bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘I’d just lose it if there was any more stress in my life’: Separated Fathers, Fathers’ Rights and the News Media
Authors: Elizabeth Vivienne
Published: June 2016

Custody abductions and filicides-suicides are not every day occurrences and typically become ‘media events’. Through an analysis of newspaper representations of two custody abductions and one filicide-suicide, this article examines the role played by fathers’ rights discourse in the construction of the separated father in each case. It argues that fathers’ rights discourse played a central role in the sympathetic portrayal of the two fathers involved in the custody abductions, but was less obviously present in the case of the filicide-suicide. These divergent representations indicate that news media representations are contingent on circumstances and also point to the limits of fathers’ rights discourses in legitimating and neutralising the actions of fathers in pain over the loss of intimate personal relationships. However, the use of a forensic approach to reporting meant that each case remained decontextualised from the pattern of violence and coercive control that typically characterises conflictual separations and custody disputes.
The Trolls Disappear in the Light: Swedish Experiences of Mediated Sexualised Hate Speech in the Aftermath of Behring Breivik
Authors: Edstrom Maria
Published: June 2016

Feminist journalists have come to expect special resistance, and even threats, from men’s groups as part of their work as journalists. However, the biggest threats might not originate in men’s groups’ activities. A big threat currently comes from Internet trolls’ responses to individuals who engage in hate-provoked and hate-provoking attacks on women as women. This is exemplified in the case of Anders Behring Breivik, who blew up government buildings in Oslo in 2011 and murdered youth from the Labour Party at Utøya as part of his explicitly articulated xenophobic and misogynist campaign against the Islamification of Norway. His ideas are still being shared in social media responses to this tragedy across Nordic countries. This paper argues that this demonstrates that the harms to women and to society go well beyond the individual victims of an identifiable incident. Largely because of their role in condemning and rejecting the hateful ideas advanced across social media forums, troll responses to the Breivik tragedy constitute a particular threat to female and especially feminist journalists.
State Antifeminism
Authors: Dupuis-Déri Francis
Published: June 2016

‘State feminism’ is a concept that refers to the integration of feminists and feminist issues into the state apparatus. Yet, while the feminist movement must regularly contend with an antifeminist counter-movement, it is worth considering whether a ‘state antifeminism’ is also present or emerging, and how this presence or emergence is affecting efforts by feminist organizations to address the needs of women and advance women's equality. With this objective in mind, this article focuses chiefly on two Western countries and is based on more than twenty semi-structured interviews with feminists in Belgium and Quebec, Canada.
Thomas Crofts, Murray Lee, Alyce McGovern and Sanja Milivojevic (2015) Sexting and Young People. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Authors: Powell Anastasia
Published: June 2016

Not applicable
Kristin J Anderson (2015) Modern Misogyny: Anti-Feminism in a Post-Feminist Era. Oxford University Press.
Authors: Cerulli Catherine
Published: June 2016

Not applicable
Ross Coomber, Joseph Donnermeyer, Karen McElrath and John Scott (2014) Key Concepts in Crime and Society. London: Sage.
Authors: Potter Gary Richard
Published: June 2016

Not applicable
Sustainability in the Real Property Law Curriculum: Why and How
Authors: Galloway Kate
Published: June 2016

Traditionally considered the preserve of environmental law, for the lawyer and the legal academic, sustainability does not immediately come to mind in considering the subjects of the core curriculum. Yet in light of the contemporary imperative to deal with serious ecological decline and its social and economic implications, a law degree that fails to engage with issues of sustainability will not equip students to grapple with these issues. Instead, graduates will emerge with a discipline knowledge rooted in the modes of thought of the past. This paper presents a way of understanding sustainability as a broader context for the study of law. Using the example of land law, it mounts an argument for adopting a sustainability education approach to curriculum design in law. Finally, it offers a case study of how land law might be taught within the broader context of sustainability.
The Postgraduate Capstone Experience: Negotiating the Pedagogical Tensions
Authors: Mowbray Jacqueline
Published: June 2016

In designing a capstone experience, legal educators may encounter a number of tensions between competing pedagogical imperatives and conflicting capstone principles. Should we focus on teaching content or should we focus on developing skills? Should we emphasise integration and consolidation of knowledge, or transition and the development of professional identity? Should we encourage specialisation of knowledge and skills or should we be offering a broader view that takes account of context and diversity? This article considers how these tensions may be revealed, negotiated and managed, using a case study of a postgraduate capstone unit in international law. In doing so, the article adds to the literature on capstone units in law, which has to date focused on the undergraduate experience, and demonstrates that the existing work on capstones can be successfully applied in the postgraduate context. The article further argues that postgraduate units may offer particularly useful vehicles for exposing the pedagogical tensions involved in designing a capstone experience and experimenting with techniques for managing those tensions.
Creating a global law graduate: The need, benefits and practical approaches to internationalise the curriculum
Authors: O'Sullivan Carmel , McNamara Judith
Published: June 2016

