bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of acute manipulation of carbohydrate availability on high intensity running performance, running economy, critical speed, and substrate metabolism in trained Male runners
Authors: Ramonas Andrius , Laursen Paul B. , Williden Micalla , Kilding Andrew E.
Published: September 2022

Completing selected training sessions with reduced glycogen availability is associated with greater signalling and improved muscle oxidative capacity, although it may impact the overall quality of the session. We examined the effects of low carbohydrate availability on high intensity exercise performance, running economy, critical speed, and substrate metabolism. On two occasions, nine male runners (V̇O2peak 60.3 ± 3.3 mL.kg−1.min−1) completed a glycogen depletion protocol involving 90‐min at 75%vV̇O2peak followed by 10 × 1‐min at 110% vV̇O2peak. This was followed either by high (HIGH) or low (LOW) carbohydrate intake (>6 g.kg−1.day−1 and <50 g.day−1, respectively) until completion of a performance protocol on day 2 consisting of a series of time‐trials (TT) (50m to 3000m) and physiological assessments. There were no differences between LOW and HIGH for any TT distance (mean TT performance times for LOW and HIGH were: 3000m TT 651.7 ± 52.8s and 646.4 ± 52.5s, 1500 m TT 304.0 ± 20.2s and 304.2 ± 22.1s, 400 m TT 67.64 ± 4.2s and 67.3 ± 3.8s, 50 m TT 7.27 ± 0.44s and 7.25 ± 0.45s, respectively, P > 0.05), though some athletes performed better in LOW (n = 5). While fat oxidation in LOW was significantly greater than HIGH (Δ0.32 ± 0.14 g.min−1; P < 0.001 at 14 km.h−1 and Δ0.34 ± 0.12 g.min−1 at 16 km.h−1; P < 0.01), running economy did not differ between trials (P > 0.05). Acute manipulation of carbohydrate availability showed immediate effects on substrate metabolism evidenced by greater fat oxidation without changes in RE. Acute low carbohydrate availability did not affect high intensity running performance across a range of distances.
The accuracy of ten common resting metabolic rate prediction equations in men and women collegiate athletes
Authors: Fields Jennifer B. , Magee Meghan K. , Jones Margaret T. , Askow Andrew T. , Camic Clayton L. , Luedke Joel , Jagim Andrew R.
Published: September 2022

Predictive resting metabolic rate (RMR) equations are widely used to determine total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). However, it remains unclear whether these predictive RMR equations accurately predict TDEE in the athletic populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of 10 commonly used RMR prediction equations (Cunningham, De Lorenzo, Freire, Harris‐Benedict, Mifflin St. Jeor, Nelson, Owen, Tinsley, Watson, Schofield) in collegiate men and women athletes. One‐hundred eighty‐seven National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III men (n = 97) and women (n = 90) athletes were recruited to participate in one day of metabolic testing. RMR was measured using indirect calorimetry and body composition was analyzed using air displacement plethysmography. A repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc analyses was selected to determine mean differences between measured and predicted RMR. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the accuracy of each RMR prediction method (p<0.05). All prediction equations significantly underestimated RMR (p<0.001), although there was no difference between the De Lorenzo and Watson equations and measured RMR (p = 1.00) for women, only. In men, the Tinsley and Freire equations were the most agreeable formulas with the lowest root‐mean‐square prediction error value of 404 and 412 kcals, respectively. In women, the De Lorenzo and Watson equations were the most agreeable equations with the lowest root‐mean‐squared error value of 171 and 211 kcals, respectively. The results demonstrate that such RMR equations may underestimate actual energy requirements of athletes and thus, practitioners should interpret such values with caution.
Deuteron electromagnetic form factors and tensor polarization observables in the framework of the hard-wall AdS/QCD model
Authors: Huseynova Narmin , Mamedov Shahin , Samadov Jannat
Published: September 2022

We study the electromagnetic form factors and tensor polarization observables of the deuteron in the framework of the hard-wall AdS/QCD model. We find a profile function for the bulk twist

vector field, which describes the deuteron on the boundary and fix the infrared boundary cut-off of AdS space in accordance with the ground state mass of the deuteron. We obtain the deuteron charge monopole, quadrupole, and magnetic dipole form factors and tensor polarization observables from the bulk Lagrangians for the deuteron and photon field interactions. We plot the momentum transfer dependence of the form factors and tensor polarization observables and compare our numerical results with those in the soft-wall model and experimental data.
Two-photon physics at future electron-positron colliders*
Authors: Boyko I.R. , Bytev V.V. , Zhemchugov A.S.
Published: September 2022

Two photon collisions offer a variety of physics phenomena that can be studied at future electron-positron colliders. Using the planned CEPC parameters as a benchmark, we consider several topics within two-photon collisions. With the full integrated luminosity, Higgs boson photoproduction can be reliably observed, and large statistics on various quarkonium states can be collected. The LEP results for the photon structure function and tau lepton anomalous magnetic moment can be improved by 1-2 orders of magnitude.
Positive resolution of the wound-healing response in lens epithelial cells by Ti3C2TxMXene coatings for use in accommodative intraocular lens devices
Authors: Cooksley Grace , Dymond Marcus K , Stewart Nicolas A , Bucca Giselda , Hesketh Andrew , Lacey Joseph , Gogotsi Yury , Sandeman Susan
Published: September 2022

