bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relações de parentesco e desempenho eleitoral nas eleições proporcionais de 2008 em Curitiba
Authors: Barros Junior José Lázaro Ferreira
Published: April 2016

O artigo retoma os principais aspectos da dissertação defendida no programa de Mestrado em Sociologia da UFPR, quando estive vinculado ao Núcleo de Estudos Paranaenses (NEP), de forma a enfatizar uma modelagem de pesquisa sobre relações de parentesco e desempenho eleitoral. Na ocasião, buscou-se examinar os componentes da trama de relacionamentos embutidos na conquista do voto, adotando como ponto de partida a pesquisa de Miguel (2003b) sobre a estruturação da carreira política no Brasil – onde a noção de capital social aparece como hipótese de entendimento para o sucesso de candidatos “novatos”. Das estatísticas de desempenho eleitoral e da pesquisa prosopográfica sobre os vereadores eleitos em 2008 na cidade de Curitiba – capital do Paraná, então com aproximadamente 1,7 milhão de habitantes – foram selecionados 6 dos 38, que passaram por uma etapa qualitativa cujo objetivo era mostrar o acesso diferenciado destes aos recursos enraizados nas redes sociais, associações civis e sistemas de confiança compartilhada. Assim, o capital social é dissecado no nível interpessoal, revelando estratégias eleitorais: a mediação de recursos e informação, a demonstração de pertencimento a famílias tradicionais, e a inserção em comunidades que compartilham características demográficas ou interesses em comum.
Classe dominante e jogo político na Assembleia Legislativa do Paraná (1889 - 1930)
Authors: Goulart Monica Helena Harrich Silva
Published: April 2016

O presente texto é uma investigação sobre a Assembleia Legislativa do Paraná no período da República Velha. Tem como objetivo compreender a organização interna da ALEP, a sua composição e a atuação de seus principais deputados, uma vez que se configurou como instituição fundamental para a efetivação e manutenção dos interesses da classe dominante no Paraná. Para a compreensão do objeto, são utilizadas as perspectivas teóricas de Pierre Bourdieu, os conceitos de campo e subcampo, jogo, e habitus. Nesse sentido, as ações dos parlamentares, através das discussões e da natureza dos projetos aprovados, refletem um jogo político peculiar e em conformidade com as determinações do poder executivo, isso porque a ALEP também legitimava as práticas políticas dos governadores, que estavam aglutinados em duas gerações específicas. Quanto aos dados, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de documentos variados, tais como: os Anais da Assembleia Legislativa, as Constituições, as mensagens governamentais e diversos jornais.
A paisagem paranaense sob o olhar de Armin Henkel
Authors: Salturi Luis Afonso
Published: April 2016

O presente artigo trata sobre a obra do fotógrafo alemão Armin Henkel (1882-1962) que se radicou em Curitiba. São analisadas fotografias que registram vários locais do Paraná, produzidas entre o final da década de 1930 e meados da década de 1950. Esse material é analisado a partir dos pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos da Sociologia. Trata-se do primeiro trabalho sobre esse fotógrafo que possuía um estúdio fotográfico em Curitiba e cujas informações biográficas são escassas. A obra de Armin Henkel tem grande importância sociológica e histórica, na medida em que suas fotografias registraram momentos da cultura e da paisagem brasileira, produções que posteriormente se transformavam em cartões postais.
O Pajé do Tibagi: Telêmaco Borba e sua contribuição à etnografia paranaense
Authors: Vanali Ana Crhistina
Published: April 2016

A questão central desse artigo é mostrar porque Telêmaco Borba é reconhecido como uma figura notável que tem o aval e a autoridade para falar sobre os índios do Paraná. Nesse artigo são retratados diversos momentos e fases de sua vida como sertanista (funcionário do sistema de aldeamentos indígenas no Paraná), político e etnógrafo (escritor de temas indígenas). Porém, algumas partes da vida de Telêmaco Borba ficaram em aberto por falta de documentação e pelas versões existentes serem desencontradas e confusas, pois Borba nunca escreveu um ensaio autobiográfico, nem expôs sua intimidade ou a de seus familiares ao conhecimento do público. Mas, através dos seus discursos proferidos enquanto membro da Assembleia Legislativa do Paraná, seus relatórios enquanto funcionário do sistema de aldeamentos indígenas e a quase nula correspondência pessoal localizada, pôde-se observar, com quem ele dialogava no momento dos registros de suas informações e de que forma ocorreu a formação de sua “personalidade intelectual” diante do fato dele ser um autodidata.
GOULART, Mônica Helena Harrich Silva. A Dança das Cadeiras: Análise do Jogo Político na Assembleia Legislativa do Paraná (1889-1930). 2014, 422 p
Authors: Estevinho Gloria
Published: April 2016

GOULART, Mônica Helena Harrich Silva. A Dança das Cadeiras: Análise do Jogo Político na Assembleia Legislativa do Paraná (1889-1930). 2014, 422 p
O Círculo de Estudos Bandeirantes
Authors: Biesek Katia Maria , Doarte Luciano Chinda
Published: April 2016

O CÍRCULO DE ESTUDOS BANDEIRANTES
Os Conselheiros do Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Paraná: redes sociais, nepotismo e influência política
Authors: Pereira Fernando Marcelino
Published: April 2016

Trabalho de doutorado sob a orientação de Ricardo Costa de Oliveira
O momento pericial: ethos pericial e disputas no campo previdenciário – resultados preliminares
Authors: Biscaia Leonardo
Published: April 2016

