bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National Survey on the Effect of Oncology Drug Shortages in Clinical Practice: A Hematology Oncology Pharmacy Association Survey
Authors: McBride Ali , Hudson-DiSalle Sarah , Pilz Jeff , Hamm Mark , Boring Brooke , Buie Larry W. , DeRemer David L.
Published: May 2022

PURPOSE:

Drug shortages are a clear and growing challenge. Prominent shortages included oncology medications and supportive care products essential for the care of patients with cancer. Oncology drug shortages often result in disruptions in the timing of chemotherapy treatments, alterations in the dose or regimen administered, or even missed doses when alternative agents are unavailable. The purpose of this survey was to characterize the impact of oncology drug shortages across the United States, including the experiences of health care organizations, resource implications, and the impact on patient safety, patient care, and clinical trials.

METHODS:

A 36-item online survey was distributed to membership of the Hematology/Oncology Pharmacy Association to gather information on shortages of oncology drugs (ie, all drugs essential in the care of patients with cancer, including supportive care agents).

RESULTS:

Sixty-eight US organizations participated in the survey between December 2019 and July 2020. Sixty-three percent of institutions reported one or more drug shortages per month, with a 34% increase in 2019 from 2018. Treatment delays, reduced doses, or alternative regimens were reported by 75% of respondents. The most difficult agents to obtain were vincristine, vinblastine, intravenous immunoglobulin, leucovorin, and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin.

CONCLUSION:

A survey of US oncology pharmacists indicated that oncology drug shortages occurred frequently in 2020. Shortages led to delays in chemotherapy and changes in treatment or omission, complicated clinical research, and increased risk of medication errors and adverse outcomes.
Proyecto ELEVAR: Evaluating the Latinx Experience With the Health Care System Through Variables on Access and Resources
Authors: Franco Idalid , Olazagasti Coral , Osman Fauzia , Duma Narjust
Published: May 2022

PURPOSE:

Hispanic/Latinx communities encounter disparities in access and availability of appropriate timely health care services, negatively affecting cancer outcomes. Limited data exist on the role of these factors in personal experiences of Hispanic/Latinx with health care systems. We aim to better understand Hispanic/Latinx experience with the health care system, focusing on the impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and applications to clinical practice in patients diagnosed with cancer.

METHODS:

Competitively obtained data from 2010 to 2019 Association of American Medical Colleges Consumer Survey of Health Care Access (a US population–based sample of potential health care consumers needing health care at least once in the past year) were retrospectively reviewed. Descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate comparisons of patterns pre- versus post-ACA were performed for respondents self-identifying as Hispanic/Latinx.

RESULTS:

In a total cohort of 53,523 respondents, Hispanic/Latinx comprised 7.5% (n = 4,094). Post-ACA demographics showed a higher proportion of female and an increase in employment, educational attainment, income, and private insurance coverage, with a decrease in uninsured. Adjusted models showed that post-ACA Hispanic/Latinx patients are less likely to use emergency room if sick or needing medical advice (odds ratio [OR] 0.33; P < .001) and more likely to report chronic conditions involving cancer (OR 2.43; P < .001) or being limited in activities because of mental or emotional problems (OR 1.36; P = .005).

CONCLUSION:

Although ACA implementation was associated with decreased health care access barriers in Hispanic/Latinx, they continue to experience disparities in chronic health conditions, including cancer, with higher limitations because of emotional or mental health. Ongoing efforts that build upon current strides, toward improved patient satisfaction and overall outcomes, are of paramount importance.
Progression-Free Survival in Patients With Cholangiocarcinoma With or Without FGF/FGFR Alterations: A FIGHT-202 Post Hoc Analysis of Prior Systemic Therapy Response
Authors: Bibeau Kristen , Féliz Luis , Lihou Christine F. , Ren Haobo , Abou-Alfa Ghassan K.
Published: May 2022

PURPOSE

Oncogenic fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) gene alterations have been described in patients with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). This post hoc analysis assessed progression-free survival (PFS) in patients who had received first- or second-line systemic therapy for advanced/metastatic CCA before enrollment in the phase II FIGHT-202 study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02924376 ).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients with locally advanced or metastatic CCA with FGFR2 fusions/rearrangements (n = 107), other FGF/FGFR alterations (n = 20), or no FGF/FGFR alterations (n = 18) and documented disease progression after at least one systemic cancer therapy before enrollment in FIGHT-202 were assessed. Prior therapy and disease response data were collated from electronic case report forms. PFS was calculated for each prior line of systemic cancer therapy.

RESULTS

Among patients with FGFR2 fusions/rearrangements, other FGF/ FGFR alterations, and no FGF/ FGFR alterations, respectively, the median PFS with prior first-line systemic therapy was 5.5 months (95% CI, 4.0 to 8.0; n = 102), 4.4 months (2.7 to 7.1; n = 19), and 2.8 months (1.6 to 11.3; n = 16); the median PFS with prior second-line systemic therapy was 4.2 months (3.0 to 5.3; n = 39), 3.0 months (1.1 to 9.9; n = 8), and 5.9 months (2.4 to 12.5; n = 6). The median PFS was 7.0 months (4.9 to 11.1) for patients with FGFR2 fusions/rearrangements (n = 65) with second-line pemigatinib received during the FIGHT-202 trial.

