bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta-analysis in Health Services Research
Authors: Goodman Steven N
Published: November 2023

Meta-analysis is possibly the most important policy-related research method that has developed in the past two decades. The term “meta-analysis” appeared in 1976 in the psychology literature; George Glass defined it as ‘‘the statistical analysis of a large collection of results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings” (Glass, 1976). However, even though the name and some of the formal methodology are fairly new, particularly in the biomedical field, such analysis has been practiced in some form in a variety of settings for many years. The practice of bringing together all of the relevant research in an area to inform a debate about a policy hardly started with the coining of the term “meta-analysis.” However, the development of meta-analysis as a formal method has introduced a certain degree of rigor, consistency, and, most important, a new awareness among health researchers of the importance of combined analysis of research studies addressing similar topics.
Preserving Historic New England
Authors: Lindgren James M
Published: November 2023

By the first years of the twentieth century the memory of old-time New England was in danger. What had once been a land of small towns populated by tradition-minded Yankees was now becoming almost unrecognizable with a floodtide of immigrants and the constant change of a modernizing society. At the same time, cities such as Boston, Portsmouth, and Salem were bursting at the seams with factories, high-rises, and uncontrollable growth. During a period when the Colonial Revival and progressive movements held sway, Yankees asserted their influence through campaigns to redefine the meaning of their Anglo-American forebears. As part of the reaction, the modern preservation movement was founded by William Sumner Appleton, Jr., a privileged, old-blooded Bostonian. Resisting not simply this avalanche of change but the amateurish romanticism of fellow antiquaries, Appleton founded the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities in 1910. While examining SPNEA in the context of progressivism, Preserving Historic New England focuses on its redefinition of preservation to fit the methodology of science, the economy of capitalism, and the aestheticism of architecture. In so doing, preservation not only became a profession defined by those male worlds, but remade Yankee memory to accord with the modern corporate order.
“A Gospel of Further Acquisitions”
Authors: Lindgren James M
Published: November 2023

As the economy and society fell into line during this period of quick-step modernization, the canons of the United States resembled more and more the principles of the boardroom. It took an enterprising Yankee to say it, but “the business of America was business.” Historic preservation was no exception, and Appleton worked to shape a movement governed by the principles of hierarchy, efficiency, and bottom-line financing. Publicizing the necessity of forceful action, he prodded smaller societies, amateur collectors, and local and state governments to follow SPNEA’s precepts. His campaign remade the movement in significant, and perhaps unforeseen, ways. As Appleton incorporated the axioms of business and science into preservation, not only were women slowly pushed to the margins but the powers of the state were significantly increased.
“Do Not Tear The House Down!!’’
Authors: Lindgren James M
Published: November 2023

As far as Appleton was concerned, the work of preservation had resembled for too long that plan to rebuild the Hancock house-it was idiosyncratic and downright inaccurate. SPNEA instead felt the pull of progressivism toward scientific method. Yet an innovative nostalgia still premised that work; the very notion of preservation was based on the remaking of history through restoration. To understand why Appleton accepted the practice, it is necessary to examine the alternative models of preservation that existed when he founded SPNEA.
Piston-Box and Steam
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer
Published: November 2023

Innovative ideas, in and of themselves, lead nowhere fast. Novel strategies on the road to social emancipation take on greater relevance only if the social climate is propitious. Concepts of united fronts, for instance, were bandied about within the small circles of independent left socialist and dissident communist groupings for a number of years prior to 1933 without any major consequences.1 What had to happen for such new ideas to attain positions of importance within the mainstream European Left was a sudden wave of questioning of traditional ways of thinking and action within mass parties and their peripheries. In this process the interplay of party leadership and ranks took on primordial importance.
The Modern Sound of Early Music
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

What does Early Music have to do with history? In theory, everything. In fact, very little. At the beginning, the movement was frankly antiquarian - a matter of reviving forgotten repertories and, with them, forgotten instruments and performing practices. Nobody objected to that, nor did most musicians even pay much attention to it. Now, it seems, Early Musickers are performing almost everything. They have laid claim to the standard repertory, and attention must be paid. More than that, sides are taken-the movement in its present phase has become controversial. But on closer inspection, it becomes ever more apparent that “historical” performers who aim “to get to ‘the truth’” (as the fortepianist Malcolm Bilson has put it) by using period instruments and reviving lost playing techniques actually pick and choose from history’s wares. And they do so in a manner that says more about the values of the late twentieth century than about those of any earlier era.
Tradition and Authority
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

