bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of living liver donor candidate evaluations in the Living Donor Collective pilot registry
Authors: Kasiske Bertram L. , Ahn Yoon Son , Conboy Michael , Dew Mary Amanda , Folken Christian , Levan Macey L. , Humar Abhi , Israni Ajay K. , Rudow Dianne LaPointe , Trotter James F. , Massie Allan B. , Musgrove Donald ,   the Living Donor Collective participants
Published: August 2021

Background

To gather information on long‐term outcomes after living donation, the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) conducted a pilot on the feasibility of establishing a comprehensive donor candidate registry.

Methods

A convenience sample of 6 US living liver donor programs evaluated 398 consecutive donor candidates in 2018, ending with the March 12, 2020, COVID‐19 emergency.

Results

For 333/398 (83.7%), the donor or program decided whether to donate; 166/333 (49.8%) were approved, and 167/333 (50.2%) were not or opted out. Approval rates varied by program, from 27.0% to 63.3% (median, 46%; intraquartile range, 37.3–51.1%). Of those approved, 90.4% were white, 57.2% were women, 83.1% were < 50 years, and 85.5% had more than a high school education. Of 167 candidates, 131 (78.4%) were not approved or opted out because of: medical risk (10.7%); chronic liver disease risk (11.5%); psychosocial reasons (5.3%); candidate declined (6.1%); anatomical reasons increasing recipient risk (26.0%); recipient‐related reasons (33.6%); finances (1.5%); or other (5.3%).

Conclusions

A comprehensive national registry is feasible and necessary to better understand candidate selection and long‐term outcomes. As a result, the US Health Resources and Services Administration asked SRTR to expand the pilot to include all US living donor programs.
The Wind from the East: China and European Economic Development
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey , Feldmann Magnus , de Graaff Nana
Published: August 2021

In recent years Europe has become a primary focus for Chinese investment. In the context of the rolling out of Chinese government plans such as its Belt and Road Initiative and ‘Made in China 2025’ industrial strategy, and the fact that many Chinese companies are either controlled or influenced by the Communist Party, major consequences for Europe's economic development — and its social, political and geopolitical corollaries — are now in train. The analyses presented in this special issue significantly advance our understanding of the dynamics and consequences of China's deepening economic engagements in Europe. They do so particularly in relation to the contentious issues surrounding corporate acquisitions by Chinese companies, the security problems associated with some investments and the impact of China's investment finance. This introductory article offers an institutional framework for comprehending the other articles that constitute the special issue and provides summaries of their contents. Additionally, it provides an assessment of how the special issue's contribution advances our understanding of China's externalization and its implications for European economic development.
Involvement of G‐CSF, IL‐6, and cortisol in transient neutrophilia after marathon races
Authors: Ueda Naho , Musashi Manabu , Shimoda Taeko , Kawaguchi Yuichi , Ohkubo Iwao , Nakagawa Yukie
Published: August 2021

Objectives

The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanisms of the transient increase in neutrophils after running standard marathon races by measurement of cytokines involved in the production and survival of neutrophils, and cortisol.

Methods

Fourteen male runners who participated in the Hokkaido Marathon, which is the sole marathon race held in summer in Japan, and finished the standard marathon were analyzed sequentially from the start until a maximum of 8 days after the finish.

Results

Neutrophilia was observed in all runners just after they reached the goal (mean neutrophils: 13 226/μL). IL‐6, G‐CSF, and cortisol, but not GM‐CSF, increased at the same time. Time‐course studies with complete blood counts, biochemical markers, cytokines, and cortisol showed transient increases in neutrophils, monocytes, myoglobin, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), G‐CSF, IL‐6, and cortisol. The increase in hsCRP was delayed 6 hours from the first increase in neutrophils. Correlations were observed between the neutrophil count and G‐CSF, IL‐6, and cortisol (G‐CSF; r = .667, IL‐6; r = .667, cortisol; r = .623).

Conclusion

These results suggest that G‐CSF is directly involved, and IL‐6 is involved via cortisol in the transient neutrophilia that occurs after marathon races.
Differential impact of stay‐at‐home orders on mental health in adults who are homeschooling or “childless at home” in time of COVID‐19
Authors: Cuadrado Esther , Arenas Alicia , Moyano Manuel , Tabernero Carmen
Published: August 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has forced the confinement of most populations worldwide, through stay‐at‐home orders. Children have continued their education process at home, supervised by parents, who, in most cases, have adopted the role of prime drivers of their learning processes. In this study, the psychological impact of confinement was explored, as well as the relationship of the forced homeschooling situation with psychological well‐being. During their confinement, 400 individuals residing in Spain—165 without children at home (Group 1), 104 parents who dedicated little time to homeschooling (Group 2), and 131 who dedicated more time to homeschooling (Group 3)—responded to an online questionnaire. The results show that confinement threatened the mental health of all the participants but especially Group 3 individuals, who had the highest loneliness, anxiety, and stress levels. Moreover, loneliness, perception of discomfort due to homeschooling, and anxiety exacerbated the stress experienced during confinement. Discomfort due to the homeschooling situation was especially relevant in explaining anxiety and stress for Group 3 individuals. These results suggest that forced homeschooling could be associated with the negative consequences that confinement has on individuals’ mental health. Moreover, the results suggest that parents who dedicate more time to homeschooling feel more unprotected and more stressed due to the homeschooling in comparison to Group 2 individuals. Health professionals must pay special attention to parents who dedicate more time to homeschooling, and governments and schools must emphasize social support provision to families during homeschooling situations.
Editor Profile: Hyunsook Lee
Authors: The FEBS Journal Editorial Team  , Lee Hyunsook
Published: August 2021

