bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Intellectual Hegemony and the International Development Agenda
Authors: Gosovic Branislav
Published: March 2003

The worldwide homogenisation of thinking, analysis, and prescription, coupled with the de‐legitimisation of social critique, dissent, and alternative thinking in the 1990s, are characteristic of globalisation and of the current international system. The homogenisation is the outcome of global geopolitical changes and the end of the Cold War, with the ascendance of a victorious paradigm. The resulting global intellectual hegemony (GIH) is of special concernto developing countries and to the United Nations. It has undermined the goals and aspirations of the former and contributed to their intellectual disarmament and disempowerment; it has undermined the mandate and role of the latter. This essay discusses GIH in the context of international development cooperation, showing how it is nurtured in many different ways. It is argued that the mechanisms at work are well‐known in national politics, in particular inundemocratic societies, and are now projected by new technologies and through the global domination by those with power, a task made easier by the lack of organised and credible opposition. It suggests the need for further study and policy debate of this global phenomenon which seems to have largely passed unnoticed in academic, policy, and public opinion circles.
Federalism and national groups
Authors: Requejo Ferran
Published: March 2003

National pluralism is a feature that is not shared by all federations. Nor, until recent times, has it received sufficient analytical attention. In certain federations various national groups coexist. Among the national characteristics of these groups, we can mention the fact that their members recognise themselves as such because they share some cultural patterns. They also share some sense of historical distinctiveness in relation to other groups of the federation, are situated in a more or less clear territory, and display a will to maintain its distinctiveness in the political sphere. This, for example, is the case in Belgium, Canada, India, or Spain. These are plurinational federations or regional decentralised polities with institutional and regulatory challenges distinct from those faced by mononational federations such as the USA, Germany, Austria, Brazil, or Australia. This article briefly outlines certain elements pertaining to liberal‐democratic federalism within plurinational contexts. It gives particular attention to the characteristics of the main types of federal agreement, and a proposal for a federal organisation, here called plural federalism, that is more adequate to the needs of plurinational societies.
Violence in Rio de Janeiro: Styles of Leisure, Drug Use, and Trafficking
Authors: Zaluar Alba
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to understand the connections between poverty and drug traffic at retail level, approaching the devices that provoked economic, social, and political changes in poor neighbourhoods. Although one should bear in mind the historical background of the economic, social, and political changes in which violence and drug traffic thrive, the paper focuses on the data obtained in several field‐work researches, mainly the last one done from 1997 to 2000. The latter compares data on crimes and social indicators, interpreting them in the light of the ethnographical material about the styles of drug use and trafficking in three different districts of Rio de Janeiro: Copacabana, in the richest zone of the city; Tijuca, in a predominantly middle‐class area; Madureira, in a predominantly poor section. It describes how young favelados are attracted to the dangers and virility ethos of a certain style of drug dealing in which many lose their lives.
The changing face of mass murder: massacre, genocide, and postgenocide
Authors: Levene Mark
Published: March 2003

This contribution argues the case for the efficacy of labelling distinct episodes of extreme violence. While accepting common ingredients in what are here denoted as examples of ‘massacre’, ‘genocide’, and ‘post‐genocide the clue to their ’ separateness lies not in the form but in the historical framework within which each occurs. Only by examining patterns of historical process, in this case in the late‐Ottoman empire, are we likely to be able to build a broader analysis of the nature and causation of chronic and systemic violence in the modern world.
Self‐Employment and Social Security: A Literature Survey
Authors: Jesse Andy
Published: March 2003

Over 100 references to recent international literature, legislation, reforms and social security schemes have been compiled. The sources are described, indicating current themes for each. Conclusions are sketched on developing literature coverage.
Notional defined‐contribution schemes: Old wine in new bottles?
Authors: Cichon Michael
Published: March 2003

Until recently, most pension benefit formulae in social security schemes resembled each other. They were all defined‐benefit formulae that were either generous or mean, while defined‐contribution formulae were exclusively used in private and occupational pension schemes and some national provident funds. Then came the mandatory retirement savings model, introduced in Chile and subsequently in other Latin American countries. It did not seem possible that such a formula could be used on any large scale in the pay‐as‐you‐go environment of OECD pension schemes. In the early 1990s, however, Swedish social security experts devised the notional defined‐contribution (NDC) system: individual social insurance pension contribution records are converted into a fictitious savings amount at retirement, whereupon the defined‐contribution approach is followed. This article analyses how much of this approach is new. The conclusion is that it is a novel pension policy instrument rather than a new type of pension formula, and most of its potential financial and distributive effects could also be achieved by a classical, linear defined‐benefit formula. It is the packaging that differs and, in politics, that often is what matters.
Has the Portuguese NHS Achieved its Objectives of Equity and Efficiency?
Authors: Dixon Anna , Mossialos Elias
Published: March 2003

