bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Galen on Logic and Scientific Method
Authors: Havrda Matyáš
Published: June 2024

Galen developed a method of rational inquiry designed to solve the problems pertaining to medicine and natural science. This chapter outlines the main features of this method and shows how it is applied in dealing with specific issues. It offers an account of the significance to Galen’s approach of training in logic and of logical argumentation, and in particular of the method of demonstration, while also showing the distinctiveness of this approach within its intellectual context and the relevance to it of mathematical or geometrical models of argument. The chapter explores in detail Galen’s theory and practice of demonstration, using selected case studies to elucidate its use in scientific and therapeutic contexts.
Galenism in Later Byzantium
Authors: Pietrobelli Antoine
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers a history of Byzantine Galenism between the ninth and fifteenth centuries. The question of Galenism in Byzantium is complicated because, on the one hand, Galen’s corpus was transmitted and preserved by Byzantine copyists, but, on the other—and in contrast to the Arab world and the Latin West—there were no known Byzantine Galenists of any significance. Building on four examples, Simeon Seth in the eleventh century, Ioannikios in the twelfth century, John Zacharias Aktouarios in the fourteenth century, and Demetrius Angelos in the fifteenth century, the chapter demonstrates that Byzantine Galenism should not be understood as a spontaneous or isolated process but as an intercultural phenomenon in the context of a dialogue between the Byzantines and their Arab and Latin neighbors.
Translation into Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew
Authors: Pormann Peter E.
Published: June 2024

Galen’s works were translated from Greek into Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew during the medieval period. These translations had an enormous impact not just on the development of medicine both East and West, but also on how we now understand Galen. Instead of analyzing the Greco–Arabic translation “movement,” the present chapter investigates a number of translation phenomena, each of which has its own unique context: the Syriac translations of the sixth and ninth centuries; the Arabic translations of the late eighth and mid-ninth centuries; and the Hebrew translations mainly of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It concludes with three vignettes illustrating not just how Galen was transmitted into the Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew traditions, but also how physicians creatively engaged with, and innovated on the basis of, Galen’s work.
Galen, Rhetoric, and the Second Sophistic
Authors: Petit Caroline
Published: June 2024

This chapter reviews the place of Galen in the context of imperial literature and the so-called Second Sophistic in the wake of recent debates on the nature and periodization of the latter. In contrast to previous studies on Galen and the Second Sophistic (which tend to focus on performance and competition), this chapter specifically emphasizes Galen’s rhetoric, the deep literary roots of his prose, and its many connections with contemporary writings of varying genres. Although the very concept of the “Second Sophistic” is not without problems, it is still a useful tool to illuminate Galen’s profound anchoring within the literary and philosophical trends of his time.
Galen’s Pharmacology in Context
Authors: Laskaris Julie
Published: June 2024

Pharmacology was central to Galen’s thought and practice in several respects. He traveled extensively to ensure that he obtained high-quality pharmaceuticals and he devoted a major portion of his large body of writings to pharmacology. In these texts, which influenced Eastern and Western medicine for hundreds of years, Galen identified elements of his pharmacopeia and developed an elaborate theory of drug action. Galen is not, however, a slave to this theory. He valued the knowledge gained by doctors, herbalists, midwives, and others through the generations; nor did he insist that his theory could explain all drug action. This chapter will explore the pharmacological traditions that Galen so valued and upon which he drew.
Anatomy and Physiology
Authors: Salas Luis Alejandro
Published: June 2024

Inquiry into the structure and function of the body played a central role in Galen’s intellectual and professional development from the outset of his medical education through his rise to prominence in the city of Rome. Galen’s anatomical demonstrations were not only a product of his belief in the deep teleological structure of the natural world. They also underwrote his authority as a medical practitioner, aligning with the sophisticated display culture of imperial Rome in the second century CE. This chapter offers a brief overview of Galen’s anatomical practice and physiological theory, including sections on the three main systems of his physiology. It discusses the importance of analogical inferences to Greco-Roman technical writing about the human body, especially given the absence of systematic human dissection in the historical record. It also provides an introduction to Galen’s use of analogy in anatomical discovery and demonstration. Finally, it considers those demonstrations in their theoretical and professional contexts.
Steps Toward a Neurophenomenology of Speaking in Tongues
Authors: Brahinsky Josh , Lifshitz Michael , Luhrmann Tanya Marie
Published: June 2024

This chapter aims to show that working back and forth between neuroscientific methods and ethnographic phenomenology can inspire us to think differently. We discuss a neurophenomenological project to improve our understanding of the evangelical Christian practice of speaking in tongues. After several years of ethnographic participant observation in tongues-speaking churches, we interviewed tongues-speakers carefully. As we developed a neuroimaging experiment to try to capture what we heard from them, our interdisciplinary approach pushed us to notice shifts in the experience of speaking in tongues, which we came to call “dropping in.” The combination of ethnographic phenomenology and neuroscience brought us a deeper understanding of tongues prayer in ways we did not expect.
Near-Death in the Borderlands of Consciousness
Authors: Nelson Kevin R.
Published: June 2024

