bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Psychology and Contemporary Poetry: Perspectives on Mood Disorders
Authors: Redﬁeld Jamison Kay
Published: October 2023

It is not always obvious when listening to scientists or talking with poets that their intellectual and emotional worlds overlie. But of course they do. Poetry and science have common roots in observa tion and they take their cues from the rhythms and patterns of the natural world. Scientists and poets alike must put words to what they see and think and both require rigorous intellectual discipline in order to do so. Scientists and poets share a keen response to the beauty of nature and take delight in the act of discovery or creating. Both must communicate their ideas to others and so appreciate the use of language and a clarity of image. Psychological science, in particular, has in common with poetry a profound interest in human nature and emotion.
Expenditure on Healthcare in the UK: A Review of the Issues
Authors: Propper Carol
Published: October 2023

Public expenditure on healthcare in the UK is large. In 2000, just under £50 billion was spent by the state on healthcare, a sum that accounted for around 6 per cent of GDP. On top of these large public expenditures, individuals buy healthcare and pharmaceuticals directly, and private expenditure on healthcare in the UK totalled about £9 billion in 2000. Nor is high public and private expenditure on healthcare just a British phenomenon. Governments and private individuals throughout the OECD contribute large sums for healthcare expenditure.
What We Spend and What We Get: Public and Private Provision of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
Authors: Witte Ann Dryden , Witt Robert
Published: October 2023

Communities that cannot provide an acceptable level of security for persons and property will not survive long. Economists have long pointed out that, even if such communities were to survive, they would not prosper. Communities where the strong are allowed to victimise the weak freely will be small, and surviving members will have to spend most of their resources on defence. When property can be freely taken by theft and deception, no one has the incentive to invest. Protection of property from taking is the most basic of all property rights. Without this protection, the problem of the commons is pervasive.
Public Financing of the Arts in England
Authors: Peacock Alan
Published: October 2023

The justification for paying particular attention to public financing of the arts, including heritage and broadcasting, cannot be based on their relative significance in the public budget. This is soon apparent (cf. Section III) when it is realised that, by any acceptable definition, the arts represent less than 1.5 per cent of total government direct expenditure. Nevertheless, they have a high profile in public debates on the place of government in influencing the allocation of resources, which is also reflected in the amount of Parliamentary time devoted to them, particularly if the role of broadcasting in promoting cultural activities is included.
Arbitrage and Asset Pricing: Induced Preference Approach
Authors: Milne Frank
Published: October 2023

Given the basic asset economy outlined in the last chapter, we can now analyse the role of arbitrage in asset allocations and asset prices. By using induced preferences, we have a simple tool for constructing geometric proofs. In this chapter, we will illustrate the ideas using simple examples, but the ideas generalize in a straightforward fashion. (See Milne, 1981, 1988.)
Pareto Optimality
Authors: Milne Frank
Published: October 2023

In Parts 1 and 2 we showed that with differentiable preferences, Pareto optimality implies a unique Arrow-Debreu, or Martingale, measure. In this chapter we show that the extension to multiple commodities leaves the proofs largely unchanged. We show that the aggregation or representative consumer models can be extended in a straightforward fashion. Finally, if preferences are not differentiable, we show that we can replace gradients with subgradients.
Idiosyncrasies that are Irrelevant for Security Pricing
Authors: Milne Frank
Published: October 2023

In the previous section we decomposed the asset returns, Arrow-Debreu measures and commodity vectors into factor structures. Now these factor structures may not all be relevant for asset pricing if their coefficients are (or almost) zero. In this section we provide arguments that rationalize a reduction in the number of factors, by partitioning the factors into basic or economy-wide factors, and idiosyncratic factors.
Confrontation on the Futures Market
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Dai Lu
Published: October 2023

In the previous chapters, we reviewed the confrontation between the Hong Kong government and the speculators in the stock market. We not only covered the local equity market, but also studied the London market-another important market for trading Hong Kong’s blue chips. The government took the unprecedented action of intervening in the market because they felt the need to protect local financial markets from being destroyed by the speculators’ ‘double play’ strategy.
Financing the Intervention
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Dai Lu
Published: October 2023

At various points in this book, it may have sounded as if the government used taxpayers’ money for the intervention. In the literal sense that the funds employed by the HKMA came directly from inflows of tax receipts, this is not the case. The one sense in which the authorities were, however, using taxpayers’ moneywas that any loss/profit from the intervention would (ultimately) accrue to the taxpayers.
Migration, Gender, and Returns to Education in Shenzhen, China
Authors: Liang Zai , Chen Yiu Por
Published: October 2023

