bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Considerations in Estimating Prehistoric California Coastal Populations
Authors: Glassow Michael A.
Published: April 2006

Archaeologists are constantly faced with the problem of estimating population numbers of the social units they study. After a brief survey of some of the methods used in population estimations, particularly in California, attention is focused, in this paper, on a population model proposed by Robert Ascher. Nine variables which comprise the basis of his model are considered individually, and as a result of this analysis the precision with which these variables can be controlled is seen as insufficient for purposes of population estimation. Alternatively, broader, more comprehensive, ecological studies are suggested for acquiring the necessary data for population estimation.
A Reply to the Inverted Data System
Authors: Gaines Sylvia W.
Published: April 2006

The application of data processing techniques in the field of archaeology is relatively recent. Electronic computer research is rapidly developing equipment which has sufficient application for archaeology to render obsolete the currently employed manual systems. The prime advantage of computers is in the flexibility of data manipulation at both classificatory and analytical levels. It is the writer's opinion that such manual techniques as the Bordaz’ Inverted Data System are too limited in application for widespread utility in the field.
Hierarchy and Heterarchy in the American Southwest: A Comment on Mcguire and Saitta
Authors: Rautman Alison E.
Published: April 2006

McGuire and Saitta (1996) give voice to widespread dissatisfaction with artificial dichotomies that lead to the classification of historic and late Prehispanic puebloan societies as “egalitarian” or “hierarchical” in organization. They suggest a solution, a dialectical approach, that rejects processual archaeology in general, although not in its entirety. Another alternative approach, proposed here, relies on the concept of heterarchy (e.g., Crumley 1994), which, surprisingly, has not yet been used in southwestern archaeology. The proposed use of this concept does not involve rejection of a processual framework or represent a comprehensive critique of McGuire and Saitta's proposed dialectical approach.
The Clovis Site: Regional Physiography and Geology
Authors: Price W. Armstrong
Published: April 2006

The geology of the Clovis site cannot be fully understood from examination of the immediate surroundings. While the studies published by the investigators who have been excavating the vertebrate fossils and human artifacts have contributed much to an understanding of the locality, there are important items in the regional physiography and geology which have not heretofore been described in print. The writer has for several years been attempting to complete a manuscript on the Llano Estacado, its cap rock, and similar cap rocks of the world. This study is now essentially completed and the manuscript will, it is hoped, be submitted to a geological periodical in the near future. For the guidance of archaeologists, this short outline of salient features bearing on the Clovis locale is offered in advance of fuller demonstration.
Methods for the Identification of the Leaf Fibers of Mescal (Agave), Yucca (Yucca), Beargrass (Nolina) and Sotol (Dasylirion)
Authors: Bell Willis H. , King Carl J.
Published: April 2006

In this study, an examination has been made of the leaf fibers from various species of the genera Agave, Yucca, Nolina and Dasylirion in order to establish a technique and to present a set of diagnostic characters which can be used in the identification of archaeological material suspected of containing such fibers.

The split leaves of various species belonging to these genera have been used widely by the aboriginal inhabitants of the American Southwest in the manufacture of sandals, mattings, and baskets. The fibers extracted from their leaves were made into cordage, which was employed in the manufacture of a great variety of articles.

Archaeologists are continually encountering this material and identifying it on the basis of its gross or external appearance, yet, so far as the authors have been able to ascertain, no one has described a convenient method of identification.
A Central Basin Manifestation in Eastern Wisconsin
Authors: Wood E. F.
Published: April 2006

Trait manifestations for the Hopewellian, or according to the more recently accepted terminology, the Central Basin cultural phase, have for several years been known to exist in eastern Wisconsin, but the occurrence of this phase with a residentiary cultural group in the eastern part of the state has had no positive indication until recently when a typical Central Basin mound burial was discovered in the Big Bend region of Waukesha County.

The burial was partially unearthed by Mr. Henry J. Peterson while grading a portion of his land fronting on the south bank of Fox River in the N.W. ¼ of the N.W. ¼ of Section 25, Vernon Township. Mr. Peterson immediately notified the Milwaukee Public Museum of his find and kindly invited members of the staff to investigate the site. Mr. Peterson should here be commended for his foresight which made possible the gathering and preservation of data which otherwise might have been lost forever.
Archaeological Remains of the Osage
Authors: Berry Brewton , Chapman Carl , Mack John
Published: April 2006

Since 1939 the writers have attempted, from time to time, to locate village sites of the Osage Indians, in the hope of determining the type of culture that was associated with that important tribe. The Oneota aspect of the Upper phase of the Mississippi pattern has been assigned to the Chiwere branch of the Sioux with considerable assurance, but identification of the culture of the Dhegiha branch has remained largely in the sphere of debate and speculation. It is not, however, entirely a matter of speculation, for some evidence has begun to come in. The problem is by no means settled, but in view of the times, it seemed wise to present such data as we have been able to gather.

