bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model‐Based Network Meta‐Analysis: A Framework for Evidence Synthesis of Clinical Trial Data
Authors: Mawdsley D , Bennetts M , Dias S , Boucher M , Welton NJ
Published: August 2016

Model‐based meta‐analysis (MBMA) is increasingly used in drug development to inform decision‐making and future trial designs, through the use of complex dose and/or time course models. Network meta‐analysis (NMA) is increasingly being used by reimbursement agencies to estimate a set of coherent relative treatment effects for multiple treatments that respect the randomization within the trials. However, NMAs typically either consider different doses completely independently or lump them together, with few examples of models for dose. We propose a framework, model‐based network meta‐analysis (MBNMA), that combines both approaches, that respects randomization, and allows estimation and prediction for multiple agents and a range of doses, using plausible physiological dose‐response models. We illustrate our approach with an example comparing the efficacies of triptans for migraine relief. This uses a binary endpoint, although we note that the model can be easily modified for other outcome types.
Quantum chemical simulations of doped ZnO nanowires for photocatalytic hydrogen generation
Authors: Zhukovskii Yuri F. , Piskunov Sergei , Lisovski Oleg , Spohr Eckhard , Evarestov Robert A.
Published: August 2016

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is considered in general as a promising material for solar water splitting. Its wurtzite‐structured bulk samples, however, can be considered as active for photocatalytic applications only under UV irradiation, where they possess ∼1% efficiency of sunlight energy conversion due to their wide band gap (3.4 eV). Although pristine ZnO nanowires (NWs) possess noticeably narrower band gaps than the bulk, the tendency of band gap reduction with increasing NW diameter is insufficient, and further modification is required. We have contributed to filling this gap by performing a series of ab initio calculations on ZnO NWs of different diameters (dNW), which are mono‐doped by metal (Ag) and non‐metal atoms (C, N) or contain oxygen vacancies with varied concentration (∼3 vs. ∼6%). To reproduce qualitatively the energies of one‐electron states of nanowires in our calculations, the hybrid DFT + HF Hamiltonian has been used, based on the PBE0 exchange‐correlation functional. We have analyzed changes in the electronic structure induced in a few defect composition scenarios, showing that, for specific concentrations and locations of the dopants, the optical absorption peak of doped ZnO can be shifted to the visible light range with promising efficiency. In agreement with experimental observation, the most significant results have been achieved for carbon‐doped ZnO nanowires. They possess the highest photocatalytic suitability, since the band gap is reduced in this case down to 2.1–2.2 eV (for nanowire diameters of 2.9–3.5 nm), which corresponds to optimal 15–17% efficiency of solar energy conversion.
Entwurfs‐ und Ausführungsplanung der Vinckekanalbrücke in Duisburg
Authors: Herbort Johannes , Schubart Ralf
Published: August 2016

Der Oberbürgermeister‐Lehr‐Brückenzug in Duisburg verbindet die Stadtteile Ruhrort und Kaßlerfeld. Er überführt die Ruhrorter Straße über mehrere künstliche Wasserstraßen, eine innerörtliche Erschließungsstraße und die Ruhr. Als eine der wenigen Ruhrquerungen besitzt die Verkehrsverbindung eine übergeordnete Erschließungsfunktion für die Stadt Duisburg, insbesondere für den Wirtschaftsstandort rund um den Duisburger Hafen. Um der zunehmenden Verkehrsbelastung gerecht zu werden, müssen die bestehenden Verkehrsflächen des Brückenzuges ausgebaut werden, für den Straßenbahnverkehr ist ein besonderer Bahnkörper vorgesehen. Da eine Erweiterung und Grundinstandsetzung der vorhandenen Brückenbauwerke aufgrund ihrer Bauweise und des baulichen Zustandes auszuschließen ist, sind alle Bauwerke neu zu errichten. Die Gesamtmaßnahme zur Erneuerung des OB‐Lehr‐Brückenzuges teilt sich in zwei Bauabschnitte auf, der erste Bauabschnitt ist 2015 abgeschlossen worden, die Planungen für den zweiten haben 2011 begonnen. Der vorliegende Aufsatz erläutert die wesentlichen Aspekte der Entwurfs‐ und Ausführungsplanung für den Neubau der Vinckekanalbrücke im ersten Bauabschnitt.

