bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emulsion Mixtures of Fractionated Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Quarry By-Products: A Laboratory Evaluation
Authors: Husain Syed Faizan , Qamhia Issam I. A. , Vyas Abhilash , Maia Renan Santos , Tutumluer Erol , Hajj Ramez
Published: July 2023

Emulsion aggregate mixtures (EAMs) are aggregate blends stabilized with an asphalt emulsion for pavement base layer applications. These are typically prepared using crushed aggregates and designed primarily using a tensile strength-based criteria. Advances in granular material testing technologies have led to the development of advanced resilient response characterization devices such as the University of Illinois FastCell (UI-FastCell). Simultaneously, fractionated reclaimed asphalt pavement (FRAP) and Quarry by-product (QB) materials are becoming increasingly common in pavement construction. This paper evaluates the inclusion of QB and FRAP in EAMs. First, the design of selected EAMs was performed using a combined Asphalt Academy TG2 and Anderson and Thompson mixture design approach. The selected mixtures were first assessed for Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) and Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) to track changes in both strength and moisture damage resistance with the inclusion of FRAP and QB. In addition, advanced anisotropic resilient characterization was performed using the UI-FastCell to assess the changes in resilient modulus and permanent deformation characteristics. Our results show significant enhancements in tensile strength, increased moisture damage resistance, and reduced permanent deformation with the inclusion of FRAP and QB materials in EAMs. The combined inclusion of 30% FRAP and 70% QB negatively affected the resilient response of the EAM; however, the inclusion of FRAP content to 50% with no QB materials improved its suitability for pavement base layer application.
Box–Behnken Design-Based Optimization of the Saccharification of Primary Paper-Mill Sludge as a Renewable Raw Material for Bioethanol Production
Authors: Zambare Vasudeo , Jacob Samuel , Din Mohd Fadhil Md. , Ponraj Mohanadoss
Published: July 2023

In this study, the primary paper-mill sludge characterized as containing 51% glucan was used to optimize the enzymatic saccharification process for the production of bioethanol using a Box–Behnken design (BBD). Polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG-4000) surfactant-assisted enzymatic saccharification of dried primary sludge (DPS) showed a 12.8% improvement in saccharification efficiency. There was a statistically significant effect of solid enzyme loading and saccharification time on the enzymatic saccharification of DPS at a 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). The optimum levels of 10.4% w/w DPS solid loading, 2.03% enzyme loading (10 FPU g/DPS), and 1% (w/w DPS) PEG-4000 loading for a saccharification efficiency of 57.66% were validated experimentally and found to be non-significant with regard to the lack of fit with the predicted saccharification efficiency of 56.76%. Furthermore, Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented the saccharified sugars into ethanol (9.35 g/L) with a sugar-to-ethanol conversion yield of 91.6% compared with the theoretical maximum. Therefore, DPS is a more suitable renewable biomass for determining the presence of fermentable sugar and for the production of ethanol.
The Impact of Collectivistic Values and Psychological Needs on Individual Performance with Conscientiousness Acting as a Moderator
Authors: Hoxha Sejdi , Ramadani Riad
Published: July 2023

All organizations are made up of organizational structures, which are made up of individual members who require motivation, development, performance, and psychological fulfilment. Management must exercise caution in upholding collectivist values, which have their roots in classical sociological theory, which opposes citizens’ autonomous desires in relation to social needs in institutions. The application of sociological theory allowed the concepts of individualism and collectivism to be included in psychology and organizational sciences. The goal of this research is to determine the impact of collectivist values and psychological needs on job performance, with conscientiousness acting as a moderator. Participants in this study were employees of public companies in Kosovo that operate in the field of post and telecommunication. A sample of 394 workers from these companies was used to test the hypotheses. We used PROCESS macro model 4 and model 59, as well as multiple regression analysis, to test the research hypotheses. The findings revealed that horizontal and vertical collectivism has a significant effect on work performance. Furthermore, the findings revealed a positive indirect relationship between horizontal and vertical collectivism and job performance via the mediation of psychological needs. Moreover, there was a positive direct relationship between horizontal and vertical collectivism and the three psychological needs, with conscientiousness acting as a moderator. The indirect effect of horizontal and vertical collectivistic values on work performance was found to be significant with moderation of the relatedness for low conscientiousness.
Assessing the Competitiveness of the Ski Resources around Lake Baikal (Russia) and Measures for Their Further Development
Authors: Yangutova Ayana , Dong Suocheng , Cheng Hao , Xu Shuangjie , Li Fujia , Li Zehong , Zhang Menghan , Li Jingwen , Bazarzhapov Tcogto , Boldanov Tamir
Published: July 2023

