bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Three Medium Composite Heat Exchanger
Authors: Zhang Chao , Dong Jia Yun , Zhou Guang Hui
Published: October 2011

The solar-air compound heat pump system which core component is a three medium composite heat exchanger is a new heat pump system. Compared with the conventional air source heat pump system, the COP of the new dual heat source heat pump system is at least increased by 40%, and the energy-saving effect is obvious. At present, the only dual heat source composite heat exchanger used in heat system is a finned-tube three medium composite heat exchanger. With the heat exchanger, the synchronous heat exchange between a liquid heat source, a gaseous heat source and a refrigerant could be realized, and the performance of the heat pump system could be effectively improved. But the structural defects of the finned-tube three medium composite heat exchanger result in processing difficulty, and it is difficult to form a batch production with the present processing technology. The hidden sealing danger of the heat exchanger also exists. In the paper, a new three medium composite heat exchanger has been designed. The structural flaw of the finned-tube three medium composite heat exchanger has been better avoided. And it makes the process easier and the batch production more convenient.
Research on the System Decomposition on Papermaking Drying Process Based on Muti-Agent
Authors: Zhang Ding Hua , Liu Huan Bin , Li Ji Geng
Published: October 2011

According to each subsystem of its own energy-consumption characteristics in paper machine dryer section, taking heat transfer in the dryer section as paramount, the stepwise recovery and optimal use of steam as the target to decompose the multi-Agent energy consumption network. It’s combined with optimal strategies of decomposition and coordination in the process of energy integrated optimization, the divisional principle of Agent functional specifications, the structure and performance of computer network systems. The paper discussed the energy network topology of multi Agent overall nodes in paper machine dryer section that provide the foundation for research on the Energy-saving Optimization Coordination Model Based on Muti-Agent for Papermaking Drying Process.
Emipirical Evidence of Causality between Electricity and Economy
Authors: Brigitte Okonga Wabuyabo , Irrshad Kaseeram
Published: October 2011

This study seeks to empirically establish Granger-causality between electricity and manufacturing outputs in Kenya using ordinary least squares (OLS) time series method. Some of the leading economic indicators of Kenya that rely on electricity are used. The results are three-fold; some of the indicators enjoy bidirectional, others unidirectional while others register no causality at all with electricity output.
Sliding Mode Control of a Welding Mobile Manipulator
Authors: Mei Hong
Published: October 2011

A new sliding mode variable structure controller is proposed. First, aiming at improving the convergence speed, a new nonlinear sliding mode surface is proposed. Then, the initial error speed is designed to make the initial state of the system to be just on the sliding mode surface which is to impair the chattering and improve the robustness of the controller. Finally, a mobile manipulator with two arms is taken as an example to simulate the trajectory tracking with the proposed controller. It is found that system shows high convergence speed and strong robustness against disturbance. The chattering is also impaired greatly.
Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of Mg40Al60 Hydrogen Storage Alloy
Authors: Cao Zhong Qiu , Wang Ting , Zhang Ke , Zhang Hui
Published: October 2011

Microstructural characteristics and electrochemical properties of Mg40Al60 hydrogen storage alloy prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) method were studied by XRD, discharge capacities, polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies(EIS). The intensities of XRD peaks become weak and XRD peaks have a broadening with the increment of ball milling time due to fine grain size and increased internal stress. The discharge capacities of the alloy increase before the alloyed powders were milled for 10h, but they decrease after the alloyed powders were milled for 10h with the increment of ball milling time. The discharge capacities are highest when the alloyed powders were milled for 10h. There are passive phenomena in polarization curves. The corrosion current densities increase with time at the beginning of ball milling and then decrease. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopies(EIS) are composed of a single capacitive loop and the electrode reaction is controlled by charge transfer at alloy/electrolyte interface.
Bunsen Reaction Using a Counter-Current Flow Reactor in Sulfur-Iodine Hydrogen Production Process: Effects of Reactor Shape and Temperature
Authors: Kim Young Ho , Kim Hyo Sub , Han Sang Jin , Park Chu Sik , Bae Ki Kwang , Lee Jong Gyu
Published: October 2011

The sulfur-iodine (SI) cycle, thermochemical water splitting using heat energy from nuclear, is one of the most promising methods for massive hydrogen production. For continuous operation of Bunsen reaction section in SI process, the reactants (SO2, I2 and H2O) were fed to the reactor and the products (a H2SO4 phase and a HIx phase) were sent to storage tanks continuously during the reaction. In this study, we investigated the phase separation characteristics of continuous Bunsen reaction on the reactor shape and temperature. It was found that the reactor shape has little affected on the composition of Bunsen products. It was also observed that the phase separation characteristics of the continuous Bunsen reaction were similar to those for the semi-batch Bunsen reaction.
On-Demand Hydrogen Generator Based on the Reaction between Aluminum Slurry and Alkaline Solution
Authors: Huang Xia Ni , Liu Shu , Wang Chao , Chen Da , Huang Yue Xiang
Published: October 2011

