bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
John Ogilby, Post-Roads, and the “Unmapped Savanna of Dumb Shades”: Maps and Mapping in Kenneth Slessor’s Poetic Sequence The Atlas, Part Two
Authors: Haft Adele
Published: June 2014

Written by the acclaimed Australian poet Kenneth Slessor, “Post-roads” is the second poem of his sequence The Atlas and of his collection Cuckooz Contrey (1932), in which it debuted. Like the other four Atlas poems, “Post-roads” begins with a quote from a prominent seventeenth-century map-maker; in this case, John Ogilby (1600–1676)—the celebrated British publisher, surveyor, and cartographer. Slessor not only transformed Ogilby’s work (and portrait) into poetic images, but made Ogilby’s “tireless ghost” the central character of his poem. This article, part of the first full-scale examination of Slessor’s ambitious but poorly understood sequence, begins by reproducing the poem and tracing the poem’s development in Slessor’s poetry notebook. To reconstruct his creative process, it details the poet’s debt to the ephemeral catalogue of atlases and maps in which he discovered his title, epigraph, central character, and a possible source for the colorfully named coaches and carriages that conveyed passengers not only throughout London and Britain beginning in the early seventeenth century, but also throughout Australia from around 1800 to 1920. After comparing poet and cartographer, we consider the poem’s relationship to two of Ogilby’s atlases: the monumental Britannia (1675) and the posthumous, if far more accessible Traveller’s Guide (1699, 1712). Both reveal how Ogilby—even from the grave—helped passengers like the poem’s “yawning Fares” trace their routes. Finally, after offering reasons for Slessor’s choice of “Guildford” out of all the place-names along the roads through England and Wales, and proposing literary inspirations for “Post-roads,” the paper returns to Slessor’s hero/artist.
The Beauty of Clear Communication
Authors: Imus David , Loftin Paula
Published: June 2014

Users see aesthetics in the Essential Geography of the United States of America, a map that was made to communicate clearly, supporting the idea that, in cartography, there is a relationship between clarity and beauty.
From a Dry Statement of Facts to a Thing of Beauty: Understanding Aesthetics in the Mapping and Counter-Mapping of Place
Authors: Kent Alexander J.
Published: June 2014

Aesthetics plays a key role in cartographic design and is especially significant to the representation of place, whether by the state, the community, the crowd, or the artist. While state topographic mapping today demonstrates a rich diversity of national styles, its evolution (particularly since the Enlightenment) has led to the establishment of a particular aesthetic tradition, which has recently been challenged by counter-mapping initiatives and through map art. This paper explores the function of aesthetics in the cartographic representation of place. It offers an analysis of the aesthetic value of topographic maps and suggests how an appropriate wielding of the aesthetic language of cartography can communicate a sense of place more effectively.
A Disquisition on Cartographic Style and Taste: with Attendant Remarks upon Aesthetics, Clarity, Design, and Mapicity
Authors: Denil Mark
Published: June 2014

The discussions and findings of the 2012 NACIS Conference Aesthetics of Mapping sessions both turned and stumbled upon the definition of terms like aesthetics, clarity, and style. This paper attempts to situate these key concepts, along with others such as design, taste, and mapicity, in a broad and flexible theoretical framework that will facilitate a useful and applicable understanding. A structure is proposed wherein a map, a rhetorical object which exists under the aegis of mapicity (which is that quality of map-ness that makes a map a map), is brought into being through an aesthetic act of design. Design, which has both theoretical and craft aspects, governs the form of the artifact through adherence to conventional practices identifiable as styles. The balance between the choices available is a matter of taste, wherein the schema of mapicity is manifested judgmentally. Clarity, currently seen as a desirable attribute, is one of a range of aesthetic attributes contingently defined by the cultural interpretive community that provides the schema of mapicity.
Lay Rationalism: Individual Differences in using Reason versus Feelings to Guide Decisions
Authors: Hsee Christopher K. , Yang Yang , Zheng Xingshan , Wang Hanwei
Published: June 2014

People have a lay notion of rationality—that is, the notion of using reason rather than feelings to guide decisions. Yet people differ in the degree to which they actually base their decisions on reason versus feelings. This individual difference variable is potentially general and important but is largely overlooked. The present research (1) introduces the construct of lay rationalism to capture this individual difference variable and distinguishes it from other individual difference variables; (2) develops a short, easy-to-implement scale to measure lay rationalism and demonstrates the validity and reliability of the scale; and (3) shows that lay rationalism, as measured by the scale, can predict a variety of consumer-relevant behaviors, including product preferences, savings decisions, and donation behaviors.
At the Core of the International Financial System
Authors: Feroldi Valentina , Gaffeo Edoardo
Published: June 2014

This paper offers additional evidence on the structure of the international financial network as emerging from the Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey (CPIS) dataset collected by the IMF. Making use of blockmodeling techniques which allow us to fit a given community partition to real data, we show that the system is characterized by the presence of a particular type of meso-scale structure known as core–periphery, in which a densely connected subset of nodes (core) coexists with a sparsely connected partition (periphery), while the members of the core act as intermediaries between members of the periphery. The composition of the core – whose constituents are identified as the set of systemically important international financial centers – is rather small and remains stable over time. In addition to very large economies playing host to well-known global financial centers, the core comprises several off-shore financial markets.
Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Dynamic and Static Longitudinal Marginal Structural Working Models
Authors: Petersen Maya , Schwab Joshua , Gruber Susan , Blaser Nello , Schomaker Michael , van der Laan Mark
Published: June 2014