The Portuguese healthcare system has been in a state of continuous change since the political revolution of 1974, which brought about a constitutional commitment to a universal and comprehensive national health service. Despite much legislative activity, only partial implementation of these laws has taken place and the current system requires further changes if it is to attain its stated objectives of increasing equity and efficiency. This article analyses and assesses the state of the healthcare system in Portugal based on a review of the literature and interviews with key policymakers and academics and evaluates it against the criteria of equity and efficiency.
Recent developments in China’s social security reforms
Authors: Zhu Yukun
Published: March 2003

China is one of the few developing countries which have managed to establish a comprehensive social security system encompassing social insurance (for pension, medical care, unemployment, employment injury and maternity), social assistance and a housing provident fund. The past two decades have witnessed a continuous process of reform in the Chinese social security system. This article highlights the latest developments in each of the schemes and offers some insights into the problems confronting the system and the prospects for the reform.
Transformation in Ostdeutschland: Hat die Arbeitsmarktpolitik den Betroffenen geholfen?
Authors: Feldmann Horst
Published: March 2003

In order to smooth the transition from a planned to a market economy, labour market policies were applied to an unprecedented extent in East Germany. This paper analyses the effects of these policies. As it turns out, labour market policies not only were largely unsuccessful; in many cases they were even prejudicial to the unemployed as well as to regular employees.
Meta‐analyses of love scales: Do various love scales measure the same psychological constructs?
Authors: Masuda Masahiro
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Two statistical meta‐analyses synthesized 33 empirical studies which investigated the correlation between relationship satisfaction and two types of love: Erotic Love and Companionate Love, measured by various love scales based on four major theories by Rubin, Lee, Hatﬁeld, and Sternberg. The results drawn by the Hunter‐Schmidt method showed that satisfaction was highly correlated with Erotic Love, but that its correlation with Companionate Love was unclear due to heterogeneity in the total sample of the all Companionate Love studies. A moderator analysis indicated a potential moderator, that is, theoretical differences between Lee's Color Theory of Love and the other three theories. The result suggested that a Companionate Love named “Storge” in the Color Theory should not be mixed up with other friendship‐style loves deﬁned by other theories as the Storge subscale would measure a different psychological construct.
Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Examination of Reasons for Academic Study based on the Theory of Internalization
Authors: Hayamizu Toshihiko
Published: March 2003

In contrast with the view that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are antagonistic, the view proposed in this article is that they are anchors of a continuous variable. According to the theory set out here, intrinsic motivation develops by means of internalization. This gives rise to four types of motivation: external, introjected, identified, and intrinsic. The main purpose of this study was to construct a scale to measure these four types of motivation for academic achievement and then to examine its validity. The Stepping Motivation Scale, created by the author, was administered to 483 junior high school students. Intercorrelations among the four subscales conformed to a simplex structure, and documented a continuum from extrinsic to intrinsic motivation. To clarify the distinction among the four types of motivation, relevant variables such as causal attributions and coping behaviors in failing situations, beliefs in links between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, and teachers' evaluation of students' motivation were related to motivation types. A difference in motivational types was exhibited in the differential patterns of correlations.
Memory span for Arabic numerals and digit words in Japanese kanji in deaf signers
Authors: Flaherty Mary , Moran Aidan
Published: March 2003

According to the theory of working memory, the “phonological loop” is a slave system that stores a limited number of sounds for a short period of time. The question of how this system works for deaf people reading a logographic script, kanji, was investigated. We measured the memory span of a sample of Japanese hearing and deaf participants. Hearing subjects were tested in Japanese and deaf subjects in sign language. Memory span was assessed in control and articulatory suppression conditions. In the control condition, subjects were required to recall various item sequences as quickly and accurately as possible. In the articulatory suppression condition, the hearing subjects articulated the phrase no‐no, and the deaf subjects expressed a pseudosign, while viewing the stimuli. Results showed that the memory span of the deaf for Japanese kanji was similar to that of their hearing peers. This finding conflicts with previous research which suggested that for users of English, the deaf display consistently shorter memory spans than do their hearing counterparts. In addition, we discovered that in contrast to their hearing colleagues, the deaf Japanese subjects were relatively immune to expected articulatory suppression effects. This finding raises the possibility that working memory coding processes are not universal.
Mental rotation of random lined figures
Authors: Kanbe Fumio
Published: March 2003

