bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die neuen 2019er-ESC-Leitlinien zur Diagnose und Management des chronischen Koronarsyndroms (CCS): Was ändert sich für die Bildgebung?
Authors: Gutberlet Matthias , Krieghoff Christian , Gohmann Robin , Lücke Christian
Published: December 2019

Aus der stabilen koronaren Herzerkrankung ist in den 2019er-ESC-Leitlinien das chronische Koronarsyndrom geworden. Das ist aber nicht die einzige Änderung: Weitere Neuerungen – und damit Themen dieses Beitrags – sind die Stärkung der nicht invasiven kardiovaskulären Diagnostik, die neue Datengrundlage zur Berechnung der Vortestwahrscheinlichkeit und die Einschätzung der klinischen KHK-Wahrscheinlichkeit mithilfe weiterer Risikofaktoren.
Vergleich zwischen sonografischen Untersuchungsbefunden am Magen und gewonnener Refluxmenge beim
Warmblutpferd
Authors: Bankert Julia , Winter Karsten , Scharner Doreen
Published: December 2019

Gegenstand und Ziel Ziel der Studie war zu klären, inwieweit ein Zusammenhang zwischen den Ultraschallbefunden am
Magen und der gewonnenen Menge an Reflux bei Pferden mit sekundärer Magenüberladung besteht.

Material und Methoden In der prospektiven kontrollierten Studie wurden Warmblutpferde mit sekundärer
Magenüberladung einbezogen, die in den Jahren 2017 bis 2018 in der Klinik für Pferde vorgestellt worden waren. Die
gewonnene Menge an Reflux wurde sowohl der Anzahl der Interkostalräume mit sonografisch erfassbarem Flüssigkeitsspiegel
als auch der maximalen Höhe des Flüssigkeitsspiegels im Magen gegenübergestellt.

Ergebnisse Im Untersuchungszeitraum erfolgten 52 Untersuchungen an 11 Pferden. Die Anzahl der Interkostalräume mit
darstellbarem Flüssigkeitsspiegel im Magen betrug im Median 6 Interkostalräume (Interquartilsabstand, IQR 3). Die größte
Ausdehnung umfasste 9 Interkostalräume. Die Menge an gewonnenem Reflux lag im Median bei 7 Litern (IQR 6,5) mit einem
Höchstwert von 14 Litern. Zwischen der Anzahl der Interkostalräume mit erfassbarem Flüssigkeitsspiegel und gewonnener
Refluxmenge wurde eine starke Korrelation mit einem Korrelationskoeffizienten von r = 0,77 (p ≤ 0,001) festgestellt. Bei
der Korrelation zwischen maximaler Höhe des Flüssigkeitsspiegels und Refluxmenge ergab sich ein moderater Zusammenhang
mit einem Korrelationskoeffizienten von r = 0,59 (p ≤ 0,001). Anhand der Zahl der Interkostalräume mit erfassbarem
Flüssigkeitsspiegel konnten Vorhersagewerte für die zu erwartende Refluxmenge ermittelt werden. Bei einem darstellbaren
Flüssigkeitsspiegel über 5 bzw. 6 Interkostalräume ist mit ca. 5,7 bzw. 7,4 Litern Reflux zu rechnen. Die Nutzung der
Höhe des Flüssigkeitsspiegels erscheint aufgrund der moderaten Korrelation hierfür weniger geeignet.

Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz Aufgrund der starken Korrelation zwischen der Anzahl der Interkostalräume
mit erfassbarem Flüssigkeitsspiegel und gewonnener Refluxmenge erscheint dieser Messwert zur Vorhersage des zu
erwartenden Refluxes geeignet. Mithilfe dieser Vorhersage lässt sich das Management um den Patienten mit einem
paralytischen Ileus optimieren.
Nachgeburtsverhaltung bei der Stute – eine Auswertung von 121 Fällen
Authors: Schürmann Christian , Loose Melanie , Failing Klaus , Wehrend Axel
Published: December 2019

Ziel Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, Daten aus Anamnese, Verlauf und Prognose von Stuten mit
Nachgeburtsverhaltungen zu analysieren.

Material und Methoden Die Auswertung umfasste Daten von 121 Stuten mit einer Nachgeburtsverhaltung, die stationär
veterinärmedizinisch behandelt wurden. Bei 82 Stuten erfolgten zusätzlich Blutuntersuchungen.

Ergebnisse Zwischen Alter, Parität und Geburtsverlauf der Stute und dem Auftreten einer Nachgeburtsverhaltung ließ
sich kein signifikanter Zusammenhang darstellen. Bei der Aufnahmeuntersuchung zeigten 81 Stuten (66,9 %) ausschließlich
eine Nachgeburtsverhaltung, 40 Tiere (33,1 %) zusätzliche Erkrankungen, am häufigsten Verletzungen der Labien, gefolgt
von einer Lochiometra und Dammrissen. Während des Klinikaufenthalts entwickelten 50 Stuten (41,3 %) eine oder mehrere
weitere Erkrankungen. Am häufigsten wurden Lochiometra (23 Stuten, 19,0 %), Hufrehe (17 Stuten, 14,0 %) und
Thrombophlebitis (11 Stuten, 9,1 %) diagnostiziert. Acht Stuten (6,6 %) wurden aufgrund des Krankheitsverlaufs
euthanasiert. Die Blutuntersuchung ergab eine Leukozytenkonzentration von 9,8 ± 3,9 G/l. Die Konzentration von
ionisiertem Kalzium im Blut betrug 1,5 ± 0,2 mmol/l. Kein erhobener Parameter hatte einen signifikanten Einfluss auf
klinische Symptomatik, Ausbildung von Komplikationen und Genesung.

Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz Die Nachgeburtsverhaltung ist unter den Puerperalerkrankungen ein häufiges
Krankheitsbild. Diese Erkrankung tritt selten isoliert auf bzw. im Verlauf der Behandlung kommen häufig weitere
Erkrankungen hinzu, die im schlimmsten Fall zum Tod des Tieres führen. Anhand der erhobenen Daten konnten keine
Risikofaktoren für die Entstehung und den Verlauf der Erkrankung dargestellt werden.
Verlauf der nach 3 unterschiedlichen Formeln berechneten Energiebilanz bei Holstein-Friesian-Kühen
in der Frühlaktation
Authors: Peisker Kilian , Staufenbiel Rudolf , Engelhard Thomas , Pieper Laura
Published: December 2019

Ziel Das Ziel der Studie war ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse der mit 3 unterschiedlichen Formeln kalkulierten Werte
zur Energiebilanz von Milchkühen. Beschrieben werden sollte der Verlauf der Energiebilanz bis zum 100. Laktationstag bei
Holstein-Friesian-Milchkühen aus einer Herde mit einer mittleren 305-Tage-Milchleistung von 11 761 kg.

Material und Methoden Zur Datenerhebung standen innerhalb von 2 Untersuchungszeiträumen insgesamt 193 Milchkühe
zur Verfügung. Zu festgelegten Untersuchungszeitpunkten erfolgten Messungen der Lebendmasse. Die Futteraufnahme wurde
mittels transpondergestützter Wiegetröge ermittelt. Die Milchdaten stammten aus den entsprechenden
Milchleistungskontrollen. Die Energiebilanz wurde durch die Berechnung nach der Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie
(GfE), Jans und Kessler sowie nach dem National Research Council (NRC) modifiziert nach Collard bestimmt.

Ergebnisse Die 3 mathematischen Modelle ergeben sehr ähnliche Werte. Die modifizierte Berechnung nach Collard
lieferte systematisch geringere Werte der Energiebilanz. Minimalwerte der Energiebilanz traten in der Kolostralphase
auf. Der Übergang von der negativen zur positiven Energiebilanz zeigte sich im Mittel 53 Tage nach der Kalbung.

Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Relevanz Alle 3 Berechnungsmethoden sind geeignet, die Energiebilanz der
Milchkühe post partum mit ähnlichen Ergebnissen darzustellen. Über 50 % der untersuchten Kühe erreichten vor dem 60.
Laktationstag eine positive Energiebilanz. Demnach ist der aus der Literatur zu erwartende Verlauf der Energiebilanz mit
einem Tiefpunkt um den 60. Tag post partum nicht prinzipiell für jede Herde anzunehmen. Strategien zur Verbesserung bei
negativer Energiebilanz hinsichtlich Zeitpunkt, Ausmaß und Dauer in der Frühlaktation müssen individuell für jede Herde
erarbeitet werden und erfordern weitere Forschung.
Verlaufsuntersuchungen bei Deutschen Jagdterriern mit belastungsabhängiger metabolischer
Myopathie
Authors: Mühlhause Franziska , Tipold Andrea , Rohn Karl , Lepori Vincent , Leeb Tosso , Sewell Adrian C. , Kornberg Marion
Published: December 2019

Gegenstand und Ziel Die belastungsabhängige metabolische Myopathie beim Deutschen Jagdterrier ist eine
autosomal-rezessive Erbkrankheit, die aufgrund einer Punktmutation zu einem Enzymdefekt der sehr langkettigen
Acyl-CoA-Dehydrogenase führt und klinisch durch belastungsabhängige Schwäche, schwere Myalgien und Myoglobinurie
charakterisiert ist. In dieser Studie wurde der klinische Verlauf der Erkrankung bei 9 betroffenen Deutschen
Jagdterriern über 1 Jahr untersucht. Die Behandlung der Hunde umfasste die orale Supplementierung von L-Carnitin und
Koenzym Q10 sowie eine Diät mit hohem Kohlenhydratgehalt und einem niedrigen Anteil an langkettigen Fettsäuren.

Material und Methode Die 9 Hunde mit nachgewiesenem Gendefekt wurden bei Auftreten der ersten Symptome
(Messzeitpunkt 1, MZP1) und 1 Jahr später (Messzeitpunkt 2, MZP2) klinisch-neurologisch untersucht und es erfolgte eine
Blutuntersuchung mit Analyse hämatologischer und klinisch-chemischer Parameter sowie der Konzentration des
natriuretischen Peptids Typ B (NT-proBNP).

Ergebnisse Zum MZP2 zeigten die Hunde, wie bereits zum MZP1, nach Belastung ein steifes Gangbild, Muskelschwäche
und -schmerz und hatten einen dunkelbraun verfärbten Urin. Bei den hämatologischen Parametern und der
NT-proBNP-Konzentration ergaben sich, wie zum MZP1, keine Abweichungen vom Referenzbereich. Die Aktivitäten der
Kreatinkinase und Alanin-Aminotransferase unterschieden sich statistisch nicht signifikant zwischen beiden MZP
(pCK = 0,31, pALT = 0,64). Nach Auswertung einer Besitzerbefragung und der
klinisch-neurologischen Untersuchung der Hunde ließ sich im Rahmen der Verlaufsuntersuchung keine Verbesserung der
myopathischen Beschwerden feststellen.

Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz Die orale Supplementierung von L-Carnitin und Koenzym Q10 sowie spezielle
diätetische Maßnahmen über 1 Jahr führten zu keiner Verbesserung der klinischen Symptomatik oder der untersuchten
Laborparameter. Die Tiere zeigten keine progressive Verschlechterung der Symptomatik im Vergleich zur Erstvorstellung.
Die Prognose ist jedoch als vorsichtig zu bezeichnen, da Daten zum Langzeitverlauf über einige Jahre fehlen. Unsere
Ergebnisse bilden eine Grundlage für weitere Forschungen zu Lipidspeichermyopathien, insbesondere mit Fokus auf die
belastungsabhängige metabolische Myopathie des Deutschen Jagdterriers, deren Therapie und eine entsprechende
Zuchthygiene.
Ventrale Stabilisation einer atlantoaxialen Subluxation mittels Schrauben und Polymethylmetacrylat
bei einem Miniatur-Yorkshire-Terrier
Authors: Andrijczuk Christoph , Leithäuser Carola , Wagner Frank
Published: December 2019

Ein 6 Monate alter, weiblicher 1,1 kg schwerer Miniatur-Yorkshire-Terrier wurde aufgrund einer Tetraparese vorgestellt.
Auf laterolateralen Röntgenbildern fiel ein vergrößerter Abstand zwischen Processus spinosus des Axis und Arcus dorsalis
atlantis bei deutlicher kraniodorsaler Verlagerung und Rotation des kranialen Axiskörpers in Relation zum Atlas auf.
Computertomografisch bestätigte sich eine kraniodorsale Verlagerung des kranialen Axis in Relation zum ventralen
Atlasbogen im Sinne einer atlantoaxialen Subluxation mit einem nicht fusioniertem Dens axis. Zunächst wurde chirurgisch
mit einer dorsalen Muskelnahttechnik versucht, eine entsprechende Reduktion der Subluxation zu erzielen. Da sich die
Reduktion röntgenologisch wie auch klinisch als suboptimal erwies, erfolgte eine ventrale Stabilisation mithilfe von 4
1,5-mm-Schrauben in Axis und Atlas sowie Polymethylmetacrylat. Röntgenologisch zeigte sich eine zufriedenstellende
Reposition. Der Hund erhielt für 6 Wochen einen stützenden Halsverband. Es kam zu einer progredienten Besserung der
neurologischen Symptomatik bis hin zur Symptomfreiheit über bisher 37 Monate.
Mobility Characteristics of Children with Spastic Paraplegia Due to a Mutation in the KIF1A Gene
Authors: Van Beusichem A.E. , Nicolai J. , Verhoeven J. , Speth L. , Coenen M. , Willemsen M.A. , Kamsteeg E.J. , Stumpel C. , Vermeulen R.J.
Published: December 2019

Several de novo variants in the KIF1A gene have been reported to cause a complicated form of hereditary spastic paraplegia. Additional symptoms include cognitive impairment and varying degrees of peripheral neuropathy, epilepsy, decreased visual acuity, and ataxia. We describe four patients (ages 10–18 years), focusing on their mobility and gait characteristics. Two patients were not able to walk without assistance and showed a severe abnormal gait pattern, crouch gait. At examination, severe contractures were found.

In addition to describing the different phenotypes with specific attention to gait in our cases, we reviewed known KIF1A mutations and summarized their associated phenotypes.

We conclude that mobility and cognition are severely affected in children with spastic paraplegia due to de novo KIF1A mutations. Deterioration in mobility is most likely due to progressive spasticity, muscle weakness, and the secondary development of severe contractures, possibly combined with an additional progressive polyneuropathy. Close follow-up and treatment of these patients are warranted.
14.9.6 Benzothiopyranones and Benzothiopyranthiones (Update 2019)
Authors: Lee C.-F.
Published: December 2019

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 14.9) describing methods for the synthesis of benzothiopyranones (thiochromenones), benzothiopyranthiones (thiochromenethiones), and related compounds such as 9H-thioxanthen-9-ones and 9H-thioxanthene-9-thiones. General routes to benzothiopyranones involve the intramolecular cyclization of aryl-substituted enones or ynones in the presence of sodium sulfide, and more recent developments with alternative approaches are included herein.
14.4.13 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-thiones (Update 2019)
Authors: Dong X. , Liu H.
Published: December 2019

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 14.4.4) describing methods for the synthesis of 4H-1-benzopyran-4-thiones. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2004—2018. All methods covered involve the thionation (replacement of the oxygen of a carbonyl group by sulfur) of the corresponding 4H-1-benzopyran-4-ones, either isolated or generated in situ.
34.1.5 Synthesis of Fluoroalkanes by Addition Reactions to Alkenes
Authors: Haufe G.
Published: December 2019

This review describes methods for the synthesis of fluoroalkanes and a variety of substituted analogues from alkenes. In addition to well-established and newer examples of hydro-, halo-, nitro-, sulfanyl-, and selanylfluorination reactions of alkenes, recent methods for the fluorophosphorylation, fluorosulfonylation, carbofluorination, and oxyfluorination of double-bond systems are also described.
38.8.2.2 Medicinal Chemistry of Stable and Unstable 1,2-Dioxetanes: Origin, Formation, and Biological Activities
Authors: Dembitsky V. M. , Vil’ V. A.
Published: December 2019

This chapter describes the formation and transformation of stable and unstable 1,2-dioxetanes in various metabolic pathways. The chapter also describes the modern approaches to the synthesis of compounds with 1,2-dioxetane moiety, including molecules with chemiluminescence properties.
Fabrication of porous emitters for ionic liquid ion source by wire electrical discharge machining combined with electrochemical etching
Authors: Liu Xinyu , He Weiguo , Kang Xiaoming , Xu Mingming
Published: December 2019

Ionic liquid ion source (ILIS) is a promising ion source, which can be applied to space propulsion, microfabrication, and surface modification. Fabrication of high-quality ILIS emitters is one of the key technologies for the application of ILIS. A new method is proposed for the fabrication of porous emitters with a designed shape. This method uses wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) combined with electrochemical etching, and the porous emitter is fabricated by two steps. First, the porous metal is machined by WEDM to get the external geometry of the emitter. Then, electrochemical etching is employed to remove the recast layer. A series of experiments has been conducted to find the appropriate machining parameters. Experiments reveal that sharp porous emitter tips for the ILIS can be fabricated by WEDM combined with electrochemical etching at 5 V etching voltage. Moreover, the apex curvature radius of the emitter is controllable by adjusting the etching time. It is found that the apex curvature radius varies from 4.5 μm to 18.4 μm when increasing etching time from 40 s to 120 s at 5 V etching voltage. Those emitters have been applied to ILIS tests, and their I-V characteristics are investigated. Furthermore, this method has been used to machine dense fields of emitters. A 1 cm2 emitter array chip integrated with 676 emitters has been successfully machined, and the I-V characteristic curve of the emitter array chip is also achieved.
A multi-spot laser induced breakdown spectroscopy system based on diffraction beam splitter
Authors: Zhu Yu , Zhou Ping-Wei , Zhong Seng-Cheng , Peng Qi-Xian , Zhu Li-Guo
Published: December 2019

