bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Perforation of Common Bile Duct: A Rare Presentation of Gall Stones Disease
Authors: Subasinghe Duminda , Udayakumara Edippuli Arachchige Don , Somathilaka Upul , Huruggamuwa Milinda
Published: June 2016

Background. Spontaneous perforation of the extrahepatic biliary system is a rare presentation of gall stones. Very few cases of bile duct perforation have been reported in adults. It is rarely suspected or correctly diagnosed preoperatively.Case Presentation. A 66-year-old female presented at the surgical emergency with 3 days’ history of severe upper abdominal pain with distension and repeated episodes of vomiting, as she had evidence of generalized peritonitis and underwent an exploratory laparotomy. A single 0.5 cm×0.5 cm free perforation was present on the anterolateral surface of the common bile duct at the junction of cystic duct. A cholecystectomy and the CBD exploration were performed.Conclusion. Spontaneous perforation of the extrahepatic bile duct is a rare but important presentation of gall stones in adults. Therefore, awareness of the clinical presentation, expert ultrasound examination, and surgery are important aspects in the management.
Research on Attacking a Special Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem
Authors: Weng Jiang , Dou Yunqi , Ma Chuangui
Published: June 2016

Cheon first proposed a novel algorithm for solving discrete logarithm problem with auxiliary inputs. Given some pointsP,αP,α2P,…,αdP∈G, an attacker can solve the secret key efficiently. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to solve another form of elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem with auxiliary inputs. We show that if some pointsP,αP,αkP,αk2P,αk3P,…,αkφ(d)-1P∈Gand a multiplicative cyclic groupK=〈k〉are given, wheredis a prime,φ(d)is the order ofK. The secret keyα∈Fp⁎can be solved inO((p-1)/d+d)group operations by usingO((p-1)/d)storage.
Functional Role of Milk Fat Globule-Epidermal Growth Factor VIII in Macrophage-Mediated Inflammatory Responses and Inflammatory/Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Yi Young-Su
Published: June 2016

Inflammation involves a series of complex biological processes mediated by innate immunity for host defense against pathogen infection. Chronic inflammation is considered to be one of the major causes of serious diseases, including a number of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological diseases. Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8) is a secreted protein found in vertebrates and was initially discovered as a critical component of the milk fat globule. Previously, a number of studies have reported that MFG-E8 contributes to various biological functions including the phagocytic removal of damaged and apoptotic cells from tissues, the induction of VEGF-mediated neovascularization, the maintenance of intestinal epithelial homeostasis, and the promotion of mucosal healing. Recently, emerging studies have reported that MFG-E8 plays a role in inflammatory responses and inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. This review describes the characteristics of MFG-E8-mediated signaling pathways, summarizes recent findings supporting the roles of MFG-E8 in inflammatory responses and inflammatory/autoimmune diseases, and discusses MFG-E8 targeting as a potential therapeutic strategy for the development of anti-inflammatory/autoimmune disease drugs.
Determination of Urinary Neopterin/Creatinine Ratio to Distinguish Active Tuberculosis from LatentMycobacterium tuberculosisInfection
Authors: Eisenhut Michael , Hargreaves Dougal S. , Scott Anne , Housley David , Walters Andrew , Mulla Rohinton
Published: June 2016

Background. Biomarkers to distinguish latent from activeMycobacterium (M.) tuberculosisinfection in clinical practice are lacking. The urinary neopterin/creatinine ratio can quantify the systemic interferon-gamma effect in patients withM. tuberculosisinfection.Methods. In a prospective observational study, urinary neopterin levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in patients with active tuberculosis, in people with latentM. tuberculosisinfection, and in healthy controls and the urinary neopterin/creatinine ratio was calculated.Results. We included a total of 44 patients withM. tuberculosisinfection and nine controls. 12 patients had active tuberculosis (8 of them culture-confirmed). The median age was 15 years (range 4.5 to 49). Median urinary neopterin/creatinine ratio in patients with active tuberculosis was 374.1 micromol/mol (129.0 to 1072.3), in patients with latentM. tuberculosisinfection it was 142.1 (28.0 to 384.1), and in controls it was 146.0 (40.3 to 200.0), with significantly higher levels in patients with active tuberculosis (p<0.01). The receiver operating characteristics curve had an area under the curve of 0.84 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.97) (p<0.01).Conclusions. Urinary neopterin/creatinine ratios are significantly higher in patients with active tuberculosis compared to patients with latent infection and may be a significant predictor of active tuberculosis in patients withM. tuberculosisinfection.
Sectorization and Configuration Transition in Airspace Design
Authors: Zou Xiang , Cheng Peng , An Bang , Song Jingyan
Published: June 2016

