bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of four methods for predicting difficult intubation
Authors: F Javaher Foroosh Zadeh , Sara Safaii
Published: June 2016

Confirmation of endotracheal tube appointment is of critical importance, since unrecognized esophageal intubation can be rapidly lethal (death, brain damage). The aim of our study was to compare four different methods for prediction of difficult intubation: Mallampati, Thyro-mental distance, ULBT (Upper Lip Bite Test), and Inter incisicor gap. In a prospective study, 448 patients with a mean age of 53.5 who were scheduled for elective surgery were selected randomly and enrolled. Before induction of anesthesia, the airways were assessed by Mallampati test, Thyro mental distance, Upper lip bit test(ULBT) and Inter incisor gap. Laryngoscopic view according to the Cormack and Lehane grading system was determined after induction of anesthesia and Grades 3 and 4 defined as “difficult intubation.” Degree of observed difficulty of intubation was compared to predicted values. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy of these tests and their combinations with the ULBT were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Data were analysis by using Fishers exact and McNemar's test, and a Pvalue. <0.05 was considered statistically significant.  The prevalence of difficult intubation Cormack-Lehane in this study was 8.4%, Mallampati test had the highest sensitivity (47.3%) and Thyro-mental distance was most specific (96%). The ULBT (upper lip bite tests) had most positive and negative predictive value (37.9% & 93. 5%).Data also showed that power of these tests in predicting easy intubation is more than their ability in assessing the likelihood of difficult intubation. There was no significant difference regarding difficult intubation based on gender (P < 0.05), whereas there were significant differences between the older tests and laryngeal view (P < 0.05, Mc-Nemar test). Despite the validity of MMP, TMD, ULBT and IIG in predicting easy intubation is much greater than the value in prediction of difficult intubation; however, the simplicity of performing these tests and results of the four tests in evaluating patients before surgery by combination of tests in predicting difficult intubation will likely safe. It seems that best results are from applying combined test than a single one.
Studies on seasonal variations in primary production of river Mahanadi, Banki, Odisha, India
Authors: Routray Niranjan , Patra A. K.
Published: June 2016

The primary productivity of the river Mahanadi at Banki has been estimated from January 2012 to December 2012 at three different stations. The seasonal variation of primary productivity revealed that maximum and minimum values of GPP was associated with summer and winter seasons respectively. The minimum values of NPP were recorded during rainy season and maximum during summer or winter for different study stations. The community respiration showed a systematic seasonal pattern where the maximum value was observed during summer and minimum value during winter. The ratio between NPP and GPP was lowest during rainy season and highest in summer.
Epidemiological study on tuberculosis patients in Ahvaz East Center during 2009- 2013
Authors: Karami* Khodabakhsh , Harmooshi Narges Nazari , Sharifi Mehrdad
Published: June 2016

To study TB incidence trend and its epidemiological aspects in recent years in Ahvaz East Center. As national and international Emphasis for detecting Smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis and eliminate the disease rate and global target internationally to eliminate TB by 2050 based on 1990 rate. In this cross – sectional descriptive-analytic study the records of all TB patients referred to Health centers and preventive diseases units in East of Ahvaz in 5 years (2009-2013) were evaluated. Data were derived from patients' records and entered to check lists and then analyzed using SPSS 17 software. During the studied years a total of 990 cases were reported by all centers and units under cover of Ahwaz Main East Health Center. Among them 232 cases (23.43%) was external pulmonary TB. Male subjects had a higher incidence of 62% compared to females. The age group between 25 - 45 year, was the most affected group. Smear positive rate varied from 58% to 76%. Cure rate in 5 studied years has not too differentiation, was varied 81% to 87%. The results show most affected TB cases in 5 studied years were pulmonary (73-84.5%), this obey the national pattern of the disease. Smear positive rate   that varied from 58% to 76% was more than the national rate (53%). Morbidity in centers and units under cover of Ahwaz Main East Health Center was younger age pattern in compare to whole country rate. Incidence rate of TB was higher than national rate.
Bioassay screening of the ethanolic extract of Tithonia diversifolia leaves on selected microorganisms
Authors: T* Anthoney Swamy , K Jackie Obey , Edwin Miyogo , Timothy Lasiti T
Published: June 2016

The study was conducted to analyze the antibacterial activity of Tithonia diversifolia leaves. The plant was extracted using Ethanol and water in the ratio 9:1. From the study  the plant Tithonia diversifolia was found to inhibit the growth of  Staphilococcus epidermidis (36.80mm), Enterobacter aerogenes (31.20mm), Streptococcus α-hemolytic (29.60mm), Bacillus cereus (26.2mm), Escherichia coli (10.40mm) and Streptococcus γ-hemolytic (0.000mm)The data collected and documented in this paper is a scientifically justification that the plant can be used to treat against various diseases caused by Staphilococcus epidermidis and  Enterobacter aerogenes. However, further studies need to be done to identify the mode of action of the active compounds in the plant.
Integrated Nutrient Management for Increasing Growth with Sustainability of Baby Corn
Authors: Singh Gurmeet , Singh Navtej , Kaur* Ramandeep
Published: June 2016