CONCLUSION

In patients with CCA and FGFR2 fusions or rearrangements, second-line treatment with pemigatinib may be associated with longer PFS compared with second-line treatment with systemic therapy received before study enrollment; however, a prospective controlled trial is required to confirm this. The results support the therapeutic potential of pemigatinib previously demonstrated in FIGHT-202.
Representation of Women as Neurological Surgery Society Award Recipients
Authors: Johnson Gabrielle W. , Almgren-Bell Alison , Skidmore Alexander , Raval Dhvanii , Blow Gretchen , Mackey Kimberly A. , Groves Mari L. , Lee Hedwig , Strahle Jennifer M.
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND:

Women comprise more than half of medical school matriculants, but only 8.4% of US neurosurgeons. Awards given by neurosurgical societies are instrumental in shaping and advancing careers of women within academic neurosurgery, which can serve to increase the pipeline of women in the field.

OBJECTIVE:

To quantify the gender diversity of awards given by neurosurgical societies over 54 years.

METHODS:

Awards given by the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, and American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons joint sections were classified as research, humanitarian/achievement, or lectureships and analyzed for gender. Composite gender data were obtained from the societies. Percentage differences were calculated using comparison of proportions testing.

RESULTS:

Ninety six distinct awards granted to 1281 individuals from 1965 to 2019 were analyzed, and 9.4% were awarded to women. Seven percent of neurosurgeon awardees were women (excluding Women in Neurosurgery Section [WINS] awards). 36.1% of awards given at least 5 times were never awarded to women. Female awardees increased from 2000-2009 to 2010-2019 (5.2% difference, P = .018). The Cerebrovascular (2.0%) and Spine (2.3%) sections awarded the fewest awards to women, whereas the WINS (73.3%) and Pediatric section (20.6%) awarded the most. Spine, WINS, Pain, Cerebrovascular, and Tumor sections awarded significantly fewer awards to women than respective society demographic proportions. One-hundred percent (39 of 39) of named awards (excluding 2 from WINS) were named after men.

CONCLUSION:

Women remain underrepresented in the field of neurosurgery and as award winners. Many subspecialty sections continue to give significantly fewer awards to women than their society demographic proportions.
Εκλεκτικοί αναστολείς πρωτεϊνικών κινασών
Authors: Γώγου Μαρίνα
Published: May 2022

Οι πρωτεϊνικές κινάσες είναι ένζυμα τα οποία τροποποιούν άλλες πρωτεΐνες φωσφορυλιώνοντας αυτές. Οι πρωτεϊνικές κινάσες, οι κύριοι μεταγωγοί σημάτων, εμπλεκόμενες σε όλες τις σηματοδοτικές οδούς του κυττάρου, ως γνωστόν, επηρεάζουν τις κυτταρικές διεργασίες με την ενζυματική μεταφορά της τελικής φωσφορικής ομάδας του ΑΤΡ στο υδροξύλιο της πλευρικής αλυσίδας της σερίνης, της θρεονίνης ή της τυροσίνης μιας πρωτεΐνης. Η εκλεκτική αναστολή των πρωτεϊνικών κινασών, μέσω της σύνθεσης αναστολέων αυτών, έχει καθιερωθεί ως μία από τις πλέον υποσχόμενες θεραπευτικές στρατηγικές για την αντιμετώπιση ασθενειών, όπως ο καρκίνος. Tυχόν μεταλλάξεις των μορίων των πρωτεϊνικών κινασών οδηγούν ενίοτε στην αυτόνομη, μη ελεγχόμενη, συμπεριφορά των καρκινικών κυττάρων, διαταράσσοντας τους μηχανισμούς που ρυθμίζουν τη διαίρεση, την επιβίωση και την απόπτωση των κυττάρων. Πολλές μορφές καρκίνου οφείλονται σε τέτοιου είδους μεταλλάξεις. Το φαρμακευτικό σκεύασμα Glivec ή Imatinib της φαρμακευτικής εταιρίας “Novartis”, ένα παράγωγο της φαινυλαμινοπυριμιδίνης, είναι ο πρώτος εκλεκτικός αναστολέας πρωτεϊνικής κινάσης, που χορηγείται εδώ και μερικά χρόνια επιτυχώς για τη θεραπευτική αντιμετώπιση της Χρόνιας Μυελογενούς Λευχαιμίας (CML). Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή περιγράφεται ο σχεδιασμός, η σύνθεση και ο χαρακτηρισμός νέων παραγώγων της φαινυλο αμινοπυριμιδίνης, αναλόγων του φαρμακευτικού σκευάσματος Imatinib, με δομικές μεταβολές που αφορούν : α) την απομάκρυνση του Ν-μεθυλοπιπεραζινικού δακτυλίου και την αντικατάσταση του από υποκατεστημένους βενζολικούς δακτυλίους , δομές χρωμόνης και κουμαρίνης β) την σύνδεση της πυριδίνης στην 4-θέση του πυριμιδινικού δακτυλίου καθώς και αντικατάσταση του 3-πυριδινικού δακτυλίου Α από 3-μεθοξυ-βενζολικό δακτύλιο, β) την αντικατάσταση της ομάδας σύνδεσης –NH-μεταξύ Β και C δακτυλίων από -ΝΗCH2-, ή -NHCO- ενώ υπάρχουν και διάφοροι συνδυασμοί των ως ανωτέρω κατηγοριών. Επιπλέον, στο πλαίσιο της παρούσας διδακτορικής κατέστη εφικτή η ανάπτυξη μιας αποδοτικότερης και απλούστερης μεθόδου σύνθεσης αναλόγων του φαρμακευτικού σκευάσματος Glivec, σε σχέση με τη μέθοδο σύνθεσης όπως αυτή περιγράφεται στην κατοχύρωση της Φαρμακοβιομηχανίας Novartis, με τη βελτιστοποίηση των συνθηκών και των αποδόσεων διαφόρων σταδίων. Οι 22 νέες ενώσεις έχουν χαρακτηρισθεί πλήρως (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, φάσματα μαζών υψηλής ευκρίνειας/ESI-HRMS).Οι νέες ενώσεις προσφέρουν ένα δομικό μοτίβο για περαιτέρω ανάπτυξη αναστολέων έναντι της σπουδαίας οικογένειας υποδοχέων των πρωτεϊνικών κινασών PDGF, καθώς και εναλλακτική οδό και για το σχεδιασμό φαρμάκων με εκλεκτική βιολογική δράση έναντι άλλων πρωτεϊνικών κινασών.
A culturally competent approach to teaching humanities in an international medical school: potential frameworks and lessons learned
Authors: Daher-Nashif Suhad , Kane Tanya
Published: May 2022

