bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING DALAM MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS PEMBELAJARAN DAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA PEMINATAN MENGENAI RUMUS JUMLAH DAN SELISIH SINUS DAN KOSINUS DUA SUDUT PADA SISWA KELAS XI IPA 1 SMA NEGERI 1 CISAAT
Authors: LUCIANA NIA
Published: July 2021

Kegiatan ini fokus pada penerapan model discovery learning dalam proses pembelajaran trigonometri rumus jumlah dan selisih sinus dan kosinus dua sudut di kelas XI IPA 1 SMA Negeri 1 Cisaat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendokumentasikan praktik terbaik dari pelaksanaan kegiatan pembelajaran yang dilakukan guru dalam rangka meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran dan hasil belajar siswa. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan Best Practices. Dalam pelaksanaan Best Practices, digunakan strategi pemecahan masalah dengan konseptualisasi penyelesaian masalah dengan 3 tahap yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi. Model pembelajaran yang digunakan adalah discovery learning untuk menemukan dan menurunkan rumus trigonometri jumlah dan selisih dua sudut yang diarahkan dalam sebuah LKPD. Peningkatan kemampuan pengetahuan dan keterampilan siswa dalam penerapan model discovery learning ini ditunjukkan dari perolehan nilai hasil belajar siswa yang mengalami peningkatan dari nilai pre test yang awalnya hanya 50% siswa mencapai KKM 78 meningkat menjadi 100% siswa yang mencapai KKM 78. Selain meningkatkan hasil belajar matematika siswa, penerapan model discovery learning di kelas XI IPA 1 SMA Negeri 1 Cisaat membuat proses pembelajaran yang terjadi cukup menyenangkan dan memberi kesan baik terhadap matematika.
PENGGUNAAN EMODUL INTERAKTIF MENGGUNAKAN METODE DISCOVERY LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERFORMA AKADEMIK SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN BAHASA INGGRIS DI KELAS X MIPA 7 SMAN 1 GARUT
Authors: AGUSTINA RINA
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterlibatan siswa dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris dengan menggunakan  Emodul Interaktif dengan metode  Discovery learning. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 32 siswa SMA dengan fokus pada siswa Berprestasi Rendah (LA) dan Berprestasi Tinggi (HA). Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) dengan 3 Siklus. Prosedur penelitian meliputi tahap refleksi, perencanaan pelaksanaan tindakan dan observasi. Behavioral Engagement (BE) Data diperoleh melalui observasi, data lain berupa Psychologycal Engagement (PE) dan Cognitive Engagement (CE) diperoleh melalui angket student engagement berdasarkan Student engagement Instrument (SEI). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penggunaan E Modul Interaktif dengan metode  Discovery Learning dapat meningkatkan keterlibatan siswa dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris, khususnya pada materi Past Tense vs Present Perfect Tense. Persentase rata-rata semua aspek BE yang diamati pada siswa LA sebelum diberikan perlakuan. Siklus I, Siklus II dan Siklus III masing-masing sebesar 13,7%, 35, 24%, 48,26% dan 64, 24 &%. Sedangkan hasil BE siswa HA sebelum perlakuan diberikan. Siklus I, Siklus II, dan Siklus III masing-masing sebesar 22,2%, 48,97%, 56,6% dan 64,76%. Hasil PE siswa HA sebelum diberikan perlakuan siklus III meningkat dari 3,75%, hasil LA siswa meningkat sebelum diberikan perlakuan terhadap siklus III yaitu 2,94% sedangkan pada siswa HA meningkat 2,95. %.
EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN GOOGLE FORM SELAMA BELAJAR DARI RUMAH DALAM PELAKSANAAN LAYANAN BIMBINGAN KLASIKAL
Authors: SUPRIADI AGUS
Published: July 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah ingin memaparkan dari efektivitas pelaksanaan kegiatan layanan bimbingan klasikal selama belajar dari rumah pada masa pandemi COVID 19 dengan menggunakan media/platform google form di SMP Negeri 8 Pamekasan Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian lapangan dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif pada peserta didik kelas kelas IX SMP Negeri 8 Pamekasan. Hasil dari peneltian ini menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan kegiatan layanan bimbingan klasikal secara daring melalui media google form menunjukkan hasil yang efektif. Hal ini ditunjukkan dari hasil penelitian yakni perasaan menyenangkan 77 %, topik yang dibahas dianggap penting 93 %, cara guru BK dalam menyampaikan materi mudah dipahami 85 %, dan kegiatan menarik untuk diikuti 83 %.
HARIJADI KABUPATEN PEKALONGAN
Authors: WALUYO EDDY
Published: July 2021

Kabupaten Pekalongan merupakan salah satu dari Daerah Tingkat II diantara 29 kabupaten dan 6 kota yang berada di wilayah Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Kabupaten Pekalongan memiliki predikat sebagai kota SANTRI. Kata Santri selain mencerminkan bahwa kabupaten Pekalongan merupakan daerah dengan penduduk yang berbasis agama Islam. Kata Santri juga berasal dari kepanjangan Sehat, Aman, Nyaman, Tertib, Rapi dan Indah. Motto tersebut diharapkan dapat memotivasi warga kabupaten Pekalongan untuk merealisasikan dalam kehidupan nyata sehari-harinya. Sarana lain yang diharapkan dapat memotivasi warga kabupaten Pekalongan untuk dapat mencapai cita – citanya yang diidam-idamkan bersama sesuai dengan motto tersebut adalah perlu ditetapkannya harijadi Kabupaten Pekalongan, karena dengan memiliki "harijadi" warga dan pemerintah kabupaten Pekalongan dapat termotivasi untuk merasa senasib sepenanggungan, merapatkan barisan guna bersama-sama membangun wilayahnya demi masa depan yang lebih baik. Harijadi Kabupaten Pekalongan telah ditetapkan jatuh pada tanggal 25 Agustus 1622 Masehi. Masyarkat perlu mengetahui proses penetapan harijadi kabupaten Pekalongan tersebut. Permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam tulisan ini meliputi : latar belakang penentuan harijadi kabupaten Pekalongan, dasar – dasar penentuan harijadi Kabupaten Pekalongan, dan proses penetapan harijadi kabupaten Pekalongan.
