bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Principal component analysis of molecularly based signals from infant formula contaminations using LC‐MS and NMR in foodomics
Authors: Inoue Koichi , Tanada Chihiro , Hosoya Takahiro , Yoshida Shuhei , Akiba Takashi , Min Jun Zhe , Todoroki Kenichiro , Yamano Yutaka , Kumazawa Shigenori , Toyo'oka Toshimasa
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND

The challenge in developing analytical assessment of unexpected excess contaminations in infant formula has been the most significant project to address the widespread issue of food safety and security. Foodomics based on metabolomics techniques provides powerful tools for the detection of tampering cases with intentional contaminations. However, the safety and risk assessments of infant formula to reveal not only the targeted presence of toxic chemicals, but also molecular changes involving unexpected contaminations, have not been reported. In this study, a huge amount of raw molecularly based signals from infant formula was analysed using reversed phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography with time‐of‐flight MS (LC‐MS) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and then processed by a principal component analysis (PCA).

RESULTS

PCA plots visualised signature trends in the complex signal‐data batches from each excess contamination of detectable chemicals by LC‐MS and NMR. These trends in the different batches from a portion of excess chemical contaminations such as pesticides, melamine and heavy metals and out‐of‐date products can be visualised from spectrally discriminated infant formula samples.

CONCLUSION

PCA plots provide possible attempts to maximise the covariance between the stable lot‐to‐lot uniformity and excess exogenous contaminations and/or degradation to discriminate against the molecularly based signals from infant formulas. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Morcellation and myomas: Balancing decisions around minimally invasive treatments for fibroids
Authors: Siedhoff Matthew T. , Kim Kenneth H.
Published: December 2015

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is increasingly being used to treat uterine fibroids because of the significant patient and societal benefits of these techniques over traditional laparotomy. Morcellation affords the removal of large fibroids in MIS but carries the risk of disseminating occult malignant tissue. The benefits of MIS for treating fibroids must be carefully weighed against its risks of morcellation. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015;112:769–771. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neoadjuvant use of ipilimumab in locally advanced melanoma
Authors: Howie Lynn J. , Tyler Douglas S. , Salama April K. S.
Published: December 2015

Recent advances in immune modulating therapies show great promise for patients with advanced melanoma, however optimal strategies for achieving long‐term disease control in locally advanced melanoma are unclear. We present two cases of neoadjuvant ipilimumab, one case in combination with isolated limb infusion (ILI) followed by surgical resection and one followed by surgery alone. Both patients have had durable responses. These cases highlight the ongoing need for prospective trials in the neoadjuvant setting. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015;112:841–843. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rasagiline for the symptomatic treatment of fatigue in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lim Thien Thien , Kluger Benzi M. , Rodriguez Ramon L. , Malaty Irene A. , Palacio Rafael , Ojo Oluwadamilola O. , Patel Shnehal , Gujrati Yogesh , Nutter Benjamin , Swartz Camille , Hennessy Carol , Fernandez Hubert H.
Published: December 2015

Background

Fatigue affects 40% to 50% of all PD patients and is a leading cause of disability, with no clearly established or efficacious established treatments.

Methods

In this double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, pilot trial, we investigated whether rasagiline improved fatigue among PD patients. Subjects were randomized to 1 mg daily of rasagiline or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was a change in the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale from baseline to week 12.

Results

Thirty PD subjects (16 men), with Modified Fatigue Impact Scale baseline score of 67 ± 15, were randomized (16 to rasagiline vs. 14 to placebo). Significant improvement was noted in the mean Modified Fatigue Impact Scale score of the rasagiline group (12 points) as compared to placebo (8.5 points) from baseline to week 12 (P = 0.003).

Conclusion

In this pilot study, rasagiline at a dose of 1 mg per day improved fatigue. Larger randomized studies are needed to confirm this finding. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Immuno‐compatibility of amphiphilic ABA triblock copolymer‐based hydrogel films for biomedical applications
Authors: Görs Julia , Roch Toralf , Tartivel Lucile , Behl Marc , Ma Nan , Lendlein Andreas
Published: December 2015

The protein adsorption and immuno‐compatibility of hydrogels largely influence the clinical outcome in biomedical application scenarios. In this study photo‐crosslinked 2‐isocyanate ethyl methacrylate–functionalized oligo(ethylene glycol)–oligo(propylene glycol)–oligo(ethylene glycol) (IEMA–OEG–OPG–OEG–IEMA)‐based polymer hydrogel films were explored with respect to endotoxin contaminations, intrinsic immuno‐modulatory features, and protein adsorption of human fibronectin as well as serum albumin. Therefore three different hydrogel films were prepared from aqueous solutions of dimethacrylated OEG–OPG–OEG triblock copolymers (Mn = 12,700 g mol−1, 70 mol% OEG content) with varying wt% of the macromonomer (10 to 30%) resulting in polymeric networks, which differ in their crosslinking density and accordingly their physical properties. It could be shown that all three hydrogel film compositions do not cause complement and immune cell activation. The films were protein repellent, but reversible protein diffusion in and out of the hydrogel network, depending on the mesh size of the network, could be observed. In conclusion, the hydrogels can be considered as immuno‐compatible, which qualifies them for biomedical applications such as drug release systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of intermediate degradation products on the hydrolytic degradation of poly[(rac‐lactide)‐co‐glycolide] at the air–water interface
Authors: Schöne Anne‐Christin , Falkenhagen Sandra , Travkova Oksana , Schulz Burkhard , Kratz Karl , Lendlein Andreas
Published: December 2015

