bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field Trials with Abamectin for Control of Citrus Thrips, 1995
Authors: Khan Inamullah , Morse J. G.
Published: December 2017

Different rates of abamectin were compared against a standard (Veratran D) at five sites in the San Joaquin Valley during spring 1995 for control of citrus thrips. Treatments were applied to navel oranges with each treatment replicated twice at each site. Each replicate plot was at least 6 rows wide (most were larger, 2 acres or more). Citrus thrips infestation due to first and second instar immatures was monitored after petal fall by examining 10 fruit selected randomly from 10 trees of uniform vigor in each plot (200 fruit/treatment) except that 25 fruit were monitored in one of the two plots for each treatment at S & J 6-9 by Andrea Gjerde. Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in October, 1995, on all fruit from eye to knee level on the exterior of 15 randomly selected trees from each plot (30 trees per treatment). Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severally scarred). Scarring was rated as (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars.
Control of Melon Thrips in Bush Beans, 1995
Authors: Seal D. R.
Published: December 2017

Bush bean was planted in a Rockdale soil on 10 March 1995 and spaced 1 inch in the row and 3 ft between rows. Plants were fertilized with 1700 lb./A of granular fertilizer on two dates, at planting and four weeks after planting. Bean was irrigated, 1 inch per irrigation, once a week and mechanically weeded whenever necessary. The experimental design consisted of a RCBD with four replications. Plots were four rows, 40 feet long. Nine insecticide treatments were compared with nontreated check. Treatments were: Methomyl, two rates of S-71639 (a growth regulator), Methamidophos, two rates of acephate, avermectin, imidacloprid, endosulfan and nontreated check. Treatments were applied weekly for five weeks, beginning on 21 March 1995 with a backpack sprayer with two nozzles per row at 40 psi delivering 50 gallons per acre. T. palmi numbers were estimated by counting larvae, males and females on 10 leaves in each plot, one leaf/plant.
Use of Soil and Foliar Insecticides to Control Thrips and Leafhoppers in Snapbeans, 1995
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Snapbeans were planted on 18 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 2 rows 25 ft long and planted on 3 ft row spacing. Plots were bordered on each side by an untreated guard row. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCBD. Granular treatments were applied in furrow prior to planting using a hand-held shaker. DiSyston and Thimet granules were manually incorporated to avoid direct contact with the seeds and phytotoxicity. The Orthene foliar spray was applied on 9 June, after the formation of the first trifoliate leaves, with a three-nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. To evaluate efficacy, 10 trifoliate leaves/plot were randomly picked on the dates indicated in the table, washed in soapy water, and filtered through a Buchner funnel. Thrips and PLH nymphs were then counted under a stereoscopic microscope.
Caterpillar Control in Cabbages, Summer 1995
Authors: Hargreaves JR , Cooper LP , Bull R
Published: December 2017

Cabbages were transplanted on 19 Oct 94 into a red krasnozem soil at the Redlands Horticultural Station, Cleveland, Queensland. Plants were spaced 0.3m in the rows, with rows 1.1m apart. Plots comprised 8 rows, 1.8m long separated by a 0.6m guard of bare ground in each row. Six treatments plus an unsprayed control, were arranged in RCB with four replicates. Regent 800WG 12.5, 25, 50, 100 gAI/ha, Hallmark 50 EC 17.5 gAI/ha and Dipel Forte 16 X 109 IU/ha were the treatments used. Five plants were randomly harvested from each plot and examined for the presence of larvae on 14, 21, 28 Nov 6, 12, 19 Dec 94. Insecticides were applied with an Echo® motorized backpack sprayer delivering 800 kPa through two hollow cone nozzles (Albuz® yellow 212) spaced 200 mm apart horizontally and calibrated to 400L/ ha on 15 Nov and recalibrated to 600L/ha on 7 Dec. Insecticides were applied on 15, 22, 29 Nov, 7, 13, 20, 28 Dec 94, 4 Jan 95. At harvest, 15 plants were rated for caterpillar damage as l=no damage, 2=1-2 holes, 3=3-10 holes, confined to packing leaves. 4=>3 holes, extending to surface of head. 5 = >3 holes, extending into paler leaves of the head. Ratings 1 to 3 were considered marketable.
Control of Cabbage Looper, Diamondback Moth and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage, 1995
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Baumann Donna
Published: December 2017

Bravo cabbage were planted in 1 row plots 35 ft. long on 27 Jul. Plants were spaced 22 inches apart in the row with 72 inches between rows. The treatment were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 2.0 gal of water anc applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied oi 23, 29 Aug; 5, 12, 19, 26 Sept; 3, and 10 Oct. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-6 and were indexed as follows: 1) no apparent insect feeding; 2 minor insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves, 0-1% leaf area eaten; 3) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with no head damage, 2-5% leaf area eaten; 4) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with minor feeding on head, 6-10% leaf head unmarketable during norma marketing conditions; 5) moderate to heavy feeding on wrapper and head leaves and moderate number of feeding scars on head, 11-30% of leaf area eaten; 6) considerable insect feeding on wrapper and head leaves with head having numerous feeding scars, over 30% of leaf area eaten.
Field Evaluation of Fipronil for Dbm Control, 1996
Authors: Mau R.F.L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Shimabuku R. S.
Published: December 2017