In the present work, the aqueous slurry containing 30 wt% solid aluminum particles was prepared, using paraffin oil and oleic acid dispersant and surface active agent respectively. The results showed that no obvious aluminum particle sediment was observed even after being kept it at room temperature in air up to 15 days. The hydrogen generator based on the reaction of the aluminum slurry and sodium hydroxide aqueous solution was manufactured and could supply a maximum hydrogen flow rate of 20 NL/min. The dew point of the hydrogen from the generator was lower than -40oC, indicating the high purity of the as-obtained hydrogen. As expected the X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the byproduct was bayerite.
Study on Skin Effect in PEMFC with Dynamic Current
Authors: Luo Zhi Ping , Liu Chao , Luo Ma Ji
Published: October 2011

The main materials of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) are carbon (C) and Stainless Steel (Fe). The dynamic current of PEMFC will cause nonuniform distribution of current density in these materials. Simple models which materials are carbon (C) and Stainless Steel (Fe) are used in testing. A testing device using electromagnetic method was set up to detect the induced electromotive force in models. Theoretical calculations using electromagnetism and mathematics are set up to calculate the current density distribution of models. It is shown from the comparison between calculated values of the formula and measured values that the dynamic current of PEMFC will cause skin effect.
Governance of Water Pollution in the Tai Lake Basin - Based on the Governance Experience of the Thames River Basin
Authors: Shi Hong , Qi Lin Kai
Published: October 2011

Combination natural conditions and water pollution of the Tai Lake Basin, Mainly by contrast analysis about the water pollution governance and so on, summarized the experience lesson about the water pollution governance of Tai Lake basin, and while drawing on the governance experience of Thames River basin, proposed targeted suggestions about governance of Tai Lake basin.
Liquid Atomization in another Freezing Liquid Environmental for Fluid Ice Production
Authors: Liang Kun Feng , Gao Chun Yan , Wang Lin
Published: October 2011

Liquid-liquid circulating fluidized bed(LLCFB), which is a novel method of dynamic ice-making, was studied using direct contact heat transfer between droplets and the coolant. In the paper the key problems on droplets formation in LLCFB were investigated by the high resolution digital camera and image processing, the photos of drop formation were obtained. The effects of the shape of jet breakup, jet length on the size and uniformity of drops were revealed. The characteristic of particles size distribution was also presented.
Numerical Modelling & Elastomeric Gasket Design for PEMFC Stacks
Authors: Buchet Vincent , Peng Lin Fa , Qiu Dian Kai , Lai Xin Min , Lin Zhong Qin
Published: October 2011

Gaskets play important role in fuel stack assembly. It influences the assembly stress distribution or causes the risk of fuel leakage. The purpose of this paper is to study the assembly stress on the gasket and the MEA and the gasket development inside a stack of fuel cells. 2D and 3D models are established to explore the ideal behaviour of the couple MEA/gasket. A method is developed to define gasket shape parameters taking the MEA stress restrictions in consideration. Using PEMFC prototype, finite element simulations, pressure film experiments and joint integrity calculation code, an improvement on gasket section shape is performed to decrease the risk of fuel leakages. The design guideline and the analysis method proposed in this study will be helpful for the stack design to obtain high performance.
Synthesis and Properties of LST-X%Bi2O3 Anode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Zhang Xin Hui , Zhang Jie , Yuan Chao , Liang Er Jun
Published: October 2011

Ceramic systems of template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready Ceramic systems of Bi2O3 and La-doped SrTiO3 (LST) solid mixtures La0.2Sr0.8TiO3–x%Bi2O3 (x = 0, 20, 25, 30, 35) are prepared and explored as possible anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells. It is shown that the conductivity of La0.2Sr0.8TiO3–x%Bi2O3 composites increases from 0.15 to 1.4 S cm−1 in 97%H2 +3%H2O at 800°C with increasing the content of Bi2O3. Electrochemical impedance spectra indicated that the addition of Bi2O3 into LST can significantly reduce the fuel cell’s polarization and refine the grains and increase the triple phase boundary, leading to a better performance of the fuel cells. The results suggest potential applications of LST–x%Bi2O3 composite as SOFC anode materials.
The Influence of the NiO Content on the Microstructure and Property of IT-SOFC Anodes
Authors: Luo Dan , Wang Guan Qing , Huang Xue Feng , Xu Jiang Rong
Published: October 2011

Intermediate temperature SOFC anode/electrolyte plates are made by pechini methods. The structural property of GDC anodes in IT-SOFC was studied. The effect of the synthesizing technology, of the original powder used and that of the sintering temperature, as well as other factors, on crystallization and catalytic activation of anodes have been studied. Results indicate that shrinkage of sintered anode supports with 35％NiO contents lower than that of 50％NiO contents. The effect of porosity of sintered anodes with different NiO contents as a function of sintering temperature was investigated as well. The good sintering kinetics of the GDC anode ceramics were obtained based on the NiO contents control.
Ecosystem Services in China: an Emerging Hot Topic
Authors: Chen Hua , Wang Ren Qing , Xue Tong , Liu Jian
Published: October 2011

