bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Running Biomechanics and Running Economy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Authors: Van Hooren Bas , Jukic Ivan , Cox Maartje , Frenken Koen G. , Bautista Iker , Moore Isabel S.
Published: March 2024

Background

Running biomechanics is considered an important determinant of running economy (RE). However, studies examining associations between running biomechanics and RE report inconsistent findings.

Objective

The aim of this systematic review was to determine associations between running biomechanics and RE and explore potential causes of inconsistency.

Methods

Three databases were searched and monitored up to April 2023. Observational studies were included if they (i) examined associations between running biomechanics and RE, or (ii) compared running biomechanics between groups differing in RE, or (iii) compared RE between groups differing in running biomechanics during level, constant-speed, and submaximal running in healthy humans (18–65 years). Risk of bias was assessed using a modified tool for observational studies and considered in the results interpretation using GRADE. Meta-analyses were performed when two or more studies reported on the same outcome. Meta-regressions were used to explore heterogeneity with speed, coefficient of variation of height, mass, and age as continuous outcomes, and standardization of running shoes, oxygen versus energetic cost, and correction for resting oxygen or energy cost as categorical outcomes.

Results

Fifty-one studies (n = 1115 participants) were included. Most spatiotemporal outcomes showed trivial and non-significant associations with RE: contact time r = − 0.02 (95% confidence interval [CI] − 0.15 to 0.12); flight time r = 0.11 (− 0.09 to 0.32); stride time r = 0.01 (− 0.8 to 0.50); duty factor r = − 0.06 (− 0.18 to 0.06); stride length r = 0.12 (− 0.15 to 0.38), and swing time r = 0.12 (− 0.13 to 0.36). A higher cadence showed a small significant association with a lower oxygen/energy cost (r = − 0.20 [− 0.35 to − 0.05]). A smaller vertical displacement and higher vertical and leg stiffness showed significant moderate associations with lower oxygen/energy cost (r = 0.35, − 0.31, − 0.28, respectively). Ankle, knee, and hip angles at initial contact, midstance or toe-off as well as their range of motion, peak vertical ground reaction force, mechanical work variables, and electromyographic activation were not significantly associated with RE, although potentially relevant trends were observed for some outcomes.

Conclusions

Running biomechanics can explain 4–12% of the between-individual variation in RE when considered in isolation, with this magnitude potentially increasing when combining different variables. Implications for athletes, coaches, wearable technology, and researchers are discussed in the review.

Protocol registration

https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/293ND (OpenScience Framework).
Social Comparison and Mental Health
Authors: Arigo Danielle , Bercovitz Iris , Lapitan Emmanuel , Gular Sofia
Published: March 2024

Purpose of Review

Opportunities for social comparison, or self-evaluation relative to others, are increasingly common via technologies such as mobile apps and social media. Comparison is often assumed to be detrimental for mental health, as many studies show negative associations. Yet, the majority of existing studies use weak methods that do little to inform clinical efforts. The goals of this review are to describe advances in methods for studying the impact of social comparisons on mental health and to identify critical next steps to advance treatment.

Recent Findings

Methods such as intensive ambulatory assessment (e.g., ecological momentary assessment), creative approaches to experimental manipulation, and just-in-time adaptive interventions are increasingly popular and reveal the complexity of social comparison’s short- and longer-term effects. Findings highlight the need for personalized and context-sensitive approaches to promoting mental health.

Historical assumptions about the role of social comparison in mental health outcomes are based on a preponderance of cross-sectional research that offers little to our understanding of mechanistic pathways or effective treatments. As the consequences of comparisons can be negative or positive, in the short and long terms, and can vary within person, there is a pressing need for treatment approaches that address this complexity in context.
Flexible job-shop scheduling problem with parallel batch machines based on an enhanced multi-population genetic algorithm
Authors: Xue Lirui , Zhao Shinan , Mahmoudi Amin , Feylizadeh Mohammad Reza
Published: March 2024

The flexible job-shop scheduling problem (FJSP) with parallel batch processing machine (PBM) is one of those long-standing issues that needs cutting-edge approaches. It is a recent extension of standard flexible job shop scheduling problems. Despite their wide application and prevalence in practical production, it seems that current research on these types of combinatorial optimization problems remains limited and uninvestigated. More specifically, existing research mainly concentrates on the flow shop scenarios in parallel batch machines for job shop scheduling but few literature emphasis on the flexible job shop integration in these contexts. To directly address the above mentioned problems, this paper establishes an optimization model considering parallel batch processing machines, aiming to minimize the maximum completion time in operating and production environments. The proposed solution merges variable neighborhood search with multi-population genetic algorithms, conducting a neighborhood search on the elite population to reduce the likelihood of falling into local optima. Subsequently, its applicability was evaluated in computational experiments using real production scenarios from a partnering enterprise and extended datasets. The findings from the analyses indicate that the enhanced algorithm can decrease the objective value by as much as 15% compared to other standard algorithms. Importantly, the proposed approach effectively resolves flexible job shop scheduling problems involving parallel batch processing machines. The contribution of the research is providing substantial theoretical support for enterprise production scheduling.
‘We don’t have blasphemy laws in England.’ What does this mean for RE?
Authors: Marshall Heather
Published: March 2024

