bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic analysis of colubrid snakes based on 12S rDNA reveals distinct lineages of Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin, 1789) populations in Sumatra and Java
Authors: NUGRAHA FITRA ARYA DWI , FATCHIYAH FATCHIYAH , KURNIAWAN NIA , SMITH ERIC NELSON
Published: October 2018

Nugraha FAD, Fatchiyah F, Smith EN, Nia Kurniawan N. 2018. ­­Phylogenetic analysis of colubrid snakes based on 12S rDNA reveals distinct lineages of Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin, 1789) populations in Sumatra and Java. Biodiversitas 19: 303-310. The phylogenetic relationship among the major colubrid snakes, particularly those of the subfamily Colubrinae, has been the subject of much debate. Also, there was limited data on the molecular relationships of Sundaland colubrid snakes. This study aimed to examine the relationships among colubrid snakes from Sumatra and Java based on fragments of 12S rDNA gene. We sequenced 17 specimens of colubrid snakes representing 5 genera and 2 subfamilies: Colubrinae and Ahaetullinae. We used maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods for inferring phylogenetic relationships. The result of our phylogenetic analyses is in line with the previous findings for the separation between Colubrinae and Ahaetullinae. Interestingly, we found two distinct clades of Dendrelaphis pictus species with the high genetic divergence between them where D. pictus from Sumatra and West Java separated from Central and East Java clade. Our divergence time estimation showed that the differentiation between these clades of D. pictus occurred in the late Miocene epoch (8.9 Ma) when Sumatra and Java separated after being inundated in the early Miocene epoch.
Distribution and isolation of microalgae for lipid production in selected freshwater reservoirs of northern Thailand
Authors: PRASERTSIN TIPPAWAN , PEERAPORNPISAL YUWADEE
Published: October 2018

Prasertsin T, Peerapornpisal Y. 2018. Distribution and isolation of microalgae for lipid production in selected freshwater reservoirs of northern Thailand. Biodiversitas 19: 343-350. Nong Bau Reservoir and Chiang Saen Lake are considered important freshwater reservoirs of Chiang Rai Province located in northern Thailand. The surrounding areas of these water bodies are host to a range of human activities that influence water quality. Moreover, to date, there are have not been any studies on the water quality and the distribution of microalgae in these places. The physical and chemical parameters of the water quality and microalgae were carried out in Nong Bua Reservoir and Chiang Saen Lake during the months of May, July, and October of 2015. Microalgae were isolated in order to investigate the lipid-producing abilities. Samples collected from Nong Bua Reservoir have revealed the presence of seven divisions, 90 species of algae. Six divisions, 55 species of algae were found in Chiang Saen Lake. The trophic status of the water was evaluated from the main parameters (AARL-PC Score), and it was determined that Nong Bua Reservoir was of meso-eutrophic status and Chiang Saen Lake was of mesotrophic status. Microalgae were isolated from Nong Bua Reservoir and Chiang Saen Lake for the purposes of studying lipid content; 25 and 6 isolations were identified, respectively. The lipid content was highest in Botryococcus braunii (39.25 ± 0.32% dry weight) followed by Ankistrodesmus sp. (26.80 ± 0.44% dry weight) and Coelastrum microsporum (24.95 ± 0.55% dry weight). The lowest lipid content was found in Planktolyngbya sp. (7.25 ± 0.43% dry weight). The indigenous strains of microalgae of Nong Bau Reservoir and Chiang Saen Lake’s can be considered quite promising as model strains in terms of the production of biofuel within the country.
Wing morphometrics reveals the migration patterns of Africanized honey bees in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Moretti Caroline Julio , Costa Claudineia Pereira , Francoy Tiago Maurício
Published: October 2018

Climatic differences can directly affect the population structure of organisms. The Northeastern Brazilian covers an area of about 1.5 million square kilometres, in which the semi-arid part corresponds to approximately 60%. It is probably the most vulnerable region to climatic variations in Brazil. Here, we investigated the variability of Africanized honey bees in different localities from Northeast Brazil during the dry season and the influence of drought periods in morphological variation among populations. Analyses were carried out with data collected by traditional and geometric morphometrics of bees sampled during the dry season and showed a subtle morphological variation in agreement to the climatic pattern. Furthermore, once we added samples collected during the rainy season, we observed a change in its pattern, with a very different result from the same population sampled during drought periods. The geometric morphometrics results emphasized that samples collected during the rainy season in Mossoró would be more similar to bees from humid coastal areas. These results probably reflect the probable dispersion pattern of these bees between humid coastal and semi-arid areas.
A Scientific Note of Housekeeping Genes for the Primitively Eusocial bee Euglossa viridissima Friese (Apidae: Euglossini)
Authors: Boff Samuel , Friedel Anna , Miertsch Anja , Quezada-Euàn J. Javier , Paxton Robert J , Lattorff H. Michael G
Published: October 2018

Studies on the expression of genes in different contexts are essential to our understanding of the functioning of organisms and their adaptations to the environment. Gene expression studies require steps of normalization, which are done using the stable expression pattern of reference genes. For many different eusocial bees reference genes have been discovered, but not for the primitively eusocial euglossine bees.We used available genomic resources of euglossine species and the gene information of Apis melliferato develop a set of reference genes for the primitive eusocial bee Euglossaviridissima. We tested nine genes in distinct developmental stages three different algorithms to infer the stability of gene expression. The Tata binding protein(Tbp) and 14-3-3epsilon were the most stable genes across all different stages. The strongest deviation in gene expression pattern occurred in pupae, which require a different set of genes for normalizing gene expression.
The Life Histories of the "Uruçu Amarela" Males (Melipona flavolineata, Apidae, Meliponini)
Authors: Veiga Jamille Costa , Leão Kamila Leão , Coelho Beatriz Woiski , Queiroz Ana Carolina Martins de , Menezes Cristiano , Contrera Felipe Andrés León
Published: October 2018

