bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ATMOSPHERIC DEGRADATION OF METHYL GLYCOLATE
Authors: FASSANELLI Giuliana G. , MALANCA Fabio E.
Published: January 2025

This study presents the atmospheric degradation of methyl glycolate, a semivolatile compound used in the industry. Its rate coefficient with Cl atoms and hydroxyl radicals, photooxidation products, and reaction mechanism were determined. Atmospheric implications of its emissions are presented.
CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF ALLOPREGNANOLONE ON FOLLICULAR MORPHOMETRY IN BOVINE PREANTRAL FOLLICLES
Authors: CARDONE Daniela Alejandra , CÁCERES Antonella Rosario Ramona , SANHUEZA María de los Ángeles , ROIG-CERDEÑO Marisa , CUELLO-CARRIÓN Darío Fernando , LACONI Myriam Raquel
Published: January 2025

Allopregnanolone (ALLO) is a neurosteroid with potential roles in ovarian function, but its effects on bovine preantral follicles remain unexplored. In this study, we examined the concentration-dependent effects of ALLO on bovine preantral follicles cultured in vitro for 24 hours at concentrations ranging from 5 to 1000 nM. Follicular morphometry, including follicle, oocyte, and chromatin diameters, as well as follicular density and degeneration, were evaluated. Primordial follicle density did not exhibit significant alterations, but primary follicle density increased at 100 nM , while secondary follicle density augmented at 50 nM. Degeneration of primordial follicles increased at 100 nM and decreased at 1000 nM. In primary follicles, degeneration was significantly higher at 100 nM, 500 nM, and 1000 nM, whereas secondary follicle degeneration significantly increased at 10 nM. Morphometric analysis showed that primordial follicle diameters were reduced at 5 nM and 500 nM, but increased at 10 nM. Primary follicle diameters significantly decreased at 5 nM and 500 nM and increased at 100, while secondary follicle diameters were reduced at 50 nM, 100 nM , and 500 nM . Oocyte and chromatin diameters also showed significant reductions across different concentrations. These findings provide the first evidence of ALLO’s role in modulating the morphometry of bovine preantral follicles, suggesting its potential involvement in bovine reproductive physiology. Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects and their implications for reproductive biotechnologies.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF ASCORBIC ACID, URIC ACID, AND DOPAMINE ON CARBON NANOTUBE PASTE ELECTRODE
Authors: Maciel Danielle Rodrigues , Maciel Danielle Rodrigues , Moreira Fabriciany Lourenço , Paulino Felipe Wesley de Vasconcelos
Published: January 2025

Ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), and dopamine (DA) play crucial roles in human metabolism. These substances coexist in biological fluids, and their levels are directly associated with various pathologies. A significant problem encountered in the direct and simultaneous electrochemical detection of AA, UA, and DA is that these species present very close oxidation potentials on most electrode materials, leading to an overlap in the voltammetric response. The goal of this work was to determine the concentration of AA, UA, and DA in a natural water sample on a carbon nanotube paste electrode (CNTPE). All voltammetric measurements were performed on a µAutolab potentiostat/galvanostat (Metrohm) connected to an electrochemical cell of three electrodes: working, reference (Ag/AgCl, KCl3.0M), and auxiliary (platinum). The working electrode was handmade in our laboratory. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used for the electroanalytical study. The linear ranges for the simultaneous determination of AA, DA, and UA by DPV were 0.45 – 1.0 mM, 50 – 200 ?M, and 10 – 90 ?M, respectively. The limits of detection for AA, DA, and UA were 7.97 mM; 8.57 ?M, and 5.96 ?M, respectively. Relative standard deviations (RSD) were 4.6; 2.8, and 1.6% for 0.45 mM of AA, 50 ?M of DA, and 50 ?M of UA. The oxidation mechanism of AA, UA, and DA involves 2 electrons and 2 protons. Electrochemical detection of DA in the presence of high levels of AA on carbon-based electrodes becomes difficult due to the catalytic oxidation of AA by DA. For these three molecules, it was observed that the oxidation peak currents increased with increasing concentration. CNTPE allowed the separation of ternary mixture oxidation peaks of the AA, UA, and DA by CV and, when associated with DPV, allowed the simultaneous quantitative determination of AA, UA, and DA.

