bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical foam control in a stirred draft‐tube bioreactor
Authors: Ohkawa Akira , Sakai Nobuyuki , Imai Hiroshi , Endoh Kazuo
Published: July 2010

The mechanical foam‐breaking rotating disk (MFRD) was installed in a stirred draft‐tube bioreactor and provided effective foam‐breaking action. The device utilised the impact between atomised liquid particles projected from the disk and the ascending foam. The foam‐breaking characteristics of the MFRD were investigated in relation to the air sparge rate and the impeller speed. Empirical equations were devised to describe and predict the critical foam‐breaking regions of the MFRD under any operating conditions of the stirred draft‐tube bioreactor.
Ethanol production and tolerance in grande and petite yeasts
Authors: Brown Stephen W. , Sugden David A. , Oliver Stephen G.
Published: July 2010

It has been suggested that cytoplasmic petite mutants of Saccharomyces yeasts might be useful in commercial ethanol production since they are incapable of respiration. The authors have compared the rate and extent of ethanol production in a grande strain of S. uvarum and in a cytoplasmic petite mutant derived from it. Increasing the concentration of O2 in the input gas feed to a continuous culture of the grande beyond 0.17% increased the rate of biomass production at the expense of that of ethanol. In contrast, the rates of production of both biomass and ethanol by a similar culture of the petite increased with increasing O2 up to a level of 0.6% of the input flow. Above that level no further increase was recorded. At no O2 level did the yield or productivity of ethanol by the petite exceed the maximum obtainable with the grande. Batch culture studies demonstrated that the petite was more sensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of ethanol than was its grande parent. This may explain the poorer performance of the mutant strain.
Immobilised cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes from Macrophomina phaseolina
Authors: Roy P. K. , Roy U. , Dube Dipak K.
Published: July 2010

Cellulolytic enzymes from Macrophomina phaseolina were immobilised in acrylamide polymer. The immobilised enzyme preparation showed activity towards filter paper and cotton. However, the degree of hydrolysis of highly organised cellulose, particularly cotton, appears to be low in comparison with that of soluble substrate. The kinetic studies of immobilised enzymes indicated the presence of diffusional limitations by the increase in Vmax as the particle size decreased. The operational studies suggested that the immobilised enzymes retained the original activities up to 25–29 times in the reuse cycle.
An explanation of the discrepancy between the results of h.p.l.c. and DNS assays in the analysis of lignocellulosic hydrolysates
Authors: Fox David J. , Gray Peter P. , Dunn Noel W. , Marsden Warwick L.
Published: July 2010

The concentration of polymerised sugars in enzymic hydrolysates from lignocellulosic materials was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) of hydrolysates before and after dilute acid hydrolysis: significant quantities of polymerised glucose and xylose were found in lignocellulosic hydrolysates, and these accounted for the discrepancy between the dinitrosalicyclic acid (DNS) and h.p.l.c. assay methods.
Recent Developments in Protein Recovery and Purification
Authors: Thomson Alan R.
Published: July 2010

This article deals with emerging techniques for the purification of proteins, with an emphasis on those methods which have potential for scale‐up. These include membrane processes, some new adsorption and affinity techniques, supercritical gas extraction, 2‐phase aqueous liquid/liquid extraction, and electrokinetic methods. Many are at an early stage of development for their use in the food industry. However, it is likely that in the future they will broaden substantially the options available for processing both ‘solid’ and ‘liquid’ streams. Significant and sustained research and development will be needed to convert these techniques to off‐the‐shelf established technologies.
Developments in cucumber fermentation
Authors: Fleming Henry P.
Published: July 2010

Cucumbers may be used as a fermentation substrate by lactic acid bacteria in a solution of sodium chloride. Successful fermentation is dependent upon interactions among the microbiological, chemical and physical factors associated with suspension of a solid, porous vegetable in a liquid. Maintenance of structural integrity of the cucumbers is very important, and this introduces complexities not encountered in fermentation of liquid materials. This review summarises recent efforts to understand and control the critical factors associated with cucumber fermentations. New and emerging technologies that have evolved from fundamental studies included in the review are: reduction in sodium chloride concentration for brining; purging of CO2 from fermenting brines to prevent gaseous deterioration of the cucumbers; gas exchange of fresh cucumbers to influence their brining properties; development of new and valuable cultures of lactic acid bacteria for use in fermentations, and development of an anaerobic tanking system for cucumber fermentations.
Adsorption and complexation mechanisms of heavy metal uptake in activated sludge
Authors: Lawson Patricia S. , Sterritt Robert M. , Lester John N.
Published: July 2010

Differences were observed between the uptake of cadmium, copper, manganese and nickel by activated sludge biomass: their removal was studied when a range of metal concentrations was added to resuspended mixed liquor solids in the absence of possibly competitive organic ligands. The predominant mechanism of metal removal was passive uptake with some indication of binding site specificity for copper and possibly manganese. The data obtained were interpreted in the form of adsorption isotherms. The results were used to calculate conditional stability constants (K′) of the complexes formed, and the complexation capacity of the biomass for heavy metal uptake. Studies were conducted over a range of sludge ages from 3 to 12 days. Log10K′ values between 4.6 and 6.7 were found. However, there was no direct relationship between sludge age and K′. EDTA was used to desorb bound metal: this provided a means of differentiating between the surface complexes and the unexchangeable metal such as that taken up intracellularly. There was a difference in the adsorption affinity series of the metals when EDTA was present. This indicated that more than one mechanism for metal uptake was operating, and that the relative importance of physical and chemical absorption varied with each metal.
Selection and isolation of glucose‐tolerant amylolytic Aspergillus by cyclic fed batch culture process
Authors: Lee Yuan‐Kun , Low Chin‐Seng
Published: July 2010

