, heifers in the MH group had greater pulse amplitudes (P = 0.016) and mean concentrations (P < 0.0001) of LH compared with both the HH and LL groups. Senktide treatment increased (P = 0.003) concentrations of LH compared with saline in all groups; however, the response to Senktide was greatest in the MH group compared with HH and LL. Pre- and postnatal nutritional extremes appear to interact to impact KNDy neuron responsiveness to NKB receptor signaling in heifers.
PSXIII-5 Effects of Stocking Density on the Welfare and Immune Responses of Laying Hens Housed in Small Furnished Cages
Authors: Zhang Runxiang , Yu Hanlin , Wang Ye , Bao Jun
Published: September 2022

To investigate the effects of stocking density on the welfare and immune responses of laying hens housed in furnished cages, 192 Hy-Line Brown hens were housed in small furnished cages and randomly divided into three groups on their 18 weeks old for low-density group (833 cm2 per hen, LD), medium-density group (625 cm2 per hen, MD), and high-density group (500 cm2 per hen, HD). There are eight cages in each stocking density. The welfare of laying hens was assessed at 22, 42 and 72 weeks of age (WOA) for feather quality, foot cleanness, footpad dermatitis, hyperkeratosis and keel bone damage. After the last welfare assessment, venous blood from the wing of the hen was extracted for testing immune indicators of Immunoglobulin Y (Ig Y), Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-12 (IL-12) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed that feather quality of laying hens from HD group was worse than hens from LD and MD groups at 42 and 62 WOA (P < 0.05). The foot cleanness score of hens from HD group was worse than other two group hens at 62 WOA (P < 0.05), respectively. There was no significant difference between three groups on other welfare indicators (P > 0.05), but the welfare quality of laying hens got worse with the aging of laying hens. Laying hens from LD group had greater concentrations of serum IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6 compared with hens from MD and HD groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference for other immune responses (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that keeping a high stocking density of laying hens could cause feather damage, impact the welfare quality and reduce the immune responses of laying hens housed in small furnished cages.
PSIV-A-2 Beef Genetics in the Dairy Management System: Management System and Maternal Genetic Effects on Calf Growth and Body Measurements
Authors: Fuerniss Luke K , Young James D , Hall Jerica R , Wesley Kaitlyn R , Benitez Oscar J , Rathmann Ryan J , Johnson Bradley J
Published: September 2022

Improved reproductive management allowed dairy cow pregnancies to be optimized for beef production. The objective of this sire-controlled study was to characterize effects of maternal genetics and the dairy management system on calf growth. Pregnancies were created with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of dam breed (Holstein or Jersey) and mating type (artificial insemination or implantation of an in vitro produced embryo from a commercial beef cow oocyte). Resulting calves were reared in a calf ranch. Additionally, commercial beef cows were inseminated and reared resulting calves on range. Therefore, the five treatments were Angus × Holstein (A×H; n = 19), Angus × Jersey (A×J; n = 22), Angus × Beef gestated by Holstein (H-ET; n = 18), Angus × Beef gestated by Jersey (J-ET; n = 8), and Angus × Beef raised by beef (A×B; n = 20). Beginning at birth, calf body weight, cannon circumference, forearm circumference, top width, hip width, and hip height were measured approximately every 28 days until approximately 196 days of age. At birth, A×J calves weighed the least (P < 0.01). At 150 days of age, body weight was greatest (P < 0.05) among A×B calves, intermediate among H-ET and A×H calves, and least among J-ET and A×J calves (P < 0.05). Morphometric differences were detected between treatments (MANOVA P < 0.01). Primary discriminant function scores identified A×B calves having lesser values than A×J or A×H calves (ANOVA P < 0.01); A×B calves had greater cannon circumference, greater top width, and less hip height (standardized loadings of -0.47, -0.48, and 0.63, respectively). The dairy management system limited growth rate of beef genetics compared to the beef management system. In addition, Holstein dams transmitted greater growth potential than Jersey dams. Replacing maternal dairy genetics with beef genetics increased top width and decreased hip height.
PSIV-A-4 Characterization of Heat Stress and Recovery on Productive Performance and Physiological Indicators, Blood and Milk Characteristic, and Gene Expression in Early Lactating Holstein Cows
Authors: Jo JangHoon , Nejad Jalil Ghassemi , Kim WonSeob , Peng DongQiao , Jo YongHo , Kim Hye Ran , Park Nam Geon , Lee HongGu
Published: September 2022

