bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What's the score? Qualitative analysis in gender research
Authors: Stubbe Maria
Published: April 2007

Research on gender differences in interactive style has typically investigated the relative numbers of particular discourse features (such as interruptions or minimal responses) produced by females and males in different contexts. While this approach has provided a valuable means of testing a range of hypotheses about male and female styles of interaction and has led to the emergence of some clear trends, the evidence from individual studies is nevertheless often conflicting and difficult to interpret. This paper argues that quantitative methods used alone often fail to adequately capture the complexities of spoken interaction; the inclusion of qualitative analysis can produce a greater insight into the functions of different interactive strategies and provides a valuable additional perspective to research into gender differences. By taking into account the results of both quantitative and qualitative analyses of the same data, it is possible to gain a much clearer picture of the processes at work in an interaction than would otherwise be possible.
Why two are not always better than one: effects of the non‐integrated execution of related syntactic and morphological rules
Authors: Th. Chavez Monika M.
Published: April 2007

This paper discusses the interaction of rules concerning verb placement and verbal conjugation in the acquisition of German as a foreign language. Using constrained written tasks, it is shown that (1) accuracy in verbal conjugation varies by word‐order environment (SV(X), XVS, or SXV) and (2) accuracy in verbal conjugation improves in tasks which focus solely on conjugation, while accuracy in verb placement does not improve in tasks which focus solely on verb placement. The findings are interpreted from the perspective of cognitive learning theory and contrasted with the tenet that rule interaction is a characteristic of the effects of Universal Grammar parametric trigger‐mechanisms only. Furthermore, the formulation of expectations with regard to acquisitional progress on the basis of linguistic paradigms is challenged.
Studies of language for specific purposes: a biased view of a rich reality1
Authors: Gunnarsson Britt‐Louise
Published: April 2007

The first part of the article discusses professional language and communication in real‐life settings. It stresses that oral and written discourse are intertwined and that the construction of professional discourse is a dynamic process. Three layers are distinguished in this process: cognitive, social and societal. The second part contains a critical overview of research on language for specific purposes. The European perspective is contrasted with the American perspective, and different approaches are discussed in relation to the three layers. The third part develops ideas for a renewal of the field. The unification of studies of the written and spoken sides of communication and a more holistic and multidimensional approach to the study of professional communication are considered as essential for the field in the future.
Some aspects of the rhetorical structure of specialized written discourse in English, Bulgarian and Russian
Authors: Vassileva Irena
Published: April 2007

The paper focuses on the similarities and differences between the rhetorical structure of some Slavonic (Russian and Bulgarian) and English scientific texts. The aim of the study is to test the widely accepted assumption that scientific discourse has universal features which are language‐independent. The analysis is based on speech act theory and takes into account both the macro‐ and micro‐functions of the various rhetorical units. The results of the investigation do not support the hypothesis completely, but rather point to a number of differences between the two types of rhetorical patterns due to variations in cultural background, academic writing traditions and different thought patterns.
Rhetorical organization of chairmen's statements
Authors: Skulstad Aud Solbjørg
Published: April 2007

This paper takes as its point of departure Swales' (1990) model of research article introductions. Despite its widely acknowledged merits, this model is restricted to one genre within one type of discourse community. The present article is an attempt to apply Swales' Move‐Step approach to a different genre belonging to a different discourse community. A model of the rhetorical organization of chairmen's statements in annual reports issued by British companies is proposed. This Relationships and Confidence (RECON) model reflects the communicative purpose(s) of corporate annual reports, which is the primary determinant of genre membership. The nomenclature of the three moves in the RECON model indicates the specific non‐linguistic purposes of the introductory part of corporate annual reports: establishing the relationships between the chairman/company and the readers, maintaining confidence, and reinforcing the relationships already established. The different steps identified in the RECON model are rhetorical strategies utilized for achieving the different communicative aims, among which image creation is central. By way of a conclusion, some pedagogical potentials of a Move‐Step analysis for raising ESP students' genre awareness are discussed as a means of improving ESP courses.
Effects of social power on language use across speech communities
Authors: Kamişi Sibel , Doďançay‐Aktuna Seran
Published: April 2007

This paper discusses the discourse strategies that status‐unequal inter‐locutors use in expressing disagreement. It reveals semantic formulas as influenced by the role relationships, thus the relative power and status of interlocutors. It also compares and contrasts the discourse strategies used by native speakers of Turkish and American English for the same speech event in order to obtain a cross‐cultural perspective. Data was collected from 80 native speakers of Turkish and 14 native speakers of American English using a written elicitation task (Takahashi & Beebe 1993). Analysis was done by uncovering the semantic strategies and politeness formulas which status‐unequal interlocutors use in carrying out this face‐threatening speech function. Findings indicate style variation in accordance with role relationships and reveal the sociolinguistic norms of different discourse communities in the execution of the same speech act.
Age in social interaction. On constructivis t epistemologies and the social psychology of language
Authors: Aronsson Karin
Published: April 2007

Work on age in interaction is discussed in terms of constructivist epistemologies, relating research on ageism to work on adult‐child interaction in a cultural comparative perspective. It is shown how recent research may be described recursively in terms of the interactive construction of social identities. Coupland demonstrates how the study of age in interaction provides a rich field for constructionist analysis in that it is possible to detail a series of discursive phenomena within a dialogical dynamics (such as age‐telling, generational alignments and age‐categorisations) and to flesh out the textual detailing of age‐identity, moving well beyond anaemic discussions of ‘social constructions’without any real analyses of texts as such. In focussing on identity in interaction, applied linguistics combines recent constructivist developments with close textual analyses. In working toward a dialogical epistemology, it is possible to avoid the Scylla of constructivist reductionism as well as the Charybdis of naive essentialism.
Apologies: what do we know?
Authors: Meier A.J.
Published: April 2007

