bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TERRITORIAL AUTONOMY AND NATIONAL MINORITIES’ RIGHTS: THE KURDISH QUESTION
Authors: Mescheryakova Olga M
Published: April 2019

In the article, the author analyzes the Kurdish question and national minorities’ rights. The aim of the article “Territorial Autonomy and National Minorities’ Rights: the Kurdish Question” is to analyze national minorities’ legal problems and the effect of religion on their solution. Territorial autonomy as an element of the territorial structure of a state is traditionally regarded as part of the state’s jurisdiction regulated by the national constitution. The research is based on a set of scientific methods, historical and comparative-legal approaches being the key ones. The historical method, used in the study, allows us to trace the evolution of approaches to territorial autonomy standards. The comparative-legal method, in its turn, permits us to compare different law enforcement norms. The article looks at the current problems related to the Kurdish question and its resolution.
DIPLOMACY OF THE KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ IN THE AGE OF TERRORISM
Authors: Dalsooz Jalal Hussein
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we empirically study the effects of terrorism on the para-diplomacy of Kurdistan Region of Iraq during the last two decades. The research paper analyses the form of diplomacy, in the current age, has covered new style, in particular, when the new actors (non-state actors) are playing significant roles. In this regard, the Kurdistan region government as non-state actor has successfully used terrorism as a great instrument to attract the attention of the world community and created broad its paradiplomatic relations with actors around the world. In turn, we find suggestive evidence that the Kurdistan Region Government should further enhance the ability of its foundations to sustain its relations with world community. Our findings are consistent with the idea that the threat of terrorism is never going to be end, thereby it is not easy for the state-actors to keep their eyes away from the role of any world actors (including non-state actors).
TRIANGLE “RUSSIA-TURKEY-IRAN” IN THE CONTEXT OF US STRATEGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Authors: Khanaliyev Nuradin U
Published: April 2019

The article is an attempt to identify and analyze some key principles of the US foreign policy in the Greater Middle East region, which, concurrently, factor into the rapprochement between Russia, Turkey and Iran in their opposition to the policies of the West as a whole and Washington in particular. The main attention is focused on the complex and controversial nature of the relations in the Russia- Turkey-Iran geopolitical triangle and, at the same time, the relations of each of the countries with the United States. As a result of the analysis, a conclusion was made that the very logic of Washington’s aggressive policy pushes the three countries to coordinate their efforts in ensuring national security and protecting national interests in the region. However, certain doubts were expressed regarding the possibilities of forming any strong long-term alliance between the three of them.
Christian Torajan Youth in Perceiving Aluk To Dolo
Authors: Gayatri Erin
Published: April 2019

The fascinating influence of world religion has given important impact to the existence of indigenous religion such as Aluk To Dolo within the life of the Christian Torajan Youth who live in Yogyakarta. Aluk To Dolo as one of indigenous religions in Indonesia, in fact, is almost in the position of weak as its followers are decreasing in its region of origin, Tanah Toraja of Sulawesi. It is found that only one leader is still remaining in Toraja accompanied by the practice of Rambu Solo which is also still being maintained in the region. This work is based on the view of the youth toward Alok To Dolo as the youth play an important role to determine and negotiate the inheritance of their religion including indigenous religion within their life. This article examines how Christian Torajan Youth perceive Christianity and Aluk To Dolo. Data collection is conducted through depth interview and focused group discussion with a group of Christian Torajan Youth members who stay in Yogyakarta for their studies. They are affiliated to Torajan student organizations and Torajan tribal church in Yogyakarta. This work concludes that Torajan students perceive the Aluk To Dolo as pendamping agama or the companion of religion they practice (Christianity) besides perceiving it as their cultural home base. In other words, they mean the Aluk To Dolo for cultural practices supporting their Christianity practice in their life. It is also found that the decreasing of the practice of Alok To Dolo by the students is more caused by three factors including the distance to the origin land, the influence from the Toraja tribal church, and the literatures having influence in their believe. As student, although the Christian Torajan youth are close and more influenced by literatures in Christianity (church), they also practice the teachings of the local religion to keep their cultural identity.
Internet technologies in the conditionsofmodernpoliticalprocess
Authors: Beliakov Nikolai S. , Kurgacheva Kristina D.
Published: April 2019

