bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon Fixation and Oxygen Release Capacity of Typical Riparian Plants in Wuhan City and Its Influencing Factors
Authors: Lei Zhiqian , Wang Qin , Xiao Henglin
Published: January 2024

In order to explore the carbon fixation and oxygen release capabilities of riparian plants in Wuhan, the photosynthetic rate (Pn) and morphological indicators of 13 typical riparian plants in the middle section of the Xunsi River in Wuhan were measured by portable photosynthesis apparatus. The daily carbon fixation and oxygen release of each plant at different scales were calculated, and the carbon fixation and oxygen release capacity and its influencing factors were analyzed. The results show that: (1) according to the biological characteristics, the daily carbon fixation and oxygen release capacity per unit leaf area was higher in herbaceous than in trees; the daily carbon fixation and oxygen release capacity per plant, per projected area, and per land area were higher in trees than in herbaceous. (2) The plant with the strongest ability of daily carbon fixation and oxygen release per unit leaf area was Ruellia brittoniana, and the weakest was Triadica sebifera; the plant with the strongest ability of daily carbon fixation and oxygen release of a single plant was Metasequoia glyptostroboides, and the weakest was Lolium perenne; the plant with the strongest ability of daily carbon fixation and oxygen release per land area was Metasequoia glyptostroboides, and the weakest was Alternanthera sessilis. (3) The carbon fixation and oxygen release ability of 13 plant species was analyzed by cluster analysis based on per unit leaf area, per plant, and per land area; ten species of herbaceous plant could be divided into three grades and three species of trees into two grades. This study provides a theoretical reference for the selection and application of riparian zone vegetation in Wuhan, and provides a scientific basis for the evaluation of riparian zone ecological benefits.
A Forecast of the Sensitivity of the DALI Experiment to Galactic Axion Dark Matter
Authors: Hernández-Cabrera Juan F. , De Miguel Javier , Joven Álvarez Enrique , Hernández-Suárez E. , Rubiño-Martín J. Alberto , Otani Chiko
Published: January 2024

The axion is a long-postulated boson that can simultaneously solve two fundamental problems of modern physics: the charge–parity symmetry problem in the strong interaction and the enigma of dark matter. In this work, we estimate, by means of Monte Carlo simulations, the sensitivity of the Dark-photons & Axion-Like particles Interferometer (DALI), a new-generation Fabry–Pérot haloscope proposed to probe axion dark matter in the 25–250 μeV band.
Comprehensive Analysis of Soluble Mediator Profiles in Congenital CMV Infection Using an MCMV Model
Authors: Karner Dubravka , Kvestak Daria , Lisnic Berislav , Cokaric Brdovcak Maja , Juranic Lisnic Vanda , Kucan Brlic Paola , Hasan Milena , Lenac Rovis Tihana
Published: January 2024

Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection may cause life-threatening disease and permanent damage to the central nervous system. The mouse model of CMV infection is most commonly used to study mechanisms of infection and pathogenesis. While essential to limit mouse CMV (MCMV) replication, the inflammatory responses, particularly IFNγ and TNFα, cause neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Other soluble mediators of the immune response in most tissues remain largely unexplored. To address this gap, we quantified 48 soluble mediators of the immune response, including 32 cytokines, 10 chemokines, 3 growth factors/regulators, and 3 soluble receptors in the spleen, liver, lungs, and brain at 9 and 14 days postinfection (dpi). Our analysis found 25 induced molecules in the brain at 9 dpi, with an additional 8 showing statistically elevated responses at 14 dpi. Specifically, all analyzed CCL group cytokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, and CCL11) were upregulated at 14 dpi in the brain. Furthermore, data revealed differentially regulated analytes across tissues, such as CCL11, CXCL5, and IL-10 in the brain, IL-33/IL-33R in the liver, and VEGF-a and IL-5 in the lungs. Overall, this study provides an overview of the immune dynamics of soluble mediators in congenital CMV.
Thermal Performance Enhancement of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Phase Change Material and Fin Geometry Modification
Authors: Ali Sarmad , Khan Muhammad Mahabat , Irfan Muhammad
Published: January 2024