This paper reviews research on apologies, considering research goals and results in assessing the ‘maturity’ of apology research. It is argued that such research needs to progress beyond a descriptive goal to an explanatory goal in terms of the underlying cultural assumptions that inform the perception of contextual factors which in turn inform apology behavior.
Communication Accommodation Theory and miscommunication: issues of awareness and communication dilemmas
Authors: Williams Angie
Published: April 2007

This paper has several goals. One is to introduce and contextualize the papers that contribute to this special issue. All of the papers in the issue are grounded in Communication Accommodation Theory and Coupland, Wiemann & Giles’(1991) typology of miscommunication. These theories are briefly reviewed here, and some links between them are explored in the context of the contributory papers. Another goal of this paper is to discuss some of the themes and issues raised by a reading of the other papers as a set. In this regard, two issues which may be worthy of further research and theoretical attention in the future are selected and highlighted. First, the degree to which communicators are aware of various language and communication strategies, especially accommodation strategies, is considered. The relationship between awareness and research tasks such as self‐reporting is important here. Second, the concept of accommodation dilemmas, their relationship to miscommunication and problematic talk, along with possible avenues of dilemma resolution are explored.
Cliché‐based metadiscursive argumentation in the Houses of Parliament
Authors: Ilie Cornelia
Published: April 2007

This article puts forward a discourse‐analytical and argumentative framework for the interpretation of clichés used in parliamentary debates. The analysis of their argumentative functions is based on their metadiscursive use and institutional evaluation provided by the cliché‐users, namely British Members of Parliament. Metadiscursively introduced clichés undergo a double evaluation by their utterers: evaluation of the status of the cliché as a discursive strategy in general, and of the appropriateness or validity of the cliché as the bearer of a particular topos in a certain context. The argumentative orientation of political clichés is shown to originate in the speaker's implicit and explicit ideological commitments and to involve a marked, but shifting, polarization in terms of positive and negative values. The most frequent argumentative topoi for the parliamentary clichés in this corpus convey cliché status evaluations in scalar terms, such as ‘old’, and cliché appropriateness evaluations in binary terms, such as ‘true’/‘untrue’.
NOTES ON THE MOSLEMS OF BOSNIA
Authors: Kuzmany DR. N.
Published: April 2007

These people are certainly interesting as they are perverts from Christianity in the days when Islam was dominant in that region. They speak the same language as their Orthodox associates, with whom they are connected by ties of blood relationship. They know that their fathers were Christians and that Islam is to them a foreign religion forced upon them by a conquering race, the language of which they do not understand nor care to understand. They are now wholly surrounded by people of their own race who are Christians and they are under a Christian Government. Their Moslem training, however, has given them a distaste for the spectacular form of worship which they see in the Orthodox churches and they are ready to examine the claims of a simpler form of worship.— Ed.]
FROM ISLAM TO CHRIST (The Spiritual Experiences of a Persian Convert)
Authors: Wysham Williamn
Published: April 2007

Foreword. The writer of this narrative became a Christian about thirty years ago, and was one of the very first Moslems in Persia to accept the Gospel. His life has been a varied one, for at different times he has been artisan, steward, attendant in the Parliament during the stormy days of the first constitutional government, city detective, and a trusted an days of the American Mission in Teheran. He is largely self‐educated, but is surprisingly Well‐informed, and spends much time in thought and meditation. Keenly observant, he has contributed to a popular Persian magazine a series of articles on conditions in Persia which have been full of wit and satire, and have created much comment.

During thirty years of Christian experience, this man has been remade by the power of Christ. He is now senior elder in a Persian church, and has power in prayer, his wisdom, independence and common sense are invaluable in the church's growth, In his study of the Bible he has had the help of scarcely any of the with of commentaries and spiritual books which we tike for granted, but his conception of Christianity is remarkably broad and comprehensive His life is above reproach, and his quiet efficiency and thoughtfulness are an example to the missionaries with whom he works.

As I write we are on an evangelistic trip together to one of the smaller cities which is solidly Moslem. He makes a capital traveling companion, and his unending supply of stories and wise observations fill up any empty hours in OUT days t ether. He is perhaps at his best when he Dresents the Gospel of Christ to Muslims who have never before heard it. Fanatics who come to annihilate us with their arguments find that he skillfully disarms their prejudices, and won they are listening quietly to the old story of the Messiah who was witnessed to by the prophets, taught eternal spiritual truth, and died for our Sins. In these discussions he is always entirely fearless in his personal confession of Christianity, though it is still the law of the land that anstate from Islam shall be killed like a dog by anyone who hears his blasphemy. Surely God has a future for the Persian Church with such men among its founders.]
HARUT AND MARUT
Authors: Margoliouth D. S.
Published: April 2007

And when there came to them (the Jews) an Apostle from Allah confirming what was in their possession, a section of those who had been given the Book flung the Book of Allah behind their backs, as though they knew not; (96) and followed what the demons recited over the kingdom of Solomon, and Solomon did not disbelieve, but the demons disbelieved, teaching men sorcery, and what was revealed to the two angels (or kings) in Babylon, Harut and Marut, and they twain taught no one until they said, We are only a probation, and disbelieve thou not; and they would learn from them twain that whereby they would separate between a man and his wife, and they harm no one thereby save by permission of Allah, and they learn what harms them and profits them not, and verily they know that whoso purchaseth it hath no share in the latter world.
THE SWORD OF MOHAMMED AND ALI
Authors: Zwemer S. M.
Published: April 2007