Background: This paper describes the development of a culturally competent medical humanities course for second and third-year medical students at the ethnically diverse College of Medicine at Qatar University. First taught in 2016, the elective seminar “Medicine and the Arts” was restructured in 2017 to cultivate an appreciation of the symbiotic relationship between medicine, art, and humanities, and to foster cultural competence among the students.

Methods: Results and tips are based on our experiences and past reports.

Results: In designing a course for students immersed in an Arab-Muslim context, we encountered two challenges: the discipline’s privileging of a predominantly Western canon of arts and humanities, and the largely Euro-American-centric and unilateral framing of concepts e.g., the doctor-patient relationship, patient-centered approach, patient experiences, and meanings of health and illness. To circumvent these challenges, we followed the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence, adopted the interdisciplinary approach, and employed an intersectionality framework to build and deliver a culturally competent course exploring the nexus of arts, humanities, and medicine.

In addition to these tips on which frameworks to adopt and how to structure the course, we recommend a visual literacy workshop to help them develop the ability to recognize and understand ideas conveyed through art. Furthermore, we recommend deep conversations about artistic portrayals of medicine from different cultural contexts as tools for developing cultural awareness. Lastly, we recommend that these discussions adopt a student-centered approach, where students inform about their experiences and their own health and illness determinants, in order to develop their knowledge and practice of holism and patient centered approach, and other issues related to humanities and social sciences.     

Conclusions:Adopting and implementing a culturally competent approach to medical education, alongside interdisciplinary and intersectionality concepts, are potential conceptual frameworks to structure a course that uses art to inform about medical humanities.
THE ROLE AND REGULATORY SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PERSONAL INCOME TAX
Authors: MYLNIKOVA L.A.
Published: May 2022

The article examines the role of taxation of individuals as the most important tool of social policy implemented by the state in order to reduce the level of stratification among various segments of the population and to solve the problem of substantiating the necessity and content of the gradual reform of the current taxation mechanism in Russia. The current state of the economy and society determines the need to develop an adequate mechanism for the application of personal income tax.
FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT OF SME IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: ANALYSIS OF THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES
Authors: CHERKASOVA Ye.V. , KORYAGINA I.A. , VOLODKEVICH S.I. , BURLANKOV P.S. , ZUBTSOVA Yu.I.
Published: May 2022

Effective development of the domestic economy is possible only on condition of mandatory formation of a qualitatively new level of regulation of economic relations in the business environment. By its nature, entrepreneurship is an activity associated with a high level of risk and innovation, aimed at ensuring the interests of both an individual entrepreneur and an enterprise, and society. The purpose of the study, the results of which are presented in this article, is to study theoretical and methodological approaches to managing financial risks of an enterprise in modern dynamically changing conditions.
Formation of Prerequisites for Educational Independence of First-Graders in Mathematics Lessons
Authors: Izikaeva M.
Published: May 2022

The article deals with the actual problem of the formation of educational independence of younger schoolchildren using the means of mathematics, the approaches of various Russian scientists to the organization of this process are revealed. The author gives a description of the concept of "learning independence", gives examples of tasks that contribute to the development of all components of the independence of first grade students.
Maximizing the efficiency of resistance training
Authors: Pawlina Mateusz , Ziętara Karolina , Raksa Karolina , Nowakowska Katarzyna , Lewkowicz Martyna
Published: May 2022

Introduction and objective: Resistance training is the main intervention that can develop an individual’s strength and muscle mass. When executed regularly, it provides significant health benefits. The aim of this study is to analyze the current level of knowledge on maximizing the efficiency of resistance training in the context of muscle hypertrophy and increase in muscle strength.

Materials and methods: PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched. The criteria for qualifying the article for the review were the following keywords: hypertrophy, resistance training, muscle strength, and efficiency. 10 articles from 2017 to 2022 were analyzed.

