bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANN‐based energy consumption prediction model up to 2050 for a residential building: Towards sustainable decision making
Authors: Verma Anurag , Prakash Surya , Kumar Anuj
Published: October 2020

The energy consumption in the residential sector has been increased steadily and occupied approximately 30–40% of overall energy consumption. Recent researches on energy consumption have highlighted the significance of residential building energy consumption forecast for enhanced decision‐making in terms of an energy conservation plan. Therefore, it is essential to predict the energy consumption of a residential building by developing a precise prediction model with 95% coefficient bounds. In this paper, an energy consumption data‐driven prediction model is developed using the artificial neural network (ANN) and TRNSYS software. This ANN model is trained with deep learning by using the Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation algorithm. A 2BHK single‐story multizone residential building having six zones (two bedrooms, one living room, one kitchen, and two toilets) has been modeled in TRNSYS to estimate the energy consumption based on predicted temperature and humidity. First, the data mining technique is used to discover and summarize the historical weather data for temperature and relative humidity prediction. Secondly, the cooling and heating energy consumption has been estimated based on predicted relative humidity and temperature in TRNSYS. In contrast, the energy consumption of ventilation and lighting system is calculated mathematically based on SP 41 standard.
Quantification of the reduction factors of seismic capacity for damaged RC column members using the experiment database
Authors: Chiu Chien‐Kuo , Sung Hsin‐Fang , Chiou Tsung‐Chih
Published: October 2020

Static‐cyclic loading is used to identify the reduction factors of seismic capacity of damaged reinforced concrete (RC) column members. The reduction factors of seismic capacity that are obtained from specimens damaged under static‐cyclic loading differ from those obtained in dynamic testing, and this difference is investigated in this work. The experimental results obtained in this work, previously obtained results, and the “Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Structural Performance Database (PEER)” are used to obtain reduction factors of strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation. From the damage levels of column members after an earthquake, corresponding reduction factors can be determined and used in the seismic assessment of an RC building.
Ingestion and Dermal Cancer Risk via Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon–Contaminated Soils in an Oil-Producing Community, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Enuneku Alex , Ogbeide Ozekeke , Okpara Benjamin , Kubeyinje Bawo Frank , Job Oluwafunke , Asemota Charming Osaro , Imoobe Tunde , Ezemonye Lawrence Ikechukwu
Published: October 2020

There is an intrinsic link between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulated in soils and increased health risk to humans after exposure to contaminated soil via ingestion, inhalation of particulates carrying PAHs, and direct contact with polluted soils. However, the assessment of PAH contamination in most developing countries fails to consider health risk assessment. Therefore, a comprehensive study was conducted to determine the concentration, source, toxicity, and human health risks of 16 PAHs in an urban area in Warri, Delta State, in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The results showed varying contamination levels for PAH in soil samples from all sampling points, with benzo[a]anthracene (BaP; at 338.81 μg/kg) being the most abundant at all 9 sampling stations. The highest total concentration of PAH was observed at station 5 (1230.98 μg/kg), which was closest to a flow station. Further comparison with PAH contamination standards showed that soils from stations 1 and 2 were weakly contaminated (<600 μg/kg), and soil samples from stations 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9 were moderately contaminated (<1000 μg/kg). Soil samples from stations 5 and 8 were observed to be heavily contaminated (>1000 μg/kg). The BaP estimates for soil samples obtained for stations 3 to 9 were higher than the BaP soil screening value (15 μg/kg), indicating a carcinogenic potential of soil samples. The results also showed that the incremental lifetime cancer risk estimates for PAH in the soil for adults and children were above the recommended threshold (10−4) for ingestion and dermal contact, implying that exposure to contaminated soil could lead to cancers in adults and children. Currently, there are no regional or national standards for PAHs in soil that would indicate an increased likelihood for human exposure and subsequent health issues. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:261–271. © 2020 SETAC
Blockchain as a service models in the Internet of Things management: Systematic review
Authors: Li Daming , Deng Lianbing , Cai Zhiming , Souri Alireza
Published: October 2020

Today, blockchain uses a list of various blocks for storing a distributed flat of invariable information that informs of a set of replicated logical things in the Internet of Things (IoT). In the blockchain, a set of blocks includes various transactions containing a cryptographic hash value and a timestamp. Blockchain‐as‐a‐service (BaaS) as a new service in cloud providers presents an infrastructure for accessing users to execute, manage, and monitor blockchain applications without high secured infrastructure requirements. Recently, BaaS concepts widely have used the management of IoT applications in different layers such as network, data, control, and resource. This paper provides a systematic review of recent research studies in BaaS models. The main goal behind this review is to categorize the applied scenarios, trends, evaluated Quality of Service (QoS) factors, new challenges, and open directions on BaaS models in IoT management. To evaluate the existing research studies in this field, five analytical research questions are proposed to analyze the technical aspects of each study. The analytical results based on existing research questions specify that the BaaS models are applied to network layer to manage IoT environment more than other layers. Also, security and privacy are two important factors to evaluate the existing BaaS models in cloud‐edge IoT environments. Finally, the integration of BaaS models on IoT environments with interconnections of cloud‐edge computing and software defined networks creates great secure opportunities for smart environment applications to monitor, manage, and improve all the atomic services and resources.
Determination of fungal diversity of acidic gruel by using culture‐dependent and independent methods
Authors: Wang Yurong , She Mina , Guo Zhuang , Shuang Quan
Published: October 2020

