bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The usefulness of an intensive preparatory course for EAL thesis writers
Authors: Manalo Emmanuel
Published: July 2006

English

Over the past decade, most Australasian universities have experienced significant increases in numbers of international and new immigrant students, including those enrolling at the graduate level. This article describes a non-credit, intensive course for English as an additional language (EAL) students preparing to undertake a thesis or dissertation in the upcoming year. The rationale for the course, its content, feedback from students who have attended, and completion rates of students - some of which are significantly better than faculty averages - are described and discussed.

French

Au cours des dix dernières années, la plupart des universités australiennes ont enregistré une augmentation importante du nombre d'étudiants internationaux et immigrants, notamment de ceux qui s'inscrivent au deuxième cycle universitaire. Cet article fait la description d'un cours supplémentaire intensif d'anglais en tant que langue seconde destiné aux étudiants qui se préparent à passer une thèse ou un mémoire l'année suivante. Les unités de ce cours ne sont pas prises en comptent pas pour la sanction des études. L'article expose et analyse la raison d'être de ce cours, son contenu, les commentaires des étudiants y ayant participé et les taux de réussite de ces derniers (certains de ces taux sont bien meilleurs que les taux moyens obtenus par d'autres étudiants de la même faculté ne suivant pas ce cours intensif).

Spanish

Durante la última década, la mayoría de las universidades de Australasia han experimentado un aumento considerable en el número de alumnos procedentes de otros países que se han matriculado en estudios de grado y posgrado. Este artículo describe un curso intensivo, sin créditos, dirigido a alumnos con el inglés como lengua adicional que comenzarán a preparar su tesis en el año siguiente. Se describen y analizan los siguientes puntos: los objetivos del curso, su contenido, las opiniones de los alumnos que ya lo han cursado y el promedio de alumnos que, después de hacer el curso, terminan sus estudios universitarios (que, en algunos casos, supera considerablemente al promedio de aquellos alumnos que no lo hacen).
Altered granulopoietic profile and exaggerated acute neutrophilic inflammation in mice with targeted deficiency in the sialyltransferase ST6Gal I
Authors: Nasirikenari Mehrab , Segal Brahm H. , Ostberg Julie R. , Urbasic Ashlee , Lau Joseph T.
Published: July 2006

Elevation of serum sialic acid and the ST6Gal-1 sialyltransferase is part of the hepatic system inflammatory response, but the contribution of ST6Gal-1 has remained unclear. Hepatic ST6Gal-1 elevation is mediated by P1, 1 of 6 promoters regulating the ST6Gal1 gene. We report that the P1-ablated mouse, Siat1ΔP1, and a globally ST6Gal-1–deficient mouse had significantly increased peritoneal leukocytosis after intraperitoneal challenge with thioglycollate. Exaggerated peritonitis was accompanied by only a modest increase in neutrophil viability, and transferred bone marrow–derived neutrophils from Siat1ΔP1 mice migrated to the peritonea of recipients with normal efficiency after thioglycollate challenge. Siat1ΔP1 mice exhibited 3-fold greater neutrophilia by thioglycollate, greater pools of epinephrine-releasable marginated neutrophils, greater sensitivity to G-CSF, elevated bone marrow CFU-G and proliferative-stage myeloid cells, and a more robust recovery from cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression. Bone marrow leukocytes from Siat1ΔP1 are indistinguishable from those of wild-type mice in α2,6-sialylation, as revealed by the Sambucus nigra lectin, and in the expression of total ST6Gal-1 mRNA. Together, our study demonstrated a role for ST6Gal-1, possibly from extramedullary sources (eg, produced in liver) in regulating inflammation, circulating neutrophil homeostasis, and replenishing granulocyte numbers.
Predicting candidate genes for human deafness disorders: a bioinformatics approach
Authors: Alsaber Rami , Tabone Christopher J , Kandpal Raj P
Published: July 2006

Background

There are more than 50 genes for autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hereditary deafness that are yet to be cloned. The human genome sequence and expression profiles of transcripts in the inner ear have aided positional cloning approaches. The knowledge of protein interactions offers additional advantages in selecting candidate genes within a mapped region.

Results

We have employed a bioinformatic approach to assemble the genes encoded by genomic regions that harbor various deafness loci. The genes were then in silico analyzed for their candidacy by expression pattern and ability to interact with other proteins. Such analyses have narrowed a list of 2400 genes from suspected regions of the genome to a manageable number of about 140 for further analysis.

Conclusion

We have established a list of strong candidate genes encoded by the regions linked to various nonsyndromic hereditary hearing loss phenotypes by using a novel bioinformatic approach. The candidates presented here provide a starting point for mutational analysis in well-characterized families along with genetic linkage to refine the loci. The advantages and shortcomings of this bioinformatic approach are discussed.
International medical graduates in family medicine in the United States of America: an exploration of professional characteristics and attitudes
Authors: Morris Amanda L , Phillips Robert L , Fryer George E , Green Larry A , Mullan Fitzhugh
Published: July 2006

Background

The number of international medical graduates (IMGs) entering family medicine in the United States of America has steadily increased since 1997. Previous research has examined practice locations of these IMGs and their role in providing care to underserved populations. To our knowledge, research does not exist comparing professional profiles, credentials and attitudes among IMG and United States medical graduate (USMG) family physicians in the United States. The objective of this study is to determine, at the time when a large influx of IMGs into family medicine began, whether differences existed between USMG and IMG family physicians in regard to personal and professional characteristics and attitudes that may have implications for the health care system resulting from the increasing numbers of IMGs in family medicine in the United States.