The rapid increase in emissions and the depletion of fossil fuels have led to a rapid rise in the electric vehicle (EV) industry. Electric vehicles predominantly rely on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to power their electric motors. However, the charging and discharging processes of LIB packs generate heat, resulting in a significant decline in the battery performance of EVs. Consequently, there is a pressing need for effective battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) for lithium-ion batteries in EVs. In the current study, a novel experimental BTMS was developed for the thermal performance enhancement of an LIB pack comprising 2 × 2 cells. Three distinct fin configurations (circular, rectangular, and tapered) were integrated for the outer wall of the lithium-ion cells. Additionally, the cells were fully submerged in phase change material (PCM). The study considered 1C, 2C, and 3C cell discharge rates, affiliated with their corresponding volumetric heat generation rates. The combination of rectangular fins and PCM manifested superior performance, reducing the mean cell temperature by 29.71% and 28.36% compared to unfinned lithium-ion cells under ambient conditions at the 1C and 2C discharge rates. Furthermore, at the 3C discharge rate, lithium-ion cells equipped with rectangular fins demonstrated a delay of 40 min in reaching the maximum surface temperature of 40 °C compared to the unfinned ambient case. After 60 min of battery discharge at the 3C rate, the cell surface temperature of the rectangular fin case only reached 42.7 °C. Furthermore, numerical simulations showed that the Nusselt numbers for lithium-ion cells with rectangular fins improved by 9.72% compared to unfinned configurations at the 3C discharge rate.
Rapport de Gérard Ducher, Conseiller référendaire à la Cour des comptes, Secrétaire général du Comité central d’enquêtes sur le coût et le rendement des services publics
Authors: Ducher Gérard
Published: January 2024

G. Ducher

Como testimonio de los servicios públicos franceses, las nuevas formas de administración se han desarrollado particularmente después de la segunda guerra mundial. En la esfera económica, fue la creación de empresas públicas con estatutos variados ; en el dominio social, la institución de la Seguridad Social. Después, durante el período de desarrollo económico de los años 1950 y subsiguientes, se vió aparecer una segunda ola de importantes innovaciones : creación de las «administraciones de misiones » (teniendo como fin la animación y gestión de un servicio público) ; la multiplicación dentro de muy diversos sectores de interés nacional o local, de los establecimientos públicos y de las sociedades de economía mixta ; la creación de asociaciones con fines no lucrativos en el campo de la investigación científica y de la acción socio-cultural. Así queda compuesto un sector público heterogéneo, marcado desde el punto de vista del estatuto de las nuevas instituciones, por la frecuente transposición de fórmulas de derecho privado en el sector público. Tal evolución no podía faltar de hacer más complejo el control por parte de la Corte de Cuentas de la gestión de administraciones. Sin embargo, algunas fórmulas adaptadas de control se han desempeñado progresivamente.
Aspects récents de la Fonction publique en URSS
Authors: Lazarev Boris Mihajlovič
Published: January 2024

A recent survey of the civil service in the USSR

The Civil Service in the USSR at present shows a certain number of specific characteristics of which Mr Lazarev compiles a complete list. First he presents a consensus of the numerous educational centers founded since 1965 and of their education or specialization programs. He next studies the functions of control and selection exercised by the local soviets by the people’s board of Controls. In keeping within the same lines, he points out the most recent aspects of the obligations imposed on civil servants to account for their actions to the people. His study then deals with the extension of the principle of collegiality and participation of social organizations concerning the nomination of civil servants ; furthermore, he studies the methods of objective evaluation of their activities. In the end, Mr Lazarev treats the responsabilities of the State’s employees thus concluding a study of an undoubtable informative interest.
La réforme de la Fonction publique en Pologne
Authors: Letowski Janusz
Published: January 2024

The reform of the civil service in Poland

In Poland, the Work Code regulates uniformly the situation of all workers. Still, the specific aspects of administrative activity made necessary a specific reglementation for the rights and obligations of civil servants ; furthermore, recents reforms in local administration have modified the situation of the employees of the people’s councils. The new provisions concerning civil servants aim to reinforce hierarchical authority while assuring a sufficient protection to the staff of the State.
Réflexions sur le contrôle a priori des entreprises publiques
Authors: Durupty Michel
Published: January 2024

Reflexiones sobre el control a priori de las empresas publicas

El control a priori presenta dos aspectos particularmente interesantes dentro de una óptica de reflexión actualizada : el aspecto económico y el aspecto administrativo. En el plan económico el control a priori debería permitir al Estado orientar y animar una verdadera política del sector público. Por tanto, este control se organiza siempre en una forma contraria a las conclusiones del informe NORA, como un sistema de vigilancia muy minuciosa, tentacularia que pesa tanto más sobre la autonomía de las empresas por cuanto sus gastos de servicio público son más fuertes. La inadaptación de este sistema de control en su función de orientación aparece muy evidente dentro del dominio de las empresas públicas del sector competidor que actúan prácticamente sin directivas del Estado. Este es el caso particular de la Administración de Renault o de los grandes bancos nacionalizados que además no pagan prácticamente ni beneficios ni dividendos al poder público. En el plan administrativo, los procedimientos que aseguran la puesta en obra del control, son con frecuencia ineficaces, como lo comprueba el desarrollo anárquico de filiales y la compra de acciones en vista de una participación. Este fenómeno es el resultado de la incoherencia del control de una política concertada puesto que desemboca en dos consecuencias contradictorias : el desarrollo de las nacionalizaciones silenciosas como también la aparición de un cierto desequilibrio del sector público. Esta relación de deficiencias señala la importancia de llevar a cabo una reorganización global del control a priori en las empresas públicas.
Le « transfert de technologie » et ses contradictions : quelques aspects de l’industrialisation algérienne
Authors: Linhart Robert
Published: January 2024