Here we describe the life histories of adult males of the the Amazonian stingless bee Melipona flavolineata Friese, commonly known as “uruçu amarela”. Males reach sexual maturity inside nests, presenting seminal vesicles full of sperm cells and becoming able to fl y at a mean age of 10 and 15 days, respectively. They aggregate twice in their lives, once before leaving the nest, and another at external congregation sites, by using their capacity to reach congregation sites dependent on morphological attributes, such as large eyes and elongated thorax. Furthermore, we describe three atypical phenomena for Meliponini males: M. fl avolineata males have dimorphic color pattern; they lose their genital capsules, even when they fail to copulate; and penisless (sterile) males can stay alive for up to two days. The life history strategies of Meliponini males have only just started to be told and provide many interesting questions for future studies.
Improved Pollination Efficiency and Reduced Honey Bee Colony Decline in Greenhouses by Allowing Access to the Outside During Part of the Day
Authors: Nicodemo Daniel , Malheiros Euclides Braga , Jong David De , Couto Regina Helena Nogueira
Published: October 2018

Although honey bees are efficient pollinators of many crops cultivated in greenhouses, it is difficult to maintain colony strength and consequently pollination efficiency. Many bees die under greenhouse conditions and the colonies rapidly weaken. We examined the effect of adaptations to the hive entrance that allowed control of whether and when bees had access to the outside environment to see how it would affect pollination efficiency and colony condition in greenhouses with flowering cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants in comparison with colonies that remained constantly inside the greenhouse, previously left in a dark environment or not. We recorded the type and period of visitation to the cucumber flowers, numbers of honey bees entering and leaving the two entrance hives and the effect of this type of management on the quantity of brood and food. Fiveframe Langstroth “nucleus” colonies were equipped with two 30 square centimeter entrances and two 3.0 cm diameter circular openings. Allowing the bees to make visits outside the greenhouse in early morning with redirection of bees into the greenhouse at 8.30 a.m. did not reduce visitation to cucumber flowers in the greenhouse. Maintaining colonies in the greenhouse reduced brood area and food stores. These losses were significantly reduced in colonies that had access outside the greenhouse during the early morning. Another advantage of alternating access to the inside and the outside of the greenhouse was that there was less possibility of interactions between bees and people working on the crop, and also pesticides application could be made without directly affecting foraging bees.
Comparative molecular cytogenetics in Melipona Illiger species (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
Authors: Andrade-Souza Vanderly , Duarte Olivia Maria Pereira , Martins Cinthia Caroline Cardoso , Santos Igor Silva , Costa Márcio Gilberto Cardoso , Costa Marco Antonio
Published: October 2018

Cytogenetic studies in Melipona are scarce with only 24 species analyzed cytogenetically. Of these, six species had the rDNA sites physically mapped and characterized by Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (fish). The aim of this study was to perform karyotype analyzes on Melipona species from different regions of Brazil, with a greater sampling representative of the Amazonian fauna and using conventional, fluorochrome staining and FISH with heterologous rDNA probes. The predominant chromosome number was 2n = 18, however, the subspecies M. seminigra abunensis and M. s. pernigra showed 2n = 22 chromosomes. The karyotypes were symmetrical, however M. bicolor, M. quadrifasciata, M. flavolineata, M. fuscopilosa, M. nebulosa presented the first pair heteromorphic in length. CMA3+ blocks also exhibited heteromorphism of size and in almost all cases coincided with rDNA sites, except for M. crinita and M. nebulosa, which presented additional non-coincident CMA3+ blocks. The CMA/ rDNA sites were terminal and interstitial in species with high heterochromatic content, and pericentromeric in those species with low heterochromatic content. In addition to pointing out cytogenetic features of cytotaxonomic importance, the reorganization of the genome in Melipona is discussed.
The Science of Star Wars: The Scientific Facts Behind the Force, Space Travel, and More!
Authors: Bower Cayce
Published: October 2018

The Science of Star Wars: The Scientific Facts Behind the Force, Space Travel, and More!, Mark Brake and Jon Chase, (2016)

New York: Racehorse Publishing, 272pp., ISBN: 9781944686284 (pbk), $14.99
Mars in the Movies: A History
Authors: Emory Carter B.
Published: October 2018

Mars in the Movies: A History, Thomas Kent Miller, (2016)

Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 292pp., ISBN: 9780786499144 (hbk), $39.95
Afrofuturism: The World of Black Sci-Fi and Fantasy Culture
Authors: Kam Shaun Ting Sheng
Published: October 2018

Afrofuturism: The World of Black Sci-Fi and Fantasy Culture, Ytasha L. Womack, (2013)

Chicago: Chicago Review, 224pp., ISBN: 9781613747964 (pbk), $16.95
DVD/Blu-ray
Authors: Fulton Gabrielle , Lowe Kaitlin , Johnson Matthew , Soman Shaun , Thompson Blake , Saller Kelsey , Linden Tyler , Bankowski Lizzie , Smallwood Kimberly Mariah , Staub Chamberlain , Triplett Steph
Published: October 2018

The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1964)

France Director Jacques Demy Runtime 91 minutes

Blu-ray USA, 2017 Distributed by The Criterion Collection (region A/1)

L’Argent (1983)

France Director Robert Bresson Runtime 84 minutes

Blu-ray USA, 2017 Distributed by The Criterion Collection (region A/1)

