bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improve the thermal properties of oil‐loaded polysulfone microcapsules by optimizing copper layer for self‐lubricating polyamide
Authors: Li Haiyan , Wang Jiayu , Li Xin , Dong Shuzhen , Shi Nanqi , Li Zhike
Published: April 2024

This work reports polymer/metal double‐shell microcapsules with polysulfone (PSF) and copper as walls for application in self‐lubricating polymer. First, polyalphaolefin 40 (PAO40) was selected as lubricant oil, and PAO@PSF single shell microcapsules were prepared. A critical issue for the formation of copper layer is the sensitization of PSF shell, which can affect not only the adhesion between PSF shell and copper layer, but also the density of copper layer. The sensitization conditions were discussed in detail, and the corresponding effect on the formation of copper layer was evaluated. PAO@PSF/Cu microcapsules obtained under optimal sensitization condition were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), x‐ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A uniform and compact copper layer improved the thermal properties of microcapsules. PSF/Cu microcapsules maintained relatively complete spherical shape when were heated to 300°C, while the PSF microcapsule softened and deformed at 200°C. The self‐lubricating polyamide 6(PA6) composites containing PAO@PSF/Cu microcapsules were fabricated at 230°C, microcapsules maintained complete structure and uniform distributed in the polymer matrix. Coefficient of friction (COF) and wear rate of PA6 composites were tested under different friction conditions. Compared with pure PA6, 15 wt.% PAO@PSF/Cu microcapsules could reduce the COF by 79.5%, and the wear rate was decreased by 98.3% under 300 rpm sliding speed and 50 N friction load.

Highlights

PSF/Cu double‐shell oil‐loaded microcapsules were designed and prepared.

The copper layer effectively improved the thermal properties of microcapsules.

The self‐lubricating PA6 composite exhibited excellent tribological properties.
Effect of functional fillers in solvent‐free polyurethane adhesives: Processing and characterization
Authors: Khemakhem Marwa , Le Rouzic Clara , Brosset Marion , Mani Skander , Fontaine Alexandre , Romano Angela , Ibarra‐Gómez Rigoberto
Published: April 2024

The present work is focused on the study of polyurethane adhesives in the presence of functional fillers (encapsulated enzymes) intended to make them degradable. This is part of a general strategy aiming to recycle multilayer films for packaging, at their end of life, by means of separating the constituent layers as a result of adhesives degradation. Primarily, it was found that the presence of small quantities of functional filler greatly affects both, the quality of the coating process and the kinetics of the adhesive curing. The former, because of the dependency on particle size distribution, leads to high variations in thickness and mechanical properties of multilayers and, the latter, because of a significant catalytic effect (higher curing rates). Indeed, an assessment of the adhesives' kinetics by rheology showed that the pot‐life and the cross‐over point (G′ = G″) for the enzyme‐containing system were obtained three times faster in comparison to the control formulation. These findings were also confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry measurements. On the other hand, by reducing and homogenizing the filler's particle size using separated sieved material (≤50 μm), improvements in coating control as well as in the quality and final properties of the multilayers were evidenced.

Highlights

Recycling multilayer plastic films for flexible packaging.

Encapsulated enzymes to degrade the polyurethane adhesive in specific conditions.

The presence of functional fillers affects the coating process.

Process optimization to ensure the coating quality control.
Heteroatom decorated polythiourethane sorbent for copper (II) extraction in wastewater treatment
Authors: Aurangzeb Noshaba , Zulfiqar Sonia , Khosa Muhammad Kaleem , Slovák Václav , Maamoun Ahmed Abdelhamid , Forrester Michael , Sarwar Muhammad Ilyas , Cochran Eric W.
Published: April 2024

Copper ions in wastewater present substantial environmental hazards, toxic to aquatic species and prone to bioaccumulation. Addressing this, we present a novel cross‐linked polythiourethane (C‐PTU) as a promising chelating adsorbent for the effective removal of copper ions from wastewater. A new monomer, 5‐(2,2,2‐trifluoroacetamide) benzene‐1,3‐bis(carbonyl) isothiocyanate (TFA‐ITC), was synthesized and further condensed with a 1,4‐butane diol to produce a trifluoroacetamide functionalized polythiourethane (TFA‐PTU) and subsequently generating amine functionalized polythiourethane (A‐PTU). The cross‐linking reaction was carried out through amino groups present on the polymer backbone with terephthaloyl chloride, resulting in the formation of C‐PTU. The monomer and polymers underwent characterization using Fourier transform infrared, 1H, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, with X‐ray diffraction analyzing the resin's chain alignment. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry assessed C‐PTU's thermal properties. The adsorption process for Cu(II) ions was studied using atomic absorption spectroscopy, optimizing conditions for maximal uptake. Results revealed that C‐PTU exhibited a significant adsorption capacity for Cu(II) ions, reaching 67% after a 2 h contact time, with optimal adsorption occurring at pH 6. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm described the sorption mechanism, indicating favorable monolayer cation adsorption via coordination with donor sites on C‐PTU. This research presents a viable solution for copper ion contamination in wastewater, illustrating C‐PTU as an efficient, environmentally friendly adsorbent, marking progress toward cleaner water resources.
The effect of filler loading, biological treatment, and bioplastic blend ratio on flexural and impact properties of blended bioplastic reinforced with spent coffee ground
Authors: Boey J. Y. , Kong U. , Lee C. K. , Lim G. K. , Oo C. W. , Tan C. K. , Ng C. Y. , Azniwati A. A. , Tay G. S.
Published: April 2024