Transferencia de tecnologia — y sus contradicciones : algunos aspectos de la industrialización argelina

El funcionamiento de las industrias de reciente importación en los países del Tercer Mundo se enfrente a numerosas dificultades : en efecto, la «transferencia de tecnología» tal como se practica, no garantiza en ninguna forma la transferencia de las condiciones de funcionamiento de la tecnología importada. Una de las causas que provocan los bloqueos, tiene su origen en la estructura actual de los mercados mundiales : la extraversión de las unidades — productiva en los países capitalistas desarrollados — constituye en el Tercer Mundo un grave peligro. Qué camino tendrá que tomar Argelia para tratar de soportar esos bloqueos ? Puede preverse para el futuro próximo la prosecución de una política de «polos de desarrollo». Sin embargo, en el caso de que ocurriera una ruptura en el equilibrio social actual que produjera la desconfianza en las opciones actuales, se podría someter a consideración un reequilibrio del desarrollo, en el sentido de una más grande diversificación entre las ramas de la economía, las regiones y los tipos de unidades de producción.
Réforme administrative pour le développement économique et social (1976-1982)
Authors: Carrillo Castro Alejandro
Published: January 2024

Reforma administrativa para el desarrollo económico y social (1976-1982). La reforma de estructuras y de funcionamiento de la Administración Pública Mexicana, puesta en marcha por el gobierno actual, causó un análisis crítico de las estructuras existentes. Es fundamentalmente obra de la voluntad política marcada del Presidente de la República. La tarea esencial es la de vencer las resistencias al cambio persistentes a varios niveles a fines de continuar el proceso de descentralización de decisiones todavía excesivamente concentrado y de llegar a una verdadera coordinación de las acciones públicas tanto vertical qué horizontal, o sea, territorialmente. Asimismo habrá que dar mayor empuje a las reformas institucionales encomendadas a los titulares de todos los niveles para poder contar con mecanismos eficientes de programación, control, evaluación, información y toma de decisiones.

Lo que importa para lograr esta transformación del cuerpo administrativo a corto y medio plazo es que el esfuerzo sea mantenido por los responsables de la Administración.
Lutter contre le sous-développement administratif de certaines régions : le problème des services publics en milieu rural
Authors: Fabre Corinne
Published: January 2024

The public service problem in rural areas. In order to keep abreast of the evolutionary process, our administrative System has to face the fundamental and urgent problem of conceiving a new organization of public services and adapting their conditions of establishment and functioning to the constraints of under-populated rural areas. The problem’s link with the forthcoming development of local government tasks sets it in the context of current events, for indeed the growing tasks of Communes and Departments, the decrease of technical standards and the globalization of the financial assistance of the State prompt the need for a redefinition of the roe of administrations, in particular on the local level.

For such a redefinition the service organization is one of the major but not exclusive aspects, since there is also, just as important, the necessary improvement of the welcome service and even more so the information of the public, and the better relations policy between administration and users, for which the need is being felt every day more strongly.
L’influence de la crise de l’énergie sur l’administration française : le cas de l’administration de l’énergie
Authors: Massenet Violaine
Published: January 2024

Effects of the energy crisis on the french administration : the case of the energy administration. The efforts undertaken by the public authorities to parry the main effects of the oil crisis and limit the energy dependence of France have been pursued on two levels : first develop an energy saving policy ; second promote oil replacement energies.

Three avenues have been explored in respect of the energy savings policy : fighting wastage ; implementation of energy saving or energy recovering techniques ; and encouraging new techniques.

As regards new energies, policies adopted have aimed at encouraging their breakthrough by financing part of their excess cost, the main obstacle to their actual utilization.

These policies have been institutionalized through the Agency for Energy Savings, New Energies Delegation and the Solar Energy Directorate. This reaction of the French Energy Administration towards the emergence of a new economic order has raised several problems since what was involved concerned not so much an adjustment to a gradually changing situation, ail aspects of which were under control, but a confrontation with an unforeseen event with the following results : the need for quick action, the lack of any preset model, and no possibility to examine the implications of decisions taken.
Des structures appropriées : conditions nécessaires à la prévision
Authors: Dunsire Andrew , Hood Christopher , Thompson Suky
Published: January 2024