MELATIH KETERAPILAN BERBICARA MENGGUNAKAN PERMAINAN “JUST-A-MINUTE” SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 11 LHOKSEUMAWE
Authors: ROKIM ROKIM
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apa itu game ‘Just-A-Minute’ serta bagaimana proses pembelajarannya. Selain itu juga untuk mengetahui keefektifan penggunaan game tersebut dalam melatih keterampilan berbicara pada siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 11 Lhokseumawe. Lokasi penelitiannya adalah SMP Negeri 11 Lhokseumawe dengan subjek penelitian siswa kelas VIII-6 yang berjumlah 34 siswa, dengan rincian 14 siswa putra dan 20 siswa putrid. Teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan adalah dengan cara pengamatan selama proses pemelajaran berlangsung untuk mengamati kualitas proses pembelajaran pada saat diberikan pembelajaran keterampilan berbicara menggunakan game ‘Just-A-Minute’. Aspek yang diamati meliputi aspek antusias, partisipasi, kerjasama, dan prakarsa atau produktivitas. Selain itu juga melalui penyebaran angket ke siswa untuk mengetahui respon siswa terhadap penerapan model latihan berbicara menggunakan game ‘Just-A-Minute’ dalam pembelajaran. Angket tersebut terdiri dai 4 (empat) pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan ketertarikan terhadap strategi pembelajaran, kemudahan, perbandingan dengan model lain, serta perlu atau tidaknya model pembelajaran tersebut dilanjutkan. Dari hasil pengamatan selama proses pembelajaran kemudian data analisis, diketahui rata-rata kualitas pembelajaran 3,26 berada pada kategori tinggi. Oleh karena itu dapat dinyatakan bahwa pembelajaran menggunakan game ‘Just-A-Minute’ dapat meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara pada siswa kelas VIII – 6 SMP Negeri 11 Lhokseumawe. Sedangkan dari hasil analisis terhadap angket siswa menunjukan bahwa dari 34 siswa, 78,68% menyatakan sangat setuju jika penggunaan game ‘Just-A-Minute’ dapat meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara, sangat menyenangkan, mudah serta lebih baik dari model yang lain, dan dilanjutkan 21,32% menyatakan setuju. Hal ini dapat diartikan bahwa penggunaan game ‘Just-A-Minute’ efektif dalam melatih keterampilan berbicara siswa kelas VIII-6 SMP Negeri 11 Lhokseumawe.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN EFL LEARNERS’ SPEAKING COMPETENCY AND THE USE OF PODCASTS
Authors: BUDIASTONO HERNING
Published: July 2021

Speaking is one of the important parts of communication.  Every EFL learners have to master this skill. Use podcasts in improving their speaking skills is one method that helps them to learn it in an easy way. This study explored that podcast gave a contribution toward the speaking competency of vocational high school students. The finding showed that the correlation of podcasts as the independent variable (X) and speaking as the dependent variable was positive. It indicated that podcast has a positive contribution to EFL learners’ speaking competency.
PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA DALAM MENGENAL MALAIKAT DAN TUGASNYA MELALUI METODE MAKE A MATCH DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KARTU SOAL DI KELAS 1V SEMESTER GENAP SDN 029 BALIKPAPAN TENGAH TAHUN PELAJARAN 2019/2020
Authors: MUTHMAINNAH MUTHMAINNAH
Published: July 2021

Model  pembelajaran  kooperatif  terdapat beberapa macam teknik,  salah  satu teknik tersebut adalah menggunakan kartu soal siswa diajak untuk belajar sambil bermain, dengan cara saling menjodohkan kartu yang dimilikinya sehingga pembelajaran  Agama  Islam  menjadi  lebih  menarik  dan  siswa dapat menyukai pembelajaran Agama Islam dan dapat dengan mudah memahami isi materi di sampaikan oleh guru sehingga hasil belajar siswa akan meningkat.Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak penggunaan metode make a match terhadap hasil belajar siswa dalam mengenal malaikat dan tugasnya di Kelas IV SDN 029 Balikpapan Tengah Tahun pelajaran 2019/2020, Materi dalam penelitian ini adalah Mengenal Malaikat dan Tugasnya menggunakan Metode Make a Match Penelitian ini dilaksanakan sebanyak dua siklus setiap siklus 2 kali pertemuan. Subyek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas IV berjumlah 20 siswa dan obyek penelitian ini adalah penggunaan Metode Make a Match.Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik dokumentasi untuk mengetahui nilai dasar dan pengelompokan siswa, observasi untuk mengetahui aktivitas siswa dan guru, teknik tes untuk mengetahui nilai rata-rata dan ketuntasan belajar siswa.Penelitian dilakukan sebanyak dua siklus, siklus I sebanyak 2 kali pertemuan dengan 1 kali tes di akhir pertemuan, dan siklus II terdiri dari 2 kali pertemuan dengan 1 kali tes di akhir pertemuan, teknik analisis data menggunakan statistik deskriptif berupa rata-rata, presentase dan grafik. Yang bertindak sebagai pelaksana dalam pembelajaran adalah peneliti sekaligus menjadi obsevator.Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa Peningkatan tersebut dapat dilihat pada setiap siklusnya, yaitu nilai rata-rata sebelum tindakan perbaikan pembelajaran dengan dengan rata-rata 66,29 meningkat menjadi 76,15 pada siklus I dan pada siklus II meningkat menjadi 78,75 sedangkan peningkatan ketuntasan belajar siswa mengalami peningkatan secara signifikan yaitu ketuntasan sebelum adanya tindakan perbaikan pembelajaran yaitu siswa yang tuntas siswa yang tuntas hanya 38,10 % meningkat menjadi 75 % pada siklus I kemudian pada siklus II meningkat menjadi 90%.
