bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Architectural traditions of Mapungubwe and Bambandyanalo (K2)
Authors: Meyer Andrie , Cloete Chris
Published: June 2016

This article is concerned with the identification of culturally significant architectural structures and features on the archaeological sites Mapungubwe and K2, two 11th to 13th Century AD African capitals in the current Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape World Heritage Site in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. The objective of the article is to identify the typical architectural structures and features of the two sites, based on the original archaeological field research reports of the University of Pretoria (UP) as a primary source of information, for the purposes of architectural reconstruction and educational presentation. The archaeological field reports in the Mapungubwe Archive at UP are briefly reviewed as primary sources of information. Previous archaeological research of the University on Mapungubwe and K2 since 1933 resulted in the establishment of the Mapungubwe Museum and Archive at UP in 2000 where the field records are kept, and in the current reconstruction, interpretation and presentation of the architecture of Mapungubwe and K2 for the educational displays of the Museum. Observed remains of architectural structures and features on Mapungubwe include single free-standing stonewalls; terrace stonewalls, some of which are constructed with steps; stone platforms; stone mortar blocks and mortar hollows on exposed sandstone surfaces; circular stone structures; sets of game-hollows in rock surfaces; and on both sites the remains of circular pole and daub structures varying from small granaries to larger veranda type structures; as well as evidence of palisades and stockade type kraal structures. These architectural structures and features will be reconstructed and their cultural significance explained with the application of trans- disciplinary methodology in further research.
Non-profit organisations and government’s pro-poor spending: the case of health and development in Gauteng
Authors: Mzini L B
Published: June 2016

Globally, there is growing recognition of participatory public expenditure management (PPEM). PPEM is seen as the process whereby citizens and civil society organisations participate in the management of public expenditures. The adoption of PPEM is aimed at ensuring greater transparency, better targeting and tracking of resources, and increased overall responsiveness. The Gauteng Department of Health and Social Development (GDHSD) is committed to co-operative governance; this includes working with different spheres of government and civil society or non-profit organisations (NPOs).NPOs are required to have a governing committee to manage funds allocated by GDHSD. The committee has the capacity to hold the NPO management accountable for the resources (financial and material) entrusted to it by the GDHSD. The effectiveness of NPOs is challenged by poor attendance of board members at meetings, poor understanding of the board’s mandate and responsibilities and lack of experience amongst members.The paradigm of PPEM is still faced with challenges to ensure that significant flows of revenue are accounted for and used effectively for growth and poverty reduction. This study is divided into three components. The first section focuses on the background, the introduction and the conceptual framework. The second part focuses on the empirical study for deriving a benchmark for the South African NPO sector. The third section highlights good practices as well as governance-related challenges. Finally, for further consideration by the GDHSD, a series of recommendations is provided, focusing on how key domestic stakeholders can better contribute to successful participatory budgeting programmes.Keywords: Participatory public expenditure management, non-profit organisations, pro-poor spending, public finance, public financial management, early childhood development. Disciplines: Public Management and Administration, Public Financial Management
A critical review on the reporting of surveys in transdisciplinary research: A case study in Information Systems
Authors: Van Biljon Judy
Published: June 2016

Variability of goals and evolving research methodologies are fundamental characteristics of transdisciplinary research. This integration of research strategies from different fields complicates the evaluation of transdisciplinary research since the variability of goals drives variability of criteria and quality indicators. The aim of this research is to investigate the implications of using research methods across disciplinary boundaries by drilling down into the use of one research strategy in one research context (Information Systems) and a related sub-context (Human-Computer Interaction). Surveys with questionnaires as data-capturing tools were selected as an established research method which is widely used in transdisciplinary research. Questionnaires are one of the most established data capturing tools and yet the validity of questionnaire-based findings have often been questioned. The main problem areas have been identified as the sampling of the data, the questionnaire design and the interpretation of the results. This paper looks into questionnaire reporting practices - an essential determinant in the validity and reliability of survey-based research. The field of Information Systems and Human- Computer Interaction has been chosen as the research context. Information Systems research is by nature interdisciplinary in focusing on social and organisational issues regarding the development and use of software in organisations. Human-Computer Interaction studies address the challenges of making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans. Both Information Systems and Human- Computer Interaction studies address complex, heterogeneous, real-world problems, thereby meeting the first criteria to be classified as transdisciplinary research. The research design entails document analysis of papers presented at conferences in Computer Science and Information Systems over a three-year period to identify trends in the reporting of survey results, especially the questionnaire design.Transdisciplinary research methodology facilitates the application of research methods across fields. However, if the constraints of the method are not recognised the validity of the results may be compromised in a plethora of ways. While fusion of methods are encouraged on a theoretical level in transdisciplinary research the findings of this study are a warning about the dangers of interdisciplinary application of research strategies without due diligence in observing best practices in the parent discipline. The paper aims to advance the discussion on research design and practice beyond disciplinary research and should be of interest to researchers and practitioners who deal with multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary research.Keywords: transdisciplinary, interdisciplinary, mutlidisciplinary, questionnaire designDisciplines: Research methodology, Information Systems, Human-Computer Interaction Studies
How Pat Metheny came to Carolina in Mpumalanga, South Africa: using music in transdisciplinary water research
Authors: Tempelhoff Johann
Published: June 2016

