bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nicotine use in suicides: a case–control study
Authors: Schneider Barbara , Schnabel Axel , Weber Bernhard , Frölich Lutz , Maurer Konrad , Wetterling Tilman
Published: April 2005

Purpose

Despite of higher rates of substance-related disorders in psychiatric patients and suicides than in the general population, there is no clear specificity to the relationship between nicotine use and other psychiatric disorders for suicide risk.

Methods

One hundred and sixty-three suicides (mean age 49.8 ± 19.3 years; 64.4% males; using psychological autopsy method) and 396 control persons (mean age 51.6 ± 17.0 years; 55.8% males) were assessed with a standardised semi-structured interview including SCID-I and SCID-II (for DSM-IV). Suicides and controls were compared in terms of nicotine consumption and psychiatric disorders. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the interactions of tobacco consumption with psychiatric disorders.

Results

Suicides were significantly more often current smokers and heavy users of cigarettes (>20 cigarettes per day;P < 0.001, each). Alcohol dependence, other axis I disorders than substance-related disorders, and cluster B personality disorder(s) remained independent predictors for suicide in both genders, current nicotine consumption only in men (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.3–5.2).

Conclusions

In males, but not in females, nicotine consumption contributed to risk of completed suicide after control for psychiatric disorders and has to be considered as independent risk factor for suicide.
Control of sandstorms in Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: LIU MEIZHEN , JIANG GAOMING , LI LINGHAO , LI YONGGENG , GAO LEIMING , NIU SHULI
Published: April 2005

About one third of the world's land surface is covered with arid and semi-arid areas. It is predicted that global warming will increase desertification by 17% before 2050. At present, desertification is making approximately 12 million hectares every year useless for cultivation and grazing worldwide. Over 250 million people and one third of the earth's land surface are directly threatened by desertification (Diallo 2003). China is one of several countries severely affected by desertification; almost 90% of natural grassland has been affected to differing degrees (Lu & Yang 2001; State Environmental Protection Administration of the People's Republic of China 2002). The land desertification rate in China was 1560 km2 yr−1 in the 1970s. This rate had increased to 2100 km2 yr−1 by the 1980s, and was 2460 km2 yr−1 by 1995 and 3436 km2 yr−1 in 1999 (Zhu et al. 1999). Areas that have shown increased desertification are derived from degraded grassland or cultivated land (Zhang & Cheng 2001). One very serious direct consequence of grassland degradation is thought to be the frequent occurrence of sandstorms. Whereas China was hit by almost 70 sandstorms over the past century (Qing 2002), with an average frequency of one sandstorm every three years in the 1940s, this had increased to one every two years by the 1960s. By the 1990s, the sandstorms in north China took place several times a year and this increased further to 12 in 2000 and 18 in 2001 (Jiang 2002a). The frequency of sandstorms in north China appears to be a direct consequence of grassland degradation. Taking Hunshandak Sandland in Inner Mongolia as an example (Fig. 1), the proportion of sand dunes that are shifting rose from 2.3% in the 1950s to 50% in the 1990s, while available grasslands declined by some 40% between the 1950s and the 1990s. The economic cost of these sandstorms has prompted the Chinese government to commit substantial funds to meet this loss, but the degradation is ongoing in the area and the living standards of local people are still low (Liu et al. 2003). It is opportune to adjust strategies to reach two objectives simultaneously, namely to restore the degraded grassland, and improve the living conditions of local people. To illustrate this, we focus on Zhenglan Banner (county), which is representative of the whole Hunshandak Sandland in terms of climate (Ma et al. 1998), economy and ecology (Fig. 1). Zhenglan Banner has a total area of 100 600 km2, a human population of 78 730 and stock raising is the dominant industry, the average income per person per year being US$ 225 (Bureau of Stock Raising in Zhenglan Banner 2002).
Soil and plant mineral composition and productivity of Acacia nilotica (L.) under irrigation with municipal effluent in an arid environment
Authors: SINGH G. , BHATI MADHULIKA
Published: April 2005

Municipal effluent is becoming an increasing environmental threat and needs appropriate disposal measures to safeguard soil and environmental quality. As an important source of water and nutrients, municipal effluent could be used to increase productivity in nutrient deficient dry areas. Acacia nilotica L. (Babool) seedlings were grown using municipal effluent. Five treatments comprised: irrigation of soil (without seedlings) with municipal effluent at potential evapotranspiration (PET) (treatment T1), irrigation of seedlings at 0.5 PET (T2), PET (T3), and 2 PET (T4), and canal water irrigation of seedlings at PET (T5). Seedlings in the T3 and T4 treatments attained greater height and collar diameter, and produced 22% and 54% more biomass than those in T5. After 24 months, biomass production was 7.43–12.96 t ha−1 as compared to 5.73 t ha−1 in T5. Nutrient concentrations in the seedlings were positively correlated with effluent quantity (r = 0.82, p < 0.01), being greater in foliage than in stems and roots. Uptake of nitrogen (N) was 2.70%, and of iron (Fe) 0.11%, of seedling biomass. Relative increase in metal concentration was greater than that in nutrients. The availability of potassium (K), copper (Cu), Fe, manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in the soil increased twofold and that of NH4-N and PO4-P by 4.5- and 7.9-fold, respectively, in T4 relative to T5. Available NH4-N, PO4-P, Mg and K were highest in the 0–15 cm depth soil, whereas NO3-N, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn availability were highest in deeper soil layers. Relatively low soil nutrients in T3 compared to T1 indicated withdrawal and accumulation of these nutrients in the seedlings. In several respects municipal effluent benefited A. nilotica seedlings and soil properties, and produced 5.59–12.96 t ha−1 dry biomass. Municipal effluent could help to meet the fuel need of suburban areas, although long-term application of effluent would lead to metal accumulation in soil and plants.
Oxidative Stress Transiently Decreases the IKK Complex (IKKα, β, and γ), an Upstream Component of NF-κB Signaling, after Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice
Authors: Song Yun S , Lee Yong-Sun , Chan Pak H
Published: April 2005

