bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power preference of bank managers in conflicts with subordinates
Authors: Tal Achinoam , Schwarzwald Joseph , Koslowsky Meni
Published: April 2015

Purpose

– This study aims to examine supervisors’ power preference (harsh/soft) for gaining compliance from subordinates in conflict situations using the updated Power Interaction Model (Koslowsky and Schwarzwald, 2009. The model assumes that the relationship between antecedents and power preference is mediated by cost/benefit considerations.

Design/methodology/approach

– Four considerations were examined as mediators: acquiescence, relations, worker growth and conformity. A sample of 120 bank managers was given one of several conflict scenarios differing on severity (low/high) and subordinate worker’s performance ability (low/average/high). In addition, mangers’ leadership style and organizational commitment were assessed.

Findings

– For the two manipulated variables, conflict (high significance, low significance) and worker performance (high, average, low), an interaction effect was tested with follow-up univariate analysis yielding significance only for harsh tactics. Structural equations modeling, used for comparing the fit generated for different mediators, indicated that acquiescence was the most salient mediator and provided adequate fit for the model predicting power tactics preference.

Research limitations/implications

– Although it is difficult to exclude cultural effects when applying the Interpersonal Power Interaction Model (IPIM) in a specific country, it should be noted that, as far as factor structure is concerned, a similar pattern was obtained for Israeli and American participants in previous research (Ravenet al., 1998). Additionally, in the present study, the outcome measure was not observed but rather elicited through scenarios. The participant responses were derived from self-report questionnaires and are prone to percept–percept bias and common method variance.

Originality/value

– For the first time, in a study where antecedent variables were manipulated, findings supported the revised IPIM. Power choice was demonstrated as a result of a sequential process with mediators serving as links between various organizational, situational and personal antecedents and outcomes.
Illegal geographies of the state: the legalisation of a “squatter” settlement in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Hatcher Craig
Published: April 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to problematise the relation between “legality” and the state, through a case study analysis of law at work within the built environment. In doing so, the paper argues that studies on law and geography should consider the broader processes of state “law making” to understand the production of illegal space.

Design/methodology/approach

– The liminal boundary of illegal/legal and its relation with the state is developed through a case study on the legalisation process of a “squatter” settlement located on the outskirts of Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan. The paper draws on primary qualitative research (semi-structured interviews) and legal analysis undertaken in Kyrgyzstan at various times over seven months between 2011 and 2013.

Findings

– Examining law as static and pre-existing is problematic in developing an understanding of the production of illegal and legal spaces within the built environment. An emphasis on law-making and the process of legalisation draws attention to the different groups, practices and policies involved and reframes the relation between the state and legality.

Originality/value

– Using a case study anchoring the analysis within law’s constitutive and contested presence within the built environment, the paper addresses a theoretical and empirical panacea in legal geography by unpacking the “legal” with reference to its plurality internally within the state. Moreover, studies on law and geography have tended to focus on European or North American contexts, whereas this paper draws on data from Central Asia.
‘Temporary’ relocation: spaces of contradiction in South African law
Authors: Ranslem Duncan
Published: April 2015

Purpose

– This study aims to examine how temporary relocation areas (TRAs), urban forms that facilitate evictions and forced relocations, have been written into South African legal and governmental structures through contested urban planning and legal regimes.

Design/methodology/approach

– Proceeding from the macro-scale of TRAs spread across the nation, to the mezzo-scale of the Delft Symphony Way TRA in Cape Town, to the micro-scale of an individual “blikkie” (housing unit) within this camp, the article looks at the form and function of the TRA in urban resettlement practices. Special attention is given to relocation areas’ designation as “temporary” spaces and the consequences of this temporal designation in law and on the ground.

Findings

– These sites have developed as technologies for negotiating competing demands on the state, and their presence foregrounds some of the deeply rooted contradictions in post-apartheid South Africa. They are places both within and apart from the city, often managed by city officials according to municipal specifications, but located proximally to key urban amenities, utilities services and employment centers. They also place contradictory demands on their residents, for whom making the TRA liveable also legitimates it as a form of housing.

Originality/value

– This article uncovers several concerns about TRAs, including their inadequacy for long-term settlement, their problematic usage as tools of dispossession and the spatial-material-legal imbrications by which TRAs exist, persist and act back upon both individual lives and policy spheres.
Training older employees: what is effective?
Authors: Zwick Thomas
Published: April 2015

Purpose

– Employees older than 55 years of age have a much lower share in training than other employees. The purpose of this paper is to propose that one of the reasons for this phenomenon that has not been taken into account so far is that their training is less effective.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper shows that training of older employees indeed is less effective in the self-assessment of training participants. Training effectiveness is measured with respect to key dimensions such as career development, earnings, adoption of new skills, flexibility or job security. Besides age a broad range of explanatory variables is included as covariates in a large linked employer-employee data set.

