bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Future-Regarding Democratic Institutions
Authors: MacKenzie Michael K.
Published: August 2021

This chapter argues that we need inclusive deliberative processes at all levels of governance—in political and economic spheres, and at the local, subnational, national, transnational, and global levels—if we are going to shape our shared futures in collectively intentional ways. The chapter identifies three design criteria for future-regarding institutions: inclusion, deliberation, and independence, as well as other design considerations having to do with the scope and jurisdictional reach of institutions. These criteria and design considerations are used to assess institutional options, including future-regarding constitutional clauses, referendums, citizens’ initiatives, randomly selected legislatures and assemblies, and posterity impact statements. The purpose is to illustrate that there are democratic institutions and practices that can help counterbalance the short-term dynamics associated with each component of the democratic myopia thesis.
The Glory and the Sorrow
Authors: Tackett Timothy
Published: August 2021

The book describes the life and the world of a small-time lawyer, Adrien-Joseph Colson, who lived in central Paris from the end of the Old Regime through the first eight years of the French Revolution. It is based on over a thousand letters written by Colson about twice a week to his best friend living in the French province of Berry. By means of this correspondence, and of a variety of other sources, the book examines what it was like for an “ordinary citizen” to live through extraordinary times, and how Colson, in his position as a “social and cultural intermediary,” can provide insight into the life of a whole neighborhood on the central Right Bank, both before and during the Revolution. It explores the day-to-day experience of the Revolution: not only the thrill, the joy, and the enthusiasm, but also the uncertainty, the confusion, the anxiety, the disappointments—often all mixed together. It also throws light on some of the questions long debated by historians concerning the origins, the radicalization, the growth of violence, and the end of that Revolution.
Prologue
Authors: Tackett Timothy
Published: August 2021

The Prologue sets the scene by describing the book’s protagonist on his deathbed in the late spring of 1797 and the thoughts that may well have come into his mind concerning his life before and, especially, during the French Revolution. It describes the principal source on which the study is based, the extensive correspondence from Colson to his friend, almost miraculously preserved in the archives of a small town in Central France. It also introduces some of the major themes to be examined. It argues that the life of Colson is important, first, as it throws light on the beliefs and behavior of the whole community of his neighbors on a small street in central Paris, many of whom would come to describe themselves as “sans-culottes”; second, as it illuminates his relations with the noble family for whom he worked as lawyer and financial accountant; and third, as it provides the example of a relatively elderly citizen in the Revolution—who was sixty-two years old in 1789. It concludes with a rapid overview of the chapters in the book.
Life in Paris before the Revolution
Authors: Tackett Timothy
Published: August 2021

The chapter describes Colson’s life and his neighborhood in Paris before the Revolution, prefiguring how this experience would impact both during the Revolution. It describes the rooms in which Colson resided, the other residents living in the same apartment, the Rue des Arcis on which the apartment was located, and the general character of his neighborhood in central Paris, with its small stores and craft shops. The population mix was typical of what would come to be called in the Revolution the “sans-culottes.” The chapter also follows Colson as he circulated in Paris outside his immediate neighborhood, visiting clients, shopping, and stopping for refreshments and meals, including such key sites he frequented as the Palais Royal, the Place de Grève, the City Hall, the Châtelet, the Pont-Neuf, and the Palace of Justice.
Days of Glory
Authors: Tackett Timothy
Published: August 2021

The chapter follows Colson and his neighbors during the extraordinary spring and summer of 1789, with particular emphasis on their wavering views toward the king and the popular classes, and on the alternating emotions of joy and enthusiasm, on the one hand, and fear and suspicion, on the other. Particular attention is given to Colson’s descriptions of the Réveillon Riots of late April 1789; the deliberations in Versailles of the Estates General and, especially, of the Third Estate; the series of patriotic oaths in Versailles and in Paris; the fear of a mercenary army surrounding Paris and its supposed links to an “aristocratic plot”; the fall of the Bastille and the ensuing Great Fear in both Paris and the provinces; the decrees of the newly formed National Assembly in August 1789 abolishing feudalism and proclaiming a Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen; and the formation of a National Guard in Colson’s neighborhood and in Paris generally.
Rumor and Revolution
Authors: Tackett Timothy
Published: August 2021

This chapter follows events in the lives of Colson and his neighbors from the fall of 1789 through the summer of 1791. It takes note of the continuing moments of enthusiasm and joy, with the king’s short speech in the National Assembly in February 1790, followed by patriotic oaths throughout the city; and the Festival of Federation on July 14 of that year, the first anniversary of the fall of the Bastille. But it also examines the periods of fear and suspicion, notably from the perceived crime wave in Paris throughout this period; the women’s march to Versailles in October 1789; the endless rumors of aristocratic conspiracies to destroy the Revolution; and king Louis XVI’s attempted flight with his family in June 1791. The chapter ends with an account of the brutal repression of citizens attempting to draw up a petition in favor of a republic, known as the “Massacre of the Champ de Mars.”
Becoming a Radical
Authors: Tackett Timothy
Published: August 2021

