bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fibers
Authors: Tiedemann Erica J. , Jakes Kathryn A.
Published: November 2018

Fibers are the hair‐like components of yarns, cordage, and textiles. Useful fibers are long, fine, strong, flexible, and resilient. Because this combination of properties is uncommon, past humans were alert to potential fiber sources in the environment. Several human–fiber relationships are associated with plant or animal domestication. In the archaeological record, conditions that retard microbial activity (e.g., low temperature, absence of water or oxygen) preserve perishable fibrous materials. Fiber analysis often begins with microscopic identification and may include spectroscopic characterization and analysis of isotopic ratios. Patterns of fiber use give insight into past ways of life, economic relationships, and group identity.
Fish
Authors: Rebecca Nicholson
Published: November 2018

Fish remains are a fairly common find in archaeological deposits where sieving has been carried out, although the quantities vary considerably depending on period, site type, and location. They are affected by a range of pre‐ and post‐depositional factors which need to be considered when interpreting an assemblage. The physical remains of fish in archaeological deposits reflect human dietary, social, and economic choices, as well as technology, trade, seasonality, and ecology. In recent years, species identification through proteomics (ZooMS) and ancient DNA has become a reality, and diachronic changes in fish populations and fish migrations have been investigated through a suite of new biomolecular techniques.
Formation Processes
Authors: Canti Matthew G.
Published: November 2018

The majority of archaeological remains are found below ground, in some form of soil or sediment, with moisture conditions ranging from slightly moist to fully waterlogged. They are initially buried by a series of natural or seminatural processes, then sometimes disturbed, and frequently transformed by chemical changes. For clarity, these formation processes are discussed as a sequence of separate groupings, but the potential for both interaction and iteration is emphasized.
Fractal Models
Authors: Diachenko Aleksandr
Published: November 2018

Fractal models are applicable to numerous phenomena of the physical and social world that have non‐Gaussian statistical properties, being self‐similar and scale‐invariant. The complex objects and dynamic systems that are characterized by the non‐integer Hausdorff dimension are called fractals. The relationship between their self‐similar parts at different scales is expressed by the power law function. Fractal models are used for the measurement, description and modeling of artifacts and their fragments. They can describe the spatial distribution of objects and their groupings, as well as the structure of complex dynamic systems. These include culture change and evolution, stasis and avalanches in social and cultural development, interactions at different spatial scales, emergence of inequality, and the subsistence strategies of prehistoric societies.
Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (
GC‐MS
)
Authors: Ribechini Erika , Mattonai Marco
Published: November 2018

Modern analytical instrumental techniques are invaluable for the study and characterization of archaeological samples, due to their ability to provide fundamental information on the chemical composition starting with very small sample amounts. This entry presents the main features of instruments and analytical methods based on gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), from both the chromatographic and mass spectrometric points of view. Sample pre‐treatments required for the GC analysis of archaeological samples are briefly discussed, focusing on hydrolysis, derivatization reactions and pyrolysis as tools for improving the applicability of the technique. Finally, the practical use of these techniques is highlighted through data and results of a GC‐MS investigation on an organic residue collected from the interior walls of a Roman amphora.
Geometric Matching
Authors: Sipiran Ivan , Mavridis Pavlos , Schreck Tobias
Published: November 2018

Geometric matching methods compute correspondences between shapes or parts thereof. Geometric matching considers the geometry of the objects, as opposed to other aspects like appearance, material properties, or semantic annotations. Two main techniques for geometric matching make use of geometry registration and geometric features, respectively. Geometric matching can be applied to two‐dimensional (2D) or three‐dimensional (3D) data, with this entry focusing on 3D data. Geometric matching enables many useful applications in archaeology, including reassembly, completion, correspondence analysis, and shape search.
Gradiometry
Authors: Burks Jarrod
Published: November 2018

Gradiometry, a type of magnetometry, is used by archaeologists to locate archaeological features of varying magnetic properties. Gradiometers record the difference between two magnetic readings measured by sensors typically arranged one atop the other. Using two sensors allows gradiometers to automatically filter out fluctuations in the earth's magnetic field caused by astronomical events such as solar flares, as well as allowing data collection closer to strongly magnetic features such as buildings, machinery, and iron fences.
Exploratory Data Analysis (
EDA
)
Authors: Camizuli Estelle , Carranza Emmanuel John
Published: November 2018

Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is an approach using descriptive statistics and graphical tools to better understand data. It is used mainly to maximize insight into a dataset, detect outliers and anomalies, and test underlying assumptions. It is a robust first step before the application of other statistical methods. It is commonly applied in all the fields of archaeology (anthropology, artifact provenance and analysis, bioarchaeology, geoarchaeology, mining archaeology), where it is particularly important to study the distribution of data and if relevant to subdivide them (e.g., typology or provenance study). This entry provides a broad insight to what EDA is and how useful it is for visualizing archaeological datasets, as illustrated in an example from mining archaeology.
Heritage and Conflict Resolution
Authors: Paludan‐Müller Carsten
Published: November 2018

When we discuss heritage and its potential role in conflict resolution, we cannot avoid asking what role heritage plays in conflict. During conflicts of the last decades the world's attention has again been drawn to the importance of this connection between conflict and cultural heritage. Major wars like those in former Yugoslavia and in the Middle East have had a particularly high exposure in the globally dominant (western) media. That exposure has brought home the insight that conflict and eventually war has a lot to do with cultural identities as expressed through the heritage it connects to. If culture is not necessarily at the root of these conflicts, it has certainly been instrumentalized as a marker of difference and a means to pursue the goals set by the adversaries.
Heritage and Society
Authors: Birkeland Inger
Published: November 2018

Heritage plays important roles in society. We see today an upsurge in society's interest in heritage in a number of ways, and the view of heritage as resource for society is one of the most important developments. This magnifies the social relevance of heritage as an object of study for critical analysis. The relationships between heritage and society can be understood as a two‐way relationship along three dimensions: (1) heritage is internal to society; (2) heritage is socially constructed; and (3) heritage constructs society.
Heritage and Sustainability
Authors: Auclair Elizabeth
Published: November 2018

Against the increasing environmental, economic, and social crisis that our societies are facing, various approaches to foster sustainability are currently being investigated and heritage seems to be taking a significant place among them. Though many actors are still battling to integrate culture and heritage and put them on the agenda, culture is nowadays frequently acknowledged as a major component of sustainability, either as the fourth pillar of sustainable development or as a transversal or fundamental dimension. Three main cross‐cutting issues can be identified: heritage as place‐based approaches; heritage as people‐centered processes; and heritage as local democracy practices.
Heritage Planning and Design
Authors: Olsson Krister , Haas Tigran
Published: November 2018

Heritage planning and design is here understood as the intersection between urban heritage and urban planning and design. In response to societal development over the past few decades, a number of urban planning and design ideals—urbanisms—have emerged, in particular re‐urbanism, new urbanism, posturbanism, and everyday urbanism. They are based on different notions about contemporary society, future prospects, and the role of the past and urban heritage in urban development. In some cases, heritage is considered a resource, and in others an obstacle. In any given situation and context, the dominating urbanism, together with the prevailing approach to the past, will define the specific urban heritage, and thus will influence how we understand the past.
H
igh
P
erformance
L
iquid
C
hromatography (
HPLC
)
Authors: Lech Katarzyna
Published: November 2018

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is an analytical technique that separates a wide range of solutes without limitations in their polarity, molecular mass, or volatility. Together with sensitive and selective detection techniques, HPLC has found its place in the studies of archaeological objects, since it provides a complete set of information on the composition of even very small samples. This technique is a powerful analytical tool successfully used to identify organic compounds, such as colorants in naturally dyed textiles or papers, and amino acids in painting binders or food residues.
Hydrological Modeling
Authors: Wellbrock Kai
Published: November 2018

The need for hydrological approaches within archaeological projects has become increasingly evident within recent years. This is particularly important in arid and semi‐arid regions where intensive research into historic and prehistoric communities has identified water availability as one of the major factors in societal change. Water abundance and reliability, including the development of water management measures, is likely to have been a major trigger for the development of early permanent settlements, for example early oases. At the interface of archaeology and hydrology a new discipline, archaeohydrology, has emerged. To date, archaeohydrology has mainly been influenced by technical (hydrological) rather than societal (archaeological) aspects, although there is an imperative for multidisciplinary approaches. A wide range of hydrological models are required to understand the development and evolution of water management strategies and techniques.
Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Clark Geoffrey A. , Abbott David R.
Published: November 2018

Arising from efforts to include a deductive component in archaeological research designs, hypothesis testing became part of Anglophone archaeology's research protocols after ca. 1970. Based on confirmatory data analysis (CDA), a comprehensive hypothesis testing scenario is presented, along with a discussion of its limitations. The pros and cons of nonparametric statistics, exploratory data analysis (EDA), and agent‐based modeling (ABM) are also outlined and the roles that hypothesis testing plays in each of them is examined. It is suggested that, given the inherent limitations of archaeological data, they are more appropriate to its research protocols than the more demanding confirmatory approaches.
Ink
Authors: Krutak Lars
Published: November 2018

Inks of various colors have been used for at least 5,000 years to communicate historical, philosophical, economic, and religious information on paper, ostraca, the human body, and other media. The portability, utility, and lasting permanence of this liquid substance has had a powerful and enduring impact on human civilization and local, regional, and global interconnectivity. Contemporary scientific studies of ancient ink are revealing profound insights into the technological and socio‐historical contexts concerning its production and usage. New research also demonstrates how ancient ink and pigment can be used in modern telecommunications, biomedical applications, and manuscript conservation best practices.
Lake Deposits
Authors: Michelutti Neal , Smol John P.
Published: November 2018

Lake deposits act as natural archives of past environmental changes. The study of lake sediments, or paleolimnology, can complement archaeological investigations because the environmental consequences of prior human activities (e.g., agriculture, metallurgy, land clearance) are preserved in lacustrine deposits. Moreover, paleolimnology can be used to reconstruct past climatic conditions under which previous cultures flourished or declined, providing an ecological context to help interpret sociopolitical change. Typically, archaeologists have used paleolimnological approaches to supplement their studies by: (1) tracking the impacts of ancient cultures on the local environment (e.g., eutrophication, erosion); (2) determining the activities and cultural practices of past civilizations (e.g., agriculture, mining); (3) directly tracking the presence/absence of humans using unequivocal indicators such as tiny artifacts (e.g., microdebitage) or distinct biomarkers (e.g., fecal steroids); and (4) obtaining a holistic reconstruction of climate and catchment‐related changes, as well as food availability and water quality/quantity, providing an environmental context to the growth and decline of past cultures.
Land and Freshwater Molluscs
Authors: Law Matt , Davies Paul
Published: November 2018

The shells of land and freshwater molluscs are often preserved in archaeological deposits where pH is high. Many species have well‐known ecological tolerances, allowing assemblages of shells to be used as proxies for past environments, especially in deposits where pollen is not preserved. The dispersal of species may also function as a proxy for human migration and/or trade. Some species are also edible, or used in traditional medicine. Shells can be suitable for isotopic analysis, or for scientific dating.
Laser Scanning
Authors: Miles James
Published: November 2018

Laser scanning, also known as three‐dimensional scanning, is a type of data recording technique that enables the virtual capture of the built environment and other types of archaeological objects. The method has been used increasingly for cultural heritage recording as it allows for the collection of accurate metric surface data. The data produced through laser scanning enable an area to be digitally recorded, in turn providing a digital counterpart that can be manipulated to view the results in three dimensions. Laser scanning allows creation of a product that delivers more applications than those available through traditional recording methods. A laser‐scanned product allows aerial views, elevations plans, diagnostic analysis, and fly‐through animations.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Authors: Stodkilde‐Jorgensen Hans
Published: November 2018

Nondestructive imaging of archaeological artifacts is typically based on computed tomography (CT) scanner systems known from the clinical world. CT scanners are found in various physical dimensions and image resolutions; some are even mobile. Indeed, CT‐scanners are preferred for their high‐resolution imaging in solid tissue such as bones or dried‐out tissue. When scanning humid soft tissue such as muscles or organs, however, the CT image contrast is limited by comparison to the structural details with high resolution and contrast found in magnetic resonance (MR) images. Besides imaging, MR can also be used for quantification of various molecules in the tissue. This is called MR spectroscopy. Nevertheless, using MR scanning in archaeology presents a general limitation, as the tissue samples need to be well hydrated, which is most often not the case in mummified tissue. Compensating techniques are, however, available, for example tissue rehydration or use of ultrashort excitatory MR sequences.
Magnetic Tapes
Authors: Simon Stefan
Published: November 2018

Magnetic tapes constitute an essential part of twentieth‐century cultural heritage, in audio, video, and data records. Facing substantial threats, their preservation is a global challenge with a tight timeline. Digitization is the broadly accepted format of preservation, which requires a holistic strategy, supported by innovative technologies and significant human and financial resources. Analog magnetic tapes have been a reference technology of the twentieth century, but are practically phased out today since audio recording and storage became part of the digital world. Consisting of magnetic particles, binder, and a base film/backing, magnetic tapes are susceptible to specific forms of decay, depending on their chemical composition. Suitable strategies for a sustainable preservation of magnetic tapes are discussed in this entry, which take into account the issues of obsolescence of carriers and the need for a sustainable management of data.
Marine Molluscs
Authors: Thomas Kenneth D.
Published: November 2018

Shells of marine molluscs frequently occur in archaeological sites across the world. Many were collected for human consumption, the discarded shells forming shell middens. Their analysis can inform about the environments exploited by human foragers and environmental change on local to regional scales, especially using oxygen isotope sclerochronology. Radiocarbon dates from marine shells provide chronological frameworks for sites and coastal settlement systems. Oxygen isotopes in marine shells indicate seasonality of shellfish collection, helping reveal patterns of resource scheduling, sedentism, or mobility. Changes in shell size and species selection indicate the impact of foraging on shellfish resources and any resource management strategies. Marine shells were used for artifacts, and shell beads from early human sites indicate modern cognitive behavioral attributes and symbolism. Zoogeographical and chemical analyses of shell artifacts reveal the provenience of the raw materials and hence trade or exchange networks.
Mass Spectrometry (MS)
Authors: Villa Igor M.
Published: November 2018

Mass spectrometers are designed to measure ratios between isotopes and elements. Current archeometric research employs various instrumental designs: gas mass spectrometers, thermal ionization mass spectrometers, accelerator mass spectrometers, and plasma source mass spectrometers. Design features go hand in hand with the specific class of problems that is addressed. As analytical precision increases and data‐bases include more potential source areas for archeological objects, it becomes clear that only multi‐method context can lead to innovation in unravelling provenance.
Mathematics
Authors: Bogdanovic Igor , Barceló Juan A.
Published: November 2018

Mathematics underlies a number of scientific methods used in archaeology today. Mathematical thinking exercises a great influence on methodology in almost all domains of archaeological research including survey, excavation, recording, and analytical procedures. In addition, mathematics is embedded in all software applications used in archaeology. The substitution of narrative by mathematical language follows the general shift in the way that knowledge is built, shared, and communicated by the scientific community, and how it is acquired by society. Mathematics is not only a tool serving archaeological research. It is also embedded in approaching archaeological problems in a structural way. By using mathematics as an artificial language, many archaeological terms and concepts become explicit and well defined. If an archaeological problem is understood as a mathematical structure, mathematics can be used to solve it. Integration of quantitative methods with archaeological reasoning leads to new possibilities of description and explanation of complex archaeological systems.
Memory and Remembrance
Authors: Peterson Rick
Published: November 2018

The archaeological study of memory and remembrance depends upon an embodied and material perspective. It can draw upon the analysis of the relationships between people, landscape, and material culture, but also on evidence for embodied performances. By studying changes to bodies, objects, and places and the way in which they act as indices or traces of past actions we have the potential to understand the ways in which these changes were cited and recapitulated in the process of remembering.
Metallography
Authors: Scott David A.
Published: November 2018

Metallography is the science of the study of metallic microstructure. Techniques of examination can include both destructive and nondestructive methods. Removal of a small sample of the artifact can be followed by mounting, grinding, and polishing to reveal micromorphological characteristics. X‐ray radiography and neutron radiography can be used for nondestructive examination of structural features and microstructural detail without sampling. Archaeological material may include patination and corrosion effects which demand care in mounting procedures and are best observed using color metallography with an inverted microscope using both differential interference contrast (DIC) and polarized light capabilities. Examples are given in the text of ancient metallic artifacts examined using metallographic procedures.
Mobility and Oxygen Isotopes
Authors: Kennedy Larkin F.
Published: November 2018

Oxygen isotopes in human bone and teeth can identify geographic residence at the time of tissue growth and are now widely used in archaeology to study human population movement. Stable oxygen isotopic ratios (δ
18
O, or
18
O/
16
O) in biological tissues reflect drinking water values, which are isotopically related to precipitation. In turn, the δ
18
O of meteoric and, thus, drinking water is highly geographically patterned as a result of the hydraulic cycle. A variety of analytical methodologies and sampling strategies are available, depending on preservation and whether analyses are designed to examine mobility for one individual or the level of migration in a population. The utility of isotopic tracers is dependent on an accurate determination of “local” isotopic values and whether this range is distinct from that of possible migrants.
Mössbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: Nodari Luca
Published: November 2018

Mössbauer spectroscopy is a solid‐state nuclear technique; it is used as an investigation tool in several scientific disciplines, including archaeometry. It is based on the Mössbauer effect, discovered by R. Mössbauer in 1958, that is, on recoilless nuclear resonance γ‐ray fluorescence. It provides both chemical and structural local information about a specific nucleus embedded in a solid matrix. In the archaeometry research field, the most suitable isotope is57Fe. Only in a few circumstances are119Sn and197Au used. Spectrum analysis results in hyperfine parameters, which quantify the interactions between the Mössbauer nucleus and the environment. These parameters are isomer shift, quadrupole splitting, and magnetic splitting; they express, respectively, the Coulomb and magnetic interactions with the nucleus.57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy has been successfully applied to investigate pottery and vitreous findings, elucidating the redox conditions during the firing process and coloration mechanisms. In the particular case of ruby glasses containing gold and tin,197Au and119Sn Mössbauer experiments were performed to clarify the role of tin in the formation of gold nanoparticles in ruby glasses.
Neutron Diffraction (ND)
Authors: Kockelmann Winfried , Godfrey Evelyne
Published: November 2018

Neutron diffraction provides information about both the surface and the microstructure deep within archaeological materials in a noninvasive way. Crystallographic compositions of mineral and metal phases can be determined in, for example, metals, ceramics, building materials, stone artifacts, and pigments. The most common neutron diffraction application is analysis of metal artifacts, where the aim is to characterize the alloy and to determine the mechanical and thermal working history. Neutron diffraction analyses can be performed on multiple points of an object with a large neutron beam, thus overcoming the sampling limitations of optical microscopy. A probed volume ranging from cubic millimeters to several cubic centimeters provides meaningful diffraction statistics. Emerging transmission diffraction techniques allow for mapping of structure properties on a submillimeter scale. Some practical advantages of neutron diffraction at accelerator‐based neutron spallation sources are: minimal sample preparation, ease of positioning, short measuring times, and high throughput of objects.
Neutron Radiography and Tomography
Authors: Lehmann Eberhard H. , Mannes David
Published: November 2018

This entry gives an introductory overview of the application of the modern well‐established neutron and X‐ray imaging methods to museum objects and related materials. Since both kinds of radiation complement each other often in their interaction with matter, a combination of the image data can provide the perfect noninvasive picture of inner contents and structures. In the framework of this entry, we can only show some principles and examples from studies, while details are referenced and given in the literature. More advanced techniques are under development and will be implemented into the routine work on demand. We mention them here for completeness.
New Materialisms
Authors: Crellin Rachel J.
Published: November 2018

The new materialisms are a range of approaches that advocate for a reconsideration of the nature, and role of, the material in our world. New materialists argue that matter is never just a brute, dead substance waiting to be manipulated by human agency, but is instead lively, ever‐shifting, and full of potential. New materialists such as Jane Bennett, Karen Barad, Rosi Braidotti, and Manuel
DeLanda
draw on both the humanities and the hard sciences to present a radical new post‐human ontology.
Oils and Fibers
Authors: Brinkkemper Otto
Published: November 2018

In Europe, oil‐rich seeds and plant fibers were used by hunter‐gatherers from the Early Mesolithic period onwards along with fibers procured from tree bark. With the introduction of agriculture, the founder crop, flax, reached Europe from the Near East, with evidence for the use of its oil‐rich seeds as well as for fiber documented. Opium poppy was also cultivated during the Early Neolithic, having its origins in the western Mediterranean. Gold‐of‐pleasure and rapeseed were adopted as oil‐producing crops during the Iron Age and hemp in the Roman period. The extraction of fibers from tree bark occurred before, but also after multifunctional flax/linseed appeared on the scene. These sources were used for millennia before tropical fiber crops reached the European market in more recent times.
Taphonomy
Authors: Borrazzo Karen B.
Published: November 2018

The fossil record is the main source of information for several disciplines, such as paleontology and archaeology. Primarily formulated for the study of bone assemblages early in the twentieth century, taphonomy evolved into a wider discipline that provides a means for understanding the formation history of assemblages including different types of material remains. Taphonomic studies assess the role of differential preservation/destruction and paleoecological or behavioral factors in the patterns exhibited by the fossil record. Within this framework, actualistic research has a prominent role in providing a frame of reference for interpreting fossil trends.
TEM
and Archaeological Materials
Authors: Gialanella Stefano
Published: November 2018

Although not widespread in archaeological research, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) presents several features that render this technique potentially interesting for the characterization of archaeological finds. High‐resolution imaging and the possibility of obtaining analytical and crystallographic information from extremely small volumes are important features for experimental tools to be used in the investigation of specimens that usually require nondestructive or slightly invasive approaches. The main limitation to the use of TEM in archaeological studies comes from the possibility of preparing electron transparent specimens. In the case of heterogeneous materials, selection of the interesting and representative regions to be analyzed is another important issue. These aspects are presented with reference to real case studies, in which TEM has successfully been applied to the investigation of ceramics, glazes and lusters, pigments, dichroic glass, and metallic items. Interestingly, these studies have also proved the existence of man‐made nanostructures in ancient times.
Temperate Environments
Authors: Barnett Catherine , Branch Nicholas
Published: November 2018

Paleoecological and paleoenvironmental datasets from temperate environments of the Holocene and previous interglacials are key in examining responses of flora, fauna, and humans to climate change and consequent landscape evolution. Archaeological science approaches to the Holocene focus on human–environment relationships and the ability to cope with major change through technological and adaptive responses such as clearance, agriculture, and changes in settlement type and pattern. The reconstruction of past temperate environments and their use relies on a multidisciplinary, multiproxy approach with geoarchaeological, paleoenvironmental, and scientific dating techniques central to their study.
Tripole (Ternary) Diagrams
Authors: King Anthony C.
Published: November 2018

Tripole diagrams are a means of displaying three variables in a graphical display. They are commonly used where three variables are significant in assessing individual cases or groups. Examples relevant to archaeology include animal bone percentages, soil particle analysis, and chemical compositional data.
Underwater Three‐Dimensional Laser Imaging
Authors: De Dominicis Luigi
Published: November 2018

Underwater three‐dimensional (3D) laser imaging is a technique that generates faithful 3D models of submerged targets by means of a sensor emitting a laser beam. The technique is the transposition to the underwater environment of the mature technology currently applied routinely on emerged land. Nevertheless, underwater 3D laser imaging has specific scientific and technological challenges to face and its solution is key for bridging the gap with the homologous counterpart of the technique in air.
Viewshed Analysis
Authors: Toma Laura
Published: November 2018

Modeling and computing visibility on terrains is a fundamental problem in terrain analysis and is at the core of numerous applications in archaeology as well as other disciplines. With terrain data available from LiDAR technology at 2‐m resolution and below, modeling visibility on terrains has the potential to offer incredible accuracy. At the same time, handling large amounts of data poses challenges to the algorithms, which can run for days or longer before producing a result. Analyzing and optimizing the efficiency of algorithms is crucial when dealing with large amounts of high‐resolution data. This entry surveys algorithms for the computation of viewsheds on terrains, with emphasis on their computational complexity. It discusses the best‐known theoretical results, as well as practical considerations.
World Heritage Sites Designation
Authors: Buckley Kristal
Published: November 2018

The World Heritage Convention celebrated its fortieth anniversary in 2012, and has achieved near‐universal participation by UNESCO's member states. The World Heritage List is the Convention's centerpiece and has more than 1,000 inscriptions of natural and cultural heritage properties in 167 countries. Many of these consist of several or even hundreds of individual sites, including monuments and archaeological sites, entire city centers, national parks, landscapes, and transcontinental cultural routes. While the prestigious status of World Heritage is actively sought, the processes for inscription can be complex and require resources and political capital. There are persisting challenges in the World Heritage system arising from its Eurocentric conceptual framework, and gaps and imbalances in relation to the world's cultural and natural diversity. Other tensions arise due to the centrality of national governments and technical expertise, the need for greater processes for consent and involvement of local communities and rights‐holders, and an ever‐growing suite of complex pressures.
XRD
and Materials Analysis
Authors: Quinn Patrick Sean , Benzonelli Agnese
Published: November 2018

This chapter summarizes the ways in which the technique of X‐ray diffraction can be used in the study of ancient material artifacts, including ceramics, metals, pigments, glass, and other objects. It discusses how XRD can be used to characterize their mineralogical composition, interpret their raw materials, provenance, and manufacturing technology, and study their degradation.
Estimating Adult Age at Death: Cranial Suture Closure
Authors: Canterbury J. Alex
Published: November 2018

Cranial sutures, or lines of contact between different bones of the skull, begin to progressively fuse in early adulthood, resulting in the closure and eventual obliteration of the sutures later in life. As such, bioarchaeologists and forensic anthropologists can use the degree of cranial suture closure to estimate an adult individual's age at death from their skeletal remains. A number of specific techniques and methodologies have been developed for estimating age at death from suture closure using different sets of sutures and comparative samples. Although cranial suture closure aging has the advantage of being one of the only age estimation methodologies that can be performed on cranial remains alone, a number of other factors limit its usefulness and reliability, including a high degree of interindividual variability in the rate of suture closure and disagreement on how suture closure varies by sex and population. Consequently, cranial suture closure is typically only used to estimate age in conjunction with other, more reliable techniques or when other methods are impossible.
Assessing cognitive load using oculometrics to identify deceit during interviews
Authors: Mitre‐Hernandez Hugo , Sanchez‐Rodriguez Jorge , Zatarain‐Cabada Ramon , Barron‐Estrada Lucia
Published: November 2018

Lying requires a long‐term memory search and is a cognitive load task. Telling a spontaneous lie is associated with a higher cognitive load compared with the truth, although when memories are planned before telling a lie, the cognitive load can be less compared with the truth; therefore, telling a spontaneous lie could be associated with a higher cognitive load compared with a planned lie. In this study, we examined cognitive load, as measured through oculometrics, to identify deceit in interviews. Twenty‐four subjects were questioned, and their answers classified as spontaneous lies, planned lies, and truths. Results show that saccades and fixations were associated with a higher cognitive load when telling spontaneous lies compared with telling truths. Blinks and pupillometry show that subjects require greater cognitive load when telling truths compared with planned lies. Finally, telling spontaneous lies required higher cognitive load compared with planned lies, as assessed by blinks.
The Effect of Precipitates on Twinning in Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Robson Joseph D. , Barnett Matthew R.
Published: November 2018

Understanding how to strengthen against twin mediated deformation is critical for controlling the mechanical properties and formability of magnesium. One route to strengthening is through precipitation of shear resistant particles. This paper presents the current understanding of how precipitate particles and twins interact in magnesium, and how this influences strength. Precipitates increase the yield stress for twin dominated deformation but none of the current models reliably predict the strengthening effect. Precipitates have never been observed to completely suppress twinning, but usually lead to an increased number of narrower twins. Precipitates are not effective in increasing the stress for twin nucleation sufficiently to preferentially activate alternative deformation modes, but the effect on the stresses for both twin propagation and growth are significant. In the propagation stage, twin tips overcome precipitates by bowing of multiple twinning dislocations. For thick twins this can probably be assisted by pile up of twinning partials behind the tip. During growth, precipitates increase the stress to propagate new twinning steps, mainly due to increasing the unrelaxed back‐stress. Since nucleation, propagation, and growth of twins all have to occur before macroscopic yield, a complete model to predict the strengthening effect must consider all of these stages.
Ambipolar Memristive Phenomenon in Large‐Scale, Few‐Layered αMoO3 Recrystallized Films
Authors: Kim Hyungsik , Lee Gwan‐Hyoung , Hone James , Shepard Kenneth L.
Published: November 2018

Studies of two‐dimensional (2D) oxide materials are not common, primarily because of the difficulty in obtaining crystal sizes large enough to fabricate devices structures from exfoliation of bulk crystals. Among the layered oxide materials, alpha molybdenum trioxide (αMoO3) is of particular interest because of its wide bandgap and high hole mobility. Here the growth of highly uniform, large‐scale, ambipolar, few‐layered αMoO3 that is appropriate for nanofabrication is reported. Crystal grain sizes on the order of 5 µm are observed across samples as large as 10 × 10 mm2 with hexagonal grain boundaries and surface roughness of less than 500 pm rms. Exact [010] crystal orientation, characteristic of the layered atomic structure αMoO3, is observed. The measured bandgap energy is ≈2.8 eV. Carrier mobilities in polycrystalline films are and 2.28 cm2 V−1 s−1 (hole) and 3.18 cm2 V−1 s−1 (electron) at room temperature in air. Simple field‐effect device structures are characterized by ambipolar carrier transport producing memristive device characteristics, which is attributed to a polarization field produced by the strong coupling between electron and phonons in these crystals.
The Molecular Surface Property Approach: A Guide to Chemical Interactions in Chemistry, Medicine, and Material Science
Authors: Brinck Tore , Stenlid Joakim H.
Published: November 2018

The current status of the molecular surface property approach (MSPA) and its application for analysis and prediction of intermolecular interactions, including chemical reactivity, are reviewed. The MSPA allows for identification and characterization of all potential interaction sites of a molecule or nanoparticle by the computation of one or more molecular properties on an electronic isodensity surface. A wide range of interactions can be analyzed by three properties, which are well‐defined within Kohn–Sham density functional theory. These are the electrostatic potential, the average local ionization energy, and the local electron attachment energy. The latter two do not only reflect the electrostatic contribution to a chemical interaction, but also the contributions from polarization and charge transfer. It is demonstrated that the MSPA has a high predictive capacity for non‐covalent interactions, for example, hydrogen and halogen bonding, as well as organic substitution and addition reactions. The latter results open up applications within drug design and medicinal chemistry. The application of MSPA has recently been extended to nanoparticles and extended surfaces of metals and metal oxides. In particular, nanostructural effects on the catalytic properties of noble metals are rationalized. The potential for using MSPA in rational design of heterogeneous catalysts is discussed.
Occupational rhinitis, asthma, and contact urticaria from IgE‐mediated allergy to pork
Authors: Jungewelter Soile , Airaksinen Liisa , Pesonen Maria
Published: November 2018

We describe four cases of slaughterhouse workers with occupational immediate allergy to raw pork allergens, confirmed by positive skin prick testing and specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Our first patient was diagnosed with occupational asthma from raw pork allergens. Two patients were diagnosed with occupational rhinitis caused by raw pork allergens, which was confirmed by a nasal provocation test. One of these also had occupational contact urticaria caused by raw pork meat. We were unable to diagnose an occupational respiratory or skin disease in the fourth patient, despite signs of immediate sensitization to raw pork meat from occupational exposure. Based on proper diagnoses, measures to prevent allergen exposure were taken, which led to the improvement of symptoms in these four patients. The present patient cases highlight the importance of recognition of early signs of occupational allergy and identification of causative allergens in order to allow avoidance of allergens, with the aim of preventing persistence and worsening of symptoms.
Antenatal diagnosis of isolated infracardiac infradiaphragmatic total anomalous venous connection – Pictorial essay and discussion
Authors: Nandhini Usha , Atkinson Monique , Krishna Mani Ram , Alahakoon Thushari Indika
Published: November 2018

Introduction

Antenatal diagnosis of isolated infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is rare. Making the diagnosis antenatally is critical as delayed management could result in neonatal deterioration and poor outcome after surgery.

Method

A multipara at 29 weeks of gestation was referred to our tertiary unit for ultrasound review. The fetal growth and biophysical profile were normal. A fetal echocardiogram revealed normal cardiac position with atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial concordance. There was a mild discrepancy in size of the right and left chambers of the heart. A connection between the pulmonary veins and the left atrium could not be established. A pulmonary venous confluence was noted posterior to the left atrium, from which a descending vertical vein emerged traversing the diaphragm and draining into the left portal vein into the liver.

Results

A diagnosis of infracardiac infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous connection was made. The pregnancy was delivered at 39 weeks by lower segment caesarean section. The antenatal findings were confirmed by postnatal echocardiogram. Successful sutureless repair of the pulmonary veins was performed.

Conclusion

Isolated infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection can be diagnosed antenatally. This ensures early postnatal evaluation and successful repair.
Infections in children with autism spectrum disorder: Study to Explore Early Development (SEED)
Authors: Sabourin Katherine R. , Reynolds Ann , Schendel Diana , Rosenberg Steven , Croen Lisa A. , Pinto‐Martin Jennifer A. , Schieve Laura A. , Newschaffer Craig , Lee Li‐Ching , DiGuiseppi Carolyn
Published: November 2018

Immune system abnormalities have been widely reported among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which may increase the risk of childhood infections. The Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) is a multisite case‐control study of children aged 30–69 months, born in 2003–2006. Cases are children previously diagnosed and newly identified with ASD enrolled from education and clinical settings. Children with a previously diagnosed non‐ASD developmental condition were included in the developmental delay/disorder (DD) control group. The population (POP) control group included children randomly sampled from birth certificates. Clinical illness from infection during the first 28 days (“neonatal,” from medical records) and first three years of life (caregiver report) in cases was compared to DD and POP controls; and between cases with and without regression. Children with ASD had greater odds of neonatal (OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1, 2.9) and early childhood infection (OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.5, 1.9) compared to POP children, and greater odds of neonatal infection (OR = 1.5; 95%CI: 1.1, 2.0) compared to DD children. Cases with regression had 1.6 times the odds (95%CI: 1.1, 2.3) of caregiver‐reported infection during the first year of life compared to cases without regression, but neonatal infection risk and overall early childhood infection risk did not differ. Our results support the hypothesis that children with ASD are more likely to have infection early in life compared to the general population and to children with other developmental conditions. Future studies should examine the contributions of different causes, timing, frequency, and severity of infection to ASD risk. Autism Research 2019, 12: 136–146. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

We looked at infections during early childhood in relation to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We found that children with ASD were more likely to have an infection in the first 28 days of life and before age three compared to children with typical development. Children with ASD were also more likely than children with other developmental delays or disorders to have an infection in the first 28 days of life.
Social difficulties in youth with autism with and without anxiety and ADHD symptoms
Authors: McVey Alana J. , Schiltz Hillary K. , Haendel Angela D. , Dolan Bridget K. , Willar Kirsten S. , Pleiss Sheryl S. , Karst Jeffrey S. , Carlson Mary , Krueger Wendy , Murphy Christina C. , Casnar Christina L. , Yund Brianna , Van Hecke Amy Vaughan
Published: November 2018

Social difficulties inherent to autism spectrum disorder are often linked with co‐occurring symptoms of anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study sought to examine the relation between such co‐occurring symptoms and social challenges. Parents of adolescents with autism (N = 113) reported upon social challenges via the social responsiveness scale (SRS) and anxiety and ADHD symptomatology via the Child Behavior Checklist. Results revealed differences in SRS scores across co‐occurring symptom subgroups (Anxiety, ADHD, Both, Neither)—namely, adolescents with autism and anxiety as well as those with autism, anxiety, and ADHD showed greater scores on the SRS than the other groups. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed and recommendations are offered. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1679–1689. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are related to greater social challenges for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. The present study found that autism with anxiety and autism with anxiety and ADHD, was related to greater social difficulties than autism alone. Findings provide further support for the intertwined nature of anxiety and ADHD symptoms in autism. What this may mean for research and clinical practice is considered and recommendations are suggested.