bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of crop load on yield and grape quality of cv. `Chardonnay`
Authors: ČUŠ Franc
Published: December 2023

In the research we tried to define proper crop load for cv. `Chardonnay` (Vitis vinifera L. cv. `Chardonnay`) trained on the 1.7 m high cordon trellis in the Vipava Valley. The experiment was designed as a block trial. Three levels of crop load were employed and inspected for their influence on yield and grape quality: normal crop load with 20-30 buds per vine, lower crop load with 20 buds and higher crop load than normal with 40 buds per vine. Bearing wood at the normal and higher than normal crop load was canes with 8-10 buds per cane and at the lower crop load longer spurs with 4-5 buds per spur. The lower crop load resulted in lower yield/vine together with higher must sugar content, its lower acids content and higher pruning weight. The extent of differences was strictly dependent on the climatic conditions in each year of the experiment. The normal crop load showed its great variability in the research results. The grape quality was quite high in all three treatments. Satisfactory must sugar content was obtained with the normal or even higher crop load. The proposed number of buds at winter pruning is approximately 40-45 buds/kg of pruning weight. Normal Ravaz index for defined conditions is between 7-10. In spite of the fact that the weather conditions in each year of the experiment appear to have had the strongest impact on the must acids content, the problem of its additional decrease should be taken into consideration when the lower crop load is applied.
Ocena knjige
Authors: MAČEK Jože
Published: December 2023

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occurence of some pests and diseases on horse chestnut, plane tree and Indian bean tree in urban areas of Slovenia
Authors: MILEVOJ Lea
Published: December 2023

The occurrence of some pests and diseases was monitored on horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), red horse chestnut (Aesculus x carnea), plane tree (Platanus hybrida) and Indian bean tree (Catalpa bignonioides) in the period 1995-2003. The following organisms were the most common: the horse chestnut leaf-miner (Cameraria ohridella) on horse chestnut and, in recent two years, also on red horse chestnut, the Sycamore lace bug (Corythuca ciliata) and the leaf miner (Phyllonorycter platani) on plane tree. The flatid planthopper (Metcalpha pruinosa) was  found inland, in Ljubljana in 2003  on A. x carnea near a busy petrol station, and on C. bignonioides in the vicinity of a motorway intersection. Along with M. pruinosa, two new parasite fungi for Slovenia were found in 2003 Erysiphe flexuosa on A. x carnea, A. hippocastanum and Erysiphe   elevata on C. bignonioides.
Osnove analize kovariance
Authors: KOŠMELJ Katarina
Published: December 2023

V članku predstavljamo osnove analize kovariance, standardne statistične metodologije, ki je v našem biološkem in tehniškem okolju premalo poznana.
Vpliv bakrovih spojin na aktivnost polifenol oksidaz v listih, vršičkih in grozdju vinske trte sorte 'Merlot' (Vitis vinifera L.)
Authors: RUSJAN Denis , VEBERIČ Robert , KOROŠEC-KORUZA Zora
Published: December 2023

Polifenol oksidaze (PPO) so metaloproteini, saj sta v molekuli vezana dva bakrova iona. Raziskovali smo vpliv bakrovih spojin, kot še vedno nenadomestljive v vinogradništvu na aktivnost PPO pri vinski trti (Vitis vinifera L.) sorte 'Merlot' v vinorodnem okolišu Goriška brda v letu 2003. Za boljše razumevanje odziva trte na količine bakrovih spojin smo priredili tri obravnavanja, in sicer: obravnavanje z enkratno (IPG), večkratno (BB) aplikacijo in (K) brez uporabe bakrovih spojin. Aktivnost PPO v listih se v času rastne dobe spreminja, saj smo največjo aktivnost PPO v listih in vršičkih določili v fenofazi 'jagode velikosti graha', najmanjšo pa v času zorenja grozdja oziroma ob trgatvi. Pri foliarni uporabi bakrovih spojin se povprečna aktivnost PPO v nezrelem grozdju statistično ne razlikuje od K, zato sklepamo, da ob dani fenofazi bakrove spojine ne vplivajo na aktivnost PPO. V nadaljevanju zorenja grozdja, v času tehnološke zrelosti grozdja se aktivnost PPO v grozdju zmanjšuje. V polni zrelosti grozdja smo določili manjšo povprečno aktivnost kateholaze in večjo povprečno aktivnost kresolaze. Kljub še vedno nejasni vlogi PPO v rastlinah, je bila pri uporabi bakrovih spojin v listih trte, pa tudi grozdju, glede na kontrolo aktivnost PPO nekoliko večja, ampak statistično neznačilna.
Regulierung der Inverkehrbringung von Giften, giftigen Verbindungen und giftiger Pflanzen in den slowenischen Ländern im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: MAČEK Jože
Published: December 2023

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Characterization of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria from an artisanal Italian cheese
Authors: ZEPPA Giuseppe , FORTINA Maria Grazia , DOLCI Paola , ACQUATI Anna , GANDINI Annibale , MANACHINI Pier Luigi
Published: December 2023

We studied the natural lactic bacteria population of an artisanal Italian cheese, Toma piemontese POD, from Piedmont (Northwest Italy), in order to select new strains to be used as starters in large-scale production. Isolates collected from curd and ripened artisanal cheeses were identified by the combined use of PCR 16S-23S rDNA spacer analysis, species-specific probes and 16S rDNA sequencing. Lactococci constitued 67% of the coccal isolates. Enterococci were also isolated together with strains of Streptococcus macedonicus and S. thermophilus. Lactobacilli were only detected in three samples of curds. Acidification and proteolytic activity and aroma production were also determined for each isolate. On the basis of the results a few isolates were selected and used as starters in cheesemaking trials with both raw and pasteurised milk. The produced cheeses were sensory evaluated and two of them showed typical Toma piemontese taste and flavour. The results suggest the possibility to use these new starters in both dairy industry and artisanal cheesemaking to improve product quality.
Use of mono- and sesquiterpenes for characterisation of mountain cheeses
Authors: ZEPPA Giuseppe , GIORDANO Manuela , BERTOLINO Marta , GERBI Vincenzo
Published: December 2023