The Osage have been known to the whites since the time of Marquette, but the first visit of which we have record was that of Du Tisné in 1719.
The Macon Earth Lodge
Authors: Fairbanks Charles H.
Published: April 2006

Ocmulgee National Monument lies on the left bank of the Ocmulgee River at the eastern edge of the city of Macon, Bibb County Georgia. A general description of the archaeological remains has appeared in a previous publication. The present report will describe the excavation of a ceremonial earth lodge uncovered on the Macon Plateau and will summarize traits found in earth lodges represented in the Macon Plateau focus. As this represents the earliest earth lodge so far reported in the southeast, the distribution and significance of the occurrence of this type of structure will be discussed briefly. No historical identification of the Macon Plateau focus can be made, but some parallels with southeastern ceremonial will be pointed out.
Plaster Mixing Bowls
Authors: Hayden Julian D.
Published: April 2006

In recent reports on work done in the area in southern Arizona occupied by the Salado people during the Classic period, a term new to the literature has been introduced, and a feature described which has hitherto not been mentioned by workers in the field. The term “plaster mixing bowls” or “caliche mixing bowls” is self-explanatory, but a description of the feature may be of interest to other workers in archaeology.

The Salado people, successors to the Hohokam in the Salt and Gila River Valleys, introduced the use of caliche, a limy material native to the region, in building, and erected many great structures of it, quarrying the caliche, pulverizing, mixing and puddling it in courses to form massive walls. Basins lined with caliche are very plentiful about these sites, in all levels, and associated with all wall construction.
Early Water Systems at Gran Quivira National Monument
Authors: Toulouse Joseph H.
Published: April 2006

From the time early in the nineteenth century when the ruins now known as Gran Quivira National Monument were rediscovered, speculation as to the source of the water supply has been rife. Many are the theories to account for the presence of this pueblo ruin in the midst of an expansive waterless region. These theories range from an assumption of the former existence of springs, now long dried up, to tales of marvelous aqueducts which brought water from a spring in the Gallinas Mountains to the east, a distance of fifteen miles. Recently, researches have brought to light new data in explanation of this apparent condition. It is, therefore, the purpose of this paper to assemble all of the available evidence, to evaluate and present it.
A Corn Cache from Western Colorado
Authors: Hurst C. T. , Anderson Edgar
Published: April 2006

For the past nine years the Museum of Archaeology of the Western State College of Colorado, at Gunnison, has been engaged in archaeological excavations in central and western Montrose County. This county adjoins the Utah line and lies in the northwest part of the southwest quarter of the state of Colorado.

Six sites have been excavated during the course of this work. The following is a brief summary of the excavations, presented as a background for discussion of a corn cache found in one of the sites during the summer of 1947.
Wheeled Toys in Mexico
Authors: Ekholm Gordon F.
Published: April 2006

It is the purpose of this paper to bring together all of the known examples of those archaeological objects from Mexico which it seems best to refer to as wheeled toys. All but one of these have previously been described and illustrated, but I have thought it worthwhile to repeat to a certain extent in order to put all the evidence into readily available form. I shall also discuss briefly certain of the historical and general anthropological implications of the presence of wheeled toys in ancient America.
An Hypothesis for the Asiatic Origin of the Woodland Culture Pattern
Authors: McKern W. C.
Published: April 2006

Archaeological research in the Mississippi Valley during the past decade, although a map illustrating the areas intensively worked would have an exceedingly spotted appearance, and programs of study have been hardly more than superficial anywhere, has resulted in more clearly defining many of the problems for that field, and in marked progress toward the solution of a few of the more simple problems. Perhaps the most important advances made are in relation to such final preliterate manifestations as are classified under the Upper Mississippi Phase. Certainly, relatively small headway has been made in the general field of the Woodland Pattern.
Prehistoric Exchange in the Northern Periphery of the Southwest
Authors: Malouf Carling
Published: April 2006

In gathering data for this paper it was discovered that publications containing information on the subject have described inadequately specimens found, especially in regard to the materials of which they are composed and their sources. For example, in describing arrowheads made of obsidian the sizes and shapes have been dealt with at great length, but the writers have neglected to state the qualities of the obsidian itself, viz., whether it was mottled, opaque, black, etc. Metates likewise have been described as being made of granite, limestone, sandstone, and lava, most writers deeming that information sufficient. Such a description is not enough, and ultimately it may lead to a false interpretation of the data gathered. A single example may suffice to show what may occur. In a very well known publication dealing with archaeology in the Northern Periphery, metates of granite have been reported from near Willard, Utah.
Plastic Clay
Authors: Todd William
Published: April 2006

For several years I have been using a composite material for the restoration of museum specimens of many kinds. It has proven useful in the repair of a wide variety of substances, including pottery, stone, oxidized metals, bone, and ivory. It may be used wherever a strong substance is needed to fill in missing parts and to make a bond with the original pieces. It is easily prepared and used, and has many advantages over the usual repair materials. The chief of these is that it is very strong, though light; and when dry, very hard, yet completely reconvertible without damage to the specimen. Moreover, it does not shrink in drying.