The distinctive feature of the modern political process is the informatization of social space. In the context of Informatization, the Internet becomes an integral part of modern life, which leads to an irreversible transformation of the classical political process. In general, informatization can be viewed as a positive trend in the development of politics as a sphere of social life. The use of information technologies makes it possible to establish subject-subject interaction between citizens and political actors, leads to the process of democratization, allows for effective agitation, creates a basis for discussion platforms for discussing socially important problems, ensures the availability of a public information, etc. But at the same time this the trend has a number of negative aspects. First, the problem of “digital inequality”. Secondly, the negative trend towards fragmentation of the political segment of the network on the ideological basis, which leads to the marginalization of political activity and the lack of discussion. Thirdly, there is the problem of cyber security, state control over the Internet, manipulation of public consciousness, etc. However, in general, despite the existence of a number of destructive moments, full informatization seems to be the inevitable future of all spheres of public life, including political. Thus, it is necessary to look for ways to overcome negative factors in the development of the political segment of the web; to achieve its transformation into a real discussion and working platform for all legitimate political forces, regardless of their representation in the government bodies. The state should play a special role in this process, because the functions of public control was delegated to it, and from their competent use depends the future development of society as a whole and the political segment of the Internet in particular.
Effect of Tunnel Progress on the Settlement of Existing Piled Foundation
Authors: Al-Omari Raid Ramzi , Al-Soud Madhat Shakir , Al-Zuhairi Osamah Ibrahim
Published: April 2019

Tunnel construction below or adjacent to piles will affect the performance and eventually the stability of piles due to ground deformation resulting in the movement of piles and changes in the axial force distribution along the piles. A three dimensional finite element analysis using PLAXIS 3D (2013) was performed to study the behaviour of a single pile and 3 x 3 piles group during the advancement of shield tunnelling in ground. The 10-node tetrahedral elements were used to model both the soil and the tunnel lining. The Hardening Soil (HS) model was used to simulate the soil structure interaction at the tunnel-soil interface. An isotropic elastic model was used for the pile, piles cap, tunnel lining and tunnel boring machine shield (TBM). Several parametric studies were attempted including the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical tunnel location relative to pile embedded in different types of soil (clay or sand). The results showed that the pile head settlement increases during the tunnelling advancement in larger values than that for ground surface settlement. A zone of influence was determined in the range of twice the tunnel diameter in the longitudinal direction (forward and backward of the pile), and transverse direction (left and right of the tunnel centreline). If the tunnel boring is kept off this zone then there is no fear of pile collapse.
Compassion Levels of the Intern Students of Nursing and the Influencing Factors: Pilot Study
Authors: SEVEN Ahmet , DOĞAN Sebahat Gökçe , KINIK Ayşe , TORAMAN Kübra , DAŞKIN Güler , SEVİNEN Gonca Gül , DOĞRU Tuba
Published: April 2019

This research aims to
determine the compassion levels of intern students of nursing and the
influencing factors. It is a descriptive population research, which has been
conducted with the participation of 46 student nurse interns. The data have
been collected through the questionnaire that covers socio-demographic features
and Compassion Scale (CS). Of the students, whose average average of age is 22.46±2.08,
80.4% are female, 58.7% are Anatolian high school graduate, 80.4% have middle
income, 63% were grown up in a city and 82.6% have nuclear family. The average
of total CS scores of the students is 4.07±0.54 and the sub-dimension average
scores are respectively; 4.08±0.82(kindness), 4.11±0.68(indifference), 3.80±0.88(consciously
sharing), 4.22±0.70(seperation),
3.96±0.77(conscious awareness) and 4.26±0.76(disengagement). In the research,
females have higher scores than males in sub-dimension of being aware of CS
sharings. It has been detected that the ones who were grown up in city centers
and who take an active role in solving their friends’ problems have higher
compassion levels(p<0.05). The ones who live in a nuclear family,
statistically have higher average scores in sub-dimension of indifference(p<0.05).
A significant difference has been detected between the variable of “mother’s
level of education” and the average of total scores of CS kindness, indifference,
and disengagement(p<0.05). It has
been determined that intern students of nurse have high compassion levels; gender,
family structure, place where they grew up, taking active role in solving their
friends’ problems and mothers’ level of education are effective on the
compassion levels of the students.
Ks. Andrzej Dziełak „Gdyby nie kardynał kominek, nie byłoby Jana Pawła II”. Wspomnienie o Bolesławie Kominku i Orędziu biskupów Polskich do biskupów niemieckich
Authors: Sroka Piotr
Published: April 2019

An account given by Rev. Andrzej Dziełak is one of over a dozen such narratives written down for a scientific conference “Cardinal Kominek – a forerunner of the Polish-German reconciliation” which was organized by The Memory and Future Institute (Wrocław, 4th December 2008). These conference documents give us insight into circumstances and consequences of the Polish bishops addressing the German bishops. In some parts, these documents are focused in the narrative of Rev. Andrzej Dziełak, who in 1965 was a clerical student in the Higher Seminary in Wrocław. For contemporary clerics Cardinal Kominek was an indisputable authority, both moral and intellectual. Every Saturday during a seminary meeting he would share with them his observations on the situation of the Catholic Church in those days in Poland and abroad, and on complex relations with the communist state. Still, the Pastoral Letter of the Polish bishops to the German bishops turned out to be a huge surprise to the Catholic clergy of Wrocław, especially since at the beginning they did not have the text of the document at their disposal. Rev. Dziełak admits that at the beginning the message conveyed in the Letter was received with reluctance by a great part of the congregation. This was due to the recent war and a successful propaganda of the communist government. However, right from the beginning, clerics had no doubts as to the identity of the author of the groundbreaking document – they knew that it was prepared by a bishop of Wrocław who was the most knowledgeable person in the Episcopate regarding German issues.
Minute pollinators: The role of thrips (Thysanoptera) as pollinators of pointleaf manzanita, Arctostaphylos pungens (Ericaceae)
Authors: Eliyahu Dorit , McCall Andrew C , Lauck Marina , Trakhtenbrot Ana , Bronstein Judith L
Published: April 2019

