bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Phylogenetic Networks to Model Chinese Dialect History
Authors: List Johann-Mattis , Shijulal Nelson-Sathi , Martin William , Geisler Hans
Published: October 2014

The idea that language history is best visualized by a branching tree has been controversially discussed in the linguistic world and many alternative theories have been proposed. The reluctance of many scholars to accept the tree as the natural metaphor for language history was due to conflicting signals in linguistic data: many resemblances would simply not point to a unique tree. Despite these observations, the majority of automatic approaches applied to language data has been based on the tree model, while network approaches have rarely been applied. Due to the specific sociolinguistic situation in China, where very divergent varieties have been developing under the roof of a common culture and writing system, the history of the Chinese dialects is complex and intertwined. They are therefore a good test case for methods which no longer take the family tree as their primary model. Here we use a network approach to study the lexical history of 40 Chinese dialects. In contrast to previous approaches, our method is character-based and captures both vertical and horizontal aspects of language history. According to our results, the majority of characters in our data (about 54%) cannot be readily explained with the help of a given tree model. The borrowing events inferred by our method do not only reflect general uncertainties of Chinese dialect classification, they also reveal the strong influence of the standard language on Chinese dialect history.
‫وظائف ومضامين النقوش التأريخية والتزيينية على عمارة طرابلس المملوكية‬ (Function and Significance of Historiographical and Decorative Inscriptions in Mameluke Monuments in Tripoli)
Authors: ‫تدمري‬ ‫عمر عبد السلام‬
Published: October 2014

The history of the city of Tripoli (Lebanon) extends for 3500 years. Nevertheless, a significant landmark event when the Mameluke conquest (688 H/1289 BCE) ended a long Crusade Era. This study presents reviews of major historiographical and decorative inscriptions on Mameluke monuments in Tripoli. In this regard, inscriptions passed through two developmental phases: The first phase encompasses the period following the Mameluke conquest and the foundation of the new city of Tripoli under the influence of possible Crusade counter-attacks. For this, monumental characteristics were dominated by simplicity of decorative inscriptions that were mostly used for commemorative and documentary purposes.
The second phase occurred in a period of stability, urban expansion, and population growth. Flourishing innovative art lines casted significant impressions as in the variety of writing types and styles, developed stone, marble, or wood engravings saturated with decorations, ornaments, and drawings. These inscriptions contained a variety of contents and had several uses. They were often found on mosques, madrassas, graves, and palaces and their count exceeded more than one hundred. However, only 70 inscriptions do exist at present along with a little more than 20 Mameluke mottos (ranks) . A selection of these inscriptions will be presented in this study along with many of their characteristics including writing styles, purpose and content of these inscriptions, and some model mottos decorating Mameluke monuments. (Please note that this article is in Arabic)
Uses of Domesticated Donkeys: Evidence from Old Kingdom Tombs Scenes*
Authors: El-Menshawy Sherine
Published: October 2014

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to examine the iconography of donkeys in Old Kingdom scenes executed in private tombs and how the ancient Egyptians utilized them in their farming community. Three categories of donkey usages can be specified: (1) Donkeys carrying loads; (2) Donkeys threshing grain; and (3) Donkeys carrying officials. The paper ends with a discussion see:king to evaluate the relationship between people and donkeys.
Heaven, Hell, and Hipsters
Authors: Haynes Maren
Published: October 2014

Mars Hill pastor Mark Driscoll attracts unconventional churchgoers. Hipster youth ages 18–25 comprise the core of the church’s 12,000+ weekly attendees – surprising, amid Driscoll’s controversial promotion of strict gender binaries and fundamentalist theology. Furthermore, the Pacific Northwest boasts the country’s lowest rate of church affiliation (Killen 2004). How, in this so-called ‘religious none-zone,’ has Mars Hill grown rapidly among young adults? I suggest only a portion of Mars Hill’s regional growth relies on content preached in the pulpit. Using ritual theory (Collins 2008) and non-linguistic semiotics (Turino 2008), I posit a connection between Mars Hill’s music ministry and Seattle’s vibrant indie guitar rock scene. By identifying Mars Hill’s mimicry of local concert culture aesthetics, I argue that secular ritual in a sacred space has created a potent ritual environment (Sylvan 2002), contributing massively to the church’s appeal among a majority “unchurched” demographic.
The Developing Field of Christian Congregational Music Studies
Authors: Porter Mark
Published: October 2014

Whilst Christian congregational music has long been an object of reflection and study it has often been pushed towards the margins of the various disciplines that it inhabits. In this article I survey some of the challenges such study has faced before suggesting that recent disciplinary developments have served to prepare the ground for increased study of Christian congregational music. I suggest that ethnomusicology, in particular, has played an important role in motivating recent enquiry across a range of disciplines although not without facing a number of further challenges itself. I suggest that a field of Christian congregational music studies is beginning to emerge and finish by outlining recent contributions to scholarship from a range of perspectives.
Geographic variation and phylogenetic relationships of Myiopagis olallai (Aves: Passeriformes; Tyrannidae), with the description of two new taxa from the Northern Andes
Authors: CUERVO ANDRÉS M. , STILES F. GARY , LENTINO MIGUEL , BRUMFIELD ROBB T. , DERRYBERRY ELIZABETH P.
Published: October 2014

