bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Bass Diffusion Model on Finite Barabasi‐Albert Networks
Authors: Bertotti M. L. , Modanese G.
Published: April 2019

Using a heterogeneous mean‐field network formulation of the Bass innovation diffusion model and recent exact results on the degree correlations of Barabasi‐Albert networks, we compute the times of the diffusion peak and compare them with those on scale‐free networks which have the same scale‐free exponent but different assortativity properties. We compare our results with those obtained for the SIS epidemic model with the spectral method applied to adjacency matrices. It turns out that diffusion times on finite Barabasi‐Albert networks are at a minimum. This may be due to a little‐known property of these networks: whereas the value of the assortativity coefficient is close to zero, they look disassortative if one considers only a bounded range of degrees, including the smallest ones, and slightly assortative on the range of the higher degrees. We also find that if the trickle‐down character of the diffusion process is enhanced by a larger initial stimulus on the hubs (via a inhomogeneous linear term in the Bass model), the relative difference between the diffusion times for BA networks and uncorrelated networks is even larger, reaching, for instance, the 34% in a typical case on a network with 104 nodes.
Spontaneous Tumor Lysis Syndrome Secondary to Small-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Unknown Origin: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Myint Phyo Thazin , Butt Hifza Waheed , Alrifai Taha , Marin Carlos
Published: April 2019

Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome (STLS), in the absence of prior chemo or radiation therapy, is rare with solid tumors. Here, we present a case of STLS secondary to a small-cell neuroendocrine tumor of unknown origin in a 66-year-old female patient who presented with abdominal discomfort. Computed tomography (CT) abdomen showed a large tumor mass with peritoneal metastasis, and she developed renal failure from STLS, resulting in the need for hemodialysis. Due to the progressive deterioration and the comorbidities, she opted for comfort care. Timely recognition and intervention of STLS is critical. Further studies evaluating STLS in solid tumor patients are recommended.
Birth Preparedness among Women Who Gave Birth in the Last Twelve Months in Jardega Jarte District, Western Ethiopia
Authors: Asrat Tiruneh , Baraki Negga , Assefa Nega , Alemkere Getachew
Published: April 2019

Background. Lack of preparedness for rapid action in the event of obstetric complications was the major problem contributing for delay in receiving skilled obstetric care. This study aimed to assess birth preparedness and factors associated with it among women who gave birth in the last 12 months preceding the survey in Jardega Jarte district, Western Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to February 2016. A total of 581 women who gave birth recently were randomly selected for an interview. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify predictive factors. Statistical significance was declared at p<0.05. Results. From 581 questionnaires distributed, 570 were completed making the response rate 98%. The mean age was 28 with a standard deviation of 5 years. Ninety percent of the respondents were rural in residency. The average family size was 6 with a range of 13. Majority of the respondents were grand multipara, 261(45.6%). Despite the majority (69.3%) of the respondents reported as they made arrangement for birth, only 27.5% of them were well-prepared for birth and its complication management. Urban residency (AOR=3.4, 95% CI: 1.7-6.9), primipara (AOR=5.12, 95% CI: 2.4-10.8), history of obstetric complication (AOR=4.05, 95% CI: 2.4-7.75), and attending antenatal care (AOR=2.9, 95% CI: 1.67-5.16) were independently associated with preparation for birth and its complication. Conclusion. This study revealed that only about a quarter of pregnant women were well-prepared for delivery and complication management. Urban residencies, history of past obstetric complications, availing antenatal care, primipara, and absence of an under-five child in the household during recent delivery were predictors of birth preparedness. On the other hand, availing health service to such rural areas, giving more attention to the grand multiparous mothers with large family size will be important interventions to prevent pregnancy-related complications. Such efforts would benefit from accessing antenatal care and family planning services.
A Review ofOenanthe javanica(Blume) DC. as Traditional Medicinal Plant and Its Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Lu Chuan-li , Li Xiu-fen
Published: April 2019

Oenanthe javanica, popularly known as water dropwort, has long been used in various ethnomedical systems in Asia, especially in China, Korean, and Japan, for treating various chronic and acute hepatitis, jaundice, alcohol hangovers, abdominal pain, and inflammatory conditions. The present review aims to provide a general report of the available literature on traditional uses, phytochemical, pharmacological, nutritional, and toxicological data related to theO. javanicaas a potential source of new compounds with biological activities. Considering phytochemical studies, coumarins, flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides, organic acids, and polyphenols were the main classes of compounds identified in the whole plant which were correlated with their biological activities such as hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, immune enhancement, ethanol elimination, antioxidant, antiviral, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anticoagulant, anti-fatigue, hypoglycemic, cardiovascular protection, analgesic, and insecticidal activities.
An Area Rescaling Ansatz and Black Hole Entropy from Loop Quantum Gravity
Authors: Majhi Abhishek
Published: April 2019

