bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Shifrinson Joshua R. Itzkowitz
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces the puzzle of rising state strategy toward declining great powers. Although rising states are often expected to prey upon declining great powers, rising states can also adopt supportive strategies toward declining great powers, as well as engage in predatory or supportive strategies with varying degrees of intensity. It reviews the relevant literature on the dynamics of great power rise and decline, provides a preview of the basic argument, explains the importance of the topic for theoretical and policy debates, and details alternative arguments. From there, the chapter discusses the methods used to evaluate the argument and the centrality of primary source research to this effort.
Maintaining a Houseyard as a Practice
Authors: Fox Richard
Published: May 2019

Chapter Five takes the question of practice and cultural complexity as its point of departure. Stepping back from the ethnography to consider some of the broader issues at stake, it is noted that so-called ‘practice theory’ seems to cover a diverse range of approaches with equally disparate understandings of what constitutes a practice and the conditions under which enquiry might proceed. It is shown that recourse to ‘the facts’ does not offer viable grounds for adjudicating between conflicting accounts. And so an alternative route is proposed, by way of comparing the central questions, presuppositions and projects of transformation embodied in the work of two prominent social theorists—Alasdair MacIntyre and Pierre Bourdieu.
Meaning and Value in the Everyday
Authors: Siniawer Eiko Maruko
Published: May 2019

The Introduction suggests an expansive conception of waste which can encompass anything, material or not, which can be used and disused. Illustrating how an examination of waste can reveal what people find valuable and meaningful, this capacious definition of waste and its inextricability from everyday life are traced and pursued through the history of postwar Japan.
Better Living Through Consumption
Authors: Siniawer Eiko Maruko
Published: May 2019

In the mid-1950s, as the economic and material hardships of the immediate postwar years began to ease and people started to imagine what a better life might be, different attitudes toward waste and wastefulness came to exist alongside each other. Some continued to emphasize the need for rationalization and efficiency in pursuit of a “new” and “bright” Japan, while others remolded such values to justify and even encourage mass consumption. Ideals of waste reduction proved flexible as many became captivated by the prospects and promises of the middle-class life.
Wars Against Waste
Authors: Siniawer Eiko Maruko
Published: May 2019

The early 1970s were a sharp pivot point in Japan’s postwar history, as the Garbage War of 1971 and the Oil Shock of 1973 thrust waste and wastefulness into a place of unprecedented visibility. Concerns about the waste of garbage and resources became acute, fueling environmental protection efforts and calls to “save resources” and “save energy.” The waste of things, resources, and energy came to be seen as tightly interrelated, and provoked reflection about the costs and consequences of mass production and mass consumption. With lamentations about the “throwaway society” and its “culture of disposability,” waste also became a site of reflection about the values and priorities born of high economic growth. In the 1970s, waste consciousness was not about subsistence or about friction to societal changes, but was rather a way to defend the middle-class lifestyles already achieved.
Sorting Things Out
Authors: Siniawer Eiko Maruko
Published: May 2019

The pursuit of an affluence of the heart has been heightened in the millennial years, exemplified by the idea of mottainai discussed in the previous chapter, advice literature about decluttering, and the promotion of saving money and time. Though sharing an emphasis on psychological and spiritual richness, these broad and diverse conceptions of waste consciousness have been quite different in their treatment of material things, temporal orientations, and conceptions of the self. And these many and disparate elements of waste consciousness were perpetuated, not reconciled, diminished, or erased, by the disasters of 3.11.
Waste and Well-Being
Authors: Siniawer Eiko Maruko
Published: May 2019

The Afterword considers the various meanings of waste in postwar Japan—how waste was understood as backward and retrogressive, an impediment to progress, a pervasive outgrowth of mass consumption, incontrovertible proof of societal excess, the embodiment of resources squandered, a hazard to the environment, and more. It examines how the reconfiguring of waste and waste consciousness were shaped by an economic story along with a postwar history of gendered expectations, environmentalism, and mass consumption. The enduring throughline of this past, it is argued, has been the enduring search for what might be called well-being, a good life, or a life well lived. Offered too are reflections on the contradictions of affluence and the continued elusiveness of happiness in Japan and beyond.
Three Questions about National Secession
Authors: Roeder Philip G.
Published: May 2019