Methods

This is a secondary data analysis of the 1996–1997 Community Tracking Study (CTS) Physician Survey comparing 2360 United States medical graduates and 366 international medical graduates who were nonfederal allopathic or osteopathic family physicians providing direct patient care for at least 20 hours per week.

Results

Compared to USMGs, IMGs were older (p < 0.001) and practised in smaller (p = 0.0072) and younger practices (p < 0.001). Significantly more IMGs practised in metropolitan areas versus rural areas (p = 0.0454). More IMG practices were open to all new Medicaid (p = 0.018) and Medicare (p = 0.0451) patients, and a greater percentage of their revenue was derived from these patients (p = 0.0020 and p = 0.0310). Fewer IMGs were board-certified (p < 0.001). More IMGs were dissatisfied with their overall careers (p = 0.0190). IMGs and USMGs did not differ in terms of self-rated ability to deliver high-quality care to their patients (p = 0.4626). For several of the clinical vignettes, IMGs were more likely to order tests, refer patients to specialists or require office visits than USMGs.

Conclusion

There are significant differences between IMG and USMG family physicians' professional profiles and attitudes. These differences from 1997 merit further exploration and possible follow-up, given the increased proportion of family physicians who are IMGs in the United States.
Relationship between oxygen supply and cerebral blood flow assessed by transcranial Doppler and near – infrared spectroscopy in healthy subjects during breath – holding
Authors: Molinari Filippo , Liboni William , Grippi Gianfranco , Negri Emanuela
Published: July 2006

Background

Breath – holding (BH) is a suitable method for inducing cerebral vasomotor reactivity (VMR). The assessment of VMR is of clinical importance for the early detection of risk conditions and for the follow-up of disabled patients. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) is used to measure cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) during BH, whereas near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measures the concentrations of the oxygenated (O
2
Hb) and reduced (CO
2
Hb) hemoglobin. The two techniques provide circulatory and functional-related parameters. The aim of the study is the analysis of the relationship between oxygen supply and CBFV as detected by TCD and NIRS in healthy subjects performing BH.

Methods

20 healthy subjects (15 males and 5 females, age 33 ± 4.5 years) underwent TCD and NIRS examination during voluntary breath – holding. VMR was quantified by means of the breath-holding index (BHI). We evaluated the BHI based on mean CBFV, O
2
Hb and CO
2
Hb concentrations, relating the baseline to post-stimulus values. To quantify VMR we also computed the slope of the linear regression line of the concentration signals during BH. From the NIRS signals we also derived the bidimensional representation of VMR, plotting the instantaneous O
2
Hb concentration vs the CO
2
Hb concentration during the BH phase. Two subjects, a 30 years old current smoker female and a 63 years old male with a ischemic stroke event at the left middle cerebral artery, were tested as case studies.

Results

The BHI for the CBFV was equal to 1.28 ± 0.71 %/s, the BHI for the O
2
Hb to 0.055 ± 0.037 μ mol/l/s and the BHI for CO
2
Hb to 0.0006 ± 0.0019 μ mol/l/s, the O
2
Hb slope was equal to 0.15 ± 0.09 μ mol/l/s and the CO
2
Hb slope to 0.09 ± 0.04 μ mol/l/s. There was a positive correlation between the CBFV and the O
2
Hb increments during BH (r = 0.865). The bidimensional VMR pattern shows common features among healthy subjects that are lost in the control studies.