In this account of Colson and his neighborhood from the fall of 1791 through the early summer of 1793, the emphasis is on his slow, wavering evolution toward an increasingly radical position. Of particular importance as signs of Colson’s evolution were his changing attitudes toward, on the one hand, the Catholic Church and the clergy and, on the other, King Louis XVI. Though he had always practiced orthodox Catholicism before 1789, Colson came to support the Revolutionary reorganization of the church and the clergy embodied in the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. And though under the Old Regime he had always supported the king, he gradually turned against him after Louis’s attempted flight in 1791 and, above all, after war broke out between France and Austria in April 1792. Though he readily agreed with the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792, he would have preferred the imprisonment or exile of the king rather than his execution. Nevertheless, in 1793 he came strongly to support Robespierre and his faction of the Mountain in their struggle against the Girondins.
Conclusion
Authors: Tackett Timothy
Published: August 2021

The Conclusion brings together many of the most important themes of the book. It underlines the extent to which the great majority of Parisians—and no doubt the French population more generally—in no way anticipated the Revolution. It notes the near absence of any direct influence before the Revolution of the canonical “Enlightenment” on an intelligent and well-read member of the elite like Colson—except in the most general sense of an openness to very practical reforms. It documents the complete absence of a putative “desacralization” of the monarchy before 1789—sometimes argued by historians to link the Old Regime with the Revolution. It describes Colson’s long, patient, and forgiving support for the king, at least until his attempted flight in 1791. It also underscores the incessant circulation and power of rumors of impending disasters in Paris, not just in the summer of 1789 (during “the Great Fear”), but also as they continued from the autumn of 1789 throughout the Revolution, and how such rumors affected popular psychology and behavior. Finally, it stresses the strong popular resistance in Paris, even among the great majority of the “sans-culottes” radicals, to “dechristianization”—and the possible role of the attack on religion in the failure of many such radicals to support Robespierre on the 9th of Thermidor (July 27,1794).
Introduction
Authors: Mac Ginty Roger
Published: August 2021

This chapter introduces and summarises the book. It introduces the notion and practice of everyday peace and makes the case for why the hyperlocal level is a legitimate level of analysis. It considers how the everyday peace that occurs at the very local level might be connected to other levels of peace and conflict. The chapter introduces and discusses the sources used by the book, including findings from the Everyday Peace Indicators project, a project on local perceptions of United Nations peacekeeping in Darfur, interviews from Lebanon, and memoirs and personal diaries from World Wars I and II. Three key questions that help shape the book are introduced, questions that recur throughout the book: Is everyday peace really peace? How can everyday peace deal with and confront power? Can everyday peace be scaled up?
Conclusion
Authors: Mac Ginty Roger
Published: August 2021

The concluding chapter wraps up the book and is organised around four questions: Is the everyday peace described in the book really peace? Just how significant can everyday peace be, and can we think of scaling it up? Given the marginal and often ‘hidden’ nature of everyday peace, how can researchers capture it? How can we connect peace that occurs at the everyday and local levels with peace on the national, international, and transnational levels? The conclusion notes the multi-scalar nature of peace and discusses how everyday peace can fit into that. It utilises circuitry as a way of illustrating the connections between the different layers of peace and ends on a tone that is optimistic regarding the possibilities of everyday peace.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Amanda
Published: August 2021

This chapter introduces the African American intellectual and theologian Howard Thurman and the physical embodiment of his thought: the Church for the Fellowship of All Peoples. The Fellowship Church, which Thurman cofounded in San Francisco in 1944, was the nation’s first interracial, intercultural, and interfaith church. Amid the growing nationalism of the World War II era and the heightened suspicion of racial and cultural “others,” it successfully established a pluralistic community based on the idea “that if people can come together in worship, over time would emerge a unity that would be stronger than socially imposed barriers.” Rooted in the belief that social change was inextricably connected to internal, psychological transformation and the personal realization of the human community, it was an early expression of Christian nonviolent activism within the long civil rights movement. The Introduction locates the Fellowship Church within its historical context and argues that, rather than being “56 years ahead of his time” as the SF Gate reported in 2010, the Fellowship Church was actually right on time—a distinct product of its historical moment and a provocative expression of midcentury liberal American thought.
Wartime San Francisco’s Pragmatic Religious Institution
Authors: Brown Amanda
Published: August 2021

