bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conflict resolution after the Cold War: the case of Moldova
Authors: WILLIAMS ANDREW
Published: July 2002

This article considers some implications of the Moldovan conflict from 1991 to the present for thinking about International Relations (IR) and conflict theory, as well as more specifically about the complexities of the conflict itself. This encompasses an examination of the roles of key external actors, and particularly of the Russian Republic and of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) as well as a subjective view of the role of the internal actors and their aims. The analysis is based on an on-going involvement in a ‘problem-solving’ exercise in the area.
Trajectory planning of robot manipulators by using algebraic and trigonometric

splines
Authors: Visioli Antonio
Published: July 2002

In this paper,

the use of algebraic and trigonometric splines for the trajectory

planning of robot manipulators is discussed. First, the two methods

are analyzed and compared in detail; then, a strategy, which

involves a combined use of the two schemes to perform

sudden changes in a predefined trajectory (e.g. in case of

obstacle avoidance) is proposed. Results show that the main interest

in using trigonometric splines lies especially in the task of

connecting two separate pieces of cubic splines, as overshoots are

significantly reduced, although the continuity of velocity, acceleration and (in

case) jerk is guaranteed.
Null space velocity control with dynamically consistent pseudo-inverse
Authors: Nemec Bojan , Zlajpah Leon
Published: July 2002

Null space velocity control is essential for achieving good behaviour of a redundant manipulator. Using the dynamically consistent pseudo-inverse, the task and null space motion and forces are decoupled. The paper presents a globally stable null space velocity controller

and the gradient projection technique in conjunction with the dynamically consistent pseudo-inverse. The physical meaning and influence of the compensation terms in null the space velocity controller are explained. The performance of the proposed null space controller is tested on 4. d.o.f planar redundant manipulator interacting with the environment.
Design of force/position control laws for constrained robots, including effects
of joint flexibility and actuator dynamics
Authors: Krishnan Hariharan
Published: July 2002

In this paper, a mathematical representation of constrained robot systems in the form of a differential-algebraic equation model is first considered. This model in modified further to include the joint flexibility between the linkages of the robot, and the actuator dynamics. The objective is to design a feedback control law for the system so that the
position output variables (typically the end-effector position) and the force output variables (typically the contact force between the robot's end-effector and the contact surface) of the robot follows the desired position and the desired force trajectories, respectively, despite the presence of joint flexibility and actuator dynamics. A systematic procedure is
developed for designing a feedback control law which ensures that the position variables track the desired position trajectories exponentially, and the force variables track the desired force trajectories exponentially. Since the development of the control law is based on the model of a constrained robot system which includes the effects of actuator dynamics and joint flexibility, it is possible to achieve better tracking performance using the force/position control law developed in this paper in cases where such effects are significant.
An improved pseudoinverse solution for redundant hydraulic manipulators
Authors: Beiner L. , Mattila J.
Published: July 2002

The paper deals with the kinematic redundancy control of a 3DOF linear hydraulic manipulator moving in the vertical plane. The analysis is carried out in actuator
coordinates so as to make the results usable in control schemes with actuator position feedback. The idea is to use the initial manipulator configuration as an optimization parameter in order to: (I) further minimize the actuator velocities obtained by a
pseudoinverse solution, (II) simultaneously avoid actuator limits without recourse to
a gradient projection approach. An improved pseudoinverse redundancy solution is thus obtained and implemented in a simple, non-iterative algorithm suitable for real-time applications. Simulations of a typical task with the proposed method show that minimizing the actuator velocity norm yields better results than minimizing the manipulator kinetic energy.
Tracking Control of Robot Manipulators with Bounded Torque Inputs
Authors: Dixon W.E. , de Queiroz M.S. , Zhang F. , Dawson D.M.
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the problem of link position tracking control of robot manipulators with bounded torque inputs. An adaptive, full-state feedback controller and
an exact model knowledge, output feedback controller are designed to produce semi-global asymptotic link position tracking errors. Simulation results are provided to validate the theoretical concepts, and a comparative analysis demonstrates the benefits of the proposed controllers.
Making progress with composing
Authors: Paynter John
Published: July 2002

Although it is widely acknowledged that composition has a part to play in general musical education, some critics have argued that its place in the school curriculum is not justified by the results. John Paynter finds the evidence still on the whole encouraging and suggests that, where there are shortcomings, these should be seen, not as criticism of classroom composing, but as indications of uncertainty about how to help pupils make progress – a dilemma which, perhaps, reflects lack of conviction about the value of creativity in a curriculum based upon a theory of knowledge and progression more helpful to other subjects than it is to the arts in education.
Developing the complete pianist: a study of the importance of a whole-brain approach to piano teaching
Authors: Chappell Sally
Published: July 2002