A Cavalcade of Perversions

Multiple Maniacs (1970)

USA Director John Waters Runtime 96 minutes

Blu-ray USA, 2017 Distributed by The Criterion Collection (region A/1)

Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (1988)

Spain Director Pedro Almodóvar Runtime 89 minutes

Blu-ray USA, 2017 Distributed by The Criterion Collection (region A/1)

Roberto Rossellini’s War Trilogy

Rome Open City (1945) Paisan (1946) Germany Year Zero (1948)

Italy Director Roberto Rossellini Runtime 103 minutes; 126 minutes; 73 minutes

Blu-ray USA, 2017 Distributed by The Criterion Collection (region A/1)

Paris Belongs to Us in 2 Frames

Paris Belongs to Us (1961)

France Director Jacques Rivette Runtime 141 minutes

Blu-ray USA, 2016 Produced and Distributed by The Criterion Collection (region A/1)

Judex in 4 Frames

Judex (1963)

France Director Georges Franju Runtime 97 minutes

Dual Format Blu-ray/DVD USA, 2014 Produced and Distributed by The Criterion Collection (region A/1)
Effect of Night-Clinic Closure on Physicians’ Workload and Satisfaction
Authors: Zhang Chunyu , Liu Yuanli
Published: October 2018

Excessive overtime work, which is a serious problem among Chinese physicians, is the primary reason for night clinic closure policies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of such policies on physicians’ workload and satisfaction. Physicians at the hospital, which closed its night clinic in 2017, were selected as the intervention group, and those at another hospital, which still operates a night clinic, were chosen as the control group. In total, 829 participating physicians self-reported their characteristics and responded to questions on three effect indicators: weekly hours worked, work–family balance, and job satisfaction; the index years were for 2016 and 2017. A pre–post-with-control-group study design and the difference-in-difference (DID) methodology were employed to evaluate the effect of night clinic closure. After adjusting for physicians’ characteristics, the effect of all variables, except hours worked per week, on work–family balance and job satisfaction remained significant. Although the adjusted effect on hours worked per week was not significant, our results suggest that minor policy changes that reduce the workload of physicians may nonetheless benefit this group. However, as the satisfaction scores remained low, other policies should be implemented to relieve the workload and improve satisfaction among physicians.
Impact of the Ground on the Series Impedance of Overhead Power Lines
Authors: Margitová Anastázia , Kolcun Michal , Kanálik Martin
Published: October 2018

An overhead power line is a structure used in the electric power system to transmit electrical energy. The performance of overhead power lines depends on their parameters. There are four basic electrical parameters of power lines: resistance, inductance, capacitance, and shut conductance. The paper focuses on the calculation of the series impedance of overhead lines (resistance and inductance) by three different methods (Carsonʹs method, Rüdenbergʹs method and the theory of complex penetration depth) considering the impact of the ground return path. There is also the comparison of these methods and their application on models of real power lines of different voltage levels provided in this paper.
Design of Pseudoinverse Method for Robotic Arm
Authors: Hock Ondrej , Sedo Jozef
Published: October 2018

Pseudoinverse method for control end-effector movement of a robotic arm is presented in this paper. For that task we used the robotic arm DOBOT. We made simulation model in Matlab environment and SimMechanics toolbox. We described the pseudoinverse method and problem-solving of pseudoinverse for non-square matrices. In the near future we will make implementation of this method to the control end-effector movement of a robotic arm and therefore we created a simulation to how many digits we will need for correct calculating of goniometric functions in DSP
Assessment of Cargo Delivery Quality Using Fuzzy Set Apparatus
Authors: Kyrychenko Hanna , Statyvka Yurii , Strelko Oleh , Berdnychenko Yulia , Nesterenko KHalyna
Published: October 2018

The influence of the existing operation conditions for the time of cargo transportation, i.e. ferrous metals to the port station, was investigated. It was proposed to carry out the management of cargo delivery on the basis of determining the values of cargo handling duration while implementing the stages of the schedule. It was proposed to carry out assessment of the delivery process, including transportation using the fuzzy set apparatus. To determine the quality of transportation, an ordered categorized scale of values of the duration of cargo's staying in certain conditions at delivery stages was proposed. The assessment of deviations at all the stages of transportation with the use of linguistic definitions of conditions allows quantifying such an indicator as the transportation quality. The characteristics of deviations during transportation are provided in the linguistic form to the dispatching unit for making a decision. The revealed regularities in deviations from the standard schedules of trains during delivery of cargos are an objective basis for taking into account them in the mathematical models of the forecast of time of cargo delivery at each of the defined stages of transportation. The data on the forecasted and actual transportations are accumulated in the existing information base, forming data files for assessing the quality of the transportation process, the adequacy of the mathematical model and correcting of the model in case of significant organizational or technical changes.Â
Zakres władzy prezydenta
Authors: Kruk Maria
Published: October 2018