The influence of intermediate degradation products on the hydrolytic degradation of poly[(rac‐lactide)‐co‐glycolide] (PLGA, 50 mol% lactide) at the air–water interface is investigated using the Langmuir film balance. For that purpose, PLGA bulk samples were degraded in aqueous solution for different time periods to generate different sized fragments with varying water solubility. After dissolution in chloroform the water‐insoluble degradation products are able to form Langmuir monolayers with an increased elasticity modulus by decreasing molecular weights. Water‐soluble degradation products of PLGA were found to be surface active and form an adsorption layer at the air–water interface, which can be further compressed, and revealing a different adsorption behavior in dependence on their composition. The obtained results imply that measured surface area reduction as it is determined in Langmuir monolayer degradation (LMD) experiment is restricted by the effect of the surface activity of adsorbed oligomer fragments during the degradation process. The surface activity of the formed degradation products makes it difficult to derive degradation mechanism from a common LMD experiment. To elucidate the mechanism in detail, dimers, trimers and longer oligomers with known composition and end‐groups have to be investigated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversible shape‐memory properties of surface functionalizable, crystallizable crosslinked terpolymers
Authors: Farhan Muhammad , Chaganti Srinivasa Reddy , Nöchel Ulrich , Kratz Karl , Lendlein Andreas
Published: December 2015

There is a high demand for polymer actuators comprising reactive groups at their surface in biotechnological or bioanalytical devices especially in microfluidics. In this work, we explored whether a thermoplastic poly[ethylene‐co‐(ethyl acylate)‐co‐(maleic anhydride)] (PEEAMA) terpolymer can be converted to a multifunctional shape‐memory actuator by introducing covalent netpoints. In crosslinked PEEAMA (cPEEAMA) crystalline polyethylene (PE) domains with melting temperatures below 70°C should serve as actuation domains, responsible for the reversible shape change during cyclic heating and cooling, while higher melting PE crystals act as skeleton forming domains; finally maleic anhydride (MAH) groups enable surface modification of the polymeric substrate. cPEEAMAs with a fixed composition and various crosslink densities were prepared by thermally crosslinking of PEEAMA using different dicumyl peroxide (DCP) concentrations in the starting reaction mixture. A broad melting transition in the range of 50 to 90°C with a melting temperature interval of ∆Tm = 40°C, related to the crystalline PE domains, was observed for all polymer networks in differential scanning calorimetric experiments. Cyclic, thermomechanical uniaxial tensile tests revealed high reversible strains up to 17 ± 2%. A reversible change in long period during repetitive heating and cooling was observed in in situ small angle X‐ray scattering experiments. Finally, a successful functionalization of the MAH groups at the cPEEAMA surface by reaction with ethylene diamine was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy analysis. The presented amino functionalized cPEEAMA substrates could be a candidate material for the preparation of adaptive microfluidic devices. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of different alkyl‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids on the structure of pebax® films. Consequences on thermal, mechanical, and water sorption and diffusion properties
Authors: Magana Sylvain , Gain Olivier , Gouanvé Fabrice , Espuche Eliane
Published: December 2015

In this work, three ionic liquids (ILs) differing by the length of the alkyl chain linked to their cation were incorporated in a Pebax® copolymer matrix through a solvent cast process for composition from 0 to 70 wt % IL. The copolymer/IL miscibility was investigated via IR Spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The three ILs dissolved in the copolymer soft phase for ILs content below 30 wt % whereas they formed segregated dispersed domains at higher loadings. The plasticizing effect of the ILs was examined through DSC and thermomechanical analyses. In the range of IL amount from 0 to 30 wt %, no significant differences were observed in the thermomechanical properties as a function of the IL structure. At higher IL content, the films based on 1‐ethyl‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate sustained better properties. All films exhibited a good thermal stability up to 300 °C. The water sorption isotherms were modeled with GAB equation and both the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the sorption mechanism were investigated. A non‐monotonic evolution of the GAB parameters and diffusion coefficient as a function of the IL content was evidenced. Moreover, different behaviors were observed as a function of the IL nature and structuration within the copolymer matrix. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 811–824
A brief introduction to non‐relativistic supergravity
Authors: Zojer Thomas
Published: December 2015

Non‐relativistic geometries have received more attention lately. We review our attempts to construct supersymmetric extensions of this so‐called Newton–Cartan geometry in three space‐time dimensions.
Deformed supergravity from IIA strings and its Chern‐Simons duals
Authors: Guarino Adolfo , Jafferis Daniel L. , Varela Oscar
Published: December 2015

Do electric/magnetic deformations of supergravity enjoy a string/M‐theory origin, or are they just a four‐dimensional artefact? We address this question for the gauging of a group closely related to : its contraction . We argue that the deformed supergravity arises from consistent truncation of massive IIA supergravity on S6, and its electric/magnetic deformation parameter descends directly from the Romans mass. The critical points of the supergravity uplift to AdS4 massive type IIA vacua and the corresponding CFT3 duals are identified as super‐Chern‐Simons‐matter theories with gauge group and level k given also by the Romans mass.
Generalised T‐duality and Integrable Deformations
Authors: Thompson Daniel C.
Published: December 2015

We review recent developments in the construction of integrable η‐ and λ‐deformations of the superstring. We highlight their link with Poisson‐Lie T‐duality.
Clearance of rapid adenosine release is regulated by nucleoside transporters and metabolism
Authors: Nguyen Michael D. , Ross Ashley E. , Ryals Matthew , Lee Scott T. , Venton B. Jill
Published: December 2015

Adenosine is a neuromodulator that regulates neurotransmission in the brain and central nervous system. Recently, spontaneous adenosine release that is cleared in 3–4 sec was discovered in mouse spinal cord slices and anesthetized rat brains. Here, we examined the clearance of spontaneous adenosine in the rat caudate‐putamen and exogenously applied adenosine in caudate brain slices. The Vmax for clearance of exogenously applied adenosine in brain slices was 1.4 ± 0.1 μmol/L/sec. In vivo, the equilibrative nucleoside transport 1 (ENT1) inhibitor, S‐(4‐nitrobenzyl)‐6‐thioinosine (NBTI) (1 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased the duration of adenosine, while the ENT1/2 inhibitor, dipyridamole (10 mg/kg, i.p.), did not affect duration. 5‐(3‐Bromophenyl)‐7‐[6‐(4‐morpholinyl)‐3‐pyrido[2,3‐d]byrimidin‐4‐amine dihydrochloride (ABT‐702), an adenosine kinase inhibitor (5 mg/kg, i.p.), increased the duration of spontaneous adenosine release. The adenosine deaminase inhibitor, erythro‐9‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐nonyl)adenine (EHNA) (10 mg/kg, i.p.), also increased the duration in vivo. Similarly, NBTI (10 μmol/L), ABT‐702 (100 nmol/L), or EHNA (20 μmol/L) also decreased the clearance rate of exogenously applied adenosine in brain slices. The increases in duration for blocking ENT1, adenosine kinase, or adenosine deaminase individually were similar, about 0.4 sec in vivo; thus, the removal of adenosine on a rapid time scale occurs through three mechanisms that have comparable effects. A cocktail of ABT‐702, NBTI, and EHNA significantly increased the duration by 0.7 sec, so the mechanisms are not additive and there may be additional mechanisms clearing adenosine on a rapid time scale. The presence of multiple mechanisms for adenosine clearance on a time scale of seconds demonstrates that adenosine is tightly regulated in the extracellular space.
Claudin‐4 binder C‐CPE 194 enhances effects of anticancer agents on pancreatic cancer cell lines via a MAPK pathway
Authors: Kono Tsuyoshi , Kondoh Masuo , Kyuno Daisuke , Ito Tatsuya , Kimura Yasutoshi , Imamura Masafumi , Kohno Takayuki , Konno Takumi , Furuhata Tomohisa , Sawada Norimasa , Hirata Koichi , Kojima Takashi
Published: December 2015

The C‐terminal fragment of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (C‐CPE) modulates the tight junction protein claudin and disrupts the tight junctional barrier. It also can enhance the effectiveness of anticancer agents. However, the detailed mechanisms of the effects of C‐CPE remain unclear in both normal and cancerous cells. The C‐CPE mutant called C‐CPE 194 binds only to claudin‐4, but the C‐CPE 194 mutant called C‐CPE m19 binds not only to claudin‐4 but also to claudin‐1. In the present study, to investigate the mechanisms of the effects of C‐CPE on claudin expression, the tight junctional functions and the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents, human pancreatic cancer cells, and normal human pancreatic duct epithelial cells (HPDEs) were treated with C‐CPE 194 and C‐CPE m19. In well‐differentiated cells of the pancreatic cancer cell line HPAC, C‐CPE 194 and C‐CPE m19 disrupted both the barrier and fence functions without changes in expression of claudin‐1 and ‐4, together with an increase of MAPK phosphorylation. C‐CPE 194, but not C‐CPE m19, enhanced the cytotoxicity of the anticancer agents gemcitabine and S‐1. In poorly differentiated pancreatic cancer cell line PANC‐1, C‐CPE 194, but not C‐CPE m19, decreased claudin‐4 expression and enhanced MAPK activity and the cytotoxicity of the anticancer agents. In normal HPDEs, C‐CPE 194 and C‐CPE m19 decreased claudin‐4 expression and enhanced the MAPK activity, whereas they did not affect the cytotoxicity of the anticancer agents. Our findings suggest that the claudin‐4 binder C‐CPE 194 enhances effects of anticancer agents on pancreatic cancer cell lines via a MAPK pathway.
Insecticide resistance and diminished secondary kill performance of bait formulations against German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)
Authors: Ko Alexander E , Bieman Donald N , Schal Coby , Silverman Jules
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND

Bait formulations are considered to be the most effective method for reducing German cockroach (Blattella germanica) infestations. An important property of some bait formulations is secondary kill, whereby active ingredient (AI) is translocated in insect‐produced residues throughout the cockroach population, especially affecting relatively sedentary early‐instar nymphs.

RESULTS

B. germanicawas collected from a location where baits containing hydramethylnon, fipronil or indoxacarb had become ineffective, and theseAIswere topically applied to adult males. Results revealed the first evidence for hydramethylnon resistance, moderate resistance to fipronil and extremely high resistance to indoxacarb. Insecticide residues excreted by field‐collected males that had ingested commercial baits effectively killed nymphs of an insecticide‐susceptible laboratory strain ofB. germanicabut failed to kill most nymphs of the field‐collected strain.

CONCLUSIONS

We report three novel findings: (1) the first evidence for hydramethylnon resistance in any insect; (2) extremely high levels of indoxacarb resistance in a field population; (3) reduced secondary mortality in an insecticide‐resistant field‐collected strain ofB. germanica. We suggest that, while secondary mortality is considered to be advantageous in cockroach interventions, the ingestion of sublethal doses ofAIby nymphs may select for high insecticide resistance by increasing the frequency ofAIresistance alleles within the population. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Predicting analysis time in events‐driven clinical trials using accumulating time‐to‐event surrogate information
Authors: Wang Jianming , Ke Chunlei , Yu Zhinuan , Fu Lei , Dornseif Bruce
Published: December 2015

For clinical trials with time‐to‐event endpoints, predicting the accrual of the events of interest with precision is critical in determining the timing of interim and final analyses. For example, overall survival (OS) is often chosen as the primary efficacy endpoint in oncology studies, with planned interim and final analyses at a pre‐specified number of deaths. Often, correlated surrogate information, such as time‐to‐progression (TTP) and progression‐free survival, are also collected as secondary efficacy endpoints. It would be appealing to borrow strength from the surrogate information to improve the precision of the analysis time prediction. Currently available methods in the literature for predicting analysis timings do not consider utilizing the surrogate information. In this article, using OS and TTP as an example, a general parametric model for OS and TTP is proposed, with the assumption that disease progression could change the course of the overall survival. Progression‐free survival, related both to OS and TTP, will be handled separately, as it can be derived from OS and TTP. The authors seek to develop a prediction procedure using a Bayesian method and provide detailed implementation strategies under certain assumptions. Simulations are performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. An application to a real study is also provided. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a next‐generation field‐free atmospheric pressure photoionization source for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: McCulloch Ross D. , Robb Damon , Blades Michael
Published: December 2015

Rationale

Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) is considered a candidate ionization method suitable for a broad range of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) applications. Questions remain, however, regarding the ultimate potential of the technique. We propose that sensitivity and thus detection limits may be restricted by geometric source design, limiting widespread acceptance of the technique.

Methods

The relative performance of two geometrically distinct APPI source configurations was evaluated through comprehensive performance comparison upon a single MS platform. To facilitate a fair comparison, a prototype orthogonal geometry, field‐free APPI source was developed and tested against two currently commercially available open‐geometry APPI sources. The prototype device was engineered based upon the geometry and functionality of first‐generation, co‐axial field‐free APPI sources.

Results

Initial characterization experiments were performed by flow injection analysis using a range of analyte standards exhibiting a variety of chemical properties. A standard panel of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) identified as priority pollutants by the EPA was also analyzed, demonstrating relative performance using an LC/MS workflow. The prototype field‐free APPI source demonstrated the potential for order‐of‐magnitude performance enhancement over open‐geometry sources that lack a confined field‐free reaction region.

Conclusions

An APPI source configuration that includes an extended field‐free reaction region was demonstrated to have the potential to provide enhanced sensitivity relative to commercially available open‐geometry source designs. Improved performance will no doubt lead to increased acceptance and widespread application of the technique. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Student positions on the relationship between evolution and creation: What kinds of changes occur and for what reasons?
Authors: Yasri Pratchayapong , Mancy Rebecca
Published: December 2015

Student positions on the relationship between biological evolution and divine creation have been examined in a range of contexts, and although there is evidence that students can change their position on the relationship over a period of study, these changes have not been well characterized or fully quantified. To investigate student changes in position on the relationship between evolution and creation, we synthesized existing literature to develop a new research tool covering eight positions and including a question probing reasons for changes in position. Buddhist and Christian high school students undertaking a course on evolution at a Christian school in Thailand (N = 125, mean age 17.6) responded to a survey to elicit their positions before and after a course and reasons for any changes. Analysis revealed that a high proportion of students underwent a change in position, primarily towards increasing acceptance of evolution, a trend that was clearest among Christian students. Participants reported that these changes were influenced by changes in their understanding of the evidence for evolution and of ways of relating evolution and their religious beliefs, but not by changes in their religious beliefs. The study shows that the tool is effective for detecting changes in position and eliciting key reasons for these changes. Moreover, it points to the importance during evolution education of focusing on the evidence for evolution and the relationship between science and religion. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 53:384–399, 2016
Engineering of radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles for dual‐modality imaging
Authors: Ai Fanrong , Ferreira Carolina A. , Chen Feng , Cai Weibo
Published: December 2015

Over the last decade, radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles have been developed as promising contrast agents for dual‐modality positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) or single‐photon emission computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (SPECT/MRI). The combination of PET (or SPECT) with MRI can offer synergistic advantages for noninvasive, sensitive, high‐resolution, and quantitative imaging, which is suitable for early detection of various diseases such as cancer. Here, we summarize the recent advances on radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles for dual‐modality imaging, through the use of a variety of PET (and SPECT) isotopes by using both chelator‐based and chelator‐free radiolabeling techniques. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:619–630. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1386

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Modeling microcirculatory blood flow: current state and future perspectives
Authors: Gompper Gerhard , Fedosov Dmitry A.
Published: December 2015

Microvascular blood flow determines a number of important physiological processes of an organism in health and disease. Therefore, a detailed understanding of microvascular blood flow would significantly advance biophysical and biomedical research and its applications. Current developments in modeling of microcirculatory blood flow already allow to go beyond available experimental measurements and have a large potential to elucidate blood flow behavior in normal and diseased microvascular networks. There exist detailed models of blood flow on a single cell level as well as simplified models of the flow through microcirculatory networks, which are reviewed and discussed here. The combination of these models provides promising prospects for better understanding of blood flow behavior and transport properties locally as well as globally within large microvascular networks. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2016, 8:157–168. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1326

This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Evaluation of heterologous α‐amylase production in two expression platforms dedicated for Yarrowia lipolytica: commercial Po1g–pYLSC (php4d) and custom‐made A18–pYLTEF (pTEF)
Authors: Celińska Ewelina , Borkowska Monika , Białas Wojciech
Published: December 2015

In view of the constantly increasing demand for cost‐effective, low‐energy and environmentally friendly industrial processes and household care products, enzyme production occupies an essential place in the field of biotechnology. Along with increasing demand for industrial and household care enzymes, the demand for heterologous expression platforms has also increased. Apart from the conventional hosts, e.g. Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris, routinely used in heterologous protein expression, the non‐conventional ones have become more and more exploited in this field. Among the available yeast host systems, Yarrowia lipolytica appears to be an attractive alternative. The aim of this study was to compare efficiency of two Yarrowia‐based expression platforms, commercial Po1g–pYLSC and custom‐made A18‐pYLTEF, in expression of an insect‐derived, raw‐starch‐digesting α‐amylase, to select the ‘champion’ system for further studies on this valuable enzyme. Both expression platforms were compared with respect to copy number of the integrated expression cassette/transformed genome, and the recombinant strains performance (Po1g–pYLSC‐derived 4.29 strain, and A18‐pYLTEF‐derived B9 strain) during batch bioreactor cultures. Our results demonstrate that the average number of integration events into the recipient's genome was comparable for both expression systems under investigation, but with varying distribution of the multicopy integrants; and the number of the recombinant gene copies was highly correlated with the acquired amylolytic activity of the strains. Due to severe susceptibility of the recombinant AMY1 polypeptide to native proteases of the custom‐made expression system, the final yield of the enzyme was substantially lower when compared to the commercial Po1g–pYLSC (reaching a maximum level of 142.84 AU/l). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of Mononuclear Copper(II) and Trinuclear Cobalt(II) Complexes Based on Asymmetric Salamo‐Type Ligands
Authors: Dong Wen‐Kui , Zhang Jin‐Tong , Dong Yin‐Juan , Zhang Yang , Wang Zheng‐Kun
Published: December 2015

Mononuclear copper(II) and trinuclear cobalt(II) complexes, namely [Cu(L1)]2·CH2Cl2 and [{Co(L2)(EtOH)}2Co(H2O)]·EtOH {H2L1 = 4,6‐dichloro‐6′‐methyoxy‐2,2′‐[1,1′‐(ethylenedioxydinitrilo)dimethylidyne]diphenol and H3L2 = 6‐ethyoxy‐6′‐hydroxy‐2,2′‐[1,1′‐(ethylenedioxydinitrilo)dimethylidyne]diphenol}, were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In the CuII complex, the CuII atom is four‐coordinate, with a N2O2 coordination sphere, and has a slightly distorted square‐planar arrangement. Interestingly, the obtained trinuclear CoII complex is different from the common reported 2:3 (L:CoII) salamo‐type CoII complexes. Infinite 2D layer supramolecular structures are formed via abundant intermolecular hydrogen bonding and π···π stacking interactions in the CuII and CoII complexes.
McCarthy's Americans
Authors: Heale M.J.
Published: December 2015

Was the communist witch hunt unleashed by Senator Joe McCarthy an aberration, or has red scare politics been an intrinsic part of American political life since the 1930s? Was McCarthyism a populist or an elitist phenomenon? Was Senator McCarthy virtually irrelevant to the phenomenon?

This book shows that some of the contending interpretations of McCarthyism are mutually compatible and reveals the importance of pressures usually overlooked. Professor Heale’s deeply-probing study of Joe McCarthy’s ‘hinterland’ in the American states, demonstrates that what is usually called McCarthyism was part of a political cycle, that emerged in the 1930s and took two decades to run its course.
English Gothic Literature
Authors: Brewer Derek
Published: December 2015

The centuries between 1100 and 1500 were the crucible in which English language and literature, after the blow of the Norman Conquest, were reformed with results that affected all later times. The national language and literary culture were reconstructed influences. The medieval centuries present a fascinating success story of recovery, inventiveness and major achievement in all aspects of national life.

In literature, lyric verse, narrative poetry, drama and discursive prose were all established in characteristic modes. In the present book many works are discussed, while such masterpieces as the works of Chaucer, Langland's Piers Plowman, the poems of the Gawain-poet and Malory's Morte Darthur are shown as the secular equivalent in words of the great medieval Gothic cathedrals. The forms of this varied body of literature had as characteristic a period style as contemporary Gothic art and architecture themselves. English literature may equally be described as Gothic, with assumptions and achievements which both lead to and contrast with later Neoclassical styles. Black and white photographic illustrations further the comparison and suggest some background.

English Gothic literature derives from many interrelated social context - court, town, monastery and countryside. It was recorded in manuscripts that blend the qualities of popular speech and folktale with some of the more impersonal regular qualities of printing, that last of fundamental medieval inventions. In this new concept of the history of medieval literature, Derek Brewer illuminates the major literary works with detailed exposition to make them available to the reader coming fresh to them. At the same time he places them in the context of developing literacy and individualism, secular realism, romantic love, personal religion, etc., setting forth a coherent framework of cultural history which will challenge the interest of those who already know the period.
Comparative morphology of the forewing base articulation in Sternorrhyncha compared with a representative of Fulgoromorpha (Insecta, Hemiptera)
Authors: Franielczyk Barbara , Wegierek Piotr
Published: December 2015

The forewing articulation of single species from each of the four subgroups of Sternorrhyncha (Aleyrodomorpha, Aphidomorpha, Coccomorpha, Psyllomorpha) was examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The species were compared with a species of Cixiidae (Fulgoromorpha), as an outgroup of Sternorrhyncha. We present the results of a comparative analysis of the forewing articulation in these five groups, propose a standardized terminology and compare our findings with those previously reported. The wing base of all examined species is composed of the following structures: anterior and posterior notal wing process, first, second, and third axillary sclerites, tegula, and axillary cord. The number of elements included in the wing base and the surrounding area is the greatest in Cacopsyllamali, the most complicated species from Sternorrhyncha. Based on the shape of axillary sclerites and the number of elements forming the wing base environment, Orthezia urticae (Coccomorpha) and Cixius nervosus (Fulgoromorpha) are the most similar. Among Sternorrhyncha, the most similar axillaries are those of Aphis fabae and Orthezia urticae, which is congruent with existing classifications. In this paper we show that the four groups from Sternorrhyncha exhibit their own distinct wing base morphology.
On resonant triad interactions of acoustic–gravity waves
Authors: Kadri Usama , Akylas T. R.
Published: December 2015

The propagation of wave disturbances in water of uniform depth is discussed, accounting for both gravity and compressibility effects. In the linear theory, free-surface (gravity) waves are virtually decoupled from acoustic (compression) waves, because the speed of sound in water far exceeds the maximum phase speed of gravity waves. However, these two types of wave motion could exchange energy via resonant triad nonlinear interactions. This scenario is analysed for triads comprising a long-crested acoustic mode and two oppositely propagating subharmonic gravity waves. Owing to the disparity of the gravity and acoustic length scales, the interaction time scale is longer than that of a standard resonant triad, and the appropriate amplitude evolution equations, apart from the usual quadratic interaction terms, also involve certain cubic terms. Nevertheless, it is still possible for monochromatic wavetrains to form finely tuned triads, such that nearly all the energy initially in the gravity waves is transferred to the acoustic mode. This coupling mechanism, however, is far less effective for locally confined wavepackets.
Numerical Study of Non-Newtonian Maxwell Fluid in the Region of Oblique Stagnation Point Flow over a Stretching Sheet
Authors: Javed T. , Ghaffari A.
Published: December 2015

In this article, a numerical study is carried out for the steady two-dimensional flow of an incompressible Maxwell fluid in the region of oblique stagnation point over a stretching sheet. The governing equations are transformed to dimensionless boundary layer equations. After some manipulation a system of ordinary differential equations is obtained, which is solved by using parallel shooting method. A comparison with the previous studies is made to show the accuracy of our results. The effects of involving parameters are discussed in detail and the streamlines are drawn to predict the flow pattern of the fluid. It is observed that increasing velocities ratio parameter (ratio of straining to stretching velocity) helps to decrease the boundary layer thickness. Furthermore, the velocity of fluid increases by increasing the obliqueness parameter.
A FUNDAMENTAL DICHOTOMY FOR DEFINABLY COMPLETE EXPANSIONS OF ORDERED FIELDS
Authors: FORNASIERO ANTONGIULIO , HIERONYMI PHILIPP
Published: December 2015

An expansion of a definably complete field either defines a discrete subring, or the image of every definable discrete set under every definable map is nowhere dense. As an application we show a definable version of Lebesgue’s differentiation theorem.
THE GENERIC DEGREES OF DENSITY-1 SETS, AND A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HYPERARITHMETIC REALS
Authors: IGUSA GREGORY
Published: December 2015

A generic computation of a subsetAof ℕ is a computation which correctly computes most of the bits ofA, but which potentially does not halt on all inputs. The motivation for this concept is derived from complexity theory, where it has been noticed that frequently, it is more important to know how difficult a type of problem is in the general case than how difficult it is in the worst case. When we study this concept from a recursion theoretic point of view, to create a transitive relationship, we are forced to consider oracles that sometimes fail to give answers when asked questions. Unfortunately, this makes working in the generic degrees quite difficult. Indeed, we show that generic reduction is$\Pi _1^1$―complete. To help avoid this difficulty, we work with the generic degrees of density-1 reals. We demonstrate how an understanding of these degrees leads to a greater understanding of the overall structure of the generic degrees, and we also use these density-1 sets to provide a new a characterization of the hyperartithmetical Turing degrees.
-MAXIMAL SETS
Authors: CHOLAK PETER A. , GERDES PETER , LANGE KAREN
Published: December 2015

Soare [20] proved that the maximal sets form an orbit in${\cal E}$. We consider here${\cal D}$-maximal sets, generalizations of maximal sets introduced by Herrmann and Kummer [12]. Some orbits of${\cal D}$-maximal sets are well understood, e.g., hemimaximal sets [8], but many are not. The goal of this paper is to define new invariants on computably enumerable sets and to use them to give a complete nontrivial classification of the${\cal D}$-maximal sets. Although these invariants help us to better understand the${\cal D}$-maximal sets, we use them to show that several classes of${\cal D}$-maximal sets break into infinitely many orbits.
SEPARABLY CLOSED FIELDS AND CONTRACTIVE ORE MODULES
Authors: BÉLAIR LUC , POINT FRANÇOISE
Published: December 2015

We consider valued fields with a distinguished contractive map as valued modules over the Ore ring of difference operators. We prove quantifier elimination for separably closed valued fields with the Frobenius map, in the pure module language augmented with functions yielding components for a p-basis and a chain of subgroups indexed by the valuation group.
LOCAL CLUB CONDENSATION AND L-LIKENESS
Authors: HOLY PETER , WELCH PHILIP , WU LIUZHEN
Published: December 2015

We present a forcing to obtain a localized version of Local Club Condensation, a generalized Condensation principle introduced by Sy Friedman and the first author in [3] and [5]. This forcing will have properties nicer than the forcings to obtain this localized version that could be derived from the forcings presented in either [3] or [5]. We also strongly simplify the related proofs provided in [3] and [5]. Moreover our forcing will be capable of introducing this localized principle at κ while simultaneously performing collapses to make κ become the successor of any given smaller regular cardinal. This will be particularly useful when κ has large cardinal properties in the ground model. We will apply this to measure how much L-likeness is implied by Local Club Condensation and related principles. We show that Local Club Condensation at κ+ is consistent with ¬☐κ whenever κ is regular and uncountable, generalizing and improving a result of the third author in [14], and that if κ ≥ ω2 is regular, CC(κ+) - Chang’s Conjecture at κ+ - is consistent with Local Club Condensation at κ+, both under suitable large cardinal consistency assumptions.
Management and Organization Review Special Issue ‘Celebrating and Advancing the Scholarship of Kwok Leung (1958–2015)’
Authors: Morris Michael , Chen Zhen Xiong (George) , Doucet Lorna , Gong Yaping
Published: December 2015

This is a wide ranging call for papers addressing and extending Professor Kwok Leung's scholarship in cross-cultural research, psychology, and management (see below).

Questions about the special issue may be directed to any of the guest editors. Papers for the special issue should be submitted electronically through MOR's ScholarOne Manuscripts site at http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/mor and identified as submission to the ‘Scholarship of Kwok Leung’ special issue. All submissions should follow the ‘MOR Author Guidelines’, available online at http://journals.cambridge.org/images/fileUpload/documents/MOR_ifc.pdf
Market Governance and Firm Performance under China's State Capitalism
Authors: Fuller Douglas B. , Shih Victor , Tao Ran
Published: December 2015

Choi, Jiang, and Shenkar (2015) offer an interesting and new perspective on the relationship between local governance and firm performance in China. This commentary focuses first on how we conceive of the nature of China's capitalism and then examines what that suggests about their metrics and findings.
Analysis of large new South African dataset using two host-specificity indices shows generalism in both adult and larval ticks of mammals
Authors: ESPINAZE MARCELA P. A. , HELLARD ELÉONORE , HORAK IVAN G. , CUMMING GRAEME S.
Published: December 2015

