bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes of Tongue Position and Oropharynx Following Treatment with Functional Appliance
Authors: Yassaei S , Bahrololoomi Z , Sorush M
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to determine changes of tongue position and oropharyngeal space following treatment with functional appliance in patients with class II div I malocclusion.

In this before-after clinical trial, 28 patients with class II div 1 malocclusion were investigated. The range of age of females was 10 -13 years and males 11 -14 years. These samples were treated for 11 months. McNamara analysis and some linear variables were used to determine positional changes of tongue and oropharyngeal space. In this study, tongue moved significantly (P.value < 0.05) forwards in the horizontal dimension and non – significantly downwards in the vertical dimension.

Treatment with functional appliance leads to significant alterations in tongue position and significantly increases the extent of oropharyngeal space.
Analysis of Primary and Permanent Molars Prepared with High Speed and Ultrasonic Abrasion Systems
Authors: Lima Pedro Rafael De , Alves Antunes Livia Azeredo , Barrôso Vieira Áurea Simone , Maia Lucianne Comple
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to compare high speed and ultrasonic systems with regard to both topography and smear layer formation in the cavity preparations of sound primary and permanent molars. Class I occlusal cavities measuring 2.00 x 2.00 x 2.00 mm were performed in 14 molars, equally divided into two groups (GI= 7 primary teeth and GII = 7 permanent teeth). High speed rotary instruments produced regular layers of enamel and dentin, despite the marked presence of grooves and microfractures on enamel surfaces. On the other hand, ultrasonic abrasion yielded more irregular surfaces in enamel and dentin, with a granular and wavy aspect, but without microfractures in enamel. Both types of dental substrates were found to have an intense smear layer formation, partially or even completely obliterating the dentinal tubules (p>0.05), irrespective of the instrument used. No difference was observed in either primary or permanent teeth as regards the amount of smear layer produced by high speed or ultrasonic abrasion instruments (p>0.05). It was concluded that with regard to the topography of cavity preparations, there were differences between the instruments used, irrespective of the dental substrate. Both systems allowed dense smear layer formation, which completely or partially obliterated the dentinal tubules of primary and permanent teeth.
Epidemiology of Posterior Crossbite in the Primary Dentition
Authors: da Silva Filho Omar Gabriel , Santamaria Jr. Milton , Filho Leopoldino Capelozza
Published: April 2015

This epidemiological survey was conducted on 2,016 children from 8 private and 12 public preschools at the city of Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. The sample was composed of 1,032 males and 984 females in the primary dentition stage, aged 3 to 6 years.

Normal occlusion was observed in 26.74% of the sample; thus, 73.26% of children presented some type of malocclusion. Among the malocclusions, the following transverse problems were diagnosed: unilateral posterior crossbite (11.65%), anterior open bite associated with posterior crossbite (6.99%), bilateral posterior crossbite (1.19%), unilateral posterior crossbite associate with anterior crossbite (0.79%) and full crossbite (0.19%) totalizing 20.81% of the transverse problems. Mandibular functional deviation was observed in 91.91% of children with unilateral posterior crossbite, characterizing the functional unilateral posterior crossbite.

The results demonstrated that the prevalence of posterior crossbite was compatible with previous data in the literature, with predominance of functional unilateral posterior crossbite.
A Comparative Study of the Secretory IgA immunoglobulins(s.IgA) in Mothers and Children with SECC versus a Caries Free Group Children and their Mothers
Authors: Al Amoudi Najlaa , Al Shukairy Haneen , Hanno Azza
Published: April 2015

Early childhood caries (ECC) is recognized as an infectious disease. The first step in its development is primary infection by the bacterium S. mutans which has been identified as the primary etiologic factors in dental caries. Lactobacilli were also found to play a role in the progression of disease. However, the underlying mechanism of immune response to caries is unclear. The association between secretory IgA (s.IgA) and cariogenic microorganisms is still controversial.

The purpose of this study was to assess the level of salivary IgA in caries free children, and children with SECC and their corresponding mothers. The study also aims at correlating the children's levels to their mothers'.

Sixty children and their mothers attending the dental clinic in King Abdulaziz University participated in our study. Their age ranged from 3 – 5 years. The study groups consisted of thirty children with SECC and a control group consisting of thirty caries free children.

Children together with their mothers were examined and their caries level was recorded. Stimulated saliva was collected from each participant for immunological assessment. The secretory IgA (s. IgA) level was assessed by ELISA test.

Our study has shown that children with SECC and their mothers had higher levels of s. IgA than the caries free children and their mothers. A positive high correlation was found between secretory IgA of mothers and children in both groups.
The Quad-Helix Appliance in the Primary Dentition –Orthodontic and Orthopedic Measurements.
Authors: Vizzotto Mariana Boessio , de Araújo Fernando Borba , Dias da Silveira Heloísa Emília , Boza Adriano Asmuz , Closs Luciane Quadrado
Published: April 2015

Changes in the midpalatal suture and the alterations in intercanine and intermolar widths with the use of the quad-helix appliance were evaluated. Study casts and occlusal radiographs from 10 patients with a mean age of 4 years and 10 months (SD 11 months) were analyzed. A statistically significant palatal suture widening was observed in all cases. The proportion of dental tipping accomplished with the treatment was greater than opening of the suture.
Dental Health of Children: Where We Are Today and Remaining Challenges
Authors: Roberts Michael
Published: April 2015

Dental caries remains the most common disease in man and presents a tremendous health-affecting challenge and fiscal burden to both developed and underdeveloped countries. Changing demographics including increased number of ethnic minorities, cultural practices and diet, the number of children living in poverty or near poverty, and the special needs of medically compromised children have made solutions more complex and evasive. Systemic and topical fluoride contacts remain the most cost-effective public health response to preventing caries among children. The time-honored impact of reducing sugars and carbohydrates in the diet and improving oral hygiene practices also remain essential. New technology has the potential of offering remineralization strategies. The dental profession is challenged to be proactive in identifying alternatives and implementing new and creative ways to embrace underserved children and improve their access to care including trauma prevention. The impact on families and society, including financial and general well-being, due to poor oral health is significant. Lower income families absorb disproportionately the effect of dental diseases due to lack of education, food availability and selection, and access to early preventive care.
A Novel Combination of dens evaginatus and dens invaginatus in a Single Tooth – Review of the Literature and a Case Report
Authors: Anthonappa Robert , Yiu Cynthia , King Nigel
Published: April 2015

Dens evaginatus (DE) and dens invaginatus (DI) are rare developmental dental anomalies affecting both the primary and permanent dentitions. Concurrence of DE and DI within the same tooth is extremely rare. We report a case of DE and DI in a maxillary right lateral incisor tooth. Comprehensive clinical and radiographic examinations are essential to identify such defects; the early diagnosis can then result in the appropriate prophylactic treatment being performed, thus preventing undesirable pulpal complications.
Early Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of the Lower Labial Frenum in Infancy: A Case Report
Authors: Volpi Mello-Moura Anna Carolina , Cadioli Isabela Capparelli , Narras Pires Corrêa Maria Salete , Martins Delgado Rodrigues Célia Regina , Nardi Fonoff Ricardo De
Published: April 2015

The lower labial frenum attached to the free gingival margin can promote local tension, resulting in tissue ischemia, promoting the development of gingival recession, as well as complicating oral hygiene, resulting in a local biofilm accumulation and chronic inflammation. In such cases, periodontal surgery is recommended and the local anatomic characteristics will be improved as early as school age. In this case report,a 7 years old patient had the lower labial frenum repositioned. After this procedure, the suture of the mucosa to the periosteum was performed around the surgical wound to provide local healing by secondary intention. This case report suggests that early diagnosis and surgical treatment of the lower labial frenum in school age children is fundamental in eliminating etiological factors, reestablishing normal anatomic characteristics and preventing periodontal diseases.
Pediatric Liquid Medicaments – Do They Erode The Teeth Surface? An In Vitro Study: Part I
Authors: Girish Babu K , Rai Kavita , Hedge Amitha
Published: April 2015

The present study was conducted to investigate the endogenous erosive potential of some of the most commonly used pediatric liquid medicaments in our day to day practice. Eight commonly used pediatric liquid medicaments were selected and their endogenous pH was measured using a pH electrode meter. Twenty four exfoliated or extracted primary teeth without any carious lesion/restorations, maintained in selected pediatric liquid medicaments were observed under SEM after 1 min, 10 mins and 8 hours of time intervals. The pH ranged between 6.05 (Salbutamol) to 6.77 (Paracetamol) which were acidic, whereas Theophylline had a basic pH of 7.71. The irregular pattern of pit –like erosion area were seen in all specimens, varying from site to site and probably depending on the prismatic versus aprismatic nature and composition of the affected enamel. In conclusion, all the pediatric liquid medicaments used in this study showed an erosive effect on the primary enamel surface irrespective of their pH when viewed under SEM.
Evaluation of Levels of Nitric Oxide in Saliva of Children with Rampant Caries and Early Childhood Caries : A Comparative Study
Authors: Hegde Amitha , Neekhra Varun , Shetty Suchetha
Published: April 2015

It is considered that caries incidence might be low in subjects with high salivary Nitric Oxide (NO) levels. Thus the objective of the present study was to determine the levels of nitric oxide in saliva of children with Rampant Caries (RC) and Early Childhood Caries (ECC). A total of 120 children were divided into 4 groups of 30 each belonging to two age groups of 6-12 yrs and 71 months or less respectively. Children between the age of 6-12 yrs were either with RC or their control and children between the age of 71months or less were either with ECC or their control respectively. The study and control subjects were divided equally. Oral health status was recorded followed by unstimulated salivary flow rate estimation. Estimation of salivary nitric oxide was measured by the concentration of its stable metabolite nitrite using Classical Griess Reaction. The mean nitrite levels of both the control groups were much higher when compared with the study groups, which was statistically very highly significant.
Recurrent Odontogenic Myxofibroma of the Mandible in a 12 Year Old: An Illustrative Case Report
Authors: Mehrotra Divya , Kamboj Mala
Published: April 2015

