bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grammatical subject of research articles: What novice writers can learn from professional writers in writing introduction?
Authors: Refnaldi Refnaldi , Irawan Andi Muhammad , Setiawan Slamet , Ovalina Sisri
Published: February 2025

Grammatical subjects are critical as they warrant text coherence and assist in reader’s understanding of the text. They are of particular importance in a research article introduction to set up the study’s context and relevance within the wider academic discourse. This research aims to disclose what novice writers can learn from professional writers in using Grammatical Subjects (GS). It compared GS realizations and functions in Research Article Introductions (RAIs) employed by both professional and novice writers published in applied linguistic-related Journals. One hundred introduction sections from ten journals were purposely selected. 50 of them were authored by professional writers while the other 50 by novice writers. All of these sections were then examined with the use of Gosden's (1993) analytical framework. Findings revealed that both professional and novice writers employed all types of grammatical subjects. These types encompassed discourse participant, interactive participant, discourse event or process, macro and micro discourse entities, hypothesized viewpoint, and empty real-world theme. Nevertheless, the results also highlighted noticeable differences concerning the realizations of participant viewpoint, interactive discourse entity, empty discourse theme, objective viewpoint, hypothesized entity, empty H and O themes, mental process, real-world entity, and real-world event or process. These findings could help novice writers, especially non-native novice writers, navigate the use of grammatical subjects and become aware of their functions and linguistic features to establish coherent ideas in writing a research article introduction section.
A recusa do corpo sexuado na anorexia
Authors:   Centro Universitário Doctum, Costa de Souza Pena Dayane , Marcos Cristina ,   Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais
Published: February 2025

Neste artigo, debruçamo-nos sobre a hipótese de que a anorexia, a qual se desencadeia em resposta à puberdade, pode ser concebida como uma recusa do corpo sexuado, sobretudo daquilo que nesse corpo correlaciona à emergência de um novo gozo sexual. A passagem pelo cruzamento da puberdade implica para o adolescente também uma paradoxal iniciação sexual, que não é isenta de impasses. Assim, a anorexia surgiria como uma resposta do sujeito frente a uma dificuldade, ou mesmo, uma impossibilidade de adentrar à lógica da sexuação e assumir um corpo sexuado. Com o intuito de enriquecer essa discussão, apostamos na articulação entre os recursos de imagem e de discurso empreendidos no filme Tem um vidro sob minha pele (2014) da diretora Moara Passoni, abordando pontos específicos condizentes à nossa problemática e extraindo consequências para uma clínica psicanalítica com a anorexia.
HISTORIOGRAPHICAL CONTROVERSYOF THE HISTORICAL DRAMA “IVAN MAZEPA”BY LUDMYLA STARYTSKA-CHORNIAKHIVSKA
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, Kovaliv Yurii
Published: February 2025

The article discusses the historical drama Ivan Mazepa by Liudmyla Starytska-Cherniakhivska, which refuted in artistic form the Moscow myth of the “treason” of the Ukrainian hetman, who was intensively looking for an adequate response to the harsh challenges of cruel reality, ways to return to Ukraine the right to full-fledged subjectivity of national existence. Based on the works of historians, reviewing literary versions, the writer came to understand the interpretation of the tragic past as it was, not from someone else’s voice, the motives of the heroic act of I. Mazepa, who influenced the fate of Ukraine, set an example of the struggle for its independence. Without resorting to appeals, Liudmyla Starytska-Cherniakhivska used the possibilities of drama to show the strategy and collisions of state thinking on the existential edge, which is typical of her other historical plays, the thoughts, will, and suffering of the protagonist, who is aware of his responsibility for the fate of his native land, and the collisions of the personal life of an extraordinary figure. Liudmyla Starytska-Cherniakhivska’s counterversion did not correspond to the official, Moscow historiography, so instead of discussing it, the Moscow-Bolshevik authorities destroyed almost the entire edition of the historical play and persecuted the writer as the brightest representative of the national elite until the last minute of her life.
“CAIN AND ABEL (1917)”: RARE EDITIONOF L. STARYTSKA-CHERNYAHIVSKA FROM THE “REHABILITATED LITERATURE” COLLECTION OF THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF UKRAINE NAMED AFTER V. I. VERNADSKYI
Authors:   National Library of Ukraine named after V. I. Vernadskyi, Kyiv, Ukraine, Voshchenko Olena
Published: February 2025

The importance of source studies and popularization of the little-known lifetime editions of L. Starytska-Chernyakhivska for a comprehensive study of her work is emphasized. The bibliographic value of such copies from the “Repressed Literature” collection of the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine and the history of their entry into the special fund are highlighted. The edition of “Cain and Abel” (1917) is comprehensively analyzed in the historical and literary aspects, its rarity is substantiated and its importance as a historical source is emphasized. Relying on the method of careful reading of the text and gaining a theoretical understanding of Ukrainian journalism, it is proposed to consider the work “Cain and Abel” in the genre paradigm of journalism, rather than literary fiction, and its genre is specified as essay. Hermenevich decoding of the meanings embedded in the text was carried out.
Behavioral disturbances in Parkinson's disease patients receiving dopaminergic therapy
Authors: Nikitina A. V. , Fedorova Natalia V.
Published: February 2025