Russia has considerable experience in the development of winter sports and ski resorts. The region around Lake Baikal possesses unique landscapes and cultural unity, making it a hot spot for winter tourism in Russia. The ski resorts around Lake Baikal are among the most attractive tourist destinations during the winter season, attracting a large number of domestic and international tourists. Based on the experience of the Northeast Asia Sustainable Development Research Centre, this study includes a survey of experts from China and Russia. The study focuses on five major ski resorts near Lake Baikal. A comprehensive competitiveness assessment index system and a quantitative evaluation model for winter tourism resorts have been established, which enable a scientific evaluation of the level of comprehensive competitiveness of winter tourism regions near Lake Baikal. The study showed that the Sobolinaya ski resort has excellent competitiveness among the resorts studied, while Bychya and Istland have average competitiveness and Davan and Mamai have low competitiveness. Local natural resources and the level of infrastructure development make the most significant contributions to the overall competitiveness of a resort. The study proposes development measures, such as the creation of a winter tourism complex with the Sobolinaya resort as its core and the establishment of an international special zone for winter tourism along the China–Mongolia–Russia economic corridor. The research results can serve as a basis for decision making to improve the overall competitiveness of the winter tourism industry around Lake Baikal and provide scientific and technical support for cross-border international cooperation in the winter tourism industry between China and Russia.
Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influential Factors of Major Towns in Guizhou Province Analyzed with ArcGIS
Authors: Liu Caiqing , Pan Huifeng , Wei Yurong
Published: July 2023

The spatial arrangement of towns and cities reflects comprehensively on their economic, social, and cultural aspects, constituting the foundation of regional economic and social development and exerting a significant driving effect on the surrounding rural areas. In light of consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty eradication and rural revitalization in Guizhou Province, it is crucial to clarify the spatial distribution and influencing factors of major towns in the province to effectively realize rural revitalization. Using the ArcGIS tool for spatial analysis combined with mathematical statistics, this article explores the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of 97 major towns identified in the Guizhou Provincial Urban System Plan (2015–2030). The geographical concentration index of these major towns is first calculated in this study, followed by the kernel density method used to visualize their physical distribution and the usage of the closest index to reflect the spatial concentration of the studied elements. This study concludes that the major towns in Guizhou Province are concentrated yet unevenly distributed in various states and cities, forming a spatial pattern of towns with “one core, one group, two circles, six groups, and multiple points” as the main body. Additionally, the spatial structure of major towns in Guizhou Province follows a point-axis distribution highly correlated with the traffic road network. Endowment and distribution of natural environmental conditions and human tourism resources, as well as policy support, also significantly affect the distribution and development of major towns in Guizhou Province. This study on the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of major towns in the province provides valuable insights for optimizing future urban planning and achieving rural revitalization in Guizhou Province.
Incentive Mechanism of Utility Tunnel PPP Projects with User Involvement
Authors: He Haiyan
Published: July 2023

Users of utility tunnel public–private partnership (PPP) projects are productive corporate entities with a specific scope, a limited quantity, and strong bargaining power. They possess the ability and motivation to participate in PPP projects through equity investments. Tunnel PPP projects involving user participation are implemented jointly by consortia comprising construction contractors and users. Given that the government, construction contractors, and users have different interests, significant conflicts of interest arise among them. Furthermore, there exists dual information asymmetry between the government and construction contractors, as well as between the government and users. The government lacks a direct observation of the true ability endowments of construction contractors and users prior to signing PPP contracts, and it cannot directly observe the effort levels exerted by the construction contractors and users after contract signing. The combination of dual information asymmetry and conflicting interests may result in adverse selection and moral hazard on the part of construction contractors and users. Drawing on principal–agent theory, this study constructed incentive models with and without user involvement, examined the impact of user involvement on the effort level of construction contractors and the performance of PPP projects, and designed a reasonable incentive mechanism. The objective is to ensure that construction contractors and users truthfully report their ability endowments during the bidding stage and exert optimal efforts during the construction and operation stages. This research provides new insights for promoting the sustainable development of tunnel PPP projects. A case analysis of a PT tunnel PPP project and an SC tunnel PPP project demonstrates the reasonableness and feasibility of the research findings.
Effect of Embedded Depth of Copper-Nickel-Plated Sensor Probes on Compressive Strength Development of Mortar
Authors: Kim Chaehyeon , Song Yooseob , Cho Junhwi , Kang Julian , Yeon Jaeheum
Published: July 2023

Embedded sensors are widely employed for the structural health monitoring of structures constructed with concrete or mortar. Despite embedded sensors being actively used, there has been no study on whether or not the sensor probe placement within structures made of concrete or mortar influences their structural stability. The strength of small structures in particular could be affected by sensor probes embedded within them. To address the lack of research in this area, this study analyzed the effect of embedding positions of sensor probes on the compressive strength development of mortar. After the production of mortar specimens with the depth of the embedded sensor being controlled by the developed mold, compressive strength tests were conducted, and then test results were verified through finite element analysis. For testing, copper–nickel-plated sensor probes were embedded within the mortar because these sensor probes are popular commercial probes. The test results show that the compressive strength was 7.1 MPa when the sensor probe was embedded at a depth of 5 mm. In contrast, the compressive strength was 28.2 MPa at a depth of 30 mm. Since the compressive strength without the embedded sensor probe was 29.8 MPa, considering the results of this study, it is highly recommended that copper–nickel-plated sensor probes be embedded at least 30 mm from the surface of mortar structures.
Evaluation and Design of Parameterized Dynamic Daylighting for Large-Space Buildings
Authors: Hu Hao , Zhang Hui , Wang Li , Ke Zikang
Published: July 2023

