bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Norflurazon Selectivity in Two Biotypes of Guineagrass (Panicum maximum)
Authors: Tamma Rama V. , Singh Megh
Published: May 2019

Phytotoxicity, absorption, translocation, and metabolism of root-applied norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone] in tolerant narrowleaf and susceptible broadleaf guineagrass (Panicum maximumJacq. # PANMA) biotypes were examined under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Dose response studies conducted in the greenhouse showed greater injury to the shoots of broadleaf than narrowleaf biotypes.14C-norflurazon absorbed was 0.3 and 0.5% and 1.6 and 2.4% of that applied, 3 and 7 days after application for narrowleaf and broadleaf biotypes, respectively. Of the total radioactivity absorbed after 3 and 7 days, 70 and 76% and 57 and 61% were translocated to the shoots of susceptible and tolerant biotypes, respectively. Gas chromatographic analyses revealed that broadleaf shoots had 3.08 μg/g dry wt of the parent compound while its tolerant counterpart had 0.40 μg/g dry wt, 7 days after application. The toxic parent compound was metabolized more rapidly to its non-phytotoxic desmethyl analog by narrowleaf biotypes, thereby preventing its accumulation in the shoots. Differences in absorption, translocation, and metabolism were responsible for the differential response of the two biotypes of guineagrass.
Effects of Haloxyfop and CGA-82725 on Cell Cycle and Cell Division of Oat (Avena sativa) Root Tips
Authors: Kim Jae C. , Bendixen Leo E.
Published: May 2019

The mode of action of two experimental pyridinyloxyphenoxy propionate herbicides, haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} and CGA-82725 {2-propynyl-2-[4-[(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} was studied. Oat (Avena sativaL.) roots showed a rate-dependent sensitivity to both herbicides. Consequently, a series of assays was performed to study cell division, cell cycle dynamics, and nucleic acid and protein synthesis in oat root tips in order to characterize growth inhibition. Both herbicides inhibited cell division, apparently by inhibiting protein synthesis in the G2 stage of interphase. Supporting evidence for this assumption comes from the following observations: a) There was almost complete absence of leucine incorporation within 1 h of exposure to 2.7 × 10−4M of either herbicide; b) the number of3H-labeled dividing cells was reduced to about 20% of the control within 4 h, and essentially to zero within 8 h, after exposure to 2.7 × 10−4M of herbicide; c) the number of unlabeled cells was reduced to less than 10% of the control within 8 h of exposure to 2.7 × 10−4M of herbicide; d) during this 8-h period, the number of3H-labeled cells in interphase which had been exposed to herbicide greatly exceeded the control; e) thymidine incorporation into DNA was inhibited but was not proportional to reduction in cell division; f) uridine incorporation was enhanced during the first 8 h of exposure before a reduction was evident at 12 h; and g) an oat coleoptile elongation bioassay showed that cell enlargement was not inhibited at herbicide concentrations less than 2.7 × 10−4M.
Interference of Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) with Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Hackett Neil M. , Murray Don S. , Weeks David L.
Published: May 2019

Duration and density experiments were conducted in the field to measure horsenettle (Solanum carolinenseL. # SOLCA) interference with Spanish and runner-type peanuts (Arachis hypogaeaL. ‘Pronto’ and ‘Florunner′). Spanish peanut yield generally was higher with 6 to 8 weeks of weed-free maintenance. Horsenettle interference for 6 to 8 weeks did not decrease the yield of Spanish peanuts, and interference for 6 weeks did not decrease yields of runner peanuts. Weed-free maintenance for 2 or more weeks allowed increased runner peanut yield when compared to weedy plots. Linear regression predicted a 69 kg/ha Spanish peanut yield increase for each week of weed-free maintenance. Linear regression predicted a Spanish peanut yield reduction of 40 kg/ha for each week of weed interference in 1983, the only year in which the slopes of the regressions were statistically significant Curvilinear equations with the runner-type cultivar predicted an 81 kg/ha yield increase or 96 kg/ha decrease for each week of weed-free maintenance or weed interference, respectively. In 1 of 2 yr, Spanish peanut yield was reduced by horsenettle at a density of 32 plants/10 m of row.
Locoweed Seed in Soil: Density, Longevity, Germination, and Viability
Authors: Ralphs Michael H. , Cronin Eugene H.
Published: May 2019

Density of seed of three species of locoweed, salt milkvetch [Astragalus lentiginosusvar.salinas(Howell) Barneby], Lambert locoweed (Oxytropis lambertiiPursh. # OXRLA), and white locoweed (O. sericeaNutt ex. T.&G. # OXRMA) in the soil was determined at four locations in New Mexico, Wyoming, and Utah. Seed density ranged from 50 to 2820/m2. Greater than 77% of the seed were viable as determined by tetrazolium tests. Longevity of white locoweed seed was determined by sewing seed into nylon mesh packets and returning them to the site of origin in northwestern Utah. Greater than 50% of seed buried 1 cm deep in the soil were still present after 6 yr, but only 33% of seed placed on the surface remained. Germinability of the buried seed was less than 5%, but an average of 14% of seed placed on the soil surface germinated each year. Viability of retrieved seed ranged from 89 to 99%.
Evaluation of Imazaquin for Weed Control in Flue-Cured Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
Authors: Walls Frank R. , Worsham A. Douglas , Collins William K. , Corbin Frederick T. , Bradley J. R.
Published: May 2019