Current airspace is sectorized according to some predefined rules that are not flexible. To facilitate utilizing the airspace more efficiently, methods to design sectors need to be promoted. In this paper, we propose an undirected graph cut-based approach that employs a memetic local search-embedded constrained evolution algorithm, NSGA-II, to generate nondominated airspace configurations. We also propose a new concave hull-based method to automatically depict sector boundaries. In addition, we also study the configuration transition problem. We define the similarity of the two different configurations and calculate their similarity with a bisection diagram and a minimum cost flow algorithm. We build a forward network to represent configuration transitions across several consecutive time periods and use multiobjective dynamic programming to determine a series of nondominated configuration links from the first period to the end. We test our approaches by simulation in high-altitude airspace controlled by Beijing Area Control Center. The results show that our sectorization method outperforms the current configuration in practice, providing a lower sector number, lower intersector flow, more balanced workload distribution among the different sectors, and no constraint violations, so that the proposed approach shows its significant potential as practical applications for dynamic airspace configuration.
Image Encryption Performance Evaluation Based on Poker Test
Authors: Li Shanshan , Sun Weiyang
Published: June 2016

The fast development of image encryption requires performance evaluation metrics. Traditional metrics like entropy do not consider the correlation between local pixel and its neighborhood. These metrics cannot estimate encryption based on image pixel coordinate permutation. A novel effectiveness evaluation metric is proposed in this paper to address the issue. The cipher text image is transformed to bit stream. Then, Poker Test is implemented. The proposed metric considers the neighbor correlations of image by neighborhood selection and clip scan. The randomness of the cipher text image is tested by calculating the chi-square test value. Experiment results verify the efficiency of the proposed metrics.
Phase 1 Trial of Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Kakabadze Zurab , Kipshidze Nickolas , Mardaleishvili Konstantine , Chutkerashvili Gocha , Chelishvili Irakli , Harders Albrecht , Loladze George , Shatirishvili Gocha , Kipshidze Nodar , Chakhunashvili David , Chutkerashvili Konstantine
Published: June 2016

Introduction. A total of 18 patients, with complete motor deficits and paraplegia caused by thoracic and lumbar spine trauma without muscle atrophy or psychiatric problems, were included into this study. Materials and Methods. The bone marrow was aspirated from the anterior iliac crest under local anesthesia and the mononuclear fraction was isolated by density gradient method. At least 750 million mononuclear‐enriched cells, suspended in 2 mL of saline, were infused intrathecally. Results and Discussion. The study reports demonstrated improvement of motor and sensory functions of various degrees observed in 9 of the 18 (50%) cases after bone marrow stem cell transplantation. Measured by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scale, 7 (78%) out of the 9 patients observed an improvement by one grade, while two cases (22%) saw an improvement by two grades. However, there were no cases in which the condition was improved by three grades. Conclusions. Analysis of subsequent treatment results indicated that the transplantation of mononuclear‐enriched autologous BMSCs is a feasible and safe technique. However, successful application of the BMSCs in the clinical practice is associated with the necessity of executing more detailed examinations to evaluate the effect of BMSCs on the patients with spinal cord injury.
The Effect of Hemoglobin Levels on Mortality in Pediatric Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Yee Kevin F. , Walker Andrew M. , Gilfoyle Elaine
Published: June 2016

Objective. There is increasing evidence of adverse outcomes associated with blood transfusions for adult traumatic brain injury patients. However, current evidence suggests that pediatric traumatic brain injury patients may respond to blood transfusions differently on a vascular level. This study examined the influence of blood transfusions and anemia on the outcome of pediatric traumatic brain injury patients.Design. A retrospective cohort analysis of severe pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients was undertaken to investigate the association between blood transfusions and anemia on patient outcomes.Measurements and Main Results. One hundred and twenty patients with severe traumatic brain injury were identified and included in the analysis. The median Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 6 and the mean hemoglobin (Hgb) on admission was 115.8 g/L. Forty-three percent of patients (43%) received at least one blood transfusion and the mean hemoglobin before transfusion was 80.1 g/L. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that anemia and the administration of packed red blood cells were not associated with adverse outcomes. Factors that were significantly associated with mortality were presence of abusive head trauma, increasing PRISM score, and low GCS after admission.Conclusion. In this single centre retrospective cohort study, there was no association found between anemia, blood transfusions, and hospital mortality in a pediatric traumatic brain injury patient population.
Global Character of a Six-Dimensional Nonlinear System of Difference Equations
Authors: Gümüş Mehmet , Soykan Yüksel
Published: June 2016

The aim of this paper is to study the dynamical behavior of positive solutions for a system of rational difference equations of the following form:un+1=αun-1/β+γvn-2p,vn+1=α1vn-1/β1+γ1un-2p,n=0,1,…, where the parametersα,β,γ,α1,β1,γ1,pand the initial valuesu-i,v-ifori=0,1,2are positive real numbers.
Three-Dimensional Visualization of Myocardial Ischemia Based on the Standard Twelve-Lead Electrocardiogram
Authors: Ma Ying , Sheng Yang , Ruixia Tian , Xun Chen
Published: June 2016