A simple cyclic fed batch culture system was developed for selection and subsequent isolation of glucose‐tolerant Aspergillus niger strain. A culture medium which contained 1.2 g dm−3 of glucose was inoculated with a non‐glucose‐tolerant A. niger (Ki =20.25 g dm−3). A culture medium of higher glucose concentration (100 g dm−3 and 200 g dm−3) was fed at a rate equal to the rate of HN4+ consumption by means of a pH control system. The maximum and minimum liquid levels in the fed batch culture vessel were determined by two liquid level detectors which activated and deactivated a harvest pump. The novelty of the selection system is that the frequency and pressure of selection increase gradually but continuously, and they are determined by the intrinsic potential of the culture. The process was fully automatic. An Aspergillus mutant which had a glucose inhibition constant of 3200 g dm−3 was isolated after six generations. The process should be particularly useful for screening filamentous microorganisms growing on novel substrates or tolerating inhibitors.
Beneficiation of ilmenite to rutile by selective chlorination in a fluidised bed
Authors: Neurgaonkar V. G. , Gokarn A. N. , Joseph K.
Published: July 2010

The paper deals with studies on selective chlorination of iron oxides in Kerala Ilmenite. Optimum conditions were established with a view to developing an autothermal process.
Synthesis of vanillin and 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde by a reaction scheme involving condensation of phenols with glyoxylic acid
Authors: Kalikar Rajendra G. , Deshpande Ramesh S. , Chandalia Sampatraj B.
Published: July 2010

Synthesis of vanillin and 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde from guaiacol and phenol, respectively, was investigated. The condensation of guaiacol and phenol with glyoxylic acid in an aqueous alkaline medium resulted in the formation of 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxymandelic and 4‐hydroxymandelic acid respectively. A process version for the condensation of the phenol with glyoxylic acid, wherein it was found advisable to add an aqueous solution of glyoxylic acid and part of alkali to a batch of the phenol in aqueous alkali, was found to give 77% yield of the mandelic acid based on glyoxylic acid. The oxidation of the mandelic acid could be more suitably carried out at 95°C using 0.51 mol of copper (II) hydroxide for every mole of the mandelic acid in a process where air is simultaneously passed. Taking 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxymandelic acid as an example, 88% conversion to vanillin could be obtained. The reaction was found to be second order with respect to the mandelic acid.
Adsorption of lead on activated carbons from olive stones
Authors: Rivera‐Utrilla José , Ferro‐García Maria A. , Mingorance María D. , Bautista‐Toledo Isidora
Published: July 2010

Studies on the adsorption of lead on activated carbons from aqueous solutions are described. Olive stones have been used as raw material to prepare the activated carbon samples. The porous texture and the chemical nature of the surface of the carbon samples were studied. The adsorption yield as a function of pH, salinity and presence of different cations has been investigated. The results obtained by using these activated carbons have been compared with those corresponding to a commercial activated carbon. All samples show a high adsorption capacity against lead ions.
Hydrogenation of CO and CO2 on carbon black‐supported Ru catalysts
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ramos Inmaculada , Reinoso Francisco Rodríguez , Guerrero‐Ruiz Antonio , de Dios López‐González Juan
Published: July 2010

The activity and selectivity of both unsupported Ru and carbon black‐supported Ru catalysts toward the hydrogenation of CO and CO2 have been investigated in order to learn about the effect of metal particle size on both reactions. The specific activity for both reactions decreases with metal particle size and the product distribution obtained in the hydrogenation of CO (the hydrogenation of CO2 only yields methane) is also a function of metal dispersion; thus, the proportion of methane produced increases and the olefin/paraffin decreases with decreasing Ru particle size. This behaviour is attributed to changes in the electronic properties of the Ru crystallites in close contact with the graphitised carbon black used as support.
A kinetic study of cyclohexane dehydrogenation on Pt monolithic catalyst
Authors: el Sawi Mahmoud , Frusteri Francesco , Parmaliana Adolfo , Formisano Bruno , Giordano Nicola
Published: July 2010

The kinetics of dehydrogenation of cyclohexane over Pt (0.3%) supported on honeycomb monoliths has been investigated. Integral measurements have been performed using continuous flow tubular reactor. No attempt has been made to suppress the reverse reaction. Experimental data have been fitted well by the following reaction model:

The estimates obtained for the kinetic parameters have been tested for their physical significance applying the criteria suggested by Boudart et al.
Chlorination of alkylbenzenes with molecular chlorine in alcoholic media
Authors: Bermejo Jenaro , Cabeza César , Blanco Carlos G. , Moinelo Sabino R. , Martínez Amelia
Published: July 2010

m‐Xylene is chlorinated with molecular chlorine supplied at a constant flow rate, utilising short chain alcohols as solvents. Chlorinations occur as fast and clean substitution reactions, giving very high yields of monochloro derivatives. o‐Xylene and p‐xylene in ethanol give, however, much lower yields, similar to those of catalysed chlorinations. The behaviour of benzene, some other alkylbenzenes, and mixtures of xylenes in ethanol is also studied. In the mixtures, m‐xylene is very selectively chlorinated and almost quantitatively converted into monochloro derivatives.
Hydrogenation of 2,5‐dimethyl‐2,4‐hexadiene and cis‐2‐heptene on palladium black modified by lead, thallium and cadmium
Authors: Červeny Libor , Paseka Ivo , Tobola Stanislav , Ružička Vlastimil
Published: July 2010

