bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Christians versus Muslims in Modem Egypt
Authors: Hasan S S
Published: November 2023

The Copts of Egypt are the largest Christian minority in the Middle East. In recent years they have often been victims of persecution and violence at the hands of the Muslim majority. This volume is the first full study of Coptic Christians in contemporary Egypt. Hasan begins by looking at how the Coptic generation of the 1940s and 1950s remembered, recovered, and invented the ancient history of Christianity in Egypt in order to weld the Copts into a unified nation. The book then focuses on the period beginning with the consecration of Pope Shenuda in 1971. During this revival period the church took over much of the responsibility for the welfare of the Coptic community. The leaders of the revival, she shows, have nurtured a potent and distinctive religious culture with a sense of communal pride and identity despite its hostile surrounding environment.
New Technologies of the Self: Wu-wei in the “Inner Training” and the Mohist Rejection ofWu-wei
Authors: Slingerland Edward
Published: November 2023

Yang Zhu adopts the stance of egoism. If he could benefit the world merely by pulling out a single hair he would not do it.1 Mozi teaches impartial caring. If by shaving his skull or standing on his head he could benefit the world, he would do it. The purpose of this chapter is to briefly fill out and balance this rather polemical account of Yang Zhu and Mohism, as well as to mention some other contemporary strands of thought that seem to have been factors in the development of Mencius’s thought. We will see that these new conceptions of the self and “new technologies” for dealing with it will have a powerful effect on Warring States discourse concerning wu-wei.
Cultivating the Sprouts: Wu-wei in the Mencius
Authors: Slingerland Edward
Published: November 2023

Separated from Confucius by several generations, Mencius (fourth century B.C.) saw himself as being charged with carrying on and defending the Confucian religious vision in a new and largely hostile intellectual milieu. In the book that bears his name, we find him responding to a wide range of questioners and opponents, from neo-Mohists to primitivist (Daoist) anarchists to cynical rulers interested only in the acquisition of power, wealth, and territory. Mencius has a response to all of these critics of Confucianism, defending the value of traditional Zhou culture, as well as the viability of Confucian wu-wei.
Sexual Harassment And Empirical Research
Authors: Crouch Margaret A
Published: November 2023

Empirical studies have been central to the development of our understanding of sexual harassment. The results of such studies have been cited by the courts and in congressional hearings.Empirical research has been used to urge development of policies in workplaces and academic settings and finds its way into nearly everything written on sexual harassment as authors seek to justify their attention to the topic.Empirical data have been used to justify the claims that sexual harassment is widespread, that it happens to women much more often than it does to men, that women’s perceptions of sexual conduct are different from men’s,and that women who are young, divorced, nonwhite, or single are more likely to be harassed.
Philosophical Conceptions Of Sexual Harassment
Authors: Crouch Margaret A
Published: November 2023

In addition to the legal and social scientific conceptions of sexual harassment that have been developed, philosophical conceptions of sexual harassment have been proposed. These conceptions seek to go beyond the constraints imposed by the particular concerns and categories of the law and of empirical research, though they may be made use of in either of these contexts. In particular, philosophical conceptions of sexual harassment typically seek to articulate what it is about sexual harassment that makes those actions that fall under its purview morally wrong.
Conclusion
Authors: Crouch Margaret A
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, the concept of sexual harassment was formed in the1970s by feminists in order to create a remedy for a kind of treatment they believed constituted a barrier to equal opportunity for women. From the beginning, sexual harassment was conceptualized as a type of sex discrimination. The courts did not at first consider sexual harassment to be sex discrimination under Title VII. They focused on quid pro quo harassment, which they inter-preted as romantic relationships gone wrong. In order to fit quid pro quo harassment into the category of sex discrimination, they had first to decide that conduct that was not an official policy of an employer could constitute discrimination under Title VII. They then had to find a way of reasoning that sexual harassment constituted behavior that was “because of sex” in the sense prohibited by Title VII.
Inhuman Bondage
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

