bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parasite adaptation to extreme conditions in a desert environment
Authors: Tinsley R. C.
Published: May 2019

Deserts represent universally recognized extreme environments for animal life. This paper documents the highly specialized adaptations of Pseudodiplorchis americanus, a monogenean parasite of the desert toad, Scaphiopus couchii. Building on a long-term record of parasite population ecology (continuing since the early 1980s), field studies focus on the effects of severe drought in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona, in the mid 1990s. This provides a test of the ability of the host-parasite system to tolerate exceptional perturbation. The analysis provides new insight into parasite infection dynamics in a natural wildlife system through integration of host and parasite population age structure. The environmental check interrupted host recruitment in 1993–95 and parasite recruitment in 1995–97. This produced an imprint in age structure and infection levels recognizable over several years: parasite recruitment failure reduced transmission 2–3 years later. The host (maximum life span 17 years) tolerated the disruption but the impact was more serious for the parasite (life span 3 years) leading to extinction of some previously stable populations. Despite this demonstration of a rare event exacerbating external environmental constraints, experimental studies suggest that the internal (host) environment normally creates the most severe conditions affecting P. americanus. Only about 3 % of parasites survive from invasion until first reproduction. Post-invasion factors including host immunity, characteristic of most parasite life cycles, constitute a greater constraint upon survival than external conditions, even in a desert environment.
The survival of monogenean (platyhelminth) parasites on fish skin
Authors: Kearn G. C.
Published: May 2019

This review deals with the problems faced by those monogenean (platyhelminth) parasites that attach themselves to fish skin. The structure of the skin and the ways in which the posterior hook-bearing haptor achieves virtually permanent attachment to the skin are considered. Small marginal hooklets are specialized for attachment to superficial host epidermal cells, finding anchorage in the terminal web of keratinous tonofilaments, while large hooks (hamuli) may penetrate into and lodge in the collagenous dermis. The complementary roles of suction and sticky secretions in haptor attachment and the role of the pharynx in temporary attachment during feeding are also considered. During leech-like locomotion the haptor is briefly detached and, at this critical time, the anterior end is strongly fixed to the wet, current-swept and possibly slimy skin by a sticky secretion. This secretion is deployed on paired pads or discs, the latter sometimes backed up by suction. After attachment by the haptor is re-established, the special tegument covering the anterior adhesive areas may be instrumental in their instant release. The role of fish skin in the phenomenon of host specificity and in the generation of a defensive response against monogeneans is considered and site-specificity of parasites on the host's body is discussed. Possible selection pressures exerted by predatory ‘cleaner’ organisms are briefly evaluated.
Pentastomids and the tetrapod lung
Authors: Riley J. , Henderson R. J.
Published: May 2019

Pentastomids comprise a highly specialized taxon of arthropod-like parasites that probably became adapted to the lungs of amphibians and reptiles early in their long evolutionary history. Few other macroparasites exploit this particular niche. Pentastomids are often large, long-lived and yet they cause little observable pathology in lungs, despite being haematophagous. The lungs of all tetrapods are lined with pulmonary surfactant, a remarkable biological material consisting of a complex mixture of phospholipids, neutral lipids and proteins that has the unique ability to disperse over the air-liquid lining of the lung. In the lower tetrapods it acts as an anti-glue preventing adhesion of respiratory surfaces when lungs collapse during swallowing prey or upon expiration. In mammals, pulmonary surfactant also plays a critical role regulating the activity of alveolar macrophages, the predominant phagocytes of the lower airways and alveoli. This review outlines the evidence suggesting that lung-dwelling pentastomids, and also nymphs encysted in the tissues of mammalian intermediate hosts, evade immune surveillance and reduce inflammation by coating the chitinous cuticle with a their own stage-specific surfactant. The lipid composition of surfactant derived from lung instars of the pentastomidPorocephalus crotaliculturedin vitrois very similar to that recovered from the lung of its snake host. Pentastomid surfactant, visualised as lamellate droplets within sub-parietal cells, is delivered to the cuticle via chitin-lined efferent ducts that erupt at a surface density of < 400 mm-2. The fidelity of the system, which ensures that every part of the cuticle surface is membrane-coated, testifies to its strategic importance. Two other extensive glands discharge membrane-associated (hydrophobic ?) proteins onto the hooks and head; some have been purified and partly characterized but their role in minimising inflammatory responses is, as yet, undetermined.
Physiological basis for tolerance of fourZea mayshybrids to RPA 201772
Authors: Sprague Christy L. , Penner Donald , Kells James J.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the physiological basis for differential tolerance of fourZea maysL. hybrids to RPA 201772. Differences inZea maystolerance were quantified by determining the herbicide rate required to injure and reduceZ. maysheight 50% (GR50). GR50values indicated that theZ. mayshybrids ‘Pioneer 3751’ and ‘Pioneer 3737’ were less tolerant to RPA 201772 than the hybrids ‘Pioneer 3394’ and ‘Pioneer 3963.’ Experiments using14C-RPA 201772 were conducted to determine if hybrid sensitivity was due to differential uptake, translocation, or metabolism of the herbicide. Differences in hybrid tolerance were primarily due to differential herbicide metabolism rates. The time required for 50% inactivation (T½) of RPA 201772 was 42 and 52 h for the more tolerant hybrids and 66 and 93 h for the more sensitive hybrids. Increased uptake of RPA 201772 was also a contributing factor to the sensitivity of one of the hybrids.
Temperature influencesKyllinga brevifoliaandK. squamulatagrowth
Authors: Lowe David B. , McCarty Lambert B. , Whitwell Ted , Bridges William C.
Published: May 2019

Kyllingaspecies are becoming more common throughout the southeastern United States. Two species,Kyllinga brevifoliaandKyllinga squamulata, in particular are prevalent weeds in turfgrass. To better understand these weeds, growth chamber studies determined the growth ofK. brevifolia, K. squamulata, andCynodon dactylon×Cynodon transvaalensisas influenced by three temperature regimes (33/24, 25/17, 19/11 C day/night, respectively). Temperature influenced almost all aspects ofKyllingaspecies growth. Plant height of bothKyllingaspecies increased nearly twofold after 8 wk at high temperatures. Plants were mowed each week to 2.5 cm; both species produced more than twice as many clippings by 8 wk at high (33/24 C) temperatures than at low (19/11 C) temperatures. Destructive analysis at 8 wk revealed thatK. brevifoliashoot and root weight increased with decreasing temperature, whereasK. squamulatashoot and root weights were not affected by temperature. Shoot weight percentage for bothKyllingaspecies increased from 59% in medium temperatures to 69% in high temperatures.K. brevifoliashoot weight percentage decreased to 53% in low temperatures, whereasK. squamulatashoot weight percentage increased to 72%.K. brevifoliainflorescences formed at 2, 3, and 5 wk in high, medium, and low temperatures, respectively, whereasK. squamulataflowered immediately in all temperatures.C. dactylon×C. transvaalensisandKyllingaspecies growth were similar within each temperature regime throughout the 8-wk study.
Sampling weed spatial variability on a fieldwide scale
Authors: Clay Sharon A. , Lems G. Jason , Clay David E. , Forcella Frank , Ellsbury Michael M. , Carlson C. Gregg
Published: May 2019

Site-specific weed management recommendations require knowledge of weed species, density, and location in the field. This study compared several sampling techniques to estimate weed density and distribution in two 65-ha no-tillZea mays–Glycine maxrotation fields in eastern South Dakota. The most common weeds (Setaria viridis, Setaria glauca, Cirsium arvense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, andPolygonum pensylvanicum) were counted by species in 0.1-m2areas on a 15- by 30-m (1,352 points in each field) or 30- by 30-m (676 points in each field) grid pattern, and points were georeferenced and data spatially analyzed. Using different sampling approaches, weed populations were estimated by resampling the original data set. The average density for each technique was calculated and compared with the average field density calculated from the all-point data. All weeds had skewed population distributions with more than 60% of sampling points lacking the specific weed, but very high densities (i.e., > 100 plants m−2) were also observed. More than 300 random samples were required to estimate densities within 20% of the all-point means about 60% of the time. Sampling requirement increased as average density decreased. The W pattern produced average species densities that often were similar to the field averages, but information on patch location was absent. Weed counts taken on the 15- by 30-m grid were dependent spatially and weed contour maps were developed. Kriged maps presented both density and location of weed patches and could be used to establish management zones. However, grid-sampling production fields on a small enough scale to obtain spatially dependent data may have limited usefulness because of time, cost, and labor constraints.
Environmental and application effects on MON 37500 efficacy and phytotoxicity
Authors: Geier Patrick W. , Stahlman Phillip W. , Hargett Jennifer G.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted in an environmentally controlled growth chamber to determine the effects of temperature (10/5 or 21/7 C, day/night), soil moisture (7, 14, or 20%), timing (preemergence [PRE] or postemergence [POST]), and rate (9 or 18 g ai ha−1) of application on MON 37500 efficacy onBromus secalinusL. and toxicity toTriticum aestivumL. MON 37500 reducedB. secalinusplant density an average of 40% but did not reduceT. aestivumdensity. PRE treatments reducedB. secalinusdensity 40% compared to 12% with POST applications when plants were grown at 10/5 C. Soil moisture level also influenced plant density, with 7.9 plants per pot when soil moisture was maintained at 7%, compared to 8.5 plants per pot with 14 or 20% soil moisture. MON 37500 reducedB. secalinusdry weight more at 18 g ha−1than at the 9-g ha−1rate when grown at 21/7 C, but no rate response occurred at 10/5 C. PRE applications of MON 37500 at 10/5 C decreasedB. secalinusdry weight 22% more than PRE applications at 21/7 C or POST applications under either temperature regime. However, PRE applications of MON 37500 at 21/7 C decreasedT. aestivumbiomass an average of 16%, compared to 3% or less with other treatments. At 21/7 C,B. secalinusdry weight decreased 46% as soil moisture increased from 7 to 20%.Bromus secalinuswas 10 to 12% less susceptible to MON 37500 when grown at 7% soil moisture at 10/5 C than when grown at the same temperature at 14 or 20% soil moisture.Triticum aestivuminjury was greater at 20% soil moisture under each temperature regime.
Influence of tillage and crop residue on postdispersal predation of weed seeds
Authors: Cromar Heather E. , Murphy Stephen D. , Swanton Clarence J.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted from 1995 to 1997 in southern Ontario to determine the influence of tillage and ground cover on the quantity of postdispersal seed predation of common lambsquarters and barnyardgrass. Ground-dwelling invertebrates were the dominant seed predators and were responsible for 80 to 90% of all seeds consumed. Predation was highest in no-till and moldboard-plowed environments (averaging 32% in both) and lowest in chisel-plowed environments (averaging 24%). This indicates that the relationship between the level of disturbance and predation is nonlinear and that other factors, such as the mobility of invertebrates and food availability, may also play important roles in determining the quantity of seed predation. In no-till, the type of crop residue also influenced the quantity of predation, with highest seed predation found in plots with corn residue (averaging 31%) and lowest in those with soybean and wheat residue (24 and 21%, respectively). It is apparent that there is an optimum combination of residue quantity and quality that maximizes the quantity of seed predation. Based on the experimental design used in this study, no feeding preference by seed predators was detected between common lambsquarters and barnyardgrass. Density-dependent feeding, however, was evident for both species. Most biological control efforts have centered around predators with specific feeding habits. We contend that invertebrates with opportunistic feeding strategies that feed on weed seeds may be the most significant broad spectrum and natural form of biological weed control affecting weed population dynamics. Populations of beneficial arthropods should be conserved, and management strategies that augment the size of their natural populations should be encouraged.
Photolytic degradation of 2,4-D onZea maysleaves
Authors: Venkatesh Ramarao , Harrison S. Kent
Published: May 2019

Growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effects of UV light and riboflavin on photolysis of 2,4-D applied toZea maysleaves. Droplets of 100 mg L−114C-2,4-D were applied toZ. maysleaves with and without 10 mg L−13H-riboflavin and exposed to either UV-enhanced or UV-attenuated polychromatic light in a time-course assay. Photolysis of nonabsorbed14C-2,4-D residues onZ. maysleaves was sensitized by riboflavin regardless of UV light regime, but a larger percentage of nonabsorbed herbicide was degraded under UV-enhanced light compared to UV-attenuated light. Riboflavin was almost completely photolyzed during the first 10 h of exposure; yet, photolysis of14C-2,4-D surface residues in treatments containing riboflavin increased from 59% at 10 h of exposure to 87% at 42 h of exposure. In corresponding treatments without riboflavin, photolysis of14C-2,4-D surface residues was 37% at 10 h of exposure and 84% at 42 h of exposure. In contrast, only 7% of the14C-2,4-D deposited on glass microscope slides was degraded after 42 h of exposure in the absence of riboflavin, whereas 59% was degraded in the presence of riboflavin. Photolysis of 2,4-D onZ. maysleaves in treatments without riboflavin suggests that certain epicuticular component(s) ofZ. maysacted as photosensitizers or catalytic agents that promoted photolysis of nonabsorbed 2,4-D residues.
Physiological consequences of mutation for ALS-inhibitor resistance
Authors: Eberlein Charlotte V. , Guttieri Mary J. , Berger Philip H. , Fellman John K. , Mallory-Smith Carol A. , Thill Donn C. , Baerg Roger J. , Belknap William R.
Published: May 2019

Biochemical and physiological effects of target site resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetolactate synthase (ALS) were evaluated using sulfonylurea-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) near isonuclearLactuca sativa‘Bibb’ lines derived by backcrossing the resistance allele fromLactuca serriolaL. intoL. sativa.Sequence data suggest that resistance inL. sativais conferred by a single-point mutation that encodes a proline197to histidine substitution in Domain A of the ALS protein; this is the same substitution observed in RL. serriola. Kmapp(pyruvate) values for ALS isolated from R and SL. sativawere 7.3 and 11.1 mM, respectively, suggesting that the resistance allele did not alter the pyruvate binding domain on the ALS enzyme. Both R and S ALS had greater affinity for 2-oxobutyrate than for pyruvate at the second substrate site. Ratios of acetohydroxybutyrate: acetolactate produced by R ALS across a range of 2-oxobutyrate concentrations were similar to acetohydroxybutyrate: acetolactate ratios produced by S ALS. Specific activity of ALS from RL. sativawas 46% of the specific activity from SL. sativa, suggesting that the resistance allele has detrimental effects on enzyme function, expression, or stability. ALS activity from R plants was less sensitive to feedback inhibition by valine, leucine, and isoleucine than ALS from S plants. Valine, leucine, and isoleucine concentrations were about 1.5 times higher in R seed than in S seed on a per gram of seed basis, and concentrations of valine and leucine were 1.3 and 1.6 times higher, respectively, in R leaves than in S leaves. Findings suggest that the mutation for resistance results in altered regulation of branched-chain amino acid synthesis.
Growth ofKochia scoparia, Salsola iberica, andTriticum aestivumvaries with temperature
Authors: Nord Cathy A. , Messersmith Calvin G. , Nalewaja John D.
Published: May 2019

Information on the influence of temperature on growth of springTriticum aestivumL. (wheat) relative toKochia scoparia(L.) Schrad. (kochia) andSalsola ibericaSennen and Pau (Russian thistle) could lead to more efficient weed management practices. An experiment was conducted to determine the growth of springT. aestivum, K. scoparia, andS. ibericaat 15, 23, and 30 C in growth chambers. Fresh weight at 15 C was greater for springT. aestivumthan forK. scopariaandS. iberica.Conversely, fresh weights at 23 or 30 C were greater forK. scopariaandS. ibericathan for springT. aestivum.Growth response to temperature is consistent with the physiological characteristics for photosynthesis of springT. aestivum, a C3plant, andK. scopariaandS. iberica, which are C4plants. The results indicate that cool temperatures that usually occur for early-seeded springT. aestivumwould give springT. aestivumthe competitive advantage overK. scopariaorS. iberica.Additionally, growing degree day (GDD) equations for height development ofK. scopariaandS. ibericawere determined and could be used to determine the optimum time for postemergence herbicide application.
Triticum aestivumandLolium multifloruminteraction during drought
Authors: Carson Katherine H. , Cralle Harry T. , Chandler James M. , Miller Travis D. , Bovey Rodney W. , Senseman Scott A. , Stone Martin J.
Published: May 2019

A greenhouse experiment compared the vegetative growth in pure cultures and mixtures of winterTriticum aestivumcultivar ‘Mit’ andLolium multiflorumcultivar ‘Marshall’ in continuously watered controls and drought treatments. ControlL. multiflorumin pure culture 14 wk after planting produced more leaf area, tillers, and dry weights of stem and root than controlT. aestivumin pure culture. The greater seed size, larger initial leaf area, and height allowedT. aestivumto produce greater final leaf area and dry stem weight in control mixtures thanL. multiflorum.Watering following drought shifted the relative performance of the two species in pure cultures and mixtures compared to controls. The ability ofT. aestivumto maintain a greater leaf expansion rate during drought and a greater leaf area afterward thanL, multiflorumallowedT. aestivumto attain greater growth thanL. multiflorumin pure cultures exposed to temporary drought followed by watering. Conversely, drought and its relief enhanced the relative competitiveness ofL. multiflorumcompared to controls in mixtures withT. aestivum.During 4 wk of watering following the drought,L. multiflorumin mixtures grew vigorously and was similar toT. aestivumin all measures except in height and dry stem weight. Thus,L. multiflorumwas similar in root growth withT. aestivumin control and drought mixtures and had its aboveground competitiveness amplified by the cycle of drought and watering in this study. There was no evidence of an allelopathic interaction between the two species.
Transferal of herbicide resistance traits fromAmaranthus palmeritoAmaranthus rudis
Authors: Wetzel Denise K. , Horak Michael J. , Skinner Daniel Z. , Kulakow Peter A.
Published: May 2019

Herbicide resistance has been reported in severalAmaranthusspecies throughout the U.S. Because evidence exists of interspecies hybridization in some species of this genus, this study was conducted to determine whether acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide resistance could be transferred fromAmaranthus palmeritoAmaranthus rudisthrough interspecific crosses. Plants of each species were grown in a growth chamber, and controlled interspecies crosses were made between ALS-resistant and -susceptible plants. A total of 15 putative hybrid plants were produced from an estimated 10,000 cross-pollinated flowers. Analysis of restriction enzyme digests of the ALS gene in which a single base substitution confers resistance inferred that herbicide resistance had been transferred from a resistant maleA. rudisto the hybrid plant. Offspring of hybrid plants, backcrossed to the susceptible parent, survived herbicide treatment, demonstrating that herbicide resistance was transferred between species. DNA analysis also was performed using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique between parental and putative hybrid plants. Several unique bands were found only in the hybrid.
Latent infections and residues of the bioherbicide agentColletotrichum gloeosporioidesf.sp.malvae
Authors: Makowski Roberte M. D. , Mortensen Knud
Published: May 2019

Latent infections ofColletotrichum gloeosporioidesf.sp.malvae(C. g. malvae) in plants and seed were determined in several crops under field conditions after application ofC. g. malvaeconidia at 12 times the recommended rate.Colletotrichum g. malvaewas isolated in trace amounts fromBrassica napus/campestris, Linum usitatissimum, Lens culinaris, Brassica juncea/hirta, Helianthus annuus, andTriticumspp. only at the 2-wk isolation.Colletotrichum g. malvaewas never isolated fromBeta vulgaris.After 5 wk,C. g. malvaewas not detected in any of the crops, except forCarthamus tinctoriusat harvest, and was not detected from wash water of plant tissue or seed after 72 h.Colletotrichum g. malvaerecovery in the field, as in controlled environmental conditions, decreased with time, which indicates that buildup of inoculum did not occur. Fungi other thanC. g. malvaeand bacteria isolated from seed and from wash water of plant tissue increased with time throughout the growing season.Colletotrichum g. malvaewas not recovered from seed or crowns of any of the crop cultivars at either location in either growing season, except forC. tinctorius.Only one seed of theC. tinctoriuscultivar ‘S-208’ out of 17,280C. tinctoriusseed analyzed over three growing seasons tested positive forC. g. malvae. Colletotrichum g. malvaewas found only on the seed coat; the germinated seedling was not infected.Colletotrichum g. malvaewas not recovered from any of the wash water from seed. These results should alleviate any of the concerns regarding the fate of the millions of conidia applied during a normal spray operation on nontarget plants, the potential infectivity of nontarget plants, the potential buildup ofC. g. malvaein the field, and the utilization of any of theC. g. malvae-treated crops for food or feed.
Weed management in bromoxynil-resistantGossypium hirsutum
Authors: Paulsgrove Mary D. , Wilcut John W.
Published: May 2019

An experiment was conducted at two locations in Georgia and two locations in North Carolina during 1994 and 1995 to evaluate weed management in conventional-tillage bromoxynil-resistantGossypium hirsutumL. (cotton). The weed management systems evaluated included different combinations of fluometuron preemergence (PRE), bromoxynil or bromoxynil plus MSMA early postemergence (EPOST), bromoxynil postemergence (POST), and cyanazine plus MSMA late post-directed (LAYBY). Fluometuron PRE improved control ofAcanthospermum hisptdiumDC. (bristly starbur),Cassia occidentalisL. (coffee senna),Chenopodium albumL. (common lambsquarters),Desmodium tortuosum(Sw.) DC. (Florida beggarweed),Sida spinosaL. (prickly sida),Jacquemontia tamnifolia(L.) Griseb. (smallflower morningglory), andAnoda cristata(L.) Schlecht. (spurred anoda), compared to system that did not use fluometuron PRE. It also improvedG. hirsutumyields at three four locations. Bromoxynil-containing systems provided better weed control and higherG. hirsutumyields than systems without bromoxynil. Bromoxynil EPOST controlledA. hispidium, C. occidentalis, C. album, D. tortuosum, S. spinosa, J. tamnifolia, andA. cristata.Control of these species was frequently improved by a second application of bromoxynil POST. Bromoxynil EPOST, POST, or EPOST plus POST did not controlSenna obtusifolia(L.) Irwin and Barneby (sicklepod), but the addition of MSMA to bromoxynil EPOST improvedS. obtusifoliacontrol. Control of all dicotyledonous weeds was improved by a LAYBY treatment of cyanazine plus MSMA, and yields were improved at three of four locations with this treatment.Gossypium hirsutumwas not injured by POST treatments of bromoxynil, and only temporary injury resulted from POST treatments of MSMA.
HYPOPHILOSOPHY
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: May 2019

The more obvious forms of corruption are often preceded and explained by the etiolation of a practice: as its participants lose track of the point of their activities, their moral immune system is disabled. The argument is developed via a case study, philosophy itself. After advancing the hypothesis that philosophy is in the first instance the machine tool industry of the intellect—that its task is making the intellectual tools that make the intellectual tools—we consider what becomes of such an enterprise when this objective slips out of focus.
AN ANATOMY OF CORRUPTION
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: May 2019

Which social arrangements have a history of fostering progress and prosperity? One quick answer, falsely attributed to Adam Smith, holds that we are guided as if by an invisible hand to do what builds the wealth of nations. A more sober answer, closer to what Smith said and believed, is thatifthe right framework of rules—plus decent officiating—steers us away from buying and selling monopoly privilege and steers us toward being valuable to the people around us, we indeed will be part of the engine that drives human progress and the wealth of nations.
A TAXONOMY OF INSTITUTIONAL CORRUPTION
Authors: Ferretti Maria Paola
Published: May 2019

In this essay I take issue with the problem of institutional corruption. A number of scholars have recently established a discontinuity thesis, according to which an institution may be corrupt even if its members are not. Against this view, I defend a continuity thesis and argue that institutional corruption can always be traced back to the blameworthy corrupt behavior of individual agents. Certain instances of corrupt behavior spread their effects and tip in a way that subvert (and not simply violate) the public rules that govern an institution. This occurs, I argue, following either summative, morphological, or systemic modalities. I show that such a taxonomy of institutional corruption is useful for the purpose of disentangling and understanding the variety of mechanisms that generate the phenomenon. Most importantly, the taxonomy allows for a more nuanced way of attributing responsibility for political corruption, including collective responsibility. I conclude that a continuity approach offers the tools for diagnosing institutional corruption, but also facilitates the task of formulating answers to political corruption, both from a backward-looking and from a forward-looking perspective.
Application of a long short-term memory neural network: a burgeoning method of deep learning in forecasting HIV incidence in Guangxi, China
Authors: Wang G. , Wei W. , Jiang J. , Ning C. , Chen H. , Huang J. , Liang B. , Zang N. , Liao Y. , Chen R. , Lai J. , Zhou O. , Han J. , Liang H. , Ye L.
Published: May 2019

Guangxi, a province in southwestern China, has the second highest reported number of HIV/AIDS cases in China. This study aimed to develop an accurate and effective model to describe the tendency of HIV and to predict its incidence in Guangxi. HIV incidence data of Guangxi from 2005 to 2016 were obtained from the database of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network models, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, generalised regression neural network (GRNN) models and exponential smoothing (ES) were used to fit the incidence data. Data from 2015 and 2016 were used to validate the most suitable models. The model performances were evaluated by evaluating metrics, including mean square error (MSE), root mean square error, mean absolute error and mean absolute percentage error. The LSTM model had the lowest MSE when the N value (time step) was 12. The most appropriate ARIMA models for incidence in 2015 and 2016 were ARIMA (1, 1, 2) (0, 1, 2)12and ARIMA (2, 1, 0) (1, 1, 2)12, respectively. The accuracy of GRNN and ES models in forecasting HIV incidence in Guangxi was relatively poor. Four performance metrics of the LSTM model were all lower than the ARIMA, GRNN and ES models. The LSTM model was more effective than other time-series models and is important for the monitoring and control of local HIV epidemics.
Microstructure of Cr-B Ohmic and Rectifying Contacts on (0001) 6H Sic
Authors: Liu R.-J. , Porter L. M. , Kim M. J. , Carpenter R. W. , Davis R. F.
Published: May 2019

6H-SiC is a wide band-gap semiconductor. In recent years, a variety of high-power, -temperature, -speed and opto-electronic devices have been produced in 6H-SiC films. The future development of SiC device technology depends on the ability to form good ohmic and Schottky contacts. Plots of the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of Cr-B contacts on (0001) 6H-SiC revealed that they became the most ohmic-like after annealing at 1000 °C for 240 sec. and rectifying after annealing for 300 sec, therefore TEM analysis of the microstructures of as-deposited and annealed Cr-B films should help in understanding what causes both the ohmic-like and rectifying behaviors.

In this research, CrxBy film was deposited on vicinal (0001) 6H-SiC substrates by electron beam evaporation at room temperature. The intended phase was CrB2. Fig.l shows the microstructure of the as-deposited specimen. 6H-SiC appears to be a perfect crystal, but the Cr-B film had columnar polycrystalline microstructure.
MATRIX ANALYSES ON THE DAI–LIAO CONJUGATE GRADIENT METHOD
Authors: AMINIFARD Z. , BABAIE-KAFAKI S.
Published: May 2019

Some optimal choices for a parameter of the Dai–Liao conjugate gradient method are proposed by conducting matrix analyses of the method. More precisely, first the
$\ell _{1}$
and
$\ell _{\infty }$
norm condition numbers of the search direction matrix are minimized, yielding two adaptive choices for the Dai–Liao parameter. Then we show that a recent formula for computing this parameter which guarantees the descent property can be considered as a minimizer of the spectral condition number as well as the well-known measure function for a symmetrized version of the search direction matrix. Brief convergence analyses are also carried out. Finally, some numerical experiments on a set of test problems related to constrained and unconstrained testing environment, are conducted using a well-known performance profile.
World History's Eurocentric Moment? British Internationalism in the Age of Asian Nationalism,c.1905–1931
Authors: Tonooka Chika
Published: May 2019

This article examines a particular moment in the twentieth century when a burgeoning internationalist movement in Britain in the wake of the First World War coincided with growing nationalist activities in the non-European world, notably in Asia. It explores the intellectual implications of this juncture through the lens of two prominent British internationalists, G. P. Gooch and H. G. Wells, who were central figures in a series of discussions on “world history” that emerged in Britain around this time. Through a close study of their world-historical visions, the article demonstrates how the sequence of Asian nationalist “awakenings” (first in Japan, then after 1905 in India and China) was interpreted by British liberals as evidence of mankind's universal progress towards a uniform (Western) modernity. The effect of burgeoning Asian nationalism, in other words, was ironically to reinvigorate a highly Eurocentric liberal account of world order. The article builds on this analysis to consider the broader implications for our own present intellectual engagement with the world-historical challenge of Europe's Eurocentric past.
Incorporation and harvest management of hairy vetch-based green manure influence nitrous oxide emissions
Authors: Kandel Tanka P. , Gowda Prasanna H. , Northup Brian K. , Rocateli Alexandre C.
Published: May 2019

In this study, we measured nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from plots of fall-planted hairy vetch (HV, Vicia villosa) grown as a green nitrogen (N) source for following summer forage crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis). Two treatments were compared: (i) HV grown solely as green manure where all biomass was incorporated by tillage, and (ii) harvesting of aboveground HV biomass prior to planting of crabgrass. Fluxes of N2O were measured with closed chamber systems on 27 dates during a 2-month growth period of crabgrass after the termination of HV in early May. At termination, the average aboveground biomass yield of HV was 4.6 Mg ha−1 with 146 kg N ha−1 content. The N2O emissions were as high as 66 g N2O-N ha−1 day−1 on day 1 after HV incorporation, but reached close to zero within a week. Emissions of N2O increased with subsequent rainfall and irrigation events from both treatments but emission peaks were not observed during the rapid growth of crabgrass. Two-month cumulative emission of N2O (mean ± s.e., n = 4) from HV incorporated plots (921 ± 120 g N2O-N ha−1) was three times (P < 0.05) of HV harvested plots (326 ± 30 g N2O-N ha−1). However, crabgrass biomass yields, N concentrations and total biomass N uptake were decreased significantly by harvesting HV. In conclusion, the results suggested that whereas removal of HV biomass for use as forage may significantly reduce N2O emissions, quantity and quality of the following recipient crops may be constrained.
Rorschach as a Tool in the Psychological Assessment of Families With Patients With Schizophrenia
Authors: de Almeida Beckmann Clarice Alves , da Costa Ileno Izídio
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Identifying the characteristics of families with offspring who have schizophrenia enables early detection and intervention, thereby reducing the psychiatric damage that may occur. To this end, psychological assessment can be used for both individual and family evaluation, notably the Rorschach. This article aims to review the literature about Conjoint/Consensus Rorschach, as well as articles concerning family, schizophrenia, and Rorschach. Although the Rorschach has been used in this context since the 1960s, it has been employed differently by each researcher. This article suggests further studies on assessing individuals of a family with a member who has schizophrenia using the Rorschach. On the basis of systemic family theories – in which family is understood as a system where members change from interacting with others, in addition to learning relational, behavioral and thought patterns – it can be expected that the psychological assessment of one family member is related to the psychological pattern of the other members. From this psychological evaluation, it is possible to plan adequate treatment models, focusing on finding techniques to cope with anxiety-provoking environments and to teach cognitive strategies in order to reduce the deficits caused by schizophrenia and increase the level of functioning of the subject.
Multi‐Order Carbon Spectral Imager: A Sensor Concept for Carbon Cycle Investigations
Authors: Hall Jeffrey L. , Leifer Ira , Warren David W. , Hayhurst Thomas L. , Lampen Caleb P. , Tratt David M.
Published: May 2019

Despite their importance to climate change, significant current and future source uncertainties remain for the most important carbon greenhouse gases (GHGs) methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), particularly for the developing world. Mitigation by effective regulation and treaties requires accurate global GHG budgets, which only global‐scale (satellite) remote sensing can deliver. A high spatial and spectral resolution spectrometer is needed; herein, we present the design concept for a Multi‐Order Carbon Spectral Imager (MOCSI). MOCSI is designed for the global measurement of differential GHG column density and source fingerprinting from low Earth orbit. MOCSI includes three wavebands for CH4, CO2, and carbon monoxide (CO), whose altitude weighting functions emphasize the boundary layer, where the dominant GHG anthropogenic and natural sources are still unmixed and therefore most easily discerned against background levels. CO aids discrimination of megacity and fire GHG emissions from other sources and is also a precursor for ozone, which is also an important GHG. High spectral resolution ensures discrimination of target species from interferents, while high spatial resolution enhances sensitivity for discrete source identification and emission quantification. MOCSI is a compact, high‐throughput shortwave‐infrared pushbroom spectrometer that disperses multiple orders of a single grating onto a single focal plane array to minimize size, weight, and power of the instrument. MOCSI is specified to provide spatial and temporal resolution and sensitivity sufficient to address important global science questions related to megacity emissions, shifts in hydrocarbon production, and disaster response, as well as many others.
Origin of the Extended Mars Radar Blackout of September 2017
Authors: Sánchez–Cano Beatriz , Blelly Pierre‐Louis , Lester Mark , Witasse Olivier , Cartacci Marco , Orosei Roberto , Opgenoorth Hermann , Lillis Robert , Leblanc François , Milan Stephen E. , Conroy Philip , Floury Nicolas , Plane John M. C. , Cicchetti Andrea , Noschese Raffaella , Kopf Andrew J.
Published: May 2019

The Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) onboard Mars Express, which operates between 0.1 and 5.5 MHz, suffered from a complete blackout for 10 days in September 2017 when observing on the nightside (a rare occurrence). Moreover, the Shallow Radar (SHARAD) onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which operates at 20 MHz, also suffered a blackout for three days when operating on both dayside and nightside. We propose that these blackouts are caused by solar energetic particles of few tens of keV and above associated with an extreme space weather event between 10 and 22 September 2017, as recorded by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission. Numerical simulations of energetic electron precipitation predict that a lower O2+ nighttime ionospheric layer of magnitude ~1010 m−3 peaking at ~90‐km altitude is produced. Consequently, such a layer would absorb radar signals at high frequencies and explain the blackouts. The peak absorption level is found to be at 70‐km altitude.
Evaluation of Machine Learning Classifiers for Predicting Deep Convection
Authors: Ukkonen Peter , Mäkelä Antti
Published: May 2019

The realistic representation of convection in atmospheric models is paramount for skillful predictions of hazardous weather as well as climate, yet climate models especially suffer from large uncertainties in the parameterization of clouds and convection. In this work, we examine the use of machine learning (ML) to predict the occurrence of deep convection from a state‐of‐the‐art atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5). Logistic regression, random forests, gradient‐boosted decision trees, and deep neural networks were trained with lightning data to predict thunderstorm occurrence (TO) in Central and Northern Europe (2012–2017) and in Sri Lanka (2016–2017). Up to 40 input variables were used, representing, for example, instability, humidity, and inhibition. Feature importances derived for the various models emphasize the high importance of conditional instability for deep convection in Europe, while in Sri Lanka, TO is more strongly regulated by humidity. The Precision‐Recall curve indicates more than a twofold improvement in skill over convective available potential energy for short‐term (0–45 min) predictions of TO in Europe by using neural networks or gradient‐boosted decision tree and a larger improvement in the tropical domain. The diurnal cycle of deep convection is closely reproduced, suggesting that ML could be used to trigger convection in climate models. Finally, a strong relationship was found between area‐mean monthly TO and ML predictions, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.94 in all domains. Convective available potential energy has a similar level of correlation with monthly thunderstorm activity only in Northern Europe. The results encourage the use of reanalyses and ML to study climate trends in convective storms.
Tree Rings Record 19th-Century Anthropogenic Climate Change
Authors: Morton Mary
Published: May 2019

Paleoclimate records, observational data, and climate modeling capture the influence of human activity on temperature seasonality.
Observations and Modeling of a Hydrothermal Plume in Yellowstone Lake
Authors: Sohn Robert A. , Luttrell Karen , Shroyer Emily , Stranne Christian , Harris Robert N. , Favorito Julia E.
Published: May 2019

Acoustic Doppler current profiler and conductivity‐temperature‐depth data acquired in Yellowstone Lake reveal the presence of a buoyant plume above the “Deep Hole” hydrothermal system, located southeast of Stevenson Island. Distributed venting in the ~200 × 200‐m hydrothermal field creates a plume with vertical velocities of ~10 cm/s in the mid‐water column. Salinity profiles indicate that during the period of strong summer stratification the plume rises to a neutral buoyancy horizon at ~45‐m depth, corresponding to a ~70‐m rise height, where it generates an anomaly of ~5% (−0.0014 psu) relative to background lake water. We simulate the plume with a numerical model and find that a heat flux of 28 MW reproduces the salinity and vertical velocity observations, corresponding to a mass flux of 1.4 × 103 kg/s. When observational uncertainties are considered, the heat flux could range between 20 to 50 MW.
Artificial neural networks enabled by nanophotonics
Authors: Zhang Qiming , Yu Haoyi , Barbiero Martina , Wang Baokai , Gu Min
Published: May 2019

The growing demands of brain science and artificial intelligence create an urgent need for the development of artificial neural networks (ANNs) that can mimic the structural, functional and biological features of human neural networks. Nanophotonics, which is the study of the behaviour of light and the light–matter interaction at the nanometre scale, has unveiled new phenomena and led to new applications beyond the diffraction limit of light. These emerging nanophotonic devices have enabled scientists to develop paradigm shifts of research into ANNs. In the present review, we summarise the recent progress in nanophotonics for emulating the structural, functional and biological features of ANNs, directly or indirectly.
Correction: The induction of core pluripotency master regulators in cancers defines poor clinical outcomes and treatment resistance
Authors: Hepburn A. C. , Steele R. E. , Veeratterapillay R. , Wilson L. , Kounatidou E. E. , Barnard A. , Berry P. , Cassidy J. R. , Moad M. , El-Sherif A. , Gaughan L. , Mills I. G. , Robson C. N. , Heer R.
Published: May 2019

The original version of this article contained an error in Fig. 5a where the colours of the labels representing the Hinge and LBD of the AR were incorrect and did not match the corresponding exons. The corrected version of this Figure now appears in the article. The conclusions of this paper were not affected. The authors apologise for this error and any confusion caused.
Correction: Primary tumor-derived exosomes facilitate metastasis by regulating adhesion of circulating tumor cells via SMAD3 in liver cancer
Authors: Fu Qihan , Zhang Qi , Lou Yu , Yang Jiaqi , Nie Gang , Chen Qi , Chen Yiwen , Zhang Jingying , Wang Jianxin , Wei Tao , Qin Hao , Dang Xiaowei , Bai Xueli , Liang Tingbo
Published: May 2019

Following publication of this article the Authors noted mislabelling in Figure 2k. The label ITGA2 had been duplicated and CDH1 had been omitted. The correct version of the figure is included below.
Deianiraea, an extracellular bacterium associated with the ciliate Paramecium, suggests an alternative scenario for the evolution of Rickettsiales
Authors: Castelli Michele , Sabaneyeva Elena , Lanzoni Olivia , Lebedeva Natalia , Floriano Anna Maria , Gaiarsa Stefano , Benken Konstantin , Modeo Letizia , Bandi Claudio , Potekhin Alexey , Sassera Davide , Petroni Giulio
Published: May 2019

Rickettsiales are a lineage of obligate intracellular Alphaproteobacteria, encompassing important human pathogens, manipulators of host reproduction, and mutualists. Here we report the discovery of a novel Rickettsiales bacterium associated with Paramecium, displaying a unique extracellular lifestyle, including the ability to replicate outside host cells. Genomic analyses show that the bacterium possesses a higher capability to synthesise amino acids, compared to all investigated Rickettsiales. Considering these observations, phylogenetic and phylogenomic reconstructions, and re-evaluating the different means of interaction of Rickettsiales bacteria with eukaryotic cells, we propose an alternative scenario for the evolution of intracellularity in Rickettsiales. According to our reconstruction, the Rickettsiales ancestor would have been an extracellular and metabolically versatile bacterium, while obligate intracellularity would have evolved later, in parallel and independently, in different sub-lineages. The proposed new scenario could impact on the open debate on the lifestyle of the last common ancestor of mitochondria within Alphaproteobacteria.
Suppressing the Na+/H+ exchanger 1: a new sight to treat depression
Authors: Deng Xueyang , Ji Zhouye , Xu Bingru , Guo Liting , Xu Lixing , Qin Tingting , Feng Liang , Ma Zhanqiang , Fu Qiang , Qu Rong , Quo Qinglong , Ma Shiping
Published: May 2019

Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1), an important regulator of intracellular pH (pHi) and extracellular pH (pHe), plays a crucial role in various physiological and pathological processes. However, the role of NHE1 in depression has not yet been reported. This study was designed to investigate the role of NHE1 in the animal model of depression and explore the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that inhibition of rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2) by fasudil (Fas) or baicalin (BA) significantly alleviated chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) paradigm-induced depression-related behaviours in mice, as shown by decreased sucrose consumption in sucrose preference test (SPT), reduced locomotor activity in the open field test (OFT), and increased immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST). Furthermore, ROCK2 inhibition inhibited the activation of NHE1, calpain1, and reduced neuronal apoptosis in the CUMS animal model of depression. Next, we used the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged animal model of depression to induce NHE1 activation. Our results revealed that mice subjected to 1 μl LPS (10 mg/ml) injection intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) showed depressive-like behaviours and NHE1 activation. Amiloride (Ami), an NHE1 inhibitor, significantly reversed the decrease in sucrose consumption and reduction in immobility time in the TST and FST induced by LPS challenge. Furthermore, Ami decreased the expression of ROCK2, NHE1, calpain1, and caspase-3 and increased the Bcl-1/Bax ratio in the hippocampus of LPS-challenged mice. Ami treatment also led to antidepressive effects in the CUMS-induced animal model of depression. Thus ROCK2 inhibition could be proposed as a neuroprotective strategy against neuronal apoptosis, and NHE1 might be a potential therapeutic target in depression.