bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
H
uman Immunodeficiency Virus (
HIV
)
Authors: Geretti Anna M
Published: July 2017

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the aetiological agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Without treatment, most subjects develop severe disease and die within approximately 10 years of the infection. HIV‐related disease has two interrelated mechanisms of pathogenesis: immune activation with inflammation and progressive immune deficiency. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses HIV replication and prevents disease progression and death. Treatment regimens are mainly based on combinations of three antiretroviral agents with two different mechanisms of action, chosen from drug classes that target different steps in the virus replication cycle. People that maintain excellent adherence to treatment enjoy long and healthy lives and are at little risk of developing drug resistance or transmitting the infection to contacts. During ART, however, HIV persists by integrating within the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of long‐lived memory CD4 T cells. Research is actively pursuing strategies to cure HIV infection by eradicating or silencing integrated virus and inducing immune control.

Key Concepts

HIV infection is a zoonosis that resulted from transmission to humans of viruses found in African monkeys and apes. Circulating strains are characterised by an incredible amount of genetic variation, upon which evolutionary forces can act.

The natural course of HIV infection is characterised by progressive immune dysfunction. The impact of HIV on the immune system comprises chronic immune activation, abnormal T‐cell responses and cytokine production, progressive T‐cell exhaustion and CD4 cell loss occurring mostly through apoptosis.

Antiretroviral treatment is lifelong. Consistently high levels of adherence are required to prevent virus escape and emergence of drug resistance.

HIV has found several ways of evading immune responses and exploits physiological processes to ensure persistence in infected hosts. Integrated virus can persist long term in a dormant state, ready to reactivate under the appropriate circumstances. This reservoir is invisible to the immune system and unresponsive to antiretroviral therapy.

How the HIV reservoir is maintained despite antiretroviral therapy is not completely understood. Mechanisms may include expansion through proliferation of latently infected CD4 T cells without virus production and replenishment through ongoing virus production in body compartments where antiretroviral drugs have reduced penetration or activity.

The most effective way of containing the spread of HIV combines prevention of acquisition through personal protective measures and prophylactic use of antiretroviral therapy and prevention of transmission through prompt diagnosis and early treatment of those who become infected. There is cautious optimism, based on emerging research data, that both a prophylactic vaccine and a cure for those already infected may 1 day become available.
Glycolytic Enzymes
Authors: Michels Paul AM , Fothergill‐Gilmore Linda A
Published: July 2017

All cells must burn fuels to drive the myriad of cellular processes necessary for life. The most important organic fuel is glucose, a stable and soluble sugar that is particularly well suited for its role in biology. Cellular combustion of glucose occurs in 10 well‐controlled steps in which six‐carbon glucose molecules are broken apart (literally ‘glycolysis’) into three‐carbon compounds. In the same process, chemical energy is captured through the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the hydrolysis of which powers many cellular processes. The 10 enzymes which catalyse the steps of glycolysis are exceptionally well characterised with regard to structure, catalytic mechanism and activity regulation. They provide a fascinating array of enzymes that have been perfected over long evolution to carry out their tasks swiftly, efficiently and with finely tuned control. Glycolytic enzymes are recognised as promising targets in health and disease.

Key Concepts

Glycolysis is an ancient pathway comprising 10 enzymes that are present at least in part in all organisms.

Many enzymes occur as isoenzymes in different tissues or in response to different metabolic conditions.

Hexokinase activity is regulated by product inhibition.

A hinge‐bending motion of the two‐lobed structures of hexokinase and phosphoglycerate kinase is induced by substrate binding and is required to position the substrates correctly for catalysis.

Several reactions of the glycolytic pathway can be catalysed by pairs of nonhomologous enzymes (i.e. glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase, aldolase, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate mutase).

Phosphofructokinase occurs as two distantly related types that use different phosphodonors: ATP or inorganic pyrophosphate.

Activities of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase are allosterically regulated.

A conserved protein fold of eight parallel β‐strands and eight parallel α helices, first identified in triosephosphate isomerase and therefore known as the ‘TIM barrel’, is found in several glycolytic enzymes and occurs in approximately 10% of all enzymes.

The Rossmann fold that occurs in many nucleotide‐binding proteins was first identified in glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase.

Activities of glycolytic enzymes are sometimes regulated by posttranslational modification.
Lymphocytes: Precursor Frequencies
Authors: Clanchy Felix IL , Williams Richard O , Mageed Rizgar A
Published: July 2017

The frequency of antigen‐specific cells will vary during development and in response to the first and subsequent encounters with an antigen, either through infection or immunisation, and is an important indicator of adaptive immune function. Antigen‐specific lymphocyte prevalence can be estimated indirectly and directly using several different techniques. Functional assays have been used for several decades to indirectly calculate the frequency of antigen‐specific lymphocytes by measuring a proliferative response, cytokine production or cytolytic activity in response to antigenic stimulation. The functional activity of individual lymphocytes is also able to be measured directly, which allows phenotypic analyses of antigen‐specific cells. More recently, labelled MHC (major histocompatibility complex)/peptide multimers have allowed researchers to directly enumerate and comprehensively phenotype lymphocytes using multiparameter flow cytometry.

Key Concepts

Antigen‐specific precursors may be undetectable in naive individuals but are increased in frequency after immunisation.

Antigen‐specific lymphocyte prevalence is dependent on immune status, the tissues from which cells are isolated and the immunogenicity of the antigen.

Indirect functional assays may detect less abundant precursors, but direct methods will detect cells rendered nonfunctional by anergy or exhaustion.

Indirect methods for determining lymphocyte precursor prevalence rely on the single hit Poisson model.

ELISPOT and flow cytometry are the principal techniques for direct characterisation of lymphocyte precursors.
Molecular Genetics of Metastasis
Authors: Weber Georg F
Published: July 2017

Representing the least understood aspect of carcinogenesis, metastasis – the spread of cancer cells throughout the body – is frequently the cause of death from malignant growths. The underlying process of cancer cell dissemination is controlled by gene regulation programs in the tumour cells and in the host. The tumour cell intrinsic genetic programs of metastasis confer invasiveness and anchorage independence. The responsible genes are typically deregulated by aberrant expression or splicing. Metastasis suppressor genes, when expressed, can negatively regulate dissemination, and their loss of function may support tumour spread. Organ preference of metastasis depends on more complex tumour–host interactions. It is mediated by site‐specific molecular signals and formation of a premetastatic niche. The molecular genetics of metastasis has led to the development of diagnostic tests, based on gene expression profiles that help predict metastatic potential. Further, it has opened prospects for the targeting of the main culprits in antimetastasis therapy.

Key Concepts

Similar to other functions within cancer cells, the ability to metastasise is under positive and negative genetic controls.

Cancer metastasis is guided by two intrinsic characteristics of cancer cells, invasiveness and anchorage‐independent survival.

Cancer cell invasiveness constitutes the breaking of tumour cells through tissue barriers and represents the earliest manifestation of metastasis.

Invasiveness is mediated by aberrant expression or splicing of stress response genes, comprising secreted proteases, homing receptors, cytokine ligands and associated signalling molecules.

The acquisition of invasiveness by tumour cells is accompanied by a characteristic and reversible remodelling, called the epithelial–mesenchymal transition.

Cancers shed their tumour cells into the blood or lymph stream from the earliest stages of growth on; most cells die in the circulation.

Fully transformed cells can survive without anchorage for extended periods of time. They escape anoikis due to an upregulation in their energy metabolism.

The biologic activity of metastasis‐mediating gene products is extensively regulated by posttranscriptional mechanisms.

Besides the positive regulators of dissemination, there are gene regulation programs that antagonise cancer spread. Metastasis suppressor genes can curb dissemination and need to be inactivated for cancers to spread.

Gene expression programs of metastasis and specific tumour–host interactions encode consistent patterns of organ preference by individual malignancies. Circulating cancer cells can recognise target organs through the use of tissue markers and through establishing a premetastatic niche.
Superresolution Microscopy
Authors: Zimmermann Timo
Published: July 2017

More than a century after Ernst Abbe defined the optical diffraction limit and thus seemed to rule out the accurate visualisation of subcellular details below its threshold forever, several approaches now achieve resolutions significantly below it. Structured illumination microscopy, stimulated emission depletion microscopy and single‐molecule localisation‐based methods use different strategies to separate and visualise the cellular and molecular details that until now were lost in the blur of diffraction. This opens up new possibilities in the observation of biological processes at the smallest scales. The new field is only developing and still poses exciting challenges that require new instrumentation and new labeling strategies.

Key Concepts

Resolution in light microscopy is not limited anymore by diffraction even though the optical diffraction limit still exists.

Superresolution microscopy requires local contrast between structures that can be achieved through different mechanisms.

All superresolution concepts are based on the control of ‘on’ and ‘off’ states of fluorescence.

Label properties contribute to the achievable resolution gain, and labelling is an essential part of the superresolution result.

Most superresolution images require postprocessing, and care needs to be taken to avoid image artefacts.
Genotype–Phenotype Relationship in Inherited Disorders of Hearing Impairment
Authors: Hoefsloot Lies H , Roux Anne‐Francoise
Published: July 2017

Hearing impairment is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Many causative genes have been described, and the number is still expanding. Nonsyndromic hearing impairment has several clinical characteristics that may point into the direction of a certain gene, but this is not often the case. Syndromic hearing impairment is characterised by additional clinical symptoms, which may direct diagnostics towards the analysis of specific genes. However, the distinction between nonsyndromic hearing impairment and the syndromic forms of the disorder is becoming blurred when looking at the causative genes. The spectrum of mutations from mild to severe in one gene can lead to completely different clinical symptoms, and the phenotype–genotype relation is ever expanding. The molecular diagnosis of hearing impairment is challenging but has benefited tremendously from the introduction of massive parallel sequencing techniques.

Key Concepts

Hearing impairment can be syndromic or nonsyndromic, but extensive overlap exists in the genes involved.

Specific clinical characteristics of nonsyndromic hearing impairment have limited value in determining which gene is involved.

Syndromic hearing impairment is caused by a plethora of genes, and severe versus mild mutations in the same gene can lead to very different phenotypes.

Molecular diagnosis of hearing impairment is preferably done using massive parallel sequencing techniques.

In the coming years more genes will be discovered to be involved in hearing impairment.
Molecular Genetics of Salivary Gland Cancer
Authors: Clair Jon Mallen‐St. , Ha Patrick
Published: July 2017

Malignant salivary gland tumours are rare cancers of the head and neck with varied histopathology and clinical behaviour. The most common forms of salivary gland malignancies include mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC), acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) and a number of rare disease entities. Novel sequencing techniques and chromosomal analysis have led to an increased understanding of the genetics of these tumours. A characteristic molecular profile of many of these tumours is emerging and involves balanced chromosomal translocations that result in the expression of unique fusion proteins, as well as mutations in a limited subset of genes. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of this heterogeneous group of tumours will be essential to design effective targeted therapies for salivary gland malignancies.

Key Concepts

Malignant salivary gland tumors are rare tumors with varied clinical behavior and histopathology.

Advances in genetic sequencings has enabled improved insight into the genetics of salivary gland tumors.

The majority of salivary gland malignancies result from well-defined chromosomal translocations.

The chromosomal translocations found in salivary gland malignancies result in the expression of fusion genes that are important in the etiology of these tumors.

Salivary gland tumors result from the deregulation of a limited number of pathways and genes – which may be enable the development of targeted therapeutics for these rare tumors.
Genetics of Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency
Authors: Schulert Grant S
Published: July 2017

Mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) represents a spectrum of clinical phenotypes that result from genetic variants in theMVKgene encoding mevalonate kinase. This spectrum ranges from the autoinflammatory disorder hyper‐IgD and periodic fever syndrome (HIDS) on the mild to the severe metabolic disorder mevalonic aciduria (MA). Homozygous variants inMVKlead to loss of enzyme function, and severity of clinical phenotype is linked to degree of residual enzyme activity. However, the disease has variable genotype/phenotype correlation, and additional modifier genes may exist to alter the clinical presentation. In addition,MVKvariants have recently been associated with expanded phenotypes including retinitis pigmentosa, disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Further genetic and pathophysiological understanding of MKD is needed to better predict clinical course and direct management.

Key Concepts

MKD is a metabolic autoinflammatory disorder linked to variants inMVK, encoding mevalonate kinase.

MKD is an autosomal recessive condition with variants leading to loss of enzyme function.

Severely affected MKD patients have minimal mevalonate kinase activity and present with MA.

Patients with some residual enzyme activity lack metabolic and central nervous system features and manifest HIDS.

While there is significant genotype–phenotype association in MKD, there is a broad range of clinical features.

In addition, there are reports of asymptomatic patients despite biallelic variants and patients with heterozygous variants and HIDS.

There may exist modifier genes which impact the clinical features of MKD such as risk for complications including macrophage activation syndrome.

MVK variants have recently been linked to additional disorders including retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP).

Further genetic and pathophysiologic understanding of MKD is needed to improve patient diagnosis and management.
Molecular Genetics of
M
enkes Disease
Authors: Comstra Heather S , Faundez Victor
Published: July 2017

Menkes disease is a recessive childhood disorder that results from systemic copper deficiency. This deficiency leads to loss of cuproenzyme function and subsequent defects in the hair, skin and vasculature. Patients also display severe neurodegeneration linked to copper deficiency in the brain. Menkes disease is monogenic and caused by loss‐of‐function mutations in the copper transporter ATP7A. ATP7A is responsible for the provision of copper to secretory cuproenzymes and for exporting excess copper out of the cell. Mutations in ATP7A associated with Menkes disease are heterogenous in both type and primary structure location, and no specific mutations are observed more frequently than others. Allelic variants that do not lead to complete loss of ATP7A function produce occipital horn syndrome and a form of spinal muscular atrophy.

Key Concepts

Menkes disease is an X‐linked recessive disorder with an occurrence of 1/40 000–1/360 000.

Menkes disease presents 2–12 months after birth as hair, skin and joint abnormalities and later progresses to severe neurodegeneration.

Loss‐of‐function mutations in the copper transporter ATP7A produce Menkes disease, and milder mutations produce occipital horn syndrome, characterised predominantly by connective tissue abnormalities, and a variant of spinal muscular atrophy.

ATP7A is a Golgi‐localised protein that provides copper to secretory cuproenzymes. Under conditions of excess intracellular copper, ATP7A localises to the plasma membrane where it pumps excess copper out of the cell.

Over 350 mutations have been identified in ATP7A that lead to Menkes disease. These mutations do not cluster to particular sequences in the gene and include a range of mutation types such as missense mutations, deletions and nonsense mutations, among others.

Loss of ATP7A‐dependent cuproenzyme function accounts for many of the phenotypes associated with Menkes disease. For example, lack of copper incorporation into the melanin‐producing enzyme tyrosinase leads to hypopigmentation in patients.

The pathogenesis of the severe neurodegeneration observed in Menkes patients is not well understood and is an active area of investigation.
Effects of harsh parenting and positive parenting practices on youth aggressive behavior: The moderating role of early pubertal timing
Authors: Chen Frances R. , Raine Adrian
Published: July 2017

Prior research indicates that early pubertal timing is associated with aggressive behavior, particularly in the context of adversity as postulated in the contextual amplification hypothesis. However, few studies have examined harsh parenting as the context for the effect of early pubertal timing. Even fewer studies have tested the interactive effect of early pubertal timing and positive parenting on aggressive behavior. In this study, we tested the proposition that early pubertal timing, contrary to the general conception of it as a vulnerability, indexed susceptibility, and thus early maturing individuals were affected more by their environment in a “for better and for worse” manner. The sample consisted of 411 community‐recruited youth aged 11–12 years (51% boys, 80% African Americans). Participants reported Tanner Stages of pubertal development, aggressive behavior and harsh parenting practice of their parents. Puberty scores were standardized with groups of the same age, sex, and ethnicity, and those that scored the top one‐third were defined as early maturing individuals. Parents reported youth's aggressive behavior and their parenting practices towards the youth, including harsh parenting and positive parenting. Early pubertal timing significantly moderated the relationship between harsh/positive parenting and aggressive behavior. Specifically, harsh parenting was positively associated with aggressive behavior to a larger degree among early maturing individuals than among on‐time/late‐maturing individuals. Positive parenting was inversely associated with aggressive behavior but only among early maturing individuals. This study is the first to document support for early pubertal timing as susceptibility to the environmental influences in relation to aggressive behavior. Theoretical and intervention implications are discussed.
Executive Functions in School‐age Children: Influence of Age, Gender, School Type and Parental Education
Authors: Jacobsen Geise Machado , de Mello Clarissa Martins , Kochhann Renata , Fonseca Rochele Paz
Published: July 2017

Summary: This study aimed to evaluate whether age, gender, type of school and parental education could predict executive performance in school‐age children. Unconstrained, phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks (n = 402), as well as the Hayling Sentence Completion Test (n = 275) and the Random Number Generation task (n = 274) were administered to typically developing 6‐to‐12‐year‐old children. A hierarchical regression analysis was performed (p ≤ 0.05). The most significant explanatory models involved child age and parental education, as well as these two variables in addition to the type of school attended by the child. The main individual predictors of executive performance were age and school type. These results may be related to structural and functional alterations in the brain, an increased repertoire of cognitive strategies, the effects of education and the intensity of environmental cognitive stimulation. These findings may contribute to the development of stimulation and intervention programs for EF in clinical and educational settings.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceptions of Credibility for a Memory Report of a Single Versus Repeated Event
Authors: Weinsheimer Camille C. , Coburn Patricia I. , Chong Kristin , MacLean Carla L. , Connolly Deborah A.
Published: July 2017

Summary: When a person experiences an event that has multiple similar instances (i.e., a repeated event), memories for details that change across instances are challenging to recall. We expected that third parties would perceive memory reports of instances of repeated events as less credible than they would unique (i.e., single) events. Undergraduates participated in a single or repeated event, during which critical details were presented. Participants were asked to recall the session 2 days later, and memory reports were video recorded. New participants then viewed one video and evaluated the credibility of the speaker's memory report. Overall, repeated‐event reports were seen as less credible than were single‐event reports, despite the reports being equally accurate. Although credibility research in the context of repeated events has focused exclusively on child populations, a range of applications exists for adults (e.g., criminal and industrial eyewitnesses, and asylum seekers); we discussed our findings in these areas.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Porous Silicon Nanoparticle Delivery of Tandem Peptide Anti‐Infectives for the Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infections
Authors: Kwon Ester J. , Skalak Matthew , Bertucci Alessandro , Braun Gary , Ricci Francesco , Ruoslahti Erkki , Sailor Michael J. , Bhatia Sangeeta N.
Published: July 2017

There is an urgent need for new materials to treat bacterial infections. In order to improve antibacterial delivery, an anti‐infective nanomaterial is developed that utilizes two strategies for localization: i) a biodegradable nanoparticle carrier to localize therapeutics within the tissue, and ii) a novel tandem peptide cargo to localize payload to bacterial membranes. First, a library of antibacterial peptides is screened that combines a membrane‐localizing peptide with a toxic peptide cargo and discovers a tandem peptide that displays synergy between the two domains and is able to kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa at sub‐micromolar concentrations. To apply this material to the lung, the tandem peptide is loaded into porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs). Charged peptide payloads are loaded into the pores of the pSiNP at ≈30% mass loading and ≈90% loading efficiency using phosphonate surface chemistry. When delivered to the lungs of mice, this anti‐infective nanomaterial exhibits improved safety profiles over free peptides. Moreover, treatment of a lung infection of P. aeruginosa results in a large reduction in bacterial numbers and markedly improves survival compared to untreated mice. Collectively, this study presents the selection of a bifunctional peptide‐based anti‐infective agent and its delivery via biodegradable nanoparticles for application to an animal model of lung infection.
Improved Stability of Polymer Solar Cells in Ambient Air via Atomic Layer Deposition of Ultrathin Dielectric Layers
Authors: Polydorou Ermioni , Botzakaki Martha A. , Sakellis Ilias , Soultati Anastasia , Kaltzoglou Andreas , Papadopoulos Theodoros A. , Briscoe Joe , Drivas Charalabos , Seintis Kostas , Fakis Mihalis , Palilis Leonidas C. , Georga Stavroula N. , Krontiras Christoforos A. , Kennou Stella , Falaras Polycarpos , Boukos Nikos , Davazoglou Dimitris , Argitis Panagiotis , Vasilopoulou Maria
Published: July 2017

Polymer solar cells have attracted tremendous interest in the highly competitive solar energy sector, due to the practical advantages they exhibit, such as being lightweight, flexible, and low cost, in stark contrast to traditional photovoltaic technologies. However, their successful commercialization is still hindered by issues related to device instability. Here, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is employed to deposit conformal ultrathin dielectrics, such as alumina (Al2O3) and zirconia (ZrO2), on top of ZnO electron extraction layers to address problems that arise from the defect‐rich nature of these layers. The deposition of dielectrics on ZnO significantly improves its interfacial electronic properties, manifested primarily with the decrease in the work function of ZnO and the concomitant reduction of the electron extraction barrier as well as the reduced recombination losses. Significant efficiency enhancement is obtained with the incorporation of six ALD cycles of Al2O3 into inverted devices, using photoactive layers, that consist of poly(3‐hexylthiophene):indene‐C60‐bisadduct or poly({4,8‐bis[(2‐ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl}{3‐fluoro‐2‐[(2‐ethylhexyl)carbonyl] thieno[3,4‐b] thiophenediyl}):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C70‐butyric acid methyl ester. More importantly, upon performing lifetime studies (over a period of 350 h), a strong improvement in polymer solar cell stability is observed when using the ALD‐modified ZnO films.
Synthesis of 1,2‐Dihydrocyclobuta[b]quinoline Derivatives from Isocyanophenyl‐Substituted Methylenecyclopropanes
Authors: Liu Hou‐Lu , Yuan Yu‐Chao , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: July 2017

A new protocol to synthesize 1,2‐dihydrocyclobuta[b]quinoline derivatives from isocyanophenyl‐substituted methylenecyclopropanes via a formal insertion of isocyanide carbon into a C−C bond has been developed. The reaction proceeds smoothly in the presence of silver carbonate (5 mol%) upon heating in a highly atom economic manner and exhibits broad substrate scope, giving the desired products in moderate to excellent yields. Furthermore, several transformations of the obtained products have been also demonstrated.

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Secondary Phosphine Oxide Preligands for Palladium‐Catalyzed C–H (Hetero)Arylations: Efficient Access to Pybox Ligands
Authors: Ghorai Debasish , Müller Valentin , Keil Helena , Stalke Dietmar , Zanoni Giuseppe , Tkachenko Boryslav A. , Schreiner Peter R. , Ackermann Lutz
Published: July 2017

C–H arylations of oxazolines were accomplished with a well‐defined palladium catalyst derived from a secondary bisdiamantyl phosphine oxide. The single‐component secondary phosphine oxide (SPO)‐palladium complex enabled C–H activations with aryl bromides and challenging aryl chlorides in the absence of directing groups, setting the stage for the step‐economical synthesis of pybox ligands under racemization‐free reaction conditions.

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Enhanced Light Harvesting in Perovskite Solar Cells by a Bioinspired Nanostructured Back Electrode
Authors: Wei Jian , Xu Rui‐Peng , Li Yan‐Qing , Li Chi , Chen Jing‐De , Zhao Xin‐Dong , Xie Zhong‐Zhi , Lee Chun‐Sing , Zhang Wen‐Jun , Tang Jian‐Xin
Published: July 2017

Light management holds great promise of realizing high‐performance perovskite solar cells by improving the sunlight absorption with lower recombination current and thus higher power conversion efficiency (PCE). Here, a convenient and scalable light trapping scheme is demonstrated by incorporating bioinspired moth‐eye nanostructures into the metal back electrode via soft imprinting technique to enhance the light harvesting in organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells. Compared to the flat reference cell with a methylammonium lead halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3−xClx) absorber, 14.3% of short‐circuit current improvement is achieved for the patterned devices with moth‐eye nanostructures, yielding an increased PCE up to 16.31% without sacrificing the open‐circuit voltage and fill factor. The experimental and theoretical characterizations verify that the cell performance enhancement is mainly ascribed by the broadband polarization‐insensitive light scattering and surface plasmonic effects due to the patterned metal back electrode. It is noteworthy that this light trapping strategy is fully compatible with solution‐processed perovskite solar cells and opens up many opportunities toward the future photovoltaic applications.
Design of mixed energy‐integrated batch process networks by Pseudo‐direct approach
Authors: Shahane Parikshit S. , Mathpati Channamallikarjun S. , Jogwar Sujit S.
Published: July 2017

In this article, a novel framework for the design of mixed (combined direct and indirect) integration for batch process systems is presented. The framework is based on the concept of pseudo‐direct energy integration (PDEI) which reformulates indirect integration as direct integration using pseudo‐process streams. Two algorithms are presented to achieve energy integration for batch processes operating cyclically (in a campaign mode). The first algorithm targets maximization of energy recovery and overcomes the limitations of some of the existing contributions for design of mixed integrated systems. The second algorithm provides a network reduction methodology to generate a cadre of integrated designs while exploring the trade‐off between capital (number of heat exchangers and storage units) and operating costs (utility consumption). The proposed framework is illustrated using a benchmark example of two hot and two cold streams. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 55–67, 2018
Biochar soil amendments for increased crop yields: How to design a “designer” biochar
Authors: Zygourakis Kyriacos
Published: July 2017

The development and testing of a transient adsorption/desorption model that describes the response of biochar particles to nutrient pulses simulating the application of fertilizer is presented in this study. Intraparticle nutrient transfer occurs both by diffusion through liquid‐filled pores and by surface diffusion, and nutrient adsorption is described by Langmuir–Freundlich (Sips) isotherms. Simulation results show that the ability of a biochar to adsorb and then slowly release the nutrient is modulated by a complex interplay of external mass transfer, intraparticle diffusion (both pore and surface diffusion), and adsorption dynamics. The nutrient retention potential of biochar‐amended soils is quantified and is shown to depend on multiple factors that include chemical and physical biochar properties, soil permeability, water flow, and the method of fertilizer application. These findings may explain why biochars with similar properties can potentially have widely different impacts on crop yields, as has been repeatedly reported in the literature. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 5425–5437, 2017
Mantle cell lymphoma: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and clinical management
Authors: Vose Julie M.
Published: July 2017

Disease Overview

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a non‐Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by involvement of the lymph nodes, spleen, blood and bone marrow with a short remission duration to standard therapies and a median overall survival (OS) of 4‐5 years.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on lymph node, bone marrow, or tissue morphology of centrocytic lymphocytes, small cell type, or blastoid variant cells. A chromosomal translocation t (11:14) is the molecular hallmark of MCL, resulting in the overexpression of cyclin D1. Cyclin D1 is detected by immunohistochemistry in 98% of cases. The absence of SOX‐11 or a low Ki‐67 may correlate with a more indolent form of MCL. The differential diagnosis of MCL includes small lymphocytic lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma.

Risk Stratification

The MCL International Prognostic Index (MIPI) is the prognostic model most often used and incorporates ECOG performance status, age, leukocyte count, and lactic dehydrogenase. A modification of the MIPI also adds the Ki‐67 proliferative index if available. The median OS for the low‐risk group was not reached (5‐year OS of 60%). The median OS for the intermediate risk group was 51 months and 29 months for the high risk group.

Risk‐Adapted Therapy

For selected indolent, low MIPI MCL patients, initial observation may be appropriate therapy. For younger patients with intermediate or high risk MIPI MCL, aggressive therapy with a cytotoxic

Regimen followed by autologous stem cell transplantation should be considered. Rituximab maintenance after autologous stem cell transplantation has also improved the progression‐free and overall survival. For older symptomatic MCL patients with intermediate or high risk MIPI, combination chemotherapy with R‐CHOP, R‐Bendamustine, or a clinical trial should be considered. In addition, rituximab maintenance therapy may prolong the progression‐free survival. At the time of relapse, agents directed at activated pathways in MCL cells such as bortezomib (NFkB inhibitor), lenalidamide (anti‐angiogenesis) and Ibruitinib (Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase [BTK] inhibitor) have demonstrated excellent clinical activity in MCL patients. Autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation can also be considered in young patients. Clinical trials with novel agents are always a consideration for MCL patients.
Modelling Spatial Variations of the Speed of Light
Authors: Balcerzak Adam , Da̧browski Mariusz P. , Salzano Vincenzo
Published: July 2017

We extend a new method to measure possible variation of the speed of light by using Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and the Hubble function onto an inhomogeneous pressure model of the universe. The method relies on the fact that there is a simple relation between the angular diameter distance maximum and the Hubble function (H) evaluated at the same maximum‐condition redshift, which includes the speed of light c. One limit of such a method was the assumption of the vanishing of spatial curvature (though, as it has been shown, a non‐zero curvature has negligible effect). In this paper, apart from taking into account an inhomogeneity, we consider non‐zero spatial curvature and calculate an exact relation between and H. Our main result is the evaluation if current or future missions such as Square Kilometer Array (SKA) can be sensitive enough to detect any spatial variation of c which can in principle be related to the recently observed spatial variation of the fine structure constant (an effect known as α‐dipole).
Invariant‐Based Pulse Design for Three‐Level Systems Without the Rotating‐Wave Approximation
Authors: Kang Yi‐Hao , Chen Ye‐Hong , Huang Bi‐Hua , Song Jie , Xia Yan
Published: July 2017

In this paper, a scheme is put forward to design pulses which drive a three‐level system based on the reverse engineering with Lewis‐Riesenfeld invariant theory. The scheme can be applied to a three‐level system even when the rotating‐wave approximation (RWA) can not be used. The amplitudes of pulses and the maximal values of detunings in the system could be easily controlled by adjusting control parameters. We analyze the dynamics of the system by an invariant operator, so additional couplings are unnecessary. Moreover, the approaches to avoid singularity of pulses are studied and several useful results are obtained. We hope the scheme could contribute to fast quantum information processing without RWA.
Copper–Alkyne Complexation Responsible for the Nucleolar Localization of Quadruplex Nucleic Acid Drugs Labeled by Click Reactions
Authors: Lefebvre Joël , Guetta Corinne , Poyer Florent , Mahuteau‐Betzer Florence , Teulade‐Fichou Marie‐Paule
Published: July 2017

G‐Quadruplex(es) (G4) are noncanonical nucleic‐acid structures found in guanine‐rich sequences. They can be targeted with small molecules (G4 ligands) acting as reporters, for tracking both in vitro and in cells. We explored the cellular localization of PhenDC3, one of the most powerful G4 ligands, by synthesizing two clickable azide and alkyne derivatives (PhenDC3‐alk, PhenDC3‐az) and labeling them in situ with the corresponding Cy5 click partners. A careful comparison of the results obtained for the copper‐based CuAAC and copper‐free SPAAC methodologies in fixed cells implicated CuI/alkyne intermediates in the nonspecific localization of ligands (and fluorophores) to the nucleoli. By contrast, SPAAC yielded similar nucleoplasmic labeling patterns in fixed and live cells. Our findings demonstrate the need for great care when using CuAAC to localize drugs in cells, and show that SPAAC gives results that are more consistent between fixed and live cells.
Catalytic Intermolecular Dicarbofunctionalization of Styrenes with CO2 and Radical Precursors
Authors: Yatham Veera Reddy , Shen Yangyang , Martin Ruben
Published: July 2017

A redox‐neutral intermolecular dicarbofunctionalization of styrenes with CO2 at atmospheric pressure and carbon‐centered radicals is described. This mild protocol results in multiple C−C bond‐forming reactions from simple precursors in the absence of stoichiometric reductants, thus exploiting a previously unrecognized opportunity that complements existing catalytic carboxylation events.
Control of Ice Propagation by Using Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Coatings
Authors: Jin Yuankai , He Zhiyuan , Guo Qian , Wang Jianjun
Published: July 2017

Ice propagation is of great importance to the accumulation of ice/frost on solid surfaces. However, no investigation has been reported on the tuning of ice propagation through a simple coating process. Herein, we study the ice propagation behavior on polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) surfaces coated with the layer‐by‐layer (LBL) deposition approach. We discover that ice propagation is strongly dependent on the amount of water in the outermost layer of PEMs, that is, the ice propagation rate increases with the amount of water in the outermost layer. The ice propagation rate can be tuned by up to three orders of magnitude by changing the polyelectrolyte pairs, counterions of the outermost polymer layer, or the salt concentration during the preparation of PEMs. Because the simple, versatile, and inexpensive LBL deposition approach is generally applicable to almost all available surfaces, the PEM coatings can tune ice propagation on a wide range of substrates.
Crystallization of a Two‐Dimensional Hydrogen‐Bonded Molecular Assembly: Evolution of the Local Structure Resolved by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Patera Laerte L. , Liu Xunshan , Mosso Nico , Decurtins Silvio , Liu Shi‐Xia , Repp Jascha
Published: July 2017

Structures of the aromatic N‐heterocyclic hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) molecular synthon obtained by surface‐assisted self‐assembly were analyzed with sub‐Å resolution by means of noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc‐AFM), both in the kinetically trapped amorphous state and in the thermodynamically stable crystalline phase. These results reveal how the crystallization governs the length scale of the network order for non‐flexible molecular species without affecting the local bonding schemes. The capability of nc‐AFM to accurately resolve structural relaxations will be highly relevant for the characterization of vitreous two‐dimensional supramolecular materials.
Shining a light on the loss of rheophilic fish habitat in lowland rivers as a forgotten consequence of barriers, and its implications for management
Authors: Birnie‐Gauvin Kim , Aarestrup Kim , Riis Thorsten M.O. , Jepsen Niels , Koed Anders
Published: July 2017

The majority of rivers around Europe have been modified in one way or another, and no longer have an original, continuous flow from source to outlet. The presence of weirs and dams has altered habitats, thus affecting the wildlife that lives within them. This is especially true for migrating rheophilic fish species, which, in addition to safe passage, depend on gradient and fast‐flowing waters for reproductive success and early development.

Thus far, research has focused on investigating the impacts of weirs and dams on fish passage, with less attention paid to the loss of habitat entrained by such infrastructure. The loss of rheophilic habitat is particularly important in lowland streams, where gradient is limited, and dams and weirs can be constructed with less effort.

Denmark is considered a typical lowland country, where the landscape around streams and rivers has been modified by agriculture and other human activities for centuries, leaving management practitioners wondering how much change is acceptable to maintain sustainable fish populations and fisheries practices.

With examples from Denmark, this paper attempts to conceptualize the loss in habitat as a result of barriers in lowland streams and rivers, and the repercussions that such alterations may have on rheophilic fish populations. Furthermore, the need for management to address habitat loss and its related consequences concurrently with the improvement of fish passage is emphasized.
Classification and forecast of heavy rainfall in northern Kyushu during Baiu season using weather pattern recognition
Authors: Nguyen‐Le Dzung , Yamada Tomohito J. , Tran‐Anh Duc
Published: July 2017

In this study, the Self‐Organizing Maps in combination with K‐means clustering technique are used for classification of synoptic weather patterns inducing heavy rainfall exceeding 100 mm day−1 during the Baiu season (June–July) of 1979–2010 over northern Kyushu, southwestern Japan. It suggests that these local extreme rainfall events are attributed to four clustered patterns, which are primarily related to the Baiu front and the extratropical/tropical cyclone/depression activities and represented by the intrusion of warm and moist air accompanied by the low‐level jet or cyclonic circulation. The classification results are then implemented with the analogue method to predict the occurrence (yes/no) of local heavy rainfall days in June–July of 2011–2016 by using the prognostic synoptic fields from the operational Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Global Spectral Model (GSM). In general, the predictability of our approach evaluated by the Equitable Threat Score up to 7‐day lead times is significantly improved than that from the conventional method using only the predicted rainfall intensity from GSM. Although the false alarm ratio is still high, it is expected that the new method will provide a useful guidance, particularly for ranges longer than 2 days, for decision‐making and preparation by weather forecasters or end‐users engaging in disaster‐proofing and water management activities.
How bacterial cell division might cheat turgor pressure – a unified mechanism of septal division in Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria
Authors: Erickson Harold P.
Published: July 2017

An important question for bacterial cell division is how the invaginating septum can overcome the turgor force generated by the high osmolarity of the cytoplasm. I suggest that it may not need to. Several studies in Gram‐negative bacteria have shown that the periplasm is isoosmolar with the cytoplasm. Indirect evidence suggests that this is also true for Gram‐positive bacteria. In this case the invagination of the septum takes place within the uniformly high osmotic pressure environment, and does not have to fight turgor pressure. A related question is how the V‐shaped constriction of Gram‐negative bacteria relates to the plate‐like septum of Gram‐positive bacteria. I collected evidence that Gram‐negative bacteria have a latent capability of forming plate‐like septa, and present a model in which septal division is the basic mechanism in both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria.
A three plus three parameters mechanistic model for viral filtration
Authors: Misra Prakhar , Sinha Abhishek , Rathore Anurag S. , Shukla Anupam , Mir Fasil Q.
Published: July 2017

Viral filtration is an expensive regulatory requirement in downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). This process step is typically operated with an overdesigned filter in order to account for any batch to batch variability in the filter, as well as the feed characteristics. Here, we propose a simple, six‐parameter mechanistic model for viral filtration where three parameters are membrane‐specific while the other three depend on feed characteristics and membrane‐feed interactions. Viruses are considered as passive particles which are retained by the membrane on the basis of size exclusion. The model envisages that the viral filter contains two kind of pores: virus‐retentive, small‐sized pores and non‐retentive, large‐sized pores. The small‐sized pores get blocked during filtration resulting in decrease in active membrane area, while the large‐sized pores get constricted during filtration. The length of constricted part increases during filtration and contributes to increase in hydraulic resistance of the filter. Rate of these processes (blocking and constriction) are assumed to be proportional to the instantaneous rate of retention of the viral particles. The general nature of the model is validated with the experimental data on viral filtration for four different commercial membranes used in biotech industries as well as different model viruses. The proposed model has been demonstrated to describe the behavior of filters with very good accuracy. The best‐fit model parameter values indicate about the various phenomena that are responsible for differences in the behavior of the membranes as well as change in retention and flux with feed concentration. The proposed model can be used for improving design of virus filters as well as in appropriate sizing of the filters during processing. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical EngineersBiotechnol. Prog., 33:1538–1547, 2017