bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sr–Nd isotopes and geochemistry of the infrastructural rocks in the Meatiq and Hafafit core complexes, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Evidence for involvement of pre‐Neoproterozoic crust in the growth of Arabian–Nubian Shield
Authors: Khudeir Ali A. , Abu El‐Rus Mohamed A. , El‐Gaby Samir , El‐Nady Osman , Bishara Wagih W.
Published: September 2010

Abstract Meatiq and Hafafit core complexes are large swells in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, comprising two major tectono‐stratigraphic units or tiers. The lower (infrastructure) unit is composed of variably cataclased gneissose granites and high‐grade gneisses and schists. It is structurally overlain by Pan–African ophiolitic mélange nappes (the higher unit). The two units are separated by a low‐angle sole thrust, along which mylonites are developed. Major and trace element data indicate formation of the gneissose granites in both volcanic arc and within‐plate settings. Nevertheless, all analyzed gneissose granites and other infrastructural rocks, exhibit low initial ratios (Sri) (<0.7027), positive εNd(t) (+4.9 to +10.3) and Neoproterozoic Nd model age (TDM) (592–831 Ma for the gneissose granite samples). Although these values are compatible with other parts of the Arabian– Nubian Shield considered to be juvenile, the εNd(t) values and several incompatible element ratios of the gneissose granites are too low to be derived from a mantle source without contribution from an older continental crust. Our geological, Sr–Nd isotopic and chemical data combined with the published zircon ages indicate the existence of a pre‐Neoproterozoic continent in the Eastern Desert that started to break up atca800 Ma. Rifting and subsequent events caused the formation of oceanic crust and emplacement within‐plate alkali basalts in the hinterland domains of the old continent. The emplacement of basaltic magma might have triggered melting of lower crust in the old continent and resulted in emplacement of the within‐plate granite masses between 700 Ma and 626 Ma. The granite masses and other rocks in the old continent have been subjected to deformation during the over‐thrusting of Pan–African nappes, probably because of the oblique convergence between East and West Gondwanaland. Rb–Sr isotopes of the gneissose granites in both Meatiq and Hafafit core complexes defines an isochron age of 619 ± 25 Ma with Sriof 0.7009 ± 0.0017 and mean squares of weighted deviates = 2.0. We interpret this age as the date of thrusting of the Pan–African nappes in the Eastern Desert. Continued oblique convergence between East and West Gondwanaland could have resulted in the formation northwest–southeast‐trending Meatiq and Hafafit anticlinoriums.
Ductile deformation and development of andalusite microstructures in the Hongusan area: Constraints on the metamorphism and tectonics of the Ryoke Belt
Authors: Adachi Yoko , Wallis Simon
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The main mesoscopic features of the ductile deformation in the Hongusan region of the Ryoke Belt can be explained in terms of a single deformation phase, Dm. The associated stretching lineation is roughly east–west and has an associated top‐to‐the‐west sense of shear. This information fills an important gap in our knowledge about the deformational history of the Ryoke metamorphic belt. Andalusite porphyroblasts are well‐developed in the Hongusan area and their microstructure can be used to link the deformational history with the metamorphism. However, the andalusite porphyroblasts show both intertectonic and post‐tectonic microstructures. Some porphyroblasts have an intertectonic core and post‐tectonic rim. Analysis of associated metamorphic minerals and bulk‐rock chemistry suggests that the distinct types of microstructure can be explained in terms of distinct formation reactions related to regional and contact metamorphism. The intertectonic microstructure shows the presence of a deformation pre‐dating Dm, referred to as Dc. These two deformation stages are sufficient to account for all the main deformation features. The distribution of post‐tectonic andalusite growth shows a very broad thermal effect around an intrusion in the area. This can help place constraints on the thermal history of the Ryoke metamorphic belt.
Clinical governance and external audit
Authors: Glazebrook Susan GM , Buchanan J G
Published: September 2010

Abstract This paper describes a model of clinical governance that was developed at South Auckland Health during the period 1995 to 2000. Clinical quality and safety are core objectives. A multidisciplinary Clinical Board is responsible for the development and publicising of sound clinical policies together with monitoring the effects of their implementation on quality and safety. The Clinical Board has several committees, including an organization‐wide Continuous Quality Improvement Committee to enhance the explicit nature of the quality system in terms of structure, staff awareness and involvement, and to develop the internal audit system. The second stream stems from the Chief Medical Officer and clinical directors in a clinical management sense. The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors covers both clinical and financial audit. The reporting lines back to that committee are described and the role of the external auditor of clinical standards is explained. The aim has been to create a supportive culture where quality initiatives and innovation can flourish, and where the emphasis is not on censure but improvement.
Diabetes in general practice: Tongans in Tonga and South Auckland
Authors: Mafi Glennis , Simmons David , Harry Trish , Patel Ashwin , Wellingham John , Cutfield Rick
Published: September 2010