Geographic variation in vocalizations, morphology and plumage patterns in New World flycatchers is little understood, particularly in rare species with disjunct distributions. We discovered a distinct new flycatcher of the genus Myiopagis from cloud forests of the northern Central Andes in Antioquia, Colombia. Comparisons of vocalizations and external morphology, and molecular phylogenetic analyses, demonstrate that the “Antioquia Myiopagis” is a unique lineage of the M. caniceps-olallai group. We show that three specimens collected in 1940-1951 from cloud forests of Serranía de Perijá in Venezuela, and traditionally assigned to M. caniceps, represent another distinct taxon that is closer to the “Antioquia Myiopagis” and M. olallai. Both new taxa, from Antioquia and Perijá, are described as subspecies of M. olallai. We present a phylogenetic hypothesis for the M. caniceps-olallai group, in which M. olallai and the “Antioquia Myiopagis” are phylogenetically nested within the polytypic M. caniceps, which consists of at least four distinct lineages, indicating that species diversity in this group could be underestimated.
A new species of mealybug in the genus Paracoccus Ezzat & McConnell from North America (Insecta: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: ELLENRIEDER NATALIA VON , STOCKS IAN C.
Published: October 2014

A probably adventive mealybug species, Paracoccus gillianae sp. n. is described from North America. Its entry into the United States was likely to have been via the horticultural trade of Agave spp. (Liliales: Agavaceae) and other host plants in the family Agavaceae. Illustrations of the adult female and male, and diagnosis from congeners in the New World and from other Paracoccus species known to feed on Agavaceae, are provided.
A new species of Velvet Gecko (Oedura: Diplodactylidae) from the limestone ranges of the southern Kimberley, Western Australia
Authors: OLIVER PAUL M. , LAVER REBECCA J. , MELVILLE JANE , DOUGHTY PAUL
Published: October 2014

We describe a new species of large Oedura from the Oscar Range on the southern edge of the Kimberley Craton in north-western Australia. Oedura murrumanu sp. nov. can be distinguished from all congeners by the combination of large size (snout-vent length to 103 mm), moderately long and slightly swollen tail, tiny scales on the dorsum, fringe of laterally expanded lamellae on each digit, and 6–7 paired distal subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe. The new species is the first endemic vertebrate known from the limestone ranges of the southern Kimberley; however, this area remains poorly surveyed and further research (particularly wet season surveys and genetic analyses) is required to better characterise regional biodiversity values.
A Climatology of Precipitating Open-Cell Convection over the Northeast Gulf of Alaska
Authors: Sikora Todd D. , Wendoloski Eric B. , Marter Robert E.
Published: October 2014

This brief paper addresses the frequency of precipitating open-cell convection over the northeastern Gulf of Alaska during a 5-yr period (2002–06). The research employs 154 previously documented satellite synthetic aperture radar–derived wind speed (SDWS) images that contain open-cell convection signatures. Each SDWS image is paired with a near-in-time, National Weather Service Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler Level-III 0.5°-elevation-angle short-range base reflectivity image from coastal Alaska for which coverage spatially overlaps open-cell convection signatures. The time difference between any two images of a single pair is typically a few minutes or less. For 65% of the image pairs, at least one SDWS open-cell convection signature in the overlap region is associated with precipitation. That percentage may be conservative given the method used in this research. Thus, the results of this research support a suggestion that has been posed in previous studies that the organization of open-cell convection can be controlled by the interaction of the environmental vertical wind shear and precipitation-driven cold pools.
A Cross-Cultural Immersion Program
Authors: Heppner Puncky Paul , Wang Kenneth T.
Published: October 2014

In contrast to the number of training programs that have been developed to promote multicultural awareness, knowledge, and skills, relatively few training programs exist to develop cross-national cultural competencies. This article describes an innovative combination of utilizing a semester-long preparatory seminar course where students are first introduced to the history and cultural context of Taiwan, and then engage in an intensive 12-day immersion program in Taiwan. Specifically, this article describes (a) our Cross-Cultural Immersion Program (CCIP), (b) a preparatory course designed to provide basic cultural information about Taiwan, and (c) a 12-day immersion experience model. Subsequently, learning outcomes are discussed within the major theoretical dimensions of the Cross-National Cultural Competence (CNCC) model, followed by a discussion of the pedagogical implications for training and research. Future educators must move our classrooms into the rich learning environments that cultural immersions provide.
Alleviating Simulator Sickness with Galvanic Cutaneous Stimulation
Authors: Gálvez-García Germán , Hay Marion , Gabaude Catherine
Published: October 2014

Objective:

In a driving simulation, we investigated the efficacy of galvanic cutaneous stimulation (GCS) provided during curves or intermittently during the whole circuit to mitigate simulator syndrome (SS).