Cataract surgery removes the diseased lens of the eye replacing it with an intraocular lens, restoring visual acuity. However, accommodation, the lens’ ability to provide dynamic change in focus, is lost. A number of accommodative intraocular lens (AIOL) designs have been considered although none have provided a truly effective clinical AIOL. Two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene has been used as a transparent conductive electrode within an AIOL feasibility study. Nevertheless, the potential for Ti3C2Txto repress excessive inflammation and promote wound healing following cataract surgery has not been considered. Cataract surgery can trigger chronic inflammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in residual lens epithelial cells (LECs), producing a fibrotic mass across the posterior capsule known as posterior capsule opacification (PCO). With a large surface area and capacity for surface functionalisation, MXene has properties enabling a dual purpose AIOL design with an additional therapeutic role in the repression of pathways leading to PCO development. In this study, Ti3C2TxMXene was investigated to determine its impact on pathways leading to chronic inflammation and EMT using anin vitroLECs model. Ti3C2TxMXene was synthesised and characterised using UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. Changes in markers linked to inflammation and EMT in Ti3C2Tx-treated LECs were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, scratch assay, RNA sequencing for whole-cell gene expression profiling and lipidomics analysis. Ti3C2Txsignificantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by interleukin 1 beta primed LECs and did not advocate EMT, promoting a positive resolution of the wound healing response. This study supports the role of Ti3C2Txwithin an AIOL design with the potential to repress key developmental pathways leading to PCO.
Atomic simulations of nanoscale friction behavior in polycrystalline alloy 690
Authors: Zhou Ai-Long , Bai Zhi-Wen , Hou Huai-Yu , Han Yao-Lei , Mei Jin-Na
Published: September 2022

Fretting wear is one of the most important failure forms of alloy 690 heat exchanger tubes in nuclear power plants. The key to understanding the fretting wear of alloys lies in the friction process, especially at the atomic scale. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were performed on alloy 690 to investigate the nanoscale friction behavior and its influencing factors, laying a foundation for further understanding the fretting wear mechanism of alloy 690. The friction processes of a single-asperity (probe) on a smooth polycrystalline surface (matrix) were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations at the atomic scale, and the variation law of friction force during the friction process was calculated. The factors that affected the friction force were discussed, including the pressing depth, temperature, and sliding speed of the probe, and the friction force was positively correlated with the pressing depth and sliding speed of the probe, while the temperature had little effect on the friction force. Observations of the generation and evolution of dislocations during the friction process and related factors such as grinding grooves and wear debris were also reported.
Modification of lignin by hexamethylene diisocyanate to synthesize lignin-based polyurethane as an organic polymer for marine polyurethane anticorrosive coatings
Authors: Wu Tao , Li Xiaobao , Ma Xiaolin , Ye Judi , Shen Liming , Tan Weimin
Published: September 2022

A green and facile preparation was used to synthesize modified lignin (ML) from alkaline lignin by using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as the modifier and tetrahydrofuran as the solvent without a catalyst. Then, the as-synthesized ML was dispersed in hydroxy acrylic resin and used to prepare modified lignin-based polyurethane composites by using HDI trimer as the curing agent and dibutyltin dilauric acid as the catalyst at room temperature. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and elemental analysis confirmed that the main chemical in ML was lignin urethane when the amount of HDI was 0.2 g. The tensile strength of the modified lignin-based polyurethane (MLPU-0.2) film using ML-0.2 reached 12.07 MPa, which was improved by 23.2% and 68.3% compared with that of the pure polyurethane (PU) film (9.79 MPa) and lignin-based polyurethane (LPU) film prepared using unmodified lignin (7.17 MPa), respectively. After the addition of lignin or ML, the elongation at break of the polyurethane film increased. The water contact angle of MLPU-0.2 increased up to 96°, which was higher than that of PU (74°) and LPU (68°). The pencil hardness of MLPU-0.2 (3 H) was higher than that of PU (H) and LPU (2 H). Modified lignin-based polyurethane shows promise for marine anticorrosive coatings.
Chromium doped NH2(CH3)2Ga(SO4)2 × 6H2O crystal – representative of a new family of magnetoelectric materials
Authors: Kapustianyk V , Eliyashevskyy Yu , Mostovoi U , Czapla Z , Tarasenko R , Tkáč V , Feher A , Čižmár E
Published: September 2022

The paper is devoted to the detailed study of electric and magnetic properties and magnetoelectric interactions in NH2(CH3)2Ga(SO4)2 × 6H2O crystals doped with chromium—DMAGaS:Cr. The temperature dependence of the specific heat revealed clear evidence of a series of phase transitions related to the electric dipoles ordering. The different types of the DMA cation ordering in the structure of DMAGaS:Cr were evidenced in the temperature evolution of the EPR spectra. In addition, a considerable magnetoelectric coupling was demonstrated within the paramagnetic and ferroelectric phase of DMAGaS:Cr crystal. In the narrow temperature range in the vicinity of the Curie point, this crystal was found to possess the largest values of the coefficient of ME interaction as well as the largest magnetodielectric effect within the family of ferroics with organic cation. The model describing the ME effect was proposed. The magnetic field through the magnetostriction effect changes the level of the local lattice deformations caused by metal ion substitution. The applied magnetic field changes Cr-Cr distances and modifies the hydrogen bonds and process of DMA group ordering, affecting spontaneous polarization.
Evaluation of welded joints of dissimilar titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn and stainless-steel 304 at different multi-interlayer modes
Authors: Jawad Muhammad , Jahanzaib Mirza , Ilyas Muhammad
Published: September 2022

