bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Broadening Criteria for Atypical Depression Which May Define a Reactive Depressive Disorder
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Angst Jules
Published: July 2015

Objective. Arguing that additional symptoms should be added to the criteria for atypical depression.Method. Published research articles on atypical depression are reviewed.Results. (1) The original studies upon which the criteria for atypical depression were based cited fatigue, insomnia, pain, and loss of weight as characteristic symptoms. (2) Several studies of DSM depressive criteria found patients with atypical depression to exhibit high levels of insomnia, fatigue, and loss of appetite/weight. (3) Several studies have found atypical depression to be comorbid with headaches, bulimia, and body image issues. (4) Most probands who report atypical depression meet criteria for “somatic depression,” defined as depression associated with several of disordered eating, poor body image, headaches, fatigue, and insomnia. The gender difference in prevalence of atypical depression results from its overlap with somatic depression. Somatic depression is associated with psychosocial measures related to gender, linking it with the descriptions of atypical depression as “reactive” appearing in the studies upon which the original criteria for atypical depression were based.Conclusion. Insomnia, disordered eating, poor body image, and aches/pains should be added as criteria for atypical depression matching criteria for somatic depression defining a reactive depressive disorder possibly distinct from endogenous melancholic depression.
Influence of Fe Buffer Layer on Co-Doped BaFe2As2Superconducting Thin Films
Authors: Bonavolontà C. , de Lisio C. , Valentino M. , Laviano F. , Pepe G. P. , Kurth F. , Iida K. , Ichinose A. , Tsukada I.
Published: July 2015

A systematic characterization of Co-doped BaFe2As2(Ba-122) thin films has been carried out. Two samples were available, one grown on CaF2substrate and the other on MgO with an Fe buffer layer. The goal was to investigate films’ magnetic and superconducting properties, their reciprocal interplay, and the role played by the Fe buffer layer in modifying them. Morphological characterization and Energy Dispersive X-ray analyses on the Fe-buffered sample demonstrate the presence of diffused Fe close to the Co-doped Ba-122 outer surface as well as irregular holes in the overlying superconducting film. These results account for hysteresis loops obtained with magneto-optic Kerr effect measurements and observed at both room and low temperatures. The magnetic pattern was visualized by magneto-optical imaging with an indicator film. Moreover, we investigated the onset of superconductivity through a measure of the superconducting energy gap. The latter is strictly related to the decay time of the excitation produced by an ultrashort laser pulse and has been determined in a pump-probe transient reflectivity experiment. A comparison of results relative to Co-doped Ba-122 thin films with and without Fe buffer layer is finally reported.
Professional Acquisition ofM. bovisin Calabria Region (Southern Italy): A Challenging Case of Osteomyelitis in a Migrant Patient from Bulgaria
Authors: Quirino Angela , Torti Carlo , Strazzulla Alessio , Nisticò Salvatore , Galati Luisa , Barreca Giorgio Settimo , Lamberti Angelo Giuseppe , Berardelli Giuseppina , Pacciarini Maria , Gasparini Giorgio , Pisani Vincenzo , Gambardella Antonio , Liberto Maria Carla , Focà Alfredo
Published: July 2015

We report herein the first case of a coinfection withBrucellaspp.,M. bovis, andEnterobacter cloacaein a butcher who moved from Bulgaria to Italy. Molecular typing suggested professional acquisition ofM. bovisin Italy. So, surveillance and preventive measures need to be implemented.
Balloon Cell Urethral Melanoma: Differential Diagnosis and Management
Authors: McComiskey M. , Iavazzo C. , Datta M. , Slade R. , Winter-Roach B. , Lambe G. , Sangar V. K. , Smith M.
Published: July 2015

Introduction.Primary malignant melanoma of the urethra is a rare tumour (0.2% of all melanomas) that most commonly affects the meatus and distal urethra and is three times more common in women than men.Case.A 76-year-old lady presented with vaginal pain and discharge. On examination, a 4 cm mass was noted in the vagina and biopsy confirmed melanoma of a balloon type. Preoperative CT showed no distant metastases and an MRI scan of the pelvis demonstrated no associated lymphadenopathy. She underwent anterior exenterative surgery and vaginectomy also. Histology confirmed a urethral nodular malignant melanoma.Discussion.First-line treatment of melanoma is often surgical. Adjuvant treatment including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy has also been reported. Even with aggressive management, malignant melanoma of the urogenital tract generally has a poor prognosis. Recurrence rates are high and the mean period between diagnosis and recurrence is 12.5 months. A 5-year survival rate of less than 20% has been reported in balloon cell melanomas along with nearly 20% developing local recurrence.Conclusion.To the best of our knowledge, this case is the first report of balloon cell melanoma arising in the urethra. The presentation and surgical management has been described and a literature review provided.
Effective Dose of Ramosetron for Prophylaxis of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in High-Risk Patients
Authors: Lee Seongheon , Jeong Sinho , Kim Joungmin , Jeong Seongwook
Published: July 2015

Background. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common adverse events with an incidence of up to 80% in high-risk patients. Ramosetron, a selective 5-HT3receptor antagonist, is widely used to prevent PONV. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effective dose of ramosetron for the prevention of PONV in high-risk patients.Methods. Fifty-one patients were randomly allocated to 3 groups and were administered ramosetron 0.3 mg (group A), 0.45 mg (group B), or 0.6 mg (group C), at the end of their surgery. The episodes of PONV were assessed 1, 6, 24, and 48 hours after the injection and all the adverse events were observed.Results. The complete response rate in the postoperative period 6–24 hours after the anesthesia was higher in group C than in group A: 93% versus 44%. Group C’s experience score of Rhodes index was lower than group A’s: 0.81 ± 2.56 versus 3.94 ± 5.25. No adverse drug reaction could be observed in all groups.Conclusions. The effective dose of ramosetron to be injected for the near-complete prophylaxis of PONV 6 to 24 hours after surgery in high-risk patients is a 0.6 mg bolus injection at the end of the surgery.
Phase I Dose-Escalation Study of the Multikinase Inhibitor Lenvatinib in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors and in an Expanded Cohort of Patients with Melanoma
Authors: Hong David S. , Kurzrock Razelle , Wheler Jennifer J. , Naing Aung , Falchook Gerald S. , Fu Siqing , Kim Kevin B. , Davies Michael A. , Nguyen Ly M. , George Goldy C. , Xu Lucy , Shumaker Robert , Ren Min , Mink Jennifer , Bedell Cynthia , Andresen Corina , Sachdev Pallavi , O'Brien James P. , Nemunaitis John
Published: July 2015

Purpose: This “3+3” phase I study evaluated the safety, biologic, and clinical activity of lenvatinib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, in patients with solid tumors.

Experimental Design: Ascending doses of lenvatinib were administered per os twice daily in 28-day cycles. Safety and response were assessed for all patients. Angiogenic and apoptotic factors were tested as possible biomarkers in an expanded melanoma cohort.

Results: Seventy-seven patients were treated in 3 cohorts: 18 with intermittent twice-daily dosing (7 days on, 7 days off) of 0.1–3.2 mg; 33 with twice-daily dosing of 3.2–12 mg; and 26 with twice-daily dosing of 10 mg (expanded melanoma cohort). Maximum tolerated dose was established at 10 mg per os twice daily. Prominent drug-related toxicities included hypertension (43%), fatigue (42%), proteinuria (39%), and nausea (25%); dose-limiting toxicities included hypertension, fatigue, and proteinuria. Twelve patients (15.6%) achieved partial response (PR, n = 9) or unconfirmed PR (uPR, n = 3), and 19 (24.7%) achieved stable disease (SD) ≥23 weeks. Total PR/uPR/SD ≥23 weeks was 40.3% (n = 31). Responses (PR/uPR) by disease were as follows: melanoma, 5 of 29 patients (includes 1 patient with NRAS mutation); thyroid, 3 of 6 patients; pancreatic, 1 of 2 patients; lung, 1 of 1 patients; renal, 1 of 1 patients; endometrial, 1 of 4 patients; and ovarian, 1 of 5 patients. AUC0–24 and Cmax increased dose proportionally. In multivariate Cox proportional hazard model analyses, increased baseline systolic blood pressure and decreased angiopoietin-1 ratio (2 hours:baseline) were associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS) in the expanded melanoma cohort (P = 0.041 and P = 0.03, respectively).

Conclusions: The toxicity profile, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of lenvatinib are encouraging. Decreases in the angiopoietin-1 ratio correlated with longer PFS in melanoma patients. Clin Cancer Res; 21(21); 4801–10. ©2015 AACR.
Prognostic Impact of Novel Molecular Subtypes of Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumor
Authors: Karpathakis Anna , Dibra Harpreet , Pipinikas Chistodoulos , Feber Andrew , Morris Tiffany , Francis Joshua , Oukrif Dahmane , Mandair Dalvinder , Pericleous Marinos , Mohmaduvesh Mullan , Serra Stefano , Ogunbiyi Olagunju , Novelli Marco , Luong TuVinh , Asa Sylvia L. , Kulke Matthew , Toumpanakis Christos , Meyer Tim , Caplin Martyn , Meyerson Matthew , Beck Stephan , Thirlwell Christina
Published: July 2015

Purpose: Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SINET) are the commonest malignancy of the small intestine; however, underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly characterized. Whole-genome and -exome sequencing has demonstrated that SINETs are mutationally quiet, with the most frequent known mutation in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B gene (CDKN1B) occurring in only ∼8% of tumors, suggesting that alternative mechanisms may drive tumorigenesis. The aim of this study is to perform genome-wide molecular profiling of SINETs in order to identify pathogenic drivers based on molecular profiling. This study represents the largest unbiased integrated genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic analysis undertaken in this tumor type.

Experimental Design: Here, we present data from integrated molecular analysis of SINETs (n = 97), including whole-exome or targeted CDKN1B sequencing (n = 29), HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (Illumina) array profiling (n = 69), methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (n = 16), copy-number variance analysis (n = 47), and Whole-Genome DASL (Illumina) expression array profiling (n = 43).

Results: Based on molecular profiling, SINETs can be classified into three groups, which demonstrate significantly different progression-free survival after resection of primary tumor (not reached at 10 years vs. 56 months vs. 21 months, P = 0.04). Epimutations were found at a recurrence rate of up to 85%, and 21 epigenetically dysregulated genes were identified, including CDX1 (86%), CELSR3 (84%), FBP1 (84%), and GIPR (74%).

Conclusions: This is the first comprehensive integrated molecular analysis of SINETs. We have demonstrated that these tumors are highly epigenetically dysregulated. Furthermore, we have identified novel molecular subtypes with significant impact on progression-free survival. Clin Cancer Res; 22(1); 250–8. ©2015 AACR.
Potential Proinvasive or Metastatic Effects of Preclinical Antiangiogenic Therapy Are Prevented by Concurrent Chemotherapy
Authors: Paez-Ribes Marta , Man Shan , Xu Ping , Kerbel Robert S.
Published: July 2015

Purpose: To resolve a controversy involving the therapeutic impact of antiangiogenic drugs and particularly antibodies targeting the VEGF pathway, namely, a body of preclinical mouse therapy studies showing such drugs can promote invasion and/or distant metastasis when used as monotherapies. In contrast, clinical studies have not shown such promalignancy effects. However, most such clinical studies have involved patients also treated with concurrent chemotherapy highlighting the possibility that chemotherapy may prevent any potential promalignancy effect caused by an antiangiogenic drug treatment.

Experimental Design: The impact of antiangiogenic therapy using DC101, an antibody targeting mouse VEGFR-2 with or without concurrent chemotherapy was assessed in multiple human breast cancer xenograft models, where impact on orthotopic primary tumors was evaluated. Metastasis was also assessed during adjuvant and neoadjuvant plus adjuvant therapy, after surgical resection of primary tumors, with the same combination therapies.

Results: Antiangiogenic therapy, while blunting tumor volume growth, was found to increase local invasion in multiple primary tumor models, including a patient-derived xenograft, but this effect was blocked by concurrent chemotherapy. Similarly, the combination of paclitaxel with DC101 caused a marked reduction of micro- or macrometastatic disease in contrast to DC101 monotherapy, which was associated with small increases in metastatic disease.

Conclusions: Conventional wisdom is that targeted biologic antiangiogenic agents such as bevacizumab when used with chemotherapy increase the efficacy of the chemotherapy treatment. Our results suggest the reverse may be true as well—chemotherapy may improve the impact of antiangiogenic drug treatment and, as a result, overall efficacy. Clin Cancer Res; 21(24); 5488–98. ©2015 AACR.
Next Generation of Preclinical Liver Cancer Models
Authors: Weber Achim , O'Connor Tracy , Heikenwalder Mathias
Published: July 2015

Because of its heterogeneity, lack of prognostic markers, tumor-escape mechanisms, and frequent relapse upon surgical intervention, treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains challenging. In this issue of Clinical Cancer Research, Groß and colleagues characterize a rodent model that might help identify novel drugs for combinatorial sorafenib-based therapies for HCC. Clin Cancer Res; 21(19); 4254–6. ©2015 AACR.

See related article by Groß et al., p. 4440
The Parapineal Is Incorporated into the Habenula during Ontogenesis in the Medaka Fish
Authors: Ishikawa Yuji , Inohaya Keiji , Yamamoto Naoyuki , Maruyama Kouichi , Yoshimoto Masami , Iigo Masayuki , Oishi Tadashi , Kudo Akira , Ito Hironobu
Published: July 2015

The parapineal is present in many teleost families, while it is absent in several others. To find out why the parapineal is absent at adult stages in the latter families, the development of the epithalamus was examined in the medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). For this purpose, a green fluorescent protein-transgenic medaka line, in which the pineal complex (pineal and parapineal) is visible fluorescently, was used. We found that a distinct parapineal was present in the roof plate at early developmental stages. Subsequently, however, the parapineal and the associated roof plate began to be incorporated into the habenula between embryonic stages 28 and 29. Between embryonic stages 29 and 30, the entire parapineal was incorporated into the habenula. That is, the parapineal became a small caudomedial region (termed the ‘parapineal domain') within the left habenula in the majority of embryos, resulting in the left-sided asymmetry of the epithalamus. Thereby the left habenula became larger and more complex than its right counterpart. In the minority of embryos, the parapineal was incorporated into the right habenula or into the habenulae on both sides. In the majority of embryos, the parapineal domain projected a fiber bundle to a subnucleus (termed the ‘rostromedial subnucleus') in the left habenula. The rostromedial subnucleus sent axons, through the left fasciculus retroflexus, to the rostral region of the left half of the interpeduncular nucleus. We further found that the ratio of the left-sided phenotype was temperature dependent and decreased in embryos raised at a high temperature. The present study is the first demonstration that the supposed lack of a distinct parapineal in adult teleost fishes is due to ontogenetic incorporation into the habenula.
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: From Pathophysiology to Treatment
Authors: Di Lullo Luca , Gorini Antonio , Russo Domenico , Santoboni Alberto , Ronco Claudio
Published: July 2015

Cardiovascular diseases represent the main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). According to a well-established classification, cardiovascular involvement in CKD can be set in the context of cardiorenal syndrome type 4. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) represents a key feature to provide an accurate picture of systolic-diastolic left heart involvement in CKD patients. Cardiovascular involvement is present in about 80% of prevalent hemodialysis patients, and it is evident in CKD patients since stage IIIb-IV renal disease (according to the K/DOQI CKD classification). According to the definition of cardiorenal syndrome type 4, kidney disease is detected before the development of heart failure, although timing of the diagnosis is not always possible. The evaluation of LVH is a bit heterogeneous, and few standard imaging methods can provide the accuracy of either CT- or MRI-derived left ventricular mass. Key principles in the treatment of LVH in CKD patients are mainly based on anemia and blood pressure control, together with the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism and sudden cardiac death prevention. This review is mainly focused on the clinical aspects of CKD-related LVH to provide practical guidelines both for cardiologists and nephrologists in the daily clinical approach to CKD patients.
Effect of Pretransplant Rituximab Use on Posttransplant Clinical Outcomes in Patients with High Panel Reactive Antibody Scores
Authors: Hwang Seun Deuk , Chung Byung Ha , Oh Eun Jee , Choi Bum Soon , Park Cheol Whee , Kim Yong-Soo , Yang Chul Woo
Published: July 2015

Background/Aims: Whether desensitization treatment is needed before kidney transplant (KT) in patients with high panel reactive antibody (PRA) scores but negative cross-matching (XM) tests remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pretransplant rituximab (RTX) treatment on clinical outcomes in these patients. Methods: The study included 52 patients with PRA >50% but negative XM tests before transplantation. A single dose of RTX was administered before KT in 32 patients (RTX group). The 20 patients without RTX treatment were considered as controls (CON group). We compared the development of acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), rejection-free survival, allograft function, allograft and patients' survival rates and infection rates between the 2 groups. Results: The rate of acute AMR development was significantly lower in the RTX group than in the CON group (p = 0.009), and rejection-free survival in the RTX group was higher than in the CON group (p = 0.042). The 3-year graft and patient survival rates were higher in the RTX group than in the CON group (p = 0.007 and p = 0.037, respectively). There were no significant differences in infection rates between the groups. Conclusions: Pretransplant use of RTX improved the post-transplant clinical outcomes in patients with high PRAs but negative XM tests.
Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation in Clinical Practice
Authors: Wenz Frederik , Sedlmayer Felix , Herskind Carsten , Welzel Grit , Sperk Elena , Neumaier Christian , Gauter-Fleckenstein Benjamin , Vaidya Jayant S. , Sütterlin Marc
Published: July 2015

Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) has been under clinical investigation for more than 15 years. There are several technical approaches that are clinically established, e.g. brachytherapy, intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT), or external-beam radiotherapy. The understanding of the underlying biology, optimal technical procedures, patient selection criteria, and imaging changes during follow-up has increased enormously. After completion of several phase III trials using brachytherapy or IORT, APBI is currently increasingly used either in phase IV studies, registries, or in selected patients outside of clinical studies. Consensus statements about suitable patients are available from several international and national societies like ASTRO, ESTRO, and DEGRO. One may expect that 15-25% of patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery may qualify for APBI, i.e. patients with small invasive ductal breast cancer without clinical lymph node involvement.
Teaching to the Student: Charter School Effectiveness in Spite of Perverse Incentives
Authors: Cohodes Sarah R.
Published: July 2015

Recent work has shown that Boston charter schools raise standardized test scores more than their traditional school counterparts. Critics of charter schools argue that charter schools create those achievement gains by focusing exclusively on test preparation, at the expense of deeper learning. In this paper, I test that critique by estimating the impact of charter school attendance on subscales of the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System and examining them for evidence of score inflation. If charter schools are teaching to the test to a greater extent than their counterparts, one would expect to see higher scores on commonly tested standards, higher-stakes subjects, and frequently tested topics. Despite incentives to reallocate effort away from less frequently tested content to highly tested content, and to coach to item type, I find no evidence of this type of test preparation. Boston charter middle schools perform consistently across all standardized test subscales.
The Impact of Labor Demand on Time to the Doctorate
Authors: Groen Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2015

The goal of this paper is to estimate the impact of labor demand on time to the doctorate. Empirical investigation of this relationship in previous research was hampered by the difficulty of measuring labor demand. I construct a measure of labor demand in seven fields in the humanities and social sciences based on the annual number of job listings from 1975 to 2005. My empirical strategy relates variation over time in the number of job listings within a field to the timing of completion using student-level data on all doctorates awarded in these fields by U.S. universities. Estimates indicate that the number of job listings is not correlated with expected time to degree. This finding implies that cyclical variation in labor demand is not responsible for changes in time to degree within fields.
Eutrema bulbiferum (Brassicaceae), a new species with bulbils from Hunan, China
Authors: Xiao Yan , Li Chun , Hsieh Tung-Yu , Tian Dai-Ke , Zhou Jian-Jun , Zhang Dai-Gui , Chen Gong-Xi
Published: July 2015

Eutrema bulbiferum, a unique new species of Brassicaceae found in the limestone areas of Longshan and Jishou, Hunan, China, is described and illustrated. This species is most similar to E. tenue and E. yunnanense, but can be easily distinguished by its rosulate fleshy bulbils in the leaf axil or near the stem base, fewer ovules per ovary, slightly 4-angled short wand-like silique, and bended silique apex with a beak. E. bulbiferum is categorized into Eutrema by phylogenetic analysis based on the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS). It is also clearly separated from E. tenue and E. yunnanense by the results of both phylogenetic analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on morphometric characters.
Is Ronnbergia (Bromeliaceae, Bromelioideae) a geographically disjunct genus? Evidence from morphology and chloroplast DNA sequence data
Authors: Aguirre-Santoro Julian , Betancur Julio , Brown Gregory K. , Evans Timothy M. , Salgueiro Fabiano , Alves-Ferreira Marcio , Wendt Tania
Published: July 2015

A phylogenetic study testing the monophyly of the geographically disjunct genus Ronnbergia (Bromeliaceae, Bromelioideae) is presented. The phylogenetic analyses were based on taxon sampling that included all but one species of Ronnbergia, and representative lineages across the subfamily Bromelioideae. Three chloroplast DNA sequence markers (matK, psbA-trnH, and trnL-trnF) and morphological data were used for the phylogenetic reconstruction. Both the molecular and morphological datasets supported the polyphyly of Ronnbergia, either independently or in combination. These findings suggest that the geographic disjunction of this genus is most likely a product of taxonomic misinterpretation. The results also indicate that the species currently circumscribed in Ronnbergia are closely related to species in the genus Aechmea with similar geographic ranges. The datasets do not have enough resolution power to reconstruct a deep phylogenetic history that involves all the species of Ronnbergia. Nevertheless, this study provides clues for future approaches that should focus on a larger species sampling and the use of multi-locus DNA sequence data.
Review of species of the Old World genus Doryctophasmus Enderlein, 1912 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae)
Authors: BELOKOBYLSKIJ SERGEY A.
Published: July 2015

The Old World doryctine wasp genus Doryctophasmus Enderlein, 1912 is reviewed. Two new species, D. beninus sp. nov. and D. madagascarus sp. nov., are described and illustrated from the Afrotropical region. The illustrated redescriptions of D. ferrugineiceps Enderlein, 1912, D. ferrugineus (Granger, 1949) and D. rubrotestaceus (Granger, 1949) are provided. Lectotypes of Doryctes ferrugineus Granger 1949 and D. rubrotestaceus Granger 1949 are designated. A key for determination of six know species of Doryctophasmus is given.
A new species of the genus Sphedanolestes Stål 1866 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) from China, with a key to Chinese species
Authors: ZHAO PING , REN SHUZHI , WANG BAOHAI , CAI WANZHI
Published: July 2015

A new harpactorine bug, Sphedanolestes zhengi sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on specimens collected from southwestern China. A key to 17 Chinese species of the genus, including the new species, is provided. The bionomics of the new species is briefly noted.
Contemporary Slavery and the Struggle for Self-Determination: The Case of the Guaraní People from the Bolivian Chaco
Authors: Bergier Aleksandra
Published: July 2015

Contemporary Slavery and the Struggle for Self-Determination: The Case of the Guaraní People from the Bolivian ChacoFor over a century, the Bolivian Guaraní people have been subjected to infrahuman treatment which involved practices such as slavery, forced labor and servitude. The new agrarian legislation, aimed at reversing the concentration of the economic and social power in the hands of a small regional elite, represented a shift in a state policy, facilitating the access of indigenous peoples to collective land property and thereby enabling them to break away from the conditions of debt bondage and forced labor. The article examines the current situation of the Guaraní and focuses on the changes and challenges that have been introduced to their way of life due to the implementation of the clearing title process which brought about a partial reconstitution of their territory. It presents the recent data on their struggle to redefine and reconstruct their cultural identity and places emphasis on specific cultural elements considered valuable by the Guaraní society: territorial management, native language, customary law and wider inclusion of women in decision-making structures within the indigenous political organization. Współczesne niewolnictwo i walka o autodeterminację: casus kultury Guaraní z boliwijskiego Chaco Przez ponad stulecie boliwijscy Indianie Guaraní byli przedmiotem nieludzkiego traktowania z powodu praktyk takich jak niewolnictwo, praca przymusowa oraz poddaństwo. Reformy agrarne, których celem była redystrybucja władzy ekonomicznej i społecznej, skoncentrowanej w rękach niewielkiej regionalnej elity, spowodowały zmianę w polityce rządowej, gwarantując dostęp ludów tubylczych do kolektywnej własności ziemi. Proces ten umożliwił przedstawicielom kultury Guaraní zerwanie zależności wynikających z systemu pracy przymusowej i więzienia za długi. Niniejszy artykuł jest poświęcony obecnej sytuacji Indian Guaraní, a w szczególności zmianom i wyzwaniom, którym muszą stawić czoło w związku z uzyskaniem tytułów własności ziemi oraz częściową odbudową utraconego terytorium. Omówione zostały aktualne dane związane z walką o ponowne zdefiniowanie i odbudowanie kulturowej tożsamości tej grupy, jak również specyficzne elementy kulturowe, uważane za wartościowe przez społeczność Guaraní, w tym zarządzanie terytorialne, język ojczysty, prawo zwyczajowe oraz szerszy udział kobiet w strukturach decyzyjnych ruchu indiańskiego.
Post-Traumatic Realism: Representations of History in Recent Irish Novels
Authors: Drong Leszek
Published: July 2015

Post-Traumatic Realism: Representations of History in Recent Irish NovelsThe aim of my essay is to describe major tendencies in contemporary Irish prose writing concerned with historical and political issues. The diversity of the themes and attitudes to the past necessitates a classification of the writings into several various groups of novels whereas my analysis of the modes of representing the intratextual universe paves the way for identifying a single literary convention (post-traumatic realism) which is typical of the works under discussion. Many of the quoted authors subscribe to historical revisionism which undermines the received historical narrative in Ireland and questions its aggressively nationalist model of patriotism. The novels by Sebastian Barry, Robert McLiam Wilson, Edna O’Brien or Julia O’Faolain, to name just a few, contest that model by demonstrating that it leads to violence, cultural stagnation and petrifying political divisions both in the Republic of Ireland and in Northern Ireland. In the age of the epistemological levelling of historiographic discourse and literary fiction the novels discussed in the essay meaningfully contribute to the debate over the Irish nation’s attitude to their own history and the need to conclude the painful chapters of the past connected with the Civil War as well as with the social and religious conflicts of the twentieth century. Realizm posttraumatyczny. Sposoby przedstawiania historii we współczesnych powieściach irlandzkich Celem niniejszego artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie głównych tendencji we współczesnej prozie irlandzkiej podejmującej tematykę historyczną i polityczną. Różnorodność tematów i postaw wobec przeszłości zmusza do wyodrębnienia co najmniej kilku odmiennych grup powieści, natomiast analiza sposobów prezentacji universum wewnątrztekstowego pozwala pokusić się o określenie jednej typowej konwencji literackiej, jaką w przypadku omawianych utworów jest realizm posttraumatyczny. Wielu z przytaczanych autorów wpisuje się także w nurt rewizjonizmu historycznego, który podważa zastaną narrację historyczną i obiegowy, nacechowany agresywnym nacjonalizmem model patriotyzmu. Powieści Sebastiana Barry’ego, Roberta McLiama Wilsona, Edny O’Brien czy Julii O’Faolain kontestują ów model, ukazując, że prowadzi on do przemocy, utrwalania podziałów politycznych i stagnacji kulturowej zarówno w Republice Irlandii, jak i w Irlandii Północnej. W dobie epistemologicznego równouprawnienia dyskursu historiograficznego i fikcji literackiej omawiane w artykule powieści konstruktywnie wpisują się w dyskusję nad stosunkiem narodu irlandzkiego do swojej historii, nad koniecznością zamknięcia raz na zawsze bolesnych rozdziałów związanych z wojną domową początku lat dwudziestych XX wieku i konfliktami na tle społecznym oraz religijnym.
The Greek Phyllada and the Old Serbian Alexander Romance
Authors: Usakiewicz Krzysztof
Published: July 2015

The Greek Phyllada and the Old Serbian Alexander RomanceThe texts presents chosen fragments of the Greek "Phyllada", or the story about Alexander the Great, and its Polish translation, with an introduction commenting the relation between the Greek and Serbian version of Alexader's gesta.
Why Minor, Not Major?
Authors: Łukaszyk Ewa
Published: July 2015

Why Minor, Not Major?Even if the probability that some of these languages might one day be reborn from the ashes and reintroduced to everyday communication is very low, we still need to preserve at least some trace of humanity’s linguistic diversity. It is a task that concerns all of us, not only the peoples whose direct heritage these languages are. We are still unable to answer many of the fundamental questions in linguistics, concerning such aspects as the origin of human speech and the generaltraits or structures that underlie all human forms of communication. If languages continue dying at the pace they do, soon we will have no material left to carry on this quest any further.These questions, central to the humanities today, justify the choice of the topic for this issue of "Colloquia Humanistica". The joint efforts of the authors who contributed to it, evidently cannot cover either the vastness of the problems, or the geographic diversity of the world’s minor cultures, literatures and languages. Nonetheless, some examples have been chosen, illustrating the research problems that are currently topical and bringing to the general academic consciousness cultural realities that we are still less familiar with.
Introductory Comments
Authors: Sujecka Jolanta
Published: July 2015

Introductory CommentsThe second issue of the annual journal “Colloquia Humanistica”, published in the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, is a continuation of the themes presented in the first volume. The former issue focused on the problem of continuity and discontinuity shown on the Balkan and Macedonian example; this one presents a thematic section on minor languages, minor literatures and minor cultures. This time we did not choose any concrete region to serve as exemplification for the study of the problem, as we did in the former issue. Instead, we decided to present the complex and often paradoxical phenomenon of minority in a global context composed as a mosaic of diverse cases, not only from the European, but also from the American and African reality.
Estimation of the Atmospheric Flux of Nutrients and Trace Metals to the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic Ocean*
Authors: Powell C. F. , Baker A. R. , Jickells T. D. , Bange H. W. , Chance R. J. , Yodle C.
Published: July 2015

Atmospheric deposition contributes potentially significant amounts of the nutrients iron, nitrogen, and phosphorus (via mineral dust and anthropogenic aerosols) to the oligotrophic tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Transport pathways, deposition processes, and source strengths contributing to this atmospheric flux are all highly variable in space and time. Atmospheric sampling was conducted during 28 research cruises through the eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA) over a 12-yr period, and a substantial dataset of measured concentrations of nutrients and trace metals in aerosol and rainfall over the region was acquired. This database was used to quantify (on a spatial and seasonal basis) the atmospheric input of ammonium, nitrate, soluble phosphorus, and soluble and total iron, aluminum, and manganese to the ETNA. The magnitude of atmospheric input varies strongly across the region, with high rainfall rates associated with the intertropical convergence zone contributing to high wet deposition fluxes in the south, particularly for soluble species. Dry deposition fluxes of species associated with mineral dust exhibited strong seasonality, with the highest fluxes associated with wintertime low-level transport of Saharan dust. Overall (wet plus dry) atmospheric inputs of soluble and total trace metals were used to estimate their soluble fractions. These also varied with season and were generally lower in the dry north than in the wet south. The ratio of ammonium plus nitrate to soluble iron in deposition to the ETNA was lower than the N:Fe requirement for algal growth in all cases, indicating the importance of the atmosphere as a source of excess iron.
The Prediction of Northern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclone Extended Life Cycles by the ECMWF Ensemble and Deterministic Prediction Systems. Part I: Tropical Cyclone Stage*
Authors: Hodges K. I. , Emerton R.
Published: July 2015

This study has explored the prediction errors of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) for the Northern Hemisphere summer period for five recent years. Results for the EPS are contrasted with those for the higher-resolution deterministic forecasts. Various metrics of location and intensity errors are considered and contrasted for verification based on IBTrACS and the numerical weather prediction (NWP) analysis (NWPa). Motivated by the aim of exploring extended TC life cycles, location and intensity measures are introduced based on lower-tropospheric vorticity, which is contrasted with traditional verification metrics. Results show that location errors are almost identical when verified against IBTrACS or the NWPa. However, intensity in the form of the mean sea level pressure (MSLP) minima and 10-m wind speed maxima is significantly underpredicted relative to IBTrACS. Using the NWPa for verification results in much better consistency between the different intensity error metrics and indicates that the lower-tropospheric vorticity provides a good indication of vortex strength, with error results showing similar relationships to those based on MSLP and 10-m wind speeds for the different forecast types. The interannual variation in forecast errors are discussed in relation to changes in the forecast and NWPa system and variations in forecast errors between different ocean basins are discussed in terms of the propagation characteristics of the TCs.
The Mendelian colorectal cancer syndromes
Authors: Tomlinson Ian
Published: July 2015

A small minority of colorectal cancers (CRCs) (≤5%) are caused by a single, inherited faulty gene. These diseases, the Mendelian colorectal cancer (CRC) syndromes, have been central to our understanding of colorectal carcinogenesis in general. Most of the approximately 13 high-penetrance genes that predispose to CRC primarily predispose to colorectal polyps, and each gene is associated with a specific type of polyp, whether conventional adenomas ( APC, MUTYH, POLE, POLD1, NTHL1), juvenile polyps ( SMAD4, BMPR1A), Peutz-Jeghers hamartomas ( LKB1/STK11) and mixed polyps of serrated and juvenile types ( GREM1). Lynch syndrome ( MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, PMS2), by contrast, is associated primarily with cancer risk. Major functional pathways are consistently inactivated in the Mendelian CRC syndromes: certain types of DNA repair (proofreading of DNA replication errors, mismatch repair and base excision repair) and signalling (bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Wnt signalling and mTOR). The inheritance of the CRC syndromes also varies: most are dominant but some of the DNA repair deficiencies are recessive. Some of the Mendelian CRC genes are especially important because they play a role through somatic inactivation in sporadic CRC ( APC, MLH1, SMAD4, POLE). Additional Mendelian CRC genes may remain to be discovered and searches for these genes are ongoing, especially in patients with multiple adenomas and hyperplastic polyps.
Always, already-medicalized: Women’s prenatal knowledge and choice in two Canadian contexts
Authors: Malacrida Claudia
Published: July 2015

Women’s childbirth choices occur within contested discourses about medical, natural, and woman-centered births. All three perspectives, to slightly differing degrees, presume an autonomous female subject who makes childbirth choices. Thus informed choice is posed as a crucial corrective to the increasing medicalization of childbirth. This article employs a critical feminist analysis to examine how women learn about childbirth and make choices long before the moment of informed choice. Interviews with 40 pregnant and recently birthing women in two cities in Alberta, Canada illustrate how media, family and friends, and prenatal courses comprised core pre-birth knowledge systems informing women’s decision-making. The interviews exposed how medicalization is naturalized in these knowledge systems, so that women approached their actual births with an already-medicalized set of perceptions. This already-medicalized knowledge foreclosed women’s choices, a finding that complicates arguments over improving informed choice during childbirth as a means of reducing childbirth medicalization.
Working the Passage: East German Border Checkpoints, 1961–90. The Case of GÜSt Bahnhof Friedrichstraße, Berlin
Authors: Lüdtke Alf
Published: July 2015

In East Germany (GDR) the aim of total control of society occupied both: those on the ‘heights of command’ and the various ‘organs’ of the ruling party (SED) and state. In this pursuit efforts to strictly regulate any passage of the border of state (Staatsgrenze) had a very high priority. The formal closure of the border to the ‘West’ (on 13 August 1961) marked an ultimate step placing border control among the pivotal political necessities of the GDR. In this vein, the actual staffing of the remaining checkpoints by employees of the Ministry of State Security (MfS) underlined the dominant logic of encompassing surveillance and intervention, whether concealed or openly. This article focuses on one location at the centre of the ‘capital of the GDR’, the check point: Grenzübergangsstelle (GÜSt) Bahnhof Friedrichstraße. The goal is an inspection of the actual activities of the border guards: how did they ‘do it’? The spectrum ranges from the physical and architectural settings to the locks and the protocols of control to the practices of the guards who checked (and decided) on personal identities. To what extent were rank and file in the checking booths (and behind the scenes) in charge of opening or closing the door? Who, in the last instance, allowed or denied access or exit? Certainly, customs control and related checks of personal belongings of visitors or travellers were an integral part of the ‘Grenzregime’; yet they are not part of this investigation. More generally: does the analysis of the everyday of control as ‘work’ provide insights into both the intensities and the duration of domination in the GDR? Is GÜSt Bahnhof Friedrichstraße also a symbol of the limits if not the demise of (the work of) domination ‘in the colours of the GDR’?
Framing consensus
Authors: Zellman Ariel
Published: July 2015

International territorial conflicts are frequently characterized by political recourse to narratives of nationalist entitlement, stifling conflict resolution by raising domestic audience costs and discursively limiting bargaining flexibility. Conflict incentivizes elite employment of such claims precisely because security threats and fear of violence heighten popular resonance of adversarial collective identity frames. This article argues, however, that consensus mobilization behind nationalist territorial claims is highly dependent upon the particular narratives elites select to justify them. Employing controlled individual-level experiments administered to diverse populations in Israel, it demonstrates how exposure to competing narratives of homeland, security, economic prosperity, and settlement impacts support for control of East Jerusalem, the Golan Heights, and the West Bank. Although indivisible claims to ‘United Jerusalem’, the Golan, and West Bank settlement blocs and strategic highlands are generally considered popular consensus issues in Israel, only particular narratives trigger consensus mobilization behind each. Some narratives even encourage conciliatory policy attitudes against such appeals. As a democracy embroiled in multiple enduring territorial disputes, analysis of the Israeli case contributes to understanding of the limits and political consequences of elite rhetoric. Demonstrating the affinity between narrative frames and popular policy preferences, this article also lends insight into the intersubjective beliefs that drive mass support for nationalist territorial claims.
Armed conflicts, 1946–2014
Authors: Pettersson Therése , Wallensteen Peter
Published: July 2015

In 2014, the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) recorded 40 armed conflicts with a minimum of 25 battle-related deaths, up by six from 2013. This is the highest number of conflicts reported since 1999, and 11 of these conflicts were defined as wars, that is, conflicts generating 1,000 or more battle-related deaths in one calendar year. Further, an escalation of several conflicts, coupled with the extreme violence in Syria, resulted in the highest number of battle-related deaths in the post-1989 period. Yet, compared to the large-scale interstate wars of the 20th century, the number of fatalities caused by armed conflicts in 2014 was relatively low. Additionally, seven conflicts identified in 2013 were no longer active in 2014. However, four new conflicts erupted in 2014, all of them in Ukraine, and three previously registered conflicts were restarted by new actors. Furthermore, six conflicts reoccurred with previously registered actors. A positive development, however, is the increase to ten of the number of peace agreements concluded and signed in 2014, which represents a further four compared with 2013. And although this increase is part of a positive trend since 2011, it is worth noting that several peace processes remained fragile by the end of the year.
Surf Film, Then & Now
Authors: Rinehart Robert E.
Published: July 2015

Media shifts in the past 50 years based on a late capitalist economics have profoundly affected how a film is produced, delivered, and received. In this article, I aim to examine two exemplar surf films— The Endless Summer (1964) and Slow Dance (2013)—as well as the surf film genre to note some of the ways these cultural artifacts have changed over time. I link these shifts to larger cultural shifts, and draw attention to several key strategies that these surf films utilize to remain topical to their audiences.
Prejudice in Major League Baseball
Authors: Newman Leonard S. , Zhang Lyvia , Huang Raymond
Published: July 2015

It has long been suggested that even after baseball’s “color line” was broken in 1947, Black players had to be better than White ones to be given an opportunity to play in the major leagues. The present article provides empirical support for that claim, using data from the point at which all major league teams were integrated and five subsequent major league seasons, sampled at equal time intervals through 1999. Average annual wins above replacement (Win Above Replacement or WAR, an overall measure of a player’s value) were significantly higher for non-Latino Black players than White players promoted to the majors at least until the mid-1970s. As discussed, the bias suggested by these data could be due to a combination of explicit (conscious) and implicit prejudice.
The selection of cognitive diagnostic models for a reading comprehension test
Authors: Li Hongli , Hunter C. Vincent , Lei Pui-Wa
Published: July 2015

Cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs) have great promise for providing diagnostic information to aid learning and instruction, and a large number of CDMs have been proposed. However, the assumptions and performances of different CDMs and their applications in regard to reading comprehension tests are not fully understood. In the present study, we compared the performance of a saturated model (G-DINA), two compensatory models (DINO, ACDM), and two non-compensatory models (DINA, RRUM) with the Michigan English Language Assessment Battery (MELAB) reading test. Compared to the saturated G-DINA model, the ACDM showed comparable model fit and similar skill classification results. The RRUM was slightly worse than the ACDM and G-DINA in terms of model fit and classification results, whereas the more restrictive DINA and DINO performed much worse than the other three models. The findings of this study highlighted the process and considerations pertinent to model selection in applications of CDMs with reading tests.