bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Juday and WP2 nets used in joint Norwegian–Russian monitoring of zooplankton in the Barents Sea
Authors: Skjoldal Hein Rune , Prokopchuk Irina , Bagøien Espen , Dalpadado Padmini , Nesterova Valentina , Rønning Jon , Knutsen Tor
Published: August 2019

Zooplankton in the Barents Sea has been monitored in a joint program by Norway and Russia using Juday (37 cm) and WP2 (56 cm) vertical plankton nets. We have compared the nets in two studies (2007 and 2013) with the Juday and WP2 nets mounted side by side on a common frame. WP2 collected consistently more zooplankton biomass than Juday, by 15–20% for both studies. Higher catch for small and medium size fractions as well as total biomass suggest that the difference was not due to extrusion or escape of organisms through the meshes, but rather that the amounts of flow and filtration of water through the two nets were different from the estimated volumes. Results for two hauling speeds (0.5 and 1.0 m s−1) in the 2013 study were not conclusive due to apparent changes in plankton composition at the sampling station during the study. The Juday and WP2 biomasses were highly correlated and the two nets showed very similar species composition with the pairwise design. The two nets would therefore give comparable spatial and temporal patterns of zooplankton distribution in the joint monitoring program.
Estimating Logging Residue Weights from Standing Slash Pine for Prescribed Burns
Authors: Johansen Ragnar W. , McNab W. Henry
Published: August 2019

The weight of logging slash per unit area must be known before the slash can be safely burned. In open stands of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) the weight of this crown material can be quickly estimated from data normally gathered in timber cruises: cordwood volume and average tree diameter.
Cubic-Foot Volume of Loblolly Pine to Any Merchantable Top Limit
Authors: Burkhart Harold E.
Published: August 2019

Foresters commonly wish to predict tree volume for various top diameters. However, tree volume equations are generally restricted to specific top limits. Further, volume equations for various top limits often cross illogically. This study was conducted with the objective of developing logically related cubic-foot volume estimates for any desired top diameter limit. The approach taken was to predict total stem volume and to convert total volume to merchantable volumes by applying predicted ratios. Results reported here enable users to employ relatively simple equations to obtain cubic-foot volume to any top diameter limit. Volume between any two specified diameters on the stem can be obtained by subtraction.
Geographic Variation in Disease Susceptibility of American Sycamore
Authors: Cooper D. T. , Filer T. H. , Wells O. O.
Published: August 2019

Leaf scorch, top dieback, and lethal bole cankers were found in two progeny tests of sycamore in Mississippi. Both tests indicated that southern seed sources are more disease resistant than northern seed sources and that some progenies within seed source have even greater resistance. Although eight organisms associated with one or more of the disease symptoms were identified, determination of the primary organism causing lethal cankers will require further research.
Brush Dams Reduce Sediment Production and Create Favorable Planting Sites
Authors: Rains Micheal T.
Published: August 2019

To study the utility of cedar brush dams in establishing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings for erosion control in north Mississippi, 155 1/2-acre plots were inventoried. Only 10 percent of the plots with brush dams had to be replanted. In comparison, 61 percent of plots without dams had to be replanted one or more times to ensure an adequate stand of trees. Seedlings planted behind dams grew 27 percent more through the first eight years than trees planted on surrounding slopes. Estimated sediment delivered to streams or functioning channels, five years after planting, was 2.6 times greater from plots without brush dams. The cost of brush dams ranged from $45 to $135 per acre.
Triadimefon Controls Fusiform Rust in Young Slash Pine Plantations
Authors: Rowan S. J.
Published: August 2019

Triadimefon (Bayleton®) effectively controlled fusiform rust in a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) plantation when three or more foliar sprays containing 600 ppm a.i. were applied annually (March to June) to runoff. Fewer foliar sprays and a top-dip applied at planting did not provide effective control of the disease. From the spray volumes applied over a five-year period, an estimated maximum of 505 mg a.i. triadimefon accumulated per tree. This amount did not reduce tree growth or survival.

South. J. Appl. For. 10:112-114, May 1986.
Rotation Age and Establishment Density for Planted Slash and Loblolly Pines
Authors: Bailey R. L.
Published: August 2019

The basic relationships between initial numbers of trees established, rotation age and subsequent stand yields, product volumes, and tree sizes are reviewed. Choice of planting density should be made jointly with choice of rotation age in order to maximize some financial criterion (net present value or internal rate of return) subject to any appropriate constraints associated with product and yield objectives. The use of isopleth charts in making the decisions is illustrated. Examples are given for slash pine on prepared sites in the lower coastal plain of Georgia and Florida and for loblolly pine in the West Gulf region on cutover, unprepared sites. Isopleth charts are also used to analyze the cost effectiveness of increasing initial survival at higher per-acre establishment costs. South J. Appl. For. 10:162-68. Aug. 1986.
A Comparison of the Effects of One-Step and Two-Step Pruning on Loblolly Pine Stem Form
Authors: Valenti Michael A. , Cao Quang V.
Published: August 2019

