bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cotoneaster transcaucasicus Pojark. Meyve Ekstraklarında Biyoaktif Bileşen Miktarlarının ve Antioksidan Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: Ergün Fatma
Published: September 2021

In this study, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of hexane and methanol extracts of Cotoneaster transcaucasicus Pojark. fruits in the Rosaceae family were investigated. Using the Folin-Ciocaltaeu method, the amount of phenolic substances was determined as 50.34 ± 2.70 mg of GAE/g in methanol extract and 38.06 ± 1.32 mg of GAE/g in hexane extract. The total amount of flavonoids was calculated as 52.01 ± 3.78 mg of QE/g in the methanol extract and 60.54 ± 6.82 mg of QE/g in the hexane extract, using the aluminum nitrate method. Antioxidant activities of C. transcaucasicus hexane and methanol extracts were evaluated by DPPH and FRAP methods. IC50 values of the extracts were calculated as 0.411 mg/mL for hexane extract and 0.237 mg/mL for methanol extract. In addition, it was determined that the reducing antioxidant power of Fe3+-Fe2+ was higher in hexane extract. As a result, it has been observed that the phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activities of C. transcaucasicus fruits are high. This study is the first study in C. transcaucasicus species and it is thought that it will lead the future studies.
Hatay Yöresinde Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler İşleme Sektörünün Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Çelik Ahmet Duran , Gül Aykut
Published: September 2021

In this study, the medicinal and aromatic plants sector of the Hatay province was evaluated with the SWOT Analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats), and aimed to offer solutions for the development of the sector based on the opinions of the companies which are operating in the province. According to the research results, the rich natural vegetation of the province and its proximity to raw material resources, were found as the main 'strengths'. Insufficient incentives, lack of coordination, problems in accessing quality raw materials, and adulteration were found as the 'weaknesses'. Increase in demand and high added value potential, and the EXPO 2021 exhibition were found as the 'opportunities'. Security problems in the region due to the ongoing war in Syria were determined as the prominent 'threat'.
Endofit Bakteri Uygulamalarının Farklı Kuraklık Stresi Koşulları Altındaki Biber Fide Gelişimine Etkileri
Authors: Sadak Aynur , İbrahim Abdulrahman Smail , Şensoy Suat
Published: September 2021

The study was carried out as a pot experiment in controlled conditions in order to reveal the effect of endophyte bacteria (EB) applications on the development of pepper seedlings grown under different drought stress. Mostar F1 was used as pepper variety. Applied endophyte bacterial isolates were Ochrobactrum sp. (CB36/1) and Bacillus sp. (CA41/1). The EB application was applied twice (first application 10 ml- second application 15 ml) at a density of 109 cfu/ml. All pots were irrigated regularly for 52 days after seed sowing. While irrigation was continued at 2-day intervals in control (B0) applications, four and eight days drougth stresses were applied in the second (B1) and last (B2) application. As plant growth parameters, stem diameter, shoot length and root length, shoot fresh and dry weights, leaf number, root fresh and root dry weight were examined. It has been determined that the effects of B1 and B2 stress applications on plant growth were generally negative. It has been determined that endophyte bacteria applications have relatively positive effects against the negativity caused by different drought stresses.
Ekoturizm Alan Uygunluğu Analizinde CBS Teknolojisi Kulanımının Yeterliliği Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Authors: Aşılıoğlu Fatma
Published: September 2021

In recent years, it has been observed that Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology is widely used in studies to determine suitable areas for ecotourism development. GIS technology is a powerful approach that offers a systematic and comprehensive analysis using digitized data. Researchers try to create common methods by giving numerical values to components such as topography, land cover, climate, sociocultural structure, etc. However, the fact that most of the studies are in the form of case studies, land-specific evaluations in each study and the difficulty of expressing some qualities numerically make it difficult to reveal common methods. In this study, the effects of various methods and approaches used in different stages of land suitability analysis performed with GIS tools on the results were examined. It is seen that the results vary according to the Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques accompanying GIS, the selection of the criteria used in the analysis and the methods of assigning weight to them, how the criteria are standardized and the types of suitability analysis that enable the interpretation of the result map. In particular, the difficulty and diversity of expressing sociocultural components numerically reveals that qualitative evaluation is also necessary besides quantitative evaluation with GIS. In addition, the Natural Breaks Method, Equal Interval Classification and FAO's (Food and Agriculture Organization) Land Classification, which are used to determine the ecotourism suitability levels, create different patterns on the analysis map. As a result, GIS technology alone is not enough to create common and prevalent methods in this field and it needs to be supported by evaluations specific to the field of study and the planned activity.
Büyüyen Bıldırcın Rasyonlarına Farklı Seviyelerde Arı Poleni İlavesinin Performans ve Serum Parametrelerine Etkisi
Authors: İlçeli Elif , Yıldız Alpönder
Published: September 2021

