bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Multivariable Approach toward Predicting Dental Motor Skill Performance
Authors: Wilson Suzan G. , Husak William S.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine the potential of a multivariable approach in predicting dental motor skill performance. Variables measuring cognitive knowledge, motor abilities, educational background, and family demographics were examined. Data were obtained from 33 first-year dental students. Scaling and root planing tests were administered to each student at the beginning and end of a 14-week preclinical periodontal course. Correlations were low and no variable significantly predicted pre- or posttest scaling and root planing performance. Results are discussed in terms of the problems associated with predicting motor performance.
Comparison for Aphasic and Control Subjects of Eye Movements Hypothesized in Neurolinguistic Programming
Authors: Dooley Kathleen O'Dea , Farmer Alvirda
Published: September 2011

Neurolinguistic programming's hypothesized eye movements were measured independently using videotapes of 10 nonfluent aphasic and 10 control subjects matched for age and sex. Chi-squared analysis indicated that eye-position responses were significantly different for the groups. Although earlier research has not supported the hypothesized eye positions for normal subjects, the present findings support the contention that eye-position responses may differ between neurologically normal and aphasic individuals.
Mutual Empathic Perception as a Correlate of Satisfaction, Type and Time in Relationships
Authors: Mueller Jan M. , Fiebert Martin S.
Published: September 2011

This study investigates predictive accuracy of empathy in heterosexual couples as affected by satisfaction experienced in the relationship, type of relationship (e.g., friend, boy/girlfriend, or spouse), and amount of time invested in the relationship. 20 couples in each of three groups (friends, boy/girlfriends, and spouses) participated. Subjects were undergraduate, American psychology students and staff members at a mental health training facility. Relational satisfaction was measured by scores on a satisfaction scale. Empathy was assessed by the accuracy of predictions of scores of partners on a modified version of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. A significant r of .22 was obtained between satisfaction and empathy for all groups. Correlations were significant: .40 for paired friends, .11 for girlfriends, and .54 for female spouses. Length and type of relationship did not significantly correlate with empathy. Satisfaction with one's partner was positively related with empathy.
Group Clinical Supervision: A Feedback Model to Enhance Teachers' Classroom Questioning Skills
Authors: Buttery Thomas J. , Weller L. David
Published: September 2011

A peer-group feedback model of classroom supervision was used to facilitate 48 teachers' acquisition of questioning skills for use with discussion lessons. Teachers in 6 groups of 24 who received feedback through the feedback made significant gains on 10 of the 13 questioning skills. A control group of teachers made significant gains on four skills.
Use of the Personal Orientation Inventory with Disabled Athletes
Authors: Sherrill Claudine , Gilstrap Tamara , Richir Kenneth , Gench Barbara , Hinson Marilyn
Published: September 2011

Athletes who are blind or have impairments in hand-eye coordination that prevent writing are unable to complete psychological inventories in the standardized manner, i.e., read silently and answered independently and anonymously. Two studies were conducted on the oral administration of the Personal Orientation Inventory as a measure of self-actualization of disabled athletes. Reliabilities were examined across modalities (oral vs written) by administering the inventory both ways to 25 high school and college athletes, M age = 21.6 yr. Test-retest reliability for oral administration was affirmed in a study of 15 blind elite male athletes and 15 cerebral palsied elite male and female athletes. It was concluded that the inventory, administered orally, may be appropriately used with disabled athletes.
Immediate Memory Spans in Dementia
Authors: Orsini A. , Trojano L. , Chiacchio L. , Grossi D.
Published: September 2011

Spatial span (Corsi's block-tapping test) and verbal spans for digits (Wechsler Digits Forward Test) and for words were measured in 30 normal subjects and in 51 demented patients, divided into two groups (mildly demented and severely demented) according to selective clinical and neuropsychological criteria. Statistical analysis showed significant differences among the three groups for spatial span. By contrast, controls' and mildly demented patients' performances on both verbal spans were not significantly different. These findings are discussed in the light of theory about working memory.
Perception of a Throwing Action from Point-Light Demonstrations
Authors: Williams John G.
Published: September 2011

80 adults (40 men and 40 women) aged 18 to 25 yr. and 80 boys aged 14 to 15 yr. observed a throwing action presented in point-light form at a frontoparallel viewpoint either as a video film or computer simulation of the actor. The display consisted of the relative motion of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder joints of the throwing arm. Subjects were asked to report what they observed. The action was recognised immediately by 68% of all subjects, and this value increased to 90% with one more viewing of the demonstration. Response was virtually the same for both types of display, and there were no differences between adults and children. The results were similar to those from other studies from which researchers have concluded that kinematic information alone is sufficient to permit perception of fundamental patterns of movement.
Effects of Three Different Musical Styles of Background Music on Coding by College-Age Students
Authors: Sogin David W.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of different styles of background music on task performances of college students. In addition, students' perceptions of the music and the effect these perceptions had on performance were investigated. 96 undergraduate nonmusic majors were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups: task only, task and classical background music, task and jazz background music, and task and popular background music. The performance task consisted of 220 eye/hand coordination problems, and a questionnaire was subsequently administered to the task plus background music groups to assess perception of the background environment. Analysis indicated that the experimental conditions had no significant effect on task performance.
Preliminary Validation of a Nurse-Patient Interaction Tool
Authors: Krouse Helene J. , Krouse John H. , Roberts Susan J.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents initial data on the development and validation of a Nurse-Patient Interaction Tool. Factor analysis of this 44-item Likert-type scale yielded two major factors, Control vs Powerlessness and Agreement with Plan. These factors showed adequate reliability and utility in assessing responses of patients to varying styles of nurse-patient interchanges in a simulated health-care setting. Further validation is necessary to explore its usefulness with various patient populations.
Lingual Vibrotactile/Auditory Magnitude Estimation and Cross-Modal Matching: Comparison of Suprathreshold Responses in Men and Women
Authors: Petrosino Linda , Fucci Donald , Harris Daniel , Randolph-Tyler Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the response patterns of men and women to suprathreshold lingual-vibrotactile and auditory stimulation. The psychophysical methods of magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching were used on a group of 10 men ( M age = 19.6 yr.) and 10 women ( M age = 20.2 yr.). Analysis showed that the men and women performed differently on the magnitude-estimation tasks and similarly on the cross-modal matching tasks. These results suggested that sex differences on suprathreshold psychophysical scaling may be related to the way men and women use numbers as opposed to possible differences in the perception of suprathreshold sensory stimuli by men and women.
Objective Measurement of Pain in the Wrist: Analyses of Basic Factors for Normative Data and a Case Study
Authors: Taniguchi Shunji , Satow Aiko
Published: September 2011

A plate-pushing task was used to measure endogenous pain in the wrist from different loci. Practical application in rehabilitation seems reasonable.
Haidinger's Brushes Phenomenon for Control of Eye-Fixation in a Laterality Experiment
Authors: Yamada Kyoichiro , Sugano Likio
Published: September 2011

Haidinger's brushes phenomenon, as a fixation point, was examined in an experiment on laterality. 9 subjects were asked to recognize a Japanese letter presented in a hemifield and to estimate the accuracy of eye-fixation. A central digit was presented for 500 msec. before a letter. The subjects had twofold control of eye movement in the condition in which the brushes were presented. Most were able to maintain eye fixation and/or to detect eye movement more easily in the condition in which the brushes were presented. Left visual-field dominance in letter recognition was observed in both conditions both when Haidinger's brushes were presented and when they were not. The phenomenon significantly decreased the mean percent correct letters recognized in both right and left visual fields.
Effects of Hue, Value, and Garment Style on College Recruiters' Assessments of Employment Potential
Authors: Francis Sally K , Evans Pamela K.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the effects of garment hue, garment value, and garment style on college recruiters' assessments of employment potential a 2 × 2 × 2 experimental design was used. Experimental conditions were based on recommendations from a commercial color analysis system to evaluate also the role of personal color analysis. Photographs were attached to questionnaires which contained seven employment potential statements. Factor analysis generated two employment potential factors, Leadership and Compatibility. Multivariate analysis of factor scores yielded a significant 2-way interaction for hue × value. Univariate F tests gave a significant effect for Compatibility. Generally, value appeared to have a greater influence on assessments of employment than did hue. There were no significant effects associated with style of garment. In addition, the results did not fully support the commercial color recommendations.
Forearm vs Whole-Body Sensations of Self-Motion: Some Results on the Role of the Sensorimotor Context
Authors: Tardy-Gervet Marie-Françoise , Gilhodes Jean-Claude , Roll Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2011

Making a subject's visual surroundings move can give rise to sensations of self-motion, which can either be restricted to the arm or involve the whole body. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role played by the sensorimotor context in eliciting one or the other of these two types of illusory movement. Whether the type of sensation experienced by the subjects depended on their adoption of an actively maintained or relaxed posture was examined. Analysis showed subjects' posture was certainly one of the factors involved: a rigidly held position favoured the occurrence of whole body sensations of movement, whereas a relaxed attitude favoured occurrence of arm-restricted sensations. This postural factor alone does not, however, account for the variations recorded in our experiment which seem to be related to the stimulus parameters as well as to individual factors.
Alternative Theories of Concept Identification among Older Adults
Authors: Schroth Marvin L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate some predictions of hypothesis testing and S-R association (frequency) theories regarding memory for intratrial events on a conjunctive concept-identification task. They have received extensive study with young adults but not with older subjects. The individual' events under investigation were feedback, responses, hypotheses, and stimuli. Hypothesis-testing theory requires subjects to retain information concerning the correct hypothesis from one trial to the next whereas frequency does not. 75 subjects (60–70 yr. old) participated in the study. Subjects had difficulty in recalling the correct hypothesis stated on previous trials. These errors occurred on problems with negative response trials, not with incorrect feedback. The results contradict predictions based on hypothesis-testing models but are consistent with frequency theory. Unlike in the studies based on younger adults, present subjects did not recall the hypothesis very well under the conditions in which hypothesis testing was made part of the primary task.
Correlations among Measures of Cognitive Ability, Creativity, and Academic Achievement for Gifted Minority Children
Authors: Esquivel Giselle B. , Lopez Emilia
Published: September 2011

This study explored the correlations among nonverbal reasoning ability, creativity, and academic achievement in gifted minority children, 89 girls and 71 boys in Grades 1 through 8 in a program for gifted. A random half of students from all grade levels were tested at the beginning of the year and the remaining half after 7 mo. with Raven Progressive Matrices, Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, and the California Achievement Test. Pearson correlations reflected limited relations among these variables except for a significant positive value between creativity and reading achievement. Suggestions for further study and implications for identification procedures and program development were provided.
Effects of up-down Visual Inversion on Motor Skills
Authors: Nakajima Yoshiaki
Published: September 2011

The movement of a hand or fingers and locomotion of the body by a subject wearing prisms which inverted his visual world were investigated. A subject wore frame-spectacles (without prisms) for the first two days and then wore up-down inverting spectacles (with prisms) for the next four days, followed by wearing the former frame-spectacles again for one day. Measurements were made of skill on star-drawing, pegboard tests, and on zigzag-walking and walking up and down stairs. There were no differences on the five measures during acquisition for the four tasks, which suggests smooth progress of prism-adaptation by this man.
The Swordsman at the Keyboard
Authors: Swartz Paul
Published: September 2011

The ability of music to install us in a continuous present is explored. Following Zuckerkandl, the musical whole is conceived as a field of forces, defined by the tensive relations among its constituent tones. Whether performing or only listening, in the true music experience our locus is always between tones, in the passage from one dynamic quality or state of incompleteness to the next. The moment-duration opens to cycle in tandem with the tonal design it embraces, tracking it from dynamic value to dynamic value, tracking “now.” Since waking time-outs from ordinary time may have a holistic healing function, music, as the most powerful medium of these events, may, after all, have survival value.
Role-Play Training as a Tool in Social Skills Assessment
Authors: Frisch Michael B.
Published: September 2011

The usefulness of role-play training in improving the accuracy of capabilities-oriented assessments of social skill was examined. Subjects reporting social difficulties sufficient to consider seeking professional help received either role-play training or demand-for-skill instructions prior to engaging in a role-play assessment of both assertion and conversational skills. Role-play training, which consisted of demand-for-skill instructions, covert rehearsal, ‘self-control’ desensitization, and cognitive restructuring, was associated with less subjective and behavioral anxiety, greater skill in assertiveness, and less awareness of negative thoughts and feelings than demand-for-skill instructions alone. Results are interpreted in light of the potential of capabilities-oriented assessments in determining the source of interpersonal impairments.
The Affective Tone of Words in Velten's Mood-Induction Statements
Authors: Whissell Cynthia , Levesque Bertrand
Published: September 2011

An analysis of the words employed in the three conditions of the Velten Mood Induction technique (Elated, Depressed, Neutral) by the Dictionary of Affect in Language provided some validation for the affective tone of the two mood-inducing conditions while highlighting problems associated with the supposedly neutral induction.
Cultural and Sex Differences in Touch Avoidance
Authors: Remland Martin S. , Jones Tricia S.
Published: September 2011

250 male and female respondents from American, Mediterranean, Near Eastern, and Far Eastern cultures completed a self-report measure of touch-avoidance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated factors for opposite-sex and same-sex touch-avoidance. These factors were used as dependent variables in a 4 × 2 (culture by sex) multivariate analysis of variance which yielded a significant interaction of culture by sex on opposite-sex touch-avoidance and a main effect of the respondents' sex on same-sex touch-avoidance.
Pursuit Eye Movement in Tracking a Target with Two Sine Waves
Authors: Yamashita Toshiyuki
Published: September 2011

It has been reported that, when subjects track a moving target comprising two sine waves, the tracking lag for the faster sine wave component is much smaller than that for the slower one. To understand this phenomenon further, this study examined frequency characteristics of the human tracking response and pursuit eye movement in response to the target with two sine waves of equal amplitude. Analysis indicates that, while the tracking response has very large phase lag for the slower sine wave component and very small phase lag for the faster one, the pursuit eye movement has a conspicuously large phase lead for the slower component and very small phase lag for the faster one. It is suggested that the lack of synchrony of the pursuit eye movement with slower component of the target may be associated with the inferiority of the slower component to the faster one in tracking lag.
Influence of Aerobic Fitness on Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Light to Moderate Exercise
Authors: Felts W. Michael , Crouse Stephen , Brunetz Mark
Published: September 2011

Based on scores from a maximal exercise test on a bicycle ergometer, 24 college-age women were classified into three aerobic-fitness groups. Each subject then completed two randomly ordered cycle exercise bouts at 1-wk. intervals. The exercise bouts required the subjects to pedal for 24 min. attaining and then maintaining a target heart rare of either 30% or 60% of heart-rate reserve. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were reported at the end of each third minute of the exercise period. Repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated the RPE was significantly related to the exercise workload and duration of exercise. No main effect was found for fitness. Two-way interactions were detected for fitness x duration of exercise and for workload x duration of exercise.
Field Independence as a Function of Sex, Sex-Roles, and the Sex-Role Appropriateness of the Task
Authors: Balistreri Elizabeth , Busch-Rossnagel Nancy A.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to explain the sex difference in field independence by reference to socialization factors. It was hypothesized that the sex-role appropriateness of the task as masculine- or feminine-typed would influence the performance of masculine and feminine women in a manner congruent with their sex-role orientation. 28 pilot subjects and 100 subjects in Study 2 were equally divided between the sexes. Both studies used the Bern Sex-role Inventory, but different versions of the Embedded Figures Test. The over-all results suggested that feminine women varied their performance according to task appropriateness, although not always in a manner congruent with their sex-role orientation. Androgynous individuals and masculine men did not alter their performance.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LIV. Zeitoun (Egypt) Apparitions of the Virgin Mary as Tectonic Strain-Induced Luminosities
Authors: Derr John S. , Persinger Michael A.
Published: September 2011

Temporal analyses were completed between the occurrence of intense displays of exotic luminous phenomena over a church in Zeitoun (Egypt) during the years 1968 through 1969 and regional seismicity. These phenomena, viewed by thousands of onlookers, began one year before an unprecedented increase (factor of 10) in seismic activity about 400 km to the southeast. Monthly analyses also demonstrated a moderate (0.56) correlation between increases in seismicity and the occurrence of luminous phenomena during the same or previous month. These results were interpreted as further support for the hypothesis that most anomalous (terrain-related) luminous phenomena are generated by factors associated with tectonic strain.
Stressed Vowel Perception in Word Recognition
Authors: Small Larry H. , Squibb Kevin D.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to measure subjects' ability to detect deliberate stressed, front-vowel misarticulations embedded in two-syllable words. Reaction times to words with various vowel-height misarticulations were examined for 25 women to assess the effect of a specific vowel height change on listeners' ability to recognize a word. Statistical analysis indicated no significant differences between reaction times to initial, stressed vowel changes along the height dimension, suggesting that subjects responded similarly to all vowel errors on the detection task. This finding provides further evidence that stressed-vowel information may serve as a perceptual anchor in guiding a listener during word recognition.
Decision Time and Movement Time in Depression: Differential Effects of Practice before and after Clinical Improvement
Authors: Ghozlan A. , Widlöcher D.
Published: September 2011

Choice reaction time involves, at least two components of response latency, decision time and movement time. Studies of choice reaction time usually provide values of these two components averaged over a given number of trials. The aim of the present study of depressed subjects was to investigate changes across practice on Decision Time (DT) and Movement Time (MT) before and after clinical improvement. 19 depressed subjects were given two sessions of 50 trials each, one before treatment (Di) and one after recovery (Df). Decision time and movement time exhibited quite different patterns. Decision time significantly decreased with clinical improvement. No significant variation across trials was found, in either session. Movement time values varied across trials but the variations observed on Di and Df were significantly different, whereas before treatment latencies recorded at the end of the session were greater than those scored at the start, the contrary was observed after clinical recovery. No significant difference was found between values of movement time scored at the start of the two sessions.
The Registered Distance of the Celestial Sphere: Some Historical Cross-Cultural Data
Authors: Plug C.
Published: September 2011

Estimates of the diameters of the sun and moon expressed in centimetres have been reported by several authors in the past. These estimates imply that the sizes of the sun and moon are perceived as if these bodies are only some tens of metres distant. In this study five units of length that were used by ancient astronomers to estimate arcs on the celestial sphere were investigated. The purpose was to determine whether the lengths and angles represented by these units imply a specific registered distance of the star sphere. The sizes of the Babylonian cubit, Arab fitr and shibr, Greek eclipse digit, and Chinese chang support the conclusion that the registered distance of the stars was about 10 to 40 metres in these four cultures over the last two millennia.
Reminiscence and Strategies of Performance in Rotary Pursuit Tracking
Authors: Cuesta Ubaldo
Published: September 2011

The maximum speed at which man detects and corrects errors is analyzed on the pursuit rotor. During the prerest performance, scores of about 220 msec. are found, for both extravertive and introvertive subjects. During the postrest performance a crossover effect appeared: extraverts had scores near 60 msec, while introverts did not surpass 100 msec. The results are discussed in the framework of Eysenck and Frith's (1977) theory of reminiscence.
The “Entry Points” in the Italian Alphabet
Authors: Mazzoni Giuliana , Masin Sergio Cesare
Published: September 2011

The 6 “entry points” (EPs) reported for the English alphabet correspond to the pauses of the “Alphabet Song.” The hypothesis that the EPs are fictitious (because they would just reflect the pauses of the song) was tested experimentally using the Italian alphabet, which is learned without the use of any rhythmical song. Seven EPs were found also for the Italian alphabet. However, in a second experiment the majority of subjects scanned the Italian alphabet with the same preferred rhythmical recitation, the pauses of which correspond to the EPs. These results suggest that the interpretation of EPs as entities should be cautious.
Validities of the Physical Estimation Scale in Predicting Running Times
Authors: Gayton William F. , Skelton Karlee , Waichunus Michelle , Hearns Joseph F.
Published: September 2011

Two studies were conducted with the purpose of examining the validity of the 12-item Physical Estimation Scale, developed by Safrit and Wood (1985), as a predictor of running performance. Physical Estimation Scale scores were not significantly related to running time at the 5-mi. distance but were significantly correlated with predicted and actual marathon finishing times.
Throwing Action from Full-Cue and Motion-only Video-Models of an Arm Movement Sequence
Authors: Williams John G.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether videotaped demonstrations of an action which displayed only the motion pattern of a model's limb as compared with one which showed both form and motion provide sufficient information for modelling a given pattern of movement. Video-demonstrations of an arm-movement sequence which ended with a throwing action were shown to adult subjects whose task was to model precisely what they saw. Each demonstration lasted 6 sec. and was shown 6 times. It portrayed the arm of a model, who held a small ball, performing a sequence of movements (flexion and extension of the elbow) which ended in the ball being thrown about 2.5 m with a ‘darts-style’ action. Three types of demonstration were presented: one showed the whole arm in dark clothing against a light-coloured background, another showed the arm as the relative motion of patches of light situated at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints, and the third showed the arm as the relative motion of the upper and lower segments of the arm represented by strips of light-reflectant material. These were the stimuli for the between-groups experimental conditions. Goniometry techniques were used to compare the performance of subjects relative to the model. Analysis showed that the order of the preparatory sequence was correctly produced after 4 trials under all conditions. Range of arm movement in projecting the ball closely approximated that of the model after 4 trials in all conditions. The time taken for the arm to project the ball remained constant across trials under all conditions and was always slower than the demonstrated cadence. Differences in timing were significant at α .06 with movement most like that of the model when the whole arm was observed.
Restricting Methods for Suicide as a Means of Preventing Suicide: The Case of Drugs
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

In three cases, restricting opiates in Great Britain, sedatives in Australia, and hypnotic drugs in Japan led to decrease in use of that method for suicide.
Free Visual Imagery Sequences in Reactors and Nonreactors
Authors: Yanovski Alexander , Fogel Max L.
Published: September 2011

The technique of Free Visual Imagery Sequences was used with 32 outpatients, M age of 33.9, to determine the differences between Visual Imagery Reactors and Nonreactors as defined in previous studies. Reactors showed significantly more responses associated with Affect/Conflict material, frequently including bizarre and distorted images. The Affect/Conflict responses occurred earlier and had longer duration spans in Reactors. Neutral content was more prevalent in Nonreactors. An interpretive approach involving a regulatory processing system is proposed. Free Visual Imagery Sequences appears to be a simple and efficient clinical technique which can contribute data useful in determining the extent to which imagery techniques could be employed in certain forms of psychotherapy.
Effects of Preshot Routine on Free-Throw Shooting
Authors: Gayton William F. , Cielinski Kerry L. , Francis-Keniston Wanda J. , Hearns Joseph F.
Published: September 2011

The effect of prohibiting the use of a preshot routine on free-throw shooting in competitive situations was investigated. 25 male high school basketball players were instructed to attempt 50 free throws alternating in blocks of 10 between the use of their preshot routine and shooting without it. To make the situation competitive, subjects were run in groups of five and their performance was recorded on a large easel placed to the side of the free-throw line. A significantly larger number of baskets were made in the preshot routine condition than without the routine. A competitive situation led to a greater decrement in baskets than had been reported in 1986 by Lobmeyer and Wassermen during noncompetitive free-throw shooting.
Abnormal Optokinetic and Perceptual Span Parameters in Cerebellar-Vestibular Dysfunction and Learning Disabilities or Dyslexia
Authors: Levinson Harold N.
Published: September 2011

