bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Combinatorial Heuristic Approach for Solving Real-Size Machinery Location and Road Design Problems in Forestry Planning
Authors: Epstein Rafael , Weintraub Andrés , Sapunar Pedro , Nieto Enrique , Sessions Julian B. , Sessions John , Bustamante Fernando , Musante Hugo
Published: January 2007

The location and operation of harvest machinery, along with the design and construction of access roads, are important problems faced by forestry planners, making up about 55% of total production costs. One of the main challenges consists of finding a design that will minimize the cost of installation and operation of harvest machinery, road construction, and timber transport, while complying with the technical restrictions that apply to the operation of harvesting equipment and road construction. We can model the network design problem as a mixed-integer linear programming problem. This model is fed with cartographic information, provided by a geographic information system (GIS), along with technical and economic parameters determined by the planner. We developed a specialized heuristic for the problem to obtain solutions that enable harvesting economically profitable volumes at a low cost. This methodology was programmed into a computer system known as PLANEX and is being applied in nine forestry companies that report important benefits from its use.
Inventory and Production Decisions for an Assemble-to-Order System with Uncertain Demand and Limited Assembly Capacity
Authors: Fu Ke , Hsu Vernon Ning , Lee Chung-Yee
Published: January 2007

This paper considers an inventory and production-planning problem for a contract manufacturer who anticipates an order of a single product, but with uncertain quantity. To meet the challenges of long component procurement lead times and limited assembly capacity, which may render production time insufficient to assemble total order quantity, the manufacturer may need to procure components or even assemble some quantities of the final product before receiving the confirmation of the actual order quantity. We present profit-maximization models that make optimal inventory and production decisions in the above assemble-to-order environment. We also consider the option of outsourcing, so that the manufacturer can outsource part of his production to an external facility that also has limited capacity. We establish structural properties of optimal solutions and develop efficient solution procedures for the proposed problems. We also provide sensitivity analysis of the optimal decisions, and some managerial insights.
Inventory Planning with Forecast Updates: Approximate Solutions and Cost Error Bounds
Authors: Lu Xiangwen , Song Jing-Sheng , Regan Amelia
Published: January 2007

We consider a finite-horizon, periodic-review inventory model with demand forecasting updates following the martingale model of forecast evolution (MMFE). The optimal policy is a state-dependent base-stock policy, which, however, is computationally intractable to obtain. We develop tractable bounds on the optimal base-stock levels and use them to devise a general class of heuristic solutions. Through this analysis, we identify a necessary and sufficient condition for the myopic policy to be optimal. Finally, to assess the effectiveness of the heuristic policies, we develop upper bounds on their value loss relative to optimal cost. These solution bounds and cost error bounds also work for general dynamic inventory models with nonstationary and autocorrelated demands. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the results.
Relationships of Circulating Carotenoid Concentrations with Several Markers of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Endothelial Dysfunction: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA)/Young Adult Longitudinal Trends in Antioxidants (YALTA) Study
Authors: Hozawa Atsushi , Jacobs David R , Steffes Michael W , Gross Myron D , Steffen Lyn M , Lee Duk-Hee
Published: January 2007

Background: Serum carotenoid concentrations relate inversely to cardiovascular disease incidence. To clarify the effect of carotenoids on atherosclerotic risk factors, we examined the association of circulating carotenoids with inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and smoking.

Methods: Black and white men and women in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study, ages 18 to 30 years at recruitment (1985–1986) from 4 US cities, were investigated over 15 years. We included 2048 to 4580 participants in analyses of the sum of serum α-carotene, β-carotene, zeaxanthin/lutein, and β-cryptoxanthin concentrations and of lycopene at year 0 and at year 7.

Results: The year 0 sum of 4 carotenoids was inversely associated (all P <0.05) with year 0 leukocyte count (slope per sum carotenoid SD, −0.17); year 7 fibrinogen (slope, −0.10); year 7 and year 15 C-reactive protein (slope, −0.12 and −0.09); and year 15 F2-isoprostanes (slope, −13.0), soluble P-selectin (slope, −0.48), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM1; slope, −5.1). Leukocyte counts and sICAM1 and F2-isoprostane concentrations had stronger associations in smokers than in nonsmokers, and sICAM1 concentrations were higher in the highest carotenoid quartile in smokers than in the lowest carotenoid quartile in nonsmokers. Superoxide dismutase was positively associated with the sum of 4 carotenoids (slope, 0.12; P <0.01). Lycopene was inversely associated only with sICAM1. The year 7 carotenoid associations with these markers were mostly similar to those at year 0.

