bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-temperature magnetic behavior of soft/soft and soft/hard Fe and Co-based biphase microwires
Authors: El Kammouni R. , Iglesias I. , Chichay K. , Svec P. , Rodionova V. , Vazquez M.
Published: September 2014

The magnetic behavior of biphase magnetic microwires has been investigated in the high-temperature range from 295 to 1200 K. Bimagnetic microwires consist of a magnetically soft amorphous core (i.e., positive, FeSiB, and negative, CoFeSiB, magnetostriction alloy) and external polycrystalline shell with soft (FeNi, Permalloy) and medium-hard (CoNi) magnetic character. The magnetic phase transitions (ferro to paramagnetic) of individual phases are first detected through the temperature dependence of magnetization where structural changes in the amorphous alloy cores are also identified. Moreover, the values of coercive field of individual and bimagnetic phase systems are analyzed in view of these magnetic and structural transitions. The study is relevant for technological applications of bimagnetic microwires in the temperature regime above room temperature.
Spectral tunability of realistic plasmonic nanoantennas
Authors: Portela Alejandro , Yano Takaaki , Santschi Christian , Matsui Hiroaki , Hayashi Tomohiro , Hara Masahiko , Martin Olivier J. F. , Tabata Hitoshi
Published: September 2014

Single nanoantenna spectroscopy was carried out on realistic dipole nanoantennas with various arm lengths and gap sizes fabricated by electron-beam lithography. A significant difference in resonance wavelength between realistic and ideal nanoantennas was found by comparing their spectral response. Consequently, the spectral tunability (96 nm) of the structures was significantly lower than that of simulated ideal nanoantennas. These observations, attributed to the nanofabrication process, are related to imperfections in the geometry, added metal adhesion layer, and shape modifications, which are analyzed in this work. Our results provide important information for the design of dipole nanoantennas clarifying the role of the structural modifications on the resonance spectra, as supported by calculations.
Enhancement of dielectric constant in transition metal doped ZnO nanocrystals
Authors: Singh Swati , Dey P. , Roy J. N. , Mandal S. K.
Published: September 2014

We have presented dielectric studies on Zn1−xCoxO, Zn1−xFexO, and Zn1−xFex/2Cox/2O (x = doping level) semiconducting nanoparticles (∼2–40 nm). For all those samples, dielectric constant (є) is found to exhibit a maximum with x. Enhancement of є is found to be ∼250 times for Zn0.85Co0.15O and ∼400 times for Zn0.8Fe0.1Co0.1O from that of ZnO. Presence of effective higher oxidation state of transition metals ions in ZnO due to Fe/Co doping resulting in space charge polarization possibly yields this effect. The simultaneous existence of high є, semiconducting, and ferromagnetic like behaviour at 300 K seems to propose Zn0.8Fe0.1Co0.1O, promising for technological application.
Real-time measurement of thrombin generation using continuous droplet microfluidics
Authors: Yu Jiaqing , Tao Ding , Ng Ee Xing , Drum Chester L. , Liu Ai Qun , Chen Chia-Hung
Published: September 2014

Thrombin, which has the leading role in the blood coagulation cascade, is an important biomarker in hemostasis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. In this study, a measurement system capable of continuously monitoring individual thrombin generation using droplet microfluidic technology is manipulated. The thrombin generation assay based on fluogenic substrate is performed within the droplets and the thrombin generation curve of plasma sample activated by tissue factor is measured in real-time to reflect the sample conditions dynamically. The injection of the inhibitor of thrombin generation is developed to assay the inhibited curve which relates to thrombin self-inhibition in biological systems. This microfluidic system is integrated with the microdialysis probe, which is useful to connect to the living animals for future in vivo real time thrombin measurements for rapid CVD diagnosis.
Communication: Molecular simulation study of kaolinite intercalation with realistic layer size
Authors: Ható Zoltán , Rutkai Gábor , Vrabec Jadran , Kristóf Tamás
Published: September 2014

Intercalation phenomena of kaolinite in aqueous potassium acetate and in hexyl-amine solutions are studied by large scale molecular dynamics simulations. The simulated kaolinite particle is constructed from ∼6.5 × 106 atoms, producing a particle size of ∼100 nm × 100 nm × 10 nm. The simulation with potassium acetate results in a stable kaolinite-potassium acetate complex, with a basal spacing that is in close agreement with experimental data. The simulation with hexyl-amine shows signs of the experimentally observed delamination of kaolinite (the initial phase of the formation of nanoscrolls from the external layers).
Interfacial electronic structure-modulated magnetic anisotropy in Ta/CoFeB/MgO/Ta multilayers
Authors: Chen Xi , Wang Kai You , Wu Zheng Long , Jiang Shao Long , Yang Guang , Liu Yang , Teng Jiao , Yu Guang Hua
Published: September 2014