During the past two decades, major social and economic transformations have occurred in China. One of the demographic consequences of these changes is the large increase in the migrant population. In the pre-reform era, the Chinese government strictly controlled and regulated migration through the household registration system (hukou)and other mechanisms. Since the late 1970s, however, the role of household registration has weakened so much that one does not need to obtain local hukouto migrate. Migration, especially temporary migration, is clearly on the rise.1
Postscript: Debating Degradation over the Long Term: Animals, Veld, and Conservation
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

Awareness of environmental change ran deep in South African society. By the 1930s both white and black rural communities were being confronted with its perceived consequences and with the state’s determination to act. At the heart of conservationist concern was the desire to guarantee agricultural production in the long term by protecting and enhancing natural resources, and especially the veld. However, investment and regulation had facilitated more intensive livestock farming before a sufficiently protective regime had been put in place. Veterinary measures contributed to rising stock numbers amongst both white and black owners. Debt and depression helped further to drive animal numbers up in the late 1920s and early 1930s. While it is difficult to make cross-national comparisons because of the variety of ecological conditions, South Africa does appear to have been comparatively heavily stocked at the time. Sheep and cattle numbers in 1930 were more than twice their levels in the first decade of the century.
Judicial Assistance in Cross-Border Insolvencies: Current Provisions under National Law
Authors: Fletcher Ian F
Published: October 2023

In the preceding two chapters, we have considered the approaches to recognition of foreign insolvency proceedings, and of the consequences flowing from them, that have been evolved under English Common Law. We saw that these approaches embody principles mainly developed by the courts over a considerable span of time, and that in some respects there is a want of symmetry between the international effects claimed by English law for insolvency proceedings which take place in this country, and the effects which will be accorded in England to proceedings opened in other countries. Nevertheless, the overall position, with respect to both individual and company insolvencies, may be summed up as one which is imbued with a positive spirit to facilitate international cooperation between the different jurisdictions which are actively concerned in any particular case. One of the leading virtues of the English Common Law approach to giving recognition and assistance to foreign insolvency proceedings, and to the office holders conducting them, is its essentially non-discriminatory policy in terms of the foreign countries with which such cooperation and assistance may in principle be shared.
Key Questions in Anthropology
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael
Published: October 2023

The questions we ask about the past and the present, not to mention the future, are mostly attempts to divine some kind of fitting shape in the material world, in events, and in people’s actions —partly because we have to respond to all these, especially the latter. From where do we get our feeling that there must be significant design and reason behind the appearance of things? Do we re-theorize the world and what other people are up to each time we leave our front doors? Sometimes, perhaps, we do. But most of the time, we operate with patterns of expectation we have learned through sharing our language, ideas, and life with others since we were born.
Species, Space, and Time
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael
Published: October 2023

Anthropologists often talk of basic categories of conceptual organization or understanding. In doing this, they sometimes seek to follow the philosophers in looking for the foundational aspects of categorical thinking in such domains as space, or time, or ideas of the material and non-material, species of the human and non-human, self and other. While philosophers focus on the formal specification of such primary conditions of thought, and the way they facilitate access to the world as it is, anthropologists tend to focus on their content and their historical variation, with a focus on the coherence of a cultural tradition and its arbitrary relation to reality. The term ‘category’ is commonly used in both contexts, highlighting form and con tent respectively, and these uses can often slide into one another and help to make this a confusing area to understand.
Women over 35 Old Maids, Merry Widows, and Cosy Wives
Authors: Mccreery Cindy
Published: October 2023

This study has mainly examined the representation of relatively young women within satirical prints. While not necessarily restricted to young women, the female roles discussed so far favored young women. Then as now, young women were seen as more appealing than old women, and images of them were more likely to attract viewers. Thus, most satirical as well as non-satirical prints of prostitutes, courtesans, actresses, female writers, artists, and politicians, as well as wives and mothers, depict young women. Yet this does not tell the whole story. ‘ Old’ women were also represented within satirical prints, but were treated largely separately from young women.
Theory and Values in Public Law
Authors: Cane* Peter
Published: October 2023

At the heart of Carol Harlow’s scholarship is a strong belief that our understanding of legal rules and principles, the law in the books, can be greatly enriched by normative argument on the one hand, and by empirical investigation of social practices on the other. So far as social practice is concerned, she was one of the very first English public lawyers to ask searching questions about the impact of administrative law on the behaviour of administrators.
The King’s Artists
Authors: Hoock Holger
Published: October 2023

This is the story of the forging of a national cultural institution in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain. The Royal Academy of Arts was the dominant art school and exhibition society in London and a model for art societies across the British Isles and North America. This is the first study of its early years, re-evaluating the Academy's significance in national cultural life and its profile in an international context. Holger Hoock reassesses royal and state patronage of the arts and explores the concepts and practices of cultural patriotism and the politicization of art during the American and French Revolutions. By demonstrating how the Academy shaped the notions of an English and British school of art and influenced the emergence of the British cultural state, he illuminates the politics of national culture and the character of British public life in an age of war, revolution, and reform.
Institutional History
Authors: Hoock Holger
Published: October 2023