Introduction. Parkinsons disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The most effective therapy for this disease includes dopaminergic drugs that may lead to the development of behavioral disturbances or impulse control disorders. The latter include compulsive buying, gambling addiction, hypersexuality, compulsive overeating, punding (nongoal oriented repetitive activity), and the dopamine dysregulation syndrome.
Objective. To reveal frequency of behavioral disturbances in patients with PD and assess their effect on quality-of-life parameters and activities of daily living in patients and their relatives.
Materials and methods. In order to determine the prevalence of impulse control disorders (ICD), 340 patients with PD were surveyed by completing the QUIPShort questionnaire to detect ICD. Sixty patients with PD with verified ICD (17% of the total number of patients examined) and 20 patients with PD without behavioral disturbances were included in further analysis; a number of specialized tests were used to assess ICD, impulsivity, activities of daily living, quality of life, anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment.
Results. Dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) was found in 8% of patients with PD; punding, in 10%; compulsive overeating, in 6%; hypersexuality, in 5%; compulsive buying, in 4%; and gambling addiction, in 1% of patients. The average parameter of activities of daily living for PD patients with ICD was 60.05 9.76%; quality of life, 67.21 18.54%. These values were significantly lower than those in patients without behavioral disturbances.
Conclusions. ICD is detected in every fifth patient with PD receiving dopaminergic therapy. DDS and punding are diagnosed most frequently. Development of ICD has a significant effect on patients activities of daily living and reduces quality of life both of the patients and their relatives.
Atypical clinical cases of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)
Authors: Moroz Anna A. , Abramycheva Natalia Yu. , Ivanova Ekaterina O. , Konovalov Rodion N. , Timerbaeva Sofiya L. , Illarioshkin Sergey N.
Published: February 2025

C
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a hereditary CNS disease with autosomal dominant inheritance caused by NOTCH3 gene mutations. In classic cases, CADASIL manifests with headaches, repeated cerebrovascular disorders, and progressive cognitive decline. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging plays an important diagnostic role as it reveals multiple lacunar infarcts in the basal ganglia, brainstem, and cerebellum, as well as focal white matter lesions and diffuse leukoaraiosis changes. CADASIL can sometimes have other symptoms and be disguised as phenotypes atypical of this disease. We report two genetically confirmed cases of CADASIL with atypical clinical presentation that manifested with predominantly cerebellar or essential tremor combined with cognitive and affective disorders. The main principles of diagnosis of this disease characterized by clinical polymorphism are discussed.
Hepatolenticular degeneration with hidden pathology of liver: Case report
Authors: Vyalova Nadezhda V. , Doloka Denis S. , Proskokova Tatyana N. , Khelimskiy Aleksandr M.
Published: February 2025

A case of hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD) in a 27-year-old patient is reported. The earliest signs of the disease were observed as isolated psychoneurological symptoms (mainly as polymorphic extrapyramidal and cerebellar disorders). Neither clinical, nor laboratory, nor sonographic signs of liver pathology were detected. Liver pathology was revealed only during special examination by elastography. The diagnosis was verified by molecular genetic testing (detecting mutations in the АТР7В gene). Challenges of timely recognizing HLD and the modern potential of diagnosing the disease using the laboratory and instrumental techniques are discussed.
The features of physiological mechanisms of goal-directed activity in epilepsy patients in association with clinical characteristics of the disease
Authors: Zorin Roman A. , Zhadnov Vladimir A. , Lapkin Mikhail M. , Kulikova Natal’ya A.
Published: February 2025

Introduction. Investigation of systemic organization of goal-directed behavior and analysis of the physiological mechanisms ensuring productive activity in epilepsy patients are the variants of the integrative approach to study the mechanisms of epilepsy.
Objective. To refine the mechanisms of simulated goal-directed activity among epilepsy patients in its relationship with clinical characteristics of the disease.
Materials and methods. A total of 72 virtually healthy persons and 163 epilepsy patients were examined. Seizure frequency, the levels of cognitive and emotional impairments, and the number of administered anticonvulsants were assessed. Electroencephalograms, parameters of visual and auditory evoked potentials, the cognitive evoked P300 potential, parameters of the motor systems, and autonomous maintenance of activity were recorded. Division into groups was performed by clustering analysis using the results of the SchulteGorbov test.
Results. The high- (99 patients) and low-effectiveness (64 patients) groups of epilepsy patients were revealed. The low-effectiveness group of patients was characterized by predominantly symptomatic forms of the diseases. High cross-correlation values, reduced frequencies of EEG alpha oscillations, reduction in the amplitude of the components of visual evoked potentials and the P300 potential, an increase in N2 and P3 peak latency in the low-effectiveness group of epilepsy patients were determined. Increased amplitude of the wave of conditionally negative deviation, slower latency of sensorimotor responses, reduced variability of heart rate, and increased respiratory rate group of patients were observed in this group of patients.
Conclusions. The inadequate performance in epilepsy patients is associated with the reduced activity of specific afferent associative subsystems and mechanisms of motor-based maintenance of performance, as well as with excessive activity of stress-inducing mechanisms, which increases the physiological costs and reduces the effectiveness of simulated activity.
Alterations in the somatodendritic structure of spiny neurons in human putamen during physiological aging
Authors: Ivanov Mikhail V. , Kutukova Kristina A. , Berezhnaya Larisa A.
Published: February 2025

