bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
'The Parting of the Ways': Theological Construct or Historical Reality?
Authors: Lieu Judith
Published: March 2007

The 'parting of the ways' has in recent years become a standard model for describing the split between Judaism and Christianity, with debate focusing on its causes and date. Yet although the model is considerably more eirenic than its predecessors (supersessionism; a 'take over'), it is equally driven by a theological need to maintain the unity between Israel and the church; neither is it a model which would have been understood at the time, by the Christian, Jewish or pagan participants. A more nuanced approach needs to recognize that the relationship between Judaism and Christianity would have been differently perceived by the different participants, and in different contexts. Evidence of Jews, Christians and pagans interacting on a social and popular religious level also indicates that the distancing rhetoric of the 'theologians' frequently failed to be matched by the experience of many people. Specific and local analyses, and a more flexible 'map' are required, and the functions of different models to answer different questions or maintain different interpretations need to be recognized.
The Connection Between Baptism and the Gift of the Spirit in Acts
Authors: O'Neill J.C.
Published: March 2007

Water and fire went together and were seen as both destructive and salvific in Judaism at the time of the New Testament. In Acts Spirit baptism was assumed to follow water baptism (unless it preceded it). Acts 19.5 is the exception: those bap tized by John were rebaptized. It is not an exception. Acts 19.1-7 is made up of two sources: Acts 19.1D, 3, 4, 5, 7 Paul's encounter with those baptized in the name of John the Baptist; and Acts 19.1B, 2, 6, Paul's meeting with believers in Jesus who did not know that the Spirit was widely available, on whom he laid hands so that they received the Spirit. In the first source the usual pattern is preserved if we conjec ture ἐπíστεvσαν for ἐβαπτiσθησαν (Acts 19.5). The present text is a scribal corruption, the result of customary usage combined with an attempt to 'correct' a mistake.
Communicating : the Word of God
Authors: Jasper Alison
Published: March 2007

This is an attempt to relate Jn 1.1-18, in which divine Word becomes fully human. to the psychoanalytic narrative of human subjectivity described by theorist Julia Kristeva. The development and maintenance of human subjectivity is treated as, itself, a description of Incarnation, which, moreover, manages to challenge the tradi tional devaluation of flesh as a feminine term.

I place this argument within a view of divine communication in the biblical text that does not expect any singular interpretation. Rather, it is to be seen within a process of continuing analysis and re-reading that allows for the heterogeneous pleasures and pains of readers as well as for the inherent multiplicity of the text.
'It Was Out of Envy That They Handed Jesus Over' (Mark 15.10): the Anatomy of Envy and the Gospel of Mark
Authors: Hagedorn Anselm C. , Neyrey Jerome H.
Published: March 2007

The article aims to explain why Jesus was crucified. Rather than using traditional approaches into the investigation of the 'theology of the cross' etc., the remark in Mk 15.10, 'it was out of envy that they handed Jesus over', is used as a starting point. Using a model from cultural anthropology supplemented by a close look at ancient sources dealing with envy, a full 'anatomy of envy' is developed to indicate how per vasive and culturally plausible envy is in a document of conflict such as Mark's Gospel. Knowledge of the full 'anatomy of envy' offers then a systemic model of a common social phenomenon in biblical times. As such the 'anatomy of envy' makes it more culturally plausible why Jesus was handed over and killed: He was envied unto death.
Leaders of Mass Movements and the Leader of the Jesus Movement
Authors: Fiensy David
Published: March 2007

This study seeks to answer three questions. Can one discern anything typical about the leaders of peasant mass movements? Was Jesus typical? What made him typical? After preliminary definitions a summary of anthropological studies of peas ant mass movements is presented. The evidence from these works indicates that leaders do exhibit a pattern with respect to social origins. Next the article surveys the mass movements in the Roman empire known from the classical sources, fol lowed by a similar survey of movements in Palestine. Virtually the same pattern can be seen in these sources. The conclusions will be that there was a discernible pattern concerning the origin of the leaders of the movements, that Jesus fit the pattern, and that his background as a craftsman did not impede his leadership of peasants.
Jesus' Uncanny 'Family Scene'
Authors: Aichele George
Published: March 2007

Mk 3.20-35 intercalates two stories about the possession of Jesus. Jesus' family ('those about him') seek to take control of him, thinking him to be insane, while 'scribes from Jerusalem' accuse him of possession by the devil. I read this double story in light of Tzvetan Todorov's theory of the fantastic, Sigmund Freud's essay, 'The "Uncanny"', and Jacques Derrida's essay on 'Freud and the Scene of Writing'. Jesus' 'family scene' is an uncanny one because it is defined by an undecidability between two realities, two contradictory accounts of who Jesus is. It cannot be resolved either theologically or psychoanalytically. The burden of deci sion concerning the story's meaning (and Jesus's identity) is left to the reader's ideology.
What's in a noun? Welsh-, English-, and Spanish- speaking children see it differently
Authors: Mueller Gathercole Virginia C. , Mon Thomas Enlli , Evans Dylan
Published: March 2007

