bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engineering the magnetic order in epitaxially strained Sr1−xBaxMnO3 perovskite thin films
Authors: Maurel L. , Marcano N. , Langenberg E. , Guzmán R. , Prokscha T. , Magén C. , Pardo J. A. , Algarabel P. A.
Published: April 2019

Chemical doping and epitaxy can be used to tailor the magnetoelectric properties of multiferroic thin films, such as SrMnO3. Here, we study the dependence of the magnetic order temperatures of Sr1−xBaxMnO3 thin films on epitaxial strain and Ba content. Combining low-energy muon spin spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy, the broadness of the magnetic transition is attributed to the presence of a Mn-O-Mn angle gradient along the out-of-plane direction. We also demonstrate that the unit cell volume is the key parameter to determine the Néel temperature in Sr1−xBaxMnO3 thin films showing G-type antiferromagnetic order. The occurrence of a simultaneously ferroelectric and ferromagnetic ground state at high strain levels is suggested for the Sr0.8Ba0.2MnO3 thin film deposited on TbScO3.
Drop impacting on a single layer of particles: Evolution of ring without particles
Authors: Zheng Jiangen , Li Jiayan , Tao Feng , Zhang Lingjun , Huang Yingzhou , Wang Shuxia , Chen Guo
Published: April 2019

In this study, we examined the impacts of a millimeter sized water drop hitting a layer of uniformly distributed particles on a hydrophilic/hydrophobic glass slide. A ring/disc structure without particles was formed and modified by two mechanisms: pushout and pullback. The pushout factor dominated the process when the drop hit on the hydrophilic glass slide, while the pullback factor played a decisive role during impact on the hydrophobic surface. The rebound of a drop on the hydrophobic surface formed a disc-shaped ring. We showed that the ratio of the effects of these two factors on the ring/disc width were independent from the impact speed, in both experimental and scaling analyses. Our results also suggested that higher hydrophobicity of a water drop on the hydrophobic glass slide, instead of a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) particle surface, resulted in a lower maximum spreading distance when the drop hit the PMMA particle layer on a hydrophobic surface.
Three-phase equilibria in density-functional theory: Interfacial tensions
Authors: Koga Kenichiro , Indekeu Joseph O.
Published: April 2019

A mean-field density-functional model for three-phase equilibria in fluids (or other soft condensed matter) with two spatially varying densities is analyzed analytically and numerically. The interfacial tension between any two out of three thermodynamically coexisting phases is found to be captured by a surprisingly simple analytic expression that has a geometric interpretation in the space of the two densities. The analytic expression is based on arguments involving symmetries and invariances. It is supported by numerical computations of high precision, and it agrees with earlier conjectures obtained for special cases in the same model. An application is presented to three-phase equilibria in the vicinity of a tricritical point. Using the interfacial tension expression and employing the field variables compatible with tricritical point scaling, the expected mean-field critical exponent is derived for the vanishing of the critical interfacial tension as a function of the deviation of the noncritical interfacial tension from its limiting value, upon approach to a critical endpoint in the phase diagram. The analytic results are again confirmed by numerical computations of high precision.
New Zealand dairy farmers preference investments in automation technology over decision-support technology
Authors: Dela Rue B. T. , Eastwood C. R. , Edwards J. P. , Cuthbert S.
Published: April 2019

Dairy farmers are adopting precision technologies to assist with milking and managing their cows due to increased herd sizes and a desire to improve labour efficiency, productivity and sustainability. In the present study, we evaluated the adoption of technologies installed at or near the dairy, and milking practices, on New Zealand dairy farms. These data quantify current use of technology for milking and labour efficiency, and decision-making, and provide insight into future technology adoption. A telephone survey of 500 farmers, randomly selected from a database of New Zealand dairy farms, was conducted in 2018. Adoption for all farms is indicated for six automation technologies, including automatic cup removers (39%), automatic drafting (24%), automatic teat spraying (29%), computer-controlled in-shed feeding (29%), automatic plant wash (18%) and automatic yard wash systems (27%). Five data-capture technologies also included in the survey were electronic milk meters (8%), automatic animal weighing (7%), in-line mastitis detection (7%), automatic heat detection (3%) and electronic animal-identification readers (23%). Analysis by dairy type indicated an adoption level for the automation technologies in rotary dairies of 36–77%, and 7–49% for data-capture technologies, with 10% having none of these 11 technologies installed. This compares with herringbone dairies at 4–21% and 2–11% for automation and data-capture technologies respectively, with 56% having none of these technologies. Rotary dairies, with a combination of automatic cup removers, automatic teat spraying, and automatic drafting, were associated with 43% higher labour efficiency (cows milked/h.person) and 14% higher milking efficiency (cows milked/h) than were rotary dairies without all three technologies. Dairy farmers will increasingly use technologies that deliver value, and the present study has provided information to guide investment decisions, product development and research in areas such as applying technology in new workplaces.
Urea-induced nitrous oxide emissions under sub-tropical rain-fed sorghum and sunflower were nullified by DMPP, partially mitigated by polymer-coated urea, or enhanced by a blend of urea and polymer-coated urea
Authors: Schwenke G. D. , Haigh B. M.
Published: April 2019