Products manufactured by joining titanium and stainless steel are of great attention to the modern-day industries (aerospace and nuclear) due to their several benefits like high strength, low cost, and corrosion resistance. However, it is difficult to join these alloys owing to the formation of TiFe, Ti2Fe, and TiFe2 compounds which damage their mechanical properties. This study aims to evaluate the microstructural and mechanical properties of titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn and stainless steel 304 joints. Joining was performed through pulse–gas tungsten arc welding (P-GTAW) by inserting the Nb-Cu multi-interlayer. The effects of welding speed, two multi-interlayer application modes, and arc offset on the microstructure and mechanical properties such as tensile strength and microhardness were investigated. The mechanical properties were evaluated through tensile and hardness tests while microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) supported by electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results revealed that sound and high-quality welds were achieved using a multi-interlayer, which inhibited the formation of TiFe, Ti2Fe, and TiFe2 brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs). Maximum joint strength of 327 MPa was achieved at a welding speed of 200 mm min−1, mode of multi-interlayer (Nb used as a foil and Cu as a wire) at no arc offsetting, whereas a low joint strength was obtained in the multi-interlayer mode (Nb and Cu both as foils), and arc offset towards SS. The SEM and EDS results revealed that a Cu solid solution was obtained in the fusion zone, which improved the tensile strength. Joint fracture surface analysis indicated that ductile fracture was obtained for high-strength and brittle fracture for the low-strength weld. It is evident that high hardness (400 HV) was obtained at a low welding speed (150 mm min−1) and an arc offset to the stainless steel side owing to the formation of TiCu and Ti2Cu phases, as revealed by the x-ray diffraction phase analysis.
A solution to Erdős and Hajnal’s odd cycle problem
Authors: Liu Hong , Montgomery Richard
Published: September 2022

In 1981, Erdős and Hajnal asked whether the sum of the reciprocals of the odd cycle lengths in a graph with infinite chromatic number is necessarily infinite. Let

C

(
G
)

\mathcal {C}(G)

be the set of cycle lengths in a graph

G
G

and let

C

o
d
d

(
G
)

\mathcal {C}_{\mathrm {odd}}(G)

be the set of odd numbers in

C

(
G
)

\mathcal {C}(G)

. We prove that, if

G
G

has chromatic number

k
k

, then
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="sigma-summation Underscript script l element-of script upper C Subscript normal o normal d normal d Baseline left-parenthesis upper G right-parenthesis Endscripts 1 slash script l greater-than-or-equal-to left-parenthesis 1 slash 2 minus o Subscript k Baseline left-parenthesis 1 right-parenthesis right-parenthesis log k">

∑

ℓ
∈

C

o
d
d

(
G
)

1

/

ℓ
≥
(
1

/

2
−

o
k

(
1
)
)
log
⁡
k

\sum _{\ell \in \mathcal {C}_{\mathrm {odd}}(G)}1/\ell \geq (1/2-o_k(1))\log k

. This solves Erdős and Hajnal’s odd cycle problem, and, furthermore, this bound is asymptotically optimal.

In 1984, Erdős asked whether there is some

d
d

such that each graph with chromatic number at least

d
d

(or perhaps even only average degree at least

d
d

) has a cycle whose length is a power of 2. We show that an average degree condition is sufficient for this problem, solving it with methods that apply to a wide range of sequences in addition to the powers of 2.

Finally, we use our methods to show that, for every

k
k

, there is some

d
d

so that every graph with average degree at least

d
d

has a subdivision of the complete graph

K
k

K_k

in which each edge is subdivided the same number of times. This confirms a conjecture of Thomassen from 1984.
A remark on the quaternionic Monge-Ampère equation on foliated manifolds
Authors: Gentili Giovanni , Vezzoni Luigi
Published: September 2022

Pursuing the approach of Gentili and Vezzoni [Math. Res. Not. IMRN 12 (2022), pp. 9499–9528] we study the quaternionic Monge-Ampère equation on HKT (hyperkähler with torsion) manifolds admitting an HKT foliation having corank

4
4

. We show that in this setting the quaternionic Monge-Ampère equation has always a unique solution for every basic datum. This approach includes the study of the equation on

SU
⁡
(
3
)

\operatorname {SU}(3)

.
A generalization of the GGR conjecture
Authors: Catoiu S. , Fejzić H.
Published: September 2022

For each positive integer

n
n

, function

f
f

, and point

c
c

, the GGR Theorem states that

f
f

is

n
n

times Peano differentiable at

c
c

if and only if

f
f

is

n
−
1

n-1

times Peano differentiable at

c
c

and the following

n
n

-th generalized Riemann derivatives of

f
f

at

c
c

exist:
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="limit Underscript h right-arrow 0 Endscripts StartFraction 1 Over h Superscript n Baseline EndFraction sigma-summation Underscript i equals 0 Overscript n Endscripts left-parenthesis negative 1 right-parenthesis Superscript i Baseline StartBinomialOrMatrix n Choose i EndBinomialOrMatrix f left-parenthesis c plus left-parenthesis n minus i minus k right-parenthesis h right-parenthesis comma">

lim

h
→
0

1

h

n

∑

i
=
0

n

(
−
1

)
i

(

n
i

)

f
(
c
+
(
n
−
i
−
k
)
h
)
,

\lim _{h\rightarrow 0}\frac 1{h^{n}}\sum _{i=0}^n(-1)^i\binom {n}{i}f(c+(n-i-k)h),

