bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Purification and properties of an acid lipase from Penicillium roqueforti
Authors: Lamberet Gilles , Menassa Aimé
Published: June 2009

REFERENCES

The extracellular acid lipase produced by Penicillium roqueforti strain 1173 was purified by precipitation with 50 % ethanol, DEAE Sephadex A 50 ion exchange chromatography and 2 successive treatments with SP Sephadex C 50. An ~ 400-fold purification with a 35 % yield was obtained. The enzyme was active from pH 1·7–10·5, with an optimum activity pH of 6·5 at 20 °C and 6·0 at 30 °C. A second minor optimum appeared close to pH 2·5 and there was a minimum activity at pH 3·6. In the presence of 0·1 M-CaCl2 at 30 °C, the optimum was at pH 5·5, also the pH value where inhibition by CaCl2 was least (9%). The pH stability curve at 30 °C showed no discontinuities and had a maximum between pH 3·7 and 6·0. At pH 6·5 activity at 5 °C represented 37 % of the maximum value, which was reached at 35–40 °C and the apparent activation energy was about 5·42 kcal mol-1. Between pH 4·0 and 7·0, the ratio of hydrolysis velocity at 30 °C compared to that at 20 °C ranged from 2·1 to 1·2. At pH 6·0, the enzyme began to be inactivated at temperatures above 35 °C with decimal destruction times (D values) of 150, 29 and 4 min for respective temperatures of 40, 45 and 50 °C. In terms of substrate specificity the maximum activity was obtained with tricaproin whilst with tributyrin, tricaprylin, butter oil and triolein relative velocities were 22, 6·7, 3·0 and 1·5% respectively of that for tricaproin whilst Tween 20 and triacetin were 2·5 and 2% respectively.
Sodium chloride and moisture changes in Romano-type cheese during salting
Authors: Guinee Timothy P. , Fox Patrick F.
Published: June 2009

The apparent diffusion coefficients for NaCl in Romano-type cheese salted by brining or dry salting were ∼0·23 cm2/d. A plot of the natural logarithm of % salt-in moisture against distance was almost linear, the slope of which is the distance over which the salt concentration decreases by a factor of 1/e (0·368). Such plots may be useful in predicting the concentration of NaCl at any point in the cheese after any period of brining. After 9 d brining, the water to salt flux (ratio of outflow of water to inflow of NaCl) decreased from 2·42 at the surface to ∼0·5 in the middle zone of the cheese and increased again to > 1 at greater distances from the cheese/brine interface.
Accelerated ripening of Cheddar cheese with a commercial proteinase and intracellular enzymes from starter streptococci
Authors: Law Barry A. , Wigmore Anne S.
Published: June 2009

Intracellular cell-free enzyme extracts (CFE) of cheese starter bacteria significantly enhanced the flavour-accelerating effect of commercial neutral proteinase without increasing the gross proteolysis in Cheddar cheese. Peptide and amino acid N were released more rapidly in CFE-treated cheeses, compared with those treated with neutral proteinase or untreated controls.
Effect of cadmium on the growth ofLactobacillus lactis, L. helveticusandStreptococcus thermophilusin milk
Authors: Korkeala Hannu , Soback Stefan , Hirn Jorma
Published: June 2009

The viable counts, pH and production of lactic acid were determined forLactobacillus lactis, L. helveticusandStreptococcus thermophilusafter 0, 5 and 24 h anaerobic incubation at 44 °C in skim milk containing 0, 3, 5 or 7μg cadmium (Cd)/l. In skim milk containing 7μg Cd/l, a noticeable decrease in lactic acid production and inhibition of the decrease in pH was observed for all three strains after 24 h, although there was only a slight inhibition of growth. With 3 and 5μg Cd/l, there was only a slight inhibition in the decrease in pH. In addition, with 3 μg Cd/l some evidence of stimulation of lactic acid production was found. The inhibitory effect of low Cd concentrations on lactic acid bacteria may give rise to problems in the dairy industry.
31P-nuclear magnetic resonance study of milk fractions
Authors: Wahlgren Magnus , Drakenberg Torbjörn , Vogel Hans J. , Dejmek Petr
Published: June 2009

Milk serum, whey and milk ultrafiltrate were examined by31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR). About 20 phosphorylated milk constituents gave rise to resonances in the spectra. Most of these have been assigned to such well-known milk constituents as inorganic phosphate,N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate and glycerophosphorylcholine. Resonances from previously unknown constituents such as phosphocreatine were also observed. When the pH-dependence of inorganic phosphate,N-acetylglucosamine-1 -phosphate, glycerophosphorylcholine and gly-cerophosphorylethanolamine was examined it was observed that the resonance of inorganic phosphate overlapped that ofN-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate around neutral pH. This is the most probable explanation as to why this constituent was not observed in earlier31P-NMR studies on milk.
Measurement and calculation of water activity in Blue cheese
Authors: Fernández-Salguero José , Alcalá Manuel , Marcos Andres , Esteban Maria A.
Published: June 2009

Wateractivity (aw), pH, and several chemical components were determined in 20 samples of Blue cheese belonging to the varieties Bleu de Bresse, Cabrales, Danablu, Edelpilzkäse, Gorgonzola and Roquefort. The aw in these cheeses could be calculated from chemical data on a water content basis (g/100 g H2O) by two simple equations:

where SN is the soluble nitrogen.