Findings

– The paper finds that main reason for the differences in training effectiveness during the life cycle is that firms do not take into account differences in training motivation. Older employees get higher returns from informal and directly relevant training and from training contents that can be mainly tackled by crystallised abilities. Training incidence in the more effective training forms is, however, not higher for older employees. Given that other decisive variables on self-assessed effectiveness such as training duration, financing and initiative are not sensitive to age, the wrong allocation of training contents and training forms therefore is the critical explanation for the lower effectiveness of training.

Originality/value

– This paper therefore shows to human resource managers why old employees rate training effectiveness lower and indicates what can be done in order to improve training effectiveness of old employees. It uses a large and detailed data set entailing more than 6,000 employees from about 150 establishments.
Preparation and evaluation of tribological properties of oil-soluble rice-like CuO nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Hao , Zhang Yujuan , Zhang Shengmao , Chen Yanfen , Zhang Pingyu , Zhang Zhijun
Published: April 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is synthesis of oil-soluble non-spherical nanoparticles modified with free phosphorus and sulphur modifier and investigation of their tribological properties as environment-friendly lubricating oil additives.

Design/methodology/approach

– To study the effect of morphology of nanoparticles on their tribological properties, rice-like CuO nanoparticles were synthesized. To improve the solubility of CuO nanoparticles in organic media, the in-situ surface modification method was used to synthesize these products. The morphology, composition and structure of as-synthesized CuO nanoparticles were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The tribological properties of as-synthesized CuO nanoparticles as an additive in liquid paraffin (LP) were evaluated with a four-ball tribometer. The morphology and elemental composition of worn steel ball surfaces were analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Findings

– It has been found that as-synthesized CuO nanoparticles with rice-like morphology have an average size of 7 and 15 nm along the shorter axle and longer axle, respectively, and can be well-dispersed in LP. Tribological properties evaluation results show that as-synthesized CuO nanoparticles as additives in LP show good friction-reducing, anti-wear and load-carrying capacities, especially under a higher normal load.

Originality/value

– Oil-soluble rice-like CuO nanoparticles without phosphorus and sulphur were synthesized and their tribological properties as lubricating oil additives were also investigated in this paper. These results could be very helpful for application of CuO nanoparticles as environment-friendly lubricating oil additives, owing to their free phosphorus and sulphur elements characteristics.
Synthesis and tribological properties of oil-soluble copper nanoparticles as environmentally friendly lubricating oil additives
Authors: Zhang Yujuan , Xu Yaohua , Yang Yuangbin , Zhang Shengmao , Zhang Pingyu , Zhang Zhijun
Published: April 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to synthesize oil-soluble copper (Cu) nanoparticles modified with free phosphorus and sulfur modifier and investigate its tribological properties as environment-friendly lubricating oil additives.

Design/methodology/approach

– To improve the anti-oxidation properties of these nanoparticles, two kinds of surface modifiers, oleic acid and oleylamine were used simultaneously. The morphology, composition, structure and thermal properties of as-synthesized Cu nanoparticles were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis. The tribological properties of as-synthesized Cu nanoparticles as an additive in liquid paraffin were evaluated with a four-ball friction and wear tester.

Findings

– It has been found that an as-synthesized Cu nanoparticle has a size of 2-5 nm and can be well dispersed in organic solvents. Tribological properties evaluation results show that as-synthesized Cu nanoparticles possess excellent anti-wear properties as an additive in liquid paraffin. The reason lies in that as-synthesized surface-capped Cu nanoparticles are able to deposit on sliding steel surface and form a low-shearing-strength protective layer thereon, showing promising application as an environmentally acceptable lubricating oil additive, owing to its free phosphorus and sulfur elements characteristics.

Originality/value

– Oil-soluble surface-modified Cu nanoparticles without phosphorus and sulfur were synthesized and its tribological properties as lubricating oil additives were also investigated in this paper. These results could be very helpful for application of Cu nanoparticles as environment-friendly lubricating oil additives.
Mindfulness-based wellbeing for socio-economically disadvantaged parents: a pre-post pilot study
Authors: Eames Catrin , Crane Rebecca , Gold Eluned , Pratt Sophie
Published: April 2015

Purpose

– Behavioural parent training (PT) interventions partially mediate risk factors for the development of child behavioural problems. Mindfulness skills could have benefit in alleviating the impact of these risk factors for parents who are socio-economically disadvantaged. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– A pre-post single group comparison of disadvantaged mothers attending the Mindfulness-Based Wellbeing for Parents (MBW-P) programme.

Findings

– Changes were observed in facets of parental stress (Parenting Stress Index-Short Form; Abidin, 1995), depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II; Beck et al., 1996) and brooding (Ruminative Responses Scale; Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow, 1991), with moderate to large effect sizes and incidences of clinical change.

Research limitations/implications

– The research design, although pragmatic, includes a small sample and no control or long-term comparison group.

Social implications

– Mothers considered as the “hardest to reach” group in terms of vulnerability, risk factors and being likely to gain from intervention demonstrated positive shifts post-intervention. A targeted mindfulness-based intervention, delivered pragmatically within a health service context, may have benefit in reducing the impact of risk factors on parental wellbeing.