We aimed to characterize the novel insights into the recovery (RC) regulation mechanism after heat stress (HS) in early lactating Holstein cows in changing environments using measures of productive performance, physiological and genetic indicators, and blood and milk parameters. Twelve cows (milk yield = 23.64 ± 0.88 kg/d, days in milk = 57 ± 3 d) were randomly and equally housed in environmentally controlled chambers by providing temperature-humidity index (THI) at three levels of 72~73 (25oC, 50~60% humidity, Comfort), 78~79 (28oC, 60~70% humidity, Mild), and 86~87 (31℃, 80~90% humidity, Moderate). The environments inside the chambers were adjusted for 3 days of adaptation at 67~68 THI (22℃, 50~60% humidity, normal) level. After adaptation, cows were received HS for 7 days and RC for 5 days. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS. Feed intake and milk yield were lower and water intake was higher in the Moderate than the Comfort and Mild groups (p < 0.05). Concentration of milk beta-casein was lower (p < 0.05) in the Moderate than those of Comfort whereas numerical increase in RC of each group was observed. In Moderate group, blood glucose was lower and NEFA was higher than those of Comfort while cortisol decreased in RC (p < 0.05). Rectal temperature in Moderate was higher than the Comfort and Mild groups and decreased during RC (p < 0.05). Blood HSP70 and HSPB1 in Moderate and Mild groups were higher than those of Comfort (p < 0.05) and numerical decreased in RC of Moderate group. In conclusion, early lactating Holstein cows showed negative effects on productive performance, blood and milk characteristics, physiological, and genetic indicators at moderate level and had a lower RC rate. Considering that the RC rate decreases under higher THI, establishing customized breed management strategies to deal with negative effects of HS at different levels for accelerating RC are pivotal.
PSIV-B-21 Genome-Wide Association Studies for Ketosis in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Gillette Sydney , Lunn Morgan A , Campos Fernando , Peterson Daniel , Sprayberry Kim , Sargolzaei Mehdi , McArthur Gary , Anderson Paul , La Frano Michael , Pokharel Siroj , Abo-Ismail Mohammed
Published: September 2022

Lactating dairy cows often experience a negative energy balance (NEB) and must mobilize adipose reserves to adapt to this metabolic stress. Dairy cows that are unable to adapt to this NEB often suffer from metabolic disorders such as ketosis causing significant financial losses due to a reduction in milk production, poor reproductive performance, and an increased risk of developing other disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify genes and their associated biological pathways to better understand the molecular genetic basis for the development of ketosis. Genome wide association studies analysis was performed using a mixed linear model on 436 Jersey and Holstein cows ranging in ketosis history and genotyped for high density single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) panel. After quality control, 409 with 617,527 SNPs were included in further analyses. The association analysis was performed using a mixed linear model implemented in GCTA software and fitting SNP, breed, and pen as fixed effects with animal as random effect. The top 100 significant SNPs (P < 0.0003) were mapped to 29 genes. Gene enrichment analyses were conducted using DAVID software to determine biological pathways enriched for the identified list of genes. The genomic heritability estimated in this study was 0.17 indicating existence of genetic influence on ketosis in animals in this herd. The analyses revealed candidate genes to be involved in biological pathways involving coronary vascular development, platelet activation and aggregation and osteoclast differentiation. The results indicated a relationship between ketosis development and the immune system or development of other diseases. Further research is needed to validate the identified biological mechanisms underlying the variation between cows for ketosis incidence and progression in dairy cows.
PSVIII-B-16 Potential of Termites as a Protein Source for Chickens
Authors: Tsukahara Yoko , Tomonaga Nami , Tomonaga Shozo , Kumagai Hajime , Hirooka Hiroyuki , Matsuura Kenji
Published: September 2022

Termite (Hodotermopsis sjostedti) meal was evaluated as a potential protein alternative for chicken feed. After chemical compositions, mineral and vitamin contents, and amino acid concentrations of termite meal were analyzed, 20-layer male chickens (8 d old and 78±0.9 g initial BW) were allocated into individual pens and randomly assigned one of the 4 diet treatments; a commercial diet (CON) and inclusion of freeze-dried ground termite meal of 3.3%, 6.7%, and 10.0% to monitor growth and feed intake. At 11 d old, chickens were slaughtered and meat and liver weight and blood plasma parameters were measured. Termite meal composited 61.5, 15.0, 7.8, and 4.9% of CP, crude fat, crude fiber, and ash, respectively. Mineral contents were 1.58, 8.25, 4.38, 13.1, 1.49, and 2.18 g/kg for Na, P, Ca, K, Mg, Cl, respectively, and 321, 108, and 0.38 mg/kg for Fe, Cu, and Se, respectively. Amino acid concentrations were 2.76, 1.35, 2.11, 3.52, 3.03, 0.72, 1.99, 2.20, 2.88, 3.70, 4.18, 0.50, 6.10, 3.25, 2.75, 2.30, 0.57, and 3.52% for arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. There were quadratic effects on final BW (P=0.09; 109, 110, 113, and 110 g for CON, 3.3%, 6.7%, and 10.0%, respectively; SE=1.42), ADG (P=0.09; 10.1, 10.7, 11.6, and 10.4 g for CON, 3.3%, 6.7%, and 10.0%, respectively; SE=0.47), intake (P=0.02; 23, 21, 24, and 20 g for CON, 3.3%, 6.7%, and 10.0%, respectively; SE=1.16), and plasma Ca concentration (P=0.02; 10.1, 10.5, 10.0, and 10.3 mg/dL for CON, 3.3%, 6.7%, and 10.0%, respectively; SE=0.13), whereas main effects of the treatment for all the items tested were not detected (P>0.05). In conclusion, termite meal can be used as an alternative protein source for chicken feed but could have an adverse effect at 10% inclusion.
PSXIII-B-2 Clearance of Poly(Butylene Succinate-co-Adipate):Polyhydroxyalkanoate and low-Density Polyethylene Films from the Rumens of Holstein Bull Calves
Authors: Galyon Hailey , Vibostok Samuel , Ferreira Gonzalo , Whittington Abby , Cockrum Rebecca
Published: September 2022

