bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Miniaturized Cold Atmospheric Plasma for the Conservation of Plastics in Modern and Contemporary Art
Authors: Comiotto Anna
Published: January 2009

In order to overcome adhesion problems during conservation and restoration treatments on non-polar plastics in modern and contemporary art, a miniaturized cold plasma source was developed. This source can be operated without vacuum at atmospheric pressure, has a sphere of action in
the millimetre range and is tailored to the application on heat-sensitive plastics. In this article, the setup of the developed plasma equipment is described and examination results concerning the effectiveness of this pre-treatment for enhancing the wettability, bondability and coatability
of poly(ethylene), poly(propylene) and poly(styrene) are presented. Furthermore, experiments for reducing the thermal load during the pre-treatment of heat-sensitive polymers are specified. The effectiveness of this pre-treatment has been proved by bonding low-density poly(ethylene) [PE-LD],
high-density poly(ethylene) [PE-HD] and poly(propylene) [PP] with the acrylic resin Acryloid B-72, whereas the extent of adhesion improvement was quantified by performing tensile shear tests. Changes in coatability were examined in pull-off tests, carried out on gouache painted PE-HD and poly(styrene)
[PS]. For a better understanding of the induced chemical changes, treated and untreated PP surfaces were examined by water contact angle measurements and chemically characterized by surface-sensitive infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR). Beside an observed enhancement in water wettability and
surface polarity, after the pre-treatment the strength of all tested adhesive bonds was significantly enhanced. The applied gouache paint coatings also gained a considerable mechanical resilience; therefore the application of durable, still reversible retouchings on hydrophobic, low surface
energy polymers becomes possible. Further experiments will be necessary in order to exclude undesirable side effects on the long-term aging properties of the pre-treated polymers, especially with respect to their oxidative stability.
Mobile Micro-X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF) on Medieval Paintings
Authors: Herm Christoph
Published: January 2009

X-ray fluorescence has long been applied to objects of art and archaeology for non-destructive elemental analysis. When the object under investigation is either too big or too fragile to be moved a mobile instrument is needed which can be brought on site. A short overview of the development
of techniques and applications shall be given in the paper. Then three case studies are reported in which ArtTax/Artax spectrographs were applied for the analysis of medieval paintings. Experimental issues are discussed with respect to the application to paintings as well.
Dammar Resin Degradation Revisited
Authors: Buder Andreas
Published: January 2009

Dammar, a natural triterpenoid resin, is widely used as a picture varnish in art technology. Several research workers have recently characterised its composition and oxidative degradation. Due to a lack of sensitivity, conventional thermal methods to characterise oxidation stability
(like TGA and DSC) often require a high temperature regime. Chemiluminescence measurements turned out to be more sensitive (temperatures below 100 °C) and simultaneously allowed for better selectivity of the signal, which is directly coupled to the oxidation mechanism. The data collected
here will enable an advanced kinetic modelling of Dammar degradation.
School Violence and Theoretically Atypical Schools: The Principal’s Centrality in Orchestrating Safe Schools
Authors: Astor Ron Avi , Benbenishty Rami , Estrada Jose Nuñez
Published: January 2009

Theories often assume that schools in communities with high violence also have high rates of school violence, yet there are schools with very low violence in high violence communities. Organizational variables within these schools may buffer community influences. Nine “atypical” schools are selected from a national database in Israel. Three years of intense qualitative and quantitative methods are employed at these schools. The most important variable found is the leadership of the principal. These schools emphasize a school reform approach rather than packaged school violence evidence-based programs. The schools demonstrate “outward” oriented ideologies, a schoolwide awareness of violence, consistent procedures, integrated use of cultural and religious symbols, visual manifestations of student care, and the beautification of school grounds.
Visualizing Ambient Population Data within Census Boundaries: A Dasymetric Mapping Procedure
Authors: Andresen Martin A. , Brantingham Patricia L.
Published: January 2009

The visualization of areal census data is sensitive to the modifiable areal unit problem. Consequently, though not widely used, dasymetric mapping procedures have been developed to provide a more convincing representation of such areal data. This article extends past research on dasymetric mapping procedures to visualize fine-resolution raster data for the ambient population within census boundaries. We find that the dasymetric mapping procedure developed here generates maps that are almost identical to non-dasymetric maps in urban centres but generates vastly different maps in rural areas, while maintaining reference to other data represented in the census boundaries for later analysis.
Academic Publishing and the University Presses: The Case in a Developing Region (Saudi Arabia)
Authors: Islam Manzurul
Published: January 2009

Manzurul Islam outlines the state of scholarly publishing in Saudi Arabia, including book and journal publication. The author discusses the impediments that Saudi publishers continue to face, including limited training for editors and production managers and minimal funding for marketing. Islam suggests that the industry in the Middle East would benefit from the establishment of training programs in developing regions and collaborative production and co-publication ventures with Asian and Western presses.
Fair Use: A Double-Edged Sword
Authors: Thatcher Sanford G.
Published: January 2009

