bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DNS of Turbulent Premixed Ammonia/Hydrogen Flames: The Impact of Thermo-Diffusive Effects
Authors: Gaucherand Jessica , Laera Davide , Schulze-Netzer Corinna , Poinsot Thierry
Published: December 2023

Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of three-dimensional premixed turbulent hydrogen-air flames enriched with 19%, 36%, 44% and 57% of NH$$_3$$

3

(in volume) are performed. Starting from an equivalence ratio of 0.44 for the case with 19% of NH$$_3$$

3

, richer mixtures of $$\phi =$$

ϕ
=

0.54, 0.69 and 0.95 are considered when increasing NH$$_3$$

3

concentration to obtain comparable laminar flame speeds, i.e., 0.17 m/s for 19% and 36 % NH$$_3$$

3

enriched case, and 0.30 m/s when NH$$_3$$

3

concentration is increased to 44 and 57%. The composition and characteristics of the studied mixtures enable to investigate the effects of thermo-diffusivity in a turbulent flow and the role of chemistry and stretch effects in the development of the flames. Given a composition of ammonia and hydrogen and an equivalence ratio, a predictive method is described to identify compositions where thermo-diffusive effects impact the flame and predict the stretch factors. Two maps are proposed to achieve this: the first one is based on the Markstein number and the second one is based on the ratio of consumption speed of strained flames over the laminar unstretched flame speed. This prediction can guide model selection and help manufacturers and experimentalists identify relevant operating points based on desired energy output.
The good, the bad, and the ugly of metals as antimicrobials
Authors: Turner Raymond J.
Published: December 2023

We are now moving into the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) era where more antibiotic resistant bacteria are now the majority, a problem brought on by both misuse and over use of antibiotics. Unfortunately, the antibiotic development pipeline dwindled away over the past decades as they are not very profitable compounds for companies to develop. Regardless researchers over the past decade have made strides to explore alternative options and out of this we see revisiting historical infection control agents such as toxic metals. From this we now see a field of research exploring the efficacy of metal ions and metal complexes as antimicrobials. Such antimicrobials are delivered in a variety of forms from metal salts, alloys, metal complexes, organometallic compounds, and metal based nanomaterials and gives us the broad term metalloantimicrobials. We now see many effective formulations applied for various applications using metals as antimicrobials that are effective against drug resistant strains. The purpose of the document here is to step aside and begin a conversation on the issues of use of such toxic metal compounds against microbes. This critical opinion mini-review in no way aims to be comprehensive. The goal here is to understand the benefits of metalloantimicrobials, but also to consider strongly the disadvantages of using metals, and what are the potential consequences of misuse and overuse. We need to be conscious of the issues, to see the entire system and affect through a OneHealth vision.
Revolutionising sustainability leadership and education: addressing the human dimension to support flourishing, culture and system transformation
Authors: Wamsler Christine , Osberg Gustav , Janss Jeroen , Stephan Liane
Published: December 2023

Research shows that today’s societal crises are rooted in a lack of connection to ourselves, others and nature. At the same time, there is an increasing body of knowledge showing that humans possess innate capacities for connection that can be strengthened through certain methods, and throughout our lifetimes. Such methods have, so far, however, been rarely applied, or adapted to the context of sustainability leadership and education. Critical qualitative analyses and empirical evidence that would help to understand if, and how, related interventions can support sustainability outcomes across scales are vastly lacking. The present study addresses this gap. It examines global leadership programs that aim to nourish inner development and accelerate work towards the Sustainable Development Goals. More specifically, it systematises the qualitative impacts and learnings from a Climate Leadership Program for policy and decision-makers (e.g. the European Commission) that provided the basis for co-developing similar programs for the United Nations Development Program, the Inner Development Goals Initiative, and the Inner Green Deal. The findings demonstrate how sustainability leadership and education can become a vehicle for transformation, if certain principles are in place. They highlight the importance of addressing the ontological, epistemological and praxis dimensions of inner-outer transformation to empower participants to challenge unsustainable social paradigms and enable them to systematically mainstream the consideration of inner potential and capacities into existing cultures, mechanisms and structures. Our findings advance knowledge on the complex intersection between sustainability, inner development and transformation, and set a precedent that other training institutions could follow or learn from.
Semantic part segmentation of spatial features via geometric deep learning for automated control cabinet assembly
Authors: Bründl Patrick , Scheffler Benedikt , Stoidner Micha , Nguyen Huong , Baechler Andreas , Abrass Ahmad , Franke Jörg
Published: December 2023

Industries with batch size one manufacturing philosophies for highly customized products have been largely limited in manufacturing automation. The control cabinet industry is particularly affected by this problem during the mounting and wiring of components due to high variety, variance, and complexity of components as well as handling tasks. Rapid advances in the field of machine learning are opening new possibilities for automating previously manual processes. This paper proposes a concept for identifying geometric features of electrical components that starts from STEP files and transforms them into modular metrics relevant to build a digital twin and (automatic)manufacturing. The architecture is tested on a self-aggregated and processed dataset of control cabinet components and achieves an average dice score of 65.27% and an intersection over union of 51.41% across all segmentation classes. In addition to semantic part segmentation of the components, the cluster, volume and surface centroids, the normal vectors and the size of each feature are computed. The paper evaluates the suitability of cutting-edge techniques such as diffusion as well as established deep learning architectures. The result is a hybrid end-to-end inference pipeline suitable for general spatial assembly processes.
Orientation-dependent hardness of Mo3Si studied by cube-corner nanoindentation
Authors: Yang Weiguang , Hasemann Georg , Schwaiger Ruth , Krüger Manja
Published: December 2023

Mo$$_{3}$$

3

Si crystals having crystallographic out-of-plane orientations close to $$(0\,0\,1)$$

(
0

0

1
)

, $$(0\,1\,1)$$

(
0

1

1
)

and $$(1\,2\,3)$$

(
1

2

3
)

were studied by nanoindentation to better understand the hardness anisotropy. The Mo$$_{3}$$

3

Si precipitates were grown in a Mo-17.5Si-6B alloy and identified by electron backscatter diffraction. Pronounced material pile-up around the indents was observed, which causes inaccuracies in the projected contact area determined using the Oliver–Pharr method of around 30% compared to the real one. Based on the analysis of scanning electron micrographs, the projected contact areas and thus the hardness values were determined. To rationalize the observed pronounced orientation dependence of the hardness of Mo$$_{3}$$

3

Si, we suggest an easy-slip-cutting model accounting for the available slip systems as well as the upward flow of material along the surface of the cube-corner indenter tip.
Combined Immunodeficiency Caused by a Novel Nonsense Mutation in LCK
Authors: Keller Baerbel , Kfir-Erenfeld Shlomit , Matusewicz Paul , Hartl Frederike , Lev Atar , Lee Yu Nee , Simon Amos J. , Stauber Tali , Elpeleg Orly , Somech Raz , Stepensky Polina , Minguet Susana , Schraven Burkhart , Warnatz Klaus
Published: December 2023

Mutations affecting T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling typically cause combined immunodeficiency (CID) due to varying degrees of disturbed T-cell homeostasis and differentiation. Here, we describe two cousins with CID due to a novel nonsense mutation in LCK and investigate the effect of this novel nonsense mutation on TCR signaling, T-cell function, and differentiation.

Patients underwent clinical, genetic, and immunological investigations. The effect was addressed in primary cells and LCK-deficient T-cell lines after expression of mutated LCK.

Results

Both patients primarily presented with infections in early infancy. The LCK mutation led to reduced expression of a truncated LCK protein lacking a substantial part of the kinase domain and two critical regulatory tyrosine residues. T cells were oligoclonal, and especially naïve CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts were reduced, but regulatory and memory including circulating follicular helper T cells were less severely affected. A diagnostic hallmark of this immunodeficiency is the reduced surface expression of CD4. Despite severely impaired TCR signaling mTOR activation was partially preserved in patients’ T cells. LCK-deficient T-cell lines reconstituted with mutant LCK corroborated partially preserved signaling. Despite detectable differentiation of memory and effector T cells, their function was severely disturbed. NK cell cytotoxicity was unaffected.

Residual TCR signaling in LCK deficiency allows for reduced, but detectable T-cell differentiation, while T-cell function is severely disturbed. Our findings expand the previous report on one single patient on the central role of LCK in human T-cell development and function.

Graphical Abstract
To what extent do universities’ formal and informal knowledge exchange activities interact: evidence from UK HE-BCI survey
Authors: Zhou Ruoying , Baines Ning
Published: December 2023

Third Mission engagement has become a necessary vehicle to transfer science and knowledge from higher education institutions (HEIs) to society. An extensive body of research has mainly focused on the determinants of research commercialization, and the consequence of knowledge exchange activities largely carried out on an individual academic level. There is a lack of theoretical and empirical evidence on the link and interaction between formal (traditionally referred to as commercialization of university research, such as patent, licensing and spin-off) and informal knowledge exchange activities (usually denoted as university community engagement activities, such as collaborative research, consultancy, facilities and equipment, continuing professional development etc.). In this article we seek to fill this gap by viewing knowledge exchange activities as an enabler and supporter of commercial activities. Against this background, we intend to provide an analysis into the relationship between informal activities and formal activities using an unbalanced panel of UK universities for the period 2005–2020. Our results reveal that while provision of continuing professional development courses, facilities and equipment, and consultancy significantly impact commercial activities such as patenting and licensing, collaborative research appears to be a strong predictor for spin-offs generation. This study offers some general implications for HEIs’ policy and Technology Transfer Offices.
Beyond the local climate change uplift – The importance of changes in spatial structure on future fluvial flood risk in Great Britain
Authors: Sayers Paul , Griffin Adam , Lowe Jason , Bernie Dan , Carr Sam , Kay Alison , Stewart Lisa
Published: December 2023

Widespread spatially coherent flood events can cause severe damage and disruption. Climate change has the potential to change the severity and frequency of such events. Despite this, assessment of future fluvial flood risk typically gives little to no consideration to potential changes in the spatial structure of future events. To understand the significance of this gap, climate model simulations are coupled with a national hydrological model to identify event spatially coherent present and future flood events. A statistical Empirical Copula is used to generate a large number of unseen events and linked to a national flood risk simulation model. The research finds that including changes in the spatial structure of flood events materially increases projected changes in risk when compared to conventional approaches based on local uplifts alone; increasing the projected change in Expected Annual Damage across Great Britain by a factor of ~ 1.5. The event-based approach is also shown to provide new insights into the extreme distribution fluvial risk including single event damage, damage seasons, and damage years. The results suggest the 1-in-100-year winter flood may increase from £1.3b to £2.1b, and the 1-in-100 year single event damage may rise from £1.1b today to £1.7b by the 2080s given a 4 °C rise in Global Mean Surface Temperature (assuming current adaptation policies continue and no population growth). Consequently, the findings suggest a much greater emphasis is needed on spatial ‘flood events’ if future risk is to be understood and adaptation responses appropriately framed.

Graphical abstract
Raz’s appeal to law’s authority
Authors: Martin Ben
Published: December 2023

Joseph Raz’s Argument from Authority is one of the most famous defences of exclusive positivism in jurisprudence, the position that the existence and content of the law in a society is a wholly social fact, which can be established without the need to engage in moral analysis. According to Raz’s argument, legal systems are de facto practical authorities that, like all de facto authorities, must claim legitimate authority, which itself entails that they must be capable of being an authority. Further, once we properly understand what constitutes practical authority, as captured by Raz’s service conception, we realise that the directives of any authority (including the law) must be wholly identifiable without recourse to moral analysis. While the argument has previously been criticised on the grounds that the law does not claim legitimate authority, and further that the service conception of authority itself is inadequate, we argue here that the argument is actually in a worse position than these concerns recognise, for it relies upon the mistaken principle that a sincere belief or claim that p guarantees p’s conceptual possibility.
Price Versus Market Share with Royalty Licensing: Incomplete Adoption of a Superior Technology with Heterogeneous Firms
Authors: Sandrini Luca
Published: December 2023

This article shows that the usual result of full adoption of a superior technology induced by pure royalty licensing may not hold when firms have different production technologies. By modeling a Cournot licensing game with an external innovator that offers per-unit royalty contracts to downstream firms, this article shows that full adoption of the innovation occurs only if (1) the new technology is sufficiently more efficient than the best one that is available in the market; or (2) if the firms have similar efficiency levels. Moreover, I disentangle two distinct forces that influence the innovator’s choice: a price effect (PE) and a market share effect (MSE). The former highlights the asymmetry in willingness to pay for the latest technology. The inefficient firms, which benefit the most from the cost-reducing innovation, are willing to pay a higher price to become a licensee than are their efficient rivals. The latter illustrates the innovator’s aim to maximize the volume of royalties that are collected by licensing to many firms. When PE dominates MSE, the patent holder sets a higher royalty rate and attracts fewer, less efficient firms. Otherwise, if MSE dominates, the patent holder reduces the royalty rate and attracts more firms so as to reach as many consumers as possible. From a policy perspective, I show that royalty licensing improves consumer surplus and that the positive effect increases with the number of licensees.
Fixed is not the opposite of growth: Item keying matters for measuring mindsets
Authors: Grüning David J. , Rammstedt Beatrice , Lechner Clemens M.
Published: December 2023

Research on growth mindset, the belief that one’s cognitive abilities are malleable and can be developed through dedication and practice, has received considerable media attention and influenced educational policy and practice. However, mindset theory and measurement have also drawn criticism. In the present paper, we add a cautionary note pertaining to the conceptualization and measurement of growth mindset. Through a critical reanalysis of a large-scale representative study of adolescents from the US (N = 15,362), we show that a growth (i.e., forward-keyed) and a fixed (i.e., reverse keyed) mindset item from a widely used scale are only moderately correlated (r = −.31). Further, we demonstrate that the two items are very differently related with a range of educationally relevant criteria such as learning engagement and self-efficacy, and sociodemographic characteristics such as sex. This leads us to conclude that the growth and fixed mindset items are not mutually interchangeable (apart from keying) indicators of a unidimensional construct that has fixed and growth mindset at its opposing poles. Which items researchers choose to measure mindset (fixed, growth, or a blend thereof) may therefore have a significant impact on the findings they obtain. Our insights highlight the need for greater attention to the conceptual foundations and measurement of mindset in future studies.
Upscaling biomass production of rosmarinic acid-rich hairy root cultures of Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Kuntze
Authors: Kozłowska Weronika , Piątczak Ewelina , Kolniak-Ostek Joanna , Kochan Ewa , Pencakowski Bartosz , Stafiniak Marta , Bielecka Monika , Płachno Bartosz J. , Strzemski Maciej , Matkowski Adam , Zielińska Sylwia
Published: December 2023

Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Kuntze known as Korean Mint is a medicinal and aromatic plant containing rosmarinic acid as a major bioactive polyphenol but its content in this herbal drug is variable. Plant in vitro culture is one of the approaches used to overcome the complexity of environmental factors influencing phytochemical profiles in medicinal plants. In this study, hairy root cultures of A. rugosa were established through the infection of Rhizobium rhizogenes. Four hairy roots lines were selected on the basis of biomass production in liquid media. Transformation was confirmed by PCR using rol C specific primers. The hairy roots were successfully cultured in 300 mL conical flasks and scaled-up using three bioreactor types (nutrient sprinkle bioreactor—NSB and two modular temporary immersion systems—RITA® and Plantform®). The UPLC analysis of A. rugosa transformed roots methanol extracts showed the presence of 24 polyphenolic compounds with the predominance of rosmarinic acid (RA), which level ranged between 3.82 and 9.16 mg/g of dry weight, depending on the culture system. Nineteen compounds were identified in hairy roots growing in NSB system, 9 of them were identified in roots cultured in RITA® or Plantform® and 7 compounds were identified in roots from Erlenmeyer flasks. The R. rhizogenes infection (strain A4) was found to be an effective method of hairy root culture establishment of A. rugosa.
Nutrient intake, digestibility, and utilization in goats fed graded levels of hempseed cake finisher diets
Authors: Semwogerere Farouk , Chikwanha Obert C. , Katiyatiya Chenaimoyo L. F. , Marufu Munyaradzi C. , Mapiye Cletos
Published: December 2023

Globally, the price of soybean meal, the most common proteinaceous ingredient in livestock diets, has become highly expensive prompting a search for alternative ingredients. Hemp seed cake is a promising alternative but could be limited by its high neutral detergent fiber and ether extract contents which impede nutrient intake and digestibility. However, some ruminant species such as goats have superior ability to digest high fiber and ether extract diets. Thus, the current research evaluated nutrient intake and digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial protein synthesis of goats fed hempseed cake as a substitute for soybean meal in finisher diets. A total of 25 Kalahari Red castrates (27 ± 3 kg, 4–5 months old) were assigned to five dietary treatments (5 goats/ diet) in a completely randomized design. A maize-lucerne-based finishing diet was formulated with hempseed cake substituting soybean meal as the primary protein ingredient at 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100 g/kg dry matter. Ether extract intake exhibited a positive linear trend (P ≤ 0.05) while crude protein intake and microbial nitrogen supply exhibited a negative linear trend (P ≤ 0.05) with dietary inclusion of hempseed cake. However, feeding hempseed cake did not influence (P > 0.05) apparent nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters and nitrogen use efficiency. In conclusion, the substitution of soybean meal for hempseed cake decreased crude protein intake and microbial nitrogen supply in goat finisher diets without compromising nutrient digestibility and nitrogen use efficiency. The study recommends partial or full replacement of soybean meal with hempseed cake in goat finisher diets.
Restricted Latent Class Models for Nominal Response Data: Identifiability and Estimation
Authors: Liu Ying , Culpepper Steven Andrew
Published: December 2023

Restricted latent class models (RLCMs) provide an important framework for diagnosing and classifying respondents on a collection of multivariate binary responses. Recent research made significant advances in theory for establishing identifiability conditions for RLCMs with binary and polytomous response data. Multiclass data, which are unordered nominal response data, are also widely collected in the social sciences and psychometrics via forced-choice inventories and multiple choice tests. We establish new identifiability conditions for parameters of RLCMs for multiclass data and discuss the implications for substantive applications. The new identifiability conditions are applicable to a wealth of RLCMs for polytomous and nominal response data. We propose a Bayesian framework for inferring model parameters, assess parameter recovery in a Monte Carlo simulation study, and present an application of the model to a real dataset.
Study of Interface-Related Mechanisms in the Early Stage Precipitation of σ Phase in Hyper Duplex Stainless Steels
Authors: Jacob Aurélie , Schuster Roman , Solyom Laszlo , Keplinger Andreas , Povoden-Karadeniz Erwin
Published: December 2023

This work aims to computationally explore the diffuse prerequisites for σ phase precipitation in high-alloyed duplex steels. The diffusion control for the early precipitation stage of the σ phase was studied by the Calphad thermodynamic modeling combined with the DICTRA software. Different nucleation sites, α/γ, and α/α and γ/γ grain-boundaries, were studied using thermodynamic and mobility databases developed by the present authors in previous works for high-alloyed duplex stainless steel. Simulation results were compared to experimentally obtained microstructures of aged samples. The study of the concentration profiles of the elements Cr, Mo, and Ni revealed that the precipitation is most favorable within the α phase due to fast mobility and strong thermodynamic driving force favoring the formation of the σ phase. Based on the present results, the role of the different heterogeneous sites for the precipitation of the σ phase in hyper duplex steel is discussed.
The Effects of Appropriate Perioperative Exercise on Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders: a Narrative Review
Authors: Feng Hao , Zhang Zheng , Lyu Wenyuan , Kong Xiangyi , Li Jianjun , Zhou Haipeng , Wei Penghui
Published: December 2023

Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) are now considered the most common neurological complication in older adult patients undergoing surgical procedures. A significant increase exists in the incidence of post-operative disability and mortality in patients with PNDs. However, no specific treatment is still available for PNDs. Recent studies have shown that exercise may improve cognitive dysfunction-related disorders, including PNDs. Neuroinflammation is a key mechanism underlying exercise-induced neuroprotection in PNDs; others include the regulation of gut microbiota and mitochondrial and synaptic function. Maintaining optimal skeletal muscle mass through preoperative exercise is important to prevent the occurrence of PNDs. This review summarizes current clinical and preclinical evidence and proposes potential molecular mechanisms by which perioperative exercise improves PNDs, providing a new direction for exploring exercise-mediated neuroprotective effects on PNDs. In addition, it intends to provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of PNDs.
Improving Financial Literacy and Supporting Financial Decisions: Developing a Personalized Configurator
Authors: Shafiee Sara , Zhang Linda L. , Rasmussen Kourosh Marjani
Published: December 2023

Financial literacy is vital for individuals to understand their economic life cycles and make suitable financial decisions. Due to the increasing complexities, the available financial systems lack the capacity to better educate individuals to facilitate informed financial decision-making. In this study, we capitalize on the configuration principles for creating customized products and services and develop a personalized financial configurator, aiming to better educate individuals for their pension-related decision-making. The personalized financial configurator is developed based on a three-tier distributed system architecture and can generate diverse personalized outputs, e.g., future financial asset changes, future investment potentials for retirement, and recommendations. The outputs together with recommendations facilitate individuals to make informed pension-related decisions, e.g., suitable retirement ages and suitable investment strategies. Hence, the results demonstrated that the personalized financial configurator can better educate individuals by providing personalized data and information, thus facilitating their informed pension-related decision-making.
On deformable fractional impulsive implicit boundary value problems with delay
Authors: Krim Salim , Salim Abdelkrim , Benchohra Mouffak
Published: December 2023

This paper deals with some existence and uniqueness results for a class of deformable fractional differential equations. These problems encompassed nonlinear implicit fractional differential equations involving boundary conditions and various types of delays, including finite, infinite, and state-dependent delays. Our approach to proving the existence and uniqueness of solutions relied on the application of the Banach contraction principle and Schauder’s fixed-point theorem. In the last section, we provide different examples to illustrate our obtained results.
Deriving a zero-truncated modelling methodology to analyse capture–recapture data from self-reported social networks
Authors: Piatek Mark E. , Böhning Dankmar
Published: December 2023

Capture–recapture (CRC) is widely used to estimate the size (N) of hidden human populations (e.g., the homeless) from the overlap of sample units between two or more repeated samples or lists (a.k.a., capture occasions). There is growing interest in deriving CRC data from social-network data. The current paper hence explored if self-reported social networks (lists of social ties) submitted by participants from the target population could function as distinct capture occasions. We particularly considered the application of zero-truncated count distribution modelling to this type of data. A case study and follow-up simulation study focused on two methodological issues: (1) that a participant cannot be named in their own self-reported social network and hence cannot be named as many times as non-participants; and (2) positive dependence between being a participant and being named by (a social tie of) other participants. Regarding the latter, a further motivation of the simulation study was to consider the impact of using respondent-driven sampling to select participants, because all non-seed RDS participants are recruited as a social tie of another participant. Exponential random graph modelling was used to generate the simulation study’s target populations. Early comparison was also made to estimates of N from Successive Sampling.
Foldable chain-based transformation method of 3D models
Authors: Zhang Yuxiao , Wang Jin , Zhang Dongliang , Lu Guodong
Published: December 2023

A 3D transformable model can be transformed into different shapes through folding operations to suit different needs, such as a table or a chair in daily life. Furthermore, the features of foldable structure and flat components allow it to be folded into a smaller stack for compact storage when not in use. To this end, this study applies a new foldable modular chain structure and proposes a novel method of constructing 3D models into 3D shapes based on this structure and guiding the transformation between shapes. For the construction of the model, that is, to find a module chain path that constructs the model shape, the divide-and-conquer method is adopted. The model is first divided into multiple units, and then the search for the linearly connected module sub-path is executed for each unit. This involves three major steps: unit-based segmentation of the model, search for the unit tree structure that can form the target 3D shape, and search for the modular chain path based on the unit tree. The experimental cases demonstrate the application of the square modular chain in the fields of furniture and toys and prove the effectiveness of the method in constructing and transforming the foldable chain-type modular configurations of the input 3D models.
Characterization of 10 nm – 10 μm coal dust particles generated by simulated different cutting and drilling parameters: mass concentration distribution, number concentration distribution, and fractal dimension
Authors: Zhu Jintuo , Chen Menglin , Wang Liang , Sun Haisong , Wang Chenghao , Azhar Noor , Oduro Nkansah Benjamin
Published: December 2023

Nano-to-micron-sized coal dust can cause coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP), and cutting and drilling are the main coal dust-generating processes. Based on a self-developed simulated coal cutting and drilling dust generation system, the effects of cutting parameters (tooth tip cone angle, impact angle, roller rotary speed, cutting speed) and drilling parameters (drill bit diameter, drilling speed) on the mass concentration distribution, number concentration distribution and fractal dimension of 10 nm – 10 μm coal dust were investigated. Results show that the mass concentration of 10 nm – 10 μm coal dust generated by cutting/drilling peak at 5.7 – 7.2 μm, while the number concentrations during cutting and drilling respectively peak at 60 – 90 nm and 20 – 30 nm. During both cutting and drilling processes, the generated coal dust particles in 10 – 300 nm account for > 90% of the total 10 nm – 10 μm coal particles, while PM2.5 in PM10 is generally below 18%. It is also found that smaller tooth tip cone angle, larger impact angle, lower roller rotary speed, smaller drill bit diameter, or lower drilling speed can reduce the generation of 10 nm – 10 μm coal dust with a fractal dimension of 0.94 – 1.92. This study reveals the distribution characteristics of nano- to micron-sized coal dust particles under different cutting and drilling parameters, and the research results can serve as reference for adjusting cutting and drilling parameters to lower down the 10 nm – 10 μm coal dust generation and thus prevent the CWP.
Highly Thermally Conductive and Structurally Ultra-Stable Graphitic Films with Seamless Heterointerfaces for Extreme Thermal Management
Authors: Zhang Peijuan , Hao Yuanyuan , Shi Hang , Lu Jiahao , Liu Yingjun , Ming Xin , Wang Ya , Fang Wenzhang , Xia Yuxing , Chen Yance , Li Peng , Wang Ziqiu , Su Qingyun , Lv Weidong , Zhou Ji , Zhang Ying , Lai Haiwen , Gao Weiwei , Xu Zhen , Gao Chao
Published: December 2023

Highly thermally conductive graphitic film (GF) materials have become a competitive solution for the thermal management of high-power electronic devices. However, their catastrophic structural failure under extreme alternating thermal/cold shock poses a significant challenge to reliability and safety. Here, we present the first investigation into the structural failure mechanism of GF during cyclic liquid nitrogen shocks (LNS), which reveals a bubbling process characterized by “permeation-diffusion-deformation” phenomenon. To overcome this long-standing structural weakness, a novel metal-nanoarmor strategy is proposed to construct a Cu-modified graphitic film (GF@Cu) with seamless heterointerface. This well-designed interface ensures superior structural stability for GF@Cu after hundreds of LNS cycles from 77 to 300 K. Moreover, GF@Cu maintains high thermal conductivity up to 1088 W m−1 K−1 with degradation of less than 5% even after 150 LNS cycles, superior to that of pure GF (50% degradation). Our work not only offers an opportunity to improve the robustness of graphitic films by the rational structural design but also facilitates the applications of thermally conductive carbon-based materials for future extreme thermal management in complex aerospace electronics.
Investigation on physico-mechanical properties and microstructural evolution patterns of heated granite after liquid nitrogen cooling
Authors: Wu Zhouqian , Li Minghui , Xie Heping , Lu Jun , Chen Cancan
Published: December 2023

Liquid nitrogen (LN2) fracturing is recognized as an innovative reservoir enhancement technique, demonstrating significant potential in establishing high permeability pathways in geothermal development. Understanding the physico-mechanical properties and microscopic mechanisms of hot dry rock post LN2 cooling treatment is pivotal for promoting the effective deployment of LN2 fracturing. This study undertook physical and mechanical testing on a quintessential hot dry rock type-granite-post various temperature and LN2 cooling treatments. Subsequently, a multi-scale investigation was conducted on the thermal fracture-pore structure's morphological features and the evolution of mineral components. The experimental findings indicated that LN2 cooling exerts a pronounced impact on the physico-mechanical properties of high-temperature granite. Temperature-induced damage to granite can be delineated into three phases: initial phase up to 200 °C where its effects are relatively imperceptible; an intermediate phase from 200 to 500 °C characterized by gradual deterioration; and a pronounced degradation phase evident at 600 °C. Correlations between the changes in the micro pore-fracture structure of granite and its physico-mechanical property degradation were subsequently established. As temperature escalated, the area of micro-defects in the CT-reconstructed spatial distribution increased progressively. The volumetric porosity damage ratio and fractal dimensions were quantitatively introduced to characterize the fractal geometric features and distribution patterns of internal thermal fractures in granite post thermal shock. Concurrently, NMR experiments indicated that with the escalation of temperature, micropore develop and interlink to form mesopore and macropore, enhancing rock porosity connectivity. These macropores significantly influence granite's physico-mechanical and permeability characteristics. A mineral stability analysis revealed that various minerals undergo physico-chemical reactions, such as dehydration, phase transitions, decomposition, and chemical bond fractures at elevated temperatures, altering mineralogical composition and mineral strength, thus impacting the rock's macroscopic properties. Ultimately, the study delved into the damage mechanisms of granite's physico-mechanical properties from both heating and cooling perspectives during various temperature phases. The insights garnered from this investigation offer novel value in comprehending the thermal damage characteristics induced by LN2 cooling.
How do teachers promote self-regulation of learning when students need to learn at home? The moderating role of teachers’ ICT competency
Authors: Fischer Antonia , Dignath Charlotte
Published: December 2023

The importance of self-regulation of learning became evident during the Covid-19 pandemic and the accompanying school closures. Using data from N = 254 German teachers, we analyze how teachers promoted self-regulation of learning in distance education and reasons why they did not promote it. Additionally, we examine which teacher and class variables predict the promotion of self-regulation of learning in distance education and whether teachers’ technology competency moderates these relationships. Further, we look into whether these relationships differ during the first lockdown in spring 2020, for which teachers were not able to prepare for ahead of time, and the beginning of the new school year 2020/2021. Qualitative analyses indicate that teachers focused on promoting metacognitive strategies and used technology to engage students. Reasons why teachers did not promote self-regulation of learning are mostly a lack of resources and misconceptions about students’ competences and needs. Regression analysis show that teachers’ self-efficacy to promote self-regulation of learning and students’ grade predict teachers’ promotion of self-regulation of learning in distance education. Moderation analyses reveal interactions between teachers’ technology competency and class size as well as grade—but only for the period after the summer holidays in 2020/2021. This paper uncovers areas of improvement for teacher education, such as their misconceptions, self-efficacy beliefs, and their technology competency—not only for homeschooling during a pandemic, but also for future learning opportunities in the 21st century that will contain the need for more self-regulation of learning due to the increasing use of technology and digital learning.
Engaging engineering teams through moral imagination: a bottom-up approach for responsible innovation and ethical culture change in technology companies
Authors: Lange Benjamin , Keeling Geoff , McCroskery Amanda , Zevenbergen Ben , Blascovich Sandra , Pedersen Kyle , Lentz Alison , Agüera y Arcas Blaise
Published: December 2023

We propose a ‘Moral Imagination’ methodology to facilitate a culture of responsible innovation for engineering and product teams in technology companies. Our approach has been operationalized over the past two years at Google, where we have conducted over 60 workshops with teams from across the organization. We argue that our approach is a crucial complement to existing formal and informal initiatives for fostering a culture of ethical awareness, deliberation, and decision-making in technology design such as company principles, ethics and privacy review procedures, and compliance controls. We characterize some distinctive benefits of our methodology for the technology sector in particular.
Penetrative and Marangoni convection in a fluid film over a phase boundary
Authors: Dhas Darish Jeswin , Roy Anubhab , Toppaladoddi S.
Published: December 2023

We study the effects of buoyancy, surface-tension gradients and phase boundary on the stability of a layer of water that is confined between air at the top and a layer of ice at the bottom. The temperature of the overlying air and flux condition at the free surface of the water layer are such that the layer is susceptible to both thermal and thermocapillary instabilities. We perform a linear stability analysis to identify these modes of instability and investigate the effects of the phase boundary on them. We find that with increasing thickness of the ice layer, the critical Rayleigh and Marangoni numbers for the instabilities are found to first decrease and then asymptote to constant values for ice thicknesses much larger than the thickness of the water layer. In the case of thermocapillary instability, we find that the thickness of the ice layer has negligible influence on the stability threshold for dimensionless wavenumber

$k \gg 1$

, and that the presence of an unstably stratified liquid layer significantly alters the stability threshold for

$k = O (1)$

. Furthermore, the inclusion of Marangoni stresses reduces the stability threshold of the thermal instability.
Job Satisfaction Across the Workweek
Authors: Sulejmanov Filip , Seitl Martin , Kafetsios Konstantinos
Published: December 2023

Abstract: The present study tested different perspectives on the time course of job satisfaction over the workweek: the “rested and recharged” perspective, the “Monday blues” perspective, and the “Thank God it’s Friday” perspective. A sample of 330 employees reported on an affect scale of job satisfaction during the workweek and on explicit and implicit affect at the start of the study. The results from discontinuous growth model analyses found evidence for a positive peak at the end of the week, from Thursday to Friday. Explicit negative affect at the beginning of the week was associated with lower affective job satisfaction at the beginning of the week, but with a higher rate of growth in affective job satisfaction over the course of the week. The results provide new insights into the time course of job satisfaction during the workweek and indicate a distinction between affective and cognitive components of job satisfaction.
Geochronological Constraints on the Evolution and Petrogenesis of the Malwa Plateau Subprovince of the Deccan Traps
Authors: Tholt A. J. , Renne P. R. , Marzoli A. , Vanderkluysen L. , Mohabey D. , Samant B. , Dhobale A. , Pande K. , Self S.
Published: December 2023

The eruptive history of the Malwa Plateau Subprovince of the Deccan Traps is addressed by dating 21 lavas spanning the exposed stratigraphic extent, using the 40Ar/39Ar method applied to plagioclase separates. Major, minor, and trace element geochemistry was determined for each of the dated lavas and four additional ones. Dating results indicate that the eruptions began prior to 66.8 Ma, at least 400 ka before the oldest known lava in the more extensively studied Western Ghats, representative of the main Deccan province, to the south. Eruption rates peaked from 66.4 to 66.3 Ma and then diminished until 65.6 Ma. The peak in eruption rates coincides with the well‐documented Late Maastrichtian Warming event. Malwa lavas show some major and trace element affinities with geochemically defined lava flow formations of the Western Ghats, but are generally out of the stratigraphic sequence manifest in the Western Ghats. The distinct geochemical evolution of Malwa Plateau lavas compared with those of the Western Ghats is at least in part a consequence of differences in crustal composition between the two subprovinces. Modeling of REE concentration patterns of Malwa lavas suggests that they were derived by slightly lower degrees of partial melting, at lower mantle temperatures and depths, than those in the Western Ghats. The Malwa Plateau thus appears to record an earlier, cooler stage of the Deccan plume's evolution and continued to erupt through a large part of the lifetime of the main Deccan province.
Intraoceanic Subduction System Within the Neo‐Tethys: Evidence From Late Cretaceous Arc Magmatic Rocks of the Eastern Himalaya
Authors: Zhang Zeming , An Wentao , Palin Richard M. , Ding Huixia , Dong Xin , Tian Zuolin
Published: December 2023

The tectonic evolution of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean remains highly controversial, with several models existing in the community that conflict with each other. Here, we present new geochronologic and geochemical data for orthogneisses and amphibolites from the Greater Himalayan Sequence, eastern Himalayan orogen, which indicate that these rocks have Cenozoic metamorphic ages (∼52–3 Ma), but were derived from Late Cretaceous (∼89 Ma) magmas with arc‐like and depleted mantle geochemical signatures. Considering that northern India was a passive continental margin during the Mesozoic, and the previously reported Late Cretaceous magmatic rocks in the eastern Himalaya formed in a continental rifting setting, we suggest that the studied Late Cretaceous arc‐type magmatic rocks formed in an intraoceanic arc setting within the Neo‐Tethys, and accreted onto the passive margin of the Indian continent prior to the terminal continental collision. When combined with the existence of Late Mesozoic and intraoceanic arc‐type magmatic rocks in the western Himalaya, we suggest that a huge Late Cretaceous subduction system operated within the eastern Neo‐Tethys Ocean. This study supports two subduction zones having been responsible for the consumption and closure of the Neo‐Tethys basin, and a two‐stage collision history between India, Asia, and the intermediate island arc system. Our data therefore provide important constraints on the evolution of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean and India‐Asia collisional orogeny in southern Tibet.
Exploring the Influence of Land Use on the Urban Carbonyl Sulfide Budget: A Case Study of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona
Authors: Estruch Carme , Belviso Sauveur , Badia Alba , Vidal Veronica , Curcoll Roger , Udina Mireia , Grossi Claudia , Morguí Josep‐Anton , Segura Ricard , Ventura Sergi , Sola Yolanda , Villalba Gara
Published: December 2023

Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is used to quantify the carbon capture potential of the biosphere because of its direct correlation with CO2 uptake during photosynthesis. However, to constrain the urban biosphere signal, it is necessary to evaluate potential anthropogenic sources. We conducted two sampling campaigns in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (AMB), Spain, during May (full COVID lockdown) and October 2020 to measure the spatial distribution and variability of OCS in four urban land uses as follows: built, urban forest, urban park, and peri‐urban agriculture. The OCS background levels determined at Tibidabo (442 m asl) were approximately 484 ± 20 ppt and 407 ± 8 ppt for May and October 2020, respectively, and agreed with other seasonal surveys conducted in Europe during that same period. Averaged emissions were in the range of +Δ12 ± 40 ppt for the city and were +Δ9.4 ± 40.9 ppt for urban +Δ22.1 ± 48 ppt for urban green +Δ20.7 ± 42.9 ppt for agricultural and −Δ4.8 ± 19.6 ppt for forest. The urban values ranged from neutral to above background, suggesting nearby anthropogenic and marine emissions such as +Δ150 ppt in Montjuic, which is downwind of Barcelona's harbor. During the crop‐growing season in May, the agricultural areas consistently showed values below the background (up to −Δ76 ppt in Gavà, uptake) at 7:00 UTC when the land breezes were dominant, while later in the morning, when the sea breeze are developed, the plant sink is masked by the transport of marine emissions. Urban forests located north of Tibidabo showed OCS values up to −Δ70 ppt, suggesting significant uptake by urban forests. We conclude that determining the urban biosphere signal using OCS as a tracer is more complex than expected because the marine and anthropogenic emissions from the port strongly impact the spatial‐temporal distribution of OCS.