A novel method was proposed for transforming the ischemic information in the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) into the pseudo-color pattern displayed on a 3D heart model based on the projection of a ST injury vector in this study. The projection of the ST injury vector at a point on the heart surface was used for identifying the presence of myocardial ischemia by the difference between the projection value and the detection threshold. Supposing that myocardial ischemia was uniform and continuous, the location and range of myocardial ischemia could be accurately calculated and visually displayed in a color-encoding way. The diagnoses of the same patient were highly consistent (kappa coefficientk=0.9030) between the proposed method used by ordinary people lacking medical knowledge and the standard 12-lead ECG used by experienced cardiologists. In addition, the diagnostic accuracy of the proposed method was further confirmed by the coronary angiography. The results of this study provide a new way to promote the development of the 3D visualization of the standard 12-lead ECG, which has a great help for inexperienced doctors or ordinary family members in their diagnosis of patients with myocardial ischemia.
Influence of Calcium Phosphate and Apatite Containing Products on Enamel Erosion
Authors: Kensche A. , Pötschke S. , Hannig C. , Richter G. , Hoth-Hannig W. , Hannig M.
Published: June 2016

For the purpose of erosion prevention the present study aimed to compare the efficacy of two biomimetic products and a fluoride solution to optimize the protective properties of the pellicle. After 1 min ofin situpellicle formation on bovine enamel slabs, 8 subjects adopted CPP-ACP (GC Tooth Mousse), a mouthwash with hydroxyapatite microclusters (Biorepair), or a fluoride based mouthwash (elmex Kariesschutz) for 1 min each. Afterwards, samples were exposed in the oral cavity for 28 min. Native enamel slabs and slabs exposed to the oral cavity for 30 min without any rinse served as controls. After oral exposure, slabs were incubated in HCl (pH values 2, 2.3, and 3) for 120 s and kinetics of calcium and phosphate release were measured photometrically; representative samples were evaluated by SEM and TEM. The physiological pellicle reduced demineralization at all pH values; the protective effect was enhanced by fluoride. The biomimetic materials also reduced ion release but their effect was less pronounced. SEM indicated no layer formation after use of the different products. However, TEM confirmed the potential accumulation of mineral components at the pellicle surface. The tested products improve the protective properties of thein situpellicle but not as effectively as fluorides.
Fermentation Quality and Additives: A Case of Rice Straw Silage
Authors: Oladosu Yusuff , Rafii Mohd Y. , Abdullah Norhani , Magaji Usman , Hussin Ghazali , Ramli Asfaliza , Miah Gous
Published: June 2016

Rice cultivation generates large amount of crop residues of which only 20% are utilized for industrial and domestic purposes. In most developing countries especially southeast Asia, rice straw is used as part of feeding ingredients for the ruminants. However, due to its low protein content and high level of lignin and silica, there is limitation to its digestibility and nutritional value. To utilize this crop residue judiciously, there is a need for improvement of its nutritive value to promote its utilization through ensiling. Understanding the fundamental principle of ensiling is a prerequisite for successful silage product. Prominent factors influencing quality of silage product include water soluble carbohydrates, natural microbial population, and harvesting conditions of the forage. Additives are used to control the fermentation processes to enhance nutrient recovery and improve silage stability. This review emphasizes some practical aspects of silage processing and the use of additives for improvement of fermentation quality of rice straw.
Metastatic Breast Carcinoma to the Prostate Gland
Authors: Kapp Meghan E. , Giannico Giovanna A. , Desouki Mohamed Mokhtar
Published: June 2016

Cancer of the male breast is an uncommon event with metastases to the breast occurring even less frequently. Prostate carcinoma has been reported as the most frequent primary to metastasize to the breast; however, the reverse has not been previously reported. Herein, we present, for the first time, a case of breast carcinoma metastasizing to the prostate gland. Prostate needle core biopsy revealed infiltrative nests of neoplastic epithelioid cells, demonstrated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to be positive for GATA3 and ER and negative for PSA and P501S. A prostate cocktail by IHC study demonstrated lack of basal cells (p63 and CK903) and no expression of P501S. The patient’s previous breast needle core biopsy showed strong ER positivity and negative staining for PR and HER2. Similar to the prostate, the breast was negative for CK5/6, p63, and p40. This case demonstrates the importance of considering a broad differential diagnosis and comparing histology and IHC to prior known malignancies in the setting of atypical presentation or rare tumors.
Relationship-Building Skills of Child-Rearing Mothers in Japanese Communities
Authors: Honda Hikaru , Matsuda Nobuko , Hirano Michiyo , Saeki Kazuko
Published: June 2016

This study elucidated the skills of mothers who used to build positive interpersonal relationships with people they met through child-rearing. The research method was qualitative descriptive study. The participants were 24 mothers who had children between ages of one and four years. These participants were recruited at child-rearing salons and childcare centers located in various municipalities in Japan. The survey period was from September 2013 to July 2014. The mothers’ interpersonal relationship-building skills were described by six categories: “ability to strive for new encounters,” “ability to try to interact socially with others,” “ability to choose compatible people,” “ability to continuously maintain good relationships,” “ability to take action suitable to a situation,” and “ability to build positive relationships with parents-in-law.” Cognitive aspects of assessing and understanding the interactions that occur during exchanges and behavioral aspects guided by these cognitions were identified within these skills. This study contributed to providing a framework to understand mothers’ interpersonal relationship-building skills for public health nurses involved in child-rearing support.
Interleukin-29 Enhances Synovial Inflammation and Cartilage Degradation in Osteoarthritis
Authors: Xu Lingxiao , Peng Qiuyue , Xuan Wenhua , Feng Xiaoke , Kong Xiangqing , Zhang Miaojia , Tan Wenfeng , Xue Meilang , Wang Fang
Published: June 2016