A quick simultaneous multispot laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system has been proposed. The basic idea is to combine the Diffraction Beam Splitter (DBS) with the linear-to-linear fiber bundle. The DBS divided the incident laser beam into five sub-beams, and then, a lens focused the incident sub-beam to produce a plasma array, where the distance between the neighbor subplasma was constant and the plasma emission was imaged on the fiber bundle. Each ablated spot on the sample generated the corresponding spectroscopy signals, which were collected by the defined fibers of the fiber bundle, propagated to the spectrograph slit, and then analyzed by the intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detector, where the two-dimensional capability of the charge-coupled device detectors was explored for the spectroscopy and position analyses. The five spectroscopy ribbon presented on the ICCD corresponded to the plasma radiation of the five ablated spots. The feasibility of a simultaneous multipoint spectroscopy detection at a single pulse ablation was confirmed by subjecting to the spectroscopy analyses of a copper plane, layered material, and magnesium-molybdenum mixture. The multispot LIBS system can be used in the ejecta research of detonation physics, fluid physics, and so on.
An automatic beam alignment system based on relative reference points for Thomson scattering diagnosis system
Authors: Tan Wei-qiang , Yuan Peng , Wang Peng , Mao Wen-zhe , Xie Jin-lin , Lan Tao , Ding Wei-xing , Li Hong , Zhuang Ge , Liu Wan-dong , Zheng Jian
Published: December 2019

An automatic beam alignment system based on relative reference points is developed for the Thomson scattering system on Keda Torus eXperiment. Two critical apertures around the vacuum vessel are designed to shield stray light, and a probe beam is required to go through the centers of these two apertures, which are the reference points for alignment. Since these two apertures are coated with light absorbing materials, three fibers with glowing tips are employed to indicate the centers of two apertures. CMOS cameras are used to monitor beam deviations. The misalignment correction is achieved by driving piezomotor mirror mounts via a program developed with LabVIEW, which includes the image acquisition and processing module and the deviation correction module. As a result, this system can correct beam misalignment in less than 20 s and suppress the long-term drift of laser pointing in ±10 μrad. Also, this system has the capability to correct up to about 2.3 mm of camera shift with our experiment condition.
Experimental investigation of gravity-driven film flow inside an inclined corrugated pipe
Authors: Kuehner Joel P. , Mitchell Jared D. , Lee Margaret R.
Published: December 2019

Gravity-driven film flow through an inclined corrugated pipe is experimentally investigated following field observations of unsteady, periodic flow patterns. Initial experiments confirmed surging flow at the pipe outlet as originally observed in the field. Fluorescence imaging of the film flow inside the pipe was then applied to examine the traveling wave behavior that leads to surging flow at the outlet. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of traveling wave behavior in film flow in a corrugated pipe. The effect of flow rate and angle of inclination was studied in both experiments, with the characteristics of the traveling waves becoming the focus of the investigation. Similar to film flows over two-dimensional periodic topography, a statically deformed free surface with a wavelength approximately equivalent to the corrugations developed at all flow rates and angles examined with an amplitude that increased with angle of inclination. In contrast to film flows over two-dimensional periodic topography, the statically deformed free-surface amplitude was independent of the flow rate. Comparative to some two-dimensional studies, traveling waves developed from ambient noise through a strongly selective process. Traveling waves were observed to be approximately nondispersive and having nearly constant frequency and wavelength regardless of the flow rate or angle of inclination. The consistency in traveling wave character with changes in the angle and flow rate seems stronger than that seen for two-dimensional flows. Comparisons with large-scale flow applications, such as stepped spillways, indicate similarities in flow behavior that should be studied further.
A necessary condition for perpendicular electric field control in magnetized plasmas
Authors: Gueroult Renaud , Rax Jean-Marcel , Fisch Nathaniel J.
Published: December 2019

The electrostatic model proposed by Poulos [Phys. Plasmas 26, 022104 (2019)] to describe the electric potential distribution across and along a magnetized plasma column is used to shed light on the ability to control perpendicular electric fields. The effective electrical connection between facing end-electrodes is shown to be conditioned upon the smallness of a dimensionless parameter τ function of the plasma column aspect ratio and the square root of the conductivity ratio σ⊥/σ∥. The analysis of a selected set of past end-electrode biasing experiments confirms that this parameter is small in experiments that have successfully demonstrated perpendicular electric field tailoring. On the other hand, this parameter is O(1) in experiments that failed to demonstrate control, pointing to an excessively large ion-neutral collision frequency. A better understanding of the various contributions to σ⊥ is needed to gain further insights into end-biasing experimental results.
Influence of neutron irradiation on deep levels in Ge-doped (010) β-Ga2O3 layers grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Farzana Esmat , Mauze Akhil , Varley Joel B. , Blue Thomas E. , Speck James S. , Arehart Aaron R. , Ringel Steven A.
Published: December 2019

