bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Age and Comorbidities on Prognosis and Mortality in Geriatric Patient Groups in İntensive Care
Authors: Ersoy A , Ertürk T , Güven BB , Güner T , Yıldız İ , Köksal Ö
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT

Backround:

Treatment of geriatric intensive care patients is tiring and difficult for intensive care physicians due to comorbidities, accompanying acute illnesses and vulnerabilities.

Aim:

The aim of our study was to determine other factors affecting mortality and morbidity with age in geriatric intensive care patients.

Patients and Methods:

A total of 937 geriatric intensive care patients were divided into three groups as young-old (65-74 years), middle-old (75-84 years), and oldest-old (85 years and more). Demographic characteristics such as age, gender, and comorbid diseases (oncological malignancy, chronic renal failure, sepsis, chronic anemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary embolism) were recorded. The number of patients who needed a mechanical ventilator, developed decubit ulcers, underwent percutaneous tracheostomy, and renal replacement therapy were recorded. In addition, the number of central venous catheter insertions for patients, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores (APACHE II), hospitalization days, and mortality rates were recorded and compared.

Results:

In the comparison between the groups in terms of gender, in the 65-74 years’ age group, male gender was higher, while in the age group of 85 years and more, the female gender was found to be statistically higher. Among comorbid diseases, the rate of oncological malignancy was found to be statistically significantly lower in patients aged 85 years and more. Comparing the APACHE II scores of the patients as per the groups, scores were found to be statistically significantly higher in the oldest-old group. APACHE II Score, central venous catheter application, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal failure, sepsis, oncological malignancy, and renal replacement therapy were shown to be statistically significant as factors affecting death. The factors affecting the survival or hospitalization time of the patients of decubit ulcer, mechanical ventilator, percutaneous tracheostomy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Sepsis, APACHE II Score, and age were shown to be statistically significant.

Conclusion:

Our study showed that not only age has an effect on mortality and morbidity in geriatric intensive care patients but also comorbidities and intensive care treatments of the patients are also effective in this process.
Retrospective Validation of the Postnatal Growth and Retinopathy of Prematurity (G-ROP) Criteria in a Developing Country
Authors: Raffa LH. , Bugshan N , Aljuhani R , Alghoribi R , Alharbi A , Aljohani W
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:

The characteristics of premature infants vary from country to country rendering it challenging to apply retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening algorithm globally. The screening criteria for postnatal growth and ROP (G-ROP) for preterm infants are known to be beneficial, but it is not clear whether these criteria can be used universally.

Aim:

The aim of this study is to validate the accuracy of the G-ROP criteria in screening preterm infants in Saudi Arabia.

Subjects and Methods:

This single-center retrospective study included 300 premature infants (mean gestational age [GA], 28.72 ± 2.2 weeks; range, 21–36 weeks) at a referral center who were screened for ROP between 2015 and 2021. The inclusion criteria were the availability of data on ROP outcome and body weight up until day 40 after birth. The G-ROP 1 and G-ROP 2 models were examined for their ability and accuracy in identifying infants with any stage ROP and treatable ROP.

Results:

The G-ROP 1 and G-ROP 2 models identified 233 and 255 infants for screening, respectively. The sensitivity of G-ROP 1 and G-ROP 2 for detecting treated ROP was 96.7% and 100%, respectively, and the specificity for detecting treatable ROP was 24.4% and 16.7%, respectively. Incorporation of the G-ROP 2 model, which did not miss any infant with type 1 ROP, would have reduced the number of screened infants by 15%.

Conclusion:

G-ROP 2 was more sensitive than G-ROP 1 for identifying infants who required treatment and could potentially reduce the burden of ROP screening.
Comparison of Post-Mortem Vitreous Fluid and Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetes-Induced Rabbit Models
Authors: Celik EB , Kaya K , Erdem Z , Hilal A
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:

Diabetes is a common systemic disease in the world. Acute complications of diabetes may cause sudden unexpected deaths. Analysis done in vitreous fluid which is more protected and less contaminated by bacteria comparing to blood will produce more accurate results.

Aim:

Thus, we aimed to diagnose diabetes by comparing glucose levels of post mortem blood and vitreous fluid in death cases.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 17 New Zealand-type rabbits were divided into hyperglycemia (8), hypoglycemia (8), and control group (1). Rabbits were monitored for 5 days after experimental diabetes induction, and samples were taken at the point of death. Later rabbits were left in their environment, and samples were taken again at the post mortem first day. Mean blood glucose levels of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia group were in diabetic range.

Results:

Blood glucose levels of hyperglycemic rabbits were measured as 512 ± 52,1 mg/dl, while vitreous glucose levels were 518,3 ± 76,8 mg/dl at the point of death. After one day, levels were measured as 433,9 ± 59,3 mg/dl and 329,8 ± 86,6 mg/dl. Blood glucose levels of hypoglycemic rabbits were measured as 39 ± 3,8 mg/dl, while vitreous glucose levels were 53,4 ± 13,9 mg/dl at the point of death. After one day, levels were measured as 36 ± 4,2 mg/dl and 1,6 ± 0,6 mg/dl. After analysis, there was a statistically significant difference between day 0 and 1 vitreous levels of hypoglycemia group.