David Brion Davis has long been recognized as the leading authority on slavery in the Western World. His books have won every major history award--including the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award--and he has been universally praised for his prodigious research, his brilliant analytical skill, and his rich and powerful prose. Now, in Inhuman Bondage, Davis sums up a lifetime of insight in what Stanley L. Engerman calls "a monumental and magisterial book, the essential work on New World slavery for several decades to come." Davis begins with the dramatic Amistad case, which vividly highlights the international character of the Atlantic slave trade and the roles of the American judiciary, the presidency, the media, and of both black and white abolitionists. The heart of the book looks at slavery in the American South, describing black slaveholding planters, the rise of the Cotton Kingdom, the daily life of ordinary slaves, the highly destructive internal, long-distance slave trade, the sexual exploitation of slaves, the emergence of an African-American culture, and much more. But though centered on the United States, the book offers a global perspective spanning four continents. It is the only study of American slavery that reaches back to ancient foundations (discussing the classical and biblical justifications for chattel bondage) and also traces the long evolution of anti-black racism (as in the writings of David Hume and Emmanuel Kant, among many others). Equally important, it combines the subjects of slavery and abolitionism as very few books do, and it illuminates the meaning of nineteenth-century slave conspiracies and revolts, with a detailed comparison with 3 major revolts in the British Caribbean. It connects the actual life of slaves with the crucial place of slavery in American politics and stresses that slavery was integral to America's success as a nation--not a marginal enterprise. A definitive history by a writer deeply immersed in the subject, Inhuman Bondage offers a compelling narrative that links together the profits of slavery, the pain of the enslaved, and the legacy of racism. It is the ultimate portrait of the dark side of the American dream. Yet it offers an inspiring example as well--the story of how abolitionists, barely a fringe group in the 1770s, successfully fought, in the space of a hundred years, to defeat one of human history's greatest evils.
Slavery in the Nineteenth-Century South, I: From Contradiction to Defense
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

The strongest card in the hands of American abolitionists was their ability to indict the entire American nation for what appeared to be the most hypocritical contradiction in all human history: A nation conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition “that all men are created equal” happened also to be the nation, by the mid-nineteenth century, with the largest number of slaves in the Western Hemisphere—a nation whose most valuable exports, particularly cotton, were produced by slaves.
Some Nineteenth-Century Slave Conspiracies and Revolts
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

Since the 1960s most American historians have shown considerable sympathy and support for slave conspiracies and revolts as the most extreme form of legitimate resistance against racist dehumanization and oppression. In earlier decades most historians, who were overwhelmingly white, expressed horror over the slaughter of whites, especially women and children; paid little attention to the execution, often without a trial, of hundreds of blacks accused of conspiracy or rebellion; and looked upon such figures as Nat Turner as pathological killers.
The Politics of Slavery in the United States
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

Racial Slavery was so central to American politics and foreign policy— indeed, to all issues involving power in the period between the Revolution and Civil War—that it would take a whole series of chapters or even a separate book to cover most of the ground. In this chapter I will limit myself to a brief discussion of American foreign policy, the Missouri Crisis of 1819– 21, the impact on America and especially the South of Britain’s emancipation of some eight hundred thousand slaves, and then, since we have already touched on the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, the issues dramatized by the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 and the road to Southern secession.
The Civil War and Slave Emancipation
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

On April 2, 1865, General Robert E. Lee sent a shocking telegram to Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America. Writing from Petersburg, Virginia, then twenty-five miles south of Richmond, where Davis still ruled from the Confederate capital, Lee warned that it was absolutely necessary to evacuate Richmond that night. Since Union troops were already forcing an abandonment of Petersburg, Lee had to choose between the loss of Richmond or the encirclement and loss of his dwindling and beleaguered army. President Davis turned pale when he received this news while attending Sunday services in St. Paul’s Church. He would have been even more devastated if he had known that President Abraham Lincoln would enter Petersburg the next day and on April 4 would actually sit in Davis’s own study, in the Confederate White House, only forty hours after Davis had left it.
Reason, Virtue, and Knowledge
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

My aim in this essay is first to clarify what any position worth calling “virtue epistemology” ought to hold. I then want to explore some of the relations between such an approach to epistemology and two other doctrines. One is a minimalist or deflationist conception of truth. The other is a generally expressivist approach to values and virtues, and hence to rationality.
Must Knowers Be Agents?
Authors: Zagzebski Linda
Published: November 2023

Acts are performed only by certain kinds of beings—agents (from the Latin agens: that which is acting), although that tells us neither what an act is nor what an agent is, only that “act” and “agent” are defined correlatively. Ethics is a field primarily concerned with the evaluation of human agents, their acts, and the consequences of their acts, but again, this does not tell us what ethics does, only that certain things it does are connected to certain other things it does. In particular, it does not tell us what the scope of ethics is, which might turn out to be greater or less than we think.
The Virtue of Knowledge
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: November 2023

The connection between intellectual virtue, justified acceptance, and knowledge requires elucidation. The coherence theory of knowledge that I have developed has a very natural place for the role of intellectual virtue. Moreover, I think I can provide some clarification of the nature of intellectual virtue and resolve some tension between subjective and objective, internalist and externalist, as well as motivational and reliablist approaches to the subject of virtue by considering the role of intellectual virtue in knowledge.1 That is my objective in this essay. I shall begin with a brief account of the conception of knowledge I have developed. The target of my account of knowledge is what I have in a recent essay called discursive knowledge.  2 It is the sort of knowledge a subject can use as a premise in reasoning to confirm some conclusions and reject others. I do not assume that my target conception of knowledge, discursive knowledge, is the only one that is important in an overall theory of human cognition. It is, however, a human intellectual product that plays a central role in human science and society.
Epilogue
Authors: Graham Margaret B W , Shuldiner Alec T
Published: November 2023

