bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transferred-Arc Cleaning of Tungsten
Authors: Hollis K.J. , Castro R.G. , Bartram B.D.
Published: July 2021

Transferred-arc cleaning is being investigated as a solvent-free cleaning method for various metallic substrates. With the recent increase in attention given the hazards involved in the storage, use and disposal of organic solvents, cleaning methods which promise comparable cleaning effectiveness with reduced hazards are being sought. Transferred-arc cleaning of tungsten substrates has been studied to identify the effect of processing conditions on cleaning and roughening characteristics. A Box-Behnken response surface designed experiment varying the chamber pressure, substrate standoff distance and plasma torch arc current while observing the transferred-arc voltage, current, surface cleanliness and surface roughness was performed. The results of the analysis show the effect of the various independent variables on the measured responses. Particular difficulties in roughening tungsten are due to its exceptionally high arc voltage for metal arc attachment. The results presented here provide an enhanced understanding of the arcing properties of various cathode materials. Such information is useful in obtaining the desired cleaning and/or roughening of the substrate.
Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Arc Sprayed Stainless Steel Coatings
Authors: Tajiri T. , Zeng Z.
Published: July 2021

The microstructure of arc sprayed stainless steel 316L coatings appears mainly in bright white matrix, deteriorated layers (grey), and black pores under optical microscopy. The black pores and the chromium-depleted areas in the deteriorated layers are known as the factors for decreasing the ability of protecting substrate under corrosive environments. Results of experiments in this paper suggests, in the condition of this study besides the factors mentioned above, Fe-Cr oxides should be another factor of dominating the corrosion resistance in the coatings. It also describes that the quantity and the distributions of such oxides are great influence on the corrosion behaviors. In this study, two kinds of coatings were used, one with thick deteriorated layers and another with thin deteriorated layers, which were sprayed on mild steel substrate by air atomization and nitrogen atomization respectively. Salt spray test and salt-water dip test were carried out to investigate corrosion behavior in macro and micro view. An effect of sealing treatment on the performance of the coatings was also examined. Results of metallographic examination and image processing analysis are well supported by a detailed investigation of corrosion behaviors of individual phases.
Arc Sprayed Coatings of Ferroalloy-Base Flux-Cored Wires
Authors: Borisova A.L. , Mitz I.V. , Kleyman A.
Published: July 2021

This paper presents the results an experimental study on ferroalloy-base flux-cored wire coatings. The work conducted shows that it is possible to improve the structure and properties of coatings by adding aluminum to the ferrochromium powder charge and rare-earth elements and calcium to ferroboron. This reduces the oxygen content and porosity of coatings by a factor of 1.5-2. It also reduces residual tensile stresses in outer coating layers and improves coating-substrate adhesion strength as well as abrasive wear resistance.
New Arc Wire Approvals for Aircraft Power Plant Overhaul
Authors: Sampson E.R. , Sahoo P.
Published: July 2021

Arc spray systems are increasingly used in the overhaul of aircraft engine components and auxiliary power units. The increasing use of arc spray over plasma for metallic coatings has created a demand for new wire approvals. The chemistry is already established as a powder and it is a matter of conversion to a wire and the arc spray process. The increasing popularity of the arc spray process is due to its superior bond strength and microstructure that exceed those of plasma. In one case, there is a two and one-half percent porosity requirement for the arc spray and up to 15% is allowed for plasma. This density approaches HVOF quality requirements. This paper will discuss some historical background of the process, what is approved and then move on to the new materials that are submitted for approval. Microstructures and bond strengths will be presented and some information about a proprietary method to solve a coating problem in the aircraft overhaul industry of long standing. The paper will also discuss new advances in arc spray systems and materials, which makes these systems amenable to replacing plasma sprayed coatings.
Influence of Substrate Preheating Monitoring on Alumina Splat Formation in DC Plasma Process
Authors: Pech J. , Hannoyer B. , Denoirjean A. , Fauchais P.
Published: July 2021

This paper is devoted to the study of alumina splats formation and the adhesion/cohesion of alumina coatings on oxidized 1040 steel substrates. When preheating with the plasma torch, a duplex oxide layer is formed with an upper hematite and an under magnetite. Measurements have been performed on oxide layers with 470 nm average thickness corresponding to preheating times of about 10 min. In these conditions, the relative thickness of each sub-layer can be controlled by monitoring the heating rate and the preheating temperature. When the hematite upper layer is thick, it is mostly broken by the droplet impact and correspondingly the resulting coating has a poor adhesion (≈ 34 MPa) the rupture occurring within the oxide layer. When the hematite upper layer is thin, the droplet impact breaks only partly the oxide layers and the rupture of the coating occurs both within the oxide layer and the substrate surface (≈ 40 MPa).
Splats and Coatings of Stainless Steel Particles Coated with an Alumina Shell
Authors: Ageorges H. , Fauchais P.
Published: July 2021

