bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Titanate Coupling Agents in Mineral and Glass Fiber Filled Rim Urethane Systems
Authors: Monte S.J. , Sugerman G. , Damusis A. , Patel P.
Published: March 2007

Glass fibers are used in RRIM Urethane to pro vide dimensional stability and good physical properties- particularly impact strength. However, 1/16" milled glass fibers have the disadvantages of high cost (approximately 82¢/Ib.), anisotropic impact properties and difficult handling and process characteristics. Acicular type fillers, such as Wollastonite, provide tempting substitution possibilities because of lower price, isotropic impact properties and in herent easier handling. However, untreated Wollastonite grades provided inferior properties when compared to silane sized 1/16" milled fiberglass. Silane treated Wollastonite, G. Wollastokup 1100 0.5, has shown promise but falls short in the important area of impact.
The Effective Use of Rubbers as Toughening Agents for Plastics
Authors: Bucknall C.B.
Published: March 2007

Rubber toughening is a very actively develop ing field, and there is ample scope for further advances. Some polymers have not yet been successfully toughened, and current toughened grades suffer from a number of drawbacks, particularly in relation to oxidation resistance and crack arrest capabilities. A clearer definition of objectives in terms of fracture mechanics and yield characteristics is desirable as a guide to the polymer chemist.
New Segmented Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomers
Authors: Nelsen S.B. , Gromelski S.J. , Charles J.J.
Published: March 2007

New copolymer elastomers (Gaflex® ) derived from dimethylterephthalate (DMT), butanediol (B1D), butenediol (B2D) and polytetrahydrofuran are described. The materials are processable by conventional thermoplastic techniques and are available with a range of melt viscosities. The elastomers are tough, tear resistant, and perform over a broad temperature range. Appli cations are found in tubing, wire coating, sports equipment and bellows.
Characterization of Laboratory Scale RIM Machines
Authors: Mikkelsen K.J. , Macosko C.W.
Published: March 2007

The needs for laboratory size reaction injection molding (RIM) equipment are reviewed. Three application areas are identified: process development, chemi cal system development and chemical system research with interface to analyt ical instruments. The size of the machine, its flexibility and quantity of reac tants required for each of these areas is reviewed. Commercially available machines, those described in the literature, and several built at the University of Minnesota are compared. Polyurethane RIM properties from lab scale machines show good agreement with production parts. Our "micro RIM" machine for chemical system research is described in detail. Equations for pressure drop and viscous heating are given.
A Numerical Method of Analysis for Three Bodies in Elastic Frictional Contact
Authors: Chow C.L. , Wong C.M.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the development of a modified contact algorithm based on the flexibility matrix approach for the analysis of three bodies in elastic frictional contact. This analysis reduces four nodal- displacement equations of potential contact nodes in three bodies to two equa tions by satisfying the compatibility condition of displacement and force of equilibrium. The third contact surface is considered necessary for computing contact pressure between tire and road, or wheel and rail, which must be loaded through an additional contact between shaft and tire/wheel.

In view of the fact that the common normal/tangential direction of contacting surfaces may vary during the loading process, a method of determining the common normal direction between contacting surfaces is proposed and incor porated into the modified algorithm.

In order to ease computational procedures, two levels of operation are adopted, namely, primitive level and higher level. The primitive level is designed to compute the nodal reactional forces and rigid body motions whereas the latter is designed for the determination of common normal/ tangential directional and contact pressure. The algorithm is applied to solve the contact pressure for the two body assembly of a cylinder/flat surface block and for the three body assembly of a shaft/disk/flat plate. The computed and measured results are compared and found to achieve excellent agreement, veri fying the validity of the proposed algorithm for solving contact problems of practical engineering interest.
Modelling of the Elastic Recovery in Forged Polymers
Authors: Billon N. , Valla T. , Haudin J.M. , Chenot J.L. , Jeanselme I.
Published: March 2007

The elastic recovery at the end of the forging process has been modelled using the finite element method. The polymer is considered as an an isotropic inhomogeneous elastic material. Thermal expansions are taken into account. It is pointed out that the polymer final shape highly depends on the anisotropic and inhomogeneous characteristics of the material. As a conse quence, it is necessary to measure carefully the elastic properties of the forged material.
Fatigue Behaviour of Carbon Black Filled Rubber Vulcanizates at High Temperature and under Swollen Conditions
Authors: Neogi Chanchal , Bhowmick Anil K. , Basu Sakti Pada
Published: March 2007