Differences between calculated and measured aw using these relationships were similar to those obtained with a more complex equation described by Rüegg & Blanc (1983).
Viscosity and voluminosity of caseins chemically modified by reductive alkylation with reducing sugars
Authors: Colas Bernard , Gobin Christine , Lorient Denis
Published: June 2009

The effect of the covalent binding of reducing sugars such as galactose, glucose, fructose, lactose and maltose on the flow properties of casein solutions and on the voluminosity of casein molecules was investigated, voluminosity being calculated from viscosity measurements. Rheological parameters appeared to be efficient indices of structural changes occurring in proteins as a result of chemical modifications. Results showed an increase in voluminosity of casein after the binding of sugars, possibly explained by an increase in the net negative charge or by an increase in the steric hindrance of the molecule. At high concentrations (above 0·03 g/ml), viscosity of the solutions depended on the nature of the attached sugar and on the level of the modification. Thus galactose- and glucose-modified caseins were more viscous than the control. With disaccharides, the level of modification appeared to be more important than the amount of sugar bound.
Heat stability of recombined concentrated milk: changes in calcium activity and pH on sterilization
Authors: Augustin Mary-Ann , Clarke Phillip T.
Published: June 2009

Recombined concentrated milks (18% SNF, 8% fat) at their natural pH and at pH values in the range 6·28–6·68, made with powders subjected to different preheat conditions (high heat (85°C, 30 min), indirect UHT (120°C, 2 min) and direct UHT (120°C, 2 min)), were sterilized at 120°C for 13 min. The heat stabilities of recombined concentrated milks were dependent on preheat treatment. Ca2+ activity and pH of sterilized recombined concentrated milks, measured l h after sterilization, were lower than those of corresponding unsterilized recombined concentrated milks. The magnitude of the decreases in Ca2+ activity and pH induced on sterilization were dependent on the pH of the unsterilized recombined concentrated milk but were not markedly influenced by the type of preheat treatment applied during powder manufacture. The results suggest that differences in heat stability of high heat, indirect UHT and direct UHT powders are unlikely to be due to Ca2+ activity.
Variation in the N-acetyl neuraminic acid content of bovine κ-casein
Authors: Robitaille Gilles , Ng-Kwai-Hang Kwet-Fane , Monardes Humberto G.
Published: June 2009

A total of 555 milk samples was collected from 53 Holstein cows for 1 year. Samples were analysed for N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) content, κ-casein content and somatic cell count. The extent of glycosylation of κ-casein was estimated through the NANA content of κ-casein in each milk sample. The overall mean value for the NANA content was 63·6 ± 20 μg/mg of κ-casein with a range of 23–166 μg/mg. Least squares analysis showed significant (P < 0·01) effects of parity, test day, stage of lactation, phenotype for κ-casein, somatic cell count, and cow within phenotype. The NANA content of κ-casein decreased with increasing parity number and increased significantly when somatic cell count was above 200000 cells/ml. After reaching a minimum value between 2 and 3 months after calving, the NANA content of κ-casein increased during the later part of the lactation. NANA content was higher in the milk of cows phenotyped AB for κ-casein than for cows phenotyped for κ-casein AA, thus suggesting that B variant is more efficiently glycosylated than A variant.
The structure and formation of metacercarial cysts in the trematode family Microphallidae Travassos 1920
Authors: Galaktionov K.V. , Malkova I.I. , Irwin S.W.B. , Saville D.H. , Maguire J.G.
Published: June 2009

This study deals with the formation of the metacercarial cysts of four microphallid trematodes, Maritrema subdolum, M. arenaria, Levinseniella brachysoma and Microphallus claviformis. The first observable cyst was present around Maritrema arenaria 18 h p.i. (post-infection). The other species had not developed a cyst by day 8 p.i. but their cysts were apparent by day 16 p.i. These were bi-layered and that of M. subdolum was thicker than those of L. brachysoma and Microphallus claviformis of the same age. The structure of older cysts varied substantially between the four species. Microphallus claviformis and Maritrema subdolum cysts were fully formed at 30 days p.i. Like those of M. arenaria they were bi-layered, the outer layer (up to 3 μm thick) being electron-dense and the inner one (up to 7 μm thick) being less electron-dense. The cysts of fully formed L. brachysoma metacercariae were much more complex, composed of four layers, one of which was divisible into three sub-layers. It was concluded that the outer cyst layer was the product of secretory granules which were previously identified in cercarial tegument. The inner, thicker layer was derived from several sources. These included small tegument vesicles produced over the entire surface of the metacercariae, larger fragments of tegument released from the anterio-ventral region and material liberated from the metacercarial excretory bladder. This heterogeneous material accumulated in the cyst lumen for some time before becoming polymerized to form the thick inner layer or layers of the metacercarial cysts.
Echinococcus multilocularis: mouse strain difference in hydatid development
Authors: Nakaya K. , Nakao M. , Ito A.
Published: June 2009

Female mice of nine inbred strains (A, AKR, BALB/c, C3H, C57BL/6, C57BL/10, CBA, DBA/1 and DBA/2) and H-2 congenic B10.D2, at 9–10 weeks of age, were infected with larval Echinococcus multilocularis by trans-portal injection of hydatid homogenate. Parasitized livers were histologically examined 9 or 13 weeks after infection. Hydatid development was quite different among mouse strains. Multivesiculation was prominent in C57BL/10, DBA/1, C57BL/6 and BALB/c. Protoscoleces were well developed in DBA/2, AKR, DBA/1 and CBA. H-2 congenic B10.D2, which has the background genes of C57BL/10 except for the H-2d gene of DBA/2, resembled C57BL/10 in prohibiting the development of protoscoleces. These data suggest that the qualitative difference in hydatid development may be regulated by non-H-2 gene(s).
Occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in Sri Lanka
Authors: Amarasinghe L.D. , Hominick W.M. , Briscoe B.R. , Reid A.P.
Published: June 2009

Entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) were isolated from Sri Lankan soils using theGalleriabaiting technique. Samples collected from different agro-ecological regions and different habitat types revealed that the presence of nematodes was restricted to sandy coastal soils. Two heterorhabditid and three steinernematid RFLP types were discovered within 5–100 m of the sea. Members of both families were equally prevalent. However, no parasitized insects were found although insect species were encountered which are potentially natural hosts. These nematodes were present at high temperatures (some above 30°C) and neither the monsoon rain nor the drought had any effect on their prevalence.
Ultrastructural study of Trichinella spiralis with emphasis on adult male reproductive organs
Authors: Takahashi Y. , Goto C. , Kita K. K.
Published: June 2009

The ultrastructure of the reproductive system of adult male Trichinella spiralis has been examined, particularly to assist in recent advances such as the localization of target antigens of protective immunity and the mode of immune attack. The male reproductive system consists of a single tube with a hairpin-like bend, composed of a basal lamina, epithelial cells, rachis, circumferential and constrictor muscles, and germinal cells. The organs were surrounded by basal lamina and haemolymph. Germinal cells in different stages of maturation were found on the wall of the testis along its entire length. As the maturation of germinal cells proceeded, the cells moved towards the lumen of the testis. The germinal cells had a row of vesicles (cup-shaped structures) at the cell periphery. The mature sperm, lacking flagella and an acrosome, were stored in the seminal vesicle. The cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct was filled with distended rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and exocrine granules which appeared homogenous and of medium electron density. The granules appeared to discharge to the lumen.
The Effect of Heavy Stocking on the Worm Burden under a System of Rotational Grazing
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: June 2009

The developments which have taken place during recent years in the scientific management of grassland have resulted in a marked improvement both in the quality and in the quantity of the herbage produced. This has been brought about partly by frequent manuring, particularly with nitrogenous manures, and also by ensuring the close cropping of the grass at frequent intervals.
Investigations on Eelworm in Potatoes in South Lincolnshire
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: June 2009

The Failure Of the potato crop On some fields in South Lincolnshire has been noted for several years. The stunted growth of the plant, together with the wilting and yellowing of the foliage, usually associated with root trouble, were the symptoms observed, while the yield suffered greatly owing to the small size of the tubers formed. In a few instances the crop over the whole field was so poor that the yield hardly paid for the seed planted; others shewed bad patches which seemed to increase in size year after year.
Remarks on the Anatomical Structure and Systematic Position of the Stork's Lung-Filaria
Authors: Witenberg George
Published: June 2009

The following note is based on a sample of Filariae collected by Dr. W. Stefanski (University of Warsaw) from the trachea of a Black Stork shot in the neighbourhood of Warsaw and generously placed by him at my disposal.
Helminths of Wild Birds found in the Aberystwyth Area
Authors: Aneurin Lewis E.
Published: June 2009

In investigating the occurrence of helminthic parasites of wild birds it must be borne in mind that birds are migratory animals so that their parasites may be carried over a wide area. Also it is known that the intermediate hosts of bird helminths are in many cases very widely distributed and that in other cases species nearly related may act as alternative intermediate hosts.
Observations on Tylenchm musicola Cobb, 1919, from diseased Banana Roots
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

In March, 1928, Mr. S. F. Ashby of the Imperial Bureau of Mycology, sent the writer some portions of diseased banana roots for examination and determination of the nematodes occurring therein. The material had come from plants growing in the Palm House at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, where bananas of several species had been growing for some years in the same soil. Information was later sent that the plants had been in failing health for the last two or three years and that this year the symptoms of disease had become acute. These symptoms were said to be quite similar to those described by Nowell (1919) in the case of diseased “bluggoe“ banana in Grenada with which Tylenchus musicola was found to be associated.
Trichinosis Control in Copenhagen
Authors: Hewlett R. Tanner
Published: June 2009

During a recent visit to Copenhagen, through the courtesy of Dr. Bahr and of the Chief Veterinary Superintendent, I visited the Central Meat Market. Veterinary inspection of all living animals sent to the market is exercised, as well as of all carcases. If a carcase appears the least abnormal, without definite macroscopic changes, it is examined bacteriologically in an attached laboratory, equipped and staffed for the purpose, and all carcases of pigs, as well as any imported swine products, e.g., American hams, are subjected to examination for trichinosis. For this purpose, three small pieces of tissue are taken from every carcase or ham. From each piece of tissue six specimens are prepared for microscopical examination, so that eighteen microscopical specimens in all of every carcase, or other swine product, are subjected to examination. For the examination a “compressorium” is made use of, consisting of two rectangular pieces of plate glass, measuring about 6 in. × 2½ in., which are clamped together by a threaded bolt with nut at either end. One plate is divided into eighteen numbered squares, six squares longitudinally by three squares transversely. Particles of tissue about the size of a rice grain or so, with a drop of saline solution, are each placed in a square, so that the precise derivation of the material in each square may be recorded by its number. When all the squares have been filled, the corresponding plate is applied and screwed up, so as to squeeze out the tissue into a layer thin enough for microscopical examination with a low power, and in area about the size of a shilling. So far, there is nothing novel in the method, which has been practised for years, e.g., at Hamburg. But at Copenhagen, instead of direct microscopical examination of the specimen, an image of it is projected on to a screen, and is viewed thereon with the naked eye. One assistant can examine 100 specimens a day.
On the occurrence of Nematodes in the excretory duct of a Cestode Inermicapsifer hyracis
Authors: Baer Jean G.
Published: June 2009

