bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attenuation of high-frequency sound waves by concentric nitrogen bubble curtains in salt water.
Authors: Hada Ethan , Aaronson Neil L. , Miller Kandice
Published: April 2014

Some marine mammals, particularly killer whales (orcinus orca) that use sonar transmissions for communication become deaf to those frequencies when kept in captivity as a result of reflections off of the walls of their tanks [Ellis, 1982; Harrison et al., 1994]. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of passive methods to reduce the intensity of sounds in the 16 to 20 kHz range, the peak range broadcast by killer whales. Nitrogen was pumped into a fiberglass test tank using a system of parallel tubes with evenly spaced pores. An underwater speaker produced white noise which was recorded by a hydrophone. Recordings with and without the presence of nitrogen bubbles were compared. Though bubbles increase ambient noise in low frequencies (below 1kHz), they attenuate high frequencies by as much as 45 dB. The effects of curtain spacing will also be discussed. This is an ongoing research project funded by a grant from the Richard Stockton College.
Stimulus and Response Theories of Signal Uncertainty
Authors: Swets John A. , Sewall Susan A.
Published: April 2014

The theory of individual choice behavior developed by Luce [John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (to be published)] and adapted by Shipley finds support in experimental results reported by Pollack at the Chicago meeting for the suggestion that one can account for the decrement in the detectability of signals in noise that results from uncertainty about the signal frequency without postulating a sensory filtering. Tanner, Swets, and Green had proposed a single-band model and Green had proposed a multiband model to account for the decrement. The former model predicts a larger decrement than the latter. Luce's theory implies that the uncertainty affects the response alternatives rather than the mechanism of observation and, as Shipley has observed, implies in particular that if the observer is informed of the signal frequency after his observation, but before making his response, the decrement will not appear. This paper describes the results of an experiment that provides a direct test of this proposition. The experiment also attempts to distinguish more clearly than heretofore the validity of the two predictions concerning the size of the decrement by employing experimental conditions which maximize their difference. [Supported by U.S. Air Force Contract No. AF19(604)-1728, monitored by Operational Applications Laboratory, Cambridge Research Center, and by U. S. Army (SC), U. S. Air Force (OSR, ARDC), and U. S. Navy (Office of Naval Research).]
Faster Decomposition Under Increased Atmospheric CO
2
Limits Soil Carbon Storage
Authors: van Groenigen Kees Jan , Qi Xuan , Osenberg Craig W. , Luo Yiqi , Hungate Bruce A.
Published: April 2014

Increasing Turnover

Rising concentrations of CO
2
in the atmosphere are likely to stimulate plant growth, leading to increased biomass and soil carbon stocks, thereby lessening the rate of the rise in atmospheric CO
2
levels.

Van Groenigen
et al.

(p.
508
, published online 24 April) report the results of a meta-analysis and modeling that show that increasing the concentration of atmospheric CO
2
also stimulates microbial decomposition of organic carbon in soils, by roughly the same amount that it increases soil organic carbon, leading to lower equilibrium soil carbon inventories and limiting the accumulation of carbon. Thus, soils may not provide as much carbon storage as hoped.
Draft Genome Sequence of Trueperella pyogenes, Isolated from the Infected Uterus of a Postpartum Cow with Metritis
Authors: Goldstone Robert J. , Amos Matt , Talbot Richard , Schuberth Hans-Joachim , Sandra Olivier , Sheldon I. Martin , Smith David G. E.
Published: April 2014

Trueperella pyogenes
is a common commensal bacterium and an opportunistic pathogen associated with chronic purulent disease, particularly in ruminants. We report here the genome sequence of a
T. pyogenes
isolate from a severe case of bovine metritis. This is the first full record of a
T. pyogenes
genome.
Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus plantarum 19L3, a Strain Proposed as a Starter Culture for Slovenská Bryndza Ovine Cheese
Authors: D'Auria Giuseppe , Džunková Mária , Moya Andrés , Tomáška Martin , Kološta Miroslav , Kmet Vladimir
Published: April 2014

The genome sequence of
Lactobacillus plantarum
isolated from ovine cheese is presented here. This bacterium is proposed as a starter strain, named 19L3, for Slovenská bryndza cheese, a traditional Slovak cheese fulfilling European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) requirements.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Mixed-Subtype (H5N1 and H6N6) Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from a Duck in Hunan Province, China
Authors: Liu Zhihua , Xu Bing , Chen Quanjiao , Chen Ze
Published: April 2014

We isolated an avian influenza virus, A/duck/Hunan/747/2011(mixed), which included the H5N1 and H6N6 subtypes, from a duck in China. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the H5 hemagglutinin (HA) gene belongs to clade 2.3.2.1, the H6 HA gene belongs to the group II lineage, and the other internal genes show different recombination events.
Draft Genome Sequence of Lysobacter capsici AZ78, a Bacterium Antagonistic to Plant-Pathogenic Oomycetes
Authors: Puopolo Gerardo , Sonego Paolo , Engelen Kristof , Pertot Ilaria
Published: April 2014