Conclusions: Circulating serum carotenoids were associated, some interactively with smoking, in apparently beneficial directions with markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction.
Who Is Flying This Plane Anyway? What Mishaps Tell Us about Crew Member Role Assignment and Air Crew Situation Awareness
Authors: Jentsch Florian , Barnett John , Bowers Clint A. , Salas Eduardo
Published: January 2007

This paper reports a detailed analysis of over 300 civilian incident reports that identified whether loss of situation awareness (SA) was related to air crew role assignment. The results indicate (a) that loss of SA is responsible for an incident more often when the captain is at the controls than when the first officer (FO) is at the controls, and (b) that the pilot flying (PF) is more likely to lose situation awareness than the pilot not flying (PNF). As a result, captains lose SA more often across aircraft types, flight segments, and weather conditions when they are the PF than when they are the PNF. The results also suggest that the person who is flying commits more of the critical errors that lead to an incident. Together, the results indicate that captains lose SA more often and make more tactical errors when they are at the controls than when they are not. Applications of this research include aircrew training, procedure development, and accident/incident analysis.
Designing an Interface to Optimize Reading with Small Display Windows
Authors: Rahman Tarjin , Muter Paul
Published: January 2007

The extent of electronic presentation of text in small display windows is mushrooming. In the present paper, 4 ways of presenting text in a small display window were examined and compared with a normal page condition: rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), RSVP with a completion meter, sentence-by-sentence presentation, and sentence-by-sentence presentation with a completion meter. Dependent measures were reading efficiency (speed and comprehension) and preference. For designers of hardware or software with small display windows, the results suggest the following: (a) Though RSVP is disliked by readers, the present methods of allowing self-pacing and regressions in RSVP are efficient and feasible, unlike earlier tested methods; (b) slower reading in RSVP should be achieved by increasing pauses between sentences or by repeating sentences, not by decreasing the presentation rate within a sentence; (c) completion meters do not interfere with performance and are usually preferred; (d) the space-saving sentence-by-sentence format is as efficient and as preferred as the normal page format.
The Effect of Personality Type on Muscle Coactivation during Elbow Flexion
Authors: Glasscock Naomi F. , Turville Kristine L. , Joines Sharon B. , Mirka Gary A.
Published: January 2007

A great deal of interest has been generated recently regarding the influence that psychosocial factors may have on the reporting of and disability associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The current study considers the potential influence of one psychosocial factor - personality type - on basic neuromuscular control strategies and biomechanical loading. The study investigated the hypothesis that Type A people exhibit increased muscular antagonism relative to their Type B counterparts. Volunteers participated in an EMG-based biomechanical study to investigate the co-activation patterns of the major muscles that span the elbow joint during elbow flexion exertions. Results showed that, averaging across all conditions, the antagonist muscle activity was significantly higher for Type A individuals than for their Type B counterparts (10% of maximum for Type A, 5.5% of maximum for Type B). Although the study was somewhat limited in its size and scope, the results indicate that certain psychosocial factors may be more than a filter in postinjury response and may directly influence biomechanical loading. A potential application of this research is an increased awareness that certain individuals may be at greater risk of developing work-related musculoskeletal disorders.
Inference of Population Structure Under a Dirichlet Process Model
Authors: Huelsenbeck John P , Andolfatto Peter
Published: January 2007

Inferring population structure from genetic data sampled from some number of individuals is a formidable statistical problem. One widely used approach considers the number of populations to be fixed and calculates the posterior probability of assigning individuals to each population. More recently, the assignment of individuals to populations and the number of populations have both been considered random variables that follow a Dirichlet process prior. We examined the statistical behavior of assignment of individuals to populations under a Dirichlet process prior. First, we examined a best-case scenario, in which all of the assumptions of the Dirichlet process prior were satisfied, by generating data under a Dirichlet process prior. Second, we examined the performance of the method when the genetic data were generated under a population genetics model with symmetric migration between populations. We examined the accuracy of population assignment using a distance on partitions. The method can be quite accurate with a moderate number of loci. As expected, inferences on the number of populations are more accurate when θ = 4Neu is large and when the migration rate (4Nem) is low. We also examined the sensitivity of inferences of population structure to choice of the parameter of the Dirichlet process model. Although inferences could be sensitive to the choice of the prior on the number of populations, this sensitivity occurred when the number of loci sampled was small; inferences are more robust to the prior on the number of populations when the number of sampled loci is large. Finally, we discuss several methods for summarizing the results of a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis of population structure. We develop the notion of the mean population partition, which is the partition of individuals to populations that minimizes the squared partition distance to the partitions sampled by the MCMC algorithm.
Of Fieldwork, Folklore, and Festival: Personal Encounters
Authors: Nájera-Ramírez Olga
Published: January 2007

Drawing on folklorist Américo Paredes’s insights on the ethnographic encounter, this article examines the role of personal experience in the fieldwork process. In particular, I provide a personal account of how my identity shaped my interactions in the field and how these ethnographic encounters in turn shaped my approach to, and understanding of, a specific festival.
Self‐Organized Gradient Hole Injection to Improve the Performance of Polymer Electroluminescent Devices
Authors: Lee T.‐W. , Chung Y. , Kwon O. , Park J.‐J.
Published: January 2007

A new approach to forming a gradient hole‐injection layer in polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) is demonstrated. Single spin‐coating of hole‐injecting conducting polymer compositions with a perfluorinated ionomer results in a work function gradient through the layer formed by self‐organization, which leads to remarkably efficient single‐layer PLEDs (ca. 21 cd A–1). The device lifetime is significantly improved (ca. 50 times) compared with the conventional hole‐injection layer, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate). These results are a good example for demonstrating that the shorter lifetime of PLEDs compared with small‐molecule‐based organic LEDs (SM‐OLEDs) is not mainly due to the inherent degradation of the polymeric emitter itself. Hence, the results open the way to further improvements of PLEDs for real applications to large‐area, high‐resolution, and full‐color flexible displays.
Ring‐Closing Metathesis in the Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptidomimetics of Apicidin A
Authors: Deshmukh Prashant H. , Schulz‐Fademrecht Carsten , Procopiou Panayiotis A. , Vigushin David A. , Coombes R. Charles , Barrett Anthony G. M.
Published: January 2007

