bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interest Rate Feedback Rules in an Open Economy with Forward Looking Inflation
Authors: Leith Campbell , Wren‐Lewis Simon
Published: March 2003

With the adoption of an explicit inflation target in the UK, there has been renewed interest in the properties of alternative interest rate feedback rules. Following Svensson (1999) a literature examining the relative merits of inflation and price level targeting has also developed. In this paper we compare the stabilization properties of the two forms of feedback rule that have been used most frequently in the literature and which give rise to price level and inflation targeting, respectively. The model in which we embed our rules is significantly richer than those considered in the price level targeting literature and this allows us to explain why the relative performance of the rules is dependent upon the nature of the shock considered and whether or not excess inflation is defined in terms of consumer or output price inflation.
Promotions in the Spanish Labour Market: Differences by Gender
Authors: Garcia‐Crespo Dolores
Published: March 2003

In this paper we compare the professional careers of women and men in the Spanish labour market. We use a sample from the Encuesta de Estructura, Conciencia y Biografia de Clase (1991) to estimate count data models (negative binomial models) to explain the number of promotions received in the firm, for males and females separately. Then, using the estimated coefficients from these models, we apply a variant of Oaxaca's decomposition approach to divide the gap in average promotions by gender into two parts: one of them due to differences in endowments and the other is associated with differences in the ‘return’ of such as endowments in terms of opportunities of upward mobility. The findings indicate that women receive fewer promotions than men with the same qualifications due to differential treatment in the market.
On the urns of a dilemma: radiocarbon and the Peterborough problem
Authors: Gibson Alex , Kinnes Ian
Published: March 2003

Radiocarbon dates are presented for distinctive types of British Late Neolithic pottery, identifying questions which cannot yet be resolved.
Death by Water: Boats and Footprints in the Rock Art of Western Sweden
Authors: Bradley Richard
Published: March 2003

This paper considers two of the key images in the Bronze Age rock carvings of Bohuslän in relation to the wider landscape. It compares the distribution of cairns on islands off the west coast of Sweden with that of similar monuments on low hills surrounded by drawings of boats. These are often in areas which had previously been occupied by the sea. Perhaps the drawings of boats evoked an expanse of water separating the world of the living from the burial places of the dead. If so, the lines of footprints leading between these two areas may also refer to the passage between life and death.
The Early TRB ‘Ploughmarks’ from Sarnowo in Central Poland: A New Interpretation
Authors: Niesioлowska‐Śreniowska Ewa
Published: March 2003

The parallel, charcoal‐filled depressions beneath a long‐barrow at Sarnowo (Wлocлawek district, central Poland) have usually been interpreted as cultivation‐furrows, and have been widely cited in the archaeological literature as evidence for use of the light plough, despite their early date (mid‐fifth millennium cal BC) and context (early TRB). Since unambiguous ploughmarks only occur in northern Europe a millennium later, this is an anomaly. Here it is suggested that a more plausible explanation is that they represent the burned timber elements of a building, which would account for the plentiful traces of charcoal and burnt daub. The earliest evidence for the plough in Europe would thus date to the fourth millennium cal BC.
Beyond Characterisation. Polished Stone Exchange in the Western Mediterranean 5500–2000 BC
Authors: Harrison R. J. , Köler T. Orozco
Published: March 2003

Using new provenance studies on stone implements from the Valencia region of Spain between 5500–2000 BC, we show not only the large scale of some exchange systems, but also consider how, and why, tastes and fashions are co‐ordinated over much of the Western Mediterranean. The study considers the processes of raw material substitution underlying the observed patterns. These processes operate for a wide range of lithic materials, including rare minerals like variscite and fossil shells for ornaments. Simple gravity models of distribution and exchange predominate at all periods. Our study extends from Portugal to Italy, and indicates that a system of shared symbolic values, of axeheads, beads and bracelets, was in operation. The discussion concludes that consumption patterns were centred on these values rather than functional categories of tools or prestige items.
Plated Iron Age Coins: Official Issues or Contemporary Forgeries
Authors: Cottam G.L.
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses different explanations that have been proposed to account for the existence of plated Iron Age coins, some of which appear to have been struck from the dies used to produce solid metal coins. Evidence occasionally preserved on plated coins proves that at least some of them were struck from dies which had been hubbed from solid metal coins, and it is these solid metal coins that were struck from the dies which the plated coins appear to have been produced from. It is argued that this evidence demonstrates that plated Iron Age coins are merely contemporary forgeries.
Axe aesthetics: stone axes and visual culture in prehistoric Malta
Authors: Skeates Robin
Published: March 2003