Traditional fermented cereals are a rich source of naturally derived, diverse microorganisms. Illumina MiSeq high‐throughput sequencing was used to investigate thoroughly fungal microflora in Western Inner Mongolian acidic gruel. A total of 589,495 sequences were obtained from 16 acidic gruel samples. Ascomycota was found to be the predominant phylum with a relatively abundance of 97.54%, followed by Basidiomycota (2.26%) and Chytridiomycota (0.1%). The dominant genera obtained from the acidic gruel were Candida, Galactomyces, Hanseniaspora, Guehomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Trichosporon, Rhodosporidium, Penicillium, and Blastobotrys. Candida and Galactomyces were predominant genera, and their relative abundances were 57.59% and 34.95%, respectively. A total of 50 yeast strains were isolated and identified. Statistical analysis indicated that P kudriavzevii and Geo. silvicola affiliated with Ascomycota were the dominant yeasts in acidic gruel, accounting for 28% and 22%, respectively. This study provides an unequivocal theoretical basis for the study of fungal diversity and the identification and preservation of yeasts in traditional fermented cereals. It also provides validated strain resources for further exploration of the effect of yeasts on acidic gruel quality.
Active packaging for Salmon stored at refrigerator with Polypropylene nanocomposites containing 4A zeolite, ZnO nanoparticles, and green tea extract
Authors: Azizi‐Lalabadi Maryam , Rafiei Leila , Divband Bahark , Ehsani Ali
Published: October 2020

In this study, three types of Polypropylene‐based (PP) films (two active nanocomposites and one control film) containing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), 4A zeolite (4A Z), and green tea extract (GTE) were studied as modern active packaging's that can adjust the release of antimicrobial agents. The influence of PP nanocomposite with 3% (w/w) ZnO NPs/4A Z/GTE (treatment 1) and 6% (w/w) ZnO NPs/4A Z/GTE (treatment 2) on controlling microbial growth and preserving the sensory and chemical qualities of Salmon over nine days of storage at 4 ± 1°C was evaluated. The disk diffusion test revealed inhibition zones in the range of 10.98 ± 0.03 to 13.42 ± 0.01 m for treatments 1 and 2, respectively; the nanocomposite film with 6% ZnO NPs/4A Z/GTE had the highest antimicrobial effect against Gram‐negative bacteria (p < .05). Chemical analysis revealed that the initial peroxide value of Salmon was 0.68 ± 0.0 mEq/kg, which increased by day 9 to 12.3 ± 0.03 mEq/kg in the control sample, but rising only to 9.9 ± 0.01 and 7.3 ± 0.02 mEq/kg in treatments 1 and 2, respectively (p < .05). The shelf life of Salmon given treatment 2 increased significantly to nine days relative to the control. Accordingly, these nanocomposite films are promising as new active packaging for preventing microbial growth and preserving the quality of salmon.
Simultaneous detection of ovine and caprine DNA in meat and dairy products using triplex TaqMan real‐time PCR
Authors: Guo Liang , Yu Yuan , Xu Wei‐Liang , Li Chun‐Dong , Liu Guo‐Qiang , Qi Lemuge , Luo Jian‐Xing , Guo Yuan‐Sheng
Published: October 2020

In this study, we report a new approach for the detection of ovine and caprine DNA in meat and dairy products using real‐time PCR protocol. Our new approach is based on the use of endogenous control and species‐specific TaqMan fluorescence probes. With this methodology, we specifically detected ovine and caprine DNA in meat and dairy products, with limits of detection of 0.001 ng and 0.01 ng for fresh and processed ovine meats, respectively, and 0.00025 ng, 0.005 ng, and 0.01 ng for caprine meat, milk, and cheese, respectively. Artificial meat and milk mixtures from sheep and goat were used to validate the protocol. Our results support that TaqMan real‐time PCR with endogenous control is an efficient and accurate method to detect DNA from sheep and goat in meat and dairy products.
The sandstone reservoir characteristics and controlling factors of Shanxi Formation and Lower Shihezi Formation in Southeastern Ordos Basin
Authors: Xu Wenguo , Deng Hongwen , Wang Yating
Published: October 2020

