bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adjacent-Categories Mokken Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments
Authors: Wind Stefanie A.
Published: April 2016

Molenaar extended Mokken’s original probabilistic-nonparametric scaling models for use with polytomous data. These polytomous extensions of Mokken’s original scaling procedure have facilitated the use of Mokken scale analysis as an approach to exploring fundamental measurement properties across a variety of domains in which polytomous ratings are used, including rater-mediated educational assessments. Because their underlying item step response functions (i.e., category response functions) are defined using cumulative probabilities, polytomous Mokken models can be classified as cumulative models based on the classifications of polytomous item response theory models proposed by several scholars. In order to permit a closer conceptual alignment with educational performance assessments, this study presents an adjacent-categories variation on the polytomous monotone homogeneity and double monotonicity models. Data from a large-scale rater-mediated writing assessment are used to illustrate the adjacent-categories approach, and results are compared with the original formulations. Major findings suggest that the adjacent-categories models provide additional diagnostic information related to individual raters’ use of rating scale categories that is not observed under the original formulation. Implications are discussed in terms of methods for evaluating rating quality.
Conditional cash transfers: Social work and eradicating poverty in Chile
Authors: Reininger Taly , Castro-Serrano Borja , Flotts Marcela , Vergara Mónica , Fuentealba Ana
Published: April 2016

The following article revises conditional cash transfers (CCTs) in Latin America, followed by an examination of the history of poverty reduction programs in Chile since the 1960s and the installation of CCT programs in the country with a particular focus on the role of social work in their design and implementation. The article concludes with a discussion of the challenges social work faces in actively participating in the redesign and implementation of the new CCT model from a human rights and social justice focus.
A Commentary on the First Vatican Council’s Dei Filius
Authors: Allen Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2016

This article provides an overview of the characterization of the relationship between faith and reason in the First Vatican Council’s Dei Filius. Key passages are highlighted, and important and/or confounding elements of those passages are clarified and elaborated on. The article aims to offset the scarcity of English-language scholarship on the document so that a wider number of persons are able to carry out an informed appropriation of it.
Risk and Protective Factors for Inpatient Aggression
Authors: de Vries Robbé Michiel , de Vogel Vivienne , Wever Edwin C. , Douglas Kevin S. , Nijman Henk L. I.
Published: April 2016

Dynamic risk and protective factors serve to assess the violence risk level of (forensic) psychiatric patients and offer guidance to clinical interventions. Risk assessment scores on Historical Clinical Risk Management–20 (HCR-20) risk factors and Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for violence risk (SAPROF) protective factors at different treatment stages were compared with violent incidents during treatment for 399 multidisciplinary coded assessments on 185 male and female forensic psychiatric patients. At later stages of treatment, less risk factors and more protective factors were observed, and predictive validities were higher. The HCR-20 and SAPROF scores showed good overall predictive validity for inpatient violence. The combination of risk factors and protective factors was a good predictor of incidents of aggressive behavior for different groups of patients, such as patients with violent or sexual offending histories, patients with major mental illnesses or personality disorders, and patients with a high score on psychopathy. Implications of these findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Effect of plate’s parameters on vibration of isotropic tapered rectangular plate with different boundary conditions
Authors: Khanna Anupam , Singhal Ashish
Published: April 2016

A mathematical model is presented to analyse the vibration of a tapered isotropic rectangular plate under thermal condition. Tapering in the thickness of rectangular plate is considered bi-parabolic. Here, temperature variation is assumed bi-linearly, i.e. temperature varies linearly in the x-direction and linearly in the y-direction. First two modes of frequency of rectangular plate are calculated for five boundary conditions such as C-C-C-C, SS-SS-SS-SS, C-SS-SS-SS, C-SS-C-SS and C-C-C-SS, where C and SS stand for clamped boundary and simply supported boundary, respectively. The plate is considered homogeneous and made up of a visco-elastic isotropic material. Rayleigh Ritz technique is applied to get the first two modes of frequencies at different values of plate’s parameters. Numeric results are presented in tabulated and graphical forms.
Exposure to Violence and Sexual Risk Among Early Adolescents in Urban Middle Schools
Authors: Coyle Karin K. , Guinosso Stephanie A. , Glassman Jill R. , Anderson Pamela M. , Wilson Helen W.
Published: April 2016