Preliminary und detailed design for the bridge construction crossing the Vincke‐Canal in Duisburg. The ”Oberbürgermeister‐Lehr” bridge construction in Duisburg connects the urban districts Ruhrort and Kaßlerfeld. With this bridge, the street Ruhrorter Straße crosses over several artificial waterways, a local access road and the river Ruhr. As one of the few Ruhr crossings, the connection holds a primary function for the city traffic of Duisburg, particularly for the industrial location around the harbor. In order to satisfy the increasing traffic load, the existing traffic areas of the bridge construction need to be expanded. The tram traffic will be separated with a dedicated track bed. Because of its structure and its state of repair, expansion and renewal of the existing bridge construction is not an option. Therefore all bridges will be rebuilt. The overall project of the renewal of the Oberbürgermeister‐Lehr bridge construction is divided into two construction phases. The first construction phase was finalized in 2015. The second phase started with the planning in 2011. The report at hand illustrates the most significant aspects of the preliminary and detailed design of the new construction for the Vincke‐Canal bridge in the first construction phase.
Linear edge effects on liana and tree communities in two tropical forest ecosystems in Ghana
Authors: Addo‐Fordjour Patrick , Owusu‐Boadi Kwame
Published: August 2016

The study determined linear edge effects on liana and tree community assemblages in moist semi‐deciduous (Afram Headwaters Forest Reserve) and upland evergreen (Tano Offin Forest Reserve) forests in Ghana. Fifteen plots (20 × 20 m2) were randomly set up at each habitat in the forests: edge habitat (0–40 m) and interior habitat (≥500 m). Lianas (diameter at 1.30 m from rooting base ≥1 cm) and trees (diameter at breast height, dbh ≥5 cm) were identified and enumerated in the plots. In the forest ecosystems, liana and tree species composition differed significantly between the two habitats. Liana and tree diversity did not differ significantly between edge and interior habitats. Nevertheless, edge habitat in moist semi‐deciduous forest supported significantly higher liana abundance and basal area than its interior habitat, whereas edge habitat in upland evergreen forest harboured significantly lower liana basal area than its corresponding interior habitat. Edge habitat in moist semi‐deciduous and upland evergreen forests had significantly lower tree abundance and basal area, respectively, than interior habitat. The results suggest that overall, linear edge effects on liana and tree assemblages were more pronounced in moist semi‐deciduous forest than upland evergreen forest. Lianas exhibited dominance over trees in edge habitat within moist semi‐deciduous forest, implying that they can have serious implications on tree diversity and ecosystem functioning in the forest. As our study is the first of its kind in the tropics with respect to edge type and forest ecosystems studied, our findings can contribute towards edge theory development.
Visions of Landscape in Martha Graham's Errand into the Maze
Authors: Conley Jennifer L.
Published: August 2016

Martha Graham cultivated a dual awareness of self and environment through the use of Earth-based imagery in her technique and repertory. Her Greek dramas are situated in landscapes created by Isamu Noguchi that suggest both geological and topographical landscapes as well as landscapes of the mind and body. In bridging the connection between body and Earth, the characters from these ballets have a dynamic relationship to these terrains that contain, embolden, and empower them. So what happens to the meanings and understandings of these works when they are stripped of their Noguchi habitats? This research investigates Martha Graham's Errand into the Maze (1947) in relationship to a stripped down version of the dance called Errand that premiered in the Graham Company's 2013 season after Hurricane Sandy destroyed the sets.
Creative Process in the Dancer–Researcher–Performer Method: The Relationship Between the Director and Performer
Authors: Costa Elisa , Rodrigues Graziela
Published: August 2016

This work presents a previous analysis of the specificities of the relationship between director and performer that exists when using the dancer–researcher–performer method (BPI in Portuguese). BPI is a Brazilian dance creation method in which the performer lives an otherness experience through fieldwork in Brazilian cultural manifestations. In this method, the director acts as a midwife, facilitating the “birth” of a dance that already exists in the performer's body, generated from its encounter with the field.
Dance, “Stereotypes,” and Gender Relations: The Case of Lowland and Mountain Communities of Karditsa (Thessaly)
Authors: Dimopoulos Konstantinos , Tyrovola Vassiliki
Published: August 2016

Gender identity is the main topic within the field of anthropology of gender: it is an identity with a polysemic character. The present paper focuses on the identity of social gender, since gender is a field of negotiation and a criterion for the analysis of culture. Social gender is a result of social-cultural constructions, established through the repetition of stereotypical dance acts. In this context, dance functions as a symbol, and its study allows the understanding of social structures, and therefore, the understanding of gender identity. Every dance event can be approached as a conceptual field, in which participants act according to gender standards and experience themselves as gender subjects.

The aim of this paper is to show the gender social structures and relations within dance and dance practices, as they are imprinted on the mountain and lowland areas of Karditsa (Thessaly), in combination with the predominant social structures. For this purpose, we made use of the theoretical model of Hanna, where dance and dance executions are fields of negotiation of gender identity, as well as Cowan’ s model, according to which social gender can be studied within the context of “dance events.”

