bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Nitrogen Oxide (NO) and Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions from Waste Biodiesel Combustion
Authors: Wasilewski Jacek , Krzaczek Paweł , Szyszlak-Bargłowicz Joanna , Zając Grzegorz , Koniuszy Adam , Hawrot-Paw Małgorzata , Marcinkowska Weronika
Published: January 2024

The results of an experimental study of nitrogen oxide (NO) and particulate matter (PM) concentrations in the exhaust gas of a compression-ignition engine used in agricultural tractors and other commercial vehicles are presented. The engine was fueled with second-generation biodiesel obtained from used frying oils (classified as waste) and first-generation biodiesel produced from rapeseed oil as well as, comparatively, diesel fuel. Tests were conducted on a dynamometer bench at a variable load and a variable engine speed. The levels of PM and NO emissions in the exhaust gas were determined. The study showed significant environmental benefits of using first- and second-generation biodiesel to power the engine due to the level of PM emissions. The PM content, when burning ester biofuel compared to diesel fuel, was reduced by 45–70% on average under the speed and load conditions implemented. As for the concentration of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas, no clear trend of change was shown for the biodiesel in relation to the diesel fuel. The level of NO emissions in the range of full-power characteristics was found to be lower for both tested biofuels compared to diesel fuel at lower engine speeds by an average of 7–8%, while in the range of a higher rotation speed, the NO content in the exhaust gases was higher for the tested biofuels compared to diesel oil by an average of 4–5%. The realized engine performance tests, moreover, showed an unfavorable effect of the biodiesel on the engine energy parameters. In the case of biofuels, this was by more than 4% compared to diesel fuel.
Short-Term Solar Irradiance Prediction with a Hybrid Ensemble Model Using EUMETSAT Satellite Images
Authors: Thaker Jayesh , Höller Robert , Kapasi Mufaddal
Published: January 2024

Accurate short-term solar irradiance forecasting is crucial for the efficient operation of solar energy-driven photovoltaic (PV) power plants. In this research, we introduce a novel hybrid ensemble forecasting model that amalgamates the strengths of machine learning tree-based models and deep learning neuron-based models. The hybrid ensemble model integrates the interpretability of tree-based models with the capacity of neuron-based models to capture complex temporal dependencies within solar irradiance data. Furthermore, stacking and voting ensemble strategies are employed to harness the collective strengths of these models, significantly enhancing the prediction accuracy. This integrated methodology is enhanced by incorporating pixels from satellite images provided by the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). These pixels are converted into structured data arrays and employed as exogenous inputs in the algorithm. The primary objective of this study is to improve the accuracy of short-term solar irradiance predictions, spanning a forecast horizon up to 6 h ahead. The incorporation of EUMETSAT satellite image pixel data enables the model to extract valuable spatial and temporal information, thus enhancing the overall forecasting precision. This research also includes a detailed analysis of the derivation of the GHI using satellite images. The study was carried out and the models tested across three distinct locations in Austria. A detailed comparative analysis was carried out for traditional satellite (SAT) and numerical weather prediction (NWP) models with hybrid models. Our findings demonstrate a higher skill score for all of the approaches compared to a smart persistent model and consistently highlight the superiority of the hybrid ensemble model for a short-term prediction window of 1 to 6 h. This research underscores the potential for enhanced accuracy of the hybrid approach to advance short-term solar irradiance forecasting, emphasizing its effectiveness at understanding the intricate interplay of the meteorological variables affecting solar energy generation worldwide. The results of this investigation carry noteworthy implications for advancing solar energy systems, thereby supporting the sustainable integration of renewable energy sources into the electrical grid.
Experimental Study on Water-in-Heavy-Oil Droplets Stability and Viscosity Variations in the Dilution Process of Water-in-Heavy-Oil Emulsions by Light Crude Oil
Authors: Liu Yigang , Bai Jianhua , Guo Peipei , Zhang Wei , Zhong Liguo , Lyu Chaohui , Hao Yi , Zhang Mengqi , Han Xiaodong , Bi Peidong
Published: January 2024

The main objective of this study is to put forward effective schemes for alleviating reservoir choke caused by emulsification or Jamin’s effect using the dilution method by light crude oil, as well as sharply increased viscosity. In this study, water-in-heavy-oil (W/O) emulsions with varying water fractions were prepared with heavy oil from Bohai Bay, China. Mixtures of W/O emulsions and light crude oil samples (light oil and light heavy oil) with varied dilution ratio (1:9, 2:8, 3:7) are tested, respectively by the electron microscope and by the rheometer. W/O droplets’ distribution and viscosity variations are obtained to evaluate the emulsion stability and viscosity reduction effects by dilution. Results show that W/O droplets, size distribution range increases with the increase of water fractions. W/O droplets with larger size tend to be broken first in the dilution process. Light oil could reduce emulsions’ viscosity more effectively than light heavy oil. Viscosity reduction mechanisms by dilution could be concluded as the synergistic effects of dissolving heavy components and weakening oil–water film stability. Therefore, light oil is suggested as the optimal one for solving formation plugging. The poor performance of Richardson model is related to the re-emulsification between free water and crude oil favored by light heavy oil, and demulsification favored by light oil. The modified model shows a significant improvement in prediction accuracy, especially for W/O emulsions with large water fractions. This study demonstrates a promising and practical strategy of solving heavy oil well shutdown problems and viscosity increasing by injecting light crude oil in the thermal stimulation.
Novel Materials for Semi-Transparent Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Ansari Muhammad Azhar , Ciampi Giovanni , Sibilio Sergio
Published: January 2024

The rapid development of photovoltaic technology has driven the search for novel materials that can improve the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of solar cells. Organic semiconductors offer unique optical tunability and transparency, allowing customization for the absorption of specific optical spectra like near-infrared radiation. Through the molecular engineering of electron donors and acceptors, these materials can be optimized for targeted optical selectivity. This adaptability enables the development of efficient energy-harvesting devices tailored for specific spectral regions. Consequently, organic semiconductors present a promising avenue for specialized applications such as semi-transparent organic solar cells. This review offers a detailed summary of the latest developments in novel organic semiconductor materials, focusing on design principles and synthesis of materials in the context of semi-transparent organic solar cells. Optimization of molecular architecture, photovoltaic performance, and the optoelectronic properties of these materials has been explored, highlighting their potential for next-generation solar energy conversion.
Modeling and Simulation of Distribution Networks under Lightning Transients: A Comparative Study of Accuracy and Complexity
Authors: Reis Taiane Pereira dos , Raizer Adroaldo
Published: January 2024

Nowadays, electricity consumption is closely linked to the economic growth of cities, states, and countries, providing a better quality of life and security. Overhead power distribution networks at medium- and low-voltage levels are responsible for serving and supplying electricity to the largest consumer class, as they represent most consumer installations. Due to this reason, there is a vast expanse of exposed networks vulnerable to the effects of atmospheric discharges. Therefore, the objective of this article is to implement and evaluate the models available in the literature to represent distribution networks during transient events caused by lightning, using simulation in ATPDraw. These structures pose a significant complexity in their representation, and there are studies that assess more accurate methods for simulating transients in transmission lines, which have different structural and configuration characteristics. Ultimately, the results demonstrate that the choice of which model to implement in a simulation heavily depends on the analysis to be conducted by the researcher, and it can be observed that more accurate methods do not always yield substantial differences in the obtained outcomes.
Co-Valorisation Energy Potential of Wastewater Treatment Sludge and Agroforestry Waste
Authors: Borges Amadeu D. S. , Oliveira Miguel , Teixeira Bruno M. M. , Branco Frederico
Published: January 2024

The growing demand for sustainable and environment-friendly energy sources resulted in extensive research in the field of renewable energy. Biomass, derived from organic materials such as agricultural waste, forestry products, and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge, holds great potential as a renewable energy resource that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and offer sustainable solutions for energy production. This study focused on diverse biomass materials, including sludge from WWTPs, forest biomass, swine waste, cork powder, and biochar. Chemical and physicochemical characterizations were performed to understand their energy potential, highlighting their elemental composition, proximate analysis, and calorific values. Results showed that different biomasses have varying energy content, with biochar and cork powder emerging as high-energy materials with net heating values of 32.56 MJ/kg and 25.73 MJ/kg, respectively. WWTP sludge also demonstrated considerable potential with net heating values of around 14.87 MJ/kg to 17.44 MJ/kg. The relationships between biomass compositions and their heating values were explored, indicating the significance of low nitrogen and sulphur content and favourable carbon, hydrogen, and moisture balances for energy production. Additionally, this study looked into the possibility of mixing different biomasses to optimize their use and overcome limitations like high ash and moisture contents. Mixtures, such as “75% Santo Emilião WWTP Sludge + 25% Biochar,” showed impressive net heating values of approximately 21.032 MJ/kg and demonstrated reduced emissions during combustion. The study’s findings contribute to renewable energy research, offering insights into efficient and sustainable energy production processes and emphasizing the environmental benefits of biomass energy sources with low nitrogen and sulphur content.
The Impact of Wood Moisture Content on the Productivity and Costs of Forest Energy Supply Chains in Southeast Brazil
Authors: Leonello Elaine Cristina , Acuna Mauricio , Brown Mark , Esperancini Maura Seiko Tsutsui , Ballarin Adriano Wagner , Guerra Saulo Philipe Sebastião , Eufrade-Junior Humberto de Jesus
Published: January 2024

Using wood for power generation necessitates a more efficient production chain in the various steps: harvesting, forwarding, storage, chipping, transport, and conversion systems. In this context, the moisture content (MC) of wood can impact the harvesting operation, the volume to be chipped, the transportation of raw materials, the storage time, and other factors, thereby influencing the economic aspects of the chain. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the influence of wood moisture content on the yield and costs of different forest operation chains for power generation in São Paulo State, Brazil. Our findings reveal that harvesting and forest transport are the primary cost components (over 80%) in the supply chains under study. We observed a difference of up to 17.6% in the unit cost of the energy generated among the studied supply chains. In economic and sustainable terms, our results suggest that logs should be stored in the field for three to four months and the transport distance to the power plant should not exceed 100 km.
Cloning Systems in Bacillus: Bioengineering of Metabolic Pathways for Valuable Recombinant Products
Authors: Arsov Alexander , Armenova Nadya , Gergov Emanoel , Petrov Kaloyan , Petrova Penka
Published: January 2024

Representatives of the genus Bacillus have been established as one of the most important industrial microorganisms in the last few decades. Genetically modified B. subtilis and, to a lesser extent, B. licheniformis, B. amyloliquefaciens, and B. megaterium have been used for the heterologous expression of numerous proteins (enzymes, vaccine components, growth factors), platform chemicals, and other organic compounds of industrial importance. Vectors designed to work in Bacillus spp. have dramatically increased in number and complexity. Today, they provide opportunities for genetic manipulation on every level, from point mutations to systems biology, that were impossible even ten years ago. The present review aims to describe concisely the latest developments in the shuttle, integrative, and CRISPR-Cas9 vectors in Bacillus spp. as well as their application for large-scale bioengineering with the prospect of producing valuable compounds on an industrial scale. Genetic manipulations of promoters and vectors, together with their impact on secretory and metabolic pathways, are discussed in detail.
Bionanocomposite Based on Cassava Waste Starch, Locust Bean Galactomannan, and Cassava Waste Cellulose Nanofibers
Authors: Fronza Pãmella , Batista Michelle J. P. A. , Franca Adriana S. , Oliveira Leandro S.
Published: January 2024

Natural polysaccharides are among the renewable sources with great potential for replacing petroleum-derived chemicals as precursors to produce biodegradable films. This study aimed to prepare biopolymeric films using starch extracted from the periderm and cortex of cassava roots (waste from cassava root processing), locust bean galactomannan, and cellulose nanofibers also obtained from cassava waste. The films were prepared by casting, and their physicochemical, mechanical, and biodegradability properties were evaluated. The content of cellulose nanofibers varied from 0.5 to 2.5%. Although the addition of cellulose nanofibers did not alter the mechanical properties of the films, it significantly enhanced the vapor barrier of the films (0.055 g mm/m2 h kPa–2.5% nanofibers) and their respective stabilities in aqueous acidic and alkaline media. All prepared films were biodegradable, with complete degradation occurring within five days. The prepared films were deemed promising alternatives for minimizing environmental impacts caused by the disposal of petroleum-derived materials.
A Rapid and Sensitive Gold Nanoparticle-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Chlorantraniliprole in Agricultural and Environmental Samples
Authors: Wu Yanling , Li Jiao , Zhu Jie , Zhang Zhaoxian , Zhang Shuguang , Wang Minghua , Hua Xiude
Published: January 2024

Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is a new type of diamide insecticide that is mainly used to control lepidopteran pests. However, it has been proven to be hazardous to nontarget organisms, and the effects of its residues need to be monitored. In this study, five hybridoma cell lines were developed that produced anti-CAP monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), of which the mAb originating from the cell line 5C5B9 showed the highest sensitivity and was used to develop a gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassay (AuNP-LFIA) for CAP. The visible limit of detection of the AuNP-LFIA was 1.25 ng/mL, and the detection results were obtained in less than 10 min. The AuNP-LFIA showed no cross-reactivity for CAP analogs, except for tetraniliprole (50%) and cyclaniliprole (5%). In the detection of spiked and blind samples, the accuracy and reliability of the AuNP-LFIA were confirmed by a comparison with spiked concentrations and verified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Thus, this study provides the core reagents for establishing CAP immunoassays and a AuNP-LFIA for the detection of residual CAP.
Effect of Microwave Intermittent Drying on the Structural and Functional Properties of Zein in Corn Kernels
Authors: Mao Sining , Zhou Yuhan , Song Bin , Wu Yuzhu , Wang Yu , Wang Yiran , Liu Yanjia , Xu Xiuying , Zhao Chengbin , Liu Jingsheng
Published: January 2024

Microwave intermittent drying was carried out on newly harvested corn kernels to study the effects of different microwave intermittent powers (900 W, 1800 W, 2700 W, and 3600 W) on the structural and functional properties of zein in corn kernels. The results showed that microwave drying could increase the thermal stability of zein in corn kernels. The solubility, emulsification activity index, and surface hydrophobicity increased under 1800 W drying power, which was due to the unfolding of the molecular structure caused by the increase in the content of irregular structure and the decrease in the value of particle size. At a drying power of 2700 W, there was a significant increase in grain size values and β-sheet structure. This proves that at this time, the corn proteins in the kernels were subjected to the thermal effect generated by the higher microwave power, which simultaneously caused cross-linking and aggregation within the proteins to form molecular aggregates. The solubility, surface hydrophobicity, and other functional properties were reduced, while the emulsification stability was enhanced by the aggregates. The results of the study can provide a reference for the in-depth study of intermittent corn microwave drying on a wide range of applications of zein in corn kernels.
Influence of the Mozzarella Type on Chemical and Sensory Properties of “Pizza Margherita”
Authors: Piscopo Amalia , Mincione Antonio , Summo Carmine , Silletti Roccangelo , Giacondino Corinne , Rocco Ilenia , Pasqualone Antonella
Published: January 2024

Background: According to Neapolitan Pizza Traditional Specialty Guaranteed (TSG) regulation, Mozzarella di Bufala Campana and Fiordilatte mozzarella are the exclusive cheeses to be used, together with tomato and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), to season pizza in the “Margherita” variant. However, the so-called “Pizza mozzarella”, that is a diary product having lower moisture content and a longer shelf life than Mozzarella di Bufala Campana and Fiordilatte mozzarella, is widely used in many pizzerias, both in Italy and abroad. Therefore, we investigated its quality, in comparison with Mozzarella di Bufala and Fiordilatte mozzarella, as well as its effect on the quality of the Margherita pizza. Methods: Chemical and sensory analyses were conducted on mozzarella samples and on baked pizza topping samples. Results: The results revealed a better quality of pizza with Mozzarella di Bufala and Fiordilatte mozzarella for their higher antioxidant activity, oxidative stability and lower amount of undesired volatile compounds. Conclusions: The use of Mozzarella di Bufala and Fiordilatte mozzarella in the preparation of Margherita pizza improves its quality, especially if these mozzarella types are combined with other high-quality ingredients, namely tomato sauce and EVOO, characterized by the presence of antioxidant compounds (e.g., α-tocopherol not affected by the heat treatment of pizza baking.
Energy Management Education in Persons with Long COVID-Related Fatigue: Insights from Focus Group Results on Occupational Therapy Approach
Authors: Weise Andrea , Ott Eliane , Hersche Ruth
Published: January 2024

Background: Long COVID is a growing condition among individuals, with fatigue being one of the main symptoms experienced. Energy Management Education (EME) is a structured occupational therapy group intervention that aims to reduce the impact of fatigue in daily life. Methods: This study utilized focus groups to explore the experiences of individuals with post-COVID-related fatigue who participated in the EME program. Six participants engaged in discussions about the program immediately after its completion and again two months later. Additionally, five occupational therapists shared their experiences. Results: Former participants reported implementing strategies learned in the program to manage their condition effectively. They emphasized the importance of understanding fatigue and found the support provided by the peer group valuable. Occupational therapists highlighted the unique challenges faced by individuals with post-COVID-related fatigue compared to other populations with similar fatigue symptoms. Furthermore, insights were obtained regarding the ways individuals live and cope with post-COVID-related fatigue. Conclusion: EME participants were involved in a dynamic and complex occupational therapy process and were experiencing a slow change towards having more control over their daily routines. The study gathered valuable feedback and suggestions from participants and occupational therapists which can be used to optimize the EME program.
A Critical History of Formal Pedagogical Strategies for the Valorization of Cultural Heritage in Brazil
Authors: Assumpção Ana Laura , Castral Paulo César
Published: January 2024

The paper in question is focused on (1) valuing the expanded and transdisciplinary approach for the definition of cultural heritage, consolidated in Brazil from the 1970s/1980s onwards, (2) and its subsequent applicability in the field of education, under the influence of a liberating pedagogy proposed by educator Paulo Freire. An important consequence of this process involves the conception of a formal education system structured to promote collectivity, equality, diversity, and educational equity, as a solution towards ensuring both the learning and development of students. (3) The paper discusses the contribution of the expanded context of cultural heritage and its relationship with the field of education in the development of pedagogical strategies that promote educational equity, through the Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC), a document that parameterizes the curricula from early childhood education to high school in Brazil. From a bibliographic review, the paper presents the conjuncture on which the new look at cultural heritage has been consolidated, and the consequent redefinition of heritage education actions, and then, as a result, analyzes the approximation between this new approach and the formal educational strategies present in the BNCC, as well as the possibilities of intercommunication between both.
Layout of Suspension-Type Small-Sized Dehumidifiers Affects Humidity Variability and Energy Consumption in Greenhouses
Authors: Gulandaz Md Ashrafuzzaman , Kabir Md Sazzadul , Kabir Md Shaha Nur , Ali Mohammod , Reza Md Nasim , Haque Md Asrakul , Jang Geun-Hyeok , Chung Sun-Ok
Published: January 2024

In greenhouse management, maintaining optimal humidity is essential for promoting plant growth, including photosynthesis, and preventing diseases and pests. Addressing spatial variability requires sensor-based monitoring for informed decisions on humidification systems, particularly for small, and suspension-type dehumidifiers. This study aims to assess the impact of various layouts of small-sized suspension-type dehumidifiers on vertical, spatial, and temporal humidity variability, along with energy consumption in a greenhouse. During experiments in a 648 m³ (18 m × 6 m × 6 m) plastic greenhouse, dehumidifiers were placed at four different layouts: one at the center (Layout 1), one on each side (Layout 2), two units at the center facing opposite directions (Layout 3), and two units on one side facing the center (Layout 4). Temperature and humidity (TH) sensors were connected to a microcontroller, facilitating wireless data acquisition, storage, and remote monitoring. The actuator was controlled through a relay module, and current sensors monitored power consumption. Spatial interpolation and mapping were employed using mapping software. These layouts reduced humidity from 89.30% to 51.10%, with Layout 2 displaying the most consistent humidity distribution. Water removal efficiency varied among layouts, with Layout 2 exhibiting the highest (61.15 L) and overall performance of 50%, while Layouts 1, 3, and 4 exhibited lower efficiencies of 40%, 44%, and 49%, respectively. Power consumption ranged from 0.506 to 0.528 kW for the dehumidifier and 0.242 to 0.264 kW for the fan. The findings highlighted that positioning the dehumidifier on both sides, facing towards the center (Layout 2), resulted in the most uniform humidity control within the greenhouse. The optimal layout of small suspension-type dehumidifiers in greenhouses would significantly improve humidity control, promoting plant growth.
The Million Veteran Program 1990–1991 Gulf War Era Survey: An Evaluation of Veteran Response, Characteristics, and Representativeness of the Gulf War Era Veteran Population
Authors: Harrington Kelly M. , Quaden Rachel , Steele Lea , Helmer Drew A. , Hauser Elizabeth R. , Ahmed Sarah T. , Aslan Mihaela , Radhakrishnan Krishnan , Honerlaw Jacqueline , Nguyen Xuan-Mai T. , Muralidhar Sumitra , Concato John , Cho Kelly , Gaziano J. Michael , Whitbourne Stacey B. ,   on behalf of the VA Million Veteran Program
Published: January 2024

To address gaps in understanding the pathophysiology of Gulf War Illness (GWI), the VA Million Veteran Program (MVP) developed and implemented a survey to MVP enrollees who served in the U.S. military during the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War (GW). Eligible Veterans were invited via mail to complete a survey assessing health conditions as well as GW-specific deployment characteristics and exposures. We evaluated the representativeness of this GW-era cohort relative to the broader population by comparing demographic, military, and health characteristics between respondents and non-respondents, as well as with all GW-era Veterans who have used Veterans Health Administration (VHA) services and the full population of U.S. GW-deployed Veterans. A total of 109,976 MVP GW-era Veterans were invited to participate and 45,270 (41%) returned a completed survey. Respondents were 84% male, 72% White, 8% Hispanic, with a mean age of 61.6 years (SD = 8.5). Respondents were more likely to be older, White, married, better educated, slightly healthier, and have higher socioeconomic status than non-respondents, but reported similar medical conditions and comparable health status. Although generally similar to all GW-era Veterans using VHA services and the full population of U.S. GW Veterans, respondents included higher proportions of women and military officers, and were slightly older. In conclusion, sample characteristics of the MVP GW-era cohort can be considered generally representative of the broader GW-era Veteran population. The sample represents the largest research cohort of GW-era Veterans established to date and provides a uniquely valuable resource for conducting in-depth studies to evaluate health conditions affecting 1990–1991 GW-era Veterans.
Bioaccessible Organosulfur Compounds in Broccoli Stalks Modulate the Inflammatory Mediators Involved in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Costa-Pérez Antonio , Sánchez-Bravo Paola , Medina Sonia , Domínguez-Perles Raúl , García-Viguera Cristina
Published: January 2024

Inflammatory diseases are strongly associated with global morbidity and mortality. Several mediators are involved in this process, including proinflammatory interleukins and cytokines produced by damaged tissues that, somehow, act as initiators of the autoreactive immune response. Bioactive compounds present in plant-based foods and byproducts have been largely considered active agents with the potential to treat or prevent inflammatory diseases, being a valuable alternative to traditional therapeutic agents used nowadays, which present several side effects. In this regard, the present research uncovers the anti-inflammatory activity of the bioaccessible fraction of broccoli stalks processed, by applying different conditions that render specific concentrations of bioactive sulforaphane (SFN). The raw materials’ extracts exhibited significantly different contents of total glucosinolates (GSLs) that ranged between 3993.29 and 12,296.48 mg/kg dry weight (dw), with glucoraphanin as the most abundant one, followed by GI and GE. The indolic GSLs were represented by hydroxy-glucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, methoxy-glucobrassicin, and neo-glucobrassicin, with the two latter as the most abundant. Additionally, SFN and indole-3-carbinol were found in lower concentrations than the corresponding GSL precursors in the raw materials. When exploring the bioaccessibility of these organosulfur compounds, the GSL of all matrices remained at levels lower than the limit of detection, while SFN was the only breakdown product that remained stable and at quantifiable concentrations. The highest concentration of bioaccessible SFN was provided by the high-ITC materials (~4.00 mg/kg dw). The results retrieved on the cytotoxicity of the referred extracts evidenced that the range of supplementation of growth media tested (0.002–430.400 µg of organosulfur compounds/mL) did not display cytotoxic effects on Caco-2 cells. The obtained extracts were assessed based on their capacity to reduce the production of key proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, and TNF-α) by the intestinal epithelium. Most of the tested processing conditions provided plant material with significant anti-inflammatory activity and the absence of cytotoxic effects. These data confirm that SFN from broccoli stalks, processed to optimize the bioaccessible concentration of SFN, may be potential therapeutic leads to treat or prevent human intestinal inflammation.
GDF15 Protects Insulin-Producing Beta Cells against Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Metabolic Stress via Increased Deamination of Intracellular Adenosine
Authors: Ngamjariyawat Anongnad , Cen Jing , Wang Xuan , Welsh Nils
Published: January 2024

It has been proposed that antidiabetic drugs, such as metformin and imatinib, at least in part, promote improved glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetic patients via increased production of the inflammatory cytokine GDF15. This is supported by studies, performed in rodent cell lines and mouse models, in which the addition or production of GDF15 improved beta-cell function and survival. The aim of the present study was to determine whether human beta cells produce GDF15 in response to antidiabetic drugs and, if so, to further elucidate the mechanisms by which GDF15 modulates the function and survival of such cells. The effects and expression of GDF15 were analyzed in human insulin-producing EndoC-betaH1 cells and human islets. We observed that alpha and beta cells exhibit considerable heterogeneity in GDF15 immuno-positivity. The predominant form of GDF15 present in islet and EndoC-betaH1 cells was pro-GDF15. Imatinib, but not metformin, increased pro-GDF15 levels in EndoC-betaH1 cells. Under basal conditions, exogenous GDF15 increased human islet oxygen consumption rates. In EndoC-betaH1 cells and human islets, exogenous GDF15 partially ameliorated cytokine- or palmitate + high-glucose-induced loss of function and viability. GDF15-induced cell survival was paralleled by increased inosine levels, suggesting a more efficient disposal of intracellular adenosine. Knockdown of adenosine deaminase, the enzyme that converts adenosine to inosine, resulted in lowered inosine levels and loss of protection against cytokine- or palmitate + high-glucose-induced cell death. It is concluded that imatinib-induced GDF15 production may protect human beta cells partially against inflammatory and metabolic stress. Furthermore, it is possible that the GDF15-mediated activation of adenosine deaminase and the increased disposal of intracellular adenosine participate in protection against beta-cell death.
β-Caryophyllene Inhibits Endothelial Tube Formation by Modulating the Secretome of Hypoxic Lung Cancer Cells—Possible Role of VEGF Downregulation
Authors: Wittig Felix , Koch Florian , Pannenberg Liza , Bekeschus Sander , Ramer Robert , Hinz Burkhard
Published: January 2024

β-Caryophyllene (BCP), a bicyclic sesquiterpene that is a component of the essential oils of various spice and food plants, has been described as a selective CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist. In the present study, the effect of BCP on angiogenesis was investigated. It was found that conditioned media (CM) from BCP-treated hypoxic A549 lung cancer cells exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) tube formation induced by CM from vehicle-treated hypoxic A549 cells. There was an associated concentration-dependent decrease in the proangiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the CM, with both BCP inhibitory effects (tube formation, VEGF secretion) being CB2 receptor-dependent. A reduction of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) was furthermore detected. The antiangiogenic and VEGF-lowering properties of BCP were confirmed when CM from another lung cancer cell line, H358, were tested. When directly exposed to HUVECs, BCP showed no significant effect on tube formation, but at 10 µM, impaired VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) phosphorylation triggered by recombinant VEGF in a CB2 receptor-independent manner. In summary, BCP has a dual antiangiogenic effect on HUVECs, manifested in the inhibition of tube formation through modulation of the tumor cell secretome and additionally in the inhibition of VEGF-induced VEGFR2 activation. Because the CB2 agonist has no psychoactive properties, BCP should continue to be evaluated preclinically for further antitumor effects.
Application of Simultaneous and Coupled Thermal Analysis Techniques in Studies on the Melting Process, Course of Pyrolysis and Oxidative Decomposition of Fused Triazinylacetohydrazides
Authors: Worzakowska Marta , Sztanke Krzysztof , Sztanke Małgorzata
Published: January 2024

The effect of the structure of promising antioxidant agents with prospective medical use, i.e., unsubstituted and para-substituted annelated triazinylacetic acid hydrazides, on their melting points, thermal stabilities, pyrolysis and oxidative decomposition stages and the type of volatiles emitted under heating with the use of DSC and TG/DTG/FTIR/QMS methods was evaluated and discussed. The melting point of the investigated compounds increased with an enhanced number of electrons (directly correlated with their molecular weight). Melting enthalpy values were determined and presented for all the studied compounds. The pyrolysis and oxidative decomposition processes of the analysed molecules consisted of several poorly separated stages, which indicated a multi-step course of the decomposition reactions. It was found that the thermal stability of the tested compounds depended on the type of substituent at the para position of the phenyl moiety or its absence. In both atmospheres used (air and helium), the thermal stability increased in relation to R as follows: -CH3 ≤ -OCH3 < -H < -OC2H5. In an inert atmosphere, it was higher by approx. 8–18 °C than in an oxidative atmosphere. The pyrolysis was connected with the emission of NH3, HCN, HNCO, HCONH2, HCHO, CO2, CO and H2O in the case of all the tested compounds, regardless of the substituent attached. In the case of the derivative containing the para-CH3 group, para-toluidine was an additional emitted aromatic product. In turn, emissions of aniline and alcohol (methanol or ethanol) for compounds with the para-OCH3 and para-OC2H5 groups, respectively, were confirmed. In oxidative conditions, the release of NH3, NO, HCN, HNCO, HCONH2, CO2, H2O and cyanogen (for all the compounds) and para-toluidine (for the para-CH3 derivative), aniline (for para-OCH3, para-OC2H5 and unsubstituted derivatives) and acetaldehyde (for the para-OC2H5 derivative) were clearly observed. No alcohol emissions were recorded for either compound containing the para-OCH3- or para-OC2H5-substitututed phenyl ring. These results confirmed that the pyrolysis and oxidative decomposition of the investigated annelated triazinylacetohydrazides occurred according to the radical mechanism. Moreover, in the presence of oxygen, the reactions of volatiles and residues with oxygen (oxidation) and the combustion process additionally proceeded.
Molecular Mechanisms of Reelin in the Enteric Nervous System and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Implications for Depression and Antidepressant Therapy
Authors: Halvorson Ciara S. , Sánchez-Lafuente Carla Liria , Johnston Jenessa N. , Kalynchuk Lisa E. , Caruncho Hector J.
Published: January 2024

Current pharmacological treatments for depression fail to produce adequate remission in a significant proportion of patients. Increasingly, other systems, such as the microbiome–gut–brain axis, are being looked at as putative novel avenues for depression treatment. Dysbiosis and dysregulation along this axis are highly comorbid with the severity of depression symptoms. The endogenous extracellular matrix protein reelin is present in all intestinal layers as well as in myenteric and submucosal ganglia, and its receptors are also present in the gut. Reelin secretion from subepithelial myofibroblasts regulates cellular migration along the crypt–villus axis in the small intestine and colon. Reelin brain expression is downregulated in mood and psychotic disorders, and reelin injections have fast antidepressant-like effects in animal models of depression. This review seeks to discuss the roles of reelin in the gastrointestinal system and propose a putative role for reelin actions in the microbiota–gut–brain axis in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression, primarily reflecting on alterations in gut epithelial cell renewal and in the clustering of serotonin transporters.
The Current and Promising Oral Delivery Methods for Protein- and Peptide-Based Drugs
Authors: Nicze Michał , Borówka Maciej , Dec Adrianna , Niemiec Aleksandra , Bułdak Łukasz , Okopień Bogusław
Published: January 2024

Drugs based on peptides and proteins (PPs) have been widely used in medicine, beginning with insulin therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus over a century ago. Although the oral route of drug administration is the preferred one by the vast majority of patients and improves compliance, medications of this kind due to their specific chemical structure are typically delivered parenterally, which ensures optimal bioavailability. In order to overcome issues connected with oral absorption of PPs such as their instability depending on digestive enzymes and pH changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) system on the one hand, but also their limited permeability across physiological barriers (mucus and epithelium) on the other hand, scientists have been strenuously searching for novel delivery methods enabling peptide and protein drugs (PPDs) to be administered enterally. These include utilization of different nanoparticles, transport channels, substances enhancing permeation, chemical modifications, hydrogels, microneedles, microemulsion, proteolytic enzyme inhibitors, and cell-penetrating peptides, all of which are extensively discussed in this review. Furthermore, this article highlights oral PP therapeutics both previously used in therapy and currently available on the medical market.
Identification of Sex-Specific Markers and Candidate Genes Using WGS Sequencing Reveals a ZW-Type Sex-Determination System in the Chinese Soft-Shell Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)
Authors: Zhu Junxian , Wang Yongchang , Chen Chen , Ji Liqin , Hong Xiaoyou , Liu Xiaoli , Chen Haigang , Wei Chengqing , Zhu Xinping , Li Wei
Published: January 2024

Male and female Chinese soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis) have sex-dimorphic growth patterns, and males have higher commercial value because of their larger size and thicker calipash. Thus, developing sex-specific markers is beneficial to studies on all-male breeding in P. sinensis. Here, we developed an accurate and efficient workflow for the screening of sex-specific sequences with ZW or XY sex determination systems. Based on this workflow, female and male P. sinensis reference genomes of 2.23 Gb and 2.26 Gb were obtained using de novo assembly. After aligning and filtering, 4.01 Mb female-specific sequences were finally identified. Subsequently, the seven developed sex-specific primer pairs were 100% accurate in preliminary, population, and embryonic validation. The presence and absence of bands for the primers of P44, P45, P66, P67, P68, and P69, as well as two and one bands for the PB1 primer, indicate that the embryos are genetically female and male, respectively. NR and functional annotations identified several sex-determining candidate genes and related pathways, including Ran, Eif4et, and Crkl genes, and the insulin signaling pathway and the cAMP signaling pathway, respectively. Collectively, our results reveal that a ZW-type sex-determination system is present in P. sinensis and provide novel insights for the screening of sex-specific markers, sex-control breeding, and the studies of the sex determination mechanism of P. sinensis.
Analysis of Receptor-Type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Extracellular Regions with Insights from AlphaFold
Authors: El Badaoui Lina , Barr Alastair J.
Published: January 2024

The receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are involved in a wide variety of physiological functions which are mediated via their diverse extracellular regions. They play key roles in cell–cell contacts, bind various ligands and are regulated by dimerization and other processes. Depending on the subgroup, they have been described as everything from ‘rigid rods’ to ‘floppy tentacles’. Here, we review current experimental structural knowledge on the extracellular region of RPTPs and draw on AlphaFold structural predictions to provide further insights into structure and function of these cellular signalling molecules, which are often mutated in disease and are recognised as drug targets. In agreement with experimental data, AlphaFold predicted structures for extracellular regions of R1, and R2B subgroup RPTPs have an extended conformation, whereas R2B RPTPs are twisted, reflecting their high flexibility. For the R3 PTPs, AlphaFold predicts that members of this subgroup adopt an extended conformation while others are twisted, and that certain members, such as CD148, have one or more large, disordered loop regions in place of fibronectin type 3 domains suggested by sequence analysis.
The Sensitization Profile for Selected Food Allergens in Polish Children Assessed with the Use of a Precision Allergy Molecular Diagnostic Technique
Authors: Knyziak-Mędrzycka Izabela , Majsiak Emilia , Gromek Weronika , Kozłowska Danuta , Swadźba Jakub , Bierła Joanna , Kurzawa Ryszard , Cukrowska Bożena
Published: January 2024

Individual populations show a variety of sensitization patterns, which may be associated with the geographic region, climate, dietary habits, or ways of preparing food. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively assess the food allergy sensitization profile in Polish children, particularly to eight food allergens (so-called “the Big 8”): cow milk, eggs, wheat, soybeans, fish, crustacean shellfish, tree nuts, and peanuts. To assess the prevalence and serum levels of specific immunoglobulins E (sIgE), we analyzed the results obtained from selected laboratories located in all regions of Poland that used the multiplex ALEX® test in the period from 2019 to 2022. Results from 3715 children were obtained. The mean age of the study population was 7.0 years. The results were stratified by age: <12 months (3.63%), 1–5 years (39.54%), 6–13 years (46.32%), and 14–18 years (10.0%). The final analysis included the sIgE results obtained with 95 food extracts and 77 food allergen molecules. The highest rates of sIgE to food allergen extracts were found for peanut (29.20%), hazel (28.20%), and apple (23.60%), and those to allergenic molecules were found for the PR-10 family of molecules (Cor a 1.0401 (23.77%), Mal d 1 (22.37%), Ara h 8 (16.93%), and globulin 7/8S (Ara h 1; 15.59%)). The lowest rates of sIgE reactivity to extracts were found for strawberry (0.40%), oregano (0.30%), and thornback ray (0.16%), and those to allergenic molecules were found for Mal d 2 (0.27%) (thaumatin-like protein, TLP), Ani s 1 (0.30%) (Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor), and Che a 1 (0.43%) (Ole e 1 family). The rates of sensitization to storage proteins of the analyzed “the Big 8” molecules decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with age. Conversely, the rates of sensitization to PR-10 family proteins increased significantly with age. The three most common allergens in Poland, regardless of whether IgE was assayed against extracts or molecules of food allergens, were peanut, hazel, and apple (in different order depending on the ranking). A detailed analysis of sensitization to the extracts and molecules of main food allergens based on the results of a multiplex ALEX® test demonstrated the sensitization profile in Polish children (including molecular sensitization, particularly the “the Big 8” food allergen molecules), which shows considerable differences in comparison with those in other countries. Serum sIgE analysis of children from all regions of Poland revealed a food allergen molecular sensitization profile that changes with age.
The Effect of Prenatal and Neonatal Fluoride Exposure to Morphine-Induced Neuroinflammation
Authors: Kupnicka Patrycja , Listos Joanna , Tarnowski Maciej , Kolasa Agnieszka , Kapczuk Patrycja , Surówka Anna , Kwiatkowski Jakub , Janawa Kamil , Chlubek Dariusz , Baranowska-Bosiacka Irena
Published: January 2024

Physical dependence is associated with the formation of neuroadaptive changes in the central nervous system (CNS), both at the molecular and cellular levels. Various studies have demonstrated the immunomodulatory and proinflammatory properties of morphine. The resulting neuroinflammation in drug dependence exacerbates substance abuse-related behaviors and increases morphine tolerance. Studies prove that fluoride exposure may also contribute to the development of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative changes. Morphine addiction is a major social problem. Neuroinflammation increases tolerance to morphine, and neurodegenerative effects caused by fluoride in structures related to the development of dependence may impair the functioning of neuronal pathways, change the concentration of neurotransmitters, and cause memory and learning disorders, which implies this element influences the development of dependence. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the inflammatory state of selected brain structures in morphine-dependent rats pre-exposed to fluoride, including changes in cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression as well as microglial and astroglial activity via the evaluation of Iba1 and GFAP expression. We provide evidence that both morphine administration and fluoride exposure have an impact on the inflammatory response by altering the expression of COX-1, COX-2, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule (Iba1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in brain structures involved in dependence development, such as the prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum. We observed that the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in morphine-dependent rats is influenced by prior fluoride exposure, and these changes vary depending on the specific brain region. Additionally, we observed active astrogliosis, as indicated by increased GFAP expression, in all brain structures of morphine-dependent rats, regardless of fluoride exposure. Furthermore, the effect of morphine on Iba1 expression varied across different brain regions, and fluoride pre-exposure may influence microglial activation. However, it remains unclear whether these changes are a result of the direct or indirect actions of morphine and fluoride on the factors analyzed.