The present study investigated the possible occurrence of mental rotation in judgments of whether pairs of line figures were identical. The feasibility of two discrete cognitive explanations based on holistic transformation and on feature computation was examined with varied levels of complexity controlled by the numbers of lines in a figure. In the experiment, participants were required to judge whether simultaneously presented pairs of figures were the same or different. When the participants' data were collapsed for regression analyses, evidence for mental rotation was not detected at any level of complexity, but reanalysis of the data revealed that some participants employed mental rotation in the cognition of complex figures. A monotonous increase in reaction times as a function of the number of lines was evident in identical pairs of figures but not in nonidentical pairs. It is argued that the feature computation explanation would better account for these results than would the holistic transformation explanation.
Development of the Spiritual Transcendence Index
Authors: Seidlitz Larry , Abernethy Alexis D. , Duberstein Paul R. , Evinger James S. , Chang Theresa H. , Lewis Bar’bara L.
Published: March 2003

In response to calls from the scientific community for improved conceptualizations and measures of spirituality, we describe the concept of “spiritual transcendence” and the development of the Spiritual Transcendence Index (STI). Spiritual transcendence refers to a perceived experience of the sacred that affects one’sself–perception, feelings, goals, and ability to transcend one’sdifficulties. The STI is an eight–item measure of this construct developed and refined based on rational considerations, input from three focus groups of religious leaders, and a reciprocal process of empirically testing the item pool and revising it across six successive surveys. The final scale, together with measures of related constructs, was tested in 220 randomly selected community residents. Although further study of the scale is needed, the STI demonstrated high consistency and validity across several samples in these initial exploratory studies.
Lack of a Secularizing Influence of Education on Religious Activity and Parity Among Mormons
Authors: Merrill Ray M. , Lyon Joseph L. , Jensen William J.
Published: March 2003

Research conducted in the early 1980s indicated that education does not have a secularizing influence on Mormons. Based on data from two cross–sectional surveys involving Utah residents in 1996 and 2000, we provide an updated assessment of the association between education and religiosity in Mormons and also consider this association in non–Mormons. We also evaluate the association between educational attainment and parity (i.e., number of children born to a woman) according to religious preference and religious activity. Consistent with previous research, we did not find education to have a secularizing influence on Mormons, but rather to have a positive association with religiosity for both Mormon men and women. Little or no association was observed in non–Mormons. Mean parity tended to decrease with higher education for both Mormons and non–Mormons. However, within categories of age and education, mean parity was considerably higher among religiously active Mormon women.
Critical Realism and the Limits to Critical Social Science
Authors: Sayer Andrew
Published: March 2003

The paper assesses the aims and arguments of critical social science and the reconstructions of it provided by critical realist philosophy. It argues that attempts to derive normative conclusions on the basis of explanatory critiques of social phenomena are flawed in several important respects. Accounts of critical social science standardly underestimate the problems of justifying critical standpoints and finding alternative social forms which generate fewer problems than those they replace, and hence lead to net improvement. By arguing that value positions can be derived from explanatory critiques, the philosophical reconstructions make light of the normative issues raised by proposals for social change. They also ignore the question of the feasibility of alternative systems and the prevalence of structures which generate both good and bad effects. While the reconstructions succeed in defending critiques centering on straightforward cases of false beliefs or the frustration of universal human needs, in others, where culturally‐specific needs and issues of social responsibilities are involved, they fail to recognise the need to address prior normative questions. It is therefore argued that the aims and claims of critical social science need to be moderated and its dependence on normative discourse properly acknowledged.
Realism, Deconstruction and the Feminist Standpoint
Authors: New Caroline
Published: March 2003

Feminist Standpoint Theory claims that by virtue of their social positioning women have access to, or can achieve, particular and/or better knowledge of gendered social relations. The epistemology, various versions of which are reviewed in the paper, has been criticised for over homogenising women. In its simplest form this critique claims that women’s diversity rules out communality and collective interests, and that FST unawarely takes white middle class Western women as representative. In its stronger, postructuralist form this critique undermines feminism by reducing the category ‘women’ to an effect of discourse whose referent is, and should be, constantly shifting. The paper argues for the reality of sex difference and puts forward a realist defence of a modified Feminist Standpoint Theory.
Dancing Bodies: Moving Beyond Marxian Views of Human Activity Relations and Consciousness
Authors: Clark‐Rapley Elaine
Published: March 2003

