bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Nitrogen, Deblossoming, and Growth Regulator Treatments on Growth, Flowering, and Runner Production of the ‘Gem’ Everbearing Strawberry1
Authors: Tafazoli E. , Shaybany B.
Published: August 2022

Uniform everbearing strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. ‘Gem’) were treated with 60 and 100ppm N, 50 and 100ppm gibberellic acid (GA3), and 50 and 100ppm (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) in the greenhouse. One half of the plants were deblossomed as flowers emerged. Both GA3 and N increased runner production and vegetative growth, independently and without interaction. Ethephon and deblossoming were generally ineffective on the measured characters except that 100ppm ethephon reduced leaf fresh weight and deblossoming increased inflorescence number. Highly significant interactions were observed among ethephon and higher levels of GA3 and N. ‘Gem’ flowering and runner production appear independent of each other with deblossoming of no practical value in promoting runner production.
Heritability Estimates for Fiber Content, Root Weight, Shape, Cracking, and Sprouting in Sweet Potato1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Hamilton M. G. , Dukes P. D.
Published: August 2022

A parent-offspring test of 21 sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) and 25 open-pollinated offspring from each provided heritability estimates (h2 ± SE) for root fiber (0.47 ± 0.04), weight (0.41 ± 0.04, shape (0.50 ± 0.05), cracking (0.37 ± 0.04), and sprouting (0.37 ± 0.02). These characters were sufficiently independent to allow selection of one, or of any combination simultaneously, without adverse effects on the others.
Influence of Borate and Pentaerythritol Concentrations on Germination and Tube Growth of Lilium longiflorum Pollen1
Authors: Dickinson David B.
Published: August 2022

Rapid tube growth occurred when lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. Ace) pollen germinated in a liquid medium containing 0.29 m pentaerythritol. Growth was reduced by increasing or decreasing the pentaerythritol concn. There was a hyperbolic relationship between concn of H3BO3 in the medium and stimulation in rate of pollen tube growth, with 30 μm H3BO3 causing one-half maximal stimulation of growth. Neither early pollen tube growth nor percent germination was stimulated by the hormones indoleacetic acid and gibberellic acid, nor was there any effect by 2’-isopropyl-4’-(trimethylammonium chloride)-5’-methylphenyl piperidine-1-carboxylate (Amo 1618), an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis.
Changes in Tomato Fruit Ripening Caused by Ethylene Dibromide Fumigation1
Authors: Rigney C. J. , Graham D. , Lee T. H.
Published: August 2022

Ethylene dibromide (EDB) fumigation of fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) reduced red color development in the outer pericarp, although the inner tissues remained unaffected at EDB doses as high as 35 g/m3. Carotene accumulation was enhanced by EDB at 4 g/m3, but at higher doses the carotene content of the tomato pericarp was reduced. Skin puncture force was reduced in green fruit fumigated at 4 g/m3, but not in breaker or pink fruit; higher skin puncture forces were recorded at higher doses for the three fruit maturities tested, EDB stimulated the respiration of preclimacteric fruit, but fruit fumigated just prior to the climacteric showed a normal respiration peak, although a 4 g/m3 treatment resulted in partial climacteric respiratory rise.
Effect of growth regulators on branching, flowering, and fruit development of ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Khademi M. , Khosh-Khui M.
Published: August 2022

In the paper, Effect of growth regulators on branching, flowering, and fruit development of ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), by M. Khademi and M. Khosh-Khui (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 102(6):796-798. 1977), the description for Figure 1 should read … C1 is control and C2 to C4 represent 300, 600, 900 ppm ethephon, 400, 800, 1200 ppm BA, and 50, 100, 150 ppm IAA, respectively.
Hormonal Control of Flower Bud Dormancy in Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.). III. Effects of Leaves, Defoliation and Temperature on Levels of Abscisic Acid in Flower Primordia1
Authors: Mielke Eugene A. , Dennis Frank G.
Published: August 2022

Levels of both free and bound abscisic acid (ABA) in flower primordia of ‘Montmorency’ sour cherry, as measured by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), increased during autumn leaf abscission. Mechanical defoliation of trees prior to the onset of leaf abscission prevented this increase in ABA without affecting the intensity of rest. The leaves on forced branches inhibited neither bud break nor flower development, while ABA inhibited both processes. Once the level of ABA had risen naturally, temperature had no effect on its disappearance. These results cast doubt on the involvement of ABA in the control of winter bud dormancy in sour cherry.
Growth Substances and Growth of Strawberry Stolons and Leaves1
Authors: Waithaka Kimani , Struckmeyer B. Esther , Dana Malcolm N.
Published: August 2022

A foliar spray of 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl)-9H-purine (PBA) induced thickening and restricted elongation of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) petioles and stolon internodes. Leaf area of treated plants was lower than that of untreated plants. Stolon internodes of treated plants increased in cell size and number. Gibberellic acid (GA3) promoted leaf expansion and elongation of petioles and stolon internodes. A combination of PBA and GA3 induced less thickening and more elongation of petioles and stolon internodes and greater leaf area compared to treatment with PBA alone. There was a breakdown of cell walls of pith parenchyma in stolon internodes of untreated plants while the cell walls of PBA and GA3 treated plants remained intact.
Flower and Shoot Development in the Greenhouse Roses, ‘Cara Mia’ and ‘Town Crier’, under Several Temperature-Photoperiodic Regimes1
Authors: Byrne Thomas G. , Doss Robert P. , Tse A. T. Y.
Published: August 2022