Delaying the accumulation of soil nitrate from urea applied at sowing should mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions without compromising optimum crop production. This delay may be achieved chemically using a nitrification inhibitor such as 3,4 dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), or physically by coating urea with a degradable polymer (PCU). In five field experiments across three summers, the impact of DMPP-coated urea applied at sowing on soil mineral nitrogen (N), N2O emissions and yields of grain sorghum or sunflower grown on sub-tropical Vertosols was assessed. At two experiments, DMPP effects on plant N uptake, soil N movement and total N loss were determined with 15N. One experiment included PCU and several blends: urea+DMPP-urea; urea+PCU; urea+DMPP-urea+PCU. Averaged across all experiments, DMPP reduced cumulative N2O emitted by 92% (range: 65–123%) and N2O emission factor (EF: percent of applied N emitted) by 88%. There was no statistical difference in N2O emitted between the 0N control and DMPP-urea. PCU reduced N2O emitted by 27% and EF by 34%. The urea+DMPP-urea blend also nullified urea-induced N2O, but urea+PCU increased N2O emissions and decreased grain yield due to a mismatch between soil N availability and plant N demand. DMPP arrested 15N movement in soil and reduced total 15N loss from 35% to 15% at one of the two 15N experiments. Applying DMPP-urea at sowing is an effective N strategy that nullifies urea-induced N2O emissions, maintains crop yield, and retains N in the soil–plant system. Negative impacts of the PCU+urea blend highlight the influence of growing season conditions on fertiliser N release.
HIV-1 Vpr counteracts HLTF-mediated restriction of HIV-1 infection in T cells
Authors: Yan Junpeng , Shun Ming-Chieh , Zhang Yi , Hao Caili , Skowronski Jacek
Published: April 2019

Significance

An obligatory step in the replication cycle of all retroviruses involves reverse transcription of their RNA genomes into double-stranded DNA for integration into the host cell chromosome. The process of synthesizing double-stranded HIV-1 DNA is carried out by viral reverse transcriptase, which lacks some of the enzymatic activities necessary to accomplish this task. Thus, the process is completed by cellular postreplication DNA repair enzymes. Here, we report that select aspects of the cellular postreplication DNA machinery restrict HIV-1 replication in dividing T cells and that these restrictions are counteracted by HIV-1 Vpr accessory virulence factor. Our studies reveal that specific cellular postreplication DNA repair enzymes can sense and inhibit HIV-1 infection, and hence constitute a class of HIV-1 restriction factors.
From Bloch oscillations to many-body localization in clean interacting systems
Authors: van Nieuwenburg Evert , Baum Yuval , Refael Gil
Published: April 2019

In this work we demonstrate that nonrandom mechanisms that lead to single-particle localization may also lead to many-body localization, even in the absence of disorder. In particular, we consider interacting spins and fermions in the presence of a linear potential. In the noninteracting limit, these models show the well-known Wannier–Stark localization. We analyze the fate of this localization in the presence of interactions. Remarkably, we find that beyond a critical value of the potential gradient these models exhibit nonergodic behavior as indicated by their spectral and dynamical properties. These models, therefore, constitute a class of generic nonrandom models that fail to thermalize. As such, they suggest new directions for experimentally exploring and understanding the phenomena of many-body localization. We supplement our work by showing that by using machine-learning techniques the level statistics of a system may be calculated without generating and diagonalizing the Hamiltonian, which allows a generation of large statistics.
Exploring the use of translanguaging to measure the mathematics knowledge of emergent bilingual students
Authors: Lopez Alexis A. , Guzman-Orth Danielle , Turkan Sultan
Published: April 2019

The study reported in this article investigated the design and implementation of a flexible bilingual mathematics assessment that allows for translanguaging whenever needed, to help the mathematics knowledge of emergent bilingual students emerge. The assessment included 10 mathematics items, six selected-response and four constructed-response items, which were enhanced with dual language supports such as seeing and listening to the items, writing or saying a response, and showing synonyms for certain words, all in English, Spanish, or any combination of both languages. These supports allow test takers to draw on their entire linguistic repertoire and their full range of linguistic practices to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in mathematics. Ten emergent bilingual students participated in cognitive interviews designed to collect data on usability and perception of the usefulness of the dual language supports. It was found that students were able to use the available supports strategically whenever needed, used their entire linguistic repertoire to complete the items, and had a positive perception of the supports.
Towards a better understanding of the link between executive functions, early literacy, and emergent mathematical
abilities
Authors: Schwarz Mila , Shaul Shelley
Published: April 2019

The aim of the current study was two-fold. It aimed (i) to examine how a multi-component task, as well as more
specific executive function (EF) tasks, are related to a wide range of early literacy (phonological awareness, orthographic
knowledge, word writing) and emergent mathematical abilities; and (ii) to broaden our understanding of the similar
(domain-general) or differential (domain-specific) nature of these relations. The study was conducted in the northern part of
Israel. Our results indicated that the multi-component task Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders, which taps most EF
components (attentional control, inhibition, shifting, and working memory) significantly contributed to most domains of preschool
academic development. These included orthographic knowledge and emergent mathematical abilities even after controlling for the
role of background cognitive skills.