Originality/value

– To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first evaluation of a targeted mindfulness group delivered within routine health care settings, in identified “high risk” areas, by routine staff.
The impact of moral equity, relativism and attitude on individuals’ digital piracy behaviour in a developing country
Authors: Arli Denni , Tjiptono Fandy , Porto Rebecca
Published: April 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of moral equity, relativism, and attitude towards digital piracy behaviour in a developing country. End-user piracy is more difficult to detect than commercial piracy. Thus, an effective strategy to combat piracy needs a comprehensive understanding of both the supply and demand sides of piracy. The current study focuses on the demand side by investigating the impact of moral equity, relativism, and attitude on consumer piracy behaviour in Indonesia.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using a convenient sample in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, questionnaires were distributed in a large private university. In addition, through snowball sampling techniques, the surveys were also distributed to other adults who live within a walking distance from the campus. The data collection resulted in 222 usable surveys (a response rate of 68 per cent).

Findings

– In Indonesia, moral equity had a negative and significant impact on purchases of illegal copies of music CDs and pirated software. Relativism affects the purchase of pirated software positively, but its effect on purchases of illegal copies of CDs is insignificant. Attitude towards the act was negatively impacted by moral equity for CDs and software. Relativism only significantly affects the purchase of pirated software but in the opposite direction while it has failed to reach significance for illegal music CD purchases. Attitude towards the software piracy and purchases of illegal copies of music CDs positively affect consumer’s digital piracy behaviour. Finally, Indonesian consumers feel more morally wrong to purchase illegal copies of CDs than to buy pirated software.

Practical implications

– In the context of Indonesia, higher moral equity has affected piracy behaviour negatively. Therefore, efforts to reduce piracy should focus on highlighting the importance of fairness and justice. One of the main drivers of digital piracy (e.g. buying, downloading, copying, and sharing digital materials illegally) is overpriced products. It has led many Indonesians to believe that it is acceptable to purchase pirated software and illegal copies of CDs. Nonetheless, if companies are able to lower prices; thus make it affordable to consumers, consumers will perceive fairness and justice in purchasing original copies of software and CDs.

Originality/value

– There are very limited studies investigating factors impacting the purchase of pirated software and CDs in the developing countries specifically Indonesia, the fourth most populous nation in the world and one of the biggest markets for counterfeit products. This is one of first few studies exploring this issue in Indonesia.
Design and implementation of quality control loops
Authors: Schröder Malte , Schmitt Sebastian , Schmitt Robert
Published: April 2015

Purpose

– Business processes have an open and dynamic character and are influenced by internal an external disturbances. Without an adequate use of feedback mechanisms, those processes become unstable and do not achieve the expected performance. The purpose of this paper is to face the challenge and to ensure a competitive quality level, a framework for entrepreneurial quality management is given.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using the method of analogy formation the transfer of cybernetic approaches to business processes is shown. Especially quality control loops are analysed in order to find appropriate solutions for their design and implementation in enterprises.

Findings

– As a core element of the paper an approach for the systematic implementation of control loops is given. This approach offers a framework and a description for an operative implementation of quality control loops for stable business processes.

Originality/value

– The idea to use closed quality control loops for the design of several processes is already known. Anyway, both a robust framework and a appropriate, sufficient and detailed description for an operative implementation is the new aspect and an important further development within the topic.
Integrating sustainability aspects into an integrated management system
Authors: Klute-Wenig Sandra , Refflinghaus Robert
Published: April 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is the further development of an Excel-based integrated management system for the tool and cutlery industry regarding sustainability. The tool’s actual status allows integrating and implementing requirements considering work safety, environmental and quality management and a self-assessment for checking the level of requirements’ fulfilment. However, the topic of sustainability and requirements and risks going along with it are of great importance for the mostly small and medium companies of this industry. Therefore, the Excel-tool is being enhanced by integrating the requirements of risk, energy and sustainability management. The paper presents the advanced Excel-tool.

Design/methodology/approach

– The base for advancing the Excel-tool has been analysing the status quo of sustainability management in the companies. Moreover, a matrix for comparing the requirements has been enlarged regarding the standards for sustainability, risk and energy management and builds the base for further developing of the Excel-tool.

Findings

– This analysis has shown the need for action, regarding the topic of sustainability. Hence, the Excel-tool has been enlarged regarding the assessment of fulfilling the requirements of different management systems. It allows small- and medium-sized enterprises a detection of need for action to comply with the requirements of different management systems with minimal afford. By this, an easily evaluation and improvement of the companies’ management systems is enabled.

Originality/value

– The tool enables companies to easily evaluate the state of their integrated management system by themselves and assists when implementing additional management systems.
From IMS and six sigma toward TQM: an empirical study from Serbia
Authors: Majstorovic Vidosav , Sibalija Tatjana V.
Published: April 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present the current status of a quality management practice in Serbia, in terms of the development and application of integrated managements systems (IMS), and research and implementation of Six Sigma and the related techniques.