On a hot July afternoon in 1999, Roger Ackerman, current chairman of Corning Incorporated joined his predecessor, Jamie Houghton, the mayor of Corning, and a small group of other dignitaries from the company and town to dedicate the Little Joe Tower, a 187-foot-high remnant of Corning s former Main Plant. Still the tallest structure in the city, the tower bore the image of a glassblower in silhouette that had been the logo of Corning when it was still Corning Glass Works.
Lsmall Ragl Al-Faruql: Pioneer in Muslim-Christian Relations
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

Ismail Ragi al-Faruqi’s untimely death (murdered with his wife, Lois Lamya al-Faruqi, a scholar of Islamic art, on May 24, 1986) cut short the life of a creative mind, productive scholar, and provocative colleague. He was a pioneer in the development of Islamic studies in America and in interreligious dialogue internationally and an activist who sought to transform the Islamic community at home and abroad. Faruqi’s Palestinian roots, Arab heritage, and Islamic faith made the man and informed his life and work as a scholar. Issues of identity, authenticity, acculturation, and Western political and cultural imperialism, so common in recent years, were continuous themes in his writing, though he addressed them differently at different stages in his life. His early emphasis on Arabism as the vehicle of Islam was tempered by a later centrality accorded to Islam and Muslim identity. He would draw on these sources intellectually, religiously, and aesthetically throughout the rest of his life.
Hasan Hanafi: The Classic Intellectual
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

Hasan Hanafi arrived in France in the middle of the Suez Crisis of 1956 with a bag of dry bread, a chunk of cheese, ten Egyptian pounds, and general dreams of returning home to Egypt as a philosopher and musician. For Hanafi, France was “the place of formation and the school for the beginners” where he was to explore the wide ranges of philosophy and establish foundations for his later work. When he returned to Egypt ten years later, he accepted a position in the faculty of the University of Cairo and became an important voice for articulating the new philosophical trends of the day.
Rachld Ghannoushi: Activist in Exile
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

In 1987, Rachid Ghannoushi defiantly faced the State Security Court in Tunis, knowing full well that President Habib Bourguiba sought to strike a mortal blow against the Islamic movement in Tunisia by having him sentenced to death.1 Two years later, in April 1989, Tunisians participated in the first democratic elections after the fall of Habib Bourguiba’s government in mid-November 1987. To the astonishment of many, Islamic activists did extraordinarily well, capturing 13 percent of the popular vote nationally and between 30 and 40 percent in many major urban areas, in a country long regarded as among the most Westernized secular governments in the Muslim world. The Islamic Tendency Movement (MTI; Mouvement de la Tendance Islamique) and its leader, Rachid al-Ghan-noushi, who had been imprisoned and sentenced to life in prison in September 1987 and after the coup granted amnesty in 1988, emerged triumphant, earning their place as the strongest opposition group in Tunisia. By the 1990s Ghannoushi was in exile and his movement driven underground.
Hasan Al-Turabi: The Mahdi-Lawyer
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

As young Sudanese intellectual returning to his country in 1964 after completing his doctoral studies at the Sorbonne in Paris, Hasan al-Turabi seemed about to begin a career as a distinguished academic. Instead, he became one of the world’s most visible and well-known Muslim activist intellectuals. Hasan al-Turabi had an important appointment in the Faculty of Law at the University of Khartoum when he returned from Paris and was poised to become a member of the Sudanese intellectual establishment. Instead he gave a stirring oration at a political rally that helped to crystallize opposition to the existing Sudanese military regime of Ibrahim Abboud. Turabi was catapulted into the center of the Sudanese political maelstrom, and he has remained there ever since. He has been an important actor in every major political development in Sudan since 1964. Turabi is reported by most observers to have been the leading ideologue in the regime that came to power in Sudan in 1989 under the banner of establishing an authentically Islamic political system and social order, and even when he was relieved of his positions in 1999 he remained a major political figure.
Abdolkarim Soroush And Crltlcal Dlscourse Ln Lran Valla Vakili
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