The feeding habits of thrips on plant tissue, and their ability to transmit viral diseases to their host plants, have usually placed these insects in the general category of pests. However, the characteristics that make them economically important, their high abundance and short- and long-distance movement capability, may also make them effective pollinators. We investigated this lesser-known role of thrips in pointleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos pungens), a Southwestern US shrub. We measured the abundance of three species of thrips (Orothrips kelloggii, Oligothrips oreios, and Frankliniella occidentalis), examined their pollen-carrying capability, and conducted an exclusion experiment in order to determine whether thrips are able to pollinate this species, and if they do, whether they actually contribute to the reproductive success of the plant. Our data suggest that indeed thrips pollinate and do contribute significantly to reproductive success. Flowers exposed to thrips only produced significantly more fruit than did flowers from which all visitors were excluded. The roles of thrips as antagonists/mutualists are examined in the context of the numerous other floral visitors to the plant.
Response to Aguilar et al.’s (2015) critique of Ollerton et al. (2009)
Authors: Waser Nickolas M. , Ollerton Jeff , Price Mary V
Published: April 2019

In their response to Ollerton et al.’s (2015) cautions about methods used by Rosas-Guerrero et al. (2014) to test the pollination syndromes, Aguilar et al. (2015) criticize an earlier paper by Ollerton et al. (2009).  Here we respond to their concerns.
DEWI YOPI MEITITA_165100006_JARINGANKOMPUTER
Authors: Meitita Dewi Yopi
Published: April 2019

Pembangunan jaringan computer dari satu area menjadi beberapa area akan menggunakan beberapa router sebagai gateway , maka manajemen jaringan resiko nya akan semakin besar dan rumit. Sehingga di butuhkan pengaturan routing dengan jarak yang terpendek dan cepat mengirimkan paket-paket data sampai ke tujuan. Bertepatan dengan bertambah nya router di sebuah area akan bertambah pula informasi yang harus di miliki oleh router pada area yang sama dalam waktu yang sama. Hasil penelitian ini bedasarkan penjumlahan nilai. Jalur terbaik dengan nilai matric yang lebih kecil akan dipilih sebagai jalur pendristribusian terbaik dari best path lain yang menarik matric yang lebih besar. Selain itu, redistribusion dapat menghubungkan routing dynamic dengan routing yang tersambung pada masing-masing client.
PENINGKATAN EKONOMI DAERAH MELALUI PELATIHAN UKIR LAMPUNG DAN PEMBUATAN E-COMMERCE UNTUK PENGRAJIN UKIR DAN SMK UKIR DI BANDAR LAMPUNG
Authors: anggaliawibasuri
Published: April 2019

Lampung merupakan Provinsi yang terletak di pintu gerbang Pulau Sumateramemiliki dua unsure masyarakat adat yaitu Papadun dan Saibatin yang biasadisebut Ulun Lampung. Seiring dengan visi dan misi Provinsi Lampung untuk terusmelestarikan adat (budaya) nya termasuk seni Ukir Lampung , maka tujuan yangingin dicapai dalam pelaksanaan pelatihan ukir lampung ini untuk melestarikan danmengembangkan seni ukir lampung melalui pengrajin di daerah Langkapura KemilingBandar Lampung dan SMK Ukir seperti SMK Negeri 5 Sukabumi Bandar Lampung.Keberlangsungan kerajinan ukir Lampung ini sehingga dapat meningkatnya perankelembagaan dalam permodalan UMKM dalam pengembangan ekonomi lokal yangberdaya saing, menurunnya angka kemiskinan menjadi 20%, meningkatnya jumlahkegiatan seni dan budaya, meningkatnya jumlah wisatawan lokal dan mancanegaradan yang berkunjung ke Provinsi Lampung untuk melihat produksi ukir Lampungdan membeli secara langsung dari tempat produksinya, berkurangnya jumlahpenyandang masalah kesejahteraan sosial (PMKS), meningkatnya akses dan kualitasprasarana dan sarana perhubungan terutama untuk pendistribusian hasil kerajinan ukirs.Metode yang dipakai dalam pelaksanaan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah persiapan,pelaksanaan pelatihan, penyajian materi melalui penugasan praktek, refleksi danpenutupan program serta sosilisasi penggunaan E-Commerce untuk pengabdiankepada masyarakat dan evaluasi kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat pada pelaksanaanpelatihan ukir kelompok pengukir baik pengrajin dan Siswa SMK Negri 5 SukabumiBandar Lampung.
STUDI KINETIKA EKSTRAK TUMBUHAN PATAH TULANG (EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI) TERHADAP PENYEMBUHAN PADA KULIT
Authors: Sukma Mutiara
Published: April 2019

