bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of intravenous hyperosmotic solutes on drinking latency and c-Fos expression in the circumventricular organs and hypothalamus of the rat
Authors: Ho Jacqueline M. , Zierath Dannielle K. , Savos Anna V. , Femiano Dominic J. , Bassett John E. , McKinley Michael J. , Fitts Douglas A.
Published: December 2006

Hyperosmotic intravenous infusions of NaCl are more potent for inducing drinking and vasopressin (AVP) secretion than equally osmotic solutions of glucose or urea. The fact that all three solutes increased cerebrospinal fluid osmolality and sodium concentration led the investigators to conclude that critical sodium receptors or osmoreceptors for stimulating drinking and AVP secretion were outside the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the circumventricular organs (CVOs). We tested an obvious prediction of this hypothesis: that all three solutes should increase c-Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-ir) inside the BBB, but that only NaCl should increase Fos-ir in the CVOs. We gave intravenous infusions of 3.0 Osm/l NaCl, glucose, or urea to rats for 11 or 22 min at 0.14 ml/min and perfused the rats for assay of Fos-ir at 90 min. Controls received isotonic NaCl at the same volume. Drinking latency was measured, but water was then removed. Drinking consistently occurred with short latency during hyperosmotic NaCl infusions only. Fos-ir in the forebrain CVOs, the subfornical organ, and organum vasculosum laminae terminalis was consistently elevated only by hyperosmotic NaCl. However, all three hyperosmotic solutes potently stimulated Fos-ir in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus inside the BBB. Hyperosmotic NaCl greatly elevated Fos-ir in the area postrema, but even glucose and urea caused moderate elevations that may be related to volume expansion rather than osmolality. The data provide strong support for the conclusion that the osmoreceptors controlling drinking are located in the CVOs.
HO-1 induction lowers blood pressure and superoxide production in the renal medulla of angiotensin II hypertensive mice
Authors: Vera Trinity , Kelsen Silvia , Yanes Licy L. , Reckelhoff Jane F. , Stec David E.
Published: December 2006

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction can attenuate the development of angiotensin II (ANG II)-dependent hypertension. However, the mechanism by which HO-1 lowers blood pressure in this model is not clear. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that induction of HO-1 in the kidney can attenuate the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the kidney that occurs during ANG II-dependent hypertension. Mice were divided into four groups, control (Con), cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP), ANG II, and ANG II + CoPP. CoPP treatment (50 mg/kg) was administered in a single subcutaneous injection 2 days prior to implantation of an osmotic minipump that infused ANG II at a rate of 1 μg·kg−1·min−1. At the end of this period, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) averaged 93 ± 5, 90 ± 5, 146 ± 8, and 105 ± 6 mmHg in Con, CoPP-, ANG II-, and ANG II + CoPP-treated mice. To determine whether HO-1 induction resulted in a decrease in ANG II-stimulated ROS generation in the renal medulla, superoxide production was measured. Medullary superoxide production was increased by ANG II infusion and normalized in mice pretreated with CoPP. The reduction in ANG II-mediated superoxide production in the medulla with CoPP was associated with a decrease in extracellular superoxide dismutase protein but an increase in catalase protein and activity. These results suggest that reduction in superoxide and possibly hydrogen peroxide production in the renal medulla may be a potential mechanism by which induction of HO-1 with CoPP lowers blood pressure in ANG-II dependent hypertension.
Ex vivo biomechanical properties of the female urethra in a rat model of birth trauma
Authors: Prantil Rachelle L. , Jankowski Ron J. , Kaiho Yasuhiro , de Groat William C. , Chancellor Michael B. , Yoshimura Naoki , Vorp David A.
Published: December 2006

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is the involuntary release of urine during sudden increases in abdominal pressures. SUI is common in women after vaginal delivery or pelvic trauma and may alter the biomechanical properties of the urethra. Thus we hypothesize that injury due to vaginal distension (VD) decreases urethral basal tone and passive stiffness. This study aimed to assess the biomechanical properties of the urethra after VD in the baseline state, where basal muscle tone and extracellular matrix (ECM) are present, and in the passive state, where inactive muscle and ECM are present. Female rat urethras were isolated in a rat model of acute SUI induced by simulated birth trauma. Our established ex vivo system was utilized, wherein we applied intraluminal static pressures ranging from 0 to 20 mmHg. Outer diameter was measured via a laser micrometer. Measurements were recorded via computer. Urethral thickness was assessed histologically. Stress-strain responses of the urethra were altered by VD. Quantification of biomechanical parameters indicated that VD decreased baseline stiffness. The passive peak incremental elastic modulus of the distal segment in VD urethras was less than for controls (1.84 ± 0.67 vs. 1.19 ± 0.70 × 106 dyne/cm2, respectively; P = 0.016). An increase was noted in passive low-pressure compliance values in proximal VD urethras compared with controls (9.44 ± 2.43 vs. 4.62 ± 0.60 mmHg−1, respectively; P = 0.04). Biomechanical analyses suggest that VD alters urethral basal tone, proximal urethral compliance, and distal stiffness. Lack of basal smooth muscle tone, in combination with these changes in the proximal and distal urethra, may contribute to SUI induced by VD.
Voltage-gated Ca2+entry and ryanodine receptor Ca2+-induced Ca2+release in preglomerular arterioles
Authors: Fellner Susan K. , Arendshorst William J.
Published: December 2006