Human action has generally appeared to the sociologist as instrumental action, movement conceptualized and valued in terms of its utility, with the actor defined in terms of agency within rationalized social systems (Bryan Turner, 1991). Dance provides a way of seeing that conditions for human existence cannot be reduced to socio‐economic relations and forms. Drawing on my ethnographic study of a dance improvisation group, I explore some of the ways in which innovative action resists the productive and textual relations that turn bodies into objects of social control in the capitalist world‐order, and creates relations that enable ‘free’ action and liberated subjectivities. Innovations disrupt the pre‐existing frames of reference, physical and linguistic, that position the subject in the world of work, and establish an unlimited and undetermined time‐space for experiencing ‘something new’. In this case the something new is an opportunity to create oneself anew through choices that are made moving ‘free’ from the constraints of practical activity. Within the intersubjective life‐world established through innovative action a space is created for individuation and empowerment. Although these conditions for existence are episodically produced and contingent, they begin and end with the dancing, the relations are self‐affirming rather than self‐alienating. Dance improvisation experience provides a sociological context for presenting human activity as a contested category in sociological theory, and it raises some important questions about what it means to be human in the world.
The Analogical Argument for Animal Pain
Authors: Perrett Roy W.
Published: March 2003

Philosophical defenders of animal liberation believe that we have direct duties to animals. Typically a presumption of that belief is that animals have the capacity to experience pain and suffering. Notoriously, however, a strand of Western scientific and philosophical thought has held animals to be incapable of experiencing pain, and even today one frequently encounters in discussions of animal liberation expressions of scepticism about whether animals really experience pain.

The Analogical Argument for Animal Pain responds to this scepticism by claiming that it is just as reasonable for me to believe that animals feel pain, given my only evidence for this is shared behaviour and physiology, as it is for me to believe that other humans feel pain on the basis of similar evidence. In this paper I expound and defend this Argument.
Against Strong Speciesism
Authors: Graft Donald
Published: March 2003

Speciesism, difference of treatment based on an appeal to species membership, is often likened to racism and sexism, and condemned on those grounds. Some philosophers, however, reject this argument by analogy and instead forward an argument for speciesism based on a postulated right of species to compete for survival. This paper attacks this strong form of speciesism by showing that the underlying concept of ‘species’ is incoherent in the context of morality, and that strong speciesism has unacceptable corollaries.
Are the Descendants of Slaves Owed Compensation for Slavery?
Authors: Kershnar Stephen
Published: March 2003

The compensatory‐justice justification of affirmative action requires a comparison of the actual world in which the injured person lives with a relevantly similar possible world in which this person lives but where the unjust injuring act never occurred, in order to identify the degree of harm brought about by the unjust injurious act. The problem is that some unjust injuring acts, particularly acts of slavery, led to intercourse and the later creation of the ancestors of many members of minority groups. Hence, there is no possible world in which these individuals exist and in which the injustice, e.g., slavery, did not occur. As a result, the counterfactual test does not allow us to measure or even understand the existence of a compensatable injury to these persons. I provide an inheritance‐based account of compensation that escapes this.
Early Obsessive Drawings and Personal Development
Authors: Paine Sheila
Published: March 2003

Drawing activity may not be inherently therapeutic, but evidence of the affect of (traumatic) experience in drawings, is especially apparent in the work of some exceptionally creative persons and of children who draw obsessively. The notion of drawing as potentially therapeutic rather than merely responsive, assumes that the activity and the imagery are interactive in some way with the personality and development of those who draw. This assumption is supported by a new childhood‐to‐maturity case‐study, which focuses on the drawing and development of one individual with exceptional drawing skills, who has gradually emerged from acute learning, emotional and social difficulties. The evidence from his drawings over a twenty–year period is extended by his own memories (and by observations of him at the time) of their early motivation and significance. Some of his greatest difficulties were also the spur to his creative energy and the activity of drawing and the drawings themselves were instrumental in his maturation.
ICT in Art
Authors: Callow Philip
Published: March 2003

The role of ICT in art teaching is I believe of great importance. The paper outlines and illustrates some of the reasons and connections and makes an argument for its increased usage in future art education in schools. The work shown uses hardware and software that is affordable for most schools and creates links through the internet and Web page design on an international scale.
An Examination of the Long Run Performance of UK Acquiring Firms
Authors: Gregory Alan
Published: March 2003

This study examines a comprehensive data set of large domestic takeovers by UK listed companies between 1984 and 1992. The contribution of this paper is to show, by using a series of models of abnormal returns, together with the Ibbotson (1975) ‘Returns Across Time Series’ model and a simple cross‐sectional model of returns across all listed UK companies, that the average abnormal return for up to two years post‐acquisition is unambiguously and significantly negative. In particular, acquirers financing a takeover through equity, and single (as opposed to regular) acquirers exhibit significant negative performance. There is also some evidence to suggest that diversifying acquirers perform worse than non‐diversifying acquirers and that recommended bids are associated with poorer subsequent under‐performance by acquirers than are hostile bids.
Stock Price Reaction to Daily Limit Moves: Evidence From the Taiwan Stock Exchange
Authors: Huang Yen‐Sheng
Published: March 2003

This paper tests the overreaction hypothesis by examining the price behavior following daily limit moves. The sample includes all listed firms on the Taiwan Stock Exchange for the period 1971—93. There are significant price reversals following the limit moves for both the up‐limit and the down‐limit cases. The price reversals cannot be attributed to the size effect. When the size effect is adjusted for, the price reversals remain significant.
Corporate Takeovers: Mode of Payment, Returns and Trading Activity
Authors: Draper Paul , Paudyal Krishna
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the impact of takeover bids and, in particular, the method of payment to the shareholders of the target firms on the returns, trading activity and bid‐ask spreads of target and bidding firms traded on the London Stock Exchange. It suggests that the shareholders of target firms benefit substantially from takeover activity while the shareholders of bidding firms do not suffer. The combined value of the firms engaged in takeover activity increases by a small percentage during the event period. However, the benefit from a takeover announcement to the shareholders of the target firm varies from year to year and has declined in the recent past. The magnitude of excess returns available to the shareholders is also dependent on the mode of payment. Prices of target (bidding) firms increase (decrease) most if the shareholders of the target firms are given an option to receive payment in shares or in cash. The findings also reveal that during the event period trading activity in target and bidding companies increases depending on the form in which payments to shareholders are made. In response to this increased liquidity, the bid‐ask spreads of target and bidding firms decline during the event period.
Trade Credit Management and the Decision to Use Factoring: An Empirical Study
Authors: Summers Barbara , Wilson Nicholas
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the firm's decision to use factoring amongst a cross‐sectional sample of 655 manufacturing companies using a rich firm‐level database. The paper develops and tests hypotheses that explain this particular choice of credit and financial management policy. We find strong evidence of a ‘financing demand’ explanation for the use of factoring, and also some support for theories which relate the decision to use a factor to the firm's product characteristics, to market characteristics and to the preferences of the factor (supply constraints). The motivation to use factoring, however, appears to be related more to a demand for asset‐based finance from small companies than to firm‐level choices about organisational structure.
The Gilt‐Equity Yield Ratio and the Predictability of UK and US Equity Returns
Authors: Harris Richard D.F. , Sanchez‐Valle Rene
Published: March 2003

A number of financial variables have been shown to be effective in explaining the time‐series of aggregate equity returns in both the UK and the US. These include, inter alia, the equity dividend yield, the spread between the yields on long and short government bonds, and the lagged equity return. Recently, however, the ratio between the long government bond yield and the equity dividend yield – the gilt‐equity yield ratio – has emerged as a variable that has considerable explanatory power for UK equity returns. This paper compares the predictive ability of the gilt‐equity yield ratio with these other variables for UK and US equity returns, providing evidence on both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample performance. For UK monthly returns, it is shown that while the dividend yield has substantial in‐sample explanatory power, this is not matched by out‐of sample forecast accuracy. The gilt‐equity yield ratio, in contrast, performs well both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample. Although the predictability of US monthly equity returns is much lower than for the UK, a similar result emerges, with the gilt‐equity yield ratio dominating the other variables in terms of both in‐sample explanatory power and out‐of‐sample forecast performance. The gilt‐equity yield ratio is also shown to have substantial predictive ability for long horizon returns.
Time Varying Beta Risk: An Analysis of Alternative Modelling Techniques
Authors: Faff Robert W. , Hillier David , Hillier Joseph
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the performance of three different approaches to modelling time‐variation in conditional asset betas: GARCH models, the extended market model of Schwert and Seguin (1990) and the Kalman Filter algorithm. Using daily UK industry returns, we find the simple market model beta to be as efficient as the more complicated GARCH type models. However, the Kalman Filter algorithm incorporating a random walk parameterisation dominates all other models under the mean‐square error criterion. Finally, we provide strong evidence that a combination of the methods under investigation may lead to considerably more powerful estimators of the time‐variation in conditional beta.
Estimating the Equity Risk Premium Using Accounting Fundamentals
Authors: O'Hanlon John , Steele Anthony
Published: March 2003