In this special interview series, we profile members of The FEBS Journal editorial board to highlight their research focus, perspectives on the journal and future directions in their field. Hyunsook Lee is Professor at the Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology at Seoul National University in Korea. She has served as an editorial board member of The FEBS Journal since 2018.
A humanized version of Foxp2 affects ultrasonic vocalization in adult female and male mice
Authors: von Merten Sophie , Pfeifle Christine , Künzel Sven , Hoier Svenja , Tautz Diethard
Published: August 2021

The transcription factor FoxP2 is involved in setting up the neuronal circuitry for vocal learning in mammals and birds and is thought to have played a special role in the evolution of human speech and language. It has been shown that an allele with a humanized version of the murine Foxp2 gene changes the ultrasonic vocalization of mouse pups compared to pups of the wild‐type inbred strain. Here we tested if this humanized allele would also affect the ultrasonic vocalization of adult female and male mice. In a previous study, in which only male vocalization was considered and the mice were recorded under a restricted spatial and temporal regime, no difference in adult vocalization between genotypes was found. Here, we use a different test paradigm in which both female and male vocalizations are recorded in extended social contact. We found differences in temporal, spectral and syntactical parameters between the genotypes in both sexes, and between sexes. Mice carrying the humanized Foxp2 allele were using higher frequencies and more complex syllable types than mice of the corresponding wildtype inbred strain. Our results support the notion that the humanized Foxp2 allele has a differential effect on mouse ultrasonic vocalization. As mice carrying the humanized version of the Foxp2 gene show effects opposite to those of mice carrying disrupted or mutated alleles of this gene, we conclude that this mouse line represents an important model for the study of human speech and language evolution.
European principles of care for women and girls with inherited bleeding disorders
Authors: van Galen Karin , Lavin Michelle , Skouw‐Rasmussen Naja , Fischer Kathelijn , Noone Declan , Pollard Debra , Mauser‐Bunschoten Eveline , Khair Kate , Gomez Keith , van Loon Ellen , Bagot Catherine N. , Elfvinge Petra , d'Oiron Roseline , Abdul‐Kadir Rezan ,   the European Haemophilia Consortium (EHC) and the European Association for Haemophilia and Allied Disorders (EAHAD)
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Despite increasing awareness of issues faced by women and girls with inherited BDs (WGBD), standards of care are lacking, with disparities in diagnosis and treatment for WGBD across Europe. We aimed to develop practical principles of care (PoC) to promote standardization of care for WGBD within European Haemophilia Treatment and Comprehensive Care Centres (HTC/CCCs).

Methods

The co‐creation process, supported by the European Association for Haemophilia and Allied Disorders, consisted of four multidisciplinary meetings with health care providers (HCPs) experienced in WGBD care, and European Haemophilia Consortium representatives, combined with broad patient and HCP consultations in the European haemophilia community. Relevant medical societies outside Europe were contacted for confirmation.

Results

We developed ten PoC for WGBD, stressing the importance and benefits of a centralized, multidisciplinary, comprehensive, family‐centred approach to support and manage WGBD during all life stages. These PoC emphasise the right to equitable access and quality of care for all people with BDs, irrespective of gender. Multiple medical societies outside Europe also confirmed their support for endorsement.

Conclusions

Ten PoC for WGBD evolved from an iterative process among stakeholders, supported by relevant medical societies worldwide. These PoC can serve as a benchmark for diagnosis and comprehensive multidisciplinary management of WGBD, and improve awareness of their unique challenges. They offer a framework to guide HTC/CCCs in providing equitable care for all WGBD, both in their own services and in other healthcare settings. Implementation of these principles aims to positively impact the health, wellbeing and quality of life for WGBD.
Quality of periprocedural care in patients with von Willebrand disease
Authors: Seaman Craig D. , Bertolet Marnie , Zhang Jun , Ragni Margaret V.
Published: August 2021

Introduction

While it has been shown that haemophilia patients receiving care at Haemophilia Treatment Centres (HTCs) experience decreased morbidity and mortality, little research has been done on the outcomes of patients with von Willebrand disease (VWD).

Aim

To compare the quality of periprocedural care received by patients with VWD at HTCs and non‐HTCs.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review on all adult VWD patients undergoing an invasive procedure from 2015 to 2017. Quality of periprocedural care was measured using the following surrogate outcomes: periprocedural VWD‐specific therapy use per 2007 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) guidelines, procedural estimated blood loss (EBL), and post‐procedure bleeding. Comparisons were performed according to the setting of care at the time of the invasive procedure, HTC versus non‐HTC.