Sobre estructuras convenables o sea condiciones necessarias para la previsión. Este estudio trata uno de los aspectos del desarrollo administrativo, es decir el cambio en la organización formal de los mecanismos gubernamentales, cambio que puede definirse como de tipo «micro-organizacional». Perfeccionar la administración consiste esencialmente en el ensayo de mejorar la eficiencia en la utilización de los medios. Apartenece al especialista del «desarrollo administrativo» de preveer las evoluciones posibles de política afín de poder gestionar los cambios necesarios de estructura para que la administración siga ofreciendo una estructura convenable. Tal programa se apoya sobre una serie de suposiciones y de condiciones : supone que la estructura de organizaciones influya sobre su actividad, que haya métodos satisfactorios para medir la utilización de los medios de comparación de estructuras. Pero lo que pasa es que nos faltan efectivamente expresiones operacionales adecuadas permitiendo de establecer una correlación entre estructuras y ejecución. Los autores han tratado de analizar la naturaleza de las agencias del gobierno central y de aprofundizar la previsión de las estructuras administrativas desde un análisis multisectorial.
Un monopole d’État : la prévision économique et sociale en France
Authors: Jobert Bruno
Published: January 2024

A state monopoly : economic and social forecasting in France. Setting out on the often conflicting relations between administrators and researchers, the author underlines the antagonizing professional logics of research and administration. An analysis of the insertion of planning into the French administration shows up the conditions under which these conflicting requirements may be reconciled.

The main conclusion to be drawn from this study of the French forecasting machinery seems to be the factual monopoly enjoyed by the executive body for using the major forecasting agencies, none of which can explore in-depth the economic and social policy assumptions that would disagree with those of the ruling political elite. Concretely, the question is whether a larger accessibility of economic and social information will be brought about by developing agencies which are more independent from the executive or by increasing outside the State the number of competing forecasting bodies related to the big social movements.
L’environnement politique de l’Administration publique dans les pays d’Amérique Latine
Authors: Brewer-Carías Allan-Randolph
Published: January 2024

The political environment of public administration in latin american countries

While considering Administration to be the first and foremost means of political section of the State, the author aims at pinpointing the most salient factors therefore. Thus present-day Public Administration in Latin American Countries appears largely determined by a number of common features : mature independence and social integration ; a central political action focus and a presidential executive system ; the weakness of political institutions, in particular parliament and judicature ; the preeminence of political parties ; excessive State intervention, and corruption. Pushed by its political environment, Public Administration ought not to content itself with adjusting to changing political conditions, but is to perform a leading role towards change on account of its leading position in the process of development.
La décentralisation territoriale en Amérique Latine
Authors: Baecque Francis de
Published: January 2024

Territorial decentralization in Latin America

F. de Baecque introduces papers and discussions of a seminar under his chairmanship at the IIAP on territorial decentralization in Latin America, with seven case studies on Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Haiti, Mexico, Uruguay and Venezuela. A confrontation of data leads to three remarks.

— despite the differences among these countries, they have features in common both as regards structures and in terms of recent developments in each country ;

— the powers available to decentralized bodies is rather weak ;

— decentralization is quite limited in scope.
Les problèmes juridiques posés par les entreprises publiques tunisiennes
Authors: Mestre Achille
Published: January 2024

Legal issues of tunisian public corporations

The relations between the State and public corporations have reached a difficult stage. Are their structures still adequate ? Is their management approach confident ? A re-alignment on several counts is claimed : a clarification of legal classification ; an adjustment of the legal framework to the various activities undertaken ; a better coordination of public groupings. The legal instruments of an efficient and responsible autonomy should be given to the public corporations whose financial capacity ought to enable them to be at the service of users.
Les lois de la « troisième génération des droits de l’homme » ; ébauche d’étude comparative
Authors: Holleaux André
Published: January 2024

Legislation based on a “third generation of human rights”

A whole series of laws issued in 1978 and 1979 embodies a fundamental right to information or delineates a’third generation of human rights’. Although the various texts had been commented on piecemeal in the past, no synthetic study on them has been available thus far. The author has attempted to fill this gap by analyzing one by one the different common features of this legislation, its inter-relations, and the novelty of telematics.

This study shows that, whatever the ‘generation’, these laws conferring rights to individuals need, in order to become actually applicable, a fundamental political intent operating right down to the base and as the result of custom which takes time to shape up. The ‘third generation’ rights are still beset by teething troubles, which means that their application will have to evolve with time ; they will reach maturity at a later stage... if ever, according to society and the whims of EDP, telematics and the audiovisual media.
La gestion de la recherche publique au Royaume-Uni
Authors: Postal Patrick
Published: January 2024

Gestión de la investigación pública en el reino unido.

El autor analiza el sistema británico de la gestión de la investigación pública cuyas características son la decentralización avanzada de la gestión de la investigación y la importancia attríbuída a los mecanismos del mercado. Tres aspectos mayores se destacan en resumen del sistema actual : hay un presupuesto para la investigación fundamental administrado por la comunidad científica ; los ministerios quedan responsables de su presupuesto para la investigación aplicada, debiendo utilizarse los fondos respectivos según el criterio de la mejor relación coste - eficacia ; no hay una política global definida para la investigación, ya que no hay mucha coordinación.
L’administration de la recherche en URSS
Authors: Lesage Michel
Published: January 2024

Research administration in the USSR.