Hélcio Silva Santos
Murilo Sérgio da Silva Julião
EFFECTS OF PHYSIOTHERAPY ON THE FUNCTIONALITY OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Authors: Aragão Andressa Batista , Sousa Jean Lucas Ibiapina de , Madeira João Vitor Cavalcanti , Queiroz Nicole Mendonça de , Craveiro Raquel Magalhães Castelo Branco , Fontenele Samira Pereira
Published: January 2025

Multiple sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease that affects about 20.5 million people worldwide. This disease causes changes in the patient's functionality with symptoms such as fatigue and strength decrease muscle. Consequently, the progression of this disease requires a physiotherapeutic approach, considering its capacity to mitigate symptoms and functional limitation. Therefore, this study’s aim is to describe the effects of physiotherapy on the functionality of patients with multiple sclerosis. This study consists of an integrative review, in which were used the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), and PubMed databases in October 2024. The search descriptors used were: “Multiple Sclerosis”, “Physical Therapy,” and “Functional Status”. The research restriction period of publication was 5 years (2019 to 2024). There has been an emphasis on treatments based on physical training, such as strength training for the upper limbs and respiratory muscle exercises, which led to significant improvements in cognitive and physical functions, as well as mitigation of the disease’s main symptoms. Thus, other treatments had significant effects, such as Motor Neuron Activation Therapy, which led to an increase in brain activity and improved gait and functionality. In contrast, whole-body cryotherapy has shown to be beneficial for mental and physical health, reducing depressive symptoms and fatigue. For those reasons, physiotherapy presents a promising role in improving functionality in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE CALCIUM SILICATE HYDRATED COMPOUNDS SYNTHESIS FROM THE RECYCLING OF MATERIAL DERIVED FROM COAL INDUSTRY WASTE
Authors: ALCÂNTARA-DOMINGOS Raquel Reis , FUGARO Denise Alves
Published: January 2025

The intensification of society's consumption and population growth are the main aspects that most contribute to negative impacts on living beings and environmental management due to the generation of large quantities of waste generated daily by industrial production processes. As a result, the valorization of these industrial by-products has been highlighted with the aim of obtaining value-added materials. The concepts of reuse and recycling are presented as a new production model aiming at more sustainable processes.: In the present work, the optimization of the synthesis of calcium silicate hydrated compounds was carried out from sulfated coal ash generated in the flue gas desulfurization process in a thermoelectric plant using the two-stage method (alkaline fusion followed by hydrothermal treatment). The studied parameters that influenced the synthesis were fusion time, agitation time, volume of water for the hydrothermal treatment of the samples, and two types of agitators (rod with blade-type propeller and shaking table). XRF and XRD characterized the ash and products. According to the characterization results, the highest crystallinity of calcium silicate hydrated compounds was identified in the product synthesized under the following conditions: fusion time of 3 h; volume of water for hydrothermal treatment of 100 mL; agitation time of 2 h agitator equipped with rod and blade-type propeller.: It can be concluded that sulfated ash is viable as a starting material for the formation of hydrated calcium silicate compounds, following the principles of environmental sustainability and the objectives of the circular economy.
PLANT EXTRACTS AND ESSENTIAL OILS: EVALUATION OF PROFILES AS A STRATEGY IN TEACHING CHEMISTRY
Authors: VELOSO Pedro Henrique Fonseca , ROYO Vanessa de Andrade
Published: January 2025