This article maintains that the emphasis placed on technical work during instrumental lessons inhibits the growth of students' musicianship. In addition the focus given to technique is shown to be responsible for the development of unnecessary physical tensions. It is argued that in terms of brain usage, technical skills and note-reading are based largely in the left-hemisphere, while the less used skills of improvisation, memorisation and internalisation are based in the right-hemisphere. It is proposed that in order to allow pianists to become more creative, imaginative and musical, young beginners should be given the opportunity to develop all the functions of their brains. Through using a whole-brain approach in piano teaching, pupils would develop a greater understanding of music and obtain a greater sense of physical ease whilst playing. The approach would increase enjoyment and motivation, reduce anxiety and physical tensions while performing and improve the ability to sight-read.
EFFECT OF PHYSICIAN SPECIALTY ON TREATMENT RECOMMENDATION TO PATIENTS
WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Authors: McDonnell Joseph , Meijler Annejet P. , Kahan James P. , Rigter Henk , Bernstein Steven J.
Published: July 2002

Objective: To assess the influence of physician specialty and the
way in which patient data are presented in the treatment recommended for
patients with coronary artery disease.

Methods: In a prospective study, 3,628 patients with significant
coronary artery disease who had been referred to 1 of 10 heart centers in the
Netherlands as possible candidates for either percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG)
were recruited. Within each center, the recommended treatment is determined by
a team consisting of cardiologists only, cardiovascular surgeons only, or
cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons (i.e., composite teams). The main
outcome measures are the proportions of patients for whom PTCA, CABG, or
noninvasive (medical) therapy was recommended.

Results: Composite teams made 71% of recommendations, surgeon-only
teams, 12%, and cardiologist-only teams, 17%. Cardiologist-only teams
primarily recommended patients to PTCA, surgeon-only teams to CABG, while
combined teams made more evenly distributed recommendations (p <
.001). Although the patients discussed by the three types of teams were
clinically different, the recommendation patterns remained significant after
adjusting for these differences (p < .001). For patients with
recent myocardial infarction, direct presentation of the case to the team by
the referring cardiologist reduced the likelihood that CABG would be
recommended.

Conclusions: The treatment recommended to patients with coronary
artery disease is affected by the composition of the team providing the
recommendation. These findings have important implications for clinical
decision making for patients with cardiovascular disease.
STATISTICAL INFERENCE IN COINTEGRATED VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIVE
MODELS WITH NONLINEAR TIME TRENDS IN COINTEGRATING RELATIONS
Authors: Saikkonen Pentti
Published: July 2002

This paper continues the work of Saikkonen (2001,
Econometric Theory 17, 296–326) and develops
an asymptotic theory of statistical inference in cointegrated
vector autoregressive models with nonlinear time trends
in cointegrating relations and general nonlinear parameter
restrictions. Inference on parameters in cointegrating
relations and short-run dynamics is studied separately.
It is shown that Gaussian maximum likelihood estimators
of parameters in cointegrating relations have mixed normal
limiting distributions and that related Wald, Lagrange
multiplier, and likelihood ratio tests for general nonlinear
hypotheses have usual asymptotic chi-square distributions.
These results are shown to hold even if parameters in the
short-run dynamics are not identified. In that case suitable
estimators of the information matrix have to be used to
justify the application of Wald and Lagrange multiplier
tests, whereas the likelihood ratio test is free of this
difficulty. Similar results are also obtained when inference
on parameters in the short-run dynamics is studied, although
then Gaussian maximum likelihood estimators have usual
normal limiting distributions. All results of the paper
are proved without assuming existence of second partial
derivatives of the likelihood function, and in some cases
even differentiability with respect to nuisance parameters
is not required.
HANDBOOK OF MATRICES
Authors: Magnus Jan R.
Published: July 2002

This book is a collection of matrix results that
the author found important for his own work. To make the
book reasonably self-contained, the author has also added
many elementary results. The book contains definitions
and results only and no proofs.
Ecotones and gradient as determinants of herpetofaunal community structure in the primary forest of Mount Kupe, Cameroon
Authors: Hofer Ulrich , Bersier Louis-Félix , Borcard Daniel
Published: July 2002

The relative effects of the elevational gradient and of environmental discontinuities (ecotones) on the structure of a herpetofaunal assemblage in a tropical upland forest were contrasted by means of canonical correspondence analysis. Qualitative descriptors were used to define the elevational positions of the ecotones of interest, namely transitions in forest type and presence/absence of water bodies. The elevational gradient was coded in a form that accommodated different types of community response. Analyses were run for four subsets of the entire assemblage: (1) reptiles, (2) amphibians, (3) amphibians dependent on streams for reproduction, and (4) amphibians that do not use streams for reproduction. All subsets showed a significant relationship with the gradient, which suggested that most species respond to the physical continuum associated with the change in elevation. A response to ecotones was revealed for the amphibian subset only and associated with the presence or absence of watercourses. However, this response disappeared within subsets 3 and 4. A variation partitioning analysis was used to assess the individual and common contributions of gradient and ecotone descriptors to the elevational variation in the structure of subsets 1 and 2. The gradient descriptors explained more variation in the reptile subset than did ecotones, while the reverse was found in the amphibian subset. The dependence of most amphibians on aquatic breeding sites that were not available at all elevations reduced the relative importance of the gradient on the species distributions in subset 2 and accounted for the difference to the reptiles. In all, these findings add to the results of previous null model tests on the same four subsets, where competitive interactions were assigned a minor importance in limiting elevational distributions. The response patterns revealed by the present approach, with ecotones and gradient contrasted in a single analysis, emphasised the role of individual responses to the gradient according to the species' physiological tolerance limits.
The bat fauna of Lamanai, Belize: roosts and trophic roles
Authors: FENTON M. B. , BERNARD E. , BOUCHARD S. , HOLLIS L. , JOHNSTON D. S. , LAUSEN C. L. , RATCLIFFE J. M. , RISKIN D. K. , TAYLOR J. R. , ZIGOURIS J.
Published: July 2002