Description of the state of knowledge: To optimize the way of performing RT, its assumptions should be individually adapted to the exercising person.  In the conventional model of muscle hypertrophy, three main factors are distinguished: muscle tension, metabolic stress, and muscle damage. Maintaining greater mechanical muscle tension during training primarily promotes an increase in its strength while increasing metabolic stress is responsible for the intensification of hypertrophy. In terms of hypertrophy, it has been observed that more series of exercises per week means greater gains in muscle mass. Multi-joint exercises involve more muscle mass than single-joint exercises.

Summary: To control the effectiveness of training 1RM should be measured before and after the training cycle. Performing exercises with a high load (RM ≤7) may be the most effective training method for people with limited time resources. To maximize the efficiency of training, only multi-joint exercises may be used.

Key words: hypertrophy; resistance training; muscle strength; efficiency
Researching the City as an Educational Space
Authors: Mach Elżbieta M.
Published: May 2022

The city should not only be understood as a geographical area or urban space, but primarily as a place in which multicultural communities live, and one which represents a reservoir of cultural heritage. The inhabitants of cities are not only the heirs of the results of historical events (including difficult and shameful ones), the achievements and memories of past generations, but the process of interactive participation means they also are the creators of elements of cultural heritage that will be preserved and passed on to future generations. In the process of creating, protecting and transmitting the cultural heritage of cities (as a component of a broadly understood European culture), education plays a significant role. It should constitute a source of cultural competences, fostering an awareness of the cultural diversity of both local communities and European societies (seen from a historical and contemporary perspective), promoting skills of coding and decoding cultural messages, and building sensitivity, openness and attitudes of tolerance towards diversity. As the bearers of such competences, both city dwellers and tourists have the chance to discover the cultural richness of a place, to choose which elements of cultural achievements they deem valuable and worthy of transmission to future generations. This chapter introduces the reader to research methods that help to uncover the values of the cultural heritage of the city, and it reveals the elements which individual family resources have in common with European cultural heritage, and which will be able to anchor locality in Europeanness and root the family traditions of newcomers in the local cultural heritage of the city.
The Cultural Landscape and the Transformation of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Krešáková Viera , Pecníková Jana
Published: May 2022

The aim of this chapter is to depict the cultural landscape and heritage in the context of transformation. The chapter explains how the cultural landscape is defined and how it relates to cultural heritage, how cultural heritage is conserved and transformed, and finally what industrial heritage is. The aim of the chapter is to provide the theoretical part and to present a specific case of transformed industrial heritage in Slovakia (as a case study).
Multicultural Krakow: The Role of International Heritage in Creating the Narrative of the City
Authors: Sondel-Cedarmas Joanna
Published: May 2022

As the former capital of Poland and an important centre for the development of culture and science, for centuries Krakow has attracted foreigners who have helped to develop its economic might and cultural riches. Today, we can admire the traces of the material heritage of multiculturalism in terms of architecture, painting, and sculpture, both secular and religious. Equally important is their non-material contribution, which can be discerned in Krakow’s cuisine, language, legends and traditions. Examining Italian, Jewish and Austro-Hungarian influences, this text aims to present the role and use of this multicultural heritage in creating the contemporary image of the city. It is also an attempt to analyse the current strategy of the local authorities in the field of multicultural management and creating the image of an open and tolerant city.
The Alteration and Degradation of the Urban Form and Social Relations: The Reconstruction of L’Aquila
Authors: Rizzi Paola , D’Ascanio Federico
Published: May 2022

The 2009 earthquake found the city of L’Aquila without a plan or a strategy for in Italy post-earthquake strategies are being prepared a posteriori within the development of the Reconstruction Plan. It is assumed that the Reconstruction Plan can open a new approach to the future development of the urban system. It is what partially happened in few cases. In L’Aquila, recovery did not open ways to urban restoration and revitalisation, and the timespans of reconstruction resulted in private buildings that are being finished and public ones along with public spaces the revitalisation and restoration of which has not started yet. Today it becomes evident that a process, which tends to recover a city by rebuilding is as it was where it was, is only recovering its physical structure. Moreover, the problems of urban sprawl and peripherical settlements are neglected. A pre-disaster planning approach would allow avoiding this fundamental, methodological error.
The Role of the Museum in the Creation of the Identity of the City
Authors: Piekarska Łucja
Published: May 2022

While heritage plays a major role in the construction of collective identities of many cities and towns, it is important to study their musems’ programs and collections as they do not only store but also interpret significant symbolic resources used in the processes of such collective identity formation. City museums are however often underestimated as institutions of public service due to the role they play in tourism, and this is how they are predominantly seen. This chapter presents introduction to heritage and museum studies by providing some examples and terms needed for effective research of city museums. It contains both theoretical considerations and some exercises that can be conducted by students (and anyone wishing to reflect upon the nature of heritage in the perspective of city). Both the methods of storytelling and the making of collections are looked at with the aim of encouraging readers to study specific examples of city museums.
Innovation and Cultural Heritage
Authors: Ernani Anartz Madariaga , del Valle Roberto San Salvador
Published: May 2022

The main objective of this article is to provide teacher with the fundamental knowledge keys to transmit to students so that they will be able to identify the crucial elements that can answer the following question: How can cultural heritage be compatible with new technologies to convey the values of different cultures to other communities or generations? The article aims to provide teachers and students with the necessary knowledge to understand how existing cultural heritage can be transmitted in a sustainable way. To this end, the article reviews some basic knowledge that will allow students to reflect on the sustainability of cultural heritage and its transmission, as well as the role that new technologies can play in safeguarding, preserving and transmitting cultural heritage.
Leisure, Tourism & Events: Generation of Comprehensive Experiences in Cities
Authors: Calvo-Soraluce June , Sánchez María Jesús Monteagudo
Published: May 2022

This work seeks to highlight the importance of leisure and its different manifestations, more specifically, through cultural tourism, events and their relationship with the tangible and intangible cultural heritage of cities in order to understand their potential to contribute strategically to the sustainable development of contemporary cities.
Hemosuccus Pancreaticus: Challenging Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Mekheal Nader , Alkomos Mina , Roman Sherif , Mekheal Erinie , Farokhian Alisa , Millet Christopher , Shah Hardikkumar , Melki Gabriel , Baddoura Walid
Published: May 2022

Hemosuccus pancreaticus (HP) is defined as bleeding from the ampulla of Vater through the pancreatic duct. It is a rare complication associated with acute or chronic pancreatitis. The source of bleeding can be from the pancreas itself or surrounding vessels, with the splenic artery most commonly involved. Diagnosing HP is challenging and computed tomography angiography remains the gold standard for diagnosis. We present the case of a 62-year-old male with recurrent pancreatitis complicated with HP. Imaging and endoscopy were consistent with bleeding from the section portion of the duodenum, which resolved without intervention.
Adverse childhood experiences
Authors: Davis Emma
Published: May 2022

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) refers to traumatic experiences suffered by children which can have a long-term impact into adulthood. An understanding of early childhood experiences and the impact these can have helps educators meet the needs of children in their care, and influence their outcomes in later life.
Young children's digital play
Authors: Sakr Mona
Published: May 2022

In mainstream media, young children's engagement with digital technologies continues to be dominated by fear and concern. A different story emerges when we turn to what the research shows. Observations of young children's digital play show us the ways in which digital play can support imagination, collaboration and self-determination.
Helicopter Stories – more than language
Authors: Clarke Jenni
Published: May 2022

An exploration into Helicopter Stories where Jenni Clarke delves into the origins of this approach and the wider implications for learning, not limited to logical thinking, empathy, expression and understanding of self, exploration of others' thoughts and acceptance of differences.
Should real food be used in play?
Authors: Bennett Elaine
Published: May 2022

Elaine Bennett (@keyu_official) posed a question in April; ‘Is it ethical to provide food stuffs for play in our settings?’ This provoked reflection on how real food is used in early years and whether it is time to change. Adam Marycz shares others' views as well as his own reflections.
notes sobre les relacions de poder entre la literatura i la universitat
Authors: Besora i Mascarella Max
Published: May 2022

Aquest article pretén demostrar que les novel·les de campus funcionen com un element antihegemònic respecte a la institució universitària. L’aparició del primer sistema d’educació racional a favor de la raó i contra el mite, l’Acadèmia de Plató, també comportava l’emergència del seu antagonista, les ficcions acadèmiques, a favor del mite i contra la raó dels filòsofs. Sota el concepte foucaultià del poder-saber, es traçaran les relacions entre la novel·la satírica Giles Goat-Boy, de John Barth, i la vida universitària, cosa que, necessàriament, ens portarà a qüestions com el concepte de veritat en l’educació superior.

Paraules clau: universitat, poder, ficció acadèmica, John Barth, educació.
Tecnologías del biopoder y encrucijadas filosóficas de la resistencia
Authors: Amorós Hernández Miquel
Published: May 2022

En este artículo se aborda la noción de biopoder de Foucault y se deriva hacia el concepto «biotecnopoder». Este poder en manos de las compañías biotecnológicas se fundamenta en el interés económico de explotación de la información contenida en el ADN y su paso al código binario para el tratamiento bioinformático. El hecho de que todos los seres vivos tengan inscrita su información genética en la misma molécula de ADN permite la manipulación y la inserción de fragmentos de genoma, lo cual puede tomar una deriva totalitaria neoliberal. La solución filosófica es el cuidado de sí y de los demás.

Palabras clave: biopoder, biotecnopoder, bioinformática, tecnologías del ADN, explotación.
Phase response measurement of spatial light modulators based on a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor
Authors: Zhou Xing , Jia Shuhai , Yu Hongqiang , Lin Zihan , Zhang Huajian , Zhang Yunlong
Published: May 2022

It is known that the phase response of spatial light modulators (SLMs) measured by double-beam interferometers is sensitive to mechanical and environmental disturbances. This paper proposes a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS) method to measure the phase response characteristics of the SLM. The results show that the phase modulation depth measured by the proposed method is

1.7581

λ

, and

1.7993

λ

by the Twyman–Green interferometer method. The difference in the phase modulation depth between the two methods is only

0.0412

λ

, and its relative error rate is 2.29%. It proves that the phase modulation accuracy obtained by the SHWS with lenslets of 73*73 used in this paper is equivalent to that of the Twyman–Green interferometer. Compared with the interferometer method, the SHWS method is simple, compact, and robust, has good real-time performance, and is relatively vibration insensitive. In the future, the SHWS method will play a more important role in the detection of the SLM’s phase response.
Epidemiological factors associated with HBV infection and uptake of testing in south west region of Cameroon: What can be done to scale up HBV testing in our setting?
Authors: Meriki Henry Dilonga , Tufon Kukwah Anthony , Georges Teuwafeu Denis , Mokake Ngomba Divine Martin , Gobina Ronald Mbua , Tony Nyeke James , Kwenti Tebit Emmanuel , Bolimo Ayah Flora , Esembeson Malika , Cyrille Nkouonlack , Yolande Fokam Djike Puepi , Itoe Iyah Rebecca , Beltine Tsamul , Nkuo-Akenji Theresa , Anong Damian Nota
Published: May 2022

Hepatitis B infection affects millions of people globally, partly due to its high degree of transmissibility and asymptomatic nature. This study was aimed at identifying prevailing epidemiological factors associated with HBV infection and testing uptake in the South West region of Cameroon. This hospital-based case-control study enrolled HBV infected participants and “healthy” controls ≥18 years old. Venous blood collected from participants was used to conduct HBV panel test (HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe, anti-HBc). Data on demographic and behavioral risk factors as well as reasons for taking the HBV test for the first time were collected using a questionnaire. A total of 424 participants were enrolled (212 “healthy” controls and 212 HBV infected cases). Male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 2.08, p = 0.010), ≤ secondary education level (OR = 4.83, p<0.001), low-income level (OR = 3.79, p<0.001), rural settlement (OR = 2.17, p = 0.031), history of sexually transmitted infections (STI) (OR = 4.24, p<0.001) and ignorance of sexual partners HBsAg status (OR = 2.70, p = 0.003) all had an independent and significant association with HBV infection. Top 3 reasons for doing HBsAg test were free screening (40.3%), blood donation (15.0%) and administrative requirements (14.9%). HBV testing uptake and early detection can be improved if more sensitization and free/opportunistic screenings are implemented. A significant drop in the cost of HBV test could encourage more people to get tested.
Variation in Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase activity following acute malaria
Authors: Ley Benedikt , Alam Mohammad Shafiul , Satyagraha Ari Winasti , Phru Ching Swe , Thriemer Kamala , Tadesse Dagimawie , Shibiru Tamiru , Hailu Asrat , Kibria Mohammad Golam , Hossain Mohammad Sharif , Rahmat Hisni , Poespoprodjo Jeanne R. , Khan Wasif Ali , Simpson Julie A. , Price Ric N.
Published: May 2022

Primaquine and tafenoquine are the only licensed drugs with activity against Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites but cause haemolysis in patients with glucose–6–phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Malaria also causes haemolysis, leading to the replacement of older erythrocytes with low G6PD activity by reticulocytes and young erythrocytes with higher activity. Aim of this study was to assess the impact of acute malaria on G6PD activity. Selected patients with uncomplicated malaria were recruited in Bangladesh (n = 87), Indonesia (n = 75), and Ethiopia (n = 173); G6PD activity was measured at the initial presentation with malaria and a median of 176 days later (range 140 to 998) in the absence of malaria. Among selected participants (deficient participants preferentially enrolled in Bangladesh but not at other sites) G6PD activity fell between malaria and follow up by 79.1% (95%CI: 40.4 to 117.8) in 6 participants classified as deficient (<30% activity), 43.7% (95%CI: 34.2 to 53.1) in 39 individuals with intermediate activity (30% to <70%), and by 4.5% (95%CI: 1.4 to 7.6) in 290 G6PD normal (≥70%) participants. In Bangladesh and Indonesia G6PD activity was significantly higher during acute malaria than when the same individuals were retested during follow up (40.9% (95%CI: 33.4–48.1) and 7.4% (95%CI: 0.2 to 14.6) respectively), whereas in Ethiopia G6PD activity was 3.6% (95%CI: -1.0 to -6.1) lower during acute malaria. The change in G6PD activity was apparent in patients presenting with either P. vivax or P. falciparum infection. Overall, 66.7% (4/6) severely deficient participants and 87.2% (34/39) with intermediate deficiency had normal activities when presenting with malaria.

These findings suggest that G6PD activity rises significantly and at clinically relevant levels during acute malaria. Prospective case-control studies are warranted to confirm the degree to which the predicted population attributable risks of drug induced haemolysis is lower than would be predicted from cross sectional surveys.
The spread of herds and horses into the Altai: How livestock and dairying drove social complexity in Mongolia
Authors: Ventresca Miller Alicia R. , Wilkin Shevan , Hendy Jessica , Turbat Tsagaan , Batsukh Dunburee , Bayarkhuu Noost , Giscard Pierre-Henri , Bemmann Jan , Bayarsaikhan Jamsranjav , Miller Bryan K. , Clark Julia , Roberts Patrick , Boivin Nicole
Published: May 2022

The initial movement of herders and livestock into the eastern steppe is of great interest, as this region has long been home to pastoralist groups. Due to a paucity of faunal remains, however, it has been difficult to discern the timing of the adoption of domesticated ruminants and horses into the region, though recent research on ancient dairying has started to shed new light on this history. Here we present proteomic evidence for shifts in dairy consumption in the Altai Mountains, drawing on evidence from sites dating from the Early Bronze to the Late Iron Age. We compare these finds with evidence for the rise of social complexity in western Mongolia, as reflected in material remains signaling population growth, the establishment of structured cemeteries, and the erection of large monuments. Our results suggest that the subsistence basis for the development of complex societies began at the dawn of the Bronze Age, with the adoption of ruminant livestock. Investments in pastoralism intensified over time, enabling a food production system that sustained growing populations. While pronounced social changes and monumental constructions occurred in tandem with the first evidence for horse dairying, ~1350 cal BCE, these shifts were fueled by a long-term economic dependence on ruminant livestock. Therefore, the spread into the Mongolian Altai of herds, and then horses, resulted in immediate dietary changes, with subsequent social and demographic transformations occurring later.
PVP1—The People’s Ventilator Project: A fully open, low-cost, pressure-controlled ventilator research platform compatible with adult and pediatric uses
Authors: LaChance Julienne , Schottdorf Manuel , Zajdel Tom J. , Saunders Jonny L. , Dvali Sophie , Marshall Chase , Seirup Lorenzo , Sammour Ibrahim , Chatburn Robert L. , Notterman Daniel A. , Cohen Daniel J.
Published: May 2022

Mechanical ventilators are safety-critical devices that help patients breathe, commonly found in hospital intensive care units (ICUs)—yet, the high costs and proprietary nature of commercial ventilators inhibit their use as an educational and research platform. We present a fully open ventilator device—The People’s Ventilator: PVP1—with complete hardware and software documentation including detailed build instructions and a DIY cost of $1,700 USD. We validate PVP1 against both key performance criteria specified in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Emergency Use Authorization for Ventilators, and in a pediatric context against a state-of-the-art commercial ventilator. Notably, PVP1 performs well over a wide range of test conditions and performance stability is demonstrated for a minimum of 75,000 breath cycles over three days with an adult mechanical test lung. As an open project, PVP1 can enable future educational, academic, and clinical developments in the ventilator space.
Patient safety improvement with the patient engagement in Iran: A best practice implementation project
Authors: Ahmadi Sajjad , Haghgoshayie Elaheh , Arjmand Allahveirdy , Hajebrahimi Sakineh , Hasanpoor Edris
Published: May 2022

Background

Patient engagement in patient safety is aimed at increasing the awareness and participation of patients in error-prevention strategies. The aim of this project was to improve the patient safety with the patient engagement within the local context of a maternity hospital by implementing best practice.

Methods

A clinical audit was conducted using the JBI Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System tool. The current project was conducted in surgical ward of Shahid-Beheshti maternity hospital, Iran. The sample size was 46 patients and 46 healthcare practitioners for both the baseline and follow-up. In phase 1, four audit criteria were used and a baseline audit was conducted for this project. In phase 2, barriers to compliance were identified, and strategies were adopted to promote best practice. In phase 3, a follow-up audit was conducted.

Results

The results showed varying levels of compliance with the four criteria used in this project. The criterion 1, which was related to training of healthcare practitioners on how they can support patients, has the highest compliance at 87% in baseline and follow up data collection. Furthermore, compared with the baseline data (criterion 2 = 52%; criterion 3 = 37%; criterion 4 = 61%), compliance with criteria 2, 3, and 4 notably improved at 85, 76, and 92%, respectively.

Conclusions

The present project successfully implements patient engagement in Iran and reveals varying results on compliance and the increasing knowledge of healthcare practitioners and patients on evidence-based patient engagement in order to improve the patient safety. The used strategies can facilitate implementation of evidence based procedures in clinical practice.
Genome-wide analysis of methylation in rat fetal heart under hyperglycemia by methylation-dependent restriction site–associated DNA sequencing
Authors: Meng Rui , Song Junxian , Guan Lina , Li Qian , Shi Cuige , Su Dongmei , Ma Xu
Published: May 2022

Diabetes mellitus causes an increased incidence of congenital heart malformations. However, the pathogenesis and potential epigenetic mechanism involved in this process are unclear. In this study, we used MethylRAD sequencing to compare changes in methylation levels in the genomic landscapes in the fetal heart in a rat model of hyperglycemia. Our results showed that methylation of CCGG/CCNGG sites were mostly enriched in intergenic regions, followed by intron, exon, upstream and the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. qRT-PCR results confirmed the MethylRAD sequencing findings, suggesting that abnormal CCGG/CCNGG methylation in the upstream region regulated gene expression. The differential methylation genes (DMGs) based on the CCGG and CCNGG sites in the upstream region were examined by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. Gene Ontology indicated that the CCGG-based DMGs involved in biological process and function were mainly related to transcription and co-SMAD binding. The CCNGG-based DMGs were mainly related to transcription and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicated that CCGG-based DMGs were mainly involved in the Wnt signaling and TGF-β signaling pathways. CCNGG-based DMGs were involved in the TNF signaling and apoptosis pathways. These genes may play dominant roles in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and heart disease and require further study. These genes may also serve as potential molecular targets or diagnostic biomarkers for heart malformations under hyperglycemia.
Sunproofed study protocol: A mixed-methods scoping study of sun safety policies in primary schools in Wales
Authors: Peconi Julie , O’Neill Claire , Fegan Greg , Lanyon Kirsty , Driscoll Timothy , Akbari Ashley , Watkins Alan , Abbott Rachel
Published: May 2022

Background

Skin cancer, including melanoma and non-melanoma (keratinocyte), is increasing in incidence in the UK. Accounting for half of all cancers in England and Wales, the disease significantly impacts overstretched dermatology services. Research suggests that 86% of melanoma is preventable with modified sun exposure. Educating children about sun safety in schools can help prevent skin cancer and is recommended by major health organisations. In England, teaching sun safety in primary schools is compulsory, while in Wales this is left to school discretion.