This study aimed to promote the use of natural lighting in building designs to create a good lighting environment and to save energy. Dynamic daylight evaluation and analysis have become hot research topics due to the influence of outdoor light climate changes that occur throughout the season and over a period of time. However, there are certain gaps in the application of dynamic daylight evaluation for large-space buildings. In China, static daylight evaluation is mainly used to assess the actual daylighting performance of buildings. The Hangzhou E-sports Center in China was selected as the study object in this research, and dynamic daylight simulations were conducted using Rhino + Grasshopper and Ladybug + Honeybee for different representative days in each season and in each measurement zone. Spatial daylight autonomy (sDA) and useful daylight illuminance (UDI) were used as the dynamic daylight evaluation indicators, and a parameterized dynamic daylight evaluation method was proposed for evaluating the design scheme. By comparing the initial and optimized design schemes, the results showed the following: (1) the optimized scheme increased the ratio of area and time within the UDI 100–2000 lux range, and areas with an sDA >300 lux accounted for over 55% of the primary use areas, indicating a significant improvement in the daylighting quality of the large space; (2) the daylighting quality of the large space building showed seasonal changes, with the best daylighting quality occurring during the summer solstice and the worst occurring on the winter solstice, while the daylighting quality was similar during the spring and autumn equinoxes; (3) the dynamic evaluation metrics facilitated the identification of daylighting issues in large-scale buildings more effectively; (4) the parameterized method proposed in this study can solve the cumbersome process of daylight simulation and is more conducive to the adjustment and optimization of design schemes by designers. The parameterized dynamic daylight evaluation method proposed in this study provides references and ideas for the design and research of daylighting in other large-space buildings.
Reaction of Triazolic Aldehydes with Diisopropyl Zinc: Chirality Dissipation versus Amplification
Authors: Mikhaylov Oleg A. , Saigitbatalova Elena Sh. , Latypova Liliya Z. , Kurbangalieva Almira R. , Gridnev Ilya D.
Published: July 2023

The phenomenon of amplifying asymmetric autocatalysis (AAA) has recently been restricted to alkylation of several specific substrates with diisopropyl zinc (Soai reaction). Targeting the extension of the scope of this phenomenon, we studied the reaction of triazolic aldehydes with diisopropyl zinc. Experiments demonstrated a diversity of results for the dissipation of chirality, conserving the existent ee and spontaneous chirality generation. Computational analysis showed that depending on the level of oligomerization of the catalyst, one could expect amplification (monomeric catalyst) while maintaining the existing chirality (dimeric catalyst) or dissipation of chirality (tetrameric catalyst). These findings are promising for the elaboration of synthetic protocols controlling chirality generation. In addition, three optically active triazolic alcohols were characterized.
Inverse Graphs in m-Polar Fuzzy Environments and Their Application in Robotics Manufacturing Allocation Problems with New Techniques of Resolvability
Authors: Alanazi Abdulaziz Mohammed , Muhiuddin Ghulam , Mahapatra Tanmoy , Bassfar Zaid , Pal Madhumangal
Published: July 2023

The inverse in crisp graph theory is a well-known topic. However, the inverse concept for fuzzy graphs has recently been created, and its numerous characteristics are being examined. Each node and edge in m-polar fuzzy graphs (mPFG) include m components, which are interlinked through a minimum relationship. However, if one wants to maximize the relationship between nodes and edges, then the m-polar fuzzy graph concept is inappropriate. Considering everything we wish to obtain here, we present an inverse graph under an m-polar fuzzy environment. An inverse mPFG is one in which each component’s membership value (MV) is greater than or equal to that of each component of the incidence nodes. This is in contrast to an mPFG, where each component’s MV is less than or equal to the MV of each component’s incidence nodes. An inverse mPFG’s characteristics and some of its isomorphic features are introduced. The α-cut concept is also studied here. Here, we also define the composition and decomposition of an inverse mPFG uniquely with a proper explanation. The connectivity concept, that is, the strength of connectedness, cut nodes, bridges, etc., is also developed on an inverse mPF environment, and some of the properties of this concept are also discussed in detail. Lastly, a real-life application based on the robotics manufacturing allocation problem is solved with the help of an inverse mPFG.
Reinforcement Learning for Optimizing Can-Order Policy with the Rolling Horizon Method
Authors: Noh Jiseong
Published: July 2023