Thirty-six of the 70 species of bats known from Belize were recorded from the area around Lamanai,
Orange Walk County: two in roosts and 34 in about 680 mist net hours that produced 560 captures. Day roosts used
by 35 of the species were located using radio-tracking (Sturnira lilium, Platyrrhinus helleri, Centurio senex and Bauerus
dubiaquercus) or general searching for roosts (Rhynchonycteris naso, Saccopteryx bilineata, Saccopteryx leptura, Dicli
durus albus, Mimon bennettii, Micronycteris schmidtorum, Carollia brevicauda, Carollia perspicillata and Eptesicus
furinalis). Data on the day roosts of 23 other species were determined from the literature. Most species reported from
Lamanai (19) roosted in hollows, while others used foliage (6), tents (3), sheltered sites (2), crevices (2), open sites
(1), and a few species used more than one type of day roost (hollows and crevices (1); hollows and foliage (1);
hollows, foliage and tents (1)). The fauna consisted of 13 aerial foragers, 9 gleaners, 11 fruit/leaf eaters, one trawler,
one flower-visitor and one blood-feeder. In day roost use and foraging behaviour, the Lamanai fauna did not differ
significantly from that of Paracou, French Guiana, but both these locations differed from the bat fauna of Kruger
National Park, South Africa, in foraging behaviour.
Reproductive phenology of sympatric taxa of Chamaecrista (Leguminosae) in Serra do Cipó, Brazil
Authors: Madeira João A. , Fernandes G. Wilson
Published: July 2002

Reproductive phenology of 13 sympatric taxa of Chamaecrista in three sections was surveyed at Serra do Cipó, south-east Brazil. Mean abundance of flowers and fruits per plant and mean number of aborted, predated, and surviving seeds per fruit were estimated. Monthly average number of developed seeds per fruit multiplied by the monthly mean number of fruits per plant gave the monthly average number of seeds produced by a plant of each taxon. Five types of phenological behaviour were differentiated by cluster analyses according to the season during which each species produced most of its mature seeds. This behaviour was related to the taxonomic section to which the taxa belong, to plant architecture, to geographical range, to seed predation and to local climatic seasonality. Herbs were more affected by variation in rainfall than shrubs and trees. Two species did not show any clear seasonal behaviour. Widespread taxa produced most of their mature seeds in the rainy season or immediately after it, and all but one of the narrowly distributed species produced most of their mature seeds in the dry season or in the transition from dry to rainy season. Seed predation is probably not an important selective force affecting reproductive phenology of larger taxa, while the smaller taxa seemed too constrained by abiotic factors for biotic factors to influence their phenology significantly.
Directions in uncertainty reasoning
Authors: NEUFELD ERIC
Published: July 2002

‘Uncertainty reasoning” refers in a general way to problems discussed by that subset of the AI community interested in representing and reasoning with knowledge that cannot be expressed as certainties. The range of problems discussed runs the gamut from fundamental philosophical inquiry into the nature of uncertainty and how (if at all) it can be measured and modelled, to practical performance issues arising from the (automatic) construction of real-world models and making inferences from such models.
A DYNAMIC COMPETING RISKS MODEL
Authors: Agustin Marcus A. , Peña Edsel A.
Published: July 2002

We consider a series system with p components
where the failure rate of each component depends on the
residual number of defects present. Successive tasks are
given to the system with each task completion time independent
of each component failure time. Based on the outcomes over
a fixed testing period, the asymptotic properties of the
estimators of the component parameters, task completion
parameters, and eventual system reliability are obtained.
SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION.Susan R. Fussell and Roger J. Kreuz (Eds.). Mahwah,
NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. ix + 298. $59.95 cloth, $32.50 paper.
Authors: Hall Joan Kelly
Published: July 2002

Traditionally, the study of the social dimensions of interpersonal communication has been
separated from the study of the cognitive dimensions. Recent research efforts from both social
and cognitive psychology, however, have made apparent the value of integrating both approaches
for increasing our understanding of language use. The volume by Fussell and Kreuz is an
excellent illustration of these efforts.
EXPLORATIONS IN INDIAN SOCIOLINGUISTICS.Rajendra Singh,
Probal Dasgupta, and Jayant K. Lele (Eds.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications, 1995. Pp. 258. $23.95 cloth.
Authors: Bhatt Rakesh M.
Published: July 2002

