bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Affinity Laminated Chromatography Membrane Built‐in Electrodes for Suppressing Polysulfide Shuttling in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Wang Yuxiao , Yu Ying , Tan Yeqiang , Li Tianyu , Chen Yanbing , Wang Shuang , Sui Kunyan , Zhang Hongzhang , Luo Yang , Li Xianfeng
Published: November 2019

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are promising candidates for energy storage, but suffer from capacity and cycling challenges caused by the serious shuttling effect of polysulfide (PS) ions. To address these issues, a sodium alginate (SA)‐derived affinity laminated chromatography membrane built‐in electrode is designed. This is the first attempt to utilize this type of membrane, which is widely used for the selective adsorption of proteins, in the battery field. An ordered multilayer structure throughout the electrode can easily be obtained, and the number of membrane layers can be also conveniently controlled by varying the cross‐linking time of SA. The PS shuttling effect is efficiently suppressed and the permeability of PSs is reduced by enveloping the carbon/sulfur powder in ultrathin laminated chromatography membranes. As a result, these designed electrodes deliver a superhigh initial capacity of 1492 mA h g−1, with a capacity retention almost 20% higher than the contrast. This low‐cost and easily mass‐producible strategy inspired by affinity chromatography is expected to effectively solve the PS shuttling problem toward high‐loading and long‐lifetime Li–S batteries in practice.
Chemical Approaches for Stabilizing Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Lee Jin‐Wook , Park Nam‐Gyu
Published: November 2019

Chemical bonding dictates not only the optoelectronic properties of materials, but also the intrinsic and extrinsic stability of materials. Here, the causes of intrinsic and extrinsic instability of perovskite materials are reviewed considering their correlation with the unique chemical‐bonding nature of perovskite materials. There are a number of key standardized stability tests established by the International Electrotechnical Commission for commercialized photovoltaic modules. Based on these procedures, the possible causes and related mechanisms of the material degradation that can arise during the test procedures are identified, which are discussed in terms of their chemical bonds. Based on the understanding of the critical causes, promising strategies for mitigating the causes to enhance the stability of perovskite solar cells are summarized. The stability of the state‐of‐the‐art perovskite solar cells implies a need for the development of improved stability‐testing protocols to move onto the next stage toward commercialization.
Financing urban growth in China: A case study of Guangzhou
Authors: Niu Meili , Wu Yan
Published: November 2019

Rapid urban growth has become a global phenomenon. As these city populations expand, urban governance is even more of a daunting challenge in many countries. China is not an exception. It is at once a transitional state still undergoing urbanization and economic development; it is also currently experiencing a slowing economy. China's cities must simultaneously continue to improve the quality of urban life while maintaining social stability. Using the city of Guangzhou as an example of China's mega‐cities, this study explores the financing strategies used by Chinese cities to manage urban growth. While economic growth has always been the main priority, Guangzhou's strategy has not followed China's traditional approach of growth for growth's sake; instead, it is relying on investment in innovation and transportation to promote the local economy. Education is also being stressed as a means of fostering human resources. However, undisciplined infrastructure financing and ineffective intergovernmental fiscal relations are jeopardizing the city's fiscal sustainability. To correct this will require further reforms of China's fiscal system and a careful sequencing of reforms to maintain a sustainable growth in the urban area.
Robust detection of intermittent multiplicative sensor fault
Authors: Zhang Junfeng , Christofides Panagiotis D. , He Xiao , Zhao Yinghong , Zhang Zhihao , Zhou Donghua
Published: November 2019

In this paper, the detection problem of intermittent multiplicative sensor fault is investigated for stochastic uncertain systems. A robust optimal filter is designed according to the criterion of minimum estimation error covariance. Then, based on this, a residual generator is constructed, and the quantitative effect of the fault on it is discussed in detail. After that we design the evaluation function and detection threshold to achieve intermittent fault detection. Our proposed strategy has a recursive form and only includes simple arithmetic operations, thus it is suitable for real‐time online applications. Finally, a simulation example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
An improved multiple‐state observer of Boolean control networks
Authors: Yang Junqi , Gao Zihan , Li Zhiqiang , Qian Wei
Published: November 2019

This paper explores the issue of state estimation for Boolean control networks (BCNs), and a kind of improved multiple‐state observer is proposed. The improved multiple‐state observer can be described by means of a specific BCN that overcomes the difficulty of the existing multiple state observers where it is difficult to find a general expression for the observer gain matrix. Next, based on the states that can possibly generate the output and those that are observed by the designed observer in current time step, an adaptive algorithm that completes the design of the multiple‐state observer is provided to update the observer states, and which makes the state estimation of Boolean control networks feasible. Finally, an example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained results.
Injury factors and pathological features of toxic milk mice during different disease stages
Authors: Zhou Xiang‐xue , Li Xun‐hua , Chen Ding‐bang , Wu Chao , Feng Li , Qin Hao‐lin , Pu Xiao‐Yong , Liang Xiu‐ling
Published: November 2019

Objective

To evaluate different injury factors and pathological characteristics of the brain at different disease stages in toxic milk (TX) mice, an animal model of Wilson's disease (WD).