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has a central role in coordinating the expression of a wide variety of genes that control cerebral ischemia. Although there has been intense research on NF-κB, its mechanisms in the ischemic brain have not been clearly elucidated. We investigated the temporal profile of NF-κB-related genes using a complementary DNA array method in wild-type mice and human copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase transgenic (SOD1 Tg) mice that had low-level reactive oxygen species (ROS) by scavenging superoxide. Our DNA array showed that IκB kinase (IKK) complex (IKKα, β, and γ) mRNA in the wild-type mice was decreased as early as 1 h after reperfusion, after 30 mins of transient focal cerebral ischemia (tFCI). In contrast, tFCI in the SOD1 Tg mice caused an increase in the IKK complex. The IKK complex protein levels were also drastically decreased at 1 h in the wild-type mice, but did not change in the SOD1 Tg mice throughout the 7 days. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed activation of NF-κB DNA binding after tFCI in the wild-type mice. Nuclear factor-κB activation occurred at the same time, as did the phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitory protein κBα. However, SOD1 prevented NF-κB activation, and phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα after tFCI. Superoxide production and ubiquitinated protein in the SOD1 Tg mice were also lower than in the wild-type mice after tFCI. These results suggest that ROS are implicated in transient downregulation of IKKα, β, and γ in cerebral ischemia.
A Weyl-covariant tensor calculus
Authors: Boulanger Nicolas
Published: April 2005

On a (pseudo-) Riemannian manifold of dimension n⩾3, the space of tensors which transform covariantly under Weyl rescalings of the metric is built. This construction is related to a Weyl-covariant operator D whose commutator [D,D] gives the conformally invariant Weyl tensor plus the Cotton tensor. So-called generalized connections and their transformation laws under diffeomorphisms and Weyl rescalings are also derived. These results are obtained by application of Becchi Rouet Stora Tyutin techniques.
Self-assembled three-dimensional epitaxial ionic fluorite Gd2Zr2O7 nanorods on (001) LaAlO3
Authors: Jiang J. C. , Meletis E. I. , Asuvathraman R. , Govindan Kutty K. V. , Gnanasekar K. I. , Chen C. L.
Published: April 2005

Self-organized, three-dimensional (3D), coherent fluorite Gd2Zr2O7 nanorods were synthesized with pulsed-laser ablation. Transmission electron microscopy studies reveal that the 3D nanorods are epitaxially grown on (001) LaAlO3 with (001)GZO‖(001)LAO, [110]GZO‖[100]LAO and [11¯0]GZO‖[010]LAO. The nanorods have in-plane dimensions of about 20–35 nm, and their length can extend for the entire film thickness. The 3D nanorods have a vertical prism shape with side surfaces exhibiting a serrated morphology composed of {111} planes. The formation of such self-organized nanorods is consistent with a preferential growth mechanism and surface energy minimization considerations.
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diode–end–pumped Yb:Y2O3 ceramic laser
Authors: Kong J. , Tang D. Y. , Zhao B. , Lu J. , Ueda K. , Yagi H. , Yanagitani T.
Published: April 2005

We report on a high-power diode–end–pumped polycrystalline Yb:Y2O3 ceramic laser. Under the pump power of 27W, continuous-wave output power of 9.2W at 1078nm has been obtained by using an output coupler of R=96%. The laser had a threshold of 3.1W and a slope efficiency of 41%. Comparative studies on the laser performance between the Yb:Y2O3 ceramic and the Yb:yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) single crystal show that at the same doping concentration of 8at.%, higher laser efficiency can be obtained in the Yb:Y2O3 ceramic laser than in the Yb:YAG single crystal laser.
Quantifying ecosystem metabolism in the middle reaches of Murrumbidgee River during irrigation flow releases
Authors: Vink S. , Bormans M. , Ford P. W. , Grigg N. J.
Published: April 2005

The relative importance of floodplain carbon inputs and in-stream metabolic processes have not been well quantified in major Australian rivers. We quantified seasonal phytoplankton primary production and net ecosystem production during irrigation flow regimes at four sites each located ~100 km apart in the middle Murrumbidgee River. During flow periods dominated by storage release, ecosystem gross primary productivity, system respiration and phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations all increased downstream so that overall net ecosystem metabolism was strongly net heterotrophic upstream and closer to balanced downstream. Phytoplankton production dominated ecosystem production throughout the entire reach and was likely to have been phosphorus limited throughout the study. Additionally, phytoplankton biomass was limited by short residence times at the upstream sites and nitrogen limited downstream in summer, despite an increase in turbidity. Both production and respiration rates were generally lower in winter, as expected, owing to lower temperatures.
A monograph of Vaucheria (Vaucheriaceae, Chrysophyta) in south-eastern mainland Australia
Authors: Entwisle TJ
Published: April 2005