Chapter 3 focuses closely on the ways in which Thurman’s inherent pragmatism—specifically his social activism centered on pluralism and mysticism—was represented within the Fellowship Church. It explores the years of Thurman’s direction between 1944 and 1953, as he is overwhelmingly accepted to be the primary leader of the institution and the groundwork he set during his tenure continues to frame its spiritual and philosophical character today. Chapter 3 traces the early years of the Fellowship Church during the tumultuous yet promising World War II era and explores its experimentation with affirmation mysticism. Examining both the pluralistic make-up of the congregation and the means by which Thurman tried to elicit moments of heightened consciousness, the chapter highlights and evaluates the ways in which the institution aimed to incite social activism through spiritual pursuit.
Conclusion
Authors: Brown Amanda
Published: August 2021

The book concludes with a discussion of the trajectory of Thurman’s career and the Fellowship Church since Thurman’s departure in 1953. It examines his work as dean of the Marsh Chapel and professor of theology at Boston University and explores his successes and failures in replicating the ideas promoted at the Fellowship Church in the new, high-stakes environment. The Conclusion then turns to the life of the Fellowship Church until the present day—evaluating its overall struggles and successes and its ability to remain in operation and support a lively congregation. It ultimately ends with an evaluation of its broad influence and contemporary relevance.
Suffer the Children
Authors: Hiskes Richard P.
Published: August 2021

This book begins with the recognition that continued practical denial of the human rights of children globally is due to the absence of any theoretical foundation justifying such rights. The goal of this book is to provide that foundation, which will depart from the eighteenth-century rationalist justification for human rights generally and provide a new conceptualization that embraces the facts of human vulnerability and capacity for promising as the real basis for all human rights. As such, children also qualify for full human rights, including to a safe environment; to dignity; and to full participation as citizens, including voting rights. The theoretical foundation of children’s human rights expands upon the “participation” rights included in the 1990 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Furthermore, full recognition of children’s rights alters the composition and focus of human rights to include those of future generations, group rights, and the preeminence of social and economic rights over civil and political rights.
A Legacy of Child Exclusion
Authors: Hiskes Richard P.
Published: August 2021

Chapter 1 begins with an overview of the historical argument for human rights, starting in the seventeenth century, that stresses human reason and autonomy as the foundation of rights for “abstract adults,” especially in the theories of Locke and Kant. These liberal approaches denied children rights on the grounds that they did not meet the criteria for rights. In contrast, this chapter presents a relational approach to rights based on shared human vulnerability and dependency. Those aspects stress the social, not individualist, nature of rights, as envisioned by Marx, feminists, and communitarian thinkers. The new approach makes inclusion of children’s human rights possible.
Beyond Victimhood
Authors: Hiskes Richard P.
Published: August 2021

The 1990 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) has been ratified by all nations except the United States. The reasons for the US refusal have to do with national sovereignty and the alleged conflict of children’s rights with the rights of parents. Both are explored here. The CRC advances children’s rights by making protection and provision rights universal for all children, but also by adding the “third P,” rights of participation. Rights of participation (Article 12) in decisions that affect them give children for the first time the public agency to be heard in decision-making forums concerned with protecting the “best interests” of the child. Allowing children into the public realm challenges Arendt’s insistence that child security must keep them in the private sphere and away from politics.
From Participation to Citizenship
Authors: Hiskes Richard P.
Published: August 2021

In this chapter the “right to participation” is evaluated in terms of whether it presumes full citizenship rights for children. The roles of citizenship and statelessness are examined regarding how significant both are for defining identity. Arendt’s notion of “stateless persons” is compared to the UN’s understanding of children as “citizens-in-the-making.” Relational understandings of autonomy lead to an appreciation of children’s identity in Gould’s terms as “selves-in-relations.” For children to be guaranteed what Feinberg calls “rights-in-trust” or rights to an “open future,” children must logically be granted the citizenship right to vote.
Children Claiming the Future of Human Rights
Authors: Hiskes Richard P.
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines a number of child human rights leaders around the world and how they are utilizing existing activist networks and the courts to effect social change. In doing so, these “global kids” are also changing the nature of human rights activism by employing evolving social technologies and networking strategies for social movements. The chapter begins with a discussion of the Juliana v. US federal court case, in which the plaintiffs were twenty-one children suing for protection of their environmental human rights. The dissent by Judge Staton effectively establishes the legal standing of children in courts in the United States and, as a precedent, for similar cases abroad. The child activists’ reliance on and expansion of transnational advocacy networks expands the definition of “global civil society.” Both in their courtroom participation and in other forms of activism, children are proving effective as advocates for their own public agency.
Is This Time Different?
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: August 2021