Syntheses of novel 16‐membered macrocyclic peptidomimetics are reported, which employ iterative peptide coupling followed by high yielding ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) as the key cyclization step. The target macrocyclic compounds include examples containing a (2S)‐amino‐8‐oxodecanoic acid (Aoda) residue as analogues of apicidin A, a known potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. These showed modest levels of biological activity as HDAC inhibitors.
Rhenium(VII) Oxide/Aluminum Oxide: More Experimental Evidence for an Oxametallacyclobutane Intermediate and a Pseudo‐Wittig Initiation Step in Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Salameh Alain , Copéret Christophe , Basset Jean‐Marie , Böhm Volker P. W. , Röper Michael
Published: January 2007

Reactivity studies of the rhenium(VII) oxide/aluminum oxide olefin metathesis catalyst with various olefins show that initiation does not require an olefin with an allylic CH bond, and therefore probably takes place via a pseudo‐Wittig reaction. While it does not react with ethene in the absence of propene, Re2O7/Al2O3 catalyses the self‐metathesis of Z‐stilbene and its cross‐metathesis with ethene. Additionally, reaction of Re2O7/Al2O3 with Z‐2‐butene followed by 13C di‐labelled ethene shows that it contains only 2 % of active sites.
Strategies to Immobilize Well‐Defined Olefin Metathesis Catalysts: Supported Homogeneous Catalysis vs. Surface Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Copéret C. , Basset J.‐M.
Published: January 2007

This review is mainly devoted to a description of the strategies that have been implemented to develop well‐defined olefin metathesis catalysts immobilized on solid supports. Two main approaches have been investigated involving supported homogenous catalysts or heterogeneous catalysts prepared by surface organometallic chemistry. Advantages, limitations and possible developments of these systems are discussed.
Synthesis of Oxygen‐Containing Medium and Large Rings using One‐Pot Combinations of Sequential Alkene, Enyne and Alkyne Metathesis Reactions
Authors: Groaz Elisabetta , Banti Donatella , North Michael
Published: January 2007

The first and second generation Grubbs’ catalysts are shown to convert cyclohexane and cyclohexene bis‐allyl and allyl propargyl ethers into 6,8‐fused bicyclic derivatives by alkene and enyne metathesis reactions, respectively. The corresponding cyclohexane and cyclohexene bis‐propargyl ethers are converted into 6,8‐fused bicyclic trienes by enyne metathesis when treated with the second generation Grubbs’ catalyst. Cyclohexene and norbornene esters bearing two alkyne units undergo alkyne metathesis when treated with molybdenum hexacarbonyl and 2‐fluorophenol to give 12‐membered ring containing alkynes which subsequently undergo alkene and enyne metathesis reactions when treated with first or second generation Grubbs’ catalysts. Both Grubbs’ catalysts are shown to be compatible with the reagents and conditions used for the molybdenum alkyne metathesis catalyst, thus allowing the two catalysts to be used in a one‐pot process involving alkyne, enyne and alkene metathesis transformations.
A Cross‐Metathesis Route to Functionalized α‐Methyl α‐Substituted Amino Acids
Authors: Storcken Roy P. M. , Panella Lavinia , van Delft Floris L. , Kaptein Bernard , Broxterman Quirinus B. , Schoemaker Hans E. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: January 2007

A chemoenzymatic approach to the synthesis of functionalized α‐methyl α‐substituted amino acids is detailed. This involves amidase‐mediated enzymatic resolution of α‐methyl α‐substituted side‐chain ω‐unsaturated amino acids followed by functionalization via cross‐metathesis.
Recent Advances in the Syntheses and Applications of Molybdenum and Tungsten Alkylidene and Alkylidyne Catalysts for the Metathesis of Alkenes and Alkynes
Authors: Schrock Richard R. , Czekelius Constantin
Published: January 2007

The last several years have produced some key advances in the area of alkene and alkyne metathesis by high oxidation state alkylidene and alkylidyne complexes along with new applications in organic and polymer chemistry. In this review we cover some of these developments and applications. The first part of this review concerns developments in catalyst synthesis and new catalysts. The second part concerns notable applications in organic and polymer chemistry. We discuss only high oxidation state alkylidene and alkylidyne chemistry of relevance to alkene or alkyne metathesis reactions and favor studies in the homogeneous phase.
Syntheses and Reactivity of Analogues of Grubbs’ Second Generation Metathesis Catalyst with Fluorous Phosphines: A New Phase‐Transfer Strategy for Catalyst Activation
Authors: da Costa Rosenildo Corrêa , Gladysz John A.
Published: January 2007