While examining some sections of a specimen of Inermicapsifer hyracis (Rud.), we came across an extremely interesting and, what we believe to be, a unique occurrence.
Some Observations on Necator suillus Ackert and Payne, 1922
Authors: Buckley J. J. C.
Published: June 2009

From morphological, biological and experimental data it is concluded that the attempt to merge Necator suillus in the synonymy of N. americanus is utterly unjustified.
The Behaviour of sterilised exsheathed infective Trichostrongylid larvae in sterile media resembling their environment in Ovine hosts
Authors: Lapage Geoffrey
Published: June 2009

1. Attempts were made to cultivate in sterile artificial media the sterilised first parasitic larva of intestinal nematodes of sheep. These larvae were obtained by artificial production of the second ecdysis in 1 in 20 dilutions of Milton hypochlorite in distilled water.

2. Over 1,500 larvae were thus isolated, usually in hanging drops, in more than 200 different sterile media, containing ingredients likely to be present in the normal environment of these larvae inside their hosts.

3. None of the larvae showed any growth. Most formed the next sheath and were ready for the third ecdysis, but only 10 larvae actually performed this. The parasitic third larva thus liberated always emerged by a rent at the side of the eosophageal region of the sheath, and never by detachment of a cap like that characteristic of the second ecdysis. In every instance the parasitic third larva died immediately after the third ecdysis, which set it free. Two of these 10 larvae underwent the second and third ecdyses simultaneously.

4. The methods used by the writer (1933b) to induce artificially the second ecdysis always failed to produce the third ecdysis. No method of producing this at will was found.

5. The longest time any first parasitic larva lived was 41 days. Few of them lived, however, less than 8–10 days. A life of 18–30 days was more usual before visible signs of physiological abnormality appeared, such as the gradual vacuolation and emptying of the intestinal cells which usually preceded their death.

6. Those which were ready with a loose sheath for the third ecdysis, showed, as infective larvae also do, remarkable powers of resistance to changes produced in them by osmotic factors.

7. None of the larvae showed any particular reaction to blood, mucosa of the stomach or duodenum, nor, indeed, to any of the ferments or tissues these larvae encounter in their hosts. They seemed to be as indifferent in this respect as the sheathed infective larvae are.

8. A comparative physiological study of the sheathed infective and the exsheathed first parasitic phases of the second larva would verify, and perhaps modify, our knowledge of the functions of the so-called protective sheath of the infective larva.
Some Observations on the Effect of Digestive Juices on Scolices ofEchinococcus granulosus(Batsch).
Authors: Berberian D. A.
Published: June 2009

Experimentsin vivoandin vitroare reported on the action of digestive juices of various animals on the scolices ofE. granulosus. Inin vitrostudies, scolices ofE. granulosuswere placed in the digestive juices of different animals, incubated at 37°C., and the digestive action of the fluids was studied by examining portions of the material under the microscope.In vivoexperiments were carried out on kittens, rats and rabbits. These animals were fed large quantities of scolices of hydatid cyst membranes and they were killed at definite time intervals and their intestinal tract was carefully examined for scolices.

Gastric juice of rats, dogs, cats, sheep and cattle did not digest scolices. The action of the gastric juice of rabbits begins late and proceeds slowly. Human gastric juice causes incomplete digestion and acts only on the evaginated scolices.

The intestinal juices of man, rats, rabbits, sheep and cattle are able to digest scolices completely, whereas the intestinal juice of dogs and cats is inactive. In spite of the fact that cat intestinal juice is inactive, kittens are found to be slightly susceptible. Since they suffer only relatively light infestation and the rate of development is retarded, we would classify the cat as an “abnormal” host toE. granulosus.

Time of evagination of scolices from a single cyst or from cysts from different animals is variable. Some scolices evaginate readily, others more slowly and still others fail to evaginate completely.
Studies on the Life History ofBrachylaimus oesophageiShaldybin, 1953 (Digenea: Brachylaimidae)
Authors: Lewis J. W.
Published: June 2009

1.Brachylaimus oesophageiShaldybin, 1953 from the common shrew,Sorex araneus castaneusJenyns is described and compared with that of Shaldybin (1953) and a closely related speciesB. fulvusDujardin, 1843.

2. Despite unsuccessful attempts in hatching the egg ofB. oesophagei, some morphological features of the miracidium are described and compared with previous studies on brachylaimid miracidia. Neither flame cells nor epidermal plates have been observed in miracidia of this family and present observations confirm this.

3. A description is given of the cercaria and metacercaria ofB. oesophageifrom the kidney of the hollowed snailZonitoides excavatus(Bean) at Aberystwyth, but no sporocysts or cercariae were found in the digestive gland.