In this study, the mechanical and morphological characteristics of poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blend matrix reinforced with spent coffee ground (SCG) were investigated across various weight ratios (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100) and SCG contents (10–40 wt%). SEM micrographs revealed a phase‐separated structure with cracks on the fracture surface, consistent with the lower flexural properties of biocomposites. The incorporation of SCG reduced mechanical properties, mainly due to its incompatibility with the PHA/PLA matrix. Biocomposites with high SCG content demonstrated lower energy absorption capabilities, likely due to SCG aggregates acting as stress concentrators and disrupting load‐transferring mechanisms. Moreover, increasing PHA content in the blends led to higher PLA crystallinity, as PHA acted as a nucleating agent for PLA. For biological treatment, biocomposites with PHA/PLA ratio (50/50) and SCG loading (20 wt%) were employed. The microscopic analysis highlighted well‐dispersed treated SCG within the matrix and improved interfacial contact. Biocomposites with treated SCG demonstrated remarkable enhancements of 52% and 113% in flexural strength and modulus, respectively. These findings proved the effectiveness of sustainable fungal treatment in enhancing interfacial adhesion and improving the mechanical performance of biocomposites.

Highlights

Percentage of SCG in bioplastic blend as a significant effect on the flexural properties and impact strength.

The ratio of the bioplastic blend has the strong influence on the flexural properties and impact properties.

Biological treatment of SCG has improved the interfacial interaction between SCG and bioplastic blend.

The treated SCG has rougher surface which facilitates the interfacial locking between bioplastic blend and treated SCG.

The biological treatment of SCG has improved the mechanical properties of the composites.
High‐performance, semi‐bio‐based degradable epoxy resins and their application to recyclable carbon fiber composites
Authors: Yu Shuanghong , Xiao Kaixuan , Wang Zhaodi , Xu Yahong , Ni Nannan , Hu Dongyuan , Lyu Zhiyi , Kim Soochan , Yang Xin
Published: April 2024

Epoxy resins containing dynamic covalent networks enable recycling of carbon fiber composites. However, the simultaneous realization of high performance and mild condition recycling of composites is still a challenge. In the present work, we mixed citric acid epoxy resin with bisphenol A epoxy resin to form a hybrid resin (DER) that meets the requirements of medium temperature curing epoxy resin, and prepared a carbon fiber reinforced resin composite material (DER@CF) that can rapidly degrade and recycle carbon fibers under mild conditions. The Tg of the DER was 125.67 °C, and the tensile strength (79.63 MPa) was comparable to that of the bisphenol A epoxy resin (79.90 MPa). It degraded rapidly after 2 h in ethylene glycol solution at 120 °C. The tensile strength of DER@CF was 825 MPa, and clean fibers could be obtained after 8 h of treatment in ethylene glycol solution at 120 °C. The results of SEM, Raman and tensile tests showed that the recycled fibers were similar to the original fibers in terms of morphology, chemical structure and mechanical properties. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Decisional regret and impacts on quality of life following genitourinary reconstruction for neurogenic bladder: A comparison between acquired and congenital spinal cord injury
Authors: Emrich Accioly João Pedro , Bena James , Xiao Huijun , Jeong Stacy , Khouri Roger K. , Angermeier Kenneth W. , Dewitt‐Foy Molly , Nemunaitis Gregory , Wood Hadley M.
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Patient expectations and baseline health are important drivers of outcomes following major genitourinary reconstructive surgery for neurogenic bladder (NGB). Differences in expectations and quality of life (QoL) improvements among different populations with NGB remain insufficiently explored in the literature.

Objective

To compare decisional regret (DR) and urinary‐related QoL (UrQoL) in patients undergoing urinary diversion for NGB arising from spinal cord injury of acquired (A‐SCI) and congenital (C‐SCI) etiologies. We hypothesize that patients with A‐SCI have higher expectations of improvement in QoL following surgery when compared with C‐SCI, which may lead to higher DR and decreased UrQoL, postoperatively.

Design

In this cross‐sectional survey study, we compared A‐SCI to C‐SCI in terms of DR, UrQoL, and postoperative changes in self‐reported physical health, mental health, and pain using validated patient‐reported outcome measures.

Setting

Participants were enrolled from a quaternary care institution via mail and MyChart.

Participants

The A‐SCI group consisted of 17 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury; the C‐SCI group was composed of 20 patients with spina bifida.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

The Decisional Regret Scale, Short form‐ Qualiveen (SF‐Qualiveen), and Patient‐reported outcomes measurement Information system‐10 (PROMIS‐10) Global Health surveys.

Results

The A‐SCI group displayed poorer preoperative physical health than the C‐SCI cohort, but absolute postoperative changes in this score, along with mental health score and pain level, were not significant after adjusting for baseline scores and follow‐up time. SF‐Qualiveen scores revealed significantly worse impact of NGB in UrQoL for A‐SCI than for C‐SCI when adjusted for other factors. No differences in DR were seen between the groups.