This study presents a novel approach to a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for periodic inventory management that combines reinforcement learning algorithms. The rolling horizon method (RHM) is a multi-period optimization approach that is applied to handle new information in updated markets. The RHM faces a limitation in easily determining a prediction horizon; to overcome this, a dynamic RHM is developed in which RL algorithms optimize the prediction horizon of the RHM. The state vector consisted of the order-up-to-level, real demand, total cost, holding cost, and backorder cost, whereas the action included the prediction horizon and forecasting demand for the next time step. The performance of the proposed model was validated through two experiments conducted in cases with stable and uncertain demand patterns. The results showed the effectiveness of the proposed approach in inventory management, particularly when the proximal policy optimization (PPO) algorithm was used for training compared with other reinforcement learning algorithms. This study signifies important advancements in both the theoretical and practical aspects of multi-item inventory management.
Harnessing the Power of ChatGPT for Automating Systematic Review Process: Methodology, Case Study, Limitations, and Future Directions
Authors: Alshami Ahmad , Elsayed Moustafa , Ali Eslam , Eltoukhy Abdelrahman E. E. , Zayed Tarek
Published: July 2023

Systematic reviews (SR) are crucial in synthesizing and analyzing existing scientific literature to inform evidence-based decision-making. However, traditional SR methods often have limitations, including a lack of automation and decision support, resulting in time-consuming and error-prone reviews. To address these limitations and drive the field forward, we harness the power of the revolutionary language model, ChatGPT, which has demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various scientific writing tasks. By utilizing ChatGPT’s natural language processing abilities, our objective is to automate and streamline the steps involved in traditional SR, explicitly focusing on literature search, screening, data extraction, and content analysis. Therefore, our methodology comprises four modules: (1) Preparation of Boolean research terms and article collection, (2) Abstract screening and articles categorization, (3) Full-text filtering and information extraction, and (4) Content analysis to identify trends, challenges, gaps, and proposed solutions. Throughout each step, our focus has been on providing quantitative analyses to strengthen the robustness of the review process. To illustrate the practical application of our method, we have chosen the topic of IoT applications in water and wastewater management and quality monitoring due to its critical importance and the dearth of comprehensive reviews in this field. The findings demonstrate the potential of ChatGPT in bridging the gap between traditional SR methods and AI language models, resulting in enhanced efficiency and reliability of SR processes. Notably, ChatGPT exhibits exceptional performance in filtering and categorizing relevant articles, leading to significant time and effort savings. Our quantitative assessment reveals the following: (1) the overall accuracy of ChatGPT for article discarding and classification is 88%, and (2) the F-1 scores of ChatGPT for article discarding and classification are 91% and 88%, respectively, compared to expert assessments. However, we identify limitations in its suitability for article extraction. Overall, this research contributes valuable insights to the field of SR, empowering researchers to conduct more comprehensive and reliable reviews while advancing knowledge and decision-making across various domains.
Toxicity of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to Nematodes
Authors: Ma Tingting , Pan Xia , Wang Tiantian , Li Xiuhua , Luo Yongming
Published: July 2023

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of compounds that persist in the environment globally. Besides being transported to the soil and sediments, which act as their sinks, PFASs can be transferred to several species of higher organisms directly or via bacteria, eliciting a wide range of adverse effects. Caenorhabditis elegans has been widely used in toxicological studies and life science research owing to its numerous advantages over traditional vertebrate models; notably, C. elegans has 65% conserved human-disease-associated genes and does not require ethical approvals for experimental use. This review covers a range of topics, from reported accumulation characteristics and lethal concentrations of PFAS in C. elegans to the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of PFAS at different levels, including reproductive, developmental, cellular, neurologic, oxidative, metabolic, immune, and endocrine toxicities. Additionally, the toxicity levels of some PFAS substitutes are summarized. Lastly, we discuss the toxicological mechanisms of these PFAS substitutes and the importance and promising potential of nematodes as in vivo models for life science research, epidemiological studies (obesity, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease research), and toxicological investigations of PFASs and other emerging pollutants compared with other soil animals or model organisms.
Bioaccumulation Pattern and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Cirrhinus mrigala at Panjnad Headworks, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Authors: Naz Saima , Chatha Ahmad Manan Mustafa , Danabas Durali , Khan Muhammad Farhan , Xu Youhou , Zhu Peng , Shafique Laiba
Published: July 2023

Heavy metal accumulation in freshwater ecosystem has become one of the major aquatic environmental concerns for freshwater flora and fauna due to their higher stability and bioaccumulation as well as bio-magnification properties. Furthermore, passing through the food web, these heavy metals affect human populations ultimately. This study assessed the heavy metal accumulation in Cirrhinus mrigala in spring, autumn, and winter at different locations (I, II, and III) of Panjnad headwork. Furthermore, the human health risk assessment for the consumption of C. mrigala from the sampling locations was also carried out. Fish were collected from upper (I), middle (II), and lower (III) stream of Panjnad on a monthly basis. The current study evaluated the accumulation of Aluminum (Al), Arsenic (As), Barium (Ba), and Lead (Pb) in various fish organs (liver, kidney, gills, fins, skin, muscles and bones) and assessed their potential hazard to human health through health risk assessment indicators. The results demonstrated a significant difference (p < 0.05) in heavy metal accumulation in different fish organs, seasons, and locations. The accumulation of Al, As, Ba, and Pb were considerably higher in liver and kidney as compared to the other body organs and followed a trend of liver > kidney > gills > fins > skin > bones > muscle and the overall mean concentrations of metals in different body tissues of C. mrigala were in the order of Al > As > Ba > Pb. The results also concluded that C. mrigala caught from the Panjnad headwork is not safe for human consumption due to higher values of TTHQIng (3.76), THQIng for Ba (3.27) and CRIng for As (6.4742).
ϕ(2170) Decaying to ϕππ and ϕKK¯
Authors: Chen Yun-Hua
Published: July 2023