Conclusion

We show that healthy subjects present a common VMR pattern when counteracting cerebral blood flow perturbations induced by voluntary BH. The proposed methodology allows for the monitoring of changes in the VMR pattern, hence it could be used for assessing the efficacy of neurorehabilitation protocols.
Stress in Autoimmune Disease Models
Authors: HARBUZ M.S. , RICHARDS L.J. , CHOVER‐GONZALEZ A.J. , MARTI‐SISTAC O. , JESSOP D.S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  The release of endogenous glucocorticoids is critical in regulating the severity of disease activity in patients with inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Blocking cortisol production results in a flare‐up in disease activity in RA patients, and surgical removal of the adrenals in patients with Cushing's disease has been reported to exacerbate autoimmune disease. In adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AA; a rat model of RA), there is an activation of the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis associated with the development of inflammation. In addition, there are profound changes in peptides within the paraventricular nucleus, which are responsible for regulating the HPA axis. These changes have profound implications on the ability of AA rats to respond to acute stress. Understanding the regulation of the HPA axis in health and disease holds out the promise of targeted therapy to alleviate inflammatory conditions. This article will consider the impact of stress on an individual and his or her susceptibility to inflammation. We wish to question the idea that stress is “all bad.” As we shall see, exposure to a single acute stressor can alter the phenotype of the rat to change it from being susceptible to resistant in autoimmune disease models. This alteration in susceptibility takes days to manifest itself, but can last for weeks, suggesting beneficial effects of exposure to an acute stressor.
Hypoglycemia, an Old Tool for New Findings in the Adrenomedullary Hormonal System in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: IMRICH RICHARD
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  Over the past decades, research in patients with rheumatic disorders showed enormous progress in detecting various perturbations of the neuroendocrine system including those affecting autonomic nervous function. There is, however, a substantial lack of data on adrenomedullary hormonal system (AMHS) function in those patients. Insulin‐induced hypoglycemia (IIH) represents a metabolic stressor, which elicits a counterregulatory stress response not only of the hypothalamic‐pituitary axis but also of the AMHS. Therefore, in addition to traditional testing of hypothalamic‐pituitary function, IIH can be used as a well‐controlled functional test of the AMHS. Our recent studies showed, for the first time, attenuated epinephrine and norepinephrine responses to IIH in premenopausal females with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic sclerosis (SSc). These findings are suggestive of downregulation, or possibly defects, of the AMHS in those patients. This article reviews mechanism of the AMHS activation during IIH and demonstrates applications of the test in neuroendocrine‐immune research.
Anti‐Endothelial Antibodies and Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: VALESINI GUIDO , ALESSANDRI CRISTIANO , CELESTINO DOMENICO , CONTI FABRIZIO
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  The pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) has been attributed to autoantibody‐mediated neural dysfunction, vasculopathy, and coagulopathy. Several autoantibodies specificities have been reported in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of NPSLE patients (i.e., antineuronal, antiribosomal P proteins, antiglial fibrillary acidic proteins, antiphospholipid, and anti‐endothelial antibodies). We have recently demonstrated an association between serum anti‐endothelial antibodies and psychosis or depression in patients with SLE. Subsequently, by screening a cDNA library from human umbilical artery endothelial cells with serum from a SLE patient with psychosis, one positive strongly reactive clone was identified encoding the C‐terminal region (C‐ter) of Nedd5, an intracytoplasmatic protein of the septin family. Anti‐Nedd5 antibodies have been found significantly associated with psychiatric manifestations in SLE patients, strengthening the view of a possible implication of autoantibodies in the development of psychiatric disorders.
Revisiting the Toxicity of Low‐Dose Glucocorticoids
Authors: DA SILVA JOSÉ A. P. , JACOBS JOHANNES W. G. , BIJLSMA JOHANNES W. J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  We have recently participated in a careful literature search and critical evaluation of glucocorticoids, and we have revised the side‐effects data of four recent controlled trials of low‐dose glucocorticoids (GCs) in rheumatoid arthritis. The toxicity profile stands out as remarkably more benign than expected from most textbook recommendations. Data regarding low‐dose therapy are scarce and of low quality, as no controlled trials have been designed to specifically address toxicity. Common fears of GC toxicity seem to originate from an excessive weight on anecdotal data and observations with high doses, as in organ transplantation. There is now evidence that mechanisms of action of GCs vary considerably according to the dose, thus allowing the possibility of a different toxicity profile. Data from recent controlled trials are quite reassuring, overall. Certainly, risks and benefits of GCs need to be carefully weighed in every patient. But we need to make a clear distinction between established risks and unchecked fears while trying to get the best result for our patient. Clearly, there is a need for studies that are appropriately designed to address the toxicity of GCs and to avoid the risk of “throwing out the baby with the bath water.”
Oral Pulsed Dexamethasone Therapy in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: KROOT ERIC‐JAN A. , HUISMAN A. MARGRIET , VAN ZEBEN JENDÉ , WOUTERS JACQUES M.G.W. , VAN PAASSEN HENK C.
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  Pulse therapy with high‐dose glucocorticoids (GCs) is widely used as “bridging therapy” for the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Oral pulsed dexamethasone therapy has never been used for this purpose. We determined the clinical efficacy of oral pulsed dexamethasone treatment in patients with early active RA, concomitantly starting with disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Fourteen early RA patients, glucocorticoid‐naive and with active disease for less than 1 year were included. Ten patients were treated with oral pulsed dexamethasone therapy for 4 days in a row. Of this group, four patients received 10 mg dexamethasone/day, three patients 20 mg/day, and three patients 40 mg/day. As controls, four patients were treated with intramuscular methylprednisolone injections. Disease activity (ascertained by disease activity score [DAS]) and biochemical variables were measured at base line, and biweekly thereafter for up to 4 weeks, and monthly thereafter for up to 3 months. A decrease in disease activity, similar in all subgroups, was observed. Nine of 10 patients responded favorably (decrease in DAS of >1.2) 4 weeks after the start of the study. This response was sustained in the months thereafter. One patient did not respond at all, and disease progression during treatment was observed in one patient. No side effects were reported. Only once was a decrease in cortisol level observed; this was at 2 weeks after the start of the study (0.03 μmol/L, reference value 0.18–0.70 μmol/L). Oral pulsed dexamethasone therapy seems to be effective and safe as bridging therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis. The results of the present study justify a long‐term controlled trial to compare oral pulsed dexamethasone treatment (10 mg dexamethasone, once weekly for 4 weeks) with the standard GC regimes in the near future.
Anti‐Beta‐2 Glycoprotein I Antibodies Affect Bcl‐2 and Bax Trophoblast Expression without Evidence of Apoptosis
Authors: DI SIMONE NICOLETTA , CASTELLANI ROBERTA , RASCHI ELENA , ORIETTA BORGHI M. , MERONI PIER LUIGI , CARUSO ALESSANDRO
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) reacting with beta‐2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) have been associated with recurrent fetal loss and pregnancy complications. The aim of the study was to investigate whether aPLs with anti‐β2GPI specificity induce apoptosis of human trophoblasts in vitro. To this end, human anti‐β2GPI monoclonal IgM derived from a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome and a human irrelevant monoclonal IgM were incubated with human trophoblast cell cultures for 24, 48, and 72 h. In all the cultures we evaluated: (i) Bcl‐2 and Bax mRNA and protein expression by Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), respectively; (ii) DNA fragmentation by a commercial ELISA kit and by agarose gel electrophoresis; and (iii) the percentage of cells reactive with the monoclonal antibody (MAb) M30 by indirect immunofluorescence. The results were: Bcl‐2/Bax ratio increased in untreated trophoblast cells during the time of culture, showing the highest values detectable after 72 h (2.68 and 2.28 at protein and mRNA levels, respectively). Cell incubation with anti‐β2GPI MAbs induced a significant Bcl‐2/Bax ratio reduction in comparison with untreated cells (1.22 and 1.28 at protein and mRNA levels, respectively, after 72 h incubation). No significant difference was detected after cell exposure to irrelevant MAbs. However, neither DNA fragmentation nor increase in cells positive for the caspase‐cleaved epitope of cytokeratin 18 cytoskeletal protein (M30) was found. In Conclusion, anti‐β2GPI antibodies react with trophoblast cells and reduce the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio, but without any clear apoptotic effect.
Adipose Tissue Has Anti‐Inflammatory Properties
Authors: DAYER JEAN‐MICHEL , CHICHEPORTICHE RACHEL , JUGE‐AUBRY CRISTIANA , MEIER CHRISTOPH
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  The formation of adipose tissue could result from abnormal metabolic processes and, at the local level, from chronic inflammatory processes such as those occurring in the synovial cavity in rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, or the peritoneal cavity in various inflammatory processes of the digestive system
. Adipocytes are said to produce many hormones and proinflammatory mediators. So far, however, little attention has been paid to cytokine inhibitory molecules. Based on our observation of high levels of serum interleukin receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) in obese patients contrasting with decreased levels after gastric bypass surgery, we found white adipose tissue (WAT) in the human system to be the main source of IL‐1Ra. IL‐10 was also present in WAT. Furthermore, we found that interferon‐β (IFN)‐β was the principal cytokine inducing IL‐1Ra in various WAT, such as that present in the synovium. We suggest that in addition to other functions adipose tissue may give rise to a host‐defense mechanism against local inflammation and that fibrotic tissue in the vicinity may further induce IL‐1Ra in adipocytes via the production of IFN‐β.
Variants in the 5α-Reductase Type 1 and Type 2 Genes Are Associated with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and the Severity of Hirsutism in Affected Women
Authors: Goodarzi Mark O. , Shah Nissar A. , Antoine Heath J. , Pall Marita , Guo Xiuqing , Azziz Ricardo
Published: July 2006

