bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Das Tragverhalten von beanspruchten Brettsperrholzplatten unter dem Einfluß streuender Jahrringorientierungen der Querlagen
Authors: Schwar Andreas
Published: December 2005

Bei Beanspruchungen rechtwinklig zur Plattenebene treten unter bestimmten Bedingungen (kleine Stützweiten, kurze Distanzen zwischen Auflager und Krafteinleitung, etc.) hohe Rollschubbeanspruchungen in den querorientierten Brettlagen auf. Das Verformungs‐ und Versagensverhalten der gesamten Brettsperrholzplatte ist somit stark von den Festigkeits‐ und Steifigkeitseigenschaften der querorientierten Brettlage abhängig, welche wiederum durch Rohdichte, Imperfektionen (zB. ste, Risse) sowie die unterschiedlichen Jahrringorientierungen der einzelnen Bretter beeinflußt werden. In diesem Aufsatz wird eine FE‐Simulation vorgestellt, welche es erlaubt, die bis zum vollständigen Versagen der Platte nacheinander auftretenden Brüche lokal zu identifizieren. Zur Beschreibung der unterschiedlichen Jahrringorientierungen werden hierbei probabilistische Eingangsgrößen verwendet. Die berechneten globalen Last‐Verschiebungskurven werden anschließend mit denen aus Bauteilversuchen in Originalgröße verglichen und diskutiert. Ein Verstehen der sukzessiven Bruchabfolge bei Beanspruchung rechtwinklig zur Plattenebene ermöglicht gezielte Konstruktionsverbesserungen.
Use of Carbonaceous Polysaccharide Microspheres as Templates for Fabricating Metal Oxide Hollow Spheres
Authors: Sun Xiaoming , Liu Junfeng , Li Yadong
Published: December 2005

A general method for the synthesis of metal oxide hollow spheres has been developed by using carbonaceous polysaccharide microspheres prepared from saccharide solution as templates. Hollow spheres of a series of metal oxides (SnO2, Al2O3, Ga2O3, CoO, NiO, Mn3O4, Cr2O3, La2O3, Y2O3, Lu2O3, CeO2, TiO2, and ZrO2) have been prepared in this way. The method involves the initial absorption of metal ions from solution into the functional surface layer of carbonaceous saccharide microspheres; these are then densified and cross‐linked in a subsequent calcination and oxidation procedure to form metal oxide hollow spheres. Metal salts are used as starting materials, which widens the accessible field of metal oxide hollow spheres. The carbonaceous colloids used as templates have integral and uniform surface functional layers, which makes surface modification unnecessary and ensures homogeneity of the shell. Macroporous films or cheese‐like nanostructures of oxides can also be prepared by slightly modified procedures. XRD, TEM, HRTEM, and SAED have been used to characterize the structures. In a preliminary study on the gas sensitivity of SnO2 hollow spheres, considerably reduced “recovery times” were noted, exemplifying the distinct properties imparted by the hollow structure. These hollow or porous nanostructures have the potential for diverse applications, such as in gas sensitivity or catalysis, or as advanced ceramic materials.
Near Monodisperse TiO2 Nanoparticles and Nanorods
Authors: Li Xiao‐Lin , Peng Qing , Yi Jia‐Xiang , Wang Xun , Li Yadong
Published: December 2005

Highly crystalline, near monodisperse TiO2 nanoparticles, nanorods and their metal‐ion‐doped (Sn4+, Fe3+, Co2+, and Ni2+, etc.) derivatives have been prepared by well‐controlled solvothermal reactions. Through adjusting the reaction parameters, such as reaction temperature, duration, and concentration of the reactants, the size, shape, and dispersibility of the products can be controlled. A possible reaction mechanism can be proposed based on experimental evidence.
EMI of printed circuit board and its modeling
Authors: Tanaka Motoshi , Kayano Yoshiki , Inoue Hiroshi
Published: December 2005

Measurement and modeling of the undesired electromagnetic waves (electromagnetic noise) from electronic devices play an important role in the understanding of EMI problems and in establishing design techniques. One of the methods of analysis of the EMI problems of electronic devices is the measurement of the common mode current flowing in the cables connected to the electronic devices. This paper reviews the measurement of the common mode current on printed circuit boards (PCB) and discusses results related to the EMI problems of PCB. FDTD modeling of the common mode current by traces placed near the PCB edge and suppression of the common mode current by the guard band are described. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 89(4): 22–31, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20257
Design method of FIR filters with the variable piecewise stopband
Authors: Shinbo Tomonari , Sugita Yasunori , Aikawa Naoyuki , Kimura Takashi , Wakasa Yukio , Morichi Toru
Published: December 2005