\]
for

k
=
0
,
…
,
n
−
1

k=0,\ldots ,n-1

. The theorem has been recently proved by Ash and Catoiu [Int. Math. Res. Not. IMRN 2022, no. 10, pp. 7893–7921] and has been a conjecture by Ginchev, Guerraggio, and Rocca [Equivalence of Peano and Riemann derivatives, Generalized convexity and optimization for economic and financial decisions (Verona, 1998), Pitagora, Bologna, 1999] since 1998. We provide a new proof of this theorem, based on a generalization of it that produces numerous new sets of

n
n

-th Riemann smoothness conditions that can play the role of the above set in the GGR Theorem.
FCCCSR_Glu: a semi-supervised learning model based on FCCCSR algorithm for prediction of glutarylation sites
Authors: Ning Qiao , Qi Zedong , Wang Yue , Deng Ansheng , Chen Chen
Published: September 2022

Glutarylation is a post-translational modification which plays an irreplaceable role in various functions of the cell. Therefore, it is very important to accurately identify the glutarylation substrates and its corresponding glutarylation sites. In recent years, many computational methods of glutarylation sites have emerged one after another, but there are still many limitations, among which noisy data and the class imbalance problem caused by the uncertainty of non-glutarylation sites are great challenges. In this study, we propose a new semi-supervised learning algorithm, named FCCCSR, to identify reliable non-glutarylation lysine sites from unlabeled samples as negative samples. FCCCSR first finds core objects from positive samples according to reverse nearest neighbor information, and then clusters core objects based on natural neighbor structure. Finally, reliable negative samples are selected according to clustering result. With FCCCSR algorithm, we propose a new method named FCCCSR_Glu for glutarylation sites identification. In this study, multi-view features are extracted and fused to describe peptides, including amino acid composition, BLOSUM62, amino acid factors and composition of k-spaced amino acid pairs. Then, reliable negative samples selected by FCCCSR and positive samples are combined to establish models and XGBoost optimized by differential evolution algorithm is used as the classifier. On the independent testing dataset, FCCCSR_Glu achieves 85.18%, 98.36%, 94.31% and 0.8651 in sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and Matthew’s Correlation Coefficient, respectively, which is superior to state-of-the-art methods in predicting glutarylation sites. Therefore, FCCCSR_Glu can be a useful tool for glutarylation sites prediction and FCCCSR algorithm can effectively select reliable negative samples from unlabeled samples. The data and code are available on https://github.com/xbbxhbc/FCCCSR_Glu.git
SCAFE: a software suite for analysis of transcribed cis-regulatory elements in single cells
Authors: Moody Jonathan , Kouno Tsukasa , Chang Jen-Chien , Ando Yoshinari , Carninci Piero , Shin Jay W , Hon Chung-Chau
Published: September 2022

Motivation

Cell type-specific activities of cis-regulatory elements (CRE) are central to understanding gene regulation and disease predisposition. Single-cell RNA 5′end sequencing (sc-end5-seq) captures the transcription start sites (TSS) which can be used as a proxy to measure the activity of transcribed CREs (tCREs). However, a substantial fraction of TSS identified from sc-end5-seq data may not be genuine due to various artifacts, hindering the use of sc-end5-seq for de novo discovery of tCREs.

Results

We developed SCAFE—Single-Cell Analysis of Five-prime Ends—a software suite that processes sc-end5-seq data to de novo identify TSS clusters based on multiple logistic regression. It annotates tCREs based on the identified TSS clusters and generates a tCRE-by-cell count matrix for downstream analyses. The software suite consists of a set of flexible tools that could either be run independently or as pre-configured workflows.

Availability and implementation

SCAFE is implemented in Perl and R. The source code and documentation are freely available for download under the MIT License from https://github.com/chung-lab/SCAFE. Docker images are available from https://hub.docker.com/r/cchon/scafe. The submitted software version and test data are archived at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7023163 and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7024060, respectively.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Additive models for symmetric positive-definite matrices and Lie groups
Authors: Lin Z , Müller H -G , Park B U
Published: September 2022

We propose and investigate an additive regression model for symmetric positive-definite matrix-valued responses and multiple scalar predictors. The model exploits the Abelian group structure inherited from either of the log-Cholesky and log-Euclidean frameworks for symmetric positive-definite matrices and naturally extends to general Abelian Lie groups. The proposed additive model is shown to connect to an additive model on a tangent space. This connection not only entails an efficient algorithm to estimate the component functions, but also allows one to generalize the proposed additive model to general Riemannian manifolds. Optimal asymptotic convergence rates and normality of the estimated component functions are established, and numerical studies show that the proposed model enjoys good numerical performance, and is not subject to the curse of dimensionality when there are multiple predictors. The practical merits of the proposed model are demonstrated through an analysis of brain diffusion tensor imaging data.
BCSCdb: a database of biomarkers of cancer stem cells
Authors: Firdous Shazia , Ghosh Abhirupa , Saha Sudipto
Published: September 2022

