bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Varianten der retrokolischen Rekonstruktion nach partieller Pankreatoduodenektomie und deren Einfluss auf die Magenentleerung – infra- oder suprakolisch
Authors: Hafke Jessica , van Beekum Cornelius , Manekeller Steffen , Vilz Tim O. , Kalff Jörg C. , Glowka Tim R.
Published: September 2018

Hintergrund Die Magenentleerungsstörung (MES) ist die häufigste Komplikation nach partieller Pankreatoduodenektomie. Während eine ante- oder retrokolische Lage keinen Einfluss auf die Häufigkeit einer MES hat, wurde wiederholt postuliert, dass eine infrakolische im Gegensatz zur suprakolischen Duodenoenterostomie durch die gestreckte Position des Magenausgangs vorteilhaft ist. Beide Formen der retrokolischen Rekonstruktion wurden bislang nicht miteinander verglichen.

Patienten 138 Patienten wurden zwischen 2011 und 2017 an unserer Klinik einer pyloruserhaltenden Pankreatoduodenektomie mit retrokolischer 1-Schlingen-Rekonstruktion unterzogen. Hiervon wurden 105 supra- und 33 infrakolisch rekonstruiert und bez. demografischer Faktoren, Diagnose, Vorerkrankungen, intraoperativer Charakteristika, Krankenhausverweildauer, Morbidität und Mortalität und der Entwicklung einer MES miteinander verglichen. Alle Komplikationen wurden gemäß der ISGPS-Klassifikationen (ISGPS: International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery) dokumentiert.

Ergebnisse Beide Gruppen waren bez. Grund- und Vorerkrankungen, perioperativem Verlauf und Komplikationsspektrum miteinander vergleichbar. Eine MES trat in beiden Gruppen gleich häufig auf (MES Grad A/B/C suprakolisch 25/14/10 und infrakolisch 12/5/2, p = 0,274). Tritt eine MES auf, so sind Intensivstationsaufenthalt (p = 0,007) und Krankenhausaufenthalt (p = 0,001) signifikant verlängert. Die Risikofaktoranalyse zeigte eine Häufung von MES bei vorbestehendem Diabetes mellitus (p = 0,047) und Majorkomplikationen (Clavien Grad III – V, p = 0,048), wohingegen der Einsatz von Somatostatinanaloga protektiv wirkte (p = 0,021).

Schlussfolgerung Die supra- oder infrakolische Position der Duodenoenterostomie hat keinen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung einer MES nach Pankreatoduodenektomie. Tritt eine MES auf, so ist der stationäre Aufenthalt signifikant verlängert. Eine mögliche Vermeidungsstrategie könnte in der Gabe von Somatostatinanaloga bestehen.
Effekt von körperlichem Training auf den Schweregrad des Restless-Legs-Syndroms
Authors: Bahns Carolin , Hering Thomas , Thiel Christian
Published: September 2018

Hintergrund Das Restless-Legs-Syndrom (RLS) ist eine häufige neurologische Erkrankung, die durch einen starken Bewegungsdrang der Beine und Missempfindungen einen hohen Leidensdruck auf die betroffenen Patienten ausübt. Die in der Regel medikamentöse Therapie ist mit zahlreichen Nebenwirkungen verbunden. Über die Wirkung körperlichen Trainings als risikoarme Alternative existiert bisher nur wenig Forschung.

Ziel Diese Übersichtsarbeit untersuchte die Effekte körperlichen Trainings auf den Schweregrad des RLS.

Methode Die systematische Literaturrecherche in den Datenbanken PubMed, PEDro, The Cochrane Library und Embase schloss kontrollierte Studien über Ausdauer- oder Krafttraining zur Verbesserung der Erkrankungsschwere von RLS. Die interne Validität der Studien wurde mit der PEDro-Skala bewertet und die Effekte der Trainingsverfahren auf den Schweregrad des RLS metaanalytisch zusammengefasst.

Ergebnisse In die Arbeit wurden 5 Studien mit insgesamt 124 Teilnehmern eingeschlossen. Basierend auf der Metaanalyse verbesserte körperliches Training im Vergleich zur Kontrollintervention signifikant die Symptomatik von RLS auf der International RLS Severity Scale (durchschnittliche Verbesserung: 8,53 Punkte; 95 %-Konfidenzintervall: 10,42 bis 6,63 Punkte). Es fand sich kein signifikanter Publikationsbias. Die methodische Qualität der Studien war gering (Median PEDro-Score: 5).

Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse weisen auf die Verringerung des Schweregrads des RLS durch körperliches Training hin. Da die aktuell schwache Studienlage jedoch die Übertragbarkeit limitiert, sind weitere klinische Studien erforderlich.
“Bridging Gaps – Improving Outcomes”: Problem domains in schizophrenia research, treatment and policy
Authors: Wölwer W. , Gaebel W. , Toeller V.
Published: September 2018

Background: The provision of mental healthcare for patients with schizophrenia is still characterized both by knowledge gaps and by treatment gaps in everyday clinical practice. Aim: This article discusses the different types of treatment gaps in schizophrenia and describes actions taken to overcome these gaps especially in Europe.
Anforderungen an neue Versorgungsmodelle für psychische Störungen aus Sicht der Angehörigen psychisch kranker Menschen
Authors: Trautmann C. , Schliebener G.
Published: September 2018