Results

There were 668 invasive procedures performed on 305 patients, of which 8.2% were HTC cases. Non‐type 1 VWD was more likely in HTC cases. VWD‐specific therapy was used per NHLBI guidelines in 100% of HTC cases compared with 10.6% of non‐HTC cases. Procedural EBL > = 100 ml was more likely to occur in HTC differences cases (OR = 2.34; 95% CI, 1.05 to 5.25). There was no difference in post‐procedure bleeding between the two groups (OR = 1.26, 95% CI, .20‐ 7.86).

Conclusion

Despite widespread periprocedural use of VWD‐specific therapy outside established guidelines at non‐HTCs, there was no difference in periprocedural bleeding. Possible explanations include diagnostic error, in disease severity and procedure types, and dataset limitations. Additional studies are needed to investigate this further and compare other patient care outcomes between HTCs and non‐HTCs.
The role of audit committee chair tenure—A German perspective
Authors: Nipper Marvin
Published: August 2021

This study empirically examines the association of audit committee chair tenure and various reporting quality measures in a German setting. As the debate about the role of tenure has refuelled since the German corporate governance codex first introduced an upper limit for director tenure in 2019, this topic is of particular importance. My findings show that longer tenured audit committee chairs are positively associated with higher levels of earnings management and negatively associated with the audit report lag and the likelihood of error identification by the German financial reporting enforcement panel. I draw upon social bonding to discuss these findings, which seem to be heterogeneous from a reporting quality perspective. I argue that social bonding between management and the AC chair drives the results for earnings management, while it does not impair the AC chair's influence on the audit process. My findings are important from a regulatory and practical perspective.
Rural out‐migration as a coping strategy in the drought‐prone areas of Rarh region of Eastern India
Authors: Debnath Manoj , Kumar Nayak Debendra
Published: August 2021

The present study in the Rarh region (a region between Chota Nagpur Plateau and the Ganges Delta) of West Bengal analyses the impact of drought on the rural households in the eastern India villages and investigates the importance of temporary migration as a coping strategy in times of drought. As many as 82 of a total of 190 households were randomly selected for collection of data with the help of a structured household schedule. The study found that the propensity of male out‐migration increased due to regular droughts in the region. Severe drought conditions coupled with crop failure made most marginal and small landholding households vulnerable to food insecurity due to poor adaptive capacity and resilience. The majority of the landholding farmers under such conditions resort to seasonal out‐migration to sustain themselves. Temporary migration is a coping strategy for the survival of rural households during the drought periods.
Executive summary of the 2020 clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the Philippines
Authors: Ona Deborah Ignacia D. , Jimeno Cecilia A. , Jasul Gabriel V. , Bunyi Ma. Lourdes E. , Oliva Raymond , Gonzalez‐Santos Lourdes Ella , Mercado‐Asis Leilani B. , Luz Vimar A. , Leus Aurelia G. , Diaz Alejandro Bimbo F. , Santos Marjorie I. , Belen Allan A. , Bonzon Dolores D. , Bote‐Nunez Jonnie , Cawed‐Mende Roberta Maria N. , Chua Arnel S. , Javier Anne Marie Joyce T. , Juangco Dan Neftalie A. , Madrigal‐Dy Carmela , Manicad Marlon B. , Ortiz Juan Miguel Gil R. , Padolina Christia S. , Sison Maria Concepcion C. , Villanueva Ninfa J.
Published: August 2021

Hypertension is the most common cause of death and disability worldwide with its prevalence rising in low to middle income countries. It remains to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines with poor BP control as one of the main causes. Different societies and groups worked and collaborated together to develop the 2020 Philippine Clinical Practice Guidelines of hypertension arising for the need to come up with a comprehensive local practice guideline for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow up of persons with hypertension. A technical working group was organized into six clusters that analyzed the 30 clinical questions commonly asked in practice, looking into the definition of hypertension, treatment thresholds, blood pressure targets, and appropriate medications to reach targets. This guideline also includes recommendations for the specific management of hypertension among individuals with uncomplicated hypertension, hypertension among those with diabetes, stroke, chronic kidney disease, as well as hypertension among pregnant women and pediatric populations. It also looked into the appropriate screening and monitoring of patients when managing hypertension, and identification of groups who are at high risk for cardiovascular (CV) events. The ADAPTE process was used in developing the statements and recommendations which were then presented to a panel of experts for discussion and approval to come up with the final statements. This guideline aims to aid Filipino healthcare professionals to provide evidence‐based care for persons with hypertension and help those with hypertension adequately control their blood pressure and reduce their CV risk
Inflammation of the adipose tissue in the retroperitoneal cavity adjacent to pelvic endometriosis
Authors: Kubo Kotaro , Kamada Yasuhiko , Hasegawa Toru , Sakamoto Ai , Nakatsuka Mikiya , Matsumoto Takashi , Masuyama Hisashi
Published: August 2021

Aim

Peritoneal endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease particularly associated with macrophages. Of note, adipose tissues with fibrotic changes in the context of peritoneal endometriotic lesions are often observed during surgery. However, the characteristics of fibrotic adipose tissues in endometriosis are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the inflammatory status of retroperitoneal adipose tissues adjacent to pelvic endometriotic lesions.