Chapter 1 introduces the debate over whether “this time is different”—whether contemporary innovations in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics are more likely than past rounds of technological innovations to yield net job destruction—and the parallel debate over whether we should welcome or worry about that future. It begins with a tour of some of the innovations that are allowing algorithms and robots to replace human workers at a range of tasks, and explains why the recent COVID-19 crisis is accelerating automation along several vectors. The chapter previews the book’s overall claims that a future of less work is foreseeable, even likely, if not inevitable; that it holds both perils and promise for ordinary workers and the society as a whole; and that it should be met with policy responses that can mitigate the losses and fairly distribute the large potential gains from a more automated economy.
What’s Law Got to Do with It?
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: August 2021

Chapter 3 fills in some institutional features of the landscape of work that shape and illuminate managerial decisions about automation: the evolving law of labor and employment and the rise of “fissuring,” or outsourcing of labor needs to outside contractors. It argues that many of the mandatory legal rights, protections, and benefits that workers have won over the past century raise labor costs and tilt firms’ calculus toward both fissuring and automation; and that the prevailing legal responses to fissuring tend to strengthen the business case for automation. In short, the growing availability of automation—which offers firms a more complete exit from the costs, risks, and hassles of employing humans—confounds old and new legal strategies for improving the lives of ordinary workers.
Spreading Work and Supporting Incomes
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: August 2021

Chapter 7 focuses chiefly on the project of work spreading—that is, shifting work from those with too much of it toward those with too little of it. The overall aim is to spread the benefits of both work and free time through a more equitable and healthy work-life balance across the society. Some work spreading can be accomplished by supporting workers’ own choices to work less; other work-spreading techniques will be more challenging and controversial, like those that take aim at the long-hours culture of many high-end workplaces. Work spreading needs to be coupled with income-support measures, which are briefly addressed here. But work spreading is the linchpin of mitigating the losses (in work and income) and spreading the gains (in free time) of a future in which machines gradually supplant human labor in a growing range of tasks.
Motivation and Honesty
Authors: Miller Christian B.
Published: August 2021

Up to this point, the book has said very little about motivation. But many philosophers, especially in the Aristotelian tradition of thinking about character, claim that a virtue must give rise to appropriate motivation as well as appropriate action. The first section of this chapter agrees with these philosophers, at least with respect to honesty. The second section briefly considers various implausible accounts of honest motivation, before turning to the pluralist account in the third section. The basic idea of this account is that many different kinds of motives can fit with the virtue of honesty, including dutiful, loving, and friendship motives. The main exception is self-interested motivation. The final section of the chapter considers some complications.
Practical Wisdom and Honesty
Authors: Miller Christian B.
Published: August 2021

The previous chapter focused on the motivational side of the virtue of honesty. But moral virtues are normally understood to consist of more than just motivational states. Virtuous thoughts of various kinds, for instance, play a role, and honesty is no exception. Here is another common observation about moral virtues: they are connected in some way to practical wisdom. This has long been held by Aristotelian approaches in particular, and it is important to clarify what relationship, if any, practical wisdom bears to honesty. Hence the goal of this chapter is to explore the role of virtuous thoughts and practical wisdom with respect to the virtue of honesty.
Afterword
Authors: Miller Christian B.
Published: August 2021

Part I of this book explored some of the conceptual features of the virtue of honesty and found that it centrally involves reliably not intentionally distorting the facts as the person takes them to be. Part II turned to the relevant empirical research and found that—at least when it comes to matters of lying and cheating—most people tend to fall short of the standards of honest character. This brief afterword begins to explore how people might go about improving their characters so that, gradually over time, they can come to instantiate the virtue of honesty.
From Brownian Motion to Bending Beams
Authors: Batterman Robert W.
Published: August 2021

This chapter argues that the hydrodynamic, correlation function methodology discussed in “fluid” contexts is really the same methodology employed in materials science to determine effective values for quantities like conductivity, elasticity, stiffness. Thus, Einstein’s arguments discussed in the previous chapter have a bearing on what prima facie appear to be completely different problems. The mesoscale approach using representative volume elements and correlation functions to describe the important features of those representative volume elements is presented in some detail.
Introduction
Authors: Klein Julie Thompson
Published: August 2021

The Introduction establishes a framework for the book. Heeding Barry and Born’s admonition to map heterogeneity of interdisciplinarity, it accounts for activities associated with, but not entirely encompassed by, the keyword. The Introduction also situates interdisciplinarity in relation to two other concepts, disciplinarity and transdisciplinarity, as well as intersections with convergence, team science, Mode 2 knowledge production, wicked problems, and postdisciplinarity. The framework encompasses linguistic markers of meaning as well: including Pejoration (negative connotations), Amelioration (positive associations), Narrowing (restricted uses), and Broadening (expanded meaning). As a result, interdisciplinarity is a conflicted discourse. Claims range from epistemology and methodology to social justice and product innovation. The introduction also introduces a dual focus on crossdisciplinary work (encompassing multi-, inter-, and trans-disciplinarity) and cross-sector work (bridging academic, governmental, industrial, and communities in the North and Global South). Finally, it defines two methodological approaches: boundary work and triangulation of rhetorical, sociological, and historiographical analyses.
Boundary Work
Authors: Klein Julie Thompson
Published: August 2021