Studi ini bertujuan untuk membuat ekstrak dari tumbuhan patah tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli) terhadap penyembuhan pada kulit . Metode yang dilakukan adalah eksperimen dan uji aktivitas katalitik secara langsung. Tahapan pertama dilakukan dengan pembuatan ekstrak dari tumbuhan patah tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli) . Uji aktivitas langsung dilakukan dengan variasi berupa tetesan-tetesan selama 2-3 hari. Hasil eksperimen membuktikan bahwa ekstrak dari tumbuhan patah tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli) dapat menghilangkan tahi lalat yang membesar, menghilangkan kulit yang menebal atau kutil, mengeluarkan duri yang tertusuk pada kulit, serta meredakan patah tulang. Kondisi optimum ekstrak dari tumbuhan patah tulang tergantung kepada keluhan yang dialami. Penyembuhan ini diduga karena aktivitas katalitik ekstrak dari tumbuhan patah tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli) terhadap getah dan ranting atau dahannya.
STUDI KINETIKA REBUSAN DAUN SAMBUNG NYAWA DALAM MEMPERCEPAT PENURUNAN HIPERTENSI
Authors: azhari Manja
Published: April 2019

Studi ini bertujuan untuk membuat rebusan daun sambung nyawa untuk menurunkan penyakit hipertensi. Metode yang digunakan adalah eksperimen dan uji aktivitas katalitik secara langsung. Tahapan pertama dilakukan dengan pembuatan rebusan dari daun smabung nyawa. Uji aktivitas langsung dilakukan dengan variasi 3 gelas sehari untuk 7 helai daun, 2 gelas sehari untuk 5 helai daun, 1 gelas sehari untuk 3 helai daun dan 1 gelas sehari untuk 1 daun. Hasil eksperimen membuktikan bahwa rebusan daun sambung nyawa dapat menurunkan penyakit hipertensi. Kondisi optimum ekstrak tercapai pada 7 gelas selama 4 hari. Penyembuhan ini diduga karena akivitas katalitik rebusan daun sambung nyawa terhadap penyakit hipertensi.
Dirty Drilling: Trump Administration Proposals Weaken Key Safety Protections and Radically Expand Offshore Drilling
Authors: Oceana  , Hoskins Diane , Voitier Madeline
Published: April 2019

Executive SummaryOn April 20, 2010, the BP Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded, tragically claiming the lives of 11 people and causing the worst oil spill in United States history. More than 200 million gallons of oil spilled over the 87 days it took to finally cap the well. The disaster wreaked havoc on the Gulf of Mexico coast and once again exposed the American public to the dangers of offshore oil and gas drilling. An investigation into the disaster conducted by the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling (the National Commission) identified systemic failures in both industry management and government oversight as the underlying causes of the disaster. The National Commission recommended numerous reforms to government regulations and industry practices, including the formation of a new safety-focused regulatory body named the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) within the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI).Oceana reviewed government documents and reports, public reporting, and scientific literature and interviewed policy experts to determine the progress in safety since the BP disaster. Oceana found incremental improvements but also alarming unaddressed deficiencies. Reform efforts to date fall far short of what is needed to improve offshore drilling safety and many problems that undermine oversight of the industry remain.Overarching issues with offshore oil and gas operations continue to compromise human safety and environmental protection. Moreover, the Trump administration is pushing to radically expand offshore drilling into nearly all U.S. waters while rolling back many of the few safety requirements currently in place. This report examines these issues and proposes policy changes to remedy them.
Event Perception and Memory
Authors: Zacks Jeffrey M.
Published: April 2019

Events make up much of our lived experience, and the perceptual mechanisms that represent events in experience have pervasive effects on action control, language use, and remembering. Event representations in both perception and memory have rich internal structure and connections one to another, and both are heavily informed by knowledge accumulated from previous experiences. Event perception and memory have been identified with specific computational and neural mechanisms, which show protracted development in childhood and are affected by language use, expertise, and brain disorders and injuries. Current theoretical approaches focus on the mechanisms by which events are segmented from ongoing experience, and emphasize the common coding of events for perception, action, and memory. Abetted by developments in eye-tracking, neuroimaging, and computer science, research on event perception and memory is moving from small-scale laboratory analogs to facing the complexity of events in the wild.
Profile of Mild Behavioral Impairment and Factor Structure of the Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist in Cognitively Normal Older Adults
Authors: Creese Byron , Griffiths Alys , Brooker Helen , Corbett Anne , Aarsland Dag , Ballard Clive , Ismail Zahinoor
Published: April 2019

