bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Profitability of Agricultural Cooperatives in Poland and Around the World
Authors: Matyja Małgorzata
Published: January 2018

The differences in perception and functioning of agricultural cooperatives in different parts of the world are visible to the naked eye. Moreover, the literature brings different findings in respect to comparisons between cooperatives and non-cooperatives in terms of profitability. The purpose of this article was to identify the differences in profitability between agricultural cooperatives in selected parts of the world as well as between cooperatives and other enterprises in Polish agriculture. The description of results of the world report on cooperatives and analysis of variance on 300 agricultural enterprises in Poland were used in order to accomplish the above purpose. The main findings prove that American agricultural cooperatives achieved the best profitability results and that cooperatives have lower profitability than other enterprises in agriculture.
The Crop Insurance Systems in Poland Towards the EU
Authors: Parlińska Agnieszka , Parlińska Maria
Published: January 2018

The increasing number of unfavorable conditions of agricultural production causes the farmers to suffer severe losses in their activity. At the same time, the increase in the profitability of agricultural production, the support of numerous European Union funds, led to increased interest in insurance as an instrument supporting agricultural risk management. Hence, both the agricultural industry and the insurance industry see the need to create an effective agricultural and livestock insurance system. The paper examines the changes and scope of crop insurance in Poland towards the European Countries. There were presented issues connecting to policies, regulation and state aid rules, crop insurance level in EU countries and characteristic of the crop insurance market – case study Poland. There was used descriptive and comparative methods, as well as the selected statistical method. The analysis was performed in the years 2005-2016.
Romero Torres, José Luis: Fernando Ortiz. Un escultor malagueño del siglo XVIII
Authors: Moreno de Soto Pedro Jaime
Published: January 2018

Con motivo del tercer centenario del nacimiento del escultor malagueño Fernando Ortiz (1716-1771), el Patronato de Arte de Osuna, entidad cuya presidencia comparten el Ayuntamiento de la localidad sevillana y el Arzobispado de Sevilla, ha venido organizando una serie de actos desde 2015 hasta 2017, bajo el lema «Ferdinandus Ortiz faciebat. 1716-2016. Osuna en el III centenario del nacimiento del escultor Fernando Ortiz».
¿De dónde venimos, qué somos, adónde vamos? Un ensayo sobre el sentido de la vida en el universo antrópico
Authors: Tamames Ramón
Published: January 2018

Resumen: De dónde venimos. El universo en expansión: ¿del big bang al big crunch? Millones de años de soledad, Paradoja de Fermi y universo antrópico. La fuerza de la evolución y el idioma del ADN. ¿Qué somos? Dueños de la Tierra más Inteligencia Artificial. El sentido de la vida y la condición humana. Pueblo elegido, excepcionalismo, comunidad humana Adónde vamos. Punto omega, azar y necesidad. Ciencia y trascendencia. El principio esperanza y las cuatro preguntas de Kant. La comunidad humana: We, the people of the world. . Where we come from? What we are? Where do we go? An essay on the meaning of life in the anthropic universe. Abstract: Where we come from? The expanding universe: from the big bang to the big crunch? Millions of years of solitude, Paradox of Fermi and anthropic universe. The force of evolution and the language of the DNA. What are we? Landowners + AI. The meaning of life and the human condition. Chosen peo-ple, exceptionalism, human community. Where we go? Omega point, chance and need. Science and transcendence. The main hope and the four questions of Kant. The human community: We, the people of the world. Recibido: 16/10/2017 Aprobado: 5/11/2017
Manifiesto
Authors: Arana Cañedo-Argüelles Juan
Published: January 2018

Manifiesto de la revista Naturaleza y Libertad.
Evolucionismo y utopía de género
Authors: García-Cano Lizcano Fernando
Published: January 2018

Resumen: Durante el siglo XX tanto el cientifismo, como el darwinismo social hicieron un uso ideológico de la teoría científica de la evolución. En opinión del autor, esas ideologías, junto a otras —como los distintos tipos de totalitarismo— están generando nuevas ideologías que acechan a las sociedades avanzadas. Este nuevo pensamiento dominante es una amalgama de transhumanismo, ideología de género y laicismo. Es necesario que la filosofía ejerza una nueva crítica de las ideologías.Palabras clave: Evolucionismo, género, ideología, transhumanismo, laicismo. Abstract: In the 20th century the scientificism as well as the social darwinism made an ideological use of the scientific theory of evolution. According to the author, those ideologies and other ones such as the different types of totalitarism, are generating new ideologies that threaten the developed societies. This new po­litical correctness is a mixture of transhumanism, gender ideology and laicism. These new ideologies should be critized by philosophy.Key words: theory of evolution, ideologie, transhumanism, laicism. Recibido: 16/02/2011. Aprobado: 10/12/2011
Instrumentalismo y realismo en la física de James C. Maxwell
Authors: Herrero Miguel Ángel
Published: January 2018