The paper reviewed the research trends on ecosystem services in China based on the searching of ISI web of knowledge. After assessing the matches of a total of 33 papers, all of them were identified as addressing ecosystem services in China. The results showed that the last decade yielded an increasing number of studies on ecosystem services in China and the numbers of papers were increasing steadily after 2006. The total value of ecosystem services declines because of the land-use change and the decline is largely attributable to the increase of construction land in urban area, the conversion from wetland and forest ecosystems which have higher value of ecosystem services to agriculture, grassland and urban ecosystem. Based on the research trends on ecosystem services in China, we suggested that the ecological and environmental loss should be integrated into the decision-making system and the further environmental managements needed to decrease the harmful impact of mining and restore the injured natural ecosystems.
Initial Study of a Photocatalytic Process for Flue Gas Desulfurization
Authors: Song Xiu Lan , Yao Wei Feng , Wu Yi Ping
Published: October 2011

A photocatalytic process combined with ammonia-water method was developed for flue gas desulfurization. With the photocatalytic technology we can not only achieve the purpose of solving the problem of SO2 emissions but also realize the desire of hydrogen production from water splitting. CdS loaded with Pt were selected for the photocatalytic gas desulfurization. It was found that Pt/CdS showed a high activity for hydrogen production from ammonia sulfite solution, which is the prime product of ammonia-water method for flue gas desulfurization.
Low-Temperature Liquid-Phase Synthesis and Electrochemical Activity of α-Nickel Hydroxide with Flower-Like Micro-/Nano-Structure
Authors: Li Zhi Wei , Xiang Xu , Tian Zong Min
Published: October 2011

The synthesis of α-nickel hydroxide has been achieved via a facile liquid-phase precipitation approach, using the mixed solvents of ethylene glycol and water as reaction medium at low temperature. The XRD characterization indicates that pure phase α-Ni(OH)2 can be obtained under variable temperature and pH value. The products present a flower-like micro-/nano-structure assembled with curved nanosheets. The nanosheets have the width of 100~500 nm and the thickness of 20~70 nm. The cavities are formed in the structure due to the interconnection of curved nanosheets. The solvents play a key role in the formation of Ni(OH)2 with different forms. Pure phase α-Ni(OH)2 can only be synthesized in the mixed solvents of ethylene glycol and water. Cyclic voltammetry was applied to test the electrochemical activity of the as-synthesized α-Ni(OH)2. The findings suggest that the α-Ni(OH)2 with a micro-/nano-structure exhibits excellent electrochemical activity, which may be considered as a promising candidate of electrode material.
Chromium-Based Catalyst for Ethylene Tetramerization to 1-Octene
Authors: Zhang Bao Jun , Yu Bu Wei , Wang Gang , Li Jian Zhong , Wang Si Han , Xu Xian Ming , Wang Gui Zhi
Published: October 2011

Novel diphoshinoamine(PNRNP) ligands have been used in ethylene oligomerization with Cr(III) compounds and cocatalyst. The results indicate that the catalyst system can yield 1-octene in selectivities up to 80%. Another novel diphoshinoamine ligands (((Ar2P)2N)2R)(R=cyclopropylamine) also were synthesized and characterized. Factors which affect the result of ethylene tetramerisation, such as cocatalyst, temperature, pressure and the molar ratio of Al/Cr were examined. Steric effects and electric effects were also considered in this report.
Analysis and Settlement of Gypsum Rain Issue in the Wet-Type FGD
Authors: Lv Tai , Lu Kun , Song Li Jing
Published: October 2011

At present, for the most part of new construction Coal-fired units desulfurization system has canceled the GGH system in our country, using the wet chimney emissions, but when the Power plant operationed it always apper the phenomenon of “gypsum rain”. In this paper, using the method of extraction part of hot secondary air to heating clean flue gas, and use fluent for three-dimensional numerical simulation with pipeline has been transformed and before it hasn’t transformed, using the κ-ε model and SIMPLE algorithm for calculating. Through the comparison of simulation results and test results, the results indicated that using the methods of hot secondary air to heating clean flue gas to reduce gesso rain is feasible and reasonable.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Mesoporous Carbon Foams by Microemulsion Method
Authors: Yang Liang , Liu Ming Xian , Gan Li Hua , Li Yang , Wang Xiao Ping , Xu Zi Jie , Chen Long Wu
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we demonstrated the preparation and electrochemical performance of mesoporous carbon foams as electrode materials for ultracapacitors. By using n-octane as oil phase, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and butanol as emulsifiers, resorcinol and formaldehyde dissolved in water as the aqueous phase, an O/W microemulsion system was obtained. Mesoporous carbon foams (MCFs) were prepared by the polymerization of the O/W microemulsion, followed by drying and carbonization and subsequently activation at 1273 K by KOH under nitrogen atmosphere. The mesoporous carbon foams were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyzer. The results show that MCFs have specific surface area of 666.7 m2/g, total pore volume of 0.36 cm3/g and the most probable pore size of 4 nm. The electrochemical properties of the resultant mesoporous carbon foams have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge with a three-electrode system in electrolyte of 6 mol/L KOH solution. The CV curves show quite rectangular shape under the scan rate of 5-20 mV/s, suggesting a typical nonfaradic adsorption/desorption reaction. The mesoporous carbon foams possess linear galvanostatic discharge curves under the current densities of 10-50 mA/cm2 and corresponding specific capacitance values are 132.6-172.1 F/g. Thus the MCFs have good electrochemical performance and they provide an important candidate for electrode materials used in ultracapacitors.
Hydriding and Dehydriding Characteristics of As-Spun Nanocrystalline and Amorphous Mg20Ni10-xMnx (x = 0-4) Alloys
Authors: Zhang Yang Huan , Liu Xiao Gang , Chen Le Le , Ren Hui Ping , Zhang Guo Fang , Zhao Dong Liang
Published: October 2011

The nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg2Ni-type Mg20Ni10-xMnx (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) alloys were synthesized by melt-spinning technique. The structures of the as-cast and spun alloys were characterized by XRD, SEM and HRTEM. The hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics of the alloys were measured. The results show that the substitution of Mn for Ni, instead of changing the major phase Mg2Ni, leads to the formation of Mg and MnNi phases. No amorphous phase is detected in the as-spun Mn-free alloy, but the as-spun alloys substituted by Mn display the presence of an amorphous phase, suggesting that the substitution of Mn for Ni enhances the glass forming ability of the Mg2Ni-type alloy. The hydrogen absorption capacity of the as-cast alloys first increases and then decreases with the variation of the amount of Mn substitution. The hydrogen desorption capacity of the alloys markedly increases with growing Mn content.
A Prototype of DEAP Ocean Wave Powered Generator
Authors: Wang Ke Sheng , Chen Ming
Published: October 2011

Ocean wave power is emerging as a particularly attractive form of renewable energy. Dielectric Electric Active Polymers (DEAP) have has been used to transform electrical to mechani¬cal energy in an actuator mode. However it has few applications in a generator mode. This paper introduces a new concept of “New Renewable Energy” and presents a prototype of DEAP ocean wave powered generator, which has been developed at Knowledge Discovery Laboratory (KDL), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). The DEAP prototype could be easily extended to other applications such as human-power generator, conventional power generators, and wind power applications.
Enhanced Electrochemical Properties of LiFePO4/C Cathode Material by Metal Oxide Coating
Authors: Wang Li , Jie Xiao Fei , Liang Guang Chuan , Ou Xiu Qin
Published: October 2011

LiFePO4/C composite cathode material prepared by carbothermal reduction method was coated by metal oxide MnO2, Al2O3, CuO, respectively, by a chemical precipitation method. The effects of metal oxide coating on the structure and electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C composites were systematically investigated. The structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the electrochemical properties were evaluated by constant-current charge/discharge cycling tests. It is found that the coating of metal oxide could greatly improve its high-rate dischargeability and cycling performance. The LiFePO4/C cathode material coated by MnO2 exhibits a specific discharge capacity of 118.5 mAh/g at 3C rate, much higher than the uncoated sample (95.1 mAh/g), with a capacity degradation rate of only 6.3 % after 250 cycles at 3C rate.
Synthesis and Characterization of High Electrocatalytic Active Nanosized RuO2 Powder with Narrow Distribution by Ultrasonic Precipitation
Authors: Zhang Xin Xin , Lv Da , Ma Chun , Xue Mang
Published: October 2011

In this paper, synthesis of RuO2 with uniform nanosized sphere-like morphologies by ultrasonic precipitation using ammonia is presented. The structures, properties and electrocatalytic performance of materials were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, CV and polarization curve. FE-SEM photographs showed that the sample prepared by ultrasonic precipitation has a relatively narrow size distribution compared with the sample prepared by conventional precipitation with magnetic stirring. The CV and polarization curve for OER (oxygen evolution reaction) confirmed that electrochemical active surface area and OER activity of sample by ultrasonic precipitation are higher than that of sample by conventional precipitation under magnetic stirring.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanometer Copper Ferrite by Auto-Combustion
Authors: Cao Guang Xiu , Liu Tian , Zhang Qing Hong , Wang Hong Zhi
Published: October 2011

A simple method for preparing nanoscale copper ferrite particles with narrow distribution and uniform size was developed by auto-combusting the precursor using copper nitrate, iron nitrate, and malic acid as raw materials. The constituents and the thermal decomposition process of the precursor were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetry-differental thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the carboxyl and nitrate ion take part in the reaction during the auto-combustion process. The precursor decomposed completely at about 199 °C, to yield single phase product. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the average size of the as-burnt sample was about 90 nm.
Comparative Testing on Ground Surface Vibration Caused by CRH Trains Running on Viaduct and Embankment
Authors: Mao Kun Ming , Chen Guo Xing , Zhang Yang , Hong Xiao Xing , Ruan Bin
Published: October 2011

Based on the measurement of the vertical velocity of ground surface vibration caused by CRH trains running on viaduct and embankment of Hu-Ning Intercity Railway, the characteristics and propagation attenuation rules of the ground surface vibration of two routes are analyzed. The result shows that the main frequency of ground surface vibration caused by the CRH trains running is less than 80Hz, which belongs to low frequency vibration. The number of carriages has little effect on ground surface vibration intensity. The effect of train speed for 153km/h to 201km/h on ground surface vibration intensity has no obvious difference. With the increased distance between the ground surface and the track, the main frequency of ground surface vibration on viaduct decreases, and the attenuation curve of peak value of ground surface vibration velocity becomes smoother. However, the main frequency of ground surface vibration on embankment is nearly unchanged and the attenuation curve of peak value of ground surface vibration velocity has several rebound regions of the vibration. Ground surface vibration intensity of viaduct is higher than that of embankment. The drainage trench built beside the embankment has vibration isolation effect on ground surface vibration.
Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Electrochemical Properties of Si/C Composites Using Graphite and Glucose as Carbon Source
Authors: Ma Xu , Liu Yu Ling , Kong Ling Long , Ding Yan Hong , Zhao Jie , Xu Ning
Published: October 2011