The findings showed that EF tasks have domain-general predictive power for pre-academic abilities that are less
automatic and require more effortful processing of information such as word writing at preschool age. Moreover, our results
provide clear empirical evidence for the psychometric validity of the multi-component task as a tool that can assess individual
differences in EFs for the early identification of children at risk for academic difficulties. This finding can contribute to
practitioners searching for an ecologically valid, age-appropriate, and age-sensitive measure of EF abilities as a diagnostic
tool.
Ruminal fluids as substrate for investigating production diseases of small and large ruminant species.
Authors: Filipe J. F. S. , Riva F. , Bani P. , Trevisi E. , Amadori M.
Published: April 2019

Production diseases are a huge problem for high-yielding dairy cows, especially during the post-calving period when a negative energy balance is present and the animals are unable to achieve enough feed energy intake to match their high requests. Correct management of production diseases demands an early diagnostic approach and prognostic parameters. In ruminants, metabolic stress greatly influences forestomach physiology, including immune responses. Therefore a proper evaluation of production diseases in ruminants should also include markers of the innate immune response to metabolic stress. New studies suggest that forestomach immune responses could be focused to 'dangers' arising in the rumen (diet unbalance, abnormal fermentations), but also arise as reporter system of disease conditions elsewhere in the body. This means that ruminal fluids could be useful diagnostic specimens, and their immune markers could integrate consolidated diagnostic parameters (e.g. rumen pH and volatile fatty acids, milk cell counts, blood, faecal analytes) and contribute to robust, early diagnosis of production diseases in dairy cattle.
Amplitude of the circadian rhythm of temperature in homeotherms.
Authors: Maloney S. K. , Goh G. , Fuller A. , Vesterdorf K. , Blache D.
Published: April 2019

In most endothermic homeotherms, core body temperature follows a circadian rhythm. This review focuses on the amplitude of the circadian rhythm of body temperature (CRT) because the amplitude of the CRT has received increasing attention in the last few years. First, we discuss the methodology that can be used to measure the CRT, and the methodology used to calculate the amplitude of the CRT. Then, we illustrate the effect of changes in the external and internal environments on the amplitude of the CRT. Quite interestingly, as illustrated in this paper, while the molecular and hormonal basis of the CRT is well understood, the control of the amplitude is not. We conclude that challenges in the capacity of the animal to thermoregulate, or to manage energy, can impact on the amplitude of the CRT.
A discussion of children with obvious hearing and balance disorders being mislabelled in the psycho-neuro-developmental and educational world
Authors: Glenney Margaret R.
Published: April 2019

There is ample evidence, both historical, and more recent electrophysiological, that children with a variety of speech, language and learning labels in fact have disorders of hearing and balance. One of the main purposes of attempting to discern the origin or aetiology of a disorder is its relevance to inform rehabilitative measures. To that end, it is herein postulated that audiology needs to evaluate whether children with hearing and vestibular problems are being overlooked and misdiagnosed, and what implications that has for further research and the children that are at risk.
An experimental apparatus to measure soot morphology at high pressures using multi-angle light scattering
Authors: Amin Hafiz M F , Roberts William L
Published: April 2019

In this work, a novel experimental setup is described which is designed and built specifically to study soot morphology using light scattering and extinction techniques at elevated pressures. The experimental setup consists of a counterflow burner housed inside a pressure vessel. A unique feature of this pressure vessel is the four curved optical windows which can provide the required optical access for light scattering measurements in order to infer the morphological parameters of soot. Using this setup, N
2-diluted ethylene and air counterflow flames are stabilized from 3 to 5 atm. Global strain rate (a) of 30 s−1 is maintained at all conditions and all the flames studied are soot formation (SF) flames. Light scattering by soot is measured between 15° to 165° at different locations along the axis of the burner. Ratio of total scattering to absorption (ρ
sa), path averaged soot volume fraction (f 
v), mean primary particle size (d
p), mean radius of gyration of aggregates (R
gm) and fractal dimension (D
f) are calculated from multi-angle light scattering and extinction data using Rayleigh–Debye–Gans theory for fractal aggregates (RDG-FA). ρ
sa, f 
v, d
p, and R
gm increase as the pressure is raised. The scattering contribution in these measurements vary from 1.3% to 16% of absorption which suggests that wide angle optical access is essential for accurate measurements of f 
v. D
f equal to 1.27 is measured near the flame at 3 atm which increases as the particles are convected away from the flame and D
f increases to 1.98 at 5 atm.
ENSO drives near-surface oxygen and vertical habitat variability in the tropical Pacific
Authors: Leung Shirley , Thompson LuAnne , McPhaden Michael J , Mislan K A S
Published: April 2019