The Royal Academy of Arts of England is, with regard to the Arts of Design, the first, and consequently the most subordinate, step in the career of national refinement, but it is the proper link which unites the progress of the arts with the greatness of the nation. (Prince Hoare, An Inquiry into the Requisite Cultivation and Present State of the Arts of Design, in England [London, 1806], 135.) Throughout the 1760s, London’s artistic community was in a state of permanent strife. The first exhibition of contemporary art in England, held at the rooms of the Society of Arts from 21 April to 8 May 1760, had been a success, selling 6,582 catalogues and receiving an estimated 1,000 daily visitors. Subsequently, however, the artists and their patron society fell out over the management of exhibitions, especially over admission fees which were directly relevant to the envisaged target audience. In 1761, a group of (mostly leading) artists split off and exhibited in a room in Spring Gardens, Charing Cross.
The Cosmopolitan Outlook of a National Academy
Authors: Hoock Holger
Published: October 2023

Beyond the metropolitan and national spheres the Academy also operated within a European framework: its cultural patriotism needs to be understood in relation to its cosmopolitan outlook. Cosmopolitanism ‘encapsulates an attitude of detachment towards national prejudice ... and an intellectual investment in the idea of a common European civilisation’. Eighteenth century art societies such as the Royal Academy strove to embody a cosmopolitan patriotism which promoted the glory of a country in terms of its conformity to universal values. In enlightened thinking it was possible to reconcile the recognition of differences between nations, and individual communities’ pride in their national characters and achievements on the one hand, with notions of a common humanity on the other. In the eighteenth-century art world, the increasing international availability of prints and art reports facilitated the creation of a cosmopolitan European visual imagination. This fostered awareness both of common artistic standards and of the distinct characteristics of national schools. As in England and Scotland so too elsewhere in Europe, the constitution of ‘national character’ was seen to be bound up with the development of a nation’s visual culture.
Professional Representations
Authors: Hoock Holger
Published: October 2023

London, Jamaica, and Madras provided the first opportunities for the Royal Academy to engage in public artistic projects. In 1773, under the auspices of the Academy, six history painters offered to decorate St Paul’s Cathedral in London with scripture paintings, free of charge. By the mid-eighteenth century, St Paul’s-a city church, not a royal peculiar like Westminster Abbey-was a public space in that it was included in London tours, and charged for the view of specific sights such as the geometrical staircase or the great model. Previously, the only decoration of the Cathedral had been Sir James Thornhill’s scenes in grisaille from the life of St Paul (barely visible high up in the dome, and now suffering from the effects of damp and heat), and some enemy standards captured in previous wars. Foreigners habitually commented on their disgust with the ‘void, barren’ space (Archenholtz) and the ‘disagreeable effect of the nudity’ in the Cathedral (San Constante) (8.1).
A Gay Manifesto
Authors: Wittman Carl
Published: October 2023

San Francisco is a refugee camp for homosexuals. We have fled here from every part of the nation, and like refugees elsewhere, we came not because it is so great here, but because it was so bad there. By the tens of thousands, we fled small towns where to be ourselves would endanger our jobs and any hope of a decent life; we have fled from blackmailing cops, from families who disowned or ‘tolerated’ us; we have been drummed out of the armed services, thrown out of schools, fired from jobs, beaten by punks and policemen.
The Satirical Gaze
Authors: Mccreery Cindy
Published: October 2023

This is the first scholarly study to focus on satirical prints of women in the late eighteenth century. The period c.1760-1800 was the golden age of graphic satire: thousands of copper-plate engravings, humorous and/or critical in tone, were published. They were sold in London and the provinces and exported overseas, and were viewed by nearly all sections of the population. These prints both reflected and sought to shape contemporary debate about the role of women in society. While attitudes varied considerably, the general consensus was that women were more visible in society than ever before - on the streets, on the stage, on the walls of the Royal Academy, on the hustings, and in the pleasure gardens. The satirical prints of the period reveal perceptions of women and their behavior as prostitutes and courtesans, wives and mothers, old maids and widows. Cindy Mccreery’ s detailed exploration of this relatively neglected genre extends our knowledge of contemporary attitudes towards women and offers an important new dimension to our understanding of Georgian culture.
Women on the Stage: Courtesans and Scandalous Actresses
Authors: Mccreery Cindy
Published: October 2023