The insecticides were evaluated at the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park, from June to August. The field was set up in a RCB design with six treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot measured 70 ft by 7.5 ft. It consisted of four rows of cabbage on 36 in. centers and 18 in. in-row spacing. Adjacent rows were offset to allow equidistant plant spacing between rows. Treatments were applied using a tractor mounted with a PTO driven spray pump equipped with a 30 ft. boom. The boom was set with three banks nozzles that coincided with row spacing. Each group of nozzles had its own line from the main tank, therefore, spray output to specific treatment plots could be easily controlled by the sprayer operator. Treatments were applied at 45 psi with an output of 125 gpa. One TJ 60-8006 nozzle was used per row. The first treatment was made on 2 Jul, 1 day after transplanting. Subsequent applications were made on the following dates: 8, 16, 23, 30 Jul, 6, 13 Aug.
Control of Banks Grass Mite in Sweet Corn, 1996
Authors: Hammon R. W. , Bishop J.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied with a hand held CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 18 gpa spray material at 25 psi through six LF4 nozzles at 18 inch spacing mounted on a 7.5 foot boom. Treatments were applied on 4 Jun, 1996, when sweet corn plants were approximately eight inches in height, with four to five true leaves. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Plot size was 10 ft X 30 ft, but only the center two rows of the four row plots were sampled. Mites were sampled on 4 Jun (PRE), 7 Jun (3 DAT), 11 Jun (7 DAT), and 18 Jun (14 DAT). The third true leaf of five random plants per plot was sampled on the first two sampling dates. The fourth true leaf of five plants was sampled on the final two sampling dates. Leaf samples were taken to the laboratory where mites were control under a dissecting microscope. Data were (X + 0.5)½ transformed before analysis of variance. Actual means are presented.
Foliar Sprays to Control Lepidopterans on Sweet Corn, 1996
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was planted on 17 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a 25-ft row with 3 ft spacing between rows. Plots were separated from each other by untreated guard rows, and each treatment was replicated 3 times in a RCB.
Onion Thrips Control, 1996
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Bishop Janson
Published: December 2017

Trials conducted in Fruita, CO, using seeded onions (cv. Brown Beauty) in single rows at 30-in spacing Plots were 20-ft in length arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 20 Jun and 11 Jul using a CO compressed air sprayer delivering 19.2 gpa at 40 psi in two passes directed along the sides of the planting. Evaluations were made by examining 10 plants per plot and counting all thrips present in the neck area of the onions.
Control of Onion Thrips Using Beauveria Bassiana Formulations, 1996
Authors: Gerace D. , Sclar D. Casey , Cranshaw W. , Tupy A.
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted at the Horticulture Field Research Center of Colorado State University in Ft. Collins, CO, to evaluate two Beauveria bassiana formulations for the control of onion thrips on onions. Individual plots consisted of two rows of transplanted onions (cv. ‘Vega’) arranged in single-row beds, at 30-inch spacing, 5-ft in length with a 2-ft buffer between plots. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. During each application an equivalent of 1273 1/ha, including the wetting agent Silwet, was applied using a hand operated pump mister, that allowed thorough wetting of the foliage. Applications were made 21 Jun, 5 Jul, and 17 Jul. Evaluations were made by counting all thrips on 6 plants/plot.
Control of Tarnished Plant Bugs, Leafhoppers, Cucumber Beetles, Treehoppers and Flea Beetles on Southern Pea, 1995
Authors: Story R. , Ameen A. O. , Murray M. J. , Can F. , Ring D.
Published: December 2017

Insecticide treatments were applied on 26 Jun 1995 on southern pea at the Burden Research Plantation in Baton Rouge, LA using labeled rates. A CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa at 30 psi through a spray boom with 3 nozzles was used. Experimental plots consisted of single rows (40 feet long by 4 feet wide) arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insect counts were made with sweep nets on 25 Jun (pre-treatment) and 29 Jun (post-treatment). In each plot, 25 sweeps were made. Insects were brought back to the laboratory and the number of indi-viduals of each species determined.
Control of Armyworm And Pepper Weevil on Bell Pepper, Fall 1995
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set 5 Sep, 12 inches apart on 8-inch-high and 32-inch-wide beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single row of 10 plants with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 9 Sep, 6, 13, 20, 27 Oct, 10, 17, 25 Nov, 2, 8, 15, 22 and 29 Dec. The sprayer was outfitted with a single nozzle with a D-5 disk and #45 core and delivered 100 gpa at 60 psi. On 13 Nov, each plot was rated 1 to 12 for increasing defoliation due to armyworm feeding using the Horsfall-Barratt scale. Fruit were harvested on 13, 27 Nov, 18 Dec and 5 Jan. The number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number of fruit damaged by beet armyworm larvae were determined. Fruit also were examined for the presence of surface oviposition scars and larval feeding damage inside, caused by the pepper weevil.
Foliar Sprays to Control Insects on Potatoes, 1996
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 26 Mar at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 4 rows 20 ft long with 3 ft between-row spacing and 6 ft of bare ground between plots Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB.
Foliar and Root Swell Insecticide Applications to Control Soil Insects in Sweetpotatoes, 1996
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Sweet-potatoes were transplanted on 20 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 3 rows 20 ft long with 3 ft between row spacing. An untreated guard row separated each plot from its neighbor. Treatments were replicated 6 times in a RCB. On 7 Jun, all of the plots except the check were treated with Mocap 6EC at 6 lb (AI)/acre broadcast and incorporated. This was to control the overwintering generations of the soil insects. The foliar sprays were applied on 22 and 30 Jul and 5 and 15 Aug, after click beetles (adult form of wireworms) were detected in the black light trap operated at Painter. Both the Mocap broadcast sprays and the foliar sprays were applied with a backpack sprayer using 6 flat fan nozzles/3 row plot and delivering 21 gal water/acre at 40 psi. On 29 Jul, (root swell), the Dyfonate and Diazinon granular treatments were broadcast over the appropriate plots using a hand-held shaker.
Evaluation of Selected Foliar Insecticides on Sweetpotato Weevil, Banded Cucumber Beetle, and White Grub on Sweetpotatoes, 1995
Authors: Story R. N. , Hammond A. , Murray M. J.
Published: December 2017