Although I have written about Mozart and about Mozart performances, I am not a card-carrying Mozartean. Why, then, was I asked to address the Lincoln Center conference? It must have been because of my role in our ongoing War of the Buffoons, our dialogue of ancient and modern performance practitioners and theorists. In the spirit of buffoonery, then, let me change the subject. Let’s take a break from Mozart and talk about Brahms. And then let’s talk about Schubert, Prokofiev, and the Maori of New Zealand. And all the while we will be talking about Mozart just the same; because “Mozart,” as we all know perfectly well, is not just Mozart.
A Mozart Wholly Ours
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

The collaboration of fortepianist Malcolm Bilson and John Eliot Gardiner on a complete Mozart piano concerto cycle was inaugurated amid loud publicity in 1983, and the first releases appeared on Archiv the next year. Commenting in the February 1987 issue of Opus on the K. 414 and K. 450 recordings jin connection with a “competing” release by Steven Lubin), I cautioned that it was perhaps “too early yet for hosannas and fanfares.”That was then. Now the series is complete, and it is time to throw caution to the English Baroque Soloists’ winds! Get out the trumpets and the drums! Calooh, calay! Great performing is great performing; it renders questions of performance practice, historical verisimilitude, authenticity, call it what you will, utterly moot. And in their later recordings jmostly of the later concertos, but also-even especially! - of K. 238 ), Bilson, Gardiner, and the English Baroque Soloists have realized a level of performance that has to be termed great, whether we are speaking of matters technical or aesthetic. At such a level, the two are one.
Old (New) Instruments, New (Old) Tempos
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

These are wonderful performances of their kind. But if you buy them, you should be aware of what their kind is: namely, nineteenthcentury renditions on eighteenth-century instruments.They make a marvelous sound, and feature an endless array of instrumental felicities. The “Paris” Symphony, in particular, comes off brilliantly, for it is a virtual study in marvelous sounds and instrumental felicities-a send-up, in fact, of the empty orchestral pyrotechnics then fashionable in the French capital, as Mozart confided in a couple of funny letters to his father. The period band really digs into the showy fanfares and rockets of the first movement. I admired, too, the gorgeous string curtsy at the beginning of the Andantino, where the oft-deplored “Amsterdam swell” and the nonvibrato production are exquisitely apropos. And in the finale I was struck by the superb articulation of the whole notes at the head of the second theme, which, carried over into the contrapuntal development, floods the texture with light.
Backslide or Harbinger?
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

The Early Music boom has made things pretty easy for reviewers. It is now possible to pass judgment on a performance one has not yet heard. One very prominent reviewer announced an impending series of recitals, at which two prominent New York musicians would perform the Beethoven sonatas for piano and cello, by sniffing, ‘‘They are fine artists, but [!] they play modern instruments I look forward to [their] recitals but will know them ... for what they are: transcriptions, in effect, in which Beethoven’s tone colors, textures, attacks, and sonic durations are inevitably altered.” Pity the poor fine artists, thus consigned, as Dante consigned the Greek philosophers, to the upper reaches of Hell. Elsewhere our critic contrasted their “transcriptions” with the real McCoy, a performance on “original instruments,” in which ‘‘Beethoven’s music rang out more bravely, more beautifully, and in better balance” than modern instruments could achieve, and (it follows) with Beethoven’s tone colors, textures, attacks, and sonic durations unaltered.
Facing Up, Finally, to Bach’s Dark Vision
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

Eerie is the only word for the virtual silence that has greeted the end of this project, inaugurated in 1971 amid considerable fanfare and controversy Completion was announced for 1985, the Bach tricentennial year. Had that deadline been achieved, no doubt, we would have heard more about it. Meanwhile, a competing series, inaugurated in 1975 under the leadership of the German choral specialist Helmuth Rilling, did make it to the finish line in time. Although the Rilling traversal relied on standard instruments and a traditional (alas, rather drab if dependable) performance style, it possessed a certain musicological cachet. It was issued in the revolutionary new chronological order of cantatas that was established in the 1950‘s by a heroic team of German scholars, while the Teldec project followed the aimless order of the nineteenth-century Bach Gesellschaft edition. The Rilling version is also marginally more complete, since it includes the fragmentary works and parodies.
Text and Act
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: November 2023

It isn’t fair. The closer we get to old music, the more it seems to elude us. The more we strive to get it right, the more we seem to distort it. The very bent that impels us toward “authenticity” prevents our ever achieving it. As a new, very welcome, very disquieting recording of sacred music by the Renaissance composer Antoine Busnoys proves, the historical deck is simply stacked against us. But that’s the least of it. Our musical difficulties are but the prelude to a moral quagmire. A swift genealogy of musical morals will begin to suggest why this is so. In the beginning, music was something you did (or that others did while you did something else), not something you gazed at or bought and sold. A lot of music (we call it “folk”) is still like that. But some music has been objectified as “art.” It happened in four stages.
Introduction
Authors: Hensel Chase
Published: November 2023