Hintergrund: Die aktuelle psychiatrische Versorgung ist ein stark zu diskutierendes Thema in der Entwicklung des deutschen Gesundheitssystems. Es geht zum einen um Kostensenkung und zum anderen um eine bedarfs- und bedürfnisorientierte Behandlung innerhalb einer integrierten Versorgung. Aspekte wie Patientenautonomie und Patientenmitbestim-mung spielen eine maßgebliche Rolle, die nicht nur im Sinne der Kostenreduktion, sondern auch zur Verbesserung der Qualität der Versorgung sowie zu einer steigenden Transparenz der Behandlungsabläufe beitragen (13).
Die Behandlung der ADHS im Erwachsenenalter mit retardiertem Methylphenidat
Authors: Ahlers E.
Published: September 2018

Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) im Erwachsenenalter ist mit verhaltensbezogenen und psychopharmakologischen Maßnahmen symptomatisch behandelbar. Die Ätiologie der Störung ist noch nicht zur Gänze geklärt, wobei genetische Faktoren einen großen Stellenwert einnehmen. Neurobiologisch wird ein Defizit dopaminerger und noradrenerger Funktionen modellhaft angenommen. Zur pharmakologischen Behandlung stehen mehrere Substanzen zur Verfügung. Zugelassen sind aktuell in Deutschland zur Neueinstellung im Erwachsenenalter retardierte Methylphenidate (Medikinet® adult, Ritalin® adult) und Atomoxetin (Strattera®). Eine Behandlung mit Methylphenidat retard gilt als erste Wahl. Methylphenidat wird dabei die Wirkung im Sinne eines starken Dopamin- und Noradrenalin-Wiederaufnahmehemmers als ursächlich für den therapeutischen Effekt zugeschrieben. Unerwünschte Wirkungen in der Behandlung mit Methylphenidat ergeben sich vordringlich aus den sympathomimetischen peripheren Effekten. An ein Missbrauchspotenzial und mögliche depressiogene Effekte sollte gedacht werden. Daten aus Langzeitstudien lassen bei guter Verträglichkeit auf eine zuverlässige positive Wirkung auf die Kernsymptomatik, den Komorbiditätsstatus sowie auf assoziierte Probleme bei ADHS schließen. Es besteht weiterhin großer Forschungsbedarf was die Ursachen der Störung sowie die genaue Wirkungsweise der Substanzen angeht.
Psychopharmaka 2016 – eine kritische Bestandsanalyse
Authors: Bschor T.
Published: September 2018

Hintergrund: Psychopharmaka sind zentraler Bestandteil psychiatrischer Therapie. Zugleich ist ihre Wirkung oft unspezifisch und begrenzt. Antidepressiva haben hohe Non-Responder-Raten und zu lange Wirklatenzen, und nur ein kleiner Teil bipolar erkrankter Patienten kann über mehrere Jahre mit der gleichen Monotherapie behandelt werden. Ernüchternd sind die unter 15% liegenden Raten von Patienten mit Schizophrenie, die neben einer klinischen auch eine sozial-funktionelle Genesung (Recovery) erreichen. Neuroleptika scheinen hierauf keinen positiven Einfluss zu haben. So gibt es großen Bedarf für psychopharmakologische Verbesserungen. Ergebnis: Basis der heutigen Psychopharmaka sind die bahnbrechenden Entdeckungen im Gründerjahrzehnt (1949-1960), nach dem es nur noch geringe Weiterentwicklungen gab. Aus dem Gründerjahrzehnt können Lehren gezogen werden, was Fortschritt befördert: einfache, klinische Fragestellungen; Wagemut und aufmerksame Beobachtung; stärkere Förderung industrieunabhängiger klinischer, und nicht einseitig hoch technisierter biologischer Forschung; exakte Diagnostik anhand von Psychopathologie und Anamnese.
Psychosoziale Versorgung von Flüchtlingen in Deutschland
Authors: Bajbouj M.
Published: September 2018

Hintergrund: Gegenwärtig werden deutschlandweit Maßnahmen konzipiert, die der psychosozialen Versorgung der mehr als eine Millionen Flüchtlinge dienen. Wichtige und nicht immer ausreichend berücksichtigte Bestandteile von Versorgungskonzepten sind neben den spezialisierten psychiatrisch-psychologischen Angeboten auch niedrigschwellige Maßnahmen, die den überwiegend sprach- und kulturfremden Menschen einen raschen und unkomplizierten Zugang zum Gesundheitssystem ermöglichen und gleichzeitig die dringend notwendigen Integrationsprozesse beschleunigen können. Ziel: Inhalt dieses Übersichtsartikels sind die Beschreibung von typischen Stressoren, die im Verlauf des Migrationsprozesses auftreten können und die Beschreibung von weit verbreiteten Barrieren, die eine adäquate Gesundheitsversorgung von Flüchtlingen und Asylsuchenden erschweren. Ferner werden notwendige Grundsätze der psychosozialen Versorgung sowie die weitreichenden gesellschaftlichen Implikationen mentaler Gesundheit diskutiert.
tDCS und Ansätze in der Schizophrenie-Therapie
Authors: Hasan A.
Published: September 2018