Near-death experiences have gained wide attention, forging an indelible image of spiritual experience in many people today. This chapter examines the neuroscience underpinnings of near-death, including principles that have often been neglected or distorted, often skewing the common impression of near-death. During near-death from fainting or cardiac arrest, the boundary between consciousness and unconsciousness blurs in moments of insufficient cerebral blood flow (ischemia). Brain ischemia can also disrupt the physiological balance between conscious states, leading the brainstem arousal system controlling conscious states to blend waking and rapid eye movement (REM) consciousness into a hybrid state (REM intrusion). The concept of REM intrusion contributing to near-death addresses otherwise vexing issues. First, REM intrusion explains how diverse conditions evoke near-death, including non-threatening conditions. Secondly, it provides an understanding of how cerebral ischemia most often triggers near-death. Lastly, REM intrusion offers a cohesive physiologic system underlying key features of near-death: light, motionless appearance of death, out-of-body sensations, euphoria, and rich narrative landscape. Independent evidence converges from many points supporting this notion, including multiple observations that individuals experiencing near-death are physiologically susceptible to REM intrusion. Furthermore, review of current evidence indicates that near-death shares features with the classically described mystical experience, but the two experiences remain distinct varieties of spiritual expression driven by different neurophysiologic processes.
The Impact of Zionism on Jewish Law
Authors: Edrei Arye
Published: June 2024

The establishment of the sovereign Jewish State of Israel significantly challenged rabbinic Judaism and demanded an updating of its normative system. Ultra-Orthodox decisors continued the halakhic discourse maintained throughout centuries of diasporic communal life, refusing to recognize the halakhic significance of the new reality. This chapter examines the responses of leading Religious Zionist decisors who sought, in contrast, to make Jewish law relevant and applicable to the new reality and its challenges. One issue addressed in the article is the religious and halakhic significance of the Zionist ideology of Jewish identity defined by nationalism rather than by religious observance. Another topic examined is the adaptation of the Halakha to take responsibility for the entire population, a reality that was not relevant for a diasporic minority community. Another important issue explored is the meeting between the values of liberal democracy and the Halakha, as well as the attitude to Israeli law. The overall picture, and the conclusion obtained from the study, is that this effort constituted an original and bold attempt to create a bridge between traditional Jewish law and the new national and sovereign reality. These sages wanted to see in the State of Israel, its law, institutions and values, a continuation of the discourse on all of these questions throughout the halakhic tradition.
Listen without Limits
Authors: McMurtry Leslie
Published: June 2024

Podcasting is dominated by “niche” genres, like chatcasts/chumcasts and true crime, that sometimes obscure the more varied potential offerings of the form. In 2018, the United Kingdom’s BBC launched a new streaming platform, BBC Sounds, a revamp of catch-up service BBC iPlayer and a new way for listeners to engage with BBC content. Using BBC Sounds commissioning documents and five case studies, this chapter interrogates the form and content offered by Sounds to its audience, primarily envisioned to be young listeners between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five, seeking a personalized experience and “effortless stimulation.” By close examination of one true crime podcast, one docudrama, and three dramas, this chapter suggests that the BBC is building on decades of know-how to produce compelling audio—though at a potential cost of alienating its traditional listeners and losing the space to produce and promote sound art not defined by commercial forces.
Langston Hughes, The Man Who Went to War, and the Political Work of the Radio Ballad
Authors: Hilmes Michele
Published: June 2024

This chapter analyzes the long-thought-lost Langston Hughes radio feature, The Man Who Went to War, both in terms of its contributions to the poetics of the radio ballad form and to its place in the racial politics of World War II. Tracing the trajectory of Hughes’s work in radio, the circumstances that led up to The Man Who Went to War, its roots both in Black musical traditions and in the transnational folk song movement, and the political and cultural impact of the work itself, its goal is to bring what Hughes himself called his “best script” for radio back into the public sphere.
Sensational Voices
Authors: Bottomley Andrew J.
Published: June 2024

Since the post-Serial podcasting boom of the late 2010s, intimacy has become podcasting’s most often-remarked-on characteristic—cited as the distinctive feature of the podcast voice and the key element that distinguishes podcasting from radio and other popular media. Podcasters refer so frequently to audio storytelling’s presumed intimacy in interviews, press materials, and other forms of embedded knowledge that it is now conventional wisdom. Yet, intimacy remains a concept that is often invoked, rarely defined. This chapter adopts a production studies approach to investigate the cultural practices and belief systems of podcasters. Through ethnographic observation and original interviews with creative workers—ranging from producers on prestigious internationally known programs like Radiolab, On the Media, and Millennial to independent and amateur productions—it establishes a critical understanding of the “low theory” of intimacy within contemporary podcast production culture and how these working assumptions shape the content and form of current podcasts.
New Music Fridays
Authors: Morris Jeremy Wade
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the role music podcasts play in the current distribution ecosystem for digital music. It begins by briefly reviewing the historical relationship between music and radio and the central role radio played in the dissemination of popular music in the mid-twentieth century. It then explores a potential typology for the wide range of music podcasts available before focusing on particular cases of artists or companies using podcasts to distribute or promote new music. The chapter considers how music podcasts offer a different relationship between artists and their fans and between artists and their music than either radio or streaming music and argues that the podcast format blends concepts from music radio and streaming services to create a novel opportunity for artists to connect with their work and their listeners. It also raises larger conceptual issues for media studies scholars about the limits and boundaries of various formats.
Breakfast Radio
Authors: Keeler Amanda
Published: June 2024