Trabalho de doutorado sob a orientação de Maria Tarcisa da Silva Bega
Governos subnacionais e a institucionalização da inserção internacional de interesses econômicos públicos e privados: avaliação das políticas e estratégias nos estados do Paraná e de Santa Catarina
Authors: Martins José Ricardo
Published: April 2016

Trabalho de doutorado sob a orientação de Ricardo Costa de Oliveira
O campo político paranaense no contexto do golpe de 1964 e suas lutas políticas
Authors: Granato Natália Cristina
Published: April 2016

Trabalho de mestrado sob a orientação de Ricardo Costa de Oliveira
Do berço ao túmulo: Família e Cartórios no Paraná
Authors: Machado Vanderlei Hermes
Published: April 2016

Trabalho de doutorado sob a orientação de Ricardo Costa de Oliveira
A Construção do 20 de Novembro: Cidade de Todas as Gentes em Debate
Authors: Barbosa Marco Aurélio
Published: April 2016

Trabalho de mestrado sob a orientação de Ricardo Costa de Oliveira
O movimento de profissionalização do campo teatral na cidade de Blumenau/SC e a interdependência deste fenômeno com o campo estatal
Authors: Cubiak Marcio José
Published: April 2016

Trabalho de mestrado sob a orientação de Maria Tarcisa da Silva Bega
Crespos: o cabelo como ícone da identidade negra. Memória e estética, a circulação de ideias e valores na realidade brasileira
Authors: Rocha Neli Gomes da
Published: April 2016

Trabalho de doutorado sob a orientação de Maria Tarcisa da Silva Bega
Itaipu e poder: políticos e atores na gestão institucional
Authors: Marcelino Marcelo Gonçalves
Published: April 2016

Trabalho de doutorado sob a orientação de Ricardo Costa de Oliveira
Atores e processo decisório: análise sociológica dos gestores e das políticas públicas do Porto de Paranaguá-PR na gestão Jaime Lerner (1995-2002)
Authors: Capraro Milene Zerek
Published: April 2016

Trabalho de doutorado sob a orientação de Ricardo Costa de Oliveira
Entre o regionalismo e a Construção da Nação: O Impasse da Atuação Gaúcha na Constituinte de 1934, de Arilda Fortunata Arboleya
Authors: Soldan Tabata Larissa
Published: April 2016

Dissertação de autoria de Arilda Fortunata Arboleya, defendida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia da UFPR, em 2010, sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Ricardo Costa de Oliveira. Versão completa disponível na Biblioteca Digital da UFPR -file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/Entre%20o%20Regionalismo%20e%20a%20Construcao%20da%20Nacao%20-%20o%20impasse%20da%20atuacao%20gaucha%20na%20Constituinte%20de%20193.pdf
Ex-Presos Políticos e a Memória Social da Tortura no Paraná (1964-1978), de Sílvia Calciolari
Authors: Saldanhas Viviane Rodrigues Darif
Published: April 2016

Dissertação de autoria de Silvia Calciolari, defendida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia da UFPR, na linha Sociedade e Estado, em 2004, sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Ricardo Costa de Oliveira. Versão completa disponível na Biblioteca Digital da UFPR - http://dspace.c3sl.ufpr.br:8080/dspace/bitstream/handle/1884/32912/R%20-%20D%20-%20SILVIA%20CALCIOLARI.pdf?sequence=1
A Batalha da COPEL: Governo, Parlamento e Movimento Social em Ação, de Cátia Cilene Farago
Authors: Micheleto Leonardo David
Published: April 2016

Dissertação de autoria de Cátia Cilene Farago, defendida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia da UFPR, na linha Sociedade e Estado, em 2006, sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Ricardo Costa de Oliveira. Versão completa disponível na Biblioteca Digital da UFPR - file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/FAGARO,%20CATIA%20CILENE%20(1).pdf
CARNEIRO JUNIOR, Renato Augusto. Religião e Política: a Liga Eleitoral Católica e a participação da Igreja nas eleições de 1954. Curitiba: SAMP, 2014. 238 p
Authors: Valenciano Tiago
Published: April 2016

CARNEIRO JUNIOR, Renato Augusto. Religião e Política: a Liga Eleitoral Católica e a participação da Igreja nas eleições de 1954. Curitiba: SAMP, 2014. 238 p
ALVES, Alessandro Cavassin. A província do Paraná e a sua Assembleia Legislativa (1853-1889): a força política das famílias tradicionais. Curitiba: Máquina de Escrever, 2015. 496 p.
Authors: Vanali Ana Crhistina
Published: April 2016

ALVES, Alessandro Cavassin. A província do Paraná e a sua Assembleia Legislativa (1853-1889): a força política das famílias tradicionais. Curitiba: Máquina de Escrever, 2015. 496 p.
Diagnosis, referral, and primary treatment decisions in newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients in a multidisciplinary diagnostic assessment program
Authors: Guy David , Ghanem Gabriella , Loblaw Andrew , Buckley Roger , Persaud Beverly , Cheung Patrick , Chung Hans , Danjoux Cyril , Morton Gerard , Noakes Jeff , Spevack Les , Hajek David , Flax Stanley
Published: April 2016

Introduction: We aimed to report on data from the multidisciplinary diagnostic assessment program (DAP) at the Gale and Graham Wright Prostate Centre (GGWPC) at North York General Hospital (NYGH). We assessed referral, diagnosis, and treatment decisions for newly diagnosed prostate cancer (PCa) patients as seen over time, risk stratification, and clinic type to establish a deeper understanding of current decision-making trends.