Terpenes are volatile compounds originating exclusively from plants that can be found in dairy products. Several studies have therefore been conducted to use the terpenes to trace the geographical origin or the nature of the feed supplied to animals. The vegetation of mountain pastures varies which results in different types of foraging. Our aim was to determine if the terpene profile can be used to distinguish the mountain pasture of origin. The mono- and the sesquiterpenes of ricotta cheese samples produced during the summer in three mountain farms were then determined with SPME-GC-MS. The ricotta cheeses were produced with cow and goat milk and every three days of production a sample was analysed. Obtained results showed that these compounds vary widely between samples due to the stage of plant development but discrimination among the farms was still possible. Hence mono- and sesquiterpenes can be used not only to distinguish between summer pasture cheeses and the ones produced during other periods but also as markers of each mountain pasture.
Scientific and technical information on organic farming: assessment of selected bibliographic indicators in database CAB Abstracts
Authors: BARTOL Tomaž , DRNOVŠEK Špela , ČERNIČ-ISTENIČ Majda
Published: December 2023

We scientometrically examined selected publishing patterns in organic farming as indexed by database CAB Abstracts (CABA) in the period 1973-2003. Some characteristics of CABA were also established. 4,170 records of all types (2,740 journal articles, 1,165 conference papers etc.) were harvested with the employment of descriptors derived from the CAB Thesaurus. The journal articles were further analyzed for yearly growth, languages, authorship, and geographic location. Growth has accelerated during the last ten years. English prevails among the 31 retrieved languages, with some 50 % citations, followed by German, Italian, French, and Japanese. A few highly productive authors (among the 4,304 different authors), with some publishing as many as 18 articles, accounted for the core of documents, whereas as many as 3,438 authors contributed only one article in the entire period. Germany was most frequently indexed as a geographic-location-descriptor, followed by Italy, U.K., Denmark, and Switzerland. This descriptor field, however, is not employed consistently so the geographic data must be interpreted with caution. This analysis is based mostly on descriptor Organic farming so some other terms could possibly also be employed to retrieve more documents related to this field of research.
Induction of Hsp104 by Cr(VI) in yeast Candida intermedia
Authors: JAMNIK Polona , RASPOR Peter
Published: December 2023

The synthesis of a polypeptide family named heat shock or stress proteins is one of the most conserved mechanisms of cellular protection in the case of changes in the environment. Among them Hsp104 is important, because it promotes survival of cells under extreme stresses such as high temperatures, severe oxidative damage and high concentrations of ethanol. The aim of our research was to investigate whether Hsp104 is induced in the yeast Candida intermedia exposed to Cr(VI). Namely, Cr(VI) belongs to redox active metals, which play an important role in the generation of reactive oxygen species in the cell and therefore they can lead to oxidative damages. Yeast cells were treated with Cr(VI) in the mid-exponential phase and after a defined time of incubation, Hsp104 induction was investigated by using Western blotting. Results showed that cultivation of yeast cells in the presence of 100 mM Cr(VI) caused induction of Hsp104, which is connected to formation of protein aggregates. Hsp104 assists their resolubilization and so contributes to cell survival. Its synthesis was detected 0.5 h after Cr(VI) addition and was later for up to 2 h more apparent. Therefore, we showed that Hsp104 plays an important role in the stress response of yeast Candida intermedia to Cr(VI).
Evaluation of ten cultivars of determinate tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), grown under different climatic conditions
Authors: KACJAN MARŠIĆ Nina , OSVALD Jože , JAKŠE Marijana
Published: December 2023

The influence of different climatic conditions on fruit yield and quality of 10 determinate tomato cultivars (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) was studied. The experiments were conducted in the mediteranean and central regions of Slovenia. The plants were grown on an open field in the Dragonja valley and Ljubljana and in a low tunnel in Ljubljana. Data indicated that the marketable yield was significantly higher in the Dragonja valley than in Ljubljana. The average yield per plant grown in the Dragonja valley was 3.02 kg, grown on the field in Ljubljana 0.6 kg and in the low tunnel 1.0 kg. The highest marketable yield among the salad tomatoes was obtained with ‘Stormy F1’ (4.05 kg per plant) and among the processing tomatoes with  ‘Hypeel 108 F1’ (4.7 kg per plant) and ‘Centurion F1’(4.1 kg per plant). Those cultivars had some good quality characteristics, important for their application (firmness, redness of skin, thickness of pericarp and succulence). Our research documented a significant yield enhancement of determinate tomato in low tunnel production for the central part of Slovenia.
Detection of the reporter and selection genes in transformed hop (Humulus lupulus L.)
Authors: ŠKOF Suzana , LUTHAR Zlata
Published: December 2023

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of hop nodal explants with meristems was used for the introduction of a gus reporter gene and nptII plant selection gene into Slovenian hop cv. Aurora. Emerging hop regenerants were previously tested for the gus gene expression by histochemical analysis of β-glucoronidase (GUS) activity. Approximately six months after the transformation procedure, PCR molecular analysis of shoots originating from previously GUS positive regenerants was performed to check integration of the reporter and selection genes into the hop genome. We also compared whether there were any differences in transgene integration in relation to the intensity of gus gene expression (intensive blue coloration on a larger proportion of the leaf surface or just a few blue spots) revealed by GUS-assay. In both cases, the majority of shoots had both transgenes integrated (47.7 or 55.3%) and in smaller number of shoots both transgenes were missing (38.6 or 18.8%). The fewest shoots analyzed showed just gus (2.3 or 8.9%) and slightly more nptII (11.4 or 17.0%) gene presence.
Evaluation of public expenditure on economic growth of the Peripheral Slovenia with Input-Output model
Authors: KUHAR Aleš , JUVANČIČ Luka , SILA Urban , ERJAVEC Emil
Published: December 2023