During the 1930s and1940s, millions tuned in every day to listen to their favorite morning radio talk programs, with topics ranging from health to public affairs. One popular genre, often called the “Mr. and Mrs. Breakfast” shows, featured friendly and welcoming married couples discussing a variety of topics that attempted to appeal to everyday radio listeners. These programs welcomed audiences into the hosts’ homes, allowing a voyeuristic, aspirational glimpse into the lives of actors, writers, and producers who socialized daily with celebrities. This chapter examines several prolific midcentury radio programs, Breakfast with Dorothy and Dick, Tex and Jinx, and Breakfast in Hollywood, to highlight the distinctive nature of each program and their place in radio and television history. With so many types of morning talk programs continuing to influence media production in the early twenty-first century—on radio, television, and podcasts—these pioneering yet overlooked programs deserve additional scholarly attention.
Remediate, Listen, Repeat
Authors: Bronfman Alejandra
Published: June 2024

Drawing attention to recently digitized archives from across the Caribbean, this chapter frames the study of radio as an exploration of race, aurality, and the politics of the archive. The translation of radio from past to present, from ephemeral to permanent, and from the site of twentieth-century production to sites of twenty-first-century archiving and transnational consumption raise important theoretical and methodological questions. Here are opportunities to listen, for example, to Cuban poet Nicolás Guillén invoke the violence of Cuba’s slaveholding past or the radio announcer Jean Dominique denounce military impunity or state corruption in Haiti. The chapter raises questions about what listening to these voices can tell us about the sound of anticolonial Black politics. It also asks how the field of radio studies can or has acknowledged the silences and issues of power and access within these proliferating digitizing projects.
Radio, Cinema, and the South Asian Soundscape
Authors: Punathambekar Aswin
Published: June 2024

During the 1950s and 1960s, Radio Ceylon, a Colombo (Sri Lanka)-based commercial broadcaster, produced a series of programs based on Indian film music. Broadcast via powerful shortwave transmitters, these programs reached an estimated 90–120 million listeners across the Indian subcontinent and as far afield as South Africa and parts of East Africa. Drawing on news archives and an in-depth interview with the renowned broadcaster Ameen Sayani, this chapter traces radio and cinema’s intertwined trajectories and examines the crucial role radio played in film publicity, exhibition, and drawing together and sustaining cinematic publics beyond the spatial bounds of the movie theater and the temporal limits of the film screening. More broadly, this chapter argues that radio shaped imaginations of national and regional space and culture and signaled battles over language and other factors that would come to define politics and culture in postcolonial India.
Communication in the Radio Century
Authors: Lacey Kate
Published: June 2024

Radio figures in this chapter as a liquid medium, forever adapting and shifting form, occupying public spaces, inhabiting individual minds, negotiating, and renegotiating the modern variability of time and space. As the quintessential pioneer of modern communications, with a century’s experience of experimentation and renewal, and as an audio medium that puts into relief many of the dominant currents of visual and digital media culture, this chapter argues that radio ought to occupy a much more prominent space in the field of communication history and theory within which it is so commonly sidelined or relegated to a historical footnote. More than simply rehearsing radio’s resilience and its continuing significance, the conceit of this chapter is to offer some ways of thinking through radio – or, rather, ideas of radio understood as expansively as possible - as a foil with which to re-contextualize contemporary media as belonging to “the radio century”.
Punch Cards and Playlists
Authors: Russo Alexander
Published: June 2024

“Algorithmic culture” has typically been identified with twenty-first century media. However, this chapter argues that radio programming practices were influenced by concepts derived from the cybernetics moment of the mid-twentieth century. Radio formats and cybernetics were born of the same moment and the former bears the traces of the latter—specifically, a reliance on the concepts of feedback and noise. Beyond conceptual maps, some stations embraced computer-based data processing to evaluate the elements of their programming (in terms of song selection) and create electronically tabulated programming playlists. In so doing, practices from the moment in which the formats emerged anticipated ways in which contemporary streaming music platforms organize content.
Silly Women’s Stories?
Authors: Levine Elana
Published: June 2024