This paper describes a targeted maximum likelihood estimator (TMLE) for the parameters of longitudinal static and dynamic marginal structural models. We consider a longitudinal data structure consisting of baseline covariates, time-dependent intervention nodes, intermediate time-dependent covariates, and a possibly time-dependent outcome. The intervention nodes at each time point can include a binary treatment as well as a right-censoring indicator. Given a class of dynamic or static interventions, a marginal structural model is used to model the mean of the intervention-specific counterfactual outcome as a function of the intervention, time point, and possibly a subset of baseline covariates. Because the true shape of this function is rarely known, the marginal structural model is used as a working model. The causal quantity of interest is defined as the projection of the true function onto this working model. Iterated conditional expectation double robust estimators for marginal structural model parameters were previously proposed by Robins (2000, 2002) and Bang and Robins (2005). Here we build on this work and present a pooled TMLE for the parameters of marginal structural working models. We compare this pooled estimator to a stratified TMLE (Schnitzer et al. 2014) that is based on estimating the intervention-specific mean separately for each intervention of interest. The performance of the pooled TMLE is compared to the performance of the stratified TMLE and the performance of inverse probability weighted (IPW) estimators using simulations. Concepts are illustrated using an example in which the aim is to estimate the causal effect of delayed switch following immunological failure of first line antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients. Data from the International Epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS, Southern Africa are analyzed to investigate this question using both TML and IPW estimators. Our results demonstrate practical advantages of the pooled TMLE over an IPW estimator for working marginal structural models for survival, as well as cases in which the pooled TMLE is superior to its stratified counterpart.
Congenital hyperinsulinism in a newborn with a novel homozygous mutation (p.Q392H) in the ABCC8 gene
Authors: Ince Deniz Anuk , Sahin Nursel Muratoglu , Ecevit Ayse , Kurt Abdullah , Kinik Sibel Tulgar , Flanagan Sarah E. , Hussain Khalid , Tarcan Aylin
Published: June 2014

Congenital hyperinsulinism is the most frequent cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy. We present the case of a preterm, large-for-gestation-age infant with congenital hyperinsulinism who was found to have a novel p.Q392H homozygous mutation in the ABCC8 gene. The patient had severe brain damage, despite early diagnosis and appropriate management. The new mutations may provide an understanding of the prognosis and treatment of the disease. In addition, the data will help the family make informed decisions about future pregnancies.
The Holistic and Policy-Focused Interpretation of Hypothetical Insurance
Authors: Bamford Douglas
Published: June 2014

This paper argues that the best interpretation of Ronald Dworkin’s hypothetical insurance scheme is a holistic one that allows the parties to make choices between the policies that are available. This interpretation contrasts with the hypothecated and insurance-focused aspects that are traditionally understood as part of the procedure. The paper argues that the holistic interpretation better fits with the ideal of resource egalitarianism that people should have as much choice as possible from an equal starting point. It does so by allowing people a choice over the policies that will be used to achieve their insurance preferences.
A review of optical coherence tomography in breast cancer
Authors: Scolaro Loretta , McLaughlin Robert A. , Kennedy Brendan F. , Saunders Christobel M. , Sampson David D.
Published: June 2014

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a medical imaging modality that opens up new opportunities for imaging in breast cancer. It provides two- and three-dimensional micro-scale images of tissue structure from bulk tissue,
The INA complex facilitates assembly of the peripheral stalk of the mitochondrial F1Fo‐ATP synthase
Authors: Lytovchenko Oleksandr , Naumenko Nataliia , Oeljeklaus Silke , Schmidt Bernhard , von der Malsburg Karina , Deckers Markus , Warscheid Bettina , van der Laan Martin , Rehling Peter
Published: June 2014

Mitochondrial F1Fo‐ATP synthase generates the bulk of cellular ATP. This molecular machine assembles from nuclear‐ and mitochondria‐encoded subunits. Whereas chaperones for formation of the matrix‐exposed hexameric F1‐ATPase core domain have been identified, insight into how the nuclear‐encoded F1‐domain assembles with the membrane‐embedded Fo‐region is lacking. Here we identified the INA complex (INAC) in the inner membrane of mitochondria as an assembly factor involved in this process. Ina22 and Ina17 are INAC constituents that physically associate with the F1‐module and peripheral stalk, but not with the assembled F1Fo‐ATP synthase. Our analyses show that loss of Ina22 and Ina17 specifically impairs formation of the peripheral stalk that connects the catalytic F1‐module to the membrane embedded Fo‐domain. We conclude that INAC represents a matrix‐exposed inner membrane protein complex that facilitates peripheral stalk assembly and thus promotes a key step in the biogenesis of mitochondrial F1Fo‐ATP synthase.
Stalking the mitochondrial ATP synthase: Ina found guilty by association
Authors: Stroud David A , Ryan Michael T
Published: June 2014