This article examines the relationship between exposure to violence, fear of exposure to violence, and sexual risk among a sample of urban middle school youth. The sample included 911 seventh-grade students who completed self-report surveys. Approximately 20% of the sample reported at least one direct threat or injury with a weapon in the past 3 months, and 52% reported ever seeing someone seriously injured or killed. Experiencing a direct threat was significantly associated with greater intentions to engage in vaginal intercourse and sexual touching behaviors; witnessing violence was significantly associated with sexual touching. Fearing exposure to violence was not associated with increased sexual risk. Most associations did not differ by gender. These data highlight the potential influence of exposure to violence on sexual risk among early adolescents, and underscore the potential of addressing exposure to violence in sexuality education programs and sexual health services for enhanced impact.
Linked Sensitivity Analysis, Calibration, and Uncertainty Analysis Using a System Dynamics Model for Stroke Comparative Effectiveness Research
Authors: Tian Yuan , Hassmiller Lich Kristen , Osgood Nathaniel D. , Eom Kirsten , Matchar David B.
Published: April 2016

Background. As health services researchers and decision makers tackle more difficult problems using simulation models, the number of parameters and the corresponding degree of uncertainty have increased. This often results in reduced confidence in such complex models to guide decision making. Objective. To demonstrate a systematic approach of linked sensitivity analysis, calibration, and uncertainty analysis to improve confidence in complex models. Methods. Four techniques were integrated and applied to a System Dynamics stroke model of US veterans, which was developed to inform systemwide intervention and research planning: Morris method (sensitivity analysis), multistart Powell hill-climbing algorithm and generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (calibration), and Monte Carlo simulation (uncertainty analysis). Results. Of 60 uncertain parameters, sensitivity analysis identified 29 needing calibration, 7 that did not need calibration but significantly influenced key stroke outcomes, and 24 not influential to calibration or stroke outcomes that were fixed at their best guess values. One thousand alternative well-calibrated baselines were obtained to reflect calibration uncertainty and brought into uncertainty analysis. The initial stroke incidence rate among veterans was identified as the most influential uncertain parameter, for which further data should be collected. That said, accounting for current uncertainty, the analysis of 15 distinct prevention and treatment interventions provided a robust conclusion that hypertension control for all veterans would yield the largest gain in quality-adjusted life years. Conclusions. For complex health care models, a mixed approach was applied to examine the uncertainty surrounding key stroke outcomes and the robustness of conclusions. We demonstrate that this rigorous approach can be practical and advocate for such analysis to promote understanding of the limits of certainty in applying models to current decisions and to guide future data collection.
Dissemination of Clinical Practice Guidelines
Authors: Santesso Nancy , Morgano Gian Paolo , Jack Susan M. , Haynes R. Brian , Hill Sophie , Treweek Shaun , Schünemann Holger J. ,   DECIDE Workpackage 3 Group, Callaghan Margaret , Graham Karen , Harbour Robin , Kunnamo Ilkka , Liira Helena , Loudon Kirsty , McFarlane Emma , Ritchie Karen , Service Duncan , Thornton Judith
Published: April 2016

Background. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are typically written for health care professionals but are meant to assist patients with health care decisions. A number of guideline producers have started to develop patient versions of CPGs to reach this audience. Objective. To describe the content and purpose of patient versions of CPGs and compare with patient and public views of CPGs. Design. A descriptive qualitative study with a directed content analysis of a sample of patient versions of CPGs published and freely available in English from 2012 to 2014. Results. We included 34 patient versions of CPGs from 17 guideline producers. Over half of the patient versions were in dedicated patient sections of national/professional agency websites. There was essentially no information about how to manage care in the health care system. The most common purpose was to equip people with information about disease, tests or treatments, and recommendations, but few provided quantitative data about benefits and harms of treatments. Information about beliefs, values and preferences, accessibility, costs, or feasibility of the interventions was rarely addressed. Few provided personal stories or scenarios to personalize the information. Three versions described the strength of the recommendation or the level of evidence. Limitations. Our search for key institutions that produce patient versions of guidelines was comprehensive, but we only included English and freely available versions. Future work will include other languages. Conclusions. This review describes the current landscape of patient versions of CPGs and suggests that these versions may not address the needs of their targeted audience. Research is needed about how to personalize information, provide information about factors contributing to the recommendations, and provide access.
A Research Note on Delegation of Responsibility in the Observation of a Situation of Obedience to Authority
Authors: Laurens Stéphane , Hanzo Floriane , Morchain Pascal
Published: April 2016

The objective of the research described here is to discover whether the features of obedience must be present in order for responsibility to be so attributed or whether the status of the actors and the meaning of the situation are sufficient. In two studies, we present animation showing the movements of three geometrical figures. The subjects are asked to describe the action and to divide 100% of responsibility between the three figures. The first study, conducted face to face (22 subjects), shows that a figure presented as an authority as opposed to a person is seen to take on a determining role in the action and is attributed 40% responsibility (vs. 17.9%). A second study (92 subjects) confirms this mechanism when the figure is presented as having other resources at its disposal (hypnotism and manipulation). The status of the actors and the meaning of the situation are therefore sufficient to prompt the attribution of responsibility to the figure presented as having the resources. These results lend support critiques of the agentic state theory.
Experiences of university students disclosing epilepsy to peers: ‘It's a shared thing now’
Authors: Sheridan Karen , Salmon Nancy , O'Connell Nicole
Published: April 2016

Introduction

While disclosure of concealable conditions like epilepsy can create social support, it may cause relationships to disintegrate. Friendship in young adulthood is pivotal in the transition to emotional autonomy, yet little is known about peer disclosure by university students with epilepsy. This qualitative study aimed to map key features in the process of epilepsy disclosure.

Method

Semi-structured interviews were completed with eight young adults (aged 18–25 years) with epilepsy enrolled in or recently graduated from Irish universities.

Findings

Thematic analysis yielded four main themes: (1) Assessing the disclosure recipient; (2) Managing the presentation of epilepsy; (3) Forging alliances; and (4) Feeling more positive. The process of disclosure centred on enlisting the support of allies deemed trustworthy by participants. Disclosure messages presented epilepsy neutrally to bolster allies' commitment to the role. Although participants viewed disclosure as beneficial to wellbeing, concern was expressed about acquiring a stigmatised social identity.

Conclusion

Occupational therapists are well placed to support young adults through the process of disclosure. Promoting a positive collective identity through peer mentorship promises to disrupt stigma. More broadly, partnerships between occupational therapists and epilepsy organisations or disability support services in third level education could establish an academic culture where supports are readily available to people with concealable illnesses.
Maintaining my employment: Learning from people living and working with mental illness
Authors: Jarman Victoria , Hancock Nicola , Scanlan Justin Newton
Published: April 2016

Introduction

Engagement in occupation, including employment, is central to mental health recovery. However, evidence demonstrates that people living with mental illness struggle to maintain their employment. The aim of this qualitative study was to gain a rich understanding of the experiences of people living with mental illness who have managed to maintain their employment, and specifically, the strategies they actively choose and use to stay in work.

Method

Semi-structured interviews explored the perspectives of 10 people living with mental illness who were successfully maintaining their employment. Data were analysed using constant comparative analysis.

Results

Participants described maintaining employment through a conscious and active process of using individualised combinations of specific strategies within the broader categories of: identifying and connecting with helpful people; looking after all of me; having a job that fits with who I am; staying motivated; positive reflection and re-framing; and choosing and using strategies in the workplace.

Conclusion

Occupational therapists might better support long-term employment outcomes for people living with mental illness by adopting a more recovery-oriented approach, facilitating people to actively identify, choose and use their own strategies to maintain employment.
Beyond Access
Authors: Oberlin Kathleen C. , Pizmony-Levy Oren
Published: April 2016

We explore how social safety nets shape the utilization of services in a free health care clinic. Sociological research demonstrates that social interactions greatly influence decision making and help-seeking behaviors. However, little is known about the role of community-based organizations (CBOs) in this process and whether the effect of social safety nets varies across different types of services. Using original survey data from 1,044 patients at a free health care clinic, we find clear evidence that one’s social safety net, comprising CBOs and health-related discussion network ties, significantly affects the utilization of specialty care. Patients who are embedded in a social safety net are more likely than others to use these types of services. Importantly, this pattern does not hold for a patient’s use of primary care services. Our findings emphasize the importance of further examining the role of social safety nets, once access to health care is guaranteed.
Solid waste management practices in wet coffee processing industries of Gidabo watershed, Ethiopia
Authors: Ulsido Mihret D , Li Meng
Published: April 2016

The financial and social contributions of coffee processing industries within most coffee export-based national economies like Ethiopia are generally high. The type and amount of waste produced and the waste management options adopted by these industries can have negative effects on the environment. This study investigated the solid waste management options adopted in wet coffee processing industries in the Gidabo watershed of Ethiopia. A field observation and assessment were made to identify whether the operational characteristics of the industries have any effect on the waste management options that were practiced. The investigation was conducted on 125 wet coffee processing industries about their solid waste handling techniques. Focus group discussion, structured questionnaires, key informant interview and transect walks are some of the tools employed during the investigation. Two major types of wastes, namely hull-bean-pulp blended solid waste and wastewater rich in dissolved and suspended solids were generated in the industries. Wet mills, on average, released 20.69% green coffee bean, 18.58% water and 60.74% pulp by weight. Even though these wastes are rich in organic matter and recyclables; the most favoured solid waste management options in the watershed were disposal (50.4%) and industrial or household composting (49.6%). Laxity and impulsive decision are the driving motives behind solid waste management in Gidabo watershed. Therefore, to reduce possible contamination of the environment, wastes generated during the processing of red coffee cherries, such as coffee wet mill solid wastes, should be handled properly and effectively through maximisation of their benefits with minimised losses.
Discrepancies Between Prescribed and Actual Pediatric Home Parenteral Nutrition Solutions
Authors: Raphael Bram P. , Murphy Margaret , Gura Kathleen M. , Litman Heather , Dalton Meghan K. , Finkelstein Jonathan A. , Lightdale Jenifer R.
Published: April 2016