The impact of high energy neutron irradiation on the creation of specific radiation-induced deep level defect states and the ensuing influence of these defects on the electronic properties of (010) β-Ga2O3, doped with Ge and grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, were explored. A significant amount of carrier removal was observed in the irradiated samples exposed to 1 MeV equivalent neutron fluences of 8.5 × 1014 cm−2 and 1.7 × 1015 cm−2, which suggests the formation of compensating defects by neutron irradiation. Using a combination of deep level transient/optical spectroscopy (DLTS/DLOS) techniques to probe the entire ∼4.8 eV bandgap with high energy resolution, three specific trap states were introduced by neutron irradiation at EC-1.22 eV, EC-2.00 eV, and EC-0.78 eV. Of these, the former two states, observed by DLOS, were also present prior to irradiation, whereas the trap at EC-0.78 eV, observed by DLTS, was not evident prior to neutron irradiation. The radiation dependence suggests that intrinsic point defects are the likely physical sources for these states. Subsequent lighted capacitance-voltage measurements further revealed that these three states are the source for the observed strong carrier compensation, with the trap at EC-2.00 eV appearing as the strongest compensating defect for the neutron-irradiated β-Ga2O3.
Verification of shielding effect predictions for large area field emitters
Authors: Rudra Rashbihari , Biswas Debabrata
Published: December 2019

A recent analytical model for large area field emitters [D. Biswas and R. Rudra, Phys. Plasmas 25, 083105 (2018)], based on the line charge model (LCM), provides a simple approximate formula for the field enhancement on hemiellipsoidal emitter tips in terms of the ratio of emitter height to pairwise distance between neighboring emitters. The formula, verified against the exact solution of the linear LCM, was found to be adequate, provided that the mean separation between emitters is larger than half the emitter height, h. In this paper, we subject the analytical predictions to a more stringent test by simulating (i) an infinite regular array and (ii) an isolated cluster of 10 random emitters, using the finite element software COMSOL v5.4. In the case of the array, the error in the apex field enhancement factor (AFEF) is found to be less than 0.25% for an infinite array when the lattice constant c ≥ 1.5h, increasing to 2.9% for c = h and 8.1% for c = 0.75h. For an isolated random cluster of 10 emitters, the error in large AFEF values is found to be small. Thus, the error in the net emitted current is small for a random cluster compared to a regular infinite array with the same (mean) spacing. The LCM thus provides a reasonable analytical tool for optimizing a large area field emitter.
Evolutions of acoustic and optical mode resonances in the spin reorientation Permalloy film
Authors: Song Yawen , Cao Derang , Du Honglei , Liu Meihong , Du Shuai , Song Chengkun , Li Qiang , Xu Jie , Li Shandong
Published: December 2019

We investigate the static and dynamic magnetic properties of a wedge Permalloy film. The spin distribution of the wedge film depends on the film thickness, ranging from the homogeneous in-plane to the out-of-plane component. The spin reorientation region of the wedge film is determined by using a magnetic force microscopy and magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements as well as the micromagnetic simulation. The dynamic properties of the spin distribution depending on the thickness are investigated by the microwave method. The acoustic and optical mode resonances of the wedge film are controlled by changing the direction of the microwave magnetic field and the stripe domains. The resonance frequency could be influenced by its domain structure and reveals the different anisotropies of the film. The results show that the spin distribution of the stripe domain depending on the thickness can be used to control the spin dispersion and precession frequency of the film for high-frequency applications.
Production of highly charged ions of rare species by laser-induced desorption inside an electron beam ion trap
Authors: Schweiger Ch. , König C. M. , Crespo López-Urrutia J. R. , Door M. , Dorrer H. , Düllmann Ch. E. , Eliseev S. , Filianin P. , Huang W. , Kromer K. , Micke P. , Müller M. , Renisch D. , Rischka A. , Schüssler R. X. , Blaum K.
Published: December 2019

This paper reports on the development and testing of a novel, highly efficient technique for the injection of very rare species into electron beam ion traps (EBITs) for the production of highly charged ions (HCI). It relies on in-trap laser-induced desorption of atoms from a sample brought very close to the electron beam resulting in a very high capture efficiency in the EBIT. We have demonstrated a steady production of HCI of the stable isotope 165Ho from samples of only 1012 atoms (∼300 pg) in charge states up to 45+. HCI of these species can be subsequently extracted for use in other experiments or stored in the trapping volume of the EBIT for spectroscopic measurements. The high efficiency of this technique extends the range of rare isotope HCIs available for high-precision atomic mass and spectroscopic measurements. A first application of this technique is the production of HCI of the synthetic radioisotope 163Ho for a high-precision measurement of the QEC-value of the electron capture in 163Ho within the “Electron Capture in Holmium” experiment [L. Gastaldo et al., J. Low Temp. Phys. 176, 876–884 (2014); L. Gastaldo et al., Eur. Phys. J.: Spec. Top. 226, 1623–1694 (2017)] (ECHo collaboration) ultimately leading to a measurement of the electron neutrino mass with an uncertainty on the sub electronvolt level.
Electron stimulated ring opening in diphenylphthalide dicarboxylic acid: Its likely role in the unique properties of phthalide-based materials
Authors: Pshenichnyuk Stanislav A. , Modelli Alberto , Asfandiarov Nail L. , Lazneva Eleonora F. , Komolov Alexei S.
Published: December 2019

The electronic properties of diphenylphthalide dicarboxylic acid (DPDA) are studied under gas-phase conditions using dissociative electron attachment spectroscopy and in the condensed environment by means of total current spectroscopy. The experimental features are assigned with the support of density functional theory calculations of the energies of the lowest-lying anion states to describe both resonances responsible for low-energy (0–15 eV) electron attachment to the isolated molecule and the maxima in the density of unoccupied electronic states in the condensed ultrathin (up to 10 nm) films. Resonance electron attachment to DPDA is found to be followed by the opening of the γ-lactone ring in the molecular negative ions, an unusual mechanism leading to their stabilization. A similar mechanism is expected to be responsible for the unique properties of phthalide-based materials in the condensed state.
Axial stress monitoring strategy in arbitrary cross-section based on acoustoelastic guided waves using PZT sensors
Authors: Ma Yunlong , Yang Zhengyan , Zhang Jiaqi , Liu Kehai , Wu Zhanjun , Ma Shuyi
Published: December 2019