Resumen: Los tres artículos publicados entre 1856 y 1864 por Maxwell han sido analizados con el fin de estudiar el método de la analogía científica utilizado en la construcción de la teoría del campo electromagnético. Dicha teoría consiste en un formalismo matemático con significado físico. El procedimiento seguido por Maxwell proporciona un medio idóneo para examinar cómo se construyen los términos científicos y cuál es el papel que desempeñan en la formación de la teoría científica. A tenor del análisis realizado, la teoría de Maxwell muestra que el papel de la ciencia no es revelar entidades reales escondidas bajo apariencias sensibles, sino construir un formalismo matemático significante a partir de datos experimentales.Palabras clave: Método científico, instrumentalismo, realismo, campo electromagnético, Maxwell.  Abstract: The three papers published between 1856 and 1864 by Maxwell have been analyzed in order to study the method of scientific analogy applied to construct the theory of electromagnetic field. The theory consists of a mathematical formalism with physical meaning. The procedure followed by Maxell is a valuable subject to examine in order to understand how scientific terms are defined and it is also a useful way of investigating the function they played in the construction of theories. This analysis shows that the role of the empirical science is not to discover real entities hidden under sensible appearances, but to build up a meaningful mathematical formalism from experimental data.Key words: Scientific method, instrumentalism, realism, electromagnetic field, Maxwell.  Recibido: 26/07/2011. Aprobado: 10/12/2011.
¿Qué menos que un milagro podría salvar la epistemología naturalista? Respuesta a Antonio Diéguez Lucena
Authors: Soler Gil Francisco José
Published: January 2018

Respuesta a la intervención de Antonio Diéguez Lucena en la discusión sobre la naturalización de la epistemología.
Filosofía sin milagros. Comentarios finales a la contrarréplica de Francisco Soler
Authors: Diéguez Lucena Antonio
Published: January 2018

Comentarios finales a la contrarréplica de Francisco Soler
Los límites del universalismo metodológico: El problema de la complejidad
Authors: González Wenceslao J.
Published: January 2018

Resumen: Universalismo metodológico es un planteamiento acerca de la Ciencia que adquiere formas muy diversas. Por un lado, su formulación puede ser explícita o bien puede tratarse de una concepción implícita, que incide en la visión de los procesos científicos. Por otro lado, su alcance varía de manera apreciable, pues puede dar lugar a una propuesta potencialmente irrestricta o bien se puede contentar con una orientación restringida. Estas diversas formas de universalismo metodológico en la Ciencia se enfrentan a la complejidad, que en su doble vertiente —estructural y dinámica— modula de hecho los límites de esta propuesta metodológica. Así, hay ciertamente obstáculos al universalismo metodológico debidos a la complejidad. Esto se aprecia con mayor nitidez en los obstáculos a los predictores, donde la complejidad desempeña un papel decisivo. Palabras clave: Universalismo metodológico, complejidad, Ciencia Abstract: Methodological universalism is an approach to science that takes several forms. On the one hand, it may acquire an explicit formulation or have an implicit conception that influences the vision of scientific processes. On the other hand, its scope varies to appreciate extent since it can set off a potentially unrestrained proposal, or be a view that embraces a restricted orientation. These various forms of methodological universalism in science need to deal with complexity, which its double, structural and dynamic, line modules de facto the limits of this methodological proposal. Hence, there are indeed obstacles to methodological universalism due to complexity. This is appreciated with greater clarity in the obstacles to predictors, where the role of complexity is crucial. Key words: Methodological universalism, complexity, science. Recibido: 30/11/2012 Aprobado: 18/04/2013
Ética, política y retórica del determinismo
Authors: González Quirós José Luis
Published: January 2018

Resumen: La lógica del determinismo constituye una especie de epopeya cósmica que tiende a mimetizarse tanto en la metafísica como en la literatura, y puede contribuir a os­curecer el análisis moral y político, porque, en el fondo, siempre resulta difícil independizar esos análisis respecto de afirmaciones más básicas. El determinismo propor­ciona no solo una metafísica, sino una moral y una literatura, y eso acaba siempre teniendo consecuencias políticas. Palabras clave: Determinismo, libertad, necesidad, consecuencias, intenciones, excusas, épica, relato, lógica narrativa, acción humana, prudencia, deliberación Abstract: The logic of determinism is a kind of cosmic epic that tends to blend both me­taphysics and literature, and can contribute to obscure the nature of the etical questions and, of course, the understanding of political affairs. Determinism provides not only me­taphysics, but it is essentially a rhetoric of the unavoidable, and that always ends up having political consequences. Key words: Determinism, freedom, necessity, effects, intentions, excuses, epic, narrative logic, human action, prudence, deliberation Recibido: 30/01/2013 Aprobado: 18/04/2013
El espíritu de la materia
Authors: López Corredoira Martín
Published: January 2018

Resumen: Lejos de los discursos de sectas y religiones, se habla aquí del “espíritu” como una metáfora poética de lo que los hombres son o ansían ser dentro de un mundo material, un discurso para la vida y su sentido espiritual dentro del sinsentido nihilista implícito en el materialismo/naturalismo. ¿Cómo puede esta contradicción sostenerse? ¿Cómo puede el “espíritu” sostenerse en la “materia” si ambos términos se contraponen como el día y la noche? Sólo como juicio estético, fuera de cualquier pretensión ontológica, tiene sentido el término “espíritu”. Palabras clave: materia, espíritu, estética, vida, poesía Abstract. Aside from discourses of sects and religions, the term “spirit” is used here as a poetic meta­phor of what human beings are, or they strive to become within a material world. This is a discourse for life and its spiritual sense within the context of the nihilistic nonsense which is implicit in mate­rialism/naturalism. How can this contradiction be sustained? How can the “spirit” be sustained inside “matter” when both terms are as contradictory as day and night are? The term "spirit" has only sense as aesthetical assertion, away from any ontological claim. Keywords: matter, spirit, aesthetics, life, poetry Recibido: 29/10/2012 Aprobado: 18/04/2013
Condiciones iniciales, comienzo y origen. Limitaciones de algunos planteamientos monistas en cosmología
Authors: Vanney Claudia E.
Published: January 2018