This book examines the subsistence discourse and practices of Central Alaskan Yup’ik Eskimos (hereafter Yupiit, the plural of Yup’ik) and non-Natives in South western Alaska. Subsistence discourse is a dynamic arena of social action in which identities and ideologies are constructed and negotiated. It ranges from informal exchanges in which subsistence is the perennial topic to formal public hearings on various governmental and commercial aspects of subsistence, wildlife, and their regulation. I suggest that their discourse is itself a vital form of practice and that through this situated discourse personal, ethnic, and gender identities are constructed, negotiated, and publicly validated. For Yupiit, talk about subsistence both presupposes traditional subsistence ideologies and serves as a locus of social and political negotiation. Concurrently, subsistence activity and discourse have also become a key arena in which Euro-Americans-many new to South western Alaska-have sought to achieve and validate a “local” identity, modelled on Yup’ik subsistence practices or Euro-American perceptions of them. But as with new kinds of Yup’ik subsistence identity, the practice and achievement of this Euro American local identity differs widely among individuals.
Subsistence as an Identity Marker
Authors: Hensel Chase
Published: November 2023

We drive out along the road to the old Bureau of Indian Affairs site, then park in a sandy area along the road where it looks like we probably won’t get stuck again. We’ve seen various other cars parked along the road also. The weather is scattered sunshine, with rain clouds brushing the tundra off to the north and west, and a fairly dark mass towards the southwest, where the wind is blowing from. I’m wearing hip-waders and keeping my raincoat handy. The party consists of my wife and children, and a visiting friend. We hike off across the tundra, heading for some lower ground where we hope there will be more moisture and more blueberries. It has been a relatively dry year. Walking on tundra tussocks can seem like walking on hairy basketballs; but fortunately the ground is mostly drier and flatter than that, though you still sink in several inches with each step. We get to a place where the berries seem thick enough to start picking. It seems to take a long time for the bottom of the container to be covered enough that it doesn’t ring with each new handful of berries, but it eventually happens. This kind of picking is different from picking domesticated berries, where the goal is to efficiently pick all the berries in a given area. Here the goal is to graze around and maximize the amount of berries picked. It doesn’t matter if you pick haphazardly, as long as it’s done efficiently.
Crowds
Authors: Shubert Adrian
Published: November 2023

The corrida created crowds. Week after four week, or even day after day, thousands of people headed to a single place with a single purpose: to see the bullfight. An unexceptional fact, but not in the eighteenth century, or especially the nineteenth, and certainly not in the eyes of the authorities, for whom crowds were a danger, the bearers of disorder and the leading edge of revolution.
Introduction
Authors: Kelly Thomas Forrest
Published: November 2023

The illuminated Exultet rolls of southern Italy were extraordinary objects when they were made, and even now they fascinate us on account of their beautiful miniatures, sometimes painted upside down with respect to the liturgical text with its musical notation. These southern Italian Exultets are documents of almost unparalleled luxury, and they take a rare form. Rolls are uncommon in the tenth and eleventh centuries; parchment membranes, attached end to end, and written in a single long column, were unusual in the manufacture of written documents. Why was the Exultet written on a scroll? Not because the Exultet was sung from the pulpit, nor because it was sung by the deacon. The purpose was to lend importance, solemnity, and magnificence to the occasion. The fact that something is in scroll form gives it a special significance, and the use of a scroll in the liturgy of the Easter vigil is particularly suitable. Even more ingenious is the subsequent idea of reversing the pictures.
The Music
Authors: Kelly Thomas Forrest
Published: November 2023

The south Italian Exultet has one of the simplest melodies ever written down; it uses only three adjacent pitches. A complete performance of the Exultet might last twenty minutes; the effect of the seemingly endless repetitions of the same few musical phrases is potentially stupefying or mesmerizing. And yet this melody is so intimately bound up with the text, so closely associated with the phraseology, the rhetorical structure of the words sung, that even the unfamiliar listener, soon made aware that the melody serves to heighten and underscore the larger and smaller phraseology of the text, is eventually drawn into an understanding of the performance as a sort of heightened speech or formal recitation, where the importance is on the shape of the poetical text being presented. The opening of the Exultet as sung in southern Italy is given in Example 1.
Prevention and Resolution
Authors: Greif Geoffrey L
Published: November 2023

The previous eight chapters represent the results of a study and a commentary on legal and social policy issues. There is much that can be learned from the parents interviewed for this book and from literature on divorce and mental health counseling. In this chapter, I draw on these sources and offer concrete suggestions to parents in a self-help format for prevention of a loss of contact and for resolution when a loss does occur.
The Global Context of Well-Being
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur
Published: November 2023