Abdolkarim Soroush emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s as the foremost Iranian intellectual operating within the terms of religious discourse.1 From an initial articulation of a flexible, interpretive understanding of religious texts, Soroush moved on to overt political commentaries on the role of religion in state administration. His writings and speeches alike combine a deep knowledge of Islam with a subtle mastery of Persian poetry, creating an individual style that has appealed strongly to many religiously inclined Iranian university students His training in philosophy of science during the late 1970s in England lends his style an analytical bent that distinguishes him among his university audiences. While these students form Soroush’s core following, his critics range across the political spectrum. Soroush’s arguments have garnered substantial opposition from the Iranian clergy and from more militant-minded Islamic student groups Unlike secular critics of Iranian politics, Soroush speaks the dominant religious language of political discourse in Iran. His ability to move fluently and innovatively within a domain traditionally dominated by an exclusivist clerical establishment has rendered him a more dangerous critic than many of his contemporaries. Compounding this effect are his revolutionary credentials. Associated both with Ali Shariati and, at a deeper level, Murteza Mutaharri—two architects of the Iranian Revolution’s Islamic ideology—Soroush boasts a powerful rhetorical, revolutionary lineage. His appointment by Ayatollah Khomeini to the Advisory Council of the Cultural Revolution in the early years of the Revolution grants him an additional domestic legitimacy. For many years following the advancement of his best known work, “The Theoretical Expansion and Contraction of the Sharia,” Soroush dominated the Iranian intellectual and critical scene. He occupied a position disproportionately larger than his contemporaries, dramatized by the wide audience for his lectures and tapes as well as his substantial readership.
Abdurrahman Wahld: Scholar-President
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

In October 1999, Abdurrahman Wahid, a prominent Islamic leader, became the first elected president in Indonesia’s history. As leader of the Nahdatul Ulama, (the renaissance of religious scholars), Abdurrahman Wahid heads the biggest Islamic organization in the world’s largest Muslim country, Indonesia, where 87 percent of the population of 220 million are Muslim. The Nahdatul Ulama (NU) is a predominantly conservative, rural¬based, sociocultural organization with some thirty-five million members (approximately 20 percent of Indonesia’s population), headed by a man best described as a modern, urban liberal Muslim intellectual. Abdurrahman Wahid, popularly known as Gus Dur, is an intellectual/activist who attracts and repels modernists and traditionalists alike. While some have charged that he is too close to government, government officials have feared his influence and “interference.” The head of Indonesia’s largest Islamic organization, he nevertheless warns against those Islamic reformers who would reassert Islam’s role in politics.
Introduction: Recouping Our Losses
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

It may be difficult to imagine a religious phenomenon more diverse than modern—day Christianity. There are Roman Catholic missionaries in developing countries who devote themselves to voluntary poverty for the sake of others, and evangelical televangelists who run twelve-step programs to ensure financial success. There are New England Presbyterians and Appalachian snake handlers. There are Greek Orthodox priests committed to the liturgical service of God, replete with set prayers, incantations, and incense, and fundamentalist preachers who view high-church liturgy as a demonic invention. There are liberal Methodist political activists intent on transforming society, and Pentecostals who think that society will soon come to a crashing halt with the return of Jesus. And there are the followers of David Koresh—still today—who think the world has already started to end, beginning with the events at Waco, a fulfillment of prophecies from Revelation. Many of these Christian groups, of course, refuse to consider other such groups Christian.
State Repression and Democracy Protest in Three Southeast Asian Countries
Authors: Boudreau Vincent
Published: November 2023

Between 1986 and 1998, three Southeast Asian dictators of long standing, Ne Win in Burma, Suharto in Indonesia, and Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines, resigned in the face of broad popular protest. Democratization scholars, particularly those who describe recent transitions to democracy as part of a single “third wave,” have viewed Philippine and Indonesian transitions as different examples of the same general political development—and the Burmese case as perhaps a near miss. But were the Indonesian and Philippine transitions really similar? Did Burma miss the democratizing bandwagon by a hair’s breadth or a country mile? If we attend to the processes and patterns of the struggle, instead of to the mere fact that democracy movements occurred in each place, the Indonesian, Burmese, and Philippine cases vary tremendously. In this work, I investigate the contours and causes of variation in contentious processes among these three countries. Specifically, I argue that important variations in movement identities, tactics, and influence reflected ongoing interactions between the authoritarian regimes and their societies. Those variations, and their structural roots, must be central to any explanation of the protests.

Those who have examined democracy struggles as social movements often ask what factors influence anti-regime mobilization, including potential movement allies, shifting policies, and changes in the likelihood or severity of repression (Hipsher 1998; Melucci and Lyyra 1998; Sandoval 1998). Mobilization levels, however, tell us relatively little about how protest drives processes of regime fragmentation and defection so closely associated with transitions to democracy.
The Contradictions of Gay Ethnicity: Forging Identity in Vermont
Authors: Bernstein Mary
Published: November 2023

The rise of so-called identity politics or new social movements over the past four decades has raised intense debate among both social movement scholars and activists over the merits of pursuing a “politics of recognition” (e.g., Bower 1997; Currah 1997; Vaid 1995). Many queer theorists, poststructuralists, and feminists argue that to gain recognition for a constituency, activists narrowly and naively rely on fixed or essentialist notions of identity (e.g., Bower 1997; Phelan 1993; Seidman 1993 ). By advocating for rights based on an identity such as “woman” or “gay,” identity movements reinforce the identity on which the movement is based and, as a result, fail to recognize diversity, homogenize and ignore differences within the identity category, and inhibit the creation of a “politics of commonality” (Gitlin 1994, 1995; Kimmel 1993; Phelan 1993) among diverse groups. Engaging in politics based on identity categories shores up the category itself and sets up invidious distinctions, reinforcing a normal-deviant dichotomy (Phelan 1993). Cultural transformation is sacrificed for narrow political gains.

I ask, in this chapter, to what extent do activists naively and narrowly adhere to and rely on fixed or essentialist notions of identity (an ontological move, rather than a strategic claim [Phelan 1993]) in order to gain recognition for that identity? Does a politics of recognition require that activists rely on a fixed notion of identity?
Theology and the Poetics of Testimony
Authors: Chopp Rebecca S
Published: November 2023

In the literature of cultural criticism, a genre has developed that I will call the “poetics of testimony.” This genre includes poetry, theology, novels, and other forms of literature that express unique events or experiences outside the representation of modern, rational discourse. Many of us are acquainted with Elie Wiesel’s observation, “If the Greeks invented tragedy, the Romans the epistle, and the Renaissance the sonnet, our generation invented a new literature, that of testimony.” Wiesel’s “invention” has become a common reality of our time. The writers of contemporary literature—African Americans, incest and rape survivors, postcolonial theorists, gays, lesbians, bisexuals—all turn to the term “testimony” to describe their discourse, to tell truth as they see it, as they experience it, and what truth means to their communities.
Cultural Labor and Theological Critique
Authors: Jones Serene
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I offer descriptions of two contexts within which I have used cultural theory as a companion to my work as a Christian theologian with Reformed and feminist sensibilities. The first finds its setting in the protracted struggle of three unions at Yale University to secure a contract to address the issue of the “casualization of labor.” The second is a course I coteach with Harlan Dalton at Yale Law School on “Identity and Power in Theology and Law.” In both of these contexts, I have found that cultural theory has helped me think through the relationship between the political and the theological in interesting new ways. Before turning to these examples, however, I want to first offer a brief history of my travels through the world of theology and cultural theory—the story of “how I got here.” I hope this short genealogy will explain what I am referring to when I use terms such as “cultural theory” and “cultural studies” in the pages ahead.
The Heavenly Woman and the Dragon: Rereadings of Revelation 12
Authors: Lee Dorothy A
Published: November 2023

Now a great sign appeared in heaven, a woman clothed in the sun, the moon beneath her feet and on her head a crown of twelve stars. She was pregnant and crying out in labor, struggling in agony to give birth. Then there appeared another sign in heaven: a great fiery-red dragon with seven heads and ten horns and on each head seven diadems! His tail dragged a third of the stars from heaven and flung them to the earth. The dragon stood before the woman who was about to give birth, ready to devour her child when it was born. She gave birth to a male child, a son, whose destiny it was to shepherd all the nations with a staff of iron. And the child was snatched up to God and to his throne. Then the woman fled into the wilderness, where she has a place prepared for her by God, so that there she might be nourished for one thousand, two hundred and sixty days.
The Meaning of Narration in Invisible Man
Authors: Smith Valerie
Published: November 2023

In Ralph Ellison’s essays and interviews, the artist is a figure of rebellion. Whether writing generally of the role and responsibilities of the contemporary American novelist or, more specifically, of his own achievements, Ellison describes the artist always in opposition to the restraints of received literary convention. In “Brave Words for a Startling Occasion,” his acceptance speech for the 1953 National Book Award, he identifies some of the restrictions that limit modern American fiction. For him, neither the “tight, well-made Jamesian novel” nor the “hard-boiled novel” can contain the complexity of American life. He writes: There was also a problem of language, and even dialogue, which, with its hard-boiled stance and its monosyllabic utterance, is one of the shining achievements of twentieth-century American writing. For despite the notion that its rhythms were those of everyday speech; I found that when compared with the rich babel of idiomatic expression around me, a language full of imagery and gesture and rhetorical canniness, it was embarrassingly austere.
Augustus’s Conception of Himself
Authors: Reinhold Meyer
Published: November 2023

A Received Commonplace that the personality of Augustus, the founder of the Roman Empire and its sole ruler for almost fifty years, is an enigma, ‘puzzling,’ ‘elusive,’ ‘baffling,’ ‘inscrutable.’ Though his acts and times arc among the most extensively documented in antiquity, no written record captures the psychic texture, inner life, and motives of the first princes. What ever light Augustus himself would have shed in his autobiography was lost with that document; one may regret, too, the loss of Plutarch’s life of Augustus.2 True, we have the ipsissima verbal of Augustus preserved in scattered quotations and in letters, and in the ‘queen of Latin inscriptions,’ the He’s Caste Diva Augusta (Achievements of the deified Augustus),3 that extraordinary summation of his career. But this ‘obituary notice’ of himself compels caution because of its selectivity and calculated aim to bequeath at the end of his life a posthumous image of his place in history.
Nagarjuna s Theory of Causality : Implications Sacred and Profane
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

He devotes two important chapters of Mulamadhyamakakarika to the analysis of causality, per se, and of dependent arising more generally. The analysis developed in these chapters permeates the rest of the treatise. I have in the preceding portion of this book, discussed how Nagarjuna’s chapters are to be read and explored their role in Nagarjuna’s larger philosophical enterprise (chapters 1 and 2 of this volume and Garfield 1995). I will review that account only briefly here as a preliminary to some applications.
Vasubandhu’s Treatise on the Three Natures: A Translation and Commentary
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

The text Trisvabhavanirdesa (Rang bzhin gsum nges par bstan pa) is one ofVasubandhu’s short treatises (the others being the Treatise in Twenty Stanzas [Vimsatika] and the Treatise in Thirty Stanzas [Trimsikaikakarika]) expounding his Cittamatra, or mind-only philosophy. Vasubandhu and his older brother While Trisvabhavanirdesa is arguably the most philosophically detailed and comprehensive of the three short works on this topic composed by Vasubandhu, as well as the clearest, it is almost never read or taught in contemporary traditional Buddhist cultures or centers of learning.
A
Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

An old-man figure called el abuelo (the grandfather) played the role of a bogeyman in Hispano folklore. In literature it is sometimes spelled aguelo, and some scholars speculate that it may be a borrowed word from the language of the Pueblo Indians. In Spanish it means “grandfather,” and has become synonymous with coco, cucui, and bogeyman. This folk character is more known in northern New Mexico than in other parts of the Southwest. He appeared at Christmastime to test and discipline children who did not know their catechism or prayers. He was a scary figure, dressed to terrify children with a black cape and a mask with large horns, and always carrying a whip. Children were terribly frightened because of his horrid appearance. Instead of a mask he sometimes had a tortilla plastered on his face, wore buffalo horns and a horsetail, and of course carried the whip. A few days before Christmas, he’d knock on the door of a home, give a bloodcurdling cry, crack his whip, and yell at the children, “Han sido buenos muchachos estos?” (Have these children been good?) The children would cringe and hide while the parents defended them. Then el abuelo would say, “Pues que recen y se acuesten” (Well, let them pray and go to bed). Sometimes he made the children dance Las Palomitas, loosely translated as “the little doves.”
D
Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

Introduced in New Spain by the Spanish, a decima is a poetic narrative that may or may not be in song form. With a ten-line stanza, as opposed to the corrido, which has a four-line stanza, it has a more inflexible verse form than the corrido. The word decima refers to the ten verses of the stanza, but each decima may consist of several stanzas, so the genre is often referred to in the plural, as decimas. Usually a quatrain introduces the decima, and a line from this quatrain may be repeated at the end of each stanza and again at the end of the series of strophes. Decimas have also been collected in Chile, Argentina, and Puerto Rico. Aurelio Macedonio Espinosa collected decimas in New Mexico and shows how they developed almost without change from sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spanish literature. The subject matter of decimas may be religious, political, or philosophical. Espinosa reprints one from the 1860s that describes the political unrest of the people of New Mexico during the American occupation (1985, 156). Arthur Leon Campa provides a list of titles of 137 decimas from New Mexico. Stanley Robb states that all the decimas he collected in New Mexico were sung to one standard tune, even though the singers lived in different parts of the state. From one informant, Prospero S. Baca, Robb collected “One Hundred Twenty-one Decimas and Other Folk Songs.”
U
Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

Known as La Nina de Cabora (the Daughter of Cabora) and La Santa de Cabora ( the Saint of Caborn), Teresa Urrea was a curandera or sanadora (healer), and somewhat of a psychic and mystic. Her brief life touched many lives in Mexico and the Southwest. She was born in 1873 in Sinaloa, Mexico, but lived about half of her life in the United States. As an adolescent she suffered an illness, a type of epilepsy with high fevers, that once left her in a trance or coma for several days. During this coma she heard voices that told her to minister to the ill. She believed this was her mission, and she devoted her life to healing others. Before she became ill she had already learned some healing rituals and remedies by working with an Indian curandera. She lived on a ranch in Cabora, Sonora, where she acquired a large following, especially among the Yaqui Indians, and became known as La Santa de Cabora. The government became suspicious of her influence over the Indians and President Porfirio Diaz had Teresa and her father arrested, exiling them to Nogales, Arizona. Between 1892 and 1900 they moved several times within Arizona, moving to El Paso for a brief period and then back, settling in Clifton, Arizona. In 1896, while Teresa and her father lived in Nogales, a group of Yaqui and Tomochi Indians, followers of her and calling themselves Teresitas, stormed the Mexican customhouse. The Mexican president blamed this attack on Teresa, accusing her of inciting a revolution.
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Authors: Mcgovern Margaret M
Published: November 2023

An 11-year-old Caucasian male was referred for evaluation of deteriorating school performance and the recent onset of ataxic (i.e., wide-based and unsteady) gait. He had been previously diagnosed with attention deficit disorder and had been treated with Ritalin for the past 3 years. There was no history of trauma or infection. He came to attention after his fifth grade teacher noted that his handwriting skills had declined noticeably from the end of fourth grade, and that there was a general decline in his cognitive abilities, including difficulties with mathematical calculations. In addition, his mother reported that he was having difficulty reading, had become clumsy, and was displaying behavioral changes. On physical examination, he had slightly slurred speech, was unable to follow complex commands, and had right-left disorientation. His gait was abnormal with circumduction (i.e., active circular movement of the leg) on the right and a steppage gait, right-sided weakness, and a positive Romberg sign (falling forward when eyes are closed, and feet are close together due to loss of position sensation). Further neurological assessment revealed dysgraphia (i.e., inability to write) and dyscalculia (i.e., inability to perform mathematical calculations). No other physical findings were present. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed diffuse abnormal signal in the white matter of the posterior hemisphere extending anteriorly (Fig. 13-1).
Phenylketonuria
Authors: Anderson William L , Mitchell steven M
Published: November 2023

Penny Urick is a 22-year-old G1P0 (one pregnancy, no births) woman who was seen at the family practice clinic for routine prenatal care during her first pregnancy. Mrs. Urick described herself as “generally healthy.”At the time of her visit, she stated that she took no medications and had no known medical allergies; however, her medical record revealed a history of phenylketonuria (PKU). When further questioned about her experience with PKU Mrs. Urick stated that: I had it as a child, but I am fine now. They put me on this diet, which I had to stay on until I was 18 years old, when I was told that I didn’t need it anymore. I haven’t had any problems at all since I stopped it. On further questioning, it became clear that Mrs. Urick was concerned that her baby might inherit the disorder, and that if so, the baby would need to be on the PKU diet. Mrs. Urick described her experience with PKU management as follows:
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Authors: Devlin Angela M , Lentz Steven R
Published: November 2023

A 35-year-old man presented to his family physician after he noted a 20-min episode of slurred speech and weakness of his left arm. He had had a similar episode, lasting 10 min, 3 days earlier. He had never smoked cigarettes, and he had no history of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, stroke, or neurological problems. He did have a history of blood clots in his right leg (deep vein thrombosis) and lungs (pulmonary embolism) at age 15 years. From age 15 until age 20 he took the anticoagulant drug warfarin, which inhibits blood clotting by blocking the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. At age 26, he first noted pain and swelling of his right leg. These symptoms worsened progressively over the next 2 years, becoming so severe that he was no longer able to jog or play basketball. At age 28, ultrasonography of his right lower extremity revealed chronic occlusion (blockage) of his right femoral vein with accompanying venous insufficiency (leaky valves in the veins of his leg). He then underwent catheter-directed thrombolysis, a procedure in which the drug urokinase, which dissolves blood clots, is infused into the femoral vein. Following the thrombolysis procedure, a metal stent was placed in the femoral vein to help prevent its reocclusion. He again took warfarin along with clopidogrel, a drug that inhibits blood clotting by preventing aggregation of platelets. Except for some intermittent swelling of his right ankle after exercise, he did well for the next 7 years.
“More than Ever, We Feel Proud to Be Italians”
Authors: Sterba Christopher M
Published: November 2023

The event that proved most decisive in pulling the New Haven colonia into the war effort took place three thousand miles away, near the small town of Caporetto. There, in the early hours of October 24, 1917, a combined Austrian and German force smashed the Italian Army’s lines. By mid- afternoon Italy had lost all of the ground it had gained in the previous two- and-a-half years of fighting, and by nightfall the front had collapsed seventeen miles in what had been one of the most immobile theaters of the war. The Italians did not halt the enemy advance until November 10. By that time their losses were staggering.
Jealous Gods and Chosen People: The Mythology of the Middle East
Authors: Leeming David
Published: November 2023

Esteemed scholar David Leeming, who has authored more than twelve books on mythology, here offers the first comprehensive narrative study of the mythology of the Middle East, that tumultuous region that was the cradle of civilization. Leeming begins with a brief, engaging history of the Middle East, spanning Neolithic cultures, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, the invention of writing and the rise of Egypt and Babylonia, Israel and Roman rule, and the early history of the Jews, Christians, and Muslims. This is followed by an in-depth discussion of the mythology of the region, covering individual pantheons, cosmic myths, mythic heroes, and much more. Leeming ranges from prehistoric figures such as the Mother Goddess of Catal Hüyük to Mesopotamian gods such as Marduk and mythic heroes such as Gilgamesh, to the pantheon of Egyptian mythology, including the falcon-headed sky-sun god Horus and jackal-headed Anubis. The author also offers an illuminating exploration of the mythology of the three great monotheistic religions of the region: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In a provocative Epilogue, Leeming depicts today’s crisis in the Middle East as “violent, clearly immoral, and illegal actions” justified by “what can only be called myths.” He notes that fundamentalists in the area’s three religions all see their way as the only way, forgetting that myths represent truths that are spiritual and philosophical--not historical events that can be used to justify acts of violence. With key maps, illustrations, bibliography, and index, Jealous Gods and Chosen People provides an inclusive, authoritative, and captivating account of a mythology that remains a potent--and often destructive--force in the world today.
Introduction
Authors: Noll Mark A
Published: November 2023