4. Previous work on brachylaimid life histories is discussed, together with a resumé of the life history ofB. oesophagei.
Studies on the Serological Response in Sheep to Naturally Acquired Gastro-intestinal Nematodes
Authors: Soulsby E. J. L.
Published: June 2009

An inverse relationship has been demonstrated between egg counts and antibody titres. This relationship is also evident on a seasonal basis in the “spring rise”.

The “spring rise” is preceded by a decrease in the immune status of the sheep and is terminated by a self cure mechanism which establishes a period of protection.

The significance of these findings is discussed with regard to the onset and development of the “spring rise”.
Some Observations on Cercaria splendens Szidat, 1932 from a New Intermediate Host, Planorbis vortex, in the Netherlands
Authors: van den Broek Elisabeth
Published: June 2009

(1) Cercaria splendens Szdiat was found in a specimen of Planorbis vortex, caught in a ditch near Utrecht, the Netherlands.

(2) Its morphology and behaviour are briefly described and compared with the data given by previous authors.

(3) A feeding experiment with the stickleback, Gasterosteus pungitus, is described. The preliminary conclusion is drawn that Gasterosteus is not the final host but probably acts as a transport host for this species.
A New Strigeid Trematode from an Australian Marsupial
Authors: Sandars Dorothea F.
Published: June 2009

A new species Fibricola sarcophila, is described from Sarcophilus harrisii from Tasmania. The history of previous records of strigeid from marsupial hosts is outlined and their possible relationships discussed.
On the Occurrence of Oesophageal Worms, Streptocara crassicauda, in Ornamental Ducks in Hampshire
Authors: Boughton E.
Published: June 2009

Deaths due to infection with Streptocara crassicauda (Creplin, 1829) occurred in three ornamental flocks of water fowl in Hampshire. On two occasions larvae of the worm were found in Gammarus sp. in the running water to which the flocks had access. Lesions were almost entirely in the oesophagus and pharynx, and death was usually due to necrosis, and consequent impaction, of the oesophagus It appears that the worm is capable of establishing itself in southern England.
Histochemical distribution of succinic dehydrogenase in the lymphatic system of a trematode Ceylonocotyle scoliocoelium
Authors: Sharma P. N.
Published: June 2009

Histochemical observations have been made on the localization and distribution pattern of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in the lymphatic system of Ceylonocotyle scoliocoelium by employing tetrazolium nitro BT. The enzyme activity appeared in the form of diformazon granules which are believed to consist of mitochondrial aggregates. It is further suggested that this enzyme helps in the transportation of the metabolites. This is the first report of SDH in the lymph channels involving transportation.
Strigeoid trematodes of Malaysia with descriptions of a new genus and three new species
Authors: Palmieri James R. , Krishnasamy M. , Sullivan John T.
Published: June 2009

Six species of strigeoid trematodes are reported from Malaysia. One new genus and 3 new species are described: Apatemon (Apatemon) jamesi sp. n. (Strigeidae); cercaria Cotylurus sullivani sp. n. (Strigeidae); Neodiplostomum (Neodiplostomum) sp. (Diplostomatidae); Fibricola ramachandrani (Diplostomatidae); Pseudoscolopacitrema otteri gen. n. et sp. n. (Diplostomatidae); and cercaria Cyathocotyle malayi sp. n. (Cyathocotylidae). The life cycles of A. jamesi and C. malayi have also been investigated.
Bufonerakis andersonin. gen. (Nematoda: Heterakoidea) fromBufo arenarumof South America
Authors: Baker M. R.
Published: June 2009

Bufonerakis andersonin. gen. n. sp. fromBufo arenarumof Argentina is described.Bufonerakisis proposed for species in the Subfamily Meteterakinae with a short muscular vagina and opposed uteri. The other genera in the subfamily,MeteterakisKarve, 1930, andGireterakisLane, 1917, have an elongate vagina divided into a short muscular portion and long common uterine trunk giving rise to two parallel uteri in the posterior third of the worm.Meteterakis rodriguesiVicente and Corrêa Gomes, 1971, is reclassified asBufonerakis rodriguesin. comb.
Development of Pelodera strongyloides (Schneider, 1860) Schneider, 1866 (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) in Culture
Authors: Cliff G. M. , Anderson R. C.
Published: June 2009

Dauerlarvae of Pelodera strongyloides, recovered from two species of lemmings, Dicrostonyx groenlandicus (Traill) and Lemmus trimucronatus (Richardson) trapped at Eskimo Point, N. W. T., were cultured on agar medium with E. coli. Development from egg to adult stage was followed. Eggs hatched between 22 and 26 hours at 22°C. The first moult occurred 24 to 28 hours after the eggs hatched, the second at 40 to 48 hours, the third at 60 to 64 hours and the fourth at 84 to 88 hours at 22°C. Adults lived approximately 5 to 6 days and females oviposited for 2 to 3 days during this time. All stages were measured and described. The effect of temperature on development was examined. Dauerlarvae survived freezing temperatures, short periods of desiccation and prolonged periods without food.
Immunofluorescent studies in filariasis: antibody levels in jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) infected with Brugia malayi
Authors: Singh Mulkit , Kane G. J. , Burren C. , Mackinlay L. M.
Published: June 2009