Through the analysis of these “events,” several discrepancies in social structures and relations were detected between the lowland and mountain communities. These differences are based on dance occasions, and participation or lack of participation of both genders in these occasions, according to dance norms, dance order, and dance types. The above discrepancies constitute gender diversity among lowland and mountain communities, as a result of local social structures and the performative acts.
Experiencing Dance as Social Process: A Case Study of the Summer Paniyiri in Ikaria Island
Authors: Fatourou Katerina
Published: August 2016

The Ikarian paniyiri, one of the main cultural events in the island of Ikaria, has always acted as an important social process with various functions. Currently, it has also incorporated another role, acting as a cultural product aimed for touristic attraction. This transformation has affected the musical and dancing performance in the paniyiri, and especially the performance of the “ikariotiko,” the local dance of Ikaria. This presentation explores the multiple functions of dancing in the Ikarian paniyiri, the redefining of culture in a globalized setting, and also the process of participant integration through an intersubjective interpretation.
She's Beauty and She's Grace(less): The Mercurial Femininity of the Modern Disney Princess
Authors: Johnson Michelle
Published: August 2016

Focusing on characters from Disney's three most recent “princess” films, Tangled (2010), Brave (2012), and Frozen (2013), I examine the development and divergence of these figures from “classic” Walt Disney models. Their mercurial character, as illustrated through gesture and movement, presents a firm contrast with and significant departure from their predecessors in films such as Cinderella (1950) and Sleeping Beauty (1959)—protagonists who exhibited a static character reflective of their social roles through the “embodiment” of balletic grace. Expanding on existing research comparing Walt Disney–era princesses with those from the Disney Renaissance of the 1980s and 1990s, I explore the significance of this shift in representation. Viewed as a metaphor for contemporary femininity, how do these modern princesses resolve the incongruity between their official social stations, proscribed behavior, and “real” personalities through their bodies over the course of the films?

I believe that the conflict staged on these animated bodies is representative of larger societal issues emerging from contested definitions of both feminism and femininity, and that the Disney princess offers a contemporary site for the expression and resolution of this dissonance. Viewing the body of the Disney princess as representative of a larger female “social body” and conflict that occurs within her as indicative of the larger forces that shape female identity, I integrate my study with historical dance scholarship which regarded movement as indicative of the presence of an Apollonian/Dionysian dialectic working within culture.
Apocalypsis cum Figuris and the Counterculture: A Political Contestation Through Art
Authors: Olinto do Valle Silva Lidia
Published: August 2016

Apocalypsis cum Figuris (1969) was the last play produced by the Laboratory Theatre and directed by Jerzy Grotowski. This play has many particularities that are linked to the historical context in which it was created: the counterculture period. In the arts, this was also a period of deep questioning in which many artists and groups started to controvert the main paradigms. One of these groups was the Laboratory Theatre. Through a phenomenological analysis, this paper explores the specificities of Apocalypsis, demonstrating how radical changes were proposed in this play, as, for example, the concept of “no play acting.”
After Looking North and West: Portuguese Contemporary Dance and the European Crises
Authors: Roubaud Luísa
Published: August 2016

In the four decades that followed the April 1974 revolution, which ended the Estado Novo's dictatorship (1926–1974) and the Portuguese colonial empire, contemporary theater dance has witnessed an explosion in Portugal. After 1974, the African decolonization, the subsequent flow of immigrants, European Union accession (1986), and the opening to the contemporary Western world have substantially altered Portugal's political and demographic landscapes, social practices, and expressive cultures. Considering the current European crises, this article discusses how Portuguese contemporary dance is recently facing or reflecting the impact of Lusophone postcolonial cultural and demographic reconfigurations, and incorporating or dealing with its patrimonial expressive cultures.
Dance Activism and Media Market: Jampi Gugat
Authors: Sari Sekar
Published: August 2016

Jampi Gugat is a case study of dance activism particularly through flash mob. The movement configuration and music accompaniment clearly reflect the idea and concept of local wisdom as an alternative trend and solution in the global era. One of the key points for the success of Jampi Gugat is related to the campaign strategy regarding the media market in Indonesia, the world's third largest democracy and a developing country that tends to prioritize political-economy development rather than art and culture, including dance. Hence, the involvement of stakeholders: government, event organizers, artists, and communities, as well as their interaction, to formulate and deliver some value to society are deemed essential to create a sustainable cultural movement.
The Price of Everything and the Value of Nothing: “Scholarly Activity” and Creative Collaborations on Dance in the Days of Austerity in Greece
Authors: Savrami Katia
Published: August 2016

This paper initially exposes the resistance and reluctance of the Greek state to systematically support dance by means of long-term planning/institutionalization. Despite its establishment, during the 1970s, as an independent discipline studied at professional dance schools and under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture, dance has never really gained its rightful status in the Greek academia, nor has it ever been approached with the intention of truly comprehending and appreciating its nature. Further, the paper critically discusses government planning for dance education and funding for Greek dance companies. Finally, the author explains how the Greek dance community eventually has, on its own initiative, developed the necessary infrastructure in order to maintain and promote dance, both in education and in production. The Greek dance community—practitioners for the most part, plus a small number of researchers/academics—has implicitly influenced the existing state structures and cultural centers, and applied what in the current art/educational context is termed Scholarly Activity and Creative Collaborations. These ad hoc but regular actions might nevertheless prove to be the right choice for the sustainability of dance as an art form in Greece, within the current financial, political, cultural, and social predicament.
Dance, Originality, and Otherness: The BPI Method and the Brazilian Cultural Manifestations
Authors: Campos Flávio , Rodrigues Graziela
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this article is to investigate dancer-researcher-performer (BPI), the Brazilian method of dance composition that was created by professor Graziela Rodrigues in the 1980s. The article aims at showing how such practices are developed from the experience of a performer in relation to some popular manifestation such as a festivity or another cultural event. It also enables one to work directly with popular knowledge that is passed from “generation to generation.” The investigation offers a brief view of my doctoral studies in which I aim at analyzing the aesthetic specificities of this method.
Modularity lifting results in parallel weight one and applications to the Artin conjecture: the tamely ramified case
Authors: KASSAEI PAYMAN L. , SASAKI SHU , TIAN YICHAO
Published: August 2016

