bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Biology of Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) in Northern Labrador
Authors: Andrews C. W. , Lear E.
Published: April 2011

Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) from the commercial sea run were sampled at five stations in northern Labrador. Otoliths were used for age determination. In the southern part of the range—Adlatok and Nain—commercial size is reached at 6 years and at places farther north in 7 years. There is also a tendency for older fish to occur as one proceeds north.Age, weight, and length frequencies as well as their relationship to one another were determined.Vertebral counts indicate little, if any, intermingling of populations between: Adlatok and Nain, Okkak Bay and Hebron, Adlatok and Ramah, Nain and Hebron. Fin ray counts conform with the vertebral results but indicate no significant difference between Adlatok and Nain or Nain and Okkak Bay fish.Variations in flesh colour from white to deep red is a distinct characteristic of Arctic char in northern Labrador; flesh colour has a distinct bearing on the market value of the fish.Principal food items included capelin, launce, young of mailed sculpin, Amphipoda, and Euphausiacea.
Some Considerations Concerning Sturgeon Spawning Periodicity
Authors: Roussow George
Published: April 2011

In studying the age of sturgeons of the Danube (Romania), and of Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque in the province of Quebec, I have observed a certain periodicity in their growth. This is seen not only in the age and length curves, but also in the cross-sections of the first ray of the pectoral fin which serve to determine the age of these fish. It is known that the growth of the body as a whole is in direct ratio to the growth of the bones, so the wide distance between two narrow (or winter) zones corresponds to the growth of the sturgeon during the summer. The growth retardations caused by the ripening of the gonads and the losses at the consecutive spawnings are visible in the ray sections in the form of "belts" of 2 to 7 narrower zones (or annuli). These indicate that the interval between spawning periods can vary from 4 to 7 years and more. It is noteworthy that spawning does not necessarily correspond with maturity, but may be delayed 2 or 3 years.
The Action of Pseudomonas on Fish Muscle: 2. Musty and Potato-like Odours
Authors: Castell C. H. , Greenough Maxine F. , Jenkin Norma L.
Published: April 2011

Bacteria producing musty and potato-like odours have been isolated from fillets of cod and haddock and identified as Pseudomonas perolens Turner. They are psychrophilic and are able to produce their characteristic odour on a wide range of substrates.
Some Effects of Kraft Mill Effluent on Young Pacific Salmon
Authors: Alderdice D. F. , Brett J. R.
Published: April 2011

Sockeye salmon underyearlings (Oncorhynchus nerka) were exposed to various concentrations of full-bleach kraft mill effluent under experimental conditions simulating those anticipated in the estuary of the Somass River at the head of Alberni Inlet, B.C. An anticipated expanded production of a kraft pulp mill discharging effluent into this area was regarded as a potential source of pollution which could influence survival of young salmon migrating into and through the estuary. A 4.8% concentration of effluent by volume in sea-water of 20‰ salinity at 17.8 °C. was a limiting concentration for toxicity, below which survival was complete and independent of length of exposure. However, when oxygen requirements for respiration were considered and were compared with net oxygen availability after effluent oxidation in the area, the interaction of toxicity of the effluent and lowered oxygen availability suggests that the limiting concentration of effluent in this particular case be lowered from 4.8 to 2.5% effluent.
Further Study of the Influence of Short Storage Periods, 3 Days to 2 Weeks at 15°F., on the Quality of Frozen Cod Stored at 0°F.
Authors: Dyer W. J. , Fraser Doris I. , MacCallum W. A.
Published: April 2011

Commercially frozen, packaged cod fillets subjected to 3-day, 1-week, and 2-week periods of storage at 15°F. (−9.4 °C.) after storage at 0°F. (−18 °C.) for 1 and 3 months, with subsequent storage at 0°F., underwent considerable deterioration in quality as measured by taste panel and protein solubility estimations. A 3-day period at 15°F. reduced the storage life by about 1½ months, a 1-week period by about 2 months, and a 2-week period by about 2 to 2½ months.
The Fecundity Of Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasi) in British Columbia Coastal Waters
Authors: Nagasaki Fuzuko
Published: April 2011

The fecundity of Pacific herring was investigated from a collection of 600 ovaries gathered from various localities along the British Columbia coast during the winter and early spring of 1954–55. It was found that fecundity depended mainly on body length and to a lesser extent on age, independently of its effect on body length. Certain differences in fecundity, found between herring from various localities when die relationship of fecundity to body length was considered, were not found when the relationship between fecundity, body length and age was considered. These differences were attributed to differences in growth rate. Fecundity of herring of same body length and the same age was found to be significantly higher in northern British Columbia than in southern.
Solar Radiation Penetrating the Ocean. A Review of Requirements, Data and Methods of Measurement, with Particular Reference to Photosynthetic Productivity
Authors: Strickland J. D. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Progress Report of Drift Bottle Releases in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Dodimead A. J. , Hollister H. J.
Published: April 2011