Background: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is increasingly prescribed for pediatric patients with complex medical conditions. Commercial vendors are widely available to compound HPN. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of discrepancies between written HPN prescriptions and commercially compounded solutions, as well as to record the associated severity of harm from discrepancies. Methods: From January to April 2013, 2 clinical pharmacists independently and prospectively reconciled HPN compounding records with electronic prescriptions (gold standard) during all routine ambulatory encounters to a multidisciplinary HPN program. Types, severity, and causes of discrepancies were recorded. Results: Sixty‐one unique patients were identified for inclusion during 117 visits. HPN solutions were compounded at 13 unique vendors across 14 states. Of all 100 compounding records, 46 (46%) contained at least 1 discrepancy, with a total of 60 discrepancies identified, affecting 34 of 61 (56%) patients. There was at least 1 discrepancy in solutions originating from 10 of 13 (77%) home infusion companies. Discrepancies were classified as Medication Error Reporting and Prevention levels C (n = 37) and D (n = 23; ie, all reaching patient but not causing harm). Conclusions: We found an alarmingly high rate of preparation discrepancies in a cohort of pediatric patients receiving HPN. Routine reconciliation of HPN compounds with intended prescriptions may be critical for ambulatory patients receiving this high‐risk therapy. While home infusion commercial vendors provide an indispensable function, discrepancies and errors with potential for harm may be more common than previously appreciated.
Inclusive Cluster-Based Development Strategies for Inner Cities
Authors: Toussaint-Comeau Maude , Newberger Robin , Augustine Darline
Published: April 2016

The extensive adoption of the industry cluster-based approach to economic development as popularized by Michael Porter calls for the examination of the expected benefits for inner cities. Clusters encourage practitioners to view regional economies in terms of groupings of related firms and supporting infrastructure, and to link economic development with workforce development and business support strategies. On September 15-16, 2015 researchers and practitioners gathered in Detroit for the Inner City Economic Summit, to share knowledge and experiences regarding strategies that can help drive economic growth in inner cities. In this conference summary, we analyze the findings and discussions of that meeting for the special edition of the Economic Development Quarterly May 2016 publication. The research findings presented at the summit suggest that agglomeration economies can foster employment growth in inner cities. Evidence also suggests that human capital development and a supportive business ecosystem, including better access to financing for minority entrepreneurs in inner cities, are important ingredients for a cluster-centered policy framework. The discussions at the summit underscore that industry cluster-based development strategies can be an effective intervention for change for distressed communities when they link to effective workforce training and business development programs.
Simulation and optimization of computer numerical control-milling model for machining a spiral bevel gear with new tooth flank
Authors: Ding Han , Tang Jinyuan , Zhong Jue , Wan Guoxin , Zhou Zhenyu
Published: April 2016

Distinguished with the traditional tooth flank of spiral bevel gears, an accurate spherical involute tooth profile is of obvious advantages for the design and manufacture. For obtaining the gear model with enough tooth flank accuracy, simulation and optimization methodologies of computer numerical control-milling model are proposed. Initially, it gives an identification of the spherical involute tooth flank based on an improved formation theory. A universal simulation machining of the universal multi-axis computer numerical control-milling center is proposed to obtain an initial model. Then, in order to get/for getting improved tooth flank accuracy of the initial gear model, it presents some optimization methods included in the applications which are (1) non-uniform rational B-spline reconstruction by the Skinning method and (2) an overall interpolation based on Energy method. Finally, some given numerical examples are utilized to verify the form error of tooth flank. In addition, a closed-loop experiment scheme is provided to verify the validity of proposed methods.
Insanity, belonging and citizenship: mentally ill people who went to and/or returned from Europe in the Late Ottoman Era
Authors: Artvinli Fatih
Published: April 2016

The Ottoman Empire, which encompassed a vast territory, had several facilities for the protection and treatment of the mentally ill. By the late nineteenth century, some wealthy families had begun to send their patients to mental hospitals in Europe for better treatment. During the same period, the process of repatriation of mental patients who were Ottoman subjects also began. These processes, which resulted in complex bureaucratic measures, later found a place in regulations and laws. The Ottoman Empire had an additional incentive to protect mentally-ill patients during the Second Constitutional Era, when discussions about ‘citizenship’ reappeared. This article examines the practices of sending mentally-ill people to Europe and the repatriation of mentally-ill Ottoman subjects from European countries.
Research and Development Teams as a Perennial Source of Competitive Advantage in the Innovation Adoption Process
Authors: Lenka Usha , Gupta Minisha , Sahoo Debashish Kumar
Published: April 2016

Focus of contemporary organizations is continuous creativity and innovation to face market dynamism. Therefore, organizations need to encourage research and development teams to launch new and innovative products/ideas. This article reviewed literature to identify variables that propagate the innovation adoption process in research and development teams. The variables that promote creativity and innovation within team members are the emotionally intelligent resonant leadership style of supervisors, team members’ characteristics, information sharing processes and task reflexivity. This study adopted a systematic review of literature analyzing publications from the 1990s to 2014, followed by the development of a conceptual framework, a discussion including a critical analysis, conclusion and managerial implications.
Sensorimotor Convergence in Circuitry of the Motor Cortex
Authors: Hooks Bryan M.
Published: April 2016

Scientists and philosophers have long appreciated that active somatosensation requires the sensory and motor systems to exchange information about body the body’s movements as well as touch in order to accurately interpret incoming somatosensory information and plan future movements. However, the circuitry underlying this sensory and motor integration is complicated and is difficult to study without tools to label specific cellular components in the various brain regions involved. Here, I review the general pathways that convey ascending sensory and descending motor information, using the rodent whisker system as a model to take advantage of the cell type specificity possible in this model. I then detail the circuits in motor cortex in which incoming information from somatosensory cortex and thalamus is integrated. I close with a brief description of changes in these circuits during motor learning.
A Family Systems Nursing Approach for Families Following a Stroke
Authors: Östlund Ulrika , Bäckström Britt , Saveman Britt-Inger , Lindh Viveca , Sundin Karin
Published: April 2016

Stroke in midlife is a life altering, challenging experience for the whole family thereby necessitating a family approach to intervention. The aim of this study was to describe the experiences of 17 family members living in Sweden, including seven adult stroke patients (six males; one female) under the age of 65 who participated in a series of three nurse-led family conversations that were offered in each family’s home. These Family Health Conversations (FamHC) were guided by the conceptual lens of Family System Nursing. Individual, semi-structured, evaluative interviews conducted with each participant one month after the FamHC were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The FamHC were described by family members as a unique conversation that they had not previously experienced in health care contexts. Family members described possibilities for relational sharing and meaningful conversations as well as changes in family functioning that support the suitability of FamHC for family stroke care.
High hydrostatic pressure as a method to preserve fresh-cut Hachiya persimmons: A structural approach
Authors: Vázquez-Gutiérrez José Luis , Quiles Amparo , Vonasek Erica , Jernstedt Judith A , Hernando Isabel , Nitin Nitin , Barrett Diane M
Published: April 2016

The “Hachiya” persimmon is the most common astringent cultivar grown in California and it is rich in tannins and carotenoids. Changes in the microstructure and some physicochemical properties during high hydrostatic pressure processing (200–400 MPa, 3 min, 25 ℃) and subsequent refrigerated storage were analyzed in this study in order to evaluate the suitability of this non-thermal technology for preservation of fresh-cut Hachiya persimmons. The effects of high-hydrostatic pressure treatment on the integrity and location of carotenoids and tannins during storage were also analyzed. Significant changes, in particular diffusion of soluble compounds which were released as a result of cell wall and membrane damage, were followed using confocal microscopy. The high-hydrostatic pressure process also induced changes in physicochemical properties, e.g. electrolyte leakage, texture, total soluble solids, pH and color, which were a function of the amount of applied hydrostatic pressure and may affect the consumer acceptance of the product. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the application of 200 MPa could be a suitable preservation treatment for Hachiya persimmon. This treatment seems to improve carotenoid extractability and tannin polymerization, which could improve functionality and remove astringency of the fruit, respectively.
Comparative study of the physicochemical, compositional and functional properties of eight flours obtained from different plant materials found in Colombia
Authors: Lopera-Cardona Seneida , Gallardo Cecilia , Umaña-Gallego Jairo , Gil Lina María
Published: April 2016

The physicochemical, compositional and functional properties of flour from green plantains ( Musa acuminata) of the large green plantain variety, oyster mushrooms ( Pleorotus ostreatus), pineapple peel ( Ananas comosus) of the ‘apple pineapple’ variety, yellow peas ( Pisum sativum), chickpeas ( Cicer arietinum), whole grain rice ( Oryza sativa), whole grain corn ( Zea mays) and whole grain white quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) were evaluated by using one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlations and principal component analysis chemical composition of the eight flours, statistically differed ( p < 0.05). Oyster mushroom and yellow pea flours had the greatest protein content (28.92 and 21.02%, respectively), whereas the pineapple peel, peas and corn stood out for their high contents of Fe and Zn. All flours exhibited emulsifying and foaming activities, while hydration and interfacial properties showed statistically significant negative correlations. There was a clear relationship between levels of protein and carbohydrates and gelation and syneresis phenomena in thermally treated flour suspensions. According to principal component analysis of functional, physicochemical and compositional properties, flours were classified into five groups of raw materials: (1) yellow peas, (2) chickpeas, rice, corn and quinoa, (3) green plantain, (4) pineapple peel and (5) oyster mushrooms. Results are promising to formulate mixes and composite flours for fortification and/or enrichment of food products by using different technological processes.
Effect of high-pressure homogenization on different matrices of food supplements
Authors: Martínez-Sánchez Ascensión , Tarazona-Díaz Martha Patricia , García-González Antonio , Gómez Perla A , Aguayo Encarna
Published: April 2016

There is a growing demand for food supplements containing high amounts of vitamins, phenolic compounds and mineral content that provide health benefits. Those functional compounds have different solubility properties, and the maintenance of their compounds and the guarantee of their homogenic properties need the application of novel technologies. The quality of different drinkable functional foods after thermal processing (0.1 MPa) or high-pressure homogenization under two different conditions (80 MPa, 33 ℃ and 120 MPa, 43 ℃) was studied. Physicochemical characteristics and sensory qualities were evaluated throughout the six months of accelerated storage at 40 ℃ and 75% relative humidity (RH). Aroma and color were better maintained in high-pressure homogenization-treated samples than the thermally treated ones, which contributed significantly to extending their shelf life. The small particle size obtained after high-pressure homogenization treatments caused differences in turbidity and viscosity with respect to heat-treated samples. The use of high-pressure homogenization, more specifically, 120 MPa, provided active ingredient homogeneity to ensure uniform content in functional food supplements. Although the effect of high-pressure homogenization can be affected by the food matrix, high-pressure homogenization can be implemented as an alternative to conventional heat treatments in a commercial setting within the functional food supplement or pharmaceutical industry.
Universal ideals in local realities
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , McDonald Paul , Bae Juyeon , Ray Sriparna , Santos Emanuelle
Published: April 2016

The potential of the Internet to act as a global distribution outlet for screen content has long come into conflict with the nationally focused strategies of producers, broadcasters, governments and Internet service providers. Online viewing therefore acts as a useful case study for interrogating how tensions between ‘global’ and ‘local’ manifest within an increasingly digitized media landscape. This article examines the online viewing markets in three countries at different stages of digital maturity (South Korea, Brazil and India) to consider how online viewing has evolved in each. It then examines audience questionnaire and interview data generated in each country to explore how viewers are making sense of and valuing online viewing services. By interrogating all three samples before focusing specifically on India in more detail, it examines two tensions within the global expansion of online film and television distribution: between global trends and local infrastructures and between the ideals of online viewing services and the grounded realities of their daily use.
The video bubble
Authors: Vonderau Patrick
Published: April 2016

Multichannel networks (MCNs) are intermediary companies that sell advertising, cross-promote affiliated YouTube channels, and develop video brands. They have often been criticized as driving YouTube’s commercialization, a seemingly recent phenomenon that sees hithertho informal practices of video making and sharing being increasingly formalized. This article challenges such beliefs about YouTube’s sudden makeover, based on archival evidence that allows to reconstruct YouTube’s long commercial history and on fresh field study data relating to one specific MCN and its content providers. Debunking the myth of ‘cocreation’, the article uses simple analogies – market, infrastructure, and franchise – to describe how MCNs contribute to establish asymmetrical relations between users and emergent industry systems online. It demonstrates how MCNs since 2006 have streamlined and standardized production inputs, reorganized cost per mille–based ad sales, and redefined the value of video in line with a more general financialization of media markets. The methodological framework for this empirical inquiry into YouTube’s first decade is based on economic sociology and infrastructure studies, and the argument itself framed by critical research on ‘connected viewing’, a larger trend across the media industries to integrate digital technology and socially networked communication with traditional screen media practices.
Pain as the neglected patient safety concern
Authors: Twycross Alison , Forgeron Paula , Chorne Jill , Backman Chantal , Finley G Allen
Published: April 2016

Five years ago, we published a commentary in the Canadian Medical Association Journal arguing that inadequately managed pain in children should be considered an adverse event, a harmful patient outcome. We argued that inadequately managed pain meets the definition of an adverse event and further hypothesized that treating pain as an adverse event may improve care by raising health care administrators and quality improvement experts’ awareness of this issue. In this article, we reflect on the progress made in both moving this proposition forward and testing out the concept. We then move on to look at what still needs to be done to ensure that children’s pain is managed effectively.
The sociocultural self-creation of a natural category
Authors: Strydom Piet
Published: April 2016

Following the recent recognition that humans are an active force in nature that gave rise to a new geological epoch, this article explores the implications of the shift to the Anthropocene for social theory. The argument assumes that the emerging conditions compel an expansion and deepening of the timescale of the social-theoretical perspective and that such an enhancement has serious repercussions for the concept of human agency. First, the Anthropocene is conceptualized as a nascent cognitively structured cultural model rather than simply a geological epoch. Second, the vast and deep timescale, in the light of which the new time unit and its generative agency alone make sense, is analysed along with the human world’s objective, sociocultural and subjective axes. Finally, the elements of the concept of agency are recomposed in their temporal and relational contexts. At the reflexive level throughout, the need for social theory to develop a cognitive-theoretical approach in conjunction with a weak naturalistic ontology is suggested.
Prediction of model scale turbofan exhaust tone noise
Authors: Envia Edmane
Published: April 2016

This paper describes in detail the process for predicting, from first principles, the rotor–stator interaction tone levels for two realistic model-scale fans that are representative of high bypass ratio and ultrahigh bypass ratio turbofans. The prediction scheme relies on a suite of three-dimensional computational tools that include Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes aerodynamic models and linearized inviscid aeroacoustic models. The goal of the study was to assess the accuracy of tone-level predictions for realistic fans operating under realistic conditions. The predictions were carried out over a wide range of operating conditions that include, but were not limited to the approach, cutback, and sideline conditions for each of the two fans. The in-duct and external tonal sound fields were computed at a representative blade passing frequency harmonic tone. The predicted tone sound pressure level and sound power level have been compared with the measurements acquired at a NASA anechoic wind tunnel. The data–theory comparisons are primarily focused on the exhaust tone levels due to lack of validated models for predicting the three-dimensional tone acoustic transmission through a rotor. The data–theory comparisons show that it is possible to make accurate predictions of the exhaust rotor–stator interaction tone power levels starting with the geometry of the fan stage. Specifically, the results demonstrate that the exhaust rotor–stator interaction tone power levels can be predicted to within [Formula: see text] dB on a consistent basis for rotor at subsonic tip relative speeds by including the three-dimensional geometry of the fan stage and its flowfield. Furthermore, using the predicted in-duct sound pressure levels, the basic trends in the directivity of the exhaust tone sound pressure level can also be predicted despite the complex nature of tone directivity for realistic fans and the complicated physics of sound refraction through the exhaust shear layer.
Can Home-Based HIV Rapid Testing Reduce HIV Disparities Among African Americans in Miami?
Authors: Kenya Sonjia , Okoro Ikenna S. , Wallace Kiera , Ricciardi Michael , Carrasquillo Olveen , Prado Guillermo
Published: April 2016

Sixty percent of African Americans have had an HIV test, yet this population disproportionately contributes to AIDS mortality, suggesting that testing is not occurring early enough to achieve optimal outcomes. OraQuick, the first Food and Drug Administration–approved home-based HIV rapid test (HBHRT) could potentially increase testing rates. We assessed whether community health workers (CHWs) paired with HBRHT could improve HIV screening and health care access among African Americans in Miami, Florida. In October-November 2013, 60 African Americans were enrolled and randomized to the experimental condition, which received CHW assistance to complete HBHRT, or the control condition, which were instructed to complete HBHRT independently. Intervention participants were significantly ( p ≤ .05) more likely than control participants to complete HBHRT and, if positive, get linked to HIV care (100% vs. 83%) χ2 (1, N = 60) = 5.46, p ≤ .02. We concluded that CHW-assisted HBHRT may be a promising strategy to improve HIV testing and care among African Americans.
Community-Engaged Strategies to Increase Diversity of Participants in Health Education Research
Authors: Khubchandani Jagdish , Balls-Berry Joyce , Price James H. , Webb Fern J.
Published: April 2016

Minorities have historically been underrepresented in health-related research. Several strategies have been recommended to increase the participation of minorities in health-related research. However, most of the recommendations and guidelines apply to research in clinical or laboratory contexts. One of the more prominent methods to enhance minority participation in health-related research that has recently come to the fore is the use of community-engaged strategies. The purpose of this article is to summarize community-engaged outreach efforts that can be translated into useable strategies for health education research teams seeking to diversify the pool of research participants. Also, we provide a succinct overview of the various components of a research endeavor that may influence minority participation in health-related research. Finally, we analyze how health education specialists and SOPHE (Society of Public Health Education) can play a leading role in helping enhance minority participation in health-related research.
Do Prenatal Corticosteroids Affect Brain Maturation of the Premature Infant? An Electroencephalography Study
Authors: Shany Eilon , Berger Itai , Goldberg Ori , Karplus Michael , Gilat Shlomo , Benzaquen Oshra , Yogev Hagai , Shalev Ruth
Published: April 2016

Objective. To assess whether prenatal treatment with betamethasone has a significant influence on cerebral maturation indices as measured by electroencephalographic (EEG) indices. Study Design. Infants born less than 35 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) were prospectively enrolled if their mother received a full course of bethametasone prior to delivery (study group) or not (control group); infants with major intracranial abnormalities were excluded as well as those who were sedated or needed assisted ventilation. EEG was recorded during the first 10 days of life. Interburst intervals and maximal amplitudes of theta and delta bandwidths were calculated by a signal processing software. A multivariate general linear model was used to analyze the relationship between the 2 groups and the different electrophysiologic parameters, adjusting for PMA and mode of delivery. Results. Thirty-eight infants were included in the study group and 36 in the control group. Univariate analysis demonstrated a negative correlation between PMA at test and EEG indices (interburst interval and delta and theta frequencies). Multivariate analysis demonstrated a less robust correlation of PMA and EEG indices and a positive correlation of prenatal betamethasone treatment with Theta frequencies. Repeating the data analysis separately for each study group, the above results remained significant mainly in the study group. Conclusions. Our findings suggest a possible stabilization effect of corticosteroids on the central nervous system and a possible delay of the maturation of cerebral activity related to prenatal corticosteroids use. These findings may relate to a better neurodevelopmental outcome of infants treated prenatally with corticosteroids.
Coaches’ perspectives on teaching life skills to underserved South African children and youth
Authors: Whitley Meredith A , Wright E Missy , Gould Daniel
Published: April 2016

This study examines life skills taught by sport coaches working with children and youth in underserved areas in South Africa. A total of 19 coaches participated in five focus groups with coaches discussing the life skills they teach along with the strategies they use to teach these life skills. Twenty higher order themes emerged from the inductive content analysis related to life skills taught (e.g., self-regulation, work ethic, emotional control, substance use, and disease prevention) and strategies for teaching life skills (e.g., intentionality, group discussions, modeling, and self-exploration). Findings are discussed relative to life skill development through sport literature. Specifically, coaches’ investment in teaching life skills combined with their in-depth knowledge of their players and community are discussed as strengths directly influencing their life skills teaching. Practical implications for coaches are also explored.
A cadaveric study of the distribution pattern of the cutaneous sensory fibres of the distal palm of the hand.
Authors: Filfilan R. , Kinsella A. , Yong L. , Davidson D. M.
Published: April 2016

We investigated the cutaneous innervation of the distal palm, an area frequently dissected by the hand surgeon. Ten (five paired) fresh-frozen cadaveric hands were dissected under 3.0× loupe magnification. Volar branches were found on both sides in the majority of digits. They originated alongside, or at the proximal margin of, the A1 pulley in 84% of digits. The mean distance from the palmar digital crease to the origin of volar branches was 21 mm.
Cognitive functions over the course of 1 year in multiple sclerosis patients treated with disease modifying therapies
Authors: Utz Kathrin S. , Lee De-Hyung , Lämmer Alexandra , Waschbisch Anne , Linker Ralf A. , Schenk Thomas
Published: April 2016

Objectives:

Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are applied to delay or prevent disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). While this has mostly been proven for physical symptoms, available studies regarding long-term effects of DMTs on cognitive functions are rare and sometimes inconsistent due to methodological shortcomings. Particularly in the case of fingolimod, comprehensive data on cognitive functions are not yet available. Therefore, we set out to reliably assess cognitive functions in patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) treated with DMTs over 1 year.

Methods:

Cognitive functions were assessed with eight tests at three timepoints: baseline, 6-month follow up and 12-month follow up. First, we investigated whether the stability of cognitive functions (i.e. not falling below the 5% cut-off in more than one test) over 1 year in RRMS patients ( n = 41) corresponds to the stability in healthy individuals ( n = 40) of a previous study. Second, we compared the percentage of declined and improved patients in the different tests. Third, we compared patients treated with fingolimod ( n = 22) with patients treated with natalizumab ( n = 11) with regard to cognitive stability. Fourth, based on the patient data, the Reliable Change Index was applied to compute cut-offs for reliable cognitive change.

Results:

Approximately 75% of RRMS patients treated with DMTs remained stable over the course of 1 year. The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and the Spatial Recall Test (SPART), produced improvements in 12.5% and 30.6%, respectively, probably due to practice effects. Patients treated with fingolimod did not differ from patients treated with natalizumab with regard to cognitive stability.

Conclusions:

Cognitive functions remain relatively stable under DMT treatment over 1 year, irrespective of the type of medication. Furthermore, the tests PASAT and SPART should be interpreted cautiously in studies examining performance changes over time. The provided RCI norms may help clinicians to determine whether a difference in two measurements observed in a RRMS patient is reliable.