Imazaquin {2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid} was evaluated in the field for weed control in flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.) during 1983 and 1984. The 75 DG formulation of imazaquin was used at 0.28 and 0.42 kg ai/ha. Methods of application were: preplant incorporated, over the top immediately after transplanting, postbed incorporated, and early postemergence. Imazaquin controlled 90%, or better, of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL. # CHEAL), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL. # AMBEL), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. # AMARE), spiny amaranth (Amaranthus spinosusL. # AMASP), ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq. # IPOHE], sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. # CASOB), and prickly sida (Sida spinosaL. # SIDSP) with all application methods except early postemergence. It controlled 80 to 89% of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalisL. # DIGSA) by the soil-applied methods. Postemergence applications of imazaquin controlled common ragweed, pigweed spp., ivyleaf morningglory, prickly sida, and sicklepod. Imazaquin was less effective postemergence on lambsquarters and large crabgrass. Tobacco tolerated use of imazaquin by all methods of application except preplant incorporation.
Sorption and Mobility of Sulfometuron and Imazapyr in Five Alabama Soils
Authors: Wehtje Glenn , Dickens Ray , Wilcut John W. , Hajek Ben F.
Published: May 2019

Mobility and sorption of radiolabeled sulfometuron {2-[[[[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)amino] carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl] benzoic acid} and imazapyr {(±)-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid} were evaluated in five soils representative of the major soil types in Alabama. Thin-layer soil chromatography indicated that sulfometuron was slightly more mobile (average Rf= 0.86) than imazapyr (average Rf= 0.79). Sulfometuron was more subject to sorption (average kd= 0.29) than imazapyr (average kd= 0.09) in batch equilibrium experiments. Least sorption of both herbicides occurred on clay soils, and maximum sorption occurred on a sandy clay. Similar results were obtained with a soil solution recovery technique. Sorption of both herbicides was exhanced by temporary reduction in soil water content and by lowering soil pH. The pH response of imazapyr was greater than that of sulfometuron.
LA CORRUZIONE POLITICA IN ITALIA
Authors: Cazzola Franco
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

In altra sede ho già avuto modo di ricordare come intorno al problema «corruzione politica» (un fenomeno difficile da afferrare) sia venuta fuori una miriade babelica di esercizi denotativi riconducibile a tre grandi filoni, a seconda del criterio che vi viene posto a base. Se si assume il criterio legalistico corruzione è «un comportamento che devia dai doveri formali di un ruolo pubblico (una carica elettiva o dovuta a nomina) per ottenere vantaggi legati a questioni private (personali, di famiglia, di clan privato) relative al denaro o allo status; oppure che viola delle regole stabilite per impedire indebite forme di influenza privata». Se, invece, si pone a fondamento della definizione il criterio dell'interesse pubblico si allarga notevolmente il concetto di corruzione: «Un sistema di ordine pubblico e civile esalta l'interesse comune ponendolo al di sopra di interessi particolari; trasgredire l'interesse comune per interessi particolari è corruzione». Se, infine, si cerca nel criterio dell'opinione pubblica il fondamento della definizione abbiamo che è corruzione ciò che viene considerato tale dal peso dell'opinione pubblica: un atto è presumibilmente corrotto solo se la società lo condanna come tale, e se chi lo compie sente dei sensi di colpa nel compierlo.
IL GOVERNO: PROBLEMI CONCETTUALI E VERIFICHE EMPIRICHE
Authors: Urbani Giuliano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Innanzitutto, una doverosa premessa. Credo che si debba riconoscere all'articolo di Mauro Calise il non trascurabile merito di aver messo in tutta evidenza la fertilità contenuta in alcuni fondamentali temi di ricerca, sui quali converrà proseguire con maggiore sistematicità lo scandaglio appena iniziato. Mi limito a ricordarne uno solo: l'importanza di riconsiderare l'intera problematica del processo di «istituzionalizzazione del governo» nel nostro paese alla luce dell'abbondantissima letteratura non strettamente politologica. Penso, ovviamente, al diritto costituzionale e parlamentare; ma anche alla stessa storia parlamentare, alla scienza dell'amministrazione, alle molte branche della sociologia politica fino alla moderna teoria economica delle strutture organizzative complesse (com'è nel caso, tanto per citare gli autori più potenzialmente rilevanti per il nostro problema, della produzione di un James G. March o di un Wilson o di un Williamson). La ragione è evidente. Non si tratta, infatti, di abdicare al nostro ruolo specialistico di politologi per vivere alle spalle di qualcun altro quanto di riconoscere apertamente che le altrui prospettive specialistiche possono consentirci di vedere in termini nuovi (e, a volte, notevolmente complicati) le nostre stesse questioni peculiari: come sono quelle attinenti alla specifica «logica politica» dei modi di essere dell'istituzione-governo. Limitiamoci anche qui a un solo esempio: il funzionamento del collegio «Consiglio dei ministri», considerato come la più tipica manifestazione delle coalizioni interpartitiche, ma anche — e allo stesso tempo — come un'organizzazione «economica» (finalizzata a massimizzare i possibili benefici, minimizzando i relativi costi), come un organo disciplinato da precise norme giuridiche, come una struttura sociale caratterizzata da una propria storia autonoma e così via. L'ipotesi è, infatti, che la comprensione dei «comportamenti coalizionali» all'interno del Consiglio dei ministri possa giovarsi grandemente di una simile considerazione interdisciplinare, sia pure impostata e finalizzata all'ottica esclusiva del lavoro politologico.
MODELLI DI SICUREZZA
Authors: Santoro Carlo M.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