A test was conducted on the Burden Research Plantation, LSUAC, Baton Rouge, LA, to determine the efficacy of 9 insecticide treatments for the control of sweetpotato weevil, banded cucumber beetle, and white grub. Treatments were arranged in an RCB design with four replications. The cultivar ‘Beauregard’ was planted on 18 May. Plots were 3 rows wide (f ft./row) and 30 feet long. Insecticides were applied on an approximately weekly basis starting two months after transplanting (18, 23 Jul, 1,8, 14, 22 and 29 Aug). A CO2 pressurized back pack sprayer was used (30 psi) with a single row boom (20 inches wide) containing 3 nozzles (Cone Jet sx-10) and calibrated to deliver 25 gpa. Sweetpotatoes were harvested on 6 Sep and rated for damage. From each plot, 50 roots were randomly selected and the number of white grub feeding holes, the number of banded cucumber beetle holes, and the presence or absence of weevil damage was noted.
Management of Insects on Fresh Market Tomatoes, Spring 1996B
Authors: Schuster David J. , Polston Jane E.
Published: December 2017

On 1 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots were 3-21 ft long rows on 5 ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Insecticidal sprays were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 15, 22 Apr, 1,8, 16, 24, 31 May, 5 and 12 Jun. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and was fitted with Albuz orange nozzles. The number of nozzles per row was increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 60 gpa were applied the first two sprays (four nozzles), 90 gpa the next spray (six nozzles) and 120 gpa for the remaining five sprays (eight nozzles). The Admire treatment was applied in 4 oz water/plant on 4 Mar. Because of a very heavy population of southern armyworm larvae, weekly applications of Bacillus thuringiensis (Javeline and Xentari alternated biweekly) were initiated on 13 May. All control and yield data were collected on the middle 10 plants of the middle row of each plot. The terminal leaflet was collected from a leaf from the upper third of each of ten plants on 22 May and from two leaves from each of ten plants on 18 Jun. The numbers of crawlers, sessile nymphs and pupae (red eye nymphs) of the silverleaf whitefly (SLWF) were counted. The plants in the outside two rows of each plot were examined weekly for the presence of virus-like symptoms. There are two viruses present which have nearly indistinguishable symptoms: tomato mottle virus (ToMoV), a geminivirus vectored by the SLWF, and potato virus Y (PVY), a potyvirus vectored by several species of aphids. On 13 May and 18 Jun, a 3—4 leaf terminal was collected from each plant with virus symptoms from the outer two rows of the checks. The samples were frozen and a single leaflet was used later for determining the presence of ToMoV using nucleic acid spot hybridization and the presence of PVY using ELISA. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 29 May and 14 Jun and the fruit were separated by the presence of southern armyworm, thrips (fruit with five or more oviposition dimples on blossom end) and stink bug damage and were counted and weighed.
Effect of Acaricides on Predatory Mites, 1996
Authors: Beers E. H.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a mature ‘Fuji’ orchard in Pateros, WA, with undertree spinner-type sprinklers. A pre-treatment count was used to randomize the treatments among trees with similar mite populations. Three single-tree replicates per treatment were used. The treated trees had buffer trees separating them in the rows, and buffer rows separated rows containing treated trees. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer to the point of drip on 28 Aug, 1996. Mites were sampled by collecting 20 leaves/replicate, and were kept cool until counting. Mites were removed from the leaves with a leaf-brushing machine, and counted on the sticky surface of the glass plate with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1996
Authors: Spomer Stephen M. , Higley Leon G. , Haile Fikru J. , Hoback W. W.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were evaluated on a 1 -yr-old stand during the second alfalfa growth period at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NE. Plots were 20 X 30 ft with four replications of treatments in a RCB design. Treatments were applied 25 Jul with a Solo 425 backpack sprayer, which delivered approximately 1 liter/min. Each plot received about 3.25 liters of water along with the treatment. Alfalfa height at application was 30 cm. Rainfall was measured on 28 Jul (1.0 cm), 5 Aug (2.3 cm), and 7 Aug (1.0 cm). Plots were sampled 1, 7, and 14 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net (stratified by date). Samples were frozen for later evaluation.
Seedcorn Maggot Control, 1996
Authors: Oleson J. D. , McNutt J. J. , Tollefson J. J. , Wang X.
Published: December 2017

Seed treatments and planting-time insecticides were tested in a loam soil near Ames, IA. The experimental design was a RCB with four replications. Treatments were applied to 20-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. To attract ovipositing flies, a meat-and-bone meal bait was applied to shallow, hand-made furrows. A twenty-foot section of 1 1/2 inch angle iron was filled with meat-and-bone meal and then leveled, leaving a small amount of bait (ca. 1/3 oz per row-ft) evenly distributed in the bottom of the angle iron. The angle iron was positioned directly above the open seed furrow and inverted. Bait was placed in furrows 24 Apr. Strong winds blew most of the bait from the furrows on 26 May. Furrows were rebaited on 1 May. Corn seeds were hand planted (8-inch seed spacing) directly into the bait on 5 May. Granular insecticide treatments were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a small-plot bicycle applicator. Regent 80WG liquid insecticide was applied directly into the open seed furrow with a small-plot bicycle applicator. A #15 disk orifice placed in-line delivered a steady stream of dilution at 1-0 gpa using 16 psi. Seeds were covered with soil and the soil firmed by hand. On 29 May, stand counts were taken from 14 ft 7 inches of row and the seeds/seedlings from two 1-m sections of row were inspected for seedcorn maggot feeding and rated on the following 1-4 damage scale: 1-seed/seedling undamaged; 2-seed/seedling damaged, but plant established; 3-seed/seedling damaged, plant showing some signs of stress; 4-seed/seedling damaged, no plant or questionable establishment. On 3 Jun, 1 adult emergence trap was placed over each row that had received a granular insecticide treatment. Seed-treatment rows were excluded from the adult emergence analysis. The galvanized steel trap, a rectangular bottomless box, had the following dimensions: length 1.0 m, width 0.2 m, and height 0.1 m. Fastened to the top of each trap were two 0.25-liter Mason jars with Tack Trap® applied to the inside bottom. On 14 Jun, the number of seed-corn maggot adults were counted in the collections jars.
Evaluation of Thrips Densities in At-Planting Seed and Soil Treatments on Sharkey Clay, 1996
Authors: Cook D. R. , Burris E. , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Plots were replicated four times in a RCB design and were four rows wide (40 inch spacing ) X45 ft. Stoneville 474 cotton seed of the same seed lot was planted on a Sharkey clay soil on 6 May. The seeding rate was 4 seed/row ft. Cotton seed was planted with a John Deere 7100 series planter which was equipped with 10 inch seed cones mounted to replace the seed hoppers. Granular in-furrow treatments were applied with 8 inch belt cone applicators mounted to replace the standard granular applicators. In-furrow spray treatments were applied with a CO2 charged spray system through 25015 nozzles (1/row) mounted in front of the press wheels. The spray tips were turned to spray across the furrow and calibrated to deliver 5 gpa finished spray. Control of thrips was assessed by randomly selecting 5 plants per plot on 20, 24, 28, and 31 May and 5 and 9 Jun. Plant samples were processed by using whole plant washing procedures to remove insects. Major pest and/or secondary pest control was initiated in Jun and continued on an “as needed” basis through Aug. Percentage of open bolls was determined by counting all open and unopened bolls within a 3.0 m section of a center row on 17 Sep. Plots were harvested on 24 Sep and 8 Oct. These data were subjected to appropriate calculations to determine percent first harvest. All four rows were mechanically harvested using a John Deere spindle type picker. Yields were converted by lb seed cotton/acre.
Efficacy of Various Insecticides Against Tarnished Plant Bugs in Cotton (Lab Trial), 1996
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Howell Michael S. , Jackson C. S.
Published: December 2017

This test was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of various insecticides for control of TPB in cotton. Adult TPB were captured from flowering plants in the early spring before insecticide applications were initiated. Cotton plants were treated in the field, and immediately the terminals were cut and placed into water picks and transported to the lab. In the lab, 5 TPB adults were caged on the terminals, and allowed to feed for 24 h. The number of live and dead TPB was recorded. 48 hours after the plants were treated, additional terminals were cut, put in water picks and brought to the lab. TPB were placed on these in the same manner to test for the residual effect of the insecticide. Each treatment considered of 5 terminals with 5 TBP on each terminal. This was replicated four times for each treatment. Chemical application was made with a CO2 powered back pack sprayer with 1 TX 4 hollow cone nozzle per row traveling 4 mph delivering 5 gpa.
Selected Granular Insecticide Treatments for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Two Peanut Fields, 1996
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Granular insecticides were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in Virginia-type peanut in 2 fields in Suffolk, VA. The 2 fields selected differed in soil characteristics but were both considered to represent a moderate level of risk to pod damage by SCR. ‘VA-C 92R’ peanuts were planted on 3 May (Field 1) and 23 May (Field 2) using a 36-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied in a 14-inch band over the row with a tractor-mounted Noble granular applicator on 28 June (at the time of early pegging). A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 200 ft (Field 1) and 4 rows by 180 ft (Field 2). Pod injury was determined 28 Aug and again 25 Sep from all full-sized pods from 5 randomly selected plants per plot. Pods were categorized as immature or mature and as undamaged, scarred (superficial damage to the outer pod wall), or penetrated (pod wall penetrated). Yield was determined by digging, combining, drying and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows of each plot (400 row ft per plot, 4 Oct - Field 1; 360 row ft per plot, 14 Oct - Field 2). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Effects of Insecticides on Thrips Populations, Peanut Injury, Growth and Yield, 1995
Authors: Mulder P.G.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated for TT control and for effects on growth and yield of Okrun runner type peanut in Chickasha, Oklahoma. Peanuts were planted on 36-inch rows on 16 May. Granular insecticides were applied into the seed furrow (IF) at planting with a tractor-mounted John Deere granular applicator. A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows wide by 50 ft long. Treatments were evaluated by comparing: plant stand counts per l/1000th of an acre and injury ratings based on a 0 to 6 scale where 0 = no thripinjured leaf and 6 = 100 percent injured leaves. In addition, thrips control was evaluated by collecting 5 unopened quadrifoliate leaves per plot on 1 May, 6 Jun, 13 Jun, 20 Jun and 28 Jun. Unopened leaves were placed in vials of alcohol and returned to the laboratory where adult and larval thrips were separated and counted under a dissecting microscope. Yields were based on digging, combining, drying and weighing peanuts from 2 rows of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fipronil, 1996A
Authors: Bernhardt J. L.
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was a RCB with 11 treatments and 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows (7 inch spacing) by 25 ft. Adjacent plots were separated by a 2 ft alley. Rice was drill-seeded in Crowley silt loam at 90 lb/acre on 16 May and emerged on 22 May. Propanil and Bolero at 3 and 2 lb (AI)/acre, respectively, were applied for weed control on 11 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a 3-way split of 90 lb N/acre as urea on 18 Jun and 30 lb N/acre on 13 and 22 Jul. Preplant treatments of fipronil were made with a CO2-pressurized back-pack sprayer at 18 gpa. and incorporated to a 2 inch depth with a tractor-mounted rotary tiller. Seed treated with fipronil was supplied by Rhone Poulenc Ag. Chemical Company. Permanent flood was established on 18 Jun. Furadan 3G was applied 14 d after permanent flood with a hand-shaker. On 11 and 12 Jul and on 25 and 26 Jul, five 4 X 4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores with an average of 9 plants/core were removed from plots. Soil was washed from the plant roots into a 40-mesh screen. The screen was immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were removed. Plots were harvested with a small combine on 25 Sep. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and LSD.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides For Rice Stink Bug, Blackfaced Leafhopper And Grasshopper Control, 1996
Authors: Papenburg T.M. , Muegge M.A. , Bollich P.A.
Published: December 2017

Selected insecticides were evaluated for control of RSB, BFL and grasshoppers at the Rice Research Station, Crowley, LA. Plots, 5 X 20 ft, were arranged in a randomized block design with four replicates and six treatments. Fertilizer was incorporated pre-plant and applied broadcast 12 wk post-flood at 100 lb (13-13-13) and 50 lb (21-0-0) N-P-K/acre respectively. Plots were drill-seeded to Crowley silt loam with ‘Cyprus’ rice at 100 lb seed/acre on 1 May and permanently flooded 21 Jun. Foliar applications of the insecticides were made on 23 Jul using a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 15 gpa at 28 psi with 110015 VS flat-fan nozzles on a 3 ft boom. A standard 15 inch diam sweepnet was used to collect samples (18 sweeps per plot) beginning on 23 Jul and continuing weekly for 3 consecutive wk. Individual sweepnet samples were placed in a plastic bag, frozen, and the contents counted for total number of RSB, BFL, and grasshoppers. The center 4 rows of each plot were harvested on 11 Sep using a Kubota combine. Moisture content of harvested grain was determined and then standardized to 12% moisture for calculation of yield. Pecky rice injury was expressed as a percentage of injured seed found in three 100-seed subsamples per plot. Sample data were subjected to ANOVA. The experimental and sampling error terms for the pecky rice data were tested for homogeneity of variances, and pooled error terms used to test the treatment effect when appropriate. All data were subjected to mean separation using the protected least square difference (LSD) procedure at P – 0.05.
Control of Rice Water Weevil on Drill-Seeded Rice with Diflubenzuron at Eagle Lake, 1996
Authors: Way M.O. , Wallace R.G. , Vawter J.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAES Western Area Operations at Eagle Lake. The experiment was designed as a RCB with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide. Plots were drill planted (7.5 inches between rows) on 3 Api at 100 lb seed/acre. Soil type was Nada. Plots were fertilized at planting with 30 lb nitrogen, 38 lb phosphorus, and 40 lb potassium/acre. On 8 Apr, Facet 50WP and Bolero 8EC were applied at 0.35 lb and 2 pt/acre, respectively. Rice emerged 14 Apr after which rice was flush irrigated as needed until application of the permanent flood on 3 May (19 d after rice emergence). On 1 May, Bolero 8EC, Stam 4E, Ordram 8E, and Facet 75DF were applied at 2 pt. 2 qt, 2 pt, and 0.33 lb/acre, respectively. Plots were fertilized immediately before the permanent flood with urea at 70 lb nitrogen/acre. Diflubenzuron treatments were applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held, CO2-pressurized spray rig. Final spray volume was 37 gpa. Furadan 3G was applied with a hand-held shaker jar. On 22 May, Londax was applied at 0.1 lb/acre. On each of 29 May and 18 Jun (26 d and 46 d, respectively, aftei application of the permanent flood) five 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each core containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. Plots were fertilized at panicle differentiation (7 Jun) with urea at 50 lb nitro-gen/acre. Thus, total applied nitrogen/acre was 150 lb. The middle 8 rows of each plot were harvested with a small plot combine on 7 Aug. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x+ 0.5. All data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT
Greenhouse Evaluation of Imidacloprid-Treated Seed for Control of Yellow Sugarcane Aphid on Sorghum Seedlings, 1993
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Pendleton, B. B. , Teetes G. L.
Published: December 2017

The effectiveness of imidacloprid-treated sorghum seed for control of yellow sugarcane aphid was evaluated in a re-search greenhouse at Texas A&M University. Seed treated with 1, 2, 3, and 4 oz (AI)/cwt of imidacloprid was sown in 110-mm germination pots containing a prepared soil mixture of peat, vermiculite, and perlite in a 2:1:1 ratio, respectively. There were 10 single-seedling replications for each rate of imidacloprid. Plants were infested 3, 10, and 31 d after emergence (DAE) with 10, 15, and =21 yellow sugarcane aphids, respectively. An initial count of yellow sugarcane aphids was made 4 h after plant infestation (HAI). Subsequent counts of yellow sugarcane aphids were made 1,3,5, and 7 d (and 14 d for those infested 31 DAE) after infestation (DAI). Percent control was calculated by using the Henderson and Tilton (1955) formula. Data were analyzed statistically by using ANOVA and LSD.
Aphid Control on Shade Tobacco with Systemic Insecticides, 1996
Authors: LaMondia James A. , Rathier Thomas M.
Published: December 2017

Insecticide treatments were evaluated for tobacco aphid control in a cloth-covered shade tent at the CT Agricultural Expt. Station Valley Laboratory in Windsor, CT. The soil was an Entic Haplorthod (71.8% sand, 23.0% silt, 5.2% clay, pH = 6.0 and OM = 4.0%) naturally infested with tobacco cyst nematodes (Globodera tabacum tabacum). On 28 May, plots were fertilized with 126 lb N/acre of cottonseed meal-based 10-8-10, broadcast treated with Lorsban 4E at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre and Ridomil 2E at 1 lb (AI)/acre and spiked to incorporate. On 5 Jun, Vydate L [2.0 lb (AI)/acre in 107 gpa water] was broadcast to appropriate plots in a 39-inch swath using a TeeJet KCL-5 nozzle and raked to incorporate. Tobacco was transplanted on 6 Jun to rows 39-in apart with 1 -ft spacing within rows. There were 20 replicate 4-row plots of each treatment (15 X 15 ft), each with 2 treated pick rows in the center and 2 adjacent treated border rows. Plots were separated by an additional untreated border row. Vydate was band applied at 2.0 lb (AI)/acre to appropriate plots on 7 Jun to 6 inches on either side of rows using a backpack sprayer with a TeeJet 8004-E nozzle and incorporated by hoeing. Admire 2F was applied on 6 Jun as a soil drench at 0.15 lb (AI)/acre (10,800 plants/acre) using a backpack sprayer with a TeeJet TG-3 nozzle at 15 psi to apply 20 ml/plant in 2 10-ml applications 2 cm to either side of plants. Foliai Orthene at 0.75 lb (AI)/acre, in 204 gpa water, was applied on 8 Jul to previously untreated plots and on 16 Aug to plots previously sprayed with Orthene or Vydate using a TG-3 nozzle at 15 psi. One leaf each from 15 plants per row was removed on 16 Aug, 21 Aug, 30 Aug, and 6 Sep (60 leaves per plot) and rated for apterous aphids (scale: 0 = no aphids or winged only; 1 = 1 aphid per leaf; 2 = 2-10 aphids 3 = 11-100 aphids and 4 = more than 100 aphids per leaf). Ratings from 15 plants per plot were recorded and treatments compared within dates by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test. Plants were picked at weekly intervals over six weeks (29 Jul, 6 Aug, 15 Aug, 20 Aug and 28 Aug) to remove 18 leaves.
Pear, Seasonal Insecticide Evaluation for Pear Psylla, 1996
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Ten insecticide treatments, either single compounds or combinations of various insecticides, were evaluated for their ability to control PP on a seasonal basis. The experimental sprays were applied to single-tree replicated plots in a block of ‘Bartlett’ (84%), ‘Bosc’ (9%), and ‘D’Anjou’ (7%) pears. Trees were planted at a spacing of 24 X 24 ft and were 17 years old. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized block design utilizing the cv. Bartlett. Experimental sprays were applied with a handgun at 400 psi from a truck mounted sprayer equipped with a Kohler 23 gpm pump. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50DF, Streptomycin and Ziram 76WP. All treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and/or nymphs from leaf samples using a binocular microscope under 10X magnification at 3-12 day intervals. Counts were made on 15 spur leaf samples from 6 May to 20 May, on 8 spur and 7 third most distal shoot leaf samples 28 May, and on 15 third most distal leaf samples from 6 Jun-27 Jun. Adult PP were sampled by making 2-minute observations around the pe-riphery of each tree. Russet evaluations were made on pear fruits (25 per replicate). Each replicate was rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). The individual ratings were added to calcu-late a russet rating for each replicate. Possible ranges for the replicate russet ratings (and estimate of range of % of surface russeted) are 0-25 (none to raised lenticels) 26-50 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 51-75 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface, 76-100 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 101-125 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface). Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Evaluation of Bifenthrin, Diazinon, and Dursban Formulations for Management of Black Cutworm on Creeping Bentgrass, 1996
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 6 X 10 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times at University Park, PA. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 454 ml of water/60 ft2 or delivering 2.0 gal/1,000 ft2. Treatments were applied on 25 Jul following artificial infestation of the research area with 2nd and 3rd instar black cutworms. An average of 16/yd2 cutworm larvae was recorded on 23 Jul prior to treatment. At treatment time (25 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 73°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 66°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 64°F; RH, 80%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 69.7% sand, 25.9% silt, 4.4% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 12.7%; organic matter, 3.6%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.6%; time of application, early morning; and clear skies. Evaluation was done 2 DAT (27 Jul), 7 DAT (1 Aug), and 14 DAT (8 Aug) by counting the number of black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within a 1.0 yd2 wood frame area using a soap irritant drench of 30 ml Lemon Joy™ dishwashing detergent in 2 gal of water.
Control of White Grubs with Halofenozide (RH 0345) and Imidacloprid (MERIT), 1996
Authors: Held D. , Potter D. A. , Williamson C. , Kunkel B. , Kreuger B. , Mason N. , Eliason E. , Keathley C.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted on mature, low-maintenance Kentucky bluegrass turf at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Farm, near Lexington. The turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (pH = 6.4) with negligible thatch. Plots (6X6 ft) were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates. The turf was treated on 29 Aug, when soil populations consisted of primarily 2nd instars, with some 3rd instars. Conditions during application were 84°F with winds < 10 mph. The whole site received ½ inch irrigation as soon as the last treatment was applied. There was no additional water on the site until 7 Sept, when it rained 0.82 inch. Granular formulations were preweighed, mixed with dry sand, and applied by gloved hand. Plots were sampled on 17 Sep by cutting a 3 X 1.5 foot strip, about 3 inches deep, from the center of each plot with a motorized sod cutter. Sod was rolled back, broken apart, and examined for grubs which were counted and identified.
Suppression of Annual Bluegrass Weevil on a Golf Course Fairway with Split Applications of Chlor-Pyrifos and Experimental Formulations, 1996
Authors: Heller P.R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%) in Bedford County, PA. Applications were made when flowering dogwood was in full bloom. Treatment plots were 6 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 fi boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 272 ml of water/36 ft2 or delivering 2 gal water/1,000 ft2. At the 1st treatment time (14 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 57°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 64°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 60°F; RH, 35% amount of thatch, 0.25-0.50 inches; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: 27.4% sand, 46.9% silt, 25.8% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight) 46.6%; organic matter, 6.8%; water pH, 7; soil pH, 5.9; application time, mid-morning; and clear skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.1 inch 24 hr after treatment. At the 2nd treatment time (31 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: application time, late-morning; air tem perature, 61°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 64°F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 58°F; RH, 48%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.50 inch; soil texturai class, loam; soil particle size analysis: 27.4% sand, 46.9% silt, 25.8% clay; organic matter, 6.8%; soil condition, moist; water pH, 7; soil pH, 5.9; and cleai skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.1 inch 1 hr after treatment. Post-treatment counts were made on 19 Jun. Annual bluegrass weevil con trol was evaluated by removing three 4-inch cup cutter sod samples from each replicate and recording the total number of annual bluegrass weevil life stages (larva, pupa, adult) per sample. Totals were then converted to a ft2 count.
Comparison of Two Nematode Formulations for Black Turfgrass Ataenius Control, 1996
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Carney Bryan
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted at Wentworth-By-The-Sea Country Club, New Castle, NH. All treatments were applied to a fairway on 15 Jul on 7 X 7 ft plots, 5 replicates per treatment, using an RCB design with 1 -ft buffers between plots. Treatments were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type CO2 boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads, fitted with a 50-mesh strainer and an 8004 fan-type nozzle. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/1000 ft2 delivered at 40 psi. The entire trial was irrigated with 1/2 inch of water immediately after application. Weather conditions at time of application were as follows: air temp, 72°F; sky, cloudy; wind, strong breeze. Soil conditions were as follows: surface temp, 70°F; at 1-inch depth, 71°F; at 2-inch depth, 71°F; texture, sandy loam; sand, 67%; silt, 27%; clay, 6%, soil pH, 6.0; dry matter, 74%; moisture, 26%; organic matter, 12%; thatch depth, 1/4 inch. The trial was rated on 5 Aug. A Ryan 12” sod cutter was used to cut a strip to a depth of 3/4 inch. A 1 ft2 piece of sod was pealed back, and live grubs were counted.
Root Weevil Control 1996
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Chamberlin J. D.
Published: December 2017