Slovenia is witnessing a problem of divergence in economic performance of its regions despite the high importance of the balanced regional development on the policy agenda. After the EU accession the problem of regional disparities is addressed through a wide set of financial mechanisms that affect the regional development; i.e. certain elements of CAP, Structural and Cohesion funds and Community initiatives. The paper is evaluating impacts of public expenditure from these sources on the economic performance of the region Peripheral Slovenia by constructing a regional Input-Output model in the present (2004–06) and the following (2007–13) financial perspective. Results show that the analysed funds can stimulate a notable economic growth of the Peripheral Slovenia especially in the following financial perspective. However; comparisons of the output growth at the national level reveal likely lagging of the region. This means that the anticipated increase of regional development disparities in Slovenia would continue in the future.
Zauživanje krmne mešanice v molzišču in srčni utrip krav
Authors: JANEKOVIČ Marjan , OREŠNIK Andrej , CESTNIK Vojteh , ŠTUHEC Ivan
Published: December 2023

Analizirali smo krmljenje 27 krav molznic s suho mleto krmno mešanico v molzišču in poskušali ugotoviti ali prekratek čas za zaužitje povzroči stres, ki se odraža tudi s povečanim srčnim utripom (SU). Poprečna količina zaužite krmne mešanice pri eni molži je znašala 2,14 kg, krave pa so dobivale od 1 do 5 kg. Hitrost zaužitja suhe krmne mešanice je bila 249,7 g min–1. Pri večerni molži so imele krave večji SU (83,4 min–1) kot pri jutranji (81,2 min–1). Drugi mesec po telitvi je bil SU (85,10 min–1) večji kot prvi (81,04 min–1) in tretji mesec po telitvi (80,79 min–1). Ugotovljeno je bilo, da do količine 3 kg krmne mešanice na molžo ni prihajalo do povečanega SU. Z naraščajočo količino krmne mešanice nad 3 kg je naraščal tudi SU. Pri kravah, ki so dobile največ krmne mešanice, se je SU najbolj pospešil proti koncu molže. Velika količina suhe krmne mešanice, ki je visoko proizvodne krave molznice v molzišču ne morejo požreti v kratkem času molže povzroči pri njih stres.
Linear body measurements of Cika cattle in comparison to Pinzgauer cattle
Authors: KASTELIC Miran , ŽAN LOTRIČ Metka , KOMPAN Drago
Published: December 2023

Changes of body measurements and body proportions in endangered Slovenian autochthonous Cika cattle were studied. Forty six years after the last study of Cika cattle body measurements, more than three quarters of the total cow’s population of Cika cattle were measured. Because of great variability of phenotypic traits in Cika cattle population, animals were divided into three groups: Cika cattle type, semi-Cika type and Pinzgauer type. Animals of semi-Cika type were larger than Cika cattle type and animals of Pinzgauer type were larger than semi-Cika type. It was observed, that proportions between linear measurements in all three groups were not different between groups and not different from the “old” Cika cattle type. It could mean that inseminations with Pinzgauer bulls in the past have not had such strong influence on Cika cattle population as assumed. In order to find the animals of Pinzgauer type with an objective method, cluster analysis was performed. In the group with the largest animals, some tendencies towards body proportions of Pinzgauer type were found, but the body proportions were still more similar to proportions of Cika cattle than to proportions of Pinzgauer cattle today and forty six years ago, respectively.
Nationale Umsetzung von Cross Compliance (CC) in Deutschland
Authors: BREITSCHUH Gerhard , SCHWABE Maik , ECKERT Hans
Published: December 2023

Im Beitrag sind die 18 Grundanforderungen von Cross Compliance (CC), die 19 Richtlinien des EU-Rechts beinhalten, erleuchtet. Die Einführung von CC erfolgt in drei Schritten zwischen den Jahren 2005 und 2007. Die Landwirte sollen in CC vorgeschriebene Mindeststandards prinzipiell erfüllen, um die finanziellen Sanktionen zu vermeiden. Aufgrund der umfangreichen und komplexen Anforderungen sowie des hohen Sanktionsrisikos sind eine Zunahme der Inanspruchnahme von Beratungsleistungen durch Landwirte sowie ein Ausbau der Beratungssysteme zu erwarten. Ziel der Beratung ist die Eigenkontrolle des Erfüllungsstandes der CC-Verpflichtungen. Der Berater zeigt auf, welche Kriterien im Agrarunternehmen bereits erfüllt bzw. nicht erfüllt werden, welche Sanktionen am Beratungstage eintreten würden und vor allem mit welchen Maßnahmen die Erfüllung der CC-Kriterien erreicht werden kann.
EU-Konformer Wasserschutz in der österreichischen Land- und wasserwirtschaft
Authors: KÖCHL Arnold
Published: December 2023