We have recently shown that IL-29 was an important proinflammatory cytokine in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Inflammation also contributes to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of IL-29 on cytokine production and cartilage degradation in OA. The mRNA levels of IL-29 and its specific receptor IL-28Ra in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were significantly increased in OA patients when compared to healthy controls (HC). In the serum, IL-29 protein levels were higher in OA patients than those in HC. Immunohistochemistry revealed that both IL-29 and IL-28Ra were dramatically elevated in OA synovium compared to HC; synovial fibroblasts (FLS) and macrophages were the main IL-29-producing cells in OA synovium. Furthermore, recombinant IL-29 augmented the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and matrix-metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) in OA FLS and increased cartilage degradation whenex vivoOA cartilage explant was coincubated with OA FLS. Finally, in OA FLS, IL-29 dominantly activated MAPK and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), but not Jak-STAT and AKT signaling pathway as examined by western blot. In conclusion, IL-29 stimulates inflammation and cartilage degradation by OA FLS, indicating that this cytokine is likely involved in the pathogenesis of OA.
Effect of Water-Glass Coating on HA and HA-TCP Samples for MSCs Adhesion, Proliferation, and Differentiation
Authors: Bajpai Indu , Kim Duk Yeon , Kyong-Jin Jung , Song In-Hwan , Kim Sukyoung
Published: June 2016

Ca-P and silicon based materials have become very popular as bone tissue engineering materials. In this study, water-glass (also known as sodium silicate glass) was coated on sintered hydroxyapatite (HA) and HA-TCP (TCP stands for tricalcium phosphate) samples and subsequently heat-treated at 600°C for 2 hrs. X-rays diffraction showed the presence ofβ- andα-TCP phases along with HA in the HA-TCP samples. Samples without coating, with water-glass coating, and heat-treated after water-glass coating were used to observe the adhesion and proliferation response of bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Cell culture was carried out for 4 hrs, 1 day, and 7 days. Interestingly, all samples showed similar response for cell adhesion and proliferation up to 7-day culture but fibronectin, E-cadherin, and osteogenic differentiation related genes (osteocalcin and osteopontin) were significantly induced in heat-treated water-glass coated HA-TCP samples. A water-glass coating on Ca-P samples was not found to influence the cell proliferation response significantly but activated some extracellular matrix genes and induced osteogenic differentiation in the MSCs.
Acetylcholine Attenuates Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Intracellular Calcium Dyshomeostasis Through Both Muscarinic and Nicotinic Receptors in Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Palee Siripong , Apaijai Nattayaporn , Shinlapawittayatorn Krekwit , Chattipakorn Siriporn C. , Chattipakorn Nipon
Published: June 2016

Background/Aims: Oxidative stress induced intracellular Ca2+ overload plays an important role in the pathophysiology of several heart diseases. Acetylcholine (ACh) has been shown to suppress reactive oxygen species generation during oxidative stress. However, there is little information regarding the effects of ACh on the intracellular Ca2+ regulation in the presence of oxidative stress. Therefore, we investigated the effects of ACh applied before or after hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment on the intracellular Ca2+ regulation in isolated cardiomyocytes. Methods: Single ventricular myocytes were isolated from the male Wistar rats for the intracellular Ca2+ transient study by a fluorimetric ratio technique. Results: H2O2 significantly decreased both of intracellular Ca2+ transient amplitude and decay rate. ACh applied before, but not after, H2O2 treatment attenuated the reduction of intracellular Ca2+ transient amplitude and decay rate. Both atropine (a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor blocker) and mecamylamine (a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor blocker) significantly decreased the protective effects of acetylcholine on the intracellular Ca2+ regulation. Moreover, the combination of atropine and mecamylamine completely abolished the protective effects of acetylcholine on intracellular Ca2+ transient amplitude and decay rate. Conclusion: ACh pretreatment attenuates H2O2-induced intracellular Ca2+ dyshomeostasis through both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
Beilschmiedia jacobii sp. nov. (Lauraceae), from Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve of southern Western Ghats, India
Authors: ROBI A.J. , UDAYAN P.S. , GEORGE SATHEESH , SUJANAPAL P.
Published: June 2016

A new species of Beilschmiedia Nees (Lauraceae) from India, B. jacobii, is described and illustrated. Beilschmiedia jacobii is similar to B. wightii, but can be distinguished by its shrubby habit, prominently lenticellate bark, thickly coriaceous small leaves with 5–7 lateral veins, and pubescent terminal buds. Ecological aspects and the distribution of the new species are also provided.
Molecular characterisation of five nematode species (Chromadorida, Selachinematidae) from shelf and upper slope sediments off New Zealand, with description of three new species
Authors: LEDUC DANIEL , ZHAO ZENG QI
Published: June 2016