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the management and treatment outcomes of Tongan diabetic patients in Tonga and South Auckland, New Zealand. This was achieved by comparison of Tongan diabetic patients within clinical audits from a general practice in Tonga (n = 124) with those from participating general practices in South Auckland (n = 168). Our results indicate that some measures of diabetes care and outcomes were similar or even better in Tonga, while some interventions were not available in Tonga. Control of weight, glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol remained difficult in both areas. Severe diabetic foot damage was more common among Tongan patients in Tonga (6.5%vs 1.8%, P < 0.05). This international comparison shows that Tongans in both Tonga and New Zealand remain at high‐risk of complications independent of the health system under which care is being delivered. While barriers to implementation may differ in the two settings, improvements in the co‐ordination of care are likely to be of benefit in both settings.
Amyloid precursor protein β‐secretase (BACE) mRNA expression in human neural cell lines following induction of neuronal differentiation and exposure to cytokines and growth factors
Authors: Satoh Jun‐ichi , Kuroda Yasuo
Published: September 2010

Recently, a novel amyloid precursor protein β‐secretase (designated BACE) was identified. Because activated microglia and astrocytes play a role in amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease, the constitutive and glial cytokine/growth factor‐regulated expression of BACE was studied in human neural cell lines. By reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis, BACE mRNA expression was identified in various human neural and non‐neural cell lines. By northern blot analysis, the expression of BACE mRNA composed of five distinct transcripts (> 8.0, 7.0, 6.0, 4.4 and 2.6 kb) was elevated markedly in NTera2 teratocarcinoma cells following retinoic acid‐induced neuronal differentiation. But the levels of three major BACE mRNA species (7.0, 6.0 and 4.4 kb) were not significantly altered in NTera2‐derived neurons, SK‐N‐SH neuroblastoma or U‐373MG astrocytoma following exposure to tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, interferon‐γ, transforming growth factor‐β1, epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate or phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate. These results indicate that BACE mRNA is expressed constitutively in human neural cells and its expression is upregulated during neuronal differentiation, but it is unlikely to be regulated by activated glia‐derived cytokines and growth factors.
Interaction of expanded polyglutamine stretches with nuclear transcription factors leads to aberrant transcriptional regulation in polyglutamine diseases
Authors: Shimohata Takayoshi , Onodera Osamu , Tsuji Shoji
Published: September 2010

At least eight inherited neurodegenerative diseases are known to be caused by expanded CAG repeats encoding polyglutamine (polyQ) stretches. Although cytotoxicities of expanded polyQ stretches have been suggested, the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration remain unclear. The nuclear translocation of mutant proteins containing expanded polyQ stretches has been demonstrated as a prerequisite for the expression of their cytotoxicity. Hypothesizing that nuclear proteins that interact with mutant proteins, particularly, those that bind to the expanded polyQ stretches, are involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration, nuclear proteins were screened for their capability of binding to expanded polyQ stretches. It was found that expanded polyQ stretches preferentially bind to TAFII130, a coactivator involved in cAMP‐responsive element‐binding protein (CREB)‐dependent transcriptional activation. The binding of TAFII130 with expanded polyQ stretches strongly suppresses CREB‐dependent transcriptional activation, suggesting that interference with transcription due to the binding of expanded polyQ stretches with TAFII130 and redistribution of TAFII130 are involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration.
Brain surface ependymoma
Authors: Sato Yuichiro , Ochiai Hidenobu , Yamakawa Yuzo , Nabeshima Kazuki , Asada Yujiro , Hayashi Tohru
Published: September 2010

A case of brain surface ependymoma is reported here. A 41‐year‐old woman presented with weakness of the right upper limb. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a left fronto‐parietal cystic tumor with a calcified mural nodule. Total removal of the tumor was performed. This tumor was located within the surface portion of the fronto‐parietal parenchyma and was sharply demarcated from the surrounding brain tissue, and there was no continuity with the ventricles. Histological examination of this tumor showed monotonous proliferation of tumor cells with moderate cellularity and occasional mitoses, forming true ependymal rosettes and perivascular pseudorosettes with fibrillary background. A clear cell component resembling oligodendroglioma was partly noted. The tumor cells showed positive immunoreaction for glial fibrillary acid protein and vimentin.
Japanese familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis family with a two‐base deletion in the superoxide dismutase‐1 gene
Authors: Watanabe Yasuhiro , Adachi Yoshiki , Nakashima Kenji
Published: September 2010

The clinical characteristics of members of a familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) family from Oki Island, whose members have a 2‐bp deletion at codon 126 of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene, are presented here. Mean age of the onset in the members was 42 years. Mean disease duration among the members who had not been placed on a respirator was approximately 2 years. Long‐term survivors with respiratory support presented disturbances in eye movement and urination toward the end stages of the disease. They predominantly exhibited lower motor neuron symptoms. In addition, the authors focused on frameshift, nonsense and non‐amino‐acid‐altering mutations. Frameshift and nonsense mutations were all found within exon 4, exon 5 and intron 4. These amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases were likely to have shorter disease duration than the FALS patients with single substitution. Several hypotheses were presented on the pathogenesis of FALS with SOD1 mutation.
Neurodegenerative features in developmental brain disorders
Authors: Hayashi Masaharu , Araki Satoshi , Kumada Satoko , Itoh Masahiro , Satoh Junichi , Morimatsu Yoshio
Published: September 2010

The authors examined the occurrence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), senile plaques, spheroids in Goll's nucleus, grumose or foamy spheroid bodies (GFSB) in the basal ganglia, and hyaline inclusions in the brainstem nuclei in 62 patients under 40 years of age with non‐progressive developmental brain disorders. Five cases had demonstrated NFT, which tended to be confined to the subcortical nuclei, whereas no senile plaques were identified in any case. Spheroids in Goll's nucleus were significantly increased in three cases of congenital brain anomalies and five cases of perinatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The GFSB‐positive subjects were clinicopathologically divided into two subgroups consisting of four cases of congenital malformations, which were also associated with severe respiratory failure, and six cases of perinatal brain disorders in which the basal ganglia were severely affected. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions, unlike the hyaline inclusions of the Lewy type, were found in the substantia nigra and/or locus ceruleus in two subjects. It is speculated that a variety of mechanisms, including accelerated aging and anoxic insults, may be involved in the increased occurrence of NFT and/or spheroids in non‐progressive developmental disorders. A detailed investigation is useful to clarify the neuronal changes secondary to the brain damages early in development.
Gene trees: A powerful tool for exploring the evolutionary biology of species and speciation
Authors: Templeton Alan R. , Maskas Stephanie D. , Cruzan Mitchell B.
Published: September 2010

Evolutionary trees can be constructed from the haplotypes observed with molecular surveys of sequence or restriction site variation. Such gene trees can be constructed regardless of whether or not all of the individual specimens came from one or many species. Hence, these gene trees can straddle the species/population interface, thereby providing a powerful tool for studying the meaning of species and the process of speciation. We illustrate how historical approaches using gene trees can be used to separate the effects of population structure from population history, in order to rigorously test the species status of a group, and to test hypotheses about the process of speciation. A worked example of species status in the Piriqueta caroliniana complex is presented. Species status is evaluated under the cohesion species concept that defines a species as an evolutionary lineage with boundaries arising from the forces that create reproductive communities. Such forces are collectively called cohesion mechanisms and consist of two main subtypes: (i) genetic exchangeability, and (ii) ecological interchangeability. To make this definition operational, populations that behave as separate evolutionary lineages are first identified. A method is reviewed for inferring lineages using explicit statistical criteria from geographic overlays upon gene trees. Once lineages have been identified, the next step is to use the cohesion mechanisms to identify candidate traits that should contribute to genetic exchangeability and/or ecological interchangeability. The cohesion species are then identified by performing overlays upon gene trees in order to identify significant transitions in the candidate traits. Cohesion species are recognized only when statistically significant reproductive/ecological transitions occur that are concordant with the lineages defined earlier. This data‐rich method of recognizing species automatically generates much information about the biogeography, population structure, historical events, and ecology and/or reproductive biology of the group under study. In turn, this information provides much insight into the process of speciation. It also makes the criteria, data, methods of analysis and degree of support for the species inference completely explicit, thereby avoiding confusion, inconsistency and artificial controversies that plague much of the literature on species concepts.
Genetics of hybrid inviability and sterility in Drosophila: The Drosophila melanogaster–Drosophila simulans case
Authors: Sawamura Kyoichi
Published: September 2010

How reproductive isolation is established between populations is a fundamental question in the study of speciation. To answer this question, mechanisms of prezygotic and postzygotic isolation have been analyzed in many species pairs from diverse taxa. Because of its genetic manipulability, the genus Drosophila is suitable for such analyses. Since hybrid inviability and sterility was noticed in crosses between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans 90 years ago, this species pair has contributed much to our knowledge of genetic mechanisms of reproductive isolation. The history of genetic analyses of postzygotic isolation in this species pair is reviewed here.
Size–number trade‐off and allocation to flower production in animal‐pollinated flowers
Authors: Sakai Satoki
Published: September 2010