Methods

Thirty‐two patients who underwent surgical treatment were assigned to either the endometriosis (n = 16) or the control (n = 16) groups. Retroperitoneal adipose tissues around the uterus were collected from patients in both groups. Fibrosis was evaluated via Masson's trichrome staining. Macrophage infiltration, the expression of fatty acid‐binding protein 4 (FABP4), and angiogenesis in the retroperitoneal adipose tissues were evaluated via immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression levels of cytokines was also evaluated in the adipose tissues using real‐time PCR.

Results

There was more fibrosis and angiogenesis in the adipose tissues adjacent to the endometriotic lesions with a significantly higher level of infiltration of macrophages and a predominance of the M1 type in the endometriosis group compared to the control group. In addition, FABP4 positivity in the adipose tissues of the peritoneum was significantly higher in the endometriosis group versus the control group. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of FABP4, VEGF, and proinflammatory cytokines were also significantly higher in the endometriosis group.

Conclusion

Altogether, our results showed that the adipose tissue adjacent to endometriotic lesions are inflamed with fibrosis and angiogenesis.
Making the invisible visible: Sociolinguistics meets medical communication in a travelling exhibition
Authors: Eiswirth Mirjam Elisabeth
Published: August 2021

Visual art is increasingly used to mediate scientific findings, engage and educate the public and as a part of the research process itself. However, work connecting sociolinguistics and art in this way is only just emerging. This paper presents a project at the intersection of sociolinguistics, art and Graphic Medicine. It discusses how art can be used for public engagement and how the process of creating art feeds into the research process: Drawings can ground the analysis in the big picture and show how themes that need to be analytically separated relate to each other. Identifying motifs highlights what does and does not get talked about. Trans‐mediating narratives into comics raises questions about the definition and structure of narratives, about tellability, shared knowledge and epistemic access. Overall, I suggest that sociolinguistics stands to gain from collaborating with artists in terms of public engagement and as an inspiration in the research process.
Climate anomalies influence tooth growth patterns of South American sea lions
Authors: Heredia Federico M. , Sosa Drouville Ailin , Srur Ana M. , Crespo Enrique A. , Grandi M. Florencia
Published: August 2021

El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Southern Annular Mode (SAM) indirectly affect tooth growth of marine mammals, through changes in prey abundance, availability, and composition. This is reflected as variation in the dentine deposition, which determines the formation of annual layers, called growth layer groups (GLGs). The aim of this work was to study potential effects of ENSO and SAM on South American sea lion (Otaria byronia) of Patagonia, by examining interannual variability of GLG width. Adapting dendrochronological techniques, we analyzed 97 individuals (60 females and 37 males) and built six chronologies (three for each sex) by using cubic splines with different rigidity. Chronologies were correlated with MEI (Multivariate ENSO Index) and SAM index time series, considering lags in the biological response. The chronologies of females spanned 39 years and only two of these chronologies showed negative correlation with 1 year lagged SAM events. The chronologies of males spanned 23 years, but none showed significant correlation with these indexes. Our results did not indicate any ENSO effects on this species, while positive SAM events could reduce the abundance or availability of South American sea lion's prey, affecting the nutritional status of females and generating thinner GLGs during the next year.
The effect of an air purifier on aerosol generation measurements during clinical motility testing
Authors: Verbeure Wout , Geeraerts Annelies , Huang I‐Hsuan , Timmermans Lien , Tóth Joran , Geysen Hannelore , Cools Louise , Carbone Florencia , Schol Jolien , Devriese Herman , Haesaerts Rico , Mori Hideki , Vanuytsel Tim , Tack Jan
Published: August 2021

Background

Aerosol spread is key to interpret the risk of viral contamination during clinical procedures such as esophageal high‐resolution manometry (HRM). Installing an air purifier seems a legitimate strategy, but this has recently been questioned.

Methods

Patients undergoing an HRM procedure at the Leuven University Hospital were included in this clinical study. All subjects had to wear a surgical mask which was only lowered beneath the nose during the placement and removal of the nasogastric catheter. The number of aerosol particles was measured by a Lasair® II Particle Counter to obtain data about different particles sizes: 0.3; 0.5; 1.0; 3.0; 5.0; and 10.0 µm. Measurements were done immediately before the placement and the removal of the HRM catheter, and one and 5 min after. A portable air purifier with high‐efficiency particle air filters was installed in the hospital room.

Key Results

Thirteen patients underwent a manometry examination. The amount of 0.3 µm‐sized particles was unaffected during the whole procedure. The larger particle sizes (1.0; 3.0; 5.0; and 10.0 µm) decreased when the catheter was positioned, but not 0.5 µm. During the HRM measurements itself, these numbers decreased further. Yet, 1 min after catheter removal a significant elevation of particles was seen, which did not recover within 5 min.