Axial stress monitoring in arbitrary cross sections is a challenging task. Stringers are the main axial load carrying components of aircraft skin structures and have typical complex cross sections. This paper investigates the strategy of axial stress monitoring in an arbitrary cross section based on acoustoelastic guided waves using piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) sensors. To select appropriate guided wave frequencies and modes sensitive for axial stress monitoring in an arbitrary cross section, the feature guided waves are investigated using acoustoelastic theory combined with the semianalytical finite element method. The mode shapes are derived, which show that these longitudinal-like modes are more sensitive to axial stress. A PZT transducer array is also considered to maximize desired modes. Piezoelectric sensors are used to excite and detect the guided waves in the experiments. Results from acoustoelastic measurements on a T-type stringer are presented, showing the feasibility of this method for axial stress monitoring.
Increased Curie temperature and enhanced perpendicular magneto anisotropy of Cr2Ge2Te6/NiO heterostructures
Authors: Idzuchi H. , Llacsahuanga Allcca A. E. , Pan X. C. , Tanigaki K. , Chen Y. P.
Published: December 2019

Magnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals materials has received significant attention recently. The Curie temperature reported for these materials, however, has so far remained relatively low. Here, we measure magneto-optical Kerr effects under a perpendicular magnetic field for van der Waals ferromagnet Cr2Ge2Te6 and its heterostructures with antiferromagnetic insulator NiO. We observe a notable increase in both Curie temperature and magnetic perpendicular anisotropy in Cr2Ge2Te6/NiO heterostructures compared to those in Cr2Ge2Te6. Measurements on the same exfoliated Cr2Ge2Te6 flake (on a SiO2/Si substrate) before and after depositing NiO show that the hysteresis loop can change into a square shape with a larger coercive field for Cr2Ge2Te6/NiO. The maximum Curie temperature (TC) observed for Cr2Ge2Te6/NiO reaches ∼120 K, which is nearly twice the maximum TC ∼ 60 K reported for Cr2Ge2Te6 alone. Both enhanced perpendicular anisotropy and increased Curie temperature are observed for Cr2Ge2Te6 flakes with a variety of thicknesses ranging from ∼5 nm to ∼200 nm. The results indicate that magnetic properties of two-dimensional van der Waals magnets can be engineered and controlled by using the heterostructure interface with other materials.
Synaptic control of spinal GRPR
+
neurons by local and long-range inhibitory inputs
Authors: Liu Ming-Zhe , Chen Xiao-Jun , Liang Tong-Yu , Li Qing , Wang Meng , Zhang Xin-Yan , Li Yu-Zhuo , Sun Qiang , Sun Yan-Gang
Published: December 2019

Significance

Itch signal processing is dynamically modulated. However, the neural mechanism underlying the modulation of itch processing at the spinal level remains elusive. Here, we studied the inhibitory control of spinal itch circuitry. We demonstrated that, in addition to local inhibitory neurons, long-range inhibitory neurons also play a critical role in modulating the spinal itch circuit by forming inhibitory synapses with spinal GRPR
+
neurons, which are known to be essential for itch processing in the spinal cord. Our study revealed the mechanism underlying the inhibitory control of the spinal itch circuit.
Transcriptomic analysis of field-droughted sorghum from seedling to maturity reveals biotic and metabolic responses
Authors: Varoquaux Nelle , Cole Benjamin , Gao Cheng , Pierroz Grady , Baker Christopher R. , Patel Dhruv , Madera Mary , Jeffers Tim , Hollingsworth Joy , Sievert Julie , Yoshinaga Yuko , Owiti Judith A. , Singan Vasanth R. , DeGraaf Stephanie , Xu Ling , Blow Matthew J. , Harrison Maria J. , Visel Axel , Jansson Christer , Niyogi Krishna K. , Hutmacher Robert , Coleman-Derr Devin , O’Malley Ronan C. , Taylor John W. , Dahlberg Jeffery , Vogel John P. , Lemaux Peggy G. , Purdom Elizabeth
Published: December 2019

Drought is the most important environmental stress limiting crop yields. The C4 cereal sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] is a critical food, forage, and emerging bioenergy crop that is notably drought-tolerant. We conducted a large-scale field experiment, imposing preflowering and postflowering drought stress on 2 genotypes of sorghum across a tightly resolved time series, from plant emergence to postanthesis, resulting in a dataset of nearly 400 transcriptomes. We observed a fast and global transcriptomic response in leaf and root tissues with clear temporal patterns, including modulation of well-known drought pathways. We also identified genotypic differences in core photosynthesis and reactive oxygen species scavenging pathways, highlighting possible mechanisms of drought tolerance and of the delayed senescence, characteristic of the stay-green phenotype. Finally, we discovered a large-scale depletion in the expression of genes critical to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, with a corresponding drop in AM fungal mass in the plants’ roots.
Successive passaging of a plant-associated microbiome reveals robust habitat and host genotype-dependent selection
Authors: Morella Norma M. , Weng Francis Cheng-Hsuan , Joubert Pierre M. , Metcalf C. Jessica E. , Lindow Steven , Koskella Britt
Published: December 2019