Plants of the ‘Cara Mia’ rose (Rosa hybrida L.) grown at elevated day temperatures with long photoperiodic cycles or at reduced night temperature with short photoperiods differed in shoot growth rate, petal number, final stem length, and harvest date when compared to plants grown at suggested day and night temperatures. Node number remained nearly constant under all growing conditions. Plants of ‘Town Crier’ rose grown with a night temperature of 13°C (minimum) during the first 3 weeks following shoot removal produced flowering shoots of the same length in the same amount of time as did those grown at a minimum night temperature of 17°C throughout shoot development. Cooler night temperatures during the second 3-week period after shoot removal increased flower development time by four days but did not affect stem length. Results indicate that some rose cultivars can tolerate lower than normal night temperatures for a portion of the growing cycle without reduced growth and/or yield.
Effect of Morphactin on Growth and Geotropism of Peanut Gynophore Explants1
Authors: Mnzava N. A. , Flocker W. J.
Published: August 2022

The intercalary meristem (IM) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), located 2.5 mm proximal to the ovules, showed a high sensitivity to morphactin (methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate) in response to unilateral gravity stimulus. All morphactin concentrations stimulated elongation, with optima at 0.1 and 10 ppm. Geotropic response diminished as concentration increased; at 50 ppm gynophores became ageotropic. Growth and the “anti-geotropic effect” seem to be coupled. The results imply a controlling role of auxin and favor the Cholodny-Went theory. Gynophores are physiologically root-like although anatomically stem-like in regard to morphactin effects.
Effects of Daylength and Maturity of Tomato Plants on Tomatine Content and Resistance to the Colorado Potato Beetle1
Authors: Sinden S. L. , Schalk J. M. , Stoner A. K.
Published: August 2022

Plants of Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl., which were resistant to the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), and plants of susceptible Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, were grown in controlled environment chambers with 8- or 16-hour daylengths. Rates of feeding by CPB on lower leaves from these plants were measured at 3 stages of plant development and tomatine contents of the leaves were determined. Leaves from young plants were more susceptible to CPB feeding than leaves from flowering or mature plants, and tomatine content was lower in the young leaves. The daylength also had significant effects on tomatine content, feeding rate, and the resistance expressed by L. hirsutum plants. For all plants in the experiment, tomatine content and feeding rate were negatively correlated (r = −0.643, p = 1%). Feeding was inhibited 20–80% when tomatine was infiltrated into tomato leaf disks at concentrations between 65 and 165 mg/100 g fresh weight. The results suggest that a high tomatine content in leaves of L. hirsutum or L. esculentum inhibits CPB feeding.
Ethephon-induced Defoliation Patterns and Subsequent Yields in Citrus1
Authors: Morton C. C. , Jahn O. L. , Young R. H. , Biggs R. H.
Published: August 2022

Effects of 0, 250, 500 and 750 ppm (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) on defoliation of ‘Robinson’, and ‘Nova’ tangerines (Citrus reticulata Blanco × (C paradisi × C reticulata), ‘Orlando’ tangelo (C. paradisi × C. reticulata) and ‘Owari’ satsuma trees (C. reticulata Blanco) were studied in 1974. Effects of 0, 250 and 400 ppm on defoliation, fruit plugging, yield, and color of ‘Robinson’ tangerines were studied in a second grove in 1974 and 1975. Old leaves were more subject to abscission from ethephon applications, whereas young leaves were relatively tolerant. Fruit yield was not reduced on ‘Robinson’ trees treated in the fall with up to 400 ppm ethephon. Fruit color, leaf drop, and fruit loosening were increased significantly by 250- and 400ppm ethephon.
Starch Conteut and Amylase Activity in Avocado Fruit Pulp1
Authors: Pesis Edna , Fuchs Yoram , Zauberman Giora
Published: August 2022

Amylase activity in detached avocado fruit (Persea americana Mill. cv. Fuerte) was directly correlated with ripening processes such as the climacteric rise in respiration, ethylene evolution, and softening. The term amylase designates the total amylolytic activity of avocado fruit but its exact nature was not studied. Amylase activity was higher in young than in mature fruits. After harvest, amylase activity started to rise with the onset of the respiratory climacteric. Parallel to the increase in amylase, a decrease in the starch content of the fruit pulp was observed. The disappearance of starch during softening was also demonstrated by electron microscopy. The possible role of starch as substrate and that of amylolytic activity as energy supplier, for metabolic processes in the fruit, is discussed.
Quality and Postharvest Behavior of Once-over Harvested Clingstone Peaches Treated with Daminozide1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Ray L. D. , Cawthon D. L.
Published: August 2022

Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) applied at 1800 ppm to 10-year-old ‘Babygold-5’ and ‘Babygold-8’ peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) at pit hardening advanced fruit maturity and increased tolerance of low soluble solids fruit by improving flesh color. Fruit softening, the disappearance of flesh chlorophyll, and reductions in puree viscosity were the primary benefits obtained from the application of daminozide. Daminozide advanced maturation generally, rather than concentrating the fruit into a more uniform maturity class. Flesh color and acidity were highly correlated with loss of fruit firmness of both control and daminozide-treated fruit, but daminozide treated fruit improved in flesh color more rapidly than control fruit as firmness decreased. Acidity remained consistently higher for treated fruit at all firmness levels. The mechanism by which daminozide advanced maturity did not appear to be active during postharvest holding of these clingstone cultivars. Further ripening as a result of postharvest storage of both treated and control fruit occurred at about the same rate during a 2, 4 or 6 day period at 18°C.
Pinching Forced Tuberous-rooted Dahlias1
Authors: Barrett J. E. , De Hertogh A. A.
Published: August 2022