Methods: From June 2007 to April 2012, 1277 patients who were diagnosed with PCa at the GGWPC were included in this study. Data was collected and reviewed retrospectively using electronic patient records.

Results: 1031 of 1260 patients (81.8%) were seen in a multidisciplinary clinic (MDC). Over time, a decrease in low-risk (LR) diagnoses and an increase intermediate-risk (IR) diagnoses was observed
(p<0.0001). With respect to overall treatment decisions 474 (37.1%) of patients received primary radiotherapy, 340 (26.6%) received surgical therapy, and 426 (33.4%) had conservative management;
57% of patients who were candidates for active surveillance were managed this way. No significant treatment trends were observed over time (p=0.8440). Significantly, different management decisions
were made in those who attended the MDC compared to those who only saw a urologist (p<0.0001).

Conclusions: In our DAP, the vast majority of patients presented with screen-detected disease, but there was a gradual shift from low- to intermediate-risk disease over time. Timely multidisciplinary
consultation was achievable in over 80% of patients and was associated with different management decisions. We recommend that all patients at risk for prostate cancer be worked up in a multidisciplinary DAP.
Cultivating College Students’ National Culture Identity Based on English Education
Authors: Yuan Yang , Fang Lu
Published: April 2016

Our country is a multi-ethnic country with plentiful national culture achievements, and the development of the national culture shows a trend of diversity, so cultural identity construction is particularly important. Article analyzes the concept of national identity, the relation between cultural identity and ethnic identity, the present situation of national cultural identity in the English education in our country, and the English education and national culture identity education in surrounding neighbor countries, then proposes some suggestions of implementing national cultural identity education based on English Education.
Identifying Decision Making Biases in Entrepreneurial Opportunity Exploitation Decisions
Authors: Farsi Jahangir Yadollahi , Nouri Pouria , Kafeshani Abdolah Ahmadi
Published: April 2016

Opportunities are the core of entrepreneurial process. By identifying, evaluating and exploiting lucrative opportunities, not only do entrepreneurs make profits for themselves, they also propel their societies to prosperity. In order to exploit opportunities, entrepreneurs need to make various decisions based on their evaluation of opportunities as well as their own capabilities. Most of the time, theses decision are made under reverse circumstances rife with uncertainty, ambiguity, lack of needed resources as well as high time pressure. Thus, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that entrepreneurs’ decisions to exploit opportunities are prone to decision making biases. In order to test this hypothesis, this paper conducted a qualitative content analysis approach by interviewing 17 Iranian entrepreneurs. According to our findings, overconfidence, escalation of commitment, planning fallacy and illusion of control are the common decision making biases in entrepreneurs’ decisions to exploit opportunities.
Global LNG Pricing Terms and Revisions: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Agerton Mark
Published: April 2016

Asian long-term contracts for liquefied natural gas (LNG) are generally thought to index LNG prices to oil prices. This should mean that LNG and oil prices are cointegrated. However, statistical evidence for cointegration using Japanese data is not strong. To resolve this puzzle, I examine 16 Japanese, South Korean, Taiwanese, and Spanish LNG import price series and allow for multiple, unknown structural breaks in the relationship to oil prices. This resolves the puzzle, and I provide estimates for the timing of breaks and the underlying average pricing terms. I relate these to count, volume, and duration data on long-term contracts and discuss how to interpret econometric estimates in light of contract data. This paper complements existing work on global gas market integration, which largely ignores how discrete changes in oil-indexed long-term contracts will affect empirical relationships.
What Should Be Chronic: The Animal, the Model, or Both?
Authors: Rubio Gustavo A. , Elliot Sharon J. , Glassberg Marilyn K.
Published: April 2016

The systematic review of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy in pulmonary fibrosis by Srour and Thébaud published in a recent issue of Stem Cells Translational Medicine is critically reviewed; Rubio et al. suggest that bleomycin-induced lung injury in aged mice studied over time is a more clinically applicable model for human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
In Reply
Authors: Srour Nadim , Thébaud Bernard
Published: April 2016

This authors' reply to a letter to the editor addresses whether young rodents are appropriate animal models for advanced-age human disease.
Getting to the heart of a good fossil
Authors: Long John A
Published: April 2016

The discovery of perfectly preserved 113-119 million year old fossilised hearts in a Brazilian fish Rhacolepis has significant implications for palaeontology and comparative anatomy.
The Naturalness of Palatalization
Authors: Krämer Martin , Urek Olga
Published: April 2016

Introduction to the special issue
The suitability of biotypes Q and B ofBemisia tabaci(Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) at different nymphal instars as hosts forEncarsia formosaGahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Authors: Liu Xin , Zhang Youjun , Xie Wen , Wu Qingjun , Wang Shaoli
Published: April 2016