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN MAKE A MATCH PADA SISWA KELAS II SD NEGERI 2 PADANGKERTA SEMESTER I TAHUN PELAJARAN 2016/2017
Authors: SURYANINGSIH NI KETUT
Published: July 2021

Perkembangan hasil belajar matematika sangat penting bagi siswa. Pembelajaran matematika di sekolah dasar perlu disajikan dengan cara inovatif agar dapat mengurangi kesan sulit dan menakutkan seperti yang telah melekat pada pelajaran matematika selama ini. Dengan adanya upaya inovasi dalam pembelajaran matematika di sekolah dasar diharapkan matematika tidak diajarkan latihan secara rutin atau menghafal rumus-rumus tetapi matematika dapat disajikan dalam bentuk kegiatan siswa dan menekankan pada penguasaan kompetensi akan konteks matematika yang terkandung didalamnya dengan menyajikan materi matematika secara sederhana dan menyenangkan sehingga mudah dipahami siswa. Untuk menyajikan matematika dalam suasana yang menyenangkan sehingga siswa termotivasi untuk belajar matematika beberapa upaya yang dapat dilakukan guru untuk menarik perhatian dan motivasi siswa dalam belajar matematika, salah satunya dengan kegiatan permainan. Dalam penelitian ini model yang akan diterapkan di SD Negeri 2 Padangkerta adalah model pembelajaran kooperatif Make a Match, karena model pembelajaran ini diharapkan dapat mendorong keaktifan, membangkitkan minat dan kreatifitas belajar siswa agar dapat meningkatkan hasil belajarnya dan siswa mampu memahami materi pembelajaran. Berdasarkan latar belakang dtersebut adapun rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu apakah model pembelajaran make a match dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar Matematika siswa Kelas II SD Negeri 2 Padangkerta Semester I Tahun Pelajaran 2016/2017 ? dan adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar Matematika melalui model make a match pada siswa Kelas II SD Negeri 2 Padangkerta Semester I Tahun Pelajaran 2016/2017. Dari hasil penelitian dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa penerapan model make a match meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa, hasil nilai rata-rata dari penelitian pra siklus yang belum menerapkan model ini dari 59,52, siklus I dengan nilai rata-rata 66,19 dan siklus II nilai rata-rata meningkat menjadi 76,67. Selain itu melalui penerapan model pembelajaran make a match maka dapat diketahui tingkat Ketercapaian Ketuntasan Minimal (KKM) terlampaui. Dari penelitian pra siklus yang belum menerapkan model ini 33,33 %.Namun setelah dilaksanakan siklus I meningkat menjadi 61,90 % , kemudian pada siklus II meningkat sangat signifikan yaitu 85,71 %. penerapan model make a match meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa karena dilakukan dengan mudah, menyenangkan dan tidak membosankan peserta didik, sehingga mereka dapat merespon materi pembelajaran sesuai tujuan pembelajaran yang diharapkan.
PENINGKATAN PRESTASI BELAJAR KOMPOSISI FOTO DAN VIDEO DENGAN METODE TUTOR SEBAYA DAN BERBANTUAN MEDIA YOUTUBE
Authors: ROKHIM ABDUL
Published: July 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Komposisi Foto dan Video (Type of Shot) siswa kelas XI Produksi dan Siaran Program Televisi (PSPT) SMK Negeri 1 Bangil, metode pembelajaran tutor sebaya (peer tutoring) dan berbantuan youtube sebagai media pembelajaran dengan subyek siswa berjumlah 32 siswa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilakukan dalam dua siklus dengan tahapan (1) rancangan awal, (2) Pengamatan, (3) Refleksi, dan (4) rancangan yang direvisi. Berdasarkan  penelitian  yang  telah  dilakukan,  dapat  disimpulkan  bahwa terdapat peningkatan prestasi belajar Komoposisi Foto dan Vide (Type of Shot) dengan metode pembelajaran tutor sebaya (peer tutoring) dan berbantuan youtube sebagai media pembelajaran yaitu pada siklus I dengan rata-rata 68,91 dan siswa yang mengalami ketuntasan belajar dengan memperoleh nilai > 70 sebanyak 22 siswa (68,76 %). Sedangkan pada siklus II dengan rata-rata 82,97 dan siswa yang tuntas belajar sebanyak 28 siswa (87,50%) dengan demikian metode pembelajaran tutor sebaya (peer tutoring) dan berbantuan youtube sebagai media pembelajaran dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar Komposisi Foto dan Video (Type of Shot) siswa kelas XI Produksi dan Siaran Program Televisi (PSPT) SMK Negeri 1 Bangil dan bisa digunakan di sekolah lainnya pada mata pelajaran yang berbeda
MENINGKATKAN PRESTASI BELAJAR MATEMATIKA MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA REALIA PADA MATERI BANGUN DATAR
Authors: ROKHIM ABDUL
Published: July 2021

Tujuan penetilian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar matematika menggunakan media realia pada siswa kelas XI  Listrik 1 SMK Negeri 1 Bangil Kabupaten Pasuruan tahun pelajaran 2019/2020. Penelitian ini dilakukan karena rendahnya rata-rata nilai prestasi belajar matematika kelas XI Listrik 1 di SMK Negeri 1 Bangil kabupaten Pasuruan pada pokok bahasan Bangun Datar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas yang terdiri dari dua siklus, dalam satu siklus terdapat empat tahapan yaitu perencanaan (planning), pelaksanaan/tindakan (action), pengamatan (observation), dan refleksi (reflection).  Penggunaan media realia dimaksudkan untuk mengkonkritkan pembelajaran matematika yang abstrak tentang bangun datar sehingga dapat memotivasi siswa untuk belajar matematika. Setelah diadakan evaluasi melalui tes tertulis diperoleh data yaitu pada siklus I, nilai rata-rata kelas 69,72  dan dari 36 siswa terdapat 22 siswa (61,1 %) sudah mencapai nilai ketuntasan yaitu > 70. Sedangkan pada siklus II hasil evaluasi diperoleh rata-rata kelas 79,58 dan  terdapat 34 siswa (94,4 %) sudah mencapai nilai ketuntasan > 70. Dengan demikian penggunaan media realia dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar matematika.