This book is dedicated to “all those working for the liquidation of sociolinguistics
as we know it” (p. 6). One of the dominant themes of this book is a conservative
skepticism about institutional claims to a knowledge of Indian
sociolinguistics—western scholars and their “Indian cohorts” (p. 31,
and passim) claiming to know the multilingual complexities of India. The nine
essays, most previously published, are assembled in an attempt to deconstruct some of the
established paradigms of Indian sociolinguistics, especially those that authors believe are
guided by western models. The authors' dissatisfaction with the use of western
parameters in interpreting the social realities of India is shared by most, if not all, linguists
active in research in Indian linguistics; this book presents, in one volume, critiques of the
works done in the past. After reading the book, whether or not one agrees with its stated
agenda or its reinterpretation of the data, it is a brilliantly provocative, sometimes polemic,
revisionist account of the multilingual realities of South Asia. The first nine essays offer
critiques of studies in both micro- and macro-sociolinguistic traditions. The last two essays
review two books: Gumperz's (1982) Language and social identity, and
Bhatia's (1987) A history of the Hindi grammatical tradition.
Double-bosonization of braided groups and the
construction of Uq(g)
Authors: MAJID S.
Published: July 2002

We introduce a quasitriangular Hopf algebra or ‘quantum group’
U(B),
the double-bosonization, associated to every braided group
B in the category of H-modules over
a quasitriangular Hopf algebra H, such that B appears
as the ‘positive root space’,
H as the ‘Cartan subalgebra’ and the dual
braided group B* as the ‘negative root
space’ of U(B). The choice
B=Uq(n+) recovers
Lusztig's
construction of Uq(g); other
choices give more novel quantum groups. As an application, our construction

provides a canonical way of building up quantum groups from smaller ones
by
repeatedly extending their positive and negative root spaces by linear
braided
groups; we explicitly construct Uq(sl3)
from
Uq(sl2) by this method,
extending it by
the quantum-braided plane. We provide a fundamental representation
of U(B) in B.
A projection from the quantum double, a theory of double biproducts and
a
Tannaka–Krein reconstruction point of view are also provided.
Australian experiences of farm forestry
Authors: RACE DIGBY , GUIJT IRENE , KANOWSKI PETER
Published: July 2002

Farm forestry is increasingly promoted in many countries as a land-use option which is likely to provide benefits in terms of improving the viability of agriculture, developing additional timber resources for industry, and enhancing regional development. This paper draws upon experiences of farm forestry in Australia to identify some lessons for its development that may be relevant to other countries. The paper provides an overview of farm forestry in the Australian context and reports on a recent review of leading case studies to provide some insights into means of future development. Three case studies are included to illustrate the diverse nature, and multiple benefits sought, of farm forestry. The important requirements of landholders pioneering farm forestry relate to: managing risks, participating in research and development, contributing to information exchange, addressing key farm issues, developing in-depth farm knowledge, establishing links with government and/or industry, and contributing to long-term community values.
The Convention on Biological Diversity: a solid foundation for effective action
Authors: McNEELY JEFFREY A.
Published: July 2002

Having been deeply involved with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) since it was first conceived at the World Parks Congress in Bali in 1982 (de Klemm 1984), I wish to respond to Guruswamy's (1999) critique of it.
Kriging as a surrogate fitness landscape in evolutionary
optimization
Authors: RATLE ALAIN
Published: July 2002

The problem of finding optimal values in complex
parameter optimization problems has often been solved with
success by evolutionary algorithms (EAs). In many cases,
these algorithms are employed as black-box methods over
imprecisely known domains. Such problems arise frequently
in engineering design. The principal barrier to the general
use of EAs for those problems is the huge number of function
evaluations that is often required. This makes EAs an impractical
approach when the function evaluation depends on numerically
heavy design analysis tools, for example, finite elements
methods. This paper presents the use of kriging interpolation
as a function approximation method for the construction
of an internal model of the fitness landscape. This model
is intended to guide the search process with a reduced
number of fitness function evaluations.
Immunosurveillance and the evaluation of national
immunization programmes: a population-based approach
Authors: DE MELKER H. E. , CONYN-VAN SPAENDONCK M. A. E.
Published: July 2002

Mass vaccination can change the epidemiological dynamics of infectious
diseases. It may result
in a limited persistence of natural and vaccine-induced immunity and a
higher mean age of
infection, which may lead to a greater risk of complications. The epidemiological
situation
should be monitored and immunosurveillance based on the assessment of specific
antibodies
against vaccine-preventable diseases in human serum is one of the tools.
In order to estimate
the immunity of the Dutch population reliably, a large-scale, population-based,
collection of
serum samples was established (8359 sera in a nation-wide sampling and
1589 sera from
municipalities with low vaccine coverage). In contrast to collecting residual
sera from
laboratories, this approach gains extensive information by means of a questionnaire
regarding
the determinants of the immune status and the risk factors for the transmission
of infectious
diseases in general. The population-based approach gives a better guarantee
that the data are
representative than collecting sera from laboratories does.
Phage typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter
coli and its use as an adjunct to serotyping
Authors: FROST J. A. , KRAMER J. M. , GILLANDERS S. A.
Published: July 2002

