bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Confronting Saddam Hussein
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P.
Published: December 2022

Based on a unique set of interviews and British and American documents, this book examines the motives for the American invasion of Iraq in 2003, examines the decision-making inside the George W. Bush administration, and assesses the reasons for the chaotic, bloody, and costly occupation. The attack on America on 9/11 by al Qaeda terrorists transformed the thinking and actions of Bush and his top advisers. Bush conceived the administration’s response. Fear, power, and hubris shaped his approach—fear of another attack; pride in American values; and confidence in America’s ability to effectuate change. Worried about another attack on American soil—this time with biological or chemical weapons—Bush turned his attention to Iraq because of Saddam Hussein’s history with weapons of mass destruction and because of his record of aggression, brutality, and duplicity. To achieve his goals, the American president embraced a strategy of coercive diplomacy. If Iraq faced a military threat, Bush hoped Hussein would open his country to inspections, relinquish his alleged weapons of mass destruction, flee, or be toppled. When Hussein admitted inspectors yet remained obstructive, Bush denounced the dictator’s defiance and believed America’s credibility was at stake. Without resolving the ambiguities and inconsistencies in his strategy of coercive diplomacy and failing to assess the consequences of an invasion or to plan effectively for its many contingencies, Bush ordered US troops to invade Iraq. Friction and acrimony within the administration turned the occupation into a tragedy, the consequences of which we are still living with.
A Special Relationship
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 6 describes the special relationship that developed between British prime minister Tony Blair and President Bush. Blair loathed Saddam Hussein for his brutality and duplicity. Like Bush, he believed that Iraq was a looming threat, capable of using its weapons of mass destruction (WMD) to blackmail adversaries. Like Bush, Blair feared that Iraq’s WMD might someday fall into the hands of terrorists, a worry that was magnified when the terrorist Abu Mu’sab al Zarqawi moved into northeast Iraq. Like Bush, Blair believed that Hussein would open up Iraq to weapons inspectors (UNMOVIC) only if faced with military force. Blair sent his national security adviser, David Manning, to Washington to prod Bush to seek a new UN resolution authorizing effective inspections. If Hussein cooperated, which Blair did not expect, the United States and United Kingdom would have to take yes for an answer and not press for regime change.
Deciding
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 7 examines Bush’s contentious policy process as he decided to practice coercive diplomacy and confront Saddam Hussein. The Iraqi dictator had a choice: allow inspections and disarm or face removal by military force. To practice coercive diplomacy, Bush began implementing his war plans and authorized Secretary of State Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice to work with the British to negotiate a new resolution (1441) in the UN Security Council. To ratchet up pressure, Bush also declassified a new National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) on Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction and secured passage of a resolution from Congress authorizing him to use military force against Iraq. Bush’s perception of threat did not abate and he increasingly believed his credibility was at stake.
Resolve
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 8 describes why and how George W. Bush resolved to go to war. He felt that Saddam Hussein was testing his credibility and continuing to defy UN resolutions regarding Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction. Hans Blix, the head of UNMOVIC, could not find any of the alleged WMD, but he also felt that Hussein was delaying, prevaricating, and obstructing. British prime minister Tony Blair pressed Bush to work for a new resolution at the United Nations that would find Iraq in breach of its obligations and that would authorize military action. Secretary of State Colin Powell made the American case to the UN and accused Iraq of violating past resolutions, developing WMD, and harboring terrorists. France and Germany, nonetheless, still opposed a second resolution. With American troops now deployed in the region and hot weather approaching, Bush decided to demonstrate his resolve, affirm US credibility, and invade Iraq.
Deafening Whisper
Authors: Robinson Michael A.
Published: December 2022

The American public’s esteem for the armed forces creates a seeming paradox with regards to the military’s credibility in public debate. An important source of the power of military speech is the same one that has made it generally rare: a normative prohibition against military activism in political discourse. However, the more novel influence of partisan polarization requires a reappraisal of the influence of the military voice in the political information space and the impact that it can have on attitude formation. Using the results of original survey experimentation placing military and presidential cues over foreign policy into opposition, this chapter finds that retired, active, and “leaked” military voices have potentially significant influence on public attitudes, particularly among those with high trust in the military. However, the implications of this form of speech are significant for traditional civil-military norms. Using examples from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, the chapter observes how these cues can function and their contribution to active politicization mechanisms.
No Time to Explain
Authors: Robinson Michael A.
Published: December 2022