Conclusion:

It can be clearly seen that vitreous fluid samples should be taken in judicial cases with sudden unexpected deaths like diabetes. This will contribute to identification cause of death.
The Effect of Different Staining Solutions on the Color Stability of Temporary Crown Materials
Authors: Yesil Duymus Z , Fındık Aydıner S , Yanikoglu N
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:

The esthetic expectations of patients are increasing by the day. That is why it is important to minimize the color changes in the oral cavity in both the temporary and permanent restorations.

Aim:

This study was carried out to compare the time-dependent color changes of polished and unpolished temporary crown materials prepared by different methods in various solutions.

Materials and Methods:

Half of the two different temporary restoration materials prepared with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 2 mm were polished, and half were not polished. The DE* values of the samples kept in various solutions were recorded. Data were statistically evaluated by using variance analysis (ANOVA) and a Tukey HSD multiple comparison test.

Results:

It was determined that the material type, the solution, the interaction between the material types and the surface treatment, and the interaction between the surface treatment and the solution were statistically significant for color change (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The most significant color change in the inter-material evaluation was observed in chemically polymerized polymethyl methacrylate. In the evaluation between beverages, the highest color change was found in sugared coffee, and the lesser color change was observed in polished samples.
$\pm J$-распределение в модели Блюма-Капеля со смесью спинов $1/2$ и $5/2$
Authors: Albayrak Erhan , Ozcan Fatma Sendil
Published: March 2023

Рассмотрена модель Блюма-Капеля со смесью спинов $1/2$ и $5/2$ на решетке Бете, в которой константа связи $J$ имеет вероятностное распределение и принимает значения $J>0$ и $J<0$ с вероятностями $p$ и $1-p$, с параметром настройки $\alpha$. Для этой модели получены фазовые диаграммы на плоскостях $(\alpha,T)$ и $(p,T)$ при $0\leq p\leq 1$ и $0\leq\alpha\leq 1$ для заданных значений параметра $D$ одноионной анизотропии. Фазовые диаграммы строятся путем анализа термических вариаций параметров порядка с помощью точных рекуррентных соотношений с последующим введением в модель вероятностного распределения. В случае координационного числа $q=3$, соответствующего сотообразной решетке, в этой модели в дополнение к тройным и двойным критическим точкам наблюдаются фазовые переходы первого и второго рода.
Brentano, Franz Clemens (1838–1917)
Authors: Textor Mark
Published: March 2023

Franz Brentano (1838–1917) is one of the most influential nineteenth-century German philosophers. Brentano’s best-known work, Psychologie vom Empirischen Standpunkt (1874), offered a new way to think about psychology: psychology is the study of mental phenomena whether there is a soul or not. Brentano provided an independent characterisation of mental phenomena by employing a concept that he found in the Aristotelian tradition: mental phenomena are those and only those that are directed on something – they have intentionality. The ‘directedness’ of the mental is conveyed by the locutions we use to speak of the mental: one wishes for something, one is afraid of something …

Brentano’s idea, often sloganised as ‘Intentionality is the mark of the mental’, specified the subject matter of psychology in a metaphysically neutral way and shaped a research programme. If directedness is distinctive of mental phenomena, then one will gain important insights into different kinds of mental phenomena by distinguishing them in terms of (1) the objects they are directed on and (2) the way in which they are directed on these objects.

A particular important application of Brentano’s research programme is consciousness. If I am conscious of hearing a note, are there two distinct mental acts: hearing and awareness of hearing? Brentano, inspired by Aristotle, answers NO. There is one mental act that is both directed on the note and itself. This thought has received renewed attention in contemporary philosophy of mind.

Brentano’s research programme has important consequences for value theory. He argues that presentations are not, while acts of love and hate as well as judgements are correct. Correctness is not truth: Brentano’s love of knowledge is neither true nor false. According to Brentano, correctness allows us to define both truth and goodness.
Cousin, Victor (1792–1867)
Authors: Whistler Daniel
Published: March 2023

Victor Cousin’s intention was to institute a ‘twofold reform in philosophy’ ([1828] 1991: 349) – namely, a spiritualist reform in psychology and an eclectic reform in the history of philosophy. The warrant for these reforms, he avers, is their timeliness: on the one hand, spiritualist method ‘constitutes the unity of the [nineteenth] century’ (1826: 9) and, on the other, ‘the spirit of the nineteenth century has come to recognize itself in eclecticism’ (1833: lvii). And what is more, his philosophy followed the trajectory of all timely philosophies: feted during his lifetime, it quickly fell out of favour in the 1860s as intellectual fashions moved on. And yet, Cousin has nevertheless remained influential; his institutional legacy has come to overshadow his conceptual one – as Macherey (1999: 197) has written on behalf of French philosophers, ‘We must be brave enough to say: Cousin haunts our philosophical spirit as… something unthought which precedes all our thoughts and guides them.’ As Chair of Modern History of Philosophy at the Sorbonne, President of the Agrégation Jury, Director of the Ecole Normale, Minister of Public Instruction, Counsellor of State and Pair de France, Cousin determined what it meant to do philosophy in post-revolutionary France.