Replacing undigestible, polyethylene-based agricultural plastics like net wrap with biodegradable alternatives polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) may reduce the incidence of plastic impaction in ruminants. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the ruminal clearance of PBSA:PHA compared to low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and to evaluate animal health when these materials are fed. Twelve Holstein bull calves, blocked by age and weight, were randomly allocated to one of three daily bolus treatments for 30d: 13.6g of PBSA:PHA in 4 capsules (Blend), 13.6g of LDPE in 4 capsules (LDPE), or 4 empty capsules (Control). Hemograms were conducted on blood samples collected on d0 and d30. On d31, animals were sacrificed to evaluate gross rumen measurements, pathology, and papillae length, and to characterize polymer residues in rumen contents. Data were analyzed with PROC MIXED in SAS and least squared differences were adjusted by Tukey’s method. No animals presented any symptoms related to plastic impaction and animal health was not affected by treatment. Daily grain and hay intake, body weight, rectal temperature, hematological parameters, gross rumen measurements and pathology, and rumen pH and temperature were not affected by treatment. Methylene blue reduction time of Blend calves tended to be decreased by 30% compared to LDPE calves (P=0.06), and caudal ventral papillae length of Blend calves were 50% longer than those of Control animals (P< 0.01). Thus, PBSA:PHA may have beneficial impacts. Calves dosed with LDPE retained 27.42g of undegraded polymer in the rumen while 1.72g of fragmented polymers 10% of their original size were detected in Blend calves (P< 0.01). Our results indicate that if net wrap is developed from PBSA:PHA and incorporated into ruminant feed, aggregation of filamentous material will not occur in the rumen, and incidences of plastic impaction will be decreased compared to net wrap developed from LDPE.
PSXVI-14
Hindgut Disappearance of Phosphorus in Corn-Soybean Meal-Based Diets with or without Inorganic Phosphorus Sources in Twenty-Four-kg Pigs
Authors: Kim Jongkeon , Kim Beob Gyun G
Published: September 2022

The objective was to investigate the hindgut disappearance of phosphorus (P) in corn-soybean meal-based diets with or without inorganic P sources in pigs. Hindgut disappearance of P was hypothesized to be greater in a diet without inorganic P than in a diet with inorganic P. Barrows (n = 5; initial body weight = 23.5 ± 3.1 kg and final body weight = 33.7 ± 5.5 kg) fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were individually housed in pens equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. Two corn-soybean meal-based diets were formulated with or without the inclusion of inorganic P. No phytase was supplemented to the diets. All diets contained 0.5% chromic oxide as an indigestible index. The pigs were allotted to a 2-period crossover design with 2 diets. A diet was fed to 2 pigs and the other diet was fed to 3 pigs in each period. An additional period was conducted after the 2 periods to obtain 2 additional replicates for each treatment. Each period consisted of a 7-d adaptation period, a 2-d fecal collection period, and a 2-d ileal collection period. Apparent ileal (54.7 vs. 35.0%) and total tract (53.7 vs. 34.3%) P digestibility values in the inorganic P-containing diet were greater (P < 0.01) than those in the diet without inorganic P. However, apparent ileal P digestibility values were comparable (P > 0.90) with apparent total tract P digestibility values irrespective of the inclusion of inorganic P in the diets, and thus, a significant amount of hindgut disappearance of P was not observed in both diets. In conclusion, hindgut disappearance of P in a corn-soybean meal-based diet was negligible in 23-kg growing pigs regardless of the inclusion of inorganic P sources.
PSI-19 Effect of Increasing Supplementation of Bacillus Spp. on in Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Nutrient Digestibility
Authors: Maderal Araceli , Fernandez-Marenchino Ignacio , Cuervo Wilmer , Tarnonsky Federico , Podversich Federico , de Martinez Juan Jesus Vargas , Moreno Martin Ruiz , Schulmeister Tessa M , Queiroz Oscar , Cappellozza Bruno , DiLorenzo Nicolas
Published: September 2022