The southeastern Ordos Basin hosts considerable resource potentials and contains significant hydrocarbon discoveries in the Shanxi Formation and Lower Shihezi Formation, making it a significant petroliferous exploration area. In this study, wireline logs, mud logs, cores, thin sections, scanning electron microscope, heavy minerals, porosity and permeability data, and grain size are employed to carry out research on reservoir differentiation characteristics and associated controlling factors in the Shanxi Formation and Lower Shihezi Formation. The results indicate that reservoir sandstone mainly includes lithic sandstone, quartz sandstone, and lithic quartz sandstone. The pore types are dominated by secondary intergranular pore, intragranular dissolution pore, followed by intercrystal pore and microcracks. The porosity and permeability attain 7.9% and 0.59 10−3 μm2 respectively which shows low porosity and low permeability. The differences of sandstone reservoirs in the Lower Shihezi Formation and Shanxi Formation are controlled by tectonic movements, sedimentary environments, and diagenesis. Tectonic movements not only provide potential provenance but also reconstruct physical property. Sedimentary environments determine sandstone composition and texture and controls reservoir heterogeneity. The diagenesis affects the preservation, evolution, and development of reservoirs and determines the quality of physical property.
Varying perivascular astroglial endfoot dimensions along the vascular tree maintain perivascular‐interstitial flux through the cortical mantle
Authors: Wang Marie Xun , Ray Lori , Tanaka Kenji F. , Iliff Jeffrey J. , Heys Jeffrey
Published: October 2020

The glymphatic system is a recently defined brain‐wide network of perivascular spaces along which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial solutes exchange. Astrocyte endfeet encircling the perivascular space form a physical barrier in between these two compartments, and fluid and solutes that are not taken up by astrocytes move out of the perivascular space through the junctions in between astrocyte endfeet. However, little is known about the anatomical structure and the physiological roles of the astrocyte endfeet in regulating the local perivascular exchange. Here, visualizing astrocyte endfoot–endfoot junctions with immunofluorescent labeling against the protein megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts‐1 (MLC1), we characterized endfoot dimensions along the mouse cerebrovascular tree. We observed marked heterogeneity in endfoot dimensions along vessels of different sizes, and of different types. Specifically, endfoot size was positively correlated with the vessel diameters, with large vessel segments surrounded by large endfeet and small vessel segments surrounded by small endfeet. This association was most pronounced along arterial, rather than venous segments. Computational modeling simulating vascular trees with uniform or varying endfeet dimensions demonstrates that varying endfoot dimensions maintain near constant perivascular‐interstitial flux despite correspondingly declining perivascular pressures along the cerebrovascular tree through the cortical depth. These results describe a novel anatomical feature of perivascular astroglial endfeet and suggest that endfoot heterogeneity may be an evolutionary adaptation to maintain perivascular CSF‐interstitial fluid exchange through deep brain structures.
Shared and distinct global signal topography disturbances in subcortical and cortical networks in human epilepsy
Authors: Li Rong , Wang Hongyu , Wang Liangcheng , Zhang Leiyao , Zou Ting , Wang Xuyang , Liao Wei , Zhang Zhiqiang , Lu Guangming , Chen Huafu
Published: October 2020

Epilepsy is a common brain network disorder associated with disrupted large‐scale excitatory and inhibitory neural interactions. Recent resting‐state fMRI evidence indicates that global signal (GS) fluctuations that have commonly been ignored are linked to neural activity. However, the mechanisms underlying the altered global pattern of fMRI spontaneous fluctuations in epilepsy remain unclear. Here, we quantified GS topography using beta weights obtained from a multiple regression model in a large group of epilepsy with different subtypes (98 focal temporal epilepsy; 116 generalized epilepsy) and healthy population (n = 151). We revealed that the nonuniformly distributed GS topography across association and sensory areas in healthy controls was significantly shifted in patients. Particularly, such shifts of GS topography disturbances were more widespread and bilaterally distributed in the midbrain, cerebellum, visual cortex, and medial and orbital cortex in generalized epilepsy, whereas in focal temporal epilepsy, these networks spread beyond the temporal areas but mainly remain lateralized. Moreover, we found that these abnormal GS topography patterns were likely to evolve over the course of a longer epilepsy disease. Our study demonstrates that epileptic processes can potentially affect global excitation/inhibition balance and shift the normal GS topological distribution. These progressive topographical GS disturbances in subcortical–cortical networks may underlie pathophysiological mechanisms of global fluctuations in human epilepsy.
Trading off health and financial protection benefits with multiobjective optimization
Authors: Karsu Özlem , Morton Alec
Published: October 2020

Countries which are introducing a system of Universal health coverage have to make a number of key tradeoffs, of which one is the tradeoff between the level of coverage and the degree to which patients are exposed to potentially catastrophic financial risk. In this study, we first present a way in which decision makers might be supported to focus on in a particular part of the tradeoff curve and ultimately choose an efficient solution. We then introduce some multiobjective optimization models for generating the tradeoff curves given data about potential treatment numbers, costs, and benefits. Using a dataset from Malawi, we demonstrate the approach and suggest a core index metric to make specific observations on the individual treatments. Moreover, as there has been some debate about the best way to measure financial exposure, we also investigate the extent to sensitivity of our results to the precise technical choice of financial exposure metric. Specifically, we consider two metrics, which are the total number of cases protected from catastrophic expenditure and a convex penalty function that penalizes out‐of‐pocket expenditures in an increasingly growing way, respectively.
Association of human papillomavirus integration with better patient outcomes in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Pinatti Lisa M. , Sinha Hana N. , Brummel Collin V. , Goudsmit Christine M. , Geddes Timothy J. , Wilson George D. , Akervall Jan A. , Brenner Chad J. , Walline Heather M. , Carey Thomas E.
Published: October 2020

Background

The molecular drivers of human papillomavirus‐related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HPV + HNSCC) are not entirely understood. This study evaluated the relationship between HPV integration, expression of E6/E7, and patient outcomes in p16+ HNSCCs.