Exploring the definition of ‘fair use’ as a facet of copyright law in the United States, Sanford Thatcher examines the inherent tension caused by this legal notion in scholarly publishing, particularly in the new electronic era. Libraries, and, by extension, universities, increasingly advocate a stronger assertion of fair use in higher education to cope with diminishing funds. University presses, in contrast, view broader definitions of fair use as a threat to the already decreasing market potential for scholarly monographs, despite recognizing that their interests are closer to the aims of higher education than they are to the aims of commercial publishers. As an example of this double-edged sword, Thatcher discusses photocopying and electronic journals and their economic and legal effects on publishers. Without due consideration of university presses and their mandate to publish scholarly research, aggressive fair use will constrain those publishers and adversely affect the careers of the authors fair use is designed to assist.
Personalities in Publishing: John Vickers
Authors: Bell Hazel
Published: January 2009

The twelfth essay in this series profiles John Vickers, author, indexer, editor, and eventually publisher of religious publications. Archivist for the Southampton Methodist District and a member of the Methodist Archives and History committee and the Wesley History Society Executive, Vickers was appointed indexer to Clarendon Press's new, complete edition of The Works of John Wesley. Later he would provide indexes to the Oxford illustrated histories of Britain, Christianity, English literature, medieval Europe, and Ireland.
Notes from Down Under: Musings of a Junior Staff Member
Authors: Liu Theresa M.
Published: January 2009

A relative newcomer to the world of scholarly publishing, Theresa Liu offers a ‘junior’ staff member's perspective on that world and, more specifically, on the world of an editorial assistant. The editorial assistant does everything from handling the everyday administrative minutiae, to acting as press diplomat to the outside world – whether by e-mail, post, or telephone – to attending author meetings and carrying out other responsibilities that overlap with those of her senior editor. In the world of an editorial assistant, even the most banal task is essential to the end product – that tangible object of ideas and knowledge, the scholarly book.
Mis/Adventures in Mis/Quoting
Authors: Henige David
Published: January 2009

David Henige, a librarian and historian, explores the principles and practices of accurate quoting. Using the examples of quotations attributed to Charles H. Duell, Joseph Lister, J.E. Erichsen, and Albert Michelson, Henige discusses the ways in which inaccurate quotations and the repeated use of common editorial modifications, including ellipses and bracketed alterations, have altered the original material over time. The author urges researchers to take care to seek the original source of citations in an effort to ensure the accuracy of their own quotations.
Personalities in Publishing: Maeve O'Connor
Authors: Bell Hazel
Published: January 2009

The thirteenth essay in this series profiles copy editor and author Maeve O'Connor. O'Connor began her career as an editor of symposia in the life sciences with the Ciba Foundation (now the Novartis Foundation), where she learned the necessary tools to become a science editor, an author of a number of books on editing scientific books and journals, and an organizer of several professional editorial associations.
Living a Project
Authors: Halpenny Francess G.
Published: January 2009

An editor and educator discusses the importance of large-scale scholarly projects and the editors whose dedication and perseverance make them possible.
The Capabilities of Chaos and Complexity
Authors: Abel David L.
Published: January 2009

To what degree could chaos and complexity have organized a Peptide or RNA World of crude yet necessarily integrated protometabolism? How far could such protolife evolve in the absence of a heritable linear digital symbol system that could mutate, instruct, regulate, optimize and maintain metabolic homeostasis? To address these questions, chaos, complexity, self-ordered states, and organization must all be carefully defined and distinguished. In addition their cause-and-effect relationships and mechanisms of action must be delineated. Are there any formal (non physical, abstract, conceptual, algorithmic) components to chaos, complexity, self-ordering and organization, or are they entirely physicodynamic (physical, mass/energy interaction alone)? Chaos and complexity can produce some fascinating self-ordered phenomena. But can spontaneous chaos and complexity steer events and processes toward pragmatic benefit, select function over non function, optimize algorithms, integrate circuits, produce computational halting, organize processes into formal systems, control and regulate existing systems toward greater efficiency? The question is pursued of whether there might be some yet-to-be discovered new law of biology that will elucidate the derivation of prescriptive information and control. “System” will be rigorously defined. Can a low-informational rapid succession of Prigogine’s dissipative structures self-order into bona fide organization?
Methodologies for the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Environmental Samples: New Approaches
Authors: Mahugo Santana Cristina , Sosa Ferrera Zoraida , Esther Torres Padrón M. , Juan Santana Rodríguez José
Published: January 2009