“Islam alone of all the great religions of the human race was born sword in hand. Islam has always relied on the sword, and for thirteen hundred years the mullah who reads the Friday prayers in the mosque wears a sword, even if only made of wood, as a symbol of his creed”. —Sir Valentine Chirol in Foreign Affairs, Vol. I, No. 3
RETURN TO THE OLD QIBLA
Authors: Zwemer S. M.
Published: April 2007

“The fools among men will say, What has turned them from their qibla on which they were agreed?”—Surah 2:135.
THE KORAN AS MAGIC
Authors: Donaldson. Bess Allen
Published: April 2007

“This is the honorable Koran, written in the Preserved Book: let none touch it but the purified, it is a revelation from the Lord of the worlds.” Sura 56 :76–79.
CURRENT TOPICS
Authors: Sayre. Geneva
Published: April 2007

Arab Chivalry

The Hadramaut

A Steel Bus Trailer for the Desert

Good News from Iran

Prison Reform in Turkey

A Moslem Heroine

The Cigarette as Peace‐maker (?)

An Open Door in Yemen

Circumcision of Converts to Islam in Malabar

Chinese Moslem Women

Missionaries in the Honors List
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Guillaume Alfred , Rosenthal Franz , Bishop Eric F. F. , Calverley Edwin E. , Morris Richard Knowles
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:

The Koran Interpreted. By Arthur J. Arberry.

Averroes' Commentary on Plato's Republic. Edited with an introduction, translation and notes by E. I. J. Rosenthal.

The Concept of Constitutional Law in Islam. By Dr. Rahimuddin Kemat.

Islamic Law and Constitution. By Syed Abul Ālā Maudoodi.

Kuwait and her Neighbours. By H. R. P. Dickson.

Anctent and Modern Man in Southwestern Asia. By Henry Field.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Bodine J. Jermain , Denny Walter B. , Haddad Wadi Z. , Ahmad Aziz , Ahmad Aziz , Burke Edmund , Najjar Fauzi M. , Peretz Don
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:

The Desert Bible. By Morris S. Seale.

The Sense of Unity: The Sufi Tradition in Persian Architecture. By Nader Ardalan and Laleh Bakhtiar.

Sayyid Ahmad. A Study of the Religious Reform Movement of Sayyid Ahmad of Rē Bareli. By Muhammad Hedayetullah.

The Khilafat Movement in India, 1919‐1924. By A. C. Niemeijer.

History of Medieval Deccan (1295‐1724), Vol. I (Mainly Political and Military Aspects). Edited by H. K. Sherwani and P. M. Joshi.

New French Imperialism, 1880‐1910: The Third Republic and Colonial Expansion. By James J. Cooke.

The U.S.S.R. and the Middle East. Edited by Michael Confino and Shimon Shamir.

Survival or Hegemony? The Foundations of Israeli Foreign Policy. By Samuel J. Roberts.

Truman, The Jewish Vote and the Creation of. Israel. By John Snetsinger.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Haddad Wadi Z. , Haddad Wadi Z. , Liebesny Herbert J. , Kasozi A. B. K. , Khader Bichara , Khader Bichara
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:

Scholars, Sufis and Saints: Muslim Religious Institutions Since 1500. Edited by Nikki R. Keddie.

Sayyid Jaml̄ ad‐Dn̄“al‐Afghān?”: A Political Biography. By Nikki R. Keddie.

Kitb̄ lkhtilf̄ Usl̄l̄‐Madhh̄ib of Qzā? Nuān̄ b. Muāmmad. Edited with a critical introduction by S.T. Lokhand walla.

Islam in Uganda :Islamisation Through a Centralised State in Pre‐Colonial Africa. By Arye Oded.

The Politics of Palestinian Nationalism. By William B. Quandt, Fuad Jaber, Ann Mosely Lesch.

Arab Politics in the Soviet Mirror. By Aryeh Yodfat.
CONTAMINATION OF SEVERAL BREAKFAST CEREALS BY METHYL CHLOROFORM
Authors: PAGE B. DENIS , CHARBONNEAU CLAUDETTE F.
Published: April 2007

The analysis of several breakfast cereals has shown that methyl chloroform (MCF, 1,1,1‐Trichloroethane), a solvent found to be present in the adhesive of the outer box, can migrate from the adhesive through the box and the waxed liner into the cereal. The levels of MCF in the adhesive, the outer box, the waxed liner and the cereal were found to range from 0 to 2.3%, 0 to 19.4 ppm, 0 to 4.8 ppm, and 0 to 0.40 ppm, respectively, in 11 breakfast cereals. The MCF residues were determined using a closed system‐vacuum distillation gas chromatographic technique with both electron capture and electrolytic conductivity detection. The results were confirmed by high resolution mass spectrometry.
DISTRIBUTION OF OCHRATOXIN A IN CHICKEN TISSUES AND EGGS
Authors: FRYE CURTIS E. , CHU F. S.
Published: April 2007

The kinetics of distribution of ochratoxin A (OA) in chicken tissues was studied. Day‐old chicks were fed a starter diet alone or containing 1 ppm OA. After 5 weeks, all chicks were intubated with 50 μg 3H‐OA per chick. The highest level of radioactivity was found in kidney and liver 8 hr after intubation. Peak levels of OA in kidney, liver and breast were found to be 12, 4, and 0.2 ppb, respectively. Over 90% of the radioactivity was eliminated 48 hr after intubation. Moreover, when laying hens were fed a diet containing 0.5 or 5.0 ppm of OA for 2 weeks, the highest levels of OA were found in the kidney (124 ppb) and liver (80 ppb) also. Levels of OA in breast, leg and eggs of laying hens were found to be 8, 7, and 2.8 ppb, respectively.
PREVENTION OF CROSS‐REACTIONS IN THE ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) FOR THE DETECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ENTEROTOXIN TYPE B IN CULTURE FILTRATES AND FOODS
Authors: KOPER J. W. , HAGENAARS A. M. , NOTERMANS S.
Published: April 2007

Investigations were performed to avoid cross‐reactions in the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, using the sandwich technique, for detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin type B. Non‐specific reactions can be caused by cross‐reacting antigens and by Protein A, produced by S. aureus. The former reactions can be prevented by adsorption with culture filtrate of non‐toxin type B producing strains. The latter reaction is caused by the binding of Protein A to the Fc fragments of the IgG antibodies. Interference by Protein A was completely eliminated by using the F(ab')2 fragments of the IgG antibodies.