We have observed several unexpected phenomena when a trace amount of Fe atoms is deposited onto the CoFeB/MgO interface in Ta/CoFeB/MgO/Ta multilayers. With the nominal thickness of the introduced Fe atoms (tFe) varying from 0 to 0.1 Å, the effective magnetic anisotropy energy (Keff) of annealed multilayers is remarkably enhanced from 1.28 × 106 erg/cm3 to 2.14 × 106 erg/cm3. As tFe further increasing, the Keff decreases and even becomes negative when tFe > 1 Å, indicating the change from perpendicular magnetic anisotropy to in-plane magnetic anisotropy. The analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectrometer reveals that the Fe atoms at annealed CoFeB/MgO interface show different electronic structures as tFe increasing, which combine with O atoms to form FeOx (x < 1), Fe2O3, and Fe3O4, respectively, leading to modulation of Fe 3d-O 2p orbital hybridization and thus the Keff. On the other hand, we find that the introduction of Fe atoms also helps to reduce the multilayers' magnetic damping.
On the correlation of the Auger generated hot electron emission and efficiency droop in III-N light-emitting diodes
Authors: Sadi Toufik , Kivisaari Pyry , Oksanen Jani , Tulkki Jukka
Published: September 2014

Recent experiments presented in by Iveland et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 177406 (2013)] demonstrated that hot electron emission from cesiated p-contacts of III-nitride quantum-well (QW) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) coincides with the onset of the efficiency droop. We have carried out Monte Carlo simulations of hot-electron transport in realistic III-N LEDs. The simulations account for the hole population and all relevant electron scattering and recombination processes. We show that Auger recombination generates a significant hot electron population, which is temporarily trapped in the conduction band side-valleys, without decaying completely before reaching the p-contact. The leakage current due to electron overflow and thermal escape from the QWs is shown to have a minimal impact on the droop. We conclude that the experimentally observed hot electrons are created by Auger recombination in QWs, and that the Auger effect as the origin of the droop is the only consistent explanation for the experimental findings of Iveland et al., [Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 177406 (2013)].
Improved technique for capturing the greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis) using burrow cage traps
Authors: McGregor H. M. , Moseby K. E.
Published: September 2014

The greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis) is generally trap shy and uninterested in baits, therefore difficult to capture. In order to capture an entire population of bilbies in the Arid Recovery Reserve of central South Australia, we developed an improved method of using burrow cage traps. Traps were set to engulf the entrance of the burrow and the base was camouflaged with sand. We obtained a very high capture rate (6% overall, and 73% for confirmed burrows). Assuming that occupied burrows can be detected, this method should improve capture rates for this endangered and cryptic species.
Tolerance to ion toxicities enhances wheat grain yield in acid soils prone to drought and transient waterlogging
Authors: Khabaz-Saberi Hossein , Barker Susan J. , Rengel Zed
Published: September 2014

The ion toxicities of aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) induced in transiently waterlogged acid soils decrease root and shoot growth and grain yield more in intolerant than tolerant wheat genotypes. Whether these tolerances might also enhance grain yield in moisture-limited acid soils is not known. Wheat genotypes contrasting in ion toxicity tolerances (differing 6-fold for Al, 14-fold for Mn and 2.7-fold for Fe tolerance, quantified via relative root length (Al) or relative root dry weight (Mn and Fe)), but otherwise having a similar yield potential and maturity, were evaluated in plots with and without lime in multi-location field experiments (including two dry and one non-moisture-limiting site) in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Liming reduced surface soil acidity, and increased grain yield more in ion-toxicity tolerant than intolerant genotypes. The combined adverse effect of soil acidity and drought reduced relative grain yield less in Al- and Mn-tolerant genotypes (68%, 2347 kg ha–1) than intolerant genotypes (76%, 2861 kg ha–1) in drought-stressed environments. It appears that a deep root system to allow uptake of water from deep horizons in acidic soils with a dry surface layer is contingent on tolerance to multiple ion toxicities.
High night temperature induces contrasting responses for spikelet fertility, spikelet tissue temperature, flowering characteristics and grain quality in rice
Authors: Coast Onoriode , Ellis Richard H. , Murdoch Alistair J. , Quiñones Cherryl , Jagadish Krishna S. V.
Published: September 2014

Climate change is increasing night temperature (NT) more than day temperature (DT) in rice-growing areas. Effects of combinations of NT (24−35°C) from microsporogenesis to anthesis at one or more DT (30 or 35°C) at anthesis on rice spikelet fertility, temperature within spikelets, flowering pattern, grain weight per panicle, amylose content and gel consistency were investigated in contrasting rice cultivars under controlled environments. Cultivars differed in spikelet fertility response to high NT, with higher fertility associated with cooler spikelets (P < 0.01). Flowering dynamics were altered by high NT and a novel high temperature tolerance complementary mechanism, shorter flower open duration in cv. N22, was identified. High NT reduced spikelet fertility, grain weight per panicle, amylose content and gel consistency, whereas high DT reduced only gel consistency. Night temperature >27°C was estimated to reduce grain weight. Generally, high NT was more damaging to grain weight and selected grain quality traits than high DT, with little or no interaction between them. The critical tolerance and escape traits identified, i.e. spikelet cooling, relatively high spikelet fertility, earlier start and peak time of anthesis and shorter spikelet anthesis duration can aid plant breeding programs targeting resilience in warmer climates.
Higher flower and seed number leads to higher yield under water stress conditions imposed during reproduction in chickpea
Authors: Pushpavalli Raju , Zaman-Allah Mainassara , Turner Neil C. , Baddam Rekha , Rao Mandali V. , Vadez Vincent
Published: September 2014