Fatigue behaviour of gum and carbon black filled natural rubber and styrene butadiene rubber vulcanizates has been investigated at constant strain and constant stress at 75° and 125 °C. Samples swollen in paraffin oil have also been examined. For all the vulcanizates, the cut growth increases with number of cycle. NR vulcanizates show rapid cut growth with increase in filler loading whereas cut growth is slowed for SBR vulcanizates up to 50 phr loading. At 50 phr loading of different types of carbon black (N220, N375, N550 and N660) NR samples display increase in cut growth with an increase in sur face area of carbon black. An opposite trend is shown for SBR sample. The criti cal number of cycles at which the cut growth becomes rapid varies with the nature and loading of filler and temperature. At constant stress however, the cut growth becomes slower with increase in loading. All the above results could be explained with the help of strain energy density and number of flaw sites. Cut growth rate increases with tearing energy for both NR and SBR at 75°C and 125 ° C and is higher at a particular tearing energy for filled NR vulcanizates (up to 50 phr) as compared to gum. SBR vulcanizates show an op posite trend. Cut growth could not be followed for paraffin oil swollen samples. These fail catastrophically. The fatigue life of these swollen samples could also be explained with the help of strain energy density. Fracture surface morphol ogy as revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Optical Microscopy of the samples is not much different from the surface generated during failure at room temperature. The swollen samples show large cracks and roughness; the gum samples show smoother surface.
Recycling of Microcellular Polyurethane Elastomer Waste
Authors: Modesti M. , Simioni F. , Rienzi S.A.
Published: March 2007

Waste and scraps from polyurethane rigid foams, with a glycolysis process, can be transformed into products that are liquid at room temperature and terminated with hydrogen active groups, so that they can be directly recycled in the production process of new rigid foams. The process is a very con venient solution to an ecological problem.

With proper variations the process can be applied to the recycling of polyurethane structural foams and of microcellular elastomers. The glycolysis chemistry is very complicated because of the presence in the polymer of numer ous groups taking part in the reactions, and because at the process tempera ture, secondary reactions of pyrolysis products cannot be excluded. Moreover, these reaction products can react with themselves and with the glycolysis products.

It is therefore of paramount importance that the selective catalysts for the transesterification reactions be active at the lowest possible tempera tures.

Chemical plants which are easily managed and require small invest ments have been built in situ by the industries that produce the waste and scraps that are available in the appropriate form and free from transport costs.
Molecular Weight Distribution of Thermoplastic Polyurethane by Gel Permeation Chromatography
Authors: Lawandy S.N. , Abd-El-Zaher N.
Published: March 2007

Five grades of thermoplastic polyurethane, varying in hard/soft segment ratio, were fractionated using gel permeation chromatography. Dimethylformamide was used as the medium. The molecular weight distribu tion of these grades was related to their hardness.
Radiation Crosslinking of HDPE/LLDPE Blends in the Presence of Dicumyl Peroxide
Authors: Kurian Philip , George K.E. , Francis D. Joseph
Published: March 2007

Blends of HDPE and LLDPE have been modified by gamma radia tion in the presence of dicumyl peroxide. The modification is found to introduce a low level of crosslinking in the matrix without seriously affecting the crystal linity. Properties, such as yield stress, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance improve with the irradiation.
Properties of Rubber-Modified Polypropylene Impact Blends
Authors: Norzalia S. , Surani B. , Ahmad Fuad M.Y.
Published: March 2007

Blends of polypropylene (PP) with epoxidised natural rubber (ENR-50) and constant-viscosity natural rubber (SMR-CV) were prepared in a laboratory-scale extruder; the rubber content ranged from 0 to 50%. The mix ing torques increase as the percentage of rubber increases-an indication of in crease in the melt viscosity. After mixing and pelletising, the samples were in jection moulded and tested for mechanical properties. Tensile strength decreases while elongation at break increases as the rubber content in the blends increases. PP/ENR-50 blends show an increase in die swell while PP/SMR-CV blends show a decrease with increasing rubber content. PP/ SMR-CV blends have higher Izod impact strength than PP/ENR-50 blends. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used for the compatibility studies and the PP/ENR-50 blends were observed to be more compatible than the PP/SMR-CV blends. The "stable torque" from mixing studies further corrobo rates the compatibility study. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis shows that the incorporation of rubber phase into polypropylene has no signifi cant effect on the degree of crystallinity of the blends.
Dielectric Relaxation Behavior of Polyethylene Grafted with Acrylic Acid, 2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate and their Binary Mixtures
Authors: Mansour Ashraf A. , Abdel-Barey E.M. , El-Nesr E.M.
Published: March 2007

Dielectric investigation of low density polyethylene grafted with acrylic acid (AA) and 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and their mixtures was carried out. The dielectric properties of different samples with different graft contents lower than 30% wt. were measured in the frequency range of 10 -2-106 Hz and the temperature range of 50°-175°C.Only one relaxation pro cess is observed in the case of polyethylene grafted with acrylic acid (PE-PAA). The observed process is attributed to the cooperative reorientation of the poly acrylic acid chains modified by their connections to the polyethylene. The melt ing of the polyethylene crystalline phase does not influence the relaxation behavior of the polyacrylic acid phase.
Dielectric Investigation of SBR-NBR and CR-NBR Blends
Authors: Mansour Ashraf A. , El-Sabagh Salwa , Yehia Abbas A.
Published: March 2007