Background:

The literature on how GCS decreases SS, although scarce, has demonstrated the effectiveness of this technique. Stimulation with this and similar techniques has usually been provided in curves or continuously during the whole circuit but never intermittently. This stimulation method could generate a continued activation of processes related to GCS mitigating SS.

Method:

Fifteen drivers (8 men; mean age = 25.5 years) participated in this experiment. We compared the total scores of the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) across three stimulation conditions: (a) curve GCS condition, whereby GCS was provided in curves; (b) intermittent GCS condition, whereby GCS was provided intermittently during the whole circuit; and (c) no-stimulation condition, whereby no stimulation was provided (baseline condition).

Results:

The experimental outcomes revealed that GCS decreased SS in both the curve and intermittent stimulation conditions.

Conclusion:

We provide evidence that GCS is an effective countermeasure to decrease SS. It could be applied indifferently in curves or intermittently during the whole circuit.

Application:

For future interventions, we recommend the use of GCS to mitigate SS with similar intermittent stimulation programs. These programs have a crucial advantage as they are easily integrated into the simulator setup without the necessity of generating a complicated experimental design to stimulate during the curves.
Civil Society Organizations and Local-Level Peacebuilding in Northern Uganda
Authors: Omach Paul
Published: October 2014

This paper examines the contribution of civil society, notably religious and faith-based groups, traditional institutions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), human rights groups, and community-based self-help groups, in promoting local-level peacebuilding in northern Uganda. Civil society groups in northern Uganda provided alternative narratives of the conflict, exposed brutalities against civilians, and ideas of peacebuilding. They lobbied, facilitated negotiations, engaged in building cultures of peace, promoted reconciliation, sustained livelihoods at the local level, and influenced outside peacebuilding interventions. However, the national context constrained their activities. This article is based on research and consultancy materials, personal observation, official and unofficial documents from the government, international organizations, intergovernmental agencies, and NGOs, newspaper reports, and scholarly publications.
The Effects of Schema-Based Instruction on the Proportional Thinking of Students With Mathematics Difficulties With and Without Reading Difficulties
Authors: Jitendra Asha K. , Dupuis Danielle N. , Star Jon R. , Rodriguez Michael C.
Published: October 2014

This study examined the effect of schema-based instruction (SBI) on the proportional problem-solving performance of students with mathematics difficulties only (MD) and students with mathematics and reading difficulties (MDRD). Specifically, we examined the responsiveness of 260 seventh grade students identified as MD or MDRD to a 6-week treatment (SBI) on measures of proportional problem solving. Results indicated that students in the SBI condition significantly outperformed students in the control condition on a measure of proportional problem solving administered at posttest ( g = 0.40) and again 6 weeks later ( g = 0.42). The interaction between treatment group and students’ difficulty status was not significant, which indicates that SBI was equally effective for both students with MD and those with MDRD. Further analyses revealed that SBI was particularly effective at improving students’ performance on items related to percents. Finally, students with MD significantly outperformed students with MDRD on all measures of proportional problem solving. These findings suggest that interventions designed to include effective instructional features (e.g., SBI) promote student understanding of mathematical ideas.
Are we following the WHO recommendations for surgical scrubbing?
Authors: Ezzat Ahmed , Safdar Muhammad Muneeb , Ahmed Irfan
Published: October 2014

Background

Surgical site infections have an incidence as high as 10%. To reduce this, the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends guidelines for surgical scrubbing.

Aims

We assessed adherence of surgical staff scrub practice before gowning to current WHO recommendations.

Methods

A prospective study conducted in operation theatres in a university hospital. Participants comprised of consultant surgeons, trainees and scrub nurses. Variables included staff grade, scrub order, length of scrub time and appropriate dress code. Data were collected anonymously and analysed.

Results

We assessed 303 surgical scrub-episodes (95 scrub nurses, 123 trainees and 85 consultant surgeons). Mean time for first scrub of the day was 239 s, SD = 99, 95% CI 218, 259 and range = 530 (scrub nurses = 297 s, trainees = 204 s, consultant surgeons = 202 s). Mean time for subsequent scrubs was 161 s, SD = 63, 95% CI 152, 170, range = 312 (scrub nurses = 184 s, trainees = 158 s, consultant surgeons = 143 s). Statistical significance was found between staff grades based on scrub time, with WHO breaches in remaining variables.