Resumen: En su último libro Hawking y Mlodinow afirman que la teoría M unifica las teorías físicas, contiene las leyes más fundamentales y responde las grandes preguntas de la humanidad. Es decir, el despliegue del universo se reduciría a un conjunto de leyes único. Este trabajo pretende: 1) Señalar algunos supuestos epistemológicos asumidos sin sufi­ciente fundamentación. 2) Proponer las nociones de condiciones iniciales, comienzo y origen, como un marco adecuado para distinguir las diferentes dimensiones del problema cosmológico. 3) Desde esta distinción enfatizar la importancia del trabajo interdisciplinar para estudiar los temas de frontera entre la ciencia y la filosofía. Palabras clave: modelos cosmológico, Steven Hawking, condiciones iniciales, evolución cósmica, origen del universo. Abstract. In their last book Hawking and Mlodinow argue that M-Theory unifies physi­cal theories, contains the most fundamental laws and answers the great questions of humanity. Namely, the unfolding of the universe would be reduced to a single set of laws. This paper seeks: 1) to identify some epistemological assumptions made with insufficient justification; 2) to propose the notion of initial conditions, beginning and origin as an ap­propriate framework to distinguish different dimensions of the cosmological problem; 3) from this distinction to emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary work to study bor­der issues between science and philosophy. Keywords: cosmological models, Steven Hawking, initial conditions, cosmic evolution, origin of the universe. Recibido: 16/02/2013 Aprobado: 18/04/2013
El problema de la determinación y el diálogo interdisciplinar
Authors: Arana Cañedo-Argüelles Juan
Published: January 2018

Resumen: El artículo los objetivos y naturaleza del libro Los sótanos del universo, y destaca los aspectos que pueden ser de mayor interés para filósofos (muy en particular, los que se adscriben al aristotelismo), científicos, teólogos y público en general.Palabras clave: Filosofía de la naturaleza, interdisciplinariedad, epistemología del riesgo.Abstract: This paper presents the objectives and nature of the book Los Sótanos del Universo and emphasises the aspects that could be center of interest for philosophers (and in particular those who view themselves as aristotelians), scientists, theologians and people in general.Keywords: Philosophy of Nature, Interdisciplinarity, Epistemology of Risk.Recibido: 20 de octubre de 2012. Aprobado: 12 de diciembre de 2013.
La epistemología del riesgo y la relación ciencia-filosofía
Authors: Ac Miguel
Published: January 2018

Resumen: Los sótanos del universo plantea la necesidad de cambiar la epistemología del conocimiento apodíctico científico-filosófico basado en la certidumbre por la “epistemología del riesgo”. Asimismo, sugiere un mayor acercamiento entre ciencia y filosofía para superar la actual confusión y estancamiento que afectan a estos saberes. Este artículo analiza ambos temas.Palabras clave: ciencia, filosofía, epistemología, interdisciplinariedad.Abstract: Los Sótanos del Universo proposes the necessity of changing the epistemology of apodictic scientific-philosophical knowledge, based on certainty, for the “epistemology of risk”. Furthermore, it suggests a better approach between philosophy and science in order to surpass the confusion and standstill that affect these disciplines today. This paper analyses both matters.Keywords: Science, Philosophy, Epistemology, Interdisciplinarity.Recibido: 15 de enero de 2013. Aprobado: 12 de diciembre de 2013.
Recuperando la causa formal sin abandonar la causa eficiente
Authors: Sols Ignacio
Published: January 2018

Resumen: En la primera parte; celebramos la recuperación de la causa formal en la obra de J. Arana Los sótanos del universo como exigencia cada vez mayor de una actualizada filosofía de la naturaleza. En la segunda parte; urgimos a una defensa de la causalidad eficiente; no desaparecida sino aún más interesante en el actual estado de la ciencia.Palabras clave: causa formal; causa eficiente; filosofía de la naturalezaAbstract: First; we celebrate the way J. Arana recovers the formal cause in his work Los sótanos del universo; something increasingly demanded by an updated philosophy of nature. Second; we urge a defense today of the efficient causality; not vanished away but even more relevant in the present state of science.Keywords: Formal Cause; Philosophy of Nature; Efficient Causality.Recibido: 16 de marzo de 2013. Aprobado: 12 de diciembre de 2013.
«Ein Spielen der Liebe mit sich selbst». Hegel e la teoria spinoziana dell’amor Dei intellectualis
Authors: Carannante Salvatore
Published: January 2018

Resumen: Nella parte quinta dell’Etica, Spinoza descrive l’«amore intellettuale verso Dio» - che nasce nella mente che ha raggiunto la scientia intuitiva - come una «parte dell’amore infinito con il quale Dio ama se stesso». Scopo del saggio è gettare luce sui rilevanti, ma scarsamente considerati, riferimenti di Hegel alla teoria dell’amor dei intellectualis, tentando di ricostruirne il significato a due livelli differenti: anzitutto, esaminando le Lezioni sulla storia della filosofia, dove la descrizione dell’amore intellettuale è inserito in una disamina storico-filosofica del pensiero spinoziano; in secondo luogo, analizzando alcuni passaggi della Fenomenologia dello spirito e della Scienza della logica, opere in cui Hegel richiama l’amor dei intellectualis per esprimere metaforicamente la convinzione che l’Assoluto va concepito in termini dialettici, come soggetto e spirito.  Palabras clave: Hegel - Spinoza - Amor dei intellectualisAbstract: In the fifth part of the Ethica Spinoza describes the «intellectual love toward God» – arising in the mind that has achieved the scientia intuitiva – as a «part of the infinite love wherewith God loves himself». The aim of the essay is to cast light, at two different levels, on the interesting but rarely studied Hegel’s references to the theory of amor dei intellectualis: firstly, focusing on the Lectures on the History of Philosophy, where the description of intellectual love is included in an historico-philosophical account of Spinoza’s thought; secondly, dealing with the Phenomenology of Spirit and in the Science of Logic, works in which Hegel mentions the amor dei intellectualis in order to express the idea that the Absolute has to be conceived in dialectical terms, as subject and spirit.Key words: Hegel - Spinoza - Amor dei intellectualis
F.H. Bradley: ¿un espinosista hegeliano?
Authors: Cardani Michele
Published: January 2018