Österreich verfügt über ein hohes jährliches Wasserdargebot (98 Mrd m3) aus Niederschlägen und räumt Wasserschutzmaßnahmen demzufolge schon seit Jahrzehnten einen hohen Stellenwert ein. So ist neben der Festlegung strenger Emissionsgrenzwerte für Industrie und Gewerbe der Ausbau öffentlicher Kanalnetze und Abwasserreinigungsanlagen massiv vorangetrieben worden, sodass der Anschlussgrad 2003 bereits bei 89% der Bevölkerung gelegen war. Demnach ergibt die in Umsetzung der EU-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie erstellte IST-Bestandsanalyse des Bundesministeriums für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft für den weitaus überwiegenden Teil der Fließgewässer in erster Näherung eine Entsprechung der Zielvorgabe des „guten Zustandes“ hinsichtlich der chemisch-physikalischen und saprobiologischen Gewässergüte. Lediglich die Beurteilung nach hydromorphologischen Kriterien liefert weniger günstige Resultate. Seen > 50 ha entsprechen insgesamt dem „guten“, z. T. sogar dem „sehr guten“ Zustand und bis auf wenige Flächenprozente erfüllt auch die Grundwasserbonität die Zielvorgabe. Dem österreichischen Wasserrecht zufolge muss Grundwasser allenorts Trinkwasserqualität aufweisen. Diesem Grundsatz folgend und auch zur größtmöglichen Verringerung des Nährstoffaustrages aus landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflächen in Oberflächengewässer wird die EU-Nitratrichtlinie in Österreich flächendeckend umgesetzt. Auszüge aus dem jüngsten Aktionsprogramm (2003) hierzu werden mitgeteilt und ein Ausblick auf allenfalls notwendige Düngeregime-Anpassungen im Zuge der weiteren Umsetzung der EU-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie gegeben. Grundwasserkörper dürften im Ausmaß von 3,6% des Staatsgebietes den „guten chemischen Zustand“ nicht erreichen, hievon zu zwei Drittel aufgrund von Nitratbelastungen. Andere Belastungsquellen gehen auf Restverunreinigungen des seit mehr als einem Jahrzehnt verbotenen Atrazin und dessen Abbauprodukt Desethylatrazin zurück.
Neufassung der österreichischen „Richtlinien für die sachgerechte Düngung“ unter dem Aspekt von Cross Compliance und ihrer nationalen Umsetzung
Authors: SPIEGEL Heide , BAUMGARTEN Andreas , DERSCH Georg
Published: December 2023

Die Österreichischen „Richtlinien für die sachgerechte Düngung“ für den Ackerbau und das Grünland erscheinen 2006 in einer neuen Überarbeitung Diese enthält einerseits Anleitungen für eine Beurteilung des Boden als Pflanzenstandort sowie seiner pflanzenverfügbaren Nährstoffgehalte. Auf diese soll eine Nährstoffzufuhr in pflanzen- und umweltgerechtgerechter Weise abgestimmt werden. Es werden zunächst die wichtigsten Inhalte und Änderungen der Richtlinien beschrieben. Anschließend werden die Bezüge zu „Cross Compliance“ und ihrer Umsetzung in nationale Gesetze erläutert.
Odziv kmetijskih rastlin na UV-B sevanje
Authors: GERM Mateja
Published: December 2023

UV-B sevanje vpliva na strukturo in anatomijo lista, fotosintezna barvila, UV-B absorbirajoče snovi, fotosintezo, rast, razvoj in produkcijo. V naravi so rastline izpostavljene tudi drugim okoljskim dejavnikom, ki imajo na rastline skupaj z UV-B sevanjem sinergističen ali antagonističen vpliv. Večina raziskav o vplivu UV-B sevanja je bila kratkotrajnih, narejenih v nadzorovanih razmerah v laboratorijih, rastlinjakih in rastnih komorah, kjer je bilo UV-B sevanje zelo močno, UV-A sevanje in PAR pa prešibko. Rastline so bolj občutljive na UV sevanje, če je vidna svetloba (PAR) zmanjšana. Klimatske spremembe bodo vplivale na produktivnost kulturnih rastlin, ki so zaradi procesov žlahtnjenja mnogokrat še občutljivejše na spremembe v okolju.
CAP reform and redistribution of direct payments in Slovenia
Authors: ERJAVEC Emil , REDNAK Miroslav , VOLK Tina , KOŽAR Maja
Published: December 2023

The paper attempts to estimate the redistribution of direct payments under different alternatives of the 2003 reform of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) among the agricultural holdings in Slovenia. The scenario analysis is based on a static deterministic model of agricultural holdings and includes 58,776 agricultural holdings which applied for direct payments in 2002. The distribution of direct payments under different alternatives of CAP reform was compared against the distribution of standard scheme with 100 % EU level of payments. Introduction of a net regional scheme with a defined single area payment would result in a drop in budgetary transfers to 13,684 holdings (23.3 %) in comparison with the standard scheme. These holdings receive a bulk of direct payments (46 %) under the standard scheme. Estimated impacts by sectors reveal that the negative distributive effects occur mainly in the beef and milk sectors. If the policy makers seek to minimize the redistribution effects, the specific compensatory payments as well as gradual introduction of single payments could be introduced. However, the question is if in this case the aims of policy changes are fulfilled and new public concerns about agriculture are met satisfactorily.
MHS status and salivary cortisol concentration in individually housed pigs
Authors: SIARD Nataša , ŠTUHEC Ivan
Published: December 2023

Salivary cortisol was evaluated as stress measure in pigs of two malignant hyperthermia (MH) genotypes (NN and Nn), housed individually in metabolic cages and in comfortable large pens with straw. Three replicates were done, each including 8 German Landrace barrows, four (2 NN, 2 Nn) housed in pens and four (2 NN, 2 Nn) in metabolic cages. Altogether there were 24 animals included in the experiment. Saliva samples of all animals were collected simultaneously every 15 minutes between 8.00 and 11.00 a.m. on days 8, 22 and 36 of the experiment. Pigs in more stressful conditions (metabolic cages) had higher salivary cortisol values than pigs in pens, indicating that salivary cortisol might be a suitable indicator of stress in pigs. Higher salivary cortisol values in NN- in comparison to Nn- pigs indicated stronger response to stressful conditions in NN-genotype.
The presence of some pathogen micro organisms, yeasts and moulds in cheese samples produced at small dairy-processing plants
Authors: GODIČ TORKAR Karmen , GOLC TEGER Slavica
Published: December 2023