The daytime radio serial is a foundational form of US broadcasting at the crux of the economic and cultural functions of commercial, network radio and is strongly connected to conceptions of gender identity in twentieth-century American society. This chapter examines the place of the daytime radio serial in the business practices and economic structures of the broadcasting industry and the American consumer economy, in the scripted storytelling practices of first audio and, later, audiovisual media, and in the gendered dynamics of power and status associated with broadcasting that are representative of American culture writ large. It also examines the serials’ impact on practices of television storytelling and women-targeted podcasting, representing an economic and cultural return to the daytime radio serial’s roots. Altogether, the daytime radio serial serves as a space of struggle over fundamental characteristics of the commercial broadcasting business, narrative structure, and gender dynamics in US society.
The Reception of the Books of Kings in Second Temple Judaism
Authors: Pajunen Mika S.
Published: June 2024

This chapter reviews the reception of 1–2 Kings in Second Temple Jewish sources. It describes problems related to identifying the direct literary influence of Kings and the main sources that are plausibly aware of the text of Kings. It provides examples of the potential theological influence of Kings related to divine justice. The chapter covers the reception of key figures, the most important kings of Judah in the extant sources, and the prophets Elijah and Elisha. Short descriptions of the development of these traditions are given and the reception of Kings is placed in the context of how such traditions were typically interpreted and modified. A brief assessment of the Scriptural status of Kings in late Second Temple Judaism is provided. The influence of 1–2 Kings in Second Temple sources is meager in relation to the legal and prophetic traditions but similar to other Historical Books.
Reading Kings through the Lenses of Trauma
Authors: Janzen David
Published: June 2024

At least two kinds of trauma theory can be used to read Kings, one developed within sociology and one from within psychoanalysis and psychology. The latter has been adapted by literary criticism in its readings of trauma literature. The former, sometimes called collective trauma, allows for a reading of Kings as an explanation of the destruction of Judah and Jerusalem and the Babylonian exile. The final form of Kings can be read as collective trauma that blames victims for their suffering in an attempt to create a social identity for Judahites that makes them dependent upon a future Davidic rule. Literary critics, however, conceive of trauma as something victims cannot understand or explain; a reading of Kings from this standpoint deconstructs the book’s explanatory narrative, throwing into doubt the notion that God functions as a just judge or that royal actions affect what happens to Judah.
Shock Therapy versus Gradualism in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Marangos John
Published: June 2024

The transition from a centrally administered economy to an economy based on market relations in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) took two alternate approaches: the “shock therapy,” or “big bang,” approach and gradualism, or the evolutionary approach. To comprehend and shape a supposition concerning the speed of the transition process, this chapter considers the transition process within a broader social science setting, integrating institutions. It identifies the different transition speeds—shock therapy and gradualism—and alternate institutional processes associated with these speeds. The shock therapy process of transition utilizes market incentives to internalize the developmental process of institutions, instead of relying on the government, an external actor to the whole process. In contrast, gradualism argues that the development of the institutional structure requires government action. Gradualism recommends active state intervention in institutional development. Subsequently, the shock therapy approach recommends a gradual development of institutions, whereas the gradualism recommends a shock therapy approach to institutional development. This chapter suggests that a combination of the two methods would produce the most optimal speed sequence in CEE/FSU. As a result, at least in the case of institutional development, this article argues that there is no clash between shock therapy and gradualism; rather, the two approaches are interconnected.
Global Value Chains Integration
Authors: Holzner Mario
Published: June 2024

This chapter shows, that although firm-level greenfield foreign direct investment (FDI) data suggest that specialization dynamics seem to move Central, East, and Southeast Europe slightly in the direction of a knowledge-based economy, functional specialization levels still display the patterns of a region that is a mix of a factory economy and a business-services hub, where, apart from manufacturing production, for instance, logistics, sales, shared services, and customer-care-center services are being provided. Thus, along the smile curve of global value chains, the region has positioned itself in both lower and higher segments of value-added creation. However, the chapter also presents data on a growing share of this value added is being repatriated back to the countries of origin of the invested capital. Apart from the likely imminent loss of the segment of manufacturing production proper that is looming due to technological change, a growing concern in the region is also focused on the discrepancy between the value added created in the economy and the actual wages paid and profits that remains in the countries. At the end of the chapter, elements of a new growth model are suggested. They include policies that aim at facilitating the move from a factory economy to a more R&D-driven functional specialization via investment and the implementation of a wage compression policy.
Introduction
Authors: Laruelle Marlene
Published: June 2024

This introductory chapter argues that the term illiberal(ism) provides a new frame for understanding societal change. In contrast to existing concepts, illiberalism recenters our focus on liberalism and can therefore fruitfully account for different dimensions usually not taken into account. This chapter first advances a definition of illiberalism—in contradistinction to other concepts such as populism, conservatism, and authoritarianism—before exploring five main contentions related to this definition. It then moves to a broader discussion on the entanglements between liberalism and illiberalism, looking at liberalism’s own spaces of contention, its multiple scripts, its encapsulation of Western metamodernity, and how illiberalism contributes to the ongoing deconstruction of liberal hegemony. Finally, it delves into the “amplifying feedback loop” effect of illiberalism, which is both a by-product of the contradictions of liberalism and an amplification of liberalism’s challenges.
Machine Learning of Sound and Music for Sociological Research
Authors: Nie Ke
Published: June 2024