The evolutionarily stable size of attractive structures of a flower was analyzed theoretically to examine the factors that select for the differences in the size of attractive structures of a flower depending on the sexuality and self‐fertilization rate. In the first analysis, it was assumed that the size–number trade‐off for flowers is non‐linear (the size of individual flowers increases less rapidly than in a linear trade‐off with a decrease in the number of flowers, as would occur during a linear trade‐off) and the frequency of pollinator visits per flower depends on the size of attractive structures of individual flowers, but is independent of the number of flowers on the plant. In this case the size of attractive structures is larger in male flowers than in female flowers in dioecious plants, and this size decreases with an increase in the self‐fertilization rate for hermaphroditic plants (where both are consistent with the general trends observed). In the second analysis, it was assumed that the size–number trade‐off for flowers is linear and the frequency of pollinator visits per flower depends not only on the size of attractive structures of individual flowers, but also on the number of flowers on the plant. However, the results were inconsistent with the general trends in this case; namely, that the size of the attractive structures is smaller in male flowers than in female flowers in dioecious plants, and this size increases with an increase in self‐fertilization rate for hermaphroditic plants. I therefore conclude that the non‐linearity in size–number trade‐offs for flowers is a more useful factor to use to explain the general trends in the size of attractive structures of a flower. This also suggests that the attractive function hypothesis, that is, the differences in fitness gains through allocation to attractive structures between males and females and among plants with different self‐fertilization rates, are important factors, but alone cannot explain the general trends.
Reproductive biology of a North American subalpine plant: Corydalis caseana A. Gray ssp. brandegei (S. Watson) G. B. Ownbey
Authors: Maloof Joan E.
Published: September 2010

Corydalis caseana ssp. brandegei (Fumariaceae) is a perennial plant that grows in moist, subalpine regions of south central Colorado, USA. Prior to this study, nothing was known of its reproductive biology. The most numerous visitors (59%), and the only known pollinators, were long‐tongued bumblebees (Bombus appositus). Twenty‐nine percent of visits were from short‐tongued nectar‐robbing bumblebees (Bombus occidentalis). Hummingbirds also visited the flowers but they did not pollinate them. Corydalis caseana flowers remained open and in good condition for approximately 4 days. During that time, in the absence of visitors, nectar containing 35% sugar accumulated at a rate of approximately 1 μL per day. Corydalis caseana has a mixed‐mating system. It is self‐fertile, but the self‐fertilized flowers produce fewer seeds per fruit than the outcrossed flowers (a mean of 2.9 compared with a mean of 4.7). Results suggest a possibility of inbreeding depression.
Genetic diversification among cytotypes of Ranunculus silerifolius Lév. (Ranunculaceae)
Authors: MAIDELIZA TESRI , OKADA HIROSHI
Published: September 2010

Genetic variations of the facultatively autogamous species Ranunculus silerifolius, which show intraspecific chromosomal polymorphisms (Karatsu‐cytotype, Matsuyama‐cytotype, Mugi‐cytotype and Otaru‐cytotype), were investigated in 95 populations using allozymic analysis. Sixteen loci of nine enzyme systems were resolved. Three loci were monomorphic for all populations. On average, 26% of the loci were polymorphic; the 16 loci resolved gave a total of 49 alleles with a mean number of 1.29 alleles per locus. We could not detect any genetic differentiation estimated from allozymic polymorphisms among cytotypes distinguished by chromosome structures in this species. The average genetic distance between populations was large (D = 0.129), indicating a high level of genetic differentiation and a low level of gene flow (Nm = 0.171) among the populations, whereas that between cytotypes was very small (D = 0.008), possibly a result of the relatively short period of time after the occurrence of cytotypes. The overall levels of genetic variation were low as with other facultatively autogamous species. The gene differentiation coefficient among populations, GST, was high (0.579), which probably reflected the inbreeding in this species. The absence of a correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance may also have resulted from inbreeding.
Molecular phylogeny of the genus Asparagus (Asparagaceae) inferred from plastid petB intron and petD–rpoA intergenic spacer sequences
Authors: FUKUDA TATSUYA , ASHIZAWA HIROKI , SUZUKI RYOKO , OCHIAI TOSHINORI , NAKAMURA TORU , KANNO AKIRA , KAMEYA TOSHIAKI , YOKOYAMA JUN
Published: September 2010

Asparagus (Asparagaceae) is a large genus that is widely distributed in arid and subarid regions of the Old World. To investigate the phylogenetic relationships within this genus, the intron of petB and the intergenic region between petD and rpoA of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) were sequenced. A strict consensus tree resulting from the phylogenetic analysis indicates that southern African species comprise a potentially paraphyletic assemblage and that Eurasian species are monophyletic. This result suggests that the genus Asparagus originated in southern Africa, and that Eurasian species originated from a southern African progenitor. Moreover, extensive survey of the intergenic region between trnL and trnF and the intron of trnL of cpDNA in species of the genus Asparagus displayed no sequence differences despite the non‐coding regions frequently used to reconstruct intrageneric phylogenies. Therefore, we hypothesized that rapid radiation of this genus might have been influenced by the gaining of unique characteristics, such as phylloclades, in order to adapt to the dry environment.
Demographic genetics of Siebold's beech (Fagaceae, Fagus crenata Blume) populations in the Tanzawa Mountains, central Honshu, Japan. II. Spatial differentiation and estimation of immigration rates using a stepping‐stone structure
Authors: KITAMURA KEIKO , TACHIDA HIDENORI , TAKENAKA KOHEI , FURUBAYASHI KENGO , KAWANO SHOICHI
Published: September 2010