W artykule podejmuje się problem zakresu władzy prezydenta na dwu płaszczyznach. Z jednej – wstępnie – na płaszczyźnie tradycyjnych koncepcji prezydentury w polskich demokratycznych konstytucjach (Konstytucji z 1921, tzw. Malej Konstytucji z 1992 oraz Konstytucji RP z 1997). Analiza pokazuje, jak na gruncie generalnie przyjętego parlamentarnego systemu rządów kształtowano pozycję głowy państwa, uwzględniając decyzję z 1990 r. o powszechnych bezpośrednich wyborach prezydenta. Z drugiej strony – i na tym problemie analiza się głównie koncentruje – poddano oglądowi wszystkie konstytucyjne kanały, którymi prezydent może wpływać na decyzje ustawodawcze i wykonawcze państwa. Wbrew pewnemu przekonaniu, że te możliwości prezydenta są niewielkie, ich podsumowanie nie prowadzi do takiego wniosku. Przeciwnie, aktywność prezydenta może się przejawiać w zakresie równoważenia władz, arbitrażu, konsultacji, współdziałaniu, przestrzeganiu prawa (to nawet obowiązkowo), inicjatywy itd. Ale Konstytucja jest elastyczna i nie wymaga wszystkiego: prezydent może też godzić się na bardziej bierną postawę, tylko obserwującą, jeśli uzna, że jego interwencja nie jest niezbędna. To będzie też swoisty rodzaj czuwania nad sprawami państwa.
Konstytucyjne uwarunkowania stabilności Rady Ministrów
Authors: Balicki Ryszard
Published: October 2018

W artykule ukazane zostało zagadnienie stabilności funkcjonowania kolegialnego członu władzy wykonawczej – rządu. Stabilność władzy wykonawczej, obok partycypacji obywatelskiej w wyborach oraz utrzymania porządku politycznego, jest jednym z elementów szerszego pojęcia, jakim jest stabilność polityczna państwa. Doświadczenia historyczne (zwłaszcza Francji III i IV Republiki oraz Włoch) ukazują, jak ważnym zagadnieniem jest możliwość stabilnego i efektywnego działania rządu. Odnosząc tytułowe zagadnienie do polskiego modelu ustrojowego, autor dokonuje analizy norm konstytucyjnych determinujących zasady powoływania Rady Ministrów oraz możliwości jej odwołania.
Jawność działania władz publicznych jako dobro wspólne
Authors: Jabłoński Mariusz
Published: October 2018

Analiza zawarta w artykule koncentruje się na zagadnieniu specyfiki identyfikowania informacji publicznej oraz na określeniu sposobu realizacji tego prawa pod kątem definiowania treści zasady jawności państwa. Ocenie poddana została przy tej okazji orzecznicza praktyka (Trybunału Konstytucyjnego i sądów administracyjnych) identyfikacji uprawnionego i procedur służących pozyskiwaniu informacji publicznej. Autor podejmuje jednocześnie próbę identyfikacji treści pojęcia dobra wspólnego użytego w treści art. 1 Konstytucji RP, której elementem składowym jest zasada jawności działania państwa, jego organów oraz funkcjonariuszy publicznych.
Gwarancje zasady nadrzędności Konstytucji
Authors: Płowiec Witold
Published: October 2018

Zasada nadrzędności Konstytucji nakazuje realizowanie norm konstytucyjnych (aspekt pozytywny) i zakazuje zachowań niezgodnych z normami konstytucyjnymi (aspekt negatywny). Prawodawca ma zatem obowiązek tworzyć normy podkonstytucyjne, w taki sposób by były one zgodne z normami konstytucyjnymi i urzeczywistniały je w możliwie najpełniejszy sposób. Podobnie w odniesieniu do stosowania prawa: rozstrzygnięcia podjęte na podstawie Konstytucji muszą być zgodne z jej normami i w możliwe najwyższym stopniu urzeczywistniać je. Faktyczne zapewnienie zasady nadrzędności Konstytucji jest istotne dla ochrony obywatela przed państwem, ponieważ Konstytucja jako umowa społeczna wyznacza nieprzekraczalne granice dla władzy. Konstytucja zawiera liczne gwarancje swojej nadrzędności. Zaliczyć do nich można w szczególności: procedurę zmiany Konstytucji, odpowiedzialność przed Trybunałem Stanu, kontrolę konstytucyjności prawa przez Trybunał Konstytucyjny, bezpośrednie stosowanie Konstytucji przez sądy oraz ślubowania składane przez parlamentarzystów, Prezydenta RP i członków Rady Ministrów. Nie istnieją jednak prawne gwarancje, które skutecznie i trwale zapewnią nadrzędność Konstytucji. W staraniach o zapewnienie Konstytucji nadrzędności należy zadbać o odpowiedni poziom kultury prawnej.
Koncepcja prawna finansowego stosunku prawnorynkowego (zarys założeń)
Authors: Fedorowicz Magdalena
Published: October 2018

Celem artykułu jest pokazanie interferencji, zazębiania się wątków publicznych i prywatnych w ramach prawa rynku finansowego na przykładzie tworzonej konstrukcji finansowego stosunku prawnorynkowego. Dla realizacji tego celu w opracowaniu zebrano i poddano analizie argumenty za zasadnością tworzenia konstrukcji stosunku prawnorynkowego, zaproponowano analizę struktury prawnej stosunku prawnorynkowego, jako charakteryzującego się tak znacznymi odrębnościami od stosunku cywilnoprawnego i stosunku administracyjnoprawnego oraz wykazującego tak dalece idącą specyfikę prawną, że wymagającego autonomicznego ujęcia, z uwagi na potrzeby doktrynalne, orzecznicze oraz dydaktyczne. Taka propozycja doktrynalnego ujęcia stosunków prawnych na rynku finansowym – zdaniem autorki – wydaje się wierniej odzwierciedlać założenia prawodawcy i nadzorców krajowego i unijnego oraz pozwala również od razu dostrzegać wewnątrzsystemowe uwarunkowana i powiązania natury podmiotowej i funkcjonalnej oraz zwłaszcza – lepiej i w ekonomiczno-gospodarczym kontekście – zrozumieć finansowe treści prawnorynkowe.
Postkeynesowskie teorie endogenicznej podaży pieniądza
Authors: Bludnik Izabela
Published: October 2018