Phenolic derivatives are among the most important contaminants present in the environment. These compounds are used in several industrial processes to manufacture chemicals such as pesticides, explosives, drugs and dyes. They also are used in the bleaching process of paper manufacturing. Apart from these sources, phenolic compounds have substantial applications in agriculture as herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. However, phenolic compounds are not only generated by human activity, but they are also formed naturally, e.g., during the decomposition of leaves or wood. As a result of these applications, they are found in soils and sediments and this often leads to wastewater and ground water contamination. Owing to their high toxicity and persistence in the environment, both, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Union have included some of them in their lists of priority pollutants. Current standard methods of phenolic compounds analysis in water samples are based on liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) while Soxhlet extraction is the most used technique for isolating phenols from solid matrices. However, these techniques require extensive cleanup procedures that are time-intensive and involve expensive and hazardous organic solvents, which are undesirable for health and disposal reasons. In the last years, the use of news methodologies such as solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) have increased for the extraction of phenolic compounds from liquid samples. In the case of solid samples, microwave assisted extraction (MAE) is demonstrated to be an efficient technique for the extraction of these compounds. In this work we review the developed methods in the extraction and determination of phenolic derivatives in different types of environmental matrices such as water, sediments and soils. Moreover, we present the new approach in the use of micellar media coupled with SPME process for the extraction of phenolic compounds. The advantages of micellar media over conventional extractants are reduction of organic solvent, low cost, easy handling and shorter time procedures.
Immobilization of Electroporated Cells for Fabrication of Cellular Biosensors: Physiological Effects of the Shape of Calcium Alginate Matrices and Foetal Calf Serum
Authors: Katsanakis Nikos , Katsivelis Andreas , Kintzios Spiridon
Published: January 2009

In order to investigate the physiological effect of transfected cell immobilization in calcium alginate gels, we immobilized electroporated Vero cells in gels shaped either as spherical beads or as thin membrane layers. In addition, we investigated whether serum addition had a positive effect on cell proliferation and viability in either gel configuration. The gels were stored for four weeks in a medium supplemented or not with 20% (v/v) foetal calf serum. Throughout a culture period of four weeks, cell proliferation and cell viability were assayed by optical microscopy after provision of Trypan Blue. Non-elaborate culture conditions (room temperature, non-CO2 enriched culture atmosphere) were applied throughout the experimental period in order to evaluate cell viability under less than optimal storage conditions. Immobilization of electroporated cells was associated with an initially reduced cell viability, which was gradually increased. Immobilization was associated with maintenance of cell growth for the duration of the experimental period, whereas electroporated cells essentially died after a week in suspension culture. Considerable proliferation of immobilized cells was observed in spherical alginate beads. In both gel configurations, addition of serum was associated with increased cell proliferation. The results of the present study could contribute to an improvement of the storability of biosensors based on electroporated, genetically or membrane-engineered cells.
Human NK Cell Up-regulation of CD69, HLA-DR, Interferon γ Secretion and Cytotoxic Activity by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells is Regulated through Overlapping but Different Pathways
Authors: Benlahrech Adel , Donaghy Heather , Rozis George , Goodier Martin , Klavinskis Linda , Gotch Frances , Patterson Steven
Published: January 2009

Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells secrete high levels of IFNa and are thus implicated in the activation of NK cells. Activated NK cells are characterised by the up-regulation of CD69 and MHC class II DR expression, secretion of IFN g and enhanced cytotoxicity. We show that pDC mediate these processes by different mechanisms, some of which overlap. Human NK cells were analysed after co-culture with immature or CpG-matured blood pDC or with supernatant from these cells. Maximal CD69 expression by NK cells was mediated by supernatant from mature pDC and did not require pDC contact. Up-regulation was due in part to IFNa but also to factors in IFNa negative supernatant from immature DC. HLA-DR expression was independent of secreted molecules but required contact with immature or mature DC. Enhanced NK cytotoxicity, measured by killing of K562 targets and expression of CD107a, was mediated by multiple factors including type I IFN, supernatant from immature pDC cultures and contact with immature or mature pDC. These factors act cumulatively to enhance cytotoxcity. Thus different parameters of pDC mediated NK cell activation are regulated by distinct pathways.
Severe storms and their effects in sub-Mediterranean Slovenia from the 14th to the mid-19th century
Authors: Ogrin Darko
Published: January 2009

The paper presents an overview of severe storms and a reconstruction of periods with their reiterative occurrence in sub-Mediterranean Slovenia in the warm half of the year during the so-called pre-instrumental period. The data were gathered in secondary and tertiary historical sources, chronicles first and foremost. The presented chronology does not provide a complete reconstruction because of insufficient data, yet it offers a basic insight into the periods of frequenter occurrence of these phenomena. Outstanding are the 17th and the 18th centuries, especially their first halves whose weather conditions rank among the most unfavourable in the last millennium. In addition to severe winters with damages done by frosts, dry or too wet summers, 12 violent storms in the 17th century and 16 in the 18th century caused great damage and considerably aggravated the conditions of living. The occurrence of storms in the first halves of the 17th and the 18th centuries was equal to that at the end of the 20th century, when frequenter occurrence of such weather extremes is mainly believed to be caused by the general warming of the atmosphere. It is evident from the chronicle that the characteristics of severe storms and the kinds of resulting damage have not significantly changed until today. The only phenomenon that has not been recorded in the recent history of climate is such a sharp drop in temperature in the lower parts of the Primorska (Littoral) region during an August storm as to cause that snow fell, which, supposedly, happened in August 1710.
The importance of water accumulation of snow cover measurements in mountainous regions of Slovenia
Authors: Ogrin Matej , Ortar Jaka
Published: January 2009