Twenty-five species of Vaucheria have been found in south-eastern Australia, from both freshwater and saline habitats. As many collections were sterile, the study of plants in culture was necessary for identification as well as for the evaluation of taxonomic characters. A reassessment of the sectional classification has led to the raising of the subsections Racemosae (Walz) Heering and Sessiles (Walz) Heering to sectional level. Of the nine sections of the genus recognised, six are represented in south-eastern Australia. A key has been provided to all sections and species found during the study. Twentyone species are new records for the continent, including the newly described V. bicornigera [section Tubuligerae (Walz) Heering sens, nov.], V. gyrogyna [section Racemosae (Walz) sect, nov.] and V. nanandra [section Corniculatae (Walz) Heering sens. nov.]. Two other species, V. gardneri Collins and V. subarechavaletae Borge, were previously only known from the U.S.A. and Argentina respectively. The salient morphological features of all species have been illustrated with light micrographs or with scanning electron micrographs.
Epicuticular wax hydrocarbons of Richea (Epacridaceae)
Authors: Salasoo I
Published: April 2005

Analysis of the epicuticular wax hydrocarbons of the genus Richea leads to the identification within the genus of the four groups, either on the basis of the alkane distribution or by the rimuene content. The resulting groupings are different from one another and different from groupings based on the morphology of epicuticular waxes or on the anthocyanins.
A taxonomic revision of Brachychiton (Sterculiaceae)
Authors: Guymer GP
Published: April 2005

Brachychiton Schott & Endl. has previously been included under Sterculia and its generic status has been uncertain. Characters of the follicles, seed coats and embryo strongly support the retention of Brachychiton as a separate genus. The genus comprises five sections, including one new section, Oxystele Guymer. Characters useful in identification and classification are reassessed and those found to be of most significance are described in detail and illustrated. Chromosome numbers of 2n = 40 for 12 species are recorded for the first time. Keys for the identification of taxa are given. Detailed new descriptions, distribution (including a map based on herbarium specimens), ecology, conservation status and relationship are provided for each taxon, and most taxa are illustrated. Taxa described as new are: B. acuminatus, B. albidus, B. chillagoensis, B. collinus, B. compactus, B. diversifolius subsp. orientalis, B. fitzgeraldianus, B. grandiflorus, B. megaphyllus, B. muellerianus, B. multicaulis, B. obtusilobus, B. populneus subsp. trilobus, B. spectabilis, B. tridentatus and B. xanthophyllus. The following five new combinations are made: B. garrawayae (Bailey) Guymer, B. tuberculatus (W. Fitzg.) Guymer, B. viridiflorus (W. Fitzg.) Guymer, B. viscidulus (W. Fitzg.) Guymer and B. vitifolius (Bailey) Guymer. Naturally occurring hybrids within the genus are frequent between partially sympatric species. Eight hybrids are recorded and described: B. x allochrous, B. x carneus, B. x excellens, B. x hirtellus, B. x incarnatus, B. x roseus, B. x turgidulus and B. x vinicolor.
The Usnea baileyi complex (Parmeliaceae, Lichenised Ascomycetes) in Australia
Authors: Rogers RW , Stevens GN
Published: April 2005

The Usnea baileyi complex exhibits considerable morphological and chemical variation throughout its range, including Australia. Two chemically distinct but morphological inseparable species are recognised in the complex for Australia. U. baileyi (Stirton) Zahkbr. is widespread in eastern Australia and is characterised by the presence of eumitrins and depsidones (especially norstictic acid). U. elata Motyka is known from only one Australian locationa nd contains depsides (diffractaic acid being the mojor secondary constituent) but nu eumitrins. Fourteen taxa are trated as synonyms of U. baileyi and U. vainioi Motyka is lectotypified.
Field, anatomical and development studies on southern Australian species of Ulva (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Phillips JA
Published: April 2005

Populations of Ulva growing in southern Australia were examined to ascertain the taxonomic value of the range of morphological and anatomical characteristics. Cell shape and chlorplast position, as seen in transverse section of the basal region of the thallus, proved to be non-viable characters which separate the species from each other. In culture, the morphology of mature plant is constant and characteristic for each species and thus confirms the validity of the species as defined by anatomical differences. Five species of Ulva (Ulva fasciata Delile, Ulva lactuca L., Ulva laetevirens Areschoug, Ulva rigida C. Agardh, Ulva stenophylla Setchell et Gardner) occur in southern Australia. Ulva rigida C. Agardh and Ulva rigida sensu Bliding, through morphological similarities, are distinct species and the latter is referred to as U. laetevirens. The two species show marked differences in diagnostic anatomical characters and in the pattern of development in culture. Two taxa, Ulva australis Areschoug and Ulva spathulata Papenfuss, are included within U. rigida. Records of Ulva latissma L. in this geographical region probably refer to the broadly expanded morphological forms of U. rigida and U. laetevirens. The status of Phycoseris ulva Sonder, described from the West Australian specimens, is unresolved.
Ontogenetic, seasonal and diurnal variation in leaf volatile oils and leaf phenolics of Angophora costata
Authors: Leach GJ , Whiffin T
Published: April 2005

