bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bond fukui indices: Comparison of frozen molecular orbital and finite differences through mulliken populations
Authors: Bultinck Patrick , Van Damme Sofie , Cedillo Andrés
Published: August 2013

Bond Fukui functions and matrices are introduced for ab initio levels of theory using a Mulliken atoms in molecules model. It is shown how these indices may be obtained from first‐order density matrix derivatives without need for going to second‐order density matrices as in a previous work. The importance of taking into account the nonorthogonality of the basis in ab initio calculations is shown, contrasting the present results with previous work based on Hückel theory. It is shown how the extension of Fukui functions to Fukui matrices allows getting more insight into the nature of bond Fukui functions. All presently introduced indices respect the necessary normalization conditions and include the classical single atom condensed Fukui functions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrographic changes in the Lincoln Sea in the Arctic Ocean with focus on an upper ocean freshwater anomaly between 2007 and 2010
Authors: de Steur L. , Steele M. , Hansen E. , Morison J. , Polyakov I. , Olsen S. M. , Melling H. , McLaughlin F. A. , Kwok R. , Smethie W. M. , Schlosser P.
Published: August 2013

Hydrographic data from the Arctic Ocean show that freshwater content in the Lincoln Sea, north of Greenland, increased significantly from 2007 to 2010, slightly lagging changes in the eastern and central Arctic. The anomaly was primarily caused by a decrease in the upper ocean salinity. In 2011 upper ocean salinities in the Lincoln Sea returned to values similar to those prior to 2007. Throughout 2008–2010, the freshest surface waters in the western Lincoln Sea show water mass properties similar to fresh Canada Basin waters north of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. In the northeastern Lincoln Sea fresh surface waters showed a strong link with those observed in the Makarov Basin near the North Pole. The freshening in the Lincoln Sea was associated with a return of a subsurface Pacific Water temperature signal although this was not as strong as observed in the early 1990s. Comparison of repeat stations from the 2000s with the data from the 1990s at
showed an increase of the Atlantic temperature maximum which was associated with the arrival of warmer Atlantic water from the Eurasian Basin. Satellite‐derived dynamic ocean topography of winter 2009 showed a ridge extending parallel to the Canadian Archipelago shelf as far as the Lincoln Sea, causing a strong flow toward Nares Strait and likely Fram Strait. The total volume of anomalous freshwater observed in the Lincoln Sea and exported by 2011 was close to
, approximately 13% of the total estimated FW increase in the Arctic in 2008.
An introduction to the Information Display Measurement Standard 1, the first display measurement standard from the International Committee for Display Metrology
Authors: Miseli Joe
Published: August 2013

On June 1, 2012, the Information Display Measurement Standard version 1 was released. This is the first standard from the worldwide standard group, the International Committee for Display Metrology, a standards committee within SID, and it culminates several years worth of development from many contributors at various levels. It has 26 top‐level chapters and a total over 450 sections of all parts, including over 200 measurement sections and 8 appendices that cover 133 topics of display metrology, tutorials, technical discussions, and references.

Herein is an overview of the Information Display Measurement Standard version 1, including the structure of the document, tips, tricks, and hidden features, how it is maintained, support material, a breakdown of its contents, and finally, a sampling of four of the over 200 measurements.

The standard is available as a free download and can be found on the International Committee for Display Metrology home page — http://www.icdm‐sid.org.
Nesting habitat of Mexican spotted owls in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico
Authors: Ganey Joseph L. , Apprill Darrell L. , Rawlinson Todd A. , Kyle Sean C. , Jonnes Ryan S. , Ward James P.
Published: August 2013

Understanding the habitat relationships of rare species is critical to conserving populations and habitats of those species. Nesting habitat is suspected to limit distribution of the threatened Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida), and may vary among geographic regions. We studied selection of nesting habitat by Mexican spotted owls within their home ranges in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico. We compared characteristics of owl nest trees and nest sites to characteristics of randomly located trees and sites at 2 spatial scales: the general nest vicinity and within activity centers used by spotted owls. Owls nested primarily in mixed‐conifer forest (92%), and most nested in cavities in trees or snags (48%), or in dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.) witches' brooms (36%). Owl nest trees had greater levels of dwarf mistletoe infection and were larger in diameter than random trees at both of the evaluated spatial scales. Nest trees also were more likely than random trees to be in white fir (Abies concolor) or Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and in trees or snags with broken tops. Differences between owl nest sites and random sites differed with the scale at which we selected random sites, but at both scales examined, owl nest sites had greater canopy cover and more basal area contributed by large trees and white fir than random sites. In addition, most nest sites occurred in drainage bottoms or on the lower 2 thirds of north‐ or east‐facing slopes. Conservation of owl nesting habitat in this area will require retaining forest patches with high canopy cover and large trees containing cavities or large dwarf mistletoe witches' brooms. Locating forest management treatments on ridgetops or the upper third of slopes and/or on south‐ or west‐facing slopes may reduce impacts to owl nesting habitat while simultaneously targeting the drier forest types most in need of restoration. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
SOIL EROSION, CONSERVATION, AND ECO‐ENVIRONMENT CHANGES IN THE LOESS PLATEAU OF CHINA
Authors: Zhao G. , Mu X. , Wen Z. , Wang F. , Gao P.
Published: August 2013