Snow cover is a frequent phenomenon in Slovenia and even in the lowlands of the interior regions, it can last for several weeks. The properties of snow and winter weather after the snow cover has formed, determine the load of snow upon houses, trees and other objects. Water accumulation of snow cover (WASC) gives us the amount of water in snow and therefore also the weight of snow. Deep snow cover can soak its own melting water from the surface, so WASC does not decrease as fast as one would conclude from the intensity of melting. WASC is also a good indicator of winter precipitation where precipitation stations are rare and precipitation gradients are big. The researches carried out in the winter 2005/2006 showed that precipitation in the central part of the Bohinj ridge in the Slovenian Julian Alps, was about 50% higher than at its northern edge, where the meteorological station Vogel is located.
Probability modelling of landslide hazard
Authors: Zorn Matija , Komac Blaž
Published: January 2009

In this journal, the authors (Zorn, Komac 2004) previously described the use of two deterministic methods for establishing the possibility of landsliding. This time, they take a step forward and using the example of the flysch Goriška Brda hills present the probability modelling of landslide hazard. In probability methods, the intensity and distribution of the processes are established by comparing indirectly determined landscape elements and the actual situation, while in deterministic methods, subjective decisions have an impact on the result. We have elaborated a probability map for landslides with a fixed return period using the Dempster-Shafer method on the basis of the data on 800 landslides that occurred with intensive precipitation in the fall of 1998.
Delineation of risk area in Log pod Mangartom due to debris flows from the Stože landslide
Authors: Mikoš Matjaž , Fazarinc Rok , Majes Bojan
Published: January 2009

The paper shows in detail the case of delineation of risk area in the village of Log pod Mangartom in the Koritnica River valley due to possible debris flows that might in future be triggered on the Stože slope above the Mangart Mountain pasture. On the basis of field and laboratory investigations of the debris flow of November 17, 2000, that devastated the Koritnica River valley, the possible scenarios of triggering new debris flows on the Stože slope were investigated. For the determination of debris flow hazard area in the Koritnica River valley, the results of one- and two-dimensional modelling of selected debris flows of known magnitudes and different viscosities were applied. For the determination of risk area, the existing and the possible new infrastructures were taken into account, and the risk area was divided into 3 zones. The paper presents the expert bases summarised by the legislator in the relevant decree issued by the Government of the Republic of Slovenia on the conditions and limitations governing the construction in the debris-flow risk area of Log pod Mangartom. This regulation is the first of its kind in Slovenia.
Characteristics of exonym use in selected European languages
Authors: Kladnik Drago
Published: January 2009

This article discusses linguistic and geographical aspects of the frequency of exonym use in selected European languages. In addition to true exonyms, exographs and exophones are presented. Frequency is discussed by individual languages and, within these, by appertaining countries and the semantic types of adapted foreign geographical names. In addition, certain typical concepts of exonym use are presented with an emphasis on how they are written.
Cross-border cooperation between Slovenia and Croatia in Istria after 1991
Authors: Pipan Primož
Published: January 2009

The paper discusses the impact of the international border established in 1991 on cross-border cooperation. It focuses on the impact of the Agreement between the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Croatia on Border Traffic and Cooperation (SOPS) and introduction of the Schengen Agreement as a result of Slovene accession to the EU. The paper highlights the effect of the border on local population. It uses a number of interviews to present the people's attitude to the new realities of the border while at the same time determining the impact of the border on local development and the organisation of Italian national minority in Istria. In conclusion, the paper outlines the three areas formed along the border with regard to the changes in the intensity of cross-border cooperation and the related local development. Finally, the paper attempts to indicate the future development of the area in the context of cross-border cooperation along the EU's external border.
Target objectives in Spanish Marine Science within the European context (2003-2007)
Authors: Morales-Nin Beatriz , Ramos Sergio
Published: January 2009

The analysis of the marine projects funded by the Spanish RTD funding agency between 2003 and 2007 in the framework of the European policies, showed that although the funds available have increased (232 projects and 33 Million € from 2003 to 2007) there are still research and strategic areas that are not covered. The relevance of marine related services and economic revenues for Spain requires that a strategy is developed to address the challenges that are emerging due to the growing competing uses of the sea, which include maritime transport, fishing, aquaculture, leisure activities, off-shore energy production and other forms of seabed exploitation. By helping to develop a more sophisticated understanding of the impact of human activities on marine systems, scientific research and technology may provide the key to carrying out sea-based activities without degrading the environment, and to predicting and mitigating as far as possible the effects of climate change.
Helicopter Trainee Performance Following Synthetic Flight Training
Authors: Caro Paul W. , Isley Robert N.
Published: January 2009

In a study to determine whether the use of a synthetic helicopter flight training device would improve the subsequent primary flight performance of trainees at the U. S. Army Primary Helicopter School, two groups were trained to “fly” a captive helicopter mounted on a ground
effects machine. The device had the approximate handling characteristics of a free‐flying vehicle, yet it allowed the trainees to obtain “aeronautical experience” not otherwise possible at their level of training.
Realistic Low Visibility Landing Criteria for VSTOL Aircraft
Authors: Gallagher John E. , Litchford George B.
Published: January 2009