The decline of Cousinianism after Cousin’s death was the result of a fundamental tendency within his philosophy too. According to Cousin, truth has already come into existence, and so the philosopher’s task is neither to invent nor to facilitate new truths, but solely to record old ones. This view is evident in his refusal to contribute a substantial treatise or system of his own, limiting himself instead to fragmentary interventions, to introductory lectures and to editions of historical texts. Indeed, Cousin’s publication legacy is felt most strongly in his editions of Proclus, Plato, Descartes, Aristotle’s Metaphysics, Abelard, de Biran and Pascal.
Hölderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich (1770–1843)
Authors: Walker Nicholas
Published: March 2023

Article Summary

An outstanding German poet, Hölderlin is now widely recognized as one of the most important writers and thinkers of his time. After an initial period of critical neglect and relative public indifference, he eventually came to enjoy a privileged status in German cultural life at the beginning of the twentieth century, and has continued to exercise a profound influence on modern literature and critical thought. Hölderlin’s work emerged within the context of Kant’s Critical Revolution and developed in constant interaction with the German Idealist speculation this subsequently provoked, against the background of the French Revolution and the fundamental issues raised in its wake for an entire generation. Hölderlin was personally acquainted with many of the leading figures of the period, including Schiller, Goethe, Herder, Novalis, Fichte, Schelling and Hegel. His writings reflect and respond to many of the central philosophical concerns and themes of his time, in a highly original and prescient fashion. However, it is only since Wilhelm Dilthey that the importance of his specific influence on the intellectual development of Schelling and Hegel in particular has been fully recognized, so that he has even been described as the ‘Doctor Seraphicus’ of German Idealism. His work subsequently provided a frequent point of reference for the Frankfurt School’s engagement with the heritage of German Idealism and the problem of the relationship between aesthetics, ethics and politics. More recently, Hölderlin has become a major presence in much contemporary critical and deconstructive theory, largely through the pervasive influence of Martin Heidegger.
Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye (1813–55)
Authors: Watts Daniel
Published: March 2023

Kierkegaard’s work was shaped by his perception of modern culture as tending toward a kind of forgetfulness of what it means to be human. He discerned this tendency in modern philosophy, especially in the post-Kantian German tradition. He sought to expose as illusory any idea that we can come to understand the whole of reality from no particular point of view: in Hegel’s terms, from the standpoint of ‘pure thought’ (see also Hegel). For Kierkegaard, forgetfulness of what it means to be human also manifests itself in modern forms of putatively ethical and religious life. He perceived that Christianity, in particular, had lost its grip on people as a way of life, while persisting in a shallow form: institutionalized, notional, conformist.

Offered in a spirit of opposition to system-building, Kierkegaard’s texts are often fragmentary, funny and lyrical, rich in examples, intimate in tone. They draw widely from Ancient Philosophy and the Classics, as well as from Biblical and Christian sources. They are in general more concerned to articulate difficulties than to proffer easy solutions. They nonetheless brim with ideas and insights.

In philosophy, Kierkegaard’s influence is most clearly marked in the later traditions of phenomenology and existentialism and in the philosophy of religion (see also Existentialism). In theology and religious studies, his work has been taken up from a wide range of perspectives: Protestant, Catholic, Orthodox, liberal, conservative, Buddhist, Taoist. Secular authors have also found much in his work to appreciate. The breadth of his influence – in philosophy and theology but also in literature and film, in sociology, psychology and psychotherapy – attests to the power of his work to cut across traditional boundaries.
Comedy
Authors: Morreall John
Published: March 2023

In the narrowest sense, comedy is drama that makes us laugh and has a happy ending. In a wider sense it is also humorous narrative literature with a happy ending. In the widest sense, comedy includes any literary or graphic work, performance or other art intended to amuse us. This entry will leave aside theories of humour and concentrate on comedy as a dramatic and literary form. Comedy began at about the same time as tragedy, and because they represent alternative attitudes toward basic issues in life, it is useful to consider them together. Unfortunately, several traditional prejudices discriminate against comedy and in favour of tragedy. There are four standard charges against comedy: it emphasizes the animal aspects of human life, encourages disrespect for leaders and institutions, is based on malice, and endangers our morality. These charges are easily answered, for none picks out something that is both essential to comedy and inherently vicious. In fact, once we get past traditional prejudices, several of the differences between comedy and tragedy can be seen as advantages. While tragedy tends to be idealistic and elitist, for example, comedy tends to be pragmatic and egalitarian. While tragedy values honour, even above life itself, comedy puts little stock in honour and instead emphasizes survival. Tragic heroes preserve their dignity but die in the process; comic characters lose their dignity but live to tell the tale. Most generally, comedy celebrates mental flexibility and a realistic acceptance of the limitations of human life. The comic vision of life, in short, embodies a good deal of wisdom. Indeed, one newer genre of comedy, stand-up comedy, has at least ten similarities to philosophy itself.
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729–81)
Authors: Townsend Dabney
Published: March 2023