As one of the best‐known areas in the world, the Loess Plateau, has long been suffering from serious soil erosion. The present paper reviewed the historical variation of climate, vegetation cover, and environment changes in order to understand the causes of severe soil erosion. Documentary evidence indicated that climate changes and vegetation cover were the dominant natural factors influencing the soil erosion rates during the Holocene. Intensive human activities consisting of warfare, population growth, deforestation, and soil and water conservation measures were responsible for the changes of soil erosion during the anthropogenic period. Spatial and temporal changes of specific sediment yields presented significant decrease within the last several decades, which resulted from decreasing rainfall, large scale soil and water conservation measures, agricultural irrigation, and reservoir construction. Different phase of soil conservation measures demonstrated the development of policies and techniques on soil erosion control. Effective strategies of soil and water conservation, consisting of terracing, afforestation, natural rehabilitation, and check‐dams construction, were carried out on the Loess Plateau during the past six decades. The progress of soil conservation measures confirmed that the check‐dams systems might be suitable for Loess hilly Plateau, and natural vegetation rehabilitation is the best way for soil erosion control and should be implemented in other regions with emphasis of improving the quality of conservation measures based on natural rehabilitation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progress in the Visualization and Mining of Chemical and Target Spaces
Authors: Medina‐Franco José L. , Aguayo‐Ortiz Rodrigo
Published: August 2013

Chemogenomics is a growing field that aims to integrate the chemical and target spaces. As part of a multi‐disciplinary effort to achieve this goal, computational methods initially developed to visualize the chemical space of compound collections and mine single‐target structure‐activity relationships, are being adapted to visualize and mine complex relationships in chemogenomics data sets. Similarly, the growing evidence that clinical effects are many times due to the interaction of single or multiple drugs with multiple targets, is encouraging the development of novel methodologies that are integrated in multi‐target drug discovery endeavors. Herein we review advances in the development and application of approaches to generate visual representations of chemical space with particular emphasis on methods that aim to explore and uncover relationships between chemical and target spaces. Also, progress in the data mining of the structure‐activity relationships of sets of compounds screened across multiple targets are discussed in light of the concept of activity landscape modeling.
Effect of taxane‐based neoadjuvant chemotherapy on fibroglandular tissue volume and percent breast density in the contralateral normal breast evaluated by 3T MR
Authors: Chen Jeon‐Hor , Pan Wei‐Fan , Kao Julian , Lu Jocelyn , Chen Li‐Kuang , Kuo Chih‐Chen , Chang Chih‐Kai , Chen Wen‐Pin , McLaren Christine E. , Bahri Shadfar , Mehta Rita S. , Su Min‐Ying
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the change of breast density in the normal breast of patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Forty‐four breast cancer patients were studied. MRI acquisition was performed before treatment (baseline), and 4 and 12 weeks after treatment. A computer‐algorithm‐based program was used to segment breast tissue and calculate breast volume (BV), fibroglandular tissue volume (FV), and percent density (PD) (the ratio of FV over BV × 100%). The reduction of FV and PD after treatment was compared with baseline using paired t‐tests with a Bonferroni–Holm correction. The association of density reduction with age was analyzed. FV and PD after NAC showed significant decreases compared with the baseline. FV was 110.0 ml (67.2, 189.8) (geometric mean (interquartile range)) at baseline, 104.3 ml (66.6, 164.4) after 4 weeks (p < 0.0001), and 94.7 ml (60.2, 144.4) after 12 weeks (comparison with baseline, p < 0.0001; comparison with 4 weeks, p = 0.016). PD was 11.2% (6.4, 22.4) at baseline, 10.6% (6.6, 20.3) after 4 weeks (p < 0.0001), and 9.7% (6.2, 17.9) after 12 weeks (comparison with baseline, p = 0.0001; comparison with 4 weeks, p = 0.018). Younger patients tended to show a higher density reduction, but overall correlation with age was only moderate (r = 0.28 for FV, p = 0.07, and r = 0.52 for PD, p = 0.0003). Our study showed that breast density measured from MR images acquired at 3T MR can be accurately quantified using a robust computer‐aided algorithm based on non‐parametric non‐uniformity normalization (N3) and an adaptive fuzzy C‐means algorithm. Similar to doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide regimens, the taxane‐based NAC regimen also caused density atrophy in the normal breast and showed reduction in FV and PD. The effect of breast density reduction was age related and duration related. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of metabolic imaging in radiation therapy of prostate cancer
Authors: Zhang V. Y. , Westphalen A. , Delos Santos L. , Tabatabai Z. L. , Shinohara K. , Vigneron D. B. , Kurhanewicz J.
Published: August 2013

