bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can a ‘wintering area effect’ explain population status of Swainson's hawks? A stable isotope approach
Authors: Sarasola José Hernán , Negro Juan José , Hobson Keith A. , Bortolotti Gary R. , Bildstein Keith L.
Published: February 2009

It has been suggested that declines in breeding populations of Swainson's hawks (Buteo swainsoni) in California, Oregon, and Nevada may be due to differential mortality of hawks on their wintering grounds. Although massive mortality incidents reported on the wintering grounds partially support this suggestion, there are no data showing differential use of wintering areas by breeding populations of Swainson's hawks. We used stable‐hydrogen isotope analysis of feathers to determine whether large flocks of hawks wintering in Argentina consisted of a mixture of individuals from across the North American breeding range or consisted of individuals from discrete breeding populations. We found that flocks of wintering Swainson's hawks consisted of a mixture of individuals. The lack of connectivity between populations of breeding and wintering hawks suggests that high wintering mortality, either natural or human‐induced, is unlikely to have direct consequences on a single breeding area in North America. The demographic effects of winter mortality should be ‘diluted’ across the entire breeding range of Swainson's hawks.
Evaluating extreme risks in invasion ecology: learning from banking compliance
Authors: Franklin James , Sisson Scott A. , Burgman Mark A. , Martin Jennifer K.
Published: February 2009

Increasing international trade has exacerbated the risks of ecological damage due to invasive pests and diseases. For extreme events such as invasions of damaging exotic species or natural catastrophes, there are no or very few directly relevant data, so expert opinion must be relied on heavily. Expert opinion must be as fully informed and calibrated as possible – by available data, by other experts, and by the reasoned opinions of stakeholders. We survey a number of quantitative and non‐quantitative methods that have shown promise for improving extreme risk analysis, particularly for assessing the risks of invasive pests and pathogens associated with international trade. We describe the legally inspired regulatory regime for banks, where these methods have been brought to bear on extreme ‘operational risks’. We argue that an ‘advocacy model’ similar to that used in the Basel II compliance regime for bank operational risks and to a lesser extent in biosecurity import risk analyses is ideal for permitting the diversity of relevant evidence about invasive species to be presented and soundly evaluated. We recommend that the process be enhanced in ways that enable invasion ecology to make more explicit use of the methods found successful in banking.
Thinking with images in non‐representational cities: vignettes from Berlin
Authors: Latham Alan , McCormack Derek P
Published: February 2009

Thinking about and with images has long been central to the practice of geographical fieldwork. This paper considers how the participation of images in urban‐based fieldwork might be understood in the wake of non‐representational theories. Drawing upon our experience of co‐teaching an urban‐based field course in Berlin, we discuss three ways in which such theories allow us to make more of the participation of images in the thinking‐spaces of urban fieldwork. Specifically, we consider how images afford opportunities for attending to everyday ecologies of materials and things; for thinking through the rhythms of urban environments; and for producing affective archives. In concluding we suggest that thinking with images in urban fieldwork can be understood as part of the elaboration of ecologies of non‐representational ethico‐aesthetic practices.
Polymorphisms in the Renin‐Angiotensin System and Migraine in Women
Authors: Schürks Markus , Zee Robert Y. L. , Buring Julie E. , Kurth Tobias
Published: February 2009

Background.— Recent findings suggest an association between the renin‐angiotensin system and migraine. However, genetic studies are scarce and controversial.

Objective.— To investigate the association between the AGTR1 1166A > C and AGT Met235Thr polymorphisms with migraine and migraine aura status.

Methods.— We performed an association study among 25,000 Caucasian US women, participating in the Women's Health Study, with information on the AGTR1 1166A > C and AGT Met235Thr polymorphisms. Migraine and migraine aura status were self‐reported. We distinguished between any history of migraine, active migraine with aura, active migraine without aura, and prior migraine (history of migraine, but not in the year prior to baseline). We used logistic regression to investigate the genotype–migraine association.

Results.— At baseline, 4577 (18.3%) women reported any history of migraine; 39.5% of the 3226 women with active migraine indicated aura. The polymorphisms were not associated with migraine or migraine‐specific subgroups. We also did not find a significant interaction between the polymorphisms.

Conclusions.— Data from this large cohort of Caucasian women do not suggest an association of polymorphisms in the renin‐angiotensin system with migraine or aura status. Future studies should focus on haplotype analyses and additional gene–gene as well as gene–environment interactions.
NOVEL ICE‐BINDING PROTEINS FROM A PSYCHROPHILIC ANTARCTIC ALGA (CHLAMYDOMONADACEAE, CHLOROPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Raymond James A. , Janech Michael G. , Fritsen Christian H.
Published: February 2009

Many cold‐adapted unicellular plants express ice‐active proteins, but at present, only one type of such proteins has been described, and it shows no resemblance to higher plant antifreezes. Here, we describe four isoforms of a second and very active type of extracellular ice‐binding protein (IBP) from a unicellular chlamydomonad alga collected from an Antarctic intertidal location. The alga is a euryhaline psychrophile that, based on sequences of the alpha tubulin gene and an IBP gene, appears to be the same as a snow alga collected on Petrel Island, Antarctica. The IBPs, which do not resemble any known antifreezes, have strong recrystallization inhibition activity and have an ability to slow the drainage of brine from sea ice. These properties, by maintaining liquid environments, may increase survival of the cells in freezing environments. The IBPs have a repeating TXT motif, which has previously been implicated in ice binding in insect antifreezes and a ryegrass antifreeze.
SEASONAL VARIABILITY IN POLYUNSATURATED ALDEHYDE PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AMONG STRAINS OF SKELETONEMA MARINOI (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Taylor Rebecca L. , Abrahamsson Katarina , Godhe Anna , Wängberg Sten‐Åke
Published: February 2009

The cosmopolitan bloom‐forming diatom Skeletonema marinoi Sarno et Zingone is known to produce toxic polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) in response to cell damage that can affect a diverse suite of organisms, including grazing species and competitor plankton species. The production of PUAs in nine different S. marinoi strains isolated at three different times of the year (spring, summer, and autumn) was assessed in relation to the predominant conditions at the time of isolation from Gullmar Fjord, Skagerrak. During the initial stages of growth, PUA production potential of S. marinoi was generally the highest in summer strains, although there was a substantial variation among strains isolated at the same time. Spring strains, however, showed a strong capacity for increased PUA production potential in later stage cultures with diminishing nutrient levels, reaching amounts similar to those observed in summer strains. In contrast, PUA production potentials of summer and autumn strains did not change significantly from the original values. There is negligible grazing pressure during the spring bloom in Gullmar Fjord, but a potential for high competition for resources, such as nutrients, toward the later stages of the bloom. In contrast, grazing pressure is much greater during summer and autumn, and there may also be nutrient limitation at this time. The PUA production potentials of S. marinoi appear to reflect the ecological conditions at the time of isolation with higher production potentials in strains isolated when conditions were likely to be less beneficial for survival.
A CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) GENE FROM THE RED ALGA PORPHYRA YEZOENSIS (RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Roberts Eric , Roberts Alison W.
Published: February 2009

The cell walls of Porphyra species, like those of land plants, contain cellulose microfibrils that are synthesized by clusters of cellulose synthase enzymes (“terminal complexes”), which move in the plasma membrane. However, the morphologies of the Porphyra terminal complexes and the cellulose microfibrils they produce differ from those of land plants. To characterize the genetic basis for these differences, we have identified, cloned, and sequenced a cellulose synthase (CESA) gene from Porphyra yezoensis Ueda strain TU‐1. A partial cDNA sequence was identified in the P. yezoensis expressed sequence tag (EST) index using a land plant CESA sequence as a query. High‐efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR was used to amplify sequences upstream of the cDNA sequence from P. yezoensis genomic DNA. Using the resulting genomic sequences as queries, we identified additional EST sequences and a full‐length cDNA clone, which we named PyCESA1. The conceptual translation of PyCESA1 includes the four catalytic domains and the N‐ and C‐terminal transmembrane domains that characterize CESA proteins. Genomic PCR demonstrated that PyCESA1 contains no introns. Southern blot analysis indicated that P. yezoensis has at least three genomic sequences with high similarity to the cloned gene; two of these are pseudogenes based on analysis of amplified genomic sequences. The P. yezoensis CESA peptide sequence is most similar to cellulose synthase sequences from the oomycete Phytophthora infestans and from cyanobacteria. Comparing the CESA genes of P. yezoensis and land plants may facilitate identification of sequences that control terminal complex and cellulose microfibril morphology.
COASTAL DIATOM‐ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS IN THE BRACKISH BALTIC SEA1
Authors: Ulanova Anna , Busse Svenja , Snoeijs Pauli
Published: February 2009

High‐quality calibration data sets are required when diatom assemblages are used for monitoring ecological change or reconstructing palaeo‐environments. The quality of such data sets can be validated, in addition to other criteria, by the percentage of significant unimodal species responses as a measure of the length of an environmental gradient. This study presents diatom‐environment relationships analyzed from a robust data set of diatom communities living on submerged stones along a 2,000 km long coastline in the Baltic Sea area, including 524 samples taken at 135 sites and covering a salinity gradient from 0.4 to 11.4. Altogether, 487 diatom taxa belonging to 102 genera were recorded. Detrended canonical correspondence analysis showed that salinity was the overriding environmental factor regulating diatom community composition, while exposure to wave action and nutrient concentrations were of secondary importance. Modeling the abundances of the 58 most common diatom taxa yielded significant relationships with salinity for 57 taxa. Twenty‐three taxa showing monotonic responses were species with optimum distributions in freshwater or marine waters. Thirty‐four taxa showing unimodal responses were brackish‐water species with maximum distributions at different salinities. Separate analyses for small (cell biovolume <1,000 μm3) and large (≥1,000 μm3) taxa yielded similar results. In previous studies along shorter salinity gradients, large and small epilithic diatom taxa responded differently. From our large data, we conclude that counts of large diatom taxa alone seem sufficient for indicating salinity changes in coastal environments with high precision.
Predicting Postprandial Lipemia in Healthy Adults and in At‐Risk Individuals With Components of the Cardiometabolic Syndrome
Authors: Scott Rector R. , Linden Melissa A. , Zhang John Q. , Warner Shana O. , Altena Thomas S. , Smith Bryan K. , Ziogas George G. , Liu Ying , Thomas Tom R.
Published: February 2009

To determine whether a single‐point triglyceride (TG) concentration could estimate the 8‐hour postprandial lipemic (PPL) response, men and women performed baseline PPL (n=188) and postexercise PPL (n=92) trials. Correlations were generated between TG concentrations at baseline and at various time points after a high‐fat meal vs 8‐hour area under the TG curve (TG‐AUC) and peak TG level. Stepwise multiple regression and bootstrap simulations using TG level and additional predictor variables of sex, age, percentage of body fat, training status, and maximal oxygen consumption indicated that the 4‐hour TG concentrations accounted for >90% of the variance in TG‐AUC and peak TG responses during the PPL trials. Equations were confirmed by cross‐validation in healthy as well as at‐risk individuals with components of the cardiometabolic syndrome. Our data suggest that the 4‐hour TG value is highly related to the total 8‐hour PPL response and can be used for accurate estimation of PPL in a clinical or research setting.
Adverse neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants: risk factor profiles for different gestational ages
Authors: Kiechl‐Kohlendorfer U , Ralser E , Peglow U Pupp , Reiter G , Trawöger R
Published: February 2009

Aim: Assessment of risk predictors for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year of age in preterm infants with a gestational age <30 weeks (Group I) and 30–32 weeks (Group II).

Methods: Between January 2003 and December 2006, we prospectively enrolled 310 live‐born infants between 23 and 32 weeks of gestation. The association between candidate risk factors and delayed motor or mental development (Bayley Scales of infant development II; psychomotor or mental developmental index <85) was analysed by means of logistic regression analysis.

Results: Two hundred and fifty infants were eligible for follow‐up, and 205 (82.0%) completed the follow‐up visit. Intracerebral haemorrhage, small for gestational age and late‐onset sepsis were associated with an increased risk for delayed development in Group I (p < 0.05, each). Premature rupture of membranes was a risk condition relevant to Group II. Antenatal steroids were associated with a decreased risk of neurodevelopmental delay in both groups.

Conclusion: This study identified distinct risk factors for adverse outcome in preterm infants of lower (<30 weeks) and higher (30–32 weeks) gestational age. In the lower gestational age group, neonatal risk predictors are most important. Antenatal steroids appear to decrease the risk for adverse outcome in both age groups.
Midwives' reported practice supporting the first breastfeed
Authors: Cooke Marie , Cantrill Ruth M. , Creedy Debra K.
Published: February 2009

Birthing room practices can either hinder or promote the initiation of breastfeeding. In Australia, midwives usually support mothers and newborns with the first breastfeed. The aim of this paper is to explore midwives reported practice, assisting mothers initiate breastfeeding in the birthing room. A self‐report questionnaire that included open‐ended questions was mailed to a national sample of Australian midwives. Open‐ended responses to questions related to a birthing room practice scenario were analysed using content analysis to facilitate thematic description. Midwives reported that at the immediate time of birth, they offered support and choice to mothers. The midwives also identified that their practice was often impacted on by workplace structures and these were often barriers to their role at this time. Some midwives indicated that they would use a ‘hands‐off’ approach at birth, although others indicated ways in which they would intervene including some who reported a ‘hands‐on’ approach to assist mothers with the first breastfeed as soon as possible after birth. Lactation education support for midwives is required to change workplace culture and improve practice. More research is needed to establish best practice to support mothers with the first breastfeed. It could be that some level of ‘hands‐on’ help provided skillfully may be effective. More research is needed to investigate the effect of ‘hands‐on’ help described by skillful experienced midwives, and association with sustained problem free breastfeeding.
Effects of socio‐economic and behavioural factors on childhood malnutrition in Yemen
Authors: Sunil T. S.
Published: February 2009

This study examined the effects of socio‐economic and behavioural factors on childhood malnutrition in Yemen. The three anthropometric indicators such as height‐for‐age, weight‐for‐height and weight‐for‐age are used to examine the nutritional status of children aged less 5 years in Yemen. The independent variables include background characteristics, behavioural risk factors and illness characteristics. Data for the study come the most recent Yemen Demographic and Health Survey, a nationally representative sample, conducted in Yemen in 1997. Logistic regression analysis is used to estimate the odds of being malnourished. The three anthropometric indicators show high to very high levels of child malnutrition in Yemen. The prevalence of stunting and underweight is so widespread that almost every other child under the age of 5 is either stunted or underweight. Social, economic and behavioural factors show very significant association with childhood malnutrition. The study results indicate the importance of social and behavioural factors in describing childhood malnutrition in Yemen. The study results will help develop nutritional and health promotion policies in order to improve childhood malnutrition in this country.
Effect of Bicyclol on Cisplatin‐Induced Hepatotoxicity in the Hepatocarcinoma 22 Tumour‐Bearing Mice
Authors: Yu Ying‐Nan , Chen Hui , Li Yan
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bicyclol against cisplatin‐induced hepatotoxicity and the influence on the antitumour capacity of cisplatin in hepatocarcinoma 22 (H22) tumour‐bearing mice. ICR mice were treated with bicyclol (250 mg/kg, orally) 2 hr before the injection of cisplatin (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for 5 days (once daily) after H22 tumour cells were implanted. All animals were killed on the fifth day after cisplatin treatment and tumour weight of each animal was measured. Liver pathological changes were examined by light microscopy and biochemical assay. The expressions of liver inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS and nitric oxide synthase 2) and 3‐nitrotyrosine were assessed by Western blotting. Bicyclol showed a significant protection as evidenced by the decrease of elevated serum aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase, and improvement of histopathological injury induced by cisplatin. The formation of liver malondialdehyde with a concomitant reduction of reduced glutathione was also inhibited by bicyclol, while the activities of liver superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were all increased, respectively. In addition, the over expressions of liver iNOS and 3‐nitrotyrosine were suppressed by bicyclol. The administration of bicyclol had no affect on the anti‐tumour capacity of cisplatin in mice bearing H22 tumour. The hepatoprotective action of bicyclol provides a new approach for preventing the hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin in the clinic.
The Influence of Testosterone Combined with a PDE5-Inhibitor on Cognitive, Affective, and Physiological Sexual Functioning in Women Suffering from Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Van Der Made Flip , Bloemers Jos , Yassem Wadi E. , Kleiverda Gunilla , Everaerd Walter , Van Ham Diana , Olivier Berend , Koppeschaar Hans , Tuiten Adriaan
Published: February 2009

Introduction

Women with female sexual dysfunction have a reduced sensitivity to sexual stimuli. Activation of central mechanisms may open a window for phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5) to be effective; as a consequence, the combination of testosterone and a PDE5 inhibitor will restore sexual function.

Aim

To demonstrate that the combination of testosterone and vardenafil will increase the sensitivity for sexual stimuli and will improve the desire and arousal components of the sexual response.

Methods

In a double-blind randomly assigned placebo-controlled crossover design, 28 women with desire and/or arousal disorder underwent four different drug treatments on four separate experimental days. A masked version of the emotional Stroop task with sexual and nonsexual words was used to measure sensitivity for sexual content. Neutral and erotic film fragments were used to determine genital–physiological and subjective reactions.

Main Outcome Measures

A masked version of the emotional Stroop task, vaginal pulse amplitude. For subjective measurement, responses were collected continuously with a lever and two self-report measures were used.

Results

In two subgroups, which were differentiated on the basis of their initial preconscious attentional bias for sexual cues, a different sexual response profile was found. In an initially low-attention group, preconscious attentional bias for sexual cues increased under the testosterone condition. In these women, the combination of testosterone and vardenafil caused an improvement in genital response and subjective indices of sexual functioning. In the group that had initially a high attention for sexual cues, preconscious attentional bias for sexual cues decreased under the condition of testosterone. In these women, the combination of testosterone and vardenafil had no effect on any of the indices of their sexual functioning.

Conclusion

In women suffering from low sexual desire—associated with low attention for sexual cues—the combination of testosterone and vardenafil may be a promising new treatment.
Descriptions of Help by Finnish Adolescents Who Self‐Mutilate
Authors: Rissanen Marja‐Liisa , Kylmä Jari , Laukkanen Eila
Published: February 2009

PURPOSE:  The purpose of this study is to describe help from the viewpoint of self‐mutilating Finnish adolescents.

METHODS:  Methodological triangulation was used in data collection. Written descriptions were provided by 62 self‐mutilating adolescents (aged 12–21 years) of the help they received and wished to receive, and individual interviews were conducted with 10 self‐mutilating adolescents (aged 15–22 years). Qualitative content analysis was applied.

FINDINGS:  Three groups of people that can be of help were identified by the self‐mutilating adolescents: age‐mates, including peers and fellow self‐mutilating adolescents; loved ones; and adults, including unknown adults, health and social care professionals, teachers and school counsellors, and parents. Factors contributing and hindering to help were identified.

CONCLUSIONS:  Self‐mutilating adolescents want to be helped and, in their opinion, adults are duty‐bound to help and care for them.
Adolescents in Acute Mental Distress on Inpatient Pediatric Settings: Reflections From a Pediatric Liaison Practitioner
Authors: Foster Celeste
Published: February 2009

TOPIC:  The impact of adolescents in acute mental distress admitted onto inpatient pediatric settings: on the staff group caring for them and the adolescents’ consequent experience of the service provided.

PURPOSE:  To examine the impact that this client group can have on the staff, the environment, and wider professional system from an applied psychodynamic standpoint. The aim of this study is to identify practical strategies for providing effective child and adolescent mental health service consultation liaison for this complex and high‐risk group.

SOURCES:  This study draws on psychoanalytic theories of adolescent development, trauma, organizational dynamics, and reflections on personal experiences in the field of pediatric liaison. The challenges of providing effective support in this context are illustrated with clinical examples from the author's own practice.

CONCLUSIONS:  The importance of attending to the very primitive anxieties and subsequent defense mechanisms aroused in staff caring for adolescents in the context described is highlighted. A case is made for the provision of mental health consultation and support that provides emotional containment for the young people and staff, and that incorporates understanding of the organizational issues that can contribute to the complexity of this work.
Nursing Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder: Assessment, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management
Authors: McDougall Tim
Published: February 2009

TOPIC:  The role of the mental health nurse in the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and management of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder in community and hospital settings.

PURPOSE:  In many areas of clinical practice, mental health nurses have more contact with service users than any other professional group. They are therefore well placed to support children and adolescents with bipolar disorder during first contact with primary care services, through engagement with specialist mental health services, and in accessing early intervention and crisis services. This paper summarizes the contribution that child and adolescent mental health nurses make to the care of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.

SOURCES:  This paper is based on evidence from systematic reviews; meta‐analyses and best practice evidence from CINAHL; EMBASE; MEDLINE, PsychINFO; Cochrane Collaboration; National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health; NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination; Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine; United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

CONCLUSIONS:  Child and adolescent mental health nurses work with children and adolescents who have bipolar disorder in a range of settings. These include community mental health services, hospitals, and schools. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of the treatment and management of bipolar disorder during childhood and adolescence, nurses have a major role to play in providing frontline assessment services, monitoring treatment, and delivering psychosocial interventions.
Factors Associated With Parental Distress
Authors: Duchovic Catherine A. , Gerkensmeyer Janis E. , Wu Jingwei
Published: February 2009

PROBLEM:  Associations of perceptions of social support, personal control, and child behavioral problems to distress in parents of children with mental health problems were examined.

METHODS:  One hundred and fifty‐five parents of children 2–19 years old receiving community mental health services participated.

FINDINGS:  Stepwise regression analysis identified internalizing and externalizing child behaviors, perceived personal control, and tangible social support as independent predictors of parental distress. Independent predictors of objective distress included internalizing child behaviors, perceived personal control, and intangible social support.

CONCLUSIONS:  Internalizing and externalizing child behaviors were significantly associated with parental distress. Perceived personal control moderated the relationship between internalizing child behaviors and parental subjective distress.
Party Affiliation in the House of Lords in 1710: A Contemporary Assessment*
Authors: JONES CLYVE
Published: February 2009

A copy of a printed list of members of both the house of lords and the house of commons published in 1708 has been annotated with manuscript markings of the party affiliations of the members, probably dating from 1710. This note looks at the this contemporary assessment of the affiliations of the peers and bishops in the Lords and compares it with the party affiliations published by Geoffrey Holmes, mainly in his seminal work, British Politics in the Age of Anne.
Geoffrey Holmes and the Urban World of Augustan England
Authors: BORSAY PETER
Published: February 2009

Urban history as a sub‐discipline within history began to emerge in Britain in the 1960s and early 1970s. Attention initially focused heavily on the 19th century, but the Tudor and early Stuart town also soon attracted attention. Academic interest in the post‐restoration and 18th‐century urban world emerged a little more slowly, but the closing decades of the 20th century produced a mounting volume of research on the subject. Geoffrey Holmes was one of a group of post‐war historians rewriting the history of Augustan Britain and re‐establishing its significance in the longer‐term development of the country. Though not a specialist urban historian, Holmes saw towns playing a vital part in shaping the character of the period. His research anticipated and inspired many of the facets of the rapidly‐emerging historiography on the 18th‐century town, intersecting with it in three particular areas. First, in demonstrating the important role played by towns, in particular as the home of four‐fifths of the seats in the house of commons, in the broader political system; second, in highlighting the position of London at the hub of the Augustan world; and third in revealing the part played by towns, and especially those who inhabited them, in promoting social change at the same time as securing long‐term political stability.
Uncovering a Jacobite Whig? The Commonwealth Principles of Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington
Authors: KNIGHTS MARK
Published: February 2009

This article offers new evidence about Henry Booth, 2nd Lord Delamere and then 1st earl of Warrington. It focuses on (and reproduces) a manuscript in which an archetypal true whig, who was publicly hostile to James II in and after 1688, suggests how the whigs and James might be reconciled and how James might return to England. The article places the piece in the context of Warrington's other writings, his sense of betrayal and lost opportunity, the extent to which he agreed with ‘whig jacobites’ and Warrington's commonwealth principles. It finishes by linking this to the legacy left by Geoffrey Holmes and relating it to some recent research on the state and officeholding.
In No One's Shadow: British Politics in the Age of Anne and the Writing of the History of the House of Commons
Authors: HAYTON D.W. , SPECK W.A.
Published: February 2009

The publication in 1967 of Geoffrey Holmes's masterpiece, British Politics in the Age of Anne, effectively demolished the interpretation of the ‘political structure’ of early 18th‐century England that had been advanced by the American historian R.R. Walcott as a conscious imitation of Sir Lewis Namier. But to understand the significance of Holmes's work solely in an anti‐Namierite context is misleading. For one thing, his book only completed a process of reaction against Walcott's work that was already under way in unpublished theses and scholarly articles (some by Holmes himself). Second, Holmes's approach was not simplistically anti‐Namierist, as some (though not all) of Namier's followers recognized. Indeed, he was strongly sympathetic to the biographical approach, while acknowledging its limitations. The significance of Holmes's book to the study of the house of commons 1702–14 (and of the unpublished study of ‘the Great Ministry’ of 1710–14 to which it had originally been intended as a long introduction), was in fact much broader than the restoration of party divisions as central to political conflict. It was the re‐creation of a political world, not merely the delineations of political allegiances, that made British Politics in the Age of Anne such a landmark in writing on this period.
The Nature of Stability in the Augustan Age
Authors: CONNORS RICHARD
Published: February 2009

This article seeks to synthesise aspects of recent research on the Augustan age and consider the longevity of the interpretations of the period provided in the late 1960s by Geoffrey Holmes and Jack Plumb. More particularly, it reconsiders the nature of political and social instability in the late 17th and early 18th centuries and examines the arguments historians now offer to account for the diminution of the strife and discord that characterised the rage of party under Queen Anne and the difference between that late Stuart polity and the seemingly more stable and politically placid Georgian period. Furthermore, it considers the broader social and economic conditions of the Augustan age and seeks to show the importance contemporary debates over moral reform, poverty and poor relief had for social stability in the decades after the Glorious Revolution.
Characterization of microsatellite markers for Sycoscapter nonpollinating fig wasps
Authors: BOUTEILLER‐REUTER CAROLINE , HALE MARIE L. , COOK JAMES M.
Published: February 2009

We isolated 18 microsatellites from Sycoscapter australis, a nonpollinating fig wasp that develops in figs of Ficus macrophylla, and assessed their variability in 20 wasps. We further optimized nine of these loci for use in three other Sycoscapter species that develop in Ficus rubiginosa figs and assessed their variability in 47–140 wasps per species. These are the first microsatellites developed for nonpollinating fig wasps and show sufficient polymorphism to become important tools in evolutionary and genetical studies of Sycoscapter wasps.
Isolation and characterization of 14 microsatellite loci for the Chevrier's field mouse (Apodemus chevrieri)
Authors: WU HUA , ZHAN XIANG‐JIANG , YAN LI , LIU SHAO‐YING , ZHANG ZE‐JUN , LI MING , WEI FU‐WEN
Published: February 2009

We describe the isolation and characterization of 14 microsatellite loci in the Chevrier's field mouse from genomic DNA‐enriched libraries. The 14 loci were highly polymorphic with numbers of alleles per locus in 24 individuals ranging from three to 13, observed heterozygosity from 0.381 to 0.867 and expected heterozygosity from 0.448 to 0.931. All loci followed Hardy‐Weinberg expectations except for CFM3, CFM10 and CFM12 loci. No significant linkage association was found among all these loci. The 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci will be useful in studying phylogeography and population genetics of the Chevrier's field mouse.
Microsatellite markers for the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum, Serrasalmidae, Characiformes), an economically important keystone species of the Amazon River floodplain
Authors: SANTOS MARIA DA CONCEIÇÃO F. , HRBEK TOMAS , FARIAS IZENI P.
Published: February 2009

Colossoma macropomum is a keystone species of the Amazon floodplain, and is an important but severely overexploited commercial species. To provide tools for addressing ecological and conservation questions, we developed 14 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers that had between four and 21 alleles per locus in the 25 tested individuals. With the exception of comparisons involving the locus Cm1F5 that also showed heterozygosity deficiency, no pairs of loci were at linkage disequilibrium. Many of the microsatellite loci were also variable in three other serrasalmid species which span the phylogenetic depth of the Serrasalmidae.
Sixteen polymorphic microsatellite markers from Zizania latifolia Turcz. (Poaceae)
Authors: QUAN ZHIWU , PAN LEI , KE WEIDONG , LIU YIMAN , DING YI
Published: February 2009

Sixteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated and identified in Zizania latifolia Turcz. (Poaceae), a perennial aquatic plant widespread in Eastern Asia. The microsatellite‐enriched library was constructed using the fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats method. These markers revealed two to 14 alleles, with an average of 5.6 alleles per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.071 to 0.690 and from 0.174 to 0.812, respectively. These markers will be useful for studying of gene flow and evaluating the genetic diversity of the Zizania latifolia population.
Twelve microsatellite loci for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)
Authors: ROLLINS MARYCLARE F. , VU NINH V. , SPIES INGRID B. , KALINOWSKI STEVEN T.
Published: February 2009

We describe 12 microsatellite loci isolated from lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). The number of alleles at these loci ranged from two to 11 with an average of 5.3 alleles per locus. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.29 to 0.76, with an average of 0.68. Accidental (or illegal) introductions of lake trout into watersheds are decimating native trout populations in the northern Rocky Mountains, and these loci will be useful for identifying the source of these introductions and for estimating the number of founding individuals.
Isolation of eight microsatellite markers from Moina macrocopa for assessing cryptic genetic structure in the wild
Authors: TATSUTA HARUKI , YAO IZUMI , TANAKA YOSHINARI
Published: February 2009

We isolated eight polymorphic microsatellite loci from the zooplankton Moina macrocopa (Straus), which is sensitive to pollutants such as insecticides and heavy metals. The isolated loci were polymorphic, with three to seven alleles among 23 individuals. Expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.167 to 0.787. These loci can be used to examine cryptic genetic structure and to infer the connectivity among metapopulations.
Development of 30 microsatellite markers for dab (Limanda limanda L.): a key UK marine biomonitoring species
Authors: TYSKLIND NIKLAS , TAYLOR MARTIN I. , LYONS BRETT P. , MCCARTHY IAN D. , CARVALHO GARY R.
Published: February 2009

Dab (Limanda limanda) are the principal target fish species in offshore biomonitoring programmes in the UK; however, detailed knowledge of genetic structure and connectivity among sampling locations is unavailable. Here, the isolation and characterization of 30 polymorphic microsatellite loci for dab is described. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 42, with observed heterozygosities ranging from 0.089 to 1. These loci will enable high resolution of genetic population structure and dynamics of dab around the British Isles.
Identification of co‐occurring Branchinecta fairy shrimp species from encysted embryos using multiplex polymerase chain reaction
Authors: VANDERGAST A. G. , WOOD D. A. , SIMOVICH M. , BOHONAK A. J.
Published: February 2009

Morphological identification of many fairy shrimp species is difficult because distinguishing characters are restricted to adults. We developed two multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays that differentiate among three Branchinecta fairy shrimp with distributional overlap in southern California vernal pools. Two of the species are federally listed as threatened. Molecular identification of Branchinecta from cysts allows for species surveys to be conducted during the dry season, expanding the timeframe for population assessment and providing a less intrusive method of sampling sensitive vernal pool habitats.
Identification of the shark species Rhizoprionodon lalandii and R. porosus (Elasmobranchii, Carcharhinidae) by multiplex PCR and PCR‐RFLP techniques
Authors: MENDONÇA F. F. , HASHIMOTO D. T. , PORTO‐FORESTI F. , OLIVEIRA C. , GADIG O. B. F. , FORESTI F.
Published: February 2009

Rhizoprionodon lalandii and R. porosus are widely distributed along the Atlantic coast of the Americas, living close to coastal areas and therefore frequently captured by seaboard fisheries. However, morphological identification of species in this genus is very difficult, especially when sharks have their heads and fins removed, making information about fishing, trading, and the evaluation of fishery effects on species conservation very difficult. This study's main objective is to develop molecular tools to identify these species using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques. Both techniques result in good low‐cost markers and may be very useful in future studies about the exploitation of these species.
RELATION BETWEEN BODY MASS INDEX AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY AMONG HAEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Authors: Castillo Rafael Fernández , De La Rosa Rafael José Esteban
Published: February 2009

Renal osteodystrophy is a serious problem for patients with chronic kidney disease. Measurements of bone mineral density, T‐score and Z‐score were taken in the lumbar region and femur of 73 patients who were being treated on the haemodialysis programme. These measurements were compared with the anthropometric values of weight, height and body mass index (BMI) obtaining a positive correlation between them.

Introduction: Alterations in the bone mineral metabolism are an important cause of morbidity and mortality among haemodialysis patients with chronic renal failure. Bone mass diminution, together with fracture risk, is a frequent finding in these patients; this fact is explained by different factors, amongst which are those related to their anthropometric values. Materials and Methods: Bone mineral density (BMD) was studied, T‐score and Z‐score measurements were taken in the neck of the femur, trochanter, intertrochanter, 1/3 of proximal femur, Ward's triangle and L2, L3 and L4 vertebrae; body composition was also studied. With this aim, DXA densitometry was used on 73 haemodialysis patients (40 men and 33 women). The mean of the total haemodialysis time in these patients was 9.7 years. The group showed a very significant positive correlation between BMD, weight, height, BMI, fractures, dialysis time and intact PTH.

Conclusions: CKD patients undergoing the haemodialysis programme show a significant BMD reduction, which affects both lumbar spine and femur. Weight and height affect BMD and bone change, being thus important factors of prediction for fracture risk. Furthermore, BMI is the main determinant of BMD, a finding that is confirmed in the units in this study and with the evidence described by other authors (Negri et al. (2005).
TRENDS AND CONSEQUENCES OF MINERAL BONE DISORDER IN HAEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: LESSONS FROM THE DIALYSIS OUTCOMES AND PRACTICE PATTERNS STUDY (DOPPS)
Authors: Blayney Margaret J. , Tentori Francesca
Published: February 2009

The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS), an ongoing observational study of haemodialysis (HD) patients, practices and outcomes in 12 countries, provides detailed data on chronic kidney disease‐mineral bone disorder and related outcomes. This paper describes international trends in serum phosphorus, calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels over the past 10 years and reviews DOPPS findings on the relationship between mortality (all‐cause and cardiovascular) and levels of serum phosphorus, calcium, PTH and alkaline phosphatase (AP). In addition, the DOPPS has shown how abnormal levels of these mineral metabolism indicators are associated with increased risk of certain clinical outcomes, including parathyroidec‐tomies, fractures and pruritus.
PATIENTS’ SATISFACTION WITH INFORMATION ABOUT PHOSPHATE‐BINDING MEDICATION
Authors: Parham R. , Riley S. , Hutchinson A. , Horne R.
Published: February 2009

Information about treatment and its potential side effects has been identified as a core information need amongst Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients. Developing effective interventions to meet patients’ information needs requires a better understanding of the specific types of needs from the patients’ perspective. Phosphate binding medication (PBM) is an integral component of the treatment regimen for dialysis dependent CKD stage 5 (CKD 5) patients. The aim of this study was to explore patient satisfaction with information received about PBM. Two hundred and twenty‐one CKD 5 patients completed the Satisfaction with Information about Medicines Scale (SIMS); a validated measure of patients’ satisfaction with various aspects of information provision. The findings suggest that CKD 5 patients may have outstanding PBM information needs, particularly relating to the potential problems associated with PBM. This study justifies further work to identify and address information needs amongst CKD 5 patients.
VITAMIN D METABOLISM AND VITAMIN D TRADITIONAL AND NONTRADITIONAL, TARGET ORGANS: IMPLICATIONS FOR KIDNEY PATIENTS
Authors: Dusilová‐Sulková Sylvie
Published: February 2009

Vitamin D plays an absolute essential role in human physiology. More than 60 types of cells possess vitamin D receptors (VDR) and more than 200 genes represent the target for VDR activation. The principle of the biological effect of vitamin D is gene control. In general, VDR activation inhibits cell differentiation and proliferation while promoting cell maturation and it also participates in the regulation of apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Conventionally, vitamin D status is assessed according to the serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Values between 30–60 ng/ml (70–150 nmol/l) are optimal. Low vitamin D status is associated with bone and mineral disturbances and also with many other pathological conditions. Studies have described association with susceptibility to some infections; higher risk of autoimmune diseases, association with some malignancies and many other complications. Low vitamin D status is common, but usually underestimated.

The native vitamin D undergoes two‐step hydroxylation to become biologically active. The second metabolic conversion is dependent on functional renal parenchyma. In advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) the renal activation of vitamin D sharply decreases regardless of the stores of native vitamin D, resulting in low concentration of active vitamin D.

The parathyroid hyperactivity in advanced CKD represents the approved indication for pharmacological VDR activation. The therapeutic window of nonselective VDR activators is narrow. On the contrary, the effect of selective VDR activators (paricalcitol) in the intestine is much lower and therefore the activators are safer in terms of maintaining serum concentration of calcium and phosphate.

Several recent observational studies demonstrated survival benefits of selective VDR activation in CKD patients. Theoretically, these drugs may, at least, partly cover the need for the systemic activation of VDR in kidney patients, but this assumption must be carefully examined. At present, the possible cardioprotectivity, renoprotectivity and other benefits of selective VDR activators are being intensively studied.
OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC HEART FAILURE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Authors: Zachariah Donah , Kalra Philip A. , Kalra Paul R.
Published: February 2009

Chronic kidney disease and chronic heart failure are closely interlinked; an abnormality in one system adversely impacts upon the function of the other. Despite the wealth of evidence available for beneficial treatment strategies in chronic heart failure, the prognosis remains poor and optimum therapy under‐utilised. The applicability of proven therapies to patients with co‐morbidity remains a particular challenge, especially since marked renal impairment has often been an exclusion criteria in major studies. In this article we discuss the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the two conditions and then focus on the aspects of treatment most pertinent to those patients with heart failure patients and concomitant chronic kidney disease.
THE FLIP SIDE OF THE COIN—A DOCTOR'S EXPERIENCE OF RENAL FAILURE
Authors: Thomas Duncan
Published: February 2009

Renal failure and its effects are taught well in the medical field, however the effects upon the individual is something which is often taught but not acknowledged. This is an account of my experience of renal failure in the United Kingdom, from a doctor's perspective with the intention that my experiences may enable others to understand the psychosocial element of this life changing disease.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TIMING OF REFERRAL FOR RENAL CARE
Authors: Brick Nerys , Ellis Peter
Published: February 2009

Research has shown that referral of patients in the stages of renal disease, to a Nephrologist has significant impact on the patients overall health and well‐being. This article is a review of the literature discussing the key impact that late referral has on the patient. This will include looking at the preparation of the patient for dialysis—education and vascular access as well as discussing the modality choice for the patient. It will also address the longer‐term impact such as patient survival on dialysis.