The reproductive phase of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is more sensitive to water deficits than the vegetative phase. The characteristics that confer drought tolerance to genotypes at the reproductive stage are not well understood; especially which characteristics are responsible for differences in seed yield under water stress. In two consecutive years, 10 genotypes with contrasting yields under terminal drought stress in the field were exposed to a gradual, but similar, water stress in the glasshouse. Flower number, flower + pod + seed abortion percentage, pod number, pod weight, seed number, seed yield, 100-seed weight (seed size), stem + leaf weight and harvest index (HI) were recorded in well watered plants (WW) and in water-stressed plants (WS) when the level of deficit was mild (phase I), and when the stress was severe (phase II). The WS treatment reduced seed yield, seed and pod number, but not flower + pod + seed abortion percentage or 100-seed weight. Although there were significant differences in total seed yield among the genotypes, the ranking of the seed yield in the glasshouse differed from the ranking in the field, indicating large genotype × environment interaction. Genetic variation for seed yield and seed yield components was observed in the WW treatment, which also showed differences across years, as well as in the WS treatment in both the years, so that the relative seed yield and relative yield components (ratio of values under WS to those under WW) were used as measures of drought tolerance. Relative total seed yield was positively associated with relative total flower number (R2 = 0.23 in year 2) and relative total seed number (R2 = 0.83, R2 = 0.79 in years 1 and 2 respectively). In phase I (mild stress), relative yield of seed produced in that phase was found to be associated with the flower number in both the years (R2 = 0.69, R2 = 0.76 respectively). Therefore, the controlled drought imposition that was used, where daily water loss from the soil was made equal for all plants, revealed genotypic differences in the sensitivity of the reproductive process to drought. Under these conditions, the seed yield differences in chickpea were largely related to the capacity to produce a large number of flowers and to set seeds, especially in the early phase of drought stress when the degree of water deficit was mild.
Comparing health survey data from Internet- and paper-based convenience samples of lesbian women in Germany
Authors: Hirsch Oliver , Löltgen Karina , Becker Annette
Published: September 2014

Background
Members of populations that are measured online should be compared with paper-based samples in order to determine whether data from these different sources can be merged or must be analysed separately due to substantial differences. Methods: A sample of lesbian women recruited via the Internet were compared with a paper-based sample. Both groups used a questionnaire consisting of demographic variables, questions regarding dealing with homosexuality, psychological burden, access to care, and discrimination experience within the German healthcare system. Results: Only small differences emerged in dealing with homosexuality between both groups. Moderately more women in the Internet-based sample suffered from nervous tension and the impression of being out of balance. Moderately more women in the paper-based sample stated that their main contact person regarding health matters was informed about their sexual orientation. Most differences had small effect sizes. No substantial differences occurred between the two groups in the area of discrimination experience. No large differences in socioeconomic data, psychological burden, healthcare utilisation, or dealing with or experiences with homosexuality were found. Conclusions: Health survey data derived from Internet- and paper-based samples of lesbian women in Germany are not too dissimilar. Further research in additional contexts is needed to decide whether they can be merged for further analyses.
A synthesis of post-fire Burned Area Reports from 1972 to 2009 for western US Forest Service lands: trends in wildfire characteristics and post-fire stabilisation treatments and expenditures
Authors: Robichaud Peter R. , Rhee Hakjun , Lewis Sarah A.
Published: September 2014

Over 1200 post-fire assessment and treatment implementation reports from four decades (1970s–2000s) of western US forest fires have been examined to identify decadal patterns in fire characteristics and the justifications and expenditures for the post-fire treatments. The main trends found were: (1) the area burned by wildfire increased over time and the rate of increase accelerated after 1990; (2) the proportions of burned area assessed as low, moderate and high burn severity likely have remained fairly constant over time, but the use of satellite imagery that began c. 2000 increased the resolution of burn severity assessments leading to an apparent decreased proportion of high burn severity during the 2000s; (3) treatment justifications reflected regional concerns (e.g. soil productivity in areas of timber harvest) and generally reflected increased human encroachment in the wildland–urban interface; (4) modifications to roads were the most frequently recommended post-fire treatment type; (5) seeding was the most frequently used land treatment, but declined in use over time; (6) use of post-fire agricultural straw mulch has steadily increased because of proven success; and (7) the greatest post-fire expenditures have been for land treatments applied over large areas to protect important resources (e.g. municipal water sources).
Use by small mammals of a chronosequence of tropical rainforest revegetation
Authors: Whitehead Tegan , Goosem Miriam , Preece Noel D.
Published: September 2014

Context
The conversion of tropical rainforest to grazing pasture results in a drastic change in small-mammal community composition. Restoring the landscape through ecological revegetation is thus an increasingly important management technique to conserve rainforest mammals.

Aims
This study aimed to determine the habitat ages at which species of small mammals recolonised revegetated habitats on the southern Atherton Tablelands, north-eastern Queensland, Australia. We focussed on changes in rainforest mammal abundance and diversity with increasing habitat age.

Methods
Small-mammal trapping and mark–recapture techniques investigated mammal diversity, abundance and community composition within remnant rainforest, three age classes of ecological revegetation and abandoned grazing pasture.