The goal of this study was to correlate prostatic metabolite concentrations from snap‐frozen patient biopsies of recurrent cancer after failed radiation therapy with histopathological findings, including Ki‐67 immunohistochemistry and pathologic grade, in order to identify quantitative metabolic biomarkers that predict for residual aggressive versus indolent cancer. A total of 124 snap‐frozen transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)‐guided biopsies were acquired from 47 men with untreated prostate cancer and from 39 men with a rising prostate‐specific antigen and recurrent prostate cancer following radiation therapy. Biopsy tissues with Ki‐67 labeling index ≤ 5% were classified as indolent cancer, while biopsy tissues with Ki‐67 labeling index > 5% were classified as aggressive cancer. The majority (15 out of 17) of cancers classified as aggressive had a primary Gleason 4 pattern (Gleason score ≥ 4 + 3). The concentrations of choline‐containing phospholipid metabolites (PC, GPC, and free Cho) and lactate were significantly elevated in recurrent cancer relative to surrounding benign tissues. There was also a significant increase in [PC] and reduction in [GPC] between untreated and irradiated prostate cancer biopsies. The concentration of the choline‐containing phospholipid metabolites was significantly higher in recurrent aggressive (≈twofold) than in recurrent indolent cancer biopsies, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of total choline to creatine ratio (tCho/Cr) demonstrated an accuracy of 95% (confidence interval = 0.88–1.00) for predicting aggressive recurrent disease. The tCho/Cr was significantly higher for identifying recurrent aggressive versus indolent cancer (tCho/Cr = 2.4 ± 0.4 versus 1.5 ± 0.2), suggesting that use of a higher threshold tCho/Cr ratio in future in vivo 1H MRSI studies could improve the selection and therapeutic planning for patients who would benefit most from salvage focal therapy after failed radiation therapy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local anesthesia and pain perception during amniocentesis: a randomized double blind placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Elimian Andrew , Goodman Jean R. , Knudtson Eric , Wagner Andrew , Wilson Patrick , Williams Marvin
Published: August 2013

Objective

To determine the effect of local anesthesia on the maternal pain perception from amniocentesis.

Methods

We conducted a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial comparing use of local anesthesia (1% lidocaine) with placebo with regards to maternal perception of pain among women undergoing genetic amniocentesis. The primary outcome was the intensity of perceived maternal pain as measured by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) as well a 101 point Numerical Rating Scale.

Results

Seventy six women participated in the trial. 36 (47.4%) women were randomized to lidocaine, whereas 40 (52.6%) were randomized to placebo. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. However, pain perception as characterized by the median 9.5 (2.1–21.0) VSA scores was significantly lower among women in the lidocaine group compared with among women in the placebo group [18.4 (12.9–31.3), P = 0.005]. Similarly the mean VSA scores was significantly lower in the lidocaine group (P = 0.02). A trend toward lower scores was also observed when maternal pain perception was measured by the Numerical Rating Scale.

Conclusion

Local anesthetic lidocaine significantly lowers maternal perceived pain during genetic amniocentesis. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcome following prenatal diagnosis of severe bilateral renal hypoplasia
Authors: Spaggiari Emmanuel , Stirnemann Julien J. , Heidet Laurence , Dreux Sophie , Ville Yves , Oury Jean‐Francois , Delezoide Anne‐Lise , Muller Françoise
Published: August 2013

Objective

The aim of this research was to evaluate the outcome and prognostic value of fetal serum β2‐microglobulin in case of prenatal diagnosis of severe bilateral renal hypoplasia.

Methods

Cases of hypoplastic kidneys were detected on ultrasound and referred to our laboratory for determination of fetal blood β2‐microglobulin, over a 12‐year period. Prenatal prognostic assessment was based upon amniotic fluid volume and fetal serum β2‐microglobulin (cut‐off: 5 mg/L). Outcome measures were postnatal renal function or renal pathological features when termination of pregnancy (TOP) and genetic studies were performed.

Results

A total of 34 cases were identified; 13 (38%) were liveborn and 21 (62%) underwent TOP. Renal hypoplasia was confirmed postnatally in all cases. Oligohydramnios/anhydramnios was observed in 30/34 (88%) cases. Associated genetic or anatomical anomalies were found in 8/34 (24%) cases. Renal function of liveborn infants was normal in 4/13 cases. Renal lesions were observed in all TOPs (21/21 cases). Overall, 30/34 (88.2%) cases had a poor outcome. β2‐microglobulin accurately predicts poor renal outcome in 27/31 (87.1%) cases. β2‐microglobulin was not interpretable in three cases due to amniotic fluid contamination. The prognostic value of β2‐microglobulin was similar to that of amniotic fluid volume assessment.