The effect of an alumina shell on stainless steel particles used in plasma spraying has been studied. The mean size of the injected particles is about 65 nm and the thickness of the alumina shell is 3 µm. The composite powder is plasma sprayed using a PTF4 type plasma gun with an internal injection 3 mm upstream of the nozzle exit. The results show that without preheating the substrate splats are extensively fingered and become circular when the substrate surface is preheated over 200°C. EDS analysis of the distribution of the various elements shows that the alumina either uniformly covers the stainless steel splat or is distributed in pieces over the surface. This behavior has been explained by collecting particles in flight and analyzing them. A composite stainless steel/alumina coating sprayed on a rough stainless steel substrate preheated to 400°C has been examined and compared with a pure stainless steel coating. Both hardness and cohesion are improved for the alumina coated particles due to the random distribution of alumina within the steel matrix.
Effect of Melting State of Spray Particles on the Adhesive Strength of HVOF Nickel-Based Alloy Coatings
Authors: Li C.-J. , Wang Y-Y. , Ohmori A.
Published: July 2021

NiCrBSi and Ni-50Cr coatings are deposited using High Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) spray process under different spray parameters with two powders of different sizes to clarify the influence of melting state of spray particles on the adhesive strength of the coating. The adhesive strength of coating is estimated according to ASTM C633-79. The melting state of spray droplet is examined from the coating microstructure. It is found that the melting state of spray particles has significant effect on the adhesive strength of HVOF sprayed Ni-based coatings. The significant melting of spray particle does not contribute to the increase in the adhesion of HVOF metallic coatings. On the other hand, the deposition of partially melted large particle contributes to the substantial improvement of adhesive strength of HVOF coating. The subsequent coating presents a dense microstructure and yields an adhesive strength of over 76 MPa, which is doubled compared to the coating deposited with completely molten particles.
Fabrication of SiC Fibre Reinforced MoSi2 Based Composites by Low Pressure Plasm a Spraying
Authors: Baik K.H. , Grant P.S. , Bhatti A.R. , Shatwell R.A.
Published: July 2021

SiC fibre reinforced SiAlON-MoSi2 composites have been manufactured by concurrent fibre winding and low pressure plasma spraying (LPPS), producing multi-layer, circumferentially fibre-reinforced composite rings. LPPS parameters for the powder used were optimised by a two-level experimental design method followed by additional tuning, achieving smooth sprayed surfaces with low matrix porosity and good deposition efficiency. The microstructure of the SiAlON-MoSi2 matrix consisted of a lamellar structure and uniformly distributed SiAlON splats throughout the MoSi2 matrix. The spray/wind composites exhibited 2% porosity and well controlled fibre distribution. Matrix cracking occurred after heat treatment at 1500°C and was attributed to the development of large tensile residual stresses during cooling due to CTE mismatch. Increasing the SiAlON to MoSi2 ratio in the composite solved the problem. Simulations based on residual stresses showed that the maximum permissible fibre volume fraction to avoid matrix cracking was 0.06 for SiC/MoSi2 and 0.23 for SiC/SiAlON(40v/o)-MoSi2.
Improved Wear Performance by the Incorporation of Solid Lubricants During Thermal Spraying
Authors: Marple B.R. , Voyer J.
Published: July 2021

For components that are required to function in sliding or rubbing contact with other parts, degradation often occurs through wear due to friction between the two contacting surfaces. Depending on the nature of the materials being used, the addition of water as a lubricant may introduce corrosion and accelerate the degradation process. To improve the performance and increase the life of these components, coatings may be applied to the regions subject to the greatest wear. These coatings may be engineered to provide internal pockets of solid lubricant in order to improve the tribological performance. In the present study, coatings containing a solid lubricant were produced by thermal spraying feedstock powders consisting of a blend of tungsten carbide-metal and a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer-based material. The volume content of this Teflon-based material in the feedstock ranged from 3.5 to 36%. These feedstocks were deposited using a high velocity oxy-fuel system to produce coatings having a level of porosity below 2%. Sliding wear tests in which coated rotors were tested in contact with stationary carbon-graphite disks identified an optimum level of Teflon-based material in the feedstock formulation required to produce coatings exhibiting minimum wear. This optimum level was in the range of 7-17% by volume and depended on the composition of the cermet constituent. Reductions in mass loss for the couples on the order of 50% (an improvement in performance by a factor of approximately two) were obtained for the best-performing compositions, as compared to couples m which the coating contained no solid lubricant.
Novel Concept for Totally Integrated Automation (TIA) Using Siemens Bus System and WinCC Online Control
Authors: Frederking T. , Gadow R.
Published: July 2021

Total quality management requires definite process control as well as online diagnostics, if applied in industrial surface refinement by thermal spraying. A concept for integrated online diagnostics for the high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) flame spray process is presented using Siemens S7-300 programmable logic controller and PC-based Siemens WinCC (Windows Control Center) visualization software. The standard functionality of the WinCC programming environment can be extended by C-scripts. The integrated database allows to protocol the relevant process parameters periodically for total quality assurance. Also particle flux imaging software tools can be implemented to adjust online process parameters and for process diagnostic purposes. The Siemens bus system hierarchy thereby provides high speed communication skills for field bus level data exchange and for supervising system components, e.g. CCD-cameras. The interconnection between S7-300 PLC, 6-axis-robot and a novel WinCC software tool enables definite automatic changes of recipes during the coating process to generate functionally graded coatings.
Development of Tailored Metallographic Preparation Techniques for Thermally Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Kharlanova E. , Lafrenière S. , Kim G.E. , Brzezinski T.A.
Published: July 2021