Methods

Thirty TX mice (10 each at 3, 6 and 12 months old) and 30 age‐matched C57 mice were used in this study. Corrected phase (CP) values were determined from susceptibility‐weighted images. Myelin content was determined by measuring inhibition optical density values of Luxol fast blue‐stained sections. Neurofilament protein 68 kDa (NF68), β‐amyloid precursor protein (β‐APP), and myelin basic protein (MBP) levels, as well as copper and iron content, in brain nuclei of the TX mouse were evaluated. Gene amplification ratios for catalase (CAT), GSH peroxidase (GSH‐PX), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mouse brain were also determined.

Results

Compared with C57 mice, neuronal cell counts were decreased in 12‐months‐old TX mice (p = .011). Myelin content was decreased in the lenticular nucleus (p = .029), thalamus (p = .030), and brainstem (p = .034) of 6‐months‐old TX mice; decreases in the corresponding nuclei (p = .044, .037, and .032, respectively) were also found in 12‐months‐old TX mice. MBP values were lower in the lenticular nucleus and thalamus (p = .027 and .016, respectively) of 6‐months‐old TX mice and in the corresponding nuclei (p = .24 and .040) of 12‐months‐old TX mice. NF‐68 values were lower in the lenticular nucleus and thalamus (p = .034 and .037, respectively) of 6‐months‐old TX mice and in the corresponding nuclei (p = .006 and .012) of 12‐months‐old TX mice. β‐APP values were higher in the thalamus of 6‐months‐old (p = .037) and 12‐months‐old (p = .012) TX mice. Iron content was higher in the lenticular nucleus, thalamus, and cerebellum (p = .044, .038, and .029, respectively) of 6‐months‐old TX mice and in the corresponding nuclei (p = .017, .024, and .029) of 12‐months‐old TX mice. The NOS gene amplification multiple was higher (p = .039), whereas the SOD1 gene amplification multiple was lower (p = .041) in 12‐months‐old TX mice. There was no correlation between metal content or oxidation index and pathological index.

Conclusions

The pathological characteristics of the brains of TX mice may differ at different ages. Different pathogenic factors, including copper and iron deposition and abnormal oxidative stress, are present at different stages.
Efficacy of neuroendoscopic surgery versus craniotomy for supratentorial hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Zhao Xu‐Hui , Zhang Su‐Zhen , Feng Jin , Li Zhen‐Zhong , Ma Zeng‐Lu
Published: November 2019

Background

Hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage (HCH) is a potentially life‐threatening neurological condition with an extremely high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, neuroendoscopy has been used to treat intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, the choice of neuroendoscopic surgery versus craniotomy for patients with intracerebral hemorrhages is controversial.

Aim

We conducted this meta‐analysis to assess the efficacy of neuroendoscopic surgery compared with craniotomy in patients with supratentorial hypertensive ICH.

Methods

A systematic electronic search was conducted of online electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library updated on December 2017. The meta‐analysis only included randomized controlled studies.

Results

Three randomized controlled trials met our inclusion criteria. The pooled analysis of death showed that neuroendoscopic surgery decreased the rate of death when compared with craniotomy (RR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.26–1.29; p = .18). The pooled result of complications indicated that neuroendoscopic surgery has a tendency toward lower complications (RR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.28–0.49; p < .001).

Conclusions

Our results suggested that neuroendoscopic surgery has lower complications, but no superior advantages in morbidity rates. Since the advantage of neuroendoscopic surgery has been performed in some area, the continuation of multi‐center comparative investigation with craniotomy may be necessary. Moreover, some efforts need to be taken in selecting appropriate patients with different treatments.
Percutaneous intraluminal downsizing of systemic‐to‐pulmonary artery shunts: a novel application of the Diabolo stent technique—Case series and description of the technique
Authors: Maschietto Nicola , Baird Christopher , Porras Diego
Published: November 2019

Objective

This article aims to describe the feasibility of a novel application of the Diabolo stent technique for percutaneous downsizing of systemic‐to‐pulmonary artery shunts in patients with pulmonary overcirculation.

Background

Pulmonary overcirculation can lead to systemic hypoperfusion, impaired systemic oxygen delivery, and hemodynamic instability especially in patients with single‐ventricle physiology. Different medical and surgical strategies to treat pulmonary overcirculation have been reported so far, but no percutaneous approach amenable to further adjustment over time has been described.

Methods

Retrospective review of patients who underwent percutaneous intraluminal reduction of a systemic‐to‐pulmonary artery shunt with a covered stent in a Diabolo “hour‐glass” configuration.

Results

From July 2018 to February 4, 2019, consecutive patients underwent trans‐catheter downsizing of a systemic‐to‐pulmonary artery shunt. The median age was 3.3 years (range 0.7–5.7 years). All patients had symptomatic pulmonary overflow despite maximal medical therapy. All patients underwent successful implantation of a covered stent in a Diabolo “hour‐glass” configuration without any complications. Successful reduction in pulmonary overcirculation was noted in all patients with a decrease of mean pulmonary artery pressure from a median of 29 mmHg (range 25–32 mmHg) to a median of 21 mmHg (range 14–27 mmHg).