Encarsia formosaGahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is a solitary endoparasitoid that is commercially reared and released for augmentative biological control of whiteflies infesting greenhouse crops. In most areas in China, the invasive and destructive whiteflyBemisia tabaci(Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype Q has replacedB. tabacibiotype B and has become dominant between the two. A better understanding of the suitability of different nymphal instars ofB. tabacibiotypes Q and B as hosts forE. formosais needed to improve the use of this parasitoid for biological control. Parasitism of the four nymphal instars ofB. tabacibiotypes Q and B by the commercial strain ofE. formosamass reared onTrialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was assessed in the laboratory. The results indicated thatE. formosaparasitized and successfully developed on all instars of both biotypes but performed best on the 3rd instar ofB. tabacibiotype B and on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instars ofB. tabacibiotype Q. The host-feeding rate of the adult parasitoid was generally higher on nymphal instars ofB. tabacibiotype Q than on the corresponding nymphal instars of biotype B and was significantly higher on the 2nd and 3rd instars. For both whitefly biotypes, the parasitoid’s immature developmental period was the longest on the 1st instar, intermediate on the 2nd and 3rd instars, and the shortest on the 4th instar. The parasitoid emergence rate was significantly lower on the 1st instar than on the other three instars and did not significantly differ betweenB. tabacibiotype B and biotype Q. Offspring longevity was greater on the 3rd and 4th instars than on the 1st instar and did not significantly differ between the twoB. tabacibiotypes. The results indicate that commercially-producedE. formosacan parasitize all instars ofB. tabacibiotypes B and Q, making this parasitoid a promising tool for the management of the two biotypes ofB. tabacipresent in China.
In four shallow and mesophotic tropical reef sponges from Guam the microbial community largely depends on host identity
Authors: Steinert Georg , Taylor Michael W. , Deines Peter , Simister Rachel L. , de Voogd Nicole J. , Hoggard Michael , Schupp Peter J.
Published: April 2016

Sponges (phylum Porifera) are important members of almost all aquatic ecosystems, and are renowned for hosting often dense and diverse microbial communities. While the specificity of the sponge microbiota seems to be closely related to host phylogeny, the environmental factors that could shape differences within local sponge-specific communities remain less understood. On tropical coral reefs, sponge habitats can span from shallow areas to deeper, mesophotic sites. These habitats differ in terms of environmental factors such as light, temperature, and food availability, as well as anthropogenic impact. In order to study the host specificity and potential influence of varying habitats on the sponge microbiota within a local area, four tropical reef sponges,Rhabdastrella globostellata,Callyspongiasp.,Rhaphoxyasp., andAcanthella cavernosa, were collected from exposed shallow reef slopes and a deep reef drop-off. Based on 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing profiles, beta diversity analyses revealed that each sponge species possessed a specific microbiota that was significantly different to those of the other species and exhibited attributes that are characteristic of high- and/or low-microbial-abundance sponges. These findings emphasize the influence of host identity on the associated microbiota. Dominant sponge- and seawater-associated bacterial phyla were Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Comparison of individual sponge taxa and seawater samples between shallow and deep reef sites revealed no significant variation in alpha diversity estimates, while differences in microbial beta diversity (variation in community composition) were significant forCallyspongiasp. sponges and seawater samples. Overall, the sponge-associated microbiota is significantly shaped by host identity across all samples, while the effect of habitat differentiation seems to be less predominant in tropical reef sponges.
Macromammalian faunas, biochronology and palaeoecology of the early Pleistocene Main Quarry hominin-bearing deposits of the Drimolen Palaeocave System, South Africa
Authors: Adams Justin W. , Rovinsky Douglass S. , Herries Andy I.R. , Menter Colin G.
Published: April 2016

The Drimolen Palaeocave System Main Quarry deposits (DMQ) are some of the most prolific hominin and primate-bearing deposits in the Fossil Hominids of South Africa UNESCO World Heritage Site. Discovered in the 1990s, excavations into the DMQ have yielded a demographically diverse sample ofParanthropus robustus(including DNH 7, the most complete cranium of the species recovered to date), earlyHomo,Papio hamadryas robinsoniandCercopithecoides williamsi. Alongside the hominin and primate sample is a diverse macromammalian assemblage, but prior publications have only provided a provisional species list and an analysis of the carnivores recovered prior to 2008. Here we present the first description and analysis of the non-primate macromammalian faunas from the DMQ, including all 826 taxonomically identifiable specimens catalogued from over two decades of excavation. We also provide a biochronological interpretation of the DMQ deposits and an initial discussion of local palaeoecology based on taxon representation.The current DMQ assemblage consists of the remains of minimally 147 individuals from 9 Orders and 14 Families of mammals. The carnivore assemblage described here is even more diverse than established in prior publications, including the identification ofMegantereon whitei,Lycyaenops silberbergi, and first evidence for the occurrence ofDinofeliscf.barlowiandDinofelisaff.piveteauiwithin a single South African site deposit. The cetartiodactyl assemblage is dominated by bovids, with the specimen composition unique in the high recovery of horn cores and dominance ofAntidorcas reckiremains. Other cetartiodactyl and perissodactyl taxa are represented by few specimens, as areHystrixandProcavia; the latter somewhat surprisingly so given their common occurrence at penecontemporaneous deposits in the region. Equally unusual (particularly given the size of the sample) is the identification of single specimens of giraffoid, elephantid and aardvark (Orycteropuscf.afer) that are rarely recovered from regional site deposits. Despite the diversity within the DMQ macromammalian faunas, there are few habitat- or biochronologically-sensitive species that provide specific ecologic or age boundaries for the deposits. Recovered species can only support the non-specific, mixed open-to-closed palaeohabitats around Drimolen that have been reconstructed for the other penecontemporaneous South African palaeokarst deposits. The identifiedEquus quaggassp. specimens recovered from the floor of the current excavation (∾−4.5–5 m below datum) suggests that most, if not all the DMQ specimens, were deposited after 2.33 Ma. Simultaneously, the carnivore specimens (D.cf.barlowi, L. silberbergi) suggest earlier Pleistocene (pre- 2.0–1.8 Ma) to maximally 1.6 Ma deposition (D.aff.piveteaui) for most of the DMQ fossil assemblage.
Rapid amyloid fibril formation by a winter flounder antifreeze protein requires specific interaction with ice
Authors: Dubé André , Leggiadro Cindy , Ewart Kathryn Vanya
Published: April 2016