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small heterogeneous population present within the tumor cells exhibiting self-renewal properties. CSCs have been demonstrated to elicit an important role in cancer recurrence, metastasis and drug resistance. CSCs are distinguished from cancer cell populations based on their molecular profiling or expression of distinct CSC biomarker(s). Recently, a huge amount of omics data have been generated for the characterization of CSCs, which enables distinguishing CSCs in different cancers. Here, we report biomarkers of the Cancer Stem Cells database (BCSCdb), a repository of information about CSC biomarkers. BCSCdb comprises CSC biomarkers collected from PubMed literature where these are identified using high-throughput and low-throughput methods. Each biomarker is provided with two different scores: the first is a confidence score to give confidence to reported CSC biomarkers based on the experimental method of detection in CSCs. The second is the global score to identify the global CSC biomarkers across 10 different types of cancer. This database contains three tables containing information about experimentally validated CSC biomarkers or genes, therapeutic target genes of CSCs and CSC biomarkers interactions. It contains information on three types of markers: high-throughput marker (HTM-8307), high-throughput marker validated by the low-throughput method (283) and low-throughput marker (LTM-525). A total of 171 low-throughput biomarkers were identified in primary tissue referred to as clinical biomarkers. Moreover, it contains 445 target genes for CSC therapeutics, 10 biomarkers targeted by clinical trial drugs in CSCs and 5 different types of interaction data for CSC biomarkers. BCSCdb is an online resource for CSC biomarkers, which will be immensely helpful in the cancer research community and is freely available.

Database URL: http://dibresources.jcbose.ac.in/ssaha4/bcscdb
Francesco Ballerini’s opera licence for Vienna
Authors: Paczkowski Szymon
Published: September 2022

Around 1710, an imperial singer and favourite, the soprano castrato Francesco Ballerini, petitioned Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I for an exclusive licence to establish a public Italian opera house in Vienna that could also double as a court stage. Ballerini’s petition was successful, but his own financial resources were not sufficient to bring the project to completion. In April 1711, the death of Joseph I complicated matters even further. However, Ballerini did not give up on his ambitious undertaking, and in 1726 he invoked his privilege to announce a business plan involving the construction of a new Italian opera and comedy theatre. This announcement was made in a printed pamphlet, hitherto unknown to music historians, which offers new information about how the Italian model of theatre management being was adapted north of the Alps in the early 18th century. This article presents the newly discovered source along with a reconstruction of Ballerini’s efforts to establish Italian opera in Vienna.
Developing an Observing Air–Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS) for the global ocean
Authors: Cronin M F , Swart S , Marandino C A , Anderson C , Browne P , Chen S , Joubert W R , Schuster U , Venkatesan R , Addey C I , Alves O , Ardhuin F , Battle S , Bourassa M A , Chen Z , Chory M , Clayson C , de Souza R B , du Plessis M , Edmondson M , Edson J B , Gille S T , Hermes J , Hormann V , Josey S A , Kurz M , Lee T , Maicu F , Moustahfid E H , Nicholson S-A , Nyadjro E S , Palter J , Patterson R G , Penny S G , Pezzi L P , Pinardi N , Reeves Eyre J E J , Rome N , Subramanian A C , Stienbarger C , Steinhoff T , Sutton A J , Tomita H , Wills S M , Wilson C , Yu L
Published: September 2022

The Observing Air–Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS) is a new United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development programme working to develop a practical, integrated approach for observing air–sea interactions globally for improved Earth system (including ecosystem) forecasts, CO2 uptake assessments called for by the Paris Agreement, and invaluable surface ocean information for decision makers. Our “Theory of Change” relies upon leveraged multi-disciplinary activities, partnerships, and capacity strengthening. Recommendations from >40 OceanObs’19 community papers and a series of workshops have been consolidated into three interlinked Grand Ideas for creating #1: a globally distributed network of mobile air–sea observing platforms built around an expanded array of long-term time-series stations; #2: a satellite network, with high spatial and temporal resolution, optimized for measuring air–sea fluxes; and #3: improved representation of air–sea coupling in a hierarchy of Earth system models. OASIS activities are organized across five Theme Teams: (1) Observing Network Design & Model Improvement; (2) Partnership & Capacity Strengthening; (3) UN Decade OASIS Actions; (4) Best Practices & Interoperability Experiments; and (5) Findable–Accessible–Interoperable–Reusable (FAIR) models, data, and OASIS products. Stakeholders, including researchers, are actively recruited to participate in Theme Teams to help promote a predicted, safe, clean, healthy, resilient, and productive ocean.
Variable-order fractional dynamic behavior of viscoelastic damping material
Authors: Li Zhanlong , Dong Zhifei , Zhang Zheng , Han Binhui , Sun Bao , Wang Yao , Liu Fuxi
Published: September 2022