Changes in composition in leaf phenolics and volatile oils in Angophora costata (Gaertn.) Britten were investigated during the process of leaf maturation and over seasonal and diurnal periods. On a qualitative basis there was no variation in the leaf phenolics of the mature adult leaves. Quantitative variation in volatile oil composition during leaf maturation is significant. Sampling controls to exclude immature leaves were required. Quantitative changes in volatile oil composition over seasonal and diurnal periods were shown to be not significant in terms of systematic studies. The seasonal and diurnal patterns that were detected in volatile oil composition could not be conclusively related to any environmental parameter.
Two new species of Decaschistia (Malvaceae) from Australia
Authors: Craven LA , Fryxell PA
Published: April 2005

Two new species of Decaschisitia, D. peninsularis Craven & Fryx. and D. occidentalis A.S. Mitchell ex Craven & Fryx., are described and illustrated. A key to the representatives of the genus in Australia is provided.
Data, methods and assumptions in phylogenetic inference
Authors: West JG , Faith DP
Published: April 2005

We consider data, methods and assumptions in relation to phylogenetic inference under two main themes, that of assumptions and models relating to methodology (independent of the data), and assumptions and models relating to kinds of data (independent of the methods). Some aspects of methodological assumptions are well known, e.g. those contrasting cladistics and phenetics, but more detailed study of methodological assumptions is needed in relation to analysis of quantitative data and to analysis of distance data. Debate over assumptions relating purely to methodology has perhaps overshadowed considerations of assumptions relating to data. Pattern based evaluation of data includes congruence/consensus measures, iterative weighting schemes and calculation of statistics such as consistency index. These strategies are complementary to recent attempts to build more process based models, for example in the rationale for weighting of transversions over transitions in analysis of sequence data. Recent developments in significance testing bridge the gap between pattern based and process based models. In both of these contexts biological knowledge and interpretation will play an important role.
Trees from sequences: panacea or pandora's box?
Authors: Penny D , Hendy MD , Zimmer EA , Hamby RK
Published: April 2005

Advantages of sequence data for reconstructing evolutionary trees include their wide scope, the large number of characters, the easier use of objective methods for building and testing trees, the use of information from mechanisms of nucleotide changes, the lower cost of obtaining information, and the predictability of finding useful characters. There are however still many problems estimating the reliability of the results of tree reconstruction. These are discussed, with examples, under the three headings of sampling error, methodological problems, and human errors. The methodological problems are the hardest to solve. They include the large number of trees, incomplete use information, inconsistency (converging to an incorrect tree), problems derived from unknown selection pressures on sequences, and trees being an inappropriate model. To overcome these problems, a good method for reconstructing trees should have the properties of being fast, efficient, consistent, robust and falsifiable. Considerable progress has been made but present methods are still best considered as 'Exploratory Data Analysis' (EDA) techniques.
From population genetics to phylogeny: Uses and limits of mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Crozier RH
Published: April 2005

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is clonally and maternally inherited in all animals and in most plants. Mitochondrial gene content is similar although not identical in all eukaryotes. Because of these characteristics, mtDNA has a number of features useful to systematists for all levels of evolutionary divergence. Clonal inheritance leads to unusual confidence in constructing gene trees which are useful in population-level studies, such as in the detection of population subdivision. Maternal inheritance presents the opportunity to distinguish paternal from maternal gene flow. The clonal, or single-gene, nature of mtDNA inheritance leads to consideration of the expected convergence between gene- and species-trees. For closely related populations or species, it is desirable to use several genes to be sure that the correct species-tree is discovered; this means that, although mtDNA will be the most precise guide to the species tree because of its lower effective population size, nuclear genes should also be used in such studies. Although restriction fragment length polymorphisms dominated the field until recently, sequencing following DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction is now easier and opens up the use of preserved specimens to molecular systematists. Because mitochondria1 genes evolve at different rates, one of appropriate rate can be selected for almost any phylogenetic problem.
Systematic evidence from gene duplication and regulation
Authors: Colgan DJ
Published: April 2005

This paper is a review of the use of information regarding the presence of duplicate genes and their regulation in systematics. The review concentrates on data derived from protein electrophoresis and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The appearance of a duplication in a subset of a group of species implies that the members of the subset belong to the same clade. Suppression of the duplication may render this clade apparently paraphyletic, but may itself be informative of relations within the lineage through patterns of loss of expression in all, or some tissues, or through restrictions of the formation of functional heteropolymers in polymeric enzymes. Examples are given of studies which have used such information to establish phylogenetic hypotheses at the family level, to identify an auto- or allo-polyploid origin of polyploid species and to determine whether there have been single or multiple origins of such species. The likelihood of homoplasy in the patterns of appearance and regulation of duplicates depends on the molecular basis of the duplication. In particular, the contrast between the expected consequences of tandem duplication and the expression of pseudogenes emphasises the value of determining the mechanism of the original duplication. Many instances of sporadic gene duplication are now known, and polyploidisation is a common event in the evolutionary history of both plants and animals. So the opportunities to discover duplicationrelated characters will arise in many systematic studies. A program is presented to increase the chances that such useful information will be recognisable during the studies.
Contributions towards a revision of Daviesia (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae). I. The D. squarrosa group
Authors: Crisp MD
Published: April 2005