PENGGUNAAN ES BALOK PADA PEMBUATAN PUFF PASTRY DAN DANISH PASTRY DALAM UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN SISWA TINGKAT XI TATA BOGA DI SMK PARIWISATA KOTA CIREBON
Authors: LUWIH LUWIH
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan siswa dalam membuat puff pastry dan danish pastry dengan menggunakan es balok sebagai pendingin adonan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan PTK model Kemmis dan Mc. Taggart, menurut Arikunto (2010:137), ada 4 tahapan yaitu planning, action, observation, dan reflection yang merupakan satu siklus. Pada penelitian dilakukan tindakan siklus I dan II. Data diperoleh melalui observasi dan penilaian praktek. Hasil penelitian ini dapat meningkatkan keterampilan dan hasil belajar siswa lebih dari KKM yaitu 80. Sebelum tindakan perbaikan dari 35 hanya 13 siswa (37,14%) cukup terampil, dengan skor rata-rata 80. Pada siklus I siswa sangat terampil 7 (20%) dengan skor rata-rata 90,14, disiklus II meningkat menjadi 14 siswa (40%) dengan skor rata-rata 94,07. Siklus I siswa terampil 24 (68,57%) dengan skor rata-rata 88,43, disiklus II meningkat menjadi 21 siswa (60%) dengan skor rata-rata 89,29. Siklus I siswa cukup terampil 4 (11,42%) dengan skor rata-rata 83,75, disiklus II semua siswa telah terampil. Kegiatan gurupun meningkat dari  88,89% disiklus I menjadi 96,55% disiklus II. Dengan demikian penggunaan es balok sebagai pendingin adonan dapat meningkatkan keterampilan membuat puff pastry dan danish pastry pada siswa kelas XI Tata Boga SMK Pariwisata Kota Cirebon tahun pelajaran 2017/2018.
Sunlight-absorbing aerosol amplifies the seasonal cycle in low-cloud fraction over the southeast Atlantic
Authors: Zhang Jianhao , Zuidema Paquita
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The mean altitude of the smoke loading over the southeast Atlantic moves from the boundary layer in July to the free troposphere by October. This study details the month-by-month changes in cloud properties and the large-scale environment as a function of the biomass burning aerosol loading at Ascension Island (8∘ S, 14.5∘ W) from July to October, based on island measurements, satellite retrievals, and reanalysis. In July and August, the smoke loading predominantly varies within the boundary layer. During both months, the
low-cloud fraction is less and is increasingly cumuliform when more smoke is present, with the exception of a late morning boundary layer deepening that encourages a short-lived cloud development. The meteorology varies little, suggesting aerosol–cloud interactions explain the cloudiness changes. September marks a transition month during which midlatitude disturbances can intrude into the Atlantic subtropics, constraining the free tropospheric aerosol closer to the African coast. Stronger boundary layer winds on cleaner days help deepen, dry, and cool much of the marine boundary layer compared to that on days with high smoke loadings, with stratocumulus reducing everywhere but at the northern deck edge. The September free troposphere is better mixed on smoky days compared to October. Longwave cooling rates, generated by a sharp water vapor gradient at the aerosol layer top, encourage a small-scale vertical mixing that could help maintain the well-mixed smoky September free troposphere. The October meteorology primarily varies as a function of the strength of the free tropospheric winds advecting aerosol offshore. The free tropospheric aerosol loading is less than in September, and the moisture variability is greater. Low-level clouds increase and are more stratiform in October when the smoke loadings are higher. The increased free tropospheric moisture can help sustain the clouds through a reduction in evaporative drying during cloud-top entrainment. Enhanced subsidence above the coastal upwelling region, increasing cloud droplet number concentrations, may further prolong cloud lifetime through microphysical interactions. Reduced subsidence underneath stronger free tropospheric winds at Ascension Island supports slightly higher cloud tops during smokier conditions. Overall, the monthly changes in the large-scale aerosol and moisture vertical structure act to amplify the seasonal cycle in low-cloud amount and morphology. This is climatically important, as cloudiness changes dominate changes in the top-of-atmosphere radiation budget.
Why we need radar, lidar, and solar radiance observations to constrain ice cloud microphysics
Authors: Ewald Florian , Groß Silke , Wirth Martin , Delanoë Julien , Fox Stuart , Mayer Bernhard
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Ice clouds and their effect on earth's radiation budget are one of the largest sources of uncertainty in climate change predictions.