Considering the possibility of ‘renormalization’ of the gravitational constant on the horizon, leading to a dependence on the level of the associated Chern-Simons theory, a rescaled area spectrum is proposed for the nonrotating black hole horizon in loop quantum gravity. The statistical mechanical calculation leading to the entropy provides a unique choice of the rescaling function for which the Bekenstein-Hawking area law is yielded without the need to choose the Barbero-Immirzi parameter (γ). γ is determined, rather than being chosen, by studying the limit in which the ‘renormalized’ gravitational constant on the horizon asymptotically approaches the ‘bare’ value. The possible physical dynamics behind the ‘renormalization’ is discussed.
SOX9 Stem-Cell Factor: Clinical and Functional Relevance in Cancer
Authors: Aguilar-Medina Maribel , Avendaño-Félix Mariana , Lizárraga-Verdugo Erik , Bermúdez Mercedes , Romero-Quintana José Geovanni , Ramos-Payan Rosalío , Ruíz-García Erika , López-Camarillo César
Published: April 2019

Transcriptional and epigenetic embryonic programs can be reactivated in cancer cells. As result, a specific subset of undifferentiated cells with stem-cells properties emerges and drives tumorigenesis. Recent findings have shown that ectoderm- and endoderm-derived tissues continue expressing stem-cells related transcription factors of the SOX-family of proteins such as SOX2 and SOX9 which have been implicated in the presence of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in tumors. Currently, there is enough evidence suggesting an oncogenic role for SOX9 in different types of human cancers. This review provides a summary of the current knowledge about the involvement of SOX9 in development and progression of cancer. Understanding the functional roles of SOX9 and clinical relevance is crucial for developing novel treatments targeting CSCs in cancer.
Enhanced Device Performance of Bulk Heterojunction (BHJ) Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Colloidal CdSe Quantum Dots (QDs) via Optimized Hexanoic Acid-Assisted Washing Treatment
Authors: Madsuha Alfian F. , Yuwono Akhmad H. , Sofyan Nofrijon , Krueger Michael
Published: April 2019

As-synthesized colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are usually covered by an organic capping ligand. These ligands provide colloidal stability by preventing QDs agglomeration. However, their inherent electrical insulation properties deliver a problem for hybrid solar cell application, disrupting charge transfer, and electron transport in conjugated polymer/QDs photoactive blends. Therefore, a surface modification of QDs is crucial before QDs are integrated into solar cell fabrication. In this work, enhancement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) hybrid solar cells based on hexadecylamine- (HDA-) capped CdSe quantum dots (QDs) has been achieved via a postsynthetic hexanoic acid washing treatment. The investigation of the surface modification was performed to find the optimum of washing time and their effect on solar cell devices performance. Variation of washing time between 16 and 30 min has been conducted, and an optimum washing time was found at 22 min, resulting in a high PCE of 2.81%. The efficiency enhancement indicates improved electron transport, contributing in an increased short-circuit current density of solar cell devices.
Exponentiated Inverse Rayleigh Distribution and an Application to Coating Weights of Iron Sheets Data
Authors: Rao Gadde Srinivasa , Mbwambo Sauda
Published: April 2019

This article aims to introduce a generalization of the inverse Rayleigh distribution known as exponentiated inverse Rayleigh distribution (EIRD) which extends a more flexible distribution for modeling life data. Some statistical properties of the EIRD are investigated, such as mode, quantiles, moments, reliability, and hazard function. We describe different methods of parametric estimations of EIRD discussed by using maximum likelihood estimators, percentile based estimators, least squares estimators, and weighted least squares estimators and compare those estimates using extensive numerical simulations. The performances of the proposed methods of estimation are compared by Monte Carlo simulations for both small and large samples. To illustrate these methods in a practical application, a data analysis of real-world coating weights of iron sheets is obtained from the ALAF industry, Tanzania, during January-March, 2018. ALAF industry uses aluminum-zinc galvanization technology in the coating process. This application identifies the EIRD as a better model than other well-known distributions in modeling lifetime data.
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Cervix in Pregnancy: A Case Report and Review
Authors: Pan Linglan , Liu Renyan , Sheng Xiujie , Chen Dunjin
Published: April 2019

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix is a rare subtype of cervical cancer. Here we report a case in which a 27-year-old female patient presented at 34-week gestation with abnormal vaginal bleeding, underwent normal labor, and gave birth to a healthy neonate. Her pregnancy was complicated with a cervical tumor which turned out to be small cell neuroendocrine cervical carcinoma. We reviewed and discussed the features, diagnosis, and prognosis of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix.
Modulation Classification of Underwater Communication with Deep Learning Network
Authors: Wang Yan , Zhang Hao , Sang Zhanliang , Xu Lingwei , Cao Conghui , Gulliver T. Aaron
Published: April 2019