The increasingly integrated world has facilitated important international and trans-border trends, such as a progressively connected global economy, a significant growth in transnational business transactions and an increase in global regulation of global issues. Such globalisation has had a transformational impact on the legal profession in a number of ways. These include the need to provide advice on issues or transactions that have a transnational or international element; the increasing globalisation of large law firms; and the delivery of offshore services by legal service providers. This means that not only do law graduates need to be prepared to practice in an increasingly globalised economy and legal profession, there will also be new career opportunities available to them which require understanding of international law, for example in emerging international institutions and non-government organisations. Accordingly there is a need to ensure that law students develop the knowledge and skills they will require to succeed in a globalised legal profession. That is, there is a need to internationalise the law curriculum. This paper provides an insight into the recent progression of law schools in internationalising the law curriculum and provides practical avenues and strategies for the increased integration of international law, foreign law and a comparative perspective into core subjects which will develop the graduates’ knowledge and skills in international and foreign law, in order to enhance their ability to succeed as legal professionals in a globalised world.
Good Practices in Digital Object Development for American Elementary Schools: Promoting Excellence and Innovation in Instructional Quality and Assessment
Authors: Reece Amanda A
Published: June 2016

A program of development of online learning resources should provide content, resources, support and activities to promote excellence and innovation in instructional quality and assessment.  This article provides details on four good practices in digital object development for American elementary schools.  In addition, research is provided of an evaluation of the learning object development programs with a view toward the ultimate impact on student perception and success.

 
Reforming the Legal Definition of Rape in Victoria - What Do Stakeholders Think?
Authors: Larcombe Wendy , Fileborn Bianca , Powell Anastasia , Henry Nicola , Hanley Natalia
Published: June 2016

Internationally and in Australia, rape law reforms in recent decades have had mixed outcomes. As a result, when the Victorian government began consulting on another round of major reforms in this area, the authors designed a qualitative research project to investigate whether a proposed change to the definition of rape is likely to clarify and simplify the law, as intended. This article draws on a series of semi-structured interviews with stakeholders who have extensive practice- or research-based expertise in criminal justice processing of rape cases. We analyse their perceptions and interpretations of a proposed definition of rape, which would require an absence of ‘reasonable belief’ in consent, and explore potential impacts and limits of this reform. Given that the investigated reform proposal has now been adopted, and will come into effect in July 2015, our findings provide unique insight into stakeholders’ expectations of this latest reform of rape law in Victoria. Our findings suggest that this reform, like a number of its predecessors, may struggle to achieve its policy objectives.
Guest Editorial: Climate Displacement in the Pacific – Special Forum
Authors: Lewis Bridget , Maguire Rowena , Karim MD Saiful
Published: June 2016

This issue of the QUT Law Review features a collection of papers on the topic of climate displacement in the Pacific. The collection arose out of a symposium held at QUT in May 2014 and co-hosted by the Faculty of Law and Friends of the Earth. The focus of the symposium was on the potential of pre-emptive migration pathways to address the challenges of climate change-related displacement in the Asia-Pacific region. The guest editors wish to thank Wendy Flannery of Friends of the Earth (Brisbane) for her hard work in organising the symposium and her ongoing commitment to this serious issue.
Futility and the Law: Knowledge, Practice and Attitudes of Doctors in End Of Life Care
Authors: Willmott Lindy , White Ben , Close Eliana , Gallois Cindy , Malcolm Parker , Graves Nicholas , Winch Sarah , Callaway Leonie , Shepherd Nicole
Published: June 2016

Despite the potential harm to patients (and others) and the financial cost of providing futile treatment at the end of life, this practice occurs. This article reports on empirical research undertaken in Queensland that explores doctors’ perceptions about the law that governs futile treatment at the end of life, and the role it plays in medical practice. The findings reveal that doctors have poor knowledge of their legal obligations and powers when making decisions about withholding or withdrawing futile treatment at the end of life; their attitudes towards the law were largely negative; and the law affected their clinical practice and had or would cause them to provide futile treatment.  
Septic pulmonary emboli from mitral valve endocarditis in a patient with repaired tetralogy of fallot
Authors: Rali Aniket S. , Iyer Arun , Sullivan Claire , Strainic James , Hoit Brian
Published: June 2016