Key results
Small-mammal community composition differed between remnant rainforest and abandoned grazing pasture. The pasture and 3-year old revegetated sites were similar in composition, both lacking rainforest small mammals. Six- and 7-year old revegetation plantings provided suboptimal habitat for both rainforest and grassland mammals, whereas 16- and 22-year old revegetated habitats were dominated by rainforest species, with some individuals being frequently recaptured.

Conclusions
As revegetated habitats aged, the small-mammal community composition transitioned from a grassland-like composition to a community dominated by rainforest species.

Implications
Although rainforest small mammals were very occasionally captured within the 6- and 7-year old habitats, revegetated plantings were not dominated by rainforest species until the habitat was 16 years old. This highlights the importance of commencing revegetation as early as possible to minimise future population declines and maximise the conservation of rainforest mammals.
Direct regulation of GAS6/AXL signaling by HIF promotes renal metastasis through SRC and MET
Authors: Rankin Erinn B. , Fuh Katherine C. , Castellini Laura , Viswanathan Kartik , Finger Elizabeth C. , Diep Anh N. , LaGory Edward L. , Kariolis Mihalis S. , Chan Andy , Lindgren David , Axelson Håkan , Miao Yu R. , Krieg Adam J. , Giaccia Amato J.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Here we report a fundamental and previously unknown role for the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL as a direct hypoxia-inducible transcription factor target driving the aggressive phenotype in renal clear cell carcinoma through the regulation of the SRC proto-oncogene nonreceptor tyrosine kinase and the MET proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase. Of therapeutic relevance, we demonstrate that inactivation of growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6)/AXL signaling using a soluble AXL decoy receptor reversed the invasive and metastatic phenotype of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cells. Furthermore, we define a pathway by which GAS6/AXL signaling utilizes lateral activation of MET through SRC to maximize cellular invasion. Our data provide an alternative model for SRC and MET activation by GAS6 in ccRCC and identify AXL as a therapeutic target driving the aggressive phenotype in renal clear cell carcinoma.
Two apextrin-like proteins mediate extracellular and intracellular bacterial recognition in amphioxus
Authors: Huang Guangrui , Huang Shengfeng , Yan Xinyu , Yang Ping , Li Jun , Xu Weiya , Zhang Lingling , Wang Ruihua , Yu Yingcai , Yuan Shaochun , Chen Shangwu , Luo Guangbin , Xu Anlong
Published: September 2014

Significance

Microbial specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) constitute a key feature by which a host organism detects the presence of microbes and mounts specific immune responses. Here, we report the discovery of two proteins (bjALP1 and 2) that interact with muramyl dipeptide, a pan-bacterial specific PAMP via a novel pattern recognition domain ApeC. Our studies have revealed that bjALP1 is a secreted immune effector, whereas bjALP2 functions as an intracellular pattern recognition receptor (PRR), both having an important role in protecting the host from microbial pathogens. Specifically, bjAPL1 functions in the extracellular space to reduce the harmful effect of pathogenic microbes, whereas bjALP2 functions as a PRR that serves as a sentinel for intracellular bacterial invasion.
Voltage-sensitive dye imaging of transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced intracortical dynamics
Authors: Kozyrev Vladislav , Eysel Ulf T. , Jancke Dirk
Published: September 2014

Significance

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is significant for medical diagnostics, therapeutic treatment, and basic brain research. However, highly resolved observations of its immediate effects remained obscured because existing techniques are limited in spatial or temporal resolutions and are severely disturbed by the high magnetic fields. Here, we avoid these limitations, using optical imaging with voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) in the cat animal model. VSD transforms changes in neuronal membrane voltage into optical signals, providing microsecond resolution and evading contamination by electromagnetic artifacts. We visualize TMS-induced cortical dynamics and characterize effects on visual processing over scales of milliseconds, minutes, and hours. Combined TMS and VSD imaging offers a powerful approach to study targeted modifications in cortical function during TMS-based plasticity and learning protocols.
Impaired hydrogen sulfide synthesis and IL-10 signaling underlie hyperhomocysteinemia-associated exacerbation of colitis
Authors: Flannigan Kyle L. , Agbor Terence A. , Blackler Rory W. , Kim Janice J. , Khan Waliul I. , Verdu Elena F. , Ferraz Jose G. P. , Wallace John L.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are debilitating conditions with no known cure. Recent evidence suggests that elevated intestinal hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S) synthesis promotes healing and reduces inflammation. H
2
S is synthesized from cysteine largely via vitamin B
6
-dependent enzymes. People with IBD are also at increased risk of hyperhomocysteinemia, a condition that is often caused by vitamin B deficiency. Dietary induction of vitamin B deficiency markedly increased serum homocysteine levels and worsened colitis in rodents. The latter was due to the absence of the typical injury-induced elevation of H
2
S synthesis. Interleukin-10 plays a key role in increasing H
2
S synthesis, attenuating the severity of colitis, and reducing serum homocysteine levels. The H
2
S–interleukin 10 axis may be a viable target for therapy of IBD.
Remodeling of a delivery complex allows ClpS-mediated degradation of N-degron substrates
Authors: Rivera-Rivera Izarys , Román-Hernández Giselle , Sauer Robert T. , Baker Tania A.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Adaptor proteins often regulate substrate selection by AAA+ enzymes, but the molecular mechanisms of adaptor-mediated substrate delivery are poorly understood. We find that an unstructured N-terminal extension (NTE) of ClpS, the adaptor that delivers N-degron substrates to the ClpAP protease, enters the ClpA translocation pore during substrate delivery and must be actively engaged for delivery to occur. ClpA engagement of the ClpS NTE promotes delivery of substrate bound to the same adaptor molecule. These results support a model in which ClpA remodels ClpS by translocating its NTE, triggering delivery of the N-degron substrate. Active remodeling of components in delivery complexes by AAA+ unfoldases and proteases is likely a widespread mechanism.
Avestanxratu-
Authors: Ahmadi Amir
Published: September 2014