Resumen: La doctrina de Spinoza constituye una de las principales inspiraciones del más célebre entre los idealistas británicos, F.H. Bradley, cuya filosofía se caracteriza a su vez por elementos típicos del idealismo alemán y, en particular, de Hegel. Según A. Seth Pringle-Pattison, la presencia de estas dos tendencias conflictivas reduce el planteamiento de Appearance and Reality a una disposición filosófica esencialmente mística. Sin embargo, a pesar de las reales influencias de Spinoza y Hegel en el contexto del idealismo británico, los cimientos de la metafísica bradleyana (la incognoscibilidad de lo Absoluto, su transcendencia respecto al pensamiento, el rechazo del panteísmo y del panlogismo) sugieren una postura difícilmente identificable con Spinoza o Hegel, o con ambos. Palabras clave: Absoluto - Idealismo británico – Monismo – Panlogismo - Panteísmo.Abstract: Spinoza’s doctrine represents one of the greatest inspirations for the most well-known representative of the British Idealism, F.H. Bradley, whose philosophy is also marked by some of the most typical elements of German Idealism, especially those of Hegel. According to Seth Pringle-Pattison, the presence of these conflictive tendencies reduce the standpoint of Appearance and Reality to an essentially mystic philosophical attitude. However, despite the real influences of Spinoza and Hegel in the context of British Idealism, the foundations of Bradley’s metaphysics (the unknowability of the Absolute and its transcendence, as well as the rejection of pantheism and panlogism) suggest that Bradley is defending a perspective that can hardly be identified with Spinoza or Hegel, or with both of them. Key words: Absolute - British Idealism – Monism – Panlogism - Pantheism.
La recepción francesa de Hegel en las postrimerías del S.XX: Spinoza y la tradición neoplatónica
Authors: Moder Gregor
Published: January 2018

Resumen: Para Hegel, la substancia de Spinoza es el comienzo necesario de toda filosofía, pero es solo su comienzo, pues carece de la libertad de la subjetividad. Los críticos materialistas franceses -Althusser, Macherey, Deleuze- señalaron que Hegel había reducido el sistema de Spinoza a una mera variante de la ontología jerárquica neoplatónica. El autor sostiene que estos mismos críticos redujeron a Hegel a una simple inversión del orden neoplatónico. Esta mala interpretación mutua, en todo caso, resulta ser productiva en la medida en que gira en torno a temas clave: la crítica de la filosofía de la identidad, el rechazo a la causalidad emanativa y el concepto de la diferencia primordial. El autor propone entenderlos como la cuestión central de la negatividad.   Palabras clave: sustancia - sujeto, - negatividad - diferencia - ontologíaAbstract: For Hegel, Spinoza’s substance is the necessary beginning of all philosophy, but only its beginning, because it lacks the freedom of subjectivity. The French materialist critics – Althusser, Macherey, Deleuze – pointed out that Hegel reduced Spinoza’s system to a mere variation of Neoplatonic hierarchical ontology. The author argues that these critics themselves reduced Hegel to a simple inversion of Neoplatonic order. This mutual misreading nevertheless proves to be a productive one insofar as it revolves around key topics: critique of the philosophy of identity, rejection of emanative causality, and a concept of primordial difference. The author proposes to grasp these as the central question of negativity.Key words: substance, subject, negativity, difference, ontology
STUDY IN PLUIT RESERVOIR, NORTH JAKARTA AND DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC DEGRADATION
Authors: Hertin Sindi Rawi , Lindu Muhammad , Iswanto Bambang
Published: January 2018

Aim:This research is  aimed  to study of organic degradation in  Pluit reservoir,  that located in the Village Penjaringan, North Jakarta, between 6° 07' 28.6" S 106° 48' 07.6" E and 6° 06' 40.2" S 106° 47'51.1"E with a broad area of ± 80 Ha, depth 1-8 meter. Flow systems pluit reservoir is half continuous and water is disposed with 4 units pump with a capacity of 4.5 m3/s which operates 8 hours/day throughout 11 pumps available. From the results of research findings are then compared with quality standards inspection according to the Government Regulation No. 82/2001 Class II for a review of recreation, fisheries and agriculture. Methodology and Result:The 90% of the DO value is ≤ 2 mg/L. The phosphate value obtained overall is not complied to the standard quality (≤ 0.2 mg/L P). In Pluit reservoir is found organic compounds as raw CODwhich was not complied to the standard quality (≤25 mg/L COD) approximately 27.52 mg/L COD - 371.52 mg/L COD. A kinetics test was done in order to determine the decreasing rate of COD in two conditions, where the first aeration to initial DO reached 4.5 mg/L, and the second is without aeration. Conclusion, significance and impact study:The COD degradation towards time is then measured and shows that organic degradation rate towards time without aeration process shows no decreasing, while non-aerated condition shows that the reaction rate following first pseudo reaction is 0.096 hours-1 – 0.133 hours-1 with an average value of 0.1177 hours-1.
APPLICATION OF OPEN AIR MODEL (R PACKAGE) TO ANALYZE AIR POLLUTION DATA
Authors: Agustine Intan , Yulinawati Hernani , Suswantoro Endro , Gunawan Dodo
Published: January 2018