SBR-NBR and CR-NBR blends were prepared with different con centrations, namely 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%, and measured dielectrically over a wide frequency range (10-2 -106Hz) and at different temperatures (-10°-25°C). The aim of the present work is to employ the dielectric method to investigate the compatibility of two different types of rubber blends. The first type consists of nonpolar and polar polymers (SBR and NBR), while the second is blended from two polar polymers (CR and NBR). It was expected that the styrene (in SBR) and the nitrile groups (in NBR could act as a donor-acceptor system and therefore allow compatibility of SBR and NBR, while the second series was expected to be compatible due to their polarity.
Theory and Research Concerning the Notion of Black Self-hatred: A Review and Reinterpretation
Authors: Baldwin Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

A review of the theoretical models and supportive research related to the issue of Black self-hatred is presented. The analysis reveals that much of the Black self-hatred literature fails to stand up to conventional standards of validity and reliability, but it also reflects a failure to recognize the cross-cultural nature of Black experience in American society. In addition, the evidence generated by past research is neither consistent nor statistically significant in most cases. Certain cross- cultural approaches to Black social reality are suggested as alternatives to the traditional models and are strong ly recommended for investigations of Black experience in western society.
Analyzing Black Coping Styles: A Supplemental Diagnostic System
Authors: Harrell Jules P.
Published: March 2007

Though the Kraepelinian diagnostic system for mental disorders has proved to be a durable one, it is limited when used to diagnose Black behavior. A diagnostic system is presented that examines Black behavioral responses to racism for positive and negative conse quences to mental health. The six styles examined in clude an apathetic style, a style oriented toward ob taining goods and products from the existing capitalistic system, a style oriented toward counter- culture alternatives, a Black nationalistic style, an authoritarian style, and finally a style characterized by historically based flexibility. Empirical issues related to assessing the styles are outlined, and the utility of the system to Black diagnosticians is discussed.
Conducting Presentencing Investigations
Authors: SPENCER J. WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

Most research on the criminal justice system has tended to neglect the presentencing processes whereby probation officers conduct presentencing investigations. This article uses discourse and textual data, in conjunction with ethnographic data, to examine how probation officers routinely accomplish these investigations. Probation officers confront three major tasks in conducting such investigations: eliciting, interpreting, and utilizing information. The accomplishment of each task requires that probation officers articulate or link existing knowledge categories with information that emerges during interviews with defendants.
Legal Intrusion and the Politics of Fieldwork
Authors: BRAJUHA MARIO , HALLOWELL LYLE
Published: March 2007

Legal intrusion into the research process is an extreme threat to the viability of field research, but one that research experience shows need not be fatal. We explore the problem by describing and discussing Mario Brajuha's experiences in the legal system and at his research site when both federal and state prosecutors subpoenaed his testimony and field notes. After an account of the research and the long court battle over field note confidentiality that ensued, we discuss the impact of legal intrusion on Mario's fieldworker roles, scholarly identity, and social support network. The many temporary and lasting changes in the research wrought by legal intrusion are recounted, and the implications of the legal case for Mario, field researchers, and social scientists generally are discussed, with attention to issues of research practice, legal constraint, and ethical commitment.
Apostasy in the Wilderness: Paul's Message To the Corinthians in a State of Eschatological Liminality
Authors: Oropeza B.J.
Published: March 2007

Certain interpretative approaches have coloured the conclusions of some recent scholarly works on the subject of apostasy. Judith Gundry Volf's topical-exegetical method is one example. This article argues that the content of Paul's description of the Israelites in the wilderness focuses upon the notions of apostasy and eschatol ogy. As a point of departure, a cultural anthropological approach is used to illuminate 1 Cor. 10.1-12. Paul presupposes a Jewish apocalyptic understanding of eschatology in the language of the Israelites' journey through the wilderness, and the apostle's perspective is compared with the liminal processes of pilgrimages and rites of passage as discussed by cultural anthropologist Victor Turner. In light of this perspective, Paul is warning the Corinthian congregation that, although they had been initiated into the body of Christ through a separation process that was prefigured in Israel's exodus, many of them may be in danger of committing apos tasy during their liminal stage before reaching the aggregative goal of their lifelong journey.
Jesus' Defence of the Resurrection of the Dead
Authors: Cohn-Sherbok Rabbi D.M.
Published: March 2007

