bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality evaluation of patient educational resources for catheter ablation treatment of atrial fibrillation
Authors: Cano Valls Alba , Gallagher Celine , Carro Esther , Matas Mariona , Mont Lluis , Lau Dennis , Sanders Prashanthan , Hendriks Jeroen M
Published: August 2021

Aims

The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is increasing rapidly with the growing utilization of catheter ablation (CA) as a treatment strategy. Education for individuals undertaking this procedure is diverse, with varying degrees of information provided and little standardization. Many individuals utilize the internet as an educational resource. However, there is limited regulation of online patient information. To evaluate the quality of web-based patient education resources for patients undergoing CA for AF.

Methods and results

A cross-sectional observational study was performed to obtain all freely accessible online educational resources about CA for AF from inception until 1 October 2019. Search engines used: Google, Yahoo!, and Bing. The Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) was used to evaluate the quality of web-based patient education materials and printable tools. The PEMAT score objectively measures both the understandability and actionability of educational material. A total of 17 websites and 15 printable sources were included in the analysis. Non-government organizations developed 19% of materials and 75% were created by private or university hospitals. Nineteen sources (59.4%) were rated as highly understandable: 9 websites (52.9%) and 10 printable tools (66.7%). Seven sources (21.9%) were rated as highly actionable: 6 (35.3%) websites and 1 (6.7%) printable tool.

Conclusion

The overall understandability of educational CA material was high, whilst improvement of actionability is warranted. The addition of summaries, visual aids, and tools, such as checklists may improve quality. These findings have significant implications for the development of patient educational material for CA in AF.
Simultaneously deleting ADH2 and THI3 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for reducing the yield of acetaldehyde and fusel alcohols
Authors: Wu Liang , Wen Yongdi , Chen Wenying , Yan Tongshuai , Tian Xiaofei , Zhou Shishui
Published: August 2021

The reduced yields of acetaldehyde and fusel alcohols through fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is of significance for the improvement of the flavor and health of alcoholic beverages. In this study, the ADH2 (encode alcohol dehydrogenase) and THI3 (encode decarboxylase) genes of the industrial diploid strain S. cerevisiae XF1 were deleted. Results showed that single-gene-deletion mutants by separate gene deletion of ADH2 or THI3 led to a reduced production of the acetaldehyde or fusel alcohols, respectively. In the meantime, the double-gene-deletion mutant S. cerevisiae XF1-AT was constructed by deleting the ADH2 and THI3 simultaneously. An equivalent level of the ethanol production by the S. cerevisiae XF1-AT could be achieved but with the yields of acetaldehyde, isoamyl alcohol and iso-butanol reduced by 42.09%, 15.65% and 20.16%, respectively. In addition, there was no interaction between the ADH2 deletion and THI3 deletion in reducing the production of acetaldehyde and fusel alcohols. The engineered S. cerevisiae XF1-AT provided a new strategy to alcoholic beverages brewing industry for reducing the production of acetaldehyde as well as the fusel alcohols.
Reduction of lipid-accumulation of oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated inactivation of lipid droplet structural proteins
Authors: Jiao Xiang , Lyu Liting , Zhang Yue , Huang Qitian , Zhou Renhui , Wang Shian , Wang Shuang , Zhang Sufang , Zhao Zongbao K
Published: August 2021

The basidiomycetous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides is an important chassis organism for producing microbial lipids and terpenoids. However, excess carbon flux flows towards lipid synthesis than terpenoid synthesis. Thus, it is essential to limit lipid accumulation so that R. toruloides can be explored as an advanced cell factory for producing non-lipid derivatives. In this study, we knocked out two lipid droplet (LD) structural proteins (Ldp1 and Cals) of R. toruloides NP11 through the CRISPR/Cas9 system to reduce lipid production. The results showed that lipid content of LD protein-disrupted strains dropped by over 40%. LDP1-disrupted mutants harbored small-sized LDs. This study provided valuable information to study about microbial lipid metabolism and platform strains for constructing advanced cell factories.
Spontaneous generation of diversity inArachisneopolyploids (Arachis ipaënsis×Arachis duranensis)4x replays the early stages of peanut evolution
Authors: Leal-Bertioli Soraya C M , Nascimento Eliza F M B , Chavarro M Carolina F , Custódio Adriana R , Hopkins Mark S , Moretzsohn Márcio C , Bertioli David J , Araújo Ana Claudia G
Published: August 2021