In order to properly characterize the entire deposition process, evaluation of the coating, including a reliable metallographic preparation technique which reveals the true microstructure, must be performed. Often, recommended metallographic sample preparation methods for thermally sprayed coatings are generic and are not tailored to specific materials. They are time-consuming and, in some cases, may provide inaccurate details (pull-outs, smearing, etc). This could lead to a wrong interpretation of the coating quality. The aim of the investigation was to develop new metallographic sample preparation procedures tailored to different types of coatings (metallic, ceramic, multilayer and composites), in order to reveal a more representative microstructure. A comparative study of different preparation procedures for the examination of various as-sprayed coatings is presented using an optical microscope. The coatings were deposited by atmospheric and vacuum plasma spray (APS and VPS) and high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) processes. A separate approach is recommended for choosing the right metallographic preparation procedure for ceramic, metallic, or composite coatings. Applied load and positioning of the mounted sample during preparation are identified as key factors in developing proper procedures. The microhardness of the coating must be considered when determining the applied load. Interesting practical trends in preparation procedures that may lead to superior coating representation and, in some instances, cost and time savings are presented.
Development of Highly Wear Resistant Coatings for Deflector Blades in Paper Industry
Authors: Fritsch A. , Gadow R. , Killinger A.
Published: July 2021

In the sieve section of a paper producing machine, where the formation of paper occurs, a polyethylene sieve is guided over a set of ceramic blades to remove the water in the paper slurry. These sieves are running with velocities of 70 km/h and more. The high velocities lead to defects in the tissue structure of the sieve as well as on the blades. Moreover the presence of high abrasive particles like kaolin and carbonates in the paper slurry as well as its corrosive characteristics enforce the material wear. Present solutions include bulk ceramic blades but they cause defects on the sieves and they are quite expensive. New solutions are desired where these bulk ceramic blades can be replaced by intelligent coating systems that on one hand exhibit an extraordinarily high wear resistance but can minimize the wear of the PE sieve on the other hand. The presentation gives first results obtained by different types of ceramic and cermetic coating systems manufactured by thermal spray technology.
Relation Between Thermal Expansion Coefficient and Porosity in Thick Zircon and Alumina Coatings
Authors: Rohan P. , Chraska P. , Ctibor P. , Neufuss K.
Published: July 2021

For utilization of free-standing ceramic parts produced by plasma spraying it is very important to know the temperature dependence of the linear thermal expansion coefficient and its relation to the porosity of the structure. Zircon ZrSiO4 and gray alumina (96 wt % AI2O3) were plasma sprayed by the water stabilized plasma gun WSP PAL 160. Samples of both materials were cut from thick coatings with respect to their orientation to the gun axis during the gun's horizontal spraying cycling with a constant speed. Thermal expansion coefficients and the differential thermal analysis were performed using SETARAM complex measuring system (up to 1750 °C), the density/porosity was measured by several techniques, such as Archimedean weighing, helium pycnometry, etc. It was found that both, the porosity and the thermal expansion coefficient, change for different locations in the thick deposit due to the varying trajectories of individual particles/droplets in the plasma stream. Measured data for deposits are then compared with data for bulk ceramics. The dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient on porosity in a given location was determined and its general applicability for free-standing plasma spraying is then discussed in the paper.
Sliding Wear Behavior as a Criterion for Replacement of Chromium Electroplate by Tungsten Carbide (WC) Thermal Spray Coatings in Aircraft Applications
Authors: Savarimuthu A.C. , Megat I. , Taber H.F. , Shadley J.R. , Rybicki E.F. , Emery W.A. , Nuse J.D. , Somerville D.A.
Published: July 2021

Tungsten Carbide (WC) thermal spray coatings have had increased acceptance in commercial aircraft applications driven by the desire to replace chromium electroplate due to environmental and economic considerations [1]. In order to confidently replace chromium electroplate by WC thermal spray coatings, evaluation of wear and fatigue characteristics of the WC thermal spray coatings is necessary. For WC thermal spray coatings to replace chromium electroplate in aircraft applications, the coatings must demonstrate wear and fatigue characteristics as good as or better than those of chrome plating. Previous research in this area has shown that the fatigue life of the WC thermal spray coatings can be improved by inducing compressive stresses in the coating. This paper compares the wear characteristics of several types of WC thermal spray coatings with those of chromium electroplate in sliding wear tests following the "block-on-ring" procedures described in ASTM G77 standard. Wear results are interpreted in terms of coating residual stresses and in terms of X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis.
PTA Reclamation of Cast Iron Substrates Using Tape Casting Process—The Role of the Organic Binder Concentration
Authors: Leylavergne M. , Chartier T. , Grimaud A. , Fauchais P.
Published: July 2021

Plasma transferred arc (PTA) is now currently used for reclamation of worn materials or to provide wear or corrosion resistant coatings welded to the base material. Instead of injecting the powder in the molten pool created at the coated surface, another way to coat substrate surface before the PTA treatment has been studied. As the powder can not be simply deposited on the substrate surface because of the plasma flow which would blow it off before melting it, a tape casting process was used to obtain an adherent powder layer on the material surface. Its cohesion and adhesion to the substrate are due to the organic binder contained in the tape to form organic bridges between particles. In this paper, the electrical properties of NiCu (70/30) tapes deposited on cast iron substrates were first studied. It has been shown that the binder led to a low electrical conductivity of the layer. PTA treatment of the casted tapes has been carried out by starting the electrical arc on the metallic cast iron substrates. The process control by CCD camera allowed to observe that the NiCu particles fell in the melting pool created at the substrate surface. The study of the obtained alloy compositions has shown the drastic influence of the initial binder concentration in the tape. Moreover, before being treated by PTA, some NiCu tapes were heated in a furnace at 1100°C for 4 hours to remove the organic binder and sinter the layer. The coatings thus produced, which were characterized by a low electrical resistivity and a good adhesion to the substrate, were then treated by PTA. The surfacing alloy properties were compared to those obtained without heat treatment.
Thermal-Spray Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Phase Changes During Annealing
Authors: Ilavsky J. , Wallace J. , Stalick J.K.
Published: July 2021

Phase stability of the thermal barrier deposits made from yttria-partially-stabilized zirconia (Y-PSZ) is a requirement for extended service lifetime. The response of Y-PSZ plasma-sprayed deposits to annealing at 1000 °C, 1200 °C, and 1400 °C with times from 1 to 1000 hours has been evaluated using Rietveld analysis of neutron diffraction data. Results show that yttria concentration of the as-sprayed tetragonal zirconia component generally decreased with increasing annealing temperature and time. As the yttria content in the tetragonal phase approached a limiting concentration, the tetragonal phase transformed into monoclinic phase on cooling. An increase in monoclinic phase content was clearly observable after annealing 24 hours at 1400 °C and was nearly 35 % after 100 hours at 1400 °C. A similar trend was observed at 1200 °C for longer annealing times, with monoclinic phase formation beginning after 400 hours. At 1000 °C experimental times were not sufficient for monoclinic phase to form although a decrease in the yttria concentration in the tetragonal phase was observed. Keywords: neutron scattering, yttria-stabilized zirconia, phase composition, Rietveld analysis
Characterization of Mechanical Properties of TBCs via a Taguchi Experimental Design
Authors: Kucuk A. , Berndt C.C. , Senturk U. , Lima R.S.
Published: July 2021

Experimental designs have been used by the thermal spray community to improve and optimize spray parameters to produce coatings with desired properties. The influence of four spray parameters including top and bond coat thicknesses, substrate temperature, and spray distance on the mechanical properties of plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings has been examined. Two experimental matrices; (i) a four by nine according to a Taguchi experimental design, and (ii) a four by seventeen according to a full factorial design of the experiment, were developed. Six samples from each group were tested using a four point bend arrangement. Yield strength and elastic modulus were calculated from the four point bend test. A multi-linear regression analysis on yield strength and elastic modulus values from each experimental matrix was carried out to determine the influence of each spray parameter on these properties. The multi-linear regression analysis results for these two experimental matrixes are compared.
Extension of Life of Thermal Barrier Sprayed Coatings by Incorporating MoSi2
Authors: Sonoya K. , Tobe S.
Published: July 2021

Trends of turbine blades of advanced aircraft gas turbine engines are to increase output power of the engines, to increase engine efficiency, and to reduce environmental emission, and thus, higher operating temperatures of the engines are required. One of the technologies for increasing the operating temperature is a thermal barrier splayed coating. A research paper claims that molybdenum silicide in a splayed coating has a self-healing capability for cracks formed in the coating by embedding the cracks with silicon dioxide formed from molybdenum silicide at high temperatures. This article discusses the methods for the extension of life of thermal barrier sprayed coatings by incorporating molybdenum silicide. It discusses monitoring method for detecting cracking conditions in heating and cooling cycles by signals of acoustic emission. A possibility of estimating fatigue life by utilizing an X-ray method for measuring residual stress is also considered.
Influence of Starting Powder Properties on Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Malléner W. , Rauwald K.-H. , Vaßen R.
Published: July 2021

With a view to the development of thermal barrier coatings on turbine blades, such coatings were developed on the basis of Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 and optimized with respect to their reproducibility. Particular attention was given to the spray efficiency and, in particular, the coating porosity. The porosity was measured by Hg porosimetry, which proved to be a reliable method of characterization. The plasma gas flows play an important role for a high reproducibility of the coating properties. High reproducibility of the porosity and spray efficiency was achieved for low argon flows, for which the influences of all the other parameters, such as electric arc current, meandering and sample cooling during plasma spraying or the cathode operating time of the burner, were of minor relevance for the coating properties. The spray efficiency is clearly influenced by the given powder rate and the carrier gas flow for the type of burner used. The change of the grain fraction in the plasma jet was examined for two different powders. Finally, thermal cycling tests were carried out and evaluated for pre-optimized thermal barrier coating samples.
The Isothermal Oxidation Behaviors of APS NiCrAlY Bond Coatings
Authors: Choi H.S. , Moon J.Y. , Lee C.H.
Published: July 2021