Methods

HPV type was determined by HPV PCR‐MassArray, and integration was called using detection of integrated papillomavirus sequences polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We investigated whether fusion transcripts were produced by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). E6/E7 expression was assessed by quantitative RT‐PCR. We assessed if there was a relationship between integration and E6/E7 expression, clinical variables, or patient outcomes.

Results

Most samples demonstrated HPV integration, which sometimes resulted in a fusion transcript. HPV integration was positively correlated with age at diagnosis and E6/E7 expression. There was a significant difference in survival between patients with vs without integration.

Conclusions

Contrary to previous reports, HPV integration was associated with improved patient survival. Therefore, HPV integration may act as a molecular marker of good prognosis.
The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire in Lebanon and the UK: A comparison of the psychometric properties in each country
Authors: Sanchez‐Ruiz Maria‐Jose , Mavroveli Stella , Petrides K. V.
Published: October 2020

The aim of this study was to validate the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue v. 1.5) in a Lebanese sample and compare its factorial structure to that of a UK sample. There were similar gender and age distributions in both samples as well as satisfactory structural reliabilities at the global, factor, and facet levels. Results from exploratory factor analysis showed a four‐factor structure similar to that originally obtained by the author of the questionnaire. There were strong correlations between the factor scores derived from the two datasets (≥.90). Tucker congruence supported the similarity between the Lebanese and UK factors. Independent‐samples t tests showed that Lebanese participants scored higher on the Sociability factor and the facets of self‐esteem, social awareness and emotion perception, whereas UK participants scored higher on the facets of stress management, optimism and relationships. Gender differences are also reported, and recommendations for future research discussed.
Biological evaluation of preceramic organosilicon polymers for various healthcare and biomedical engineering applications: A review
Authors: Francis Adel
Published: October 2020

Preceramic organosilicon materials combining the properties of a polymer and an inorganic ceramic phase are of great interest to scientists working in biomedical sciences. The interdisciplinary nature of organosilicon polymers and their molecular structures, as well as their diversity of applications have resulted in an unprecedented range of devices and synergies cutting across unrelated fields in medicine and engineering. Organosilicon materials, especially the polysiloxanes, have a long history of industrial and medical uses in many versatile aspects as they can be easily fabricated into complex‐shaped products using a wide variety of computer‐aided or polymer manufacturing techniques. Thus far, intensive research activities have been mainly devoted to the processing of preceramic organosilicon polymers toward magnetic, electronic, structural, optical, and not biological applications. Herein we present innovative research studies and recent developments of preceramic organosilicon polymers at the interface with biological systems, displaying the versatility and multi‐functionality of these materials. This article reviews recent research on preceramic organosilicon polymers and corresponding composites for bone tissue regeneration and medical engineering implants, focusing on three particular topics: (a) surface modifications to create tailorable and bioactive surfaces with high corrosion resistance and improved biological properties; (b) biological evaluations for specific applications, such as in glaucoma drainage devices, orthopedic implants, bone tissue regeneration, wound dressing, drug delivery systems, and antibacterial activity; and (c) in vitro and in vivo studies for cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and cell viability. The interest in organosilicon materials stems from the fact that a vast array of these materials have complementary attributes that, when integrated appropriately with functional fillers and carefully controlled conditions, could be exploited either as polymeric Si‐based composites or as organosilicon polymer‐derived Si‐based ceramic composites to tailor and optimize properties of the Si‐based materials for various proposed applications.
Combined application of femtosecond laser and air‐abrasion protocols to monolithic zirconia at different sintering stages: Effects on surface roughness and resin bond strength
Authors: Okutan Yener , Kandemir Banucicek , Gundogdu Yasemin , Kilic Hamdi Sukur , Yucel Munir Tolga
Published: October 2020

This study aimed to investigate the effects of femtosecond laser (Fs) and/or air‐abrasion protocols on surface roughness (Ra) of zirconia and resin bond strength. Eighty zirconia samples were randomly divided into eight subgroups according to surface treatment protocols: Control (C), Air‐abrasion before sintering (ABS), Air‐abrasion after sintering (AAS), Air‐abrasion before and after sintering (ABS + AAS), Fs laser before sintering (FBS), Fs laser before sintering + air‐abrasion after sintering (FBS + AAS), Fs laser after sintering (FAS), and Fs laser after sintering + air‐abrasion after sintering (FAS + AAS). Measurements of Ra values were obtained using a surface profilometer. Surface morphological properties were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and crystallographic changes were examined by X‐Ray diffractometry (XRD). Self‐adhesive resin cement was bonded to zirconia samples, and shear bond strength (SBS) tests were performed. The data were statistically analyzed by one‐way ANOVA, followed by Tamhane tests. The control group displayed the lowest Ra and SBS values among all groups. The highest Ra and SBS values were found in the FBS and FBS + AAS groups. Air‐abrasion applied before sintering significantly increased the Ra of specimens. FAS, FAS + AAS, and ABS + AAS groups exhibited higher SBS values than AAS and ABS (p < .05). Air‐abrasion applied after Fs laser did not produce any significant change in the Ra and SBS compared to Fs laser alone (p > .05). Femtosecond laser application may be a promising method to enhance the surface roughness of zirconia and improve resin bond strength. Air‐abrasion at pre‐ and post‐sintered stages may also be a viable surface treatment option.
Uniquely restricted matchings in subcubic graphs without short cycles
Authors: Fürst M. , Rautenbach D.
Published: October 2020

A matching in a graph is uniquely restricted if no other matching in covers the same set of vertices. We prove that any connected subcubic graph with vertices and girth at least 5 contains a uniquely restricted matching of size at least except for two exceptional cubic graphs of order 14 and 20.
Cost‐effectiveness of one month of daily isoniazid and rifapentine versus three months of weekly isoniazid and rifapentine for prevention of tuberculosis among people receiving antiretroviral therapy in Uganda
Authors: Ferguson Olivia , Jo Youngji , Pennington Jeff , Johnson Karl , Chaisson Richard E , Churchyard Gavin , Dowdy David
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Preventive therapy is essential for reducing tuberculosis (TB) burden among people living with HIV (PLWH) in high‐burden settings. Short‐course preventive therapy regimens, such as three‐month weekly rifapentine and isoniazid (3HP) and one‐month daily rifapentine and isoniazid (1HP), may help facilitate uptake of preventive therapy for latently infected patients, but the comparative cost‐effectiveness of these regimens under different conditions is uncertain.

Methods

We used a Markov state‐transition model to estimate the incremental costs and effectiveness of 1HP versus 3HP in a simulated cohort of patients attending an HIV clinic in Uganda, as an example of a low‐income, high‐burden setting in which TB preventive therapy might be prescribed to PLWH. Our primary outcome was the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio, expressed as 2019 US dollars per disability‐adjusted life year (DALY) averted. We estimated cost‐effectiveness under different conditions of treatment completion and efficacy of 1HP versus 3HP, latent TB prevalence and rifapentine price.

Results

Assuming equivalent clinical outcomes using 1HP and 3HP and a rifapentine price of $0.21 per 150 mg, 1HP would cost an additional $4.66 per patient treated. Assuming equivalent efficacy but 20% higher completion with 1HP versus 3HP, 1HP would cost $1,221 per DALY averted relative to 3HP. This could be reduced to $18 per DALY averted if 1HP had 5% greater efficacy than 3HP and the price of rifapentine were 50% lower. At a rifapentine price of $0.06 per 150 mg, 1HP would become cost‐neutral relative to 3HP.

Conclusions

1HP has the potential to be cost‐effective under many realistic circumstances. Cost‐effectiveness depends on rifapentine price, relative completion and efficacy, prevalence of latent TB and local willingness‐to‐pay.
2020 APHRS/HRS expert consensus statement on the investigation of decedents with sudden unexplained death and patients with sudden cardiac arrest, and of their families
Authors: Stiles Martin K. , Wilde Arthur A. M. , Abrams Dominic J. , Ackerman Michael J. , Albert Christine M. , Behr Elijah R. , Chugh Sumeet S. , Cornel Martina C. , Gardner Karen , Ingles Jodie , James Cynthia A. , Juang Jyh‐Ming Jimmy , Kääb Stefan , Kaufman Elizabeth S. , Krahn Andrew D. , Lubitz Steven A. , MacLeod Heather , Morillo Carlos A. , Nademanee Koonlawee , Probst Vincent , Saarel Elizabeth V. , Sacilotto Luciana , Semsarian Christopher , Sheppard Mary N. , Shimizu Wataru , Skinner Jonathan R. , Tfelt‐Hansen Jacob , Wang Dao Wu
Published: October 2020

This international multidisciplinary document intends to provide clinicians with evidence‐based practical patient‐centered recommendations for evaluating patients and decedents with (aborted) sudden cardiac arrest and their families. The document includes a framework for the investigation of the family allowing steps to be taken, should an inherited condition be found, to minimize further events in affected relatives. Integral to the process is counseling of the patients and families, not only because of the emotionally charged subject, but because finding (or not finding) the cause of the arrest may influence management of family members. The formation of multidisciplinary teams is essential to provide a complete service to the patients and their families, and the varied expertise of the writing committee was formulated to reflect this need. The document sections were divided up and drafted by the writing committee members according to their expertise. The recommendations represent the consensus opinion of the entire writing committee, graded by Class of Recommendation and Level of Evidence. The recommendations were opened for public comment and reviewed by the relevant scientific and clinical document committees of the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS); the document underwent external review and endorsement by the partner and collaborating societies. While the recommendations are for optimal care, it is recognized that not all resources will be available to all clinicians. Nevertheless, this document articulates the evaluation that the clinician should aspire to provide for patients with sudden cardiac arrest, decedents with sudden unexplained death, and their families.
Wellness‐oriented seasonal tourism migration: A field relationship study in China
Authors: Zhang Yang , Lin Zi‐Xiao , Lee Timothy J.
Published: October 2020