Air pollution problem is faced by many countries in the world. Ambient air quality studies and monitoring need a long time period of data to cover various atmospheric conditions, which create big data. A tool is needed to make easier and more effective to analyze big data. Aims: This study aims to analyze various application of openair model, which is available in open-source, for analyzing urban air quality data. Methodology and results: Each pollutant and meteorological data were collected through their sampling-analysis methods (active, passive or real-time) from a certain period of time. The data processed and imported in the openair model were presented in comma separated value (csv) format. The input data must consist of date-time, pollutant, and meteorological data. The analysis is done by selecting six functions: theilSen for trend analysis, timeVariation for temporal variations, scatterPlot for linear correlation analysis, timePlot for fluctuation analysis, windRose for wind rose creation, and polarPlot for creating pollution rose. Results from these functions are discussed. Conclusion, significance and impact study: Openair model is capable of analyzing a long time air quality data. Application of openair model is possible to cities in Indonesia that already monitor ambient air quality but have not analyzed the data yet
JOBâ€™S WIFE
Authors: Pinker Aron
Published: January 2018

Internal textual evidence, as well as external evidence drawn from behavioural patterns in the ancient Near East, shows that the book of Job contains not only a theological conflict between man and God, but also one between man and the society to which he belongs. Jobâ€™s physical affliction (×©×—×™×Ÿ ×¨×¢ ) made him into a social outcast because of fear of contagion. The role of Jobâ€™s wife has to be understood within this context. In particular, this paper is focused on the speech of Jobâ€™s wife in the Prologue (2:9), allusions to her in 19:17, 30:12â€“13, 17â€“18, 31:1, 10, and her absence from the Epilogue. These sources suggest an image of Jobâ€™s wife that is at variance with the negative character usually ascribed to her.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EARLY AND LATE SASSANIAN COINAGE
Authors: Vollgraaff Stephanus
Published: January 2018

Sassanian coinage is one the best sources for information on the individual kings from this Persian dynasty. This is because the coins are primary sources that are unaltered. The way in which the Sassanian coins changed is not a topic that has been dealt with extensively.1 A stylistic analysis and comparison of the coins from the different Sassanian ages will be done. In this study the coins from the Sassanian rulers of the early period (224â€“302 C.E.) and the late period (628â€“652 C.E.) will be analysed for stylistic characteristics that differentiated them from other Sassanian coins. Trends that were common to coins from each period will be identified as well so that the continuity and breaks in coin design from each period can be illustrated and compared. The factors behind some rulers following the standards set by predecessors and others reinventing it will be exposed by the study.
FROM STEPPE TO VELD: THE LANDSCAPE POEMS OF THE YIDDISH POET DAVID FRAM
Authors: Frankel Hazel
Published: January 2018

This article offers detailed readings of specific poems that reflect, and reflect on, Framâ€™s responses to the differing landscapes in which he found himself, focusing on his lyric mode and romantic inclinations. While those about Lithuania indicate his strong feelings of attachment to the icy steppes, the poems he wrote later in South Africa provide a contrast, as his changed imagery evokes the heat of the veld and the exotic luxuriance of its flora. Through their translation and transliteration, the poems provide a valuable space for the preservation of a particular literary and cultural heritage.
A HERMENEUTIC OF VULNERABILITY. EDOM IN MALACHI 1:2â€“5
Authors: Snyman Gerrie F.
Published: January 2018

The current interpretation of Edom in Mal 1: 2-5 does not allow for any redemption of Edom. This article looks into the possibility of reading these verses differently so as to allow for the rehabilitation of Edom. At issue here is to whom the deity is referring to in Mal 1:4: the Edomites or the audience of Malachiâ€™s prophecy, the priests? In nearly all the translations and commentaries it seems to be the Edomites, but Gerda Hoekveld-Meijer (1996) made the bold claim that the text refers to the priests, or the Levites, turning Edom into a blessing. Something similar happened with the figure of Cain in Genesis 4. In order to answer the question of the validity of this interpretation of Edom, this essay will look at what happened to Cain in Gen 4 and Edom in Obadiah (in which the anti-Edomite sentiments are the clearest) before it takes up the case of Edom in Malachi.
WORD ORDER VARIATION OF THE VERBAL SENTENCE IN A JERUSALEM-AMARNALETTER, EA 290
Authors: Van der Westhuizen J P
Published: January 2018

The reason for the correspondence between the vassals of Syria-Palestine and their sovereign, the pharaoh of Egypt, is instigated by the external and internal turmoil in Syria-Palestine during the Late Bronze Age.These letters were written in theWestern Peripheral Akkadian dialect (WPA) with some West Semitic (WS) trends, by the scribes of the vassals in Israel andthe scribes of the pharaoh. One such trend is the word order, and variations from it, in the verbal sentences.This variation in wordorder was to effect some special emphasis or some nuance of the appropriate element in the specific sentence. Thevariation inword-order was brought about by certain (emphasising) words such as anuma, Å¡anita, inuma and amurmi and/or constructions such assubject fronting or object fronting, parallel sentence arrangement and chiastic sentence arrangement.However, even this word order and the variation thereof shows no consistency.The investigation of the word order and its variation functioning in the verbal sentences of the Jerusalem-Amarna letters as in EA 285-290 to the pharaoh shows that these Amarna letters â€”even those with similar content as in the other letters to the pharaoh â€”must have been written by the different scribes of the vassals. This leads to the conclusion that each scribe had his own version of an â€œinterlanguageâ€ that he used in his correspondence.
THE SURVIVAL FITNESS OF MEMES IN THE INHERITANCE DIVISIONS FROM OLD BABYLONIA SIPPAR
Authors: Van Wyk Susandra J.
Published: January 2018