ELISA experiments in which these purified F(ab')2 fragments were used resulted in a highly specific detection of entertoxin type B, both in culture filtrates and in foods.
THERMAL DESTRUCTION OF PATULIN IN BERRIES AND BERRY JAMS
Authors: LINDROTH SEPPO
Published: April 2007

Thermal destruction rates for patulin in blackcurrant, blueberries and strawberries and berry jams made of these materials with an addition of 440 g sucrose per kg were tested. Half‐lives were calculated to be 31, 65 and 77 min for unsweetened blackcurrants, blueberries and strawberries. For sweetened berry mixtures the corresponding values were 113, 144 and 112 min, respectively.
DETERMINATION OF ALDICARB SULFONE IN HYDROPONICALLY GROWN CUCUMBERS
Authors: AARONSON MICHAEL J. , TESSARI JOHN D. , SAVAGE ELDON P. , GOES ELIZABETH A.
Published: April 2007

During a two week period, several residents of a small Nebraska community experienced violent illnesses with short duration following ingestion of locally grown hydroponic cucumbers (Goes et al. 1979). Approximately a year later during another two week period, a second similar outbreak occurred. In each incident those who ingested hydroponic cucumbers experienced similar illnesses. All of the cucumbers were grown at the same greenhouse. The carbamate insecticide aldicarb, was detected in some cucumbers grown at the hydroponic greenhouse.

The aldicarb was determined as aldicarb sulfone (a metabolite) by gas chromatography employing a flame photometric detector (FPD) with a 394 mμ filter selective for sulfur‐containing compounds. Separate calibration curves, derived from aldicarb sulfone, are required for the quantitation.
EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEIN AND FAT LEVELS ON LIVER AND URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASIA IN MICE FED 2‐ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE
Authors: FRITH CHARLES H. , NORVELL MICHAEL J. , UMHOLTZ ROBERT , KNAPKA JOSEPH J.
Published: April 2007

Weanling female BALB/c mice were continuously fed diets containing combinations of 12 or 24% protein, 4 or 24% fat and 500 ppm of 2 acetylaminofluorene (2‐AAF) for 78 weeks. Mice on the high fat diets demonstrated a significant increase in the incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms and urinary bladder carcinomas. The incidence of both liver tumors and bladder tumors was reduced in the mice fed low fat and low protein diet compared to the other three diets. The protein levels alone appeared to have no effect on the incidence of bladder tumors or liver tumors. Mice fed the diet with lower levels of fat and protein showed a significant decrease in the incidence of bladder carcinomas compared to the mice fed the higher levels of fat andlor protein.
USE OF MICROPOROUS PLASTIC FOR IN‐PACKAGE CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES
Authors: BENEDICT ROBERT C. , STRANGE ELIZABETH D.
Published: April 2007

Ground beef packaged and stored with carbon dioxide‐generating reagent packets made from (1) microporous plastic film or (2) non‐woven cellulose cloth had significantly (p<0.01) lower bacterial counts than ground meat packaged and stored without packets. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in bacterial counts of samples stored with the 2 types of packets. Samples with in‐package generated carbon dioxide atmospheres had approximately 2–3 days additional shelf‐life before spoilage.
TOXIGENIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM LATE‐SEASON PECANS
Authors: WELLS JOHN M.
Published: April 2007

Of 1978 fungal colonies isolated on malt‐salt agar from twenty 5‐kg samples of pecans harvested late in the season, 39% were Cladosporium, 21% were Penicillium, 9% were Alternaria or Epicoccum, 8% Pestalotia or Monochaeta, 4% Trichothecium, 4% Aspergillus niger, and less than 2% were Fusarium, Phomopsis, Rhizopus, Aspergillus, and miscellaneous genera. Forty‐four of 260 representative isolates were persistently toxic to day‐old cockerels. Toxigenic Penicillium spp. included P. citrinum, P. terrestre, P. cyclopium, P. funiculosum, P. roquefortii, P. purpurogenum, P. rubrum, and P. rugulosum. Toxigenic isolates of other genera included Aspergillus fiavus, A. cervinus, Alternaria alternata, Trichothecium roseum, Pestalotia sp., and Fusarium spp. Additional key words are Carya illinoensis, mycotoxins.
“NEW MYCOTOXINS” AND THEIR POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANCE IN FOODS
Authors: CIEGLER ALEX
Published: April 2007

Mycotoxins, other than aflatoxin, are reviewed for their potential implication as food contaminants. Additionally, diseases possibly caused by unknown mycotoxins, are discussed.
SUB‐ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES OF GLANDLESS COTTONSEED KERNELS FED TO RATS
Authors: REBER ELWOOD F. , PYKE RALPH E.
Published: April 2007