I refer to this composite material, for want of a better name, as plastic clay. It has two ingredients: polymerised vinyl acetate (a synthetic resin which is described in detail at the end of this article), and powdered clay or muddy sand of 200 mesh fineness.
A Shellmound in Marin County, California
Authors: McGeein D. J. , Mueller W. C.
Published: April 2006

Mrn 20, the site described in this report, is one of the 5 located on Strawberry Point, a peninsula which juts out into Richardson's Bay, an arm of San Francisco Bay, in southern Marin County (Fig. 22). Situated on a southwestern slope, Mrn 20 overlooks the bay and town of Marin City. It is of interest to note that most of the shellmounds on Strawberry Point are on the western side, even though this is buffeted by cold winds and rain during the fall and winter, while the less inhabited eastern side is more sheltered. The hills surrounding Mrn 20 are rather gentle and are covered with pasture grasses, with an occasional clump of scrubby, wind-blasted oaks and a few spotty buckeyes. The western face of the site is overgrown with poison oak; the remainder is clothed with a thick matting of grass. The surrounding soil is a yellow clay, which takes on a reddish appearance in some sterile areas beneath the midden.
Geological Age of the Claypool Site, Northeastern Colorado
Authors: Malde Harold E.
Published: April 2006

Artifacts related to the Cody complex occur in medium-grained sand that is spread as a blanket eolian deposit a few feet thick in the Claypool site area, Washington County, Colorado. The artifact-bearing sand lacks noticeable dunal topography and lies unconformably on marl of Yarmouth age and on waterlaid coarse sand and fine gravel of Kansan age that underlie the marl. The deposits underlying the artifact-bearing sand are much too old to date the artifacts precisely, but the physical characteristics of the artifact-bearing sand suggest that it was deposited under conditions cool and dry, rather than warm and dry, possibly during retreat of Valders ice that began about 10,000 years ago. A moderately mature Brown Soil about 5 feet thick developed on the sand, possibly about 7000 to 5000 years ago during a moist phase of the Thermal Maximum. Thus, the artifacts are possibly 10,000 to 7000 years old. Deposits which overlie the artifact-bearing sand reflect several episodes of erosion and sedimentation that are inferred to represent climatic changes.
Robinson's Coefficient of Agreement – A Rejoinder
Authors: Robinson W. S. , Brainerd George W.
Published: April 2006

In a recent issue of this journal (Vol. 17, p. 151) Donald J. Lehmer protests against the coefficient of agreement used by W. S. Robinson in his paper on “A Method for Chronologically Ordering Archaeological Deposits” (American Antiquity, Vol. 16, pp. 293-301). Lehmer's objection to the coefficient

…lies in the fact that it takes no account of differences in the size of the collections. Every sherd collection must be regarded as a sample representing a universe which is made up of all of the sherds in that particular level, site, or whatever. The larger the sample, the more likely it is to give an accurate indication of the true proportions of the various sherd types in the universe from which it was drawn. The smaller the sample, the more likely it is to deviate from those true proportions. Any acceptable measure of the similarity between two such samples must inherently take this into account by allowing for a greater difference between samples from similar universes when those samples are small. Otherwise, the small sample and the large sample are accepted as being equally representative of the universes from which they are drawn.
Painted Stone Slabs of Point of Pines, Arizona
Authors: DiPeso Charles C.
Published: April 2006

During the 1948 summer field session of the University of Arizona Archaeological Field School, located at Point of Pines, Arizona, two painted stone slabs were excavated in a late Pueblo ruin designated as Arizona: W:10:47.

Arizona: W: 10:47 was believed to be a small single-phase pueblo occupied during the Point of Pines horizon, ca. 1350 to 1400 A.D. It was decided during the course of the summer's work to investigate this ruin, in an attempt to locate wood specimens for dating purposes and to gather information concerning the architecture, ceramics, etc., of this late horizon. The task of sinking the te.st trenches necessary for the investigation fell to the author and to R. E. Gerald of the University of Arizona.
A Susquehannock Longhouse
Authors: Kinsey W. Fred
Published: April 2006

During the summer of 1956 an excavation was conducted by the Lower Susquehanna Chapter of the Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology in cooperation with the Pennsylvania State Museum. The work was done on the Oscar Leibhart farm, 6 miles south of Wrightsville, Pennsylvania, at Long Level, on a hill top overlooking the Susquehanna River. From a preliminary study of the trade goods recovered from this excavation, and an analysis of the grave materials previously uncovered by the Leibharts, it is evident that this is the site of a Susquehannock village of about 1650 to 1675.
Three Dry-Laid Masonry Structures in the Northern Rocky Mountains
Authors: Kehoe Thomas F.
Published: April 2006

In July, 1956, I was requested by Harry B. Robinson, Chief Park Naturalist of Glacier National Park, to investigate 3 archaeological features reported to have been discovered in road construction through Marias Pass, along the southern boundary of Glacier Park. Boyd B. Gordon, Resident Engineer of the Bureau of Public Roads, in charge of the project, took me to the features in northwestern Montana, approximately 12 airline miles west of the Continental Divide, on Marias Pass between the Lewis Front Range and the Flathead Range. The site is situated on 2 flat benches high above the deep gorge of Crystal Creek and the floor of the Flathead River valley, about VA mile east of the juncture of the creek with the Middle Fork of the Flathead; its elevation is approximately 3600 feet, but it is surrounded by higher peaks such as Nyack Mountain, 4 miles southwest, which reaches 7760 feet.
Prehistoric Village Distribution in the Illinois River Valley
Authors: Mc.Gregor John C.
Published: April 2006