Objectives: In this large population study we set out to examine the profile of Mild Behavioral Impairment using the Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist (MBI-C), and determine its factor structure when employed as a self-report and informant rated tool.Design: Population based cohort study. Setting: Online testing via the PROTECT study (http://www.protectstudy.org.uk)Participants: 5,742 participant-informant dyads.Measurements: Both participants and informants completed the MBI-C. The factor structure of the MBI-C was evaluated by exploratory factor analysis (EFA).Results: The most common MBI-C items as rated by self-report and informants related to affective dysregulation (mood/anxiety symptoms), being present in 34% and 38% of the sample respectively. The least common were items relating to abnormal thoughts and perception (psychotic symptoms) (present in 3 and 6% of the sample respectively). There were only weak correlations between self-report and informant-rated MBI-C responses. EFA for both sets of respondent answers indicated a five-factor solution for the MBI-C was appropriate, reflecting the structure of the MBI-C.Conclusion: This is the largest and most detailed report on the frequency of MBI symptoms in the general population. The full spectrum of MBI symptoms was present in our sample, whether rated by self-report or informant report. However, we show that the MBI-C performs differently in self-rated versus informant-rated situations, which may have important implications for the use of the questionnaire in clinic and research.
Working Wives in the United States and Venezuela: A Cross-National Study of Decision Making
Authors: Cunningham Isabella C.M. , Green Robert T.
Published: April 2019

Changing female roles have affected family relationships, working opportunities, and the behavior of consumers. The working wife is taking a more active decisionmaking role in family purchases.; Cultural factors have also played a very important role in consumer behavior. Do changing female roles affect equally family decisions in all countries? A comparison of United States and Venezuelan consumers shows that working w ives affect the family structure in the two countries in diverse ways . However, both samples show an increased participation in family purchase decisions by working wives.
Widows and Widowers in New Zealand: General Information
Authors: Schlesinger Benjamin
Published: April 2019

There are 146,660 persons over the age of 16 years classified as widowed in New Zealand. They constitute 10.7 percent of all females and 2.6 percent of all males in the population. The paper summarises the available social security benefits to the widowed population, and examines the work of the New Zealand widows and widowers Association a self-help group formed in 1978. An explanatory study of 64 members of this group, based in Auckland is presented, which highlights the social characteristics of the group, and points out the difficulties found by the widowed. Suggestions for change in societal approaches to the widowed are also included, as well as advice given by the widowed to newly widowed in New Zealand.
Single Mothers and the Concept of Female Dependency in the Development of the Welfare State in Britain
Authors: Pierce Sylvie
Published: April 2019

In Britain one parent families tend to be poor. This is particularly true of single mothers, 45% of whom have to rely on the welfare state's income maintenance programme. This article argues that the economic and social deprivation experienced by single mothers can only be understood by an examination of the legal and social assumption that women are, and should be, dependent on men. That is women with children are assumed to live in a relationship of dependency and subordination to a man. This assumption of dependency can be seen in the legal provisions of the welfare state.; The welfare state in Britain was really formulated after the Second World War, and was based on the Beveridge Report on Social Insurance of 1942. This article therefore looks at the context of the Beveridge Report, and its treatment of single mothers as an issue, and the reaction of organised women's groups to Beveridge's proposals.
Toward an analysis of Contemporary Child Abuse
Authors: McGehee Charles L.
Published: April 2019

Three theoretical perspectives on child abuse are criticized for their inadequacies: the cyclical theory, for its inability to deal with change ; the “man kind-endemic” theory , for failing to consider the perceived nee essity for harsh means to deal with societal needs ; and the theory of stress, for lack of concern with the origins of and rervasive character of stress. An alternative analysis is presented which regards contemporary child abuse as unique in history and only to be understood in a context of long-term social change from cottage industry to the factory system. The analysis specifically shows how the psychology of persons and interpersonal conflict are generated by the physical, intellectual, and emotional separation engendered by this historical process. New research and treatment directions are proposed which are based on a methodology of socioeconomic biography, interactional analysis, ordinary language analysis and rejection of the proposition that abusers are categorically different from non-abusers.
Attitudes Toward Maternal Employment and Child Care in Sweden
Authors: Hultåker Örjan E.
Published: April 2019

Mothers who work outside the home and who hold negative attitudes toward their jobs tend to experience less rewarding mother-child relationships. This is interpreted as an example of cognitive dissonance between attitudes toward maternal employment and mothers’ actual employment outside the home. Data collected for this study show that a large percentage of Swedish mothers work outside the home although they hold negative attitudes toward maternal employment. They have two ways of reducing their cognitive dissonance: through changing their attitudes or through changing their employment status. However, there are many structural factors in Sweden which make it unlikely that women will stop working. Therefore, the focus for the remainder of the paper shifts to a search for factors responsible for change of attitudes.