The spatial genetic substructuring of five local populations of Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata Blume) in the western Tanzawa Mountains were analyzed using allozyme polymorphisms for 13 loci (11 enzyme systems). The beech forests in Tanzawa have been rapidly deteriorating in recent years. The two main causes for this are heavy damage or death of mature trees caused by air pollution, and feeding pressure on seedlings and juveniles by sika deer. The distributions of genotypes showed localization of particular genetic diversities. Spatial autocorrelation analyses revealed slightly positive significant values within small distance classes and negative values in further distance classes, but those values more or less fluctuated in the distrograms. In addition, an analysis was conducted using a stepping‐stone model to estimate the migration rate and to quantify the gene flow among neighboring patch populations to detect the population differentiation. Twelve patch populations were discriminated as localized assemblages of Siebold's beech individuals in one of the local populations according to the assemblage of individuals along the topography of an established site. The migration rate for each generation was estimated to be m = 0.09 between neighboring patch populations. The population migration rate (Nm = 2.7) was revealed to be larger than one migrant for every other generation, which indicates that the population differentiation is not significant in the present state. Although the model analysis demonstrated sufficient gene flow between neighboring patch populations, severe damage to local beech populations in Tanzawa may cause the extinction of one or more of the patch populations. Further fragmentation and isolation of local populations were also discussed in terms of loss and retreat of genetic diversity.
The emotional pain and distress of borderline personality disorder: A review of the literature
Authors: Holm Anne Lise , Severinsson Elisabeth
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT:  This paper presents a synthesis of content and assessment of the methodological rigour of published literature related to concepts of emotional pain and distress in women with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD). In the past two decades, there has been an increase in research about the prevalence of BPD, interventions, and relative effectiveness of various forms of treatment. However, there are few studies regarding emotional pain and distress in women with BPD. Emotional pain has been reported as an adaptive response to repetitive traumatic experiences in childhood. Searches of the EBSCO host, OVID MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases were carried out using the following search words: borderline personality disorder, emotional pain, distress, self, suffering, women, for the period 1996–2006. Fifteen papers were assessed for methodological rigour, followed by the analysis of the concepts of emotional pain and distress. Three themes emerged from the literature, the emotionally abused and neglected child; struggling with emotions leading to self‐injury; and social problems related to difficulties regulating emotions. A high prevalence of reported childhood abuse was revealed. Emotional pain was described as intense for women suffering from BPD. A further synthesis of research findings is recommended to provide information on the effectiveness of interventions.
Are consumers on community treatment orders informed of their legal and human rights? A West Australian study
Authors: Rolfe Tim , Sheehan Bernadette , Davidson Rowan
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT:  The human and legal rights under the Western Australian Mental Health Act (1996) of involuntary patients on community treatment orders (CTOs) include being provided with information by clinicians about the treatment expectations of the order, the procedure for review of status by the Mental Health Review Board, access to the Council of Official Visitors, and the opportunity for a second opinion about their psychiatric condition. To date, there has been no specific research in this area. This paper presents the findings of a study conducted in Western Australia where consumers on CTOs were asked to provide feedback as to whether they were informed of these legal rights. A questionnaire was distributed which asked eight questions related to being informed of these rights. The results indicated that from the consumer's perspective, the process of providing them with information about their rights was only partially met. Most consumers were informed about first appointments, their right to a review by the Mental Health Review Board, and provided with the appropriate legal form. However, in relation to what it means to be on a CTO, access to the Council of Official Visitors and the right to a second opinion, information was not being provided to the majority of consumers. The findings suggest that mental health clinicians need to make significant improvements in providing information to consumers. This level of consumer engagement could have beneficial results for the development of therapeutic relationships which in turn may lead to improved compliance with the CTO and better health outcomes for the consumer.
Implementation of clinical supervision in action: Part 2: Implementation and beyond
Authors: Lynch Lisa , Happell Brenda
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT:  This paper presents the second part of the findings of an Australian study examining the implementation of clinical supervision in a rural mental health service. A qualitative, exploratory approach was adopted, which included the auditing of relevant documentation and interviews with the nurses who oversaw the implementation process. Within this organization, implementation happened through five stages. The first two stages (preimplementation) were described in Part 1 of this paper. Part 2 describes stages 3–5, including: the strategic plan; implementing the strategic plan; and reflecting on the past and moving forward. The implementation model developed as a result of this research is presented in Part 3. The main findings from these stages included: the role of the implementation committee; the need for a strategic approach; the necessity of education and training; the ongoing importance of assessing organizational culture and considering the sustainability of clinical supervision.
Safety and efficacy of semi‐closed circle ventilation in small infants
Authors: PETERS J. W. B , BEZSTAROSTI‐VAN EEDEN J , ERDMANN W , MEURSING A. E. E
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this clinical trial was to investigate the safety and efficacy of semi‐closed circle ventilation of the Dräger anaesthesia ventilators (Cicero, Cato), using a fresh gas flow (FGF) of 600 ml·min−1. Twenty infants, weighing less than 6000 g, without cardiorespiratory abnormalities who required general anaesthesia of at least 30 min were included. The FGF was reduced to 600 ml·min−1 after 10 min of denitrogenation with a FGF of 4 to 6 l·min−1. The composition of the FGF (600ml·min−1) was calculated as follows: oxygen necessary for consumption (60 ml·min−1) plus the remaining FGF in a 1:2 relationship for oxygen. The inspiratory nitrogen fraction was calculated to exclude accumulation. Inspiratory fractions of O2 and N2O plus inspiratory and endtidal CO2 partial pressures and noninvasive oxygen saturation were the control parameters. The gas concentrations (O2 and N2O) remained within safe limits. Hypoxic gas concentrations were not observed. Neither nitrogen nor CO2 accumulated in the circle system. In conclusion, low flow anaesthesia can be performed safely in infants under 6000 grams with the Dräger Cicero and Cato anaesthesia ventilators.
Evidence for syntrophic acetate oxidation coupled to hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in the high‐temperature petroleum reservoir of Yabase oil field (Japan)
Authors: Mayumi Daisuke , Mochimaru Hanako , Yoshioka Hideyoshi , Sakata Susumu , Maeda Haruo , Miyagawa Yoshihiro , Ikarashi Masayuki , Takeuchi Mio , Kamagata Yoichi
Published: September 2010

The methanogenic communities and pathways in a high‐temperature petroleum reservoir were investigated through incubations of the production water and crude oil, combined with radiotracer experiments and molecular biological analyses. The incubations were conducted without any substrate amendment and under high‐temperature and pressurized conditions that mimicked the in situ environment (55°C, 5 MPa). Changes in methane and acetate concentrations during the incubations indicated stoichiometric production of methane from acetate. Rates of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis measured using [14C]‐bicarbonate were 42–68 times those of acetoclastic methanogenesis measured using [2‐14C]‐acetate, implying the dominance of methane production by syntrophic acetate oxidation coupled to hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in the environment. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses of the incubated production water showed bacterial communities dominated by the genus Thermacetogenium, known as a thermophilic syntrophic acetate‐oxidizing bacterium, and archaeal communities dominated by thermophilic hydrogenotrophic methanogens belonging to the genus Methanothermobacter. Furthermore, group‐specific real‐time PCR assays revealed that 16S rRNA gene copy numbers of the hydrogenotrophic methanogens affiliated with the order Methanobacteriales were almost identical to those of archaeal 16S rRNA genes. This study demonstrates that syntrophic acetate oxidation is the main methanogenic pathway in a high‐temperature petroleum reservoir.
Some images of the analyst's participation in the analytic process
Authors: Sedgwick David W.
Published: September 2010

This paper was originally presented at a workshop (with G. Atwood and S. Parks) on The analyst's participation in the analytic process’. The analyst's ‘vulnerability’ is highlighted, with specific reference to the ideas of Winnicott, Searles and Jung. Some personal metaphors for the nature of the analytic engagement are offered, as is the image of the ‘troubled analyst’ from a patient's dream. The burden and necessity of the analyst's participation are emphasized.
The synergy of memory, affects and metaphor
Authors: Modell Arnold H.
Published: September 2010

Recently, the concept of metaphor has been revitalized as a result of the convergence of interest in this subject from a variety of disciplines including neurobiology, linguistics and cognitive science. Metaphor is now viewed as an emergent property of mind. Metaphor is rooted in the body in two senses: metaphor is used to organize bodily sensation cognitively, especially affects, and secondly, metaphor is rooted in the body as it rests on the border between mind and brain. Metaphor is therefore viewed as a developmentally early, primitive mental function related to synesthesia. There is a significant distinction between frozen or foreclosed metaphors and open and generative metaphors. The foreclosed metaphor will dominate the perception of others in cases of trauma and can be understood as an explanation of transference repetition. Clinical examples of foreclosed metaphors are illustrated by vignettes of patients who have suffered traumas. Examples taken from two artists are used to illustrate instances in which the artist's own unassimilated experiences appear as generative metaphors.
Transference, the transcendent function, and transcendence
Authors: Ulanov Ann Belford
Published: September 2010

People in analysis come into direct contact with the transcendent – that which surpasses not only our ego consciousness but the whole psyche – through the transcendent function working in the transference–countertransference field. Reductive and synthetic methods of interpretation of transference, in both objective and subjective levels of meaning, inaugurate moving the ego out of center stage into the process of relating to the Self. The transcendent function is the means of enlarging psychic space in the transference field to make room for coinciding opposites and a ‘creative solution’ that arises from their conversation. That solution, or set of symbols, addresses us with such compelling authority that Jung likens it to ‘the voice of God’, A clinical case illustrates the connection of transference, the transcendent function, and the experience of the transcendent which, I believe, we must identify as such in order to go on relating to it.
Book reviews
Authors: Alister Ian , Matthews Boris
Published: September 2010

Astor, JamesMichael Fordham; Innovations in Analytical Psychology

Kast, Verena. Joy, Inspiration, and Hope

Kugler, Paul (ed.). Jungian Perspectives on Clinical Supervision

Robertson, Robin. Jungian Archetypes: Jung, Gödel, and the History of Archetypes

Ross, Lena B, & Roy, Manisha (eds). Cast the First Stone: Ethics in Analytic Practice

Hacking, Ian. Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personalities and the Sciences of Memory
THE COMBINED EFFECT OF SALARY RESTRICTIONS AND REVENUE SHARING IN SPORTS LEAGUES
Authors: DIETL HELMUT M. , LANG MARKUS , RATHKE ALEXANDER
Published: September 2010

Many major sports leagues are characterized by a combination of cross‐subsidization mechanisms like revenue‐sharing arrangements and payroll restrictions. Up to now, the effects of these policy tools have only been analyzed separately. This article provides a theoretical model of a team sports league and analyzes the combined effect of salary restrictions (caps and floors) and revenue sharing. It shows that the effect on club profits, player salaries, and competitive balance crucially depends on the mix of these policy tools. Moreover, the invariance proposition does not hold even under Walrasian‐conjectures if revenue sharing is combined with a salary cap or floor. (JEL L83, C72, L11)
On the Treatment of Income Tax Rates in Empirical Analysis of Tax Evasion
Authors: CRANE STEVEN E. , NOURZAD FARROKH
Published: September 2010

In this paper, it is argued that average tax rates exert an influence on income tax evasion separate from, and opposite to that of marginal tax rates. Failure to account for this effect in empirical evasion models biases the parameter estimate of the marginal rate in a predictable manner. Evidence from an aggregate empirical model of evasion in the US indicates that the marginal tax rate is positively related to evasion, whereas the average tax rate is negatively related. Further, exclusion of the average rate from the model does in fact bias the parameter estimate of the marginal tax rate.
Lieber begehrt und im Überfluss als überflüssig und in Not: Ein Beispiel
Authors: FALKINGER JOSEF
Published: September 2010

Sättigung bedeutet, dass der Grenznutzen des Einkommens abnimmt und die Arbeitsmotivation sinkt. Die beobachtbare Konsequenz von Sättigung müsste also eine Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit bei den vergleichsweise Reicheren sein. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass diese Schlussfolgerung falsch ist. Im Gegenteil und scheinbar paradox gilt: Sättigung wird sich eher in Form von höheren Einkommensforderungen, also gewissermassen als Gier äussern. Umgekehrt kann es jenen, die mit der Zufriedenstellung ihrer Mindestansprüche kämpfen, passieren, dass sie bei niedrigeren Lohnsätzen enden, wenn sie ihre Ansprüche reduzieren, um weniger arbeiten zu müssen.
Why the Latin American Countries will Never Form a Debtors' Cartel
Authors: HOJMAN DAVID E.
Published: September 2010

It is shown that there is a positive non‐linear relationship between a Latin American borrower country's trade surplus and its service and capital accounts, and therefore the balance of payments. Pooled regressions are used to test quadratic and semi‐logarithmic specifications. Most large or medium‐size countries either are able to choose between a range of sensible, non‐confrontational policy options, or especial characteristics apply to them; thus the scope for a debtors' cartel is very poor. The default rule that recommends debt repudiation if new loans are lower than payments on old ones is found to be misleading.
Cycles and Substitutions in Terrorist Activities: A Spectral Approach
Authors: IM ERIC IKSOON , CAULEY JON , SANDLER TODD
Published: September 2010

We use spectral analysis to provide evidence that cycles have characterized the following time series: all terrorist events, skyjackings, kidnappings, barricade and hostage‐taking, and all events not involving hostages. The series for all events had a periodicity of 28 months, while skyjackings had two significant periodicities ‐ 4.1 months and 28 months. Only a single significant periodicity was associated with barricade and hostage events and kidnappings ‐72 months and 48 months, respectively. We also found that nonlinear trends best represented four of the five series. Cross‐spectral analysis was then applied to the six possible pairs of series; each pair displays from three to nine statistically significant coherencies. Moreover, we discovered evidence of orthogonality for five of the six pairs studied. This evidence suggests that terrorists substitute between related events; this substitution primarily showed up in the short run.
The Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Economic Growth: Evidence from a Quantile Regression Analysis
Authors: Foster Neil
Published: September 2010

Individual country experience with trade liberalisation has been mixed. This paper examines the relationship between liberalisation and growth for a sample of 75 liberalising countries. To consider the importance of heterogeneity in the growth response to liberalisation this paper employs quantile regression methods which allow the coefficient on liberalisation to vary across the conditional growth distribution. The results suggest that countries experiencing the lowest rates of growth benefit most from liberalisation. The results also suggest that while such countries benefit most in the long‐run they are the most likely to suffer from short‐run negative effects of liberalisation.
Sociogenomic Personality Psychology
Authors: Roberts Brent W. , Jackson Joshua J.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
In this article, we address a number of issues surrounding biological models of personality traits. Most traditional and many contemporary biological models of personality traits assume that biological systems underlying personality traits are causal and immutable. In contrast, sociogenomic biology, which we introduce to readers in this article, directly contradicts the widely held assumption that something that is biological, heritable, or temperamental, is unchangeable. We provide examples of how seemingly unchanging biological systems, such as DNA, are both dependent on environments for elicitation and can be modified by environmental changes. Finally, we synthesize sociogenomic biology with personality psychology in a model of personality traits that integrates this more modern perspective on biology, physiology, and environment that we term sociogenomic personality psychology. We end the article with a discussion of the future directions of sociogenomic personality psychology.
Has the Later Wittgenstein Accounted for Necessity?
Authors: Kalhat Javier
Published: September 2010

In this paper, I argue against the later Wittgenstein's conventionalist account of necessity. I first show that necessary propositions and grammatical rules differ in ways that make an explanation of the former in terms of the latter inadequate. I then argue that even if Wittgenstein's account were adequate, the explanation of necessity it offers would still fail to be genuinely reductive of the modal notion.
Hertz, Wittgenstein and Philosophical Method1
Authors: Preston John
Published: September 2010

There have recently appeared claims that the influence Heinrich Hertz exerted over Wittgenstein's later work was far more abiding than previously recognised. I critically evaluate such claims by Gordon Baker and Allan Janik. I first show that Hertz was indeed concerned with the same feature, clarity, which often exercised Wittgenstein. But I then argue that Wittgenstein should not be seen as having adopted the conception of philosophical method, which Hertz deployed in The Principles of Mechanics. I show that Hertz ‘clarifies’ the concept of force only in the sense that he alters that concept, and that he is not using the sort of ‘contrastive’ methods characteristic of Wittgenstein's later works.
Surprise Endings: Cephalus and the Indispensable Teacher of Republic X1
Authors: McKee Patrick
Published: September 2010

Plato imputes an important form of understanding to Cephalus in Book I of the Republic and revisits it at the end of Book X. Plato's astute observations of mental life in old age tie Cephalus’ conversation to the concept of “life review” in contemporary geriatric psychology. This provides the basis for an argument that Cephalus exemplifies the indispensable teacher described in Book X, and this raises interesting new epistemological and ethical issues. Finally, I ask why commentaries on the Republic have overlooked this theme, and argue that an ageist bias against Cephalus has distorted commentators’ reading of the text.
Interparty Attitudes in Chile: Coalitions as Superordinate Social Identities
Authors: González Roberto , Manzi Jorge , Saiz José L. , Brewer Marilynn , De Tezanos‐Pinto Pablo , Torres David , Aravena María Teresa , Aldunate Nerea
Published: September 2010

This paper reports a survey (N = 1,465) conducted in Chile that was conceived to understand the role of coalition identification as an important sociopsychological mechanism for promoting positive affects toward own‐coalition party members in a multiparty system, above and beyond interparty political differences. Participants judged their own political party, parties within coalitions (fellow coalition members and opposing parties), and political coalitions as a whole on affective dimensions (trust, liking, and admiration). The results provide substantial support for the five hypotheses addressed in the study. Overall, perceived interparty distance and political identity threat had a negative impact on affect toward coalition party members. Above and beyond these effects, identification with the coalition positively predicted affect toward allies. Ingroup party affect was positively correlated with affect toward own‐coalition party members and own coalition as a whole, but was not negatively associated with affect toward opposing‐coalition parties. Moreover, the relationship between own‐party affect and affect toward own‐coalition party members was mediated by affect toward own coalition. Overall, evidence for the benefits of promoting coalition identification in a multiparty system is provided and discussed alongside the limitations and practical implications derived from the study.
Diaspora Meets IR's Constructivism: An Appraisal
Authors: Ogden Chris
Published: September 2010

This article explores the concept of diaspora in relation to constructivism within IR theory. It begins by investigating the origins, definition and implications of the phenomenon of diaspora, before focusing on issues concerning identity interpenetration and multiple loyalties. Consequently, the article outlines diaspora's relationship to constructivism, particularly in terms of identity formation and the self/other dyad, as well as in the analysis of culture and transnational norms, and concludes by examining the challenges and possibilities diaspora poses for constructivist IR theory. Acting as both commentary and conjecture, this article serves as a conceptual overview of diaspora, while arousing intellectual concern for what will be a dominant issue of emerging identity politics in the twenty-first century.
Research, Revisionists and the Radical Right
Authors: Goodwin Matthew J.
Published: September 2010

In recent years students of extreme right politics have called on political scientists to adopt an actor-orientated approach. Despite such calls, scholars remain reluctant to engage directly with party members, activists and leaders on an empirical basis. Implicit in the literature is the view that right-wing extremists are unwilling to engage with academic research. Drawing from a study focused on activists throughout England and Wales this article argues that such assumptions are misplaced. Furthermore, the findings of recent actor-orientated studies not only stand in marked contrast to ‘traditional’ interpretations of right-wing extremists but also provide a far richer understanding of the internal movement ‘life’.