Campylobacter is the most commonly reported cause of gastro-intestinal infection in England
and Wales, with over 50000 reported cases in 1997. The majority of human campylobacter
isolates in England and Wales are C. jejuni (c. 90%)
with most of the remainder being C. coli.
We describe the use of phage typing as an extension to serotyping for more detailed
characterization within these two species. The scheme was piloted during a study of 2407 C.
jejuni and 182 C. coli strains isolated in Wales between April 1996 and March 1997. Fifty-
seven C. jejuni phage types were identified, with the ten most prevalent phage types accounting
for 60% of isolates tested; 16% of isolates were untypable. The most common phage type was
PT 1 which represented c. 20% of isolates. A further 7% of isolates reacted with the phages
but did not conform to a designated type (RDNC). Only 12 phage types were identified among
C. coli, with the two most common types, PT 2 and PT 7 accounting for 75·2% of isolates.
When used in conjunction with serotyping, the ability of phage typing to identify between 6
and 29 subtypes within each of the predominant HS types has enabled a further level of
discrimination to be achieved that enhances the epidemiological
typing of C. jejuni and C. coli.
Seven-week interval between acquisition of a meningococcus
and the onset of invasive disease. A case report
Authors: NEAL K. R. , NGUYEN-VAN-TAM J. S. , SLACK R. C. B. , KACZMARSKI E. B. , WHITE A. , ALA'ALDEEN D. A. A.
Published: July 2002

Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is thought to occur within a few days of pharyngeal
acquisition of Neisseria meningitidis. During a longitudinal study of carriage and acquisition
among 2453 first-year undergraduates we identified a male student from whom N. lactamica
was isolated in October 1997 followed by N. meningitidis in December 1997. In mid-January
1998 this student suffered a mild episode of IMD (meningitis) during which N. meningitidis was
isolated from his CSF. The meningococcus carried in December 1997 was phenotypically and
genotypically indistinguishable from the invading organism, suggesting the possibility that the
organism may have been carried for 7 weeks prior to the onset of invasive disease. Further
studies are needed to assess more accurately the range of asymptomatic carriage prior to
disease onset.
Molecular evidence of clonality amongst Vibrio cholerae O1
biotype El Tor during an outbreak in Malaysia
Authors: VADIVELU J. , IYER L. , KSHATRIYA B. M. , PUTHUCHEARY S. D.
Published: July 2002

Forty-three clinical strains of V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor were isolated between 3 May and
10 June 1998 during an outbreak in the metropolitan area of Kuala Lumpur and its suburbs.
With the exception of three Inaba strains that were restricted to three members of a family, all
the others belonged to the Ogawa serotype. The strains were analysed for clonality using
ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Two ribotypes, V/B21a and B27, were
identified among 40 Ogawa isolates using BglI restriction endonuclease. Ribotype V/B21a has
been described previously from Taiwan and Colombia and several Asian countries while B27
has been reported among isolates from Senegal. The three Inaba strains belonged to one
ribotype, designated type A, not previously reported. PFGE analysis using NotI revealed that
all isolates within a ribotype had identical profiles demonstrating clonality amongst the strains.
Dice coefficient analysis of the two Ogawa genotypes revealed 89% similarity on ribotype
patterns and 91.3% on PFGE profiles. Ribotype V/B21a isolates were associated with cases
from dispersed areas of Kuala Lumpur and its suburbs while ribotype B27 was restricted to
cases from one particular area suggesting a common-source outbreak.
Transmission of the nocturnal periodic strain of Wuchereria
bancrofti by Culex quinquefasciatus: establishing the potential
for urban filariasis in Thailand
Authors: TRITEERAPRAPAB S. , KANJANOPAS K. , SUWANNADABBA S. , SANGPRAKARN S. , POOVORAWAN Y. , SCOTT A. L.
Published: July 2002

Control programmes have reduced the prevalence of Bancroftian filariasis in Thailand to low
levels. Recently, there has been an influx of more than one million Myanmar immigrants into
urban centres of Thailand. The prevalence of patent Wuchereria bancrofti infection in these
immigrants (2–5%) has prompted concern in the public health community that the potential
now exists for a re-emergence of Bancroftian filariasis in Thailand. It is possible that an urban
cycle of transmission could become established. The Myanmar immigrants are infected with the
nocturnal periodic (urban) type W. bancrofti for which Culex quinquefasciatus serves as the
main vector. The Thai strains of Cx. quinquefasciatus have never been reported to transmit
Bancroftian filariasis. Our results of feeding experiments demonstrated that the Thai Cx.
quinquefasciatus are permissive for the development of Myanmar W. bancrofti to infective
third-stage larvae thus establishing the potential for establishing an urban cycle of transmission
in Thailand. We also adapted the SspI repeat PCR assay for the identification of infective
mosquitoes that was capable of detecting a single infective stage larvae in a pool of 100 mosquitoes.
Developmental psychopathology and public health: Past, present, and future
Authors: COSTELLO E. JANE , ANGOLD ADRIAN
Published: July 2002

Children's healthy mental development has never been the focus of long-term,

committed public health policy in the way that early physical health and development have been.