Despite the significance of sound and music to social life, sociological research on these topics rarely touches upon their formal analysis, often because of disparate interests and a lack of technical tools and expertise. Recent advancements in machine learning empower sociologists and other nonexperts to conveniently analyze large datasets of sound and music without the need for intensive labor or specialized knowledge. Focusing on the thriving field of music information retrieval (MIR), this chapter foregrounds how mutual engagement between sociological inquiries and machine-learning algorithms for sound and music analysis benefits the existing research agenda. It also extends new research possibilities for both sides. The chapter reviews the sociological concerns in MIR development and examines the use of MIR tools in sociological studies, highlighting the need for sociologists and MIR practitioners to critically assess the design and application of these tools to avoid reinforcing cultural biases.
The Intersection of Economics and Security
Authors: Norris William J.
Published: June 2024

This chapter reviews major works seeking to bridge the international relations subfields of international political economy and security studies. The review briefly synthesizes this extensive literature into seven related bodies of scholarship revealing fascinating associations within and among the intellectual traditions linking economics and security. The resulting synthesis not only contextualizes the study of economic statecraft, but also illuminates how various literatures connecting economics and security fit together intellectually. Today’s work on geoeconomics and economic statecraft stands on the shoulders of many earlier scholars (whose work has often been siloed). Bringing those literatures together in a synthetic review that highlights how these various intellectual strands are connected and have developed over time is valuable to do at the outset of this volume. The chapter culminates with suggestions for future study in the hopes of inspiring a new generation of scholarship seeking to better understand some of these timeless questions.
Theory and Practice of Geoeconomics in South Asia
Authors: Behera Laxman Kumar , Pattanaik Smruti S.
Published: June 2024

South Asia is riven with multiple security threats, ranging from conventional war under nuclear threat to cross-border terrorism, ethno-national insurgencies, and religious violence. The region is also at the heart of the Indo-Pacific, the new theater of great power competition. This chapter surveys economic statecraft deployed by six South Asian countries—India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Nepal. In so doing it also examines the key economic tools used by these countries in the region to advance their strategic goals. The chapter argues that India-Pakistan animosity makes geoeconomic instruments a weapon of choice, especially for Islamabad, while for other countries economic statecraft has been an attractive option to materially gain from the strategic competition between major powers—India and China—and also to balance India, the predominant power in South Asia.
Small Data and Big Data Analysis of Geoeconomics
Authors: Shih Victor , Hoffman Geoffrey
Published: June 2024

The study of geoeconomics is gaining prominence as the role of economic tools in international politics continues to grow. This chapter outlines the theory, key variables, and traditional data sources for empirical research in geoeconomics. Further, it discusses the rise of social network analysis and text as data as analytical approaches in geoeconomic scholarship, which are especially well-suited for the quantitative analysis of large datasets. This overview of both small data and big data methodologies will help provide geoeconomic researchers with the tools to engage in more nuanced and rigorous analysis.
St. Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain, St. Makarios of Corinth, and the Philokalia
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: June 2024

The preface to the Philokalia envisages a hesychast anthology, setting out a spiritual program leading to deification, central to which is the Jesus Prayer. Much of the Philokalia seems only loosely connected with such a program, however, though the final third fits more closely. This chapter also concerns Nikodimos and Makarios, its presumed editors. From the scant evidence available, Nikodimos can be associated with a hesychast revival; with Makarios, it is less clear. However, both men were part of the Hellenic revival that led to Greek independence. Both the monastic revival associated with Basil of Poiana Mărului, which included Paisy Velichkovsky of the Slavonic Dobrotolyubie, and contemporary quests for lost ascetic literature—the tributaries to the Philokalia—were concerned to promote the Jesus Prayer and hesychasm. The influence of the Philokalia and the closely associated Dobrotolyubie has been long-lasting, though diverse, and much remains unclear.
Nineteenth-Century Russian and Ukrainian Religious Thinkers
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L.
Published: June 2024

It is generally assumed that deification has been a central and consistently salient feature of modern Orthodox theology. The evidence considered in this chapter indicates that this assumption needs to be qualified considerably. The chapter surveys deification in different registers of Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox religious culture, from literary fiction and popular piety, to hagiography and ascetical spirituality, to homiletics and dogmatic manuals, to religious philosophy and patristics. The conclusion is reached that deification as a theme of structural doctrinal importance for Orthodox theology first comes into focus in the writings of religious philosopher Vladimir Solovyov and becomes a magnet concept in the pioneering work of patristic scholar Ivan Popov.
The Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
Authors: Grillo Jennie , Hubler Caitlin Joy
Published: June 2024