Listening to music can help researchers to comprehend and gain insight into complex problems in transdisciplinary research. This article explains how members of a research group at North-West University in South Africa conducted research on a crisis in the urban settlement of Carolina in Mpumalanga Province when acid mine drainage (AMD) from local coal mining operations was found in the municipal water supply. In grappling with complex issues such as the failure of communication with local stakeholders, the group resorted to using the music of Pat Metheny’s music to come to abetter understanding of the crisis.  Keywords:Carolina, acid mine drainage (AMD), Pat Metheny, transdisciplinarity, coal mining.Disciplines: History, water studies, music studies, transdisciplinarymethodology.
Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Genotype and Haplotype Investigation of Natural Killer Cells from an Australian Population of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Patients
Authors: Huth T. K. , Brenu E. W. , Staines D. R. , Marshall-Gradisnik S. M.
Published: June 2016

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes encode for activating and inhibitory surface receptors, which are correlated with the regulation of Natural Killer (NK) cell cytotoxic activity. Reduced NK cell cytotoxic activity has been consistently reported in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) patients, and KIR haplotypes and allelic polymorphism remain to be investigated. The aim of this article was to conduct a pilot study to examine KIR genotypes, haplotypes, and allelic polymorphism in CFS/ME patients and nonfatigued controls (NFCs). Comparison of KIR and allelic polymorphism frequencies revealed no significant differences between 20 CFS/ME patients and 20 NFCs. A lower frequency of the telomeric A/B motif ( P < 0.05) was observed in CFS/ME patients compared with NFCs. This pilot study is the first to report the differences in the frequency of KIR on the telomeric A/B motif in CFS/ME patients. Further studies with a larger CFS/ME cohort are required to validate these results.
Extremal Sequences for the Bellman Function of the Dyadic Maximal Operator and Applications to the Hardy Operator
Authors: Nikolaos Nikolidakis Eleftherios
Published: June 2016

We prove that the extremal sequences for the Bellman function of the dyadic maximal operator behave approximately as eigenfunctions of this operator for a specific eigenvalue. We use this result to prove the analogous one with respect to the Hardy operator.
Analytical Study on Piezoelectric Effects on Exciton Dissociation
Authors: Kim SeongMin , Ha Jaewook , Kim Hyeok , Kim Jin-Baek
Published: June 2016

We analytically and numerically compute the Onsager dissociation rate (exciton dissociation) on an interface induced by a piezoelectric potential in an inorganicorganic hybrid p-n junction system (ZnO + (poly(p-phenylene vinylene)); PPV). When a positive piezoelectric potential is created at the interface region owing to the deformation of the system, free electrons accumulate at the interface. Hence, screening effects are observed. It is assumed that the electron layer formed at the interface then attracts free holes from the p-type PPV region, which leads to exciton formation, possibly via the Langevin recombination process. The increased exciton density can then contribute to the Onsager dissociation rate, which is maximum around the interface. This paper focuses on the role of piezoelectric effects in promoting exciton formation at the interface and its relation with the exciton dissociation rate.
Street level bureaucracy and the dilemmas of private entities in public spaces: Case of GPRTU
Authors: Boahen Patience Ama Nyantakyiwaa
Published: June 2016

Lipsky’s notion of “street-level bureaucrats” refers to public sector actors who provide service and sanction the public due to their ability to wield discretionary power. Hence are autonomous from government. Discretionary power enables them to shape public policy in pursuit of private agendas by inter alia creating artificial shortages. Given that they a pose threat to government’s efforts, government sometimes moves to curtail their power of discretion and autonomy. Street-level bureaucrats are rational and activate mechanisms to escape government control. This study examines the coping mechanisms of the Ghana Private Road Transport Union (GPRTU) after government implementation of a petroleum price deregulation policy. This paper raises questions and sets the stage for the next part by highlighting the notions of the prisoner’s dilemma, collective action, tragedy of commons and organizational choice. These are refracted through the transactional model of coping strategies of entities.Keywords: Street-level bureaucrats, discretionary power, autonomy, coping strategy, GPRTU, transactional model
A study of the concession speech by President Goodluck Jonathan
Authors: Okoye Adaobi Ngozi , Mmadike Benjamin Ifeanyi
Published: June 2016

When language is used to communicate to an audience, the listeners are given an insight into the intention of the speaker. This study analyses the concession speech made by President Goodluck Jonathan. It adopts the speech act theory in the classification of the illocutionary acts which are contained in the speech. The simple percentage is used in computing the frequency of the various illocutionary acts. Our findings show a preponderance of the representative speech act and the absence of the directive.
Exposing the Transverse Acetabular Ligament in the Presence of Large Floor Osteophytes in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Sun Huaqiang , Li Shufeng , He Yeteng , Wang Teng , Yu Zhaolong , Yan Xinfeng
Published: June 2016

Background/objective

The transverse acetabular ligament (TAL) can be used to position the acetabular cup and may help to improve the accuracy of primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, because the TAL may be covered by osteophytes, the ability to find the TAL varies greatly in the reported literature. In the present study, we introduce 2 methods and make a comparison between them to identify the easier procedure for finding an osteophyte-covered TAL.