In the summer of 1954 the University of Illinois undertook an extensive archaeological village site survey of the Illinois River valley. The Illinois River, more than 250 miles long, is located in the heart of the great Central Plains, an essentially uneroded region of drift covered uplands, with a billowy surface and less than 1000 feet altitude above sea level. The river is the largest, except for the Ohio, draining into the Mississippi from the east. It gathers rainfall from about 25,000 square miles, almost half the total area of the state of Illinois, and flows into the Mississippi about midway between its head and mouth. It is located centrally on a venation of waterways stretching from the foothills of the Rockies to the Appalachians, and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf.
The Southwestern Frontier of Eskimo Culture
Authors: Chard Chester S.
Published: April 2006

In a recent summary of our knowledge of Eskimo archaeology in Siberia (Chard 1955b) the present writer cited a reference to the existence of remains of underground houses on the west side of Anadyr Gulf, and inferred from this a possible extension of prehistoric Eskimo culture in this area considerably to the west of its presently known range. One of these rumored sites has now been investigated, with highly interesting results (Okladnikov and Naryshkin 1955). The culture revealed was not the classic Eskimo found at all other coastal sites around the Chukchi Peninsula, but instead is a blend of Eskimo with a distinctly different complex whose affinities lie far to the south on the shores of the Okhotsk Sea.
Chronology and Culture Change in the San Juan Islands, Washington
Authors: Carlson Roy L.
Published: April 2006

The archaeological sequence in the San Juan Islands is known best from two phases: the Marpole phase which occurs within the first millennium B.C., and the San Juan phase which lasts from at least A.D. 1300 to historic times. More difficult to place culturally and chronologically are: (1) the previously excavated bluff areas of Cattle Point which contain components similar to Whalen I and II and would thus occupy the time period between about 500 B.C. and A.D. 400; and (2) the Argyle Lagoon site which, though early, cannot be related definitely to other components because of insufficient excavation. Culture change is shown by increasing maritime adaptation through time and by the gradual replacement of the chipped stone industry by one using abrading and polishing techniques as the result of influence from the Old World.
Excavations at Pottery Mound, New Mexico
Authors: Hibben Frank C.
Published: April 2006

The first season's excavations of the University of New Mexico at the site called Pottery Mound, near Los Lunas, New Mexico, have revealed a painted kiva with interesting differences when compared with those heretofore discovered. The excavations were carried on as part of the 1954 Archaeological Field Session of the University of New Mexico. Work was continued at the site for a period of 6 weeks. It is contemplated that excavations will be resumed in the season of 1955.

Pottery Mound is a large site covering approximately 2 acres. It has been known for the last 2 decades to archaeologists and laymen alike as a place prolific in many kinds of pottery. It is this circumstance which has given the place its name.

Excavations of the 1954 season were carried on in the northeast portion of the mound. Also a very extensive refuse pile on the south periphery of the site was trenched for stratigraphical purposes.
Archaeology of the Yale Reservoir, Lewis River, Washington
Authors: Bryan Alan L.
Published: April 2006

Pacific Power and Light Company of Portland, Oregon, has now completed construction of the Yale dam, flooding 9 miles of one of the largest river valleys in southwestern Washington. Before the dam was completed an agreement was made between E. Robert de Luccia of the Company and Douglas Osborne of the University of Washington and the Washington State Museum to assure that archaeological resources within the reservoir would be permanently recorded. Correspondence was initiated by Dr. Osborne with Mr. de Luccia, who is Vice-President and Chief Engineer of Pacific Power and Light. The understanding of an archaeologist's aims and needs displayed by Mr. de Luccia and his associates is most heartening. The company employed two archaeologists, Thomas Kehoe and Alan Bryan, and supplied subsistence for a period of two weeks for these men and a third student, Ralph Turman.

According to all ethnographic and historical information, the upper Lewis River Valley was not peopled by the Indians until quite recently, and then not from the coastal area, but from the Plateau over the Klikitat Pass.
Archaeology of Wildrose Canyon, Death Valley National Monument
Authors: Wallace William James , Taylor Edith S.
Published: April 2006

Wildrose Canyon, the site of the summer headquarters of the National Park Service for Death Valley National Monument, is on the west side of the Panamint Range in eastern California. The canyon, which runs in a roughly east-west direction, is about 13 miles long. Structurally, its width widens from its mouth where it measures less than 1/4 of a mile inland to a maximum of 11/2 miles and then narrows again in its upper reaches. There is a general upslope of the valley floor from about 4000 to over 8000 feet in elevation.