Conclusions & Interferences

Based on this study, there is no evidence that filtration systems reduce aerosol particles properly during a clinical investigation.
Role of HIF‐2α/NF‐κB pathway in mechanical stress‐induced temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis
Authors: Li Wen , Wu Na , Wang Junming , Wang Yingnan , Wu Mengjie , Wang Hao
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Many activities overload temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and cause mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) degradation by inducing the expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐2α (HIF‐2α). Although NF‐κB signaling pathway has been reported to induce HIF‐2α expression, the underlying mechanisms need to be verified. The aim was to investigate the effects of NF‐κB/HIF‐2α on MCC degradation induced by mechanical stress and the regulatory mechanism of NF‐κB in the HIF‐2α pathway.

Methods

Chondrocytes were subjected to cyclic compressive forces in a hypoxic environment. Western blotting was used to test the effects of stress on the expression of NF‐κB and HIF‐2α. HIF‐2α siRNA and shRNA were constructed and transfected into MCC cells in vitro and in vivo to inhibit HIF‐2α expression. To test the regulatory effect of the NF‐κB pathway on HIF‐2α, siRNA p65 was transfected into MCC.

Results

The results showed that mechanical stress could cause cartilage degradation and significantly increased the expression of NF‐κB, HIF‐2α, and downstream degradation factors (MMP13 and ADAMTs‐4). Blockade of HIF‐2α decreased cartilage degradation and related degradation factors. Suppression of p65 significantly decreased the expression of HIF‐2α.

Conclusions

Our results indicated that the upstream NF‐κB pathway exerted a regulatory effect on HIF‐2α in the degradation of MCC induced by stress.
Neoliberalism and banking crisis bailouts: Distant enemies or warring neighbors?
Authors: Chwieroth Jeffrey M. , Walter Andrew
Published: August 2021

How should we understand proliferating government bailouts of financial firms in successive crises since the 1970s and the rise of neoliberal norms opposing such discretionary public assistance? We argue that the relationship between bailouts and neoliberalism is one of mutually reinforcing coexistence. First, a new “bailout coalition” including much of the middle class has emerged in many countries over the past century, pushing governments to deliver extensive bailouts in crises. Second, many actors, including some within the bailout coalition, view neoliberal policy norms as a useful constraint on public assistance to other groups. This is especially visible during foreign crises. Third, governments often manage these conflicting pressures via a strategy of institutional “conversion,” adapting institutions and rules associated with neoliberalism to new purposes. This has generated rising costs, including declining policy coherence, increasing financial fragility, and rising distributional and identity conflict.
Hair at the intersection of dermatology and anthropology: A conversation on race and relationships
Authors: Jones Nora L. , Heath Candrice R.
Published: August 2021

Less than 3% of pediatric dermatologists identify as Black, meaning that the vast majority of Black dermatology patients in the United States are being treated by dermatologists who do not share personal hair management experience and cultural symbolism around tightly coiled hair. We cannot, and should not, wait for racial concordance so that Black physicians treat all Black patients. A powerful alternative solution is listening to and learning from others’ experience relating to the importance of hair in molding one's identity and emerging autonomy. Representing both clinical and anthropologic lenses and stemming from a conversation between the authors, this article reflects this approach and is intended to stimulate conversation so that in the absence of shared experiences, all patients with tightly coiled hair have access to culturally humble, effective, and ethical care.
Breast‐feeding rate comparison by parity and delivery age in Japan
Authors: Nishimaki Shigeru , Yamada Manabu , Okutani Takahiro , Hirabayashi Madoka , Tanimura Satoshi
Published: August 2021

Background

To examine the effects of maternal age on breast‐feeding, we classified mothers who delivered vaginally aged 20–42 into 1‐year age groups and investigated breast‐feeding states. We also studied differences between primiparas and multiparas in breast‐feeding.

Methods

The subjects were 2,605 primipara mothers (age at delivery ranged from 16to 45 years; the gestational age of their infants ranged from 37 to 42 weeks, birthweight ranged from 2,501 to 4,300 g) and 3,261 multipara mothers (age 18–45 years; the gestational age of their infants ranged from 37–42 weeks, and their birthweight ranged from 2,502–4,726 g) at 12 baby‐friendly hospitals in Japan.

Results

The percentage of infants exclusively breast‐fed at 1 week and 1 month after birth in the primipara mothers was 80% among mothers in their 20s but lower than 60% among mothers aged above 35. On the other hand, the percentage of infants exclusively breast‐fed in the multipara mothers was almost 90% among mothers in their 20s and remained at 70% or over among mothers in their 40s. The percentage of infants exclusively breast‐fed was significantly higher in the multipara mothers than in the primipara mothers in many age groups at both 1 week and 1 month of age.