This study examines the application of thin-layer chromatography as an effective analytical technique for identifying terpenoids in essential oils and plant extracts from Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Peppermint (Mentha piperita). The methodology involved preparing and analyzing samples on chromatographic plates, utilizing UV light revelation and the vanillin-sulfuric acid technique, which enabled clear identification of the compounds present. The results demonstrated significant correspondences between the chemical profiles of the extracts and essential oils, highlighting menthol as a predominant terpenoid in peppermint. In addition to its analytical applications, thin-layer chromatography was integrated into chemistry education, fostering a connection between theory and practice. This integration stimulated students' curiosity and critical thinking, allowing them to become active participants in their learning process. The practical experience offered valuable opportunities for students to directly observe chemical interactions and understand the relevance of chemical compounds in everyday contexts, reinforcing the notion that chemistry is embedded in their daily lives. The pedagogical approach employed in this study enriched students' understanding of fundamental chemical concepts while preparing them to effectively apply scientific knowledge in various situations. Therefore, incorporating analytical techniques like thin-layer chromatography into the educational curriculum is essential for promoting dynamic and meaningful learning. This strategy contributes to a more robust academic formation, equipping students to face real-world challenges and develop critical skills necessary in a complex world. In summary, this study highlights the importance of active and practical methodologies in chemistry education, demonstrating how analytical techniques can enhance scientific comprehension while deeply engaging students in the learning process. thin-layer chromatography serves as a model for future educational practices, expanding the application of scientific knowledge in students' everyday lives.
STUDY OF THE ADSORPTION POTENTIAL OF NATURAL PEQUI SHELL AND ENDOCARP (Caryocar Brasiliense) FOR METHYLENE BLUE
Authors: CATUNDA JUNIOR Francisco Eduardo , CIPOLATTI Eliana Pereira , MENDES Marisa Fernandes , SALAZAR Luiz Gustavo dos Santos , VILAS BÔAS Renata Nazaré
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to evaluate the adsorptive potential of the natural peel and endocarp of pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) for methylene blue adsorption in aqueous solutions, with the goal of promoting the adsorption method using bioadsorbents for treating contaminated aqueous effluents. Pequi is a fruit native to the Brazilian Cerrado and is widely found in the Central-West region. Its almond is sold in local markets, but much of the fruit is wasted due to the spines present around the endocarp, which make it difficult to consume. Thus, pequi was chosen due to its high availability, with the objective of reducing its waste by using it as a bioadsorbent. The experimental methodology included drying at 100 °C for 24 hours grinding the peel and endocarp with a knife mill. Particle size was determined using 42-mesh sieves, and sample analysis was conducted with a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 660 nm. Experiments were performed in triplicate and in batch mode at different temperatures (25, 35, and 45 °C) and contact times (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 40 minutes). Results showed that at 25 °C, the peel achieved a maximum removal of 84.70% (±1.41) and the endocarp 78.02% (±6.08) in 40 minutes. At 35 °C, the peel achieved a maximum removal of 89.95% (±0.80) and the endocarp 83.62% (±3.96). At 45 °C, the maximum removal was 87.97% (±0.87) and 85.16% (±5.10) for the peel and endocarp, respectively. It is worth noting that at 25 °C, equilibrium time was not observed for either adsorbent, indicating that adsorption sites were not saturated, requiring more time than the studied interval. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that adsorption using the natural peel and endocarp of pequi is an effective and promising method for treating aqueous effluents due to the low cost, high removal efficiency, and high availability of the bioadsorbent.
The Role of Adaptogenic Herbs in Combating Stress: A Review of Scientific Evidence
Authors: A V Vasanthi  , B Medha Gayatri  , Ch. Sreeja  , G. Nitiashwarya  , Ch. Sruthi  , A. Thanmai  , Dr. P. Ravi Kumar
Published: January 2025

Adaptogens are bioactive compounds which allow the body to cope with stress, to be on homeostasis again. Its history dates back thousands of years, when Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicine developed knowledge on adaptogenic compounds and functions, specifically on modulatory aspects of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and of cortisol regulatory pathways. The present review explores the history and classification of adaptogens as well as the underlying mechanisms, including hormone modulation, neurobiological pathways, and antioxidant activity. Botanical examples are Withaniasomnifera and Rhodiolarosea, as well as some non-botanical adaptogens including fungi and nutraceuticals. Preclinical and clinical evidence is presented as proof of the efficacy of the substances in diminishing stress, augmenting cognitive ability, and promoting physical endurance.
Discussions on modern trends of formulations like teas, capsules, and functional foods in relation to practical uses regarding stress management and maintenance of psychological well-being and avoidance of burnout will be covered. Although generally safe, adaptogen risks include high dose toxicity and inter-medication interactions. Current challenges include variability in standardization of preparations and limitations in understanding long-term effects and associated molecular mechanisms. This review draws attention to the potential therapeutic role of adaptogens in modern life, provides insights into their safe and effective use, and points out areas for further work. Specific practical recommendations are given for how to select and combine adaptogens tailored to individual stress profiles, thus paving the way for their further integration into health care and wellness practice.
Phishing Site Detection Using Machine Learning and NLP for Robust Online Security
Authors: Saniya Tamboli  , Monika Kute  , Tanishka Bhoi  , Swarali Lokhande  , Anushka Londhe
Published: January 2025

In the respect of electronic security, phishing attacks constitute a serious hazard when creating cleaver mockup for the website from where it is easy to catch sensitive information from user's records. Traditional detection schemes, such as blacklisting and heuristics, are very weak since most of these time-honored schemes are useless to track and unfortune the berries of phisher mounds against the trial tactics that are morphing into more sophisticated approaches. Such also happen to concern the fact that, with increasing cyber crime, heuristics and blacklists are unlikely to replace or even complement one another. However, the study explains the proposed security through NLP-Machine Learning paradigm in substantial terms in order to clearly illuminate and perfect the presentation of its own publications, so to speak. Venishable bits of professional insights are cited, compared, and conferenced with key findings that were currently made available in order to sketch the questionnaire and the role of the research conducted in enhancing best phishing detection in real time and enhancing cybersecurity.
Aromatherapy Oils: A Tool for Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Shweta Hingwasiya
Published: January 2025

This research paper explores the role of aromatherapy oils, or essential oils, as a tool for environmental sustainability. It examines sustainable production methods, their applications as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic chemicals, and the challenges associated with their widespread use. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and case studies, this paper highlights the environmental benefits and limitations of integrating aromatherapy oils into sustainable practices
Experimental Study on Newly Construction of Rigid Pavement and Material Estimation
Authors: Mr. Md. Azam  , Mr. T. Asher  , M. Divya  , Ch. Niharika  , K. Ganeshwari
Published: January 2025