Today, the clay tablets chiselled by Old Babylonian scribes from the city-state of Sippar are our only evidence of the legal conventions from oral agreements between family members in the division of their inheritance. But why would the Old Babylonians, a predominantly oral culture, go to the expense of hiring a scribe? On face value, it seems understandable that the recording of the division of the inheritance was for the sake of standardisation, legibility and simplification (Yoffee 1991). However, there is more to it. In this paper, I present Dawkinsâ€™ meme theory (1976) and assert that the legal conventions of division agreements and scribal school practices in Old Babylonian Sippar are a â€œmeme complexâ€, a group of memes that co-adapt in order to ensure their own replication (Blackmore 1999, Dawkins 1976, Dennett 1991). The question still remains: why do these memes survive? I propose that the structures of the filters of such memes â€” driven by simplicity â€” are standardisation, certainty and legibility. They promote the memes in their evolutionary algorithm of variation, selection and retention. Thus, the recording of the oral division agreement is merely a record designed to protect and carry on the division agreementâ€™s scribal school practices and, to a lesser degree, its legal conventions.
LONGING FOR BELONGING BEYOND BELONGINGS: THE ECONOMICS OF SONG OF SONGS
Authors: Zwan Pieter van der
Published: January 2018

The intimate and â€œmonogamousâ€ eroticism in the Song of Songs can be considered as a critique of economic materialism where multiple women may be â€œboughtâ€ in some sense or another. It is the female lover, however, who regards the lovers as belonging to each other and visualises her belovedâ€™s body as made up of precious metals and gemstones which she then owns. It therefore appears that this protest is partially self-subversive in that it equates the celebrated body with the very currency it sets out to denounce. Added to that is the body with its boundaries imaged as a building blocking out unwanted intrusions and so as expression of private property. This conflict of class psychologies might therefore contain an element of envy and the question can be asked which party is actually compensating by overinvestment for unmet needs.
VIOLENCE AND THE LIBERATED WOMAN: BRENDA FASSIEâ€™S SONG â€œNAKUPENDAâ€ AS A HERMENEUTICAL LENS FOR READING THE SONG OF SONGS
Authors: Mtshiselwa V. Ndikhokele N.
Published: January 2018

Although it is widely argued that the Hebrew Bible contains texts which caricature violence against women, the present article shows that some biblical texts could also offer liberating possibilities to oppressed women in South Africa. The interest of this article lies in bringing Brenda Fassieâ€™s song â€œNakupendaâ€ (I love you) into conversation with the Song of Songs in order to produce an interaction between the biblical text and an African popular song. In the reading of both songs, the issue of violence against women as well as womenâ€™s (sexual) independence in the context of patriarchy is highlighted. In conclusion, the author of this article draws liberating lessons for women in South Africa from the actions of the woman protagonist in the Shir ha-Shirim and of the female lover in Brenda Fassieâ€™s song â€œNakupendaâ€.
THE GARDEN AS THE PLACE OF THE ENCOUNTER OF GOD AND ISRAEL AND ITS PLACE IN (HI-)STORY AND SPACE: SONG 4:16â€“5:1 IN THE RECEPTION OF RABBINIC MIDRASHIM
Authors: Erzberger Johanna
Published: January 2018

Song Rab. 4:16â€“5:1, Num. Rab. 13, Pesiq. Rab. 5, and Lev. Rab. 9, which offer interpretations of Song 4:16â€“5:1, are to a high degree made up of the same fixed text passages. They are, however, characterised by different selections, different versions, and different ways in which they organise the shared material by means of different models of Israelâ€™s remembered history, which serve as â€œhypertextsâ€. Differing interpretations of Song 4:16â€“5:1, and especially the understanding of the significance of the garden in the Song, are linked with the midrashimâ€™s differing interpretations of Israelâ€™s remembered history. The way in which identical material is used by these different midrashim to make different statements makes them a good example of the handling of traditional material by haggadic rabbinic midrashim.
SCRIPTURE AND LAW IN THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS, BY A P JASSEN
Authors: Linington Silvia
Published: January 2018

(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014). Hardcover. Price: USD 99.99.
LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL AFFINITIES: THE CASE OF ARABIC AND ETHIOPIAN LANGUAGES
Authors: Dadoo Yousuf
Published: January 2018

Multi-faceted relations between Ethiopia and South Arabia existed since the sixth century B.C. During the earlier phase, the Christian Ethiopians networked with their co-religionists. Later they interacted primarily with Muslim Arabs some of whom settled in Ethiopia either in search of religious sanctuary or for trade purposes. The Muslims entrenched themselves and established petty kingdoms between the ninth and fifteenth centuries C.E. Thereafter, they suffered huge reversals at the hands of their Christian compatriots who were assisted by the Portuguese colonial power. Over the last two centuries relations between these two religious groups suffered appreciably. Despite these mammoth problems, testimonies to the linguistic and cultural affinities between Ethiopia and Arabia are evident; illustrations of which are given in this article. They could be used as a springboard for improving relations between the two communities. The Ethiopian socio-political climate has improved since the installation of a new federal and democratically elected government. It behoves all relevant groups to grasp the mettle by doing more intensive and extensive research in topics like this one in order to trace commonalities between them.
HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS, EDITORIAL THEORY, AND BIBLICAL HEBREW. THE CURRENT STATE OF THE DEBATE
Authors: NaudÃ© Jacobus A. , Miller-NaudÃ© Cynthia L.
Published: January 2018