L'impiego di modelli consente di ordinare concettualmente una teoria, oppure una pre-teoria, nel senso che per le sue caratteristiche di rappresentazione schematica (e talvolta anche grossolana) della realtà facilita l'identificazione di tutti gli elementi necessari alla sua impostazione. D'altra parte opera un raccordo fra classi o idealtipi la cui affinità affiora indirettamente, per metodo comparativo, proprio nel quadro della loro diversità. Infine, attraverso la loro potenza esplicativa, per le proprietà di raffigurare una teoria, nonché per la loro semplicità, riduzione di scala, e omissione dei dettagli, i modelli possono far da crocicchio, ovvero da intersezione, anche in seno all'analisi delle Relazioni Internazionali.
Solar and Stellar Flare Observations using Watch
Authors: Brandt S. , Lund N. , Rao A. R.
Published: May 2019

The Danish experiment WATCH (Wide Angle Telescope for Cosmic Hard X-rays) is to be flown on board the Soviet satellite GRANAT in middle of 1989. The performence characteristics of the WATCH instrument is described. It is estimated that WATCH can detect about 100 solar hard X-ray bursts per day. WATCH can also detect about 40 energetic stellar soft X-ray flares, similar to the fast transient X-ray emissions detected by the Ariel V satellite.
Simultaneous Multi-Wavelength Observations
of an Intense Flare on AD Leonis
Authors: Rodonó M. , Houdebine E.R. , Catalano S. , Foing B. , Butler C.J. , Scaltriti F. , Cutispoto G. , Gary D.W. , Gibson D.M. , Haisch B.M.
Published: May 2019

We report on the first successful coordinated observations of stellar flares carried out on March 28, 1984 simultaneously over a wide range of wavelengths, from UV to microwaves, using the IUE satellite, three ESO telescopes at La Silla (Chile) and the VLA at Socorro (NM, USA).
A gas-dynamic model for a flare on YZ CMi: Interpretation of spectroscopic observations with high temporal resolution
Authors: Katsova M.M. , Livshits M.A. , Butler C.J. , Doyle J.G.
Published: May 2019

The spectra of a flare on YZ CMi, obtained with a temporal resolution of 60 seconds on March 4 1985 and over the range 3600-4400 A, are analysed using a gas-dynamic model. In this model, the optical radiation in the U-band, outside of flare maximum, is produced by a condensation formed during the gas-dynamic process. With the optical continuum described by a Planck function for a temperature of T ≈ 104K, the emitting source area S ≥ 5 10l7cm2. The hydrogen plasma kinetics of an “8 levels plus continuum” model atom are calculated, and it is shown that the low slope of the Balmer decrement, just after the flare maximum, is connected with a large population in the second level of the hydrogen atom.
The Radio Light Curve of V471 Tauri
Authors: Caillault J.-P. , Patterson J. , Skillman D.
Published: May 2019

We have observed the white dwarf — K dwarf eclipsing binary system V471 Tauri with the VLA. We have detected in the radio flux an interesting dip centered near phase zero (the phase of white dwarf eclipse) and a 6 mJy flare shortly after mid—eclipse at phase 0.15. The best possible explanation for the dip is the self—eclipse of a large radio—emitting cloud anchored to a particular spot on the secondary, namely the sub—white dwarf point. The 6 cm flare observation and sudden variations seen in Hα suggest that this spot is an active flaring region.
A Study of the Decay Phase of an X-Ray Flare on Algol
Authors: R. Mewe  , van den Oord G.H.J. , Jakimiec J.
Published: May 2019

We have re-analyzed the X-ray flare on Algol which was observed with EXOSAT (White et al. (1986)). The common practice of estimating loop volume and length from the decay time of the flare is discussed extensively. We show that during the decay phase of the flare both scaling laws for coronal loops are valid. This implies a unique determination of loop volume and length and allows a check whether additional heating occurs in the decay phase of a flare.
Flare-Like Events on the T-Tauri Star RU LUP1
Authors: Giovannelli F. , Castaldo D. , Covino E. , Vittone A.A. , Rossi C.
Published: May 2019

A long term multifrequency campaign on the T Tauri star RU Lupi has been carried out in the X-Ray, UV optical and IR spectral regions with ASTRON and IUE satellites and ESO 1.5 m+IDS, 1.4 m CAT, 0.5 m UBVRI and 1 m IR telescopes, respectively.

We present two flare-like events occurred on April 17, 1984 and June 30, 1986. The first one was detected only in the UV, clue to lack the of simultaneous observations in other spectral regions. The second one was observed in UV, optical and IR regions showing a maximum roughly in the U band A comparison of the whole energy distribution of this event with that of a quiescent state observed on June 27 shows a flux enhancement of (89 ± 2)%. A detailed analysis of UV continuum and lines, namely N V, C I, CII, CIV, Si II and Si IV, shows that ihe surfaces fluxes of RU Lupi are always larger than those observed on typical flare stars and on the Sun by a factor of roughly 2 and 3 orders of magnitude, respectively. This fact allows us to conclude that RU Lupi activity cannot be explained even invoking a complete coverage by solar-like plages. On the contrary a patchy distribution of the emitting regions could explain the observed behaviour of this active star.
Chromospheric Ejections Associated with Type III Radio-Bursts
Authors: Nicole Mein , Pierre Mein
Published: May 2019

We study the dynamics of an IIα absorbing structure associated with a type III radioburst. We use a “Differential Cloud Model” to analyse the observed line profiles, in order to determine radial velocity and microturbulence (or shear) as functions of time.