In the field of digital signal processing, there are cases in which the frequency characteristics must be changed instantaneously in response to the processing objective. A filter whose characteristic can be varied instantaneously is called a variable filter. Many reports are available on the design of FIR digital filters with a variable passband. However, it appears that there are no publications on the design of an FIR digital filter in which the portion of the stopband with high attenuation can be varied. In this paper, a design method is proposed for an FIR digital filter using spectral parameters that make the portion of the stopband with high attenuation variable. For the design, the successive projection method with a simple algorithm is applied. A filter with an almost equal‐ripple profile for the entire amplitude characteristic is designed by varying the spectral parameters. As a result, it is possible to obtain amplitude characteristics close to those of the filter solved by the Remez algorithm for specifications that change instantaneously from time to time. Finally, a design example is presented to confirm the effectiveness of the present approach. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(4): 34–41, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20176
Implicit surface reconstruction of 3D objects: Preconditioned iterative methods for the CSRBF‐type linear systems
Authors: Itoh Taku , Kitagawa Takashi , Nakata Susumu
Published: December 2005

We consider a surface reconstruction problem of a 3D object. The surface can be reconstructed as an implicit function, which is determined by solving a linear system derived from the input scattered data. Here, we use a CSRBF (Compactly‐Supported Radial Basis Functions)‐based method which leads to a linear system with a sparse matrix. In this paper, we describe preconditioned iterative methods which are efficient especially for the linear system with sparse and large matrix. Moreover, an appropriate combination of preconditioning strategies and iterative methods for this type of system is shown as a result of numerical experiments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(4): 11–20, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20197
iSCSI analysis system and performance improvement of sequential access in a long‐latency environment
Authors: Yamaguchi Saneyasu , Oguchi Masato , Kitsuregawa Masaru
Published: December 2005

The iSCSI protocol, approved by the IETF in February 2003, is used by data centers to offer storage outsourcing and remote backup services. A key issue when accessing remote storage over iSCSI is minimizing the performance degradation caused by network distance. Because iSCSI's performance is dictated by the iSCSI protocol, the SCSI protocol, the network, network devices, and so on, there is a need for a capable analysis system that comprehends all these layers. This paper discusses the functions of an iSCSI analysis system developed by the authors. With existing iSCSI equipment, if the system is not optimized for the conditions on the network, then increasing distance will cause a dramatic decrease in performance. With the proposed iSCSI analysis system, the authors have been able to elucidate the root causes of this performance degradation, and bring performance nearly to the level of the network substrate's limit. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(4): 55–69, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20238
A cellular model of river meandering
Authors: Coulthard Tom. J. , Wiel Marco. J. Van De
Published: December 2005

River meandering has been successfully modelled using vector based methods, but these can not simulate multiple or braided channels. Conversely, cellular braided river models fail to replicate meandering. This paper describes a new method to simulate river meandering within a cellular model (CAESAR). A novel technique for determining bend radius of curvature on a cell by cell basis is described, that importantly allows regional information on bend curvature to be transferred to local points. This local curvature is then used to drive meandering and lateral erosion through two methods. Key difficulties are identified, including the deposition of material on point bars and cut off development, but the method illustrates how meandering can be integrated within a cellular framework. This demonstrates the potential to produce a single model that can incorporate both meandering and braiding. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new implicit surface tension implementation for interfacial flows
Authors: Hysing S.
Published: December 2005

A new implementation of surface tension effects in interfacial flow codes is proposed which is both fully implicit in space, that is the interface never has to be reconstructed, and also semi‐implicit in time, with semi‐implicit referring to the time integration of the surface tension forces. The main idea is to combine two previously separate techniques to yield a new expression for the capillary forces. The first is the continuum surface force (CSF) method, which is used to regularize the discontinuous surface tension force term. The regularization can be elegantly implemented with the use of distance functions, which makes the level set method a suitable choice for the interface‐tracking algorithm. The second is to use a finite element discretization together with the Laplace–Beltrami operator, which enables simple reformulation of the surface tension term into its semi‐implicit equivalent. The performance of the new method is benchmarked against standard explicit methods, where it is shown that the new method is significantly more robust for the chosen test problems when the time steps exceed the numerical capillary time step restriction. Some improvements are also found in the average number of nonlinear iterations and linear multigrid steps taken while solving the momentum equations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive mesh refinement‐enhanced local DFD method and its application to solve Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Shu C. , Wu Y. L.
Published: December 2005

Recently, the domain‐free discretization (DFD) method was presented to efficiently solve problems with complex geometries without introducing the coordinate transformation. In order to exploit the high performance of the DFD method, in this paper, the local DFD method with the use of Cartesian mesh is presented, where the physical domain is covered by a Cartesian mesh and the local DFD method is applied for numerical discretization. In order to further improve the efficiency of the solver, the newly developed solution‐based adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) technique is also introduced. The proposed methods are then applied to the simulation of natural convection in concentric annuli between a square outer cylinder and a circular inner cylinder. Numerical experiments show that the present numerical results agree very well with available data in the literature, and AMR‐enhanced local DFD method is an effective tool for the computation of flow problems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling climate‐change impacts on stream temperature of Formosan landlocked salmon habitat
Authors: Tung Ching‐Pin , Lee Tsung‐Yu , Yang Yi‐Chen
Published: December 2005