Probiotics may be an effective alternative to antimicrobials in terms of modifying the ruminal microbial ecology to enhance the fermentative process and improving animal health and production. Although Bacillus spp. have demonstrated a great potential, the effects of increasing inclusion levels on ruminal fermentation profile are unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of a Bacillus spp. probiotic on in vitro ruminal fermentation profile, gas production kinetics, and nutrient digestibility, using a sorghum silage-based substrate. Incubations were conducted in sixteen separate days during 12 and 24 h. Treatments were: Sorghum-silage only (Control) or sorghum silage + one of three doses of a Bacillus spp. probiotic included at 1, 5 and 10 times the recommended dose (8 × 104 CFU/ml). Ruminal fluid was collected from two ruminally cannulated steers fed an ad libitum corn silage-based diet. Gas production kinetics, pH, in vitro true digestibility, digestibility of neutral and acid detergent fiber, methane (CH4) production and concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were measured after 24 h of incubation. Digestibility of starch was measured at 12 h of incubation. Inclusion of Bacillus spp. did not affect (P > 0.05) rumen nutrient digestibility or pH. Concentration of NH3-N and total VFA increased quadratically (P < 0.05) with the probiotic inclusion. Inclusion of Bacillus spp. decreased molar proportions of acetate (P < 0.01) but increased molar proportion of propionate (P = 0.02). Total gas production and CH4 emissions were not affected (P > 0.05) by the probiotic inclusion, while rate of gas production increased quadratically as probiotic dose increased (P < 0.01). These in vitro dose-dependent effects of probiotic inclusion show promissory results based on total and molar VFA proportions; however, these results should be evaluated in vivo.
Do mentoring and oversight matter? The effects of allocating central administrators to local government units: evidence from Japan
Authors: Nakazawa Nobuhiko
Published: September 2022

During the 2000s, Japanese bureaucrats were actively transferred away from the central administration to mentor and monitor local governments. Using a dynamic difference-in-differences model under heterogeneous treatment effects that exploit the timing of these transfers and a rich city-level panel dataset, this study finds that municipalities with transferred central administrators improve their fiscal discipline, mainly by shrinking expenditures. The effects are persistent and continue for years after the arrival of the central administrator and even after the transfer ended (JEL H72, H74, K34).
Management of Oedematous Pancreatitis, Fluid Collections, and Walled-Off Necrosis
Authors: Baltatzis Minas , Jamdar Saurabh , Siriwardena Ajith K.
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the management of interstitial oedematous acute pancreatitis and the management of post-inflammatory fluid collections. The definition and diagnosis of oedematous acute pancreatitis (pancreatitis without necrosis) are discussed. Management relies on accurate diagnosis, fluid resuscitation, avoidance of antibiotics in the absence of infection, nutritional support, analgesia, and treatment of gallstones in patients with biliary acute pancreatitis. Fluid collections are part of the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis and in the acute phase require no intervention, either in the presence or absence of necrosis. The importance of deferring intervention for patients with pancreatic necrosis until the collection has a mature wall is emphasized, and in modern practice, endoscopic necrosectomy is the preferred approach.
Surgery for Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Hüser Norbert , Aßfalg Volker , Hartmann Daniel , Ceyhan Güralp , Friess Helmut
Published: September 2022

Surgical strategies for chronic pancreatitis include drainage of the pancreatic duct, resection of the pancreatic head affected by inflammation, or a combination of both. These approaches aim at the elimination of pain and relief of pancreatitis-associated complications of the adjacent organs, e.g. obstruction of the biliary duct, duodenum, or portal vein. Successful outcomes yield a better quality of life for these patients. However, current data cannot clearly delineate a superior surgical method or evidence-based recommendations for the underlying aetiology of the disease or the apparent symptoms. Duodenum-preserving and partial pancreatic head resections are at least as effective and safe as the classical surgical techniques (Kausch–Whipple and pylorus-preserving Whipple) with regard to low morbidity and mortality, pain control, preservation of endocrine and exocrine function, and adequate quality of life, respectively. In long-term follow-up, operative approaches are superior to endoscopic interventions.
Molecular Biology of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Sunami Yoshiaki , Büdeyri Ibrahim , Häußler Johanna , Michalski Christoph W. , Kleeff Jörg
Published: September 2022