Biblical Hebrew has no terms for deification or theosis: instead, this chapter investigates the biblical writers’ own categories of language and thought where they offer suggestive comparisons for the later terminology. First among these categories is humanity described as made in the image of God. This is examined against the related phenomena of cult statuary and anthropomorphic theophany. Next, biblical kingship ideology is considered against the Ancient Near Eastern background of divine kingship: while stopping short of asserting the divinity of the king as God’s son, the Old Testament preserves around its kings the aura of godlikeness from their Egyptian and Canaanite predecessors. Finally, Israel is examined as the locus of God’s personal presence on Earth; and Moses and Jacob are considered as individual examples of something like deification.
Deification and Theological Anthropology
Authors: Spencer Mark K.
Published: June 2024

Accounts of deification presuppose an anthropology, an account of what humans are such that they can be deified. This chapter surveys such anthropologies. It begins with anthropologies that account for deification through particular powers and activities, focusing on accounts within the Augustinian-Thomistic tradition, which emphasize the role of spiritual powers like intellect and will in deification. It next turns to anthropologies focused on the nature of activity as such, with special attention to the Greek tradition. This section discusses the role of the body, rest, and creativity in deification. Finally, the chapter considers anthropologies that focus on substantiality or personhood as such, and contends that only such an anthropology adequately accounts for the possibility of deification. This section discusses the role of relationality and communal nature in deification, as well as surveying (and arguing against) views on which humans have the same nature or personhood as God.
Left ventricular ejection fraction: time to revise the metric?
Authors: Ray Avik , Zlotoff Dan , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we highlight the prevalent misconception among patients regarding the normal value of left ventricular ejection fraction in cardiac function assessment. This misconception arises from the proportion dominance effect, wherein individuals tend to judge based on proportions rather than absolute values. We explain how this misunderstanding impacts patient demoralization and medical adherence, leading to worse clinical outcomes. To address this, the concept of “Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction - Proportion of Normal” is introduced, which adjusts left ventricular ejection fraction to a patient-specific normal range. This patient-centric approach aims to enhance comprehension, engagement, and adherence by conveying accurate information through the lens of proportions, thereby potentially improving clinical outcomes.
Quadriceps recovery and pain relief in knee osteoarthritis rats by cog polydioxanone filament insertion
Authors: Cha Myeounghoon , Bak Heyji , Bai Sun Joon , Lee Bae Hwan , Jang Jun Ho
Published: June 2024

Quadriceps muscles play a pivotal role in knee osteoarthritis (OA) progression and symptom manifestation, particularly pain. This research investigates the therapeutic effectiveness of muscle enhancement and support therapy (MEST), a recently developed device intended for intramuscular insertion of cog polydioxanone filaments, in quadriceps restoration to alleviate OA pain. Knee OA was induced in Sprague Dawley rats via monoiodoacetate injections. MEST or sham treatment was performed in OA or Naive rat quadriceps. Pain was assessed using paw withdrawal threshold and weight bearing. Quadriceps injury and recovery via MEST were evaluated using biomarkers, tissue morphology, muscle mass, contractile force and hindlimb torque. Satellite cell and macrophage activation, along with their activators, were also assessed. Data were compared at 1- and 3-weeks post-MEST treatment (M-W1 and M-W3). MEST treatment in OA rats caused muscle injury, indicated by elevated serum aspartate transferase and creatinine kinase levels, and local β-actin changes at M-W1. This injury triggered pro-inflammatory macrophage and satellite cell activation, accompanied by heightened interleukin-6 and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels. However, by M-W3, these processes gradually shifted toward inflammation resolution and muscle restoration. This was seen in anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotypes, sustained satellite cell activation and injury markers regressing to baseline. Quadriceps recovery in mass and strength from atrophy correlated with substantial OA pain reduction at M-W3. This study suggests that MEST-induced minor muscle injury triggers macrophage and satellite cell activation, leading to recovery of atrophied quadriceps and pain relief in OA rats.
Voluntarism as Resistance to State Control: A Case Study of the Kingston Victoria Hospital and the Fledgling NHS
Authors: Haydon Steph
Published: June 2024

With the launching of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948, this taxpayer-funded, centralised, universal service seemingly negated the need for new voluntary hospitals to be established in Britain. Within 3 years, however, the former doctors of the Kingston and Malden Victoria Hospital (KMVH) announced a new voluntary hospital (the New Victoria) after the KMVH was closed for repurposing in the NHS. Examining this case reveals stakeholder perceptions of the early NHS, including debates over general practitioner (GP) independence, local democracy and state control which predated and permeated the founding of the Service. I argue the New Victoria was founded as a response to and revolt against centralised bureaucracy and an attempt to restore a sense of GP independence and patient control in the local hospital service. Voluntarism, in the form of a voluntary hospital, was the medium through which these debates took place.
The Power of Music and Inclusivity at the Bedside
Authors: Conyers Yvette , Zargar Hoora
Published: June 2024