Introduction. The striatum is involved in regulation of cognitive functions and behavior, including planning motor behavior, decision making, motivation, and rewarding. The human striatum contains the putamen, in whose medium spiny neurons certain qualitative and quantitative alterations in somatodendritic structure occur with aging.
Materials and methods. The morphometric parameters of spiny neurons in the striatum of humans (females) during the second maturity period and senility were investigated. The Golgi silver impregnation method was used as the staining technique. The following parameters were assessed: the area of neuronal body, the number of dendrites, the number of free ends of all dendrites, the largest dendritic field radius, the total length of all dendrites, the dendritic field area, and the specific density of dendrites.
Results. It was demonstrated that in terms of soma size, the number of dendrites, the number of free ends of dendrites, and specific density of dendrites, there are negligible differences in spiny neurons in the putamen in humans of both ages in the samples under study. The parameters of the largest dendritic field radius, the total length of all dendrites and the dendritic field area for the senile individuals were significantly lower (p0.05) than for the mature ones by 11, 13, and 15%, respectively. The total number of spines per 100 m of dendrite in senile individuals was lower by 18% compared to that in women during the second period of maturity. The features of distribution of spines of different types over the putamen neurons in mature and senile individuals show the role played by mushroom-like spines in preservation and maintenance of synaptic connections required to ensure the elementary functions of putamen neurons.
Conclusions. Hence, we have demonstrated reduction in dendrite length and density of dendrite spines upon aging in women. The results broaden the views about the nature of plastic alterations that take place in cerebral neurons in humans upon aging.
Influence of the blood gas transport system on brain millivolt scale direct current potentials in patients with vascular encephalopathy
Authors: Fokin Vitaliy F. , Ponomareva Natalia V. , Medvedev Roman B. , Tanashyan Мarine М. , Shabalina Аlla А.
Published: February 2025

Introduction. Millivolt Scale direct current potentials (DCP) registered from human scalp differ from other types of estimated electrical activity by closer association with cerebral energetic processes. Intense energy metabolism in the brain increases the difference between acidic products concentrations on both sides of the blood brain barrier which is reflected by higher DCP. Oxygen consumption of is one of the most important components of cerebral energy metabolism. Delivery of oxygen to neuron depends on the characteristics of blood oxygen transport system and cerebral blood flow.
Objective. To test the hypothesis that brain DCP depends of the blood oxygen transport system characteristics and cerebral blood flow.
Materials and methods. Erythrocytes number, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin and fibrinogen levels in blood were examined in135 patients with vascular encephalopathy (VE) Blood flow velocity in major head arteries was estimated using Doppler ultrasound. Associations between blood characteristics and blood flow velocity and the brain DCP, recorded in frontal, central, occipital areas along the midline and in both temporal areas, were determined.
Results. Associations between brain DCP and the blood oxygen transport system characteristics as well as the cerebral blood flow velocity were discovered in patients with VE. Averaged values of DCP in all examined areas were significantly different in groups with high and low hemoglobin levels (Fisher coefficient (F) = 5.5; p = 0.02) and corpuscular hemoglobin levels (F = 7.0; p 0.01). The blood flow velocity in the internal carotid artery correlated with DCP in central areas of the head (r = 0.37; p = 0.003). The values of averaged DCP (over all areas) negatively correlated with blood sedimentation rate (r = -0.31; p= 0.002) and fibrinogen levels (r = -0.37; p 0.001).
Conclusions. Evidences of the association between DCP and the brain oxygen transport system were obtained. Higher level of hemoglobin and a higher rate of cerebral blood flow promote more intensive rates of brain oxygen consumption. Discovered correlations between the blood oxygen transport system characteristics, cerebral blood flow and brain DCP confirm the potential benefit of using the millivolt range slow brain electrical activity measurement to characterize cerebral energy metabolism in clinical and experimental setting.
Alexander Viktorovich Triumfov (to 120th anniversary)
Authors: Litvinenko Igor V. , Mikhailenko Anatoliy A. , Bisaga Gennadiy N. , Anoshina Elena A. , Guseva Natalia A.
Published: February 2025

...
Detecting Tidal Periodicities of Earthquake Occurrence in Japan Using Spectral Analyses
Authors: Zheng Jinbo , Wang Wei , Zhang Jinhai
Published: February 2025

The periodicities of earthquake occurrences are critical for understanding the mechanism of earthquake nucleation and triggering, yet it remains a topic of ongoing discussion. Here, we develop an annual spectral averaging method to extract potential periodicities from the Japan Meteorological Agency catalog. Unlike previous methods, such as Schuster’s test or Schuster spectrum methods, our method neither relies on the tidal phase information nor requires prior knowledge of assumed periodicities. We simultaneously identified two tidal periodicities, 12.4 and 24 hr, which are consistent with the semidiurnal lunar tide and diurnal solar tide, respectively. This is the first time that the short periodicity smaller than 24 hr was detected by the spectral analysis method. The presence of 12.4 hr periodicity provides the first compelling evidence for tidal triggering of earthquakes. This study may provide a new view for further exploration into external triggering mechanisms of seismicity.
Monitoring Submarine Volcanic Activities in the Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc Using the International Monitoring System Hydrophone Array Signals
Authors: Tanaka Satoru , Nakano Masaru , Nakajima Tomoya , Yoshimitsu Junko , Obayashi Masayuki , Metz Dirk
Published: February 2025