Limited molecular sequence data are available for selachinematid nematodes, with little or no data from the Southern Hemisphere or habitats beyond the subtidal zone. Here, we provide molecular sequence data for the small subunit (SSU) 18S rDNA gene and D2–D3 region of large subunit (LSU) 28S rDNA gene of three new (Cheironchus haurakiensis n. sp., Halichoanolaimus anisospermus n. sp., and Bendiella longicauda n. sp.) and two known selachinematid species (Pseudocheironchus ingluviosus Leduc, 2013 and Synonchiella rotundicauda Leduc, 2013) from shelf and upper slope environments off northeastern New Zealand. Cheironchus haurakiensis n. sp. is characterised by having a multispiral amphideal fovea with five turns, lateroventral mandibles with central arm curved distally and bearing 4–5 pointed projections, and each palm bearing 4–5 pointed projections, ten precloacal supplements in a 1 + 9 arrangement, spicules 78 µm long, and blunt conical tail with thickened cuticle. Halichoanolaimus anisospermus n. sp. is characterised by having an amphideal fovea with 5-6 turns, anterior portion of buccal cavity with cuticularised rhabdions terminating in three sets of seven pairs of teeth (denticles), with the central pair of each set positioned above the other six, dimorphism in size of sperm cells between anterior and posterior testes, gubernaculum consisting of two detached lateral pieces (crurae) tapering distally, three small precloacal supplements consisting of slightly thickened and raised cuticle, and a conicocylindrical tail with conical portion 32–38% of total tail length. Bendiella longicauda n. sp. is characterised by having two dorsosublateral rows of pores from midbody to level of cloaca, amphideal fovea with 4.5 turns, posterior rhabdions with numerous small denticles, spicules 2.1 cloacal body diameters long, a conicocylindrical tail 13.3 cloacal body diameters long and with conical portion 8% of tail length. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses for the family Selachinematidae do not provide evidence of clustering according to depth (intertidal/subtidal vs shelf/upper slope) or geographical location (New Zealand vs Northern Hemisphere). The number of available Selachinematidae sequences, however, remains limited and comprehensive analyses based on larger number of sequences will be necessary to provide more solid conclusions.
A Mathematical Framework for Analysis of Water Tracers. Part II: Understanding Large-Scale Perturbations in the Hydrological Cycle due to CO2 Doubling
Authors: Singh Hansi K. A. , Bitz Cecilia M. , Donohoe Aaron , Nusbaumer Jesse , Noone David C.
Published: June 2016

The aerial hydrological cycle response to CO2 doubling from a Lagrangian, rather than Eulerian, perspective is evaluated using information from numerical water tracers implemented in a global climate model. While increased surface evaporation (both local and remote) increases precipitation globally, changes in transport are necessary to create a spatial pattern where precipitation decreases in the subtropics and increases substantially at the equator. Overall, changes in the convergence of remotely evaporated moisture are more important to the overall precipitation change than changes in the amount of locally evaporated moisture that precipitates in situ. It is found that CO2 doubling increases the fraction of locally evaporated moisture that is exported, enhances moisture exchange between ocean basins, and shifts moisture convergence within a given basin toward greater distances between moisture source (evaporation) and sink (precipitation) regions. These changes can be understood in terms of the increased residence time of water in the atmosphere with CO2 doubling, which corresponds to an increase in the advective length scale of moisture transport. As a result, the distance between where moisture evaporates and where it precipitates increases. Analyses of several heuristic models further support this finding.
Evaluation of Uncertainties in Input Data and Parameters of a Hydrological Model Using a Bayesian Framework: A Case Study of a Snowmelt–Precipitation-Driven Watershed
Authors: Zhang J. L. , Li Y. P. , Huang G. H. , Wang C. X. , Cheng G. H.
Published: June 2016

In this study, a Bayesian framework is proposed for investigating uncertainties in input data (i.e., temperature and precipitation) and parameters in a distributed hydrological model as well as their effects on the runoff response in the Kaidu watershed (a snowmelt–precipitation-driven watershed). In the Bayesian framework, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used for providing the basic hydrologic protocols. The Delayed Rejection Adaptive Metropolis (DRAM) algorithm is employed for the inference of uncertainties in input data and model parameters with global and local adaptive strategies. The advanced Bayesian framework can help facilitate the exploration of variation of model parameters due to input data errors, as well as propagation from uncertainties in data and parameters to model outputs in both snow-melting and nonmelting periods. A series of calibration cases corresponding to data errors under different periods are examined. Results show that 1) input data errors can affect the distributions of model parameters as well as parameters’ correlation, implying that data errors could influence the related hydrologic processes as well as their relations; 2) considering input data errors could improve the hydrologic simulation ability for peak streamflows; 3) considering errors of temperature and precipitation data as well as uncertainties of model parameters can provide the best modeling simulation performance in the snow-melting period; and 4) accounting for uncertainties in precipitation data and model parameters can provide the best modeling performance during the nonmelting period. The findings will help enhance hydrological model’s capability for simulating/predicting water resources during different seasons for snowmelt–precipitation-driven watersheds.
Comparison of Simulated Precipitation over East Asia in Two Regional Models with Hydrostatic and Nonhydrostatic Dynamical Cores
Authors: Jang Jihyeon , Hong Song-You
Published: June 2016