The Daviesia squarrose group, formerly considered to be a single species, is elaborated to contain four species. D. nova-anglica and D. quoquoversus are described as new, while D. villifers is resurrected from synonymy and a lectotype is chosen for it. A key is presented for these and other eastern Australian species closely related to D. squarrose.
Development of the ovule and megagametophyte in Ecdeiocolea monostachya
Authors: Rudall P
Published: April 2005

Ovule and megagametophyte development is described for the first time in Ecdeiocoleaceae, a small Western Australian family that has affinities with Restionaceae. The mature embryo sac has an egg apparatus, but other nuclei usually degenerate. The nucellus proliferates at the chalazal end of the embryo sac to forma prominent cup-shaped region that has no obvious homologue among related families in Poales, or tother monocotyledons. The data confirm evidence from anatomy and pollen morphology that Ecdeiocolea does not belong in Restionaceae, but do not indicate obvious relationships with other families.
Protoventuria parahebicola sp. nov. (Venturiaceae), the teleomorph of Fusicladium veronicae on Parahebe perfoliata
Authors: Pascoe IG , Sutton BC
Published: April 2005

Protoventuria parahebicola Pascoe & Sutton, sp. nov. is introduced for the teleomorph of Fusicladium veronicae (Batista) Sutton & Pascoe, the cause of severe leaf blight of Parahebe spp. Details of the connection and a discussion of taxonomic affinities of the species are given.
Acacia paula (Fabaceae: Group of A. stigmatophylla), a new species from north-western Australia
Authors: Tindale MD , Davies SJ
Published: April 2005

Acacia paula, a new species belonging to the A. stigmatophylla group (which bridges Acacia sect. Plurineves and sect.Juliflorae) is described and illustrated. The possible affinities of A. paula are discussed.
A new species of stringybark, Eucalyptus mackintii, from eastern Victoria and its phenetic and cladistic relationships
Authors: Kottek MH , Ladiges PY , Whiffin T
Published: April 2005

Populations of stringybark trees from East Gippsland, with affinities to Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, were studied by pattern analyses of adult and seedling morphology, leaf volatile oils and flavonoid composition. They had previously been determined as hybrids, or as referable to an undescribed taxon. Samples of E. deuaensis, E. globoidea, E. macrorhyncha and E. muelleriana were included to assess the affinities of E. aff. macrorhyncha to other stringybark taxa. No evidence was found to support a hybrid origin of E. aff. macrorhyncha, and it is described as E. mackintii sp. nov. In adult morphology E. mackintii is similar to, but distinct from E. macrorhyncha, whereas in seedling morphology the two are indistinguishable. Two chemical forms of E. mackintii were detected in the leaf volatile oils, both of which have also been reported to occur in E. deuaensis and E. macrorhyncha. The leaf flavonoid composition of the new species is similar to that of E. macrorhyncha, although some differences between the two were observed. The inclusion of E. mackintii in a cladistic analysis of the informal superseries Capitellaticae Ladiges & Humphries resulted in the taxon forming an unresolved basal trichotomy within the infraseries Capitllatae.
Intertidal fungi from warm temperate mangroves of Australia, including Tunicatispors australiensis, gen. et. sp. Nov
Authors: Hyde KD
Published: April 2005

Decayed intertidal wood samples were collected from two warm temperate mangroves in Australia and examined for higher fungi. Twenty-five species of fungi were recorded including Tunicatispora australiensis, gen. et sp. nov. The new fungus is a typical member of the Halosphaeriaceae, with deliquescing asci, catenophyses and appendaged ascospores. Tunicatispora australiensis Hyde is illustrated at the light microscope and SEM levels, and its relationship with other members of the Halosphaeriaceae is discussed.
One new species each in Acmena and Eucalyptopsis and a new name in Lindsayomyrtus (all Myrtaceae)
Authors: Craven LA
Published: April 2005

Acmena brassii, a new species from Mt Wilhelm in New Guinea, is described and distinguished from its Papuasian congeners. A new species of Eucalyptopsis, E. alauda, is described from the Papuan Islands region of New Guinea. Eugenia racemoides Greves is conspecific with Xanthostemon brachyandrus C. White, necessitating a new name in Lindsayomyrtus.
Ribosomal DNA as a molecular taxonomic marker for the group species Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Authors: Braithwaite KS , Irwin JAG , Manners JM
Published: April 2005

Isolates of the group species Colletotrichum gloeosporioide were assessed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms in their ribosomal DNA. Polymorphisms involving both length variations and a number of restriction enzyme sites were observed. There was sufficient variation amongst isolates to indicate that ribosomal DNA has potential as a taxonomic probe in this species.
Distributional patterns and tectonic development in Indonesia: Wallace reinterpreted
Authors: Michaux B
Published: April 2005