Using person-centered care in music therapy interventions
Removing Persistent Barriers to Systematic Searching
Authors: Fineout-Overholt Ellen , Hays Deana , Farus-Brown Susan , Zonsius Mary C. , Milner Kerry A.
Published: June 2024

This is the third article in a new series designed to provide readers with insight into educating nurses about evidence-based decision-making (EBDM). It builds on AJN's award-winning previous series—Evidence-Based Practice, Step by Step and EBP 2.0: Implementing and Sustaining Change (to access both series, go to http://links.lww.com/AJN/A133). This follow-up series on EBDM will address how to teach and facilitate learning about the evidence-based practice (EBP) and quality improvement (QI) processes and how they impact health care quality. This series is relevant for all nurses interested in EBP and QI, especially DNP faculty and students. The brief case scenario included in each article describes one DNP student's journey. To access previous articles in this EBDM series, go to http://links.lww.com/AJN/A256.
Reliability of Radiologic Classifications of Sequelae of Septic Arthritis of the Hip in Children
Authors: Kumar Singh Amerendra , Gupta Parmanand , Kamath Siddarth , Moturu Devendra , Reddy Jonathan , Moka Siddardha , Jethwa Ravi , Shail Sumukh , Ganjwala Dhiren , Shah Hitesh
Published: June 2024

Objective:

To the best of our knowledge, there is no study comparing the inter and intraobserver reliability of current classifications for postseptic hip sequelae in children. The current study aims to assess the interobserver and intraobserver reliability of four current classifications and identify hips that could not be classified in each classification system.

Methods:

The hip radiographs of 148 consecutive children with sequelae of sepsis of the hip from 2 centers were assessed after a minimum of 2 years of follow-up after sepsis. All hips (affected and normal sides) were classified according to the 4 original descriptions of the authors of the respective classifications. If a hip did not fall into any subtype of the classification, the rater was asked to mark it as nonclassifiable and state the reason for being unable to classify the hip in the respective classification. The intraclass correlation coefficient was computed to assess the reproducibility of each classification.

Results:

Interrater reliability and intrarater reliability were moderate (0.57 to 0.72) while including all hips. The reliability was poor (0.35 to 0.49) in all 4 classifications, with an evaluation of only affected 180 hips. A few sequelae of infection, including caput valgus (n = 7), acetabular dysplasia (4), joint space narrowing (2), and bony ankylosis (1), were not included in any of the 4 current existing classification systems.

Conclusion:

The reliability of all current classifications of sequelae of septic arthritis of the hip is moderate. A proportion of sequelae do not find a place in all current classifications.

Level of Evidence:

Level III.
Ivosidenib in Chinese patients with relapsed or refractory isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutated acute myeloid leukemia: a registry study
Authors: Sun Mingyuan , Yin Qingsong , Liang Yang , Chang Chunkang , Zheng Jing , Li Jian , Ji Chunyan , Qiu Huiying , Li Junmin , Gong Yuping , Luo Sheng , Zhang Yan , Chen Rumei , Shen Zhenwei , Yue Zenglian , Wang Siyuan , Shi Qingmei , Yang Jason , Jin Jie , Wang Jianxiang
Published: June 2024

Ivosidenib, an isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) inhibitor, has demonstrated clinical benefits in a pivotal study (AG120-C-001) in patients with IDH1-mutated (mIDH1) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A registry study (CS3010-101: NCT04176393) was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics, safety, and efficacy of ivosidenib in Chinese patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) mIDH1 AML. Patients received ivosidenib 500 mg once daily for 28-day cycles until disease progression. Ten subjects underwent intensive PK/progressive disease (PD) assessments. All subjects had the clinical response assessed at screening, every 28 days through month 12, and then every 56 days. Between November 12, 2019, and April 2, 2021, 30 patients were enrolled; 26 (86.7%) had de novo AML and 18 (60.0%) were transfusion-dependent at baseline. Following single and repeated doses of ivosidenib, median time to maximum plasma concentration (T
max) was 4.0 and 2.0 hours, respectively. The inter-individual variability of pharmacokinetic exposure was moderate to high (coefficient of variation [CV], 25%–53%). No obvious accumulation was observed after repeated doses at cycle 2 day 1. Regarding the clinical response, the CR + CRh rate was 36.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.9%–56.1%), the median duration of CR + CRh was 19.7 months (95% CI: 2.9 months–not reached [NR]), and median duration of response (DoR) was 14.3 months (95% CI: 6.4 months–NR). Consistent clinical benefits and safety of ivosidenib were consistently observed at the final data cutoff with median follow-up time 26.0 months, as compared with primary data cutoff, and the data from Chinese R/R mIDH1 AML patients were also consistent with results from pivotal study.
A novel tramadol–polycaprolactone implant could palliate heroin conditioned place preference and withdrawal in rats: behavioral and neurochemical study
Authors: Elshebiney Shaimaa A. , Elgohary Rania A. , El-Shamarka Marwa E. , Mabrouk Mostafa , Beheri Hanan H.
Published: June 2024