I was maintained in the utmost splendor by my keeper, his vanity making him shew me off (as he called it) in all the extravagance of the mode. I was followed at every public place, addressed by love-letters, songs were made upon me, and meztotinto pictures of me sold at all the print-shops: in short, I grew into such fame, that I was the general toast among men of fortune, while the ladies borrowed their fashions from what I wore. During the last four decades of the eighteenth century, another category of loose woman, the courtesan, rose to public prominence.
Venture Capital and Innovation: Clues to a Puzzle
Authors: Kortum Samuel , Lerner Josh
Published: October 2023

Over the past decade, there has been a dramatic expansion of public programs around the globe to encourage the formation of venture capital funds. These programs share a common rationale: that venture capital has spurred innovation in the USA, and can do so elsewhere (see, for instance, the European Commission’s Green Paper on Innovation 1995).
The Extent of Venture Capital Exits: Evidence from Canada and the USA
Authors: Cumming Douglas J , MacIntosh Jeffrey G
Published: October 2023

Venture capitalists are a highly specialized group of investors with expertise in the financing of small- and medium-sized enterprises. Both because of a lack of positive cash flow, and because the agency costs associated with entrepreneurial finance are pronounced, high-growth (and usually technology-based) firms rarely have access to bank borrowing, particularly in the early stages.
The Doctrine Of Utmost Good Faith
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

English law adopts an adversarial model of contractual negotiations, requiring each party to accept responsibility for its own interests. The law will assist a party that has been induced into a contract by an inaccurate or misleading statement, termed a ‘misrepresentation’. A contract so induced is voidable, meaning that it is liable to be set aside retrospectively through the remedy of rescission. However, there is no general duty to volunteer information, even though it may be evident that such information would be regarded as highly relevant by the other party in deciding whether to contract and, if so, upon what terms. ‘Tacit acquiescence in another’s self-deception does not itself amount to a misrepresentation, provided that it has not previously been caused by a positive misrepresentation. For example, specific performance of a compromise will be granted despite the failure by the plaintiff to disclose the result, favourable to the defendant, of certain proceedings in the litigation. Insurance contracts, however, constitute an exception to the rule: they are contracts uberrimae fidei (of the utmost good faith), and the doctrine of utmost good faith not only reaffirms a passive duty to refrain from misrepresentation3 but also imposes a pro-active duty to volunteer certain information. Breach of such duties affords the innocent party the option of retrospective avoidance of the contract. The fact that the remedy is absolute and uncompromising has led to detailed scrutiny of all aspects of the doctrine.
Premiums
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard
Published: October 2023

The undertaking to pay premium is the consideration provided by the assured in return for which the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured in the circumstances and manner specified in the insurance contract. Premium is earned for assumption of risk. Moreover, upon inception of risk, the insurer is immediately exposed to full liability. Subject to contrary intention, it follows that premium is earned at inception of risk and that both the insured risk represented by that liability and the premium attaching to the insurance of that liability are indivisible.
Banking in an international and European framework: the case of Liechtenstein
Authors: Baur Georges S
Published: October 2023

As indicated by the title of this volume and as clear from the dominant context after 11 September 2001, security in the world of banking and finance is defined as relating essentially to terrorism and financial crime. This chapter therefore makes only brief reference to other important issues, such as Internet security, arms deals and war crimes, and does not attempt to establish a definition of terrorism. What changes has the current security agenda brought for banking and more generally the financial industry? In recent years, particularly after the terrorist attacks of September 2001, financial intermediaries such as banks, professional trustees and to some extent asset managers have been exposed to an important change in the attitude to their work. This is also, of course, the case for the banks and other financial intermediaries in Liechtenstein.
The resources and tactics of terrorism: a view from Russia
Authors: Volkov Vadim
Published: October 2023

In the two years since the tragic events of 11 September 2001, several states have made huge efforts and allocated significant resources to eliminating international terrorism. Pursuing the goal of destroying terrorist bases, the US-led coalition of states has achieved important military victories in Afghanistan and Iraq. Russia has made military and political progress towards settlement of the Chechen conflict. Israel has overwhelming military superiority in the Middle East region and can boast an impressive list of counterterrorist operations which eliminated their targets. However, these successes have not resulted in the decline of terrorist activities in the regions concerned, still less worldwide.
The Central Bank Balance Sheet
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 1 it was argued that monetary policy implementation normally means controlling short-term interest rates, not balance-sheet quantities like, for example, the monetary base. Still, as becomes clear in the present chapter, the best starting-point for understanding monetary policy implementation is the quantities in the central bank balance sheet.
Standing Facilities
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich
Published: October 2023

In each of this and the following two chapters, one of the three main monetary policy instruments is reviewed, namely, standing facilities (this chapter), open market operations (Chapter 5), and reserve requirements (Chapter 6).
International Investment Rules and Water: Learning from the NAFT A Experience
Authors: Bernasconi-Osterwalder Nathalie , Weiss Edith Brown
Published: October 2023