The indirect fluorescent antibody technique has been applied to detect antibody levels in jirds (meriones unguiculatus) infected with Brugia malayi. Sonicated antigens were prepared from microfilariae and adult worms. Sonicated microfilariae were found to be satisfactory for this purpose. Cyanogen bromide-activated sepharose coated with soluble antigens prepared from microfilariae and adult worms was also used to detect antibodies to Brugia infections. The present observation show that these techniques can be usefully applied for detection of filarial infections. Antibody titres in infected jirds generally ranged from 1: 16 –1:256 and were not affected by treatment with diethylcarbamazine.
Presence of cholesterol in the neutral lipids of three sheep cestodes
Authors: Nigam S. C. , Premvati G.
Published: June 2009

The adult worms of Stilesia globipunctata, Avitellina centripunctata and Moniezia expansa with immature, mature and gravid proglottids and having almost the same length were collected simultaneously from the sheep intestine. Neutral lipid concentration is about 2.2, 1.24 and 18.4% of the dried worm tissue respectively. Cholesterol is 87.8, 85.7 and 88.0% of the unsaponifiable material respectively.
A new genus of hymenolepid cestodes from the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica
Authors: Wason Anil , Johnson Sylvester
Published: June 2009

Paraoligorchis taterae gen. et sp.n. is described from the Indian gerbil Tatera indica. It is characterised by unarmed suckers; rudimentary and unarmed rostellum; 4–7 testes of which 1–2 are aporal and anterior to others which are in a transverse row; cirrus pouch extending beyond excretory stems; unilateral genital pores; genital ducts dorsal to excretory stems; prominent external and internal seminal vesicles; large rosette-like ovary; saccular uterus; vaginal opening posterior to that of the cirrus pouch; three-layered eggs devoid of both a pyriform apparatus and polar filaments. It has been compared with related genera of Hymenolepidinae and Anoplocephalinae and found to differ from all of these in some character or other.
Episthmium everardi sp.n. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) from a great kiskadee, Pitangus sulfuratus, in Trinidad
Authors: Rutledge Thomas A. , Schmidt Gerald D. , Tikasingh Elisha S.
Published: June 2009

Episthmium everardi sp.n. is described from a bird, Pitangus sulfuratus, from Trinidad, W.I. It differs from all other species in the genus in having 20 circumoral spines, each 20 to 22 long, and in the shape of the body, which is attenuated at its anterior end.
Further observations on the relationship and distribution of Schistosoma margrebowiei and S. leiperi in central southern Africa
Authors: Pitchford R. J. , Wolstenholme B.
Published: June 2009

A further survey in East Caprivi, Chobe National Park, Okavango swamps and Kavango was undertaken in June 1976. No evidence of lechwe schistosomes was found in droppings of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) nor baboons (Papio ursinus) living in lechwe habitats. It was thought that they were not capable of spreading or maintaining these parasites outside the confines of the known distribution of Kobus sp. The role of goats was equivocal but probably they too are poor hosts.

Kavango, an endemic area of S. haematobium and S. mansoni, was thought to be free of all animal schistosomes, thus confirming the hypotheses that (1) cattle and goats are poor hosts of the lechwe schistosomes and (2)S. mattheei was blocked from entering the territory by the presence of lechwe schistosomes in the surrounding areas. Evidence of schistosomes was not found in cattle and goats at Maun for the same reasons. The prevalence of S. mansoni at Maun has increased alarmingly over the past 20 years with a simultaneous disappearance of lechwe from the area. S. margrebowiei and S. leiperi eggs were found in lechwe and tsessebe droppings some 80 km north of Maun.

A high proportion of children with negative excreta from “non-endemic” areas in East Caprivi had positive CFT and/or skin tests, suggestive of exposure to lechwe schistosomes resulting in a possible immunity to S. mansoni and S. haematobium.
Immunohistological localisation of two hydatid antigens (antigen 5 and antigen B) in the cyst wall, brood capsules and protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus (ovine and equine) and E. multilocularis using immunoperoxidase methods
Authors: Rickard M. D. , Davies Caroline , Bout D. T. , Smyth J. D.
Published: June 2009

Cyst wall, brood capsules and evaginated protoscoleces of E. granulosus (ovine and equine) and E. multilocularis were fixed in 10% formol-saline embedded in paraffin and cut at 8 μm. Specific rabbit antisera to antigen 5 and antigen B of hydatid cyst fluid were used with immunoperoxidase methods to localise the antigens in the histological sections.

Antigen 5 was found in all parasites and was associated with cells of the subtegumental area of the protoscolex, the brood capsule wall and the germinal membrane. The labelled antigen appeared as distinct granules in all areas. It is suggested that antigen 5 may be synthesised in all of these sites and that a source of the antigen in cyst fluid may be the germinal and brood capsule membranes. The laminated membranes of E. granulosus (ovine and equine) were, except for the superficial layers, free from antigen 5.

Antigen B was present in all parasites. It was distributed diffusely throughout the laminated membrane, germinal membrane and brood capsule wall. There were areas of densely labelled antigen B on the surface of the distal cytoplasm of the protoscolex tegument and the surface of calcareous corpuscles. The distribution of antigen B in relation to PAS positive meterial and possible complement activating substances is discussed.