Conclusions

Patients with A‐SCI demonstrate lower self‐reported baseline physical health compared with patients with C‐SCI, which may have implications in setting patient expectations when undergoing urinary diversion. In this small cohort, we found a milder self‐reported postoperative impact of NGB in UrQoL in patients with C‐SCI.
Controlled chain‐growth thiol‐Michael polymerization
Authors: Jiang Suqiu , Wang Yongjin , Huang Hanchu
Published: April 2024

The development of controlled chain‐growth click polymerization is desirable yet challenging in polymer chemistry. Here, we reported an efficient controlled chain‐growth thiol‐Michael polymerization using the thiol as an initiator. This polymerization could proceed efficiently without any catalysts under mild conditions, yielding sulfur‐containing polymers with controlled molecular weights. The synthetic utility of this polymerization was further demonstrated by incorporating various functional groups into the polymer backbone and synthesizing diblock copolymers and star polymers. This work represents a new type of controlled chain‐growth click polymerization and will open up new opportunities for polymer synthesis.
Synthesis, antifungal activity and action mechanism of novel citral amide derivatives against Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: Zhang Li , Huang Yizhong , Shi Yunfei , Si Hongyan , Luo Hai , Chen Shangxing , Wang Zongde , He Haohua , Liao Shengliang
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND

Rice sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a severe threat to the yield and quality of rice. Due to the unscientific abuse of common fungicides causing resistance and environmental issues, the development of new fungicides is necessary. In this study, we used citral as the lead compound, designed and synthesized a series of novel citral amide derivatives, and evaluated their antifungal activity and mode of action against R. solani.

RESULT

Bioassay results indicated that the antifungal activities of most citral amide derivatives against R. solani were significantly improved compared to citral, with EC50 values ranging from 9.50–27.12 mg L−1. Among them, compound d21 containing the N‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)carboxamide group exhibited in vitro and in vivo fungicidal activities, with curative effects at 500 mg L−1 as effectively as the commercial fungicide validamycin·bacillus. Furthermore, d21 prolonged the lag phase of the growth curve of R. solani, reduced the amount of growth, and inhibited sclerotium germination and formation. Mechanistically, d21 deformed the mycelia, increased cell membrane permeability, and inhibited the activities of antioxidant and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)‐related enzymes. Metabolome analysis showed the abundance of some energy‐related metabolites within R. solani increased, and simultaneously the antifungal substances secreted by itself reduced. Transcriptome analysis showed that most genes encoding ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters and peroxisomes upregulated after the treatment of d21 and cell membrane destruction.

CONCLUSION

This study indicates that novel citral amide derivatives possess antifungal activity against R. solani and are expected to develop an alternative option for chemical control of rice sheath blight. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Ben‐JNK signaling is required for host mortality during Periplaneta fuliginosa densovirus infection
Authors: Huang Dan‐Yan , Qin Jia‐Si , Dong Ren‐Ke , Liu Su‐Ning , Chen Nan , Yuan Dong‐Wei , Li Sheng , Wang Zhaowei , Xia Xiaoling
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND

Cockroaches are widely acknowledged as significant vectors of pathogenic microorganisms. The Periplaneta fuliginosa densovirus (PfDNV) infects the smoky‐brown cockroach P. fuliginosa and causes host mortality, which identifies the PfDNV as a species‐specific and environmentally friendly biopesticide. However, although the biochemical characterization of PfDNV has been extensively studied, the immune response against PfDNV remains largely unclear.

RESULTS

Here, we investigated the replication of PfDNV and its associated pathological phenotype in the foregut and hindgut. Consequently, we dissected and performed transcriptome sequencing on the foregut, midgut, and hindgut separately. We revealed the up‐regulation of immune response signaling pathway c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and apoptosis in response to viral infection. Furthermore, knockdown of the JNK upstream gene Ben resulted in a decrease in virus titer and delayed host mortality.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our findings provide evidence that the Ben‐JNK signaling plays a crucial role in PfDNV infection, leading to excessive apoptosis in intestinal tissues and ultimately resulting in the death of the host. Our results indicated that the host response to PfDNV fosters viral infection, thereby increasing host lethality. This underscores the potential of PfDNV as a viable, environmentally friendly biopesticide. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Photoluminescence Emission Efficiency Analysis Methodology by Integrating Raman Spectroscopy of the A1(LO) and E2(high) Phonons in a GaInN/GaN Heterostructure
Authors: Shwe Thee Ei Khaing , Asaji Tatsuya , Kimura Ryota , Iida Daisuke , Najmi Mohammed A. , Ohkawa Kazuhiro , Ishitani Yoshihiro
Published: April 2024

Microscopic lattice vibration images of the E2(high) mode (E2H) and another mode of A1(LO) (A1L) or the higher energy branch of LO‐phonon−plasmon coupling mode (LOPC+) in a Ga0.95In0.05N film on a GaN template are obtained by Raman scattering spectroscopy using a 325 nm laser. The increase in temperature by increasing the laser power is obtained from the decrease in the energy of E2H and the theoretical formula comprising two terms based on the mode energy variation of the bulk material and the thermal strain effect. Using the obtained temperature and the energy shift of the LOPC+, the mapping images of the temperature and electron density in the x–y plane are simultaneously obtained. This image provides the spatial variation of photoluminescence (PL) emission efficiency, given as PL intensity per electron. This method enables the quantitative discussion on photo‐emission efficiency even in the regions of low or high carrier density affected by carrier transport. In the investigated area, a region with a lower PL efficiency is found despite a higher electron density and lower temperature increase than the surrounding region. This imaging analysis is feasible in integrating the carrier and thermal energy transports and recombination processes in carrier dynamics study.
Current developments of the estimand concept
Authors: Fierenz Alexander , Zapf Antonia
Published: April 2024

Since the introduction of the estimand in therapeutical studies, several adaptions have been developed. This short article highlights the important aspects of the estimand concept. A literature research was conducted to identify different extensions to this framework. Different modified strategies for intercurrent events are presented, as well as examples of methods to implement the estimand in clinical studies. The article reflects that the estimand is an ongoing research field with further exploration.
Dew, frost, fog and lifted temperature minima: Observations in southern England and implications for modelling
Authors: Weedon Graham P. , Osborne Simon R. , Best Martin J.
Published: April 2024

Given difficulties with modelling radiation fog and the similarity of meteorological conditions linked to dewfall and frost we investigated the formation of dew, frost and fog. For a site in the UK seven years of data were analysed representing high‐resolution atmospheric profiles and dew meter measurements for radiation nights with stable conditions. Classical dewfall occurs by condensation when the surface is below the dew point and cooler than the air above. However, the profiles show that, in the absence of fog, typically dew and frost form with the surface warmer than the immediately overlying air due to lifted temperature minima (LTMs) at about 0.15 m. Observations of aerosol number density and average hydrated radii show that aerosol optical extinction (and hence their radiative effect) is weakly but significantly correlated with the intensity of LTMs. Low wind speed on stable nights allows settling of aerosols which radiatively cool the air near the ground more quickly than the surface cools – thus creating LTMs. In the presence of LTMs typically dew and frost form not by condensation, but by occult deposition of water droplets onto the canopy and ground. Among radiation fog observations, 91% are associated with light near‐surface winds and LTMs. When the rate of removal of suspended water droplets by occult deposition generating dew or frost is too slow, then build‐up of droplets in the air just above the surface leads to the formation of radiation fog. Future modelling should allow for the accumulation of near‐surface aerosols and their radiative effects during stable nights to represent the formation of LTMs. Modelling of typical dew and frost will require representation of occult deposition. Assessing rates of occult deposition compared to rates of generation of suspended water droplets is needed to forecast the onset of radiation fog formed near the ground.
Chemical applicability and curvilinear regression models of vertex‐degree‐based topological index: Elliptic Sombor index
Authors: Shanmukha M. C. , Usha A. , Kulli V. R. , Shilpa K. C.
Published: April 2024

Chemical graph theory facilitates different tools that have significant applications in drug design and development. Recently Gutman et al., introduced a novel vertex‐degree‐based topological index called elliptic Sombor index and its application through geometric approach. This article focuses on chemical applicability of elliptic Sombor index through regression models using 22 benzenoid hydrocarbons. In this process, the chemical applicability of elliptic Sombor index with various physicochemical properties of benzenoid hydrocarbons through curvilinear regression models is carried out. The data of the statistical analysis shows that elliptic Sombor index is potential predictive index for the property polarizability.
Investigating the catalytic activity of Mgn (n = 4–8) clusters for the hydrogen evolution reaction using density functional theory
Authors: Jiang Jing , Shi Shunping , Zhao Xiaofeng , Duan Zhanjiang , Hu Jiabao , Tang Leilei , Yang Ruixiao , Yang Jing
Published: April 2024

To efficiently desorb H2, pure Mgn (n = 4–8) clusters were chosen for the hydrogen evolution reaction with H2O. At the PBE0/def2‐TZVP level and the PBE0‐D3/def2‐TZVP level, the lowest energy structures of Mgn (n = 4–8) clusters and the most stable structures of Mgn@H2O (n = 4–8) complexes were searched in the local region. The transition state was predicted, and then the hydrogen evolution reaction channel was obtained by using the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) to confirm the transition state. To better analyze the hydrogen reaction mechanism, the character of Mgn@H2O (n = 4–8) complexes and MgnO (n = 4–8) clusters, as well as the atomic charge change trend, were investigated using interaction region indicator function analysis (IRI) and natural population analysis (NPA). The reaction effect of Mg4 cluster and H2O is the worst. The energy barrier does, however, progressively lower as the cluster atom count rises, improving the reaction effect.
Deoxygenation reactions of nitrous oxide assisted by oriented external electric field
Authors: Zhang Ming‐Xia , Li Jun , Lei Hao , Chen Jia‐Hui , Sun Peng‐Yang , Yao Meng‐Ting , Liu Lin , Guo Jia
Published: April 2024

Due largely to the high stability and the potential ozone‐depleting, the transformation of greenhouse gas nitrous oxide has gained much attentions. In present paper, a new insight into the deoxygenation of nitrous oxide with silane was reported by using oriented external electric field (OEEF) as a catalytic strategy. When the OEEF was employed, the reaction barrier of deoxygenation was marvelously decreased as it was oriented along the positive NO/OSi bond‐axis. Especially the field strength is 300 × 10−4 a.u., the differences are up to 22.4/18.3 kcal mol−1 as compared with that of nonfield. In addition, once the H atom in SiH4 was replaced by methyl, two reaction modes were obtained, in which the deoxygenation process was easier when the N2O captured the H atom attached to the Si atom, not attached to the C atom. Further, the solvent effects of deoxygenation reaction were also considered, but with a weak influence were obtained.
Bilateral synchronization control of networked teleoperation robot system
Authors: Liu Zhengxiong , Chen Haifei , Huang Panfeng , Yang Yang
Published: April 2024

Bilateral synchronization control for Network Teleoperation Robot System (NTRS) in discrete domain is discussed in this paper, where time delay, data loss and disorder, and quantization error coexist. Firstly, it is assumed that time delay and data loss are asymmetric and randomly vary in the master–slave channel and slave–master channel according to different Markov jump change rules. By introducing the virtual variables, a clever normalization method is proposed for time delay or data loss. It not only uniforms time delay and data loss into a same framework, but also effectively handles the problem of data disorder. And then, a logarithmic quantizer is designed to dispose quantization error. Meanwhile, utilize the sector bound method to describe the quantization error and transform the quantization feedback control problem into a robust control problem, so the familiar robust control methods can be adopted to solve quantization problem. In addition, human and environmental forces are treated as external disturbances and processed using neural network techniques. Subsequently, stochastic stability and synchronization control property are guaranteed by the designed analogous PD controller that consists of proportion, derivative, and uncertainty estimation items. Finally, validity of the proposed method is certified by some simulation examples.
Aperiodic sampled‐data stabilization of switched singular systems with asynchronous switching: A hybrid control approach
Authors: Lin Jinxing , Wu Xiang , Xiao Min , Xiang Zhengrong
Published: April 2024

This article investigates the sampled‐data stabilization problem for a class of switched singular systems with aperiodic sampling. The asynchronous switching between the plant and the switched controller caused by sampling is considered. Unlike normal systems, the conventional zero‐order hold type sampled‐data control law may be inapplicable to singular systems. This is because under that control law, the algebraic equations of singular systems may have no solutions at sampling instants. To cope with this problem, a new hybrid control law composed of a mode‐dependent impulsive controller and a mode‐dependent sampled‐data state feedback controller is devised. The impulsive controller adjusts the values of differential substate at sampling instants so that the algebraic equations are solvable. Then, by constructing a novel piecewise sampling‐time‐dependent Lyapunov function and using the average dwell time method as well as convex technique, a sampling‐range‐dependent sufficient condition for exponential stability of the resulting closed‐loop system is established. Moreover, an optimization‐based method is proposed to solve the hybrid controller gains. Simulation results on two examples including a mechanical arm system show the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Tripartite interactions among free‐living, N‐fixing bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and plants: Mutualistic benefits and community response to co‐inoculation
Authors: Kasanke Shawnee A. , Cheeke Tanya E. , Moran James J. , Roley Sarah S.
Published: April 2024

Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and free‐living nitrogen fixers (FLNF) occur in the rhizosphere where they can enhance plant nutrient acquisition, impact plant growth, and affect soil processes. Tripartite mutualism commonly occurs between nodule‐forming plants, symbiotic diazotrophs, and AM fungi, and can occur between non‐nodulating plants, FLNF, and AM fungi. However, information on the extent of, and controls on, tripartite mutualism in non‐nodulating plant systems is limited to a small number of crop plants and culturable microbial inoculum, mostly in greenhouse growing conditions. We conducted a systematic literature review to synthesize the current understanding of the responses of plants, AM fungi, and FLNF to co‐inoculation, as well as the conditions affecting tripartite mutualism and the magnitude and range of benefits conferred. Our review shows that plants generally benefit from co‐inoculation with AM fungi and FLNF taxa, but benefits are highly variable and context dependent, ranging from 94% reduction in plant shoot biomass to 255% increase in total plant biomass. Additionally, the presence of AM fungi can increase abundance of FLNF and the presence of FLNF can increase AM fungal root colonization, but these responses also vary widely. Major factors influencing variation in response to co‐inoculation by all organisms include plant phenology/age, soil type and nutrient availability, and partner pairing. There is potential for leveraging these tripartite mutualisms to improve plant productivity and soil microbial function, but successful application is more likely with a thorough understanding of the environmental and mechanistic controls on these relationships and testing of field‐scale implementation.
Characteristic variations in a pulsed‐anodized NiTi alloy surface by the lower voltage setting
Authors: Kawakami Ryota , Matsui Yuya , Tsuruta Akihiro , Sakairi Masatoshi , Ohtsu Naofumi
Published: April 2024

Pulsed anodization of a nearly equiatomic NiTi alloy in HNO3 leads to the formation of a nearly Ni‐free oxide layer, resulting in the suppression of Ni‐ion release from the alloy surface. The core technology involves introduction of a lower‐voltage period, which promostes chemical reactions between the alloy and electrolyte, to obtain a surface layer with better corrosion protection. In this study, a higher voltage of 3.5 V was applied, and the lower voltage was varied within 0–3.5 V. As the lower voltage was increased, nanometer‐sized pores present on the anodized surface gradually expanded, while the layer thickness decreased. Although the corrosion protectivity of the layer did not change significantly during the electrochemical experiments, the amount of Ni‐ion released into the physiological solution significantly decreased when the voltage was below 1.8 V. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses revealed the presence of Ni (OH)2 on the topmost surface, and its concentration decreased at a voltage <1.8 V. Lower voltages affected the concentration of Ni (OH)2 on the topmost surface and thus considerably influenced the Ni‐ion release behavior. These findings will contribute to the production of NiTi alloys with improved biocompatibility.
Analysis of the hydration water on the surface of human hair using a combination of infrared absorption vibrational spectroscopy and multivariate curve resolution
Authors: Chikami Shunta , Maeda Shoichi , Latag Glenn Villena , Kaizu Riko , Tanji Noriyuki , Ezure Mikako , Nagase Shinobu , Hayashi Tomohiro
Published: April 2024

Modern society's keen regard for aesthetics made hair products an integral part of a multi‐billion‐dollar cosmetic industry. Hair care products (e.g., shampoos and conditioners) and chemical treatments (e.g., bleaching and permanent waving) result in various effects on the morphological attributes of hair. Generally, water adsorbed on the hair surface is known to significantly dictate the hair's mechanical characteristics (smoothness and friction), and hair's macroscopic wettability has been commonly used to indicate its surface properties. However, an approach to selectively characterize the hydration water in the hair surface is required to accurately understand the intermolecular events between the hair and its vicinal water. In this paper, we successfully obtained the infrared (IR) absorption spectra of the hydration water of human hair. We employed the multivariate curve resolution‐alternating least square (MCR‐ALS) method to separate the hydration and bulk water spectra from the whole spectra. Comparing the IR spectra of the hydration water of chemically untreated and bleached hair samples, we conclude that water molecules form strong hydrogen bonds with the bleached hair surface due to the destruction of the hair's hydrophobic outer layer and the consequent formation of hydrophilic residues.
Parental burnout during COVID‐19: The moderating role of anxiety and family functioning
Authors: Pereira M. Graça , Fraga Jonas , Santos Martim , Ferraz Ana , Vilaça Margarida
Published: April 2024

Parental burnout (PB) is characterised by parental exhaustion resulting from exposure to chronic parental stress. Due to the social and economic changes resulting from the COVID‐19 pandemic that impacted families, there is a significant scientific interest in identifying factors related to PB within the pandemic context. This study aimed to analyse the relationships between parental stress (parental concerns, parental satisfaction, lack of control, and fears and anxieties), family functioning, psychological morbidity (anxiety and depression), and burnout in parents. The sample consisted of 253 parents, legal guardians or primary caregivers of children aged between 0 and 6 years. Results revealed that the child's age, psychological morbidity (depression), and parental stress were significant predictors of PB. Anxiety and family functioning played a moderating role in the relationship between parental satisfaction and PB. According to the results, intervention programs should focus on anxiety symptoms and family functioning to mitigate the effects of parental stress on PB.
Spontaneous Compositional–Interfacial Co‐Modification Engineering via Ion Exchange Reaction Between Perovskite and Electron‐Transporting Layer for Exceptionally Long‐Term Stability of Photovoltaics
Authors: Lv Wenxuan , Feng Ming , Wei Zijie , Liang Zuowei , Chen Ye , Wang Changlei , Li Mingguang , Chen Runfeng , Xu Ligang
Published: April 2024

The long‐term stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is still challenging for commercialization and mainly linked to the life span of perovskite films. Herein, a spontaneous compositional–interfacial co‐modification strategy is developed based on the ion exchange reaction by introducing ammonium hexafluorophosphate (NH4PF6) into antisolvent to form gradient structures through a simple one‐step solvent engineering. With the assistance of the ion exchange reaction, NH4PF6 forms a multifunctional structure to protect perovskite films from both internal and external factors for the exceptionally long‐term stability of photovoltaics. The reason for this is linked to the high hydrophobicity of NH4PF6 for preventing H2O invasion, suppressing ion migration by forming hydrogen bonding, and reducing perovskite defects. The resulting unencapsulated devices show exceptionally long‐term stability under standardized the International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability (ISOS) protocols, with over 94%, 81%, and 83% retained power conversion efficiencies after aging tests under N2 (ISOS‐D‐1I), ambient air (ISOS‐D‐1), and 85 °C (ISOS‐D‐2I) for 14016, 2500, and 1248 h, respectively. These performances compare well with the state‐of‐the‐art stability of inverted PSCs. Further investigations are conducted to study the evolution of macroscopic morphology and microscopic crystal structure in aged perovskite films, aiming to provide evidence supporting the aforementioned improvements in stability.
Dual Defect Passivation at the Buried Interface for Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells with Reduced Open‐Circuit Voltage Loss
Authors: Xu Dang , Wang Dongjie , Liu Jiale , Qi Jianhang , Chen Kai , Zhu Wending , Tao Ying , Zhang Zheling , Mei Anyi , Zhang Jian
Published: April 2024

Numerous defects exist at the buried interface between the perovskite and adjacent electron transport layers in perovskite solar cells, resulting in severe non‐radiative recombination and excessive open‐circuit voltage (VOC) loss. Herein, a dual defect passivation strategy utilizing guanidine sulfate (GUA2SO4) as an interface modifier is first reported. On the one hand, the SO42− preferentially interacts with Pb‐related defects, generating water‐insoluble lead oxysalts complexes. Additionally, GUA+ diffuses into the perovskite and induces the formation of low‐dimensional perovskite. These reactions effectively suppress trap states at the buried interface and perovskite boundaries in printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p‐MPSCs), thus increasing the carrier lifetime. Meanwhile, GUA2SO4 optimizes the interface energy band alignment, thus accelerating the charge extraction and transfer at the buried interface. This synergistic effect of trap passivation and interface energy band alignment modulation is strongly demonstrated by an increase in average VOC of 70 mV and the power conversion efficiency improvement from 17.51% to 18.70%. This work provides a novel approach to efficiently improve the performance of p‐MPSCs through dual‐targeted defect passivation at the buried interface.
Durable Nano‐Flower Structured Foam Coupled with Electrically‐Driven in Situ Aeration Enable High‐Flux Oil/Water Emulsion Separation with Dynamic Antifouling Ability
Authors: Lu Xinchun , Chen Cheng , Lin Hongjun , Zeng Qianqian , Du Jiarong , Han Lei , Teng Jiaheng , Yu Wei , Xu Yanchao , Shen Liguo
Published: April 2024

The conventional membranes used for separating oil/water emulsions are typically limited by the properties of the membrane materials and the impact of membrane fouling, making continuous long‐term usage unachievable. In this study, a filtering electrode with synchronous self‐cleaning functionality is devised, exhibiting notable antifouling ability and an extended operational lifespan, suitable for the continuous separation of oil/water emulsions. Compared with the original Ti foam, the in situ growth of NiTi‐LDH (Layered double hydroxide) nano‐flowers endows the modified Ti foam (NiTi‐LDH/TF) with exceptional superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity. Driven by gravity, a rejection rate of over 99% is achieved for various emulsions containing oil content ranging from 1% to 50%, as well as oil/seawater emulsions. The flux recovery rate exceeds 90% after one hundred cycles and a 4‐h filtration period. The enhanced separation performance is realized through the “gas bridge” effect during in situ aeration and electrochemical anodic oxidation. The internal aeration within the membrane pores contributes to the removal of oil foulants. This study underscores the potential of coupling foam metal filtration materials with electrochemical technology, providing a paradigm for the exploration of novel oil/water separation membranes.
Pressure‐Induced Enhancement and Retainability of Optoelectronic Properties in Layered Zirconium Disulfide
Authors: Wang Na , Zhang Guozhao , Wang Guangyu , Feng Zhenbao , Li Qian , Zhang Haiwa , Li Yinwei , Liu Cailong
Published: April 2024

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit excellent electronic and photoelectric properties under pressure, prompting researchers to investigate their structural phase transitions, electrical transport, and photoelectric response upon compression. Herein, the structural and photoelectric properties of layered ZrS2 under pressure using in situ high‐pressure photocurrent, Raman scattering spectroscopy, alternating current impedance spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations are studied. The experimental results show that the photocurrent of ZrS2 continuously increases with increasing pressure. At 24.6 GPa, the photocurrent of high‐pressure phase P21/m is three orders of magnitude greater than that of the initial phase at ambient pressure. The minimum synthesis pressure for pure high‐pressure phase P21/m of ZrS2 is 18.8 GPa, which exhibits a photocurrent that is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the initial phase and displays excellent stability. Additionally, it is discovered that the crystal structure, electrical transport properties and bandgap of layered ZrS2 can also be regulated by pressure. This work offers researchers a new direction for synthesizing high‐performance TMDs photoelectric materials using high pressure, which is crucial for enhancing the performance of photoelectric devices in the future.
Time‐Controlled Authentication Strategies for Molecular Information Transfer
Authors: Hu Minghao , Yang Mengyao , Cheng Xianzhi , Wu Tongbo
Published: April 2024

Modern cryptography based on computational complexity theory is mainly constructed with silicon‐based circuits. As DNA nanotechnology penetrates the molecular domain, utilizing molecular cryptography for data access protection in the biomolecular domain becomes a unique approach to information security. However, building security devices and strategies with robust security and compatibility is still challenging. Here, this study reports a time‐controlled molecular authentication strategy using DNAzyme and DNA strand displacement as the basic framework. A time limit exists for authorization and access, and this spontaneous shutdown design further protects secure access. Multiple hierarchical authentications, temporal Boolean logic authentication, and enzyme authentication strategies are constructed based on DNA networks'good compatibility and programmability. This study gives proof of concept for the detection and protection of bioinformation about single nucleotide variants and miRNA, highlighting their potential in biosensing and security protection.
Enhancing X‐Ray Sensitization with Multifunctional Nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Jiayi , Wu JunYong , Chen Taili , Yang Bin , Liu XiangPing , Xi Jing , Zhang Ziyang , Gao Yawen , Li ZhiHong
Published: April 2024

In the progression of X‐ray‐based radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer, the incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) has a transformative impact. This study investigates the potential of NPs, particularly those comprised of high atomic number elements, as radiosensitizers. This aims to optimize localized radiation doses within tumors, thereby maximizing therapeutic efficacy while preserving surrounding tissues. The multifaceted applications of NPs in radiotherapy encompass collaborative interactions with chemotherapeutic, immunotherapeutic, and targeted pharmaceuticals, along with contributions to photodynamic/photothermal therapy, imaging enhancement, and the integration of artificial intelligence technology. Despite promising preclinical outcomes, the paper acknowledges challenges in the clinical translation of these findings. The conclusion maintains an optimistic stance, emphasizing ongoing trials and technological advancements that bolster personalized treatment approaches. The paper advocates for continuous research and clinical validation, envisioning the integration of NPs as a revolutionary paradigm in cancer therapy, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.
Extended Battery Compatibility Consideration from an Electrolyte Perspective
Authors: Zhang Kaiqiang , Yan Shiye , Wu Chao , Wang Luoya , Ma Changlong , Ye Jilei , Wu Yuping
Published: April 2024

The performance of electrochemical batteries is intricately tied to the physicochemical environments established by their employed electrolytes. Traditional battery designs utilizing a single electrolyte often impose identical anodic and cathodic redox conditions, limiting the ability to optimize redox environments for both anode and cathode materials. Consequently, advancements in electrolyte technologies are pivotal for addressing these challenges and fostering the development of next‐generation high‐performance electrochemical batteries. This review categorizes perspectives on electrolyte technology into three key areas: additives engineering, comprehensive component analysis encompassing solvents and solutes, and the effects of concentration. By summarizing significant studies, the efficacy of electrolyte engineering is highlighted, and the review advocates for further exploration of optimized component combinations. This review primarily focuses on liquid electrolyte technologies, briefly touching upon solid‐state electrolytes due to the former greater vulnerability to electrode and electrolyte interfacial effects. The ultimate goal is to generate increased awareness within the battery community regarding the holistic improvement of battery components through optimized combinations.
Rapid Determination of the Optimum Thickness of Doped TiO2 Nanotubes Layer by Local Photoelectrochemistry and Operando Properties Extraction by Data Modeling
Authors: Vergne Sébastien , Gelb Florian , Keller Valérie , Cottineau Thomas
Published: April 2024

Herein, the optimal thickness of TiO2, M‐doped, N‐doped, and (M:N) codoped TiO2 (with M = Nb or Ta) nanotubes (NTs) for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is determined, in one step through local PEC analysis of electrodes with variable thickness of the photoactive material. A simple anodization method allows the growth, on a single electrode, of aligned doped TiO2 NTs (TiO2‐NTs) whose length gradually changes from 0 to 15 μm. The external quantum efficiency as a function of the NTs film thickness is measured using a small beam of UV or visible light to scan the surface and locally trigger the oxygen evolution reaction. The results provide the optimal NT layer thickness for each type of doped TiO2‐NTs and demonstrate that if the (M:N) codoped TiO2‐NTs have the best activity in the visible region, the optimal layer thickness is reduced compared to TiO2 or M:doped TiO2‐NTs. Additionally, by fitting the data with a model that incorporates charge carrier transfer and light absorption mechanisms in the film, it becomes possible to evaluate in operando the interfacial charge transfer, absorption coefficient, or majority carrier mean path which are important properties of semiconducting materials for PEC applications.
Tin Oxide Bilayer as Effective Electron Transport Layers for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Modules
Authors: Lv Pin , Zhang Yuxi , Hu Min , Zhu Benjia , McMeekin David Patric , Pan Junye , Hou Peiran , Zhu Yanqing , Chen Jiahui , Li Wangnan , Xu Mi , Ku Zhiliang , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Lu Jianfeng
Published: April 2024

Tin oxide (SnO2) is one of the most promising electron transport layers (ETL) for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its excellent electron mobility and high transparency, along with its low processing temperature. However, the inherent defects, nonuniform coating, and poor surface morphology of SnO2 may be detrimental to the physicochemical properties, such as conductivity and electron mobility at the interface, lead to a decrease in the open‐circuit voltage (VOC) and a reduction in device stability. In this study, a method that combines atomic layer deposition and chemical bath deposition techniques to solve these issues is presented. The presence of bilayer ETLs enhances the coverage of the SnO2 film and optimizes the morphology of the buried surface of perovskite, which not only facilitates the interfacial charge transfer but also suppresses recombination reactions. As a result, a significant increase in VOC and efficiency has been achieved compared to devices with only a single layer. Additionally, the large‐area perovskite solar module (active area: 48.0 cm2) achieves a champion efficiency of 17.9%. The PSCs retain more than 93% of their initial efficiency after 700 h of continuous operation under 1‐sun illumination and 25 °C.