Methods

During primary THA operations conducted from January 2012 to June 2015, a total of 100 patients (100 hips) were confirmed to have an osteophyte-covered TAL following the exposure of the acetabulum and removal of all soft tissues covering the TAL. These 100 patients were enrolled in this study. 2 methods were used to identify the TAL: the use of a bone chisel or a small reamer, and patients were allocated randomly to 1 of these 2 methods. The proportion of patients in whom TAL was identified was compared between the 2 methods using the chi-square test.

Results

The percentage of patients in whom the TAL was found using a bone chisel was 54.1% (26/48), whereas the percentage was 94.2% (49/52) in patients for whom a small reamer was used. The difference between the 2 methods was statistically significant (chi-square test, p<0.05).

Conclusions

The TAL can be found more easily with a small reamer than with a bone chisel.
Effect of Different Cleaning Methods of Polyetheretherketone on Surface Roughness and Surface Free Energy Properties
Authors: Heimer Sina , Schmidlin Patrick R. , Stawarczyk Bogna
Published: June 2016

Purpose

To determine the effect of different individual, laboratory and professional cleaning methods on the surface-roughness (SR) and surface free energy (SFE) of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), PMMA-based (PMMA) and composite (COMP) materials.

Methods

330 specimens of PEEK, PMMA and COMP (N = 990) were prepared and divided into the following cleaning protocols (n = 30/group): (i) individual prophylaxis using (ST) soft, (MT) medium-hard and (SOT) sonic toothbrushes, (ii) in-lab cleaning protocols consisting of (SY) Sympro cleaning system, (SS) SunSparkle, (UB) ultrasonic bath and (AP) Al2O3-powder device and (iii) professional prophylaxis applying (PS) Perio Soft-Scaler, (SO) Sonicsys, (AFC) Air Flow Comfort, and (AFP) Air Flow Plus. After each protocol SR (profilometer), SFE (contact angle devise) and surface topography (SEM) were measured. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis, Kruskal-Wallis-H- and Mann-Whitney- U-test (p<0.05).

Results

No impact of material on SR was observed (p = 0.443). Cleaning using conventional air-abrasion and powders (AP), followed by AFC produced higher SR values than the remaining methods (p<0.001). Within SFE, the cleaning method exerted the highest influence on SFE values (p<0.001, ηP2 = 0.246), closely followed by the polymer material (p<0.001, ηP2 = 0.136). PMMA and PEEK presented after cleaning lower SFE than COMP. PS, UB and SO showed lower SFE than specimens cleaned using SS, ST and SY. Cleaning using SY led to the highest SFE.

Conclusions

With regard to SR, all methods – with exception of conventional air-abrasion – can be recommended to clean PEEK. According to the SFE, PEEK may be an acceptable material providing even lower plaque accumulation rates than COMP. The field for more research is now open for scrutiny.
Osteointegration in Cranial Bone Reconstruction: A Goal to Achieve
Authors: Sprio Simone , Fricia Marco , Maddalena Giuseppe F. , Nataloni Angelo , Tampieri Anna
Published: June 2016

Background

The number of cranioplasty procedures is steadily increasing, mainly due to growing indications for decompressive procedures following trauma, tumor or malformations. Although autologous bone is still considered the gold standard for bone replacement in skull, there is an urgent need for synthetic porous implants able to guide bone regeneration and stable reconstruction of the defect. In this respect, hydroxyapatite scaffolds with highly porous architecture are very promising materials, due to the excellent biocompatibility and intrinsic osteogenic and osteoconductive properties that enable deep bone penetration in the scaffold and excellent osteointegration. Osteointegration is here highlighted as a key aspect for the early recovery of bone-like biomechanical performance, for which custom-made porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds play a major role. There are still very few cases documenting the clinical performance of porous scaffolds following cranioplasty.

Methods

This paper reports 2 clinical cases where large cranial defects were repaired by the aid of porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds with customized shapes and 3D profiles (Fin-Ceramica, Faenza, Italy).

Results

In the long term (i.e., after 2 years), these scaffolds yielded extensive osteointegration through formation and penetration of new organized bone.