World mental health is first and foremost a question of economic and political welfare. Although the links between social forces and ill health are complex and varied, close inspection suggests that mental health concerns almost always relate to more general concerns that have to do with the economic welfare of a family or community, the environment in which a person lives, and the kinds of resources that he or she can draw upon. In general, enduring political and economic structures-both within and between societies-contribute to the perpetuation of poverty, hunger, and despair. Demographic and environmental pressures spark regional and intrastate conflicts, which in turn lead to personal trauma, social demoralization, and dislocation. And the mental health problems associated with natural disasters, environmental scarcities, urbanization, and physical illness generally take a greater toll on poorer communities because of a lack of programs and services to lessen their impact. At first glance, these pressures and problems might appear to have distinct origins and histories. But a closer review suggests that they typically relate to the economic and political disadvantages facing poor communities in the world today.
Outdoor Air II:Nitrogen Dioxide
Authors: Jordi Sunyer
Published: November 2023

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)is an air pollutant generated by combustion. It occurs both in homes, primarily from gas stoves or heaters, and in the outdoor air, primarily from cars. Indoor levels have been more of a concern because they can exceed outdoor levels. The main focus of epidemiologic studies has been on respiratory effects in children; children in homes with gas stoves have often been compared to children in homes without them.
Radiation II:Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Savitz David A
Published: November 2023

Topics in environmental epidemiology often engender controversy, but few have done so to the degree that the issue of magnetic fields and cancer has. The issue arose recently, in the 1980s, and may seem unique, but the concerns are largely the traditional ones for environmental epidemiology.
Communicable Diseases and Disease Control
Authors: Lillibridge Scott R
Published: November 2023

One of the most common myths associated with disasters is that epidemics of communicable diseases are inevitable. This myth is often perpetuated by the media and by local politicians who demand mass vaccination campaigns immediately following natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods. The public’s perception that disease outbreaks are imminent often derives from its exaggerated sense of the risk posed by dead bodies that remain exposed after an acute natural disaster. The truth is that communicable disease epidemics are relatively rare after rapid-onset natural disasters unless large numbers of people are displaced from their homes and placed in crowded and unsanitary camps (1-3 ). On the other hand, numerous studies have shown a severe increase in the risk of epidemics during and after complex emergencies involving armed conflict, mass population displacement, relief
Volcanoes
Authors: Baxter Peter J
Published: November 2023

Human and economic losses from volcanic eruptions have been dwarfed by those from floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes, but the potential for devastating events from volcanic eruptions is so great that volcanic hazards now warrant close attention. The main factors that contribute to volcanic disasters include the lack of accurate volcanic-hazard mapping, the few resources devoted exclusively to monitoring the most dangerous volcanoes, and the continuing growth and spread of populations with the result that about 500 million people will live in areas of volcanic activity by the end of this century. Hundreds of dangerous and explosive volcanoes exist, yet few of them have been subjected to any detailed hazard analysis. To advance hazard-zonation studies around volcanoes, the United Nations’ International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) has designated some of the most hazardous volcanoes in developing and developed countries as Decade Volcanoes for special study (J) (Table 9-1).
Cold Environments
Authors: Kilbourne Edwin M
Published: November 2023

Unlike summer heat waves, sustained periods of unusually cold winter weather are not characteristically associated with a rise in numbers of deaths from all causes. Nevertheless, the cold causes mortality and severe morbidity of considerable public health importance. If one considers only U.S. deaths certified by physicians as being temperature-related, the average number of deaths attributed to the cold, approximately 770 yearly, is substantially higher than the average yearly number attributed to the heat, about 270 (]).
Complex Emergencies: Refugee and Other Populations
Authors: Toole Michael J
Published: November 2023

Since the end of the cold war in 1991, the frequency of violent civil conflicts has increased worldwide. Recent examples that have attracted widespread media attention include the Kurdish exodus from northern Iraq in 1991, Somalia in 1992-93, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992-93, and Rwanda in 1994. Moreover, equally severe though less visible conflicts during the past several years have affected millions of people in Angola, Burundi, Mozambique, southern Sudan, Liberia, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Wars have increasingly targeted civilian populations, resulting in high civilian casualty rates, widespread human rights abuses, forced removal of communities from their homes or “ethnic cleansing,” and, in some countries, the total collapse of governance. The deliberate use of food as a weapon of war in some instances has led to severe famine. A new term-complex emergency-has been coined to describe these relatively acute situations that affect large civilian populations and usually involve a combination of war or civil strife, food shortages, and population displacement that results in significant excess mortality.
Psychological Adaptation to Sexual Coercion in Victims and Offenders
Authors: Thornhill Nancy Wilmsen
Published: November 2023