Within the framework of dispersion theory, we study the the processes e+e−→ϕ(2170)→ϕππ(KK¯). The strong pion–pion final-state interactions, especially the KK¯ coupled channel in the S wave, are taken into account in a model-independent way using the Omnès function solution. Through fitting the experimental data of the ππ and ϕπ invariant mass distributions of the e+e−→ϕ(2170)→ϕπ+π− process, the low-energy constants in the chiral Lagrangian are determined. The theoretical prediction for the cross sections’ ratio σ(e+e−→ϕ(2170)→ϕK+K−)/σ(e+e−→ϕ(2170)→ϕπ+π−) is given, which could be useful for selecting the physical solution, when the fit to the e+e−→ϕK+K− cross-section distribution is available in the future. Our results suggest that above the kinematical threshold of ϕKK¯, the mechanism e+e−→ϕK+K−, with the kaons rescattering to a pion pair, plays an important role in the e+e−→ϕπ+π− transition.
Impact of B Cell Depletion on COVID-19 in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Aida Naohiro , Ito Taihei , Kurihara Kei , Hiratsuka Izumi , Shibata Megumi , Suzuki Atsushi , Hasegawa Midori , Kenmochi Takashi
Published: July 2023

Kidney transplant recipients are patients at high risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to being on immunosuppressive therapy. B cell depletion therapy, including rituximab, is an important strategy for ABO-incompatible transplants. However, knowledge about the effect of B cell depletion therapy on COVID-19 is lacking. Thirty kidney transplant recipients who developed COVID-19 were included in this study. To examine the impact of B cell depletion therapy, we retrospectively investigated the relationship between the background of the patients and the clinical outcome. Of the 30 patients, 13 received B cell depletion therapy. The median time between transplant and onset of COVID-19 was 6.1 years after transplantation; however, nine cases remained markedly depleted of CD19(+) cells (<4.0%). The patients were assigned to the normal (n = 21) and depletion groups (n = 9). Progression rates in the depletion and normal groups were 55.6% and 9.5%, respectively (p = 0.014). Furthermore, the survival rate was significantly lower in the depletion group (100% in the normal group vs. 66.7% in the depletion group; p = 0.021). B cell depletion therapy may have long-term effects and increase the risk of COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients.
Effect of In Vitro Addition of Melatonin and Glutathione on Seminal Parameters of Rams in Diluted Semen and after Thawing
Authors: Carriço Cristiana , Barbas João Pedro , Pimenta Jorge , Simões João
Published: July 2023

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin (MLT), glutathione (GSH), and their combination on ram semen quality after thawing. During eight weekly sessions, semen from three Merino rams was pooled, diluted with an egg-yolk-based semen extender, and divided into four groups: control, 1 mM MLT, 5 mM GSH, and 1 mM MLT + 5 mM GSH. Diluted semen was evaluated before and after the freezing process. The supplementation of diluted semen with GSH at 5 mM had a deleterious effect on total motility progressive (TPM), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), average-path velocity (VAP), linearity (LIN), and straightness (STR) and increased slow spermatozoa (%). MLT at 1 mM also had a negative effect on TPM, VSL, and STR in diluted semen. In thawed semen, 1 mM MLT increased the TPM compared with the control group. VSL was lower in the 5 mM GSH group than in the 1 mM MLT group. Additionally, the combination of both antioxidants attenuated the negative effect of 5 mM GSH on TPM, VSL, and BCF. These results indicate that 5 mM GSH impairs or does not improve sperm kinetic parameters in either diluted or thawed semen. They also suggest that MLT combined with GSH plays a protective role against these effects.
Research Progress on NSP11 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Zheng Yajie , Zhang Hang , Luo Qin , Sha Huiyang , Li Gan , Mu Xuanru , He Yingxin , Kong Weili , Wu Anfeng , Zhang Haoji , Yu Xingang
Published: July 2023