Automatic modulation recognition has successfully used various machine learning methods and achieved certain results. As a subarea of machine learning, deep learning has made great progress in recent years and has made remarkable progress in the field of image and language processing. Deep learning requires a large amount of data support. As a communication field with a large amount of data, there is an inherent advantage of applying deep learning. However, the extensive application of deep learning in the field of communication has not yet been fully developed, especially in underwater acoustic communication. In this paper, we mainly discuss the modulation recognition process which is an important part of communication process by using the deep learning method. Different from the common machine learning methods that require feature extraction, the deep learning method does not require feature extraction and obtains more effects than common machine learning.
Development of a Correlation between the Resilient Modulus and CBR Value for Granular Blends Containing Natural Aggregates and RAP/RCA Materials
Authors: Arshad Muhammad
Published: April 2019

Limited supplies of natural aggregates for highway construction, in addition to increasing processing costs, time, and environmental concerns, have led to the use of various reclaimed/recycled materials. Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) have prospective uses in substantial amounts in base and subbase layers of flexible pavement in order to overcome the increasing issue of a shortage of natural aggregates. This research presents the development of an empirical model for the estimation of resilient modulus value (MR) on the basis of CBR values using experimental results obtained for 52 remoulded granular samples containing natural aggregates, RCA, and RAP samples. Statistical analysis of the suggested model shows promising results in terms of its strength and significance whent-test was applied. Additionally, experimental results also show thatMRvalue increases in conjunction with an increase in RAP contents, while the trend for the CBR value is the opposite. Statistical analysis of simulation results using PerRoad and KenPave demonstrates that addition of RAP contents in the subbase layer of flexible pavements significantly improves its performance when considering resistance against rutting and fatigue. However, results of repeated load triaxial tests show that residual accumulative strain under a certain range of loading conditions increases substantially due to the addition of RAP materials, which may be disadvantageous to the serviceable life of the whole pavement structure.
Biomarkers of Atrial Fibrillation: Which One Is a True Marker?
Authors: Ardhianto Pipin , Yuniadi Yoga
Published: April 2019

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmias and associated with the risk of stroke and death. Continuous development of the diagnostic tool and prognostic stratification may lead to optimal management of AF. The use of biomarkers in the management of AF has been grown as an interesting topic. However, the AF biomarkers are not yet well established in the major guidelines. Among these biomarkers, a lot of data show troponin and brain natriuretic peptides are promising for the prediction of future events. The troponin elevation in AF patients may not necessarily be diagnosed as myocardial infarction or significant coronary artery stenosis, and brain natriuretic peptide elevation may not necessarily confirm heart failure. Troponin T and troponin I may predict postoperative AF. Furthermore, troponin and brain natriuretic peptide gave better prognostic performance when compared with the risk score available today.
Contribution of Experimental Animal Research Studies to the Emergency Medicine Literature
Authors: Ocak Umut , Zhang John H.
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study is to provide a detailed analysis of emergency medicine (EM) research literature to unveil the trends while underlining the importance of experimental research for all territories of science. To this end, the experimental animal research articles published in EM journals indexed to the Science Citation Index Expanded database with a date of publication between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2017, were reviewed retrospectively. All data regarding the journal name, publication year, country, department and institution of the first author, subject species, type of the experimental model, target organ/system/functions, evaluation method, outcome measures, and citation counts were noted. Resultantly, a total of 736 articles were found to be published in 18 journals. Resuscitation (n=285, 38.7%) had the highest number of articles followed by Injury (n=143, 19.4%), Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery (n=128, 17.4%), and American Journal of Emergency Medicine (n=63, 8.6%). The USA was the largest contributor with 199 studies (27%). The department of the first author was EM in 190 (28.8%) of the reports. Various versions of cardiac arrest models were applied in 257 (34.9%) studies while brain (n=101, 13.7%) was the most commonly explored area. The main outcome measures were clinical outcomes/survival rates (n=408, 55.43%). The molecular mechanisms of the injury were evaluated in 37 (5%) of the studies. In conclusion, experimental animal studies are essential in the progress of contemporary scientific knowledge. EM journals should encourage and consider giving more place to experimental research given their undisputed worth and potential future contributions to science, including the field of EM.
Measuring Radial and Tangential Changes in Tropical Cyclone Rain Fields Using Metrics of Dispersion and Closure
Authors: Matyas Corene , Tang Jingyin
Published: April 2019

Although tropical cyclone (TC) rain fields assume varying spatial configurations, many studies only use areal coverage to compare TCs. To provide additional spatial information, this study calculates metrics of closure, or the tangential completeness of reflectivity regions surrounding the circulation center, and dispersion, or the spread of reflectivity outwards from the storm center. Two hurricanes that encountered different conditions after landfall are compared. Humberto (2007) experienced rapid intensification (RI), stronger vertical wind shear, and more moisture than Jeanne (2004), which was more intense, weakened gradually, and became extratropical. A GIS framework was used to convert radar reflectivity regions into polygons and measure their area, closure, and dispersion. Closure corresponded most closely to storm intensity, as the eye became exposed when both TCs weakened to tropical storm intensity. Dispersion increased by 10 km·hr−1 as both TCs developed precipitation along frontal boundaries. As closure tended to change earlier than dispersion and area, closure may be most sensitive to subtle changes in environmental conditions, particularly as the storm’s core experiences the entrainment of dry air and erodes. Displacement provided a combined radial and tangential component to the location of the rainfall regions to confirm placement along the frontal boundaries. Examining area alone cannot reveal these patterns. The spatial metrics reveal changes in TC structure, such as the lag between onset of RI and maximum closure, which should be generalizable to TCs experiencing similar conditions. Future work will calculate these metrics for additional TCs to quantify structural changes in response to their surrounding environment.
Relationship between Upper Extremity Lymphatic Drainage and Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Patients with Breast Cancer
Authors: Ma Xiaokai , Wen Shishuai , Liu Baofeng , Li Dumin , Wang Xiaolong , Kong Xiaoli , Ma Tingting , Jiang Liyu , Yang Qifeng
Published: April 2019

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between upper extremity lymphatics and sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in breast cancer patients.Methods. Forty-four patients who underwent axillary reverse mapping (ARM) during axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) with SNL biopsy (SLNB) between February 2017 and October 2017 were investigated. ARM was performed using indocyanine green (ICG) to locate the upper extremity lymphatics; methylene blue dye was injected intradermally for SLN mapping.Results. ARM nodes were found in the ALND fields of all examined patients. The rate of identification of upper extremity lymphatics within the SLNB field was 65.9% (29 of 44). The ARM nodes were involved in metastases arising from primary breast tumors in 7 of the patients (15.9%), while no metastases were detected in pathologic axillary lymph node-negative patients. Lymphatics from the upper extremity drained into the SLNs in 5 of the 44 patients (11.4%); their ARM-detected nodes were found to be in close proximity to the SLNs.Conclusions. The ARM nodes and SLNs are closely related and share lymphatic drainage routes. The ARM procedure using fluorescence imaging is both feasible and, in patients who are SLN negative, oncologically safe. ARM using ICG is therefore effective for identifying and preserving upper extremity lymphatics, and SLNB combined with ARM appears to be a promising surgical refinement for preventing upper extremity lymphoedema.Clinical Trial Registration. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrial.gov:NCT02651142.
Highly Fluorescent Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots’ Synthesis and Their Applications as Fe(III) Ions Sensor
Authors: Lu Fei , Zhou Yi-hua , Wu Li-hui , Qian Jun , Cao Sheng , Deng Ya-feng , Chen Yuan
Published: April 2019

Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) with strong blue fluorescence and a high quantum yield of 88.9% were synthesized via a facile one-pot hydrothermal treatment with citric acid (CA) and ethylenediamine (EDA) as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The blue fluorescence emission is independent of the excitation wavelengths. These N-GQDs dispersed well in water and ethyl alcohol and showed a highly selective and sensitive detection of hazardous and toxic Fe3+in the range of 1600μmol/L to 6000μmol/L through a fluorescence quenching process with a detection limit of 2.37μmol/L. Based on the excellent sensitivity and selectivity of N-GQDs to heavy metal ions, paper-based sensors can be fabricated by inkjet printing, which are rapid but low cost. So the visual instant on-site identification of heavy metal ion will be realized in the future.
Light Sum Accumulation in ZnSe Crystals at X-Ray Excitation
Authors: Degoda V. Ya. , Podust G. P. , Alizadeh M.
Published: April 2019

This paper presents the results of the dose dependencies of the light sum accumulation in ZnSe single crystals at a different X-ray excitation at 85 K. The values of light sum accumulation at different deep traps were determined from the thermally stimulated luminescence and conductivity curves. It was confirmed that the accumulated light sum is uniquely determined by the dose of radiation only, that is, the product of the intensity of excitation by the time of X-ray exposure. The same result is also given by the theoretical consideration of the kinetics of the light sum accumulation on deep traps for a multicenter model of crystal phosphors.
Study on the Relationship between Electrical Tree Development and Partial Discharge of XLPE Cables
Authors: Gao Chaofei , Yu Yanlong , Wang Zan , Wang Wei , Zheng Liwei , Du Jian
Published: April 2019

Based on the slice materials of 35 kV and 110 kV XLPE cables, an experimental platform is built to study the relationship between electrical tree and PDs in XLPE with different voltage levels. There are three significant statistical characteristics of the PDs during the growth of electrical trees. The analysis of the results shows that each growth stage has certain characteristics. Different features existed between the growth of the electrical trees and the PD in the insulation of the 35 and 110 kV cables. Evident characteristics such as large spans of time and frequency were present as the electrical trees grew violently in the equivalent time-frequency diagram at every stage. These results could provide criteria for the identification of the deterioration using PD to monitor cables in service at rated voltages. The results are important for the identification of defects in cable insulation in order to provide an early warning of insulation breakdown in the cables.
An Energy Management Strategy for a Super-Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on a Known Model of Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Yin Yanli , Ran Yan , Zhang Liufeng , Pan Xiaoliang , Luo Yong
Published: April 2019

For global optimal control strategy, it is not only necessary to know the driving cycle in advance but also difficult to implement online because of its large calculation volume. As an artificial intelligent-based control strategy, reinforcement learning (RL) is applied to an energy management strategy of a super-mild hybrid electric vehicle. According to time-speed datasets of sample driving cycles, a stochastic model of the driver’s power demand is developed. Based on the Markov decision process theory, a mathematical model of an RL-based energy management strategy is established, which assumes the minimum cumulative return expectation as its optimization objective. A policy iteration algorithm is adopted to obtain the optimum control policy that takes the vehicle speed, driver’s power demand, and state of charge (SOC) as the input and the engine power as the output. Using a MATLAB/Simulink platform, CYC_WVUCITY simulation model is established. The results show that, compared with dynamic programming, this method can not only adapt to random driving cycles and reduce fuel consumption of 2.4%, but also be implemented online because of its small calculation volume.
Design and Implementation of Cache Memory with Dual Unit Tile/Line Accessibility
Authors: Wang Baokang
Published: April 2019

In recent years, the increasing disparity between the data access speed of cache and processing speeds of processors has caused a major bottleneck in achieving high‐performance 2‐dimensional (2D) data processing, such as that in scientific computing and image processing. To solve this problem, this paper proposes new dual unit tile/line access cache memory based on a hierarchical hybrid Z‐ordering data layout and multibank cache organization supporting skewed storage schemes. The proposed layout improves 2D data locality and reduces L1 cache misses and Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) misses efficiently and it is transformed from conventional raster layout by a simple hardware‐based address translation unit. In addition, we proposed an aligned tile set replacement algorithm (ATSRA) for reduction of the hardware overhead in the tag memory of the proposed cache. Simulation results using Matrix Multiplication (MM) illustrated that the proposed cache with parallel unit tile/line accessibility can reduce both the L1 cache and TLB misses considerably as compared with conventional raster layout and Z‐Morton order layout. The number of parallel load instructions for parallel unit tile/line access was reduced to only about one‐fourth of the conventional load instruction. The execution time for parallel load instruction was reduced to about one‐third of that required for conventional load instruction. By using 40 nm Complementary Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor (CMOS) technology, we combined the proposed cache with a SIMD‐based data path and designed a 5 × 5 mm2 Large‐Scale Integration (LSI) chip. The entire hardware overhead of the proposed ATSRA‐cache was reduced to only 105% of that required for a conventional cache by using the ATSRA method.
Homeostatic Roles of STING in Cell Proliferation and Chromosomal Instability
Authors: Gius David , Zhu Yueming
Published: April 2019

In this issue of Cancer Research, Ranoa and colleagues report on the role of STING (stimulator of IFN genes, TMEM173) in regulating critical tumor cell–intrinsic functions including cell-cycle progression, chromosomal stability, and cellular response to therapeutic ionizing radiation. The authors used multiple methods including RNA expression profiling, molecular and biochemical techniques, cell biology, and reagents from genetically modified murine models to test their hypothesis that downregulating the STING pathway in cancer cells promotes cellular transformation through accumulation of chromosomal instability and premature progression of the cell cycle. Their findings demonstrate that STING is a tumor suppressor that inhibits cell proliferation by restricting entry to mitosis as well as protecting cells against aneuploidy. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the role of STING as a tumor gate keeper.

See related article by Ranoa et al., p. 1465
HDAC8 Loss of Function and SHOX Haploinsufficiency: Two Independent Genetic Defects Responsible for a Complex Phenotype
Authors: Severi Giulia , Bonora Elena , Perri Annamaria , Scarano Emanuela , Mazzanti Laura , Isidori Federica , Zuntini Roberta , Menabò Soara , Graziano Claudio
Published: April 2019

We report a patient with developmental delay, brachydactyly type E, short stature, and tetralogy of Fallot. Brachydactyly-mental retardation syndrome (BDMR) was suspected based on the phenotype; however, array CGH excluded a 2q37 deletion, but identified a deletion encompassing the SHOX gene. BDMR is characterized by cognitive impairment, skeletal abnormalities involving hands and feet, short stature, and overweight. Most affected individuals carry relatively large 2q37 deletions encompassing HDAC4. This gene encodes a histone deacetylase involved in epigenetic regulation of cell growth and differentiation, specifically during endochondral bone formation in chondrocyte hypertrophy. Since SHOX haploinsufficiency can cause skeletal defects and short stature but would not fully explain the clinical picture of this patient, exome sequencing was performed, and a heterozygous HDAC8 frameshift mutation was identified. HDAC8 is a distinct histone deacetylase involved in cohesin recycling and is responsible for an X-linked dominant Cornelia de Lange-like phenotype. A new blended clinical phenotype may be explained by the result of a dual molecular diagnosis, which represents a combination of 2 independent genetic defects, with relevant implications for genetic counseling, clinical management, and prognosis.
MicroRNA-31 Regulates Immunosuppression in Ang II (Angiotensin II)–induced Hypertension by Targeting Ppp6C (Protein Phosphatase 6c)
Authors: Li Xiangxiao , Cai Wei , Xi Wenda , Sun Weihong , Shen Weili , Wei Tong , Chen Xiaohui , Sun Libo , Zhou Hong , Sun Yang , Chen Wendong , Gao Pingjin , Wang Honglin , Li Qun
Published: April 2019

Regulatory T cells (T
reg
cells) play important roles in hypertension and organ damages. MicroRNA-31 (miR-31) is a critical regulator for T
reg
cell generation. However, the role of miR-31 in hypertension has not been elucidated. We aim to study the functionality of miR-31 and the detailed mechanism in Ang II (Angiotensin II)–induced hypertensive mouse model. We found: In vitro, miR-31 expression was higher in T helper 17 cells and lower in T
reg
cells than that of naïve T cells. The genetic deficiency of miR-31 promoted T
reg
cell differentiation, whereas no impact on T helper 17 cells differentiation. Ang II–induced hypertension resulted in increased expression of miR-31 in the aorta, splenic CD4
+
T cells, and kidney leukocytes. MiR-31 deficiency strikingly decreased systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure and attenuated renal and vascular damage. MiR-31 deletion altered the accumulation of T
reg
cells and macrophages and expression of inflammatory cytokines in kidneys in Ang II–induced hypertensive mice. Ang II treatment reduced the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and increased proinflammatory cytokines in plasma that were blunted by the miR-31 deletion. Ppp6C (protein phosphatase 6c; a direct target of miR-31) specific deletion in T
reg
cells led to marked impairment of T
reg
cell induction, increased Ang II–induced blood pressure elevation, and organ damage in mice. In conclusion, we provided novel evidence of miR-31 as an emerging key posttranscriptional regulator of hypertension-associated immunosuppression through targeting ppp6C which is a critical regulator in the differentiation of T
reg
cells. This study offers new perspectives on miRNA-based therapeutic approaches.
Chronic Estrogen Supplementation Prevents the Increase in Blood Pressure in Female Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Offspring at 12 Months of Age
Authors: Davis Gwendolyn K. , Newsome Ashley D. , Cole Alyssa B. , Ojeda Norma B. , Alexander Barbara T.
Published: April 2019

Low birth weight is associated with a greater prevalence of hypertension and an earlier age at menopause in women in later life. Yet, the association between birth weight and blood pressure (BP) in women as they age is not well defined. In a rodent model of low birth weight induced by placental insufficiency, intrauterine growth restriction programs a significant increase in BP by 12 months of age in female growth-restricted offspring that is associated with early reproductive senescence, increased testosterone, and a shift in the hormonal milieu. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that increased BP in female growth-restricted offspring is abolished by chronic estradiol supplementation. Placebo or 17β-estradiol valerate mini pellets (1.5 mg for 60-day release) were administered at 12 months of age for 6 weeks. BP, measured in conscious catheterized rats, was significantly increased in placebo-treated growth-restricted relative to placebo-treated control. However, BP was not elevated in estradiol-treated growth-restricted relative to placebo-treated growth-restricted. Estradiol mediates its effects on BP via its receptors and the renin-angiotensin system. BP was decreased in growth-restricted offspring treated with a G-protein coupled receptor agonist, G1 (400 mg/kg for 2 weeks). Renal AT1aR (angiotensin type 1a receptor) and AT1bR (angiotensin type 1b receptor) and renal AR (androgen receptor) mRNA expression were elevated in vehicle-treated growth-restricted offspring, but not in G1-treated growth-restricted. Therefore, these data suggest that chronic estradiol supplementation prevents the increase in BP that develops in female growth-restricted offspring via actions that may involve its G-protein coupled receptor and the renin-angiotensin system.
Open-Ended Evolution and Open-Endedness: Editorial Introduction to the Open-Ended Evolution I Special Issue
Authors: Packard Norman , Bedau Mark A. , Channon Alastair , Ikegami Takashi , Rasmussen Steen , Stanley Kenneth , Taylor Tim
Published: April 2019

Nature's spectacular inventiveness, reflected in the enormous diversity of form and function displayed by the biosphere, is a feature of life that distinguishes living most strongly from nonliving. It is, therefore, not surprising that this aspect of life should become a central focus of artificial life. We have known since Darwin that the diversity is produced dynamically, through the process of evolution; this has led life's creative productivity to be called Open-Ended Evolution (OEE) in the field. This article introduces the first of two special issues on current research on OEE and on the more general concept of open-endedness. Most of the papers presented in these special issues are elaborations of work presented at the Third Workshop on Open-Ended Evolution, held in Tokyo as part of the 2018 Conference on Artificial Life.
On the discovery and origin of a Javan population of the Indochinese colubrid snake Dendrelaphis subocularis (Boulenger, 1888): a multivariate study
Authors: van Rooijen Johan , Vogel Gernot
Published: April 2019

