bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A carvedilol analogue, VK‐II‐86, prevents hypokalaemia‐induced ventricular arrhythmia through novel multi‐channel effects
Authors: Robinson Victoria M. , Alsalahat Izzeddin , Freeman Sally , Antzelevitch Charles , Barajas‐Martinez Héctor , Venetucci Luigi
Published: December 2021

Background and Purpose

QT prolongation and intracellular Ca2+ loading with diastolic Ca2+ release via ryanodine receptors (RyR2) are the predominant mechanisms underlying hypokalaemia‐induced ventricular arrhythmia. We investigated the antiarrhythmic actions of two RyR2 inhibitors: dantrolene and VK‐II‐86, a carvedilol analogue lacking antagonist activity at β‐adrenoceptors, in hypokalaemia.

Experimental Approach

Surface ECG and ventricular action potentials (APs) were recorded from whole‐heart murine Langendorff preparations. Ventricular arrhythmia incidence was compared in hearts perfused with low [K+], and those pretreated with dantrolene or VK‐II‐86. Whole‐cell patch clamping was used in murine and canine ventricular cardiomyocytes to study effects of dantrolene and VK‐II‐86 on AP parameters in low [K+] and effects of VK‐II‐86 on the inward rectifier current (IK1), late sodium current (INa_L) and the L‐type Ca2+ current (ICa). Effects of VK‐II‐86 on IKr were investigated in transfected HEK‐293 cells. A fluorogenic probe quantified the effects of VK‐II‐86 on oxidative stress in hypokalaemia.

Key Results

Dantrolene reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias induced by low [K+] in explanted murine hearts by 94%, whereas VK‐II‐86 prevented all arrhythmias. VK‐II‐86 prevented hypokalaemia‐induced AP prolongation and depolarization but did not alter AP parameters in normokalaemia. Hypokalaemia was associated with decreased IK1 and IKr, and increased INa‐L, and ICa. VK‐II‐86 prevented all hypokalaemia‐induced changes in ion channel activity and oxidative stress.

Conclusions and Implications

VK‐II‐86 prevents hypokalaemia‐induced arrhythmogenesis by normalizing calcium homeostasis and repolarization reserve. VK‐II‐86 may provide an effective treatment in hypokalaemia and other arrhythmias caused by delayed repolarization or Ca2+ overload.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 5,6‐dihydrobenzo[h]quinazoline derivatives as FLT3 inhibitors
Authors: Ding Lei , Zhang Qing , Zhao Kuantao , Jiao Xiaoyu , Zhou Ying , Fan Weizheng , Tang Chunlei
Published: December 2021

Fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is widely expressed and often mutated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which makes it an important target for the treatment of AML. The structure‐based synthesis and biological evaluation of 5,6‐dihydrobenzo[h]quinazoline derivatives as FLT3 inhibitors have been studied in this paper. III‐1a, III‐1c, III‐2a, III‐2c, and III‐4a displayed comparable inhibitory potency against FLT3‐ITD and showed remarkable antiproliferative activities against MV4‐11.
Synthesis and antiviral activity of 2′‐deoxy‐6′‐substituted carbocyclic nucleosides
Authors: Xue Haitao , Guo Shuang , Hu Tianwen , Wei Daibao , Xie Yuanchao , Shen Jingshan
Published: December 2021

A series of 2′‐deoxy carbocyclic nucleosides characterized by various 6′‐substitutions were synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral activities against three viruses, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus, and influenza virus. The in vitro antiviral assays indicated that these nucleosides only showed inhibitory activities against HBV, and the substituted groups at the 6′ position significantly affected the activity. Among them, the guanosine analog 2b bearing a 6′‐α‐hydroxyl methyl group was the most potent compound with an EC50 value of 80 nM. The present study provided useful information for the discovery of antiviral carbocyclic nucleosides.
Chalcone‐inspired rA1/A2A adenosine receptor ligands: Ring closure as an alternative to a reactive substructure
Authors: Matthee Chrisna , Terre’Blanche Gisella , Janse van Rensburg Helena D. , Aucamp Janine , Legoabe Lesetja J.
Published: December 2021

Over the past few years, great progress has been made in the development of high‐affinity adenosine A1 and/or A2A receptor antagonists—promising agents for the potential treatment of Parkinson's disease. Unfortunately, many of these compounds raise structure‐related concerns. The present study investigated the effect of ring closures on the rA1/A2A affinity of compounds containing a highly reactive α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl system, hence providing insight into the potential of heterocycles to address these concerns. A total of 12 heterocyclic compounds were synthesised and evaluated in silico and in vitro. The test compounds performed well upon qualitative assessment of drug‐likeness and were generally found to be free from potentially problematic fragments. Most also showed low/weak cytotoxicity. Results from radioligand binding experiments confirm that heterocycles (particularly 2‐substituted 3‐cyanopyridines) can replace the promiscuous α,β‐unsaturated ketone functional group without compromising A1/A2A affinity. Structure–activity relationships highlighted the importance of hydrogen bonds in binding to the receptors of interest. Compounds 3c (rA1Ki = 16 nM; rA2AKi = 65 nM) and 8a (rA1Ki = 102 nM; rA2AKi = 37 nM), which both act as A1 antagonists, showed significant dual A1/A2A affinity and may, therefore, inspire further investigation into heterocycles as potentially safe and potent adenosine receptor antagonists.
Arthroscopic treatment of bilateral mandibular condylar cysts and associated osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joints in a horse
Authors: Carmalt J. L. , Reisbig N. A.
Published: December 2021