This study examines the characteristics of a nonhydrostatic dynamical core compared to a corresponding hydrostatic dynamical core in the Regional Model Program (RMP) of the Global/Regional Integrated Model system (GRIMs), a spectral model for regional forecasts, focusing on simulated precipitation over Korea. This kind of comparison is also executed in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) finite-difference model with the same physics package used in the RMP. Overall, it is found that the nonhydrostatic dynamical core experiment accurately reproduces the heavy rainfall near Seoul, South Korea, on a 3-km grid, relative to the results from the hydrostatic dynamical core in both models. However, the characteristics of nonhydrostatic effects on the simulated precipitation differ between the RMP and WRF Model. The RMP with the nonhydrostatic dynamical core improves the local maximum, which is exaggerated in the hydrostatic simulation. The hydrostatic simulation of the WRF Model displaces the major precipitation area toward the mountainous region along the east coast of the peninsula, which is shifted into the observed area in the nonhydrostatic simulation. In the simulation of a summer monsoonal rainfall, these nonhydrostatic effects are negligible in the RMP, but the simulated monsoonal rainfall is still influenced by the dynamical core in the WRF Model even at a 27-km grid spacing. One of the reasons for the smaller dynamical core effect in the RMP seems to be the relatively strong horizontal diffusion, resulting in a smaller grid size of the hydrostatic limit.
Role of a Cross-Barrier Jet and Turbulence on Winter Orographic Snowfall
Authors: Aikins Joshua , Friedrich Katja , Geerts Bart , Pokharel Binod
Published: June 2016

Natural small-scale microphysical and dynamical mechanisms are identified in a winter orographic snowstorm over the Sierra Madre Range of Wyoming during an intensive observational period (IOP) from the AgI Seeding Cloud Impact Investigation (ASCII; January–March 2012). A suite of high-resolution radars, including a ground-based scanning X-band dual-polarization Doppler on Wheels radar, vertically pointing Ka-band Micro Rain Radar (MRR), and airborne W-band Wyoming Cloud Radar (WCR), and additional in situ and remote sensing instruments are used in the analysis. The analysis focuses on a deep postfrontal period on 16 January 2012 (IOP2) when clouds extended throughout the troposphere and cloud liquid water was absent following the passage of a baroclinic front. A turbulent shear layer was observed in this postfrontal environment that was created by a midlevel cross-barrier jet riding over a decoupled Arctic air mass that extended above mountaintop. MRR and WCR observations indicate additional regions of turbulence aloft that favor rapid particle growth at upper levels of the cloud. Plunging flow in the lee of the Sierra Madre was also observed during this case, which caused sublimation of snow up to 20 km downwind. The multi-instrument analysis in this paper suggests that 1) shear-induced turbulent overturning cells do exist over cold continental mountain ranges like the Sierra Madre, 2) the presence of cross-barrier jets favors these turbulent shear zones, 3) this turbulence is a key mechanism in enhancing snow growth, and 4) snow growth enhanced by turbulence primarily occurs through deposition and aggregation in these cold (<−15°C) postfrontal continental environments.
An Evaluation of QPF from the WRF, NAM, and GFS Models Using Multiple Verification Methods over a Small Domain
Authors: Yan Haifan , Gallus William A.
Published: June 2016

The ARW model was run over a small domain centered on Iowa for 9 months with 4-km grid spacing to better understand the limits of predictability of short-term (12 h) quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) that might be used in hydrology models. Radar data assimilation was performed to reduce spinup problems. Three grid-to-grid verification methods, as well as two spatial techniques, neighborhood and object based, were used to compare the QPFs from the high-resolution runs with coarser operational GFS and NAM QPFs to verify QPFs for various precipitation accumulation intervals and on two grid configurations with different resolutions. In general, NAM had the worst performance not only for model skill but also for spatial feature attributes as a result of the existence of large dry bias and location errors. The finer resolution of NAM did not offer any advantage in predicting small-scale storms compared to the coarser GFS. WRF had a large advantage for high precipitation thresholds. A greater improvement in skill was noted when the accumulation time interval was increased, compared to an increase in the spatial neighborhood size. At the same neighborhood scale, the high-resolution WRF Model was less influenced by the grid on which the verification was done than the other two models. All models had the highest skill from midnight to early morning, because the least wet bias, location, and coverage errors were present then. The lowest skill was shown from late morning through afternoon. The main cause of poor skill during this period was large displacement errors.
Anything Goes: Extreme Polysemy in Lexical-Semantic Change
Authors: Litty Samantha , Natvig David , Funtanilla Jessica , Lockwood Hunter , Maedke James , Tabisz Christopher , Salmons Joseph
Published: June 2016