A typically α‐helical antifreeze protein (wflAFP‐6) from winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, forms amyloid fibrils during freezing. In this study, the effects of distinct components of the freezing process were examined. Freezing of wflAFP‐6 in the presence of template ice was shown to be necessary for rapid conversion to an amyloid conformation. Neither subfreezing temperature nor phase change was sufficient. Thus, specific interaction with the ice surface was essential. The ice‐induced formation of amyloid appeared to be unique to this helical antifreeze, it required high concentrations of protein and it occurred over a range of pH values. These results define a method for rapid formation of amyloid by wflAFP‐6 on demand under physiological conditions.
Enhancements of the production of bilirubin and the expression of β‐globin by carbon monoxide during erythroid differentiation
Authors: Mu Anfeng , Li Ming , Tanaka Masakazu , Adachi Yasushi , Tai Tran Tien , Liem Pham Hieu , Izawa Shingo , Furuyama Kazumichi , Taketani Shigeru
Published: April 2016

Heme is degraded by heme oxygenase to form iron, carbon monoxide (CO), and biliverdin. However, information about the catabolism of heme in erythroid cells is limited. In this study, we showed the production and export of bilirubin in murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. The production of bilirubin by MEL cells was enhanced when heme synthesis was induced. When mouse bone marrow cells were induced with erythropoietin to differentiate into erythroid cells, the synthesis of bilirubin increased. The expression of β‐globin was enhanced by CO at the transcriptional level. These results indicate that constant production of CO from heme regulates erythropoiesis.
Characterization of the Nqo5 subunit of bacterial complex I in the isolated state
Authors: Hanazono Yuya , Takeda Kazuki , Miki Kunio
Published: April 2016

The subunits that comprise bacterial complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) are also found in more complicated mitochondrial enzymes in eukaryotic organisms. Although the Nqo5 subunit is one of these conserved components and important for the formation of complex, it has been little studied. Here, we report structure analyses of isolated Nqo5 from Thermus thermophilus. Biochemical studies indicated that the C‐terminal region following the 30‐Kd subunit motif is disordered in the isolated state, while the remaining portion is already folded. Crystallographic studies of a trypsin‐resistant fragment revealed detailed structural differences in the folded domain between the isolated and complexed states.
Immunity: Humoral and Cellular
Authors: Harrison Leonard C
Published: April 2016

The immune system evolved to recognise and combat infectious pathogens. The ability to discriminate between normal self and nonself is a critical property of the immune system which enables it to eradicate pathogens without causing autoimmune disease and harming the host. The first line of defence, the older ‘innate’ immune system of cells (granulocytes, monocytes–macrophages, natural killer and other innate lymphoid cells) and soluble mediators (cytokines, chemokines and complement factors), provides a rapid, short‐lived response to a broad range of generic pathogen‐associated molecules. Innate immunity primes the second line of defence, the ‘adaptive’ immune system, first present in jawed vertebrates, comprising lymphocytes (T cells and antibody‐producing B cells) with highly specific antigen receptors and antigenic memory. Dendritic cells are a type of innate immune cell that links innate and adaptive immunity by their ability to present antigens to T cells. The spatial framework of the immune system with its mobile and fixed elements is described herein.

Key Concepts

The immune system is designed to recognise, react to and eradicate ‘nonself’, in particular infectious pathogens.

The immune system comprises fixed and mobile elements.

The elements of the immune system sequentially mediate innate immunity, providing a rapid, broad defence and adaptive immunity, providing highly specific, long‐lasting defences.

The exquisite specificity and diversity of adaptive immunity is based on postgenetic, somatic hypermutation‐ and recombination‐based polymorphism of the receptors for antigens on T and B cells, and of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules that bind antigenic peptides recognised by T‐cell receptors.

Nonspecific costimulation via surface‐interacting molecules or soluble cytokines and chemokines shapes the differentiation of T and B cells in the adaptive immune response.

Immune responses are highly context‐dependent, being influenced by the local immune and nonimmune environment, and the epigenetic regulation of immune genes.
Thymidylate Synthesis
Authors: Field Martha S , Stover Patrick J , Kisliuk Roy
Published: April 2016

Thymidylate is a component of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), and is synthesised from thede novoor nucleotide salvage pathways. Many cell types rely on the salvage pathway, but often this is insufficient. Thymidylate is synthesisedde novofrom deoxyuridylate and methylenetetrahydrofolate by thymidylate synthase (TYMS), with the enzymes dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) or methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1) which are required to regenerate methylenetetrahydrofolate. Thede novosynthesis pathway forms a nuclear complex at the nuclear lamina at sites of DNA replication. DNA polymerases do not distinguish between deoxyuridylate and thymidylate, and when thymidylate synthesis is insufficient, uracil is misincorporated into DNA. This can lead to futile cycles of DNA repair and subsequent DNA single‐ and double‐strand breaks. Impairedde novothymidylate synthesis can result in neural tube defects, megaloblastic anaemia and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Inhibitors of TYMS and DHFR impair cell replication and have been used in the treatment of cancer.