The valley is flanked on either side with rugged mountains which rise steeply above its floor. Their sides are furrowed with many gulches and narrow canyons and the lower slopes are piled high with rock debris. The uneven valley floor is covered with boulders, gravel, sand, and silt washed down from the surrounding heights. Branch canyons extend back into the mountains at many points, dwindling to narrow gorges in their upper reaches.
The Denbigh Flint Complex is Not Yet Dated
Authors: Giddings J. L.
Published: April 2006

Every radiocarbon sample that an archaeologist turns in to a physicist for dating has its particular story to tell. The story is likely to be much longer and more devious than is easily expressed in a simple number. I am a little worried about our use of “lists” of radiocarbon dates in view of the recent treatment of some dates from Cape Denbigh.

During the field seasons of 1948, 1949, and 1950 we secured from the Denbigh Flint layer no more than a small pillbox full of charcoal. When this was submitted to Libby, at the University of Chicago laboratory, he regretfully notified us that the sample was not enough to coat a cylinder. Our 4th field trip to Cape Denbigh, in 1952, was made for the express purpose of scraping together enough organic matter for analysis of the oldest cultural layer.
Wave Action at George Lake 1, Ontario
Authors: Greenman E. F.
Published: April 2006

In a recent issue of American Antiquity (Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 101-11, 1954) Thomas Lee states that several geologists reject wave action as the cause of the worn condition of some of the blades found at the Sheguiandah site in Ontario, Canada. This fosters doubt in his mind that I am right in assigning wave action as the cause of the worn condition of artifacts from George Lake 1, 25 miles to the east. This is a matter of crucial importance for the site because it involves the only method of establishing the contemporaneity of cultural material with construction of the beach by waves at an elevation of 297 feet above the present level of Lake Huron.

The most secure support of wave action at George Lake is the abrasion of the artifacts to the same degree and in the same manner as the cobbles of the beach itself. Both are in the condition described by sedimentologists as subangular. It is also important that the aretes of the implements are in most cases much smoother than the surfaces of the flake scars. Other facts are consistent with this interpretation.
A Fluted Point from Durango, Mexico
Authors: Lorenzo José L.
Published: April 2006

Under the direction of J. Charles Kelley of Southern Illinois University, an anthropological field school carried out investigations in the State of Durango, Mexico, from June 22 to August 8, 1952, with the permission of the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia.

Their camp was established on the rancho “Santa Barbara,” property of Fred Weicker, about 50 kms. west of Durango city, in the Sierra Madre Occidental. The camp was on the side of an arroyo, a branch of the Rio Mimbres, which after joining the Rio Chico, flows into the Rio Tunal. This becomes the Mesquital-San Pedro and flows into the Pacific through the State of Nayarit. The camp was approximately 2280 m. above sea level, near archaeological remains consisting of house-mounds, ceramics, and obsidian artifacts.
Jamaican Site Designation—A Critique
Authors: Emmons R. V.
Published: April 2006

In designating archaeological sites it has become customary to use one or the other of two general methods. The first, such as the system used by the River Basin Surveys, makes use of numbers and letter abbreviations which together give ready reference to state, county, and site number. A second method has been to name a site after some cultural or geological manifestation associated with the site. Discussions regarding the relative merits of the two methods have for the most part focused upon the degree to which either system lends itself to the efficient manipulation of areal data.
Reconstruction of Prehistoric Environments through the Analysis of Molluscan Collections from Shell Middens
Authors: Matteson Max R.
Published: April 2006

In Illinois, the shells of fresh-water mussels are often found in large numbers in the middens of former Indian habitations which were located adjacent to rivers. Living representatives of the species present are usually common in the rivers of the state today. With knowledge gained through study of the habitat-demands of the different species as they now live, one is able to reconstruct the environment in which each species existed at the time when the mussels were taken for food. The picture formed by the combined habitat-demands of the different species is a portrayal of the river as it existed at that time. An analysis of the shells taken from a midden on Haw Creek, now often intermittent during summer months, suggests that it was a small river 2000 years ago. Other analyses of shells have shown that decided changes have taken place in other streams.
Notes on an Aleutian Core and Blade Industry
Authors: Laughlin W. S.
Published: April 2006

The possibility of a culture preceding that of the earliest paleo-Aleuts in the Aleutian Islands has been recognized for a long time. However, the researches of Jochelson and Hrdlicka provided no substantiation for such a possibility. Subsequent excavations carried out by the Peabody Museum of Harvard University in 1948, a party sponsored by the Arctic Institute of North America in 1949, and a party from the University of Oregon in 1950 have similarly failed to reveal any culture earlier than that of the paleo-Aleuts. Re-examination of an existing collection suggests the presence of such a culture in the Aleutian Islands
A Statistical Device for Comparing Trait Lists
Authors: Witherspoon Y. T.
Published: April 2006

A comparison of Adena and Hopewell trait lists by a correlation scatterplot based on the Q technique is offered as an illustration of the use of a descriptive statistic to reduce the degree of similarity between two cultures to an index which defines a point on a dissimilarity-similarity continuum.
The First Peopling of the New World
Authors: Thompson J. Eric S.
Published: April 2006