The first chapter lays a foundation for the book by defining boundary discourse in crossdisciplinary and cross-sector work. It begins by distinguishing spatial and organic metaphors of boundaries, with initial emphasis on disciplines. It then combines the two metaphors in a composite concept of an ecology of spatializing practices, illustrated by the evolving nature of disciplines as well as trading zones and communities of practice. The chapter then describes structures for interdisciplinary work, followed by the concept of heterarchy, changing character of higher education, platforms for communication and collaboration, and role of the built environment. It turns next to boundary objects, illustrated by construction of a natural history museum, an academic reform initiative, a project on waste management, and the relationship of objects and their description in climate modeling, regulatory discourse, genetic toxicology, and human ecology. The chapter ends by examining boundary organizations and agents in two cross-sector case studies.
Discourses of Boundary Crossing
Authors: Klein Julie Thompson
Published: August 2021

Typologies classify activities into similarities and differences in a semantic web of purposes, contexts, practices, organizational structures, and theoretical frameworks. Huutoniemi and Rafols (2017) contended multiple claims tend to paralyze debate on definition. Yet, Frédéric Darbellay (2015) identified two major lines of argument in current discourse about interdisciplinarity: an epistemological, theoretical orientation that transcends disciplinary boundaries and a pragmatic, participative orientation to problem solving. The epistemic approach is philosophical, raising questions about the nature of knowledge amplified by ontological questions about the nature of reality. In contrast, problem solving is oriented to instrumental needs. This chapter compares discourses of philosophy and problem solving while adding a third imperative of critique. After acknowledging differences, it then takes into account their intersections. The chapter closes by asking whose knowledge counts, weighing the relationship of generalizations and individual cases, and reflecting on how discourse shapes definition.
Interdisciplinary Fields
Authors: Klein Julie Thompson
Published: August 2021

The last chapter in Part I examines the boundary work of major communities of practices classified as fields and interdisciplines. New fields arise, Richard McKeon argued, because subject matters are not ready made to respond to all questions, problems, and issues that arise. He called interdisciplinarity an architectonic art of creating new forms and outcomes. The question of where they fit, however, persists. Lynton Caldwell argued the metaphor of fit prejudges the epistemological question at stake. Many fields arose because of a perceived misfit of needs, experiences, information, and structures of disciplinary organization. This chapter identifies patterns and contingencies of specific fields. It begins by describing catalysts, then draws insights from interdisciplinary majors and taxonomies of research and education. It next compares trajectories and outcomes of individual cases. The following sections illustrate trajectories of change and identities, then draws insights from women’s studies and intersectionality. The chapter closes by asking whether there is a distinctive interdisciplinary logic.
Learning
Authors: Klein Julie Thompson
Published: August 2021

This chapter presents a framework for learning across boundaries, including concepts of mutuality, interaction, and co-production. It begins with insights on integrative learning in interdisciplinary education, grounded in a shift from content-based to process-based integration, the theory of constructivism, and the concept of reflective equilibrium. After noting parallels with transdisciplinarity, it examines the nature of social learning, anchoring discussion in four theoretical discourses for interdisciplinarity and interprofessionalism (Communities of Practice, Critical-Historical Activity, Complexity Science, and Actor-Network Theory). Turning more specifically to trans-disciplinary work, the chapter examines mechanisms of learning in a communication boundary space, while incorporating concepts of triple-loop learning, reflexivity, convergence, transactivity, and heuristics. Finally, after identifying individual and collective competencies, as well as characteristics of cross-sector expertise, the chapter concludes by drawing insights from case studies across sector boundaries, beginning with a sustainability project in the East India Plateau and followed by healthcare in two hospitals.
How Giraffes Work
Authors: Mitchell Graham
Published: August 2021