In the ten years since its entry into force in 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)1 between the Governments of Canada, the United Mexican States, and the United States of America has drawn much attention from environmentalists, academics, politicians, and media. To the surprise of many, it has not been the trade rules that have raised concern, but rather the rules on investment contained in NAFTA ‘s Chapter 11. Over half of the disputes between investors and host States initiated under Chapter 11 to date have involved challenges by investors of measures relating to environmental and health protection, including the protection of water resources. Decisions in many of the disputes are still pending, but both those decided as well as those initiated have reinforced fears that Chapter 11 ‘s set of investor guarantees (and corresponding host State obligations) may inhibit host governments from adopting environmental and health measures. On the issue of water, investors can sue host States to pay monetary damages for setting standards to ensure safe drinking water, to support aquatic life, or to sustain the recreational use of water. This calls for an analysis of how Chapter 11 can put limits on a government ‘s ability to manage its water resources and control water pollution from industrial, agricultural, and municipal sources.
Ethical Issues in the Use of Cost Effectiveness Analysis for the Prioritisation of Health Care Resources
Authors: Brock Dan W
Published: October 2023

Resources to improve health are and always have been scarce, in the sense that health must compete with other desirable social goals like education and personal security for resources. It is not possible to provide all the resources to health, including health care and health care research, that might provide some positive health benefits without great and unacceptable sacrifices in other important social goods. This should go without saying, and in other areas of social expenditures resource scarcity is not denied, but in health care many people mistakenly persist in denying this fact. It follows from resource scarcity that some form of health care rationing is unavoidable, where by rationing I mean some means of allocating health care resources that denies to some persons some potentially beneficial health care. That rationing may take many forms.
After the Collapse
Authors: Gerwarth Robert
Published: October 2023

On 18 January 1919 the Allied Peace Conference convened in Versailles to decide the fate of the defeated German Empire. Both the date of the conference’s opening and its location were highly symbolic. Exactly forty-eight years earlier, on 18 January 1871, the German princes had attended the Imperial Proclamation by Otto von Bismarck in Versailles’ Hall of Mirrors. It was the same room in which the German delegation led by Hermann Muller (MSPD) and Johannes Bell (Centre) would sign the peace accords in late June 1919.
Fragmented Society-Divided Memory: Perceptions of Bismarck in Early Weimar Germany
Authors: Gerwarth Robert
Published: October 2023

The constitutional controversies in Weimar’s National Theatre and the accompanying public debates left no room for doubt that the Bismarck myth had survived both the transformation of the political system after 1918 and the renaissance of the gro.fdeutsch idea. The immediate post-war controversies also indicated how fundamentally the narrative had changed its character. Whereas the Bismarck myth had served to stabilize the political system between 1898 and 1918, it fulfilled quite the opposite task after the collapse of the Kaiserreich, when it became a weapon to be employed against the Republic of Weimar by its right-wing opponents.
Introduction
Authors: Gerwarth Robert
Published: October 2023

When the German photographer Albert Renger-Patzsch published his critically acclaimed book The World is Beautiful in 1928, many of the most prominent reviewers raised the question if it was possible to appreciate the beauty of the world in an age overshadowed by the legacies of the Great War, economic uncertainty, and widespread anxiety over the future of European civilization. Seventeen years later, after the experience of the unprecedented atrocities committed during the Second World War, the answer to this question seemed obvious. For many contemporary observers who had lived through the turmoil of the period, the entire era since 1914 resembled (in the words of Charles de Gaulle) a ‘second’, but more devastating, ‘Thirty Years War’, a time in which any fleeting moments of hope or optimism had at best been an expression of naivety.
Scandinavia
Authors: Hilson Mary
Published: October 2023

For a sparsely populated and relatively peripheral area of Northern Europe, the three Scandinavian countries— Denmark, Norway, and Sweden— generated a considerable amount of international interest during the inter-war period. By 1939, Sweden in particular had gained an international reputation as a model state, which had responded successfully to the economic and political crisis of the 1930s. Particularly influential was a book by the American journalist Marquis Childs, Sweden: The Middle Way (1936), which helped to establish the idea of the Swedish and Scandinavian ‘middle way’ as a compromise between free-market capitalist democracy and fascist or communist totalitarianism.
France
Authors: Tumblety Joan
Published: October 2023

The French historians who in the middle third of the twentieth century formed what has become known as the Annales school articulated the notion that time for human societies moves at different speeds. First there is the glacial slowness of the longue durée , in which human interaction with the physical landscape changes so slowly as to be almost imperceptible; then the structural time in which patterns of human organization and agency can be better perceived; and finally the time of events, or l’histoire événementielle , the latter described somewhat dismissively by historian Fernand Braudel as ‘surface disturbances’. A survey of the early years of the French twentieth century informed by a longer term perspective may thus not be quite so overwhelmed by the material and human destruction wrought by war.
Italy
Authors: Bosworth R J B
Published: October 2023

