bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dairy products, leanness, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Peters Edward S. , Luckett Brian G. , Applebaum Katie M. , Marsit Carmen J. , McClean Michael D. , Kelsey Karl T.
Published: July 2008

Background.

As part of a population‐based case–control study, we investigated the association of food groups and micronutrients estimated from a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with the risk of development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods.

Incident cases were accrued through Boston area hospitals from 1999 to 2003, and neighborhood controls were selected and matched by location, age, and sex. There were 504 cases and 717 controls enrolled, who completed the FFQ.

Results.

We observed a positive association between the consumption of dairy products and HNSCC. The odds of HNSCC in the highest quintile of dairy intake was 1.64 (95% CI: 1.09–2.46), compared with subjects in the lowest quintile. There was a significant association between leanness with HNSCC. The odds of cancer among the leanest subjects was 5.8 (95%CI: 3.2–10.6) compared with a healthy BMI. Finally, intake of animal fat was positively associated with an elevation in cancer risk. The odds of HNSCC for high animal fat intake were 1.50 (0.99–2.27).

Conclusions.

Our data suggest that consumption of fruits and vegetables is not universally protective for HNSCC and that other food groups and nutrients may influence the risk for developing this disease. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2008
MMPs, TIMP‐2, and TGF‐β1 in the cancerization of oral lichen planus
Authors: Chen Yu , Zhang Weiping , Geng Ning , Tian Kun , Jack Windsor Lester
Published: July 2008

Background.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) are important in many physiological and pathological processes.

Methods.

Immunohistochemistry for MMP‐2, MMP‐9, membrane‐type 1 MMP (MT1‐MMP, MMP‐14), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐2, and TGF‐β were performed on normal mucosa, nonatrophic oral lichen planus, atrophic oral lichen planus, and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) resulting from lichen planus.

Results.

Expression of MMPs progressively increased from normal mucosa to nonatrophic oral lichen planus, atrophic oral lichen planus, and OSCCs. Immunoscores of MMPs in atrophic oral lichen planus was significantly greater than nonatrophic oral lichen planus. Moreover, immunoscore of MMP‐9 of OSCCs was significantly greater than both atrophic and nonatrophic lichen planus. Furthermore, expression of TIMP‐2 and TGF‐β1 paralleled increases seen with MMPs.

Conclusions.

Imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs may be involved in cancerization of oral lichen planus. MMP‐2, MT1‐MMP, and especially MMP‐9 may be useful markers for judging potency of malignant transformation from oral lichen planus. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2008
Factors associated with fatigue, sleep, and cognitive function among patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Rogers Laura Q. , Courneya Kerry S. , Robbins K. Thomas , Rao Krishna , Malone James , Seiz Alison , Reminger Sheryl , Markwell Stephen J. , Burra Vishal
Published: July 2008

Background.

Fatigue, sleep disturbances, and cognitive impairment are prevalent and clinically important problems among head and neck cancer patients. Our study aim was to determine the most important correlates of these problems among patients with head and neck cancer.

Methods.

A cross‐sectional, self‐administered survey was completed by 58 (response rate 79%) patients with head and neck cancer in an academic oncology clinic.

Results.

Multiple linear‐regression analyses demonstrated that fatigue was associated with younger age (β = −0.22), previous radiation therapy (β = 0.23), fewer months since cancer diagnosis (β = −0.25), and depression (β = 0.40). Sleep dysfunction was associated with younger age (β = −0.31) and higher symptom index (β = 0.39). Cognitive dysfunction was associated with higher symptom index only (β = −0.49).

Conclusions.

Younger age, previous radiation, more recent cancer diagnosis, depression, and more severe symptoms may be associated with fatigue, sleep, and/or cognitive dysfunction. These results suggest at‐risk subgroups warranting more aggressive screening and potentially supportive care interventions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Evaluation of retinal abnormalities in essential hypertension: Qualitative fundoscopy versus central retinal artery resistance index as indicators of target organ damage
Authors: Natale Francesco , Tedesco Michele Adolfo , Mocerino Rosa , Tassinario Guido , Morra Salvatore , Rinaldi Genny , Gregorio Giovanni , Calabrò Raffaele
Published: July 2008

Purpose.

To compare qualitative fundoscopy with resistance index (RI) of the central retinal artery determined using color Doppler examination as indicators of target organ damage in a large population of patients with essential hypertension.

Method.

We compared qualitative fundoscopy and central retinal artery RI (CRARI) in 459 patients with grade I and II essential hypertension. Correlations with left ventricular mass, carotid structural changes, and diastolic function were investigated. The results were analyzed according to the degree of retinopathy (grade I versus grade II) and CRARI (<0.70 versus ≥0.70). All patients underwent carotid sonography, echocardiography, diastolic function, a sonographic examination of the eye with measurement of CRARI, and examination of the fundus oculi.

Results.

There was no statistical difference in the parameters studied between patients with grade I and patients with grade II retinopathy on fundoscopy. Patients with CRARI ≥0.70 were older and had higher systolic and pulse pressure, more years of hypertension, increased left ventricular mass index, carotid intima media thickness, and diastolic parameters compared with patients with CRARI <0.70 (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between CRARI and age, pulse pressure, carotid intima media thickness, systolic blood pressure, and duration of hypertension, whereas a negative correlation was found between CRARI and diastolic parameters. Age, pulse pressure, carotid intima media thickness, and left ventricular mass index were independently related to CRARI.