El Niño-Southern oscillation (ENSO) is the leading cause of sea surface temperature variability in the tropical Pacific with known impacts on tuna geographic range, but its effects on oxygen and available oxygenated habitat space are less clear. Variations in oxygenated vertical habitat space in the upper-ocean can alter interactions between predator and prey, as well as drive changes in the vulnerability of economically important tuna and other pelagic fish to surface fishing gear. Usingin situmeasurements, we show that ENSO is the primary driver of upper-ocean oxygen partial pressure (pO2) variability on year-to-year time scales in the tropical Pacific. Mechanistically, these pO2variations are primarily caused by vertical shifts in thermocline depth, which alternately elevate and depress cold, hypoxic waters from the ocean interior depending on the ENSO phase and location. Transport-driven, isopycnal pO2variations within the thermocline also play an important but secondary role. In the western tropical Pacific, waters within the exclusive economic zones of Palau, Micronesia, Nauru, and the Marshall Islands undergo the greatest variations in oxygenated tuna vertical habitat extent: approximately 19.5 m, 23.9 m, 19.5 m, and 19.3 m, respectively, between El Niño and La Niña phases. Oxygen thus plays an important role in altering available tuna vertical habitat space between different phases of ENSO.
An update on the thermosteric sea level rise commitment to global warming
Authors: Hieronymus Magnus
Published: April 2019

The equilibrium thermosteric sea level rise caused by global warming is evaluated in several coupled climate models. The thermosteric sea level rise is found to be well approximated as a linear function of the mean ocean temperature increase in the models. However, the mean ocean temperature increase as a function of the mean surface temperature increase differs between the models. Our models can be divided into two branches; models with an Atlantic meridional overturning circulation that increases with warming have large mean ocean temperature increases and vice versa. These two different branches give estimates of the equilibrium thermosteric sea level rise per degree of surface warming that are respectively 98% and 21% larger than the estimate given in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Our estimates of the equilibrium thermosteric sea level rise are also used to infer an equilibrium sea level sensitivity, a parameter akin to the often used equilibrium climate sensitivity metric.
Euler partial differential equations and Schwartz distributions
Authors: Vogt Dietmar
Published: April 2019

Euler operators are partial differential operators of the formP(θ)P(\theta )wherePPis a polynomial andθj=xj∂/∂xj\theta _j = x_j \partial /\partial x_j. They are surjective on the space of temperate distributions onRd\mathbb {R}^d. We show that this is, in general, not true for the space of Schwartz distributions onRd\mathbb {R}^d,d≥3d\ge 3, ford=1d=1; however, it is true. It is also true for the space of distributions of finite order onRd\mathbb {R}^dand on certain open setsΩ⊂Rd\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^d, like the Euclidean unit ball.
Rank reduction of string C-group representations
Authors: Brooksbank Peter , Leemans Dimitri
Published: April 2019

We show that a rank reduction technique for string C-group representations first used in [Adv. Math. 228 (2018), pp. 3207–3222] for the symmetric groups generalizes to arbitrary settings. The technique permits us, among other things, to prove that orthogonal groups defined on

d
d

-dimensional modules over fields of even order greater than 2 possess string C-group representations of all ranks

3
⩽
n
⩽
d

3\leqslant n\leqslant d

. The broad applicability of the rank reduction technique provides fresh impetus to construct, for suitable families of groups, string C-groups of highest possible rank. It also suggests that the alternating group

Alt
⁡
(
11
)

\operatorname {Alt}(11)

—the only known group having “rank gaps”—is perhaps more unusual than previously thought.
Chromosome detachment from the nuclear envelope is required for genomic stability in closed mitosis
Authors: Chen Rey-Huei
Published: April 2019

Mitosis in metazoans involves detachment of chromosomes from the nuclear envelope (NE) and NE breakdown, whereas yeasts maintain the nuclear structure throughout mitosis. It remains unknown how chromosome attachment to the NE might affect chromosome movement in yeast. By using a rapamycin-induced dimerization system to tether a specific locus of the chromosome to the NE, I found that the tethering delays the separation and causes missegregation of the region distal to the tethered site. The phenotypes are exacerbated by mutations in kinetochore components and Aurora B kinase Ipl1. The chromosome region proximal to the centromere is less affected by the tether, but it exhibits excessive oscillation before segregation. Furthermore, the tether impacts full extension of the mitotic spindle, causing abrupt shrinkage or bending of the spindle in shortened anaphase. The study supports detachment of chromosomes from the NE being required for faithful chromosome segregation in yeast and segregation of tethered chromosomes being dependent on a fully functional mitotic apparatus.
A critical assessment of the feature selection methods used for biomarker discovery in current metaproteomics studies
Authors: Tang Jing , Wang Yunxia , Fu Jianbo , Zhou Ying , Luo Yongchao , Zhang Ying , Li Bo , Yang Qingxia , Xue Weiwei , Lou Yan , Qiu Yunqing , Zhu Feng
Published: April 2019