Key Concepts

Thymidylate (deoxythymidine 5′‐monophosphate, 5‐methyluracil‐2′‐deoxyriboside‐5′‐phosphate, dTMP) (Figure1) is an essential metabolite required for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and repair.

Thymidylate can be synthesised through a salvage pathway orde novothrough a folate‐dependent pathway.

Thymidylate synthesis through both the salvage andde novopathways occurs in the nucleus and mitochondria.

Thymidylate biosynthesis in the nucleus functions during DNA replication and repair.

Thymidylate synthesis occurs at a greater rate during DNA replication when cells are in S‐phase of the cell cycle.

De novothymidylate biosynthesis is impaired by folate or vitamin B12 deficiency.

Impairedde novothymidylate biosynthesis causes uracil misincorporation into DNA and DNA instability.

Thymidylate synthesis enzymes have been successfully targeted by chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of several types of cancers.

Common polymorphisms in the TYMS gene are associated with cancer risk.

Inhibition of thymidylate biosynthesis can cause a class of common birth defect known as neural tube defects, as well as severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) and megaloblastic anaemia.
Actinobacteria
Authors: Trujillo Martha E
Published: April 2016

Actinobacteria are Gram‐stain‐positive microorganisms with high guanine plus cytosine content in their genome (>50%). They are quite abundant in soil and aquatic sediments where they participate in the decomposition of organic matter. These bacteria are responsible for the distinctive scent of freshly exposed, moist soil. Actinobacteria are morphologically diverse ranging from coccoid, fragmenting hyphal forms to those with a highly differentiated branched mycelium. Many of these bacteria also produce external spores resistant to UV (ultraviolet) light and dehydration. Most actinobacteria are saprophytic microorganisms but several genera are important human, animal and plant pathogens. They are major producers of medically important antibiotics, especially members of the genus
Streptomyces
, the most abundant group. On the basis of 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene sequences, the phylum actinobacteria contains almost 300 genera but new taxa continue to be discovered.

Key Concepts

The phylum actinobacteria is one of the largest groups in the domain Bacteria.

Actinobacteria are Gram‐positive bacteria with a high guanine plus cytosine content in their genome.

Morphologically, actinobacteria are quite diverse ranging from cocci to complex filaments which form a mycelium and produce specialised reproductive structures called spores.

Actinobacteria are chemoorganotrophic and play an important role in the biodegradation and recycling of organic matter.

Actinobacteria are mainly aerobes with an oxidative metabolism, but several species are facultative anaerobes or even strict anaerobes.

Actinobacteria are widespread in soil but they are also present in marine and freshwater sediments, mangrove ecosystems and inside plant tissues.

Most actinobacteria are free‐living microorganisms, but several species are important plant and animal pathogens.

Actinobacteria are unsurpassed in their ability to produce many useful compounds with application in medicine, agriculture and industry.

Genomic sequence data has revealed that actinobacteria have the potential to produce far more secondary metabolites than previously thought.
Evolution of the Growth Hormone Receptor Family
Authors: Sheridan Mark A
Published: April 2016

The growth hormone receptor (GHR) family includes receptors for growth hormone and prolactin receptor (PRLR). GHRs and PRLRs are membrane receptors that possess several evolutionarily conserved features: a hormone‐binding extracellular domain, a single‐chain transmembrane domain and an intracellular domain important for activating intracellular signal systems that mediate cell‐specific responses. PRLRs diverged early from a common GHR/PRLR in jawless fish (e.g. Agnathans), followed by subsequent divergence of GHRs in the Actinopterygian lineage that gave rise to teleosts and in the Sarcopterygian lineage that gave rise to tetrapods. Structural heterogeneity of GHRs in teleosts results from the existence of multiple genes that arose through a series of independent gene duplication events during the course of their evolution and from alternative transcripts of a single gene. Differential receptor–ligand interactions, differential receptor–cell signalling system interactions and the differential expression of alternate GHR forms underlie the vast array of functions elicited by GH.

Key Concepts

Growth hormone regulates many processes, including growth, metabolism, osmoregulation, reproduction and behaviour.

Growth hormone receptors are single‐pass membrane‐bound receptors that mediate the actions of growth hormone.

The growth hormone receptor family arose through a series of gene duplication events during the course of vertebrate evolution.

The multiple actions of growth hormone arise from binding to variant forms of growth hormone receptor and from activation of alternate cell signalling pathways.
Sensitizing Potential Jurors to Variations in Eyewitness Evidence Quality Using Counterfactual Thinking
Authors: Rodriguez Dario N. , Berry Melissa A.
Published: April 2016