Pinching of forced tuberous-rooted Dahlia ‘Park Princess’ and ‘Miramar’ was evaluated as a method for increasing flower production and plant quality. Pinched plants produced more flowers, flowered later, had smaller flowers, and were taller than unpinched controls. On an individual plant basis, pinching at node 4 generally gave the best results, while pinching at node 2 resulted in the greatest delay and fewest flowers. The more distal the pinch, the greater the number of laterals formed on both cultivars and the higher the percent of laterals flowering on ‘Park Princess’. On a population basis, pinching only those plants with a single strong shoot at node 3 or 4 resulted in the best compromise between increased flower production and the deleterious delayed flowering and increased plant height.
Comparative Development of 11 Plants Grown under Various Fluorescent Lamps and Different Durations of Irradiation With and Without Additional Incandescent Lighting1
Authors: Cathey H. M. , Campbell L. E. , Thimijan R. W.
Published: August 2022

The relative efficiency of 7 types of fluorescent lamps was determined by the growth of 11 kinds of foliage and flowering plants. All 7 lamps – Cool White (CW), Warm White (WW), Gro-lux (GL), Gro-lux Wide Spectrum (GL-WS), Agrolite (AGRO), Vitalite (VITA), and an experimental (EXP) lamp – grew acceptable plants. As judged by fresh weight, CW and VITA were most effective on 6 of the plant species tested, WW and GL-WS on 5, AGRO on 4, GL on 2, and EXP on 1. Only 1 species, Tagetes, responded equally to all 7 lamps. As judged by promotion of stem and leaf lengthening, EXP was most effective on 5, WW on 3, GL and GL-WS on 2 and CW and VITA on 1 of the plant species. Stem and leaf growth of Saintpaulia and Tagetes were equal with all 7 lamps. The differences between the lamps however, were not as great as that caused by adding Incandescent (INC) to CW. In comparisons of continuous (6 or 12 hours) and intermittent (1 minute or 30 minute light-dark cycles for 12 hours) light treatments, combination of CW + INC for 12 hours increased the weight of 5 of the 8 plant species tested. Only Chlorophytum, Pilea, and Zebrina grew equally well under CW and CW + INC. These findings suggest that the restriction of active radiation to the 400-700 nm band width does not give the precise spectral requirements of photosynthetically sensitive of green plants. Any “white”-appearing fluorescent lamp may be used for growing plants. CW and WW were growth lamps and were more efficient in producing and maintaining light output over their useful lives than were the lamps with special designation.
Cold Hardiness, Sorbitol, and Sugar Levels of Apple Shoots as Influenced by Controlled Temperature and Season1
Authors: Raese J. T. , Williams M. W. , Billingsley H. D.
Published: August 2022

Storage temperature and season markedly affected cold acclimation and deacclimation and levels of sorbitol and sugars in 1-and 2-year excised apple (Malus domestica Borkh) shoots. Cold hardiness of shoots increased with a decrease in storage temperature (2 to −18°C) from August to January, then decreased as growth began in March. In most seasons, cold hardiness was significantly related to high levels of sorbitol in the sap, and to high levels of sucrose and total sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose and sorbitol) in the combined bark and wood samples.
Dikegulac-sodium as a Pinching Agent for Evergreen Azaleas1
Authors: Orson Paul , Kofranek Anton M.
Published: August 2022

Foliar spray of dikegulac-sodium in a 20% formulation (Atrinal) at concentration of 0.4 and 0.6% active ingredient in aqueous solutions were found to effectively pinch ‘California Sunset’, ‘Chimes’, ‘Dogwood’, ‘Gloria’, ‘Knute Erwin’ and ‘Rose Queen’ evergreen azaleas (Rhododendron simsii Planch.) but not ‘Red Wing’. Pinching was effective under several environmental conditions but was enhanced by late afternoon applications when temperature and light were lower and the relative humidity higher. Atrinal was effective on both vegetative and early reproductive shoots.
Effect of NaCl on Growth and Mineral Composition of Acacia saligna in Sand Culture1,2
Authors: Shaybany B. , Kashirad A.
Published: August 2022

Seedlings of Acacia saligna (Labill.) H. Wendle were grown in sand culture and irrigated, at the 4-5 phyllode stage, with modified Hoagland solutions containing 0, 48, 96, 144, 192 and 240 meq/liter NaCl. Growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and respiration were reduced after 3 months of growth in greenhouse. Stems were shorter with increased tip to base diameter ratios. Salt concentration of 96-144 meq/liter caused 50% growth reduction. The contents of Na and Cl increased and that of K decreased. Shoots contained less Na and more Cl than roots indicating greater mobility of Cl than Na. The P, Mn and N contents of shoots and Fe and N contents of roots were not affected by NaCl. Salt treatments increased Zn and decreased Ca contents of both roots and shoots. Magnesium concentration decreased in shoots but increased in roots. Uptake of Na and Cl in the whole plant, and that of Zn in shoots were highest at 48 to 144 meq/liter NaCl. Other elements had greatest uptake in controls. The high salt tolerance of A. saligna makes it of potential value for salt-suffering arid and semi-arid regions.
Effects of an Oxathiin on Morphological Development, Histological Changes, and Auxin Activity within the Shoot Apex of Chrysanthemum
Authors: Purohit Amul , Shanks J. B.
Published: August 2022

UBI-P293 (2-3-dihydro-5,6-diphenyl-l,4 oxathiin) applied to stem tips of Chrysanthemum X morifolium ‘Paragon’ inhibited stem elongation and promoted formation of lateral branches without apex removal. Treated shoot apexes were inhibited temporarily in their development and in endogenous auxin activity as indicated by bioassay. There was a negative growth response of bean sections treated with extracts from tips for 4 days after treatment with UBI-P293 at 0.02 m, and this concentration led to a disruption of normal organization within the apex.
Auxin Effects on Root Regeneration of Scarlet Oak Seedlings
Authors: Struev Daniel K. , Mosre Bruno C.
Published: August 2022

Dipping root systems of scarlet oak seedlings (Quercus coccinea Juench.) in 3-indolebutyric acid potassium salt (K-IBA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), 2,4,5-trichloropropanoic acid (2,4,5-TP), β-naphtoxy acetic acid (NOAA), or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) induced a 6-fold increase in adventitious root regeneration, as compared to control seedlings. Time to first root initiation was increased and root elongation rate was decreased for auxin-treated seedlings relative to untreated controls. Under field conditions, one-year-old seedlings treated with NAA at 3000 mg/liter or K-IBA at 1000 or 3000 mg/liter regenerated more roots and developed greater root length than did control plants. Toothpicks impregnated with a 1000 mg/liter K-IBA solution and inserted into tap roots stimulated a 16-fold increase in roots and an 18-fold increase in root length as compared to control seedlings.
Lethal High Temperatures for Roots of Three Citrus Rootstocks
Authors: Ingram Dewayne L. , Buchanan David W.
Published: August 2022

Roots of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.), ‘Carrizo’ citrange [C. sinensis L. (Osbeck.) × Poncirus trifoliata L. (Raf.)] and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo [C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata L. (Raf.)] seedlings were exposed to various high temperatures for 20 minutes and heat injury was determined by electrolyte leakage procedures, microscopic examination, and visual observations. Temperatures at the midpoint of sigmoidal curves fitted through electrolyte leakage data for excised roots were 51.6° ± 0.5°C, 52.5° ± 0.7°, and 53.5° ± 0.5° for ‘Carrizo’ citrange, sour orange, and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo rootstocks, respectively. Electrolyte leakage results with excised roots were supported by microscopic examination and visual observations of whole plants.
Growth and Fruiting of ‘Heritage’ Primocane Fruiting Red Raspberry in Response to Daminozide and Ethephon
Authors: Braun Joseph W. , Garth Jeannie K. L.
Published: August 2022

Butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) (2000 and 4000 ppm) was applied to ‘Heritage’ primocane fruiting red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) primocanes at combinations of several dates, when the canes averaged 19, 42, 65, and 79 or 91 cm in height. Daminozide-treated plots achieved 50% of the eventual final yield an average of 8 days earlier (averaged for 5 treatments involving daminozide application at 42 cm) than controls. This advance of the production curve resulted in an average yield increase of 51% during the first 28 days of production. However, while early yields were increased, total yields were unaffected. Increasing the concentration of daminozide from 2000 to 4000 ppm did not increase the effects. Double application of daminozide (2000 ppm) at 65 and 79 cm and single application at 91 cm reduced yield during the 14 to 28 day harvest period compared to that of the single 65 cm application. This reflects, in part, the reduced berry size during the early harvest period resulting from the later (79 or 91 cm) applications of daminozide. Daminozide reduced the number of nodes formed and advanced the date of anthesis. Application of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) (300 ppm at 19 and 42 cm) increased the number of nodes formed, delayed anthesis by about 13 days, delayed fruiting, and reduced total production.
Pentaploid Blueberries from 6x × 2x Crosses
Authors: Goldy Ronald G. , Lyrene Paul M.
Published: August 2022

Three pentaploids produced from hybridizing hexaploid Vaccinium ashei Reade and diploid V. darrowi Camp were analyzed for fruit set, number of seeds/fruit, seedlings/pollination, pollen grains/sporad, 2n gamete production, pollen germination, leaf area and berry weight, color, scar, and firmness. The pentaploids were intermediate between the parental species in fruit size and leaf area. There was high variation in fertility and in fruit quality among the pentaploid hybrids.
Emergence, Growth, and Blossoming of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) at Suboptimal Temperatures
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Boettger M. A.
Published: August 2022

The response of 20 lines of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was studied at 3 stages of development: germination, vegetative growth, and bloom. Emergence evaluation at 12°C was preferable to 8° or 10°. Radicles in cold-tolerant lines did not emerge except at 10° to 12°. Radicles in standard cultivars emerged at 8°, but the seed rotted. Growth at 16° identified early maturing lines under cold conditions. 25° (day)/8° (night) during bloom identified those lines able to set fruits at low temperatures. These screening parameters correlated well with field performance for percentage of emergence, plant vigor, and yield under cool growing conditions. PI 165426, NY 5-161, and NY 590 exhibited the best overall cold tolerance.
Effect of Excess Boron on Tomato Yield, Fruit Size, and Vegetative Growth
Authors: Francois L. E.
Published: August 2022

The effect of excess B on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yield, fruit size, and vegetative growth was determined in large, outdoor sand cultures. Boron treatments were imposed by irrigation with culture solutions that contained 1.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, or 12.0 mg B/liter. Relative yield was reduced 3.4% with each unit increase in soil solution B (Bsw) above 5.7 mg B/liter. Market quality of the fruit was reduced significantly by increased B concentrations. The occurrence of leaf injury and reduction in vegetative growth were not reliable indicators for B tolerance.
In Vitro Colchicine Treatment of 4x Blueberries, Vaccinium sp.
Authors: Goldy Ronald G. , Lyrene Paul M.
Published: August 2022

Methods of producing 8x plants from 4x V. corymbosum clones through in vitro colchicine treatments were investigated. Colchicine concentrations and exposure times ranged from 0.001% to 0.2% and 1 to 14 days, respectively. Pretreatments designed to predispose the plants to the effect of colchicine also were investigated. Eleven 8x plants and one 4x-8x chimera were selected from pretreated plants exposed to 0.025% or 0.05% colchicine. The superior treatment was 0.025% with a 24- or 48-hr exposure time in liquid medium. No differences were noted between warm/dark and cold/dark pretreatments. No differences were observed among 24-, 48-, 96-, and 192-hr growth intervals between cold pretreatment and colchicine treatment. However, a significant genotype effect in response to colchicine was found, both with respect to culture survival and polyploid induction.
Foliar Application of Urea to Olive: Translocation of Urea Nitrogen as Influenced by Sink Demand and Nitrogen Deficiency
Authors: Klein Isaac , Weinbaum Steven A.
Published: August 2022

Export of urea N was quantified after 15N-enriched urea was applied to ‘Manzanillo’ olive leaves (Olea europaea L.). Labeled N derived from foliar urea applications to mature trees in October 1982 and March 1983 constituted 4.3% and 23.0%, respectively, of the nitrogen composition of olive flowers at anthesis (May 1983). Labeled N applied to leaves following anthesis was translocated to fruit within 3 days. Export of N from treated leaves was greatly reduced when developing fruit and shoot tips were removed. Preloading of leaves with standard urea (before foliar application of labeled urea) increased leaf N by 30% and increased slightly the translocation of labeled urea N to the fruit 2 to 4 weeks later. The nitrogen status of small, potted ‘Manzanillo’ plants did not influence subsequent absorption of foliage-applied urea; however, nitrogen deficiency reduced translocation of labeled urea N from the treated leaves to new shoots and, to a lesser extent, roots. Olive leaves represent storage organs for N and release N in response to the metabolic demands of developing reproductive and vegetative organs.
Determining Marketing Efficiency of Floricultural Production Firms by Market Channel, Market Period, and Size of Firm
Authors: Brumfield Robin G. , Coutu Arthur J. , Nelson Paul V. , Willits Daniel H. , Sowell Robert S. , Anderson Robert G.
Published: August 2022

Economic efficiencies were greatest in peak sales periods in surveyed floricultural firms selling both to retail florists, and mass markets. Efficiency decreased in intermediate and slack sales periods. About the same procedures were followed in each time period, but sales were reduced in intermediate, and slack periods. Surveyed firms selling to mass markets sold bedding plants during peak periods which required no variable labor or capital marketing inputs; thus, they were more technically efficient than firms selling to retail florists during the peak period. Economies of size were found in the retail florist channel but not in the mass market channel. Maximum economic efficiency was reached at a smaller size by firms selling to mass markets, indicating that the mass market channel was more competitive in the marketing function than was the retail florist channel. Large differences in technical efficiency were found within groups, indicating that increased profit could be made by the least efficient firms adopting the efficient technology of the most efficient firms within the same group. Within groups, the most efficient firms utilized more fully their fixed inputs than did the least efficient, and were thus able to expend a reduced percentage of sales on variable inputs. A persistant problem for the least efficient firms, especially during slack periods, was a delivery cost larger than that of the most efficient firms resulting from an increase in distance and number of stops.
Weed Control in Azaleas Grown in Raised Field Beds
Authors: Frank J. Ray , Beste C. Edward
Published: August 2022

Two annual applications of oxyfluorfen (2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene), oxadiazon (2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one) or prodiamine (2,4-dinitro-N3,N3-dipropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzenediamine) at 4.5 kg/ha controlled 80% of the weeds in several cultivars of newly-planted or established azaleas. Significant early season injury was observed in 1980 on ‘Hershey Red’, ‘Hinocrimson’, and ‘Delaware Valley White’ azaleas treated with DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) at 11.2 kg/ha. Established ‘Hinocrimson’ azaleas treated with oxyfluorfen at 4.5 kg/ha were significantly larger than the control plants at the end of these experiments.
Variation in Calcium Efficiency among Strains of Cauliflower
Authors: Hochmuth G. J.
Published: August 2022

Using a nutrient solution providing 375 μmol calcium (Ca) to each plant, 40 cauliflower (Brassica oleracea, Botrytis) strains were evaluated for growth under low-Ca stress. The most efficient strain produced 14 times the dry matter as the least efficient. Calcium efficiency ratios (mg plant dry matter produced per mg Ca in tissue) differed by a factor of 3 between Ca-efficient and Ca-inefficient strains. Increased Ca accumulation and increased Ca utilization contributed to the increased growth by cauliflower strains under Ca deficiency.
Long-term Effects of Pruning Severity, Nodes per Bearing Unit, Training System, and Shoot Positioning on Yield and Quality of ‘Concord’ Grapes
Authors: Morris J. R. , Cawthon D. L. , Sims C. A.
Published: August 2022