Twenty-five thousand drift bottles have been released in lots of one thousand at Ocean Weather Station PAPA and at eleven selected positions in the northeast Pacific Ocean. To April 15, 1958, there have been 816 returns.The principal characteristics of the surface movement, as shown by the drift bottle paths, are in agreement with the geopotential topography, allowing for a component of movement generally to the right across the isobars. The drift bottle results substantiate the seasonal changes in surface movement implied by the geopotential topography. They also show the changes that occur between the periods of the oceanographic surveys.Frequency distribution curves, used to determine the "most probable time at sea" of the drift bottles were similar for all releases.The "most probable speeds" varied between 3 and 9 miles per day and are comparable to average speeds calculated from the geopotential topography.
Density and Distribution of Young Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) throughout a Multibasin Lake System
Authors: Johnson W. E.
Published: April 2011

Estimates of density (based on catch per unit effort with tow nets) of fingerling sockeye salmon populations in a large (174 sq. mile) multibasin lake system were carried out during 1955, 1956 and 1957. Density and distribution of fingerling sockeye throughout the lake system are related to density and distribution of the spawning parent populations. Discrete populations associated with discrete basins point to a limited dispersal as a result of the multibasin nature of the lake system. In one example, higher population density appears to result in greater dispersal.
On the Dominant Flow in the Strait of Belle Isle
Authors: Bailey W. B.
Published: April 2011

In addition to the usual tidal currents in the Strait of Belle Isle, there is, at times, a tendency for the current to set in one direction more than in the other. This over-balance of water movement in one direction is termed the element of dominant flow. The possible causes of this flow are attributed to meteorological factors and to others effecting long-period fluctuations in sea level.Very few extended oceanographic observations have been available to illustrate this phenomenon on a grand scale, particularly for a westerly flow. Observations taken in September 1955 illustrate a dominant westerly flow in considerable detail. This dominant flow was associated with the passage of an intense low pressure area (Hurricane Ione) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Labrador Sea between September 21–23, 1955.
Proteins in Fish Muscle. 13. Lipid Hydrolysis
Authors: Dyer W. J. , Fraser Doris I.
Published: April 2011

Lipid hydrolysis with formation of free fatty acids occurs rapidly in frozen cod fillets at +10°F, and slowly at −10°F. In fatty fish the free fatty acid development is slower but still temperature dependent. It appears that when appreciable lipid hydrolysis occurs on storage usually the actomyosin extractability, as well as taste panel scores, decreases. Contrary to most previous results, there was no loss in actomyosin extractability or taste panel acceptability up to a year and a half in the frozen cod at −10°F.
The Medaka (Oryzias latipes). A Commentary and a Bibliography
Authors: Briggs John C. , Egami Nobuo
Published: April 2011

A summary is presented of the most important attributes of the medaka (Oryzias latipes), from the standpoint of its usefulness as a laboratory animal. Since the medaka is by far the most popular fish for laboratory use in Japan, the bibliography presented here gives a fair idea of the extent of Japanese work in such areas as fish physiology (sensu stricto), embryology, genetics and behavior.
Some Oceanographic Features of the Northeast Pacific Ocean during August 1955
Authors: Bennett E. B.
Published: April 2011

Physical oceanographic data from the international NorPac survey of August 1955, in the area north of Lat. 45°N and east of Long. 161°W, were examined. The temperature, salinity, and density distribution and structure from the surface to 2000 m are discussed.The temperature structure showed an isothermal layer to about 30 m depth, a marked thermocline to about 100 m depth, a temperature inversion in most of the area, and below this a gradual temperature decrease into the abyss. At all depths the water was coldest in a "cold core" centered about 100 miles south of Kodiak and the Shumagin Islands. From there the temperature increased at each level in all directions.The salinity structure showed an isohaline layer to about 100 m depth, a marked halocline to about 200 m depth, and below this the salinity increased slightly into the abyss. The salinity structure did not coincide with the temperature structure.The density structure showed an isopycnal layer to about 30 m depth, a pycnocline associated with the thermocline, a second isopycnal layer, a second pycnocline associated with the halocline, and below this the density increased slightly into the abyss.Variations in these structures throughout the region are discussed in some detail.There is no horizontal isosteric level in the 2000 m of depth. It is concluded that there is no level of "no net motion" in this range, but a reference level of 2000 decibars (db) for dynamic calculations is more acceptable than the usual 1000-db level. A new procedure is introduced to extend the reference level into the bottom in near coastal areas.The geostrophic currents were calculated. There was a major latitudinal drift from the west into the central part of the area. It veered northward and continued around the Gulf of Alaska, forming the Alaska Gyral, and left the area to the westward, as an intensified current (Alaskan Stream) close along the Alaskan Peninsula. This intensification is probably due to conservation of absolute vorticity through changing latitude.The circulation pattern extended to at least 2000 m depth, and probably to the bottom. It transported about 17 million m3 of water per second. There were a number of eddies in the system, some of which were observed on earlier surveys.The major flow pattern was not wind-generated within the region. The influence of local winds was limited to the upper 200 m of depth. In some areas it aided the flow, and in others retarded it.There is evidence to show that two chains of seamounts influenced the current pattern according to the Sverdrup concept. Since the major portion of these is below 2000 m depth it is concluded that currents exist in the abyss, in essentially the same direction as at the upper levels.
Current Measurements in Knight Inlet, British Columbia
Authors: Pickard G. L. , Rodgers Keith
Published: April 2011