Microbial community (MC) has great impact on mediating complex disease indications, biogeochemical cycling and agricultural productivities, which makes metaproteomics powerful technique for quantifying diverse and dynamic composition of proteins or peptides. The key role of biostatistical strategies in MC study is reported to be underestimated, especially the appropriate application of feature selection method (FSM) is largely ignored. Although extensive efforts have been devoted to assessing the performance of FSMs, previous studies focused only on their classification accuracy without considering their ability to correctly and comprehensively identify the spiked proteins. In this study, the performances of 14 FSMs were comprehensively assessed based on two key criteria (both sample classification and spiked protein discovery) using a variety of metaproteomics benchmarks. First, the classification accuracies of those 14 FSMs were evaluated. Then, their abilities in identifying the proteins of different spiked concentrations were assessed. Finally, seven FSMs (FC, LMEB, OPLS-DA, PLS-DA, SAM, SVM-RFE and T-Test) were identified as performing consistently superior or good under both criteria with the PLS-DA performing consistently superior. In summary, this study served as comprehensive analysis on the performances of current FSMs and could provide a valuable guideline for researchers in metaproteomics.
Uptake of D-xylose and L-arabinose in Haloferax volcanii involves an ABC transporter of the CUT1 subfamily
Authors: Johnsen Ulrike , Ortjohann Marius , Sutter Jan-Moritz , Geweke Sarah , Schönheit Peter
Published: April 2019

Haloferax volcanii degrades D-xylose and L-arabinose via an oxidative pathway to α-ketoglutarate as an intermediate. The enzymes of this pathway are encoded by the xac gene cluster (xylose and arabinose catabolism) which also contains genes (xacGHIJK) that encode all components of a putative ABC transporter. The xacGHIJK genes encode one substrate binding protein, two transmembrane domains and two nucleotide binding domains. It is shown here, that xacGHIJK is upregulated by both D-xylose and L-arabinose mediated by the transcriptional regulator XacR, the general regulator of xac genes. Knock-out mutants of xacG and of xacGHIJK resulted in a reduced growth rate on both pentoses; wild type growth could be recovered by complementation in trans. Together, the data indicate that uptake of xylose and arabinose in H. volcanii is mediated by this ABC transporter. Pentose specific ABC transporters, homologous to that of H. volcanii, were identified in other haloarchaea suggesting a similar function in pentose uptake in these archaea. Sequence analyses attribute the haloarchaeal pentose ABC transporter to the CUT1 (carbohydrate uptake transporter 1) subfamily.
The Right Not to be Dominated: The Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights on Migrants’ Destitution
Authors: Slingenberg Lieneke
Published: April 2019

The European Court of Human Rights increasingly deals with migrants’ complaints about destitution in their host state under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the prohibition of inhuman and degrading treatment). This case law has been criticized for not being consistent and/or for not providing migrants with enough protection. Based on a systematic case law search, in this article, I analyse Article 3 case law on migrants’ destitution from a new perspective: the concept of freedom as non-domination, as developed in (neo) republican theory. It will argue that, seen through this lens, many tendencies in the Court’s case law can be explained and constructed as consistent, and it is submitted that in this way the Court does provide migrants with important protection against unfreedom. Nevertheless, I also argue in the article that the case law could be improved in a number of ways in order to provide more effective and robust protection against domination.
Morphology, Ecology, and Biogeography of Independent Origins of Cleaning Behavior Around the World
Authors: Baliga Vikram B , Mehta Rita S
Published: April 2019

Members of an ecological guild may be anticipated to show morphological convergence, as similar functional demands exert similar selective pressures on phenotypes. Nature is rife with examples, however, where such taxa instead exhibit ‘incomplete’ convergence or even divergence. Incorporating factors such as character displacement by other guild members or variation in ecological specialization itself may therefore be necessary to gain a more complete understanding of what constrains or promotes diversity. Cleaning, a behavior in which species remove and consume ectoparasites from “clientele,” has been shown to exhibit variation in specialization and has evolved in a variety of marine habitats around the globe. To determine the extent to which specialization in this tropic strategy has affected phenotypic evolution, we examined the evolution of cleaning behavior in five marine fish families: Labridae, Gobiidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, and Embiotocidae. We used a comparative framework to determine patterns of convergence and divergence in body shape and size across non-cleaning and cleaning members within these five clades. Highly specialized obligate cleaning, found in the Indo-Pacific and the Caribbean, evolved in the Labridae and Gobiidae at strikingly similar times. In these two regions, obligate cleaning evolves early, shows convergence on an elongate body shape, and is restricted to species of small body size. Facultative cleaning, shown either throughout ontogeny or predominately in the juvenile phase, exhibits a much more varied phenotype, especially in geographic regions where obligate cleaning occurs. Collectively, our results are consistent with varying extents of an ecological specialization constraining or spurring morphological evolution in recurrent ways across regions.
Sharing personal health record data elements in protective custody: youth and stakeholder perspectives
Authors: Dexheimer Judith W , Greiner Mary V , Beal Sarah J , Johnson Darius , Kachelmeyer Andrea , Vaughn Lisa M
Published: April 2019

Objective

The study sought to develop the necessary elements for a personalized health record (PHR) for youth emancipating from child protective custody (eg, foster care) by collecting thoughts and ideas from current and former foster youth and community stakeholders who have a significant amount of experience working with emancipating young people.