Conclusions

These results confirm that porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds, uniquely possessing chemico-physical and morphological/mechanical properties very close to those of bone, can be considered as a tool to provide effective bone regeneration in large cranial bone defects. Moreover, they may potentially prevent most of the postsurgical drawbacks related to the use of metal or plastic implants.
Creating Arteriovenous Fistulas using Surgeon-performed Ultrasound
Authors: Jennings William C. , Parker Donald E.
Published: June 2016

Purpose

An arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) is the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis and is associated with lower mortality, morbidity and cost when compared with grafts and particularly with central venous dialysis catheters. This study reviews a series of new patients where an autogenous access was constructed for each individual utilizing surgeon-performed ultrasound (SP-US).

Methods

Consecutive new patients referred for a permanent vascular access during an 11-year period were retrospectively reviewed. In addition to physical examination, each patient underwent SP-US evaluation for preoperative vessel mapping and post-operative evaluation for access maturation. SP-US was also used in the evaluation of access dysfunction in mature AVFs.

Results

We identified 1874 patients. Ages were 8-94 years (mean 60 years). Of these, 51% were female and 59% were diabetic; 33% had previous failed access operations. Follow-up was 3-127 months (mean 23 months). An autogenous access was constructed for each individual. No grafts were used. Direct AVFs were constructed in 1240 (66%) patients and 634 (34%) individuals required a transposition or translocation procedure. Primary and cumulative patency rates were 60.0% and 93.0% at 12 months and 47.3% and 90.2% at 24 months, respectively. AVF arterial inflow was most commonly supplied by the proximal radial artery (67%).

Conclusions

Creating a functional autogenous vascular access is possible for most patients. No grafts were used in this series of 1874 consecutive new patients. Important elements for success included SP-US evaluation, utilization of the many vascular access options available, establishing radial artery AVF inflow when feasible, and prompt intervention when indicated.
Arbeidsmedisinsk epidemiologi i støpeskjeen
Authors: Kristensen Petter
Published: June 2016

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Strategic Environmental Assessment as an Instrument for Sustainable Development of the Danube Corridor Through Serbia
Authors: Josimovic Bosko , Nenkovic-Riznic Marina , Milijic Sasa
Published: June 2016

Strategic environmental assessment is one of the most important instruments for the implementation of sustainable development strategy in spatial planning in general. Given the importance of the Danube corridor in ecological, economic and social terms, as well as the fact that it is a significant corridor for international navigation, it is important to consider the significance and possibilities of applying SEA in planning the sustainable spatial development of this area. This paper presents the methodological framework for applying the SEA carried out for the needs of the Spatial Plan, in particular for the section of the Danube corridor passing through the Republic of Serbia. The paper focuses on the inclusion of all aspects of sustainable development in the SEA process, especially when conducting qualitative multi-criteria evaluation of the planning solutions. The results obtained indicate that the impacts (positive and negative) of the planned activities provide a basis for making decisions that should enable sustainable development of the planning area.
Investigation of Oil Recovery in Fractured Carbonate Rock by
Authors: Karimaie H. , Torsæter O.
Published: June 2016

The purpose of the three experiments described in this paper is to investigate the efficiency of secondary andtertiary gas injection in fractured carbonate reservoirs, focusing on the effect of equilibrium gas,re-pressurization and non-equilibrium gas. A weakly water-wet sample from Asmari limestone which is the mainoil producing formation in Iran, was placed vertically in a specially designed core holder surrounded withfracture. The unique feature of the apparatus used in the experiment, is the capability of initializing the samplewith live oil to obtain a homogeneous saturation and create the fracture around it by using a special alloy whichis easily meltable. After initializing the sample, the alloy can be drained from the bottom of the modified coreholder and create the fracture which is filled with live oil and surrounded the sample. Pressure and temperaturewere selected in the experiments to give proper interfacial tensions which have been measured experimentally.Series of secondary and tertiary gas injection were carried out using equilibrium and non-equilibrium gas.Experiments have been performed at different pressures and effect of reduction of interfacial tension werechecked by re-pressurization process. The experiments showed little oil recovery due to water injection whilesignificant amount of oil has been produced due to equilibrium gas injection and re-pressurization. Results alsoreveal that CO2 injection is a very efficient recovery method while injection of C1 can also improve the oilrecovery.
Reduction of CO2 Emissions Due to Energy Use in Crete-Greece
Authors: Vourdoubas John
Published: June 2016