A physics‐based model is provided for predicting the impact of climate change on stream temperature and, in turn, on Formosan landlocked salmon (Oncorhynchus masou formosanus) habitat. Because upstream watersheds on Taiwan Island are surrounded with high and steep mountains, the influence of mountain shading on solar radiation and longwave radiation is taken into account by using a digital elevation model. Projections using CGCM2 and HADCM3 models and CCCM and GISS models provided information on future climatic conditions. The results indicate that annual average stream temperatures may rise by 0·5 °C (HADCM3 short term) to 2·9 °C (CGCM2 long term) due to climate change. The simulation results also indicate that the average suitable habitat for the Formosan landlocked salmon may decline by 333 m (HADCM3 short term) to 1633 m (CGCM2 long term) and 166 m (HADCM3 short term) to 1833 m (CGCM2 long term) depending on which thermal criterion (17 °C and 18 °C respectively) is applied. The results of this study draw attention to the tasks of Formosan landlocked salmon conservation agencies, not only with regard to restoration plans of the local environment, but also to the mitigation strategies to global climate change that are necessary and require further research. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diurnal patterns of rainfall in a tropical Andean valley of southern Ecuador as seen by a vertically pointing K‐band Doppler radar
Authors: Bendix Jörg , Rollenbeck Rütger , Reudenbach Christoph
Published: December 2005

The diurnal precipitation dynamics in an east‐west‐oriented valley that connects the Amazon lowlands and the inter‐Andean basin of southern Ecuador (Rio San Francisco valley) is investigated by means of a K‐band rain‐radar profiler (located at the ECSF research station, latitude: 3° 58'S, longitude: 79° 4′W) and additional remotely sensed data. A pre‐dawn/dawn (5:30–6:30 LST) maximum of rainfall is found and a secondary peak is observed after noon (14:30–15:30 LST). Although the frequency distribution of rain rates reveals that a great portion of rainfall is of stratiform character, vertical profiles of rain rate and droplet concentration points to the important contribution of embedded convection and/or showers produced by local heating for the overall amount of rainfall. Specific differences in stratification and process dynamics could be found for both peak times. The pre‐dawn maximum can be related to mesoscale instabilities over the Peruvian Amazon close to the south Ecuadorian border. Extended cold air drainage flow from the Andes and low‐level confluence due to the concavity of the Andean chain in this area leads to convective instability in the nocturnal Amazonian boundary layer, which is extended to the study area by the predominant easterlies in the mid‐troposphere. Rain clouds with at least embedded shallow convection can overflow the bordering ridges of the San Francisco valley providing rains of higher intensity at the ECSF research station. On the contrary, the afternoon convective precipitation can be caused by locally induced thermal convection at the bordering slopes (up‐slope breeze system) where the ECSF station profits from precipitation off the edge of these local cells due to the narrow valley. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
A coupled chemo‐thermo‐hygro‐mechanical model of concrete at high temperature and failure analysis
Authors: Li Xikui , Li Rongtao , Schrefler B. A.
Published: December 2005

A hierarchical mathematical model for analyses of coupled chemo‐thermo‐hygro‐mechanical behaviour in concretes at high temperature is presented. The concretes are modelled as unsaturated deforming reactive porous media filled with two immiscible pore fluids, i.e. the gas mixture and the liquid mixture, in immiscible–miscible levels. The thermo‐induced desalination process is particularly integrated into the model. The chemical effects of both the desalination and the dehydration processes on the material damage and the degradation of the material strength are taken into account. The mathematical model consists of a set of coupled, partial differential equations governing the mass balance of the dry air, the mass balance of the water species, the mass balance of the matrix components dissolved in the liquid phases, the enthalpy (energy) balance and momentum balance of the whole medium mixture. The governing equations, the state equations for the model and the constitutive laws used in the model are given. A mixed weak form for the finite element solution procedure is formulated for the numerical simulation of chemo‐thermo‐hygro‐mechanical behaviours. Special considerations are given to spatial discretization of hyperbolic equation with non‐self‐adjoint operator nature. Numerical results demonstrate the performance and the effectiveness of the proposed model and its numerical procedure in reproducing coupled chemo‐thermo‐hygro‐mechanical behaviour in concretes subjected to fire and thermal radiation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Algorithms for the multi‐item multi‐vehicles dynamic lot sizing problem
Authors: Anily Shoshana , Tzur Michal
Published: December 2005

We consider a two‐stage supply chain, in which multi‐items are shipped from a manufacturing facility or a central warehouse to a downstream retailer that faces deterministic external demand for each of the items over a finite planning horizon. The items are shipped through identical capacitated vehicles, each incurring a fixed cost per trip. In addition, there exist item‐dependent variable shipping costs and inventory holding costs at the retailer for items stored at the end of the period; these costs are constant over time. The sum of all costs must be minimized while satisfying the external demand without backlogging.