Partisans may be exposed to very different information when rendering judgments about the military’s performance, but civil-military scholars still lack a clear understanding of how that “performance” is judged. Using the results of original survey experimentation exposing respondents to information about military failures, partisan subgroups exhibit starkly different cognitive sensibilities. While Democrats and Independents negatively evaluate the military in response to knowledge of organizational scandals or battlefield failures, Republicans are generally resistant to it. If some partisans are less likely to receive critical information about the military and less likely to hold that institution to account for organizational failures, the result is an environment with a greater potential for politicization. Using examples from the Trump administration, this chapter illustrates how the perception of the military as partisan constituency can lead to relative politicization through extreme party positions or passive politicization when the military is utilized for partisan political gain.
Quietude
Authors: Pilzer Joshua D.
Published: December 2022

What can be learned from musically encountering others beyond music? Quietude is an attempt to answer this question, a holistic ethnography of the expressive lives of Korean first and second-generation victims of the atomic bombing of Japan, focused on the everyday arts of living that they employ to make life possible and worthwhile. The book documents the practically unknown history of Korean experiences of the atomic bombs and their aftermath, focused on the large community of victims—former residents of Hiroshima and their children—living in Hapcheon, South Korea. It considers victims’ uses of voice, speech, song, and movement in the struggle for national and global recognition, in the ongoing work of negotiating the traumatic past, and in the effort to consolidate and maintain selves and relationships in the present. It attempts to explain the multifaceted atmosphere of quiet that predominates in “Korea’s Hiroshima” by focusing on the poetics of endurance, refusal, and self-effacement in the face of discrimination, the atomic experience, and its politicization.
Living the Good Life, Even Without Trying
Authors: Struck Peter T.
Published: December 2022

Aristotle is famously articulate on the complex dimensions of human thriving. His treatises on ethics set out a profound sense in which humans pursue the good. Our multidimensional soul pursues the good “all the way down,” so to speak. It pursues moral and intellectual virtue through our reasoning, it modulates our emotions to use them in propulsion toward beneficial action, and it pursues nutrition to secure the growth and flourishing of the physical body. This chapter posits that our pursuit of the good goes even deeper than that. In the Eudemian Ethics, Aristotle considers two extreme cases of humans pursuing the good. Both lucky people (a class Aristotle is convinced exist) and those who have predictive dreams achieve good outcomes for themselves seemingly without any discernible intervention from their self-aware selves. How does this happen? The answer leads back to some fundamental positions Aristotle takes regarding the workings of cosmos as a whole, and it presents a rich case study on how intellectual history contributes to the possibility for human flourishing.
“Beauty Is Universal”
Authors: Eustace Nicole
Published: December 2022

Martin Seligman notes that “psychology is not just the study of pathology, weakness, and damage; it is also the study of strength and virtue.” In charting a course for positive psychology, he urges us to examine how psychology can be used to “mak[e] the lives of all people better.” Such laudable goals for the promotion of human progress have animated Western philosophers from the Enlightenment era to this day. At least since Francis Hutcheson published his Inquiry into Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, theorists have posited a connection between the human perception of beauty and pursuit of virtue. And yet contemporary scholars in a wide range of disciplines also caution that the very notion of virtue, as a universal value, has marked potential to reify existing structures of power, entrenching inequality and injustice. Much work remains to be done in order to understand, and potentially to overcome, the downside of virtue’s progress. This chapter will analyze an unpublished manuscript treatise on moral philosophy by the colonial Pennsylvania polymath James Logan, a deeply read Quaker who was committed to the ideal of moral equality among all humankind, yet who also a practitioner of slavery. Mapping the contours of Logan’s arguments can allow us to better understand an American paradox: the often regressive impact of beliefs in universal beauty and virtue.
Striving, Joy, and Sadness
Authors: LeBuffe Michael
Published: December 2022

This chapter offers detailed accounts of Part 3 of Spinoza’s Ethics. It includes four sections, reflecting four major parts of Spinoza’s argument. The first section emphasizes Spinoza’s naturalism in his account of human action and passion. The second section concerns the human striving for perseverance in being that founds theories of desire, passion, and active affects in the Ethics. The third section investigates the details of Spinoza’s account of human passion. The fourth section characterizes human affections that Spinoza emphasizes at the end of Ethics 3 and that hold particular importance for his moral and political theory: wonder, self-esteem, active desire, nobility, and tenacity.
Jesús Malverde
Authors: Calvo-Quirós William A.
Published: December 2022