The protection and regulation of religious expression present complex challenges. Blasphemy laws, which criminalize acts deemed disrespectful to religious beliefs, have been abolished in England, allowing for broader freedom of expression. However, concerns and discussions about blasphemy persist. The Home Secretary, Suella Braverman (2023), has emphasized that there are no blasphemy laws in Great Britain and no obligation to show reverence towards any religion. Religious Education (RE) plays a crucial role in fostering understanding and tolerance of diverse religious traditions. It provides students with opportunities to develop critical thinking skills and engage in meaningful dialogue. However, certain aspects of critical thinking within RE may be perceived as provocative or blasphemous. This paper explores the ongoing debate on blasphemy laws in England, considering the evolving religious landscape and its implications for the teaching of RE. It aims to shed light on the complex dimensions of this discourse.
An existence result for a suspension of rigid magnetizable particles
Authors: Nika Grigor , Vernescu Bogdan
Published: March 2024

We establish the existence of a weak solution for a strongly coupled, nonlinear Stokes–Maxwell system, originally proposed by Nika and Vernescu (Z Angew Math Phys 71(1):1–19, 2020) in the three-dimensional setting. The model effectively couples the Stokes equation with the quasi-static Maxwell’s equations through the Lorentz force and the Maxwell stress tensor. The proof of existence is premised on: (i) the augmented variational formulation of Maxwell’s equations, (ii) the definition of a new function space for the magnetic induction and the verification of a Poincar’e-type inequality, and (iii) the deployment of the Altman–Shinbrot fixed point theorem when the magnetic Reynolds number, $${\text {R}_{\text {m}}},$$

R
m

,

is small.
God and Uncle Sam
Authors: Snape Michael
Published: March 2024

An authoritative and timely book shedding new light on the role of religion during World War II and its impact on post-war American society.
Women and the British Army, 1815-1880
Authors: MacKay Lynn
Published: March 2024

This book explores the world of women who married, or dealt with British soldiers below the rank of officer during the nineteenth century, including fiancées, wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters, as well as the prostitutes they consorted with. It examines women's experiences over the time cycle of a soldier's service. It considers women's finances, how they struggled to make ends meet and how they appealed to the government for support, including in widowhood and after a soldier's service had been completed. It discusses how soldiers' women were viewed in the press, in literature and in society more widely, highlighting in particular issues concerning morality and independence, and outlines how the Crimean War and its aftermath brought about extensive army reforms and also a sharp revision of the reputation of soldiers' wives. The book includes an exploration of soldiers' relations with prostitutes and how prostitutes were regulated, and a consideration of the impact on soldiers' wives of physical arrangements such as barracks, and overall provides much insight into the nature of plebeian life in the nineteenth century. The women portrayed often emerge as exceptionally resolute, independent and canny.
A Celebration of The Plutzik Poetry Series
Authors: Plutzik Hyam , Hirsch Edward
Published: March 2024

The Plutzik Poetry Series was established at the University of Rochester in tribute to its beloved literature professor Hyam Plutzik (1911-1962). Over the past six decades, the series has welcomed more than three hundred distinguished writers to campus, including US and British poets laureate as well as Nobel and Pulitzer Prize winners and National Book Award finalists and winners. The Plutzik Poetry Series is the longest continuous reading series on any American campus.
Pornography as Illocutionary Harm: Why Censorship is Not the Answer
Authors: Ronzoni Miriam
Published: March 2024

According to speech-act theory, we do things with words every time we speak. The most striking thing one can do with words is to exercise authority over others, such as when a judge issues a guilty verdict in a criminal trial. Some speakers hold this kind of authority without good reason; this kind of speech constitutes an unjust imposition of authority, and thus arguably harms in a direct, non-metaphorical sense; it would seem, therefore, that it should not be protected by freedom of speech. The problem in these cases, however, does not lie in the words that harmful speakers utter, but in the things they have the power to do with them. It is this power, it seems, that must be dismantled: in speech-act terms, we must tackle felicity conditions, not locutions. This paper defends this insight. By providing an account of the (alleged) authority of pornographers as both epistemic and informal, I claim that the presumption against censoring porn is not lifted even if the speech-act argument succeeds in showing that pornography can be constitutive of harm. This does not mean that such harms should not be countered, but they should be countered as the specific kinds of harms that they are.
THE ASIDATES EPISODE IN THE ANABASIS
Authors: Peterson Sandra
Published: March 2024

The final episode of the Anabasis dismays many readers: Xenophon takes a small group of associates to kidnap the household of the wealthy Persian, Asidates. Thereby he himself becomes wealthy. This paper examines several details of the account of that episode. The mature author gives us the unvarnished facts straightforwardly, through the uncritical perspective of the youthful agent. From these brute facts the reader may infer that the mature writer intends a negative judgement about the final episode. The mature Xenophon thus presents some self-criticism. That capacity for self-criticism may come from the influence of Socrates. There are reasons, however, to make a further judgement that Xenophon's admirable capacity for self-criticism was sadly limited. One cannot escape deep disappointment after reflecting on the final episode of the Anabasis.
Greek literature
Authors: Canevaro Lilah Grace
Published: March 2024