Glandless cottonseed kernels were fed as raw, cooked or roasted ground flours. The glandless cottonseed flour (20%) was added to laboratory chow (80%). The control was lab chow (94%) plus cottonseed oil (6%). Sexually mature rats (F‐O) were fed the diets for two weeks prior to being bred, and through lactation. From their offspring (F‐1) 50 males and 50 females were selected from each group. The F‐1 rats were fed the diets from weaning until 24 weeks of age. At 13 weeks of age, the rats were bred, and their offspring (F‐2) were raised to weaning. There were no statistically significant differences due to treatment in the number of litters born, litter size, or weights of the young of the F‐O or the F‐1 females. Growth and food consumption were similar for F‐1 rats in all treatments. There were no detrimental effects due to feeding glandless cottonseed kernels.
DEATH KINETICS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI IN A COMBINED TREATMENT WITH HEAT AND MONOLAURIN
Authors: TSUCHIDO TETSUAKI , SAEKI TOSHINORI , SHIBASAKI ISAO
Published: April 2007

A kinetic study was performed on the combined effect of monolaurin and heat on the death of Escherichia coli. The following results were obtained: (1) Monolaurin was about eleven times more active than that of sodium laurate; (2) Temperature enhanced the effect of monolaurin. True enthalpyentropy compensation effect was shown in this death reaction. The value of 341.9°K was obtained from the formula of ΔH*= Tc·ΔS*+ b and 331.5°K from Arrhenius plots as a compensation temperature; (3) The apparent minimum enhancing concentration of monolaurin ranged from 0.0056 mM to 0.013 mM, varying with the heating temperature. It may be concluded from the results of this study that the enhancing effect of monolaurin on the thermal death of E. coli corresponds to that of the amphoteric surfactant type (S type) agent defined in our previous report.
EFFECT OF GLYCERYL MONOLAURATE ON TOXIN PRODUCTION BY CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM IN MEAT SLURRY
Authors: NOTERMANS S. , DUFRENNE J.
Published: April 2007

Glyceryl monolaurate when used in the proportion of 5 g per kg of meat slurry (pH 6.0–6.2) inhibited toxin production by Clostridium botulinum type A (strain 73A), type B (strain OKRA) and type E (strain RIV 2). The concentration of glycerol monolaurate required for inhibition was not reduced by addition of lactic acid to the meat slurry until the pH was lowered to pH 5.2 or below. In meat slurry (pH 6.0–6.2), potassium sorbate inhibited production of type B toxin at 32 g/kg. The addition of butylated hydroxy‐anisole to glyceryl monolaurate had no effect upon the concentration needed for inhibition of botulinum toxin production.
COMPARISON OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIONS OF MONOLAURIN AND SORBIC ACID
Authors: ROBACH MICHAEL C. , HICKEY CHRISTOPHER S. , TO EDDIE C.
Published: April 2007

The antimicrobial effects of monolaurin and sorbic acid were compared in laboratory media, cottage cheese and a pork homogenate. Sorbic acid (250–1000 ppm) was more effective than monolaurin (250–1000 ppm) in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus S‐6 and Salmonella enteritidis 13076 in pH 5.2 trypticase soy broth. Monolaurin was more effective than sorbic acid against the growth of S. typhimurium 13311 under similar conditions. No synergistic effects were observed when combinations of monolaurin and sorbic acid were tested. In the cottage cheese study, 800 ppm sorbic acid effectively inhibited the growth of coliforms and yeasts and molds, but only slightly inhibited the growth of psychrotrophs. Monolaurin at 800 ppm was ineffective in controlling the growth of any of the microorganisms tested. The use of 3000 ppm monolaurin in a pork homogenate had no effect on the outgrowth and gas formation by Clostridium sporogenes PA3679, whereas 3000 ppm sorbic acid delayed outgrowth and gas formation. Combinations of monolalurin and sorbic acid indicated that sorbic acid was the active anticlostridial agent.
DNA HYBRIDIZATION METHOD FOR DETECTING ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI IN HUMAN ISOLATES AND ITS POSSIBLE APPLICATION TO FOOD SAMPLES1
Authors: HILL WALTER E.
Published: April 2007

A DNA hybridization assay was used to detect isolates of Escherichia coli that have the genetic potential to produce toxin. This method was compared with the traditional Y‐1 mouse adrenal cell method for detecting pathogenic E. coli isolated from humans. Results showed that the DNA hybridization method has the potential to detect foodborne bacterial pathogens. The advantages and disadvantages of this genetic method are compared with those of the traditional assays for pathogenicity.
PLASMIDS IN CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS
Authors: SOLBERG MYRON , BLASCHEK HANS P. , KAHN PETER
Published: April 2007

A review of plasmids in Clostridium perfringens is presented. The characterization of the caseinase mediating plasmid pHB101 based upon limited DNase treatment, restriction endonuclease treatment, and agarose gel electrophoresis is described. Antibiotic profiles for the wild type strain and the cured strain were determined. The plasmid pHB101 was non self‐transferable. The curing procedure resulted in a stable morphological change from rod to coccoid or bacillary‐coccoid shape. A screening of C. perfringens strains showed the general presence of a 9.4 Mdal plasmid which may have been overlooked in the past due to chromosomal DNA masking effects.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF MONOLAURIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: LISKER NORBERTO , PASTER NACHMAN
Published: April 2007

LauricidinR (monolaurin) and related compounds were tested against 16 fungi belonging to different groups and having different cell wall composition. Lauricidin Plus F (a combination of monolaurin, butylated hydroxy anisole and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) was the most effective agent and inhibited the growth of all fungi tested at a concentration of 0.1%. Lauribic (a combination of monolaurin and sorbic acid) also exhibited strong antifungal activity but was less effective than Lauricidin Plus F. In most cases Lauricidin showed antifungal activity at a concentration of 0.5%. Other commercial samples of monolaurin, e.g. Lauricidin 812 (A), Lauricidin 802 (B), and Lauricidin 112 (C), showed higher antifungal activity than Lauricidin. Tests comparing Lauricidin Plus F with sorbic acid, K sorbate and propionic acid, showed that Lauricidin Plus F has higher antifungal activity except when sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii were used for inoculation. Lauricidin Plus F was fungistatic and maintained its activity in a semi‐synthetic medium for at least 21 days at 26°C.
CARCINOGENICITY TEST OF QUERCETIN AND KAEMPFEROL IN RATS BY ORAL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: TAKANASHI HITOSHI , AISO SHIGETOSHI , HIRONO IWAO , MATSUSHIMA TAIJIRO , SUGIMURA TAKASHI
Published: April 2007