Reactions of the bis(pyridine) complex (H2IMes)(Py)2(Cl)2Ru(=CHPh), (H2IMes=1,3‐dimesityl‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐ylidene) and the highly fluorophilic phosphines [Rfn(CH2)m]3P [1; m/n=a, 2/6; b, 2/8; c, 2/10; d, 3/8; Rfn=CF3(CF2)n−1] give (H2IMes){[Rfn(CH2)m]3P}(Cl)2Ru(=CHPh) (4a–d, 64–78 %), which are analogues of Grubbs’ second generation alkene metathesis catalyst. Complexes 4a,b are effective catalysts for conversions of 1,6‐dienes to cyclopentenes under monophasic and biphasic conditions in CH2Cl2 and CH2Cl2/fluorous solvent mixtures. The latter generally exhibit rate accelerations, which are believed to arise from phase transfer of the dissociated fluorous phosphine, allowing the substrate to better compete for the fourteen valence‐electron intermediate. Only modest effects are observed when Grubbs’ second generation catalyst is similarly reacted. The most fluorophilic catalyst, 4c, can be recycled by extracting the reaction mixtures with perfluoro(methylcyclohexane).
Ligand Influence on Metathesis Activity of Ruthenium Carbene Catalysts: A DFT Study
Authors: Straub Bernd F.
Published: January 2007

A survey of the concept of active and inactive ligand conformations in ruthenium alkene carbene complexes of the Grubbs catalyst type is presented. This concept is extended to a variety of anionic ligand atoms. Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/LACV3P**+//B3LYP/LACVP* level of theory were performed on the precatalyst, 14 valence‐electron intermediate, alkene carbene conformers and ruthena(IV)cyclobutane model intermediates for several ligands, such as methoxide, methanethiolate, fluoride, mesylate, water, and ammonia. The rule of the superiority of metathesis catalysts with small and electron‐withdrawing halogens does not apply to fluoride ligands. Alkoxides and thiolates also destabilize active carbene conformations, while mesylate ligands lead to a balanced energetic relation of active and inactive carbene orientations. Cationic ruthenium carbene species with aqua or ammine ligands are limited by unfavored ligand dissociation to 14 valence‐electron intermediates. A guideline for the design of novel ligand systems for ruthenium carbene complexes as metathesis catalysts is proposed.
Ruthenium Catalyst with a Chelating Pyridinyl‐Alcoholato Ligand for Application in Linear Alkene Metathesis
Authors: Jordaan Margaritha , Vosloo H. C. Manie
Published: January 2007

The catalytic activity of ruthenium alkylidene complexes [RuCl(L)($\widehat{ON}$)(CHPh)] [L=H2IMes and PCy3, $\widehat{ON}$=1‐(2′‐pyridinyl)cyclohexan‐1‐olate)], bearing a chelating pyridinyl‐alcoholate ligand, was investigated for the metathesis of 1‐octene in the absence of a solvent. Both systems were active for the metathesis of 1‐octene yielding trans‐7‐tetradecene and ethene as the primary metathesis products. Although the activity of both systems increased with an increase in reaction temperature, the activity of [RuCl(H2IMes)($\widehat{ON}$)(CHPh)] started to decrease at temperatures above 70 °C, with a simultaneous exponential increase in the secondary metathesis products due to double‐bond isomerisation of the substrate. Although the initiation rates for these systems are slower compared to Grubbs 1 and Grubbs 2 for the metathesis of 1‐octene at 60 °C, they have a higher activity and longer lifetime.
Synthesis of Vinyl‐Functionalized Thiazoles by Cross‐Metathesis and Tandem Stille Coupling/Cross‐Metathesis
Authors: Dash Jyotirmayee , Arseniyadis Stellios , Cossy Janine
Published: January 2007

The application of olefin cross‐metathesis to vinyl‐functionalized thiazoles and the tandem Stille coupling/cross‐metathesis of bis‐trifloylthiazoles are reported. These processes offer new opportunities for the synthesis of complex natural products.
Complete remission of multiple myeloma after autoimmune hemolytic anemia: Possible association with interferon‐α
Authors: Gesundheit Benjamin , Zelig Orly , Shapira Michael Y. , Ackerstein Aliza , Avgil Meytal , Or Reuven
Published: January 2007

A patient with multiple myeloma (MM) was being maintained on human recombinant interferon‐α (INF‐α) after VAD and autologous bone marrow transplantation (pretreated with melphalan). An episode of immune thrombocytopenia and (Coombs positive) autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) was noted while on maintenance INF‐α, which remitted when it was withdrawn. Following this event, he achieved a state of stable disease that persists (more than 3 years) with no specific myeloma treatment. This sequence of events suggests a relationship between an immunological reaction induced by INF‐α and the prolonged phase of stable disease. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
De novo subtelomeric deletion of 15q associated with satellite translocation in a child with developmental delay and severe growth retardation
Authors: Rujirabanjerd Sinitdhorn , Suwannarat Warapong , Sripo Thanya , Dissaneevate Pathikan , Permsirivanich Wutichai , Limprasert Pornprot
Published: January 2007