The laminated membrane of E. granulosus was apparently more permeable to antigen B than to antigen 5. It is suggested that differences in the diffusion of these antigens through the laminated membranes of hydatid cysts in the same or different host species may account for variable serological responses during infection.
Comparative histochemical studies of glycosidase activity in some helminths
Authors: Fujino T. , Ishii Y.
Published: June 2009

Comparative histochemical studies of glycosidase activity were carried out inClonorchis sinensis, Eurytrema pancreaticum, Fasciola hepatica, Dipylidium caninum, Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris suum, Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma caninum, Trichuris vulpis and Dirofilaria immitis. The enzymes examined were: N-Acetyl-α-Glucosaminidase (Ec 3.2.1.30), α-Glucuronidase (Ec 3.2.1.31) and α-Galactosidase (Ec 3.2.1.23). There were variations in enzyme distribution and intensity among the species and also between trematodes and nematodes; no marked positive reaction for these enzymes occurred in cestodes. In some trematodes, the caeca, especially in the brush border, and the tegument, subtegumental cells and testes, were reactive to the enzymes. In nematodes, although there was variation in reactions among species, N-acetyl-α-glucosaminidase and α-galactosidase were localized in the hypodermis and lateral cords excluding the excretory canal, and coelomocytes, intestinal epithelium and the walls of the reproductive systems.
A survey of intestinal helminths of well-cared-for dogs in Jamaica, and their potential public health significance
Authors: Robinson R. D. , Thompson D. L. , Lindo J. F.
Published: June 2009

This study investigates the level of helminthic infestation in better-cared-for dogs in a middle-class community in suburban Kingston. A canine zoographic study was conducted, and fresh faecal deposits were collected and analysed for helminth life-cycle stages. The survey indicated that 73% (n=93) of households in the study area owned one dog or more (mean=1·4). Resident's attitudes towards canine management suggested that the dog population was, in general, restricted to the residential estate, and most owners claimed to have dewormed their dogs at least as young animals. Of 141 faecal specimens, 58% contained eggs or larvae of one or more of eight helminths: Uncinaria stenocephala (26%), Ancylostoma sp. (23%), Trichuris vulpis (9%), Toxocara canis (8%), Spirocerca lupi (6%), Strongyloides sp. (6%), Apophallus sp. (4%) and taeniids (1%). There was a high level of multiple infection in the host animals, with approximately one fifth of the infected samples containing three or more helminth types. Infection intensity was apparently low, but some dogs harboured heavy worm loads.
The effect of fatty acids on the developmental direction of Strongyloides ratti first-stage larvae
Authors: Minematsu Takeya , Mimori Tatsuyuki , Tanaka Mitsuhiro , Tada Isao
Published: June 2009

The effect of fatty acids was studied on the developmental direction of Strongyloides ratti first-stage larvae (L1). The proportion of third-stage infective larvae increased markedly when L1 were cultured in faeces with added fatty acids such as palmitic (C16), stearic (C18), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acids. Unsaturated fatty acids were more effective than saturated ones. Moreover, the proportion of infective larvae increased with quantity of linoleic acid but the triacylglycerols of any fatty acid had no effect. These results suggest that these free fatty acids cause physiological changes that determine the developmental course of L1 of S. ratti in nature.
The course of infection in rats given small primary doses of Strongyloides ratti and S. venezuelensis
Authors: Carter K. Christine , Wilson P. A. G.
Published: June 2009

Development of exact doses (<100) of Strongyloides venezuelensis third-stage larvae in adult Wistar rats was insignificant (mean proportion of 0·076 of the dose at day 8, n = 16) compared with a homogonic strain of S. ratti (0·538, n = 6; 0·726, n = 6) and heterogonic S. ratti (0·681, n = 6). Newly-weaned Wistars allowed development of a mean proportion of S. venezuelensis of 0·298 (n = 4) compared with 0·013 (n = 4) of the same sample of larvae in adult hosts. Experiments with 75Se-labelled larvae established that S. venezuelensis effectively failed to migrate from skin to intestine in adult animals, while mean proportions of 0·141 (n = 5) and 0·138 (n = 4) of the label was found in the intestines of newly-weaned rats 72 h after skin application. Labelled larvae of homogonic S. ratti migrated equally well in both age groups of host (0·350 and 0·358 in 12- and 3-week-olds respectively). Adult S. venezuelensis transferred surgically to the intestines of previously uninfected full-grown Wistars survived over a 21-day period to the same extent as either strain of S. ratti. Resistance of Wistar rats to S. venezuelensis therefore appears to affect the migratory stage preferentially. S. venezuelensis developed better in mature PVG inbred rats (mean = 0·301, n = 20). Studies of S. ratti showed that infections of both strains initiated by exact (<100) doses in Wistar rats had decayed to insignificance between days 26 and 32. The rate of loss of adults of the heterogonic strain was significantly greater than that for the homogonic. The egg content of worms declined as infection progressed and rats were idiosyncratic in their influence on parasite reproduction from the earliest time of sampling (8 d). It was established that ‘autoinfection’ was an unlikely feature of the biology of homogonic S. ratti following the surgical transfer of 450 first-stage larvae to the intestines of 8 adult Wistar rats. No evidence of infection appeared in the guts of these animals 8 days post-transfer. The significance of these results in terms of the biology of Strongyloides spp. naturally occurring in the rat is discussed.
Lipid metabolism inTrichuris globulosa(Nematoda)
Authors: Sarwal Rashmi , Sanyal S. N. , Khera S.
Published: June 2009