This study uses recent developments in the theoretical modelling of the links between unrecorded accounting goodwill, accounting profitability and the cost of equity, together with Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) betas, to estimate the ex‐ante equity risk premium in the UK. The results suggest that, over our sample period from 1968 to 1995, the premium has been in the region of 5%. Our estimate lends support to the view that the ex‐ante equity risk premium is substantially less than the historical average of the excess of equity returns over the risk‐free rate, and is similar to the rates applied recently by UK competition regulators.
Determinants of Capital Structure and Adjustment to Long Run Target: Evidence From UK Company Panel Data
Authors: Ozkan Aydin
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the empirical determinants of borrowing decisions of firms and the role of adjustment process. A partial adjustment model is estimated by GMM estimation procedure using data for an unbalanced panel of 390 UK firms over the period of 1984–1996. Our results suggest that firms have long‐term target borrowing ratios and they adjust to their target ratios relatively fast, which might suggest that the costs of being away from their target ratios are significant. The results also provide support for positive impact of size, and negative effects of growth opportunities, liquidity, profitability of firms and non‐debt tax shields on the borrowing decisions of companies.
Testing Efficiency Across Markets: Evidence from the NCAA Basketball Betting Market
Authors: Colquitt L. Lee , Godwin Norman H. , Caudill Steven B.
Published: March 2003

This study utilizes the National Collegiate Athletic Association basketball point spread betting market to investigate whether differences in information availability across markets result in different relative efficiencies of price formation within those markets. Using intra‐conference games of various conferences as clearly defined markets, we show that these markets are efficient given the information available in those markets. However, we also show that regression error variances are significantly smaller (greater) for those conferences with greater (lesser) information availability. This evidence supports previous stock market research suggesting that differential fundamental information availability across stock markets results in differential departures from equilibrium values.
Managerial Ownership, Information Content of Earnings, and Discretionary Accruals in a Non–US Setting
Authors: Gabrielsen Gorm , Gramlich Jeffrey D. , Plenborg Thomas
Published: March 2003

This study employs Danish data to examine the empirical relationship between the proportion of managerial ownership and two characteristics of accounting earnings: the information content of earnings and the magnitude of discretionary accruals. In previous research concerning American firms, Warfield et al. (1995) document a positive relationship between managerial ownership and the information content of earnings, and a negative relationship between managerial ownership and discretionary accruals. We question the generality of the Warfield et al. result, as the ownership structure found in most other countries, including Denmark, deviates from the US ownership configuration. In fact, Danish data indicate that the information content of earnings is inversely related to managerial ownership.
Ideological and Party Constraints on Immigration Attitudes in Europe
Authors: Lahav Gallya
Published: March 2003

Immigration has become one of the most dynamic and challenging issues facing policy‐makers in a Europe of changing boundaries. While the divisions in the immigration debate have been elusive, there have been contending views about the viability of traditional political alignments. This article assesses the relevance of ideological orientations and party affiliations in structuring elite attitudes towards the immigration issue. Using survey questionnaires (n=168) and in‐depth interviews with 54 members of the European Parliament, the study identifies traditional party and national affinities and evolving transnational allegiances. The findings suggest that although nation‐specific factors, European institution‐building and the promotion of a common European identity affect traditional sources of attitude polarizations, the left–right construct has been reinvented in the emergent Europe. Ideological and party constraints on immigration remain significant in Europe after the Union.
The Working Groups of the Council of the European Union: Supranational or Intergovernmental Negotiations?
Authors: Beyers Jan , Dierickx Guido
Published: March 2003

The purpose of the article is to look at how far the functioning of Council working groups contributes to a supranational or to an intergovernmental communication network. For this we use data collected by interviewing diplomats and civil servants involved in these working groups. Our analysis consists of three steps. First, we describe the communication networks in general. Secondly, we look at how far Member States’ representatives perceive similarities between their potential partners. Thirdly, we investigate to what extent there exist affinities between negotiators and their partners. In a final section, the potential of some explanatory variables will be explored.
Coalition‐Sensitive Voting Power in the Council of Ministers: The Case of Eastern Enlargement
Authors: Winkler G. Michael
Published: March 2003

The Shapley value is used to analyse the distribution of voting power for qualified majority decisions in the EU Council. Coalition‐neutral and coalition‐sensitive voting power are distinguished. In large unions such as the current Union of the Fifteen, the distribution of coalition‐neutral voting power almost coincides with the distribution of votes, whereas the coalition‐sensitive voting power of a Member State may deviate considerably from its share of votes and react strongly to small changes in circumstances. The case of eastern enlargement of the Union is used to demonstrate that coalition‐sensitive voting power appropriately exhibits the Member States’ influence in the Council.
Consensus and Constraint: Ideas and Capital Mobility in European Monetary Integration
Authors: McNamara Kathleen R.
Published: March 2003

The critical foundation for European monetary integration is the neoliberal economic policy convergence that occurred across the majority of the European governments beginning in the mid‐1970s and solidifying in the 1980s. While capital mobility determines the conditions under which international monetary agreements can be sustained, political leaders’ policy ideas or shared normative and causal beliefs about monetary policy are necessary to explain whether states choose to meet those conditions. These ideational factors are critical in part because of the high degree of uncertainty over the distributional effects of exchange rate and monetary co‐operation, ambiguity which mutes both mass political debate and sectoral interest‐group activity. A template of ideational change is thus proposed to explain the path of European monetary integration.
Cohesion and Citizenship in EU Cultural Policy
Authors: Delgado Moreira Juan M.
Published: March 2003

This article analyses the ideas and principles that EU cultural policy seeks to promote, and how they are connected to cohesion policy and citizenship. A review of the background to the 2000–04 first framework in support of culture shows that the European Commission justifies cultural policy predominantly in connection with cohesion, while it also aims for the development of a European identity as a civic culture. This view is compared with that of the Committee of the Regions (COR), and the divergence of cultural ends between them is made explicit. Finally, the article relates this case to the wider debate on liberal citizenship and minority/national rights, and warns that such a discrepancy stems from two conflicting models of citizenship.
National and Partisan Contexts of Europeanization: The Case of the French Socialists
Authors: Cole Alistair
Published: March 2003

This article affirms the usefulness of thinking of Europeanization and European policy change in terms of national, party and European contexts and their interrelationships. Through a case study of the French Socialists in office, the article seeks to establish that national, party and European policy contexts matter in different ways and in varying degrees. National context provides a set of institutions, interests and referential paradigms which help to make sense of a complex external environment. Party provides a distinctive partisan lens and an enduring political community. Europeanization poses a series of direct and indirect policy challenges and opportunities for nation‐states and party governments. The article considers national and Europeanized pressures to be more significant than partisan processes.
The Limited Europeanization of Domestic Citizenship Policy: Evidence from the Netherlands
Authors: Vink Maarten P.
Published: March 2003

This article analyses the Europeanization of domestic citizenship policy by focusing on the attempt to introduce the principle of multiple nationality in the Dutch Nationality Act. Considering that citizenship is often seen as a last bastion of national sovereignty, it is not surprising that neither the European Union nor the Council of Europe could play a decisive role. Nevertheless, the evidence from the Netherlands shows that, resulting from negative integration, the importance of Brussels could increase after a landmark ruling by the Court of Justice, and also that Strasbourg‐based European norms should not be underestimated as they can substantially ‘frame’ domestic discourses.
Veto Players and Decision‐making in the EU After Nice
Authors: Tsebelis George , Yataganas Xenophon
Published: March 2003

The Treaty of Nice introduced a triple majority requirement for Council decisions. In order to be valid, Council decisions require not only a qualified majority (slightly larger than before), but also an absolute majority of Member States and, at a country’s request, a 62 per cent majority of the total population of EU countries. We explain why this significant modification of the rules occurred and what the likely consequences are. The triple majority requirement was introduced because the approaching enlargement of the EU differentiates for the first time between the three majoritarian criteria (weighted votes in the Council, majority of countries, and majority of the population). Different countries have insisted on each of these criteria and the final outcome is an explicit incorporation of all three. The likely outcomes of this change in rules are increased difficulty of legislative decisions, a shift of veto powers in favour of the Council, an increased role for the judiciary, and a further bureaucratization of the EU.
Democracy through Strong Publics in the European Union?
Authors: Eriksen Erik Oddvar , Fossum John Erik
Published: March 2003

This article explores the democratizing role of strong publics, which are institutionalized bodies of deliberation and decision–making. Strong publics are important to modern democracy as they subject decision–making to justificatory debate. This article evaluates selected aspects of the institutional nexus of the EU in order to see if they qualify as strong publics. The focus is on comitology, the European Parliament and the Charter Convention. These bodies vary in their status as strong publics, but to various degrees they all inject the logic of impartial justification and reason–giving into the EU system.
Chartering Europe: Legal Status and Policy Implications of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
Authors: Menéndez Agustín José
Published: March 2003