Controversy and misunderstanding often surround studies of human behavior that utilize the modern adaptationist approach (e.g., see Scarr’s [1989] view of evolutionary psychology; but also see Crawford et al., 1990). Some of the misunderstanding stems from a lapse in recognition of the importance of both proximate and ultimate causes and explanations for adaptations, the complexly integrated, purposeful traits of individual organisms. Proximate explanations for the existence of adaptations focus on genetic, biochemical, physiological, developmental, social, and all other immediate causes leading to the expression of adaptations. Ultimate explanations of adaptation have their theoretical foundation in causes that operated during evolutionary history to lead to adaptation.
A Comparative Analysis of Incarcerated Battered Women and a Community Sample of Battered Women
Authors: Roberts Albert R
Published: November 2023

Recent estimates indicate that between 2 million and 4 million women are beaten in their homes each year (Biden, 1993; Roberts & Roberts, 1990; Sugg & Inui, 1992). The battering of an intimate partner is much more widespread and prevalent than usually realized. Woman battering, also known as domestic violence, is finally being recognized as one of the greater social and public health problems of our times, and this recognition is increasing year by year as the number of injuries and the death toll continue to climb. Several studies have found that 22 to 35 percent of emergency room visits were made because of symptoms or injuries related to physical abuse (Hasselt et al., 1988; Randall, 1990). The habitual nature, escalation, self-destructive precursors, and lethality of woman battering are only beginning to be assessed.
Domestic Violence and Woman Battering: Theories and Practice Implications
Authors: Dwyer Diane C , Smokowski Paul R , Bricout John C , Wodarski John S
Published: November 2023

Public attention to the problem of domestic violence has escalated over the past two decades. Academics and practitioners have assessed the problem and its potential solutions using both quantitative and qualitative research methods. More recently, public-policy makers have joined in the effort. According to the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee,

Data we have collected from across the Nation show, for the first time ever, the terrifying extent of violence in thehome every single week of the year. Projected nationally, we have found that:
The False Connection Between Adult Domestic Violence and Alcohol
Authors: Zubretsky Theresa M , Digirolamo Karla M
Published: November 2023

Since the 1970s, significant efforts have been made to increase the public’s understanding of domestic violence and to educate professionals and service providers about this problem. Through accounts from battered and formerly battered women, domestic violence is now understood to include a range of behaviors—physical, sexual, economic, emotional, and psychological abuse—directed toward establishing and maintaining power and control over an intimate partner. There is also an increased awareness that the societal tendency to blame domestic violence victims and excuse perpetrators is rooted in a history of cultural and legal traditions that have supported the domination and abuse of women by men in intimate relationships. Despite greater public awareness, however, myths and misconceptions about battered women’s experiences persist. Interventions based on these myths can have a devastating effect on victims and their families.
Latina Battered Women: Barriers to Service Delivery and Cultural Considerations
Authors: Bonilla-Santiago Gloria
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the cultural barriers, social service, and legal needs of Latina battered women. Latina women are women with parents, grand-parents, or great grandparents from Latin America: Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Central America and South America. As the prevalence of family violence has been recognized and shelter services, police proarrest laws, and orders of protection have become more readily available, the oppression and brutal assaults against Latina battered women are finally being acknowledged as well. For a variety of reasons, including cultural and religious beliefs, Latina battered women have not used existing community agencies to escape a violent home.
Tex, The Internet, And Multimedia
Authors: Hoenig Alan
Published: November 2023

How can anyone call TEX “free” when it may take many valuable hours to run a TEX problem to earth? While users of commercial versions of TEX can (and should!) avail themselves of the company helpline, people using free implementations have no such resource-or do they? It is the goal of this Chapter to show how the Internet and related topics might be useful in this regard. The Internet provides a mechanism for answering puzzling questions, just like an expensive vendor helpline, although the turnaround may be longer.
Virtual-Font Projects
Authors: Hoenig Alan
Published: November 2023

The previous Chapter defined and justified virtual-fonts. In this Chapter , we’ll roll up our sleeves and create several virtual fonts. The presentation will lead the reader through the philosophy behind fontinst virtual font tools.
Using Metafont And Metapost
Authors: Hoenig Alan
Published: November 2023

META FONT and MetaPost-the META twins-are serious tools for creating images, but they are also great fun. One of the purposes of this Chapter is to demonstrate how interesting these tools are. Another purpose is instructional. There is a need for clear, well-written texts for these languages, but the length of this Chapter precludes presenting a comprehensive tutorial here. Nevertheless, I hope that the approach I have adopted will prove beneficial. There is some discussion of the main concepts underlying a METAFONT or MetaPost program, and there are many examples-both code and output-illustrating this discussion. The problem lies with the underlying generality of these languages; there is simply no room here for a discussion of every topic. I hope that readers will tolerate this state of affairs, and I also hope that the visual output of the programs shown will let careful readers infer what is going on. The current Chapter should accompany perusal of the main references for these tools, Knuth (1986c), Hobby (1992), and Hobby (1993).
Behavior, Physiology, and Natural Selection, 1949–1961
Authors: Chitty Dennis
Published: November 2023