Polyploidy is considered a driving force in plant evolution and domestication. Although in the genus Arachis, several diploid species were traditionally cultivated for their seeds, only the allotetraploid peanut Arachis hypogaea became the successful, widely spread legume crop. This suggests that polyploidy has given selective advantage for domestication of peanut. Here, we study induced allotetraploid (neopolyploid) lineages obtained from crosses between the peanut’s progenitor species, Arachis ipaënsis and Arachis duranensis, at earlier and later generations. We observed plant morphology, seed dimensions, and genome structure using cytogenetics (FISH and GISH) and SNP genotyping. The neopolyploid lineages show more variable fertility and seed morphology than their progenitors and cultivated peanut. They also showed sexual and somatic genome instability, evidenced by changes of number of detectable 45S rDNA sites, and extensive homoeologous recombination indicated by mosaic patterns of chromosomes and changes in dosage of SNP alleles derived from the diploid species. Genome instability was not randomly distributed across the genome: the more syntenic chromosomes, the higher homoeologous recombination. Instability levels are higher than observed on peanut lines, therefore it is likely that more unstable lines tend to perish. We conclude that early stages of the origin and domestication of the allotetraploid peanut involved two genetic bottlenecks: the first, common to most allotetraploids, is composed of the rare hybridization and polyploidization events, followed by sexual reproductive isolation from its wild diploid relatives. Here, we suggest a second bottleneck: the survival of the only very few lineages that had stronger mechanisms for limiting genomic instability.
Dynamo constraints on the long-term evolution of Earth’s magnetic field strength
Authors: Davies Christopher J , Bono Richard K , Meduri Domenico G , Aubert Julien , Greenwood Samuel , Biggin Andrew J
Published: August 2021

Elucidating the processes in the liquid core that have produced observed palaeointensity changes over the last 3.5 Gyr is crucial for understanding the dynamics and long-term evolution of Earth’s deep interior. We combine numerical geodynamo simulations with theoretical scaling laws to investigate the variation of Earth’s magnetic field strength over geological time. Our approach follows the study of Aubert et al., adapted to include recent advances in numerical simulations, mineral physics and palaeomagnetism. We first compare the field strength within the dynamo region and on the core–mantle boundary (CMB) between a suite of 314 dynamo simulations and two power-based theoretical scaling laws. The scaling laws are both based on a Quasi-Geostropic (QG) force balance at leading order and a Magnetic, Archimedian, and Coriolis (MAC) balance at first order and differ in treating the characteristic length scale of the convection as fixed (QG-MAC-fixed) or determined as part of the solution (QG-MAC-free). When the data set is filtered to retain only simulations with magnetic to kinetic energy ratios greater than at least two we find that the internal field together with the root-mean-square and dipole CMB fields exhibit power-law behaviour that is compatible with both scalings within uncertainties arising from different heating modes and boundary conditions. However, while the extrapolated intensity based on the QG-MAC-free scaling matches Earth’s modern CMB field, the QG-MAC-fixed prediction shoots too high and also significantly overestimates palaeointensities over the last 3.5 Gyr. We combine the QG-MAC-free scaling with outputs from 275 realizations of core–mantle thermal evolution to construct synthetic true dipole moment (TDM) curves spanning the last 3.5 Gyr. Best-fitting TDMs reproduce binned PINT data during the Bruhnes and before inner core nucleation (ICN) within observational uncertainties, but PINT does not contain the predicted strong increase and subsequent high TDMs during the early stages of inner core growth. The best-fitting models are obtained for a present-day CMB heat flow of 11–16 TW, increasing to 17–22 TW at 4 Ga, and predict a minimum TDM at ICN.
On Elliptic Curves and Binary Quartic Forms
Authors: Duke W
Published: August 2021

A Dirichlet series is defined whose coefficients are determined by counting certain integral points on the quadratic twists of an elliptic curve. The function defined by this series has a meromorphic continuation with at most a simple pole at a certain distinguished point. In certain cases, the residue there gives a class number formula for positive definite binary quartic forms.
Consumers Believe That Products Work Better for Others
Authors: Polman Evan , Ziano Ignazio , Wu Kaiyang , Van Kerckhove Anneleen
Published: August 2021

Consumers tend to see themselves in a positive light, yet we present evidence that they are pessimistic about whether they will receive a product’s benefits. In 15 studies (N = 6,547; including nine preregistered), we found that consumers believe that product efficacy is higher for others than it is for themselves. For example, consumers believe that consuming a sports drink (to satisfy thirst), medicine (to relieve pain), an online class (to learn something new), or an adult coloring book (to inspire creativity) will have a greater effect on others than on themselves. We show that this bias holds across many kinds of products and judgment-targets, and inversely correlates with factors such as product familiarity, product usefulness, and relationship closeness with judgment-targets. Moreover, we find this bias stems from consumers’ beliefs they are more unique and less malleable than others, and that it alters the choices people make for others. We conclude by discussing implications for research on gift-giving, advice-giving, usership, and interpersonal social, health, and financial choices.
Influence of Experiential Learning Activities in a Natural Resource Policy Course on Student Learning and Civic Engagement
Authors: Watkins Cristina , Poudyal Neelam C
Published: August 2021