This paper examines the types of habitus possessed by wellness‐oriented seasonal tourism migrants in China and locates the capital they receive from this within the appropriate field relations. Bourdieu's field theory on habitus, capital, and relationships was applied in an ethnographic survey of Poyue village, Guangxi Autonomous Region, in China. The paper identifies the capitals related to the field relationships that determine and structure interaction in a destination community. This analysis reveals the relationships between wellness‐oriented seasonal tourism migrants and other stakeholders from micro, meso, and macro perspectives. Conclusions and suggestions are presented for policymakers and future researchers to utilize.
Feral Horse Population Model and Body Condition: Useful Management Tools in Tornquist Park, Argentina?
Authors: Scorolli Alberto L.
Published: October 2020

Feral invasive mammals challenge management strategies worldwide including the feral horse (Equus caballus) population in Tornquist Park, Argentina. In this study, I constructed population matrix models using demography data collected between 1995 and 2002. I validated the models with independent counts from 2008 to 2016. I individually identified feral horses and recorded them as I walked a fixed path that covered 20 km2. I performed an elasticity analysis to estimate the influence of the demographic parameters on population growth rate. In addition, I explored whether body condition score could be a proxy for carrying capacity. Model projections with the highest values of fecundity and survival exhibited by females of all ages during 1995–2002 fit the counts from 2008 to 2016, when growth rate was moderate (λ = 1.10), very well. Elasticity of adult female survival (0.54) was 4 times higher than for fecundity and survival of all other ages. Body condition of adult females at the end of winter, 2012–2013, after reductions in density, was improved compared with 2001–2002 when the population approached carrying capacity. The validated population model together with body condition score could allow managers to take more informed decisions when planning the control of feral horses in Tornquist Park. This approach could also be applied to other small, closed, feral horse populations and other large‐mammal populations. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Christiansen Effect‐Based Physical Coloration of a Cellulosic Monolith Conveniently Fabricated Using Thermally Induced Phase Separation
Authors: Takeuchi Yasushi , Hayashi Yuki , Uyama Hiroshi
Published: October 2020

A cellulose acetate (CA) polymer monolith is conveniently fabricated using the thermally induced phase separation method. When a CA monolith in sheet form is immersed in a non‐solvent mixture with a suitable refractive index, transparent coloration due to the Christiansen effect is observed. This colorization is arbitrarily controlled by temperature and the non‐solvent composition. The wavelength of maximum transmission of the immersed monolith spectrum increases—with high sensitivity—at high temperatures and in non‐solvent with a low refractive index, while being independent of the monolith morphology. Following the alkali hydrolysis of the CA monolith, the transmission spectrum of regenerated cellulose monolith immersed in mixed non‐solvent clearly shifts by the Christiansen effect, whereas natural cellulose fibrils (wood cellulose and bacterial cellulose) with high crystallinity in the same non‐solvent are opaque or shows no Christiansen effect, respectively. The results indicate the potential of the amorphous cellulose monolith for use as a chemosensor.
Myoclonus‐Ataxia Syndromes: A Diagnostic Approach
Authors: Rossi Malco , van der Veen Sterre , Merello Marcelo , Tijssen Marina A.J. , van de Warrenburg Bart
Published: October 2020

Background

A myriad of disorders combine myoclonus and ataxia. Most causes are genetic and an increasing number of genes are being associated with myoclonus‐ataxia syndromes (MAS), due to recent advances in genetic techniques. A proper etiologic diagnosis of MAS is clinically relevant, given the consequences for genetic counseling, treatment, and prognosis.

Objectives

To review the causes of MAS and to propose a diagnostic algorithm.

Methods

A comprehensive and structured literature search following PRISMA criteria was conducted to identify those disorders that may combine myoclonus with ataxia.

Results

A total of 135 causes of combined myoclonus and ataxia were identified, of which 30 were charted as the main causes of MAS. These include four acquired entities: opsoclonus‐myoclonus‐ataxia syndrome, celiac disease, multiple system atrophy, and sporadic prion diseases. The distinction between progressive myoclonus epilepsy and progressive myoclonus ataxia poses one of the main diagnostic dilemmas.

Conclusions

Diagnostic algorithms for pediatric and adult patients, based on clinical manifestations including epilepsy, are proposed to guide the differential diagnosis and corresponding work‐up of the most important and frequent causes of MAS. A list of genes associated with MAS to guide genetic testing strategies is provided. Priority should be given to diagnose or exclude acquired or treatable disorders.
Malaria and meningitis under climate change: initial assessment of climate information service in Nigeria
Authors: Ayanlade Ayansina , Sergi Consolato , Ayanlade Oluwatoyin S.
Published: October 2020