Aims

Understand how primary schools in Wales are responding to growing skin cancer rates and explore the effectiveness of sun safety policies in schools on knowledge and behaviour.

Methods

Sunproofed is a mixed-methods scoping study comprising 5 work packages (WP) using survey and routine electronic health record (EHR) data supplemented by qualitative case studies. Objective(s) are to: WP1: Discover if primary schools in Wales have sun safety policies; policy characteristics; determine factors that may influence their presence and identify areas where schools need support. WP2: Determine what EHR data is available regarding the incidence of sunburn in primary school children and the feasibility of using this data to evaluate the impact of sun safety policies. WP3: Understand the impact of sun safety policies on sun-safe knowledge and behaviour amongst children, parents, teachers, and school management; identify barriers and facilitators to schools implementing sun safety policies. WP4: Co-produce guidance regarding sun safety policies and best methods for implementation in schools. WP5: Disseminate guidance and findings widely to ensure impact and uptake.

Discussion

Skin cancer rates are increasing in the UK, straining limited resources. Sunproofed has the potential to inform the development of future prevention activities, both in Wales and beyond. This could reduce the number of skin cancer cases in the future and keep people healthier for longer.
Heterogeneity of recreationists in a park and protected area
Authors: DaRugna Olivia A. , Kaemingk Mark A. , Chizinski Christopher J. , Pope Kevin L.
Published: May 2022

Limited information and resources have caused many parks and protected areas (PPAs) to functionally manage recreationists as a single homogeneous group, despite potential negative social and ecological consequences. We aimed to evaluate the homogeneity of recreationists at the Valentine National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) by 1) quantifying frequencies of consumptive (i.e., hunting), intermediate-consumptive (i.e., fishing), and non-consumptive recreational-activity groups (e.g., wildlife viewing), and 2) evaluating sociodemographic differences among these groups. We used onsite surveys to determine that Valentine NWR supports heterogeneous groups of recreationists. The intermediate-consumptive group was most frequent (77% of all parties). All three recreational-activity groups varied in party size, distance traveled, household income, population type (urban or rural residence), and vehicle type (two-wheel or four-wheel drive). Tracking and accounting for diverse recreationists will equip managers with the ability to sustain recreational activities while also preserving ecological systems.
Multicenter international assessment of a SARS-CoV-2 RT-LAMP test for point of care clinical application
Authors: Lu Suying , Duplat David , Benitez-Bolivar Paula , León Cielo , Villota Stephany D. , Veloz-Villavicencio Eliana , Arévalo Valentina , Jaenes Katariina , Guo Yuxiu , Cicek Seray , Robinson Lucas , Peidis Philippos , Pearson Joel D. , Woodgett Jim , Mazzulli Tony , Ponce Patricio , Restrepo Silvia , González John M. , Bernal Adriana , Guevara-Suarez Marcela , Pardee Keith , Cevallos Varsovia E. , González Camila , Bremner Rod
Published: May 2022

Continued waves, new variants, and limited vaccine deployment mean that SARS-CoV-2 tests remain vital to constrain the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Affordable, point-of-care (PoC) tests allow rapid screening in non-medical settings. Reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) is an appealing approach. A crucial step is to optimize testing in low/medium resource settings. Here, we optimized RT-LAMP for SARS-CoV-2 and human β-actin, and tested clinical samples in multiple countries. “TTTT” linker primers did not improve performance, and while guanidine hydrochloride, betaine and/or Igepal-CA-630 enhanced detection of synthetic RNA, only the latter two improved direct assays on nasopharygeal samples. With extracted clinical RNA, a 20 min RT-LAMP assay was essentially as sensitive as RT-PCR. With raw Canadian nasopharygeal samples, sensitivity was 100% (95% CI: 67.6% - 100%) for those with RT-qPCR Ct values ≤ 25, and 80% (95% CI: 58.4% - 91.9%) for those with 25 < Ct ≤ 27.2. Highly infectious, high titer cases were also detected in Colombian and Ecuadorian labs. We further demonstrate the utility of replacing thermocyclers with a portable PoC device (FluoroPLUM). These combined PoC molecular and hardware tools may help to limit community transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
Hinterland Forces: Architectural Responses at the Margins
Authors: Andersen Angela
Published: May 2022

Marginalized communities use, adapt, and produce architectures in hinterland spaces in response to geographical, environmental, social, nationalist, and other political forces. Scholarly discourse and approaches to architectural practice may likewise be formed and coerced through marginalization. The hinterland, as the outlying territory beyond the urban or geographical centre, is the physical manifestation of these forces that shape the social margins. At times, architecture is itself a marginalizing actor, and at others, it becomes the site of resistance and negotiation, providing spatial agency and autonomy, and facilitating distributive justice in regard to services and resources. In the hinterland, new architectures are created, pre-existing spaces are destroyed and re-made, and movement, change, and adaptation are given momentum. This article introduces the special issue on hinterland forces. I categorize architectural responses, both in architecture made and used by those in power to control marginal populations, and created by and for marginalized people. This is followed by a summary of the multi-field perspectives and scholarly methods of the contributing authors. The discussion focuses on architectural matters relevant to Islamic societies in several global regions, but the socio-spatial questions and associated responsibilities are relevant to practitioners and scholars in all architectural fields.