The specific sense that the wordxratu-possesses in the Gāthās has not received the attention it deserves. As this article will show, this specific sense points to the eschatological foundation of Zoroastrianism. Eschatological concerns did not first develop in the frame of an established “monotheistic” religion; rather, Zoroastrianism arose from those concerns. Thexratu-has a strictly eschatological function in the Gāthās. The noun retains this semantic capacity not only in the Young Avestan but also in the Middle Persian Zoroastrian texts. Iranian languages share the noun with Vedic and (archaic) Greek, where it has the basic meaning of the mental capacity to achieve proposed goals, hence practical intelligence, resourcefulness, or efficacy. If this is in fact the general sense that xratu- has in Iranian, as will be briefly pointed out, the specifically eschatological meaning that it acquires in the Gāthās must indicate the type of religious discourse to which these compositions belong. The noun may, further, have developed its eschatological meaning before the time of the Gāthās and already become a technical term. In this case, it would be legitimate to ask whether there are traces in the Gāthās that point to the institutional background of the term. There do indeed seem to be such traces. The term seems to have been used in the technical sense of the mental power to attain the divine sphere in the daēva cult.
DietaryApostichopus japonicusenhances the respiratory and intestinal mucosal immunity in immunosuppressive mice
Authors: Zheng Rong , Li Xuemin , Cao Binbin , Zuo Tao , Wu Juan , Wang Jingfeng , Xue Changhu , Tang Qingjuan
Published: September 2014

Although Apostichopus japonicus is recognized as a food and drug resource with significant immunomodulatory activity, its role in regulating the mucosal immunity remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects of dietary A. japonicus on mucosal immunity with an immunosuppressive mouse model. The expression of lysozyme, secretory immunoglobulin A(sIgA), and immunoglobulin A(IgA) as well as polymeric immunoglobulin receptor(pIgR) in respiratory and intestine organs was investigated. The results showed that A. japonicus could improve both the systematic and mucosal immunity. The expression of lysozyme, sIgA, and IgA in the respiratory organ was increased more significantly. Consumption of A. japonicus with the dose of 512 mg kg−1, which equals to 1/2 sea cucumber per day for adults, showed better effects. This study elucidated positive effects of A. japonicus on mucosal immunity for the first time, suggesting that moderate consumption of A. japonicus is helpful in improving mucosal immunity and preventing exogenous infection.
Management in the Catholic Church: corporate governance
Authors: Pfang Raymond
Published: September 2014

This paper contributes to the growing debate on corporate governance by exploring this topic within the context of a large religious organization, the Catholic Church, at the diocesan level. Corporate governance is first distilled to identify its key constructs. Relying on source documents
such as the Church’s own Code of Canon Law and the Form for the Quinquennial Report, this paper conceptualizes corporate governance within the Church’s organizational framework, focusing corporate governance specifically at the level of the individual – the diocesan bishop,
rather than at the Supreme Pontiff or his Roman Curia; an ecclesiastical model of corporate governance is thus framed.
Higher order Grünwald approximations of fractional derivatives and fractional powers of operators
Authors: Baeumer Boris , Kovács Mihály , Sankaranarayanan Harish
Published: September 2014

We give stability and consistency results for higher order Grünwald-type formulae used in the approximation of solutions to fractional-in-space partial differential equations. We use a new Carlson-type inequality for periodic Fourier multipliers to gain regularity and stability results. We then generalise the theory to the case where the first derivative operator is replaced by the generator of a bounded group on an arbitrary Banach space.
On the tangential holomorphic vector fields vanishing at an infinite type point
Authors: Kim Kang-Tae , Thu Ninh
Published: September 2014

Let

(
M
,
p
)

(M,p)

be a

C

∞

\mathcal C^\infty

smooth non-Leviflat CR hypersurface germ in

C

2

\mathbb C^2

where

p
p

is of infinite type. The purpose of this article is to investigate the holomorphic vector fields tangent to

(
M
,
p
)

(M,p)

vanishing at

p
p

.
Complex Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates with small imaginary parts
Authors: Šarić Dragomir
Published: September 2014

Kahn and Markovic (2012) proved that the fundamental group of each closed hyperbolic three manifold contains a closed surface subgroup. One of the main ingredients in their proof is a theorem which states that an assignment of nearly real, complex Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates to the cuffs of a pants decomposition of a closed surface

S
S

induces a quasi-Fuchsian representation of the fundamental group of

S
S

. We give a new proof of this theorem with slightly stronger conditions on the Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates and explain how to use the exponential mixing of the geodesic flow on a closed hyperbolic three manifold to prove that our theorem is sufficient for the applications in the work of Kahn and Markovic.
A cocycle model for topological and Lie group cohomology
Authors: Wagemann Friedrich , Wockel Christoph
Published: September 2014