Pancreatic cancer is predicted to become the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States by 2030. Less than 9% of patients with pancreatic cancer achieve long-term survival. The majority of pancreatic cancer patients develop recurrence, even after surgical resection. At the molecular level, malignant transformation involves several oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes regulating a variety of signalling pathways. Aberrant activation of epigenetic pathways also contributes to the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. This chapter provides an overview on genetics, signalling pathways, and epigenetics such as promoter methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin remodelling in pancreatic cancer. Further, the chapter summarizes the data on cancer stem cells, as well as on the tumour microenvironment. Continuous research effort and progress in the understanding of the molecular basis of pancreatic cancer are essential for further improving the outcomes of patients.
Periampullary and Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Klotz Rosa , Hackert Thilo
Published: September 2022

Periampullary and pancreatic cancers are distinctly different entities in their incidence and therapeutic approaches, especially with regard to multimodality treatment as well as prognosis. While pancreatic cancer occurs much more frequently than periampullary cancer, its prognosis remains worse, although neoadjuvant and adjuvant approaches have achieved significant progress in recent years. For pancreatic cancer, radical surgery remains the only chance for long-term survival as long as tumours are localized and no systemic spread is present. Surgical approaches must always aim for a microscopically radical resection (R0), regardless of whether it is achieved by a standard approach or by extended resection. While for pancreatic cancer, all surgical approaches need to be integrated into a multimodal concept, especially with regard to adjuvant therapy, these concepts have not been well defined for other types of periampullary cancer and therefore remain controversial. In the case of stage 4 tumours, surgery is usually not recommended, unless systemic pretreatment shows a good tumour response which justifies operations on selected patients.
Pancreas and Splenic Trauma
Authors: Smith Martin D. , Jennings Vicky A. , Devar John W.
Published: September 2022

Pancreatic and splenic trauma result from both blunt and penetrating injuries. The mechanism of injury is important in predicting the likelihood of trauma to these two organs. Because operative, non-operative, and interventional radiology play such an important role in the management of these injuries, diagnosis and classification of the injury based on anatomical and physiological factors are essential in planning surgery. The presence of injury to other organs is common and often determines the therapeutic approach and outcome. Non-operative management of isolated pancreas or spleen injuries is safe and effective when appropriate and done in the correct setting. The current body of evidence supporting the approaches to diagnosis and treatment described in this chapter lacks level 1 evidence but is based on multiple guidelines with lower levels of evidence.
Mechanisms of Action and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Antiseizure Medications
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

At the molecular level, the majority of antiseizure medications (ASMs) modulate excitatory and inhibitory neural transmission. ASMs probably exert their anticonvulsant effects at both the cell membrane and intracellularly. How the various drugs prevent or attenuate seizures is not fully understood, and the mechanisms described here only summarize some of their known potential effects on neurons and glia. Ideally, specific defect(s) that underlie epilepsy in individual patients would be identified and therapy targeted to correct the dysfunctional mechanism. In reality, such identification is rarely possible, and empiric therapy must be planned. The mechanisms described here will enhance fundamental understanding of the various agents. Knowledge of the pharmacokinetic properties of ASMs is crucial in selecting an appropriate agent in any particular clinical context.
Polytherapy with Antiseizure Medications
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

About 40% of patients with epilepsy will have “difficult-to-control” seizures. Focal epilepsies and symptomatic (structural-metabolic) generalized epilepsies are less likely to be controlled easily than the idiopathic (genetic) generalized epilepsies. Many physicians advocate combination therapy once two have failed in monotherapy, using a second drug that may have a different mechanism of action or a similar one. Little evidence shows that using two drugs with differing mechanisms of action (rational polytherapy) is superior to using two drugs with similar mechanisms of action. However, adverse effects may be worse when drugs with similar mechanisms of action are used, and use of differing drug types may offer benefit with regard to adverse effects.
Antiseizure Medications and Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

Three antiseizure medications—acetazolamide, topiramate, and zonisamide—are typically associated with metabolic acidosis due to their property of inhibiting the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. The metabolic acidosis typically occurs soon after initiation of therapy. Conditions or therapies that predispose to acidosis such as renal diseases, severe respiratory disorders, diarrhea, surgery, ketogenic diet, or other drugs may add to the bicarbonate-lowering effects of topiramate. Baseline and periodic measurements of serum bicarbonate levels during topiramate, zonisamide, and acetazolamide treatment are recommended, especially in children. Hyponatremia occurs in patients treated with carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine or eslicarbazepine acetate. Hyperammonemia can occur in as many as half of the patients receiving valproic acid.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Cardiovascular Disorders
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

