bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly stiff and strong fiber reinforced core‐shell composites for 3D printing
Authors: Chen Tianran , Renn Kyle , Das Arit , Kazerooni Dana , Han Jier , Okonski David A. , Yao Yimin , Pritchard Cailean Q. , Ju Lin , Mansfield Craig D. , Bortner Michael J. , Baird Donald G.
Published: December 2024

A novel core‐shell continuous polymeric fiber reinforced composite with excellent mechanical performance was prepared using a dual‐extrusion process. Continuous pumping of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) into polyamide 6 (PA6) via dual‐extrusion equipped with a core‐shell circular die enabled the generation of continuous fiber reinforced composite filaments with core‐shell structure. Microscopic analysis confirmed the composition of the composite and the core‐shell macroscopic morphology where the TLCP core was surrounded by a polyamide shell. The core‐shell structure exhibited a strong weld‐strength of 3D printed parts with improved tensile properties which was attributed to the strong inter‐diffusion and entanglement of polyamide chains across the printed layers. The average tensile strength of 3D printed core‐shell TLCP‐polyamide material was measured to be 132.7 MPa, which is an improvement of about 50% compared to its “sea‐island” TLCP‐polyamide counterparts prepared using the same dual extrusion process with added static mixers. A comparison between the printed core‐shell 20 wt% TLCP‐PA6 and continuous traditional glass‐fiber reinforced composite revealed that the printed core‐shell 20 wt% TLCP‐PA6 exhibited a tensile modulus (~12 GPa) approximately 300% higher than that of its 20 wt% glass‐fiber/polyamide counterpart. The continuous TLCP composite filament can be printed with a generic extrusion‐based 3D printer without requiring any modification, and the presence of continuous TLCP fibers in the filament core has no adverse effect on the printability. Notably, sharp turns (e.g., 180° changes in printing direction) can be achieved during the printing without creating fiber‐less regions in the printed parts which overcomes one of the major limitations of printing continuous glass or carbon‐fiber reinforced composites. By leveraging the core‐shell morphology with TLCP's lightweight and reinforcement properties, we successfully fabricated high strength and stiff additively manufactured parts with enhanced interlayer bonding.

Highlights

Prepared core‐shell fiber reinforced polyamide using dual‐extrusion technology.

3D printed continuous fiber reinforced composite filaments.

Significant improvements in mechanical properties of polyamide.

Higher modulus than conventional 3D printed glass fiber composite.
Microscopic finite element modeling and fracture properties of particulate filled polymer composites
Authors: Zhu Fuxian , Zhao Jinfeng , Duan Liuyang , Zhuang Bailiang
Published: December 2024

Based on the microstructure of PFPC, this article proposes a grading construction model that conforms to the normal distribution law by observing the distribution characteristics of the particles. A RVE random placement modeling program is developed using Python language, and an RVE model containing irregular polygonal particles is constructed, providing an effective new method for microfinite element modeling of PFPC. The validity of the model is proved by comparing the simulation results of the composites stress–strain behavior and the experimental results. The effects of particle volume fraction and particle size distribution on crack extension are analyzed using this microfinite element model, and their influence on the fracture properties of the composites is discussed. The results show that the initiation location and propagation direction of cracks in the material are influenced by the particle size, size distribution, and loading conditions. With the increase of particle volume content, the fracture properties of particles increase first and then decreased. When the volume fraction of particles is certain, the fracture property decreases with the increase of the mean value of particle size. The fracture properties of the composites can be improved by regulating the combination of particles with appropriate SD of particle size.

Highlights

Developed a program for random particle placement using Python language.

Established an RVE model incorporating irregular polygonal particles.

Simulated the initiation and propagation process of cracks in composites.

Studied particle volume fraction's impact on PFPC fracture properties.

Studied particle size distribution's effect on PFPC fracture properties.
Registration of ‘Matchless’ Kentucky bluegrass
Authors: Xin Xin , Schnore Jonathan , Golob Charles , Hulbert Anna , Neff Michael
Published: December 2024

The Inland Pacific Northwest is the largest Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) seed production area worldwide. Historically, farmers in Washington burnt Kentucky bluegrass residues, a common practice for pathogen control, pest management and maximum economic revenue. Washington State implements air quality and fire safety burn bans under certain conditions to protect public health and safety. Outside of Native American reservations, burning of Kentucky bluegrass has been outlawed in Washington state, which raised the need for breeding a new Kentucky bluegrass cultivar that will have good yield without burning. ‘Matchless’ (Reg. no. CV‐102, PI 701401, PVP 202200523) Kentucky bluegrass is a common‐type cultivar released in 2023. Matchless was selected for its superior yield without burning crop residues, derived from the common‐type cultivar ‘Kenblue’, in an open‐pollinated nursery in Pullman, WA. Matchless was compared to Kenblue, ‘America’, ‘Baron’, and other standard cultivars, and exhibited taller plant height, longer leaf sheath length, and longer panicle length, among other traits. Matchless outperformed Kenblue in turf quality and exhibited similar spring green‐up. The combination of statistically significant differences in traits makes Matchless a unique cultivar. It is distinct from its parental cultivar Kenblue and other common‐type cultivars and performs and adapts well for use in home lawns, parks, and reclamation projects.
First psychometric evaluation of the Mexican Spanish version of the 11‐item BPFSC‐11 and convergence with maladaptive self and interpersonal functioning
Authors: Sharp Carla , Cano Kiana , Kassin Moises , Goth Kirstin
Published: December 2024

Background

The Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children (BPFSC‐11) is a well‐used, short, and easy‐to‐administer measure of borderline traits in young people. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Mexican Spanish version of the BPFSC‐11 in a large community‐based sample of Mexican adolescents. In addition, we evaluated the convergence between the borderline construct as measured by the BPFSC‐11 and general personality functioning consistent with more contemporary personality disorder formulations to assess the nomological net of the BPFSC‐11 total score.

Methods

A sample of 1212 adolescents (52.6% female, mean age = 15.11, SD = 1.74) were recruited from the community through schools in Mexico City and Michoacán area.

Results

Reliability of the BPFSC‐11 was good (α = 0.805; ω = 0.806). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) model testing the unidimensional factor structure of the 11 items of the BPFSC‐11 provided good fit (X2[44] = 137.96, p < 0.001; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.04 [90% CI: 0.03, 0.05]; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.96; standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.03). Both configural and metric invariance for gender and age were demonstrated; however, only partial scalar invariance could be demonstrated with some items showing “bias” for gender and age. The Mexican Spanish BPFSC‐11 also showed strong convergence with measures assessing contemporary conceptualization of general personality functioning.

Conclusions

The Mexican Spanish BPFSC‐11 appears to show similarly strong psychometric properties of other versions of the BPFSC‐11; and the borderline construct as assessed with the BPFSC‐11 shows good conversion with general personality functioning in adolescents.
Craft and strategic entrepreneurship: Exploring and exploiting materiality, authenticity, and tradition in craft‐based ventures
Authors: Ganzin Max , Chirico Francesco , Kroezen Jochem J. , Dacin M. Tina , Sirmon David G. , Suddaby Roy
Published: December 2024

Research Summary

This work explores the intersection of strategic entrepreneurship and craft‐based ventures, focusing on the integration of materiality, authenticity, and tradition in the creation of competitive advantage. Craft, historically rooted in artisanal, small‐scale production, has evolved into “advanced craft,” requiring high expertise while also engaging with modern economic goals such as scaling, technological adoption, and global value chains. Craft‐based strategic entrepreneurship embraces creativity and innovation, alongside traditional values and high‐quality production, to engage with the modern economy without the alienating effects of industrialization. We highlight how craft entrepreneurs balance the pursuit of innovation with the preservation of authenticity and heritage. By examining the materiality, authenticity, and tradition embedded in craft, our work contributes to the understanding of how these elements influence competitive advantage and the broader relationship between economy and society in entrepreneurial ventures.

Managerial Summary

We offer practical insights for owners and managers in craft‐based ventures seeking to balance tradition with modern business strategies. As the craft sector evolves into “advanced craft,” entrepreneurs must integrate artisanal expertise with scalable operations, technology adoption, and global market engagement. We highlight how successful craft ventures maintain high quality, authenticity, and cultural heritage while embracing strategic entrepreneurship practices like innovation, planning, and partnerships with larger organizations. For owners and managers, the key takeaway is the importance of preserving the unique values of craftsmanship—such as materiality, authenticity, and tradition—while also adopting modern tools like advanced technology and marketing strategies to scale and compete. By understanding these dynamics, craft‐based businesses can enhance their competitive advantage, foster meaningful customer engagement, and navigate challenges like technological disruption and market expansion without losing their core identity.
Research on the Design of Fluoride‐Free Continuous Casting Mold Flux System for High‐Aluminum Steel
Authors: Yang Kang , Guan Rui , Ai Xin‐Gang , Zeng Hong‐Bo
Published: December 2024

To get rid of the restrictions imposed by the components of the original mold flux and minimize fluorides to the largest extent, this article has designed the continuous casting mold flux for high‐aluminum steel with an aluminum content of 1.35% and tested the performance manifestations of the mold flux by integrating equipment like a rotational viscometer, S/DHTT‐TA‐III thermal analyzer, and X‐ray diffraction. The composition of the continuous casting mold flux for high‐aluminum steel is: CaO = 23–43 wt%, SiO2 = 12–25 wt%, Al2O3 = 14–26 wt%, B2O3 = 13–17 wt%, and Li2O = 4–8 wt%. The newly designed mold flux has a lower melting temperature and its performance still satisfies the conditions for continuous casting after the reaction. The crystallization process of the on‐site using mold flux lasts 198 s, with the precipitated phases being Na2CaSiO4 and Ca3Si2O7. The crystallization process of the newly designed mold flux lasts ≈324 s, with the precipitated phase mainly being LiAlO2, and the mold flux can maintain a low viscosity and a relatively thick liquid slag layer for a longer period of time.
How the Impossible Remains Impossible: Mundane Reason Confronts Time Travel Images
Authors: Smith Philip
Published: December 2024

Every culture has a cosmology containing fundamental beliefs about the nature of time and space, the human individual, and causality. The classical sociology of E.E. Evans‐Pritchard and Melvin Pollner shows this bedrock helps solve the problem of social order. For them it is an unexamined resource against which agents ingeniously reason, using common sense, to resolve disputes, explain anomalies and so preserve a sense of shared reality. But what happens when cosmology is itself subject to open challenge based on evidence? Potentially destabilizing speculations and beliefs about alternative cosmologies are widespread in popular culture today. The paper looks to the paradigm case of the “time travel image.” Widely available on the internet and viewed by millions, these are pitched as an evidentiary threat to established beliefs on the unidirectional flow of time. The study explores the ethnomethodology, mundane reasoning, and cultural framing through which these images are routinely discounted by common sense. It establishes a methodological benchmark for a wider sociological investigation of the movement of the “impossible” to the “possible.”
Molecular phylogeny of Anemone (Ranunculaceae), with special emphasis on the origin of alpine species
Authors: Xiang Kun‐Li , Cao Guan‐Long , Peng Huan‐Wen , Li Xiao‐Qian , Erst Andrey S. , Lian Lian , Erst Tatyana V. , Jabbour Florian , Ortiz Rosa del C. , Wang Wei
Published: December 2024

The alpine biome, above the natural tree line, is home to distinctive biotas that can tolerate harsh environmental conditions, and is especially sensitive to the impacts of global warming. However, the actual timeframe during which alpine floras began to appear on a global scale remains unknown. Here, we used Anemone (c. 200 species), an herbaceous plant genus inhabiting a variety of habitats from lowland to high‐alpine zone across multiple continents, to obtain new insights into the historical assembly of this biome. Using nuclear ITS and plastid atpB‐rbcL, trnL‐F, matK, and rbcL sequences, we built a phylogeny that includes 159 individuals of 146 extant Anemone species and 19 outgroups. Within this phylogenetic framework, we estimated divergence times, reconstructed ancestral ranges, and inferred the evolutionary shifts in habitat types. Phylogenetic analyses strongly support the non‐monophyletic Anemone, in which the Clematis‐Anemoclema clade is nested. Two subgenera of Anemone, subg. Anemone and subg. Anemonidium, are strongly supported as monophyletic. Except for Anemone sect. Keiskea, whose Anemone deltoidea is grouped with A. sect. Hepatica, the other seven sections of this genus are monophyletic. Anemone originated in East Asian non‐alpine habitats around 31 Ma, but range expansion and habitat shifts from non‐alpine to alpine mainly occurred after the Miocene Climatic Optimum (c. 14 Ma). The alpine Anemone lineages in different biogeographic regions originated near‐synchronously, beginning in the middle Miocene (c. 16–12 Ma). We also found that the other alpine floristic elements across multiple continents emerged roughly at the same time. Our findings suggest that the rise of global alpine floras is near‐synchronous and began in the middle Miocene, possibly in association with the mid‐Miocene global cooling and regional orogenetic activities. The mid‐late Miocene is an essential period for the assembly and evolution of global alpine floras. The alpine floristic diversity comprises pre‐adapted immigrants from other alpine zones through long‐distance dispersal and descendants from local lowland ancestors, as well as from other regional lowland ancestors to a lesser extent.
Investigating the Welfare of Zoo‐Housed Cryptoprocta ferox: Behavioral Observations and Hormonal Profiling
Authors: Marliani Giovanna , Calamandrei Silvia , Buonaiuto Giovanni , Accorsi Pier Attilio , Sandri Camillo , Spiezio Caterina
Published: December 2024

The global decline of species necessitates intensive conservation efforts, including ex‐situ breeding programs to safeguard endangered populations. However, managing welfare and reproduction in zoological gardens can present several challenges. This study aims to explore behaviors and endocrinological responses of two specimens of fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) under human care. One hundred and twenty hours of observation through focal animal sampling continuous recording and 67 fecal samples were collected. From fecal samples, cortisol (FCM), progesterone (FPM), and testosterone (FTM) metabolites' concentrations were analyzed using Radio Immuno Assay. According to our results, higher FTM (p < 0.05) and FPM levels at the beginning of the study, showing a potential alignment with the breeding season. When the male entered the female outdoor area, he recorded longer durations of seeking and marking behaviors (p ≤ 0.01), along with lower FCM levels (p < 0.05), suggesting an enriching effect. In the same period, the female's FCM level was higher (p ≤ 0.01), indicating potential stress. When both animals were in their respective outdoor areas, the FCM level of the female remained significantly higher (p < 0.05), and the male showed a peak in pacing duration (p < 0.01), implying a potential stress or frustration status. In her indoor area, the female exhibited significantly shorter durations of locomotion, marking, and seeking (p < 0.01) and did not show any abnormal behavior, likely due to the reduced complexity of the environment. However, we cannot exclude that her complete visual and olfactory separation from the male and visitors may also have contributed to a decrease in her overall stress levels. The findings highlight the interplay between hormonal fluctuations and behavioral responses in the two zoo‐housed fossa, providing essential insights for fostering their well‐being and facilitating conservation efforts.
Multi-centered Dilatations, Congruent Isomorphisms and Rost Double Deformation Space
Authors: Mayeux Arnaud
Published: December 2024

We introduce multi-centered dilatations of rings, schemes and algebraic spaces, a basic algebraic concept. Dilatations of schemes endowed with a structure (e.g., monoid, group or Lie algebra) are in favorable cases schemes endowed with the same structure. As applications, we use our new formalism to contribute to the understanding of mono-centered dilatations, to formulate and deduce some multi-centered congruent isomorphisms and to interpret Rost double deformation space as a double-centered dilatation.
Leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning to accelerate discovery of disease-modifying therapies in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Shapiro Melanie R. , Tallon Erin M. , Brown Matthew E. , Posgai Amanda L. , Clements Mark A. , Brusko Todd M.
Published: December 2024

Progress in developing therapies for the maintenance of endogenous insulin secretion in, or the prevention of, type 1 diabetes has been hindered by limited animal models, the length and cost of clinical trials, difficulties in identifying individuals who will progress faster to a clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, and heterogeneous clinical responses in intervention trials. Classic placebo-controlled intervention trials often include monotherapies, broad participant populations and extended follow-up periods focused on clinical endpoints. While this approach remains the ‘gold standard’ of clinical research, efforts are underway to implement new approaches harnessing the power of artificial intelligence and machine learning to accelerate drug discovery and efficacy testing. Here, we review emerging approaches for repurposing agents used to treat diseases that share pathogenic pathways with type 1 diabetes and selecting synergistic combinations of drugs to maximise therapeutic efficacy. We discuss how emerging multi-omics technologies, including analysis of antigen processing and presentation to adaptive immune cells, may lead to the discovery of novel biomarkers and subsequent translation into antigen-specific immunotherapies. We also discuss the potential for using artificial intelligence to create ‘digital twin’ models that enable rapid in silico testing of personalised agents as well as dose determination. To conclude, we discuss some limitations of artificial intelligence and machine learning, including issues pertaining to model interpretability and bias, as well as the continued need for validation studies via confirmatory intervention trials.

Graphical Abstract
Using coupled bulk-rock geochemistry and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral reflectance data as rapid exploration tools in metamorphosed VHMS deposits: insights from the King Zn deposit, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
Authors: Dana Cendi D. P. , Hollis Steven P. , Podmore Darryl , James Megan , Azri Riquan
Published: December 2024

Bulk rock geochemistry and SWIR reflectance spectroscopy are widely used by companies for rapid and cost-effective exploration of volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits. However, few studies have integrated bulk-rock geochemistry with hyperspectral reflectance spectroscopy in greenstone belts that have undergone high-grade metamorphism. Here we present an extensive dataset combining bulk-rock geochemistry with chlorite and white mica SWIR spectral reflectance from the amphibolite-grade King VHMS deposit of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. At King, the footwall stratigraphy is dominated by tholeiitic mafic rocks overlain by a sequence of calc-alkaline intermediate-felsic metavolcanic rocks. The hanging-wall stratigraphy is characterized by a thin metaexhalite layer, overlain by thick succession of interbedded metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks. Chlorite spectral signatures are more Fe-rich in mafic lithologies and Mg-rich in felsic rocks, particularly where intense Mg-metasomatism occurred before metamorphism. In all units, Fe/Mg ratios of chlorite are strongly tied to bulk rock Fe/Mg ratios. White mica in the footwall is primarily muscovitic, with minor amounts of phengite in deep Fe-rich mafic rocks. By contrast, the hanging-wall sequence is dominated by phengitic signatures in both the Fe-rich metaexhalite, and weakly Ca-Mg altered volcanic rocks. This study concludes that chlorite SWIR reflectance is largely influenced by the bulk Fe/Mg composition of the host rock, whereas white mica reflectance correlates with the type and intensity of hydrothermal alteration prior to metamorphism. These findings underscore the potential of using chlorite and white mica spectral signatures to understand hydrothermal alteration patterns and detect new orebodies in metamorphosed VHMS systems.
Dimension-free discretizations of the uniform norm by small product sets
Authors: Becker Lars , Klein Ohad , Slote Joseph , Volberg Alexander , Zhang Haonan
Published: December 2024

Let

$f$

f

be an analytic polynomial of degree at most

$K-1$

K
−
1

. A classical inequality of Bernstein compares the supremum norm of

$f$

f

over the unit circle to its supremum norm over the sampling set of the

$K$

K

-th roots of unity. Many extensions of this inequality exist, often understood under the umbrella of Marcinkiewicz–Zygmund-type inequalities for

$L^{p},1\le p\leq \infty $

L
p

,
1
≤
p
≤
∞

norms. We study dimension-free extensions of these discretization inequalities in the high-dimension regime, where existing results construct sampling sets with cardinality growing with the total degree of the polynomial. In this work we show that dimension-free discretizations are possible with sampling sets whose cardinality is independent of

$\deg (f)$

deg
(
f
)

and is instead governed by the maximum individual degree of

$f$

f

; i.e., the largest degree of

$f$

f

when viewed as a univariate polynomial in any coordinate. For example, we find that for

$n$

n

-variate analytic polynomials

$f$

f

of degree at most

$d$

d

and individual degree at most

$K-1$

K
−
1

,

$\|f\|_{L^{\infty }(\mathbf{D}^{n})}\leq C(X)^{d}\|f\|_{L^{\infty }(X^{n})}$

∥
f
∥

L
∞

(

D
n

)

≤
C

(
X
)

d

∥
f
∥

L
∞

(

X
n

)

for any fixed

$X$

X

in the unit disc

$\mathbf{D}$

D

with

$|X|=K$

|
X
|
=
K

. The dependence on

$d$

d

in the constant is tight for such small sampling sets, which arise naturally for example when studying polynomials of bounded degree coming from functions on products of cyclic groups. As an application we obtain a proof of the cyclic group Bohnenblust–Hille inequality with an explicit constant

$\mathcal{O}(\log K)^{2d}$

O

(
log
K
)

2
d

.
Optimal vaccination policy to prevent endemicity: a stochastic model
Authors: Foutel-Rodier Félix , Charpentier Arthur , Guérin Hélène
Published: December 2024

We examine here the effects of recurrent vaccination and waning immunity on the establishment of an endemic equilibrium in a population. An individual-based model that incorporates memory effects for transmission rate during infection and subsequent immunity is introduced, considering stochasticity at the individual level. By letting the population size going to infinity, we derive a set of equations describing the large scale behavior of the epidemic. The analysis of the model’s equilibria reveals a criterion for the existence of an endemic equilibrium, which depends on the rate of immunity loss and the distribution of time between booster doses. The outcome of a vaccination policy in this context is influenced by the efficiency of the vaccine in blocking transmissions and the distribution pattern of booster doses within the population. Strategies with evenly spaced booster shots at the individual level prove to be more effective in preventing disease spread compared to irregularly spaced boosters, as longer intervals without vaccination increase susceptibility and facilitate more efficient disease transmission. We provide an expression for the critical fraction of the population required to adhere to the vaccination policy in order to eradicate the disease, that resembles a well-known threshold for preventing an outbreak with an imperfect vaccine. We also investigate the consequences of unequal vaccine access in a population and prove that, under reasonable assumptions, fair vaccine allocation is the optimal strategy to prevent endemicity.
Territoriality in adult male sub-Antarctic fur seals at Gough Island
Authors: Bester M. N. , Rossouw G. J.
Published: December 2024

We analysed unpublished data on territory size and tenure in adult male sub-Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus tropicalis recorded at Gough Island, Southern Ocean, during the 1975/76 austral summer breeding season. Adult males (n=15) remained on their territories for between 35–56 days (mean 45.4±6.7 days). Territory size during the peak breeding season was 21.9 m2 on average (n=42), but when partitioned by beach type, average territory sizes were 13.8 (n=9), 20.1 (n=17) and 28.3 m2 (n=16). Both territory tenure and territory size fall within the reported range of values established in fur seal species which hold territories on land as the predominant male reproductive strategy. We highlight numerous confounding factors that impact comparative studies which should be considered when interpreting theoretical, conceptual, and modelling approaches about territorial behaviour in otariids.
Atherosclerotic plaque evolution predicts cerebral ischemic events in patients with intracranial atherosclerosis: a multicentre longitudinal study using high-resolution MRI
Authors: Yao Weihe , Chen Hongbing , Huang Kangmo , Peng Wenjia , Zhang Xuefeng , Yang Dahong , Teng Zhongzhao , Shen Jinhua , Yang Jialuo , Cheng Xiaoqing , Han Yunfei , Zhu Wusheng , Wang Junjun , Du Juan , Liu Xinfeng
Published: December 2024

Background

Intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) is the leading cause of ischemic stroke in Asians and the recurrent rate remains high despite the optimal medical treatment. This study aimed to confirm that follow-up high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (hrMRI) provided essential values in predicting subsequent cerebral ischemic events in patients with ICAS.

Methods

Patients with moderate to severe stenosis in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) defined by magnetic resonance (MRA) or computed tomography angiography (CTA) were recruited from three centers retrospectively. Detailed plaque composition was analyzed on baseline and follow-up hrMRI. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to identify the key risk factors for predicting subsequent ischemic events.

Results

Among 152 patients, a total of 86 patients with MCA atherosclerotic stenosis underwent follow-up hrMRI exams and ipsilateral cerebral ischemic events occurred in 12 patients during a 1-year follow-up. Analyses showed the predictors of ischemic events were age (adjusted Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.942; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), [0.903, 0.983]; p = 0.006), progression of plaque burden (HR = 3.818; 95% CI [1.117, 13.051]; p = 0.033), vessel expansion (HR = 5.173; 95% CI [1.077, 24.838]; p = 0.040) and enhancement ratio progression (HR = 6.144; 95% CI [1.480, 25.511]; p = 0.012). The combined model achieved a concordance index of 0.804 (95% CI [0.658, 0.950]).

Conclusion

Longitudinal hrMRI evaluation improved the accuracy in identifying higher-risk patients with intracranial atherosclerosis.

Key Points

QuestionCan longitude high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (hrMRI) help clinicians observe intracranial plaque evolution?

FindingsCompared with the baseline exam, intracranial plaque evolution distinguished by follow-up hrMRI exam showed a higher accuracy in predicting subsequent ischemic events.

Clinical relevanceLongitudinal high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging enables dynamic observation and evaluation of the changes in plaque characteristics among intracranial atherosclerosis patients. Atherosclerotic plaque evolution revealed by repeated exams can strengthen the risk stratification of patients with intracranial atherosclerosis.
Congenital heart disease and arrhythmia disorders in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a 23-year experience at a UK university pediatric surgical centre
Authors: Lee Wan Teng , Kwok Chun Sui , Losty Paul D.
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is associated with congenital heart disease (CHD) and index newborns reportedly may experience cardiac arrhythmia disorders [Tella et al.—Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2022]. This study analyses, details and reports contemporary outcome metrics of CHD and cardiac rhythm disease (CRD) in CDH babies attending a university surgical centre.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of medical records of all newborns undergoing Bochdalek CDH repair between 1999 and 2021 at a university paediatric surgical centre. CDH newborns with CHD and neonatal arrythmias were identified from echocardiogram and electrocardiogram (ECG) investigative studies. Operative native diaphragm and / or use of patch repair(s) was documented. Outcome(s) measured—(i) mortality and (ii) cardiopulmonary interventions including ventilatory strategies—ECMO (%), inotropes and anti-arrhythmic therapy(s).

Results

Of 173 CDH neonates, 95 (55%) had CHD of which 9 babies (10%) had cardiac arrhythmias. CDH and co-existing CHD was linked with (a) lower infant birth weights (3130 g vs 3357 g, p = 0.05), (b) increased use of inotrope agents (48.4% vs 39.3%, p = 0.03) and (c) greater use of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (38.9% vs 23%, p = 0.004). CDH babies experiencing arrythmias were at higher risk (%) of developing pulmonary hypertension (66.7% vs 28.7%, p = 0.01). No significant differences were observed in ECMO utilisation (12% vs 6%, p = 0.46) or patch repair(s) (53% vs 46%, p = 0.06) in CDH patients with and without CHD. CHD was not associated with increased risk(s) of mortality (OR 2.58, 95% CI 0.81–8.24, p = 0.11). Of 9 index CDH patients with arrhythmias—4 babies (44%) required interventional treatments.

Conclusion

CHD was prevalent in a high percentage (%) of CDH newborns treated at this university centre and associated with increased use (%) of cardiovascular respiratory support including patch repair. A minority of patients (2.3%) had cardiac rhythm disorders requiring treatment(s). In those developing arrhythmias pulmonary hypertension may be a risk-linked event. Optimising outcomes to offset pulmonary hypertension requires further appraisal. Future large-scale population studies may help underscore the ‘real apparent incidence’ of cardiac rhythm disorders in CDH.
Association of aortic root diameter and vascular function with an exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise among elite athletes
Authors: Most Astrid , Groesser Vincent , Hoelscher Sophie , Weber Rebecca , Akdogan-Gernandt Ebru , Kraushaar Lutz , Dörr Oliver , Sedighi Jamschid , Keranov Stanislav , Husain-Syed Faeq , Hamm Christian W. , Sossalla Samuel , Bauer Pascal
Published: December 2024

Background

The systolic blood pressure/workload (SBP/MET) slope was recently reported to reliably identify an exaggerated blood pressure response (eBPR) in the normal population and in athletes. We investigated whether the aortic root diameter (AoD) also correlates with an eBPR and vascular function in elite athletes.

Methods

We examined 652 healthy male elite athletes (age 25.8 ± 5 years) of mixed sports with a standardized maximum exercise test. Central blood pressure and vascular function were measured non-invasively with a validated oscillometric device. The SBP/MET slope was calculated and the threshold for an eBPR was set at > 6.2 mmHg/MET. Two groups were defined (≤ 6.2 and > 6.2 mmHg/MET), and an association between AoD and vascular function with the SBP/MET slope was evaluated for each group.

Results

Athletes with an eBPR (n = 191, 29%) displayed a higher systolic central BP (103 ± 7.7 vs. 101 ± 9.2 mmHg, p = 0.004), larger AoD (32.8 ± 3.3 vs. 31.9. ± 3.2 mm, p < 0.001), a higher AoD/left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) ratio (0.62 ± 0.061 vs. 0.59. ± 0.056, p < 0.001), a lower LVEDD/AoD ratio (1.64 ± 0.16 vs. 1.69. ± 0.16, p < 0.001), and a lower absolute (299 ± 59 vs. 379 ± 65 W, p < 0.001) and relative workload (3.17 ± 0.55 vs. 4.05 ± 1.2 W/kg, p < 0.001) vs. athletes with a normal SBP/MET slope (n = 461, 71%). No differences between the two groups were found after indexing AoD to body surface area (BSA) (14.76 ± 1.36 vs. 14.73 ± 1.41, p = 0.772).

Conclusion

Athletes with eBPR displayed altered AoD/LVEDD and LVEDD/AoD ratios, whereas AoD/BSA indexing was not different. Further longitudinal studies are encouraged to explore these metrics and their role in aortic remodeling of athletes.
Globin ferryl species: what is the nature of the protonation event at pH < 5?
Authors: Zagrean-Tuza Cezara , Padurean Lavinia , Lehene Maria , Branzanic Adrian M. V. , Silaghi-Dumitrescu Radu
Published: December 2024

The ferryl state in globins has previously been reported to undergo a protonation event below pH 5, as assessed using pH jump experiments with stopped-flow UV–Vis spectroscopy. This protonation entails hypsochromic shifts in the α and β bands (~ 20 to 40 nm) and an ~ 10 nm reduction in the energy difference between these two bands. We now report that in Mb this event is also characterized by a hypsochromic shift in the Soret band (~ 5 nm). No similar shifts in Soret, α, and β bands are seen upon the denaturation of ferryl Mb with guanidine—suggesting that the spectroscopic changes in ferryl Mb at pH < 5 are not caused by changes in the solvent exposure or in hydrogen bonding around the ferryl unit. Under the same denaturing conditions (pH jump below pH 5, and/or guanidine), ferric-aqua and ferrous-oxy Mb show no spectral changes of the order seen in the ferryl pH jump experiments. Together, these observations suggest that the protonation event is localized on the iron-bound oxygen atom, as opposed to somewhere on a hydrogen-bonding partner. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were not able to systematically predict the UV–Vis spectra of the heme to the level of detail needed to interpret the experimental findings in this study.

Graphical abstract
Classifying continuous GNSS stations using integrated machine learning
Authors: Le Nhung , Männel Benjamin , Bui Luyen K. , Schuh Harald
Published: December 2024

The development of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) results in large spatial geodetic networks with a distinct range of accuracy. Thus, classification of the GNSS stations is needed to determine which stations are appropriate for geodetic applications. Additionally, advanced Machine Learning (ML) techniques have been proposed. However, ML algorithms may sometimes be less sensitive due to a lack of samples or anomalies in input data. Therefore, this study introduces an approach in which human-based supervision is integrated into ML processes to improve the ML model’s performance in classifying the continuous GNSS stations. The human factor influences the ML processes through two sampling strategies: “suggest-decide” and “correct-retrain”, where the accuracy of ML models will be improved via human-based corrections. The idea is that the unsupervised ML-based clustering techniques are driven by human-based supervision to create samples for training the supervised ML-based classification models. In this study, we develop a MATLAB app to automate the clustering and labeling processes. Our finding demonstrates that applying these sampling strategies can enhance the accuracy of the ML-based classification models from under 50 % up to

$$\sim$$

∼

99 % after re-training. Also, this study categorizes almost 9000 continuous monitoring stations in the Nevada database, of which 1900 stations in Europe serve as samples for training the ML-based classification models. Furthermore, the methodologies developed in this study can be applied to warning systems, which utilize internal and external human resources to correct errors, address unusual situations, and provide timely feedback for better performance of ML-based forecasts.
Gendered Cycles of Sexual Objectification: The Roles of Social Dominance Orientation and Perceived Social Mobility
Authors: Chan Rheal S. W. , Poon Kai-Tak
Published: December 2024

Despite the high prevalence of sexual objectification, the understanding of gender differences in its victimization and perpetration remains limited. We bridged victim and perpetrator perspectives, expecting that objectification victimization positively predicts perpetration, and investigated the mediating role of social dominance orientation (SDO), and gender and perceived social mobility as moderators. Participants (valid N = 530) completed measures of sexual objectification victimization, perceived social mobility, SDO, and sexual objectification perpetration. We found that sexual objectification victimization predicted its perpetration, and that this relationship was stronger among men than women. SDO partially mediated the moderation effect of gender, whereby mediation through SDO was significant among men, but not significant among women. Moreover, a three-way interaction between sexual objectification victimization, gender, and perceived social mobility predicted SDO and carried subsequent implications for sexual objectification perpetration. Despite the mediation effect through SDO not achieving significance among women, it was significantly moderated by perceived social mobility. Specifically, the indirect effect among women with high perceived social mobility was significantly different than that among women with low perceived social mobility, but not significantly different than that among men, whose results were not influenced by perceived social mobility. This study provides a more nuanced understanding of gender in sexual objectification—specifically that gender differences may be related to social power and differences in socialization. The findings offer implications for the development of theories and clinical programs for coping with objectification victimization and preventing perpetration.
Anthropogenically protected but naturally disturbed: a specialist carnivore at its southern range periphery
Authors: Squires John R. , Olson Lucretia E. , Ivan Jacob S. , McDonald Peter M. , Holbrook Joseph D.
Published: December 2024

Understanding how species distributions and associated habitat are impacted by natural and anthropogenic disturbance is central for the conservation of rare forest carnivores dependent on subalpine forests. Canada lynx at their range periphery occupy subalpine forests that are structured by large-scale fire and insect outbreaks that increase with climate change. In addition, the Southern Rocky Mountains of the western United States is a destination for winter recreationists worldwide with an associated high degree of urbanization and resort development. We modeled habitat for a reintroduced population of Canada lynx in the Southern Rocky Mountains using an ensemble species distribution model built on abiotic and biotic covariates and validated with independent lynx locations including satellite telemetry, aerial telemetry, camera traps, den locations, and winter backtracking. Based on this model, we delineated Likely and Core lynx-habitat as thresholds that captured 95% and 50% of testing data, respectively. Likely (5727 km2) and Core (441 km2) habitat were spatially limited and patchily distributed across western Colorado, USA. Natural (e.g., insect outbreaks, fire) and anthropogenic (e.g., urbanization, ski resort development, forest management) disturbance overlapped 37% of Likely lynx-habitat and 24 % of highest quality Core. Although overlap with fire disturbance was low (5%), future burns likely represent the greatest potential impact over decades-long timeframes. The overlap of publicly owned lands administratively classified as “protected” with Likely (62% overlap) and Core (49%) habitat may insulate lynx from permanent habitat conversion due to direct human disturbance (urbanization, ski resort development).
Integrative taxonomy of two known dagger nematodes of the genus Xiphinema (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from the Amazon basin in South America, including the first report of X. brasiliense Lordello, 1951 from Colombia and Ecuador
Authors: Riascos-Ortíz Donald , Álvarez-Sánchez David E. , Llumiquinga Pablo , Camacho M. João , Inácio Maria L. , Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez Carlos
Published: December 2024

Three populations of dagger nematodes (Xiphinema spp.), one recovered from a cassava field (Manihot esculenta) in northern Ecuador and two other from a maize field (Zea mays) in southern Colombia, were characterized through an integrative approach using morphological data and molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the D2–D3 expansion segments of the 28S and ITS1region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and the partial mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI mtDNA) sequences. Integrating morphological hypotheses with genetic data, the pseudomonodelphic population from Colombia was identified as X. krugi and the monodelphic populations from Colombia and Ecuador were identified as X. brasiliense. Bayesian inference (BI) trees for these three molecular markers allowed establishing phylogenetic relationships highlighting the importance of using phylogenetic data for accurate dagger nematode identification at the species level. To our knowledge, this is the first report of X. brasiliense from Ecuador and Colombia, and the first record of X. krugi in a southerly Colombian region, extending the geographical distribution of these species within South America. In this work, morphological information has been updated to distinguish among Xiphinema species within morphospecies Group 1 and 2. New molecular markers were generated and new knowledge on the genetic diversity, molecular evolution and the geographic distribution of monodelphic Xiphinema species is revealed. This research is one of the first systematic studies for Xiphinema detection in Colombia and Ecuador by an integrative taxonomy.
Tailoring to the Audience? On the Potential Harms of Message Framing in Vegan Activism
Authors: Spang Friderike
Published: December 2024

This paper addresses the question of whether vegan activists should cater to their audience by framing their message according to the pre-existing values of their interlocutors. Specifically, I focus on deliberative activism, which is based on speech and exchanges with the audience. I propose that message framing can lead to a neglect of animal suffering in favor of focusing on less contentious motives for veganism, such as environmental or health benefits. I claim that neglecting the issue of animal suffering can have several problematic consequences. Concretely, I argue that message framing can: (1) lead to the objectification of animals, treating them as mere means to other ends (such as environmental and health benefits); (2) imply a denial of their personhood; (3) perpetuate their status as property; (4) enable future harm to animals; and (5) create a hierarchy of moral worth among different animal species. For these reasons, I suggest that message framing is less appealing than it initially seems.
Optical bandgap tuning in SnO2–MoS2 nanocomposites: manipulating the mass of SnO2 and MoS2 using sonochemical solution mixing
Authors: Ong Chinkhai , Lee Weng Nam , Tan Yee Seng , Ohberg Patrik , Hayashi Yasuhiko , Nishikawa Takeshi , Yap Yuenkiat
Published: December 2024

This study investigates controlled optical bandgap tuning through precise adjustment of the SnO2 and MoS2 mass in nanocomposites. A sonochemical solution mixing method, coupled with bath sonication, is employed for the preparation of SnO2–MoS2 nanocomposite. This approach allows for comprehensive characterization using UV–Vis FTIR, XRD, EDX, Raman spectroscopies, and FESEM, providing insights into morphology, chemical, and optical properties. Increasing the SnO2 mass leads to a linear decrease in the optical bandgap energy, from 3.0 to 1.7 eV. Similarly, increasing the MoS2 mass also results in a decrease in the optical bandgap energy, with a limitation of around 2.01 eV. This work demonstrates superior control over optical bandgap by manipulating the SnO2 mass compared to MoS2, highlighting the complexities introduced by MoS2 2D nanosheets during sonication. These findings hold significant value for optoelectronic applications, emphasizing enhanced control of optical bandgap through systematic mass manipulation.
On the effect of derivative interactions in quantum field theory
Authors: Rehren Karl-Henning
Published: December 2024

There exist several good reasons why one may wish to add a total derivative to an interaction in quantum field theory, e.g., in order to improve the perturbative construction. Unlike in classical field theory, adding derivatives in general changes the theory. The analysis whether and how this can be prevented is presently limited to perturbative orders $$g^n$$

g
n

, $$n\le 3$$

n
≤
3

. We drastically simplify it by an all-orders formula, which also allows to answer some salient structural questions. The method is part of a larger program to (re)derive interactions of particles by quantum consistency conditions, rather than a classical principle of gauge invariance.
Appraisal of the overburden mass and boundary conditions on the rocking behaviour of the vertical spanning strip wall
Authors: Vlachakis Georgios , Colombo Carla , Vecchio Dario , Giouvanidis Anastasios I. , Lourenço Paulo B.
Published: December 2024

Unreinforced masonry structures are particularly vulnerable to seismic events. Specifically, local out-of-plane mechanisms form recurrently, posing a serious threat of collapse. Among them, a Vertical Spanning Strip Wall (VSSW) mechanism occurs when a portion of a wall is solely constrained at its top and base, experiencing out-of-plane bending across its height. During the formation of the mechanism and up to collapse, the VSSW presents a highly nonlinear dynamic behaviour governed by the presence of an overlying wall or diaphragm and a diversity of diaphragm-to-wall connections. The present work simulates the dynamics of a VSSW, accounting for the influence of the overburden mass and a variety of boundary conditions through a two-rigid-body single-degree-of-freedom model. In addition, this study examines the energy losses of the VSSW and provides closed-form expressions to estimate the angular coefficient of restitution either analytically for predictive purposes or experimentally for characterisation campaigns. Finally, a series of illustrative comparative free- and forced-rocking analyses highlight the importance of the overburden mass and boundary conditions on the dynamic stability of the VSSW.