Article Summary

Philosophically, G. E. Lessing belongs to the tradition of G. W. von Leibniz (1646–1716) and Christian Wolff (1679–1754). He was familiar with the post-Wolffian aesthetics being developed by Alexander Baumgarten (1714–62) and his follower, Georg Friedrich Meier (1718–77). And most importantly, perhaps, Lessing was acquainted with Moses Mendelssohn (1729–86) to whose work his own philosophical writings bear many similarities and who read and commented on Lessing’s aesthetic writings. But Lessing cannot be identified with any of these philosophical sources and influences. Lessing’s work retains many rationalist presuppositions, but Lessing also consciously sought a more inductive approach. He adhered to neo-classical standards with respect to beauty and the application of rules of art, but he severely qualified those standards by appealing to emotional effects rather than ideal forms or rationalist clarity. Lessing’s aesthetics must be inferred from his work,
Art, performing
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: March 2023

Some works, such as plays and pieces of classical music, are created as instructions (either notated or implicit in an exemplar) for performers; performances of such pieces arise from the appropriate execution of those instructions. Because the instructions do not specify all features possessed by an accurate performance, performers inevitably contribute something to the performance; even ideally accurate performances differ in the interpretations they offer. Some such works serve primarily to highlight the performer’s talents. Even where this is not so, some awareness of what is involved in rendering a piece is necessary to appreciate a work written for performance, since the skills and techniques of performance are the artistic media through which the work’s contents are presented. Performances are evaluated for the life, integrity and interest of their interpretations, as well as for their accuracy. The desirability of one performance over another relates partly to the knowledge and experience of the intended audience.

Other works, such as films, involve performance in their creation rather than in their transmission. If these works are multiple, they are so because copies are cloned from a master. When completed, such pieces are not performed or interpreted; they are shown or displayed.

Free improvisation might stand as performance in its own right, being neither the creation of a work nor an instance of one. The criteria in terms of which improvisations are evaluated differ from those involved in the creation or transmission of works, taking into account the fact that the improviser’s efforts involve the risks, as well as the delights, of spontaneity.

Performance art is a movement that reacted against many traditional assumptions about art and favoured multimedia, ephemeral, unscripted events or conceptual artworks.
Popular music
Authors: Gracyk Theodore
Published: March 2023

Popular music is a neglected topic in philosophy, and only recently have philosophers examined it sympathetically and with concern for its positive attributes. The distinction of some music as popular music is infrequent in Western culture before the eighteenth century and only became common in the nineteenth century. The category arose in contrast to the development of the music we now label as classical music. As with many cultural categories, its essential and common features are highly contested. In the late twentieth century, philosophers of music became more supportive of the position that popular music can be aesthetically and artistically meritorious. This trend accelerated a shift away from generalised positions on the nature of value of popular music in favour of focused explorations of specific issues and examination of specific genres and their attendant issues. Philosophical discussions of popular music frequently stress that its value extends beyond its stereotyped status as simple, pleasurable entertainment. Popular music often merits complex audience engagement with the performance and the performer, inviting reflection on its social and political uses by performers and audiences. Finally, there is debate about ways that work instantiation and performance practices differ in the fields of popular and classical music – a debate that carries the implication that classical music should not be regarded as the norm for developing general theories in philosophy of music.
Creativity
Authors: Young James O.
Published: March 2023

Article Summary

Creativity and, specifically, creativity in the fine arts, has been investigated since the time of Plato (c. 429–347 bc). Investigation has focused on two sorts of question. The first questions concern the concept of creativity. Not all acts of making count as creative acts and the concept of creativity is in need of analysis and clarification. Creativity has been analysed in terms of concepts such as originality, imagination, and excellence (or value). Philosophers have asked whether individuals can know, in advance of a creative act, what they are creating. Some have held that creative individuals cannot know in advance what they will produce and that this distinguishes them from ordinary makers, who follow an established plan or practice. Others have disagreed. The second sort of question is concerned with the characteristics of the creative individual. Historically, discussions of creativity have been linked to discussions of genius: a genius is held to be an individual capable of significant creativity. The Platonic view that creative individuals, or geniuses, are supernaturally inspired has gradually given way to naturalistic explanations of the fact that some individuals are more creative than others. More and more, the question of what makes individuals creative has become a matter for empirical psychological investigation.
Improvisation in the arts
Authors: Ravasio Matteo
Published: March 2023

Broadly defined as extemporaneous decision-making, improvisation has until recently been given scant attention by philosophers of art. The reasons for this are hard to pin down, but it is natural to connect such neglect to a view of the arts that focuses on the finished artistic product, as opposed to the process that generates it. Even more relevantly, while artistic improvisation is especially notable in the case of music, Western classical music assumes as central the composed work, identified through its score (some useful examples of Western disdain for musical improvisation are discussed in Hamilton 2020: 292). It was then natural for philosophers who reflected on this musical tradition to ignore or belittle improvisation. Once philosophers began to take an interest in jazz, a tradition that centrally involves improvisation, it became evident that some conceptual and normative questions are specific to improvised performance. In other art forms, twentieth-century innovations have also centrally involved a shift from an approach to artistic creation that values careful planning, to one that is open to spontaneous decision-making and chance (Sansom 2001).