To measure the ocular fixation and sequential scanning dysfunction assumed responsible for the visual reading symptoms which characterize dyslexia or learning disabilities, an optokinetically based tracking method was devised. This method quantitatively demonstrated significantly reduced fixation, tracking, and perceptual or visual-span scores as well as “movement illusions” for 70 cerebellar-vestibular dysfunctioning persons with learning disabilities vs 70 controls. Such data tended to validate the hypothesis that cerebellar-vestibular-determined fixation and tracking mechanisms predispose dyslexic or learning disabled individuals to visual reading disorders. Moreover, a newly revised method is presented which may prove useful in rapidly screening and diagnosing cerebellar-vestibular-determined reading and learning disorders from those of other origins. Additional independent studies using significantly larger samples and asymptomatic or “normal” controls are required for further validation and development of the method.
Fixed Set in the Perception of Size in Relation to Lightness
Authors: Nakatani Katsuya
Published: September 2011

When control subjects compared the sizes of two circles of different lightness, the lightness-size illusion was observed, i.e., the darker circle was perceived to be smaller. However, after experimental subjects were shown a large, light circle and a smaller, darker circle repeatedly, the subjective size of the dark circle increased. It decreased after repeated exposures to a small, light circle and a large, dark one. These changes in perception were assumed to be contrast effects produced by an experimentally fixed set and were similar to changes observed when the same method was previously applied by this author to the size-weight illusion. Despite differences in modality and dimension of perception, every application of the fixed-set method resulted in analogous patterns. When the situation of the set-fixing experiment and that of the critical experiment were similar to each other, the fixed set was activated more and greater contrast effects were produced.
Number of Alternatives per Choice Point and Stability of Likert-Type Scales
Authors: Oaster T. R. F.
Published: September 2011

Due to several previous replications of increased internal consistency reliability associated with increases in the number of alternatives per choice point, alternate forms test-retest reliability of self-ratings on a noncognitive scale was studied. Increased stability reliability associated with increases in the number of alternatives per choice point is discussed in terms of past research, theory and practical concerns.
Rorschach EB as a Predictor of Imaging Style
Authors: Boswell Donald L.
Published: September 2011

60 university students were administered the Rorschach inkblot test and the Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire (VVQ). No significant linear relationships were found between Rorschach scores involving human movement and color responses ( EB, M, Sum weighted C, and EA) and scores on the questionnaire. Also, no significant nonlinear relationship was found betwee Rorschach EB scores and scores on the questionnaire. Rorschach's hypothesis of a relationship between imagery types and Rorschach EB is brought into question.
Observations on the Effect of an Excitatory-Inhibitory Stimulus on the Landing Reaction of the Fly, Calliphoridae
Authors: Negrin Nila Saviolo
Published: September 2011

This research investigates at a behavioral level the sensitivity to movement of the visual system of Calliphora, inferred from the motor response of the landing reaction, to observe the variations of the threshold of velocity of the landing reaction during simultaneous introduction of both excitatory (landing) and inhibitory (antilanding) stimuli. Analysis supports the hypothesis that the interaction of opposing stimuli decreases the sensitivity to movement. Moreover, no effect was observed when the number of stimuli per unit time increased.
Confirmation of Interrater Reliability of the Marley Differential Diagnostic Scoring System for the Bender-Gestalt Test
Authors: DeCato Clifford M. , Meldrum Donald
Published: September 2011

The Bender-Gestalt test has been one of the most popular clinical instruments for the past four decades. Much controversy has surrounded the use of this test as a screening instrument for organicity (brain dysfunction). Marley's Differential Diagnostic Scoring System was recently developed to improve the validity of the test for detecting organicity. The original standardization of the system reported very high interrater reliability. To provide an independent assessment of interscorer reliability, three raters were trained in the system and separately rated 40 protocols. Kappa coefficients for the three raters ranged from .94 to .98. Substantial interscorer reliability was obtained, Mdn = 92.5% for specific scores with three scores attaining 100% agreement, although some values were lower. These results suggest that there is a strong empirical basis for the scoring system and encourage further refinement of the scoring system to reflect central nervous system dysfunction.
Business Manners: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: September 2011

A number of top executives feel that many of their organization's problems are rooted in a lack of proper business etiquette and protocol. Based on an informal inquiry as to the social courtesy displayed by a group of business students, this thinking may well have some merit.
Styles of Interpersonal Contact and Some Prosodic Features
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Frondaroli Carlo
Published: September 2011

We have examined some prosodic features (intensity, articulation rate and frequency) and the styles of interpersonal contact of 30 male and female students, to investigate the relations between styles of contact and prosodic features. Interpersonal contact was examined using a questionnaire and actual measurement of the distance between subject and a manikin. These two indicators of contact were directly related. The data showed an inverse relationship between some levels of psychological barrier and prosodic features. A discussion of the data takes into consideration problems of contact in an ethological framework.
Influence of Cognitive Style and Interstimulus Interval on the Hemispheric Processing of Tactile Stimuli
Authors: Minagawa Naohiro , Kashu Kan
Published: September 2011

16 adult subjects performed a tactile recognition task. According to our 1984 study, half of the subjects were classified as having a left hemispheric preference for the processing of visual stimuli, while the other half were classified as having a right hemispheric preference for the processing of visual stimuli. The present task was conducted according to the S1–S2 matching paradigm. The standard stimulus was a readily recognizable object and was presented factually to either the left or right hand of each subject. The comparison stimulus was an object-picture and was presented visually by slide in a tachistoscope. The interstimulus interval was .05 sec. or 2.5 sec. Analysis indicated that the left-preference group showed right-hand superiority, and the right-preference group showed left-hand superiority. The notion of individual hemisphericity was supported in tactile processing.
Coincidence-Anticipation Performance of Adolescent Baseball Players and Nonplayers
Authors: Dunham Paul
Published: September 2011

10 adolescent baseball players and 10 nonplayers made estimates of baseballs' arrival at the front edge of a home plate. Balls were projected 45 ft. by a pitching machine at speeds of 35, 40, 45, and 50 mph. Subjects made estimates with the dominant and nondominant eye closest to the oncoming ball. Analysis indicated that players were no more accurate than nonplayers but did respond significantly earlier and with consistency. Eye dominance had no effect on performance.
Relations of Moderate Physical Exercise to Scores on Hostility, Aggression, and Trait-Anxiety
Authors: Nouri Shawn , Beer John
Published: September 2011

100 male subjects were selected from a midwestern university and categorized into 5 jogging groups, advanced, intermediate, beginning, drop-out joggers and nonexercisers, who were administered the Commitment to Running Scale, the Buss-Durkee inventory measuring hostility and aggression, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Analysis of covariance with age as a covariate was performed using a 5 × 2 design with the 5 levels of jogging and status of the jogger (student/nonstudent) as independent variables. Fisher's LSD was used for multiple comparisons. Joggers scored higher than drop-outs or nonexercisers on the Commitment to Running Scale. Nonexercisers had higher mean scores on trait anxiety than advanced, intermediate, and drop-out loggers, advanced joggers had a lower mean trait-anxiety score than any other group Nonexercisers had higher mean aggression and hostility scores than drop-out or advanced joggers; drop-out and advanced joggers did not differ significantly but their scores were significantly lower than those of other groups of loggers These findings confirm that jogging affects trait anxiety, hostility, and aggression positively, which supports use of exercise preventively.
Psychology of Computer Use: IX. A Menu of Self-Administered Microcomputer-Based Neurotoxicology Tests
Authors: Kennedy Robert S. , Baltzley Dennis R. , Wilkes Robert L. , Kuntz Lois A.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the feasibility of repeated self-administration of a newly developed battery of mental acuity tests which may have application in screening for fitness-for-duty or for persons who may be exposed to environmental stress, toxic agents, or disease. 16 subjects self-administered 18 microcomputer-based tests (13 new, 5 “core”), without proctors, over 10 sessions. The hardware performed well throughout the study and the tests appeared to be easily self-administered. Stabilities and reliabilities of the tests from the “core” battery were comparable to those obtained previously under more controlled experimental conditions. Eight of the new tests exceeded minimum criteria for metric and practical requirements and can be recommended as additions to the menu. Although the average retest reliability was high, cross-correlations between tests were low, implying factorial diversity. The menu can be used to form batteries with flexible total testing time which are likely to tap different mental processes and functions.
Motor Slowing in Asymptomatic HIV Infection
Authors: Fitzgibbon Marian L. , Cella David F. , Humfleet Gary , Griffin Eugene , Sheridan Kathleen
Published: September 2011

To examine neuropsychological deficits associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 25 asymptomatic homosexual men and sexual partners of intravenous drug users and 25 seronegative homosexual men and nonhigh-risk heterosexuals were assessed on measures of fine motor control, visual scanning, attention, depression, and global psychological functioning. Analysis suggested that HIV infection is associated with reduced fine motor control. Seropositivity is associated with elevated depression and global psychological maladjustment. When depression and global adjustment were analyzed as covariates, motor slowing was evident in the seropositive group. These findings suggest an association between motor slowing and HIV infection in asymptomatic subjects and point to the necessity of measuring affect at least as a control variable. Further study is needed to determine whether the fine motor deficit evident in this sample is limited to distinct subgrouping of the over-all sample.
The Sleep-Promoting Behaviors of Habitual Short- and Longer-Sleeping Adults
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Youmans Katreina
Published: September 2011

Consistent with the view that habitual longer-sleepers are more concerned with their sleep, this group ( n = 25) reported engaging in twice as many sleep-promoting behaviors as a group of short-sleepers ( n = 25). The longer sleepers tended to use alcohol and the short sleepers food to promote sleep.
Beardedness as a Stimulus Variable: Note on Methodology and Meta-Analysis of Impression-Formation Data
Authors: Pellegrini Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Apparently contradictory results have been obtained in studies of beardedness as a factor affecting impressions of men's personalities. Addison's (1989) attempt to account for this incongruence has focused on cognitive-developmental characteristics of subjects tested in relevant studies. An alternative to Addison's explanation, based on methodological considerations other than sampling, is suggested here. Broader implications of research on beardedness for conceptual meta-analysis in the social psychology of impression-formation are also discussed.
Acquisition of Self-Control of a Novel Muscular Activity with EMG and Video Feedback
Authors: Koga Seiji
Published: September 2011

To examine the acquisition of voluntary control of a novel muscular activity from the initial stage to the self-control stage, the m. auricularis posterior, which had generally degenerated and had nearly lost its function of drawing an auricle backward in the human body, was selected as a target muscle to be studied. One female undergraduate student who could not move her auricles intentionally was required to activate her left m. auricularis posterior and underwent rest, pretest, training, and posttest sessions once a day for five days. At the subject's request, the electromyograph (EMG) from her left m. auricularis posterior on an oscillograph was provided for her as the feedback signal on each training trial. The picture of her left ear on television was handled in the same way. The EMG measures indicated that the subject could learn to activate her left m. auricularis posterior differentially. The number of training trials on which the subject requested the feedback signals suggested that EMG feedback signal was more useful to her than the video and that the usefulness of the feedback signals varied as the training sessions advanced. It was also concluded from analysis of the self-report data that the acquisition process of self-control of a novel muscular activity could be divided into at least four stages.
Psychology of Computer Use: XII. Videogame Play: Human Reaction Time to Visual Stimuli
Authors: Orosy-Fildes Cindy , Allan Robert W.
Published: September 2011

Past research shows that videogame play appears to be effective in improving performance on visual, spatial, and motor tasks. In this experiment 20 subjects, 5 male and 15 female, were pre- and posttested for reaction time speed over 20 trials. The experimental group received a 15-min. practice treatment interval on an Atari 2600 videogame system between the two test sessions. Analysis using the reaction time differences confirmed the hypothesis that videogame play decreases reaction time.
Employment Interview Outcomes as a Function of Interviewers' Experience
Authors: Furnham A. , Burbeck E.
Published: September 2011

Metropolitan police officers conducting recruit-selection interviews were asked to rate each of the candidates they interviewed on a 32-item scale and also to indicate how much confidence they had in their judgement of the candidate. Rank of interviewer had no effect on how the interviewers rated the candidate, but the greater the interviewers' job experience (in years) or interviewing experience, the stricter (less generous) were the markings. Chief Superintendents had more confidence in their judgements of the candidates than Superintendents. Job and interview experience had no effect on confidence. Results are discussed in terms of the social psychology of the interview.
Recall, Recognition and Serial Learning: A Signal-Detection Measurement
Authors: Welford A. T.
Published: September 2011

An experiment is described which confirms earlier findings that the main difference between recognition and recall in signal-detection terms lies in higher criterion levels for recall. The experiment also illustrates a method of applying signal-detection measures to recall in the very common case, hitherto considered impossible to treat, where the number of potential distractors is not known a priori and false recalls become progressively fewer over a number of trials. The method provides a more sensitive and efficient measure of rote learning than those commonly in use and opens the way to a reappraisal of many traditional assumptions about learning and memory.
Motor-Motor Adaptation: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Shuster Linda I. , Fox Robert Allen
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between speech perception and speech production. An experimental technique called motor-motor adaptation was devised. Subjects produced a speech token repeatedly (20 to 40 repetitions), then produced a second token one time. These tokens all contained stop consonants and were subsequently analyzed for voice onset time. The results paralleled previous findings using the experimental procedure, perceptuomotor adaptation. The present study supports the notion of a perception-production link.
A Device for Using an Exercise Cycle in Time with Music
Authors: Mertesdorf Frank L.
Published: September 2011

A device is described which synchronizes synthesizer music to the movement of an exercise cycle. This is achieved by transmission of electrical pulses, generated during pedal rotation, to a PC, to control the emission to a synthesizer of note codes for songs stored in the computer. The favorite onset point of the beats during leg stretching can be chosen and that position maintained. So, while exercising, the individual keeps time without having to concentrate on doing so. Reactions of subjects to initial tests are positive.
Changes in the Incidence of Nocturnal Bruxism in College Students: 1966–1989
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Conti Patricia A.
Published: September 2011

The frequency of self-reported nocturnal bruxism in three large samples of college undergraduates was compared as a means of assessing change in the incidence of this disorder since 1966. We found the incidence of nocturnal bruxism had increased from 5.1% to 20.5% in college students over the period covered by these studies.