A 37-year-old woman with a past medical history significant for congenital deafness and surgically repaired Tetralogy ofFallot presented with three day history of nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, dyspnea, and lower extremity weakness and physicalexamination notable for Janeway lesions. Peripheral blood and urine cultures were positive for methicillin sensitive Staphlococcusaureus. Transesophageal echocardiogram was consistent with mitral valve endocarditis. Computed tomography images of thechest, abdomen and pelvis demonstrated septic emboli to multiple organs including lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys. Salinecontrast study was negative for a patent foramen ovale, or residual ventricular septal defect. Thus, effectively ruling out left toright intracardiac shunt as the cause of pulmonary septic emboli from mitral valve endocarditis. Moreover, cardiac MRI did notshow any evidence of right sided endocarditis. Therefore, we believe the source of septic pulmonary emboli from mitral valveendocarditis to be through the bronchial arteries. The extent of septic emboli to various organs and the precise mechanism ofpulmonary emboli from left sided endocarditis in a patient with surgically altered cardiac anatomy make this case unique.
On the time needed to reach an equilibrium structure of the radiation belts
Authors: Ripoll J.‐F. , Loridan V. , Cunningham G. S. , Reeves G. D. , Shprits Y. Y.
Published: June 2016

In this study, we complement the notion of equilibrium states of the radiation belts with a discussion on the dynamics and time needed to reach equilibrium. We solve for the equilibrium states obtained using 1‐D radial diffusion with recently developed hiss and chorus lifetimes at constant values of Kp = 1, 3, and 6. We find that the equilibrium states at moderately low Kp, when plotted versus L shell (L) and energy (E), display the same interesting S shape for the inner edge of the outer belt as recently observed by the Van Allen Probes. The S shape is also produced as the radiation belts dynamically evolve toward the equilibrium state when initialized to simulate the buildup after a massive dropout or to simulate loss due to outward diffusion from a saturated state. Physically, this shape, intimately linked with the slot structure, is due to the dependence of electron loss rate (originating from wave‐particle interactions) on both energy and L shell. Equilibrium electron flux profiles are governed by the Biot number (τDiffusion/τloss), with large Biot number corresponding to low fluxes and low Biot number to large fluxes. The time it takes for the flux at a specific (L, E) to reach the value associated with the equilibrium state, starting from these different initial states, is governed by the initial state of the belts, the property of the dynamics (diffusion coefficients), and the size of the domain of computation. Its structure shows a rather complex scissor form in the (L, E) plane. The equilibrium value (phase space density or flux) is practically reachable only for selected regions in (L, E) and geomagnetic activity. Convergence to equilibrium requires hundreds of days in the inner belt for E > 300 keV and moderate Kp (≤3). It takes less time to reach equilibrium during disturbed geomagnetic conditions (Kp ≥ 3), when the system evolves faster. Restricting our interest to the slot region, below L = 4, we find that only small regions in (L, E) space can reach the equilibrium value: E ~ [200, 300] keV for L = [3.7, 4] at Kp = 1, E~[0.6, 1] MeV for L = [3, 4] at Kp = 3, and E~300 keV for L = [3.5, 4] at Kp = 6 assuming no new incoming electrons.
Airborne observations of bioaerosol over the Southeast United States using a Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor
Authors: Ziemba Luke D. , Beyersdorf Andreas J. , Chen Gao , Corr Chelsea A. , Crumeyrolle Suzanne N. , Diskin Glenn , Hudgins Charlie , Martin Robert , Mikoviny Tomas , Moore Richard , Shook Michael , Thornhill K. Lee , Winstead Edward L. , Wisthaler Armin , Anderson Bruce E.
Published: June 2016

Biological aerosols represent a diverse subset of particulate matter that is emitted directly to the atmosphere in the form of (but not limited to) bacteria, fungal spores, pollens, viruses, and plant debris. These particles can have local air quality implications, but potentially play a larger climate role by acting as efficient ice nucleating particles (INPs) and cloud condensation nuclei. We have deployed a Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor on the NASA DC‐8 aircraft to (1) quantify boundary layer (BL) variability of fluorescent biological aerosol particle (FBAP) concentrations in the Southeast United States (SEUS), (2) link this variability explicitly to land cover heterogeneity in the region, and (3) examine the vertical profile of bioaerosols in the context of convective vertical redistribution. Flight‐averaged FBAP concentrations ranged between 0.1 and 0.43 scm−3 (cm−3 at standard temperature and pressure) with relatively homogeneous concentrations throughout the region; croplands showed the highest concentrations in the BL (0.37 scm−3), and lowest concentrations were associated with evergreen forests (0.24 scm−3). Observed FBAP concentrations are in generally good agreement with model parameterized emission rates for bacteria, and discrepancies are likely the result of fungal spore contributions. Shallow convection in the region is shown to be a relatively efficient lofting mechanism as the vertical transport efficiency of FBAP is at least equal to black carbon aerosol, suggesting that ground‐level FBAP survives transport into the free troposphere to be available for INP activation. Comparison of the fraction of coarse‐mode particles that were biological (fFBAP) suggested that the SEUS (fFBAP = 8.5%) was a much stronger source of bioaerosols than long‐range transport during a Saharan Air Layer (SAL) dust event (fFBAP = 0.17%) or summertime marine emissions in the Gulf of Mexico (fFBAP = 0.73%).
Large ionospheric disturbances produced by the HAARP HF facility
Authors: Bernhardt Paul A. , Siefring Carl L. , Briczinski Stanley J. , McCarrick Mike , Michell Robert G.
Published: June 2016

