bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hf‐Nd input flux in the Izu‐Mariana subduction zone and recycling of subducted material in the mantle
Authors: Chauvel Catherine , Marini Jean‐Christophe , Plank Terry , Ludden John N.
Published: January 2009

In subduction zones, two major mass fluxes compete: the input flux of altered oceanic crust and sediments subducted into the mantle and the output flux of magma that forms the volcanic arc. While the composition and the amount of material erupted along volcanic arcs are relatively well known, the chemical and isotopic composition of the subducted material (altered oceanic crust and sediments) is poorly constrained and is an important factor in the mass balance calculation. Ocean Drilling Program Leg 185 in the Western Pacific used systematic sampling of the altered basaltic basement and sediment pile and the creation of composite mixtures to quantify the total chemical flux subducted at the Izu‐Mariana margin. Here, we report Hf and Nd isotopic compositions of materials recovered from this Leg. The Hf and Nd isotopic compositions of altered basalts from Hole 801C are indistinguishable from those of recent unaltered Pacific mid‐ocean ridge basalt, suggesting that hydrothermal alteration had no effect on either isotopic systems. The complete Site 1149 sedimentary pile has a weighted average ɛNd of −5.9 and ɛHf of +4.4, values similar to those of Fe‐Mn crusts and nodules. Therefore, the Hf and Nd isotopic compositions of the sediments collected at Site 1149 indicate minimal contributions from continental detrital material to the rare earth elements and high field strength elements. However, the Hf isotopic budget of the oldest sediments is more influenced by continental material than the younger sediments, despite the large distances to continental masses 130 Ma ago. In the Izu subduction zone, we calculate a sedimentary input of less than about 2% in the volcanic lava source. In contrast, at least 85% of the sedimentary Nd and Hf are recycled into the mantle to affect its general composition. Assuming that sediments have been recycled in a similar manner into the mantle for millions of years, large chemical heterogeneities must be produced in the mantle. In addition, the depletion of the mantle due to the extraction of continental crust must be partly counterbalanced by the injection of vast quantities of enriched sedimentary material.
Discovery of lake‐effect clouds on Titan
Authors: Brown M. E. , Schaller E. L. , Roe H. G. , Chen C. , Roberts J. , Brown R. H. , Baines K. H. , Clark R. N.
Published: January 2009

Images from instruments on Cassini as well as from telescopes on the ground reveal the presence of sporadic small‐scale cloud activity in the cold late‐winter north polar region of Saturn's large moon Titan. These clouds lie underneath the previously discovered uniform polar cloud attributed to a quiescent ethane cloud at ∼40 km and appear confined to the same latitudes as those of the largest known hydrocarbon lakes at the north pole of Titan. The physical properties of these clouds suggest that they are due to methane convection and condensation. Such convection could be caused by a process in some ways analogous to terrestrial lake‐effect clouds. The lakes on Titan could be a key connection between the surface and the meteorological cycle.
Transient response of severe thunderstorm forcing to elevated greenhouse gas concentrations
Authors: Trapp Robert J. , Diffenbaugh Noah S. , Gluhovsky Alexander
Published: January 2009

We investigate the transient response of severe‐thunderstorm forcing to the time‐varying greenhouse gas concentrations associated with the A1B emissions scenario. Using a five‐member ensemble of global climate model experiments, we find a positive trend in such forcing within the United States, over the period 1950–2099. The rate of increase varies by geographic region, depending on (i) low‐level water vapor availability and transport, and (ii) the frequency of synoptic‐scale cyclones during the warm season. Our results indicate that deceleration of the greenhouse gas emissions trajectory would likely result in slower increases in severe thunderstorm forcing.
Multi‐reflected echoes: Another ionogram signature of large‐scale wave structure
Authors: Tsunoda Roland T.
Published: January 2009

One or more steeply sloped traces have been found in evening ionograms taken from the Kwajalein Atoll (4.3°N dip latitude) during July 1979. Their resemblance to the normal F trace suggests that they are echoes that have undergone a large number of reflections from the F layer. These multi‐reflected echoes (MREs) are interpreted in terms of focusing produced by curved isodensity contours in the bottomside F layer, which appear to be associated with large‐scale wave structure (LSWS) that develops in the bottomside F layer. MREs appear to be another signature for LSWS, together with satellite traces that appear later in time, closer to the onset of plasma structure referred to as equatorial spread F. MREs are interesting because they display, for the data set examined, a strong preference to occur during the post‐sunset rise of the F layer, which includes E‐region sunset. How this finding affects our understanding of LSWS is discussed.
Climate feedbacks under a very broad range of forcing
Authors: Colman Robert , McAvaney Bryant
Published: January 2009

An atmospheric general circulation model, coupled to a mixed layer ocean, is subjected to a broad range of forcing away from the current climate between 1/16 to 32 times current CO2 in halving/doubling steps. As climate warms climate sensitivity weakens (although not monotonically), albedo feedback weakens (driving much of the sensitivity weakening), water vapour feedback strengthens (at a rate slightly larger than it would if relative humidity remained unchanged), and lapse rate feedback increases (negatively); this latter change essentially offsetting the water vapour increases. Longwave cloud feedbacks are relatively stable (moderate and positive) across the full range; shortwave cloud feedback remains relatively weak, apart from under the coldest climates. Cloud optical property related components (from total water content, water/ice fraction and cloud thickness) remain remarkably stable. Cloud ‘amount’ feedbacks show the greatest trends: weakening as temperatures increase. Although cloud feedbacks show an overall consistency of features in different latitudes, precise patterns of changes differ substantially for different baseline climates.
Suppression of south Asian summer monsoon precipitation in the 21st century
Authors: Ashfaq Moetasim , Shi Ying , Tung Wen‐wen , Trapp Robert J. , Gao Xueijie , Pal Jeremy S. , Diffenbaugh Noah S.
Published: January 2009