This chapter frames the central question: How and under what conditions do national-secession projects become significant campaigns by getting on the global agenda, give rise to intractable disputes with their central governments over independence, and sustain protracted intense struggles? It then introduces the programmatic analytic approach that focuses on the strategy of national-secession campaigns to coordinate their imagined nations around the common goal of independence. Too weak to achieve their goal of independence through a contest of arms with their central governments, most national-secession campaigns focus their efforts on propagation of their programs so as to await opportunities when the international community imposes independence on the central government or when the central government collapses.
Complementary Explanations
Authors: Roeder Philip G.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines how the strategy of programmatic coordination turns the identities, grievances, and ambitions (greed) commonly invoked to explain substantial secessionist campaigns into substitutable motivations with which campaign cadres work to construct support for the goal of independence. The tactical-logistical opportunities that are often added to explain the resort to violence are for national-secession campaign leaders remote considerations when armed victory over the central government is an unrealistic operational objective. Introducing variables from these more common explanations into the statistical analysis introduced in Chapters 5 and 7 yields results that are substantially weaker than those for the cues to programmatic authenticity and realism.
“A Right Which Nature Has Given to All Men”
Authors: Hoffer Peter Charles , Hoffer Williamjames Hull
Published: May 2019

Between 1773 and 1775, lawyers who favored resistance shifted from arguments that looked like common law pleading to hybrids, part legal, part political. Content followed form, as they cast off from the familiar shores of English liberty to chart a course through what modern jurists have called rights talk. In the process, the revolutionary lawyers did not abandon the common law entirely but used legal modes of reasoning to transform the common law from a body of precedent to an abstract ideal of what good law should be, a kind of meta-law. One should be careful in dealing with terms here. “Rights talk” is now a staple of liberal jurisprudence associated with Civil Rights advocacy, while conservative jurisprudence is primarily concerned with private property rights. The revolutionary lawyers did not divide these topics—they saw personal liberty and the sanctity of private property as part of the same cause.
Conclusion
Authors: Hoffer Peter Charles , Hoffer Williamjames Hull
Published: May 2019

Almost evenly divided in numbers and talent at the start of the crisis, in 1782 the revolutionary bar and the loyal bar faced vastly different futures. The revolutionary lawyers had stepped into the role of constitution drafters and lawgivers. Their lives, fortunes, and honor were enhanced by their part in the Revolution. Having a “vested interest in making sure the new nation succeeded” they fashioned an American republican law, a concept of public engagement, adorned with categories of fundamental liberties and rights that had great capacity for expansion. Though originally confined to a narrow band of the citizenry, time, sacrifice, and a growing sense of inclusiveness would, eventually, expand a male, white, entrenched, and propertied governing class to include women, people of color, working people, and newcomers. A second achievement was a little more self-serving. The revolutionary lawyers’ participation in the new confederated and state governments set a pattern, a precedent if you will, of a public role for lawyers outside of the courts. When a new generation of lawyers passed the bar and began practicing,...
Connecting People
Authors: Ornston Darius
Published: May 2019

Finland was among the most aggressive and successful countries in the world in converting traditional industrial policies into new innovation policies. This chapter identifies the specific ways in which policymakers leveraged tight-knit networks to fundamentally restructure Finnish economic institutions. Together with entrepreneurial private sector actors, namely Nokia, they transformed Finland from one of the lowest technology economies in the OECD into one of the most research-intensive societies in the world. At the same time, the chapter reveals that Finland relied so heavily on technological innovation that it increased its vulnerability to adverse economic shocks, most notably the invention of the iPhone.
Repertoires and Restraint
Authors: Hoover Green Amelia
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of repertoires of violence, which refer to the forms of violence frequently used by an actor. While political scientists have examined repertoires of violence during individual wars, none has theorized repertoires per se. This book aims to consider how, and how systematically, repertoires of violence differ from time to time, place to place, and group to group. Repertoires of violence may be narrow or broad. “Broad repertoire of violence” means a repertoire of violence in which many different forms of violence are represented, including both forms of violence that often require planning or infrastructure and are often ordered by commanders, and forms of violence that often happen in the absence of orders. The Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), Shining Path, and Kamajors used narrow repertoires of violence in most times and places, contrasting with the Salvadoran Army, the Peruvian Army, and the Revolutionary United Front.
Violence and Restraint in the Salvadoran Civil War, 1980–92
Authors: Hoover Green Amelia
Published: May 2019

This chapter demonstrates—to the extent that estimates of repertoires are available and believable for the Salvadoran case—that the Commander's Dilemma framework explains patterns of violence that other theoretical approaches cannot. Yet the patterns themselves are difficult, and in some cases impossible, to pin down. Some of the hypotheses laid out in the preceding chapters cannot be tested with confidence here. Thus, the chapter opens with a discussion of the difficulty of accurately estimating patterns of violence, and the tendency of political scientists—who are primarily interested in causal inference—to avoid the prior and more serious problem of descriptive inference. It then uses multiple systems estimation (MSE) and a variety of strategies to consider variations in repertoires of violence and restraint in the Salvadoran civil war.
Policies for Restraint
Authors: Hoover Green Amelia
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter briefly summarizes the main argument and evidence in this book's study, noting key contributions before moving on to some key problems. It also identifies several legal and policy implications arising from this work. The first of these policy implications concerns prosecutions. Commanders, having done the work to make combatants violent, generally know, or should know, what combatants might do. The evidence presented here suggests that arguments about “bad apples” are almost universally disingenuous, designed to help commanders evade responsibility for crimes stemming from institutional failures. A second set of policy implications is primarily directed at policy elites in international organizations, governmental and nongovernmental. A final policy implication concerns wars themselves. The findings here suggest that restraint happens when combatants understand what they are doing and why. Restrained combatants understand and internalize both the purposes of the war and the ways that their behavior affects those purposes.
Introduction
Authors: Hohendahl Peter Uwe
Published: May 2019