The current research was conducted to determine the effects of different levels of bee pollen addition to growing quail diets on performance, carcass and serum biochemical parameters. In the study, a total of 240 quail chicks of day-old were randomly distributed to six treatment groups of 40 quail chicks each with four replicates. Treatment diets were prepared by adding 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 g/kg bee pollen to the basal diet and quails were fed with treatment diets during the 42-day experiment. At the end of the experiment, performance parameters such as body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and mortality were not affected by the treatments, while the feed conversion ratio was significantly improved with the supplementation of 9 g/kg bee pollen to the diet. Among the parameters of the carcass, the relative weights of the carcass, breast and thigh+drumstick were significantly affected by the addition of bee pollen to the diet at different levels. Treatments affected only albumin concentration among serum biochemical parameters, it decreased significantly in the groups added bee pollen at the level of 3 or 9 g/kg compared to the control group. According to the results of the experiment, it can be said that the adding 9 g/kg of bee pollen to the growing quail diet has positive effects on feed conversion ratio, one of the performance parameters.
Determination of Some Agronomic and Fruit Quality Characteristics of Some Watermelon Accessions from Turkish Watermelon Germplasm
Authors: Atlı Ercüment , Solmaz İlknur , Sarı Nebahat , Kelebek Haşim
Published: September 2021

This study has been conducted to determine the fruit quality parameters such as sugar and carotenoid content as well as plant and fruit characteristics of 11 local watermelon genotypes from watermelon genetic resources collection of Cukurova University, Department of Horticulture. First and 50% male and female flowering period, main stem length, main stem diameter, number of nodes on main stem, total yield, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit rind thickness, total soluble solids (TSS), sugar and carotenoid contents were examined. Although there is no significant difference for main stem diameter and number of nodes on the main stem, significant differences were obtained for total yield, sugar and carotenoid composition of the genotypes. Carotenoid and sugar analysis were performed with a high-performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) and HPLC coupled with refractive index detector (RID), respectively. In all studied genotypes, cis-13-lycopene and β-carotene were the most abundant compounds. As expected for watermelon genotypes, the main sugar found in all studied genotypes was fructose. According to PCA analyses, genotypes were characterized by physical and chemical composition. Overall evaluation of results revealed that Kar 147 had better potential with carotenoid, sugar contents and fruit characteristics.
Major Sorghum Production Constraints and Coping Mechanisms: The Case of Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sublineolum)
Authors: Lemu Kebede Dessalegn , Ogbonna Peter , Agbo Christian , Lule Dagnachew
Published: September 2021

This paper attempts to review the major sorghum production constraints, the progress and perspective on sorghum anthracnose (Colletotrichum sublineolum) resistance breeding. The importance of anthracnose in sorghum production and breeding for resistance status and progress were also primly discovered. Sorghum is an ancient environment resilient crop and believed to be a future crop due to its important merits like tolerant to stresses, wide adaptability and low input requirement. Insects and disease are major biotic impediments to realizing the yield potential of the crop. Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum is the most important disease that severely affecting the crop in all sorghum producing regions of the world. Research results revealed that anthracnose resulted in 30-50% or greater yield losses. Several management strategies such as, cultural, chemical and using resistance varieties have been developed. Employing host-plant resistance is the most economical and environmentally friendly approach which can successfully control the disease. Breeding assisted with molecular markers plays a great role in resistance breeding programme as it makes easy to screen large number of genotypes at once. Recent advancement of molecular breeding and bio-informatics tools are playing a significant role in efficiencies and precisions of resistance breeding. QTLs or genomic area for resistance were identified using traditional molecular markers and recent research results revealed discoveries of specific gene and locus using high throughput markers like SNPs using GWAS approach. The discovery of genes/QTL associated with the resistance trait, using the high through put molecular markers like SNPs, facilitates the easiest way for gene pyramiding from different individual genotypes to a single variety, introgression into adapted elite cultivar through marker assisted and editing genes for elite landraces to develop durable resistance varieties. Transgenic approach is now a day becoming a powerful tool to utilize novel alien genes for crop improvement including anthracnose resistance breeding in sorghum.
Oil and Protein Stability in Some Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) Genotypes
Authors: Subaşı İlhan , Arslan Yusuf , Güler Safure , Hatipoğlu Halil , Abrak Servet , Köse Arzu
Published: September 2021