The competitive hydrogenation of 2,5‐dimethyl‐2,4‐hexadiene and cis‐2‐heptene catalysed by palladium black modified by lead, thallium and cadmium to various degrees of surface coverage, was investigated. An electrochemical method was used to determine the amounts of hydrogen dissolved and adsorbed on the catalyst. The effect of ad‐atoms of lead, thallium and cadmium on the kinetics of the competitive hydrogenation is discussed in terms of measured values of the reaction selectivity.
Factors influencing the reaction between phlogopite and CaSo4·2H2O plus CaO mixtures
Authors: Aitta Eero , Jyrkäs Kauko
Published: July 2010

According to earlier studies phlogopite reacts with CaSO4.2H2O and a mixture of CaSO4.2H2O and CaO exchanging 40–80% of its potassium with calcium. The same reactions occur only poorly in the case of muscovite. The structural difference between phlogopite and muscovite is small so that some unknown factors must effect the exchange reaction. In the present work the factors influencing the reaction between phlogopite and a CaSO4.2H2O/CaO mixture have been studied by means of X‐ray diffraction and an electron microscope. A rod mill has been employed in the separation of the solid phases produced during the reaction. The results have been calculated and drawn by computer programs created for the study. The effects of gypsum, calcium oxide, iron, aluminium and magnesium have been treated in the exchange reaction. Also the poor reactivity of muscovite in the reaction conditions used has been discussed.
Inhibition of horse liver and yeast alcohol dehydrogenase by aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes
Authors: Richard Bowen W. , Pugh Shirley Y. R. , Schomburgk Nicola J. D.
Published: July 2010

The reactivity of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH) and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLADH) towards 12 different aldehydes was tested. YADH was inhibited by pre‐incubation with citral, citronellal, p‐cuminaldehyde, p‐anisaldehyde, m‐tolualdehyde, trans‐cinnamaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and benzaldehyde, although of these aldehydes only trans‐cinnamaldehyde acted as a substrate for the enzyme. HLADH was inhibited, to a much smaller extent, by pre‐incubation with citral, salicylaldehyde, citronellal, p‐anisaldehyde, piperonaldehyde, trans‐cinnamaldehyde, p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and p‐cuminaldehyde and all of these aldehydes acted as substrates for the HLADH. Immobilisation of the enzymes on CNBr‐activated Sepharose 4B gave protection against inhibition by the aldehydes, suggesting a means of significantly extending the useful lifetime of the enzymes when they are used in industrial processes.
Thermodynamic studies on sulphate roasting for zinc electrowinning from carbonate ore
Authors: Madkour Loutfy H.
Published: July 2010

The bulk of the work consists of a theoretical study of the possibility of submitting Umm‐Gheig carbonate ore to sulphate roasting. The use of the admixture with pyrites is to enable a carbonate ore to be treated in a similar way to a sulphide ore, and by doing so, to produce a roasted product capable of being treated by orthodox zinc electrowinning methods using sulphate solutions. Thermodynamic studies have been made to find the optimum conditions for sulphate roasting, in either normal air or enriched 36% oxygen air. The results obtained from the experimental work at different roasting temperatures in a tube furnace indicated that a maximum dissolution of 91.2% Zn with a 17.9% Fe could be obtained at a roasting temperature of 650°C for 4 h, followed by leaching in 4% H2SO4 (by vol.) at 60°C. The results of the electron microscopic investigation confirmed by metal value data given in the ASTM cards coincide well with results given by chemical analysis.
Design of immobilised glucoamylase reactors using a simple kinetic model for the hydrolysis of starch
Authors: Cabral J. M. S. , Novais J. M. , Cardoso J. P. , Kennedy J. F.
Published: July 2010

A comparative study is reported of the three main types of continuous reactors, continuous feed stirred tank reactor (CFSTR), packed bed reactor (PBR) and fluidised bed reactor (FBR), for the conversion at 50°C of a 30% (w/w) corn syrup 40 DE using glucoamylase (exo‐1,4‐D‐glucosidase, EC 3.2.1.3) immobilised on carbonyl derivatives of titanium(IV)‐activated porous silica by a method developed previously.1–3 The hydrolysis of starch in these reactors is described by a simple kinetic model4 which involves the intrinsic kinetic constants as well as mass transfer and dispersion effects, and allows the computation of enzyme activity values under continuous operation. FBR appears to be more effective for the hydrolysis of starch. This reactor also confers a better operational stability (t1/2=775h) on the immobilised enzyme than the other immobilised glucoamylase reactors (PBR, t1/2=629h; CFSTR, t1/2=239h).
The yeast alcohol dehydrogenase catalysed conversion of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol
Authors: Richard Bowen W. , Lambert Nigel , Pug Shirley Y. R. , Taylor Frank
Published: July 2010

The kinetics of the conversion of trans‐cinnamaldehyde to trans‐cinnamyl alcohol catalysed by yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) have been characterised. Reaction with the free enzyme is curtailed after a short time as a result of inactivation by the substrate. It has been shown that immobilisation of the enzyme provides substantial protection against this inactivation. Use of the immobilised enzyme in a flow‐through reactor further enhanced the enzyme lifetime, creating a viable synthetic process. The product cinnamyl alcohol may be recovered by continuous solvent extraction.
Cracking paraffinic hydrocarbons to make alpha olefins—a review
Authors: Mittal Krishan G.
Published: July 2010