The isothermal oxidation behaviors of plasma sprayed NiCrAlY bond coatings were evaluated. Two unique microstructures, characterized by oxide stringers and improperly flattened zones can be observed in the APS bond coatings. Structure and chemical composition of the oxide stringers were examined by TEM and EDS. Improperly flattened zones had a high density of open porosities. These features affected the oxidation behaviors at both transient and steady state stages. Under transient oxidation, NiO, Cr2O3, and α-Al2O3 were present together on the surface. Oxide stringers and improperly flattened zones had an especially high density of NiO and Cr2O3, which implied that these regions had inherently lower contents of Al. During steady state oxidation, continuous α-Al2O3 reduced the diffusion rate of oxygen and, in turn, the rate of isothermal oxidation. Over longer oxidation times, the depletion of Al led to the formation of NiAl2O4 and Cr2O3 layers along with hemispherical protrusions.
An ASM Recommended Practice for Evaluation of Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio of Thermal Spray Coatings Bonded to a Substrate
Authors: Shadley J.R. , Rybicki E.F. , Xiong Y. , McGrann R.T.R. , Savarimuthu A.C.
Published: July 2021

In situ values of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for thermal spray coatings are needed to evaluate properties and characteristics of thermal spray coatings such as residual stresses, in-service stresses, bond strength, fracture toughness, and fatigue crack growth rates. It is important to have methods documented in detail so that people can follow the document and use the methods. Such a document requires more pages than are allowed in conference proceeding and journal papers. Thus, Recommended Practices and Standards describing these methods are needed. Currently, there is not a recommended practice or standard for evaluating Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for thermal spray coatings. The ASM International Thermal Spray Society has recognized this need and formed a committee on Recommended Practices for Thermal Spray Coatings. This paper describes one of the recommended practices being written by the Mechanical Properties Evaluation Subcommittee of the Recommended Practices Committee. The specimen is a coated substrate in the form of a cantilever beam. The method is easy to use and inexpensive. The equipment needed is a vise or clamping fixture, strain gages, a strain indicator, a micrometer, a ruler, a hanger, and a set of weights. The specimen is easy to machine and spray. The loading is easy to apply and remains constant during readings. The method can be used to evaluate Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio in tension or compression. A description of the method, a verification, and a sensitivity analysis was done and published in Reference [1]. Some of the details of implementing the method and the data sheet are presented here.
Advanced Thermal Spray Coatings for Fatigue Sensitive Applications
Authors: Quets J.
Published: July 2021

Wear resistant thermal spray coatings are hard but brittle, making them useless for applications sensitive to metal fatigue. New coatings have been developed, however, that resist crack formation under load as well corrosion and wear. This study compares the properties and behaviors of many of these coatings along with chrome plating using standard test methods.
Development of Machine Element OEM and Repair Specifications
Authors: Sampson E.R. , Sulit R.
Published: July 2021

MIL-STD-1687 (SH) has been in use for many years as one of the specifications that the United States Military performs thermal spray operations at overhaul facilities. The U.S. NAVY has asked AWS (American Welding Society) to develop an ANSI/AWS national standard to replace it and then provide long range maintenance of the new specification when necessary. This paper discusses both the procedure used to develop this standard and the content of the specification. Particular attention will be paid to the quality controls, training of operators and use of other specifications to accomplish compliance with this specification. The approval process for this document will be discussed with a probable time line including a plan to publicize and smoothly replace the MIL-STD-1687 (SH) specification. The further integration and use of it globally will be discussed and recommendations presented. The new standard will be in harmony with the ISO thermal spray standards program.
Characterization of Thermal Sprayed Coatings with Lock-In Thermography
Authors: Wielage B. , Hofmann U.
Published: July 2021

Lock-in thermography is a nondestructive inspection method based on modulated heat transport in combination with infrared imaging. Measurement times are relatively short, about 3 or 4 minutes, and the method is amenable to inspecting a wide range of large and small parts. This paper describes the basic principle behind the method and its application to different thermal sprayed coatings (e.g., Cr-steel, Al2O3). It explains how the test samples were prepared with artificial defects simulating delaminations, inclusions, and other types of imperfections and how the method performed in each case.
On-Line Control of Particle Spray Jet and Residual Stresses in Plasma Sprays
Authors: Renault T. , Vardelle M. , Grimaud A. , Fauchais P. , Hoffman H.
Published: July 2021

The quality of plasma sprayed coatings depends strongly on substrate surface preparation, especially roughness, grit residue, and oxidation stage; particle spray jet position and size relative to the plasma jet; impacting particle distribution; particle velocity, temperature, and size prior to impact; substrate temperature; and pass thickness. A simple and low-cost spray and deposit control system developed in our laboratory allows to monitor on-line the position, shape, and centroid of the hot particle spray jet. Such a tool has proved to be very sensitive to any drift in powder injection conditions and torch input parameters. Although it gives no direct information on particle velocity and temperature, this system can be easily implemented in an industrial environment and help to maintain constant the particle parameters during spraying. A CCD camera is used in conjunction with a pyrometer making it possible to measure simultaneously substrate temperature. The system can monitor coating parameters such as deposition efficiency and residual stresses. This paper describes how the system can be used to set the tolerance range of process input parameters to obtain coating parameters within given specifications.
STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Kavtidze E.
Published: July 2021

The article examines changes in corporate governance at the turn of the millennium. According to the author, these shifts are undoubted of a strategic nature, and their reasons are the globalization of the market and sectoral structure, the optimization of the workforce at enterprises, the orientation of the owners towards high incomes, rapid and constant organizational and technological changes. The author believes that the changes will affect not only the business as a whole but also the organization of work of personnel in individual corporations.
NOTARY SUPPORT EVIDENCE ON THE INTERNET
Authors: Konoplyannikova T. , Shagivaleeva I.
Published: July 2021

This article is devoted to the issues of notarial provision of evidence on the Internet. The author notes that in view of the active digitalization process, it is important to provide evidence of the Internet. The article analyzes the types of violations in which evidence is provided on the Internet, and also examines the procedure for such provision.
HIDING CRITICAL INFORMATION WHEN TRAINING LANGUAGE MODELS
Authors: Evtushenko A.
Published: July 2021

Machine learning language models are combinations of algorithms and neural networks designed for text processing composed in natural language (Natural Language Processing, NLP). 

In 2020, the largest language model from the artificial intelligence research company OpenAI, GPT-3, was released, the maximum number of parameters of which reaches 175 billion. The parameterization of the model increased by more than 100 times made it possible to improve the quality of generated texts to a level that is hard to distinguish from human-written texts. It is noteworthy that this model was trained on a training dataset mainly collected from open sources on the Internet, the volume of which is estimated at 570 GB. 

This article discusses the problem of memorizing critical information, in particular, personal data of individual, at the stage of training large language models (GPT-2/3 and derivatives), and also describes an algorithmic approach to solving this problem, which consists in additional preprocessing training dataset and refinement of the model inference in the context of generating pseudo-personal data and embedding into the results of work on the tasks of summarization, text generation, formation of answers to questions and others from the field of seq2seq.
MODERNISATION METHODS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
Authors: Akbarova E. , Rakhmatullin I.
Published: July 2021

Today, one of the most widespread processes in modern oil refining is the production and purification of hydrogen, which is used in the production of ammonia, methanol, and plastics. Without it, the production of high-quality motor fuels is impossible, since this gas is involved in the hydrogenation process (hydrotreating) [1].

Currently, at oil refineries and petrochemical plants, hydrogen is obtained in two ways: from natural gas by steam reforming into a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (synthesis gas), in a catalytic reforming unit, where a mixture of hydrogen and light hydrocarbon gases (hydrogen-containing gas) is released. Most modern oil refineries have a hydrogen production unit, its widespread use in industry is explained by its chemical activity, ease of production and high exothermicity of the process [2].
PRIMARY MORBIDITY OF CHILDREN IN THE SOUTHERN ZONE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN-MAIN TRENDS
Authors: Rafikova Yu. , Semyonova I.
Published: July 2021

The analysis of the primary morbidity of children aged 0-14 years in the Southern zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan over the past 20 years has been carried out, and the main trends in the development/reduction of morbidity over the study period have been identified. analysis of data on the first-time morbidity of children aged 0-14 years over a long period of time revealed trends in the deterioration of children's health in the Khaibulli district, Sibay, Beloretsk, Uchalinsky and Burzyansky districts.The analysis of the primary morbidity of children aged 0-14 years in the Southern zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan over the past 20 years has been carried out, and the main trends in the development/reduction of morbidity over the study period have been identified. analysis of data on the first-time morbidity of children aged 0-14 years over a long period of time revealed trends in the deterioration of children's health in the Khaibulli district, Sibay, Beloretsk, Uchalinsky and Burzyansky districts.The analysis of the primary morbidity of children aged 0-14 years in the Southern zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan over the past 20 years has been carried out, and the main trends in the development/reduction of morbidity over the study period have been identified. analysis of data on the first-time morbidity of children aged 0-14 years over a long period of time revealed trends in the deterioration of children's health in the Khaibulli district, Sibay, Beloretsk, Uchalinsky and Burzyansky districts.
EMPLOYEE HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM USING SMART INSOLES
Authors: Tetin I. , Antonenko E. , Epishev V.
Published: July 2021

The article describes an application of an employee health monitoring system that consists of insoles with built-in sensors and a smartphone app. The system controls employees’ static and dynamic load in a vertical position using built-in gyroscopes and accelerometers. It calculates the pressure force and time spent in static and dynamic positions and provides recommendations for changing the posture to reduce the risk of spine, and joint deceases. It is shown that the presented complex increases the safety and productivity of labor and reduces the risks of industrial injuries. Moreover, the employer gets the opportunity to evaluate the working day general pattern, analyze the time spent in a static and dynamic position, track and check worker’s location in complex environments.
SPEECH FUNCTIONS OF ADVERBS IN THE MEDIA DISCOURSE
Authors: Kalugina T. , Umerova E.
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the description of the functioning of adverbs in the journalistic style. The main speech technique of using adverbs, according to the author, is the accentuation of the expressed meanings, which is achieved by various means: language play, parceling, antithesis, incomplete sentences.
mHEALTH FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF INDIAN RURAL POPULACE; URGENT NEED TO MAINSTREAM MHEALTH WITH THE EMERGENCE OF COVID-19
Authors: Venkataraghavan Manjula , Rani Padma , Ashok Lena , K Padmakumar
Published: July 2021

mHealth now, more than ever, need to be integrated with existing health systems to further contactless healthcare and health delivery solutions. Studies have reported that mHealth can ensure enhanced health outcomes, ample patient care and offer quality support for professional health workers. Several studies have examined the potential of mHealth from various stakeholder perspectives. However, a serious dearth of studies exists that examine the advantages and challenges of using this technology from mHealth users‘ perspective especially in the rural context. This study examines the use of mobile phones for health-related purposes from the perspective of rural people belonging to the South Indian state of Karnataka. The focus is on their use of mobile phone to seek medical assistance, health information and services. The study also seeks to understand the barriers and challenges faced by the rural folk in accessing health related services, information and assistance through mobile phones. A qualitative research approach using in-depth interviews as data collection tool, was applied. Mobile phones are reported as useful by the rural mobile phone users for receiving health-related messages as well as for accessing help during emergency health conditions. However, to enable equity of use of this technology in the rural scenario and also for the government to use this technology for providing responses during public health emergencies such as COVID-19, challenges such as the existing mobile phone infrastructure, digital illiteracy and perceived health concerns of mobile phone use among rural folk need to be addressed.
Prawno-organizacyjne ramy wychowania przedszkolnego w Polsce
Authors: Kurzyna-Chmiel Danuta
Published: July 2021

W artykule zostały przedstawione prawno-organizacyjne ramy wychowania przedszkolnego w naszym kraju. Wychowanie to należy uznać za ważny etap w rozwoju dziecka. W celu realizacji postulatu szerszej jego dostępności stworzono możliwość zakładania nie tylko przedszkoli publicznych, ale też przedszkoli niepublicznych, innych form wychowania przedszkolnego i oddziałów przedszkolnych w szkołach podstawowych. Istnieje też wyraźna regulacja prawna procesu rekrutacji do placówek publicznych i opłat za sprawowaną w nich  opiekę. Podmiotami odpowiedzialnymi za realizację zadania publicznego polegającego na zapewnieniu opieki przedszkolnej uprawnionym dzieciom są gminy. Przede wszystkim, prowadzą one publiczne placówki samorządowe, kontrolują placówki niepubliczne funkcjonujące na ich terenie oraz zapewniają bezpłatny dowóz dzieciom i opiekę podczas jego trwania.
Separacja i rozwód (podobieństwa i różnice)
Authors: Przybyszewska-Szter Bogna
Published: July 2021

Niniejszy artykuł ujmuje rozważania teoretyczne nad problematyką prawną rozwodu i separacji małżeńskiej. Oprócz zagadnień materialnoprawnych uregulowanych w kodeksie rodzinnym i opiekuńczym, uwzględniono również zagadnienia prawnoprocesowe, przy czym te dwie instytucje przedstawiono na zasadzie wskazania podobieństw i różnic. Szereg wypowiedzi doktryny usiłuje zestawić i porównać separację z rozwodem, wskazując na zalety lub wady tych rozwiązań, chociaż w rzeczywistości każda z tych instytucji jest całkowicie innej natury, ma odmienne cele, zabezpiecza także całkowicie różne uprawnienia małżonków.
Wsparcie kryminalistyczne działań organu dochodzeniowego
Authors: Asayonak Barys , Cheshka Uladzimir
Published: July 2021

Doktryna sądowego wsparcia dochodzenia znacznie przerosła pierwotną treść i obejmuje wiele dziedzin. Nadal jednak niewystarczająco uwagę przywiązuje się do sądowego wsparcia dochodzenia. Artykuł ten ma na celu zapoczątkowanie eliminacji tego trendu i zwrócenie uwagi naukowej na naukową definicję wsparcia kryminalistycznego organu dochodzeniowego i podejść do badania jego treści. Badanie rozważanych zagadnień przeprowadzono z punktu widzenia podejścia podmiotowo-czynnościowego, w wyniku którego ujawniono cechy i elementy wsparcia kryminalistycznego działań organu dochodzeniowego oraz zdefiniowano jego koncepcję.
Glosa do wyroku Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka z dnia 28 sierpnia 2018 r. w sprawie Savva Terentyev p. Rosji (10692/09)
Authors: Mizerski Rafał
Published: July 2021

W sprawie Savva Terentyev przeciwko Rosji, Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka po raz pierwszy w swojej historii obszernie odniósł się do kwestii, kto powinien, a kto nie, być chroniony przez prawo dot. mowy nienawiści. Autor interpretuje wyrok jako wyraz podzielanego przez niego przekonania, że policjanci tworzą grupę społeczną, która nie ma trwałych cech czyniących ją szczególnie podatną na ataki, a zatem zasadniczo nie wymagającą szczególnej ochrony przed mową nienawiści. Tylko wyjątkowo, w obliczu wzmożonej agresji wobec funkcjonariuszy lub w narastającej wokół nich atmosferze nienawiści, która może przekształcić się w akty agresji, policjanci jako grupa powinni stać się beneficjentem prawa chroniącego przed mową nienawiści.
Glosa aprobująca do wyroków Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z dnia 6 czerwca 2018 r. w sprawach II FSK 1525/16 i II FSK 1526/16
Authors: Smoter Karol
Published: July 2021

W glosowanych orzeczeniach Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego poruszono problematykę skutków prawnych polecenia darczyńcy w kontekście obniżenia wartości darowizny, a tym samym podstawy opodatkowania w świetle przepisów o spadku i ustawa o podatku od darowizn. Zgodnie z treścią art. 7 ust. 2 ustawy o podatku od spadków i darowizn, jeżeli obdarowany został obciążony obowiązkiem wykonania polecenia, wartość obciążenia z tego tytułu stanowi ciężar  darowizny, o ile zostało ono wykonane. Zgodnie ze stanowiskiem organów podatkowych i sądów administracyjnych niższej instancji, zarządzenie darczyńcy obniża podstawę opodatkowania tylko wtedy, gdy obowiązek wykonania tego polecenia w sensie ekonomicznym uszczupla majątek obdarowanego.Odmienne stanowisko zajął Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny, który orzekł, każde polecenie darczyńcy, o ile zostało wykonane, stanowi ciężar darowizny, niezależnie od tego, czy obdarowany, czy też osoba trzecia stała się beneficjentem tego polecenia. Zdaniem Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego każde realizowane polecenie darczyńcy stanowi ciężar darowizny. Pogląd ten wynika z koncepcji, że niedopuszczalne jest stosowanie rozszerzającej interpretacji przepisów prawa podatkowego i wypełnianie luki w prawie podatkowym w taki sposób, że interpretator wprowadza dodatkowy warunek, od którego spełnienia zależy wystąpienia skutków prawnych polecenia darczyńcy. Dlatego też niedopuszczalne jest różnicowanie skutków prawnych polecenia darczyńcy ze względu na to, kto jest jego beneficjentem.
CITES crimes in Poland – causes, manifestations, counteracting
Authors: Duda Maciej Andrzej
Published: July 2021

Pojęciem „przestępstwa CITES” określa się przestępstwa związane z nielegalnym handlem dzikimi gatunkami fauny i flory chronionymi przepisami Konwencji Waszyngtońskiej (1973). Są one jednym z przejawów przestępczości przeciwko środowisku naturalnemu. Subdyscypliną kryminologii, która podejmuje badania w tym obszarze jest tzw. ekokryminologia/zielona kryminologia. Celem artykułu jest omówienie prawnych ram odpowiedzialności karnej za przestępstwa CITES, kryminologiczna analiza tej patologii społecznej. Przybliżono również dotychczasowy dorobek ekokryminologii oraz wskazano relacje pomiędzy przestępstwami CITES, a innymi kryminologicznymi kategoriami przestępczości. W części prawnej autor omawia relewantne przepisy prawa międzynarodowego, prawa Unii Europejskiej oraz polskiego prawa karnego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem art. 128, 128a i 129 ustawy o ochronie przyrody. W części kryminologicznej autor diagnozuje przyczyny tych zjawisk (etiologia), charakteryzuje formy objawowe występujących w tym obszarze patologii (fenomenologia) oraz proponuje metody zapobiegania i zwalczania niepożądanych zjawisk (przeciwdziałanie). Zaprezentowane zostały również dane statystyk kryminalnych dotyczące omawianego zjawiska. W konkluzjach wskazano, iż przestępczość CITES jest dynamicznie rozwijającą się gałęzią przestępczości przeciwko środowisku. Bywa błędnie utożsamiana z tzw. przestępstwa bez ofiar a jednocześnie charakteryzuje się wysoką ciemną liczbą przestępstw. Przyjmować może postać zarówno przestępczości kryminalnej jak i przestępczości gospodarczej. Wykazuje bliskie relacje z przestępczością zorganizowaną oraz cyberprzestępczością.
Różnicowanie zabójstwa od nieszczęśliwego wypadku przy upadku z wysokości w warunkach górskich na przykładzie zdarzenia z Kasprowego Wierchu – uwagi kryminalistyczne, opiniodawcze i orzecznicze
Authors: Arkuszewski Piotr Tomasz , Wardak Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

W historii polskiej kryminalistyki oprócz nielicznych zabójstw dokonanych na górskich szlakach wydarzył się także wypadek, w którym podejrzewano zbrodnicze zepchnięcie osoby w przepaść. Ostatecznie nie udało się tego jednak udowodnić. Analiza trudności pojawiających się przy próbie udowodnienia, że upadek w przepaść był następstwem zbrodniczego zepchnięcia, dokonana na podstawie autentycznego wypadku jakich wydarzył się w polskich Tatrach. Udowodnienie zbrodniczego zepchnięcia osoby w górską przepaść przy braku świadków i innych dowodów jest niezwykle trudne.