It is often difficult to define the relationship and the influence of climate on the occurrence and distribution of disease. To examine this issue, the effects of climate indices on the distributions of malaria and meningitis in Nigeria were assessed over space and time. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationships between climatic variables and the prevalence of malaria and meningitis, and develop an early warning system for predicting the prevalence of malaria and meningitis as the climate varies. An early warning system was developed to predetermine the months in a year that people are vulnerable to malaria and meningitis. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between rainfall and malaria, especially during the wet season with correlation coefficient R2 ≥ 60.0 in almost all the ecological zones. In the Sahel, Sudan and Guinea, there appears to be a strong relationship between temperature and meningitis with R2 > 60.0. In all, the results further reveal that temperatures and aerosols have a strong relationship with meningitis. The assessment of these initial data seems to support the finding that the occurrence of meningitis is higher in the northern region, especially the Sahel and Sudan. In contrast, malaria occurrence is higher in the southern part of the study area. We suggest that a thorough investigation of climate parameters is critical for the reallocation of clinical resources and infrastructures in economically underprivileged regions.
Mathematical modeling of crystallization process from a supercooled binary melt
Authors: Makoveeva Eugenya , Alexandrov Dmitri , Ivanov Alexander
Published: October 2020

The article is concerned with the analytical solution to the integro‐differential system of balance and kinetic equations that describe the crystal growth phenomenon in a binary system for various nucleation kinetics. The effect of impurity concentration on the evolutionary behavior of crystals is shown. The nonlinear dynamics of a supercooled binary melt is studied with allowance for the withdrawal mechanism of product crystals from a metastable liquid of the crystallizer.
Study on the transient electromagnetic scattering from multiple targets above a rough surface with time‐domain FEM‐PML
Authors: He Hong‐Jie , Guo Li‐Xin , Zhang Ya
Published: October 2020

The time‐domain finite‐element method (TDFEM) is extended to study the two‐dimensional transient electromagnetic scattering from multiple targets above a rough surface in this article. The perfectly matched layer is employed as the truncation boundary of TDFEM region to absorb the outward wave scattered from the model. To introduce the incident wave, a total field boundary, which splits the whole region into total‐ and scattered‐field regions is built around the composite model. To model the composite scattering, the total‐ and scattered‐field formulas are used in these two regions, respectively. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility of the method. The results show that the proposed method is significantly superior to the time‐domain integral equation method in terms of solving time.
Conflict and cooperation in the management of European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus damage to agriculture in Spain
Authors: Delibes‐Mateos Miguel , Arroyo Beatriz , Ruiz Jorge , Garrido Fernando E. , Redpath Steve , Villafuerte Rafael
Published: October 2020

Conflicts over the management of wildlife species that impact human livelihoods are increasingly frequent. In Spanish farmland areas, the European rabbit, one of the most important game species, can cause considerable crop damage. Tensions typically emerge between farmers who advocate rabbit reduction and hunters who are responsible for controlling populations when crop damage occurs but wish for healthy rabbit populations for shooting.

In this study, we used in‐depth interviews and small group discussions with farmers, hunters and representatives of the governmental environmental and agricultural agencies to assess their positions in this conflict.

Our results showed tensions between and within groups, and that the conflict is influenced by leadership, distrust and past decision‐making issues, and by differences in beliefs among groups. Positions of farmers and hunters are also relatively rigid, which may make difficult their engagement in collaborative processes. To be effective, such processes would demand that local leaders were empowered and likely also that external neutral mediators were involved.

Our study highlights the complexity and dynamic nature of the conflicts associated with wildlife species causing damage to human livelihoods and provides new insights that may be useful to facilitate dialogue and negotiation between stakeholders and to aid management and governance.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Eco‐friendly materials produced by blown‐film extrusion as potential active food packaging
Authors: Lopes Aline C. , Barcia Maiza K. , Veiga Tatiane B. , Yamashita Fabio , Grossmann Maria V. E. , Olivato Juliana Bonametti
Published: October 2020

Starch/polyester blends are potential substitutes for non‐degradable materials. Active food packaging was produced by the blown‐extrusion of starch/poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) blends added to α‐tocopherol (α‐TOC). The films showed adequate stability and processability by the blown‐extrusion method and were converted into an essentially amorphous and homogeneous material. The transparency and water vapor permeability of the films increased with the addition of α‐TOC. The antioxidant interfered in the organization of the polymeric matrix, which was confirmed by SEM images, resulting in lower tensile strength and elongation at break, with no interference due to the α‐TOC concentration. The inclusion of α‐TOC did not influence the thermal stability, and it increased the crystallinity of the samples. The formulation with the lowest concentrations of the antioxidant (T0.25) presented an almost complete release of α‐TOC, proving the efficiency of the films as active packaging. The complete degradation of the materials was proved by evaluating the composting of the films. The eco‐friendly films are promising materials for active food packaging.
Arthropod toxins inhibiting Ca2+ and Na+ channels prevent AC‐1001 H3 peptide‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Iurova Elena , Beloborodov Evgenii , Tazintseva Elizaveta , Fomin Aleksandr , Shutov Alexander , Slesarev Sergei , Saenko Yana , Saenko Yury
Published: October 2020

Peptide toxins of arthropods are one of the potential sources of bioactive substances. Toxins are able to bind to calcium channels and block them. Ca2+ ions play an important role in many cell processes, in particular, in apoptosis. In this work, we study the effect of some arthropod toxins on intracellular processes associated with the induction of apoptosis.

