bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arabic–Yoruba Translation of the Qur'an: A Socio-linguistic Perspective
Authors: Ogunbiyi Isaac A.
Published: August 2010

The discussion is introduced with an overview of the evolution of Yoruba ethnic identity toward the end of the nineteenth century; the role and primary motives of Rev. Samuel Ajayi Crowther in the emergence of Standard/K, oine/Literary Yoruba and its orthography as well as the various tributaries to the Literary Yoruba. Probable reasons for the delay in the appearance of Yoruba translations of the Qur'an in spite of the long contact of the Yoruba with Islam are suggested. Emphasis is laid on the contribution of Yoruba Muslim religious discourse over time to the Literary Yoruba as well as the techniques employed by Yoruba translators of the Qur' an in deriving appropriate Yoruba words through the internal dynamics of the Yoruba verbal system. The major distinguishing features of the existing translations are identified and suggestions are made for future refinement.
Qur'anic Wording in Political Speeches in Classical Arabic Literature1
Authors: Dähne Stephan
Published: August 2010

Qur'anic wording in political speeches in classical Arabic literature (khuṭba, pl. khuṭab) is often stripped of its original (Qur'anic) meaning and used to convey a completely new message. In all cases, the Qur'anic wording is made to fit into both the theme of the text and into its grammatical structure. Most striking is the phenomenon which may be named ‘equivalence of contexts’. This phenomenon differs from its very closely related counterparts, known in classical Arabic literature as iqtibās (quotation) and talmīh (allusion). Even if it is not a constant feature of political khuṭab, taken as a whole, the phenomenon of ‘equivalence of the contexts’ can be detected quite frequently therein. It cannot be simply understood as a product of pure chance. It is rather a rhetorical device comparable to other rhetorical devices like iqtibās and talmīḥ in so far as it serves to embellish and to emphasise the message connected with it.
The Qur'an and Hermeneutics: Reading the Qur'an's Opposition to Patriarchy1
Authors: Barlas Asma
Published: August 2010

This article inquires into the Qur'an's position on patriarchy, defined both as a theory of father's rule and as a politics of sexual differentiation that privileges males, in order to show that the Qur'an not only does not condone patriarchy, but that it teaches a view of human equality that challenges and undermines patriarchal ideologies. Second, it describes a hermeneutics of the Qur'an derived from the Qur'an itself that can help us to read its support for equality and its opposition to patriarchy.
Obligations of the Translators of the Qur'an Towards the Qur'anic Readings
Authors: Tabatabaee S. K.
Published: August 2010

It is historically established that the readers of the Qur'an read certain Qur'anic phrases or words in various ways. Some of these different readings affect the pronunciation of certain words without changing their meanings, e.g. ‘kufuwan aḥad’ where two readings exist: ‘kufuwan aḥad’ with fā' madmūma and wāw maftūha without hamza and ‘kufu'an aḥad’ with hamz and fā' maḍmūma. Other readings, however, may affect the function of a word in a sentence in terms of the syntactical structure of the sentence and the grammatical function of the word, and the way it is to be parsed. This can be observed in ‘mālik yawn al-dīn’ (Q.1:4) where three readings exist: ‘māliki yawmi'l-dīn’, ‘maliki yawmi'l-dīn’ and ‘malaka yawma'l-dīn’, turning mālik into a past tense verb and rendering the word yawm in the nasb mood. Another example can be found in the Qur'anic phrase ‘bi-mā kānū yakdhibūn’ (Q.2:10) where two readings exist: ‘yakdhibūn’ with yā' maftūḥa and single dhāl, and ‘yukadhdhibūn’ with yā' maḍmūma and doubled dhal.

This article will focus on the obligations to be undertaken by the translators of the Qur'an in relation to the latter type of Qur'anic readings.
In Praise of the Word of God: Reflections of Early Religious and Social Concerns in the Fadā'il al-Qur'ān Genre
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma
Published: August 2010

Faḍā'il al-Qur'ān is the usual title given to chapters in various ḥadīth compilations or to individual works that deal with the ‘excellences’ or ‘merits’ of the Qur'an. The faḍā'il al-Qur'ān traditions found in common in the standard and non-standard ḥadīth compilations are concerned largely with the memorisation of the Qur'an, its compilation and being written down, its best reciters, and the excellences of certain surahs and āyāt. In the early part of the 3rd/9th century, separate works on faḍā'il al-Qur'ān began to emerge, which covered a wider range of topics.

This article establishes that both the religious and the social historian may profitably mine the faḍā'il al-Qur'ān literature for valuable insights into, for example, the position of Qur'an reciters in early Islamic society; early attitudes towards writing conventions in the maṣāhif; modes of recitation; the probity of accepting wages for teaching the Qur'an; and the authoritativeness of oral versus written transmission of the Qur'anic text. A closer examination of the contents of the faḍā'il al-Qur'ān literature also yields valuable insights into the central role of the Qur'an, both as an oral and written text, and of its ‘people’ or its ‘advocates’, the so-called ahi al-Qurān, in the early Muslim community.

Our preliminary survey allows us to state that, for some people, the Qur'an as the central sacred text of Islam came to stand in for the pristine, idealised Muslim polity. How certain groups of people chose to define their relation to the Qur'an (as its reciters, bearers, advocates, teachers and explicators of its grammar and language) and what aspect of the Qur'an they chose to emphasise (oral versus written) could then be regarded as a hallmark of their piety and fidelity to the memory of the earliest community under the Prophet and his rightly-guided caliphs. Such an endeavour assumed particular relevance in the merit-conscious society first established by cUmar (d. 24/644), in which people were ranked in terms of their moral excellences according to the principle of sābiqa (‘priority in Islam’), and from which they consequently derived their social standing. Our study, on the one hand, corroborates some of the information already available about the organisation of early Islamic society from other sources; on the other, it nuances and broadens this information. Our line of inquiry also allows us to refine a body of scholarship regarding the origins of the faḍā'il al-Qur'ān traditions, and their nature and the conclusions to be derived from this corpus concerning the attitudes of early Muslims towards the study of the Qur'an.
The Lexical Transfer of Arabic Non-core Lexicon: Sura 113 of the Qur'an – al-Falaq (The Splitting)1
Authors: Fatani Afnan H.
Published: August 2010

This paper is an attempt to stimulate a more scientific and linguistic approach to Qur'an-translation than has hitherto been undertaken. Various theories of meaning widely employed in semantics are mobilised to illustrate the referential versatility of Arabic non-core lexemes and to highlight the semantic errors of transfer that this versatility generates. Recent advances in the field of descriptive semantics have greatly enhanced our interlingual ability to translate texts, especially the more difficult texts that rely heavily on ‘non-core lexicon’, the formal, learned and less familiar lexemes of a language-system. However, it is clear from a reading of recent research in Arabic linguistics that serious problems still remain for researchers interested in transferring the non-core lexicon of Arabic into English, basically because of the wide range of referential meanings that Arabic non-core lexemes can exhibit.

My approach is based on the premise that the referential versatility of Arabic non-core lexicon can be better appreciated when the hidden errors of lexical transfer inscribed in existing target language (TL) texts are exposed and clearly explicated. In order to expose the semantic gaps between source language (SL) and TL lexicon, this study adopts a multi-level or glossed procedure of translation that would more faithfully reproduce the morpho-semantic structure of the SL text.
The Exegetical Traditions of cĀcisha: Notes on their Impact and Significance*
Authors: Geissinger Aisha
Published: August 2010

This article examines six exegetical traditions from Bukhārī's Ṣaḥīḥ traced back to cĀↄisha bint Abī Bakr (d. 58/678), in an effort to contribute to the discussion of the many complex questions surrounding the exegetical material attributed to her found in medieval ḥadīth collections and Qur'an commentaries. Three of the exegetical traditions studied relate to aspects of Hajj, and three discuss theological questions. These traditions portray cĀↄisha's interpretive activity in three main ways: as a transmitter and ‘active interlocutor’ of Muhammad's words, as an exegete, and as a participant in the early Muslim community's exegetical debates. Some of these traditions are also striking in the way in which they place cĀↄisha's own interpretive voice at the forefront of the text. It is demonstrated that, for Bukhārī at least, transmission of exegetical material is not necessarily a passive role, and it is suggested that he depicts cĀↄisha as an exegetical authority in her own right. Moreover, it is argued that the medieval Sunnī Qur'an commentators surveyed in this article generally recognise traditions credited to her as authoritative, although the degree to which they do so may vary for a number of reasons.
A Magnetostrictive Composite-Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor
Authors: Quintero Sully M. M. , Braga Arthur M. B. , Weber Hans I. , Bruno Antonio C. , Araújo Jefferson F. D. F.
Published: August 2010

This paper presents a light and compact optical fiber Bragg Grating sensor for DC and AC magnetic field measurements. The fiber is coated by a thick layer of a magnetostrictive composite consisting of particles of Terfenol-D dispersed in a polymeric matrix. Among the different compositions for the coating that were tested, the best magnetostrictive response was obtained using an epoxy resin as binder and a 30% volume fraction of Terfenol-D particles with sizes ranging from 212 to 300 µm. The effect of a compressive preload in the sensor was also investigated. The achieved resolution was 0.4 mT without a preload or 0.3 mT with a compressive pre-stress of 8.6 MPa. The sensor was tested at magnetic fields of up to 750 mT under static conditions. Dynamic measurements were conducted with a magnetic unbalanced four-pole rotor
Multimodal Approaches to High-Risk Prostate Cancer
Authors: Koupparis Anthony , Gleave M. E.
Published: September 2010

Widespread use of testing for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has led to a migration in the stage and grade of prostate cancer (PCa), with most men presenting with localized disease. However, 20%–35% of patients still present with high-risk disease (PSA > 20 ng/mL, biopsy Gleason score 8–10, or clinical stage T3). Despite advances in various treatment modalities, patients with high-risk disease have a significant chance of recurrence and death after surgery, often because of the presence of early occult metastasis at time of diagnosis. The optimal management of high-risk pca remains controversial. The present article aims to discuss the traditional approaches and the more recent evolution toward multimodal therapies.
Radiation Therapy in Prostate Cancer: A Risk-Adapted Strategy
Authors: Hayden A. J. , Catton C. , Pickles T.
Published: September 2010

External-beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy, widely utilized as curative treatment modalities for prostate cancer, have undergone significant clinical and technological advances in recent decades. Contemporary radiotherapy treatment algorithms use pretreatment prognostic factors to stratify patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups that correlate with both pathologic stage of disease and risk of recurrence after treatment. The use of risk groups and additional prognostic factors guide selection of the optimal treatment modalities for individual patients. Here, the roles of external-beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy, and neoadjuvant or adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy are discussed in that context. Additional prognostic factors for recurrence in the post-prostatectomy setting and the role of adjuvant and salvage radiation therapy are also reviewed. The risk-adaptive approach in radiotherapy for prostate cancer aims to optimize cancer control outcomes while minimizing the morbidity of treatment.
Clinical Manifestations but not Cytokine Profiles Differentiate Adult-onset Still’s Disease and Sepsis
Authors: RAU MONIKA , SCHILLER MARTIN , KRIENKE STEFAN , HEYDER PETRA , LORENZ HANNES , BLANK NORBERT
Published: September 2010

Objective.

To analyze clinical manifestations, serum ferritin, and serum cytokine levels in patients with adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) or bacterial sepsis and to evaluate their potential use for differential diagnosis.

Methods.

Twenty-two consecutive patients with the first flare of AOSD and 6 patients with an established diagnosis of AOSD under immunosuppressive therapy were compared with 14 patients with bacterial sepsis. Clinical manifestations were scored in a Pouchot AOSD activity score including elevated serum ferritin levels to obtain a modified Pouchot score. Serum cytokine profiles were analyzed from each patient.

Results.

The scores of clinical manifestations using a modified Pouchot activity score were significantly higher in patients with active untreated AOSD (mean 5.60 ± 1.93) compared with patients with chronic AOSD (mean 1.16 ± 0.98; p < 0.001) and patients with sepsis (mean 2.38 ± 1.19; p < 0.001). A modified Pouchot score ≥ 4 shows a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 93% for active AOSD. Serum cytokine levels of interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and calprotectin were elevated in acute AOSD and sepsis. Significant differences were detected only in patients with sepsis who had higher levels of IL-6 and IL-8. The overlap of the 2 groups limits the use of cytokines for differential diagnosis in individual patients.

Conclusion.

A modified Pouchot AOSD activity score including elevated serum ferritin levels was more useful to confirm the diagnosis of AOSD compared to patients with sepsis. Elevated serum cytokines correlate with inflammation but are of limited use to differentiate between active AOSD and bacterial sepsis.
Rétrospective de la structuration d'un pôle de compétitivité : une analyse par le concept de proximité
Authors: Gosse Bérangère , Sprimont Pierre-Antoine
Published: September 2010

Résumé La concentration géographique de certaines industries est une réalité économique (notion de cluster ou district). Avec différents acteurs locaux (ex. universités, associations), les entreprises forment sur le territoire un réseau caractérisé par une proximité géographique et par une proximité plus ou moins organisée. Cet article s’intéresse aux phases de construction et aux éléments structurants d’un pôle de compétitivité. La notion de proximité est retenue pour expliquer les différentes étapes de la structuration d’une industrie régionale reconnue pôle de compétitivité à vocation mondiale. L’audit économique et l’analyse documentaire de ce pôle sont le socle à l’identification des quinze principaux « experts-décideurs » interrogés. Le cas étudié fait ressortir sept phases et quatre éléments structurants dans la construction du réseau territorial : les pouvoirs publics, les associations, les hommes de réseaux, les co-investissements spécifiques. Leur convergence permet d’attirer, de fixer et de signaler les compétences spécifiques d’un territoire.
Faire face à un déclassement social : le cas des jeunes diplômés précaires prisonniers des stages
Authors: Glaymann Dominique , Grima François
Published: September 2010

Résumé Ce travail étend les résultats de recherches passées sur les travailleurs contingents à la situation paradoxale vécue par des jeunes très diplômés contraints d’accumuler des stages. Plus précisément, cette recherche vise à comprendre de quelles façons et avec quelles ressources ces jeunes formés pour un emploi qualifié, voire très qualifié, font face à une trajectoire professionnelle précaire synonyme de risque de déclassement auxquels ils ne s’attendaient pas. Fondés sur des entretiens semi-directifs avec 51 jeunes confrontés à cette situation, nos résultats attestent de la nature destructrice du déclassement qui se révèle synonyme de fragilité sociale et d’angoisse sur la trajectoire professionnelle comme dans la relation à l’autre qui peut être perçu comme un ennemi. Pour autant, ce travail qui analyse différentes postures permettant de gérer ce déclassement met à jour l’existence d’une dynamique de construction de carrière articulant acceptation et révolte. L’analyse des fondements de ces tactiques révèle l’importance de plusieurs facteurs de contingence facilitant leur usage.
Vers un renouvellement des dispositifs prévisionnels des ressources humaines : la question de la complémentarité entre prévision et prospective
Authors: Brillet Franck , Hulin Annabelle
Published: September 2010

Résumé L’ambition de cet article consiste, au regard des dispositifs d’anticipation des RH, à dégager les principaux enjeux que pose ce type de changement en termes de GRH et de mieux définir le rôle de la prospective dans la gestion du changement. Ainsi, les liens étroits et complémentaires entre les dimensions prévisionnelle et prospective seront étudiés. Deux exemples accompagneront la démonstration et sont issus de l’expérience des chercheurs dans le cadre de recherches-actions menées au sein de la fonction publique d’Etat.
Getting a grip of customer value creation in developing industrial services
Authors: Salkari Iiro , Ryynänen Tapani
Published: September 2010

Résumé Cet article aborde la manière de faire des affaires à partir des services en appréhendant mieux leurs effets sur la création de valeur-client. L’étude se focalise sur les services industriels offerts par des entreprises fabricantes de machines. Nous identifions d’abord les logiques potentielles de création de valeur à partir des chaînes de valeur portériennes et des approches qui leur sont liées. Deuxièmement, nous présentons une approche et un outil destinés à formaliser comment un service supporte la création de valeur-client. Troisièmement, nous illustrons au travers d’un outil comment un service peut être spécifié en se basant sur la façon dont il supporte la création de valeur-client. L’approche adopte les différents points de vue concernant la création de valeur que les clients/parties-prenantes peuvent avoir sur le même service. Les résultats de la formalisation sont une base pour l’augmentation des ventes et des prix et un point de départ pour la spécification des proces sus de service. Cet article est basé sur un projet de recherche consacré à trois cas d’industries et sur un workshop dirigé par des industriels. Les cas et les participants au workshop représentent des entrepri ses moyennes et grandes de l’industrie de la fabri cation de machines.
Innovation through virtual communities of practice: motivation and constraints in the knowledge-creation process
Authors: Correia Ana Maria , Mesquita A. , Paulos A.
Published: September 2010

Résumé Les Communautés de Pratique (CoP) sont des endroits qui proposent une base solide pour l’apprentissage organisationnel, permettant la création et l’acquisition de connaissance, développant ainsi la performance organisationnelle, favorisant l’innovation et augmentant de ce fait la compétitivité. Les Communautés de Pratique virtuelles (VCoP) peuvent jouer un rôle central dans le développement de la communication et de la collaboration entre les membres qui sont dispersés dans l’espace et dans le temps. L’étude de cas en cours, décrite ici, vise à identifier les motivations et les contraintes que les membres d’une organisation connaissent quand ils prennent part aux processus de création et de partage de connaissance dans la VCoP à laquelle ils appartiennent. En nous basant sur une revue de littérature, nous avons identifié plusieurs facteurs qui influencent de tels processus ; ils sont utilisés pour analyser les résultats des interviews réalisés dans cette étude de trois multinationales.
La transferencia de competencias dentro de las organizaciones: elementos de reflexión a partir de un proyecto de investigación transfronterizo
Authors: Iturbe-Ormaetxe Julen , Dupouy Aline , Sánchez David
Published: September 2010

Résumé Cet article se propose de présenter les principaux apports d’un projet Aquitaine Euskadi 1 « Mise en œuvre de l’innovation dans les organisations : apprentissage et transferts de compétences » développé par deux entités, ETEO (Faculté des sciences de l’entreprise, Euskadi) et ESTIA (École d’ingénieurs, Aquitaine). Après avoir rappelé les principales étapes de développement de ce projet, nous proposons de revenir sur les concepts centraux de ce travail et sur l’approche que nous avons adoptée pour le conduire. Ensuite, nous reprenons les principaux éléments issus de l’analyse de nos résultats afin de mettre en exergue la multiplicité des formes d’apprentissage réalisés en entreprise/dans les organisations et même au-delà, soutenant que ces apprentissages dépassent largement les strictes frontières de l’entreprise. Enfin, nous proposons d’appréhender les projets visant le développement des compétences des personnes dans les organisations en considérant trois dimensions inter-reliées et en interaction : la personne/ l’organisation inhérente au travail/les outils utilisés.
Enfance perdue – enfance retrouvée
Authors: Haynal André
Published: September 2010

Résumé L’auteur essaie de saisir le sens de deux concepts antagonistes – le traumatisme et la résilience – afin de comprendre la vie. La résilience est le fait de pouvoir rebondir, « Orphée » selon Ferenczi (qui utilise ce terme dans son Journal Clinique). Ce travail présente la recherche récente à ce sujet en psychanalyse et en dehors.
Effect of Blockage of the Ducts of the Vomeronasal Organ on LH Plasma Levels during the “Whitten Effect” in Does
Authors: Booth Kenneth Kurt , Webb Edward Cottington
Published: August 2010

Eighteen mature, nonpregnant, and indigenous South African does were randomly divided into two groups to test if their vomeronasal organs exert an influence on LH plasma levels during a Whitten effect experimental trial. Does in the treatment (VNO ablated) group had their vomeronasal organs rendered nonfunctional by cauterization of the nasoincisive duct under surgical anesthesia. Does in the control group had their nasal civities irrigated with physiological saline under surgical anesthesia. All does were synchronized into oestrus and introduced to bucks one day prior to their expected second oestrus cycle. Successful matings were recorded. Timely blood samples were collected during each of the five days before and five days after buck introduction. Blood plasma concentrations of estradiol and LH were determined by radioimmunoassay. Analysis of variance between groups demonstrated that the does in the VNO ablated group did not demonstrate any interest in mating, did not become pregnant, and did not demonstrate the primary increase in tonic plasma levels of LH that is necessary for ovulation to occur. By contrast, all of the does in the control group demonstrated successful matings, became pregnant, and demonstrated typical primary tonic level increases and preovulation surges in LH. Thus, it was concluded that the vomeronasal organ modulates the primary increase in tonic levels of LH and thus influences ovulation that occurs during the Whitten effect in South African indigenous does.
Passive Smoking and the Development of Cardiovascular Disease in Children: A Systematic Review
Authors: Metsios Giorgos S. , Flouris Andreas D. , Angioi Manuela , Koutedakis Yiannis
Published: August 2010

Passive smoking may be implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in children because of their partially developed physiological systems. The aim of the present systematic paper is to investigate whether passive smoking is associated with factors that influence the development of CVD in children. Data sources included Medline, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health (CINAHL) research database, Google Scholar, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), the 2006 Office of the Surgeon General's report, and the 2005 report from the California Environmental Protection Agency. We identified a total of 42 relevant articles (i.e., 30 reviews and 12 observational). Results revealed that passive smoking may be implicated in deteriorating cardiovascular status in children in terms of unfavorable high-density lipoprotein levels and deteriorated vascular function.
High production of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) in a massive marine phytoplankton culture
Authors: Florez-Leiva L. , Tarifeño E. , Cornejo M. , Kiene R. , Farías L.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The production of large amounts of algal biomass for different purposes such as aquaculture or biofuels, may cause impacts on the marine environment. One such impact is the production of radiatively active trace gases and aerosols with climate cooling (dimethyl sulfide DMS and its precursor DMSP) and warming (N2O and CH4) effects. Total and dissolved DMSP, N2O and CH4, together with other environmental variables were monitored daily for 46 days within a massive microalgae monoculture of Nannochloris (Chlorophyceae) in an open pond system. The growth of this green microalgae was stimulated by the addition of N- and P-rich salts, resulting in exponential growth (growth phase) during the first 17 days observed by cell abundance (1 × 106 to 4.4 × 106 cell mL−1) and Chl-a levels (from 1.4 to 96 mg Chl-a m−3) followed by a decrease in both Chl-a and cell abundance (senescence phase). Total DMSP (from 6.3 to 142 μmol m−3), dissolved DMSP i.e. 5.8 to 137 μmol m−3 and N2O (from 8 to 600 μmol m−3) abruptly peaked during the senescence phase, whereas CH4 steadily increased between 2 and 10 μmol m−3 during the growth phase. Different ratios between tracers and Chl-a during both phases reveal different biochemical processes involved in the cycling of these gases and tracers. Our results show that despite the consumption of large quantities of CO2 by the massive algal culture, a minor amount of DMS and huge amounts of greenhouse gases were produced, in particular N2O, which has a greater radiative effect per molecule than CO2. These findings have important implications for biogeochemical studies and for environmental management of aquaculture activities.
Glaciochemical investigations on the subterranean ice deposit of Vukušić Ice Cave, Velebit Mountain, Croatia
Authors: Kern Z. , Fórizs I. , Horvatinčić N. , Széles É. , Bočić N. , Nagy B.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The 3H activity, 18O/16O and 2H/1H ratio and concentration of 33 metals and metalloids have been analysed on ice core samples from the perennial subterranean cave ice deposit of Vukušić Ice Cave, Velebit Mt. The tritium data suggested that the ice deposition at 2–2.4 m depth is build from precipitation fallen ~45 years before sampling and the uppermost ice layer could be estimated between early 1970s and early 1980s or between ~1954 and 1960. Both the fluctuation range of stable water isotopes and the derived isotopic waterline of the ice agree reasonably well with the corresponding data of the local precipitation. This fact predicts that the potential of Vukušić Ice Cave's ice deposit is superior for paleoclimatological studies to the nearby Ledena Pit. Principal component analysis helped to select three groups of elements. The Ca-Mg governed group (PC1) encompasses the bedrock related components; hence the fluctuation of these elements might reflect the past intensities of the dissolution process of the adjacent epikarst. The Zn governed group (PC2) preserves probably an atmospheric deposition signal and related to the emission of regional non-ferrous metallurgy. PC3 is governed by Al and Fe. This probably carries the distal, non-karstic crustal signal hence might be related to the past atmospheric circulation (i.e. wind direction and speed).
LC‐MS/MS Quantitation of Mercapturic Acid Conjugates of Lipid Peroxidation Products as Markers of Oxidative Stress
Authors: Kuiper Heather C. , Stevens Jan F.
Published: September 2010

Oxidative stress–induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) leads to the formation of cytotoxic and genotoxic 2‐alkenals. LPO products such as 4‐hydroxy‐2(E)‐nonenal (HNE) and 4‐oxo‐2(E)‐nonenal (ONE) have been the subject of many studies due to their association with the development of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. LPO products are excreted in the urine after conjugation with glutathione (GSH) and subsequent metabolism to mercapturic acid (MA) conjugates. Urinary LPO‐MA metabolites are stable end‐product metabolites and have gained interest as non‐invasive in vivo biomarkers of oxidative stress. This protocol describes a method for the quantitative analysis of LPO‐MA metabolites in urine using isotope‐dilution liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Included are protocols for preparation of labeled LPO‐MA conjugates from unlabeled LPO products and deuterium labeled MA. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 45:17.14.1‐17.14.17. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement of Gastric Acid Secretion in the Anaesthetized Rat
Authors: Adami Maristella , Coruzzi Gabriella
Published: September 2010

The protocols described in this unit are designed to assess the effects of substances on gastric acid secretion by the rat stomach, with the animal under general anesthesia. Both stimulatory and inhibitory effects of compounds can be evaluated and specific mechanisms of action can also be investigated. Acid secretion is induced by substances that directly activate parietal cell receptors (histamine and bethanechol), by indirect stimuli, like 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose, by electrical stimulation of vagal nerves, or by the peptide pentagastrin. Reference antisecretory drugs are represented by histamine H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors. This model allows the evaluation of complete dose‐response curves together with a time‐course of the secretory/antisecretory effects. Indirect effects involving activation or inhibition of vagal pathways are evaluated in intact animals by means of electrical vagal stimulation or in vagotomized animals. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 45:21.5.1‐21.5.12. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation of Tissue Mast Cells
Authors: Kulka Marianna , Metcalfe Dean D.
Published: September 2010

Located primarily in tissues, mast cells are one of the principal effector cells in allergic inflammation. Mast cells derive from mononuclear precursor cells which undergo their final phase of differentiation in the tissues. Mast cells express a unique set of proteases and display functional diversity depending on the tissue in which they differentiate—a phenomenon often referred to as mast cell heterogeneity. Enzymatic digestion and density centrifugation have often been used to isolate human mast cells from tissues such as lung and skin, frequently resulting in cells with low viability and purity. Here, we describe a protocol that combines gentle enzymatic digestion with positive selection techniques to isolate reasonably viable and substantially enriched preparations of tissue mast cells. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 90:7.25.1‐7.25.11. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Epitope Mapping Using Gram‐Positive Surface Display
Authors: Rockberg Johan , Löfblom John , Hjelm Barbara , Ståhl Stefan , Uhlén Mathias
Published: September 2010

Antibodies have proven to be invaluable tools for a vast number of applications during the last decades, including protein purification and characterization, medical diagnosis and imaging, and treatment using therapeutic antibodies. No matter what the aims of the application are, the antibody's binding characteristics will still be the main features determining the assay's reliability. Here, we describe a protocol for determination of antibody‐binding epitopes using an antigen‐focused, library‐based approach where library members are generated by fragmentation of antigen DNA and presented as cloned peptides on the cell surface of the Gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus carnosus. The rigid cell structure of this organism allows for multivalent expression and permits rapid library analysis and sorting of antibody‐binding cells using flow‐sorting devices. Epitopes are determined by DNA sequencing of the sorted cells and alignment back to the antigen sequence. The protocol described here has been shown useful for mapping of both monoclonal and polyclonal binders with varying epitope lengths. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 90:9.9.1‐9.9.17. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Optical Switch Probes
Authors: Petchprayoon Chutima , Marriott Gerard
Published: September 2010

Optical switches represent a new class of molecular probe with applications in high‐contrast imaging and optical manipulation of protein interactions. Small molecule, organic optical switches based on nitrospirobenzopyran (NitroBIPS) and their reactive derivatives and conjugates undergo efficient, rapid and reversible, orthogonal optically‐driven transitions between a colorless spiro (SP)‐state and a colored merocyanine (MC)‐state. The excited MC‐state also emits fluorescence, which serves as the readout of the state of the switch. Defined optical perturbations of SP and MC generate a defined waveform of MC‐fluorescence that can be isolated against unmodulated background signals by using a digital optical lock‐in detection approach or to control specific dipolar interactions on proteins. The protocols describe general procedures for the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of NitroBIPS and specifically labeled conjugates along with methods for the manipulation of dipolar interactions on proteins and imaging of the MC‐state of NitroBIPS within living cells. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 2:153‐169 © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experimental Design Considerations for In Vitro Non‐Natural Glycan Display via Metabolic Oligosaccharide Engineering
Authors: Tan Elaine , Almaraz Ruben T. , Khanna Hargun S. , Du Jian , Yarema Kevin J.
Published: September 2010

Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE) refers to a technique where non‐natural monosaccharide analogs are introduced into living biological systems. Once inside a cell, these compounds intercept a targeted biosynthetic glycosylation pathway and in turn are metabolically incorporated into cell‐surface‐displayed oligosaccharides where they can modulate a host of biological activities or be exploited as “tags” for bio‐orthogonal and chemoselective ligation reactions. Undertaking a MOE experiment can be a daunting task based on the growing repertoire of analogs now available and the ever increasing number of metabolic pathways that can be targeted; therefore, a major emphasis of this article is to describe a general approach for analog design and selection and then provide protocols to ensure safe and efficacious analog usage by cells. Once cell‐surface glycans have been successfully remodeled by MOE methodology, the stage is set for probing changes to the myriad cellular responses modulated by these versatile molecules. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 2:171‐194 © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Insulin‐like growth factor 1 synergizes with bone morphogenetic protein 7–mediated anabolism in bovine intervertebral disc cells
Authors: Kim Jae‐Sung , Ellman Michael B. , An Howard S. , van Wijnen Andre J. , Borgia Jeffrey A. , Im Hee‐Jeong
Published: September 2010

Objective

We undertook this study to assess the therapeutic benefits of intervertebral disc matrix repair and regeneration by evaluating the potential synergistic effect of insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP‐7) on bovine spine discs and by elucidating the relevant molecular/cellular mechanisms.

Methods

Bovine nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were treated with BMP‐7 and IGF‐1. The subsequent anabolic effects driven by NP cells were assessed for proteoglycan (PG) synthesis by 35S‐sulfate incorporation and for PG accumulation by dimethylmethylene blue assays. Matrix formation was visualized by particle exclusion assay. Key matrix components and transcription factors were analyzed by real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction to determine the signaling pathways by which IGF‐1 suppresses noggin, a potent inhibitor of BMP‐7. Western blotting and nuclear translocation experiments were performed to assess the activation of Smad proteins.

Results

Stimulation of bovine NP cells by both IGF‐1 and BMP‐7 greatly potentiated anabolism through complementary and synergistic mechanisms on matrix formation compared with treatment with either growth factor alone. The exogenously added decoy ligand, noggin, attenuated the anabolic effects of BMP‐7, and noggin was substantially increased by BMP‐7, suggesting a negative feedback regulatory mechanism. In contrast, IGF‐1 significantly suppressed noggin expression via the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt pathway and thus potentiated BMP‐7 signaling in bovine NP cells. Upon combination treatment, IGF‐1 activated Smad2, while BMP‐7 activated Smad1/5/8 and Smad3, thus inducing all Smad signaling pathways and mimicking the effects of the combination of transforming growth factor β and BMP‐7

Conclusion

Combination growth factor therapy using BMP‐7 and IGF‐1 may have considerable promise in the treatment of spine disc degeneration.
ChemInform Abstract: Sodium and Silver Environments and Ion‐Exchange Processes in Silicate and Aluminosilicate Glasses.
Authors: HOUDE‐WALTER S. N. , INMAN J. M. , DENT A. J. , GREAVES G. N.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of the Stereochemistry of Water Coordination to Metal(III) Cations on the M‐O Bond Length and Electronic Structure of the Cation.
Authors: BEST S. P. , FORSYTH J. B. , TREGENNA‐PIGGOTT P. L.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism of Formation of (MnMo9O32)6‐ by Hypochlorous Acid Oxidation of Mn2+(aq) in the Presence of Molybdate.
Authors: ANGUS‐DUNNE S. J. , IRWIN J. A. , BURNS R. C. , LAWRANCE G. A. , CRAIG D. C.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure of K3Na4H2(GdW10O36)×21 H2O.
Authors: YAMASE T. , OZEKI T.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure of UOSe.
Authors: MANSUETTO M. F. , JOBIC S. , NG H. P. , IBERS J. A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Structures of Two Large Iodoantimonate Anions.
Authors: CARMALT C. J. , NORMAN N. C. , FARRUGIA L. J.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Compounds with KTiOPO4‐Structure: NaSbOGeO4, AgSbOGeO4 and AgSbOSiO4.
Authors: MILL' B. V. , BUTASHIN A. V. , STEFANOVICH S. YU.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Orthorhombic Mg4IrD5 with Disordered Deuterium Distribution.
Authors: BONHOMME F. , STETSON N. T. , YVON K. , FISCHER P. , HEWAT A. W.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Structure and Bonding of nido‐7,9‐X2B9H9 (X: S or Se).
Authors: DHUBHGHAILL O. N. , REED D. , SPALDING T. R.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure of a 2‐Arylquinoline Dimer, a Compound with a New Ring System.
Authors: AMMON H. L. , REID T. L.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure of 2‐Methoxycarbonyl‐1,4‐dinitrocubane.
Authors: AMMON H. L. , BASHIR‐HASHEMI A.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclobutane Structures Fused to a 13‐Membered Ring.
Authors: YAMAGUCHI K. , TAKEDA K. , SHIMOTANI A. , YOSHII E.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Arenediazonium Salts: New Probes of the Interfacial Compositions of Association Colloids. Part 1. Basic Approach, Methods, and Illustrative Applications.
Authors: CHAUDHURI A. , LOUGHLIN J. A. , ROMSTED L. S. , YAO J.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Dihydroxylation (AD)/Cyclization of N‐DiBoc Allylic and Homoallylic Amines: Selective Differentiation of the Hydroxyl Groups.
Authors: WALSH P. J. , BENNANI Y. L. , SHARPLESS K. B.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Double Diastereoselection in Asymmetric Dihydroxylation.
Authors: MORIKAWA K. , SHARPLESS K. B.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stabilizing Effect by Geminal Dioxy Substitution and Anomeric Effect in 3,6‐Dihydro‐6‐methoxy‐1,2‐oxathiin 2‐Oxides.
Authors: DEGUIN B. , VOGEL P.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convergent Route to Calcitriol Lactone via Reductive Cleavage of an Enantiopure Glycidyl Ether.
Authors: CONROW R. E.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐Ethoxymethylene‐2‐phenyl‐5(4H)‐oxazolone as a Synthon for the Synthesis of Some Fused Pyrimidines.
Authors: KEPE V. , KOCEVAR M. , POLANC S.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Steric and Electronic Effects Controlling the Synthesis of Bridgehead Nitrogen Heterocycles.
Authors: DESTEVENS G. , EAGER M. , TARBY C.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Versatile Synthetic Route to 1‐Benzometalloles Involving the First Examples of Several C‐Unsubstituted Benzometalloles.
Authors: KURITA J. , ISHII M. , YASUIKE S. , TSUCHIYA T.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis of Hydrosilylation. Part 22. Polymer‐Protected Immobilized Platinum Complex Catalysts for Gas‐Phase Hydrosilylation of Acetylene.
Authors: MARCINIEC B. , FOLTYNOWICZ Z. , LEWANDOWSKI M.
Published: September 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.