Even though there are several electronic concepts that are either being offered or developed, there is yet to emerge realistic operational VSTOL low‐visibility instrument landing systems criteria, and associated electronic structures. The unique and precise slow‐flying
characteristics of VSTOL aircraft should enable a lower visibility operation than the present fixed‐wing jet transport airplane permits. A brief analysis and operational guidelines arc presented of the VSTOL aircraft transition from instrument to visual flight at low approach decision
altitudes and slant visibility range minimums.
Titanium UTTAS Main Rotor Blade
Authors: Arcidiacono Peter , Zincone Robert
Published: January 2009

A description of the design philosophy leading to the development of a high performance rotor blade for the Army UTTAS helicopter is presented. The Army mission requirements of 550 fpm rate‐of‐climb at 4000 ft, 95° conditions and a 1.75 g maneuver at 150 knots translate
into Figure of Merit and aeroelastic achievements beyond those of existing rotors. The roles played by high blade twist, advanced airfoils, and swept tips in providing a rotor system having an unprecedented Figure of Merit of 0.75 is discussed. The technology needed to successfully use a high
twist blade and yet achieve forward flight and maneuvering requirements is embodied in the titanium spar, composite cover blade. It is shown that titanium with a bending strain allowable 2 times that of aluminum and a torsional stiffness 2.5 times that of fiberglass best meets the weight,
stiffness and life design requirements. The composite cover provides the durability needed for the Army mission while the high specific strength of titanium exceeds the standards of safety set by Sikorsky aluminum blades.
Rotor Stability Prediction and Correlation with Model and Full‐Scale Tests
Authors: Johnston Robert A.
Published: January 2009

An aeroelastic rotor stability analysis that provides a very complete description of the dynamics and aerodynamics of fully coupled rotor/airframe/control systems, representative of main or tail configurations is discussed. The analysis, which gives system eigenvalues and eigenvectors, can be used to study the stability of rotors in conditions of pure axial flow or for forward flight studies at advance ratios up to about 0.5. Various examples of correlation with scale model and full scale tests are given and the capability of the analysis to predict certain unstable phenomena is demonstrated through correlation with test occurrences. The importance of accurately defining the physical properties of the systems being analyzed is noted and the need for continued development and comprehensive correlation studies is cited.
An Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Isolated Rotor Flap‐Lag Stability in Forward Flight
Authors: Gaonkar Gopal H. , McNulty Michael J. , Nagabhushanam J.
Published: January 2009

The flap‐lag stability of an isolated hingeless rotor is investigated, both experimentally and analytically, in hover and in forward flight. The effects of forward flight aerodynamics on regressing lead‐lag made stability are the focus of the investigation. The soft‐inplane,
three‐bladed, isolated model rotor was operated untrimmed at advance ratios from hover to 0.55 and at shaft angles as high as 20 deg. The experimental data base includes forward flight damping data for two lead‐lag natural frequencies, for three values of collective pitch, and
for both zero and full flap‐lag structural coupling. With the aid of computerized symbolic manipulation, a rigid‐blade lag‐flap model analysis was developed to calculate the Floquet eigenvalues and to identify the modes. Good correlation is shown for some cases, but other
cases show large discrepancies between the theory and experiment.
Keep building ADR
Authors: Sander Frank E.A.
Published: January 2009

Harvard Law School Prof. Frank E. A. Sander provides keys to growing the profession, also necessary to keep ADR useful and effective.
Photoresponsive Cyclodextrin‐Covered Nanocontainers and Their Sol‐Gel Transition Induced by Molecular Recognition
Authors: Park Chiyoung , Lee Kyuho , Kim Chulhee
Published: January 2009

Drang nach draußen: Mit Cyclodextrinen (CDs) an photochemisch spaltbaren Linkern beschichtete mesoporöse Siliciumoxidnanopartikel entlassen eingeschlossene Spezies unter Bestrahlung und gehen einen Sol‐Gel‐Übergang ein, der durch molekulare Erkennung ausgelöst wird (siehe Bild). Unter UV‐Bestrahlung werden Gastmoleküle aus den Poren freigesetzt, indem ein CD‐„Deckel“ entfernt wird, der über einen photochemisch spaltbaren o‐Nitrobenzylester auf der Oberfläche verankert war.

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Crystallographic Observation of Dynamic Gas Adsorption Sites and Thermal Expansion in a Breathable Fluorous Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Yang Chi , Wang Xiaoping , Omary Mohammad A.
Published: January 2009

Akkordeonspiel: Beim Abkühlen eines Einkristalls eines mikroporösen fluorigen metall‐organischen Gerüsts unter Umgebungsbedingungen tritt bei Gasadsorption ein starkes Atmen auf, und mehrere N2‐Moleküle werden in Kanäle und Käfige gefüllt (siehe Bild). Im Vakuum zeigt das Gerüst eine deutliche positive thermische Expansion, in Gegenwart von N2 unter Normaldruck dagegen tritt eine sehr große negative thermische Expansion auf.