As a footnote to Ralph Beals’ most interesting discussion of Father Acosta's views on the peopling of the New World in the October 1957 issue of American Antiquity (Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 182–3), one might note the claim of Thomas Gage, author of the English-American, a new survey of the West Indies, to be the first to develop thoroughly — certainly in English — the “Men out of Asia” via Bering Strait thesis.
Cox, an Archaic Site in the Ozarks
Authors: Tong Marvin E.
Published: April 2006

Proposed Construction of Table Rock Dam and Reservoir on White River in southwestern Missouri threatens with destruction a vast region of unique and important archaeological remains in the rugged Ozarks region. Every indication of prehistoric life both within the actual reservoir area and its perimeter is of extreme importance in reconstructing human activities of the region in ages past. Because of its geographical location, the Ozarks region is most promising from an archaeological standpoint. Bounded on the east by the Mississippi River, on the north by the Missouri River, and on the west by the Great Plains, the Ozarks were probably in prehistoric times a melting pot for a great many cultural traditions. The Ozark Bluff Dweller culture, with its apparent early agriculture, is only one of the many problems that need a great amount of additional work within this area. Recent investigations by the University of Missouri indicate that the history of man within the Ozarks may very well go back to a time comparable with some of the earliest occupations of the Great Plains.
Population Centers of the Rimac Valley of Peru
Authors: Stumer Louis M.
Published: April 2006

This Article is intended less as a descriptive piece on the archaeology of the Rimac Valley than it is as a single-valley application of various conclusions reached by Richard P. Schaedel in his Major Ceremonial and Population Centers in Northern Peru (1951). Schaedel, in a broad synthetic study of major ruins on the North Coast of Peru, comes to several interesting conclusions on the “urban revolution” in that region. The author, who was already engaged in a survey of the Rimac, with the focus on the coastal cultures from sea level to the 1000-meter line, felt impelled to shift the emphasis of his survey from straight description to a Central Coast application of Schaedel's North Coast findings. This was a fairly easy task, as the sites were already being analyzed both architecturally and ceramically.

The Rimac, the “valley of Lima,” presents sufficient of both typical and atypical features of a Peruvian coastal valley to make the application of Schaedel's theories to a single valley at least fairly indicative of their validity for the entire Peruvian coast.
Four Burials from the Coeur d'Alene Region, Idaho
Authors: Miller Tom O.
Published: April 2006

This is a report of four burials recovered from the Coeur d'Alene area, Kootenai County, north Idaho, in minor salvage operations.

lOKtl (b-1). During the fall of 1949 construction workers on the North Idaho Junior College campus in Coeur d'Alene unearthed one burial. Workmen turned over the skull and longbones and a large iron blade into a box, to the Junior College. There was some green patination on the back of the skull, as if it had been in contact with copper. The blade or point measured 13.6 in. by 2.9 in., and was slightly under 0.3 in. in thickness. It is reported to be a type common in the trade material in the Plateau. Position and orientation are not known.

Roselake Burial. In the spring of 1950 a retired resident of Roselake, Idaho, discovered a skull and some longbones weathered or scraped out of the bank of thfe Coeur d'Alene River, at Roselake.
A Flat-bottomed Earthenware Vessel from Central Nevada
Authors: Magee Molly
Published: April 2006

A partially reconstructed, flat-bottomed, pottery vessel from central Nevada is described and compared with similar vessels from the Great Basin and adjacent areas. It appears to have been made by the historic Shoshone Indians.
An Archaic Cemetery at Port Au Choix, Newfoundland
Authors: Tuck James A.
Published: April 2006

An Archaic Indian cemetery at Port au Choix, Newfoundland, dating from about 2000-1700 yrs B.C. is described. For the first time, excellent bone preservation allows a relatively complete reconstruction of the culture of the Archaic inhabitants of Newfoundland. Comparing the assemblage from Port au Choix with other Archaic assemblages from Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, especially the Moorehead or Maine Cemetery complex sites leads to the description of a "new" whole cultural tradition, the Maritime Archaic tradition, which existed throughout the Atlantic provinces and northern New England during the second millennium B.C. This tradition was based upon the distinctive resources found in that area- caribou, sea mammals, sea birds, and fish-and is very different from the Laurentian and Shield Archaic traditions as regards adaptation to a coastal environment and all the cultural variations concomitant with such an ecological adjustment.
On Distinguishing Natural from Cultural Bone in Archaeological Sites
Authors: Thomas David H.
Published: April 2006

A quantitative method is presented which assists the archaeologist in distinguishing between bones resulting from human activity and those deposited in archaeological contexts by non-cultural means. The assumption is that relatively incomplete carcasses are more likely to have been deposited or disturbed by extra-corporeal activities such as carnivores, raptorial birds, rodents, stream action, or man. This method is illustrated on faunal data from 3 sites in the High Rock county of extreme northwestern Nevada.
The Chronological Position of the Cambered Jar at Cahokia and Its Implications
Authors: O'Brien Patricia J.
Published: April 2006

The cambered rim jar is stylistically unique and should be especially useful as a time indicator if its place in Cahokia's ceramic history can be ascertained. On the basis of the broken-down interlocking scroll motif, a parallel line motif, and the scalloped rim found on some of these vessels, it is suggested that this vessel form occurs in periods III and IV of the basic ceramic sequence established for the Powell Tract section of the Cahokia site. It is further suggested that at Powell, late in period III and early in period IV, we have approximately the same time range as at the Mitchell site, whose radiocarbon dates cluster about A.D. 1000-1200.