The introduction outlines the scope and agenda of the study, stressing the importance of the appropriate approach and method. It deals with Schmitt’s controversial post-war reception, pointing to the complexity of Schmitt’s writings that do not easily fit the divide between the democratic Left and the conservative camp. In addition, the introduction walks the reader through the content of the following chapters.
Epilogue
Authors: Ibrahim Nur Amali
Published: May 2019

This chapter offers some closing reflections. It asserts that Muslims are working hard to accommodate secular liberal ideals in their religious practices and challenges Western secular liberals to work equally hard to accommodate Muslims and other religious people. It concludes by arguing that our shared existence cannot be improved by putting Islam on one side and the West on the other, Muslims on one side and Western secular liberals on the other, “good” Muslims on one side and “bad” Muslims on the other, religion on one side and secularism on the other.
The BOJ Worldview and its Historical Development
Authors: Park Gene , Katada Saori N. , Chiozza Giacomo , Kojo Yoshiko
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at the evolution of specific ideas about monetary policy within the Bank of Japan (BOJ) organization, including the formative experiences that shaped the worldview of the BOJ. The BOJ's post-World War II monetary policy experiences have been especially influential in shaping the BOJ's perspective, particularly those since the 1970s as Japan became the world's second largest economy and came under growing pressure to help manage the global economy. The notion that there is a BOJ worldview is reflected in the observation by commentators and economists alike that the BOJ is guided by a “BOJ theory.” There are three elements of the BOJ view: a premium on price stability; skepticism about the extent to which monetary easing can spur economic growth and concern that it can generate adverse impacts; and an expansive interpretation of central bank independence.
Collegiality
Authors: Flood Julee T. , Leap Terry L.
Published: May 2019

Collegiality is an elusive and poorly-defined concept—one that is hard to articulate but "We know it when we see it." This chapter examines cases in which the ideal of collegiality is at issue. But because of its vagueness, no one is exactly sure where collegiality fits in to hiring, promotion, and tenure decisions. The notion of collegiality is examined from the perspective of the literature on organizational citizenship behavior (commonly known as OCB). Included in the discussion are the similarities and differences between collegiality and civility. The chapter also examines the socialization process in academia and the possible dampening effect of collegiality on academic freedom.
Souls of the Ehime Maru
Authors: Leheny David
Published: May 2019

In February 2001, the USS Greeneville, a nuclear submarine carrying sixteen “distinguished visitors” as part of a U.S. Navy public relations program, collided with the Ehime Maru, a fisheries training boat operated by Uwajima Fisheries High School, off the coast of Hawaii. Nine Japanese perished, including four high school students. Nearly nine months later, the U.S. Navy succeeded in raising the boat from its deepwater crash site and in locating the bodies of eight victims. This retelling focuses on the ways in which both governments emphasized repeatedly the special emotional needs of Japanese victims’ families and of Japan as a whole. By calling attention to inherent contradictions within these representations as well as to tensions surrounding the victims’ families, it separates emotion itself from its political representation, and suggests that the analytical lens ought to focus on the latter rather than the former.
Staging The Empire of Light
Authors: Leheny David
Published: May 2019

In 2009, the Tokyo-based theater group Caramel Box staged an adaptation of a science-fiction story by the popular author Onda Riku as one of its annual summer performances. This chapter traces the fraught history of Caramel Box within a larger trajectory of Japan’s postwar and recession-era theater companies, looking particularly at the group’s emphasis on non-political, partly comic melodramas as the most reliable way to please their devoted and almost entirely female audience. In doing so, it calls special attention to narrative rules and logics that forced a rethinking of the structure of Onda’s story in order to hit certain emotional beats at times and in ways their audience would expect and appreciate. By addressing the politics disclosed in ostensibly non-political theater, the chapter argues that Caramel Box offers an opportunity to consider how sentimental portrayals of virtuous innocence lay the foundation for climaxes that emphasize rediscovery and reintegration.
The Peripheral U-Turn
Authors: Leheny David
Published: May 2019