Quercetin and kaempferol were tested for carcinogenicity in rats of both sexes. In Experiment I, 0.1% quercetin or control diet was given to Fischer 344 rats for 540 days. In experiment II, 0.04% kaempferol or control diet was given to ACI rats for 540 days. In both experiments, most tumors found in the experimental groups were also found in the corresponding control groups, and there were no statistical differences in the incidences of tumors in the experimental groups and the respective control groups. Quercetin and kaempferol were not shown to be carcinogenic to rats under these conditions.
EFFECTS OF CULTURAL CONDITIONS ON THE SYNTHESIS OF SALMONELLA TOXIN
Authors: KOO FELIX C. W. , PETERSON JOHNNY W.
Published: April 2007

The influence of culture age, pH, aeration, and temperature on Salmonella toxin production was investigated using fermentor cultures containing casamino acids‐yeast extract as a growth medium. About 75% or more of total Salmonella toxin was synthesized and released when the cultures were harvested during stationary phase of growth. Increased production and release of the toxin was also observed when the cultures were regulated at pH 6.0, 7. 0, or under alkaline control. The optimal temperature for the synthesis of Salmonella toxin was at 37°C; increased aeration of the cultures (500 rpm) appeared to enhance Samonella toxin production.
FATTY ACIDS FROM LARVAL SULCASCARIS SP. (NEMATODA) AS POSSIBLE INDICATORS OF INFECTION OF CALICO SCALLOPS (ARGOPECTEN GIBBUS)
Authors: HOSKIN GEORGE P. , BIER JEFFREY W.
Published: April 2007

Fatty acid profiles of larval nematodes (stage‐ 4 Sulcascaris sp.), of tissue from their intermediate host (calico scallops, Argopecten gibbus), and of the host capsule that surrounds the larvae were prepared in an attempt to identify infected scallops. Nematode tissue showed lower ratios of C14:O/C14:1, C16:0/C16:1 and C18:0/C18:1 than did scallop tissue. The nematodes contained relatively less C16:0 and more C18:2 than did scallops. Fatty acids shorter than C14:0 were found in small amounts in both organisms. Fatty acid profiles of capsules differed little from those of normal scallop tissue.
ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF SODIUM AND OTHER IONS IN FOODS: A REVIEW1
Authors: SOFOS JOHN N.
Published: April 2007

Salt or sodium chloride (NaCl) is a common ingredient in many processed foods, and especially in cured meats. In addition to flavoring and functional contributions, NaCl is believed to play an important antimicrobial role in these products. The antimicrobial activity of NaCl is reviewed in light of currrent calls for a reduction of Na+ in the human diet due to health reasons, and the possible replacement of NaCl in processed foods with chloride salts of other ions (i.e. KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2). Factors interacting with NaCl and complicating the nature of the preservative system in processed foods are examined; recent work with alternative chloride salts is summarized; complex solute‐water activity interactions are highlighted; and, several important factors are considered in relation to the antimicrobial effects of NaCl and the possibility of its replacement with other chloride salts.
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF FREEZE‐STRESSED Campylobacter jejuni CELLS IN SELECTIVE MEDIA
Authors: RAY BIBEK , JOHNSON C.
Published: April 2007

Freezing and thawing of Campylobacter jejuni inflicted sublethal injury among survivors. About 95% or more of the survivors lost viability within 2 h of microaerobic incubation at 42°C in brucella broth containing a Campylobacter‐selective antibiotic supplement of vancomycin, trimethoprim, polymyxin B, cephalothin and amphotericin. The remaining viable cells were able to multiply under these incubation conditions. The stressed cells were adversely affected by incubation at 42°C andpolymyxin B. A method consisting of incubating suspected samples microaerobically in brucella broth, supplemented with nutrients (succinate + cysteine) and antibiotics (vancomycin, trimethoprim, cephalothin and amphotericin) at 37°C for the initial 6 h and then adding polymyxin B and shifting the temperature to 42°C up to 24 h could improve detection of C. jejuni from frozen foods.
PERSISTENCE OF PHOSPHINE GAS IN FUMIGATED IRAQI DATES
Authors: AL‐OMAR MUTHANNA A. , AL‐BASSOMY MABROUK
Published: April 2007

Phosphine gas (PH3) is a widely used fumigant for stored fruits and grains. Previous studies indicated that all residues of this gas are eliminated by normal aeration but the exact time has never been determined.

The objective of this work was to determine the time required for desorption of phosphine from fumigated dates relative to aeration time and temperature. Flame photometric detection by gas chromatography was used for the detection of sorbed phosphine.

Results indicate that the initial residue level of PH3 falls rapidly within 24 h after fumigation but residues persist for at least nine days. Higher residue levels were found in dates stored at low temperatures (4°C) than at 28°C. It is recommend that fumigated dates be marketed after longer periods of aeration, especially those aerated at temperatures of 4°C or less.
NITRITE REDUCTASE IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Authors: PAGE GREGORY V. , SOLBERG MYRON , CARMAN GEORGE M.
Published: April 2007

A nitrite reductase was identified and purified 11 ‐fold from the cytoplasmic fraction of Salmonella typhimurium grown anaerobically with nitrite as the sole nitrogen source. The enzyme required NADH as a cofactor and showed maximum in vitro reductase activity at pH 8.0.