The enormous transmitter power, fully programmable antenna array, and agile frequency generation of the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) facility in Alaska have allowed the production of unprecedented disturbances in the ionosphere. Using both pencil beams and conical (or twisted) beam transmissions, artificial ionization clouds have been generated near the second, third, fourth, and sixth harmonics of the electron gyrofrequency. The conical beam has been used to sustain these clouds for up to 5 h as opposed to less than 30 min durations produced using pencil beams. The largest density plasma clouds have been produced at the highest harmonic transmissions. Satellite radio transmissions at 253 MHz from the National Research Laboratory TACSat4 communications experiment have been severely disturbed by propagating through artificial plasma regions. The scintillation levels for UHF waves passing through artificial ionization clouds from HAARP are typically 16 dB. This is much larger than previously reported scintillations at other HF facilities which have been limited to 3 dB or less. The goals of future HAARP experiments should be to build on these discoveries to sustain plasma densities larger than that of the background ionosphere for use as ionospheric reflectors of radio signals.
On cold spells in North America and storminess in western Europe
Authors: Messori Gabriele , Caballero Rodrigo , Gaetani Marco
Published: June 2016

We discuss the dynamical and statistical links between cold extremes over eastern North America and storminess over western Europe, with a focus on the midlatitude jet stream, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Pacific‐North American Pattern (PNA). The analysis is performed on the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts 20th Century Reanalysis. The large‐scale circulation associated with the cold spells corresponds to advection of cold air from the Arctic region into North America and to a very zonal and intense North Atlantic jet, shifted persistently south of its climatological location. These features of the Atlantic jet are conducive to destructive windstorms and intense precipitation over a large part of southern and continental Europe and the British Isles. The cold spells are preceded by a negative NAO and followed by a positive PNA; however, we interpret the associated circulation anomalies as being distinct from these standard modes of climate variability.
Depth migration of seasonally induced seismicity at The Geysers geothermal field
Authors: Johnson Christopher W. , Totten Eoghan J. , Bürgmann Roland
Published: June 2016

Seismicity from injected fluids provides insight into the hydraulically conductive fracture network at The Geysers (TG), California, geothermal reservoir. Induced earthquakes at TG result from both thermoelastic and poroelastic stresses as injected fluids cool the rocks and increase pore pressure. The spatiotemporal evolution of M ≥ 1.5 seismicity is characterized as a function of depth in the northwest and southeast regions of TG to develop time‐dependent earthquake rates using an epidemic‐type aftershock sequence model. The seismicity and injection follow an annual cycle that peaks in the winter months and is correlated by depth. The results indicate a time lag of ≤6 months for fluids to migrate >3 km below the injection depth. Water injection is the main cause of seismicity as fluids penetrate into the reservoir. Our results suggest that a steeply dipping fracture network of hydraulically conductive faults allows fluid migration to a few kilometers below the point of injection.
Provenance of cryoconite deposited on the glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau: New insights from Nd‐Sr isotopic composition and size distribution
Authors: Dong Zhiwen , Kang Shichang , Qin Dahe , Li Yang , Wang Xuejia , Ren Jiawen , Li Xiaofei , Yang Jiao , Qin Xiang
Published: June 2016