Conclusions

The percentage of infants exclusively breast‐fed rate decreased as the maternal age increased. We found that multipara mothers can breast‐feed even in their 40s, but primipara mothers may encounter difficulty breast‐feeding at ages above 35. Our results suggest a need to consider not only their age but number of children, i.e., breast‐feeding experience, to provide effective support to breast‐feeding mothers.
Applications of Fluorous Porphyrinoids: An Update†
Authors: Aggarwal Amit , Bhupathiraju N. V. S. Dinesh K. , Farley Christopher , Singh Sunaina
Published: August 2021

Porphyrins and related macrocycles have been studied broadly for their applications in medicine and materials because of their tunable physicochemical, optoelectronic and magnetic properties. In this review article, we focused on the applications of fluorinated porphyrinoids and their supramolecular systems and summarized the reports published on these chromophores in the past 5‐6 years. The commercially available fluorinated porphyrinoids: meso‐perfluorophenylporphyrin (TPPF20) perfluorophthalocyanine (PcF16) and meso‐perfluorophenylcorrole (CorF15) have increased photo and oxidative stability due to the presence of fluoro groups. Because of their tunable properties and robustness toward oxidative damage these porphyrinoid‐based chromophores continue to gain attention of researchers developing advanced functional materials for applications such as sensors, photonic devices, component for solar cells, biomedical imaging, theranostics and catalysts.
Development and validation of a model for diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea in primary care
Authors: Chapman Julia L. , Hoyos Camilla M. , Killick Roo , Sutherland Kate , Cistulli Peter A. , Zwar Nick , Yee Brendon J. , Marks Guy , Grunstein Ronald R. , Wong Keith K. H. ,   The Sydney OSA‐GP study Investigators
Published: August 2021

Background and objective

Use of in‐laboratory polysomnography (PSG) to diagnose obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is cost and resource intensive. Questionnaires, physical measurements and home monitors have been studied as potential simpler alternatives. This study aimed to develop a diagnostic model for OSA for use in primary care.

Methods

Primary care practitioners were trained to recognize symptoms of sleep apnoea and recruited patients based on the clinical need to investigate OSA. Assessment was by symptom questionnaires, anthropomorphic measurements, digital facial photography, and a single‐channel nasal flow monitor (Flow Wizard©, DiagnoseIT, Sydney, Australia) worn at home for 3 nights. The in‐laboratory PSG was the reference test, with OSA defined as apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) ≥10 events/h.

Results

In the model development phase, 25 primary care practitioners studied 315 patients in whom they suspected OSA, of which 57% had AHI≥10 and 22% had AHI≥30. Published OSA questionnaires provided low to moderate prediction of OSA (area under the curve [AUC] 0.53–0.73). The nasal flow monitor alone yielded high accuracy for predicting OSA with AUC of 0.87. Sensitivity was 0.87 and specificity 0.77 at a threshold respiratory event index (REI) of 18 events/h. A model adding age, gender, symptoms and BMI to the nasal flow monitor REI only modestly improved OSA prediction (AUC 0.89), with similar AUC (0.88) confirmed in the validation population of 114 patients.

Conclusion

Sleep apnoea can be diagnosed in the primary care setting with a combination of clinical judgement and portable monitor test outcomes.
Long‐term changes to lung mechanics following smoke exposure are cause for concern
Authors: Holm Stephanie
Published: August 2021

See related article
Bayesian Network Applications for Sustainable Holistic Water Resources Management: Modeling Opportunities for South Africa
Authors: Govender Indrani Hazel , Sahlin Ullrika , O'Brien Gordon C.
Published: August 2021

Anthropogenic transformation of land globally is threatening water resources in terms of quality and availability. Managing water resources to ensure sustainable utilization is important for a semiarid country such as South Africa. Bayesian networks (BNs) are probabilistic graphical models that have been applied globally to a range of water resources management studies; however, there has been very limited application of BNs to similar studies in South Africa. This article explores the benefits and challenges of BN application in the context of water resources management, specifically in relation to South Africa. A brief overview describes BNs, followed by details of some of the possible opportunities for BNs to benefit water resources management. These include the ability to use quantitative and qualitative information, data, and expert knowledge. BN models can be integrated into geographic information systems and predict impact of ecosystem services and sustainability indicators. With additional data and information, BNs can be updated, allowing for integration into an adaptive management process. Challenges in the application of BNs include oversimplification of complex systems, constraints of BNs with categorical nodes for continuous variables, unclear use of expert knowledge, and treatment of uncertainty. BNs have tremendous potential to guide decision making by providing a holistic approach to water resources management.
Filtering the Intensity of Public Concern from Social Media Count Data with Jumps
Authors: Iacopini Matteo , Santagiustina Carlo R.M.A.
Published: August 2021

Count time series obtained from online social media data, such as Twitter, have drawn increasing interest among academics and market analysts over the past decade. Transforming Web activity records into counts yields time series with peculiar features, including the coexistence of smooth paths and sudden jumps, as well as cross-sectional and temporal dependence. Using Twitter posts about country risks for the United Kingdom and the United States, this paper proposes an innovative state space model for multivariate count data with jumps. We use the proposed model to assess the impact of public concerns in these countries on market systems. To do so, public concerns inferred from Twitter data are unpacked into country-specific persistent terms, risk social amplification events and co-movements of the country series. The identified components are then used to investigate the existence and magnitude of country-risk spillovers and social amplification effects on the volatility of financial markets.
The platelet proteasome and immunoproteasome are stable in buffy‐coat derived platelet concentrates for up to 7 days
Authors: Colberg Lisa , Cammann Clemens , Wesche Jan , Topfstedt Eylin , Seifert Ulrike , Greinacher Andreas
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Characterization of the proteasome and its stability in buffy‐coat derived platelet concentrates (PCs) during storage.