Use of fossil fuels in modern societies results in CO2 emissions which, together with other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, increase environmental degradation and climate changes. Carbon dioxide emissions in a society are strongly related with energy consumption and economic growth, being influenced also from energy intensity, population growth, crude oil and CO2 prices as well as the composition of energy mix and the percentage of renewable energies in it.The last years in Greece, the severe economic crisis has affected all sectors of the economy, has reduced the available income of the citizens and has changed the consumers’ behavior including the consumption of energy in all the activities. Analysis of the available data in the region of Crete over the period 2007-2013 has shown a significant decrease of energy consumption and CO2 emissions due to energy use by 25.90% compared with the reduction of national G.D.P. per capita over the same period by 25.45% indicating the coupling of those emissions with the negative growth of the economy. Carbon dioxide emissions per capita in Crete in 2013 are estimated at 4.96 tons. Main contributors of those emissions in the same year were electricity generation from fuel and heating oil by 64.85%, heating sector by 3.23% and transportation by 31.92%.
Potential Use of Water Associated with Conventional Oil Production and Sea Water as Base Fluids for Hydraulic Fracturing Operations: Effect of Water Chemistry on Crosslinking and Breaking Behaviors of Guar Gum-Based Fracturing Fluid Formulations
Authors: Saini Dayanand , Mezei Timea
Published: June 2016

Even though water consumption per hydraulic fracturing (or fracturing) job is relatively low; nearly all of the fresh water used for fracturing in California is in the regions of high water stress such as San Jouquin and Los Angeles Basins. However, water availability should not be a concern as huge volumes of water are being produced along with oil and gas from conventional formations (i.e. associated water) in the Kern County of California, a region where most of the fracturing activities take place. This associated water can potentially be used for preparing fracturing fluids in stimulating the unconventional formations. The present study reports on the relevant investigation done in this area of interest.The results suggest that associated water chemistry has limited effect on the viscosity of cross-linked formulations. However, guar gum concentration was found to affect the breaking behaviors of cross-linked fracturing fluid formulations. The new type of commercially available biodegradable breaker was found to be effective in breaking the tested cross-linked formulations at elevated temperature which was as high as 85°C (185°F). Both crosslinking and breaking behaviors of fracturing fluid formulations evaluated in this study were found comparable to the behaviors of commonly used cross-linked formulation (guar gum + 2% potassium chloride). These results suggest that both the associated water (i.e. water resulting from regional conventional oil production activites) and sea water (offshore oil fields) could serve as alternative sources of base fluid for use in fracturing jobs without putting significant burden on precious regional fresh water resources.
Analyses of Anaerobic Batch Digestion of Municipal Solid Waste in the Production of Biogas Using Mathematical Models
Authors: Igoni Asinyetogha H.
Published: June 2016

The process dynamics of anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste (MSW) in a batch bioreactor for the production of biogas has been analysed. An anaerobic batch digester was designed for the treatment of MSW in Port Harcourt metropolis, Nigeria, while at the same time generate biogas as a useful by-product. In the course of the design, the biochemical behaviour of the MSW in batch processing was investigated and analysed. Mathematical models were developed to describe the behaviour of the waste using material balance analysis. The models were validated by the formulation of a Microsoft Visual Basic Version 6.0 programme to simulate the digestion process for a fractional conversion of 0.2-0.8 and Total solids (TS) concentration of 4-30%. The results were analysed using Microsoft Chart Editor and showed that the fractional conversion has various levels of effect on other process parameters like the mean cell residence time, substrate and microbial concentrations and the volume of biogas/methane produced.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Business and Managment, Vol. 11 No. 7, 2016
Authors: Lee Stephen
Published: June 2016

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Business and Managment, Vol. 11 No. 7, 2016, e-Version FirstTM
Evaluation of Combating Desertification Alternatives Using Promethee Model
Authors: Sadeghravesh Mohammad Hassan , Khosravi Hassan , Abolhasani Azam , Shekoohizadeghan Sahar
Published: June 2016

According to the extent of damage, various effects and complexity of desertification process, selecting appropriate alternatives considering all effective desertification criterions is one of the main concerns of Iran in the field of natural resources. This can be effective in controlling, reclamation of disturbed lands and avoiding destruction areas at desertification risk. This paper tries to provide a systematic and optimal alternatives in a group decision-making model. For this aim, PROMETHEE II method was used for ranking desertification alternatives. At the first in the framework of Multiple Attribute Decision-making (MADM), normalized decision matrix was provided by  Delphi model. Then, to ease and accuracy in estimating the criteria preference and alternatives priority, the normalized decision matrix data were entered in Visual PROMETHEE software. Based on the results, the alternatives of prevention of unsuitable land use changes (A18), vegetation cover development and reclamation (A23) and modification of ground water harvesting (A31) with pure out ranking progress of =0.3660, 0.1909 and -0.0887 were selected as the main combating desertification altarnative in the study area, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that the obtained results and ranking should be considered in projects of controlling and reducing the effects of desertification and rehabilitatyion of degraded lands plans.
Volcanic Deposits and Volcanic Hazard in Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica
Authors: Rojas-Barrantes Martín , Fernández-Arce Mario
Published: June 2016

The present research aims to investigate more precisely about the geology of the Eastern region of the Santo Domingo County. Santo Domingo is part of the structural plateau in the center of Costa Rica, which is located at the foot of the Cordillera Volcánica Central (CVF) [Central Volcanic Front] and is covered by volcanic deposits. On this plateau, called Central Valley, is the highest percentage of the population of the country and therefore, a large sector of the Costa Rican population is exposed to volcanic eruptions of the volcanoes in the CVF. For existing the national system for risk management and a law that demands actions to local authorities to prevent and mitigate disaster, it is necessary to identify the threats that exist in the cantons (counties) of Costa Rica. This will serve to take the prevention and mitigation actions necessary to reduce the impact of volcanic eruptions in the area of Santo Domingo.The research method consisted of review and analysis of previous works through literature research, data collection and analysis of boreholes from records of water-supply wells and open pits, and field work to better know the geology of the area. The results indicate that there are deposits of powerful volcanic eruptions of pyroclastic fall deposits (volcanic ash and lapilli) that mostly form clayey soils and lahars deposits that practically covers the entire territory. Underlying these deposits there is a pyroclastic flow deposit (ignimbrite), followed by lapilli tephra (a layer of pumice of at least 2 meters thick) that mark a change in the volcanic activity. Such pyroclastic flow is overlaid by an igneous presumably sub-volcanic activity of andesites interlayered with ancient tuffs, with a considerable thickness of over 350 meters according with borehole data and the exposure recognition on Pará river study sites. According to site locations (P1 to P23) of volcaniclastic deposits, there is evidence of an important environmental impact caused by the last eruptions of the CVF volcanoes. The real and current volcanic threat to the population of the County is the fall-out of ash emitted from the Turrialba and Irazú volcanoes. From local observations along the Virilla and Pará rivers sections, there is no evidence of younger pyroclastic flows overlying the volcanic sequence.
Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Weathering Profiles above the Basement Rocks in Idi- Ayunre and Akure Districts, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Adeola Adewole John , M. Oyebola Abisola
Published: June 2016

Idi-ayunre and Akure areas are part of the basement complex of southwestern Nigeria and are predominantly consisted of gneisses, granite and migmatite with some minor quartz veins and pegmatite. These rocks have been greatly weathered to form clay, laterite and soils.Chemical analysis were carried out on basement rocks and exposed profiles. The weathering profile was subjected to X ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to determine mineralogical compositions whereas Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) was calculated from the elemental concentrated data.Weathering of basement rocks in Idi-Ayunre and Akure districts resulted in the formation of soil layer which ranged 0-0.4m, laterite layer 1.2-2.2m, and clayey zone 3.8-6.6m. Quartz, plagioclase, microcline, and biotite were the main minerals in parent rocks. Some of the primary minerals such as biotite and K-feldspar have been weathered to form kaolinite. Quartz, kaolinite and goethite formed the dominant minerals revealed by X-ray diffraction on decomposed granite sequences. The results from chemical analysis showed that Al and Fe have been enriched in weathering profiles of banded gneiss, migmatite gneiss and porphyritic granite whilst on the other hand Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, Ti were reported to be depleted.. Silica was relatively stable from basement to the topsoil in the profile. The CIA generally ranged between 80 - 99The lateritic profiles over banded gneiss, granite and porphyritic granite of Idi-Ayunre and Akure areas varied with the composition of the parent rocks. The thick clayey layers could be of great economic importance for the production of ceramics wares and for constructional purposes.
Assessing the Impact of Projected Climate Change on Zoo Visitation in Toronto (Canada)
Authors: J. Hewer Micah , A. Gough William
Published: June 2016

Weather and climate have been widely recognised as having an important influence on tourism and recreational activities. However, the nature of these relationships varies depending on the type, timing and location of these activities. Climate change is expected to have considerable and diverse impacts on recreation and tourism. Nonetheless, the potential impact of climate change on zoo visitation has yet to be assessed in a scientific manner. This case study begins by establishing the baseline conditions and statistical relationship between weather and zoo visitation in Toronto, Canada. Regression analysis, relying on historical weather and visitation data, measured at the daily time scale, formed the basis for this analysis. Climate change projections relied on output produced by Global Climate Models (GCMs) for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2013 Fifth Assessment Report, ranked and selected using the herein defined Selective Ensemble Approach. This seasonal GCM output was then used to inform daily, local, climate change scenarios, generated using Statistical Down-Scaling Model Version 5.2. A series of seasonal models were then used to assess the impact of projected climate change on zoo visitation. While accounting for the negative effects of precipitation and extreme heat, the models suggested that annual visitation to the zoo will likely increase over the course of the 21st century due to projected climate change: from +8% in the 2020s to +18% by the 2080s, for the least change scenario; and from +8% in the 2020s to +34% in the 2080s, for the greatest change scenario. The majority of the positive impact of projected climate change on zoo visitation in Toronto will likely occur in the shoulder season (spring and fall); with only moderate increases in the off season (winter) and potentially negative impacts associated with the peak season (summer), especially if warming exceeds 3.5 °C.
Influence of Cumulative Rainfall on the Occurrence of Landslides in Korea
Authors: Hoseop Ma , Wonseok Kang , Enukwa Ettagbor Hans
Published: June 2016