Clinical and radiographic features of a large, destructive, unilateral recurrent lesion of mandible in a 12 year old boy histologically proved as myxofibroma are described here. The purpose of this article is to lay emphasis on the importance of early diagnosis of such lesions so that further recurrence can be prevented.
Predisposing Factors And Prevalence Of Fractured Anterior Teeth Among 12 And 16 Years Old School Malaysian Children
Authors: Gopinath V , Ling K , Haziani K , Ismail N
Published: April 2015

OBJECTIVE: This study reports on the predisposing factors and prevalence of fractured anterior teeth among 12 and 16 years-old school children in Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, West Malaysia. STUDY DESIGN:A cross-sectional study was performed, involving 488 school children aged 12 and 16 years old and two calibrated dentists on the use of the World Health Organization (WHO) modification of Andreasen's 1999 classification. An oral examination was performed and all the necessary information was collected using a specified data collection sheet. The data was analyzed using the SPSS version 12. RESULTS: The response rate was 98.8%. The prevalence of fractured anterior teeth was 11.2% at the age of 12 and 13.4% at the age of 16. Boys experienced more fractures than girls (p<0.05) among 12 year-olds but there was no gender predilection among 16 year olds. Most children could not remember the cause of fracture (>53.6%). Over 80% of dental injuries were of minor type (enamel fracture not involving the dentin). The maxillary central incisor was the most affected (>60%) tooth. Children at the age of 12 years with over jet greater than 3 mm,incompetent and short lip were predisposed to dental injuries (p<0.05). There was no association between molar relationship and fractures (p>0.05) in both age groups. CONCLUSION: The present study assessed the prevalence of dental injuries in 12 and 16 year old children and determined the risk factors that predispose to dental injuries. The possible causes and consequences of such tooth fractures must be highlighted to ensure esthetics and tooth longevity.
Relationship between malocclusion and behavioral, demographic and socioeconomic variables: a cross-sectional study of 5-year-olds
Authors: Facciolli Hebling Sandra Regina , Cortellazzi Karine Laura , Silva Tagliaferro Elaine Pereira da , Hebling Eduardo , Bovi Ambrosano Gláucia Maria , Castro Meneghim Marcelo de , Pereira Antonio Carlos
Published: April 2015

Objective: Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the prevalence and the severity of malocclusion have increased over the years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between malocclusions,such as open bite and crossbite, and behavioral, demographic and socioeconomic variables in a sample of 5-year-old children attending preschools. Methods: The random sample consisted of 728 preschool children attending 22 public (n=428) and 18 private (n=300) preschools. A calibrated examiner performed the epidemiological examination outdoors, under natural light, using dental mirror and CPI probe. Information on socioeconomic status and the presence of deleterious oral habits was collected by a questionnaire sent to parents. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: The deleterious oral habits were observed in 83.1% of the children and were significantly associated with social class. Pacifier use (OR=21.71), thumb sucking (OR=4.72); atypical swallowing (OR=7.35) and mouth breathing(OR=4.65) were risk indicators for open bite. Pacifier use (OR=1.59), lip interposition (OR=1.78), mouth breathing (OR=1.96) and gender (OR=1.88) were risk indicators for crossbite. Conclusions: Environmental factors, such as the presence of deleterious oral habits as well as social class, play an important role in identifying children with open and/or crossbite.
Erbium Laser Treatment Of An Impacted First Mandibular Premolar: A Case Report
Authors: Boj Juan R , Miguel Hernandez , Enrique Espasa , Clervie Poirier , Antonio Espanya
Published: April 2015

Dental impaction defines a tooth that, instead of erupting to occupy its functional position, is partially or totally retained and remains within the bone. Retained teeth can be placed in the normal arch position through a combination of orthodontics and conventional surgical techniques, or a combination of orthodontics and laser surgery, as in the case here presented of a 14-year-old boy with an impacted first mandibular premolar, covered by bone, and with complete root formation and an erupted second premolar. The impacted premolar was surgically exposed using an Er,Cr:YSGG laser and at the same time an orthodontic bracket was bonded to provide traction to move the first premolar into its arch position.
Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis in Preschoolers: Report of a case in a 3-1/2 Year Old
Authors: Portaro Camila Palma , Chópite Yndira Gonzalez , Cárdenas Abel Cahuana
Published: April 2015

Destructive forms of periodontal disease in children are uncommon. Severe periodontal destruction can be a manifestation of a systemic disease; however, in some patients, the underlying cause of increased susceptibility and early onset is still unknown.

Objective: To describe an effective therapeutic approach to Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis (GAgP) in children, based on a 3-1/2 year-old male patient referred to the Hospital due to early loss of incisors, gingivitis,and tooth mobility in his primary dentition. Intraoral examination revealed severe gingival inflammation,dental abscesses, pathological tooth mobility, bleeding upon probing and attachment loss around several primary teeth. Dental radiographs revealed horizontal and vertical bone loss. Treatment consisted on the extraction of severely affected primary teeth, systemic antibiotics, deep scaling of remaining teeth and strict oral hygiene measures. Once the patient's periodontal condition was stabilized, function and esthetics were restored with "pedi-partials." After a follow-up period of nearly 4 years, the patient's periodontal status remains healthy, facilitating the eruption of permanent teeth.