Si/C composites were synthesized by using graphite and glucose as carbon source. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and ﬁeld emission scanning electron microscope(SEM). The electrochemical charge/discharge test was used to evaluate capacity and cycling stability of the composites. The first discharge and charge capacity of SGC composite using graphite and glucose as carbon source were 1661mAh/g and 1259.1 mAh/g, and the first coulombic efficiency was 75.8%. After 20 cycles, the capacity of SGC composite was 380 mAh/g and the coulombic efficiency remained over 98%.
Fe Content Effects on Electrochemical Properties of 0.3Li2MnO3•0.7LiMnxNixFe(1-2x)/2 O2 Cathode Materials
Authors: Li Dong , Lian Fang , Qiu Wei Hua , Li Fu Shen , Chou Kuo Chih
Published: October 2011

The cathode materials 0.3Li2MnO3•0.7LiMnxNixFe(1-2x)/2O2(0.35≤x≤0.5) were synthesized via low-heating solid-state reaction method. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and their electrochemical performances were also investigated here. The FESEM images of samples revealed that the particle of Fe-substituted samples became smaller and size distribution got narrower compared with the materials without Fe-doping. The results showed that electrochemical properties of the material depended on the content of Fe. 0.3Li2MnO3• 0.7LiMn0.4 Ni0.4Fe2O2 maintained 99.5% of the reversible capacity after 60 cycles
Applications of Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatoraphy in Strains Identification of the Bean Sprout
Authors: Zuo Yong , Ju Shuai , Li Yang , Xie Hui , Liu Li Ping , Wei Fang Min , Liu An Guo
Published: October 2011

Lactic acid which was fermented by bean sprout was determined and the lactobacillus in bean sprout was identified by High-performance Liquid Chromatoraphy(HPLC). The optimal HPLC chromatographic conditions were determined as follows:Agilent XDB-C18 chromatography column with UV detection at 210nm.The mobile phase was Phosphate buffer solution（pH=2.3）:methanol:acetonitrile（95%:2%:3%）.The flow rate was 0.5ml/min.This method is accurate,Speedily and reproducible. This method can identify the lactobacillus, and gives a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the lactic acid which was the metabolites of Yibin bean sprout.
Optimization of Wind Farm Micro Sitting Based on Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Xu Chang , Yan Yan , Liu De You , Zheng Yuan , Li Chen Qi
Published: October 2011

In order to increase wind energy utilization efficiency by the optimization of the wind farm micro sitting, a method which could calculate the wind farm velocity is proposed by consideration of multi turbines wake loss and superposition. Based on the given velocity data of a wind farm, the maximal annual energy production is set as the optimal objective and the ordinates of wind turbines would be the optimal variables, micro sittings of the wind farm turbines are optimized by genetic algorithm. Layout calculation result of the optimal method is quite similar to that of other successful search method, but higher efficiency is reached, and the micro sitting layout is agreement with the regular plum-type layout. Annual energy productions are also calculated under the condition of different wind turbine number. Results show annual energy production increases with the wind turbine number increased, but the increasing trend is lower and lower. The research could provide a reference to wind farm micro-sitting.
Small-Scale Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind Power System Control Method Research and Simulation Analysis
Authors: Zhao Peng , Li Wen Yi , He Xuan , Yao Xin , Wang Yin Sha , Liu Xin , Wang Yan
Published: October 2011

Aims at the small wind generations output voltage fluctuation problems, according to the characteristics of permanent magnet synchronous generator, by the vector control methods, in MATLAB/Simulink lans established permanent magnet synchronous motor current speed 2-ring vector control simulation model. Simulation results show that, the method can improve the small wind turbine output voltage stability.
Research on Resource Utilization of Urban Wastewater Based on HACCP System
Authors: Gao Hui Qiao , Guo Li Na
Published: October 2011

Abstract. The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) were a systematic approach to identify and prevent hazards by constructing control system. The principles of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system and its application to urban water supply system were introduced. The critical limits, monitoring system and corrective actions for the CCPs were established, and improves the capability of quality control and risk management in the processes of wastewater to ensure human health and ecology.
Numerical Simulation of Bio-Oil Emulsion Combustion in the Direct-Flow Combustor
Authors: Wang Qi
Published: October 2011

In order to estimate the adaptability of the diesel combustor, the combustion characteristics of pure diesel and emulsions of bio-oil and diesel (with 5wt% and 50wt% bio-oil contents) were investigated by numerical simulation method. The factors including ignition delay, temperature distribution and combustion components distribution in the combustor were studied. The combustion characteristics of 5wt% bio-oil emulsion were nearly consistent with those of pure diesel. The only minor difference was that its ignition delayed slightly to the upstream. In contrast, 50wt% bio-oil emulsion had different performences in the combustor, whose ignition was shortly delayed.
Microbial Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels for Marine Energy Installations
Authors: Machuca Laura L. , Bailey Stuart I. , Gubner Rolf
Published: October 2011