The paper presents a generous overview of USSR research administration, stressing two main aspects : programming and the planning of the progress of science and technology, on the one hand, and the managerial potential of Research on the other. Closely linked up with the USSR political and administrative System, research administration exhibits both spectacular achievements and a surprising backwardness in certain areas, although it may be difficult to ascertain respective causes with precision.
Universités et recherche
Authors: Denisse Jean-François
Published: January 2024

Uniyersity research.

The author stresses the original link University - CNRS (the National Council of Scientific Research) to indicate that this enables France to call upon an exceptional instrument which would function much better if only the Ministry of Universities were to take a better account than so far of the essential part played by higher educational teaching staff and labs in support of research throughout France. For the past ten years, goverment has shown a bias towards the CNRS which the Ministry of Universities is attempting to overcome by setting up a new research mission within its own terme of reference.
Fiscalité et modèles de croissance
Authors: Olive Gaston , Letourmy Annick
Published: January 2024

Taxation and growth models.

G. Olive and A. Letourmy present a model which serves to illustrate the relations existing between taxation and the economy, and more particularly the possible interaction between growth rates in production and the tax burden. After outlining a simplified development model indicating the main links between taxation and the economy, but leaving aside indirect effects of tax policies and growth stimulants on model ratios, they offer a more complete model affording a more realistic approach than the first.
Les entreprises publiques industrielles et l’évolution conjoncturelle
Authors: Norotte Michel
Published: January 2024

Industrial public enterprise and the business cycle.

Brief description of the major industrial public concerns and 1980 data, followed by an analysis of key figures to show their counter-cyclic role since the mid-70’s for investments and employment, hence their anti-crisis effect, particularly as regard investments after 1974. On the employment side, staff has been shrinking since 1976, but more slowly than in private industry.
Les entreprises publiques face à la crise : l’évolution du secteur de l’énergie et des matières premières
Authors: Henry-Meininger Marie-Christine
Published: January 2024

Public enterprise and the crisis : trends in the energy and raw material sectors.

The international crisis has led public energy and raw material suppliers to engage in large structural transformations, viz. branching out, take-ouvers both in France and abroad, and setting up consortiums, whereas the adoption of private industry structures and management, blurring the line between both sectors, have resulted in a transfer of functions from one to the other, diminishing the specificity of public enterprise. The phenomenon is partly explained by the international crisis, calling for ideological and political reactions.

A wider coherence of the public sector and a clearer definition of what belongs to overall planning and what to the autonomy of public enterprise will determine the success of the nationalizations.
Les entreprises publiques ne porteront pas l’uniforme social
Authors: Favard Émile
Published: January 2024

Las empresas públicas no llevarán el uniforme social.

Tal uniforme tricolor no hay. Por ejemplo CDF Chimie, aunque procreada en el serrallo, ya no parece en nada o casi a su nacionalizadísimo procreador «Charbonnages de France», en cambio tiene aspectos comunes con su concurrente «privado» Rhône-Poulenc Industrias.

Por eso hay que dejar de lado visiones idílicas o apocalípticas sobre el Estado patrón. Ni abuelo, ni ogro, resulta un empleador casi ordinario, sensitivo al ambiente económico y político. El aspecto social de la empresa pública desaparece trás exigencias de concurrencia — sobre todo internacional — y aprovechó del liberalismo pre-may o 81 para diversificar y multiplicarse, como todo ente vivo.

Así paradóxicalmente, si son pocas les semejanzas de las empresas públicas entre sí, son más evidentes las entre éstas y sus concurrentes privados.
Le contrôle financier des villes
Authors: Delion André Georges
Published: January 2024

El control financiero de las ciudades.

La evolución de las colectividades a tenido por efecto el de aumentar la importancia y la diversidad de las competencias municipales en todo, y el crecimiento de las ciudades a llevado el volumen de sus actividades, recursos y gastos a niveles tales que las más grandes exceden los presupuestos de numerosos estados.

Esto causó en Francia la organización de un sistema general y original de control financiero de las comunas, el cual, al tener en cuenta la «explosión demográfica», acentúa cada vez más a cuatro objetivos especialmente necesarios para las mayores : darlas los instrumentos de gestión financiera uniformes y obligatorios afín de mejorar su funcionamiento y reducir los riesgos de error ; organizar sistemas permanentes de vigilo para la seguridad de los citadanos ; auditar el audit municipal ; contribuir a la información objetiva sobre la regularidad y la eficacia de la gestión de los oficiales. Aún cuando ese sistema parezca altamente centralizado, su análisis demuestra que tiene en primer lugar un gran y necesario rigor que habrá de evolucionar hacia una especie de disciplina colectivamente aceptada.
La croissance urbaine de São Paulo
Authors: Mingione Agato E.F.
Published: January 2024

Urban growth of São-Paulo.