How do we read Greek literature? In the original language or in translation? With a theoretical lens or without? Bringing in our modern perspectives or trying to track ancient approaches? Identifying with characters or exercising supposed academic detachment? How we read Greek texts affects what we read in those texts. And who we are affects how we read. A number of recent publications prompt us to interrogate our reading practices by drawing on theories ancient and modern and reflecting on who we are and how entangled we are with other entities (from the objects we use to the poetry we embody to the narratives in which we are immersed).
Latin literature
Authors: Walter Anke
Published: March 2024

Let us start with a wonderful book that shows us not only Plautine comedy, but also Republican literary culture in a new light: Emilia Barbiero's fascinating exploration of the role played by letters in Plautus’ comedies. In five chapters dedicated to Bacchides, Persa, Pseudolus, Curculio, and, finally, Epidicus and Trinummus, she develops a powerful argument for the intricate metatheatric implications of the writing, reading, forging, or not-opening of letters on the Plautine stage. Countering a scholarly trend that tends to emphasize the role of improvisation, collaboration, and preliterate forms of theatre in Plautus’ comedies, Barbiero shows that the use of letters in Plautus’ comedies – without exception employed for amorous affairs – rather points to a deep concern with writing as the basis for acting and that they can be understood as mirrors of the text within the text and as mise-en-abyme of the origins of Plautine comedy in a script.
Roman history
Authors: Corke-Webster James
Published: March 2024

After six years, this will be my tenth survey review here – and last. Since these reviews are intended to enable some sense of the state of the evolving field, I thought I might in this swansong try to offer not just the usual smorgasbord of Roman entertainment but an attempt at a synthesis of five key directions in research. A whole host of qualifications immediately raise their heads, of course – anglophone dominance, incomplete representation of presses, and my own not inconsiderable limitations of time, ability, and interest. Still, since opportunities for such overviews over time are sparse, the exercise will hopefully be instructive even so hamstrung.
Philosophy
Authors: Vázquez Daniel
Published: March 2024

This year, Aristotle readers could purchase something old and something new for their libraries. The old thing is Diana Quarantotto's edited volume on Aristotle's Physics I, published in 2018 but now finally available in paperback at an affordable price. People will remember that this book includes excellent commentaries on each chapter of Physics, like those by Andrea Falcon, Timothy Clarke, Laura M. Castelli, Lindsay Judson, David Charles, and Isván Bodnár, to name a few. The volume also contains a preface, an illuminating methodological introduction, and a collaborative translation of Aristotle's text. The main takeaway is a balanced appraisal of the importance of Physics I and its introductory role within Aristotle's physical project.
Reception
Authors: Easterbrook Rhiannon
Published: March 2024

We have two volumes in Bloomsbury's Classical Receptions in Twentieth-Century Writing series edited by Laura Jansen, namely, Derek Walcott and the Creation of a Classical Caribbean by Justine McConnell, and J. R. R. Tolkien's Utopianism and the Classics by Hamish Williams. Both texts have three main chapters to which is devoted one aspect of the author's reception of the classical world. In the former, McConnell identifies three recurring approaches or processes in Walcott's creation of a ‘classical Caribbean’, often drawing on postcolonial theory. These are: non-linear or non-colonial temporalities (explored under the heading ‘Time’), ‘Syncretism’, and ‘Re-creation’. At the same time, McConnell not only analyses the St. Lucian author's relationship to classical culture and education, but situates his work within that of other Caribbean writers. McConnell paints a cohesive picture of Walcott's (self-)positioning in these entanglements of times, places, and traditions, and makes a number of useful observations about classical reception more broadly.
Temporal changes in brain morphology related to inflammation and schizophrenia: an omnigenic Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Liu Yunjia , Ren Hongyan , Zhang Yamin , Deng Wei , Ma Xiaohong , Zhao Liansheng , Li Xiaojing , Sham Pak , Wang Qiang , Li Tao
Published: March 2024

Background

Over the past several decades, more research focuses have been made on the inflammation/immune hypothesis of schizophrenia. Building upon synaptic plasticity hypothesis, inflammation may contribute the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Yet, pinpointing the specific inflammatory agents responsible for schizophrenia remains a complex challenge, mainly due to medication and metabolic status. Multiple lines of evidence point to a wide-spread genetic association across genome underlying the phenotypic variations of schizophrenia.

Method

We collected the latest genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) summary data of schizophrenia, cytokines, and longitudinal change of brain. We utilized the omnigenic model which takes into account all genomic SNPs included in the GWAS of trait, instead of traditional Mendelian randomization (MR) methods. We conducted two round MR to investigate the inflammatory triggers of schizophrenia and the resulting longitudinal changes in the brain.

Results

We identified seven inflammation markers linked to schizophrenia onset, which all passed the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (bNGF, GROA(CXCL1), IL-8, M-CSF, MCP-3 (CCL7), TNF-β, CRP). Moreover, CRP were found to significantly influence the linear rate of brain morphology changes, predominantly in the white matter of the cerebrum and cerebellum.