It so happened that I saw a market day in Bolzano [a natively German-speaking city in the Süd Tirol or Alto Adige, annexed to Italy after 1918], to which hundreds of peasants had come from one of the remote fastnesses, the Val Sarentino. The men looked like people visiting this world for the first time. They were tall, awkward, but deliberate in movement, silent among themselves, and painfully shy in the town streets. They had matted flaxen hair which bunched out in straggles, like a wig, round the lean weather-creased napes of their necks. Pale blue eyes. Tiny cone-shaped felt hats rested on rather than fitted their heads; trousers made of a fustian-looking felt, which only reached down as far as their shins; small Tyrolese jackets with very short sleeves; and, instead of a waistcoat, a most extraordinary leather contraption consisting of, not a breastplate, but a bellyplate of thick leather, on which is lettered their name, village and their birthday! More leather gear— enough for a horse— over their chests and shoulders. Grey stockings and mountain boots.
Europe and the Wider World
Authors: Doumanis Nicholas
Published: October 2023

It could be argued that Eurocentrism, the notion that anything of historical significance has been obtained from Europe (or the West), has been one of the most insidious and distorting influences on modern historiography. Historians of Asia and Africa have long bewailed its effects, which marginalize the great bulk of humanity by privileging the stories and achievements of Britain, Western Europe, and, by extension, North America. And no phase of modern European history is more tainted by Eurocentrism than the period 1914– 45.
Pre-Existing Agreements
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna
Published: October 2023

The possibility of relying on existing arrangements derives from the Information and Consultation Directive. Recital 23 of the Information and Consultation Directive states that in achieving the objective of the Directive, Member States are to ensure: ‘where appropriate, that management and labour have a leading role by allowing them to define freely, by agreement, the arrangements for informing and consulting employees which they consider to be best suited to their needs and wishes’.
Confidential Information
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna
Published: October 2023

The appropriate treatment of confidential information will be key to the effective operation of information and consultation bodies. It goes with- out saying that there is a delicate balance to be drawn. On the one hand, there needs to be a sufficient flow of relevant information to allow a meaningful information and consultation process, otherwise the whole purpose of the ICE Regulations would be undermined with potentially
Introduction
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

Economists frequently formulate an economically well-specified model as the empirical model and apply statistical methods to estimate its parameters. In contrast, statisticians formulate a statistically well-specified model for the data and analyse the statistical model to answer the economic questions of interest. In the first case, statistics are used passively as a tool to get some desired estimates, and in the second case, the statistical model is taken seriously and used actively as a means of analysing the underlying generating process of the phenomenon in question.
Specific-to-general and general-to-specific
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

Up to this point we have analysed just one set of variables representing a broadly formulated money market model. The unrestricted VAR model estimated at the first stage of the analysis was just a convenient reformulation of the covariances of the data, and bore little resemblance to the underlying economic model. By systematically imposing more and more, statistically acceptable, restrictions on the VAR, we were able to uncover economically meaningful structures in the data. Such a procedure is called general-to specific modelling. However, some of the findings were consistent with our prior economic hypotheses, others seemed to need a further explanation.
Income, Wage, and Wealth Inequality in France, 1901–981
Authors: Piketty T
Published: October 2023

The primary objective of this research is to document trends in income inequality in France during the twentieth century. Did income distribution become more unequal or more equal in France over the course of the 1901–98 period? What are the specific periods in which income inequality increased or declined, and what income deciles were most affected by these trends? The second objective of this work is obviously to understand these facts. What are the economic mechanisms and processes that allow us to understand the way income inequality evolved in France over the course of the twentieth century? As we have seen in Chapter 1, according to Kuznets ‘s influential hypothesis (Kuznets 1955), one should expect income inequality to decline spontaneously in advanced capitalist countries, as more and more workers join the high paying sectors of the economy.
Debate and Dialogue
Authors: Cayley Emma
Published: October 2023