A horse was presented with a history of unpredictable behaviour under saddle to the point that the owner deemed the horse dangerous to ride. In addition, at rest the horse frequently protruded his tongue and during mastication a “clunking” sound could be heard. Radiographic examination at a previous clinic had revealed a normal left temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and a radiopaque mass in the right TMJ. However, despite arthroscopic surgery of the abnormal joint, the clinical signs had not resolved. Diagnostic investigation at the referral clinic revealed that TMJ analgaesia altered both a baseline hindlimb lameness and a behavioural component to the movement of the horse. Computed tomography (CT) illustrated the presence of bone cysts within the mandibular condyles and marginal osteophytosis of the discomandibular joints consistent with osteoarthritis. Arthroscopic examination, debridement of the affected joints and post‐operative intra‐articular injection of autologous protein solution resulted in temporary resolution of both the behavioural changes and the “clunking” sound. Ultimately, the horse was euthanised for continued dangerous behaviour, which treatment had failed to resolve in the longer term. In conclusion, the presence of cysts in the mandibular condyle and osteoarthritis can be a cause of abnormal behaviour, which may render a horse dangerous to ride. The case report illustrates the complex interaction between the TMJ, behaviour and movement.
The shift from macrophytic to algal particulate organic matter favours dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium over denitrification in a eutrophic lake
Authors: Jiang Xingyu , Gao Guang , Hu Yang , Shao Keqiang , Tang Xiangming , Cheng Hua , Li Jing
Published: December 2021

In eutrophic lakes, the shift from a macrophyte‐dominated state to an algae‐dominated state changes the particulate organic matter (POM) sources, which in turn alters organic matter quality that is released and that sinks to the benthos. However, the influences of this shift on denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) are unclear in eutrophic lakes.

Here, we elucidated how various POM sources influenced these nitrate reduction pathways in a eutrophic lake. The lake sediments from August were incubated under algae, macrophyte, and soil treatments in aquarium tanks. Potential denitrification and DNRA rates and related functional gene abundances were measured periodically. Meanwhile, the n‐alkanes composition of POM and fluorescence excitation‐emission matrices of dissolved organic matter were measured before and during incubations, respectively, to aid in the analysis of the potential mechanisms by which organic matter quality affect nitrate reduction.

The results indicated that algal detritus was more labile and decomposed faster than other POM, coupled with higher DNRA rates and nrfA gene abundances. Macrophyte treatments resulted in nitrate accumulation and the increase of gene abundances related to denitrification, but no increase in denitrification rates was observed. In soil treatments, nitrate reduction processes were not significantly influenced by the addition of POM. Overall, compared with other sources, algae‐derived POM can produce high‐quality organic carbon, low dissolved oxygen and nitrate concentrations, which is more conducive to DNRA than denitrification.

A loss of macrophytes and increase in algal biomass will induce changes in autochthonous POM quality and potentially drive nitrogen recycling in eutrophic lakes.
The relative importance of information items and preferred mode of delivery when disseminating results from trials to participants: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Wood Jessica , Cotton Seonaidh C. , Gillies Katie
Published: December 2021

Background

Participants want to receive the results of trials that they have participated in. Dissemination practices are disparate, and there is limited guidance available on what information to provide to participants and how to deliver it.

Objectives

This study aimed to establish what trial participants believe should be included in a results summary and how this information should be delivered.

Methods

A mixed‐methods design was used with focus groups and interviews involving women convenience‐sampled from two host randomized‐controlled trials. Participants ranked information items in order of their importance for inclusion in a trial results summary and potential modes of delivery by preference. All participants provided written informed consent.

Results

Sixteen women (mean age [SD] = 71.6 [9.7] years) participated. Participants ranked ‘individual results from the study’ and ‘summary of overall trial results’ as most important. Themes such as reassurance and setting results in context were identified as contributing to participants' decisions around ranking. ‘A thank you for your contribution to the study’ was ranked the least important. Delivery by post was the preferred mode of receiving results, with receiving a hard copy of results cited as helpful to refer back to.

Conclusion

Our findings provide insight into what information trial participants deem as important when receiving trial results and how they would like results delivered. Involving patients during development of trial results to be communicated to participants could help to ensure that the right information is delivered in the right way.

Patient or Public Contribution

Public partners were involved in focussed aspects of study conduct.
Lactobacillus acidophilus PIN7 paraprobiotic supplementation ameliorates DSS-induced colitis through anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory effects
Authors: Kye Yeon-Jin , Lee So-Young , Kim Ha-Ra , Lee Byung-Hoo , Park Jong‑Hyun , Park Myeong-Soo , Ji Geun-Eog , Sung Mi-Kyung
Published: December 2021

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of paraprobiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus PIN7 supplementation against dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)–induced colitis in mice and to determine their mechanisms of the action.