International Monitoring System hydrophone arrays are powerful tools for monitoring submarine volcanic activity. In this study, we routinely analyzed the signals of the triplet H11S, located off the coast of Wake Island, beginning in July 2022, to monitor submarine volcanic activity, particularly in the Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc. We removed the instrument response and applied a band-pass filter with cutoff frequencies of 4 and 8 Hz. Subsequently, the hydrophone signals were divided into 10 s time windows without overlapping. Semblance analysis was performed to determine the incoming direction and apparent velocity. The maximum obtained semblance values typically ranged from 0.5 to 0.9, and only values ≥0.7 were interpreted as significant. In our observation period (July 2022 to August 2024), we detected significant hydroacoustic signals from six sites (Ahyi, Daikoku, Kaitoku, Sofugan, Sumisu-jima, and Hachijo-jima) and compared them with those obtained from the past eruptions at Fukutoku-Oka-no-Ba. We discussed the characteristics of individual waveforms and spectrograms of some detected signals and found that frequency index values, defined as the ratio of mean spectral amplitudes between higher and lower frequency components, could be helpful in objectively discriminating the origins of hydroacoustic signals.
Correction of Gingival Smile Using a Surgical Guide: Case Report
Authors: Moura Najla , Laurido Verlange , Manfron Ana Paula Tulio , Moraes Gabriela Fracasso
Published: February 2025

AbstractThere are different techniques for removing gum tissue, including gingivoplasty and gingivectomy. Gingivoplasty involves the selective removal of gum tissue to reshape the gums and improve the aesthetics of one’s smile. The objective of this article is to report a clinical case of gummy smile correction through the use of a surgical guide. Patient L.L.P, female, 22 years old, attended the Dentistry Clinic at Faculdade Herrero in Curitiba- PR in 2023, with aesthetic complaints due to the crown of her teeth being short. After clinical examination and initial photographs, additional tests were carried out, such as computed tomography (CT) and scanning for better case planning. After these steps, a surgical guide was developed, following the planned measures, thus facilitating surgical incisions, which would result in an increase in the clinical crown, bringing more comfort and a harmonious smile for the patient
Keywords: Surgery, Oral. Esthetics Dental. Gingival Overgrowth. Gingival Retraction Techniques.
ResumoExistem diferentes técnicas para remover o tecido gengival, incluindo a gengivoplastia e a gengivectomia. A gengivoplastia envolve a remoção seletiva de tecido gengival para remodelar a gengiva e melhorar a estética do sorriso. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar um caso clínico de correção de sorriso gengival por meio da utilização de guia cirúrgico. Paciente L.L.P, do sexo feminino, 22 anos, compareceu a Clínica de odontologia da Faculdade Herrero, com queixa estética devido a coroa dos dentes se apresentarem curtas. Após exame clínico e fotografias iniciais, realizou-se exames complementares, como tomografia computadorizada (T.C) e escaneamento para melhor planejamento do caso. Após essas etapas foi desenvolvido um guia cirúrgico, seguindo as medidas previstas, sendo assim, facilitando as incisões cirúrgicas o que proporcionaria como resultado um aumento da coroa clínica trazendo mais conforto e um sorriso harmônico para paciente.
Palavras-chave: Cirurgia Bucal. Estética Dentária. Crescimento Excessivo da Gengiva; Técnicas de Retração Gengival
Unveiling the Potential of PPP Theory: A Practical Approach to Short-Term BDT-USD Exchange Rate Forecasting in Bangladesh
Authors:   Fareast International University, Ahmmed Shahed , Rahman Shati Sarmin ,   Fareast International University
Published: February 2025

This study explores the viability of the PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) theory in predicting short-term exchange rate movements in Bangladesh. We aim to construct a forecast model, exclusively based on PPP theory, to accurately estimate the 30, 60, and 90-day forward exchange rates of BDT-USD (Bangladeshi Taka - US Dollar) with minimal error. Drawing from approximately 9 years of monthly data, we utilize monthly nominal CPI values from Bangladesh and the USA to compute six inflation differentials across various periods (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days). To determine the lagged impact of inflation on exchange rates, we employ a straightforward correlation matrix with associated p-values. Among these sets, the one exhibiting the highest correlation (along with the lowest p-value) with the percentage change in the 30-day forward rate is identified as the very variable having the highest impact on the next 30-day forward rate. This process is repeated for the 60 and 90-day forward rates, leading to three distinct equations for forecasting each duration. Finally, error-adjustment variables are incorporated in these equations. Our model relies on five readily available data points to forecast forward exchange rates. Results indicate that this model accurately forecasts the 30-day forward exchange rate with a ±0.58% error margin and 98.84% accuracy, with statistical robustness at a 5% significance level across the sample period. However, the performance diminishes when forecasting 60 and 90-day forward exchange rates. This study underscores the effectiveness of PPP theory in predicting up to 30 days of forward exchange rates in Bangladesh, highlighting its practical applicability in economics and finance.
A Content Analysis of Social Studies Curriculum during the Mandated Period of Environmental Citizenship Education in Schools: Focusing on the 2022 Revised ‘Society’ and ‘Integrated Social Studies’ Curricula
Authors:   The Korea Association of Yeolin Education, Park Yun-Kyoung , Chun Jabae
Published: February 2025