Conclusion: Prompt diagnosis and good treatment regimen may provide an effective therapeutic management of Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis.
Congential epulis of newborn: Report of a spontaneous regression case
Authors: Ruschel Henrique Castilhos , Beilke Letícia Pozzi , Beilke Rodrigo Pozzi , Kramer Paulo Floriani
Published: April 2015

Congenital epulis of newborn is a rare benign tumor that is also known as a congenital granular cell tumor. The objective of this article was to describe and discuss the case of a newborn girl with a pedunculated mass in the left anterior maxillary alveolar margin diagnosed as congenital epulis. Conservative treatment was adopted and the lesion spontaneously regressed.
Genetic Sensitivity to 6-N-Propylthiouracil (PROP) As a Screening Tool for Obesity and Dental Caries in Children
Authors: Hegde Amitha , Sharma Akhilesh
Published: April 2015

Purpose: Dental caries and childhood obesity epidemics are multifactorial complex disease and children's dietary pattern is a common underlying etiologic factor in their causation. Dietary preferences and taste are genetically determined. In the present study children were identified who are at greater risk for developing dental caries and obesity so as to institute preventive measures at an early stage. Materials: Among 500 children belonging to the age group of 8-12 years of both sexes PROP sensitivity test was carried out. Body mass index was determined and the caries experience was recorded. A Questionnaire was prepared and given to the parents of the children to evaluate their dietary habits. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using prevalence test, ANOVA test and chi-square test. Results: We found that the non taster children had higher caries experience and body weight respectively as compared to children who were supertasters and medium tasters. Super-tasters tended to be sweet and fatty food dislikers and non-tasters tended to be likers. Conclusions: The PROP test proved to be a useful tool in determining the genetic sensitivity levels of the bitter taste and could be used as a useful screening tool to identify children at risk of developing obesity and dental caries.
Antimicrobial Action of a Filling Paste Used in Pulp Therapy in Primary Teeth under Different Storage Conditions.
Authors: Praetzel Juliana Rodrigues , Ferreira Fabiana Vargas , Weiss Rita Niederauer , Friedrich Rosane Salete , Guedes-Pinto Antonio Carlos
Published: April 2015

Objective: compare the antimicrobial effectiveness of common antimicrobial paste immediately after pulp therapy and in different storage conditions. Study design: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis,Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis sample were used. The storage conditions utilized were: at room temperature - the paste was subjected to a natural aging process at room temperature for a 24-hour and 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 day periods (GPRT). Refrigerator storage – the paste was placed to a natural aging process in a refrigerator at 4°C for a 24 hour and 7.14, 28, 60 and 90 day periods (GPR). To perform the immediate effect analysis (GPi or zero time), of each mixture either at room or refrigerator temperature, the preparation procedure was similar, although GPR, iodoform, Rifocort® and camphorated paramonochlorophenol were stored in the refrigerator and then taken out, dosed and manipulated, and had their immediate effect tested after a l-week period at storage of 4°C average temperature. The testing methodology was Dilution in Solid Medium-Agar. The Wilcoxon Test and Friedman variance analyses were used. Results: the GP paste showed antimicrobial activity at all experimental times. Conclusion: the pastes presented antimicrobial effectiveness at all experimental times.
Clinical Efficacy of 5% Sodium Hypochlorite for Removal of Stains Caused by Dental Fluorosis
Authors: Flores Aurora Cárdenas , Reyes Héctor Flores , Moscoso Antonio Gordillo , Castanedo Cázares Juan Pablo , Pozos Guillén Amaury de
Published: April 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for removal of stains caused by dental fluorosis in young patients. A clinical trial involved 33 patients with diffuse opacities on the enamel surfaces of maxillary incisors due to effects of dental fluorosis. The protocol of treatment 3 steps:(1) cleaning and enamel etching with 37% phosphoric acid in order to eliminate the layer that covers the fluorotic enamel surface and allow better penetration of the bleaching agent,(2) application of 5% sodium hypochlorite to remove stains caused by organic material, and (3) filling the opened microcavities with a light-cured, composite surface sealant to prevent restaining. The whiteness of the enamel lesions before and after treatment were expressed in L*, a*, and b* color space measurements using a Minolta Chroma Meter CR300. Analysis of parameters of ¢E (L*, a*, b*) showed that changes were observed in the L* (brightness) and a* (redness), which paralleled the ¢E differences. There was no significant difference in the b* (yellow) parameter. The technique described in this study appears to have advantages over other methods for improving the appearance of fluorotic lesions. It is simple, low cost, non invasive so the enamel keeps its structure, relatively rapid, and safe; it requires no special materials, and it can be used with safety on young permanent teeth.
Effect of a Financial Incentive on Returning for Post-Operative Care Following General Anesthesia
Authors: Powers Christina , Mathu-Muju Kavita , Bush Heather
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to examine whether the use of a ten dollar financial incentive improved parental compliance in returning for their child's post-operative care appointment following dental treatment under general anesthesia at the University of Kentucky Pediatric Dentistry residency program.Study Design: Parents/guardians of 69 children scheduled for dental treatment carried out under general anesthesia at the University of Kentucky Pediatric Dentistry residency program from Oct 2007 to March 2008 were offered a $10 incentive if they returned for their one week post-operative care appointment. All subjects who returned received a $10 incentive by mail. A control consisting of 100 patients treated at the University of Kentucky Pediatric Dentistry residency program from October 2006 to April 2007 was used to determine historical return rates for post-operative care after dental treatment under general anesthesia.Results: Sixty-six percent (66%) of the control group returned for their post-operative care appointment. Sixty-five percent (65%) of the incentive group returned for their post-operative care appointment.Conclusion: Offering a $10 incentive did not increase the return rate for post-operative care following dental treatment under general anesthesia in a small study population.
Sealing Ability of ProRoot MTA and MTA-Angelus Simulating a One-Step Apical Barrier Technique- An in vitro Study
Authors: Lolayekar Nikita , Bhat Sham , Hegde Sundeep
Published: April 2015

Endodontic treatment of the pulpless tooth with an immature root apex poses a special challenge for the clinician due to lack of an apical stop against which to compact an interim dressing of calcium hydroxide, or the final obturation material. A one-visit apexification protocol with MTA (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate) has be seen as an alternative to the traditional treatment practices with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of MTA as a 5mm apical barrier by comparing sealing ability of ProRoot MTA to that of MTA-Angelus. 50 freshly extracted Maxillary and Mandibular single canal sound human incisor teeth were used in this study, which were decoronated to standardized 10mm root lengths. The root segments were prepared to simulate the clinical situation of an open apex with Gates Glidden burs # 5-1 and randomly assigned into 2 experimental groups of 20 samples each (Group A: ProRoot MTA, Group B: MTA-Angelus) and 10 root segments were used as control (Group C) where no apical barrier was used. After obturation the coronal portion of all samples were sealed with Glass Ionomer and stored at 37°C and 100% humidity for 4 weeks. The root segments were then double coated with nail varnish except for the apical 1mm and apical ends of all root segments were suspended vertically in methylene blue dye for 48 hours at room temperature. After removal from the dye, the samples were sectioned longitudinally and linear dye penetration was measured using a Grid and stereomicroscope. The measurements were tabulated and statistically analyzed. The mean percentage of dye leakage for Group A was 55.5% and for Group B was 53.25%. The results showed no statistically significant difference in the sealing ability of ProRoot MTA and MTA-Angelus when used as apical barriers.
Processed Dairy Beverages pH Evaluation: Consequences of Temperature Variation
Authors: Ferreira Fabiana Vargas , Pozzobon Roselaine Terezinha
Published: April 2015

Objective: this study assessed the pH from processed dairy beverages as well as eventual consequences deriving from different ingestion temperatures. Study design: 50 adults who accompanied children attended to at the Dentistry School were randomly selected and they answered a questionnaire on beverages. The beverages were divided into 4 groups: yogurt (GI) fermented milk (GII), chocolate-based products (GIII) and fermented dairy beverages (GIV). They were asked which type, flavor and temperature. The most popular beverages were selected, and these made up the sample. A pHmeter Quimis 400 A device was used to verify pH. The average pH from each beverage was calculated and submitted to statistical analysis (Variance and Tukey test with a 5% significance level). Results: for groups I, II and III beverages, type x temperature interaction was significant, showing the pH averages were influenced by temperature variation. At iced temperatures,they presented lower pH values, which were considered statistically significant when compared to the values found for the same beverages at room temperature. Conclusion: all dairy beverages, with the exception of the chocolate-based type presented pH below critical level for enamel and present corrosive potential; as to ingestion temperature, iced temperature influenced pH reducing its values, in vitro.
Banking Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED): Saving for the Future
Authors: Arora Vipin , Arora Pooja , Munshi AK
Published: April 2015

Tooth derived cells are readily accessible and provide an easy and minimally invasive way to obtain and store stem cells for future use. Banking ones own tooth-derived stem cells is a reasonable and simple alternative to harvesting stem cells from other tissues.

Obtaining stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) is simple and convenient, with little or no trauma. Every child loses primary teeth, which creates the perfect opportunity to recover and store this convenient source of stem cells – should they be needed to treat future injuries or ailments and presents a far better alternative to simply discarding the teeth or storing them as mementos from the past. Furthermore,using ones own stem cells poses few, if any, risks for developing immune reactions or rejection following transplantation and also eliminates the potential of contracting disease from donor cells. Stem cells can also be recovered from developing wisdom teeth and permanent teeth. Individuals have different opportunities at different stages of their life to bank these valuable cells. It is best to recover stem cells when a child is young and healthy and the cells are strong and proliferative.

The purpose of this review is to discuss the present scenario as well as the technical details of tooth banking as related to SHED cells.
Staphylococcus Aureus Contamination in a Pediatric Dental Clinic
Authors: Negrini Thais de Cássia , Duque Cristiane , de Oliveira Ana Carolina Mascarenhas , Hebling Josimeri , Spolidorio Luis , Spolidorio Denise
Published: April 2015

Staphylococcus aureus strains can be disseminated during dental treatment and occasionally lead to contamination and infection of patients and dentists. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and compare the number of S.aureus colonies isolated from the nose, hands and tongue of students and patients, as well as from the clinical environment, before and after dental treatment. Staphylococcus species were isolated from the tongue, nose and hands of 30 students and 30 patients and from the environment of a Pediatric Dentistry Clinic. The samples were incubated in SMA plates at 37o C for 48 hours. Results: The colonies that showed the presence of mannitol fermentation were collected as identification for Staphylococcus aureus, using CHROMagar and the coagulase test. The highest amount of S.aureus was found in the nose and tongue of children. In relation to dental students, more contamination was observed on gloved hands, followed by the tongue and hands without gloves, before clinical attendance. At the end of dental treatment, S. aureus colonies isolated from the gloved hands of students decreased significantly. Considering the clinical environment, the most contaminated areas were the auxiliary table and the storeroom, which was located at the center of the clinic. Conclusion: The dental clinic can be considered an environment for S. aureus cross-transmission. Preventative measures should be used to avoid the dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms.
Outcome of Dentigerous Cysts Treated with Marsupialization
Authors: Huseyin Koca , Esin Alpoz , Aycan Kazanc
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of dentigerous cysts in children treated with marsupialization.Study design: 35 dentigerous cysts from 35 children treated with marsupialization were included in the study. The age of the children ranged from 8 to 13 years old. Results: The findings of our study showed that the outcome of dentigerous cysts treated with marsupialization is successful resulting with the eruption of teeth and regeneration of bone. Accordingly a successful outcome was achieved either with or without the help of an orthodontic treatment. Postoperative follow-ups were un-eventful in all patients during a 5 year period. Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate that marsupialization may be a better choice of treatment for dentigerous cysts in children rather than the standard treatment.
The Effects of Children's Drinks on the Color Stability of Various Restorative Materials
Authors: Tunc Emine Sen , Bayrak Sule , Guler Ahmet Umut , Tuloglu Nuray
Published: April 2015

Objective: To evaluate the effects of exposure to various children's drinks on the color stability of different esthetic restorative material commonly used in pediatric dentistry. Study Design: Cylindrical specimens(15×2mm) were prepared from four different restorative materials (Fuji IX, Fuji II LC, Dyract Extra, and Filtek Z250). For each material, 20 specimens were prepared and divided into four groups. Each group was stored in a different solution (distilled water, chocolate milk, cola, grape juice) for 24 hours. A colorimeter was used to measure the color of each specimen both before and after staining. Color change (ΔE*) was calculated, and data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. Results: For all restorative materials, the lowest ΔE* values were recorded for specimens stored in distilled water (0.42), followed by chocolate milk (0.88), grape juice (3.45) and cola (3.97). Among the four restorative materials tested,Fuji II LC showed the most color change (3.71) and Fuji IX the least (1.33). There were statistically significant differences among above groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: ΔE* values were acceptable for all materials tested, with the exception of Fuji II LC. Therefore, the use of RMGIC should be avoided in anterior restorations in children due to esthetic reasons.
Effect of Glass Ionomer Cement and Fluoride Varnish on the Remineralization of Artificial Proximal Caries in Situ.
Authors: Trairatvorakul C , Techalertpaisarn P , Siwawut S , Ingprapankorn A
Published: April 2015

Objective: To compare the effect of glass ionomer cement (GIC) and fluoride varnish (F-varnish) on artificial proximal caries in situ. Study design: Two 1×3 mm2 enamel slabs, divided into three 1×1 mm2 windows,were prepared from each proximal surface of 18 premolars. Each slab was distributed into a control area,an intact enamel area and a test area. Artificial lesions were created on the control and test areas by immersing in demineralizing solution for 24 hours. The test windows were either applied with GIC or F-varnish and the full slabs inserted into orthodontic brackets as carriers, which were then bonded to the buccal surfaces of the 6 upper posterior teeth of 6 volunteers using non-fluoride dentifrice for 30 days. There was a 1-week washout period in this crossover study. The middle specimens of the three windows were cross-sectioned to analyze the carious lesion area by a polarized light microscope and calculated with Image-Pro plus® software.Results: The average carious lesion area under GIC was significantly less than that under F-varnish(p<0.05). Conclusion: GIC promotes more remineralization of artificial carious lesions on proximal surfaces than F-varnish.
AIDS in Children—Epidemiology, Clinical Course, Oral Manifestations and Management
Authors: Mittal Meenu
Published: April 2015

HIV/AIDS has gained enormous proportion globally. In 2007, there were an estimated 33 million people living with HIV and an estimated 270,000 HIV infected children younger than 15 years died because of AIDS,HIV/AIDS can manifest in different forms and in present day scenario, it is imperative that dentists know its clinical presentation and management. Oral manifestations are one of the earliest indicators of HIV infection and progression in children, as in adults, although the specific manifestations differ between adults and children. The aim of this paper is to briefly review, on the basis of literature, the AIDS epidemiology, transmission,clinical course, oral manifestations and their management in children.
Medicine Use in Children: A Critical Area
Authors: Venkatesh Sangeetha
Published: April 2015

Children are particularly a challenging group of patients when trying to ensure the safe use of medicines. Their variable weight, body surface area and organ system maturity affect their ability to metabolize and excrete medications. In addition, there are few standardized dosing regimens for children, with most medication dosing requiring body weight calculations. These challenges in pediatric medication use contribute to an increased risk of medication errors including serious drug dosing errors. This manuscript addresses the pediatric dentists to focus on the issues related to pediatric medication.
Apexification with MTA using Internal Matrix: Report of 2 Cases
Authors: Vanka A , Ravi K , Shashikiran N
Published: April 2015

Calcium hydroxide (CH) has been reported to have several drawbacks when used for apexification. Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) has generated considerable interest as an alternative. Two different cases are reported using MTA for apexification. In the first case an incomplete CH barrier was used as a matrix against which MTA could be condensed. In the second case internal matrix was formed using absorbable collagen sponge and a comparable result could be achieved. Further studies are needed to develop it into a standardized method, akin to that of matrices used in class II restoration.
Myofibroma of the Gingiva: Report of a Case
Authors: Koyuncu Banu Özveri , Zeytinoğlu Mert , Ünal Taha , Zeytinoğlu Bülent
Published: April 2015

Myofibroma is a benign mesenchymal neoplasm composed of myofibroblasts which has been described with different synonyms since the first report in 1951. It occurs most commonly as a solitary lesion of soft tissue,skin, or bone in infancy. The prognosis of oral myofibromas is excellent, and surgical excision is curative. Recurrence is rare. Awareness and recognition of this benign tumor is important to establish the correct diagnosis and avoid morbidity of unnecessary aggressive therapy. This report describes a myofibroma of the gingiva in a 14 year old girl and is reported together with the conventional histologic, and immunohistochemical findings. The tumor showed rapid increase in size and clinical features suggestive of malignancy. However, on histopathologic evaluation it was diagnosed as a benign neoplasm, and this diagnosis was supported by immunohistochemical markers. The spindle cells were immunopositive for smooth muscle actin,and vimentin but were negative for desmin and S-100 protein. The patient was treated with surgical excision,and is followed-up for 33 months without any signs of recurrence.
Identification of Cultivable Microorganisms from Primary Teeth with Necrotic Pulps
Authors: Ledezma-Rasillo Gildardo , Flores-Reyes Hector , Gonzalez-Amaro Ana Ma. , Garrocho-Rangel Arturo , Ruiz-Rodriguez Ma. del Socorro , Pozos-Guillen Amaury
Published: April 2015

The objective of this study was to identify cultivable microorganisms from primary teeth with necrotic pulps. This experimental study included 21 patients of both sexes between 4 and 7 years of age with necrotic pulps in primary teeth. Twenty-one maxillary and mandibular molars containing at least 1 necrotic canal, an abscess or sinus tract, one or more radiolucent areas in the furcation or periapical region, teeth having at least two thirds of root length, and carious lesions directly exposed to the oral environment were included. After antisepsis of the oral cavity, anesthesia of the affected tooth, and isolation and disinfection of the operative field, 3 sterile absorbent paper points were sequentially placed for 30 seconds for the collection of samples. The samples were immediately processed in an anaerobic chamber, and all isolated microorganisms were identified. Anaerobic species (anaerobic facultative and moderate anaerobes) were isolated in all root canals; 68.4% of root canal samples studied showed a polymicrobial nature. Most of the isolate consisted of Bifidobacterium Spp2 and Streptococcus intermedius. Other less frequently encountered species were Actinomyces israelii, Bifidobacterium spp 1, Clostridium spp, and Candida albicans. Results indicate the existence of combinations of bacterial species in root canal infections of the primary dentition with necrotic pulps, anaerobic bacteria predominating.
Relation of Salivary Risk Factors to Dental Caries in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Subramaniam Priya , Babu KL Girish , Rodriguez Anil
Published: April 2015

One of the primary handicapping conditions of childhood is cerebral palsy (CP). Controversy exists about the incidence of dental caries and its associated salivary risk factors in cerebral palsied children. Thus the present study evaluated the correlation between dental caries and certain salivary risk factors in these children. One hundred non-institutionalized children in the age group of 5-12 years having cerebral palsy were selected. The W.H.O. criteria was used for diagnosis and recording of dental caries. Determination of the unstimulated salivary pH, buffering capacity and flow rate of stimulated saliva was carried out. The mean deft and DMFT values were 2.51 and 0.73, respectively. Salivary pH was 6.83, buffering capacity 10.84 and salivary flow rate 1.08ml/per min. A significant correlation was observed only between salivary pH and dental caries in the primary dentition of CP children.
Evaluation of Changes in Muscle Thickness, Bite Force and Facial Asymmetry during Early Treatment of Functional Posterior Crossbite
Authors: Castelo Paula Midori , Duarte Gavião Maria Beatriz , Pereira Luciano José , Bonjardim Leonardo Rigoldi
Published: April 2015

Objective: To determine morphological and functional effects on masticatory system of early treatment of functional posterior crossbite in young children. Study design: 23 children were divided into two groups:deciduous (DecG, n=11) and early mixed dentition (MixG, n=12), which received slow maxillary expansion. Maximal bite force, ultrasonographic masticatory muscle thickness and facial asymmetry were evaluated in three stages: before the start of treatment (s1), after three months of retention (s2), and after three months of observation (s3). The results were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U-test, correlation test, repeated measures ANOVA and backward stepwise multiple regression. Results. Bite force and temporalis thickness increased from s1 to s2 and s3 in both groups (p<0.05). Body mass index (BMI) increased significantly from s1 to s3 only in the MixG, but the masseter thickness did not differ among the stages. The correlation between the angle of the eye and the angle of the mouth in relation to the mid-sagital plane increased from s1 to s3. Masticatory muscle thickness contributed significantly to bite force magnitude in all stages, whereas age and BMI showed no significant contribution to its variation. Conclusion: Bite force and temporalis muscle thickness increased significantly in children after early treatment of functional crossbite.
Asymmetric Crying Facies with a Couple of Primary Mandibular Central Incisor and 22q11 Deletion
Authors: Karagol Belma Saygili , Zenciroglu Aysegul
Published: April 2015

Facial asymmetry present only on crying has been described as a seperate entity and termed asymmetric crying facies. The cause of the facial asymmetry in this disorder is congenital absence or hypoplasia of the depressor anguli oris muscle at the corner of the mouth.

This defect is associated at times with major congenital anomalies, most commonly in the cardiovascular system. Chromosome 22q11 microdeletions in cases with ACF have been reported. We report a newborn infant who had ACF associated with a couple of primary mandibular central incisor teeth and chromosome 22q11 microdeletion. This clinical sign in association with ACF has not been previously described.
Using Superimposition of 3-Dimensional Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Images with Surface-Based Registration in Growing Patients
Authors: Tai Kiyoshi , Park Jae Hyun , Mishima Katsuaki , Hotokezaka Hitoshi
Published: April 2015

Objective: The purpose of this research was to evaluate a new method of superimposing detailed cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods: This study used 5 different software programs to transform the digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) data from CBCT image into polygon data. The data conversion errors from different software programs were verified by the polyacetal ball test and the dry skull test. The iterative closest point (ICP) method was used for precise superimposition. To evaluate changes related to growth, three different domains were superimposed in order to investigate appropriate areas for evaluation by the ICP method. Results: The ICP method in the cranial base(excluding the peripheral zone) was indicated as the most reliable surface in this research. There were no measurement errors in converting the image data between software programs. Conclusion: The ICP method in the cranial base (excluding the peripheral zone) is one of the most accurate methods for superimposition when the mandibular rotation or displacement has not occurred during growth or treatment. This 3-dimesional(3D) superimposition technique can be used for a valid and reproducible assessment of treatment outcomes for growing subjects. This method is considered to be of clinical value because of the manageability and 3D accuracy of the data comparison with multi planar reconstruction (MPR) images.
Oral Carcinoma Cuniculatum in a Young Child.
Authors: Hutton A , McKaig S , Bardsley P , Monaghan A , Parmar S
Published: April 2015

From the Department of Dental Specialties, Birmingham Children's Hospital. This case study describes a rare case of oral carcinoma cuniculatum in a 7 year old female. She presented with an enlarged mass of the anterior maxilla arising from the gingiva. An anterior maxillectomy with immediate prosthetic replacement and obturation of the residual defect were carried out. The management of this case was challenging given the rare nature of the disease, unclear etiology, the patient's young age and the mutilating effects of surgery. The treatment involved a large multidisciplinary team. The provision of obturators was particularly difficult due to poor patient compliance and the extent of surgery carried out in a growing child. Oral cancer in children under 15 years old is extremely rare and this is the youngest case of oral carcinoma cuniculatum reported in the literature.
Caries Experience in Asthmatic Children: A Review of Literature
Authors: Turkistani Jihan Mohammed , Farsi Najat , Almushayt Abdullah , Alaki Sumer
Published: April 2015

Aim: This review explores the discriminating factors involved for increased caries experience in asthmatic children. Background: Dental caries is the single most common chronic disease of childhood. Children with chronic medical conditions are considered high caries risk. Asthma is one of the most common chronic medical conditions in childhood. Material: 27 studies examined the asthma-caries causative relationship. Most of them were cross sectional studies; only 5 longitudinal studies were reported. In the literature, there is a lack of consensus regarding the relationship between dental caries and asthma in a child population.Conclusion: Despite the fact that some relatively recent studies have provided little evidence for an asthmacaries causative relationship, the majority and the most recent reports have concluded that the individualistic nature of asthmatic condition, through either its disease status or its pharmacotherapy (different combinations of medicaments), or attempts to alleviate the condition's physiologic sequelea, carries several factors for an increased caries risk.