Conclusion

Hypoplastic kidneys complicated by oligohydramnios/anhydramnios are associated with poor outcome. Fetal serum β2‐microglobulin and oligohydramnios both predicted poor outcome. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of liquid crystalline polyurethane‐imide modified epoxy resin composites
Authors: Gui Dayong , Gao Xue , Hao Jingfeng , Liu Jianhong
Published: August 2013

Liquid crystalline polyurethane‐imide (PUI) was synthesized from polyethyleneglycol, toluene diisocyarate, and pyromellitic dianhydride by solution polymerization and characterized by FTIR spectrum. The liquid crystal properties of PUI were verified by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing microscope (POM), and X‐ray diffraction. PUI is a longitudinal liquid crystal with LC sequences in the backbone along the main‐chain direction. PUI was used to blend with epoxy resin(ER) as a modifier. The mechanical properties, thermal property, and morphology of PUI/ER composites were investigated. It was found that PUI was a kind of thermotropic liquid crystal material within a wide range of temperature. Remarkable improvement in strength and toughness of ER/PUI composites was achieved by the blending of PUI with epoxy in appropriate proportions. The maximum for bending strain and bending strength of the composite reached the level of 10.65% and 178 MPa, respectively when the mass fraction of PUI was 15 wt%. The mechanical behaviors of the PUI/ER were consistent with morphology analysis of the fracture surfaces of PUI/ER composites from SEM. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1704–1711, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
The plasticating sequence in barrier extrusion screws part I: Modeling
Authors: Gaspar‐Cunha A. , Covas J.A.
Published: August 2013

The plasticating sequence in barrier screws is modeled from hopper to die. The aim is to couple this routine to an optimization algorithm and use the software to set optimal operating conditions and screw design. The procedure developed to describe the geometry of the barrier section enables tackling most of the existing solutions. Calculations encompass gravity solids conveying in hopper, drag solids conveying, delay in melting, melting, and melt conveying. The onset and length of melting are decoupled from the beginning and profile of the barrier, providing a more realistic description of the effect of operating conditions and screw geometry. Predictions of melting and pressure axial profiles, output, distributive mixing, melt exit temperature, viscous dissipation, and mechanical power consumption are presented, and the effect of screw speed is discussed for a variety of barrier screw designs. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1791–1803, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Deformable strain sensors based on patterned MWCNTs/polydimethylsiloxane composites
Authors: Xu Wenjun , Allen Mark G.
Published: August 2013

Patterned MWCNT/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite strain sensors were achieved by a microelectromechanical system assisted electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique. With the combined effect of superior intrinsic piezoresistivity of the individual MWCNT and the tunneling effect of the MWCNT network, the stretchable composite demonstrates high sensitivity to the tensile strain. The gauge factor shows a strong dependence on both the initial resistance of the CNT/PDMS composite and the applied strain level. The mechanism is elucidated by analyzing the structure‐property‐function of patterned CNT networks. When the entanglement of a MWCNT network allows effective load transfer, the sensitivity is primarily dominated by the intrinsic piezoresistivity of individual MWCNTs. Conversely, when the MWCNTs interpenetrate loosely, the tunneling effect prevails. The sensitivity of the device can be tailored by the proposed technique since MWCNT film thickness/density can be readily controlled by means of the patterning parameters of the EPD process. The work provides useful guidance for design and development of strain/stress sensors with targeted sensitivity for flexible electronics applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1505–1512
Effect of Al/O Ratio on the Detonation Performance and Underwater Explosion of HMX‐based Aluminized Explosives
Authors: Xiang Da‐Lin , Rong Ji‐Li , Li Jian
Published: August 2013

The performance of detonation and underwater explosion (UNDEX) of a six‐formula HMX‐based aluminized explosive was examined by detonation and UNDEX experiments. The detonation pressures, detonation velocities, and detonation heat of HMX‐based aluminized explosive were measured. The reliability between the experimental results and those calculated by an empirical formula and the KHT code was verfied. UNDEX experiments were carried out on the propagation of a shock wave and a bubble pulse of a 1 kg cylindrical HMX‐based aluminized explosive underwater at a depth of 4.7 m. Based on the experimental results of the shock wave, the coefficients of similarity law equation for the peak pressure and attenuation time constant of shock wave were in acceptable agreement. The bubble motion during UNDEX was simulated using MSC.DYTRAN software, and the radiustime curves of bubbles were determined. The effect of the aluminum/oxygen ratio on the performance of the detonation and UNDEX for an HMX‐based aluminized explosive was discussed.
Improving the biocontrol potential ofSteinernema feltiaeagainstDelia radicumthrough dosage, application technique and timing
Authors: Beck Bert , Spanoghe Pieter , Moens Maurice , Brusselman Eva , Temmerman Femke , Pollet Sabien , Nuyttens David
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND

The potential of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN)Steinernema feltiaeFilipjev as a biocontrol agent against the cabbage maggotDelia radicum(L.), was assessed in three field tests, focusing onEPNdosage, application technique and timing.

RESULTS

Spraying cabbage plant trays with different doses of infective juveniles (IJs) (50 000, 100 000 and 200 000 per plant) generated a similar reduction of plant mortality. Spraying plant trays with 200 000IJsofSteinernema feltiaeper plant temporarily reduced the number of maggots around the plants' roots, while neither spraying a lower dose (50 000IJs/plant) nor soil drenching with 200 000 or 50 000 IJs/plant) reduced maggot numbers. When applied as a plant tray spray,IJsofS. feltiaetook 1–2 weeks to spread through the soil surrounding the roots. The pathogenicity of theEPNs, as evaluated by aGalleria mellonellabait test, was highest (up to 100% mortality) until up to five weeks after application, and declined to control levels after 4–7 weeks. Follow‐up drench applications withEPNs, applied one and/or two weeks after the firstEPNapplication, did not influence control ofDelia radicum.