The construction of internal Cement Concrete (CC) roads plays a pivotal role in enhancing connectivity, durability, and sustainability within residential, commercial, and industrial areas. The construction involves systematic stages, including site preparation, sub grade preparation, laying sub-base, placement of formwork, and pouring concrete. The choice of materials, such as Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water, is critical to achieving strength and longevity. The estimation process considers the total length, width, and thickness of the road, along with labor, machinery, and material costs. Advanced estimation tools and techniques, including software-based analysis, are employed to ensure accurate budgeting and resource allocation. This study emphasizes adopting efficient construction practices, quality control measures, and sustainable materials to minimize environmental impact while maximizing economic value
A Review on Polyherbal Cough Syrup
Authors: Ms. Ghule Sakshi Ganesh  , Miss. Priti P. Ambhore Mam
Published: January 2025

This study's primary goal was to remove dangerous synthetic ingredients from herbal cough medication. Formulation and use a natural, safe component in their place. In India, the number of people with asthma is growing daily for a variety of environmental factors. It helps those who have congestion in their chest. The study's objectives are to create a pure herbal syrup and assess and contrast its physicochemical characteristics with those of commercially available synthetic and herbal syrups. The market is filled with a variety of synthetic cough syrups that serve a variety of purposes, but some of them have negative health effects. such as disorientation, delusions, and difficulties urinating. Because of the safe and conventionally used ingredients, cough syrup has developed as a substitute for synthetic cough syrup.
Adhatoda vasica nees extracts were added to create the natural herbal syrup. The constituents of orang peel, sugar, alcohol, vasicine, vasicol, and vasinone are Syzygium aromaticum. It may also have expectorant and bronchodilator effects. An extract from the leaves of Adhatoda Vasica Nees is used as a traditional remedy for coughing. Antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, anticancer, antitubercular, and antioxidant qualities are possible for the vasaca plant. Vasaka leaves may yield substances with substantial antitussive properties and few adverse effects. enabling the administration of expectorants, namely dosage and the tracking of adverse effects. Thus, the current study's findings demonstrated vasaca leaves' cooperative effect in treating cough aversions.
State Administrators' Perspectives on Environmental Factors Facing Cooperative Extension
Authors: Elliott-Engel Jeremy , Westfall-Rudd Donna , Kaufman Eric , Seibel Megan , Radhakrishna Rama
Published: January 2025

Cooperative Extension is a complex organization with a mission to deliver research from the Land-Grant University to all U.S. communities. To inform the direction for organization adaptation, this qualitative study investigated Extension administrator perspectives of the environmental factor changes facing the organization. Findings reveal that Extension needs to respond to shifts in funding and clientele demographics. Organizational adaptation can cause long-term stakeholders to fear loss and act against the organization. Administrators must be responsive to traditional stakeholder concerns and build a shared understanding of the mission to reduce shifting focus friction and facilitate the organization adaptation necessary for survival.
Agricultural Educators' Personal Teaching Efficacy Towards Individual STEM Subjects
Authors: Hendrix Rachel , McKibben Jason , Swortzel Kirk
Published: January 2025

STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education is becoming an integral part of modern agricultural education. If the integration of STEM into agricultural education is to succeed, it is vital that educators feel confident in their ability to teach such material.  This study examines [state 1] and [state 2] agricultural educators’ personal teaching efficacy towards STEM subjects. Analysis indicated that educators felt most confident in their ability to teach science, followed by technology, mathematics and then engineering. Recommendations for future research and practice include exploring agricultural educators’ perceptions of and methods for teaching engineering, understanding the experience of minorities in STEM, and developing new courses for STEM-enhanced postsecondary agricultural educator preparation programs.
Exploring Communication in Agricultural and Environmental Science Graduate Student Recruitment: A Media Richness Approach
Authors: Byrd Allison R. , Lamm Alexa J.
Published: January 2025

Demand exists for a workforce with graduate degrees in agricultural and environmental sciences. However, research on effective graduate student recruitment into colleges of agricultural and environmental sciences (CAES) is limited. Prospective graduate students consider distinctive factors when selecting an institution, necessitating further examination of their communication channel use. Media richness theory posits communication media are on a continuum of leanness to richness, and agricultural communicators can select the proper medium for an audience based on the message and its richness. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of media richness during the recruitment of prospective graduate students. Nineteen graduate students representing 10 departments within a CAES participated in semi-structured interviews. Qualitative inductive coding revealed three prominent communication channel themes: online, indirect, and direct. Findings indicated participants began their journey using indirect and online channels with less personalization and moved into richer media with the capacity for immediate feedback as their interest increased. Participants expressed disappointment at online channels with outdated information because they felt impersonal. Participants preferred phone or zoom calls as rich media to understand institutional culture, valuing personalization and immediate feedback from current students.
Introducing Preservice Elementary Teachers to Permaculture Education
Authors: Sonnur Ozturk  , Michelle E. Forsythe
Published: January 2025