The hypothesis that women’s experience of social reality will change their attitudes toward maternal employment led to the construction of a causal model showing the effects of the division of work in the family and of the wife’s age on attitudes toward maternal employment. The data from over 4,000 Swedish women suggest that diminishing a woman’s work inside the home while increasing both her mate’s work inside the home and her own work outside the home will make her more positive toward maternal employment.
Power Relations, Homosexuality and the Family: A Review of the Literature, Including Cross-Cultural Studies (Homosexuality and the Family in the Mohave, Chinese and Iraqi Cultures)
Authors: Godbill Bonnie Morrow
Published: April 2019

“Power Relations, Homosexuality and the Family: A Review of the Literature, Including Cross-Cultural Studies (Homosexuality and the Family in the Mohave, Chinese and Iraqi Cultures)” is a cross-cultural review and analysis of the literature focussing on a critique of traditional psychoanalytic models. Family dynamics and the etiology of homosexuality, socio-economic aspects of the family and homosexuality as well as cross-cultural studies on homosexuality and family interrelationships are considered. The author raises questions and poses alternate hypotheses in the light of both modern knowledge and the sexual revolution.
A Study of Israeli Jewish and Arab Parental Perceptions of their Disabled Children
Authors: Shurka Esther , Florian Victor
Published: April 2019

Seventy-four Arab couples and fifty-seven Jewish couples with disabled children were compared on their perceptions of three issues: amount and type of help required by their disabled children, the parent-child relationship, and children’s work capacities. The results indicated major intercultural, and some intracultural differences between the parent groups. It appears that, as compared to Jewish parents, Arab parents tend to encourage more family dependency of the disabled children. These findings were interpreted based on their congruence with traditional family relations practiced in Arab families m general.
Attitudes Toward Aging in the United States and Taiwan
Authors: Chang Betty L. , Chang Alice F. , Shen Yung (Angela)
Published: April 2019

The study compared attitudes toward aging and needs of old people of 200 (100 male, 100 famale) college students from Taiwan and 400 (225 male and 175 female) students of Chinese descent living in the United States. Instruments consisted of Attitude Toward Old People’s Scale (Kogan, 1961), and Needs of Old People (Kitty & Feld, 1976). Results indicated that both groups bad favorable attitudes toward aging and needs of old people. However, differences in the Attitude Toward Old People Scale between the TaiwanChinese and the U.S.-Chinese students were seen with the Taiwan students holding less stereotypical views of the elderly. Differences in the Needs of Old People Scale indicated that the U.S.-Chinese students held a more favorable attitude. Significant differences were noted between U.S.-Chinese subgroups in their Attitude Toward Old People and Needs of Old People. Results are discussed in view of the role of increased urbanization, and educational, societal and family support for attitudes toward the aged.
A Cohort Analysis of the Family Career
Authors: White James M.
Published: April 2019

This paper examines the relationship between family career and age cohort. The family career concept originates in the work of developmental theorists such as Rodgers (1973). It is argued that the concept of the family career represents a more sophisticated approach and understanding of developmental theory than does the use of the present stage of the life cycle. The results of this research suggest that age cohort has little effect on the pattern of stages in the family career but that age cohort is moderately associated with the timing or spacing between stages.
Acculturation and Stress within Chinese American Families
Authors: Yu Lucy C.
Published: April 2019

This study explored the effects of acculturation on stress levels. The sample consisted of 510 Chinese Americans on a Mid-Western college campus. A self-administered bilingual questionnaire was used for data collection. Four levels of acculturation (the least acculturated, the more acculturated, the most acculturated, and the totally acculturated) were examined with four stress indicators (psychological stress symptoms, negative life events, life dissatisfaction, and discomfort levels). Frequency distributions and correlations were computed. Chi-square tests were done at the .05 significance level. Primary findings are: for males, the number of psychological stress symptoms decreased as the level of acculturation increased; acculturation had no significant effect on the number of Negative Life Events; acculturation reduced male respondents life dissatisfaction; females who belonged to the least acculturated and the more acculturated groups reported the highest level of discomfort regarding financial support to aged parents. Within the immigrant groups, the higher the acculturation, the lower the discomfort level.
The Value of Daughters and sons: A comparative Study of the Gender Preferences of Parents
Authors: Arnold Fred , Kuo Eddie C.Y.
Published: April 2019

Data from the Value of Children Study are analyzed to examine preferences for sons in seven Asian Countries and the United States. Boy preference was found to be weak in the Philippines and Indonesia (countries which share a common Malayo-Polynesian background) and in the United States. In Korea and Taiwan (countries with Confucianist the preference for sons was both strong and pervasive. Intermediate levels of boy preference were observed in Turkey, Thailand, and Singapore. Even in countries in which sex preference is not prominent, sons and daughters are expected to play different roles and serve different functions for their parents. A model of the determinants of sex preference is developed and tested using multiple classification analysis. The results indicate that sex preferences for children are determined more by cultural traditions and random biological processed than by the general level of development of a country or individual differences in backgrounds or life styles.
Contextual Aspects of Sexual Communication Marriage
Authors: Geismar Ludwig L.
Published: April 2019

As part of a larger research project on the relationship of family functioning to neighborhood and ethnic factors, the present study examined effects of a series of environmental variables on the sexual functioning of family heads. The study group was comprised of randomly selected samples of young and mid-career families in two neighborhoods in Melbourne, Australia. The present research revealed that only the most proximate influences, the family’s social functioning and egalitarian ethicbut not its ethnic or social class backgroundhad an effect on spouses’ pattern of sexual communication. The implications for intervention are briefly considered.
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Authors: missing page
Published: April 2019

Mate selection, cultural preferences, bride wealth, kin responsibilities, husband and wife expectations and roles in Yanomama marriage are addressed in this paper. The rules of matrilocality and strict rules of marriage out side of classificatory kin terms are sometimes altered for convenience.

Over the 25-year period, the primary change agents have been other Yanomamas and western influence. Bride payment is now made with western artifacts. Intertribal marriages have expanded travel and influenced alliances. There is some evidence of an increase in the status of women and individualism amongst the Mucajai Yanomama.
The Stem Family Reconsidered: The Case of the, Minor Gentry of Northern Ireland
Authors: Shanks Amanda
Published: April 2019

The stem family is a three-generational family structure identified by Le Play in 1871 in which one son remains at home with his parents in order to inherit the family property. Subsequently, he and his conjugal family reside with his surviving parent(s). Family organisation of this type has already been recognised as existing amongst certain farming families in Ireland. The stem family strategy which prevents the splitting of family property, is also employed by the minor gentry of Northern Ireland who are concerned to keep their remaining estates intact. The fact that the stem family structure is observed among Northern Irish gentry families whose culture is essentially English, indicates that Laslett is wrong in his claim (1969:200) that the stem family never , existed in England.
Toward a Re-Conceptualization of Minority Group Status and Fertility Hypothesis: The Case of Orientals in Canada
Authors: Halli S.S.
Published: April 2019

An attempt is made to re-concep- tualize the Minority Group Status hypothesis for explaining differential fertility. The literature on the subject is somewhat contradictory and inconsistent.

This revision of the hypothesis tries to _ lationships of significance are observed, distinguish between two explanations derived from the literature: One explanation which will be offered here is that if the fertility of a minority group is found to be lower than that of the majority group, it is due to structural factors. The other explanation attributes a higher fertility in a minority group to sub-cultural factors.

The revised hypothesis also includes the introduction of new concepts such as �ascribed� and �perceived� minority status, and emphasizes the measurement of key theoretical concepts including the new ones introduced.

The re-conceptualized hypothesis is used here to explain family size differentials for the Chinese and the Japanese groups in Canada relative to the British. The results suggest stronger support for the hypothesis among the Chinese and weaker support among the Japanese.
Infant Feeding Behavior and Caretaker-Infant Relationships in Black Families
Authors: Sanders-Phillips Kathy
Published: April 2019

This article examines the role of infant feeding behavior in the development and quality of caretaker-infant interactions in Black families. The first section reviews literature on the importance of early infant feeding behaviors to the physical, emotional and cognitive development of the infant. Emphasis is placed on the role of early feeding interactions as the context for the development of caretaker-infant relationships and the reciprocal influence of caretaker-infant interactions on the infant’s subsequent development. The second section identifies factors that may place Black infants at higher risk for poor feeding in the first year of life. These factors include the higher incidence of low birthweight and premature infants born to Black women, as well as prenatal exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs. The implications of these findings and the broader impact of drug use in the Black community on Black family life and outcomes are discussed.
Family Contributions to Risk and Resilience in African American Children
Authors: Myers Hector F. , Taylor Sylvie
Published: April 2019

There is substantial evidence that African American children living in urban poverty run a disproportionately higher risk for negative functional outcomes than more affluent African American and Caucasian children. Both factors external to these families, as well as parental and other family factors, have been implicated as risk factors. Two studies are reviewed that (1) identify which parental and family risk and protective factors are the best predictors of problem behaviors in these children, and (2) identify which of these risk and protective factors distinguish resilient versus vulnerable African American children. Results identify maternal psychological distress, high family stress burden, use of coercive parenting practices, and reliance on reframing and active help-seeking as associated with more problem behaviors. The families of resilient children shared many of these risk factors except to a lesser degree. Longitudinal studies on larger, more representative samples are needed to clarify and confirm these results.
A Better Life for Me and My Children: Low-Income Single Mothers’ Struggle for Self-Sufficiency in the Rural South
Authors: Dill Bonnie Thornton
Published: April 2019