Methods and Results

Ten-week-old female BALB/C mice were randomly divided into five groups. Each group was administered with PBS (control and DSS group), live PIN7 (LIVE group), heat-killed PIN7 (HEAT group) or lysozyme-treated PIN7 (LYSOZYME group) for 10 days followed by 2.5% DSS supply in drinking water for 5 days except for the control group. Colitis-associated DAI scores were significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated in HEAT and LYSOZYME group. The HEAT group exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) lower colonic tissue damage score compared to the DSS group. Furthermore, HEAT and LYSOZYME groups showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher colonic expressions of toll-like receptor (TLR) 6 and intestinal junction protein E-cadherin and occludin compared to the DSS group. LYSOZYME group showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower colonic expressions of Th2 cell-associated pro-inflammatory molecules, namely GATA3 and IL-4, and higher expression of anti-inflammatory NLRP6 and IL-18 compared to the DSS group. Also, HEAT group exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) lower colonic p-IκBα expression compared to the DSS group, while COX-2 expression was significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed by both paraprobiotics supplementation. Paraprobiotics significantly altered the composition of the intestinal microbiota.

Conclusion

Paraprobiotic L. acidophilus PIN7 ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by regulating immune-modulatory TLR6 signalling and gut microbiota composition.

Significance and Impact of the Study

This study suggests paraprobiotic L. acidophilus PIN7 are superior candidates to prevent intestinal inflammation associated with dysregulated immune responses.
Palaeoceanographic changes in the late Pliocene promoted rapid diversification in pelagic seabirds
Authors: Ferrer Obiol Joan , James Helen F. , Chesser R. Terry , Bretagnolle Vincent , González‐Solís Jacob , Rozas Julio , Welch Andreanna J. , Riutort Marta
Published: December 2021

Aim

Palaeoceanographic changes can act as drivers of diversification and speciation, even in highly mobile marine organisms. Shearwaters are a group of globally distributed and highly mobile pelagic seabirds. Despite a recent well‐resolved phylogeny, shearwaters have controversial species limits, and show periods of both slow and rapid diversification. Here, we explore the role of palaeoceanographic changes on shearwaters' diversification and speciation. We investigate shearwater biogeography and the evolution of a key phenotypic trait, body size, and we assess the validity of their current taxonomy.

Location

Worldwide.

Taxa

Shearwaters (Order Procellariiformes, Family Procellariidae, GeneraArdenna,CalonectrisandPuffinus).

Methods

We generated genomic (ddRAD) data to infer a time‐calibrated species tree for the shearwaters. We estimated ancestral ranges and evaluated the roles of founder events, vicariance and surface ocean currents in driving diversification. We performed phylogenetic generalised least squares to identify potential predictors of variability in body size along the phylogeny. To assess the validity of the current taxonomy, we analysed genomic patterns of recent shared ancestry and differentiation among shearwater taxa.

Results

We identified a period of high dispersal and rapid speciation during the Late Pliocene–early Pleistocene. Species dispersal appears to be favoured by surface ocean currents, and founder events are supported as the main mode of speciation in these highly mobile pelagic seabirds. Body mass shows significant associations with life strategies and local conditions. The current taxonomy shows some incongruences with the patterns of genomic divergence.

Main Conclusions

A reduction of neritic areas during the Pliocene seems to have driven global extinctions of shearwater species, followed by a subsequent burst of speciation and dispersal probably promoted by Plio‐Pleistocene climatic shifts. Our findings extend our understanding on the drivers of speciation and dispersal of highly mobile pelagic seabirds and shed new light on the important role of palaeoceanographic events.
Clinical and prognostic implications of an immune‐related risk model based on TP53 status in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Song Xuming , Chen Qiang , Wang Jifan , Mao Qixing , Xia Wenjie , Xu Lin , Jiang Feng , Dong Gaochao
Published: December 2021

TP53 mutation is the most widespread mutation in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Meanwhile, p53 (encoded by TP53) has recently been implicated in immune responses. However, it is still unknown whether TP53 mutation remodels the tumour microenvironment to influence tumour progression and prognosis in LUAD. In this study, we developed a 6‐gene immune‐related risk model (IRM) to predict the survival of patients with LUAD in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort based on TP53 status, and the predictive ability was confirmed in 2 independent cohorts. TP53 mutation led to a decreased immune response in LUAD. Further analysis revealed that patients in the high‐index group had observably lower relative infiltration of memory B cells and regulatory T cells and significantly higher relative infiltration of neutrophils and resting memory CD4+ T cells. Additionally, the IRM index positively correlated with the expression of critical immune checkpoint genes, including PDCD1 (encoding PD‐1) and CD274 (encoding PD‐L1), which was validated in the Nanjing cohort. Furthermore, as an independent prognostic factor, the IRM index was used to establish a nomogram for clinical application. In conclusion, this IRM may serve as a powerful prognostic tool to further optimize LUAD immunotherapy.
Phenotypical changes of satellite glial cells in a murine model of GM1‐gangliosidosis
Authors: Huang Bei , Zdora Isabel , de Buhr Nicole , Eikelberg Deborah , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Leitzen Eva
Published: December 2021