We report on a case of satellited 15q with subtelomeric deletion in a girl with delayed development and severe growth retardation. The patient also has a triangular face, downturned angles of the mouth, micrognathia, and minor limb malformations including mild talipes equinovarus, genu recurvatum, and increased dorsiflexion of both limbs. Cytogenetic analysis using standard GTG banding showed a female karyotype with a satellited‐like structure at the distal long arm of one chromosome 15. Silver staining of the nucleolar organizing region (AgNOR) confirmed the presence of a satellite DNA translocation at the lesion. Analysis using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) detected a subtelomeric deletion of the terminal 15q. Additional molecular analysis using microsatellite markers along the long arm of chromosome 15 defined a maximally deleted region at approximately 4.7 Mb. Haploinsufficiency of the IGF1R gene expression is thought to be the cause of growth delay in all 15q terminal deletion including our patient. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A report on 10 new patients with heterozygous mutations in the COL11A1 gene and a review of genotype–phenotype correlations in type XI collagenopathies
Authors: Majava Marja , Hoornaert Kristien P. , Bartholdi Deborah , Bouma Mieke C. , Bouman Katelijne , Carrera Marta , Devriendt Koenraad , Hurst Jane , Kitsos George , Niedrist Dunja , Petersen Michael B. , Shears Debbie , Stolte‐Dijkstra Irene , Van Hagen J.M. , Ala‐Kokko Leena , Männikkö Minna , Mortier Geert R.
Published: January 2007

A series of 44 unrelated patients in whom COL2A1 screening demonstrated normal results but whose phenotype was nevertheless highly suggestive of either Stickler syndrome (with ocular involvement) or Marshall syndrome were investigated for mutations in the COL11A1 gene. Heterozygous COL11A1 mutations were found in 10 individuals. A splice site alteration (involving introns 47–55) was present in seven cases, with one in intron 50 (c.3816 + 1G > A) occurring in three patients. Two patients had a different deletion, and a missense mutation (Gly1471Asp) was observed in one case. In 4/10 patients the phenotype was classified as Marshall syndrome because of early‐onset severe hearing loss and characteristic facial features. These four patients were all heterozygous for a splice site mutation in intron 50. One of these cases had a type 1 vitreous anomaly despite the presence of a COL11A1 mutation. The remaining 6/10 patients had an overlapping Marshall–Stickler phenotype with less pronounced facial features. None of these had a mutation in the hot spot region of intron 50. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Whole genome microarray analysis of gene expression in Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Bittel Douglas C. , Kibiryeva Nataliya , Sell Susan M. , Strong Theresa V. , Butler Merlin G.
Published: January 2007

Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is caused by loss of function of paternally expressed genes in the 15q11‐q13 region and a paucity of data exists on transcriptome variation. To further characterize genetic alterations in this classic obesity syndrome using whole genome microarrays to analyze gene expression, microarray and quantitative RT‐PCR analysis were performed using RNA isolated from lymphoblastoid cells from PWS male subjects (four with 15q11‐q13 deletion and three with UPD) and three age and cognition matched nonsyndromic comparison males. Of more than 47,000 probes examined in the microarray, 23,383 were detectable and 323 had significantly different expression in the PWS lymphoblastoid cells relative to comparison cells, 14 of which were related to neurodevelopment and function. As expected, there was no evidence of expression of paternally expressed genes from the 15q11‐q13 region (e.g., SNRPN) in the PWS cells. Alterations in expression of serotonin receptor genes (e.g., HTR2B) and genes involved in eating behavior and obesity (ADIPOR2, MC2R, HCRT, OXTR) were noted. Other genes of interest with reduced expression in PWS subjects included STAR (a key regulator of steroid synthesis) and SAG (an arrestin family member which desensitizes G‐protein‐coupled receptors). Quantitative RT‐PCR for SAG, OXTR, STAR, HCRT, and HTR2B using RNA isolated from their lymphoblastoid cells and available brain tissue (frontal cortex) from separate individuals with PWS and control subjects and normalized to GAPD gene expression levels validated our microarray gene expression data. Our analysis identified previously unappreciated changes in gene expression which may contribute to the clinical manifestations seen in PWS. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetrical skull, ptosis, hypertelorism, high nasal bridge, clefting, umbilical anomalies, and skeletal anomalies in sibs: Is Carnevale syndrome a separate entity?
Authors: Al Kaissi Ali , Klaushofer Klaus , Safi Hatem , Chehida Farid Ben , Ghachem Maher Ben , Chaabounni Myriam , Hennekam Raoul C.M.
Published: January 2007

A group of syndromes, consisting of Malpuech syndrome, Michels syndrome, Carnevale syndrome, OSA syndrome, and Mingarelli syndrome share the combination of symptoms of highly arched eyebrows, ptosis, and hypertelorism, and vary in other symptoms such as asymmetry of the skull, eyelid, and anterior chamber anomalies, clefting of lip and palate, umbilical anomalies, and growth and cognitive development. It has been suggested that they are in fact part of the same entity. Here, we describe a brother and sister with the same constellation of symptoms, and compare these with the various entities. We conclude that the present patients resemble most patients with Carnevale and Mingarelli syndrome, and the case reported by Guion‐Almeida, and that these patients form together most probably the same entity. We suggest the name Carnevale syndrome as this author described this combination of symptoms for the first time. Malpuech and Michels syndromes are probably separate entities, although they may still be allelic. Pattern of inheritance of Carnevale syndrome is most likely autosomal recessive. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of a Stimuli‐Responsive P‐Chiral Polymer with Chiral Phosphorus Atoms and Azobenzene Moieties in the Main Chain
Authors: Ouchi Yuko , Morisaki Yasuhiro , Ogoshi Tomoki , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: January 2007