Jurors often have difficulty evaluating eyewitness testimony. Counterfactual thinking is a type of mental simulation that informs causal inference. Encouraging jurors to think counterfactually about eyewitness factors may sensitize them to these factors' causal influence on eyewitness identification and testimony accuracy, improving their overall judgments (such as verdicts). One hundred twenty‐one undergraduate participants were randomly assigned to read a scenario containing either high‐quality or low‐quality eyewitness evidence and to evaluate eyewitness factors adopting either their default or a counterfactual mindset via a question‐order manipulation. Logistic regressions and analyses of variance revealed that a counterfactual mindset lowered perceptions of eyewitness accuracy and guilty verdicts (compared with the default mindset) when the evidence was poor; a counterfactual mindset, however, did not increase perceptions of accuracy and guilty verdicts when evidence was strong. We discuss possible mechanisms underlying these effects and identify several potential avenues for future research.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward High Performance Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation: Combined Effects of Ultrafine Cobalt Iron Oxide Nanoparticle
Authors: Xu Yang‐Fan , Wang Xu‐Dong , Chen Hong‐Yan , Kuang Dai‐Bin , Su Cheng‐Yong
Published: April 2016

Photocleavage of H2O into clean and storable H2 fuel by photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell is a vital part of the sustainable hydrogen economy. However, thus far one of the limitations confronted by PEC cell to preferable performance is the insufficient behavior of photoanode for water oxidation half‐reaction. One of the strategies to elevate the photoanode performance is integrating with an oxygen evolution catalyst (OEC) to remove the bottleneck of the water oxidation kinetics. Herein, an ultrafine cobalt iron oxide (CIO) nanocrystalline is reported as a novel OEC for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The CIO evenly distributing on the surface of hematite nanorod arrays not only greatly facilitates the surface hole injection, but also promotes the charge separation along with passivating the surface states. Such combined effects of CIO finally lead to an impressive 1.71 fold enhancement on the photocurrent density at 1.23 VRHE and ≈170 mV negative shift of onset potential, even overwhelms the commonly utilized Co‐Pi. Along with its excellent long‐term stability, the CIO possesses a great potential application in PEC water splitting devices.
Highly Emissive, Water‐Repellent, Soft Materials: Hydrophobic Wrapping and Fluorescent Plasticizing of Conjugated Polyelectrolyte via Electrostatic Self‐Assembly
Authors: Jin Young‐Jae , Yoon Joon‐Hyun , Sakaguchi Toshikazu , Lee Chang‐Lyoul , Kwak Giseop
Published: April 2016

Sulfonated poly(diphenylacetylene) (SPDPA) is used as an anionic conjugated polyelectrolyte to examine stoichiometric electrostatic self‐assembly with homologous cationic surfactants (octadecyl)X(methyl)Y ammonium bromides (OXMYABs) having different numbers of long hydrophobic tails. The SPDPA–OXMYAB complexes formed show significantly increased water contact angle and enhanced fluorescence (FL) emissions compared with the pristine SPDPA. The complexes exist in a gum state at room temperature owing to the plasticizer effect of the hydrophobic tails, hence they are very soft and highly stretchable. The hydrophobicity, softness, and FL quantum efficiency of the SPDPA–OXMYAB complexes increase as the number of hydrophobic tails increases. SPDPA adsorbs uniformly onto filter papers to produce fluorescent papers. The SPDPA‐adsorbed papers have many unique applications, including FL image writing, fingerprinting, stamping, and inkjet printing using the surfactant solutions as an ink to reveal high‐resolution FL images. In particular, multideposit inkjet‐printing using SPDPA and OXMYAB solutions as inks produces water‐resistant, embedded figures in paper currency.
A validated method for modeling anthropoid hip abduction in silico
Authors: Hammond Ashley S. , Plavcan J. Michael , Ward Carol V.
Published: April 2016

Objectives

The ability to reconstruct hip joint mobility from femora and pelves could provide insight into the locomotion and paleobiology of fossil primates. This study presents a method for modeling hip abduction in anthropoids validated with in vivo data.

Methods

Hip abduction simulations were performed on a large sample of anthropoids. The modeling approach integrates three‐dimensional (3D) polygonal models created from laser surface scans of bones, 3D landmark data, and shape analysis software to digitally articulate and manipulate the hip joint. Range of femoral abduction (degrees) and the abducted knee position (distance spanned at the knee during abduction) were compared with published live animal data.

Results

The models accurately estimate knee position and (to a lesser extent) angular abduction across broad locomotor groups. They tend to underestimate abduction for acrobatic or suspensory taxa, but overestimate it in more stereotyped taxa. Correspondence between in vivo and in silico data varies at the specific and generic level.

Conclusions

Our models broadly correspond to in vivo data on hip abduction, although the relationship between the models and live animal data is less straightforward than hypothesized. The models can predict acrobatic or stereotyped locomotor adaptation for taxa with values near the extremes of the range of abduction ability. Our findings underscore the difficulties associated with modeling complex systems and the importance of validating in silico models. They suggest that models of joint mobility can offer additional insight into the functional abilities of extinct primates when done in consideration of how joints move and function in vivo. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:529–548, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A national survey examining recognition, demand for antivenom, and overall level of preparedness for redback spider bites in Japan
Authors: Hifumi Toru , Okazaki Tomoya , Manabe Arisa , Hamaya Hideyuki , Egawa Satoshi , Fujimi Satoshi , Yamamoto Akihiko , Koido Yuichi , Abe Yuko , Kawakita Kenya , Umezawa Kazuo , Kuroda Yasuhiro
Published: April 2016

Aim

Redback spiders are rapidly becoming a nationwide problem in Japan. The domestic production of antivenom for redback spider bites has been started because of extremely low supply. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of emergency physicians to recognize redback spider bites and to examine the demand for antivenom and identify the ideal choice for storage.

Methods

Questionnaires examining the ability to recognize redback spider bites, the demand for antivenom, and overall level of preparedness were sent to 271 emergency medical service centers in Japan in March 2015.

