bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Política e população: dados sobre um estado de duas caras
Authors: Pena Maria Valéria Junho
Published: October 2011

O trabalho lida com dados produzidos pelo Suplemento à Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) realizada em 1986 pelo IBGE, sobre o uso de métodos anticoncepcionais pelas mulheres brasileiras entre quinze e 54 anos de idade. Embora encarando o planejamento familiar como o território do encontro entre duas ordens - a primeira, aquela propriamente política é através da qual o Estado define as mulheres que estão destinadas a perpetuar o cidadão, selecionando os que devem nascer e merecer o uso do patrimônio público; e a segunda, privada, da família e de sua economia interna de recursos, inclusive simbólicos - o texto privilegia apenas uma delas. De fato, a preocupação é a de examinar características da oferta de serviços anticoncepcionais por parte de um Estado concebido com os atributos do liberalismo e impedido, por sua natureza, de realizar uma política explícita de controle de natalidade. Nesse contexto, intriga a expansão acelerada da esterilização e sua aparente desordem: ela não se difunde associada a prevalência regional de analfabetismo ou pobreza. Ela pode se encontrar em qualquer parte, estando ausente de outras dotadas de perfil sócio-econômico semelhante. O trabalho, pois, se ocupa em ordenar a desordem e em dar sentido à substituição da pílula pela laqueadura de trompa como o método mais popular de evitar uma gravidez indesejada.
Políticas sociais e cidadania
Authors: Leite Márcia da Silva Pereira
Published: October 2011

O texto apresenta o tratamento conferido à temática das políticas sociais pelo paradigma da cidadania, enfatizando temas e problemas que esta perspectiva comporta. Destaca a centralidade que tem no ideal democrático a associação políticas sociais/cidadania, propiciada pelo Estado de Bem-Estar Social. E, finalmente, procura refletir sobre limites e possibilidades atuais dessa equação, num contexto de avanço do neoliberalismo.
A hemoterapia no Brasil de 64 a 80
Authors: Santos Luiz A. de Castro , Moraes Cláudia , Coelho Vera Schattan P.
Published: October 2011

Só recentemente a hemoterapia tomou-se questão de política social, para além do interesse imediato da medicina e da saúde pública. Procura-se aqui apresentar o quadro geral, histórico e institucional, em que se delineou o tema - anteriormente à "politização do sangue", com o surgimento da AIDS transfusional.
Relações de gênero, possessão e sexualidade
Authors: Birman Patrícia
Published: October 2011

Este trabalho busca analisar as relações de gênero, tal como são concebidas nos cultos afro-brasileiros, notadamente no candomblé. Analisa estas concepções na articulação que possuem com os ritos de possessão e trata da diferença que estes apresentam entre as vertentes religiosas constitutivas do campo afro. Busca compreender como os papéis de gênero na família-de-santo se desdobram na relação que o candomblé mantém com a sexualidade e com o espaço que lhe é concedido na prática cotidiana dos terreiros.
O "individualismo libertário" no imaginário social dos anos 60
Authors: Salem Tania
Published: October 2011

Tomando os convulsivos anos 60/70 como recurso analítico, o artigo discorre sobre o que propõe chamar de "individualismo psicologizante-li-bertário", o qual, embora não se esgotando nessas décadas, encontra aí uma forma privilegiada de expressão. Procurando depreender representações concernentes ao indivíduo, à sociedade, bem como à suarelação, o artigo argumenta pelo anúncio de uma ordem moral que, fundada em uma radical recusa a hierarquias e normalizações, assenta-se nos princípios da igualdade, da liberação e da antinormatividade, em nome de uma plena manifestação do sujeito e de seus 'desejos'.
Psicologismo e mudança social
Authors: Santos Tânia Coelho dos
Published: October 2011

Trata-se de uma discussão de parte da literatura antropológica e sociológica acerca da recente modernização da família brasileira, desde um modelo hierárquico para uma organização igualitária. Enfatizamos a importância de que sejam considerados, na análise desse processo, os efeitos das mudanças na 'culturapsicanalítica' que entendemos como parte indissociável do imaginário da modernização social.
A percepção de si como sujeito-da-doença
Authors: Herzog Regina
Published: October 2011

Este artigo tem como objetivo retomar a análise de Michel Foucault sobre os tipos de poder que tornam os seres humanos sujeitos, para pensar a questão de como o sujeito se percebe a si próprio como passível de ser um sujeito-da-doença. O corpo sujeitado pela doença expressa concretamente como se estabelece uma relação de poder. Procurando analisar essa configuração, tento caracterizar, em primeiro lugar, as condições externas para a percepção de si como sujeito e, em seguida, a articulação interna, ou seja, como o próprio sujeito se vê. As raízes sociais da percepção de si como sujeito remetem aos diversos discursos sobre/do sujeito, que correspondem a estratégias de determinados sistemas (religioso, da medicinae outros). Todavia, do ponto de vista do sujeito, a condição para uma percepção de si como passível de ser sujeito-da-doença está presente na medida em que se vê, de um lado, cuidado pelo Estado e, de outro, cuidando de si. A partir daí, procuro mostrar como decorre o "tornar-se doente", termo genérico que abrange três formas seqüenciais: "estou doente", "sou doente", "sou paciente".
Associativismo no setor saúde brasileiro e organizações de interesse do empresariado médico
Authors: Labra Maria Eliana
Published: October 2011

O objetivo deste artigo é o de introduzir a reflexão a respeito das possibilidades de construção de um pacto social ou formas de concertação entre os atores organizados do setor saúde, tendo em vista a implantação do Sistema Único de Saúde e seus impasses, A exposição aborda aspectos teóricos colocados pelo enfoque neocorporativo quanto às relações Estado-sociedade civil, a dimensão associativa da ordem social, o intercâmbio político entre as esferas pública e privada e a intermediação de interesses organizados no policy-making nas democracias contemporâneas. Passa-se em revista o padrão de organização de interesses estruturado historicamente no Brasil, salientando o formato híbrido ou dual da representação. Com base em um quadro sinóptico que ilustra a evolução do associativismo setorial vis-à-vis as políticas de saúde, são examinadas particularidades tais como formatos de representação (dual, tricotómica) e densidade da constelação de associações representativas dos interesses das profissões, dos produtores de tecnologia em saúde e, em particular, do empresariado médico assistência). Finalmente, em face da maturidade e complexidade do universo analisado, indaga-se a respeito das condições de eficácia política do Conselho de Saúde enquanto instrumento criado para operar transformações estruturais e culturais no sistema de saúde e locus adequado para a concertação coletiva entre os interesses organizados ali representados.
A aritmética da saúde na encyclopédie de Diderot e d'Alembert: um esboço de política de saúde
Authors: Ferraz Regina Coeli Franco
Published: October 2011

Encyclopédie, principal obra de difusão do Iluminismo, contou com a participação de vários médicos, evidenciando preocupações com a saúde do indivíduo e da população. No século XVIII, afirma-se a primazia da ciência, novo critério de verdade. Ao criticarem a sociedade setecentista, visando produzir mudanças no mundo, filósofos e médicos tinham em mente a infância, o menor abandonado, o aleitamento materno, o comportamento da mãe e o combate às nutrizes - questões relevantes enquanto concernentes à população, que passa a ser valorizada como fonte de riqueza da nação. Ainda na segunda metade do século XVIII, o hospital é medicalizado e como local de cura será disciplinarizado, apresentando uma nova distribuição espacial. A medicina classificatória, em voga desde o século anterior, priorizando a observação dos sintomas e a experiência do médico, acaba por ultrapassar a doutrina das crises, apesar da permanência de alguns preceitos hipocráticos. Em síntese, está se afirmando uma nova administração da vida, da reprodução e da morte.
Milhos com diferentes texturas de endosperma e adição de alfa-amilase na dieta de leitões
Authors: Piovesan Vanessa , Oliveira Vladimir de , Gewehr Clóvis Eliseu
Published: October 2011

Dois experimentos foram realizados para avaliar a influência de milhos com diferentes texturas de endosperma e adição de alfa amilase na digestibilidade de dietas e no desempenho de leitões na fase de creche. No ensaio de digestibilidade, foram usados 12 leitões castrados (7,96±0,31kg), alojados individualmente em gaiolas de metabolismo, enquanto no desempenho utilizaram-se 75 leitões (7,87±0,67kg) distribuídos em 15 gaiolas de creche. Nos dois experimentos, os tratamentos consistiram de três dietas formuladas para serem isonutritivas, mas com milhos de diferentes texturas e adição ou não de alfa amilase, conforme descrito a seguir: 1. grãos de milho semi-dentado; 2. grãos de milho duro e; 3. grãos de milho duro + alfa-amilase. Os resultados de metabolismo mostraram que os valores de energia digestível (ED) e metabolizável (EM) das dietas foram influenciados pelos tipos de milho, sendo o semi-dentado superior (P<0,05) ao milho duro (3872 versus 3767kcal ED kg-1 e 3778 versus 3660kcal EM kg-1, respectivamente). A inclusão de amilase à dieta com milho duro fez com que os valores de ED e EM (P<0,05) se aproximassem dos valores obtidos com milho semi-dentado (3872 versus 3826kcal ED kg-1 e 3778 versus 3742kcal EM kg-1, respectivamente). No experimento de desempenho, não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos no consumo de ração, ganho de peso e/ou conversão alimentar. Dietas com milho duro ou semi-dentado e adição de alfa-amilase não alteram o desempenho dos leitões. Por outro lado, dietas contendo milho semi-dentado apresentam maior energia digestível que dietas com milho duro e a adição de alfa-amilase aumenta a energia de dietas com milho duro.
Atividade da enzima nitrato redutase em milho cultivado sob diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada e potássica
Authors: Silva Sueli Maria da , Oliveira Lucielle Januário , Faria Francys Pimenta , Reis Edésio Fialho dos , Carneiro Marco Aurelio Carbone , Silva Samuel Mariano da
Published: October 2011

Em função de seu uso na alimentação humana e animal e de um elevado potencial produtivo, o milho constitui-se num dos mais importantes cereais cultivados e comercializados no mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de nitrogênio e potássio na atividade da enzima redutase do nitrato na cultura do milho em casa de vegetação. Foram utilizadas cinco doses de nitrogênio (0; 50; 100; 150 e 200kg ha-1) e cinco doses de potássio (0; 40; 80; 120 e 160kg ha-1). A atividade da enzima foi estimada in vivo após as plantas atingirem quatro folhas totalmente desdobradas. Utilizou-se o método baseado no princípio de que a quantidade de nitrito liberada por fragmentos de tecidos vivos num tampão, na presença de uma agente permanente e do substrato, reflete a atividade potencial da enzima. A atividade da enzima nitrato redutase sofreu influência significativa da interação das doses de nitrogênio e potássio, já que a interação N=100kg ha-1 e K=40kg ha-1 proporcionou as melhores médias do experimento. A partir dessa dose, o aumento no fornecimento tanto de nitrogênio quanto de potássio promoveu redução da atividade enzimática.
Análise das estratégias de produção de seis montadoras de motores para automóveis
Authors: Alves Filho Alceu Gomes , Nogueira Edemilson , Bento Paulo Eduardo Gomes
Published: October 2011