There are few creatures more beautiful, more aloof, and more fascinating than giraffes. Once they were plentiful and filled African landscapes, but in 2016 they were re-classified from “least concern” to “vulnerable” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Their survival in the wild is not assured. Much has been written about their private lives, about their behavior, social biology, and ecology, and their history in art and diplomacy. But so far no book has been written about their private lives, their physiology, and their anatomy and biochemistry—in short, the normal functions of a free-living animal in its natural environment—and it is these aspects of their lives that are the focus of this book. The study of a single species could be concise and relatively simply told. In reality it is not. A species never evolves in isolation from the general biological milieu in which it finds itself. Tectonics, astronomical physics, climate, and purely biological factors affecting food and water resources all shape the path of their evolution and all interact with its morphology, its internal physiological and biochemical systems, and the behavior patterns that regulate its daily life. Giraffes are no exception, as is revealed as the story told here unfolds. How do giraffes work? The answers lie in a story filled not only with the internal workings of a unique creature, but with geography, climate changes of great magnitude, and the labors of extraordinary people who put many pieces of the puzzle together.
The Scientific Age
Authors: Mitchell Graham
Published: August 2021

Scientific study of giraffes depended on the scientists of Europe being able to study specimens. The first of those specimens was sent to Europe not long after the establishment of a settlement at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa in 1652. Obtaining the specimens was difficult because the nearest giraffes were to be found along the Gariep (Orange) River on the northern border of South Africa with Namibia, about 1,000 km from the Cape, across arid and inhospitable terrain. The first specimens were collected by Robert Jacob Gordon and William Paterson and were sent to Holland and England, respectively. Their arrival attracted zoologists and others to southern Africa, and further specimens became available for study. In the early 1800s establishment of zoos in Europe meant that living giraffes could be studied, and the first of these were taken to France and England. Among the prominent scientists who studied giraffes were Etienne Geoffroy St.-Hilaire in Paris and Richard Owen in London. Their studies established the scientific basis for the study of giraffes.
The Blood Pressure of Giraffes
Authors: Mitchell Graham
Published: August 2021

As discussed in this chapter, giraffes have, compared with any other mammal, a very high mean blood pressure of ~250 mmHg. Human blood pressure is ~90 mmHg. Its size is determined by the length of the neck, the height of the head above the heart, by hydrostatic pressure generated by gravity acting on the column of blood in the carotid artery, and contractions of the heart muscles: blood pressure must be high enough to ensure that blood reaches the brain. Uniquely in giraffes blood pressure is regulated by receptors that are located in both the carotid and occipital arteries. Once thought to be ~2.5% of body mass the heart is smaller (~0.5% of body mass) but its muscle walls, especially of the interventricular wall and left ventricle wall, are exceptionally thick (up to 8 cm). The relative cardiac output is the same as in other mammals (~5 L 100 kg–1 of body mass) through a combination of a higher than predicted heart rate (70 b min–1 vs 50 b min–1) and smaller than predicted stroke volume (~0.7 ml kg–1 body mass vs 1.2 ml kg–1). Stroke volume is small because the left ventricle muscle wall is thick. The origin of high blood pressure is the resistance to blood flow, which is about twice what it is in other mammals. The higher resistance results from a combination of the thick muscular walls and narrow lumens of a giraffe’s blood vessels and unique mechanisms that regulate blood flow to the brain.
Respiration
Authors: Mitchell Graham
Published: August 2021

This chapter discusses the respiratory system of giraffes. The respiratory system supplies oxygen, removes of carbon dioxide and produces the airflow needed to make sounds. Giraffes do not have the velocity of airflow through the airways to vibrate vocal cords sufficiently to generate sounds able to be heard by humans but can produce sounds able to be heard by giraffes. Air reaches alveoli for gas exchange through a long trachea, which is relatively narrow (~4 cm in diameter). Dead space volume is large. A short trunk and rigid chest wall reduce the capacity of the thorax and consequently lung volume is small. Respiratory rate is low (~10 min-1), but tidal volume is relatively big, and alveolar ventilation rate (VA; ~60 L min-1) delivers sufficient air despite the large dead space volume. Laryngeal muscles act to prevent food from entering the trachea a process controlled by the (short) superior and (long) inferior (recurrent) laryngeal nerves. Air that has been delivered to alveoli comes into contact with pulmonary artery blood (=cardiac output, Q; ~40 L min-1). The VA: Q ratio is ~1.5 (cf 0.8 in humans). Gas exchange occurs by diffusion. The surface area for diffusion is related to the number of alveoli which increase in number during growth from ~1 billion in a newborn giraffe to 11 billion in an adult. Gas carriage of oxygen and carbon dioxide is a function of erythrocytes which are small (MCV = 12 fL) but numerous (12 × 1012 L-1) and each liter of blood contains ~150 g of hemoglobin.
Build a Quality Website
Authors: Meredith Dennis
Published: August 2021

The first step to a quality website is to plan design, layout, and content with an understanding of audiences’ information needs. User-friendly design principles are also important to a website’s effectiveness. Web writing needs to be more concise than other types of writing, taking into account the reading practices of visitors to websites. Including a broad range of content makes the site a go-to resource and increases visibility. Usability testing once a site is developed also offers important insights that can guide improvements. Keeping a site fresh with new content and marketing the site also enhance its value.
Target Releases to Key Audiences
Authors: Meredith Dennis
Published: August 2021