A. R. Wallace's name will always be linked with what was known as the Malay Archipelago, and thus it seems appropriate to reassess his contribution to Indonesian biogeography. Wallace is often regarded as the founder of 'dispersalist' biogeography. However, this simplified view seriously misrepresents Wallace's position, which was that animal and plant distributions in Indonesia could be understood in terms of the region's geological history. This view is contrasted with that of dispersalist biogeography, which is that present distributions are the result of unique events, that the present is a consequence of past accidents. The results of Wallace's work are outlined and are reinterpreted in the light of modern evidence about the tectonic development of this region. It is concluded that Wallace's observations are broadly intelligible in the light of what is known about Indonesia's geological history. There is much to gain by biogeographers and geologists working together more closely in Indonesia, for there are many outstanding problems that require resolution. This then is one future direction that may be taken as we stand at the crossroads.
Macrozamia from the early tertiary of Tasmania and a study of the cuticles of extant species
Authors: Carpenter RJ
Published: April 2005

A new species of Macrozamia, M. australis, is described from the Oligocene Cethana deposit. Cuticular characters can be used to separate the two sections of the genus but the combination of cuticular features of M. australis is unique. Analysis of extant adult and juvenile cuticles confirms that section Parazamia is composed of neotenous species but indicates that this may not be a monophyletic group. The ecological significance of the presence of Macrozamia in a macrofossil flora which contains numerous microthermal rainforest elements (including Nothofagus) and sclerophyllous taxa is discussed.
A new combination in Australian Acronychia (Rutaceae)
Authors: Hartley TG
Published: April 2005

The new combination Acronychia octandra (F. Muell.) T. Hartley is based on Euodia octandra F. Muell. This species, which is narrowly endemic in Australia, is probably a relict of an early stage in the evolution of the genus.
Evolution of Acmopyle and Dacrycarpus (Podocarpaceae) foliage as inferred from macrofossils in south-eastern Australia
Authors: Hill RS , Carpenter RJ
Published: April 2005

Macrofossil specimens of Dacrycarpus and Acmopyle from south-eastern Australia are investigated. The specimens previously assigned to D. praecupressinus are revised, with one placed in a different genus and new species, Podocarpus witherdenensis, and some placed in a new species, D. latrobensis. One specimen is retained as the lectotype of D. praecupressinus. Dacrycarpus eocenica is re-examined and it is concluded that this species is not Dacrycarpus, but probably belongs to an extinct podocarpaceous genus. Dacrycarpus setiger is transferred to Acmopyle, and three new Acmopyle species, A. florinii, A. glabra and A. tasmanica, are described. It is hypothesised that during the Tertiary in south-eastern Australia stomatal distribution was reduced on Dacrycarpus and Acmopyle foliage. In Dacrycarpus the bilaterally flattened foliage type (which has a greater photosynthetic area than the bifacially flattened foliage) became rare or extinct after the Early Oligocene, prior to the extinction of the genus in the region. Acmopyle has not been recorded in the region after the Early Oligocene. A trend towards reduction in leaf size at high latitudes has previously been demonstrated in angiosperms but not gymnosperms and, along with the reduction of stomatal distribution, probably represents convergent evolution in response to climatic change.
Two new Banksia species from pleistocene sediments in western Tasmania
Authors: Jordan GI , Hill RS
Published: April 2005

Subtribe Banksiinae of the Proteaceae was diverse in Tasmania in the early and middle Tertiary, but is now restricted to two species, Banksia marginata and B. serrata. Rapid and extreme environmental changes during the Pleistocene are likely causes of the extinction of some Banksia species in Tasmania. Such extinctions may have been common in many taxonomic groups. The leaves and infructescences of Banksia kingii Jordan & Hill, sp. nov. are described from late Pleistocene sediments. This is the most recent macrofossil record of a now extinct species in Tasmania. Banksia kingii is related to the extant B. saxicola. Banksia strahanensis Jordan & Hill, sp. nov. (known only from a leaf and leaf fragments and related to B. spinulosa) is described from Early to Middle Pleistocene sediments in Tasmania. This represents the third Pleistocene macrofossil record of a plant species which is now extinct in Tasmania.
A taxonomic review of Homoranthus and two new species of Darwinia (both Myrtaceae, Chamelaucieae)
Authors: Craven LA , Jones SR
Published: April 2005

The genus Homoranthus Cunn. ex Schauer is reviewed and its distinction from Darwinia Rudge and Verticordia DC. reassessed. Excessive weighting of the degree of incision of the sepal margin has obscured the inter- and intrageneric relationships which are evident when other features are considered. The following new species of Homoranthus are described: H. biforus, H.floydii, H. lunatus, H. melanostictus, H. monianus, H. prolixus and H. zeteticorurn; and the following new combinations made for species transferred to it from other genera: H. cernuus, H. decumbens, H. homoranthoides, H. porteri and H. thomasii. Two new species of Darwinia are described: D. briggsiae from New South Wales and D. salina from South Australia.
Ditremis australiensis sp. nov. (Lichenised Ascomycotina, Monoblastiaceae) from New South Wales
Authors: McCarthy PM
Published: April 2005

A new lichen, Ditremis australiensis, is described from aquatic and semi-aquatic siliceous rocks in eastern New South Wales.
A revision of the genus Aristida (Poaceae) in Australia
Authors: Simon BK
Published: April 2005