By 1950 we had replicated the prewar observations and made as much use as we could of purely descriptive evidence. To test the implications of the maternal stress hypothesis we now had to do manipulative experiments. The first part of the idea—that voles have a form of behavior that keeps their numbers in check—could not be corroborated by direct observation in the field. If they had been birds fighting for territories, the task would have been easier. But as voles are seldom seen in nature, the only way to check a behav ioral hypothesis was indirectly, which meant adding extra links to the chain of reasoning. As some links were weak, it was prudent to think up a variety of implications. For example, one could study the behavior of voles in captiv ity and be wrong in thinking they behaved that way in nature. Or one could manipulate wild populations and disrupt their social structure in more ways than intended. Some results might confirm, others refute one’s preconcep tions; but everything would be grist to the mill and might some day point in the right direction.
Introduction: The Past and Present of Militarized Genocide
Authors: Bartov Omer
Published: November 2023

As our century draws to a close, many obsetvers are overcome with a sense of d èj à vu. The intensification of ethnic, religious, and nationalist conflicts, the inability of the great (and not so great) powers either to settle international disputes or put their own houses in order, economic dislocation and loss of optimism, widespread anxieties in the face of a looming “invasion” from the poorer parts of the world, growing xenophobia and extremism, popular pressure for clear and simple answers to perplexing and ambiguous circumstances, a general atmosphere of disillusionment, fear, and gloom—it all seems so familiar. After all, the end of the nineteenth century was also accompanied by growing chaos in international relations, the disintegration of great empires, increasing domestic tensions and frustrations, fears of foreign, non-Western perils along with laments about the decline of the West, racial and cultural degeneration, and a growing desire for quick, violent, uplifting actions to resolve depressing realities. The current project of “genetic mapping” of humanity, to take just one but to my mind crucially important example, is once more allied with attempts by both real and pseudo-natural and social scientists to apply their “findings” to a reorganization of human society and its priorities, and as such is much closer to the eugenic fantasies of pre-1914 Europe (and pre-1945 Germany) than many of us would like to admit, reflecting the same urge to enforce a “scientific” order on a bewildering, unresponsive humanity that defies all “rational” analyses, categorizations, and forecasts by those charged with studying and controlling it.2
The European Imagination in the Age of Total War
Authors: Bartov Omer
Published: November 2023

One of the most striking aspects of battlefield descriptions in Great War literature is the extent to which they resemble accounts of the Holocaust. The similarity is rooted in the sense of existing in an unimaginable environment, one that no human mind, not even the most perverse, could have conjured in fiction. The only fictive universe that can claim affinity to these worlds is that of Hell, especially the imaginary Hell of medieval painting.2 Yet Hell enjoys the advantage of accommodating only sinners, and is ruled by strict laws and divine logic. The landscapes of World War One and the Holocaust, on the other hand, are the domain of the innocent, inhabited by souls who never expected to end up in them, and conforming to no rational plan or logic decipherable by their victims (although precisely because they are real, their inhabitants and survivors are often obsessed with figuring out both the responsibility for and the purpose of their ordeal). Indeed, the major difference between a subterranean Hell and these earthly environs is that while the former is, by definition, either a product of the imagination or the creation of superhuman forces, the latter are man-made, and defy any attempt at fictionalization. Neither before, nor during, nor indeed after the event, has any fictive imagination been able to fully capture the reality of the Western Front or of Auschwitz, nor even to approximate the accounts of their survivors.3
Antisemitism, the Holocaust, and Reinterpretations of National Socialism
Authors: Bartov Omer
Published: November 2023

There is a common tendency to view the Holocaust as a well-ordered plot, in which antisemitism led to Nazism, Nazism practiced genocide, and both were destroyed in a spectacular, “happy” end. This is a tale most people would like to believe, university students and filmgoers, book readers and television viewers. It breeds complacency about our own world. It refuses to acknowledge that this is a story without a clear beginning and with no resolution. For this reason one finds it such a difficult period to teach; we strive to provide our students with a more comforting, rational, logical, palatable explanation for an event that would otherwise threaten to undermine our civilization’s fundamental values and beliefs. And yet we know that would be false; the story has not been resolved, its plot has not been revealed. Ultimately, the world we live in is the same world that produced (and keeps producing) genocide.2
Historians on the Eastern Front: Andreas Hillgruber and Germany’s Tragedy
Authors: Bartov Omer
Published: November 2023