There is increasing interest in the plant microbiome as it relates to both plant health and agricultural sustainability. One key unanswered question is whether we can select for a plant microbiome that is robust after colonization of target hosts. We used a successive passaging experiment to address this question by selecting upon the tomato phyllosphere microbiome. Beginning with a diverse microbial community generated from field-grown tomato plants, we inoculated replicate plants across 5 plant genotypes for 4 45-d passages, sequencing the microbial community at each passage. We observed consistent shifts in both the bacterial (16S amplicon sequencing) and fungal (internal transcribed spacer region amplicon sequencing) communities across replicate lines over time, as well as a general loss of diversity over the course of the experiment, suggesting that much of the naturally observed microbial community in the phyllosphere is likely transient or poorly adapted within the experimental setting. We found that both host genotype and environment shape microbial composition, but the relative importance of genotype declines through time. Furthermore, using a community coalescence experiment, we found that the bacterial community from the end of the experiment was robust to invasion by the starting bacterial community. These results highlight that selecting for a stable microbiome that is well adapted to a particular host environment is indeed possible, emphasizing the great potential of this approach in agriculture and beyond. In light of the consistent response of the microbiome to selection in the absence of reciprocal host evolution (coevolution) described here, future studies should address how such adaptation influences host health.
Sono-optogenetics facilitated by a circulation-delivered rechargeable light source for minimally invasive optogenetics
Authors: Wu Xiang , Zhu Xingjun , Chong Paul , Liu Junlang , Andre Louis N. , Ong Kyrstyn S. , Brinson Kenneth , Mahdi Ali I. , Li Jiachen , Fenno Lief E. , Wang Huiliang , Hong Guosong
Published: December 2019

Optogenetics, which uses visible light to control the cells genetically modified with light-gated ion channels, is a powerful tool for precise deconstruction of neural circuitry with neuron-subtype specificity. However, due to limited tissue penetration of visible light, invasive craniotomy and intracranial implantation of tethered optical fibers are usually required for in vivo optogenetic modulation. Here we report mechanoluminescent nanoparticles that can act as local light sources in the brain when triggered by brain-penetrant focused ultrasound (FUS) through intact scalp and skull. Mechanoluminescent nanoparticles can be delivered into the blood circulation via i.v. injection, recharged by 400-nm photoexcitation light in superficial blood vessels during circulation, and turned on by FUS to emit 470-nm light repetitively in the intact brain for optogenetic stimulation. Unlike the conventional “outside-in” approaches of optogenetics with fiber implantation, our method provides an “inside-out” approach to deliver nanoscopic light emitters via the intrinsic circulatory system and switch them on and off at any time and location of interest in the brain without extravasation through a minimally invasive ultrasound interface.
Symbionts exploit complex signaling to educate the immune system
Authors: Erturk-Hasdemir Deniz , Oh Sungwhan F. , Okan Nihal A. , Stefanetti Giuseppe , Gazzaniga Francesca S. , Seeberger Peter H. , Plevy Scott E. , Kasper Dennis L.
Published: December 2019

Significance

Human health and the microbiota are intricately intertwined. A major interest in manipulating the microbiome has been focused on the use of symbiont microbes to improve human health. However, relatively little has been discovered on the specific molecules from microbes in the microbiota that are immunomodulatory and the mechanisms by which these molecules regulate immunity. Herein we have defined how a symbiont molecule modulates innate immunity. Using polysaccharide A of
Bacteroides fragilis
as the paradigm for microbiome-induced immune responses, we have discovered important mechanisms by which symbiont molecules induce antiinflammatory responses. We reveal a lipid structure on polysaccharide A that drives host antiinflammatory responses by triggering a complex collaborative integration of Toll-like receptor, C-type lectin-like receptor, and PI3K signaling pathways.
“I can’t believe #Ziggy #Stardust died”
Authors: Matley David
Published: December 2019

Social networking sites (SNSs) have changed the way we mourn. Reactions on SNSs to celebrity death in particular have begun to attract the attention of both academic researchers and the broader media, yet so far linguistic studies thereof remain relatively rare. This study addresses this research gap by examining the pragmatics of Instagram posts labelled #bowie following the death of the musician David Bowie on 10 January 2016. It shows how Instagram users engage in affective stance-taking strategies ranging from disbelief to acceptance. It also suggests that the multimodality of Instagram posts functions as a means of combining grief and identity work within a fan community. The findings are relevant for an understanding of mediatised affect and offer further evidence of a renegotiation of norms of mourning online.
Urban interaction ritual
Authors: Horgan Mervyn
Published: December 2019

Most encounters between strangers in urban public spaces involve the ritual of civil inattention (Goffman 1963). Generalized diffusion of this ritual upholds the urban interaction order.
This article outlines a typology of infractions of the ritual of civil inattention, and focuses on two types: uncivil attention
and uncivil inattention. Drawing on interviews (n = 326) about participants’ most recent encounter with a rude
stranger in urban public space gathered by the Researching Incivilities in Everyday Life (RIEL) Project, variations between
verbally, physically, and gesturally initiated incivilities are examined. Data suggests a correlation between types of initiating
move and subsequent verbal exchange. Analysis demonstrates the value of ritual framing for understanding interactional conflict
between strangers, and indicates that the broader concept of incivility can supplement and extend existing impoliteness research
by encompassing both linguistic and non-linguistic forms of interactional conflict.
Cultural Inheritance in Generalized Darwinism
Authors: Feldbacher-Escamilla Christian J. , Baraghith Karim
Published: December 2019

Generalized Darwinism models cultural development as an evolutionary process, where traits evolve through variation, selection, and inheritance. Inheritance describes either a discrete unit’s transmission or a mixing of traits (i.e., blending inheritance). In this article, we compare classical models of cultural evolution and generalized population dynamics with respect to blending inheritance. We identify problems of these models and introduce our model, which combines relevant features of both. Blending is implemented as success-based social learning, which can be shown to be an optimal strategy.
Observation of 1S0 → 3P0 Transition of a 40Ca+ - 27Al+ Quantum Logic Clock*
Authors: Chao Si-Jia , Cui Kai-Feng , Wang Shao-Mao , Cao Jian , Shu Hua-Lin , Huang Xue-Ren
Published: December 2019