Highlighting a theme of visual culture, this paper examines the physical and conceptual transformation of ground‐stone axes in the Maltese islands between 5300 and 1500 cal BC: from tools and well‐travelled valuables into symbolically‐charged objects of social display, spiritual power and ritual sacrifice.
Relative Returns to Skills and Assimilation of Immigrants in Hong Kong
Authors: Lam Kit‐Chun , Liu Pak‐Wai
Published: March 2003

A simple formal model is presented to analyse intercensal changes in the relative earnings of immigrants. A number of factors are analysed, including a change in the relative observed quality of immigrants, a change in the relative prices of observed skills, and assimilation. The model is applied to 1981 and 1991 Hong Kong census data and shows that although there is economic assimilation in the narrow sense at an estimated rate of approximately 1.55 percent p.a., earnings of immigrants diverge from earnings of natives because their relative returns to schooling declined.
Market Power and Emissions Trading: Theory and Laboratory Results
Authors: Godby Robert
Published: March 2003

Policymakers are concerned with market power being exploited by dominant firms in emission permit markets. Two types of market power may emerge: simple and exclusionary manipulation. Simple manipulation should result in reduced pollution‐control cost relative to command‐and‐control regulation. Exclusionary manipulation may result in increased cost. The paper reports results of an economic experiment to determine whether (i) such opportunities are successfully exploited when a dominant firm has the opportunity to do so, and (ii) the resulting outcomes are serious enough to merit consideration by regulators. Market power outcomes emerge and market efficiency is far below predicted levels.
Causality Between Exports and Economic Growth: What do the Econometric Studies Tell Us?
Authors: Ahmad Jaleel
Published: March 2003

This paper contains an assessment of major econometric studies that have estimated the causality between exports and economic growth. These studies have used a variety of methodological approaches, such as Granger causality, cointegration with multivariate error correction models, exogeneity and structural invariance, VAR models with variance decomposition, and impulse response functions. The assessment in this paper refers both to the methodologies employed as well as to the empirical findings. A major conclusion is that empirical support for the export‐led growth in both the developed and the developing countries is considerably weaker than was estimated on the basis of earlier correlation and production function studies.
Rule‐Consequentialism and Obligations Toward the Needy
Authors: Hooker Brad
Published: March 2003

Most of us believe morality requires us to help the desperately needy. But most of us also believe morality doesn't require us to make enormous sacrifices in order to help people who have no special connection with us. Such self‐sacrifice is of course praiseworthy, but it isn't morally mandatory. Rule‐consequentialism might seem to offer a plausible grounding for such beliefs. Tim Mulgan has recently argued in Analysis and Pacific Philosophical Quarterly that rule‐consequentialism cannot do so. This paper replies to Mulgan's arguments.
Causal and Metaphysical Necessity
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney
Published: March 2003

Any property has two sorts of causal features: “forward‐looking” ones, having to do with what its instantiation can contribute to causing, and ldquo;backward‐looking” ones, having to do with how its instantiation can be caused. Such features of a property are essential to it, and properties sharing all of their causal features are identical. Causal necessity is thus a special case of metaphysical necessity. Appeals to imaginability have no more force against this view than they do against the Kripkean view that statements like “Gold is an element” are metaphysically necessary.
Plantinga's Probability Arguments Against Evolutionary Naturalism
Authors: Fitelson Branden , Sober Elliott
Published: March 2003

In Chapter 12 of Warrant and Proper Function, Alvin Plantinga constructs two arguments against evolutionary naturalism, which he construes as a conjunction E&N. The hypothesis E says that “human cognitive faculties arose by way of the mechanisms to which contemporary evolutionary thought directs our attention” (p. 220). With respect to proposition N, Plantinga (p. 270) says “it isn't easy to say precisely what naturalism is,” but then adds that “crucial to metaphysical naturalism, of course, is the view that there is no such person as the God of traditional theism.” Plantinga tries to cast doubt on the conjunction E&N in two ways. His “preliminary argument” aims to show that the conjunction is probably false, given the fact (R) that our psychological mechanisms for forming beliefs about the world are generally reliable. His “main argument” aims to show that the conjunction E&N is self‐defeating – if you believe E&N, then you should stop believing that conjunction. Plantinga further develops the main argument in his unpublished paper “Naturalism Defeated” (Plantinga 1994). We will try to show that both arguments contain serious errors.
Emotional Intelligence, PSE and Self Esteem: A Cautionary Note
Authors: Carr David
Published: March 2003

In this paper David Carr, a professor of philosophy, whilst agreeing that personal and social education should be concerned with the affective development of young people and with the promotion of such qualities as confidence and self‐esteem, argues that things are not as straightforward as they might at first appear. Though the idea of emotional intelligence seems to be highly relevant, he believes that much if not most influential enquiry into alternative and affective intelligence has proceeded under the influence of naturalistic or quasi‐scientific (therapeutic) assumptions which show little sensitivity to the inherently cultural value‐laden nature of affective discourse. He goes on to suggest that notions of confidence, self‐esteem and the like are potentially educationally problematic. He concludes that the prescriptions of those promoting emotional intelligence may not be as valuable for PSE as they at first appear.
An Exploration of the Use of Break Times to Promote the Social Curriculum in Secondary Schools
Authors: Hurni Carol
Published: March 2003