We used a high‐resolution nested climate modeling system to investigate the response of South Asian summer monsoon dynamics to anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gas concentrations. The simulated dynamical features of the summer monsoon compared well with reanalysis data and observations. Further, we found that enhanced greenhouse forcing resulted in overall suppression of summer precipitation, a delay in monsoon onset, and an increase in the occurrence of monsoon break periods. Weakening of the large‐scale monsoon flow and suppression of the dominant intraseasonal oscillatory modes were instrumental in the overall weakening of the South Asian summer monsoon. Such changes in monsoon dynamics could have substantial impacts by decreasing summer precipitation in key areas of South Asia.
Heat source for an amagmatic hydrothermal system, Noto Peninsula, Central Japan
Authors: Umeda Koji , Ninomiya Atusi , Negi Tateyuki
Published: January 2009

Although there is no evidence of volcanism in the Noto Peninsula since the late Miocene, the peninsula has long been known to be unusual and atypical of non‐volcanic regions, as indicated by high‐temperature hot springs and a geothermal gradient greater than 50 K/km. In order to provide geochemical constraints on the heat source for amagmatic hydrothermal activity, the chemical and isotopic compositions of 14 gas and water samples from hot springs were measured. The observed 3He/4He ratios of most hot spring gases range from 0.03 to 1.2 Ra (Ra denotes the atmospheric 3He/4He ratio of 1.4 × 10−6). In these samples, mantle helium composes less than 10% of the total helium, indicating an insignificant contribution of mantle‐derived volatiles from, for example, newly ascending magma and/or aqueous fluid generated by dehydration of the subducting slab. The Noto Peninsula mainly consists of Neogene volcaniclastic and sedimentary rocks overlying Paleozoic to Mesozoic basement rocks associated with uranium‐bearing granite pegmatite containing elevated concentrations of heat generating elements such as uranium, thorium, and potassium. A plausible heat source for the amagmatic hydrothermal activity can be attributed to this distinctive geological environment where high heat producing granitic rocks are buried under Neogene sedimentary rocks with low thermal conductivities that act as thermal blankets. Most Noto Peninsula hot springs are found in areas of active faulting, where stress concentrations since the late Miocene could open an existing fault pathway because the fluid pressure is close to the lithostatic pressure. Meteoric waters circulating through hot basement rock come to the surface along these permeable conduits with minimal mixing with shallow groundwater, resulting in emanation of high‐temperature hot springs with low 3He/4He ratio gases along active fault zones.
Ventilation of the Arctic Ocean: Mean ages and inventories of anthropogenic CO2 and CFC‐11
Authors: Tanhua Toste , Jones E. Peter , Jeansson Emil , Jutterström Sara , Smethie William M. , Wallace Douglas W. R. , Anderson Leif G.
Published: January 2009

The Arctic Ocean constitutes a large body of water that is still relatively poorly surveyed because of logistical difficulties, although the importance of the Arctic Ocean for global circulation and climate is widely recognized. For instance, the concentration and inventory of anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) in the Arctic Ocean are not properly known despite its relatively large volume of well‐ventilated waters. In this work, we have synthesized available transient tracer measurements (e.g., CFCs and SF6) made during more than two decades by the authors. The tracer data are used to estimate the ventilation of the Arctic Ocean, to infer deep‐water pathways, and to estimate the Arctic Ocean inventory of Cant. For these calculations, we used the transit time distribution (TTD) concept that makes tracer measurements collected over several decades comparable with each other. The bottom water in the Arctic Ocean has CFC values close to the detection limit, with somewhat higher values in the Eurasian Basin. The ventilation time for the intermediate water column is shorter in the Eurasian Basin (∼200 years) than in the Canadian Basin (∼300 years). We calculate the Arctic Ocean Cant inventory range to be 2.5 to 3.3 Pg‐C, normalized to 2005, i.e., ∼2% of the global ocean Cant inventory despite being composed of only ∼1% of the global ocean volume. In a similar fashion, we use the TTD field to calculate the Arctic Ocean inventory of CFC‐11 to be 26.2 ± 2.6 × 106 moles for year 1994, which is ∼5% of the global ocean CFC‐11 inventory.
Using hedonic property models to value public water bodies: An analysis of specification issues
Authors: Muller Nicholas Z.
Published: January 2009

The hedonic literature has established that public water bodies provide external benefits that are reflected in the value of nearby residential real estate. The literature has employed several approaches to quantify these nonmarket services. With a residential hedonic model, this paper tests whether model specification affects resource valuation using an actively managed reservoir in Indiana and a passively managed lake in Connecticut. The results indicate that valuation is quite sensitive to model specification and that omitting either the waterview or waterfront variables from the hedonic function likely results in a misspecified model. The findings from this study are important for researchers and public agencies charged with managing water resources to bear in mind as the external benefits from existing or proposed man‐made lakes and reservoirs are estimated. Therefore, while it requires considerably more effort to determine which properties are in waterfront locations and which properties have a view, the potential mispecification of “distance‐only” models likely justifies these extra research costs. Further, the findings in this analysis call into question results from distance‐only models in the literature.
Scythe/BAT3 regulates apoptotic cell death induced by papillomavirus binding factor in human osteosarcoma
Authors: Tsukahara Tomohide , Kimura Shigeharu , Ichimiya Shingo , Torigoe Toshihiko , Kawaguchi Satoshi , Wada Takuro , Yamashita Toshihiko , Sato Noriyuki
Published: January 2009