In 1950 Hannah Arendt reported on a six-month visit to post war Germany, the homeland she had fled seventeen years earlier. Some of her impressions recorded in this essay, only recently published in the Federal Republic,2 ring a disturbingly familiar note today, in view of the controversy initiated by a number of Germany’s most prominent scholars over the possible need to revise and reinterpret the history of the Third Reich. Five years after what Friedrich Meinecke had termed the “German Catastrophe,”3 the reality of the Nazi crimes, the war, and the defeat, Arendt wrote, still dominated all aspects of life in Germany, whether it was recognized or repressed; yet the Germans had already discovered various ways of coping with their recent past. Thus, in reference to the death factories of the Third Reich, Arendt often heard the claim being made that the Germans had only done what others were also capable of doing or might still do in the future. Consequently, anyone who raised the issue was immediately suspected of trying to justify himself. Indeed, the policies of the Allied Powers toward Germany were seen as a successful campaign of revenge: in this view, everything that had happened to the German people during the final years of the war and in the wake of the “capitulation” was simply the consequence of a well-executed plan of revenge.
Religion and Labor
Authors: Egnal Marc
Published: November 2023

Preston Brooks of South Carolina sat in the Senate Chamber and listened to the speech of Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner with mounting disgust. Sumner’s vitriolic attack on the South offended Brooks. More personally, Sumner impugned the honor of Brooks’s elderly cousin, Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina. Senator Butler, said Sumner, has chosen a mistress [slavery] to whom he made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight. Senator Butler spoke with a slight speech defect; Sumner mocked this too. Brooks, who was a member of the House of Representatives and a veteran of the Mexican War, did not challenge Sumner to a duel. Brooks had fought one in his youth. But the code of the Old South dictated that a duel must be fought between social equals, and Brooks did not consider Sumner his equal. Besides, Brooks suspected that Sumner would refuse and might report the matter to the police. To punish an insulting inferior, Brooks later explained, one used not a pistol or sword but a cane or horsewhip. He debated: I ... speculated somewhat as to whether I should employ a horsewhip or a cow hide. But he decided to use his walking stick made of gutta-percha, a hard, rubbery substance.
PADO: A New learning Architecture For Object Recognition
Authors: Teller Astro , Veloso Manuela
Published: November 2023

In general, AI systems use symbols to represent knowledge and to reason about tasks. Most of these systems today still work on simple problems and artificial domains. One of the main reasons for this is the common assumption that sensing is not only perfect, but also that sensors return specific symbols, not raw data. The signal-to-symbol problem is the task of converting raw sensor data into a set of symbols that the data can be seen as representing.

One of the main goals of computer vision is to provide a solution to the signal to-symbol problem. In particular, this goal involves object recognition, that is, the ability to recognize what (and where) objects are shown in an image. Machine learning can do induction on a set of examples to learn to discriminate among classes. These two fields, machine learning and computer vision, are natural mates and are particularly suited to cooperate on object recognition tasks.

Several proven machine learning architectures, such as neural networks, have been integrated with computer vision, and the results in the recognition of “everyday” objects have been modest at best. It is possible that better parameter values, more training data, or faster computers will allow one of these architectures to make some significant advance in the field of object recognition. This chapter proposes a different view: given the experienced difficulties with the current architectures, a more profitable path is to investigate new architectures.
Visual Event Perception
Authors: Siskind Jeffrey Mark
Published: November 2023

The ability to describe visually observed events sits at the center of human cognition. It is the meeting point of perception, language, knowledge representation, and spatiotemporal reasoning. While there has been some prior work on visual event perception within the machine vision community (e.g., [6, 3, 24, 41, 44,27, 42, 45, 50, 28, 30, 43, 46, 1, 21, 49, 4, 2, 22, 25, 32, 40, 26]), this work has by and large not addressed the problem of classifying occurrences of visually observed events into classes that correspond to ordinary simple spatial-motion verbs. Similarly, while there has been substantial prior work on describing the lexical semantics of such verbs within the linguistics community, very little work has been done on precisely characterizing the truth conditions of verbs such as pick up, put down, drop, or throw and formulating such truth conditions in a way that can be grounded in perceptual input. This chapter attempts to bridge this gap by presenting a logical calculus for representing the truth conditions for events described by simple spatial-motion verbs along with the necessary perceptual mechanisms for detecting occurrences of such verbs in simulated visual input.
A Knowledge Framework For Seeing and Learning
Authors: Cooper Paul R , Brand Matthew A
Published: November 2023