Conclusion

With an omnigenic approach, our study sheds light on the immune pathology of schizophrenia. Although these findings need confirmation from future studies employing different methodologies, our work provides substantial evidence that pervasive, low-level neuroinflammation may play a pivotal role in schizophrenia, potentially leading to notable longitudinal changes in brain morphology.
Emergency Medical Services Protocols for Assessment and Treatment of Patients with Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Larson Emily L. , Woo JiWon , Moon Gyeongtae , Liu Kathy , Vergel Matthew , Jenkins Reed , Jiang Kelly , Darby Zachary , Margolis Asa , Kilic Ahmet
Published: March 2024

Background:

Patients with ventricular assist devices (VADs) represent a growing population presenting to Emergency Medical Services (EMS), but little is known about their prehospital care. This study aimed to characterize current EMS protocols in the United States for patients with VADs.

Methods:

States with state-wide EMS protocols were included. Protocols were obtained from the state EMS website. If not available, the office of the state medical director was contacted. For each state, protocols were analyzed for patient and VAD assessment and treatment variables.

Results:

Of 32 states with state-wide EMS protocols, 21 had VAD-specific protocols. With 17 (81%) states noting a pulse may not be palpable, protocols recommended assessing alternate measures of perfusion and mean arterial pressure (MAP; 15 [71%]). Assessment of VAD was advised through listening for pump hum (20 [95%]) and alarms (20 [95%]) and checking the power supply (15 [71%]). For treatment, EMS prehospital consultation was required to begin chest compression in three (14%) states, and mechanical (device) chest compressions were not permitted in two (10%) states. Contact information for VAD coordinator was listed in a minority of five (24%) states. Transport of VAD equipment/backup bag was advised in 18 (86%) states.

Discussion:

This national analysis of EMS protocols found VAD-specific EMS protocols are not universally adopted in the United States and are variable when implemented, highlighting a need for VAD teams to partner with EMS agencies to inform standardized protocols that optimize these patients’ care.
Five unsolved issues concerning burnout in athletes: An expert perspective
Authors: Alvarez Pires Daniel , Isoard-Gautheur Sandrine , Madigan Daniel J. , Smith Alan L. , Gustafsson Henrik
Published: March 2024

Abstract: Introduction: Concern about mental health is an increasingly relevant topic in high-performance sport. In this regard, because burnout can be harmful to both the health and performance of athletes, it is of particular importance. Although a great deal of time and effort has been dedicated to the study of athlete burnout, there are still issues that require further work. Therefore, in the present paper, we aim to highlight what, in our perspective, are the most important unsolved issues regarding burnout in athletes. Methods: We brought together expert athlete burnout scholars to offer their perspectives on five unresolved issues in this research area. Results: We describe the following five issues that require further research attention: (i) burnout as a syndrome, (ii) the negative consequences of burnout, (iii) the role of recovery in burnout, (iv) the importance of the social environment, and (v) developing effective interventions to reduce/prevent burnout. Conclusion: Our commentary provides suggestions for future research to help solve these problems, advance our understanding of athlete burnout, and ultimately safeguard the mental health of athletes.
Global Future Climate Signal by Latitudes Using CMIP6 GCMs
Authors: Song Young Hoon , Chung Eun‐Sung , Shahid Shamsuddin
Published: March 2024

This study estimated global climate change signals at different latitudes for four main Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Five evaluation metrics were integrated using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution to quantify the historical reproducibility of 25 CMIP6 General Circulation Models (GCMs) with Global Precipitation Climatology Centre precipitation and Climatic Research Unit temperature as the reference. The most suitable GCMs for simulating climate over different latitudes, selected based on evaluation metrics, were used to prepare a multimodel ensemble and project the future annual and seasonal precipitation and temperature in the near (2031–2065) and far future (2066–2100). The results showed that GCMs estimated the historical mean temperature efficiently but underestimated the monthly precipitation compared to the reference data. The changes in precipitation and temperature at mid‐latitudes (N45.5°–60°) showed the highest variability for all scenarios. The maximum increases in both climate variables for SSP5‐8.5 were 80.5% and 4.8% at N45.5°–60°, respectively. In contrast, the temperature and precipitation at S30.5°–45° revealed a decreasing pattern. Mid‐latitude winter (S30.5°–45°) would be drier in the future than in the base period (1980–2014). This study showed that precipitation variability and the mean temperature in the northern hemisphere would be larger for SSPs with higher radiative forcing. Therefore, the results of this study help improve knowledge of global future climate change by latitudes.
The Impact of Rotation on Tropical Climate, the Hydrologic Cycle, and Climate Sensitivity
Authors: Silvers Levi G. , Stansfield Alyssa M. , Reed Kevin A.
Published: March 2024

This work explores the impact of rotation on tropical convection and climate. As our starting point, we use the RCEMIP experiments as control simulations and run additional simulations with rotation. Compared to radiative convective equilibrium (RCE) experiments, rotating RCE (RRCE) experiments have a more stable and humid atmosphere with higher precipitation rates. The intensity of the overturning circulation decreases, water vapor is cycled through the troposphere at a slower rate, the subsidence fraction decreases, and the climate sensitivity increases. Several of these changes can be attributed to an increased flux of latent and sensible heat that results from an increase of near‐surface wind speed with rotation shortly after model initialization. The increased climate sensitivity results from changes of both the longwave cloud radiative effect and the longwave clear‐sky radiative fluxes. This work demonstrates the sensitivity of atmospheric humidity and surface fluxes of moisture and temperature to rotation.
Spring Irrigation Reduces the Frequency and Intensity of Summer Extreme Heat Events in the North China Plain
Authors: Liu Guoshuai , Wang Weiguang , Xu Hui
Published: March 2024

Irrigation has distinct impacts on extreme temperatures. Due to the carryover effect of soil moisture into other seasons, temperature impacts of irrigation are not limited to irrigated seasons. Focusing on the North China Plain, where irrigation occurs in both spring (March‐April‐May) and summer (June‐July‐August), with a higher proportion of irrigation water applied during spring, we investigate the impact of spring irrigation on summer extreme heat events. Based on partial correlation analysis of data products, we find positive correlations between spring and summer soil moisture, suggesting that spring irrigation‐induced water surplus persists into the following summer and affects regional climate by impacting surface energy partitioning. Regional climate simulations confirm cross‐seasonal climatic effects and show that spring irrigation reduces the frequency and intensity of summer extreme heat events by approximately −2.5 days and −0.29°C, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of the cross‐seasonal climatic effect of irrigation in mitigating climate extremes.
Day‐To‐Day Variability of the Neutral Wind Dynamo Observed by ICON: First Results From Conjugate Observations
Authors: Harding Brian J. , Immel Thomas J. , Mende Stephen B. , Wu Yen‐Jung J. , Maute Astrid , England Scott L. , Heelis Roderick A. , Forbes Jeffrey M. , Englert Christoph R. , Marr Kenneth D. , Harlander John M. , Makela Jonathan J. , Frey Sabine
Published: March 2024

First results are presented from the conjugate maneuvers performed by NASA's Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) spacecraft. During each several‐minute maneuver, ICON crosses the magnetic equator, measuring the plasma drift at the ∼600‐km apex of a magnetic field line and the neutral wind profiles (∼90–300 km altitude) along both ends of that field line. The analysis utilizes 149 pairs of maneuvers separated by ∼24 hr but at nearly the same location and local time. Principal component regression reveals that 39 ± 7% and 24 ± 9% of the day‐to‐day variance in the daytime vertical and zonal drift, respectively, is attributable to conjugate neutral winds. The remaining variance is likely driven by external potentials from non‐conjugate winds and geomagnetic activity (median Kp 2−). Zonal winds at 100–113 km and >120 km altitude are the primary drivers of conjugate vertical and zonal drift variance, respectively. These observations can test vertical‐coupling mechanisms in whole‐atmosphere models.
3D Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances During the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai Eruption Using GNSS TEC
Authors: Cahyadi Mokhamad Nur , Muslim Buldan , Muafiry Ihsan Naufal , Gusman Aditya Riadi , Handoko Eko Yuli , Anjasmara Ira Mutiara , Putra Meilfan Eka , Wulansari Mega , Lestari Dwi Sri , Jin Shuanggen , Sri Sumantyo Josaphat Tetuko
Published: March 2024

The dual frequency Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations could determine the total electron content (TEC) in the ionosphere. In this study, GNSS TEC was applied to detect traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) after the eruption of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) on 15 January 2022. The eruption caused two types of tsunamis, first is tsunami generated by atmospheric wave (meteo‐tsunami) and second is caused by eruption induces water displacement or tsunami classic. At the same time with former tsunami, the atmospheric wave (shock and lamb waves) also caused TIDs at a speed of approximately ∼0.3 km/s. We found moderate correlation between this TIDs amplitude and the tsunami wave height model from tide gauge stations in New Zealand (0.64) and Australia (0.65). Further we attempted to reveal 3D structure of the TIDs in New Zealand, South Australia, and Philippines using 3D tomography. The tomography was set up > 1,170 blocks, as large as 1.0° (east–west)  × 1.0° (north–south) × 100 km (vertical), up to 600 km altitude over selected regions. Tomogram shows beautiful concentric directivity of the first TIDs generated by atmospheric wave (AW).
The Martian Ionospheric Response to the Co‐Rotating Interaction Region That Caused the Disappearing Solar Wind Event at Mars
Authors: Shaver S. R. , Solt L. , Andersson L. , Halekas J. , Jian L. , da Silva D. E. , Jolitz R. , Malaspina D. , Fowler C. M. , Ramstad R. , Lillis R. , Xu S. , Azari A. R. , Mazelle C. , Rahmati A. , Lee C. O. , Hesse T. , Hamil O. , Pilinski M. , Brain D. , Garnier P. , Cravens T. E. , McFadden J. P. , Hanley K. G. , Mitchell D. L. , Espley J. R. , Gruesbeck J. R. , Larson D. , Curry S.
Published: March 2024