In this issue, the groups of Peter Rehling and Martin van der Laan report the identification of a new protein complex that is involved in the assembly of the peripheral stalk of the yeast mitochondrial F1Fo‐ATPase (Lytovchenko et al, 2014). Their work sheds new light onto the biogenesis of this fascinating and important machine.
Pink1, the first ubiquitin kinase
Authors: Zheng Xinde , Hunter Tony
Published: June 2014

Pink1 and Parkin, identified through studies of hereditary early onset Parkinson's disease, are involved in mitochondria quality control. Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase activity is activated by Pink1 kinase activity, although the mechanism is still elusive. Three recent reports uncover a surprising mechanism in which Pink1 directly phosphorylates ubiquitin to boost Parkin activity.
CMOS Circuits on Silicon Carbide for High Temperature Operation
Authors: Clark David T. , Thompson Robin F. , Murphy Aled E. , Smith David A. , Ramsay Ewan P. , Young Robert A. R. , Ryan Craig T. , Wright Sean , Horsfall Alton B.
Published: June 2014

We present the characteristics of a high temperature CMOS integrated circuit process based on 4H silicon carbide designed to operate at temperatures beyond 300°C. N-channel and P-channel transistor characteristics at room and elevated temperatures are presented. Both channel types show the expected low values of field effect mobility well known in SiC MOSFETS. However the performance achieved is easily capable of exploitation in CMOS digital logic circuits and certain analogue circuits, over a wide temperature range.

Data is also presented for the performance of digital logic demonstrator circuits, in particular a 4 to 1 analogue multiplexer and a configurable timer operating over a wide temperature range. Devices are packaged in high temperature ceramic dual in line (DIL) packages, which are capable of greater than 300°C operation. A high temperature “micro-oven” system has been designed and built to enable testing and stressing of units assembled in these package types. This system heats a group of devices together to temperatures of up to 300°C while keeping the electrical connections at much lower temperatures. In addition, long term reliability data for some structures such as contact chains to n-type and p-type SiC and simple logic circuits is summarized.
Photosensitive Capacitance Effect In High-purity Semi-insulating 4H-SiC
Authors: Register Joseph , Saddow Stephen E. , Boulais Kevin
Published: June 2014

We demonstrate a novel optically tunable photosensitive capacitor (PSC) made from high-purity semi-insulating 4H-SiC. Photosensitive capacitors can provide continuously variable reactive tuning in RF circuitry or enable capacitive-optical sensing applications. Unlike varactors, PSCs often do not require a DC bias voltage to operate. To demonstrate the effect, we fabricated several 1cm x 1cm square photocapacitor devices from bulk material using metal-evaporated Ti/Au contacts using a simple planar parallel-gap geometry. IV curves were taken of the devices using an HP-4145B semiconductor parameter analyzer to verify Schottky behavior as a function of DC bias. The samples were then illuminated with pulsed below-bandgap 470 nm and 590 nm high intensity LED light sources. The resulting data demonstrated an increase in capacitance, Cs, and a drop in resistance, Rs, with increasing optical intensity incident on the device. The observed shifts in both Cs and Rs were repeatable. At a measurement frequency of 33 kHz. Cs increased from its nominal value of 186.7 pF to 575.6 pF while Rs dropped from 150.0 kΩ to 22.4 kΩ. This demonstrates the existence of the photocapacitance effect in high-purity semi-insulating 4H-SiC and thus warrants further investigation. The underlying phenomenon of the effect is suspected to be light interaction with the dominant deep level traps through the Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) recombination mechanism.
Fertilização de plantas ornamentais pelo método requerimento-suprimento: proposição de técnica experimental
Authors: Víctor Hugo Alvarez V. , Santos André Ferreira , Santos Gláucio Leboso Alemparte Abrantes dos , Matta Patrícia Morais da
Published: June 2014

A dose de fertilizantes a ser recomendada para uma cultura depende do balanço de perdas e dos ganhos dos nutrientes no sistema agrícola (Lei da Restituição). Na UFV, o balanço foi modelado para recomendação de corretivos e fertilizantes para eucalipto (NUTRICALC), abacaxizeiro, algodoeiro, arroz, bananeira, cafeeiro, cana de açúcar, coqueiro, laranjeira, meloeiro, milho, pastagens, soja e tomate (FERTICALC) e teca (FERTI-UFV). A fertilização e a nutrição de plantas ornamentais tropicais baseam-se apenas na experiência de produtores e fabricantes de fertilizantes. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram desenvolver e apresentar técnica experimental que permita determinar: as taxas de recuperação de macro e micronutrientes por extratores de formas disponíveis, a demanda e as taxas de recuperação de nutrientes por plantas ornamentais e determinar a dose e os teores de nutrientes em fertilizante que suplementem os requerimentos das plantas. Para a modelagem, consideraram-se dois módulos: o módulo planta, que obtém a demanda e o requerimento dos nutrientes para definida produtividade; e o módulo substrato, que permite calcular o suprimento de nutrientes do vaso ou do canteiro a ser utilizado para o cultivo. A modelagem vislumbrou um novo método de pesquisa para recomendação de corretivos e fertilizantes para culturas com carência de informação, como para cultivo de plantas ornamentais, especialmente as tropicais. Esse Método Requerimento-Suprimento determina a dose e os teores de nutrientes no fertilizante-suprimento (FS), que suplementam os requerimentos das plantas. O método é iterativo e foi desenvolvido por meio de três tentativas. Na primeira tentativa, considerou-se a produção de plântulas de orquídea; e, na segunda e terceira tentativas, determinaram-se as curvas de crescimento com FS no cultivo de violetas, em vasos com substrato, e definiram-se os critérios para determinar as taxas de recuperação de nutrientes pelos extratores em análises químicas do substrato e pelas plantas. Por último, apresentou-se a técnica experimental projetada.
Available content, surface runoff and leaching of phosphorus forms in a typic hapludalf treated with organic and mineral nutrient sources
Authors: Lourenzi Cledimar Rogério , Ceretta Carlos Alberto , Cerini Jackson Berticelli , Ferreira Paulo Ademar Avelar , Lorensini Felipe , Girotto Eduardo , Tiecher Tadeu Luis , Schapanski Dênis Eduardo , Brunetto Gustavo
Published: June 2014