Field experiment was conducted to study Integrated Nutrient Management for increasing Growth with Sustainability of  Baby Corn on sandy loam soils, low in available N, high in available P and K for two consecutive kharif seasons of 2014 and 2015. The experiment was laid down in randomized block design having seven treatments i.e. T1= Control, T2= 100 per cent recommended dose of N, T3 = 5 tones of FYM + 100 kg inorganic N ha-1, T4= 10 tonne of FYM + 75kg inorganic N ha-1, T5= 15tonne of FYM + 50 kg inorganic N ha-1, T6= 20tonne of FYM + 25 kg inorganic N ha-1, T7= 25 tonne of FYM ha-1 replicated four times. Significant increase in all growth parameters of baby corn was observed with Integrated Nutrient Management over control. Moreover, among nutrient management treatments, the integration of 5 tonne of FYM with 100 kg of inorganic N ha-1 came out to be the best for all growth characters viz. plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation.
Elemental analysis of medicinal plants from different sites by instrumental neutron activation analysis
Authors: M.* Ratna Raju , V. Madhusudhana Rao P. , T. Seshi Reddy , M. K. Raju , J. S. Brahmaji Rao , C. R. Venkatasubramani
Published: June 2016

A study was undertaken to evaluate the inorganic elements for humans in two Indian medicinal plants leaves, namely Sphaeranthus indicus, and Cassia fistula by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). INAA experiment was performed by using 20 kW KAMINI Reactor at Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam. The emitted gamma rays were measured using gamma ray spectrometer. The concentrations of Al, Br, Ca, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Sc, V and Zn were determined in the selected medicinal plants. The medicinal leaves are using in treatment of various important ailments. The elemental content in selected medicinal leaves is various proportions depending on the soil composition, location of plant specimen and the climate in which the plant grows.
In vitro evaluation of antibacterial potential of Andrographis paniculata against resistant bacterial pathogens methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multiple drug resistant Escherichia coli (MDR E. coli)
Authors: Ganapathy* Srikala , S. Karpagam
Published: June 2016

Rise of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria namely Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Multiple drug resistant Escherichia coli (MDR E. coli results in reduced efficacy of currently used antibacterial agents. Medicinal plants serve as potential targets for biologically effective antibacterial agents. The present study determined the phytochemical and invitro antibacterial activity of ethanol, chloroform, hexane and water extracts of whole plant of Andrographis paniculata against MRSA and MDR Escherichia coli. Zone of inhibition diameters were measured. Compared to all the extracts, ethanolic extract showed highest activity. The antibacterial activity was absent in hexane and water extracts. Chloroform extracts showed moderately good activity. The antibacterial compounds found in ethanolic extract were flavanoids, saponins and alkaloids.
Meiotic chromosome behavior of Haworthia limifolia
Authors: Nazli Afrin , Kumar* Kamini
Published: June 2016

Haworthia limifolia is a xerophytic plant belonging to the family Liliaceae and is indigenous to Africa. It is use extensively for its medicinal properties like antibacterial, antifungal properties and used for the treatment of sores, superficial burns, as a blood purifier and to promote pregnancy in women and cattles. In present investigation chromosomal behaviour of H. limifolia in meiosis was studied. In diplotene stage chiasmata was observed showing the possibilities of genetic recombination. Chromosome clumps were observed in diakinesis indicating sticky nature of chromosomes. Meiotic abnormalities like stickiness, precocious movement, formation of bridges and laggards were also reported in both meiosis I and II. A fairly high percentage of pollen sterility that is 73.41% was recorded resulting in failure of fruit formation. This plant could be designated as facultative apomict (Swanson, 1957) as the only means of reproduction found was asexual or vegetative.
Feasibility of an Immersive Virtual Reality Intervention for Hospitalized Patients: An Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Mosadeghi Sasan , Reid Mark William , Martinez Bibiana , Rosen Bradley Todd , Spiegel Brennan Mason Ross
Published: June 2016

Background

Virtual reality (VR) offers immersive, realistic, three-dimensional experiences that “transport” users to novel environments. Because VR is effective for acute pain and anxiety, it may have benefits for hospitalized patients; however, there are few reports using VR in this setting.

Objective

The aim was to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of VR in a diverse cohort of hospitalized patients.

Methods

We assessed the acceptability and feasibility of VR in a cohort of patients admitted to an inpatient hospitalist service over a 4-month period. We excluded patients with motion sickness, stroke, seizure, dementia, nausea, and in isolation. Eligible patients viewed VR experiences (eg, ocean exploration; Cirque du Soleil; tour of Iceland) with Samsung Gear VR goggles. We then conducted semistructured patient interview and performed statistical testing to compare patients willing versus unwilling to use VR.

Results

We evaluated 510 patients; 423 were excluded and 57 refused to participate, leaving 30 participants. Patients willing versus unwilling to use VR were younger (mean 49.1, SD 17.4 years vs mean 60.2, SD 17.7 years; P=.01); there were no differences by sex, race, or ethnicity. Among users, most reported a positive experience and indicated that VR could improve pain and anxiety, although many felt the goggles were uncomfortable.

Conclusions

Most inpatient users of VR described the experience as pleasant and capable of reducing pain and anxiety. However, few hospitalized patients in this “real-world” series were both eligible and willing to use VR. Consistent with the “digital divide” for emerging technologies, younger patients were more willing to participate. Future research should evaluate the impact of VR on clinical and resource outcomes.

ClinicalTrial

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02456987; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02456987 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6iFIMRNh3)
In Vitro Fertilizability of Oocytes Using Fresh, Frozen and Epididymal Spermatozoa from Crossbred Bulls in the Tropics
Authors: Vettical Binoy S
Published: June 2016

The objective of the study was to examine the fertilizability of bovine follicular oocytes from abattoir ovaries using fresh, frozen and epididymal spermatozoa from crossbred bulls in the tropics.  Oocytes were cultured in maturation media TCM-199 containing 25mM HEPES, 1mM glutamine L, 2.2mg/mL sodium bicarbonate, antibiotics, 22 µg/mL pyruvate, 1µg/mL estradiol-17β, 0.5µg/mL FSH and 0.06 IU hCG and supplemented with 20% heat inactivated estrus cow serum (serum collected in early estrum) at 39oC temperature, 5% CO2 tension with maximum humidity for 24 hours. Oocytes with maximum cumulus expansion were used for in vitro fertilization. Fresh, frozen and epididymal semen from crossbred bulls was used for in vitro fertilization as treatment 1(n =1690), treatment 2(n = 1620) and treatment 3(n = 1710) respectively. Control group of oocytes (1680) were treated in the same protocol along with each treatment group of oocytes in separate in vitro fertilization drop without sperm injection. The in vitro fertilization medium consisted of Fert-TALP medium supplemented with 1µM epinephrine, 10µM hypotaurine, 20µM pencillamine and 0.56µg/ml heparin. Culture conditions set for IVF were 39oC temperature, 5% CO2 tension with maximum humidity.  Oocytes showing sperm penetration evidence like presence of enlarged sperm head, male pronuclei with its accompanying sperm tail in the cytoplasm, oocytes with two pronuclei and a clear second polar body but without a sperm tail were considered as fertilized.  None of the oocytes in control group showed cleavage due to parthenogenetic activation. Significantly higher results of fertilization rate (p<0.05) were observed when oocytes inseminated with epididymal spermatozoa than fresh ejaculated semen followed by frozen semen.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(2): 166-171
Sustainable Use of Plants for Heavy Metal Removal from Water: Phytoremediation
Authors: Bhat Akash Pundalik , Bhat Pooja Pundalik
Published: June 2016

There are various methods for removal of heavy metals from contaminated water and many of them can be costly and also consume a lot of resources. Phytoremediation is the use of plants as a filter for removal of unwanted elements and substances from contaminated water. This process is called rhizofiltration. Phytoremediation has not achieved a lot of importance on large scale level. This review- study shows how several species like Brassica juncea and Chenopodium amaranticolor, Pistia stratiotes, Helianthus annuus L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. vulgaris, Eleocharis acicularis, Lemna minor L., Phragmites australis and Eichhornia Crassipes can be used for effective removal of heavy metals. These species are selected based on a review on various studies on rhizofiltration. Hence rhizofiltration can be an eco-friendly and innovative method of removal of heavy metals and has to be applied for large scale treatment of heavy metals in real time waters.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(2): 150-154
Challenges and Opportunity of in vitro Propagation of Paulownia tomentosa Steud for Commercial Production in Nepal
Authors: Magar Lila Bahadur , Shrestha Nisha , Khadka Saraswoti , Joshi Jay Raj , Acharya Jibaraj , Gyanwali Gaurav Chandra , Marasini Bishnu Prasad , Rajbahak Sabari , Parajuli Niranjan
Published: June 2016

Paulownia tomentosa Steud is a fast growing multipurpose tree. In vitro propagation using nodal explants of Paulownia tomentosa was performed by manipulating amount of cytokinin and auxin in culture media. Shoot bud proliferation from explants were assessed in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various amounts of hormones such as a) 0.5-2.5 mg/l benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.1 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), b) 0.5-2.5 mg/l BAP and 0.5-2.5 mg/l kinetin (KN) and c) 0.5- 2.5 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). In the present study, we found that hormone combination of BAP and NAA gave optimum growth results. MS medium enriched with 2.0 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l IAA resulted a similar outcome but took 3-4 weeks with respect to the same medium enriched with 1.0 mg/ml BAP and 0.1 mg/ml NAA, which showed response within 2-3 weeks. Shoot length of 2.5-3.5 cm with 3-4 nodes and 8-12 leaves were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l NAA. The acclimatization of explants was done in a polyhouse at 20±5oC for 2-6 weeks. Rooting has been induced in nonsterile sand. Rooted plants were transferred to plastic bags containing mixture of soil, sand and compost in the ratio of 1:1:1.Besides aforementioned issues, there are several other challenges associated with in vitro propagation of P. tomentosa. The plants were established (90%) on MS medium enriched with BAP and NAA and adapted ex vitro with surviving up to 80%. People received an opportunity with this plant because it grows fast and can generate income in 10 years in comparison with others, but at the same time people also have been facing the challenges for plantation of P. tomentosa as government of Nepal does not formulate necessary national policies, legislations and regulatory frameworks in its favor. Thus, system should be developed to set royalty rate of P. tomentosa recognizing its lifetime value.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(2): 155-160
Assessing the Economic and Energy Use Efficiencies of Direct Seeded and Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Lamjung, Nepal
Authors: Thapa K. , Shrestha A. , Neupane M. P. , Amgain L. P.
Published: June 2016

To meet the basic food needs of expanding human population a productive sustainable agricultural system must become a major priority in Nepal. An on-farm study was conducted to investigate the economic and energy use efficiencies of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under direct seeded (DSR) and transplanted (TPR) conditions at Lamjung campus. Five varieties of rice differing in phenology and growth (viz. US382, Sukha dhan, NR10676, NR10490 and Khumal10) were tested in Randomized Complete Block Design under DSR and TPR conditions with three replications. The statistical resulted revealed that the average grain yield was highest for TPR-NR10490 (7.52t ha-1), whereas the lowest in DSR- NR10676 (1.96t ha-1). The output energy obtained from grain and biomass yield was highest under TPR-NR10490 (2.05x105MJ ha-1) followed by the lowest in DSR-NR10676 (7.35x104MJ ha-1). In TPR-NR10490 the most energy use efficiency (output-input ratio of 9.22) was obtained whereas in TPR-Sukha dhan, energy use efficiency (output-input ratio of 1.01) was least. Partial-factor productivity and nutrient uptake was highest in TPR-NR10490 and the lowest in DSR- NR10676. The maximum productivity and profitability was recorded in TPR-NR10490 while reverse in DSR-Sukha dhan. The benefit cost ratio was found highest in TPR- NR10490 (4.45) and lowest in DSR-Sukha dhan (2.31). From above result, NR10490 was found to be the best variety under transplanted condition.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(2): 172-177
Growth and Productivity of Different Cultivars of Rice Under Nutrient Expert© and Other Fertilizer Management Practices at Lamjung
Authors: Gaire Achyut , Koirala Samjhana , Shrestha Ram Kumar , Amgain Lal Prasad
Published: June 2016

Rice is an important world leading cereal crop grown extensively in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. However, its productivity is constrained by a number of problems. Currently, cereal yields are only 40 to 65% of their potential, mostly because nutrient management does not consider crop’s dynamic response to the environment and site specific nutrition management. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted on farmer’s field at Lamjung, Sundarbazar and Bhoteodar using Nutrient Expert® rice model from July 2015 to November 2015. Four replications of 5 treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design. Five treatments were Nutrient Expert recommendation (NE hybrid), Government recommendation (GR hybrid), NE improved, GR improved and Farmers field practice (FFP). The result revealed significant difference in terms of plant height, panicle weight, filled grain/panicle, straw yield, grain yield at 15.5% moisture, biological yield and sterility %.The highest yield (7.362tonha-1) was obtained from NE hybrid field which was followed by GR hybrid (6.12tonha-1), NE improved (5.20tonha-1), FFP (4.76tonha-1) and GR improved (4.70tonha-1). While comparing Nutrient Expert® (NE) estimation for attainable rice yield with actual rice yield from the farmer field trial; NE-based fertilizer recommendations proved to be successful in reaching the yield targets estimated by the software. The actual rice yields recorded in farmer fields were higher than the NE estimated attainable yields, so NE recommendation was found better over GR and FFP. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(2): 178-182
Comparative Advantage of Keyhole Right Flank Laparotomy and Ventral Midline Celiotomy for Ovariohysterectomy in Bitches
Authors: Acharya Mohan , Sah Manoj Kumar , Singh Dinesh Kumar , Singh Subir , Dhakal Santosh
Published: June 2016

The objective was to compare the relative advantage of adopting two ovariohysterectomy techniques: keyhole right flank laparotomy or ventral midline celiotomy, for ovariohysterectomy in bitches. Clinically healthy non pregnant bitches (n = 20; 2 ± 0.5 year age; 25 ± 5 kg weight) were used for the study. Bitches were randomly divided into two groups: group A (n = 10) bitches were ovariohysterectomized adopting keyhole right flank laparotomy, whereas in group B (n = 10) bitches were ovariohysterectomized adopting ventral midline celiotomy. Time required for completion of surgery, and length of suturing materials required was recorded, blood hematology and fibrinogen levels were analyzed, and post-operative wound healing was monitored. Length of chromic cat gut No. 1-0 (Ethicon; P < 0.01), and vicryl No. 3-0 (Ethicon; P < 0.001) used was more in ventral midline celiotomy compared with keyhole right flank laparotomy; however, similar length of chromic cat gut No. 2-0 (Ethicon; P = 0.47) was used in both the surgical techniques. Longer time (P < 0.001) was required to complete surgical procedure following ventral midline celiotomy compared with keyhole right flank laparotomy. Blood packed cell volume (PCV), total white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, monocytes, and fibrinogen levels were statistically similar between the two surgical techniques. Wound healing was better in keyhole right flank laparotomy compared with ventral midline celiotomy.  Conclusion: Keyhole right flank laparotomy required less time for surgery, less suturing materials and better wound healing compared with ventral midline celiotomy for ovariohysterectomy in bitches. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(2): 198-202
Technology, Chemistry and Bioactive Properties of Large Cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.): An Overview
Authors: Gautam Nawaraj , Bhattarai Rewati Raman , Khanal Bal Kumari Sharma , Oli Prakash
Published: June 2016