Current models of best-practice in science education advocate for students to learn science by engaging in applied contexts that integrate the various science disciplines. Permaculture offers one such integrated context for elementary science. Although permaculture is relatively new in PK-12 education, the broader practice of school gardening has an established history of supporting student engagement in and conceptual understanding of science. However, many elementary teachers report feeling unprepared to implement garden-based lessons. This article examines preservice teacher (PST) idea about permaculture and views toward teaching permaculture that emerged within an elementary science methods course. The course’s pilot instructional intervention on permaculture included four components: background permaculture readings and videos, guided discussion, food forest design activity, and lesson plan analysis activity. We designed these components to engage preservice teachers both as current learners and future teachers of permaculture. Data was collected from pre/post-tests, the lesson analysis activity, and the PST daily end-of-class reflections. After the permaculture intervention, PSTs self-reported higher levels of knowledge of permaculture topics and of ways to use permaculture in their classrooms. They also effectively connected permaculture-based lesson plans to a variety of elementary learning standards. The PSTs positively viewed permaculture-based lessons as providing active, real-life learning experiences that support environmental consciousness, but viewed the cost and time required as barriers to implementing permaculture in their classrooms. Collectively, they positioned the developmental appropriateness and spatial resources required of the lessons as both advantages and disadvantages. Implications for teacher preparation and development are discussed.
Multi-State Agricultural Literacy Assessment of Extension Professionals and Volunteers
Authors: Judd-Murray Rose , Hill-Sullins Nellie , Norris-Parish Shannon , Hock Gaea
Published: January 2025

Cooperative Extension employees and primary volunteers have opportunities to improve agricultural literacy among community members, yet little is known about the agricultural literacy proficiency of these community educators. It is generally assumed that Extension workers and volunteers are agriculturally literate; this study sought to provide evidence of existing agricultural literacy proficiency and identify high and low knowledge domains in State 1, State 2, and State 3 participants. The following objectives guided the study: 1) Describe the agricultural literacy proficiency of participants by state and focus area, 2) Determine the influence of years of service on agricultural literacy proficiency, and 3) Identify the strengths and weaknesses of Extension professionals and volunteers related to agricultural literacy. The Judd-Murray Agricultural Literacy Instrument (JMALI) assessment was used to capture data. Results showed that Extension professionals and volunteers were either factually literate or applicably proficient. Data indicated that role, years of service, and career stage had no significant relationship with assessment instrument score. We also determined that participants showed a high domain knowledge of agriculture and its connection to the environment but struggled to answer questions related to current topics of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Further research is needed to understand better why early career professionals and younger volunteers had proficiency scores like those with fifteen or more years of experience. The study shows the need for ongoing professional development for Extension employees and primary volunteers focusing on STEM integration and knowledge-based instruction.
Factors considered by male school-based agricultural education students when selecting a college major.
Authors: Steward Jason , Roberts T. Grady
Published: January 2025

An emerging challenge of closing the gap of supply and demand in School-Based Agriculture Education (SBAE) is recruiting and retaining male agricultural teachers. This case study was conducted under the lens of the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine this phenomena. Ten male participants, who were active in SBAE as youth and are currently attending a post-secondary institution, were chosen to discuss their participation in SBAE and their college major selection. The results of these interviews identified factors participants used to select a major in agricultural education versus other agricultural majors. Participants’ high school agriculture teacher was found to be the most influential in students’ decision to major in agriculture. Participants’ parents were found to be supportive of their child’s choice of major, but this was not a major factor in influencing their child’s selection of major. Furthermore, enrollment in SBAE gave participants the confidence and knowledge to select majors in colleges of agriculture.
Why Pursue a Career in Teaching Agriculture?: Application of Self-Determination Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Hur Gangseok , Barry Debra , Alford Katrina , Jagger Carla , Roberts T. Grady
Published: January 2025