Satellite glial cells (SGCs) of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) react in response to various injuries in the nervous system. This study investigates reactive changes within SGCs in a murine model for GM1‐gangliosidosis (GM1). DRG of homozygous β‐galactosidase‐knockout mice and homozygous C57BL/6 wild‐type mice were investigated performing immunostaining on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue. A marked upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the progenitor marker nestin and Ki67 within SGCs of diseased mice, starting after 4 months at the earliest GFAP, along with intracytoplasmic accumulation of ganglioside within neurons and deterioration of clinical signs was identified. Interestingly, nestin‐positive SGCs were detected after 8 months only. No changes regarding inwardly rectifying potassium channel 4.1, 2, 3‐cyclic nucleotide 3‐phosphodiesterase, Sox2, doublecortin, periaxin and caspase3 were observed in SGCs. Iba1 was only detected in close vicinity of SGCs indicating infiltrating or tissue‐resident macrophages. These results indicate that SGCs of DRG show phenotypical changes during the course of GM1, characterized by GFAP upregulation, proliferation and expression of a neural progenitor marker at a late time point. This points towards an important role of SGCs during neurodegenerative disorders and supports that SGCs represent a multipotent glial precursor cell line with high plasticity and functionality.
One‐year outcomes of dental implants with a hybrid surface macro‐design placed in patients with history of periodontitis: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Serrano Benjamín , Sanz‐Sánchez Ignacio , Serrano Katherine , Montero Eduardo , Sanz Mariano
Published: December 2021

Aim

To evaluate the radiological, clinical, and microbiological outcomes of implants with a hybrid surface macro‐design in patients with a history of periodontitis.

Material and Methods

The study was designed as a 12‐month, parallel‐arm, randomized controlled trial where patients with a history of treated periodontitis in need of dental implants for single‐unit or short‐span prosthesis were randomly allocated to a test [implants with a machined titanium surface in the coronal collar (hybrid; HS)] or a control group [conventional implants with moderately rough surface up to the implant shoulder (RS)]. Patients were followed at 3, 6, and 12 months after loading with assessment of radiological, clinical, and microbiological outcomes, as well as patient‐related outcome measures (PROMs).

Results

Forty patients were randomly assigned to either the RS group (n = 20) or the HS (n = 20) group. At 1 year, the mean marginal bone level changes were 0.22 [standard deviation (SD) 0.36] mm for the HS group and 0.22 (SD 0.29) mm for the RS group, with no significant differences between them (p = .961). Similarly, no significant differences in clinical, microbiological, or PROMs were observed between groups.

Conclusions

HS implants demonstrated radiographic, clinical, and microbiological characteristics equal to RS implants in patients with a history of periodontitis.

Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier NCT05010382).
The dual role of earwigs (Dermaptera) in winter grain crops in Australia
Authors: Binns Matthew R. , Macfadyen Sarina , Umina Paul A.
Published: December 2021

Earwigs have been observed as an irregular pest of increasing concern to farmers growing canola and other winter grain crops in Australia over the past decade. In this study, we tested how abiotic and biotic factors influence the feeding behaviour of earwigs. Studies were conducted with two Australian native species, Labidura truncata and Nala lividipes, and the introduced European earwig, Forficula auricularia. We constructed field‐based exclusion plots that prevented F. auricularia from moving in or out of a small area of canola. We monitored F. auricularia activity and the feeding damage to canola plants throughout the winter growing season. In the laboratory, we established microcosms containing crop seedlings, as well as aphids as an alternate food source, to examine the feeding behaviour of all three species. The native earwigs L. truncata and N. lividipes did not cause feeding damage to canola or wheat but were found to actively consume aphids when present. We conclude that these species are unlikely to cause significant (economic levels) of pest damage in a field environment. In the microcosm trial, F. auricularia caused considerable damage to canola seedlings and readily consumed aphids. Forficula auricularia also caused feeding damage to canola seedlings early in the winter growing season in the field trial. However, by the end of the season, F. auricularia presence was associated with increased canola biomass. Furthermore, F. auricularia did not damage canola until all nearby aphids were consumed. Together, our field and laboratory studies suggest F. auricularia can be an important predator of aphid pests in canola, indicating a dual role of this species as both a pest and a beneficial species in winter grain systems.
Trends in binge drinking prevalence among older U.S. men and women, 2015 to 2019
Authors: Al‐Rousan Tala , Moore Alison A. , Han Benjamin H. , Ko Roxanne , Palamar Joseph J.
Published: December 2021

Background

Recent literature suggests that the gap in prevalence of binge drinking between men and women is closing, but little is known about sex‐specific differences in trends and correlates of binge drinking among older Americans.

Methods

A total of 18,794 adults, aged 65 years and older were surveyed in the 2015–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. We estimated trends in prevalence of past‐month binge drinking (≥5 drinks on the same occasion for men and ≥4 drinks for women), stratified by sex. Correlates of binge drinking were estimated for men and women separately, focusing on demographic characteristics, chronic diseases, past‐month tobacco and cannabis use, depression, and emergency department use. Multivariable generalized linear models using Poisson and log link were used to examine associations stratified by sex.

Results

Binge drinking among older men increased from 12.8% in 2015 to 15.7% in 2019 (p = 0.02) but remained stable among older women (7.6% to 7.3%, p = 0.97). In adjusted models, having a college degree was associated with higher risk of binge drinking among women (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.13–2.50), but lower risk among men (aPR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.56–0.85). Men who are separated or divorced were also at higher risk (aPR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.05–1.50), but women were not. Both men and women reporting past‐month use of tobacco (men aPR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.61–2.17, women aPR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.71–2.60) and cannabis (men aPR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.63–2.58, women aPR = 2.77, 95% CI 2.00–3.85) were at higher risk of binge drinking.

Conclusions

Binge drinking has increased among older men whereas it has remained stable among older women in the United States. Interventions should consider that although tobacco and cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of binge drinking among both older men and women, demographic correlates tend to differ by sex.
Gene therapy with SOCS1 induces potent preclinical antitumor activities in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Nakatani Kie , Serada Satoshi , Fujimoto Minoru , Obata Kengo , Ohkawara Tomoharu , Sasabe Eri , Yamamoto Tetsuya , Naka Tetsuji
Published: December 2021

Background

Constitutive activation of STAT3 promotes oncogenesis and growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We investigated the mechanism of action of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), an endogenous inhibitor of JAK, as gene therapy for OSCC.

Methods

Antitumor effect of SOCS1 was compared to JAK inhibitor I by cell proliferation assay, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis analysis in vitro. In addition, antitumor effect was evaluated using xenograft mouse models in vivo.

Results

JAK inhibitor I inhibited the proliferation of KOSC2 cl3‐43 or T3M‐1 clone2 OSCC cell lines in vitro. While JAK inhibitor I arrested both cell lines at the G2/M phase, induction of apoptosis was observed in T3M‐1 clone2 cells, but not KOSC2‐cl3‐43 cells. An adenoviral vector expressing SOCS1 (AdSOCS1) significantly decreased the proliferation of both OSCC cell lines and induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, suggesting that induction of apoptosis of KOSC2 cl3‐43 cells by AdSOCS1 is regulated by the JAK/STAT independent pathway. Overexpression of SOCS1 inhibited activation of the JAK/STAT and p44/42 MAPK pathways, while JAK inhibitor I inhibited activation of the JAK/STAT pathway only. Consistently, expression of Mcl‐1 was decreased by overexpression of SOCS1, but not JAK inhibitor I. Additionally, KOSC2 cl3‐43 or T3M‐1 clone2 OSCC cells were subcutaneously implanted in the flanks of two xenograft mouse models. As compared to a control adenovirus vector (AdLacZ), intratumor injection of AdSOCS1 significantly decreased the tumor volume and induced apoptosis in vivo.

Conclusion

SOCS1 gene therapy may be a beneficial approach for the treatment of OSCC.
Confronting whiteness: Conceptual, contextual, and methodological considerations for advancing ethnic‐racial socialization research to illuminate white identity development
Authors: Karras Juliana E. , Niwa Erika Y. , Adesina Fiyinfoluwa , Ruck Martin D.
Published: December 2021

Beginning with a historical overview of the construction of whiteness, we identify gaps in extant scholarship and provide conceptual, contextual, and methodological considerations for confronting whiteness by advancing critical white ethnic‐racial socialization (ERS) research. First, we consider the mutually influential developmental processes of ERS experiences and the iterative nature of ethnic‐racial identity (ERI) formation among white children and youth. Second, we address how methodological approaches such as person‐centered analysis (PCA) can yield nuanced insight into white ERS processes by helping identify varying developmental pathways that promote antiracist identity development. Third, we highlight the role of online spaces as a formative ecological context through which white children and youth experience ERS processes and the broader societal implications afforded by this context for their ERI development. We conclude with scholarly and practice implications for promoting and supporting antiracist efforts to resist broad‐based historical and current white supremacy.
Peer and parental sources of influence regarding interracial and same‐race peer encounters
Authors: Burkholder Amanda R. , Glidden Jacquelyn , Yee Kathryn M. , Cooley Shelby , Killen Melanie
Published: December 2021

This study investigated the socializing influence of peers and parents in interracial encounters by disentangling how children and adolescents consider peer and parent messages when predicting interracial and same‐race inclusion. Black and White children (9–14 years old, N = 246) predicted the likelihood of interracial and same‐race peer inclusion when peer and parent sources of influence were present and provided justifications for their expectations. Results revealed that, while participants predicted inclusion would be less likely when parent sources of influence were present than when peer sources of influence were present, the racial composition of the encounter and the race of the participant mattered only in contexts with peer sources of influence. Participants’ reasoning about the benefits of inclusion and social pressure also differed when parent or peer sources were present. This study informs efforts to improve the quality of interracial peer interactions and programs designed to promote positive intergroup peer relationships.
Retrospective evaluation of cystoscopic‐guided laser ablation of intramural ectopic ureters in female dogs
Authors: Hooi Kimberly S. , Vachon Catherine , Martel Dorothee V. , Dunn Marilyn
Published: December 2021

Background

Cytoscopic‐guided laser ablation (CLA) is a technique that can be used to correct intramural ectopic ureters (EUs) in dogs.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To describe clinicopathologic, imaging, and cystoscopic findings in dogs undergoing CLA for intramural EU correction, and whether any of these findings are associated with continence outcomes.

Animals

Thirty‐one client‐owned dogs undergoing CLA between 2009 and 2019.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study. Data collected from medical records included signalment, clinical findings (including continence score at presentation), clinicopathologic findings (serum biochemistry profile, urinalysis, and urine culture results before CLA), ultrasonography, and cystoscopy findings. Follow‐up information was collected at 1 day to 1 week, 1 week to 1 month, and at >1 month time points after CLA. Final continence score was determined based on this follow‐up information. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine factors that were associated with final continence score.

Results

Median continence score of dogs at initial evaluation was 2 (range, 2‐4). Median continence score after CLA alone was 3 (range, 1‐5). Seventeen of 31 (54.8%) dogs received adjunctive medical management after CLA. Median continence score after CLA with or without adjunctive medical management was 5 (range, 1‐5). Overall, 67.7% of dogs were considered continent after CLA with or without adjunctive medical management. No preoperative or perioperative factors were found to be associated with final continence score.

Conclusions

Cystoscopic‐guided laser ablation for intramural EU in female dogs provides improvement in incontinence. Dogs remaining incontinent after CLA may improve with adjunctive medical management. Surgical management is required to manage incontinence in dogs with extramural EU.
Genomic analysis reveals a polygenic architecture of antler morphology in wild red deer (Cervus elaphus)
Authors: Peters Lucy , Huisman Jisca , Kruuk Loeske E. B. , Pemberton Josephine M. , Johnston Susan E.
Published: December 2021

Sexually selected traits show large variation and rapid evolution across the animal kingdom, yet genetic variation often persists within populations despite apparent directional selection. A key step in solving this long‐standing paradox is to determine the genetic architecture of sexually selected traits to understand evolutionary drivers and constraints at the genomic level. Antlers are a form of sexual weaponry in male red deer (Cervus elaphus). On the island of Rum, Scotland, males with larger antlers have increased breeding success, yet there has been no evidence of any response to selection at the genetic level. To try and understand the mechanisms underlying this observation, we investigate the genetic architecture of ten antler traits and their principal components using genomic data from >38,000 SNPs. We estimate the heritabilities and genetic correlations of the antler traits using a genomic relatedness approach. We then use genome‐wide association and haplotype‐based regional heritability to identify regions of the genome underlying antler morphology, and an empirical Bayes approach to estimate the underlying distributions of allele effect sizes. We show that antler morphology is highly repeatable over an individual's lifetime, heritable and has a polygenic architecture and that almost all antler traits are positively genetically correlated with some loci identified as having pleiotropic effects. Our findings suggest that a large mutational target and genetic covariances among antler traits, in part maintained by pleiotropy, are likely to contribute to the maintenance of genetic variation in antler morphology in this population.
Niche breadth affects bacterial transcription patterns along a salinity gradient
Authors: Rain‐Franco Angel , Mouquet Nicolas , Gougat‐Barbera Claire , Bouvier Thierry , Beier Sara
Published: December 2021

Understanding the molecular mechanisms that determine a species' life history is important for predicting their susceptibility to environmental change. While specialist species with a narrow niche breadth (NB) maximize their fitness in their optimum habitat, generalists with broad NB adapt to multiple environments. The main objective of this study was to identify general transcriptional patterns that would distinguish bacterial strains characterized by contrasted NBs along a salinity gradient. More specifically, we hypothesized that genes encoding fitness‐related traits, such as biomass production, have a higher degree of transcriptional regulation in specialists than in generalists, because the fitness of specialists is more variable under environmental change. By contrast, we expected that generalists would exhibit enhanced transcriptional regulation of genes encoding traits that protect them against cellular damage. To test these hypotheses, we assessed the transcriptional regulation of fitness‐related and adaptation‐related genes of 11 bacterial strains in relation to their NB and stress exposure under changing salinity conditions. The results suggested that transcriptional regulation levels of fitness‐ and adaptation‐related genes correlated with the NB and/or the stress exposure of the inspected strains. We further identified a shortlist of candidate stress marker genes that could be used in future studies to monitor the susceptibility of bacterial populations or communities to environmental changes.
Crafting the plant root metabolome for improved microbe‐assisted stress resilience
Authors: Hong Yechun , Zhou Qian , Hao Yuqiong , Huang Ancheng C.
Published: December 2021

Plants and microbes coinhabit the earth and have coevolved during environmental changes over time. Root metabolites are the key to mediating the dynamic association between plants and microbes, yet the underlying functions and mechanisms behind this remain largely illusive. Knowledge of metabolite‐mediated alteration of the root microbiota in response to environmental stress will open avenues for engineering root microbiotas for improved plant stress resistance and health. Here, we synthesize recent advances connecting environmental stresses, the root metabolome and microbiota, and propose integrated synthetic biology‐based strategies for tuning the plant root metabolome in situ for microbe‐assisted stress resistance, offering potential solutions to combat climate change. The current limitations, challenges and perspectives for engineering the plant root metabolome for modulating microbiota are collectively discussed.
The rare Schwannoma of the extracranial portion of the inferior alveolar nerve: Report of six cases
Authors: Ord Robert A. , Dyalram Donita , Younis Rania H. , Papadimitriou John C. , Lubek Joshua E.
Published: December 2021

Aim

Schwannomas of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) are extremely rare benign tumours most often occurring within the intraosseous mandible. The authors review our experience with schwannomas of the inferior alveolar nerve over a 20‐year period.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective cohort series at an academic tertiary care medical centre.

Results

A total of six cases were found, three male and three females. Four patients were white and 2 of Asian ethnicity. The average age was 46.8 years (range 21–67). Three of the cases were asymptomatic and three cases presented with ipsilateral mental nerve paraesthesia. The most common location was within the intraosseous body of the posterior mandible (n = 4). Management was related to the anatomic site and was surgical in three cases, observational in two cases and one patient did not follow‐up for treatment. The major surgical morbidity was ipsilateral numbness of the lower lip.

Conclusions

Schwannomas of the IAN are extremely rare benign tumours. Treatment options include complete surgical excision generally amenable to an intraoral approach. In cases in which patients are fearful of paraesthesia of the IAN/mental nerve, appropriate long‐term imaging can be used to follow those selected cases.
Noninvasive ventilation in children: A review for the pediatric anesthesiologist
Authors: Sequera‐Ramos Luis , Garcia‐Marcinkiewicz Annery , Riva Thomas , Fuchs Alexander
Published: December 2021

Preserving adequate respiratory function is essential in the perioperative period. Mechanical ventilation with endotracheal intubation is widely used for this purpose. In select patients, noninvasive ventilation (NIV) may be an alternative to invasive ventilation or may complement respiratory management. NIV is used to provide ventilatory support and increase gas exchange at the alveolar level without the use of an invasive artificial airway such as an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy. NIV includes both continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Indications for NIV range from acute hypoxic respiratory failure in the intensive care unit or the emergency department, to chronic respiratory failure in patients with neuromuscular disease with nocturnal hypoventilation. In the perioperative setting, NIV is commonly applied as CPAP, and bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP). There are limited data on the role of NIV in children in the perioperative setting, and there are no clear guidelines regarding optimal timing of use and pressure settings of perioperative NIV. Contraindications to the use of NIV include reduced level of consciousness, apnea, severe respiratory distress, and inability to maintain upper airway patency or airway protective reflexes. Common problems encountered during NIV involve airway leaks and asynchrony with auto‐triggering. High‐flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) has emerged as an alternative to NIV when trying to decrease the work of breathing and improve oxygenation in children. HFNO delivers humidified and heated oxygen at rates between 2 and 70 L/min using specific nasal cannulas, and flows are determined by the patient's weight and clinical needs. HFNO can be useful as a method for preoxygenation in infants and children by prolonging apnea time before desaturation, yet in children with decreased minute ventilation or apnea HFNO does not improve alveolar gas exchange. Clinicians experienced with these devices, such as pediatric intensivists and pulmonary medicine specialists, can be useful resources for the pediatric anesthesiologist caring for complex patients on NIV.
Heavy metal uptake by bryophytes and vascular plants in a manganese carbonate slag field, China
Authors: Lu D. , Zhang Z. H. , Wang Z. H.
Published: December 2021

Slag produced in mining and smelting of manganese carbonate ore potentially pollutes the environment and endangers the health of humans and other living organisms.

This study investigates the uptake of six heavy metals, Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn, Cr and Cd, by bryophytes and vascular plants growing on manganese carbonate slag in the Houshangou Slag Field near Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China. Determination of heavy metal uptake in bryophytes and vascular plants may identify species suitable as biomonitors for bioremediation of polluted lands.

Eight bryophyte taxa were identified in the study area; among which, Bryum argenteum and Physcomitrium eurystomum were dominant; life forms of bryophytes were predominantly short turfs. Three monocotyledons, all Poaceae, and five dicotyledons were recorded in four families. The highest heavy metal uptake in bryophytes, Mn content by B. argenteum, was more than 25,000 mg·kg−1. Furthermore, determination of heavy metal content in roots, leaves and fruits of six vascular plants demonstrated that each had a unique capacity for heavy metal accumulation: roots, leaves and fruits of similar plant species exhibited varying uptake capacity. Mn content in leaves was recorded in the order: B. davidii > A. tricolor > E. crus‐galli > C. argentea > P. acinosa > C. album.

In summary, B. argenteum, Echinochloa crus‐galli and Phytolacca acinosa have strong enrichment capacity for heavy metals. These species could be used for comprehensive treatment of heavy metal pollution in electrolytic Mn slag fields, and for bioremediation of polluted areas associated with Mn mining and processing.
Environmental enrichment increases aquatic animal welfare: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Zonghang , Gao Lijia , Zhang Xiumei
Published: December 2021

With the rapid development of aquaculture and the gradual decrease in fishery resources, aquatic animal welfare (AAW) has received increasing attention from animal protection organisations, government departments, biologists, fish culturists and consumers. Although environmental enrichment (EE) can potentially benefit AAW, the relevant results are sharply mixed, and the drivers for these discrepancies are largely unclear. In this study, we conducted a series of meta‐analyses to overcome this knowledge gap. We firstly compiled a full data set, consisting of 1171 effect sizes from 147 studies across 82 species and then performed a multilevel mixed‐effects model to evaluate the overall effect size and conduct the subsequent meta‐regression analyses. Overall, our results showed that aquatic animals from a physically enriched environment had significantly improved AAW compared with their counterparts from barren environments. For moderators, specific welfare traits, animal taxa, animal stages, enrichment types and enrichment colours showed strong positive EE effects on AAW. Subsequently, we constructed a fish data set and reran the meta‐analysis, yielding results substantially similar to those obtained using the full data set. Finally, we performed a multi‐model inference to identify the importance ranking of potential moderators. Results showed that enrichment type, animal taxon and welfare category are the best moderators of the direction and magnitude of EE effects on AAW. These results provide insights into the possible drivers of EE effects on aquatic animals with important implications for aquaculture, fisheries, conservation, research and aquarium, providing evidence‐based guidance for future animal welfare theories and practices.
Reply to: ‘Respiratory harms from vaping: Questions for debate and discussion’
Authors: Lee Wai Kit , Smith Catherine L. , Gao Caroline X. , Borg Brigitte M. , Nilsen Kristopher , Brown David , Makar Annie , McCrabb Tom , Thompson Bruce R. , Abramson Michael J.
Published: December 2021

See related Letter
Impact of soft palate visibility and tongue position on early diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea among patients with tooth loss – An observational preliminary study
Authors: Babu Annapoorani , Maheswari Mani Uma , Mohamed K Kasim , Jeyapalan Karthigeyan , Kumar S Tharun , Saravanakumar Prathiba
Published: December 2021

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was estimated to affect 15% to 30% of males and 5% to 15% of females with prevalence increasing with progressive tooth loss and its early identification can reduce the sequalae of OSA. Apnea‐hypopnea index is confirmatory but unsuitable for clinical settings to detect OSA and concise screening tools are required to detect OSA in edentulous patients.

Aim

To evaluate the impact of soft palate visibility and tongue position on incidence of OSA among edentulous patients.

Methodology

Thirty two edentulous participants aged between 30 and 65 years were grouped as partially edentulous (PE) and completely edentulous (CE). STOP‐BANG Questionnaire (SBQ) was used to assess the scores in OSA risk factors. Mallampati score assessed soft palate visibility. Wright's Classification graded tongue position. Spearmann test evaluated the correlation between the soft palate visibility and tongue position on the OSA scores. Mann–Whitney U test evaluated influence of tooth loss and gender on OSA scores.

Results

Positive correlation existed between Mallampati scores, Wright's classification and OSA scores (p < .05). CE participants and male participants had more OSA scores at (p < .05) and (p < .01).

Conclusions

SBQ and Mallampati score can assist in chairside screening of OSA. Early screening for OSA in edentulous patients will direct for early intervention and prevent unforeseen sequalae.
Ambivalence and moral dilemmas in women’s lived experiences of obesity and pregnancy: Qualitative insights for maternal lifestyle interventions
Authors: Jensen Sissel D. , Andreassen Pernille , Knorr Sine , Rasmussen Louise , Ovesen Per , Kampmann Ulla , Bruun Jens M.
Published: December 2021

Background

Maternal obesity is a global health concern that is associated with significant effects on both short‐ and long‐term health of both mother and child. However, maternal lifestyle interventions tend to focus solely on diet and physical activity in ways that disembody and disengage the social context in which women live their lives.

Aims

The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of maternal obesity and delve into how experiences of the body and motherhood affect women's motivation for participating in a postpartum lifestyle intervention.

Method

A qualitative study using in‐depth semi‐structured interviews based on participant‐generated photographs was used to allow the women to openly express their lived experiences of maternal obesity. The study emanated from a gynaecological department of a major Danish hospital, and five pregnant or postpartum women living with obesity participated. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed using an Interpretive Phenomenological Approach.

Results

The analysis identified an overall theme of ambivalence and four subthemes among the participating women. The themes reflected contrasting feelings where the obese body was simultaneously an arena for aesthetic failure, functional success and moral dilemmas. Experiences of weight stigma and moral accusations in healthcare settings further increased the women's sense of ambivalence and challenged their strong desire to lose weight.

Conclusion

This study highlights an ambivalent and vulnerable situation of maternal obesity which makes moral sensitivity towards weight and body concerns crucial to consider in future maternal health interventions. Our data suggest that an emphasis on functionality and capability rather than aesthetics and measured ideals would be useful in providing care and support in postpartum lifestyle interventions for women living with obesity.