Improvisation raises a variety of aesthetic and philosophical problems (see Bresnahan 2015). First, there are definitional concerns, as appeal to spontaneity is not always considered a satisfactory solution (see § 1.3). The aesthetic appreciation of improvised activity is another central concern, as our evaluation of it relies on criteria that only partly overlap with those we employ in the case of carefully planned works. Other questions include those about the collective nature of improvisation and its ethical dimension.

Philosophers working on artistic improvisation have devoted most of their attention to music. Claims about musical improvisation may be easily transposed to other performance arts, whereas improvisation in the non-performance arts, if it exists at all, is likely to differ significantly from the improvisation found in music, dance, or theatrical performance.
Marxist aesthetics
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: March 2023

‘Marxist Aesthetics’ reviews several Marxist approaches to the analysis of art, including the basic or traditional Marxist approach as well as approaches by Lukács, Benjamin, Adorno, Marcuse, and Macherey. Also reviewed are several Marxist approaches to the production of socialist art including Russian Constructivism, Soviet Montage, Socialist Realism and Brecht’s conception of his Epic Theatre.
Conservation, aesthetics of
Authors: Lamarque Peter
Published: March 2023

The term ‘conservation’ is used, in roughly the same sense, across a wide range of applications, including nature, the environment, wildlife, ancient buildings, ruins, monuments, paintings, sculptures, and more or less any artefacts of value, subject to deterioration. To conserve, in this sense, is to protect, as far as possible, from further deterioration or damage.

‘Conservation’ is closely associated with ‘restoration’ but the terms have different meanings and different connotations in professional circles. To conserve something is to protect it; to restore it is to return it to an earlier state. Yet these can often seem to merge. To clean a painting, removing dirt and stains, could be described as restoring it to an earlier state but would usually be considered as conservation not restoration, while to clean the painting and remove later re-painting not by the original artist would count as restoration.
Epistemology
Authors: Greco John
Published: March 2023

Epistemology has been traditionally concerned with questions about the nature, value, and scope of knowledge, together with other questions that arise in relation to these. Hence, another name for epistemology is the theory of knowledge. Investigations into the nature of knowledge ask what knowledge is, and how knowledge is different from related phenomena such as mere opinion, true belief, reasonable belief, and understanding. Investigations into the value of knowledge ask why knowledge is valuable, what kind of value knowledge has, and why knowledge is more valued than mere opinion, or even true opinion. Finally, investigations into the scope of knowledge ask questions about the reach of our knowledge, and also its limits; What kinds of things are possible to know, and what kinds of things are not possible to know? Questions about the scope of knowledge are closely related to sceptical arguments, which purport to show that we know less than we commonly take ourselves to know. The most general sceptical arguments conclude that we know nothing at all. Less general arguments challenge our knowledge in a particular domain, such as our knowledge of the physical world, the future, morality, or religion.

Contemporary epistemology continues to ask these traditional questions, but expands the field to include questions about the social dimensions of knowledge (for example, how our own knowledge depends on the knowledge of others), the relations among knowledge, practical reason and action, the relations between knowledge and assertion, and how knowledge interacts with social-political issues. For example, in what ways does one’s social-political status determine what one can (or cannot) know? In what ways does social-political status affect how one is treated as a knower (or not) by others? By asking these and other questions, contemporary epistemology becomes interdisciplinary, interacting with other fields such as ethics, action theory, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, psychology and other cognitive sciences, sociology, and political theory.

Epistemology’s traditional questions about the nature, value and scope of knowledge are clearly related. For example, what one says about the nature of knowledge will have consequences regarding the value of knowledge and the scope of knowledge. Contemporary epistemology’s expanded questions are also related to its traditional questions. For example, a good account of the nature of knowledge ought to explain why, or at least not make mysterious, why knowledge has the intimate relations that it does to assertion, action and practical reasoning. Likewise, the social dimensions of knowledge and its relations to political life have implications regarding the value of knowledge. In this way, contemporary epistemology does not merely expand the questions of traditional epistemology. It also provides deeper insight into the tradition’s central concerns.
Evidence
Authors: Gardiner Georgi
Published: March 2023

Evidence is a sign or indication of what is true.

Evidence is central to representing and investigating the world. It can justify beliefs, credences, and various other doxastic attitudes, such as suspecting that p. Evidence also legitimates emotions, decisions, and actions. A state might close a bridge, for example, based on evidence it is unstable. Evidence affects moral and legal matters, such as how we may permissibly treat people. Killing another person is usually legally and morally prohibited, for instance, but can be rendered permissible by compelling evidence that the person is an immediate serious threat to others. More mundanely, we might permissibly avoid a person, based on evidence they mistreat people. In addition to justifying beliefs, it also causes belief. It can be difficult to suspend judgement in the face of compelling evidence.

Evidence plays significant roles in interpersonal relationships, including assigning blame and resolving disputes. It is paramount in law, science, journalism, and medical practice; it structures scholarly pursuits, such as historical investigation. More prosaically, evidence is how humans, higher animals, and (perhaps) robots navigate their environment. It is indispensable to thought.