Materials and Methods

We employed a mixed methods, participatory research design using concept mapping to identify key features for PHR across stakeholders.

Results

In the clusters, common themes for necessary elements for a PHR included health education, health tips, medication instructions, diagnoses including severity, and website resources that could be trusted to provide reliable information, and addressed data privacy issues such as the primary user being able to choose what diagnoses to share with their trusted adult and the ability to assign a trusted adult to view a part of the record.

Discussion

By directly involving youth in the design of the PHR, we are able to ensure we included the necessary health and life skills elements that they require. As a PHR is created for foster youth, it is important to consider the multiple uses that the data may have for emancipated youth.

Conclusion

A PHR for foster youth needs to include an appropriate combination of information and education for a vulnerable population. In addition to providing some of their basic health and custody information, a PHR provides an opportunity to give them information that can be trusted to explain common diagnoses, medications, and family health history risks.
Total body irradiation induced mouse small intestine senescence as a late effect
Authors: Zhao Yu , Zhang Junling , Han Xiaodan , Fan Saijun
Published: April 2019

Radiation can induce senescence in many organs and tissues; however, it is still unclear how radiation stimulates senescence in mouse small intestine. In this study, we use the bone marrow transplantation mouse model to explore the late effects of total body irradiation on small intestine. Our results showed that almost all of the body hairs of the irradiated mice were white (which is an indication of aging) 10 months after the exposure to radiation. Furthermore, compared with the age-matched control mice, there were more SA-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal)–positive cells and an upregulation of p16 and p21 in 8 Gy–irradiated mice intestinal crypts, indicating that radiation induced senescence in the small intestine. Intestinal bacterial flora profile analysis showed that the diversity of the intestinal bacterial flora decreased in irradiated mice; in addition it showed that the principal components of the irradiated and control mice differed: there was increased abundance of Bacteroidia and a decreased abundance of Clostridia in irradiated mice. To explore the underlying mechanism, an RNA-sequence was executed; the results suggested that pancreatic secretion, and the digestion and absorption of proteins, carbohydrates, fats and vitamins were damaged in irradiated mice, which may be responsible for the body weight loss observed in irradiated mice. In summary, our study suggested that total body irradiation may induce senescence in the small intestine and damage the health status of the irradiated mice.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder and Suicidality Among Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals
Authors: Pantalone David W. , Sloan Colleen A. , Carmel Adam
Published: April 2019

Population-based estimates of borderline personality disorder (BPD) prevalence in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals are lacking. However, epidemiologic data point to high rates of suicidality, including suicide attempts and self-harm, for LGBT individuals—likely due to the high levels of stigma and discrimination that sexual and gender minority individuals experience. The first-line treatment for BPD and suicidal behavior is dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)—a cognitive–behavioral treatment with an emphasis on skills training, based on a biosocial model of disordered behavior—which aims to help clients end suicidal behavior, improve emotion regulation capabilities, and build a “life worth living.” Despite a lack of empirical support, a DBT conceptualization is highly consistent theoretically with the tenets of LGBT-affirmative therapy. This chapter discusses areas of convergence between the biosocial model and the minority stress model, and it presents two case studies of the application of DBT to LGBT clients.
Promoting a Resistant Stance Toward Media Images
Authors: Liechty Janet M.
Published: April 2019

Mass media images both reflect and transmit sociocultural norms and stereotypes about the body, such as appearance standards;, and skills of resistance are needed to counteract adverse effects. This chapter summarizes key findings on media exposure in children and youth, effects on body image, and resistance to those effects. It also explores the role of positive body image and embodiment and the emerging role of positive emotions and rest in strengthening capacity for resilience. The construct resilience and the metaphor resistance are discussed in light of the need to replace body-objectifying cognitive schemas with new body-protective schemas, metaphors, and constructs better aligned with positive embodiment and flourishing. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions and objectification theory are used as frameworks to discuss connections between resistance and resilience toward harmful media images and messages, positive emotions, and positive body image and embodiment. Implications for prevention and future research are discussed.
The Handbook of Positive Body Image and Embodiment
Authors: Tylka Tracy L.
Published: April 2019

The conclusion addresses opportunities for progress in the field of body image by integrating the positive body image and embodiment domains and examining positive constructs of living in the body, protective factors, and related interventions. The conceptual articulation of positive ways of inhabiting the body broadens the range of factors included in etiological theories of body image and establishes important intervention goals. The breadth of protective factors addressed in this volume provides a wealth of ideas about constructive social initiatives. The volume also clarifies the value of adding a positive lens to examining established therapy and prevention interventions. As a whole, the edited volume suggests many promising paths in incorporating a positive lens to the study of the way people inhabit their bodies, related protective factors, and enriched health promotion and therapy interventions.
Estimating Epidemic Incidence and Prevalence from Genomic Data
Authors: Vaughan Timothy G , Leventhal Gabriel E , Rasmussen David A , Drummond Alexei J , Welch David , Stadler Tanja
Published: April 2019

