bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BEACH CLEANING AND THE ROLE OF TECHNICAL SUPPORT IN THE 1993 TAMPA BAY SPILL
Authors: Owens Edward H. , Michel Jacqueline , Davis Richard A. , Stritzke Kay
Published: January 2015

This paper reports on the decision-making process and shoreline cleanup methods used following the oiling of 23 km (14 mi) of oceanfront sand beaches in the St. Petersburg, Florida, area in August 1993. Although cleanup of sand beaches usually is relatively straightforward, in this instance the high recreational use of the beaches during the traditional Labor Day weekend in early September created pressure to deal with the shoreline oiling in a rapid and efficient manner. Achieving this goal required a coordinated effort by all participants in the response operation. Key points include the following:The importance and value of consensus among state, federal, and responsible party representativesUse of systematic beach survey measurements and data to determine the extent and type of surface and subsurface oiling and to define the scope of the problemField testing, evaluation, and final development of recommendations for cleanupUse of heavy equipment and the development of cost estimates for alternative methods in the context of timing and tradeoffs.

The consensus reached by the technical support group for the cleanup operations involved a combination of manual removal, mechanical removal, surf-washing, and tilling. The possible effects of sediment removal were evaluated through use of beach profile and sand budget information from a long-term monitoring program. This spill response emphasized the role and importance of technical support and the interaction with field supervisors and operators, to develop appropriate and successful cleanup strategies and techniques.
Acute Kidney Injury in Hospitalized Patients With Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Sabouri Amir H. , Yurgionas Brian , Khorasani Sara , Durant Edward J. , Kafaie Jafar , Hung Yun-Yi , Klingman Jeffery G. , Nemazie Siamack
Published: August 2024

Importance

An association between serum creatine kinase (CK) levels and the risk of kidney failure in patients with exertional rhabdomyolysis (ERM) has been suggested. However, the actual incidence of AKI in hospitalized patients with ERM along with the contributing cofactors that may increase the risk of AKI have rarely been investigated.

Objectives

To examine the incidence of kidney injury in hospitalized patients with ERM and to identify additional cofactors that might contribute to the development of kidney injury in patients with ERM.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study was conducted in a diverse community population of patients 18 years or older with ERM who were hospitalized across Kaiser Permanente Northern California between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2019. Patients were initially identified through electronic screening for all-cause rhabdomyolysis admissions, followed by manual medical record reviews to verify their eligibility for the study. The diagnosis of AKI and chronic kidney disease (CKD) was determined using KDIGO (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes) criteria and confirmed by medical record review. Data analysis was performed from October 1, 2023, to January 31, 2024.

Exposures

History of strenuous physical exercise before hospitalization for ERM.

Main Outcome and Measures

Development of AKI, CKD, and compartment syndrome and number of deaths.

Results

Among 3790 patients hospitalized for rhabdomyolysis between 2009 and 2019 in Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 200 (mean [SD] age, 30.5 [8.5] years; 145 [72.5%] male) were confirmed to have ERM via medical record review. Seventeen patients (8.5%) developed AKI, none developed CKD, 1 (0.5%) developed compartment syndrome, and there were no fatalities. There was no association between serum CK levels and the risk of AKI. However, the risk of AKI was significantly higher in patients with ERM who used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) before admission (11 of 17 with AKI [64.7%] vs 40 of 183 without AKI [21.9%], P < .001) or experienced dehydration (9 of 183 without AKI [52.9%] vs 9 of 17 with AKI [4.9%], P < .001). This analysis suggests that eliminating preadmission NSAID use and dehydration could reduce the risk of potential AKI in patients with ERM by 92.6% (95% CI, 85.7%-96.1%) in this population.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this cohort study of hospitalized patients with ERM suggest that serum CK elevation alone is insufficient as an indicator of AKI in patients with ERM. Concurrent risk factors, such as NSAID use or dehydration, may be associated with AKI development in patients with ERM.
Time structures of proton pencil beam scanning delivery on a microsecond scale measured with a pixelated semiconductor detector Timepix3
Authors: Shen Jiajian , Ding Xuanfeng , Charyyev Serdar , Liang Xiaoying , Oancea Cristina , Wang Peilong , Rule William G. , Liu Wei , Bues Martin , Lin Liyong
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The time structures of proton spot delivery in proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) radiation therapy are essential in many clinical applications. This study aims to characterize the time structures of proton PBS delivered by both synchrotron and synchrocyclotron accelerators using a non‐invasive technique based on scattered particle tracking.

Methods

A pixelated semiconductor detector, AdvaPIX‐Timepix3, with a temporal resolution of 1.56 ns, was employed to measure time of arrival of secondary particles generated by a proton beam. The detector was placed laterally to the high‐flux area of the beam in order to allow for single particle detection and not interfere with the treatment. The detector recorded counts of radiation events, their deposited energy and the timestamp associated with the single events. Individual recorded events and their temporal characteristics were used to analyze beam time structures, including energy layer switch time, magnet switch time, spot switch time, and the scanning speeds in the x and y directions. All the measurements were repeated 30 times on three dates, reducing statistical uncertainty.

Results

The uncertainty of the measured energy layer switch times, magnet switch time, and the spot switch time were all within 1% of average values. The scanning speeds uncertainties were within 1.5% and are more precise than previously reported results. The measurements also revealed continuous sub‐milliseconds proton spills at a low dose rate for the synchrotron accelerator and radiofrequency pulses at 7 µs and 1 ms repetition time for the synchrocyclotron accelerator.