Antiseizure medications (ASMs) may have adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. A number of serologic markers relevant to cardiovascular risk have been found to be affected by the CYP450-inducing ASMs. These include cholesterol and specific atherogenic lipid fractions, lipoprotein(a), C reactive protein, and homocysteine. These alterations suggest that enzyme-inducing ASMs might produce elevations in cardiovascular risk, a notion reinforced by the epidemiologic data. Therefore, monitoring vascular risk factors in patients receiving CYP450-inducing ASMs may be beneficial. In addition, patients with cardiovascular disorders are usually on antihypertensive, anticoagulant, or cardiac drugs, which may have significant interactions with ASMs.
Antiseizure Medications and Ophthalmologic Problems
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

Ophthalmologic problems in patients with epilepsy may be due to either the disease process or therapy with antiseizure medications (ASMs). Visual disturbances such as blurred vision, diplopia, and oscillopsia are generally benign, reversible, dose-dependent neurotoxic side effects of ASMs. Some ocular complaints may be related to the unique mechanistic properties of individual ASMs and can occur when they are administered at therapeutic levels. Vigabatrin and ezogabine have special retinal toxicity that has greatly limited their use. The clinician must vigilantly monitor patients for visual disturbances, often testing before any changes are noticed by the patient and immediately stopping the offending ASM when problems arise.
Antiseizure Medications and Weight Change
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

Many patients with epilepsy experience weight change after starting an antiseizure medication (ASM). Some ASMs are associated with weight loss, some with weight gain, and others have no effect on weight. Weight gain is associated with an increased risk of comorbidities (e.g., type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart diseases) and impairs quality of life and self-esteem; weight loss can also have adverse effects on a patient’s health and self-esteem. Taking these issues into consideration, the clinician should carefully weigh the possible weight-influencing side effects of particular ASMs and tailor their use to the patient’s needs.
Antiseizure Medications and Bone Health
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

Patients taking antiseizure medications (ASMs) have higher rates of osteopenia, osteoporosis, and bone fractures than the general population. The decrease in bone mineral density possibly attributed to ASM use leads to increased bone fragility and, hence, greater risk of fracture. When one considers that people with epilepsy have a greater propensity for falls as well, the reduction in bone density has even greater importance than usual for these patients. There are probably multiple causes of the increased rate of osteopenia and osteoporosis in epilepsy. Evidence suggests that ASMs may have negative effects on bone mineral density through a variety of mechanisms.
Antiseizure Medications in the Pipeline
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

More than 30% of people with epilepsy have persistent seizures despite the use of appropriate therapies; these patients have drug-resistant epilepsy. Therefore, investigating and discovering new medications to treat epilepsy is of paramount significance. There are multiple dugs in the pipeline to treat epilepsy. This chapter briefly review some of these new antiseizure medications (ASMs), including fenfluramine, ganaxolone, anakinra, padsevonil, and everolimus.
Serotonin Syndrome and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Authors: Salem Haitham , Finocchio Brittany , Pigott Teresa
Published: September 2022

Both serotonin syndrome (SS) and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) are associated with exposure to, respectively, to pro-serotonergic (e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants) and antipsychotic drugs. They often present with key clinical features including mental status changes, autonomic instability, hyperthermia, and rigidity. However, each represents a different and potentially life-threatening syndrome with varying pathophysiology, distinct symptoms, and important treatment differences. As such, quick and accurate diagnosis of signs and symptoms in mild cases is critical to prevent progression to more severe cases. With this in mind, this chapter will review the clinical features, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment options for serotonin syndrome and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Autoimmune and Paraneoplastic Encephalopathies
Authors: Rini James F. , Peet Bradley T. , Geschwind Michael D.
Published: September 2022

Movement disorders are a prominent and common feature in many autoantibody-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders and are caused by an expanding spectrum of antibodies. Depending on the presenting and early symptoms, patients with these disorders are often referred to psychiatrists or general, movement disorder and/or behavioral neurologists. Clinicians need to be aware of these conditions in order to know when to consider and test for them, as many are treatable if not reversible. Improved awareness and understanding of these disorders will help with early identification and prompt treatment, thereby reducing long-term morbidity and mortality. This chapter will focus on the most common autoimmune, especially antibody-mediated, syndromes associated with psychiatric and movement disorders. Many of the autoimmune-mediated movement disorders discussed in this chapter are often associated with other features, including psychiatric/behavioral disorders, limbic encephalitis, and other symptoms. Autoimmune limbic encephalitis (ALE) is a syndrome in which parts of the limbic system are involved and classically presents with features including short-term memory loss, irritability, depression, hallucinations, sleep disturbances, and/or seizures.
Trauma in Historical and Social Perspective
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the historical and social factors in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It explores motivations to validate suffering as a primary reason to focus on trauma and shows how these ideas are applied to psychotherapy. The chapter briefly reviews the history of PTSD and diagnoses that precede this terminology. It describes how the concept broadened from military experiences to civilian life. It then discusses the seemingly paradoxical observation that even as traumatic events have become less frequent, they are a matter of greater concern. The chapter goes on to compare how different societies perceive trauma and PTSD. The chapter ends with a discussion of what has been called a contemporary “culture of trauma.”
Risk, Resilience, and Trauma
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on factors that underlie resilience to trauma. It begins by explaining why resilience is the rule, not an exception, and places life adversities in a historical context. While the cumulative effects of multiple adversities can override resilience, the chapter goes on to critique some of the misconceptions about trauma that have long been held by psychotherapists. It then reviews some of the longitudinal and birth cohort studies that have placed traumatic events in a larger biopsychosocial perspective. The chapter ends by suggesting some of the mechanisms that promote resilience to trauma in both adults and children.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Personality Disorders, and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and personality traits. Returning to the concept of personality as a psychological immune system, it makes use of the Five-Factor Model of personality, with an emphasis on the effects of high neuroticism. It applies these principles to the understanding of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The chapter ends with a critique of the concept of complex PTSD, whose clinical features strongly overlap with the phenomenology of BPD. The problem is that most BPD patients lack a consistent history of childhood trauma. While the diagnosis of complex PTSD has been accepted by the World Health Organization, it is not listed in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: September 2022

This chapter reviews the various treatments that have been developed for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It questions the idea that that psychotherapy needs to be “trauma-focused,” reviewing evidence that standard cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is equally efficacious for most patients. In this context, it argues that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has no unique value. The chapter also shows that psychopharmacology plays at best an adjunctive role in treatment. It also shows why critical incident stress debriefing after trauma can be damaging, and that the concept of triggering is vastly overblown. Finally, the chapter explores the links between CBT and Stoic philosophy that suggest a useful basis for contextualizing life adversities.
Constraining the SN Ia host galaxy dust law distribution and mass step: hierarchical BayeSN analysis of optical and near-infrared light curves
Authors: Thorp Stephen , Mandel Kaisey S
Published: September 2022

We use the BayeSN hierarchical probabilistic SED model to analyse the optical–NIR (BVriYJH) light curves of 86 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) from the Carnegie Supernova Project to investigate the SN Ia host galaxy dust law distribution and correlations between SN Ia Hubble residuals and host mass. Our Bayesian analysis simultaneously constrains the mass step and dust RV population distribution by leveraging optical–NIR colour information. We demonstrate how a simplistic analysis where individual RV values are first estimated for each SN separately, and then the sample variance of these point estimates is computed, overestimates the RV population variance $\sigma _R^2$. This bias is exacerbated when neglecting residual intrinsic colour variation beyond that due to light curve shape. Instead, Bayesian shrinkage estimates of σR are more accurate, with fully hierarchical analysis of the light curves being ideal. For the 75 SNe with low-to-moderate reddening (peak apparent B − V ≤ 0.3), we estimate an RV distribution with population mean μR = 2.59 ± 0.14, and standard deviation σR = 0.62 ± 0.16. Splitting this subsample at the median host galaxy mass (1010.57 M⊙) yields consistent estimated RV distributions between low- and high-mass galaxies, with μR = 2.79 ± 0.18, σR = 0.42 ± 0.24, and μR = 2.35 ± 0.27, σR = 0.74 ± 0.36, respectively. When estimating distances from the full optical–NIR light curves while marginalizing over various forms of the dust RV distribution, a mass step of ≳0.06 mag persists in the Hubble residuals at the median host mass.
Slow Protein Dynamics Elicits New Enzymatic Functions by Means of Epistatic Interactions
Authors: Rossi Maria-Agustina , Palzkill Timothy , Almeida Fabio C L , Vila Alejandro J
Published: September 2022

Protein evolution depends on the adaptation of these molecules to different functional challenges. This occurs by tuning their biochemical, biophysical, and structural traits through the accumulation of mutations. While the role of protein dynamics in biochemistry is well recognized, there are limited examples providing experimental evidence of the optimization of protein dynamics during evolution. Here we report an NMR study of four variants of the CTX-M β-lactamases, in which the interplay of two mutations outside the active site enhances the activity against a cephalosporin substrate, ceftazidime. The crystal structures of these enzymes do not account for this activity enhancement. By using NMR, here we show that the combination of these two mutations increases the backbone dynamics in a slow timescale and the exposure to the solvent of an otherwise buried β-sheet. The two mutations located in this β-sheet trigger conformational changes in loops located at the opposite side of the active site. We postulate that the most active variant explores alternative conformations that enable binding of the more challenging substrate ceftazidime. The impact of the mutations in the dynamics is context-dependent, in line with the epistatic effect observed in the catalytic activity of the different variants. These results reveal the existence of a dynamic network in CTX-M β-lactamases that has been exploited in evolution to provide a net gain-of-function, highlighting the role of alternative conformations in protein evolution.
Beards in the Biblical and Patristic Tradition
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward
Published: September 2022