We have previously shown that in afferent arterioles, angiotensin II (ANG II) involves activation of the inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), activation of adenine diphosphoribose (ADPR) cyclase, and amplification of the initial IP3R-stimulated release of cytosolic Ca2+([Ca2+]i) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) (Fellner SK, Arendshorst WJ. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 288: F785–F791, 2004). The response of the ryanodine receptor (RyR) to local increases in [Ca2+]iis defined as calcium-induced calcium release (CICR). To investigate whether Ca2+entry via voltage-gated channels (VGCC) can stimulate CICR, we treated fura 2-loaded, freshly isolated afferent arterioles with KCl (40 mM; high KCl). In control arterioles, peak [Ca2+]iincreased by 165 ± 10 nM. Locking the RyR in the closed position with ryanodine (100 μM) inhibited the [Ca2+]iresponse by 59% ( P < 0.01). 8-Br cADPR, a specific blocker of the ability of cyclic ADPR (cADPR) to sensitize the RyR to Ca2+, caused a 43% inhibition. We suggest that the lower inhibition by 8-Br cADPR ( P = 0.02, ryanodine vs. 8-Br cADPR) represents endogenously active ADPR cyclase. Depletion of SR Ca2+stores by inhibiting the SR Ca2+-ATPase with cyclopiazonic acid or thapsigargin blocked the [Ca2+]iresponses to KCl by 51% ( P not significant vs. ryanodine or 8-Br cADPR). These data suggest that about half of the increase in [Ca2+]iinduced by high KCl is accomplished by activation of CICR through the ability of entered Ca2+to expose the RyR to high local concentrations of Ca2+and that endogenous cADPR contributes to the process.
Influence of static magnetic fields on pain perception and sympathetic nerve activity in humans
Authors: Kuipers Nathan T. , Sauder Charity L. , Ray Chester A.
Published: December 2006

Static and pulsed magnetic fields have been reported to have a variety of physiological effects. However, the effect of static magnetic fields on pain perception and sympathetic function is equivocal. To address this question, we measured pain perception during reproducible noxious stimuli during acute exposure to static magnets. Pain perception, muscle sympathetic nerve activity, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and forearm blood velocity were measured during rest, isometric handgrip, postexercise muscle ischemia, and cold pressor test during magnet and placebo exposure in 15 subjects (25 ± 1 yr; 8 men and 7 women) following 1 h of exposure. During magnet exposure, subjects were placed on a mattress with 95 evenly spaced 0.06-T magnets imbedded in it. During placebo exposure, subjects were placed on an identical mattress without magnets. The order of the two exposure conditions was randomized. At rest, no significant differences were noted in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (8 ± 1 and 7 ± 1 bursts/min for magnet and placebo, respectively), mean arterial pressure (91 ± 3 and 93 ± 3 mmHg), heart rate (63 ± 2 and 62 ± 2 beats/min), and forearm blood velocity (3.0 ± 0.3 and 2.6 ± 0.3 cm/s). Magnets did not alter pain perception during the three stimuli. During all interventions, no significant differences between exposure conditions were found in muscle sympathetic nerve activity and hemodynamic measurements. These results indicate that acute exposure to static magnetic fields does not alter pain perception, sympathetic function, and hemodynamics at rest or during noxious stimuli.
Resveratrol attenuates oxLDL-stimulated NADPH oxidase activity and protects endothelial cells from oxidative functional damages
Authors: Chow Shu-Er , Hshu Ya-Ching , Wang Jong-Shyan , Chen Jan-Kan
Published: December 2006

trans-Resveratrol (RSV) has been shown to have cardioprotective effect during ischemia-reperfusion through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity. Elevated ROS has been implicated in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) is a major source of vascular ROS formation. In the present study, we show that exposure of vascular endothelial cells (EC) to oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) results in elevations of NOX activity and cellular ROS levels. The oxLDL effects are effectively suppressed by RSV or astringinin (AST), either before or after oxLDL exposure. In this study, we show that RSV or AST treatment appears to suppress NOX activity by reducing the membrane association of gp91phoxand Rac1, two protein species required for the assembly of active NOX complex. Exposure to RSV or AST protects EC from oxidative functional damages, including antiplatelet activity and mononucleocyte adhesion. In addition, ANG II-induced NOX activation is also attenuated. These results suggest that RSV or AST protects EC from oxLDL-induced oxidative stress by both direct ROS scavenging and inhibition of NOX activity.
Decompression sickness in the rat following a dive on trimix: recompression therapy with oxygen vs. heliox and oxygen
Authors: Arieli R. , Svidovsky P. , Abramovich A.
Published: December 2006

Trimix (a mixture of helium, nitrogen, and oxygen) has been used in deep diving to reduce the risk of high-pressure nervous syndrome during compression and the time required for decompression at the end of the dive. There is no specific recompression treatment for decompression sickness (DCS) resulting from trimix diving. Our purpose was to validate a rat model of DCS on decompression from a trimix dive and to compare recompression treatment with oxygen and heliox (helium-oxygen). Rats were exposed to trimix in a hyperbaric chamber and tested for DCS while walking in a rotating wheel. We first established the experimental model, and then studied the effect of hyperbaric treatment on DCS: either hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) (1 h, 280 kPa oxygen) or heliox-HBO (0.5 h, 405 kPa heliox 50%-50% followed by 0.5 h, 280 kPa oxygen). Exposure to trimix was conducted at 1,110 kPa for 30 min, with a decompression rate of 100 kPa/min. Death and most DCS symptoms occurred during the 30-min period of walking. In contrast to humans, no permanent disability was found in the rats. Rats with a body mass of 100–150 g suffered no DCS. The risk of DCS in rats weighing 200–350 g increased linearly with body mass. Twenty-four hours after decompression, death rate was 40% in the control animals and zero in those treated immediately with HBO. When treatment was delayed by 5 min, death rate was 25 and 20% with HBO and heliox, respectively.
Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Excited-States Interactions of Complexes between Some Visible Light-Emitting Lanthanide Ions and Cyclophanes Containing Spirobiindanol Phosphonates
Authors: Attia M. S. , Khalil M. M. H. , Abdel-Shafi Ayman A. , Attia G. M. , Failla Salvatore , Consiglio Giuseppe , Finocchiaro Paolo , Abdel-Mottaleb M. S. A.
Published: December 2006

The efficiency of excited-states interactions between lanthanide ionsTb3+andEu3+and some new cyclophanes (I, II, and III) has been studied in different media. High luminescence quantum yield values for terbium and europium complexes in DMSO and PMMA were obtained. The photophysical properties of the green and red emissiveTb3+andEu3+complexes have been elucidated, respectively.
Protein Interactions from Complexes: A Structural Perspective
Authors: Hakes Luke , Robertson David L. , Oliver Stephen G. , Lovell Simon C.
Published: December 2006

By combining crystallographic information with protein-interaction data obtained through traditional experimental means, this paper determines the most appropriate method for generating protein-interaction networks that incorporate data derived from protein complexes. We propose that a combined method should be considered; in which complexes composed of five chains or less are decomposed using the matrix model, whereas the spoke model is used to derive pairwise interactions for those with six chains or more. The results presented here should improve the accuracy and relevance of studies investigating the topology of protein-interaction networks.
Nuclear Receptor Cofactors in PPARγ-Mediated Adipogenesis and Adipocyte Energy Metabolism
Authors: Powell Emily , Kuhn Peter , Xu Wei
Published: December 2006

Transcriptional cofactors are integral to the proper function and regulation of nuclear receptors. Members of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family of nuclear receptors are involved in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. They modulate gene transcription in response to a wide variety of ligands, a process that is mediated by transcriptional coactivators and corepressors. The mechanisms by which these cofactors mediate transcriptional regulation of nuclear receptor function are still being elucidated. The rapidly increasing array of cofactors has brought into focus the need for a clear understanding of how these cofactors interact in ligand- and cell-specific manners. This review highlights the differential effects of the assorted cofactors regulating the transcriptional action of PPARγand summarizes the recent advances in understanding the physiological functions of corepressors and coactivators.
Multimodality Imaging of the Peripheral Venous System
Authors: Gaitini Diana
Published: December 2006

The purpose of this article is to review the spectrum of image‐based diagnostic tools used in the investigation of suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Summary of the experience gained by the author as well as relevant publications, regarding vein imaging modalities taken from a computerized database, was reviewed. The imaging modalities reviewed include phlebography, color Doppler duplex ultrasonography (CDDUS), computerized tomography angiography (CTA) and venography (CTV), magnetic resonance venography (MRV), and radionuclide venography (RNV). CDDUS is recommended as the modality of choice for the diagnosis of DVT. A strategy combining clinical score and D‐dimer test refines the selection of patients. Phlebography is reserved for discrepant noninvasive studies.
Photooxidation of Some Organic Sulfides under UV Light Irradiation Using Titanium Dioxide Photocatalyst
Authors: Vosooghian Hakimeh , Habibi Mohammad Hossein
Published: December 2006

The photocatalytic oxidation of three organic sulfide compounds (thioethers); methyl phenyl sulfide (MPS), benzyl phenyl sulfide (BPS), and diphenyl sulfide (dPS) using titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst suspension under UV light irradiation in aqueous-acetonitrilic (5/95), was studied. Three types of experiments were carried out: (a) the solution was eliminated from atmospheric oxygen by a flow of argon before irradiation, (b) the solution was irradiated with continuous bubbling of oxygen, and (c) the irradiation was carried out at neutral atmospheric oxygen conditions. Results showed that the process will proceed in the presence of pure oxygen much better than atmospheric oxygen or in the absence of oxygen. In fact, no detectable products were observed in the presence of atmospheric oxygen or argon flux. Besides the main products such as methyl phenyl sulfoxide, benzyl phenyl sulfoxide, diphenyl sulfoxide, diphenyl disulfide, benzaldehyde, phenyl propyl sulfide, and n-buthyl phenyl sulfide, trace concentrations of dibenzyl, biphenyl, thiophenol, benzyl alcohol, benzene, benzyl phenyl sulfone, diphenyl sulfone, and methyl phenyl sulfone were detected. Thus in summary, this study provides an example of specific, controlled oxidative chemistry in organic substrates adsorbed on photoactivatedTiO2surface.
Kinetic Study of DNA Modification by Phthalocyanine Derivative of the Oligonucleotide
Authors: Kuznetsova Alexandra A. , Chernonosov Alexander A. , Kuznetsov Nikita A. , Koval Vladimir V. , Knorre Dmitri G. , Fedorova Olga S.
Published: December 2006

Design of chemically modified oligonucleotides for regulation of gene expression has attracted considerable attention over the last decades. One actively pursued approach involves antisense or antigene constructs carrying reactive groups, many of these based on transition metal complexes. The complexes of Co(II) with phthalocyanines are extremely good catalysts of oxidation of organic compounds with molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. In this study, we have investigated the kinetics and thermodynamics of sequence‐specific modification of DNA with deoxyribooligonucleotide linked to Co(II)‐tetracarboxyphthalocyanine (PtcCo(II)) in the presence of H2O2.
Metal‐Based Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Biological Evaluation of Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) Complexes with Amino Acid‐Derived Compounds
Authors: Chohan Zahid H. , Arif M. , Akhtar Muhammad A. , Supuran Claudiu T.
Published: December 2006

A series of antibacterial and antifungal amino acid‐derived compounds and their cobalt(II), copper(II), nickel(II), and zinc(II) metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by their elemental analyses, molar conductances, magnetic moments, and IR, and electronic spectral measurements. Ligands (L1)–(L5) were derived by condensation of β‐diketones with glycine, phenylalanine, valine, and histidine and act as bidentate towards metal ions (cobalt, copper, nickel, and zinc) via the azomethine‐N and deprotonated‐O of the respective amino acid. The stoichiometric reaction between the metal(II) ion and synthesized ligands in molar ratio of M: L (1: 1) resulted in the formation of the metal complexes of type Cl (where M = Co(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II)) and of M: L (1: 2) of type (where M = Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II)). The magnetic moment data suggested for the complexes to have an octahedral geometry around the central metal atom. The electronic spectral data also supported the same octahedral geometry of the complexes. Elemental analyses and NMR spectral data of the ligands and their metal(II) complexes agree with their proposed structures. The synthesized ligands, along with
their metal(II) complexes, were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against four
Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli, Shigella flexeneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi)
and two Gram‐positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains and for in vitro antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani, and Candida glaberata.
The results of these studies show the metal(II) complexes to be more antibacterial/antifungal against one or more species as compared to the uncomplexed ligands. The brine shrimp bioassay was also carried out to study their in vitro cytotoxic properties. Five compounds, (3), (7), (10), (11), and (22), displayed potent cytotoxic activity as LD50 = 8.974 × 10−4, 7.022 × 10−4, 8.839 × 10−4, 7.133 × 10−4, and 9.725 × 10−4 M/mL, respectively, against Artemia salina.
Is Congenital Syphilis Really Congenital Syphilis?
Authors: Li Yi , Gonik Bernard
Published: December 2006

Detroit has recently been distinguished as having the highest congenital syphilis rate in the United States (250.3 cases per 100 000
live births in Detroit versus 10.3 in the US). However, depending on each health department′s followup and CDC reporting, these data may not accurately reflect the true congenital syphilis rate. This study examines the reported cases over a three‐year time period with focus on the criteria used for diagnosis. All local health department congenital syphilis CDC collection forms (form 73.126) were reviewed for the years in question. The reported congenital syphilis cases in the year 2002–2004 in Detroit were reviewed. No cases met confirmed case criteria and few probable cases were based on neonatal evaluations. The majority of “congenital syphilis” cases were established based on incomplete maternal data such as missing followup serologic titers in the absence of complete neonatal information. In conclusion, although the reported congenital syphilis rate in Detroit is alarmingly high, the true occurrence of congenital syphilis is likely to have been overstated. A health department reporting program that includes more diligent neonatal followup would allow for a more accurate representation of this public health concern.
Anisotropic Elastography for Local Passive Properties and Active Contractility of Myocardium from Dynamic Heart Imaging Sequence
Authors: Liu Yi , Wang Ge , Sun L. Z.
Published: December 2006

Major heart diseases such as ischemia and hypertrophic myocardiopathy are accompanied with significant changes in the passive mechanical properties and active contractility of myocardium. Identification of these changes helps diagnose heart diseases, monitor therapy, and design surgery. A dynamic cardiac elastography (DCE) framework is developed to assess the anisotropic viscoelastic passive properties and active contractility of myocardial tissues, based on the chamber pressure and dynamic displacement measured with cardiac imaging techniques. A dynamic adjoint method is derived to enhance the numerical efficiency and stability of DCE. Model‐based simulations are conducted using a numerical left ventricle (LV) phantom with an ischemic region. The passive material parameters of normal and ischemic tissues are identified during LV rapid/reduced filling and artery contraction, and those of active contractility are quantified during isovolumetric contraction and rapid/reduced ejection. It is found that quasistatic simplification in the previous cardiac elastography studies may yield inaccurate material parameters.
Reciprocal Benefits of Mass‐Univariate and Multivariate Modeling in Brain Mapping: Applications to Event‐Related Functional MRI, H215O‐, and FDG‐PET
Authors: Moeller James R. , Habeck Christian G.
Published: December 2006

In brain mapping studies of sensory, cognitive, and motor operations, specific waveforms of dynamic neural activity are predicted based on theoretical models of human information processing. For example in event‐related functional MRI (fMRI), the general linear model (GLM) is employed in mass‐univariate analyses to identify the regions whose dynamic activity closely matches the expected waveforms. By comparison multivariate analyses based on PCA or ICA provide greater flexibility in detecting spatiotemporal properties of experimental data that may strongly support alternative neuroscientific explanations. We investigated conjoint multivariate and mass‐univariate analyses that combine the capabilities to (1) verify activation of neural machinery we already understand and (2) discover reliable signatures of new neural machinery. We examined combinations of GLM and PCA that recover latent neural signals (waveforms and footprints) with greater accuracy than either method alone. Comparative results are illustrated with analyses of real fMRI data, adding to Monte Carlo simulation support.
Residual quotient fuzzy subset in near‐rings
Authors: Dheena P. , Coumaressane S.
Published: December 2006

For any fuzzy subsets λ and μ, we introduce the notion of residual quotient fuzzy subset (λ : μ) and we have characterized residual quotient fuzzy subset in near‐rings.
Null controllability of a nonlinear population dynamics problem
Authors: Traore Oumar
Published: December 2006

We establish a null controllability result for a nonlinear population dynamics model. In our model, the birth term is nonlocal and describes the recruitment process in newborn individuals population. Using a derivation of Leray‐Schauder fixed point theorem and Carleman inequality for the adjoint system, we show that for all given initial density, there exists an internal control acting on a small open set of the domain and leading the population to extinction.
Approximation of signals (functions) belonging to the weighted W(Lp, ξ(t))‐class by linear operators
Authors: Mittal M. L. , Rhoades B. E. , Mishra Vishnu Narayan
Published: December 2006

Mittal and Rhoades (1999–2001) and Mittal et al. (2006) have initiated the studies of error estimates En(f) through trigonometric Fourier approximations (TFA) for the situations in which the summability matrix T does not have monotone rows. In this paper, we determine the degree of approximation of a function , conjugate to a periodic function f belonging to the weighted W(Lp, ξ(t))‐class (p ≥ 1), where ξ(t) is nonnegative and increasing function of t by matrix operators T (without monotone rows) on a conjugate series of Fourier series associated with f. Our theorem extends a recent result of Mittal et al. (2005) and a theorem of Lal and Nigam (2001) on general matrix summability. Our theorem also generalizes the results of Mittal, Singh, and Mishra (2005) and Qureshi (1981‐1982) for Nörlund (Np)‐matrices.
Universal series by trigonometric system in weighted Lμ1 spaces
Authors: Episkoposian S. A.
Published: December 2006

We consider the question of existence of trigonometric series universal in weighted spaces with respect to rearrangements and in usual sense.
The compactificability classes of certain spaces
Authors: Kovár Martin Maria
Published: December 2006

We apply the theory of the mutual compactificability to some
spaces, mostly derived from the real line. For example, any
noncompact locally connected metrizable generalized continuum, the
Tichonov cube without its zero point , as well as the Cantor discontinuum without its zero point are of the same class of mutual compactificability as ℝ.
Necessary conditions for local and global existence to areaction‐diffusion system with fractional derivatives
Authors: Haouam Kamel , Sfaxi Mourad
Published: December 2006

We give some necessary conditions for local and global existence of a solution to reaction‐diffusion system of type (FDS) with temporal and spacial fractional derivatives. As in the case of single equation of type (STFE) studied by M. Kirane et al. (2005), we prove that these conditions depend on the behavior of initial conditions for large |x|.
Incorporation of Vanadium Oxide in Silica Nanofiber Mats via Electrospinning and Sol‐Gel Synthesis
Authors: Panels Jeanne E. , Joo Yong Lak
Published: December 2006

Submicron scale vanadia/silica hybrid nanofiber mats have been produced by electrospinning silica sol‐gel precursor containing vanadium oxytriisopropoxide (VOTIP), followed by calcinations at high temperature. The properties of the resulting inorganic hybrid nanofiber mats are compared to those of electrospun pure silica nanofibers. SEM images show fibers are submicron in diameter and their morphology is maintained after calcination. Physisorption experiments reveal that silica nanofiber mats have a high specific surface area of 63 m2/g. FT‐IR spectra exhibit Si—O vibrations and indicate the presence of V2O5 in the fibers. XPS studies reveal that the ratio of Si to O is close to 0.5 on the surface of fibers and the amount of vanadium on the surface of fibers increases with calcination. XRD diffraction patterns show that silica nanofibers are amorphous and orthorhombic V2O5 crystals have formed after calcination. EFTEM images demonstrate the growth of crystals on the surface of fibers containing vanadium after calcination. SEM images of fibers with high‐vanadium content (50 mol% V: Si) show that vanadia crystals are mostly aligned along the fiber axis. XPS shows an increase in vanadium contents at the surface, and XRD patterns exhibit an increase in the degree of crystallinity. A coaxial electrospinning scheme has successfully been employed to selectively place V2O5 in the skin layer.
Serum Levels of Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinase 2 in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis With Duration More Than 2 Years: Correlation With Cardiac and Pulmonary Abnormalities
Authors: Shahin Amira , Elsawaf Amani , Ramadan Shahira , Shaker Olfat , Amin Mona , Taha Mohamed
Published: December 2006

In this study, we measured the serum concentration of TIMP‐2 in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and explored its possible correlation with cardiac and pulmonary lesions. We studied 42 patients with SSc, with duration equal to or more than 2 years. CT chest, ECG, echocardiography, and serum TIMP‐2 concentration measurement using ELISA technique were performed in all patients and in 25 normal controls. The mean serum levels of TIMP‐2 in patients was higher than in controls (P = .005). The mean CT score of dSSc patients with elevated TIMP‐2 levels was significantly higher than dSSc patients with normal levels (P = .013). Four patients out of five with elevated TIMP‐2 levels showed diastolic dysfunction (80%), compared to 2 out of 15 lSSc patients with normal levels (13.3%), with P = .014. Our research, though involving a small group of patients, points to the probable role of TIMP‐2 in the development of pulmonary lesions in dSSc patients and cardiac lesions in lSSc patients with duration equal to or more than 2 years.
Down‐Regulation of Tristetraprolin Expression Results in Enhanced IL‐12 and MIP‐2 Production and Reduced MIP‐3α Synthesis in Activated Macrophages
Authors: Jalonen Ulla , Nieminen Riina , Vuolteenaho Katriina , Kankaanranta Hannu , Moilanen Eeva
Published: December 2006

In inflammation, the post‐transcriptional regulation of transiently expressed genes provides a potential therapeutic target. Tristetraprolin (TTP) is of the factors regulating decay of cytokine mRNAs. The aim of the present study was to identify cytokines whose expression is regulated by TTP. We established a TTP knock‐down cell line by expressing shRNA against TTP (shTTP cell line). A cytokine antibody array was used to measure cytokine production in macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cytokines IL‐6, IL‐12, TNF‐α, and MIP‐2 (a homologue to human IL‐8) were expressed at higher
levels whereas MIP‐3α was produced at lower levels in LPS‐treated shTTP cells than in control cells suggesting that the expression of these cytokines is regulated by TTP. The present data provide IL‐12, MIP‐2, and MIP‐3α as novel inflammatory cytokine targets for TTP‐mediated mRNA decay and stress the role of TTP in the regulation of the inflammatory process.
Peyronie’s Disease: Lights and Shadows
Authors: Sasso F. , Gulino G. , Falabella R. , D’Addessi A. , Sacco E. , D’Onofrio A. , Bassi P.F.
Published: December 2006

Peyronie’s disease (PD) is characterized by the onset of fibrous plaque inside the tunica albuginea of the penile corpora cavernosa that can cause pain and bending during the erection, making intercourse difficult or impossible. Evidence of the literature supports the autoimmune etiology of PD and suggests genetic and familiar conditions, penile traumatisms, and a history of genital tract diseases as risk factors, but no definitive conclusions arise about the pathogenesis of the disease. Few randomized trials demonstrated that medical therapies, such as vitamin E, colchicine, potassium aminobenzoate, tamoxifen, and injection therapy with verapamil, can stabilize the acute phase of the disease. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy and iontophoresis cannot be considered first-line or gold standard therapies. Satisfactory results have been published with the Nesbit operation in large series with low-stage disease, whereas plication procedures have shown significant relapse rates. A high incidence of long-term penile retractions has been reported in high-stage disease treated with plaque incision and simple graft insertion. Malleable, soft, or inflatable prostheses combined with graft implantation have given the best results in terms of penile straightening and lengthening and patient satisfaction. In conclusion, the etiopathogenesis of PD is not yet clearly understood, no medical therapy is fully effective, and surgery remains the gold standard in patients with severe deformity and/or erectile dysfunction.
Presentation and Outcome of Emphysematous Renal Tract Disease in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Dutta Pinaki , Bhansali Anil , Singh S.K. , Gupta K.L. , Bhat M.H. , Masoodi S.R. , Kumar Yashwant
Published: December 2006

Background: Emphysematous renal tract disease (ERTD) is a rare necrotizing infection of the renal parenchyma and urinary tract caused by gas-producing organisms. ERTD deserves special attention because of its life-threatening potential. Objectives: To study the clinical features, radiological classification and prognostic factors of ERTD; and to compare the modalities of management and the outcome among the various radiological classes of ERTD. Patients and Methods: Twenty consecutive patients with diabetes and ERTD, seen over last 3 years in a tertiary care institute of north India, were included in the study. All patients were subjected to computerized tomography (CT) after initial diagnosis by ultrasonography. They were classified into 5 classes as previously described. All patients included in the study were conservatively managed with appropriate antibiotics and/or percutaneous drainage or surgery if required. Result: Mean age (± SD) of these subjects was 54.4 ± 20.6 years; duration of diabetes mellitus 8.6 ± 5.8 years, and duration of symptoms related with ERTD ranged from 3 days to 3 months. Two patients had isolated emphysematous cystitis, 13 patients had emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN), 3 had both EPN and cystitis, and 1 patient had EPN with cholecystitis, and 1 patient had EPN with pyomyositis. Only 7 (35%) patients had a history of pneumaturia. Escherichia coli was the commonest microorganism. The radiological distribution in 18 (2 had isolated cystitis) patients with EPN was: 2 patients had class 1; 1 had class 2; 2 had class 3A; 11 had class 3B, and 2 had class 4. Of 20 patients 11 (55%) survived. However, those patients who died had severe EPN based on radiological class (6 had class 3B and 1 had class 4). There was no significant difference between the survivor and non-survivor groups with respect to age, gender, duration of diabetes mellitus, duration of symptoms, serum creatinine level, total leukocyte count, hemoglobin, platelet count and culture positivity. Conclusion: Computerized tomographic class 3B or 4 is the most reliable predictor of outcome in patients with ERTD.
Different Types of Scaffolds for Reconstruction of the Urinary Tract by Tissue Engineering
Authors: Brehmer Bernhard , Rohrmann Dorothea , Becker Christoph , Rau Günther , Jakse Gerhard
Published: December 2006

Introduction: Tissue engineering is an important and expanding field in reconstructive surgery. The ideal biomaterial for urologic tissue engineering should be biodegradable and support autologous cell growth. We examined different scaffolds to select the ideal material for the reconstruction of the bladder wall by tissue engineering. Materials and Methods: We seeded mouse fibroblasts and human keratinocytes in a co-culture model on 13 different scaffolds. The cell-seeded scaffolds were fixed and processed for electron microscopy, hematoxylin and eosin stain, and immunohistochemistry. Cell density and epithelial cell layers were evaluated utilizing a computer-assisted optical measurement system. Results: Depending on the growth pattern, scaffolds were classified into the following three distinct scaffold types: carrier-type scaffolds with very small pore sizes and no ingrowth of the cells. This scaffold type induces a well-differentiated epithelium. Fleece-type scaffolds with fibers and huge pores. We found cellular growth inside the scaffold but no epithelium on top of it. Sponge-type scaffolds with pores between 20 and 40 µm. Cellular growth was observed inside the scaffold and well-differentiated epithelium on top of it. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first time three distinct scaffold types have been reported. All types supported the cell growth. The structure of the scaffolds affects the pattern of cell growth.
Use of Fibrin Sealant in Hypospadias Surgical Repair Reduces the Frequency of Postoperative Complications
Authors: Ambriz-González Gabriela , Velázquez-Ramírez Gabriela A. , García-González José Luis , de León-Gómez José Manuel García , Muciño-Hernández María Ivette , González-Ojeda Alejandro , Basterra Jaime Vargas
Published: December 2006

Introduction: Urethrocutaneous fistulas (UCF) and flap dehiscence (FD) are the most common postoperative complications after hypospadias (HS) surgical repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the application of fibrin sealant over the site of surgery and suture lines reduces these complications. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort of consecutive patients was treated over a 3-year period. 30 patients were submitted to HS surgical repair plus application of fibrin glue over the suture line and surgical site; for comparison, another 56 subjects made up the control group which was submitted to surgical repair only. Variables assessed included: age, type of HS, fibrin sealant used, complications and number of surgical procedures required to treat recurrences. Results: In general, the frequency of complications was 10 vs. 41% for UCF (p = 0.002), 13 vs. 50% for FD (p = 0.001), and for flap necrosis (FN) 6.7 vs. 28.6% (p = 0.01) for the treatment and control groups respectively. The number of surgical reinterventions to treat recurrences was higher in the control group than in the study group (p = 0.04). Conclusion: The incidence of UCF after HS surgical repair can be reduced by applying fibrin sealant over the site of surgery and the suture lines.
Pedicled Rectus Abdominis Muscle Flap Wrapped around the Penis for Enhanced Urethral Pressure: An Experimental Study in Dogs
Authors: Sa Ying-Long , Xu Yue-Min , Liu Zhang-Shun , Feng Chao , Fei Xion-Fang
Published: December 2006

Purpose: It was the aim of this study to investigate the possibility of pedicled rectus abdominis muscle fascial flap wrapped around the penis for enhanced urethral pressure in dogs. Materials andMethods: Ten adult male Beagle dogs underwent a procedure in which surrounding tissue of the penis at the site of the bulbomembranous urethra was dissected and a pedicled rectus abdominis muscle fascial flap was wrapped around the penis. Profilometry of the urethral pressure was carried out before, during and after the operation in all dogs. Results: Before the operation, the mean maximal urethral pressure (MUP) was 48.9 ± 11 cm H2O, and the mean MUP was 78.3 ± 20.5 cm H2O after the penis was surrounded by a rectus muscle flap. There was a significant difference (t = 4.99, p = 0.0007). Ten weeks after the operation, the mean MUP was 88.3 ± 22.4 cm H2O, which was significantly higher than that before the operation (t = 6.0584, p = 0.0002). Conclusions: A pedicled rectus abdominis muscle fascial flap wrapped around the penis can raise the urethral pressure. This provided an experiment basis for treating male urinary incontinence with a pedicled rectus muscle flap.
Open Surgical Treatment of Right-Sided Adrenal Carcinomas >15 cm
Authors: Ferreira Ubirajara , Nardi Pedro Renato , Matheus Wagner Eduardo , Prudente Alessandro , Mendonça Borges Gustavo , Rodrigues Netto Jr. Nelson
Published: December 2006

Introduction: Adrenal carcinomas are rare and are associated with a very poor prognosis. The incidence is estimated to be 1 in 1.7 million which represents 0.02% of all cancers and 0.2% of all cancer mortality. The 5-year survival rate is 38%. The purpose of this paper is to present a single-institution experience in excising right-sided giant adrenal carcinomas, discussing the difficulties and the usage of special surgical devices to facilitate the procedure. Patients and Methods: During June 2001 to June 2003, 18 patients with right-sided adrenal tumors were treated at the State University of Campinas Hospital – UNICAMP. 4 out of the 18 patients presented lesions >15 cm, representing the study group. The mean age was 37 (range 26–65) years, 3 patients were younger than 35 years, and 2 patients were men. A right-sided extended subcostal incision was the surgical access in 1 patient (case 1) and a right-sided thoracoabdominal incision in the other 3 patients. Results: Adrenal cortical carcinoma was the histological diagnosis according to the Weiss criteria; no positive surgical margin was detected, even in those patients with invasion of the hepatic capsule. The median follow-up period was 15 (range 6–30) months. Conclusions: A subcostal extended incision can accomplish broad exposure, if articulated costal retractors are available (used in liver transplantation), otherwise a thoracoabdominal incision is the best option. The most important feature of surgery is to accomplish an efficient hemostasis of the liver parenchyma. Suture and stitches are not suitable for minor vascular structures, and electrocauterization sometimes promotes hepatic lesions and does not provide bleeding control. Thus, the need for special hemostatic means is real, and they should be avaiable in these situations.
Prospective Evaluation of Samarium-153-EDTMP Radionuclide Treatment for Bone Metastases in Patients with Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer
Authors: Dolezal J. , Vizda J. , Odrazka K.
Published: December 2006

Purpose: Bone is a common site of metastatic disease and the most frequent site of metastatic spread in patients with prostate cancer. Most patients with bone metastases complain of bone pains. This pain may be alleviated or eliminated by administration of radiotherapy at the site of metastases. Currently, two forms of radiotherapy administration exist: external-beam irradiation or intravenous administration of bone-seeking therapeutic radiopharmacon such as samarium-153-ethylene-diamino-tetramethylene-phosphonate (EDTMP). This radiopharmacon produces β-particles and concentrates in the areas of enhanced osteoblastic activity. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of 153Sm-EDTMP therapy. Materials and Methods: 32 men (aged 50–83, mean 70 years) with bone disseminated hormone-refractory prostate cancer and bone pain received 153Sm-EDTMP. Mean applied dosage was 40 MBq/kg of the patient’s body weight. Karnofsky performance status, pain score (numerical rating scale), analgesic score (WHO) and blood count were evaluated before, and 1 and 3 months after the treatment. Results: Significant pain relief was observed in 44 and 38% of patients, mild relief in 31 and 34% and no effect in 25 and 28% of patients, 1 and 3 months after administration, respectively. Pain palliation was accompanied by an improvement in mobility and a decrease in necessary dosage of analgesics. Mild and transient bone marrow suppression was observed as a side effect of 153Sm-EDTMP treatment. None of the patients showed hematological toxicity grade 4, and only 2 showed grade 3 (NCI CTC). The majority of the patients had hematological toxicity grade 1 or 2. Conclusion: After 153Sm-EDTMP administration, bone pain palliation was observed in 72% of patients for 3 months. Hematological toxicity after 153Sm-EDTMP treatment was mild and transient.
Percutaneous Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation in Patients with Chronic Pelvic Pain: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Kim Soo Woong , Paick Jae-Seung , Ku Ja Hyeon
Published: December 2006

Background: We evaluated the clinical effect of intermittent percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) in patients with chronic pelvic pain (CPP). Methods: A total of 15 patients (10 women and 5 men, mean age 60.0 years, range 41–78) with CPP were enrolled in an open prospective clinical trial. The patients had 12 weekly outpatient treatment sessions, each lasting 30 min. All patients were evaluated by history, physical as well as urological examination, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain and urgency, the International Prostate Symptom Score, and a 3-day frequency-volume chart. Results: After 12 weeks of PTNS, 9 (60%) and 3 patients (30%) had an improvement of >50% and 25–50% in the VAS score for pain, respectively. Six patients (40%) ended up with a mean VAS <3. Mean VAS for pain changed from 8.1 ± 0.2 at baseline to 4.1 ± 0.6 after 12 weeks of treatment (p < 0.01). Mean VAS for urgency changed from 4.5 ± 1.0 at baseline to 2.7 ± 0.7 after 12 weeks of treatment (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant improvement in the International Prostate Symptom Score. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of voids and bladder volumes either. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that PTNS may improve pain symptoms for over half of the patients with CPP. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to verify these preliminary results.
Is Fluoroscopy Essential for Retrieval of Lower Ureteric Stones?
Authors: Mandhani A. , Chaudhury H. , Gupta N. , Singh H.K. , Kapoor R. , Kumar A.
Published: December 2006

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of ureteroscopy for lower ureteric stones without the use of fluoroscopy. Patients andMethods: Between June 2001 and January 2005, a total of 110 patients with a mean age of 33.5 years (range 12–65) suffering from of lower ureteral calculi (below the upper margin of the sacroiliac joint) prospectively underwent ureteroscopic removal. Retrograde pyelography was avoided, and no safety guidewire was placed. Whenever required, the ureteric meatus was dilated with a ureteric balloon under direct vision. Double-J stent placement was done with the aid of ureteroscopy. A fluoroscope was kept standby. The patients had a postoperative X-ray of the kidney-ureter-bladder region to document the stone clearance. Results: The mean stone size was 8.7 mm (range 6–15). Complete clearance without the use of fluoroscopy was achieved in 99 patients (94.2%). Fluoroscopy was required in 6 patients (4%) for calcified stricture (n = 1), duplex system (n = 1), narrow and tortuous meatus causing difficulty in passing the 5-Fr balloon dilator (n = 3), and confirmation of spontaneous passage of the stone (n = 1). Of the 13 patients who required balloon dilatation it was successfully achieved without fluoroscopy. Double-J stenting was done due to mucosal ulceration (n = 3), polypoid reaction (n = 2), and perforation (n = 1). All these patients had correct placement of the stent, as confirmed by X-ray of the kidney-ureter-bladder region postoperatively. Conclusions: To uphold the notion for radiation exposure to be as low as reasonably achievable, ureteroscopic stone retrieval can safely be done without the use of fluoroscopy in a significant number of patients.