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a virulent infectious disease caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV). The non-structural protein 11 (NSP11) of PRRSV is a nidovirus-specific endonuclease (NendoU), which displays uridine specificity and catalytic functions conserved throughout the entire NendoU family and exerts a wide range of biological effects. This review discusses the genetic evolution of NSP11, its effects on PRRSV replication and virulence, its interaction with other PRRSV and host proteins, its regulation of host immunity, the conserved characteristics of its enzyme activity (NendoU), and its diagnosis, providing an essential theoretical basis for in-depth studies of PRRSV pathogenesis and vaccine design.
Integrated River Basin Management for Sustainable Development: Time for Stronger Action
Authors: Farid Ahmed Minhaz , Mokhtar Mazlin Bin , Lim Chen Kim , Suza Izzati Afiqah Binti Che , Ayob Ku Adriani Ku , Khirotdin Rd. Puteri Khairani , Majid Nuriah Abd
Published: July 2023

Malaysia has numerous policies, institutions, and experts with foresight and vision for its development. Nevertheless, river basin management has been lacking due to several factors such as insufficient proactive leadership roles of institutions, as well as locally authorized bodies. Reviewing of stakeholders’ role in the PENTA-HELIX partnership model (i.e., government, business, academia, community, and NGO) reveals that individuals and institutions with proactive and effective leadership roles along with top-down and bottom-up approaches can create a more strategic policy implementation resulting in better outcomes in river basin management. Local authorities with proactive leadership roles should be encouraged to use a creative and innovative key performance indicator system accompanied by mentoring and training, as well as education, to inspire a passive to active attitude change. A local authority with sound leadership roles can develop proper partnerships with its many stakeholders to improve awareness with more multitasking activities. These can be achieved by motivating all the related stakeholders towards more commitment to creating a sustainable environment. Identifying and recognizing local authorities to manage the rivers will result in more powerful actions in river management. It is essential to ensure quality control and quality assurance at various levels to bring sustainability science at the multi-stakeholders’ platforms towards an integrated river basin management to achieve a better living quality for everyone.
Removal of Membrane Fouling and Control of Halogenated By-Products by a Combined Cleaning Process with Peroxides and Sodium Hypochlorite
Authors: Ding Jiaqi , Wan Ying , Zou Yujia , Wang Songlin , Huang Xiaolong , Xie Pengchao
Published: July 2023

Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution is wildly used to remove membrane fouling-derived organic materials and restore membrane flux, which can result in the formation of halogenated by-products. To reduce the halogenated by-products, a combined cleaning process with NaClO and peroxides including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxydisulfate (PDS), and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) were applied in offline mode to remove the organic fouling. It was found that all the combined cleaning processes could effectively restore the membrane flux. Compared with the process of NaClO cleaning followed by peroxide cleaning (NaClO–peroxide), fewer halogenated by-products were generated in the NaClO post-combined cleaning process (peroxide–NaClO), and the PDS–NaClO cleaning process exhibited the best performance in controlling by-products. Overall, most by-product generation showed a positive correlation with reaction time and temperature.
Analysis of the Behavior of Groundwater Storage Systems at Different Time Scales in Basins of South Central Chile: A Study Based on Flow Recession Records
Authors: Parra Víctor , Muñoz Enrique , Arumí José Luis , Medina Yelena
Published: July 2023

Understanding the groundwater storage and release (S-Q) process and its contribution to river flows is essential for different hydrological applications, especially in periods of water scarcity. The S-Q process can be characterized based on recession parameter b, which is the slope of the power–law relationship −dQ/dt = aQb of the recession flow analysis, where recession parameter b represents the linearity of the S-Q process. In various studies, it has been found that this parameter can present high variability, which has been associated with the approach or spatial variability of basin characteristics. However, the variability of parameter b and its relationship with geology and the behavior of groundwater storage over time (evolution over time) have not been sufficiently studied. The objective of this study is to analyze the variability of recession parameter b and its relationship with geological and morphological characteristics and climate variability at different time scales. To this end, 72 drainage basins located in south central Chile were examined via recession flow analysis, considering five different time scales (5 years, 10 years, 15 years, 20 years, and 25 years). In addition, to analyze spatial variability patterns and generate groups of basins with similar characteristics, a cluster analysis was carried out. Clusters were obtained using the principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means methods. The results show that in wet periods, the slope of recession parameter b tends to increase (fast drainage process), while in dry periods, the recession slope tends to decrease (slow drainage processes). In general, the results suggest that the variability of recession coefficient b indicates changes in S-Q behavior; therefore, it could be used as an indicator of the sensitivity of a basin to climate variability.
Analysis of Carrying Capacity and Obstacle Factors of Water Resources in Longnan City, China, Based on Driving–Pressure–State–Response and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution Models
Authors: Dang Xiaofeng , Zhao Xuerui , Kang Yanxia , Liu Xianyun , Song Jiaqi , Zhang Yuxuan
Published: July 2023