This paper examines young children's abilities to interpret new words as referring to collections. Two experiments examine English-, Spanish-, and Welsh-speaking children's interpretations of novel nouns that could refer either to a single object or to a collection. Experiment 1 tested 53 3- and 4-year-olds; Experiment 2 tested 30 2- to 3-year-olds and 30 4- to 5-year-olds. As early as two years of age, children's responses to new nouns differ across these languages in ways that are consistent with differences in the languages they are learning. These results go counter to recent hypotheses claiming that children have innate or built-in biases concerning the meanings of new words. We argue that what the empirical data in those studies have been showing is not that children rely on built-in word meaning biases to determine the meanings of words, but rather that English-speaking children have learned something about the structure of English nouns and are relying on this knowledge to learn new nouns. We conclude that children learning distinct languages develop different types of first best guesses about the meanings of new words. Those first best guesses are a product of what children have already learned about how meanings get encoded in their language.
Negative evidence and negative feedback: immediate effects on the grammaticality of child speech
Authors: Saxton Matthew
Published: March 2007

Until recently, a long-standing assumption in the field of child language acquisition research was that parents do not correct the grammatical errors of their children. While consensus now exists that potentially corrective responses are often supplied, controversy persists as to whether the child can identify and exploit such information in practice. To address these issues, this study adopts the contrast theory of negative input as a framework for analysis (Saxton 1995). In this theory, two distinct kinds of corrective input are identified, termed negative evidence and negative feedback, respectively. The corrective potential of each category was investigated by examining the immediate effects of each on the grammaticality of child speech. A longitudinal corpus of naturalistic data (49 hours) from a single child was analysed with respect to 11 grammatical categories. The effects of negative input were compared with two non-corrective sources of input, namely positive input and adult move-ons. It was found that grammatical forms were more frequent in child speech following negative evidence and negative feedback than either of the two non corrective sources of input. In light of these and related findings, it is argued that corrective input may well prove important in explanations for how the child eventually retreats from error to attain a mature system of grammar.
Local and global characteristics in the development of morphosyntax by French children
Authors: Parisse Christophe , Le Normand Marie-Thérèse
Published: March 2007

Statistical analysis of morphosyntax acquisition in French children aged two to four can be conducted at two levels. At the local level, regularities in the immediate lexical context of a word are evaluated by computing the proportion of pairs of consecutive words (e.g., such as) produced by children which are also produced in the same order by adults. At the global level, regularities in collected samples of children's language production are evaluated by computing the correlation between child distribution and adult distribution of open-class lexical categories in language production samples. Data from child language production show that irregularities evolve at the global level and tend to disappear over time. In contrast, local regularities already present at the age of two remain stable during maturation. To account for these findings, it is suggested that: (a) local regularities are a consequence of the reproduction of the adult's morphosyntax, and global irregularities a consequence of the randomness of a child's cognition and understanding of the world; and (b) high-level syntax - as opposed to morphosyntax - appears only later, as a development of local-level rules, and global regularities are a consequence of high-level syntax.
Toddlers' pointing when joint attention is obstructed
Authors: Franco Fabia , Gagliano Antonino
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to examine toddlers' ability to take their social partner's line of sight into account when engaging in joint attention. If pointing involves an understanding of the relationship between seeing and knowing, then specific modifications in communication should appear when joint attention is obstructed. In this study, obstacles were introduced in order to manipulate object visibility for the toddler's social partner.

Thirty-two toddlers aged 18-23, 24-29, and 30-36 months were tested with an adult social partner and two animated clown mannequins. In Task 1, whereas both clowns were always visible to toddlers, there were three conditions varying the number of targets visible to the adult social partner (both, one, or none). In Task 2 toddler and social partner were sitting face-to-face, each having a clown fully visible (in front) and one not visible (behind). When attempting to communicate about an object not visible to the social partner, toddlers show increased levels of the following behaviours: pointing frequency; proportion of pointing accompanied by visual checking with the adult; anticipatory visual checking (just before pointing initiation); frequency of vocalizations associated with pointing; and frequency of language both associated with
Children's narrative acquisition: a study of some aspects of reference and anaphora
Authors: Wigglesworth Gillian
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the results of an experimental study designed to provide insights into the development of children's ability to introduce a character into a story, and to maintain reference to that character and any additional characters. Previous studies have suggested that the appropriate linguistic devices used for this purpose, such as definite/indefinite articles and anaphoric pronouns are not acquired until relatively late. Four groups were tested, three groups consisting of children aged eight, six and four, and an adult group. The results indicated that none of the groups of children had attained adult compe tence in their control of reference and anaphoric relations. In compar ing the results of this study with other similar studies, it was also suggested that the nature of the materials used to elicit the narratives can influence the conclusions drawn from the results.
The acquisition of verb subcategorization in a functionalist framework
Authors: Rispoli Matthew
Published: March 2007