Modern phylodynamic methods interpret an inferred phylogenetic tree as a partial transmission chain providing information about the dynamic process of transmission and removal (where removal may be due to recovery, death, or behavior change). Birth–death and coalescent processes have been introduced to model the stochastic dynamics of epidemic spread under common epidemiological models such as the SIS and SIR models and are successfully used to infer phylogenetic trees together with transmission (birth) and removal (death) rates. These methods either integrate analytically over past incidence and prevalence to infer rate parameters, and thus cannot explicitly infer past incidence or prevalence, or allow such inference only in the coalescent limit of large population size. Here, we introduce a particle filtering framework to explicitly infer prevalence and incidence trajectories along with phylogenies and epidemiological model parameters from genomic sequences and case count data in a manner consistent with the underlying birth–death model. After demonstrating the accuracy of this method on simulated data, we use it to assess the prevalence through time of the early 2014 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone.
Limited Evolutionary Conservation of the Phenotypic Effects of Antibiotic Resistance Mutations
Authors: Apjok Gábor , Boross Gábor , Nyerges Ákos , Fekete Gergely , Lázár Viktória , Papp Balázs , Pál Csaba , Csörgő Bálint
Published: April 2019

Multidrug-resistant clinical isolates are common in certain pathogens, but rare in others. This pattern may be due to the fact that mutations shaping resistance have species-specific effects. To investigate this issue, we transferred a range of resistance-conferring mutations and a full resistance gene into Escherichia coli and closely related bacteria. We found that resistance mutations in one bacterial species frequently provide no resistance, in fact even yielding drug hypersensitivity in close relatives. In depth analysis of a key gene involved in aminoglycoside resistance (trkH) indicated that preexisting mutations in other genes—intergenic epistasis—underlie such extreme differences in mutational effects between species. Finally, reconstruction of adaptive landscapes under multiple antibiotic stresses revealed that mutations frequently provide multidrug resistance or elevated drug susceptibility (i.e., collateral sensitivity) only with certain combinations of other resistance mutations. We conclude that resistance and collateral sensitivity are contingent upon the genetic makeup of the bacterial population, and such contingency could shape the long-term fate of resistant bacteria. These results underlie the importance of species-specific treatment strategies.
Comparative efficacy and acceptability of treatments for restless legs syndrome in end-stage renal disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Huang Chien-Wei , Lee Min-Jing , Wang Liang-Jen , Lee Po-Tsang , Tu Yu-Kang , Hsu Chih-Wei , Lin Pao-Yen
Published: April 2019

Background

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is common in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and impairs health and quality of life significantly. However, the optimal treatment of RLS in ESRD patients is uncertain and less studied compared with idiopathic RLS patients.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and acceptability of treatments for RLS in ESRD patients. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) by February 2019 in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and ClinicalTrials.gov were reviewed. RLS severity reduction was treated as treatment efficacy, and adverse events were treated as acceptable. Both outcomes were appraised using a random effects model expressed as standardized mean differences and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), respectively, and were ranked using surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) probabilities to obtain a hierarchy of interventions.

Results

A total of 12 RCTs were included, comprising 9 interventions and 498 participants. All the interventions significantly improved RLS severity without critical side effects compared with placebo. Gabapentin achieved the greatest decrease of RLS severity [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 1.95, 95% CI 0.81–3.09 (SUCRA: 79.3%)], despite its frequent adverse events [SMD = 0.18, 95% CI 0.02–1.50 (19.9%)]. The combination therapy of exercise plus dopamine agonist had better efficacy [SMD = 1.60, 95% CI 0.08–3.12 (59.8%)] and acceptability [SMD = 1.41, 95% CI 0.01–142.53 (63.9%)] compared with that of vitamin C plus vitamin E [SMD = 1.50, 95% CI 0.47–2.54 (56.6%); SMD = 0.32, 95% CI 0.04–2.86 (32.5%)].

Conclusions

This network meta-analysis supports that gabapentin is the most effective treatment for RLS in ESRD patients. Exercise plus dopamine agonist is a favorable combination therapy concerning side effects. Future large RCTs with long-term treatment outcomes are necessary.
Lyα view around a z = 2.84 hyperluminous QSO at a node of the cosmic web
Authors: Kikuta Satoshi , Matsuda Yuichi , Cen Renyue , Steidel Charles C , Yagi Masafumi , Hayashino Tomoki , Imanishi Masatoshi , Komiyama Yutaka , Momose Rieko , Saito Tomoki
Published: April 2019