Conclusion.

Our findings indicate that CRARI is more reliable than traditional fundoscopy in the evaluation of hypertension‐induced organ damage and should be used to measure global cardiovascular risk for tailored therapy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008
Prenatal identification of isolated bilateral radial dysplasia
Authors: Mancuso Alfredo , Giacobbe Annamaria , De Vivo Antonio , Fanara Giusi , Cocivera Giovanni
Published: July 2008

Radial aplasia or hypoplasia is characterized by complete or partial absence of the radius and/or radial ray structure occurring in 1:30,000 live births. It may be unilateral or bilateral of varying severity, and may be isolated or associated with other anomalies. We report an unusual case of isolated radial aplasia at 20 weeks' gestation with complete absence of the right radius and thumb associated with marked hypoplasia of the left radius. The intrauterine 2‐ and 3‐dimensional findings, postnatal radiographic evaluation, and autopsy results are reported. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009
A comparative analysis of knowledge sharing climate
Authors: Gupta Kripa Shanker
Published: July 2008

Efforts are made to measure knowledge generation and sharing in organisation through the human values approach by using the conceptual framework and measuring instrument developed by the researcher to do the similar study earlier. The study is extended to hospitality and IT Solution sectors along with the manufacturing and R&D sectors and does a comparative analysis of knowledge sharing in four different sectors. This analysis has also helped in understanding the impact of human values practice on employee and customer satisfaction.

Knowledge Sharing depends on the organisational climate where trust is high and employees feel that sharing of knowledge is rewarding. Top Management of the organisations where knowledge sharing is low must shift the attention to improve the factors which support the knowledge sharing.

The knowledge sharing Climate inventory has been published in The 2008 Pfeiffer Annual Consulting. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electric Conductance of Films Prepared from Polymeric Composite Nanoparticles
Authors: Hain Jessica , Pich Andrij , Adler Hans‐Jürgen , Rais David , Nešpůrek Stanislav
Published: July 2008

Summary: Novel polymeric particles of spherical shape consisting of an electrically insulating poly(styrene‐co‐acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate) (PS/PAAEM) core and a conductive shell of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) were synthesized. Electric measurements showed a strong dependence of the conductivity on weight ratio of PEDOT to PS/PAAEM in the composite. As the PEDOT content varied from 2 to 31.4 wt.‐%, resistivity of the resulting material changed exponentially from 12 GΩ cm to 100 Ω cm, depending also on the type of the used oxidation agent. Similar studies were performed on the basis of insulating poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam‐co‐acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate) (PVCL/PAAEM) microgel particles, which acted as microreactors for the synthesis of conductive PEDOT nanorods. In microgel systems, the conductivity was lower than in core‐shell systems, when the PEDOT content was less than 5 wt.‐%. Above this value of PEDOT concentration, the conductivities in the two systems became similar.
Synthesis of Novel Low‐Bandgap Organic Semiconductors: Azulene‐1,3‐diyl‐vinylene Oligomers
Authors: Strachota Adam , Cimrová Věra , Thorn‐Csányi Emma
Published: July 2008

Summary: Novel low‐bandgap polyconjugated organic materials, oligo(azulene‐1,3‐diyl‐vinylene)s, were prepared in a multistep synthesis starting from azulene. The key synthetic step was the olefin‐metathesis‐polycondensation of 1,3‐diprop‐1‐en‐1‐ylazulene. Oligomeric products were isolated by column chromatography and characterized by mass‐, 1H‐NMR‐ and UV‐Vis‐NIR spectroscopy.
Incorporation of Dyes into Polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) Nanotemplates
Authors: Křenek Radim , Cimrová Vĕra , Stamm Manfred
Published: July 2008

Summary: The present study provides some basic concepts of functionalization of diblock copolymer (BC) nanotemplates for optical applications. It is focused on the polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P4VP) building medium which is suitable for hydrogen bonding, undergoes phase segregation, and is well‐accessible. Two techniques are described and demonstrated on several dye complexes with PS‐b‐P4VP. Relation between optical properties and thin film structure is tentatively studied in dependence on solvent effects in thin films.
Characterization of Fluorene ‐ Thiophene Copolymer Layers by the Surface Photovoltage Method
Authors: Toušek Jiří , Pavlačková Petra , Cimrová Věra , Toušková Jana
Published: July 2008

Summary: The surface photovoltage method was used for the study of thin polymer layers made of poly{(9,9‐dihexylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl)[‐3‐(3‐methylbutyl)thiophene‐2,5‐diyl]} prepared by spin‐coating on ITO coated glass substrates. The surface photovoltage (SPV) in a thin polymer layer is a result of dissociation of photogenerated free excitons in electric field of the space charge region (SCR) which forms spontaneously at the surface. The photovoltage signal was formed between a transparent electrode capacitively coupled to the surface of the sample and the back ITO electrode. Photovoltaic spectra were measured under illumination both the free surface (SPVfs) and the substrate (SPVITO) side and for various layer thicknesses. The shape of the SPVITO spectrum is very similar to that of the absorption spectrum, whereas the SPVfs spectrum maximum is shifted to longer wavelengths. Fitting theory to the experimental data, the thickness of the space charge region and the diffusion lengths were evaluated. The results are discussed also in relation to photoluminescence study of thin films.
Development of Carbazole and Bipyridine Copolymers as Novel Photovoltaic Materials
Authors: Bogdal Dariusz , Pajda Michal , Sanetra Jerzy , Pokladko Monika , Matras Katarzyna , Attias Andre‐Jean , Fave Jean‐Luis
Published: July 2008