There is a growing recognition that students in forestry and other natural resource management programs need an understanding of natural resource policy to become well-versed natural resource professionals. As such, instructors need to find creative ways to draw student interest in course content, which students may view as peripheral to their core professional interests. Experiential learning activities can help students engage with course content, increase student motivation and confidence, and develop professional skills. They can also be beneficial in policy courses to encourage civic engagement outside of the classroom. This study assessed student’s attitudes and perceptions about various experiential learning activities conducted in an undergraduate natural resource policy course. Data was collected from an online retrospective survey of student reflections after completion of the course. Results indicate a positive influence of experiential learning activities on student learning and likelihood of future participation in the policy process.
Monotonicity Revisited: Mass Nouns and Comparisons of Purity
Authors: Bale Alan , Schwarz Bernhard , Shanks David
Published: August 2021

Comparatives with more plus mass noun, like John has more milk than Bill, are naturally analyzed as referencing measure functions, functions like volume or weight that map individuals to degrees. Although such measure functions vary with context as well as the choice of mass noun, there are well known grammatical limitations on this variation. In particular, Schwarzschild (2006) proposes that only monotonic measure functions can enter into the interpretation of comparatives with more plus mass noun. While this Monotonicity Constraint has strong empirical support, Bale & Barner (2009) have drawn attention to data that seemingly contradict it. For example, There is more gold in the ring than in the bracelet can be evaluated based on whether the ring is made from purer gold than the bracelet. This seems to suggest that comparatives with more plus mass noun can reference purity, yet purity is non-monotonic ( Schwarzschild 2006; Wellwood 2015). Building on Solt (2018) and Bale & Schwarz (2020), we show here that comparisons of purity can be credited to monotonic proportional measure functions, thereby reconciling Bale & Barner (2009)’s observation with the Monotonicity Constraint. We provide independent support for this proposal, establishing that reference to the relevant monotonic proportional measure functions, but not to purity, yields meanings that accurately track speakers’ truth value judgments. Our analysis commits us to the assumption that the main clause and the comparative clause can invoke different measure functions. We propose that this is made possible by Skolemization and binding. Specifically, we posit covert expressions denoting measure functions which contain variables bound by different expressions in the two clauses.
NuSTAR observations of a repeatedly microflaring active region
Authors: Cooper Kristopher , Hannah Iain G , Grefenstette Brian W , Glesener Lindsay , Krucker Säm , Hudson Hugh S , White Stephen M , Smith David M , Duncan Jessie
Published: August 2021

We investigate the spatial, temporal, and spectral properties of 10 microflares from AR12721 on 2018 September 9 and 10 observed in X-rays using the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray and the Solar Dynamic Observatory’s Atmospheric Imaging Assembly and Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager. We find GOES sub-A class equivalent microflare energies of 1026–1028 erg reaching temperatures up to 10 MK with consistent quiescent or hot active region (AR) core plasma temperatures of 3–4 MK. One microflare (SOL2018-09-09T10:33), with an equivalent GOES class of A0.1, has non-thermal hard X-ray emission during its impulsive phase (of non-thermal power ∼7 × 1024 erg s−1) making it one of the faintest X-ray microflares to have direct evidence for accelerated electrons. In 4 of the 10 microflares, we find that the X-ray time profile matches fainter and more transient sources in the extreme-ultraviolet, highlighting the need for observations sensitive to only the hottest material that reaches temperatures higher than those of the AR core (>5 MK). Evidence for corresponding photospheric magnetic flux cancellation/emergence present at the footpoints of eight microflares is also observed.
Hot subdwarfs from the surviving companions of the white dwarf + main-sequence channel of Type Ia supernovae
Authors: Meng Xiang-Cun , Luo Yang-Ping
Published: August 2021

Some surviving companions of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) from the white dwarf + main-sequence (WD+MS) channel may evolve to hot subdwarfs. In this paper, we perform stellar evolution calculations for the surviving companions of close WD+MS systems in the spin-up/spin-down model and the canonical non-rotating model. This enables us to map out the initial parameter spaces in the orbital period–secondary-mass plane in which the surviving companions can evolve to hot subdwarfs. Based on these results, we carry out a series of binary population synthesis calculations to obtain the Galactic birth rate of hot subdwarfs from the WD+MS channel, which is $2.3{-}6\times 10^{\rm -4}\, {\rm yr}^{\rm -1}$ for the spin-up/spin-down model and $0.7{-}3\times 10^{\rm -4}\, {\rm yr}^{\rm -1}$ for the canonical non-rotating model. We also show the distributions of some integral properties of the hot subdwarfs, for example the mass and space velocity, for different models. In addition, by comparing our results with observations of intermediate helium-rich (iHe-rich) hot subdwarfs, we find that the hot subdwarfs from the WD+MS channel may explain some observational features of the iHe-rich hot subdwarfs, especially those from the spin-up/spin-down model. Although we expect that the SN Ia channel will contribute only a small fraction of the iHe-rich hot subdwarf population, some of these may help to explain cases with unusual kinematics.
Polygenic Adaptation and Clonal Interference Enable Sustained Diversity in ExperimentalPseudomonas aeruginosaPopulations
Authors: Harris Katrina B , Flynn Kenneth M , Cooper Vaughn S
Published: August 2021