Lysobacter capsici
AZ78, isolated from tobacco rhizosphere, effectively controls
Phytophthora infestans
and
Plasmopara viticola
on tomato and grapevine plants, respectively. We report the first draft genome sequence of the
L. capsici
species.
Complete Genome Sequences of 16 Canadian Strains of Salmonella enterica subsp.
enterica
Serovar Enteritidis
Authors: Rehman Muhammad A. , Ziebell Kim , Nash John H. E. , Kropinski Andrew M. , Ross Ashley , Al-Lami Mariam , Boerlin Patrick , Chui Linda , Devenish John , Bekal Sadjia , Graham Morag , Amoako Kingsley K. , Johnson Roger P.
Published: April 2014

Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Enteritidis is an important zoonotic food-borne pathogen causing serious human illnesses frequently linked to poultry products. Here, we report fully assembled genome sequences of 16
S
. Enteritidis strains with common pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and phage types (8, 13, 13a, and 14b) that predominate in North America.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Tatumella
sp. Strain UCD-D_suzukii (Phylum
Proteobacteria
) Isolated from
Drosophila suzukii
Larvae
Authors: Dunitz Madison I. , James Pamela M. , Jospin Guillaume , Eisen Jonathan A. , Coil David A. , Chandler James Angus
Published: April 2014

Here we present the draft genome of
Tatumella
sp. strain UCD-D_suzukii, the first member of this genus to be sequenced. The genome contains 3,602,931 bp in 72 scaffolds. This strain was isolated from
Drosophila suzukii
larvae as part of a larger project to study the microbiota of
D. suzukii
.
Acute facial oedema post live-donor renal transplantation
Authors: Benaragama Kapila Shanka , Cemal Yeliz , Lindsey Ben , England Adrian
Published: April 2014

Facial oedema leading to airway compromise immediately after surgery is a rare event. We report a case of acute facial swelling sufficient to cause a significant obstruction of the patient's airway in recovery. We believe it was caused by partial obstruction of the venous drainage from the head associated with a sudden and large fluid load. A 35-year-old man underwent a live ABO-incompatible renal transplantation during which a central line was inserted into the right subclavian vein and a large volume of fluid was given intraoperatively. He also had a longstanding permacatheter on the left side used for haemodialysis. In the recovery room he developed acute facial swelling which did not resolve with steroids or antihistamines. He was managed by intubation of his airway and ventilation in the intensive care unit overnight before he made a complete recovery with no further intervention. We hypothesise that this event was related to an impaired venous return from his head secondary to the central venous line and the permacatheter partially obstructing the venous drainage from his head and neck combined with an acute large venous fluid load.
Wide complex ventricular tachycardia presenting sign of metastatic pleural mesothelioma
Authors: Bhatia Ashmeet , Ajayi Tokunbo
Published: April 2014

Malignant mesothelioma is an uncommon neoplasm of serosal surfaces, such as the pleura, the peritoneum, less frequently pericardium and tunica vaginalis. It usually spreads locally to the lungs and mediastinum. We describe a case of malignant mesothelioma with metastasis to the heart. The patient presented with syncope, chest pain and light-headedness. He was found to have wide complex ventricular tachycardia (Vtach). He was cardioverted and then noted to have multiple (more than 20) similar episodes during the hospital course. He was treated with multiple antiarrhythmic medications. A CT scan of the chest revealed a circumferential rind of soft tissue in the right hemithorax and invasion of the pericardium. The repeated Vtach episodes were secondary to the metastasis of the pericardium. Oncology was involved and as there were no further treatment options available, the patient was discharged home with hospice care. The disease is a huge economic burden and early recognition can lead to better outcomes.
Lead aVR: beyond ‘No man's land’
Authors: Singh Bhupinder , Ali Amjad , Singla Vivek , Gowda Sadananda K
Published: April 2014

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. Treadmill test is a very useful non-invasive test to diagnose and stratify the risk of CAD. Lead aVR is usually a neglected lead while reading the ECG. We describe a case demonstrating the importance of subtle changes in lead aVR that has got a direct angiographic correlation with left main CAD. Therefore picking up the subtle clues on ECG may help in stratifying the risk and optimal treatment of the patient in a timely fashion.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy with secondary coronary embolus
Authors: Heseltine Thomas David , Karthikeyan Vellore J , Morris John
Published: April 2014

We describe the case of a 65-year-old patient who was admitted to our tertiary centre with cardiac sounding chest pain and inferior ST elevation. Coronary angiography revealed mild plaque disease in the left anterior descending artery. The right coronary artery was smooth with no plaques with the exception of an occluded distal branch with no flow. The left ventriculogram revealed a ballooned and akinetic apex typical of Takotsubo syndrome (TS). We suspected a coronary embolus secondary to TS. A serial rise and fall in biomarkers of myocardial necrosis was noted. The patient was treated for acute coronary syndrome and discharged home 72 h from admission. Distal thromboembolism has been described in the literature before. On a search of PubMed there are no examples of coronary artery embolus in the context of TS.
Clinician perspectives on considering radiation exposure to patients when ordering imaging tests: a qualitative study
Authors: Kruger Jenna F , Chen Alice Hm , Rybkin Alex , Leeds Kiren , Frosch Dominick L , Goldman L Elizabeth
Published: April 2014

Background and objectives

Increased computer tomography (CT) scan use has contributed to a rise in medically-associated radiation exposure. The extent to which clinicians consider radiation exposure when ordering imaging tests is unknown. We examined (1) outpatient clinician attitudes towards considering radiation exposure when ordering CT scans; and (2) clinician reactions to displaying radiation exposure information for CT scans at clinician electronic order entry.

Methods

We conducted nine focus groups with primary care clinicians and subspecialty physicians (nephrology, pulmonary and neurology) (n=50) who deliver outpatient care across 12 hospital-based clinics and community health centres in an urban safety-net health system, which use a common electronic order entry system. We analysed focus group transcripts using an inductive framework to identify emergent themes and illustrative quotations.

Findings

Clinicians felt they had limited knowledge of the clinical implications of radiation exposure. Many believed clinically relevant information such as the increased risk of malignancy from CT scans would be useful to inform decision-making and patient–clinician discussions. Clinicians noted that patient vulnerability and long wait times for tests with less radiation exposure (such as MRI or ultrasound) often acted as barriers to minimise patient radiation exposure from CT scans. Clinicians suggested providing patients’ cumulative radiation exposure or formal decision aids to improve the usefulness of the radiation exposure information.

Conclusions

Displaying clinically relevant radiation exposure information at order entry may improve clinician knowledge and inform patient–clinician discussions regarding risks and benefits of imaging. However, limited access to tests with lower radiation exposure in safety-net settings may trump efforts to minimise patient radiation exposure.
Histopathologists’ approach to keratoacanthoma: a multisite survey of regional variation in Great Britain and Ireland
Authors: Carr Richard A , Houghton Joseph P
Published: April 2014

Introduction

This survey examines regional variation in the diagnosis of keratoacanthoma (KA).

Methods

Twenty-three departments from Great Britain and Ireland were invited. The number of cases coded as KA or cutaneous SCC in the previous 12 months was retrieved. An SCC: KA ratio was calculated. Participants also provided free text responses.

Results

Seventeen departments replied. A total of 11 718 cases were included with a breakdown of 998 KA and 10 720 SCC. The mean SCC:KA ratio was 10.7:1, range (2.5:1 to 139:1). Free text responses are presented.

Discussions

An extreme variation in approach is highlighted by this survey. We believe a multidisciplinary team approach to the diagnosis of KA is essential. There seems to be a need for a carefully considered clinicopathological study, backed up by molecular studies, to better understand the natural biology of this diagnosis.
Adverse experiences in childhood, adulthood neighbourhood disadvantage and health behaviours
Authors: Halonen Jaana I , Vahtera Jussi , Kivimäki Mika , Pentti Jaana , Kawachi Ichiro , Subramanian S V
Published: April 2014

Background

Early life adversities may play a role in the associations observed between neighbourhood contextual factors and health behaviours.

Methods

We examined whether self-reported adverse experiences in childhood (parental divorce, long-term financial difficulties, serious conflicts, serious/chronic illness or alcohol problem in the family, and frequent fear of a family member) explain the association between adulthood neighbourhood disadvantage and co-occurrence of behavioural risk factors (smoking, moderate/heavy alcohol use, physical inactivity). Study population consisted of 31 271 public sector employees from Finland. The cross-sectional associations were analysed using two-level cumulative logistic regression models.

Results

Childhood adverse experiences were associated with the sum of risk factors (cumulative OR 1.32 (95% CI 1.25 to 1.40) among those reporting 3–6 vs 0 adversities). Adverse experiences did not attenuate the association between neighbourhood disadvantage and risk factors; this cumulative OR was 1.52 (95% CI 1.43 to 1.62) in the highest versus lowest quartile of neighbourhood disadvantage when not including adversities, and 1.50 (95% CI 1.40 to 1.60) when adjusted for childhood adversities. In adversity-stratified analyses those reporting 3–6 adversities had 1.60-fold (95% CI 1.42 to 1.80) likelihood of risk factors if living in the neighbourhood of the highest disadvantage, while in those with fewer adversities this likelihood was 1.09–1.34-fold (95% CI 0.98 to 1.53) (p interaction 0.07).

Conclusions

Childhood adverse experiences and adulthood neighbourhood disadvantage were associated with behavioural risk factors. Childhood experiences did not explain associations between neighbourhood disadvantage and the risk factors. However, those with more adverse experiences may be susceptible for the socioeconomic conditions of neighbourhoods.
Individual and spousal education, mortality and life expectancy in Switzerland: a national cohort study
Authors: Spoerri Adrian , Schmidlin Kurt , Richter Matthias , Egger Matthias , Clough-Gorr Kerri M
Published: April 2014

Background

Household measures of socioeconomic position may better account for the shared nature of material resources, lifestyle, and social position of cohabiting persons, but household measures of education are rarely used. We aimed to evaluate the association of combined educational attainment of married couples on mortality and life expectancy in Switzerland.

Methods

The study included 3 496 163 ever-married persons aged ≥30 years. The 2000 census was linked to mortality records through 2008. Mortality by combined educational attainment was assessed by gender-age-specific HRs, with 95% CIs from adjusted models, life expectancy was derived using abridged life tables.

Results

Having a less educated partner was associated with increased mortality. For example, the HR comparing men aged 50–64 years with tertiary education married to women with tertiary education to men with compulsory education married to women with compulsory education was 2.05 (1.92–2.18). The estimated remaining life expectancy in tertiary educated men aged 30 years married to women with tertiary education was 4.6 years longer than in men with compulsory education married to women with compulsory education. The gradient based on individual education was less steep: the HR comparing men aged 50–64 years with tertiary education with men with compulsory education was 1.74 (1.67–1.81).

Conclusions

Using individual educational attainment of married persons is common in epidemiological research, but may underestimate the combined effect of education on mortality and life expectancy. These findings are relevant to epidemiologic studies examining socio-demographic characteristics or aiming to adjust results for these characteristics.
Covariance and gauge invariance in relativistic theories of gravity
Authors: Papini Giorgio
Published: April 2014

Any metric theory of gravity whose interaction with quantum particles is described by a covariant wave equation is equivalent to a vector theory that satisfies Maxwell-type equations identically. This result does not depend on any particular set of field equations for the metric tensor, but only on covariance. It is derived in the linear case, but can be extended to any order of approximation in the metric deviation. In this formulation of the interaction of gravity with matter, angular momentum and momentum are conserved locally.
Bounds on scalar masses in theories of moduli stabilization
Authors: Acharya Bobby Samir , Kane Gordon , Kuflik Eric
Published: April 2014

In recent years it has been realized that pre-BBN decays of moduli can be a significant source of dark matter production, giving a "nonthermal WIMP miracle" and substantially reduced fine-tuning in cosmological axion physics. We study moduli masses and sharpen the claim that moduli dominated the pre-BBN universe. We conjecture that in any string theory with stabilized moduli there will be at least one modulus field whose mass is of order (or less than) the gravitino mass. Cosmology then generically requires the gravitino mass not be less than about 30 TeV and the cosmological history of the universe is nonthermal prior to BBN. Stable LSP's produced in these decays can account for the observed dark matter if they are "wino-like." We briefly consider implications for the LHC, rare decays, and dark matter direct detection and point out that these results could prove challenging for models attempting to realize gauge mediation in string theory.
Spin response of impurities in a quantum corral
Authors: Civitarese O. , Reboiro M. , Tielas D.
Published: April 2014

In this work we investigate the dependence of spin observables, like the total spin alignment and the spin squeezing factor, for electrons confined inside an elliptic quantum corral and interacting with a pair of impurities located on the semi-major axis of the ellipse. The results suggest that such a system exhibits some of the characteristic features of a qubit, concerning the persistence of the orientation and squeezing of a component of the total spin.
Effect of size distribution on the optical properties of quantum wire systems
Authors: Khordad R. , Bahramiyan H.
Published: April 2014

In this paper, we have studied optical properties of an inhomogeneous quantum wire system. In this regard, we have calculated the absorption coefficients and refractive index changes using density matrix method. We have investigated the effect of size variation on these optical properties. The wires are considered to be triangle with infinite potential at the boundaries. We have described the size nonuniformity distribution by a Gaussian function. It is shown that the optical properties of the quantum wires depend strongly on the wire size distribution described by the parameters a0 and D (the average side length and standard deviation of quantum wire, respectively). It is deduced that the effect of size distribution on the optical properties of triangle quantum wire is noticeable.
Gold speciation and transport in geological fluids: insights from experiments and physical-chemical modelling
Authors: Pokrovski Gleb S. , Akinfiev Nikolay N. , Borisova Anastassia Y. , Zotov Alexandre V. , Kouzmanov Kalin
Published: April 2014

This contribution provides an overview of available experimental, thermodynamic, and molecular data on Au aqueous speciation, solubility, and partitioning in major types of geological fluids in the Earth's crust, from low-temperature aqueous solution to supercritical hydrothermal-magmatic fluids, vapours, and silicate melts. Critical revisions of these data allow generation of a set of thermodynamic properties of the AuOH, AuCl
−
2
, AuHS, and Au(HS)
−
2
complexes dominant in aqueous hydrothermal solutions; however, other complexes involving different sulphur forms, chloride, and alkali metals may operate in high-temperature sulphur-rich fluids, vapours, and melts. The large affinity of Au for reduced sulphur is responsible for Au enrichment in S-rich vapours and sulphide melts, which are important gold sources for hydrothermal deposits. Thermodynamic, speciation, and partitioning data, and their comparison with Au and S contents in natural fluid inclusions from magmatic-hydrothermal gold deposits, provide new constraints on the major physical-chemical parameters (temperature, pressure, salinity, acidity, redox) and ubiquitous fluid components (sulphur, carbon dioxide, arsenic) affecting Au concentration, transport, precipitation, and fractionation from other metals in the crust. The availability and speciation of sulphur and their changes with the fluid and melt evolution are the key factors controlling gold behaviour in most geological situations.
RNA sequencing shows transcriptomic changes in rectosigmoid mucosa in patients with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea: a pilot case-control study
Authors: Camilleri Michael , Carlson Paula , Acosta Andres , Busciglio Irene , Nair Asha A. , Gibbons Simon J. , Farrugia Gianrico , Klee Eric W.
Published: April 2014

Our aim was to conduct a pilot case-control study of RNA expression profile using RNA sequencing of rectosigmoid mucosa of nine females with -diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) with accelerated colonic transit and nine female healthy controls. Mucosal total RNA was isolated and purified, and next-generation pair-end sequencing was performed using Illumina TruSeq. Analysis was carried out using a targeted approach toward 12 genes previously associated with IBS and a hypothesis-generating approach. Of the 12 targeted genes tested, patients with IBS-D had decreased mRNA expression of TNFSF15 (fold change controls to IBS-D: 1.53, P = 0.01). Overall, up- and downregulated mRNA expressions of 21 genes ( P = 10−5 to 10−8; P values with false detection rates are shown) were potentially relevant to IBS-D including the following: neurotransmitters [ P2RY4 ( P = 0.001), vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP, P = 0.02)]; cytokines [ CCL20 ( P = 0.019)]; immune function [ C4BPA complement cascade ( P = 0.0187)]; interferon-related [ IFIT3 ( P = 0.016)]; mucosal repair and cell adhesion [trefoil protein ( TFF1, P = 0.012)], retinol binding protein [ RBP2 ( P = 0.017)]; fibronectin ( FN1, P = 0.009); and ion channel functions [guanylate cyclase ( GUCA2B, P = 0.017), PDZ domain-containing protein 3 ( PDZD3, P = 0.029)]. Ten genes associated with functions related to pathobiology of IBS-D were validated by RT-PCR. There was significant correlation in fold changes of the selected genes ( Rs = 0.73, P = 0.013). Up- or downregulation of P2RY4, GUC2AB, RBP2, FNI, and C4BPA genes were confirmed on RT-PCR, which also revealed upregulation of farnesoid X receptor ( FXR) and apical sodium-coupled bile acid transporter ( IBAT/ASBT). RNA-Seq and RT-PCR analysis of rectosigmoid mucosa in IBS-D show transcriptome changes that provide the rationale for validation studies to explore the role of mucosal factors in the pathobiology of IBS-D.
Expression of heat shock proteins 27 and 72 correlates with specific commensal microbes in different regions of porcine gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Liu Hao-Yu , Dicksved Johan , Lundh Torbjörn , Lindberg Jan Erik
Published: April 2014

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of mammals is inhabited by trillions of microorganisms, resulting in exceedingly complex networking. The interaction between distinct bacterial species and the host immune system is essential in maintaining homeostasis in the gut ecosystem. For instance, the gut commensal microbiota dictates intestinal mucosa maturation and its abundant immune components, such as cytoprotective heat shock proteins (HSP). Here we examined physiological expression of HSP in the normal porcine GI tract and found it to be gut region- and cell type-specific in response to dietary components, microbes, and microbial metabolites to which the mucosa surface is exposed. Correlations between HSP72 expression and ileal Lactobacillus spp. and colonic clostridia species, and between HSP27 expression and uronic acid ingestion, were important interplays identified here. Thus this study provides novel insights into host-microbe interactions shaping the immune system that are modifiable by dietary regime.
Metabolic profiling reveals that PNPLA3 induces widespread effects on metabolism beyond triacylglycerol remodeling in Huh-7 hepatoma cells
Authors: Min Hae-Ki , Sookoian Silvia , Pirola Carlos J. , Cheng Jianfeng , Mirshahi Faridoddin , Sanyal Arun J.
Published: April 2014

PNPLA3 was recently associated with the susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a common cause of chronic liver disease characterized by abnormal triglyceride accumulation. Although it is established that PNPLA3 has both triacylglycerol lipase and acylglycerol O-acyltransferase activities, is still unknown whether the gene has any additional role in the modulation of the human liver metabolome. To uncover the functional role of PNPLA3 on liver metabolism, we performed high-throughput metabolic profiling of PNPLA3 siRNA-silencing and overexpression of wild-type and mutant Ile148Met variants (isoleucine/methionine substitution at codon 148) in Huh-7 cells. Metabolomic analysis was performed by using GC/MS and LC/MS platforms. Silencing of PNPLA3 was associated with a global perturbation of Huh-7 hepatoma cells that resembled a catabolic response associated with protein breakdown. A significant decrease in amino- and γ-glutamyl-amino acids and dipeptides and a significant increase in cysteine sulfinic acid, myo-inositol, lysolipids, sphingolipids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed. Overexpression of the PNPLA3 Met148 variant mirrored many of the metabolic changes observed during gene silencing, but in the opposite direction. These findings were replicated by the exploration of canonical pathways associated with PNPLA3 silencing and Met148 overexpression. Overexpression of the PNPLA3 Met148 variant was associated with a 1.75-fold increase in lactic acid, suggesting a shift to anaerobic metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction. Together, these results suggest a critical role of PNPLA3 in the modulation of liver metabolism beyond its classical participation in triacylglycerol remodeling.
Animal models of gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Animal models of necrotizing enterocolitis: pathophysiology, translational relevance, and challenges
Authors: Lu Peng , Sodhi Chhinder P. , Jia Hongpeng , Shaffiey Shahab , Good Misty , Branca Maria F. , Hackam David J.
Published: April 2014

Necrotizing enterocolitis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality from gastrointestinal disease in premature infants and is characterized by initial feeding intolerance and abdominal distention followed by the rapid progression to coagulation necrosis of the intestine and death in many cases. Although the risk factors for NEC development remain well accepted, namely premature birth and formula feeding, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Current thinking indicates that NEC develops in response to an abnormal interaction between the mucosal immune system of the premature host and an abnormal indigenous microflora, leading to an exaggerated mucosal inflammatory response and impaired mesenteric perfusion. In seeking to understand the molecular and cellular events leading to NEC, various animal models have been developed. However, the large number and variability between the available animal models and the unique characteristics of each has raised important questions regarding the validity of particular models for NEC research. In an attempt to provide some guidance to the growing community of NEC researchers, we now seek to review the key features of the major NEC models that have been developed in mammalian and nonmammalian species and to assess the advantages, disadvantage, challenges and major scientific discoveries yielded by each. A strategy for model validation is proposed, the principal models are compared, and future directions and challenges within the field of NEC research are explored.
p53 Is Positively Regulated by miR-542-3p
Authors: Wang Yemin , Huang Jen-Wei , Castella Maria , Huntsman David George , Taniguchi Toshiyasu
Published: April 2014

The tumor suppressor p53 and miRNAs are linked through a complex network. Several miRNAs modulate p53 expression, while p53 regulates the transcription and/or biogenesis of several other miRNAs. Here, we report the development of a cell-based assay used with a library of human miRNA mimics in a high-throughput screen for miRNAs that modulate p53 expression. Overexpression of miRNA (miR)-542-3p in cancer cells elevated p53 expression, stimulated the expression of p53 targets, and inhibited cell proliferation. Mechanistically, miR-542-3p increased p53 protein stability by weakening interactions between p53 and its negative regulator MDM2. Furthermore, miR-542-3p suppressed ribosome biogenesis by downregulating a subset of ribosomal proteins such as RPS23, leading to upregulation of RPL11 and stabilization of p53. The 3′untranslated region in the RPS23 transcript contained a miR-542-3p–binding site, suggesting that RPS23 is a direct target of miR-542-3p. Our results define miR-542-3p as an important new positive regulator of p53 with potential applications in cancer treatment. Cancer Res; 74(12); 3218–27. ©2014 AACR.
A Randomized, Controlled Trial to Increase Discussion of Breast Cancer in Primary Care
Authors: Kaplan Celia P. , Livaudais-Toman Jennifer , Tice Jeffrey A. , Kerlikowske Karla , Gregorich Steven E. , Pérez-Stable Eliseo J. , Pasick Rena J. , Chen Alice , Quinn Jessica , Karliner Leah S.
Published: April 2014

Background: Assessment and discussion of individual risk for breast cancer within the primary care setting are crucial to discussion of risk reduction and timely referral.

Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial of a multiethnic, multilingual sample of women ages 40 to 74 years from two primary care practices (one academic, one safety net) to test a breast cancer risk assessment and education intervention. Patients were randomly assigned to control or intervention group. All patients completed a baseline telephone survey and risk assessment (via telephone for controls, via tablet computer in clinic waiting room before visit for intervention). Intervention (BreastCARE) patients and their physicians received an individualized risk report to discuss during the visit. One-week follow-up telephone surveys with all patients assessed patient–physician discussion of family cancer history, personal breast cancer risk, high-risk clinics, and genetic counseling/testing.

Results: A total of 655 control and 580 intervention women completed the risk assessment and follow-up interview; 25% were high-risk by family history, Gail, or Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium risk models. BreastCARE increased discussions of family cancer history [OR, 1.54; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.25–1.91], personal breast cancer risk (OR, 4.15; 95% CI, 3.02–5.70), high-risk clinics (OR, 3.84; 95% CI, 2.13–6.95), and genetic counseling/testing (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.34–3.68). Among high-risk women, all intervention effects were stronger.

Conclusions: An intervention combining an easy-to-use, quick risk assessment tool with patient-centered risk reports at the point of care can successfully promote discussion of breast cancer risk reduction between patients and primary care physicians, particularly for high-risk women.

Impact: Next steps include scaling and dissemination of BreastCARE with integration into electronic medical record systems. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(7); 1245–53. ©2014 AACR.
Prevailing Role of Contact Guidance in Intrastromal T-cell Trapping in Human Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Hartmann Natalie , Giese Nathalia A. , Giese Thomas , Poschke Isabel , Offringa Rienk , Werner Jens , Ryschich Eduard
Published: April 2014

Purpose: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by extensive collagen-rich stroma. T cells that infiltrate pancreatic cancers frequently become trapped in the stroma and do not contact tumor cells. Here, we aimed to analyze how chemokines and extracellular matrix (ECM) collagen interact in mediating T-cell infiltration in PDAC.

Experimental Design: T-cell distribution and ECM structure within tumors were analyzed. Chemokine concentrations in human PDAC were compared with the levels of immune cell infiltration. We assessed the influences of selected chemokines and collagen on directed and random T-cell movement using in vitro migration systems.

Results: PDAC overproduced several T-cell-active chemokines, but their levels were not correlated with intratumoral T-cell infiltration. In the absence of collagen, directed migration of activated T cells was induced by chemokines. Interestingly, collagen itself promoted high migratory activity of T cells, but completely abolished chemokine-guided movement. This effect was not altered by a β1-integrin blocking antibody. Activated T cells actively migrated in low-density collagen matrices, but migration was inhibited in dense collagen. Accordingly, T cells were heterogeneously distributed in the pancreatic cancer stroma, with the majority residing in areas of low-density collagen far from tumor clusters.

Conclusion: The excessive desmoplasia in PDAC promotes T-cell migration by contact guidance, which abrogates tumor cell–directed movement. Furthermore, dense collagen networks represent a physical barrier, additionally rearranging T-cell distribution to favor tumor stroma. These mechanisms are mainly responsible for intrastromal T-cell trapping in pancreatic cancer and may hinder the development of T-cell–based immunotherapies. Clin Cancer Res; 20(13); 3422–33. ©2014 AACR.
A Phase Ib Study of the Effects of Black Raspberries on Rectal Polyps in Patients with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Authors: Wang Li-Shu , Burke Carol A. , Hasson Henrietta , Kuo Chieh-Ti , Molmenti Christine L. Sardo , Seguin Claire , Liu Pengyuan , Huang Tim H.-M. , Frankel Wendy L. , Stoner Gary D.
Published: April 2014

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is characterized by the early onset of colonic polyposis and a high risk for colorectal cancer. FAP is treated by colectomy followed by lifelong removal of rectal polyps. This study determined whether black raspberries (BRBs) might regress rectal polyps in patients with FAP. Fourteen patients with FAP were treated with BRBs daily for 9 months. Seven patients received BRB powder orally plus two BRB suppositories inserted into the rectum at bedtime. The other 7 received an oral placebo plus the suppositories. Rectal polyp counts and polyp sizes were obtained at time zero and after 9 months of BRB treatment. Polyps and adjacent normal tissue were collected at both time points. The burden (P = 0.036) but not number (P = 0.069) of rectal polyps was significantly decreased. No benefit was noted with the addition of oral BRBs. Three patients were nonresponders. BRBs significantly decreased cellular proliferation, DNA methylation methyl transferase 1 protein expression, and p16 promoter methylation, but not promoter methylation of the Wnt pathway antagonists, SFRP2 and WIF1, in rectal polyps (adenomas) from responders but not from nonresponders. The MBD-seq assay revealed more demethylated transcription start sites (TSS), including those for miRNAs, in BRB-treated adenomas from the responders. In conclusion, BRB suppositories seem sufficient for regressing rectal polyps in patients with FAP. Cancer Prev Res; 7(7); 666–74. ©2014 AACR.
Overview of pleiotropic effects of platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibitors
Authors: Koziński Marek , Ostrowska Małgorzata , Fabiszak Tomasz , Navarese Eliano Pio , Paciorek Przemysław , Grześk Grzegorz , Kubica Jacek , Adamski Piotr
Published: April 2014

Dual antiplatelet therapy consisting of one of the P2Y12 receptor inhibitors in conjunction with aspirin is the mainstay of treatment for patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and those undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). In recent years, multiple extra-platelet features of P2Y12 receptor antagonists have been reported in numerous clinical trials. The aim of this review is to summarise reported pleiotropic effects of clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor and other P2Y12 receptor blockers. We included observations made both in human and in animal models, together with proposed mechanisms of action for described features. If confirmed in randomised studies and properly applied to everyday practice, the observed extra-platelet actions could enable us to improve efficacy of ACS and post-PCI treatment, as well as to confine mortality and occurrence rate of cardiovascular events.
Is Carotid Intima-Media Thickness as Predictive as Other Noninvasive Techniques for the Detection of Coronary Artery Disease?
Authors: Zhang Yiyi , Guallar Eliseo , Qiao Ye , Wasserman Bruce A.
Published: April 2014

Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) measured by B-mode ultrasound is the most widely used noninvasive imaging method to assess atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. CIMT has been consistently associated with coronary artery disease and stroke; however, recent meta-analyses and systematic reviews suggest that its clinical usefulness may be limited because the addition of CIMT to traditional risk factors has not improved the risk prediction of cardiovascular events in the general population. Characterizing the carotid wall by MRI may have greater clinical utility compared with CIMT measurements by ultrasound. Unlike CIMT, MRI measurements of wall thickness include the adventitia and may be sensitive to adventitial thickening that results from vasa vasorum proliferation as a sign of early plaque development. MRI also has the ability to image the entire circumference of the carotid wall, including the outer wall of the carotid bulb where plaque forms in its earliest stage, and identify plaque components such as the lipid core, fibrous cap, and intraplaque hemorrhage that are closely related to plaque vulnerability and cardiovascular risk. Additional research is needed to assess the added prognostic value of MRI measurements of wall and plaque features in risk prediction beyond traditional risk factors.
Genetic Dissection of Tie Pathway in Mouse Lymphatic Maturation and Valve Development
Authors: Shen Bin , Shang Zhi , Wang Bo , Zhang Luqing , Zhou Fei , Li Taotao , Chu Man , Jiang Haijuan , Wang Ying , Qiao Tong , Zhang Jun , Sun Wei , Kong Xiangqing , He Yulong
Published: April 2014

Objective—

The genetic program underlying lymphatic development is still incompletely understood. This study aims to dissect the role of receptor tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF (epidermal growth factor)-like domains 1 (Tie1) and Tie2 in lymphatic formation using genetically modified mouse models.

Approach and Results—

We generated conditional knockout mouse models targeting Tie1, Tie2, and angiopoietin-2 in this study.
Tie1

Δ
ICD
/Δ
ICD

mice, with its intracellular domain targeted, appeared normal at E10.5 but displayed subcutaneous edema by E13.5. Lymph sac formation occurred in
Tie1

Δ
ICD
/Δ
ICD

mice, but they had defects with the remodeling of primary lymphatic network to form collecting vessels and valvulogenesis. Consistently, induced deletion of Tie1-ICD postnatally using a ubiquitous Cre deleter led to abnormal lymphangiogenesis and valve formation in
Tie1-ICD

iUCKO/
−

mice. In comparison with the lymphatic phenotype of Tie1 mutants, we found that the diameter of lymphatic capillaries was significantly less in mice deficient of angiopoietin-2, besides the disruption of collecting lymphatic vessel formation as previously reported. There was also no lymphedema observed in
Ang2
−/−
mice during embryonic development, which differs from that of
Tie1

Δ
ICD
/Δ
ICD

mice. We further investigated whether Tie1 exerted its function via Tie2 during lymphatic development. To our surprise, genetic deletion of Tie2 (
Tie2

iUCKO/
−

) in neonate mice did not affect lymphatic vessel growth and maturation.

Conclusions—

In contrast to the important role of Tie2 in the regulation of blood vascular development, Tie1 is crucial in the process of lymphatic remodeling and maturation, which is independent of Tie2.
Virtual Reality Exercise Improves Mobility After Stroke
Authors: McEwen Daniel , Taillon-Hobson Anne , Bilodeau Martin , Sveistrup Heidi , Finestone Hillel
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose—

Exercise using virtual reality (VR) has improved balance in adults with traumatic brain injury and community-dwelling older adults. Rigorous randomized studies regarding its efficacy, safety, and applicability with individuals after stroke are lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an adjunct VR therapy improves balance, mobility, and gait in stroke rehabilitation inpatients.

Methods—

A blinded randomized controlled trial studying 59 stroke survivors on an inpatient stroke rehabilitation unit was performed. The treatment group (n=30) received standard stroke rehabilitation therapy plus a program of VR exercises that challenged balance (eg, soccer goaltending, snowboarding) performed while standing. The control group (n=29) received standard stroke rehabilitation therapy plus exposure to identical VR environments but whose games did not challenge balance (performed in sitting). VR training consisted of 10 to 12 thirty-minute daily sessions for a 3-week period. Objective outcome measures of balance and mobility were assessed before, immediately after, and 1 month after training.

Results—

Confidence intervals and effect sizes favored the treatment group on the Timed Up and Go and the Two-Minute Walk Test, with both groups meeting minimal clinical important differences after training. More individuals in the treatment group than in the control group showed reduced impairment in the lower extremity as measured by the Chedoke McMaster Leg domain (
P
=0.04) immediately after training.

Conclusions—

This VR exercise intervention for inpatient stroke rehabilitation improved mobility-related outcomes. Future studies could include nonambulatory participants as well as the implementation strategies for the clinical use of VR.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.ANZCTR.org.au/
. Unique identifier: ACTRN12613000710729.
Interaction with a Therapy Dog Enhances the Effects of Social Story Method in Autistic Children
Authors: Grigore Andreea A. , Rusu Alina S.
Published: April 2014

Abstract

This study explored the effects of a combination between two methods that have proved to enhance the social abilities of autistic children—Social Story and Animal Assisted Therapy. The main hypothesis of this investigation was that a naturally enriched social environment (i.e., the presence of a therapy dog) improves the effectiveness of Social Story method. Two social skills were targeted: (1) the ability to greet a social partner and (2) the ability to introduce oneself to a social partner, by using a standard single-subject research design. Three preschool autistic children were included in the study. The dependent variables were the frequency of the appropriate social interactions relevant to the target social skill, the level of prompt needed to provide the expected social response, and the frequency of social initiations. The presence of the therapy dog while reading the social story increased the frequency of social initiations and decreased the level of social prompt needed to elicit social responses from children with autism.
Learning to Be Affected: Subjectivity, Sense, and Sensibility in Animal Rights Activism
Authors: Hansson Niklas , Jacobsson Kerstin
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Becoming an animal rights activist is not just a process of identity change and re-socialization but also implies, as this article suggests, a “re-engineering” of affective cognitive repertoires and processes of “sensibilization” in relation to nonhuman animals. Activists thereby develop their mental responsiveness and awareness and refine their embodied sensitivity and capacity for sensing. The article proposes a theoretical perspective for understanding these processes. Empirically, this article examines the development of affective dispositions informing activists’ subjectivity and embodied sensibilities. It looks at the ways in which visceral, bodily, or affective responses are cultivated to reinforce activist commitments. First, the analysis identifies “micro-shocks” and “re-shocking” experiences as mechanisms for sustaining commitment. Second, “emphatic identification” and “embodied simulation” are highlighted as mechanisms for nurturing empathy towards animals. Finally, it identifies the role of “affective meat encounters” and the cultivation of disgust as mechanisms for nurturing sensibilities. The analysis is based on a case study of animal rights activists in Sweden.
Hunting the Exotic: Practices, Discourses, and Narratives of Hunting in New Zealand
Authors: Reis Arianne Carvalhedo
Published: April 2014

Abstract

This paper makes a contribution to nonhuman animal studies by discussing the tensions in practices, discourses, and narratives of hunting in a settler postcolonial society. It aims to present a discussion of how the imperialist construct of the “exotic” is applied to nonhuman animals. The focus of the paper is on the different roles the exotic animal status plays in the hunting experience in New Zealand, and how other agencies also play a part in the construction of the hunting discourses and personal narratives in relation to the exotic animal. The paper concludes that the exotic concept is closely linked to a celebration of New Zealand’s distinctiveness from their colonizer. Always a process of “Othering,” the exotic status not only impinges on the relationship established with the nonhuman animal prey, but also leads to an inconsistent discourse that implies a speciesist position, one which is nonetheless consistent with a dominionist performance.