Summary: A novel acrylate polymer with a carbazole pendant group and bipyridine derivatives as side chains was synthesized, in which derivatives of bipyridine as electro‐optic chromophores and carbazole as photoconductive moiety were covalently linked to the acrylate backbone. 2–(Carbazol‐9‐yl)ethyl methacrylate (CEM) and methacrylic 2‐[5‐(2‐{5,5′‐dimethyl‐6′‐[2‐(5‐pentylthiophen‐2‐yl)vinyl]‐3,3′‐bipyridin‐6‐yl}vinyl)thiophen‐2‐yl]ethyl methacrylate (BiPy) were synthesized and then copolymerized to give 99:1, 98:2, 92:8 (mol/mol) CEM/BiPy copolymers. Films of the copolymers blended with poly(3‐octylthiophene) (P3OT) or poly(3‐decylthiophene) (PDT) and sandwiched between the transparent ITO and Al electrode were examined for photovoltaic properties.
The metalloproteinase‐disintegrin ADAM10 is exclusively expressed by type I muscle fibers
Authors: Dehmel Thomas , Goebel Hans Hilmar , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Lehmann Helmar , Wiendl Heinz , Kieseier Bernd C.
Published: July 2008

ADAM10 (Kuzbanian) is a member of a recently discovered family of membrane‐anchored metalloproteinases with a complex and conserved domain structure. In part, these metalloproteinases have been implicated in muscle formation. Herein the expression pattern of ADAM10 in human skeletal muscle was studied. ADAM10 was found to be present in human myoblasts and to be exclusively expressed in type I fibers, suggesting that it may be critical in muscle fiber differentiation. Muscle Nerve, 2008
Age‐related reductions in the estimated numbers of motor units are minimal in the human soleus
Authors: Dalton Brian H. , McNeil Chris J. , Doherty Timothy J. , Rice Charles L.
Published: July 2008

The documented impact of contractile level on decomposition‐enhanced spike‐triggered averaging motor unit number estimates (MUNEs) in young adults demonstrates the importance of selecting an objective contraction intensity that yields the most representative MUNE for a given muscle. Whether the same contraction intensity would be ideal in an altered system (e.g., by aging or disease) has yet to be examined. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to compare the effects of contraction intensity on MUNEs from the soleus muscle in young (≈27 years) and old (≈75 years) men. Using decomposition‐enhanced spike‐triggered averaging, surface and intramuscular electromyographic signals were collected from the soleus during a range of submaximal isometric plantar‐flexion contractions (threshold, 10%, 20%, and 30% of maximum voluntary contraction; MVC). Five MUNEs were calculated, one for each of the four contraction intensities and an ensemble MUNE was derived from all MUs collected. Although MUNE decreased similarly with increased effort in both groups, MUNEs were not significantly reduced in the old men compared to the young men. Consequently, the ensemble MUNE was extrapolated to an intensity of ≈15% MVC in both young and old. The results suggest that, in the soleus, the use of the same contraction intensity across age groups is a valid comparison. Muscle Nerve, 2008
Effect of contraction mode of slow‐speed resistance training on the maximum rate of force development in the human quadriceps
Authors: Blazevich Anthony J. , Horne Sara , Cannavan Dale , Coleman David R. , Aagaard Per
Published: July 2008

This study examined the effects of slow‐speed resistance training involving concentric (CON, n = 10) versus eccentric (ECC, n = 11) single‐joint muscle contractions on contractile rate of force development (RFD) and neuromuscular activity (EMG), and its maintenance through detraining. Isokinetic knee extension training was performed 3 · week−1 for 10 weeks. Maximal isometric strength (+11.2%) and RFD (measured from 0–30/50/100/200 ms, respectively; +10.5%–20.5%) increased after 10 weeks (P < 0.01–0.05); however, there was no effect of training mode. Peak EMG amplitude and rate of EMG rise were not significantly altered with training or detraining. Subjects with below‐median normalized RFD (RFD/MVC) at 0 weeks significantly increased RFD after 5‐ and 10‐weeks training, which was associated with increased neuromuscular activity. Subjects who maintained their higher RFD after detraining also exhibited higher activity at detraining. Thus, only subjects with a lesser ability to rapidly attain their maximum force before training improved RFD with slow‐speed resistance exercise. Muscle Nerve, 2008
Effect of diathermy on muscle temperature, electromyography, and mechanomyography
Authors: Mitchell Sarah M. , Trowbridge Cynthia A. , Fincher A. Louise , Cramer Joel T.
Published: July 2008

This study examined the effects of pulsed shortwave diathermy on intramuscular temperature, surface electromyography (EMG), and mechanomyography (MMG) of the vastus lateralis. Thirty‐five men were assigned to diathermy (n = 13), sham‐diathermy (n = 12), or control (n = 10) groups. Each subject performed isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) and incremental ramp contractions (10%–90% MVC) before and after treatment. Torque, intramuscular temperature, EMG, and MMG were recorded. Temperature for the diathermy group increased (P ≤ 0.05). MMG amplitude and instantaneous mean frequency (IMF) increased (P ≤ 0.05) during the MVCs with the greatest increases observed for the diathermy group. During ramp contractions, MMG amplitude and IMF increased at all percentages of MVC (10%–90%) for the diathermy group only (P ≤ 0.05). There were no changes in MVC torque, EMG amplitude, or IMF. Diathermy treatments may decrease musculotendinous stiffness, but not absolute strength or motor control strategies that influence force production. Muscle Nerve, 2008
Effects of intrathecal injection of a hyperpolarization‐activated channel (Ih) inhibitor ZD7288 on bladder function in urethane‐anesthetized rats
Authors: Masuda Noriyuki , Masuda Hitoshi , Matsuyoshi Hiroko , Chancellor Michael B. , de Groat William C. , Yoshimura Naoki
Published: July 2008

Aims

The role of Ih channels at the spinal level in the control of bladder function was examined in urethane anesthetized female rats.

Methods

Bladder activity was recorded via a transurethral catheter under isovolumetric conditions or via an intravesical catheter during continuous infusion cystometry. ZD7288, a selective Ih channel inhibitor, was administered intrathecally at L6–S1 segmental levels of the spinal cord.

Results

Under isovolumetric conditions, intrathecal 0.3 µg of ZD7288 was inactive, whereas 1 and 3 µg abolished bladder activity for 5.6 ± 1.8 and 20.7 ± 3.9 min, respectively. Three micrograms also tended to decrease the amplitude of the contractions when they reappeared. During continuous cystometry, an intrathecal injection of ZD7288 at 0.3–3 µg dose‐dependently increased the intercontraction intervals by 7.5%, 33.1%, and 57.5% from pre‐drug values. A higher dose of ZD7288 (3 µg) tended to increase the pressure threshold for inducing micturition by 16.6% and the maximum voiding pressure by 11.1%. On the other hand, cardiovascular parameters such as heart rate and mean blood pressure were not affected by 0.3–3 µg of intrathecal ZD7288.

Conclusions

These results indicate that Ih channels play an important role in the control of micturition. Because Ih channel inhibition in the lumbosacral spinal cord reduced the frequency of the micturition reflex without significantly affecting the amplitude of reflex bladder contraction, Ih channels might preferentially be involved in afferent processing in the spinal cord to control the micturition reflex. Neurourol. Urodynam. 27:838–844, 2008, © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Second trimester amniotic fluid transferrin and uric acid predict infant birth outcomes
Authors: Gao Tao , Zablith Nadine R. , Burns David H. , Skinner Cameron D. , Koski Kristine G.
Published: July 2008

Objective

To establish whether second trimester amniotic fluid protein and/or uric acid concentrations were associated with and predictive of infant birth weight and/or gestational age.

Methods

Second trimester amniotic fluid samples (n = 230) in mothers undergoing age‐related amniocentesis for genetic testing were collected and quantified using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for albumin, IgG, transferrin and uric acid. Maternal characteristics (prepregnancy weight and height, parity, ethnicity, smoking status) and infant birth weight, gestational age and gender were obtained from questionnaires and maternal obstetrical chart review.

Results

Preterm infants had higher concentrations of second trimester amniotic fluid transferrin than term infants (P = 0.0215). Transferrin was negatively associated with length of gestation, whereas uric acid was positively associated with the gestational age in spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) infants. Uric acid was also a significant predictor of the infant birth weight in grams.

Conclusion

Second trimester amniotic fluid transferrin and uric acid concentrations are related to subsequent birth outcomes and might emerge as biomarkers of early fetal development. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of contact material for cross section scanning spreading resistance microscopy on zinc oxide
Authors: Johansen K. M. , Schifano R. , Monakhov E. V. , Svensson B. G.
Published: July 2008

In this work we have employed cross section Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy (SSRM) to study the effect of different backside contacting materials: silver paste and InGa. The sample used is high resistive (∼10 k Ω cm) mono‐crystalline ZnO implanted with hydrogen. Current–voltage (IV)‐curves have been measured as a function of depth by the cross section SSRM method, giving an IV‐depth profile including both the implanted region and bulk region of the sample. Ag‐paste resulted in a rectifying backside contact with a sharp breakdown above 4V while InGa gave an Ohmic backside contact with one order ofmagnitude lower series resistance compared to the Ag‐paste. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of diamond‐like carbon films irradiated by X‐ray photons
Authors: Laurikaitienė Jurgita , Adlienė Diana , Meškinis Šarūnas , Tamulevičius Sigitas , Šileikaitė Asta , Kopustinskas Vitoldas , Cibulskaitė Inga , Šlapikas Kęstutis
Published: July 2008

Amorphous diamond like carbon (DLC) films deposited at room temperature on quartz glass wafer by means of direct ion beam deposition method from acetylene gas or hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) vapour mixture with hydrogen and nitrogen gas were irradiated by high energy X‐ray photon and the optical properties of irradiated DLC films were investigated. Ionizing radiation induced modification of optical properties of the DLC films of different type were studied using UV–VIS spectrometry, laser ellipsometry, Raman and IR spectroscopy, and interpreted on the basis of the obtained results. It was found, that the irradiation of amorphous hydrogenated DLC films introduced significant changes in the investigated structures; however the properties of SiOx containing DLC films remained almost stable after their exposure with high energy X‐ray photons. The influence of film deposition conditions and co‐doping on the optical properties of irradiated DLC films and the role of hydrogen in the films are discussed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
QSAR Modeling of Nucleosides Against Amastigotes of Leishmania donovani Using Logistic Regression and Classification Tree
Authors: Oliveira Kesley M. G. , Takahata Yuji
Published: July 2008

We employed two classification methods; first, a logistic regression, second, classification tree, to classify nucleoside activities against Leishmania donovani using a training set of 21 compounds. The compounds are classified either active or inactive. The model was validated using a test set of 14 compounds. Two descriptors, Mor26v and Gap(HOMO, HOMO‐1), were selected. The logistic regression resulted classification accuracy of 90.5% for the training set, 67% for the test set after Applicability Domain analysis was performed. The method of classification tree resulted classification accuracy of 95% for the training set, 86% for the test set. It was shown that the lowest energy conformation can be used to build a QSAR model through examination of the whole conformations that lie above the lowest energy conformation in the energy window of 13 kcal/mol. The selected descriptor Mor26v distinguishes differences in molecular chirality, while Gap(HOMO, HOMO‐1) distinguishes differences in electronic structures.
Exploring Predictive QSAR Models Using Quantum Topological Molecular Similarity (QTMS) Descriptors for Toxicity of Nitroaromatics to Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Roy Kunal , Popelier Paul L. A
Published: July 2008

In view of the widespread industrial use of nitroaromatics and their consequent ecotoxicological hazard potential, we constructed predictive Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) models for the toxicity of nitroaromatics to the ecologically important species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We used Quantum Topological Molecular Similarity (QTMS) descriptors along with electrophilicity index (ELUMO) and lipid water partition coefficient (log Kow) as predictor variables. The QTMS descriptors were calculated at B3LYP/6‐311+G(2d,p) level of theory. QTMS descriptors were employed to complement the deficiency of ELUMO in setting up predictive QSAR models from the view point of external validation. The dataset was divided into a training set (18 compounds) and test set (six compounds) in a ratio of three to one. Partial Least Square (PLS) models were developed based on the training set compounds. The predictive capacity of the models was assessed by the test compounds. The models were also validated by a randomisation test and leave‐one‐seventh‐out crossvalidation test. The results suggest that Bond Critical Point (BCP) descriptors can develop predictive QSAR models for nitroaromatic toxicity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae when used along with ELUMO and log Kow. The diagnostic potential of QTMS descriptors could also reveal the importance of the nitro group for nitroaromatic toxicity.
Construction sequence analysis of the flat plate system in a high‐rise building and its impact on the construction cycle
Authors: Kim Jae‐Yo , Abdelrazaq Ahmad K.
Published: July 2008

A construction sequence tends to influence the short‐term and long‐term behaviours of flat plate and flat slab systems, especially as it relates to serviceability conditions and, in some occasion, to strength‐related issues. Present material technologies, especially as it relates to high‐performance concrete (HPC), may have positive influence on the construction sequence and planning of these systems. Proper precautions in construction practice nowadays is required as it may influence the behaviour positively and improve the serviceability behaviour, especially as it relates to cracking and stiffness control because of the use of HPC.

The purpose of this paper was to study the behaviour of flat plate/slab system behaviour when utilizing HPC during construction and their impact on the long‐term performance of these systems. Through this study, several construction sequence analyses were performed by considering the effect of slab strength and stiffness development during construction cycle, shoring member stiffness and the cracking effects on the long‐ and short‐term behaviours. Also, it was performed to study different shoring methods of a high‐rise building system with a flat plate floor system as it may influence a typical floor construction cycle and overall construction schedule in a high‐rise building. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Female urethral diverticula
Authors: Finch William J.G. , Webb Ralph J.
Published: July 2008

The aetiology of female urethral diverticulum is poorly understood and the clinical presentation variable, mimicking various urinary and genital tract conditions. This can lead to a significant delay between presentation and diagnosis. The diagnosis can be difficult to make, often requiring multiple investigations. However, once identified, surgical intervention can provide symptomatic relief with good long‐term outcomes. The authors briefly review the presentation of urethral diverticulum, before discussing investigation and management. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd
KidSpirit magazine: Youth in dialogue about life's big questions
Authors: Hochman Elizabeth Dabney
Published: July 2008

The author describes founding KidSpirit magazine and her experiences thus far in engaging a teen editorial board. Of special note are quotations from young people themselves, including one who defines spirituality as “the indescribable feeling of connection with everything … the unlimited question and the undefined answer: The Journey.”
Predictive Factors of Microvascular Invasion in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Larger Than 5 cm
Authors: Nagano Yasuhiko , Shimada Hiroshi , Takeda Kazuhisa , Ueda Michio , Matsuo Kenichi , Tanaka Kuniya , Endo Itaru , Kunisaki Chikara , Togo Shinji
Published: July 2008

Background

Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who undergo liver resection and transplantation are predicted to have a poor outcome if the disease is associated with vascular invasion. This study aimed to identify preoperative predictors of microvascular invasion in patients with HCCs larger than 5 cm.