An unusually low density solar wind event was observed in December 2022 moving past both Earth and Mars. The source was traced back to a coronal hole and active region on the Sun's surface. The resulting solar wind lead to the development of a co‐rotating interaction region (CIR) and trailing rarefaction region that lasted for multiple solar rotations. Within this structure, the solar wind conditions, including density, velocity, and magnetic field magnitude and orientation drastically changed. In this study we analyze the response of the Martian ionosphere using MAVEN data to these changing solar wind conditions. The low density solar wind region associated with the December event resulted in the expansion of the Martian ionospheric boundaries. We show that the ion composition boundary (ICB) is located at extreme altitudes that are beyond previously observed locations from the MAVEN mission between 2015 and 2018. Furthermore, the boundary between shocked solar wind and the Martian ionosphere identified using electron and ion data moved together on the dayside of the planet with the changing solar wind conditions. However, at the flank region these boundaries do not move together, and we show here that the decoupling of the two boundaries may be the result of a change in the interplanetary magnetic field azimuthal angle.
F1 Region Ion Composition in Svalbard During the International Polar Year 2007–2008
Authors: Virtanen Ilkka I. , Tesfaw Habtamu W. , Aikio Anita T. , Varney Roger , Kero Antti , Thomas Neethal
Published: March 2024

Ions in the F region ionosphere at 150–400 km altitude consist mainly of molecular NO+ and , and atomic O+. Incoherent scatter (IS) radars are sensitive to the molecular‐to‐atomic ion density ratio, but its effect to the observed incoherent scatter spectra is almost identical with that of the ion temperature. It is thus very difficult to fit both the ion temperature and the fraction of O+ ions to the observed spectra. In this paper, we introduce a novel combination of Bayesian filtering, smoothness priors, and chemistry modeling to solve for F1 region O+ ion fraction from EISCAT Svalbard IS radar (75.43° corrected geomagnetic latitude) data during the international polar year (IPY) 2007–2008. We find that the fraction of O+ ions in the F1 region ionosphere is controlled by ion temperature and electron production. The median value of the molecular‐to‐atomic ion transition altitude during IPY varies from 187 km at 16–17 MLT to 208 km at 04–05 MLT. The ion temperature has maxima at 05–06 MLT and 15–16 MLT, but the transition altitude does not follow the ion temperature, because photoionization lowers the transition altitude. A daytime transition altitude maximum is observed in winter, when lack of photoionization leads to very low daytime electron densities. Both ion temperature and the molecular‐to‐atomic ion transition altitude correlate with the Polar Cap North geomagnetic index. The annual medians of the fitted transition altitudes are 14–32 km lower than those predicted by the International Reference Ionosphere.
Thousand‐Kilometer DAS Array Reveals an Uncatalogued Magnitude‐5 Dynamically Triggered Event After the 2023 Turkey Earthquake
Authors: Zhai Qiushi , Zhan Zhongwen , Chavarria J. Andres
Published: March 2024

Large earthquakes can trigger smaller seismic events, even at significant distances. The process of earthquake triggering offers valuable insights into the evolution of local stress states, deepening our understanding of the mechanisms of earthquake nucleation. However, our ability to detect these triggered events is limited by the quality and spatial density of local seismometers, posing significant challenges if the triggered event is hidden in the signal of a nearby larger earthquake. Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) has the potential to enhance the monitoring capability of triggered earthquakes through its high spatial sampling and large spatial coverage. Here, we report on an uncatalogued magnitude (M) 5.1 event in northeast Turkey, which was likely dynamically and instantaneously triggered by the 2023 M7.8 earthquake in southeast Turkey, located 400 km away. This event was initially discovered on ∼1,100 km of active DAS recordings that are part of an 1,850‐km linear array. Subsequent validation using local seismometers confirmed the event's precise time, location, and magnitude. Interestingly, this dynamically triggered event exhibited precursory signals preceding its P arrivals on the nearby seismometers. It can be interpreted as the signal from other nearby, uncatalogued, smaller triggered events. Our results highlight the potential of high‐spatial‐density DAS in enhancing the local‐scale detection and the detailed analysis of earthquake triggering.
The Timescale and Carbon Flux Recorded by Skarn Garnet From Gangdese Arc, Southern Tibet
Authors: Zhou Zhenhao , Chu Xu , Chen Junxing
Published: March 2024

Contact metamorphism of carbonate rocks in response to fluid infiltration releases carbon dioxide (CO2), potentially affecting Earth's carbon budget over geological timescales. This process was notably active in the Cretaceous when the closure of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean led to extensive arc magmatism in southern Tibet, coincident with a greenhouse climate interval. These arc plutons intersected carbonate sequences and formed widespread calcsilicate rocks. The mineral assemblages of these rocks record both the progression and duration of the CO2 release. In this study, we focus on a representative aureole in southern Tibet that was metamorphosed by a ∼64 Ma granitoid pluton of the Gangdese Batholith. The aureole presents lithologic zonation, with the inner garnet‐wollastonite zone indicating equilibrium with a water‐rich fluid at ∼525°C. Large garnet porphyroblasts feature cross‐cutting veins of secondary garnets that illustrate several stages of interface‐coupled dissolution‐reprecipitation processes facilitated by fluid infiltration. Diffusion modeling for Mg concentration profiles across vein‐host garnet yields a brief high‐temperature stage (25–150 kyr)—a duration still significantly overestimated considering factors that may accelerate diffusion in garnet, such as lattice parameters and hydration. Such short timescale aligns with conduction modeling of a cooling pluton, which, combined with the bulk‐rock mass balance analysis, indicates a local carbon flux comparable to fluxes at other modern tectonic settings. The metamorphic decarbonation, potentially episodic, in the continental arc may have been an important endogenic carbon source in the late Cretaceous.
Exomoon Phase Curves: Toroidal Exosphere Simulations of Exo‐Ios Orbiting 8 Exoplanets in Alkali Spectroscopy
Authors: Meyer zu Westram M. , Oza A. V. , Galli A.
Published: March 2024

Toroidal atmospheres and exospheres characterized at exoplanets may be fueled by volcanically active exomoons, often referred to as exo‐Ios. We study the neutral outgassing and volatile evolution of a close‐orbiting, evaporating satellite at eight candidate exoplanet‐exomoon systems WASP‐49,‐96,‐69,‐17 b, XO‐2N b, HAT‐P‐1 b, HD‐189733 b, and HD‐209458 b by developing a 3‐D test‐particle Monte Carlo simulation, Simulating the Evolution of Ring Particles Emergent from Natural Satellites. The module is coupled to dishoom, approximating the minimum mass‐flux needed to reproduce observations of alkali line profiles identified in dozens of transmission spectra. We focus on sputtered neutral sodium, limited by photoionization and radiative effects. By considering Earth‐, Io‐, and Enceladus‐like masses, we systematically simulate the imprint of a non‐hydrostatic medium (characteristic of volcanic exospheres) in density and velocity space using a novel Delaunay tesselation field estimator algorithm. Our results demonstrate how exomoons can considerably modulate gas density observations probed near exoplanet transit, depending on the orbital phase of the putative satellite at the time of observation. The density evolution, therefore, manifests on orbital timescales as “exomoon phase curves” from shadow to occultation. We find two regimes of density evolution, characteristic of a: (a) localized cloud and (b) an azimuthally symmetric exoring/torus, degenerate with an exoplanet atmosphere, ranging from ∼109.5±0.5 cm−2 to ∼1015±0.25 cm−2 at our leading candidate WASP‐69b I. In certain orbital architectures, the smallest evaporating satellite mass surprisingly generates the brightest sodium signal, fueling optimism for discovering photometrically indiscernible rocky exomoons. We suggest long baseline monitoring of alkali and SO2 systems in spectroscopy to search for the temporal and spatial variability predicted here.
Nutrient Dynamics in a Coupled Terrestrial Biosphere and Land Model (ELM‐FATES‐CNP)
Authors: Knox Ryan G. , Koven Charles D. , Riley William J. , Walker Anthony P. , Wright S. Joseph , Holm Jennifer A. , Wei Xinyuan , Fisher Rosie A. , Zhu Qing , Tang Jinyun , Ricciuto Daniel M. , Shuman Jacquelyn K. , Yang Xiaojuan , Kueppers Lara M. , Chambers Jeffrey Q.
Published: March 2024

We present a representation of nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator, a demographic vegetation model within the Energy Exascale Earth System land model. This representation is modular, and designed to allow testing of multiple hypothetical approaches for carbon‐nutrient coupling in plants. Novel model hypotheses introduced in this work include, (a) the controls on plant acquisition of aqueous mineralized nutrients in the soil and (b) fairly straight forward methods of allocating nutrients to specific plant organs and their losses through live plant turnover as well as litter fluxes generated through plant mortality. This combines the new with pre‐existing hypotheses (such as nitrogen fixation and soil decomposition) into a system that can accommodate plant‐soil dynamics for a large number of size‐ and functional‐type‐resolved plant cohorts within a time‐since‐disturbance‐resolved ecosystem. Root uptake of nutrients is governed by fine root biomass, and plants vary in their fine root biomass allocation in order to balance carbon and nutrient limitations to growth. We test the sensitivity of the model to a wide range of parameter variations and structural representations, and in the context of observations at Barro Colorado Island, Panama. A key model prediction is that plants in the high‐light‐availability canopy positions allocate more carbon to fine roots than plants in low‐light understory environments, given the widely different carbon versus nutrient constraints of these two niches within a given ecosystem. This model provides a basis for exploring carbon‐nutrient coupling with vegetation demography within Earth system models.
Urbanization Further Intensifies Short‐Duration Rainfall Extremes in a Warmer Climate
Authors: Yan Haochen , Gao Yao , Wilby Robert , Yu Dapeng , Wright Nigel , Yin Jie , Chen Xunlai , Chen Ji , Guan Mingfu
Published: March 2024

Intensification of short‐duration rainfall extremes contributes to increased urban flood risk. Yet, it remains unclear how upper‐tail rainfall statistics could change with regional warming. Here, we characterize the non‐stationarity of rainfall extremes over durations of 1–24 hr for the rapidly developing coastal megalopolis of the Greater Bay Area, China. Using high‐resolution, multi‐source, merged and gridded data we observe greater increases in rainfall intensities over the north‐central part of the region compared with the southern coastal region. Our results show, for the first time, that urbanization nonlinearly increases rainfall intensities at different durations and return periods. Over short durations (≤3‐hr) and short return periods (2‐yr), urban areas have the greatest scaling rates (≥19.9%/°C). However, over longer durations (≥9‐hr) rural areas have greater scaling rates, with a lower degree of dependency on both durations and return periods.
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity, hippocampal extracellular free water, and cognitive deficits are associated with each other in early phase psychosis
Authors: Seitz-Holland Johanna , Alemán-Gómez Yasser , Cho Kang Ik K. , Pasternak Ofer , Cleusix Martine , Jenni Raoul , Baumann Philipp S. , Klauser Paul , Conus Philippe , Hagmann Patric , Do Kim Q. , Kubicki Marek , Dwir Daniella
Published: March 2024

Increasing evidence points toward the role of the extracellular matrix, specifically matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), in the pathophysiology of psychosis. MMP-9 is a critical regulator of the crosstalk between peripheral and central inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, hippocampal development, synaptic pruning, and neuroplasticity. Here, we aim to characterize the relationship between plasma MMP-9 activity, hippocampal microstructure, and cognition in healthy individuals and individuals with early phase psychosis. We collected clinical, blood, and structural and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data from 39 individuals with early phase psychosis and 44 age and sex-matched healthy individuals. We measured MMP-9 plasma activity, hippocampal extracellular free water (FW) levels, and hippocampal volumes. We used regression analyses to compare MMP-9 activity, hippocampal FW, and volumes between groups. We then examined associations between MMP-9 activity, FW levels, hippocampal volumes, and cognitive performance assessed with the MATRICS battery. All analyses were controlled for age, sex, body mass index, cigarette smoking, and years of education. Individuals with early phase psychosis demonstrated higher MMP-9 activity (p < 0.0002), higher left (p < 0.05) and right (p < 0.05) hippocampal FW levels, and lower left (p < 0.05) and right (p < 0.05) hippocampal volume than healthy individuals. MMP-9 activity correlated positively with hippocampal FW levels (all participants and individuals with early phase psychosis) and negatively with hippocampal volumes (all participants and healthy individuals). Higher MMP-9 activity and higher hippocampal FW levels were associated with slower processing speed and worse working memory performance in all participants. Our findings show an association between MMP-9 activity and hippocampal microstructural alterations in psychosis and an association between MMP-9 activity and cognitive performance. Further, more extensive longitudinal studies should examine the therapeutic potential of MMP-9 modulators in psychosis.
High-density volumetric super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Daly Sam , Ferreira Fernandes João , Bruggeman Ezra , Handa Anoushka , Peters Ruby , Benaissa Sarah , Zhang Boya , Beckwith Joseph S. , Sanders Edward W. , Sims Ruth R. , Klenerman David , Davis Simon J. , O’Holleran Kevin , Lee Steven F.
Published: March 2024

Volumetric super-resolution microscopy typically encodes the 3D position of single-molecule fluorescence into a 2D image by changing the shape of the point spread function (PSF) as a function of depth. However, the resulting large and complex PSF spatial footprints reduce biological throughput and applicability by requiring lower labeling densities to avoid overlapping fluorescent signals. We quantitatively compare the density dependence of single-molecule light field microscopy (SMLFM) to other 3D PSFs (astigmatism, double helix and tetrapod) showing that SMLFM enables an order-of-magnitude speed improvement compared to the double helix PSF by resolving overlapping emitters through parallax. We demonstrate this optical robustness experimentally with high accuracy ( > 99.2 ± 0.1%, 0.1 locs μm−2) and sensitivity ( > 86.6 ± 0.9%, 0.1 locs μm−2) through whole-cell (scan-free) imaging and tracking of single membrane proteins in live primary B cells. We also exemplify high-density volumetric imaging (0.15 locs μm−2) in dense cytosolic tubulin datasets.
Diverging effects of host density and richness across biological scales drive diversity-disease outcomes
Authors: Johnson Pieter T. J. , Stewart Merrill Tara E. , Dean Andrew D. , Fenton Andy
Published: March 2024

Understanding how biodiversity affects pathogen transmission remains an unresolved question due to the challenges in testing potential mechanisms in natural systems and how these mechanisms vary across biological scales. By quantifying transmission of an entire guild of parasites (larval trematodes) within 902 amphibian host communities, we show that the community-level drivers of infection depend critically on biological scale. At the individual host scale, increases in host richness led to fewer parasites per host for all parasite taxa, with no effect of host or predator densities. At the host community scale, however, the inhibitory effects of richness were counteracted by associated increases in total host density, leading to no overall change in parasite densities. Mechanistically, we find that while average host competence declined with increasing host richness, total community competence remained stable due to additive assembly patterns. These results help reconcile disease-diversity debates by empirically disentangling the roles of alternative ecological drivers of parasite transmission and how such effects depend on biological scale.