Conclusions

Percutaneous intraluminal downsizing of systemic‐to‐pulmonary artery shunts with a covered stent in a Diabolo configuration is safe and feasible. With this technique, the pulmonary blood flow can be adjusted in a physiologic closed‐chest condition and further regulated over time.
Pros and Cons of Sacrificial Anode Electrolysis for the Preparation of Transition Metal Colloids: A Review
Authors: Izzi Margherita , Sportelli Maria Chiara , Ditaranto Nicoletta , Picca Rosaria Anna , Innocenti Massimo , Sabbatini Luigia , Cioffi Nicola
Published: November 2019

Electrochemical synthesis of transition metal nanoparticles (NPs) and related oxides is highly appealing, as it affords nanomaterials with high purity and dimensional control by properly setting only few experimental parameters. The resurgence of electrochemical routes to NPs can be traced back to seminal works by the Reetz's group, about 25 years ago. Despite many advantages, this method has intrinsic limitations, mainly related to the use of organic solvents, which may limit real‐life applications of the as‐prepared NPs. Therefore, an important current issue in the electrosynthesis of these systems regards the preparation of aqueous and long‐lived colloids. In this Review, we provide an overview of the most promising electrosyntheses of colloidal nanomaterials; real‐life applications of electrochemically produced NPs will also be commented on.
Impact of the variant allele frequency of ASXL1, DNMT3A, JAK2, TET2, TP53, and NPM1 on the outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Sasaki Koji , Kanagal‐Shamanna Rashmi , Montalban‐Bravo Guillermo , Assi Rita , Jabbour Elias , Ravandi Farhad , Kadia Tapan , Pierce Sherry , Takahashi Koichi , Nogueras Gonzalez Graciela , Patel Keyur , Soltysiak Kelly A. , Cortes Jorge , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo
Published: November 2019

Background

The impact of the allelic burden of ASXL1, DNMT3A, JAK2, TET2, and TP53 mutations on survival remains unclear in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Methods

The authors assessed bone marrow aspirates from 421 patients with newly diagnosed AML using next‐generation sequencing for ASXL1, DNMT3A, JAK2, TET2, and TP53 mutations, defined as the presence of mutations in ASXL1, DNMT3A, JAK2, TET2, or TP53 with a minimum variant allele frequency (VAF) of 5%.

Results

A total of 71 patients (17%) had ASXL1 mutations, 104 patients (25%) had DNMT3A mutations, 16 patients (4%) had JAK2 mutations, 82 patients (20%) had TET2 mutations, and 86 patients (20%) had TP53 mutations. Among patients with each mutation, the median VAF of ASXL1 was 34.31% (range, 1.17%‐58.62%), the median VAF of DNMT3A was 41.76% (range, 1.02%‐91.66%), the median VAF of JAK2 was 46.70% (range, 10.4%‐71.7%), the median VAF of TET2 was 42.78% (range, 2.26%‐95.32%), and the median VAF of TP53 was 45.47% (range, 1.15%‐93.74%). The composite complete response rate was 60%, and was 77% in patients with AML with and without ASXL1, DNMT3A, JAK2, TET2, or TP53 mutations, respectively (P = .006); the median overall survival was 11 months and 27 months, respectively (P < .001). Multivariate analysis identified age; an antecedent history of dysplasia; white blood cell count; adverse cytogenetic risk; previous treatment with an FLT3 inhibitor; and the VAF of ASXL1, DNMT3A, JAK2, TET2, TP53, and NPM1 mutations by next‐generation sequencing as prognostic factors for overall survival.

Conclusions

The VAF of ASXL1, DNMT3A, JAK2, TET2, TP53, and NPM1 mutations is associated with worse prognosis in patients with newly diagnosed AML.
Cytohistologic correlation of basaloid salivary gland neoplasms: Can cytomorphologic classification be used to diagnose and grade these tumors?
Authors: Gargano Stacey M. , Sebastiano Christopher , Solomides Charalambos C. , Griffith Christopher C. , HooKim Kim
Published: November 2019

Background

Basaloid salivary gland neoplasms (BSNs), which include benign primary tumors and primary or metastatic malignancies, show overlapping morphology in fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). The Milan system recommends assigning a grade (low or high) to malignant salivary neoplasms because of the impact on surgical planning. This study investigated cytomorphologic features of BSNs on FNA that would help to favor a high‐grade malignancy over a low‐grade malignancy or a benign tumor.

Methods

Two pathologists performed a double‐blinded cytologic evaluation of FNA cases diagnosed as BSNs that had corresponding surgical resections. The diagnosis made with the Milan system was correlated with the final surgical diagnosis and grade. Cytologic sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated.

Results

There were 132 BSN FNA cases; cytology slides were available for 77 of 87 patients who had undergone resection. The risk of malignancy for the benign neoplasm (BN), salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP), suspicious for malignancy (SFM), and malignant categories were 13.6%, 22%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity of the malignant/SFM category was 51.7%; another 37.9% of confirmed malignancies were diagnosed as SUMP. The specificity of the BN category was 86%. Favoring a high‐grade malignancy on FNA had 100% accuracy (5 of 5). Favoring a low‐grade malignancy on FNA had 75% accuracy (6 of 8). The most specific cytomorphologic clues for a high‐grade malignancy were necrotic/apoptotic debris, mitoses, discohesion, and anisonucleosis.

Conclusions

BSNs encompass a broad spectrum of primary and metastatic tumors. Necrotic/apoptotic debris, mitotic activity, discohesion, and significant anisonucleosis, alone or especially in combination, should make a cytopathologist suspect a high‐grade malignancy.
Quantification of blood flow patterns in the cerebral arterial circulation of individual (human) subjects
Authors: Park Chang S. , Hartung Grant , Alaraj Ali , Du Xinjian , Charbel Fady T. , Linninger Andreas A.
Published: November 2019

There is a growing research interest in quantifying blood flow distribution for the entire cerebral circulation to sharpen diagnosis and improve treatment options for cerebrovascular disease of individual patients. We present a methodology to reconstruct subject‐specific cerebral blood flow patterns in accordance with physiological and fluid mechanical principles and optimally informed by in vivo neuroimage data of cerebrovascular anatomy and arterial blood flow rates. We propose an inverse problem to infer blood flow distribution across the visible portion of the arterial network that best matches subject‐specific anatomy and a given set of volumetric flow measurements. The optimization technique also mitigates the effect of uncertainties by reconciling incomplete flow data and by dissipating unavoidable acquisition errors associated with medical imaging data.
Patients' illness narratives—From being healthy to living with incurable cancer: Encounters with doctors through the disease trajectory
Authors: Kvåle Kirsti , Haugen Dagny Faksvåg , Synnes Oddgeir
Published: November 2019

Background

Narrative medicine emphasizes how stories can increase the understanding of patients' experiences and give important insights into how patients interpret and strive to make meaning in the situation they find themselves in.

Aim

The aim of this study was to gain insight into the illness narratives of cancer patients, from the day they suspected that something was wrong until living with incurable cancer.

Methods and results

Six men and seven women, aged 47 to 79 years, diagnosed with metastatic cancer and undergoing chemotherapy with life‐prolonging intent in an oncology outpatient clinic, were asked to tell their illness stories as freely as possible, without guiding questions. Stories were tape recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by a thematic narrative analysis. Encounters with doctors through the disease trajectory were highlighted by all narrators. Several informants described poor communication and consequences in the form of “doctors delay” and substandard psychosocial care. Continuity in follow‐up and the physician's ability or inability to break bad news and adapt information to the patient's wishes and preferences were particularly emphasized.

Conclusion

A key finding was the importance of the doctor's role throughout the whole trajectory. A good doctor‐patient relationship was characterized by continuity of care in follow‐up, and trust acquired over time, based on the physician's thorough medical knowledge combined with sensitive communication and empathy.
Personalized content recommendation scheme based on trust in online social networks
Authors: Bok Kyoungsoo , Ko Geonsik , Lim Jongtae , Yoo Jaesoo
Published: November 2019

As various social network services have developed, users are creating and sharing a large amount of content. Concurrently, there have been many studies on recommendation schemes for providing users with content that matches their preferences. In this paper, we propose a trust‐based personalized content recommendation scheme using collaborative filtering in online social network services. The user trust is calculated by analyzing social activities, content usages, and social relationships. In addition, the content trust is calculated by analyzing user expertise and reputations. Collaborative filtering is performed on users who are filtered through the user trust, and recommendation priorities are determined according to the content trust. The proposed scheme can improve the performance of collaborative filtering by eliminating untrustworthy users using user trust. It also improves the accuracy of recommendations since it provides recommendations based on content trust. Therefore, the proposed scheme can improve the performance of recommendation services using collaborative filtering in online social network services that share multimedia content. Performance evaluation is performed in terms of MAE and RMSE, which assesses errors in recommended results to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme. Performance evaluations have shown that errors in the proposed scheme are reduced compared to the existing schemes, improving the accuracy of recommendations.
Approaches to Whole Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing on the Oxford Nanopore MinION
Authors: Zascavage Roxanne R. , Hall Courtney L. , Thorson Kelcie , Mahmoud Medhat , Sedlazeck Fritz J. , Planz John V.
Published: November 2019

Traditional approaches for interrogating the mitochondrial genome often involve laborious extraction and enrichment protocols followed by Sanger sequencing. Although preparation techniques are still demanding, the advent of next‐generation or massively parallel sequencing has made it possible to routinely obtain nucleotide‐level data with relative ease. These short‐read sequencing platforms offer deep coverage with unparalleled read accuracy in high‐complexity genomic regions but encounter numerous difficulties in the low‐complexity homopolymeric sequences characteristic of the mitochondrial genome. The inability to discern identical units within monomeric repeats and resolve copy‐number variations for heteroplasmy detection results in suboptimal genome assemblies that ultimately complicate downstream data analysis and interpretation of biological significance. Oxford Nanopore Technologies offers the ability to generate long‐read sequencing data on a pocket‐sized device known as the MinION. Nanopore‐based sequencing is scalable, portable, and theoretically capable of sequencing the entire mitochondrial genome in a single contig. Furthermore, the recent development of a nanopore protein with dual reader heads allows for clear identification of nucleotides within homopolymeric stretches, significantly increasing resolution throughout these regions. The unrestricted read lengths, superior homopolymeric resolution, and affordability of the MinION device make it an attractive alternative to the labor‐intensive, time‐consuming, and costly mainstay deep‐sequencing platforms. This article describes three approaches to extract, prepare, and sequence mitochondrial DNA on the Oxford Nanopore MinION device. Two of the workflows include enrichment of mitochondrial DNA prior to sequencing, whereas the other relies on direct sequencing of native genomic DNA to allow for simultaneous assessment of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Protocol: Enrichment‐free mitochondrial DNA sequencing

Alternate Protocol 1: Mitochondrial DNA sequencing following enrichment with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Alternate Protocol 2: Mitochondrial DNA sequencing following enrichment with PCR‐free hybridization capture

Support Protocol 1: DNA quantification and quality assessment using the Agilent 4200 TapeStation System

Support Protocol 2: AMPure XP bead clean‐up

Support Protocol 3: Suggested data analysis pipeline
Report on a novel emerging class of highly potent benzimidazole NPS opioids: Chemical and in vitro functional characterization of isotonitazene
Authors: Blanckaert Peter , Cannaert Annelies , Van Uytfanghe Katleen , Hulpia Fabian , Deconinck Eric , Van Calenbergh Serge , Stove Christophe
Published: November 2019

This paper reports on the identification and full chemical characterization of isotonitazene (N,N‐diethyl‐2‐[5‐nitro‐2‐({4‐[(propan‐2‐yl)oxy]phenyl}methyl)‐1H‐benzimidazol‐1‐yl]ethan‐1‐amine), a potent NPS opioid and the first member of the benzimidazole class of compounds to be available on online markets. Interestingly, this compound was sold under the name etonitazene, a structural analog. Identification of isotonitazene was performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF‐MS), the latter identifying an exact‐mass m/z value of 411.2398. All chromatographic data indicated the presence of a single, highly pure compound. Confirmation of the specific benzimidazole regio‐isomer was performed using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, after which the chemical characterization was finalized by recording Fourier‐transform (FT‐IR) spectra. A live cell‐based reporter assay to assess the in vitro biological activity at the μ‐opioid receptor (MOR) revealed that isotonitazene has a high potency (EC50 of 11.1 nM) and efficacy (Emax 180% of that of hydromorphone), thus confirming that this substance is a strong opioid. Isotonitazene has not been previously detected, either in powder form, or in biological fluids. The high potency and efficacy of isotonitazene, combined with the fact that this compound was being sold undiluted, represents an imminent danger to anyone aiming to use this powder.
Parents know best: Caregiver perspectives on eating disorder recovery
Authors: Accurso Erin C. , Sim Leslie , Muhlheim Lauren , Lebow Jocelyn
Published: November 2019

Objective

This study used mixed methods to evaluate caregiver perspectives on recovery from an eating disorder.

Method

Caregivers (N = 387) completed an online survey about their child's weight history, treatment history, illness trajectory, and recovery.

Results

Children were predominantly females with adolescent onset anorexia nervosa and currently 18.4 years old on average. Qualitative analysis of caregivers' open‐ended definitions of recovery revealed seven distinct recovery domains, including (a) weight (45%); (b) body image, eating disorder cognitions, and related emotions (54%); (c) eating behavior (71%); (d) independence and responsibility in eating disorder management (28%); (e) physical health (21%); (f) psychological well‐being (31%); and (g) life worth living (27%). Most (72%) reported that their child had achieved partial or full recovery at some point in their lifetime. Only 20% reported that their child had ever achieved full recovery, but 93% of those had sustained recovery over time (i.e., no relapses since achieving recovery). Physical recovery occurred on average 2.7 years after eating disorder onset, followed shortly by social and emotional recovery (2.9 years), and finally behavioral (3.4 years) and cognitive (3.9 years) recovery, which occurred at weights 6–7 pounds higher than those at which physical recovery was achieved.

Discussion

Findings suggest that caregivers hold a multifaceted view of recovery that includes not only weight restoration and symptom reduction, but also full engagement in social and occupational activities, establishment of a meaningful life, cognitive flexibility, and emotional well‐being. These data support clinical observations that physical and behavioral recovery precede cognitive recovery.
Importance and effectiveness of correction methods for spatial sampling bias in species with sex‐specific habitat preference
Authors: Glad Anouk , Monnet Jean‐Matthieu , Pagel Jörn , Reineking Björn
Published: November 2019

Aim

Presence records from surveys with spatially heterogeneous sampling intensity are a key challenge for species distribution models (SDMs). When sex groups differ in their habitat association, the correction of the spatial bias becomes important for preventing model predictions that are biased toward one sex. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of existing correction methods for spatial sampling bias for SDMs when male and female have different habitat preferences.

Location

Jura massif, France.