In early humanist France two debating traditions converge: one literary and vernacular, one intellectual and conducted mainly via Latin epistles. Debate and Dialogue demonstrates how the two fuse in the vernacular verse debates of Alain Chartier, secretary and notary at the court of Charles VI, and later, Charles VII. In spite of considerable contemporary praise for Chartier, his work has remained largely neglected by modern critics. This study shows how Chartier participates in a movement that invests a vernacular poetic with moral and political significance, inspiring such social engagements as the fifteenth-century poetic exchange known as the Querelle de la Belle Dame sans mercy. Emma Cayley sets Chartier in the context of a late-medieval debating climate through the use of a new model of participatory poetics which she terms the collaborative debating community. This is a dynamic and generative social grouping based on Brian Stock's model of the textual community, as well as Pierre Bourdieu's sociological categories of field, habitus, and capital. This dialectical model takes account of the socio-cultural context of literary production, and suggests the fundamentally competitive yet collaborative nature of late-medieval poetry. Cayley draws an analogy here between literary debates and game-playing, engaging with the game theory of Johan Huizinga and Roger Caillois, and discusses the manuscript context of such literary debates as the materialization of this poetic game. The collaborative debating community postulated affords unique insights into the dynamics of late-medieval compositional and reading practices.
‘Clerc Excellent, Orateur Magnifique ’ Alain Chartier and The Rise of a Vernacular Humanist Rhetoric
Authors: Cayley Emma
Published: October 2023

The lyric manuscript compilation assembled by the anonymous author of this art of poetry, who calls himself l’Infortuné, was edited by Anthoine Vérard in his Jardin de plaisance et fleur de rethorique (1501), and a further seven times in the sixteenth century. Alain Chartier is here evoked in the capacity of master in the art of rhetoric and dialogue, a position he frequently occupies in works of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
‘La vérité du jeu’ Collaborative Debating Communitis in Late Medieval France
Authors: Cayley Emma
Published: October 2023

The figure of the Amant in this anonymous³ poem (c.1440) from the cycle known as the Querelle de la Belle Dame sans mercy expresses his disillusionment⁴ with the game within which he is implicated—namely the game governed by Amours—and his desire to leave that particular sphere of play, by taking religious vows. In these lines, the Amant’s severe interlocutor, Damp Prieur, is accused of ‘esbatement’ at the former’s expense, and advised by him to find alternative entertainment. There are further voices, and ‘d’autres esbas’, at play in these lines, though, as I shall suggest through a close reading of the poems that constitute the Belle Dame sans mercy cycle.
The Past as an Urban Place: Mid-Victorian Images of Revolution and Governance
Authors: Melman Billie
Published: October 2023

We would expect the horror generated by the Revolution and the fascination with its violence to have lessened somewhat by the middle of the nineteenth century. This indeed is what some students of Victorian historiography and popular histories tell us, relating this change to a move away from the past and from historical genres to an interest in contemporary topics. The supposed mid-Victorian distancing from history is also, and more broadly, associated with a change in elite and middle-class apprehension about a second, French-style revolution in Britain. Fears of urban anarchy, at their zenith during the 1830s and 1840s, gradually subsided after the debacle of Chartism and the repression, throughout the Continent, of the revolutionary upheaval of January–June 1848.
Citizens, Democracy, and Markets
Authors: Dalton Russell J , Shin Doh Chull
Published: October 2023

Two historic processes are transforming East Asia. The first process, and the better known, is the region’s economic development. Today, East Asia represents one of the most dynamic parts of the global economy. As the world’s fastest growing region, it is rapidly closing the economic gap between itself and the Western advanced industrial societies. In the past two decades, the region has experienced an average annual GDP growth rate of nearly 8 percent. As recently as 1970, some of the now affluent East Asian nations had income levels comparable to many poor African nations.
Democratic Aspirations and Social Modernization1
Authors: Dalton Russell J , Shin Doh Chull
Published: October 2023

The people power movement that forced Ferdinand Marcos from power in 1986 was the beginning of the third wave of democratization in East Asia, which was quickly followed in 1987 by the end of military rule in South Korea and the lifting of martial law in Taiwan. Democratization then spread to several other East Asian nations (Mongolia, Thailand, and Indonesia). However, democratic progress in the rest of East Asia has been incomplete. China and Vietnam represent two of the handful of nations where the Communist party still controls the state. Singapore and Malaysia have had a mixed political record over the past decade, and the Freedom House rated both as only partly free in 2000.
Authority Orientations and Democratic Attitudes: A Test of the ‘Asian Values’ Hypothesis1
Authors: Dalton Russell J , Ong Nhu-Ngoc T
Published: October 2023

Among the many explanations for the course of political and economic development in East Asia, the theme of Asian values has played an especially prominent role. The Singaporean patriarch Lee Kuan Yew popularized the claim that the authority orientations particular to Confucian culture explained the unique pattern of political development in East Asia (Lee 1994; Emmerson 1995). The Confucian tradition of respect for authority and family and the emphasis on community over individual rights are presented as antithetical to Western images of liberal democracy. In less polemic terms, this same principle is prominent in scholarly research on East Asian political culture (Pye 1985; Lau and Kuan 1988; Scalapino 1989).
Risk Avoidance and Economic Value Orientation: Functioning of Postmaterialist Values in the Pacific Rim Countries1
Authors: Ikeda Ken’ichi , Kobayashi Tetsuro
Published: October 2023