Greater São-Paulo tops the nine Brazilian conurbations in size, population, riches and also problems. As far as the urban growth is concerned, the issue is one of organizing available space rather than refraining from expanding the boundaries of the city. In this sense, it seems necessary to aim at the following targets : fix viable population levels ; set up infrastructures capable of dealing with denser population movements ; monitor the swallowing up of smaller municipalities under correct conditions ; limit or better spread the installation of industries ; control pollution ; watch out for a gradual and adequate use of the land. A first major attempt was made in this direction through passing an integrated municipal development Plan in 1970. A follow-up will take up new problems regarding administrative and political structures : this conurbation requires urgently innovating political and managerial levels to be set up from scratch.
Les arts en Grande-Bretagne : un financement sans mainmise de l’État
Authors: Ridley Frederick F.
Published: January 2024

Las artes en el Reino-Unido : financiacion fuera del control del estado.

Un antiguo presidente del Consejo de las Artes dijo que una de las libertades más preciosas de cada Británico es el derecho de no interesarse en las Artes. Así se puede resumir la tradición sobre la cual se funda la política cultural en Gran-Bretaña cuyo principio es que la mayoría no debe decidir de gustos individuales y que estos últimos no han de corresponder a ninguna doctrina de interés nacional. El autor compara esta visión pragmática con el dogmatismo francés haciendo destacar la originalidad del concepto británico en lo que toca a la política cultural y los problemas resultantes.
La politique culturelle en Suède
Authors: Kleberg Carl-Johan
Published: January 2024

Cultural policy in Sweden.

During the ‘70’s, Sweden adopted a genuine cultural policy evolving along the following main criteria : major opportunities for self-expression, creative and community development, decentralization and financial efforts in favour of the underprivileged. Since State finance does not reach the local level, the implementation of such a policy remained within the exclusive terms of reference of local govemment. This accounts for wide discrepancies among boroughs. The 80ties witness a cut in public expenditure with serious effects on cultural policy which had not yet reached its full development and still lacked strong local structures. Therefore, future cultural policy is as yet uncertain. It will largely depend on societal options taken : privatization and commercialization or cultural welfare and creativity.
Gestion et différences culturelles
Authors: Desaunay Guy
Published: January 2024

Management and cultural discrepancies.

With a European-style managerial System, African companies do not reach corresponding performance levels. Among the many reasons therefore, cultural factors cannot be denied. Indeed, what accounts for the lower yield of techniques and their poor image or infrequent use in strategies is the different mental and moral background of users as against that of those who created them to their image and likeness. Such a différence is not to be viewed as either a gap or backwardness, but rather originates from the socio-cultural idiosyncracy of the African countries whose organizations cannot work according to alien raies, which are therefore inappropriate.
Le statut de la fonction publique en Espagne
Authors: Santamaría Pastor Juan
Published: January 2024

La sociedad y el Estado español fueron sometidos a un proceso de modernización acentuado durante este último quarto de siglo y que alcanzó finalmente a la función pública, que está hoy en una fase de mutación profunda. Las estructuras tradicionales (régimen estutario, cuerpos de funcionarios, poco profesionalismo) conocen numerosas reformas. Las más importantes son : los traspasos de competencias a las comunidades autónomas, la mobilidad entre las administraciones, la reestructuración del sístema de las remuneraciones y incompatiblidades.
Regard sur la fonction publique espagnole
Authors: Moderne Franck
Published: January 2024

La función pública española se caracteriza por dos recientes mutaciones que le son específicas : el advenimiento de una democracia constitucional y la creación de las comunidades autónomas.

Se estudian tres puntos característicos para el observador frances : la concepción misma de la función pública, que oscila entre las nociones de carrera y de empleo, las estructuras territoriales de la función pública, los derechos y deberes del funcionario.
Directeur d’administration centrale : gestionnaire, tampon ou bouc émissaire ?
Authors: De Kervasdoué Jean
Published: January 2024

National director of hospitals : decision maker, flak-catcher or scapegoat ?

The Minister of Health has been losing his independence for several years now. He now reports to the « grand » Minister of Social Affairs. Given two superiors and his liaison duties between politicians and civil servants, the post of Director of Hospitals is a precarious appointment lacking adéquate management tools for the proper programming and objective évaluation of his activities. This lack complicates task-sharing and relations with the minister’s staff. Furthermore, social and health services hold little prestige despite social and économie rôles of considérable importance : they do not attract young senior civil servants while buildings and operations hardly stimulate personnel. Recent reforms and the anti-civil service ideology that dominâtes French conservatism could aggravate the existing problems of the civil service, i.e., time-consuming recruitment, rigid career paths according to graduate schooling, department and position and the dire State of inter-ministerial and external relations. In addition, the simple rules of the Budget Office that apply automatically across the board must lead to inadéquate government which in turn will resuit in increased bureaucracy. Thus, efficiency should be sought at the expense of formalism, and empirical factors should override ideological thinking.

Instead of central administration, the public limited company (« Société nationale ») with set objectives and independent means, flexible management and open to inspection would appear more suited to the tasks at hand.
L’administration de la santé au Canada
Authors: Didier René
Published: January 2024

National health administration in Canada.

Ever since confederation in 1867, public health administration has undergone several phases of ever-increasing Federal intervention in what had begun as a provincial responsibility. An initial period in which Federal Government individually negotiated and subsidized provincial programmes gave way to massive participation in the field of health : 1957 and 1966 legislation enabled it to Finance medical care and hospitalization by reimbursing outlays. Both parties were satisfied since the provinces retained control of the health care System while Federal Government gave substance to its dream of increased centralization and national unification.

The level and cost of health care to the public then showed spectacular growth. In the subsequent economic crisis, the Government reduced its share of rising cost through 1977 & 1984 legislation, thus provoking numerous conflicts in the provincial health care sector. Despite an uncertain future, national health has become a field for which the Constitution has effectively split responsibilities : provincial exercise of health care duties has contributed variety (e. g in administration, financing, quality of care) while the Federal Government has, through financing, gradually contributed greater coherence, and a common approach to problem-solving in public health.
Le service national de la santé en Grande-Bretagne : les “régional health authorities”
Authors: Kilbourne A. , West P. A.
Published: January 2024

Regional Health Authorities in the English ; National Health Service.

The 14 Regional Health Authorities in England control the finance and service provision of the 192 subordinate districts. They are responsible through their appointed authority members for the implementation of government policies and the development of local strategies for the delivery of health care. They receive a budget from the government Department of Health and Social Security under a formula developed in 1976 by the Resource Allocation Working Party. Regions attempt to coordinate the services provided by districts and an annual review process has been introduced by the DHSS to monitor their success. Executive control of the regions rests with a Regional Management Board, headed by the Regional General Manager. They carry out the policies of the authority whose members are appointed, not elected, from local government and the general public under a part-time, salaried chairman. But although regions are nominally in direct control of the districts, the districts have their own appointed authorities which can attempt to alter regional decisions on the allocation of money and the location of services. Thus the power of the regions is tempered by the political weight of the Districts and by professional groups, particularly the doctors and nurses.
Les usagers et la maladministration
Authors: Barbanson Gérard
Published: January 2024

The General Public and Misadministration.

Relations between civil servants and the general public should be improved by reorganization, improved reception services, human relations training for civil servants who interface with the public and reduced processing time for user inquiries and applications ; and not by manpower cuts. Users’ groups are valuable buffers between the civil service and the public. However, few are aware of their existence and their resources are limited. Official support is needed.
Les contribuables et l’administration fiscale
Authors: Poppe Christian
Published: January 2024

Taxpayers and Tax Collection.

Citizens always feel uneasy about their tax-paying duties because of the coercive nature of the tax authorities. The authorities have undertaken a program to improve human relations through two-way information campaigns aimed at several types of communities using specially-adapted technics and regional programs to encourage innovation and concerted action.
Formation et perfectionnement des fonctionnaires au Cameroun : le CENAM
Authors: Etong Ndzok Hilarion
Published: January 2024

Civil Servants Training and Continuing Education in the Cameroons (Centre National d’Administration et de Magistrature).

The training and continuing education of civil servants and magistrates in the Cameroons was significantly modified by the establishment of CENAM, the national magistrate center. CENAM coordinates the activity of two civil service training institutes (École nationale d’administration et de magistrature and Institut des techniques administratives et financières) and of Institut supérieur de management public, the institute of advanced studies. CENAM has all the features of a public body, but its autonomy is limited by the Ministry of Civil Service whose authority covers budgets, personnel and activity.
La présence étrangère en Europe occidentale - Dénombrement et méthode
Authors: Lebon André
Published: January 2024

Alien Census-Taking and Statistical Methods in Western Europe.

With the exception of the UK, which ignores ‘alien’ as a statistical criterion, there are almost 12 500 000 aliens legally resident in Western Europe. Statistical analysis also reveals that (a) aliens constitute a non-negligible subpopulation in both host and source countries, and (b) individual nationalities are concentrated in different host countries. Detailed analysis requires a clear definition of the alien categories included and excluded for statistical purposes as well as the statistical techniques applied. Another serious issue is that the term ‘alien’ is becoming unworkable and will have to be re-defined or replaced.
La nation comme communauté de culture
Authors: Schnapper Dominique
Published: January 2024

The Nation as an Ethnie Community.

A handful of basic principles and a specifie conception of the nation underlie recommendations of the ‘Commission de la Nationalité’. This conception has its origins in Renan and Fustel de Coulanges who saw the nation as the resuit of the common will to live together on the basis of knowledge and adoption of an inherited past. ‘German’ thinking differs over the means of handling down this past : one view relies on voluntary acceptance and acquisition : the other on membership in an collective unconscious and biological or ethnic transmission. The ‘Commission’ holds that the ethnie heritage of a nation is available to everyone through the school System and active participation in community affairs.
Dimension territoriale de la politique et dynamiques d’échange
Authors: Parri Leonardo
Published: January 2024

The Territorial Dimension of Politics and Exchange Dynamics.

Criticizing the traditional formal and hierarchical approaches, the article presents an exchange-based conceptual framework for the understanding of the relations between the levels of government. National and subnational governments are considered as complex organizations exchanging the power resources they possess in the course of the negotiation of the contents of the outputs and outcomes of the nationwide integrated public policies. This policy-linked negotiation is called territorial political exchange, TPE. On the basis of the concept of TPE, classic notions like territorial politics, centralization level and peripheral autonomy are reformulated.
L’organisation des armées
Authors: Cailleteau François
Published: January 2024

Defense Administration Hierarchy.

The structure and operation of the military establishment is unique in many ways. Above ail, both civilians and military sit in the Minister’s Cabinet. The supreme body consists of four tiers : CEMA, who define national defense policy and the DGA, the chief procurement officer ; the army, navy and air force chiefs of staff ; their individual personnel, budget and legal departments ; and controllors and inspectors general. The three fundamental operating principles of defense administration are civilian supremacy, balanced forces, and the rise of DGA as the key decisionmaker. This central body is seconded by similar bodies proper to each service, organized along territorial lines and resulting in two coexisting hierarchies for each service branch.
Le service national de la coopération, instrument de l’action extérieure de la France
Authors: Vaillant Bernard
Published: January 2024

Alternative National Service.

Alternative service overseas has changed considerably since its inception in 1965, and now concerns the Ministries of Foreign Aid, Foreign Affairs, Economies & Finance and Foreign Trade. Recruiting and processing procedures have been streamlined. It was initially concentrated on Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, later extending to French-speaking Africa and, more recently, to industrialized countries. Developing countries now require more highly specialized personnel. Originally intended for developing countries, alternative service now extends into highly industrial countries, where personnel contribute to broadening trade relations and spreading French cultural values.
La gestion des cadres dans l’armée de terre en RFA et leur reconversion en vue d’une seconde carrière dans le secteur civil
Authors: Pennacchioni Dominique
Published: January 2024

Career Paths for Commissioned & Non-Commissioned Officers in the Federal German Army and Retraining for Civilian Employment.

One major concern in creating the Federal German Bundeswehr shortly after World War II was to avoid any hint that German militarism subsisted. Thus, commissioned and non-commissioned officers enjoy civil service status of maximum possible parity with that of other civil services. Moreover, original concepts have been adopted to recruit a broad range of candidates, as well as to ensure thorough job training and a smooth return to civilian life after 12 -15 years’ service.
L’administration des forces armées de métier : l’expérience britannique
Authors: Mackay Ian
Published: January 2024

Administration of a Professional Army in Britain.

British armed forces have relied entirely on volunteers for 25 years. Much attention has been paid to recruitment policy, pay scales, career paths, living standards and job satisfaction in order to attract the right personnel. Reassignment of certain duties to civilian personnel has reduced costs. Reserve forces consist not only of veterans but of specially-recruited volunteers as well. Abolishing conscription does reduce materiel requirements, but greater savings have resulted from ‘sleeping contracts’ which provide for the callup of civilian materiel in case of conflict. The article concludes by reviewing the lessons of operational administration taught by the 1982 Falklands War.
Pour une coopération fondée sur un contrat clair. Questions à Stéphane Hessel, Ambassadeur de France
Authors: Hessel Stéphane , Claisse Alain
Published: January 2024

For co-operation based on a clear-cut contract.

Questions to Stéphane Hessel

Stéphane Hessel answers six questions relating to French policy on administrative coopération with the developing countries, the role played by the IMF and the World Bank in this area, the temptation for ‘administrative imitation’, the priority sectors and, lastly, the problems of evaluating the operations carried out. He focuses on the diversity of both the aid granted and the situations to which it must be adapted, and proposes a ‘graded assessment’ for aid operations.
RFA : des politiques publiques mises en œuvre par des organismes autonomes
Authors: König Klaus
Published: January 2024

FRG : Public policies implemented by independent organizations

The originality of Germany’s administrative co-operation machinery lies in the implémentation of assistance by independent organizations governed mainly by private law (including political foundations financed by the government and affiliated to the major political parties). It currently covers three priority areas : initial and ongoing civil service training, government finance, and local and régional authorities. Other priorities earmarked for the future include environmental protection. Decision-makers, future administrators and teachers are the main beneficiaries of this assistance ; in future, it will be extended to include middle-ranking technicians.