Using data drawn from in-depth, life history interviews of a sample of low-income single mothers in two rural communities in the southern United States, this article explores the stated goals and aspirations of approximately thirty African American single mothers, most of whom are or have been welfare recipients. The article focuses upon the ways these Black women talked about their own goals and aspirations, the impact of motherhood those goals, and their current hopes for their children. The article also explores the potential influence of the availability of educational resources within the counties on these goals. It discusses how the opportunity structures of the communities in which the women live are reproduced through social, economic and political practices that are deeply influenced by race and gender relations.
The Effect of Religious Affiliation on Woman’s Role in Middle Eastern Arab Society
Authors: Dodd Peter C.
Published: April 2019

In the study of Arab society, religion is often seen as a major determinant of family structure, and of the status and role of women in society. This linkage, however, may not be so close as has been assumed. One way of testing it empirically is to compare the attitudes and behaviour of different religious groups within a single Arab country. If the different religious groups show similar attitudes and behaviour, then the effect of religion may not be so immediate and direct as has been thought. Data are presented in the paper that substantiate this argument. The data describe the system of norms held for women’s behaviour by a large sample of non-elite educated youth in Lebanon. The sample corrects for the differences in social status and educational attainments of different religious groups. It is found that, although there are substantial differences between the norms held by young men and those held by young women, the differences by religious affiliation are small and inconsistent. A discussion is presented of this apparent absence of effect of religious affiliation.
Family Structure and Religious Symbolization Among Guatemalans
Authors: Mendez-Dominguez Alfredo
Published: April 2019

Young subjects’ beliefs in God, the Virgin Mary and the Devil are analyzed in terms of their structural situation in their families. Family structure is seen as a set of principles (generation, sex and age), that assign rights and duties, and which, combined, determine positions, such as ‘first generation, male, older’. A given position is equivalent to, or different from one or more other positions when one principle alone, for instance, sex is considered. Symbolic preferences expressed in frequency and intensity of belief are examined as manifestations of claims and recognitions derived from these principles and the avenues they create for identification with other positions. In addition to ego’s structural position, the actual presence or absence of individuals in other structural positions in a given family seems to be an important factor: different forms and intensities of conflict (structural disjunction) can result from similar claims made from two different positions. Four situations are accordingly differentiated; ego’s conceptualization of the religious entities and his belief in them are analyzed within the frame of these situations. More generally, the study tries to differentiate between symbols which express the total structural position of a segment or unit, self identity, or a feeling of collectivity among members, and those which express only the structural unity of otherwise heterogeneous segments.

This is a preliminary report based on a larger study; the data presented is based on individual interviews with 59 non-Indian male subjects 10 to 18 years old. Brief comparisons are drawn between these and results from a comparable Indian sample.
Fictive Parent-Child Relations in Japanese Religion
Authors: Rieck Joan
Published: April 2019

Fictive parent-child or patron-client relations (oyabun-kobun kankei) form the basis of Japanese social relations. Such relations also permeats Japanese religion. After outlining some examples of fictive parent-child relations in Japanese rites of passage, the author briefly discusses secular oyabun-kobun relations and how they are reflected in religious institutions and in bonds between disciple and religious teacher or founder. The main part of the paper deals with the similar kind of relations that are formed between the Japanese believer and supernatural beings such as kami, Buddhas and ancestors. The data presented is drawn primarily from the author’s field work in a small Japanese farming community. Besides observing the villagers’ active religious life, the writer administered a questionnaire regarding beliefs and values to a random sample of adults in the village. It was found that supernatural beings are conceived of as close and familiar guardians whose past and present blessings are repaid by rites of gratitude.
Differentiation of Family Structure and Family Relative Centrality in a Rural Peruvian Community: A Diachronic Analysis
Authors: Moxley Robert L.
Published: April 2019

This research analyzes household structure and interfamily networks. The claims by Young and Young (I 968) that an increase in a family’s relative centrality in a communal network will lead to an increase in household differentiation (household complexity) is put, to a test. The findings deny the efficacy of their hypothesis, but indicate a tendency in the opposite direction. Family household differentiation of time one is positively related to relative centrality at time two (five years later). The explanation proposed in this paper is that in peasant communities, at least, it is the “marginal families” which tend to differentiate, but that these families migrate or establish social ties to families outside their community. These findings constitute evidence against the effectiveness of considering families at the center of social networks as prime targets of innovations.
Impact of Accountability on Public Service Delivery efficiency.
Authors: Rana Fauzia , Ali Arfan , Riaz Waqas , Irfan Asmara
Published: April 2019

Accountability in public organization is necessary to ensure efficient public service delivery which ultimately strengthens the democracy. Lack of accountability in public organization undermines public confidence. If there is no check and balance on public organization then it will threaten the very fabric of our society and ultimately to democracy. This study took waste management associations of two big cities of Punjab and collect data from their officials. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that there is a strong and positive relationships exist between accountability and public service delivery. The government should ensure accountability in public organization to enhance the efficiency level of public service delivery.