A reaction of the P‐chiral compound (S,S)‐1,2‐bis(boranato(tert‐butyl)methylphosphino)ethane with an azobenzene derivative gave stimuli‐responsive polymers with P‐chiral phosphines in the main chain. This is the first example of a stimuli‐responsive P‐chiral polymer. The polymer isomerized from the trans to the cis form upon UV irradiation and reverted to the trans form reversibly. The polymer was able to coordinate to platinum, and the resulting polymer complex exhibited the Cotton effect owing to the chirality of the phosphorus atoms. The structure of the P‐chiral polymer obtained could be changed reversibly by light and thermal stimuli, and the polymer chain was induced to rotate helically when complexed with transition metals through the chiral phosphorus atoms.
Integrin‐dependent cell behavior on ECM peptide‐conjugated chitosan membranes
Authors: Mochizuki Mayumi , Yamagata Natsumi , Philp Deborah , Hozumi Kentaro , Watanabe Tadashi , Kikkawa Yamato , Kadoya Yuichi , Kleinman Hynda K. , Nomizu Motoyoshi
Published: January 2007

Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in tissue regeneration by promoting cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. ECM mimetics are of importance for tissue engineering because of their functions as scaffolds for cells. Previously, we developed bioactive laminin‐derived peptide‐conjugated chitosan membranes and demonstrated their cell‐ and peptide‐type specific functions. Here, we conjugated twelve integrin‐binding peptides derived from ECM proteins onto chitosan membranes and examined biological activity. Seven peptide–chitosan membranes promoted human foreskin fibroblast attachment. Additionally, FIB1 (YAVTGRGDSPAS; from fibronectin), A99 (AGTFALRGDNPQG; from laminin α1 chain), EF1zz (ATLQLQEGRLHFXFDLGKGR, X = Nle; from laminin α1 chain), and 531 (GEFYFDLRLKGDKY; from collagen α1 (IV) chain) conjugated chitosan membranes promoted integrin‐dependent cell adhesion. Various integrins, including αv, β1, and β3, were involved in the cell adhesion to the peptide–chitosan membranes. Further, only the FIB1‐ and A99‐chitosan membranes promoted neurite outgrowth with PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. These data demonstrate that peptide–chitosan membranes can regulate specific integrin‐mediated cell responses and are useful constructs as ECM mimetics. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 122–130, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The ‘Published Online’ date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Disruption of the HIV‐1 protease dimer with interface peptides: Structural studies using NMR spectroscopy combined with [2‐13C]‐Trp selective labeling
Authors: Frutos Silvia , Rodriguez‐Mias Ricard A. , Madurga Sergio , Collinet Bruno , Reboud‐Ravaux Michèle , Ludevid Dolors , Giralt Ernest
Published: January 2007

HIV‐1 protease (HIV‐1 PR), which is encoded by retroviruses, is required for the processing of gag and pol polyprotein precursors, hence it is essential for the production of infectious viral particles. In vitro inhibition of the enzyme results in the production of progeny virions that are immature and noninfectious, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for AIDS. Although a number of potent protease inhibitor drugs are now available, the onset of resistance to these agents due to mutations in HIV‐1 PR has created an urgent need for new means of HIV‐1 PR inhibition. Whereas enzymes are usually inactivated by blocking of the active site, the structure of dimeric HIV‐1 PR allows an alternative inhibitory mechanism. Since the active site is formed by two half‐enzymes, which are connected by a four‐stranded antiparallel β‐sheet involving the N‐ and C‐ termini of both monomers, enzyme activity can be abolished by reagents targeting the dimer interface in a region relatively free of mutations would interfere with formation or stability of the functional HIV‐1 PR dimer. This strategy has been explored by several groups who targeted the four‐stranded antiparallel β‐sheet that contributes close to 75% of the dimerization energy. Interface peptides corresponding to native monomer N‐ or C‐termini of several of their mimetics demonstrated, mainly on the basis of kinetic analyses, to act as dimerization inhibitors. However, to the best of our knowledge, neither X‐ray crystallography nor NMR structural studies of the enzyme‐inhibitor complex have been performed to date. In this article we report a structural study of the dimerization inhibition of HIV‐1 PR by NMR using selective Trp side chain labeling. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 164–173, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The ‘Published Online’ date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Design and implementation of an interdepartmental bioinformatics program across life science curricula
Authors: Miskowski Jennifer A. , Howard David R. , Abler Michael L. , Grunwald Sandra K.
Published: January 2007

Over the past 10 years, there has been a technical revolution in the life sciences leading to the emergence of a new discipline called bioinformatics. In response, bioinformatics‐related topics have been incorporated into various undergraduate courses along with the development of new courses solely focused on bioinformatics. This report describes the design and implementation of an interdepartmental bioinformatics program throughout several life science programs. Using elements of the backward curricular design process, nine faculty members from the Biology, Microbiology, and Chemistry Departments at the University of Wisconsin – La Crosse incorporated bioinformatics in a coordinated manner into 10 courses. Key molecular biology concepts were first identified followed by development of bioinformatics exercises that centered on these concepts. An overview of how the program was constructed and implemented and a summary of the exercises that were designed will be presented.
Assessment of a bioinformatics across life science curricula initiative
Authors: Howard David R. , Miskowski Jennifer A. , Grunwald Sandra K. , Abler Michael L.
Published: January 2007