News releases should be targeted not only to the relevant popular media, but also to the internal institutional media and trade media. Care should be taken not to “spam” releases by sending them to the media that would not be interested. Releases should not be flacked by phoning or emailing journalists to promote them. Scientists should not hesitate to suggest distribution that might be useful to their research. New release etiquette should be followed, which includes coordinating with other institutions and giving appropriate credit. Researchers can take maximum advantage of coverage by disseminating links to stories to key audiences. Researchers should avoid such pitfalls as claiming primacy when it is not certain, not protecting the right to scientific publication, inappropriately giving exclusives to journalists, and mistakenly believing that a release can be restricted to the internal media. Researchers should also be realistic about the coverage their story will receive and the importance of media coverage compared with other communications.
Create E-Newsletters, Podcasts, Wikis, Social Networks, Blogs, and Webinars
Authors: Meredith Dennis
Published: August 2021

E-newsletters, podcasts, wikis, social networks, blogs, and webinars can all be important to researchers’ communication strategy. However, they should be prioritized along with the many other activities and responsibilities. Researcher should also decide what their social media “persona” should be. E-newsletters should be organized to include content users will find helpful and should be managed to observe best practices. Podcasts should observe specific technical and production requirements to make them successful. Wikis can be highly useful to share information within and among research groups. Social networks—including lay-level and academic networks—can provide valuable contacts and promote collaboration. Blogs can be useful communications with lay and professional audiences but have both pros and cons. Twitter and webinars can be a conduit to the public, as well as a useful communication tool within research groups.
Persuade Administrators, Donors, and Legislators
Authors: Meredith Dennis
Published: August 2021

Because they hold the purse strings, administrators, legislators, and donors rank among the most important audiences for research explanations. Reaching out to administrators requires understanding their concerns and activities. Cultivating donors and foundations requires understanding their information needs, which can be more individualistic, even eccentric, than those of government funding agencies. The key to success in working with them is to coordinate with development officers. Lobbying legislators effectively means understanding their needs for concise communications that convey how a piece of research impacts five areas: economy, security, environment, education, and freedom/values. Working with policy staff can be highly productive in advancing a legislative agenda.
Parse Publicity’s Pros and Cons
Authors: Meredith Dennis
Published: August 2021

Efforts to publicize research can have both pros and cons for researchers. Working with the media presents both important benefits and pitfalls. Understanding them will help you accentuate the positives and minimize the negatives of media coverage. Media coverage offers research credibility, helps discover collaborators, sparks new ideas, provides communication training, helps a researcher’s field, protects from inaccuracies, educates the public, and sparks public participation in science. However, publicity can also distract or detract from a career, promulgate errors committed by the media, and reveal painful truths. For many scientists the popular media are not their most important audience, but techniques learned from working with them will help you work with journalists from important science media.
Understand Journalists
Authors: Meredith Dennis
Published: August 2021

Journalists and scientists share such traits as curiosity and a search for the truth, but they also differ. While a scientist is not concerned with the impact their research has, journalists do and come in a bora spectrum, from totally inexperienced to professional science writers. However, both types work for their readers and viewers, not scientists; like to tell great stories; prefer conclusions to caveats; and work in a professional pressure cooker. They concentrate on covering papers published in journals, even though that research is tentative. Few journalists can do “enterprise reporting,” in which they cover the uncertainties, contradictions, controversies, and complexities of a topic. While they care about accuracy, they are not schooled in statistics. They also emphasize positive discoveries, rather than null findings, and they may engage in “false balance,” covering two sides of a story, even though one is invalid. They need a news peg, work on tight deadlines, and like visuals and multimedia to enhance their stories.
Prepare for Media Interviews
Authors: Meredith Dennis
Published: August 2021

Preparing for a media interview requires understanding the interviewee’s rights, deciding who should be interviewed, and understanding the level of understanding of the interviewer. It also involves formulating messages, considering a journalist’s audience, and developing artful quotes. Also useful is offering vivid quantitative comparisons, an overall view of the field, and who a scientist’s allies and critics are. Preparation also involves practicing questions and answers and considering how to translate basic research so the journalist will understand its implications. Scientists should not “triage” the media to give preference to the major media. The scientist should also have a plan in place for when a journalist calls unexpectedly.
Double Vision
Authors: Dufallo Basil
Published: August 2021