Conclusions

No written local guidelines on hand scrubbing exist in the hospital and staff were unaware of WHO guidelines. In this study, mean scrub times were less than WHO guidelines with significant variation in practice across grades of staff. Clear written guidelines are needed.
GPU-assisted energy asynchronous diffusion parallel computing model for soft tissue deformation simulation
Authors: Liao Xiangyun , Yuan Zhiyong , Hu Pengfei , Lai Qianfeng
Published: October 2014

Soft tissue deformation simulation is a key technology of virtual surgical simulation. In this work, we present a graphics processing unit (GPU)-assisted energy asynchronous diffusion parallel computing model which is stable and fast in processing complex models, especially concave surface models. We adopt hexahedral voxels to represent the physical model of soft tissue to improve the visual realistic quality and computing efficiency of deformation simulation. We also adopt the concept of free boundary to simulate soft tissue geometric characteristics more precisely during the deformation process and introduce asynchronous diffusion by using the mechanical energy of mass points to achieve realistic soft tissue deformation effects. In order to meet the requirement of real-time surgery simulation, we accelerate the soft tissue deformation by using OpenCL (Open Computing Language) and optimize the parallel computing process in several means. Experimental results have shown that the GPU-assisted energy asynchronous diffusion parallel computing model for soft tissue deformation simulation implements satisfactory effects on deformation in visual realistic and real-time quality.
Integrating model-in-the-loop simulations to model-driven development in industrial control
Authors: Vepsäläinen Timo , Kuikka Seppo
Published: October 2014

Software applications are becoming increasingly important in automation and control systems. This has forced control system vendors and integrators to pursue new, more effective software development practices. One of the promising research paths has been the utilization of Unified Modeling Language and model-driven development. However, integration of simulations to the existing model-driven development approaches still has not been sufficiently described in the literature. This is surprising as advanced mathematical simulation tools are already in use in the domain to facilitate control algorithm development. In this paper, this issue is addressed by extending a tool-supported model-driven development process with object-oriented, component-based simulation capabilities. To demonstrate the proposed technique, a control system model for a crane system is developed and the technique then used to create a Modelica simulation of the controlled crane.
Movements Making Knowledge: A New Wave of Inspiration for Sociology?
Authors: Cox Laurence
Published: October 2014

Sociology’s marginality to public discussion of the current economic, social and political crisis stems partly from naïveté about the sociology of its own knowledge, in particular about its interlocutors’ interests. Historically, sociology has repeatedly re-established its intellectual relevance through dialogue with movements for social change; this article argues that another such dialogue is overdue. Starting from existing discussions of social movements and their knowledge production, the article focuses on the organisational dimension of such knowledge and explores how this is elaborated in the current movement wave. Looking at movement spaces of theoretical analysis, new popular education processes and movements’ knowledge creation institutions, the article highlights potential contributions to renewing sociological processes of theorising, teaching and engaged research respectively, paying particular attention to movement practices of ‘talking between worlds’. It concludes with a call for a dialogue of critical solidarity between public sociology and new forms of social knowledge production.
Material Returns: Cultures of Valuation, Biofinancialisation and the Autonomy of Politics
Authors: Lilley Simon , Papadopoulos Dimitris
Published: October 2014

The ascent of biofinancialisation since the 1980s brought with it a culture of valuation that spread well beyond financial markets and came to pervade everyday life, subjectivity, ecology and materiality. At the same time, and as a response to the social conflicts of the previous decades, value production shifts to incorporate the extended lifeworld of working people, their networks of sociality and the commons. The article examines the conflicts that emerge from the friction of the prevalent cultures of valuation and the extensive embodiment of value production and argues that biofinancialisation alters the very material infrastructure of bodies and forms of life. What is the autonomy of politics when biofinance becomes molecularised in code and in matter?
Debt, Neoliberalism and Crisis: Interview with Maurizio Lazzarato on the Indebted Condition
Authors: Charbonneau Mathieu , Hansen Magnus Paulsen
Published: October 2014

The following presents parts of an interview conducted with Maurizio Lazzarato discussing his 2012 book, The Making of the Indebted Man. In this interview, Lazzarato first elaborates on his theoretical inspirations. Drawing on the work of Deleuze and Guattari in order to connect Nietzsche and Marx, he develops a theory of debt suggesting that the power of credit, central to neoliberalism, requires the construction of an indebted subjectivity. Producing a responsible, guilty and thus hindered subject, this condition involves individuals and societies facing an infinite social debt. According to Lazzarato, post-Fordism should be understood through the ascending influence of neoliberalism, as the state has retroceded its power of money creation to private creditors. Through this process, the relation between capital and labour has been transcended by the creditor–debtor relationship. In the economy of indebtedness, the welfare state is transformed into an inverted Keynesian redistribution system that allows for wealth transfers from non-owners towards owners.
Roflumilast-induced Local Vascular Injury Is Associated with a Coordinated Proteome and Microparticle Change in the Systemic Circulation in Pigs
Authors: Vilahur Gemma , Cubedo Judit , Padró Teresa , Casaní Laura , Juan-Babot Oriol , Crespo Javier , Bendjama Kaidre , Lawton Michael , Badimon Lina
Published: October 2014

Drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) is commonly associated with phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors. Despite histological characterization, qualified biomarkers for DIVI detection are lacking. We investigated whether a single administration of roflumilast (PDE-IV inhibitor) induces vascular damage and identified novel surrogate biomarkers of acute vascular injury. Pigs received postoperative 250, 375, or 500 μg of roflumilast or placebo/control. After 1.5 hr, coronary reactivity was determined by catheter-based administration of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in the coronary sinus. Immunohistochemical analysis of vessel integrity (von Willebrand factor [vWF]) and fibrin(ogen) deposition was performed in the coronary artery and aorta. Peripheral blood was collected for differential proteomics and microparticles analysis. Circulating interleukin (IL)-6 was analyzed. Roflumilast-treated animals displayed higher vasodilation to acetylcholine and SNP versus controls ( p < .05). Roflumilast-treated animals showed a dose-dependent ( p < .05) decrease in vessel integrity and dose-dependent increase in fibrin deposition forming a continuous layer at roflumilast-500 μg. Peripheral blood of roflumilast-500-μg-treated animals showed increased levels of total and endothelial-derived microparticles and exhibited a coordinated change in proteins kininogen-1, endothelin-1, gelsolin, apolipoprotein A-I, and apolipoprotein-J associated with vascular injury ( p < .05 vs. controls). IL-6 remained unaltered. Roflumilast-induced vascular injury can be detected by novel markers in peripheral blood. Validation of these surrogate markers in human samples seems required.
Direct measurement of cell protrusion force utilizing a robot-aided cell manipulation system with optical tweezers for cell migration control
Authors: Gou Xue , Yang Hao , Fahmy Tarek M , Wang Yong , Sun Dong
Published: October 2014

Cell migration refers to the directional cell movement in response to a chemoattractant gradient, a key process that occurs in a wide variety of biological phenomena. Cell protrusion force is generated by the actin polymerization of a cell, which drives the cell to move toward the stimulus as induced by the chemoattractant gradient. This paper presents a new methodology for the direct measurement of cell protrusion force utilizing a robot-aided optical tweezer system. The functionalized beads that are robotically trapped and placed near the cell serve as both cell migration stimulators and protrusion force probes. The force generated by the actin polymerization of the cell propels the bead to move away from the trapping center when the cell comes in contact with the bead. Such a deviation can be determined and used to calculate the trapping force, which is equal to the protrusion force at a balanced position. With the quantitative measurement of the protrusion, we find that the protrusion force of a live cell in response to a chemoattractant within the range of hundreds of piconewtons. We further probe the protrusion force distribution at the cell leading edge and find that the highest protrusion force appears at the cell migration direction. These measurements can help us characterize the mechanism of cell migration and lay a solid foundation for further proactive control of cell movement.
Strategic forum selection and compliance in interstate dispute resolution
Authors: Lefler Vanessa A.
Published: October 2014

This paper investigates strategic forum selection approaches and compliance with interstate dispute resolution settlements. Research shows that (a) management design features, like decision control and international organizations, affect compliance, (b) states strategically select among bilateral and third-party fora, and (c) anticipated settlement outcomes and enforcement inform pre-negotiation stages. A skeptical perspective suggests that states only select management approaches when they are confident in their ability to fully cooperate. Using Issue Correlates of War data, I test an endogenous model of forum selection and compliance. Statistical analysis finds that states strategically select management approaches in two cases: state-led mediation and ad hoc arbitration. Closer analysis suggests that, rather than tempering the promotion of mediation’s and arbitration’s pacifying benefits, conflict management scholarship should investigate more comparisons across dispute resolution approaches. This project’s multidimensional framework reveals that mediation and arbitration share similar foundations that logically link their selection and inclination toward compliance.
Perceived Infant Feeding Preferences of Significant Family Members and Mothers’ Intentions to Exclusively Breastfeed
Authors: Mueffelmann Rebecca E. , Racine Elizabeth F. , Warren-Findlow Jan , Coffman Maren J.
Published: October 2014

Background:

Breastfeeding intention is a significant predictor of initiation and duration. The decision to breastfeed may be influenced by the opinions of family and friends.

Objective:

This study aimed to examine the relationship between maternal perception of the infant feeding preferences of the baby’s father and the maternal grandmother and the woman’s intention to breastfeed.

Methods:

This study analyzed data from the Infant Feeding Practices Survey II (2005-2007).

Results:

The sample included 4690 women, of whom approximately 82% were white, 67% were married, 68% were multiparous, and 66% had some college education or beyond. In adjusted analyses, the odds of intending to exclusively breastfeed in the first few weeks postpartum were higher among mothers who perceived that the baby’s father or the maternal grandmother preferred exclusive breastfeeding (vs preferred other feeding) (fathers: odds ratio [OR] = 7.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.20-8.92; maternal grandmothers: OR = 2.45; 95% CI, 2.01-2.99). Mothers in each of the racial/ethnic groups examined were more likely to intend to exclusively breastfeed in the first few weeks postpartum if they perceived that the expectant father preferred exclusive breastfeeding (vs preferred other feeding methods) (white: OR = 7.67; 95% CI, 6.25-9.41; black: OR = 11.76; 95% CI, 4.85-28.51; Hispanic: OR = 7.01; 95% CI, 3.44-14.28; other: OR = 7.51; 95% CI, 3.39-16.67).

Conclusion:

These results suggest that significant family members should be counseled on the benefits of breastfeeding and the risks of formula feeding along with pregnant mothers.
A mixed-layer approach combining both flat and curved layer slicing for fused deposition modelling
Authors: Huang Bin , Singamneni Sarat
Published: October 2014

Fused deposition modelling is one of the additive manufacturing techniques in which part quality is often influenced by stair-step effects and internal meso-structures. Adaptive slicing employing slices of varying thicknesses was attempted as a means of overcoming some of these problems, but with limited success, while speed and time of printing often lead to further complications. On the other hand, curved layer deposition is proved to improve surface quality and part strength in specific cases. This research brings both flat and curved layer approaches together through specific algorithms developed and employed combining the two to process given parts. The mixed slicing method is applied successfully to three test cases, practically implemented on a test bed, and proved to be feasible and effective.
Rescuing – a universal phenomenon
Authors: Little John
Published: October 2014

Objective:

Rescuing, where the person is delivered from the immediacy of their conundrum by another, complicates management. The object of this paper is to understand the difficulty in relinquishing the rescuing role.

Conclusion:

Rescuing is a universal phenomenon in parenting, teaching and therapy that has developed over time through a variety of interwoven social, economic, psychological and clinical variables.
Environmental Design and Crime Events
Authors: Reynald Danielle M.
Published: October 2014

This article presents an overview of theoretical perspectives that explain the relationship between crime and environmental design. It describes how crime event research has been influenced significantly by developments in our understanding of how environmental design influences both offender decision making and crime preventive action by citizens. Key crime prevention techniques that involve the manipulation of environmental design will be explained and their empirical standing will be considered. Through a discussion of the practical applications of design theory and concepts, some fundamental limitations and gaps in criminological knowledge about the crime–design link will be highlighted. In conclusion, this article will emphasize the need for better integration of the role and function of crime controllers to continue the advancement of the crime–design framework.
Double-walled corrugated structure for bending-stiff anisotropic morphing skins
Authors: Previtali Francesco , Arrieta Andres F , Ermanni Paolo
Published: October 2014

Morphing promises to enhance the performance of wing-like structures by allowing for operating optimally in a wide range of flying conditions. Yet, a key unresolved problem is the realization of a skin capable of concurrently carrying bending and shear loads, as well as allowing for significant levels of in-plane stretching. In this article, a novel concept exhibiting these desirable characteristics is introduced by means of a double walled structure hereafter called double corrugation. Numerical results show that the double corrugation is capable of offering a high bending stiffness while achieving, with low applied forces, a 20% in-plane stretching. The numerically obtained results are validated with experimental tests, showing the feasibility of the concept. Furthermore, the structural characteristics of the double corrugation are optimized for different material constructions. Nonlinear optimization results concurrently considering strength, bending stiffness, axial compliance and weight show the capabilities of this concept to potentially address the conflicting requirements of morphing skins.
Non-baseline identification of delamination in plates using wavelet-aided fractal analysis of two-dimensional mode shapes
Authors: Bai RB , Radzieński M , Cao MS , Ostachowicz W , Su Z
Published: October 2014

Delamination is a typical form of damage in composite plates. Identification of delamination in plates has been a focus of increasing research interest in relatively recent years. This study develops a new approach, termed a scale waveform dimension analysis of two-dimensional mode shapes, to identify delamination in composite plates. The scale waveform dimension analysis comprises two components: decomposition of a mode shape into scale mode shapes and waveform dimension analysis of scale mode shapes. The first component acts as a splitter that broadly splits a noisy mode shape into three sets of trend-, noise-, and damage-scale mode shapes, from which the damage scale mode shapes can be selected for use in damage characterization; the second component functions as a detector to detect abnormalities of damage scale mode shapes, to indicate the presence and location of delamination. The efficacy of the method is numerically studied and experimentally examined using composite plates containing small delamination. The results show that the proposed method can identify delamination with great accuracy in noisy conditions, needing no intact baseline mode shapes nor any prior knowledge of either the material properties or boundary conditions of the plate being inspected.
Continuous robust control for aeroelastic vibration control of a 2-D airfoil under unsteady flow
Authors: Zhang K , Behal A
Published: October 2014