One of the features of the circulation in an estuary is the net outflow in the surface layer of the fresh water discharged into the estuary together with an appreciable volume of salt water entrained. Continuity considerations require that there be an inflow of salt water to compensate for that taken out in the surface. In a shallow estuary, such as Chesapeake Bay, this results in a two-layer flow, out at the surface and in below it.In a deep estuary, the questions arise whether or not it also possesses this simple two-layer flow and what is the depth and extent of the inflow. Measurements have been made in several inlets in the British Columbia coast to obtain information about the circulation in a deep estuary. Preliminary experiments were made in Toba, Bute and Knight Inlets, the series made in Knight Inlet in July 1956 being the most complete. The techniques employed and the results obtained are described and discussed.In a shallow section (75 m), in-and-out (flood-and-ebb) flow occurred in phase from surface to bottom, with a net outflow in the upper half and inflow below this. In the presence of an up-inlet wind, the flow in the surface few metres reversed and became up-inlet, with an increased outflow below it.In a deep section, both oscillatory (tidal period) as well as net currents occurred at all depths from the surface to 300 m (relevant bottom depth was 350 m). In this deeper section, the oscillatory components were not in phase from surface to bottom, and the net flow showed a three- or four-layer pattern, rather than the simple two-layer pattern which has previously been assumed to exist. The wind had a marked direct effect on the upper layers to a depth of about 10 m and possibly deeper.The movement of the ship while at anchor was monitored and found to be considerable. Most of the current observations were corrected for ship motion before analysis.Calculations of the net fresh water transport (in the upper layer) give reasonable values but similar calculations for the deep water show a net transport which is not to be expected. This apparent net transport may be a consequence of assuming that the current profile across the entire inlet is the same as that in the centre where measurements were made. Other possible sources of error are suggested. In addition, several recommendations are made for future work.
Homing of Rainbow Trout to Inlet and Outlet Spawning Streams at Loon Lake, British Columbia
Authors: Lindsey C. C. , Northcote T. G. , Hartman G. F.
Published: April 2011

A four year field study was conducted on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) spawning in the inlet and outlet of Loon Lake. Young and adult trout were trapped and marked in both streams. About 5000 fish spawn in the outlet between mid-March and June; about 22,000 spawn in the inlet between late April and July. Outlet young either enter the lake by late summer or overwinter in the stream and enter the lake next spring or summer. Most inlet young enter the lake in their first year. Return as adults, of fish which had been clipped while entering the lake as young, indicated that about 94% of fish originating from each end homed to their parent stream. Because of the large number of inlet spawners, about a quarter of the outlet spawners are strays which had hatched in the inlet. Recovery of marked fish, movement of adults within the lake, and experimental transfer of adults and young between streams, all indicate that inlet and outlet spawners do not differ genetically in their responses to current. The biological and applied significance of homing, and its possible mechanisms, are discussed.
Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration: XI. The Free Histidine Content of the Tissues
Authors: Wood J. D. , Duncan D. W. , Jackson M.
Published: April 2011

During the first 250 miles (400 km) of spawning migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) the free histidine content of the muscle, alimentary tract, and head+skin+bones+tail decreased to a small fraction of the initial value. A further decrease occurred in the levels of this amino acid in the alimentary tract during the subsequent 415-mile (657-km) migration to the spawning grounds, no change being observed with the other tissues. Comparatively small changes in free histidine were found with heart, spleen, liver, kidney and gonads during migration.
The Vertical Migration of Mysis relicta in Lakes Huron and Michigan
Authors: Beeton Alfred M.
Published: April 2011

During the day Mysis relicta could be taken only near the bottom of Lakes Huron and Michigan. In the evening they migrated into the overlying strata as the surface light intensity decreased from 15 to 1 foot-candles. Frequently the mysids migrated through the metalimnion when first ascending, but later in the night the majority occurred in or immediately below this layer. As the length of day decreased following the summer solstice, the mysids ascended progressively earlier each evening and descended later each morning (they descended when the surface light intensity was increasing from 10−3 to 10−2 foot-candle). Moonlight and fog influenced the extent and time of vertical migration.The optimum light intensity for mysids is so low that they are concentrated near the bottom during the day. As the light decreases at sunset, they move upward rapidly; possibly because of a positive reaction to decreasing light. Their night-time distribution is determined by their response to the existing light and thermal conditions. Their dawn descent may be due to a photo-negative condition which originated during the night.
A Modified Anchor Dredge For Collecting Burrowing Animals
Authors: Thomas M. L. H.
Published: April 2011

An anchor dredge was modified so that it was to some extent self-sifting and so that its digging depth was adjustable. When towed for short hauls astern of a vessel, the dredge is an efficient qualitative sampling device for the fauna of soft bottoms.
Temperature Tolerance of Unacclimated Herring (Clupea harengus L.)
Authors: Brawn Vivien M.
Published: April 2011

not available
A Note on Two Stocks of Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Capilano River, British Columbia
Authors: Smith S. B.
Published: April 2011

not available
Age, Growth and Sexual Maturity of Cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the Newfoundland Area, 1947–1950
Authors: Fleming A. M.
Published: April 2011

Samples of cod were collected from fishing gears in the coastal areas of Newfoundland and Labrador and from research otter-trawlers on the neighbouring banks from 1947 to 1950. Collections for the most part were from early summer to early autumn. Ages were determined using otoliths. Calculations of growth were based on average lengths and weights of the different age-groups in the samples.The growth rates of cod from various parts of the area were found to differ widely. Labrador cod had the slowest growth rate, much slower than cod from other parts of the area. Cod from the east coast of Newfoundland and the northeastern part of the Grand Bank were also slow-growing. Cod from the southwestern part of the Grand Bank had the fastest growth rate. Though cod from St. Pierre Bank and southwestern Newfoundland were fast-growing, also, they exhibited a somewhat slower growth rate than those from the southwestern part of the Grand Bank. Cod from the west coast of Newfoundland grew faster than cod from the east coast, but slower than those from southwestern Newfoundland.Though differences in growth rate were small between the sexes, the females generally grew at a slightly faster rate.The influence of differences in temperature and in food supply on the growth of cod in the area is discussed.Comparable growth data for the area published by several investigators are discussed. It is suggested that differences in these data were the result of variation in sampling locality, different sampling gears, different combination of individual samples and differences in age estimation.Both the size and age at which all fish were sexually mature varied throughout the area of investigation. Labrador cod matured at an earlier age and smaller size than cod from other parts of the area, whereas cod from the southwestern part of the Grand Bank generally matured at a later age and larger size than cod from other parts of the area. Cod from the east coast of Newfoundland, the northeastern part of the Grand Bank, St. Pierre Bank and the southwest and west coasts of Newfoundland were intermediate between cod from Labrador and the southwestern part of the Grand Bank in age and size at maturity, fish from the east coast generally maturing at an earlier age and smaller size than fish to the south on the Grand Bank and St. Pierre Bank and from the southwest and west coasts.The age, growth and sexual maturity relationships of cod from various parts of the area, when analyzed in the light of tagging experiments, meristic studies, parasite studies and hydrographic information, suggest the existence of at least four relatively distinct divisions in the cod population of the area, between which there is only limited intermingling. These are the Labrador, the Newfoundland east coast, the southern Grand Bank and the Newfoundland west coast divisions, with areas such as St. Pierre Bank and the Strait of Belle Isle being mixing areas of cod from adjacent divisions.
Biosynthesis of Trimethylammonium Compounds in Aquatic Animals: I. Formation of Trimethylamine Oxide and Betaine from C14-labelled Compounds by Lobster (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Bilinski E.
Published: April 2011

The formation of trimethylamine oxide and betaine in lobster has been studied in vivo with radioactive carbon. C14-labelled compounds, tested as possible precursors, were administered to lobsters by injection into the abdominal muscle. Incorporation of the tracer into trimethylamine oxide and betaine, isolated from the whole body, was followed after a metabolic period of 24 and 72 hours.Administration of Na formate-C14, DL-serine-3-C14and glycine-2-C14does not lead to labelling of trimethylamine oxide. L-methionine-methyl-C14was a poor precursor of trimethylamine oxide, compared with choline-methyl-C14. These findings suggest a possible function for choline or a derivative in trimethylamine oxide biosynthesis.It appears that the formation of betaine in lobster takes place by oxidation of choline rather than by methylation of glycine. Choline-methyl-C14was found to be a very good precursor, whereas glycine-2-C14was not converted to betaine.
The Quality of Fish Flour, Liver Meal, and Visceral Meal as Sources of Dietary Protein
Authors: Larsen B. A. , Hawkins W. W.
Published: April 2011

Rats were used to test the digestibility and protein quality of dried preparations of muscle and viscera from cod and haddock, and of liver from cod.The digestibility of the preparations from muscle and viscera was good, and better than that of the preparation from liver.The metabolic utilization of nitrogen and the support of growth were good in the case of the muscle preparation, and poor in the case of the visceral and liver preparations.
The Liquefaction of British Columbia Herring by Ensilage, Proteolytic Enzymes and Acid Hydrolysis
Authors: McBride J. R. , Idler D. R. , MacLeod R. A.
Published: April 2011

Nearly all the herring landed on the British Columbia coast during the past 10 years has been converted by the wet reduction process to animal feed, the bulk of which was in the dry form. While the final products of the wet reduction process have proven to be of a high nutritive value, in the dry form they have the disadvantage in the amount of handling required during transit. A liquid product would not only reduce handling costs but also it would act as a binder in otherwise dry feed rations.Three methods have been tested to liquefy the whole herring: ensilage, high pressure steam liquefaction and proteolytic enzyme solubilization. In the ensilage process the liquefaction of the whole fish in an acid medium was achieved in 72 hours at 37 °C. The liquefaction of the fish was shown to be due to proteolysis by the natural occurring enzymes present both in the viscera and in the flesh of the fish and was not caused by the action of bacteria. While up to 70% of the whole fish was solubilized by autoclaving the fish in an acid medium, the resulting free oil was high in free fatty acid content and the liquid concentrate dark in colour. Of the commercial proteolytic enzymes tested, pepsin achieved the highest maximum solubilization, followed by bromelin and Rhozyme B-6. An oil–protein emulsion stable at 100 °C and to salting, however, was formed in the digest of each enzyme tested.Liquid fish products were prepared under pilot-plant conditions for future nutritional assay.
Artificial Drying of Cambodian Fish
Authors: Legendre R.
Published: April 2011

Through the direction of the Colombo plan, a request was received to study the possibility of artificial drying for Cambodian fish and also to design a dryer which could be used economically under the adverse atmospheric conditions prevailing in tropical countries. Various samples were sent from Cambodia to this Station for tests. It was found possible to dry this fish artificially at a good drying rate without any difficulty. A drying temperature of 110°F (43 °C) can be used without any injury to the product. According to atmospheric data supplied by the weather bureau, the dew point of the air in Cambodia is always between 72.5 and 77°F (22 and 25 °C), so that artificial drying is possible there without costly dehumidifying apparatus. As a result of these important findings an experimental dryer of 2-ton (1800-kg) capacity was designed. The dryer is very simple and economical and will be used in Cambodia for judging, according to local market requirements, the quality obtained; also for determining the efficiency of a possible future big unit which will include six sections similar to the 2-ton trial unit.
The Copepods Calanus glacial is Jaschnov and Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) in Canadian Arctic-Subarctic Waters
Authors: Grainger E. H.
Published: April 2011

The literature on Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) in arctic-subarctic Canada is reviewed, and the history of the 2-size-group phenomenon in the North Atlantic subarctic region is discussed. Calanus glacialis Jaschnov is briefly described, and compared with material from North America, the characters emphasized being size and the structure of the fifth legs. It is concluded that specimens from arctic and subarctic North America agree essentially with C. glacialis, those from the subarctic and north boreal regions with C. finmarchicus. Occurrence of the 2 species in northern North America is given, that of the large glacialis alone being shown to coincide closely with the known extent of unmixed polar water, of the 2 together to occupy the region of mixed polar and Atlantic water, and of the small finmarchicus alone to inhabit Atlantic water.
Proximate Composition of Canadian Atlantic Fish. III. Sectional Differences in the Flesh of a Species of Chondrostei, one of Chimaerae, and of Some Miscellaneous Teleosts
Authors: Fraser D. I. , Mannan A. , Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

Proximate analyses of sections of the flesh of several teleosts and also of a sturgeon and a chimaera are reported. Among the teleosts the proximate composition of the white meat is very similar, with the exception of the fat, which varies from 0.7% in the lean species such as haddock to 12% in the spiny eel. Protein (protein N × 6.25) ranges from 14.8 to 16.2% for most species, but is lower in the sturgeon and chimaera, while the previously reported values for mackerel, tuna and halibut are higher. The belly flap tissue is only slightly more fatty than the white meat in haddock and the white sucker, in contrast to the high values for halibut and mackerel. The brown lateral layer contains about 2% lipid in haddock and wolffish with much higher values in other species; its non-protein N content is similar to that of the white meat for the most part. Although present only in traces in some species, the brown lateral layer makes up about 8% of the flesh of the tail section of the haddock, but only 1% of the middle section.
On the Chemical Composition of Eleven Species of Marine Phytoplankters
Authors: Parsons T. R. , Stephens K. , Strickland J. D. H.
Published: April 2011

Eleven species of marine planktonic representatives of the Chlorophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae and Myxophyceae have been analyzed for their chemical composition. All species were grown under similar physical and chemical conditions and cells were analyzed during the exponential phase of growth. Chemical analyses consisted of a proximate analysis of each species for ash, protein, carbohydrate and lipid, and an analysis for carbon, silicon and phosphorus, as well as quantitative determinations of the monosaccharides and amino acids in hydrolysates of whole cells. The principal finding of this report is that marine phytoplankton have very similar organic composition when grown under similar physical and chemical conditions, regardless of the size of the organism or the class to which it belongs.
Temporal Changes of Salinity, Temperature, and Dissolved Oxygen Content of the Water at Station "P" in the Northeast Pacific Ocean, and Some of Their Determining Factors
Authors: Tabata Susumu
Published: April 2011

Oceanographic data collected at Ocean Weather Station "P" (Lat. 50°N, Long. 145°W) during the 2 years between August 1956 and July 1958 are presented to show the principal features of the variations of salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen content of the water at the station. Probable factors influencing the water properties are discussed and explanations are given to account for these variations. Only those causing changes in the upper zone are discussed in detail.There is good agreement between the observed changes of salinity in the upper zone and changes attributable to the effect of precipitation minus evaporation for the period summer through winter, 1956. However there is generally poor agreement for the rest of the period. The main factor influencing temperature in this zone is heat transfer at the air–sea boundary. Changes of dissolved oxygen content in this zone are governed primarily by changes of solubility of oxygen in water.Horizontal transport of water in the locality influences the properties at the station appreciably. The general increase of salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen content that occurred during summer 1957 through summer 1958, is attributed to the northward transport of water. Transport, both from the region of the "dome" located northwest of the station, and from the west, also appears to influence the properties of water at the station during autumn and winter. Intense vertical mixing during autumn and winter affects the structure of water in the upper zone by redistributing the properties.
Physical Characteristics and Chemical Composition of Two Subspecies of Lake Trout
Authors: Thurston Claude E.
Published: April 2011