We discuss four types of societal response to illness—cure, care, control, and

prevention—and trace the history of public health in terms of its special responsibility to

control and prevent disease. We identify four periods in the history of public health: the Sanitarian

era (up to 1850), the Bacterial era (1850–1950), the Behavioral era (1950–present),

and the Communitarian era (the next century). Looking at this history from the viewpoint of the

developmental psychopathology of the first 2 decades of life, we trace progress in public health

responses to children with mental illness, from a philosophy of control by isolation toward one of

preventive intervention. We examine primary, or universal, prevention strategies that have been

tried, and we suggest some that might be worth reconsidering.
Family systems and
adolescent development: Shared and nonshared risk and protective factors in nondivorced and
remarried families
Authors: O'CONNOR THOMAS G. , HETHERINGTON E. MAVIS , REISS DAVID
Published: July 2002

The primary goal of this research is to increase the goodness-of-fit between the
theoretical tenets of family systems theory and quantitative methods used to test systems
hypotheses. A family systems perspective is applied to two specific research questions
concerning family influences on adolescent development: To what extent are familial risk and
protective factors for psychopathology and competence shared or not shared by siblings and are
different family relationship patterns associated with optimal adolescent adjustment in
nondivorced and remarried families? Multirater and multimethod data from a national sample of
516 nondivorced and remarried families from the Nonshared Environment and Adolescent
Development (NEAD) project were examined using a combination of cluster, factor, and
regression analyses. Results indicated that the effects of an individual relationship on adolescent
adjustment is moderated by the larger network of relationships in which it is embedded.
Evidence for nonshared familial processes in predicting adolescent psychopathology was also
found but only in a subset of families, and the mechanisms of influence were neither main effects
nor linear, as has been assumed by research to date. Results are discussed in light of family
systems models of relationship influences on development. These results illustrate how family
systems theory provides a specific example of contextualism as regards the development of
psychopathology in adolescence.
Stress, memory, and emotion: Developmental considerations
from the study of child maltreatment
Authors: POLLAK SETH , CICCHETTI DANTE , KLORMAN RAFAEL
Published: July 2002

Emotion
and memory are examined within a developmental framework. The point of departure for this
discussion is the study of maltreated children whose traumatic experiences have been linked to
difficulties in emotional development. It is suggested that cognitive processes such as memory
and attention serve to link experience with emotion and emotion with psychopathology. Thus, an
information processing approach is used to explain the development of maltreated
children's adaptive and maladaptive coping responses. It is argued that maltreated
children's association of affective stimuli with traumatic experiences and memories
selectively alters the meaning of emotions for these children. More generally, the role of
experience and learning as a component of emotional development is emphasized.
A madwoman's choice: aria substitution in Lucia di Lammermoor
Authors: PORISS HILARY
Published: July 2002

Shortly following the premiere of Lucia di Lammermoor in 1835, performances of this opera often featured a strange substitution: sopranos performed the rondò-finale from one of Donizetti's earlier operas, Fausta, in place of the now-famous mad scene aria. At least four productions were affected and this alteration was performed by some of the most famous sopranos of the time. This article explores the brief tradition of altering the mad scene by looking carefully at its origin and subsequent appearances, discussing its effects on the experience of hearing Lucia di Lammermoor as a whole, and investigating the possible reasons why this substitution lasted only for a brief period of time.
Metastable travelling-wave solutions of singularly-perturbed reaction-diffusion equations
Authors: LAFORGUE JACQUES G. L. , O'MALLEY ROBERT E. , WARD MICHAEL J.
Published: July 2002

This paper determines the asymptotic solution of certain
initial-boundary value problems for
singularly-perturbed reaction-diffusion equations, including the
Allen–Cahn and Cahn–Hilliard equations, on bounded
one-dimensional spatial domains for r[ges ]0. Attention is
focused on the metastable evolution of a transition layer over an
asymptotically exponentially-long time interval.
EUROCALL 2000:THe University of Abertay Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
Authors: GÁL PÉTER
Published: July 2002

EUROCALL 2000 took place in Dundee, Scotland between 31 August and 2 September, with the
subtitle Innovative language learning in the third millennium. This year's conference was dedicated to the
memory of János Kohn, a pioneer of CALL in Hungary. János's untimely death occurred in March 1999.
His memory lives on with the EUROCALL-sponsored Annual János Kohn Scholarship which enables a worthy Hungarian
scholar to attend the organisation's annual conference.
Physical therapy to improve movement performance and functional ability poststroke. Part 1. Existing evidence.
Authors: Pomeroy VM , Tallis RC
Published: July 2002