We assume that the material is flowing inside magnetic flux tubes, with a given velocity distribution. We analyse the motions in a phase-diagram (position x,velocity V). The evolution of velocity and microturbulcnce is compared to the observations. The model accounts qualitatively for the evolution of velocity, and qualitatively for the decrease of microturbulence.
Simultaneously Observational Study of Filtergrams, Velocity and Vector Magnetic Fields for a Solar Flare on 7 Oct. 1987
Authors: Yuanzhang Lin , Hongqi Zhang , Feng Han , Kening Liu
Published: May 2019

In this paper are described the simultaneously observational results of filtergrams, Dopplergrams and vector magnetograms for a solar flare in the active region NOAA/USAF -1862 on 7 Oct. 1987 with the solar telescope-magnctograph of Beijing Astronomical Observatory. From the analyses of these data, some conclusions were obtained.
Surge in the Chromosphere and the Transition Region: Velocities and Microturbulence
Authors: Mein P. , Schmieder B. , Tandberg-Hanssen E.
Published: May 2019

Simultaneous observations of a surge in Hα- and C IV are analysed in terms of Doppler velocities and “microturbulence”. The behaviour of both quantities suggests strong velocity shears with small spatial scales.
Flaring Arch Structure of Large Eruptive Phenomena and Rigid Rotation
Authors: Mouradian Z. , Soru-Escaut I.
Published: May 2019

Considering the flaring arch to be the basic element of all flares, we study here the structure of compact flares and double ribbon flares. It is observed that, in the case of compact flares, the flaring arch diverges from a pivot point (rigid rotation), while in the case of double ribbon flares the flaring arches are distributed to either side of the polarity reversal line.
On the Association between Coronal Mass Ejections and Coronal Holes
Authors: Verma V.K. , Pande M.C.
Published: May 2019

The coronal mass ejection (CME) data and the data for coronal holes for the period 1979-1982 are compared locationwise. Out of 79 CMEs whose locations and spans are known, 48 (61%) CMEs are associated with coronal holes. We make a tentative suggestion that probably the mass ejected during solar flares and active prominences may move along the open magnetic field of the coronal holes and appear as CMEs.
Quasi-Static Evolution of a Force-Free Magnetic Field and Conditions for the Onset of a Stellar Flare
Authors: Aly J.J.
Published: May 2019

Magnetic fields in the solar corona are braught into an endless evolution by the never-ceasing motions of the subphotospheric plasma in which the feet of their lines are anchored. It is generally thought that this evolution is essentially quasi-static, the field passing through a sequence of force-free equilibrium states. Sporadically, however, the equilibrium is broken in a region of limited extent, and during a relatively short interval of time a catastrophic highly dynamic evolution takes place, giving rise to such wellknown phenomena as flares or coronal transients. Understanding the factors which determine if a magnetohydrostatic coronal equilibrium is maintained or, on the contrary, destroyed, when boundary conditions change at the photospheric level, then appears as a central theoretical problem of solar physics. In this Communication, we report some recent results which shed some new light onto this old problem.
Magnetic Topology and Current Sheet Formation
Authors: Antiochos Spiro K.
Published: May 2019

We describe a mechanism for coronal heating. The basic idea is that since the photospheric flux is observed to consist of a complex pattern of positive and negative polarity regions, the topology of the coronal magnetic field (in particular the connectivity) must be discontinuous over a complex network of surfaces and magnetic null points in the corona. Consequently, photospheric motions of the field line footpoints, even if arbitrarily smooth, result in discontinuous stressing of the field. This produces coronal current sheets, reconnection at the null points, and rapid heating.
Can Resistive Kink Instabilities Drive Simple Loop Flares?
Authors: Velli M. , Emaudi G. , Hood A.W.
Published: May 2019

A detailed analysis of the kink instability in finite length (inertially line-tied), cylindrically symmetric coronal loops is presented. The correct line-tying boundary conditions within the framework of ideal and resistive magnctohydrodynamics are discussed, and the growth rates of unstable modes and corresponding eigenfunctions are calculated. Resistive kink modes are found to be unstable in configurations where the axial magnetic field undergoes an inversion, resistive effects being confined to a small region around the loop vertex.
Particle Acceleration by Magnetosonic Waves in a Coronal Loop
Authors: de La Beaujardière J.-F. , Zweibel E. G.
Published: May 2019

A model for the acceleration of electrons in a flaring coronal loop is described. The mechanism is stochastic acceleration by resonant interactions with a spectrum of conipressive magnetosonic waves. Current results of test particle calculations examining the feasibility of this model are presented.
The Evaluation of the Balmer Merging Effects in Different Chromospheric Solar Flare Models
Authors: Falchi A. , Falciani R. , Smaldone L.A. , Tozzi G.P.
Published: May 2019