We report the realization of quantum logic spectroscopy on the
1
S
0→ 3
P
0
clock transition of a single
27
Al
+
ion. This ion is trapped together with a
40
Ca
+
ion in a linear Paul trap, coupled by Coulomb repulsion, which provides sympathetic Doppler laser cooling and also the means for internal state detection of the clock state of the
27
Al
+
ion. A repetitive quantum nondemolition measurement is performed to improve the fidelity of state detection. These techniques are applied to obtain clock spectroscopy at approximately 45 Hz. We also perform the preliminary locking on the
1
S
0 → 3
P
0
clock transition. Our work is a fundamental step that is necessary toward obtaining an ultra-precision quantum logic clock based on
40
Ca
+-27
Al
+
ions.
Emergent Quantum Dynamics of Vortex-Line under Linear Local Induction Approximation*
Authors: Jia Gui-Hao , Xu Yu , Kong Xiao , Guo Cui-Xian , Liu Si-Lei , Kou Su-Peng
Published: December 2019

Using the linear local induction approximation, we investigate the self-induced motion of a vortex-line that corresponds to the motion of a particle in quantum mechanics. Provided Kelvin waves, the effective Schrödinger equation, physical quantity operators, and the corresponding path-integral formula can be obtained. In particular, the effective Planck constant defined by parameters of vortex-line motion shows the mathematical relation between the two fields. The vortexline–particle mapping may help in understanding particle motion in quantum mechanics.
Hole Injection Enhancement of MoO3/NPB/Al Composite Anode*
Authors: Tang Yanjing , Yu Xianxi , Liu Shaobo , Yu Anran , Qin Jiajun , Yi Ruichen , Pei Yuan , Zhu Chunqin , Hou Xiaoyuan
Published: December 2019

An ultra-thin molybdenum(VI) oxide (MoO3) modification layer can significantly improve hole injection from an electrode even though the MoO3 layer does not contact the electrode. We find that as the thickness of the organic layer between MoO3 and the electrode increases, the hole injection first increases and it then decreases. The optimum thickness of 5 nm corresponds to the best current improvement 70%, higher than that in the device where MoO3 directly contacts the Al electrode. According to the 4,4-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenyl-amino] biphenyl (NPB)/MoO3 interface charge transfer mechanism and the present experimental results, we propose a mechanism that mobile carriers generated at the interface and accumulated inside the device change the distribution of electric field inside the device, resulting in an increase of the probability of hole tunneling through the injection barrier from the electrode, which also explains the phenomenon of hole injection enhanced by MoO3/NPB/Al composite anode. Based on this mechanism, different organic materials other than NPB were applied to form the composite electrode with MoO3. Similar current enhancement effects are also observed.
19F NMR Study of the Bilayer Iron-Based Superconductor KCa2Fe4As4F2
*
Authors: Shao Yu-Ting , Hong Wen-Shan , Li Shi-Liang , Li Zheng , Luo Jian-Lin
Published: December 2019

We report a 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study on single-crystal KCa2Fe4As4F2 (T
c ∼ 33.3 K). The 19F NMR spectral shape of KCa2Fe4As4F2 is weakly dependent on temperature and the Knight shift is small, which implies weak coupling between the CaF layer and the FeAs layer. The temperature dependence of 1/19
T
1 shows a hump below T
c, however the 1/75
T
1 decreases just below T
c, which implies that there are strong in-plane magnetic fluctuations in the CaF layers than in the FeAs layers. This may be caused by the motion of vortices. The absence of the coherence peak suggests unconventional superconductivity in KCa2Fe4As4F2.
Quantization Scheme of Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Two-Dimensional Helical Liquids*
Authors: Suo Pengfei , Mao Li , Xu Hongxing
Published: December 2019

The collective modes of two-dimensional helical electron gases interacting with light have been studied in an extended random phase approximation. An inverse operator transformation that interprets electron oscillations and photons with quasi particles is developed. Because photons are initially included in the model, one can directly derive and compare the static and radiation (or vector) fields for the excited collective modes. Unlike the traditional quantization scheme that the electron oscillation’s contribution is totally hidden in the dielectric function, we can directly investigate their roles when the collective modes interact with other particles. As an example, we find an additional term which plays an important role at small distance arising from electron exchanging effect when the collective modes couple to emitters.
Quantum dot interactions with and toxicity to Shewanella oneidensis MR-1
Authors: Wroblewska-Wolna Anna M , Harvie Andrew J , Rowe Sam F , Critchley Kevin , Butt Julea N , Jeuken Lars J C
Published: December 2019

Combining abiotic photosensitisers such as quantum dots (QDs) with non-photosynthetic bacteria presents an intriguing concept into the design of artificial photosynthetic organisms and solar-driven fuel production. Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (MR-1) is a versatile bacterium concerning respiration, metabolism and biocatalysis, and is a promising organism for artificial photosynthesis as the bacterium’s synthetic and catalytic ability provides a potential system for bacterial biohydrogen production. MR-1’s hydrogenases are present in the periplasmatic space. It follows that for photoenergised electrons to reach these enzymes, QDs will need to be able to enter the periplasm, or electrons need to enter the periplasm via the Mtr pathway that is responsible for MR-1’s extracellular electron transfer ability. As a step towards this goal, various QDs were tested for their photo-reducing potential, nanotoxicology and further for their interaction with MR-1. CdTe/CdS/TGA, CdTe/CdS/Cysteamine, a commercial, negatively charged CdTe and CuInS2/ZnS/PMAL QDs were examined. The photoreduction potential of the QDs was confirmed by measuring their ability to photoreduce methyl viologen with different sacrificial electron donors. The commercial CdTe and CuInS2/ZnS/PMAL QDs showed no toxicity towards MR-1 as evaluated by a colony-forming units method and a fluorescence viability assay. Only the commercial negatively charged CdTe QDs showed good interaction with MR-1. With transmission electron microscopy, QDs were observed both in the cytoplasm and periplasm. These results inform on the possibilities and bottlenecks when developing bionanotechnological systems for the photosynthetic production of biohydrogen by MR-1.