How biodiversity arises and can be maintained in asexual microbial populations growing on a single resource remains unclear. Many models presume that beneficial genotypes will outgrow others and purge variation via selective sweeps. Environmental structure like that found in biofilms, which are associated with persistence during infection and other stressful conditions, may oppose this process and preserve variation. We tested this hypothesis by evolving Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations in biofilm-promoting arginine media for 3 months, using both a bead model of the biofilm life cycle and planktonic serial transfer. Surprisingly, adaptation and diversification were mostly uninterrupted by fixation events that eliminate diversity, with hundreds of mutations maintained at intermediate frequencies. The exceptions included genotypes with mutator alleles that also accelerated genetic diversification. Despite the rarity of hard sweeps, a remarkable 40 genes acquired parallel mutations in both treatments and often among competing genotypes within a population. These incomplete soft sweeps include several transporters (including pitA, pntB, nosD, and pchF) suggesting adaptation to the growth media that becomes highly alkaline during growth. Further, genes involved in signal transduction (including gacS, aer2, bdlA, and PA14_71750) reflect likely adaptations to biofilm-inducing conditions. Contrary to evolution experiments that select mutations in a few genes, these results suggest that some environments may expose a larger fraction of the genome and select for many adaptations at once. Thus, even growth on a sole carbon source can lead to persistent genetic and phenotypic variation despite strong selection that would normally purge diversity.
Mobility Deviations in Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Cross-Sectional Assessment Using Gait Analysis, Functional Performance, and Self-Report
Authors: Berner Karina , Gouelle Arnaud , Strijdom Hans , Essop M Faadiel , Webster Ingrid , Louw Quinette
Published: August 2021

Background

Little is known about how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects walking biomechanics, or about associations between HIV-related gait deviations, functional performance, and self-reported outcomes. This paper reports on (1) gait biomechanics and variability in people with HIV (PWH) and (2) associations with clinical tests, self-reported function, and falls.

Methods

A cross-sectional study tested consecutively sampled PWH (n = 50) and HIV-seronegative participants ([SNP] n = 50). Participants underwent 3-dimensional gait analysis, performed clinical tests (short walk and single leg stance tests with and without dual tasking, chair-rise tests, and a physical performance battery), and completed questionnaires about function and falls. Between-group comparisons were done using analysis of covariance. Linear correlations between gait variability, clinical tests, and patient-reported outcomes were established.

Results

People with HIV and SNP had comparable median ages (PWH = 36.6, interquartile range [IQR] = 32.0–45.6]; SNP = 31.1, IQR = 23.2–45.1). Compared with SNP, PWH walked slower (adjusted mean difference [MD] = −0.2 meters per second [m/s], 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.3 to −0.1) with greater variability (adjusted MD = 14.7 variability score points, 95% CI = 9.9–19.5). Moreover, PWH were slower in five-times sit-to-stand (5STS) performance (adjusted MD = 1.9 seconds, 95% CI = 1.00–2.9). Significant deviations in hip kinematics (increased flexion; adjusted MDs = 2.4°–2.8°, P = .012–.016) and knee kinematics (reduced flexion; adjusted MDs = 2.3°–3.7°, P = .007–.027) were found in PWH during dual-task (DT) walking. The PWH’s 5STS moderately correlated with larger gait variability (usual pace r = −0.5; dual task r = −0.6), poorer self-reported mobility (r = 0.4) and self-care function (r = 0.5), and fear of falling (P = .003).

Conclusions

People with HIV presented with biomechanical deviations suggestive of a slowed and variable gait, especially under cognitive challenges. Five-times STS may be useful to screen for gait deviations in PWH.
Introduction
Authors: Hillis Faith
Published: August 2021

This chapter introduces the major themes of the work and offers historiographical background on exile and the Russian revolutionary movement. It argues that the émigré colonies created by tsarist subjects in late nineteenth-century Europe should be viewed as utopian communities that prefigured the better world of the future of which the foreigners dreamed. It also examines how these communities transformed revolutionary thought and practice. The chapter introduces Ernst Bloch’s concept of concrete utopia, which treats utopia not as a quixotic goal but as a form of lived revolutionary praxis realized through quotidian activities. This is the central analytic apparatus that the author uses to analyze émigré politics.
Living the Revolution
Authors: Hillis Faith
Published: August 2021

This chapter reconstructs the culture of Europe’s Russian colonies in their golden age between the 1870s and 1890s. It argues that the everyday practices of émigré communities gave rise to new and concrete forms of lived utopia. The colonies became sites of intense revolutionary, feminist, and nationalist agitation. Even more significant for their utopian potential, residents’ lifestyles embodied the change that they wanted to see in the world. This chapter explores how the new solidarities and practices that formed in the colonies gave rise to novel forms of politics. It also analyzes how the emergence of émigré utopian politics challenged existing social and geopolitical borders.
Back to Noah Porter’s Yale
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

Yale under President Noah Porter in the post–Civil War decades illustrates the problems in trying to retain the old-time college ideal and a distinctly Christian viewpoint in the age of Darwinian science and the rise of the modern university. The most notorious challenge that Porter faced was that posed by a leading professor, William Graham Sumner. Sumner was an agnostic ex-clergyman, and a social Darwinist, and wanted to use Herbert Spencer’s The Study of Sociology as a textbook. Porter tried to disallow that text. At the time of the controversy, Porter specifically reiterated his the idea of a “Christian College” in a speech at Wellesley College. Wellesley had strong evangelical connections, and the new women’s colleges emphasized building Christian moral character. Porter hoped for the same for men’s colleges. But his arguments for Christian perspectives did not stand against more inclusive scientifically based university ideals. So the agnostic Sumner stayed at Yale.
The Trouble with the Old-Time Religion
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

The first decades of the twentieth century saw considerable controversy over the role of more traditional Christianity at major universities. Some popular critics warned the public that universities were becoming hostile to old-time religion. Catholic universities, which were outside the mainstream, remained conservative and strengthened defenses against modern thought with neo-Thomist philosophy. The new Methodist universities had some of the most prominent controversies. Vanderbilt University was moving toward more progressive Christian views, but these were opposed by some archconservative Methodists. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching put pressure on schools to be nonsectarian and to sever denominational ties if they were to participate in the attractive faculty retirement program. Syracuse University, a Methodist school under Chancellor James R. Day, is the most revealing case of resistance to this pressure.
The Elusive Ideal of Academic Freedom
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

Academic freedom arose as a prominent ideal at major American schools in the early twentieth century and with the founding of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) in 1915. The concern was to exclude outside interests of business or religion from limiting academic freedom, as had sometimes happened. As John Dewey advocated, scientifically trained experts should be free to rule. Schools with religious heritage often had both proclaimed the freedom of professors and expected some religiously defined limits on their teaching. That was well illustrated in the controversy at Lafayette College when a conservative Presbyterian president fired a controversial professor. The ideal of academic freedom was elusive, however, because freedom always had limits as was illustrated by the controversies over national loyalty of professors during World War I. The AAUP eventually allowed religious limits on freedom if they were clearly stated in advance.
Liberal Protestantism without Protestantism
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

After World War II universities often added religious programs. But these seldom touched the heart of the enterprise. Mainstream American Protestants typically saw religion as an add-on, in contrast to John Henry Newman’s Catholic Idea of a University with theology and philosophy at the center. Nathan Pusey’s efforts to strengthen religion at Harvard illustrate the problem. Will Herberg and John Courtney Murray each pointed out the limits of generalized American religion. Religion departments acted as a palliative. But especially in the 1960s legitimate concerns for pluralism and diversity undermined specifically Protestant teachings in favor of a generalized ethic, as illustrated by Harvey Cox in The Secular City. Mainline Protestant campus ministries declined rapidly in the later 1960s. By the 1970s and 1980s ideals of inclusiveness displaced any specifically Protestant heritage. Some see a “cultural triumph of liberal Protestantism,” but the laudable inclusive ideals by themselves also bring cultural fragmentation.
The Republic of France
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow
Published: August 2021

This chapter looks at French judicial review. From the French Revolution of 1789 up until the adoption in 1958 of the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, the Republic of France refused to tolerate any kind of judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation. The traditional French view was that judicial power is oligarchic, opposed to progressive causes, and should be contained as much as possible. The 1958 French Constitution provides an elaborate system of checks and balances with its bicameral legislature consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate; with its division of the executive power between the president and the prime minister (who can be from opposite political parties); and with its increasing focus on decentralization. As such, just as federalism umpiring helped to give rise to judicial review in the United States, Canada, Australia, Switzerland, and India, so too did separation of powers umpiring help to give rise to judicial review in France. Judicial review in France was hugely expanded in 1971, for rights from wrongs reasons; in 1974, for insurance and commitment reasons; and in 2008, for borrowing reasons.
The Republic of Korea
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow
Published: August 2021

This chapter studies judicial review in South Korea. There are several explanations for the origins and growth of South Korean judicial review. First, judicial review emerged in South Korea for rights from wrongs reasons because of human rights abuses due to three hyper-presidentialist dictatorships. Second, judicial review emerged in South Korean because the separation of power between the unicameral legislature and the president required a judicial umpire. Third, judicial review emerged in South Korea because, according to Professor Tom Ginsburg, two relatively coequal political parties wanted it for reasons of insurance and commitment that fundamental rights would be protected when they were out of power. And, fourth, by the 1980s, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and global trading partners had all come to associate regimes with judicial review of legislation as being less corrupt and more prone to observe the rule of law than were regimes without this institution. There has thus been a lot of borrowing of judicial review by various countries in modern times. As such, borrowing is also part of the explanation for the origins of judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation in South Korea.
Addressing Moral Confusion
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter
Published: August 2021

Sometimes voluntary agreements that are beneficial to all parties can still be unethical. This occurs when the benefits of the agreement are unfairly divided among the parties. The benefits of a mutually beneficial transaction might be exploitative, meaning that one party unconscionably takes advantage of the vulnerability of another party. World poverty, globalization, and environmental disasters present a special challenges where exploitation could occur, but also where people’s good intentions might cause them to refuse to make trades that are beneficial for fear of being exploitative.
Microcrystal Morphology
Authors: Rickard David
Published: August 2021

Framboids are constituted by microcrystals with approximately log-normal size-frequency distributions, and 95% of framboidal microcrystals are between 0.1 and 3.1 μ‎m. Nanocrystals are not generally observed in framboids. Packing efficiencies vary between close-packings in which the microcrystals occupy up to 74% of the framboid volume and random packings with a 56% volume of microcrystals. The ratios between framboid diameter and microcrystal size show a clear bimodal distribution which reflects the populations of close-packed ordered framboids and randomly organized framboids. Framboids may contain up to 500,000 microcrystals. The average numbers of microcrystals in both disordered and ordered framboids are similar, which suggests that the organization of microcrystals is the result of an additional process. Minerals that do not commonly produce equant crystals forms are unlikely to display the framboidal texture. Framboid microcrystals are essentially limited to isometric minerals like pyrite which produce equant crystals. Pyrite displays the greatest variety of crystal shapes among the common minerals. This means that pyrite is able to approximate forbidden fivefold symmetries such as the pentagonal dodecahedron, but with asymmetric pentagonal faces, and the icosahedron, again with different-sized triangular faces, as a combination of the octahedron and pyritohedron.
The Crystallography of Pyrite Framboids
Authors: Rickard David
Published: August 2021

Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of even the most perfectly organized framboids show ring patterns indicative of randomly oriented particles. Therefore, framboids are not mesocrystals or extreme skeletal varieties of single crystals. Electron backscatter diffraction shows that the microcrystals within a framboid are not crystallographically aligned. Around half of the microcrystals in organized framboids have crystallographic orientations rotated 90º. The results of single crystal XRD and framboid EBSD studies clearly show that the microcrystals are self-organized rather than being the result of a crystallographic template or preexisting structural control. The pre-formed framboid microcrystals which are initially randomly organized throughout the framboid volume then, in some cases, begin to wholly or partly self-order. This is effected by rotation of the microcrystals until an ordered array is produced. The consequence of this rotation must be that the microcrystals are initially packed loosely enough for rotation to occur. The processes involved in the rotation could include forces intrinsic to the microcrystals themselves, such as surface forces, or forces imposed from outside the framboid, such as Brownian motion. The fundamental driving force for microcrystal rotation and the development of organized microcrystal arrays in framboids is entropy maximization.
Mindful Technology
Authors: Martin Mike W.
Published: August 2021

Mindfulness is frequently invoked as a virtue in discussions of technology, whether in using specific technologies such as cellphones, in creating technologies as new and valuable devices and knowledge, in responsibly developing technologies as “social experiments,” or in participating responsibly as citizens in technological societies. In each of these contexts, mindfulness can have myriad meanings that reflect moral ideals or popular psychological concepts. To explore these meanings, I develop a working definition of mindfulness as paying attention to what matters, in light of relevant values. When those values are sound and applied with good judgment, mindfulness is a virtue.
Virtuous Engineers
Authors: Alan Schmidt Jon
Published: August 2021

Modern approaches to engineering ethics typically involve the systematic application of universal abstract principles, reflecting the culturally dominant paradigm of technical rationality. By contrast, virtue ethics recognizes that sensitivity to context and practical judgment are indispensable in particular concrete situations, and therefore focuses on the person who acts, rather than the action itself. Moral and intellectual virtues are identified within a specific social practice in accordance with its proper purpose, its societal role and associated responsibilities, and the internal goods that are unique to it. As a result, ethics is recognized as something integral to engineering, rather than supplemental to it. This is necessary and appropriate, since engineers are often the decision-makers in contexts where the potential beneficiaries and harm-bearers are not the same, such that even their routine technical choices have ethical ramifications.
Virtues in Scientific Practice*
Authors: Tulodziecki Dana
Published: August 2021

This chapter relocates the debate about the theoretical virtues to the empirical level and argues that the question of whether the virtues (and what virtues, if any) have epistemic import is best answered empirically, through an examination of actual scientific theories and hypotheses in the history of science. As a concrete example of this approach, the chapter discusses a case study from the mid-nineteenth-century debate about the transmissibility of puerperal fever. It argues that this case shows that the virtues are at least sometimes epistemic, but also that neither scientific realists nor anti-realists get it quite right: the virtues, even if epistemic, are not necessarily truth-conducive, but neither are they merely pragmatic. It also argues that the discussion of puerperal fever shows that the virtue question, as it is currently featured in the scientific realism debate, ought to be reformulated. We should examine not just whether a given scientific theory has virtues or not, but rather how debates among competing theories, all of which have some virtues, get resolved.
Virtue Ethics and the Social Responsibilities of Researchers*
Authors: Bourgeois Mark
Published: August 2021

Traditional ethics training for scientists and engineers stresses the basic ethical obligations of conducting research with honesty and integrity. But as the products of science and engineering research impact society in increasingly profound ways, major ethical issues closely connected to science and technology research are not captured, or even approached, by such training. As the powers conferred on us by science and technology research grow, and their impacts on society become increasingly conspicuous, it is past time that ethics training for scientists and engineers evolve to embrace the social responsibilities related to research. Following on experiences developing and deploying an advanced social-responsibilities-of-research program for doctoral STEM students at the University of Notre Dame, this chapter argues that the virtue ethics tradition provides essential conceptual resources both to frame and then to provide training in the social responsibilities of research.
Dynamic Boundaries
Authors: Bezuidenhout Louise , Beeler Dori
Published: August 2021

Historically, ethics discourse has reinforced the “othering” of the scientist as an individual who is different, held separate from society and other forms of knowledge production. This othering results in boundary creation that is contingent on where the lines are drawn and by whom. This presents an interesting challenge to current ethics discourse, necessitating flexibility and contextuality. In this challenge, virtue ethics can make a significant contribution. By focusing on boundary ethics, the infinitely variable social practice of science is presented as a negotiation of ever-changing boundaries. Subsequently, the scientist is understood as a morally robust individual who can flexibly deal with the fluctuating spaces created by boundaries without changing their ethical integrity. As such, understanding the role of boundaries affords a very different interpretation of what science is.
The Neuroscience of Learning Agility
Authors: Ruyle Kim E.
Published: August 2021

“The Neuroscience of Learning Agility” explores the relationship between neurobiology and learning agility. It provides an overview of the organization of the brain, focusing on the roles of the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex and how these particular brain regions relate to personality, executive function, and the metacompetencies of emotional intelligence and learning agility. The neuroscience of learning is discussed, including the brain’s attention networks, neuroplasticity, and biological underpinnings of memory. An argument is posited that the brain’s perceptions of threats directly impacts one’s personality and, by extension, influences one’s level of learning agility. The chapter concludes by providing neuroscience-based suggestions for developing learning agility.
Cultivating Learning Agility Through Mindfulness
Authors: Lee R. Andrew
Published: August 2021

“Cultivating Learning Agility Through Mindfulness Training: A Framework and Recommendations” reviews the research related to the role of mindfulness in enhancing learning agility and presents a model to guide future research and applications. It begins by presenting a definition of mindfulness as characterized by three qualities: a focus on present moment experience, an attitude of receptiveness and curiosity, and an emergent capacity for metacognition. It then outlines a process model for learning agility; the model consists of five factors: mindset, awareness, action, integration, and application. This model is then used as a framework to summarize the research linking mindfulness and learning agility. Finally, recommendations are presented for implementing mindfulness training to enhance learning agility.
Stepping to the Edge of One’s Comfort Zone
Authors: McCauley Cynthia D. , Yost Paul R.
Published: August 2021

“Stepping to the Edge of One’s Comfort Zone” focuses on the role that learning from stretch experiences plays in the development of leaders. The chapter highlights how organizations can encourage and support leaders to regularly learn at the edge of their comfort zone by making stretch experiences more visible and valued, getting leaders into the right stretch experiences, and equipping them for continuous learning. Theory and research that support an understanding of learning agility as an antecedent, moderator, and outcome of stretch experiences are summarized. The chapter features and illustrates talent management and leadership development practices that encourage learning agility as well as everyday learning practices that all employees can adopt.
Seek and Ye Shall Learn
Authors: Adler Seymour , Neiman Rachel F.
Published: August 2021

“Seek and Ye Shall Learn: Exploring the Multiple Links of Learning Agility and Feedback Seeking” describes multiple pathways through which learning agility and feedback relate. Every feedback event is seen as providing an opportunity for experienced-based learning to occur. The chapter reviews research demonstrating that those with strong learning agility are more likely to actively seek feedback—and in particular the most useful types of feedback—and are more likely to incorporate the lessons of the feedback received in order to improve their performance. It also suggests ways that organizations can leverage feedback to nurture stronger learning agility in their leaders. The chapter identifies areas for further research and implications for fostering a stronger feedback culture.
Reflection
Authors: Anseel Frederik , Ong Madeline
Published: August 2021

Engaging in and benefiting from systematic reflection may be one of the most effective strategies for leaders to foster and develop learning agility. “Reflection: Behavioral Strategies to Structure and Accelerate Learning From Experience” addresses the question, What do we know? by reviewing the existing empirical research on reflection processes and their outcomes. By reviewing reflecting strategies in practice, the chapter distinguishes between targeted reflection interventions, often taking the form of after-event reviews or daily reflection practices, and day-to-day naturally occurring reflection processes. The chapter also addresses the question, What don’t we know? by describing areas where existing knowledge about reflection is limited. Finally, it also explores situations where reflection may interfere with learning and might be disadvantageous for development.
Learning Agility and Whole Leader Development
Authors: McKenna Robert B. , Minaker Emily
Published: August 2021

“Learning Agility and Whole Leader Development” considers learning agility as one variable in the context of many others impacting the experience of a leader and focuses on a leader’s unique motivation to learn that plays a fundamental role in the leader’s capacity to learn well. To that end, the chapter explores unique inspirations to learn and to grow, for the leader and those in their influence. The two-fold point is that learning agility is both generalizable and necessarily customizable to a person, and that leaders must continually ask themselves the question, Learning agility for the sake of what or whom? The hope is that as leaders step to the edge of the most transformational and difficult experiences ahead of them, they will see pathways to their unique inspirations to learn and, possibly more important, the impact of their learning on others.
Learning Agility
Authors: Harvey Veronica Schmidt , De Meuse Kenneth P.
Published: August 2021

The evolution of learning agility is at a critical point, creating an opportunity to move forward the science and practice of this psychological construct. “What We Know, What We Need to Know, and Where Do We Go From Here?” summarizes the emerging understanding of learning agility and how to apply the lessons learned thus far. Change is very likely to accelerate in the future, and leaders will need to be more adept at agile learning than previously. While learning agility is a complex, multidimensional construct defined in a variety of ways, there is also a high level of agreement on its foundational elements that are highlighted in the chapter. In addition, the chapter describes how a learning mindset, cognitive control and flexibility, emotional regulation, and behavioral flexibility may be central mechanisms. Key implications for organizational culture, talent management practices, managers, and leadership coaches are identified. Finally, a nomonological net of learning agility is presented along with several research questions that should be addressed by future scholars.
A Metacinematic Spectrum
Authors: Stewart Garrett
Published: August 2021

Metacinematic moments in screen narrative regularly turn attention back toward film’s point of material origination—from story to the conditions of its technical mediation—without turning their back either on the plot or its cultural surround. This double slant of the screen story, both back toward medial operations and outward toward some thematic interface with its social setting, is what this chapter sets out to discriminate in its “technique\text/context” articulation. Revisiting moments of medial self-acknowledgment in films from Citizen Kane through Apocalypse Now to Blade Runner 2049 prepares terms for assessing a late installment in one of Hollywood’s ongoing CGI franchise blockbusters, Marvel’s Spiderman: Far from Home (2040). In that sci-fi plot both digital technique and context implode upon the developing narrative text in the irony of an international political deception perpetrated by Hollywood-schooled VFX (visual special effects) when deployed, not on some inset screen, but in real metropolitan space.
8½
Authors: Landy Joshua
Published: August 2021

What is the point of self-reflexivity? What is the value of artworks that, like Federico Fellini’s 8½, deliberately reveal their own fictionality? Some think reflexivity has no value at all, being just a symptom of modern skepticism; others that it is designed merely to inform us of something; a third group, more compellingly, that it does something for the writer, allowing her to take a distance from her own beliefs; and a fourth, even more interestingly, that it opens a space for pathos in an otherwise cynical world. Drawing on empirical psychology, this chapter suggests a fifth possibility: that reflexivity can help readers and viewers fine-tune a mental capacity, the capacity to hold two conflicting attitudes at the same time. It gives us practice at doubting what we believe and believing what we doubt, and by so doing it provides us with a cognitive workout, making us better at sustaining illusions we know to be false. What if the ideal is as much truth as one can stand, coupled with a handful of necessary illusions, at the same time as an awareness that they are exactly that? If so, we’d better start watching some movies like 8½.
Fight Club
Authors: Bernstein J. M.
Published: August 2021

At the very beginning of Fight Club, the Platonic critique of art and everyday life is echoed when the nameless protagonist, the Edward Norton character, says that with insomnia “nothing’s real. Everything’s far away. Everything’s a copy of a copy of a copy.” With that clear invitation, this chapter argues that Fincher intends a conversation with the Platonic critique of appearances. Fight clubs—in their retreat from the world and providing for meaningless but intense feeling—are to be understood as allegories of works of art in a consumer society that enable temporary release from it through pain induced enlivenment. Fight Club goes on to track how a political aesthetic can topple into fascist aestheticized politics. Finally, enlisting T. W. Adorno’s “Freudian Theory and the Pattern of Fascist Propaganda,” the chapter argues that the bond between the charismatic Tyler Durden / Brad Pitt character and his fascist followers is deeply akin to that between Donald Trump and his followers.