Introduction

Physical therapy has been found to improve sensorimotor function following stroke.–5 Early intervention might be better than late6 but even late poststroke physical therapy may be beneficial.3,7–9 Increased intensity of physical therapy may bring increased benefit,10–12 but this might not always be the case,13 as the severity of motor impairment may influence response to additional treatment.14 Not surprisingly, the content of physical therapy might also influence sensorimotor response,15 but at present, choice of treatment by physiotherapists appears to be mostly determined

by the treatment approach which was prevalent during their training.16,17 As there are several different physical therapy approaches (Partridge18 describes nine), the potential for variation is extensive. Variation also arises from location of groups of therapists, e.g. the emphasis on the Movement Science Approach in Australia and the emphasis on the Bobath approach in the UK. There is a strong impression that physiotherapy practice has often been shaped by fashion, underpinned by clinical intuitions, based on uncontrolled observations and rationalized by quasi-scientific theories. An example of this is the Bobath approach, which we shall use as an illustration of the current inadequate scientific basis for commonly-used physical therapies.
Une distinction mesurable: corpus oraux et écrits sur le continuum de la deixis
Authors: Dewaele Jean-Marc
Published: July 2002

L'opposition oral/écrit est analysée à travers la variation dans les proportions des catégories grammaticales dans vingt-et-un corpus oraux et écrits italiens, néerlandais, français et d'interlangue française. Une analyse factorielle permet d'extraire une dimension unique sur laquelle s'opposent deux groupes de catégories grammaticales. Les substantifs, les articles, les adjectifs et les prépositions se situent près du pôle négatif tandis que les pronoms, les verbes, les adverbes, les interjections et les conjonctions se situent près du pôle positif de cette dimension qui reflète le continuum de la deixis. Les corpus oraux se situent près du pôle déictique/implicite et s'opposent aux corpus écrits qui se rapprochent du pôle explicite du continuum. Les énoncés oraux sont davantage ancrés dans le contexte spatio-temporel du locuteur tandis que le discours écrit est généralement plus indépendant du contexte spatio-temporel, ce qui explique son caractère plus nominal et sa proportion plus importante de mots essentiellement non-déictiques ou explicites.
Population size and status of the Yellow-breasted Racquet-tail Parrot Prioniturus flavicans
Authors: Walker Jonathan S. , Cahill Alexis J.
Published: July 2002

Densities and population estimates are presented for the little known Yellow-breasted Racquet-tail Parrot Prioniturus flavicans, a species endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. Sixteen months of fieldwork was conducted within two protected areas in the island's northern peninsula. Densities were found to be much greater in the Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park than in the Tangkoko Duasaudara Nature Reserve: 16.27 and 7.18 birds/km2, respectively. The species has a much more restricted range than previously thought, being confined to the eastern two-thirds of the north peninsula. The remaining suitable habitat within this range, lowland rainforest, is estimated to be c. 11,300 km2. Using this figure in conjunction with density values we estimate that the world population for this species may be greater than 44,650 birds. Whilst such a population size is higher than previously thought, the very restricted distribution of the species causes concern for its future as loss and fragmentation of forest habitat are ongoing within its range.
A REVISION OF PEGAEOPHYTON (BRASSICACEAE)
Authors: AL-SHEHBAZ I. A.
Published: July 2002

As delimited here, Pegaeophyton is a Sino-Himalayan genus of six species of which three, P. angustiseptatum (China), P. watsonii (India, Sikkim) and P. sulphureum (Bhutan), are described as new. P. scapiflorum var. robustum is raised to subspecific rank. Keys, detailed descriptions, and distributions are given. The affinities of Pegaeophyton are discussed.
CYTOTAXONOMIC OBSERVATIONS IN THE GENUS AESCHYNANTHUS(GESNERIACEAE)
Authors: RASHID M. H. , JONG K. , MENDUM M.
Published: July 2002

This study is a contribution to the further understanding of cytological patterns in Aeschynanthus(Gesneriacaeae). Chromosome numbers are reported for 12 species from six sections; nine of these are new counts. Two basic numbers, x=16 and x=15, are generally encountered. Aeschynanthus gracilis proved to be of exceptional interest, as its rare somatic number, 2n=28, confirms the occurrence of a third basic number, x=14, in the genus. Variation in chromosome number in relation to seed morphology is examined.
GENETIC VARIATION IN RARE AND WIDESPREAD LOMATIUM SPECIES (APIACEAE): A COMPARISON OF AFLP AND SSCP DATA
Authors: GITZENDANNER M. A. , SOLTIS P. S.
Published: July 2002

Plant conservation genetics has been hampered by a lack of markers for studies of levels and patterns of variation in rare species. We investigated the levels of variation in several rare and widespread species of the western North American genus Lomatium Raf. (Apiaceae) using two relatively new molecular markers: AFLPs and single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCPs). For each species, approximately 150 AFLP loci have been scored, yielding estimates of species-level percent polymorphic loci in rare species ranging from near zero to over 80%. Levels of AFLP diversity were similar in two of the rare species, L. bradshawii (Rose ex Mathias) Mathas & Constance and L. ochocense Helliwell & Constance, and the widespread species. The third rare species, L. cookii Kagan, which has small populations, has low levels of diversity based on AFLPs. We also examined nucleotide diversity at the single-copy nuclear-DNA locus glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gap-C). PCR-amplified segments were analysed for allelic variation using SSCPs, and intrapopulational nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in both L. bradshawii and L. cookii. In the 211bp segment of Gap-C analysed, five nucleotide sites were segregating within populations of L. bradshawii and two in L. cookii.
Peripheral Vision: Social Science and the History of Communist Eastern Europe
Authors: Kenney Padraic
Published: July 2002

Ivan T. Berend, Central and Eastern Europe 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 414 pp., $64.95 (hb), ISBN 0-521-55066-1, $24.95 (pb), ISBN 0-521-66352-0. Valerie Bunce, Subversive Institutions: The Design and Destruction of Socialism and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 206 pp., $54.95 (hb), ISBN 0-521-58449-3; $19.95 (pb), ISBN 0-521-58592-9. Helena Flam, Mosaic of Fear: Poland and East Germany Before 1989 (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1998; distributed by Columbia University Press, New York), 283 pp., $50.00, ISBN 0-880-33406-1. Leszek Dziegiel, Paradise in a Concrete Cage: Daily Life in Communist Poland – An Ethnologist's View (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Arcana, 1998), 307 pp., ISBN 8-386-22517-3. András Gero and Iván Peto, Unfinished Socialism: Pictures From the Kádár Era (New York and Budapest: Central European University Press, 1999), 250 pp., $29.95, ISBN 9-639-11650-5.
Genetic factors in common disorders of female infertility
Authors: Simpson JL
Published: July 2002

Female infertility results from a myriad of causes – genetic and nongenetic. Sometimes a genetic aetiology is clearly evident. In other disorders heritable tendencies exist, but the precise genetic aetiology remains obscure. In this communication we shall consider the genetics of selected common causes of female infertility: premature ovarian failure; leiomyomata; polycystic ovarian disease; endometriosis. Not discussed here are disorders of gonadal differentiation primarily causing gonadal failure and disorders of female internal ducts, both considered elsewhere by the author and colleagues. The current contribution inevitably mirrors these other publications.
Commentary
Authors: McCruden Patrick
Published: July 2002

This is a case that speaks directly to the issue
of an organization's mission. As private insurance
and government reimbursement decline, the economic pressures
facing healthcare systems both public and private continue
to increase. For many institutions it is no longer a question
of prospering but surviving. As this case accurately describes,
survival is dependent on continually reducing costs and
maximizing reimbursement. These strategies often include
reducing the number of nonpaying or charity cases while
attempting to remain faithful to the mission of the organization,
whether this be a religious or civic mission. The ethics
committee, although it may be an appropriate forum for
discussions to begin concerning this patient, is not the
appropriate decisionmaking body regarding whether this
gentleman receives the treatment he needs. That task should
fall to whichever group defines or articulates the mission
and values for the organization, normally the hospital's
administration in concert with the board of directors or
trustees.
The Problem of Coerced Abortion in China and Related Ethical
Issues
Authors: NIE JING-BAO
Published: July 2002

Since the early 1970s, despite popular opposition,
to control the rapid growth of population the Chinese government
has been carrying out the strictest and most comprehensive
family planning policy in the world. In addition to contraceptive
methods and sterilization, artificial abortion—both
surgical and nonsurgical—has been used as an important
measure of birth control under the policy. Many women have
been required, persuaded, and even forced by the authorities
to abort fetuses no matter how much they want to give birth.
Edo in the seventeenth century: aspects of urban development in a segregated society
Authors: Takashi Katô
Published: July 2002

Seventeenth-century Edo was a city built by and for the shogun. The immense concentration of power in the shogun imposed stability in the city, and this made it unnecessary for the authorities to interfere directly in the city's general administration and economic affairs. Even given the overwhelming power of the shogun, however, the city did not develop a distinct culture at that stage.
Urban elites c. 1830–1930 and urban history
Authors: Smith John
Published: July 2002

The intention of this paper is to review the ways in which the role of urban elites has been examined and interpreted, and to show how the traditional concepts of social control and hegemony have required modification. The paper identifies two phases of study. The first phase was descriptive, concerned primarily with the identification and categorization of elites. The second phase, which began in the 1980s, was interactional and explored the influence of elites in inter-class relationships. The interactional role of elites is discussed in detail in relation to the exemplar of mid-nineteenth-century Manchester. The paper continues by considering the changes which elites began to undergo in the transitional conditions of the late nineteenth century. The significance of recent work is assessed and the paper concludes with some comments regarding the future direction of study on urban elites.
Current bibliography of urban history
Authors: Smith John , Verdier Nicolas , Faire Lucy
Published: July 2002

This bibliography is a continuation of and a complement to those published in the Urban History Yearbook 1974–91 and Urban History 1992–99. The arrangement and format closely follows that of previous years. The list of abbreviations identifies only those periodicals from which articles cited this year have been taken.
Current bibliography of urban history
Authors: Smith John , Backouche Isabelle
Published: July 2002

This bibliography is a continuation of and a complement to those published in the Urban History Yearbook 1974–91 and Urban History 1992–98. The arrangement and format closely follows that of previous years. There is an index of towns on pp. 488–93. The list of abbreviations identifies only those periodicals from which articles cited this year have been taken.