A range of stainless steels has been investigated for resistance to microbiologically influenced corrosion in seawater. The corrosion potential was monitored for stainless steel coupons exposed to sterilized seawater and to microbiologically active seawater, which showed the effect of the growth of microorganisms. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization scans confirmed that 13%Cr stainless steel is very susceptible to localized corrosion under these conditions. 316L stainless steel was also quite susceptible to localized corrosion, whereas 2205 duplex stainless displayed good resistance to localized corrosion. Naturally occurring microorganisms in the seawater were shown to exacerbate the localized corrosion.
Research on Toxicity Character of Cathode Ray Tubes Using Modified Dynamic Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
Authors: Hou Zong Yuan , Lu Zhu , Zheng Jin Biao
Published: October 2011

Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) present a disposal problem because of their large magnitude and their role as a major source of lead. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) is used to determine whether a solid waste is a hazardous waste. A dynamic leaching procedure with series of leaching solutions was developed to evaluate the leaching toxicity of CRT glass in the environment. Lead was found to continuously leach out over the entire 60-days period. The leaching rate was largely affected by the leaching solution. Using TCLP extraction fluid as leaching solution, leachate lead concentration was fluctuated between 5.8 and 6.2mg/L, and the cumulative amount of lead over the test period was 0.36g. By using leaching solutions which simulating acidic, salt, neutral, and alkaline condition, the average lead concentration of leachate was 0.57, 0.38, 0.27, and 0.19mg/L respectively. The result showed that CRT glass had lead leaching toxicity character. Waste CRTs would pollute the environment if they were disposed in landfills or discarded in the environment. Collecting and recycling waste CRTs properly is important for the protection of the environment and human health.
A New Indicator for Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Fuels
Authors: Zhou Zu Peng , Mo Qiu Yun , Qin Lian Cheng
Published: October 2011

Net energy (NE) output, external cost to society of emissions, total production costs, and the renewability of a fuel are four critical factors that should be taken into account while developing sustainable energy resource systems. For this purpose, a new indicator, CNERλ,(Cost of Net Energy taking into account the Renewability) is proposed in this paper. The mixture of 85% ethanol (derived from corn) and 15% gasoline by volume (E85) and conventional gasoline (CG) are selected as assessing cases for illustrating the application of the new indicator. The CNERλ of E85 is 0.885, i.e. 12.5% lower than that of CG. It is shown that E85 is a more sustainable option comparing with CG by using the novel assessment indicator.
The Study on Building Energy-Saving Technology Evaluation Index System in Towns and Villages Housing
Authors: Liu Ge , Huang Ming Qiang
Published: October 2011

It is not only a complicate system of energy-saving construction in towns and villages housing，but also a long and arduous task. With the process of urbanization was further development and the aim of building new socialist countryside was proposed， the development of towns and villages housing construction was very rapid. It is important to ensure that the appropriate energy-saving was chose by according to the actual needs of towns and villages housing and use the suitable assessment system to evaluate energy-saving technologies to improve the overall lever of towns and villages housing. Combine with the actual situation about the using of energy-saving technology in towns and villages housing in China, from the advanced, economy and feasible of technology and the sustainability of project to establish the energy efficiency technology assessment system on towns and villages housing, and used AHP to determine weights, in order to provide reference for better promote the development of towns and villages housing.
Thermodynamic Analysis for the Pressure Effects on Reforming Reaction of Methane Wet-Air at Low Temperature in a Micro-Reactor
Authors: Ran Jing Yu , Zhao Liu Jie , Tu Wei Feng , Zhang Li
Published: October 2011

How to keep combustion stability and less carbon deposit in micro-channel for the methane wet-air auto-thermal reforming combustion technology is a hot research area all over the world now. Even if there are some literatures with respect to this area, but there are many problems to keep studying. In this paper, the effects on the carbon deposit rule, hydrogen and methane conversion characteristics under lean oxygen at pressure have been studied below 973K by thermodynamic analysis with constant feed gas mass flow. Results show that the carbon deposit increases with increasing the temperature first, and then, it decreases. At the same time, the carbon deposit always decreases with increasing reaction pressure. At the different reaction pressure, the temperature zone of carbon deposit is changed, but the upper temperature limit is around 850K. H2 mass fraction and CH4 conversion ratio are raised with increasing the temperature, decreased with increasing the pressure. Adding pressure helps to reduce carbon deposit and maintain a certain H2 mass fraction and CH4 conversion ratio. All results show the reasonable reaction pressure is 0.2MPa in micro reactor.
Activated Carbon Fiber Supported PtRu Hollow Nanospheres and PtRu Nanoparticles for Methanol Electrooxidation
Authors: Huang Hui Xing , Huang Shao Bin , Chen Shui Xia
Published: October 2011