The uncertainty in predicting ice cloud feedbacks in a warming climate arises due to uncertainties in measuring and explaining their current optical and microphysical properties as well as from insufficient knowledge about their spatial and temporal distribution.
This knowledge can be significantly improved by active remote sensing, which can help to explore the vertical profile of ice cloud microphysics, such as ice particle size and ice water content.
This study focuses on the well-established variational approach VarCloud to retrieve ice cloud microphysics from radar–lidar measurements. While active backscatter retrieval techniques surpass the information content of most passive, vertically integrated retrieval techniques, their accuracy is limited by essential assumptions about the ice crystal shape.
Since most radar–lidar retrieval algorithms rely heavily on universal mass–size relationships to parameterize the prevalent ice particle shape, biases in ice water content and ice water path can be expected in individual cloud regimes.
In turn, these biases can lead to an erroneous estimation of the radiative effect of ice clouds.
In many cases, these biases could be spotted and corrected by the simultaneous exploitation of measured solar radiances. The agreement with measured solar radiances is a logical prerequisite for an accurate estimation of the radiative effect of ice clouds.
To this end, this study exploits simultaneous radar, lidar, and passive measurements made on board the German High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft.
By using the ice clouds derived with VarCloud as an input to radiative transfer calculations, simulated solar radiances are compared to measured solar radiances made above the actual clouds.
This radiative closure study is done using different ice crystal models to improve the knowledge of the prevalent ice crystal shape.
While in one case aggregates were capable of reconciling radar, lidar, and solar radiance measurements, this study also analyses a more problematic case for which no radiative closure could be achieved.
In this case, collocated in situ measurements indicate that the lack of closure may be linked to unexpectedly high values of the ice crystal number density.
Oceanic primary production decline halved in eddy-resolving simulations of global warming
Authors: Couespel Damien , Lévy Marina , Bopp Laurent
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The decline in ocean primary production is one of the most alarming consequences of anthropogenic climate change. This decline could indeed lead to a decrease in marine biomass and fish catch, as highlighted by recent policy-relevant reports.
Because of computational constraints, current Earth system models used to project ocean primary production under global warming scenarios have to parameterize flows occurring below the resolution of their computational grid (typically 1∘).
To overcome these computational constraints, we use an ocean biogeochemical model in an idealized configuration representing a mid-latitude double-gyre circulation and perform global warming simulations under an increasing horizontal resolution (from 1 to 1/27∘) and under a large range of parameter values for the eddy parameterization employed in the coarse-resolution configuration.
In line with projections from Earth system models, all our simulations project a marked decline in net primary production in response to the global warming forcing. Whereas this decline is only weakly sensitive to the eddy parameters in the eddy-parameterized coarse 1∘ resolution simulations, the simulated decline in primary production in the subpolar gyre is halved at the finest eddy-resolving resolution (−12 % at 1/27∘ vs. −26 % at 1∘) at the end of the 70-year-long global warming simulations. This difference stems from the high sensitivity of the sub-surface nutrient transport to model resolution.
Although being only one piece of a much broader and more complicated response of the ocean to climate change, our results call for improved representation of the role of eddies in nutrient transport below the seasonal mixed layer to better constrain the future evolution of marine biomass and fish catch potential.
Lunar Science, Resources and Innovation at Field Simulations
Authors: Hamilton John
Published: July 2021

Hawai`i Island has had a pivotal role in human Lunar Exploration by virtue of its high-fidelity science and technical field sites.  The geologic and historically recent volcanic landscape along with the geochemical simularity of Hawaiian basalts with Lunar basalts have made Hawaii a prime location for field test simulations.   This presentation will briefly highlight the legacy Apollo astronaut geology training. The  post-Shuttle In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) field tests on equipment &  techniques for lunar oxygen production will be covered along with mission simulations for NASA’s RESOLVE and VIPER lunar polar missions.  Google Lunar X-Prize (GLXP) field trials have also occurred.  Finally educational aspects with University level robotic mining competitions (Lunabotics/RMC/PRISM) will be shown.            The geo-technical properties of the tephra (basalt sand) at the field site(s) will be explored, and shown to provide a good lunar simulant for laboratory use and experimentation. Samples are still currently available for researchers.
Dust Science with the DESTINY+ Dust Analyzer
Authors: Krüger Harald ,   DESTINY+ Dust Analyzer Team
Published: July 2021

The DESTINY+spacecraft (Demonstration and Experiment of Space Technology forINterplanetary voYage with Phaethon fLyby and dUst Science) will be launched to theactive asteroid (3200) Phaethon by the Japanese Space Agency JAXA in 2024. The mainmission target will be Phaethon with a close flyby in 2028. Together with two cameras, theDESTINY+ Dust Analyzer (DDA) on board will perform close observations of this rockcomet type object to solve essential questions related to the evolution of our inner SolarSystem, especially the heating processes of small bodies. Phaethon is believed to be theparent body of the Geminids meteor shower and is considered to be a comet-asteroidtransition object. Such objects likely play a major role to better understand the nature andorigin of mass accreted on to Earth. The DDA dust analyzer is an upgrade of the CassiniCosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) which very successfully investigated the dust environment ofthe Saturnian system. The DDA instrument is an impact ionization time-of-flight massspectrometer with integrated trajectory sensor, which will analyse sub-micrometer andmicrometer sized dust particles. The instrument will measure the particle composition (massresolution m/Δm ≈ 100-150), mass, electrical charge, impact velocity (about 10% accuracy),and impact direction (about 10° accuracy). In addition to dust analysis in the vicinity ofPhaethon during the close flyby at this small asteroid, DDA will continuously measure dustin interplanetary space in the spatial region between 0.9 and 1.1 AU during theapproximately four years spanning cruise phase from Earth to Phaethon. We give a progressreport of the instrument development together with an update on the preparation of thescientific measurements planned during the DESTINY+ mission.
A discrete interaction numerical model for coagulation and fragmentation of marine detritic particulate matter (Coagfrag v.1)
Authors: Gremion Gwenaëlle , Nadeau Louis-Philippe , Dufresne Christiane , Schloss Irene R. , Archambault Philippe , Dumont Dany
Published: July 2021

Abstract. A simplified model, representing the dynamics of marine organic particles in a given size range experiencing coagulation and fragmentation reactions,
is developed. The framework is based on a discrete size spectrum on which reactions act to exchange properties between different particle sizes. The
reactions are prescribed according to triplet interactions. Coagulation combines two particle sizes to yield a third one, while fragmentation
breaks a given particle size into two (i.e. the inverse of the coagulation reaction). The complete set of reactions is given by all the permutations
of two particle sizes associated with a third one. Since, by design, some reactions yield particle sizes that are outside the resolved size range of
the spectrum, a closure is developed to take into account this unresolved range and satisfy global constraints such as mass conservation. In order
to minimize the number of tracers required to apply this model to an ocean general circulation model, focus is placed on the robustness of the model
to the particle size resolution. Thus, numerical experiments were designed to study the dependence of the results on (i) the number of particle size
bins used to discretize a given size range (i.e. the resolution) and (ii) the type of discretization (i.e. linear vs. nonlinear). The results
demonstrate that in a linearly size-discretized configuration, the model is independent of the resolution. However, important biases are observed in
a nonlinear discretization. A first attempt to mitigate the effect of nonlinearity of the size spectrum is then presented and shows significant
improvement in reducing the observed biases.
A Unified Probabilistic Framework for Volcanic Hazard and Eruption Forecasting
Authors: Marzocchi Warner , Selva Jacopo , Jordan Thomas H.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The main purpose of this article is to emphasize the importance of clarifying the probabilistic framework adopted for volcanic hazard and eruption forecasting. Eruption forecasting and volcanic hazard analysis seeks to quantify the deep uncertainties that pervade the modeling of pre-, sin- and post-eruptive processes. These uncertainties can be differentiated into three fundamental types: (1) the natural variability of volcanic systems, usually represented as stochastic processes with parameterized distributions (aleatory variability); (2) the uncertainty in our knowledge of how volcanic systems operate and evolve, often represented as subjective probabilities based on expert opinion (epistemic uncertainty); and (3) the possibility that our forecasts are wrong owing to behaviors of volcanic processes about which we are completely ignorant and, hence, cannot quantify in terms of probabilities (ontological error). Here we put forward a probabilistic framework for hazard analysis recently proposed by Marzocchi & Jordan (2014), which unifies the treatment of all three types of uncertainty. Within this framework, an eruption forecasting or a volcanic hazard model is said to be complete only if it (a) fully characterizes the epistemic uncertainties in the model's representation of aleatory variability and (b) can be unconditionally tested (in principle) against observations to identify ontological errors. Unconditional testability, which is the key to model validation, hinges on an experimental concept that characterizes hazard events in terms of exchangeable data sequences with well-defined frequencies. We illustrate the application of this unified probabilistic framework by describing experimental concepts for the forecasting of tephra fall from Campi Flegrei. Eventually, this example may serve as a guide for the application of the same probabilistic framework to other natural hazards.
Education, financial aid and awareness can reduce smallholder farmers’ vulnerability to drought under climate change
Authors: Wens Marthe L. K. , van Loon Anne F. , Veldkamp Ted I. E. , Aerts Jeroen C. J. H.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Analyses of future agricultural drought impacts require a multidisciplinary approach in which both human and environmental dynamics are studied. In this study, we applied the agent-based drought risk model ADOPT to assess the effect of various drought risk reduction interventions on smallholder farmers in the Kenyan drylands. Moreover, the robustness of these (non-)governmental interventions under different climate change scenarios was evaluated. ADOPT simulates water management decisions of smallholder farmers, and evaluates household food insecurity, poverty and emergency aid needs due to drought disasters. Model dynamics were informed by extensive field surveys and interviews from which decision rules were distilled based on bounded rational behaviour theories. Model results suggest that extension services increase the adoption of low-cost, newer drought adaptation measures while credit schemes are useful for cost-effective but expensive measures, and ex-ante cash transfers allow the least wealthy households to adopt low-cost well-known measures. Early warning systems show more effective in climate scenarios with less frequent droughts. Combining all four interventions displays a mutually-reinforcing effect with a sharp increase in the adoption of measures resulting in reduced food insecurity, decreased poverty levels and drastically lower need for emergency aid, even under hotter and drier climate conditions. These nonlinear synergies indicate that a holistic perspective is needed to support smallholder resilience in the Kenyan drylands.
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of b values revealed by a data-driven approach for the 17 June 2019 MS 6.0 Changning earthquake sequence, Sichuan, China
Authors: Jiang Changsheng , Han Libo , Long Feng , Lai Guijuan , Yin Fengling , Bi Jinmeng , Si Zhengya
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of b values has great potential for helping in understanding the seismogenic process and assessing seismic hazard. However, there is still much controversy about whether it exists or not, and an important reason is that the choice of subjective parameters has eroded the foundations of much research. To overcome this problem, we used a recently developed non-parametric method based on a data-driven concept to calculate b values. The major steps of this method include (1) performing a large number of Voronoi tessellations and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) value calculation, selecting the optimal models for the study area, and (2) using the ensemble median (Q2) and median absolute deviation (MAD) value to represent the final b value and its
uncertainty. We investigated spatiotemporal variations in b values before and after the 2019 Changning MS=6.0 earthquake in the Sichuan Basin, China. The results reveal a spatial volume with low pre-mainshock b values near the mainshock source region, and its size corresponds roughly with the rupture area of the mainshock. The anomalously high pre-mainshock b values distributed in the NW direction of the epicenter were interpreted to be related to fluid invasion. The decreases in b values during the aftershock sequence along with the occurrences of several strong aftershocks imply that b values could be an indicator of the stress state. In addition, we found that although the distribution characteristics of b values obtained from different methods of investigation are qualitatively consistent, they differ significantly in terms of their specific values, suggesting that the best way to study the heterogeneous pattern of b values is in the joint dimension of space-time rather than separately in time and space. Overall, our study emphasizes the importance of b-value studies in assessing earthquake hazards.
An underground, wireless, open-source, low-cost system for monitoring oxygen, temperature, and soil moisture
Authors: Levintal Elad , Ganot Yonatan , Taylor Gail , Freer-Smith Peter , Suvocarev Kosana , Dahlke Helen E.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The use of wireless sensor networks in the measurement of soil parameters represents one of the least invasive methods available to date. Wireless sensors pose the least disturbance to soil structure and having fewer aboveground cables reduce the risk of undesired equipment damage and potential data loss. However, implementing wireless sensor networks in field studies usually requires advanced and costly engineering knowledge. This study presents a new underground, wireless, open-source, low-cost system for monitoring soil oxygen, temperature, and soil moisture. The process of system design, assembly, programming, deployment, and power management is presented. The system can be left underground for several years without the need for changing the battery. Emphasis was given on modularity so that it can be easily duplicated or changed if needed, and deployed without previous engineering knowledge. Data from this type of system have a wide range of applications, including precision agriculture and high-resolution modelling.
Downhole distributed acoustic seismic profiling at Skytrain Ice Rise, West Antarctica
Authors: Brisbourne Alex M. , Kendall Michael , Kufner Sofia-Katerina , Hudson Thomas S. , Smith Andrew M.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Antarctic ice sheet history is imprinted in the structure
and fabric of the ice column. At ice rises, the signature of ice flow
history is preserved due to the low strain rates inherent at these
independent ice flow centres. We present results from a distributed acoustic
sensing (DAS) experiment at Skytrain Ice Rise in the Weddell Sea sector of
West Antarctica, aimed at delineating the englacial fabric to improve our
understanding of ice sheet history in the region. This pilot experiment
demonstrates the feasibility of an innovative technique to delineate ice
rise structure. Both direct and reflected P- and S-wave energy, as well as
surface wave energy, are observed using a range of source offsets, i.e. a
walkaway vertical seismic profile, recorded using fibre optic cable.
Significant noise, which results from the cable hanging untethered in the
borehole, is modelled and suppressed at the processing stage. At greater
depth where the cable is suspended in drilling fluid, seismic interval
velocities and attenuation are measured. Vertical P-wave velocities are high
(VINT=3984±218 m s−1) and consistent with a strong
vertical cluster fabric. Seismic attenuation is high (QINT=75±12) and inconsistent with previous observations in ice sheets over
this temperature range. The signal level is too low, and the noise level too
high, to undertake analysis of englacial fabric variability. However,
modelling of P- and S-wave travel times and amplitudes with a range of fabric
geometries, combined with these measurements, demonstrates the capacity of
the DAS method to discriminate englacial fabric distribution. From this
pilot study we make a number of recommendations for future experiments aimed
at quantifying englacial fabric to improve our understanding of recent ice
sheet history.
Drivers of uncertainty in future projections of Madden–Julian Oscillation teleconnections
Authors: Jenney Andrea M. , Randall David A. , Barnes Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Teleconnections from the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) are a key source of predictability of weather on the extended timescale of about 10–40 d. The MJO teleconnection is sensitive to a number of factors, including the mean dry static stability, the mean flow, and the propagation and intensity characteristics of the MJO, which are traditionally difficult to separate across models. Each of these factors may evolve in response to increasing greenhouse gas emissions, which will impact MJO teleconnections and potentially impact predictability on extended timescales. Current state-of-the-art climate models do not agree on how MJO teleconnections over central and eastern North America will change in a future climate. Here, we use results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) historical and SSP585 experiments in concert with a linear baroclinic model (LBM) to separate and investigate alternate mechanisms explaining why and how boreal winter (January) MJO teleconnections over the North Pacific and North America may change in a future climate and to identify key sources of inter-model uncertainty. LBM simulations suggest that a weakening teleconnection due to increases in tropical dry static stability alone is robust across CMIP6 models and that uncertainty in mean state winds is a key driver of uncertainty in future MJO teleconnections. Uncertainty in future changes to the MJO's intensity, eastward propagation speed, zonal wavenumber, and eastward propagation extent are other important sources of uncertainty in future MJO teleconnections. We find no systematic relationship between future changes in the Rossby wave source and the MJO teleconnection or between changes to the zonal wind or stationary Rossby wave number and the MJO teleconnection over the North Pacific and North America. LBM simulations suggest a reduction of the boreal winter MJO teleconnection over the North Pacific and an uncertain change over North America, with large spread over both regions that lends to weak confidence in the overall outlook. While quantitatively determining the relative importance of MJO versus mean state uncertainties in determining future teleconnections remains a challenge, the LBM simulations suggest that uncertainty in the mean state winds is a larger contributor to the uncertainty in future projections of the MJO teleconnection than the MJO.