This study presents the impact of cumulative rainfall on landslides, following the analysis of cumulative rainfall for 20 days before the landslide. For the 1520 landslides analyzed, the highest amount of average daily rainfall of 52.9mm occurred the day before the landslide, and the least amount of 6.1mm was experienced 20 days before the landslide. The least number of landslides (263 landslides) occurred when the cumulative rainfall is less than 20mm, and increased to 316 landslides in less than 30mm rainfall, 514 landslides in less than 80mm, 842 landslides in less than 150mm, and 678 landslides in 150mm and above. Considering the landslide occurrence in relation to the cumulative rainfall and the cumulative number of days, 986 landslides (64.9%) of the 1520 landslides were triggered by the 3 days cumulative rainfall for the 100mm rainfall and below, and 60% of landslides at the 5 days cumulative rainfall, indicating that the impact of cumulative rainfall on landslides was high in the 3 days and 5 days cumulative rainfall. More landslides occurred for the 101mm-200mm rainfall at the 10 days cumulative rainfall, more landslides for the 201mm-300mm rainfall at the 14 days cumulative rainfall, and more landslides for the 301mm-400mm rainfall at the 18 days cumulative rainfall. Three typologies of cumulative rainfall triggers are evident in Korea which includes: the early stacked rainfall accumulation type; the long-term intensive rainfall accumulation type; the continuous daily rainfall accumulation type. Cumulative rainfall is thus a major factor causing landslides. It is therefore imperative to take into consideration cumulative rainfall and the cumulative number of days as important triggers of landslides, as this could help contribute in landslide forecasting, thus putting in place measures to minimize the damage caused to life and property by landslides.
Spatial Analysis of Land Surface - Vegetation Relationship in Mountainous Areas of the Tropics Using Srtm-3 Dem
Authors: Efiong Joel , Digha Opaminola Nicholas , Asouzu Obianuju Emmanuella
Published: June 2016

Digital elevation models (DEMs) have shown much potential for use in the extraction of land surface parameters and analysis of the relationship between land surface units and vegetation cover. However, there is lack of studies on the use of SRTM-3 DEM in vegetation studies of mountainous regions. This study is therefore an attempt to relate land surface parameters to vegetation cover in the Obudu mountain region using SRTM-3 DEM and Landsat data. Geomorphometric classification of the land surface was done using an unsupervised ISOCLUST algorithm while vegetation cover classification was done using the supervised approach based on the Maximum Likelihood algorithm. The resultant land surface units and vegetation cover maps were then related using grid-based statistic within the geographic information systems. The overall measure of difference between the two maps yielded a chi-square (d.f. = 24) = 1.9154, p > 0.05. This implies that there is no significant difference between the land surface units and the vegetation cover in the study area. This findings support the use of SRTM-3 for land surface and vegetation mapping where there is no higher quality data, or the cost of obtaining one is inhibitive; a situation that is faced by many developing economies like Nigeria. However, this results should be interpreted and used within the context of the uncertainty that is contained in the SRTM-3 DEM.
Analyzing and Investigating the Effect of Nailing on Stabilization Soil Trenches of Sand with Medium Density via Analytical Limit
Authors: Shalmani Y. Vafa , Cheshomi A.
Published: June 2016

Pit stability in urban areas is one of the great problems of enforcement operations. A variety of methods have been devised to fixate and stabilize slopes and pits that Nailing is an example of them that is used in urban areas. In this study, stability of pit has been analyzed using this method and using the S-Nail software that the analysis has been done with limit equilibrium method. In order to investigate the effect of stabilization Nail element in sandy soil with medium density, in both dry and moist conditions, a number of used variables related to soil strength parameters such as C and φ and a number used variable of related element such as the length of the Nail, are horizontal distance of elements from each other, grid or density were considered. So the effect of each variable in the soil stabilization has been obtained and resulting in proposing optimal scheme of the considered soil stabilization.
Identify and Prioritize the Key Success Factors in the Establishment of Crowdsourced Systems
Authors: Naeini Ali Bonyadi , Atashkar Amin Reza
Published: June 2016

This study sought to determine the key factors affecting the success of crowdsourcing. In this study, both exploratory and confirmatory examined and finally, structural equation modeling was used to validate the proposed model. In this study, we tried to investigate key elements in the organization, the conceptual framework for the relationship between these factors be addressed. This study aimed to evaluate the identification and prioritization of the key success factors in the establishment of crowdsourcing was used in the automotive industry and purpose of the survey and questionnaires were used. The population in this study, car industry executives. As expressed in the research evaluation experts has been used. To investigate the relationship for each of the relationships shown in the model, the model analysis of Amos Software was used. The findings of this research to the development of crowdsourcing to help organizations, because it has tried to provide empirical evidence and in accordance with the terms of the Iranian executive model, the model organizations in order to be able to managers and planners given the circumstances and the amount of resources and organizational priorities of the development and implementation of projects of crowdsourcing to take better decisions.
Checking the Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Enabling in High School Staff in Region 2 of Tehran
Authors: Mahzouni Fatemeh , Kho'ini Fatemeh
Published: June 2016