CONCLUSION

Plant tray spraying provides better placement ofSteinernema feltiaethan soil drench treatments for control ofDelia radicum. Plant mortality was not dose‐dependent in the presented trials, unlike the reduction of maggot numbers. Further research into timing and application technique of follow‐up treatments withS. feltiaeis required to increase efficacy to commercial standards. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Wafer thickness optimization for silicon solar cells of heterogeneous material quality
Authors: Michl Bernhard , Kasemann Martin , Warta Wilhelm , Schubert Martin C.
Published: August 2013

In this Letter, we introduce a method of calculating the optimal wafer thickness for silicon solar cells with multicrystalline bulk material. The optimal thickness depends on the relation of bulk recombination to surface recombination and the light trapping. For multicrystalline silicon bulk recombination strongly varies laterally and with injection level, which complicates the calculations. A thickness optimization using the “Efficiency Limiting Bulk Recombination Analysis” (ELBA) takes all these effects correctly into account. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Context and Implications Document for: To know is not enough: research knowledge and its use
Authors: Levin Ben
Published: August 2013

This guide accompanies the following article: Ben Levin, To Know Is Not Enough: Research Knowledge and Its Use, Review of Education, 10.1002/rev3.3001
Separation of Fe and Zn in EAF Dust by Counter‐Current Gas–Solid Reduction in Moving Bed
Authors: Gao Jin‐Tao
Published: August 2013

The reactor of moving bed for counter‐current gas–solid reduction test is researched and developed. By the reformed blast furnace gas, EAF dust is reduced continuously and quickly in a non‐molten state with high reduction degree at 800–900°C. In the condition of moving speed of 0.06–0.10 m min−1 and reduction time of 10–16.7 min, the dust is highly transformed in form of FexOy (s) → MFe (s) and ZnO (s) → Zn (g) with the Fe and Zn separated. And Fe metallization rate averages 85%, and gas‐dezincification rate averages 92%. When the temperature is <1000°C, the sintering would not occur in reduction process, moreover, P, S, and any other impurity elements are not reduced into Fe matrix. By some simple physical methods it can be achieved that Fe, Zn elements are enriched separately, obtaining high purity metal resources directly, including Fe rich material (TFe = 92%), Zn rich material (ZnO = 91%) and none Fe material (Fe < 2%).
A Semi‐Analytic Model to Predict and Compensate Springback in the 3D Stretch Bending Process
Authors: Liao Juan , Xue Xin , Zhou Chi , Barlat Frederic , Gracio Jose
Published: August 2013

With the increase of using aluminum alloys and high strength steels to replace traditional steels, precise prediction of sheet springback and corresponding compensation methods become more and more important for die design because these material' s higher ratio of yield strength to elastic modulus causes more serious springback problems. In this paper, a semi‐analytic springback prediction and compensation model based on in‐process measurement is proposed. For springback prediction, measured strain and curvature data from the actual stamping process are incorporated in a semi‐analytic model, and then springback is predicted based on the elastic unloading from the residual differential stress during sheet metal forming. In the next stage of die design, a procedure to automatically compensate the tool geometry, including the fundamental mechanics analysis and the reconstruction of the tool surface, is presented. For validation purpose, a case study was carried out for the tool optimization of a double curved panel.
Artd1/Parp1 regulates reprogramming by transcriptional regulation of Fgf4 via Sox2 ADP-ribosylation
Authors: Weber Fabienne A. , Bartolomei Giody , Hottiger Michael O. , Cinelli Paolo
Published: August 2013

The recently established reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by Takahashi and Yamanaka represents a valuable tool for future therapeutic applications. To date, the mechanisms underlying this process are still largely unknown. In particular, the mechanisms how the Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) directly drive reprogramming and which additional components are involved are still not yet understood. In this study, we aimed at analyzing the role of ADP-ribosyltransferase diphtheria toxin-like one (Artd1; formerly called poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 [Parp1]) during reprogramming. We found that poly(ADP-ribosylation) (PARylation) of the reprogramming factor Sox2 by Artd1 plays an important role during the first days upon transduction with the reprogramming factors. A process that happens before Artd1 in conjunction with 10–11 translocation-2 (Tet2) mediates the histone modifications necessary for the establishment of an activated chromatin state at pluripotency loci (e.g., Nanog and Essrb) [Nature 2012;488:652–655]. Wild-type (WT) fibroblasts treated with an Artd1 inhibitor as well as fibroblasts deficient for Artd1 (Artd1−/−) show strongly decreased reprogramming capacity. Our data indicate that Artd1-mediated PARylation of Sox2 favors its binding to the fibroblast growth factor 4 (Fgf4) enhancer, thereby activating Fgf4 expression. The importance of Fgf4 during the first 4 days upon initiation of reprogramming was also highlighted by the observation that exogenous addition of Fgf4 was sufficient to restore the reprogramming capacity of Artd1−/− fibroblast to WT levels. In conclusion, our data clearly show that the interaction between Artd1 and Sox2 is crucial for the first steps of the reprogramming process and that early expression of Fgf4 (day 2 to day 4) is an essential component for the successful generation of iPSCs.
Generation of Functional, Antigen-Specific CD8+ Human T Cells from Cord Blood Stem Cells Using Exogenous Notch and Tetramer-TCR Signaling
Authors: Fernandez Irina , Ooi Tracy P. , Roy Krishnendu
Published: August 2013

In vitro differentiation of mouse and human stem cells into early T cells has been successfully demonstrated using artificial Notch signaling systems. However, generation of mature, antigen-specific, functional T cells, directly from human stem cells has remained elusive, except when using stromal coculture of stem cells retrovirally transfected with antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs). Here we show that human umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived CD34+CD38−/low hematopoietic stem cells can be successfully differentiated into functional, antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells without direct stromal coculture or retroviral TCR transfection. Surface-immobilized Notch ligands (DLL1) and stromal cell conditioned medium successfully induced the development of CD1a+CD7+ and CD4+CD8+ early T cells. These cells, upon continued culture with cytomegalovirus (CMV) or influenza-A virus M1 (GIL) epitope-loaded human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201 tetramers, resulted in the generation of a polyclonal population of CMV-specific or GIL-specific CD8+ T cells, respectively. Upon further activation with antigen-loaded target cells, these antigen-specific, stem cell-derived T cells exhibited cytolytic functionality, specifically CD107a surface mobilization, interferon gamma (IFNg) production, and Granzyme B secretion. Such scalable, in vitro generation of functional, antigen-specific T cells from human stem cells could eventually provide a readily available cell source for adoptive transfer immunotherapies and also allow better understanding of human T cell development. Stem Cells  2014;32:93–104
FOXP2
Authors: Nudel Ron , Newbury Dianne F
Published: August 2013

The forkhead box P2 gene, designated FOXP2, is the first gene implicated in a speech and language disorder. Since its discovery, many studies have been carried out in an attempt to explain the mechanism by which it influences these characteristically human traits. This review presents the story of the discovery of the FOXP2 gene, including early studies of the phenotypic implications of a disruption in the gene. We then discuss recent investigations into the molecular function of the FOXP2 gene, including functional and gene expression studies. We conclude this review by presenting the fascinating results of recent studies of the FOXP2 ortholog in other species that are capable of vocal communication. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:547–560. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1247

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Language

Neuroscience > Genes, Molecules, and Cells
Hospital Management Practices and Availability of Surgery in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Pilot Study of Three Hospitals
Authors: Funk Luke M. , Conley Dante M. , Berry William R. , Gawande Atul A.
Published: August 2013

Background

Sub‐Saharan Africa has a high surgical burden of disease but performs a disproportionately low volume of surgery. Closing this surgical gap will require increased surgical productivity of existing systems. We examined specific hospital management practices in three sub‐Saharan African hospitals that are associated with surgical productivity and quality.

Methods

We conducted 54 face‐to‐face, structured interviews with administrators, clinicians, and technicians at a teaching hospital, district hospital, and religious mission hospital across two countries in sub‐Saharan Africa. Questions focused on recommended general management practices within five domains: goal setting, operations management, talent management, quality monitoring, and financial oversight. Records from each interview were analyzed in a qualitative fashion. Each hospital’s management practices were scored according to the degree of implementation of the management practices (1 = none; 3 = some; 5 = systematic).

Results

The mission hospital had the highest number of employees per 100 beds (226), surgeons per operating room (3), and annual number of operations per operating room (1,800). None of the three hospitals had achieved systematic implementation of management practices in all 14 measures. The mission hospital had the highest total management score (44/70 points; average = 3.1 for each of the 14 measures). The teaching and district hospitals had statistically significantly lower management scores (average 1.3 and 1.1, respectively; p <. 001).

Conclusions

It is possible to meaningfully assess hospital management practices in low resource settings. We observed substantial variation in implementation of basic management practices at the three hospitals. Future research should focus on whether enhancing management practices can improve surgical capacity and outcomes.
Impact of Day 2 C‐Reactive Protein on Day 3 and 4 Thresholds Associated With Infective Complications Following Curative Surgery for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Ramanathan Michelle L. , MacKay Graham , Platt Jonathan , Horgan Paul G. , McMillan Donald C.
Published: August 2013

Background

The postoperative systemic inflammatory response, as evidenced by C‐reactive protein (CRP) on days 3 and 4, has been reported to be associated with the development of infective complications following surgery for colorectal cancer. However, patients in enhanced recovery after surgery require earlier assessment at day 2, the peak CRP response to surgery. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of day 2 CRP on the CRP concentrations on days 3 and 4.

Methods

Patients with colorectal cancer undergoing elective resection were recorded in a prospective database (n = 357). CRP was measured preoperatively and on days 1–4 postoperatively. Correlations between day 2 CRP and day 3 and day 4 CRP concentrations were examined.