São identificadas e analisadas neste artigo as Estratégias de Produção (EP) adotadas, durante o período 2005-2006, por 6 empresas montadoras de motores para automóveis instaladas no Brasil. Três delas instalaram-se há várias décadas no País e são aqui denominadas "estabelecidas"; as outras três, apenas há alguns anos, são denominadas "entrantes". Para o levantamento de informações sobre as EPs adotadas, entrevistas semiestruturadas foram feitas com pelo menos um dos principais responsáveis - gerentes - pela unidade produtora de motores em cada empresa. Observou-se que as EPs adotadas pelas empresas são distintas entre os grupos e em cada grupo (intragrupos), marcadas por diferenças nas áreas de decisão estruturais, apesar de haver semelhanças entre as estratégias competitivas das empresas em cada grupo (estabelecidas e entrantes). Alguns dos resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa confirmam proposições da literatura, outros indicam que há temas que precisam ainda ser cuidadosamente investigados.
Saúde e antropologia: contribuições à interpretação da condição humana em ciências da saúde
Authors: Seppilli Tullio
Published: October 2011

A interpretação do processo saúde/doença tem sido marcada pelo positivismo e pelas ciências naturais. A medicina/saúde ocidental concentrou uma atenção quase exclusiva às dimensões biológicas das patologias, demarcando sucessos cognitivos e operacionais, a biologia representando a verdadeira prova de rigor e objetividade. A função moduladora em relação às defesas orgânicas era atuada pelas dinâmicas psíquicas, a dimensão da subjetividade como lugar da ativa intermediação, em cada indivíduo, entre as esferas relacional e biológica. O reconhecimento dos fatores comportamentais e socioculturais desenvolveu-se fora do campo médico-institucional, seguindo linhas de investigação das disciplinas psicológicas e antropológicas. O texto tenta esboçar que um efetivo delineamento científico dos estudos sobre o homem somente pode fundar-se em uma abordagem sistêmica, em que os níveis biológico e histórico-social, que organizam a condição humana e realizam sua relação com o contexto, precisam ser examinados e interpretados em suas relações de integração, em sua recíproca autonomia e especificidade.
Adaptação e simpatia: trajetórias críticas na clínica
Authors: Inforsato Erika Alvarez
Published: October 2011

A partir de elementos conceituais relacionados à adaptação e à simpatia, tomados das proposições da filosofia e da literatura de Nietzsche, Deleuze e D.H. Lawrence, este escrito é um exercício crítico no campo problemático da clínica em interface com as artes. A narrativa de uma situação grupal coordenada em parceria com artistas e terapeutas ocupacionais é a imagem-motor que permite entrelaçar estas perspectivas e pensar os desafios lançados no cotidiano com populações sob condições de grave fragilidade e restrição de suas vidas - em função de questões decorrentes de deficiências física e/ou intelectual. Na relação com o sofrimento, a exclusão e a criação, a proposição deste escrito é a de pensar a clínica em trajetórias críticas, ao considerar a complexidade desses processos enquanto convocações: ações e reações que transitam entre enrijecimentos e porosidades, proximidades e distâncias, reiteração identitária e disponibilidade aos desvios.
Ensino de ciências no fundamental 1: perfil de um grupo de professores em formação continuada num contexto de alfabetização científica
Authors: Nigro Rogério Gonçalves , Azevedo Maria Nizete
Published: October 2011

Neste trabalho, apresentamos parte do perfil de 24 professores de 1º ao 5º ano envolvidos num projeto de formação continuada, que tinha o objetivo de promover a alfabetização científica. Por meio da análise de respostas a um questionário e de entrevistas, verificamos objetivos conferidos à Ciência escolar, além de atribuição de importância e grau de confiança para ensinar esta em relação a outras disciplinas escolares. Constatamos que esses docentes conferem grande destaque à disciplina de Língua Portuguesa, indicam predominantemente que o ensino de Ciências deve objetivar a educação ambiental e o ensino-aprendizagem de conceitos, bem como parecem estar relativamente seguros quanto às suas práticas. Nossa conclusão é que, em seu atual estágio de desenvolvimento profissional, esses docentes não explicitam o que a ideia de alfabetização científica possa implicar para os seus objetivos na educação em ciências, nem como conciliar essa ideia com o alto peso que é dado ao ensino de Língua Portuguesa.
Arguments for the definition of the ict skills for prospective teachers: university student perception about the role of teachers of mathematics in secondary
Authors: López Yuri Morales
Published: October 2011

In this paper we analyze the main factors (or indicators) that may be present in the use of technology resources, specifically the use of Personal Computer (PC) and, thus, try to infer about possible ways to take advantage of this resource. The main objective of this research was to determine the perception of university students about the role of secondary mathematics teacher, specifically from the technological perspective. For this purpose, we administered a survey to collect information of 264 students in a course of Introductory Mathematics MAX 084, in the first half of 2010 at the Universidad Nacional in Costa Rica. Principally, regarding how the mathematics teacher influenced the development of technological skills, useful for further training at the University.
β-Cell Uncoupling Protein 2 Regulates Reactive Oxygen Species Production, Which Influences Both Insulin and Glucagon Secretion
Authors: Robson-Doucette Christine A. , Sultan Sobia , Allister Emma M. , Wikstrom Jakob D. , Koshkin Vasilij , Bhattacharjee Alpana , Prentice Kacey J. , Sereda Samuel B. , Shirihai Orian S. , Wheeler Michael B.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE

The role of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in pancreatic β-cells is highly debated, partly because of the broad tissue distribution of UCP2 and thus limitations of whole-body UCP2 knockout mouse models. To investigate the function of UCP2 in the β-cell, β-cell–specific UCP2 knockout mice (UCP2BKO) were generated and characterized.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

UCP2BKO mice were generated by crossing loxUCP2 mice with mice expressing rat insulin promoter-driven Cre recombinase. Several in vitro and in vivo parameters were measured, including respiration rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, islet ATP content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), glucagon secretion, glucose and insulin tolerance, and plasma hormone levels.

RESULTS

UCP2BKO β-cells displayed mildly increased glucose-induced mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization but unchanged rates of uncoupled respiration and islet ATP content. UCP2BKO islets had elevated intracellular ROS levels that associated with enhanced GSIS. Surprisingly, UCP2BKO mice were glucose-intolerant, showing greater α-cell area, higher islet glucagon content, and aberrant ROS-dependent glucagon secretion under high glucose conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

Using a novel β-cell–specific UCP2KO mouse model, we have shed light on UCP2 function in primary β-cells. UCP2 does not behave as a classical metabolic uncoupler in the β-cell, but has a more prominent role in the regulation of intracellular ROS levels that contribute to GSIS amplification. In addition, β-cell UCP2 contributes to the regulation of intraislet ROS signals that mediate changes in α-cell morphology and glucagon secretion.
Early Treatment of NOD Mice With B7-H4 Reduces the Incidence of Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: Wang Xiaojie , Hao Jianqiang , Metzger Daniel L. , Mui Alice , Ao Ziliang , Akhoundsadegh Noushin , Langermann Solomon , Liu Linda , Chen Lieping , Ou Dawei , Verchere C. Bruce , Warnock Garth L.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE

Autoimmune diabetes is a T cell–mediated disease in which insulin-producing β-cells are destroyed. Autoreactive T cells play a central role in mediating β-cell destruction. B7-H4 is a negative cosignaling molecule that downregulates T-cell responses. In this study, we aim to determine the role of B7-H4 on regulation of β-cell–specific autoimmune responses.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Prediabetic (aged 3 weeks) female NOD mice (group 1, n = 21) were treated with intraperitoneal injections of B7-H4.Ig at 7.5 mg/kg, with the same amount of mouse IgG (group 2, n = 24), or with no protein injections (group 3, n = 24), every 3 days for 12 weeks.

RESULTS

B7-H4.Ig reduced the incidence of autoimmune diabetes, compared with the control groups (diabetic mice 28.6% of group 1, 66.7% of group 2 [P = 0.0081], and 70.8% of group 3 [group 1 vs. 3, P = 0.0035]). Histological analysis revealed that B7-H4 treatment did not block islet infiltration but rather suppressed further infiltrates after 9 weeks of treatment (group 1 vs. 2, P = 0.0003). B7-H4 treatment also reduced T-cell proliferation in response to GAD65 stimulation ex vivo. The reduction of diabetes is not due to inhibition of activated T cells in the periphery but rather to a transient increase of Foxp3+ CD4+ T-cell population at one week posttreatment (12.88 ± 1.29 vs. 11.58 ± 1.46%; n = 8; P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

Our data demonstrate the protective role of B7-H4 in the development of autoimmune diabetes, suggesting a potential means of preventing type 1 diabetes by targeting the B7-H4 pathway.
Brain Activation During Working Memory Is Altered in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes During Hypoglycemia
Authors: Bolo Nicolas R. , Musen Gail , Jacobson Alan M. , Weinger Katie , McCartney Richard L. , Flores Veronica , Renshaw Perry F. , Simonson Donald C.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of acute hypoglycemia on working memory and brain function in patients with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Using blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging during euglycemic (5.0 mmol/L) and hypoglycemic (2.8 mmol/L) hyperinsulinemic clamps, we compared brain activation response to a working-memory task (WMT) in type 1 diabetic subjects (n = 16) with that in age-matched nondiabetic control subjects (n = 16). Behavioral performance was assessed by percent correct responses.

RESULTS

During euglycemia, the WMT activated the bilateral frontal and parietal cortices, insula, thalamus, and cerebellum in both groups. During hypoglycemia, activation decreased in both groups but remained 80% larger in type 1 diabetic versus control subjects (P < 0.05). In type 1 diabetic subjects, higher HbA1c was associated with lower activation in the right parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala (R2 = 0.45, P < 0.002). Deactivation of the default-mode network (DMN) also was seen in both groups during euglycemia. However, during hypoglycemia, type 1 diabetic patients deactivated the DMN 70% less than control subjects (P < 0.05). Behavioral performance did not differ between glycemic conditions or groups.

CONCLUSIONS

BOLD activation was increased and deactivation was decreased in type 1 diabetic versus control subjects during hypoglycemia. This higher level of brain activation required by type 1 diabetic subjects to attain the same level of cognitive performance as control subjects suggests reduced cerebral efficiency in type 1 diabetes.
Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide
Authors: Christensen Mikkel , Vedtofte Louise , Holst Jens J. , Vilsbøll Tina , Knop Filip K.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the glucose dependency of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) effects on insulin and glucagon release in 10 healthy male subjects ([means ± SEM] aged 23 ± 1 years, BMI 23 ± 1 kg/m2, and HbA1c 5.5 ± 0.1%).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Saline or physiological doses of GIP were administered intravenously (randomized and double blinded) during 90 min of insulin-induced hypoglycemia, euglycemia, or hyperglycemia.

RESULTS

During hypoglycemia, GIP infusion caused greater glucagon responses during the first 30 min compared with saline (76 ± 17 vs. 28 ± 16 pmol/L per 30 min, P < 0.008), with similar peak levels of glucagon reached after 60 min. During euglycemia, GIP infusion elicited larger glucagon responses (62 ± 18 vs. −11 ± 8 pmol/L per 90 min, P < 0.005). During hyperglycemia, comparable suppression of plasma glucagon (−461 ± 81 vs. −371 ± 50 pmol/L per 90 min, P = 0.26) was observed with GIP and saline infusions. In addition, during hyperglycemia, GIP more than doubled the insulin secretion rate (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

In healthy subjects, GIP has no effect on glucagon responses during hyperglycemia while strongly potentiating insulin secretion. In contrast, GIP increases glucagon levels during fasting and hypoglycemic conditions, where it has little or no effect on insulin secretion. Thus, GIP seems to be a physiological bifunctional blood glucose stabilizer with diverging glucose-dependent effects on the two main pancreatic glucoregulatory hormones.
Wood properties and trunk allometry of co‐occurring rainforest canopy trees in a cyclone‐prone environment
Authors: Read Jennifer , Evans Robert , Sanson Gordon D. , Kerr Stuart , Jaffré Tanguy
Published: October 2011

• Premise of study: New Caledonia commonly experiences cyclones, so trees there are expected to have enhanced wood traits and trunk allometry that confer resistance to wind damage. We ask whether there is evidence of a trade‐off between these traits and growth rate among species.

• Methods: Wood traits, including density, microfibril angle (MFA), and modulus of elasticity (MOE), ratio of tree height to stem diameter, and growth rate were investigated in mature trees of 15 co‐occurring canopy species in a New Caledonian rainforest.

• Key results: In contrast to some studies, wood density did not correlate negatively with growth increment. Among angiosperms, wood density and MOE correlated positively with diameter‐adjusted tree height, and MOE correlated positively with stem‐diameter growth increment. Tall slender trees achieved high stiffness with high efficiency with respect to wood density, in part by low MFA, and with a higher diameter growth increment but a lower buckling safety factor. However, some tree species of a similar niche differed in whole‐tree resistance to wind damage and achieved wood stiffness in different ways.

• Conclusions: There was no evidence of a growth‐safety trade‐off in these trees. In forests that regularly experience cyclones, there may be stronger selection for high wood density and/or stiffness in fast‐growing trees of the upper canopy, with the potential growth trade‐off amortized by access to the upper canopy and by other plant traits. Furthermore, decreasing wood density does not necessarily decrease resistance to wind damage, resistance being influenced by other characteristics including cell‐level traits (e.g., MFA) and whole‐plant architecture.
Population differentiation and plasticity in vegetative ontogeny: Effects on life‐history expression in Erysimum capitatum (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Kim Eunsuk , Donohue Kathleen
Published: October 2011

• Premise of the study: Distinguishing the contributions of phenotypic plasticity vs. population differentiation to variation in the life history of plants throughout their range is important for predicting their performance after dispersal or their responses to environmental change. In Erysimum capitatum, plants in alpine environments are iteroparous perennials, but those below tree line are semelparous perennials. We tested population differentiation and plasticity of life‐history variation and explored the effects of plastic responses at the prereproductive stage on life‐history expression.

• Methods: Plants from alpine and below tree‐line populations were grown in a common greenhouse environment. Soil water content at the prereproductive stage was manipulated to simulate field condition. Because rosette ontogeny of E. capitatum (i.e., production of multiple rosettes, reproductive allocation, and degeneration of rosettes) was highly associated with in situ life‐history variation, water effects on rosette ontogeny and life history were assessed.

• Key results: Plants from alpine populations showed higher postreproductive survival than those from low‐elevation populations in the greenhouse environment, and such difference can be explained by differential rosette ontogeny at both the prereproductive and reproductive stage. In addition, rosette development at the reproductive stage was plastic to water availability at the prereproductive stage, which influences life‐history expression as adults.

• Conclusions: Because water availability is lower at low‐elevation sites, in situ population differentiation is likely caused by plasticity to water availability as well as by genetic differentiation or maternal effects. Plastic or evolutionary changes of prereproductive traits are expected to influence adult life‐history expression, which possibly influence population demography.
The Basis of Distinctive IL-2– and IL-15–Dependent Signaling: Weak CD122-Dependent Signaling Favors CD8+ T Central-Memory Cell Survival but Not T Effector-Memory Cell Development
Authors: Castro Iris , Yu Aixin , Dee Michael J. , Malek Thomas R.
Published: October 2011

Recent work suggests that IL-2 and IL-15 induce distinctive levels of signaling through common receptor subunits and that such varied signaling directs the fate of Ag-activated CD8+ T cells. In this study, we directly examined proximal signaling by IL-2 and IL-15 and CD8+ T cell primary and memory responses as a consequence of varied CD122-dependent signaling. Initially, IL-2 and IL-15 induced similar p-STAT5 and p-S6 activation, but these activities were only sustained by IL-2. Transient IL-15–dependent signaling is due to limited expression of IL-15Rα. To investigate the outcome of varied CD122 signaling for CD8+ T cell responses in vivo, OT-I T cells were used from mouse models where CD122 signals were attenuated by mutations within the cytoplasmic tail of CD122 or intrinsic survival function was provided in the absence of CD122 expression by transgenic Bcl-2. In the absence of CD122 signaling, generally normal primary response occurred, but the primed CD8+ T cells were not maintained. In marked contrast, weak CD122 signaling supported development and survival of T central-memory (TCM) but not T effector-memory (TEM) cells. Transgenic expression of Bcl-2 in CD122−/− CD8+ T cells also supported the survival and persistence of TCM cells but did not rescue TEM development. These data indicate that weak CD122 signals readily support TCM development largely through providing survival signals. However, stronger signals, independent of Bcl-2, are required for TEM development. Our findings are consistent with a model whereby low, intermediate, and high CD122 signaling support TCM memory survival, TEM programming, and terminal T effector cell differentiation, respectively.
Regulation of the Germinal Center Reaction by Foxp3+ Follicular Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Wollenberg Ivonne , Agua-Doce Ana , Hernández Andrea , Almeida Catarina , Oliveira Vanessa G. , Faro Jose , Graca Luis
Published: October 2011

Follicular helper T (TFH) cells participate in humoral responses providing selection signals to germinal center B cells. Recently, expression of CXCR5, PD-1, and the transcription factor Bcl-6 has allowed the identification of TFH cells. We found that a proportion of follicular T cells, with phenotypic characteristics of TFH cells and expressing Foxp3, are recruited during the course of a germinal center (GC) reaction. These Foxp3+ cells derive from natural regulatory T cells. To establish the in vivo physiologic importance of Foxp3+ follicular T cells, we used CXCR5-deficient Foxp3+ cells, which do not have access to the follicular region. Adoptive cell transfers of CXCR5-deficient Foxp3+ cells have shown that Foxp3+ follicular T cells are important regulators of the GC reaction following immunization with a thymus-dependent Ag. Our in vivo data show that Foxp3+ follicular T cells can limit the magnitude of the GC reaction and also the amount of secreted Ag-specific IgM, IgG1, IgG2b, and IgA. Therefore, Foxp3+ follicular regulatory T cells appear to combine characteristics of TFH and regulatory T cells for the control of humoral immune responses.
Convergent and Divergent Development among M Cell Lineages in Mouse Mucosal Epithelium
Authors: Wang Jing , Gusti Veronica , Saraswati Andrea , Lo David D.
Published: October 2011

M cells are specialized epithelial cells mediating immune surveillance of the mucosal lumen by transepithelial delivery of Ags to underlying dendritic cells (DC). At least three M cell phenotypes are known in the airways and intestine, but their developmental relationships are unclear. We used reporter transgenic mouse strains to follow the constitutive development of M cell subsets and their acute induction by cholera toxin (CT). M cells overlying intestinal Peyer’s patches (PPs), isolated lymphoid follicles, and nasal-associated lymphoid tissue are induced by distinct settings, yet show convergent phenotypes, such as expression of a peptidoglycan recognition protein-S (PGRP-S) transgene reporter. By contrast, though PP, isolated lymphoid follicle, and villous M cells are all derived from intestinal crypt stem cells, their phenotypes were clearly distinct; for example, PP M cells frequently appeared to form M cell-DC functional units, whereas villous M cells did not consistently engage underlying DC. B lymphocytes are critical to M cell function by forming a basolateral pocket and possible signaling through CD137; however, initial commitment to all M cell lineages is B lymphocyte and CD137 independent. CT causes induction of new M cells in the airway and intestine without cell division, suggesting transdifferentiation from mature epithelial cells. In contrast with intestinal PP M cells, CT-induced nasal-associated lymphoid tissue M cells appear to be generated from ciliated Foxj1+PGRP-S+ cells, indicative of a possible precommitted progenitor. In summary, constitutive and inducible differentiation of M cells is toward strictly defined context-dependent phenotypes, suggesting specialized roles in surveillance of mucosal Ags.
Growth kinetics, properties, performance, and stability of atomic layer deposition Zn–Sn–O buffer layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells
Authors: Hultqvist Adam , Platzer‐Björkman Charlotte , Zimmermann Uwe , Edoff Marika , Törndahl Tobias
Published: October 2011

A new atomic layer deposition process was developed for deposition of Zn–Sn–O buffer layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells with tetrakis(dimethylamino) tin, Sn(N(CH3)2)4, diethyl zinc, Zn(C2H5)2, and water, H2O. The new process gives good control of thickness and [Sn]/([Sn] + [Zn]) content of the films. The Zn–Sn–O films are amorphous as found by grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction, have a high resistivity, show a lower density compared with ZnO and SnOx, and have a transmittance loss that is smeared out over a wide wavelength interval. Good solar cell performance was achieved for a [Sn]/([Sn] + [Zn]) content determined to be 0.15–0.21 by Rutherford backscattering. The champion solar cell with a Zn–Sn–O buffer layer had an efficiency of 15.3% (Voc = 653 mV, Jsc(QE) = 31.8 mA/cm2, and FF = 73.8%) compared with 15.1% (Voc = 663 mV, Jsc(QE) = 30.1 mA/cm2, and FF = 75.8%) of the best reference solar cell with a CdS buffer layer. There is a strong light‐soaking effect that saturates after a few minutes for solar cells with Zn–Sn–O buffer layers after storage in the dark. Stability was tested by 1000 h of dry heat storage in darkness at 85 °C, where Zn–Sn–O buffer layers with a thickness of 76 nm retained their initial value after a few minutes of light soaking. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bacterial Predators Possess Unique Membrane Lipid Structures
Authors: Müller Frederic D. , Beck Sebastian , Strauch Eckhard , Linscheid Michael W.
Published: October 2011

Bdellovibrio‐and‐like organisms (BALO) are a phylogenetically diverse group of predatory prokaryotes that consists of the two families Bdellovibrionaceae and Bacteriovoracaceae. We investigated the phospholipid composition of the three important BALO strains Bacteriovorax stolpii (DSM 12778), Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100 (DSM 50701) and Peredibacter starrii (DSM 17039). We confirmed the presence of sphingophosphonolipids in B. stolpii, while we characterized sphingophosphonolipids with a 2‐amino‐3‐phosphonopropanate head group for the first time. In B. bacteriovorus HD100 phosphatidylthreonines were found and, thus, B.bacteriovorus is the second prokaryote investigated so far possessing this rare lipid class. In the third analyzed organism, P. starrii, we observed phosphatidylethanolamine structures with an additional N‐glutamyl residue, which form the first reported class of amino acid‐containing phosphatidylethanolamines.
cis‐9,trans‐11,cis‐15 and cis‐9,trans‐13,cis‐15 CLNA Mixture Activates PPARα in HEK293 and Reduces Triacylglycerols in 3T3‐L1 cells
Authors: Miranda Jonatan , Lasa Arrate , Fernández‐Quintela Alfredo , García‐Marzo Cristina , Ayo Josune , Dentin Renaud , Portillo María P.
Published: October 2011

Scientific research is constantly working to find new molecules that are effective in preventing excessive accumulation of body fat. The aim of the present work was to assess the potential agonism on PPARα and PPARγ of a conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) isomer mixture, consisting of two CLNA isomers (cis‐9,trans‐11,cis‐15 and cis‐9,trans‐13,cis‐15). Secondly, we aimed to analyze the effects of this mixture on triacylglycerol accumulation in 3T3‐L1 mature adipocytes. Luciferase transactivation assay was used to analyze whether the CLNA mixture activated PPARs. The expression of several enzymes and transcriptional factors involved in the main metabolic pathways that control triacylglycerol accumulation in adipocytes was assessed by real time RT‐PCR in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes treated for 20 h with the CLNA mixture. The mixture activated PPRE in cells with PPARα receptor over‐expression, but not those with PPARγ over‐expression. Decreased triacylglycerol was found in treated adipocytes. The lowest dose (10 μM) increased HSL expression and the highest dose (100 μM) increased ATGL gene expression. The other genes analyzed remained unchanged. The hypothesis of an anti‐obesity action of the analyzed CLNA mixture, based on increased lipid mobilization in adipose tissue, can be proposed.
Manipulating Quantum Structures Using Laser Pulses
Authors: Shore Bruce W.
Published: October 2011

The use of laser pulses to alter the internal quantum structure of individual atoms and molecules has applications in quantum information processing, the coherent control of chemical reactions and in quantum-state engineering. This book presents the underlying theory of such quantum-state manipulation for researchers and graduate students. The book provides the equations, and approaches for their solution, which can be applied to complicated multilevel quantum systems. It also gives the background theory for application to isolated atoms or trapped ions, simple molecules and atoms embedded in solids. Particular attention is given to the ways in which quantum changes can be displayed graphically to help readers understand how quantum changes can be controlled.
The Works of Thomas Carlyle
Authors: Carlyle Thomas
Published: October 2011

Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) was one of the most influential authors of the nineteenth century. Eagerly studied at the highest level of intellectual society, his satirical essays and perceptive historical biographies caused him to be regarded for much of the Victorian period as a literary genius and eminent social philosopher. After graduating from Edinburgh University in 1814, he published his first scholarly work on German literature in 1824, before finding literary success with his history of the French Revolution in 1837. After falling from favour during the first part of the twentieth century, his work has more recently become the subject of scholarly re-examination. His introduction of German literature and philosophy into the British intellectual milieu profoundly influenced later philosophical ideas. These volumes are reproduced from the 1896 Centenary Edition of his collected works. Volume 14 contains the third volume of The Life of Frederick the Great.
The Works of Thomas Carlyle
Authors: Carlyle Thomas
Published: October 2011

Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) was one of the most influential authors of the nineteenth century. Eagerly studied at the highest level of intellectual society, his satirical essays and perceptive historical biographies caused him to be regarded for much of the Victorian period as a literary genius and eminent social philosopher. After graduating from Edinburgh University in 1814, he published his first scholarly work on German literature in 1824, before finding literary success with his history of the French Revolution in 1837. After falling from favour during the first part of the twentieth century, his work has more recently become the subject of scholarly re-examination. His introduction of German literature and philosophy into the British intellectual milieu profoundly influenced later philosophical and literary studies. These volumes are reproduced from the 1896 Centenary Edition of his collected works. Volume 15 contains the fourth volume of The Life of Frederick the Great.
G. F. Watts
Authors: Barrington Emilie
Published: October 2011

G. F. Watts was one of the major artistic figures of the nineteenth century. In this work published in 1905, only a year after Watts' death, Emilie Barrington (1841–1933) reflects on the close friendship she and her husband had with the renowned artist. Her aim in writing her volume of reminiscences was to accurately record her knowledge of Watts' life. She describes her first impressions, when she first met him in Dante Gabriel Rossetti's studio. Chapters also cover Watts' aims as an artist, his relationships and his genius. This fascinating book is highly illustrated throughout, including Watts' sketches, symbolical paintings and portraits. The reader will gain an intriguing insight into the life and work of this complex character, widely considered to be the greatest painter of the Victorian age. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=barrem
The Works of Thomas Carlyle
Authors: Carlyle Thomas , Cromwell Oliver
Published: October 2011

Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) was one of the most influential authors of the nineteenth century. Eagerly studied at the highest level of intellectual society, his satirical essays and perceptive historical biographies caused him to be regarded for much of the Victorian period as a literary genius and eminent social philosopher. After graduating from Edinburgh University in 1814, he published his first scholarly work on German literature in 1824, before finding literary success with his history of the French Revolution in 1837. After falling from favour during the first part of the twentieth century, his work has more recently become the subject of scholarly re-examination. His introduction of German literature and philosophy into the British intellectual milieu profoundly influenced later philosophical ideas and literary studies. These volumes are reproduced from the 1896 Centenary Edition of his collected works. Volume 7 contains the second volume of Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches.
The Geology of the South East of England
Authors: Mantell Gideon Algernon
Published: October 2011

Gideon Mantell (1790–1852) was an English physician and geologist best known for pioneering the scientific study of dinosaurs. After an apprenticeship to a local surgeon in Sussex, Mantell became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1811. He developed an interest in fossils, and in 1822 his discovery of fossil teeth which he later identified as belonging to an iguana-like creature he named Iguanadon spurred research into ancient fossils. This volume, first published in 1833, contains the results of Mantell's research into the geology and fossil remains of south-eastern England, especially Sussex and Kent. Mantell describes each rock stratum of the region in detail, and includes within each section descriptions of fossil remains found in the formation, arranged by species. Copiously illustrated, this volume remains one of Mantell's best known works and contains fascinating detail concerning the development of geology and palaeontology.
The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian
Authors: Polo Marco
Published: October 2011

The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian is a nineteenth-century edition of the famous travelogue written by Rustichello da Pisa and Marco Polo, describing the travels of the latter through Asia, Persia, China and Indonesia between 1271 and 1291. The book secured lasting fame for its editor, the prominent geographer and literary scholar Henry Yule, who was awarded the founder's medal of the Royal Geographical Society for his efforts. The two-volume work, the result of Yule's research in Palermo, Venice, Florence, Paris and London and of extensive correspondence with scholars around the world, has long been considered an authoritative source on Polo's travels. Volume II comprises Books Three and Four of the travelogue and contains descriptions of the coastal regions of Japan and India and the east coast of Africa. Book Four describes the wars among the Mongols and the regions of the far north, including Russia.
Domestic Manners of the Americans
Authors: Trollope Frances Milton
Published: October 2011

Frances Trollope candidly describes her travel experiences in the United States during 1827–1831 in her two-volume book Domestic Manners of the Americans. First published in 1832, it records her views on many aspects of American daily life, especially targeting the supposed lack of manners among Americans. On reaching America, Mrs. Trollope encountered a country that was completely different from what she had expected. She expresses her disgust at the copious handshaking, spitting-habits, tobacco chewing, expressions of self-righteousness, and hypocrisy of the Americans and vents her outrage at the existence of the slave trade in a country that boasted of equality. Her criticisms of American culture are interspersed with descriptions of elections, cathedrals, markets, public balls, literature, and religion. This second volume covers her travels through Philadelphia, New York, Niagara, Hudson, and Albany, and offers an engaging account of a nineteenth-century Englishwoman's impressions of America.
The Collected Mathematical Papers
Authors: Cayley Arthur
Published: October 2011

Arthur Cayley (1821–1895) was a key figure in the creation of modern algebra. He studied mathematics at Cambridge and published three papers while still an undergraduate. He then qualified as a lawyer and published about 250 mathematical papers during his fourteen years at the Bar. In 1863 he took a significant salary cut to become the first Sadleirian Professor of Pure Mathematics at Cambridge, where he continued to publish at a phenomenal rate on nearly every aspect of the subject, his most important work being in matrices, geometry and abstract groups. In 1883 he became president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Publication of his Collected Papers - 967 papers in 13 volumes plus an index volume - began in 1889 and was completed after his death under the editorship of his successor in the Sadleirian Chair. Volume 3 contains 64 papers first published between 1857 and 1862.
Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen
Authors: Brugmann Karl
Published: October 2011

This is the index volume to the monumental comparative grammar of the Indo-European languages published by Karl Brugmann (1849–1919) in the late-nineteenth century. It contains three indexes. The first, an index of words, is subdivided by language and organised so as to be useable as a comparative lexicon even by those unfamiliar with particular languages. It shows the huge variety of languages referred to in the book, from Pali and Venetic to Frisian and Old Cornish. The index of topics excludes categories such as individual sound changes that are easily located via the extensive tables of contents, but includes languages and dialects, grammatical and phonetic categories, and concepts such as place names and music. Finally, there is an index of names which will be of particular value to historians of the field and bibliographers.