Context: Despite the importance of dihydrotestosterone in androgen action, polymorphisms in the genes for the two isoforms of 5α-reductase (SRD5A1 and SRD5A2) have not been evaluated as risk factors for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Objective: The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that haplotypes in the SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 genes are risk factors for PCOS and the severity of hirsutism in affected women.

Design: PCOS and control subjects were genotyped for seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms in SRD5A1 and eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms in SRD5A2. Haplotypes were determined and tested for association with PCOS diagnosis and component phenotypes.

Setting: Subjects were recruited from the reproductive endocrinology clinic at the University of Alabama at Birmingham; control subjects were recruited from the general surrounding community. Genotyping took place at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.

Participants: A total of 287 White women with PCOS and 187 controls participated.

Main Measurements: SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 genotype, quantitative hirsutism score, and hormonal and metabolic phenotypes were assessed.

Results: Haplotypes within both genes were associated with PCOS risk. The Leu allele of the Val89Leu variant in SRD5A2 was associated with protection against PCOS; this allele is known to modestly reduce 5α-reductase activity. Haplotypes in SRD5A1 but not SRD5A2 were also associated with the degree of hirsutism in affected women.

Conclusions: This study presents genetic evidence suggesting an important role of both isoforms of 5α-reductase in the pathogenesis of PCOS. That only SRD5A1 haplotypes were associated with hirsutism suggests that only this isoform is important in the hair follicle.
Identification of Distinct Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Length or Weight Variability at Birth in Humans
Authors: Fradin Delphine , Heath Simon , Lepercq Jacques , Lathrop Mark , Bougnères Pierre
Published: July 2006

Context: The variability of human fetal growth is multifactorial. Twin and family studies demonstrate that genetic determinants influence normal fetal growth, but the responsible genetic polymorphisms are unknown.

Objective: The objective of the study was the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for birth length and weight.

Design and Methods: To approach the genetic factors implicated in the normal variation of birth length and weight, we conducted a genome-wide approach of these two quantitative traits in 220 French Caucasian pedigrees (412 sibling pairs) using a variance components method.

Results: We observed evidence for several QTLs influencing birth length or birth weight independently. Whereas birth length and weight showed a close correlation (r = 0.76, P < 0.0001), their genetic variability appeared largely determined by distinct genomic loci. Birth length was influenced by two major QTLs located in 2p21 and 2q11 (LOD scores 2.69 and 3.57). The variability of birth weight was linked to another QTL on 7q35 (LOD score 3.1). Several other regions showed more modest evidence for linkage with LOD score values of 1–2 on chromosomes 7, 8, 10, 13, and 17 for birth length and chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, and 20 for birth weight.

Conclusion: These preliminary QTLs provide a first step toward the identification of the genomic variants involved in the variability of human fetal growth. Our results should, however, be considered preliminary until they are replicated in other studies.
ON THE MECHANISM OF THE SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF TRANS-DICHLORO-DIETHYLENEDIAMINE COBALTTC CHLORIDE IN ITS AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Matsuno Kichimatsu
Published: July 2006

1. By means of the coagulation of arsenious sulphide sol, the mechanism of the substitution reactions,

(Remark: Graphics omitted.)

has been studied, and it has been proved that this change is a monomolecular successive reaction.