Given the shortage of agriculture teachers across the country, understanding individuals’ motivation to teach agricultural education is critical to developing strategies for teacher recruitment and teacher education. Several studies have investigated factors that motivate preservice and in-service agriculture teachers to pursue a career teaching agricultural education based on the factors influencing the teaching choice (FIT-choice) model. However, little research investigated the topic using a mixed-methods approach and different theoretical lenses, which could provide new perspectives on individuals’ motivation to teach. To address the knowledge gap, we investigated [State] preservice teacher recruitment program participants’ motivation to teach agricultural education using a mixed-methods approach from the self-determination theory and the theory of planned behavior theoretical lens. We found that individuals’ intention to become agriculture teachers was statistically significantly explained by three predictors: attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control regarding a career teaching agriculture. When choosing a career teaching agriculture, the score for more self-determined motivation was substantially higher than that for less self-determined motivation. Furthermore, inspiring ag teachers, positive experiences with SBAE programs, passion for teaching and agriculture, and paying it forward to students were the main factors that motivated them to teach agricultural education. Based on the theoretical frameworks and the results, the model for understanding factors that influence individuals to pursue a career teaching agricultural education was proposed to help our understanding of the multidimensional nature of individuals’ motivation to teach agriculture.
Evaluating the influence of same-sex secondary agriculture classrooms on student career interests
Authors: Wasden Brett , Vincent Stacy
Published: January 2025

Single-sex classrooms have been a topic of interest in the educational community since the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The academic achievement gap between boys and girls in high school is a complex and multifaceted issue that has garnered significant attention in educational research. Proponents of single-sex classrooms argue that it reduces social anxiety, physical aggression, and can close the achievement gap between boys and girls. This quasi-experimental study compared students in single-sex classrooms and coeducational classrooms of ten various Principles of Agriculture courses in Kentucky, and the influence these teaching models had on students’ career interests. Key findings from this experimental study included: (a) boys in single-sex classrooms ranked their interest in the agriculture, food, and natural resources career pathway the highest; (b) the classroom structure nor the sex of the students were not influential to the gain in students interest in the agriculture, food, and environment careers; (c) boys and girls in single-sex classroom structures were influenced more than their coeducational classroom colleagues in a career interest in education and training, particularly, agricultural education. Recommendations from this study include: (a) exposing boys to careers in agricultural education early in high school; (b) prepare teachers on methodologies that limit gender stereotypes within the agriculture career field; and (c) the need for study replication along with longitudinal and qualitative research.
"The Lost Boys": A Case Study of Male Agricultural Education Teacher Certification Students Who Changed Their Career Trajectories
Authors: John Tummons  , Mott Rebecca , Rachael Bagnell
Published: January 2025

Agriculture teacher demand is at an all-time high due to program growth, expansion, retirements, and new program openings. However, the 2021 National Agricultural Education Supply and Demand Study indicates a shortage of highly qualified school-based ag educators. A particularly concerning trend is the decrease in males within agriculture teacher preparation programs; license-eligible ag teacher educator program completers were 76% female and 24% male in 2021. Utilizing Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) as a theoretical framework, this case study describes male undergraduate students’ decisions to depart from the agricultural education- teacher certification track at the University of Missouri. Findings suggest that male teacher certification students who leave the program a). sense they “don’t fit in;” b). realize their interests do not fully align with teaching; c). feel concerns about self-efficacy; d). experience new opportunities in agriculture; and e). acknowledge financial concerns. Researchers recommend further research into the definitions and support systems of social value and influencers for male agricultural education students and their relation to self-confidence. The profession should carefully consider meaningful undergraduate employment opportunities and content mentors to support teacher certification students’ opportunities to build knowledge and experience in the classroom earlier in their teacher preparation program. Researchers propose a refocus of agricultural educator preparation programs as a technical degree in agriculture and suggest structural adjustments to increase technically skilled male students in the teacher preparation pipeline.
Attempts Toward Blended Teaching and Personalized Learning in School-Based Agricultural Education
Authors: Milliken Brett , Traini Haley , Stewart Josh
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this study was to explore school-based agricultural education (SBAE) teacher beliefs about personalized instruction and blended teaching and their experiences with implementing personalized learning within their blended teaching practice. The specific research questions that guided our study were 1) what are SBAE teachers’ beliefs about blended teaching and personalized learning?, 2) what is their experience with blended teaching and facilitating personalized learning?, and 3) how do their beliefs about teaching and learning impact the ways in which they implement blended teaching and personalized learning? We utilized a hermeneutic phenomenological research design while relying on theoretical research on teacher beliefs to illuminate the experiences of SBAE teachers in blended classrooms. Participants included five in-service agriculture education teachers representing four states in the United States. These participants were identified by post-secondary agriculture education teacher educators through a state database of SBAE teachers. All self-identified as SBAE teachers that practiced blended teaching. Three themes emerged from data analysis: time, place, pace, and path; empowering students; and reality check. Our findings indicate that the beliefs SBAE teachers hold influence their classroom practices and personalized learning and student choice were important. Recommendations for future research include conducting observational research on personalized instruction in blended settings as well as the impact contextual factors have on the relationship between teachers’ beliefs and practice in blended classrooms.
The administrative paradox: Assessing how teaching experience affects superintendents’ perceptions of the importance of educational law to agricultural educators
Authors: Norris William , Norris-Parish Shannon , Crayton Terrance
Published: January 2025

