bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unlike terrestrial hermit crabs, marine hermit crabs do not prefer shells previously used by conspecifics
Authors: Laidre Mark E. , Trinh Rebecca
Published: July 2014

Gastropod shells represent an essential resource for hermit crabs (Decapoda, Anomura). In many cases, hermit crabs acquire used shells from conspecifics who previously occupied the shell. Terrestrial hermit crabs (Coenobita compressus H. Milne Edwards, 1836) strongly prefer used shells. Here we test whether marine hermit crabs (Pagurus samuelis (Stimpson, 1857)) also exhibit a preference for used shells by providing them with matched pairs of (1) a used shell (previously occupied by either the choosing crab itself or by a conspecific) versus (2) a brand new shell (freshly derived from a predated gastropod). Unlike terrestrial hermit crabs, marine hermit crabs showed no preference for used shells (either their original shell or a shell from a conspecific). We suggest the divergent shell preferences of marine and terrestrial hermit crabs relate to the contrasting natural selection pressures in the sea versus on land. In particular, the used shells of terrestrial hermit crabs are architecturally remodeled by prior occupants and these remodeled shells represent a superior resource on land. In contrast, marine hermit crabs never remodel shells, and for them a used shell may be less protective than a new shell against the many specialized shell predators in the ocean.
Thermal tolerance of the marine crab, Portunus pelagicus (Brachyura, Portunidae)
Authors: Qari S. A.
Published: July 2014

Critical thermal maxima (CTMax) and minima (CTMin) were determined for the blue crab, Portunus pelagicus acclimated at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35° ± 1°C. The CTMax of blue crabs at those acclimation temperatures were 38.17, 39.08, 40.07, 41.26, and 42.66°C, respectively. The corresponding CTMin values were 12.28, 12.57, 14.84, 16.34, and 16.57°C, respectively. The zone of thermal tolerance assessed using the CTMax and CTMin boundaries was 519.7°C2. Acclimation response ratios ranged between 0.05 and 0.28.
Migration, Human Dislocation and the Good News
Authors: Gabriel Reuben Louis
Published: July 2014

At the dawn of the nineteenth century the British were keen on introducing a civilizational progress into what was perceived to be superstitious and regressing British India. Several strategies to achieve this objective were considered, of which one was to start by influencing the Indian communities that showed greatest promise and had a friendly disposition towards the British, and through their instrumentality reach the other Indian communities. The Parsees figured prominently among the handful communities the British were interested in for this purpose. Amongst nineteenth-century Christian missionaries in western India, John Wilson of Bombay shared this interest and vision. It encouraged him to adopt Enlightenment-inspired methods of determining truth and falsehood in the Parsee socio-religious system with the hope of inducing moral and religious change amongst the Parsees. When this strategy met with strong resistance he diverted his efforts to educating the Parsees. Wilson’s mission did not produce the results he hoped for. Instead his rigorous engagement with their beliefs and customs served a warning to the Parsees of the need to introduce reform within their community in order to survive in a milieu of intense social change.

India’s tropical climate, its fertile and diverse landscape, the reputation of its elite religious and philosophical culture and the welcoming demeanor of its people have drawn conquering princes, tradesmen, travelers, missionaries and even economic and political refugees to her for several millennia. Today’s eclectic India with its multi-racial and culturally diverse population is the result of migration that happened since ancient times, especially from the regions to her north and west. Amongst the ethnic groups that migrated to become part of India were the Persians. Contact between Persia and India has existed for more than three thousand years. Those Persians who made India their home in ancient times lost their exclusive identity over time and amalgamated with the mainstream people groups of India. A later migration under desperate circumstances at the beginning of the Islamic era and as a result of Islamic persecution brought Persians once again to the shores of India. These relatively recent refugees retained their identity and came to be known as Parsees. This paper is about them and about the efforts of one of British India’s leading Christian missionaries of the nineteenth century – John Wilson – to Christianize them. Not many Parsees converted to the Christian faith as a result of Wilson’s efforts, but the entire episode has much to offer by way of lessons for Christian mission amongst migrants and dislocated people.
The digger wasps of the genus Alysson Panzer (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Bembicinae) of Russia and adjacent territories, with a key to species and new synonymies
Authors: NEMKOV PAVEL G.
Published: July 2014

Nine species of Alysson Panzer 1806 are recorded from Russia and adjacent territories. The new synonymy is proposed for Alysson pertheesi Gorski 1852 =A. fuscatus var. jaroslavensis Kokujev 1906, =A. harbinensis Tsuneki 1967; Pompilus spinosus (Panzer 1801) =Alysson katkovi Kokujev 1906. The number of valid species-group taxa in the genus Alysson is reduced to 39 species. An original key to the species is provided.
Membracidae of Gabon: the genus Hamma Buckton, 1905 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) with description of three new species
Authors: LOUDIT SANDRINE MARIELA BAYENDI , DURANTE ANTONIO , SUSINI ANTONIO
Published: July 2014