In this paper we develop a search algorithm to solve the problem optimally. Our search algorithm, although exponential in the worst case, is very efficient empirically due to new properties of the optimal solution that we found, which allow us to restrict the number of solutions examined. Second, we perform a computational study that compares the empirical running time of our search methods to other available exact solution methods to the problem. Finally, we characterize the conditions under which each of the solution methods is likely to be faster than the others and suggest efficient heuristic solutions that we recommend using when the problem is large in all dimensions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006.
An efficient iterative method for solving the matrix equation AXB + CYD = E
Authors: Peng Zhen‐yun , Peng Ya‐xin
Published: December 2005

This paper presents an iterative method for solving the matrix equation AXB + CYD = E with real matrices X and Y. By this iterative method, the solvability of the matrix equation can be determined automatically. And when the matrix equation is consistent, then, for any initial matrix pair [X0, Y0], a solution pair can be obtained within finite iteration steps in the absence of round‐off errors, and the least norm solution pair can be obtained by choosing a special kind of initial matrix pair. Furthermore, the optimal approximation solution pair to a given matrix pair [X̄, Ȳ] in a Frobenius norm can be obtained by finding the least norm solution pair of a new matrix equation AX̃B + CỸD = Ẽ, where Ẽ = E − AX̄B − CȲD. The given numerical examples show that the iterative method is efficient. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The necropolis of Vallerano (Rome, 2nd–3rd century AD): an anthropological perspective on the ancient Romans in the Suburbium
Authors: Cucina A. , Vargiu R. , Mancinelli D. , Ricci R. , Santandrea E. , Catalano P. , Coppa A.
Published: December 2005

The present study investigates the skeletal remains of individuals who were part of a Roman suburban community, in order to assess lifestyle and living conditions in the town's outskirts during the Roman Imperial age. The existence of the community was linked to the functioning of one of the many villas that surrounded the town of Rome at that time. In order to assess health, several indicators were explored, including mortality, oral pathologies and specific (cribra orbitalia) and aspecific (linear enamel hypoplasia) indicators of nutritional and physiological impairment. The sample, which probably represents the labour force of the villa, shows a high number of individuals dying in the early adult age and very few living beyond 50. Subadults were frequently affected by pathological conditions which may indicate anaemia and/or inflammations and infections, as witnessed by the frequency of cribra orbitalia. Growth was also impaired, as the individuals suffered from systemic disturbances during the early years of life that led to the formation of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) in their teeth. Frequency of LEH is very high, as well as its multiple occurrence through time (2.44 defects per individual) and its onset occurs from the earliest age classes. Diet, on the other hand, does not seem to have been particularly carbohydrate based. Oral pathologies are very low, which is consistent with meat consumption complementing a diet rich in low‐calorific products of agriculture and seemingly low in refined carbohydrates. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An optimal memory‐reduced procedure for calculating adjoints of the instationary Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Hinze Michael , Walther Andrea , Sternberg Julia
Published: December 2005

This paper discusses approximation schemes for adjoints in control of the instationary Navier–Stokes system. It tackles the storage problem arising in the numerical calculation of the appearing adjoint equations by proposing a low‐storage approach which utilizes optimal checkpointing. For this purpose, a new proof of optimality is given. This new approach gives so far unknown properties of the optimal checkpointing strategies and thus provides new insights. The optimal checkpointing allows a remarkable memory reduction by accepting a slight increase in run‐time caused by repeated forward integrations as illustrated by means of the Navier–Stokes equations. In particular, a memory reduction of two orders of magnitude causes only a slow down factor of 2–3 in run‐time. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Particle‐Laden Turbulent Channel Flow and Particle‐Wall Interactions
Authors: Kubik A. , Kleiser L.
Published: December 2005

The behavior of particle‐laden gases in a turbulent channel flow is studied at moderate Reynolds number. Effects of the wallparticle interaction models on the velocity, statistics, and dispersion of the particles are presented. The results were obtained from a direct numerical simulation with particle feedback on the gas phase. The models were found to considerably influence the studied particle properties. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stochastic Modulation Equations
Authors: Blömker Dirk , Hairer Martin , Pavliotis Greg A.
Published: December 2005

Consider the stochastic Swift‐Hohenberg equation on a large domain near its change of stability. Under appropriate scaling its solutions are approximated by a periodic wave modulated by the solutions to a stochastic Ginzburg‐Landau equation. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Motion of magnetic domain walls
Authors: Melcher Christof , Nachname Vorname
Published: December 2005

We consider the dynamics of one‐dimensional micromagnetic domain walls in layers of uniaxial anisotropy. In the regime of bulk materials, i.e. when the thickness is assumed to be infinite, and the magnetostatic interaction terms appear as local quantities, explicit traveling wave solutions for the corresponding Landau‐Lifshitz equation, known asWalker exact solutions, can be constructed. A natural question is whether this construction can be perturbed to the non‐local regime of layers of finite thickness. Our stability analysis gives an affirmative answer. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Γ‐limit of a finite‐strain Cosserat model for asymptotically thin domains and a consequence for the Cosserat couple modulus μc
Authors: Neff Patrizio
Published: December 2005