In this paper 56 species, 15 infra-specific taxa (13 varieties and 2 subspecies) and one interspecific hybrid of Aristida from Australia are revised taxonomically. Three new sections, Calycinae, Perniciosae and Macrocladae, are recognised and described. A. borealis is placed in synonymy with A. sciuroides, and A. ramosa var. speciosa and A. ramosa var. scaberula are placed in synonymy with A. personata and A. echinata respectively. The classification of Aristida, both internally and relative to its allied genera, is discussed fully. The DELTA system has been used to generate descriptions of all taxa and a complete list of all characters used is given. The methods used in the compilation of data and characters found to be the most diagnostic are discussed and brief entries are given under the headings of ecology, anatomy and phylogeny. There is a key to all species and infra-specific taxa and these are all grouped in the key within sections. The descriptions are grouped into their constituent sections. Illustrations of the spikelets and distribution maps of all Australian entities are given as well as world distribution maps of Aristida sections previously recognised. An accompanying microfiche contains information on approximately 9000 exsiccatae examined.
Geographical variation in morphology of Eucalyptus mannifera and allied taxa
Authors: Chappill JA , Ladiges PY
Published: April 2005

An extensive geographical survey of Eucalyptus mannifera, previously recognised as comprising five subspecies, and one population of the closely related E. scoparia has been carried out. Phenetic analyses including data on adult and juvenile morphology showed E. mannifera to consist of three forms, corresponding to subspecies elliptica, subspecies praecox and an intergrading complex of subspecies maculosa, mannifera and gullickii. E. scoparia was most similar to, although phenetically distinct from, subspecies mannifera. These forms were not indicated as a monophyletic group when included in a cladistic analysis of the informal section Maidenaria to which they belong. It is therefore recommended that the four taxa each be recognised as distinct species, E scoparia, E mannifera, E. praecox and E. elliptica.
Morphological variation within the genus Blandfordia (Liliaceae) in relation to Its environment
Authors: Porter CL , Morrison DA , Johnson KA
Published: April 2005

The taxa in Blandfordia are often difficult to separate morphologically. A multivariate morphometric analysis of data from both herbarium and field samples suggests that the genus consists of at least four polythetically distinct taxa, corresponding to the traditional concepts of B. cunninghamii Lindley, B. grandifora R.Br., B. nobilis Smith, and B. punicea (Labill.) Sweet. The morphological boundaries between most of these species are arbitrary but are closely related to a number of environmental variables. Due to large intra-population variability, discrimination between these taxa is possible only on the basis of a combination of attributes, notably leaf width and margin sculpturing, and flower length and diameter. The morphological distinction between B. punicea and the other species is clear and seems to be maintained by its geographical isolation. The distinction between B. grandiflora and B. cunninghamii is based on vegetative rather than floral attributes and is made difficult by phenotypic response of B. cunninghamii plants to light intensity. Gene flow between these two species appears to be restricted by their separate habitats. The distinction between B. grandiflora and B. nobilis is based on floral rather than vegetative attributes and is related to latitude with the species being more distinct in the area of parapatry than in the area of allopatry. In the small area of sympatry there appears to be introgression of B. nobilis attributes into B. grandiflora populations.
A Rare New Caladenia species from central Victoria, and its relationship with other recently described taxa in south-eastern Australia
Authors: Beardsell D , Beardsell C
Published: April 2005

Caladenia xanthochila D. et C. Beardsell is a pale yellow orchid related to Caladenia reticulata FitzG. and Caladenia flavovirens G. Carr, but differs in its smaller flowers, early flowering period, small sections of contiguous purple osmophore glands on sepals, short (0–1.3mm) teeth on the labellum margin, short labellum calli, uniformly pale greenish yellow colour, and extremely hairy ovary, stem and leaf. Its closest relative is C. stellata D. Jones from which it differs in having a wholly pale yellow labellum, swollen tips to the column glands, contiguous osmophore glands, mid-lobe of labellum with entire margin or with extremely short blunt calli, labellum more recurved, and longer trichomes on stem and ovary. Caladenia xanthochila is known from only two localities, one near Inglewood, the other at Murtoa, both in Victoria, and is thus on the verge of extinction.
Circumscription of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui (Apocynaceae) in Australia
Authors: Forster PI
Published: April 2005

The reduction of Tabernaemontana orientalis R. Br. to synonymy with T. pandacaqui Lam. is rejected. T. orientalis differs from T. pandacaqui in floral morphology, leaf venation and habitat preference. Only two species of Tabernaemontana, namely T. orientalis and T. pandacaqui, are considered to occur in Australia. Well known names such as Ervatamia pubescens (R. Br.) Domin and E angustisepala (Benth.) Domin are relegated to synonymy. T. orientalis and T. pandacaqui are described and illustrated, and their occurrence in Australia and adjacent regions is outlined.
Australasian truffle-like Fungi. IV.* Malajczukia gen. nov. (Basidiomycotina, Mesophelliaceae)
Authors: Trappe JM , Castellano MA , Trappe MJ
Published: April 2005

Malajczukia, a new genus of truffle-like fungi, is described along with six new species (M. amicorum, M. fusispora, M. karrialis, M. spumoidea, M. tropica and M. viridigleba) and two new combinations (M. ingratissima and M. novae-zelandiae). Malajczukia has the central glebal core separated from the peridial endocutis by radiate rows of narrow locules instead of by the capillitium and powdery spore mass that characterise the closely related genus Mesophellia. All have veins or nests of large, inflated cells in the central core, a feature absent in Mesophellia.* Part III, Aust. Syst. Bot., 1992, 5, 613–16.
Australasian truffle-like Fungi. V.* Nomenclatural bibliography of type descriptions of Ascomycotina and Zygomycotina
Authors: Castellano MA , Trappe JM
Published: April 2005