This study aims to identify how the content of environmental citizenship education (ECE) is reflected in the revised social studies curriculum after the Basic Education Act and the Environmental Education Act, which mandated ecological transition education and school environmental education. To this end, a content analysis was conducted on the 2022 revised 『Society』 and 『Integrated Social Studies』 curriculum documents, focusing on five keywords: environment, ecology, climate change, climate crisis, and sustainability. The main findings are as follows: First, the environmental citizenship content of sustainable living was explicitly reflected in the objectives of the social studies curriculum. Second, the content elements of ECE were significantly increased and diversified. Third, the content elements of ECE were evenly incorporated into the categories of knowledge/understanding, processes/skills, and values/attitudes in the curriculum content framework, and environmental issues and problems were partially reflected in the curriculum. Fourth, there was an emphasis on environmental engagement and action, and the content of ECE seemed to deepen from the primary to the secondary level. This shows that some improvements have been made in terms of strengthening the holism of environmental citizenship education, making the content elements of ECE more visible, focusing on environmental problems/issues, strengthening the practice elements, and the continuity/depth of ECE. However, the differences in practice between school levels, the separation and concentration of ECE content elements in the general social studies and geography domains, and the need to address different approaches to ECE were highlighted as problems and implications.
A Study on the Outcomes and Limitations of the First Semester Using Full Process-based Evaluation of a Small Private University
Authors:   The Korea Association of Yeolin Education, Lim Soojin
Published: February 2025

This study analyzed the outcomes and limitations of a small local private K university in the first semester using full process-based evaluation. To this end, the study analyzed the reflection notes written by students of the A Department who experienced the first semester with the new evaluation system, and the results of the study are as follows. As a result of the first semester of the full implementation of process-based evaluation, first, in-depth thinking training and increased learning effectiveness were felt, and second, voluntary goals could be set through a combination of internal and external motives. Third, it is possible to check the direction of learning content through immediate feedback, secure confidence and a sense of achievement through achieving class goals. Fourth, various teaching methods and activities experiences are mentioned. On the other hand, as the process-based evaluation was promoted in a full-scale manner conscious of the government's evaluation trend, the following limitations were revealed. First, the individual difference between poor communication techniques and self-directed problem-solving skills due to the accumulation of non-face-to-face classes, second, the lack of understanding of the affective aspects of process-oriented evaluation by instructors, third, skepticism about securing fairness in peer evaluation caused by formalization, and fourth, class evaluation, rather than process-oriented evaluation, which resulted in a decrease in class concentration caused by fatigue accumulation due to the burden of assignments, and finally, the university's lack of preparation for new evaluations in terms of support systems.
Development of a Metaverse-enhanced Local Community Education Model
Authors:   The Korea Association of Yeolin Education, Chung Yujin , Lim Byunro
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for designing and implementing local community education using the metaverse as a blended learning environment in the context of school education. This study applied design and development research methods and was conducted with the following procedures. First, the components and design principles of the ‘metaverse enhanced local community education (M+LCE)’ model were derived through literature review. To validate the M+LCE model, expert validation reviews and usability evaluations were conducted. The research results confirmed that the M+LCE model developed in this study has internal validity, and the M+LCE conceptual and procedural model were finally developed by reflecting the improvement opinions of experts and teachers who participated in the usability evaluation. The M+LCE conceptual model consists of ’seven stages of local community exploration activities’, ‘learning environment’, and ‘design principles’, and the M+LCE procedural model was developed into 11 detailed stages according to the processes of ‘analysis’, ‘design/development’, and ‘implementation/evaluation’. The M+LCE model developed in this study is educationally significant as it not only presents systematic teaching and learning methods and strategies for local community education but also provides a useful perspective on utilizing the metaverse as a blended learning environment in school education.
Green capital bonds - threats and perspectives
Authors: Chybiński Rafał
Published: February 2025

ESG to skrót oznaczający czynniki środowiskowe, społeczne oraz ładu korporacyjnego. Stanowią one podstawę kreowania ocen pozafinansowych przedsiębiorstw, jak również innych organizacji czy państw. W sposób niezależny od samych unijnych wymogów i regulacji związanych ze zrównoważonym rozwojem na rynku wykształcił się nowy rodzaj obligacji, tzw. zielone obligacje. Pozyskany z nich kapitał musi zostać przeznaczony na inwestycje korzystne dla środowiska. Zasadniczy problem dotyczy jednak emitowania zielonych obligacji o charakterze kapitałowym, które zostają wykorzystywane na potrzeby wypełniania wymogów regulacyjnych dotyczących utrzymywania przez banki odpowiedniego poziomu funduszy własnych. W niniejszym artykule analizie poddano nowy rodzaj obligacji hybrydowych, w szczególności pod kątem spełnienia ich ochronnych funkcji. Dotyczy to przede wszystkim zabezpieczenia banku przed ewentualną niewypłacalnością, zwłaszcza na etapie bezpośrednio poprzedzającym uruchomienie procedury resolution i w sposób niezależny od niej. Cechy obligacji kapitałowych stanowią bowiem nie tylko element ochrony banku, lecz także ryzyka związanego z ich emitowaniem. Ostatecznie zatem o ich użyteczności będzie można powiedzieć więcej po ich wstępnej weryfikacji. W artykule zwrócono także uwagę na praktyczne zastosowanie nowych obligacji kapitałowych w celu zwiększenia skuteczności przeprowadzenia procedury przymusowej restrukturyzacji banku.
Carbon tax and plastic levy as examples of tributes that can have an impact on environmental protection
Authors: Kopyściańska Katarzyna
Published: February 2025

The basic aim of this article is to examine the benefits and threats for consumers and the environment resulting from the introduction of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (hereinafter: CBAM) and Single Use Plastic (hereinafter: SUP) in the European Union. Due to the too short period of validity of the analyzed regulations, this goal can only be achieved at the level of assessment of the law in force, i.e. by comparing the assumptions of the “originators” of the analyzed regulations with the method of their implementation into Polish regulations, also comparing it with currently biding regulations, such as the CO2 emissions trading mechanism (EU ETS). Climate protection is primarily about reducing the negative impact of human activity on the atmosphere. This impact mainly involves excessive emissions of greenhouse gases into the air in the course of technological processes, such as burning coal to generate electricity. Climate change is a global problem that requires global solutions. As the EU increases its climate ambitions and as less stringent climate policies prevail in many non-EU countries, there is a risk of so-called carbon leakage. Carbon leakage occurs when EU-based companies move carbon-intensive production abroad to countries with less stringent climate policies than in the EU, or when EU products are replaced by imported products with higher carbon emissions. The EU CO2 Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) was launched in 2005. Nearly two decades later, were are witnessing the implementation of a solution that has the potential to Based Price Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) heralds a breakthrough tool for imposing a fair price on the carbon emitted in the production of carbon-intensive goods that enter the EU, and for encouraging cleaner industrial production in non-EU countries. The phasing-in of CBAM is aligned with the phasing out of free allocation under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) to support the decarbonisation of EU industry. Nevertheless, a key question should be asked whether CBAM actually shapes a coherent systemic framework for CO2 and whether it does not raise significant doubts regarding its compliance with international agreements binding on the European Union and its economic sense. Moreover, from 1 January 2024, a new fee for single-use plastic products will apply in Poland. The so-called “plastic tax” is another step towards reducing environmental pollution. It aims to encourage consumers to use reusable products and reduce the amount of plastic waste. The article uses the dogmatic-legal method, taking into account current literature and applicable legal regulations.
Is there room for a new mode of conditional prosecution motion in Polish criminal procedure law as introduced in Article 12(4) of the Code of Criminal Procedure?
Authors: Sobczak Jagoda
Published: February 2025

Nowelizacja Kodeksu karnego z 7 lipca 2022 roku wprowadziła do Kodeksu postępowania karnego art. 12 § 4, który pozwala na ściganie przestępstwa groźby karalnej pomimo braku wniosku o ściganie, pod warunkiem że niezłożenie wniosku wynika z obawy pokrzywdzonego przed odwetem albo przemawia za tym interes społeczny. W opracowaniu posłużono się metodą dogmatyczną, analityczną oraz komparatystyczną, których wybór został zdeterminowany celem pracy. Autorka zestawiła ten nowy tryb ścigania z obowiązującymi dotychczas trybami ścigania przestępstw publicznoskargowych z urzędu oraz na wniosek, w szczególności przywołując dogmatyczne przesłanki istnienia trybu wnioskowego. Ocenie została poddana legislacyjna poprawność oraz celowość nowego artykułu kodeksu, również w kontekście historycznym przez przywołanie zmian dotyczących trybu ścigania za przestępstwo groźby karalnej. Mimo krytycznej oceny przepisu autorka przedstawiła argumenty za wprowadzeniem warunkowego trybu wnioskowego ścigania przestępstwa do polskiego prawa karnego procesowego.
A Black Sea Belle Epoque Tale. Queen Elisabeta At Evksinograd: The Last Journey to Bulgaria of a Sovereign of Romania (13–16 May 1911)
Authors: Anghel Florin
Published: February 2025

W dniach 13–16 maja 1911 roku miała miejsce ostatnia wizyta monarchy Rumunii na terytorium Bułgarii. Królowa Rumunii Elżbieta została zaproszona przez carycę Eleonorę Bułgarii do Ewksinogradu, królewskiej rezydencji niedaleko Warny, nad brzegiem Morza Czarnego. Obecność królowej Elżbiety nie została zaakceptowana przez cara Ferdynanda Bułgarskiego, który demonstracyjnie opuścił kraj. Wizytę w Ewksinogradzie w maju 1911 roku można uznać za pozbawioną wartości politycznej i dyplomatycznej w kontekście relacji rumuńsko-bułgarskich. Pobyt królowej Elżbiety w Ewksinogradzie stanowi ostatnią podróż monarchy rumuńskiego na terytorium Bułgarii, a w ogóle głowy państwa rumuńskiego na południe od Dunaju przez kolejne pół wieku, aż do zaproszenia premiera Petru Grozy w 1947 roku przez komunistycznego przywódcę nowej Ludowej Republiki Bułgarii, Georgi Dymitrowa. Badania dotyczące działalności państwowej królowej Elżbiety, analizy stosunków dyplomatycznych i politycznych w Europie Południowo-Wschodniej, a w szczególności między Rumunią a Bułgarią, poświęcają tej wizycie jedynie przelotną uwagę. Rzadko się o niej wspomina, a bardziej szczegółowy opis tego pobytu w Ewksinogradzie nie został odnaleziony.
Preparations of the Shipping Company “Żegluga Polska SA” for the Second World War
Authors: Siemianowski Jordan
Published: February 2025

In the interwar period, „Żegluga Polska SA” was the largest Polish shipowner which was financially
subsidised by the Polish government. The unique role played by the merchant fleet
during the armed conflict (including transport of military materials and supplies) prompted
Polish shipowners to prepare for war in 1939. The first steps in this regard were taken as late
as the second half of March 1939. The analysis and criticism of sources allowed us to draw
many interesting conclusions in the presented article. It quickly turned out that „Żegluga
Polska SA” suffered from shortages of basic equipment necessary in war conditions, especially
long-range radios. Moreover, the company entered into a conflict with the Ministry of
Industry and Trade regarding the mobilisation of seamen, ship handling and management
staff, which created a serious risk of immobilisation of the shipowner’s ships. Generally, the
preparations of „Żegluga Polska SA” to the war included communication (radio and optical),
coordination of ship traffic with units of other shipowners and the activities of the Navy, as
well as protection of ships against possible acts of sabotage. The steps taken were aimed at
preventing a situation in which the shipowner’s vessels would be destroyed or fall into the
enemy’s hands. Important preparations also included securing the port by state authorities.
A Ship Emerges in the Distance... People Stand and Applaud. The (Un)obvious Contexts of the Wrocław Sea Festival Celebrations in June 1945
Authors: Nowosielska-Sobel Joanna
Published: February 2025

Celem artykułu jest podjęcie próby odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy obchody świąt i uroczystości świeckich firmowane przez konstytuujące się rządy komunistyczne w Polsce można sprowadzać tylko do realizacji zadań ideologicznych prowadzących do zniewolenia politycznego narodu? Jak ten problem wyglądał z punktu widzenia społeczeństwa lokalnego definiowanego tuż powojenną rzeczywistością? Realizację wspomnianego celu zaprojektowano w formie przedstawienia i analizy (nie)oczywistych kontekstów obchodów Święta Morza we Wrocławiu w roku 1945, które do tej pory (podobnie jak w odniesieniu do innych części “Ziem Odzyskanych”) nie spotkało się z należytą uwagą historyków. W tej sytuacji niniejszy tekst, bacząc równocześnie na rolę Wrocławia drugiej połowy lat 40. w propagandzie państwa polskiego, ma wypełnić tę lukę badawczą. Zamiarem autorki w niniejszym studium przypadku jest jednak nie tylko zwrócenie uwagi na polityczno-ideowy wymiar wrocławskich obchodów Święta Morza w 1945 r., lecz w takim samym stopniu na ich kontekst społeczny i kulturowy. Dzięki analizie źródeł archiwalnych wytworzonych przez władze miejskie i wojewódzkie, noty i artykuły prasowe, wspomnienia oraz druki ulotne, ustalono, że co prawda propaganda stanowiła dominantę tych obchodów, to ich znaczenie dla momentu założycielskiego kultury polskiej w poniemieckim mieście było równie fundamentalne. Święto Morza we Wrocławiu w 1945 r. stanowi również przykład oddolnego wzbudzenia autentycznej inicjatywy aktywności
społecznej doskonale godzącej zapotrzebowanie propagandowe władzy z potrzebami zniszczonego miasta.
Evolution of West Pomerania Towards a Green Region
Authors: Bludnik Izabela , Dąbrosz-Drewnowska Paulina , Pondel Hanna
Published: February 2025

West Pomerania has become known in recent years as a national leader in green economic
transformation. The purpose of the article is to present the evolution that West Pomerania
has undergone, from a region whose economic importance in the post-war period was based
primarily on environmentally burdensome industry, to an area at the forefront of economic
modernisation and implementation of the European Green Deal. The reason for the change
in the direction of development after 1989 was, on the one hand, the deep economic crisis
of the first years of political transition – characterised by a radical decline in industrial production,
based on outdated and environmentally harmful solutions and, on the other hand,
Poland’s accession and entry into the European Union and access to huge financial resources
from subsequent programs and funds. In addition, the increase in environmental awareness,
technological progress and the requirements of competitiveness of the market economy
have led to increasing investment in economic transformation based on green ventures.
The research used literature on the subject, industry publications, reports and studies, basic
methods of descriptive statistics and analysis of development trends. As the analysis shows,
due to its natural conditions and industry specialisation, the evolution of West Pomerania
into an environmentally friendly area is based on investments in renewable energy sources
(RES), with a particular focus on the wind power sector, including offshore. The development
of RES is gradual but systemic, and this is confirmed by the use of increasing funds for this
purpose, including from EU regional programs. Although progress toward decarbonisation
and “greening” of the region faces some problems, it is hoped that they will be overcome.
Indeed, local authorities stress that the transition to a climate-neutral economy is a priority
for West Pomerania.
The Old Testament ideal: death at the right age, at the right time and in the right circumstances
Authors: Lemański Janusz
Published: February 2025

Opis końca ludzkiego życia, takim, jak znajdujemy go w Pięcioksięgu (por. Rdz 25,7-11), jest owocem myśli teologicznej autorów kapłańskich. Zawiera on w sobie ideę „sytości” (poczucie spełnienia się w życiu, np. sukces ekonomiczny, potomstwo), śmierci we „właściwym czasie” (por. Ps 90,10) oraz informację o zmianie pokoleniowej (pochowek dokonany przez synów; przejście do grona swoich ojców/przodków/ludu). W przypadku patriarchów ponadprzeciętna długość życia (por. Rdz 6,3) ma wymiar symboliczny (wyraża szczególne błogosławieństwo od Boga). Ta kapłańska formuła ma po części swoje źródło w deuteronomisyczne informacji o śmierci władców (spocząć ze swoim ojcem/ojcami), która wyrażała jedynie fakt legalnej sukcesji na trone po śmierci poprzednika (por. 1Krl 2,10). Późniejsi autorzy (Księgi Kronik, Księga Hioba) rozszerzyli te idealizująca kapłańska formułę również na inne postaci (Dawid, kapłan Jojada, Hiob).
THE PHENOMENON OF MOTHER TERESA OF CALCUTTA – RECOGNITION OF THE MISSIONARY ON THE INTERNATIONAL STAGE.
Authors: Noskiewicz Wiktoria
Published: February 2025

Analiza fenomenu Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, znanej jako Matki Teresy z Kalkuty, oraz jej globalnego uznania skupia się na czynnikach wpływających na jej rozpoznawalność na arenie międzynarodowej. Autorytet Matki Teresy rozwijał się poprzez liczne spotkania z przywódcami światowymi i prestiżowe wyróżnienia, w tym Nagrodę Nobla. Podstawą artykułu jest rozdział z pracy licencjackiej ,,Światowa opinia publiczna wobec działalności Matki Teresy z Kalkuty”, co umożliwia pełniejsze zrozumienie wpływu jej działań charytatywnych na skalę światową. Ocena tych wydarzeń odnosi się do kształtowania opinii publicznej na temat Matki Teresy.
Jednym z głównych wniosków jest podkreślenie globalnego znaczenia działań Matki Teresy oraz jej wpływ na społeczność międzynarodową. Misjonarka nie tylko jest symbolem dobroczynności, ale także inspiracją dla wielu ludzi na całym świecie. Jej praca stała się bodźcem dla inicjatyw społecznych, inspirując do działania na rzecz innych i otoczenia. To dziedzictwo kształtuje naszą percepcję altruizmu i zaangażowania społecznego. Analiza życiowych aspektów Matki Teresy skłania do refleksji nad uniwersalnymi wartościami, które nią kierowały, oraz nad ich znaczeniem w obecnym świecie. Artykuł ten pozwala na ocenę jej dziedzictwa i dorobku działalności na świecie. Postać wywodząca się z Kościoła katolickiego może być poddana refleksji pod względem istotnych zmian, jakie wprowadziła na arenie międzynarodowej oraz sposobu, w jaki była postrzegana.
Resurrection through technology. The problem of the mind's identity in concepts of artificial intelligence development
Authors: Sroczyński Olgierd
Published: February 2025

We współczesnych popularnych koncepcjach dotyczących rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji przyjmuje się, że jeżeli program/model udziela odpowiedzi lub działa w taki sposób, w jaki działałby człowiek, to możemy uznać, że osiągnął on poziom ludzki. Takim kryteriom bardzo daleko jest, niestety, do ścisłości definicyjnej, która pozwalałaby na jednoznaczne określenie owego "ludzkiego poziomu" sztucznej inteligencji - tym bardziej, że o ile pojęcie świadomości, jaką hipotetyczna sztuczna inteligencja miałaby uzyskać na poziomie ludzkim, jest omawiane dość często, o tyle brakuje refleksji nad rolą innego elementu ludzkiego poznania, to znaczy tożsamości. Tymczasem to ludzka tożsamość i jej geneza rzuca wiele światła na to, w jaki sposób poznanie na poziomie ludzkim jest możliwe. W artykule analizujemy zagadnienie ludzkiej tożsamości, a przede wszystkim roli, jaką w jej kształtowaniu pełni ludzkie ciało. Pozwala to na przyjęcie nowej perspektywy w spojrzeniu na współczesne trendy związane z rozwojem sztucznej inteligencji, przede wszystkim koncepcji "przesyłania umysłu" (ang. mind uploading).
New Approach in Nano Bio-active Materials in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis Application
Authors: Aringazina Raisa A. , Hoseinzadeh Afsaneh
Published: February 2025

The emergence of nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of cancer therapy and diagnosis, offering new avenues for more efficient and targeted treatments. A novel approach in the development of nano-bioactive materials has shown promise in improving the precision and effectiveness of both cancer therapies and diagnostic techniques. These materials, which can range from nanoparticles to nanostructured biomaterials, possess unique properties such as enhanced surface area, tunable sizes, and the ability to interact with biological systems at a molecular level. In cancer therapy, nano-bioactive materials can be engineered to deliver drugs directly to cancerous cells, reducing systemic toxicity and minimizing side effects associated with conventional treatments. This targeted drug delivery is facilitated by the specific interactions between nanomaterials and the tumor microenvironment, allowing for controlled release of therapeutic agents. Additionally, the use of these materials in combination with imaging agents enables early detection and monitoring of tumor progression, enhancing diagnostic accuracy. The ability to functionalize nanoparticles with ligands that bind selectively to cancer cell markers further improves the specificity of diagnosis and therapy. Recent developments in the design of multifunctional nanobioactive materials are also paving the way for combined therapeutic strategies, such as chemotherapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy, all in one platform. Furthermore, these advanced materials offer the potential for real-time monitoring of treatment efficacy, providing valuable insights into tumor behavior and treatment response. As research continues, nano-bioactive materials are poised to become a cornerstone in the next generation of cancer management, offering safer, more personalized, and highly effective solutions for both therapy and diagnosis.