We study the behaviour of a geometrically exact 3D Cosserat continuum model for an asymptotically flat domain. Despite the inherent nonlinearity, the Γ‐limit of a corresponding canonically rescaled problem on a domain with constant thickness can be explicitly calculated. This “membrane” limit exhibits no bending contributions scaling with h 3 (similar to classical approaches) but features a transverse shear resistance scaling with h for strictly positive Cosserat couple modulus μc > 0. This result is physically inacceptable for a zero‐thickness “membrane” limit model. Therefore it is suggested that the physically consistent value of the Cosserat couple modulus μc is zero. In this case, however, the Γ‐limit looses coercivity for the midsurface deformation in H 1,2(ω , ℝ3). For numerical purposes then, a transverse shear resistance can be reintroduced, establishing coercivity. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magnetic Force Formulae for Magnets at Small Distances
Authors: Popović Nikola , Praetorius Dirk , Schlömerkemper Anja
Published: December 2005

In [7], the magnetic force on subregions of rigid magnetized bodies was studied as a discrete‐to‐continuum limit. The derived force formula includes a new term, which depends on the underlying crystalline lattice structure ℒ. It originates from contributions of magnetic dipole‐dipole interactions of dipole moments close to the boundary of the considered subregion.

Further studies of this new term have led to the question of how the magnetic force between two idealized magnets, which are a distance ε > 0 apart, depends on ε as ε → 0. In this article, analytical aspects of this question are discussed, cf. [5], where also numerical experiments are performed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mathematical and simulation models of traffic flow
Authors: Takači Arpad
Published: December 2005

The viscous Burgers' equation, appearing in the traffic flow theory, is solved in the frames of the g ‐calculus. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solutions to models for phase evolution driven by configurational forces
Authors: Zhu Peicheng
Published: December 2005

This work is concerned with the models for phase evolution driven by configurational forces in alloys. We investigate mathematically the validity of the models for the non‐conserved case and the conserved case, however only for the one space dimensional case. Those models were proposed by Prof. H.‐D. Alber in a previous article. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Energiebetrachtungen bei idealen angeregten Multikontakt‐Kollisionen
Authors: Aeberhard Ueli , Glocker Christoph
Published: December 2005

Die energetische Konsistenz von Kollisionsproblemen mit ideal gebundenen Mehrkörpersystemen wird untersucht. Es wird postuliert, dass sich die Kontakte bei nicht‐krafterregten Systemen passiv verhalten, d.h. dass die Gesamtarbeit sämtlicher geschlossener Kontakte während des Stosses nicht positiv ist. Anhand geometrischer Methoden wird gezeigt, was die Einschränkungen auf die Menge der möglichen Nachstossgeschwindigkeiten sind. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Automatic Optimal Regularization for Ill‐Posed Problems with Stochastical Noise without Imposing Smoothness Assumptions
Authors: Bauer Frank
Published: December 2005

We consider the compact operator A : 𝒳 → 𝒴 for the separable Hilbert spaces 𝒳 and 𝒴. The problem Ax = y is called ill‐posed when the singular values sk , k = 1, 2, … of the operator A tend to zero.

Classically one assumes that y is biased with “deterministic noise”; we will also consider “stochastic noise” where the noise element is a weak Gaussian random variable. There classical stopping rules (e.g. Morozov) do not work. We will show that both for the “deterministic noise” case as well for the “stochastical noise” case we can regularize in an (asymptotically almost) optimal way without knowledge of the smoothness of the solution using Lepskij's method. Furthermore the method also works for estimated error levels and error behavior.

So we can assure regularization which is just dependent on measurements obtainable in reality, e.g. satellite problems. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The linear sampling method for the inverse electromagnetic scattering problem for screens
Authors: Cakoni Fioralba , Darrigrand Eric
Published: December 2005

We consider the inverse electromagnetic scattering problem of determining the shape of a screen from a knowledge of the electric far field pattern of the scattered wave at fixed frequency. We adapt the linear sampling method invented by Colton and Kirsch (Inverse Problems 12 (1996) 383‐393) for the case of obstacles with nonempty interior. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Application of Accurate Distance Algorithms to Multibody Simulations
Authors: Dyllong Eva , Luther Wolfram
Published: December 2005

Distance algorithms are most frequently used in robotics to determine the distance between two obstacles in the environment of a robot or between a sensor point and an object. We extend the multibody simulation package MOBILE for an application of accurate algorithms for distance computation between objects represented by convex or non‐convex polyhedra. These objects are represented by their vertices and oriented facets. As an application example, a multibody system is discussed where a sensor point moves close to a non‐convex obstacle. The computed results show that the algorithms developed are suitable for accurate real‐time multibody simulations. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Partial Moment Entropy Approximation to Radiative Heat Transfer
Authors: Frank Martin
Published: December 2005

A new approximation to Radiative Heat Transfer, intermediate betweeen moment models and discrete ordinates, is introduced. We consider a moment system with general partitions of velocity space, closed by an entropy minimization principle. We give physical and mathematical reasons for this choice of model and study its properties. A numerical example is presented. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimal Control for Static Stiffness and Thermal Sensitivity of a Hexapod Machine Tool
Authors: Henninger Christoph , Eberhard Peter
Published: December 2005

Beneath many conceptual advantages, parallel kinematic manipulators suffer some disadvantages which complicate their operation as machine tool. One of them is their inhomogeneous stiffness characteristic within the workspace, another is the high thermal sensitivity of their static accuracy due to the large strut lengths. Both properties, stiffness and thermal sensitivity, depend strongly on the configuration of the manipulator. As for machining purposes only five degrees of freedom are necessary, the 6th axis can be utilized to choose an optimal configuration with respect to stiffness or thermal sensitivity. In this contribution, an optimization method based on Jacobian matrix analysis is introduced and demonstrated for a model of the hexapod milling machine HEXACT. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time integration error estimation for continuous Galerkin schemes
Authors: Kizio Stephan , Schweizerhof Karl
Published: December 2005

The purpose of this contribution is the time integration error estimation for continuous Galerkin schemes applied to the linear semi‐discrete equation of motion. A special focus is on the effort for the error estimation for large finite element models. Error estimators for the global time integration error as well as for the local error in the last time interval are presented. The Galerkin formulation in time allows the application of the well‐known duality based error estimation techniques for the estimation of the time integration error. The main effort of these error estimators is the computation of the dual solution. In order to diminish the computational effort for solving the dual problem the error estimation is carried out in a reduced modal basis. The relevant modes which have to remain in the basis can be determined via the initial conditions of the dual problem. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modelling of tunnel fires and experimental validation
Authors: Kunsch Jean‐Paul
Published: December 2005

The relevant scaling parameters for physical modelling of tunnel fires in an experimental test channel are identified. These parameters can be used to correlate the experimental data related to the critical ventilation velocity. Critical ventilation prevents backlayering of smoke during a tunnel fire. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pseudo‐transient processes in the numerical simulation of a water droplet in an electric field
Authors: Langemann Dirk
Published: December 2005

We solve the coupled problem of the shape of a droplet in an electric field. An artificial pseudo‐transient process leads to an iteration over the decoupled electric and mechanical sub‐problems. We discuss the numerical behaviour of the iteration and of both sub‐problems and we present new 3d results of deformed droplets. Further, the motion of uncharged droplets driven by a non‐vanishing total ponderomotoric force is approximated in a new way for a model of a realistically shaped insulator. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of the axial vibration of screw on residence time distribution in single‐screw extruders
Authors: Qu Jinping , Feng Yanhong , He Hezhi , Jin Gang , Cao Xianwu
Published: December 2005

An analytic model has been developed to analyze the residence time distribution of melt in the screw channel of the melt conveying section in a novel extruder of which the screw can vibrate axially. A comparison of the residence time distribution of melt in screw channel with and without vibration shows that the residence time of melt increases with the apply of vibration and the larger the vibration frequency and amplitude are, the longer time it will take the melt to travel through the melt conveying section, which is in favor of the improvement of the effect of melt mixing. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:198–204, 2006. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Chemically foaming of biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate) derived from carbon dioxide and propylene oxide
Authors: Guan L.T. , Xiao M. , Meng Y.Z. , Li R.K.Y.
Published: December 2005

A composite chemical blowing agent PU8, composed of azodiformamide (AC), N,N′‐dinitroso pentamethylene tetramine (H) and other chemicals, was used to prepare the poly(propylene carbonate) foam material. The decomposition behavior of the blowing agent was investigated. The effect of blowing agent content and the foaming condition on the foaming of poly(propylene carbonate) was studied in detail. The results suggested that 10 phr PU8 is the optimum formulation to afford a desired poly(propylene carbonate) foam. The morphologies and compression strength of the poly(propylene carbonate) foam were studied using a scanning electron microscope and tensile tester, respectively. The foam with a blowing ratio of 16 can be obtained under an optimum foaming condition at 160°C for 30 min. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:153–159, 2006. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Elimination of orientation in perfluorinated ionomer membranes
Authors: Elliott J.A. , Hanna S. , Newton J.N. , Elliott A.M.S. , Cooley G.E.
Published: December 2005

An investigation was performed into the effect of processing on microstructural orientation in the perfluorinated ionomer membrane, Nafion® (registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company). The aim of the study was to explore methods by which such orientation, determined from the azimuthal width of the small‐angle X‐ray “cluster” peak, could be reduced or eliminated. The processing consisted of biaxial deformation, both of the commercial membrane and the precursor resin, as well as high‐temperature treatment of the Nafion membrane. It was found that membranes produced by film blowing were less oriented than commercial membranes produced by flat‐film extrusion of the precursor. Biaxial drawing of commercial membranes at temperatures above the glass‐transition temperature of the fluorocarbon matrix (Tg,m) resulted in a reduction in orientation. However, even the most isotropic of these samples were significantly more oriented than membranes made by film blowing. Orientation was eliminated from commercial membranes by annealing at temperatures above Tg,m for periods in excess of 24 h. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:228–234, 2006. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of poly(ethylene glycol) on the solid‐state polymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Gowd E Bhoje , Ramesh C
Published: December 2005

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and end‐capped poly(ethylene glycol) (poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGDME)) of number average molecular weight 1000 g mol−1 was melt blended with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) oligomer. NMR, DSC and WAXS techniques characterized the structure and morphology of the blends. Both these samples show reduction in Tg and similar crystallization behavior. Solid‐state polymerization (SSP) was performed on these blend samples using Sb2O3 as catalyst under reduced pressure at temperatures below the melting point of the samples. Inherent viscosity data indicate that for the blend sample with PEG there is enhancement of SSP rate, while for the sample with PEGDME the SSP rate is suppressed. NMR data showed that PEG is incorporated into the PET chain, while PEGDME does not react with PET. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Discussion of C.R. Burn's ‘lake‐bottom thermal regimes, western Arctic coast, Canada’
Authors: Riseborough D. W.
Published: December 2005

If the seasonal maximum ice thickness in a lake environment is assumed to be analogous to the active layer in terrestrial permafrost, the offset concept highlights important differences between terrestrial and lacustrine thermal regimes. The processes contributing to the unique influence of lakes on permafrost are (in order of decreasing importance): the ratio between winter (snow+surface ice freezing/conduction+free convection) and summer (forced convection) heat transfer coefficients, storage of accumulated summer heat beneath lake snow cover, and asymmetry of lake‐ice freezing and thawing geometries. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cathodoluminescence measurements on heavily boron doped homoepitaxial diamond films and their interfaces with their Ib substrates
Authors: Baron C. , Deneuville A. , Wade M. , Jomard F. , Chevallier J.
Published: December 2005

Heavily boron doped 1.8 to 2.4 µm thick homoepitaxial diamond films with 1.5 × 1021 cm–3 ≤ [B] ≤ 1.75 × 1021 cm–3 have been deposited directly on their (100) Ib substrates at 830 °C. Their cathodoluminescence spectra probe the controlled thicknesses from 0.28 to 2.8 µm, therefore the bulk of the films as well as their interfaces with their substrates. The bulk of these films exhibit a band with shoulders ascribed to BETO (5.036 eV), FETO (5.094 eV) and BENP (5.184 eV) excitons whose energies are downward shifted by about 180 meV in comparison with monocrystalline diamond with low [B] < 5 × 1018 cm–3. This large shift allows the appearance of narrow peaks around 5.216, 5.271 and 5.357 eV ascribed to BETO, FETO and BENP from interfacial layers with low [B]. From their BETO to FETO ratio, their concentration of boron on isolated substitutional sites is significantly lower than their total low [B] content measured by SIMS. A tentative model is proposed to explain the characteristics of these 40 to 160 quasihomogeneous interfacial layers. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An EWMA Solution to Detect Shifts in a Bernoulli Process in an Out‐of‐control Environment
Authors: Chakhunashvili Alexander , Bergman Bo
Published: December 2005

The Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) control chart has mainly been used to monitor continuous data, usually under the normality assumption. In addition, a number of EWMA control charts have been proposed for Poisson data. Here, however, we suggest applying the EWMA to hypergeometric data originating from a multivariate Bernoulli process. The problem studied in this paper concerns the wear‐out of electronics testers resulting in unnecessary and costly reparations of electronic units. Assuming that the testing process is in statistical control, although the quality of the tested units is not, we can detect the wear‐out of a tester by finding assignable causes of variation in that tester. This reasoning forms the basis of a new EWMA procedure designed to detect shifts in a Bernoulli process in an out‐of‐control environment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal Mean and Tolerance Allocation Using Conformance‐based Design
Authors: Savage Gordon J. , Tong Dehui , Carr Stephen M.
Published: December 2005

In this paper, we invoke probability constrained optimization to establish a framework for allocating means and tolerances in design for quality that focuses on customer satisfaction at predictable cost levels. The optimal allocation minimizes the production costs while ensuring that responses conform probabilistically to their specification limits. An overall system probability of conformance is obtained from a quality policy (e.g. defect rate, process capability index). Probabilities are evaluated using limit‐state functions and fast integration methods. The three quality metrics (i.e. target/larger/smaller‐is‐best) and robustness are addressed naturally. The methodology is developed in detail and compared with the traditional minimum total cost approach. Optimal means and tolerances are found for an electro‐mechanical servo system and a power division circuit to illustrate the practicality and potential of the approach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening for pregnane glycosides with immunological activities from the stems of Stephanotis mucronata by high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Cao Xiaoji , Tai Yuanpo , Li Xiaoyu , Ye Yiping , Pan Yuanjiang
Published: December 2005

The stems of the Chinese traditional medicine Stephanotis mucronata were screened for immunologically active pregnane glycosides using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. In the mass spectra of pregnane glycosides, predominant [M+Na]+ ions were observed and used to determine the molecular masses, while fragmentation reactions of the [M+Na]+ ions were recorded to provide information on the primary sequences of oligosaccharide chains in terms of classes of monosaccharide. Fragment ions from the side‐chain cleavage of aglycone portions can provide mass information about side‐chain substitutions. To further confirm the fragment ion structures, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) with low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation was performed using samples collected from HPLC fractions, which provided accurate elemental compositions of fragment ions. Based on fragmentation patterns and comparison with standards, ten pregnane glycosides were identified as stemucronatosides C, D, F, and G, mucronatosides A, B, and C, stephanoside E, and two glycosides that are identified in the S. mucronata extracts for the first time. The latter two pregnane glycosides are 12‐O‐cinnamoyldeacetylmetaplexigenin‐3‐O‐6‐deoxy‐3‐O‐methyl‐β‐D‐allopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐β‐D‐cymaropyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐β‐D‐cymaropyranoside and 12‐O‐cinnamoyl‐20‐O‐acetyl (20S)‐pregn‐6‐ene‐3β,5α,8β,12β,14β,17β,20‐heptaol 3‐O‐β‐D‐thevetopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐β‐D‐cymaropyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐β‐D‐cymaropyranoside. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperative effect of factors governing molecular ion yields in desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Nishikaze Takashi , Takayama Mitsuo
Published: December 2005

Factors governing the molecular ion yields of amino acids and peptides have been studied using fast atom bombardment (FAB) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) in positive‐ion mode. The ion yields of protonated amino acids under FAB conditions are dependent on proton affinity (PA), hydrophobicity, and aromaticity of amino acids. Both PA and hydrophobicity contribute to an increase in the ion yields, while aromaticity contributes to a decrease. In MALDI, the ion yields increase linearly with the increase of PA of amino acids with the exception of lysine. In both FAB and MALDI experiments with peptides, the presence of arginine residues is essential for producing abundant protonated peptides. In FAB, the presence of aliphatic and hydrophobic amino acids (leucine and isoleucine) increases the ion yields of protonated peptides, while some hydrophilic amino acids (aspartic acid and asparagines) decrease the ion yields. The presence of two or more arginine residues does not give higher ion yields in FAB. In MALDI, the presence of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine) enhances the signals for protonated peptides. Thus, physicochemical factors of individual amino acids cooperatively affect the ion yields of protonated amino acids and peptides. These factors governing the ion yields in FAB and MALDI affect two processes, desorption and ionization, that can be considered independently. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of unknown compounds in gentamicin bulk samples with liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Bo , Adams Erwin , Van Schepdael Ann , Hoogmartens Jos
Published: December 2005

Six unknown compounds present in bulk gentamicin samples have been identified by ion‐pairing reversed‐phase liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry. The structures of these unknown compounds were deduced by comparison of their fragmentation patterns with those of the available related substances and gentamicin reference substances. Seven other unknown components were partially identified. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural assignment of isomeric 2‐aminopyridine‐derivatized monosialylated biantennary N‐linked oligosaccharides using negative‐ion multistage tandem mass spectral matching
Authors: Deguchi Kisaburo , Takegawa Yasuhiro , Ito Hiroki , Miura Nobuaki , Yoshioka Shinji , Nagai Shinji , Nakagawa Hiroaki , Nishimura Shin‐Ichiro
Published: December 2005

To investigate the possibility of structural assignment based on negative‐ion tandem multistage (MSn) mass spectral matching, four isomers of 2‐aminopyridine (PA)‐derivatized monosialylated oligosaccharides (i.e., complex‐type N‐glycans with an α2‐3‐ or α2‐6‐linked sialic acid on α1‐6 or α1‐3 antennae) were analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐IT‐TOFMS). The negative ion [M–2H]2− is observed predominantly in the MS1 spectra without the loss of a sialic acid. The MS2 spectra derived from it are sufficiently reproducible that MS2 spectral matching based on correlation coefficients can be applied to the assignment of these isomers. The isomers containing a sialic acid on α1‐6 or α1‐3 antennae can be distinguished by MS2 spectral matching, but the α2‐3 and α2‐6 linkage types of sialic acid cannot be distinguished by their MS2 spectra. However, MS3 spectra derived from fragment ions containing a sialic acid (i.e., C4‐ and D‐type ions) clearly differentiate the α2‐3 and α2‐6 linkage types of sialic acid in their MS3 spectral patterns. This difference might be rationalized in terms of a proton transfer from the reducing‐end mannose to the negatively charged sialic acid. These two moieties are very close in the structural conformations of the precursor C4‐type fragment ions of α2‐6 linkage type, as predicted by molecular mechanics calculations. Thus, negative‐ion MSn (n = 2, 3) spectral matching was demonstrated to be useful for the structural assignment of these four monosialylated PA N‐glycan isomers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.