Results

The majority of patients were ≥65 (72 %), male (53 %), underwent right or left hemicolectomy (63 %), and had node‐negative disease (61 %). Day 2 CRP was not significantly associated with age, sex, operation type, or tumor stage. Day 2 CRP was directly associated with day 3 (r2 = 0.601, p < 0.001) and day 4 (r2 = 0.270, p < 0.001) CRP. The median day 2 CRP that corresponded with the previously described thresholds for predicting infective complications was ~190 mg/L, and for predicting an anastomotic leak 200 mg/L.

Conclusions

A day 2 CRP concentration >190 mg/L was associated with day 3 and 4 CRP concentrations above established CRP thresholds for the development of infective complications.
Arthrodesis after Infected Revision TKA: Retrospective Comparison of Intramedullary Nailing and External Fixation
Authors: Francesco Iacono , Francesco Raspugli Giovanni , Danilo Bruni , Mirco Lo Presti , Bharat Sharma , Ibrahim Akkawi , Maurilio Marcacci
Published: August 2013

Background

Infection after revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for previous septic TKA can be a challenging problem to treat due to loss of bone stock and soft tissue integrity. In these cases, arthrodesis is a well-recognized salvage procedure.

Questions/Purposes

The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the results as described by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Lequesne Algofunctional Score (LAS) of knee arthrodeses performed by using either an external fixator (EF) or an intramedullary nail (IM).

Methods

The study included 34 knee arthrodesis divided in two groups: first group included 12 patients treated with EF and the second group of 22 patients dealt with IM nail. Clinical and functional evaluation was performed using the VAS and the LAS. Full-length radiographs were used to verify limb length discrepancy.

Results

VAS and LAS results showed a substantial improvement relative to preoperative condition in both groups. However, the LAS was significantly better in the IM nail group. The mean leg length discrepancy was significantly greater (4.5 cm) in the first group than in the second one (0.8 cm). No recurrence of infection was observed in the EF group while there were three recurrent infections in the IM nail group.

Conclusion

Our study supported the existing literature and found that reinfection after revision TKA can be effectively treated with arthrodesis. In presence of massive bone loss, we recommend arthrodesis with IM nail used as an endoprosthesis, without bone-on-bone fusion, to produce a stable and painless knee, while preserving the limb length. Use of an IM nail allowed us to get a better functional result than EF.
Management of a Patient with Lumbar Segmental Instability Using a Clinical Predictor Rule
Authors: Ribaudo Anna
Published: August 2013

The diagnosis of low back pain is a common and costly condition in primary healthcare, which is often grouped into a homogeneous category. It has been suggested that the population of patients with low back pain are not a homogenous group and that they should be classified into subgroups. One subgroup identified in the literature is patients thought to have lumbar segmental instability. The patient in this case report is a 59-year-old female who presented with the four predictors of success demonstrated by Hicks et al. for implementing a lumbar stabilization program for a patient with lumbar segmental instability. With conservative treatment utilizing a lumbar stabilization program, the patient was able to regain strength, lumbar stability, and demonstrate functional improvement evidenced by an improvement in her Oswestry score. It is recommended that knowledge of current literature including clinical predictor rules can help to improve clinical decision making along with treatment of patients.
Lever arm dysfunction in cerebral palsy gait
Authors: Theologis Tim
Published: August 2013

Skeletal structures act as lever arms during walking. Muscle activity and the ground reaction against gravity exert forces on the skeleton, which generate torque (moments) around joints. These lead to the sequence of movements which form normal human gait. Skeletal deformities in cerebral palsy (CP) affect the function of bones as lever arms and compromise gait. Lever arm dysfunction should be carefully considered when contemplating treatment to improve gait in children with CP.
Pulmonary Ablation: A Primer
Authors: Roberton Benjamin J. , Liu David , Power Mark , Wan John M.C. , Stuart Sam , Klass Darren , Yee John
Published: August 2013

Percutaneous image-guided thermal ablation is safe and efficacious in achieving local control and improving outcome in the treatment of both early stage non–small-cell lung cancer and pulmonary metastatic disease, in which surgical treatment is precluded by comorbidity, poor cardiorespiratory reserve, or unfavorable disease distribution. Radiofrequency ablation is the most established technology, but new thermal ablation technologies such as microwave ablation and cryoablation may offer some advantages. The use of advanced techniques, such as induced pneumothorax and the popsicle stick technique, or combining thermal ablation with radiotherapy, widens the treatment options available to the multidisciplinary team. The intent of this article is to provide the reader with a practical knowledge base of pulmonary ablation by concentrating on indications, techniques, and follow-up.
A single amino acid determines the catalytic efficiency of two alkenal double bond reductases produced by the liverwort Plagiochasma appendiculatum
Authors: Wu Yifeng , Cai Yuanheng , Sun Yi , Xu Ruixue , Yu Haina , Han Xiaojuan , Lou Hongxiang , Cheng Aixia
Published: August 2013

Alkenal double bond reductases (DBRs) catalyze the NADPH‐dependent reduction of the α,β‐unsaturated double bond of many secondary metabolites. Two alkenal double bond reductase genes PaDBR1 and PaDBR2 were isolated from the liverwort species Plagiochasma appendiculatum. Recombinant PaDBR2 protein had a higher catalytic activity than PaDBR1 with respect to the reduction of the double bond present in hydroxycinnamyl aldehydes. The residue at position 56 appeared to be responsible for this difference in enzyme activity. The functionality of a C56 to Y56 mutation in PaDBR1 was similar to that of PaDBR2. Further site‐directed mutagenesis and structural modeling suggested that the phenol ring stacking between this residue and the substrate was an important determinant of catalytic efficiency.
Pregnancy and Bodies of Knowledge in a South African University
Authors: Barnes Teresa
Published: August 2013

Based on a classroom encounter of the author, this article explores the gendered nature of African university space. It discusses a 2007–8 policy that banned pregnant adult students from living in the student residence halls at the University of the Western Cape in Cape Town, South Africa. The policy was implemented despite protests from the university’s students and staff. The article argues that the more visibly reproductive a student’s body became, the more alien it was considered to be in spaces of knowledge production. This alienation was incongruous at a university widely considered as the most politically progressive in South Africa. It was rooted, however, in Western-oriented traditions of masculinist knowledge production in which there is no space for the female, let alone the pregnant, body in intellectual spaces; and in South African traditions of marginalization, exclusion, and “passing” in public space. Exploring ideas of “body language” and “bodies of knowledge,” the article concludes that there is a need for an interdisciplinary politics and epistemology of “seepage” in higher educational institutions that recognizes women’s minds and their bodies.
Some Reflections on Postcolonial Homophobia, Local Interventions, and LGBTI Solidarity Online: The Politics of Global Petitions
Authors: Gunkel Henriette
Published: August 2013

In the last two decades we have witnessed an increase in online petitions and campaigns emerging from Europe and North America against homophobia in various African countries, creating a particular form of visibility with some remarkable global success. Based on these online petitions and postings as well as the responses of African activists, this article reflects on the politics of this global queer solidarity. By suggesting a restrategizing of antihomophobia politics, it contributes to the ongoing debate about LGBTI politics in a transnational and global framework, pointing to the challenges but also the possibilities for the future.
Of Extensive and Elusive Corruption in Uganda: Neo-Patronage, Power, and Narrow Interests
Authors: Asiimwe Godfrey B.
Published: August 2013

This article explores the prevalence of high-level political and bureaucratic corruption in postindependence Uganda, with particular focus on the narrow interests it serves and its impact on development and service delivery. It argues that high-level political corruption endures largely because it is situated within the framework of “neo”-patron-clientelism and skewed power relations. The article shows how institutions have not been able to effectively engage the inner-circle ruling elite due to a skewed power structure that serves narrow political interests. Grand bureaucratic and petty forms of corruption are equally extensive and challenging, though only the former have been affected by “zero tolerance” policies. The article concludes, however, that through its interplay of inclusion and exclusion, political corruption has generated contestations which undermine it and challenge the National Resistance Movement (NRM) regime.
African Pentecostal Migrants in China: Marginalization and the Alternative Geography of a Mission Theology
Authors: Haugen Heidi Østbø
Published: August 2013

The city of Guangzhou, China, hosts a diverse and growing population of foreign Christians. The religious needs of investors and professionals have been accommodated through government approval of a nondenominational church for foreigners. By contrast, African Pentecostal churches operate out of anonymous buildings under informal and fragile agreements with law-enforcement officers. The marginality of the churches is mirrored by the daily lives of the church-goers: Many are undocumented immigrants who restrain their movements to avoid police interception. In contrast to these experiences, the churches present alternative geographies where the migrants take center stage. First, Africans are given responsibility for evangelizing the Gospel, as Europeans are seen to have abandoned their mission. Second, China is presented as a pivotal battlefield for Christianity. And finally, Guangzhou is heralded for its potential to deliver divine promises of prosperity. This geographical imagery assigns meaning to the migration experience, but also reinforces ethnic isolation. The analysis is based on in-depth interviews, participant observation, and video recordings of sermons in a Pentecostal church in Guangzhou with a predominately Nigerian congregation.
Perceptions of Chinese in Southern Africa: Constructions of the “Other” and the Role of Memory
Authors: Park Yoon Jung
Published: August 2013

Increasing numbers of Chinese migrants have arrived in southern Africa over the past two decades. Perceptions of and reactions to the Chinese, however, vary from country to country and within countries. This article, based on several years of field and survey research, examines perceptions of Chinese in South Africa and Lesotho. The author argues that in addition to the global context, national political and economic realities, history, and memory shape local perceptions of China and the Chinese people who now reside in these spaces. States and other political actors play a key role in constructions of foreigners. Competition, whether real or perceived, is also important in shaping negative attitudes toward migrants. However, personal interactions and memories can serve as mitigating factors, even in the face of negative news of China or Chinese activities.