Money was close to the heart of all significant developments in the history of American Protestants between the War for Independence and the Civil War. It might, therefore, seem mysterious that there have been so few comprehensive efforts to explain connections between God and mammon in the United States’ early history, or that monographs in which money and Protestant religion factor large for particular localities and specialized themes have only recently begun to appear. Much of the mystery as to why the history of Protestant fiscal connections remains fragmentary, unsatisfactory, or unattended dissolves, however, when the different levels at which money entered into American Protestant history are considered. The main reason that scholarship falls so short of the reality is that the reality was extraordinarily complex. The big picture can be framed by two sets of general observations about the United States during tl1e early national and antebellum periods, the first by visitors from abroad, tl1e second by respected historians of our own time. Prominent among the features of American life that most impressed outsiders then and historians now were its feverish commercial activity and the vitality of its churches.
Charles Sellers, the Market Revolution, and the Shaping of Identity in Whig-Jacksonian America
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

Like a number of prominent historians before him, Charles Sellers waited until he had retired before publishing his magnum opus, a summation of the results of his lifetime of research and teaching. Such a work is The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-18461. When I read this book, two things struck me: First, the interpretive framework was much the same as I had heard it thirty years before as a graduate student listening to Professor Sellers’s lectures at the University of California; second, for some reason I likedthe old lectures better. Of course one couldn’t help wondering why: What was different? Fortunately, there was a published version of the lectures, so one did not have to rely simply on memory and old notes to make the comparison2. Thirty years ago, Sellers was arguing that the antebellum era had been characterized by the formation of a national market economy based primarily on commercial agriculture and that this national market economy constituted a transition between the colonial staple-exporting economy and the industrial economy of modern America. In the colonial economy, he pointed out, only those people who lived within easy access to water transportation had been able to market their crops,Tops, and the rest of the population had had to be economically self-sufficient, if not within their families, then within their local communities.
Charles Sellers’s “Antinomians” and “Arminians”: Methodists and the Market Revolution
Authors: Carwardine Richard
Published: November 2023

No one can doubt the profound significance of the flowering of evangelical religion in the United States during the early national period, Intellectual and church historians have long regarded the waves of revival that made up the Second Great Awakening as expressing and accelerating a major ideological and theological reorientation, as well as demonstrating the American churches’ extraordinary practical energy and enterprise in the years following disestablishment1. More recently, exponents of the “new social history” have contributed a variety of painstaking and impressive local studies that have done much to anatomize the religious life of particular communities in the early Republic2. Even those who favor a primarily ideological explanation of the awakening see the value of pursuing the linkages between evangelical revivalist culture and an expanding market economy whose salient features included better communications, urban growth, incipient industrialization, increasing class tensions, changing gender roles, and a mobile population3.
Afterword
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

This volume has undertaken a historical inquiry into the attitudes of Christians toward money, looking specifically at Protestants in the antebellum United States. Despite its importance, there has been little written on the topic, even by professional historians of religion. The two most potentially embarrassing subjects to discuss are sex and money, and it has taken longer for historians of American religion to bring themselves to address the latter. The clergy know well that their congregations often show even more reluctance to hear about money from the pulpit than to hear about sex. Scholars seem to have shared some of this sensitivity. For them to raise the subject of money in the context of religious history, they evidently feared, would betray a cynical, debunking attitude, perhaps even a vulgar, Marxist ideology. The work Mark Noll has collected here should demonstrate, however, that the subject can be addressed in a constructive and objective manner.
Introduction: The Tocqueville Debate—What’s at Stake?
Authors: Kaufman Jason
Published: November 2023

Isn’t it ironic, Arthur M. Schlesinger once noted, that “a country famed for being individualistic should provide the world’s greatest example of joiners?” Indeed, Americans formed and joined thousands of voluntary organizations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, thus creating a landscape of social and economic associations without precedent on our shores and, I cautiously assert, without equal anywhere in the world. By 1944, however, when Schlesinger wrote his now-famous “Biography of a Nation of Joiners,” American associationalism was fast reaching its peak, initiating a long decline that numerous pundits and scholars have since come to lament as the end of an era of greatness in American history.1