Two-year-old rhododendrons were planted in 6 inch black plastic containers with equal parts sphagnum peat and pumice and treated weekly with 20-20-20 fertilizer. Each container was placed in a 13 inch diameter plastic saucer whose inner 1.5 inch high walls were coated with Fluon to sequester the 10 BVW adults placed on each plant. A 2 X 3 inch piece of opaque plastic was placed on the potting soil to provide an aggregation site for the BVW during the day. The trials were conducted under bird screen with 0.75 in2 mesh to prevent bird predation. Chemical treatments were applied to all leaf surfaces to run-off on 25 Jun with an R&D CO2 pressurized test plot sprayer, calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 1.5 mph from 3 D3-45 TeeJet nozzles. Plants were arranged in a RCB design replicated 4 times with 3 plants/replicate. The number of dead BVW were recorded in each replicate 3 and 7 DAT. Also, foliar notching injury was rated on a 0-5 scale; 0 = no injury; 5 = maximum injury.
Laboratory Tests for Blueberry Insect Control, 1996
Authors: Drummond F. A. , Collins J. A.
Published: December 2017

These tests were conducted using a BurkardR computer controlled spray apparatus to apply the materials at 10 lbs psi air pressure and an orifice setting of 6. For all applications, 0.2 ml test material was sprayed into each petri dish. For tests with the fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana, insects were sprayed in filter-paper lined, 10-cm diameter petri dishes; blueberry foliage was introduced immediately after spray application. For all other tests, blueberry foliage was placed in the petri dishes prior to application. Foliage was changed every 2-3 days. The number of insects ranged from 4-10 according to pest species and its developmental stage. Replicates ranged from 2-8 in number. Mortality of insects in test dishes was recorded at intervals of 1-5 days (see tables). Dead insects were held in separate petri dishes for up to 2 weeks to detect mycosis or parasitism. Log(dose)-probit (mortality) regressions were used to quantify the relationship between dose of test material and mortality. The date selected for performing the regression was usually 4 days after spraying, although the criterion used to select the date was evidence of significant mortality across the dosages.
Laboratory Evaluation of Fipronil Against DBM Larvae, 1995
Authors: Mau R.F.L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were evaluated using the leaf dip method. Head cabbage was seeded in community pots. Each pot containing approximately 10 cabbage plants in the 5-7 true leaf seedling stage was inverted and dipped in a test insecticide mix for about 30 sees for complete coverage. The dipped plants were allowed to air dry. For each dip, 1 liter insecticide mix was prepared based on field rate concentrations of 100 gal/acre. Leaves from treated plants were detached and placed in a ventilated plastic petri dish. DBM larvae from a laboratory colony that originated from individuals collected from a cabbage field at Kula, Hawaii and Kamuela, Hawaii were used. Ten 3rd instars were placed on each leaf. Each treatment was replicated 10 times. The number of dead larvae was counted at 24-hour intervals. Larvae were recorded as dead when there was no movement when probed.
Insecticidal Effects of Vegetable Oil on Silverleaf Whitefly, 1996
Authors: Liu T.-X. , Stansly P. A.
Published: December 2017

All but the top 3-4 fully expanded leaves were removed from 45-50 cm tomato plant with 7-9 leaves and 35 to 40 cm collard with 6-7 leaves. Plants were exposed for 72 h (Test 1) or 24 h (Test 2) to a greenhouse colony of silverleaf whitefly for oviposition. The plants were then incubated 10 d. Second instars predominated in both tests. The 3 vegetable oils labeled “A”, “B”, and “C” (Integrated Biocentrol Systems, Inc., Lawrenceburg, IN), 20 ml each, were measured into plastic vials with 5 ml of the non-ionic surfactant APSA 80 and mixed using a Vortex mixer for about 1 min. Dilutions of 0.5 and 1.0% were made by adding the correct amount of each mixture drop by drop to a 500 ml beaker filled with R.O. purified water while stirring on a magnetic stirring plate. The dilutions were stirred for an additional 2-3 min for a total stirring time of 5-10 minutes. All mixtures emulsified well. APSA 80 [0.04%(AI)] and Sunspray Ultra Fine Oil (Sun Refining & Marketing Co., Philadelphia, PA), were also tested and water was used the check. Leaves bearing an average of 120 whitefly nymphs (range: 70-179) were removed from the plant and placed abaxial side up at the bottom of a Potter Spray Tower. The tower was operated at 10 psi to deliver a volume of 3 ml. Treated leaves were placed, petiole down, in water-filled 20ml vials and incubated in an insectary 25 ± 2°C, 55-60%RH and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h for 5-7 days. Because of non-uniform age distribution in the first test, only dead 2nd instars and live 3rd and 4th instars were recorded. Pupae (dead or alive) were not recorded because they would have been 3rd or 4th instars when treated. For the second test, all dead and live whitefly nymphs were counted under a stereoscopic microscope.