Jednym z filarów programu badawczego heterodoksyjnego postkeynesizmu jest endogeniczna kreacja podaży pieniądza. Zgodnie z nią ilość pieniądza w obiegu samoistnie dostosowuje się do potrzeb zgłaszanych przez podmioty gospodarcze. Zapewnienie odpowiedniej podaży środków finansowych jest rolą banków komercyjnych, które kreują pieniądz kredytowy ex nihilo. Natomiast zadaniem władz monetarnych jest dostarczanie bankom komercyjnym rezerw pieniężnych gwarantujących ciągłość akcji kredytowej, a tym samym procesu produkcji i wymiany w gospodarce. Podczas gdy postkeynesiści zgadzają się co do endogenicznego charakteru podaży pieniądza, to nie wszyscy w ten sam sposób postrzegają rolę i działania banku centralnego w kierunku zaspokajania popytu na rezerwy zgłaszanego przez banki komercyjne. W rezultacie ukształtowały się cztery postkeynesowskie interpretacje tej kwestii: akomodacyjne, strukturalistyczne, z perspektywy teorii obiegu pieniężnego oraz z perspektywy preferencji płynności. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie tych ujęć oraz wskazanie, w czym są one odmienne od stanowiska głównego nurtu ekonomii oraz w jakim stopniu różnią się między sobą. Podkreślono również wpływ takiej heterogeniczności poglądów na spójność postkeynesizmu i możliwość stworzenia przez tę szkołę alternatywy dla neoklasycznej ortodoksji.
Kultura jako problem teorii i praktyki polityki społecznej z perspektywy socjoekonomicznej
Authors: Lipski Aleksander
Published: October 2018

W polu teoretyczno-praktycznych zainteresowań polityki społecznej kultura zajmuje miejsce poślednie. Jest zarazem pojęciem trudnym do zdefiniowania. Nieustannie rozszerza się jego zakres i zacierają się jego granice. Znajduje to wyraz w postępującej estetyzacji (kulturalizacji) rzeczywistości oraz rosnącej roli ekonomii doświadczenia. Kultura staje się ikonosferą (sferą znaków). Świadectwem tych kłopotów z konceptualizacją kultury są nieudane próby definiowania przemysłów kreatywnych. W tej sytuacji jedyną użyteczną definicją kultury jest definicja antropologiczna, a więc ogólna i opisowa. W polityce społecznej konieczna jest zatem rewizja standardowego podejścia do zjawiska uczestnictwa w kulturze, w którym „kultura” ograniczona jest zwykle do sfery artystycznej, a „uczestnictwo” – do określonych zachowań w obszarze instytucji artystycznych.
Zasada nullum crimen sine lege certa i jej ograniczenia na tle języka etnicznego
Authors: Tomczyk Mateusz
Published: October 2018

Artykuł stanowi próbę udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy w ramach prawa karnego materialnego możliwe jest osiągnięcie pełnej jednoznaczności i precyzji abstrakcyjnego i generalnego opisu znamion typu czynu zabronionego, przy jednoczesnym zachowaniu komunikatywności i zwięzłości tekstu prawnego, w sposób prowadzący do zrozumienia go przez wszystkich adresatów normy karnej. Innymi słowy, w ramach prezentowanego opracowania autor stara się rozstrzygnąć problem, czy możliwe jest pełne, a wręcz „wyidealizowane” urzeczywistnianie postulatu nullum crimen sine lege certa, nakazującego zachowanie pełnej określoności znamion czynu zabronionego. W powyższym zakresie autor dąży do podkreślenia tezy, że normy prawa karnego określające karalne typy zachowań są zaadresowane do powszechnego i przeciętnego społeczeństwa, a zatem winny być one bezpośrednio odczytywane i rozumiane, bez konieczności każdorazowego uruchamiania skomplikowanych procedur wykładni normy karnej z przepisu karnego, co też – zdaniem autora – wpisuję się w treść zasady nullum crimen sine lege z art. 42 ust. 1 Konstytucji RP. Jak się jednak okazuje, osiągnięcie pełni jednoznaczności, precyzji, tak aby nie doprowadzić do nadmiernej kazuistyczności przepisu, a zarazem zachowanie komunikatywności i zwięzłości tekstu prawnego nie jest możliwe, albowiem przepis karny zawierający opis znamion typu czynu zabronionego jest rezultatem kompromisu między właśnie jednoznacznością, precyzją, komunikatywnością, a także niedoskonałościami języka etnicznego, w którym został sformułowany. Tekst przepisu karnego jest tekstem asymptotycznym, niemniej ustawodawca winien kierować się przede wszystkim tym, aby był zrozumiały w miarę możliwości dla każdego adresata, zwłaszcza niedysponującego odpowiednim przygotowaniem prawniczym.
Pandemia eboli jako zagrożenie dla międzynarodowego pokoju i bezpieczeństwa: kwestia bezpieczeństwa zbiorowego czy zarządzania globalnego?
Authors: Diallo Boubacar Sidi
Published: October 2018