Measuring the carrying capacity of water resources and identifying obstacle factors are critical prerequisites for the rational allocation of regional water resources and the high-quality development of economic society. This study took Longnan City, a typical city in northwest China with abundant water resources but an underdeveloped economy, as the research object. Based on the DPSR (Driving–Pressure–State–Response), an evaluation indicator system was constructed. TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) and an obstacle model were used to calculate the water resource carrying capacity and main obstacle factors of Longnan City from 2009 to 2019. The results showed that the carrying capacity of water resources in Longnan City had steadily improved, and the comprehensive closeness had increased from 0.44 (2009) to 0.60 (2019). From the perspective of the ruler layer, the carrying capacity of the driving force system increased from 0.05 in 2009 to 1.00 in 2019. The capacity of the state system increased during the change, with the highest value (0.85) appearing in 2013 and the lowest value appearing in 2016. All subsystems, except the pressure system, had a load-carrying capacity of 0.60 or more in 2019. The utilization of unconventional water resources, the proportion of eco-environmental water use, the volume of wastewater discharge, and the per capita urban daily water consumption are the primary factors affecting the water resource carrying capacity of Longnan City. Developing unconventional water sources, improving sewage treatment technology, promoting efficient water-saving technology, and strengthening environmental protection is the key to improving the water resources carrying capacity of Longnan City. This research provides the basis for enhancing the carrying capacity of water resources and sustainable urban development in Longnan City and other cities in China and water scarcity cities in other countries.
Effects of Multispecies Probiotics on Growth, Hematology, and Gut Health of Stinging Catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) in Biofloc System
Authors: Sohel Abdul Mazid , Shahjahan Md , Hossain Md Kabir , Sumi Kanij Rukshana , Hossain Md Sazzad , Abdul Kari Zulhisyam , Tahiluddin Albaris B. , Téllez-Isaías Guillermo
Published: July 2023

Probiotics are gaining popularity both empirically and scientifically as eco-friendly alternatives in aquaculture. The present research proposed to examine the influences of selective probiotics on the growth, hematology, microbes, and morphology of the intestine of stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) in a biofloc system. Additionally, this study evaluated the benefit–cost ratio (BCR) of specific probiotics used in the biofloc system. Stinging catfish fingerlings (average weight 0.86 ± 0.26 g) were equally distributed (250 fingerlings/400 L water-filled PVC tank) into three treatment groups and reared for 16 weeks. Two commercial probiotics (CP-1 and CP-2) and one laboratory-developed probiotic were used in the study. The results showed significantly higher growth (weight gain and specific growth rate), feed efficiency, improved intestinal microbiota, and enhanced morphology in fish reared with laboratory-developed probiotics in the biofloc system. Moreover, indicators of increased immune responses, such as enhancements in the intestinal mucosal fold, width of enterocytes and lamina propria, and abundance of goblet cells, were also observed in fish reared with laboratory-developed probiotics. The BCR, which determined business profitability, was also highest for the laboratory-developed probiotics in the biofloc system. Therefore, the results suggest that laboratory-developed probiotics are economically viable and environmentally friendly growth stimulators for stinging catfish culture in a biofloc system.
RCCC-WBM Model for Calculating the Impact of Abrupt Temperature Change and Warming Hiatus on Surface Runoff in China
Authors: Huang Xing , Ma Long , Liu Tingxi , Sun Bolin , Chen Yang , Qiao Zixu
Published: July 2023

The global climate shows an obvious warming trend, and the impact on water resources is increasing. Abrupt temperature change and warming hiatus are two important states of temperature change. The quantitative impacts of temperature change and warming hiatus on surface runoff remain unclear. Based on the measured runoff data from 60 representative hydrological stations in China from 1956 to 2016 and the Water Balance Model developed by the Research Center for Climate Change (RCCC-WBC), this paper analyzes the quantitative impacts of abrupt temperature change and warming hiatus on surface runoff. The results showed that the effects of three types of abrupt temperature changes on runoff in different basins in China are significantly different. The effects of abrupt temperature changes and warming stagnation on runoff in northern China are greater than those in southern China, and the effects of abrupt temperature changes and warming stagnation on runoff in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the same basin are also different. Before the abrupt change in temperature, the influence of temperature on the surface runoff was less than 9%, and the influence of temperature on the runoff in some southern areas was weaker, only affecting less than 3% of the runoff. When the temperature changes abruptly, the influence of air temperature on the surface runoff in a small part of the arid region is up to 30%. The abrupt change in mean maximum temperature has both positive and negative driving effects on runoff in China, and the negative driving effect is concentrated in the areas with abrupt warming, affecting about 8% of the runoff on average. The average influence of abrupt mean temperature change on runoff in China is about 10%, and the area with a large influence on runoff change is concentrated in the area north of 40° N. The abrupt change in temperature in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin has a great influence on the runoff change, up to 13%. The maximum impact of abrupt mean minimum temperature on runoff is concentrated in Northeast China, ranging from 9% to 12%. During the period of temperature stagnation, air temperature and runoff showed an obvious reverse trend. During this period, the average negative influence of drastic changes in air temperature on runoff was about 15%, but precipitation and runoff still maintained a good consistency, which may be due to the effect of other influencing factors which offset the negative driving effect of air temperature.
Dietary Protein, Chronic Salt-Sensitive Hypertension, and Kidney Damage
Authors: Mattson David L. , Dasinger John Henry , Abais-Battad Justine M.
Published: July 2023