In this paper, a particular class of 2-D aeroelastic systems accounting for structural nonlinearities in pitching displacement and operating in an unsteady aerodynamic incompressible flowfield description is considered. By using the flap hinge torque of a trailing-edge flap surface as the control input, a continuous controller is proposed to suppress the aeroelastic vibrations of the wing section model. The control design based on the choice of the pitching angle as the output variable yields a semi-global asymptotic stability result. Furthermore, the system is theoretically shown to be robust to external disturbances. Numerical simulation results verify the efficacy of the proposed control strategy toward suppressing aeroelastic vibration in both pre- and post-flutter flight speed regimes under a multitude of external disturbances.
Getting Away With Murder
Authors: Ferguson Claire , Petherick Wayne
Published: October 2014

Staged crime scenes involve an offender deliberately altering evidence to simulate events to mislead investigators. Despite likely occurring more often than reported in the literature due to success in offender deception, the exact frequency of staged crime scenes is unknown. In an attempt to bridge this gap, a legal database was searched for detected staged scenes. A total of 115 cases were examined, and this study reports on 16 staged suicides that were examined through descriptive analysis. Findings indicate the frequent involvement of firearms, hanging, or asphyxia, and that offenders are usually known to victims, although not necessarily intimately.
Glass fiber–reinforced polymer–packaged fiber Bragg grating sensors for ultra-thin unbonded concrete overlay monitoring
Authors: Zhang Zhiming , Huang Ying , Palek Leonard , Strommen Robert
Published: October 2014

The US Department of Transportation suggests a minimum thickness of 7 in (178 mm) to 8 in (203 mm) for unbonded concrete overlay. Thinner overlays driven by economic advantages have attracted worldwide attention. To prove the feasibility of thinner overlay, especially ultra-thin unbonded concrete overlays, robust overlay assessment techniques are demanded. In this article, glass fiber–reinforced polymer–packaged fiber Bragg grating sensors were developed and deployed to evaluate the early performance of fiber-reinforced unbonded concrete overlay with a thickness of 3 in (76 mm) placed on a 7.5-in (191-mm) concrete pavement, using a fabric interlayer as bond breaker. The early performance of the ultra-thin concrete overlay within a year was monitored and investigated, indicating the occurrence of transverse cracks located adjacent to the transverse cracks in the existing pavements. The numerical analysis and field experiments confirmed the accuracy and robustness of the fiber optic sensors, which showed their potential for further applications in concrete pavement monitoring.
Philosophy of education in the world of twenty-first century capitalism: A response to my Theory and Research in Education critics
Authors: White John
Published: October 2014

This is a reply to six Theory and Research in Education commentators on views I expressed in a 2013 Theory and Research in Education piece about priorities in philosophy of education today. The first section is about a concession to my critics; the second, about various misconceptions in their views. The third section restates my central thesis in favour of a more practical conception of philosophy of education than is now common. The argument is set against the background of historical changes in the subject over the past half century.
A multicentre, randomized, double-blind trial of the safety and efficacy of mannose-6-phosphate in patients having Zone II flexor tendon repairs
Authors: Lees V. C. , Warwick D. , Gillespie P. , Brown A. , Akhavani M. , Dewer D. , Boyce D. , Papanastasiou S. , Ragoowansi R. , Wong J.
Published: October 2014

The safety, tolerability and preliminary efficacy of mannose 6-phosphate in enhancing the outcome in Zone II flexor tendon repair was studied in a multicentre parallel double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Eight UK teaching hospitals were involved in treating repaired flexor tendons with a single intraoperative intrathecal dose of 600 mM mannose 6-phosphate, with follow-up over 26 weeks. A total of 39 patients (mannose 6-phosphate, n = 20; standard care, n = 19) were randomized. Seven were excluded from the safety and tolerability analysis because of intraoperative findings and eight were excluded due to early dropout ( n = 4) or tendon rupture ( n = 4), leaving 24 (mannose 6-phosphate, n = 13; standard care, n = 11) for assessment of total active motion. The safety, tolerability and other side effects were comparable between the groups. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the total active motion at Week 26. We concluded that mannose 6-phosphate, although safe and tolerable, had no beneficial effect on finger range of motion after Zone II tendon division.

Level of evidence 1b
Genetic association and gene expression studies suggest that genetic variants in the SYNE1 and TNF genes are related to menstrual migraine
Authors: Rodriguez-Acevedo Astrid J , Smith Robert A , Roy Bishakha , Sutherland Heidi , Lea Rod A , Frith Alison , MacGregor E Anne , Griffiths Lyn R
Published: October 2014

Background

Menstrual migraine (MM) encompasses pure menstrual migraine (PMM) and menstrually-related migraine (MRM). This study was aimed at investigating genetic variants that are potentially related to MM, specifically undertaking genotyping and mRNA expression analysis of the ESR1, PGR, SYNE1 and TNF genes in MM cases and non-migraine controls.

Methods

A total of 37 variants distributed across 14 genes were genotyped in 437 DNA samples (282 cases and 155 controls). In addition levels of gene expression were determined in 74 cDNA samples (41 cases and 33 controls). Association and correlation analysis were performed using Plink and RStudio.

Results

SNPs rs3093664 and rs9371601 in TNF and SYNE1 genes respectively, were significantly associated with migraine in the MM population (p = 0.008; p = 0.009 respectively). Analysis of qPCR results found no significant difference in levels of gene expression between cases and controls. However, we found a significant correlation between the expression of ESR1 and SYNE1, ESR1 and PGR and TNF and SYNE1 in samples taken during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

Conclusions

Our results show that SNPs rs9371601 and rs3093664 in the SYNE1 and TNF genes respectively, are associated with MM. The present study also provides strong evidence to support the correlation of ESR1, PGR, SYNE1 and TNF gene expression in MM.
Effect of experimental conditions on size control of Au nanoparticles synthesized by atmospheric microplasma electrochemistry
Authors: Huang Xunzhi , Li Yongsheng , Zhong Xiaoxia
Published: October 2014

Atmospheric microplasma electrochemistry was utilized to synthesize Au nanoparticles (NPs). The synthesized Au NPs were investigated as a function of reduction current, solution temperature, and stirring (or not) by using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorbance and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was illustrated that high current promoted the growth of Au NPs with small size, and more Au NPs with large size were synthesized as a rise of temperature. The Au NPs often with small size were synthesized as a result of stirring. The production rate, the electrostatic repulsion, and the residence time of the Au NPs at the interfacial region play an important role in the growth of Au NPs. The results shed light upon the roadmap to control the size and particle size distribution (PSD) of Au NPs synthesized by atmospheric microplasma electrochemistry.
Positive solutions for a class of higher-order singular semipositone fractional differential systems with coupled integral boundary conditions and parameters
Authors: Wang Ying , Liu Lishan , Wu Yonghong
Published: October 2014

In this paper, we study the existence of a class of higher-order singular semipositone fractional differential systems with coupled integral boundary conditions and parameters. By using the properties of the Green’s function and the Guo-Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem, we obtain some existence results of positive solutions under some conditions concerning the nonlinear functions. The method of this paper is a unified method for establishing the existence of positive solutions for a large number of nonlinear differential equations with coupled boundary conditions. In the end, examples are given to demonstrate the validity of our main results.

MSC:34B16, 34B18.
Three-year risk of cardiovascular disease among intensive care patients with acute kidney injury: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Gammelager Henrik , Christiansen Christian Fynbo , Johansen Martin Berg , Tønnesen Else , Jespersen Bente , Sørensen Henrik Toft
Published: October 2014

Introduction

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common among intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but follow-up data on subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease remain sparse. We examined the impact of AKI on three-year risk of first-time heart failure, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke among ICU patients surviving to hospital discharge, and whether this risk is modified by renal recovery before hospital discharge.

Methods

We used population-based medical registries to identify all adult patients admitted to an ICU in Northern Denmark between 2005 and 2010 who survived to hospital discharge and who had no previous or concurrent diagnosis of heart failure, MI, or stroke. AKI was defined according to the creatinine criteria in the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes classification. We computed the three-year cumulative risk of hospitalization with heart failure, MI, and stroke for patients with and without AKI and the hazard ratios (HRs), using a Cox model adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

Among 21,556 ICU patients surviving to hospital discharge, 4,792 (22.2%) had an AKI episode. Three-year cumulative risk of heart failure was 2.2% in patients without AKI, 5.0% for AKI stage 1, and 5.0% for stages 2 to 3. The corresponding adjusted HRs were 1.33 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06 to 1.66) for patients with AKI stage 1 and 1.45 (95% CI, 1.14 to 1.84) for AKI stages 2 to 3, compared to patients without AKI. The three-year cumulative MI risk was 1.0% for patients without AKI, 1.8% for patients with AKI stage 1 and 2.3% for patients with AKI stages 2 to 3. The adjusted HR for MI was 1.04 (95% CI, 0.71 to 1.51) for patients with AKI stage 1 and 1.51 (95% CI, 1.05 to 2.18) for patients with AKI stages 2 to 3, compared with patients without AKI. We found no association between AKI and stroke. The increased risk of heart failure and MI persisted in patients with renal recovery before discharge, although it was less pronounced than in patients without renal recovery.

Conclusions

ICU patients surviving any stage of AKI are at increased three-year risk of heart failure, but not stroke. Only AKI stages 2 to 3 are associated with increased MI risk.
Year in review 2013: Critical Care – sepsis
Authors: de Montmollin Etienne , Annane Djillali
Published: October 2014

This review presents key publications from the research field of sepsis published in Critical Care and other relevant journals during 2013. The results of these experimental studies and clinical trials are discussed in the context of current scientific and clinical background. The discussion highlights and summarises articles on four main topics: sepsis pathogenesis, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, potential new therapies, and epidemiologic and outcome studies.