Synthetic spectra computed svith semiempirical and theoretical models of the flare atmosphere are discussed. Stark profile of the Dahner lines ( n ≥ 6) and the Balmer continuum have been computed according to Donati-Falchi et al., (1985). A semiempirical model in between the F2 and F3 models proposed by Avrett et al., (1986) might represent a good approximation of the atmosphere of a flare during the impusive phase. Among the theoretical models proposed by Ricchiazzi (1982), the model, indicated as 1073, with very high coronal pressure (Po = 1000 dyne cm–2) probably represents the best approximation of the emission observed during the impulsive phase of a chromospheric flare. Continuum and Balmer lines ought to be measured and interpreted on the same time for a self-consistent diagnostic of the chromospheric modification.
Delirium Management: Anything’s Possible
Authors: Eeles Eamonn , England Renee , Teodorczuk Andrew , Pandy Shaun , Pinsker Donna , Armstrong Aurelia
Published: May 2019

Le délirium est un problème de santé majeur aux conséquences potentiellement graves. Malheureusement, la prise en charge de ce trouble est souvent sous-optimale. Nous considérons que les lacunes dans les soins offerts aux patients avec délirium sont liées aux particularités de cette condition, qui affecte la perception du « soi » de la personne qui en souffre. Cette atteinte entraîne un comportement hors de contrôle chez la personne avec délirium et l’expose à une déshumanisation mécaniste. Une solution consisterait à favoriser une vision élargie du « soi », inspirée de la philosophie et des sciences cognitives récentes, afin d’aider les cliniciens dans la compréhension du comportement pathologique en tant que manifestation de la perturbation de la pensée. Une approche centrée sur l’éthique des soins, intégrant un nouveau cadre pour la relation patient-soignant, est proposée. Considérées dans leur ensemble, les propositions novatrices émises pourraient faciliter l’élaboration d’un cadre de pratiques et de relations plus attentionnées et plus efficaces pour le traitement du délirium.
Crystallite Size Distributions from Intensities of Diffraction Spots
Authors: Ebel Horst
Published: May 2019

The diffraction patterns of coarse grained materials are compared to specimens with crystallite sizes of less than 1µm characterized by diffraction spots. Based on an analysis of spot intensities it is shown that for: (a) an at-random distribution of crystallite orientations and (b) under the assumption of specific crystallite shapes it becomes possible to evaluate the distribution N(l) of linear crystallite dimensions (0.1µm <l< 20µm) from measured spot intensity distributions z(i).
X-ray Powder Diffraction Data and Structure Refinement of TeO3
Authors: Dušek M. , Loub J.
Published: May 2019

The structure of TeO3, first published by Dumora and Hagenmuller (1968), was redetermined from new X-ray data collected with a powder diffractometer using space group R3̄c with a = 4.901(2), c = 13.030(4) Å, V = 271.05(8) Å3 and Z = 6. Intensity data were obtained with CuKα, radiation (λ = 1.540598 Å). Structure refinement was performed with 49 reflections and led to R = 0.058. The material is isostructural with FeF3. Powder data are given.
Canada–U.S. Trade Relationships: Developments and Implications
Authors: Coffin H. Garth
Published: May 2019

Canada and the United States are the world's largest trading partners. The total volume of two-way merchandise trade in 1985 was $165 billion Canadian ($124 billion U.S.). Canadian dependence on U.S. markets has grown to the point that nearly 80% of our exports are destined for our southern neighbor. By the same token, more than 70% of Canada's imports originate in the U.S. That volume represents 20% of total exports from the U.S., the largest proportion going to any individual country. Obviously, trade relations between Canada and the U.S. are very important to both countries. Indeed, given their combined role in total world trade, the importance of trade relations between them goes beyond whatever it might be to those two countries alone.
Choosing Alternatives to Contaminated Groundwater Supplies: A Sequential Decision Framework Under Uncertainty
Authors: Sarnat Carol L. , Willis Cleve E. , Harper Carolyn R.
Published: May 2019

In increasing numbers, communities that rely on groundwater for drinking supplies have discovered contamination from agricultural pesticides and herbicides, road salt, underground fuel storage, and septic systems. A variety of short- and long-run remedies are available with highly uncertain outcomes. An appropriate technique for solving a benefit-cost problem of this type is a sequential decision framework using stochastic dynamic programming procedures for solution. The approach is illustrated here by means of an application to the problem of the recent contamination of the groundwater of Whately, Massachusetts by the agricultural fumigant EDB and the pesticide aldicarb.
Alternative Methods for Distributing State Aid to Local Governments in New York
Authors: Ranney Christine K. , Day Lee M. , Hattery Michael R.
Published: May 2019

This paper simulates alternative distributions of general purpose state aid to local governments under different combinations of criteria: tax capacity, effort, and revenue needs. Revenue needs are based on Tobit estimates of the costs of providing average levels of 16 categories of services. Segmenting the sample into high and low population jurisdictions provided a more realistic set of cost estimates. Available revenues or capacity are determined by multiplying each jurisdiction's tax bases by standard tax rates. A Need-Capacity gap, the difference between needed revenues and available revenues, is used as a needs-based distribution strategy for general purpose aid. Finally an effort gap, based on above average tax efforts was added to the Need-Capacity gap to define a Need-Capacity-Effort strategy.
Decomposition of Income Distribution Among Farm Families
Authors: Findeis Jill L. , Reddy Venkateshwar K.
Published: May 2019