For some time a number of scholars have asserted that Jesus' answer to the Sadducees concerning the resurrection of the dead in Matt. 22:31-32, Mark 12:26-27, and Luke 20:37-38 is typically rabbinic /1/. Yet Jesus' defence of this doctrine does not strictly follow the hermeneutical rules laid down by Tannaitic exegetes /2/, and in contrast with arguments in rabbinic literature concerning the resurrection which do follow these rules, it seems strikingly inadequate from a rabbinic point of view. The fact that Jesus could use such an argument should not surprise us, since it bears out the truth of the Gospel tradition in suggesting that Jesus was not a skilled casuist in the style of the Pharisees and Sadducees.
Method in Our Madness, and Madness in Their Methods. Some Approaches To the Son of Man Problem in Recent Scholarship
Authors: Casey Maurice
Published: March 2007

A successful solution to the Son of Man problem requires the recon struction of sayings in the original Aramaic. Some sayings emerge as examples of an idiomatic use of general statements with particular reference to the speaker. Other sayings have been formed under the influence of Dan. 7.13. The number of these has been exaggerated by scholars who have not worked with Aramaic originals. This has seri ous consequences for appreciation of the possible referring power of bar nash(a), with exaggerated notions of what could be achieved by putting it in the definite state, or by use of a demonstrative not reflected in Gospel sayings. We should infer a core of genuine sayings conforming to Aramaic idiom, a secondary group influenced by Dan. 7.13, and a penumbra of sayings which develop further the church's known con cerns with the death and parousia of Jesus.
'Dalit Theology' and the Parable of the Good Samaritan
Authors: Gnanavaram M.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to give a contextual interpretation of the parable of the Good Samaritan in the light of Dalit theology in India. This is done in three parts. The first part attempts to bring out the inadequacy of the traditional historical-critical methods of biblical interpretation while stressing the importance of the socio-economic and cultural context in Indian Christian biblical hermeneutics. The second part of the article deals with the present Dalit reality and the importance of Dalit theology in India. Dalit theology is a definite breakthrough from the earlier and traditional Indian Christian theologies. There is also an attempt to relate Dalit theology to the liberation theology of Latin America and black religio-cultural and socio-economic interpre tation of the parable of the Good Samaritan. The article concludes that the parable has a life-giving message to the marginalized Dalits and a challenging message to the non-Dalits in the religious-philosophical, socio-economic and cultural context of India.
'Above All Else': Contexts of the Call for Verbal Integrity in James 5.12
Authors: Baker William R.
Published: March 2007

Despite wide-ranging views among commentators, 'above all else' was intended to focus attention on the call for verbal integrity which follows in Jas 5.12. This may be seen by the literary context which shows the call for verbal integrity to be the last in a series of appeals, beginning in 4.11-12, for the readers to control their speech in various ways. The early church context also heightens verbal integrity as an essential principle in Christian behavior. Finally, a survey of the representative literature of Jews, Greeks, and even early Egyptians and Babylonians reveals nine cross-cultural principles regarding verbal integrity and the outlawing of oaths from which Jas 5.12 derives.
Vision and Knowledge
Authors: Goulder Michael
Published: March 2007

Far from being the 'man in Christ' who was ravished to heaven (2 Cor. 12.1-5), Paul had had no such experience himself, and disapproved of the abuse of such visions to manipulate the churches (Col. 2.18). The visionaries were Jewish Christians who used their visionary authority to force Gentiles to observe halakha; and they claimed to see God and his Glory, Image, Beginning, and so forth. But it is Christ, says Paul, to whom these titles refer, and it is through him that God created everything. The same polemic runs through 1 Timothy, Ephesians, 1 John and John's Gospel; and though Matthew and Revelation find a place for the vision of God, it is closely controlled.
The Words of Gamaliel (Acts 5.38-39) and the Irony of Indeterminacy
Authors: Lyons William John
Published: March 2007

In the acrimony surrounding the 'Toronto Blessing' a difference of opinion has arisen as to whether Gamaliel's 'principle' (Acts 5.38-39) should be interpreted positively and affirmed as truthful, or negatively and denied. These differing interpretations can also be found within the history of exegesis. Using readerly conceptions of Gamaliel and the source of irony within the narrative as heuristic devices, three different read ings—those of David Gowler, the Clementine Recognitions, and John Darr-are examined. Differing portrayals of Gamaliel as a Pharisaic Jew or a Jewish-Christian and disagreement upon the appropriateness of affirming his words (with resultant implications for both the interpretation of Acts and constructions of its author) are shown to be products of reader context and, to a large degree, dependent upon cer tain core attitudes to the status of Luke-Acts or Luke and Acts and to Pharisaic Judaism itself.
The Household Code and Wisdom Mode of Colossians
Authors: Lincoln Andrew T.
Published: March 2007