We extend the modularity lifting result of P. Kassaei (‘Modularity lifting in parallel weight one’,J. Amer. Math. Soc.26 (1) (2013), 199–225) to allow Galois representations with some ramification at $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}p$. We also prove modularity mod 5 of certain Galois representations. We use these results to prove new cases of the strong Artin conjecture over totally real fields in which 5 is unramified. As an ingredient of the proof, we provide a general result on the automatic analytic continuation of overconvergent $p$-adic Hilbert modular forms of finite slope which substantially generalizes a similar result in P. Kassaei (‘Modularity lifting in parallel weight one’, J. Amer. Math. Soc.26 (1) (2013), 199–225).
Feeding a diet devoid of choline to lactating rodents restricts growth and lymphocyte development in offspring
Authors: Lewis E. D. , Goruk S. , Richard C. , Dellschaft N. S. , Curtis J. M. , Jacobs R. L. , Field C. J.
Published: August 2016

The nutrient choline is necessary for membrane synthesis and methyl donation, with increased requirements during lactation. The majority of immune development occurs postnatally, but the importance of choline supply for immune development during this critical period is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the importance of maternal supply of choline during suckling on immune function in their offspring among rodents. At parturition, Sprague–Dawley dams were randomised to either a choline-devoid (ChD; n 7) or choline-sufficient (ChS, 1 g/kg choline; n 10) diet with their offspring euthanised at 3 weeks of age. In a second experiment, offspring were weaned to a ChS diet until 10 weeks of age (ChD-ChS, n 5 and ChS-ChS, n 9). Splenocytes were isolated, and parameters of immune function were measured. The ChD offspring received less choline in breast milk and had lower final body and organ weight compared with ChS offspring (P<0·05), but this effect disappeared by week 10 with choline supplementation from weaning. ChD offspring had a higher proportion of T cells expressing activation markers (CD71 or CD28) and a lower proportion of total B cells (CD45RA+) and responded less to T cell stimulation (lower stimulation index and less IFN-γ production) ex vivo (P<0·05). ChD-ChS offspring had a lower proportion of total and activated CD4+ T cells, and produced less IL-6 after mitogen stimulation compared with cells from ChS-ChS (P<0·05). Our study suggests that choline is required in the suckling diet to facilitate immune development, and choline deprivation during this critical period has lasting effects on T cell function later in life.
Hegel's Confrontation with the Sciences in ‘Observing Reason’: Notes for a Discussion
Authors: Ferrini Cinzia
Published: August 2016

According to a well-known statement in Hegel's Encyclopaedia, what differentiates the philosophy of nature from physics is ‘the kind of metaphysics used by them both’ (W9: §246Z: 20, N: 11). In the same vein, recent scholarship has stressed that Hegel criticises the logical procedures and metaphysical presuppositions of the working scientist's activity, taking issue with their lack of awareness about the mental categories they use and the alleged consistency of their way of arguing. Put rather more critically, it is often claimed that Hegel's concerns were purely philosophical, and that he never entered into genuinely scientific debate. Unlike Schelling, who engaged in scientific debate, Hegel is thought to have confined himself to observing and judging it, demonstrating his ability to grasp its main features, on the basis of which later to build his philosophy of nature.

To combat the old tradition of negative assessment of Hegel's relation to the empirical sciences, which saw it as aprioristic, dogmatic, misleading and ill-informed, the editors of the critical edition of the Phenomenology retrace some of the contemporary scientific sources for Hegel's objections to description and classification in the natural sciences, and document his appreciation of new developments in electricity and chemistry. Through a primarily historical approach, Hegel's critical remarks on the attempt to fix laws for organic forces (sensibility, irritability, reproduction) and his critique of the scientific status of physiognomy and phrenology, all of which elucidate his allusions in ‘Observing Reason’, are shown to be rooted in contemporary scientific debates. Recendy, however, it has been contended that this kind of scholarship that identifies Hegel's active engagement with the science of his time, ‘tend[s] to reduce the text to a document for historians of nineteenth-century science’ (Stone 2005: xv). In Italy, a scholar has also made a subtle case for his claim that, in contrast to his mature system, Hegel's confrontation with the natural sciences in the Phenomenology is essentially and necessarily critical, aiming to reveal the partiality, one-sidedness, and inadequacy of forms of cognitive approach typical of the natural sciences, and that it forms part of Hegel's dissolution of all of consciousness's forms of externality.
Toward a Formal Interpretation of Kant's Analogies of Experience
Authors: Blok Johan
Published: August 2016

Very often, the rise of non-Euclidean geometry and Einstein's theory of relativity are seen as the decisive defeat of Kant's theoretical philosophy. Scientific progress seems to render Kant's philosophy obsolete. This view became dominant during the first decades of the twentieth century, when the movement of logical positivism arose. Despite extensive criticism of basic tenets of this movement later in the twentieth century, its view of Kant's philosophy is still common. Although it is not my intention to defend Kant infinitely, I think that this view is rather unsatisfactory and even misleading.