Conclusion

The AdvaPIX‐Timepix3 detector can be used to directly measure and monitor time structures on microseconds scale of the PBS proton beam delivery. This method yielded results with high precision and is completely independent of the machine log files.
Biomarker Changes in Response to Tofacitinib Treatment in Patients With Polyarticular‐Course Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Ogbu Ekemini A. , Brunner Hermine I. , Eloseily Esraa , Aviel Yonatan Butbul , Nanda Kabita , Schmeling Heinrike , Tory Heather , Uziel Yosef , Viola Diego Oscar , Wahezi Dawn M. , Tarvin Stacey E. , Sproles Alyssa , Chen Chen , Ruperto Nicolino , Huang Bin , Grom Alexei , Thornton Sherry ,   for the Investigators of the PRINTO and PRCSG Networks
Published: August 2024

Objective

We examine levels of candidate blood‐based biomarkers (CBBs) in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) treated with tofacitinib.

Methods

Patients with JIA who participated in clinical trial NCT02592434 received tofacitinib from baseline to week 18. Serial serum samples were assayed for CBBs (S100A8/9, S100A12, interleukin‐18 [IL‐18], serum amyloid A, resistin, vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin‐1, angiopoietin‐2, matrix metalloproteinase 8 [MMP8], MMP2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1, leptin, chemokine [C‐X‐C motif] ligand 9, soluble IL‐2 receptor, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor, IL‐6, IL‐23, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, chemokine [C‐C motif] ligand 18 [CCL18], and CCL20). Association of CBBs with JIA response to treatment from baseline to week 18 were assessed.

Results

This study included 166 patients with polyarticular‐course JIA. Paired serum samples from 143 patients were available at both baseline and week 18. Thirty‐five percent (50 of 143) of patients had a JIA‐American College of Rheumatology 90 (JIA‐ACR90) level improvement, whereas 90, 121, and 137 (63%, 85%, and 96%) achieved JIA‐ACR70, 50, and 30 improvement at week 18. Despite small numerical differences by JIA category, there were no baseline CBB values that independently predicted a decrease in Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS‐27) or JIA‐ACR90 response by week 18. Decrease in resistin level (baseline to week 18) was significantly associated with week 18 improvement in JADAS‐27 and JIA‐ACR90 response after adjusting for age, sex, JIA disease duration, and baseline resistin (r2 0.79, SE 0.070, P < 0.01, and odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 1.134 [1.018–1.264]). HLA‐B27 positivity was significantly associated with not achieving a JIA‐ACR90 response at week 18 (P = 0.0097).

Conclusion

Among the CBBs included, only resistin was significantly associated with treatment response, and no CBB was identified that forecasts JIA improvement after initiation of tofacitinib. The association of HLA‐B27 positivity with lower response to tofacitinib in JIA is intriguing and merits further study.
Optimizing Energy Storage Performance in Polymer Dielectrics through Dual Strategies: Constructing “Peaked” Barrieras and Enhancing Carrier Scattering
Authors: Meng Zhaotong , Zhang Tiandong , Zhang Changhai , Dang Zhi‐Min , Chi Qingguo
Published: August 2024

Dielectric capacitors play a pivotal role in the advancement of electric power systems and emerging energy technologies. However, the deterioration of dielectric performance in energy storage materials at elevated temperatures represents a significant challenge. In this study, organic electron‐scattering agents into polyetherimide (PEI) are introduced, creating a “peaked barrier” to impede charge carrier transport. By doping PEI with an ultralow volume fraction (0.8%) of the organic molecule filler 4‐(dimethylamino)phenylboronic acid (4‐NB), the electron‐repelling nature of 4‐NB is leveraged in order to regulate charge carrier injection and transport in a synergistic manner. Consequently, the discharged energy density of the PEI composite material increases to 7.93 J cm−3 (720 kV mm−1) at 30 °C. At 150 °C, the discharged energy density increases to 5.21 J cm−3 (580 kV mm−1). In both cases, the charge and discharge efficiencies are maintained at 90%. It is noteworthy that the prepared PEI composite material also exhibits excellent charge dissipation characteristics, maintaining stable charge and discharge efficiency even after 50 000 charge–discharge cycles. In summary, the study's design concept systematically optimizes the processes of charge carrier injection, transport, and dissipation. This approach offers a novel perspective for the development of dielectrics that are suitable for long‐term energy storage.
Photomultiplication Enabling Efficient Shortwave Infrared‐Sensitive Organic Upconversion Devices
Authors: Hu Wei‐Hsu , Assunção João Pedro Ferreira , Carvalho Rafael dos Santos , Didier Elodie , Diethelm Matthias , Jenatsch Sandra , Bachmann Dominik , Shorubalko Ivan , Cremona Marco , Nüesch Frank , Bauer Michael , Hany Roland
Published: August 2024