Specimens of Membracidae belonging to the genus Hamma collected in several surveys conducted between 2009 and 2012 in Gabon were examined. They represent six species, of which three are described as new to science: Hamma boulardi n. sp., Hamma carlini n. sp., Hamma franciscae n. sp.
New species and records of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam
Authors: TAKAOKA HIROYUKI , SOFIAN-AZIRUN MOHD , YA’COB ZUBAIDAH , CHEN CHEE DHANG , LAU KOON WENG , PHAM HONG THAI
Published: July 2014

Four new species of black flies are described, and three others are reported as newly recorded, based on adults reared from pupae, pupae and larvae collected in and near Tam Dao National Park, Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam. New species include Simulium (Gomphostilbia) hongthaii sp. nov., S. (G.) tamdaoense sp. nov. (both species placed in the asakoae species-group), S. (Simulium) taythienense sp. nov. and S. (S.) xuandai sp. nov. (the two latter species placed in the striatum species-group). Newly recorded species are S. (G.) brinchangense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Hashim, S. (Nevermannia) aureohirtum Brunetti and S. (S.) brevipar Takaoka & Davies. These discoveries increase the number of species of black flies known in Vietnam from 21 to 28.
Three new species of Trimma (Pisces; Gobioidei) from Indonesia
Authors: WINTERBOTTOM RICHARD , ERDMANN MARK V. , CAHYANI N. K. DITA
Published: July 2014

Three new species of Trimma are described from various localities in Indonesia. All three can be readily identified from their live, freshly collected, or preserved colouration. Trimma meranyx n. sp. is further distinguished from other species by the possession of 8–9 scales in the predorsal midline, up to three rows of (usually) cycloid scales on the opercle, two scales at the posterodorsal border of the cheek, a very slightly elongate second dorsal spine which only just reaches the spine or anterior rays of the second dorsal fin, unbranched pectoral fin rays, a fifth pelvic fin ray that branches once and is 64–85% the length of the fourth ray, and a full basal membrane connecting the inner branches of the two fifth pelvic rays. The dark red (live) or black posterior half of the caudal peduncle with large white spots straddling the dorsal and ventral midlines just anterior to the first procurrent caudal fin rays is the diagnostic colour character. The species is known from North Sulawesi, West Papua (Raja Ampat and Fakfak), and the south-eastern tip of Papua New Guinea, with possible records from the Philippines and Vanuatu. Trimma pajama n. sp. has 6 scales in the predorsal midline, two ctenoid scales along the dorsal margin of the opercle, a slightly elongate second dorsal spine reaching posteriorly to the base of the spine or first ray of the second dorsal fin, unbranched pectoral fin rays, a fifth pelvic ray with a single branch point and which is 58–72% the length of the fourth ray, and a full basal membrane connecting the inner branches of the two fifth pelvic rays. The live, freshly collected and preserved colour pattern of alternating dark and light stripes on the head and most of the body (except the posterior half of the caudal peduncle) is diagnostic. It is currently known from West Papua (Raja Ampat and Fakfak) and the southern tip of Papua New Guinea, with possible records from Kalimantan (Indonesia), Palau, the Hermit Is (Papua New Guinea) and the Solomon Islands. Trimma zurae n. sp. has 8–9 scales in the predorsal midline, usually a single row of cycloid scales along the upper border of the opercle, 11 anterior and 9 posterior transverse scale rows, no elongated spines in the first dorsal fin, 9 dorsal and 8 anal fin rays, the middle rays of the pectoral fin branched, a single branch in the fifth pelvic fin ray which is 65–76% the length of the fourth ray and a reduced basal membrane of < 20% the length of the fifth ray. The eye-diameter sized black ocellated spot between the first to fifth spines of the first dorsal fin is diagnostic, as are the pupil-diameter sized orange spots on the nape, opercle and posterodorsal part of the cheek. It is currently known only from a single locality just west of Manado, Sulawesi.
An unusual new fossil genus probably belonging to the Psychopsidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands, western North America
Authors: MAKARKIN VLADIMIR N. , Archibald S. Bruce
Published: July 2014

The new genus and species Ainigmapsychops inexspectatus gen. et sp. nov. is described from the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands locality at Republic, Washington, U.S.A. We preliminarily assign it to the Psychopsidae; however, its venation is unusual within this family, particularly by its pectinate branches of AA1 originating at a steep angle, a character state more suggestive of the Osmylidae.
On advertisement call of the poison frog Ameerega berohoka (Dendrobatidae, Anura) from the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: DE ANDRADE FELIPE SILVA , HAGA ISABELLE AQUEMI , MARTINS FABIO AUGUSTO MIGUEL , GIARETTA ARIOVALDO ANTONIO
Published: July 2014