Viscoelastic damping material has been widely used in engineering machinery to absorb vibration and noise. Dynamic behavior of the viscoelastic damping material is mainly affected by temperature and frequency. Classical dynamic behavior equations of the viscoelastic damping material have complex structures with multiple and ambiguous parameters. So a novel variable-order fractional constitutive model (VOFC) is established based on the variable-order fractional operator. Then the viscoelastic dynamic equations are derived by Laplace transform of the VOFC model. The dynamic thermomechanical analysis tests by the three-point bending mode are carried out at variable temperatures and frequencies, and the frequency spectrum of the dynamic behavior, i.e. the loss modulus, storage modulus and loss factor are obtained. Against the test data, the VOFC model is compared with classical models such as the integer-order Maxwell model, constant fractional-order Kelvin-Voigt model, constant fractional-order Maxwell model and constant fractional-order standard linear solid model. The results show that the VOFC model can describe dynamic behavior of the viscoelastic damping material at different temperatures and frequencies more accurately. And the VOFC model has simpler structure and only two parameters with clearly physical meaning. Finally, a calculation software is designed and developed, which simplifies the process of predicting viscoelastic dynamic behavior in a wide frequency range.
Hubble Space Telescope Captures UGC 12591: bulge/disc properties, star formation and ‘missing baryons’ census in a very massive and fast-spinning hybrid galaxy
Authors: Ray Shankar , Bagchi Joydeep , Dhiwar Suraj , Pandge M B , Mirakhor Mohammad , Walker Stephen A , Mukherjee Dipanjan
Published: September 2022

We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the nearby, massive, highly rotating hybrid galaxy UGC 12591, along with observations in the UV to FIRbands. HST data in V, I, and H bands is used to disentangle the structural components. Surface photometry shows a dominance of the bulge over the disc with an H-band B/D ratio of $69{{\,\rm per\,cent}}$. The spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting reveals an extremely low global star formation rate (SFR) of $\rm \sim 0.1\!-\!0.2\, M_\odot \, yr^{-1}$, exceptionally low for the galaxy’s huge stellar mass of $\rm 1.6\times 10^{11}M_\odot$, implying a strong quenching of its SFR with a star formation efficiency of 3–5 per cent. For at least the past $\rm 10^{8}$ yr, the galaxy has remained in a quiescent state as a sterile, ‘red and dead’ galaxy. UGC 12591 hosts a supermassive black hole (SMBH) of $\rm 6.18\times 10^{8} \, M_\odot$, which is possibly quiescent at present, i.e. we neither see large ($\rm \gt 1 kpc$) radio jets nor the SMBH contributing significantly to the mid-IR SED, ruling out strong radiative feedback of AGN. We obtained a detailed census of all observable baryons with a total mass of $\rm 6.46\times 10^{11} \, M_\odot$ within the virial radius, amounting to a baryonic deficiency of ${\sim }85{{\,\rm per\,cent}}$ relative to the cosmological mean. Only a small fraction of these baryons reside in a warm/hot circumgalactic X-ray halo, while the majority are still unobservable. We discussed various astrophysical scenarios to explain its unusual properties. Our work is a major step forward in understanding the assembly history of such extremely massive, isolated galaxies.
Radar analysis algorithm for determining meteor head echo parameter probability distributions
Authors: Kastinen Daniel , Kero Johan
Published: September 2022

We present an automated radar data analysis algorithm developed to calculate probability distributions of meteor- and meteoroid parameters for head echoes detected with the Middle and Upper atmosphere (MU) radar in Shigaraki, Japan. The algorithm utilizes direct Monte Carlo simulations of uncertainties, with Bayesian Markov-chain Monte Carlo estimation of meteor model parameters and N-body propagation of distributions to perform orbit determination. The implementation has been validated using raw data simulations and a comparison with previous analysis methods. The concepts are applicable on a wide range of possible head echo measurements with other radar systems. The generated probability distributions provide quantitative reliability, which enables improved statistical studies and investigating the origins of detected meteoroids. The methodology section is highly detailed in order for the methods to be reproducible and provide a solid reference foundation for future studies. One such study is presented in a companion paper called ‘High-altitude meteors detected by the interferometric MU radar’.
How narrow is the M87* ring – II. A new geometric model
Authors: Lockhart Will , Gralla Samuel E
Published: September 2022

The 2017 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of M87* detected a ring-shaped feature ∼40 μas in diameter, consistent with the event horizon scale of a black hole of the expected mass. The thickness of this ring, however, proved difficult to measure, despite being an important parameter for constraining the observational appearance. In the first paper of this series, we asked whether the width of the ring was sensitive to the choice of likelihood function used to compare observed closure phases and closure amplitudes to model predictions. In this paper, we investigate whether the ring width is robust to changes in the model itself. We construct a more realistic geometric model with two new features: an adjustable radial falloff in brightness, and a secondary ‘photon ring’ component in addition to the primary annulus. This thin, secondary ring is predicted by gravitational lensing for any black hole with an optically thin accretion flow. Analysing the data using the new model, we find that the primary annulus remains narrow (fractional width ≤ 0.25) even with the added model freedom. This provides further evidence in favour of a narrow ring for the true sky appearance of M87*, a surprising feature that, if confirmed, would demand theoretical explanation. Comparing the Bayesian evidence for models with and without a secondary ring, we find no evidence for the presence of a lensed photon ring in the 2017 observations. However, the techniques we introduce may prove useful for future observations with a larger and more sensitive array.
XyloFUNS: Xylocaine to freeze during unpleasant nasopharyngeal swabs in children—a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Gagnon François , Gravel Jocelyn , Duranceau Camille , Vallieres Emilie , Bhatt Maala , Harman Stuart , Trottier Evelyne D
Published: September 2022

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy of intranasal vaporized lidocaine in reducing pain for children undergoing a nasopharyngeal (NP) swab in the Emergency Department (ED).