This study presents the Nd‐Sr isotopic compositions and size distributions of cryoconite deposited on the glaciers at different locations on the Tibetan Plateau, in order to trace its source areas and the provenance of long‐range transported (LRT) Asian dust on the Tibetan Plateau. The result of scanning electron microscope‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer analysis indicated that mineral dust particles were dominant in the cryoconite. Most of the cryoconite samples from the Tibetan Plateau indicated different Sr and Nd isotopic composition compared with sand from large deserts (e.g., the Taklimakan and Qaidam deserts). Some cryoconite samples showed very similar Nd‐Sr isotopic ratios compared with those of nearby glacier basins (e.g., at Laohugou Glacier No.12, Dongkemadi Glacier, and Shiyi Glacier), indicating the potential input of local crustal dust to cryoconite. The volume‐size distribution for the cryoconite particles also indicated bimodal distribution graphs with volume median diameters ranging from 0.57 to 20 µm and from 20 to 100 µm, demonstrating the contribution of both LRT Asian dust and local dust inputs to cryoconite. Based on the particle size distribution, we calculated a mean number ratio of local dust contribution to cryoconite ranging from 0.7% (Baishui Glacier No.1) to 17.6% (Shiyi Glacier) on the Tibetan Plateau. In general, the marked difference in the Nd‐Sr isotopic ratios of cryoconite compared with those of large deserts probably indicates that materials from the western deserts have not been easily transported to the hinterland of Tibetan Plateau by the Westerlies under the current climatic conditions, and the arid deserts on the Tibetan Plateau are the most likely sources for cryoconite deposition. The resistance of the Tibetan Plateau to the Westerlies may have caused such phenomena, especially for LRT eolian dust transported over the Tibetan Plateau. Thus, this work is of great importance in understanding the large‐scale eolian dust transport and climate over the Tibetan Plateau.
Smoke suppression properties of epoxy crosslinked structure and intumescent fire retardant in epoxy‐based intumescent fire‐retardant coating
Authors: Chen Pengfei , Zhang Feng , Li Shaoxiang , Cheng Yunfei
Published: June 2016

In this article, the smoke production behaviors of crosslinked epoxy/polyamide resin (EP/PA) and intumescent fire retardant (IFR) in epoxy‐based intumescent fire‐retardant coating (IFR‐EP) have been investigated using cone calorimeter, smoke density instrument, and thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic measurement. The static and dynamic smoke production behaviors of EP/PA and IFR‐EP indicate that the IFR has an excellent smoke suppression effect on EP/PA by forming protective char layer in the late combustion stage, while the epoxy crosslinked structure in IFR‐EP can enhance the thermal stability and reduce smoke production in the early combustion stage. In addition, according to the discussion of pyrolysis gas products, the IFR can effectively suppress the production of toxic and inflammable gases during the combustion process. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43912.
Insight from Frogs: Sonic Hedgehog Gene Expression and a Re‐evaluation of the Vertebrate Odontogenic Band
Authors: Grieco Theresa M. , Hlusko Leslea J.
Published: June 2016

While the identification of conserved processes across multiple taxa leads to an understanding of fundamental developmental mechanisms, the ways in which different animals fail to conform to common developmental processes can elucidate how evolution modifies development to result in the vast array of morphologies seen today—the developmental mechanisms that lead to anatomical variation. Odontogenesis—how teeth are initiated and formed—is well suited to the examination of both developmental conservation and phenotypic diversity. We suggest here that the study of early tooth development, the period of odontogenic band development, reveals departures from conserved mechanisms that question the role of players in the developmental process. In the earliest stages of odontogenesis, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene expression is interpreted as critical evidence of tooth initiation prior to any histological indication. However, a detailed examination of studies of tooth development across a wide range of taxa reveals that several vertebrate species fail to conform to the expectations of the Shh Consensus Model, calling for a reconsideration of the assumed causality of epithelial Shh in tooth initiation. We present new Shh gene expression data for an amphibian, the frog Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis. In these animals, craniofacial and odontogenic developmental processes are more disjunct, and thereby provide a natural test of the hypothesis that Shh is immediately required for subsequent tooth development. Our results suggest that Shh expression may actually be related to the formation of the mouth rather than a required precursor to subsequent tooth formation. Anat Rec, 299:1099–1109, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Story‐focused reading in online news and its potential for user engagement
Authors: Lehmann Janette , Castillo Carlos , Lalmas Mounia , Baeza‐Yates Ricardo
Published: June 2016

We study the news reading behavior of several hundred thousand users on 65 highly visited news sites. We focus on a specific phenomenon: users reading several articles related to a particular news development, which we call story‐focused reading. Our goal is to understand the effect of story‐focused reading on user engagement and how news sites can support this phenomenon. We found that most users focus on stories that interest them and that even casual news readers engage in story‐focused reading. During story‐focused reading, users spend more time reading and a larger number of news sites are involved. In addition, readers employ different strategies to find articles related to a story. We also analyze how news sites promote story‐focused reading by looking at how they link their articles to related content published by them, or by other sources. The results show that providing links to related content leads to a higher engagement of the users, and that this is the case even for links to external sites. We also show that the performance of links can be affected by their type, their position, and how many of them are present within an article.
Understanding and supporting anonymity policies in peer review
Authors: Nobarany Syavash , Booth Kellogg S.
Published: June 2016

Design of peer‐review support systems is shaped by the policies that define and govern the process of peer review. An important component of these are policies that deal with anonymity: The rules that govern the concealment and transparency of information related to identities of the various stakeholders (authors, reviewers, editors, and others) involved in the peer‐review process. Anonymity policies have been a subject of debate for several decades within scholarly communities. Because of widespread criticism of traditional peer‐review processes, a variety of new peer‐review processes have emerged that manage the trade‐offs between disclosure and concealment of identities in different ways. Based on an analysis of policies and guidelines for authors and reviewers provided by publication venues, we developed a framework for understanding how disclosure and concealment of identities is managed. We discuss the appropriate role of information technology and computer support for the peer‐review process within that framework.
EGFR‐targeted Chimeras of Pseudomonas ToxA released into the extracellular milieu by attenuated Salmonella selectively kill tumor cells
Authors: Quintero David , Carrafa Jamie , Vincent Lena , Bermudes David
Published: June 2016

Tumor‐targeted Salmonella VNP20009 preferentially replicate within tumor tissue and partially suppress tumor growth in murine tumor models. These Salmonella have the ability to locally induce apoptosis when they are in direct contact with cancer cells but they lack significant bystander killing, which may correlate with their overall lack of antitumor activity in human clinical studies. In order to compensate for this deficiency without enhancing overall toxicity, we engineered the bacteria to express epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐targeted cytotoxic proteins that are released into the extracellular milieu. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of the Salmonella strain VNP20009 to produce three different forms of the Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ToxA) chimeric with a tumor growth factor alpha (TGFα) which results in its producing culture supernatants that are cytotoxic and induce apoptosis in EGFR positive cancer cells as measured by the tetrazolium dye reduction, and Rhodamine 123 and JC‐10 mitochondrial depolarization assays. In addition, exchange of the ToxA REDLK endoplasmic reticulum retention signal for KDEL and co‐expression of the ColE3 lysis protein resulted in an overall increased cytotoxicity compared to the wild type toxin. This approach has the potential to significantly enhance the antitumor activity of VNP20009 while maintaining its previously established safety profile. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2698–2711. © 2016 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduced rank static error covariance for high‐dimensional applications
Authors: Zupanski Milija
Published: June 2016

A method for creating static (e.g., stationary) error covariance of reduced rank for potential use in hybrid variational‐ensemble data assimilation is presented. The choice of reduced rank versus full rank static error covariance is made in order to allow the use of an improved Hessian preconditioning in high‐dimensional applications. In particular, this method relies on using block circulant matrices to create a high‐dimensional global covariance matrix from a low‐dimensional local sub‐matrix. Although any covariance used in variational data assimilation would be an acceptable choice for the pre‐defined full‐rank static error covariance, for convenience and simplicity, we use a symmetric Topelitz matrix as a prototype of static error covariance. The methodology creates a square root covariance, which has a practical advantage for Hessian preconditioning in reduced rank, ensemble‐based data assimilation. The experiments conducted examine multivariate covariance that includes the impact of cross‐variable correlations, in order to have a more realistic assessment of the value of the constructed static error covariance approximation. The results show that it may be possible to reduce the rank of matrix to O(10) and still obtain an acceptable approximation of the full‐rank static covariance matrix. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accounting for heterogeneity in meta‐analysis using a multiplicative model—an empirical study
Authors: Mawdsley David , Higgins Julian P. T. , Sutton Alex J. , Abrams Keith R.
Published: June 2016

In meta‐analysis, the random‐effects model is often used to account for heterogeneity. The model assumes that heterogeneity has an additive effect on the variance of effect sizes. An alternative model, which assumes multiplicative heterogeneity, has been little used in the medical statistics community, but is widely used by particle physicists. In this paper, we compare the two models using a random sample of 448 meta‐analyses drawn from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. In general, differences in goodness of fit are modest. The multiplicative model tends to give results that are closer to the null, with a narrower confidence interval. Both approaches make different assumptions about the outcome of the meta‐analysis. In our opinion, the selection of the more appropriate model will often be guided by whether the multiplicative model's assumption of a single effect size is plausible. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transoral laser microsurgery for managing laryngeal stenosis after reconstructive partial laryngectomies
Authors: Lucioni Marco , Bertolin Andy , Lionello Marco , Giacomelli Luciano , Ghirardo Guido , Rizzotto Giuseppe , Marioni Gino
Published: June 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To retrospectively analyze our experience of transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) for treating postoperative laryngeal obstruction (POLO) after supracricoid and supratracheal laryngectomy (open partial horizontal laryngectomy [OPHL]) types 2 and 3, and to investigate potential relationships between patients' clinical features and their functional outcomes.

Study Design

A retrospective cohort study.

Methods

The prognostic influence of clinical and surgical parameters on functional outcomes was investigated in a univariate statistical setting in terms of decannulation rate (DR), time to tracheostomy closure (TTC), and number of laser procedures required (NLP).

Results

OPHL type 2 was associated with a better functional outcome than OPHL type 3 in terms of DR, TTC, and NLP (P = .03, P = .02, and P = .02, respectively). Annular and semicircumferential stenoses developed more frequently after OPHL type 3, and were particularly difficult to manage with TLM. Fixation of the residual arytenoid was a negative prognostic factor in terms of functional outcome in terms of DR, TTC, and NLP (P = .0002, P = .08, and P = .08, respectively).