What kinds of things can be evidence? Candidates include facts, propositions, assertions, beliefs, knowledge, objects, states of affairs, and phenomenological experiences (§1). Pieces of evidence stand in intricate webs, with the overall epistemic force of a body of evidence depending on many interlocking factors (§2). Evidence can be undermined or reinforced by other evidence, and differing background knowledge licenses different inferences from a given piece of evidence. Evidence affects the justification of belief and other doxastic attitudes in various ways, and also influences epistemic practices, character, and institutions (§3).
16. Asır Şairlerinden Sûzî'nin Mûr-Nâme’si
Authors: AKPINAR İsa , KILIÇ Muzaffer
Published: March 2023

Süleymânnâme, Hz. Süleymân etrafında anlatılan hikâyelerin genel ismidir. Zamanla bir tür özelliği kazanan Süleymânnâmeler, ekseriyetle fabl niteliği taşımaktadır. XVI. asır şairlerinden Sûzî’nin kaleme aldığı Mûr-nâme de bu türde kaleme alınmış bir eserdir. Tezkire ve diğer biyografik nitelikli kaynaklarda ismine tesadüf edilmeyen Sûzî’nin hüviyeti, şimdiki bilgilerimize göre meçhuldür. Bilinen tek yazması Berlin Devlet Kütüphanesi (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin) Ms. Orient Quart 1746 numarada yer alan Mûr-nâme, 254 beyitten müteşekkil bir mesnevidir. Bu eser 953/1546-47 yılında, dönemin hükümdarı Kanunî Sultan Süleymân’a sunulmak üzere kaleme alınmıştır. Klasik mesnevi tertibine uygun olarak mukaddime, hikâye ve hatimeden oluşmaktadır. Mûr-nâme’de; yuvası dağıtılıp yavruları öldürülen Güvercin’in Kirpi’yi Hz. Süleymân’a şikâyetiyle başlayan, diğer hayvanların dâhil olmasıyla gelişen bir hikâye anlatılır. Esere ismini veren karınca (mûr), bilge bir kahraman olarak meseleyi çözüme kavuşturur. Hikemî bir muhtevaya sahip olan mesnevi, pendname türünün hususiyetlerini de taşımaktadır. Makalenin girişinde, Süleymânnâme türü ve literatürü hakkında kısaca bilgi verilmiştir. Birinci bölümde Mûr-nâme tanıtılarak eserin şairi Sûzî’nin hüviyetiyle ilgili değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur. Daha sonra; mesnevinin şekil, dil ve tertip hususiyetleri üzerinde durularak hikâyenin geniş bir özeti verilmiştir. Devamında ise hikâye, temsilî anlatım bağlamında tahlil edilmiştir. Makalenin ikinci bölümünde ise Mur-nâme’nin metni Latinize edilmiştir.
Cyclicity of the 2-class group of the first Hilbert 2-class field of some number fields
Authors: Azizi A , Rezzougui M , Zekhnini A
Published: March 2023

Let $\mathds{k}$ be a real quadratic number field. Denote by
$\mathrm{Cl}_2(\mathds{k})$ its $2$-class group and by $\mathds{k}_2^{(1)}$
(resp. $\mathds{k}_2^{(2)}$) its first (resp. second) Hilbert $2$-class field.
The aim of this paper is to study, for a real quadratic number field whose
discriminant is divisible by one prime number congruent to $3$ modulo 4, the
metacyclicity of $G=\mathrm{Gal}(\mathds{k}_2^{(2)}/\mathds{k})$ and the
cyclicity of $\mathrm{Gal}(\mathds{k}_2^{(2)}/\mathds{k}_2^{(1)})$ whenever the
rank of $\mathrm{Cl}_2(\mathds{k})$ is $2$, and the $4$-rank of
$\mathrm{Cl}_2(\mathds{k})$ is $1$.
Optimal Space Lower Bound for Deterministic Self-Stabilizing Leader Election Algorithms
Authors: Blin Lélia , Feuilloley Laurent , Bouder Gabriel Le
Published: March 2023

Given a boolean predicate $\Pi$ on labeled networks (e.g., proper coloring,
leader election, etc.), a self-stabilizing algorithm for $\Pi$ is a distributed
algorithm that can start from any initial configuration of the network (i.e.,
every node has an arbitrary value assigned to each of its variables), and
eventually converge to a configuration satisfying $\Pi$. It is known that
leader election does not have a deterministic self-stabilizing algorithm using
a constant-size register at each node, i.e., for some networks, some of their
nodes must have registers whose sizes grow with the size $n$ of the networks.
On the other hand, it is also known that leader election can be solved by a
deterministic self-stabilizing algorithm using registers of $O(\log \log n)$
bits per node in any $n$-node bounded-degree network. We show that this latter
space complexity is optimal. Specifically, we prove that every deterministic
self-stabilizing algorithm solving leader election must use $\Omega(\log \log
n)$-bit per node registers in some $n$-node networks. In addition, we show that
our lower bounds go beyond leader election, and apply to all problems that
cannot be solved by anonymous algorithms.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Fuzzy-PID Controller under Temperature Setpoint Changes During Coffee Roasting Process
Authors:   School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia, Miskon Mohamad Taib , Rahiman Mohd Hezri Fazalul , Taib Mohd Nasir
Published: March 2023

Roasting coffee is an essential step in the production of coffee because it affects the flavour, aroma, and overall quality of the final product. Temperature control during the roasting process is essential to achieve a consistent and desired taste. This study seeks to assess the performance of a Fuzzy PID (FPID) controller during coffee roasting when the temperature setpoint varies. The temperature range in this study is from 34-200℃. The study employs an SR500 coffee roaster as the process plant, a FOPDT model structure, a PID-AMIGO benchmark controller, FPID-3 and FPID-5 controllers as the proposed controller. The study includes both simulation and real-time testing for the FPID-5 controller. The results for the FPID-5 controller indicated that the overshoot was reduced to 0.24% and 4.04% in simulation and 2.9% and 8.6% in real-time testing, representing an improvement of more than 90% in overshoot reduction compared to the PID controller. Thus, the proposed FPID-5 controller has been proven to effectively suppress overshoot during temperature setpoint changes in the coffee roasting process. Keywords— Arduino, FOPDT, Process control, temperature controller, real-time control.
Energy Management Strategies and Control of a Hybrid Grid-Connected Renewable Energy System with Three Modes Controlled DFIG based Wind Turbine
Authors:   Faculty of Sciences Semlalia of Marrakech, Cadi AYAD University, Marrakech, Morocco, OTHMANI Mohammed , LAMCHICH My Tahar
Published: March 2023

This paper deals with three novel Energy Management Strategies (EMS) for a Grid-Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy System (GCHRES) that utilizes a photovoltaic solar generator (PVG) and three modes controlled Wind Turbine system based on DFIG, along with a storage system based on battery. The CCP serves as the connection point between the Utility Grid (UG) and a residential AC load, primarily powered by the Renewable Energy Sources (RES). The UG acts as a backup source, and to limit the subscription power exceeding, the battery is designed to perform the peak shaving. Given the high vulnerability of batteries, the primary goal of all proposed EMSs is to maintain a continuous power supply while also protecting the battery from overcharging and deep discharge. Additionally, these EMSs are designed to lower the monthly energy bill for UG customers. The specific features of these EMSs vary depending on the metering types. And to maintain balance within the system, All components powers are controlled. The performances of the GCHRES were evaluated using simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Results concerning the continuous ability to meet demand, stability of the system, tracking of references, and also wind turbine system control are discussed in this article. Keywords—Control and regulation, DFIG, Energy Management Strategies, Grid-Connected, Peak shaving, Photovoltaic,Pitch control, Renewable Energy, Wind Turbine
A Source Number Enumeration Method at Low SNR Based on Ensemble Learning
Authors:   Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia, Ge Shengguo , Rum Siti Nurulain Mohd , Ibrahim Hamidah , Marsilah Erzam , Perumal Thinagaran
Published: March 2023

Source number estimation is one of the important research directions in array signal processing. To solve the difficulty of estimating the number of signal sources under a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a source number enumeration method based on ensemble learning is proposed. This method first preprocesses the signal data. The specific process is to decompose the original signal into several intrinsic mode functions (IMF) by using Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (CEEMD), and then construct a covariance matrix and perform eigenvalue decomposition to obtain samples. Finally, the source number enumeration model based on ensemble learning is used to predict the number of sources. This model is divided into two layers. First, the primary learner is trained with the dataset, and then the prediction result on the primary learner is used as the input of the secondary learner for training, and then the prediction result is obtained. Computer theoretical signals and real measured signals are used to verify the proposed source number enumeration method, respectively. Experiments show that this method has better performance than other methods at low SNR, and it is more suitable for real environment. Keywords—Source number estimation; Array signal processing; SNR; IMF; CEEMD; Ensemble learning.
Development of 3D Geological Model and Analysis of the Uncertainty in a Tight Oil Reservoir in the Halfaya Oil Field
Authors: Jassam Safiyya , Al-Fatlawi Omer
Published: March 2023

A geological model was built for the Sadi reservoir, located at the Halfaya oil field. It is regarded as one of the most significant oilfields in Iraq. The study includes several steps, the most essential of which was importing well logs from six oil wells to the Interactive Petrophysics software for conducting interpretation and analysis to calculate the petrophysical properties such as permeability, porosity, shale volume, water saturation, and NTG and then importing maps and the well tops to the Petrel software to build the 3D-Geological model and to calculate the value of the original oil in place. Three geological surfaces were produced for all Sadi units based on well-top data and the top Sadi structural map. The reservoir has been divided into 85 sublayers in the vertical direction and 170*143 grid cells in the x-y direction, totalling 2,066,350 grid cells. The Sequential Gaussian Simulation technique is used to fill 3D grid cells with property values in locations far from wells after upscaling the well log data, then distributed across all reservoir zones. The standard original oil in place has been calculated, uncertainty evaluation was used to obtain more accurate results. Model Risk Analysis employs Monte Carlo Simulation to generate the pessimistic, most likely, and optimistic reserve values (P90, P50, and P10). The uncertainty was affected by the oil formation volume factor, oil depth, petrophysical model (porosity, water saturation, and NTG), and reservoir geometric structure (horizons and zones).
Sedimentary Environments and Age Determination of the Chia Gara Formation, Northern Iraq
Authors: Al-Mansoor Ameen , Al-Hamidi Rafee , Al-Badrani Omar
Published: March 2023

The rock successions of the Chia Gara Formation were studied at two surface sections (Barsarin and Rania) from North-Eastern Iraq. The detailed sedimentological study reveals that the formation consists basically of thin-bedded black limestone, dolomitic limestone, marly limestone, bituminous shales, and Ammonitic limestone. The petrography results showed that the formation consists of various petrographic components as Ammonites, calcispheres, radiolarian, and silicate sponges in addition to the groundmass of micrite. Ammonite taxa are examined in the upper part of the Chia Gara Formation to find Ammonite species, of which seven species have been identified. One biozone is postulated based on the above assemblages, in order of age: Berriasella Jacobi, from a regional perspective, this biozone was connected with other Ammonite assemblages, leading to the conclusion that the Formation age is Early Cretaceous in age. The facies analysis demonstrates that the rock succession consists mainly of three microfacies. The main microfacies include lime mudstone, wackestone, and packstone. At the same time, the lithofacies comprise limestones and shales. The overall characteristics of these facies show that the Chia Gara Formation was deposited in three different environments; (1) the Lower part of the Upper bathyal (2) the Middle part of the bathyal, and (3) the Upper part of the outer shelf environment.
régimen jurídico de la protección de las colonias felinas y los entes locales
Authors: Josep Ramon Fuentes i Gasó , Expósito-López Óscar
Published: March 2023

Con la aprobación del Proyecto de Ley de Protección, Derechos y Bienestar de los Animales han surgido dudas sobre la protección que se daría a las colonias felinas. Han sido publicados documentos científicos con argumentos a favor del sacrificio animal por encima del método captura, esterilización, retorno por su peligrosidad para el medio ambiente y la salud pública. Los argumentos serán puestos en contexto jurídico para analizar si son suficientes como para replantear el nuevo criterio legal con respecto a la normativa básica de protección animal. Asimismo, se conectará el cambio de rumbo legal y la modificación de la naturaleza jurídica de los animales y cómo la moral jugará un papel fundamental en la protección animal.
Reseña de las Disposiciones de las Comunidades Europeas
Authors: Millán Moro Lucía
Published: March 2023

Comprende disposiciones generales publicadas en el DOUE, series L y C, durante los meses de abril, mayo, junio y julio de 2022.
Reseña de otras disposiciones de interés para la Administración Autonómica
Authors: Núñez-Lozano María del Carmen
Published: March 2023

Listado de disposiciones por Consejerías de la Junta de Andalucia. Comprende disposiciones publicadas en los boletines de abril a julio de 2022.
Rasgos de liderazgo que predominan en estudiantes de posgrado
Authors: Figueroa González Ernesto Geovani , Tortolero Portugal Rosalío , Sotelo Asef Jesús Guillermo , González Herrera María Brenda
Published: March 2023

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo general determinar los rasgos de liderazgo que predominan en los estudiantes de maestría de la Facultad de Economía, Contaduría y Administración de la Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango. Para la recopilación de la información, se empleó la técnica de la encuesta. El instrumento de medición usado se conforma por 15 ítems en escala Likert (1 totalmente en desacuerdo, 2 en desacuerdo, 3 de acuerdo y 4 totalmente de acuerdo), el cual se aplicó en octubre de 2021 a 16 estudiantes de posgrado. Se utilizó el diseño no experimental de nivel descriptivo y de corte transversal. Se concluye que los rasgos de liderazgo que predominan en los estudiantes corresponden al estilo de liderazgo transformacional.
Abstract
The general objective of this investigation was to determine leadership traits which predominate in master’s students from the Economics, Accounting and Administration Faculty of the Universidad de Juarez, Durango State. For the collection of information, we employed the survey technique. The measurement instrument used consists of 15 likert scale items (1 totally disagree, 2 disagree, 3 agree and 4 totally agree), which was applied in October 2021 to 16 graduate students. A descriptive, cross-sectional, non-experimental design was applied. It is concluded that the leadership traits which predominate in students correspond to the transformational leadership style.
Las celebraciones de la beatificación de San Ignacio en la Provincia jesuítica del Paraguay
Authors: Page Carlos A.
Published: March 2023

La significativa presencia de la Compañía de Jesús en la región platina tiene como preámbulo una de las celebraciones sustanciales en la conformación del simbólico arte festivo barroco. La metodología utilizada para las presentes notas, es el análisis descriptivo de las Cartas Anuas, que fueron la fuente fundamental para los historiadores jesuitas de los siglos XVII y XVIII, como los que le siguieron. Esta limitación responde al sesgo de otro tipo de fuentes que son casi nulas. En la fiesta barroca participaban todos los habitantes, pero se analiza en particular la articulación formada a través de la comunicación del acontecimiento y las reacciones demostrativas de cada lugar donde llegó la noticia. Por lo tanto, el despliegue de toda la parafernalia que la ocasión ameritaba, estará íntimamente ligada a los escasos recursos económicos con que se contaba, aunque con un alto nivel de religiosidad.