Aside from work on grammaticalization and related research, previous approaches to lexical-semantic change typically focus on taxonomies of products of change but do not consider the impetus or process for changes nor how to capture multiple semantic changes. This article undertakes case studies of dope, hot dog, and tweak, taking definitions from the Oxford English Dictionary and Urban Dictionary and then cataloging instances from the Corpus of Historical American English and the Corpus of Contemporary American English to show how variegated change can be within one language in a relatively brief time period, 1812–2012. Usage is tracked over time as well as across text type and in specific fields. Finally, this article concludes with a discussion some implications of the case studies for understanding lexical-semantic change.
Daily otolith growth and ontogenetic geochemical signatures of age-0 anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Gulf of Cádiz (SW Spain).
Authors: CATALÁN I. A. , PÉREZ-MAYOL S. , ÁLVAREZ I. , RUIZ J. , PALMER M. , BALDÓ F. , PELIZ Á. , MORALES-NIN B.
Published: June 2016

The European anchovy fishery in the Gulf of Cádiz (ICES Division IXa South) is largely influenced by age-0 individuals. Knowledge of young of the year growth dynamics is crucial for management, yet data on daily growth are lacking in the area. Linking growth patterns to the environment requires information on habitat occupancy through ontogeny of the fish that reach the fishery, as anchovy use different areas of the Gulf and the Guadalquivir Estuary through development. We describe the growth dynamics of age-0 anchovy through otolith microstructure analysis, and couple these data with data on microchemical signals in the otoliths to shed light into habitat use and growth dynamics in the area. Age-0 anchovy captured in September, 2011 in the Gulf ranged from 3 to 6 months old for similar sizes, with average growth rates varying twofold. Individual non-linear growth curves showed that maximum otolith growth was positively correlated with the date of spawning, which in turn was negatively correlated with the time to reach maximum growth. There was no correlation between growth parameters and body length or condition (Fulton K) at capture. The strontium:calcium (Sr/Ca) and magnesium:calcium (Mg/Ca) ratios were significantly lower at the edge of the otolith (approximately the age of capture) than at ages corresponding to larval and early juveniles (<60 days old), but values fell within typical estuarine-dwelling species. The barium:calcium ratio (Ba/Ca) increased significantly in the edge of the otolith, which possibly resulted from residency in highly productive coastal waters or from ontogenetic effects. The variance in otolith elemental ratios was larger at otolith back-calculated ages around 50 days old, age which coincides with the presumed closer dependence of estuarine waters. Our data are a first step towards understanding the contribution of the estuarine system to the fishery of anchovy in the Gulf. The limitations of the approach and future steps are discussed.
Mechanisms of low back pain: a guide for diagnosis and therapy
Authors: Allegri Massimo , Montella Silvana , Salici Fabiana , Valente Adriana , Marchesini Maurizio , Compagnone Christian , Baciarello Marco , Manferdini Maria Elena , Fanelli Guido
Published: June 2016

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a chronic pain syndrome in the lower back region, lasting for at least 3 months. CLBP represents the second leading cause of disability worldwide being a major welfare and economic problem. The prevalence of CLBP in adults has increased more than 100% in the last decade and continues to increase dramatically in the aging population, affecting both men and women in all ethnic groups, with a significant impact on functional capacity and occupational activities. It can also be influenced by psychological factors, such as stress, depression and/or anxiety. Given this complexity, the diagnostic evaluation of patients with CLBP can be very challenging and requires complex clinical decision-making. Answering the question “what is the pain generator” among the several structures potentially involved in CLBP is a key factor in the management of these patients, since a mis-diagnosis can generate therapeutical mistakes. Traditionally, the notion that the etiology of 80% to 90% of LBP cases is unknown has been mistaken perpetuated across decades. In most cases, low back pain can be attributed to specific pain generator, with its own characteristics and with different therapeutical opportunity. Here we discuss about radicular pain, facet Joint pain, sacro-iliac pain, pain related to lumbar stenosis, discogenic pain. Our article aims to offer to the clinicians a simple guidance to identify pain generators in a safer and faster way, relying a correct diagnosis and further therapeutical approach.
Recent advances in molecular genetics of melanoma progression: implications for diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Yeh Iwei
Published: June 2016

According to the multi-step carcinogenesis model of cancer, initiation results in a benign tumor and subsequent genetic alterations lead to tumor progression and the acquisition of the hallmarks of cancer. This article will review recent discoveries in our understanding of initiation and progression in melanocytic neoplasia and the impact on diagnostic dermatopathology.
Modeling of Doppler frequency shift in multipath radiochannels
Authors: Пензин Максим , Penzin Maksim , Ильин Николай , Ilyin Nikolay
Published: June 2016