This paper takes a functionalist perspective on the development of verb subcategorization, concentrating on a subclass of action verbs. The acquisition of verb subcategorization is viewed as the construction of logical structures (LSs) for the predicate in which a verb can appear. The LS motivates a verb's syntactic specifications through linking rules which reflect, in part, universals, and, in part, language specific generalizations. Crucial information for the construction of an LS are combinations of input and context which can unambiguously specify aspects of the meaning of a predicate. One consequence of this approach is that arrays of explicit NP arguments with syntactic encoding play a minor role in this process. Information about three semantic dimensions figure in the construction of the LS of an action predicate; (1) animacy of the theme or patient referent, whether implicit or explicit; (2) intentionality of the theme or patient referent as expressed by morphemes that imply the intentional origin of an action; and (3) the temporal contour of an action, in particular, whether a predicate is telic.
Reformulating requests at 18 months: gestures, vocalizations and words
Authors: Marcos Haydée
Published: March 2007

The present study focuses on reformulation of requests for objects in 18-month-olds as a function of mother's responses to the first formulation. Failures due to no response (non-acknowledgement) are contrasted with failures due to misunderstanding (request for clarification). Coding was carried out in two phases. The first phase consisted of categorizing each motor and vocal behaviour produced by each subject. The second phase consisted of categorizing reformulations, i.e. the shift between the behavioural pattern for a given formulation and the pattern characterizing the subsequent formulation. The findings suggest that in this transitional period, gestures and words play complementary roles with respect to the two components - regulation and referencing - of the act of requesting an object.
Signed English in the classroom, III. What gets signed?
Authors: Wood David , Wood Heather
Published: March 2007

In the second paper of this series we reported evidence, compatible with the results of previous investigations, showing that teachers attempting to produce Signed English were unable to shadow each and every morpheme in their speech with signs. In this paper, detailed analyses of the relation between teacher speech and sign are used to address the question 'What gets signed?'. Generalizations in the literature about the lack of systematicity in the relations between sign and speech are challenged in the light of findings which show that both morpho-syntactic status and pragmatic factors are predictive of which morphemes in teacher speech will be accompanied by sign.

The results are also discussed in relation to recent studies of the relations between the structure of speech and features of non-verbal movements which accompany the act of speaking. These studies provide a source of hypotheses about the issue of what gets signed, and why, in Signed English. Also discussed are the educational implications of the current findings for deaf children's acquisition of English.
The emergence process: conceptual and linguistic influences on morphological development
Authors: Dunlea Anne , Andersen Elaine S.
Published: March 2007

This paper extends prior research on the links between cognition and semantic/pragmatic aspects of language to the more formal area of morphology, and highlights the importance of studying process in development, rather than merely looking at end products. An analysis of early morphology in three children with varying degrees of vision illustrates how acquisition is mediated by the unique circumstances of a child's language learning environment and reveals a relationship between cognition and language in which either may lead the way for advances in the other. For example, we find blind children differ from their sighted peers in acquiring time morphology before space morphology and discuss this in terms of adaptive strategies and saliency of information.
How should frequency in input be measured?
Authors: Hoff-Ginsberg Erika
Published: March 2007

Studies of the role of child-directed speech in language acquisition have often ignored variation in the amount of speech children hear. The present paper argues that there is no empirical justification for doing so and demonstrates that the resultant descriptions of child- directed speech look quite different depending on how variation in total output is handled. There is real variation in how much talk children hear, and many previous studies of the effects of input have thus failed to consider a potentially important variable. Future research should be aimed at untangling the influence on language development of the total amount of speech children hear and of the relative frequencies of properties of that speech.
Epidemiological investigation of expressive language delay at age two
Authors: Rescorla Leslie , Hadicke-Wiley Mary , Escarce Eileen
Published: March 2007

Two studies are presented investigating the feasibility of using the Language Development Survey (LDS), a vocabulary checklist completed by parents, for the epidemiological investigation of the prevalence of expressive language delay in 2-year-olds. Two samples of upper-middle class toddlers were studied (Study 1: N = 108; Study 2: N = 92). Mean vocabulary reported was 195 words in Study 1 and 184 words in Study 2, with 13% and 15% of the respective samples reported to have fewer than 50 words of vocabulary. The correlation between reported LDS vocabulary and total number of Bayley objects and Stanford-Binet pictures named by the child was 0.78 in Study 1 and 0.82 in Study 2. In both studies, the LDS exhibited excellent sensitivity and specificity for the identification of language delay at 2 years old. Results of the two studies suggest that the LDS can be a useful and practical tool for the epidemiological identification of expressive language delay in 2-year-olds in the general population.
Predicting the order of acquisition of three-word constructions by the complexity of their dependency structure
Authors: Ninio Anat
Published: March 2007