Conclusions

There is no standardized laser treatment for POLO; it must be tailored to individual patients. Identifying prognostic factors influencing functional outcome could help surgeons to earmark patients less likely to benefit from TLM for the treatment of POLO, and enable an adequate preoperative counseling, given the high probability of repeat postoperative TLM procedures.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 2016 127:359–365, 2017
Laryngeal Electromyographic findings in patients with vocal fold motion asymmetry
Authors: Woo Peak , Isseroff Tova F. , Parasher Arjun , Richards Amanda , Sivak Mark
Published: June 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Vocal fold motion asymmetry (VFMA) is often attributed to vocal fold paresis or an anatomical variant. Although laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) may be used to evaluate patients with vocal fold paresis, electrodiagnostic findings in VFMA have not been well defined.

Study Design

Review of a case series

Methods

Twenty‐five symptomatic patients with VFMA were examined by LEMG, and the findings were analyzed.

Results

Although all were thought to have unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis, LEMG showed only nine to have unilateral recurrent nerve paresis. There were nine with both ipsilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal nerve paresis, four with bilateral paresis, and three were normal. Reduced total number of units, reduced recruitment, motor units firing fast, and polyphasic units were more common, whereas fibrillation potentials, fasciculation, positive sharp waves, and complex repetitive discharges were uncommon. The LEMG findings are most consistent with old, healed neuropathy. McNemar's test for the acute versus chronic denervation potentials showed significant differences.

Conclusions

VFMA has a high incidence of vocal fold paresis that can be better defined by LEMG. The site and side of paresis is often wrong based on laryngoscopy findings alone. The LEMG findings of VFMA appear to be consistent with old, healed neuropathy

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 126:E273–E277, 2016
Treatment of rhinosinusitis and histopathology of nasal mucosa: A controlled, randomized, clinical study
Authors: Bizaki Argyro J. , Numminen Jura , Taulu Rami , Kholova Ivana , Rautiainen Markus
Published: June 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To study the pathology of upper airway mucosa, as well as valuate and compare changes in pathology after the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients with balloon sinuplasty versus uncinectomy.

Methods

A prospective randomized controlled trial in patients with CRS of the maxillary sinuses without severe pathology of other sinuses. Patients were randomized into two groups: uncinectomy and balloon sinuplasty. The main variables in our study are histopathology of nasal mucosa and expression of metalloproteinase‐9 protein. These parameters were analyzed preoperatively and at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively.

Results

Thickened epithelium, absence of cilia, metaplasia of epithelium, hyperplasia of mucosal glands, angiogenesis, and increased inflammatory cells were observed in the majority of preoperative samples. History of allergy was associated with a higher number of goblet cells, and shedding of epithelium was associated with worse quality of life. A higher number of inflammatory cells were associated with an increased number of goblet cells preoperatively, as well as after treatment. Both treatments resulted in a decrease of inflammation in the mucosa and epithelium. Hypertrophy of the mucosal glands, hyperplasia of blood vessels, and mucosal edema decreased after treatment. These changes were more noticeable in uncinectomy group. Balloon sinuplasty was associated with a higher number of inflammatory cells at 6 months after treatment (P = 0.05).

Level of Evidence

1b. Laryngoscope, 126:2652–2658, 2016
Preparation and properties of novel epoxy composites containing electrospun PA6/F‐MWNTs fibers
Authors: Liao Guiying , You Qingliang , Xia Hua , Wang Dongsheng
Published: June 2016

The Nylon 6 (PA6)/the functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (F‐MWNTs) fibrous membranes were fabricated by electrospinning, and then incorporated into an epoxy matrix. Their morphology, thermal stability, mechanical properties, thermal conductivities, and electrical resistivity were investigated. The electrospun PA6/F‐MWNTs fibers performed as a skeleton in the epoxy matrix, and the well interfacial adhesion between the epoxy matrix and the PA6/F‐MWNTs fibers leads to high mechanical properties of composites. The PA6 serves as an intermediate layer and alleviates the modulus mismatch between the stiff MWNTs and the soft epoxy matrix. The thermal conductivities of the epoxy composites increase by 27.3, 35.0, and 36.1%, respectively, with 0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt% F‐MWNTs loading in the PA6/F‐MWNTs fibers. At the same time, the PA6 simultaneously retains the high electrical resistivity of these epoxy composites. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:1259–1266, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Experimental study of melting of polymer blends in a starve fed single screw extruder
Authors: Wilczyński Krzysztof J. , Lewandowski Adrian , Wilczyński Krzysztof
Published: June 2016