Papillomavirus binding factor (PBF) was first identified as a transcription factor regulating the promoter activity of human papillomavirus. We previously demonstrated that PBF is an osteosarcoma‐associated antigen and 92% of osteosarcoma tissues express PBF in the nucleus. Moreover, PBF‐positive osteosarcoma has a significantly poorer prognosis than that with negative expression of PBF. In the present study, we assessed the biological role of PBF in cell survival. Overexpression of PBF induced cell death‐mediated lactate dehydrase (LDH) release from 293EBNA cells. Cleaved poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase and active caspase‐3 were also detected. However, PBF‐induced apoptosis did not affect caspase‐9 activity. Next, to identify the apoptosis regulator of PBF, we screened a cDNA library constructed from mRNA of the osteosarcoma cell line OS2000 using a yeast two‐hybrid system and isolated Scythe/BAT3. Scythe/BAT3 mRNA was detected in 56% of osteosarcoma tissues and ubiquitously in various normal tissues. Although Scythe/BAT3 was localized to the cytoplasm in normal tissue, it was localized to the nucleus in osteosarcoma tissue. PBF and Scythe/BAT3 also colocalized to the cytoplasm in 293T cells and the nucleus in OS2000. Furthermore, overexpression of Scythe/BAT3 suppressed cell death events that resulted from overexpression of PBF in OS2000, but not in 293EBNA cells. Thus, our results support the ideas that: (i) PBF could induce apoptotic cell death via a caspase‐9‐independent pathway; (ii) the apoptosis regulator Scythe/BAT3 is a PBF‐associated molecule acting as a nucleus–cytoplasm shuttling protein; and (iii) colocalization of PBF and Scythe/BAT3 in the nucleus might be an important factor for survival of osteosarcoma cells. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 47–53)
Association of visceral fat accumulation and plasma adiponectin with rectal dysplastic aberrant crypt foci in a clinical population
Authors: Takahashi Hirokazu , Takayama Tetsuji , Yoneda Kyoko , Endo Hiroki , Iida Hiroshi , Sugiyama Michiko , Fujita Koji , Yoneda Masato , Inamori Masahiko , Abe Yasunobu , Saito Satoru , Wada Koichiro , Nakagama Hitoshi , Nakajima Atsushi
Published: January 2009

The association between obesity and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) cannot be easily evaluated because CRC itself is associated with a gradual loss of bodyweight. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) can be classified as dysplastic ACF or non‐dysplastic ACF by magnifying colonoscopy, and dysplastic ACF are thought to be a biomarker of CRC. Ninety‐four participants who underwent colonoscopy at Yokohama City University Hospital, Japan, were enrolled in the current study. We detected 557 ACF, including 67 dysplastic ACF (12.0%). Univariate regression analysis was conducted to determine correlations between the number of dysplastic ACF and various potential risk factors, including patient age, waist circumference, body mass index, visceral fat area (VFA), and plasma adiponectin level. The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that the number of dysplastic ACF correlated with age (correlation coefficient r = 0.212, P = 0.0383) and plasma adiponectin level (r = –0.201, P = 0.0371), even after adjustments for sex, waist circumference, body mass index, and VFA. Our univariate correlation analysis data showed a significant correlation with the number of dysplastic ACF with VFA (r = 0.238, P = 0.0209), no correlation with subcutaneous fat area, and an inverse correlation with the plasma level of adiponectin (r = –0.258, P = 0.0118). Thus, our results suggest that aging and visceral fat accumulation could correlate moderately with colorectal carcinogenesis. The novelty of our study lies in the finding that visceral fat accumulation and a low plasma adiponectin level may promote colorectal carcinogenesis; therefore, these obesity‐related parameters may serve as novel targets for CRC prevention. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 29–32)
The potatoStLTPa7gene displays a complex Ca2+‐associated pattern of expression during the early stage of potato–Ralstonia solanacearuminteraction
Authors: GAO GANG , JIN LI PING , XIE KAI YUN , QU DONG YU
Published: January 2009

Although nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are widely expressed during plant defence responses to pathogens, their functions and regulation are not fully understood. In this article, we report the isolation of a cDNA for the new nsLTP,StLTPa7, from cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) infected withRalstonia solanacearum. The cDNA was predicted to encode a type 1 nsLTP containing an N‐terminal signal sequence and possessing the characteristic features of nsLTPs. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the encoded amino acid sequence of the nsLTP was similar to those of other previously reported plant nsLTPs, which contain a putative calmodulin‐binding site consisting of approximately 12 highly conserved amino acid residues. The expression of theStLTPa7gene was studied during the early stages of potato–R. solanacearuminteraction using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and Northern analyses, and a complex calcium (Ca2+)‐associated pattern of expression was observed with the following features: (i) transcripts of theStLTPa7gene were systemically up‐regulated by infection withR. solanacearum; (ii) theStLTPa7gene was stimulated by salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid and Ca2+; (iii) qRT‐PCR showed that, during the early stage ofR. solanacearuminfection, nsLTP transcripts accumulated over a time course that paralleled that of Ca2+accumulation, detected using environmental scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDAX) spectrometry; and (iv) the Ca2+channel blocker, ruthenium red, partially blockedR. solanacearum‐inducedStLTPa7expression. This report represents the first use of EDAX analysis to establish a synchrony between Ca2+accumulation and nsLTP expression in response to potato–R. solanacearuminteractions. Collectively, these results suggest thatStLTPa7may be a pathogen‐ and Ca2+‐responsive plant defence gene.
KOPS‐guided DNA translocation by FtsK safeguards Escherichia coli chromosome segregation
Authors: Sivanathan Viknesh , Emerson Jenny E. , Pages Carine , Cornet François , Sherratt David J. , Arciszewska Lidia K.
Published: January 2009