It has been estimated that over a fifth of deaths worldwide can be attributed to dietary risk factors. A particularly serious condition is salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension and renal damage, participants of which demonstrate increased morbidity and mortality. Notably, a large amount of evidence from humans and animals has demonstrated that other components of the diet can also modulate hypertension and associated end-organ damage. Evidence presented in this review provides support for the view that immunity and inflammation serve to amplify the development of SS hypertension and leads to malignant disease accompanied by tissue damage. Interestingly, SS hypertension is modulated by changes in dietary protein intake, which also influences immune mechanisms. Together, the evidence presented in this review from animal and human studies indicates that changes in dietary protein source have profound effects on the gut microbiota, microbiota-derived metabolites, gene expression, immune cell activation, the production of cytokines and other factors, and the development of SS hypertension and kidney damage.
An Operational Assessment Framework for Near Real-time Cropland Dynamics: Toward Sustainable Cropland Use in Mid-Spine Belt of Beautiful China
Authors: Du Zhenrong , Yu Le , Chen Xin , Li Xiyu , Peng Dailiang , Zheng Shijun , Hao Pengyu , Yang Jianyu , Guo Huadong , Gong Peng
Published: July 2023

Cropland monitoring is a crucial component for a broad user community from Land Use and Land Cover Change study to food security policy making. Faced with the rich natural ecological environment and variable agricultural production conditions of Mid-Spine Belt of Beautiful China (MSBBC), this study developed a novel operational assessment framework that combined the near real-time land cover mapping platform (i.e., FROM-GLC Plus), the FAO Agricultural Stress Index System, and the land degradation monitoring method suggested by United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification for the timely monitoring of cropland extent change, cropland conditions, and cropland degradation. With integrated monitoring system, this framework can provide convenient access to high-spatiotemporal- resolution cropland maps (30 m, dekadal) and instant (near real time) cropland dynamics. According to the monitoring results, we found that the abnormally high temperatures of summer 2022 adversely affected crop health in the southwest of MSBBC. Besides, our results suggested that China’s ecological restoration projects made remarkable achievement in MSBBC. The productivity of more than 70% of cropland in MSBBC has improved, and only ~6% cropland (~3.69 × 10
4
km
2
) has degraded since 2000, mainly distributed in cropland with steep slope, insufficient precipitation, and intensive use. Site-specific measures, such as conservation tillage, improved tillage systems, and cropland ecological projects, should be adopted for sustainable cropland use and further increase in land carrying capacity of MSBBC to achieve balanced east-west development in China.
‘Devilization’ of MS-13 and anti-immigration discourse during Trump's
Authors:   Society for International Cultural Institute, Lee Seonghun
Published: July 2023

MS-13 is a violent organization that emerged in California in the 1980s and was formed around immigrant children and refugees from El Salvador. The organization's main activity spaces are in Central American countries and the United States, but they also appear in several European countries, such as Spain and Italy. It is estimated that there are currently more than 30,000 members. MS-13 has emerged as a social concern in the United States as former President Trump attacked it as a symbol of anti-immigration policy. Trump used the violence of the MS-13 in a provocative way to set up anti-immigration policies and border barriers he was pushing for.
Trump attacked the organization as a threat to national security, not just emphasizing the violence of the MS-13 to justify its anti-immigration policy. In search of new opportunities, migrants crossing the U.S.-Mexico border were denounced as violent illegal immigrant groups related to transnational criminal organizations. With Trump emphasizing the violence of MS-13 to achieve his political goals and labeling it a detriment to national security, MS-13 has emerged as the main focus of American society.
Such attacks on MS-13 can be criticized for hiding excessive prejudice and political intentions. In other words, MS-13 was strategically selected to brand it as a transnational criminal organization that threatens American society and stimulate anti-immigration sentiment. In this article, we would like to broaden our understanding of MS-13 through the context in which MS-13 emerged as a representative gang organization. To this end, I would like to critically examine the background of the emergence of MS-13 and the evaluation that MS-13 is a transnational criminal organization. Since then, we will look at the context in which MS-13 has emerged as a social concern in relation to Trump's anti-immigration narrative.
Making the Side Yard House; A Passive Mass Housing Model
Authors:   Thomas Jefferson University, Griffen Craig
Published: July 2023

We currently face a major housing crisis, yet housing design and construction has barely responded. Approximately 98%of single-family house construction is still developer driven and the vast majority are energy inefficient, unsustainable to build and unaffordable by missing-middle home buyers who cannot afford skyrocketing real estate prices.¹ To address climate change and social/economic disparities, the Side Yard House was developed as a new proposal for mass detached housing that, largely through a reproportioning of the house to the land, can produce a more Passive, Adaptable, Modular, Resilient and Affordable home that incorporates qualities of both urban and suburban environments.