There has been considerable recent discussion on the origins of the household code, but not nearly as much attention has been given to considering the function of the code when it makes its first appearance in early Christian literature in Colossians. Assuming the recent consensus that the code has links with the discussion of household management in the ancient world and played a role in debates over societal stability, the article suggests that its Christian adaptation can be seen as an integral part of Colossians when the letter is treated as Pauline thought in wisdom mode. It argues that the Colossians' code is appropriately related to the letter's perspective on wise living, to its notion of the fear of Christ as cosmic Lord, to its contrast between a wisdom that has its source above and a wisdom that has its starting point below, and to its pervasive theme of thanksgiving. The combined effect of these links also suggests that the code functions as part of the letter's response to the wisdom of the philosophy it opposes, distancing its own brand of apostolic wisdom from the perceived social consequences of an ascetic wisdom.
'Maybe my daddy give me a big piano': the development of children's use of modals to express uncertainty
Authors: O'Neill Daniela K. , Atance Cristina M.
Published: March 2007

Little is known about the emergence of modal adjuncts to mark uncertainty. We used the CHILDES database (MacWhinney & Snow 1985, 1990) to examine the use of the modal terms maybe, possibly, probably and might among 10 children between ages 2;0 and 4;11. A coding scheme was developed to permit a detailed examination of the contexts in which these terms were used. Children first expressed uncertainty in connention with ongoing events in the physical world and with respect to future intentions. The expression of uncertainty with respect to future events was the next context of use to emerge. After age 3;6, an increased use of might was notable, particularly with respect to 'things that might happen' in the future.
Preschoolers' communicative competence: register shift in the marking of power in different contexts of friendship group talk
Authors: Kyratzis Amy , Marx Traci
Published: March 2007

Research has focused on the acquisition of register knowledge, the process by which children choose the appropriate speech (e.g., request forms) for the circumstance. This study examines preschoolers' control act language as a device to index ranking in the friendship group. Are certain children consistently indexed as high ranking and does ranking fluctuate by context? A longitudinal ethnographic study of a preschool classroom was conducted. Children were videotaped on different occasions in friendship groups. Transcripts of play within a girls' and a boys' friendship group were analysed. Control acts were identified and coded for assertiveness/deference and mitigation. Through assertive and deferent control acts, certain children were consistently indexed as high- and low-ranking members of each group. Preschoolers were sensitive to factors like expertise and competence that altered the ranking of group members in specific contexts. Girls used mitigation in some contexts, possibly to index solidarity associated with specific female roles.
Positive evidence for negative evidence
Authors: Moerk Ernst L.
Published: March 2007

The topic of 'negative evidence', i.e., of linguistic corrections, is focused upon. Its denial in the recent literature is briefly documented and various dimensions of this denial are specified. After a brief historical survey of research on adult corrections of children's speech, verbatim evidence of maternal corrective feedback is presented for the following categories of filial mistakes: Nouns and Labels, Verbs, Determiners, Prepositions, Bound Morphemes, and Syntax. It is also argued and demonstrated that most 'expansions' involve grammatical corrections and that expanding corrections predominate by far during the early developmental period. Finally, diverse aspects of corrections, their generality, and their effect upon language acquisition are discussed from epistemological and methodological perspectives.
Spatial and temporal location in child language
Authors: Weist Richard M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between the development of spatial and temporal location. The research was based on the distinction between mono-referential and bi-referential location, where mono-referential location involves the relationship between an object/event to-be-located and a single reference object/time with intrinsic spatial/temporal properties, and bi-referential location requires a projective/sequential relationship between two referential objects/times. A sentence-picture matching task was constructed having four types of problems combining time and space with mono-/bi-referential relationships. Twelve American children were tested at each of three age levels: 2;6, 4;6, and 6;6. At 2;6, the children failed the bi-referential problems and passed the mono-referential problems. By 4;6, children showed an advantage of space over time, and in addition to the mono-referential problems, they also passed the bi-referential space problems. At 6;6, the children passed all of the problems. Changes in the spatial and temporal linguistic systems were related to cognitive development in the linguistic and non-linguistic domains.
Maltreated children's language and speech development: abused, neglected, and abused and neglected
Authors: Culp Rex E. , Watkins Ruth V. , Lawrence Harriet , Letts Dana , Kelly Donna J. , Rice Mabel L.
Published: March 2007

Seventy-four preschool-age maltreated children's receptive and expressive language, speech skills, general language and cognitive abilities were assessed to investigate the language, speech and cognitive skills of abused, neglected, and abused and neglected children. While all three groups were delayed, neglect was the type of maltreatment most strongly associated with both expressive and receptive language delays and overall language delay. The three groups did not differ in general cognitive development. The most important feature of our data, relative to a Vygotskian perpective, is that language development is particularly vulnerable in an environment devoid of parent-child social language exchange.
Pragmatic functions of blind and sighted children's language: a twin case study
Authors: Perez-Pereira M. , Castro J.
Published: March 2007