Synthetic analogs of U5‐scytotoxin‐Sth1a, ω‐hexatoxin‐Hv1a, ω‐theraphotoxin‐Hhn2a, and μ‐agatoxin‐Aa1a toxins—inhibitors of calcium L, P, and Q channels and sodium channels were used in the study. Apoptosis was induced by AC‐1001 H3 peptide. We study the effect of toxins on the level of apoptosis, ROS, mitochondrial potential, GSH, and ATP in CHO‐K1 cells.

We show that all the tested toxins are able to dose dependently block the induction of apoptosis triggered by AC‐1001 H3 and reduce the level of natural apoptosis in CHO‐K1 cells. Cell incubation with apoptosis inducer AC‐1001 H3 in the presence and absence of toxins causes an increase in the intracellular concentrations of ROS, ATP, and mitochondrial potential and decreases the GSH concentration.

The present study reveals the antiapoptotic effect of a number of arthropod peptide toxins. The toxins studied can represent a novel approach used in the treatment of pathologies associated with the activation of apoptotic mechanisms.
Oxidative stress and male infertility
Authors: Takeshima Teppei , Usui Kimitsugu , Mori Kohei , Asai Takuo , Yasuda Kengo , Kuroda Shinnosuke , Yumura Yasushi
Published: October 2020

Background

Between 30% and 80% of patients with male infertility produce excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in their ejaculate even though the cause of male infertility is unexplained in approximately half of cases. The strong connection between oxidative stress (OS) and male infertility has led recent investigators to propose the term “Male Oxidative Stress Infertility (MOSI)” to describe OS‐associated male infertility.

Methods

We searched the PubMed database for original and review articles to survey the effects of OS on male infertility, and then verified the effects and treatments.

Main findings

Seminal plasma contains many antioxidants that protect sperm from ROS, because low amounts of ROS are required in the physiological fertilization process. The production of excessive ROS causes OS which can lower fertility through lipid peroxidation, sperm DNA damage, and apoptosis. Several assays are available for evaluating OS, including the MiOXSYS® analyzer to measure oxidation‐reduction potential. Several measures should be considered for minimizing OS and improving clinical outcomes.

Conclusion

Accurately diagnosing patients with MOSI and identifying highly sensitive biomarkers through proteomics technology is vital for better clinical outcomes.
Resilience characteristics of the urban agriculture system in Lansing, Michigan: Importance of support actors in local food systems
Authors: Kirby Caitlin K. , Goralnik Lissy , Hodbod Jennifer , Piso Zach , Libarkin Julie C.
Published: October 2020

Urban agriculture is a growing movement in cities across the United States, including the post‐industrial Midwest. Maintaining a resilient local food system is a challenge given the environmental, resource, and institutional barriers facing urban farmers. In this descriptive correlational study, we take an in‐depth look at the demographics, farm characteristics, motivations, barriers, and resilience indicators of individuals in the urban agriculture system in Lansing, Michigan, a city of the US Midwest with a growing urban agriculture system. Survey responses (n = 92) revealed that support actors, community gardeners, and farmers have descriptive differences in their motivations, with support actors (e.g. non‐profits, university extension, or municipalities) being most strongly motivated by social and environmental justice. Community gardeners reported the lowest barriers to engaging in urban agriculture. Individuals who reported stronger motivations for building community and social and environmental justice showed significant correlations to several resilience indicators, indicating that those motivations may be important to system resilience. Urban agriculture support agencies report high barriers and are most often consulted for informational and social support. These results can inform recommendations for organizations, local governments, and researchers working in midwestern urban agriculture initiatives to better assess and promote a thriving system into the future.
Impact of temporal precipitation variability on ecosystem productivity
Authors: Liu Junzhi , Ma Xuanlong , Duan Zheng , Jiang Jingchao , Reichstein Markus , Jung Martin
Published: October 2020

Projected increases in temporal precipitation variability, including intra‐annual and interannual variability, will likely have important impacts on terrestrial ecosystem productivity. The direction and magnitude of these impacts and how they vary across biomes, however, remain largely uncertain. Here, we review published literature that investigated the effect of different characteristics of temporal precipitation variability on vegetation productivity. We first reviewed commonly used methods, including manipulation experiments, process‐based modeling, and data‐driven analysis, and further discussed their strengths and limitations. Then, we summarized state‐of‐the‐art research on this topic by categorizing the results based on the characteristics of temporal precipitation variability. Given the same amount of growing season precipitation, a more extreme precipitation regime, characterized as fewer but larger precipitation events, tends to have a negative impact on vegetation productivity of most ecosystems except xeric grasslands and wet‐cold forests. Precipitation in the early growing season was found to be particularly important to vegetation productivity. Greater interannual precipitation variability tends to decrease vegetation productivity, but the reported patterns are complex, as both concave‐up and concave‐down precipitation‐productivity relations were found. Despite the progress made so far, critical challenges and knowledge gaps remain, such as the global‐scale impacts across different biomes, the role of biological adaption, and the contribution of individual precipitation events. Future research needs to combine manipulation experiments across a broad spectrum of ecosystem types and environmental gradients with model‐data integration strategies to disentangle the interactions between abiotic and biotic factors controlling vegetation responses to precipitation variability.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes

Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems