bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obra-Negosyo-Eskwela Countryside Enterprise Business Upliftment (ONE CEBU) Program: Students’ Experiential Entrepreneurship Learning
Authors: Chaves Mary Gretchen F.
Published: October 2012

This paper documents the achievements and learning realizations of students who participated in the 2010-2011 Obra-Negosyo-Eskwela Countryside Enterprise Business Upliftment (ONE CEBU) Program, a Cebu Province and Mandaue Chamber of Commerce and Industry (MCCI) project, in collaboration with Cebu colleges and universities. ONE CEBUis envisioned encouraging and supporting the development of the countryside micro-entrepreneurs in the province of Cebu, with the help of university students. Consistent with Kolb’s experiential learning theory (ELT), the learners were brought closer to “concrete experiences,” in the real world business operations of their respective partner micro-entrepreneurs. Together with their faculty coaches and MCCI mentors, the students prepared the enterprises’ business plans which now serve as bases for the enterprises’ utilization of the financial grants provided by the Province of Cebu. Focus group discussions were conducted among the sixteen (16) student-teams after the program season phased out. The results of the interviews support this study’s hypothesis. Students claimed that their actual interaction with the enterprises’ value-chain partners their faculty coaches and mentors in the collaborative preparation of the business plans made them recognize the difference between the traditional classroom instruction learning methodology, highlighting the relevance of the real world experiential learning mode.   Keywords - entrepreneurship education, experiential learning, micro-enterprises
Spatial and Temporal Details in Intentions: A Cue to Detecting Deception
Authors: Warmelink Lara , Vrij Aldert , Mann Samantha , Granhag Pär Anders
Published: October 2012

Research into lying about intentions is relatively new. Studies have suggested that lying about intentions can be detected with statement analysing methods. This article describes two experiments. The first experiment investigates how much spatial and temporal detail is given by people who are discussing a true or false intention in a 26‐question interview. The results showed that those with a true intention gave more spatial and temporal details. The second experiment examines these details in a one‐question interview and whether the amount of temporal detail given can be manipulated by the phrasing of the question. The results showed that the amount of detail is much lower in these short interviews, but can be increased with specific phrasing. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Interesting Influence of Nanosprings on the Viscoelasticity of Elastomeric Polymer Materials: Simulation and Experiment
Authors: Liu Jun , Lu Yong‐Lai , Tian Ming , Li Fen , Shen Jianxiang , Gao Yangyang , Zhang Liqun
Published: October 2012

Among all carbon nanostructured materials, helical nanosprings or nanocoils have attracted particular interest as a result of their special mechanical behavior. Here, carbon nanosprings are used to adjust the viscoelasticity and reduce the resulting hysteresis loss (HL) of elastomeric polymer materials. Two types of nanospring‐filled elastomer composites are constructed as follows: system I is obtained by directly blending polymer chains with nanosprings; system II is composed of the self‐assembly of a tri‐block structure such as chain‐nanospring‐chain. Coarse‐grained molecular dynamics simulations show that the incorporation of nanosprings can improve the mechanical strength of the elastomer matrix through nanoreinforcement and considerably decrease the hysteresis loss. This finding is significant for reducing fuel consumption and improving fuel efficiency in the automobile tire industry. Furthermore, it is revealed that the spring constant of nanosprings and the interfacial chemical coupling between chains and nanosprings both play crucial roles in adjusting the viscoelasticity of elastomers. It is inferred that elastomer/carbon nanostructured materials with good flexibility and reversible mechanical response (carbon nanosprings, nanocoils, nanorings, and thin graphene sheets) have both excellent mechanical and low HL properties; this may open a new avenue for fabrication of high performance automobile tires and facilitate the large‐scale industrial application of these materials.
Asymmetric Intramolecular CH Insertion of α‐Diazoacetamides in Water by Dirhodium(II) Catalysts Derived from Natural Amino Acids
Authors: Candeias Nuno R. , Carias Carolina , Gomes Luis F. R. , André Vânia , Duarte M. Teresa , Gois Pedro M. P. , Afonso Carlos A. M.
Published: October 2012

The asymmetric dirhodium(II)‐catalyzed intramolecular CH insertion of α‐diazo acetamides in water is described for the first time. The use of natural α‐amino acids as chiral ligands allowed the preparation of novel dirhodium(II) homochiral complexes by a simple procedure consisting of the in situ ligand exchange starting from dirhodium tetraacetate. The catalytic system was further reused up to 7 cycles and β‐lactams were obtained in good yields and enantiomeric excess.
Combining in situ Generated Chiral Silicon Lewis Acid and Chiral Brønsted Acid Catalysts for [3+2] Cycloadditions: Cooperative Catalysis as a Convenient Enantioselective Route to Pyrazolidines
Authors: Serdyuk Olga V. , Zamfir Alexandru , Hampel Frank , Tsogoeva Svetlana B.
Published: October 2012

A facile enantioselective synthesis of chiral pyrazolidines via a [3+2] cycloaddition reaction, involving a BINOL‐derived phosphoric acid and an in situ generated BINOL phosphate‐derived silicon Lewis acid, which may act cooperatively, has been developed.
Evolution of Sound and Balance Perception: Innovations that Aggregate Single Hair Cells into the Ear and Transform a Gravistatic Sensor into the Organ of Corti
Authors: Duncan Jeremy S. , Fritzsch Bernd
Published: October 2012

Here, we review the molecular basis of mechanosensory cell and mechanosensory organ development and evolution with an emphasis on the conservation of transcription factors and emerging data on conserved gene networks. The ear, the organ of vertebrates dedicated to the perception of sound and balance, perceives these stimuli with the use of mechanosensory cells. The developmental gene regulatory network used during mechanosensory cellular development has been conserved from ancient bilaterian cells, and modified for the extraction of specific mechanical stimuli resulting in phenotypic changes. In the vertebrate lineage, mechanosensory cells became specialized as gravistatic sensors after they became aggregated to form the ear. After this aggregation, growth, including duplication and segregation of existing neurosensory epithelia, gave rise to new epithelia and can be appreciated by comparing sensory epithelia from the inner ears of different vertebrates and their innervation by different neuronal populations. Novel directions of differentiation were apparently further expanded by incorporating unique molecular modules in newly developed sensory epithelia. For example, the saccule gave rise to the auditory epithelium and corresponding neuronal population of tetrapods, starting possibly in an aquatic environment. This novel sensory perception was followed by emergence of the central auditory nuclei and a selective cochlear nucleus projection. The data for this process is outlined and contrasted with other ideas dealing with a subset of the data. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early Development of the Vertebrate Inner Ear
Authors: MagariÑos MARTA , Contreras JULIO , Aburto MARÍA R. , Varela‐Nieto Isabel
Published: October 2012

This is a review of the biological processes and the main signaling pathways required to generate the different otic cell types, with particular emphasis on the actions of insulin‐like growth factor I. The sensory organs responsible of hearing and balance have a common embryonic origin in the otic placode. Lineages of neural, sensory, and support cells are generated from common otic neuroepithelial progenitors. The sequential generation of the cell types that will form the adult inner ear requires the coordination of cell proliferation with cell differentiation programs, the strict regulation of cell survival, and the metabolic homeostasis of otic precursors. A network of intracellular signals operates to coordinate the transcriptional response to the extracellular input. Understanding the molecular clues that direct otic development is fundamental for the design of novel treatments for the protection and repair of hearing loss and balance disorders. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cisplatin and Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Hearing Loss and Its Prevention
Authors: Schacht Jochen , Talaska Andra E. , Rybak Leonard P.
Published: October 2012

This review introduces the pathology of aminoglycoside antibiotic and the cisplatin chemotherapy classes of drugs, discusses oxidative stress in the inner ear as a primary trigger for cell damage, and delineates the ensuing cell death pathways. Among potentially ototoxic (damaging the inner ear) therapeutics, the platinum‐based anticancer drugs and the aminoglycoside antibiotics are of critical clinical importance. Both drugs cause sensorineural hearing loss in patients, a side effect that can be reproduced in experimental animals. Hearing loss is reflected primarily in damage to outer hair cells, beginning in the basal turn of the cochlea. In addition, aminoglycosides might affect the vestibular system while cisplatin seems to have a much lower likelihood to do so. Finally, based on an understanding the mechanisms of ototoxicity pharmaceutical ways of protection of the cochlea are presented. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Cochlear Implant: Historical Aspects and Future Prospects
Authors: Eshraghi Adrien A. , Nazarian Ronen , Telischi Fred F. , Rajguru Suhrud M. , Truy Eric , Gupta Chhavi
Published: October 2012

The cochlear implant (CI) is the first effective treatment for deafness and severe losses in hearing. As such, the CI is now widely regarded as one of the great advances in modern medicine. This article reviews the key events and discoveries that led up to the current CI systems, and we review and present some among the many possibilities for further improvements in device design and performance. The past achievements include: (1) development of reliable devices that can be used over the lifetime of a patient; (2) development of arrays of implanted electrodes that can stimulate more than one site in the cochlea; and (3) progressive and large improvements in sound processing strategies for CIs. In addition, cooperation between research organizations and companies greatly accelerated the widespread availability and use of safe and effective devices. Possibilities for the future include: (1) use of otoprotective drugs; (2) further improvements in electrode designs and placements; (3) further improvements in sound processing strategies; (4) use of stem cells to replace lost sensory hair cells and neural structures in the cochlea; (5) gene therapy; (6) further reductions in the trauma caused by insertions of electrodes and other manipulations during implant surgeries; and (7) optical rather electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. Each of these possibilities is the subject of active research. Although great progress has been made to date in the development of the CI, including the first substantial restoration of a human sense, much more progress seems likely and certainly would not be a surprise. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acute Damage Threshold for Infrared Neural Stimulation of the Cochlea: Functional and Histological Evaluation
Authors: Goyal Vinay , Rajguru Suhrud , Matic Agnella I. , Stock Stuart R. , Richter Claus‐Peter
Published: October 2012

This article provides a mini review of the current state of infrared neural stimulation (INS), and new experimental results concerning INS damage thresholds. INS promises to be an attractive alternative for neural interfaces. With this method, one can attain spatially selective neural stimulation that is not possible with electrical stimulation. INS is based on the delivery of short laser pulses that result in a transient temperature increase in the tissue and depolarize the neurons. At a high stimulation rate and/or high pulse energy, the method bears the risk of thermal damage to the tissue from the instantaneous temperature increase or from potential accumulation of thermal energy. With the present study, we determined the injury thresholds in guinea pig cochleae for acute INS using functional measurements (compound action potentials) and histological evaluation. The selected laser parameters for INS were the wavelength (λ = 1,869 nm), the pulse duration (100 μs), the pulse repetition rate (250 Hz), and the radiant energy (0–127 μJ/pulse). For up to 5 hr of continuous irradiation at 250 Hz and at radiant energies up to 25 μJ/pulse, we did not observe any functional or histological damage in the cochlea. Functional loss was observed for energies above 25 μJ/pulse and the probability of injury to the target tissue resulting in functional loss increased with increasing radiant energy. Corresponding cochlear histology from control animals and animals exposed to 98 or 127 μJ/pulse at 250 Hz pulse repetition rate did not show a loss of spiral ganglion cells, hair cells, or other soft tissue structures of the organ of Corti. Light microscopy did not reveal any structural changes in the soft tissue either. Additionally, microcomputed tomography was used to visualize the placement of the optical fiber within the cochlea. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicasl, Inc.
Biomedical Engineering Principles of Modern Cochlear Implants and Recent Surgical Innovations
Authors: Eshraghi Adrien A. , Gupta Chhavi , Ozdamar Ozcan , Balkany Thomas J. , Truy Eric , Nazarian Ronen
Published: October 2012

This review covers the most recent clinical and surgical advances made in the development and application of cochlear implants (CIs). In recent years, dramatic progress has been made in both clinical and basic science aspect of cochlear implantation. Today's modern CI uses multi‐channel electrodes with highly miniaturized powerful digital processing chips. This review article describes the function of various components of the modern multi‐channel CIs. A selection of the most recent clinical and surgical innovations is presented. This includes the preliminary results with electro‐acoustic stimulation or hybrid devices and ongoing basic science research that is focused on the preservation of residual hearing post‐implantation. The result of an original device that uses a binaural stimulation mode with a single implanted receiver/stimulator is also presented. The benefit and surgical design of a temporalis pocket technique for the implant's receiver stimulator is discussed. Advances in biomedical engineering and surgical innovations that lead to an increasingly favorable clinical outcome and to an expansion of the indication of CI surgery are presented and discussed. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human Cochlea: Anatomical Characteristics and their Relevance for Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Rask‐Andersen Helge , Liu Wei , Erixon Elsa , Kinnefors Anders , Pfaller Kristian , Schrott‐Fischer Annelies , Glueckert Rudolf
Published: October 2012

This is a review of the anatomical characteristics of human cochlea and the importance of variations in this anatomy to the process of cochlear implantation (CI). Studies of the human cochlea are essential to better comprehend the physiology and pathology of man's hearing. The human cochlea is difficult to explore due to its vulnerability and bordering capsule. Inner ear tissue undergoes quick autolytic changes making investigations of autopsy material difficult, even though excellent results have been presented over time. Important issues today are novel inner ear therapies including CI and new approaches for inner ear pharmacological treatments. Inner ear surgery is now a reality, and technical advancements in the design of electrode arrays and surgical approaches allow preservation of remaining structure/function in most cases. Surgeons should aim to conserve cochlear structures for future potential stem cell and gene therapies. Renewal interest of round window approaches necessitates further acquaintance of this complex anatomy and its variations. Rough cochleostomy drilling at the intricate “hook” region can generate intracochlear bone‐dust‐inducing fibrosis and new bone formation, which could negatively influence auditory nerve responses at a later time point. Here, we present macro‐ and microanatomic investigations of the human cochlea viewing the extensive anatomic variations that influence electrode insertion. In addition, electron microscopic (TEM and SEM) and immunohistochemical results, based on specimens removed at surgeries for life‐threatening petroclival meningioma and some well‐preserved postmortal tissues, are displayed. These give us new information about structure as well as protein and molecular expression in man. Our aim was not to formulate a complete description of the complex human anatomy but to focus on aspects clinically relevant for electric stimulation, predominantly, the sensory targets, and how surgical atraumaticity best could be reached. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tumor necrosis factor α inhibitor therapy and cancer risk in chronic immune‐mediated diseases
Authors: Haynes Kevin , Beukelman Timothy , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Newcomb Craig , Herrinton Lisa J. , Graham David J. , Solomon Daniel H. , Griffin Marie R. , Chen Lang , Liu Liyan , Saag Kenneth G. , Lewis James D. ,   on behalf of the SABER Collaboration
Published: October 2012

Objective

To compare the incidence of cancer following tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) inhibitor therapy to that with commonly used alternative therapies across multiple immune‐mediated diseases.

Methods

The Safety Assessment of Biological Therapeutics study used data from 4 sources: national Medicaid and Medicare databases, Tennessee Medicaid, pharmacy benefits plans for Medicare beneficiaries in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Propensity score–adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were computed to estimate the relative rates of cancer, comparing those treated with TNFα inhibitors to those treated with alternative disease‐modifying therapies. The cancer‐finding algorithm had a positive predictive value ranging from 31% for any leukemia to 89% for female breast cancer.

Results

We included 29,555 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (13,102 person‐years), 6,357 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (1,508 person‐years), 1,298 patients with psoriasis (371 person‐years), and 2,498 patients with psoriatic arthritis (618 person‐years). The incidence of any solid cancer was not elevated in RA (HR 0.80 [95% CI 0.59–1.08]), inflammatory bowel disease (HR 1.42 [95% CI 0.47–4.26]), psoriasis (HR 0.58 [95% CI 0.10–3.31]), or psoriatic arthritis (HR 0.74 [95% CI 0.20–2.76]) during TNFα inhibitor therapy compared to disease‐specific alternative therapy. Among RA patients, the incidence of any of the 10 most common cancers in the US and of nonmelanoma skin cancer was not increased with TNFα inhibitor therapy compared to treatment with comparator drugs.

Conclusion

Short‐term cancer risk was not elevated among patients treated with TNFα inhibitor therapy relative to commonly used therapies for immune‐ mediated chronic inflammatory diseases in this study.
Activation of human synovial mast cells from rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis patients in response to aggregated IgG through Fcγ receptor I and Fcγ receptor II
Authors: Lee Hyunho , Kashiwakura Jun‐Ichi , Matsuda Akira , Watanabe Yasuo , Sakamoto‐Sasaki Tomomi , Matsumoto Kenji , Hashimoto Noriko , Saito Shu , Ohmori Kazumitsu , Nagaoka Masahiro , Tokuhashi Yasuaki , Ra Chisei , Okayama Yoshimichi
Published: October 2012

Objective

Substantial evidence suggests that human synovial mast cells (MCs) are involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A plausible pathway for the activation of synovial MCs is through IgG receptors, given the prevalence of circulating IgG isotype autoantibodies and synovial immune complexes in patients with RA. However, IgG receptor expression on human synovial MCs remains uncharacterized. The aim of this study was to identify which IgG receptor(s) on synovial MCs are responsible for MC activation in immune complexes.

Methods

Synovial tissue specimens were obtained from patients with RA or patients with osteoarthritis (OA) who were undergoing joint replacement surgery, and synovial MCs were enzymatically dispersed. Cultured synovium‐derived MCs were generated by culturing synovial cells with stem cell factor, and receptor expression was analyzed using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. Mediators released from MCs were measured using enzyme immunoassays or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.

Results

Primary synovial MCs and cultured synovium‐derived MCs obtained from both patients with RA and patients with OA expressed Fcε receptor I (FcεRI), FcγRI, and FcγRII but not FcγRIII. Cultured synovium‐derived MCs induced degranulation and the production of prostaglandin D2 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) through FcγRI. The aggregation of FcγRII caused histamine release from cultured MCs but not from primary MCs. Histamine release induced by aggregated IgG was significantly inhibited by neutralizing anti‐FcγRI monoclonal antibody and anti‐FcγRII monoclonal antibody.

Conclusion

With regard to the FcR expression profile, synovial MCs from patients with RA and patients with OA were similar. FcγRI was responsible for producing abundant TNFα from synovial MCs in response to aggregated IgG. Immune complexes may activate synovial MCs through FcγRI and FcγRII.
Tunable Catalytic Performance and Selectivity of a Nanoparticle–Graphene Composite through Finely Controlled Nanoparticle Loading
Authors: Mondal Avijit , Sinha Arjyabaran , Saha Arindam , Jana Nikhil R.
Published: October 2012

Graphene‐based composites offer enhanced catalytic performance of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles, but their development is challenging because catalytic performance strongly depends on the structure and composition of the composite. Herein we show that the catalytic performance of a nanoparticle–graphene composite is very dependent on catalyst loading, which can be optimized for simultaneous enhancement of activity and selectivity. A glassy carbon working electrode has been modified with a gold nanoparticle–graphene (Au–G) composite with a varied number of gold nanoparticles per graphene, so that the conducting property of graphene and the electrocatalytic property of the metal were effectively coupled to give the best catalytic activity and selectivity. The modified electrode was used for simultaneous electrochemical detection of a mixture of electroactive species with high sensitivity. This result shows that the catalytic performance of a graphene‐based composite is sensitive to the catalyst loading and should be optimized for the best performance.
α‐tocopheryl‐phosphate regulation of gene expression in preadipocytes and adipocytes
Authors: Lirangi Melania , Meydani Mohsen , Zingg Jean Marc , Azzi Angelo
Published: October 2012

A correct function of adipocytes in connection with cellular fatty acid loading and release is a vital aspect of energy homeostasis; dysregulation of these reactions can result in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, adipocytes have been proposed to play a major role in preventing lipotoxicity by removing excess fatty acids from the circulation and converting them into triglycerides and thus decreasing the exposure of other cells to their potentially harmful effects. We report here that the addition of α‐tocopheryl phosphate (but not α‐tocopherol) to NIH3T3‐L1 preadipocytes transcriptionally activates a set of genes TRB3 (Tribbles Homolog 3), Sestrin‐2 (SESN2), and Insulin‐Induced Gene 1 (INSIG1)] potentially preventing fat accumulation in these cells. In contrast, in differentiated adipocytes, α‐tocopheryl phosphate is responsible for the transcriptional inhibition of the same genes, possibly facilitating fat uptake and storage. In conclusion, it appears that in proliferating preadipocytes α‐tocopheryl phosphate foils fat accumulation, whereas in adipocytes it enhances it. These processes may be relevant in the regulation of excess fat accumulation and in prevention of lipotoxicity. © 2012 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Assessing protein oxidation by inorganic nanoparticles with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Authors: Sun Wenjie , Luna‐Velasco Antonia , Sierra‐Alvarez Reyes , Field Jim A.
Published: October 2012

