bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enterovirus Infection, CXC Chemokine Ligand 10 (CXCL10), and CXCR3 Circuit
Authors: Tanaka Shoichiro , Nishida Yoriko , Aida Kaoru , Maruyama Taro , Shimada Akira , Suzuki Masako , Shimura Hiroki , Takizawa Soichi , Takahashi Masashi , Akiyama Daiichiro , Arai-Yamashita Sayaka , Furuya Fumihiko , Kawaguchi Akio , Kaneshige Masahiro , Katoh Ryohei , Endo Toyoshi , Kobayashi Tetsuro
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE

Fulminant type 1 diabetes is characterized by the rapid onset of severe hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis, with subsequent poor prognosis of diabetes complications. Causative mechanisms for accelerated β-cell failure are unclear.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Subjects comprised three autopsied patients who died from diabetic ketoacidosis within 2–5 days after onset of fulminant type 1 diabetes. We examined islet cell status, including the presence of enterovirus and chemokine/cytokine/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expressions in the pancreata using immunohistochemical analyses and RT-PCR.

RESULTS

Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of enterovirus-capsid protein in all three affected pancreata. Extensive infiltration of CXCR3 receptor–bearing T-cells and macrophages into islets was observed. Dendritic cells were stained in and around the islets. Specifically, interferon-γ and CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) were strongly coexpressed in all subtypes of islet cells, including β-cells and α-cells. No CXCL10 was expressed in exocrine pancreas. Serum levels of CXCL10 were increased. Expression of MHC class II and hyperexpression of MHC class I was observed in some islet cells.

CONCLUSIONS

These results strongly suggest the presence of a circuit for the destruction of β-cells in fulminant type 1 diabetes. Enterovirus infection of the pancreas initiates coexpression of interferon-γ and CXCL10 in β-cells. CXCL10 secreted from β-cells activates and attracts autoreactive T-cells and macrophages to the islets via CXCR3. These infiltrating autoreactive T-cells and macrophages release inflammatory cytokines including interferon-γ in the islets, not only damaging β-cells but also accelerating CXCL10 generation in residual β-cells and thus further activating cell-mediated autoimmunity until all β-cells have been destroyed.
Flicker Light–Induced Retinal Vasodilation in Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Nguyen Thanh T. , Kawasaki Ryo , Wang Jie Jin , Kreis Andreas J. , Shaw Jonathan , Vilser Walthard , Wong Tien Y.
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE

Flicker light–induced retinal vasodilation may reflect endothelial function in the retinal circulation. We investigated flicker light–induced vasodilation in individuals with diabetes and diabetic retinopathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Participants consisted of 224 individuals with diabetes and 103 nondiabetic control subjects. Flicker light–induced retinal vasodilation (percentage increase over baseline diameter) was measured using the Dynamic Vessel Analyzer. Diabetic retinopathy was graded from retinal photographs.

RESULTS

Mean ± SD age was 56.5 ± 11.8 years for those with diabetes and 48.0 ± 16.3 years for control subjects. Mean arteriolar and venular dilation after flicker light stimulation were reduced in participants with diabetes compared with those in control subjects (1.43 ± 2.10 vs. 3.46 ± 2.36%, P < 0.001 for arteriolar and 2.83 ± 2.10 vs. 3.98 ± 1.84%, P < 0.001 for venular dilation). After adjustment for age, sex, diabetes duration, fasting glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, current smoking status, systolic blood pressure, and use of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications, participants with reduced flicker light–induced vasodilation were more likely to have diabetes (odds ratio 19.7 [95% CI 6.5–59.1], P < 0.001 and 8.14 [3.1–21.4], P < 0.001, comparing lowest vs. highest tertile of arteriolar and venular dilation, respectively). Diabetic participants with reduced flicker light–induced vasodilation were more likely to have diabetic retinopathy (2.2 [1.2–4.0], P = 0.01 for arteriolar dilation and 2.5 [1.3–4.5], P = 0.004 for venular dilation).

CONCLUSIONS

Reduced retinal vasodilation after flicker light stimulation is independently associated with diabetes status and, in individuals with diabetes, with diabetic retinopathy. Our findings may therefore support endothelial dysfunction as a pathophysiological mechanism underlying diabetes and its microvascular manifestations.
Insomnia With Objective Short Sleep Duration Is Associated With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Vgontzas Alexandros N. , Liao Duanping , Pejovic Slobodanka , Calhoun Susan , Karataraki Maria , Bixler Edward O.
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE

We examined the joint effects of insomnia and objective short sleep duration, the combination of which is associated with higher morbidity, on diabetes risk.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 1,741 men and women randomly selected from Central Pennsylvania were studied in the sleep laboratory. Insomnia was defined by a complaint of insomnia with duration of ≥1 year, whereas poor sleep was defined as a complaint of difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or early final awakening. Polysomnographic sleep duration was classified into three categories: ≥6 h of sleep (top 50% of the sample); 5–6 h (approximately third quartile of the sample); and ≤5 h (approximately the bottom quartile of the sample). Diabetes was defined either based on a fasting blood glucose >126 mg/dl or use of medication. In the logistic regression model, we simultaneously adjusted for age, race, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol use, depression, sleep-disordered breathing, and periodic limb movement.

RESULTS

Chronic insomnia but not poor sleep was associated with a higher risk for diabetes. Compared with the normal sleeping and ≥6 h sleep duration group, the highest risk of diabetes was in individuals with insomnia and ≤5 h sleep duration group (odds ratio [95% CI] 2.95 [1.2–7.0]) and in insomniacs who slept 5–6 h (2.07 [0.68–6.4]).

CONCLUSIONS

Insomnia with short sleep duration is associated with increased odds of diabetes. Objective sleep duration may predict cardiometabolic morbidity of chronic insomnia, the medical impact of which has been underestimated.
Association Between Plasma Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Concentration and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Middle-Aged Diabetic and Nondiabetic Individuals
Authors: Piemonti Lorenzo , Calori Giliola , Lattuada Guido , Mercalli Alessia , Ragogna Francesca , Garancini Maria Paola , Ruotolo Giacomo , Luzi Livio , Perseghin Gianluca
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) is a chemokine involved into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and has prognostic value in the acute and chronic phases in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

MCP-1/CCL2 concentration was measured in plasma fractions of 363 middle-aged overweight/obese individuals (aged 61 ± 12 years, BMI 30.1 ± 6.6 kg/m2, 15% with type 2 diabetes, and 12% with impaired glucose tolerance) of a population survey carried out in 1990–1991 in Lombardy, Italy (Cremona Study), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality was assessed in 2006 through Regional Health Registry files.

RESULTS

At baseline MCP-1/CCL2 was increased in individuals with type 2 diabetes (P < 0.05) and showed significant correlations with biochemical risk markers of atherosclerosis. After 15 years, among the 363 subjects, there were 82 deaths due to CVD. In univariate analysis age, sex, fasting glucose and insulin, fibrinogen, glucose tolerance status, smoking habit, and MCP-1/CCL2 were associated with CVD mortality. Age, sex, fasting serum glucose, MCP-1/CCL2, and smoking habit maintained an independent association with CVD mortality in multiple regression analysis. In a subgroup of 113 subjects in whom data for C-reactive protein (CRP) were available, its level was not predictive of CVD mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

In middle-aged overweight/obese individuals MCP-1/CCL2 was independently associated with CVD mortality. Further studies will be necessary to establish its role as a surrogate biomarker and as a potential therapeutic target.
Early Life Programming of Abdominal Adiposity in Adolescents: The HELENA Study
Authors: Labayen Idoia , Ruiz Jonatan R. , Vicente-Rodríguez Germán , Turck Dominique , Rodríguez Gerardo , Meirhaeghe Aline , Molnár Denes , Sjöström Michael , Castillo Manuel J. , Gottrand Frederic , Moreno Luis A. ,   on behalf of the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) Study Group
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE

To examine the relationship between birth weight and abdominal adiposity in adolescents.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 284 adolescents (49.3% of whom were female) aged 14.9 ± 1.2 years were included in the study. Birth weight and gestational age were obtained from parental records. Abdominal adiposity (in three regions: R1, R2, and R3) and trunk and total body fat mass were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Regional fat mass indexes (FMIs) were thereafter calculated as fat mass divided by the square of height (Trunk FMI and abdominal FMI R1, R2, and R3).

RESULTS

Birth weight was negatively associated with abdominal FMI R1, R2, and R3 independently of total fat mass, gestational age, sex, breast-feeding duration, pubertal stage, physical activity, and socioeconomic status (all P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study shows an inverse association between birth weight and abdominal adiposity in adolescents independently of total fat mass and other potential confounders. These findings suggest that fetal nutrition, as reflected by birth weight, may have a programming effect on abdominal adiposity later in life.
Clinicopathologic Features of Histiocytic Lesions following ALL, with a Review of the Literature
Authors: Castro Eumenia C.C. , Blazquez Cristina , Boyd Jaime , Correa Hernán , de Chadarevian J-P. , Felgar Raymond E. , Graf Nicole , Levy Norman , Lowe Eric J. , Manning John T. , Proytcheva Maria A. , Senger Christof , Shayan Katayoon , Sterba Jaroslav , Werner Alice , Surti Urvashi , Jaffe Ronald
Published: July 2009

We describe the clinicopathologic features of 15 patients who had histiocytic lesions that followed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Twenty-one separate histiocytic lesions were evaluated that covered a wide spectrum, some conforming to the usual categories of juvenile xanthogranulomas (5), Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (1), Langerhans' cell sarcoma (4), Rosai-Dorfman disease (1), and histiocytic sarcoma (4). Most were atypical for the category by histology, phenotype, or abnormally high turnover rate. Seven low-grade lesions defied easy categorization and were characterized only as “atypical histiocytic lesion” following ALL. For those evaluated, the molecular signature of the prior leukemia was present in the histiocytic lesion. In 3 of 15 patients, the leukemia and histiocytic lesion shared immunoglobulin H or monoclonal TCR gene rearrangements and, in 4 of 15 patients, clonal identity was documented by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Four patients died of progressive disease, 3 of whom had histiocytic sarcoma and 1 who had an atypical lesion. One patient died of recurrent ALL. The other 10 patients are alive, 7 after recurrences and treatment with surgery and/or chemotherapy. The post-ALL lesions are more aggressive than their native counterparts, but despite the demonstration of the presence of the leukemia signature in 7 of 15 patients, the prognosis is generally favorable, except for patients with histiocytic sarcoma. It remains unclear whether the histiocytic lesions arise as a line from the original ALL or whether transdifferentiation is involved.
The Number of CD68+ (Hofbauer) Cells is Decreased in Placentas with Chorioamnionitis and with Advancing Gestational Age
Authors: Vinnars Marie-Therese N. , Rindsjö Erika , Ghazi Sam , Sundberg Anders , Papadogiannakis Nikos
Published: July 2009

Hofbauer cells are placental macrophages found in chorionic villous stroma; they express classic monocyte/macrophage markers, such as CD68. Little is known about their participation in placental disease and immunologic interactions at the placental interface. The aim of this study was to quantify the amount of Hofbauer cells in placentas complicated, or not, by chorioamnionitis and in placentas from different gestational ages. Fifty-eight 2nd-and 3rd-trimester placentas with the histologic diagnosis of acute chorioamnionitis were compared with 42 control placentas matched according to gestational age. Immunohistochemistry evaluation was performed with a monoclonal anti-CD68 antibody. Five areas of each placenta were photographed and 5 investigators, with the help of a computerized image analysis program, independently evaluated the number of CD68+ cells. Our results showed that there are significantly fewer CD68+ cells per villous area in placentas diagnosed with chorioamnionitis than in those of controls ( P < 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant overall decrease in the number of these cells in 3rd as compared with 2nd trimester placentas ( P = 0.02), as well as in placentas from term as compared to preterm pregnancies ( P = 0.004). Our data indicate that CD68+ Hofbauer cells may be involved in placental infection and possibly associated with the developmental maturation of the fetoplacental unit.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards blood-borne pathogens in healthcare workers in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Jankovic Slavenka , Bojanic Janja , Jovic-Vranes Aleksandra , Marinkovic Jelena , Jankovic Janko
Published: July 2009

Exposure to blood borne pathogens poses a serious risk to healthcare workers (HCWs). This study was undertaken to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices among HCWs towards blood borne pathogens. We carried out a cross sectional KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice) study, using self-administered questionnaire. The study population consisted of 127(23.6%) physicians, and 410 (76.4%) nurses and laboratory technicians. Factor analysis and conditional multiple logistic regression were used in statistical analysis. We found that the knowledge of the epidemiological characteristics of blood-borne infection, the risk of acquisition and available preventative measures among HCWs is insufficient. Doctors were more knowledgeable about the transmissibility of blood borne pathogens regarding sexual transmission after percutaneous exposure (odds ratio) OR=2.71; 95% (confidence interval) CI=1.51–4.84, OR=2.45; 95% CI=1.21–4.96), respectively. Nurses reported professional exposure to patient’s blood more often than doctors (OR=0.90; 95% CI=0.84–0.96). Negative attitudes towards HIV positive patients were also noted. Less than half of HCWs used appropriate barriers (gloves, mask, and glasses) to protect them regularly. The compulsory preventive measures implied by the results of this study are continuous education, immunization against Hepatitis B, implementing Standard Precautions, as well as the development of written guidelines on the prevention of blood-borne infections.
Familial multiple myeloma. Two more families
Authors: Várkonyi Judit , Farkas Péter , Tamáska Júlia , Masszi Tamás , Gopcsa László , Padányi Ágnes , Rajczy Katalin
Published: July 2009

The authors report on two multiple myeloma sibling pairs. In the absence of a known disease-specific marker one can only speculate on an explanation: is it because of inherited errors or is it related to the same environmental exposure, or both? In this study HLA typing and metabolizing enzyme polymorphism studies have been carried out with the aim of finding inherited similarities in the siblings or characteristics that might differ from the average population. Sibling pair 1 shared an HLA haplotype. Sibling pair 2 shared only HLA-B51, DR4, DRw53, DQ3. Sibling 1/1 was GSTT1 / GSTM1 null and GSTP1 Ile105Val; sibling 1/2 was a GSTT1 / GSTM1 heterozygote and GSTP1 Ile105Val; sibling 2/1 and 2/2 were GSTT1 heterozygotes and shared GSTM1 null / GSTP1 Ile105Ile. The siblings had identical light chain or heavy chain secretion, or both. The similarities found in the inherited factors together with the same environmental exposure in the siblings’ first 20 years of life imply that the development of the same disease cannot be a coincidence.
Vermarktung von Waldleistungen: Engagement, Fachwissen und Solidarität sind gefragt! (Essay) | Commercialization of forest services: active involvement, knowledge of the subject and solidarity are required (essay)
Authors: Nigg Heinz
Published: July 2009

A structure of small surfaces with a large proportion of private forest owners and important stocks of wood characterize forestry conditions in canton Appenzell Outer Rhodes. The forest owners are often lacking in initiative, in specific knowledge, in personal and financial resources and in suitable structures for a successful commercialization of non-wood services. A few positive examples show ways to improve this situation and demonstrate the importance, particularly in the privately owned forest sector, of an actively involved, versatile and interested forest ranger. Increasing the awareness of the various people concerned and their mobilization is of far greater importance than the issuing of new regulations. The forest ranger can help through well-directed encouragement concerning marketing and by an integration of the forest non-wood services into the general forestry development program. One of the aims of the forest policy of the canton is that in the future services provided by the forest which are central matters of concern to the community and the greater running costs associated with these should be appropriately compensated.
Waldleistungen – der WEP Kanton Zürich als Umsetzungsinstrument (Essay) | Forest services – the Forest Development Plan of canton Zurich as a means for action (essay)
Authors: Morier Alain , Eichenberger Hannes , Reifler Hanspeter
Published: July 2009

Approximately 30% of the surface area of canton Zurich is covered with forest. As a characteristic element in the landscape, the forest provides an important contribution to the quality of life for the population of Zurich. According to a preliminary examination copy of the Forest Development Plan of canton Zurich, about 3% of the forest area has top priority as important for protection against natural hazards, about 19% is important for its biological diversity and about 51% serves for wood exploitation. On top of this, about a third of the forest is used intensively by those seeking for relaxation. Besides timber and protection, the Zurich forest thus provides various products and services which the population mostly takes for granted. It is the forest owners who provide this public service. With the Forest Development Plan of canton Zurich, it should be possible to pay compensation for services of public utility interest and thus ease the financial burden on forest owners. Services which are not primarily in the public interest can be commercialized locally provided they do not influence these public interests. The Forest Development Plan of canton Zurich provides the necessary bases for planning this coordination.
Polymorphisms within the Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)-2, -4, and -6 Genes in Cattle
Authors: Mariotti Marco , Williams John  L. , Dunner Susana , Valentini Alessio , Pariset Lorraine
Published: July 2009

In mammals, members of the TLR gene family play a primary role in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns from bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi. Recently, cattle TLR genes have been mapped to chromosomes using a radiation hybrid panel. Nucleotide sequences of bovine TLR2, TLR4 and TLR6 genes were screened to identify novel SNPs that can be used in studies of cattle resistance to diseases. In total, 8 SNPs were identified and were submitted to the NCBI dbSNP database. The frequencies of the SNPs were assessed in 16 different bovine European cattle breeds and a phylogenetic analysis carried out to describe the relationships between the breeds. Even if from our analysis the SNPs do not appear located in loci under selection, a deviation of three SNPs from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium was observed, and we hypothesize that some of the polymorphisms may be fixated since many generations. The described variations in immune function related genes will contribute to research on disease response in cattle. In fact, the SNPs can be used in association studies between polymorphisms and cattle resistance to diseases.
Ethanol Consumption by Wistar Rat Dams Affects Selenium Bioavailability and Antioxidant Balance in Their Progeny
Authors: Ojeda María Luisa , Vázquez Beatriz , Nogales Fátima , Murillo María Luisa , Carreras Olimpia
Published: July 2009

Ethanol consumption affects maternal nutrition, the mothers’ antioxidant balance and the future health of their progeny. Selenium (Se) is a trace element cofactor of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx). We will study the effect of ethanol on Se bioavailability in dams and in their progeny. We have used three experimental groups of dams: control, chronic ethanol and pair-fed; and three groups of pups. Se levels were measured by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Serum and hepatic GPx activity was determined by spectrometry. We have concluded that ethanol decreased Se retention in dams, affecting their tissue Se deposits and those of their offspring, while also compromising their progeny’s weight and oxidation balance. These effects of ethanol are caused by a reduction in Se intake and a direct alcohol-generated oxidation action.
Computational Study on the Conformation and Vibration Frequencies of β-Sheet of ε-Polylysine in Vacuum
Authors: Jia Shiru , Mo Zhiwen , Dai Yujie , Zhang Xiuli , Yang Hongjiang , Qi Yuhua
Published: July 2009

Two oligomers, each containing 3 L-lysine residues, were used as model molecules for the simulation of the β-sheet conformation of ε-polylysine (ε-PLL) chains. Their C terminals were capped with ethylamine and N terminals were capped with α-L-aminobutanoic acid, respectively. The calculations were carried out with the hybrid two-level ONOIM (B3LYP/6-31G:PM3) computational chemistry method. The optimized conformation was obtained and IR frequencies were compared with experimental data. The result indicated that the two chains were winded around each other to form a distinct cyclohepta structure through bifurcated hydrogen bonds. The groups of amide and α-amidocyanogen coming from one chain and the carbonyl group from the other chain were involved in the cyclohepta structure. The bond angle of the bifurcated hydrogen bonds was 66.6°. The frequency analysis at ONIOM [B3LYP/6-31G (d):PM3] level showed the IR absorbances of the main groups, such as the amide and amidocyanogen groups, were in accordance with the experimental data.
Chemical Diversity and Defence Metabolism: How Plants Cope with Pathogens and Ozone Pollution
Authors: Iriti Marcello , Faoro Franco
Published: July 2009

Chemical defences represent a main trait of the plant innate immune system. Besides regulating the relationship between plants and their ecosystems, phytochemicals are involved both in resistance against pathogens and in tolerance towards abiotic stresses, such as atmospheric pollution. Plant defence metabolites arise from the main secondary metabolic routes, the phenylpropanoid, the isoprenoid and the alkaloid pathways. In plants, antibiotic compounds can be both preformed (phytoanticipins) and inducible (phytoalexins), the former including saponins, cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates. Chronic exposure to tropospheric ozone (O3) stimulates the carbon fluxes from the primary to the secondary metabolic pathways to a great extent, inducing a shift of the available resources in favour of the synthesis of secondary products. In some cases, the plant defence responses against pathogens and environmental pollutants may overlap, leading to the unspecific synthesis of similar molecules, such as phenylpropanoids. Exposure to ozone can also modify the pattern of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC), emitted from plant in response to herbivore feeding, thus altering the tritrophic interaction among plant, phytophagy and their natural enemies. Finally, the synthesis of ethylene and polyamines can be regulated by ozone at level of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), the biosynthetic precursor of both classes of hormones, which can, therefore, mutually inhibit their own biosynthesis with consequence on plant phenotype.
Synthesis of a New Liquid Crystal, 3-Hydroxy-4-{[(6-methoxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)imino]methyl}phenyl Palmitate
Authors: Ha Sie-Tiong , Koh Teck-Ming , Ong Siew-Teng , Beh Jun-Kit , Ong Lay-Khoon
Published: July 2009

A new Schiff base ester comprising of heterocyclic moiety, 3-hydroxy-4-{[(6-methoxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)imino]methyl}phenyl palmitate was synthesized and its IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, elemental analysis and MS spectroscopic data are presented.
Nano and Microtechnologies for the Delivery of Oligonucleotides with Gene Silencing Properties
Authors: De Rosa Giuseppe , La Rotonda Maria Immacolata
Published: July 2009

Oligonucleotides (ONs) are synthetic fragments of nucleic acid designed to modulate the expression of target proteins. DNA-based ONs (antisense, antigene, aptamer or decoy) and more recently a new class of RNA-based ONs, the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), have gained great attention for the treatment of different disease states, such as viral infections, inflammation, diabetes, and cancer. However, the development of therapeutic strategies based on ONs is hampered by their low bioavailability, poor intracellular uptake and rapid degradation in biological fluids. The use of a non-viral carrier can be a powerful tool to overcome these drawbacks. Lipid or polymer-based nanotechnologies can improve biological stability and cellular uptake of ONs, with possibility of tissue and/or cellular targeting. The use of polymeric devices can also produce a prolonged release of the ON, thus reducing the need of frequent administrations. This review summarizes advantages and issues related to the main non-viral vectors used for ON delivery.
Planning New Pharmacist Services that Last: The Prescription Shop's Travel Medicine Clinic
Authors: Stowe Brian , Winslade Nancy
Published: July 2009

Community pharmacists across Canada are encountering opportunities to implement innovative patient care services. The provision of these services on a sustainable basis, however, is challenging and pharmacists face a number of barriers. Analysis of the planning process followed during development of the financially viable Prescription Shop travel medicine clinic was undertaken to offer guidance to pharmacists. The analysis was organized according to a traditional business model describing 3 phases of product development. A theoretical pharmacy practice change framework was adapted via insights gained from the implementation and day-today operation of the clinic. Results identified questions that are critical to address during each phase to ensure the selection, design and sustainable implementation of pharmacists' patient care services.
Ontario Family Physician Readiness to Collaborate with Community Pharmacists on Drug Therapy Management: Lessons for Pharmacists
Authors: Pojskic Nedzad , MacKeigan Linda , Boon Heather , Ellison Philip , Breslin Curtis
Published: July 2009

Background/Objective:

Collaboration between community pharmacists and physicians with respect to drug therapy management occurs relatively infrequently. There has been little research on physicians' views about such collaboration. The primary objective of this study was to assess Ontario family physicians' attitudes and readiness to collaborate with community pharmacists on drug therapy management.

Methods:

A 3-page survey instrument inquiring about 3 collaborative behaviours was distributed by fax or mail to a random sample of 848 family physicians and general practitioners across Ontario. Nonrespondents received 2 reminders.

Results:

The survey response rate was 36%. Most physicians reported conversing with a community pharmacist about a patient's drug therapy management 5 or fewer times per week, and very few said they used pharmacists as their primary source of medication information. Eighty-four percent reported that they regularly took community pharmacists' phone calls, while 78% reported that they sometimes sought pharmacists' recommendations regarding patient drug therapy. Only 28% reported that they sometimes referred their patients to community pharmacists for medication reviews, with 44% being unaware that such a service existed. Most comments were favourable, typically providing positive examples of collaboration with pharmacists. The most important identified advantage of collaborating with community pharmacists was more accurate medication lists. The main disadvantage identified was that pharmacists are constrained by not having access to key patient information (e.g., diagnosis, lab results, consultant reports). Additional barriers to collaboration reported by physicians included rotating pharmacists and perceived pharmacist interference with physicians' drug therapy plans.

Conclusion:

Overall, Ontario family physicians were engaged in limited collaboration with community pharmacists. By making an effort to increase the frequency of their direct professional interactions with physicians, pharmacists can enhance physician awareness of their willingness to provide patient-oriented services, thus facilitating collaboration.
El desarrollo de la Clasificación Decimal Universal: 1992-2008 y más allá
Authors: Slavic Aida , Cordeiro Maria Inês , Riesthuis Gerhard
Published: July 2009

El artículo pone en relieve algunos aspectos de la política de gestión de la CDU desde 2007 en adelante. Tras una revisión de la larga historia de modernización de esta clasificación, que comenzó en la década de los 60, continuando el proceso de revisión y desarrollo del esquema en los 1990, se resumen los cambios y políticas más importantes de la historia reciente de la CDU. Finalmente, se presentan los puntos de vista del nuevo equipo editorial del CDU establecido en 2007, y su nueva política que se enfoca en la organización y eficiencia del trabajo editorial y la mejora de los productos de la CDU.
Estudio comparativo de seis dominios científicos nacionales
Authors: Espinosa-Calvo M.ª Eugenia , Vargas-Quesada Benjamín , Rosa Guerrero-Bote Vicente P. , De Moya-Anegón Félix
Published: July 2009

En este trabajo se analiza la clase Ciencia de los Materiales presente desde las civilizaciones más antiguas ya que el desarrollo y la evolución de las sociedades siempre han estado íntimamente vinculados a la capacidad que han tenido sus miembros para producir y conformar los materiales necesarios para satisfacer sus necesidades, pero como disciplina se ha establecido de manera muy reciente por la aglomeración de distintas categorías científicas pertenecientes a otras áreas. Por los que los hábitos de citación y los scientogramas podrían estar relacionados con la tradición y cultura de la ciencia existente en cada país en el año estudiado. Para realizar el estudio hemos utilizado las redes de citación de seis de los países más desarrollados en el año 2002, utilizando una técnica novedosa que las representa gráficamente mediante unos gráficos denominados scientogramas. Esta técnica utiliza la cocitación entre categorías temáticas del JCR para generar la red de categorías que se representa gráficamente. Como resultado hemos obtenido scientogramas que representan las redes de citación de cada uno de los países y muestran la marca de las distintas culturas de cada uno de los países.
Desarrollo histórico de los indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnología, avances en América Latina y México
Authors: Alcázar Farías Edna , Lozano Guzmán Alejandro
Published: July 2009

Los indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnología son de gran utilidad en el desarrollo de políticas adecuadas de investigación. La información que éstos proporcionan permite realizar una asignación correcta de los recursos, otorgar financiación, tomar decisiones en la gestión de grupos y de proyectos, y, mediante la determinación de capacidades y la identificación de debilidades, orientar mejor a la investigación. La evaluación con indicadores de ciencia y tecnología es ampliamente utilizada, de acuerdo con métodos empleados y aceptados internacionalmente, los cuales se han desarrollado desde los años treinta y se han adaptado a las necesidades de cada época. En el presente resumen se realiza una revisión de los principales avances que sobre indicadores de ciencia y tecnología se han tenido hasta la fecha. Así mismo se hace énfasis en la necesidad de desarrollar nuevas metodologías de evaluación del impacto socioeconómico de la ciencia y la tecnología
Nuevos indicadores de rendimiento científico institucional basados en análisis de citas: los índices H sucesivos
Authors: Arencibia-Jorge Ricardo
Published: July 2009

El presente trabajo discute las propuestas elaboradas por Gangan Prathap y András Schubert con el objetivo de utilizar el índice Hirsch como base para el cálculo de una serie sucesiva de índices H. Se presentan las más recientes aplicaciones de estos índices, tanto para la evaluación institucional a nivel micro, como para evaluar el impacto institucional en dominios del conocimiento. El empleo de índices H sucesivos ofrece una visión integral del comportamiento de los claustros que integran las instituciones dedicadas a la investigación y su impacto sobre la comunidad científica internacional, por lo que podrían tenerse en cuenta en las políticas de evaluación institucional.
Detection of Extended Spectrum β-lactamase Production Among Uropathogens
Authors: Aggarwal Ritu , Chaudhary Uma , Sikka Rama
Published: July 2009

Background: Detection of extended spectrum β -lactamase (ESBL) production among uropathogens is an important marker of endemicity.

Aim: Intervention of this endemic transmission is important for the control of initial outbreak of ESBL producing organisms in a hospital or specialized unit of hospital.

Materials and Methods: During the study period of one and a half months, 1,551 urine samples were processed for significant bacteriuria. Two hundred gram negative bacterial isolates were tested for ESBL production. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern was ascertained for ESBL producing isolates.

Results: ESBL production was seen in 36% of isolates. All the isolates were multidrug resistant with uniform sensitivity to imipenem.

Conclusion: This study reveals the significant prevalence of ESBL producing organisms in this north Indian tertiary care hospital. Constant revision of antibiotic policies with infection control interventions is suggested.
Progress of Science from Microscopy to Microarrays (Part 1): Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases
Authors: Dey Ayan , Singh Sarman
Published: July 2009

Even though description of the magnifying glass goes back to 1021 by an Arabic physicist in his book, Antony van Leeuwenhoek was the first man to improve the then simple microscope for viewing biological specimens in 1674. This suggests that every discovery has scope for improvement, be it physics or be it biology. In the field of biology, scientists have long studied gene expression as a hallmark of gene activities reflecting the current cell conditions and response to host immune defense systems. These studies have been cumbersome, technically demanding and time-consuming. Application of microarrays has revolutionized this field and help understand the simultaneous expression of thousands of genes in a single sample put onto a single solid support. It is also now possible to compare gene expression in two different cell types, different stages of life cycle or two tissue samples, such as in healthy and diseased ones. Thus microarrays are beginning to dominate other conventional and molecular diagnostic technologies. The microarrays consist of solid supports onto which the nucleic acid sequences from thousands of different genes are immobilized, or attached at fixed locations. These solid supports themselves are usually glass slides, silicon chips or nylon membranes. The nucleic acids are spotted or synthesized directly onto the support. Application of microarrays is new for parasites. Most of these applications are done for monitoring parasite gene expression, to predict the functions of uncharacterized genes, probe the physiologic adaptations made under various environmental conditions, identify virulence-associated genes and test the effects of drug targets. The best examples are vector-borne parasites, such as Plasmodium, Trypanosoma and Leishmania, in which genes expressed, during mammalian and insect host stages, have been elucidated. Microarrays have also been successfully applied to understand the factors responsible to induce transformation from tachyzoite-to-bradyzoite and vice versa in Toxoplasma gondii. Thus microarrays provide a novel tool for diagnosis, prognosis and clinical management of infectious disease.
Immune Hemolytic Anemia: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Kaur Paramjit , Basu Sabita , Kaur Ravneet , Kaur Gagandeep
Published: July 2009

The transfusion-medicine specialists and physicians are often in a difficult situation when the patient has severe worsening anemia and all the blood is mismatched. This situation can arise in patients with red cell autoantibodies or alloantibodies due to previous transfusions. We report two cases of immune hemolysis - one due to warm auto antibodies and the second due to alloimmunization from multiple transfusions.
Laboratory Approach to the Management of Clinical Emergencies: A Diagnostic Series
Authors: Gupta Swati
Published: July 2009

This article emphasizes on the laboratory investigations that may play a significant role in the prompt management of the patient. Hence, other conditions where laboratory investigations will not play a major role are not included in this article. An attempt has been made to highlight certain issues wherein we can prevent inadvertent ordering of tests to minimize the burden on the overworked emergency laboratory, without compromising patient care. The conditions that will be dealt here include: acute chest pain, acute abdominal pain, road traffic injuries, acute respiratory distress, high grade fever, vomiting, loss of consciousness, poisoning and laboratory accidents, and lastly occupational exposure to potential biological hazards.
Impact of BRCA mutations on female fertility and offspring sex ratio
Authors: Moslehi Roxana , Singh Ranjana , Lessner Lawrence , Friedman Jan M.
Published: July 2009

Positive selection for inherited mutations in breast and ovarian cancer predisposing genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, may contribute to the high frequency of BRCA mutations among the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Impact of BRCA mutations on fertility has not been generally explored in epidemiologic studies. There are reports of distorted sex ratios in BRCA carrier families but these findings have been attributed to bias. We investigated the effect of BRCA mutations on female fertility and offspring sex ratio in a study of 260 Ashkenazi Jewish women with ovarian cancer and 331 controls, unselected for age or family history of the disease. Pregnancy success was similar for 96 mutation carrier (0.84) and 164 noncarrier cases (0.87) and controls (0.83). After adjusting for covariates, there were no significant differences between BRCA carrier and noncarrier cases and controls with regards to fertility, despite lower pregnancy rates among all cases compared to controls (P = 0.0049). Male/female sex ratios were significantly lower among offspring of carriers (0.71) than offspring of noncarriers (0.95) or those of the controls (0.99). Comparisons among the three groups yielded statistically significant distortion against males among the offspring of known and obligate BRCA carriers compared to noncarriers (OR = 0.74, 95% CI:0.55–0.99) and controls (OR = 0.71, 95% CI:0.54–0.94). In conclusion, we did not find evidence for an effect of BRCA mutations on female fertility. We found a significant excess of females among the offspring of female carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Potential contribution of observed sex ratio distortions to positive selection for BRCA mutations may warrant further investigation. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A multiscale approach for reconstructing archaeological landscapes: Applications in Northern Apulia (Italy)
Authors: Ciminale Marcello , Gallo Danilo , Lasaponara Rosa , Masini Nicola
Published: July 2009

This paper is focused on the joint use of multiscale remote sensing technologies for supporting archaeological prospection. Satellite imagery, aerial photographs and high‐resolution magnetic surveys were adopted for studying the Tavoliere, an extended agricultural region located in Northern Apulia (Italy) that is characterized by an abundant presence of archaeological sites. A first recognition of the archaeological features was performed by historical aerial photographs and satellite QuickBird images were used to obtain an up‐to‐date synoptic view of the study area. Archaeological features extracted from both aerial and satellite images, were further investigated by high‐resolution magnetic survey, which provided detailed identification of buried remains. All data were stored in a GIS in order to integrate them properly. This database was used to cross‐check information of different types and determine significant correlations. The multilayer analysis in the GIS environment allowed for a comprehensive reconstruction of ancient landscapes and their palaeoenvironmental context, as well as the present geomorphological and territorial setting. Moreover it represents an open information system that could always be upgraded by inputting new data from future studies. Results from our analyses suggest that this multidisciplinary and multiscale approach, in addition to its important scientific implications, could yield meaningful information for the preservation, monitoring and management of the cultural resource, from a single site to a landscape perspective; thus this integrated tool could play a strategic role in defining proper policies of sustainable development in this region. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GPR microwave tomography for diagnostic analysis of archaeological sites: the case of a highway construction in Pontecagnano (Southern Italy)
Authors: Castaldo R. , Crocco L. , Fedi M. , Garofalo B. , Persico R. , Rossi A. , Soldovieri F.
Published: July 2009

Interpretation of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) data usually involves data processing similar to that used for seismic data analysis, including also migration techniques. Alternatively, in the past few years, microwave tomographic approaches exploiting more accurate models of the electromagnetic scattering have gained interest, owing to their capability of providing accurate results and stable images. Within this framework, this paper deals with the application of a microwave tomography approach, based on the Born Approximation and working in the frequency domain. The case study is a survey performed during the realization of the third lane of the most important highway in southern Italy (the Salerno‐Reggio Calabria, near Pontecagnano, Italy). It is shown that such an inversion approach produces well‐focused images, from which buried structures can be more easily identified by comparison to traditional radar images. Moreover, the visualization of the reconstruction results is further enhanced through a three‐dimensional volumetric rendering of the surveyed region, simply achieved by staggering the reconstructed GPR two‐dimensional profiles. By means of this rendering it is possible to follow the spatial continuity of the buried structures in the subsurface thus obtaining a very effective geometrical characterization. The results are very useful in our case where, due to important civil engineering works, a fast diagnosis of the archaeological situation was needed. The quality of our GPR data modelling was confirmed by a test excavation, where a corner of a building and the eastern part of another house, with its courtyard, were found at the depth and horizontal position suggested by our interpretation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of the interferon‐α production induced by RNA‐containing immune complexes in plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Authors: Eloranta Maija‐Leena , Lövgren Tanja , Finke Doreen , Mathsson Linda , Rönnelid Johan , Kastner Berthold , Alm Gunnar V. , Rönnblom Lars
Published: July 2009

Objective

Interferon‐α (IFNα) is produced in several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and may be important in their pathogenesis. We undertook this study to investigate how IFNα production induced by RNA‐containing immune complexes (ICs) in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) is regulated.

Methods

Normal PDCs purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cocultivated with other cell populations isolated from healthy individuals or SLE patients. IFNα production was induced by RNA‐containing ICs, which consisted of anti‐RNP autoantibodies and U1 small nuclear RNP particles, and the effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), or the cytokines IFNα2b, granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were explored.

Results

Monocytes inhibited IFNα production by PDCs in PBMC cultures, while natural killer (NK) cells were stimulatory. The monocytes had little effect on IFNα production by pure PDCs but inhibited its stimulation by NK cells. Monocytes from SLE patients were less inhibitory. Exposure of PBMCs or PDCs to IFNα2b/GM‐CSF increased their IFNα production. RNA‐containing ICs caused production of ROS, PGE2, and TNFα, especially in monocytes. These mediators and IL‐10 suppressed IFNα production in PBMC cultures, with ROS and PGE2 also inhibiting IFNα production by purified PDCs. Inhibition by all of these agents, except for ROS, was abolished by IFNα2b/GM‐CSF. The inhibitory effect of monocytes was significantly counteracted by the ROS scavengers serotonin and catalase.

Conclusion

IFNα production induced by RNA‐containing ICs in PDCs is regulated by a network of interactions between monocytes, NK cells, and PDCs, involving several pro‐ and antiinflammatory molecules. This should be considered when designing and applying new therapies.
Therapeutic effects of interleukin‐6 blockade in a murine model of polymyositis that does not require interleukin‐17A
Authors: Okiyama Naoko , Sugihara Takahiko , Iwakura Yoichiro , Yokozeki Hiroo , Miyasaka Nobuyuki , Kohsaka Hitoshi
Published: July 2009

Objective

To explore new molecular targets in the treatment of polymyositis (PM) by examining a recently established murine model of PM, C protein–induced myositis (CIM), for involvement of an interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)/IL‐17A pathway.

Methods

CIM was induced by immunizing wild‐type mice as well as IL‐6–null and IL‐17A–null C57BL/6 mice with recombinant mouse skeletal C protein fragments. Some mice were treated with anti–IL‐6 receptor (anti–IL‐6R) monoclonal antibodies or control antibodies. Muscle tissue samples were examined histologically and immunohistochemically.

Results

The syngeneic C protein fragments successfully induced inflammation in the skeletal muscles of wild‐type mice. IL‐6 was expressed by mononuclear cells, especially in macrophages, infiltrating in the muscles. IL‐6–null mice developed myositis with significantly lower incidence and milder severity than wild‐type mice. In contrast, IL‐17A–null mice were as susceptible to CIM as wild‐type mice. Intraperitoneal administration of anti–IL‐6R monoclonal antibodies, but not of control monoclonal antibodies, ameliorated CIM both preventively and therapeutically.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that IL‐6 is critically involved in the development of CIM. Although many other autoimmune models require IL‐6 for differentiation of pathogenic T cells producing IL‐17A, IL‐17A was dispensable in CIM. Nevertheless, treatment with anti–IL‐6R antibodies was effective. IL‐6 blockade is potentially a new approach to the treatment of autoimmune myositis, via processes distinct from interference in the IL‐6/IL‐17A pathway.