Results are presented from a longitudinal study on the acquisition of Spanish by twin girls, one of whom was blind, the other of whom was sighted. Analyses were undertaken of the MLU of the subjects from the age of 2;5 to 3;5, and on the functional categories used by both children. The data indicate that (1) the blind girl had a slightly higher MLU than her sighted sister, and (2) the two girls exhibited differences in their pragmatic uses of language. While the blind girl used language for referring to her own actions, with more routines, calls and repetitions, the sighted child tended to use language in a way which was more bound up with external reality and social interchanges. Both children seemed to have different strategies for learning language, the blind one being closer to the Gestalt type.
Two-year-olds' conversations with their mothers and preschool-aged siblings
Authors: Mannle Sara , Barton Michelle , Tomasello Michael
Published: March 2007

The pragmatics of sibling-infant and mother-infant conversations were compared. Sixteen children, 22 to 26 months of age, were videotaped for 15 minutes in dyadic interaction with their mothers and for 15 minutes in dyadic interaction with their preschool-aged siblings. Sibling-infant and mother-infant conversations were compared on three dimensions: quantitative characteristics, conversational style and conversational repair of potential breakdowns. Compared with mothers and infants, siblings and infants talked less and had shorter conversations. On an individual level, siblings asked fewer questions of the infants and issued more directives to them than did the mothers. Moreover, siblings failed to repair disruptions in conversations almost twice as often as mothers. The infants' conversational behaviours, however, did not differ when interacting with the siblings as opposed to the mothers. These results indicate that preschool-aged siblings are not yet adept at making the kinds of pragmatic adjustments in their speech that scaffold infants in their early conversational interactions. It is suggested that the experience later- born infants have with less responsive siblings may be valuable preparation for interacting with strangers, especially peers, who share many characteristics with siblings.
French children's ability to introduce referents in narratives as a function of mutual knowledge
Authors: Kail Michèle , Hickmann Maya
Published: March 2007

This study examines referent introductions in narratives produced by French children of 6, 9, and 11 years in two situations where they either could or could not assume mutual knowledge. In one situation (MK) the children and their interlocutor were looking at a picture book together; in the other (NMK) the interlocutor was blindfolded. Children in all age groups used more indefinite determiners in Situation NMK than in MK. However, some clear developmental changes were also found: the 6-year-olds used both definite and indefinite determiners in NMK; the 9-year-olds selected indefinite determiners in NMK and definite ones in MK; the 11-year-olds produced indefinite determiners not only in NMK, but also in MK. These results show that children acquire the rules governing referent introductions in three steps: (a) they have no systematic rule in the absence of mutual knowledge; (b) they acquire a rule associating appropriately different linguistic devices with the presence versus absence of mutual knowledge; (c) they acquire an additional rule that generalizes indefinite forms to all narrative situations, regardless of mutual knowledge conditions.
Parental styles of narrative elicitation: effect on children's narrative structure and content
Authors: Peterson Carole , McCabe Allyssa
Published: March 2007

Two contrastive studies of personal experience narration in two mother-child pairs are reported. The relationship between patterns of narrative elicitation and the children's developing narrative skill are investigated. Three sets of data were analysed: mother's utterances during mother-child elicitation, children's spontaneously provided contextual orientation in narratives elicited by a neutral researcher when the children were between 27 and 44 months of age, and the overall structure of the children's narratives at age 44 months. The two mothers differed substantially in the kinds of questions they asked: one focused on context (i.e., who, where, when, what and why), while the other emphasized event elaboration (i.e., what happened). The former's child was more likely to spontaneously include contextual orientation but showed less sophisticated plot structure. In contrast, the narratives of the second child showed better structural organization although she spontaneously included less contextual information. These results are discussed in terms of Vygotskian theory.
Early sign language acquisition in children and gorillas: vocabulary content and sign iconicity
Authors: Bonvillian John D. , Patterson Francine G.P.
Published: March 2007

The early sign language acquisition of 22 young children of deaf parents and 2 lowland gorillas was examined in several longitudinal studies. Both the children and gorillas acquired numerous signs during these investigations, with the children typically learning new signs more rapidly than the gorillas. Comparisons of the content of the children's and gorillas' early sign lexicons revealed a pattern of considerable resemblance between the species. Signs classified as iconic or pantomimic constituted the majority of the gorillas' initial 10-sign lexicons, whereas most of the children's first-learned signs were non-iconic. Overall, there were many similarities between the species in early sign vocabulary development.
Language patterns of adolescent and older mothers and their one-year-old children: a comparison study
Authors: McDonald Culp Anne , Osofsky Joy Doniger , O'Brien Marion
Published: March 2007