The presence of pathogenic and some indicator micro organisms was studied in 40 samples of cheese comprising 14 curd samples, 13 samples of soft ripened salted or non-salted cheese and 13 samples of semi-hard cheese manufactured at five small dairy-processing plants. The mean number of coagulase-positive staphylococci in all tested samples was 2.5 × 104cfu*g–1, while the number of E. coli bacteria was 1.4 × 106cfu g–1. In 20.0% out of 40 samples tested, the number of coagulase-positive staphylococci exceeded the prescribed regulations, particularly in soft cheese (12.5%) and curd (7.5%). About 17.5% of samples were contaminated with E. coli in higher concentrations than national valid regulations allowed. The number of E. coli was mostly exceeded in soft cheese and curd in 12.5% and 5.0% of all examined samples, respectively. One sample of semi hard cheese was contaminated with sulphite-reducing clostridia. Proteus was detected in 3 samples (7.5%) and L. grayi in 1 (2.5%) sample. Salmonela and L. monocytogeneswere not detected. According to the valid regulations 9 (22.5%) samples in our investigation did not reach the adequate microbiological quality. Both, yeasts and moulds were isolated from 60% of tested cheese samples with average concentrations of 5.8 × 104 cfu g–1 and 2.0 × 104 cfu g–1, respectively. The genera Geotrichum (91.9%), Moniliella (5.4%) and Aspergillus (2.7%) were the most frequently isolated strains from examined cheese samples. The Aspergillus strains did not belong to the species A. flavus or A. parasiticus and did not produce aflatoxins.
Kappa casein gen (CSN3) in horse: genetic variability in exon 1 and 4
Authors: HOBOR Sebastijan , KUNEJ Tanja , LENASI Tina , DOVČ Peter
Published: December 2023

Kappa casein (κ-CN) is milk protein that determines the size and specific function of the caseinmicelles, and its clevage by chymosine is responsible for milk coagulation. Any variation in genepromoter or coding sequence may change the expression of the gene or amino acid sequence,effecting functional properties of the protein. The mature κ-CN is encoded by part of the exon 3and the entire exon 4. Since exon 3 has 33 bp and exon 4 is 497 bp long, the major part of theprotein is encoded by exon 4. In this study we identified two SNPs in exon 1 and two in exon 4of the horse kappa casein gene (CSN3) and genotyped them in three horse breeds. The nucleotidesequence of the first exon was included in this study due to its possible role in the regulation ofthe CSN3 expression. Because these polymorphisms were analysed for the first time, we used areference method (RFLP) or at least two other complementig methods (Bi-PASA/PIRA andASA-PCR/PIRA), for molecular genetic analysis of above mentioned SNPs. The highestvariation in genotype frequencies was present in Slovenian cold blood breed. SNPs in exon 4cause amino acid (AA) change in the mature product, and may very well renderchemical/functional properties of the protein. Analysis of the consequences caused by changes inAA sequence, by online avaible program tools, comfirmed our hypotesis.
Yield and quality of early cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) in response to within-row plant spacing
Authors: ŽNIDARČIČ Dragan , KACJAN MARŠIĆ Nina , OSVALD Jože , POŽRL Tomaž , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

The plant spacing of early cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) was studied at the Experimental Field of the Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana, during the 2001 and 2002 growing season. The cultivars, which included ‘Vestri’, ‘Parel’, ‘Delphi’, ‘Destiny’ and ‘Hermes’, were each spaced at 20, 30 and 40 cm within rows and 30 cm between rows or populations equivalent to 166,000, 108,000 and 82,000 plants ha-1. The experimental variables measured were marketable yield (per head and per hectare), yield characteristics (head diameter and head volume), quality characteristics (core volume, head density, soluble solids and dry matter) and onion thrips damage ratings. There was no interaction effect of cultivar and planting spacing on the measured variables. Marketable yield per head, head diameter and volume, core volume and head density generally increased as the within-row plant spacing increased, whereas, dry matter was significantly decreased at lower plant spacing. Soluble solids were not affected by plant spacing. The yield potential of cabbage was higher at cv. ‘Vestri’ than at the other cultivars. The onion thrips damage rating was severe at the lowest plant spacing and contributed to the reduced yield. A higher damage rating was established in the cv. ‘Parel’ but this didn't have a statistically significant influence on the weight loss of yield.
Relationship between water-soluble carbohydrate composition of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) and damage levels of onion thrips
Authors: ŽNIDARČIČ Dragan , VIDRIH Rajko , GERM Mateja , BAN Dean , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

The impact of water-soluble carbohydrate composition in relation to damage levels of onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman), were studied under field conditions at the Experimental Field of the Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana on 7 cabbage cultivar (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). Onion thrips showed weak preference on cabbage heads with high amount of total carbohydrate, fructose and glucose and higher preference on heads with high concentration of sucrose. While amount of total carbohydrate, fructose and glucose were negatively correlated with damage levels (r2 = -0.7667; r2 = -0.6947; r2 = -0.8263), sucrose amount was not. There was a strong positively relationship between sucrose amount and the level of plants infested (r2 = +0.7378). The cv.‘Hinova’, which had the highest amount of total carbohydrate, showed itself to be the most resistant to the onion thrips.
case of infection on the scion of grafted tomatoes by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica
Authors: TZORTZAKAKIS Emmanuel A.
Published: December 2023

This is a preliminary communication reporting on a case where the scion of a grafted tomato in a greenhouse crop of Crete became infected by the root–knot nematode  Meloidogyne javanica.
Entomopatogene ogorčice – biotični agensi za zatiranje žuželk iz reda Coleoptera
Authors: LAZNIK Žiga , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

V prispevku so predstavljeni rezultati dosedanjih raziskav delovanja entomopatogenih ogorčic na gospodarsko pomembne škodljivce iz reda Coleoptera. Ti rezultati kažejo, da so lahko entomopatogene ogorčice učinkoviti biotični agensi za zatiranje hroščev iz različnih družin; Scarabaeidae, Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae in Silvanidae. S prispevkom želimo pokazati, da imajo entomopatogene ogorčice vse možnosti, da postanejo v prihodnosti tudi v Sloveniji pomemben biotični dejavnik zatiranja škodljivih hroščev, s čimer bodo lahko delno nadomestile danes prevladujočo uporabo insekticidov.
Boron in irrigation water and its interactions with soil and plants: an example of municpal landfill leachate reuse
Authors: ZUPANČIČ JUSTIN Maja , ZUPANČIČ Marija
Published: December 2023

In several countries, leachate is successfully treated by recirculation to the vegetated landfill cover, as it contains several micro and macronutrients for plant growth. However, the proportion and concentration of some parameters can negatively affect the plant growth and soil quality in the case of high leachate input. The presented research discusses B in leachate and its interactions with soil and plants. A ten-month field research was performed on 1.1 ha of the closed and covered municipal solid waste landfill site irrigated with landfill leachate. B concentration was analysed in leachate, landfill soil cover and in plant leaves. Total B concentration in leachate ranged from 0.8 to 3.83 mg/L. Monthly B mass load on the covered landfill site ranged between 0.2 – 1.5 kg/ha. The concentration of bioavailable B in soil cover gradually increased and ranged between <0.5 – 2.75 mg/kg dry weight soil. The average total B concentration in clover leaves was 23.9 mg/kg, in grass leaves 4.5 mg/kg, in the leaves of younger willows in the new part of the landfill cover 41.3 mg/kg and in the leaves of the older willows in the old part of the landfill cover 81.8 mg/kg. Leachate application increased plant growth during the observation period and there were no toxic effects on plant leaves, although B concentrations were higher compared to usual concentrations found in natural environment.
Prof. Dr. Franz PIRCHNER celebrated his 80th anniversary
Authors: DOVČ Peter
Published: December 2023

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relationship between total and culturable bacteria in cold soils
Authors: STRES Blaž
Published: December 2023

Cold ecosystems are essential to global ecology. Microbial activities are predicted to increase in low temperature regions due to global warming thus further affecting the green gas emissions and stored carbon overturn. This all has led to increased awareness how minute is our understanding of bacterial assemblages in the cold soils and also other environments, spurring the idea of standardization of research protocols. This work focused on comparison of recently published data on culturability of bacteria from 23 cold soils in the frame of International polar Year 2007 (IPY 2007). The results show that linear relationship exists between direct counts and numbers of cultured bacteria. 11 environmental parameters were reported in these studies. However, only two categories were present in all, preventing attempt to identify governing environmental factors. As there is such heterogeneity in reporting and performing research in microbial ecology, standardization of approaches and protocols in microbial ecology could improve comparability of results substantially.
Aphids (Aphididae) and their parasitoids in selected vegetable ecosystems in Slovenia
Authors: KOS Katarina , TOMANOVIĆ Željko , PETROVIĆ-OBRADOVIĆ Olivera , LAZNIK Žiga , VIDRIH Matej , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

Sucking insects, which representatives are also aphids, can cause important economic damage on cultivated and wild-growing plants in vegetable ecosystems. Our research was based on the aim of biological control, which is to limit or to control the pests with the use of their natural enemies. From April to November 2006 living aphids and their mummies were sampled together with their host plants in four locations in Slovenia. The samples have been taken from vegetables, weeds, within-crops plants and from the plants in the field borders. The occurrence of 18 aphid species was confirmed - 14 of them were parasitised. In our research 365 parasitoid specimens (17 species from 8 genera - Aphidius, Binodoxys, Diaeretiella, Ephedrus, Lipolexis, Lysiphlebus, Monoctonus, and Praon - of the family Aphidiidae) were recorded and identified. The most abundant parasitoid species were Aphidius matricariae (32.2 %) and Lysiphlebus fabarum (29.3 %). Parasitoid L. fabarum had the widest range of hosts; it parasitised aphids on the plants from 7 different botanical families. Sex ratio in our research confirmed the known fact, that in natural ecosystems female parasitoids are more numerous than the male parasitoids; this ratio in our research was 71 % : 29 %.
Some economically important properties of sunflower cultivars (Helianthus annuus L.) in the field trials performed at Biotechnical faculty
Authors: KOCJAN AČKO Darja
Published: December 2023

The basic parameter of re-introduction of this crop into the crop rotation in Slovenia is testing and trials of sunflower cultivars (Helianthus annuus L.), that could be suitable for the growing conditions in Slovenia, for the purpose of organic production and for the production of healthy food for consumers. On the experimental field at Biotechnical Faculty, in the period from 2002 to 2006, we were testing certain economically significant properties of five sunflower cultivars: Kernal, Kongo, Delija, Goleador and Iregi szürke csíkos. Seeds were sown by hand to the parcel in the size of 3 m x 11.8 m. Under the growing conditions in central Slovenia the genetic potential of hybrids for the production above 4 t of seed/ha was almost reached and closely approached by the hybrids Kongo and Kernal with average yields 3.5 t/ha and 3.3 t/ha. Yields of Delija and Goleador hybrids were about 1 to 1.2 tons lower, but mutually comparable. The lowest yield (1.6 t/ha) was given by Iregi szurke csikos variety, which is mostly grown by the producers in Slovenia, mainly because it is used and sold as a bird feed. In the year 2003, the fat content in the seed obtained from the hybrids, reached from 38 to 42 %, for Iregi szurke csikos variety it was only 33 %, on the other side - in the year 2005 - the fat content in the seed obtained from the hybrids was higher, that is 39 to 45 %, and for the Iregi szurke csikos variety the average was the same as in the year 2003. The highest fat content in the seed was reached by highly oleic hybrid Goleador, that is 42 % in the year 2003 and 45 % in 2005; for this hybrid, during this two years of the trials the 78- to 79-percent content of oleic acid in the oil was a little lower than its genetic potential, which is above 80 %. Regarding the use of the crop - for the cold pressed oil - the most important cultivars are the highly oleic hybrid Goleador and semi-oleic Delija, and for the bird feed instead of the Iregi szurke csikos variety we could sow Kongo and Kernal hybrids, not only due to their higher yields, but also due to higher fat content. Experts can advise producers how they can increase their production of seeds and oil only on the basis of tested, high quality and accessible sunflower assortment.
Introduction of Grapevine virus B and Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 testing in sanitary selection of grapevine
Authors: TOMAŽIČ Irma , MAVRIČ PLEŠKO Irena , PETROVIČ Nataša , RAVNIKAR Maja , KOROŠEC-KORUZA Zora
Published: December 2023

To introduce testing of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2) and Grapevine virus B (GVB) in sanitary selection of grapevine, commercially available antibodies were evaluated and conditions for routine ELISA testing were optimized. Extraction procedure with Granex 91 - special machine, which is used in routine testing in Slovenia, was compared with grinding samples in mortar. Three different extraction buffers were applied in order to overcome the inconvenience of using more than one extraction procedure when testing grapevine material for several viruses in a routine large-scale testing scheme. Results were verified with Western blot and immuno-electron microscopy. The best results were obtained using extraction buffer with unknown composition (pH 9.0) from BIOREBA kit for GLRaV-2. Other extraction buffers gave less positive samples and they are not convenient for routine testing where extraction with Granex is done. Both viruses, GLRaV-2 and GVB were found in Slovenia, but they couldn't be correlated with rougose wood disease that appears on indigenous cultivar Refošk grafted on 'SO4' from collection vineyard in Komen.
efficiency of AFLP and SSR markers in genetic diversity estimation and gene pool classification of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: MARAS Marko , ŠUŠTAR-VOZLIČ Jelka , JAVORNIK Branka , MEGLIČ Vladimir
Published: December 2023

The present work was conducted to evaluate AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) and SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) marker systems for their ability to detect genetic diversity within a set of 29 common bean accessions spanning both the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools and to compare the efficiency of these two marker types in the classification of accessions according to the gene pools of origin. The ten AFLP primer combinations produced 112 polymorphic bands, while 14 SSR primer pairs generated 100 polymorphic bands. Almost two-fold higher value of expected heterozygosity was calculated for SSR (0.63) than for AFLP (0.32). As the result of a higher multiplex ratio component (11.20), higher marker index value was observed for AFLP (3.56) in comparison to SSR (0.63). The higher level of polymorphism detected by SSR markers has contributed to the lower genetic similarity estimates based on SSR markers (mean 0.25) as compared to AFLP markers (mean 0.88). The dendrograms generated with hierarchical UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean) cluster analysis of the Jaccard's similarity coefficient matrices revealed two major clusters, which were identified as the Andean and the Mesoamerican gene pools. Both marker systems showed comparable accuracy in grouping genotypes of common bean according to their gene pool of origin.
Entomopatogene ogorčice, naravni sovražniki nadzemskih škodljivcev kapusnic
Authors: LAZNIK Žiga , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

V prispevku je predstavljen pomen, način delovanja in razvojni krog entomopatogenih ogorčic, ki so v svetu pomembni naravni sovražniki talnih in nadzemskih škodljivcev. Poseben poudarek je namenjen dosedanji uporabi entomopatogenih ogorčic pri zatiranju nadzemskih škodljivcev kapusnic; vrst Delia radicum, Plutella xylostella, Pieris brassicae, Mamestra brassicae in Phyllotreta spp. V prispevku je predstavljena foliarna aplikacija ogorčic, z namenom njihovega hitrejšega in učinkovitejšega delovanja na ciljne organizme.
Karotenoidi v fotosinteznem aparatu in odziv na stres
Authors: ŠIRCELJ Helena
Published: December 2023

Karotenoidi so tetraterpeni, ki so locirani izklučno v kloroplastih in kromoplastih. V kloroplastu imajo pomembno vlogo pri zbiranju svetlobe, pri odvajanju odvečne svetlobe iz fotosistema in pri odstranjevanju škodljivih molekul, ki nastajajo kot posledica delovanja stresorjev na rastlino. V članku so predstavljeni kloroplastni karotenoidi in njihova vloga. Poudarjena je vloga in delovanje ksantofilnega cikla v rastlinah v stresu.
Pojav naravnih mutacij pri nekaterih linijah koruze (Zea mays L.) iz genske banke
Authors: ROZMAN Ludvik , POKOVEC Katja
Published: December 2023