Methods

From May 1992 to October 2005, 231 patients underwent curative hepatic resection for HCC. Of these, 96 patients had HCCs larger than 5 cm. Analysis was limited to patients without macroscopic vascular invasion (n = 65).

Results

Multivariate analysis showed that patients with tumors larger than 7 cm and type 2 (single nodular type with extranodular growth) and type 3 (contiguous multinodular type formed by a cluster of small and contiguous nodules) tumors had an increased risk of microscopic vascular invasion. The overall incidence of microscopic vascular invasion was 46.2% (n = 30), but only 12.5% (2/16) in patients with type 1 tumors (single nodular type that is approximately round with a clear demarcation) measuring less than 7 cm.

Conclusion

Larger tumors (>7 cm) and type 2 and type 3 tumors are strong predictors of microvascular invasion in patients with HCCs larger than 5 cm.
Clonal growth and its effects on male and female reproductive success in Prunus ssiori (Rosaceae)
Authors: Mori Yosuke , Nagamitsu Teruyoshi , Kubo Takuya
Published: July 2008

Clonal growth can increase not only floral display but also geitonogamy and may affect sexual reproduction both positively and negatively. A clonal woody species, Prunus ssiori, was partially self‐incompatible according to a pollination experiment. Its main pollinators, bumble bees, were often observed to consecutively visit inflorescences within a tree. Clone identification revealed that its genets formed mutually exclusive patches. These features suggest frequent geitonogamous pollination. In a 6.24‐ha plot, 212 trees belonged to 59 genets, and 42 genets consisted of a single tree, whereas the rest contained two or more clonal trees. The largest genet had 65 trees and occupied 0.4 of a hectare. Fruit set was measured in 127 inflorescences sampled from nine maternal trees at the center of the plot. Paternal genets of 107 of their 300 seeds were assigned in the plot using microsatellites. There were no selfed seeds. Male reproductive success (the probability that individual trees of each genet sired a seed) increased as tree size increased, as the distance between the trees and maternal trees decreased, when the genet did not contain the maternal trees, and when the genet consisted of a single tree. Female reproductive success (fruit set in individual inflorescences of each maternal tree) increased as the within‐tree geitonogamy index, which reflected the frequency of pollination within the maternal tree, decreased. These results suggest that clonal growth reduces male reproductive success, at least, in P. ssiori, because of pollen discounting.
“I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free”: Nina Simone and the Redefining of the Freedom Song of the 1960s
Authors: KERNODLE TAMMY L.
Published: July 2008

This article explores the work of pianist/vocalist Nina Simone as the catalyst for a new type of freedom song in the black freedom movement during the 1960s. It examines the lyrical content and structure of Simone's music, which reflects the rhetorical and geographical shift of the transition from King's nonviolent, southern-based civil rights movement of the late 1950s to the mid-1960s to the militant black power nationalist movement of the late 1960s. Curtis Mayfield's Chicago soul style is also referenced as marking an important shift in mid-1960s R&B, which had largely avoided overt political statements.
A Revisionist History of Twelve-Tone Serialism in American Music
Authors: STRAUS JOSEPH N.
Published: July 2008

The history of twelve-tone serial music in the United States extends from the late 1920s to the present day. Practitioners of a distinctively American brand of twelve-tone music have included many well-known composers in three distinct waves of activity: prewar experimentation by native-born “ultra-modern” composers amid an influx of European émigrés; a postwar boom; and a third wave of twelve-tone activity since 1980. This extensive repertoire shares certain structural features, including twelve-note aggregates and serial ordering, but even these very general compositional commitments are subject to individual modification, and American twelve-tone serial music has taken astonishingly varied forms. To give an accurate account of this music's history, we must first pry away the many myths that have accreted around it. In the process, we will need to abandon historiographical models that focus on one or two “great men” and that describe the history of style as a series of changing fashions. This article proposes that we regard American music since 1925 as a dynamic steady state within which modernist styles, including twelve-tone serialism, persist as vibrant strands within the postmodern musical fabric.
Recent changes in thickness of the Devon Island ice cap, Canada
Authors: Burgess David , Sharp Martin J.
Published: July 2008

Long‐term rates of thickness change were derived at several spatial scales using a variety of methods for most of the Devon Island ice cap, Nunavut, Canada. Basin‐wide thickness change calculations were derived for the accumulation zones of all major drainage basins as the area‐averaged volume difference between balance and InSar fluxes at the altitude of the long‐term equilibrium line (ELA). Thickness changes for ablation zones were derived as a function of the surface mass balance, flux across the EL and calving flux, averaged across the ablation areas. Average rates of thickness change are near zero in the accumulation zones of the northern and southwestern basins but reach −0.23 ± 0.11 m a−1 w.e. in the southeast basin due to dynamic thinning. Thickness changes were also estimated along five major outlet glaciers as a function of flux divergence and net surface mass balance and along the Belcher Glacier by comparing elevation values derived from 1960s aerial photography with those derived from 2005 NASA Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) surveys. Ice dynamics have had a significant influence on the pattern of thickness change of all outlet glaciers examined in this study. Volume changes derived from the basin‐wide values indicate a net loss of −76.8 ± 7 km3 water equivalent from the main portion of the ice cap from 1960 to 1999, contributing 0.21 ± 0.02 mm to global sea level over this time. This value is ∼44% greater than previous estimates of volume change based on volume‐area scaling methods and surface mass balance alone.
Sheared lherzolite xenoliths revisited
Authors: Skemer Philip , Karato Shun‐ichiro
Published: July 2008