Various methods for the production of linear alpha olefins are described. The main emphasis has been given to the literature information available on the cracking of paraffinic hydrocarbons or wax for making alpha olefins, a new chemical product for use in the detergent industry.
Thioethers and sulphones of 7H‐benzimidazo(2,1‐a)benz‐(d,e)isoquinolin‐7‐one: Dyes for synthetic‐polymer fibres
Authors: Peters Arnold T. , Behesti Y. Saeid S.
Published: July 2010

A series of 4‐alkylthio and 4‐arylthio‐1, 8‐naphthalic anhydrides was obtained either by reaction of 4‐chloro‐1,8‐naphthalic anhydride with thiols or of 4‐mercapto‐1,8‐naphthalic anhydride with halides; oxidation of these afforded the corresponding sulphones. Reaction of the thioethers and sulphones with o‐phenylenediamines gave bright orange‐yellow and greenish‐yellow dyes respectively; these compounds have excellent colouration and fastness properties on synthetic‐polymer fibres. The dyes were also obtained by condensation of 3‐ and 4‐halogeno‐7H‐benzimidazo(2,1‐a)benz(d,e)isoquinolin‐7‐ones with the appropriate thiol. The colour of the dyes is discussed in relation to structural changes in the thioether and sulphone substituents and the influence of substitution in each of the phenyl rings of the naphthyl residue is compared from an unambiguous synthesis of selected 3‐ and 4‐thioethers and sulphones of 7H‐benzimidazo(2,1‐a)benz(d,e)isoquinolin‐7‐one.
Estimation of total aromatics in kerosene fractions by infrared spectroscopy: I
Authors: Ramaswamy Veda , Sarowha Sukhlal S. , Singh Indra D.
Published: July 2010

A faster and accurate infrared method for estimating total aromatics in petroleum samples boiling in the kerosene range (140–250°C) was developed using pure aromatic concentrate from kerosene as reference material. The limitations of a synthetic mixture of pure compounds used as reference are also discussed. The accuracy of results is found to be dependent on the closeness of the average absorptivity at a characteristic wave number (1600 cm−1) of an unknown sample and kerosene used as reference. The results obtained from the proposed method on kerosene fractions of Bombay High are compared, as an illustration, with those obtained by FIA.
Synthesis, spectral behaviour and biological activity of benzoxazonyl(quinoxalonyl)‐benzfurano‐(indolo)‐quinoline apocyanine dyes
Authors: Khalil Z. H. , Koraiem A. I. M. , El‐Maghraby M. A. , Abu‐El‐Hamd R. M.
Published: July 2010

2[2‐(benzoxazonyl / quinoxalonyl) ‐ benzfurano (indolo)] ‐ quinolinium ‐1 ‐ ethiodide apocyanine dyes (Va‐f and VIa‐f) were prepared, via interaction of 2‐[2‐(benzoxazonyl‐/quinoxalonyl)‐1,2‐dibromoethenyl]‐quinolinium‐1‐ethiodide (IVa,b) with the appropriate phenols/and or arylamines. The new cyanines were identified by spectral determination. Bactericidal and fungicidal activity of selected cyanines (IIIa,b, Va, VIa, VIh, and VII) were tested against bacterial and fungal strains.
Liquid—liquid extraction column (rotating disc contactor)—model parameters from drop size distribution and solute concentration measurements
Authors: Korchinsky Walter J. , Al‐Husseini Raed
Published: July 2010

The practical application of an extraction column model which takes into account the influence of drop‐size distribution (i.e. the ‘forward mixing’ model) is brought forward by the generation, from experimental data, of values of the mass transfer and axial dispersion coefficients required by the model. Values of these coefficients were generated from drop‐size distribution and solute concentration profile measurements in a 22 cm diam. rotating disc contactor. The use of the Handlos‐Baron drop mass transfer model is justified. The resulting continuous phase transfer coefficients were found to be dependent only on disc speed. Continuous phase axial dispersion coefficients were much higher than tracer‐correlation predicted values at higher flows, and larger drop sizes. An explanation for this is presented.
Gypsum dissolution: A comparison of laser‐light scattering and conductance techniques
Authors: Prick Peter A. J. , Borsboom Peter C. F. , Arends Joop
Published: July 2010

Laser‐light scattering measurements can be used for investigations of solid dissolution in a liquid. In this paper the dissolution of gypsum in water is followed by scattering and conductance measurements. Both types of measurement are carried out simultaneously. The sensitivity of the scattering technique and its special applicability in solubility determinations is discussed.
Recovery of beer from tank bottoms with membranes
Authors: Le Minh S.
Published: July 2010

The feasibility of using crossflow microfiltration for the recovery of beer from tank bottoms is examined. The membrane pore size, the pressure, the feed solid content and the feed velocity are shown to be the most significant factors affecting the process performance. The process appears economically viable with recovery costing less than 3.4 p per pint of beer.
The reaction between phlogopite and calcium chloride at elevated temperatures
Authors: Aitta Eero , Leskelä Markku , Moilanen Jarmo , Jyrkäs Kauko
Published: July 2010

The reaction of phlogopite mica and CaCl2·2H2O has been studied within the temperature range 600–1000°C. The reaction products have been studied by chemical analysis, electron microscopy combined with a micro‐analyser, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermoanalytical methods and IR spectrometry. The reaction products were milled and the elemental distribution in different particle size fractions was investigated.