Organic upconverters made by integrating an infrared‐sensitive photodetector with a light‐emitting diode offer a low‐cost route to visualize images taken in the infrared. However, making such devices sufficiently efficient is challenging. Here, upconversion devices are demonstrated with an efficiency of 13.9% for converting infrared photons (980 nm, 5 mW cm−2) to visible photons (575 nm). Infrared photons are detected with a photomultiplication photodetector that includes a copper thiocyanate electron‐blocking/injection layer and an infrared‐sensitive squaraine dye dispersed (3 wt−%) in a fullerene matrix. At turn‐on, the detector achieves an external quantum efficiency of 1200% (at 1020 nm, −10 V, 44 µW cm−2). Photomultiplication occurs via hole trap‐induced injection of electrons. In the upconverter, these electrons are driven into the emitter and recombine with holes under visible light emission. During operation the photodetector current increases because, presumably, rearranging mobile ions in copper thiocyanate narrows the injection barrier. Thereby, the upconverter photoconversion efficiency gradually increases to 18.7%. The performance of the present upconverter is limited by the not‐yet‐ideal charge‐blocking/injection layer, which is too thick and blocks electrons in the dark insufficiently. With thin and compact charge‐blocking layers at hand, the device concept paves the way for widespread use in sensitive infrared imaging.
Achieving Tunable High‐Performance Giant Magnetocaloric Effect in Hexagonal Mn‐Fe‐P‐Si Materials through Different D‐Block Doping
Authors: Zhang Fengqi , Feng Panjun , Kiecana Anika , Wu Ziying , Bai Zhaowen , Li Wenjie , Chen Huaican , Yin Wen , Yan Xun‐Wang , Ma Fengjie , Dijk Niels van , Brück Ekkes , Ren Yang
Published: August 2024

Compared with traditional techniques, solid‐state magnetocaloric phase transition materials (MPTMs), based on the giant magnetocaloric effect (GMCE), can achieve a higher energy conversion efficiency for caloric applications. As one of the most promising MPTMs, the hexagonal (Mn,Fe)2(P,Si)‐based compounds host some advantages, but the existing hysteresis and relatively unstable GMCE properties need to be properly tackled. In this study, it is found that substitutions with Ni, Pd, and Pt can maintain and even enhance the GMCE (≈8.7% maximum improvement of |Δsm|). For a magnetic field change of Δμ0H = 2 T, all samples obtain a |Δsm| in the range of 20–25 J kg−1 K−1 with a low thermal hysteresis ΔThys (≤5.6 K). The performance surpasses almost all other (Mn,Fe)2(P,Si)‐based materials with ΔThys (<10 K) reported until now. The occupancy of substitutional Ni/Pd/Pt atoms is determined by X‐ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, and density functional theory calculations. The difference in GMCE properties upon doping is understood from the competition between a weakening of the magnetic exchange interactions and the different degrees of orbital hybridization among 3d‐4d‐5d elements. The studies elaborate on the responsible mechanism and provide a general strategy through d‐block doping to further optimize the GMCE of this materials family.
Cellulose Separators for Rechargeable Batteries with High Safety: Advantages, Strategies, and Perspectives
Authors: Chen Pei , Lin Xihao , Yang Bin , Gao Yun , Xiao Yao , Li Lin , Zhang Hang , Li Li , Zheng Zhi , Wang Jiazhao , Chou Shulei
Published: August 2024

Most of the separators used in commercial rechargeable batteries are polypropylene and polyethylene, which have the characteristics of high mechanical strength and good chemical stability. Due to lower melting point, however, these separators may melt when the internal temperature of the cell rises. The direct contact of the positive and negative electrodes after the melting of separator will cause serious safety issues. Cellulose‐based separators have received increasing attention in rechargeable batteries because of advantages including high‐temperature resistance, high electrolyte affinity, renewability, and the ability to suppress the shuttle effect. Herein, the application of cellulose separators in rechargeable batteries is summarized in this review. An overview of the cellulose structure, elucidating both its advantages and the challenges as separators in rechargeable batteries is presented. The application of different types of cellulose as separators is also discussed. Furthermore, the failure mechanism of cellulose separators are explored in depth, which can provide guidance for designing safer and more reliable separators for rechargeable batteries. The modification strategies of cellulose separators are summarized in terms of the improved mechanical strength, heat resistance, good wettability, and other properties. Finally, promising perspectives are proposed for the future development of cellulose separators aimed at large‐scale applications.
Tumor Microenvironment Reprogrammed Bimetallic Hybrid Nanostimulator for Triggering Radio‐Cuproptosis‐Immunotherapy
Authors: Jiang Xiaohong , Wang Jin , Huang Weijie , Ma Haowei , Zhang Shilong , Cai Zehong , Lin Wenxin , Zheng Jintao
Published: August 2024

Radio‐immunotherapy driven by radiation‐induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) is emerging as a potential opportunity to address conventional radiotherapy (RT) that is only applicable to localized tumor treatment. However, the effective activation of ICD during RT is severely limited by radiation dose, weak tumor immunogenicity, and radio‐resistance caused by tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, a novel bimetallic hybrid nanoscale coordination nanostimulator is first proposed by phosphate backbone doped with copper ions (Cu2+) and hafnium ions (Hf4+), and then modified with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The PVPylated Cu/Hf‐doped phosphate nanostimulator (denoted as CHP) exhibits effective reprogramming of TME, including depletion of tumor endogenous glutathione (GSH), relief of tumor hypoxia and repolarization of M2 phenotypic macrophages, thus achieving tumor radiosensitization at low X‐ray irradiation dose, gradually accumulation of tumor endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and augmenting cuproptosis. In addition, cuproptosis can amplify RT‐induced anti‐tumor immunity through ICD activation, ultimately resulting in a robust anti‐tumor immune response and long‐term immunity, evidenced by distant tumor growth inhibition of 4T1‐tumor‐bearing models. More interestingly, it is discovered that CHP‐mediated cuproptosis can be intensifiable during X‐ray irradiation. Taken together, this work presents a novel radio‐cuproptosis‐immunotherapy cascade strategy, offering a new perspective for innovation in the treatment field of breast cancer.
Facilitating Oriented Dense Deposition: Utilizing Crystal Plane End‐Capping Reagent to Construct Dendrite‐Free and Highly Corrosion‐Resistant (100) Crystal Plane Zinc Anode
Authors: Wang Huirong , Zhou Anbin , Hu Xin , Song Zhihang , Zhang Botao , Gao Shengyu , Huang Yongxin , Cui Yanhua , Cui Yixiu , Li Li , Wu Feng , Chen Renjie
Published: August 2024