Background

The proteasome plays a key role in cell homeostasis by processing misfolded or abnormal proteins and regulating the levels and activities of a high number of proteins contributing to cell cycle, survival, and proliferation. Controversial data exist, whether inhibition of the proteasome affects platelet function. Little is known about function, expression, and stability of the proteasome in PCs during storage, and the potential role of the platelet proteasome in storage lesions.

Study design and methods

PCs were produced by the buffy‐coat method in additive solution and stored at room temperature under agitation. Platelet aggregation was monitored by light transmission aggregometry. Proteasome complexes were assessed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, and proteasome activity was measured using fluorogenic substrates specific for the three different proteolytic activities over 7 days of storage.

Results

Proteasome inhibition led to a decreased platelet aggregation response after activation with collagen, ADP, TRAP‐6, and thrombin. There were no changes in the expression of the catalytic active subunits as well as the proteasome activity during storage of PCs, comparing baseline and day 7.

Discussion

Platelet proteasome function is relevant for platelet aggregation in response to various agonists. The constitutive and stable expression of the active standard‐ and immunoproteasome in platelets makes it unlikely that loss of proteasome function is a relevant cause of storage lesions.
The impact of gel fingernail polish application on the reduction of bacterial viability following a surgical hand scrub
Authors: Anderson Stacy L. , Wisnieski Lauren , Achilles Stephanie L. , Wooton Kaitlyn E. , Shaffer Carrie L. , Hunt Julie A.
Published: August 2021

Objective

To determine the effect of gel nail polish application on the reduction of bacterial viability immediately after a surgical hand scrub.

Study Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Sample Population

Ten fingernails each from 40 female health care professionals and students.

Methods

Participants' fingernails were randomized to receive no polish or gel nail polish during a manicure from a licensed manicurist. One day and 14 days after manicure, participants' fingernails were sampled before and after a surgical hand scrub with chlorhexidine gluconate. The samples for each fingernail were serially diluted, plated on a Trypsin sheep blood agar and MacConkey's agar plate, and incubated for 36 h. For each plate, bacterial colony forming units (CFU)/ml were determined. Mixed linear models were used to assess factors associated with the logarithmic reduction of viable bacterial counts from pre‐ to post‐surgical scrub.

Results

In the final model, no association was detected between gel nail polish and reduction of viable bacterial count (p = .09). On Day 14, among longer nail lengths (2 to <3‐mm and ≥3‐mm), surgical scrubs resulted in greater reduction in bacterial counts in left‐handed than right‐handed participants (p < .01). Increasing nail length was correlated with increased CFU/ml post‐scrubbing (p < .001).

Conclusion

Application of gel nail polish did not seem to affect the ability of surgical scrub to reduce bacterial viability 1 and 14 days after a manicure.

Clinical Impact

This study does not provide evidence to prevent application of gel nail polish on short fingernails in surgeons prior to surgical hand scrub with chlorhexidine gluconate.
Riscos ambientais e geografia: conceituações, abordagens e escalas
Authors: Castro Cleber Marques de , Peixoto Maria Naíse de Oliveira , Pires do Rio Gisela Aquino
Published: August 2021

The article deals with the relationships between environmental risk and Geography, discussing the categories involved in environmental risk, the evaluation methods and spatial dimensions. It is suggested that the environmental risk must be thought as a structured approach in the spatial and temporal scales and related to the everyday life in the cities.
Biolaminóides calcários holocênicos da lagoa Vermelha, Brasil
Authors: Silva e Silva Loreine Hermida da , Carvalhal Sinda Beatriz Vianna
Published: August 2021

Lagoa Vermelha lies within the coordinates 22º55'39 - 22º56'06 S and 42º2129 - 42º24'13 W and is part of Araruama lagoon complex. Its dimensions are 4,400 m in length, 250 - 850 m in width, with approximate area of 2,400 mÂ² and 0,2 - 1,7 m in depth. The study was based on six monthly collections in five stations over the north - east lagoon's margins from where was taken 20 samples of biolaminoids. To determinate the microbial composition of all different kinds of biolamonoids was made fresh and permanent slides and its analysis was carried out by microscopy. It was found three different kinds of microbial mats distributed throughout all five stations and were called: flat, polygonal and pustuled. Flat and polygonal microbial mats show itself layered, while pustuled show homogeneous structures. Layered and homogeneous ones present the same kind of main cyanobacterias, however layered mats in superficial stratum show preponderance of filamentous species and coccoid species in the bottom. Analysis showed a total of 33 species of cyanobacterias confirming it as main biolaminod component.The flat biolaminoid was mainly formed by Lyngbya aestuarii, the polygonal biolaminoid showed itself composed by Microcoleus chthonoplastes and the pustular biolaminoid was characterized by the presence of the cyanobacteria Chlorogoea tuberculosa. The cyanobacterial dominance is justified through its high morphologic adaptations that ensure its survival in many environments and prevail over in hipersaline local.
Depth correction of 3D NanoSIMS images using secondary electron pixel intensities
Authors: Gorman Brittney L. , Brunet Melanie A. , Kraft Mary L.
Published: August 2021