In this study, the relationship between spiritual intelligence and empower in high school staff in region 2 of Tehran is checked. This study sample consisted of 217 people that were selected by random sampling method among high school staff in region 2 of Tehran. For collecting data to test the hypothesis and to test the viewpoints, is used two questionnaires which are made 1) 17-item questionnaire of spiritual intelligence and 2) a questionnaire with 15 items of staff empowerment, which its validity and reliability were confirmed. After collecting the data and required information by the mentioned instruments and particularly through questionnaires, the number of indicators evaluated and information was entered by SPSS software database. In this research hypotheses of research were evaluated and analyzed by statistical analysis according to the questionnaires. It should be noted that for statistical data analysis software SPSS is used. Finally, by evaluation 13 research hypothesis results showed that 13 hypothesis of spiritual intelligence and empowerment of staff in Tehran high schools in Region 2 have a direct connection.
Investigation of Social Networking Function in the Development of Viral Marketing
Authors: Naeini Ali Bonyadi , Sohrabi Erfan
Published: June 2016

This study, to assess the functioning of social networks in the spread of viral marketing that took place in this particular case the country's IT industry were investigated. Therefore, the researcher has used the survey questionnaire and the population in this study, users of social page of Rahpooyan Rayan Gostar Bartar Company on Facebook. To test the validity of research tools, test reliability and validity study, Cronbach's alpha was used. According to Cochran sampling, sample size among Facebook users in the social network of Rahpooyan Rayan Gostar Bartar Company, 384 were identified. In this study, to determine the component that is used to analyze the hierarchy of the elite group of elite people in the study were 60 people, as a result, it was found there was a significant relationship between social media marketing and how its success that leads to the purchase of goods and services.According to the results of this study, it was found that there is a significant relationship between social network marketing to draw attention to animation, attractive image for color and design, attractive slogans, self-marketing, social networking, use of celebrities, the use of symbols and its impact on the purchase of goods. These results indicate that perhaps one of the most important reasons is to prevent people, goods or services in respect of their social networks, distrust of it. Trust, creates social space that organizations can operate in that space.
Investigating Influence of Trust on Repurchasing by Mediating Role of Customer Satisfaction in Online Stores
Authors: Akhondi Abolfazl , Kafashpor Azar
Published: June 2016

Analyzing and investigating factors affecting trust and satisfaction creation and providing condition for creating these factors by online stores help them to perceive customers’ needs and lead to increasing loyalty level, intention for repurchasing and improving profitability level. Therefore, this paper investigates influence of trust on repurchasing by mediating role of customer satisfaction. Population of this paper were customers of online stores which have 2-star electronic trust symbol on the base of E-trade development center (Note 1) ranking and had shopping more than once. Data were gathered from 267 samples of customers by availability method and questionnaire tool and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha with 82%. Considering analyzing data by SEM on LIZERAL software, findings show that trust has positive and significant influence on repurchasing and indirect influence of trust on repurchasing by mediating role of customers satisfaction is more than its direct influence which confirms mediating role of customers’ satisfaction.
The Use of NFC Technology to Record Medical Information in Order to Improve the Quality of Medical and Treatment Services
Authors: Khah Razmi Nasreen Nabi , Sangar Amin Babazadeh
Published: June 2016

Although doctors are increasingly interested in electronic systems of registering medical record, but in practice such systems are used less. Mobile devices provide a new way for accessing users to data of health cares and services in a secure environment and user-selection. Mobile health cares' systems (M-health) are considered as a solution to reduce health care costs without reducing the quality of patient care. In this paper we are going to develop a common architecture for mobile health cares' services using NFC in order to facilitate providing health cares to people anywhere and anytime using the mobile devices that are connected to wireless communication technology, to be able to provide required services by a secure and available structure for patient' information in hospitals and health centers and treatment, especially intensive care units, emergency or patients needed home care. Also it can be avoided from forgery and misuse of physicians' stamp in current versions with this system by preparing electronic version using NFC technology.
A Study on Project Management Based on PMBOK and PRINCE2
Authors: Jamali Gholamreza , Oveisi Mina
Published: June 2016

The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) is a group of processes and knowledge fields which are generally accepted as greatest practice within the project management discipline. The PMBOK Guide is also an internationally recognized standard which provides the fundamentals of project management as they apply to a wide range of projects. PRINCE2 is a project management methodology standard in the United Kingdom and Europe. This standard is the required method for all UK government commissioned projects. PRINCE2 is in the public domain and offers best practice guidance on how to manage a project. The aim of this study is to compare PRINCE2 and PMBOK to recognize the characteristics of these best practices in order to provide decision criteria for governments with regard to selecting IT project management methodology.