Design/methodology/approach

– Two main aspects of total quality management (TQM) have been considered: institutional (organisational or strategic) aspect that corresponds to standardised management systems and their integration, and technical (quality engineering) aspect whose main contributor is Six Sigma. The findings of a comprehensive study on IMS implementation in Serbia have been presented, based on the results of a questionnaire that was sent to 54 organisations during 2013. Also, the significant technical improvements and tangible benefits of a recently conducted Six Sigma project were shown, including the application of the advanced quality engineering techniques within DMAIC method.

Findings

– Good QM practice in Serbia is improving, both in terms of the organisational (IMS) and technical (Six Sigma) aspect, that server as a good basis for the adoption of TQM in manufacturing companies from various sectors. It could be anticipated that these results will facilitate the adoption of an overall TQM culture in Serbia and leverage its future sustainability.

Originality/value

– This paper offers key insights into IMS and Six Sigma implementation in Serbia. This could encourage manufacturing organisations in developing countries to adopt IMS and Six Sigma, in order to boost the overall TQM culture and gain a competitive advantage.
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation through Sustainable Intensification of Livestock Production in the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: de Oliveira Silva Rafael , Barioni Luis Gustavo , Moran Dominic
Published: April 2015

Brazilian greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) are projected to reach 3.2 gigatonnes (CO2 eq.) by 2020. The government has made a voluntary commitment to reduce this figure by 40 per cent. A reduction in deforestation and livestock mitigation measures are key components of this commitment. Focusing on the Cerrado core (central Brazilian Savannah), we analyse abatement potential and cost‐effectiveness of GHG mitigation measures applicable to livestock production. We focus on the role of intensification measures, particularly pasture restoration and animal performance to meet the objectives of increasing beef production to meet higher demand, while simultaneously reducing emissions. We use a linear programming model that optimises pasture intensification levels according to biophysical and economic parameters and growth in beef demand. We estimate changes in soil carbon stocks generated by pasture management and land use change. According to a baseline projection, beef production in the Cerrado accounts for an average of approximately 122 million tonnes of CO2 eq. per year from 2010 to 2030. The results of our analysis suggest that by implementing cost‐effective measures, projected emissions in the region could be reduced by around 24 per cent. Pasture restoration, which will reduce deforestation, is the largest contributor to these results.
Accelerating plant DNA barcode reference library construction using herbarium specimens: improved experimental techniques
Authors: Xu Chao , Dong Wenpan , Shi Shuo , Cheng Tao , Li Changhao , Liu Yanlei , Wu Ping , Wu Hongkun , Gao Peng , Zhou Shiliang
Published: April 2015

A well‐covered reference library is crucial for successful identification of species by DNA barcoding. The biggest difficulty in building such a reference library is the lack of materials of organisms. Herbarium collections are potentially an enormous resource of materials. In this study, we demonstrate that it is likely to build such reference libraries using the reconstructed (self‐primed PCR amplified) DNA from the herbarium specimens. We used 179 rosaceous specimens to test the effects of DNA reconstruction, 420 randomly sampled specimens to estimate the usable percentage and another 223 specimens of true cherries (Cerasus, Rosaceae) to test the coverage of usable specimens to the species. The barcode rbcLb (the central four‐sevenths of rbcL gene) and matK was each amplified in two halves and sequenced on Roche GS 454 FLX+. DNA from the herbarium specimens was typically shorter than 300 bp. DNA reconstruction enabled amplification fragments of 400–500 bp without bringing or inducing any sequence errors. About one‐third of specimens in the national herbarium of China (PE) were proven usable after DNA reconstruction. The specimens in PE cover all Chinese true cherry species and 91.5% of vascular species listed in Flora of China. It is very possible to build well‐covered reference libraries for DNA barcoding of vascular species in China. As exemplified in this study, DNA reconstruction and DNA‐labelled next‐generation sequencing can accelerate the construction of local reference libraries. By putting the local reference libraries together, a global library for DNA barcoding becomes closer to reality.
A microsatellite‐based linkage map for song sparrows (Melospiza melodia)
Authors: Nietlisbach Pirmin , Camenisch Glauco , Bucher Thomas , Slate Jon , Keller Lukas F. , Postma Erik
Published: April 2015