The effects of one-step and two-step pruning treatments on tree taper of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were compared in this study. Girard form class and a segmented taper equation were used as two measures of stem form. There was a significant difference in stem form between trees subjected to one-step and two-step pruning treatments at the 5% probability level. Trees pruned at ages 6 and 11 tapered less and yielded about 4% more cubic-foot volume and 9% more board-foot volume than trees pruned at age 11 of comparable diameters and heights. South. J. Appl. For. 10:251-253, Nov. 1986.
Site Index Curves for Direct-Seeded Slash Pines in Louisiana
Authors: Lohrey Richard E.
Published: August 2019

Site index equations were computed for slash pine stands established by direct seeding. The new equations are similar to existing ones for natural second-growth stands. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):15-17.
Thinning Increases Loblolly Pine Vigor and Resistance to Bark Beetles¹
Authors: Brown² M. W. , Nebeker T. E. , Honea C. R.
Published: August 2019

Twenty-seven 1-ac plots were thinned to a basal area of 70, 100, or 130 ft²/ac, and 9 plots were left unthinned to be used as a control. Changes in diameter growth, height growth, and oleoresin exudation pressure (OEP) are presented for the first 3 years following thinning. Height growth was lower in the thinned plots, but diameter growth in plots thinned to 70 and 100 ft²/ac was significantly greater than the unthinned plots and those thinned to 130 ft²/ac. OEP was also greater in thinned plots in the first two years; the difference was not significant in the third year. Introductions of southern pine beetles into the plots resulted in a significantly lower proportion of successful attacks in thinned plots in the first two years following thinning. It was concluded that increased tree vigor along with the increase in tree spacing following thinning does reduce susceptibility to southern pine beetle attack when stands are thinned to a basal area of 100ft²/ac or less. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):28-31
Regeneration Following Harvest on Nonindusrial Private Pine Sites in the South: A Diffusion of Innovations Perspective
Authors: Doolittle Larry , Straka Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

The "diffusion of innovations" model is used to explain differences between nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners who regenerated their pine stands following harvest and those who did not. It describes how new technologies and practices (regeneration in this case) are adopted by members of a social system. Differences between regenerators and nonregenerators are explained in terms of socioeconomic characteristics, personality variables, and communication behavior. The mass media are the most efficient means to reach NIPF owners, but foresters may have to employ personal contacts or individual mailings to affect NIPF regeneration decisions. Noneconomic models of NIPF landowner behavior can expand our understanding of the forces that shape NIPF timberland management practices. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):37-41.
Regenerating Wet Sites with Bare-Root and Containerized Loblolly Pine Seedlings¹
Authors: Yeiser J. L. , Paschke J. L.
Published: August 2019

Seedling survival on a 1983 planted test site with a perched water table was 99% for both containerized and bare-root seedlings planted in May after the perched water table receded and 15% for seedlings planted in February while soils were saturated. Also, differences in survival forMay 1984 plantings on an upland flatwoods site, a terrace along an ephemeral stream, and a river floodplain site, indicate that each site possesses inherent properties uniquely influencing seedling survival. After the perched water table had receded, first-year mean survival of containerized seedlings was 19% higher than for bare-root seedlings. Some families showed tolerance to excessive soil moisture and are probably well suited for general planting on wet sites. The higher cost of containerized seedlings can be justified if a replant or marginal survival can be avoided. SouthJ. Appl. For. 11(1): 52-56.
Nursery Seedbed Density Is Determined by Short-Term or Long-Term Objectives¹
Authors: Caulfield Jon P. , South David B. , Boyer James N.
Published: August 2019

Lowering nursery seedbed density can increase the proportion of high-quality (grade 1 and 2) seedlings relative to cull (grade 3) seedlings. Outplanting higher grade seedlings can increase survival and volume production. Lowering seedbed density from present levels may therefore increasestand value at rotation age. The relationship between four seedbed density levels (60, 90, 120, and 150 seedlings/lineal bed foot) is evaluated for slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine, and the impact of grade on growth performance is projected. An economic analysisdemonstrates how to determine the present value of the expenditure justified to alter seedbed density to obtain a projected future change in out-planting performance. Potential economic gains ranging from - $4.13 to $2 7.58 per thousand seedlings were derived by altering seedbeddensity from a base-level density of 120 seedlings/lineal bed foot. Positive values were associated with decreases in density and negative values with density increases. Site quality of outplanted areas plays a major role in determining the amount of the justifiable expenditure. South. J.Appl. For. 11(1):9-14.
County Logging and Tree Protection Ordinances in Georgia
Authors: Cubbage Frederick W. , Raney Kevin P.
Published: August 2019

Fourteen counties in Georgia have considered or enacted ordinances in the 1980s that regulate logging or trucking activities or that protect large trees from removal. The reasons for enactment of county ordinances are examined, the contents of the ordinances reviewed and summarized,and the implications discussed. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):76-82.
Third-Year Growth Response of Loblolly Pine to Eight Levels of Competition Control
Authors: Bacon Catherine G. , Zedaker Shepard M.
Published: August 2019