The septum‐located DNA translocase, FtsK, acts to co‐ordinate the late steps of Escherichia coli chromosome segregation with cell division. The FtsK γ regulatory subdomain interacts with 8 bp KOPS DNA sequences, which are oriented from the replication origin to the terminus region (ter) in each arm of the chromosome. This interaction directs FtsK translocation towards ter where the final chromosome unlinking by decatenation and chromosome dimer resolution occurs. Chromosome dimer resolution requires FtsK translocation along DNA and its interaction with the XerCD recombinase bound to the recombination site, dif, located within ter. The frequency of chromosome dimer formation is ∼15% per generation in wild‐type cells. Here we characterize FtsK alleles that no longer recognize KOPS, yet are proficient for translocation and chromosome dimer resolution. Non‐directed FtsK translocation leads to a small reduction in fitness in otherwise normal cell populations, as a consequence of ∼70% of chromosome dimers being resolved to monomers. More serious consequences arise when chromosome dimer formation is increased, or their resolution efficiency is impaired because of defects in chromosome organization and processing. For example, when Cre–loxP recombination replaces XerCD–dif recombination in dimer resolution, when functional MukBEF is absent, or when replication terminates away from ter.
Non‐invasive determination of plant biomass with microwave resonators
Authors: MENZEL MARION I. , TITTMANN SUSANNE , BÜHLER JONAS , PREIS STELLA , WOLTERS NORBERT , JAHNKE SIEGFRIED , WALTER ACHIM , CHLUBEK ANTONIA , LEON ARIEL , HERMES NORMEN , OFFENHÄUSER ANDREAS , GILMER FRANK , BLÜMLER PETER , SCHURR ULRICH , KRAUSE HANS‐JOACHIM
Published: January 2009

Non‐invasive and rapid determination of plant biomass would be beneficial for a number of research aims. Here, we present a novel device to non‐invasively determine plant water content as a proxy for plant biomass. It is based on changes of dielectric properties inside a microwave cavity resonator induced by inserted plant material. The water content of inserted shoots leads to a discrete shift in the centre frequency of the resonator. Calibration measurements with pure water showed good spatial homogeneity in the detection volume of the microwave resonators and clear correlations between water content and centre frequency shift. For cut tomato and tobacco shoots, linear correlations between fresh weight and centre frequency shift were established. These correlations were used to continuously monitor diel growth patterns of intact plants and to determine biomass increase over several days. Interferences from soil and root water were excluded by shielding pots with copper. The presented proof of principle shows that microwave resonators are promising tools to quantitatively detect the water content of plants and to determine plant biomass. As the method is non‐invasive, integrative and fast, it provides the opportunity for detailed, dynamic analyses of plant growth, water status and phenotype.
Dual role for 14‐3‐3 proteins and ABF transcription factors in gibberellic acid and abscisic acid signalling in barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone cells
Authors: SCHOONHEIM PETER J. , COSTA PEREIRA DANIEL DA , DE BOER ALBERTUS H.
Published: January 2009

The balance of gibberellins [gibberellic acid (GA)] and abscisic acid (ABA) is a determining factor during transition of embryogenesis and seed germination. Recently, we showed that 14‐3‐3 proteins are important in ABA signalling in barley aleurone cells. Using 14‐3‐3 RNAi constructs in the barley aleurone transient expression system, we demonstrate here that silencing of each 14‐3‐3 isoform suppresses GA induction of the α‐amylase gene. 14‐3‐3 Proteins interact with ABA‐responsive element (ABRE) binding factors HvABF1, 2 and 3, and here we show that these transcription factors also interact with the ABA‐responsive kinase PKABA1, a kinase that mediates cross‐talk between the GA and ABA pathway. ABF1 and ABF2 have a function in both signalling pathways as: (1) ectopic expression of wild‐type ABF1 and mutant ABF2, lacking the 14‐3‐3 interaction domain, transactivates the ABA inducible HVA1 gene; and (2) GA induction of the α‐amylase gene is repressed by ectopic expression of wild‐type ABF1 and 2. Mutant ABF1 and 2 were still effective repressors of GA signalling. In summary, our data provide evidence that 14‐3‐3 proteins and members of the ABF transcription factor family have a regulatory function in the GA pathway and suggest that PKABA1 and ABF transcription factors are cross‐talk intermediates in ABA and GA signalling.
Influence of Enzyme Induger on Methaemoglobinaemia Caused by Prilocaine
Authors: Heinonen Jussi , Ahtee Liisa
Published: January 2009

The influence of a potent enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, on prilocaine‐induced methaemoglobinaemia was studied in different animal species. In all three dogs examined, the degree of prilocaine‐induced methaemoglobinaemia was clearly less in the experiment carried out after phenobarbital treatment than in the control experiment. This may be explained by assuming that phenobarbital accelerates more than one step in prilocaine metabolism. In cats, phenobarbital had no influence on prilocaine‐induced methaemoglobinaemia. In rabbits and rats, prilocaine did not elevate methaemoglobin levels in blood.

Der Einfluss des stark wirksamen Enzymfreisetzers Phenobarbital auf die Prilocain‐induzierte Methämoglobinämie wurde bei verschiedenen Tierarten geprüft. Bei allen drei untersuchten Hunden war die Prilocain‐induzierte Methämoglobinämie deutlich geringer nach Phenobarbital‐Vorbehandlung, als in den Kontrollexperimenten. Dies kann durch die Annahme erklärt werden, dass Phenobarbital mehr als eine Stufe des Prilocain‐Abbaues akzeleriert. Bei Katzen hatte Phenobarbital keinen Einfluss auf die Prilocain‐induzierte Methämoglobinämie. Bei Kaninchen und Ratten zeigte sich nach Prilocain kein erhöhter Methämoglobinämiespiegel im Blut.
Hexafluorenium‐Succinylcholine in General Anaesthesia
Authors: Cecconello D. , Fanchiotti G. L. , Giussani A.
Published: January 2009

The series consisted of 1247 patients operated on in the Surgical Departments of the Hospital of Vicenza. During the anaesthesia, a hexafluorenium‐succinylcholine combination was administered.

The effect of hexafluorenium‐succinylcholine on blood pressure, cardiac rhythm, the vegetative nervous system, and on the freequency of bronchospasm, muscular pain and bronchopulmonary complications was studied, and the results were subjected to statistical analysis.

Bei einer Serie von 1247 Patienten, die in der Chirurgischen Abteilung des Krankenhauses von Vicenza operiert wurden, war während der Anaesthesie eine Kombination von Hexafluorenium und Succinylcholin verabreicht worden.

Der Einfluss von Hexafluorenium und Succinylcholin auf Blutdruck, Herzrhythmus, das vegetative Nervensystem, sowie auf die Häufigkeit von Bronchospasmus, Muskelschmerzen und bronchopulmonale Komplikationen wurde untersucht, wobei die Resultate einer statistischen Analyse unterzogen wurden.
THE EFFECT OF LATERAL POSITION ON REGIONAL LUNG FUNCTION: A Simplified Radiospirometric Study Using Xenon133
Authors: Aulin I.
Published: January 2009

A simplified radiospirometric method for the estimation of regional lung function using 133Xenon has been applied to normal male volunteers in the prone and right lateral positions. It revealed a decrease in FRC and an increase in ventilation and perfusion in the lateral position. The results showed an excellent agreement with Svanberg's bronchospirometric studies (1957)24.

The predisposing factors for the development of atelectasis in the lateral decubitus position are discussed. The equipment described in this paper is relatively simple to operate and seems to be reliable enough to be used for further studies.

Es wurde eine vereinfachte radiospirometrische Methode unter Verwendung von Xenon133 benützt, um die regionale Lungenfunktion bei normalen männlichen Versuchspersonen in der Bauch bzw. rechten Seitenlage zu studieren. Dabei zeigte sich eine Abnahme der funktionellen Residualkapazität und eine Zunahme der Ventilation und Perfusion in der Seitenlage. Die Ergebnisse standen in ausgezeichneter Übereinstimmung mit den bronchospirometrischen Untersuchungen von Svanberg (1957)24.

Die praedisponierenden Faktoren für die Entwicklung von Atelektasen in der Seitenlage werden besprochen. Die in dieser Arbeit beschriebene Aus‐rüstung ist relativ einfach zu bedienen und verlässlich genug, um für weitere Untersuchungen verwendet zu werden.
ARTERIAL OXYGEN TENSIONS AND ACID‐BASE CHANGES DURING ETHER‐AIR ANAESTHESIA
Authors: Martinez Leonardo R. , Harmel Merel H.
Published: January 2009

PaO2 and changes in acid‐base parameters were measured in a series of patients anaesthetized with an ether‐air mixture. Patients were divided into three groups: (1) spontaneous respiration, (2) manual ventilation and (3) mechanical ventilation. PaO2 in all patients except one were maintained close to pre‐operative values during and after operation. Changes in pH and arterial carbon dioxide tension were due to changes in ventilation, not to alterations of acid‐base balance. The present study confirms previous observations, viz. that in the absence of severe respiratory or circulatory disturbance, air as a carrier gas for ether results in adequate arterial oxygenation.

Bei einer Reihe von Patienten, die mit einem Äther‐Luft‐Gemisch narkotisiert worden waren, wurden PaO2 und Veränderungen des Säure‐Basen‐Status gemessen. Die Patienten wurden in drei Gruppen unterteilt: 1. Spontanatmung, 2. manuelle Beatmung, 3. mechanische Beatmung. Mit Ausnahme eines Patienten konnte bei alien das PaO2 wahrend und nach der Operation auf an‐nähernd praeoperativen Werten gehalten werden. Die Veränderungen des pH und der arteriellen C O2 ‐Spannung waren ventilationsbedingt und nicht die Folge von Saure‐Basen‐Verschiebungen. Diese Untersuchung bestätigt frühere Beobachtungen, dass nämlich beim Fehlen schwerer Storungen der Atmung und des Kreislaufes Luft als Trägergas für Äther ausreichende arterielle Sauer‐stoffwerte ergibt.
STATIC THORACIC COMPLIANCE IN NORMAL CHILDREN UNDER GENERAL ANAESTHESIA
Authors: Nisbet H. I. A. , Levison H. , Pelton D. A.
Published: January 2009

There is relatively little information concerning the relationship between body size and the components of thoracic compliance in normal children. Static compliance was measured in 40 normal children under general anaesthesia. Their heights (Ht.) ranged from 90 to 175 cm. Using the oesophageal balloon technique, changes in tracheal and oesophageal pressures were measured in response to stepwise changes in lung volumes. The relationship between changes in pressure for a unit change of volume was then examined at lung volumes equivalent to functional residual capacity + 10% of total lung capacity.

Under general anaesthesia and controlled ventilation total thoracic compliance (CTOT) and its components, pulmonary compliance (CL) and thoracic wall compliance (CTW), were found to be related to height in the following manner:—

CTOT= 5.18 × 100.00698× Ht (ml/cm H2O), r = 0.906

CL= 7.90 × 100.00705× Ht (ml/cm H2O), r = 0.847

CTw= 25.12 × 100.00543× Ht (ml/cm H2O), r = 0.746

PA There was also a relationship between predicted vital capacity and thoracic compliance:—

CTOT= 19.63 × 100.15447× VC (ml/cm H2O), r = 0.890

CL= 29.99 × 100.15773× VC (ml/cm H2O), r = 0.841

CTW= 7.063 × 100.1205× VC (ml/cm H2O), r = 0.736

This suggests a closer relationship between the components of compliance and height than has been demonstrated in previous reports. The relationship between pulmonary compliance and height and vital capacity is similar to that observed in conscious children.

Es gibt relativ wenig Information über das Verhältnis zwischen Körpergrösse und den Komponenten der Thorax‐Compliance bei normalen Kindern. Bei 40 normalen Kindern wurde daher die statische Compliance während der Narkose gemessen. Die Körperhöhe (Ht.) lag zwischen 90 und 175 cm. Mittels der Oesophagusballontechnik wurden die Veränderungen der Tracheal‐ und Oesophagusdrucke bei stufenweisen Änderungen der Lungenvolumina gemessen. Das Verhältnis zwischen den Druckänderungen pro Volumenände‐rungseinheit wurde dann bei Lungenvolumina untersucht, die der funktionellen Residualkapazität + 10% der Totalkapazität äquivalent waren.

In Allgemeinnarkose und bei kontrollierter Beatmung ergab sich für die gesamte Thoraxcompliance (CTOT) und ihre beiden Komponenten, die Lungencompliance (CL) und Brustwandcompliance (CTW) die nachstehende Relation zur Körperhöhe:

CTOT= 5.18 × 100.00698× Ht (ml/cm H2O), r = 0.906

CL= 7.90 × 100.00705× Ht (ml/cm H2O), r = 0.847

CTw= 25.12 × 100.00543× Ht (ml/cm H2O), r = 0.746

Auch zwischen der Soll‐Vitalkapazität und der Thoraxcompliance bestand eine Relation:

CTOT= 19.63 × 100.15447× VC (ml/cm H2O), r = 0.890

CL= 29.99 × 100.15773× VC (ml/cm H2O), r = 0.841

CTW= 7.063 × 100.1205× VC (ml/cm H2O), r = 0.736

Dieses deutet auf einer engeren Relation zwischen den Komponenten der Compliance und der Körperhöhe an, als es in früheren Arbeiten nachgewiesen ist. Die Relation zwischen Lungencompliance und Körperhöhe und Vital‐Kapazität ist der Relation ähnlich, die bei erwachenen Kindern beobachtet worden ist.
SOME CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE CLINICAL OUTCOME AND THE ACID‐BASE STATUS OF BLOOD AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN PATIENTS WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
Authors: Gordon Emeric
Published: January 2009

The acid‐base status and oxygen tension of arterial blood, cerebral venous blood, CSF and (in a few cases) CBF were studied in 252 patients with severe traumatic brain injuries. Data obtained from patients treated with hyperventilation and from those not subjected to this treatment were compared and, when possible, statistically analysed. Such a comparison was also made between patients who recovered consciousness and those who remained unconscious or died within die group treated with hyperventilation. In 15 patients, for whom simultaneous arterial, cerebral venous and CSF data were available, the correlations between these data were studied in greater detail.

The result of this investigation confirms previous findings of intracerebral acidosis and hypoxia in patients with severe brain lesions. Treatment with controlled ventilation often resulted in a tendency towards a return to normal intracerebral acid‐base status in the categories of patients who later regained consciousness. Even in die categories of patients who did not recover consciousness or who died there was some biochemical evidence of improved cerebral circulation due to alterations of die ventilation. However, a clear correlation between the analytical data and die clinical course was not established in diis series, probably because of the small number of CSF data. For this purpose, furdier and more detailed studies are needed.

Bei 252 Patienten mit schweren traumatischen Gehirnläsionen wurden der Säure‐Basen‐Status, die Sauerstoffspannung im arteriellen und im Gehirnvenenblut, sowie im Liquor cerebrospinalis gemessen; in einigen Fällen auch die zerebrale Durchblutung. Die von, mit Hyperventilation behandelten, Patienten gewonnenen Werte wurden mit denen der übrigen Patienten verglichen und, wenn möglich, statistisch analysiert. Vergleiche wurden auch angestellt zwischen Patienten, die wieder wach wurden und solchen, die bewusstlos blieben oder starben, und zwar in der Gruppe, die hyperventiliert worden war. Von 15 Patienten, bei denen gleichzeitige arterielle, zerebralvenöse und Liquorwerte zur Verfügung standen, wurden die Korrelationen zwischen diesen Werten genauer analysiert.

Das Ergebnis dieser Untersuchungen bestätigt frühere Befunde von intrazerebraler Azidose und Hypoxie bei Patienten mit schweren Gehirnschäden. Die Behandlung mit kontrollierter Beatmung führt oft zu einer Tendenz der Normalisierung der intrazerebralen Säure‐Basen‐Werte in der Patientengruppe, die später das Bewusstsein wiedererlangte. Sogar in der Gruppe von Patienten, die nicht wieder wach wurden oder starben, sah man biochemische Anzeichen einer verbesserten Gehirndurchblutung als Folge von Ventilationsänderungen. Eine eindeutige Korrelation zwischen den analysierten Werten und dem klinischen Verlauf konnte jedoch in dieser Serie nicht aufgestellt werden, wahrscheinlich wegen der zu kleinen Zahl von Liquorwerten. Zu diesem Zweck sind weitere, noch genauere Untersuchungen erforderlich.
A Comparative Study between Etidocaine and Bupivacaine in Ulnar Nerve Block
Authors: Radtke Hans , Nolte Hans , Fruhstorfer Heinrich , Zenz Michael
Published: January 2009

The long‐acting local anaesthetics bupivacaine and etidocaine were compared in a double‐blind study using ulnar nerve block. Eleven volunteers took part in the study. Solutions used were: bupivacaine 0.25 % and 0.5 % and etidocaine 0.5 % and 1 %. All solutions contained adrenaline 5 μg/ml.

The time of onset and duration of analgesia and motor block, degree of motor block, and changes in skin temperature were investigated.

The results did not show any differences in the duration of sensory of motor block. Differences were seen in the degree of motor block in favour of etidocaine. The sympathetic block seemed to be more intense and of longer duration with bupivacaine. Etidocaine had a shorter time of onset in all nerve fibres.

Die beiden langwirkenden Lokalanaesthetika Bupivacain und Etidocain wurden in ihrer Wirkung miteinander verglichen. 11 freiwillige Versuchspersonen erhielten jeweils vier Ulnarisblockaden mit Bupivacain 0,25 % und 0,5 % sowie mit Etidocain 0,5 % und 1 %. Allen Lüsungen war Adrenalin in der Konzentration 5 μg/ml zugemischt.

Es wurden untersucht: die Latenz‐ und Wirkungszeit der Analgesie, die Latenzzeit, die Wirkungszeit und der Grad der Motorblockade und der Grad und die Dauer der Sympathicus‐blockade (Hauttemperaturerhöhung).

Beide Lokalanaesthetika zeigten in den geprüften Konzentrationen keine grossen Unterschiede in der Wirkungszeit für die Analgesie und die motorische Blockade. Unterschiede ergaben sich im Grad der Motorblockade zu Gunsten von Etidocain und in der Blockade der Cfasern (Sympathicus, Temperaturerhöhung) zu Gunsten von Bupivacain. Etidocain wies bei allen gepriiften Parametern eine kurzere Latenzzeit auf als Bupivacain.
Axillary Plexus Block with Etidocaine
Authors: Hollmén Arno , Mononen Pekka
Published: January 2009

Axillary plexus block has been used to compare 0.5 % and 1.0 % etidocaine (with adrenaline 5 μg/ml) in 32 patients in an open label study. The injected volume was 30 ml. The time to total analgesia and motor block was around 10–12 minutes. Complete block was achieved in more than 97 % of cases. The duration of total analgesia and motor block was 6–7 hours. The time from injection to return of total sensation and motility was 8.5–10 hours. Adequate analgesia was achieved in all patients but two (one in each group). No noteworthy differences were found between the two solutions.
Etidocaine in Intercostal Nerve Block for Pain Relief after Thoracotomy; a Comparison with Bupivacaine
Authors: Willdeck‐Lund Gunilla , Edström Håkan
Published: January 2009

For pain relief after thoracotomy, intercostal nerve block with etidocaine 1 %, and bupivacaine 0.5 %, both containing adrenaline 5 μg/ml, was used. Duration of skin analgesia for sharp pain was around 11 hours for both solutions. Post‐operative pain was noted 6 and 5 hours after injection for etidocaine and bupivacaine respectively. No pathological changes in acid‐base balance or ventilation were observed.

Peak expiratory flow decreased to 35–40 % of the pre‐operative values and remained at this level for about 12 hours. Arterial and venous blood levels of the local anaesthetics were low and no signs of toxicity were noted. All patients experienced a certain pain relief from the blocks. Because of shoulder pain in some patients intercostal nerve block alone does not seem to be a perfect post‐operative method for pain relief after thoracotomies.
Metabolic Changes in the Cerebral Cortex of the Rat Induced by Intravenous Pentothalsodium®
Authors: Carlsson Ghrister , Harp James R. , Siesjö Bo K.
Published: January 2009

The effects of thiopental on cerebral metabolism were evaluated by means of measurements of cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRo2) and of tissue levels of organic phosphates, glycolytic substrates, citric acid cycle intermediates and selected amino acids. Shortly after the beginning of thiopental administration, CMRo2 was reduced to half the normal value, and there were signs of retardation of glycolytic flux at the phosphofructokinase step. Inhibition at this regulatory enzymatic step could be related to an increase in phosphocreatine and a fall in inorganic phosphate concentration. The rise in phosphocreatine, and the unchanged levels of ATP, ADP and AMP demonstrate that induction of anaesthesia with thiopental is unrelated to energy failure.

Changes in citric acid intermediates included a fall in malate, and probably also in citrate, α‐ketoglutarate and fumarate, with a tendency towards reduction in the pool of citric acid cycle intermediates; and the amino acid changes were dominated by a progressive rise in aspartate. It is suggested that these changes are secondary to a reduced rate of pyruvate delivery, and to a decrease in malate/oxaloacetate ratio.
A Comparison between Measured and Calculated Changes in the Lung Function after Operation for Pulmonary Cancer
Authors: Juhl B. , Frost N.
Published: January 2009

Eighteen patients operated on for pulmonary cancer, the procedure varying from the removal of two segments to pneumonectomy, were subjected to measurement of the spirometric values VC, FEV1, FRC and RV preoperatively and 2–3 months postoperatively. The possibility of predicting the post‐operative values from the number of segments removed was studied, partly with standard percentages (5.26%) per segment (method I), and partly with a percentage per segment in the affected area, calculated from the preoperative regional lung function tests using 133xenon. This latter test was carried out with a mobile apparatus using four detectors with tubular colimators and from the anterior surface of the thorax. Both methods of calculation gave, for the material as a whole, good agreement between the postoperative (measured) and the calculated values. However, with regard to certain patients, the regional lung function tests gave important information on preoperative reduced function in the affected area. In these patients, method No. II was by far the best for prediction of the postoperative values.
The Use of125I‐labelled Fibrinogen for Determination of Fibrin Trapping in the Lungs in Patients Developing the Microembolism Syndrome*
Authors: Busch Christer , Dahlgren Sven , Jakobson Sven , Jung Bo , Modig Jan , Saldeen Tom
Published: January 2009