This bibliography includes all truffle-like Ascomycotina and Zygomycotina originally reported with Australasian mycorrhizal host plants regardless of the hemisphere in which they grow. In addition, we include all non-sporocarpic Zygomycotina because of the potential for some taxa to form single or clustered spores in the soil in addition to sporocarps. Truffle-like Ascomycotina and Zygomycotina from elsewhere in the tropics and the southern hemisphere also are included. This work is a bibliographic, not a taxonomic treatment.*Part IV, Aust. Syst. Bot., 1992, 5, 617–30.
Australian truffle-like fungi. VI* Gigasperma (Basidiomycotina, Tricholomataceae) and Horakiella gen.nov. (Basidiomycotina, Sclerodermataceae)
Authors: Castellano MA , Trappe JM
Published: April 2005

Re-examination of both species assigned too the genus Gigasperma reveals significant differences between the two taxa that warrant separation at the order level. Gigasperma cryptica is characterised by large, smooth, extremely thick-walled, reddish brown spores borne on 4-spored basidia as in some Agaricales. Horakiella clelandii gen. et comb. nov. differs in its ornamented, hyaline to pale brown spores enclosed by nurse hyphae as in the Sclerodermatales.* Part V, Aust. Syst. Bot., 1992, 5, 631–8.
Acacia bulgansis and A. matthewii, Two new species of Acacia section Juliflorae (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) allied to A. cheelii, eastern New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Tindale MD , Kodela PG , Davis SJ
Published: April 2005

Acacia bulgaensis and A. matthewii, two new species belonging to sect. Juliflorae are described and illustrated. Their distributions in eastern New South Wales are mapped. Related species are discussed and a key is provided for both species and for their closest ally, Acacia cheelii Blakely, which is also described and illustrated and its distribution mapped.
Taxonomy and reproduction in Australian species of Diliphus (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta)
Authors: Phillips JA
Published: April 2005

Eight species of Dilophus are recognised for Australia. Detailed descriptions are given for five species, D. fastigiatus, D. gunnianus, D. intermedius, D. marginatus and D. robustus. D. moniliformis and D. crinitus from Western Australia and D. decumbens from subantarctic Macquarie I. remain poorly known. Sporophytes and gametophytes are reported for the five species providing first records of sporophytes of D. robustus, female gametophytes of D. intermedius, and both male and female gametophytes of D. robustus and D. marginatus. The arrangement and structure of sporangia and gametangia have been intensively studied and many reproductive characters not previously used in species discrimination have been incorporated into species' descriptions and used to develop species' concepts. Species are delimited on the following combination of characters: arrangement, size and structure of sporangia, arrangement and structure of gametangia, and the number of medullary cell layers.
Affinities of the Australian endemic akaniaceae: New evidence from rbcL sequences
Authors: Gradek PA , Quinn CJ , Rodman JE , Karol KG , Conti E , PRice RA , Fernando ES
Published: April 2005

The affinities of the Australian monotypic endemic family Akaniaceae, traditionally assigned to the Sapindales, are reassessed on the basis of comparative sequence data for the chloroplast encoded gene, rbcL. Cladistic analyses show Akania to cluster robustly with Bretschneidera and then Tropaeolum, within the clade of glucosinolate Capparalean families. Eight species representing six other families assigned to the Sapindales, plus Leitneria, formed a monophyletic cluster in 100% of trees in a bootstrap analysis with 500 replicates. This Sapindalean clade is shown to be supported by 17 synapomorphs, only one of which occurs in Akania. Relationships at the ordinal level, among the Sapindalean, Malvalean, Capparalean and Myrtalean clades, are, however, not well resolved. While the most parsimonious arrangement has the Malvales as sister-group to the Sapindales, with the Capparalean and Myrtalean clades joining in sequence, the occurrence of an apomorphic triplet of bases at positions 294–6 in all members of the Malvales, Myrtales and Sapindales so far examined is tentative evidence that these orders may constitute a monophyletic group.
Acacia meiantha (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae), a new species from the central tablelands of New South Wales
Authors: Tindale MD , Kodela PG , Herscovitch C
Published: April 2005

Acacia meiantha Tindale & Herscovitch, a rare new species of Acacia sect. Phyllodineae, locally common at Clarence, Blue Mountains and in Mullions Range State Forest, on the Central Tablelands, New South Wales, is described and illustrated together with a distribution map. Its putative relationships to the polymorphic Acacia linifolia (Vent.) Willd. as well as to A. boormanii Maiden are discussed in detail. A key is also provided to A. meiantha and its allies.
A further note on Acacia aneura (Mimosoideae : Leguminosae)
Authors: Pedley L
Published: April 2005

Acacia ayersiana is reduced to varietal rank under A. aneura. A key to described varieties of A. aneura is provided.
Corrigenda — A further note on Acacia aneura (Mimosoideae : Leguminosae)
Authors: Pedley L
Published: April 2005

Acacia ayersiana is reduced to varietal rank under A. aneura. A key to described varieties of A. aneura is provided.