S. typhimurium, grown anaerobically in glucose‐limited minimal medium containing peptone and nitrite, showed shorter generation times and increased cell yields in comparison to nitrite‐free cultures. The presence of nitrite had no effect on aerobic cultures. The nitrite reductase functions in a dissimilatory manner and appears to be primarily involved in physiological energy generation during anaerobic growth. The nitrite reductase may function to remove excess reducing power in the form of NADH from the cell thus increasing ATP production during the anaerobic fermentation of glucose. The formation and subsequent assimilation of ammonia from nitrite is of secondary importance to the organism.
AEROMONAS HYDROPHILAandAEROMONAS SOBRIAAS POTENTIAL FOOD POISONING SPECIES: A REVIEW1
Authors: BUCHANAN ROBERT L. , PALUMBO SAMUEL A.
Published: April 2007

Epidemiological and toxicological evidence implicatingAeromonas hydrophilaandAermononas sobriaas agents of human gastroenteritis is reviewed. These psychrotrophic species are common contaminants of refrigerated animal products, and the possibility that they may cause food poisoning is discussed.
A NOTE: POLYVALENT RADIOVACCINE AGAINST SALMONELLA
Authors: CHANDER R. , NERKAR D. P. , BANDEKAR J. R. , LEWIS N. F.
Published: April 2007

Salmonella strains exposed to lethal doses of gamma radiation are detoxified but retain their antigenic properties. Using eight Salmonella strains representative of each of the Salmonella serogroups A to G, a polyvalent radiovaccine has been developed which effectively immunizes mice to several Salmonella serotypes.
DETECTION OF BACILLUS CEREUS DIARRHEAGENIC TOXIN USING A RAT LIGATED INTESTINAL LOOP ASSAY
Authors: TING WEI‐TSYI , BANWART GEORGE J.
Published: April 2007

A study was performed to determine if the rat ligated intestinal loop assay could detect Bacillus cereus diarrheagenic toxin. The results obtained indicated that this assay system could be used for such a purpose but it was not as sensitive as the young rabbit ligated ileal loop assay. When rats were used, concentrating the cell free culture filtrate of B. cereus 30‐ to 40‐fold was necessary to detect diarrheagenic toxin activity with the intestinal loop assay.
GC/MS CONFIRMATION OF ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE RESIDUE IN FOODS
Authors: BARRY THOMAS L. , PETZINGER GLENN
Published: April 2007

Electron impact (EI) and negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) selected‐ion‐monitoring (SIM) GC/MS techniques are described for the confirmation of ethylene dibromide (EDB) residues in various food products.
MUTAGENICITY OF HEATED COTTONSEED FRYING OIL
Authors: SALEH MAHMOUD ABBAS , AHMED KAMEL A. , SHARAF AHMED N. , ABDEL‐LATIF MOHAMED S.
Published: April 2007

A control experiment showed that cottonseed oil used in frying falafel developed significant mutagenic activity. As a result, one hundred samples of fresh and used cottonseed oil employed commercially for frying falafel were collected from restaurants in thirteen major cities of Egypt. Samples were examined for mutagenic activity using the Salmonella typhimurium assay with and without S9. Six of the heated oil samples showed significant mutagenic activity. None of the fresh unheated oil samples were mutagenic. Salmonella typhimurium TA 102 gave a higher response than did either TA 100 or TA 98.

Peroxide, hydroxyl, acid and conjugated diene values were much higher for mutagenic samples. Iodine values, however, were lower. Liquid chromatography fractionation revealed that the mutagenicity was concentrated in the polar fraction. The column fraction having the highest mutagenic activity was further examined by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.
DETOXIFICATION OF GROUNDNUT SEEDS BY UREA AND SUNLIGHT
Authors: SHANTHA T. , SREENIVASA MURTHY , RATI E. R. , PREMA V.
Published: April 2007

A fourteen hour exposure to sunlight destroys about 90 and 77% aflatoxin B1 added to groundnut flakes with and without fat whereas only about 50% of the toxin is destroyed when present as a natural contaminant. Treating the groundnut flakes with 20% urea and 2% soybean flour (a source of urease) at 50% moisture would bring about 70% destruction of aflatoxin B1; In large scale trials, destruction was about 85%. Treatment with urea does not bring down the PER value of the material, which is 1.5 after treatment as against 1.6 in the untreated groundnuts.
ZEARALENONE IN NATIVE CEREAL BEER BREWED IN JOS METROPOLIS OF NIGERIA
Authors: OKOYE ZEBULON SUNDAY CHIBUNDO
Published: April 2007

Native cereal beer, pito, brewed in Jos metropolis during the 1984 late planting season was screened for zearalenone content. Zearalenone was detected in pito from 28 of the 46 breweries in 13 of the 14 districts sampled, with mean concentration of 81.75 ± 50.16 μg/liter and range 12.50–200.00 μg/liter. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in pooled extracts. There were other chloroform‐soluble isolates but their identities could not be established.
RADIATION STERILIZATION OF SPICES FOR HOSPITAL FOOD SERVICES AND PATIENT CARE
Authors: GRECZ N. , AL‐HARITHY R. , JAW R.
Published: April 2007