The application of animal manure to soil can increase phosphorus availability to plants and enhance transfer of the nutrient solution drained from the soil surface or leached into the soil profile. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of successive applications of organic and mineral nutrient sources on the available content, surface runoff and leaching of P forms in a Typic Hapludalf in no-tillage systems. Experiment 1 was set up in 2004 in the experimental area of UFSM, in Santa Maria (RS, Brazil). The treatments consisted of: control (without nutrient application) and application of pig slurry (PS), pig deep-litter (PL), cattle slurry (CS), and mineral fertilizers (NPK). The rates were determined to meet the N crop requirements of no-tillage black oat and maize, grown in the 2010/2011 growing season. The soil solution was collected after each event (rain + runoff or leaching) and the soluble, particulate and total P contents were measured. In November 2008, soil was collected in 2 cm intervals to a depth of 20 cm, in 5 cm intervals to a depth of 40 cm, and in 10 cm intervals to a depth of 70 cm. The soil was dried and ground, and P determined after extraction by anion exchange resin (AER). In experiment 2, samples collected from the Typic Hapludalf near experiment 1 were incubated for 20, 35, 58, 73 and 123 days after applying the following treatments: soil, soil + PS, soil + PL, soil + CS and soil + NPK. Thereafter, the soil was sampled and P was analyzed by AER. The applications of nutrient sources over the years led to an increase in available P and its migration in the soil profile. This led to P transfer via surface runoff and leaching, with the largest transfer being observed in PS and PL treatments, in which most P was applied. The soil available P and P transfer via surface runoff were correlated with the amounts applied, regardless of the P source. However, P transfer by leaching was not correlated with the applied nutrient amount, but rather with the solution amount leached in the soil profile.
Comparison of digestion methods to determine heavy metals in fertilizers
Authors: Silva Ygor Jacques Agra Bezerra da , Nascimento Clístenes Williams Araújo do , Biondi Caroline Miranda , Preston Welka
Published: June 2014

The lack of a standard method to regulate heavy metal determination in Brazilian fertilizers and the subsequent use of several digestion methods have produced variations in the results, hampering interpretation. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three digestion methods for determination of metals such as Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cr in fertilizers. Samples of 45 fertilizers marketed in northeastern Brazil were used. A fertilizer sample with heavy metal contents certified by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was used as control. The following fertilizers were tested: rock phosphate; organo-mineral fertilizer with rock phosphate; single superphosphate; triple superphosphate; mixed N-P-K fertilizer; and fertilizer with micronutrients. The substances were digested according to the method recommended by the Ministry for Agriculture, Livestock and Supply of Brazil (MAPA) and by the two methods 3051A and 3052 of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). By the USEPA method 3052, higher portions of the less soluble metals such as Ni and Pb were recovered, indicating that the conventional digestion methods for fertilizers underestimate the total amount of these elements. The results of the USEPA method 3051A were very similar to those of the method currently used in Brazil (Brasil, 2006). The latter is preferable, in view of the lower cost requirement for acids, a shorter digestion period and greater reproducibility.
Quality of surface water related to land use: a case study in a catchment with small farms and intensive vegetable crop production in southern Brazil
Authors: Ribeiro Karina Hacke , Favaretto Nerilde , Dieckow Jeferson , Souza Luiz Cláudio de Paula , Minella Jean Paolo Gomes , Almeida Luciano de , Ramos Michele Ribeiro
Published: June 2014

Water degradation is strongly related to agricultural activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of land use and some environmental components on surface water quality in the Campestre catchment, located in Colombo, state of Parana, Brazil. Physical and chemical attributes were analyzed (total nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, total phosphorus, electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, turbidity, total solids, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen). Monthly samples of the river water were taken over one year at eight monitoring sites, distributed over three sub-basins. Overall, water quality was worse in the sub-basin with a higher percentage of agriculture, and was also affected by a lower percentage of native forest and permanent preservation area, and a larger drainage area. Water quality was also negatively affected by the presence of agriculture in the riparian zone. In the summer season, probably due to higher rainfall and intensive soil use, a higher concentration of total nitrogen and particulate nitrogen was observed, as well as higher electrical conductivity, pH and turbidity. All attributes, except for total phosphorus, were in compliance with Brazilian Conama Resolution Nº 357/2005 for freshwater class 1. However, it should be noted that these results referred to the base flow and did not represent a discharge condition since most of the water samples were not collected at or near the rainfall event.
Caracterização anatômica e histoquímica de raízes e folhas de plântulas de Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae)
Authors: Reis Ana Luísa Lopes Ernesto , Silva Daniele Souza da , Silva Kellen Lagares Ferreira , Chagas Davi Borges das
Published: June 2014

Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) é uma espécie típica do Cerrado do Brasil Central e possui valor socioeconômico. Objetivou-se caracterizar anatômica e histoquimicamente as raízes e folhas desta espécie em diferentes estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento. Para a caracterização anatômica, as amostras foram fixadas em FAA50, incluídas em parafina e submetidas aos procedimentos usuais para microscopia de campo claro. Foram realizados testes histoquímicos para detecção de lipídios totais, taninos, lignina, amido e terpenoides com grupo carbonila nas folhas, bem como teste para amido nas raízes em cortes frescos. A raiz apresenta epiderme unisseriada, floema com canais secretores e xilema tetrarco. Aos cinco dias após a germinação, a planta apresenta regiões com crescimento secundário e possui região medular na raiz, com função de armazenamento de grãos de amido. As folhas exibem epiderme unisseriada, com tricomas glandulares, cutícula espessa e estômatos paracíticos, em ambas as faces. O mesofilo é dorsiventral, e a nervura central apresenta feixes vasculares colaterais com canais secretores associados ao floema. A caracterização histoquímica da folha evidenciou lipídios totais e compostos fenólicos, entre eles taninos e lignina, em diferentes tecidos da folha. A plântula apresenta características que demonstram sua adaptação ao ambiente Cerrado, como cutícula espessa, mesofilo dorsiventral, crescimento secundário e presença de tricomas, mesmo sendo cultivada em condições de viveiro.
Produção de biomassa para geração de energia em povoamentos de Pinus taeda L. com diferentes idades
Authors: Brand Martha Andreia , Stähelin Thielly Schmidt Furtado , Ferreira Juliana Ceccato , Neves Márcio Daian
Published: June 2014

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram quantificar e qualificar a biomassa residual produzida em plantios comerciais de Pinus taeda L., em diferentes idades e sistemas de manejo, visando à geração de energia em sistemas de cogeração. As idades dos povoamentos foram: três anos (primeira poda), seis anos (terceira poda), 10 anos (terceira poda), 12 anos (primeiro desbaste), 14 anos (primeiro desbaste), 16 anos (segundo desbaste) e 24 anos (corte raso). Cinco árvores foram colhidas em cada idade, e seus componentes separados, pesados e analisados quanto ao teor de umidade e ao poder calorífico. Os dados quantitativos e qualitativos foram correlacionados para determinar o potencial de geração de energia elétrica a partir da biomassa florestal. Os plantios de Pinus taeda L. produziram de 30 a 95 t de biomassa florestal/ha, respectivamente, aos 3 e 24 anos de idade. O maior potencial produtivo de biomassa para a geração de energia são o corte raso (24 anos), o primeiro desbaste (14 anos) e a terceira poda (10 anos), respectivamente. O material com melhor qualidade para geração de energia foi o galho, com o menor teor de umidade (54%) e o maior poder calorífico líquido (1.784 kcal/kg), sendo 24, 14 e 10 anos as melhores idades. O sistema de manejo e as práticas silviculturais têm influência, juntamente com a idade, na produção de biomassa por unidade de área. O rendimento energético da biomassa recém-colhida é baixo, necessitando de tratamento prévio para redução do teor de umidade e aumento do poder calorífico líquido.
Bioensaios em painéis confeccionados com eucalipto e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar
Authors: Belini Ugo Leandro , Leite Marta Karina , Tomazello Filho Mario , Chaix Gilles , Baudasse Christine , Lemenager Nicolas , Thevenon Marie-France
Published: June 2014

No desenvolvimento de painéis, deve-se dar destaque a ensaios que remetam à aplicabilidade final do produto, como os ensaios de durabilidade ao ataque de fungos e cupins. Nesse contexto, painéis confeccionados com diferentes percentuais de partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum sp.) e fibras de eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis), aglutinados com duas dosagens de resina ureia formol (13% e 16%), foram submetidos à avaliação de resistência biológica (bioensaios) ao ataque de cupins e fungos, ensaio fundamental na definição de uso e aplicação do produto final. Foram utilizados cupins da espécie Reticulitermes santonensis, rhinotermitidade, e fungos da espécie Pleurotus ostreatus, basidiomiceto de podridão-branca, de acordo com procedimentos da normatização AFNOR. De modo geral, os novos painéis confeccionados apresentaram-se não resistentes aos bioensaios realizados e houve similaridade na dinâmica de ataque e perda de massa entre as diferentes dosagens de resina praticadas, remetendo à necessidade da aplicação de revestimento protetor na superfície dos painéis ou adição de produtos fungicidas e cupinicidas.
Precipitação efetiva em diferentes formações florestais na floresta nacional de ipanema
Authors: Tonello Kelly Cristina , Gasparoto Esthevan Augusto Goes , Shinzato Emily Tsiemi , Valente Roberta de Oliveira Averna , Dias Herly Carlos Teixeira
Published: June 2014

O presente trabalho foi conduzido na Floresta Nacional de Ipanema, unidade de conservação de uso sustentável localizada no município de Iperó-SP, com o objetivo de quantificar e comparar as frações de precipitação efetiva e interceptação da chuva em três povoamentos florestais distintos, sendo eles: Eucalyptus cloeziana, Pinus caribea var. hondurensis e Floresta Estacional Semidecidual. Para tanto, realizou-se o monitoramento das variáveis precipitação interna, escoamento pelo tronco, interceptação e precipitação em aberto em cada formação florestal, ao longo do período de novembro de 2009 à maio de 2010. O estudo revelou a precipitação efetiva de 86,2%, 85,0% e 77,2%; interceptação de 13,8%, 15,0% e 22,8% em relação à precipitação em aberto em Eucalyptus cloeziana, Pinus caribea var. hondurensis e Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, respectivamente. A influência dos povoamentos na distribuição da chuva apresentou diferença significativa somente para o processo de interceptação entre Floresta Estacional Semidecidual e os demais.
Padrão dos fluxos de capitais: teoria, evidência e puzzle
Authors: Damasceno Aderbal Oliveira
Published: June 2014

Este trabalho desenvolve uma análise teórica e empírica sobre o padrão de longo prazo dos fluxos de capitais. Com uma amostra de 105 países e dados para o período 1980-2004, a metodologia econométrica abrange modelos para cross-section e para dados em painel. Os resultados apresentados sugerem: i) incoerência entre as previsões do modelo neoclássico e o padrão observado dos fluxos de capitais, o que caracteriza o puzzle ; ii) no âmbito da abordagem convencional, as explicações para o puzzle são diferenças de fundamentos entre países e imperfeições no mercado financeiro; iii) não há evidências de que diferenças entre os países relativas ao ambiente institucional, estoque de capital humano, integração financeira, política macroeconòmica e desenvolvimento financeiro expliquem o puzzle. Considerando os resultados apresentados, esboça-se uma explicação alternativa de inspiração heterodoxa para o padrão dos fluxos de capitais.
Dispersal spectrum of four forest types along an altitudinal range of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest
Authors: Martins Valéria Forni , Cazotto Lara Priscila Domingues , Santos Flavio Antonio Maës dos
Published: June 2014

In ecological communities, the proportion of plant species with different dispersal syndromes is known as the dispersal spectrum, which can result from different selective pressures such as climate. This is because variations in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure and precipitation result in distinct flora and fauna among different sites. If climate conditions along an altitudinal range act as a strong direct or indirect selective pressure on dispersal syndromes, the dispersal spectrum among plant communities in different altitudes should be distinct. We organized the dispersal syndromes in five hierarchical levels according to the levels of detail in diaspore morphology and, consequently, different degrees of specificity to the dispersers. Then we identified, within each hierarchical level, the syndromes of tree species of four forest types of the Atlantic Rainforest along a 1200 m altitudinal range in Southeast Brazil. Among 327 species, we found two syndromes in the most general hierarchical level (abiotic and biotic dispersal), three in the following level (wind, self and animal), three in the intermediate level (barochory, autochory and endozoochory), two in the forth level (mammal and bird), and 12 syndromes in the most specific level, all of which were related to the morphology of diaspores dispersed by wind, autochory, mammals and birds. The dispersal spectrum in the five hierarchical levels was similar among the four forest types. Overall, the majority of species is dispersed by biotic agents, considered here as animals and the parent plant itself. Within biotic agents, the most important are animals, specifically birds. Most bird-dispersed species present drupoid diaspores. Our results indicate that the selective pressures on dispersal syndromes originated from climate conditions that vary with altitude are not strong, hence resulting in the same dispersal spectrum among the forest types.
Federalismo, poder de veto e coordenação de políticas sociais no Brasil pós-1988
Authors: Machado José Angelo
Published: June 2014

O paper reexamina, à luz da experiência brasileira pós-redemocratização, a proposição de que o federalismo obstaculiza ou retarda a implantação de políticas sociais, dados seus efeitos dispersivos ou de ampliação de pontos de veto sobre iniciativas políticas nacionais. Mobiliza evidências empíricas referentes à evolução das transferências intergovernamentais para políticas sociais, realçando que a combinação entre elementos contextuais e institucionais pode tornar governos subnacionais susceptíveis às iniciativas da União. Conclui que o federalismo não é condição suficiente para frear o desenvolvimento de políticas sociais.
Tunnel excavation failures and unforeseen ground conditions
Authors: Palazzo Sergio
Published: June 2014

This paper focuses on the evaluation by forensic geotechnical engineers of unforeseen ground conditions in a tunnel excavation and the contractual consequences. A case study is presented of a water transfer tunnel built in Italy at the beginning of the 1990s. A sizeable pressurised aquifer was discovered at the tunnel entrance, which ultimately resulted in the contract being terminated. The aim of this paper is to examine further the geological-geotechnical conclusions of the case study, with a view to relating them to the legal and contractual evaluations and, consequently, to the field of forensic engineering.
Simulating reinforced concrete members. Part 1: partial interaction properties
Authors: Oehlers Deric J. , Visintin Phillip , Chen Jian-Fei , Ibell Tim J.
Published: June 2014

Reinforced concrete members are extremely complex under loading because of localised deformations in the concrete (cracks, sliding planes) and between the reinforcement and concrete (slip). An ideal model for simulating behaviour of reinforced concrete members should incorporate both global behaviour and the localised behaviours that are seen and measured in practice; these localised behaviours directly affect the global behaviour. Most commonly used models do not directly simulate these localised behaviours that can be seen or measured in real members; instead, they overcome these limitations by using empirically or semi-empirically derived strain-based pseudo properties such as the use of effective flexural rigidities for deflection; plastic hinge lengths for strength and ductility; and energy-based approaches for both concrete softening in compression and concrete softening after tensile cracking to allow for tension stiffening. Most reinforced concrete member experimental testing is associated with deriving these pseudo properties for use in design and analysis, and this component of development is thus costly. The aim of the present research is to reduce this cost substantially. In this paper, localised material behaviours and the mechanisms they induce are described. Their incorporation into reinforced concrete member behaviour without the need for empirically derived pseudo properties is described in a companion paper.
Understanding uncertainty in temperature effects on vector‐borne disease: a Bayesian approach
Authors: Johnson Leah R. , Ben-Horin Tal , Lafferty Kevin D. , McNally Amy , Mordecai Erin , Paaijmans Krijn P. , Pawar Samraat , Ryan Sadie J.
Published: June 2014

Extrinsic environmental factors influence the distribution and population dynamics of many organisms, including insects that are of concern for human health and agriculture. This is particularly true for vector‐borne infectious diseases like malaria, which is a major source of morbidity and mortality in humans. Understanding the mechanistic links between environment and population processes for these diseases is key to predicting the consequences of climate change on transmission and for developing effective interventions. An important measure of the intensity of disease transmission is the reproductive numberR0. However, understanding the mechanisms linkingR0and temperature, an environmental factor driving disease risk, can be challenging because the data available for parameterization are often poor. To address this, we show how a Bayesian approach can help identify critical uncertainties in components ofR0and how this uncertainty is propagated into the estimate ofR0. Most notably, we find that different parameters dominate the uncertainty at different temperature regimes: bite rate from 15°C to 25°C; fecundity across all temperatures, but especially ~25–32°C; mortality from 20°C to 30°C; parasite development rate at ~15–16°C and again at ~33–35°C. Focusing empirical studies on these parameters and corresponding temperature ranges would be the most efficient way to improve estimates ofR0. While we focus on malaria, our methods apply to improving process‐based models more generally, including epidemiological, physiological niche, and species distribution models.
Genetics‐based interactions among plants, pathogens, and herbivores define arthropod community structure
Authors: Busby Posy E. , Lamit Louis J. , Keith Arthur R. , Newcombe George , Gehring Catherine A. , Whitham Thomas G. , Dirzo Rodolfo
Published: June 2014

Plant resistance to pathogens or insect herbivores is common, but its potential for indirectly influencing plant‐associated communities is poorly known. Here, we test whether pathogens' indirect effects on arthropod communities and herbivory depend on plant resistance to pathogens and/or herbivores, and address the overarching interacting foundation species hypothesis that genetics‐based interactions among a few highly interactive species can structure a much larger community. In a manipulative field experiment using replicated genotypes of two Populus species and their interspecific hybrids, we found that genetic variation in plant resistance to both pathogens and insect herbivores modulated the strength of pathogens' indirect effects on arthropod communities and insect herbivory. First, due in part to the pathogens' differential impacts on leaf biomass among the two Populus species and the hybrids, the pathogen most strongly impacted arthropod community composition, richness, and abundance on the pathogen‐susceptible tree species. Second, we found similar patterns comparing pathogen‐susceptible and pathogen‐resistant genotypes within species. Third, within a plant species, pathogens caused a fivefold greater reduction in herbivory on insect‐herbivore‐susceptible plant genotypes than on herbivore‐resistant genotypes, demonstrating that the pathogen–herbivore interaction is genotype dependent. We conclude that interactions among plants, pathogens, and herbivores can structure multitrophic communities, supporting the interacting foundation species hypothesis. Because these interactions are genetically based, evolutionary changes in genetic resistance could result in ecological changes in associated communities, which may in turn feed back to affect plant fitness.
Morphological traits determine specialization and resource use in plant–hummingbird networks in the neotropics
Authors: Maglianesi María Alejandra , Blüthgen Nico , Böhning-Gaese Katrin , Schleuning Matthias
Published: June 2014

Ecological communities are organized in complex ecological networks. Trait‐based analyses of the structure of these networks in highly diversified species assemblages are crucial for improving our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes causing specialization in mutualistic networks. In this study, we assessed the importance of morphological traits for structuring plant–hummingbird networks in Neotropical forests by using a novel combination of quantitative analytical approaches. We recorded the visitation of hummingbirds to plant species over an entire year at three different elevations in Costa Rica and constructed quantitative networks based on interaction frequencies. Three morphological traits were measured in hummingbirds (bill length, bill curvature, and body mass) and plants (corolla length, curvature, and volume). We tested the effects of avian morphological traits and abundance on ecological specialization of hummingbird species. All three morphological traits of hummingbirds were positively associated with ecological specialization, especially bill curvature. We tested whether interaction strength in the networks was associated with the degree of trait matching between corresponding pairs of morphological traits in plant and hummingbird species and explore whether this was related to resource handling times by hummingbird species. We found strong and significant associations between interaction strength and the degree of trait matching. Moreover, the degree of trait matching, particularly between bill and corolla length, was associated with the handling time of nectar resources by hummingbirds. Our findings show that bill morphology structures tropical plant–hummingbird networks and patterns of interactions are closely associated with morphological matches between plant and bird species and the efficiency of hummingbirds' resource use. These results are consistent with the findings of seminal studies in plant–hummingbird systems from the neotropics. We conclude that trait‐based analyses of quantitative networks contribute to a better mechanistic understanding of the causes of specialization in ecological networks and could be valuable for studying processes of complementary trait evolution in highly diversified species assemblages.
Maternal Obesity and the First Birth: A Case for Targeted Contemporary Maternity Care
Authors: Slavin Valerie J. , Fenwick Jennifer , Gamble Jenny
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUND: Obesity in childbearing women is associated with poorer pregnancy and birth outcomes, particularly caesarean section, compared with normal-weight women. The high caesarean section rate may reflect care and outcomes which occur at the time surrounding the first birth.

AIM: To describe the birth outcomes of extremely obese pregnant women (body mass index [BMI] of 40 or more) experiencing their first birth.

METHODS: Clinical audit was used to systematically review the care and birth outcomes of all extremely obese pregnant women experiencing their birth at one study site during a 2-year period in 2009 and 2010. Fifty participants birthed during the study period. Data were collected from booking to discharge from the maternity service and included variables such as model of care, number of appointments, and obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Descriptive statistics were used to describe and synthesize the data. Inferential statistics were used to draw inferences about the population.

RESULTS: Obese women rarely had contact with a midwife, except at booking, receiving a standard model of care provided by numerous caregivers, most often inexperienced medical staff. More than half of the obese women experienced a caesarean section (56%), 2.3 times that of normal-weight primiparous women who birthed at the study site during the same period (24.2%). This was despite 64% experiencing normal pregnancy free from any complication. For women who planned to labor, birth intervention including induction of labor, augmentation for slow labor, epidural, and continuous cardiotocography was high. Caesarean occurred most often for “failure to progress” and “failed induction.”

CONCLUSION: Clinical audit was useful in determining information, which suggests current maternity care provision is not meeting the needs of extremely obese women experiencing their first birth.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The development of effective, targeted antenatal care designed to meet the needs of extremely obese women is recommended as are strategies to keep birth normal.
Safe Arrivals: Responding to the Local Context in a Training Program for Birth Attendants in Cambodia
Authors: McKellar Lois V. , Taylor Kevin
Published: June 2014

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that every woman should have a skilled birth attendant (SBA) attend her birth; however, until this ideal is met, traditional birth attendants (TBA) continue to provide care to women, particularly in rural areas of countries such as Cambodia. The lack of congruence between an ideal and reality has caused difficulty for policy makers and governments. In 2007, The 2h Project, an Australian-based, nongovernment organization in partnership with a local Cambodian organization, “Smile of World,” commenced the “Safe Arrivals” project, providing annual training for SBAs and TBAs in the rural provinces of Cambodia. Following implementation of this project, feedback was collected through a questionnaire undertaken by interviews with participants. This was part of a quality assurance process to further develop training in line with WHO recommendations and to consider the cultural context and respond to local knowledge. Over a 2-year period, 240 birth attendants were interviewed regarding their role and practice. Specifically, through the responses to the questionnaires, several cultural practices were identified that have informed training focus and resource development. More broadly, it was evident that TBAs remain a valuable resource for women, acknowledging their social and cultural role in childbirth.
Assessment of swimmer behaviors on pool water ingestion
Authors: Suppes Laura M. , Abrell Leif , Dufour Alfred P. , Reynolds Kelly A.
Published: June 2014

Enteric pathogens in pool water can be unintentionally ingested during swimming, increasing the likelihood of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI). AGI cases in outbreaks are more likely to submerge heads than non-cases, but an association is unknown since outbreak data are self-reported and prone to bias. In the present study, head submersion frequency and duration were observed and analyzed for associations with pool water ingestion measured using ultra high pressure liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. Frequency of splashes to the face was also quantified. Reliable tools that assess activities associated with pool water ingestion are needed to identify ingestion risk factors and at-risk populations. Objectives were to determine if the observed activities were associated with ingestion, and to test environmental sensor and videography assessment tools. Greater frequency and duration of head submersion were not associated with ingestion, but frequency of splashes to the face, leisurely swimming, and being ≤18 were. Videography was validated for assessing swimmer head submersion frequency. Results demonstrate ingestion risk factors can be identified using videography and urine analysis techniques. Expanding surveys to include questions on leisure swimming participation and frequency of splashes to the face is recommended to improve exposure assessment during outbreak investigations.