Strategies that do not require additional characterization to be performed on the sample or the collection of additional secondary ion signals are needed to depth correct 3D SIMS images of cells. Here, we develop a depth correction strategy that uses the pixel intensities in the secondary electron images acquired during negative-ion NanoSIMS depth profiling to reconstruct the sample morphology. This morphology reconstruction was then used to depth correct the 3D SIMS images that show the components of interest in the sample. As a proof of concept, we applied this approach to NanoSIMS depth profiling data that show the 15N-enrichment and 18O-enrichment from 15N-sphingolipids and 18O-cholesterol, respectively, within a metabolically labeled Madin–Darby canine kidney cell. Comparison of the cell morphology reconstruction to the secondary electron images collected with the NanoSIMS revealed that the assumption of a constant sputter rate produced small inaccuracies in sample morphology after approximately 0.66 μm of material was sputtered from the cell. Nonetheless, the resulting 3D renderings of the lipid-specific isotope enrichments better matched the shapes and positions of the subcellular compartments that contained 15N-sphingolipids and 18O-cholesterol than the uncorrected 3D SIMS images. This depth correction of the 3D SIMS images also facilitated the detection of spherical cholesterol-rich compartments that were surrounded by membranes containing cholesterol and sphingolipids. Thus, we expect this approach will facilitate identifying the subcellular structures that are enriched with biomolecules of interest in 3D SIMS images while eliminating the need for correlated analyses or additional secondary ion signals for the depth correction of 3D NanoSIMS images.
Visual feedback of the tongue influences speech adaptation to a physical modification of the oral cavity
Authors: Barbier Guillaume , Merzouki Ryme , Bal Mathilde , Baum Shari R. , Shiller Douglas M.
Published: August 2021

Studies examining sensorimotor adaptation of speech to changing sensory conditions have demonstrated a central role for both auditory and somatosensory feedback in speech motor learning. The potential influence of visual feedback of oral articulators, which is not typically available during speech production but may nonetheless enhance oral motor control, remains poorly understood. The present study explores the influence of ultrasound visual feedback of the tongue on adaptation of speech production (focusing on the sound /s/) to a physical perturbation of the oral articulators (prosthesis altering the shape of the hard palate). Two visual feedback groups were tested that differed in the two-dimensional plane being imaged (coronal or sagittal) during practice producing /s/ words, along with a no-visual-feedback control group. Participants in the coronal condition were found to adapt their speech production across a broader range of acoustic spectral moments and syllable contexts than the no-feedback controls. In contrast, the sagittal group showed reduced adaptation compared to no-feedback controls. The results indicate that real-time visual feedback of the tongue is spontaneously integrated during speech motor adaptation, with effects that can enhance or interfere with oral motor learning depending on compatibility of the visual articulatory information with requirements of the speaking task.
Sex-mismatch benefit for speech-in-speech recognition by pediatric and adult cochlear implant users
Authors: Richter Margaret E. , Dillon Margaret T. , Buss Emily , Leibold Lori J.
Published: August 2021

This project investigated whether pediatric (5–14 years) and adult (30–60 years) cochlear implant (CI) users benefit from a target/masker sex-mismatch for speech-in-speech recognition. Speech recognition thresholds were estimated in a two-male-talker or a two-female-talker masker. Target and masker speech were either sex-matched or sex-mismatched. For both age groups, performance for sex-matched talkers was worse for male than female speech. Sex-mismatch benefit was observed for the two-male-talker masker, indicating CI users can benefit from a target/masker sex mismatch. No benefit was observed for the two-female-talker masker, suggesting this effect may depend on the relative contributions of energetic and informational masking.
Variability of the low-frequency acoustic response along leaf blades and between species of seagrass (Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa)
Authors: Johnson Jay R. , Wilson Preston S. , Hermand Jean-Pierre
Published: August 2021

An acoustic resonator was used to measure the low-frequency (1–5 kHz) effective acoustic properties of the leaf blades of two Mediterranean seagrass species (Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa). Variability along blades was assessed by measuring the effective change in sound speed per gram blade biomass of the basal and apical halves of P. oceanica leaves separately (−11 and −1.5 m s−1 g−1, respectively). Large differences in the effective sound speed per unit biomass between P. oceanica and C. nodosa (43–52 m s−1 g−1 larger for C. nodosa) are discussed using microscopic imagery of blade cross-sections.