A survey of the commercial spices used by food services in a typical hospital environment revealed high contamination with microorganisms, i.e., 104 to 107 counts per gram. The predominant microorganisms were as followed (in colony counts/gram): (1) heat‐resistant bacterial spores in black pepper, 1 × 107; thyme, 2 × 106; anise, 7 × 104; curry powder, 4 × 105; poultry seasoning, 8 × 104; pickling spice, cardamom, and cumin, 1.5–3 × 104; (2) mixed populations of vegetative cells and bacterial spores in cumin, 1 × 106; (3) molds in cream of tartar, 2 × 104. Sterility of food may be important in a hospital setting, especially in the care of immunocompromised patients. To eliminate the organisms, we recommend radiation treatment, accompanied by appropriate microbiological quality control. On the basis of radiation survival data, the composite natural flora would be reduced to the level of “commercial sterility” (defined as less than 10 organisms per gram((Kiss 1982) by the following minimum radiation doses (in kGy): black pepper, 13; thyme, 13; cumin, 12; anise, 10; curry, 7.3; pickling spice, 7; poultry seasoning, 6; cardamom, 9.4; cream of tartar, 4. For practical purposes, two dose levels can be recommended for treatment of spices in the hospital environment, low = 6–10 kGy and high = 10–15 kGy.
COMPARISON OF MULLER‐KAUFFMANN'S TETRATHIONATE BROTH AND MODIFIED RAPPAPORT'S MEDIUM FOR ISOLATION OF SALMONELLA
Authors: BECKERS H. J. , LEUSDEN F. M. VAN , PETERS R.
Published: April 2007

Results obtained with tetrathionate broth (TBB) using the standard method and Rappaport‐Vassiliadis medium (RV) did not differ markedly with respect to the proportion of positive samples or the sero‐ and phage types of salmonellae isolated from minced beef and pork. TBB, based on the commercial dehydrated medium of Oxoid (CM 343), gave fewer positive samples while that of Merck (Art. No. 5172) was equivalent to RV. In individual experiments results were sometimes markedly different. Results obtained for reference samples of minced meat, with salmonellae added, demonstrated that the chances of detecting salmonellae increase with increasing numbers present initially. At the same time it was also demonstrated that the presence of minced meat and its competing microflora have an unpredictable effect on the detection of salmonellae.
KINETIC STUDY OF T‐2 TOXIN METABOLITES IN A COW
Authors: CHATTERJEE KAJAL , PAWLOSKY ROBERT J. , TREEFUL LINDA , MIROCHA C. J.
Published: April 2007

A Holstein cow was given a single, oral dose of T‐2 toxin (200 mg), and blood and urine samples were collected at regular time intervals for 48 h. The animal was dosed once more with the same amount and samples were again collected over another 48 h period. Trace amount (2 ppb) of T‐2 toxin was detected in the blood up to 24 h as well HT‐2, TC‐3, and T‐2 tetraol. De‐epoxy‐T‐2‐tetraol was detected in the blood and urine up to 48 h. No T‐2 could be found in the urine but HT‐2, TC‐1, TC‐3 and T‐2‐tetraol were detected. In addition, three major metabolites, i.e., iso TC‐1, de‐epoxy‐TC‐3 and de‐epoxy‐T‐2 tetraol, were found in the urine. Production of these metabolites was maximum at 14–20 h after administration of the toxin. No substantial accumulation of T‐2 toxin derivatives were found in the lung, heart, liver or kidney when the cow was sacrificed at the end of the experiment.
CAFFEINE CONTENT IN COLAS FROM NEW YORK STATE AND ONTARIO
Authors: STAVRIC BOZIDAR , KLASSEN RAYMOND
Published: April 2007

Thirty‐nine canned soft drinks obtained from New York (NY) State and from Ontario in 1986 were analyzed for caffeine. The major brands of cola drinks from either location differed little in caffeine concentration, with mean values of 92.5 μg/mL for NY State and 86.5 μg/mL for Ontario. However, different can volumes contributed toward the difference in caffeine content per can of cola beverages obtained in NY State and Ontario. The mean caffeine values for the “regular colas” were 34.3 and 21.5 mg/can (concentration range: 2.3–133.4 μg/mL and 0.1–104.9 μg/mL) for the NY State and Ontario products, respectively. The range of caffeine content for all products was from 0.8 to 50.8 mg/can for the NY State colas and from 0.03 to 29.4 mg/can for the Ontario products. Comparison with earlier reports (for USA from 1979:47.3 mg/can; for Ontario from 1976: 40 mg/can) indicated a general decrease in the amount of caffeine in all types of cola beverages in the last 7 years.
EFFECT OF FIELD AND WASHING TREATMENTS ON ETHYLENETHIOUREA LEVELS IN ETHYLENEBISDITHIOCARBAMATE‐TREATED CANNED SPINACH
Authors: GONZALEZ A. R. , DAVIS D. R. , KATTAN A. A. , ELKINS E. R. , KIM E. S.
Published: April 2007

The effects of field application rates, number of applications, interval to harvest after field treatment with ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicide and the effect of washing on the levels of the residue ethylenethiourea (ETU) in canned spinach were studied. High rates of applied EBDC high number of field applications and applications closer to harvest time resulted in canned spinach with high levels of ETU. Washing with water before processing significantly reduced the levels of ETU in spinach from all the field treatments, but washing with a solution of sodium hypochlorite and a mild detergent reduced even further the levels of ETU.
THE EFFECTS OF SEVERAL METHODS OF FISH PREPARATION ON RESIDUES OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS IN STRIPED BASS
Authors: ARMBRUSTER GERTRUDE , GEROW KENNETH G. , GUTENMANN WALTER H. , LITTMAN CHERYL B. , LISK DONALD J.
Published: April 2007

Fifty striped bass were captured in Long Island Sound. The concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was determined in the fish fillets before and after baking, boiling, frying, microwaving or poaching to study possible reduction of PCB residues by these cooking procedures. The cooked portions were evaluated for sensory characteristics. PCB content was significantly reduced by cooking, but there were no significant differences in that reduction among the six cooking methods. Tasters preferred fish prepared by “oil‐based” cooking methods (bake, broil, fry) as compared to “water‐based” methods (microwave, poach, boil).