Ticks and tick-borne pathogens can have considerable impacts on the health of livestock, wildlife and people. Knowledge of tick–host preferences is necessary for both tick and pathogen control. Ticks were historically considered as specialist parasites, but the range of sampled host species has been limited, infestation intensity has not been included in prior analyses, and phylogenetic distances between hosts have not been previously considered. We used a large dataset of 35 604 individual collections and two host-specificity indices to assess the specificity of 61 South African tick species, as well as distinctions between adult and juvenile ticks, for 95 mammalian hosts. When accounting for host phylogeny, most adult and juvenile ticks behaved as generalists, with juveniles being significantly more generalist than adults. When we included the intensity of tick infestation, ticks exhibited a wider diversity of specificity in all life stages. Our results show that ticks of mammals in South Africa tend to behave largely as generalists and that adult ticks are more host-specific. More generally, our analysis shows that the incorporation of life-stage differences, infestation intensity and phylogenetic distances between hosts, as well as the use of more than one specificity index, can all contribute to a deeper understanding of host–parasite interactions.
The Investigation into the Traffic in Women by the League of Nations: Sociological Jurisprudence as an International Social Project
Authors: Knepper Paul
Published: December 2015

During the interwar period, the League of Nations led an international campaign against traffic in women. Although important research about the League's work has started to appear, historians have concentrated on the “white slave trade” in the decades before the First World War. From 1924 to 1926, the League conducted the first intercontinental study to determine the number of women caught up in the traffic, and to map the strategies and routes used by traffickers. Undercover investigators visited more than 100 cities across Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Americas. The investigators talked to thousands of prostitutes, pimps, brothel-keepers, and others engaged in the sex trade. The “worldwide” investigation was not only the most significant aspect of the antitrafficking campaign in the interwar years, but also of the League's effort to build an international legal regime on a foundation of sociological jurisprudence.
No Greater Provocation? Adultery and the Mitigation of Murder in English Law
Authors: Kesselring K.J.
Published: December 2015

Reformers in much of the common law world have recently turned their attentions to laws pertaining to murder and manslaughter; however, perceptions of the past maintain a hold. In England and Wales, the Coroners and Justice Act (2009) abandoned notions of provocation that developed in the seventeenth century, instead stipulating that “loss of control” would serve as the means of mitigating charges of murder to a lesser offence. If a person has reasonable grounds for losing control, of a sort that accords with contemporary norms and values, that loss of control can be adduced as a partial defense on a homicide charge. Concerns about blaming victims and gender bias have helped shape the shift away from provocation defenses. Whether a married woman's sexual infidelity might in some way serve as a partial defense that moderates her husband's killing of her from murder to something less serious has proven especially controversial. (The reverse, a wife killing an adulterous husband, receives far less attention, but then women kill their partners for any reason far less often.) Drafters of the 2009 act expressly abandoned the older notion that sexual infidelity constituted sufficient provocation to mitigate charges in a husband's killing of his wife. Angry, jealous men killing their spouses in revenge or a passionate rage might no longer cite infidelity as sufficient provocation to kill. Some people, including lawmakers and judges, expressed concerns about the change. One MP (and later attorney general) complained that “thousands of years of human experience and history should be jettisoned for a piece of political correctness.” He need not have worried: recently, the decision inR. v. Clinton(2012) reintroduced the substance of the defense in a new guise, seeing a wife's adultery not as provocation, but as a trigger for a husband's understandable “loss of control.” Among other factors, the Court of Appeal alluded to “experience over many generations” in treating a man's suspicion of his wife's sexual infidelity as reasonable grounds for mitigation.
A novel approach to ductal spasm during percutaneous device occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus
Authors: De Decker Rik , Comitis George , Thomas Jenny , van der Merwe Elmarie , Lawrenson John
Published: December 2015

Ductal spasm is a rare yet important complication of device occlusions of patent ductus arteriosus. Spasm may result in failure of the procedure, under-sizing of the device, or embolisation of the implanted device as the spasm resolves after the procedure. We describe a novel protocol that rapidly and completely reversed the spasm in eight prematurely born infants who experienced ductal spasm during cardiac catheterisations for patent ductus arteriosus occlusion.

In total, eight infants born between 25 and 34 weeks of gestation presented for transcatheter patent ductus arteriosus occlusion between 13 and 87 months of age. All eight patients experienced ductal spasm either immediately before, during, or soon after induction of anaesthesia or only after entering the ductus arteriosus with a catheter. After detection of the spasm, the anaesthetist, in each case, changed the mode of anaesthesia from inhaled sevoflurane to total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol, reduced the inhaled oxygen fraction to 21%, and initiated a continuous intravenous infusion of prostaglandin E1.

The first two steps (total intravenous anaesthesia and FiO2 0.21) resulted in only partial relaxation of the spasm. Complete relaxation was attained after intravenous prostaglandin E1 infusions of only 10–15 minutes’ duration. While maintaining this protocol, six ducti were successfully occluded and two were considered to be unsuitable for device occlusion and were referred for surgery.

Ductal spasm during transcatheter occlusion may be reliably resolved and the procedure safely completed by a simple anaesthetic protocol, including the continuous infusion of intravenous prostaglandin E1.