We propose a unified framework in which the different constructions of cohomology groups for topological and Lie groups can all be treated on an equal footing. In particular, we show that the cohomology of “locally continuous” cochains (respectively “locally smooth” in the case of Lie groups) fits into this framework, which provides an easily accessible cocycle model for topological and Lie group cohomology. We illustrate the use of this unified framework and the relation between the different models in various applications. This includes the construction of cohomology classes characterizing the string group and a direct connection to Lie algebra cohomology.
Universal geometric cluster algebras from surfaces
Authors: Reading Nathan
Published: September 2014

A universal geometric cluster algebra over an exchange matrix

B
B

is a universal object in the category of geometric cluster algebras over

B
B

related by coefficient specializations. (Following an earlier paper on universal geometric cluster algebras, we broaden the definition of geometric cluster algebras relative to the definition originally given by Fomin and Zelevinsky.) The universal objects are closely related to a fan

F

B

\mathcal {F}_B

called the mutation fan for 

B
B

. In this paper, we consider universal geometric cluster algebras and mutation fans for cluster algebras arising from marked surfaces. We identify two crucial properties of marked surfaces: The Curve Separation Property and the Null Tangle Property. The latter property implies the former. We prove the Curve Separation Property for all marked surfaces except once-punctured surfaces without boundary components, and as a result we obtain a construction of the rational part of

F

B

\mathcal {F}_B

for these surfaces. We prove the Null Tangle Property for a smaller family of surfaces and use it to construct universal geometric coefficients for these surfaces.
Non-formal co-symplectic manifolds
Authors: Bazzoni Giovanni , Fernández Marisa , Muñoz Vicente
Published: September 2014

We study the formality of the mapping torus of an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism of a manifold. In particular, we give conditions under which a mapping torus has a non-zero Massey product. As an application we prove that there are non-formal compact co-symplectic manifolds of dimensionmmand with first Betti numberbbif and only ifm=3m=3andb≥2b \geq 2, orm≥5m \geq 5andb≥1b \geq 1. Explicit examples for each one of these cases are given.
Hsp27 binding to the 3′UTR ofbimmRNA prevents neuronal death during oxidative stress–induced injury: a novel cytoprotective mechanism
Authors: Dávila David , Jiménez-Mateos Eva M. , Mooney Claire M. , Velasco Guillermo , Henshall David C. , Prehn Jochen H. M.
Published: September 2014

Neurons face a changeable microenvironment and therefore need mechanisms that allow rapid switch on/off of their cytoprotective and apoptosis-inducing signaling pathways. Cellular mechanisms that control apoptosis activation include the regulation of pro/antiapoptotic mRNAs through their 3′-untranslated region (UTR). This region holds binding elements for RNA-binding proteins, which can control mRNA translation. Here we demonstrate that heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) prevents oxidative stress–induced cell death in cerebellar granule neurons by specific regulation of the mRNA for the proapoptotic BH3-only protein, Bim. Hsp27 depletion induced by oxidative stress using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) correlated with bim gene activation and subsequent neuronal death, whereas enhanced Hsp27 expression prevented these. This effect could not be explained by proteasomal degradation of Bim or bim promoter inhibition; however, it was associated with a specific increase in the levels of bim mRNA and with its binding to Hsp27. Finally, we determined that enhanced Hsp27 expression in neurons exposed to H2O2or glutamate prevented the translation of a reporter plasmid where bim-3′UTR mRNA sequence was cloned downstream of a luciferase gene. These results suggest that repression of bim mRNA translation through binding to the 3′UTR constitutes a novel cytoprotective mechanism of Hsp27 during stress in neurons.
Structural basis for activation of trimeric Gi proteins by multiple growth factor receptors via GIV/Girdin
Authors: Lin Changsheng , Ear Jason , Midde Krishna , Lopez-Sanchez Inmaculada , Aznar Nicolas , Garcia-Marcos Mikel , Kufareva Irina , Abagyan Ruben , Ghosh Pradipta
Published: September 2014

A long-standing issue in the field of signal transduction is to understand the cross-talk between receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and heterotrimeric G proteins, two major and distinct signaling hubs that control eukaryotic cell behavior. Although stimulation of many RTKs leads to activation of trimeric G proteins, the molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain elusive. We discovered a unifying mechanism that allows GIV/Girdin, a bona fide metastasis-related protein and a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Gαi, to serve as a direct platform for multiple RTKs to activate Gαi proteins. Using a combination of homology modeling, protein–protein interaction, and kinase assays, we demonstrate that a stretch of ∼110 amino acids within GIV C-terminus displays structural plasticity that allows folding into a SH2-like domain in the presence of phosphotyrosine ligands. Using protein–protein interaction assays, we demonstrated that both SH2 and GEF domains of GIV are required for the formation of a ligand-activated ternary complex between GIV, Gαi, and growth factor receptors and for activation of Gαi after growth factor stimulation. Expression of a SH2-deficient GIV mutant (Arg 1745→Leu) that cannot bind RTKs impaired all previously demonstrated functions of GIV—Akt enhancement, actin remodeling, and cell migration. The mechanistic and structural insights gained here shed light on the long-standing questions surrounding RTK/G protein cross-talk, set a novel paradigm, and characterize a unique pharmacological target for uncoupling GIV-dependent signaling downstream of multiple oncogenic RTKs.
TACC3 is a microtubule plus end–tracking protein that promotes axon elongation and also regulates microtubule plus end dynamics in multiple embryonic cell types
Authors: Nwagbara Belinda U. , Faris Anna E. , Bearce Elizabeth A. , Erdogan Burcu , Ebbert Patrick T. , Evans Matthew F. , Rutherford Erin L. , Enzenbacher Tiffany B. , Lowery Laura Anne
Published: September 2014