The microstructures of sheared lherzolite xenoliths from South African kimberlites are investigated using new microstructural analysis techniques and new rheological data. By applying electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) methods and the M‐index technique for quantifying the strength of lattice preferred orientation (LPO), it is demonstrated that olivine and orthopyroxene, after an initial stage of dynamic recrystallization, deformed by different mechanisms: olivine deformed by dislocation creep, while orthopyroxene deformed by a grain‐size sensitive mechanism that randomized the preexisting LPO. New rheological data, which incorporate the effects of pressure on deformation, are applied to these xenoliths. The effects of pressure are shown to dramatically reduce the inferred strain rates of these xenoliths in comparison to previous estimates. The contrasting microstructural features of olivine and orthopyroxene are analyzed using the Avrami theory of recrystallization, coupled with microstructural observations and experimental data. This analysis suggests that (1) the difference in the recrystallized grain‐size and (2) the difference in the completeness of recrystallization, can be largely explained by the contrast in grain boundary mobility between olivine and orthopyroxene.
A method for the calculation of the impact parameters of dilute pyroclastic density currents based on deposit particle characteristics
Authors: Dellino Pierfrancesco , Mele Daniela , Sulpizio Roberto , La Volpe Luigi , Braia Giuseppe
Published: July 2008

A new method for the reconstruction of the physical characteristics of dilute pyroclastic density currents is introduced. The velocity, density and particle volumetric concentration profiles of the stratified current are calculated, together with the profile of dynamic pressure, which is a useful parameter for checking resistance of buildings. The model links turbulent boundary layer shear flow theory with particle coupling to gas turbulence. The working procedure starts with the recognition in the field of the fining upward sequence of layers formed during the time integrated depositional history of an individual current. Distinct processes of particle transportation and deposition are associated with the different particle modes composing the bedset. The system of equations for the solution of the fluid‐dynamic parameters is implemented in two alternative ways. The first one uses data of particles coming from both the basal coarse layer and the overlying laminated layer of the bedset. The second uses features of two distinct components of the laminated layer. A statistical test is performed for checking model results against experimental data of actual particles. Model calculations give the average solution, as well as solutions corresponding to a range of 68% of probability around the average value. The maximum solution can be considered as a safety value for impact parameters. The methodology is applied to deposits of recent eruptions of Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei in Italy, and results are discussed in terms of hazard and expected damage.
Dust charging and electrical conductivity in the day and nighttime atmosphere of Mars
Authors: Michael M. , Tripathi S. N. , Mishra S. K.
Published: July 2008

Understanding aerosol charging and atmospheric conductivity are necessary in describing the global electric circuit, the aerosol coagulation rate, aerosol‐cloud interaction and their subsequent affect on the climate. The importance of aerosol charging for the conductivity variations of the lower Martian atmosphere during both day and night is calculated. Galactic cosmic rays are the dominant ionizing agent in the lower atmosphere, producing molecular ions and ion clusters. During the nighttime these ion clusters get attached to the aerosols and charging occurs. Solar UV photons are an additional ionizing agent during the day‐time. Only solar photons of energy less than 6 eV reach the surface of Mars as those with energies greater than 6 eV are absorbed by atmospheric molecules before they reach the lower atmosphere. Those photons which do reach the lower atmosphere ionize the aerosols as the ionization potential of most of the aerosols is less than 6 eV and produce electrons. Aerosols become charged by the attachment of ions and electrons during the day‐time. The ion‐aerosol and electron‐aerosol attachment coefficients, as well as the ion‐ion and ion‐electron recombination rates are calculated. The charge distribution of aerosols is obtained by the simultaneous solution of the ion‐aerosol charge balance equations. Both the steady state and time dependent concentration of charged aerosols are calculated. More than 60% of the ions and 95% of the electrons get attached to the aerosols. There are more negatively charged aerosols in steady state due to the presence of highly mobile electrons during the day‐time. The presence of electrons increases the conductivity during the day time. The day‐time results are compared with the nighttime results.
Chemical changes to nonaggregated particulate soil organic matter following grassland‐to‐woodland transition in a subtropical savanna
Authors: Filley Timothy R. , Boutton Thomas W. , Liao Julia D. , Jastrow Julie D. , Gamblin David E.
Published: July 2008

Encroachment of thorn woodlands into grasslands of southern Texas has resulted in greater aboveground and belowground biomass and greater soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. Our previous studies showed that a large percentage of the SOC accrued under invading woody clusters was not stabilized within protective soil aggregates or on mineral‐surfaces. Here we evaluated lignin and cutin‐ and suberin‐derived substituted fatty acid (SFA) chemistry to determine if the accrual of nonaggregated particulate organic matter (POM) in woodlands was promoted by inherently greater recalcitrance of tissues from woody versus grass species, and if there was selective input of aboveground versus belowground plant carbon to POM. Woody clusters exhibited reduced concentrations of cutin‐derived SFA and cinnamyl phenols within surface litter compared to fresh aboveground plant material. However, root litter exhibited relatively minor changes in biopolymer chemistry compared to fresh root tissue, suggesting it was either more stable or was refreshed at a greater rate. Between 14 and 105 years of woody plant encroachment, SFA in free POM fractions appeared to be consistently derived from root material while SFA within intraaggregate POM were increasingly derived from cutin sources. In addition, the shift from herbaceous to woody input was accompanied by enrichment in the amount of cutin and suberin‐derived aliphatics with respect to lignin in both root and surface litter as well as nonaggregated POM. Woody plant encroachment at this site results in the rapid accrual of POM pools that are biochemically recalcitrant, providing a mechanism by which soil organic carbon can accumulate in this sandy soil system. Our results also lend further credence to the hypothesis that aliphatic biopolymers, particularly root‐derived suberin, are important components of long‐term soil organic carbon stabilization.
Potential of 3‐D vertical seismic profiles to characterize seismogenic fault zones
Authors: von Huene Roland , Klaeschen Dirk , Papenberg Cord
Published: July 2008

The potential of a 3‐D vertical seismic profile (VSP) to improve resolution of seismogenic plate interfaces was explored with synthetic modeling. The 3‐D VSP modeled is at a proposed site for a 1 to 1.5 km deep open hole that provides background for riser drilling. Three‐dimensional VSP images could resolve 30–60 m spaced reflective horizons in a Costa Rican subduction zone. It can record a great amount of high‐fidelity S wave data to invert for physical properties, directions of strain, and pore pressure above and below the plate interface fault. A 6 km × 12 km grid of shots with a surface ship will illuminate a ∼4 km × 7 km area of the plate interface fault zone with a high data density. Acquisition adds 5 to 9 days to drill ship time on site and a shooting ship. Seismic image resolution falls between that of borehole information and 3‐D surface ship seismic images. A multiple‐kilometer 3‐D volume of high‐fidelity S wave data is an exceptional addition not available with other techniques.
The tumour suppressor CYLD is a negative regulator of RIG‐I‐mediated antiviral response
Authors: Friedman Constantin S , O'Donnell Marie Anne , Legarda‐Addison Diana , Ng Aylwin , Cárdenas Washington B , Yount Jacob S , Moran Thomas M , Basler Christopher F , Komuro Akihiko , Horvath Curt M , Xavier Ramnik , Ting Adrian T
Published: July 2008

On detecting viral RNAs, the RNA helicase retinoic acid‐inducible gene I (RIG‐I) activates the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) signalling pathway to induce type I interferon (IFN) gene transcription. How this antiviral signalling pathway might be negatively regulated is poorly understood. Microarray and bioinformatic analysis indicated that the expression of RIG‐I and that of the tumour suppressor CYLD (cylindromatosis), a deubiquitinating enzyme that removes Lys 63‐linked polyubiquitin chains, are closely correlated, suggesting a functional association between the two molecules. Ectopic expression of CYLD inhibits the IRF3 signalling pathway and IFN production triggered by RIG‐I; conversely, CYLD knockdown enhances the response. CYLD removes polyubiquitin chains from RIG‐I as well as from TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), the kinase that phosphorylates IRF3, coincident with an inhibition of the IRF3 signalling pathway. Furthermore, CYLD protein level is reduced in the presence of tumour necrosis factor and viral infection, concomitant with enhanced IFN production. These findings show that CYLD is a negative regulator of RIG‐I‐mediated innate antiviral response.
C-terminal residues of mature human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 protease are critical for dimerization and catalytic activity
Authors: Kádas János , Boross Péter , Weber Irene T. , Bagossi Péter , Matúz Krisztina , Tözsér József
Published: July 2008

HTLV-1 [HTLV (human T-cell lymphotrophic virus) type 1] is associated with a number of human diseases. HTLV-1 protease is essential for virus replication, and similarly to HIV-1 protease, it is a potential target for chemotherapy. The primary sequence of HTLV-1 protease is substantially longer compared with that of HIV-1 protease, and the role of the ten C-terminal residues is controversial. We have expressed C-terminally-truncated forms of HTLV-1 protease with and without N-terminal His tags. Removal of five of the C-terminal residues caused a 4–40-fold decrease in specificity constants, whereas the removal of an additional five C-terminal residues rendered the protease completely inactive. The addition of the N-terminal His tag dramatically decreased the activity of HTLV-1 protease forms. Pull-down experiments carried out with His-tagged forms, gel-filtration experiments and dimerization assays provided the first unequivocal experimental results for the role of the C-terminal residues in dimerization of the enzyme. There is a hydrophobic tunnel on the surface of HTLV-1 protease close to the C-terminal ends that is absent in the HIV-1 protease. This hydrophobic tunnel can accommodate the extra C-terminal residues of HTLV-1 protease, which was predicted to stabilize the dimer of the full-length enzyme and provides an alternative target site for protease inhibition.
Comment: The value of European patents
Authors: Gittelman Michelle
Published: July 2008

Abstract This paper is an important contribution to the growing literature on the meaning of patent data. Its core findings should become part of the vernacular in empirical research using patents as measures of innovation. A startling finding is that commonly used patent‐based proxies for value capture less than 5% of variation in value as reported by inventors. The results stand as a call for further exploration of the complex social and institutional processes by which patents are made. In this comment, I reflect on the main findings and their implications for what we know – and have yet to learn – about the value of patents and the meaning of patent data in innovation studies.