The first “saint” is Jesús Malverde, a “generous bandit” famous for stealing from the rich and giving to the poor in the Mexican state of Sinaloa around the turn of the twentieth century. This chapter explores how Sinaloa locals use oral narratives about Malverde (1910) to navigate (and imagine) their encounters with late modernity and the anxieties generated by massive industrialization, land reforms, American economic intervention, and the decline of the peasant class during the tumultuous Porfírio Díaz dictatorship (1876–1910), leading to the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). The chapter follows how the figure of Malverde morphed in the 1970s, when the current canonical image of Malverde was created by using the face of one of the most famous men from Mexican cinema’s golden age, Pedro Infante, both as a way to represent the saint and as an expression of a nationalist “ideal masculinity.” The chapter culminates in a discussion of the contemporary veneration of Malverde as a narco-saint, examining his devotion within the contemporary context of narco-capitalism and the war on drugs—a context that in many ways reflects the turn-of-the-century conditions in which Malverde first emerged, because of income inequality in both periods, radical economic and social changes, political upheaval, rising authoritarianism, and so on. As the chapter explains, saints serve a need in the time and place in which they emerge. They tell us something important about what their devotees need and want.
The Cartel System of States
Authors: Acharya Avidit , Lee Alexander
Published: December 2022

In modern times, international borders reflect discontinuous changes in political authority, no matter what the inconveniences are for the individuals that they separate. What explains this fact? Why are the citizens of neighboring regions that happen to lie across an international border often subject to very different governance systems? We argue that the defining feature of the modern territorial state system is the local, bounded, monopoly that states have in governing their citizens. States refuse to violate each other’s monopolies, even when they could do so easily. We examine what makes this system stable, when and how it emerged, how it spread, how it has been challenged, what led it to be so resilient over time, and how might it change in the future.
Introduction
Authors: Acharya Avidit , Lee Alexander
Published: December 2022

Chapter 1 of this book lays out the questions that are to be answered, and summarizes the theory of how and why the modern state system developed, and how and why it has remained stable over time.
The Cartel Takes Over
Authors: Acharya Avidit , Lee Alexander
Published: December 2022

At the beginning of the 19th century, the cartel system was in effect mainly in Europe. This chapter discusses how the system spread outside of Europe during the period of Western imperialism. East Asian countries were forced to conform to the expectations of the cartel as it suited European powers, while Africa and the Americas were conquered and divided by colonial powers. While the cartel system was initially alien to local practice in most of these places, local elites quickly made full membership a policy goal. The cartel system remains one of the most enduring legacies of the period of European expansion and growth, though its operation in many parts of the developing world today remains imperfect.
Dark Times
Authors: Silber Norman I.
Published: December 2022

Ettore Calabresi, Guido’s grandfather, had successfully established himself in Ferrara, Italy, by the dawn of the First World War. In the years following the War, in Ferrara, became a scene of conflict between Socialists, Communists, and Nationalists. The first “fascio di combattimento”—band of combatants—was formed by Mussolini in Milan in March 1919. In the factories and countryside, especially in the Romagna and Lombardy regions, major strikes took place under the leadership of Socialists and Communists. The strikes in turn gave rise to a cycle of violence, as Fascists carried out attacks and reprisal assassinations against Socialists. Against this background Ferrara became a difficult place to conduct business or engage in moderate political activity without antagonizing one group or another. Ettore found it necessary to leave Ferrara.
Departure and Arrival
Authors: Silber Norman I.
Published: December 2022

Repressive Fascism and virulent anti-Semitism converged on leftist Italian Jews with great force during 1937. Republican government crumbled and political opponents were attacked violently and driven away. Anti-Semitic agitation also surged, together with Mussolini’s preparations for an alliance with Hitler. Historian Alexander Stille points out that in that year a new book, The Jews in Italy, launched “an attack on Italian Jews thinly disguised as a disinterested scholarly analysis”; it provided “a pretext for raising “the Jewish Question” throughout the country. As hardships and dangers increased, and opportunities to address them diminished, many considered going into exile.
Finzi-Contini and Del Vecchio
Authors: Silber Norman I.
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores Guido’s family history on his mother’s side. On his mother’s paternal side, the Finzi-Contini line connects Guido Calabresi to elegance, accomplishment, and assimilation over many centuries into northern Italian privileged society. The generation coming of age in the Fascist era made fateful choices about Finzi-Contini religious faith, security, and political allegiance. Through his mother’s mother he is also a Del Vecchio. The Del Vecchios connect themselves to a Roman Jewish diaspora population whose origin and ritual practice is ancient; Guido identifies his patrimony with a line that includes religious leaders, bankers, and academics who rose, stumbled, and rose again.
Minerbi and Calabresi
Authors: Silber Norman I.
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores Guido Calabresi’s patrilineal line. On his paternal grandmother’s side, these were the Minerbi; and on his paternal grandfather’s, the Calabresi. Both sides were Jewish, but by the nineteenth century had left religious practices and rituals behind. His grandmother Olga Minerbi was part of a wealthy Farrarese family—among the wealthiest—that placed agrarian virtues and commercial ambitions above intellectual accomplishments or academic recognition. The Calabresi side acquired wealth but was the least patrician and economically secure. Perhaps for that reason the roots on this side are more speculative. Massimo Calabresi’s father, Ettore, is the only grandparent of Guido who could be described as self-made.
Embracing Catholicism at the Old Palace
Authors: Silber Norman I.
Published: December 2022