Experimental study is presented of the melting mechanism of polymer blends in a starve fed single screw extruder. Various polyblends were investigated such as PP/PS, HDPE/PS, and PP/PMMA. “Screw pulling‐out” technique was used to study the solid conveying, melting mechanism, and extent of starvation. It has been concluded that melting mechanism consists of two stages: conductive melting in the starve fed region and dispersed melting in the fully filled region. Substantial differences between melting of neat polymers and polymer blends were observed. In the case of polyblends, in the starved region a mixture of two solid polymers is melted by conduction, and in the fully filled region a dispersion of one or two solid polymers in a molten matrix is observed. Although contiguous solids melting mechanism was not seen for starve fed extrusion of polyblends, it was clearly observed for flood fed extrusion. Melting action seems to be faster for starve fed extruders than for flood fed machines, since the polyblend granules are not compacted into a dense solid bed. It was observed the pressure considerably decreases with level of starvation. Filling of the screw increases with an increase of the feed rate of polyblend, and decreases with an increase of the screw speed. Global modeling of the starve fed single screw extrusion of polyblends has been discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:1349–1356, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Current view on regulation of voltage‐gated sodium channels by calcium and auxiliary proteins
Authors: Pitt Geoffrey S. , Lee Seok‐Yong
Published: June 2016

In cardiac and skeletal myocytes, and in most neurons, the opening of voltage‐gated Na+ channels (NaV channels) triggers action potentials, a process that is regulated via the interactions of the channels’ intercellular C‐termini with auxiliary proteins and/or Ca2+. The molecular and structural details for how Ca2+ and/or auxiliary proteins modulate NaV channel function, however, have eluded a concise mechanistic explanation and details have been shrouded for the last decade behind controversy about whether Ca2+ acts directly upon the NaV channel or through interacting proteins, such as the Ca2+ binding protein calmodulin (CaM). Here, we review recent advances in defining the structure of NaV intracellular C‐termini and associated proteins such as CaM or fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHFs) to reveal new insights into how Ca2+ affects NaV function, and how altered Ca2+‐dependent or FHF‐mediated regulation of NaV channels is perturbed in various disease states through mutations that disrupt CaM or FHF interaction.
Differential expression of postsynaptic NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the flinders sensitive line rat model of depression
Authors: Treccani Giulia , Gaarn du Jardin Kristian , Wegener Gregers , Müller Heidi Kaastrup
Published: June 2016

Glutamatergic abnormalities have recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, and the ionotropic glutamate receptors in particular have been suggested as possible underlying molecular determinants. The Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats constitute a validated model of depression with dysfunctional regulation of glutamate transmission relatively to their control strain Flinders Resistant Line (FRL). To gain insight into how signaling through glutamate receptors may be altered in the FSL rats, we investigated the expression and phosphorylation of AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits in an enriched postsynaptic fraction of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Compared to the hippocampal postsynaptic fractions of FRL rats, FSL rats exhibited decreased and increased levels of the NMDA receptor subunits GluN2A and GluN2B, respectively, causing a lower ratio of GluN2A/GluN2B. The GluA2/GluA3 AMPA receptor subunit ratio was significantly decreased while the expression of the individual GluA1, GluA2, and GluA3 subunits were unaltered including phosphorylation levels of GluA1 at S831 and S845. There were no changes in the prefrontal cortex. These results support altered expression of postsynaptic glutamate receptors in the hippocampus of FSL rats, which may contribute to the depressive‐like phenotype of these rats.
Folivory with leaf folding by giant flying squirrels: its patterns and possible function
Authors: Ito Mutsumi , Seto Nickie , Rico Brianna , Shigeta Mayumi , Tamura Noriko , Hayashi Fumio
Published: June 2016

Japanese giant flying squirrels, Petaurista leucogenys, are entirely arboreal folivores. From spring to summer, their principal food source consists of leaves of the deciduous oak Quercus acutissima in western Tokyo, Japan. Before consuming the central part of each leaf, the squirrels fold the leaf two or more times with their forelegs. In the wild, leaf folding is a very rare behavior, even in primates. In our study, this peculiar feeding behavior was not observed across all study sites or even in some local populations. Herbivores generally try to maximize their intake of nutritious foods (e.g., sugars) containing low levels of plant defensive chemicals (e.g., phenols). We found that total phenolic contents in individual leaves of Q. acutissima were lower in the center than at the margins, whereas sugar (glucose) was homogenously distributed. Consequently, consumption of only leaf centers appears to be an adaptation by Japanese giant flying squirrels to avoid leaf margin defensive chemicals and structures. These leaf margin characteristics, which may have developed as defenses against herbivorous insects that generally feed from the margins, have contributed to the skillful and complex feeding behavior of this generalist folivore.