Adult males and females ofTrichuris globulosa, an intestinal nematode parasite of goats, were studied for their lipid composition, capability of incorporation of (Na)-1-14C-acetate into different lipid classes and the activity of certain key enzymes of lipid metabolism. The parasite possesses a large variety of lipids including certain complex lipids. These are phosphatidylcholine (PC), diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), plasmalogens (choline+ethanolamine), mono-, di- and triacylglycerols, free and esterified cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), gangliosides, cerebrosides (glycosyl ceramide) and sulphuric acid esters of cerebrosides (sulphatides). The females contain more lipids than males, particularly the acylglycerols and phospholipids, possibly to meet the energy requirement and structural entities for the daily production of large numbers of eggs. Incorporation studies of labelled substrate, sodium-1-14C acetate demonstrate that the adult female has extremely active mechanisms for biosynthesizing these lipids. Most of the labels are found in PC, PE, SM, acylglycerols, NEFA, gangliosides, cerebrosides and sulphatides. Cholesterol, although a minor component of the parasitic lipids, incorporates large amount of label and also undergoes fast turnover. Kinetic analysis of the incorporation by measuring the rate constant (k) and half life (t½) reveals that gangliosides are the fastest biosynthesizing and turning over lipids, although they constitute only 0·1% of the total lipids. The presence of important enzymes of lipid biosynthesis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA reductase and an enzyme of lipid ester hydrolysis, triacylglycerol lipase, is also established inT. globulosa. Michaelis-Menten kinetic characteristics of the parasitic enzymes (Km, Vmax, v and the first order rate constant, k) are comparable with those of rat liver homogenates.
Muellerius capillaris in north-east Zaire: prevalence in sheep and goats and determination of intermediate hosts
Authors: Cabaret J. , Chartier C.
Published: June 2009

Muellerius capillaris was the only species of nematode recovered from the lungs of young and adult sheep and goats of north-east Zaire. The prevalences were of 19% (sheep) and 32% (goats). The slug Atoxon pallens contained larvae in natural conditions and represents a potential intermediate host. The land snails Achatinidae (Achatina stuhlmanni and Limicolaria spp.) could not be experimentally infected with M. capillaris larvae.
Effects of galactose, mannitol, glucose and α-methyl-D-glucoside on the incorporation of32P-inorganic phosphate into phospholipids inHymenolepis diminuta(Cestoda)
Authors: Ip Y. K. , Khan M. M.
Published: June 2009

In the presence of glucose and galactose, the incorporation of radioactive inorganic phosphate (32Pi) into phosphatidylcholine ofHymenolepis diminutawas significantly lowered as compared to the control, whereas other phospholipids remained unaffected. α-methyl-D-glucoside, however, significantly lowered the amount of32Pi incorporated into phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid. Mannitol did not have any effect on the incorporation of32Pi into the phospholipids ofH. diminuta. The effect of glucose and α-methylglucoside on phospholipid metabolism was both time and concentration dependent. The inorganic, organic, total and phosphatidylcholine-bound phosphate ofH. diminutain the presence of various substrates were not significantly different from the control values under all incubation conditions. The results indicate that the observations made in the presence of external glucose, galactose and α-methylglucoside were due to their physical interaction with the transport mechanism in the tegumental membrane ofH. diminutaand also their being subsequently metabolized in the cases of the former two hexoses.
Larval Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809, det. Krabbe, 1878) and larval Hysterothylacium sp. (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) in euphausiids (Crustacea: Malacostraca) in the North-East Atlantic and northern North Sea
Authors: Smith John W.
Published: June 2009

Over 26000 specimens representing five euphausiid species collected, mostly in 1969, in the North-East Atlantic and northern North Sea were examined for parasites. Hysterothylacium sp. larvae were rare, occurring in only two euphausiid samples from inshore localities; the 9 larvae found (3.8 to 12.3 mm long) are described and illustrated. Infection with larval Anisakis simplex was virtually restricted to Thysanoessa spp. and appeared to be discontinuous. Infection was absent to the west of Scotland, and rare to the north of Scotland and at the Faroes. Larval A. simplex was not uncommon in offshore regions of the northern North Sea at depths between 100 and 200 m; the prevalence rate there for individual euphausiid species in individual samples was mostly 0 to 40% but an exceptionally high rate of 78.0% was recorded. Larvae in euphausiids do not become encapsulated but appear to remain active. Experimental observations on the sedimentation rate of A. simplex eggs and hatched larvae in sea water at 10°C are discussed in relation to embryonation and hatching at different temperatures, and depth of the sea. New host records are claimed for larval A. simplex in Nyctiplutnes couchii, and for larval Hysterothylacium sp. in Thysanoessa inermis. No individual euphausiid harboured more than one parasite, either larval nematode or ellobiopsid (see also SMITH, 1981). Morphological and morphometric observations on larval A. simplex from euphausiids are reported elsewhere (SMITH, 1983).
Factors influencing the establishment of Mesocestoides corti in mice following oral inoculation of tetrathyridia
Authors: White T. R. , Thompson R. C. A. , Penhale W. J.
Published: June 2009

Factors which influence the establishment of tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti in mice following inoculation per os were examined. Only a proportion of the tetrathyridia penetrate the gut wall and gain access to the peritoneal cavity and liver, and most of these penetrate through the wall of the small intestine. It appears that tetrathyridia must attach to the intestinal mucosa and commence penetration immediately or they pass into the large intestine and are voided. Establishment was not influenced by strain, sex or age of host. However, the temperature at which tetrathyridia were maintained before inoculation did influence their ability to penetrate the intestinal wall. Additionally it appears that tetrathyridia have to undergo a morphological change before or during, this penetration phase.