The greater reliance of U.S. farm families on off-farm income has implications for the structure of agriculture and the distribution of income within agriculture. Using annual data on farm households from the Current Population Survey, the degree of income inequality for the U.S. and by region is assessed for 1984. The distribution of income among farm families is decomposed by income source. Off-farm income is shown to contribute to higher average incomes and reduce income inequality at the margin, but only in regions where full-time farming predominates. In the Northeast and South, increases in off-farm income increase regional income inequality.
Allocation of Generic Advertising Funds Among Products: A Sales Maximization Approach
Authors: Kinnucan Henry , Forker Olan D.
Published: May 2019

With the passage of the Dairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act of 1983, dairy fanner investment in product research, nutrition education, advertising, and promotion in the United States increased from $60 million to $200 million annually. A key decision faced by boards managing these funds is how best to allocate available advertising funds among the various dairy products. In this paper an economic model is developed that shows the allocation of funds among products that would maximize sales in a given market. The model is applied to the New York City market with results suggesting that over the study period diverting funds from fluid milk to cheese advertising would have enhanced milk-equivalent sales in the market by as much as 1.17% or 8.21 million gallons annually. Alternatively, the model suggests that the same sales level could have been achieved with a different allocation of funds resulting in an estimated 14.6% savings in the amount spent advertising the two products.
Neonatal and Paediatric Heart and Renal Outcomes Network: design of a multi-centre retrospective cohort study
Authors: Gist Katja M. , Blinder Joshua J. , Bailly David , Borasino Santiago , Askenazi David J. , Cooper David S. , Krawczeski Catherine D. , Gaies Michael , Morales David L. S. , Hock Kristal M. , Alten Jeffrey
Published: May 2019

Background:

Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury is common. In order to improve our understanding of acute kidney injury, we formed the multi-centre Neonatal and Pediatric Heart and Renal Outcomes Network. Our main goals are to describe neonatal kidney injury epidemiology, evaluate variability in diagnosis and management, identify risk factors, investigate the impact of fluid overload, and explore associations with outcomes.

Methods:

The Neonatal and Pediatric Heart and Renal Outcomes Network collaborative includes representatives from paediatric cardiac critical care, cardiology, nephrology, and cardiac surgery. The collaborative sites and infrastructure are part of the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium. An acute kidney injury module was developed and merged into the existing infrastructure. A total of twenty-two participating centres provided data on 100–150 consecutive neonates who underwent cardiac surgery within the first 30 post-natal days. Additional acute kidney injury variables were abstracted by chart review and merged with the corresponding record in the quality improvement database. Exclusion criteria included >1 operation in the 7-day study period, pre-operative renal replacement therapy, pre-operative serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dl, and need for extracorporeal support in the operating room or within 24 hours after the index operation.

Results:

A total of 2240 neonatal patients were enrolled across 22 centres. The incidence of acute kidney injury was 54% (stage 1 = 31%, stage 2 = 13%, and stage 3 = 9%).

Conclusions:

Neonatal and Pediatric Heart and Renal Outcomes Network represents the largest multi-centre study of neonatal kidney injury. This new network will enhance our understanding of kidney injury and its complications.
Pulmonary hypertension during respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a risk factor for severity of illness
Authors: Kimura Dai , McNamara Isabella F. , Wang Jiajing , Fowke Jay H. , West Alina N. , Philip Ranjit
Published: May 2019

Background:

Respiratory syncytial virus infection is the most frequent cause of acute lower respiratory tract disease in infants. A few reports have suggested that pulmonary hypertension is associated with increased severity of respiratory syncytial virus infection. We sought to determine the association between the pulmonary hypertension detected by echocardiography during respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and clinical outcomes.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed 154 children admitted with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis who had an echocardiography performed during the admission. The association between pulmonary hypertension and clinical outcomes including mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, prolonged ICU stay (>10 days), tracheal intubation, and need of high frequency oscillator ventilation was evaluated.

Results:

Echocardiography detected pulmonary hypertension in 29 patients (18.7%). Pulmonary hypertension was observed more frequently in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) (n = 11/33, 33%), chronic lung disease of infancy (n = 12/25, 48%), prematurity (<37 weeks gestational age, n = 17/59, 29%), and Down syndrome (n = 4/10, 40%). The presence of pulmonary hypertension was associated with morbidity (p < 0.001) and mortality (p = 0.02). However, in patients without these risk factors (n = 68), pulmonary hypertension was detected in five patients who presented with shock or poor perfusion. Chronic lung disease was associated with pulmonary hypertension (OR = 5.9, 95% CI 2.2–16.3, p = 0.0005). Multivariate logistic analysis demonstrated that pulmonary hypertension is associated with ICU admission (OR = 6.4, 95% CI 2.2–18.8, p = 0.0007), intubation (OR = 4.7, 95% CI 1.8–12.3, p = 0.002), high frequency oscillator ventilation (OR = 8.4, 95% CI 2.95–23.98, p < 0.0001), and prolonged ICU stay (OR = 4.9, 95% CI 2.0–11.7, p = 0.0004).

Conclusions:

Pulmonary hypertension detected by echocardiography during respiratory syncytial virus infection was associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Chronic lung disease was associated with pulmonary hypertension detected during respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Routine echocardiography is not warranted for previously healthy, haemodynamically stable patients with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.
The influences of virtual social feedback on social anxiety disorders
Authors: Kishimoto Tomoko , Ding Xinfang
Published: May 2019

Background:

Social feedback in the virtual environment is a critical part of successful virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET), and identifying the influences of virtual social feedback on social anxiety patients is necessary.

Aims:

The present study aimed to explore the influences of ambiguous and negative virtual social feedback on social anxiety patients and a health control group (HCG).