From 2004-2009, members of the University of Tokyo’s Institute of Social Science undertook a five-year study entitled Kibōgaku (Hope-ology, translated formally as The Social Sciences of Hope). Looking to rebuild hope in Japan after the pop of the economic Bubble, the scholars crafted a survey of Kamaishi, a declining steel town on Japan’s northeastern coast, showing how networks in and out of the city were central to its limited but measurable successes in inspiring local hope for a better future. In the aftermath of the 2011 tsunami that devastated the town, killing a thousand residents, the scholars confronted questions of what hope means and what the connections between rural and urban Japan might mean.
Introduction
Authors: Wagner Ines
Published: May 2019

The introduction concisely explicates the main points of discussion relevant for the chapters of this book. It shortly analyzes the implications of the de-territorialization of “bounded” national labor markets, sets the scene for how the regulatory framework and is used and its implications for labor market regulations, points to the possibilities for resistance within transnational workspaces, and presents the shifting relationship between the changes in the territorial nation state and its institutional apparatus and among the changes in employment relations in the EU. It shortly outlines the methods and approach.
Atomic Assurance
Authors: Lanoszka Alexander
Published: May 2019

How do alliances curb potential or actual cases of nuclear proliferation, if at all? Many scholars assert that alliances are effective tools for bridling the nuclear ambitions of states and that the United States can especially take credit for suppressing nuclear proliferation among its allies around the world. This book challenges this widely-held view by arguing that alliances can be most useful for preventing potential nuclear proliferation but much less useful for curbing actual nuclear proliferation. Drawing on deep archival research it shows how allied decision-makers often evaluate American security guarantees with reference to in-theater conventional military deployments. It also demonstrates the significant difficulties in mounting alliance coercion in order to extract non-proliferation commitments. The book mainly explores the three cases of supposed alliance non-proliferation success--West Germany, Japan, and South Korea—while examining in lesser detail the case of Great Britain, France, Norway, Australia, and Taiwan.
South Korea, 1968–1980
Authors: Lanoszka Alexander
Published: May 2019

The chapter analyzes South Korea’s aborted efforts to acquire nuclear weapons in the 1970s. It shows that South Korea inferred the strength of its security guarantees on the basis of American forward deployed conventional forces in its region. Yet this chapter also scrutinises the conventional wisdom that the United States successfully applied considerable pressure on South Korea to extract non-proliferation commitments. Although the United States did apply non-military levers of coercion against South Korea, whether the significant use of these levers was definitive in curbing South Korea’s nuclear weapons interest remains unclear.
The Perraults and Versailles
Authors: Rabinovitch Oded
Published: May 2019

Charles’s position in Colbert’s orbit offered the family new ways to act in the social world. This chapter concentrates on the ways the Perraults drew upon their access to Versailles in a variety of contexts, from the dissections of exotic animals in the Academy of Sciences to their literary sociability, as it served as a library of sorts. By tracing how Versailles became an object in the Perraults’ extended network, this chapter suggests a new model for understanding cultural patronage and Versailles’ role in the cultural politics of Louis XIV’s France. Not simply a radiant palace that stunned visitors by its splendor, the court’s reputation grew through appropriations by men of letters, which benefited the Perraults in their Parisian endeavors while they promoted the king’s glory.
Epilogue
Authors: Cameron Sarah
Published: May 2019

The epilogue explores how the Kazakh famine of 1930-33 has been memorialized and remembered in independent Kazakhstan. It shows how the famine has become entangled with broader questions about how Kazakhs should remember the Soviet past, as well as Kazakhstan’s present-day relationship with Russia. The Ukrainian famine has, in turn, come to serve as both model and anti-model for Kazakh activists seeking to remember their own famine. Recent efforts by the Nazarbayev regime to reopen discussion of the Kazakh famine have exposed tensions between the regime’s simultaneous attempt to promote a multi-ethnic civic identity and appeal to an explicitly ethnic vision of Kazakh nationalism.
Planning for Public Mapping
Authors: McDonald Michael P. , Altman Micah
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the process of conducting public mapping advocacy. A popular form of public mapping advocacy is redistricting competitions, which are intended primarily to capture the public's imagination for reform. There are a number of elements to a successful redistricting competition. At the outset, a group needs to create a strategic plan for their competition. A redistricting competition organizer needs to consider what participants will attempt to achieve. Closely related to choosing mapping criteria is how the redistricting plans will be judged. The next decision involves who will be invited to participate in the competition. Another factor to consider is the competition's timeline, which will vary among the states. In addition, a competition needs staff to organize it. Ultimately, all of these activities require funding. A potential funding source is state-based charitable foundations, whose grant-making rules vary.
DistrictBuilder
Authors: McDonald Michael P. , Altman Micah
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on the DistrictBuilder software. The DistrictBuilder application is a cornerstone of the Public Mapping Project, intended to foster greater public participation and transparency in redistricting. It is among the new generation of redistricting applications that are web-based, so people can immediately begin mapping without having to worry about software installation and data management. What distinguishes DistrictBuilder from other redistricting applications is that it is open-source software, which means anyone can obtain the software at no cost. Ultimately, DistrictBuilder empowers humans instead of relying on machines. It does this for two reasons. First, humans often perform better than computers in processing visual information like geographic units awaiting assignment to districts. Second, redistricting plans are proposals for political representation—although made in a technical form. Since there is no universally agreed-upon measure of representation, it is important for the public to be able to express proposals that reflect their conception of what representation means.
Molecular serotyping of clinical strains ofHaemophilus (Glaesserella) parasuisbrings new insights regarding Glässer’s disease outbreaks in Brazil
Authors: Pires Espíndola Julia , Balbinott Natalia , Trevisan Gressler Letícia , Machado Gustavo , Silene Klein Catia , Rebelatto Raquel , Gutiérrez Martín César Bernardo , Kreutz Luiz Carlos , Schryvers Anthony Bernard , Frandoloso Rafael
Published: May 2019