We discuss the modeling of propagation of a quasi-monochromatic radio signal, represented by a coherent pulse sequence, in a non-stationary multipath radio channel. In such a channel, signal propagation results in the observed frequency shift for each ray (Doppler effect). The modeling is based on the assumption that during propagation of a single pulse a channel can be considered stationary. A phase change in the channel transfer function is shown to cause the observed frequency shift in the received signal. Thus, instead of measuring the Doppler frequency shift, we can measure the rate of change in the mean phase of one pulse relative to another. The modeling is carried out within the framework of the method of normal waves. The method enables us to model the dynamics of the electromagnetic field at a given point with the required accuracy. The modeling reveals that a local change in ionospheric conditions more severely affects the rays whose reflection region is in the area where the changes occur.
Correspondence between the ULF wave power spatial distribution and auroral oval boundaries
Authors: Козырева Ольга , Kozyreva Olga , Пилипенко Вячеслав , Pilipenko Vyacheslav , Энгебретсон Марк , Engebretson Mark , Климушкин Дмитрий , Klimushkin Dmitriy , Магер Павел , Mager Pavel
Published: June 2016

The location of the auroral oval boundaries has been mapped onto the Pc5 wave power spatial distribution. The poleward and equatorward boundaries of auroral oval are estimated using either the BAS database based on UV observations of the aurora by the IMAGE satellite or the OVATION model based on the DMSP particle data. The epicenter of the spectral power of broadband fluctuations in the Pc5 band during storm growth phase is mapped inside the auroral oval. During the storm recovery phase, the spectral power of narrowband Pc5 waves, both in the morning and dusk sector, is mapped inside the auroral oval or around its equatorward boundary. This observational result confirms the effects earlier reported: the spatial/temporal variations of the Pc5 wave power in the morning/pre-noon sector are closely related to the location of the auroral electrojet and magnetospheric field-aligned currents. At the same time, narrowband Pc5 waves demonstrate typical resonant features in the amplitude-phase latitudinal structure. Thus, the location of the auroral oval (or its equatorward border) is the preferred latitude of magnetospheric field-line Alfven resonator excitation. This effect is not taken into account by modern theories of ULF Pc5 waves, but it could be significant for development of more adequate models.
Sources of type III solar microwave bursts
Authors: Жданов Дмитрий , Zhdanov Dmitriy , Лесовой Сергей , Lesovoi Sergey , Тохчукова Сусанна , Tokhchukova Susanna
Published: June 2016

Microwave fine structures allow us to study plasma evolution in an energy release region. The Siberian Solar Radio Telescope (SSRT) is a unique instrument designed to examine fine structures at 5.7 GHz. A complex analysis of data from RATAN-600, 4–8 GHz spectropolarimeter, and SSRT, simultaneously with extreme UV data, made it possible to localize sources of III type microwave drift bursts in August 10, 2011 event within the entire frequency band of burst occurrences, as well as to determine the most probable region of primary energy release. To localize sources of III type bursts from RATAN-600 data, an original method for data processing has been worked out. At 5.7 GHz, the source of bursts was determined along two coordinates whereas at 4.5, 4.7, 4.9, 5.1, 5.3, 5.5 and 6.0 GHz, their locations were identified along one coordinate. The size of the burst source at 5.1 GHz was found to be maximum as compared to source sizes at other frequencies.
FORMATION OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CONTOURS OF SYSTEM OF VALUABLE AND COST MANAGEMENT OF THE INDUSTRIAL COM
Authors: Неретина Евгения , Neretina Evgeniya , Морозов Максим , Morozov Maksim
Published: June 2016

The most important task of managers of any company is providing

a sustainable development in the conditions of growth of uncertainty

of environment. Need of its decision induces to search of new

ideas, models of business and design of systems adequate to them and

structures of management. One of the most popular in scientific community

and in the sphere of business is the valuable and cost concept of

company management. In article various scientific approaches to its

realization are considered and locate authors understanding of its essence

from a position of values and interests of various subjects which

are in internal and external contours of company management.
TRANSFORMATI ON OF FEEDBAC K IN THE IMPLEMENTATI ON OF MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS IN THE INTERNET
Authors: Шурчкова Юлия , Shurchkova Yuliya
Published: June 2016

The article discusses the change process of feedback received from customers, modern companies originating in the digital environment. It was analyzed the hierarchy of possible options of consumer reaction to information received from the company.

The author identifies the reasons for the low level of consumer response

to received marketing information. A typology of consumer response to the communicative impact the company was offered.

The type of negative consumer reactions, as well as the reasons for

which the consumer generally does not communicate its opinion

to the company was analyzed. The tools by which feedback can be

arranged on the Internet, especially the interaction with consumers

was described. The main characteristics that distinguish communication

support of the company were identified. The issue of

evaluation and performance review feedback due to the integrated

use of marketing communication tools was designated
The ‘black dog’: depression in old age
Authors: McCrae Niall
Published: June 2016

In this article, old age is defined as 65 years and upwards, and late life as 85 years and over. Depression is extremely common in older people. Its aetiology is complex, with particular age-related factors of physical comorbidity, polypharmacy and declining social activity. There is also overlap with dementia, although the nature of the relationship is unclear. Assessment is problematic as symptoms may be masked or mistaken for other pathology, justifying use of specific instruments for diagnosing depression in older people. Treatment options are discussed, with due consideration of side-effects. Bespoke care management is emphasised, with a positive message that depression in old age is a treatable condition.