Correlations of power output fluctuations in an offshore wind farm using high-resolution SCADA data
Authors: Seifert Janna Kristina , Kraft Martin , Kühn Martin , Lukassen Laura J.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Space–time correlations of power output fluctuations of wind turbine pairs provide information on the flow conditions within a wind farm and the interactions of wind turbines. Such information can play an essential role in controlling wind turbines and short-term load or power forecasting.
However, the challenges of analysing correlations of power output fluctuations in a wind farm are the highly varying flow conditions.
Here, we present an approach to investigate space–time correlations of power output fluctuations of streamwise-aligned wind turbine pairs based on high-resolution supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data. The proposed approach overcomes the challenge of spatially variable and temporally variable flow conditions within the wind farm. We analyse the influences of the different statistics of the power output of wind turbines on the correlations of power output fluctuations based on 8 months of measurements from an offshore wind farm with 80 wind turbines. First, we assess the effect of the wind direction on the correlations of power output fluctuations of wind turbine pairs. We show that the correlations are highest for the streamwise-aligned wind turbine pairs and decrease when the mean wind direction changes its angle to be more perpendicular to the pair.
Further, we show that the correlations for streamwise-aligned wind turbine pairs depend on the location of the wind turbines within the wind farm and on their inflow conditions (free stream or wake). Our primary result is that the standard deviations of the power output fluctuations and the normalised power difference of the wind turbines in a pair can characterise the correlations of power output fluctuations of streamwise-aligned wind turbine pairs. Further, we show that clustering can be used to identify different correlation curves. For this, we employ the data-driven k-means clustering algorithm to cluster the standard deviations of the power output fluctuations of the wind turbines and the normalised power difference of the wind turbines in a pair. Thereby, wind turbine pairs with similar power output fluctuation correlations are clustered independently from their location. With this, we account for the highly variable flow conditions inside a wind farm, which unpredictably influence the correlations.
Ex Saulo Paulus, ex persecutore apostolus? The spiritual conversion of Bishop Dantyszek in the light of new sources
Authors: Skolimowska Anna
Published: July 2021

Jan Dantyszek był dzieckiem swoich czasów – niewątpliwie przez większą część życia hołdował swobodnym renesansowym obyczajom. Jego sława hulaki i rozpustnika, dyplomaty o licznych kontaktach w rozmaitych, także podejrzanych, środowiskach, następnie zaś surowego biskupa katolickiego w Prusach (pozostającego jednak w dobrosąsiedzkich stosunkach z luterańskim księciem Albrechtem) w powiązaniu z użytą nieco niefortunnie na jego określenie przez Stanisława Hozjusza metaforą przemiany Szawła w Pawła, zrodziła fałszywe mniemanie, jakoby Dantyszek przez długi czas sprzyjał reformacji i dopiero pod wpływem Hozjusza (po przyjęciu go do kapituły warmińskiej w roku 1538) uległ nawróceniu, stając się wojującym katolikiem. To błędne przekonanie stale przewija się w literaturze naukowej, znajdując najpełniejszy wyraz we wprawdzie popularnonaukowej, ale za to jedynej opublikowanej dotychczas drukiem polskojęzycznej monografii Dantyszka.
Polemics as a Symbolic Capital Defence Way in the 18th Century in Prussia: the Case of Christian Gottlieb Mielcke and Gottfried Ostermeyer
Authors: Sidabraitė Žavinta
Published: July 2021

Badania oparto na założeniach metodologicznych teorii kapitalizmu kulturowego, sformułowanej przez francuskiego socjologa Pierre’a Bourdieu, gdzie pole kulturowe było postrzegane jako pole walki zainteresowanych aktorów (agentów) dążących do akumulacji jak największe-go kapitału kulturowego i symbolicznego. Zainteresowania Mielckego i Ostermeyera zderzyły się w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku, kiedy obaj rozpoczęli pracę nad tym samym projektem kulturalnym: przygotowaniem zaktualizowanego śpiewnika litewskiego, opartego na zasadach racjonalizmu i teologii oświeceniowej. Ponieważ Ostermeyer jako pierwszy przygotował hymn i wydał go z funduszy rządowych, Mielcke nie mógł pogodzić się z tym, że został ominięty przez ambitnego nowicjusza w dziedzinie kultury litewskiej, gdzie jego własna rodzina dominowała przez szereg lat. W krytyce hymnu Ostermeyera Mielcke starał się przedstawić go jako bez-czelnego intruza, który mimo znacznego kapitału symbolicznego nagromadzonego w innych dziedzinach, nie miał wystarczającej kapitalizacji kulturowej w zakresie lituanistycznej kultury pruskiej i zbyt słabo władał litewskim. Mielckemu udało się powstrzymać zdecydowane zaangażowanie Ostermeyera na polu działalności lituanistycznej. Jednak w walce z przeciwnikiem Mielcke stracił także znaczną część zgromadzonego kapitału symbolicznego
Romantic Nationalism and German ›Universality‹. Novalis’ »Europa« Speech and its context
Authors: Mauch Fabian
Published: July 2021

The poet Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg) first put forward the idea that the German nation was destined to “deliver” Europe from its political and cultural crisis, an idea that formed the basis of his work “Europe” (1799). With it he ultimately transferred Christian universalism and missionarism into politics, thereby establishing a line of thinking that German nationalism would lastingly incorporate into its mindset.
Editorial and Front Matter
Authors: KAPLAN JENNIFER J.
Published: July 2021

First published May 2019 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives