bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ovicidal Activity Trials, 1989
Authors: Elzen G. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to cotton grown in small plots at Stoneville, MS. The test was applied 16 Aug using a high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 5 mph and 40 psi using 2 TX6 nozzles/row. Plot size was 30 ft × 4 rows arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates/treatment. TB eggs were obtained from a culture maintained at the Southern Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Stoneville. All eggs used were laid the previous night on tulle cloth material. Eggs were not washed or subjected to chemical treatments before use and were easily removed from the material. Eggs were exposed to insecticides in 2 ways. First, .eggs to be treated in the field were placed on the upper surface of the last 3-4 expanded leaves in the terminal of 4 plants in each replication by brushing a weak solution of xanthium gum and water on the leaves and sprinkling eggs on the surface. Plots were sprayed 30 min after application of the eggs. Eggs sprayed on the plant remained in the field for 2 h after treatment and were then taken to the laboratory to determine mortality. Second, treated leaves (4 from each replication) were collected at 24, 48, and 72 h after spraying in the field and taken to the laboratory where eggs were placed on them and mortality was determined over time. Eggs were sprinkled on each leaf in the field and in the laboratory in an effort to get at least 10 eggs/leaf. The number of viable eggs was counted on each leaf in the laboratory 24 h after being sprayed in the field or placed on sprayed leaves in the laboratory. The number of eggs/leaf averaged 16.0 ± 5.5 (S.D.). Leaves from all treatments were held in Petri dishes on water-moistened filter paper at 82°F. The number of unhatched eggs was determined at 72 and 96 h after eggs were applied. Eggs were considered dead when black and shriveled. Cumulative egg mortality 96 h after collection or treatment is reported.
Ovicidal Activity from Different Spray Droplet Attributes, 1989
Authors: Kirk I. W. , House V. S.
Published: March 2022

Combinations of 2 insecticides, 3 spray rates (AI), and 2 nozzle types were compared for percent mortality of TBW eggs and neonate larvae. Cotton plants were grown in the greenhouse, 2 plants/pot, to average heights of 16-22 inches. TBW eggs (0-24 h old) were collected from a susceptible strain of laboratory-reared moths and transferred to the cotton plants with a small brush. Plants were sprayed in a laboratory spray chamber and then returned to the greenhouse for further treatment and evaluation. A factorial arrangement of treatments with a split plot in time for ovicide rate was used to determine the effect of droplet size and density and AI rate of Larvin and Ovasyn on control of TBW eggs and neonate larvae. Droplet sizes, Dv0.5, of 285 and 180 |xm with corresponding droplet densities of 25 and 70 drops/cm2 were obtained in selected sections of the spray plume of Spraying Systems 8002E and 650033 nozzles, respectively. AI rates were 0.057, 0.125, and 0.250 lb/acre in 1.12 and 2.38 gal/acre for the 650033 and 8002E nozzles, respectively. Fifty-four eggs were placed on 6 fully-expanded terminal leaves in each potprior to spraying. Eggs were similarly placed on other sprayed plants 1 and 2 d after spraying. This 2 × 2 × 3 (nozzle × ovicide × days posttreatment) experiment with 3 replications was duplicated for the 0.125 and 0.250 AI rates; a single experiment was conducted for the 0.057 AI rate. Six d after egg placement, the plants were examined for egg hatch and larval mortality. The percentage eggs hatched and the percentage larval recovery from hatched eggs were converted to percent mortality compared to an untreated check by Abbott's formula. Data were transformed by arcsine X.
Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Insect Resistant and Susceptible Peanut, 1989
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Insect resistant and susceptible peanut varieties, and full and reduced insecticide rates were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury. Peanuts were planted on 16 May with 36- inch row spacing. Bravo 720, Rovral 4 F and Kocide 404 S were applied during Jun, Jul and Aug for management of fungal diseases. Asana XL was applied at 0.01 lb (AI)/acre on 28 Aug for control of corn earworm. Test treatments were applied at planting (IF) or at pegging (Peg) time. IF treatments were applied in the seed furrow with a Noble applicator. Peg treatments were applied on 20 Jul in 14-inch bands over rows with a Noble applicator, then lightly incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Pod injury was determined on 5 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods/plot, taken from 5 plants/plot (20 pods/plant). Yield was based on digging (5 Oct), drying, combining and weighing peanuts from 2 center rows (80 row-ft)/plot.
Corn Earworm Control in Soyrean in Virginia, 1989
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against CEW in soybean. Soybean was planted on 20 May with 18-inch row spacing. No pesticides were applied other than those tested. Treatments were applied on 8 Sep using a CO2 compressed-air backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 25 gal formulation/acre at 28 psi, broadcast with 8004 flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the boom. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 6 rows by 25 ft. Treatments were evaluated before and 1, 5 and 10 DAT by comparing numbers of small, medium and large sized CEW larvae, corresponding to lst-2nd, 3rd-4th and 5fh-6th instar groupings, respectively, per 6 row-ft. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Wireworms in Tobacco with Soil Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted at the Border Belt Tobacco Research Station (BBTRS) near Whiteville, NC, on 27 Apr in a Goldsboro fine sandy loam soil (pH 6.3). Plots were 4 rows (48 inches apart) by 22 plants (ca. 40 ft) arranged in a randomized complete-block design with 14 treatments and 4 replications. On 16 Apr, broadcast preplant-incorporated pesticides (BC-PPI) were applied with a CO2-powered sprayer fitted with 2, 8004 flat-fan nozzles on a 20-inch boom. Treatments were applied at 20 psi and a rate of 25 gal/acre. Granular materials were applied in a 12-inch band with a tractor-mounted Gandy granular applicator. All treatments were incorporated to a depth of 4 inches with a spring tooth harrow within 1 hr of application and rows ridged within 24 hr. Soil moisture was excellent. Ten plants/plot were gently pulled and the roots and stems rated for wireworm damage on 16 May. On 12 Jun tobacco was transplanted at the Upper Piedmont Research Station (UPRS) near Reidsville, NC, into a Rion sandy loam soil (pH 6.4). Plots were 4 rows (45 inches apart) by 22 plants (ca. 40 ft) and were arranged according to a randomized complete-block design with 16 treatments and 4 replicates. On 30 May, BC-PPI treatments were applied as above with 25 psi at a rate of 30 gal/acre and incorportaed to a depth of 4 inches within 2 h after application with a rolling cultivator and rows ridged within 2 h. Soil moisture was excellent. Wireworm damage was evaluated on 20 Jun. Data were subject to ANOVA. Proportion of infested plants was transformed to arcsine proportion before ANOVA.
Tobacco Insect Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , David Reed T. , Barnes Martha L.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted on 24 May at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station near Blackstone, VA, into a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil (pH 6.1; O.M. 1.3). Plots 2 rows (8 ft) wide and 40 ft (24 plants) long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments and 4 replicates. Adjacent plots were separated by single untreated guard rows. Telone II (15 gal/acre) and Mocap 6 EC (1 gal/acre) were applied on 21 Apr and 22 May, respectively, to control tobacco cyst nematodes. Broadcast soil treatments were applied before transplanting and incorporated on 22 May. Granular treatments were applied with a Candy granular applicator mounted on a push-cart. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 26 gal/acre at 30 psi through 8003 flat-fan tips spaced 20 inch apart. The ambient temperature during application was 78-82°F. Pretransplant applications of Temik were applied in 12- and 24-inch bands and incorporated during bedding. Side-dress applications of Temik were applied in 2-3 inch bands on each side of the row with a tractor-mounted Gandy applicator and were incorporated with a rolling cultivator on 13 or 29 Jun. The shank side-dress treatments (S-SD1 and S-SD2) were applied with a shank and a single disk, which opened a slit in the soil ca. 6 inch from the row and injected granules 1-2 inch into the soil. Insect counts were made every 1 to 2 wks: TA numbers on 4 upper leaves and TFB and TFB feeding holes on the most damaged leaf were determined for 10 plants/plot. THW were counted on all plants in the first row of each plot. Before ANOVA, TA data were transformed to Log10(X + 1), and TFB, TFB feeding holes and THW counts were transformed to square root (X + 0.05). Significant mean differences (P = 0.05) were determined by Duncan’s multiple range test. Untransformed means are presented. Rainfall during Jun, Jul and Aug was 6.2, 4.4 and 4.7 inches, respectively.
Russian Wheat Aphid Control
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Gibson R. L. , Walgenbach D. D. , Elliott N. C. , Boetel M. A.
Published: March 2022

EVALUATION OF PLANTING-TIME AND POSTPLANTING INSECTICIDES, 1988: Winter wheat was planted on 29 Aug in a Lismore silty clay loam soil in 17.5 cm rows using a ten-row International drill near the Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory, Brookings, SD. The experimental design was a 4 replicate, randomized complete block with 20 treatments, plus a control. The 6 planting-time treatments were applied in the furrow on 29 Aug. Furadan 4 F was injected into the furrow through small plastic tubes fixed adjacent to disc furrow openers using a small pump attached to the drill. On 7 Sep, 21 screen cages (1.0 m2) were set over each replicate. Plants within the cages were infested with laboratory-reared Russian wheat aphids on 8 Sep, followed by a light rain. On 4 Oct, aphid numbers were sampled from 16 tillers per cage. On 7 Oct, foliar insecticides (except Cygon) were applied using a 4-nozzle (1.5 LE Even Flat) hand-held spray boom at 15 psi and 13.4 gal/acre. Cygon was applied in the same way on 12 Oct. The number of aphids/16 tillers was determined on 14 and 28 Oct.
Lorsban/Oil Mite Control, 1989
Authors: Polk Dean , Lott Kimberly
Published: March 2022

The objectives were to evaluate the effects of Lorsban and oil combinations on populations of ERM, red mite predators, and fruit finish. Sprays were applied with a handgun at 250 psi to run-off. Applications were made to 3 single tree replicates in a randomized complete block design. 'Red Chief red delicious were planted 18 × 22 ft on M106. A single treatment was applied on 14 Aug in the morning. Temperatures were between 72 and 75°F during application. Data was collected for a pre treatment count on 14 Aug just prior to spraying, and for post-treatment counts on the mornings of 17 Aug (72 h), 21 Aug (1 wk), and 28 Aug (2 wk). Phytophagous and predatory mites were evaluated by collecting 20 leaf sample from each replicate. S. punctum were evaluated by taking a 3 min count from each tree. Pest pressure was light for most of the season, and increased by mid Aug. Fruit russet ratings were based on 100 fruit/tree (300/treatment). Ratings were: 1 = 1% of the surface russeted, 2 = 2-10% surface russeted, 3 = 11- 30% surface russeted, 4 = 31-50% surface russeted, and 5 = greater than 50% surface russeted. The entire test was done in a commercial orchard. All trees received alternate middle sprays every 10 d of Guthion plus Penncap or Guthion plus Lannate. The grower also applied 1 spray of Lorsban 4 E at 1/4 inch green and 2 sprays of Lorsban 50 W plus lannate in early and mid-Jul.
Comstock Mealybug Control in Western New York, 1989
Authors: Agnello A. , Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Spangler S.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to single-tree plots replicated 2 times in a randomized complete block design in each of 2 orchards. All treatments were applied dilute to runoff with a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 450 psi. Trees were ca. 4-5 m high and planted 4 × 6 m apart. Treatments were tested in a program of either 1 or 2 sprays applied to control either or both the spring and summer broods of CMB larvae, which emerged, respectively, during the bloom period and in midsummer. The first spray against the spring brood was applied on 25 May, immediately following petal fall. A second application was made in designated plots on 5 Jun. The effectiveness of the single-spray treatments was compared on 5 Jun by examining in the laboratory 25 fruit and leaf clusters/tree for live mealybug larvae. On 16 Jun, the procedure was repeated to compare the effectiveness of all (single- vs. double-spray) treatments. On 10-12 Jul, a final evaluation of the spring brood treatments was done by sampling 100 fruits/tree, and dissecting the calyx under a binocular microscope to check for adult infestation. The first of the summer brood sprays was applied on 7 Aug, and a second spray followed on 14 Aug in the appropriate plots. The effectiveness of all treatments were compared 1 wk before harvest by sampling 100 fruit/tree, and dissecting the calyx of each pear in the field to check for infestation.
Agri-Mek Baseline Data for Pear Psylla Adults, 1989
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Pear seedlings were sprayed using a hand pump atomizer to apply 6 serial dilutions of Agri-Mek in water. After sprays dried 5 leaves from each seedling were picked and placed in Munger cells. Ten PP adults collected from Research Center pear orchards were transferred to each cage. Cages containing infested leaves were held in a growth room at 25°C and 16:8 (L:D). Treatments were evaluated by counting under magnification dead and live adults after 4 or 5 d exposure in cages. Data were corrected for check mortality using Abbott's formula and mean and 95% confidence limits calculated. The test was run 5 times; once with the high concentration at 14 ppm, once at 7 ppm and 3 times at 3.5 ppm because the higher concentrations killed all or nearly all adults.
Cherry, Broad Spectrum Control with Insecticides, All Season Test, 1989
Authors: Johnson James W. , Biddinger David
Published: March 2022

Mature sweet cherry trees in Douglas, MI were treated with insecticides at the rate of 100 gal/acre of finished spray with an FMC 3000 CP airblast sprayer. Trees were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. All materials were applied on 30 Apr (white bud), 23 May, 5 Jun, and 18 Jun. Cover sprays of Bravo, Rovral, and Mesurol were applied separately to all blocks. Evaluations on 7 Jun and 28 Jun were made by harvesting and examining 100 cherries/replicate for plum curculio and green fruitworm damage for a total of 400 cherries/treatment.
Spanworm Control, 1989
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied on 23 May (Test 1), and 1 Jun (Test 2) to 23 by 23-ft plots in second crop-year blueberry fields at Columbia, Maine. There were 2 or 3 replications of each treatment in a randomized complete block design with 10-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre with a CO2-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat-spray 800067 TeeJet nozzles and at 35 psi. At treatment in Test 1, 95% of the plants were in loose cluster bud stage and 5% were blooming; the plants were in full bloom in Test 2. The larvae were generally in second to fifth instars at Test 1 and third to fifth instars at treatment time for Test 2. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. Weather was generally cool, damp and overcast during much of the tests; 6.0 inches of rain fell between 21 May and 12 Jun.
Control of Ambrosia Beetles, 1988
Authors: Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y. , Yamaguchi A. , Ueunten G.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots were established at the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation, Keaau, Hawaii, field 8. Trial 1 consisted of 4 blocks and trial 2 consisted of 6 blocks. Both trials were arranged in a complete randomized design with 1 tree/block. Trees were visually rated according to canopy health by the following scale; 1 = dead; 2 = leaves chlorotic with severe defoliation (70%); 3 = leaves slightly chlorotic (dull green) with moderate defoliation (50%); 4 = leaves with no apparent chlorosis but with slight defoliation (20-30%); 5 = healthy with no chlorosis or defoliation. Only infested trees with ratings of 3 and 4 were selected for both trials. Moss on the tree trunks was removed using a high pressure hydraulic sprayer. Pre-treatment counts on the number of active galleries identified by the presence of a fresh wood boring tube extending from the AB entry hole were taken prior to application. Treatments were applied on 22 Jul and 5 Aug, ‘87 in trial 1 and on 12 Feb ‘88 in trial 2. Post-treatment data on the number of active galleries were taken every 2 wk thereafter. Treatments were applied to the entire trunk from the base of the tree up to the first branch using a compressed air sprayer with a No. 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. Each tree was treated once with ca. 1 liter of insecticide solution.
Citrus Rust Mite Pesticide Efficacy Tests in Florida, 1989
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Warmington M. G.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 5 times on 5 × 5 (= 25 tree) plots in a randomized complete block design. The 2 center trees only were sampled in each plot. Two unsprayed buffer trees separated plots within and between rows. Sprays were applied in 125 gal of water/acre with a Southwind PTO airblast sprayer at 200 psi driven at 1.5 mph on 20-22 Jun. Water pH was 7.8. Ten fruit were examined around the canopy of each of 2 sample trees/plot at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 fruit counts were combined and recorded as one observation. Cumulative mite day totals were calculated (Allen. 1976. Environ. Entomol. 5: 1083-1088).
Brassica Crop Pest Management with Experimental Materials in South Texas, 1988
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Magaro J. J.
Published: March 2022

Broccoli was directly seeded to plots (2 beds wide by 40 ft long) in Sep. Experimental design was a RCB with 7 treatments and 5 replicates. Applications were made with a tractor-mounted boom (one TX10 nozzle/row) at 60 psi and 30 gal total material/acre on 15, 22 and 29 Nov. Surveys of lepidopterous pests were conducted by counting small and large larvae of each species on 10 plants/plot. Marketable head surveys were conducted at plant maturity on 5 Jan ‘89 by examining 10 heads/plot and noting insect infested or damaged heads as non-marketable.
Apple, Miticide Evaluations, 1990
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 8-yr-old Nittany trees (on MM7A roots) using single tree plots arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Plot 1 was sprayed with 60 sec oil at delayed dormant (DD) and Carzol 92 SP at petal fall (PF). Plot 2 received Morestan in the pink (P) and Carzol at PF, and plot 3 was treated with Morestan 25 WP at P and Carzol SP after the ERM population reached a threshold of 3 mites/leaf. All other treatments were applied when mite populations in the orchard reached this predetermined threshold (T). To estimate pretreatment density, 10 randomly selected leaves (1/tree) were picked at chest height while walking diagonally across the orchard. Mites and eggs were counted with the aid of a binocular microscope. The count of 24 May averaged 3.3 mites and 9.5 mite eggs/leaf. During the remainder of the season mites and eggs were counted by randomly selecting 20 leaves/replicate, brushing them onto a sticky glass plate and counting all motile mites and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. Mite predators were destroyed prior to treatment with applications of permetherin. When predators began to appear in the plots, they were counted during a 3 min observation of each tree and recorded.
Sweetpotato Whitefly Management on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1989
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 1 Feb, 15 inches apart on raised beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 3-20 ft long rows on 5-ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design and were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer on 27 Mar, 12, 19, 26 Apr, 3, 10, 17 and 24 May. The sprayer was operated at 200 (first 2 sprays) or 100 psi (remaining sprays) and treated all 3 rows simultaneously. The gallonage was increased as the plants grew by increasing the number of nozzles/row. Thus, the sprayer delivered 60 gal/acre the first 2 sprays (4 nozzles/row) and 100 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles). Each nozzle was fitted with D-7 disks and #45 cores. The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of 10 stems from the middle row of each plot on 30 May. The numbers of crawlers, sessile nymphs and pupae were counted. Fruit were harvested on 6 Jun and red-ripe fruit were rated 1—4 for increasing severity of external symptoms of irregular ripening (IRR). This disorder is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by inhibited or incomplete ripening of longitudinal sections of the fruit. Green fruit were held in paper bags and, when they ripened, were evaluated as above.
Insect Control on Staked Tomatoes, 1990
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set on 15 Jun, at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, N.C. Plants were set 2 ft apart within rows, and rows were on 10-ft centers. Single-row plots (10 plants) were separated by 10 ft of cultivated soil, and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticide applications were initiated at first fruiting, and applied on 18 and 25 Jul, 3, 10, 17 and 27 Aug, 4 and 15 Sep. All applications were made with a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 100 psi and delivering 100 gal/acre through 3 hollow cone nozzles spaced 12 inches apart on the spray wand. Sprays were applied to both sides of rows so that each row was effectively treated with 6 nozzles/row. PA populations were monitored by observing 10 terminals/treatment (40 total) and recording percentage infested with >1 apterous aphid. Thrips populations were sampled by counting total thrips in each of 10 flowers/treatment (40 flowers total). Mature fruit (pink stage) were harvested weekly from 23 Aug to 20 Sep, and total number of fruit harvested and damaged by SB and TFW were recorded.
Alfalfa Weevil Control on Alfalfa, North Carolina, 1990
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

A 6-yr-old stand of Cimmaron alfalfa located 15 miles south of Raleigh was used as a test site. Soil type was a sandy loam with 0.7% humic matter and a pH of 5.7. Plots were 20 × 20 and arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates for each treatment. Treatments were applied on 6 Mar using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 8002 nozzles mounted on a hand-held boom delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi. Conditions at time of application were sunny and 70°F. Pretreatment counts were taken on 6 Mar and averaged 6.67 larvae/stem. Treatments were evaluated on 9, 12, 16, 23, 26 Mar; 1, and 5 Apr by taking 30 stems/plot and processing them through modified Tulgren funnels. Yield and quality samples were taken on 6 Apr after cutting alfalfa on 5 Apr. Quality samples were conducted by the state forage laboratory. All data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented in the table. Dry matter sample results are presented as percentages.
Corn Rootworm Insecticide Rates and Application Technique, 1990
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Chambers W. W. , Jenson J. M.
Published: March 2022

Seven studies were conducted in dryland corn in Nunda, S. Dak., using standard recommended and reduced rates of commonly used granular insecticides. The experimental design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 15 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially adapted Kinze, 4-row corn planter. The metering units were grounddriven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Insecticide granules were applied in a 7-inch band in front of the furrow-closing wheels and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Furrow applications were directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. Pioneer 3615 corn was seeded at a rate of 23,000 kernels/acre at all study locations. Five roots/replication were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for rootworm feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1-6 scale.
European Corn Borer Insecticide Efficacy Trials, 1989
Authors: Calvin D. D. , Losey J. E.
Published: March 2022

Five European corn borer insecticides were evaluated on a Hagerstown silt loam soil near Rock Spring, Pa., during 1989. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications of 9 treatments was used. Granular insecticides were applied into the whorl and liquid formulations were directed toward the whorl. During 1989, the European corn borer moth flight was continuous from May-Sep, with the heaviest flight period occurring during late Jul. Insecticide applications were timed to coincide with the heaviest period of egg deposition in the field.
Apple, Evaluation of Foliar-Applied Insect Growth Regulators for Leafroller Control, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Rajotte E. G. , Biddiinger D. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to 4-tree plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot contained the following cultivars: Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stayman, and Rome Beauty. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was surrounded by an adjacent 4-tree plot that was treated twice during each brood with a combination of Lannate 1.8 L plus Asana XL to prevent TABM larvae from dispersing onto treated trees. The trees were planted to a spacing of 12 × 35 ft. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 4.6 gal of spray was applied per replicate tree (ca. 475 GPA). Dates of application were Insegar treatment (1 Jun, 9 and 23 Jul); RH-5992 and Penncap M plus Lannate treatments (12 and 25 Jun, and 8 and 24 Aug). During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of Rubigan, captan, and Thiram and calcium chloride, as well as one alternate-row application (18 Jun) and one complete application (29 Jun) of Swat 8 E (0.375 and 0.56 lb (AI)/acre, respectively for aphid control) were applied to all plots. One complete application of Kelthane 35 WP (2.1 lbs (AI)/acre) was made on 21 May to 3 replicates of the Insegar treatment, 4 replicates of the RH-5992 treatment and one replicate of the Penncap M plus Lannate treatment to balance the mite populations across plots. The effect of treatments on mites was evaluated by counts taken several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree (cv Delicious only), 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of treatments on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults, larvae, and pupae around the periphery of test trees (cv Delicious and Stayman). TABM leaf shelters and STLM mines were counted by making a 5-min examination of the cvs Golden Delicious and Stayman. Effectiveness of treatments on leafrollers was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and 1 picked sample of approximately 200 apples/tree on the cvs Rome Beauty, Stayman, and Golden Delicious in late Sep and early Oct. Pest pressure was heavy.
Efficacy of Soil Insecticides for Controlling Black Cutworms, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassa. , Levine El. , Steffey Kevin L. , Gray Michael E.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted in rows 30 inches wide on 31 May. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 5 times. Each plot was 4 rows wide × 50 ft long. Insecticides applied at planting-time and as rescue treatments (13 Jun) were evaluated for the control of BCW in artificial infestations (12 Jun) of corn plants within barrier arenas 36 ft2 Granular insecticides were metered through Noble units mounted on each of the planter units and applied in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels on the planter. They were then incorporated into the soil. Planting-time liquid insecticides (42.4 gal/acre) were applied in a 10-inch band at 40 psi and a speed of 5 mph with 8004 nozzles. Rescue treatments (13 Jun) were broadcast using a 10-foot boom with XR8004 flat fan nozzles. A compressedair system was calibrated to deliver 23.4 gal/acre at a pressure of 40 psi and a speed of 3 mph. The cumulative number of cut plants in each barrier was determined 2, 8, and 13 DAT. The condition of the plants cut by BCW larvae was also determined at 13 DAT; i.e., cut plants were classified as either “dead” or “recovered” from earlier cutting. Data were transferred by arcsine [square root (percent cut plants/100)] before ANOVA. Untransformed data are presented.
Treatment Timing for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1990
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticides applied at different times were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in cv. NC 7 virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, Va. Peanuts were planted on 3 May using a 36- inch row spacing. Treatments were applied at planting time, either in furrow or banded, at flowering time (18 Jun), at pegging time (17 Jul), or at late pegging time (6 Aug). In-furrow treatments were applied with seed into the furrow. All banded treatments were applied in a 14-inch band using an electrically driven, tractor-mounted Noble metering unit. At-planting bands were directed in front of the planters, then soil incorporated 3-4 inches deep with rolling cultivator gangs. Flowering, pegging, and late-pegging bands were applied over rows. Flowering and pegging treatments were lightly soil incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. Late-pegging bands were not soil incorporated. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Pod injury was determined on 17 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants per plot (20 pods/plant). Yield was based on digging, combining (28 Sep), drying and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Chinch Bug Control in Sorghum with Liquid and Granular Soil Insecticides, 1989
Authors: David Blair C. , Riley Thomas J. , Smith Mark S.
Published: March 2022

Funks G522 DR' grain sorghum was planted 21 Aug in loessial silt loam (Gigger-Gilbert complex) at the Macon Ridge branch of the LSU Northeast Research Station, adjacent to a recently harvested corn field to take advantage of chinch bugs seeking fresh vegetation on which to feed and produce the final fall generation. Granular insecticides were applied at planting using a 2-row John Deere Model 71 Flexi-Planter, modified to carry 1-pt jars of insecticide. Jars were inverted above funnels connected by flexible delivery tubes to either a 7-inch band or an in-furrow applicator. The diameter of a single central hole in the lid of each jar, in combination with tractor speed, determined the rate of insecticide flow. Banded insecticides were applied in front of the press wheel and further incorporated by a drag chain attached to the rear of the planter. Liquid insecticides were applied using a carbon dioxide pressurized planter-mounted sprayer dispensing insecticide from 2-liter plastic bottles. Application pressure was 50 psi using a Tee Jet #11004 nozzle. Banded sprays were applied as 8-inch bands across the open seed furrow ahead of the press wheel. For in-furrow spray applications, nozzles were rotated 90 degrees and spray directed into the open seed furrow. A drag chain behind the press wheel provided slight additional incorporation after closure of the seed furrow. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used, and each treatment consisted of two 40-ft rows spaced 36 inches apart. Efficacy of insecticide treatments against chinch bugs in sorghum were determined by counting the number of chinch bugs/10 randomly selected plants in each insecticide plot (5 plants/row × 2 rows/plot × 4 replications). The number of plants/40 ft of row was also counted in each insecticide plot (2 rows/plot × 4 replications). Data are reported as mean number of chinch bugs/10 plants and mean number of plants/40 ft of row.
Control of the Leafminer, Liriomyza Trifolii, on Chrysanthemum Under Greenhouse Conditions, 1989
Authors: Bethke James A. , Parrella Michael P.
Published: March 2022

Chrysanthemums were obtained as rooted cuttings ('Florida marble') and potted in 10 cm pots in a greenhouse at UCR and allowed 4 wk growth before use. Plants were exposed to leafminers in cages (~2000 flies/cage) for a period of 1 h. Four d later the number of immatures within the leaves were counted by transmitted light and plants were separated into treatments. Plants were dipped in treatments prepared in a 2 gal bucket for 10 s and allowed to dry. Treated plants were tipped over trays on a shelf in the greenhouse at 26.7°C for 7 d to ensure collection of all pupae. Percent mortality of larvae was calculated 14 DAT and percent total mortality of larvae and pupae was calculated 30 DAT when adults were sure to have emerged.
Timing Applaud Applications for Control of California Red Scale, 1990
Authors: Grout T. G. , Richards G. I.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of Applaud 50 W (30 g/100 liters) plus Citrex (0.5% narrow range oil with 50% distillation temperature of 22°C) applied at different times relative to crawler emergence was evaluated at two sites in 1988 and 1989/90. Trials were conducted in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa during winter and spring. California red scale population densities were higher in the first season than the second season and had dual and triple cohort population structures respectively. A completely randomized block design was used for each experiment with 17 and 20 single-tree replicates per treatment in 1988 and 1989 respectively. Treatments were applied with handguns at 35.7 kg/cm2 with thorough coverage. The two phenological times used for application were the onset of crawler emergence and mid-way between two peaks of crawler emergence (inter-emergence). Timing of applications was based on pheromone trap counts of males and the use of DD accumulated between 11.7 and 37.8°C. Long term average weather data was used to predict crawler emergence from male flight peaks using an interval of 241 DD. The percentage fruit infested (25 fruit/tree) was recorded.
Control of Yellow Scale on Oranges, 1988
Authors: O'Connell N. V. , Walker G. P. , Flaherty D. L. , Pehrson J. E.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block experiment with 11 single-tree replicates and 8 treatments was conducted in a commercial field of mature Valencia orange trees near Porterville, Calif. The experiment was focused on yellow scale, but California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), is also very common in the Porterville area and is very difficult to distinguish from yellow scale in the field. TJierefore, all sampling refers to “scale insects,” which probably includes both species. However, several criteria indicated that yellow scale was the predominant species: 1) pheromone traps, 2) the relative lack of scale on twigs (yellow scale infests only leaves and fruit while red scale infests twigs, leaves, and fruit), 3) a preliminary sample from this field in 1987 of scale that were slide mounted for positive identification, and 4) the general appearance of the scale when sampling was conducted in this study (although individual scales are difficult to positively identify as yellow or red scale in the field because their range of body color overlaps between the two species, the “average color” differs between the two species so that populations of scale can be judged to be predominantly red or yellow scale). The 88 trees in the experiment were assigned to 11 blocks based on pretreatment infestation levels of scale insects so that the 8 trees within each block had similar pretreatment infestations of scale. Each of the 8 trees in each block then was assigned randomly to a treatment so that each treatment was represented once in every block. Pretreatment infestation of scale was estimated by sampling 50 leaves/tree and recording the number of leaves that had any scale that appeared to be alive. Posttreatment infestation of scale was estimated by recording the presence or absence of scale on 20 fruit/ tree. In the first posttreatment evaluation, an attempt was made to include only live scale. Because of the difficulty in distinguishing live from dead scale and because infested fruit are downgraded in the packinghouse regardless of whether scale are live or dead, both live and dead scale were included in determining whether a fruit was infested in the second posttreatment evaluation, which was only a few d before harvest.
Citrus Thrips Control and Impact on California Red Scale, 1988
Authors: Walker G. P. , Morse J. G. , Aitken D. C. G. , Brawner O. L. , Smith D. J.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides for the control of citrus thrips populations were evaluated during spring, 1988 in Field 93 (5-yr old Washington Navel oranges) located at the University of California Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. The effect of these pesticides on California red scale was also evaluated. Pesticides were applied one d after petal fall (on 26 Apr) with a Bean hand sprayer set at 500 psi, outside coverage, and 200 gal/acre. Seventy-seven single tree plots were assigned to 11 blocks (7 trees per block) based on California red scale pretreatment levels so that the 7 trees within each block had similar pretreatment infestations of California red scale. One tree in each block then was assigned randomly to each treatment. Thus, the experimental design for California red scale data was a randomized complete block which was analyzed by 2-way ANOVA. However, the criterion for blocking was irrelevant to thrips populations, therefore the thrips data was analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and included 4 additional untreated control trees that were not included in the randomized complete block design for red scale. California red scale levels on twigs were monitored prior to treatment (in early Apr, 1988) and two mo after treatment by recording the number of twigs (9 inches long, twigs approximately 1-yr-old) infested with live adult female California red scale (n = 75 twigs per plot). Citrus thrips fruit scarring counts were taken prior to harvest (25 Nov) on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal yr are approximately 5% severe scars.
Acaricide Evaluation Experiment I, 1990
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Cheves Robert
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 1/3 acre block of 5-yr-old 'Redchief trees on M26, which measured 10.5 ft in height and 6.5 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 10 × 15 ft. The experimental design consisted of 4 single-tree plots in a randomized block design, with each replicate surrounded by at least one unsprayed tree on each side. Acaricides were applied to runoff on 3 Jul with a handgun attached to a Durand-Wayland 100 LTS sprayer operated at 100 psi. Each tree received approximately 0.5 gal of spray (ca. 145 gal/acre). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agristrep, Asana, Benlate, Captan, Dimethoate, Guthion, Lannate, Manzate 200, Nova, Oil, Penncap-M, Polyram, Rubigan, Sevin, Solubor, Topsin-M, and Zineb. ERM control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mitebrushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. The effect of treatments on S. punctum was determined by counting adults and larvae observed in 3 min counts around the periphery of test trees.
Control of Diamondback Moth on Spring. Planted Cabbage I, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Mulkey B. , Talbot Tim
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was direct seeded in double rows into prepared seedbeds on 2 Apr at the Sweet Potato Research Station near Chase, La. The plots consisted of 3 seedbeds (6 rows) on 40-inch centers by 30-ft long, with only 2 seedbeds being treated. Treatments were arranged in a completely random design with 4 replicates. Test materials were applied using a hand-held boom with a CO2 charged delivery system calibrated to deliver 30 gal total spray/acre through Teejet 8002 flat-fan nozzles (2/seedbed) at 48 psi. Applications were made on 3, 11, 17, 24 May and on 1, 6 Jun. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling 5 plants/plot on 7 and 14 May. Plots were harvested (15 heads/plot) on 18 Jun to determine quality and damage ratings. Foliage injury was rated using a scale from 1-6 (1 = no apparent feeding, 6 = severe damage to head and wrapper leaves). Plants with a damage rating of 3 or below were considered to be marketable. Overhead irrigation was provided on an as needed basis to the test plots, but not within 72 h posttreatment.
Cabbage Maggot Control in Transplanted Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Two plots were transplanted for testing of insecticides for cabbage maggot control using a 2-row transplanter dispensing about one cup of dilute fertilizer solution/plant. The directed insecticide sprays were applied to the bases of the plants using a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 255 gal/acre. The diazinon transplant treatment was planted by hand using the same rate (1 cup) of the dilute fertilizer solution but with the addition of diazinon to the solution. Injury ratings were made on 14 Aug and 30 Oct by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present. The first plot, transplanted on 15 Jun, was established on the Robbins Farm using the variety 'Atria.' These plants were pulled in Maryland during the last week in May and remained in cold storage (38°F) for at least 2 wk prior to planting. Soil conditions at the time of the planting of this plot were extremely poor, the soil being parched and tilth consisting mainly of large, dry clods. Directed sprays were applied on 20 Jun. The second plot, transplanted 22 Jun, was established on the Hansen Farm using the variety Titanic.' These plants were pulled locally on the day prior to planting and spent no time in cold storage. Soil conditions at the time of the planting of this plot were extremely good, the soil possessing both adequate moisture and good tilth. Directed sprays were applied on 28 Jun.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 7 Sep at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, Va. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated row. Cabbage was transplanted with 17 inch plant and 36 inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow-cone nozzles per row and delivering 70 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made weekly beginning 28 Sep. Triton CS-7 (6 oz form/acre, Rohm and Haas, Philadelphia, Pa.) spreader-sticker was added to each treatment. Weekly counts of all lepidopterous species present were taken on 5 randomly chosen plants/plot. Damage ratings were determined on 20 Nov as in Greene et al. (J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4):798-800) on five randomly chosen plants/plot. Plants with a damage rating of 3 or below were considered marketable.
Use of Labeled and Unlabeled Insecticides for Control of European Corn Borer and Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn in Wisconsin, 1990
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan
Published: March 2022

'Excellency' sweet corn was planted 19 Jun at 23,000 seeds/acre. Each treatment plot was 6 rows wide, 18 m long, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with D2/23 Teejet disc-core nozzles which delivered 94 liters of finished spray/ha at 40 psi. The spray boom was set just above the tassel. Sprays were applied on 16, 23, 30 Aug and 5 Sep. Plots were evaluated 12 Sep by removing 25 ears/treatment and recording the size of larvae and number of infested ears.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1990
Authors: Boylan-Pett W. , Grafius E. , Bishop B. , Mair R. , Stehr M. , Merritt S. , Potter M. , Korpal K.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide trials were conducted at the MSU Montcalm Potato Research Station, Entrican, Mich. 'Atlantic' seed potatoes were planted on 1 May, 8 inches within the row and 34 inches between rows. Treatment plots consisted of three 45 ft-long rows and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications/treatment. Plots were separated by either 6 ft of bare ground or 2 rows of potatoes that were treated with Temik 15 G (3 lb [AI]/acre) in furrow at planting. Granular systemic treatments were applied at planting in furrow (Temik sprinkled directly over seed potato) or on 24 May, where Temik was incorporated at hilling. Foliar treatments were applied using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer (30 gal/acre, 40 psi) utilizing 3 nozzles/row. The middle nozzle directed spray down over the top of the plant and the other nozzles directed spray at the sides. Foliar treatments were applied on 24 and 28 Jun, and on 3 Jul. Insecticide effectiveness was determined by counting the total number of insects found on 2 randomly selected plants in each replication on 27 Jun and on 2 and 6 Jul. Pre-spray counts were made on 14 and 21 Jun, two plants per plot in the Temik-treatments, and 40 randomly selected plants from the remaining area were sampled. Plants were visually assessed for defoliation and given a damage rating (1 = no defoliation, 5 = total defoliation) on 11 Jul. On 27 Sep the middle 45 ft row of each treatment was harvested. Tubers were separated by size (As and B's) and weighed.
Imported Cabbage Webworm Control, 1991
Authors: Meier S. , Muniappan R.
Published: March 2022

Mustard seeds were sown on 22 Jan in plots consisting of 4 rows 2 m long in beds 1.1 m apart with a spacing of 20 cm within the rows. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied by backpack sprayer. Two protective applications of Dibrom on the young seedlings were made on 1 and 7 Feb. Insecticide treatments were made on 15, 22 Feb, 1, 8, 16, 21, 28 Mar, and 4 Apr. The first incidence of ICW was noted on 19 Feb. The larvae of ICW on 8 plants/plot were counted 2-3, 4-5, and 6-7 DAT. Only the plants from the middle two rows of each plot were sampled.