It was hypothesized that the complexity of the dependency structure of different 3- and 4-word constructions predicts the order of their acquisition. Analysis of an English-speaking child's first 102 sentence types of more than 2 words strongly supported this prediction: the earliest sentences rarely involved constructions in which members of a dependency pair were not immediately adjacent to each other. The findings suggest that dependency theory could provide a viable alternative to phrase-structure grammars as a framework for the study of language acquisition.
Nature and stability of individual differences in early lexical development of Italian-speaking children
Authors: Camaioni Luigia , Longobardi Emiddia
Published: March 2007

The present study aims to identify individual differences in both rate and style of language acquisition in a sample of 15 Italian- speaking children, observed at 16 and 20 months of age. The nature as well as the stability of such differences over time were investigated, and the usefulness of different criteria for defining stylistic tendencies was evaluated. Fifteen middle-high class children and their mothers participated in the longitudinal study. The mother-child dyads were videotaped at home when the children were 16 and 20 month old. In addition to the observational data, at the same age points the mothers were administered a structured questionnaire designed to evaluate the level of the child's linguistic development.
Functional and formal constraints on the emergence of epistemic modality: a longitudinal study on French
Authors: Bassano Dominique
Published: March 2007

The study investigates the emergence and early development of epistemic modality, a linguistic sub-system devoted to the expression of speakers' cognitive attitudes. It is based on the longitudinal analyses of the naturalistic productions of a French child between 1;9 and 4;0. Analyses indicate that epistemic modality emerges later than dynamic/deontic categories and shows a specific developmental progression from 2;3 on. The study examines in particular: (1) the ontogenesis of epistemic functions, as primed by early meanings (prediction, ignorance) that anticipate core meanings related to certainty and uncertainty (possibility, belief, hypothesis); (2) the development of epistemic markings, where it is found that lexicalized devices emerge before grammaticalized ones; (3) the role of specific constraints concerning modal and propositional subject references. Results are discussed in a cross-linguistic perspective to specify how functional and formal constraints interact in the acquisition of epistemic modality.
How to say 'Grandma': the problem of developing phonological representations
Authors: Jaeger Jeri J.
Published: March 2007

Theories of early child phonology disagree as to the form of representations in children's lexicons; this issue is made more complex by the unusual patterns that some children display. Data are presented from one child, 1;6 to 2;0, who formed three idiosyncratic hypotheses: (1) she developed a template for word shapes which consisted of [CVCN] with loud nasal plosion; (2) she treated English as if it had distinctive tone; (3) she developed an anterior-posterior obstruent ordering constraint which in some cases involved metathesis. It is argued: first that the [CVCN] template had its origins in her favourite babbling patterns; second, that treating English as a tone language originated in her reliance on the pitch cue for lexical stress in adult models; and third, that the metathesis pattern was based on a production strategy whereby segments which are simpler to produce are located at word onsets. It is shown that an 'enriched single-lexicon' model is optimal for characterizing this child's phonological representations.
Gender effects on Mexican-descent parents' questions and scaffolding during toy play: a sequential analysis
Authors: Tenenbaum Harriet R. , Leaper Campbell
Published: March 2007

Parental responses following children's answers to parental questions (Parent Question → Child Answer → Parent Response) were examined during play between Mexican-descent children and their parents. Nineteen boys and 18 girls were videotaped playing separately with each of their parents with a toy zoo set. Patterns of parental responses following children's answers to parental questions indicated that mothers provided more scaffolding responses than did fathers. Furthermore, mothers were more scaffolding in their responses even when sequences were analysed separately for child gender. The results support past research with European-American families which has found that mothers may be more aware of children's cognitive capabilities than are fathers. Suggestions for future research that investigate scaffolding versus cognitive demand strategies are included.
Therapeutic Use of an Obsession: A Project in Behaviour Modification
Authors: Temmer Helena W.
Published: March 2007

Jenny is a little eleven year old girl. She is gentle and quiet, and causes no trouble. But for some years now, Jenny has been the subject of a special project at the New Jersey Neuropsychiatric Institute which could offer hope for other children who, like her, are autistic.
Pre-School Education in Turkey: The Failings of a Non-community Approach
Authors: Vassaf Gündüz Y. H.
Published: March 2007