Trout taken from deep waters of Lake Superior are of two subspecies—a fat one and a lean one—that vary greatly from each other in physical characteristics and in chemical composition. The fat species has a smaller head, larger body, and lighter colour. The percentage of oil does not reach 20% in the fillets of the lean species, whereas it may reach 67% in fillets of the fat species, which has the highest known oil content of any fish.
Olfactory Perception in Juvenile Salmon.: I. Observations on Response of Juvenile Sockeye to Extracts of Foods
Authors: McBride J. R. , Idler D. R. , Jonas R. E. E. , Tomlinson N.
Published: April 2011

The introduction of aqueous extracts of natural foods into an aquarium holding juvenile sockeye evoked exploratory and feeding responses in fish that had previously eaten the foods, but failed to do so in fish that had not. Responses were characterized by breaking up of the school, increased swimming speeds, and the swimming of the fish into lighted areas. The fish detected concentrations of the active substance(s) in the order of one part in 80,000,000, based on the wet weight of the whole food.
Cod Tagging in the Newfoundland Area During 1947 and 1948
Authors: Templeman Wilfred , Fleming A. M.
Published: April 2011

About 4200 cod were tagged in the Newfoundland and Labrador inshore areas and on the Grand Bank and St. Pierre Bank. The migrations of tagged cod are described from tagging in the inshore fishing areas off Nutak and Domino in Labrador, off Englee, St. John's, Burin and Corbin, and Lark Harbour in Newfoundland and on the Grand Bank and St. Pierre Bank. Most cod tagged in the inshore areas were recaptured close to the tagging areas with a gradual increase with time after tagging in the average minimal distance moved. There is, at least in many areas, a southward winter and a northward spring and early summer movement of cod.The greatest number of recaptures (after the tagging year) of cod tagged inshore were in the shallow waters of the inshore area from June–September. From July to February–March recaptures were from progressively deeper water with some recaptures in the shallow inshore waters by May and many by June. Some recaptures, however, were still from deep water in June–September.Cod caught inshore by commercial fishermen and offshore by research otter trawler were tagged, some with an external, combination cellulose nitrate and aluminum disc bachelor-button tag inserted through the opercular bone, some with a 2-inch, flat cellulose nitrate tag inserted in the body cavity through a posterior slit in the body wall. Injuries at the point of insertion of the tag were often quite severe for the external, but generally mild for the internal tags, long after the time of tagging. The internal tags gave fewer returns than the external tags in the tagging year, but the opposite was generally true for the years following. In years after the tagging year the percentage recaptures of smaller cod were greatly in excess of those of larger cod. In the year after the tagging year smaller tagged cod — those up to 60 or 70 cm — showed less significant movement than larger tagged cod. Although cod were recaptured almost immediately after being tagged from traps, those tagged from handlines and linetrawls were not caught by baited hooks for 7–10 days afterwards. An inverse relationship exists between the length of otter-trawl drag from which fish were tagged and the percentage recaptures.
Biosynthesis of Trimethylammonium Compounds in Aquatic Animals: III. Choline Metabolism in Marine Crustacea
Authors: Bilinski E.
Published: April 2011

The incorporation in vivo of radioactivity into phospholipid-bound choline has been studied in lobster (Homarus americanus) following intramuscular administration of Na-formate-C14, glycine-2-C14, DL-serine-3-C14, L-methionine-methyl-C14and choline-methyl-C14. Choline and methionine were utilized for formation of phospholipid choline at both metabolic periods of 24 and 72 hours, whereas the other compounds gave only a very limited labelling.When choline-methyl-C14was administered to crab (Cancer magister), after 24 hours 1.9% of the administered radioactivity was found in phospholipid choline and 0.1% in trimethylamine oxide.
Comparison of Ocean Growth and Mortality of Sockeye Salmon During Their Last Two Years
Authors: Ricker W. E.
Published: April 2011

Average instantaneous rates of growth in weight of sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) of two stocks are computed for their last two growth-years, from scale measurements by Barnaby and Foerster. Values from 0.081 to 0.156 per month are obtained. These rates greatly exceed a maximum estimate of instantaneous natural mortality rate, 0.038 per month, for the same period. The latter is based on the total rate of ocean mortality of large smolts, divided by the number of months they are at sea. On this basis, oceanic capture of sockeye during the year prior to their maturation yields less than 35% to 50% of the catch that would be taken from the same fish by a shore fishery the following year. Minimum estimates of loss from high-seas capture of major growth types of sockeye during the year of their maturation vary from 6% to nearly 40%, depending on how early in the season the fishing is done and the particular stock involved. While an increase in mortality rate as sockeye approach shore cannot be excluded, any resulting decrease in the estimate of loss among currently-maturing fish must be accompanied by an increase in the estimate of loss from capture in the year before maturity. In any event, a high-seas fishery that takes any significant fraction of non-maturing sockeye must markedly decrease the total yield from the stocks involved.
Estimations of Ocean Mortality Rates for Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus)
Authors: Parker Robert R.
Published: April 2011