Z namenom ugotovitve vrste in frekvence mutacij na nekaterih linijah koruze iz genske banke koruze Oddelka za agronomijo Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani smo v letu 2003 na poskusnem polju BF v Jablah pri Trzinu posejali 100 linij koruze iz genske banke. Na poskusni parcelici vsake linije je bilo posejanih po 40 rastlin. Storže linij smo po spravilu v laboratoriju vizualno pregledali in s pomočjo literature beležili pojav naravnih mutacij na storžih in zrnih posamezne linije. Vrste mutacij, ki smo jih na podlagi literature ugotovili, so bile: sladka zrna, zrna s praznim perikarpom, zgrbančena - nerazvita zrna, slabo razvita - abortirana zrna, zrna podobna visoko-lizinskim ali moknatim zrnom, zrna z zmanjšanim endospermom ter zrna v plevah. Nekaterih mutacij na podlagi literature (pisan - sivobel perikarp, nepravilne in odprte vrste zrnja na storžu) nismo mogli natančno definirati.
Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhiza is more important for early growth period of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) for P influx in an Oxisol
Authors: RAKSHIT Amitava , BHADORIA P.B.S.
Published: December 2023

The contribution of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) on phosphorus (P) uptake by groundnut was examined in a low P field soil. The fungicide benomyl was applied to eradicate mycorrhizal infection. The treatments consisted of three P levels viz. 0, 50 and 400 mg P kg-1 soil, with and without benomyl application. Groundnut as test crop was sown two weeks after the application of benomyl and was harvested four times covering the whole growth period. At each harvest, the shoot yield, shoot P concentration, root length, soil solution P (CLi) and per cent root infection by AM was determined for benomyl treated and untreated soil at all P levels. Benomyl showed no effect on soil solution P concentration. When P was limiting, application of benomyl did reduce early groundnut growth by 40-50% at P-0, and by 25-30% at P-50. At high P supply (P-400), benomyl had little or no effect on dry matter production. Thus, indicate that the effect of benomyl on plant growth was by its influence on P uptake from soil. Phosphorus supply affected percentage of root infected by AM which was 40% of the roots at P-0, and decreased to around 30% and 10% at P-50 and P-400. In the early growing season, the P influx of maize was dependent on P in soil solution and the effect of AM was rather large. At high P supply, the contribution of AM to P influx showed a decrease. Without or low AM infection and at low P level, the P influx was 62% of that with AM. During early growth period groundnut showed a similar behaviour as maize at middle growth stage and without AM reduction of P influx, which was to an extent of 67%. In absolute terms AM is more important at maximum growth in the early growth season for groundnut. It is evident from the present investigation that AM may make an significant contribution by about 35 % to the P nutrition of groundnut, but other factors, like P solubilization by root exudates, may be even more important.
Možni vplivi podnebnih sprememb na vodno bilanco tal v Sloveniji
Authors: IPAVEC Tjaša , KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ Lučka
Published: December 2023

Novejše projekcije podnebnih sprememb v vedno večji meri kažejo na spreminjanje vodne bilance tal, ki ima tudi povraten učinek nanje. Obravnavali smo časovno dinamiko vode v tleh za Ljubljano in Mursko Soboto za zadnjih 46 let in preko podnebnih scenarijev do konca stoletja. Za osnovo smo izbrali tridesetletno obdobje 1961-1990, s tem smo nato primerjali obdobje 1991-2006 in projekcije po treh različnih scenarijih podnebnih sprememb, ki smo jih pripravili v obliki inkrementalnih sprememb temperature in padavin kot kombinacijo različnih projekcij za Slovenijo. Z modelom SIMPEL smo določili spremembe potencialne evapotranspiracije (metoda EPIC Penman-Monteith), vodnega primanjkljaja (razlika med količino padavin in potencialno evapotranspiracijo) in števila sušnih dni. Pri vseh treh spremenljivkah se kažejo naraščajoči trendi že za obdobje 1961-2006. Opazovali smo tudi spreminjanje variabilnosti, ki je izrazito predvsem pri številu sušnih dni in nam prinaša dodatno povečevanje tveganja suš. Glavne rezultate smo predstavili z izračuni verjetnosti za pojav določenega števila sušnih dni. Pri tem verjetnosti za več kot 35 sušnih dni v vegetacijskem obdobju (od aprila do septembra) v drugem obravnavanem obdobju ter pri projekcijah po srednjem in še toliko bolj po visokem scenariju podnebnih sprememb bistveno presegajo verjetnosti v prvem obdobju in pri projekcijah po blagem scenariju.
Antimicrobial activity of rosemary extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) against different species of Listeria
Authors: ROŽMAN Tanja , JERŠEK Barbara
Published: December 2023

Reduction or elimination of chemically synthesized additives from foods is a current demand in food industry. A new approach to prevent the proliferation of microorganisms or protect food from oxidation is the use of essential oils or plant extracts as natural additives in foods. We have studied antimicrobial activity of rosemary extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) against different species of Listeria and against different strains of L. monocytogenes. We used two extracts of rosemary, VivOX 20 and VivOX 40 (Vitiva d.d., Slovenia) containing different levels of carnosic acid. We wanted to proof an antimicrobial activity of selected rosemary extracts with two most commonly used methods: disc diffusion method and broth dilution method. With the disc diffusion method we have obtained the inhibition zone and at the lowest concentrations, where no visible bacterial growth was recorded, were assumed as minimal inhibitory concentration values (MIC). We determined MIC values in the ranges from 625 g extract/ml EtOH to 5000 g extract/ml EtOH for VivOX 20 and from 312.5 g extract/ml EtOH do 2500 g extract/ml EtOH for VivOX 40 in the medium. We have established that the resistance of Listeria species against rosemary extracts depends on: selected extract, selected concentration, various species and strain of Listeria. With broth dilution method we have determined minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), as the concentration giving 0.1 % bacterial survival. With this method we have tested two strains of L. monocytogenes and in determinate MBC values in the range from 15.63 ?g/ml TSB to 98.5 ?g/ml TSB for both tested extracts. Results have confirmed our assumption that resistance of Listeria against rosemary extracts depended on the selected strain.