Potassium can be converted into a water‐soluble form almost completely above the melting point of CaCl2 in this reaction. Iron, Mg and Al do not change into a soluble form. On grinding, Fe and K concentrate in smaller particles while Al prefers larger ones. The formation of several new phases in the reaction can be confirmed by XRD. The mica dehydroxylates above 700°C, which can be detected in the IR spectra, and this may affect the reaction.
The estimation of the solubility parameter of low volatile compounds from gas chromatography data
Authors: Bermejo Jenaro , Guillén Maria D.
Published: July 2010

By applying the regular solution model to the solution processes that take place in gas chromatography, equations are obtained, which relate the retention volume of solutes with their molar volume and latent heat of vaporization. From these equations, solubility parameters of monomeric stationary phases are obtained and their values compared with those obtained by other methods.
The effect of temperature on limiting current density and mass transfer in electrodialysis
Authors: Hwang Jin‐Yih , Lai Juin‐Yih
Published: July 2010

This study focuses on a high‐temperature operation in electrodialysis of salt solutions and studies the effect of temperature on limiting current density and mass transfer. Experiments were conducted under various conditions of temperature (T), varying from 15 to 90°C; of dialysate concentration (Cd), varying from 5 × 10−3 to 3 × 10−2M; and of dialysate velocity (ud), varying from 0.206 to 2.44 cm s−1. A least squares fitting of the experimental data on limiting current density (Ilim) yields an Arrhenius equation as follows:

equation image

The molar flux N̄ (mol cm−2 s−1), initial concentration (C0; M) and temperature (T; °C) were found to have the following relationship:

equation image

N̄/C0 is slightly increased with increasing temperature ranging from 25 to 70°C.
Thermogravimetric determination of the heat of vaporization of some highly polar solvents
Authors: Al‐Najjar Hazim , Al‐Sammerrai Dhoaib
Published: July 2010

Thermogravimetry was employed successfully in determining the enthalpies of vaporization of some industrially important solvents. The data obtained from the thermograms pertaining to weight loss were used for evaluating the rate of evaporation of the samples and were substituted in a form of the Clausius—Clapeyron equation for such determinations. Values of the enthalpies reported, using the thermogravimetric technique, were repeatable to within 1% and with an accuracy better than ±5% of the true values at the temperatures reported. Comparison with data obtained from other sources appears to be quite satisfactory.
Degradation of rice straw by Pleurotus flabellatus
Authors: Rajarathnam Somasundaram , Wankhede Dharmaraj B. , Bano Zakia
Published: July 2010

Degradative changes in the constituents of rice straw substrate during the growth and commercial production of fruit bodies by Pleurotus flabellatus were investigated. There was a continuous increase in the free sugars from the time of inoculation until the end of harvesting of the fruit bodies, whereas the free amino acids reached a maximum at the end of mycelial growth and showed a slight decrease after fructification. Glucose, xylose, arabinose, cellobiose and a higher oligosaccharide represented the spectrum of sugars produced. Of the 12 amino acids (apart from two peptides) identified, aspartic acid, histidine and tyrosine were the major components. Solubilities and spectral characteristics of lignin degraded in the straw substrate were studied using alkali‐extracted lignin. Laccase and protease activities in the straw substrate at different stages of fungal degradation could be correlated to the decreases in the staw lignin and protein contents, respectively. Colour reactions of the fungus on several phenolic media, demonstration of phenolic oxidases in the straw substrate, and ability of the fungus to degrade lignin conclusively proved that the fungus under study is a typical ‘white rot’ fungus. Degradation of the straw substrate by the fungus reached a maximum at the end of harvest of the fruit bodies. The spent straw substrate (left over after harvesting the fruit bodies) contained free sugars and amino acids, respectively 5 and 2 times the concentration of those in the undegraded straw substrate, and lignin decreased to about 25% of the level in the straw before fermentation. Potential applications of the spent straw substrate as an upgraded form of rumen feed and for the production of single‐cell protein are discussed.
Silica‐supported alloy catalysts for triglyceride hydrogenation: The preparation and properties of Pd–Ag and Pd–Ni systems
Authors: Thomson Alasdair I. , Winterbottom John M.
Published: July 2010

The binary metal systems Pd–Ag and Pd–Ni have been prepared on a silica support with a total metal loading of 2.5% (w/w). About a dozen catalysts were prepared in each series covering the range 0–100 at. % Pd.

The catalysts were characterised by a number of techniques, principally temperature programmed reduction, differential scanning calorimetry and metal surface area measurement. The catalyst activity and selectivity were measured for the hydrogenation of soya bean oil in both stirred and shaken batch reactors at 1 atm H2 pressure in the temperature range 100–160°C.

The characterisation techniques provided strong evidence of alloying for both series of catalysts. The activity and selectivity measurements also provided supporting evidence of alloying, and the Pd–Ag system exhibited an activity maximum in the 90–100 at. % Pd range, while the Pd–Ni system maintained constant activity for alloys containing 0–60 at. % Ni. Trans‐acid formation was suppressed by lower reduction temperature, and linolenate removal was improved at lower temperatures. However, it also appears that reaction rates were dominated largely by triglyceride diffusion effects.
Study of the kinetics of the adsorption by activated carbons of 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid from aqueous solution
Authors: Gómez‐Jiménez Lourdes , García‐Rodríguez Antonio , de Dios López‐González Juan , Navarrete‐Guijosa Antonio
Published: July 2010

The kinetics of the adsorption of 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid by activated carbons from an aqueous solution has been studied at several temperatures (10°C to 50°C). The activated carbons used were Merck (No. 2514) and one prepared from almond shells (C‐A‐14). The adsorption process seems to be of the order two and the desorption of the order one.

The thermodynamic functions for the formation of the activated complex have also been calculated.
Production of horse radish peroxidase by plant cell culture
Authors: Yamada Yasuyuki , Kobayashi Setsuo , Watanabe Kazuo , Hayashi Uzo , Yajima Yasuo , Inoue Hiroshi
Published: July 2010

Calluses were induced from the stem and the root tissues of horse radish plantlets. Cell aggregate selections were carried out on them to obtain a cell line with higher peroxidase activity, and the isozyme patterns of the peroxidases from the cultured cells and their utility values as a clinical diagnostic reagent were investigated.

The repetition of the cell aggregate selection resulted in increases in peroxidase activities in each generation of selection; about eleven fold in the 13th generation of selection from the stem tissues and about nine fold in the 13th generation from the root tissues. One of the cell lines (N5K6‐S), originally derived from the stem tissues, after selectin showed a tenfold increase in peroxidase activity within two weeks of culture in a liquid medium. The value as a clinical diagnostic reagent of peroxidases extracted from the N5K6‐S cells was estimated to be equivalent to those already commercially available for the same purpose. There were significant differences in the isoenzyme patterns of the peroxidases from root tissues and those from cultured cells. From these results, the possibility of commercial production of peroxidase utilizing plant tissue and cell culture techniques was discussed.
Cyanine dyes as corrosion inhibitors. I. Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of copper metal treated with hydroxystyryl cyanine dye
Authors: Makhlouf M. Th. , Khalil Zarif H.
Published: July 2010

The effect of 2‐(o‐hydroxystyryl) pyridinium‐1‐ethyl iodide cyanine dye on the corrosion behaviour of copper metal in nitric acid solution has been studied. Weight loss measurements, galvanostatic polarization curves, open‐circuit potential variation of copper electrode with time and the cathodic protective current values indicate that styryl cyanine dye gives an anticorrosive character. The inhibition effect is more pronounced in the case of copper metal coated by dye thin film than that obtained by its addition to the corrosion medium.
Removal of victoria blue from aqueous solution by fly ash
Authors: Khare Sunil K. , Panday Kamala K. , Srivastava Ram M. , Singh Viswa N.
Published: July 2010

The use of fly ash for the removal of victoria blue (C126, 44045) from aqueous solution at different concentrations and pH has been investigated. The process follows first order adsorption rate expression and the rate constant was found to be 1.70 × 10−2 min−1 at a victoria blue concentration of 1.0 × 10−4 M and 25°C. The uptake of victoria blue by fly ash is diffusion controlled and the value of mass transfer coefficient is 1.25 × 10−5 cm sec−1. The equilibrium data fit well in the Langmuir model of adsorption. Maximum removal was noted at pH 8.0. Low desorption of dye from adsorbent surface indicates that the process may not be essentially a reversible one.
Chloride on Pt–Re‐S/Al2O3: Catalyst performance and prediction of concentration during naphtha reforming
Authors: Grau J. M. , Jablonski E. L. , Pieck C. L. , Verderone R. J. , Parera J. M.
Published: July 2010

Several Pt—Re‐S/Al2O3‐Cl catalyst samples, with different chloride content, were submitted to runs under industrial operating conditions with accelerated deactivation periods, using different naphtha cuts as feed. Variables—such as octane number, liquid yield, paraffin disappearance, etc., as a function of the chloride content—were obtained by computing raw chromatographic data. These variables were analyzed in order to determine variables that could be taken as indicators of the chloride level. A correct balance of acidic (chloride) and metallic functions is necessary to obtain a good performance.

Because of a lack of information about how the chloride content on a reforming catalyst can be estimated during operation, some correlations among the chloride level, reformate variables, and the characteristics of the feed were studied. By using a conjugated gradient method, correlating equations with a mean error of about 9% were found to be the best.
The hydrochloric acid route for phosphate rock
Authors: Habashi Fathi , Awadalla Farouk T. , Yao Xin‐Bao
Published: July 2010

When phosphate rock is leached with hydrochloric acid, radium can be removed by co‐precipitation with Ba0.4Ca0.6SO4 and uranium by extraction with a 5% solution of tributyl phosphate in hexane or Varsol. Phosphoric acid is then separated from calcium chloride solution and other impurities by extraction with undiluted tributyl phosphate. The lanthanides can be precipitated from the raffinate by NH3, and CaSO4.2H2O by H2SO4 to regenerate HCl for recycle. The organic phase containing H3PO4 can be stripped by NH3 to yield ammonium phosphate and to regenerate the tributyl phosphate for recycle. Fluorine can be precipitated from the initial leach solution as Na2SiF6.
Use of factorial design of experiments in the determination of adsorption equilibrium constants: Methyl iodide on charcoals
Authors: Aracil José
Published: July 2010

Factorial design methods and analysis of variance have been applied to the experimental determination of adsorption equilibrium constants. A factorial design with three levels of temperature (110°, 130° and 150°C), three particle diameters (0.3, 0.9 and 1.5 cm) and two different impregnation loadings led to the identification of significant effects and interactions for the calculation of the equilibrium constants. This methodology requires no assumptions and identifies the principal experimental variables, and their interactions, which have the greatest effect on the adsorption.
Selective hydrogenation of styrene: Poisoning effect of thiophene
Authors: L'Argentiere Pablo C. , Fígoli Nora S.
Published: July 2010

The poisoning effect of thiophene on a commercial selective hydrogenation Pd/Al2O3 catalyst, using the styrene hydrogenation to ethylbenzene as a test reaction, has been studied. It was found that the addition of thiophene to the reactants modifies the electronic properties of Pd and also prevents (within certain limits) the catalyst from a subsequent poisoning when a second amount of thiophene is added. These modifications on Pd electronic state have been followed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the poison addition has been studied by IR spectroscopy.
Rheological studies on Streptomyces fradiae ScF‐5 in submerged fermentation
Authors: Ghildyal N. P. , Thakur M. S. , Srikanta S. , Jaleel S. A. , Prapulla S. G. , Prasad M. S. , Devi P. N. , Lonsane B. K.
Published: July 2010

Studies on the rheology of Streptomyces fradiae ScF‐5 in a 10‐dm3 submerged fermenter for the production of intracellular glucose isomerase revealed that the apparent viscosity of the broth increased with increase in cell density up to 24 h and then declined while the density of the broth remained constant. The plot of shear stress versus shear rate at various fermentation periods showed the applicability of the Casson model. The yield stress and consistency index were found to increase gradually then decrease subsequently. In contrast, the flow behaviour index was less than unity and remained constant throughout the fermentation. The results contrast with the findings of other workers on the Newtonian and non‐Newtonian character of fermentation broths and the applicability of the power law model to such systems.
Sago starch saccharification and simultaneous ethanol fermentation by amyloglucosidase and Zymomonas mobilis
Authors: Lee Gyun Min , Kim Chul Ho , Yusof Zainal Abidin Mohammed , Han Moon Hi , Rhee Sang Ki
Published: July 2010

Simultaneous saccharification and ethanol fermentation (SSF) of sago starch was studied using amyloglucosidase (AMG) and Zymomonas mobilis. The optimal concentration of AMG and operating temperature for the SSF process were found to be 0.5% (v/w) and 35°C, respectively. Under these conditions with 150 g dm−3 sago starch as a substrate, the final ethanol concentration obtained was 69.2 g dm−3 and ethanol yield, YP/S, 0.50 g g−1 (97% of theoretical yield). Sago starch in the concentration range of 100–200 g dm−3 was efficiently converted into ethanol. When compared to a two‐step process involving separate saccharification and fermentation stages, the SSF reduced the total process time by half.
Acid catalyzed pressure synthesis of N,N‐dimethylbenzylamine from benzylamine and methanol
Authors: Nandi Dilip K. , Palit Sunanda K. , Deka Dibakar C.
Published: July 2010

The synthesis of N,N‐dimethylbenzylamine from benzylamine and methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid catalyst has been carried out under pressure. Nitrogen pressure is helpful only to a limited extent, beyond which it is neither helpful nor detrimental. Under optimum conditions (517 K, 6.0295 MPa, residence period 2 h, benzylamine‐to‐methanol‐to‐hydrochloric acid mol ratio 1:2:1) the conversion of benzylamine to N,N‐dimethylbenzylamine is 57.09%.
High‐build antifouling paints based on rosin and chlorinated rubber
Authors: Giúdice Carlos A. , Benitez Juan Carlos , del Amo Beatriz , Rascio Vicente J. D.
Published: July 2010

The fundamental objective of this work was to formulate antifouling paints giving a high thickness film with a reduced number of coats and having suitable physico‐chemical properties and biocidal characteristics for the protection of ships' hulls. Formulation variables studied were WW rosin (gum rosin)/chlorinated rubber (grade 10) ratio, which defines the binder dissolution rate, and the rheological agent content (castor oil), which influences the paints' thixotropic behaviour. Red cuprous oxide, zinc oxide and natural calcium carbonate were used as pigments. Tests were made in the laboratory for evaluating abrasion resistance, adhesion and elongation. Binder dissolution rate of the different paints in artificial sea water and also some rheological parameters of the samples were determined. Service tests were performed on ships' hulls (a destroyer, two light destroyers and an aircraft carrier), showing some paints retaining good antifouling characteristics after 25 months' immersion.
The purification of human thyroid‐stimulating hormone by immunoaffinity chromatography
Authors: Jack George W. , Blazek Richard
Published: July 2010

Human thyrotropin (thyroid‐stimulating hormone) has been purified from a side‐fraction of human growth hormone production. Purification is effected by immunoaffinity chromatography on an immobilised monoclonal antibody column. The hormone was bound to the immunoabsorbent in 50 mM borate buffer pH 8·5 plus 0·5 M NaCl and eluted by 50 mM glycine/HCl buffer pH 3·5 plus 0·5 M NaCl. The hormone was obtained in a biologically active form and substantially free, <0·5% by weight, of the other pituitary glycoprotein hormones.
The automated production by immunoaffinity chromatography of the human pituitary glycoprotein hormones thyrotropin, follitropin and lutropin
Authors: Jack George W. , Blazek Richard , James Keith , Boyd Janice E. , Micklem Lisel R.
Published: July 2010