Hintergrund: Schizophrenie ist trotz verschiedenster pharmakologischer, psychotherapeutischer und psychosozialer evidenzbasierter Therapien weiterhin das am schwersten zu behandelnde psychiatrische Störungsbild. Trotz umfassender Behandlungsoptionen leiden viele Patienten an persistierenden Symptomen, und in vielen Fällen entwickelt sich ein für die betroffenen Personen sehr belastender chronischer Erkrankungsverlauf. In den letzten Jahren wurden verschiedene nicht-invasive Hirnstimulationsverfahren für die Behandlung dieser Symptome bei der Schizophrenie wissenschaftlich untersucht. Hierbei hat neben der mittlerweile in bestimmten Leitlinien bereits empfohlenen repetitiven transkraniellen Magnetstimulation (rTMS) die transkranielle Gleichstromstimulation (tDCS) eine gewisse Bedeutung erlangt. Zur Behandlung von persistierenden Positivsymptomen (v.a. Halluzinationen), Negativsymptomen und von kognitiven Störungen mittels tDCS sind mittlerweile erste wissenschaftliche Arbeiten verfügbar. Diese Arbeiten zeigen, dass tDCS bei der Schizophrenie eine vielversprechende add-on Therapieoption ist, aber auch, dass es eine hohe Variabilität zwischen einzelnen Patienten und Studien gibt. Ausblick: Weitere Studien sind notwendig, um die tDCS aus dem Blick der evidenzbasierten Psychiatrie in bestehende Leitlinien zu integrieren. Dabei sollen nicht nur Aspekte der Wirksamkeit untersucht werden, sondern zukünftige Forschung wird sich auch der Verbesserung der Stimulationsprotokolle widmen.
Anwendungen pluripotenter Stammzellen in der psychiatrischen Forschung
Authors: Rupp A. , Papiol S. , Falkai P. , Rossner M. J.
Published: September 2018

Ausgangslage: Die Entwicklung von Technologien zur Herstellung sogenannter induzierter pluripotenter Stammzellen (iPSCs) und prinzipiell jeden Zelltyps von Patienten und gesunden Personen ermöglicht eine Vielzahl bislang nicht vorstellbarer Forschungsansätze im Bereich psychiatrischer Erkrankungen. Es können jetzt aussagekräftige zelluläre Systeme auch für genetisch komplexe Erkrankungen entwickelt werden, die auf Ebene des einzelnen Patienten und unter Erhalt der individuellen genetischen Information Analysen mit dramatisch erhöhter sogenannter „construct validity“ erlauben. Sowohl die genetische als auch die phänotypische Komplexität lässt allerdings vermuten, dass die meisten psychiatrischen Erkrankungen eher als syndromische Gruppen denn als definierte Einzelerkrankungen anzusehen sind. Deshalb ist es vermutlich von entscheidender Bedeutung, Patienten vor der Auswahl zur Reprogrammierung, durch genetische, molekulare und/oder phänotypische Profile, in repräsentative Subgruppen zu unterteilen. Diese Vorauswahl ist wegen der zu Grunde liegenden komplexen biologischen Veränderungen, aber insbesondere auch wegen des hohen experimentellen Aufwands, bei der Etablierung und Charakterisierung patienten-abgeleiteter Zellsysteme wichtig. Ausblick: Wir nehmen an, dass der Fokus auf subgruppen-repräsentative Zellsysteme entscheidend dazu beitragen wird, die prädiktive Aussagekraft dieses innovativen Forschungsansatzes im Bereich psychiatrischer Erkrankungen zu erhöhen.
Leitliniengerechte Diagnostik und Therapie der ADHS im Erwachsenenalter
Authors: Hörsting A.-K.
Published: September 2018

ADHS ist eine häufige chronische psychiatrische Erkrankung, die sich klinisch sehr heterogen mit hoher Symptompersistenz präsentiert. Unbehandelt entwickelt bis zu 80% der Betroffenen zumindest eine weitere psychiatrische Erkrankung. Wichtig ist eine gute Diagnostik, die eine (Familien-)Anamnese, die Erhebung von Schweregrad, Frequenz und Chronizität der Symptome sowie die Auswirkungen auf die Lebensqualität und die Funktion in verschiedenen Lebensbereichen (Arbeitsplatz, häusliches und soziales Umfeld etc.) einschließt. Eine leitliniengerechte multimodale Therapie umfasst neben der Medikation auch psychosoziale und psychotherapeutische Interventionen. Zur medikamentösen Behandlung bei erwachsenen ADHS Patienten empfehlen die Leitlinien Methylphenidat als Medikament der ersten Wahl.
Study of ring-shaped cathodes for a high power microwave device without guiding magnetic field
Authors: Guo Liming , Shu Ting , Li Zhiqiang , Ju Jinchuan , Li Ankun , Fan Yuwei , Gao Jingming , Yan Longbo
Published: September 2018

The generation of annular relativistic electron beams (AREBs) with a good uniformity and longitudinal consistency needs intensive investigations, especially when no guiding magnetic field is supplied. Without a guiding magnetic field, ring-shaped cathodes with a width of several millimeters were utilized to generate AREB instead of knife-edged cathodes because of the space-charge force. Results of the fast framing optical photograph experiments and high power microwave (HPM) experiments show that the quarter-circular shielding electrode can improve the uniformity of the AREB obviously, and the carbon fiber cathode is validated to be an appropriate choice, which showed better emission characteristics and better performance in generating HPM than the graphite cathode and the polymer velvet cathode.
Current-induced four-state magnetization switching by spin-orbit torques in perpendicular ferromagnetic trilayers
Authors: Sheng Y. , Li Y. C. , Ma X. Q. , Wang K. Y.
Published: September 2018

We demonstrated current-induced four-state magnetization switching in a trilayer system using spin-orbit torques. The memory device contains two Co layers with different perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, separated by a spacer layer of Pt. Making use of the opposite spin current at the top and bottom surface of the middle Pt layer, magnetization of both Co layers can be switched oppositely by the spin-orbit torques with different critical switching currents. By changing the current pulse forms through the device, the four magnetic state memory was demonstrated. Our device provides an idea for the design of low power and high density spin-orbit torque devices.
Chemical interaction dictated energy level alignment at the N,N′-dipentyl-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide/CH3NH3PbI3 interface
Authors: Zhang Xiaonan , Su Zhenhuang , Zhao Bin , Yang Yingguo , Xiong Yimin , Gao Xingyu , Qi Dong-Chen , Cao Liang
Published: September 2018