Glässer’s disease (GD) is an important infectious disease of swine caused byHaemophilus (Glaesserella) parasuis. Vaccination with inactivated whole cell vaccines is the major approach for prevention ofH. parasuisinfection worldwide, but the immunity induced is predominantly against the specific polysaccharide capsule. As a consequence, the available vaccines may not induce adequate protection against the field strains, when the capsules present in the vaccine strains are different from those in strains isolated from the farms. Therefore, it is crucial to mapH. parasuisserovars associated with regional outbreaks so that appropriate bacterin vaccines can be developed and distributed for prevention of infection. In this study, 459H. parasuisfield strains isolated from different Glässer’s disease outbreaks that occurred in 10 different Brazilian States were analyzed for serotype using PCR-based approaches. Surprisingly, non-typeable (NT) strains were the second most prevalent group of field strains and along with serovars 4, 5 and 1 comprised more than 70% of the isolates. A PCR-based approach designed to amplify the entire polysaccharide capsule locus revealed 9 different band patterns in the NT strains, and 75% of the NT strains belonged to three clusters, suggesting that a number of new serovars are responsible for a substantial proportion of disease. These results indicate that commercially available vaccines in Brazil do not cover the most prevalentH. parasuisserovars associated with GD.
Serum heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate concentrations in patients with newly diagnosed exfoliative glaucoma
Authors: Maric Vesna D. , Bozic Marija M. , Cirkovic Andja M. , Stankovic Sanja Dj , Marjanovic Ivan S. , Grgurevic Anita D.
Published: May 2019

Background

Exfoliative glaucoma (XFG) is typically classified as a high-pressure type of secondary open-angle glaucoma that develops as a consequence of exfoliation syndrome (XFS). Exfoliation syndrome is an age-related, generalized disorder of the extracellular matrix characterized by production and progressive accumulation of a fibrillar exfoliation material (XFM) in intra- and extraocular tissues. Exfoliation material represents complex glycoprotein/proteoglycan structure composed of a protein core surrounded by glycosaminoglycans such as heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS). The purpose of the present study was to investigate HS and CS concentrations in serum samples of patients with newly diagnosed XFG and compare the obtained values with those pertaining to newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), normal controls (NC) and subjects with XFS.

Methods

This case–control study involved 165 subjects, including patients with newly diagnosed XFG, patients with newly diagnosed POAG, subjects with XFS and age- and sex-matched NC. The study was conducted at the Glaucoma Department of Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, as the referral center for glaucoma in Serbia.

Results

The mean age in the XFG, POAG, XFS and NC groups was 73.3 ± 9.0, 66.3 ± 7.8, 75.5 ± 7.0 and 73.5 ± 9.5 years, respectively, XFG vs. POAG, p < 0.001. Mean serum HS concentrations in the XFG, POAG, NC and XFS groups were 3,189.0 ± 1,473.8 ng/mL, 2,091.5 ± 940.9 ng/mL, 2,543.1 ± 1,397.3 ng/mL and 2,658.2 ± 1,426.8 ng/mL respectively, XFG vs. POAG, p = 0.001 and XFG vs. NC, p = 0.032. Mean serum CS concentrations in the XFG, POAG, NC and XFS group were 43.9 ± 20.7 ng/mL, 38.5 ± 22.0 ng/mL, 35.8 ± 16.4 ng/mL and 43.3 ± 21.8 ng/mL, respectively, XFG vs. NC, p = 0.041.