Społeczność międzynarodowa stoi w obliczu rozproszonego i ponadnarodowego zagrożenia epidemiologicznego, którego powaga i rozmiar wymagają obecnie niespotykanego poziomu interwencji. Na przestrzeni wieków ludzkość zmagała się z różnymi epidemia, co zawsze wiązało się z koniecznością kompleksowego działania na płaszczyźnie międzynarodowej. Zdaniem Rady Bezpieczeństwa ONZ epidemia spowodowana wirusem ebola, która wybuchła pod koniec 2013 r., stanowi szczególne zagrożenie dla pokoju i bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego, ponieważ zdobycze w obszarze budowania pokoju i rozwoju krajów najbardziej dotkniętych epidemią mogą zostać zaprzepaszczone. To z kolei podważa stabilność krajów najbardziej nią dotkniętych. Jeśli nie zostanie opanowana, to sytuacja taka może doprowadzić do wybuchu nowych niepokojów i napięć społecznych, pogorszenia klimatu politycznego, stygmatyzacji i wzmocnienia poczucia niepewności. Podjęta w tej sprawie przez Radę Bezpieczeństwa ONZ rezolucja ma wymiar historyczny, gdyż po raz pierwszy problem zdrowia publicznego został zaklasyfikowany jako zagrożenie dla pokoju i bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Stało się tak, mimo że mobilizacja międzynarodowa była spóźniona o kilka miesięcy, chociaż konieczność podjęcia działań była wówczas oczywista.
Characterization of Pinus nigra var. laricio [Maire] bark extracts at the analytical and pilot scale
Authors: Bianchi Sauro , Zikeli Florian , Vinciguerra Vittorio , Kroslakova Ivana , Mayer Ingo , Pichelin Frédéric , Matteucci Giorgio
Published: October 2018

Pinus nigra var. laricio bark and its hot-water extracts (HWE) obtained at an analytical and pilot plant scale have been characterized in terms of phenolic extractives, condensed tannins (CTs), carbohydrates and inorganic compounds. Analytical extractions with aqueous acetone were also performed for comparison with HWE. The bark contains 35.5 g kg−1 CT, and two-thirds of it could be extracted. Analytical HWE at 75°C led to a total yield of 56.4 g kg−1. The extracts are mainly composed of phenolic compounds (50.7%) and pectins (19.7%). CTs amount to 17.9% of the extracts and are procyanidins with a mean degree of polymerization (DP) of about 9. Non-tannin phenolic oligomers also occurred in the extracts, which could be identified by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) as lignin fragments. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) revealed that the CT is a flavanol derivative in methylated form. Further characterization and tailoring of the HWE properties is needed in the context of their specific application.
Influence of length on acoustic time-of-flight (ToF) measurement in built-in structures of Norway spruce timber
Authors: Arriaga Francisco , Montón Joaquín , Bobadilla Ignacio , Llana Daniel F.
Published: October 2018

Time-of-flight (ToF) measurements were conducted on twelve 76×226-mm2 in cross-section, 4.52-m long specimens of Norway spruce timber pieces from a dismantled 19th-century building in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). Two commercially available acoustic devices were used: the USLab ultrasound device with conical 22 and 45 kHz sensors and the MicroSecond Timer (MST) stress wave device with spike sensors. ToF were obtained for the full-length (4.52 m) specimens in an end-to-end arrangement and for lengths of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 m on the same surface and on opposite surfaces. The differences between the velocities obtained from end-to-end and semi-direct measurements were less than 4.5%. Apparent velocity dependence on length was observed in short-distance measurements. This could be corrected by determining a time lag (tL) from a linear regression between the ToF and the distance. Estimation of the modulus of elasticity (MOE) from the dynamic MOE (MOEdyn) is acceptable (r2=0.45–0.69) depending on the measurement procedure, and the best results for in situ timber are obtained in edge surface velocity. Although modulus of rupture (MOR) estimation from MOEdyn improves slightly when knottiness is included, it has low predictive capacity.
Relationship Between Toe Muscular Strength and the Ability to Change Direction in Athletes
Authors: Yuasa Yasuhiro , Kurihara Toshiyuki , Isaka Tadao
Published: October 2018

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between toe muscular strength and the ability to change direction in athletes. Seventeen collegiate American-football players participated in the study (age 19.9 ± 0.9 years, competition experience 7.3 ± 1.7 years). Two types of measurements were performed to evaluate toe muscular strength: toe flexor strength with the metatarsophalangeal joint in the planter flexed position and toe-pushing force with the metatarsophalangeal joint in the dorsiflexed position. The ability to change direction was evaluated using the pro-agility and 3-cone tests and change of direction deficits, calculated by subtracting the sprint times from the pro-agility and 3-cone times. There were significant correlations between toe-pushing force and the results of the pro-agility and 3-cone tests, but no significant correlations between toe flexor strength and the pro-agility and 3-cone tests. Neither toe-pushing force nor toe flexor strength was significantly correlated with the sprint test results. Furthermore, toe-pushing force was significantly correlated with the 3-cone test deficit, but toe flexor strength was not. The ability to change direction is more strongly affected by toe muscular strength (measured as toe-pushing force) with the metatarsophalangeal joint in the dorsiflexed angle than by toe muscular strength (measured as toe flexor strength) with the metatarsophalangeal joint in the plantar flexed angle. Our results suggest that athletes can improve their ability to change direction with toe muscular strength training with the metatarsophalangeal joint in the dorsiflexed position.
Training‐Induced Variations in Haematological and Biochemical Variables in Adolescent Athletes of Arab Origin Throughout an Entire Athletic Season
Authors: Varamenti Evdokia , Nikolovski Zoran , Elgingo Mohamed I. , Jamurtas Athanasios Z. , Cardinale Marco
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this study was to observe and report variations in several haematological and biochemical markers throughout an entire athletic season in a large cohort of adolescent athletes of Arab origin. Blood samples were collected from 72 adolescent male athletes at 4 selected time points during their training season. Results expressed in relation to plasma volume were corrected accordingly and significant variations in several variables emerged. Initial uncorrected haematological results revealed that haematocrit (Hct) and mean cell volume (MCV) concentrations noticeably increased at the competitive period (T3) and before the start of the following preseason (T4), whereas reticulocytes equivalent (Ret-He) only rose at T4 phase (p < 0.01). Conversely, corrected red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) progressively decreased over the year (p < 0.001). From the electrolytes panel, sodium and chloride considerably reduced at the peak of the training period (T2) to the start of the next preseason (T4), while a significant fall in potassium was mainly observed during the competitive period (T3) (p < 0.001). Coaches and sport scientists could use the results of this study to evaluate typical variations of each age group in order to diagnose potential adverse effects of high training loads, assist in the design of training programs and/or clinical interventions that will safeguard athletes’ health, and consider the important role of plasma volume for the interpretation of results.
Physiological and Psychological Adaptations of Trained Cyclists to Spring Cycling Camps
Authors: Dionne Jean-François , Lajoie Claude , Gendron Philippe , Freiberger Eduardo , Trudeau François
Published: October 2018