The colubrid snake Dendrelaphis subocularisis distributed throughout Indochina, the southern limit of its range corresponding with the Isthmus of Kra, an important biogeographic barrier that separates the Indochinese biota from the Sundaic biota. This study presents five museum specimens that represent a hitherto unknown population that inhabits the Sundaic island Java. Thus, the distribution of Dendrelaphis subocularisis disjunct, with the Javan population being isolated by 2000 kilometres from the nearest mainland population. Principal Components Analysis was applied to morphological data taken from the five Javan specimens as well as from 26 museum specimens of Indochinese origin. Regression analysis of the spatial pattern of the resulting scores indicated that: 1) the Javan population exhibits negligible morphological differentiation, and 2) a phenetic cline exists from which the Javan population does not appreciably deviate in spite of its isolated status. These findings suggest a vicariant origin of the Javan population entailing climatic changes and formation of land bridges during Pleistocene glaciations. The Javan and Indochinese populations represent independent sister lineages, and are therefore valid species within the framework of a lineage-based species concept. However, to conform to current taxonomic practice, the Javan population is not named separately due to the fact that it is not diagnosable.
Reappearance of Galerix (Erinaceomorpha, Mammalia) at the Middle to Late Miocene transition in South Germany: biostratigraphic and palaeoecologic implications
Authors: Prieto Jérôme , van den Hoek Ostende Lars W. , Böhme Madelaine , Braze M.
Published: April 2019

The presence of Galerix molars in the South German fossil locality Hammerschmiede 3 is interpreted as evidence for a reimmigration of West European origin into the North Alpine Foreland Basin at the transition of the Middle to Late Miocene. The brief re-appearence of Galerix in southern Germany can be used as a biostratigraphic marker that allows promising correlations between local biostratigraphic subdivisions from Spain and Germany, suggesting that, contrary to previous thought, the Hammerschmiede locality may antedate the hipparionine horses’ appearance event. Based on the supposed climatic adaptation of galericine taxa and lower vertebrate record, it is hypothesized that short term climatic fluctuations occurred in South Germany around the time of the first appearance of the hipparionine horses in Europe.
Morphometric variation in two intertidal littorinid gastropods
Authors: Queiroga Henrique , Costa Rolando , Leonardo Nélia , Soares Débora , Cleary Daniel F.R.
Published: April 2019

Here we investigate spatial variation in shell shape of Littorina saxatilis, an ovoviviparous species, and Melarhaphe neritoides, a species with planktonic eggs and larvae. Populations of both species were sampled in 6 sites located along the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Shell shape was studied using landmarkbased morphometric methods. Landmark data was used to estimate individual size and to describe shell shape. Prior to statistical analysis specimens were aligned using Generalised Procrustes Analysis (GPA). Ordinations based on GPA of landmark data and using Principal Components Analysis (PCA), revealed a clear spatial segregation of sites for both species, although this was more evident for L. saxatilis than M. neritoides. Statistical analysis revealed significant multivariate variation in shape among sites and a significant effect of allometry on shape for both species. In contrast to this last result, there was no significant linear relationship between any of the first three PC axes and size in L. saxatilis but highly significant associations between the first and third PC axes and size for M. neritoides. Spatial variation in the shape of both species was primarily related to variation in the height of the apical whorls and in the width of the aperture for L. saxatilis. Further variation in shape was related to the shape of the last whorl in L. saxatilis and shell elongation and a change in aperture shape in M. neritoides.
Transformational homology of the tergal setae during postembryonic development in the Sinella-Coecobrya group (Collembola: Entomobryidae)
Authors: Zhang Feng , Yu Daoyuan , Xu Guoliang
Published: April 2019

The homology concept and its recognition criteria are introduced and discussed, with the importance of transformational (primary) homology assessment in phylogenetic analysis emphasized. We use an ontogenetic approach to explore the setal transformational homology in polychaetotic entomobryid genera (Collembola), where tergal chaetotaxy is usually the most informative character for taxonomy. The postembryonic development of setae on terga of three species in the Sinella-Coecobrya group, Sinella curviseta, Coecobrya tenebricosa and C. aokii are studied following Szeptycki’s principle. Different chaetotaxic patterns of each tergite are homologized and classified for more than 50 species of the two genera. The taxonomical significance of chaetotaxy of abdomen V, which has been rarely studied, is evaluated and affirmed here. The system presented here is a revised and updated from Szeptycki’s system.
Phylogeny of the coral genus Plesiastrea (Cnidaria, Scleractinia)
Authors: Benzoni Francesca , Arrigoni Roberto , Stefani Fabrizio , Pichon Michel
Published: April 2019

Until coral molecular phylogenies were published, the genus Plesiastrea was traditionally part of the family Faviidae and considered by several authors to be closely related to the genus Montastraea. However, genetic data has shown that Plesiastrea versipora, the genus type species, is evolutionarily distinct within the Robust clade of the Scleractinia and does not belong to the large clade grouping most representatives of the families Faviidae, including Montastraea, Mussidae, Merulinidae, Trachyphylliidae, and Pectiniidae. Instead, P. versipora is closely related to non reef-dwelling taxa currently ascribed to the Oculinidae (Cyathelia axillaris) and Caryophylliidae (Trochocyathus efateensis). However, no discussion on the morphologic features of P. versipora compared to other taxa has been published yet. Moreover, no information is available about the phylogenetic placement of Plesiastrea devantieri, the only other species in the genus. The phylogeny of both Plesiastrea species was addressed through molecular analyses (COI and rDNA) and morphological analysis. Morphological differences between the two species included number of septa, cycles of vertical structures in front of the septa and septal micromorphology. On the basis of these data and nuclear and mitochondrial markers, P. devantieri belongs to the Faviidae-Merulinidae-Pectiniidae-Trachyphylliidae clade (Clade XVII sensu Fukami et al., 2008) and is most closely related to Goniastrea aspera and G. palauensis. The type species of the genus Goniastrea, G. retiformis, however, is not closely related to either G. aspera and G. palauensis, or to P. devantieri. Taxonomic implications of these findings and morphologic affinities between the two species and closely related taxa are discussed.
Masquerade, mimicry and crypsis of the polymorphic sea anemone Phyllodiscus semoni and its aggregations in South Sulawesi
Authors: Hoeksema Bert W. , Crowther Andrea L.
Published: April 2019

Phyllodiscus semoni is a morphologically variable sea anemone species from the Indo-Pacific with morphotypes ranging from upright and branched to low-lying and rounded. The apparent camouflage strategies of this sea anemone allow it to resemble other species or objects in its environment, such as stony corals, soft corals, seaweeds, or rocky boulders covered by algae, which may help it to avoid recognition by potential predators. Occasionally, it occurs in aggregations that may result from asexual reproduction. A high level of intraspecific morphological variation, including co-occurring aggregations of three different morphotypes, was observed in the Spermonde Archipelago off Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The co-occurrence of aggregations with different morphotypes suggests that Phyllodiscus is a highly polymorphic monospecific genus. Sea anemones of this genus are not frequently encountered at other localities and the number of morphotypes seems large. Therefore, it is unlikely that we are dealing with more than one species that are all concentrated in a single area. Phyllodiscus sea anemones are considered dangerous to humans because their nematocysts contain highly toxic venoms that may inflict harmful stings. Therefore they are the subject of recent toxicological studies. The present paper aims to assist in the recognition of these highly variable hazardous animals and to discuss the appearance of their aggregations.
Left-right asymmetry in plants and animals: a gold mine for research
Authors: Schilthuizen Menno , Gravendeel Barbara
Published: April 2019

Left-right asymmetry patterns in the body shapes of animals and plants have been a continuous source of interest among biologists. Recently, inroads have been made to developing a coherent research programme that makes use of the unique fact that chiral patterns may be studied (and generalities deduced) by comparisons across many unrelated groups, even across Kingdoms. The papers delivered at the symposium ‘Evolution of Chirality’ during the 2011 European congress of evolutionary biology (ESEB) provide examples of the various research programs that are currently developing within this field. The present paper provides a summary of the symposium, an introduction to this Special Issue of Contributions to Zoology, as well as suggestions for further collaboration among left-right asymmetry researchers.
Distinct copulation positions in Drosophila pachea males with symmetric or asymmetric external genitalia
Authors: Lang Michael , Orgogozo Virginie
Published: April 2019

Left-right asymmetric genitalia have appeared multiple times independently in insects and have been associated with changes in mating positions. However, there is little experimental data on how the evolution of genital asymmetries may have affected the evolution of mating positions or vice versa. As opposed to its closely-related species, Drosophila pachea has a conspicuous asymmetry in its male genitalia external lobes, with the left lobe being 1.49 ± 0.08 (SD) times longer and thinner than the right lobe. In a laboratory stock, we found that 20% of the males possess fully symmetric lobes. To better understand how asymmetric genitalia may affect mating, we compared D. pachea copulation behaviour between these mutant males and wildtype males. We found that D. pachea wild-type males adopt a one-sided mating posture with the male always one-sided 8.55° ± 1.79° (SD) towards the female’s right side. Within 45-min recordings, all wild-type males did mate whereas 39% of symmetric mutants failed to form a stable mating complex and did not mate. In successful copulations, symmetric mutants also adopted a right-sided mating posture but the angle between male and female bodies was significantly more variable compared to wild-type males. Our results suggest that lobe size asymmetry is required for the formation of a stable mating complex and for the positioning of the male according to a precise angle on the female. However, lobe size asymmetry is not required for D. pachea right-sided mating posture.
Hygrocybe pseudoacutoconica (Hygrocybeae, Hygrocyboideae, Hygrophoraceae), a new species from a South China Sea island
Authors: WANG CHAO-QUN , LI TAI-HUI , HUANG HAO , XIA YE-WEI
Published: April 2019

Hygrocybe pseudoacutoconica, a new species in subg. Hygrocybe sect. Hygrocybe subsect. Macrosporae, is characterized by small and non-blackening basidiomata; orange to reddish orange pileus; free, white, and broad lamellae; regular lamellar trama; and ellipsoid to oblong basidiospores [(7–)9–11(–12) × 5–7 μm]. Phylogeny overview of the genus Hygrocybe confirmed the phylogenetic position of the new species.