At the University of Wisconsin‐La Crosse, we have undertaken a program to integrate the study of bioinformatics across the undergraduate life science curricula. Our efforts have included incorporating bioinformatics exercises into courses in the biology, microbiology, and chemistry departments, as well as coordinating the efforts of faculty within those departments. Here, we assess student confidence in solving and ability to solve bioinformatics‐related problems. Assessment data show increases in student performance on bioinformatics‐related problems and more confidence in solving such problems with increased exposure to the field of bioinformatics. Additionally, the faculty perceive an increased awareness of the applications of bioinformatics among the students in their courses. The combination of three different assessment tools, a student self‐assessment of learning, a content exam, and faculty survey, was an effective and efficient approach for evaluating this multi‐departmental program.
Surface plasmon resonance label‐free monitoring of antibody antigen interactions in real time
Authors: Kausaite Asta , van Dijk Martijn , Castrop Jan , Ramanaviciene Almira , Baltrus John P. , Acaite Juzefa , Ramanavicius Arunas
Published: January 2007

Detection of biologically active compounds is one of the most important topics in molecular biology and biochemistry. One of the most promising detection methods is based on the application of surface plasmon resonance for label‐free detection of biologically active compounds. This method allows one to monitor binding events in real time without labeling. The system can therefore be used to determine both affinity and rate constants for interactions between various types of molecules. Here, we describe the application of a surface plasmon resonance biosensor for label‐free investigation of the interaction between an immobilized antigen bovine serum albumin (BSA) and antibody rabbit anti‐cow albumin IgG1 (anti‐BSA). The formation of a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) over a gold surface is introduced into this laboratory training protocol as an effective immobilization method, which is very promising in biosensing systems based on detection of affinity interactions. In the next step, covalent attachment via artificially formed amide bonds is applied for the immobilization of proteins on the formed SAM surface. These experiments provide suitable experience for postgraduate students to help them understand immobilization of biologically active materials via SAMs, fundamentals of surface plasmon resonance biosensor applications, and determination of non‐covalent biomolecular interactions. The experiment is designed for master and/or Ph.D. students. In some particular cases, this protocol might be adoptable for bachelor students that already have completed an extended biochemistry program that included a background in immunology.
Accessible NMR experiments studying the hydrodynamics of 15N‐enriched ubiquitin at low fields
Authors: Thompson Laura E. , Rovnyak David
Published: January 2007

We have recently developed and implemented two experiments in biomolecular NMR for an undergraduate‐level biophysical chemistry laboratory with commercially available 15N‐enriched human ubiquitin. These experiments take advantage of 15N direct detection of the NMR signal. The first experiment develops skills in acquiring and interpreting one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional NMR data of an aqueous protein sample (D. Rovnyak, L. E. Thompson (2005) An accessible two‐dimensional solution nuclear magnetic resonance experiment on human ubiquitin, Biochem. Mol. Biol. Educ. 33, 117–122). In the second experiment, discussed here, students examine the overall dynamics of a protein in solution. Students measure spin relaxation times T1 and T2 and use these data to estimate a rotational correlation time, τc, and the diameter of ubiquitin using the Stokes‐Einstein relation. This is a fast and simple experiment, requiring about 1 h of instrument time, and a valuable opportunity to provide a hands‐on experience in studying macromolecular size and dynamics. This experiment is conducted in synchrony with lecture material on hydrodynamics and sedimentation.
Ribosome recycling: An essential process of protein synthesis
Authors: Kiel Michael C. , Kaji Hideko , Kaji Akira
Published: January 2007

A preponderance of textbooks outlines cellular protein synthesis (translation) in three basic steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. However, researchers in the field of translation accept that a vital fourth step exists; this fourth step is called ribosome recycling. Ribosome recycling occurs after the nascent polypeptide has been released during the termination step. Despite the release of the polypeptide, ribosomes remain bound to the mRNA and tRNA. It is only during the fourth step of translation that ribosomes are ultimately released from the mRNA, split into subunits, and are free to bind new mRNA, thus the term “ribosome recycling.” This step is essential to the viability of cells. In bacteria, it is catalyzed by two proteins, elongation factor G and ribosome recycling factor, a near perfect structural mimic of tRNA. Eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts possess ribosome recycling factor and elongation factor G homologues, but the nature of ribosome recycling in eukaryotic cytoplasm is still under investigation. In this review, the discovery of ribosome recycling and the basic mechanisms involved are discussed so that textbook writers and teachers can include this vital step, which is just as important as the three conventional steps, in sections dealing with protein synthesis.
Functional consistency across two behavioural modalities: fire‐setting and self‐harm in female special hospital patients
Authors: Miller Sarah , Fritzon Katarina
Published: January 2007

Background Fire‐setting and self‐harm behaviours among women in high security special hospitals may be understood using Shye's Action System Theory (AST) in which four functional modes are recognized: ‘adaptive’, ‘expressive’, ‘integrative’, and ‘conservative’.

Aims To test for relationships between different forms of fire‐setting and self‐harm behaviours and AST modes among women in special hospital, and for consistency within modes across the two behaviours.

Method Clinical case files evidencing both fire‐setting and self‐harm behaviours (n = 50) were analysed for content, focusing on incident characteristics. A total of 29 fire‐setting and 22 self‐harm variables were analysed using Smallest Space Analysis (SSA). Chi‐square and Spearman's rho (ρ) analyses were used to determine functional consistency across behavioural modes.

Results Most women showed one predominant AST mode in fire‐setting (n = 39) and self‐harm (n = 35). Significant positive correlations were found between integrative and adaptive modes of functioning. The lack of correlation between conservative and expressive modes reflects the differing behaviours used in each activity. Despite this, significant cross‐tabulations revealed that each woman had parallel fire‐setting and self‐harm styles.

Discussion Findings suggest that, for some women, setting fires and self harm fulfil a similar underlying function. Support is given to AST as a way of furthering understanding of damaging behaviours, whether self‐ or other‐inflicted. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Picture: Dipyrrolyl‐Functionalized Bipyridine‐Based Anion Receptors for Emission‐Based Selective Detection of Dihydrogen Phosphate (Chem. Eur. J. 5/2007)
Authors: Plitt Patrick , Gross Dustin E. , Lynch Vincent M. , Sessler Jonathan L.
Published: January 2007

The extremely rare (and obviously apocryphal) Big Mouth Pyrrole Anglerfish that fluoresces in its hungry state until it is well fed with phosphate anion is depicted on the cover. This cover image was produced by the authors using an image purchased with associated rights from Image Quest Marine (www.imagequestmarine.com). In their Full paper on page 1374 ff., J. L. Sessler et al. discuss the selectivity of a new pyrrole‐based receptor for phosphate ions.
Phase II study of low‐dose decitabine in combination with imatinib mesylate in patients with accelerated or myeloid blastic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Oki Yasuhiro , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Gharibyan Vazganush , Jones Dan , O'Brien Susan , Verstovsek Srdan , Cortes Jorge , Morris Gail M. , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Issa Jean‐Pierre J.
Published: January 2007

BACKGROUND.

Resistance to imatinib is a frequent clinical problem in advanced phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). A Phase II study was performed on low‐dose decitabine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, in combination with imatinib in patients with CML in accelerated phase (AP) and myeloid blastic phase (BP).

METHODS.

Patients received decitabine 15 mg/m2 intravenously daily, 5 days a week for 2 weeks, and imatinib 600 mg orally daily. Global DNA methylation was measured by long interspersed nucleotide element (LINE) bisulfite/pyrosequencing.

RESULTS.

Twenty‐eight patients were enrolled (25 with imatinib resistance; 18 in AP, 10 in BP). A total of 91 cycles (median, 2.5 cycles per patient) was administered. Complete hematologic responses, partial hematologic responses, and hematologic improvement were observed in 9 (32%), 1 (4%), and 2 (7%) patients. Major and minor cytogenetic responses were observed in 5 (18%) and 3 (11%) patients. The hematologic response rate was higher in patients without BCR‐ABL kinase mutations (10 of 19, 53%) than in those with mutations (1 of 7, 14%). Median duration of hematologic response was 18 (range, 4 to 107+) weeks. Myelosuppression was the major adverse effect, with neutropenic fever in 9 patients (32%). LINE methylation decreased from 71.6% ± 0.9% (mean ± standard error of the mean) to 60.4% ± 2.0% on Day 5, 60.5% ± 1.8% on Day 12, and returned to 68.8% ± 1.4% at peripheral blood recovery. A decrease in LINE methylation tended to be greater in nonresponders than in responders on Days 5 and 12.

CONCLUSIONS.

Combination therapy with decitabine and imatinib is well tolerated and active in advanced phase CML without BCR‐ABL kinase mutations. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Updated clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of mucositis
Authors: Keefe Dorothy M. , Schubert Mark M. , Elting Linda S. , Sonis Stephen T. , Epstein Joel B. , Raber‐Durlacher Judith E. , Migliorati Cesar A. , McGuire Deborah B. , Hutchins Ronald D. , Peterson Douglas E.
Published: January 2007

Considerable progress in research and clinical application has been made since the original guidelines for managing mucositis in cancer patients were published in 2004, and the first active drug for the prevention and treatment of this condition has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies in Europe and Australia. These changes necessitate an updated review of the literature and guidelines. Panel members reviewed the biomedical literature on mucositis published in English between January 2002 and May 2005 and reached a consensus based on the criteria of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Changes in the guidelines included recommendations for the use of palifermin for oral mucositis associated with stem cell transplantation, amifostine for radiation proctitis, and cryotherapy for mucositis associated with high‐dose melphalan. Recommendations against specific practices were introduced: Systemic glutamine was not recommended for the prevention of gastrointestinal mucositis, and sucralfate and antimicrobial lozenges were not recommended for radiation‐induced oral mucositis. Furthermore, new guidelines suggested that granulocyte–macrophage‐colony stimulating factor mouthwashes not be used for oral mucositis prevention in the transplantation population. Advances in mucositis treatment and research have been complemented by an increased rate of publication on mucosal injury in cancer. However, additional and sustained efforts will be required to gain a fuller understanding of the pathobiology, impact on overall patient status, optimal therapeutic strategies, and improved educational programs for health professionals, patients, and caregivers. These efforts are likely to have significant clinical and economic impact on the treatment of cancer patients. Cancer 2007;109:820–31. © 2007 American Cancer Society.