Method:

Twenty-six social anxiety patients and 26 healthy participants were recruited. All participants were exposed to a virtual public speaking scenario. The participants were required to make two 3-minute speeches while the virtual audiences gave them either ambiguous feedback or negative feedback. The subjective units of discomfort (SUD) and heart rate were collected during the process.

Results:

The results showed that SAD individuals reported higher levels of subjective anxiety than those in the HCG, and the between-group differences were larger in the mild ambiguous condition than in the intense negative condition.

Conclusions:

This study indicates that social anxiety patients have an interpretation bias towards ambiguous virtual social feedback. Therefore, it is important for VR-based interventions to take into account not only the valence of the feedback but also the ambiguity aspect.
Reality in-itself and the Ground of Causality
Authors: Onof Christian
Published: May 2019

This article presents a metaphysical approach to the interpretation of the role of things-in-themselves in Kant’s theoretical philosophy. This focuses upon identifying their transcendental function as the grounding of appearances. It is interpreted as defining the relation of appearing as the grounding of empirical causality. This leads to a type of dual-aspect account that is given further support through a detailed examination of two sections of Kant’s firstCritique. This shows the need to embed this dual-aspect account within a two-perspective framework. The resulting picture is contrasted with the main rival theories and objections are addressed.
Progress, Human Rights and Peace in Luigi Caranti’s Kant’s Political Legacy
Authors: Williams Howard
Published: May 2019

In recent decades a great deal of attention has been given to Kant’s writings on politics as presenting a possible path to lasting peace. In this literature too high an expectation is created over what Kant’s cosmopolitan thinking might achieve. Caranti’s book provides an excellent antidote to these speculations by spelling out clearly the implications of Kant’s peace theory. I suggest there may even be better ways for understanding the guarantee of perpetual peace, the role of religion and the ideal of the moral politician than Caranti maintains.
EXTENDING THE DOUBLE RAMIFICATION CYCLE BY RESOLVING THE ABEL-JACOBI MAP
Authors: Holmes David
Published: May 2019

Over the moduli space of smooth curves, the double ramification cycle can be defined by pulling back the unit section of the universal jacobian along the Abel–Jacobi map. This breaks down over the boundary since the Abel–Jacobi map fails to extend. We construct a ‘universal’ resolution of the Abel–Jacobi map, and thereby extend the double ramification cycle to the whole of the moduli of stable curves. In the non-twisted case, we show that our extension coincides with the cycle constructed by Li, Graber, Vakil via a virtual fundamental class on a space of rubber maps.
Untold Story of Boko Haram Insurgency: The Lake Chad Oil and Gas Connection
Authors: Omenma J. Tochukwu
Published: May 2019

This article makes a case for the nexus between water resources and terrorism. Using Boko Haram activities in the Lake Chad region, I question the conventional arguments linking religion to the root cause of terrorism. I argue that there is an economic dimension of Boko Haram terrorism, which is based on two interrelated indicators: the attack on the Nigerian oil exploration team in the Lake Chad basin, and the continuous exploitation of oil and gas by Chad, Niger, and Cameroon in the region. Building on economic incentives and natural resources theoretical debates along with a historical enquiry into Boko Haram, the article concludes that economic interests, rather than religion, are partly the impetus to the activities of Boko Haram. The findings have significant implications for both the security of the Lake Chad region and counterterrorism at large.
A bi-directional dual-bandwidth microwave absorber for applications in X and Ku bands
Authors: Sen Gobinda , Das Santanu
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a microwave absorber with dual absorption bandwidth response based upon the direction of electromagnetic wave incident on the surface. The design unit cell comprises a staircase shape metallic patch on the top plane and an array of 2×2 meander square ring shape dual layer frequency selective surfaces (FSS) in the middle and bottom planes. The relative absorption bandwidth (RAB) of 39.40% (5 GHz) with more than 90% absorption of incident wave power is achieved when an electromagnetic wave impinges normally on the top plane making it suitable for wideband applications in the X and Ku bands. For the wave incident normally on the bottom plane, the same structure gives narrow band absorption with an RAB of 2.29% (260 MHz) for more than 90% absorption around 11 GHz. Thus, this bi-directional ability of the proposed design is found to be suitable for radar absorbing material, multi-bandwidth, and diverse applications. The absorption performance is also studied for different values of incident angle. The distribution of surface currents on the staircase patch and on the two FSS layers at resonant frequencies of 11 GHz and 14 GHz is analyzed to elaborate the absorption phenomenon physically. The prototype of this design is fabricated and the experimental results are found to be closely following the simulated one.
Target site–based resistance to penoxsulam in late watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon) from China
Authors: Liu Jian , Fang Jiapeng , He Zongzhe , Li Jun , Dong Liyao
Published: May 2019