Let us consider the first factor: non-Euclidean geometry. If one reads the first Critique carefully, it becomes clear that the claims of transcendental logic do not imply Euclidean geometry. Kant's notion of space, as explained in the aesthetics chapter, is rather limited: it does neither entail nor presuppose a specific form of geometry (Cf. B37-B57). None of his statements about the form of space is specific enough to imply or support Euclidean geometry. Although Kant uses several examples, Euclidean geometry does not play any systematic role; only the pure form of space is at issue in the aesthetics chapter. In my view, the same holds in the case of Newton's physics: it is neither presupposed nor entailed by Kant's transcendental logic. The justification of Newton's physics requires further specialisation and application of the transcendental framework to empirical concepts like matter and motion. Kant took this step in his Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science.
Geometrical Studies
Authors: Hegel G.W.F.
Published: August 2016

The fragmentary nature of GS makes it difficult to read as it stands, and for this reason, I have rearranged the material slightly so that it falls into four primary, reasonably coherent, parts. Their titles are: ‘The nature of mathematical objects’, ‘Thirteen propositions of Euclid 1’, ‘The philosophy of parallel lines’ and ‘On the algebra of geometrical figures’. GS actually starts with ‘Thirteen propositions of Euclid 1’. The justification for the reversal of order in the translation is to have Hegel's philosophical basis for geometry available first, to provide a context for his detailed discussion of geometrical propositions. The reader can easily reconstruct the original order of GS as follows. Interchange the first and second parts and also the third and fourth parts. Next, move the passages marked a …. a', b …. b',c …. c' to the places in the text marked a-a', b-b' and c-c'. For the reader wishing to locate the original German passages in Dok., the page and paragraph for each of these passages are given at the start of that passage.

In addition, subtitles for sections in these parts have been added which do not appear in the original. They are included in the translation to help orient the reader. I have inserted in some places words not in the original in order to clarify the meaning of the text. These insertions as well as my comments on the text are also enclosed within square brackets. Further clarifications can be found in the appended endnotes.
Metaphysics and Morality in Kant and Hegel
Authors: Sedgwick Sally
Published: August 2016

Even for those who have struggled with Hegel long enough to discover that he is neither a positivist nor a communitarian, nor (at the other end of the spectrum) a Platonist, the fact that he also insists upon distinguishing his approach to practical philosophy from Kant's may seem deeply puzzling. After all, the two philosophers share in common the same principal opponents. Both set out to undermine the sceptic's doubts about the possibility of objective practical judgments and requirements; both in addition reject positivist derivations of law, exclusively empiricist accounts of human behaviour, and intuitionist forms of justification. The two philosophers furthermore seem to share the same conception of the conditions of human freedom. For Hegel as well as Kant, a theory of morality and political right devoted to advancing the cause of freedom must require more than just the absence of obstacles preventing the satisfaction of our animal passions. For Hegel as well as Kant, freedom requires in addition the respect of the ends we have as rational natures. We achieve this kind of freedom when our actions are motivated by the legislation of reason and when the social norms which constrain us are norms we can rationally endorse.

Despite these similarities, Hegel tells us in the Philosophy of Right that the conception of freedom he associates with Kant and discusses under the heading of “Moralität” must give way to the more adequate conception of “Sittlichkeit” or “ethical life”. It is clear that Hegel finds unacceptable what he calls the “empty formalism” of Kant's practical philosophy; it is also clear that he thinks that Kant's practical philosophy is “formal” because its supreme law or categorical imperative is an a priori law of reason. But this doesn't yet tell us why, for Hegel, these features of the Kantian approach are objectionable. In my view, we do his critique little justice if we say that it is aimed at a consequence which presumably follows from Kant's preoccupation with providing an a priori foundation for law and morality: namely, the failure to give sufficient moral weight to the empirical particulars which individuate persons and situations and need to be taken into account in the practice of moral assessment. As I shall argue below, the suggestion that Kant's formalism requires us to ignore empirical content in this way is neither plausible as a critique of Kant nor accurate as a representation of what troubles Hegel about Kant. We go more to the heart of the matter, I believe, if we say instead that Hegel is out to challenge the very distinction between the “empirical” and the “pure” or “a priori” so fundamental to both Kant's practical and theoretical philosophy. Hegel's critique of Kant's practical philosophy is an instance of his critique of Kant's idealism more generally, and of the assumptions about reason and nature upon which that idealism rests. Or so I shall argue here.
Climbing Harris' Ladder
Authors: Flay Joseph C.
Published: August 2016

In his two volume work, Hegel's Ladder, spanning over 1500 pages, Henry Harris describes Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit of 1807 as “an epic story about God” (I. 31). Harris' work is itself a work of epic proportions. It is the fullest commentary on Hegel's Phenomenology I have ever seen. We are brought, paragraph by paragraph, from the beginning to the end of Hegel's Phenomenology, without break. And although Harris describes it as an epic about God, there is nothing of the usual mystification that surfaces when “theological” interpretations are offered.