The social curriculum is taught implicitly in many schools and, whilst the new ‘citizenship education’ attempts to structure this ‘hidden curriculum’, secondary school break times seem to be providing pupils with opportunities to learn social and citizenship skills. The writer suggests that break times, especially in secondary schools, are an unused resource for developing values inherent in citizenship education. Currently there is little research which includes an investigation into the secondary school break time and which aims to understand the social value of break times. This paper reports such an investigation and suggests that break time is a potential location for the development of skills relating to citizenship.
Being Valued
Authors: Wilson John
Published: March 2003

The idea that it is important to make pupils feel valued is central to much of what we do in pastoral care and personal and social education. But like many key concepts, we tend to take this one for granted and what it means to value someone is not usually something we reflect on in detail. In this paper John Wilson does just this by subjecting the notion of valuing to analysis. He argues that it is an idea which is more complex than is often recognized in the way we use it in schools.
Promoting Spiritual Development in the Curriculum
Authors: Meehan Christopher
Published: March 2003

This paper asserts that the spiritual is rooted in the essence of being human. Human beings search for meaning, purpose and direction in life and spiritual development is inextricably linked with this process. The spiritual manifests itself in the feelings and emotions of human beings, as well as the values, beliefs, aspirations and intellect. Spiritual development in this sense must be holistic. The spiritual dimension of education must engage the body, mind and heart. Spiritual development implies change, with a progression from immaturity towards maturity, from the simple to the complex, from the superficial to the profound. In relation to this the writer discusses what spiritual education should involve and the contribution different aspects of the curriculum can make.
Superannuating the Second Sex: Law, Privatisation and Retirement Income
Authors: Smith Dimity Kingsford
Published: March 2003

The privatisation of retirement income through state encouragement of occupational and retail funds affects men and women differently. This is largely because the legal forms adopted in the course of privatisation suppose a 40‐year continuous working life, which is mostly a male experience. Although women with different backgrounds of class and race have a variety of employment patterns, on average women spend approximately half the years in the workforce that men do and are paid considerably less. Time‐use statistics indicate this is because women are engaged in household production from which retirement income under privatised schemes does not accrue. The result is that low wages are replicated in inadequate retirement incomes, and many women live in poverty in retirement. Arguments from desert, social justice and a vision of citizenship in retirement are made to justify changes to current retirement income policy and its privatising legal forms.
Why Philosophy Abides for Aquinas
Authors: Hankey Wayne J.
Published: March 2003

In Truth in Aquinas Catherine Pickstock and John Milbank continue Radical Orthodoxy's ‘reinterpretation’ of the history of philosophy and theology by evaluating philosophy as metaphysics so that ‘metaphysics collapses into sacra doctrina’ in Thomas Aquinas. Their strategy for saving Aquinas from Heideggerian ‘onto‐theology’ is the opposite of that Jean‐Luc Marion who in ‘Saint Thomas d'Aquin et l'onto‐théo‐logie’ keeps philosophy and metaphysics distinct from sacred teaching. The article examines some of the questions involved by reconsidering the nature of philosophy as textual commentary in late Antiquity and in the Middle Ages. It goes on to examine what Aquinas means by ‘the truth of things’, and concludes by looking at how he treats the aspects of metaphysics and the relation of metaphysics and sacra doctrina. Hankey judges that Marion is right on this question. The author suggests that what is involved with Milbank and Pickstock is not a reinterpretation of Aquinas. What they have written depends on mistakes and misrepresentations of basic points in his teaching, e.g, participation, intellectual intuition and abstractions, God's being and his existence in things, with the result that Thomas looks more like Descartes or Spinoza than himself.
Critical Remembrance and Eschatological Hope in Edward Schillebeeckx's Theology of Suffering for Others
Authors: Tillar Elizabeth K.
Published: March 2003

Biblical prototypes of suffering for others – the eschatological prophet and messianic high priest – are correlated in the present article with Edward Schillebeeckx's examination of two vital concepts to provide the basis for a critical praxis: anamnesis, or the critical remembrance of history, and eschatological hope. The dialectical opposites of anamnesis and hope, which Schillebeeckx deems crucial for solidarity with suffering and its alleviation, are embodied by the prototypical scriptural figures. Indeed, critical remembrance and hope are intrinsic to the images of Jesus as the ‘suffering righteous one’ and the eschatological messianic high priest in Schillebeeckx's theology of suffering for others. Both the images and the critical concepts prove essential in his historical reconstruction of the eschatological communities, religious figures, and symbols in Hebrews and 1 Peter, among other New Testament documents. Schillebeeckx's discernment of hope as an eschatological concept is predicated on the transformation of the history of suffering into a constructive and critical force. He understands Jesus’ preaching about the coming kingdom of God as a message of hope that emerges from Jesus’ consciousness of the contrast between the history of suffering and his experience of God as Abba. Schillebeeckx's exegesis of biblical passages – taken from the Beatitudes, narratives of Jesus’ forgiveness of sins, and stories of his table fellowship – lays the foundation for the development of hope as the antidote to suffering and as a presentiment of eschatological salvation. He proposes that the transformation of failure and suffering into a critical and constructive force is Jesus’ eschatological legacy to the world and a model for the suffering servants of any age. Moreover, Schillebeeckx's dialectical understanding of remembered history and hope attests to his deep engagement with the Frankfurt School of social critical theory. In his later work (published during the 1970s and 1980s), such critical ideas serve to cultivate an eschatological sensibility and an ethical praxis, made possible by grace mediated through voluntary suffering.
Modernity or Morality? George White, Liberalism and the Nonconformist Conscience in Edwardian England
Authors: Doyle Barry M.
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the debate about the character of the Edwardian Liberal party and the degree to which it had modernized its ideas by the outbreak of the First World War. It employs the concept of a ‘crisis of modernity’ to analyse the politics of the provincial businessman and leading Baptist, Sir George White, Liberal M.P. for North‐West Norfolk, 1900–12 and chairman of the Nonconformist Members of Parliament, 1907–12. It suggests White's views were shaped more by his experience of modernity than his sectarian position and that historians have underestimated the ends nonconformists sought from their traditional politics and the extent of their support for welfare reforms.
Between Majorities: the ‘Beauchamp Interregnum’, 1439–491
Authors: Hicks M. A.
Published: March 2003

This article questions the current orthodoxy that the hegemony of the earls of Warwick in the West Midlands collapsed during the minorities of Duke Henry and his daughter Anne in 1439–49 (the Beauchamp Interregnum) and was never successfully reconstructed. Using inquisitions post mortem and other chance surviving records, it demonstrates that the estate remained intact and was run throughout by the duke himself and the custodians and feoffees of his parents. There was no Beauchamp Interregnum. It is also a case study that suggests minorities to be much less disruptive than is commonly thought.
The Origins and Foundation of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich*
Authors: Dickinson H. W.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the conditions that led to the overhaul of higher education in the Royal Navy from 1869 to 1873 and the factors leading to the establishment of a college at Greenwich. It explains how the impetus for reform, with its attendant increase in costs, was established by an admiralty administration acknowledged as one of the most financially retrenched of the century and demonstrates the extent to which political expediency was woven into the proper requirement for change.
The Origin of the Leadership of the House of Lords Revisited*
Authors: Jones Clyve
Published: March 2003

From 1717 the ‘leadership’ of the house of lords was seen to be attached to the office of Secretary of State for the north (at that time occupied by the 3rd earl of Sunderland), for from then evidence exists in the form of lists of lords invited to or attending pre‐sessional meetings, held in the Secretary's office. However, the leadership did not suddenly emerge from nowhere. There is evidence, examined here, to show that aspects of the job were initiated by Sunderland in the last whig ministry of Anne's reign, which were then developed by Robert Harley, 1st earl of Oxford, between 1711 and 1714, and again by Sunderland after 1714.
Some Spalding Priory Vagabonds of the Twelve‐Sixties*
Authors: Jones E. D.
Published: March 2003

The censuses made around the twelve‐sixties relating to Spalding priory contain not only demographic information but information on emigrant serfs. One category of these was that classified as vagabonds. It is highly likely that most of these departed illegally. By using all the available sources on Spalding priory it is possible to investigate the vagabonds and reach some interesting conclusions about the priory, and more particularly its bond peasants. Perhaps not surprisingly, the priory seems to have been more worried about emigration after 1348 than before. More surprising is evidence that serfs with expectations of land or dowries were choosing to emigrate. The fact that parents were not being held responsible for female vagabonds is also worthy of note.
Medieval Christendom's encounter with the alien
Authors: Jackson Peter
Published: March 2003

To explain the devastation of eastern Europe in 1241–2 by a hitherto unknown people, the Mongols, Latin Christians resorted to Scripture and to apocalyptic prophecy, notably the seventh-century Revelations of Pseudo-Methodius. They may have been encouraged to do so by information gleaned from contemporary Rus' and the Islamic world and by the Mongols' own notions about their origins. For all the accuracy of their reports, the Friars who visited the Mongol empire in the period 1245–55 were still apparently influenced by this perspective; they also transmitted to the West fresh material derived from the folklore they encountered in Asia.
‘englandpast.net’: a framework for the social history of England*
Authors: Fletcher Anthony
Published: March 2003

This article reviews the progress made in research and writing on English social history since the nineteen–twenties and proposes a framework for the future work of the Victoria County History. This is built around six principal concepts: three of these—space, gender and order—help to unravel the structures within which people have lived; while three—custom, responsibility and politics—provide an entry into the dynamics of the English social past.
English University Benefactors in the Middle Ages
Authors: Cobban Alan B.
Published: March 2003

The medieval universities of Oxford and Cambridge owed an enormous debt to the generosity of a plurality of benefactors of diverse social origins. Given their limited incomes, the universities could not have functioned at a successful level without the substantial material aid of benefactors. Although the English monarchy made a valuable contribution to several areas of university and collegiate life, it nevertheless appears that this monarchical beneficence was less extensive than might have been supposed. The English male nobility gave the occasional gift of property and made donations to loan‐chests but before 1500 only one nobleman was a principal founder of a secular academic college. This opened the way for queens consort and female members of the greater aristocracy to emerge as significant benefactresses in both the university and collegiate spheres. Indeed, it could be argued that women from the upper echelons of society came to rank in importance as university and college benefactors with lesser ecclesiastics, knights, burgesses, merchants, current and former members of colleges and university servants. However, taking the donations of the episcopate in the round, it is probably true to say that the English bishops made the most decisive contribution
Deists, Papists and Methodists at London Debating Societies, 1749–1799
Authors: Thale Mary
Published: March 2003

During the second half of the eighteenth century artisan debating societies were a popular entertainment in London, attracting both crowds and notoriety. Any man (and later woman) who paid sixpence could speak on questions of religion, politics, commerce and law. The popularity of debates on religion exemplifies features of the English Enlightenment, such as the centrality of religion, religious toleration and the progressive laicization of religion. Although most of the speakers were artisans, shopkeepers and clerks, some speakers of higher rank, including educated deists, Roman Catholics, Anglican clergymen and Methodists, came to practise oratory or to convert. The religious debates warrant notice for their evidence of the extent of free speech allowed. The evidence of religious proselytizing and the reactions of working‐class audiences call into question the dangers of artisan debating alleged by contemporaries. A survey of the debates on religion indicates that the speakers who best used the debating societies to defend their cause were not the deists or the papists, but the Methodists. At the end of the eighteenth century the view of Methodists that emerged from the London debating societies was consonant with the Halevy‐Semmel thesis that the Methodists weighed the balance against revolution in England.
Kevin Barry, the Incident at Monk’s Bakery and the Making of an Irish Republican Legend
Authors: Ainsworth John
Published: March 2003

Kevin Barry remains a popular figure in Irish republican folklore, as a victim of British injustice and a martyr for Ireland. As a member of the Dublin Brigade of the Irish Republican Army, he had taken an active part in a surprise attack on a British army ration party at Patrick Monk’s Bakery on 20 September 1920, which resulted in the deaths of three young British soldiers and Barry’s capture. After being tried by court–martial, convicted and then executed for the murder of one of the three young soldiers, he became the subject of a propaganda campaign directed by Sinn Fein in the world press to characterize the British as brutal, merciless and uncivilized in comparison with IRA fighters like Barry, who were portrayed typically as young, courageous and gallantly devoted to their cause. Yet Barry had been captured in the civilian disguise of a guerrilla fighter rather than as a uniformed soldier, with flat–nosed ammunition in his pistol, and in circumstances where both ballistic evidence and eye–witness testimony proved his culpability beyond any doubt. While these were factors that could and should have been used to challenge Sinn Fein’s propaganda initiatives, the British failed to mount any semblance of a counter–propaganda campaign. The reasons for and the consequences of this mute response on the British side are issues explored in considering how Kevin Barry became and still remains a figure of legend among Irish nationalists.
Sovereignty, Supremacy and the Origins of the English Civil War
Authors: Orr D. Alan
Published: March 2003

This article integrates the concept of sovereignty with religious perceptions of misrule in the years leading up to the English Civil War. Existing revisionist narratives have emphasized the consensual nature of early Stuart political culture, especially the central role of the ‘common law mind’ in determining the proper place of potentially rival political vocabularies of natural law, civil law and absolutism. This article argues alternatively that the concept of sovereignty and in particular the contested relationship of sovereignty to ecclesiastical governance stood at the centre of the emerging conflict. The primary mode of ‘opposition’ to the policies of Charles I’s personal rule (1629–40) was erastian: it presumed that control over the doctrine and discipline of the established church was for all intents and purposes a mark or right of sovereignty in the same manner as power of war and peace, power of appointing magistrates, or coinage. Seen in this light the ecclesiastical innovations of the personal rule constituted a treasonable attempt on the part of the Laudian episcopate to erect an ecclesiastical state within a state. The English Civil War was a war of religion in the sense that a significant number of those who waged it operated under the assumption that religion was the rightful provenance of the civil magistracy of king in parliament.
Race and Restriction: Anti‐Asian Immigration Pressures in the Pacific North‐west of America during the Progressive Era, 1885–1924
Authors: Allerfeldt Kristofer
Published: March 2003

This article explores the role that the north‐western states of Washington and Oregon played in the anti‐Chinese and anti‐Japanese movements of the Progressive Era. In extending the investigation to include the agitation led by the Knights of Labor during the 1880s and the final exclusion of the Japanese in 1924, it will demonstrate that, although the methods employed by the two exclusionist movements may have varied, the sentiments were virtually interchangeable – a fact of which the Japanese became increasingly aware. By examining the anti‐Chinese violence of the mid‐1880s, and contrasting it with the relative quiet of the next decade, this study questions the view that such responses were purely based on the pressures of the labour market. It sets out to challenge the assumption that Oregon and Washington were simply adjuncts to California and that their pressures for restriction were little more than the result of the opportunistic demagoguery of a few local politicians.
Drug Misuse in Prison: Views from Inside: A Qualitative Study of Prison Staff and Inmates
Authors: Keene Jan
Published: March 2003

This qualitative study examines drug misuse in a small local British prison through the eyes of inmates and staff. The first part gives an in‐depth understanding of the complex issues surrounding drug misuse and drug problems. The second part examines staff priorities in terms of control, health and rehabilitation and reports on possible solutions from the viewpoints of staff themselves. The implications of recent central policy are then examined in the light of the views of officers and inmates.
Court Culture: An Explanation of Variations in the Use of Bail by Magistrates’ Courts
Authors: Hucklesby Anthea
Published: March 2003

It has long been recognised that there are significant variations in the use of bail in magistrates’ courts. A recent study carried out in South Wales suggests that these variations cannot be fully accounted for by differences in the cases heard. The findings suggest that the explanation lies in the culture of the courts and the effect that this has on the working practices of participants, principally the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) and defence solicitors which in turn reinforces and perpetuates the ‘court culture’.
Jobs for the Boys?: Gender Differences in Referral to Community Service
Authors: McIvor Gill
Published: March 2003

Community service is most commonly imposed upon young males and there are clear differences in the characteristics of men and women sentenced to undertake unpaid work. Gender differences may be introduced at any of a number of key decision‐making points in the sentencing process. Data from three Scottish courts indicate that women referred for community service assessments are less likely than men to be at risk of custody, with gender differences being particularly marked among cases referred directly by the court. It is concluded that the potential for community service to divert women from short sentences of imprisonment is not being fully exploited.
‘Household Security’: Private Policing and Vigilantism in Doncaster
Authors: Sharp Douglas , Wilson David
Published: March 2003

The extension of private security patrols into public spaces has increased considerably in recent years and both the government and the police service have indicated a willingness to seek ways to accommodate and regulate private security companies. This article presents the results of a study into the operation of one private security company in a working‐class area in the North of England. It examines some of the difficulties that will be faced by the police, the formal agents of law and order in attempting to regulate private security firms and highlights the motivation of ordinary citizens faced by increasing fear of crime. At the same time it allows us to challenge some earlier assumptions about the nature of vigilantism and suggests a modification of Johnson's 1996 definition.
Securing Safety in the Dutch Prison System: Pros and Cons of a Supermax
Authors: Boin Arjen
Published: March 2003

In the Western world, prison systems have to deal with the inherent tension between the need for safety and the aim to offer rehabilitative opportunities to prisoners. Conventional prison wisdom tells us that safety concerns tend to constrain opportunities for rehabilitation, while treatment programmes undermine safety. The small group of violent and escape‐prone prisoners found in most prison systems poses a special problem. In theory, two policy options exist in order to deal with this problem: (i) disperse high‐risk prisoners throughout the system, or (ii) concentrate high‐risk prisoners in a so‐called supermax prison. The Dutch prison system has long shifted between concentration and dispersion. In 1993, a supermax was built. This article explains why this shift occurred and how penal experts have dealt with issues of safety and treatment in this new supermax.
Institutional Environments, Employer Practices, and States in Liberal Market Economies
Authors: Godard John
Published: March 2003

This article draws on the new institutionalism in economics, sociology, and political studies in order to establish a foundation for analyzing how states shape employer human resource management and union relations. It then reviews and extends the available literature on this topic, establishing how, in addition to legal regulation, states help to shape the cognitive and normative rules that undergird employer decision processes, the social and economic environment within which employers act, and ultimately, the relations of authority constituting the employment relation itself and hence employer policy orientations. The article concludes with a discussion of the prospects for state policy initiatives in view of established employer paradigms, institutional logics, and state traditions, and identifies possibilities for further work in this area.

A neoclassical world would be a jungle, and no society would be viable. Douglas North (1981:11)
The Productivity Effects of Participatory Employment Practices: Evidence from New Japanese Panel Data
Authors: Kato Takao , Morishima Motohiro
Published: March 2003

We report the first results for Japanese firms on the effects of clusters of participatory employment practices (or participation/employee involvement at the top level as well as at the grassroots level, and financial participation) by estimating production functions using new panel data. We find that the introduction of a group of complementary practices will lead to a significant 8–9 percent increase in productivity. However, the full productivity effect is felt only after a long developmental period.
Can the Mortensen‐Pissarides Matching Model Match the Business‐Cycle Facts?
Authors: Cole Harold L. , Rogerson Richard
Published: March 2003

We examine whether the Mortensen‐Pissarides matching model can account for the business‐cycle facts on employment, job creation, and job destruction. A novel feature of our analysis is its emphasis on the reduced‐form implications of the matching model. Our main finding is that the model can account for the business‐cycle facts, but only if the average duration of a nonemployment spell is relatively high—about 9 months or longer.
Consumers' Surplus As an Exact and Superlative Cardinal Welfare Indicator
Authors: Chambers Robert G.
Published: March 2003

This article shows that the Bennet‐Bowley consumer surplus measure is an exact measure of Allais' disposable surplus if the consumer's utility function is of the translation‐homothetic generalized quadratic form. The Bennet‐Bowley consumer surplus measure, therefore, is a superlative cardinal welfare measure for the entire class of translation homothetic preferences. Because the exactness results in this article apply for cardinal welfare measures, they can be meaningfully aggregated across consumers to make aggregate welfare comparisons.
A Reinterpretation of Chapter 17 of Keynes's general Theory: Effective Demand Shortage Under Dynamic Optimization
Authors: Ono Yoshiyasu
Published: March 2003

This article is an attempt to formalize Chapter 17 of Keynes's General Theory using a continuous dynamic optimization model with perfect foresight. I present two subjective interest rates: the time preference rate and the liquidity premium that, respectively, govern the consumption‐saving and portfolio decisions. Under optimal household behavior, they are equalized to the market rate of interest. In the monetary economy described by Keynes, however, the equality can be inconsistent with the condition of market equilibrium, in which case persistent stagnation occurs. A new analytic method based on dynamic optimization is proposed as an alternative to IS‐LM analysis.
Privatization and the Political Economy of Strategic Trade Policy
Authors: Feeney JoAnne , Hillman Arye L.
Published: March 2003

This article considers the interdependence between international financial markets, privatization, and strategic trade policies. We describe an economy where portfolio allocations are chosen by risk‐averse agents who rationally forecast future trade policies. Assuming a government responsive to the policy preferences of voters, we show that ownership structure affects trade policy through the incentives for lobbying by private agents. Portfolios and trade policy are thus jointly determined in political‐economic equilibrium. Privatization of state‐owned industry exerts an important influence over the trade policies chosen by domestic and foreign governments by expanding the scope for individual diversification.
Employment Flows, Capital Mobility, and Policy Analysis
Authors: Veracierto Marcelo
Published: March 2003

This article extends Hopenhayn and Rogerson's analysis of firing taxes by introducing a flexible form of capital and considering transitionary dynamics. The article finds that capital is not important for understanding the long run and welfare effects of firing taxes. However, capital is crucial for determining the short run consequences of eliminating this type of policy.
On Optimal Instrumental Variables Estimation of Stationary Time Series Models
Authors: West Kenneth D.
Published: March 2003

In many time series models, an infinite number of moments can be used for estimation in a large sample. I supply a technically undemanding proof of a condition for optimal instrumental variables use of such moments in a parametric model. I also illustrate application of the condition in estimation of a linear model with a disturbance that is serially uncorrelated and conditionally heteroskedastic.
Path Dependence, Endogenous Innovation, and Growth*
Authors: Redding Stephen
Published: March 2003

The article presents a model of endogenous innovation and growth, in which technological change is path dependent. The historical pattern of technological development plays a central role in determining the pace of future technological change. Path dependence is explained using a distinction between fundamental and secondary knowledge. The economy moves endogenously between periods of drastic and nondrastic innovation. Technological lock‐in is shown to be a special case of path dependence. The model provides a rationale for cycles in technological leadership. This rationale exists in equilibria with positive levels of fundamental research and in a world with no imitation.
Commitment and the adoption of a common currency*
Authors: Cooper Russell , Kempf Hubert
Published: March 2003

In contrast to Mundell's inquiry on the optimality of currency areas, this article aims to understand under what circumstances a Pareto‐dominant monetary union will be established. Using a multicountry overlapping generations model, we highlight gains from monetary union arising from reduced transactions costs and lower inflation. Despite these gains, countries acting independently will impose barriers to exchange through local currency restrictions, thereby creating transactions costs and providing an incentive for inflation. Therefore, the gains from monetary union are most likely to be lost without collective effort.
Unweaving leaving: the use of models in the management of employee turnover
Authors: Morrell Kevin , Loan‐Clarke John , Wilkinson Adrian
Published: March 2003

This paper offers a review of the literature on labour turnover in organizations. Initially, the importance of the subject area is established, as analyses of turnover are outlined and critiqued. This leads to a discussion of the various ways in which turnover and its consequences are measured. The potentially critical impact of turnover behaviour on organizational effectiveness is presented as justification for the need to model turnover, as a precursor to prediction and prevention. Key models from the literature of labour turnover are presented and critiqued.
Validity and Application of Computer‐simulated Scenarios in Personnel Assessment
Authors: Kleinmann Martin , Strauß Bernd
Published: March 2003

In Germany computer‐simulated scenarios have been applied in personnel management for several years. Their goals are either to assess how potential managers cope with complex and connected problem states (job aptitude testing aspect) or to provide feedback on manager strengths and weaknesses in dealing with complexity, and how to modify these when necessary (training aspect). This paper presents and evaluates those scenarios that have been subjected to validity studies.
The Moderating Effect of Raters’ Opportunities to Observe Ratees' Job Performance on the Validity of an Assessment Centre
Authors: Moser Klaus , Schuler Heinz , Funke Uwe
Published: March 2003

Previous research has suggested that the quality of judgmental validation criteria may improve depending on the increase of opportunity for the rater to observe ratees’ job performances. This study investigated whether the validity of an assessment centre increases with opportunity to observe. Subjects were engineers and applied scientists from the Research and Development (R&D) units of seven German high‐technology companies.

A total of 6 personality scales, 10 cognitive ability tests and 9 work samples was administered to 155 subjects. Performance appraisals were collected from their supervisors. Assessors were trained organizational psychologists who were not members of the participating organizations. A total score (‘assessment centre score’) was computed by averaging the 25 predictors after standardization of each predictor. The (uncorrected) validity of this assessment centre was r = 0.37. In addition, opportunity to observe (i.e. amount of time the performance rater was the ratee’s supervisor) emerged as a moderator: for example validities were r = 0.09 (opportunity to observe ≤ 2 years) and r = 0.50 (opportunity to observe> 2 years).
Does Conscientiousness Moderate the Relationship Between Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding Performance Appraisal and Rating Behavior?
Authors: Tziner Aharon , Murphy Kevin R. , Cleveland Jeanette N.
Published: March 2003

Attitudes, beliefs, and orientations of 253 managers toward performance appraisal, along with the personality dimension conscientiousness, were used to predict rating behavior (i.e., mean ratings and measures of performance dimensions discrimination and ratee discrimination). As predicted, relationships between rater attitudes and rating behavior were moderated by conscientiousness; correlations between the attitudes and rating behavior were strongest for raters who were relatively low on conscientiousness.
Professional and personal hierarchies of ethical principles
Authors: Landau Ruth , Osmo Rujla
Published: March 2003

We explore social workers’ perception of the importance and rank ordering of ethical principles. Do they have a generally agreed upon hierarchy of ethical principles? Do they apply similar hierarchies of ethical principles when facing different cases? Are their professional and personal hierarchies of ethical principles similar? The findings based on a structured questionnaire indicated that while social workers attach high importance to most ethical principles closely associated with social work, they do not hold a universal hierarchy of ethical principles. Social workers change their ethical hierarchies in different professional situations but there is no difference between their professional and personal ethical hierarchies. Implications for practice and education are discussed.
Child Welfare in the United States: Policy, Practice and Innovations in Service Delivery
Authors: Brookes D. , Webster D.
Published: March 2003

Child welfare in the United States is characterized by numerous and complex problems. By reviewing child welfare policy and trends in the United States, this article aims to stimulate discussion about innovative approaches that could allow child welfare professionals, both in the US and internationally, to better meet the needs of children and families.
Low Public Expenditures on Social Welfare: Do East Asian Countries have a Secret?
Authors: Jacobs David
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the sources of low public expenditures on social welfare in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. Six factors are analysed based on aggregate data: the public/private mix of welfare programmes, the age structure, the maturity of old‐age pension schemes, the population coverage of social security, the relative generosity of social security and the role of enterprises and families as alternative providers of welfare. The evidence allows putting some conventional statements about the virtues of East Asian welfare states into questions. Public expenditures on welfare are bound to rise a lot in Japan, Korea and Taiwan, while the level of protection in Hong Kong and Singapore is well below the standards of Western countries.