We report on the results of deep and wide-field (1.1 deg2) narrow-band observations with Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) of a field around a hyperluminous QSO (HLQSO), HS$\, 1549+$1919, residing in a protocluster at z = 2.84, to map the large-scale structure of Lyα emitters (LAEs). One HSC pointing enables us to detect 3490 LAEs and 76 extended Lyα blobs (LABs), probing diverse environments from voids to protoclusters. The HLQSO is found to be near the center of the protocluster, which corresponds to the intersection of $\sim \,$100 comoving Mpc-scale structures of LAEs. LABs are basically distributed along the large-scale structure, with larger ones particularly clustering around the HLQSO, confirming a previously noted tendency of LABs to prefer denser environments. Moreover, the shapes of LABs near the HLQSO appear to be aligned with the large-scale structure. Finally, a deep Lyα image reveals a diffuse Lyα nebula along a filamentary structure with no luminous UV/sub-mm counterpart. We suggest that the diffuse nebula is due to a cold filament with high clumping factor illuminated by the QSO, with the required high clumpiness provided by unresolved residing halos of mass $\le 10^{9-10}\, M_\odot$.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Exposure Keratopathy Across Different Intensive Care Units
Authors: Hartford Juliet Beth , Bian Yandong , Mathews Priya Mary , De Rojas Joaquin , Garg Aakriti , Rasool Nailyn , Schroder Sara Kjerstin , Trief Danielle
Published: April 2019

Purpose:

To determine the prevalence and risk factors of exposure keratopathy (EK) across different intensive care units (ICU) at Columbia University Medical Center, including the Pediatric ICU (PICU), Medical ICU (MICU), and Neurologic ICU (NICU).

Methods:

In this prospective cohort study, 65 patients were examined daily during their admission in the PICU (27 patients), MICU (15 patients), and NICU (23 patients). Data on eyelid position, conjunctival and corneal changes, Bell's and blink reflexes, medications, Glasgow Coma Scale rating, and ventilation type were collected.

Results:

Overall EK percentages were as follows: PICU 19%, MICU 60%, and NICU 48%. The prevalence of EK was lowest in the PICU (P = 0.013). Factors associated with EK were lagophthalmos (P < 0.001), an absent Bell's reflex (P = 0.003), an absent blink reflex (P < 0.001), conjunctival injection (P < 0.001), a low Glasgow Coma Scale score (P < 0.001), intubation (P < 0.001), surgery before examination (P < 0.001), dialysis (P = 0.002), and administration of opioid (P < 0.001), sedative (P < 0.001), and neuromuscular blocking medications (P = 0.006).

Conclusions:

This is the first study to examine the rates and risk factors of EK across different ICU settings. The prevalence of EK was lowest in the PICU, which may partly be explained by the increased number of PICU patients receiving noninvasive ventilation and the absence of conjunctival chemosis.
Investigating the Impact of Intensive Care Unit Interruptions on Patient Safety Events and Electronic Health Records Use: An Observational Study
Authors: Khairat Saif , Whitt Stevan , Craven Catherine K. , Pak Youngju , Shyu Chi-Ren , Gong Yang
Published: April 2019

Background

Constant interruptions and continual data flow result in information overload for clinicians and become barriers to identification and extraction of relevant patient data and its correct interpretation. The aim of the study was to describe the types, frequencies, and impact of intensive care unit (ICU) interruptions on patient safety event occurrences and electronic health records (EHR) use.

Methods

We conducted a live observational study for 6 weeks, observing critical care physicians’ and other providers’ communication while recording interruptions, patient safety events, and EHR use.

Results

Across 55 hours, the researchers observed 7515 ICU tasks, 15.7% of which were interrupted. We found that technological interruptions directly influences the occurrence of patient safety events: an increase in technological interruptions directly contributes to patient safety event occurrence (P = 0.004). Technological interruptions had a direct effect on human interruptions, as the frequency of technological interruptions increase, human interruptions also increase (P = 0.02).

Conclusions

A prospective, observational study was conducted to understand the relationship between interruptions and patient safety events and EHR use, in a time-sensitive, activity-based study in a large academic medical center with a certified EHR system. We found that technological interruptions were statistically correlated to the occurrence of patient safety events, and human interruptions significantly affected the level of EHR use. This study recommends that ICUs adopt a safety culture that promotes minimizing unnecessary interruptions, such as side conversations during rounds, for improved quality of care.
Breast Reduction Following Hormonal Therapy in a Transgender Female Patient
Authors: Margulies Ilana G. , Xu Hope , Kozato Aki , Facque Alexander , Taub Peter J.
Published: April 2019

In male-to-female gender transition, individuals request a number of interventions, including hormonal therapy, to promote feminizing characteristics. Estrogen-based medication is prescribed to increase breast development, decrease facial hair, promote feminine adipose tissue deposition, and soften skin. Surgical breast augmentation to supplement unsatisfying breast growth after hormonal therapy is a common and well-studied course of management for such transgender patients. In a departure from convention, the authors present a case of symptomatic macromastia requiring surgical breast reduction in a transgender woman following 24 years of hormonal therapy and illicit silicone injections in multiple areas of her body, including the breasts.