Methods

We used a spatially sex‐segregated virtual species to understand the effect of three sampling designs (spatially biased, uniform random, and systematic), and two correction methods (targeted background points, and distance to trajectories) on estimated habitat preferences, sex ratios, and prediction accuracy. We then evaluated these effects for two empirical Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) presence‐only datasets from a systematic and a spatially biased sampling design.

Results

Sampling design strongly affected parameter estimation accuracy for the virtual species: noncorrected spatially biased sampling resulted in biased estimates of habitat association and sex ratios. Both established methods of bias correction were successful in the case of virtual species, with the targeted correction methods showing stronger correction, as it more closely followed the simulated decay of detectability with distance from sampling locations. On the Capercaillie dataset, only the targeted background points method resulted in the same sex ratio estimate for the spatially biased sampling design as for the spatially unbiased sampling.

Main conclusions

We suggest that information on subgroups with distinct habitat associations should be included in SDMs analyses when possible. We conclude that current methods for correcting spatially biased sampling can improve estimates of both habitat association and subgroup ratios (e.g., sex and age), but that their efficiency depends on their ability to well represent the spatial observation bias.
Applying satellite‐derived evapotranspiration rates to estimate the impact of vegetation on regional groundwater flux
Authors: Swaffer Brooke A. , Habner Nardine L. , Holland Kate L. , Crosbie Russell S.
Published: November 2019

Freshwater resources are at a premium across the world, including many water‐limited areas across Australia. Ongoing water level decline in some groundwater systems suggests that the rate of loss may have reached unsustainable levels . However, identifying which factors are primarily responsible for the trend (lack of rainfall–recharge, presence of vegetation, and groundwater pumping) remains challenging using groundwater observations alone. We applied satellite‐derived estimates of evapotranspiration (ETa), which, when combined with local rainfall data and field‐based groundwater level observations, established a regional water balance spanning 1,500 km2 and seven groundwater lenses over a 10‐year period (2000 – 2010). Assuming that the extent of the freshwater isohaline represents the recharge area for a lens, the water balance suggests that the median annual groundwater recharge rate varied between 226 ± 92 mm year−1 (Mikkira) and −162 ± 194 mm year−1 (Uley East). Uley South is the most regionally significant lens in the system and recorded a median annual recharge rate of 91 ± 182 mm year−1. Overlaying vegetation highlighted the impact of woodland areas on groundwater recharge, where the trees were accessing groundwater to support ETa, provided the water table was <10 m. Areas of grassland demonstrated the highest median groundwater recharge rates of 151 mm year−1, followed by cropping (133 mm year−1) and pasture (95 mm year−1). Exploring the resilience of the groundwater system to variations in extraction (pumping) and woodland coverage suggests that resource managers must consider both systematic losses in order to maintain groundwater equilibrium.
Fine root respiration is more strongly correlated with root traits than tree species identity
Authors: Paradiso Eva , Jevon Fiona , Matthes Jaclyn
Published: November 2019

Carbon allocated to roots accounts for a large portion of net primary productivity, but the fate of that carbon is poorly understood. Absorptive fine roots are the primary way in which plants acquire nutrients. Previous studies have evaluated relationships among root morphological traits, including specific root length, root tissue density, and mycorrhizal colonization, across broad functional and taxonomic groups to test for the existence of a root economics spectrum (RES). Fine roots also release carbon dioxide through respiration, and other studies have found relationships between root morphological traits and root respiration within individual tree species. The objective of this study was to measure a suite of root traits in six co‐occurring temperate tree species that represent a diverse set of aboveground traits to determine whether and how root characteristics influenced root respiration both within and among species. At the Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts,USA, we measured fine root respiration, root morphology, percent colonization for ectomycorrhizal species, and carbon and nitrogen concentrations on 292 roots from six tree species in June and July 2018. We found that most fine root morphological characteristics varied nearly as much within each tree species as they did among the six species. Root traits were dynamic over time during the two months of our study, where the magnitude of weekly mean trait values varied 32–95% across the study period. Strong correlations among traits suggested trade‐offs on a spectrum from resource acquisition (long, thin, high‐nitrogen roots) to resource conservation (thick, dense, low‐nitrogen roots), and traits were not clustered by tree species within this spectrum. Along with temperature and weekly temporal variation, the resource acquisition strategy (long and thin roots that were high in nitrogen) was associated with higher root respiration, and this relationship was consistent among the six species. This study supported a strong link between the RES and respiration independent of species identity, which provides insight into functional axes for scaling root respiration from individual trees to the forest stand to better quantify belowground carbon flux.
Population dynamics ofRana sierraeat Dusy Basin: influence of non‐native predators, drought, and restoration potential
Authors: Wilkins Laetitia G. E. , Matthews Kathleen R. , Steel Zachary L. , Nusslé Sébastien C. , Carlson Stephanie M.
Published: November 2019

The Sierra Nevada yellow‐legged frog (Rana sierrae) was once an abundant and widely distributed amphibian in California's alpine ranges.Rana sierraeis adapted to high‐elevation, fishless habitats. Its adaptions are reflected in a unique life cycle that involves a flexible, extended juvenile phase due to the short growing season typical of its alpine habitat. However, today this species is critically endangered, and most populations have been extirpated from their native range. Here, we present an 18‐yr‐long demographic study of aR. sierraepopulation in 15 lakes at Dusy Basin in Kings Canyon National Park. We focused on the period leading up to the arrival of the pathogenic chytrid fungus,Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd), and the subsequent local extinction ofR. sierrae. We used N‐mixture abundance modeling, which accounts for detection probabilities, to quantify factors affecting frog abundance at different life stages. The abundance of subadult and adult frogs was negatively associated with the presence of introduced trout (Oncorhynchus mykissandO. aquabonita). Frog abundance in all life stages was positively associated with lake surface area. The propensity of lakes drying correlated negatively with abundance of eggs, subadults, and adults in the following year. Moreover, drought years, characterized by longer summers and less winter snowpack, led to higher rates of lakes drying. Finally, our results suggest that the frequency of such droughts in the region has increased since 1937. Increased frequency or severity of droughts is expected to decrease the value of shallow lakes for Sierra Nevada yellow‐legged frogs because these habitats are prone to drying. We discuss our results in terms of future restoration strategies, including reintroduction and probiotic treatment, in this changed and changing ecosystem.
An experimental study on the permeability changes of anthracite reservoirs in different depths of Qinshui Basin induced by supercritical CO2 injection
Authors: Jinlong Jia , Liwen Cao
Published: November 2019

Geological sequestration of supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) in deep coal seam has been considered as one of the most promising options for reducing greenhouse gas emission. The permeability of a coal seam, a key parameter estimating the CO2 injectivity, determines the success of ScCO2 storage in the deep coal seam. The deep coal seam has a low initial permeability and a further permeability loss induced by the adsorption‐swelling effects of coal during ScCO2 injection. This paper presents a set of measurements on the permeability changes of anthracite reservoirs in different depths of Qinshui Basin induced by ScCO2 injection. The results indicate that the change in anthracite permeability presents a negative exponential decrease with the buried depth increase. The depth of anthracite reservoir increases from 800 to 1400 m, and its permeability will decrease from 4.59 × 10−2 to 8.04 × 10−4 mD. The permeability change induced by ScCO2 injection is the combining effects of temperature, pressure, and adsorption‐swelling, and the permeability change can be described by a negative exponential model during ScCO2 injection to anthracite reservoir in different depths. The loss coefficient of permeability is up to three magnitudes induced by ScCO2 injection to the anthracite reservoir in the depth of 800 m, 2‐3 magnitudes in 1000‐1200 m, and 1‐2 magnitudes in 1400 m. Although the initial permeability of anthracite reservoirs in the same depth exists differences, the permeability loss coefficient almost has the same magnitudes induced by ScCO2 injection. Comparing with the permeability loss coefficient of the anthracite reservoir in different depths, the permeability variation of the shallow coal seam is more sensitive than the deep induced by ScCO2 injection. However, the deep coal seam has a relatively large fracture pressure, so the allowable ScCO2 injection pressure in the deep coal seam is greater than the shallow.
Bmal1‐deficiency affects glial synaptic coverage of the hippocampal mossy fiber synapse and the actin cytoskeleton in astrocytes
Authors: Ali Amira A. H. , Schwarz‐Herzke Beryl , Rollenhagen Astrid , Anstötz Max , Holub Martin , Lübke Joachim , Rose Christine R. , Schnittler Hans‐Joachim , von Gall Charlotte
Published: November 2019

Bmal1 is an essential component of the molecular clockwork, which drives circadian rhythms in cell function. In Bmal1‐deficient (Bmal1−/−) mice, chronodisruption is associated with cognitive deficits and progressive brain pathology including astrocytosis indicated by increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). However, relatively little is known about the impact of Bmal1‐deficiency on astrocyte morphology prior to astrocytosis. Therefore, in this study we analysed astrocyte morphology in young (6–8 weeks old) adult Bmal1−/− mice. At this age, overall GFAP immunoreactivity was not increased in Bmal1‐deficient mice. At the ultrastructural level, we found a decrease in the volume fraction of the fine astrocytic processes that cover the hippocampal mossy fiber synapse, suggesting an impairment of perisynaptic processes and their contribution to neurotransmission. For further analyses of actin cytoskeleton, which is essential for distal process formation, we used cultured Bmal1−/− astrocytes. Bmal1−/− astrocytes showed an impaired formation of actin stress fibers. Moreover, Bmal1−/− astrocytes showed reduced levels of the actin‐binding protein cortactin (CTTN). Cttn promoter region contains an E‐Box like element and chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that Cttn is a potential Bmal1 target gene. In addition, the level of GTP‐bound (active) Rho‐GTPase (Rho‐GTP) was reduced in Bmal1−/− astrocytes. In summary, our data demonstrate that Bmal1‐deficiency affects morphology of the fine astrocyte processes prior to strong upregulation of GFAP, presumably because of impaired Cttn expression and reduced Rho‐GTP activation. These morphological changes might result in altered synaptic function and, thereby, relate to cognitive deficits in chronodisruption.
Standardized residency training: An equalizer for residents at different hospitals in Shanghai, China?
Authors: He Yao , Qian Wenji , Shi Lu , Zhang Kan , Huang Jiayan
Published: November 2019

Background

The residency training programme in Shanghai is the first in China to become standardized; however, there has been no evidence that the programme equalizes training quality. This cross‐sectional study examined whether residents in all disciplines at different hospitals perceived equivalent improvement in professional competency after this programme.

Methods

We recruited all 2283 residents who enrolled in the programme in 2013. Before graduation, the residents reported their perceived competency improvement as the primary outcome and their hospital of residency, awareness of the programme's requirements and policies, and demographic information as explanatory variables. We ran multivariate linear regressions and mixed‐effect multilevel regression to examine whether the hospital type and the university affiliation were associated with perceived improvement.

Results

A total of 2208 residents completed the survey. Although the adjusted multilevel regression analysis showed that the improvement scores at tertiary specialty hospitals and tertiary general hospitals were lower than those at secondary general hospitals, the difference was not statistically significant. No variance in improvement scores could be explained by the hospital type or university affiliation.

Conclusion

Receiving residency training at hospitals that were traditionally less resourced did not compromise educational quality based on the perception of the residents.
Factors affecting dominant peak‐flow runoff‐generation mechanisms among five neighbouring granitic headwater catchments
Authors: Iwasaki Kenta , Katsuyama Masanori , Tani Makoto
Published: November 2019

We examined how and why dominant peak‐flow runoff‐generation mechanisms differ among neighbouring headwater catchments. We monitored runoff and groundwater levels and performed terrain analyses in a granitic second‐order catchment and its four neighbouring subcatchments in the Kiryu Experimental Watershed in Japan. Our analysis of lag times from peak rainfall to peak runoff suggests differences in the dominant peak‐flow runoff‐generation mechanisms among the five catchments. For two of the three zero‐order catchments, with few perennial groundwater bodies, subsurface flow from hillslopes was the dominant mechanism at some events. However, the dominant mechanisms were channel precipitation and riparian runoff at almost all events in first‐ and second‐order catchments and in the third zero‐order catchment, which has a large perennial groundwater body over a bedrock depression in the riparian zone. In this zero‐order catchment, the quick‐flow ratio was the smallest of the five catchments because subsurface flow from the hillslope was buffered at the riparian zone. These facts suggest that the channel length, riparian buffering, and hillslope connectivity were the factors governing the different dominant peak‐flow runoff‐generation mechanisms among the catchments. Riparian buffering was affected, not only by surface topography, but also by bedrock topography and bedrock groundwater (BGW) dynamics. Our findings indicate that both of BGW dynamics and topography are important for catchment classification, and the relative importance of topography increases with the change from baseflow to stormflow. Furthermore, mismatching between a geographic source and a flow path resulted in different catchment classifications depending on the approach. Therefore, multiple approaches during both baseflow and stormflow periods are necessary for catchment classification to apply information obtained from one headwater catchment to other headwater catchments within the same region.
Central bank's money market operations and daily stock returns
Authors: Chundakkadan Radeef , Sasidharan Subash
Published: November 2019

The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between the central bank's daily money market operations in the form of Term Repo and Term Reverse Repo operations on stock returns using daily data. Unlike earlier studies, we use two new monetary measures, namely, Repo Spread and Reverse Repo Spread. Controlling for firm‐specific factors and time dummies and addressing endogeneity issue, we show that the central bank's money market operations have a significant effect on daily returns. Further, we also observe that the inclusion of these monetary variables improves the prediction of the stock returns.
P53‐regulated lncRNA uc061hsf.1 inhibits cell proliferation and metastasis in human esophageal squamous cell cancer
Authors: Yao Juan , Zhang Hao , Li Hua , Qian Rongyu , Liu Ping , Huang Junxing
Published: November 2019

The expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) is closely associated with cancer development and progression, making these lncRNAs potentially novel therapeutic targets. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential function of lncRNA‐uc061hsf.1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The expression of lncRNA‐uc061hsf.1 in ESCC tissues and cell lines was detected by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis were detected via CCK‐8, flow cytometry, and Transwell assays. The interaction between p53 and lncRNA uc061hsf.1 was analyzed using luciferase reporter gene and qRT‐PCR. Through this approach, we identified the novel lncRNA uc061hsf.1, which was expressed in low level in ESCC and was correlated with lymph node metastasis and poor differentiation in ESCC patients. Knockdown or overexpression of lncRNA uc061hsf.1 in ESCC cells promoted or inhibited cell proliferation and metastasis, respectively. Mechanistically, lncRNA uc061hsf.1 was induced by p53, and luciferase reporter gene confirmed that lncRNA uc061hsf.1 was a direct transcriptional target of p53. We further found that uc061hsf.1 was able to regulate expression of the transcription factor FoxA1, thereby potentially influencing tumor cell migration. In conclusion, these results suggest that p53‐regulated lncRNA uc061hsf.1 is a cancer suppressor gene which is associated with tumor progression in ESCC.