Here, we report the electronic structures at the N, N′-dipentyl-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide (PTCDI-C5)/CH3NH3PbI3 interface identified in-situ by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. Strong chemical reactions are found to occur upon the deposition of PTCDI-C5 molecules on CH3NH3PbI3. Electron donation from PTCDI-C5 molecules to CH3NH3PbI3 leads to the filling of surface states and the emergence of an interfacial gap state with its onset tailed to the Fermi level. As a consequence, the downward surface band bending resulting from surface states acting as donor states at the pristine perovskite surface is reduced by 0.2 eV. After the energy level alignment at the interface is established, the perovskite conduction band minimum is found to be in line with the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital favoring the electron extraction with a moderate valence band maximum-highest occupied molecular orbital offset of ∼0.7 eV. The present results demonstrate that interfacial chemical reactions can dictate energetics at organic/perovskite interfaces. Understanding the chemical interaction and resultant electronic structures at those interfaces is crucial for efficient and long-term stable perovskite-based devices when passivation of chemical active sites and matched energy level could be readily reached.
GaAs oxidation with Townsend-discharge three-electrode microreactor
Authors: Astrov Yu. A. , Lodygin A. N. , Portsel L. M. , Sitnikova A. A.
Published: September 2018

We have investigated the plasma-chemical anodic oxidation of single-crystal GaAs under the action of products of the non-self-sustained dc Townsend discharge in a 98%Ar + 2%O2 gas mixture. In the experiments, an original design of a plasma-chemical microreactor with two discharge gaps and a plane-parallel arrangement of electrodes is used. In one of the gaps of the device, a self-sustained Townsend discharge is excited. The stability of its spatially uniform state is ensured by the fact that one of the electrodes (cathode) has a high resistance. The non-self-sustained Townsend discharge in the second gap is controlled by the state of the first gap, which is provided by a proper design of the device. The plasma-chemical anodic oxidation of a semiconductor in the microreactor is studied at room temperature while changing the current density and processing time. The thickness of the oxide films was determined by spectral ellipsometry and transmission electron microscopy. In accordance with the obtained data, the microreactor ensures the formation of nanoscale oxide layers, whose thickness can be varied by changing the parameters of the process. The results are compared with some literature data on dc gas-discharge anodic oxidation of GaAs. We believe that the method can be used in other plasma-chemical processes where gas-discharge products interact with a solid target.
Field dependence of THz spectra of effective models for α-RuCl3
Authors: Suzuki T. , Suga S.
Published: September 2018

We calculate polarized terahertz (THz) spectra of two effective models for a honeycomb-lattice magnet α-RuCl3 by using a numerical exact-diagonalization method. One of the two models is the ab initio model proposed in H.-S. Kim and H.-Y. Kee [Phys. Rev. B 93, 155143 (2016)] and the other is the large-|K| model that we have proposed by an empirical way in order to explain experimental results for α-RuCl3. We discuss the magnetic-field dependence of the lowest-excitation mode in the polarized THz spectra for the two models. We find that the energy gap of the lowest-excitation mode in both models does not close and increases almost linearly above the critical field, where the zigzag order is suppressed. From the obtained results, we point out that the low-energy excitation is mainly governed not by the Kitaev interaction but by the Heisenberg interaction and the off-diagonal interactions.
Upside/Downside statistical mechanics of nonequilibrium Brownian motion. II. Heat transfer and energy partitioning of a free particle
Authors: Craven Galen T. , Chen Renai , Nitzan Abraham
Published: September 2018

The energy partitioning during activation and relaxation events under steady-state conditions for a Brownian particle driven by multiple thermal reservoirs of different local temperatures is investigated. Specifically, we apply the formalism derived in Paper I [G. T. Craven and A. Nitzan, J. Chem. Phys. 148, 044101 (2018)] to examine the thermal transport properties of two sub-ensembles of Brownian processes, distinguished at any given time by the specification that all the trajectories in each group have, at that time, energy either above (upside) or below (downside) a preselected energy threshold. Dynamical properties describing energy accumulation and release during activation/relaxation events and relations for upside/downside energy partitioning between thermal reservoirs are derived. The implications for heat transport induced by upside and downside events are discussed.
Octahedral connectivity and its role in determining the phase stabilities and electronic structures of low-dimensional, perovskite-related iodoplumbates
Authors: Deng Zeyu , Kieslich Gregor , Bristowe Paul D. , Cheetham Anthony K. , Sun Shijing
Published: September 2018

We describe a single crystal X-ray diffraction study and computational analysis of three guanidinium (Gua) based low-dimensional iodoplumbates with one edge-sharing and two corner-sharing octahedral connectivities, respectively. (Gua)3PbI5, which is reported for the first time, has a 1D corner-sharing octahedral chain structure. GuaPbI3 adopts a 1D edge-sharing octahedral chain structure in preference to structures that are either 3D and corner-sharing (i.e., perovskite) or 1D and face-sharing. (Gua)2PbI4 exhibits 2D corner-sharing octahedral connectivity in agreement with previous work. Density functional theory calculations are used to gain insight into the relative stabilities of the three polymorphs of GuaPbI3 and to assess how the connectivity and dimensionality of the octahedral framework influence the electronic structure of each of the hybrid perovskites studied.
Effect of growth temperature and V/III-ratio on the surface morphology of MOVPE-grown cubic zincblende GaN
Authors: Lee Lok Yi , Frentrup Martin , Kappers Menno J. , Oliver Rachel A. , Humphreys Colin J. , Wallis David J.
Published: September 2018