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Critical Enhancements of MRI Contrast and Hyperthermic Effects by Dopant‐Controlled Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Jang Jung‐tak , Nah Hyunsoo , Lee Jae‐Hyun , Moon Seung Ho , Kim Min Gyu , Cheon Jinwoo
Published: January 2009

Eine Frage der Einstellung: Die Einführung einer Zn2+‐Dotierung in tetraedrischen Positionen ermöglicht das Einstellen des Magnetismus von Metallferritspinell‐Nanopartikeln (siehe Bild). (Zn0.4Mn0.6)Fe2O4‐Nanopartikel zeigen den bislang höchsten Magnetisierungswert für Metallferrit‐Nanopartikel. Diese hohe Magnetisierung ergibt einen besonders starken MRI‐Kontrast und ausgeprägte Hyperthermie‐Effekte im Vergleich zu üblichen Eisenoxid‐Nanopartikeln.

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Erzeugung einer Molekülbibliothek mit außergewöhnlicher Gerüstdiversität
Authors: Galloway Warren R. J. D. , Diáz‐Gavilán Mónica , Isidro‐Llobet Albert , Spring David R.
Published: January 2009

Vielfalt ist Trumpf: Die Synthese einer Bibliothek naturstoffähnlicher Moleküle mit bislang unerreichter Gerüstdiversität wurde kürzlich beschrieben. Die entwickelte Methode markiert einen wichtigen Fortschritt in der Synthesechemie zur schnellen Erzeugung von strukturell diversen und komplexen Molekülen.

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Reactive Intermediates in Oxygenation Reactions with Mononuclear Nonheme Iron Catalysts
Authors: Yoon Jihae , Wilson Samuel A. , Jang Yu Kyeong , Seo Mi Sook , Nehru Kasi , Hedman Britt , Hodgson Keith O. , Bill Eckhard , Solomon Edward I. , Nam Wonwoo
Published: January 2009

An advanced intermediate: A nonheme iron(IV) oxo complex [FeIV(O)(bqen)(L)]n+ (bqen=N,N′‐dimethyl‐N,N′‐bis(8‐quinolyl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine, L=CH3CN or CF3SO3−) activates the CH bonds of alkanes and alcohols by a hydrogen‐atom abstraction mechanism. The catalytic oxidation of these species is proposed to occur through a nonheme iron(V) oxo species, with a high reactivity in oxidation reactions (see picture).

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Crystallographic Observation of Dynamic Gas Adsorption Sites and Thermal Expansion in a Breathable Fluorous Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Yang Chi , Wang Xiaoping , Omary Mohammad A.
Published: January 2009

Playing accordion: Cooling a single crystal of a microporous fluorous metal–organic framework under ambient atmosphere leads to very large breathing upon gas adsorption, during which multiple N2 molecules are filled into channels and cages (see picture). While the framework exhibits remarkable positive thermal expansion under vacuum, a gigantic apparent negative thermal expansion takes place when the crystal is exposed to N2 at ambient pressure.

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Dicationic Sulfur Analogues of N‐Heterocyclic Silylenes and Phosphenium Cations
Authors: Martin Caleb D. , Jennings Michael C. , Ferguson Michael J. , Ragogna Paul J.
Published: January 2009

DABling with sulfur: Sulfur(II) dications can be prepared using α‐diimines to stabilize the positive charge (see scheme; DAB=diazabutadiene, Dipp=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl, OTf=CF3SO3). The bonding is best described as that of a N,N‐chelated sulfur(II) dication; these species represent the first sulfur‐based structural mimics of N‐heterocyclic silylene compounds and phosphenium cations.

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Identification of microdeletions in candidate genes for cleft lip and/or palate
Authors: Shi Min , Mostowska Adrianna , Jugessur Astanand , Johnson Marla K. , Mansilla Maria Adela , Christensen Kaare , Lie Rolv T. , Wilcox Allen J. , Murray Jeffrey C.
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Genome‐wide association studies are now used routinely to identify genes implicated in complex traits. The panels used for such analyses can detect single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants, both of which may help to identify small deleted regions of the genome that may contribute to a particular disease. METHODS: We performed a candidate gene analysis involving 1,221 SNPs in 333 candidate genes for orofacial clefting, using 2,823 samples from 725 two‐ and three‐generation families with a proband having cleft lip with or without cleft palate. We used SNP genotyping, DNA sequencing, high‐resolution DNA microarray analysis, and long‐range PCR to confirm and characterize the deletion events. RESULTS: This dataset had a high duplicate reproducibility rate (99.98%), high Mendelian consistency rate (99.93%), and low missing data rate (0.55%), which provided a powerful opportunity for deletion detection. Apparent Mendelian inconsistencies between parents and children suggested deletion events in 15 individuals in 11 genomic regions. We confirmed deletions involving CYP1B1, FGF10, SP8, SUMO1, TBX1, TFAP2A, and UGT7A1, including both de novo and familial cases. Deletions of SUMO1, TBX1, and TFAP2A are likely to be etiologic. CONCLUSIONS: These deletions suggest the potential roles of genes or regulatory elements contained within deleted regions in the etiology of clefting. Our analysis took advantage of genotypes from a candidate‐gene‐based SNP survey and proved to be an efficient analytical approach to interrogate genes potentially involved in clefting. This can serve as a model to find genes playing a role in complex traits in general. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of the Val57 amino‐acid residue in the hinge loop of the human cystatin C. Conformational studies of the beta2‐L1‐beta3 segments of wild‐type human cystatin C and its mutants
Authors: Rodziewicz‐Motowidło Sylwia , Iwaszkiewicz Justyna , Sosnowska Renata , Czaplewska Paulina , Sobolewski Emil , Szymańska Aneta , Stachowiak Krystyna , Liwo Adam
Published: January 2009