Results

Completed questionnaires were returned by 156 medical institutions (58%). Only 25% of the institutes correctly answered regarding the recognition of redback spider bites. A demand for the new, domestically produced antivenom was reported by 55% of the institutes. Antivenom demand was high and increased with the ability to recognize redback spider bites (0 correct answers, n = 24 [42.9%]; 1–2 answers, n = 32 [55.2%]; three answers, n = 28 [71.8%]; P = 0.02). The storage of antivenom within their prefectures or regions was the best option for initial supply planning. Approximately 90% of the emergency centers showed an ability to use the antivenom safely.

Conclusion

The recognition of redback spider bites was low; however, the demand for antivenom was high. The storage of antivenom within their own prefectures or regions was considered to be the best option for initial supply planning. Emergency medical service centers are also good candidates for storage and safe use of antivenom.
A Photoferroelectric Perovskite‐Type Organometallic Halide with Exceptional Anisotropy of Bulk Photovoltaic Effects
Authors: Sun Zhihua , Liu Xitao , Khan Tariq , Ji Chengmin , Asghar Muhammad Adnan , Zhao Sangen , Li Lina , Hong Maochun , Luo Junhua
Published: April 2016

Perovskite‐type ferroelectrics composed of organometallic halides are emerging as a promising alternative to conventional photovoltaic devices because of their unique photovoltaic effects (PVEs). A new layered perovskite‐type photoferroelectric, bis(cyclohexylaminium) tetrabromo lead (1), is presented. The material exhibits an exceptional anisotropy of bulk PVEs. Upon photoexcitation, superior photovoltaic behaviors are created along its inorganic layers, which are composed of corner‐sharing PbBr6 octahedra. Semiconducting activity with remarkable photoconductivity is achieved in the vertical direction, showing sizeable on/off current ratios (>104), which compete with the most active photovoltaic material CH3NH3PbI3. In 1 the temperature‐dependence of photovoltage coincides fairly well with that of polarization, confirming the dominant role of ferroelectricity in such highly anisotropic PVEs. This finding sheds light on bulk PVEs in ferroelectric materials, and promotes their application in optoelectronic devices.
A Visible‐Light‐Promoted O‐Glycosylation with a Thioglycoside Donor
Authors: Spell Mark L. , Deveaux Kristina , Bresnahan Caitlin G. , Bernard Bradley L. , Sheffield William , Kumar Revati , Ragains Justin R.
Published: April 2016

Visible‐light irradiation of 4‐p‐methoxyphenyl‐3‐butenylthioglucoside donors in the presence of Umemoto's reagent and alcohol acceptors serves as a mild approach to O‐glycosylation. Visible‐light photocatalysts are not required for activation, and alkyl‐ and arylthioglycosides not bearing the p‐methoxystyrene are inert to these conditions. Experimental and computational evidence for an intervening electron donor–acceptor complex, which is necessary for reactivity, is provided. Yields with primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohol acceptors range from moderate to high. Complete β‐selectivity can be attained through neighboring‐group participation.
Synthesis and evaluation of compatibilizer based on interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) for PET/LDPE blends
Authors: Mancera‐García Karen Mariana , Waldo‐Mendoza Miguel Angel , Escobar‐Barrios Vladimir Alonso
Published: April 2016

The present work considers the evaluation of recycled polymers, which are generally incompatible and are degraded during recycling with fatal consequences to their thermal and mechanical properties. Regarding this subject, the synthesis of a new compatibilizer in network form was carried out in order to counter such incompatibility. In this sense, low density polyethylene (LDPE) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were compatibilized via the implementation of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN), which was specifically synthesized to possess chemical groups that are akin to both plastics, PET and LDPE. The effects of the relative amount of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) in the compatibilizer and the amount in the blends of PET/LDPE were evaluated. The results show that mechanical properties and interfacial adhesion of PET/LDPE blends were modified and improved with the addition of the synthesized compatibilizer compared with a commercial compatibilizer (polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride, PE‐g‐AA). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43704.
Modified poly(caprolactone trifumarate) with embedded gelatin microparticles as a functional scaffold for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Al‐Namnam Nisreen Mohammed Nagi , Kim Kah Hwi , Chai Wen Lin , Ha Kien Oon , Siar Chong Huat , Ngeow Wei Cheong
Published: April 2016

Bone tissue engineering offers high hopes in reconstructing bone defects that result from trauma, infection, tumors, and other conditions. However, there remains a need for novel scaffold materials that can effectively stimulate ossification with appropriate functional properties. Therefore, a novel injectable, biodegradable, and biocompatible scaffold made by incorporating modified poly(caprolactone trifumarate) (PCLTF) with embedded gelatin microparticles (GMPs) as porogen is developed. Specifically, in vitro and in vivo tests were carried out. For the latter, to determine the osteogenic ability of PCLTF‐GMPs scaffolds, and to characterize bone‐formation, these scaffolds were implanted into critical‐sized defects of New Zealand white rabbit craniums. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) demonstrated cells of varying shapes attached to the scaffold surface in vitro. The PCLTF‐GMPs demonstrated improved biocompatibility in vivo. Polyfluorochrome tracers detected bone growth occurring in the PCLTF‐GMPs filled defects. By incorporating PCLTF with GMPs, we have fabricated a promising self‐crosslinkable biocompatible and osteoconducive scaffold for bone tissue engineering. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43711.