Study Design

A randomized blinded clinical trial was conducted in a paediatric ED. Both participants and the researcher evaluating the primary outcome were blinded. Children aged 6 to 17 years old requiring a NP swab were eligible. Participants were randomly allocated to receive intranasal lidocaine or a sham treatment prior to their NP swab. The primary outcome measure was pain during the swab as assessed by the visual analog scale. Secondary outcome measures were pain using the verbal numeric rating scale, fear using the children fear scale, and adverse effects of the intervention.

Results

Eighty-eight participants were enrolled—45 in the lidocaine group and 43 controls. The mean visual analog scale scores for pain were 46 mm in the lidocaine group and 53 mm in the control group (mean difference 7 mm; 95% CI: −5 to 19 mm). No serious adverse events were observed.

Conclusions

Intranasal lidocaine administered prior to NP swabs in the ED failed to show an improvement in pain scores for school-aged children and youth.
Can Risk Aversion Survive the Long Run?
Authors: Wilkinson Hayden
Published: September 2022

Can it be rational to be risk-averse? It seems plausible that the answer is yes—that normative decision theory should accommodate risk aversion. But there is a seemingly compelling class of arguments against our most promising methods of doing so. These long-run arguments point out that, in practice, each decision an agent makes is just one in a very long sequence of such decisions. Given this form of dynamic choice situation and the (Strong) Law of Large Numbers, they conclude that those theories which accommodate risk aversion end up delivering the same verdicts as risk-neutral theories in nearly all practical cases. If so, why not just accept a simpler, risk-neutral theory? The resulting practical verdicts seem to be much the same. In this paper, I show that these arguments do not in fact condemn those risk-aversion-accommodating theories. Risk aversion can indeed survive in the long run.
Chiral symmetry breaking and the quark bilinear condensate in large-N QCD
Authors: Sato Ryosuke
Published: September 2022

We discuss spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking and the quark bilinear condensate in large-Nc quantum chromodynamics (QCD). It is known that the existence of the η′ meson is implied in large-Nc QCD, as pointed out by Witten[27] and Veneziano[28]. First, we show that the existence of η′ and the Ward–Takahashi identities implies the existence of Nambu–Goldstone bosons from chiral symmetry breaking SU(Nf)L × SU(Nf)R → SU(Nf)V. Second, we show that a QCD inequality implies a non-zero lower bound on the quark bilinear condensate.
Daily-Living Freezing of Gait as Quantified Using Wearables in People With Parkinson Disease: Comparison With Self-Report and Provocation Tests
Authors: Denk Diana , Herman Talia , Zoetewei Demi , Ginis Pieter , Brozgol Marina , Cornejo Thumm Pablo , Decaluwe Eva , Ganz Natalie , Palmerini Luca , Giladi Nir , Nieuwboer Alice , Hausdorff Jeffrey M
Published: September 2022

Objective

Freezing of gait (FOG) is an episodic, debilitating phenomenon that is common among people with Parkinson disease. Multiple approaches have been used to quantify FOG, but the relationships among them have not been well studied. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the associations among FOG measured during unsupervised daily-living monitoring, structured in-home FOG-provoking tests, and self-report.

Methods

Twenty-eight people with Parkinson disease and FOG were assessed using self-report questionnaires, percentage of time spent frozen (%TF) during supervised FOG-provoking tasks in the home while off and on dopaminergic medication, and %TF evaluated using wearable sensors during 1 week of unsupervised daily-living monitoring. Correlations between those 3 assessment approaches were analyzed to quantify associations. Further, based on the %TF difference between in-home off-medication testing and in-home on-medication testing, the participants were divided into those responding to Parkinson disease medication (responders) and those not responding to Parkinson disease medication (nonresponders) in order to evaluate the differences in the other FOG measures.

Results

The %TF during unsupervised daily living was mild to moderately correlated with the %TF during a subset of the tasks of the in-home off-medication testing but not the on-medication testing or self-report. Responders and nonresponders differed in the %TF during the personal “hot spot” task of the provoking protocol while off medication (but not while on medication) but not in the total scores of the self-report questionnaires or the measures of FOG evaluated during unsupervised daily living.

Conclusion

The %TF during daily living was moderately related to FOG during certain in-home FOG-provoking tests in the off-medication state. However, this measure of FOG was not associated with self-report or FOG provoked in the on-medication state. These findings suggest that to fully capture FOG severity, it is best to assess FOG using a combination of all 3 approaches.

Impact

These findings suggest that several complementary approaches are needed to provide a complete assessment of FOG severity.
Glutamatergic pedunculopontine tegmental neurons control wakefulness and locomotion via distinct axonal projections
Authors: Kroeger Daniel , Thundercliffe Jack , Phung Alex , De Luca Roberto , Geraci Carolyn , Bragg Samuel , McCafferty Kayleen J , Bandaru Sathyajit S , Arrigoni Elda , Scammell Thomas E
Published: September 2022

Study Objectives

The pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nucleus is implicated in many brain functions, ranging from sleep/wake control and locomotion, to reward mechanisms and learning. The PPT contains cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons with extensive ascending and descending axonal projections. Glutamatergic PPT (PPTvGlut2) neurons are thought to promote wakefulness, but the mechanisms through which this occurs are unknown. In addition, some researchers propose that PPTvGlut2 neurons promote locomotion, yet even though the PPT is a target for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease, the role of the PPT in locomotion is debated. We hypothesized that PPTvGluT2 neurons drive arousal and specific waking behaviors via certain projections and modulate locomotion via others.