This article aims at exploring the legal status and policy implications of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. It is argued that the Charter has legal value, despite the fact that it has not been incorporated into Community law. This is so to the extent that it consolidates existing law. The additional symbolic value of the Charter grounds the claim that it will have concrete policy impacts. It will have an effect on the weighting of social and economic goals of the Union, on its external trade and development policy, on the enlargement process (Article 49 TEU), and on the potential application of sanctions to Member States (Article 7 TEU).
The European Social Model
Authors: Scharpf Fritz W.
Published: March 2003

European integration has created a constitutional asymmetry between policies promoting market efficiencies and policies promoting social protection and equality. National welfare states are legally and economically constrained by European rules of economic integration, liberalization and competition law, whereas efforts to adopt European social policies are politically impeded by the diversity of national welfare states, differing not only in levels of economic development and hence in their ability to pay for social transfers and services but, even more significantly, in their normative aspirations and institutional structures. In response, the ‘open method of coordination’ is now being applied in the social–policy field. It leaves effective policy choices at the national level, but tries to improve these through promoting common objectives and common indicators, and through comparative evaluations of national policy performance. These efforts are useful but cannot overcome the constitutional asymmetry. Hence there is reason to search for solutions which must have the character of European law in order to establish constitutional parity with the rules of European economic integration, but which also must be sufficiently differentiated to accommodate the existing diversity of national welfare regimes. The article discusses two such options, ‘closer co–operation’ and a combination of differentiated ‘framework directives’ with the open method of co–ordination.
The European Security and Defence Policy
Authors: Deighton Anne
Published: March 2003

The European security and defence policy signifies a fundamental shift away from the civilian nature of the European Union, and its institutional relationship with Nato. Change has been complex and controversial. A ‘militarized’ EU requires an appropriate culture and organization, as well as policies and policy tools, if it is to achieve strategic space and well–defined relations with other international institutions. None of these is yet fully in place. Clear outcomes cannot be immediately anticipated or expected, and these will depend upon both the political will of European states and the United States.
Crisis and Learning: A Conceptual Balance Sheet
Authors: Stern Eric
Published: March 2003

Can governments learn? The title of an influential monograph by a leading political psychologist (Etheredge, 1985) posed this seemingly simplistic question. At first glance, the obvious answer to such a blunt question would appear to be ‘of course’. Governments (and government agencies) persist in spite of, or in some cases because of, dynamic and often hostile political environments. This would seem to indicate that a significant degree of learning is taking place. Yet many scholars, including Etheredge 1985 himself, are markedly skeptical about the learning capacity of policy‐makers and governmental organizations and argue that governments learn poorly or slowly at best (Sabatier, 1987; Lebovic, 1995: 835). How can this be? Is this apparent paradox an artefact of the ways in which scholars define and operationalize the concept of learning?

Part one of the article will present a brief and selective survey of the diverse inter‐disciplinary literature on policy and political learning. This preliminary conceptual analysis identifies several difficult issues. Among the most serious is the ontological question (who or what learns?) and the problem of distinguishing learning from other types of political change, which raises thorny normative and methodological questions.

The second part of the article brings the concept of crisis into the learning equation. It has been hypothesized by a number of scholars (George, 1980; Goldmann, 1988; Young, 1989; Olsen, 1992) that conditions associated with policy crises, and their aftermath, may facilitate learning and change and contribute to overcoming the governmental inertia and political dynamics which often inhibit learning under ‘normal’ conditions. For example, it is argued that the experience of crises may contribute to a posture of cognitive openness conducive to individual and collective learning. Crisis experiences tend to re‐order the political agenda, stimulate an appetite for change and reform on the part of the electorate and the mass media and, thus, create moments of political possibility, ‘policy windows’ (Kingdon, 1984), which create opportunities for agile reformers before they close. A ‘balance‐sheet’ approach is used in order to examine the plausibility of the crisis‐learning hypothesis. This entails posing twin questions. First, what are the characteristics of crisis situations (or political systems which have experienced crises) likely to promote governmental learning? Secondly, what are the characteristics of crisis situations (or political systems which have experienced crises) likely to create obstacles to learning?

Some preliminary thoughts on how to go about conducting empirical research in this area, and some reflections upon the results of the conceptual analysis, are presented in the last two sections of the article.