Over time, education has become increasingly more legalistic and litigious. The danger of litigation is an imminent threat for agricultural educators due to the potential financial and professional ramifications. In many cases, agricultural educators may be at higher risk for a lawsuit than teachers of other subjects due to the increased liability and safety hazards of the agricultural education classroom. In most public-school districts, the superintendent manages all school-related legal action. These responsibilities regarding the legal undertakings of the school district are coupled with many superintendents having little-to-no teaching experience. In this study, superintendents (N = 1074) rated the importance of 32 educational law issues to agricultural educators. In the first research objective, we used independent samples t-tests to assess how teaching experience affected the perceptions of superintendents regarding the importance of educational law issues to agricultural education. The results found that superintendents with less teaching experience valued agricultural education specific law issues significantly less than superintendents with more teaching experience. Furthermore, in the second research objective, we used a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to extract four components named: 1) General Educational Law Issues, 2) Special Education/Student Interaction Issues, 3) Student Safety/Teacher Contract Rights, and 4) Student Behavior/Curricular Modification Issues. Ultimately, the superintendents chose issues related to mandated reporting, special education accommodations, and safety as the most important educational law issues for agricultural educators. As a result, we recommend integrating educational law coursework into teacher preparation programs for preservice educators and providing practical professional development on educational law for in-service educators.
Rainbow owls: A phenomenological analysis of LGBTQ+ agriscience teachers’ experiences
Authors: Gregg Colby , Bowling Amanda
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this study was to collaborate with School-Based Agriscience Education (SBAE) teachers who identify as LGBTQ+ to examine the unique interactions between their chosen career and their sexual and/or gender minority identities. This phenomenology utilized queer theory to analyze data from semi-structured interviews with individuals who had taught at least one year in the SBAE classroom, identified as LGBTQ+, and were employed to teach SBAE or professionally supervise an SBAE teacher. Participants consisted of six gay men, one lesbian woman, and one transgender man from eight different states across the U.S. Findings indicated three themes: 1) the three-hurdle race from closeted to proud, 2) Taking the elevator to avoid the “state” SBAE level, and 3) Affirmation and representation - the importance of being out. While the findings in this study are not generalizable, we begin to uncover the hurdles that our LGBTQ+ SBAE teachers face. Findings from this study have the potential to inform policy and culture reform to create more inclusive and equitable spaces for SBAE teachers from underserved communities. Of note, individual state SBAE associations should be particularly prompt in assessing these issues since these spaces have been identified by participants as particularly egregious when it comes to a lack of inclusion.
The donut model for agriculture teacher success: A model for theory and practice
Authors: McKim Aaron J. , Goodwin Catlin , Haddad Becky , Sorensen Tyson , Traini Haley , Marzolino Tiffany
Published: January 2025

This theoretical manuscript suggests a limitation of the three-circle model for agricultural education is the lack of attention toward teacher success. Therefore, to complement the three-circle model, authors adapted “donut economics” to craft the donut model for agriculture teacher success. Within the proposed model, teacher success is defined as a level of productivity which exists between teacher-identified lower bounds (i.e., levels of productivity which minimally meet their definition of “success”) and upper bounds (i.e., levels of productivity exceeding limits created by other work and life responsibilities). Furthermore, teacher success includes having ample margin between lower and upper bounds, affording flexible and intentional allocation of time, energy, and emotion across work and life dimensions for the betterment of self, students, and society. Linkages between the proposed model, teacher satisfaction, teacher retention, and teacher attrition are also explored, suggesting the model may inform ongoing efforts to address the sustained agriculture teacher shortage. The manuscript concludes by exploring the practical utility of the donut model for agriculture teacher success, foregrounding how agriculture teachers can develop, evaluate, and communicate their own donut model.
Sowing Success: The Impact of Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Professional Development on the Turnover Intentions of SBAE Teachers
Authors: Wood Matthew , Sorensen Tyson , Burrows Michelle , Judd-Murray Rose , Boschetto Lacee
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to describe school-based agricultural education (SBAE) teachers' perceived Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK), individualized professional development needs, and turnover intentions by certification type. Moreover, this study aimed to explain the relationship between these variables and the turnover intentions of SBAE teachers. A series of survey questions were used to describe the sample of SBAE teachers, their PCK, professional development needs, and turnover intentions. Notably, regardless of certification type, participants displayed comparable levels of PCK, and there was a considerable overlap in their preferences for professional development topics. Despite the certification differences, both groups of teachers exhibited moderately low turnover intentions. Furthermore, the statistical analysis addressing the impact of PCK on turnover yielded insignificant results, suggesting that a myriad of factors play a role in influencing the turnover intentions of SBAE teachers.
The Teacher’s Noble Sacrifice: An Exploration of Agriculture Teacher Margin
Authors: Marzolino Tiffany , McKim Aaron , Goodwin Catlin , McKendree Robert
Published: January 2025

Due to the persistence of the school-based agricultural education (SBAE) teacher shortage, research on this issue must continue. Exploring a variety of aspects of how this shortage manifests may be advantageous for devising paths for teachers to be retained in the career. While considerable literature exists on SBAE teacher retention and related topics, there is an absence of holistic, systemic perspectives which may help researchers recognize key drivers of this issue. This qualitative study utilized the Theory of Margin and sought an understanding of how teachers are experiencing their workloads. The overall theme of this study was The Teacher’s Noble Sacrifice, encompassing a holistic picture of teacher load, sources of teacher power, how lacking margin may affect a teacher’s power or load, where and how support networks can be utilized, and how these SBAE teachers identify as agricultural educators. The themes emerging from this research are explored for their impact on the teacher shortage with recommendations for research and practice suggested.
Autonomy-Supportive Teachers: A Case Study of Ohio Student-Directed SBAE Programs
Authors: Parker Hannah , Bowling Amanda
Published: January 2025

Educators recognize the importance of intrinsic motivators. However, facilitating student autonomy within the classroom poses more challenges, when historically, motivators have been extrinsic (grades, rewards, deadlines). School-based agricultural education (SBAE) offers a unique educational context as compared to other subject areas to provide autonomy-supportive teaching. This study aimed to explore the ways Ohio SBAE teachers used ASIB to support student intrinsic motivation and internalization. This qualitative case study was bound by Ohio SBAE teachers who express student-directed, autonomous programs. Six teachers participated in semi-structured interview and three teachers were purposively sampled for program observation and SAE document analysis. Three themes emerged from the data: (1) talk the talk and walk the walk: modeling program culture of autonomy, (2) I believe I’m encouraging student autonomy, but how can I be sure?, and (3) highlight individual growth over award recognition. SBAE teachers are encouraged to model autonomy-supportive behaviors to establish a program culture of autonomy. SBAE teachers should foster individualized opportunities for students to support motivational outcomes. Further research should include longitudinal qualitative studies exploring the evolution of autonomy supportive behaviors. In addition to longitudinal studies, studies should be explored that take in students' perspectives on teacher autonomy supportive instructional behaviors.
What Does that Even Look Like? Professionalism in School-Based Agricultural Education
Authors: Gorter Erin , Ray Nicole , De Lay Ann , MacDonald Lauren , Lopez Isaac , Crabtree Ashley , Rodriguez-Ruiz Daniela
Published: January 2025

The topic of professionalism in school-based agricultural education is widely discussed in California yet exceedingly subjective in nature. Agricultural education adds another layer of complexity when considering professionalism across the tripartite components of classroom, leadership development (FFA), and supervised agricultural experience. This phenomenological study aimed at exploring school-based agricultural education teachers’ perceptions of professionalism across the three-circle model of agricultural education using photovoice method within the lens of Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory. Submitted photographs and written reflections were analyzed using values coding. Findings indicated the themes of dress and modeling as central to professionalism in school-based agricultural education. The results from this study indicate a need to further explore what professionalism looks like to other agricultural education stakeholders and facilitate pre- and in-service learning sessions where self-reflection is prioritized.
Spenser’s Afterlife from Shakespeare to Milton
Authors: Vaught Jennifer C.
Published: January 2025

This study explores how Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Andrew Marvell, and Milton among many others appropriated Spenser’s long and shorter poems for creating comedy, parody, and satire. Their appropriations, which were widely influential on communities of readers, writers, and intertextual networks from 1590–1660, left an abiding impression of Spenser as a biting satirist. Spenser’s Afterlife from Shakespeare to Milton: 'The Faerie Queene' as Intertextual Environment is the first study to combine the reception history of The Faerie Queene with ecocriticism, animal studies, and posthumanist tenets of vital materialism and the power of things. This poem functions as a powerful, nonhuman agent that transforms how readers respond to their environments. The Faerie Queene and its afterlives move readers to perceive flaws in political, social, and religious figureheads and institutions to envision better ones.
Local Churches, Monasteries, and Bishops in León Between the Ninth and Eleventh Centuries
Authors: Pérez Mariel
Published: January 2025

This volume contributes to a deeper understanding of the different forms of ecclesiastical articulation in early medieval Spain. While traditional studies have focused on higher instances of ecclesiastical power, this work offers a bottom-up perspective centred on the local churches and the bonds they established with monasteries and bishops. This approach engages in a reflection on the nature of the diocese in the Early Middle Ages, as well as furthering our knowledge of early medieval local societies and their social dynamics.