Activated carbon Fiber supported PtRu hollow nanospheres have been prepared by a replacement reation in a homogeneous solution with cobalt nanoparticles as sacrificial templates. The morphology, elemental composition, structure and electrocatalytic properties of the PtRu hollow nanospheres have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and typical electrochemical methods, respectively. The results indicate that the ACF supported PtRu hollow nanospheres show a high activity and stability for electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol as compared to co-reduced solid PtRu nanoparticles. The reasons of the high electrocatalytic activity due to the high surface area resulted from the hollow nanosphere structure with porous shell.
Activated Carbon Modified by Titanate Coupling Agent for Supercapacitor
Authors: Cai Ke Di , Mu Wei Fang
Published: October 2011

A novel and simple strategy by introducing a titanate coupling agent into the electrode to improve the supercapacitor performance has been developed in this study. The surface modification of the activated carbon material are conducted under neutral conditions. The improved electrodes are characterized by mechanical tests and electrochemical measurements. The obtained results reveal that the treated activated carbon electrode retains good mechanical properties with decreased bonder content. The electrode prepared using activated carbon treated with the Titanate coupling agent and a bonder mass content of 8.0 % shows the best electrochemical performance. The specific capacitance reaches 376.2 F•g-1, whereas the internal resistance is 0.91 Ω.
Alkylation of Benzene with Ethanol on Zeolites Modified with La2O3
Authors: Li Jun Hui , Wang Ya Nan , He Jun , Zhu Zhi Rong
Published: October 2011

Alkylation of benzene with ethanol for synthesis of ethylbenzene was performed over parent zeolites and zeolites modified with La2O3, such as HMCM-22, HBeta and nano HZSM-5 in a fixed-bed reactor at CO2 flow. The properties of zeolites and catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET and NH3-TPD. The results indicated that zeolite catalysts modified with La2O3 showed high conversion of benzene and high selectivity of ethylbenzene, i.e., 25 % conversion of benzene and 92.72% selectivity of ehtylbenzene over 3%La2O3-HZSM-5(Si/Al=200) respectively. The high selectivity of ethylbenzene is attributed to the proper acid property of modified HZSM-5, and it can be concluded that acid properties is the main factor to affect on this Alkylation. In addition, the deactivation obviously restricted over 5%La2O3-HMCM-22 and 3%La2O3-HZSM-5(Si/Al=200) on time on-stream of reaction, due to enhancement of anti-coking capability and hydrothermal stability after modification.
Simulation of Reactive Distillation Process with ChemCAD Software
Authors: Wang Xiao Guang , Yang Yue Yun
Published: October 2011

The concepts and application of reactive distillation process were introduced, SCDS was used as a platform was applied to the simulation of reactive distillation of acetic acid and ethanol, and the usage principles and methods of simulated reaction in ChemCAD were introduced. Simulation results and experimental data agreed satisfactorily. It has certain directive significance to real production.
Catalytic Hydrogenation and Hydrocracking of PRO Residual Oil over USY-Zeolite Catalyst
Authors: Yu Zhao Xiang , Wu Bo , Wu Qian , Chen Liang , Zhu Zhi Rong
Published: October 2011

The effect of different contents of Ni loaded on USY-zeolite catalyst and the effect of temperature and hydrogen partial pressure on hydrocracking behavior of PRO residual oil were studied. It was observed that the content of Ni showed a great effect on monocyclic selectivity. The overall conversion decreased at first and then increased with reaction temperature, while the impacts of temperature on monocyclic selectivity varied with hydrogen partial pressure. In addition, the overall conversion increased with the increase of hydrogen partial pressure and the maximum overall conversion was 45.4% at 440°C. The increasing of hydrogen partial pressure is slightly helpful to monocyclic selectivity.
Mineral Matter Transformation of Coal Ash under Gasification Atmosphere: A Case of Huolinhe Lignite
Authors: Li Feng Hai , Huang Jie Jie , Fang Yi Tian , Wang Yang
Published: October 2011

Experiments have been conducted with Huolinhe lignite low temperature ashes (HLH-LTA) to investigate the mineral behaviors under gasification atmosphere (H2/CO2=1:1, volume ratio) with the temperature increase by SEM and XRD. The results show that the contents of SO3 and alkali metal oxide (e.g. K2O, Na2O) are higher in the HLH-LTA than that in laboratory HLH ashes. The formation of some low-melting ferrous eutectic compounds causes the initial melting temperature of HLH-LTA is lower about 300 °C than its deformation temperature. The formation of slag during HLH fluidized-bed gasification is the results of the interaction among minerals and phase changes with the temperature increases under reducing atmosphere.
Auxiliary of ChemCAD in Chemical Engineering Design
Authors: Wang Xiao Guang , Yang Yue Yun
Published: October 2011

ChemCAD was applied to the simulation of distillation, and SCDS was used as a platform. to simulate distillation of benzene rectifying, obtaining the simulation result and the impact of operating parameters were analyzed to select the appropriate distillation conditions. Providing theoretical instructions for engineering design, and optimizing operations.
A Numerical Simulation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Performance
Authors: Yu Shi Gang , He Hui , Xu You Sheng
Published: October 2011