Camelina sativa L. Crantz., which draws attention with its non-food use (biodiesel, animal feed etc.) against the increasing demand for oilseeds worldwide, is a good alternative plant. It is important to identify suitable and stable genotypes for regions along with high protein and oil content. The purpose of this study, camelina genotypes of Turkey in 3 different locations (Ankara, Ankara, Eskisehir) to investigate the quality characteristics in terms of genotype environment interactions in unirrigated and unfertilized conditions. 36 different genotypes, purified lines by negative selection, were analysed with 3 standard genotypes with augmented trial design. Environmental (E), genotype (G) and G × E interactions, which are sources of variation for protein and oil content, have been shown to be important. Oil and protein content were found ranged from 34.35%-37.88% and 25.76%-27.64% respectively. We have obtained important findings in our study to see the performance of Camelina sativa, and the possibility of alternative oil plants for these regions. İn terms of correlation of protein ratio and oil ratio, genotypes with high value that were least affected by each other were determined. The results showed that genotype selection by regions is important in terms of protein and oil ratio.
A Comparative Study on the Effects of Use Hemp Seed Oil Substitute to Soybean Oil in Growing Quail Diets
Authors: Göçmen Rabia , Kanbur Gülşah
Published: September 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hemp seed oil replaced soybean oil as an energy supply on growth performance parameters, carcass yield, liver weight, breast meat pH, and meat color values in quails. A total of 100 one-day old quail chicks were reared in two treatment groups for 5 weeks. The experimental diets were formulated as to contain 4.4% crude soybean(control) and hemp seed oils. According to the results of the present study, crude hemp seed oil replaced soybean oil in the diet was effective on finishing body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, weight gain and carcass yield. All of these parameters were lower than the soybean oil (control) group. Liver weight, and breast meat color values (L*, a*, and b*) have shown similarities between experimental groups. The breast meat pH value decreased significantly in the hemp seed oil treatment group compared to soybean oil group. Using hemp seed oil instead of soybean oil used in quail diets negatively affects performance parameters (except for feed conversion ratio).
Growth Hormone Gene Polymorphism and its Relation to Quail Growth and Carcass
Authors: İlhan Fatma
Published: September 2021

In this study, it was aimed to determine the polymorphism of GH (growth hormone) gene in Japanese quails and the relationships between these genes and body weight and carcass traits. 3 genotypes (AA, AB and BB), 2 (A and B) alleles were detected by cutting the GH intron 1 region with restriction enzyme MspI. As a result of variance analysis, it was determined that the hatching weights of the animals with B allele and liver weights were higher. Thus, it is seen that GH gene and PCR-RFLP technique can be used in breeding studies.
Environmental Enrichments in Laying Hen Production Systems with Emphasis on Welfare and Egg Quality
Authors: Tainika Brian , Şekeroğlu Ahmet
Published: September 2021

This paper reviews the effects of environmental enrichments in different laying hen production systems on hen welfare and egg quality. To improve hen welfare, several studies have investigated various environmental enrichments that suit different laying hen production systems. The positive results of these studies can enable such environmental enrichments to be utilized in commercial laying hen production. In this review, the most studied environmental enrichments in the free-range production system include forage, shelterbelt, and artificial shade in the outdoor area and novel objects and H-shaped perching structures in the indoor. These are associated with increased range use that positively affects hen welfare. In the aviary system, perches, and litter materials (e.g., straw, sand) as environmental enrichments are linked to improved behavioral expression, reduced stress, and enhanced immune system. Under the litter system, environmental enrichment with substrates (e.g., pecking stones, alfalfa blocks, silage, straw, barley) has been found to increase the foraging behavior of laying hens. This reduces severe feather pecking thus improving the plumage condition of hens. Although the effects of environmental enrichments on hen welfare have been assessed and scientifically proven in the reviewed studies, enough progress of their impact on egg quality traits has not been reported. The studies have shown that environmental enrichments have no significant effect on egg quality traits. On the other hand, appropriate pasture plants as environmental enrichments in the free-range production system in relation to hen welfare and egg quality have not been identified. Therefore, it is important to continue studies on environmental enrichments while emphasizing their influence on egg quality since it is a major performance trait in the egg industry. In addition, there is a need for studies to determine the ideal pasture species in the free-range production system that positively affects hen welfare and egg quality.
The Use of Different Fat Sources on Performance, Egg Quality and Egg Yolk Fatty Acids Content in Laying Quails
Authors: Göçmen Rabia , Kanbur Gülşah , Cufadar Yusuf
Published: September 2021

In this study, the performance, egg quality, egg yolk colour and fatty acids profile of quails fed on diets containing different fat sources were determined. During 8 weeks trial, a total of 75, 10-weeks-old laying quails were used. Three diets were formulated to contain soybean oil (SBO), sunflower oil (SFO) and hempseed oil (HSO), respectively. The performance parameters were not significantly influenced by the dietary different oil sources. Eggshell ratio, eggshell thickness, eggshell breaking strength, egg shape index, egg yolk index, albumen index and egg yolk colour values (except a*) were not influenced by the different dietary oil sources. The a* value was significantly affected and the highest a* value was the HSO of group. The different oil sources supplementation to the diets was effective on fatty acid composition of the egg yolk. The highest value in terms of α-linolenic acid, total polyunsaturated fatty acids and total n-3 fatty acids were found in the diet fed group with HSO added. As a result; supplementation of different sources of oil to quail diets without negatively affecting performance and egg quality can be used to change the egg yolk fatty acid composition. Hempseed oil may increase the amount of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and total n-3 fatty acid content of egg yolk.
Performance Evaluation of Exotic and Local Landraces of Tomatoes for the Mid-Hill Conditions of Nepal
Authors: Gotame Tek Prasad , Gautam Ishwori Prasad , Ghimire Dipendra , Shrestha Surendra Lal
Published: September 2021

The productivity of tomato in Nepal is very low due to lack of high yielding, disease and pests resistant varieties. An experiment was carried out to evaluate horticultural traits of 50 genotypes obtained from World Vegetable Centre (WorldVeg), Taiwan and SAARC region, and local collections during March to August 2020 in open field conditions at National Horticulture Research Centre, Khumaltar, Lalitpur. The objectives were to identify promising open-pollinated tomato cultivars for high yield, appropriate fruit size, and disease resistant. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed significant differences in yield and yield attributing characters including virus infection. The highest yield (39.6 mt ha-1) was produced by HRA43 and it was followed by HRA33 (26.4 mt ha-1). Among the WorldVeg OP lines, AVTO1429 produced the highest yield (16.21 mt ha-1) and it was followed by AVTO1717 (12.95 mt ha-1), AVTO0922 (11.83 mt ha-1) and AVTO1219 (11.7 mt ha-1) respectively. Most of the WorldVeg lines performed better than the check variety ‘Pusa Ruby’. Genotype HRA43, Red Local and Sindhupalchock Local were not affected by virus while Yellow Local showed 3.3% infection. Among the WorldVeg lines, AVTO1712 (20%), AVTO1717 (20%) and AVTO1718 (13%) and AVTO1219 (15%) showed less than 20% virus infection in the open field conditions. Cluster analysis using the unweighted paired group method with arithmetic mean showed that cluster-1 was the largest cluster comprised of 40 genotypes followed by cluster-2 and cluster-4. Genotypes from cluster-4 showed the higher fruit yield (25.1 mt ha-1) and resistant to the virus and the highest number of fruits per plot (1978 in 4.5 m2 area). The yield was low in cluster-1 which could be due to the heavy rainfall during the vegetative and reproductive stages. Genotypes Red Local and Sindhupalchock Local could be used in future tomato breeding program due to their resistant to TYLCV, higher potential yield and highest plant vigour in open field conditions at the mid-hill of Nepal. Considering the overall performance, genotype HRA43, HRA33 and AVTO1429 were promising lines with performance for yield and other horticultural traits.
Analysis of macro- and Microminerals Content in the Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) Samples Cultivated in Kastamonu, Turkey
Authors: Turhan Şeref , Kurnaz Aslı
Published: September 2021

Wheat is an important cereal product because of its nutritional value, economy, culture, and history. Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) assumed as the oldest wheat. Einkorn locally called “siyez” has recently become popular as a super grain with the thought of being very nutritious in Turkey. In this study, the contents of macrominerals (Na, Mg, Ca, and K) and microminerals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in twenty-one einkorn samples collected from different cultivation areas in Kastamonu were determined by using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry following microwave-assisted acid digestion. The results were compared with those analyzed in einkorn and other wheat types in the literature. Average concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr and Cu analyzed in einkorn samples were found as 3712, 1303, 656, 53, 167, 34, 29, 0,7 and 0,6 mg kg-1, respectively. The literature comparison revealed that the investigated einkorn samples were richer in terms of Ca and Fe contents compared to einkorn, emmer, spelt, buckwheat, and durum wheat samples grown in our country and different countries.
Comparison of Fatty Acid Composition and Antioxidant Contents of Tribulus Terrestris L. Collected from Different Localities
Authors: Çömlekçioğlu Nazan , Çırak Rıdvan
Published: September 2021

For a long time, many cultures around the world have used Tribulus terrestris L. in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. In this study, the antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts obtained with various solvents from T. terrestris plant collected from different localities in Kahramanmaraş were investigated. In addition, the fixed oil content of the extracts was examined by GC-MS analysis and as a result, 26 different fatty acids were determined. The main fatty acid components of plant extracts are linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. The total phenolic substance value of plant extracts varies between 2.20-18-77 mg g-1, total flavonoid amount varies between 0.06-0.50 mg g-1, FRAP value varies between 6.16-23.50 µg g-1 and DPPH value varies between 1.54-10.54 µg mL-1. It was observed that the solvents used in extraction affected the bioactivity values rather than the locations. Although the absorbance values of the extracts obtained with hexane were high, low extract yield affected the results. The highest values in all characters examined were obtained from ethanolic extracts.
Impact of Nitrogen Levels and Planting Density on the Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)
Authors: Yoldaş Funda , Ceylan Şafak , Duman İbrahim , Elmacı Ömer Lütfü , Düzyaman Eftal
Published: September 2021

The study was carried out to the effects of different plant densities and nitrogen levels on okra yield and plant development. Field trials were conducted in two locations, the training fields of the Ege University, Ödemiş Research and Training area, and Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Menemen Research and Training Farm. The field layout was a split-plot design with 3 replicates, where main plots consisted of nitrogen applications and sub-plots of plant densities. Fertilizer was applied in the form of Triple Superphosphate, Potassium Sulfate, Urea and Ammonium Nitrate. Five different nitrogen levels (F1: 0, F2: 40, F3: 80; F4: 120 and F5: 160 kg N ha-1) and two different rows spacing (PD1: 15 cm×70 cm and PD2: 25 cm×70 cm) have been tested. Yield and yield components, plant height at flowering, height of the first fruits, the number of leaves, the number of branches, the number of days from sowing to first flowering, the number of days from sowing to first harvest, plant height, foliation status, total yield, yield of plant, average fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter have been noted in the field experiments. Total yield ranged from 5923.8 to 12888.9 kg ha-1 at the Ödemiş location, while it was 3363.3-5009.2 kg ha-1 at the Menemen location. In conclusion, the highest yield is taken from F2 in both plant densities in Ödemiş. In Menemen, the highest yield is taken from the dose of F3 (80 kg Nha-1) and F4 (120 kg Nha-1).
Antibacterial Effect of Different Herbal Extracts Against Listeria monocytogenes Strains Isolated from Foods
Authors: Şentürk Esra , Aktop Simge , Aslan Canberi Hacer , Toprak Zehra Tuğçe , Şanlıbaba Pınar
Published: September 2021

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen frequently isolated from food that causes different public health problems. In recent years, antibiotic resistance of pathogens has become an important problem affecting human health. For this reason, it is crucial to develop an alternative to antibiotics. Thus, the antibacterial effects of herbal extracts and essential oils are frequently investigated. In this article, the antibacterial activity of extracts obtained from 16 different herbs using ethanol, chloroform, acetone, and distilled water was evaluated against L. monocytogenes strains. The extract showing the highest antibacterial effect against L. monocytogenes was St. John’s Wort extracted in ethanol (31.72 ±0.52 mm). In addition, Myrtus leaf extracted in ethanol (27.2 ±0.52 mm) and St. John’s Wort extracted in acetone (25.6 ±0.52 mm) showed a high antibacterial effect against L. monocytogenes compared to other extracts. In the study, the solvent ethanol in which St. John’s Wort and Myrtus leaf were extracted showed the highest antibacterial activity. In contrast, the solvent that rosemary extract showed the highest antibacterial effect was acetone. However, the most antibacterial herb extracted in distilled water was peppermint (7.03 ±0.52 mm). The extracts of marjoram and yarrow did not show any antibacterial effect in any solvent used in the study. In conclusion, more studies are needed to determine the antibacterial effects of herbal extracts against pathogens in foods and their use.
Using Swimming Speed as an Indicator of Malformation: A Practical Approach for Identification and Removal of Juvenile Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758) with Skeletal Deformity
Authors: Korkut Ali Yıldırım , Tolon Tolga Mustafa , Gamsız Kutsal , Kop Aysun
Published: September 2021

Skeletal abnormalities in farmed fish are one of the main problems that negatively affect the production enterprises in terms of economic, biological and animal health. Fish with skeletal deformities in hatcheries are considered as non-economic individuals and are therefore detected and removed manually from the production tanks, which is a time consuming and laborious work for the facilities. Since the formation of abnormalities in the skeletal structure of the fish during the early growth period cause reduced swimming ability or speed that prevent fish to compete during feeding. Further, since deformed fish has no market value, even the share of a small amount of feed among deformed fish will reduce the feed conversion for the market targeted individuals within the culture tank that in terms may increase the production cost per fish. Therefore, in culture conditions it is important to remove the deformed fish from the tank environment by quickly determining those fellows at the early stage of growth. The present study evaluates the effects of water velocity on swimming behavior of juvenile seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and provides a solution for a rapid identification -and mechanical removal of deformed fish from the culture environment by using swimming speed slowdown -and behavioral differences as an indicator of deformation.
The Effects of Using Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Seed Powder on Quality Parameters of Model System Chicken Meat Emulsions
Authors: Serdaroğlu Meltem , Yüncü Özlem , Kavuşan Hülya Serpil , Sharefiabadi Elnaz , Seyedhosseini Sahar
Published: September 2021

This study aimed to investigate the effects of using 1%, 3% and 5% pomegranate seed powder (PSP) on model system chicken meat emulsion (CME) quality parameters. For this purpose, the properties of the emulsion samples prepared using different amounts of PSP were compared with the control group prepared with 70% chicken breast meat, 18% chicken skin, 10% water, 1.5% salt and 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). Chemical composition, pH, emulsion stability, water holding capacity, cooking yield, and color were analyzed in emulsion samples. TBARs and peroxide values of the samples were determined on days 0, 3, 5 and 7 during storage. Use of pomegranate seed powder in emulsion formulation resulted a decrease in b* and a* values. At the same time, with the addition of pomegranate seed powder, there was no difference in the protein values of the raw samples and the moisture, ash and pH values of the cooked samples. It was also observed that pH values, water holding capacity and cooking efficiency of emulsions increased with the increasing levels of PSP. Both peroxide and TBARs values were lower in emulsion samples formulated with PSP on 7 d compared to the control group.
A Morphological and Histological Investigation of the Sinus Interdigitalis in Konya Merino Sheep
Authors: Özüdoğru Zekeriya , İlgün Ramazan , Özdemir Derviş
Published: September 2021

In the study, it was aimed to reveal the morphological, morphometric and histological characteristics of sinus interdigitalis found in the fore and hind feet of Konya merino sheep. For this purpose, the fore and hind feet of 10 Konya merino sheep, weighing between 44-79 kg, were used. Sinus interdigitalis were dissected out from the feet, and after morphometric measurements were made, morphological examinations were performed and photographed. The shape of the sinus interdigitalis, present in all the forefeet and hind feet, resembled a pipe consisting of neck and body. It was determined that the neck part was longer than the body at all feet. The inner surface of the gland was covered with hair, and there was more hair on the neck than on the body. The weight of the gland, body length and diameter, flexura, canal length and diameter were measured morphometrically. In the measurements made, it was determined that all the values of the forefeet were higher than the hind feet. In histological examination, it was found that the wall of the sinus interdigitalis consists of three layers: epidermis, dermis and fibrous capsule, and in the dermis, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, m. arrector pili and sweat glands were found.
Determination of Grafting Adaptation of Some Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Genotypes with Marigoule (C. Sativa × C. Crenata) Cultivar
Authors: Kulaç Şemsettin , Nayır Hatice Nihan
Published: September 2021

In this study, to reproduce natural chestnut genotypes, the fruit characteristics of the Düzce region determined by local people are good in a healthy way, compatible with Marigoule (C. sativa × C. crenata) hybrid varieties resistant to branch cancer and root rot was investigated. In this study, 24 different chestnut genotypes were used. As the grafting method, the most commonly used tongue grafting, split grafting, chip budding grafting, and side grafting method were used. All procedures related to grafting were carried out in the greenhouses of the Düzce University Faculty of Forestry. In this study, local genotypes that are compatible with Marigoule chestnut were determined. As a result, the native genotype, which showed the best adaptation to Marigoule seedlings, was 87.5% of Yalnızçam, and after that, 79.2% of the Ereğli Sefer genotype. The lowest fit showed Broken genotype with 15% and Akçakoca1genotype with 17.5%. Besides, the compatibility of foreign varieties Maraval, Marigoule, and Betizac were also investigated. As a result, Betizac had the highest compatibility with 95%, while Maraval had 67.5%. The most successful in the grafting methods applied was the side graft (74.2%) followed by tongue grafting (59.9%), splitting grafting (51.4%), and chip budding grafting (29.7%).
Comparison of mineral content of bottled spring and mineral waters marketed in Turkey
Authors: Turhan Şeref , Kurnaz Aslı , Hançerlioğulları Aybaba
Published: September 2021

Drinking water is the most indispensable substance for humans. Bottled drinking waters are preferred over tap water with the belief that they are more nutritious, better quality, more delicious and safe in terms of health. Therefore, the Turkish bottled (spring and mineral) water market has experienced a continuous growth since 2003, as in the whole world. This study focuses on comparing the common mineral cation calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and sodium (Na+) content of twenty one popular bottled spring and mineral water brands marketed in Turkey by using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The average concentrations of Ca, Mg and Na analyzed in bottled spring and mineral water samples were found as 14.9, 24.1 and 8.2 mg/L and 147.9, 44.3 and 117.3 mg/L, respectively. This comparison confirms that bottled natural mineral water has better quality in terms of major nutrient minerals than bottled natural spring waters.
Introduction
Authors: Mendoza Aviña Sylvia , Saldaña Lilliana Patricia
Published: September 2021

N/A
Cinco Dedos: A Mexican American Studies Framework
Authors: García Nicolas , Gonzales Anthony
Published: September 2021

Mexican American Studies (MAS) courses have been criticized for many years. Legislation in Arizona and Texas have attempted to ban the content. This article pushes back on this attempt of oppression and offers MAS teachers a framework to apply when teaching the content. Using a timeline to depict the years of attempts for Mexican American Studies to be approved, we offer practitioners and researchers an Ethnic Studies framework particularly with MAS courses. Using cultural art, poetry, and literature, MAS teachers can benefit from using the Cinco Dedos framework especially at the secondary (6-12) grade levels. This framework prepares MAS teachers to utilize various Chicanx histories to tell the stories of Mexican American heroes not talked about in traditional American history courses. This article also provides tools to use in secondary MAS classrooms that highlight Mexican American culture for students provided by a MAS teacher. One of the founders of the framework uses this in his MAS course at a high school located in San Antonio, TX.
Políticas de posicionamiento del sector hidrocarburífero argentino tras la estatización parcial de YPF (2012-2015)
Authors: Pérez-Roig Diego
Published: September 2021

Este artículo analiza las políticas diseñadas e implementadas en Argentina, entre 2012 y 2015, con el propósito de promover la obtención de hidrocarburos de reservorios “no convencionales”. En 2012, la Ley “de Soberanía Hidrocarburífera” dispuso la recuperación del control estatal de Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF) y convirtió a aquellos recursos en objetivos estratégicos de la política energética. Ello implicó la posterior adopción de un amplio abanico de medidas destinadas a atraer inversores extranjeros. Desde la perspectiva de la internacionalización del capital y del Estado, se muestra a ese conjunto como “políticas de posicionamiento” que deben enfrentar distintos límites y contradicciones asociadas a la volatilidad del mercado mundial, la dinámica local de la acumulación y la producción de consenso. A tal fin, se empleó una estrategia metodológica mixta, basada en la triangulación de métodos y técnicas de recolección de información y análisis de datos.
Retracted: Individual Criminal Responsibility for the Financing of Entities Involved in Core Crimes: Aiding and Abetting
Authors: Ausserladscheider Jonas Laura , Tladi Dire
Published: September 2021

We, the Editors and Publishers of The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, have retracted the following article:
Laura Ausserladscheider Jonas and Dire Tladi, ‘Individual Criminal Responsibility for the Financing of Entities Involved in Core Crimes: Aiding and Abetting’ 54(1) 2021 Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa
Following its publication, it was brought to our attention that this article contains significant overlap, in the form of continuous paragraphs and their accompanying footnotes, with the following chapter:
Manuel J. Venturas, ‘Aiding and Abetting’ in Jérôme de Hemptinne, Robert Roth, Elies van Sliedregt, Marjolein Cupido, Manuel J. Ventura and Lachezar Yanev (eds), Modes of Liability in International Criminal Law (Cambridge University Press, 2019)  The journal article ‘Individual Criminal Responsibility’ reproduced significant parts of the chapter in Modes of Liability without appropriate attributions or citations.
The second author, Dire Tladi, has requested to be dissociated from the publication.
We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retractions. The cover page only of the retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked as “Retracted.”
Obraz Chin w piśmiennictwie Augustyna Zmarzłego SVD (1898-1966)
Authors: Jodkowski Marek
Published: September 2021

W 1924 r. Augustyn Zmarzły otrzymał święcenia kapłańskie w Mödling koło Wiednia jako członek Zgromadzenia Słowa Bożego. Tego roku wyjechał jako misjonarz do Chin, w których pracował przez 25 lat. W czasie swojego pobytu w Państwie Środka napisał wiele artykułów, które publikowano na łamach czasopism wychodzących m.in. w Polsce, a także w Niemczech i Stanach Zjednoczonych. Dotyczyły one szerokiejproblematyki, począwszy od historii Chin, tamtejszych zwyczajów i kultury, po badania etnograficzne. Jedynie na łamach czasopisma „Nasz Misjonarz”, wydawanego przez polskich werbistów w okresie międzywojennym, opublikował ponad 120 listów. W swoich tekstach poruszał bieżące wydarzenia polityczne z Dalekiego Wschodu.
Abusi sessuali e spirituali nella Chiesa Cattolica
Authors: Saje Andrej
Published: September 2021

L’abuso sessuale è ogni azione non verbale, verbale o fisica con cui si viola la dignità e si oltrepassano i confini di un’altra persona di qualsiasi età o sesso allo scopo di raggiungere il piacere sessuale o di compiere violenza. Parliamo di abuso spirituale quando in un contesto religioso viene violata la dignità della persona, per cui essa non gode più della sua piena autonomia. Ciò accade in modo manipolativo e senza il consenso del singolo, per cui sotto il pretesto della spiritualità nel senso più ampio della parola lo si umilia o annulla.La violenza sessuale e quella spirituale sono due diversi tipi di abuso che possono avvenire in modo indipendente l’una dall’altra, ma in entrambi i casi si tratta della questione dell’esercizio del potere e dell’autorità. L’abuso spirituale in ambiente religioso è spesso il preludio dell’abuso sessuale ed è meno studiato del primo. Sulla base di una descrizione storica dello sviluppo delle prescrizioni giuridiche nel trattamento della dinamica e della natura di entrambi i tipi di abusi, l’articolo propone alcune soluzioni, giungendo alla conclusione che gli abusi sono anche un problema strutturale della Chiesa, che offre agli autori degli abusi un ambiente favorevole a selezionare le vittime e la possibilità di nascondere quanto commesso.
LOCAL RADIO WITHOUT BORDERS: the experiment of a small Portuguese broadcaster on the internet
Authors: Jorge Thais de Mendonça , Brito Batista Paula Cristina
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT – Hyperlocal journalism, understood as the type of journalism practiced and undertaken in small communities around the world, is part of the media ecosystem, but its importance is rarely recognized. With the withdrawal of media companies from smaller locations in the early 21st century, hyperlocal journalism has regained its space thanks to the internet, exploiting the streak of community news to reach audiences in various parts of the world. This study focuses on Portugal and investigates how hyperlocal news is reported on a radio station in the interior of the country: Rádio Cova da Beira (RCB). The results of an analysis of the website’s content, interviews, and participant observation in the newsroom of the broadcaster, based in Fundão, in the district of Castelo Branco (Portugal), show that this model of local journalism values culture, but faces serious structural and financial problems.RESUMO – O jornalismo hiperlocal, compreendido como o tipo de jornalismo praticado em pequenas comunidades, faz parte do ecossistema midiático, mas raramente tem sua importância reconhecida. Com a retirada das grandes empresas de media das localidades de menor tamanho, no início do século XXI, o jornalismo hiperlocal vem retomando seu espaço graças à internet, explorando o filão das notícias comunitárias com vistas a alcançar audiências transfronteiras. Este estudo tem como foco Portugal e investiga como estão sendo feitas notícias hiperlocais em uma rádio do interior do país – a Rádio Cova da Beira (RCB). Os resultados de análise de conteúdo no site, de entrevistas e observação participante na redação da emissora com sede em Fundão, distrito de Castelo Branco (Portugal), mostram que este modelo de jornalismo local valoriza a cultura, mas enfrenta sérios problemas estruturais e financeiros.RESUMEN – El periodismo hiperlocal, entendido como el tipo de periodismo practicado en pequeñas comunidades, es parte del ecosistema de los medios, pero rara vez se lo reconoce por su importancia. Con la retirada de las grandes empresas medianas de las ciudades más pequeñas, a principios del siglo XXI, el periodismo hiperlocal se ha hecho cargo gracias a internet, explorando la racha de noticias de la comunidad con miras a llegar a audiencias transfronterizas. Este estudio se centra en Portugal e investiga cómo se producen noticias hiperlocales en una radio en el interior del país: Rádio Cova da Beira (RCB). Los resultados del análisis de contenido en el sitio web, las entrevistas y la observación participante en la sala de redacción de la emisora con sede en Fundão, distrito de Castelo Branco (Portugal), muestran que este modelo de periodismo local valora la cultura, pero enfrenta serios problemas estructurales y financieros.
HYBRID GENDER IN METAMORPHOSIS: analysis of literary journalism characteristics in online editions of the UOL TAB platform (2014–2018)
Authors: Da Conceição Cintia Silva , Del Vecchio-Lima Myrian Regina
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT – In the current scenario where long-form journalism is now an online narrative form, this work sought to understand if and how the characteristics of literary journalism (LJ), as defined by authors Kramer (1995), Wolfe (2005), Lima (2009) and Pena (2017), are integrated into the multimedia content of webjournalism. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used to perform this, and the content analysis methodology was applied to a final sample of four reports from the UOL TAB platform. We found that LJ in digital writing uses multimedia features to enhance readers’ experiences and, even though the written text remains a key element to the narrative, the multimedia resources attached to it make the genre original, and thus provide for a more immersive reading experience.RESUMO – Em um cenário em que o jornalismo longform já faz parte das narrativas na web, este trabalho buscou compreender se e como as características do jornalismo literário (JL), definidas pelos autores Kramer (1995), Wolfe (2005), Lima (2009) e Pena (2017), são integradas ao conteúdo multimídia do webjornalismo. Para isso, foram utilizadas as abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa e aplicou-se a metodologia análise de conteúdo em uma amostra final de quatro reportagens da plataforma UOL TAB. Verificou-se que o JL na escrita digital se apropria dos elementos multimídia com a intencionalidade de potencializar a experiência do leitor; e, embora o texto escrito continue como elemento central da narrativa, são os recursos multimídia acoplados a ele, que inovam o gênero, tornando a experiência do leitor mais imersiva.RESUMEN – En un escenario donde el periodismo de larga duración ya forma parte de las narrativas en la web, el trabajo buscó comprender si y cómo las características del periodismo literario (JL), definidas por los autores Kramer (1995), Wolfe (2005), Lima (2009) y Pena (2017), se integran en el contenido multimedia del periodismo web. Para ello, se utilizaron los enfoques cuantitativos y cualitativos y se aplicó la metodología de análisis de contenido a una muestra final de cuatro reportajes periodísticos de la plataforma UOL TAB. Se encontró que la JL en escritura digital se apropia de los elementos multimedia con la intención de mejorar la experiencia del lector; y, aunque el texto escrito sigue siendo un elemento central de la narrativa, son los recursos multimedia adjuntos que innovan el género, haciendo que la experiencia del lector sea más inmersiva.