Finally, the similarities between the cambered rim jar at Cahokia and the S-shaped rim types in the Cambria and Mill Creek manifestations to the northwest of Cahokia suggest not only a sharing of ceramic ideas, but also contemporaneity between these three cultural groups during late period III and early period IV times as reflected in the Powell Tract sequence. These relationships would date in calendric years ca. A.D. 1000-1200. Furthermore, this vessel form probably represents a borrowing of ceramic notions on the part of the potters of Cahokia because the form (the S-shaped rim) is both old and widespread in the Central Plains and Middle Missouri regions, while it is rare or missing in the widespread Middle Mississippian manifestations in the Southeast.
Horned Owl Cave, Wyoming
Authors: Gebhard David , Agogino George A. , Haynes Vance
Published: April 2006

Horned Owl Cave in the northern Laramie Mountains of Wyoming has provided a wide array of normally perishable artifacts in association with pictographs. Material objects recovered from the cave include fragments of atlatls, darts, shaft feathers, arrowshafts, blunt arrows, bark, weaving, bone tools, pottery, and lithic objects. The disturbed condition of the fill of the cave prevented a controlled stratigraphy, but typologically the material falls within the Late Middle culture and the Late Prehistoric culture phases of the northern Great Plains. The pictographs have been divided into three styles: an early red-figure style, a shield-figure style, and a final and probably late series of black-figure drawings. It is suggested that the red-figure drawings were a product of the last phases of the Late Middle culture, or perhaps the early phase of the Late Prehistoric culture. The shield style and the black-figure style would seem to belong to the Late Prehistoric period.
Disposal of the Dead at Point of Pines, Arizona
Authors: Robinson William J. , Sprague Roderick
Published: April 2006

The analysis of 975 burials indicates that the inhumations of the Point of Pines region conformed to the flexed Mogollon pattern prior to A.D. 1000. Subsequently, extended burials appeared concurrently with a complex of traits diffused from areas to the north. At the same time, cremation became established as a part of the mortuary complex as a result of contact with Hohokam peoples to the south. Additional evidence of this contact consists of Hohokam material culture items and a ball court. Ceremonial killing of the crematory vessels was extensively practiced and included a new method, notch-killing. The variability of forms and methods of disposal suggests rapidly changing patterns and alternatives in burial practices.
A Seminole War Fort Site in Northern Florida
Authors: Olsen Stanley J.
Published: April 2006

Finding sites of U.S. Army outposts of the Seminole War period (1835-42) in Florida is difficult under the best conditions. Little in the way of occupation residue is generally visible to indicate the presence of these sites in the heavily vegetated lowlands of Florida. One of these posts, Fort Stansbury, headquarters for the 3rd Regiment of the U.S. Infantry during the Florida Wars, has been relocated. The methods used and the military artifacts leading to its discovery are described.
The Reconstruction of Kinship from Archaeological Data: The Concepts, the Methods, and the Feasibility
Authors: Allen William L. , Richardson James B.
Published: April 2006

Archaeologists have recently attempted to reconstruct the residence and descent systems of particular prehistoric communities. Based on a study of residence and descent theory and pertinent examples from the ethnographic literature, we conclude that unless extremely detailed historical data exists, the analysis of kinship is best left to the ethnographer. The paper was conceived of as an attempt by archaeologically oriented anthropologists to resolve some of the difficulties encountered by us in our review of the archaeological literature on kinship reconstruction. We have, therefore, limited the scope of this paper accordingly; that is, it has been written principally with the problems of the archaeologist not the ethnographer in mind. An abbreviated version of this paper was presented at the 64th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association.
An Unusual Cache from the Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania
Authors: Kent Barry C.
Published: April 2006

In 1964, topsoil removal operations in the Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania, exposed a large cache of beads and shell objects. There is evidence that many of the beads and objects were originally strung as necklaces or belts, but these were destroyed when the discoverer washed the material. An attempt is made to reconstruct the contents of the cache and to determine its approximate age.
Audio-Visual Techniques in Emergency Salvage Archaeology
Authors: King T. F. , Schenk R. E. , Wildesen L. E.
Published: April 2006

A surprising amount of archaeological data can be recovered during uncontrolled site destruction if the recording technique involved (1) eliminates as much time-consuming writing as possible, and (2) is permanent enough to be of use during laboratory analysis. The use of audio-visual equipment and color-coded datum points seems to fulfill these requirements and has been successfully tested in the two-day salvage of 4-Mer-66, a small Yokuts Indian mound in Dos Palos, California.
Soil Chemistry of Postmolds and Rodent Burrows: Identification without Excavation
Authors: Merwe Nikolaas J. van der , Stein Pat H.
Published: April 2006

Chemical analyses of soil samples from the Utz site, Missouri, provide results which make it possible to distinguish between soil stains of human origin (postmolds) and similar stains produced by other agencies (for example, rodents). Based on the comparison of the concentrations of magnesium and phosphates in the stains with those of the immediately surrounding soil, postmolds were correctly identified with 96% accuracy in a limited sample. Other soil disturbances in the site (bulldozer drag, an old excavation, and so forth) were also localized on chemical grounds during the course of the research.
In Favor of Simple Typology
Authors: Ford James A.
Published: April 2006

Proponents of the “type-variety” method of ceramic analysis are criticized for mixing analytical units and the rank hierarchies appropriate to synthesis, and for semantically substituting “type-variety” for “type” without actually changing the method of analysis.
A New Radiocarbon Date on Corn from the Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas
Authors: Griffin James B. , Yarnell Richard A.
Published: April 2006

A radiocarbon date of A.D. 398 ± 175 for the Davis site was published in 1951. The material dated was charred corn cobs from a submound house structure. A new radiocarbon date of A.D. 1307 ± 150 on corn cobs from the same structure would seem to be more accurate in view of certain archaeological interpretations and corn typology.
Value of Aerial Photography in Surveying Archaeological Sites in Coastal Jungle Regions
Authors: Matheny Ray T.
Published: April 2006

Heavy jungle growth prevented economical surveying of Aguacatal (Campeche, Mexico) and the adjacent area despite the efforts of two brief seasons in the field. Aerial photography was used to supplement and expeditiously complete the ground survey work. The operation was inexpensive and utilized readily available equipment such as the K-20 aerial camera. Super-XX, infrared, and color films were used on an experimental basis to determine which film was best suited for archaeologic purposes. All films were found to have special values: Super-XX — the best general film for gray tonal renditions of vegetal differentiation; infrared — for the delineation of wet areas and water courses; and color — for the maximum readability of color differences. Photographic interpretation proved reliable and allowed the archaeologist to extract topographic, ecologic, and archaeologica data from the photographs with little laboratory study.
An Extraordinary Composite Stela from Teotihuacán
Authors: Anda Luis Aveleyra Arroyo de
Published: April 2006

In February, 1963, an unusual discovery was made at La Ventilla, less than a mile from the “Ciudadela” in Teotihuacán, Mexico. This find is a composite or sectional stela made up of four superimposed elements that fit into each other by means of stems and orifices. All elements are different in form and are, from top to bottom, discoidal, globular, conical, and cylindrical, the last fitting into a platform base. This piece is unique in Mesoamerican archaeology and seems to have no significant parallels elsewhere. This stela was carved during the Classic period of Teotihuacán. Its function has been clarified through comparison with mural paintings of the Tlalocan in Tepantitla, Teotihuacán, where a ball-game scene is portrayed, and at each end is a stela that is almost identical with that of La Ventilla. It seems evident that the La Ventilla monument is a ball-court stela-marker.
Possible Affiliations of the Machalilla Complex of Coastal Ecuador
Authors: Lathrap Donald W.
Published: April 2006

In their recent description of Machalilla culture Meggers and Evans deny that Machalilla is related to any other known ceramic complexes. It is suggested that Machalilla may be related to Late Tutishcainyo and may have entered coastal Ecuador from the western Amazon basin.
Borhegyi's Interpretation of Certain Mesoamercan Objects as Ball-Game Handstones
Authors: Clune Francis J.
Published: April 2006

In a recent article Borhegyi identifies certain stone objects as part of special gear worn by players in Mesoamerican ball games. He cites descriptions by early Spanish observers of the game as well as archaeological representations of ball-game gear. Borhegyi's interpretation is not supported by either the historical documents or the archaeological evidence cited.
A Functional Analysis of Certain Chipped Stone Tools
Authors: Frison George C.
Published: April 2006

A Late Prehistoric period buffalo kill and butchering site in northern Wyoming (Site 48 JO 312) produced a large number of stone tools. Flakes removed in sharpening stone tools provided much of the interpretation of the activity that occurred at the site and in addition gave a number of ideas concerning tool use and sharpening.
The Levi Site: A Paleo-Indian Campsite in Central Texas
Authors: Alexander Herbert L.
Published: April 2006

The recent discovery and excavation of the Levi site, a stratified campsite near Austin, Texas, has uncovered several artifact types previously unknown in Paleo-Indian cultures. In the earliest occupation zone a scraper, two utilized flakes, and a chopper were associated with the remains of tapir and dire wolf. Following this is a zone dated at 10,000 ± 175 B.P. in which a possible Clovis point and a Plainview point were associated with bones of Equus sp. and Platygonus sp. Artifacts from this zone include burins, burin spalls, scrapers, and prismatic blades. Above this lies the major occupation zone with a large sample of projectile points showing a combination of attributes characteristic of both Plainview and Angostura points. These are considered as belonging to the Plainview-Angostura complex. Radiocarbon dated at 9300 ± 160 B.P. to 7350 ± 150 B.P., this zone yielded burins, burin spalls, polyhedral cores, prismatic blades, seed-grinding stones, knives, and scrapers; in all, over 400 artifacts. The uppermost zone at the Levi site contained a mixture of artifacts assignable to Archaic and later cultures.