A composite three-dimensional mathematical model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell is proposed, the corresponding finite element method and numerical simulation are given as well, where fluid flow, proton transport, and electrochemical reaction are addressed. Some factors that probably affect the performance of the cell are analyzed by using the model. The computational results show that the reactant concentration decreases along the flow direction, the water concentration increases in the cathode side of membrane, membrane resistance decreases, conductivity increases and proton concentration increases. The fuel cell performance is better when the porosity increases, as well as the operating pressure.
Study on the Decolorization of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil
Authors: Liu Guang Rui , Chen Guan Yi
Published: October 2011

Biodiesel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits, and the fact that it is derived from renewable resources. Recently, the acidic oil and waste cooking oil were the main resources for the biodiesel production, due to the economical and environmental consideration. However, the product obtained from the transesterification with dark colour. Activated carbon (ACN), activated clay (ACY), activated bleaching earth (ABE), attapulgite (ATE) were employed to refine the undecolored biodiesel. Among all studied decolorants, activated clay exhibited higher activity and more economically competitive. In addition, decoloring process of undecolored biodiesel by activated clay was performed; the optimum conditions were obtained as decoloring temperature 60°C, time 60 min and dosage of activated clay 3 wt. % at atmospheric pressure. Besides, the water content of biodiesel should be below 1 wt. % while ACY was used as decolorant. This paper compared contents and features of decolorization by ACY and rectification under vacuum. The results indicated that higher decolorization ratio(DR) and better quality product will be achieved through rectification, while the decolorization by ACY method should be an proper choice if the biodiesel solded by mixing with diesel fuel.
China’s Energy Security Challenges in New Environments
Authors: Cao Wen Sheng
Published: October 2011

An overall analysis of primary challenges on energy security of China is made in the new international environments. The challenges comprise: increasing pressure on energy supply, block effect of greenhouse gases emissions, a good many hazards in the international energy cooperation, renewable energy and desiderating reinforce of energy reserves and pre-warning system. The new strategic thoughts of China’s energy security involving strengthening six abilities are put forward for safeguarding energy security. The six abilities include: supply (multi development), adjustment and command (energy saving priority), emergency capability (contingency reserves), participation (international cooperation), influence (diplomatic operation) and control (military safeguard).
Scenario Prediction of Energy Demand and Development Status of Renewable Energy in Dongtan Area of Chongming Island
Authors: Fan Xue Zhong
Published: October 2011

Based on the data of GDP and population during the period 2003-2008, the energy demand in 2020 for industrial and residential energy in Dongtan area of Chongming Island was forecasted through the scenario simulation, and together with other research material, the development status of renewable energy was also detected. The results show that: 1) Under the low and high scenarios (LS and HS), the industrial energy demand in 2020 will respectively reach 127944 tce (ton of standard coal equivalent) and 401817 tce, which are 1.9 and 6 times that in 2008, respectively. While the residential energy demand under LS and HS in 2020 differentiates little from each other, and it is about 50% of increment compared with the current consumption. 2) The industrial and residential energy demand in 2020 under the moderate scenario (MS), which is more reasonable to energy prediction, will be respectively 264881 tce and 32.5 million kwh, and with the average annual increase rate of 12.1% and 3.5% from 2008 to 2020, respectively. 3) The development degree of the wind energy and solar energy in Dongtan is currently considerably low, which accounts for less than 1% in the energy structure. the findings suggest that the energy scheduling and planning should be implemented to coordinate the balance between energy demand and energy supply in the future; meanwhile, it is necessary to adjust the energy structure and develope renewable energy such as wind and solar energy in the next decades to address environmental problems resulting from the consumption of a mass of fossil fuels.
Safety Evaluation of Underground Environment Using Fuzzy Approach with Dynamic Weight
Authors: Sun Ke Lei , Zhang Hong Tao , Wang Na
Published: October 2011

Evaluating underground environmental safety is not an easy task as it involves many variable evaluation indexes which are immeasurable, vague and uncertain. Also, the available information for evaluation may be incomplete due to the difficulty of underground data acquisition and complexity of the influence factors. Considering the different effect of various evaluation indexes on underground environmental safety in different conditions, a dynamical weight algorithm of various indexes is presented. The fuzzy evaluation method with dynamic weight is applied in evaluating underground environmental safety at one of the coal mines in YangQuan coal industry. Findings conclude that the proposed dynamic weight method is better than the traditional method, which gives a promising prospect in underground environmental safety evaluation. And it provides a more reasonable and intelligent evaluation with accurate results.
Optical Fiber Remote Multiplexed Sensing System of Methane and its Application in Clean Development Mechanism
Authors: Zhao Yan Jie , Wang Chang , Liu Tong Yu , Wei Yu Bin , Li Yan Fang , Zhang Ting Ting , Shang Ying
Published: October 2011

An optical fiber remote multiplexed sensing system of methane is designed based on the methane absorption spectroscopy characteristic, by taking the triangular signal to modulate the wavelength of the tunable diode laser. The laser wavelength shift is carried out adaptive adjustment by the built-in gas calibration pond to realize the locking of a methane absorption line. The methane concentration monitoring is realized in the range of 0-100%. The application tests are found in a garbage power generation plant and several coal mine ventilation air methane power generation plants. The results indicate that the monitor has good performances in stability and sensitivity and a long-term precision of 10ppm is achieved. It is possessed of wide application in Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects.