bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern Developments in Multiphysics Materials Simulations
Authors: Neugebauer Jörg , Asta Mark
Published: November 2008

The rapid advance of theoretical/numerical methods coupled with the gain in computational power has opened in the past few years a novel route to perform complex materials simulations, with hitherto not achievable accuracy and predictive power. Specifically the combination of atomistic and fully parameter‐free ab initio methods with concepts of mesoscopic/macroscopic approaches such as thermo‐dynamics, kinetics, statistical or continuum mechanics, has allowed researchers to take into account the hierarchical character of realistic materials. Recent results have proved extremely successful in many areas of metal physics, semiconductor technology, thin film growth, novel magnetic layers etc.

To provide a forum for internationally leading top experts working in the field of multiscale modeling, and to discuss recent developments of multiscale/multiphysics simulations, an interdisciplinary “Symposium Modern Developments in Multiphysics Materials Simulations” (SYMS) was organized at the Spring 2008 Meeting of the German Physical Society (DPG) in Berlin. This meeting was a joint symposium of three sections within the DPG – “Surface Science”, “Metal Physics” and “Semiconductor Physics” and consisted of two parts: A symposium of invited speakers and a session with contributed talks and posters. In both sessions the wide range of materials science questions that can be nowadays addressed by multiscale approaches was impressively demonstrated.

Topics presented at the meeting covered a range of as diverse topics, including hydrogen storage, catalysis, solidification processes, molecular systems, tailoring alloys, engineering materials, and materials synthesis.

A number of these contributions are published in this issue of pss as regular articles. Similar to the meeting, the topics cover a wide range of recent developments and demonstrate the versatility of modern multiscale approaches in addressing complex materials science topics. They range from the application of neural networks to predict ground state crystalline phases, of combining DFT with kMC to study epitaxial growth of semiconductors, to the application of ab initio techniques with mechanical engineering concepts to jump scales directly from the atomistic to the macroscopic scale. As organizers we thank pss for providing a forum to present these papers. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interactions of mitoxantrone with duplex and triplex DNA studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Wan Cuihong , Guo Xinhua , Song Fengrui , Liu Zhiqiang , Liu Shuying
Published: November 2008

We have examined interactions between mitoxantrone (MXT) and DNA duplexes or triplexes with different base compositions by using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), respectively. MXT interacts preferentially with DNA duplexes compared to the triplexes. In the mass spectrum of the duplex–MXT mixture, the complex peaks dominated in the ratios of duplex/MXT of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3, and the 1:2 duplex/MXT peak was the most abundant. In contrast, only 1:1 triplex–MXT complexes were observed in the mass spectrum of the triplex–MXT mixture, and the most intensive peak was a free triplex ion without MXT. Moreover, no sequence selectivity of MXT to different DNA duplexes was found while MXT showed greater affinity to the triplexes that have adjacent TAT or C+GC sequences. In the course of sustained off‐resonance irradiation collision‐induced dissociation (SORI‐CID), the MXT‐duplex complexes generated two separated strands, and the MXT remained on the purine strand side. UV/Vis spectra showed that MXT interacted with DNA by intercalation. Compared with emodin (a duplex intercalator) and napthylquinoline (a triplex binder), we found that the side chain of MXT might play a role in the binding of MXT to the duplexes and the triplexes. ESI‐MS shows an advantage in speed and straightforwardness for the study of drug interactions with nucleic acids. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of 20‐hydroxyecdysone in calf urine by comparative liquid chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry measurements: application to the control of the potential misuse of ecdysteroids in cattle
Authors: Destrez Blandine , Pinel Gaud , Bichon Emmanuelle , Monteau Fabrice , Lafont René , Le Bizec Bruno
Published: November 2008

Ecdysteroids, which are steroid hormones in invertebrates, but which are also present in plants, could potentially be used as anabolic agents in food‐producing animals. The control of ecdysteroid misuse in cattle relies on the development of an efficient method for their detection in biological matrices at trace levels (µg L−1). In order to propose an analytical procedure dedicated to the identification of excreted 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) in urine and faecal samples of breeding animals, a comparative study of the spectrometric behaviour of these compounds was carried out both by LC/(ESI‐)/HRMSn (hybrid linear ion trap – orbital trap) and by LC/(ESI+)/MS/MS (triple quadrupole). This study revealed the formation of a large number of product ions both in positive and negative ion mode, corresponding to losses of water molecules and specific cleavages on the side chain. The sample preparation consisted of sequential purification on two solid‐phase extraction cartridges (SPE octadecylsilyl and SPE silica). The detection limits were around 0.5 µg L−1 in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode and recoveries above 60% were obtained. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of real samples collected from calves treated with 60 mg 20E over 4 days. Analysis of the samples allowed the investigation of the kinetics of elimination of 20E in calf urine and determination of the time‐frame for the control of potential abuse. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐loop control synthesis for unstable systems and its application: An approach based on µ interaction measure
Authors: Swarnakar Adarsha , Marquez Horacio Jose , Chen Tongwen
Published: November 2008

This paper presents a new practical framework for multi‐loop controller design in which controllers are designed independently, i.e. a controller in one loop is designed without exploiting information of other controllers. The method is based on the (block) diagonal approximation of a system that is different from its (block) diagonal elements. The focus of this work is on unstable systems and the approximated systems are obtained by minimizing an upper bound of a scaled ℒ︁∞norm for the error systems. This extends the applicability of conventional µ‐interaction measure to a more general scenario. The proposed approach is applied to a numerical example and to a simulated industrial boiler system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐baseline acoustic navigation for under‐ice autonomous underwater vehicle operations
Authors: Jakuba Michael V. , Roman Christopher N. , Singh Hanumant , Murphy Christopher , Kunz Clayton , Willis Claire , Sato Taichi , Sohn Robert A.
Published: November 2008

The recent Arctic GAkkel Vents Expedition (AGAVE) to the Arctic Ocean's Gakkel Ridge (July/August 2007) aboard the Swedish icebreaker I/B Oden employed autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for water‐column and ocean bottom surveys. These surveys were unique among AUV operations to date in requiring georeferenced navigation in proximity to the seafloor beneath permanent and moving ice cover. We report results for long‐baseline (LBL) acoustic navigation during autonomous under‐ice surveys near the seafloor and adaptation of the LBL concept for several typical operational situations including navigation in proximity to the ship during vehicle recoveries. Fixed seafloor transponders were free‐fall deployed from the ship for deep positioning. The ship's helicopter collected acoustic travel times from several locations to georeference the transponders' locations, subject to the availability of openings in the ice. Two shallow beacons suspended from the ship provided near‐surface spherical navigation in ship‐relative coordinates. During routine recoveries, we used this system to navigate the vehicles into open water near the ship before commanding them to surface. In cases in which a vehicle was impaired, its position was still determined acoustically through some combination of its acoustic modem, the fixed seafloor transponders, the ship‐deployed transponders, and an onboard backup relay transponder. The techniques employed included ranging adapted for a moving origin and hyperbolic navigation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Force cooperation in a reconfigurable field multirobot system
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhang Houxiang , Zong Guanghua , Zhang Jianwei
Published: November 2008

Force cooperation between robots can enhance the mobility of robots in the field. This paper presents the multirobot system JL‐1, in which the robots can dock and adjust their posture in relation to each other to execute force cooperation if necessary. To reveal how force cooperation enhances the terrain adaptability of JL‐1 and to discover the limits of the current reconfiguration mechanism, this paper analyzes the forces arising between robots during force cooperation. By examining one typical, flexible force cooperation, the docking action, we deduce the self‐aligning conditions of the current docking mechanism, which is useful to improve the mechanism and clarify the demands on the docking guidance sensors. The static analysis of the posture‐adjusting mechanism yields the force‐amplifying feature and the drivable work space of this motorized spherical joint consisting of a parallel and serial mechanism. The analysis also explains why some locomotion types of JL‐1 are performed the way they are. After that, a series of on‐site experiments confirm the abilities of the locomotion and the force cooperation of JL‐1. As the basis of the analysis, the mechanical structure and control system architecture of JL‐1 are also briefly introduced. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mirror‐based reflection in AmbientTalk
Authors: Mostinckx Stijn , Van Cutsem Tom , Timbermont Stijn , Gonzalez Boix Elisa , Tanter Éric , De Meuter Wolfgang
Published: November 2008

This paper introduces a novel mechanism to perform intercession (a form of reflection) in an object‐oriented programming language with the goal of making the language extensible from within itself. The proposed mechanism builds upon a mirror‐based architecture, leading to a reusable reflective application programming interface that cleanly separates interface from implementation details. However, support for intercession has been limited in contemporary mirror‐based architectures. This is due to the fact that mirror‐based architectures only support reflection explicitly triggered by metaprograms, while intercession requires reflection implicitly triggered by the language interpreter. This work reconciles mirrors with intercession in the context of an actor‐based, object‐oriented programming language named AmbientTalk. We describe this language's full reflective architecture, highlighting its novel mirror‐based approach to reflect upon both objects and concurrently executing actors. Subsequently, we apply AmbientTalk's mirror‐based reflection to implement two language features, which crucially depend on intercession, to wit future‐type message passing and leased object references. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Racemic gamma vinyl‐GABA (R,S‐GVG) blocks methamphetamine‐triggered reinstatement of conditioned place preference
Authors: DeMarco Amy , Dalal Reema M. , Pai Jessica , Aquilina Stefanie D. , Mullapudi Uma , Hammel Crystie , Kothari Shiva K. , Kahanda Milan , Liebling Courtney N.B. , Patel Vinal , Schiffer Wynne K. , Brodie Jonathan D. , Dewey Stephen L.
Published: November 2008

Preventing relapse poses a significant challenge to the successful management of methamphetamine (METH) dependence. Although no effective medication currently exists for its treatment, racemic γ vinyl‐GABA (R,S‐GVG, vigabatrin) shows enormous potential as it blocks both the neurochemical and behavioral effects of a variety of drugs, including METH, heroin, morphine, ethanol, nicotine, and cocaine. Using the reinstatement of a conditioned place preference (CPP) as an animal model of relapse, the present study specifically investigated the ability of an acute dose of R,S‐GVG to block METH‐triggered reinstatement of a METH‐induced CPP. Animals acquired a METH CPP following a 20‐day‐period of conditioning, in which they received 10 pairings of alternating METH and saline injections. During conditioning, rats were assigned to one of four METH dosage groups: 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg (i.p.,n= 8/group). Animals in all dosage groups demonstrated a robust and consistent CPP. This CPP was subsequently extinguished in each dosage group with repeated saline administration. Upon extinction, all groups reinstated following an acute METH challenge. On the following day, an acute dose of R,S‐GVG (300 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 2.5 h prior to an identical METH challenge. R,S‐GVG blocked METH‐triggered reinstatement in all four groups. Given that drug re‐exposure may potentiate relapse to drug‐seeking behavior, the ability of R,S‐GVG to block METH‐triggered reinstatement offers further support for its use in the successful management of METH dependence. Synapse 63:87–94, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Single Crystal Structures of the Copper Usovites Ba2CaCuV2F14 and Ba2CaCuCr2F14
Authors: Le Lirzin Antoine , Darriet Jacques , Tressaud Alain , Babel Dietrich
Published: November 2008

The results of single crystal X‐ray structure determinations are reported for Ba2CaCuV2F14 (a = 1383.6(3), b = 540.89(8), c = 1493.1(3) pm, β = 91.65(3)°) and Ba2CaCuCr2F14 (a = 1381.1(5), b = 535.5(1), c = 1481.4(6) pm, β = 91,50(4)°), both isotypic with usovite (space group C2/c, Z = 4). The resulting average distances are V‐F: 193.8 pm, Cr‐F: 190.7 pm, and Cu‐F: 209.2 resp. 207.1 pm for the Jahn‐Teller elongated [CuF6] octahedra. Within the cross‐linked double chains of octahedra F‐bridged trimers M‐Cu‐M, magnetically studied earlier, are confirmed and discussed.
Reactivity of Lanthanoid Aryloxide Complexes: Isolation of a 1,2‐Dimethoxyethane Cleavage Product
Authors: Deacon Glen B. , Junk Peter C. , Moxey Graeme J.
Published: November 2008

[Yb(OAr)2(μ‐OMe)(DME)]2 (1) (OAr = 2,6‐di‐iso‐propylphenolate) was synthesised via a redox transmetallation ligand exchange reaction between ytterbium metal, diphenylmercury and 2,6‐di‐isopropylphenol in DME. The source of the methoxy groups is from cleavage of DME, and the C‐O bond activation is unexpected given that the reaction was undertaken at ambient temperature. Each Yb3+ metal ion in 1 is six coordinate, and the coordination arrangement around each metal ion is distorted trigonal antiprismatic with Yb‐O(OMe) bond lengths (2.191(2) and 2.258(2) Å) shorter than the Yb‐O(aryloxide) bond distances (2.094(2) and 2.074(2) Å).
A Cationic Chlorido‐bridged Palladium(II) Complex of the Sterically Hindered Bis(4‐methylthiazolyl)isoindoline Ligand (4‐Mebti)
Authors: Bröring Martin , Kleeberg Christian
Published: November 2008

The treatment of chlorido[bis(4‐methylthiazolyl)isoindoline]palladium(II) [(4‐Mebti)PdCl] with sodium tetrakis[bis‐3,5(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]boranate Na[BArF] in the absence of donor ligands or solvents results in the exclusive formation of the dinuclear cationic complex [{(4‐Mebti)Pd}2Cl]+independent of the stoichiometry of the reactants. The new compound crystallizes either in the space group$P{\bar 1}$or inC2/cdepending on the amount of co‐crystallized solvent. In both cases, the molecular structure of the dinuclear cation reveals a sterically crowded situation with the Pd2+ion bound in a non‐planar coordination environment. In solution, [{(4‐Mebti)Pd}2Cl]+reacts with acetonitrile to form the neutral [(4‐Mebti)PdCl] and an equilibrium mixture of different complexes, from which the mononuclear species [(4‐Mebti)Pd(NCCH3)]+can be isolated as the pure BArFderivative.
Die Oxidnitridselenide M3ONSe2 dreiwertiger Lanthanoide (M = Ce – Nd)
Authors: Lissner Falk , Schleid Thomas
Published: November 2008

The Oxide Nitride Selenides M3ONSe2 of Trivalent Lanthanoids (M = Ce – Nd)

Oxide nitride selenides of the trivalent lanthanoids (M = Ce – Nd) with the composition M3ONSe2 can be prepared by the oxidation of the respective lanthanoid metal with selenium and sodium azide (NaN3) in presence of impurities containing oxygen when the corresponding lanthanoid trichloride (MCl3) is used as sodium trap for the coformation of NaCl. The thermal treatment of these mixtures along with additional NaCl as flux at 900 °C in evacuated silica tubes secures the formation of fawn, transparent, lath‐shaped crystals. The monoclinic structure (C2/m, Z = 6) was determined from X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction data (Ce3ONSe2: a = 2480.51(14), b = 406.85(3), c = 952.83(6) pm, β = 95.506(4)°; Pr3ONSe2: a = 2462.72(14), b = 403.74(3), c = 947.26(6) pm, β = 95.731(4)°; Nd3ONSe2: a = 2440.35(14), b = 401.48(3), c = 944.02(6) pm, β = 95.763(4)°). Five crystallographically different M3+ cations reside in six‐ to eightfold coordination of the respective anions (three independent O2−/N3− and Se2− each), for which a statistic distribution of the light elements (O2− : N3− = 1 : 1) has to be assumed. However, the main features of the crystal structure are (O2−/N3−)‐centred (M3+)4 tetrahedra. For the first time ever within the same structure of this kind, condensation of these anion‐centred cation polyhedra forming strands and layers simultaneously could be detected. Cis‐edge connected [(O/N)M4]9.5+ tetrahedra build up the chain components $^{1}_{\infty}\rm \{[(O/N)(M4)_{3/3}(M5)_{1/1}]^{3,5+}\}$ running along [010], which are already known as dominating core in some crystal structures of pure nitride chalcogenides (e.g. Sm4N2S3 and Tb4N2Se3). A new motif of condensed tetrahedral units comprises the second feature. By fusing [(O/N)M4]9.5+ tetrahedra via vertices and edges, one‐dimensional strand sections from the cationic sheets $^{2}_{\infty}\rm \{([OC_{4/4}]^{+})_{2}\}$ of the Ce2O2S‐type structure, which are further connected only via common vertices to form a lower‐condensed steplike two‐dimensional layer $^{2}_{\infty}\rm \{[(O/N)_{4}M_{5}]^{5+}\}$, spreading parallel to the (100) plane, emerge for the very first time.
The First Heterobimetallic Metallasilsesquioxane Derivatives of Manganese
Authors: Lorenz Volker , Blaurock Steffen , Edelmann Frank T.
Published: November 2008

The reaction of (c‐C6H11)7Si7O9(ONa)3, prepared in situ from (c‐C6H11)7Si7O9(OH)3 (1), and MnCl2(THF)2 in THF solution resulted in formation of the novel heterobimetallic Mn/Na metallasilsesquioxane complex [(c‐C6H11)7Si7O9(O3Mn)Na(Et2O)]2·Et2O (2) which was isolated in the form of colorless crystals in 64 % yield. Similar treatment of MnCl2(THF)2 with in situ prepared (c‐C6H11)7Si7O9(OLi)3 afforded the unusual tetramanganese silsesquioxane complex [(c‐C6H11)7Si7O9(O3Mn2Br)LiBr(THF)(Et2O)]2 (3) in high yield (81 %). Both 2 and 3 were structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
The elements of a consumer‐based initiative in contributing to positive environmental change: Monterey Bay Aquarium's Seafood Watch program
Authors: Kemmerly Jennifer Dianto , Macfarlane Victoria
Published: November 2008

Monterey Bay Aquarium launched the Seafood Watch® program in 2000. The program's Seafood Watch pocket guide is a simple tool that visitors can use to identify seafood from environmentally responsible sources. Since its inception, more than 2 million pocket guides have been distributed to Monterey Bay Aquarium visitors and 20 million have been distributed through partnerships across the United States. Partner institutions such as aquariums, conservation organizations, and businesses also conduct outreach and are working to influence their local seafood purveyors. An evaluation conducted in 2003 and 2004 assessed the program's strategies for increasing awareness and shifting consumer buying habits as they relate to sustainable seafood, including use of the pocket guide. Visitors who picked up pocket guides were surveyed immediately after their aquarium visit, and again four months later. The evaluation found that most visitors continued to use the guides and had changed their seafood buying habits in several respects. Those interviewed also reported some barriers to using the guides. The elements that appear to be critical to the success of the strategy with respect to changing consumer purchasing habits include: a focused distribution approach; providing credible and specific information on problems and solutions to increase action‐related knowledge; providing a trigger or prompt that is available at the time of purchase; and reducing barriers to action, at the point of action, by working with seafood purveyors and the broader sustainable seafood movement to increase knowledge and available options. In response to the evaluation, Seafood Watch has strengthened these elements and expanded to help meet the needs of the broader sustainable seafood movement. A process of strategic planning, evaluation, cooperation among partners, and adaptability to the movement's natural evolution has proven to be critical to the program's success in contributing to the development of a marketplace for sustainable seafood. Zoo Biol 28:398–411, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral monitoring in zoos and aquariums: a tool for guiding husbandry and directing research
Authors: Watters Jason V. , Margulis Susan W. , Atsalis Sylvia
Published: November 2008

Behavioral monitoring is the scientific collection of animal behavior data to understand normal patterns of behavior and changes in these patterns. This tool is underutilized in the zoo industry although it can be an effective indicator of many potential problems that compromise zoo animal well‐being. We suggest that a behavioral monitoring program should be a core component of a zoological institution's care program. We detail the benefits of such a program and describe its components. We provide guidelines for implementing such a program and make recommendations that will help institutions to employ behavioral monitoring programs with reasonable expense. We argue that the benefits of such a program, primarily increased detection of rising or potential problems, far outweigh the minor costs of implementation. Zoo Biol 28:35–48, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
l‐2‐Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a disorder of metabolite repair
Authors: Van Schaftingen E. , Rzem R. , Veiga‐da‐Cunha M.
Published: November 2008

The neurometabolic disorder l‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria is caused by mutations in a gene present on chromosome 14q22.1 and encoding l‐2‐hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase. This FAD‐linked mitochondrial enzyme catalyses the irreversible conversion of l‐2‐hydroxyglutarate to alpha‐ketoglutarate. The formation of l‐2‐hydroxyglutarate results from a side‐activity of mitochondrial l‐malate dehydrogenase, the enzyme that interconverts oxaloacetate and l‐malate, but which also catalyses, very slowly, the NADH‐dependent conversion of alpha‐ketoglutarate to l‐2‐hydroxyglutarate. l‐2‐Hydroxyglutarate has no known physiological function in eukaryotes and most prokaryotes. Its accumulation is toxic to the mammalian brain, causing a leukoencephalopathy and increasing the susceptibility to develop tumours. l‐2‐Hydroxyglutaric aciduria appears to be the first disease of ‘metabolite repair’.
Tunable Nanostructures and Crystal Structures in Titanium Oxide Films
Authors: Srivastava AK , Deepa M , Bhandari S , Fuess H
Published: November 2008

Controllable nanostructures in spin coated titanium oxide (TiO2) films have been achieved by a very simple means, through change of post deposition annealing temperature. Electron beam imaging and reciprocal space analysis revealed as-deposited TiO2films to be characterized by a dominant anatase phase which converts to the rutile form at 600 °C and reverts to the anatase modification at 1,200 °C. The phase changes are also accompanied by changes in the film microstructure: from regular nanoparticles (as-deposited) to nanowires (600 °C) and finally to dendrite like shapes at 1,200 °C. Photoluminescence studies, Raman spectral results, and X-ray diffraction data also furnish evidence in support of the observed solid state phase transformations in TiO2.
Current–Voltage Characteristics in Individual Polypyrrole Nanotube, Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanowire, Polyaniline Nanotube, and CdS Nanorope
Authors: Yin Zhi-Hua , Long Yun-Ze , Gu Chang-Zhi , Wan Mei-Xiang , Duvail Jean-Luc
Published: November 2008

In this paper, we focus on current–voltage (I–V) characteristics in several kinds of quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) nanofibers to investigate their electronic transport properties covering a wide temperature range from 300 down to 2 K. Since the complex structures composed of ordered conductive regions in series with disordered barriers in conducting polymer nanotubes/wires and CdS nanowires, all measured nonlinearI–V characteristics show temperature and field-dependent features and are well fitted to the extended fluctuation-induced tunneling and thermal excitation model (Kaiser expression). However, we find that there are surprisingly similar deviations emerged between theI–V data and fitting curves at the low bias voltages and low temperatures, which can be possibly ascribed to the electron–electron interaction in such quasi-1D systems with inhomogeneous nanostructures.
Derotational osteotomy of the proximal radius and the distal ulna for congenital radioulnar synostosis
Authors: Hung Nguyen Ngoc
Published: November 2008

Objective

To evaluate the clinical and functional results of a technical procedure in the surgical treatment of congenital radioulnar synostosis in children.

Materials and methods

A prospective study had been undertaken from January 1992 to December 2004. Thirty-four patients with congenital radioulnar synostosis that are fixed in pronation were recruited. Congenital radioulnar synostosis was classified for two types according to Tachdjian's criteria. All patients were treated by resection of the proximal radius and the distal ulna to remove a segmental bone of both parts of the forearm. After K-wires are inserted intramedullarly into both bones, the forearm is derotated manually, followed by cast immobilization.

Results

There were 34 patients (52 forearms) with congenital radioulnar synostosis, whom the average age at surgery was 6 years and 3 months. There were two types of congenital radioulnar synostosis: Type 1 in six forearms (11.6%) and Type 2 in 46 forearms (88.4%). The preoperative forearm rotation ranged from 65° to 85° pronation. The postoperative forearm rotation angle was corrected from 0° to 30°; the best end position appears to be 70–100% of pronation. Of the patients, 78.8% had good or excellent results. All patients were operated on without complications; five patients had loss of correction during cast immobilization. Overall, the patient's ability to perform daily activities showed a marked improvement after surgery.

Conclusion

This method is a simple and safe technique to derotate the forearms of patients with congenital radioulnar synostosis that are fixed in pronation.
Living Longer in an Ageing Europe: A Challenge for Individuals and Societies
Authors: Vaupel James W. , Kistowski Kristín G. V.
Published: November 2008

In the quest to address the ageing population, labour shortages and demographic decline, this article advocates the redistribution of work over the course of individuals’ lives. Work hours must be spread more evenly over a longer life span. In this way, individuals will have the time necessary to bear and rear children and will be able to offer their expertise later in life. With such a policy, the elderly population would be occupied and supportive of society and youth would have the opportunity to conceive and care for children during those years in which they are physically able to do so.
Demographic change in Germany
Authors: Mai Ralf
Published: November 2008

German population trends show continued demographic decline and ageing. This can be explained by changes in fertility, mortality and immigration rates. Low fertility leads to smaller numbers of infants every year, which, compounded by low mortality and, consequently, larger numbers of elderly, shifts the population ratio. Incoming migrants used to counterbalance this ratio but this is no longer sufficient to replace youth not born in Germany. This article explores direct and indirect policy solutions to the demographic changes on the state, societal and regional levels.
Demographic Trends in Southern Europe: Rethinking the Welfare State
Authors: Rajoy Mariano
Published: November 2008

In the face of demographic change there is an urgent need for financial, social and fiscal reforms. This article looks at Southern Europe, and the case of Spain in particular, for the efforts put forward to combat the challenges of demographic change. The author identifies innovative pension system reforms, public debt reduction and the extension of working life as top priorities. Reform in these areas is crucial if Europe is to ensure a dynamic economy in the future and avoid the pitfalls associated with looming demographic shifts.
EXISTENCE OF S-ASYMPTOTICALLY ω-PERIODIC SOLUTIONS FOR ABSTRACT NEUTRAL EQUATIONS
Authors: HENRÍQUEZ HERNÁN R. , PIERRI MICHELLE , TÁBOAS PLÁCIDO
Published: November 2008

A bounded continuous function $u:[0,\infty )\to X$ is said to be S-asymptotically ω-periodic if $ \lim _{t\to \infty }[ u(t+\omega ) -u(t)]=0$. This paper is devoted to study the existence and qualitative properties of S-asymptotically ω-periodic mild solutions for some classes of abstract neutral functional differential equations with infinite delay. Furthermore, applications to partial differential equations are given.
CONVERGENCE OF SOLUTIONS OF TIME-VARYING LINEAR SYSTEMS WITH INTEGRABLE FORCING TERM
Authors: SUGIE JITSURO
Published: November 2008

The following system is considered in this paper: The primary goal is to establish conditions on time-varying coefficients e(t), f(t), g(t) and h(t) and a forcing term p(t) for all solutions to converge to the origin (0,0) as $t \to \infty $. Here, the zero solution of the corresponding homogeneous linear system is assumed to be neither uniformly stable nor uniformly attractive. Sufficient conditions are given for asymptotic stability of the zero solution of the nonlinear perturbed system under the assumption that q(t,0,0)=0.
Panax ginseng has no effect on indices of glucose regulation following acute or chronic ingestion in healthy volunteers
Authors: Reay Jonathon L. , Scholey Andrew B. , Milne Anthea , Fenwick J. , Kennedy David O.
Published: November 2008

In the absence of effective pharmacotherapy for diabetes there has been an increase in the use of, and research into, alternative treatment strategies. These include exercise, dietary interventions and the use of supplements including extracts of ginseng. Two separate, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over studies investigating the effects of chronic ingestion of Panax ginseng (study 1 used G115, study 2 used Cheong Kwan Jang) on glycated Hb (HbA1c; study 1, n 18; study 2, n 11), fasting plasma insulin (study 1, n 17; study 2, n 12), fasting plasma glucose and postprandial response (following breakfast) (study 1, n 23; study 2, n 14) in healthy volunteers are reported. In both studies it was found that Panax ginseng had no effect on any gluco-regulatory parameter investigated. These results are not consistent with those reported for a diabetic sample (albeit using slightly different outcomes). These results would suggest that chronic use of Panax ginseng by non-diabetic individuals will have little long-term effect on glucose regulation. The benefits to glucose regulation associated with long-term ginseng use may only be present in populations with compromised glucose control; however, further research is needed to confirm such a speculation.
Plant stanol ester spreads as components of a balanced diet for pregnant and breast-feeding women: evaluation of clinical safety
Authors: Laitinen K. , Isolauri E. , Kaipiainen L. , Gylling H. , Miettinen T.A.
Published: November 2008

Clinical safety of consuming plant stanol ester spreads during pregnancy and lactation, the impact on maternal and infant serum and breast-milk cholesterol and the ratios (μmol/mmol of cholesterol) of synthesis and absorption markers were evaluated. Pregnant women (n21) were randomised to control and dietary intervention groups, the intervention including advice to follow a balanced diet and to consume spreads enriched with plant stanol esters. Participants were followed during and after pregnancy and their infants up to 1 year of age. A mean 1·1 (sd0·4) g consumption of plant stanols during pregnancy and 1·4 (sd0·9) g 1 month post-partum increased sitostanol and the markers for cholesterol synthesis, lathosterol, lathosterol/campesterol and lathosterol/sitosterol, and reduced a marker for cholesterol absorption, campesterol, in maternal serum. In breast milk, desmosterol was lower in the intervention group, while no differences were detected between the groups in infants' serum. Plant stanol ester spread consumption had no impact on the length of gestation, infants' growth or serum β-carotene concentration at 1 and 6 months of age, but the cholesterol-adjusted serum β-carotene concentration was lowered at 1 month in the intervention group. Plant stanol ester spread consumption appeared safe in the clinical setting, except for potential lowering of infants' serum β-carotene concentration, and was reflected in the markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption in mothers' serum, encouraging further studies in larger settings.
Disturbing the Peace: African Warfare, Political Inversion and the
Universality of the Democratic Peace Thesis
Authors: Henderson Errol A.
Published: November 2008

This article tests the applicability of the democratic peace thesis to
sub-Saharan African states by examining a ‘political
inversion’ thesis. This suggests that the domestic political
framework of African states compels their leaders to engage in international
conflict, contrary to what the democratic peace thesiests: namely, politically
open African states are more likely to fight each other. This conclusion raises
the issue of the universality of the democratic peace thesis; therefore, the
extent to which the democratic peace is evident across other regions of the
world is examined. Empirical analyses of state dyads 1950–2001
demonstrate that politically open African states are more likely to fight each
other and, moreover, the democratic peace does not hold in any region outside the West. These findings support
the political inversion thesis of African conflicts and challenge the suggestion
that the spread of democracy will occasion international peace throughout the
world.
Rapid changes in the epifaunal community after detachment of buoyant benthic macroalgae
Authors: Gutow L. , Giménez L. , Boos K. , Saborowski R.
Published: November 2008

Rafting on floating macroalgae is a common dispersal mechanism of marine benthic invertebrates. Most benthic macroalgae are inhabited by diverse epifaunal communities but not all organisms may be adapted to live on floating algae. In particular, knowledge about the immediate effects of algal detachment on the associated biota is limited. Herein, we studied the composition of the communities of mobile invertebrates on benthic thalli of Ascophyllum nodosum and compared it with detached thalli that had floated for short periods. The community of the mobile invertebrates changed significantly within the first minute after detachment of the algae and showed decreased diversity and a tendency towards reduced abundances in most taxa. However, during the subsequent two hours of floating at the sea surface the species composition did not change further. A comparison of the size-spectra of the gastropod Littorina obtusata from attached and detached algae did not reveal differential migratory activity among size-classes of these gastropods. Most of the species encountered in this study are common rafters in coastal and offshore waters, which are well capable of holding onto floating seaweeds. Therefore, our results indicate that the animals actively abandoned the macroalgae immediately after detachment. A benefit of this behaviour may be to avoid increased predation risk in the open water. The fact that individuals remain associated with their algal host after detachment indicates the importance of rafting dispersal for a great variety of phytal species that might lead to range expansion and regional population persistence through metapopulation effects.
New bioeroding sponges from Mingulay coldwater reefs, north-west Scotland
Authors: van Soest Rob W.M. , Beglinger Elly J.
Published: November 2008

The relatively shallow coldwater coral reefs growing off the eastern coast of Mingulay, north-west Scotland, are excavated by five sponge species, three of which, Alectona millari, Pione vastifica and Cliona lobata, were known previously from Scottish waters. The other two species are new to Scotland and Great Britain. One species is here described as new to science: Cliona caledoniae sp. nov. The species shows a superficial resemblance in colour (orange) and spiculation (possession of tylostyles and knobby microscleres) to Cliothosa hancocki described disjunctly from the Pacific Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, but it differs clearly in lacking the characteristic Cliothosa amphiasters with branching rays. The Scottish species only possesses peculiar thick-rayed streptasters, which at first glance appear rather similar to the second microsclere type reported for Cliothosa hancocki, knobby-rayed amphiasters. However, the majority of the microscleres in the Mingulay species appear to be genuine spirasters (not amphiasters), and exhaustive search for true amphiasters, branching or otherwise, was in vain. The new species is extensively illustrated. Furthermore, we also report the first occurrence in British waters of Spiroxya levispira, originally described from Azorean deep waters, and subsequently reported from Madeira and several Mediterranean localities. It was found to occur not uncommonly in the Mingulay reefs, and additionally also in reefs of the Rockall Bank, west of Ireland. The spicular characters generally match those of the southern locations. The newly recorded species is described and amply illustrated.
Reproduction and embryonic development of the blue stingray,Dasyatis chrysonota, in southern African waters
Authors: Ebert David A. , Cowley Paul D.
Published: November 2008

Dasyatis chrysonotais perhaps the most common of the 14 whiptail stingray (Chondrichthyes: Dasyatidae) species known to frequent the temperate coastal waters of southern Africa and like other stingrays they possess life history characteristics that make them vulnerable to over-exploitation. First and 50% maturity (Dw50) were determined for 153 males and 204 females from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Disc width (Dw) for first andDw50maturity was estimated at 392 mm and 395 mmDw, respectively for males and at 500 mm and 505 mmDw, respectively for females. The reproductive cycle of males, based on gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomoatic (HSI) indices indicates that they are most active during the spring. Females appear to have an annual reproductive cycle with a maximum HSI occurring during the summer and autumn, but it declines steadily through the birthing season reaching a low in the late spring. Fecundity, following a nine month gestation period, averages 2.8 with a range of 1–7. Embryos at six different development stages are described.Dasyatis chrysonota, like other dasyatids, exhibit life history characteristics that make them vulnerable to overexploitation, therefore a precautionary management strategy is advised for this species.
Session 5: Nutrition communication Obesity and social marketing: works in progress
Authors: Cairns Georgina , Stead Martine
Published: November 2008

Internationally, socio-economic trends reinforce the complex physiological mechanisms that favour positive energy balance, leading to an accumulation of excess body weight and associated metabolic disorders. This so-called ‘obesogenic environment’ is characterised by increasing accessibility and affordability of energy-dense foods and declining levels of physical activity. In the face of such rapidly-rising obesity rates there is general consensus that strategies to address trends in weight gain must go forwards in the absence of complete evidence of cause or effective prevention strategy. Thus, strategy implementation and evaluation must contribute to, as well as be informed by, the evidence base. Social marketing research and practice has a track record that strongly indicates that it can contribute to both the evolving knowledge base on obesity and overweight control policy and the development of effective intervention strategies. Social marketing draws pragmatically on many disciplines to bring about voluntary behaviour change as well as requisite supporting policy and environmental change. Key objectives include: generating insights into the drivers of current behaviour patterns; important barriers to change; client-oriented approaches to new desirable diet and lifestyle choices. Social marketing recognises that target clients have the power to ensure success or failure of obesity control policies. Social marketing seeks to identify genuine exchange of benefits for target adopters of behaviour change and the advocates of change, and how they may be developed and offered within an appropriate relevant context. Social marketing adopts a cyclical approach of learning, strategic development and evaluation, and therefore is well placed to integrate with the multi-disciplinary demands of obesity prevention strategies.
Symposium on ‘Performance, exercise and health’ Hydration, fluids and performance
Authors: Shirreffs Susan M.
Published: November 2008

Sweat evaporation can be a key thermoregulatory mechanism and it causes a loss of water from all compartments of the body. Hypohydration can also develop with restricted fluid intake or with intake of diuretics. Hypohydration can affect physical and/or mental performance and/or have implications for dietary recommendations. A variety of different types and modes of exercise performance can be influenced by hydration state. Reviews of the published literature are currently most conclusive for endurance exercise. Dehydration equivalent to 2% body mass loss during exercise in a hot environment (31–32°C) impairs endurance performance, but when the exercise is performed in a temperate environment (20–21°C) a 2% body mass loss appears to have a lesser and inconsequential effect. In cold environments a body mass loss >2% may be tolerable for endurance exercise. There is a less conclusive picture as to the effects of hypohydration on other types of physical performance, including strength and power activities, team sports and the skills component of many sports, and for mental performance. A number of physiological mechanisms are responsible for the effects observed. Fluid consumption can be used to attenuate the development of a water deficit or to correct it. The composition and temperature of a drink and the volume and rate of its consumption can all influence the physiological responses to ingestion and can impact on exercise performance.
The Japanese record industry
Authors: Shigeru Kawabata
Published: November 2008

In descriptions of the scale of the Japanese record industry, the most used source is the production data published by the Japan Phonograph Record Association (JPRA). Twenty-five major record companies in Japan are affiliated with this association (as of July 1990). Every month, each affiliated record company reports to the JPRA their production figures (total number of all records produced) and the wholesale revenues for themselves and the non-affiliated record companies who entrusted them with their production. These non-affiliated companies are called ‘outsiders’.
The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship
Authors: Chastagner Claude
Published: November 2008

My purpose in this paper is to recount the history of the Parents' Music Resource Center, an American organisation founded in 1985 whose main concern has been to denounce the obscenity and violence of rock music on the grounds that it is partly responsible for the numerous ills that plague the United States. The PMRC claimed that it only wished to inform the public but my suggestion here is that the actions of the organisation resulted in a de facto censorship of popular music. I shall accordingly describe the various steps of the process that led from information to censorship as well as probe the deeper reasons that may have motivated the action of the Center.
Minotaurs or musonauts? ‘World Music’ and Cretan Music
Authors: Dawe Kevin
Published: November 2008

In a recent issue ofPopular Musicdevoted to the music of the Middle East, Martin Stokes and Ruth Davis note that ‘the movement of Middle Eastern sounds into Western cultural spaces … has largely been ignored’ (1996, p. 255) and that ‘Middle Eastern popular musics will probably continue to mark an unassimilable and unwelcome “otherness” for most Europeans and Americans’ (ibid, p. 257). In this paper, written partly in response to these remarks, I examine the movement of contemporary Middle Eastern sounds into Greek cultural space and Greek musical culture, a musical culture that has an affinity with ‘Eastern’ musics but also a strong sense of its own identity. Middle Eastern music can indeed take on the form of an ‘unwelcome “otherness”’ in Greece and I shall provide examples of this from my own fieldwork on the Greek island of Crete. Greece and the Greek islands are outposts, on the European periphery, on the frontier between ‘the East’ and ‘the West’, where a history of confrontations, invasions and forced exchanges in political, economic and demographic terms with the Middle East has ensued for millenia. Greece and Turkey still remain in dispute over territory from the Thracian borderlands to the smaller islands of the Eastern Aegean Sea.
On the enduring popularity of Cream's ‘Sunshine of Your Love’: sonic synecdoche of the ‘psychedelic 60s’
Authors: Wolfe Arnold S. , Miller Chuck , O'Donnell Heather
Published: November 2008

Few popular songs released over the past thirty years start so memorably: that bass riff, ominous, music for Jaws before there was Jaws, so insistent and unforgiving that in GoodFellas (1990), Scorsese has de Niro do nothing but smoke a ‘square’ and look – icily – off screen while the riff sounds its ten-note pattern. And you know what the combination of de Niro's look, those sounds and that smoke mean: somebody is going to get ‘whacked’. Cream's 1968 hit, ‘Sunshine of Your Love’, has been part of the shared culture of the world in which it has sounded for thirty years. In both Europe and America, ‘Sunshine of Your Love’ (SYL) continues to receive airplay today. At high school and college sporting events across the US, pep bands continue to play it (Dan Farris, Assistant Director of Bands, Illinois State University, personal communication, 5 March 1997). A band played it, too, in a 5 April 1997 episode of the NBC television network series, Profiler.