Conclusions

Our findings revealed greater HS and CS concentrations in XFG patients and XFS subjects compared to those without XFM. Implications of HS and CS in the pathophysiology of XFS and glaucoma should be studied further. Serum is easily accessible and should thus be explored as rich sources of potential biomarkers. Further research should aim to identify XFG biomarkers that could be utilized in routine blood analysis tests, aiding in timely disease diagnosis.
Students' Sexual Orientations, Self-Esteem, and Problems
Authors: Convocar Jeremias , Pios Myrna
Published: May 2019

Creating a safe and supportive learning environment for all students regardless of their sexual orientations is especially important. This descriptive study determined the extent of sexual orientations, level of self-esteem and problems of 664 randomly selected senior college students of a certain state university in the Philippines. The online Epstein Sexual Orientation Inventory (Epstein, McKinney, Fox, & Garcia, 2012), Rosenberg (1989) Self-esteem scale, and Mooney (in Tian & Heppner, 2018) Problem Check Lists were employed in the study. The findings revealed that of 664 college students, 56 % were “straight,” 38 % were “bisexual,” 6 % were “homosexual”; of 300 males, 57 % were “straights”, 33% were “bisexuals”, and 9% were “gays”; of 364 females, 55% were straights, 42% were “bisexuals”, and 4% were “lesbians”. They had “high” self-esteem regardless of their sexual orientations; male-bisexuals had significantly better self-esteem than male-gays. Generally, they need concentration in studying academics and enough rest, worried about how to get a job after graduation and economic condition of their parents, personal financial needs, social leadership qualities, and spiritual assurance. However, gays and lesbians need more freedom and most obsessed with emotional and sexual life. Thus, higher education institutions should provide to all students a wholesome and supportive learning environment responsive to students’ individual needs and well-being regardless of sexual orientations.
Local Government Finance: It's Relationship to the Socio-Economic Development in the Municipalities of Northern Samar, Philippines
Authors: Aducon Ricabeth Anabe
Published: May 2019

Local government units are recognized as viable organs for the performance of local functions; they are challenged to use their limited resources for delivering better services. Hence, the grant of local fiscal autonomy is considered necessary for the effective local government system and to achieve the objective of alleviating the economic conditions of the locality and efficient delivery of essential services to the populace. This paper has examined the financial management skills of local chief executives and the local government finance regarding social services, economic services and socioeconomic development in the twenty-four municipalities of Northern Samar. It also looked into the significant relationship between the financial management skills and local government finance of the local chief executives. Questionnaire and interview guide were used, utilizing a descriptive correlation method of research. The analysis concludes that the local chief executives are much skilled in financial management, have a high level of performance in local government finance in terms of social and economic services while an average level of performance in terms of socioeconomic development, it was also shown that the financial management skills of the local chief executive are related to local government finance.
S
pengler,
O
swald (1880–1936)
Authors: Rojek Chris
Published: May 2019

Spengler's
The Decline of the West
was a cause célèbre when it was published after World War I. The study purported to offer a scientific explanation of the rise and fall of all civilizations. During the belle époque the west fashioned a self‐image of itself as eternal and invincible. World War I exposed this image as complacent. Using resources from history, psychology, economics, politics, and many other disciplines, Spengler presented a rationale for western decline which left no room for human intervention. It was indeed, a
fateful
theory. Despite the survival of the west, the theory has an uncanny habit of returning to the fore during moments of cultural division and conflict. The theory is best understood as the counterimage of the Enlightenment faith in inevitable progress.
Gender Trouble
Authors: Feldman Shelley
Published: May 2019

This entry engages Judith Butler's contribution to troubling gender for what it portends for feminist sociological inquiry. Drawing on her exploration of the social construction of sex and gender, it suggests that despite feminist sociological contributions to understanding gender relations and acknowledging the specificity of women's experience, the field has paid scant attention to Butler's epistemic critique of binary logic. The entry suggests that sociology's embrace of poststructural and postcolonial analyses, cornerstones of Butler's creative insights, might help to inspire critical thinking in the discipline.
M
ontesquieu (1689–1755)
Authors: Hulliung Mark
Published: May 2019

Montesquieu was one of the greatest figures of the Enlightenment, admired not only in France but in Scotland, the United States, and other nations. He aimed to reform the criminal laws, and to repudiate the Spanish Inquisition and the Spanish conquests in the Americas. Applying an analytical method that would now be termed political sociology and comparative analysis, he held that Protestant, commercial, and constitutionalist England represented all the best European possibilities. Catholic, economically regressive, and politically absolutist Spain represented all the worst.
Feminist Ethics
Authors: Haker Hille
Published: May 2019

Feminist ethics has emerged as an approach that contributes to all fields of ethical theory. It offers an epistemology that is sensitive to the categories of sex and gender, elucidating the manifold ethical ramifications for feminist and ethical theory alike. Feminist ethics addresses questions of the moral self, moral emotions, and relations of care, integrating the emotional, affective, and cognitive dimension of human agency; it spells out women's rights as human rights in multiple contexts; it analyzes social values and gender norms that result in practices which morally harm women and discriminate against gender‐nonconforming persons and groups and prevent them from participating as equals in the social life; furthermore, feminist ethics engages in theories of political justice, increasingly addressing matters of global justice.
Geopolitics
Authors: Bachmann Veit
Published: May 2019

Geopolitics is considered both as scholarly and political practice. Both forms look back to a problematic history in the first half of the twentieth century. Strongly framed in geodeterminist and social Darwinist logics, the scholarly practice delivered scientific legitimation for political practices of imperial, colonial, and fascist expansion. Subsequently, geopolitical reasoning attributing state power (projection) to forces of nature and technology has also played a key role in determining Cold War politics. Breaking with these traditions, geopolitics as scholarly practice was heavily influenced by poststructural debates in the 1980s, leading to the emergence of the school of thought of critical geopolitics. In this vein, geopolitics should focus on the deconstruction of systems of knowledge production, hegemonic discourses, and the power relations inscribed within. Geopolitical analysis should inquire how geopolitics as social construction is historically and spatially conditioned, how it is politically and economically framed, how it is locally and internationally embedded, and how it is both materially and representationally constituted. In future, (critical) geopolitical scholarship could benefit from bringing together its critical, reflexive, deconstructive orientation with the ambition to contribute to the resolution of concrete problems, the mitigation of unequal power relations, and the overcoming of systems of exclusion.
Anthrozoology
Authors: York Richard
Published: May 2019

Anthrozoology is an interdisciplinary field that examines all aspects of human interaction with nonhuman animals. A prominent concern in the field is with ethical questions about how humans treat other animals, and how and why ethics vary across societies and change over time. A number of anthrozoologists are interested in the biological and ecological nature of nonhuman animals, how macrostructural human–animal relationships affect socioecological evolution, and in individual‐level interactions between human and other animals. Other scholars focus on how the symbolic meanings of animals are socially constructed and how those meanings are used in discourses about humans, such as around inequalities of race and class.
Norm of Reciprocity
Authors: Chriss James J.
Published: May 2019

Over the course of the development of human society, the mark of civilization has been the readiness of actors to engage in thoughtful contemplation of others with whom they interact. This sociability was not natural to the human species but had to be developed and refined across four stages of social evolution. The norm of reciprocity appears with the “gift,” that is, your bestowal of something of value on a person who did a good turn for you in the past. With the theorized move toward a developing global order, this gift ethos is expected to expand beyond the dyadic, interactional, or small group level, beyond even national boundaries, and into international arenas where ethical reciprocity would take hold even among those not engaged in exchange relations directly. This contemporary idea of a sympathetic taking into account of global others can be traced to key figures in the history of western thought who glimpsed the importance of the norm of reciprocity, including Aristotle, Adam Smith, Lester Ward, and Alvin Gouldner, to name a few.
Sexism
Authors: Garza Melissa K. Ochoa , Feagin Joe R.
Published: May 2019

Although sexism is a recent term, women and girls have been discriminated against for centuries because of their gender, such as in limiting women's educational and occupational access. Sexism is a systemic form of oppression based on ideological beliefs of male superiority that has targeted women and girls to ensure male dominance. Sexism is experienced differently based on factors of race, age, class, ability, sexual orientation, and gender performance. Women are participants in reproducing sexism through the adoption of elements of the male sexist frame, which is pro‐male/pro‐masculinity and antifemale/antifemininity. Sexism is so normalized that people often do not realize they participate in this framing in daily interactions.
Significant Others
Authors: Woelfel Joseph
Published: May 2019

The idea that the self‐concept is formed through interaction with significant others marks a fundamental departure from the Aristotelian notion that all people have the same goals due to their “human nature.” The first empirical evidence for this view came from the Wisconsin group, particularly William Sewell and Archie Haller in the area of status attainment, which showed that the effects of structural variables on attainments were mediated by the expectations of significant others. Generalizations of this research by Joseph Woelfel, Edward L. Fink, and George A. Barnett led to the development of the Galileo model, which can be seen as a mathematical model of Durkheim's collective consciousness and Mead's self‐concept, as well as advances in models of attitude formation and change, social network analysis, and artificial neural networks.
Stratified Reproduction
Authors: Agigian Amy
Published: May 2019

Many feminist social scientists since the 1980s have adopted stratified reproduction as a theoretical framework with which to examine a range of social inequalities. According to this body of scholarship, reproduction is stratified along multiple axes of social status and exclusion; race and ethnicity, class, gender, nation, sexuality, and legal status are the major dimensions across which stratified reproduction has been studied. Reproduction is understood expansively to include biomedical, family, and sociopolitical concerns; stratification identifies the ways people are ranked in societies, from high to low status, and the profound impact these rankings have in people's lives. Stratified reproduction combines these terms to explore how some people's reproduction is encouraged and rewarded while that of others is stigmatized and punished. This differential encouragement of biological reproduction is intertwined with inequalities in the capacity to care for children. Stratified reproduction emphasizes the political and cultural forces shaping migratory caregiving, the care deficits left behind in regions vacated in the global south when caregivers depart for wealthy countries' households, and the ways that paid caregiving reinscribes patriarchal power in high‐earning, two‐career households. Like reproductive justice, stratified reproduction extends social justice critiques to diverse spheres of seemingly unrelated biological and social reproduction
Time
Authors: Adam Barbara
Published: May 2019

Time is discussed as a framework within which social interactions take place, a structure for synchronization and a resource for planning activities and projects. The centrality of time for cultural development is argued to be rooted in the relationship to finitude, change, and the rhythmicity of nature. Calendars facilitated social structuring, synchronization, and regulation, clock time the commodification and compression of time. With networked information and communication technologies, global simultaneity and instantaneity have displaced duration and distance and clock time is losing some of its all‐embracing relevance. Each of these technologies has changed the meaning of time, its cultural significance and, as such, impacted on social organization.
Transgression
Authors: Langman Lauren
Published: May 2019

Every society has a dominant set of values and norms regarding appropriate beliefs and practices that attempt to (1) regulate behavior to make social life possible, and (2) provide a meaning for life. At the same time, as Durkheim showed, societies also foster a variety of pressures toward deviance, the transgression of accepted norms and values, which generally has two consequences. First, the punishment of transgressive behavior, whether public execution or private punishment, serves to celebrate the norm and reinforce social solidarity yet at the same time, transgressions often lead to social change. At one time it was quite rare and indeed transgressive for women to pursue professions such as law, politics, medicine, or the academic life. Today half of these positions now go to women. The understanding of society requires understanding its values, norms, and their practices, and the forces that typically maintain conformity as well as the forces for transgression and deviance that in turn foster social change.
Values: Global
Authors: Sekulic Dusko
Published: May 2019

Social values are relatively abstract and generalized standards or principles of what the individuals in a society consider good and desirable. Equality, justice, and freedom are examples of such values. They are the basis for creating evaluative criteria for judging concrete social behavior as good or bad, desirable or despicable, acceptable or unacceptable. Values are the source of concrete prescription for behavior in practical situations of everyday life. Where the general value is equality, the norms of teacher impartiality or the presumption of innocence in courts are concrete norms derived from the abstract value.
Sustainable Separators for High‐Performance Lithium Ion Batteries Enabled by Chemical Modifications
Authors: Zhang Tian‐Wen , Chen Jia‐Lu , Tian Te , Shen Bao , Peng Yan‐De , Song Yong‐Hui , Jiang Bin , Lu Lei‐Lei , Yao Hong‐Bin , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: May 2019

Natural polymer nanofibers are attractive sustainable raw materials to fabricate separators for high‐performance lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Unfortunately, complicated pore‐forming processes, low ionic conductivity, and relatively low mechanical strength of previously reported natural polymer nanofiber‐based separators severely limit their performances and applications. Here, a chemical modification strategy to endow high performance to natural polymer nanofiber‐based separators is demonstrated by grafting cyanoethyl groups on the surface of chitin nanofibers. The fabricated cyanoethyl‐chitin nanofiber (CCN) separators not only exhibit much higher ionic conductivity but also retain excellent mechanical strength in comparison to unmodified chitin nanofiber separators. Through density function theory calculations, the mechanism of high Li+ ion transport in the CCN separator is unraveled as weakening of the binding of Li+ ions over that of PF6− ions with chitin, via the cyanoethyl modification. The LiFePO4/Li4Ti5O12 full cells using CCN separators show much better rate capability and enhanced capacity retention compared to the cell using commercial polypropylene (PP) separators. Beyond this, the CCN separator can work very well even at an elevated temperature of 120 °C in the LiFePO4/Li cell. The proposed strategy chemical modification of natural polymer nanofibers will open a new avenue to fabricate sustainable separators for LIBs with superior performance.
Graphdiyne and its Assembly Architectures: Synthesis, Functionalization, and Applications
Authors: Yu Huidi , Xue Yurui , Li Yuliang
Published: May 2019

Graphdiyne (GDY), a novel one‐atom‐thick carbon allotrope that features assembled layers of sp‐ and sp2‐hybridized carbon atoms, has attracted great interest from both science and industry due to its unique and fascinating structural, physical, and chemical properties. GDY‐based materials with different morphologies, such as nanowires, nanotube arrays, nanosheets, and ordered stripe arrays, have been applied in various areas such as catalysis, solar cells, energy storage, and optoelectronic devices. After an introduction to the fundamental properties of GDY, recent advances in the fabrication of GDY‐based nanostructures and their applications, and corresponding mechanisms, are covered, and future critical perspectives are also discussed.