Growth in the nanotechnology industry is leading to increased production of engineered nanoparticles (NPs). This has given rise to concerns about the potential adverse and toxic effects to biological system and the environment. An important mechanism of NP toxicity is oxidative stress caused by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or via direct oxidation of biomolecules. In this study, a protein oxidation assay was developed as an indicator of biomolecule oxidation by NPs. The oxidation of the protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was evaluated with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the protein carbonyl derivatives formed from protein oxidation. The results showed that some NPs such as Cu(0), CuO, Mn2O3, and Fe(0) caused oxidation of BSA; whereas, many of the other NPs tested were not reactive or very slowly reactive with BSA. The mechanisms involved in the oxidation of BSA protein by the reactive NPs could be attributed to the combined effects of ROS‐dependent and direct protein oxidation mechanisms. The ELISA assay is a promising method for the assessment of protein oxidation by NPs, which can provide insights on NP toxicity mechanisms. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 694–701. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Palladium Bipyridyl Complex Grafted onto Nanosized MCM‐41 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Negishi Coupling
Authors: Wu Wei‐Yi , Lin Tze‐Chiao , Takahashi Tamotsu , Tsai Fu‐Yu , Mou Chung‐Yuan
Published: October 2012

The Negishi coupling of aryl bromides or acyl chlorides with organozinc chlorides catalyzed by a palladium bipyridyl complex anchored on nanosized mobile crystalline material 41 (MCM‐41) were investigated. The reactions proceeded smoothly with a very low catalyst loading in THF at 70 °C for electron‐deficient aryl bromides, which gave good to high yields of the Negishi coupling products. However, reactions in toluene at 110 °C were required if electron‐rich aryl bromides were employed. For acyl chlorides, the reactions could be performed in THF at 50 °C and the corresponding ketones and ynones were obtained in high yields. After centrifugation, it was possible to easily recover the supported catalyst from the reaction mixture, and this could be reused several times without any retreatment or regeneration with only a slight decrease in activity.
Kinetics of the Decomposition of Hydrogen Sulfide in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor
Authors: Linga Reddy E. , Karuppiah J. , Renken A. , Kiwi‐Minsker L. , Subrahmanyam C.
Published: October 2012

Kinetics of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) decomposition to hydrogen and sulfur was investigated in a nonthermal plasma dielectric barrier discharge (NTP‐DBD) reactor operated under ambient conditions. The reactions were carried out with a fixed flow rate and varying inlet concentration. The results indicated that the dissociation of H2S into H2 and S may be initiated by excitation of the carrier gas argon. A reaction rate model based on a Langmuir Hinshelwood/Michaelis‐Menten model was proposed. The formal reaction order approaches zero at high H2S concentrations. The parameters of the kinetic model were found to be dependent on the power input.
Theoretical Elucidation of the Mechanism of Cleavage of the Aromatic CC Bond in Quinoxaline by a Tungsten‐Based Complex [W(PMe3)4(η2‐CH2PMe2)H]
Authors: Liu Yuxia , Zhang Dongju , Gao Jun , Liu Chengbu
Published: October 2012

The aromatic CC bond cleavage by a tungsten complex reported recently by Sattler and Parkin15 offers fresh opportunities for the functionalization of organic molecules. The mechanism of such a process has not yet been determined, which appeals to computational assistance to understand how the unstrained CC bond is activated at the molecular level.16, 17 In this work, by performing density functional theory calculations, we studied various possible mechanisms of cleavage of the aromatic CC bond in quinoxaline (QoxH) by the W‐based complex [W(PMe3)4(η2‐CH2PMe2)H]. The calculated results show that the mechanism proposed by Sattler and Parkin involves an overall barrier of as high as 42.0 kcal mol−1 and thus does not seem to be consistent with the experimental observation. Alternatively, an improved mechanism has been presented in detail, which involves the removal and recoordination of a second PMe3 ligand on the tungsten center. In our new mechanism, it is proposed that the CC cleavage occurs prior to the second CH bond addition, in contrast to Sattler and Parkin’s mechanism in which the CC bond is broken after the second CH bond addition. We find that the rate‐determining step of the reaction is the ring‐opening process of the tungsten complex with an activation barrier of 28.5 kcal mol−1 after the first PMe3 ligand dissociation from the metal center. The mono‐hydrido species is located as the global minimum on the potential‐energy surface, which is in agreement with the experimental observation for this species. The present theoretical results provide new insight into the mechanism of the remarkable CC bond cleavage.
Subcortical auditory structures in the mongolian gerbil: I. Golgi architecture
Authors: Mylius Judith , Brosch Michael , Scheich Henning , Budinger Eike
Published: October 2012

By means of the Golgi–Cox and Nissl methods we investigated the cyto‐ and fiberarchitecture as well as the morphology of neurons in the subcortical auditory structures of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), a frequently used animal model in auditory neuroscience. We describe the divisions and subdivisions of the auditory thalamus including the medial geniculate body, suprageniculate nucleus, and reticular thalamic nucleus, as well as of the inferior colliculi, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, superior olivary complex, and cochlear nuclear complex. In this study, we 1) confirm previous results about the organization of the gerbil's subcortical auditory pathway using other anatomical staining methods (e.g., Budinger et al. [2000] Eur J Neurosci 12:2452–2474); 2) add substantially to the knowledge about the laminar and cellular organization of the gerbil's subcortical auditory structures, in particular about the orientation of their fibrodendritic laminae and about the morphology of their most distinctive neuron types; and 3) demonstrate that the cellular organization of these structures, as seen by the Golgi technique, corresponds generally to that of other mammalian species, in particular to that of rodents. J. Comp. Neurol., 521:1289–1321, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolutionary divergence of trigeminal nerve somatotopy in amniotes
Authors: Rhinn Muriel , Miyoshi Kanako , Watanabe Aki , Kawaguchi Masahumi , Ito Fumihiro , Kuratani Shigeru , Baker Clare V.H. , Murakami Yasunori , Rijli Filippo M.
Published: October 2012

The trigeminal circuit relays somatosensory input from the face into the central nervous system. In central nuclei, the spatial arrangement of neurons reproduces the physical distribution of peripheral receptors, thus generating a somatotopic facial map during development. In mice, the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular trigeminal nerve branches maintain a somatotopic segregation and generate spatially organized patterns of connectivity within hindbrain target nuclei. To investigate conservation of somatotopic organization, we compared trigeminal nerve organization in turtle, chick, and mouse embryos. We found that, in the turtle, mandibular and maxillary ganglion neuron rostrocaudal segregation and trigeminal tract somatotopy are similar to mouse. In contrast, chick mandibular ganglion neurons are located rostrally to maxillary neurons, with some intermingling, supporting previous observations (Noden [1980], J Comp Neurol 190:429–444). This organization results in an inversion of the relative positions and less precise axonal sorting of the maxillary and mandibular branches within the trigeminal tract, as compared to mouse and turtle. Moreover, using the turtle and chick orthologs of Drg11 in combination with Hoxa2 expression and axonal tracings from the periphery, we mapped the chick PrV nucleus position to rhombomere 1, confirming previous studies (Marin and Puelles [1995], Eur J Neurosci 7:1714–1738) and in contrast to mouse PrV, which mainly maps to rhombomere 2–3 (Oury et al. [2006], Science 313:1408–1413). Thus, somatotopy of trigeminal ganglion and nerve organization is only partially conserved through amniote evolution, possibly in relation to the modification of facial somatosensory structures and morphologies. J. Comp. Neurol. 1378–1394, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The unifying negotiation framework: A model of policy discourse
Authors: Daniels Steven E. , Walker Gregg B. , Emborg Jens
Published: October 2012

The Unifying Negotiation Framework is an integrative model of policy negotiation. It flows out of the discourse tradition in public policy and political theory. It conceptualizes decision processes as discourses that occur at three levels (micro, meso, and macro), and are affected by six different factors (culture, institutions, agency, incentives, cognition, and actor orientation and experience). Initial applications of the Framework show that it has value in training, ex ante evaluation and design, and ex post evaluation and analysis. It has the additional benefit of synthesizing the disparate literatures on participatory processes. Because the Framework does not lead to specific predictions, it is more accurately referred to as an organizing meta‐narrative than a theory.
Reflection for connection: Deepening dialogue through reflective processes
Authors: Stains Robert R.
Published: October 2012

The level of exchange in dialogue can vary from polite discussion of a topic to deep engagement with a defined “other” characterized by exquisite listening, honest speaking, and empathic connection. This article describes processes for self‐reflection that can help dialogue participants resist social and cultural pressures to polarize, step back from damaging communication patterns, develop greater insight, and expand their capacity for constructive communication.
Assessing the collaborative capacity of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Relevant literature, a practical assessment tool, and reflections on third‐party roles
Authors: DuPraw Marcelle E. , Cardwell Hal E. , Placht Maria T. , McGonigle Tim
Published: October 2012

This article focuses on the third‐party roles in a 2008 to 2010 assessment of the collaborative capacity of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Within USACE, the effort was led by the Institute for Water Resources' Conflict Resolution & Public Participation Center. Third‐party assistance was provided by a professional environmental facilitator under contract to USACE. Data were obtained through an online assessment tool (n = 230) and nine workshops. A national stakeholder Review Group and a cadre of internal liaisons to field personnel provided input at strategic milestones. The resulting collaborative capacity development recommendations are now being implemented.
Critical Parameters of the Pumping Scheme of Ar+8 Lasers Excited by Z Pinches in Long Capilaries
Authors: Szasz J. , Kiss M. , Santa I. , Szatmari S. , Kukhlevsky S. V.
Published: October 2012

The present study is focused on the demonstration of the most critical parameters of the pumping scheme of a table‐top Ar+8‐laser excited by discharges with relatively low current and voltage (I ≤ 20 kA, U ≤ 200 kV) in long (L ∼ 0.5 m) capillaries. The most critical parameters of the pumping scheme were analyzed and then adjusted experimentally. The table‐top size is attributed to the use of a low‐inductance co‐axial discharge configuration that decreases the voltage and current necessary for laser excitation. Low inductance is achieved by using a capillary, water‐capacitor and water spark‐gap placed into a chamber filled with deionized water. The capillary z‐pinch is produced by the water capacitor, which is pulse‐charged by a six‐stage Marx generator, optimized for the low‐inductance discharge configuration. Optimization is performed by adjusting the value of the charging inductance and the peak charging voltage with a water spark‐gap. At the optimal conditions laser pulses with a Gaussian‐like intensity distribution and divergence angle ∼ 1 mrad and energy ∼ 10 μJ are generated. The physical method for generation of a laser beam with such parameters is based on the use of a long (L = 0.45 m) capillary plasma (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Seasonal population dynamics and the genetic structure of the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Campos Melina , Spenassatto Carine , de Lourdes da Graça Macoris Maria , Paduan Karina dos Santos , Pinto João , Ribolla Paulo Eduardo Martins
Published: October 2012

Population genetic studies of insect vectors can generate knowledge to improve epidemiological studies focused on the decrease of pathogen transmission. In this study, we used nine SNPs across the Aedes aegypti genome to characterize seasonal population variations of this important dengue vector. Mosquito samples were obtained by ovitraps placed over Botucatu SP from 2005 to 2010. Our data show that, regardless of the large variation in mosquito abundance (deduced from the number of eggs obtained from ovitraps), the effective population size remained stable over the years. These results suggest that Ae. aegypti is able to maintain a sufficiently large active breeding population during the dry season to keep genetic frequencies stable. These results open new perspectives on mosquito survey and control methods.
Habitat selection and ranges of tolerance: how do species differ beyond critical thresholds?
Authors: Cunningham Mary Ann , Johnson Douglas H.
Published: October 2012

Sensitivity to habitat fragmentation often has been examined in terms of thresholds in landscape composition at which a species is likely to occur. Observed thresholds often have been low or absent, however, leaving much unexplained about habitat selection beyond initial thresholds of occurrence, even for species with strong habitat preferences. We examined responses to varying amounts of tree cover, a widely influential measure of habitat loss, for 40 woodland bird species in a mixed woodland/grassland landscape in eastern North Dakota, USA. We used LOESS smoothing to describe incidence for each species at three scales: within 200, 400, and 1200 m around sample locations. For the 200‐m scale, we also calculated the most‐preferred range of tree cover (within which at least half of observations were predicted to occur) for each species. Only 10 of 40 species had occurrence thresholds greater than about 10% tree cover. After initial occurrence, species showed three general patterns: some increased monotonically with tree cover; some increased up to an asymptote; some peaked at intermediate amounts of tree cover and then declined. These patterns approximate selection for interior woodlands and for edge‐rich environments, but incidence plots provide greater detail in landscape‐scale selection than do those categories. For most species, patterns persisted at larger scales, but for some, larger scales had distinctly different patterns than local scales. Preferred ranges of tree cover varied from <20% tree cover (common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula) to >60% (veery, Catharus fuscescens). We conclude that incidence patterns provide more information on habitat selection than do threshold measures for most species: in particular, they differentiate species preferring concentrated woodlands from those preferring mixed landscapes, and they show contrasting degrees of selectiveness. [Correction added on 16 October 2012, after first online publication: the Abstract section has been reworded].
Primate DNA suggests long‐term stability of an African rainforest
Authors: Allen Julie M. , Miyamoto Michael M. , Wu Chieh‐Hsi , E. Carter Tamar , Ungvari‐Martin Judit , Magrini Kristin , Chapman Colin A.
Published: October 2012

Red colobus monkeys, due to their sensitivity to environmental change, are indicator species of the overall health of their tropical rainforest habitats. As a result of habitat loss and overhunting, they are among the most endangered primates in the world, with very few viable populations remaining. Traditionally, extant indicator species have been used to signify the conditions of their current habitats, but they have also been employed to track past environmental conditions by detecting previous population fluctuations. Kibale National Park (KNP) in Uganda harbors the only remaining unthreatened large population of red colobus. We used microsatellite DNA to evaluate the historical demography of these red colobus and, therefore, the long‐term stability of their habitat. We find that the red colobus population throughout KNP has been stable for at least ~40,000 years. We interpret this result as evidence of long‐term forest stability because a change in the available habitat or population movement would have elicited a corresponding change in population size. We conclude that the forest of what is now Kibale National Park may have served as a Late Pleistocene refuge for many East African species.
Combined Solution‐Phase, Solid‐Phase and Phase‐Interface Anion Binding and Extraction Studies by a Simple Tripodal Thiourea Receptor
Authors: Bose Purnandhu , Dutta Ranjan , Santra Saikat , Chowdhury Bijit , Ghosh Pradyut
Published: October 2012

Tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine (tren) based 4‐cyanophenyl‐substituted tripodal L, tris{[(4‐cyanophenyl)amino]ethyl}thiourea receptor, was synthesized and explored thoroughly for anion recognition in solution by NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) as well as in the solid state by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. Anion recognition properties of L were further exploited toward the extraction of sulfate as well as fluoride from aqueous media using a liquid–liquid extraction technique. A solution‐state anion binding study using NMR spectroscopy in [D6]DMSO and ITC measurements in dry acetonitrile show a relatively higher association constant of L with halides (F– and Cl–) over oxyanions (H2PO4– and HSO4–). The single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis of complex 1 reveals a monotopic encapsulation of fluoride in L through six N–H···F– interactions with a distorted trigonal‐prismatic geometry, whereas sulfate and carbonate induce dimeric assemblies of L in complexes 2 and 3, respectively. In the case of sulfate, a tight dimeric capsular assembly of ca. 9.5 Å is observed through 15 N–H···O interactions, whereas carbonate forms a sandwich‐like dimeric molecular aggregation through 14 N–H···O interactions. In the presence of tetrabutylammonium iodide as the phase transfer agent, L has shown ca. 70 % extraction of fluoride (based on L) and ca. 40 % extraction of sulfate (based on L) from aqueous solutions using an anion‐exchange‐based liquid–liquid extraction strategy. Extraction of these anions is unambiguously demonstrated by 1H NMR, 19F NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, PXRD and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies.
Auto‐Tandem Catalysis: Synthesis of Acridines by Pd‐Catalyzed C=C Bond Formation and C(sp2)–N Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Huang Zhongxing , Yang Yang , Xiao Qing , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: October 2012

A facile palladium‐catalyzed synthesis of acridines has been realized by consecutive C=C double bond formation and C–N cross‐coupling. A variety of functionalized acridines can be accessed from easily available o‐dihalobenzenes and N‐tosylhydrazones in a single operation. This one‐pot protocol has a wide scope with respect to both coupling partners, and provides an efficient route to functionalized acridine derivatives, which are generally difficult to synthesize by previously known methods.
An Asymmetric Organocatalytic Approach to Michael Reactions of Thiazolones and Nitroalkenes: Preparation of Compounds with Anti‐Cancer Potency
Authors: Liu Xiaodong , Song Hongjin , Chen Qiao , Li Wenyi , Yin Wen , Kai Ming , Wang Rui
Published: October 2012

We present a highly efficient strategy for obtaining a series of chiral 2,4‐disubstituted thiazolone derivatives with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities through the creation of carbon‐ and nitrogen‐substituted quaternary carbon stereocenters. With the chiral tertiary amine‐thiourea catalyst developed by our group, the reactions could be performed smoothly at 1 mol‐% catalyst loadings without any additive. Preliminary biological evaluation demonstrated that these analogues could inhibit cell proliferation in vitro significantly.
Silver Solid Amalgam Electrode as a Tool for Monitoring the Electrochemical Reduction of Hydroxocobalamin
Authors: Bandžuchová Lenka , Šelešovská Renáta , Navrátil Tomáš , Chýlková Jaromíra
Published: October 2012

The voltammetric behavior of hydroxocobalamin (OH‐Cbl), one form of vitamin B12, has been studied using two modifications of silver solid amalgam electrode: polished (p‐AgSAE) and mercury meniscus modified (m‐AgSAE). All results were compared with these achieved using hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). Various voltammetric methods, like cyclic voltammetry, DC voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and elimination voltammetry with linear scan, were applied to investigate the electrochemical behavior of OH‐Cbl. Working conditions of differential pulse voltammetry were found and the achieved limits of detection (LD=1.5 nmol L−1 (m‐AgSAE) and 3.3 nmol L−1 (p‐AgSAE)) proved high sensitivity. The applicability of the proposed method was verified by analysis of vitamin preparation.
Regulation of human DNA polymerase delta in the cellular responses to DNA damage
Authors: Lee Marietta Y.W.T. , Zhang Sufang , Lin Szu Hua Sharon , Chea Jennifer , Wang Xiaoxiao , LeRoy Christine , Wong Agnes , Zhang Zhongtao , Lee Ernest Y.C.
Published: October 2012

The p12 subunit of polymerase delta (Pol δ) is degraded in response to DNA damage induced by UV, alkylating agents, oxidative, and replication stresses. This leads to the conversion of the Pol δ4 holoenzyme to the heterotrimer, Pol δ3. We review studies that establish that Pol δ3 formation is an event that could have a major impact on cellular processes in genomic surveillance, DNA replication, and DNA repair. p12 degradation is dependent on the apical ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR) kinase and is mediated by the ubiquitin–proteasome system. Pol δ3 exhibits properties of an “antimutator” polymerase, suggesting that it could contribute to an increased surveillance against mutagenesis, for example, when Pol δ carries out bypass synthesis past small base lesions that engage in spurious base pairing. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis and examination of the spatiotemporal recruitment of Pol δ to sites of DNA damage show that Pol δ3 is the primary form of Pol δ associated with cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesions and therefore should be considered as the operative form of Pol δ engaged in DNA repair. We propose a model for the switching of Pol δ with translesion polymerases, incorporating the salient features of the recently determined structure of monoubiquitinated proliferating cell nuclear antigen and emphasizing the role of Pol δ3. Because of the critical role of Pol δ activity in DNA replication and repair, the formation of Pol δ3 in response to DNA damage opens the prospect that pleiotropic effects may ensue. This opens the horizons for future exploration of how this novel response to DNA damage contributes to genomic stability. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.