Drug dependence is a chronic brain disease characterized by craving and recurrent episodes of relapse. Tramadol HCl is a promising agent for withdrawal symptoms management, considering its relatively low abuse potential and safety. Oral administration, however, is not preferred in abstinence maintenance programs. Introducing an implantable, long-lasting formula is suggested to help outpatient abstinence programs achieve higher rates of treatment continuation. Tramadol implants (T350 and T650) were prepared on polycaprolactone polymer ribbons by the wet method. Male Wistar rats were adapted to heroin-conditioned place preference (CPP) at escalating doses (3–30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, for 14 days). Implants were surgically implanted in the back skin of rats. After 14 days, the CPP score was recorded. Naloxone (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was used to induce withdrawal on day 15, and symptoms were scored. Elevated plus maze and open field tests were performed for anxiety-related symptoms. Striata were analyzed for neurochemical changes reflected in dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and serotonin levels. Brain oxidative changes including glutathione and lipid peroxides were assessed. The tramadol implants (T350 and T650) reduced heroin CPP and limited naloxone-induced withdrawal symptoms. The striata showed increased levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, and serotonin and decreased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid and dopamine after heroin withdrawal induction, which were reversed after implanting T350 and T650. Implants restore the brain oxidative state. Nonsignificant low naloxone-induced withdrawal score after the implant was used in naive subjects indicating low abuse potential of the implants. The presented tramadol implants were effective at diminishing heroin CPP and withdrawal in rats, suggesting further investigations for application in the management of opioid withdrawal.
Genetic predisposition to porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder
Authors: Ciriaci Nadia , Bertin Lise , Rautou Pierre-Emmanuel
Published: June 2024

Porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder (PSVD) is a rare liver disease. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of PSVD are unknown. Isolated cases of PSVD associated with gene mutations have been reported, but no overview is available. Therefore, we performed an extensive literature search to provide a comprehensive overview of gene mutations associated with PSVD. We identified 34 genes and 1 chromosomal abnormality associated with PSVD in the literature, and we describe here 1 additional gene mutation (TBL1XR1mutation, leading to Pierpont syndrome). These gene mutations are associated either with extrahepatic organ involvement as part of syndromes (Adams-Oliver, telomere biology disorders, retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations, immune deficiencies, cystic fibrosis, cystinosis, Williams-Beuren, Turner, Pierpont) or with isolated PSVD (KCNN3,DGUOK,FOPV,GIMAP5,FCHSD1,TRMT5,HRGgene mutations). Most of the cases were revealed by signs or complications of portal hypertension. When analyzing the cell types in which these genes are expressed, we found that these genes are predominantly expressed in immune cells, suggesting that these cells may play a more important role in the development of PSVD than previously thought. In addition, pathway analyses suggested that there may be 2 types of PSVD associated with gene mutations: those resulting directly from morphogenetic abnormalities and those secondary to immune changes.
MANAGEMENT OF LARGE FULL-THICKNESS MACULAR HOLES
Authors: Richards Kaitlyn , Kadakia Ankit , Wykoff Charles C. , Major James C. , Wong Tien P. , Chen Eric , Schefler Amy C. , Patel Sagar B. , Kim Rosa Y. , Henry Christopher R. , Fish Richard H. , Brown David M. , Benz Matthew S. , Pearce William , Shah Ankoor R.
Published: June 2024

Background/Purpose:

To determine and compare the efficacy of a surgical internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique with the traditional ILM peel on long-term visual and anatomical outcomes for large (>400 µm) full-thickness macular holes.

Methods:

From October 2016 to July 2022, patients undergoing initial full-thickness macular hole repair with the ILM flap or ILM peel technique were reviewed. Final outcomes were recorded and based on size in microns: 401 to 800, 801 to 1,200, and >1,200.

Results:

Patients treated with ILM flap (n = 52, 94.2% closure rate) or ILM peel (n = 407, 93.6% closure rate) were followed with a mean follow-up time of 15.0 ± 10.2 and 20.0 ± 13.4 months, respectively. Success rates for ILM flaps and ILM peels were compared for full-thickness macular holes of 401 to 800 (100%, 95.8%, P = 0.39), 801 to 1,200 (95%, 93%, P = 0.74), and >1,200 (86.7%, 86.7%, P = 1.0) µm. Mean best-recorded logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution visual acuity for ILM flaps and ILM peels, respectively, was 1.02 ± 0.46 and 0.87 ± 0.47 preoperatively, with follow-up acuity of 0.48 ± 0.32 (P < 0.03) and 0.39 ± 0.42 (P < 0.01) at Year 3.

Conclusion:

Both techniques provide a similar anatomical closure rate and functional improvement in vision. Comparisons should be cautiously made based on difference in preoperative hole size.