The growth response of young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to different amounts of competition control was studied in plantations of three ages in the Virginia Piedmont. Eight competition control treatments involved the removal of all, two-thirds, one-third, or none of the hardwoodstems either with or without herbaceous weed control. Results after three growing seasons showed a significant increase in pine diameter and volume growth with competition control. Treatments combining woody and herbaceous control resulted in better pine growth than the same treatments withoutherbaceous control, in the two youngest stands. The best response, obtained with the two-thirds woody plus herbaceous control treatment, resulted in: a 100% increase in volume growth over the check plots in seedlings treated at the beginning of their second growing season in the field; a 93% increase in one-year-old seedlings; and a 53% increase in the growth of seedlings treated before the third growing season. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):91-95.
Combining Inventory Data for Improved Estimates of Forest Resources
Authors: Thomas Charles E. , Rennie John C.
Published: August 2019

Foresters occasionally have two or more estimates of the same volume, basal area, or other quantities of interest from independent inventories. A variety of statistical techniques for combining such estimates recently have begun to receive attention in surveys of census characteristics,agriculture, and forestry. Results from two independent timber resource inventories in Wayne County, Tennessee, are reported along with their respective sampling errors. Methods for combining estimates along with example calculations are presented and discussed. Suggestions are made for theapplication of this procedure to other sampling problems. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):168-171.
Timber Prices in the U.S. South: Past Trends and Outlook for the Future
Authors: Binkley Clark S. , Vincent Jeffrey R.
Published: August 2019

Prior to World War II, prices of southern pine stumpage rose at a real rate of 4.6%/yr, and since that time they have risen at a real rate of 3.1%/yr. Prices for timber sold from private lands have apparently risen more rapidly than have prices for public timber. Seven forecasts of future price trends which use very different projection methods are reviewed. For the next two decades, these studies indicate an average annual rate of real price appreciation equal to 2.5%/yr. For the period between 1990 and 2010, the median estimate among these studies is 1.9%/yr. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):15-18.
Precommercial Thinning and Pruning of Appalachian Stump Sprouts—10-Year Results
Authors: Lamson Neil I.
Published: August 2019

In northern West Virginia, 7-year-old American basswood (Tilia americana L.) and 12-year-old red maple (Acer rubrum L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stump sprout clumps received one of four treatments: unthinned control; thinned to the best one or two codominant sprouts per clump; branch pruned up to 75% of total height; or thinned plus pruned. Analysis of 10-year growth data showed that height growth was not affected by any of the treatments. For all species, pruning slightly increased the length of clear stem and decreased periodic diameter growth. Thinning increased survival of basswood, red oak, and red maple crop stems. Thinning increased the 10-year diameter growth by 0.1 to 0.8 in. Recommendations for thinning 10- to 20-year-old sprout clumps are presented. Pruning is not recommended. In order to maintain maximum diameter growth, thinning individual sprout clumps should be followed by stand crop tree release in about 10 years. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):23-27.
Response of Newly Planted Loblolly Pines to Herbicide and Nitrogen
Authors: McKee William H. , Wilhite Larry P.
Published: August 2019

In three separate studies on the Lower Atlantic Coastal Plain, sites were sheared, root-raked, and bedded, and phosphorus was applied. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were planted, and nitrogen fertilizer and preemergence herbicide were applied at several different times.

In all three studies, loblolly pine responded positively in height, diameter, and aboveground biomass to herbicide applied in the spring following planting. Responses to nitrogen application were inconsistent. A pronounced increase in growth was found in only one study. There, a nitrogen and a herbicide treatment interacted to give a three-fold increase in aboveground seedling biomass after one growing season. The lack of response to nitrogen in the other two studies may be attributable to low rainfall in the spring after planting and mineralization of native nitrogen from soil organic matter. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):33-36.
Timing of Disturbance after Herbicide Applications for Chemical Site Preparation
Authors: Burch Patrick L. , Zedaker Shepard M.
Published: August 2019

Four herbicide combinations were screened for efficacy on selected hardwoods relative to four timings of postapplication disturbance. Garlon 4®, Garlon 4 plus Esteron 99®, Garlon 4 plus Tordon 101®, and Garlon 4 plus Tordon K® were applied in the spring to Piedmont and Coastal Plain sites in a replicated experiment. The best hardwood control was achieved when the disturbance occurred at least six to eight weeks after application. Chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) control was successfully predicted on the basis of leaf tissue moisture content and environmental data. Only Garlon 4 plus Esteron 99 failed to give good overall control of hardwood brush. South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):124-127.
Stem Form Changes in Unthinned Slash and Loblolly Pine Stands Following Midrotation Fertilization
Authors: Jack Steven B. , Stone Earl L. , Swindel Benee F.
Published: August 2019

Trees from fertilization experiments in four slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and two loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) stands were subjected to stem analysis. The stands were unthinned and were between 13 and 25 years old at time of treatment. Profiles of radial width and cross-sectional area were examined to determine whether fertilization changed stem form. Proportionally greater growth on the upper stems of fertilized trees in the years immediately after treatment led to underestimating response with conventional volume equations. After 5 or more years, however, form was little changed and a single volume equation was appropriate for both fertilized and unfertilized trees.² South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):90-97.
Matching Loblolly Pine Families to Regeneration Sites
Authors: Duzan Howard W. , Williams Claire G.
Published: August 2019

The family block system has several advantages that make it a desirable method for deploying genetically improved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Orchard and nursery productivity can be improved with family block management, and families can be matched to sites. Soil properties and productivity levels are criteria that should be used by foresters to decide where available families should best be planted. The appropriate strategy for matching individual families to sites is dependent on (1) the magnitude of genotype by environmental (G x E) interaction within the applicable breeding region, and (2) the identification of causal site factors. Given the absence of substantial family rank change, shorter orchard service life, and the high cost of edaphic screening, foresters are advised to plant the best half-sib families on the best sites. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):166-169.
Establishing Choctawhatchee Sand Pine Using Strip Site Preparation
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W.
Published: August 2019

A long-term (>10 yr) study in the Georgia sandhills shows that strip site preparation is benefit-cost effective in establishing Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata D. B. Ward) plantations. Costs can be reduced without detriment to survival or stand yield. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):178-181.
Using Break-even Analysis for Replanting Decisions in Damaged Pine Stands
Authors: Caulfield Jon P. , Teeter Lawrence D.
Published: August 2019

A break-even technique based on land expectation value is used to evaluate the economic consequences of plantation replant/no-replant decisions following a catastrophic loss. The after-tax break-even point, defined as the percentage volume loss incurred before it pays to replant, initially increases with stand age, levels off for several years, then decreases late in the rotation. The cost of an incorrect replant/no-replant decision follows a similar pattern, and is small when actual mortality is close to the break-even point. The break-even point and the cost of a wrong decision at a given stand age are both strongly influenced by the cost of capital. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):186-189.
Impact of Fusiform Rust on Product Yields of Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Geron C. D. , Hafley W. L.
Published: August 2019

The effects of fusiform rust on product yields from loblolly pine plantations are modeled in four stages: The additional mortality caused by the disease; additional infection observable after age five (the age from which increased mortality is estimated); a probability density function to describe gall heights on infected stems; and a merchandising routine based on specific milling practice assumptions and merchandising strategies. These processes are then incorporated into the North Carolina State University Managed Loblolly Pine Plantation Growth and Yield Simulator, and the effect of various levels of rust incidence on product yields in unthinned stands simulated. Yield of solid product decreased sharply across plantations with increasing infection. Pulp yields increased because of infected stem components that could only be utilized for this product. South J. Appl. For. 12(4):226-231
The Term Structure of Interest Rates and the Evaluation of Forestry Investments: A Note
Authors: Zinkhan F. Christian
Published: August 2019

The forestry literature generally assumes that the appropriate discount rate to be used in the estimation of a given investment's net present value is the same over its lifetime. However, the values of many alternative investments such as stocks and bonds often reflect term structures that are not flat. That is, the relationship between the number of years to maturity of an investment and that investment's required rate of return is often a significant consideration. This note suggests a procedure for incorporating a consideration of the term structure of interest rates into the determination of a discount rate specific to each annual net cash flow associated with a given long-term forestry investment. Using an actual 10-year case analysis, it was found that the valuation of a timberland tract varied by approximately 11%, depending upon whether or not the term structure of interest rates was recognized. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):256-258.
Loblolly Pine Plantation Development is Influenced by Site Preparation and Soils in the West Gulf Coastal Plain
Authors: Haywood James D. , Burton James D.
Published: August 2019

Productivity of upland loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations was studied under seven site preparation treatments and five soil classes, with and without fertilizer, in the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Generally, the chop-burn-harrow and shear-windrow-harrow treatments resulted in themost basal area (ave. 112 ft²/ac), but the chop-burn-harrow treatment produced the most fiber (2,109 ft³/ac) after 12 growing seasons. Harrowing as an additional treatment after chopping-and-burning increased productivity by 394 ft³/ac over the chop-burn treatment. The leastproductive treatments were underplant-inject and shear-windrow. Generally, basal area per acre was comparatively high on the silty, slowly permeable clay, and very slowly permeable clay soils (ave. 105 ft ²/ac). Two of the soils, silty and slowly permeable clay, had comparatively highvolume production (ave. 1,878 ft³/ac). The least productive sites had gravelly subsoils. Generally, phosphorus fertilization did not influence pine productivity. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):17-21.
Predicted Genetic Gains from one Generation of Slash Pine Tree Improvement
Authors: Hodge G. R. , White T. L. , Powell G. L. , De Souza S. M.
Published: August 2019

Gains over unimproved seed for progeny from first generation--un-rogued, first generation--rogued, and one and one-half generation orchards of slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) for individual tree volume at 15 years are predicted to be 10%, 15%, and 19%, respectively. Rustinfection of orchard progeny on sites where unimproved material incurs 50% infection are predicted to be 49%, 41%, and 35% for the three orchard types. Using a growth and yield model that incorporates fusiform rust, gains in individual tree volume and increased rust resistance were combinedto estimate effects on per acre yields. Percent volume per acre gains are predicted to be 7.0%, 13.2%, and 18.0% for the three orchard types. Collection and deployment of the most rust resistant seed to high rust hazard sites raises the gain on these sites and becomes increasingly beneficialas the rust hazard increases. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1): 51-56.
Chemicals for Control of Common Insect and Mite Pests in Southern Pine Nurseries
Authors: Bacon Catherine G. , South David B.
Published: August 2019

Several pests of agricultural crops can cause low-level and occasionally catastrophic damage in southern pine nurseries. Although cultural control methods can help prevent or minimize pest damage, chemical control methods are sometimes needed. To effectively control these pests, nurserymanagers need up-to-date information on the rates and costs of the pesticides that are legal for use on trees. Pesticides currently labeled for controlling eight common pests of pine seedlings are listed along with their approximate costs. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):112-116.
Tree Size and Species, Stand Volume, and Tract Size: Effects on Southern Harvesting Costs
Authors: Cubbage Frederick W. , Greene W. Dale , Lyon John P.
Published: August 2019

Timber harvesting production rates and equipment and labor costs were used to estimate average logging costs for a variety of tract volumes and sizes, stand structures, and tree species. Average costs were estimated for conventional logging systems typical in the South. Regression analysiswas used to identify significant factors affecting the costs for each system. Highly mechanized systems were generally cheapest for harvesting southern pines, but were not much cheaper for harvesting hardwoods. Hardwoods were substantially more expensive to harvest, as were tracts of lessthan 250 cords in total volume. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):145-152.
Root Growth Potential, First-Year Survival, and Growth of Shortleaf Pine Seedlings Show Effects of Life Date, Storage, and Family
Authors: Hallgren S. W. , Tauer C. G.
Published: August 2019

Root growth potential (RGP), and first-year field survival and growth of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seedlings were significantly affected by lift date, storage, and family. Seedlings lifted in December and January showed highest RGP, survival, and growth. Storage for 28 daysalways reduced survival and growth, and the effect was greatest for late-lifted seedlings. However, for late planting, the difference in performance between freshly lifted seedlings and earlier lifted and stored seedlings may be small. Large family differences existed for seasonal changesin RGP and survival, suggesting separate management by family may be beneficial. The presence of a terminal bud and secondary needles showed little value in predicting seedling performance, whereas RGP and number of primary lateral roots were strongly correlated with seedling survival. South.J. Appl. For. 13(4):163-169.
The Impact of Federal and State Income Taxes on Timber Income in the South Following the 1986 Tax Reform Act
Authors: Bettinger Pete , Haney Harry L. , Siegel William C.
Published: August 2019

The 1988 federal and state income tax liabilities for hypothetical forest landowners in two federal income tax brackets, each with and without timber sale revenue, were calculated for the 14 southern states. At the medium income level, the state portion of total income tax liability(without timber sale revenue) ranges from 9% in Louisiana to 20% in North Carolina. With timber sale revenue, it ranges from 7% in Louisiana to 17% in North Carolina. At the high income level, the state portion of total income taxes (without timber sale revenue) ranged from 7% in Louisianato 16% in North Carolina, and with timber sale revenue, from 6% in Louisiana to 15% in North Carolina. Capital gains exclusions, deductions for federal income taxes, tax rates and schedules, standard deductions, and personal exemptions are the most important provisions for reducing state incometax liability. The installment sale method of reporting income was used as one alternative tax planning strategy for spreading timber sale revenue over a 2-year period. The purpose was to smooth cash flows and reduce the amount of income subject to higher marginal tax rates. Georgia taxpayerselecting the installment sale method of reporting in a hypothetical case saved $1,203 and $585 in total income taxes for the medium and high income levels, respectively. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):196-203.
Comparison of Slash Pine and Loblolly Pine Performance on Cutover Site-Prepared Sites in the Coastal Plain of Georgia and Florida
Authors: Borders Bruce E. , Harrison William M.
Published: August 2019

Age 8 measurements and analysis are reported and discussed for a large side-by-side loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)/slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) species comparison study. It is shown that loblolly pine performed better than slash pine in CRIFF soil groups A, D, F, and G whileslash pine and loblolly pine performed similarly in CRIFF soil groups B and C. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):204-207.
Basal Area Growth Estimators for Survivor Component: A Quality Control Application
Authors: Thomas Charles E. , Roesch Francis A.
Published: August 2019

Several possible estimators are available for basal area growth of survivor trees, when horizontal prism (or point plots (HPP) are remeasured. This study's comparison of three estimators not only provides a check for the estimate of basal area growth but suggests that they can provide a quality control indicator for yield procedures. An example is derived from remeasurements in Alabama for the Southern Forest Experiment Station by Forest Inventory and Analysis. Remeasurements are for 1962-72 and 1972-82. It is suggested that computation of two or perhaps all three of the estimators be routinely incorporated in analysis of remeasured HPP data. Use of the two elemental estimators can provide a quality assurance check on field procedures. South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):12-18.
Effects of Pollen Viability and Vigor on Seed Production of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Moody W. R. , Jett J. B.
Published: August 2019

Agar germination testing and pollen respiration were good predictors of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) pollen germination in vivo (R2 = 0.82 and 0.70) and total seed (R2 = 0.88 and 0.81). These tests were less accurate when used to predict percent filled seed (R2 = 0.79 and 0 85). Pollen age in this study (stored at 6-8% moisture and 3.30 C) was linearly related to percent empty seed (r2 = 0.65). South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):33-38.
Virginia Pines and Cattle Grazing—An Agroforestry Opportunity
Authors: Pearson Henry A. , Prince Thomas E. , Todd Clyde M.
Published: August 2019

Virginia pines (Christmas trees) and cattle can be economically produced on the same land if the trees are protected with electric fences from grazing, trampling, and rubbing. Without protective the combined operation is uneconomical, supporting the concept that "Christmas trees and cattle do not mix." The results from this study are mainly applicable to situations where the landowner is already in the livestock business but interested in diversifying into other alternative enterprises which can improve economics and management or marketing flexibility. The reverse, adding cattle to a Christmas tree business, is not suggested due to the additional investments needed for land, facilities, and livestock. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):55-59.
An Economic Analysis of Southern Pine Beetle Suppression Activity on the Gulf Coastal Plain National Forests During 1985 and 1986
Authors: Redmond Clair H. , Nettleton Wesley A.
Published: August 2019

The 1985-1986 southern pine beetle suppression projects were analyzed on the national forests in the Gulf Coastal Plain. Project costs during that time were $11.6 million, and benefits of control were estimated at $45.5 million. Such a relationship yielded a benefit-cost ratio of 3.9:1 at a 4% real rate of return and 2.6:1 at 7 1/8%. Volume saved as a result of the suppression projects was estimated at 665,000 mbf (Scribner). Total cost per acre, including suppression and regeneration expenses, was $224. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):70-73.
Nursery Fertilization and Top Pruning of Slash Pine Seedlings
Authors: Duryea Mary L.
Published: August 2019

Top pruning, growing-season fertilization, and fall fertilization were investigated in a Florida nursery to determine the effects on crop yield, morphology, nutrition, and field performance. Top pruning improved crop yield by reducing the number of cull seedlings. Top-pruned seedlings were smaller in diameter, height, and weight and had an increased number of multiple tops. In the field, top-pruned seedlings had the same survival and height growth, and after 3 years the percentage with multiple tops was the same as nonpruned seedlings. From these results, top pruning seems to be a nondetrimental practice for controlling height and producing a uniform crop in the nursery. Reducing growing-season fertilization slightly decreased shoot height, but not as much as top pruning. Also, these seedlings had reduced foliar nitrogen (N) concentration and content and grew less after 1 year in the field indicating that cutting back on N in the nursery may not be a beneficial way to control height. Fall fertilization in the nursery increased N in seedlings but did not affect growth or survival in the field. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):73-76.
An Economic Analysis of the Conservation Reserve Program in South Georgia
Authors: Redmond Clair , Cubbage Frederick W. , Ullrich Richard D.
Published: August 2019

The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) pays farm landowners to plant trees or grasses instead of crops on highly erodible farm rand. We analyzed the returns to these investments for farm owners and the economic effects on farm communities. On a per-acre return on investment, trees usually had a superior discounted value to cash crops at both a 4% and 10% discount rate. The CRP policies reduced total regional income attributable to farmland in most years of a timber investment. These impacts ranged from 0.07% to - 0.76% on a "crop weighted average acre." In years in which trees were harvested, however, the CRP had a positive effect on the economy, ranging from 0.06% to 10.6%. We may assume that timber under the CRP will be harvested over a number of years rather than in a particular thinning and harvesting year; therefore, economic fluctuations are less severe. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):137-142.
Streamline Basal Application of Herbicide for Small-Stem Hardwood Control
Authors: Miller James H.
Published: August 2019

The effectiveness of low-volume basal application of herbicide—"streamline" application—was evaluated on 25 hardwood species and loblolly pine. Test mixtures were step-wise rates of Garlon 4 mixed in diesel fuel with a penetrant added. Most comparisons tested 10%, 20%, and 30% mixtures of Garlon 4, while tests with saplings and small trees used 20%, 30%, and 40%. Target stems ranged from 2 ft tall to 6 in. dbh. Applications were made in February, using pressure-regulated handguns equipped with straight stream nozzles attached to backpack sprayers. Two bands of the herbicide mixture were applied to two sides of all stems.

After 18 months, susceptible hardwood species with greater than 80% average control at all three Garlon rates were water oak (Quercus nigra), am. hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), boxelder (Acer negundo), huckleberry (Vaccinium elliottii), sumacs (Rhus spp.), southern bayberry (Myrica cerifera), and mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia). Tolerant species with less than 40% control were sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), titi (Cliftonia monophylia), and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) (>1 in. groundline diameter). Treatment of loblolly pines resulted in an average of 22% mortality. Smaller stems were more readily killed than larger stems for all species. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):161-165.
Flower Stimulation Treatments in a Loblolly Pine Seed Orchard
Authors: Wheeler N. C. , Bramlett D. L.
Published: August 2019

Flowering in conifer seed orchards may be sporadic and insufficient to meet reforestation needs at early ages. Consequently, considerable effort has been made to develop cultural treatments to enhance flowering in operational seed orchards. For a number of species, flower-promoting technology is well-defined. This study evaluated two known technologies, currently in use for other species, for flower-promoting effects in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). A replicated experiment was installed in a 10-year-old, second-generation loblolly pine seed orchard at Lyons, GA. Overlapping, saw-cut girdles and stem-injected GA4/7 were applied alone, and in combination, to main boles of ramets of four clones. Timing of treatments was evaluated using four treatment dates. All treatments significantly enhanced female flower production, relative to controls, although girdling was clearly the most effective single treatment. There was no treatment effect on pollen production. Timing of treatment is important but may require evaluation on a site-by-site basis. Tree health 1 year after treatment was excellent, although clonal sensitivity to some treatments was noted. Use of flower stimulation techniques is recommended, particularly for younger loblolly pine orchards. South J. Appl. For. 15(1):44-50.
Fusiform Rust Incidence in Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in East Texas
Authors: Arabatzis Alexandros A. , Gregoire Timothy G. , Lenhart J. David
Published: August 2019

A method to predict the incidence of fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) in unthinned loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliotti Englem.) plantations located on non-old-fields in East Texas is presented. In addition, procedures are described to estimate changes in rust incidence over time as: 1. A rust-free tree remains rust free, develops stem or branch galls, or dies. 2. A tree with branch galls remains with branch galls only, develops stem galls, or dies. 3. A tree with stem galls remains with stem galls, or dies. Multinomial logistic regression models utilizing basic plantation parameters as predictors were fit to estimate current rust incidence and, then, the change in rust condition over time. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):79-84.
Electrical Conductivity of Five Concentrations of Two Glyphosate-Containing Herbicides
Authors: Lautenschlager R. A. , Schaertl G. Richard
Published: August 2019

Measuring conductivity of spray solutions of amine herbicides helps assure proper mixing prior to application thus providing additional quality control to operational herbicide programs. Electrical conductivity was determined for seven concentrations (0-15% v:v) of Accord® and Accord® CR herbicides in aqueous solution with three concentrations (0-1% v:v) of either Cide-Kick II™ or Ortho X-77 Spreader® surfactants. Conductivity (μS cm-1) of these solutions, determined at five solution temperatures (5°-25°C), increased 738.7 μS cm-1 and 164.9 μS cm-1 for each 1% increase in herbicide concentration and each 1°C increase in temperature. Conductivity decreased 212.3 μS cm-1 for each 1% increase in surfactant concentration. The conductivity of Accord CR was 100.5 μS cm-1 greater than Accord; conductivity of Cide-Kick II was 82.3 μS cm-1 greater than X-77. The equations presented enable foresters to verify proper concentration and mixing of these herbicide and surfactant solutions for temperatures likely to occur in the field if water source conductivity is ≤300 μS cm-1. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):85-88.
Economic Comparison of Natural and Planted Regeneration of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Dangerfield Coleman W. , Edwards M. Boyd
Published: August 2019

The need for low cost, ecologically sound, pine regeneration alternatives for adoption on Non-Industrial Private Forest (NIPF) lands is urgent. Seed tree and shelterwood methods of loblolly pine regeneration were examined by profitability analysis. Each were shown to be good investments. Also, a profitability comparison was made between natural regeneration and planted stands. Natural loblolly regeneration is financially competitive with clearcut and plant silviculture. The internal rate of return (IRR) was 10.8% for natural regeneration and 10.1% for site preparation and planting, after taxes and adjustment for inflation. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):125-127.
Competing Vegetation and Pine Growth Response to Silvicultural Treatments in a Six-Year-Old Piedmont Loblolly Pine Plantation
Authors: Fredericksen Todd S. , Allen H. Lee , Wentworth Thomas R.
Published: August 2019

Combinations of two levels of site preparation (chop vs. shear, pile, and disk) with two levels of herbicide application (annual applications vs. none) resulted in distinct communities of competing vegetation, as well as differential pine growth in a six-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation in the North Carolina Piedmont. Chopping resulted in communities dominated by hardwood tree species, while shear-pile-disk led to a more even distribution among competing plant growth forms. Herbicide treatment reduced the overall amount of vegetation substantially, but dramatically increased the relative abundance of certain species, many of which are known to be resistant to the herbicides used. Trees, especially hardwoods, had a significant negative impact on the current growth increment of planted pines. No significant relationships were detected between pine growth and amounts of other growth forms of competing vegetation, such as forbs, grasses, shrubs, or vines. Shear-pile-disk-treated plots had higher species richness, evenness, and diversity than chopped plots, particularly on plots not treated with herbicide. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):138-144.
Storing Loblolly Pine Pollen
Authors: Bramlett David L. , Matthews Frederick R.
Published: August 2019

A series of controlled-pollination tests with fresh pollen and pollen stored for up to 10 years demonstrates the conditions required to maintain high pollen viability and vigor. During handling, freshly extracted pollen is highly resistant to exposure to temperatures up to 50°C for as long as 24 hours. Moisture content must be reduced to less than 10% prior to storage. It can then be held in a refrigerator at 3°C for up to 1 year in a container that maintains low moisture content. For longer storage, dried pollen should be placed in tightly closed glass or plastic bottles and held at -20°C. Pollen can be stored in vacuum-sealed ampules at 3°C for at least 10 years. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):153-157.
The Influence of Woody and Herbaceous Competition on Early Growth of Naturally Regenerated Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines
Authors: Cain M. D.
Published: August 2019

Four levels of competition control were used to study the response of naturally regenerated loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) in southern Arkansas. Treatments included: (1) Check (no competition control), (2) woody competition control, (3) herbaceous competition control, and (4) total control of nonpine vegetation. Herbaceous plants were controlled for 4 consecutive years, and woody plants were controlled for 5 years. Control of herbaceous vegetation resulted in significant increases in pine height, groundline diameter (GLD), and volume per tree. Control of only woody competition did not improve pine growth compared to untreated checks. After 5 years, pines on total control plots had significantly larger GLDs and significantly more volume per tree compared to pines on any other treatment. Pine growth gains were achieved with herbaceous competition control and total control of nonpine vegetation although these two treatments averaged 4,000 more pines/ac, in trees taller than 5 ft, than the other two treatments. Results of this investigation represent a unique standard of pine growth to which operational treatments might be compared. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):179-185.
Comparison of Herbicide Treatments for Controlling Common Coastal Plain Flatwoods Species
Authors: Shiver Barry D. , Knowe Steven A. , Edwards M. Boyd , Kline William N.
Published: August 2019

A study was conducted to identify optimum picloram-triclopyr combinations for use on the following flatwoods species: gallberry (Ilex glabra [L.] Gray), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens [Bartram] Small), vacciniums (Vaccinium spp.), waxmyrtle (Myrica cerifera L.), fetterbush (Lyonia lucida [Lam.] K. Koch), staggerbush (Lyonia ferruginea [Water] Nutall), and sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana L). More than 70% control of gallberry, saw palmetto, vacciniums, waxmyrtle, and sweetbay was obtained with 4.0 lb a.e./ac of triclopyr alone. At least 1.0 lb of picloram combined with 1.0 lb or more of triclopyr was required to achieve 70% or greater control of fetterbush and staggerbush. The picloram formulation including 2,4-D (Tordon 101®) was more effective than the formulation without 2,4-D (Tordon K®) on saw palmetto, vacciniums and waxmyrtle. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):187-193.
Spot-Size of Herbaceous Control Impacts Loblolly Pine Seedling Survival and Growth
Authors: Dougherty Phillip M. , Lowery Robert F.
Published: August 2019

Two studies were installed at diverse locations to evaluate the seedling-centered area of herbaceous vegetation control needed to optimize seedling survival and growth. Study site I, established in 1986, was located on an upland Piedmont site in northeast Georgia. Study site II, established in 1985, was located on an alluvial site in southeastern Oklahoma. Treatments applied on both sites were: a no vegetation control check, and competition control in seedling-centered spots 2, 4, 6, and 8 ft in diameter. After 3 years in the field at the Georgia site, trees in the 6 and 8 ft diameter spot treatments averaged 13% to 15% better survival, 49% to 64% larger diameters at breast height (dbh), and 19% to 24% greater height than trees in the check treatments. On the Oklahoma site, after 3 years in the field, survival in treatments receiving vegetation control ranged from 41% to 56% greater survival than in the check treatment. Height in the 4, 6, and 8 ft diameter spot treatments averaged 32% to 47% taller, and dbh was 238 to 425% larger than those in the check. Most of the gain in survival was obtained with only a 2 ft diameter spot size at the Oklahoma location. At the Georgia installation, a 6 to 8 ft diameter spot size treatment was required to obtain a significant increase in survival. Diameter and height responses at both locations increased in proportion to the area treated with herbicide. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):193-199.