Chapter 1 centers on a reading of Plautus’s Menaechmi, the quintessential “Comedy of Errors,” both for the repeated misrecognitions that structure its plot and for the recurring physical wanderings of its twin protagonists. Plautus, the chapter argues, connects its lead characters’ feelings of disorientation with geographical regions into which the Romans were actually expanding in his day, especially the cities of Syracuse, Tarentum, and Epidamnus. The brothers’ wanderings and mistakes, on the one hand, seem to respond to a sense of superiority in Plautus’s audience, since the play can be seen to celebrate Rome’s access to new regions and justify the Roman presence in these areas, whose Greek inhabitants can’t seem to get anything straight. But the errores associated with the twins also function as a reminder of the way in which travel to distant lands can result in the erosion of one’s sense of self and its blurring or confusion with the identity of the other. The cross-dressing of the first Menaechmus brother (Men. I) in particular puts him between Greek and Roman culture and, queerly, between masculine and feminine identity. By having him compare himself to paintings of Ganymede and Adonis likely to recall Roman plunder from recent conquests in the Greek world, Plautus evokes both alluring and threatening aspects of Greek culture. Both brothers’ experiences of getting lost are potentially all the more engaging because this lostness happens in places where Plautus’s audience members, who very likely included merchants and military veterans familiar with these regions, could themselves have had disorienting encounters.
Exercises to Be Done in Silence
Authors: Adolphe Bruce
Published: August 2021

The exercises in this section are performed in the mind (without the use of musical instruments) and may be done by individuals alone or by groups, such as classrooms, workshops, masterclasses, or even audiences. For individuals, who may or may not be musicians, these exercises can be fun to do at home, on trains, in waiting rooms, or just about anywhere. The exercises range from imagining visual images (as a warm-up) to imagining (in silence) ordinary sounds, scales, dynamics, instrumental timbres, harmonies, expressive performance techniques such as vibrato, and orchestration. The chapter also provides exercises that link imagining music to our other senses, and exercises that ask the participant to imagine or create sonic patterns, designs, scenarios, and compositional structures in fun and surprising ways, all in the mind’s ear.
The Feeling of an Idea
Authors: Adolphe Bruce
Published: August 2021

Unlike the other sections in this book, Part IV presents a mix of exercise types: some require musical instruments; some are to be done only in the imagination; some are acted aloud; some are for groups; others may be done by an individual. These exercises belong together because they all explore creativity and imagination in terms of dreaming and thinking. This concept is first examined at the start of the chapter in an essay exploring analytical and intuitive thought and what it might mean to understand music, and then in the series of exercises designed to amplify those ideas. The exercises include experiments with conscious dreaming (or directed daydreaming) and deliberation, comparing these approaches, and looking for balance. The balance of dreaming and thinking—including improvisation vs. composition as well as talking spontaneously vs. editing—is at the heart of this series of explorations.
Anaxagoras’s metaphysical foundations
Authors: Marmodoro Anna
Published: August 2021

This chapter introduces Anaxagoras’s metaphysics and the relations of fundamentality and composition that hold between entities in his ontology: the Opposites (properties), stuffs, objects, the so-called seeds (i.e., reified structures), and nous with its vortex. The chapter argues that the crux of Anaxagoras’s metaphysics, which will also influence Plato the most, is the stance that parts of properties are parts of objects. Objects are qualified by properties by having parts of properties (in preponderance) within their constitution. Thus, constitutional overlap is the ‘mechanism’ by which Anaxagoras accounts for the qualification of objects. The chapter provides an account of Anaxagoras’s Opposites as causal powers and explains the type of causal efficacy the Opposites have in the world: constitutional causal efficacy.
Forms in objects
Authors: Marmodoro Anna
Published: August 2021

In Anaxagoras’s system, something is qualified as, e.g. hot when it has within its constitution parts or shares of the relevant Opposite, e.g. the Hot, in preponderance over parts of other Opposites. Thus objects overlap constitutionally with the properties that qualify them. The chapter argues that Plato inherits Anaxagoras’s model of overlap, develops it, and makes it central to his own metaphysics. But it also shows that Plato is aware of some of the model’s shortcomings, and of the formidable difficulties which emerge specifically when the model is combined with his theory of Forms. The chapter examines some of these difficulties, pertaining to parthood, structure, and complexity, focusing on arguments that are milestones in Plato’s thought, such as the Partaking Dilemma in the Parmenides and the Third Bed Argument in the Republic.
Parts, or no parts?
Authors: Marmodoro Anna
Published: August 2021

This chapter investigates the mereological complexity of the Forms, asking, not whether Forms have parts (which was a question examined in chapter 4), but whether and how each Form is constitutionally unified. If objects participate in Forms, overlapping constitutionally with them, how do the parts of a Form make up a single entity? Plato addresses this question by breaking new ground in metaphysics. In the Theaetetus Plato pioneers an account of how a composite may be derived from parts but be partless.