The influence of growth temperature and V/III-ratio on the surface morphology of (001) cubic zincblende GaN epilayers during metal organic vapour phase epitaxy growth has been investigated using atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The zincblende phase purity as determined by X-ray diffraction was found to be above 98% for most GaN epilayers studied. As the growth temperature was increased from 850 °C to 910 °C and as the V/III-ratio was separately increased from 38 to 300, surface features were found to be elongated in the [1-10] direction, and the ratio of the length to width of such surface features was found to increase. Faceting was observed at V/III-ratios below 38 and above 300, which in the latter case was accompanied by a reduction of the zincblende phase purity. An explanation for these morphological trends is proposed based on effects such as the reduced symmetry of the top monolayer of the (001)-oriented zincblende GaN lattice, diffusion of Ga and N adatoms on such a surface, and the relative energies of the crystal facets.
Effect of uniaxial stress on the threshold displacement energy of silicon carbide
Authors: Song Xiaoxiong , Niu Lisha
Published: September 2018

Silicon Carbide (SiC) is a very promising nuclear material. Understanding the effect of stress field on the irradiation damage behavior of SiC is crucial for the actual service. Numerous experiment and simulation studies have revealed the fundamental irradiation damage mechanism in non-stress SiC. We can learn from the previous simulation studies that though several limits and inaccuracies in calculating the threshold displacement energy(Ed) have been reported, molecular dynamics (MD) methods are still considered valid in general. In this work, we calculate the Eds of both the elements in SiC along 5 primary crystallographic directions under 13 kinds of uniaxial stress fields using the MD method. The Eds obtained under the non-stress condition are consistent with previous research works. The rules of Eds changing with the deformation are discussed in detail, and the corresponding displacement process and displacement configurations are also analyzed. In general, Eds decrease with the increase in deformation whether it is stretching or compressing. Under relatively high stress field, the reduction of Ed is significant, and the anisotropy of Ed also greatly reduces. A transition of preferred displacement configuration from octahedral interstitial to tetrahedral interstitial is reported and discussed.
Decline of the greater glider (Petauroides volans) in the lower Blue Mountains, New South Wales
Authors: Smith Peter , Smith Judy
Published: September 2018

The range of the greater glider (Petauroides volans) is predicted to contract with climate change. Following indications of a decline in the Blue Mountains, we collated records and undertook surveys in 2015–16 to assess whether a decline has occurred and whether the decline is associated with climate change or other factors. We were unable to relocate greater gliders at 35% of our study sites, even though all were in known former locations. The species is now rare at lower elevations but remains relatively common at higher elevations: about seven times more abundant above 500 m than below. Historical data suggest that in 1986–96 it occurred in similar abundance across all elevations, 80–1060 m. Nine habitat variables accounted for 84% of the variation in greater glider density between our study sites, with significant independent contributions from elevation (37%) and time since fire (23%). We found no evidence that greater gliders have been impacted by increasing numbers of owls or cockatoos or that either the fire regime or rainfall has changed in the last 20 years. The most likely cause of the decline is the direct and indirect effects of a marked increase in temperature in the Blue Mountains. Similar declines are likely throughout the distribution of the species with increasing climate change.
Transcriptional switch for programmed cell death in pith parenchyma of sorghum stems
Authors: Fujimoto Masaru , Sazuka Takashi , Oda Yoshihisa , Kawahigashi Hiroyuki , Wu Jianzhong , Takanashi Hideki , Ohnishi Takayuki , Yoneda Jun-ichi , Ishimori Motoyuki , Kajiya-Kanegae Hiromi , Hibara Ken-ichiro , Ishizuna Fumiko , Ebine Kazuo , Ueda Takashi , Tokunaga Tsuyoshi , Iwata Hiroyoshi , Matsumoto Takashi , Kasuga Shigemitsu , Yonemaru Jun-ichi , Tsutsumi Nobuhiro
Published: September 2018

Significance

Sugar and ethanol productivity from the sugar juice of grass stems depends on their water content. Pith parenchyma cells function as a water storage tissue in plant stems, and the death of these cells reduces stem water content. In this study, we identified a gene, long referred to as
D
, in a promising energy grass,
Sorghum bicolor
, that is responsible for reducing stem water content.
D
and its
Arabidopsis
ortholog encode master transcriptional switches that induce programmed death of stem pith parenchyma cells by activating autolytic enzymes. Identifying
D
as the gene involved in programmed death of plant pith parenchyma cells will provide an approach to breeding crops for sugar and ethanol production.
Hard incompatibilism and the participant attitude
Authors: Coates D. Justin
Published: September 2018

Following P. F. Strawson, a number of philosophers have argued that if hard incompatibilism is true, then its truth would undermine the justification or value of our relationships with other persons. In this paper, I offer a novel defense of this claim. In particular, I argue that if hard incompatibilism is true, we cannot make sense of: the possibility of promissory obligation, the significance of consent, or the pro tanto wrongness of paternalistic intervention. Because these practices and normative commitments are central to our relationships as we currently conceive of them, it follows that hard incompatibilism has radically revisionary conclusions.
Effects of Sn/In additions on natural and artificial ageing of Al–Mg–Si alloys
Authors: Cheng Tao , Jia Zhihong , Weng Yaoyao , Hao Longlong , Liu Qing
Published: September 2018

The effect of Sn or In addition on natural ageing and subsequent artificial ageing of Al–Mg–Si alloys was investigated. In addition not only retarded the natural ageing but also improved the T6 hardness. Although Sn addition retarded the natural ageing as well, precipitation kinetics was delayed. In addition, slightly refined the β′′ phase distribution. But β′′ phase was coarse with addition of Sn. During artificial ageing, the vacancies released from binding complexes promote the formation of β′′. The detrimental effects of Sn on artificial ageing could be attributed to the reduction of the amount of Sn solutes and of available Mg solutes forming β′′.
A green chemical oligomerization of phloroglucinol induced by plasma as novel α-glucosidase inhibitors
Authors: Choi Soon Ho , Jeong Gyeong Han , Lee Kyung-Bon , Jo Cheorun , Kim Tae Hoon
Published: September 2018

A new facile method was developed for simple green synthesis of methylene-bridged phloroglucinol oligomers using nonthermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma in methanolic solution. The chemical structures of these newly generated oligomers 2–5 were determined by interpretation of the spectroscopic data, and the inhibitory activity toward α-glucosidase of all isolates was evaluated. The unusual phloroglcuinol pentamer 5 connected by four methylene linkages showed a much higher potential inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase than the other generated oligomers 2–4 and appeared to be a promising lead for development as a potential antidiabetic agent.