The question of diachronic change in Biblical Hebrew has been extensivelyexamined in recent years. This article has two parts. First, it reviews the currentstate of the debate in light of a special session devoted to the topic at the Societyof Biblical Hebrew and National Association of Professors of Hebrew in 2015.Special attention is given to the diachrony of Biblical Hebrew in light of ancientIndo-European languages, statistical methods for historical linguistics andeditorial theory. Second, it responds to a recent article of Rezetko (2016)concerning syntactic evidence for diachronic change in Qumran Hebrew (NaudÃ©& Miller-NaudÃ© 2016a) by providing additional evidence from the crosslinguisticnegative cycle and the negation of participles in Hebrew.
HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS AND BIBLICAL HEBREW: AN INDO-EUROPEANISTâ€™S VIEW
Authors: Klein Jared S.
Published: January 2018

Rezetko and Youngâ€™s Historical linguistics and Biblical Hebrew: steps toward an integrated approach brings variation analysis to bear on the question of the periodisation of Biblical Hebrew. However, this methodology is at best microdiachronic, dealing with variation in synchronic terms. In order to answer the question they pose, a language with a history as long as Biblical Hebrew requires macrodiachronic techniques which look at real linguistic processes. Several such processes are discussed in this paper, and though they collectively converge in pointing to a late date for Qoheleth, they are insufficient to establish a linguistically-based entity â€œLate Biblical Hebrewâ€. At the present time, one can at best apply this term in a non-linguistic sense to the Hebrew of those books known on extra-linguistic grounds to have been chronologically late.
ANCIENT HEBREW WITHOUT AUTHORS
Authors: Young Ian
Published: January 2018

Current scholarship on the history of the Hebrew Bible text sees the composition of biblical literature as a long, drawn-out scribal process of rewriting, to which many individuals contributed. This approach is in harmony with the evidence for variability in the scribal transmission of distinctive (less common) linguistic features in non-MT biblical manuscripts and parallel passages in the MT. The Text-Critical paradigm contrasts with the MT-Only paradigm which presupposes the composition of biblical books or identifiable parts of them by single authors at specific dates. This article focuses on the unusually well-attested text MT 2 Kings 25:1â€“12// LXX 2 Kings 25:1â€“12// MT Jeremiah 39:1â€“10// LXX Jeremiah 39:1â€“10// MT Jeremiah 52:4â€“16// LXX Jeremiah 52:4â€“16 where it is discovered that not a single distinctive linguistic feature is shared by all texts. It concludes with suggestions as to how the application of this approach can help reformulate some of the questions scholars ask in their study of ancient Hebrew.
ARAMAISMS: NOT WHAT THEY USED TO BE
Authors: Dean Richard
Published: January 2018

For approximately two centuries scholars have sought to identify â€œAramaismsâ€ in Biblical Hebrew texts and utilise their presence as evidence for a post-exilic date of composition. In this article it is demonstrated that many features which have historically been identified as Aramaisms were not stable during the transmission of the Bible, as the presence or absence of Aramaic elements varies between the Masoretic Text and the biblical Dead Sea Scrolls. It is thus argued that the presence of Aramaisms is not a reliable criterion for linguistic dating as Aramaisms could often reflect Aramaic influence during a stage of the textâ€™s transmission, rather than the time of its composition.
LEVITICUS 11, DEUTERONOMY 14 AND DIRECTIONALITY
Authors: Meyer Esias E.
Published: January 2018

The article engages with the old debate about the diachronic relationship between Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14. It starts with outlining certain criteria which might help us determine directionality. It then provides a synchronic overview of the two chapters, focusing on commonalities and differences, before moving on to the diachronic debate. As part of the diachronic debate the views of Christophe Nihan and Reinhard Achenbach are contrasted and critiqued. The article then attempts to draw some conclusions from this debate.
DENTAL DISEASES AND OTHER INSULTS TO TEETH IN ANCIENT EGYPT
Authors: Greeff Casper
Published: January 2018

The objective of this article is to critically survey the literature of dental pathology in general and severe dental wear in particular. Dental wear was ubiquitous in the populations of Upper and Lower Egypt and we aim to show how other dental diseases are closely related to wearing down of teeth. Other diseases mentioned and discussed are caries, with special reference to the myth of the teeth-worm, periodontal disease, and hypoplasias. The causes, effect and treatment of dental pain following dental diseases clearly influenced the lifestyle of the individual. The Egyptians of the period did not seem to have much interest in an oral hygiene regime, with the significance of furthering their susceptibility to dental maladies. Dental pathology, in all its demeanours, is shown to have a direct and indirect effect on the demography of the population of ancient Egypt.
THE PLAUSIBILITY OF PROVERBS 31 AS FINAL PARENTAL (MOTHERLY) INSTRUCTION
Authors: Ndoga Sampson S.
Published: January 2018

Proverbs 31 has been viewed as two separate poems: 31:1-9, the words of Lemuel's mother, and 31:10-31, an acrostic poem on the capable wife. Careful analysis of the two poems shows that these were juxtaposed by the redactor as a single composition through lexical and thematic links. It is equally observable that there is no title between the two compositions. Other than the shift in style where the first nine verses are prescriptive and the final 22 verses are descriptive, there is no indication to treat the two as separate. From these indicators, this paper seeks to argue for the plausibility of the final chapter as the final parental (motherly) instruction in which these formerly independent compositions are juxtaposed by the redactor for that specific purpose. This view will obviously yield some interpretational implications on the book of Proverbs that we would like to table for ongoing analysis.
PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THEOLOGICAL WHY-QUESTIONS IN THE HEBREW BIBLE
Authors: Gericke Jaco
Published: January 2018

This article provides an introductory overview of a selection of philosophical perspectives on theological why-questions in the Hebrew Bible. Why-questions put to Yhwh in all the various sections of the canon are clarified philosophically via ancient views on causation, the Principle of Sufficient Reason, and the philosophy of language. Comparative philosophy of religion is also utilized to argue that while most theological why-questions in the Hebrew Bible are asked in the context of suffering, assumptions related to the deity differ from those of modern philosophical theologies.
RETHINKING YORUBA CULTURE IN THE LIGHT OF YORUBA ORIGINS
Authors: Agai Jock Matthew
Published: January 2018

There are existing traditions which teach that the Yorubas and their culture originate independently or from Egypt or from Israel or from Mecca or even from Etruscan sources. Many scholars and contemporary Yorubas have accepted the Egyptian thesis for Yoruba origins as true because there are many aspects of the culture of the ancient Egyptians that are similar to Yoruba culture. The question arises: what are the cultural aspects that are similar or different between the Yorubas and the Egyptians, or the Israelites, or the Arabians, or the Etruscans? How can the study of these foreign cultures influence the study for the search for Yoruba origins? This research is a study of how certain foreign and ancient cultures are different or similar to Yoruba culture. The main purpose of this research is to explain how the search for the origins of Yoruba culture can contribute to challenging contemporary researchers to begin to look into West Africa and not Egypt or the ancient Near East in the search for Yoruba origin.
AGSA, VROU VAN OTNIÃ‹L
Authors: Le Roux Magdel
Published: January 2018

Die literÃªre uitbeelding van die verhale in die boek Rigters weerspieÃ«l Å‰ korporatiewe eenheid van stamme of sibbes waarin individue ook Å‰ prominente rol speel. Binne die stammeorganisasie kan verwag word dat diÃ© individue tipiese â€œideale liggameâ€ â€“ heel manlike Israeliete â€“ sal wees. In teenstelling daarmee speel â€œnie-ideale liggameâ€ soos vroue, â€œgestremdesâ€ en â€œheideneâ€ Å‰ toonaangewende rol in die boek. Die naasmekaarstelling van â€œidealeâ€ en â€œnie-ideale liggameâ€ in die boek skep beide spanning en ironie, veral wanneer die â€œnie-ideale vroulike liggaamâ€ inisiatief neem terwyl die ideale manlike Israeliet dikwels Å‰ bedreiging skep wat op skade of skande uitloop (bv Rgt 14â€“16). Die rol wat Agsa in Rigters 1:11â€“15 speel is Å‰ illustrasie van Å‰ â€œteenkultuur-retoriekâ€ as verskuilde polemiek (vgl ook 4â€“5; 9:50; 11:37â€“40; 13).Â The literary depiction of this story in the book of Judges reflects a corporate unit of tribes or clans in which individuals played a prominent role. Within the tribal organisation these individuals could be expected to have typical â€œideal bodiesâ€ â€“ entirely masculine Israelites. â€œNon-ideal bodiesâ€, such as women, the handicapped and heathens, in contrast, play a leading role in the book. The juxtaposition of the â€œidealâ€ and the â€œnon-ideal bodyâ€ in Judges creates both tension and irony, especially when the â€œnon-ideal female bodyâ€ takes the initiative, while the ideal manly Israelite often creates a threat that results in harm or shame (e.g. Judges 14â€“16). The role Achsah plays in Judges 1:11â€“15 is an illustration of a counter-culture rhetoric as hidden polemic (cf also 4â€“5; 9:50; 11:37â€“40; 13).
HIDDEN MESSAGES FROM TEETH OF THE PAST REVEALED; PALAEODONTOLOGY IN THE HOLY LAND
Authors: Greeff Casper
Published: January 2018

To scholars who are concerned with biblical archaeology, the Late Bronze Age (LBA)â€“Early Iron Age (EIA) transition in the Southern Levant indicates the emergence of a new ethnicity. This would suggest an invasion of foreigners (i.e., Israelites) into the land of Canaan, in particular their settlement in the highlands surrounding Jerusalem.1 The settlement of the foreigners has long since raised the question whether it can be proven that the settlers were indeed Israelites. Variation in population would be explained by the existence of population differences in phenetic relationships, gene flow and genetic drift between different sites that are known to belong to this period (Ullinger et al. 2005:466). Various research models have been employed to validate the differences, if any. The utilisation of dental non-metrical traits is suggested to secure a scientific answer to prove or controvert this theory. This paper will highlight the morphological traits and precursors that teeth possess. It will also evaluate certain unswerving and/or anomalous morphological characteristics (traits) and the odontometrics of permanent teeth. This will suggest methods that can measure phenetic relationships between different communities, ethnic groups, nationalities and even racial physiognomies, as well as migratory trends. And lastly, the age at death of an individual can be determined from the development and/or extent of wear of their teeth.