Although linkage maps are important tools in evolutionary biology, their availability for wild populations is limited. The population of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) on Mandarte Island, Canada, is among the more intensively studied wild animal populations. Its long‐term pedigree data, together with extensive genetic sampling, have allowed the study of a range of questions in evolutionary biology and ecology. However, the availability of genetic markers has been limited. We here describe 191 new microsatellite loci, including 160 high‐quality polymorphic autosomal, 7 Z‐linked and 1 W‐linked markers. We used these markers to construct a linkage map for song sparrows with a total sex‐averaged map length of 1731cMand covering 35 linkage groups, and hence, these markers cover most of the 38–40 chromosomes. Female and male map lengths did not differ significantly. We then bioinformatically mapped these loci to the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) genome and found that linkage groups were conserved between song sparrows and zebra finches. Compared to the zebra finch, marker order within small linkage groups was well conserved, whereas the larger linkage groups showed some intrachromosomal rearrangements. Finally, we show that as expected, recombination frequency between linked loci explained the majority of variation in gametic phase disequilibrium. Yet, there was substantial overlap in gametic phase disequilibrium between pairs of linked and unlinked loci. Given that the microsatellites described here lie on 35 of the 38–40 chromosomes, these markers will be useful for studies in this species, as well as for comparative genomics studies with other species.
Review of rope‐based access methods for the forest canopy: safe and unsafe practices in published information sources and a summary of current methods
Authors: Anderson David L. , Koomjian Will , French Brian , Altenhoff Scott R. , Luce James
Published: April 2015

The availability of reliable information on tree climbing methods is critical for the development of canopy science and for the safety of workers accessing the forest canopy.

To assess the breadth and quality of information contained in published climbing information, we performed searches in Web of Science and Google Scholar and evaluated 54 published sources on 10 predetermined criteria related to safety.

We found a high incidence of unsafe recommendations that, if followed, could result in serious injury or death. Common errors included recommendations for equipment not suitable for tree climbing, advocating methods suitable for rock climbing but that can result in falls and trauma in tree climbing, and outdated information that no longer reflects best practices.

We conclude by providing safety recommendations and a short review of tree climbing methods. This article thus serves as a guide for finding and interpreting best sources of methods for canopy access.
New discoveries in a Nabataean tomb. Burial practices and ‘plant jewellery’ in ancient Hegra (Madâ’in Sâlih, Saudi Arabia)
Authors: Bouchaud C. , Sachet I. , Dal Prà P. , Delhopital N. , Douaud R. , Leguilloux M.
Published: April 2015

The excavation of tomb IGN 117 in Madâ’in Sâlih, ancient Hegra, in Saudi Arabia, produced a large amount of bones, objects and materials (leather, fabric, fruit, wood, amorphous organic substances) of the Nabataean‐Roman period (first to early fourth century AD). Two pieces of fabric and leather are of particular interest because they contained pierced dates (Phoenix dactylifera) strung together using date‐palm leaflets. These exceptional discoveries are poorly attested in Near Eastern funerary contexts. Together with other data from Madâ’in Sâlih, the southern Near East and Egypt, this interdisciplinary analysis leads to the reconstruction of part of the funerary practices related to the preservation and preparation of the body that occurred in tomb IGN 117. Finally, the analysis allows the questioning of the symbolic role of plant jewellery and the date palm in a funerary context.
Buried far from home: Sasanian graves at Jebel al‐Emeilah (Sharjah, UAE)
Authors: Kutterer Adelina , Jasim Sabah A. , Yousif Eisa
Published: April 2015

Human skeletons were recovered in two unmarked burials blown to the surface of a dune south‐west of Jebel al‐Emeilah in the Central Region of the Sharjah Emirate (UAE). Sasanian stamp seals were found associated with one of the individuals. A bone fragment of this individual provided a direct radiocarbon date placing it in the Middle Sasanian period. With the aid of strontium isotope analysis it was possible to determine that the two individuals were immigrants to the area that is now part of the UAE.
Beyond the association. Toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and addiction: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sutterland A. L. , Fond G. , Kuin A. , Koeter M. W. J. , Lutter R. , van Gool T. , Yolken R. , Szoke A. , Leboyer M. , de Haan L.
Published: April 2015

Objective

To perform a meta‐analysis on studies reporting prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection in any psychiatric disorder compared with healthy controls. Our secondary objective was to analyze factors possibly moderating heterogeneity.

Method

A systematic search was performed to identify studies into T. gondii infection for all major psychiatric disorders versus healthy controls. Methodological quality, publication bias, and possible moderators were assessed.

Results

A total of 2866 citations were retrieved and 50 studies finally included. Significant odds ratios (ORs) with IgG antibodies were found in schizophrenia (OR 1.81, P < 0.00001), bipolar disorder (OR 1.52, P = 0.02), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OR 3.4, P < 0.001), and addiction (OR 1.91, P < 0.00001), but not for major depression (OR 1.21, P = 0.28). Exploration of the association between T. gondii and schizophrenia yielded a significant effect of seropositivity before onset and serointensity, but not IgM antibodies or gender. The amplitude of the OR was influenced by region and general seroprevalence. Moderators together accounted for 56% of the observed variance in study effects. After controlling for publication bias, the adjusted OR (1.43) in schizophrenia remained significant.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that T. gondii infection is associated with several psychiatric disorders and that in schizophrenia reactivation of latent T. gondii infection may occur.
Incidence and natural history of challenge‐proven cow's milk allergy in European children – EuroPrevall birth cohort
Authors: Schoemaker A. A. , Sprikkelman A. B. , Grimshaw K. E. , Roberts G. , Grabenhenrich L. , Rosenfeld L. , Siegert S. , Dubakiene R. , Rudzeviciene O. , Reche M. , Fiandor A. , Papadopoulos N. G. , Malamitsi‐Puchner A. , Fiocchi A. , Dahdah L. , Sigurdardottir S. Th. , Clausen M. , Stańczyk‐Przyłuska A. , Zeman K. , Mills E. N. C. , McBride D. , Keil T. , Beyer K.
Published: April 2015

Background

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most commonly reported childhood food problems. Community‐based incidence and prevalence estimates vary widely, due to possible misinterpretations of presumed reactions to milk and differences in study design, particularly diagnostic criteria.

Methods

Children from the EuroPrevall birth cohort in 9 European countries with symptoms possibly related to CMA were invited for clinical evaluation including cows' milk‐specific IgE antibodies (IgE), skin prick test (SPT) reactivity and double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenge.

Results

Across Europe, 12 049 children were enrolled, and 9336 (77.5%) were followed up to 2 years of age. CMA was suspected in 358 children and confirmed in 55 resulting in an overall incidence of challenge‐proven CMA of 0.54% (95% CI 0.41–0.70). National incidences ranged from 1% (in the Netherlands and UK) to <0.3% (in Lithuania, Germany and Greece). Of all children with CMA, 23.6% had no cow's milk‐specific IgE in serum, especially those from UK, the Netherlands, Poland and Italy. Of children with CMA who were re‐evaluated one year after diagnosis, 69% (22/32) tolerated cow's milk, including all children with non‐IgE‐associated CMA and 57% of those children with IgE‐associated CMA.

Conclusions

This unique pan‐European birth cohort study using the gold standard diagnostic procedure for food allergies confirmed challenge‐proven CMA in <1% of children up to age 2. Affected infants without detectable specific antibodies to cow's milk were very likely to tolerate cow's milk one year after diagnosis, whereas only half of those with specific antibodies in serum ‘outgrew’ their disease so soon.
Past, present, and future for biologic intervention in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Howell M. D. , Parker M. L. , Mustelin T. , Ranade K.
Published: April 2015

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a debilitating disease that significantly alters the quality of life for one in four children and one in 10 adults. Current management of AD utilizes combinations of treatments to symptomatically alleviate disease by suppressing the inflammatory response and restoring barrier function in the skin, reducing disease exacerbation and flare, and preventing secondary skin infections. Resolution is temporary and long‐term usage of these treatments can be associated with significant side‐effects. Antibody therapies previously approved for inflammatory diseases have been opportunistically evaluated in patients with atopic dermatitis; however, they often failed to demonstrate a significant clinical benefit. Monoclonal antibodies currently in development offer hope to those individuals suffering from the disease by specifically targeting immune and molecular pathways important for the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Here, we review the underlying biological pathways and the state of the art in therapeutics in AD.
Practising participatory geographies: potentials, problems and politics
Authors: Wynne‐Jones Sophie , North Peter , Routledge Paul
Published: April 2015

Participatory approaches have become increasingly popular within geography in recent years, but some would argue that participatory working is both in vogue and in crisis. In this special section of Area we have drawn together a series of papers to reflect on the complexities, tensions and difficulties that are caught up with the potentials and politics of participatory ways of working and thinking. In this introductory editorial we set out the impetus behind the special section, reflecting on the history of participatory geographies and the contemporary challenges arising from such ways of working. The role of the Participatory Geographies Research Group as a collective supporting and critically engaging with participatory research is also outlined.
Biosimilar: what it is not
Authors: de Mora Fernando
Published: April 2015

A biosimilar is a high quality biological medicine shown to be in essence the same as an original product. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) paved the way in the regulatory arena by creating a safeguarding framework for the development of biosimilars. Biosimilar is thus a regulatory term that alludes to the evidence‐based studies required to demonstrate such very high similarity. They are therefore not innovative products but the pathway laid down by the EMA for their approval represented a new paradigm. This has brought some confusion and has cast doubts among healthcare professionals about the scientific evidence behind their authorization. Many papers have been published to clarify the concept, and to reassure those professionals, but misconceptions frequently still arise. Unfortunately, this prevents biosimilars from deploying their full therapeutic added value. This paper is intended to approach those misconceptions from a new angle, by explaining what a biosimilar is not…and why. A biosimilar is neither a generic, nor an original product. It is not a biobetter or a ‘stand‐alone’. Therefore, it should not be managed as such therapeutically, commercially or from a healthcare policy viewpoint. The EMA's criteria were acknowledged by other agencies, but a significant regulatory gap with a vast majority of regulatory bodies still remains. This leaves room for the so‐called non‐original biologics (NOB), i.e. non‐biosimilar biologics, to be launched in many regions. Raising awareness of what a biosimilar is and what it is not, will generate trust in biosimilars among healthcare professionals and will ultimately benefit patients
A review of craniofacial disorders caused by spliceosomal defects
Authors: Lehalle D. , Wieczorek D. , Zechi‐Ceide R.M. , Passos‐Bueno M.R. , Lyonnet S. , Amiel J. , Gordon C.T.
Published: April 2015

The spliceosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex that removes introns from pre‐mRNA transcripts. Mutations in EFTUD2, encoding a component of the major spliceosome, have recently been identified as the cause of mandibulofacial dysostosis, Guion‐Almeida type (MFDGA), characterized by mandibulofacial dysostosis, microcephaly, external ear malformations and intellectual disability. Mutations in several other genes involved in spliceosomal function or linked aspects of mRNA processing have also recently been identified in human disorders with specific craniofacial malformations: SF3B4 in Nager syndrome, an acrofacial dysostosis (AFD); SNRPB in cerebrocostomandibular syndrome, characterized by Robin sequence and rib defects; EIF4A3 in the AFD Richieri‐Costa–Pereira syndrome, characterized by Robin sequence, median mandibular cleft and limb defects; and TXNL4A in Burn‐McKeown syndrome, involving specific craniofacial dysmorphisms. Here, we review phenotypic and molecular aspects of these syndromes. Given the apparent sensitivity of craniofacial development to defects in mRNA processing, it is possible that mutations in other proteins involved in spliceosomal function will emerge in the future as causative for related human disorders.
Nickel hypersensitivity and orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gölz Lina , Papageorgiou Spyridon N. , Jäger Andreas
Published: April 2015

Nickel‐containing alloys are widely used in orthodontic appliances, even though nickel is by far the most common contact allergen. However, the scientific evidence concerning allergic reactions to nickel in orthodontic patients has not been evaluated systematically. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the prevalence of nickel hypersensitivity is affected by orthodontic treatment. Unrestricted electronic and manual searches were performed until July 2013 for human clinical studies assessing orthodontic treatment and nickel hypersensitivity. Methodological limitations were evaluated with the Downs and Black tool. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from random‐effects meta‐analyses, followed by subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Thirty studies were included in the review, and 24 datasets with 10 184 patients in the meta‐analyses. Orthodontic treatment had no significant effect on nickel hypersensitivity (n = 11; crude OR 0.99; 95%CI: 0.78–1.25; p = 0.914). However, when confounding from factors such as sex and piercings was taken into account, orthodontic treatment was associated with a lower risk of hypersensitivity (n = 1; adjusted OR 0.60; 95%CI: 0.40–0.80; p < 0.001). This was even more pronounced when orthodontic treatment was performed prior to piercing (n = 7; crude OR 0.35; 95%CI: 0.24–0.50; p < 0.001). Orthodontic treatment seems to have a protective role against nickel hypersensitivity, especially when it precedes piercings.
Studying the effects of maternal febrile exposures on neurological outcomes in offspring: conceptual and methodological issues
Authors: Hashmi S Shahrukh
Published: April 2015

This commentary is on the original article by Holst et al. on pages 725–732 of this issue.
Aortic Fibroelastoma: Detailed Preoperative Analysis with 3D Echocardiography
Authors: Moya‐Mur José Luis , Silva‐Guisasola Jacobo , Casas‐Rojo Eduardo , Martín‐García Miren , de Pablo‐Zarzosa Carmen , Jiménez‐Nacher José Julio , Zamorano‐Gomez José Luis
Published: April 2015

Mini‐Abstract

A 70‐year‐old man submitted to a routine echocardiogram was diagnosed of an aortic mass by transthoracic echocardiography. Three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE) revealed a mobile and pedunculated mass attached to the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve, suggestive of an aortic fibroelastoma. 3DTEE allowed a perfect characterization of the tumor. Because of their size and mobility, surgical resection was advised. Surgery confirmed the diagnosis of aortic fibroelastoma and showed the utility of 3DTEE to take the correct therapeutic attitude.
Strain and Strain Rate Measured on Echocardiogram 1–3 Weeks after Starting Treatment Is Worse in Acute Dilated Cardiomyopathy Pediatric Patients with Poor Outcomes at One Year
Authors: Webb Melissa K. , Auerbach Scott R. , Younoszai Adel K. , Patel Sonali S. , Landeck Bruce F.
Published: April 2015

Background

Predicting later outcome around time of diagnosis of acute dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is difficult. We hypothesized that strain and strain rate on initial and follow‐up echoes were worse in patients with acute DCM from all causes with poor one‐year outcomes.

Methods

This was a retrospective study including all patients with DCM aged 0–18 years with left ventricle dilation, low ejection fraction, or low fractional shortening on initial echo. Longitudinal and circumferential strain and systolic and diastolic strain rate were measured on echo at presentation, 1–3 weeks after presentation, and at 1 year. Patients were separated into “Stable” (survivors) and “Progressive” (referred for transplant or died) outcome groups, and results were analyzed to determine whether strain or strain rate at each echo was worse in the “Stable” group compared with the “Progressive” group.