Abbreviations: T2DM, type2 diabetes mellitus; DBD, dielectric barrier discharge; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; IC50, 50% inhibition concentration; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; FABMS, fastatom bombardment mass spectrometry
Thiosulfate promotes hair growth in mouse model
Authors: Maekawa Motoko , Ohnishi Tetsuo , Balan Shabeesh , Hisano Yasuko , Nozaki Yayoi , Ohba Hisako , Toyoshima Manabu , Shimamoto Chie , Tabata Chinatsu , Wada Yuina , Yoshikawa Takeo
Published: September 2018

The present study describes the hair growth-promoting effects of sodium thiosulfate (STS), a widely used compound, in mice. STS accelerated hair growth in the “telogen model”, suggesting that it stimulates telogen hair follicles to reenter the anagen phase of hair growth. In the same model, STS potentiated hair growth in an additive manner with minoxidil (MXD), a drug used for the treatment of androgenic alopecia. Furthermore, in the “anagen model”, STS promoted hair growth, probably by promoting hair follicle proliferation. Since STS elevated the skin surface temperature, its hair growth-promoting activity may be partly due to vasorelaxation, similar to MXD. In addition, STS is known to generate a gaseous mediator, H2S, which has vasorelaxation and anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidative stress activities. Therefore, STS and/or provisionally its metabolite, H2S, may aid the hair growth process. Collectively, these results suggest that salts of thiosulfate may represent a novel and beneficial remedy for hair loss.
Superior Memory Reduces 8-year Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia But Not Amyloid β-Associated Cognitive Decline in Older Adults
Authors: Dang Christa , Harrington Karra D , Lim Yen Ying , Ames David , Hassenstab Jason , Laws Simon M , Yassi Nawaf , Hickey Martha , Rainey-Smith Stephanie R , Robertson Joanne , Rowe Christopher C , Sohrabi Hamid R , Salvado Olivier , Weinborn Michael , Villemagne Victor L , Masters Colin L , Maruff Paul ,   AIBL Research Group
Published: September 2018

Objective

To prospectively examine 8-year risk of clinical disease progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/dementia in older adults ≥60 with superior episodic memory (SuperAgers) compared to those cognitively normal for their age (CNFA). Additionally, to determine the extent to which SuperAgers were resilient to the negative effects of elevated amyloid-beta (Aβ+) on cognition.

Method

Participants were classified as SuperAgers based on episodic memory performance consistent with younger adults aged 30–44 and no impairment on non-memory tests (n = 179), and were matched with CNFA on age, sex, education, and follow-up time (n = 179). Subdistribution hazard models examined risk of clinical progression to MCI/dementia. Linear mixed models assessed the effect of Aβ on cognition over time.

Results

Prevalence of Aβ+ and APOE ε4 was equivalent between SuperAgers and CNFA. SuperAgers had 69%–73% reduced risk of clinical progression to MCI/dementia compared to CNFA (HR: 0.27–0.31, 95% CI: 0.11–0.73, p < .001). Aβ+ was associated with cognitive decline in verbal memory and executive function, regardless of SuperAger/CNFA classification. In the absence of Aβ+, equivalent age-related changes in cognition were observed between SuperAgers and CNFA.

Conclusions

SuperAgers displayed resilience against clinical progression to MCI/dementia compared to CNFA despite equivalent risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, SuperAgers had no greater protection from Aβ+ than CNFA. The deleterious effects of Aβ on cognition persist regardless of baseline cognitive ability. Thus, superior cognitive performance does not reflect resistance against the neuropathological processes associated with AD, and the observed resilience for SuperAgers may instead reflect neuropsychological criteria for cognitive impairment.
Anatomical Variations in the Course of Labial Arteries: A Literature Review
Authors: Samizadeh Souphiyeh , Pirayesh Ali , Bertossi Dario
Published: September 2018

Background

Nonsurgical lip enhancement using dermal fillers is a very popular procedure. The trend for enlarged lips has been popularized by media and social media. The lips have considerable aesthetic and functional importance, in addition to having a complex anatomy. Serious complications, including vascular compromise or occlusion leading to cutaneous necrosis and blindness, can occur as the result of lip enhancement using dermal fillers. Therefore, aesthetic practitioners require an in-depth understanding of the anatomy and vasculature of the lips and the perioral area prior to providing lip enhancement using dermal fillers.

Objectives

This literature review aimed to summarize existing data describing the origin, path, and depth of the superior and inferior labial arteries, and to help aesthetic practitioners in providing safer injections to the lips.

Methods

A literature search was carried out to summarize the available data describing the origin, path, and depth of the labial arteries.

Results

Analysis of the literature revealed that the labial arteries display great variability with respect to path (distribution), presence, and location.

Conclusions

Increasing the volume of lips through injections of dermal filler needs to be undertaken with caution, and awareness of the anatomical variation in artery location and path is a crucial concept that is essential when injecting the lips.
Second-Look Endoscopy in Hospitalized Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Borren Nienke Z , Khalili Hamed , Luther Jay , Colizzo Francis P , Garber John J , Ananthakrishnan Ashwin N
Published: September 2018

Background

Acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) is a serious complication of ulcerative colitis (UC). Management of partial responders to steroids or rescue therapy remains challenging. Whether there is a role for re-look sigmoidoscopic evaluation in disease management is unknown.

Methods

Our study cohort consisted of patients who underwent 2 sigmoidoscopic procedures during the same index hospitalization for ASUC at our center. Reasons for repeat endoscopic evaluation and endoscopic and histologic severity of inflammation during both procedures were noted. Multivariable regression models were performed to identify predictors of improvement at the second endoscopic assessment and to determine the independent effect of such an improvement on in-hospital colectomy and at 3, 6, and 12 months.

Results

Our study included 49 patients (mean age, 42 years; 52% women). Just under one-third of patients (30%) were noted to have improved endoscopic appearance at the second sigmoidoscopy, at a median of 9 days after initial exam. None of the patients who had improvement on the second endoscopy underwent in-hospital colectomy, compared with 46% of those with worsening or persistent disease (P = 0.002). Similar differences in the improved group persisted at 3 months (P = 0.007) and 6 months (P = 0.027). Histologic severity at the first endoscopy was associated with increased risk of colectomy in-hospital (odds ratio, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–14.21) and at 3 and 6 months.

Conclusions

After a median interval of 9 days, endoscopic improvement was noted in 30% of patients with ASUC undergoing a second sigmoidoscopy, which predicted lower rates of colectomy in-hospital and at 3 and 6 months.
Algorithm to detect pediatric provider attention to high BMI and associated medical risk
Authors: Turer Christy B , Skinner Celette S , Barlow Sarah E
Published: September 2018

We developed and validated an algorithm that uses combinations of extractable electronic-health-record (EHR) indicators (diagnosis codes, orders for laboratories, medications, and referrals) that denote widely-recommended clinician practice behaviors: attention to overweight/obesity/body mass index alone (BMI Alone), with attention to hypertension/other comorbidities (BMI/Medical Risk), or neither (No Attention). Data inputs used for each EHR indicator were refined through iterative chart review to identify and resolve modifiable coding errors. Validation was performed through manual review of randomly selected visit encounters (n = 308) coded by the refined algorithm. Of 104 encounters coded as No Attention, 89.4% lacked any evidence (specificity) of attention to BMI/Medical Risk. Corresponding evidence (sensitivity) of attention to BMI Alone was identified in 96.0% (of 101 encounters coded as BMI Alone) and BMI/Medical Risk in 96.1% (of 103 encounters coded as BMI/Medical Risk). Our EHR data algorithm can validly determine provider attention to BMI alone, with Medical Risk, or neither.
DICER1 regulates antibacterial function of epididymis by modulating transcription of β-defensins
Authors: Tang Chunhua , Ni Minjie , Xie Shengsong , Zhang Yao , Zhang Chaobao , Ni Zimei , Chu Chen , Wu Ligang , Zhou Yuchuan , Zhang Yonglian
Published: September 2018

DICER1 is a key enzyme responsible for the maturation of microRNAs. Recent evidences suggested that DICER1 and microRNAs expressed in epididymis were involved in the control of male fertility. However, the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we created a mouse line by targeted disruption of Dicer1 gene in the principal cells of distal caput epididymis. Our data indicated that a set of β-defensin genes were downregulated by DICER1 rather than by microRNAs. Moreover, DICER1 was significantly enriched in the promoter of β-defensin gene and controlled transcription. Besides, the antibacterial ability of the adult epididymis significantly declined upon Dicer1 deletion both in vitro and in vivo. And a higher incidence of reproductive defect was observed in middle-aged Dicer1−/− males. These results suggest that DICER1 plays an important role in transcription of β-defensin genes, which are associated with the natural antibacterial properties in a microRNA-independent manner, and further impacts the male fertility.
Naming Violence in United States Colonialism
Authors: Spence Taylor
Published: September 2018

This article reexamines a highly public dispute between a powerful and well-connected Episcopal bishop and his missionary priest, men both central to the government’s campaign of war and assimilation against Indigenous Peoples in the Northern Great Plains of the nineteenth-century United States. The bishop claimed that the priest had engaged in sexual intercourse with a Dakota woman named “Scarlet House,” and used this allegation to remove the priest from his post. No historian ever challenged this claim and asked who Scarlet House was. Employing Dakota-resourced evidence, government and church records, linguistics, and onomastics, this study reveals that in actuality there was no such person as Scarlet House. Furthermore, at the time of the incident, the person in question was not a woman but a child. The church created a fictional personage to cover up what was taking place at the agency: sexual violence against children. After “naming” this violence, this article makes four key historical contributions about the history of US settler colonialism: It documents Dakota Peoples’ agency, by demonstrating how they adapted their social structures to the harrowing conditions of the US mission and agency system. It situates the experiences of two Dakota families within the larger context of settler-colonial conquest in North America, revealing the generational quality of settler-colonial violence. It shows how US governmental policies actually enabled sexual predation against children and women. And, it argues that “naming violence” means both rendering a historical account of the sexual violence experienced by children and families in the care of the US government and its agents, as well as acknowledging how this violence has rippled out through communities and across generations.
Sustaining enhanced condensation on hierarchical mesh-covered surfaces
Authors: Wen Rongfu , Xu Shanshan , Zhao Dongliang , Yang Lixin , Ma Xuehu , Liu Wei , Lee Yung-Cheng , Yang Ronggui
Published: September 2018

Controlling the solid–liquid–vapor tri-phase interface is of fundamental importance for a broad range of industrial applications including biomedical engineering, energy production and utilization, environmental control, water production, and thermal management. Although a lot of progress has been made over the past few decades on surface manipulation for promoting droplet removal, it is challenging to accelerate both droplet growth and surface refreshing for enhancing vapor-to-liquid condensation. Here we present a superhydrophobic hierarchical mesh-covered (hi-mesh) surface to enable continuous sucking flow of liquid condensate, which achieves fourfold-higher droplet growth and 36.8% faster surface refreshing compared to the state-of-the-art dropwise condensation. Unprecedented enhanced condensation heat transfer is observed to be sustained over a wide range of surface subcooling on the hi-mesh surfaces. This demonstration of sustained enhanced condensation enhancement is not only of fundamental scientific importance, but also provides a viable strategy for large-scale deployment of micro/nanostructured surfaces in a diverse range of technologies.
A Single Effector Protein, AvrRpt2EA, from Erwinia amylovora Can Cause Fire Blight Disease Symptoms and Induces a Salicylic Acid–Dependent Defense Response
Authors: Schröpfer Susan , Böttcher Christoph , Wöhner Thomas , Richter Klaus , Norelli John , Rikkerink Erik H. A. , Hanke Magda-Viola , Flachowsky Henryk
Published: September 2018

The AvrRpt2EA effector protein of Erwinia amylovora is important for pathogen recognition in the fire blight–resistant crabapple Malus × robusta 5; however, little is known about its role in susceptible apples. To study its function in planta, we expressed a plant-optimized version of AvrRpt2EA driven by a heat shock–inducible promoter in transgenic plants of the fire blight–susceptible cultivar Pinova. After induced expression of AvrRpt2EA, transgenic lines showed shoot necrosis and browning of older leaves, with symptoms similar to natural fire blight infections. Transgenic expression of this effector protein resulted in an increase in the expression of the salicylic acid (SA)-responsive PR-1 gene but, also, in the levels of SA and its derivatives, with diverse kinetics in leaves of different ages. In contrast, no increase of expression levels of VSP2 paralogs, used as marker genes for the activation of the jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent defense pathway, could be detected, which is in agreement with metabolic profiling of JA and its derivatives. Our work demonstrates that AvrRpt2EA acts as a virulence factor and induces the formation of SA and SA-dependent systemic acquired resistance.
Phytophthora Species Are Common on Nursery Stock Grown for Restoration and Revegetation Purposes in California
Authors: Rooney-Latham S. , Blomquist C. L. , Kosta K. L. , Gou Y. Y. , Woods P. W.
Published: September 2018

Phytophthora tentaculata was detected for the first time in North America in 2012 in a nursery on sticky monkeyflower plant (Diplacus aurantiacus) and again in 2014 on outplanted native plants. At that time, this species was listed as a federally actionable and reportable pathogen by the USDA. As a result of these detections, California native plant nurseries were surveyed to determine the prevalence of Phytophthora species on native plant nursery stock. A total of 402 samples were collected from 26 different native plant nurseries in California between 2014 and 2016. Sampling focused on plants with symptoms of root and crown rot. Symptomatic tissue was collected and tested by immunoassay, culture, and molecular techniques (PCR). Identifications were made using sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region, a portion of the trnM-trnP-trnM, or the atp9-nad9 mitochondrial regions. Phytophthora was confirmed from 149 of the 402 samples (37%), and from plants in 22 different host families. P. tentaculata was the most frequently detected species in our survey, followed by P. cactorum and members of the P. cryptogea complex. Other species include P. cambivora, P. cinnamomi, P. citricola, P. hedraiandra, P. megasperma, P. multivora, P. nicotianae, P. niederhauserii, P. parvispora, P. pini, P. plurivora, and P. riparia. A few Phytophthora sequences generated from mitochondrial regions could not be assigned to a species. Although this survey was limited to a relatively small number of California native plant nurseries, Phytophthora species were detected from three quarters of them (77%). In addition to sticky monkeyflower, P. tentaculata was detected from seven other hosts, expanding the number of associated hosts. During this survey, P. parvispora was detected for the first time in North America from symptomatic crowns and roots of the nonnative Mexican orange blossom (Choisya ternata). Pathogenicity of P. parvispora and P. nicotianae was confirmed on this host. These findings document the widespread occurrence of Phytophthora spp. in native plant nurseries and highlight the potential risks associated with outplanting infested nursery-grown stock into residential gardens and wildlands.
Intraductal patient derived xenografts of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer recapitulate the histopathological spectrum and metastatic potential of human lesions
Authors: Fiche Maryse , Scabia Valentina , Battista Laura , Treboux Assia , Stravodimou Athina , Zaman Khalil ,   RLS, Ayyannan Ayyakannu , Sflomos George , Brisken Cathrin
Published: September 2018

Estrogen receptor α positive (ER+) or “luminal” breast cancers were notoriously difficult to establish as patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). We and others recently demonstrated that the microenvironment is critical for ER+ tumor cells; by grafting them into milk ducts >90% take rates are achieved and many features of the human disease are recapitulated. This intra-ductal (ID) approach holds promise for personalized medicine, yet human and murine stroma are organized differently and this and other species specificities may limit the value of this model. Here, we analyzed 21 ER+ ID-PDXs histopathologically. We find that ID-PDXs vary in extent and define four histopathological patterns: flat, lobular,in situ, and invasive, which occur in pure and combined forms. The ID-PDXs replicate earlier stages of tumor development than their clinical counterparts. Micrometastases are already detected when lesions appearin situ. Tumor extent, histopathological patterns, and metastatic load correlate with biological properties of their tumors of origin. Our findings add evidence to the validity of the intraductal model forin vivostudies of ER+ breast cancer and raise the intriguing possibility that tumor cell dissemination may occur earlier than currently thought.

Conflict of interest statement:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.