bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Restitution on Recidivism of Juvenile Offenders: An Experiment in Clayton County, Georgia
Authors: Schneider Anne L. , Schneider Peter R.
Published: March 2007

Juvenile courts have increasingly been interested in using restitution as a sanction for juvenile offenders, but until recently very little information has been available on the effects of restitution. To assess the impact of restitution on recidivism rates of juveniles, a series of experiments was undertaken as part of a national evaluation of the Juvenile Restitution Initiative, which was funded by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). This study reports on the results from one of those experiments. The findings from the Clayton County, Georgia, experiment indicate that youths required to make restitution to their victims either through community service or monetary payments generally had lower recidivism rates than those given more traditional juvenile court dispositions. Furthermore, the results clearly suggest that restitution works quite well on its own and does not need to be combined with mental health counseling. In contrast with many other types of delinquency programs, the restitution intervention not only had a positive impact when contrasted with traditional dispositions, but actually slowed the delinquency rate of the group. The overall offense rate of the restitution-only group, for example, dropped from approximately one offense per youth, per year, to .74 offenses, per youth for a one-year time period.
Correctional Case Law: 1988
Authors: Maddex James L.
Published: March 2007

For the eighth consecutive spring issue, the Review presents a selective survey of reported federal court decisions which addressed issues arising in the institutional corrections and detention settings. The present survey concentrates upon the federal courts of appeals, although some district court cases have been summarized where their importance or uniqueness appeared to merit attention. The reader is reminded, as always, that the cases surveyed do not serve as binding precedent beyond their respective jurisdictions, and that some of the decisions are being appealed and are therefore subject to possible modification or reversal.
The Relationship Between Deterrence and Moral Reasoning
Authors: Veneziano Carol , Veneziano Louis
Published: March 2007

In order to establish whether a relationship exists between deterrence and moral reasoning, respondents were administered a questionnaire containing a list of possible factors that could account for deterrence, along with a questionnaire measuring their level of moral reasoning within the conceptual framework developed by Kohlberg. Analyses revealed differences between subgroups at various stages of moral development. Results are discussed in terms of research and policy implications.
Efficiency Evaluation of Michigan Prisons Using Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Butler Timothy W. , Johnson W. Wesley
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the utility of data envelopment analysis (DEA) in the evaluation of the administration of justice. The study incorporates a set of inputs and outputs that state and federal agencies as well as prison managers can utilize to assess the relative efficiency of prison operations and to set targets for improvement. DEA is a linear programming technique that constructs a frontier of relatively efficient "decision making units" (DMUs) by optimally allocating weights among the multiple inputs and multiple outputs of the DMUs. DMUs that fall behind that frontier are classified as inefficient. This analysis presents DEA to criminal justice evaluation, demonstrates the general applicability of DEA to prison administration, and serves as a starting point for making comparative evaluations of prisons. An application of DEA to Michigan prisons is used to identify prisons that are inefficient, provide some insight into the source of the inefficiency, and identify potential remedies and target performance levels.
Representing the Accused: Professional Values and Professional Choices of Small-Town Lawyers
Authors: Worden Alissa Pollitz
Published: March 2007

This study explores the professional values and practices of small-town lawyers, focusing on the associations between social and professional background, attitudes toward criminal defendants and criminal justice policy, and lawyers' involvement in criminal defense work. Most studies of lawyers' professional choices, particularly those of criminal defense specialists, have been conducted in urban bars, where specialization is more typical than general practice. The present study refines hypotheses from previous studies and applies them in small-town settings. The results suggest, first, that lawyers' attitudes toward criminal defense work are multidimensional, second, that these attitudes are only weakly related to lawyers' social and professional backgrounds, third, that concentration in criminal defense work is associated with practice settings, not with lawyers' personal characteristics, and, fourth, that attitudes about criminal defendants and criminal justice policy are significantly associated with the choice to specialize in criminal defense work.
Preliminary Landfill Site Screening Using Fuzzy Geographical Information Systems
Authors: Charnpratheep Krerkpong , Qiming Zhou  , Garner Barry
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the prospect of coupling fuzzy set theory and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) into a raster-based geographical information system (GIS) for the preliminary screening of landfill sites in Thailand. The theory of linguistic variable is used to represent imprecision of spatial data and human cognition over the criteria used for the screening process. Proximity of geographic objects, slope and elevation are criteria used for this investigation. The priority weights reflecting the preferences on the screening criteria, accounting for seventeen map layers, are derived by the method of the AHP. The general method of GIS intersection based on binary logic is conducted to compare with the fuzzy min-operator intersection and the proposed convex combination model. The results show that the first method, in relation to the fuzzy methods, fails to recognize 35.6% of the study area as potential areas for waste disposal. The proposed convex combination model has advantage over the fuzzy min-operator intersection with respect to the ability to integrate criteria's preferences into the screening process. It also yields agreeable results with the recommendations from previous study in the same area.
Setting Dioxin Emission Limits for MSW Incinerators: a Multimedia Exposure Assessment Framework
Authors: Eduljee G.H. , Gair A.J.
Published: March 2007

Polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are emitted in trace amounts from municipal solid waste (MSW) in cinerators. The exposure to PCDD/Fs experienced by an individual is dominated by the food chain pathway, which accounts for over 98% of the total uptake. Defining a target daily intake (the World Health Organization TDI of 10 pg I-TEQ kg.bw-1 day1) exposure assessment algorithms were then applied to arrive at the cor responding PCDD/F levels in air, soil, plants, food products, etc., which would allow the target intake to be met while retaining the balance of intake between the various exposure pathways. These concentrations were converted to an ambient air concentration of PCDD/Fs and ultimately, by defining criteria for acceptability, to a guide value for PCDD/F concentration in emissions from the MSW incinerator. This strategy was applied to PCDD/F emissions from MSW incinerators of various sizes against two illustrative criteria for acceptabilily: an "insignificant" release and a threshold above which the release may require further assessment for environmental effects and for control. Using the criteria developed in this paper, the current PCDD/ F emission limit of 0.1 ng I-TEQ m 3 results in an emission that is classed as "insignificant" for all plant sizes. However, higher emission concentrations can also be accommodated below the threshold for further assessment and control. © 1997 ISWA
Occupational hygiene in biowaste composting
Authors: Tolvanen Outi K. , Hänninen Kari I. , Veijanen Anja , Villberg Kirsi
Published: March 2007

Source-separated biowastes from the Helsinki Metropolitan Area have been composted in open air windrows at Ammas suo, the Helsinki regional landfill in Espoo (Finland). The most significant problem encountered in the early stages of the process has been the formation of rancid odor causing human discomfort. The offensive odor was mainly due to car boxylic acids. A total of 110 organic compounds were detected in volatile emissions from windrow composts with an integrated sensory and instrumental method. Occasionally the temperatures in the windrows exceeded 80°C. Bacterial measurements also revealed substantial populations of bacte ria at 75°C. The concentrations of airborne microbes and endotoxins were highest during the crushing of fresh biowaste and the turning of compost, and were relatively high in sum mer and when windrows were dry. The most common fungi in the air were Aspergillus and Penicillium. Dust concentrations were consistently low. The concentrations of microbes were never so high as to constitute an acute health hazard from the occasional exposure. Continuous exposure to such concen trations nevertheless increases the risk of illness. The time, neccessary for the compost to become hygienic improved from four months to four weeks during the project. Drum composting was also tested and was found to be an alternative approach to treating organic wastes. Emissions from the drum composting were low compared to open air composting.
Evaluating the increased risk of leachate generation resulting from codisposal of sewage sludge in a municipal solid waste landfill in a semi-arid climate
Authors: Fourie A.B. , Röhrs L.H. , Blight G.E.
Published: March 2007

Field and laboratory experiments were carried out to determine whether the codisposal of sewage sludge in a municipal solid waste landfill in a semi-arid location would increase the likelihood of leachate generation. Field cells were filled with sludge : refuse mixtures at ratios of 1 : 5.5 and 1:11. A refuse-only cell was also constructed. Leachate collection systems were installed beneath these cells. After one year of operation no leachate had been detected in any of the collection sumps and it was decided to irrigate the cells. Despite extensive irrigation, only one cell, the refuse- only cell, produced any leachate. Profiles of moisture content in the field cells taken two years after construction indicated the moisture content of the waste had in fact decreased, which was attributed to evaporative losses. It is suggested that in semi-arid climates the use of expensive lining systems may not be necessary. Furthermore, the addition of sewage sludge appears to improve the moisture retention capacity of refuse, an observation that was confirmed by the laboratory lysimeter results.
Mercury in a municipal solid waste landfill
Authors: Earle Celia D. A. , Rhue R. Dean , Earle Jonathan F. K.
Published: March 2007

Mercury (Hg) is deposited in landfills via household batteries and a variety of other Hg-containing devices and lamps. Although Hg ranks as number three on the US Environmental Protection Agency's toxic substances list, behind lead and arsenic, it has not been the focus of significant research in landfills. This study investigated the levels of Hg present in a municipal solid waste landfill and a municipal compost material. Mercury concentrations in 106 composite samples obtained from the Alachua County, Florida landfill (USA) ranged from 32.8 to 16 800 μg kg-1, with a geometric mean of 178 μg kg-1 and a 95% confidence interval for the mean of 144 to 221 μg kg-1. The distribution was highly skewed, with over half the samples having con centrations less than 150 μg kg-1; only seven had concen trations exceeding 1000 μg kg-1. Mercury concentrations in compost samples from Palm Beach County, Florida, con sisting of a 1:1 mixture of biosolids and yard waste, ranged from 368 to 5320 μg kg-1 with a geometric mean of 924 μg kg-1 and a 95% confidence interval for the mean of 686 to 1244 μg kg-1. Mercury concentrations in the landfill and compost samples were generally above the background levels reported for surface soils m Florida, but were two to three orders of magnitude lower than the clean up goals currently recommended by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and US federal regulations governing the land application of sewage sludge. Some municipalities have begun excavating old landfills and using the compostable material as landfill cover. If the Alachua County landfill were reclaimed, the compostable solid waste residue should meet Hg guidelines that are stricter than those currently employed for sewage sludge.
Disposal practices and management alternatives for CCA-treated wood waste
Authors: Solo-Gabriele Helena , Townsend Timothy
Published: March 2007

Limited information is available about the ultimate fate of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood waste upon disposal. This lack of information, coupled with concerns over potential environmental impacts, has prompted the current investigation, which focuses on establishing an inventory for this waste stream and identifying alternatives to current disposal practices. The state of Florida (USA) was utilized as a case study for this investigation. The results indicate that approximately 300 metric tonnes of the chemical were disposed of in Florida during 1996. By the year 2006 this figure will quadruple and by 2016 it will reach a value of 2700 metric tonnes. The majority of CCA-treated wood waste is processed through construction and demolition recycling facilities, resulting in a wood waste composition containing on average 6% CCA-treated wood. The primary market for wood waste in Florida is energy recovery and, as a consequence, the majority of CCA-treated wood waste is inadvertently burned for energy recovery purposes. Recommendations for handling this waste stream are discussed. Recommendations include options for waste minimization, reuse, recycling, and ultimate disposal.
Important aspects of long-term production and treatment of municipal solid waste leachate
Authors: Haarstad Ketil , Maehlum Trond
Published: March 2007

Less than 30 out of a total of 250 active municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in Norway use on-site biological leachate treatment systems. One of the most important aspects with regard to landfills is the treatment of the expected polluting leachate emissions, requiring simple and low-cost systems. A combination of aeration, dams and filtering techniques is likely to result in the best treatment options. Biological treatment systems, like aerated lagoons or sequenced batch reactors in combination with natural systems like soil infiltration, spray irrigation, filtration or constructed wetlands can be cost-effective systems for MSW leachate treatment in Norway. Aerated lagoons appeared to be an efficient treatment stage for landfill leachate treatment in cold climates. The hydraulic retention time should be >20 d to keep the nitrifiers in the lagoon during periods with low temperatures. Landfills can be grouped into categories depending on landfill size, age, hydrology and climate before evaluating sampling programmes prior to treatment system installation and during operation. Simple filtration techniques with bark and crushed concrete can significantly improve leachate quality during treatment and remove nitrogen, colour, heavy metals and pesticides, buffer the pH and add phosphorous.
Reorganizations and Reforms: Promises, Promises
Authors: Vogelsang-Coombs Vera , Cummins Marvin
Published: March 2007

In this analysis, the authors argue that reorganizations symbolize a chief executive's attempt to dominate the bureaucracy. Using the Senior Executive Service as a case study, it is contended that executive reorganizations are pervasive rites of presidential politics and civil service reform is a myth on which this rite is based. Unlike other students of the subject, Vogelsang-Coombs and Cum mins do not share the view that the bureaucracy problem can be solved. Reorganizations change the form, but not necessarily the underlying political reality, of public administration.
Personnel-Related Management Tools in Municipal Administration
Authors: McGowan Robert P. , Poister Theodore H.
Published: March 2007

For public organizations, municipalities in particular, the issue of personnel costs has taken on more significance as administrators are faced with diminishing sources of revenue and an overall loss in purchasing power. Public managers must therefore face the challenge of this new era of government and develop appropriate strategies for effectively utilizing their human resources. One such set of strategies is the use of formal management tools.
Constitutionalizing Merit? Practical Implications of Elrod, Branti, and Rutan
Authors: Daniel Christopher
Published: March 2007

This article updates the legal principles con tained in the celebrated Elrod and Branti decisions by examining the Supreme Court's more recent pronouncements in Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois. The Rutan decision extends the impact of the previous cases by going beyond patronage dismissals and granting protection to employees victimized by certain other adverse personnel prac tices. Difficulties inherent in identifying positions which may legitimately be classified as policymaking in nature are discussed, and the potential impacts on employers and employees are examined.
Public Sector Collective Bargaining
Authors: Klingner Donald E.
Published: March 2007

The past decade offers a paradoxical forecast for the future of public sector collective bargaining. While the number of public employees covered by union contracts has increased, bargaining outcomes indicate that unions are on the defensive. The long-term viability ofpublic sector collective bargaining will depend on unions'ability to persuade the public and elected officials that unions are tied to vital public policy issues that go beyond their members'more narrow economic concerns.
Chan in Demographics of the Work Force
Authors: Wooldridge Blue , Maddox Barbara Clark , Yan Zheng
Published: March 2007

This article describes the need for new research in the ergonomics arising from the changing demographics of the work force, and suggests some noteworthy implications for public managers and researchers.
How Well the General Course in Personnel Management Is Being Taught
Authors: Sisneros Antonio , Nelson Dalmas H.
Published: March 2007

SYLLABI CAN GREATLY AID AN INSTRUCTOR'S EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS; INFORM STUDENTS IN WAYS WHICH ENHANCE THEIR LEARNING; MITIGATE CERTAIN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS IN STUDENT BEHAVIOR; HELP OTHER FACULTY MEMBERS, ADJUNCTS, AND POTENTIAL TEACHERS; AND NURTURE AND FACILITATE ACCOUNTABILITY TO STUDENTS IN THE CLASS, TO COLLEAGUES IN CURRICULAR POLICY DECISIONS AND IN PEER REVIEWED PERSONNEL CASES, AND TO THE PROFESSION.
Constructing the Future in Planning: A Survey of Theories and Tools
Authors: Myers Dowell , Kitsuse Alicia
Published: March 2007

The fuItLu-e is a long-recognized focus of thie uirban planning profession, but it has been nieglected of late particuLlarly in the academiiic COmmLullity. This article reviews concepts, theories, and tools useful for strengthening a ftttLire focus in planning. Core analytical coIncepts InCItide distinctions among projections forecasts and plans, and continiuities of past, present, anid future. Ethical issues center oni the tension betweeni an activist shaping of the future and the maniptLilation of forecasts to support desired plans. Emphasizing representation of the future as an essential means for gaining agreement, the article surveys the practices of visioning, scenario-building, and persuasive storytelling. The conclusion outlines .r reinvigorated appi-oach to plaiinrng the futtire that draws tLipon theories presented.
Building Abusivism and Condono
Authors: Zoppi Corrado
Published: March 2007

This article is written from the viewpoint of an economic adviser counseling the cities of the Cagliari, Italy metropolitan area on the performance of the condono (literally, pardon or condonation) policy. The goal of this policy is the prevention of future abusivism, or widespread building code violations consisting mainly of the construction of residential volumes either without building permits or in contradiction to the issued building permit. It also provides the cities with the financial support necessary for the elimination of the underendowment of services and infrastructure caused by abusivism. This empirical work, based on a two-stage hedonic approach, defines and implements a research methodology and design to evaluate the monetary value of the excessive burden on existing public utilities generated by urban residential expansion. This research methodology and design offers powerful tools to define city fiscal policies that could successfully deal with value generated by urban residential expansion.
Practitioners and the Art of Planning
Authors: Birch Eugenie Ladner
Published: March 2007

Over time, practitioners, both in the “field” and in academia, have revised their conceptions of the three facets (defined here as design, craft, and presentation) of the art of planning, responding to evolving societal needs and growing demands of university-based professional training. Tracing the contents of successive American Planning Association (APA) (and its predecessors’) mission statements and several versions of the “Green Book” (and its predecessors) reveals these dramatic changes and demonstrates the profession’s remarkable adaptability. In the future, as practitioners continue to elaborate the art of planning, they must maintain and strengthen their own internal links, remain focused on the profession’s underlying themes and, most important, emphasize and reward applied research drawn from in-field experience. The Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning and the APA/American Institute of City Planning have decisive roles in this effort.
Paying Up
Authors: Haughton Graham
Published: March 2007

The neoliberalist ascendancy has helped bring about sweeping changes to the way in which we perceive and manage key environmental resources. Using the water industry to illustrate some of the tensions involved, this article examines the trend toward reducing state subsidies and devising systems for full cost recovery in the provision of water and sewerage services. Drawing on evidence from Australia, previous patterns of cross-subsidy are examined, while a more detailed case study of Adelaide in South Australia adds more details on the new management possibilities afforded by the trend toward privatization.
Planning Supported Housing
Authors: Walker Ryan , Seasons Mark
Published: March 2007

There is a new role for planning in housing for people with serious mental illness. It involves the development of partnerships and protocols between mental health agencies and housing providers. This new role is not concerned with zoning and mitigating not-in-my-backyard responses. Supported housing is the newest and most popular model of housing and support for people with serious mental illness. It involves affordable integrated housing paired with flexible individualized mental health support services. Focusing on the Canadian experience, the authors review where past research on housing for people with serious mental illness has taken us. Supported housing and the new roles that planners can play in implementing this model are discussed.
Teaching and Studying Planning Practice: An Analysis of the "Planning and Institutional Processes" Course at MIT
Authors: Forester John
Published: March 2007

This article assesses an innovative experiment in the teaching and study of planning practice. It reports upon the "Planning and Institutional Processes" core course, taught in the Fall of 1985, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Department of Urban Studies and Planning. This course sought to expose students to different styles of practice (exemplified by the professional work of faculty in the Department), to engage students in correspondingly diverse classroom exercises, and to enable students and faculty together to reflect upon these multiple possibilities of planning practice.
The Exurbanization of America and Its Planning Policy Implications
Authors: Nelson Arthur C. , Dueker Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

There is considerable evidence of continued population deconcentra tion in the continental United States. It has created, among other things, a new form of development, which we call exurbanization. In this paper we suggest the magnitude of exur banization in both spatial and popu lation terms, identify many of the reasons for the locational behavior of exurban households, and present some notable planning policy impli cations. We ask our planning col leagues to comprehensively investi gate this new form of urban development. The risks to ignoring the nature, causes, consequences, and policy implications of exurbani zation are great.
Are We Really Teaching Planning?
Authors: Branch Melville C.
Published: March 2007

On 31 October 1993 in Columbus, Ohio, the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning presented its Distinguished Planning Educator Award to Melville C Branch The following comments were prepared by Professor Branch from speaking notes of his remarks in response to a reguest from the editors
The Activist Planning Board: A Case Study
Authors: Rakoff Robert M.
Published: March 2007

This case study of a Massachusetts planning board analyzes the political sources of an activist and progressive local planning program. The author, a participant-observer, argues that this board's success was rooted in several factors: effective organization of board and staff, productive public relations, cultivation of a diverse coalition in support of board initiatives, a strong local belief in active and fair local government, and geographic and socioeconomic independence from metropoli tan dynamics. The advantages of activist boards for effective and legitimate planning are discussed.
After the Plans: Methods to Evaluate the Implementation Success of Plans
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: March 2007

In light of the continuing and ever-stronger attacks on the legitimacy of the planning profession, planning scholars have recently been calling for quantitative studies that support the notion that planning matters. What is needed are methodologies that can be used by planners to assess the degree of impact their plans have had on actual urban development and, perhaps more important, on the achievement of planning goals. Such methods would differ from existing evaluation research in that the focus would be on assessing what has in fact occurred in the built environment, rather than on evaluating various plan alternatives before implementation. In this paper, I outline various plan assessment methods that delineate how one particular aspect of plans-identifying where public facilities are to be located—can be evaluated.
Private Property in Africa: Creation Stories of Economy, State, and Culture
Authors: Krueckeberg Donald A.
Published: March 2007

Pressures to finance and promote economic development throughout Africa are linked to policy efforts to secure land tenure by advaning private property regimes over common property traditions. In this paper, I examine three prominent arguments invoked to eplain, support, or oppose these policies: the story of Scarcity, the story of the Overbearing State, and the story of Traditional Culture. The paper critically examines the claims of each of these stories and argues that while each is useful, none, alone, is adequate. Copeting stories explain or defend competing tenures, much as they do in American proerty debates.
Reliability and Validity of the D-48 with Mexican American College Students
Authors: Domino George , Morales Amanda
Published: March 2007

The D-48, a nonverbal test of general intelligence, is widely used in Europe and other areas of the world, but virtually unknown in the United States. In this study, the D-48 and the School and College Ability Tests (SCAT) were administered to a sample of 250 community college students who were continuing their studies at a large state university. Of the 250 students, 145 were Mexican American and 105 were Anglo. The results indicate no significant mean differences due to ethnicity, gender, or the interaction of the two. Both internal consistency and test-retest reliability were adequate. A step-wise regression analysis indicated an R2 of .36 with grade point average (GPA), with the D-48 entering as a second variable behind the SCAT Total. Finally, scores on the D-48 correlated modestly but significantly with GPA and with SCAT scores, indicating that the D-48 may be a useful adjunct to assess the capabilities of Mexican American students.
Predicting Adolescent Self-Esteem from Participation in School Sports among Latino Subgroups
Authors: Erkut Sumru , Tracy Allison J.
Published: March 2007

Data from the in-school survey ofthe National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health on girls and boys who claim a Mexican, Puerto Rican, or Cuban heritage were employed to test two hypotheses: (1) Participating in a school-based sport is associated with self-esteem, and (2) school attachment and a sense ofphysical well-being mediate this relationship. The first hypothesis was partially confirmed in that participation in school sports was associated with self-esteem among Mexican American adolescent girls and boys, Puerto Rican girls, and Cuban American boys, but not among Cuban American girls nor Puerto Rican boys. The second hypothesis was confirmed in that, where there was a significant relationship between participating in a school sport and self-esteem, school attachment and physical well-being mediated this relationship. The results underscore the need to study psychosocial processes separately among Latino subgroups and to examine gender within each subgroup.
Marriage, Work, and Depressive Symptoms among Mexican Americans
Authors: Roberts Robert E. , Roberts Catherine Ramsay
Published: March 2007

Sex differences in depressive symptomatology among Mexican Americans are examined using data from two sample surveys conducted in Alameda County, California, in 1975 and 1978. In both studies, women reported more depressive symptoms than men, even after controlling for the effects of age, education, and income. Among the married, the employed reported fewer depressive symptoms than the nonemployed, and controlling for the effects of employment on depression eliminated the sex differentials observed initially. Also, in both studies, there was no difference in the depression scores of employed men and women. This finding for Mexican Americans is at variance with most findings from other populations, in which employed men generally report less depression than their female counterparts. Another finding was that housewives in both studies reported more symptoms of depression than did working men, which is consistent with previous research results. In regard to the contrast between employed and nonemployed women, in one sample the housewives were more depressed while in the other there was no difference between these two groups.
Clinical Psychiatric Case Presentation: Culturally Responsive Diagnostic Formulation and Treatment in an Hispanic Female
Authors: Cuellar Israel , Martinez Cervando , Jimenez Roberto , Gonzalez Roberto
Published: March 2007

The case is presented of Mrs. T., a 49-year-old, twice married, Mexican-American psychiatric patient on her second admission to the San Antonio State Hospital (SASH). Pertinent psychiatric and social history, and events leading to her hospitalization, are discussed. Cultural factors affecting or otherwise influencing differential diagnosis, psycho-dynamics and treatment are also discussed. An important feature was a change in diagnosis that occurred along with culturally responsive assessment. 'The patient's treatment and progress in SASH's Bicultural Unit, which is staffed by Mexican-American, Spanish-speaking personnel and emphasizes a Mexican-American milieu treatment program, is reported. The participation of the unit personnel and the patient's family in her treatment is discussed. An essential feature pervading this case is the multiple presentation of psychiatric, sociocultural, cognitive, and emotional problems and issues. Post hospital adjustment of the patient is also reported.
Puerto Ricans of Hawaii: Immigrants and Migrants
Authors: Silva Milton N. , Souza Blase Camacho , De Silva Elvira Craig , Berry-Caban Cristobal S.
Published: March 2007

The migration of the Puerto Ricans to New York is very well kniown. However, little if anything is known of an immigration that took place at the beginning of this century when approximately five thousand Puerto Ricans were invited to the islands of Hawaii. The immigration to Hawaii was atypical of both the newcomers and the new land as compared to other Puerto Rican migrations. The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to obtain a demographic sketch of the Puerto Ricans in Hawaii and some of their experiences in the archipelago and (b) to expose in general terms, areas in which Puerto Ricans have contributed to the Hawaiian cultural mosaic. One hundred nineteen interviews were conducted with individuals representing a cross-section of the Puerto Rican community of the islands. Findings indicate that the Puerto Ricans of Hawaii are under-counted in both the National and State Census. The group is not perceived as having political clout. Ninety percent of the Puerto Ricans of Hawaii were born there and identify with the islands. They have less formal education than the majority of Hawaii's population. Their percentage of unemployment is low in the archipelago. The group is residentially stable and primarily urban. They have preserved and transmitted their heritage and tradition. This group has remained disconnected from Puerto Rico. Few have returned to the Caribbean and the group has not been replenished by later immigrants from their home islands.
Cuentos Folkloricos as a Therapeutic Modality with Puerto Rican Children
Authors: Costantino Giuseppe , Malgady Robert G. , Rogler Lloyd H.
Published: March 2007

Psvehiatric epidemiological studies suggest that Hispanics underutilize coimmunityv mental health resources and fail to profit from traditional psychotherapeutic treatment modalities. This study evaluated a new therapeutic modality using Puerto Rican folk-tales ("cuenitos folkloricos") to promote identification with cultuirallv familiar characters and themes in order to facilitate mode-ling of adaptive behavior depicted in the stories. Two folktale treatmenits, original Puerto Rican cuentos and Americanized cuenitos, were compared with a traditional group therapy and no initervenition. Subjects were 208 Puerto Rican children in grades K-3 screened for presenting behavior problems in school according to teacher report. Subjects were randomly assigned to treatments and underwent 20 weekly group sessions along with their mothers. Results indicated that cuento therapies significantly increased WISC-R comprehension scores uniformly across grades K-3 and significantly reduced trait anxiety of first graders. In light of utilization statistics reported in other studies, cuento therapy seems to be an attractive modality for Puerto Rican families, boasting a 49% initial participation rate, less than 10% attrition rate, and better than 80% attendance rate at group sessions. Thus, preliminary evaluation suggests that cuento therapy is a promising new modality for young Puerto Rican children; moreover, the technique may be readily adaptable to other Hispanic populations.
The Relationship Between Chicano Children's Achievement And Their Teachers'Ethnicity
Authors: Vierra Andrea
Published: March 2007

Educators are often encouraged to provide minority teachers for minority students; yet empirical evidence about the academic effects of such a practice is limited. This study compares the reading achievement of Chicano students with Anglo teachers and Chicano students with Hispanic teachers. Subjects were 2,129 third and fourth-graders in Title I schools in a large, urban, southwestern school district. An analysis of covariance, controlling for pre-test scores, shows no difference in post-test scores between the two groups of children at either grade level.
Effects of Examiner Variables on Reported Self-Disclosure: Implications for Group Personality Testing
Authors: Franco Juan N. , LeVine Elaine
Published: March 2007

The interactions of three examiner variables-gender, ethnicity (Anglo or Mexican American), and style of administration (nondirective, directive, or neutral)-on the responses of Mexican American and Anglo, male and female university students' responses to Jourard's Self-Disclosure Questionnaire were investigated. An analysis of variance procedure was used and several interactions were statistically significant. The results of this study indicate that global examiner variables such as gender and ethnicity as well as more subtle variables such as verbal style of administration can greatly effect group test results. These effects are compounded when the respondents are of different gender and ethnicity. Implications of these findings for group personality tests are discussed.
General Values as Related to Clothing Values of Mexican-American Women
Authors: Kaigler-Walker Karen , Ericksen Mary K.
Published: March 2007

As part of a broader study designed to determine the culturalfactors that influence the clothing and appearance of Mexican-American women, the relationship between general values and clothing values and the hierarchy of each value type was explored. Using standard scales, it was found that a relationship existed between the general values and the clothing values of the subjects. A unique hierarchy of both general and clothing values were found for the Mexican-American women subjects that was reflective of, but different from, those of Mexican and Anglo-American women subjects. Of greatest interest was the pioneer nature of the use ofscales that have not been usedpreviously on a Mexican or Mexican-American population.
Mexican American Family Functioning and Acculturation: A Family Systems Perspective
Authors: Rueschenberg Erich , Buriel Raymond
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relationtship betweeni acculturation anid famtnily funictioninig in families of Mexican descent. Using a family s)stemns fraflmework, faiiii funictiotiiig is defined in terms of internal versus extrernalfameilv activitiies. Accultluratioln is defined by generational statu.s, language preferentcelproficienicy, aid letgtgh of-residence. Forty-five families were selected from Head Start programns aid placed ilto three groups-unacculturated, moderately acctulturated, and acctiltturated. Thte notherandfathlerof each famnily were interviewed and adminiistered a socio-demnographic questionnaire anid the Family Environment Scale (FES). Results gemierally support the stated hypolheses: As families of Mexicani descenti acculturate, they become increasingly involved with social systems outside the family while the basic in1terntal family system remains essenltially untchanged. These findings are discussed as they pettaini to diffrenest models of acculturationz and puiblic policy issues.
The Development of Ethnic Identity in Mexican-American Children
Authors: Bernal Martha E. , Knight George P. , Garza Camille A. , Ocampo Katheryn A. , Cota Marya K.
Published: March 2007

Aspects of cognitive social learning, cognitive developmental, and self-system theories were integrated into a theoretical framework for the study of ethnic identity and its development in Mexican-American children. Two studies were conducted, one with preschool children attending Head Start, and another with elementary school children age 6 to 10 years. The second study incorporated methodological refinements based on the first study. The research was designed to assess an instrument for measurement of children's ethnic identity and to evaluate developmentalfeatures of the data. Parts of the theoretical model of ethnic identity and its components also were assessed. The children 's responses to an Ethnic Identitv Questionnaire showed age-related improvements that were consistent with the conceptual framework guiding the research.
A Comparison of Black and Hispanic Poverty in Large Cities of the Southwest
Authors: Cuciti Peggy , James Franklin
Published: March 2007

This article documents recent substantial increases in poverty and female household headship among all major U.S. Hispanic groups. To provide a basis for understanding these trends, the article assesses the applicability to Hispanics of the most influential models of poverty, family structure and the emergence of an underclass that have been developed based primarily on black experience. Causal factors in these models emphasize the decline of blue collar sectors of urban economies as well as increasing socioeconomic segregation of blacks as primary factors contributing to growing poverty and the black underclass. On the basis of a review of the literature, the study argues that these factors are less significant for Hispanics-especially Chicanos-than for blacks. An examination of Census data for 26 large southwestern cities demonstrates that correlates and patterns of poverty are different in significant respects for blacks and Hispanics. The article concludes that national social and antipoverty policies needed to stem growing Hispanic poverty may differ from those appropriate for blacks.
Reliability and Validity of the Hispanic Stress Inventory
Authors: Cervantes Richard C. , Padilla Amado M. , De Snyder Nelly Salgado
Published: March 2007

Thlis study examined the reliability and validitv of a newly developed instrument to assess psychosocial stress amonig Hispanic adults, the Hispanic Stress Inventory (HSI). A community pilot sample (N = 493) was obtained using the HSI along with a variety of criterion measures. Factor analytic procedures resulted in two versions of the HSI, one for Hispanic immigrants and a second for U.S. born Hispanics. Sub-scale scores and total HSI scores for both versions were found to correlate strongly with criterion measures of psychological distress. Further, sub-scales and HSI total scores were found to have high levels of internal consistency. A small sample test-retest proved to lend additional support for the reliability of the HSI. Results are discussed in terms of the need for further validation antd reliability studies using the HSI, as well as the clinical and research utilit of this measure of psychological stress.
Sociocultural Influences on the Explanation of Delinquency for Puerto Rican Youths
Authors: Sommers Ira , Fagan Jeffrey , Baskin Deborah
Published: March 2007

The present study examines the contributions of sociocultural context to delinquency theory to explain drug use and nondrug delinquency among Puerto Rican male adolescents in New York City. By integrating variables (familism and acculturation) that reflect the unique sociocultural processes in Puerto Rican communities with measures of social control and social learning theories, the direct effects of these socialization processes are analyzed to determine factors that contribute to delinquency or its avoidance. The results suggest that the specific cultural context of ethnic groups may be necessary to explain participation in delinquent behavior. Familism, a measure of individuals' expressed concern over family values rather than individual opportunities, was a consistent and direct contributor to the avoidance of deviance. This finding suggests that, in addition to respect and affection (family attachment), familial values, such as duty and obligation, are relevant to the cultural situation of adolescents. Acculturation was positively associated with participation in interpersonal violence and theft, but lower acculturation was related to participation in illicit drug use.
Latino Population Growth, Demographic Characteristics, and Educational Stagnation: An Examination of Recent Trends
Authors: Chapa Jorge , Valencia Richard R.
Published: March 2007

This article is an introduction to the special issue of the Hispanic Journal of the Behavioral Sciences on Latino demographic trends and educational concerns. It provides a broad overview of Latino population trends in light of 1990 Census and other recent data. One focus in this article will be on the phenomenal increase of Latinos. Population countsfrom the 1990 Census indicate that the Latino population grew many times faster in the 1980s than did the total population. An analysis of socioeconomic characteristics such as educational attainment, income, and language status with respect to educational trends is also presented here. The high rate of immigration in the 1980s has resulted in a rapid increase in the non-English language background (NELB) and limited-English proficient (LEP) populations. We discuss three issues that have marked impacts on Latino access to college: school segregation, growth of youth population, and low socioeconomic status. A major conclusion is that Latino education will continue to stagnate inface of the dramatic growth of the Latino population, if the status quo goes unchallenged.
Injuries among Hispanic Gardeners: A Research Note
Authors: Glazner Linda K.
Published: March 2007

The type of medical services sought and the frequency with which they are sought are affected by cultural, educational, occupational, and socioeconomic factors. The workrelated injuries of Hispanic gardeners and the medical care sought for them in a metropolitan city in California were examined. These gardeners are usually disadvantaged, hard to reach, not fluent in English, and poorly educated. Data concerning work-related injuries requiring medical treatment were obtained by tracking and interviewing 25 Spanish-speaking gardeners. Of the 9 gardeners (36%) injured in the preceding year, 5 (56%) incurred serious cuts and the other 4 (44%) suffered from inhaling chemicals, a skin burn, a sprained ankle, or a broken wrist. Although these workers had a higher-than-normal incidence of work-related injuries, those surveyed did not have medical insurance and did not use workers'compensation orpubliclyfunded medical services to treat the injuries.
Gender, Ethnic, and Acculturation Differences in Sexual Behaviors: Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Adults
Authors: Sabogal Fabio , Perez-Stable Eliseo J. , Otero-Sabogal Regina , Hiatt Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Hispanics have an increased prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). To describe the prevalence of sexual behaviors of Hispanics, we conducted surveys of randomly selected residents in census tract areas and members of a health maintenance organization (n = 2,596). Hispanic men were more likely to start sexual intercourse at an earlier age and reported lower rates of condom use than non-Hispanic White men. Hispanic women reported having a higher number of children, less use of barrier contraception, fewer lifetime sexualpartners, andfewer STDs than non-Hispanic White women. Less-acculturated Hispanic men reported a younger age for theirfirst sexual intercourse and a lower frequency of condom use than did more highly acculturated Hispanic men. Highly acculturated Hispanic women reporteda highernumberof lifetime sexual partners than did less-acculturated women. Gender differences, mediated by marital status, age, and education, were more significantly associated with sexual behavior than ethnicity.