Yields on ‘Concord’ grape (Vitis labrusca L.) increased as pruning severity was decreased until the 6th and last year of this study, at which time the yields tended to equalize between the 30 + 10, 50 + 10, and 70 + 10 pruning treatments. By the last year, vines pruned to the 70 + 10 level produced fruit of unacceptable quality. When the 3-node spurs were shoot-positioned, their productivity was comparable to buds on the 6- and 9-node canes, indicating the need for exposure to sunlight. The length of the bearing unit has little or no effect on fruit quality attributes. In general, shoot positioning increased yield, node productivity, the percentage of soluble solids, and lowered vine size throughout the study. Geneva Double Curtain (GDC) trained vines produced more fruit than the bilateral cordon (BC) trained vines. Fruit from GDC trained vines had a reduced percentage of soluble solids in 2 of the last 3 years, and tended to have a low pH. The most productive vines producing fruit of acceptable quality for the 6-year mean were the GDC trained, 50 + 10 pruned to 6-node bearing units, and shoot positioned.
Effects of Season and Environment on Flowering of Bird of Paradise in Hawaii
Authors: Kawabata O. , Criley R. A. , Oshiro S. R.
Published: August 2022

A harmonic model, consisting of growth and seasonal components, accounted for 80% of the variation in flower production of Strelitzia reginae Ait. (bird of paradise). Time series analyses showed low temperatures to be most closely associated with flower production. A model of flower stalk development indicated the mechanism of seasonal flower production in the increasing phase of the model, low temperature (14° to 16°C) retarded floral differentiation and subsequent elongation prior to flower emergence. A temperature threshold of 27° was the source of seasonal flower production in the decreasing phase of the model by causing flower bud abortion.
Alleviation of High Temperature Stress by Preplant Permeation of Phthalimide and Other Growth Regulators into Lettuce Seeds via Acetone
Authors: Zeng Guang-Wen , Khan Anwar A.
Published: August 2022

A preplant acetone permeation of ‘Grand Rapids’ and ‘Mesa 659’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds with either cyclohexanecarboxamide 1-(3-chlorophthalimide) (phthalimide) or gibberellin A 4+7 (GA) in combination with kinetin (KIN) and/or (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) markedly relieved the adverse effect of high temperature (20°, 12 hr night/30°C day regime) on seedling emergence from soil. Permeation of GA in ‘Grand Rapids’ seeds increased seedling hypocotyl length by 121% compared to only 25% for phthalimide permeated seeds. In ‘Mesa 659’ seeds, the corresponding increases with GA and phthalimide permeation were 52% and 26%, respectively. Permeation of GA + ethephon + KIN and phthalimide + ethephon + KIN increased seedling hypocotyl elongation over the control by 126% and 60% in ‘Grand Rapids’ and 91% and 21% in ‘Mesa 659’, respectively. Seed permeation with phthalimide tended to increase the leaf chlorophyll content of emerging seedlings. Permeation of GA decreased leaf chlorophyll up to 28% in ‘Mesa 659’ and up to 13% in ‘Grand Rapids’. These findings indicate that phthalimide could be substituted for GA in seed treatments needed to alleviate the adverse effects of high temperatures on germination and seedling establishment and to improve growth characteristics of emerged seedlings.
Regulation of Ethylene Production by Ripening Nectarine Fruit as Influenced by Ethylene and Low Temperature
Authors: Brecht Jeffrey K. , Kader Adel A.
Published: August 2022

The rise in C2H4 production during nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit ripening at 20°C was accompanied by an increase in the level of 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and ACC synthase activity. Activity of the C2H4-forming enzyme (EFE) also increased during ripening, but the level was at least 2-times greater than the C2H4 production rate at all stages. C2H4 treatment significantly increased C2H4 production rate, ACC accumulation, and ACC synthase activity. Ability to convert ACC to C2H4, however, was reduced following C2H4 treatment. An increase in total C2H4 production at 20° following storage of nectarines at 0° for up to 4 days was attributable to enhanced ACC synthase activity. Exposure to C2H4 at 0° for more than 4 days reduced C2H4 production and EFE activity during ripening. Increased accumulation of ACC and lowered EFE activity following prolonged C2H4 treatments at 0° suggests that C2H4 production during ripening of fruit held under these conditions is limited by slowed conversion of ACC to C2H4.
Increasing Returns from Roses with Root-zone Warming
Authors: Moss Gerald I. , Dalgleish Robert
Published: August 2022

Three rose cultivars, Ilona, Mercedes, Sonia, on Rosa multiflora rootstock were grown in a nutrient film technique (NFT) system for 2 years, with root-zone warming (RZW) to 25°C compared with ambient temperature roots. In the 1st season the night air temperatures were 18°, 12°, and no heating (9°); in the 2nd season, 18°, 14°, and 10°. Harvested flowers were graded according to stem length. In the 1st winter seasons RZW increased the proportion of long stemmed roses and increased the total yield, especially in ‘Ilona’. In the 2nd winter season, RZW again increased the proportion of long stemmed roses in ‘Ilona’ but increased the total number of blooms more in the other cultivars. The effects of RZW persisted into the summer period. Prevailing wholesale prices were used to calculate probable gross returns based on yields. Since RZW tended to give longer stemmed roses and more blooms than did ambient conditions, this treatment enhanced returns more than that of the increased air temperature treatments. RZW increased probable returns over the ambient for ‘Ilona’, ‘Mercedes’, and ‘Sonia’ by 49%, 69%, and 78%, respectively.
Enzymatic Browning of Stored Parsnip Roots1
Authors: Chubey B. B. , Dorrell D. Gordon
Published: August 2022

We established that surface browning in parsnips is due to enzymatic oxidation of phenolic compounds by an active polyphenoloxidase system. Potential browning was highest in the tissue immediately below the surface. The total phenolic content was lowest on the root surface and highest in the vascular cylinder region, whereas chlorogenic acid generally was uniformly distributed throughout the entire root. Enzyme activity was highest in the surface tissue and almost absent in the vascular cylinder. No direct relationships were found between the degree of browning and the parameters studied.
Acceleration of Enzymatic Browning in Carrot and Parsnip Roots by Induced Suberization1
Authors: Gordon D. , Chubey B. B.
Published: August 2022

Carrot and parsnip roots showed a sigmoidal increase in surface browning, total phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid, and polyphenoloxidase activity over 7 days of suberization. Parsnip roots changed more rapidly and ended with higher levels than carrot roots. Total phenolic content of parsnips increased with depth of tissue; the reverse was generally true in carrots. In contrast, potential browning and enzyme activity decreased with depth of tissue in both root crops. The vascular cylinder had no detectable enzyme activity and little browning. However, after suberization, all tissues, regardless of their original composition, showed considerable synthesis of all compounds investigated. This study indicated that any damage to the root which stimulates the suberization process also accelerates surface browning and adversely affects market quality.
Effects of Controlled Temperature and Light Intensity on Growth and Carbohydrate Levels of ‘Thompson Seedless’ Grapevines1
Authors: Kliewer W. M. , Lider L. A. , Ferrari Norman
Published: August 2022

Nonfruiting ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapevine rootings were grown for 30-day periods in phytotron rooms at variable day temp (6:00 AM to 6:00 PM) from 20 to 40°C, in combination with high light (HL,>2,000 ft-c) and low light (LL, <400 ft-c). Night temp in all treatments was 15°C. Maximum total vine growth and net assimilation rate occurred at 30°C under HL and at 20°C under LL. Gain in dry matter per vine was 3- to 18-fold greater under HL than under LL. The level of total carbohydrates (sugars plus starch) in roots of plants grown under HL was also maximal at 30°C. The concn of total carbohydrates in trunk tissues however, varied little with temp from 20 to 35°C, but was significantly (P<0.01) reduced at 40°C. Low light intensity markedly reduced (P<0.01) the levels of sugars and starch in root and trunk tissues compared to the levels in vines grown at HL, regardless of temp.
Red Color Enhancement of Pimiento Peppers with (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid1
Authors: Lockwood David , Vines H. M.
Published: August 2022

Pimiento peppers from all ethephon treatments had a faster rate and a higher percentage of coloring than peppers receiving the ethylene treatment or the control. The completely green peppers, however, did not color to an acceptable commercial grade within 96 hr.

Ethephon induced a climacteric in the respiration of the treated detached peppers that was not present in the control fruits, indicating that metabolism was affected as the coloring rate was increased.
An Anatomical and Histochemical Study of Abscission in Maturing Sweet Cherry Fruit
Authors: Wittenbach V. A. , Bukovac M. J.
Published: August 2022

Abscission of maturing sweet cherry fruit (Prunus avium L. cv. Windsor) occurred at 2 different abscission zones, depending on the stage of fruit development. Immature fruit abscised at the upper zone between the pedicel and peduncle; mature fruit abscised at the lower zone between the fruit and receptacle. Separation in the abscission layer began directly above the stony pericarp and resulted in the formation of a cavity. Later separation occurred at the fruit : pedicel indentation and extended through the abscission layer toward the vascular bundles. Abscission involved the fracturing of cell walls as well as wall separation. There was no evidence of change in pectins, cellulose or other polysaccharides in the cell walls of the abscission layer prior to or during fruit separation. No starch accumulation in the abscission zone or lignification of tissue adjacent to the abscission layer was observed through fruit maturity.
Effects of Soil Calcium Level on Mineral Concentration in Lima Bean Seedlings1
Authors: Hegwood Donald A.
Published: August 2022

Growing lima bean seedlings in unbuffered soil treated with Ca at levels from 0 to 2000 lb./A increased the concn of Ba, Ca, Cu, Ca:Mg, and Ca:Sr, and decreased P, K, Mg, Zn, Mo, Mn, Fe, and A1 in top tissue. In root tissue, Ca, Cu, and Ca:Mg increased and P, Ba, Zn, B, Mo, and Mn concn decreased as the soil Ca level increased. Lima bean tops contained higher levels of P, K, Ca, Sr, and Cu than roots and lower levels of Ba, Mg, Zn, Mo, and Mn. Plant tops contained higher levels of Sr than Ba, but roots contained lower levels. Increasing the soil Ca level to 1000 lb./A increased the Sr level of tops, but further increases in soil Ca decreased top Sr. Soil Mg increased and Mn decreased markedly with increased soil Ca level and soil pH was increased from 4.7 to 6.1.
Temperatures and Net Heat Gain in Normal and Whitewashed Cantaloupe Fruits1
Authors: Lipton Werner J.
Published: August 2022

A method is presented to calculate net heat gain per unit time (G) for normal (N) and for whitewashed (W) cantaloupe fruits (Cucumis melo, L., var. reticulatus Naud.) exposed to direct solar radiation. Calculations of G were based on pulp temp. G of the W fruits averaged 80% of that for the N fruits during warming. Values of G can aid in evaluating the effectiveness of radiation-reflective materials that protect cantaloupe fruits from sunburn, a major cause of culls and market quality losses. Maximum pulp temp about 1 mm below the surface reached 49°C for the N and 42° for the W fruit. Maximum ambient air temp was 43°C.
Effects of Ethephon on Vegetative and Flowering Behavior in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)1
Authors: Karchi Z. , Govers Anneke
Published: August 2022

Ethephon [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] applied at seedling stage of a monoecious and a gynoecious cucumber reduced internode length. The rate of increase and the total increase in cumulative fruit number was significantly higher, compared to the untreated plants in the monoecious, but not in the gynoecious cultivar. Preflowering treatments of both cultivars caused simultaneous development of numerous lateral shoots. There was also a significant increase in the number of nodes especially on side branches. Preflowering treatments generally excelled seedling treatments and the control in total number of fruits. Preflowering application of 150 ppm ethephon to the monoecious and 250 and 350 ppm rates to the gynoecious cultivar resulted in higher cumulative fruit number at each and every one of the 9 harvests during the 18-day harvest period. Ethephon treatments lowered percent fruit set in the monoecious cultivar.
Effect of Zinc Sources and Methods of Application on Yield and Leaf Mineral Concentration of Pecan, Carya illinoensis, Koch1
Authors: Worley Ray E. , Harmon S. A. , Carter R. L.
Published: August 2022

Zinc uptake by pecan leaves as affected by Zn sources and methods of application was compared for young and old pecan trees. Sources of Zn used were ZnSO4, ZnO, ZnHEDTA, and ZnEDTA. Methods of application were broadcast, in holes, and foliar sprays. Chelates were applied at 1/5 - 1/10 the rate of Zn used for ZnSO4 or ZnO. Leaf Zn from trees treated with ZnO broadcast was either equal to or greater than that from trees treated with ZnSO4 broadcast when both were applied every year. On young Zn deficient trees, ZnEDTA entered the tree earlier than the other sources when broadcast. Zinc deficiency symptoms appeared when leaf Zn was 40 ppm or less. Foliar sprays of ZnSO4 caused erratic and temporary increases in leaf Zn.
Stimulation of Lateral Bud Growth of Apple Trees by 6-Benzylamino Purine1
Authors: Kender Walter J. , Carpenter Stephen
Published: August 2022

Orchard and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the influence of foliar applications of 6-benzylamino purine (BA) on branching of young apple trees. BA at 100 and 500 ppm, applied to actively growing shoots stimulated lateral bud growth on these shoots during the current season. The presence of fruit, termination of shoot growth, and the localization and non-persistence of BA reduced its effectiveness in breaking apical dominance. For optimum response to BA, multiple spray applications to actively growing shoots in a non-fruiting condition were required. Spray applications of BA failed to induce lateral bud growth on previous season’s wood.
Endogenous Regulators of Root Initiation in Mung Bean Hypocotyls1
Authors: Heuser Charles W. , Hess Charles E.
Published: August 2022

Etiolated mung bean seedlings, Phaseolus aureus Roxb., when decapitated below the cotyledons show a linear decrease with time in root initiation. The decrease does not result from a loss of endogenous auxin because IBA fails to prevent the loss. Three root promoting compounds were found in an ethanolic extract of the hypocotyl tissue, but the level of the compounds could not be consistently related to the decrease in root initiation. Glucose, fructose and sucrose are the major sugars present in the hypocotyl tissue. Total sugar decreased in a linear manner with 2.0 mg lost during the 48-hr treatm ent period. Fifty percent of the decrease in root initiation could be regained by application of glucose or fructose. Total phenolic compounds decreased 20% during decapitation but their contribution to root formation was not determined because they were not purified.
Nitrate Accumulation in Vegetable Crops As Affected by Photoperiod and Light Duration1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J.
Published: August 2022

No NO3 accumulated at any photoperiod in leaves or roots of table beets when N was not added to the soil. When N was applied at rates from 100 to 400 lb./acre less NO3 accumulated in both plant parts as photoperiod was extended from 8 to 20 hr. Addition of N to the soil increased the total N content of leaves and roots. Larger total N concn were observed in plants grown under an 8-hr photoperiod than in plants grown under longer photoperiods.

Various radish, spinach, and snap bean cultivars were grown at different soil N rates and harvested 0, 6, and 12 hr after the initiation of the light period. Radish leaves and snap bean pods contained less NO3-N as the plants were harvested further into the light period. Nitrate concn of radish roots and spinach leaves were not changed by harvesting at 6 AM, 12 noon or 6 PM. The addition of N fertilizer increased the NO3-N concn of radish and spinach but decreased the NO3-N concn of snap bean pods. Cultivars differed in their capacity to accumulate NO3 in all 3 species. Nitrite accumulation was proportional to the quantity of NO3 in the tissue.
Chants in EFL Vocabulary Instruction with Young Learners: Potential, Composition and Application
Authors: Cedeño Cindy , Santos Luis
Published: August 2022

Songs and chants in EFL education are both artistic and pedagogical acts belonging to the same family of musical expressions, whose practical use in the classroom is not unfamiliar among teachers. Nevertheless, little effort has been made to distinguish between each other. In this sense, the popularity of songs in the context of EFL/ESL education is well-manifested in research, especially in the context of young learners’ teaching, yet little has been said regarding chants on formal studies. The nature of chants entails a less complex musical composition, which lends itself to favoring language development both receptively and productively. While both singing and chanting as pedagogical resources are found positive in learning a new language in aspects such as phonological awareness, pronunciation, word retrieval, and other linguistic functions; it seems that chanting works exceptionally well for stimulating young learners’ vocabulary retention, which is a capacity associated with long-term memory. The ease and novelty of conveying language in an unconventional fashion allowed by chanting, afford for simplified and fun repetitions and production of the target language, which may represent the virtues responsible for its positive impact on the young learners’ vocabulary learning. Practical recommendations for composing chants and guiding teaching activities based on them are explained.