The poison frog genus Ameerega (Dendrobatidae) currently contains 32 species. They are distributed from central Brazil into western Amazonia to the lower Andean versant. In addition, three trans-Andean species have been allocated to Ameerega (Andrade et al. 2013; Frost 2014). Ameerega berohoka (Vaz-Silva & Maciel 2011) was described based on specimens from central Brazil (type-locality: Arenópolis, GO) and it is assumed to occur in parts of western and southwestern state of Goiás (Frost 2014). More recently, Andrade et al. (2013) extended its distribution to the state of Mato Grosso. Here we re-describe the advertisement call of A. berohoka, providing additional information regarding its temporal structure and spectral traits. Our observations also consist of a new distribution record for this species to the state of Mato Grosso.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layers above a Spectrum of Moving Waves
Authors: Sullivan Peter P. , McWilliams James C. , Patton Edward G.
Published: July 2014

Momentum and scalar transport in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) is driven by a turbulent mix of winds, buoyancy, and surface gravity waves. To investigate the interaction between these processes, a large-eddy simulation (LES) model is developed with the capability to impose a broadband spectrum of time-varying finite-amplitude surface waves at its lower boundary. The LES model adopts a Boussinesq flow model and integrates the governing equations on a time-varying, surface-fitted, nonorthogonal mesh using cell-centered variables with special attention paid to the solution of the pressure Poisson equation near the wavy boundary. Weakly unstable MABLs are simulated with geostrophic winds increasing from 5 to 25 m s−1 and wave age varying from swell-dominated to wind-wave equilibrium. The simulations illustrate cross-scale coupling as wave-impacted near-surface turbulence transitions into shear-convective rolls with increasing distance from the water. In a regime with swell, low winds, and weak heating, wave-induced vertical velocity and pressure signals are readily observed well above the standard reference height ζa = 10 m. At wind-wave equilibrium, the small-scale wave-induced signals are detectable only near the water surface. Below ζa, a nearly-constant-flux layer is observed where the momentum flux carried by turbulence, form stress, and subgrid-scale motions shifts with varying wave age and distance above the water. The spectral content of the surface form stress is wave-age dependent, especially at low wavenumbers. The LES wind profiles deviate from Monin–Obukhov similarity theory in nonequilibrium wind-wave conditions, and entrainment is greatly enhanced by shear-induced engulfment events.
The Anomalous Merging of the African and North Atlantic Jet Streams during the Northern Hemisphere Winter of 2010
Authors: Harnik N. , Galanti E. , Martius O. , Adam O.
Published: July 2014

The North Atlantic jet stream during winter 2010 was unusually zonal, so the typically separated Atlantic and African jets were merged into one zonal jet. Moreover, the latitude–height structure and temporal variability of the North Atlantic jet during this winter were more characteristic of the North Pacific. This work examines the possibility of a flow regime change from an eddy-driven to a mixed eddy–thermally driven jet. A monthly jet zonality index is defined, which shows that a persistent merged jet state has occurred in the past, both at the end of the 1960s and during a few sporadic months. The anomalously zonal jet is found to be associated with anomalous tropical Pacific diabatic heating and eddy anomalies similar to those found during a negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) state. A Lagrangian back-trajectory diagnosis of eight winters suggests the tropical Pacific is a source of momentum to the Atlantic and African jets and that this source was stronger during the winter of 2010. The results suggest that the combination of weak eddy variance and fluxes in the North Atlantic, along with strong tropical heating, act to push the jet toward a merged eddy–thermally driven state. The authors also find significant SST anomalies in the North Atlantic, which reinforce the anomalous zonal winds, particularly in the eastern Atlantic.
Effects of Large Volcanic Eruptions on Global Summer Climate and East Asian Monsoon Changes during the Last Millennium: Analysis of MPI-ESM Simulations
Authors: Man Wenmin , Zhou Tianjun , Jungclaus Johann H.
Published: July 2014

Responses of summer [June–August (JJA)] temperature and precipitation to large volcanic eruptions are analyzed using the millennial simulations of the earth system model developed at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. The model was driven by up-to-date reconstructions of external forcing, including natural forcing (solar and volcanic) and anthropogenic forcing (land-cover change and greenhouse gases). Cooling anomalies after large volcanic eruptions are seen on a nearly global scale. The cooling in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) is stronger than in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), and cooling is stronger over the continents than over the oceans. The precipitation decreases in the tropical and subtropical regions in the first summer after large volcanic eruptions. The cooling, with amplitudes of up to −0.6°C, is also seen over eastern China. East Asia is dominated by northerly wind anomalies, and the corresponding summer rainfall exhibits a coherent reduction over the entirety of eastern China. The tropospheric mean temperature anomalies indicate that there is coherent cooling over East Asia and the tropical ocean after large volcanic eruptions. The cooling over the middle-to-high latitudes of East Asia is stronger than over the tropical ocean. This temperature anomaly pattern suggests a reduced land–sea thermal contrast and favors a weaker East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulation. Analysis of the radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) suggests that the reduction in shortwave radiation after large volcanic eruptions is nearly twice as large as the reduction in emitted longwave radiation, a net loss of radiative energy that cools the surface and lower troposphere.
The effect of fiber type, yarn structure and fabric structure on the frictional characteristics of sock fabrics
Authors: Van Amber Rebecca R , Lowe Bronwyn J , Niven Brian E , Laing Raechel M , Wilson Cheryl A , Collie Stewart
Published: July 2014

The objective of this study was to measure the combined effects of fiber type (fine wool, mid-micron wool, acrylic), yarn type (high twist, low twist, single) and fabric structure (single jersey, half-terry, terry) on friction between sock fabrics and a synthetic skin using the horizontal platform method. The effect of weight of a hypothetical wearer and moisture content of a sock fabric were also investigated. Differences among fabrics were analyzed using frictional force traces. Data compared included the static and dynamic friction and coefficients of friction, as well as three new descriptive parameters.

All variables investigated affected the frictional characteristics between a sock fabric and a synthetic skin. Single jersey fabrics had the lowest coefficient of static and dynamic friction. Friction between fabric and a synthetic skin was affected most by the applied weight, with the simulated adult weight resulting in a greater frictional force, and higher coefficients of static and dynamic friction. The most important effect of fiber was on the static frictional force and coefficient of static friction of damp fabrics, with fabrics composed of fine wool exhibiting lowest friction, and acrylic fabrics the highest.
Teetering on the edge of care: the role of intensive attachment-based play therapies
Authors: May Debra , Mowthorpe Louise , Griffiths Emma
Published: July 2014

The number of children and young people who are being adopted is increasing, with moves to place more children for adoption as quickly as possible currently high on the UK Government's agenda. The House of Lords Select Committee on Legislation proposed, in March 2013, that adoptive parents should have a legal right to support, on the basis that support services are ‘critical in ensuring placement stability and in achieving the happy outcomes which adoption is designed to deliver’ (Butler-Sloss, cited by Burns, 2013 ). This article demonstrates how an adoptive family experiencing significant difficulties relating to their child's attachment benefited from an intensive piece of attachment play-based intervention, offered by a Looked After Children's Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service. The work included both the adoptive parents and the child in treatment. The authors advocate that in order to support families looking after children with complex attachment difficulties, a high level of therapeutic support is required from agencies for an extended period of time.
When are attachment difficulties an indication for specialist mental health input?
Authors: Ratnayake Adheesha , Bowlay-Williams Jeanette , Vostanis Panos
Published: July 2014

This article presents the characteristics of 83 looked after and 67 adopted children at the time of their first assessment by a designated mental health team in the context of potential appropriateness of this service. Attachment and mental health problems were significantly associated across most subscales of the Relationships Problems (RPQ) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires (SDQ). Adopted children were younger and were rated higher on both measures. One-third of the children were rated below the clinical cut-off SDQ score. The service appeared to adopt broad referral criteria to include attachment difficulties rather than just mental health disorders. The findings are discussed in relation to the varied interpretation of the constructs of attachment difficulties and disorders, and the future development of care pathways for looked after and adopted children.
Deconsolidation behavior of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics
Authors: Wan Yi , Takahashi Jun
Published: July 2014

The thermal deformation, which is called “deconsolidation” or “springback,” is often observed when the randomly oriented short carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics are heated. In the present study, the deconsolidation effect of two kinds of randomly oriented short carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics was studied experimentally and theoretically. The deconsolidation ratios were measured as the thickness ratio of the deformed randomly oriented short carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics in the experiments. The results indicated that the deconsolidation of the randomly oriented short carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics is caused by the release of the molding elastic deformation of fibers. Structural and molding factors that can affect the deconsolidation ratio were defined and empirical fitting functions were established. The deconsolidation ratios calculated by the functions were compared with the experimental results and the agreement was found to be satisfactory. At last, the fiber volume fraction effect and molding pressure effect on the deconsolidation ratio were investigated using the equations.
A Qualitative Inquiry of the Roles, Responsibilities, and Relationships Within Work-Based Learning Supervision
Authors: Kenny Maureen E. , Medvide Mary Beth , Minor Kelly A. , Walsh-Blair Lynn Y. , Bempechat Janine , Seltzer Joanne M. Ruane , Blustein David L.
Published: July 2014

Although meaningful work experience and the support of caring adults are recognized as factors that promote positive youth development, research has given minimal attention to the role of the work-based learning (WBL) supervisor. Interviews with 12 supervisors, from work sites that were identified as successful by leaders from a Catholic high school known for its high-quality work-study program for low-income adolescents, reveal that the roles, responsibilities, and relationships of WBL supervisors are complex and multifaceted. Supervisors seek to balance the goal-directed demands of managing a productive workplace with a relational commitment to teaching and mentoring young people. The results are discussed in light of relational theories of working and youth mentoring. Implications are explored for strengthening the selection and preparation of WBL supervisors who strive to enhance the life chances for low-income students of color.
Probability of a false-negative HIV antibody test result during the window period: a tool for pre- and post-test counselling
Authors: Taylor Darlene , Durigon Monica , Davis Heather , Archibald Chris , Konrad Bernhard , Coombs Daniel , Gilbert Mark , Cook Darrel , Krajden Mel , Wong Tom , Ogilvie Gina
Published: July 2014

Failure to understand the risk of false-negative HIV test results during the window period results in anxiety. Patients typically want accurate test results as soon as possible while clinicians prefer to wait until the probability of a false-negative is virtually nil. This review summarizes the median window periods for third-generation antibody and fourth-generation HIV tests and provides the probability of a false-negative result for various days post-exposure. Data were extracted from published seroconversion panels. A 10-day eclipse period was used to estimate days from infection to first detection of HIV RNA. Median (interquartile range) days to seroconversion were calculated and probabilities of a false-negative result at various time periods post-exposure are reported. The median (interquartile range) window period for third-generation tests was 22 days (19–25) and 18 days (16–24) for fourth-generation tests. The probability of a false-negative result is 0.01 at 80 days’ post-exposure for third-generation tests and at 42 days for fourth-generation tests. The table of probabilities of falsely-negative HIV test results may be useful during pre- and post-test HIV counselling to inform co-decision making regarding the ideal time to test for HIV.
A review of how the quality of HIV clinical services has been evaluated or improved
Authors: Hung Anna , Pradel Françoise
Published: July 2014

To examine approaches being used to evaluate and improve quality of HIV clinical services we searched the MEDLINE, Cochrane Library collection, EMBASE, Global Health, and Web of Science databases for articles and abstracts focused on evaluating or improving quality of HIV clinical services. We extracted country income level, targeted clinical services, and quality evaluation approaches, data sources, and criteria. Fifty journal articles and 46 meeting abstracts were included. Of the 96 studies reviewed, 65% were programme evaluations, 71% focused on low- and middle-income countries, and 65% focused on antiretroviral therapy services. With regard to quality, 45% used a quality improvement model or programme, 13% set a quality threshold, and 51% examined patient records to evaluate quality. No studies provided a definition for quality HIV care. Quality assurance and improvement of HIV clinical services is increasingly important. This review highlights gaps in knowledge for future research, and may also help countries and programmes develop their HIV care quality improvement frameworks.
A cohort study using pulmonary function tests and x-ray examination in toner-handling workers
Authors: Kitamura H , Terunuma N , Kurosaki S , Hata K , Masuda M , Kochi T , Yanagi N , Murase T , Ogami A , Higashi T
Published: July 2014

Objectives:

This study uses pulmonary function tests and chest x-ray examinations to examine the relationship between toner-handling work and its health effects.

Methods:

The subjects were 1504 male workers in a Japanese toner and photocopier manufacturing company, in the age range from 19 to 50 years in 2003. Personal exposure measurements, pulmonary function tests, chest x-ray examinations, biomarker measurements, and a questionnaire about respiratory symptoms were conducted. The present study reports the results of pulmonary function tests and chest x-ray examinations conducted in the subjects, which includes a cross-sectional study on the toner handling and non-handling workers and a longitudinal study from 2003 to 2008.

Results:

Few significant findings were suspected to be caused by toner exposure found in pulmonary function indices in both the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Any obvious fibrotic findings in chest x-ray findings related to the toner exposure could not be found out.

Conclusion:

No evidence of adverse effects on pulmonary function indices and chest x-rays was present in the toner-handling workers as compared to the nonspecifically exposed workers. Although the toner exposure concentration is quite low in the current well-controlled working environment, even among the toner-handling workers, we would like to continue this study in the future to verify the toner exposure health effects.
Evaluation of the reproductive toxicity of naproxen sodium and meloxicam in male rats
Authors: Uzun B , Atli O , Perk BO , Burukoglu D , Ilgin S
Published: July 2014

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that are cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme inhibitors have generally been used in short-term pain management and also to treat inflammation chronically. It is known that COX enzyme and prostaglandins play important roles in the regulation of reproductive functions in females. However, there are relatively few studies for the male reproductive system, and the results of these studies are contradictory. In this study, sperm count and motility, COX-1, COX-2, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) levels in testis tissue, plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels, and histopathological examination of testis tissue were evaluated after naproxen sodium and meloxicam administration in male rats. Also, testis superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured to investigate the oxidation status. According to our results, sperm count and motility were significantly decreased in treatment groups. Plasma hormone levels did not show any statistical differences between the groups. COX-1, PGE2, and PGF2α levels were significantly decreased, while the decreases in COX-2 and PGE1 levels did not show any significance statistically. Testis SOD, catalase, GPx, and GSH levels were decreased significantly. According to the results of histopathological examination, damage in seminiferous tubules, where spermatogenesis developed, was observed. In conclusion, naproxen sodium and meloxicam decreased the sperm count and motility and also induced the damage of seminiferous tubules as a direct effect without affecting plasma hormone levels in our study. The mechanism of the reproductive toxicity induced by these agents may be based on the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and the induction of oxidative stress can be emphasized as a secondary factor.
Failure behaviour of grid-scored foam cored composite sandwich panels for wind turbine blades subjected to realistic multiaxial loading conditions
Authors: Laustsen S , Lund E , Kühlmeier L , Thomsen OT
Published: July 2014

The load response and failure behaviour of ‘grid-scored’ sandwich panels used in wind turbine blades have been investigated. This paper presents the results of a combined experimental and numerical investigation of the load response and failure behaviour of a specific grid-scored foam cored composite sandwich panel configuration subjected to multiaxial quasi-static loading conditions that are representative for realistic loading conditions present in wind turbine blades. From the experimental evidence a criterion based on fracture mechanics has been proposed for predicting the onset of fracture in the resin grid. The criterion can be applied directly in conjunction with finite element modelling based on 3D solid elements where the resin grid in situ the core is fully modelled. However, since most full-scale blade models are based on first-order shear deformation theory where the core properties normally are homogenised a strain-based failure criterion is also proposed. The input for this failure criterion is the allowable resin grid strain, which can be obtained from a simple uniaxial tension test of a grid-scored sandwich beam specimen. The predictions of the criteria have been compared with the experimental observations, and a good correlation has been found.
Learning to do concept-based pragmatics instruction: Teacher development and L2 pedagogical content knowledge
Authors: van Compernolle Rémi A , Henery Ashlie
Published: July 2014

This article explores the development of pedagogical content knowledge in relation to one teacher’s experience in learning to engage in a Vygotskian approach to teaching second language (L2) pragmatics known as ‘concept-based pragmatics instruction’ (CBPI). The teacher, Mrs. Hanks, was a PhD candidate in second language acquisition at the time of the study, and she was a co-investigator for a larger project that investigated the integration of CBPI into an intact L2 French class that she was teaching. We focus on three aspects of Mrs. Hanks’ development: (1) mediation she received during ‘mentoring meetings’ with a more expert collaborator (her co-investigator), (2) changes in her classroom practices during the study, and (3) metacognitive reflections on her progress at the end of the study. Drawing on Vygotskian theory, we examine Mrs. Hanks’ development in terms of her internalization and transformation of relevant pedagogical content knowledge. In this way, we are contributing to the very small amount of empirical work examining teacher education/development in the context of ‘learning to do’ concept-based instruction (e.g. Williams, Abraham, & Negueruela, 2013), with specific focus on CBPI.
Social norms and self-presentation on social network sites: Profile work in action
Authors: Uski Suvi , Lampinen Airi
Published: July 2014

“Profile work,” that is strategic self-presentation in social network sites, is configured by both the technical affordances and related social norms. In this article, we address technical and social psychological aspects that underlie acts of sharing by analyzing the social in relation to the technical. Our analysis is based on two complementary sets of qualitative data gleaned from in situ experiences of Finnish youth and young adults within the sharing mechanisms of Facebook and Last.fm. In our analysis, we identified social norms that were formed around the prevailing sharing practices in the two sites and compared them in relation to the sharing mechanisms. The analysis revealed that automated and manual sharing were sanctioned differently. We conclude that although the social norms that guide content sharing differed between the two contexts, there was an identical sociocultural goal in profile work: presentation of authenticity.
How legitimate expectations matter in climate justice
Authors: Meyer Lukas H , Sanklecha Pranay
Published: July 2014

Expectations play an important role in how people plan their lives and pursue their projects. People living in highly industrialized countries share a way of life that comes with high levels of emissions. Their expectations to be able to continue their projects imply their holding expectations to similarly high future levels of personal emissions. We argue that the frustration or undermining of these expectations would cause them significant harm. Further, the article investigates under what conditions people can be thought to hold legitimate expectations, in particular about permissible levels of future emissions. We distinguish differing theories of understanding these conditions, namely authority-based and justice-based theories, that each allows us to systematically distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate expectations. Furthermore, with respect to individuals’ future permissible emissions we give several reasons for holding that such theories cannot identify a particular expectation to a specific level of personal emissions as the only legitimate one. Finally, we argue that the set of legitimate expectations that people hold with respect to a just and effective solution to climate change has normative significance in at least two ways: the differing but equally legitimate expectations ought to be taken into account when justifying what could count as such a solution and when determining the just way of arriving at and implementing such a solution.
Sensitivity analysis and calibration of population size estimates obtained with the zero-truncated Poisson regression model
Authors: Cruyff Maarten JLF , Van der Heijden Peter GM
Published: July 2014

Zero-truncated regression models for count data can be used to estimate the size of an elusive population. A frequently encountered problem is that the Poisson model underestimates the population size due to unobserved heterogeneity, while the negative binomial model is not identified. A sensitivity analysis using the negative binomial model with fixed dispersion parameter might provide inside in the robustness of the population size estimate against unobserved heterogeneity, but as yet there is no method to determine realistic values for the dispersion parameter. This article introduces an R-squared measure and the use of the Pearson dispersion statistic to alleviate this problem. As a spin-off, a method is proposed for calibration of population size estimates in monitoring studies where the number of covariates varies over the measurement occasions. The performance of these methods is evaluated in simulation studies, and is illustrated on a population of drunk drivers.
Shared subjects, divergent epistemologies: Sociology, social work, and social problems scholarship
Authors: Armstrong Elizabeth M
Published: July 2014

This essay considers the relationship between social problems scholarship in social work and sociology. Though often focused on the same or similar issues, the divergent epistemological commitments of these two traditions have resulted in a division of labor that largely separates critique and action, to the detriment of both fields. Drawing on Noel Timm’s A Sociological Approach to Social Problems and the literatures on intimate partner violence and substance abuse, I argue for greater attention to unstated assumptions about the relationship between the generation of academic knowledge and concrete efforts to address social problems. Better integration of theory-driven critique and the development of interventions is critical if we are to move toward solutions to complex social problems.
Team Power Smart Sparks Increase in Low-Priority, Repetitive Behaviors
Authors: Kassirer Jay , Korteland Arien , Pedersen Marc
Published: July 2014

BC Hydro provides electricity to 1.7 million residential customers throughout British Columbia, on the west coast of Canada. Despite consumer indifference toward energy conservation, its Team Power Smart behavior-change program actively engaged 91,539 households and reduced electricity consumption by 25.6 gigawatt hours over its first 4½ years. The program connects with participants through things they care about, builds engagement incrementally, and helps overcome common barriers. It is designed to increase participants’ engagement levels on three dimensions: enjoyment (“I like this”), affiliation (“This is who I am”), and resonance (“This is right for me”). A similar approach could be used with a wide range of low-priority, ongoing behaviors.
Life in Three Deaths
Authors: Shields Rachel , Newman Joshua I. , McLeod Christopher
Published: July 2014

Taking up the critical theorization of death as an important, though ambivalent, popular hermeneutic, this article attempts to expand upon existing arguments by examining death in the popular framings of an ever-growing U.S. militaristic biocitizenship (Mbembe, Giroux, Butler, Murray, Arendt). By understanding death as posing an existential crisis to collective and individual (social) life—as it is constructed through formations of moving embodiment—we argue that certain forms of death are required to be both knowable and of meaning to define the boundaries of a living body politic and the defense thereof. Whereas death within late modern society has become both increasingly knowable (through advances in medical knowledge) and anomalous (through the biopolitical attribution of most deaths to faulty cells, tissues, or organs, failures that are theoretically preventable), death that is relegated to zones of war and achieved in the service of nationalist ideals is theorized here as particularly certain and non-ambivalent. To understand this complex configuration of life, we interrogate three military deaths: that of the soldier who dies in battle, the living-death of the veteran, and the death of soldier who commits suicide. We argue that such deaths are both necessary and productive features of the protracting military State; soldiers who return from combat—bringing with them the trauma of dismemberment and the re-memberment of their deathly encounters—carry the potential to reproduce, and challenge, the hegemony of a contextually specific militaristic biocitizenship.
Prospects and Challenges of Legal Education: Jordanian Experience
Authors: Mahasneh Nisreen
Published: July 2014

Legal education reform in Jordan has recently emerged as a pressing need, especially with the advent of globalization coupled with the development of the legal profession, whereby particular skills have become vital in order to perform the diverse range of tasks required from legalists. This essay is divided into four sections. First section contains an introduction to the main characteristics of the legal system in Jordan. Second section examines the challenges faced by legal education in Jordan, which can be classified into three categories. Third section sheds some light on the role played by the American Bar Association (ABA) in relation to legal education reform in Jordan. Following a thorough analysis and discussion of the current challenges of legal education in Jordan, some possible solutions and recommendations will be presented in Section four.
Charpy impact property related to {100} cleavage fracture in 15CrODS steel
Authors: Ukai S. , Izawa W. , Oono N. , Hayashi S. , Kohno Y. , Ohtsuka S. , Kaito T.
Published: July 2014

Based on the former results that delamination along {100} cleavage fracture leads to the improved absorbed energy, {100} cleavage plane was formed in parallel to the rolled plate by recrystallisation and cold roll processing in 15CrODS steel plate. Charpy impact properties were investigated in terms of notch direction against {100} cleavage plane. Notch with normal direction against {100} cleavage plane induced delamination fracture, but provided similar absorbed energy to that of conventional extruded bar. The transverse notch direction against {100} cleavage plane served higher absorbed energy at low temperature. Higher upper shelf energy and lower DBTT were attained in conventional hot extruded bar, which contains any crystallographic planes rotated around <110> axis at the transverse direction. The delamination fracture leading to high absorbed energy is significantly affected by a crystallographic morphology of the {100} cleavage plane perpendicular to transverse plane.
Preclinical efficacy of the synthetic retinoid ST1926 for treating adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
Authors: El Hajj Hiba , Khalil Bariaa , Ghandour Botheina , Nasr Rihab , Shahine Sharif , Ghantous Akram , Abdel-Samad Rana , Sinjab Ansam , Hasegawa Hideki , Jabbour Mark , Hall William W. , Zaatari Ghazi , Dbaibo Ghassan , Pisano Claudio , Bazarbachi Ali , Darwiche Nadine
Published: July 2014

Key Points

The synthetic retinoid ST1926 induces apoptosis of ATL cells and prolongs survival of ATL mice. At the molecular level, ST1926 causes early DNA damage, upregulates p53, and downregulates Tax expression.
Lung cancer in never-smokers: a case–control study in a radon-prone area (Galicia, Spain)
Authors: Torres-Durán María , Ruano-Ravina Alberto , Parente-Lamelas Isaura , Leiro-Fernández Virginia , Abal-Arca José , Montero-Martínez Carmen , Pena-Álvarez Carolina , González-Barcala Francisco Javier , Castro-Añón Olalla , Golpe-Gómez Antonio , Martínez Cristina , Mejuto-Martí María José , Fernández-Villar Alberto , Barros-Dios Juan Miguel
Published: July 2014

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of residential radon exposure on the risk of lung cancer in never-smokers and to ascertain if environmental tobacco smoke modifies the effect of residential radon.

We designed a multicentre hospital-based case–control study in a radon-prone area (Galicia, Spain). All participants were never-smokers. Cases had an anatomopathologically confirmed primary lung cancer and controls were recruited from individuals undergoing minor, non-oncological surgery. Residential radon was measured using alpha track detectors.

We included 521 individuals, 192 cases and 329 controls, 21% were males. We observed an odds ratio of 2.42 (95% CI 1.45–4.06) for individuals exposed to ≥200 Bq·m−3compared with those exposed to <100 Bq·m−3. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure at home increased lung cancer risk in individuals with radon exposure >200 Bq·m−3. Individuals exposed to environmental tobacco smoke and to radon concentrations >200 Bq·m−3had higher lung cancer risk than those exposed to lower radon concentrations and exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.

Residential radon increases lung cancer risk in never-smokers. An association between residential radon exposure and environmental tobacco smoke on the risk of lung cancer might exist.
Identification of treatment goals in paediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Ploegstra Mark-Jan , Douwes Johannes M. , Roofthooft Marcus T.R. , Zijlstra Willemijn M.H. , Hillege Hans L. , Berger Rolf M.F.
Published: July 2014

To be able to design goal-oriented treatment strategies in paediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), we aimed to identify treatment goals by investigating the prognostic value of treatment-induced changes in noninvasive predictors of transplant-free survival.

66 consecutive, treatment-naïve paediatric PAH patients in the Dutch National Network for Paediatric Pulmonary Hypertension who started taking PAH-targeted drugs between January 2000 and April 2013 underwent prospective, standardised follow-up. Clinical, biochemical and echocardiographic measures were longitudinally collected at treatment initiation and follow-up, and their respective predictive values for transplant-free survival were assessed. Furthermore, the predictive values of treatment-induced changes were assessed.

From the identified set of baseline predictors, the variables World Health Organization functional class (WHO-FC), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) were identified as follow-up predictors in which treatment-induced changes were associated with survival. Patients in whom these variables improved after treatment showed better survival (p<0.002).

Therefore, WHO-FC, NT-proBNP and TAPSE are not only predictors of transplant-free survival in paediatric PAH but can also be used as treatment goals, as treatment-induced improvements in these variables are associated with improved survival. The identification of these variables allows for the introduction of goal-oriented treatment strategies in paediatric PAH.
Mortality risk prediction in COPD by a prognostic biomarker panel
Authors: Stolz Daiana , Meyer Anja , Rakic Janko , Boeck Lucas , Scherr Andreas , Tamm Michael
Published: July 2014

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease with various phenotypes. The simultaneous determination of multiple biomarkers reflecting different pathobiological pathways could be useful in identifying individuals with an increased risk of death.

We derived and validated a combination of three biomarkers (adrenomedullin, arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide), assessed in plasma samples of 385 patients, to estimate mortality risk in stable COPD. Biomarkers were analysed in combination and defined as high or low.

In the derivation cohort (n = 142), there were 73 deaths during the 5-year follow-up. Crude hazard ratios for mortality were 3.0 (95% CI 1.8–5.1) for one high biomarker, 4.8 (95% CI 2.4–9.5) for two biomarkers and 9.6 (95% CI 3.3–28.3) for three high biomarkers compared with no elevated biomarkers. In the validation cohort (n = 243), 87 individuals died. Corresponding hazard ratios were 1.9 (95% CI 1.1–3.3), 3.1 (95% CI 1.8–5.4) and 5.4 (95% CI 2.5–11.4). Multivariable adjustment for clinical variables as well as the BODE (body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea, exercise capacity) index and stratification by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stages provided consistent results. The addition of the panel of three biomarkers to the BODE index generated a net reclassification improvement of 57.9% (95% CI 21.7–92.4%) and 45.9% (95% CI 13.9–75.7%) at 3 and 5 years, respectively.

Simultaneously elevated levels of adrenomedullin, arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide are associated with increased risk of death in patients with stable COPD.