The church fathers did not spend a great deal of time writing about facial hair—after all, there were far more important dogmatic and pastoral questions to be answered. However, when the fathers did have cause to speak of beards, they were, with few exceptions, extremely laudatory. Yet beards were never the real issue, as if they believed them to be holy or imbued by God with an inherent theological significance. The real issue was always morality (particularly sexual morality) and the desire that Christian men should avoid the sins of vanity and lust, especially those deemed contra natura. It is only with this in mind that the canonical legislation of ancient church, which in East and West sometimes mandated, and sometimes outlawed, the growing of facial hair, makes any sense. These canons were never about hair, but about Christian morality. Bearded or beardless, what was important was not how hairy a man was, but how holy he should be.
Beards in the East-West Polemic
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward
Published: September 2022

By the beginning of the ninth century the various linguistic, cultural, and political differences between East and West were already on display for all to see. It was in this atmosphere that the Byzantines first took note of the Latin clergy’s habit of shaving, distinguishing it from the (relatively) long-standing Eastern practice of men wearing beards. At first not much was made of the difference, and exchanges in the ninth century rightly regarded it as a matter of custom rather than theology. Unfortunately, the rising tensions between East and West, coupled with the increased significance Latin authors gave to tonsure as a mark of the clerical state, meant the end of such toleration. By the mid-eleventh century, beards, or the lack of them, became a casus belli in the conflict between Cardinal Humbert and Patriarch Michael Keroularios, and a firm fixture in subsequent polemical exchanges for the next two hundred years.
The Azyme Debate
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward
Published: September 2022

The long-simmering hostility between East and West, which occasionally boiled over into violence, as it did in 1182 and 1185, entered a new phase in 1204 following the crusaders’ sack of Constantinople and the establishment of the Latin empire. Although other theological issues began to take center stage, anti-azymite tracts remained plentiful, and the Latins’ use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist remained among the most common charges in the lists of Latin errors. The Latins naturally countered with tracts of their own, arguing not only for the legitimacy of unleavened bread, but also for its superiority over the Greek practice, maintaining that the latter was merely tolerated for the sake of religious peace. Yet despite all their efforts to get the Greeks to admit the validity of an azymite Eucharist, for most it remained, along with commemoration of the pope and the recitation of the Filioque, the clearest manifestations of the Latins’ heretical nature.
Purgatory in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward
Published: September 2022

By the beginning of the thirteenth century a host of issues were already dividing Christian East and West with enough fuel to keep the fires of hatred burning on both sides, which is why the addition of a new fire, the ignis purgatorius, seemed remarkably unnecessary. Yet very soon after its introduction as an ecumenical stumbling block in the 1230s Purgatory became a regular feature of the polemical literature on both sides, soon eclipsing clerical marriage, fasting regulations, and other ritual differences as a chief point of division. Within a few short years the Tractatus contra graecos listed Purgatory as one of the chief dogmatic issues preventing the union of East and West.
Anti-Oppressive Social Work Practice and the Carceral State
Authors: O'Brien Patricia , Willison Judith S.
Published: September 2022

This book attempts to chart a path toward transformative justice by using an anti-oppressive social work approach to resist the expansion of the carceral state. It critically examines strategies to shift punishment-centered practices to build collaborative partnerships and possibilities toward decarceration, health, and community power. We argue that it is crucial for social workers to recognize the unjust and ineffective logics of the criminal legal system, from violent policing to inhumane detention and imprisonment, to community surveillance, and including the loss of civil rights. The book offers a social work practice framework that encompasses an anti-oppressive stance, including antiracist and feminist principles, and a public health orientation. It centers anti-oppressive social work practice in and against the carceral state within its sociopolitical context, including structural racism, economic inequality, and the criminalization of mental illness. Methods for assessment and intervention and strategies for implementing diversion from the criminal legal system are described across both custodial and community settings. Recommendations advance anti-oppressive research and avenues to community accountability and safety. The book concludes with a critical discussion of transformative justice, including decarceration/abolitionist organizing and policy initiatives.
Transparency and Transformation in Carceral Detention
Authors: Patricia O’Brien , Willison Judith S.
Published: September 2022

This chapter describes the various detention facilities where adults reside after arrest for a suspected law violation until they make bail or have a legal resolution to the charge. It discusses the harsh conditions that permeate detention centers of all sizes; these conditions accelerate harmful mental health problems and the high rate of suicides. Jails, houses of correction, and immigration detention centers provide little structured social work services unless and until there is advocacy and funding to support it. Options need to be developed as part of an overall anti-oppressive strategy to promote decarceration and abolish detention centers. These facilities are critical sites of carceral state control and a context for front-end diversion and services, including bail reform. Outlined here are anti-oppressive social work roles and opportunities for transformation.