Results

The patient population included patients with DCM from idiopathic causes, myocarditis, iron deficiency anemia, lupus, chemotherapy, and LV noncompaction. Longitudinal and circumferential strain and systolic strain rate were significantly better in the “Stable” (n = 7) compared with the “Progressive” (n = 8) outcome group on 1‐ to 3‐week echo. Longitudinal strain more negative than −10% had 87% specificity and 100% sensitivity for predicting “stable” outcome (AUC 0.98), while circumferential strain more negative than −8% had 60% specificity and 100% sensitivity (AUC 0.83).

Conclusions

Longitudinal and circumferential strain and systolic strain rate measured 1–3 weeks after starting therapy are worse in acute dilated cardiomyopathy patients with poor one‐year outcomes. Further studies with less heterogeneity and more study subjects are needed.
Molecular deregulation of signaling in lymphoid tumors
Authors: Spina Valeria , Martuscelli Lavinia , Rossi Davide
Published: April 2015

Genomic studies have led to a significant impact both on the pace and the nature of understanding the molecular and biological bases of a variety of lymphoid tumors. An increasingly emerging aspect from genomic studies is that malignant lymphoid cells manipulate signaling pathways that are central to the homeostasis of their normal counterpart, including B‐ and T‐cell receptor signaling, NF‐κB signaling, Toll‐like receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, MAP kinase signaling, and NOTCH signaling. This review aims at covering the signaling pathways that are affected by mutations in lymphoid tumors, and how genetic alteration of these pathways may contribute to disease pathogenesis and management.
Decorin‐expressing adenovirus decreases collagen synthesis and upregulates MMP expression in keloid fibroblasts and keloid spheroids
Authors: Lee Won Jai , Ahn Hyo Min , Roh Hyun , Na Youjin , Choi Il‐Kyu , Lee Ju Hee , Kim Yong Oock , Lew Dae Hyun , Yun Chae‐Ok
Published: April 2015

Decorin is a natural transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) antagonist. Reduced decorin synthesis is associated with dermal scarring, and increased decorin expression appears to reduce scar tissue formation. To investigate the therapeutic potential of decorin for keloids, human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and keloid‐derived fibroblasts (KFs) were transduced with decorin‐expressing adenovirus (dE1‐RGD/GFP/DCN), and we examined the therapeutic potential of decorin‐expressing Ad for treating pathologic skin fibrosis. Decorin expression was examined by immunofluorescence assay on keloid tissues. HDFs and KFs were transduced with dE1‐RGD/GFP/DCN or control virus, and protein levels of decorin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and secreted TGF‐β1 were assessed by Western blotting and ELISA. And type I and III collagen, and matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) and matrix metalloproteinase‐3 (MMP‐3) mRNA levels were measured by real‐time RT‐PCR. Additionally, we immunohistochemically investigated the expression levels of the major extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in keloid spheroids transduced with dE1‐RGD/GFP/DCN. Lower decorin expression was observed in the keloid region compared to adjacent normal tissues. After treatment with dE1‐RGD/GFP/DCN, secreted TGF‐β1 and EGFR protein expressions were decreased in TGF‐β1‐treated HDFs and KFs. Also, type I and III collagen mRNA levels were decreased, and the expression of MMP‐1 and MMP‐3 mRNA was strongly upregulated. In addition, the expression of type I and III collagen, fibronectin and elastin was significantly reduced in dE1‐RGD/GFP/DCN‐transduced keloid spheroids. These results support the utility of decorin‐expressing adenovirus to reduce collagen synthesis in KFs and keloid spheroid, which may be highly beneficial in treating keloids.
A consensus approach to improving patient adherence and persistence with topical treatment for actinic keratosis
Authors: Stockfleth Eggert , Peris Ketty , Guillen Carlos , Cerio Rino , Basset‐Seguin Nicole , Foley Peter , Sanches José , Culshaw Alex , Erntoft Sandra , Lebwohl Mark
Published: April 2015

Background

Topical therapy is important in the treatment of actinic keratosis, but guidance for improving adherence/persistence during topical therapy is still lacking.

Objectives

To utilize expert consensus to generate a list of recommendations to improve real‐world efficacy when prescribing topical therapy for actinic keratosis.

Methods

An expert panel of eight dermatologists was convened to generate recommendations based on facilitated discussion and consensus generation using a modified Delphi session. The recommendations were ratified with the expert panel.

Results

Facilitated discussion generated 31 issues within five themes, which were prioritized using expert voting. Consensus was achieved on the importance of short and simple treatment regimens for maximizing patient compliance, physician awareness of the progression of actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma, provision of appropriate patient information, and the use of effective communication strategies to educate physicians about actinic keratosis. Based on these key findings, eight recommendations were generated.

Conclusions

The recommendations will assist physicians when prescribing topical actinic keratosis therapy. Further research should focus on the types of patient outcomes that are influenced by the characteristics of topical field therapy.