2. The velocity constants of the first and second reaction of the substitution above mentioned has been calculated as k1=0.011 and k2=0.0031.

3. The time when the intermediate compound would be in its maximum concentration could be computed.

The author is indebted to Prof. Yuji Shibata for his kind advice and to Mr. Haruto Tsukamoto, professor of chemistry in the Hamamatsu Technical High School, for his kind assistance.
THE HIGHLY UNSATURATED ACIDS IN SARDINE OIL. II. THE CONSTITUTION OF HIRAGONIC ACID C16H26O2
Authors: Toyama Yoshiyuki , Tsuchiya Tomotaro
Published: July 2006

Methyl hiragonate has been prepared from Japanese sardine oil, and it was subjected to the oxidation by the permanganate method and by the ozonide method. Among the oxidation products obtained by the permanganate method, succinic acid, acetic acid and methyl hydrogen adipate were identified. The products obtained by the ozonide method contained, besides the above-mentioned three acidic compounds, acetaldehyde and semialdehyde of methyl hydrogen adipate, and also the presence of semialdehyde of succinic acid and succinic aldehyde (or its polymerised products) was indicated. Accordingly, the constitution of hiragonic acid is Δ6:7, 10:11, 14:15-hexadecatrienoic acid as expressed by the following formula: CH_3·CH=CH·(CH_2)_2·CH=CH·(CH_2)_2·CH=CH·(CH_2)_4·COOH
DETERMINATION OF FIXED POINTS IN THE LOW TEMPERATURE WITH A HYDROGEN THERMOMETER
Authors: Aoyama Shin’ichi , Kanda Eizô
Published: July 2006

A hydrogen gas thermometer for the standard of the low temperature measurement was constructed wholly of glass. The accuracy of temperature obtained, ±0.036° at 0°C. and ±0.025° at −200°C., was discussed, the volume of thermometer bulb, the dead spaces, and the temperature of the room being taken into consideration. The determination of the boiling points of liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen and that of the sublimation point of solid carbon dioxide were made with this thermometer. The calibration of copper-constantan thermocouples was also made against the thermometer at various low temperatures.
SORPTION OF GAS BY MINERAL. V
Authors: Sameshima Jitsusaburo , Morita Noriyoshi
Published: July 2006

(1) The sorptions of ammonia and carbon dioxide under one atmospheric pressure at 25°C. by the dehydrated samples of mordenite, thomsonite, scolecite, epistilbite, and phillipsite have been measured.

(2) Mordenite sorbs either ammonia or carbon dioxide in a considerable amount. This is a sorbent of the chabazite type.

(3) Thomsonite, scolecite, epistilbite, and phillipsite sorb ammonia in a large amount but not carbon dioxide. These minerals combine chemically with ammonia and form definite compounds.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON “SOTETSU” (Cycas revoluta Thunb.). IV. ON SOTETSU-EMULSIN
Authors: Nishida Kôtaro
Published: July 2006

The principal experimental results described above are summarized as follows:

(1) Sotetsu-seed contains a glucoside of formaldehyde and this substance splits off formaldehyde by the action of sotetsu-emulsin.

(2) The emulsin was easily prepared from sotetsu-seed and some of its properties were studied in the case of salicin as substrate.

(3) The sotetsu-emulsin exhibited maximum activity in the solution of pB. near 5.0.

(4) It was observed that the optimum temperature of sotetsuemulsin for salicin hydrolysis is 55–60°C. near the optimum hydrogen ion concentration.

(5) In the reaction course of sotetsu-emulsin for salicin hydrolysis, the monomolecular reaction constant increased in course of time.

(6) The reaction velocity of salicin hydrolysis is proportional to the amount of sotetsu-emulsin.

(7) The salicin in 15 c.c. of 1% solution was completely hydrolysed by the action of sotetsu-emulsin in 5 c.c. of 0.8% solution, at the end of 8 hours in the digestion mixture of pH value 4.8 and temperature 37°C.
THE HIGHLY UNSATURATED ACIDS IN SARDINE OIL. X. THE SEPARATION OF HIGHLY UNSATURATED C24-ACIDS
Authors: Toyama Yoshiyuki , Tsuchiya Tomotaro
Published: July 2006

A concentrated fraction of highly unsaturated acids was separated from sardine oil by means of sodium-soap-acetone method, and was distilled as its methyl esters up to 215°/2 mm. The residue from the distillation consisted mainly of the methyl esters of highly unsaturated C24-acids and some polymerised products. The free fatty acids liberated from the residue were separated into the fractions of different degrees of unsaturation by means of fractional precipitation of sodium soaps in acetone. The fraction of the highest degree of unsaturation consisted of nisinic acid C24H36O2. Examination of other fractions seemed to indicate the presence of some less unsaturated acids, such as C24H38O2 and C24H40O2, but no individual acids other than nisinic acid were separated.
HEXADECENOL AND TETRADECENOL IN SPERM HEAD OIL
Authors: Toyama Yoshiyuki , Tsuchiya Tomotaro
Published: July 2006

Hexadecenol and tetradecenol have been isolated from the unsaponifiable matter of sperm head oil, and the acetates of these alcohols have been oxidised with potassium permanganate in glacial acetic acid. From the results of an examination of the oxidation products, the constitutions of these alcohols have been established as follows:

Δ 9:10-Hexadecenol (zoomaryl alcohol) CH3·(CH2)5CH=CH·(CH2)7·CH2OH

Δ 5:6-Tetradecenol (physeteryl alcohol) CH3·(CH2)7CH=CH·(CH2)3·CH2OH

It is thus seen that hexadecenol and tetradecenol in sperm head oil are the mono-ethylenic alcohols corresponding to zoomaric acid (Δ9:10-hexadecenoic acid) and physeteric acid (Δ5:6-tetradecenoic acid) respectively.
THE ELECTROLYTIC FORMATION OF SODIUM PERBORATE. Part I
Authors: Matsuda Ryoichi
Published: July 2006

(1) It is shown that under certain conditions there is no distinction between electrolysis with diaphragm and that without it as regard to the current efficiency of perborate production and it is possible to disuse diaphragm without affecting the current efficiency.

(2) The presence of a comparatively large amount of potassium chromate is harmful to the perborate production. When present in a small amount, however, it is not harmful but, then, advantage owing to its presence is not so considerable as was generally accepted.

(3) Effects of adding potassium sulphate and potassium chloride are studied.

(4) Current efficiency is increased, when a solution containing sodium carbonate and borax is electrolysed, by replenishing borax and carbon dioxide.

(5) Electrolyses of metaborate solutions, rates of thermal decomposition of percarbonate and perborate solutions as well as stability of perborate in the course of electrolysis are studied and consequently it is concluded that perborate is probably, in the electrochemical process, a secondary product of the anodic reaction, the primary one being percarbonate.
ON THE OIL OF HOKKE (Pleurogrammus monopterygius, Pallas), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OCCURRENCE OF NEW HIGHLY UNSATURATED C28-FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Ueno Sei-ichi , Iwai Masayoshi
Published: July 2006

The chemical and physical characteristics of a sample of the oil of “Hokke” (pleurogrammus monopterygius, Pallas) have been determined. In the investigation of higher fraction and distillation residue, the authors have recognized the probable existences of highly unsaturated fatty acids of higher molecules such as nisinic acid C24H36O2((Remark: Graphics omitted.)6), scoliodonic acid C24H38O2((Remark: Graphics omitted.)5), thynnic acid C26H40O2 ((Remark: Graphics omitted.)6), sibic acid C26H42O2((Remark: Graphics omitted.)5), and highly unsaturated fatty C28-acid such as C28H46O2((Remark: Graphics omitted.)5), etc. In addition to these compounds, it appears also to contain C28H42O2((Remark: Graphics omitted.)7), C28H44O2((Remark: Graphics omitted.)6), etc. Highly unsaturated C28-fatty acids have not yet been reported as occurring in any other oils.

Since the authors found shortly before scoliodonic acid C24H38O2((Remark: Graphics omitted.)5), in a shark liver oil (Scoliodon laticaudus Müller and Henle), the research of these kinds of highly unsaturated fatty acids of higher molecules became to arous interest in our country. Thus, Y. Toyama and T. Tsuchiya(6) found nisinic acid C24H36O2 and scoliodonic acid C21H38O2 in herring oil, sardine oil and other fish oils, S. Ueno and C. Yones(7) detected not only these new acids, but also thynnic acid C26H40O2, sibic acid C26H42O2, etc.

In consideration of the distribution of constituent acids in several kinds of fish oils, the general distribution curves of fatty acid shown in Fig. 2 can be assumed. From curve III, it is evident that the highly unsaturated C28-acids have a possible existence. Nevertheless, to our vexation in the present experiment, these compounds have not been isolated in a pure state, but their occurrence could only be suggested by the bromine contests of bromides.

Unsaponifiable substance contain 35.4% of cholesterol C27H46O, and the remainder, which is in liquid state, seems to be composed chiefly of oleyl alcohol C18H38OH.

It is a characteristic of this oil that it contains comparatively large quantities of higher molecular C20- and C22-acids, among which the authors have isolated an acid C22H42O2, undoubtedly cetoleic acid.
THE HIGHLY UNSATURATED ACIDS IN SARDINE OIL. XIII. OXIDATION OF METHYL CLUPANODONATE WITH POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE IN ACETONE SOLUTION
Authors: Toyama Yoshiyuki , Tsuchiya Tomotaro
Published: July 2006

Methyl clupanodonate has been oxidised with potassium permanganate in acetone solution. Among the oxidation products propionic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid and methyl hydrogen succinate have been identified. Of these compounds acetic acid is believed to be formed by the secondary decomposition of malonic acid. Accordingly the presence of above-mentioned oxidation products gives an indication of the presence of the following groups in clupa-nodonic acid jointed by ethylenic linkings thus: CH3·CH2·CH=, =CH·CH2CH=, three of =CH·(CH2)2·CH=, and =CH·(CH2)2·COOH. These results agree fully with those obtained in a previous experiment of the ozonolysis of amyl clupanodonate.
THE HIGHLY UNSATURATED ACIDS IN SARDINE OIL. XIV. OXIDATION OF POTASSIUM CLUPANODONATE WITH POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Toyama Yoshiyuki , Tsuchiya Tomotaro
Published: July 2006

Potassium clupanodonate has been oxidised with potassium permanganate in alkaline solution under cooling. Among the oxidation products, propionic, acetic and succinic acids have been separated. Also the presence of malonic acid is indicated. Of these compounds acetic acid is believed to be formed by a further degradation of malonic acid, and consequently the above results show that the respective groups jointed by the ethylenic linkings in clupano-donic acid are CH3·CH2·CH=, =CH·CH2·CH=, three of =CH·(CH2)2·CH=, and =CH·(CH2)2·COOH, provided the terminal group containing the carboxyl group is assumed to be =CH·(CH2)2·COOH. The results of the present experiment agree fully with those obtained in tile previous experiments of the ozonolysis of amyl clupanodonate and the permanganate oxidation of methyl clupanodonate in acetone solution.
On the Silver Oxide Positive of the Alkaline Accumulator. I
Authors: Kinoshita Kyôji
Published: July 2006

(1) A cell was constructed from the silver positive and iron negative in KOH solution, and the charge and discharge curves of the positive were examined.

(2) It was known that the discharge curve runs in two steps in general, which can be interpreted by assuming that there occurs the following consecutive chemical reactions.

Ag_2O_2→Ag_2O→2Ag

(3) The chemical analysis of the active material of charged silver positive supports the above consideration.

(4) The coefficient of utility of the active material of the silver positive is much higher than that of the lead peroxide positive of the lead acid cell.
Cryoscopic Studies on the Transition Points of the Compounds of Organic Solvents with Salts. III. The Congruent Melting Points of some Alcoholates of Alkali Halides
Authors: Oosaka Hazime
Published: July 2006

(1) The lowerings of the congruent melting points of the alcoholates: LiCl·3CH3OH, LiCl·3CH3OH, LiCL·4C2H5OH, LiBr·4C2H5OH, and LiBr·4n-C3H7OH by the addition of foreign substances have been measured and the molecular depressions referred to 100 g. of each alcohol have been determined.

(2) From these cryoscopic constants the heats of fusion of the alcoholates have been calculated.

(3) When homologues of the solvent alcohol have been used as solutes, abnormally low values have been obtained for the cryoscopic constant. This discrepancy may be considered as due to the formation of a solid solution between the alcoholate and the solute alcohol and this fact has been semi-quantitatively verified.
Studies on the Flow of Gaseous Mixtures through Capillaries. I The Viscosity of Binary Gaseous Mixtures
Authors: Adzumi Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

(1) Viscosities of six following simple gases and seven binary gaseous mixtures have been measured by the transpiration method over the temperature range between 20° and 100 °C.

&H_2,CH_4,C_2H_2,C_3H_6,C_3H_8,H_2∼CH_4,H_2∼C_2H_2,

&H_2∼C_2H_6,H_2∼C_3H_6,CH_4∼C_2H_2,C_2H_2∼C_3H_6,C_3H_6∼C_3H_8.

(2) The viscosities of the first four mixtures attain maximum values at definite compositions, which are about 20% of H2 for the mixture H2∼CH4 and about 70–80% of H2 for the other three.

(3) Of several formulae proposed to express the viscosity of gaseous mixtures, that in which Kuenen’s consideration of the persistence of molecular velocity is introduced seems to be the most appropriate. The results of observation can be expressed satisfactorily by that formula, if we take a proper value for one of Sutherland’s constants which is due to the attraction between the different molecules and can not be determined directly.

(4) The theoretical consideration of this Sutherland’s constant by Schmick and London have been examined by thirty-two examples.

(5) The conditions for the occurrence of a maximum and a minimum points have been obtained from the discussion of the viscosity formula and these have been examined numerically for fifty-five mixtures, and found to be always correct except for only five cases.

The viscosity-composition curve deviates in general from a straight line. The deviation depends on the ratios of molecular weights, molecular diameters, and Sutherland’s constants of two component gases. Especially the maximum point is very liable to occur if the ratio of two molecular weights is great.

(6) It has been shown that, if the persistence of molecular velocity be neglected, the condition for the occurrence of a maximum point cannot be fulfilled and the consideration of the persistence is absolutely necessary to explain this point.

(7) The composition of the maximum point displaces with the change of temperature. This is found to be due to the difference of Sutherland’s constants of two component gases.

(8) The mean free path of each component gas has been calculated. Generally the smaller mean free paths increases in the presence of molecules with the greater mean free paths and vice versa, excepting a few cases.
Adsorption of Solvent Vapour by the Solute Crystal
Authors: Uhara Ituro , Nakamura Morizumi
Published: July 2006

(1) When some quantity of the solvent vapour is adsorbed by the solute crystal, a sort of solution is formed in the adsorbed layer.

(2) Lumping of the powder, surface conductivity of the crystal, and the increase of the velocity of reactions between solids are explained as the result of the mobility of ions (or molecules) in this layer at the crystal surface.
Studies on the Flow of Gaseous Mixtures through Capillaries. II. The Molecular Flow of Gaseous Mixtures
Authors: Adzumi Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

(1) The quantities of the following simple gases and gaseous mixtures flowing through the capillary at very low pressures have been measured.

H2, C2H2, C3H6, H2∼C2H2, H2∼C3H6.

(2) The rates of the molecular flow of simple gases are expressed satisfactorily by Knudsen’s formula.

(3) The rates of the molecular flow of mixtures are considered to be additive of the components. This consideration has been confirmed by the measurements of the quantities of flow of mixtures.

(4) The changes of the compositions of the mixtures after flowing through the capillary at low pressures have been measured and the results show also the validity of the additivity law.
Chemical Reactions in the Silent Electric Discharge. XVI. Reactions between Hydrogen and Solid Inorganic Compounds
Authors: Miyamoto Susumu
Published: July 2006

The chemical reactions under the silent electric discharge were studied when hydrogen reacts with the following inorganic solid substances. (Remark: Graphics omitted.)
Studies on the Aqueous Solutions of Some Chromic Salts. II. Modified Green Chromic Sulphate, Ol Green Chromic Chloride and Green Chromic Sulphate
Authors: Sueda Hideo
Published: July 2006

(1) For the modified green chromic sulphate, the formula μ-olmono- or di-sulphato-di-chromic sulphate has been deduced (i) from its absorption spectra, (ii) from the quantities of sulphuric acid produced when this salt is formed from violet chromic sulphate, and (iii) from the sulphate ions which is precipitated by barium chloride in various dilutions.

(2) When hydroxo-pentaquo chromic chloride solution was heated, the author recognized the production of ol-compound, to which the formula di-ol-octaquo-di-chromic chloride has been given.

(3) The modification of the green chromic sulphate in aqueous solution, produced on standing, or on heating, or on adding sodium hydroxide, has been discussed.
X-Ray Spectroscopic Determination of Lanthanum, Neodymium and Gadolinium in the Presence of Other Rare Earth Elements
Authors: Kimura Kenjiro
Published: July 2006

(1) Lanthanum in a rare earth mixture can be determined by comparing the intensity of its Lβ2 line with that of the cerium Lβ3 line.

(2) Neodymium in a rare earth mixture can be determined by comparing the intensity of its La1 line with that of the cerium Lβ1 line.

(3) Gadolinium in a rare earth mixture can be determined by comparing the intensity of its La1 line with that of the neodymium Lβ2 line.
Studies on the Oiliness of Liquids. V. Lubricants Consisting of Two or Three Chemical Compounds
Authors: Akamatu Hideo
Published: July 2006

The static boundary frictions were measured when some binary or ternary mixtures were placed on the glass surfaces. The results suggest that: (i) the friction is governed by the surfaces with adsorbed layer of lubricant, and (ii) the reducing power of friction depends upon the individual molecular constitution of the molecules which are adsorbed preferentially by the friction surface, rather than the stability of the film.

Selective adsorption by the glass surface has been investigated, and some examples has been reported.
Polymerisation of Tung Oil. I
Authors: Tatimori Monzi
Published: July 2006

(1) Tung oil was polymerised up to gelation at various temperatures from 206 to 245°C. In the course of cooking, density, iodine value, relative viscosity, and refractive index were measured.

(2) Density, iodine value, and refractive index change rather quickly at the beginning but slowly towards the end of polymerisation. The viscosity changes, however, in opposite sense.

(3) The constants of raw oil and of polymerised oil just before the gelation are as follows.

(Remark: Graphics omitted.)

(4) A new method to obtain the reaction constant is proposed for reactions of the type A + A→A2.

(5) This method was applied to the polymerisation of tung oil and the following conclusions were obtained.

(6) The polymerisation is a second order reaction as determined by both refractive index and iodine value.

(7) The polymerisation velocity was calculated between 206 and 245°C.

(8) The heat of activation was found to be ca. 24,000 cal.

(9) The temperature coefficients of the reaction per ten degrees is 1.55–1.67, in the temperature range from 210 to 240°C.
A Study of Passivity of Iron Using Electron Diffraction
Authors: Iimori Takeo
Published: July 2006

The transmissional electron diffraction pattern of the isolated film from passive iron and the reflectional one obtained from iron rendered passive in a chromate solution are in both cases either γ-Fe2O3 or Fe3O4. Collaborating with the author’s previous work and consideration of the passivity of Fe3O4, the protective oxide film is believed to be γ-Fe2O3.
Absorption Spectra of Co-ordination Compounds. I
Authors: Tsuchida Ryutaro
Published: July 2006

(1) The origins of absorption bands of co-ordination compounds have been discussed.

(2) The first band is attributed to electron transitions in the unsaturated transition shell of the central ion. The band, therefore, appears only when the central ion is of a transition element.

(3) The shift of the first band by substitution of ligands may be explained by postulating that the electron transitions are more or less depressed by the negative field of the ligand, which may conveniently be represented by P, the energy of approach of the ligand, i.e., the work done by the ligand if it were to approach from infinity to the seat of coordination. The ascending order of P i.e., the sequence of hypsochromic effect, is theoretically

NH_3, H_2O, F^-, Cl^-, Br^-, I^-.

The empirically obtained order of hypsochromic effect on the first band is

& NO_2^-, NH_3, ONO^-, H_2O, NCS^-, NO_3^-, SO_4^-,

& OH^-, C_2O_4^-, CO_3^-, S_2O_3^-, Cl^-, CrO_4^-, Br^-.

All the experimental rules so far obtained of the shifts of the first bands by substitutions of ligands may be explained by the hypothesis.

(4) The first is more or less additive. The complexes which have ligands situated far apart in the spectrochemical series have broader and less symmetrical first bands than those which contain only one kind of ligands.

(5) The second band may be attributed to the co-ordination electrons, and is, therefore, the most general characteristic which a co-ordination compound should possess. Postulating that by absorption of a quantum hv2(v2=frequency of the second band) the co-ordinate linkage is broken to produce an excited metastable ligand in the original seat of co-ordination, the following relations have been derived:

(Remark: Graphics omitted.)

and S=hν2

where Q = heat of formation per co-ordination, R = activation energy, S = co-ordination energy, Φ = lattice energy of the co-ordination compound Φ1’s= lattice energies of the component compounds of first order, and n = co-ordination number.
The Formation of d-Erythrulose
Authors: Iwadare Koichi
Published: July 2006

(1) d-Erythrulose was formed by the hydrolysis of diazo-ketone which was obtained by condensing diazo-methane with acetone-d-glyceric acid chloride.

(2) Potassium salt of acetone-d-glyceric acid ([α]D15 = +23.7°), acetone-d-glyceric acid chloride ([α]D15) = +14.9°) and acetone-d-glyceric acid amide ([α]D16 = +39.1°) were obtained.