The author argues that pre-school education in Turkey, just as in other developing countries, is, far from being an unaffordable luxury, a vital pre requisite to the future well-being of the nation, and assesses the limited steps so far taken.
Qualitative Analysis of the Patient-Provider Interactions: The Patient's Perspective
Authors: PRICE MARTHA J.
Published: March 2007

This qualitative analysis of videotaped patient-provider interviews focuses attention on the patient's experience of diabetes. Excerpts from the videotaped interviews are examined from the framework of a diabetes management trajectory identified from a qualitative research study of 19 insulin-managed adults. It is suggested that providers need to become sensitive to the experience of illness-as-lived in order to more accurately assess patient responses to management and to promote sustained efforts toward diabetes self-care.
Parental versus Professional Perceptions of Obstacles to Pediatric Diabetes Care
Authors: Warzak William J. , Majors Christine T. , Ayllon Teodoro , Milan Michael A. , Delcher Harry K.
Published: March 2007

Parents of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (n=38) were surveyed to identify common and difficult obstacles to diabetes care. A list of these obstacles was cross-validated by a second parent sample (n=47) who rated each item according to how common and difficult each item was for them. The list then was rated by a sample of diabetes professionals (n=15) to evaluate the extent of agreement between parents and health care professionals regarding the frequency with which these obstacles occur and the difficulty they pose to everyday diabetes care. Professionals disagreed with parents regarding which obstacles were most common and difficult, generally rating problems as significantly more common and difficult ( t=5.20, P=<.001) than did the parents who experienced them. The results of the survey underscore the importance of health care providers evaluating the concerns of the local patient community when developing educational and treatment services for these patients.
Perceptions of the Importance Placed on Religion and Folk Medicine by Non-Mexican-American Hispanic Adults with Diabetes
Authors: Zaldívar Andréa , Smolowitz Janice
Published: March 2007

The high incidence of diabetes and diabetes-related complications in Hispanic adults in the United States continues to be of concern among healthcare providers. The underutilization of screening services and early treatment centers by Hispanic adults seems to contribute to the problem. This survey examined whether religious, spiritual, and folk medicine beliefs play a role in the participants' view of diabetes and treatment choices. One hundred four non-Mexican-American Hispanic adults with diabetes were surveyed using a self-report questionnaire. Results showed that 78% of patients believed they had diabetes because it was God's will; 17% of patients reported using herbs to treat their diabetes. This survey demonstrates the importance of addressing religion and spirituality when dealing with the issues of disease and health in this population.
Coping Strategies of School-Age Children With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Boland Elizabeth A. , Grey Margaret
Published: March 2007

School-age children (N=43) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were studied to determine if the coping strategies they used were associated with their Self -care management and/or with their metabolic control. Instruments used included the Schoolagers Coping Strategy Inventory and the Self-Care Questionnaire. Results indicated that the choice qf (-ol)iiig strategies did not differ by demographic characteristics, and level of self-care was not associated with metabolic control. Participants used cognitive coping strategies most often; higher frequencies tended to be associated with highter levels of self-care and metabolic control. Those who utilized distracting strategies also tended to have higher levels of self-care. Emotional coping strategies tended to be related to poorer metabolic control. The use of coping strategies explained approximately 18% of the variance in metabolic control. These data suggest that healthcare providers should assess what coping strategies are employed by school-age children with diabetes because the choice of strategies may have a significant impact on their metabolic Control. The use of strategies related to poorer metabolic control (eg, emotional strategies) should be discouraged, and the use of more effective strategies related to higher levels of self-care and metabolic control (eg, cognitive strategies) should be modeled and encouraged.
Development and Testing of the Barriers to Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Scale
Authors: Jones Phyllis M. , Remley Cheryle , Engberg Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Low levels of adherence to self-monitoring of blood glucose continue to occur despite its importance in the self-management of diabetes. Currently developed scales measure barriers to all components of diabetes regimen adherence but include only a few items about blood glucose testing. The purpose of this study was to develop the Barriers to Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Scale and examine its psychometric properties. Data were drawn from two large diabetes clinics affiliated with large metropolitan hospitals. The 80-item scale examined the circumstances, thoughts, and feelings associated with barriers to testing blood glucose. Results suggest that individuals who test less often are more likely to report a higher numher of barriers. This scale provides a means fon assessing multiple barriers to testing that can provide the basis for healthcare practitioners to design individualized interventions to increase adherence to testing.
Differences in the Impact of Dietary Restrictions on African Americans and Caucasians With NIDDM
Authors: FITZGERALD JAMES T. , ANDERSON ROBERT M. , FUNNELL MARTHA M. , ARNOLD MARILYNN S. , DAVIS WAYNE K. , AMAN LINDA C. , JACOBER SCOTT J. , GRUNBERGER GEORGE
Published: March 2007

African-American and Caucasian patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were surveyed to determine differences in self-reported dietary adherence. The relationship between dietary adherence and other psychosocial factors also was explored. The Diabetes Care Profile, an instrument designed to assess psychosocial factors related to diabetes, was completed by 178 patients. Correlation and regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between dietary adherence and 15 other scales in this instrument. Regression analyses revealed that selected scales were better at predicting dietary adherence for African Americans than for Caucasians. Self-care adherence was the most significant predictor of dietary adherence for African Americans while support was the most significant predictor for Caucasians. These findings suggest that cultural and social functions of food and diet should be examined and incorporated in the development of appropriate meal plans and educational interventions.
Participation in a Diabetes Education and Care Program: Experience from the Diabetes Care for Older Adults Project
Authors: Funnell Martha Mitchell , Arnold Marilynn S. , Fogler Janet , Merritt Jennifer H. , Anderson Lynda A.
Published: March 2007

There is very little reported information concerning the participation of older adults in diabetes education and care programs, factors related to their attendance, and the influence of attendance on program outcomes. In this study, which was part of a larger study of insulin therapy, subjects ( ≥65 years old) assigned to the intensive management group (n=53) were provided with educational sessions during the 18-month study period. Data for this group were examined to determine factors that influenced enrollment and attendance. Attendance rates for individual participants averaged 72% during the first 6 months months and 68% during the subsequent 12 months. Demographic factors. baseline knowledge test scores, and baseline glycosylated hemoglobin levels did not significantly influence participation. Greater distance from the clinic and shorter time using insulin were significantly related (P=.05) to attendance. Perceived benefits of the program included diabetes education (45%), glucose control (23%), and interacting with others who have diabetes (23%).
Symptom-Related Self-Care of Mexican Americans With Type 2 Diabetes: Preliminary Findings of the Starr County Diabetes Education Study
Authors: Brown Sharona. , Upchurch Sandra L. , Garcia Alexandra A. , Barton Sara A. , Hanis Craig L.
Published: March 2007

Starr Country Texas, a Texas-Mexico border community, was the site of a study involving culturally-appropriate education and group support for Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected from 63 subjects on frequency of diabetes-related symptoms during the previous month and on self-care symptom treatments. On average, subjects were 57-year-old females, diagnosed with diabetes for 10 years, and exhibiting HbA1c levels of 12.5%. Almost 50% experienced excessive urination, excessive thirst, shakiness/nervousness, and numbness and/or tingling in their extremities. More than 50% of those who experienced symptoms did not view them as serious. Only one subject checked blood sugar levels when symptoms occurred. Significantly higher mean glycosylated hemoglobin levels were found for individuals who experienced dizziness and/or chest pain compared with those who did not. A variety of self-care treatments were employed, including over-the-counter medications and home remedies.
The Effects of Reinforcement, Punishment and Dependency on Helping Behavior
Authors: Clark Russell D.
Published: March 2007

This field experiment demonstrated that females who were punished for helping in one situation were less likely to help on a subsequent occasion than were females who were reinforced for having helped. In addition, subjects helped a high-dependent person more often than they did the low-dependent person. While subjects usually helped directly, this was less likely to occur for those subjects who were punished for having helped and then were confronted with a low-dependent person. The results were interpreted from a cost-reward model of helping behavior.
The Effect of Consensus on Attitude Change and Attribution of Causality
Authors: Cook David A. , Pallak Michael S. , Sogin Suzanne R.
Published: March 2007

In Experiment 1, subjects were told that they were either the "only one" (low consensus) or "one of several" (high) consensus) writing a discrepant essay and received high choice for the essay. High consensus attenuated attitude change and led to situational attributions. Under low choice (Experiment 2), attitude change, attributions of causality, perceptions of the importance and usefulness of the essay did not vary between consensus conditions, providing little support for alternative interpretations.
A Response to Epstein, Proshansky and Stokols
Authors: Altman Irwin
Published: March 2007

This paper is a reply to comments made by Epstein, Proshansky and Stokols on my earlier article, "Environmental Psychology and Social Psychology." My remarks are directed to the historical professional generations they and I represent, their extensions and modifications of my ideas, our agreements and disagreements on "diagnosis" and "prognosis" of social psychology in relation to environmental issues.
The Importance of Performance Attributions in Learning from Punishment
Authors: Mazo Arnold , Perlman Daniel
Published: March 2007

In this study, subjects had four learning trials to master a list of paired associates. The experimental instruc tions were phrased so that subjects would either attribute their learning rate to internal or external factors. After each trial on which they made errors, subjects were "punished" by a confed erate. Half the subjects were told the confederate personally decided to administer punishment, the other half were told he was instructed to do so. Subjects in the internal attribution and responsible punisher conditions learned the paired assoc iates more quickly than did subjects in the external attribu tion and nonresponsible punisher conditions.
Kurt Lewin's View of Social Psychology: The Crisis of 1977 and the Crisis of 1927
Authors: Lewin Miriam A.
Published: March 2007

The issue raised by the "historical" view of social psychology were discussed by Lewin as early as 1927. Lewin sharply separates historical and systematic analysis of psychological events. His distinction between "historical-geographic" concepts and "conditional-genetic" concepts is examined. Perhaps surprisingly, Lewin supports many of the views of the "historians," while rejecting their conclusion that laws are impossible. Lewin argues that lawful concepts are concrete, real, content-full and re fer to potentialities. They include feedback loops, values, and perceptual-cognitive variables and apply to unique events. Lewin's work is placed in a neo-Kantian tradition which con trasts with our dominant tradition which is based on Hume and Locke. This Lockean-Humean world view may be the source of much of our current frustration.
Postdecision Dissonance at the Fair
Authors: Younger Jonathan C. , Walker Lucy , Arrowood A. John
Published: March 2007

The present study was designed to replicate Knox and Inkster's (1968) postdecision dissonance findings within the con text of a chance-determined risk situation. Visitors to the Canadian National Exhibition were interviewed just prior to or following contracting to play one of several chance games. The results lend strong support to Knox and Inkster's reasoning, and extend the generalizability of their findings to chance contexts.
Ministers' Attitudes Toward Overpopulation
Authors: Buys Christian J. , Word Edwin D. , Jank Donald R. , Ligon Robert W. , Mauritz Mitzi N. , Pena Roberto H. , Vogt Mary B.
Published: March 2007

Attitudes of 39 ministers toward the overpopulation problem were determined by a sample survey. Most ministers ex hibited a strong other-world orientation toward the problem. Both the causes and the solutions of the problem were viewed as residing outside the realm of human activity. Moreover, the majority of the ministers did not feel threatened by the problem. Clergymen's strong other-world orientations were viewed as in compatible with developing viable social solutions to the over population problem.
The Endogenous-Exogenous Distinction: A Model of Attribution or a Theory of Cognitive Motivation
Authors: Zuckerman Miron
Published: March 2007

In response to Kruglanski's (1977) comments, the rela tionship between endogenous (Kruglanski, 1975) and correspondent (Jones & Davis, 1965) attributions was re-examined. It was concluded that correspondent attribution yields the inferences that Kruglanski derived from endogenous attribution, and that the two attribution processes are conceptually similar. It was also suggested that the type of behavior being attributed deter mines the attributional standards that will be used, those of endogenous or correspondent attribution, as opposed to those of internal-external attribution. Finally, a distinction was made between the use of the endogenous-exogenous distinction as a model of attribution and as a theory of cognitive motivation.
Bayesian Tailored Testing and the Influence of Item Bank Characteristics
Authors: Jensema Carl J.
Published: March 2007

Owen's (1969) Bayesian tailored testing method is introduced along with a brief review of its deriva tion. The characteristics of a good item bank are outlined and explored in terms of their influence on the Bayesian tailoring process. The results clearly demonstrate importance of a good item bank; one having a sufficient number of items with high dis crimination, low guessing probability, and a uniform distribution of difficulty.
Alternatives for Validating Interest Inventories Against Group Membership Criteria
Authors: Prediger Dale J.
Published: March 2007

Interest inventories are frequently validated against group membership criteria. Two approaches are considered, only one of which is commonly used. The choice between the two approaches depends on the application being validated. The first and most common approach assumes that interest inventories are to be used in predicting which occupation coun selees will enter or prefer. The second assumes that interest inventories are to be used in suggesting oc cupations for counselees to consider on the basis of compatibility of interests. Validation of these two uses of interest inventories requires different treat ment of criterion group base rates. As illustrated by data drawn from a published study, the two ap proaches to validation can produce substantial dif ferences in criterion group hit rates. Such differ ences may be found in any study validating group membership predictions if criterion group sizes vary greatly.
Intransitivity on Paired-Comparisons Instruments
Authors: Hendel Darwin D.
Published: March 2007

Intransitivity associated with the method of paired comparisons for scaling stimulus objects has been hypothesized in previous research to relate to the psychological and/or physical distance between stimulus objects. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether paired-comparisons in transitivity is a function of intransitivity associated with specific stimulus objects rather than a function of the entire set of stimulus objects. Three 190- item, paired-comparisons instruments with diverse content (i.e., vocational needs, mate preferences, and food preferences) were designed to examine the relationship between Stimulus Circular Triads and the Total Circular Triad score and were adminis tered to 276 high school and 358 college students. Results of univariate correlational analyses and multiple-regression techniques suggested that paired-comparisons intransitivity relates to individual differences variables associated with the respondent, although there were differences in the absolute level of intransitivity associated with each of the three sets of stimuli.
Likert Scaling Using the Graded Response Latent Trait Model
Authors: Koch Willianl R.
Published: March 2007

The two-parameter graded response latent trait model was applied to data collected from a conven tionally constructed Likert-type attitude scale. Com parisons were made of both the person latent trait esti mates and the item parameter estimates with their counterparts from the conventional scaling method. Also studied were the goodness of fit of the graded re sponse model and the information function feature of the model indicating the precision of measurement at each level of the attitude trait continuum. The results demonstrated that the graded response model could be successfully used to perform attitude measurement for Likert scales.
True Score Equating by Fixed b's Scaling: A Flexible and Stable Equating Alternative
Authors: Hicks Marilyn M.
Published: March 2007

Six methods of equating The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) test scores were evaluated in terms of scale stability. True score item response theory (IRT) equating based on "Fixed b's" scaling, the current TOEFL operational scaling and equating procedure, was found to produce the least discrepant results when compared to two IRT models (b parame ter estimated, a and c parameters fixed; all three pa rameters reestimated), and to three conventional equat ing methods (Tucker, Levine, and equipercentile). The results for Fixed b 's scaling were limited by an inade quately fit item; but if such items can be identified prior to calibration, or if pretested data are observed to produce reliable estimates of total group data, then true score IRT equating based on scaling by fixing the b parameters of a set of pretested items may be a very acceptable option.
Multidimensional Unfolding of Children's Causal Beliefs: One Aspect of Construct Validation
Authors: Lee Yeong K. , Lee Seong-Soo
Published: March 2007

A two-dimensional assessment device of children's causal beliefs was constructed on the basis of four perceived causes of success and failure consequences, given 12 situations, each describing circumstances for a consequence. The four perceived causes, ability (A), effort (E), task difficulty (T), and luck (L), were de fined in terms of two a priori dimensions (i.e., inter nality and stability) according to Weiner's (1974) the ory of causal attribution. Four hundred and fifty-nine Grade 3, 4, 5, and 6 children were asked to make preference judgments over 72 paired comparisons. The data matrices thus obtained were subjected to a multi dimensional preference scaling method based on a vector model (Carroll, 1972). The internal analysis re covered the two causal dimensions perceived by chil dren as hypothesized by the model. This internal structural aspect of the construct validity was found to be accompanied by a moderately high test-retest relia bility.
Eigenvalue Shrinkage in Principal Components Based Factor Analysis
Authors: Bobko Philip , Schemmer F. Mark
Published: March 2007

The concept of shrinkage, as (1) a statistical phe nomenon of estimator bias, and (2) a reduction in ex plained variance resulting from cross-validation, is ex plored for statistics based on sample eigenvalues. Analytic solutions and previous research imply that the magnitude of eigenvalue shrinkage is a function of the type of shrinkage, sample size, the number of vari ables in the correlation matrix, the ordinal root posi tion, the population eigenstructure, and the choice of principal components analysis or principal factors analysis. Hypotheses relating these specific indepen dent variables to the magnitude of shrinkage were tested by means of a monte carlo simulation. In par ticular, the independent variable of population eigen structure is shown to have an important effect on shrinkage. Finally, regression equations are derived that describe the linear relation of population and cross-validated eigenvalues to the original eigenvalues, sample size, ordinal position, and the number of vari ables factored. These equations are a valuable tool that allows researchers to accurately predict eigenvalue shrinkage based on available sample information.
On the Perceptual Salience of Features of Chernoff Faces for Representing Multivariate Data
Authors: De Soete Geen , Do Corte Wilfried
Published: March 2007

In order to assess the perceptual salience of features of Chernoff faces, a study was conducted in which subjects had to rate the similarity of pairs of Chernoff faces. It was found that the facial features differ con siderably in perceptual salience. Highly salient fea tures are the curvature of the mouth, the half-face height, the half-length of the eyes, and the length of the eyebrows, whereas the eccentricity of the lower el lipse of the face, the position of the center of the mouth, the separation and the slant of the eyes, and the height of the brows have little influence on the perception of Chemoff faces.
Equivalence of Conventional and Computer Presentation of Speed Tests
Authors: Greaud Valerie A. , Green Bert F.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effects of computer pre sentation on speeded clerical tests. Two ratio scores— average number of correct responses per minute and its inverse, average number of seconds per correct re sponse—were examined as variants of the conven tional score, number of correct responses in a fixed in terval of time. Ratio scores were more reliable than number-correct scores and were less sensitive to test ing time. Tests administered on the computer were found to be at least as reliable as conventionally ad ministered tests, but examinees were much faster in the computer mode. Correlations between paper-and- pencil and computer modes were high, except when task differences were introduced by computer imple mentation.