Microtubule plus end dynamics are regulated by a conserved family of proteins called plus end–tracking proteins (+TIPs). It is unclear how various +TIPs interact with each other and with plus ends to control microtubule behavior. The centrosome-associated protein TACC3, a member of the transforming acidic coiled-coil (TACC) domain family, has been implicated in regulating several aspects of microtubule dynamics. However, TACC3 has not been shown to function as a +TIP in vertebrates. Here we show that TACC3 promotes axon outgrowth and regulates microtubule dynamics by increasing microtubule plus end velocities in vivo. We also demonstrate that TACC3 acts as a +TIP in multiple embryonic cell types and that this requires the conserved C-terminal TACC domain. Using high-resolution live-imaging data on tagged +TIPs, we show that TACC3 localizes to the extreme microtubule plus end, where it lies distal to the microtubule polymerization marker EB1 and directly overlaps with the microtubule polymerase XMAP215. TACC3 also plays a role in regulating XMAP215 stability and localizing XMAP215 to microtubule plus ends. Taken together, our results implicate TACC3 as a +TIP that functions with XMAP215 to regulate microtubule plus end dynamics.
ER-associated retrograde SNAREs and the Dsl1 complex mediate an alternative, Sey1p-independent homotypic ER fusion pathway
Authors: Rogers Jason V. , McMahon Conor , Baryshnikova Anastasia , Hughson Frederick M. , Rose Mark D.
Published: September 2014

The peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network is dynamically maintained by homotypic (ER–ER) fusion. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the dynamin-like GTPase Sey1p can mediate ER–ER fusion, but sey1Δ cells have no growth defect and only slightly perturbed ER structure. Recent work suggested that ER-localized soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) mediate a Sey1p-independent ER–ER fusion pathway. However, an alternative explanation—that the observed phenotypes arose from perturbed vesicle trafficking—could not be ruled out. In this study, we used candidate and synthetic genetic array (SGA) approaches to more fully characterize SNARE-mediated ER–ER fusion. We found that Dsl1 complex mutations in sey1Δ cells cause strong synthetic growth and ER structure defects and delayed ER–ER fusion in vivo, additionally implicating the Dsl1 complex in SNARE-mediated ER–ER fusion. In contrast, cytosolic coat protein I (COPI) vesicle coat mutations in sey1Δ cells caused no synthetic defects, excluding perturbed retrograde trafficking as a cause for the previously observed synthetic defects. Finally, deleting the reticulons that help maintain ER architecture in cells disrupted for both ER–ER fusion pathways caused almost complete inviability. We conclude that the ER SNAREs and the Dsl1 complex directly mediate Sey1p-independent ER–ER fusion and that, in the absence of both pathways, cell viability depends upon membrane curvature–promoting reticulons.
Multinational Enterprises and the Globalization of Medicine: Siemens and the Business of X-ray Equipment in Non-Western Markets, 1900–1939
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves
Published: September 2014

Whereas the globalization of medicine since the middle of the 19th century has primarily been approached as the sociopolitical and cultural outcome of imperialism, this article argues that Western big business also played a major role through the worldwide export of standardized medical technologies. It focuses on the expansion of Siemens on the X-ray equipment market in non-Western countries during the first half of the twentieth century. This German multinational enterprise experienced slight growth from the mid-1920s onwards but relied mainly on two markets (Argentina and Brazil). It specialized in providing large-scale equipment to a few urban hospitals and engaged during the 1930s in large-scale hospital development together with local authorities and international organizations in various countries (China, Peru, and Central Africa). However, Siemens had great difficulty in expanding its business to include private doctors and inland outlets, where it faced intense competition from other Western X-ray producers. This paper emphasizes that this shortcoming stemmed from a direct application of the European strategy (high-quality, expensive equipment for hospitals) to non-Western markets, where health systems differed.
Analysis of Eight Glycols in Serum Using LC-ESI–MS-MS
Authors: Imbert Laurent , Saussereau Elodie , Lacroix Christian
Published: September 2014

A liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the analysis of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol, in serum after a Schotten–Baumann derivatization by benzoyl chloride. Usual validation parameters were tested: linearity, repeatability and intermediate precision, limits of detection and quantification, carry over and ion suppression. Limits of detection were between 0.18 and 1.1 mg/L, and limits of quantification were between 0.4 and 2.3 mg/L. Separation of isomers was possible either chromatographically or by selecting specific multiple reaction monitoring transitions. This method could be a useful tool in case of suspected intoxication with antifreeze agents, solvents, dietary supplements or some medical drug compounds.
Epidemiology and clinical features of toxigenic culture-confirmed hospital-onset Clostridium difficile infection: a multicentre prospective study in tertiary hospitals of South Korea
Authors: Han Sang Hoon , Kim Heejung , Lee Kyungwon , Jeong Su Jin , Park Ki-Ho , Song Joon Young , Seo Yu Bin , Choi Jun Yong , Woo Jun Hee , Kim Woo Joo , Kim June Myung
Published: September 2014

Hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains, most notably BI/NAP1/027, have been increasingly emerging in Western countries as local epidemics. We performed a prospective multicentre observational study from December 2011 to May 2012 to identify recent incidences of toxigenic culture-confirmed hospital-onset C. difficile infections (CDI) and their associated clinical characteristics in South Korea. Patients suspected of having been suffering from CDI more than 48 h after admission and aged ≥20 years were prospectively enrolled and provided loose stool specimens. Toxigenic C. difficile culture (anaerobic culture+toxin A/B/binary gene PCR) and PCR ribotyping were performed in one central laboratory. We enrolled 98 toxigenic culture-confirmed CDI-infected patients and 250 toxigenic culture-negative participants from three hospitals. The incidence of toxigenic culture-confirmed hospital-onset CDI cases was 2.7 per 10 000 patient-days. The percentage of severe CDI cases was relatively low at only 3.1 %. UK ribotype 018 was the predominant type (48.1 %). There were no hypervirulent BI/NAP1/027 isolates identified. The independent risk factors for toxigenic culture-confirmed hospital-onset CDI were invasive procedure (odds ratio (OR) 7.3, P = 0.003) and past CDI history within 3 months (OR 28.5, P = 0.003). In conclusion, the incidence and severity of CDI in our study were not higher than reported in Western countries.
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Proteus mirabilis isolates from dogs
Authors: Harada Kazuki , Niina Ayaka , Shimizu Takae , Mukai Yujiro , Kuwajima Ken , Miyamoto Tadashi , Kataoka Yasushi
Published: September 2014

Large-scale monitoring of resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents was performed using 103 Proteus mirabilis strains isolated from dogs in Japan. Resistant strains were analysed to identify their resistance mechanisms. Rates of resistance to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, kanamycin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cephalothin, gentamicin, cefoxitin and cefotaxime were 20.4, 15.5, 12.6, 10.7, 9.7, 8.7, 5.8, 2.9, 2.9, 1.9 and 1.9 %, respectively. No resistance to ceftazidime, aztreonam or imipenem was found. Class 1 and 2 integrases were detected in 2.9 and 11.7 % of isolates, respectively. Class 1 integrons contained aadB or aadB–catB-like-blaOXA10
–aadA1, whereas those of class 2 contained sat–aadA1, dhfr1–sat–aadA1 or none of the anticipated resistance genes. Of five distinct plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance (PMQR) genes, only qnrD gene was detected in 1.9 % of isolates. Quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC from 13 enrofloxacin-intermediate and -resistant isolates were sequenced. Seven strains had double mutations and three had single mutations. Three of nine ampicillin-resistant isolates harboured AmpC-type β-lactamases (i.e. bla
CMY-2, bla
CMY-4 and bla
DHA-1). These results suggest that canine Proteus mirabilis deserves continued surveillance as an important reservoir of antimicrobial resistance determinants. This is the first report, to our knowledge, describing integrons, PMQRs and QRDR mutations in Proteus mirabilis isolates from companion animals.
Analysis of the long control region of bovine papillomavirus type 1 associated with sarcoids in equine hosts indicates multiple cross-species transmission events and phylogeographical structure
Authors: Trewby Hannah , Ayele Gizachew , Borzacchiello Giuseppe , Brandt Sabine , Campo M. Saveria , Del Fava Claudia , Marais Johan , Leonardi Leonardo , Vanselow Barbara , Biek Roman , Nasir Lubna
Published: September 2014

Papillomaviruses are a family of slowly evolving DNA viruses and their evolution is commonly linked to that of their host species. However, whilst bovine papillomavirus-1 (BPV-1) primarily causes warts in its natural host, the cow, it can also cause locally aggressive and invasive skin tumours in equids, known as sarcoids, and thus provides a rare contemporary example of cross-species transmission of a papillomavirus. Here, we describe the first phylogenetic analysis of BPV-1 in equine sarcoids to our knowledge, allowing us to explore the evolutionary history of BPV-1 and investigate its cross-species association with equids. A phylogenetic analysis of the BPV-1 transcriptional promoter region (the long control region or LCR) was conducted on 15 bovine and 116 equine samples from four continents. Incorporating previous estimates for evolutionary rates in papillomavirus implied that the genetic diversity in the LCR variants was ancient and predated domestication of both equids and cattle. The phylogeny demonstrated geographical segregation into an ancestral group (African, South American and Australian samples), and a more recently derived, largely European clade. Whilst our data are consistent with BPV-1 originating in cattle, we found evidence of multiple, probably relatively recent, cross-species transmission events into horses. We also demonstrated the high prevalence of one particular sequence variant (variant 20), and suggest this may indicate that this variant shows a fitness advantage in equids. Although strong host specificity remains the norm in papillomaviruses, our results demonstrate that exceptions to this rule exist and can become epidemiologically relevant.