Adolescent mothers (15;4 years) were compared with older mothers (23;7 years) when talking to their one-year-old infants using precise coding of written transcripts. The 32 subjects were similar on demographic characteristics other than age: white, primiparous, and had no more than 12 years of education. Multivariate and univariate analysis of variance indicated that, compared with older mothers, the adolescent mothers spoke significantly fewer words to their infants, fewer utterances in joint attention and in object labelling, fewer utterances of positive affective speech, and more command utterances. The infants of adolescents vocalized significantly less often than the infants of older mothers. Pearson product-moment correlations indicated a positive significant relationship between mother language variables and infant variables.
The growth of speaker and listener skills from five to eleven years
Authors: Lloyd Peter , Mann Sandi , Peers Ian
Published: March 2007

The development of children's ability to become effective speakers and listeners once they have acquired language has been widely investigated using the referential communication paradigm. However, there has not been a systematic investigation of these abilities across the entire primary school age range. Given the importance of oral information in the classroom, the facility with which children encode and decode messages autonomously needs to be known. A balanced sample, with respect to age, sex and socio-economic status (SES), of 578 children (5-11 years) was given a 35-item test of speaker and listener skills using a variety of pictorial material. Results, which were scored using a response coding scheme, showed that the ability to respond as listeners to accurate messages was generally good, but significant improvement took place between 5 and 8 years. Speaker skills and listener skills were closely correlated, although only when the message received was ambiguous and required missing information to be sought. Average performance was initially at a low level (10% at 5 years, 18% at 6 years) and did not reach the 50% level of success until 9 years. Even by the end of the primary school period, accuracy was less than 70% of the possible score. Significant differences as a function of age and SES, but not sex, are reported. The reasons for, and the practical implications of, the protracted growth of these pragmatic skills are discussed.
Infants' disambiguation of novel object words
Authors: Graham Susan A. , Poulin-Dubois Diane , Baker Rachel K.
Published: March 2007

When preschool-aged children are presented with two objects, one familiar and one unfamiliar, and asked for the referent of a novel word, they will consistently map the novel word to the novel object, a tendency called the disambiguation effect. In this study, we examined the relation between vocabulary size and the disambiguation response tendency during late infancy. Sixteen- to 22-month-old infants were presented with a novel object along with two familiar objects and asked to choose the referents of familiar and novel words. The infants who consistently chose the novel object in the presence of a novel word had significantly higher productive vocabularies than those who did not. These two groups, however, did not differ in age or on familiar word trials. These results suggest that emergence of the disambiguation effect in late infancy is related to productive vocabulary size rather than age.
Lexical acceleration coincides with the onset of combinatorial speech
Authors: Anisfeld Moshe , Rosenberg Erica S. , Hoberman Mara J. , Gasparini Don
Published: March 2007

Five children whose ages at the beginning of the study ranged from 12 to 17 months were observed weekly for 8-10 months. For each subject the cumulative numbers of both new words and new word- combinations were plotted as a function of week of observation. An exponential function was fitted to the lexical curves, and lexical acceleration was defined as an upward deviation of the observed curves from the fitted curves. It was found that lexical accelerations occurred at the time the subjects began to produce word- combinations. It is suggested that combinatorial speech, requiring greater specificity of expression (than holophrastic speech), motivates the learning of new words. At the same time, the sensitivity to sentential speech facilitates the mapping of word meanings.
Toward a Model of Parent Education for School Psychologists
Authors: Meyers Elizabeth S. , Wulf Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

Most parents want their children to receive the best education possible, and yet too many of them leave this entirely to the schools, little realising that they can play a vital role in it. This article discusses parent education in concepts of child development and child management techniques.
Gifted Children in Israel: Theory, Practice, and Research
Authors: Milgram Roberta M.
Published: March 2007

The July/August issue of School Psychology International included an article entitled 'Discovering Gifted Children in a Third World Nation', namely the Sudan. By way of contrast the following two articles discuss the approach taken toward gifted children in Israel - a nation which, although falling within the general classification of a Western industrialized state, cannot be closely compared with other Western nations because of its uni que problems - and in California, which is not only the most prosperous state in the U.S.A., butprobably the most prosperous and advanced area in the modern world.
Implantable Insulin Infusion Pumps: A Case Presentation
Authors: Saudek Christopher D.
Published: March 2007

A case is presented of a young woman implanted with a program mable implantable medication system (PIMS). Implanted insulin pumps have been the subject of research for over a decade but have encountered a series of obstacles ranging from design problems to insulin aggregation to catheter blocking from omental tissue. Many of these problems, but not all, have been overcome. Implanted insulin pumps are still in a developmental phase. Glucose sensing is not yet available. Nevertheless, PIMS has demonstrated in this case that it can safely and effectively control insulin-dependent diabetes for over 1. 5 years.
Implementation of Low-Protein Diets for Treatment of Persons With Early Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Schafer Rebecca G.
Published: March 2007

Low-protein diets are being increasingly used as a treatment for early nephropathy associated with diabetes. Recent research studies have shown a decrease in proteinuria while serum albumin levels and weight have been maintained. A level of 0.6 g protein/kg ideal body weight has been suggested. In structuring these diets, fat should be restricted to approximately 30% of calories, with the remainder supplied as carbohydrate calories after the protein content has been calculated. In some persons, simple sugars need to be included to avoid excessive amounts of high-bulk, high-fiber carbohy drate foods. Insulin and oral agent dosages may need adjustment to compensate for increased glucose levels. Self- monitoring of glucose levels can provide valuable feedback for medication adjustment. Intensive dietary education is needed with these patients, as the diet is sometimes radically different from diets previously used. A hypothetical patient is described and diet calculations provided using the ADA Exchange Lists with accompanying menus.
The Prevalence of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, and Induced Glycosuria in IDDM Females
Authors: Birk Randi , Spencer Martha L.
Published: March 2007

Questionnaires were sent to 550 female patients aged 13 to 45, with insulin-dependent diabetes to determine the prevalence of eating disorders in this population. Seventy percent of the question naires were returned and analyzed. One percent of respon dents met criteria for lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa, 16. 2 % for lifetime prevalence of bulimia, and 4.9% for induced glycosuria. Contrary to previous studies, the prevalence of bulimia and anorexia was within the range identified in the general population, although at the upper end of the range. The medical risks incurred by women with diabetes who have eating disorders, however, are substan tially greater and warrant attention. The incidence of induced glycosuria is a significant problem for diabetes educators and health care providers working with women who have discovered a dangerous but effective way to lose weight.
Performance of Seven Blood Glucose Testing Systems at High Altitude
Authors: Giordano Beverlyp. , Thrash Wayne , Hollenbaugh Laura , Dube William P. , Hodges Carol , Swain Arletta , Banion Carolyn R. , Klingensmith Georgeanna J.
Published: March 2007

Consumers and health care professionals expect blood glucose monitoring systems to consistently generate results that are close to actual blood glucose levels. Numerous environmental, physiologic, and operational factors can affect system performance, yielding results that are inaccurate or unpredictable. This study examined the effect of one factor—high altitude—on the performance of seven blood glucose monitoring systems. One of the systems overestimated blood glucose results; the other six systems underestimated blood glucose values (more than the expected variance). The findings of this study support previous reports of altered blood glucose monitoring system performance at high altitude. Diabetes educators can use this information when counseling consumers who reside or who plan to visit locations at high altitude.
The Effect of Social Learning Intervention on Metabolic Control of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in Adolescents
Authors: Massouh Sylvia R. , Steele Teresa M.O. , Alseth Elizabeth R. , Diekmann Judym.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the results of an experimental study modeled after a study conducted by Kaplan et al.1 The hypothesis tested was: Adolescents who receive a social learning intervention (SLI) will show greater improvement in metabolic control of their diabetes than will adolescents who receive only traditional diabetes instruction. Thirty-four adoles cents between the ages of 12 and 16 who attended a midwestern camp were randomly divided into two groups. Both groups attended a daily 1-hour teaching session about diabetes. Later each day, the experimental group received an SLI consisting of role modeling to help the subjects circumvent peer pressure. To determine metabolic control, HbA1 values were determined before and 31/2 months after the intervention. The control group showed no signif icant difference in HbA1 values, while the experimental group showed a decrease in metabolic control.
Legal Aspects of the Team Approach to Diabetes Treatment
Authors: Ratner Robert E. , El-Gamassy Elizabeth Ritter
Published: March 2007

Expansion of the team approach to diabetes care will most likely have significant ramifications in malpractice liability law as applied to diabetes educators, physicians, treatment teams, and supporting hospitals. This analysis focuses on the nature of the team approach to diabetes care, nationally promulgated standards for its practice, and predictions of the parameters of malpractice law. The estab lishment of a national certifi cation procedure identifies specialists in diabetes education, allowing for the expanded roles of diabetes educators, and promotes a minimum standard of care to which practitioners may be held. Likewise, the criteria for recog nition by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) serve as guide lines for diabetes education programs. Current legal. decisions suggest that these standards may be applied nationally as measures of malpractice liability. Application of certification guidelines may minimize allegations of malpractice.
Meta-Analysis of Correlates of Diabetes Patients' Compliance With Prescribed Medications
Authors: Nagasawa Masako , Smith Mickey C. , Barnes James H. , Fincham Jack E.
Published: March 2007

This study quantitatively integrated the results of independent research papers containing correlates of objec tively measured diabetes patients' compliance with prescribed medications. A total of 183 corre lations were extracted from 26 studies. Separate meta-analytic syntheses were conducted to calculate average correlations for different subsets of studies, each. of which represented homoge neous results. In general, emotional stability, internal and external motivations, perceived benefit, and supportive structure were positively associated with patients' compliance; perceived barriers and negative social environment were correlated with poor compliance. The directions of relationships of knowledge and age with compliance varied, depending on other study charac teristics.