There is, of course, no possibility of commenting on this work in any adequate way, short of perhaps writing a 3,000 page commentary on his commentary of some 1500 pages. After briefly, and inadequately, offering a summary of some of the important characteristics and positions of Harris' work, I want to pose some questions to Professor Harris concerning his interpretation.

As already mentioned, the format Harris chooses is to comment in detail on each of the paragraphs of the Phenomenology. This commentary follows two previous volumes, Hegel's Development I: Toward the Sunlight, and Hegel's Development II: Night Thoughts, in which we are given an erudite and thorough account of Hegel's studies and of his writings prior to the Phenomenology of Spirit. These previous volumes are integral to the present two volumes, as indicated by Harris' challenge to his readers and his critics.

My own view — after studying and laying out Hegel's intellectual development as completely and coherently as I could — is that no thesis about Hegel's project should be preferred to the one that I am about to advance unless it coheres with and provides answers to all of the exigencies that I have pointed to in the “genesis” of the book at least as well as mine does. (But many other theses may be valid complements to the one maintained here.) (I. 9)

And, indeed, one of the characteristics of Hegel's Ladder is that we are constantly reminded of how and why the problematic at issue derives from the way that Hegel's thought had developed. Thus, Hegel's Ladder has significance not only as a commentary on the Phenomenology, but also as a link between the Phenomenology and Hegel's earlier development.
Rethinking Collingwood, Rethinking Hegel
Authors: Browning Gary K.
Published: August 2016

The idea of rethinking plays a central role in the philosophy of R.G.Collingwood. In undertaking his philosophical analysis of history, Collingwood conceives of the study of past actions to consist in their rethinking by means of the historian's scrutiny of the evidence that he or she assembles in the present. Rethinking, for Collingwood, is also an apposite term to capture the reflective activity of philosophy insofar as it analyses the conditions and practices of human conduct and thought, and in so doing explains them by rehearsing their interconnections in systematic fashion. Throughout his career, Collingwood takes these two modes of rethinking to be interconnected. Notably, Collingwood conceives of his own practice of analysing the fundamental concepts of history as, in turn, presupposing the prior development of a tradition of historical thinking and analytical reflection upon the methods of history. He himself draws upon this tradition in his self-conscious process of rethinking it, which is exemplified in the main body of The Idea of History. Collingwood also understands the practice of rethinking as implying a critical perspective on preceding modes of thought, hi his formulaic notion of historical explanation as consisting in the re-enactment of past thought and in his affiliated notions of rethinking, Collingwood does not assume that the act of rethinking is to be regarded as the same act as the original piece of thinking that is to be understood. Thought is universal so that the same thought can be the object of different particular acts of thought. The differences between acts of thought remain, however, so that rethinking a previous thought is to rethink in a significantly new context in which the thinker is aware of the pastness of the thought rethought. This contextual awareness, for Collingwood, underlies the critical interrogation of past thinkers and thought and provides for the possibility of progress.
A Question of Origin: Hegel's Privileging of Spoken Over Written Language
Authors: McCumber John
Published: August 2016

In ‘Le puits et la pyramide’, Jacques Derrida critiques the way in which Hegel privileges speech over writing at Encyclopedia §459. He traces that privileging back to Hegel's teleologically motivated view of time as the sublation of space, which he takes in turn to be motivated by Hegel's concern, as a metaphysical thinker, for validating and securing the philosophical dream of “full presence”. This, on Hegelian terms, involves subjecting the “materiality” of space to the “ideality” of time.

Perhaps surprisingly, Hegel himself openly concedes Derrida's first two points. By limiting his discussion of language in the Encyclopedia to consideration of its function as a vehicle for the expression of representations, Hegel requires himself to discuss the relative merits of spoken and written utterances, an issue which he then argues out in favour of the former. Within the written domain, alphabetic and hieroglyphic writing must also be compared, and it is hardly astonishing that Hegel should view the key contrast between the two as that of the temporality inherent in alphabetic speech, which captures sound, as opposed to the spatiality of hieroglyphics, which exist only as inscriptions.

Hegel's privileging of speech over writing is thus no mere slip; it is a whole set of consciously elaborated arguments, undertaken for specifically stated reasons. This casts doubt on the third of Derrida's points above: is Derrida mistaking the purpose of a specific discussion for the motivating force of teleology in general? Is Hegel's openly conceded privileging of spoken over written language justified by something other than a teleology dictated by an unexamined metaphysical preference for “full presence”?
Hume, Hegel, and Abstract General Ideas
Authors: Westphal Kenneth R.
Published: August 2016

Hegel's phenomenological method allows and requires him to justify his own positive views only by thorough internal critique of the views he opposes; Hegel calls this ‘determinate negation’ (§1). Hegel's transcendental-pragmatic epistemology is sharply opposed to empiricism. One key tenet of Modern empiricism is aconceptual ‘knowledge by acquaintance’ of particulars. This view is deeply embedded in Hume's official ‘copy theory’ of sensory impressions and ideas. Both of these views are required by Hume's account of abstract general ideas. Both of these views saw widespread revival in twentieth-century empiricism. Can these views be criticised on strictly internal grounds, as Hegel requires? This paper answers in the affirmative. More thoroughly than any other philosopher, Hume attempted to analyse our conceptual, propositionally-structured thought solely in terms of our ultimate awareness of nothing but objects, whether they be sensory impressions or their copies, ‘ideas’. In this context, Hume's account of our ideas of space and time have long been regarded as anomalies in, if not exceptions to, his account of the generality of thought. I argue that these ideas are not anomalous, but rather are typical of Hume's account of the generality of thought, an account that ultimately undermines Hume's official empiricist account of the generality of thought, based on his copy theory. I reexamine Hume's ‘idea of existence’ to identify some key equivocations between ‘ideas’ as objects and ‘ideas’ as concepts that are crucial to Hume's attempt to account for the generality of thought. The main issue is clarified by placing it within its Modern context (§2). The key issues are then specified by considering Hume's idea of existence (§3). The fundamental role played in Hume's account by his equivocations are then developed in detail by examining Hume's accounts of abstract ideas (§4), of distinctions of reason (§5), of the idea of equality (§6), and of the ideas of space and time (§7). On this basis I contend that Hume's account of the generality of thought is fundamentally linguistic, and is rooted in judgmental discriminations of kinds that cannot be accounted for by appeal to impressions of sensation or reflection, nor their corresponding idea-objects. These conclusions are reinforced and extended by critical evaluation of Garrett's analysis and defence of Hume's account of abstract ideas (§8). Hume is thus not only the great Modern exponent of the copy theory of impressions and ideas, he is also its first and still one of its most profound critics (§9). To this considerable extent, not only are the most basic principles of Hume's empiricism subject to internal critique, as Hegel requires, but Hume himself provides all the essentials of such a critique. These results serve to substantiate and highlight the philosophical significance of Hegel's critique of ‘Sense Certainty’ (§10).
The Hesitant Hegelian: Collingwood, Hegel, and Inter-war Oxford
Authors: Connelly James
Published: August 2016

It was only ever with great reluctance that R.G. Collingwood accepted any philosophical label, whether ‘idealist’ or ‘Hegelian’: he always preferred to think of himself as beating his own philosophical path. This paper examines his relationship with the legacy of Hegel as mediated by the British Hegelians and the Italian idealists and suggests that An Essay on Philosophical Method marks the point at which his struggle to come to terms with legacy in the form of a reasoned statement of his own philosophical method and principles was resolved.
Transitions to and from Nature in Hegel and Plato
Authors: Browning Gary K
Published: August 2016

The philosophical understanding of nature is a key concern of both Plato and Hegel. Their elaborations of the identity and status of nature within their respective philosophies exhibit significant affinities to which Hegel himself draws attention in his Lectures on the History of Philosophy. Hegel and Plato, indeed, are fundamentally at one in theorizing nature as both displaying and obscuring the principles of reason which they take as providing the foundations of a coherent explanation of reality. In his lectures on the History of Philosophy Hegel takes great pains to emphasize the profundity of Plato's idealism as residing in its identification of the objectively real with the rational. Plato, according to Hegel, is to be revered, above all, for having “… grasped in all its truth Socrates' great principle that ultimate reality lies in consciousness, since according to him the absolute is in thought and all reality is thought.” The Timaeus, for Hegel, articulates how the world of nature is necessarily structured by reason, just as the Republic is seen by Hegel as providing a philosophical explanation of the rationality of the traditional, organic community of the Greek polis. Hegel's recognition of the Platonic foundations of his own version of “absolute” idealism in which the universality of thought assumes an explanatory priority over the material phenomena of nature as well as informing the spiritual activities of human beings has been noted, rightly, by a number of subsequent commentators. Michael Rosen, for instance, in his book, Hegel's Dialectic and Its Criticism, while carefully distinguishing between aspects of Hegel's and Plato's conceptions of nature, intimates the continuity of Hegel's idealism with Plato's by observing how Hegel's language in effecting a transition from the categories of pure thought in the Logic to the material world of nature constitutes an “… echo of Plato's Timaeus.” Certainly, Hegel's cryptic account of the transition from the Absolute Idea, the categorial terminus of the Logic's interrogation of the determinations of pure thought, to the externality and materiality of nature evokes Plato's construal of the construction of the world in the Timaeus, both by the indeterminate character of the God which is invoked, as well as by the clear subordination of material phenomena to a separately articulable order of reason. In the account of the construction of the world developed in the Timaeus, Plato deploys the image of the divine demiurge imparting order to the world by referring to a pre-existing pattern of ideas. Hegel conceives of the Absolute Idea which at the outset of the Philosophy of Nature he likens to God, as, “… freely releasing itself…” into the externality of space and time, in which movement the Idea is seen as suffering neither a transition within nor a deepening of its character such as the mediated categories of the Logic incur in the process of their integration within the Absolute Idea.
Nature and the Dialectic of Nature in Hegel's Objective Idealism
Authors: Wandschneider Dieter
Published: August 2016

When the Ideal is understood as ontologically fundamental within the framework of an idealistic system, and the Real, on the other hand, as derived, then the first and foremost task of a philosophy of this kind is to prove the claimed fundamentally of the Ideal. This is immediately followed by the further demand to also substantiate on this basis the existence of the Real and particularly of natural being. These tasks have been understood and attempts made to solve them in very different ways in German Idealism - about which I cannot go into more detail here. Let me say this much: that Fichte and Schelling, it appears to me, already fail at the first task, ie. neither Fichte nor Schelling really succeeds in substantiating their pretended ideal as an absolute principle of philosophy. Fichte believes he has such a principle in the direct evidence of the self. However, as this is of little use for the foundation of a generally binding philosophy because of its ultimately private character, Fichte already replaces it with the principle of the absolute self already in his first Wissenschaftlehre of 1794. As a construction detached from the concrete self, this of course lacks that original direct certainty from which Fichte started in the first place, in other words: because the construction of an absolute self can no longer refer to direct evidence, it must be substantiated separately, something which Fichte, I believe, nonetheless fails to do. The same criticism can, in my view, be made of Schelling, who ingeniously substitutes constructions for arguments. His early intuition of an absolute identity which simultaneously underlies spirit and nature, remains just as thetic and unproven as that eternal subject on which he based the representation of his system in, for example, the Munich lectures of 1827.
Conscience and Transgression: The Persistence of Misrecognition
Authors: Bernstein Jay
Published: August 2016

The aim of the Phenomenology of Spirit is to provide its reader with a “ladder” to the standpoint of science, showing him “this standpoint within himself (§26). By the standpoint of science, the standpoint of absolute knowing, I understand a perspective in which human cognition has no absolute limits or barriers, in which no items and types of items, most notably Kant's things in themselves, are intrinsically or a priori external to human cognition. Hegel is only attempting to provide a ladder to this standpoint because he believes that no demonstration or deduction of it is possible. Hegel's denial of the possibility of demonstration is premised on a simple logical insight: if what is presupposed as external to reason and cognition – material objects, other persons, language, social practices, history – are in fact constitutive conditions of them, then a position whose premises are weaker than what it seeks to demonstrate, as for example one might attempt to explicate the possibility of linguistic meaning only through reference to elaborate structures of intention, must necessarily fail. Hence, Hegel's initially puzzling formula that states that the “aether” of knowing is “pure self-recognition in absolute otherness” (§26), is designedly anti-Kantian: we only come to apperceptive self-awareness, what for Kant is pure or transcendental self-consciousness, through cogntion of things in themselves, the very things access to which Kant denies as a condition apperception.
Was Bosanquet a Hegelian?
Authors: Sweet William
Published: August 2016

It is generally held that 19th and early 20th century British Idealism was fundamentally Hegelian in character and the term ‘the British Hegelians’ has long been in common usage. Yet, particularly in recent years, it has been argued that some of the most influential British idealists were not Hegelians at all. T H Green may still be an idealist, and F H Bradley an ‘absolute idealist’ but, despite traces of Hegelian vocabulary or principles in their work, several scholars now hold that neither ought to be considered a disciple of Hegel. One might well wonder whether this is also true of Bernard Bosanquet, who has generally been regarded as the most Hegelian of the major idealists.

It is unlikely that Bosanquet would be offended in being called a Hegelian. In his metaphysics, his political philosophy and, particularly, his logic, Bosanquet draws on Hegel's insights and arguments. He saw his work as indebted to Hegel (specifically, to a tradition that traced its roots through Hegel, back to Kant, Rousseau and, ultimately, Plato) and, at the beginning of his philosophical career, Bosanquet criticised F H Bradley's logic for not having respected the principles laid out by Hegel beforehand. It is no surprise, then, that Bosanquet described Hegel as one of the two “great masters who 'sketched the plan’” (the other being Kant).

Still, it is hard to say what, precisely, is it that makes an author a ‘Hegelian’. Is it the use of Hegel's categories and terminology? Is it that the author is explicitly indebted to Hegel? Is it that the author's work shows an allegiance to Hegel's conclusions and that he sees himself as, at most, completing and extending what Hegel did? One might also ask, what type of Hegelian we have in mind – there are ‘left Hegelians’, ‘right Hegelians’ and so on. Of course, in attempting to trace such an intellectual debt, one must, as far as possible, try to distinguish what is distinctively Hegelian from what is to be found in earlier authors, but taken up by Hegel.