A conceptual model representing natural marine mortality rates of Pacific salmon is developed. Ocean mortality rate (q) is taken as the base to which coastal mortality rates of juveniles (c) and of adults (k) are additive factors. The effect of marking is taken as a multiplicative factor (m) of the instantaneous rate (i) where i = q + c + k. Together with time these values are incorporated into the balanced equation[Formula: see text]where N0 denotes the population entering the sea and R1, R2, R3 denote the returns at succeeding times of maturity. The locus of c + k = f(q) is used to graphically depict all possible combinations of c + k and q within the limits [q, c + k = 0]. Intersections of loci are taken as estimates of values of q and c + k which satisfy two sets of data. Available data for sockeye salmon (O. nerka) from Cultus Lake, Chilko Lake and Hooknose Creek, British Columbia, Karluk River and Bare Lake, Alaska, and Dalnee River, Kamchatka, pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) and chum salmon (O. keta) from Hooknose Creek, chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) from the coast of Southeast Alaska and coho (O. kisutch) from the Eel River, California, are utilized. It is concluded that ocean mortality is relatively constant, of the order of magnitude q = 0. 32 or S = 73% annually. A juvenile coastal mortality factor (c) apparently exists and is characteristic of the species and race through the media of size of migrants, time spent in the costal area, and geography. An adult coastal factor (k) may exist but is of negligible influence on the total mortality rate. While the data utilized collectively may be considered as extensive, serious defects in sampling errors and undefined variability were encountered. It is doubted that mortality rates can be more accurately defined from any repetition of experiments used, hence a more direct approach is indicated for solution of this problem.
The Relict Fauna of Greiner Lake, Victoria Island, N.W.T., Canada
Authors: Johnson Lionel
Published: April 2011

A survey of Greiner Lake in Victoria Island revealed the presence there of four species usually considered to be 'relicts' of marine or glacial events. The species are: Mysis relicta, Limnocalanus macrurus, Gammaracanthus loricatus aestuariorum and Mesidothea (Saduria) entomon. M. entomon is a new record for fresh waters isolated from contact with the sea in North America and G. loricatus aestuariorum is a new record for this region. Greiner Lake (15 m above sea level) is in an area that has risen from the sea within the last 1,300 years. It has a maximum depth of 11 m and a maximum summer temperature of approximately 8 °C. An analysis of the lake water is given and also a brief account of other species present. Possible methods for the arrival of the relicts in Victoria Island are discussed.
A Method of Analysing a Polymodal Frequency Distribution and its Application to the Length Distribution of the Porgy, Taius tumifrons (T. and S.)
Authors: Tanaka Syoiti
Published: April 2011

not available
Comparative Ecology of Two Sympatric Species of Dace (Rhinichthys) in the Fraser River System, British Columbia
Authors: Gee J. H. , Northcote T. G.
Published: April 2011

Age, growth and food habits of leopard dace (Rhinichthys falcatus) in the lower Fraser River are described. Although recently emerged leopard dace and longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) occur together in regions of slow or no current along the river margin, older longnose dace soon begin to occupy regions of higher water velocity. Yearling and older leopard dace remain predominantly in areas of little current. Laboratory experiments in a stream tank demonstrate a strong current preference in longnose dace fry, yearlings and adults. Leopard dace of comparable size show no preference for water current. The swimbladder volume of yearling and adult longnose dace is much lower than that of leopard dace, possibly an adaptation of the former species to occupation of riffle habitat. Temporary coexistence of the two closely related species in the same niche is discussed briefly.
An Estimation of the Mortality Rates in a Population of Tilapia esculenta Graham (Pisces, Cichlidae) in Lake Victoria, East Africa
Authors: Garrod D. J.
Published: April 2011

In the commercial fisheries of the great lakes of Central Africa the nylon gill net is the most widespread type of gear in use at present. Recent increases in fishing effort are believed to have had a marked effect upon the abundance of some species and this paper describes a method of estimating the fishing mortality from a fishery of this type. The method is demonstrated in its application to a population of Tilapia esculenta in Lake Victoria. In particular the data from the gill net fishery are combined with the known selectivity of the gear to distinguish between fishing mortality and trends in natural loss from the population with increasing age of the fish. The study also shows that the population dynamics of a tropical fish species are amenable to conventional techniques of analysis.
Organogenesis of the Opercular Apparatus in Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)
Authors: Day L. R.
Published: April 2011

The opercular fold in Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) begins as a bulging, outward and backward, of the undifferentiated dorsally-packed mesenchymal tissue of the hyoid arch in embryos of 6.0–6.5 mm total length. From 6.5 to 9.0 mm, backward growth takes place although no gill arches are covered. The epithelium of the opercular anlage is 2- to 3-layered laterally and 1- to 2-layered with smaller nuclei medially. From 9.0 to 14.0 mm, i.e. hatching, the membranous lateral opercular and ventral branchiostegal portions extend posteriorly to cover the four gill arches. Ossification commences in the opercle, the jaws and the pectoral girdle. The epithelium which has scattered goblet cells is 3- to 4-layered antero-laterally, 1- to 2-layered postero-laterally and one cell in thickness medially. From 14.0 to 30.0 mm length ossification of the skeletal elements of the opercular apparatus takes place. The musculature of the operculum is complete at hatching.
Temperature, Salinity and Plankton in the Eastern North Atlantic and Coastal Waters of Britain, 1957.: I. The Characterisation and Distribution of Surface Waters
Authors: Bary B. McK.
Published: April 2011

Monthly temperature-salinity diagrams for 1957 have demonstrated that three surface oceanic "water bodies" were consistently present in the eastern North Atlantic; two are regarded as modified North Atlantic Central water which give rise to the third by mixing. As well in the oceanic areas, large and small, high or low salinity patches of water were common. Effects of seasonal climatic fluctuations differed in the several oceanic water bodies. In coastal waters, differences in properties and in seasonal and annual cycles of the properties distinguish the waters from the North Sea, English Channel and the western entrance to the Channel.The geographic distributions of the oceanic waters are consistent with "northern" and "southern" water bodies mixing to form a "transitional" water. Within this distribution there are short-term changes in boundaries and long-term (seasonal) changes in size of the water bodies.Water in the western approaches to the English Channel appeared to be influenced chiefly by the mixed, oceanic transitional water; oceanic influences in the North Sea appear to have been from northern and transitional waters.
The Uptake and Detoxification of C14-labelled DDT in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar
Authors: Premdas F. H. , Anderson J. M.
Published: April 2011

Atlantic salmon underyearlings were exposed to 1 ppm DDT-C14 and the amounts of DDT adsorbed to external surfaces and absorbed internally determined separately on the basis of the C14 activity. Fish killed by the exposure contained on the average 5.87 ppm DDT of which almost two-thirds represented absorbed DDT. After only 5 minutes exposure appreciable quantities of DDT were found throughout the body. At all times, up to and including the time to death, high concentrations of DDT were found in the gills, liver, spleen, heart, kidneys, gonads, and swim bladder. Much smaller concentrations occurred in the stomach, intestines, brain and spinal cord. The muscles, bone, and integument contained the least. It was concluded that DDT entered mainly through the gills from whence it was transported throughout the body via bone circulatory system.Bioassays showed that on the average almost two-thirds of the absorbed DDT was non-toxic, or at least relatively so, to mosquito larvae. The adsorbed DDT showed little, if any, loss of toxicity.
On the Need for Measuring the Buffering Capacity of Fish Blood
Authors: Hochachka Peter W.
Published: April 2011

not available
The Invasion of the Lower Great Lakes by the White Perch, Roccus americanus (Gmelin)
Authors: Scott W. B. , Christie W. J.
Published: April 2011

Roccus americanus (Gmelin) has become part of the Lake Ontario–St. Lawrence River fauna, originating from populations in Upper New York State. The time required for the species to spread through the lower Great Lakes is discussed and summarized. A review of the morphological distinctions of related species is included.
Effects of Formalin on Length and Weight of Fishes
Authors: Parker Robert R.
Published: April 2011

Sockeye smolts, pink and chum fry, and pink and chum fingerlings (Oncorhynchus) were sequentially weighed and measured when alive and after death in water and after killing and storage in formalin up to 225 days. The fish shrank within 12 hours to 97% and by 30–40 days to 96% of live length. Further changes in length were not significant. These same relative changes were observed from fish of different sizes, and the values were not significantly different among groups preserved in formaldehyde solutions of fresh or sea water. In fresh water, fish gained weight while yet alive but under anaesthesia. In freshwater formalin, fish gained weight rapidly for 1 or 2 days, then lost weight at a decelerating rate to the time of last measurement. Fish killed and stored in salt water formalin lost weight for the first few days, then gained weight at a decelerating rate. Relative magnitudes and rates of change were inversely related to size of specimens contained in the sample. These changes had pronounced effects on relative condition factors which varied from 97 to 135% of live values depending upon size of fish, type of formalin and time in preservative.
The Origin of Cold High-Salinity Water in Foxe Basin
Authors: Campbell N. J.
Published: April 2011

During the 1955 cruise of HMCS Labrador to the Canadian Arctic an unusual mass of cold saline water was discovered in Foxe Basin and Channel. Temperatures as low as −1.90 °C were observed in association with salinities of the order of 33.75 and 34.00‰.An explanation of the origin of this water is presented and compared with additional studies conducted by the author in the same area in 1956.
Observations on Egg Cases of the Big Skate (Raja binoculata Girard) Found in Oregon Coastal Waters
Authors: Hitz Charles R.
Published: April 2011

not available