The purpose of our study was to assess physiological adaptations and measure mood outcomes following a cycling training camp in competitive athletes. Fourteen competitive athletes (8 males, 6 females) performed 2 incremental tests to exhaustion before and after a training camp. Volume and intensity (load) of the training regimen were recorded. Submaximal and maximal metabolic data were analysed, as well as economy variables (gross mechanical efficiency and cycling economy). Skeletal muscle adaptations were assessed using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). For both genders (n = 14), peak power output, peak power output-W/kg ratio and peak power output-B[La] were significantly increased (p < 0.05) after the cycling training camp (p < 0.05). Significant increases occurred for gross mechanical efficiency measured at the lactate threshold (+4.9%) and at the same precamp lactate threshold power output (+2.9%). At the lactate threshold and Post Camp Lactate Threshold Power, cycling economy increased by 5.2 and 2.9%, respectively (p < 0.05). These power measurements were significantly correlated with individual fluctuations in deoxyhaemoglobin in the vastus lateralis for male cyclists only. Profile of Mood State questionnaire results showed that subcategories “Tension-Anxiety”, “Confusion”, “Fatigue” and “Total Global Score” significantly decreased after the training camp. Cycling training camps were associated with positive adaptations (increased cycling economy, gross mechanical efficiency and power output) as well as some mental benefits. This indicates that despite some significant physiological adaptations participants probably did not overreach during their CTC.
Successful and Unsuccessful Offensive Sequences Ending in a Shot in Professional and Elite Under-16 Basketball
Authors: Alsasua Roberto , Lapresa Daniel , Arana Javier , Teresa Anguera M. , Garzón Belén
Published: October 2018

Following observational methodology, we analyzed successful and unsuccessful offensive attacks by professional and elite under-16 (U16) basketball players in Spain using an adapted ad hoc observation instrument designed to study efficiency in basketball. We identified both similarities and differences between how players from both categories built their attacks. The synchronic statistical analysis based on frequency counts showed that shots were more efficient in professional basketball and that U16 basketball was less static and had a higher frequency of fast breaks. Diachronic analysis, which consisted of T-pattern detection using Theme software, allowed us to identify characteristic successful and unsuccessful offensive sequences in professional and elite U16 basketball. These results have practical implications as they can be used to design training drills and prepare for competitions in U16 and professional basketball.
Influence of the Varied Pitch Shape on Soccer Players Physiological Responses and Time-Motion Characteristics During Small-Sided Games
Authors: Casamichana David , Bradley Paul S , Castellano Julen
Published: October 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pitch shape modifications on heart rate responses and time-motion characteristics in soccer players during 5-a-side small-sided games (SSGs). Players completed four different SSG dimensions: (1) short narrow pitch (SN; 40 × 25 m), (2) short wide pitch (SW; 66 × 25 m), (3) long narrow pitch (LN; 40 × 50 m), and (4) long wide pitch (LW; 66 × 50 m). Twenty amateur soccer players (age: 21 ± 5 yr; stature: 176.8 ± 1.9 cm; body mass: 72.7 ± 3.7 kg) were monitored using a heart rate monitor and a 10 Hz GPS device. Mean maximum heart rate (%HRmax), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), peak running speed, total distance covered (TD), distance covered in four speed categories, number of moderate and high accelerations (Ac), decelerations (Dc), changes of direction (COD) and player load were recorded. Increasing the pitch length had a greater effect compared to increasing the pitch width especially on RPE (3.8, 6.3, 4.9 and 6.6 AU to SN, LN, SW and LW, respectively) and time-motion characteristics such as TD (101, 127, 108 and 131 m·min-1 to SN, LN, SW and LW, respectively), peak speed (4.8, 6.1, 5.2 and 6.2 m·s-1 to SN, LN, SW and LW, respectively), and the number of accelerations, decelerations, and changes of direction. The data demonstrates that increasing the length rather than the width of 5-a-side SSG has a greater impact on players’ responses in terms of increasing workloads.
The Impact of Rule Modifications on Elite Basketball Teams’ Performance
Authors: Ibañez Sergio J. , Garcia-Rubio Javier , Gómez Miguel-Ángel , Gonzalez-Espinosa Sergio
Published: October 2018