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is an aromatic and medicinal spice native to Eastern Himalayas belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. It is used as flavoring and preservative to different types of coffee, liquors, confections, beverages and tobacco. Volatile oil (2-4%) is the principal aroma-giving compound in large cardamom and 1,8- cineole is the major active compound in an extent 60 to 80% of the total volatile oil. Alcohol and aqueous extract of large cardamom have been reported to contain allopathic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiulcer, cardio-adaptogenic and hypolipidaemic activities. Large cardamom and its powder, oleoresin and essential oils have many culinary and therapeutic uses. Objective of this review is to give short overview on the processing technology, chemistry, bioactivity and uses of large cardamom and its components.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(2): 139-149
Vibriosis in Farm Reared White Shrimp, Litopenaeus Vannamei in Andhra Pradesh-Natural Occurrence and Artificial Challenge
Authors: Mastan S.A. , Begum S.K. Aktharunnisa
Published: June 2016

In the present study, a total of five species of Vibrio bacteria were isolated from diseased shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, collected from commercial shrimp cultured ponds of Eethamukkala, Chinaganjam and Pedaganjam areas, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh. The isolated bacterial species were identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio mimicus and Vibrio vulnificus. The symptoms shown by diseased shrimps include loss of appetite, red coloration of the body and pleopods, gills often appear red to brown in colour, reduced feeding, empty gut and general septicemia. In diseased shrimp, hepatopancrocytes may appear poorly vacuolated, indicating low lipid and glycogen reserve. In affected shrimps, localized lesions were also observed in the cuticle. Experimental infection trials reveals that V. parahaemolyticus is highly pathogenic to L. vannamei while V. harveyi found to be moderate pathogenic to challenged shrimp and remaining three bacterial species namely V.alginolyticus, V.mimicus and V.vulnificus were less pathogenic in nature.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(2): 217-222
Radical heterosexuality: Straight teacher activism in schools
Authors: Potvin Leigh
Published: June 2016

The vast majority of schools in Canada are dominated by unsafe spaces and experiences for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth 1 who continue to experience higher rates of suicide, depression, isolation, harassment/bullying, and self-harm compared to their straight peers2. Gay/Straight Alliances (GSAs) and other LGBTQ-inclusive groups exist in schools with the goal of mitigating and working against homophobia. Most often in Ontario (Canada), straight teachers lead these groups3. Because of the pervasive role straight teachers play in GSAs and other anti-homophobia initiatives in schools, there is a practical need to analyze the role and experiences of straight teacher ally activists working with LGBTQ students and the overall effectiveness of anti-homophobia efforts under their purview. Here, I explore the efficacy of straight teacher allies, the importance of understanding straight privilege, and the significance of radical heterosexuality for straight people doing LGBTQ activism. Relying on queer theory and decolonizing/Indigenous queer theory, I argue that it is necessary for straight teachers to acknowledge their straight privilege in order to challenge homophobia’s companions: heterosexism and heteronormativity. In addressing the latter two covert forms of oppression in schools, teachers and students could shift into deeper, more effective resistance measures.
Open issue
Authors: Bredlöv Eleonor , Forsberg Camilla , Rahm Lina , Vestergren Sara
Published: June 2016

Not Available.
Wnt Signaling in Cancer Stem Cell Biology
Authors: De Sousa e Melo Felipe , Vermeulen Louis
Published: June 2016

Aberrant regulation of Wnt signaling is a common theme seen across many tumor types. Decades of research have unraveled the epigenetic and genetic alterations that result in elevated Wnt pathway activity. More recently, it has become apparent that Wnt signaling levels identify stem-like tumor cells that are responsible for fueling tumor growth. As therapeutic targeting of these tumor stem cells is an intense area of investigation, a concise understanding on how Wnt activity relates to cancer stem cell traits is needed. This review attempts at summarizing the intricacies between Wnt signaling and cancer stem cell biology with a special emphasis on colorectal cancer.
A 1973–2008 Archive of Climate Surfaces for NW Maghreb
Authors: Ruiz Alberto , Sanjuan Maria , Puigdefabregas Juan , Del Barrio Gabriel
Published: June 2016

Climate archives are time series. They are used to assess temporal trends of a climate-dependent target variable, and to make climate atlases. A high-resolution gridded dataset with 1728 layers of monthly mean maximum, mean and mean minimum temperatures and precipitation for the NW Maghreb (28°N–37.3°N, 12°W–12°E, ~1-km resolution) from 1973 through 2008 is presented. The surfaces were spatially interpolated by ANUSPLIN, a thin-plate smoothing spline technique approved by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), from georeferenced climate records drawn from the Global Surface Summary of the Day (GSOD) and the Global Historical Climatology Network-Monthly (GHCN-Monthly version 3) products. Absolute errors for surface temperatures are approximately 0.5 °C for mean and mean minimum temperatures, and peak up to 1.76 °C for mean maximum temperatures in summer months. For precipitation, the mean absolute error ranged from 1.2 to 2.5 mm, but very low summer precipitation caused relative errors of up to 40% in July. The archive successfully captures climate variations associated with large to medium geographic gradients. This includes the main aridity gradient which increases in the S and SE, as well as its breaking points, marked by the Atlas mountain range. It also conveys topographic effects linked to kilometric relief mesoforms.
Real Effective Exchange Rate of Rouble and Competitiveness of Russian Agrarian Producers
Authors: Maitah Mansoor , Kuzmenko Elena , Smutka Lubos
Published: June 2016

A number of development projects were launched in Russia to support agro-producers, emphasizing increasing potential and perspective significance of Agrarian sector in the Russian economy. In light of this, it becomes interesting to investigate the position of agro-producers both in comparison to producers from other domestic sectors and relatively to its main foreign competitors. An analysis of the recent dynamics (from 2000 to 2014) of the real effective exchange rate of Russian rouble serves in the present study as an indicator of price competitiveness, which determines relative position of domestic producers in external markets. The actual competitive state of Russian agro-producers is analyzed by the means of revealed comparative advantage indices proposed by Balassa, Vollrath and Lafay. The calculations have shown that the entire analyzed period can be generally characterized as the period of significant real appreciation of the Russian rouble and the reason behind this is the difference in inflation rates in Russia and its main foreign trade partners. This predetermined the relatively low price competitiveness of agro-producers, which was mostly confirmed by calculated values of Balassa Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index, Vollrath Revealed Competitiveness index (VRC) and Lafay Trade Specialization index (LFI). The short-term real depreciations of the rouble did not have any expected substantially positive impacts on their competitive position.
Effect of In-Vehicle Audio Warning System on Driver’s Speed Control Performance in Transition Zones from Rural Areas to Urban Areas
Authors: Yan Xuedong , Wang Jiali , Wu Jiawei
Published: June 2016

Speeding is a major contributing factor to traffic crashes and frequently happens in areas where there is a mutation in speed limits, such as the transition zones that connect urban areas from rural areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of an in-vehicle audio warning system and lit speed limit sign on preventing drivers’ speeding behavior in transition zones. A high-fidelity driving simulator was used to establish a roadway network with the transition zone. A total of 41 participants were recruited for this experiment, and the driving speed performance data were collected from the simulator. The experimental results display that the implementation of the audio warning system could significantly reduce drivers’ operating speed before they entered the urban area, while the lit speed limit sign had a minimal effect on improving the drivers’ speed control performance. Without consideration of different types of speed limit signs, it is found that male drivers generally had a higher operating speed both upstream and in the transition zones and have a larger maximum deceleration for speed reduction than female drivers. Moreover, the drivers who had medium-level driving experience had the higher operating speed and were more likely to have speeding behaviors in the transition zones than those who had low-level and high-level driving experience in the transition zones.
The Relationship between C-Reactive Protein Level and Discharge Outcome in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Geng He-Hong , Wang Xin-Wang , Fu Rong-Li , Jing Meng-Juan , Huang Ling-Ling , Zhang Qing , Wang Xiao-Xiao , Wang Pei-Xi
Published: June 2016

Previous studies showed that C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory marker, was associated with stroke severity and long-term outcome. However, the relationship between the acute-phase CRP level and discharge outcome has received little attention. We prospectively studied 301 patients with acute ischemic stroke (over a period of two weeks) from two hospital stroke wards and one rehabilitation department in Henan, China. Patients’ demographic and clinical data were collected and evaluated at admission. Poor discharge outcome was assessed in patients at discharge using the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS > 2). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk factors of poor discharge outcome after adjusting for potential confounders. Poor discharge outcome was observed in 78 patients (25.9%). Univariate analyses showed that factors significantly influencing poor discharge outcome were age, residence, recurrent acute ischemic stroke, coronary heart disease, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission, non-lacunar stroke, time from onset of stroke to admission, CRP, TBIL (total bilirubin), direct bilirubin (DBIL), ALB (albumin), FIB (fibrinogen) and D-dimer (p < 0.05). After adjusting for age, residence, recurrent ischemic stroke, coronary heart disease, NIHSS score at admission, lacunar stroke, time from onset of stroke to admission, CRP, TBIL, DBIL, ALB, FIB and D-dimer, multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that poor outcome at discharge was associated with recurrent acute ischemic stroke (OR, 2.115; 95% CI, 1.094–4.087), non-lacunar stroke (OR, 2.943; 95% CI, 1.436–6.032), DBIL (OR, 1.795; 95% CI, 1.311–2.458), and CRP (OR, 4.890; 95% CI, 3.063–7.808). In conclusion, the CRP level measured at admission was found to be an independent predictor of poor outcome at discharge. Recurrent acute ischemic stroke, non-lacunar stroke and DBIL were also significantly associated with discharge outcome in acute ischemic stroke.
The X-ray Structures of Six Octameric RNA Duplexes in the Presence of Different Di- and Trivalent Cations
Authors: Schaffer Michelle , Peng Guanya , Spingler Bernhard , Schnabl Joachim , Wang Meitian , Olieric Vincent , Sigel Roland
Published: June 2016

Due to the polyanionic nature of RNA, the principles of charge neutralization and electrostatic condensation require that cations help to overcome the repulsive forces in order for RNA to adopt a three-dimensional structure. A precise structural knowledge of RNA-metal ion interactions is crucial to understand the mechanism of metal ions in the catalytic or regulatory activity of RNA. We solved the crystal structure of an octameric RNA duplex in the presence of the di- and trivalent metal ions Ca2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Sr2+, and Tb3+. The detailed investigation reveals a unique innersphere interaction to uracil and extends the knowledge of the influence of metal ions for conformational changes in RNA structure. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that an accurate localization of the metal ions in the X-ray structures require the consideration of several crystallographic and geometrical parameters as well as the anomalous difference map.
Hypoxia Potentiates Anabolic Effects of Exogenous Hyaluronic Acid in Rat Articular Cartilage
Authors: Ichimaru Shohei , Nakagawa Shuji , Arai Yuji , Kishida Tsunao , Shin-Ya Masaharu , Honjo Kuniaki , Tsuchida Shinji , Inoue Hiroaki , Fujiwara Hiroyoshi , Shimomura Seiji , Mazda Osam , Kubo Toshikazu
Published: June 2016

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is used clinically to treat osteoarthritis (OA), but its pharmacological effects under hypoxic conditions remain unclear. Articular chondrocytes in patients with OA are exposed to a hypoxic environment. This study investigated whether hypoxia could potentiate the anabolic effects of exogenous HA in rat articular cartilage and whether these mechanisms involved HA receptors. HA under hypoxic conditions significantly enhanced the expression of extracellular matrix genes and proteins in explant culture, as shown by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assays. Staining with Safranin-O and immunohistochemical staining with antibody to type II collagen were also enhanced in pellet culture. The expression of CD44 was increased by hypoxia and significantly suppressed by transfection with siRNAs targeting hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (siHIF-1α). These findings indicate that hypoxia potentiates the anabolic effects of exogenous HA by a mechanism in which HIF-1α positively regulates the expression of CD44, enhancing the binding affinity for exogenous HA. The anabolic effects of exogenous HA may increase as OA progresses.
Screening of α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein Sensitive Genes in Human Hepatoma Cells (HepG2)
Authors: Qu Yang-Hua , Fu Jun-Cai , Liu Kun , Zuo Zhao-Yun , Jia Hui-Na , Ma Yong , Luo Hai-Ling
Published: June 2016

α-Tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) is a ~32 kDa protein expressed mainly in hepatocytes. The major function of the protein is to bind specifically to α-tocopherol and, together, the complex transfers from late lysosomes to the cell membrane. A previous study indicated that some factors might be required in the transferring process. However, there is little information available about the potential transferring factors. In addition, there remains much to learn about other physiological processes which α-TTP might participate in. Thus, in this study a human α-TTP eukaryotic expression vector was successfully constructed and expressed in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). The sensitive genes related to α-TTP were then screened by microarray technology. Results showed that expression of the vector in HepG2 cells led to the identification of 323 genes showing differential expression. The differentially expressed transcripts were divided into four main categories, including (1) cell inflammation; (2) cell cycle and cell apoptosis; (3) cell signaling and gene regulation; and (4) cellular movement. A few cellular movement related transcripts were selected and verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Expressions of some were significantly increased in α-TTP-expressed group, which indicated that these factors were likely to play a role in the transferring process.
Agriculture on the Brink: Climate Change, Labor and Smallholder Farming in Botswana
Authors: Moseley William
Published: June 2016

Botswana is a semi-arid, middle-income African country that imports 90 percent of its food. Despite its relative prosperity, Botswana also suffers from one of the highest measures of income inequality in the world, persistent poverty, and relatively high levels of food insecurity. The objective of this paper is to explore how political economy, climate change and livelihood dynamics are synergistically impacting household food security. The major finding is that the marginalization of smallholder farming in Botswana has as much or more to do with domestic, regional and international political economy as it does with climate change. As such, international efforts to support climate change adaptation in Botswana will have a limited effect on smallholder farming livelihoods and rural food security unless such efforts take account of political economic constraints. Effective support must be based on a grounded understanding of the real drivers of marginalization and food insecurity. One initiative that merits further exploration is the government’s backyard gardening initiative, which could be viewed as a pro-poor climate adaptation strategy. The findings of this paper are based on semi-structured interviews with policymakers and surveys with urban, peri-urban and rural households undertaken in 2012 and 2015.
Non-Equilibrium Plasma Processing for the Preparation of Antibacterial Surfaces
Authors: Sardella Eloisa , Palumbo Fabio , Camporeale Giuseppe , Favia Pietro
Published: June 2016

Non-equilibrium plasmas offer several strategies for developing antibacterial surfaces that are able to repel and/or to kill bacteria. Due to the variety of devices, implants, and materials in general, as well as of bacteria and applications, plasma assisted antibacterial strategies need to be tailored to each specific surface. Nano-composite coatings containing inorganic (metals and metal oxides) or organic (drugs and biomolecules) compounds can be deposited in one step, and used as drug delivery systems. On the other hand, functional coatings can be plasma-deposited and used to bind antibacterial molecules, for synthesizing surfaces with long lasting antibacterial activity. In addition, non-fouling coatings can be produced to inhibit the adhesion of bacteria and reduce the formation of biofilm. This paper reviews plasma-based strategies aimed to reduce bacterial attachment and proliferation on biomedical materials and devices, but also onto materials used in other fields. Most of the activities described have been developed in the lab of the authors.
Uncertainty Evaluation of Weibull Estimators through Monte Carlo Simulation: Applications for Crack Initiation Testing
Authors: Park Jae , Bahn Chi
Published: June 2016

The typical experimental procedure for testing stress corrosion cracking initiation involves an interval-censored reliability test. Based on these test results, the parameters of a Weibull distribution, which is a widely accepted crack initiation model, can be estimated using maximum likelihood estimation or median rank regression. However, it is difficult to determine the appropriate number of test specimens and censoring intervals required to obtain sufficiently accurate Weibull estimators. In this study, we compare maximum likelihood estimation and median rank regression using a Monte Carlo simulation to examine the effects of the total number of specimens, test duration, censoring interval, and shape parameters of the true Weibull distribution on the estimator uncertainty. Finally, we provide the quantitative uncertainties of both Weibull estimators, compare them with the true Weibull parameters, and suggest proper experimental conditions for developing a probabilistic crack initiation model through crack initiation tests.
Farewell to Animal Testing: Innovations on Human Intestinal Microphysiological Systems
Authors: Kang Tae , Kim Hyun
Published: June 2016

The human intestine is a dynamic organ where the complex host-microbe interactions that orchestrate intestinal homeostasis occur. Major contributing factors associated with intestinal health and diseases include metabolically-active gut microbiota, intestinal epithelium, immune components, and rhythmical bowel movement known as peristalsis. Human intestinal disease models have been developed; however, a considerable number of existing models often fail to reproducibly predict human intestinal pathophysiology in response to biological and chemical perturbations or clinical interventions. Intestinal organoid models have provided promising cytodifferentiation and regeneration, but the lack of luminal flow and physical bowel movements seriously hamper mimicking complex host-microbe crosstalk. Here, we discuss recent advances of human intestinal microphysiological systems, such as the biomimetic human “Gut-on-a-Chip” that can employ key intestinal components, such as villus epithelium, gut microbiota, and immune components under peristalsis-like motions and flow, to reconstitute the transmural 3D lumen-capillary tissue interface. By encompassing cutting-edge tools in microfluidics, tissue engineering, and clinical microbiology, gut-on-a-chip has been leveraged not only to recapitulate organ-level intestinal functions, but also emulate the pathophysiology of intestinal disorders, such as chronic inflammation. Finally, we provide potential perspectives of the next generation microphysiological systems as a personalized platform to validate the efficacy, safety, metabolism, and therapeutic responses of new drug compounds in the preclinical stage.
Multibody Dynamic Stress Simulation of Rigid-Flexible Shovel Crawler Shoes
Authors: Frimpong Samuel , Thiruvengadam Magesh
Published: June 2016

Electric shovels are used in surface mining operations to achieve economic production capacities. The capital investments and operating costs associated with the shovels deployed in the Athabasca oil sands formation are high due to the abrasive conditions. The shovel crawler shoes interact with sharp and abrasive sand particles, and, thus, are subjected to high transient dynamic stresses. These high stresses cause wear and tear leading to crack initiation, propagation and premature fatigue failure. The objective of this paper is to develop a model to characterize the crawler stresses and deformation for the P&H 4100C BOSS during propel and loading using rigid-flexible multi-body dynamic theory. A 3-D virtual prototype model of the rigid-flexible crawler track assembly and its interactions with oil sand formation is simulated to capture the model dynamics within multibody dynamics software MSC ADAMS. The modal and stress shapes and modal loads due to machine weight for each flexible crawler shoes are generated from finite element analysis (FEA). The modal coordinates from the simulation are combined with mode and stress shapes using modal superposition method to calculate real-time stresses and deformation of flexible crawler shoes. The results show a maximum von Mises stress value of 170 MPa occurring in the driving crawler shoe during the propel motion. This study provides a foundation for the subsequent fatigue life analysis of crawler shoes for extending crawler service life.
Polymer-Supported Raney Nickel Catalysts for Sustainable Reduction Reactions
Authors: Jiang Haibin , Lu Shuliang , Zhang Xiaohong , Dai Wei , Qiao Jinliang
Published: June 2016

Green is the future of chemistry. Catalysts with high selectivity are the key to green chemistry. Polymer-supported Raney catalysts have been found to have outstanding performance in the clean preparation of some chemicals. For example, a polyamide 6-supported Raney nickel catalyst provided a 100.0% conversion of n-butyraldehyde without producing any detectable n-butyl ether, the main byproduct in industry, and eliminated the two main byproducts (isopropyl ether and methyl-iso-butylcarbinol) in the hydrogenation of acetone to isopropanol. Meanwhile, a model for how the polymer support brought about the elimination of byproducts is proposed and confirmed. In this account the preparation and applications of polymer-supported Raney catalysts along with the corresponding models will be reviewed.