Human cystatin C (HCC) is one of the amyloidogenic proteins to be shown to oligomerize via a three‐dimensional domain swapping mechanism. This process precedes the formation of a stable dimer and proceeds particularly easily in the case of the L68Q mutant. According to the proposed mechanism, dimerization of the HCC precedes conformational changes within the β2 and β3 strands. In this article, we present conformational studies, using circular dichroism and MD methods, of the β2‐L1‐β3 (His43‐Thr72) fragment of the HCC involved in HCC dimer formation. We also carried out studies of the β2‐L1‐β3 peptide, in which the Val57 residue was replaced by residues promoting β‐turn structure formation (Asp, Asn, or Pro). The present study established that point mutation could modify the structure of the L1 loop in the β‐hairpin peptide. Our results showed that the L1 loop in the peptide excised from human cystatin C is broader than that in cystatin C. In the HCC protein, broadening of the L1 loop together with the unfavorable L68Q mutation in the hydrophobic pocket could be a force sufficient to cause the partial unfolding and then the opening of HCC or its L68Q mutant structure for further dimerization. We presume further that the Asp57 and Asn57 mutations in the L1 loop of HCC could stabilize the closed form of HCC, whereas the Pro57 mutation could lead to the opening of the HCC structure and then to dimer/oligomer formation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 373–383, 2009.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Cellulase adsorption and relationship to features of corn stover solids produced by leading pretreatments
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Wyman Charles E.
Published: January 2009

Although essential to enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass to sugars for fermentation to ethanol or other products, enzyme adsorption and its relationship to substrate features has received limited attention, and little data and insight have been developed on cellulase adsorption for promising pretreatment options, with almost no data available to facilitate comparisons. Therefore, adsorption of cellulase on Avicel, and of cellulase and xylanase on corn stover solids resulting from ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), ammonia recycled percolation (ARP), controlled pH, dilute acid, lime, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) pretreatments were measured at 4°C. Langmuir adsorption parameters were then estimated by non‐linear regression using Polymath software, and cellulase accessibility to cellulose was estimated based on adsorption data for pretreated solids and lignin left after carbohydrate digestion. To determine the impact of delignification and deacetylation on cellulose accessibility, purified CBHI (Cel7A) adsorption at 4°C and hydrolysis with whole cellulase were followed for untreated (UT) corn stover. In all cases, cellulase attained equilibrium in less than 2 h, and upon dilution, solids pretreated by controlled pH technology showed the greatest desorption followed by solids from dilute acid and SO2pretreatments. Surprisingly, the lowest desorption was measured for Avicel glucan followed by solids from AFEX pretreatment. The higher cellulose accessibility for AFEX and lime pretreated solids could account for the good digestion reported in the literature for these approaches. Lime pretreated solids had the greatest xylanase capacity and AFEX solids the least, showing pretreatment pH did not seem to be controlling. The 24 h glucan hydrolysis rate data had a strong relationship to cellulase adsorption capacities, while 24 h xylan hydrolysis rate data showed no relationship to xylanase adsorption capacities. Furthermore, delignification greatly enhanced enzyme effectiveness but had a limited effect on cellulose accessibility. And because delignification enhanced release of xylose more than glucose, it appears that lignin did not directly control cellulose accessibility but restricted xylan accessibility which in turn controlled access to cellulose. Reducing the acetyl content in corn stover solids significantly improved both cellulose accessibility and enzyme effectiveness. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 252–267. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synergistic effect of immobilized laminin and nerve growth factor on PC12 neurite outgrowth
Authors: Achyuta Anil Kumar H. , Cieri Rocco , Unger Kristina , Murthy Shashi K.
Published: January 2009

Immobilized extracellular matrix proteins and neurotrophins have been extensively studied to enhance neuronal adhesion and proliferation on surfaces for applications in nerve tissue engineering and neuroprosthetic devices. This article describes how the coimmobilization of laminin, an extracellular matrix protein and nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin can enhance neurite outgrowth observed separately with each type of molecule. In the absence of immobilized NGF, PC12 neurite outgrowth is influenced strongly by the presence of NGF in solution and unaffected by significant increases in laminin surface density (18.7–93.5 ng/mm2). However, when both laminin and NGF are immobilized together, the surface density of laminin is an important factor in determining whether or not the neurite outgrowth‐promoting effect of NGF can be obtained. PC12 neurite outgrowth on surfaces with coimmobilized laminin and NGF with surface densities of 27.6 ng/mm2 and 1.4 ng/mm2, respectively, are similar to that observed on surfaces with immobilized laminin and dissolved NGF. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
293 cell cycle synchronisation adenovirus vector production
Authors: Ferreira Tiago B. , Perdigão Ricardo , Silva Ana C. , Zhang Changhe , Aunins John G. , Carrondo Manuel J.T. , Alves Paula M.
Published: January 2009

As the market requirements for adenovirus vectors (AdV) increase, the maximisation of the virus titer per culture volume per unit time is a key requirement. However, despite the fact that 293 cells can grow up to 8 × 106 cell/mL in simple batch mode operations, for optimal AdV infection a maximum cell density of 1 × 106 cell/mL at infection time has usually been utilized due to the so called “cell density effect”. In addition, AdV titer appears to be dependent upon cell cycle phase at the time of infection. To evaluate the dependence of AdV production upon cell cycle phase, 293 cells were chemically synchronised at each phase of the cell cycle; a 2.6‐fold increase on AdV cell specific titer was obtained when the percentage of cells at the S phase of the cell cycle was increased from 36 to 47%; a mathematical equation was used to relate AdV cell specific productivities with cell synchronisation at the S phase using this data. To avoid the use of chemical inhibitors, a temperature shift strategy was also used for synchronisation at the S phase. S phase synchronisation was obtained by decreasing the culture temperature to 31°C during 67 h and restoring it to 37°C during 72 h. By using this strategy we were able to synchronise 57% of the population in the S phase of the cell cycle obtaining an increase of 7.3‐fold on AdV cell specific titer after infection. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Characterization of gene localization and accessibility in DHFR‐amplified CHO cells
Authors: Jiang Zhou , Sharfstein Susan T.
Published: January 2009

Efficient transcription is critical for high yields of recombinant proteins by mammalian cells. We previously reported that dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)‐mediated gene amplification can augment transcriptional rates as well as increasing gene copy numbers in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.1 In an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms involved, we have employed several approaches to identify the epigenetic differences between cell clones with varying transcriptional rates. Transgene placement and accessibility varies between unrelated parental cell clones with differential transcriptional rates. However, we did not observe any apparent epigenetic differences between parental clones and their amplified progeny, indicating undiscovered regulatory mechanisms are responsible for the augmentation of transcriptional rates upon DHFR‐mediated amplification. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Endovascular balloon occlusion for catheter‐induced large artery perforation in the catheterization laboratory
Authors: Masson Jean‐Bernard , Bugami Saad Al , Webb John G.
Published: January 2009

Background:

Vessel perforation is a complication that cannot be completely avoided in the setting of endovascular procedures. When a large noncompressible artery is disrupted, uncontrolled bleeding may lead to hemodynamic collapse. Endovascular occlusion may provide rapid control of hemorrhage and facilitate definitive therapy; yet, occlusion balloons are not commonly utilized in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.

Methods:

We describe our experience with the use of dedicated occlusion balloons for the management of catheter‐induced major bleeding events. Endovascular occlusion was utilized to control severe bleeding in five patients with perforation of the aorta, iliac, femoral, or pulmonary artery.

Results:

Acute control of hemorrhage was achieved in all patients with hemodynamic stabilization in four of five cases. Endovascular balloon occlusion facilitated definitive therapy with surgical repair in two patients, covered stent deployment in one patient and transcatheter vessel occlusion in one patient. Care was withdrawn in one elderly patient with multiple comorbidities. All four patients who survived the procedure were discharged alive from the hospital.

Conclusions:

In most cases of severe catheter‐induced bleeding, endovascular balloon occlusion provide a safe, rapid, and effective means of temporary bleeding control. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combination antiplatelet therapy in patients with peripheral arterial disease: Is the best therapy aspirin, clopidogrel, or both?
Authors: Mohler Emile R.
Published: January 2009

Patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are at increased risk of atherothrombotic events. Antiplatelet therapy and risk‐factor modification represent the basis of treatment to prevent the ischemic events associated with PAD. The efficacy of aspirin in the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke has been demonstrated in a large number of trials. More recently, however, the clinical benefit of clopidogrel compared with aspirin in patients with PAD was confirmed. Many clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy of combination antiplatelet therapy in the prevention of recurrent ischemic events in patients with atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Although the results of these studies appear promising, the benefits resulting from dual antiplatelet therapy are counterbalanced by a significant increase in bleeding. Further studies are needed to establish the optimal antiplatelet therapy in the management and prevention of PAD. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antiplatelet therapy after endovascular intervention: Does combination therapy really work and what is the optimum duration of therapy?
Authors: Milani Richard V.
Published: January 2009

The number of patients undergoing peripheral interventions has increased in recent years, highlighting the need for a safe and effective protective antithrombotic therapy. Platelet inhibition following coronary intervention is associated with a significantly reduced risk of graft occlusion, and has been acknowledged to be safe and effective in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Monotherapy with either aspirin or clopidogrel, reduces the rate of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular death in patients suffering from peripheral arterial disease. Limited data from clinical trials investigating combination therapy of aspirin with ticlopidine or clopidogrel in patients undergoing endovascular interventions, have suggested the potential for a reduction in cardiovascular events. Nevertheless, the optimal duration of postintervention antiplatelet therapy remains to be defined. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.