Late watergrass [Echinochloa phyllopogon (Stapf) Koso-Pol.] is one of the most persistent weeds in rice fields and shows resistance to some acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides, such as penoxsulam. Previous studies of E. phyllopogon’s herbicide resistance have focused on non–target site resistance mechanisms. In this study, E. phyllopogon populations from Heilong Jiang Province, China, that were possibly resistant to penoxsulam were used to identify the target site–based mechanisms of resistance. Population HSRH-520 showed a 25.4-fold higher resistance to penoxsulam than the sensitive population, HSRH-538. HSRH-520 was resistant to other ALS inhibitors, with resistance indexes ranging from 17.1 to 166. Target-gene sequence analysis revealed two different ALS genes in E. phyllopogon; a Pro-197-Ser substitution occurred in the ALS-2 gene of HSRH-520. In vitro activity assays revealed that the penoxsulam concentrations required to inhibit 50% of the ALS activity were 13.7 times higher in HSRH-520 than in HSRH-538. Molecular-docking tests showed that the Pro-197-Ser mutation reduced the binding affinity between ALS and ALS inhibitors belonging to the triazolopyrimidine, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone, and sulfonylurea families, and there were almost no effects on binding affinity when the ALS inhibitors were of the pyrimidinylthiobenzoate and imidazolinone families. Overall, the results indicated and verified that the Pro-197-Ser mutation leads to increased ALS activity by reducing the binding affinity of the inhibitor and ALS. This is the first report on the Pro-197-Ser mutation in the complete ALS gene of E. phyllopogon and will aid future research of target site–based resistance mechanisms of E. phyllopogon to ALS inhibitors.
Using Deep Neural Networks as Cost‐Effective Surrogate Models for Super‐Parameterized E3SM Radiative Transfer
Authors: Pal Anikesh , Mahajan Salil , Norman Matthew R.
Published: May 2019

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are implemented in Super‐Parameterized Energy Exascale Earth System Model (SP‐E3SM) to imitate the shortwave and longwave radiative transfer calculations. These DNNs were able to emulate the radiation parameters with an accuracy of 90–95% at a cost of 8–10 times cheaper than the original radiation parameterization. A comparison of time‐averaged radiative fluxes and the prognostic variables manifested qualitative and quantitative similarity between the DNN emulation and the original parameterization. It has also been found that the differences between the DNN emulation and the original parameterization are comparable to the internal variability of the original parameterization. Although the DNNs developed in this investigation emulate the radiation parameters for a specific set of initial conditions, the results justify the need of further research to generalize the use of DNNs for the emulations of full model radiation and other parameterization for seasonal predictions and climate simulations.
Plasma Transport in Saturn's Low‐Latitude Ionosphere: Cassini Data
Authors: Cravens T. E. , Morooka M. , Renzaglia A. , Moore L. , Waite J. H. , Perryman R. , Perry M. , Wahlund J.‐E. , Persoon A. , Hadid L.
Published: May 2019

In 2017 the Cassini Orbiter made the first in situ measurements of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Saturn. The Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer in its ion mode measured densities of light ion species (H+, H2+, H3+, and He+), and the Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument measured electron densities. During proximal orbit 287 (denoted P287), Cassini reached down to an altitude of about 3,000 km above the 1 bar atmospheric pressure level. The topside ionosphere plasma densities measured for P287 were consistent with ionospheric measurements during other proximal orbits. Spacecraft potentials were measured by the Radio and Plasma Wave Science Langmuir probe and are typically about negative 0.3 V. Also, for this one orbit, Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer was operated in an instrument mode allowing the energies of incident H+ ions to be measured. H+ is the major ion species in the topside ionosphere. Ion flow speeds relative to Saturn's atmosphere were determined. In the southern hemisphere, including near closest approach, the measured ion speeds were close to zero relative to Saturn's corotating atmosphere, but for northern latitudes, southward ion flow of about 3 km/s was observed. One possible interpretation is that the ring shadowing of the southern hemisphere sets up an interhemispheric plasma pressure gradient driving this flow.
Rates of Wintertime Atmospheric SO2 Oxidation based on Aircraft Observations during Clear‐Sky Conditions over the Eastern United States
Authors: Green Jaime R. , Fiddler Marc N. , Holloway John S. , Fibiger Dorothy L. , McDuffie Erin E. , Campuzano‐Jost Pedro , Schroder Jason C. , Jimenez Jose L. , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Aquino Janine , Montzka D. D. , Hall Samuel R. , Ullmann Kirk , Shah Viral , Jaeglé Lyatt , Thornton Joel A. , Bililign Solomon , Brown Steven S.
Published: May 2019

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is emitted in large quantities from coal‐burning power plants and leads to various harmful health and environmental effects. In this study, we use plume intercepts from the Wintertime INvestigation of Transport, Emission and Reactivity (WINTER) campaign to estimate the oxidation rates of SO2 under wintertime conditions and the factors that determine SO2 removal. Observations suggest that OH governs the rate SO2 oxidation in the eastern United States during winter. The range of mean oxidation rates during the day from power plants were 0.22–0.71%/hr, producing SO2 lifetimes of 13–43 days, if SO2 consumption is assumed to occur during 10.5 hr of daylight in cloudless conditions. Though most nighttime rate measurements were zero within uncertainty, there is some evidence of nighttime removal, which suggests alternate oxidation mechanisms. The fastest nighttime observed SO2 oxidation rate was 0.25±0.07%/hr, producing a combined day/night SO2 lifetime of 8.5–21 days. The upper limit of the oxidation rate (the mean+1σ of the fastest day and night observations) is 16.5%/day, corresponding to a lifetime of 6.1 days. The analysis also quantifies the primary emission of sulfate from power plants. The median mole percentage of SO4‐2 from observed plumes was 1.7% and the mean percentage sulfate was 2.8% for intercepts within 1 hr of transit to power plants. The largest value observed from close intercepts was over 7% sulfate, and the largest extrapolated value was 18%, based on intercepts further from their source and fastest observed oxidation rate.