Rule modifications in basketball are used to develop the sport, and FIBA changes the basketball regulations periodically and constantly in search of a more attractive game. The objectives of this study were as follows: i) to characterise and identify the technical-tactical performance indicators which discriminated the game style according to the effect of rule modifications; and ii) to analyse the persistence of these indicators according to rule modifications over time. Analyses were made of all the editions of the current competition system of the Copa Del Rey in Spanish basketball. One hundred and forty matches were analysed, starting from the 1995-96 to the 2014-15 season. Data were gathered from the official competition web page (www.acb.com) The variables analysed included rule modifications, the number of ball possessions, points scored, one, two and 3-point field goals made and attempted, total rebounds, defensive and offensive rebounds, assists, steals, turnovers, blocked shots, dunks and committed and received personal fouls, score differences, as well as one, two and 3-point field-goal percentages. Several analyses were carried out: descriptive analysis to characterise the sample; ANOVA to identify differences between periods; discriminant analysis to determine technical-tactical performance indicators which best discriminated between each competition term and rule change period; and finally autocorrelation function and cross-correlation were used to estimate the persistency of performance indicators over time. Results show that rule changes affect the way basketball is played. Nevertheless, players and coaches are the ones who determine functional behavior in basketball.
Performance Indicators of Winning and Defeated Female Handball Teams in Matches of the 2012 Olympic Games Tournament
Authors: Milanović Dragan , Vuleta Dinko , Ohnjec Katarina
Published: October 2018

The aim of the study was to determine performance indicators of winning and defeated women teams of the 2012 Olympic Games handball tournament. The sample of entities consisted of 27 games played during the preliminary round of the competition. The sample of variables consisted of the completed and unsuccessfully executed technical and tactical handball elements in attacking and defensive actions during handball matches (14 variables describing performance in attack and three variables related to defensive play). The differences between the winning and defeated teams in performance variables were determined using the Mann-Whitney U-test. The results showed statistically significant differences between the winning and defeated teams in the following variables: successful fast-break shots (5.11 ± 2.79 vs. 3.00 ± 1.88), unsuccessful wing shots (2.33 ± 1.24 vs. 3.67 ± 1.98), unsuccessful long-range shots (10.70 ± 3.98 vs. 13.37 ± 4.33), steals (5.48 ± 2.28 vs. 4.04 ± 2.07), and assists (13.81 ± 4.04 vs. 11.37 ± 3.59). The winning teams were better in the variables defining offensive performance effectiveness, especially with regard to successful performance of counter attacks; they also had higher efficiency of attacking actions with a strict selection of distance shots and wing shots, as well as a higher number of assists and steals.
The Relative Age Effect in Poland's Elite Youth Soccer Players
Authors: Rubajczyk Krystian , Rokita Andrzej
Published: October 2018

The relative age effect (RAE) is related to discrimination against youth athletes born in the last quarter of the calendar year. The current study presents research on the RAE in elite youth soccer players in Poland. Players in the Central Junior League (CLJ) finals represent 0.59% of the 25,756 players under 20 years old (U20). This study analyzed the post-game protocols of the CLJ knockout stage from the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons as well as the U17-U21 teams during 2015, including only players who played on the field for at least one minute (n = 395). The results revealed the existence of RAE in the examined groups ( CLJ 2013/2014, χ23 = 15.441, p < 0.01, CLJ 2014/2015, χ23 = 20.891, p < 0.001 U17-U21, χ23 = 25.110, p < 0.001). In addition, the results differed by monthly birth distribution in the Polish population (PP) between 1995 and 1999. This study is the first to examine the RAE in youth soccer in Poland. The occurrence of the RAE with regard to the most promising youth and national team players suggests that a similar effect exists among younger age categories. To reduce the RAE related to identifying soccer talent, tools should be implemented to optimize the player-selection process, such as those that consider the biological development of a player.
Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Selected Parameters of Blood Prooxidant‐Antioxidant Balance in Elite Athletes: A Double‐Blind Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Study
Authors: Michalickova Danica , Kotur-Stevuljevic Jelena , Miljkovic Milica , Dikic Nenad , Kostic-Vucicevic Marija , Andjelkovic Marija , Koricanac Vladimir , Djordjevic Brizita
Published: October 2018

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted, in order to evaluate if Lactobacillus helveticus Lafti® L10 (Lallemand Health Solutions, Montreal, Canada) supplementation during three months could influence oxidative markers in the population of elite athletes: triathletes, cyclists and endurance athletes. Twenty-two elite athletes were randomized to either placebo (n = 12) or probiotic (n = 10) groups. The probiotic group received 2x1010 colony forming units of Lafti® L10. Before and after the supplementation serum samples were collected. Markers of oxidative stress and anti-oxidative defense: superoxide dismutase (SOD), paraoxonase (PON), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance, oxidative stress index, bilirubin, uric acid and albumin were determined in serum. Parameters of lipid status, as well as susceptibility to copper-induced oxidation of LDL particles in vitro were also determined. There was a significant interaction effect for MDA (p = 0.039), with a decrease in MDA in the probiotic group only (p = 0.049). There was a significant interaction effect for AOPP (p = 0.037), with a significant decrease in the probiotic group (p = 0.045). Interaction effect for SOD was approaching to formal significance (p = 0.108) and the post-hoc test showed a significant decrease in the probiotic group (p = 0.041) only. A significant correlation between AOPP and SOD (p = 0.012, r = -0.40) was found in the probiotic group at the end of the study. PON1 activity was decreased in both the probiotic (p = 0.032) and placebo group (p = 0.035). No significant changes in the remainder of the evaluated parameters were noted. In conclusion, probiotic strain Lafti® L10 exerts certain antioxidant potential, but further research is needed.
Error Rate Analysis of Phase Sampled RZ-GMSK over Turbulent FSO Channel
Authors: Sahoo Pritam Keshari
Published: October 2018

In this paper authors have studied the error performance of an ISI compensating modulation technique called phase sampled RZ-GMSK. The numerical results are derived suitably for optical wireless back-haul networks under log-normal turbulence fading. It is seen that the proposed modulation technique outperforms other techniques at higher turbulence and for high speed data transmission.