Seeing requires knowledge—lots of knowledge. While this has been understood clearly from the beginnings of computer vision, progress in building knowledge intensive vision systems has been slow, if not absent entirely. There are a number of reasons for this, including serious problems with:

• simply identifying knowledge that is useful for vision,

• understanding how to build vision systems that can exploit high-level knowledge, including understanding how to build vision systems that can even so much as bridge levels of abstraction,

• understanding how to generalize tha applicability of knowledge beyond narrow domains.
Outflow Channels
Authors: Carr Michael H
Published: November 2023

The term outflow channel was coined by Sharp and Malin (1975) to denote large channels, several to tens of kilometers across, that start full size at discrete sources. Tributaries are rare but branching downstream is common. Outflow channels have bedforms on their floors, sinuous streamlined walls, enclose teardrop-shaped islands, and tend to be deeper close to their sources than they are downstream. Bedforms include longitudinal scour, inner channel cataracts, and plucked zones. Many, particularly those that debouch into the Chryse-Acidalia basin, expand when they cross nearly level plains to scour illdefined areas up to hundreds of kilometers across. The terms channels and valleys have genetic implications and misuse can lead to confusion. A fiuvial channel is the conduit through which a river flows and is at times filled or almost filled with water. A valley is a general term that refers to any linear depression. Afiuvial valley generally contains many fluvial channels, is normally orders of magnitude wider and deeper than the channels it contains, and never comes close to being filled with water. Despite their large sizes, the outflow channels of Mars appear to be true channels, cut by enormous floods.
Valley Networks
Authors: Carr Michael H
Published: November 2023

The valley networks are the most common drainage feature on Mars and the feature most commonly cited as evidence for former warm and wet climatic conditions. Because of their resemblance to river valleys, they have generally been assumed to have formed by fluvial erosion. If formed by fluvial erosion, they imply warm, wet climatic conditions, for under present conditions, small streams would rapidly freeze and prevent development of a network. Since most of the valley networks are old, the former warm and wet conditions are proposed mainly for early in the planet’s history. These interpretations are, however, almost certainly too simplistic and the view of a warm, wet early Mars on which fluvial activity was common, changing early to the cold planet we know today, is likely to be only partly true, if true at all. The resemblance of the valley networks to terrestrial valleys is not exact. River channels, for example, are not observed within the valleys, as would be expected if they were fluvial valleys and other seemingly non-fluvial characteristics must be reconciled with a fluvial origin. In addition, while most of the networks appear to be very ancient, some, cut in young units, must have formed late. Thus, there are reasons to question both a purely fluvial origin and an exclusively old age for the networks. We are on questionable grounds if we invoke warm, wet terrestrial climatic conditions to explain the martian valleys without understanding the reasons for the differences between the terrestrial and martian examples, and also if we invoke wet conditions for the early period of intense network development, while calling upon some other circumstances to explain the younger networks. In this chapter, we examine the characteristics, distribution, ages, and mode of origin of the valley networks and attempt to draw some implications with respect to climate.
Blues Transformations in the Music of Cream
Authors: Headlam Dave
Published: November 2023

In 1966, guitarist Eric Clapton joined with bass player Jack Bruce and drummer Ginger Baker to form the rock trio Cream. While Clapton tended toward a style of electric blues close to the Mississippi Delta and Chicago blues songs he venerated, with the combination of Bruce’s elaborate bass lines and Baker’s jazz-influenced drumming Cream quickly became the best known of the original “power trio” blues-based rock bands and prepared the ground for the later group Led Zeppelin to begin the transition from blues-based rock to heavy metal. Cream’s assimilation and transformation of blues songs and styles is part of the widespread influence of American popular music—jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, and rock ‘n’ roll—on the development of British rock music in the late 1950s and 1960s. While this influence has been well documented in its biographical, historical, cultural, and sociological aspects, the purely musical features of the various transformations, such as Cream’s recasting of blues songs into rock songs, have received less attention.
Functional variation
Authors: Bruthiaux Paul
Published: November 2023

So far I have shown that despite the presence of pre-patterned and prefabricated segments, what characterizes CAR texts above all other features is their minimal degree of syntactic elaboration. As a result, the notion of obligatory context cannot be applied to the measurement of syntactic elaboration in this register because attempts to identify missing features often amount to little more than guesswork. I also noted that the degree of syntactic elaboration appears to vary systematically across ad categories.
Diarrhea
Authors: Sheffield John V L , Shuhart Margaret C
Published: November 2023

Most HIV-infected patients will develop diarrhea at some point in the course of their illness. Diarrhea is particularly common among HIV-infected homosexual men and among HIV-infected patients in developing countries. The volume depletion and electrolyte disturbances associated with severe diarrhea are significant sources of morbidity in AIDS patients.