Human pituitary TSH, FSH and LH were purified from a side fraction of human pituitary growth hormone production by immunoaffinity chromatography on immobilised hormone‐specific monoclonal antibodies. Each hormone was obtained in biologically active form and was substantially free, <0·5% by weight, of the other glycoprotein hormones. The method was automated using a time‐based programmer and by applying the unbound fraction from one purification to columns of different specificities each of the three hormones was obtained from a single batch of starting material.
Studies on the fungicidal properties of some organo‐tin compounds
Authors: Chandra Shubhra , James Bruce D. , Macauley Barry J. , Magee Robert J.
Published: July 2010

The results of an investigation into the fungicidal properties of some bi‐functional organo‐tin compounds containing mono‐ and dithiocarbamate ligands are reported. These experiments were conducted against a number of soil and plant pathogenic fungi. While all the compounds examined proved to be powerful fungicides, differences at the concentration levels tested were not sufficiently significant to relate degree of toxicity to ligand structure. Comparison between the fungicidal activity of the di‐and triphenyl‐tin compounds is in agreement with earlier observations that the latter are more toxic than the former.
Kinetics of protein secretion and fractionation in Baker's yeast fermentations
Authors: Park Don‐Hee , Malaney George W. , Tanner Robert D.
Published: July 2010

It has previously been observed that two‐fold differences in total protein concentration can occur between the top and bottom of a baker's yeast fermentation in a laboratory‐scale fermenter.1 This paper considers whether that separation effect may be due to imperfect liquid bulk mixing as characterized by gradients in, say, pH and glucose, or is due to some other effect such as bubble fractionation, resulting from the adsorption of these proteins on the rising bubbles. The results indicate that the latter mechanism may predominate.
Sequential acid and enzymic hydrolysis of sugar beet pulp
Authors: Schaffeld Guillermo , Illanes Andrés , Mejías Gladys , Pinochet Ana María
Published: July 2010

Fermentable sugars from beet pulp were obtained in a two‐stage hydrolytic process. The first stage involved mild acid treatment to hydrolyze the hemicellulose, producing a pentose‐rich syrup and a cellulose‐rich fraction. The second stage was the enzymic saccharification of the cellulose fraction with fungal cellulases to produce a glucose‐rich syrup. The acid hydrolysis stage was evaluated to optimize the type of acid, acid concentration, temperature and reaction time. Solubilization was markedly temperature‐dependent, whereas the specificity of hemicellulose degradation depended on the type of acid utilized. The effects of different reaction times, enzyme‐to‐substrate ratios and particle sizes on the enzymic stage were studied. Both saccharification rate and the extent of final conversion to glucose were markedly affected by the enzyme‐to‐substrate ratio. Sugars recovered from the enzymic degradation of cellulose were partially fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126.
The use of multivariate analysis for the design of selective isolation conditions for mutants of Streptomyces cattleya with improved antibiotic titre
Authors: Onadipe Adekunle O. , Bushell Michael E.
Published: July 2010

Twenty‐three tests which did not include antibiotic production were carried out on ultraviolet‐induced mutants of Streptomyces cattleya NRRL 8057. Principal component analysis of the results indicated the taxometric relationships between members of a population consisting of 77 isolates. Highlitre antibiotic producers were then marked on the population distribution diagram and clusters containing high‐titre antibiotic producers noted. Discriminant analysis for the high‐titre clusters provided a discriminant function which was derived from data from seven of the tests. These were used to formulate a positive selection procedure which was successful in selecting for a population of mutants which contained a significantly higher number of high‐titre isolates than a control population.
Removal of sulfuroxyanions by magnesium aluminium oxides and their thermal decomposition
Authors: Sato Tsugio , Tezuka Mikako , Endo Tadashi , Shimada Masahiko
Published: July 2010

The behaviour of the removal of the sulfuroxyanions, SO2−4, S2O2−3, S2O2−6and S4O2−6, in aqueous solutions by Mg0.61Al0.26□0.13O (□:vacancy) was investigated at 40–80°C. All the sulfuroxyanions were removed from solution competitively with OH−to form the hydrotalcite‐like compounds. The rate of the removal was first order with respect to the concentration of the sulfuroxyanion in the solution, and the apparent activation energy was about 60 kJ mol−1. All the sulfuroxyanions intercalated in the interlayer of hydrotalcite structure decomposed to SO2−4at 100–300°C.
Molar mass distribution of the polyoxyethylene derivatives of alcohols, alkylphenols and alkylamines
Authors: Szymanowski Jan , Atamańczuk Bronisęaw , Szewczyk Henryk
Published: July 2010

Numerical integration technique using the Runge‐Kutta method of the fourth order and optimization algorithms using the Monte Carlo method and the simplex Nelder and Mead method were applied for computing the distribution coefficients for polyoxyethylene derivatives of dodecanol, p‐t‐octylphenol and hexylamine. The validity of the proposed more general and quicker computing technique was proven.
Pyrolysed polyacrylonitrile (PPAN)—a novel and highly selective catalyst for the oxidative dehydrogenation of butene to butadiene
Authors: Ademodi B. , Macaulay Stanley R. A. , Cattaneo M. V.
Published: July 2010

The oxidative dehydrogenation of 1‐butene to butadienes over pyrolysed polyacrylonitrile (PPAN), a novel catalyst for the process has been studied. The catalyst was found to be considerably more active than conventional dehydrogenation catalysts, and appears more stable under reaction conditions.

Higher conversions and better selectivity were obtained at much reduced temperatures (from about 250°C). The Langmuir‐Hinshelwood mechanism, which assumes that surface reaction between adsorbed oxygen and butene species is rate controlling, has been used to explain the experimental results.