Guido Calabresi has Jewish roots on all sides, but his parents had divergent ideas about faith and religious institutions—ideas that planted in Guido feelings of ambivalent curiosity. His mother, Bianca, converted to Catholicism sometime after Guido was born, because she “decided that she was religious.” His father, Massimo, was hostile to all religions. In the larger family, especially on his mother’s side, conversions to Catholicism had occurred after the passage of the Italian racial laws, and for at least some were primarily intended to forestall discrimination. Not until after college did Guido make an affirmative decision about the nature of his belief and institutional devotion.
A Law Student at Mid-Century
Authors: Silber Norman I.
Published: December 2022

This chapter concerns Guido Calabresi’s legal education and the Yale Law School during the period of his legal education and early teaching. With burgeoning interest in law and an undiminished interest in economics, Guido entered Yale Law School in fall, 1955. The Sterling Law Building where he lived and attended classes stood across the street from the main campus but at a greater social and pedagogical distance from undergraduate life. Law students paid less attention to self-exploration and more to legal doctrine. They came from a wider variety of social backgrounds. The educational environment at the law school was heavy in theory, intellectually specialized, and competitive. Responding to institutional incentives and in line with their high ambitions, students vied to move to the top of the class. Yale’s administration, meanwhile, competed aggressively, itself—to attract the best students, the most illustrious alumni, the most respected judges, the most sought-after scholars. Shortly before Guido arrived, there had been considerable turmoil and turnover on the faculty, and by Guido’s second year, a cohort of brilliant and eccentric appointees to the faculty had begun to modernize—in the light of the new Harvard Legal Process School—dominant Realist perspectives at the school and in the profession.
Courtship
Authors: Silber Norman I.
Published: December 2022

This chapter explores aspects of Guido’s personal life and his marriage to Anne Gordon Audubon Tyler Calabresi. Guido married Anne after he had been a member of the law faculty for two years. Anne’s mother, Harriett Eugenie Crosby, was from Minneapolis and General Mills; her father, Morris Tyler, was a successful lawyer descended from New Haven’s founding governor Theophilus Eaton and his rebel wife—Elihu Yale’s grandmother—as well as New Haven political figures and Yale professors. Guido recollects that Morris Tyler was “not terribly interested in his old New Haven background, but much prouder of the fact that he descended directly from the French American painter and naturalist John James Audubon.
Judicial Sunset
Authors: Silber Norman I.
Published: December 2022

In 1977, Guido delivered the Holmes Lectures at Harvard. As he describes in this chapter, these lectures led to his third major book, A Common Law for the Age of Statutes, published by Harvard University Press in 1982. His frank observation that judges were implicitly revising some of his identification of “staturofication” of the law as a central legal problem of the day, drew considerable attention in the Academy—although his proposals to support judicial activism of this sort did not win legislative endorsements. Allan Hutchinson and Derek Morgan declared that “in its quality, timeliness, and provocativeness,” the book was “likely to stand alongside the seminal works of Ronald Dworkin and Grant Gilmore.” It was among the most widely reviewed and cited in the legal literature for more than a decade.
Why Do Hydrocarbon Citizens Think Differently about Their Government?
Authors: Mazaheri Nimah
Published: December 2022

Three factors explain how oil has transformed public opinion among the citizens of the Middle East’s oil-rich states today. First, oil’s unpredictable and paradoxical qualities force citizens to rely on the government to guide the economy and national development. Second, the history, geography, and technology of oil production require Middle Eastern citizens to rely on their government in order to receive any of oil’s benefits. Finally, Western exploitation of Middle Eastern oil has led citizens to endow their governments with greater responsibilities of guiding the oil sector and protecting the nation’s wealth. These factors have led the citizens of oil-rich states to endow their governments with more positive qualities compared to citizens in countries without oil. In turn, this has affected the ways that citizens evaluate the merits of democratic change.
Hydrocarbon Citizens and Government Performance in the Middle East
Authors: Mazaheri Nimah
Published: December 2022

People living in the Middle East’s oil-rich states hold fundamentally different attitudes about their government’s performance compared to people living in the oil-poor states. People in the oil-rich states are more likely to believe that the government does a good job of managing the economy, is effective at job creation, is concerned about providing services to the population, is effective at improving healthcare, is committed to reducing inequality and corruption, and is concerned with the needs of ordinary citizens. These results emerge from basic statistical analysis of public opinion data. However, different segments of a hydrocarbon citizenry are more or less likely to perceive the government’s performance as good. Citizens who are young, male, and economically insecure tend to hold more negative attitudes about their government’s performance compared to their counterparts.
A Passion in the Desert
Authors: Mazaheri Nimah
Published: December 2022

Saudi Arabians tend to hold very positive attitudes about their government’s performance across economic, social, and oil-related policy areas. These findings emerge from an original survey of nearly 600 Saudi Arabians in 2018. However, Saudi Arabians with more education, lower incomes, and those residing in the oil-rich Eastern Province tend to hold more negative attitudes. The link between a Saudi Arabian’s occupation and perceptions about government performance is examined in depth in this chapter. Although government ministry employees tend to hold more positive attitudes, non-ministry employees tend to hold more negative attitudes. Working Saudi Arabian women tend to have more positive attitudes compared to working Saudi Arabian men. Small business owners tend to have more critical attitudes about government performance compared to large business owners.
Social Security’s Heroic Incrementalists
Authors: Berman Greg , Fox Aubrey
Published: December 2022

Chapter 4 tells the story of what successful incrementalism looks like in practice. In the popular imagination, the New Deal is often conceived of as a series of revolutionary changes that were implemented by arguably the most powerful American president ever, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, to deal with the devastating economic hardship wrought by the Great Depression. While much of this story is true, a closer look reveals that the creation of the Social Security Administration—one of our largest, most durable, and most politically popular government institutions—does not hew to this narrative. Social Security was largely the product of two cautious, behind-the-scenes reformers from Wisconsin who intentionally chose to develop the program in an incremental fashion when there were more radical and comprehensive options on the table.
The Limits of Law and the Value of Rights in Addressing Terrorism
Authors: Aoláin Fionnuala Ní
Published: December 2022

This chapter starts from a critical and historical assessment of the phenomena of terrorism, and the tendency to inflate, conflate, and abuse the concept in law and practice. The analysis addresses the increasing tendency to lump various disaggregated experiences of violence under the banner of terrorism, the practice of numerous states in defining many forms of legitimate dissent, expression, and religious practice as terrorism, and the inability or unwillingness to disaggregate terrorism from complex forms of low- to high-intensity armed conflict subject to appropriate regulation under the laws of armed conflict. In tandem, the chapter addresses the relationship between the increased pervasiveness of certain forms of violence and the conditions conducive to terrorism, with a particular emphasis on the social science data that underpins this push-pull relationship, and the central role of the repressive, unaccountable, and dysfunctional state to the production of violence. The analysis pays particular attention to the emergence of an expansive UN counterterrorism architecture post 9/11and pinpoints the ways in which this architecture has enabled a permissive global environment for the abuse of counterterrorism in the past two decades. In assessing a positive way forward, the chapter affirms the central role of effective accountability and oversight in addressing state abuses of counterterrorism discourse and practice. It underscores the long-term dangers to peace and security absent significant pruning and restraint in global, regional, and national counterterrorism practices.
Urban Warfare
Authors: Watkin Kenneth
Published: December 2022

The twenty-first century presents significant challenges for those who view armed conflict as being exclusively a matter for military forces. Operations among urbanized populations, the proliferation of security threats involving criminal activity, the reliance on a “police primacy” approach for defeating insurgencies, as well as the need to resolve the interface between human rights–based policing and the law governing armed conflict places significant pressures on police forces tasked with maintaining order. There is a wide array of police and paramilitary forces that operate in the context of armed conflict. Reliance on policing in urban areas does not stop when armed conflict begins and cannot wait for such hostilities to end before police forces are employed to address contemporary security challenges. Ultimately, the application of human rights law–based policing is the approach that is most likely to result in a return to normalcy.
Fighting for the Past
Authors: Gutacker Paul J.
Published: December 2022

Chapter 7 continues the pre–Civil War historical drama begun in chapter 6. As the sectional crisis heated up, Christianity’s historic relationship to slaveholding became all the more controversial. Dozens of proslavery authors, including Catholics, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists, and Baptists, employed tradition to defend the compatibility of Christianity and slavery, and by the 1850s Christian history was prominent in proslavery arguments put forward by legal scholars and social theorists. Conversely, both white and Black antislavery authors from a variety of denominations used religious history to bolster their cases against slavery. After the South seceded and the Civil War began, the meaning of the Christian past continued to matter for both North and South. For Confederates, church history proved useful in constructing white Christian nationalism, while, in the North, controversy and outrage followed a proslavery account of Christian history written by Episcopal bishop John Henry Hopkins. This chapter shows that the historical dimensions of the argument made it less likely to be resolved on theological grounds. American Protestants did not fail to avoid a bloody Civil War because they ignored history or tradition, but because their readings of the Christian past made them all more intransigent.
A Theory of Responses to Human Rights Pressure
Authors: Gruffydd-Jones Jamie J.
Published: December 2022

This chapter develops a theory of how authoritarian states and their citizens respond to international pressure. It draws on social psychology to argue that patriotic citizens are motivated to form accurate opinions not just in response to foreign pressure, but also to protect their national identity. If they perceive foreign pressure over human rights to be a hostile attack on their country, then they will see that pressure as a threat to be defended against and will be more likely to express support for how their government deals with human rights. Authoritarian regimes have incentives to play up this kind of foreign pressure to their public. The chapter provides testable implications about the types of pressure most likely to achieve this “backfire” and the types of pressure that authoritarian regimes are therefore most likely to tell their public about.
Hostile Human Rights
Authors: Gruffydd-Jones Jamie J.
Published: December 2022

This chapter follows on from where chapter 3 ended. It explores the international reaction to the Tibet crackdown in 2008 and how the aftermath shaped the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP’s) management of foreign human rights pressure. Even as foreign governments have become less willing to call the CCP out over human rights, growing access to foreign news, alongside the public’s defensive, nationalist reaction to foreign criticism in 2008, pushed authorities to become more proactive in reporting on pressure from abroad in state media. Focusing on the erosion of civil liberties in Hong Kong and the arrests of dissidents and rights activists, this chapter shows how authorities have sought to use international pressure strategically, as a lens through which to talk about “sensitive” human rights topics.
People on the Street
Authors: Gruffydd-Jones Jamie J.
Published: December 2022

This chapter uses interviews with hundreds of Chinese citizens to shed light on the logic people employ when they encounter foreign pressure and how they use it to form attitudes about their own country. It shows that people’s defensive reactions to foreign pressure are closely tied to their belief that the United States is using those issues to deliberately attack China. Hearing about foreign pressure—and in particular American pressure—had an impact on the way people talked about women’s rights and the treatment of endangered animals in China. On the issue of air pollution, however, Chinese citizens were far more positive toward American criticism, suggesting that defensiveness occurs mainly on issues where people’s grievances are not that strongly formed.
Revitalizing Residential Care for Children and Youth
Authors: Whittaker James K. , Holmes Lisa , Fernandez del Valle Jorge Carlos , James Sigrid
Published: December 2022

Revitalizing Residential Care for Children and Youth: Cross-National Trends and Challenges addresses the question of how societies with developed welfare and social service systems assess current needs and future directions in their residential child and youth care sectors. This includes dealing with historical concerns raised about the placement of children and youth in residential care settings, as well as identifying innovative strategies that offer new pathways for the integration of this often-neglected sector of service within the broader area of child welfare. Each of the 16 countries selected for inclusion is examined through a common matrix that provides information about the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges. Individual country analyses are supplemented by regional exemplars of innovative residential programs and practice in areas such as family engagement, helping youth with the transition from care to community, promising model programs, and reflections on recent policy reform initiatives. In addition to takeaways from each country, the book’s closing chapter identifies specific implications for policy reform, empirical research, and residential program innovation. What sets this book apart is its systematic cross-national appraisal of residential care for children and youth with an eye toward identifying innovative policies and practices undergirded by research. In so doing, it offers a unique contribution to the international child welfare literature.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in a Cross-National Perspective
Authors: Whittaker James K. , Holmes Lisa , del Valle Jorge F. , James Sigrid
Published: December 2022

Chapter 1 sets the parameters for the editors’ view of “residential care for children and youth” and offers a working definition of the same viewed in the context of legal, administrative, and children’s rights within an organized child welfare system. The editors make clear the rationale for their choice of a range of countries with developed welfare systems, while acknowledging a far more diverse range of residential settings viewed in worldwide context. The contributors to this volume share a commitment to a high-quality, revitalized residential service sector grounded both in research and commonly shared values such as partnership with families and residential practice that is close to the rhythms of diverse and vital community life. This does not mean “one size fits all,” but rather that we can learn much from the often subtle ways in which culture and tradition create the niches within which residential services are formed, sustained, and changed.
Innovation and Impact in Residential Services
Authors: Nicholson Janice
Published: December 2022

The four interventions that are summarized in this part of the volume, while different in focus and scope, share two characteristics: (1) they challenge conventional wisdom and (2) they emerge from a felt need for innovation in residential child and youth care services. From England, the first of these, the No Wrong Door program, transformed residential care and treatment from an intervention of last resort to a greatly modified early service choice for initial engagement with challenging adolescents. The No Wrong Door program has generated considerable interest both within England and internationally with its innovative front-end approach to service access and assessment.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in Germany
Authors: James Sigrid , Kilian Juri
Published: December 2022

This chapter notes the long historical tradition of residential care in Germany and its current expression in a wide variety of settings. Residential care programs mostly consist of small community-based group homes and supported living units with about seven to 10 youths and four or five pedagogical staff. Some homes offer specialized services (e.g., therapeutic residential care, wilderness programs, mother–child homes). The authors note that residential care is guided by general pedagogical principles and concepts, emphasizing learning through a milieu-based and “life-space-oriented” perspective (Lebensweltorientierung), which stresses an individualized, participatory, and relationship-based approach. Parent engagement and youth participation are also noted as important, as are the growing numbers of unaccompanied minors and their impact on the residential care system. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, which provides information about the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in Portugal
Authors: Barbosa-Ducharne Maria A. , Soares Joana
Published: December 2022

This chapter describes the high utilization rate for residential care in Portugal. Despite attempts to improve residential care, the authors note that it has remained essentially unchanged in Portugal from 2012 to 2019. There is evidence that group care does not meet the characteristics and needs of most children currently in residential care in Portugal, and there is an urgent need for children’s de-institutionalization. This will happen only if foster care and other family-based alternatives are actively promoted. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, which provides information about the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in France
Authors: Tillard Bernadette , Join-Lambert Hélène
Published: December 2022

This chapter notes the steady growth of children in residential care in France over the past two decades, which the authors suggest is due to a degraded social environment and an increase in unaccompanied minors. Important issues in the country include prevention of institutional abuse and avoiding sibling separation. In a novel program, children remain in the parental home but under the supervision of a team of professionals. Other innovations in some localities include residential care units where parents can share time and everyday activities over a weekend with children. Over the last two decades, residential placements have represented a decreasing share of out-of-home care. Parental autonomy is a focus throughout the placement experience. Residential care occurs in a variety of settings, including very small units. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, which provides information about the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Equipping Young People for Transition to Adulthood from Care
Authors: García-Alba Laura , del Valle Jorge F.
Published: December 2022

This chapter provides information about PLANEA, a flexible online life skills training program for youth in residential care. The PLANEA program gradually supports the development of autonomy and life skills in residential settings according to each young person’s unique needs and characteristics. The initial version was piloted in Spain at local request, but the program has clear cross-national roots as it built upon and extends an earlier transition program in Finland and several other European countries. PLANEA follows in a longstanding line of applied research projects in Spanish residential care originating from the Child and Family Research Group (GIFI) at the University of Oviedo in Spain. This project, in particular, as well as its predecessor studies provides a model of partnership between youth and family practice and universities that we believe has much to commend it.
Australian Residential Care
Authors: McNamara Patricia , Wall Shelley
Published: December 2022

This chapter presents an overview of Australian efforts to reform the residential care sector. Concerns are the forced removal of Indigenous children and others from disadvantaged families as well as abuse and neglect in residential settings and lack of documentation of efficacy. Current goals include preventing behavioral contagion in some residential settings and building a trauma-informed approach into residential care. Promising program initiatives are identified, as is lack of national leadership for improving residential care. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, which provides information on the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Residential Child and Youth Care in Israel
Authors: Zeira Anat , Grupper Emmanuel
Published: December 2022

This chapter describes the dual streams of residential care in Israel originating from the Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs, and Social Services and the Ministry of Education. The authors describe aspects of the unique arrangements for residential care in Israel, including youth villages. The point out the need for a more complete national database on children in care, as well as the need for more research on efficacy. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, which provides information on the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in Argentina
Authors: Incarnato Mariana , Borzese Dana
Published: December 2022

This chapter covers residential care for children and youth in Argentina. The authors highlight the issues that can arise when residential care is often the first and only care option, the heterogeneity of alternative services, and the lack of opportunities for children and youth to participate in decisions about their care. They also discuss the recent positive development of national legislation focused on transitions from care. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, which provides information on the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Therapeutic Residential Care in Australia
Authors: Ainsworth Frank , Bath Howard
Published: December 2022

In this chapter on therapeutic residential care in Australia, the authors identify what is perhaps an overemphasis on “downsizing”—for example, reducing to units of four or fewer—without comparable efforts at “specialization” of programs and attention to their critical elements as inadequate to meet the complex needs of differing at-risk youth. More generally, they also question inadequate emphasis on group processes and structure, which they argue is central to the therapeutic milieu; inadequate emphasis on evidence-based practices, including model programs; inadequate national data gathering; and continuing disproportionality of Aboriginal children in out-of-home care as areas of continuing concern. They conclude that the idea of a “revitalized” residential care sector in Australia seems a long way off.
Progress in International Relations
Authors: James Patrick
Published: December 2022

Chapter 2 focuses on the meaning of scientific progress for the discipline of IR. An inductive and sociological approach is used to identify characteristics and results that would be desirable for research. Examples of such characteristics and results, respectively, are identification of causal mechanisms and range of explanation. A deductive and rationalist assessment produces a verdict in favor of scientific realism as the most promising overall frame of reference in the quest for knowledge. Comparative analysis produces the conclusion that scientific realism is the pragmatic choice both on its own merits and when reviewed in the context of preferred traits for characteristics and outcomes of research. Scientific realism, in short, believes in an objective world while also reserving a place for unobservables in the process of explanation.
Knowledge
Authors: James Patrick
Published: December 2022

Chapter 4 focuses on the three elements of knowledge—scientific realism, analytic eclecticism, and a model of cognition—in greater depth. First, scientific realism is adopted as a foundation in the philosophy of science. Scientific realism incorporates both observables and unobservables into research. A theory is evaluated in terms of its performance in accounting for what is observed. If explanations accumulate and become convincing, unobservables gain empirical meaning and obtain credibility. Second, the epistemology also includes analytic eclecticism, which calls for combined efforts in research beyond paradigms. In IR today, analytic eclecticism could mean hybrid theorizing that involves ideas from varieties of realism, neoliberal institutionalism, the English school, and other designated approaches. Third, and perhaps most far-reaching beyond the boundaries of IR, a model of cognition is developed. The model, which emphasizes challenges to comprehension resulting from the vastness of IR, advocates graphic representation of theorizing to enhance communication.
A Metatheory of Progress
Authors: James Patrick
Published: December 2022

Chapter 7 combines elements from the components covered in Chapters 4–6—knowledge (scientific realism, analytic eclecticism, and a model of cognition), units (rational choice and systems of explanation), and methods (identification of an axiomatic basis for research enterprise and systemism)—into a metatheory of scientific progress. While Chapter 3 introduced the individual elements of the metatheory in graphic form, this chapter shows how those seven elements are connected to each other via a systemist diagram. The metatheory, which includes a visual turn, is regarded as optimal for growth of knowledge creation given the characteristics of IR as a discipline. The metatheory for IR is depicted as a systemist graphic with a connection to scientific progress.
The Nature of Realism
Authors: James Patrick
Published: December 2022

Realism at a gestalt level appears in Chapter 8, along with critiques of its viability. This chapter also uses the process described in Chapter 6, which includes both (a) inductive and sociological and (b) deductive and rationalist criteria, to designate the axiomatic basis of realism as a research enterprise. Assumptions are gleaned from the vast literature of realism and assembled in a manner that emphasizes completeness and eschews contradiction. When the process is completed, four axioms are identified for realism as a research enterprise: anarchy, state-centrism, pursuit of power, and rationality. These assumptions are used to distinguish realism from other schools of thought that depart from at least one item on the preceding list. Thus realism emerges from Chapter 8 with a logically consistent axiomatic basis that also establishes it as a unique presence within IR.