Dendrite growth and corrosion issues have significantly hindered the usability of Zn anodes, which further restricts the development of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs). In this study, a zinc‐philic and hydrophobic Zn (100) crystal plane end‐capping reagent (ECR) is introduced into the electrolyte to address these challenges in AZIBs. Specifically, under the mediation of 100‐ECR, the electroplated Zn configures oriented dense deposition of (100) crystal plane texture, which slows down the formation of dendrites. Furthermore, owing to the high corrosion resistance of the (100) crystal plane and the hydrophobic protective interface formed by the adsorbed ECR on the electrode surface, the Zn anode demonstrates enhanced reversibility and higher Coulombic efficiency in the modified electrolyte. Consequently, superior electrochemical performance is achieved through this novel crystal plane control strategy and interface protection technology. The Zn//VO2 cells based on the modified electrolyte maintained a high‐capacity retention of ≈80.6% after 1350 cycles, corresponding to a low‐capacity loss rate of only 0.014% per cycle. This study underscores the importance of deposition uniformity and corrosion resistance of crystal planes over their type. And through crystal plane engineering, a high‐quality (100) crystal plane is constructed, thereby expanding the range of options for viable Zn anodes.
Tuneable Wetting of Fluorine‐Free Superhydrophobic Films via Titania Modification to Enhance Durability and Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Kalmoni Julie Jalila , Blackman Christopher S. , Carmalt Claire J.
Published: August 2024

Superhydrophobic photocatalytic self‐cleaning films are fabricated via aerosol‐assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD). First, superhydrophobic/SiO2 polymer films consisting of a combination of fatty acids, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and SiO2 nanoparticles are deposited which displayed static water contact angles >160° and maintained superhydrophobicity after 300 tape peel cycles. The AACVD process is used to achieve a highly textured morphology required for superhydrophobicity. The surface properties are then modified by depositing a thin layer of TiO2 on the superhydrophobic coating via AACVD of titanium isopropoxide (TTIP). The deposited films are hydrophobic/superhydrophobic depending on the concentration of TTIP used in the deposition process. The resulting hybrid films exhibit enhanced photocatalytic activity relative to the uncoated superhydrophobic film, maintained hydrophobicity after exposure to toluene, and tolerated pencil hardness of up to “6H”. This multi‐layered approach allows to easily tune the wettability of the superhydrophobic film, which is challenging to do when the superhydrophobic and TiO2 precursor are deposited as a single one‐pot precursor.
Deposition of DNA Nanostructures on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite
Authors: Gao Yanjing , Chen Jielin , Liu Jiangbo , Li Mingqiang , Wang Yichun
Published: August 2024

The integration of the addressability of DNA nanostructures and the electronic sensitivity of sp2 carbon‐based materials presents a promising avenue for the development of powerful sensitive biodevices for detecting biological signals and substances with high sensitivity. Essential to this prospect is the attainment of high‐shape fidelity immobilization of DNA nanostructures on these sp2 carbon substrates. However, it is challenging due to the stability of DNA nanostructures on these substrates. In this study, the adsorption behavior of DNA nanostructures is explored on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface. The observations revealed a severe structural destabilization of DNA nanostructures upon interacting with bare HOPG. Immobilization of DNA nanostructures with high shape‐fidelity can be achieved by modifying the surface property of HOPG and enhancing the rigidity of DNA nanostructures. In addition, DNA tetrahedron origami is employed as a rigid, precise, and programmable three‐dimensional framework for controlled patterning of gold nanoparticles on HOPG surface, demonstrating the potential for constructing plasmonic devices and arranging other functional species on sp2 carbon‐based substrates for specific applications. This study shows the potential for customizable functionalization of sp2 carbon‐based substrates and tailored design of biodevices at the interface through integration with DNA nanostructures.
Synthesis of 2,3,5,6‐Tetrasubstituted Thieno[3,2‐b]furans through Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition Utilizing [1,2]‐Phospha‐Brook Rearrangement/Brønsted Base‐Mediated Cyclization Sequence
Authors: Kondoh Azusa , Aita Kohei , Terada Masahiro
Published: August 2024

We have developed a method for the synthesis of thieno[3,2‐b]furans on the basis of a strategy consisting of a formal [3+2] cycloaddition utilizing the [1,2]‐phospha‐Brook rearrangement and a subsequent Brønsted base‐mediated cyclization. The method streamlines access to a wide range of well‐organized 2,3,5,6‐tetrasubstituted thieno[3,2‐b]furans that are otherwise difficult to synthesize and is also applicable to the syntheses of 2,3,5,6‐tetrasubstituted seleno[3,2‐b]furans.
Th1/Th2 Imbalance in Peripheral Blood Echoes Microglia State Dynamics in CNS During TLE Progression
Authors: Wang Jing , Wu Yuanxia , Chen Jing , Zhang Qiong , Liu Yunyi , Long Hongyu , Yu Jianhua , Wu Qian , Feng Li
Published: August 2024

Central and systemic inflammation play pivotal roles in epileptogenesis and proepileptogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The interplay between peripheral CD4+ T cells and central microglia orchestrates the “systemic‐central” immune response in TLE. However, the precise molecular mechanisms linking central and systemic inflammation in TLE remain unknown. This preliminary findings revealed an imbalance in Th1/Th2 subsets in the periphery，accompanied by related cytokines release in TLE patients. they proposed that this peripheral Th1/Th2 imbalance may influence central inflammation by mediating microglial state dynamics within epileptic foci and distant brain regions. In Li‐pilocarpine‐induced TLE rats, a peripheral Th1/Th2 imbalance and observed corresponding central and systemic responses is confirmed. Notably, CD4+ T cells infiltrated through the compromised blood‐brain barrierand are spatially close to microglia around epileptic foci. Intravenous depletion and reinfusion of CD4+ T cells modulated microglia state dynamics and altered neuroinflammatory cytokines secretion. Moreover, mRNA sequencing of the human hippocampus identified Notch1 as a key regulator of Th1/Th2 differentiation, CD4+ T cell recruitment to brain infiltration sites, and the regulation of microglial responses, seizure frequency, and cognition. This study underscores the significance of Th1/Th2 imbalance in modulating the “systemic‐central” response in TLE, highlighting Notch1 as a potential therapeutic target.
Fabrication of High‐Density Microarchitected Tungsten via DLP 3D Printing
Authors: Cai Junyu , Ma Songhua , Yi Wenbin , Wang Jieping
Published: August 2024

Current additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for tungsten, such as powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition, often generate parts with rough surfaces. Vat photopolymerization presents a promising alternative for fabricating tungsten structures with high shape fidelity and low surface roughness. However, existing vat photopolymerization approaches suffer from surface defects and low final density, leading to compromised mechanical properties. Therefore, achieving high‐density tungsten structures using vat photopolymerization remains a crucial challenge. This work presents a straightforward and reliable method for fabricating complex, micro‐architected tungsten structures with superior density and hardness. The approach utilizes a water‐based photoresin with exceptional tungsten ion loading capacity. The photoresin is then patterned using digital light processing (DLP) to create tungsten‐laden precursors. A three‐step debinding and sintering process subsequently achieves 3D tungsten structures with dense surface morphology and minimal internal defects. The microstructures achieve a minimum feature size of 35 µm, a low surface roughness of 2.86 µm, and demonstrate exceptional mechanical properties. This new method for structuring tungsten opens doors to a broad range of applications, including micromachining, collimators, detectors, and metamaterials.
Stretchable Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Liquid Metal with Varying Phases
Authors: Yang Li , Guo Langang , Wang Zihan , Meng Chuizhou , Wu Jinrong , Chen Xue , Musa Abdullah Abu , Jiang Xiaoqi , Cheng Huanyu
Published: August 2024

Stretchable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) represent a new class of energy‐harvesting devices for powering wearable devices. However, most of them are associated with poor stretchability, low stability, and limited substrate material choices. This work presents the design and demonstration of highly stretchable and stable TENGs based on liquid metalel ectrodes with different phases. The conductive and fluidic properties of eutectic gallium‐indium (EGaIn) in the serpentine microfluidic channel ensure the robust performance of the EGaIn‐based TENG upon stretching over several hundred percent. The bi‐phasic EGaIn (bGaIn) from oxidation lowers surface tension and increases adhesion for printing on diverse substrates with high output performance parameters. The optimization of the electrode shapes in the bGaIn‐based TENGs can reduce the device footprint and weight, while enhancing stretchability. The applications of the EGaIn‐ and bGaIn‐based TENG include smart elastic bands for human movement monitoring and smart carpets with integrated data transmission/processing modules for headcount monitoring/control. Combining the concept of origami in the paper‐based bGaIn TENG can reduce the device footprint to improve output performance per unit area. The integration of bGaIn‐TENG on a self‐healing polymer substrate with corrosion resistance against acidic and alkaline solutions further facilitates its use in various challenging and extreme environments.
Chirality in Singlet Fission: Controlling Singlet Fission in Aqueous Nanoparticles of Tetracenedicarboxylic Acid Ion Pairs
Authors: Papadopoulos Ilias , Hui Joseph Ka‐Ho , Morikawa Masa‐aki , Kawahara Yasuhito , Kaneko Kenji , Miyata Kiyoshi , Onda Ken , Kimizuka Nobuo
Published: August 2024

The singlet fission characteristics of aqueous nanoparticles, self‐assembled from ion pairs of tetracene dicarboxylic acid and various amines with or without chirality, are thoroughly investigated. The structure of the ammonium molecule, the counterion, is found to play a decisive role in determining the molecular orientation of the ion pairs and its regularity, spectroscopic properties, the strength of the intermolecular coupling between the tetracene chromophores, and the consequent singlet fission process. Using chiral amines has led to the formation of crystalline nanosheets and efficient singlet fission with a triplet quantum yield as high as 133% ±20% and a rate constant of 6.99 × 109 s−1. The chiral ion pairs also provide a separation channel to free triplets with yields as high as 33% ±10%. In contrast, nanoparticles with achiral counterions do not show singlet fission, which gave low or high fluorescence quantum yields depending on the size of the counterions. The racemic ion pair produces a correlated triplet pair intermediate by singlet fission, but no decorrelation into two free triplets is observed, as triplet‐triplet annihilation dominates. The introduction of chirality enables higher control over orientation and singlet fission in self‐assembled chromophores. It provides new design guidelines for singlet fission materials.
A High‐Entropy Oxyhydroxide with a Graded Metal Network Structure for Efficient and Robust Alkaline Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Zhang Chen‐Xu , Yin Di , Zhang Yu‐Xuan , Sun Yu‐Xiang , Zhao Xiao‐Jin , Liao Wu‐Gang , Ho Johnny C.
Published: August 2024

Designing high‐entropy oxyhydroxides (HEOs) electrocatalysts with controlled nanostructures is vital for efficient and stable water‐splitting electrocatalysts. Herein, a novel HEOs material (FeCoNiWCuOOH@Cu) containing five non‐noble metal elements derived by electrodeposition on a 3D double‐continuous porous Cu support is created. This support, prepared via the liquid metal dealloying method, offers a high specific surface area and rapid mass/charge transfer channels. The resulting high‐entropy FeCoNiWCuOOH nanosheets provide a dense distribution of active sites. The heterostructure between Cu skeletons and FeCoNiWCuOOH nanosheets enhances mass transfer, electronic structure coupling, and overall structural stability, leading to excellent activities in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and water splitting reaction. At 10 mA cm−2, the overpotentials for OER, HER, and water splitting in 1.0 m KOH solution are 200, 18, and 1.40 V, respectively, outperforming most current electrocatalysts. The catalytic performance remains stable even after operating at 300 mA cm−2 for 100, 100, and over 1000 h, correspondingly. This material has potential applications in integrated hydrogen energy systems. More importantly, density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate the synergy of the five elements in enhancing water‐splitting activity. This work offers valuable insights for designing industrial water electrolysis systems.
Ruthenium Anchored Laser‐Induced Graphene as Binder‐Free and Free‐Standing Electrode for Selective Electrosynthesis of Ammonia from Nitrate
Authors: Geng Zekun , Feng Zhiliang , Kong Haoran , Su Jiaqi , Zhang Kaiyan , Li Jiaxin , Sun Xinzhi , Liu Xiaojuan , Ge Lei , Gai Panpan , Li Feng
Published: August 2024

Developing effective electrocatalysts for the nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) is a promising alternative to conventional industrial ammonia (NH3) synthesis. Herein, starting from a flexible laser‐induced graphene (LIG) film with hierarchical and interconnected macroporous architecture, a binder‐free and free‐standing Ru‐modified LIG electrode (Ru‐LIG) is fabricated for electrocatalytic NO3RR via a facile electrodeposition method. The relationship between the laser‐scribing parameters and the NO3RR performance of Ru‐LIG electrodes is studied in‐depth. At −0.59 VRHE, the Ru‐LIG electrode exhibited the optimal and stable NO3RR performance (NH3 yield rate of 655.9 µg cm−2 h−1 with NH3 Faradaic efficiency of up to 93.7%) under a laser defocus setting of +2 mm and an applied laser power of 4.8 W, outperforming most of the reported NO3RR electrodes operated under similar conditions. The optimized laser‐scribing parameters promoted the surface properties of LIG with increased graphitization degree and decreased charge‐transfer resistance, leading to synergistically improved Ru electrodeposition with more exposed NO3RR active sites. This work not only provides a new insight to enhance the electrocatalytic NO3RR performance of LIG‐based electrodes via the coordination with metal electrocatalysts as well as identification of the critical laser‐scribing parameters but also will inspire the rational design of future advanced laser‐induced electrocatalysts for NO3RR.
Trends in the yield response to nitrogen of winter wheat in Oklahoma
Authors: Panyi Amadeo F. , Brorsen B. Wade
Published: August 2024

This study seeks to explain how the response of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to nitrogen at Lahoma, OK, has changed over time. This objective was motivated by the need for accurate estimation of optimal nitrogen recommendations and to understand why optimal nitrogen rates have changed over time. Yields increased over time, except at the 0 and 22 kg N ha−1 rates of applied nitrogen. Bayesian methods were used to estimate linear plateau models where each parameter has its own time trend. Results show no trend in intercept, an increase of 1.3% per year in the slope coefficient, a 1.9% per year increase in the difference between the plateau and intercept, and a 33% increase in the optimal nitrogen rates from 1971 to 2023. These trends suggest the need to update nitrogen recommendations and help explain why the yield goal approach became imprecise over time due to changing yield potential.

Core Ideas

The yield of winter wheat went up over time with nitrogen rates of 45 kg N ha−1 or higher.

The yield on check plots with no nitrogen did not change.

The slope and plateau of the linear plateau model of wheat yield response went up over 1% per year.

Optimal nitrogen went up over 33% over time based on the estimated linear response stochastic plateau model.
Influence of Highly Charged Ion Irradiation on the Electrical and Memory Properties of Black Phosphorus Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Sleziona Stephan , Kharsah Osamah , Skopinski Lucia , Daniel Leon , Schmeink Jennifer , Schleberger Marika
Published: August 2024

Black phosphorus (bP) is one of the more recently discovered layered materials. Utilizing the hysteresis in the transfer characteristics of bP field‐effect transistors (FETs), several approaches to realize non‐volatile memory devices are successfully demonstrated. This hysteresis is commonly attributed to charge trapping and detrapping in impurities and defects whose nature and location in the device are however unclear. In this work, defects are deliberately introduced into bP FETs by irradiating the devices with highly charged Xe30 + at a kinetic energy of 180 and 20 keV to manipulate their electrical and memory properties. The results show for the ion with higher energy an increase of conductance and an increase of p‐doping of up to 1.2 · 1012 cm−2 with increasing fluence, while the charge carrier mobility degrades for the higher ion fluences. Most notably, an increase in the hysteresis' width and of the memory window are observed due to the irradiation. By controlling the kinetic energy of the ions, it can be demonstrated, that the modifications of electronic properties arise from defects in bP and the underlying SiO2 substrate. However, changes in hysteretic properties are attributed exclusively to irradiation‐induced defects in the substrate, so ion irradiation can significantly improve the properties of bP based memory devices.
Short‐term heart rate variability: A potential approach to frailty assessment in older adults
Authors: Dewangan Gevesh Chand , Singhal Sunny , Chandran Dinu S. , Khan Maroof Ahmad , Dey Aparajit Ballav , Chakrawarty Avinash
Published: August 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate cardiac autonomic modulation using short‐term heart rate variability (HRV) and compare it among frailty statuses in older Indian adults.

Methods

A total of 210 subjects aged 60 years and above were recruited into three groups: frail (n = 70), pre‐frail (n = 70), and non‐frail (n = 70) from the outpatient department of Geriatric Medicine at a tertiary care hospital in India. Frailty status was assessed using the Rockwood frailty index (FI) criteria. HRV was derived from a 5‐min ECG recording of standard limb leads and assessed using time domain, frequency domain, and nonlinear analysis of cardiac interval variability.

Results

The HRV parameters indicative of parasympathetic modulation such as SDNN, SDSD, rMSSD, NN50, pNN50, absolute HF power, and SD1 were significantly lower in frail subjects compared with both pre‐frail and non‐frail subjects (P < 0.05). Absolute LF power and SD2 were also lower in frail subjects compared with pre‐frail and non‐frail subjects (P < 0.05). Measures of sympatho‐vagal balance (LF/HF and SD1/SD2 ratios) did not show statistical significance. The FI demonstrated negative correlations with all HRV parameters.

Conclusions

Frail individuals exhibit decreased sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation compared with pre‐frail and non‐frail individuals, although maintaining a balanced sympatho‐vagal state. Furthermore, autonomic modulation declines progressively with increasing frailty.
Construction of Dihydropyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazolone via Photo‐induced Wolff Rearrangement/Chiral Isothiourea Catalyzed [4+2] Cyclization Reaction
Authors: Zhang Zhou , Shi Siyu , Guo Hai , Shen Zhiqiang , Liu Xia , Huang Jinqi , Yan Wenjin
Published: August 2024

A photoinduced Wolff rearrangement/chiral isothiourea catalyzed [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of pyrazolone derivatives and α‐diazoketones was developed, affording the corresponding dihydropyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazolone derivatives in moderate to good yields (50–94 %) with satisfactory to excellent diastereoselectivities (>20 : 1 dr, in almost all cases) and enantioselectivities of 31–99 %. This protocol features readily available substrates, mild reaction conditions, and effective construction of vicinal tertiary and quaternary carbon stereocenters.
Singing in the rain! Climate constraints on the occurrence of indri's song
Authors: Ferrario Valeria , Raimondi Teresa , De Gregorio Chiara , Carugati Filippo , Cristiano Walter , Torti Valeria , Lewis Rebecca N. , Valente Daria , Williams Leah J. , Raisin Claire , Gamba Marco , Von Hardenberg Achaz , Giacoma Cristina
Published: August 2024

The study of how animals adapt their behaviors depending on weather variables has gained particular significance in the context of climate change. This exploration offers insights into endangered species' potential threats and provides information on the direction to take in conservation activities. In this context, noninvasive, cost‐effective, and potentially long‐term monitoring systems, such as Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), become particularly appropriate. Our study investigates the relationship between weather variables and the vocal behavior of Indri indri, the sole singing lemur species, within Madagascar's Maromizaha New Protected Area. Using PAM, we explore the factors shaping the vocalization patterns of this primate species in response to some environmental factors in their natural habitat. Analysis of an extensive audio data set collected across different years revealed the differential influence of temperature and precipitation on Indri indri vocal activity. We found that rainfall negatively influenced the emission of the vocalizations while warmer temperatures correlated with a greater emission of songs. The various environmental factors we considered also affected the timing of vocal emissions, showing the same pattern. Furthermore, our study confirms, once again, the strength of PAM as a valuable tool for studying vocal animal communication quickly, giving us information about long‐term behavioral patterns that would be difficult to get in other ways. This research gives us further valuable information about how indris use vocalizations in their environment and how they adjust to environmental changes.
Educational disparities in brain health and dementia across Latin America and the United States
Authors: Gonzalez‐Gomez Raul , Legaz Agustina , Moguilner Sebastián , Cruzat Josephine , Hernández Hernán , Baez Sandra , Cocchi Rafael , Coronel‐Olivero Carlos , Medel Vicente , Tagliazuchi Enzo , Migeot Joaquín , Ochoa‐Rosales Carolina , Maito Marcelo Adrián , Reyes Pablo , Santamaria Garcia Hernando , Godoy Maria E. , Javandel Shireen , García Adolfo M. , Matallana Diana L. , Avila‐Funes José Alberto , Slachevsky Andrea , Behrens María I. , Custodio Nilton , Cardona Juan F. , Brusco Ignacio L. , Bruno Martín A. , Sosa Ortiz Ana L. , Pina‐Escudero Stefanie D. , Takada Leonel T. , Resende Elisa de Paula França , Valcour Victor , Possin Katherine L. , Okada de Oliveira Maira , Lopera Francisco , Lawlor Brian , Hu Kun , Miller Bruce , Yokoyama Jennifer S. , Gonzalez Campo Cecilia , Ibañez Agustin
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND

Education influences brain health and dementia. However, its impact across regions, specifically Latin America (LA) and the United States (US), is unknown.

METHODS

A total of 1412 participants comprising controls, patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) from LA and the US were included. We studied the association of education with brain volume and functional connectivity while controlling for imaging quality and variability, age, sex, total intracranial volume (TIV), and recording type.

RESULTS

Education influenced brain measures, explaining 24%–98% of the geographical differences. The educational disparities between LA and the US were associated with gray matter volume and connectivity variations, especially in LA and AD patients. Education emerged as a critical factor in classifying aging and dementia across regions.

DISCUSSION

The results underscore the impact of education on brain structure and function in LA, highlighting the importance of incorporating educational factors into diagnosing, care, and prevention, and emphasizing the need for global diversity in research.

Highlights

Lower education was linked to reduced brain volume and connectivity in healthy controls (HCs), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD).

Latin American cohorts have lower educational levels compared to the those in the United States.

Educational disparities majorly drive brain health differences between regions.

Educational differences were significant in both conditions, but more in AD than FTLD.

Education stands as a critical factor in classifying aging and dementia across regions.
Facet‐Dependent Diversity of Pt−O Coordination for Pt1/CeO2 Catalysts Achieved by Oriented Atomic Deposition
Authors: Yan Han , Lei Haofan , Qin Xuetao , Liu Jin‐Cheng , Cai Lihua , Hu Sunpei , Xiao Zizhen , Peng Fenglin , Wang Wei‐Wei , Jin Zhao , Yi Xianfeng , Zheng Anmin , Ma Chao , Jia Chun‐Jiang , Zeng Jie
Published: August 2024

The surface chemistry of CeO2 is dictated by the well‐defined facets, which exert great influence on the supported metal species and the catalytic performance. Here we report Pt1/CeO2 catalysts exhibiting specific structures of Pt−O coordination on different facets by using adequate preparation methods. The simple impregnation method results in Pt−O3 coordination on the predominantly exposed {111} facets, while the photo‐deposition method achieves oriented atomic deposition for Pt−O4 coordination into the “nano‐pocket” structure of {100} facets at the top. Compared to the impregnated Pt1/CeO2 catalyst showing normal redox properties and low‐temperature activity for CO oxidation, the photo‐deposited Pt1/CeO2 exhibits uncustomary strong metal‐support interaction and extraordinary high‐temperature stability. The preparation methods dictate the facet‐dependent diversity of Pt−O coordination, resulting in the further activity‐selectivity trade‐off. By applying specific preparation routes, our work provides an example of disentangling the effects of support facets and coordination environments for nano‐catalysts.
Copper Atom Pairs Stabilize *OCCO Dipole Toward Highly Selective CO2 Electroreduction to C2H4
Authors: Chen Shenghua , Zheng Xiaobo , Zhu Peng , Li Yapeng , Zhuang Zechao , Wu Hangjuan , Zhu Jiexin , Xiao Chunhui , Chen Mingzhao , Wang Pingshan , Wang Dingsheng , He Ya‐Ling
Published: August 2024

Deeply electrolytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to high‐value ethylene (C2H4) is very attractive. However, the sluggish kinetics of C−C coupling seriously results in the low selectivity of CO2 electroreduction to C2H4. Herein, we report a copper‐based polyhedron (Cu2) that features uniformly distributed and atomically precise bi‐Cu units, which can stabilize *OCCO dipole to facilitate the C−C coupling for high selective C2H4 production. The C2H4 faradaic efficiency (FE) reaches 51 % with a current density of 469.4 mA cm−2, much superior to the Cu single site catalyst (Cu SAC) (~0 %). Moreover, the Cu2 catalyst has a higher turnover frequency (TOF, ~520 h−1) compared to Cu nanoparticles (~9.42 h−1) and Cu SAC (~0.87 h−1). In situ characterizations and theoretical calculations revealed that the unique Cu2 structural configuration could optimize the dipole moments and stabilize the *OCCO adsorbate to promote the generation of C2H4.
Vacancy Effect on the Luminescent and Water Responsive Properties of Vacancy‐Ordered Double Perovskite Derivatives
Authors: Wang Zeping , Huang Dandan , Liu Yi , Lin Haowei , Zhang Zhizhuan , Ablez Abdusalam , Zhuang Tinghui , Du Kezhao , Li Jing , Huang Xiaoying
Published: August 2024

Vacancy‐ordered perovskites and derivatives represent an important subclass of hybrid metal halides with promise in applications including light emitting devices and photovoltaics. Understanding the vacancy‐property relationship is crucial for designing related task‐specific materials, yet research in this field remains sporadic. For the first time, we use the Connolly surface to quantitatively calculate the volume of vacancy (V□, □=vacancy) in vacancy‐ordered double perovskite derivatives (VDPDs). A relationship between void fraction and the structure, photoluminescent properties and humidity stability was established based on zero‐dimensional (0‐D) [N(alkyl)4]2Sb□Cl5□′‐type VDPDs. Compared with the more commonly studied A2M(IV)X6□‐type double perovskite (A=cation, M=metal ion, X=halide), [N(alkyl)4]2Sb□Cl5□′ features double vacancy sites. Our results demonstrate an inverse relationship between the photoluminescent quantum yield and V□ in 0‐D VDPDs. Additionally, structural transformation from A2SbCl5 to A3Sb2Cl9 was first reported, during which the novel ‘gate‐opening’ gas adsorption phenomenon was observed in VDPDs for the first time, as evidenced by ‘S’‐shaped sorption isotherms for water vapor, indicating a cation‐controlled water‐vapor response behavior. A mixed‐cation strategy was developed to modulate the humidity stability of VDPDs. Characterized by controllable water‐responsive behavior and unique ‘on‐off‐on’ luminescent switching, A2M(III)□X5□′‐type materials show great promise for multi‐level information anti‐counterfeiting applications.