Ronald Inglehart (1990, 1997) coined the term ‘‘postmaterialists’’ to explain the value changes in postindustrial societies. Among its multiple effects, Inglehart argued that postmaterialism influenced orientations toward the economic system and economic policy. However, postmaterialism’s influence on economic orientation needs to be reconsidered by analyzing the separate impact of risk avoidance, because risk avoidance is a potentially powerful source of resistance to taking risks in the market economy. In this chapter, we examine whether risk avoidance and postmaterialism have independent or interactive impacts on the support for the market economy, thereby shaping the developmental pattern in East Asia.
Public Attitudes Toward a Market Economy in Vietnam
Authors: Hac Pham Minh , Nghi Pham Thanh
Published: October 2023

Democratization and economic development are two of the most important trends facing almost every nation in the developing world. Vietnam presents an economically and politically significant example of a nation that has consciously and systematically attempted to transform its economic system through a series of state-directed reforms over the past two decades. An essential point of the doimoi policy implemented in Vietnam since 1986 is to develop a market economy and democratize the society. These reforms have transformed the Vietnamese economy and affected the living standards and life conditions of the public in dramatic ways. Thus, Vietnam presents an example of the correlates of marketization in a developing nation. Even more so, Vietnam presents a unique opportunity to study a rapidly changing nation
Introduction: Intelligent Policing
Authors: Harfield Clive
Published: October 2023

Why ‘intelligent policing’ when the prevailing and emerging mantras are’intelligenceled policing’ and ‘knowledge-based policing’? For precisely the reason implicit in Sir Colin Powell’s observation quoted above: intelligence has to be gathered, analysed, and used in context. This collection of essays seeks to illustrate contexts of intelligent policing within which the technicalities of intelligence-led policing and knowledge-based policing might operate.
Police Intelligence Systems as a Strategic Response
Authors: Phillips David
Published: October 2023

The police, although a strong case can be made that it should be so, have never quite established ‘professional’ status. A consequence has been that the police service approach to ‘doctrine’ has been fragmentary. Doctrine is the establishment of good operational practice against published and evidence-based research. A professional is not bound by doctrine; rather he or she is expected to be able to use knowledge with discretion. But doctrine does imply a rational, methodical, and empirical approach and the contribution of experience to a shared corpus of knowledge. Over the last decade and a half the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) has sought to bring more authority to its deliberations as a national policy lead and more recently government has financed its own agency to achieve the same ends. Nonetheless a proper ‘corpus of knowledge’ has been slow to develop. In the absence of credible doctrine in any organization good practice tends to be based upon vague craft values, ambitious clichés, and nostalgic if not atavistic instincts. Indeed there are present dangers that policy formation will, in the current climate of risk aversion, replace initiative founded on ‘doctrine’ with ‘doctrinaire’ rigidity.
The Governance of Intelligence
Authors: MacVean Allyson
Published: October 2023

Historically, literature relating to the governance of intelligence management has focused on the intelligence agencies (for example see Keegan, 2004; Herman, 1996a; Hinsley and Simkins, 1900). The wider governance of intelligence has seldom dominated mainstream policing as only specialist police departments, such as Special Branch, had until recently been concerned with intelligence systems and processes. Because of recent concerns that have arisen about the generation and use of intelligence by the intelligence agencies and politicians (see MacVean and Harfield, Chapter 7 below), the current advocacy of intelligence-led policing, articulated through implementation of the National Intelligence Model within mainstream policing, begs questions about governance and political motivation. Are there lessons for the police service in what has become known about the work of the intelligence services in recent years? Or is the use of intelligence in policing significantly different? These are key questions because, as Gregory identifies (see Chapter 4 above), the lines between police force and intelligence service are becoming increasingly blurred, not least with the appointment of a former MI5 Director General to head the new Serious Organised Crime Agency (Harfield, 2006).
Performance Versus Intelligence: The Unintended Consequences
Authors: Scott-Lee Paul , Martin Esther , Shipman Andrew
Published: October 2023

Performance driven or intelligence led? These two perspectives and styles of policing have historically been seen as mutually exclusive and diametrically opposed and as such have provided fertile ground for division and conflict amongst intelligence and performance professionals; but is this really the case? Performance management and intelligence analysis in policing can be viewed as two competing principles. They often occur in separate departments with different senior managers with a language and associated tools that can result in them being viewed as competitive processes seeking to influence priorities and the allocation of resources. But as ACC Nick Gargan, ACPO portfolio lead for intelligence argued in October 2007, intelligence and performance are doing largely the same things and the police service should move forward with intelligence and performance as a single function: ‘The intelligence versus performance debate must come to an end and we must view intelligence as part of performance or performance as part of intelligence’.