The microembolism syndrome occurred in four patients out of a series of 15 patients with multiple injuries who were considered to run a risk of developing this syndrome. These four patients showed signs of fibrin trapping in the lungs, as demonstrated by the use of125I‐labelled fibrinogen and external detection over the lungs. It is, therefore, considered that this method can be used for diagnosing the microembolism syndrome. The fibrin trapping occurred at the onset of the progressive respiratory insufficiency. The time relation between the uptake of fibrin and the onset of the progressive respiratory insufficiency supports the theory of a causal connection between fibrin and pulmonary damage. Measurements of different coagulation and fibrinolysis factors in the blood were not able to discriminate between patients who developed the microembolism syndrome and those who did not.
Tricyclic Antidepressive Poisoning with Special Reference to Cardiac Complications
Authors: Serafimovski N. , Thorball N. , Asmussen I. , Lunding M.
Published: January 2009

Sixty‐eight cases of tricyclic antidepressive (TCA) poisoning are discussed. Cardiac arrest occurred in 8 patients, preceded by minor ECG‐abnormalities. Five patients died. All cardiac arrests arose within the first 24 h after TCA ingestion. Fifty‐seven patients developed ECG‐abnormalities, of which 84% began within the first 6 h after TCA ingestion. ECG‐abnormalities and other symptoms (respiratory arrest, coma, convulsion and hypotension) often occurred in the same patients. Treatment is described, and cardiac monitoring for at least the first 24 h is recommended. In cases of severe cardiac (ECG) abnormalities, monitoring is recommended until no ECG abnormalities are observed for at least 12 h.

In conclusion, the unrestricted use of TCA is cautioned against, since TCA must be regarded as potentially cardiotoxic.
Treatment of Pre‐eclampsia and Eclampsia as a Hypoperfusion Syndrome
Authors: Söder G. , Grenroth C. , Norée L.‐O. , Wiklund P. E.
Published: January 2009

A therapeutical program in pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia is presented. The results in 10 patients suggest that the same basic program as is used in the hypoperfusion syndrome can be used in pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia:

Chlorpromazin to combat vasoconstriction and dilate the vascular bed. Plasma expanders, plasma, albumin and glucose with electrolytes to fill up the dilated vascular bed and restore the tissue perfusion.

Buffers to combat acidosis, oxygen to combat hypoxemia, hypertonic Mannitol to mobilize edema.

Furosemide to force diuresis.
Prevention of Hypertensive Crises in Patients with high Spinal Lesions during Cystoscopy and Lithotripsy
Authors: Thorn‐Alquist Anne‐Marie
Published: January 2009

Three patients with high spinal lesions, admitted to the hospital for cystoscopy and lithotripsy, showed signs of severe hypertension due to mass reflex during this operation. This symptom was controlled with an intravenous drip of Arfonade®, and the patients felt quite comfortable without any other anaesthesia. Other possibilities for handling such patients are discussed.
The Effect of Anesthesia on Intraoperative and Postoperative Bleeding during Abdominal Prostatectomies: A Comparison of Neurolept Anesthesia, Halothane Anesthesia and Epidural Anesthesia
Authors: Thorud Thorolf , Lund Ivar , Holme Ingar
Published: January 2009

Intraoperative blood loss was measured during abdominal prostatectomies in 213 patients anesthetized with neurolept anesthesia, halothane anesthesia and epidural anesthesia. In 55 of these patients, postoperative bleeding was also measured. The average intraoperative blood loss with neurolept anesthesia was 8.2 ± 5 ml/min, with halothane anesthesia 6.6 ± 6.3 ml/min and with epidural anesthesia 3.8 ± 2.3 ml/min. The difference of blood loss in the epidural group and in the groups receiving general anesthesia is highly significant.

Average systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lower during operation in the epidural group than in the other two groups. Statistical analyses failed, however, to show a significant correlation between blood pressures and blood loss in the individual patient. Thus, the ultimate explanation for the diminished bleeding associated with epidural anesthesia is not definitely ascertained. The average postoperative bleeding was not significantly different among the three anesthetic groups.
Postoperative Hepatic Blood Flow and Its Relation to Systemic Circulation and Blood Gases During Splanchnic Blockade and Fentanyl Analgesia
Authors: Wiklund Lars
Published: January 2009

Thirty‐four patients with gallbladder disease, but otherwise healthy, were studied in connection with cholecystectomy. For postoperative analgesia, 22 patients were given a posterior splanchnic blockade with 0.5 % plain lidocaine, and 12 were injected intramuscularly with fentanyl in a dose of 3.5 ùg/kg b.w. Postoperatively, before administration of the analgesic agent, the cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure, heart work and estimated hepatic blood flow were increased and the total peripheral resistance, splanchnic vascular resistance, arterial oxygen tension and base excess values were decreased. Fentanyl in addition to its analgesic effect, also decreased the arterial oxygen tension and pH and increased the arterial carbon dioxide tension. There was little change in cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure and estimated hepatic blood flow. Following splanchnic blockade, on the other hand, pain relief was accompanied by a decrease in cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure and heart work to about the preoperative level, while the estimated hepatic blood flow remained unchanged and the splanchnic vascular resistance decreased rapidly. Neither total peripheral resistance nor blood gases altered as a result of splanchnic blockade.