Methods

We mapped the axonal projections of PPTvGlut2 neurons using conditional anterograde tracing and then photostimulated PPTvGlut2 soma or their axon terminal fields across sleep/wake states and analyzed sleep/wake behavior, muscle activity, and locomotion in transgenic mice.

Results

We found that stimulation of PPTvGlut2 soma and their axon terminals rapidly triggered arousals from non-rapid eye movement sleep, especially with activation of terminals in the basal forebrain (BF) and lateral hypothalamus (LH). With photoactivation of PPTvGlut2 terminals in the BF and LH, this wakefulness was accompanied by locomotion and other active behaviors, but stimulation of PPTvGlut2 soma and terminals in the substantia nigra triggered only quiet wakefulness without locomotion.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate the importance of the PPTvGluT2 neurons in driving various aspects of arousal and show that heterogeneous brain nuclei, such as the PPT, can promote a variety of behaviors via distinct axonal projections.
Comprehensive Review of the Vascular Niche in Regulating Organ Regeneration and Fibrosis
Authors: Chen Yutian , Ding Bi-Sen
Published: September 2022

The vasculature occupies a large area of the body, and none of the physiological activities can be carried out without blood vessels. Blood vessels are not just passive conduits and barriers for delivering blood and nutrients. Meanwhile, endothelial cells covering the vascular lumen establish vascular niches by deploying some growth factors, known as angiocrine factors, and actively participate in the regulation of a variety of physiological processes, such as organ regeneration and fibrosis and the occurrence and development of cancer. After organ injury, vascular endothelial cells regulate the repair process by secreting various angiocrine factors, triggering the proliferation and differentiation process of stem cells. Therefore, analyzing the vascular niche and exploring the factors that maintain vascular homeostasis can provide strong theoretical support for clinical treatment targeting blood vessels. Here we mainly discuss the regulatory mechanisms of the vascular niche in organ regeneration and fibrosis.
Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Coupled with CRISPR-Cas12a Technology for Rapid and Highly Sensitive Detection of Heterodera avenae and Heterodera filipjevi
Authors: Shao Hudie , Jian Jinzhuo , Peng Deliang , Yao Ke , Abdulsalam Sulaiman , Huang Wenkun , Kong Lingan , Li Chuanren , Peng Huan
Published: September 2022

The cereal cyst nematodes Heterodera avenae and Heterodera filipjevi are recognized as cyst nematodes that infect cereal crops and cause severe economic losses worldwide. Rapid, visual detection of cyst nematodes is essential for more effective control of this pest. In this study, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas12a (formerly known as cpf1) was developed for the rapid detection of H. avenae and H. filipjevi from infested field samples. The RPA reaction was performed at a wide range of temperatures from 35 to 42°C within 15 min. There was no cross-reactivity between H. avenae, H. filipjevi, and the common closely related plant-parasitic nematodes, indicating the high specificity of this assay. The detection limit of RPA-Cas12a was as low as 10−4 single second-stage juvenile (J2), 10−5 single cyst, and 0.001 ng of genomic DNA, which is 10 times greater than that of RPA-lateral flow dipstick (LFD) detection. The RPA-Cas12a assay was able to detect 10−1 single J2 of H. avenae and H. filipjevi in 10 g of soil. In addition, the RPA-LFD assay and RPA-Cas12a assays could both quickly detect H. avenae and H. filipjevi from naturally infested soil, and the entire detection process could be completed within 1 h. These results indicated that the RPA-Cas12a assay developed herein is a simple, rapid, specific, sensitive, and visual method that can be easily adapted for the quick detection of H. avenae and H. filipjevi in infested fields.
Survey of Viruses Infecting Basella alba in Hawaii
Authors: Wang Xupeng , Larrea-Sarmiento Adriana , Olmedo-Velarde Alejandro , Al Rwahnih Maher , Borth Wayne , Suzuki Jon Y. , Wall Marisa M. , Melzer Michael , Hu John
Published: September 2022

Malabar spinach plants (Basella alba, Basellaceae) with leaves exhibiting symptoms of mosaic, rugosity, and malformation were found in a community garden on Oahu, HI in 2018. Preliminary studies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR identified Basella rugose mosaic virus (BaRMV) in symptomatic plants. However, nucleotide sequence analysis of RT-PCR amplicons indicated that additional potyviruses were also present in the symptomatic Malabar spinach. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) analysis was conducted on ribosomal RNA-depleted composite RNA samples of potyvirus-positive plants from three locations. Assembled contigs shared sequences similar to BaRMV, chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV), Basella alba endornavirus (BaEV), broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2), and Iresine viroid 1. Virus- and viroid-specific primers were designed based on HTS sequencing results and used in RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing to confirm the presence of these viruses and the viroid. We tested 63 additional samples from six community gardens for a survey of viruses in Malabar spinach and found that 21 of them were positive for BaRMV, 57 for ChiVMV, 21 for AltMV, 19 for BaEV, and 14 for BBWV2. This is the first characterization of the virome from B. alba.