bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crime, Justice and Systems Analysis: Two Decades Later
Authors: Vanagunas Stanley
Published: March 2007

For about the last twenty years, policy dealing with crime and administration of justice has been heavily permeated with the systems perspective. This was particularly true during the 1970s. Since then such emphasis has waned. This essay profiles both the events which led to the enthusiastic application of the systems framework to crime and justice policy and the events which led to its decline. The latter is attributed to the failure of the criminal justice system's concept to properly take into account fundamental political and operational realities involved in the administration of justice.
Controlling Organized Crime: A Critique of Law Enforcement Policy
Authors: Mastrofski Stephen , Potter Gary
Published: March 2007

Despite recent claims by federal law enforcement officials, efforts to reduce the level of organized crime have not met with success. This is the case because policy makers and the law enforcement community cling to a faulty model of organized crime in the United States: an alien conspiracy theory. It depicts organized crime as an underworld corporate enterprise comprised of ethnically or culturally distinct alien groups that corrupt fundamentally sound political and economic institutions. In fact, organized crime groups in America tend to be loosely structured enterprises, small, segmented, and highly responsive to illicit market forces. Organized criminals are not so much the corrupters of public officials and professionals as coequal partners involved in a symbiotic relationship. Finally, ethnicity is not a useful factor in understanding group membership, structure and operations. The derivative strategy of the alien conspiracy model is headhunting: seeking to disrupt organized crime by incarcerating gang leaders and members and seizing their assets. The headhunting strategy has produced a large number of arrests, convictions, and other forms of punishment against organized crime figures, but it has failed to reduce the level of organized crime activity. A more realistic and effective approach to law enforcement is suggested that concentrates on improving intelligence on organized crime by focusing on key components of illicit industries. Also, the law enforcement objective of limiting the scope of illicit trade must be replaced by the more realistic goal of limiting the concentration of power and wealth among illicit entrepreneurs. This new goal may be implemented by selectively targeting key upperworld institutions that, when corrupted, enable criminals to amass and use great wealth by using legitimate methods to disguise profits and cloak the exercise of illicit influence.
Development of the Citizens, Victims, and Offenders Restoring Justice Program at the Washington State Reformatory
Authors: Helfgott Jacqueline B. , Lovell Madeline , Lawrence Charles , Parsonage William
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the developmental phase of "Citizens, Victims, and Offenders Restoring Justice," a prison-based pilot study conducted at the Washington State Reformatory. The purpose of the study is to explore ways in which the restorative justice model may be practically applied in a correctional setting. The study consists of the development, implementation, and evaluation of a seminar on restorative justice involving victims, offenders, and community members as participants. The project and evaluation methods are summarized and results from the evaluation of the first seminar trial are discussed.
Negotiating Interests: Women and Nationalism in Serbia and Croatia, 1990-1997
Authors: Lilly Carol S. , Irvine Jill A.
Published: March 2007

Delija Štrbaja, 41 year old mother of two, was working in a sugar factory in the Vojvodinan town of Žabalj when the war with Croatia broke out in the summer of 1991. During the first two months of the conflict, Delija nervously awaited the moment when her husband, Zoran, would be called up to serve in the Yugoslav army. He too waited and spent many long hours with a friend who had fled Osijek, discussing the conflict and endlessly debating what should be done about it. Delija listened to them daily as she also stayed informed through the news media. Finally, she said, she could take it no longer and told them, “Ok boys, since you won't do it, I'm going off to enlist. I will fight in your place.” Delija did enlist and served 46 days on the front line of the conflict in Banija, from September 25 to November 11, 1991. Fifteen of those days she spent with a rifle in her hands until the captain persuaded her to organize and run the unit's medical section.
Hungarian Social Research of the 1990s: Continuity and Discontinuity
Authors: Tamás Pál
Published: March 2007

In France my attitude as a philosopher is necessarily anomalous, because the unfitness of the upper class obliges me habitually to appeal to the lower, a course which gives a revolutionary colour to the best counsels. In Eastern Europe alone can enlightened theories now find chiefs disposed to appreciate and be able to utilize them. This contrast is a natural result of Western anarchy.

Auguste Comte's letter to the czar of Russia
Using a Silicone Nipple Shield to Assist a Baby Unable to Latch
Authors: Elliott Carole
Published: March 2007

This report describes how use of a nipple shield helped to establish breastfeeding when a baby was unable to latch onto the breast. Some of the risks associated with nipple shield use are highlighted.
Everything in its Path: Destruction of Com munity in the Buffalo Creek Flood, Kai T. Erikson, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976. 284 pp. $8.95 (cloth).
Authors: Best Joel
Published: March 2007

These studies are selected and annotated by the New Ethnographies Editor and by readers who discover ethnographies, write annotations of them, and send in these annotations. Readers are invited to report ethnographies they discover, especially those found in irregular sources, including M.A. and Ph.D. submission. Please limit the annotations to about 150-200 words. Direct all correspondence to John M. Johnson, New Ethnographies Editor, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281.
GIRLS' EXPERIENCES OF ARTISTIC AMBITION
Authors: RAPOPORT TAMAR , PENSO ANAT , HALBERTAL TOVA
Published: March 2007

This article explores the gendered artistic ambition of adolescent girls as it is constructed in two divergent Israeli communities: religious Zionist and kibbutz. Listening to the voices of two young women who relate their experiences, hopes, desires, and conflicts, the authors deduce how each reproduces, struggles with, and resists conceptions of gender, sexuality, and artistic performance that prevail in her community. Although the girls share a romantic view of the modern girl/woman, divorced from implications of gender and sexuality, their experiences and interpretations of womanhood and self-realization diverge dramatically. By exploring these individual worlds of artistic ambition, anchored in two local cultural settings, the authors contribute to the growing understanding of girlhood in context.
THE DRIVER
Authors: KINKADE PATRICK T. , KATOVICH MICHAEL A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the solidary relationships constructed between urban drivers as they take risks and experience dangers associated with pizza delivery. After one of the authors completed working as a driver and participating in drivers' backstage activities, we analyzed their arcane culture as composed of risk takers who receive minimal rewards. In this context, the world of drivers is “hypermasculine,” with racist and sexist nuances, and composed of five identifiable types—the comedian, the adventurer, the denier, the fatalist, and the pro. In conclusion, we locate the driver in the context of urban associations where group membership is perceived as or more valuable than monetary rewards and control of time.
WITHHOLDING COMPLIMENTS IN EVERYDAY LIFE AND THE COVERT MANAGEMENT OF DISAFFILIATION
Authors: RODRIGUEZ NOELIE , RYAVE ALAN L. , TRACEWELL JOSEPH
Published: March 2007

Employing the method of systematic self-observation to study a meaningful nonaction in everyday life, this research found that compliments are regularly withheld from a deserving party in competitive situations and when there is an upwelling of critical sentiment. The normative complex and structural nature of compliments contribute to there being a means of covertly managing disaffiliative sentiments.
The Benefit Principle as a Preferred Approach to Taxing Business in the Midwest
Authors: Oakland William H. , Testa William A.
Published: March 2007

State-local tax policies to encourage growth and development have been roundly criticized as detrimental to social welfare. In response, recent proposals have included delimiting the ability of states and localities to fashion tax policies. Not only are such proposals unworkable, but they fail to harness the creative energy and ideas of development practitioners because they act competitively to foster growth and development. The authors propose an alternative basis on which to fashion state-local taxation of business—that is, the so-called benefit principle—which aligns business taxes with costs of government services received by business entities.
Block Granting Welfare: Fiscal Impact on the States
Authors: Powers Elizabeth T.
Published: March 2007

Welfare reform changed the federal funding mechanism for state-run welfare programs for families from an open-ended match to fixed block grants. Major concerns about reform were that states would receive less federal funding in the long run and face hard-to-plan-for volatility in demands for state funds. This article uses historical expenditure data to explore the potential increased burden on state fiscal systems due to welfare reform. The author simulates states’ use of the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Block Grants, the Treasury Fund, and the Federal Contingency Fund. Potential changes in state spending burdens and state funding volatility are analyzed. This fiscal accounting exercise reveals that although the total expense to the federal government would be reduced little by this switch, the new system creates huge disparities in both the resources available to various states and their potential scope for reducing the cost of their welfare programs.
Making Microcredit Work in the United States: Social, Financial, and Administrative Dimensions
Authors: Bhatt Nitin , Tang Shui-Yan
Published: March 2007

Microcredit has gained increasing attention over the past decade as a tool for spurring grassroots entrepreneurship in the United States. Although some prominent microcredit programs have reportedly demonstrated positive economic effects on microloan recipients, many others have suffered from various social, financial, and administrative challenges. The authors examine these challenges by drawing on existing studies and their own in-depth analysis of two of the oldest microcredit programs in California. The authors conclude by discussing possible strategies for addressing these problems.
Major Factors in Industrial Location: A Review
Authors: Blair John P. , Premus Robert
Published: March 2007

This article reviews findings of industrial location literature. Prior to the 1970s, the conventional view was that access to markets, labor, raw materials, and transportation were the dominant locational factors. More recent studies indicate that the traditional factors are still most important, but their dominance has been reduced as productivity, education, taxes, community attitudes toward business, and other factors have been recognized as influential. The most recently recognized locational determinants give additional scope to policies to enhance a community's economic competitiveness.
UDAG Grants to Rural Areas: A Program that Works
Authors: Howland Marie , Miller Ted
Published: March 2007

This article uses data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) Urban Development Action Grant (UDAG) grant agreement data base and a survey of 169 rural UDAG projects to evaluate the job-creation success of rural UDAG projects. The authors draw the following conclusions. First, the rural component of the UDAG program has created the number of jobs promised in the original grant agreements. Second, there is little evidence that UDAG projects have resulted in job creation outside of the UDAG recipient firms. Finally, the federal cost of creating a rural manufacturing job through the UDAG program is approximately $5,546. This cost represents the sum of the federal UDAG grants in a sample of 115 projects divided by the number of jobs created in the same projects.
Global Air Cargo-Industrial Complexes as Development Tools
Authors: Kasarda John D.
Published: March 2007

A new economic era is being spawned by three interacting forces of immense significance: (a) the globalization of business transactions, (b) a shift to just-in-time manufacturing and inventory control methods, and (c) the growing need of firms to dispatch smaller, more frequent shipments quickly to distant markets. The ability of any state or locality in the coming decades to maximize indigenous commercial growth, expand exports, and attract major investment from around the nation and the world will require understanding the new economy and harnessing the forces creating it. In North Carolina, an examination of how these forces might be leveraged to the state's competitive advantage has led to the formulation of a global air cargo-industrial complex This proposed complex would integrate (both spatially and operationally) just-in-time manufacturing systems with airfreight systems such that the two systems function as a synergistic unit. Although some of the preliminary analysis that supports the proposed complex is specific to North Carolina, the underlying concepts may prove attractive to other states interested in exploiting major changes in production processes, transportation, and global trade to generate new economic growth.
Regional versus Industrial Shift-Share Analysis—With Help from the Lotus Spreadsheet
Authors: Hoppes R. Bradley
Published: March 2007

The predominant use of shift-share analysis has been to analyze regional changes in employment over a given time period. This article focuses on how shift-share should, rather than should not, be used. In particular, the focus is the analysis and economic interpretation of shift-share results at the industry level. We attempt to codify some of the more recent shift-share modifications and mesh them with the earlier suggestions of Dunn. There is a brief review of the popular conventional shift-share model, noting it does not provide meaningful industry-level results due to the assumption of proportionality. A shift-share model whose industry- and region-level interpretations are consistent is illustrated. The modified version also resolves, somewhat at least the structural weighting dilemma of the conventional model. Furthermore, we believe this model, in conjunction with the Barif-Knight dynamic approach, provides more robust shift-share results by enriching the economic interpretation of industry results. Finally, given our pedagogical thrust, we provide the shift-share formulae for the two models in a Lotus spreadsheet format.
On the Continuing Popularity of Industrial Recruitment
Authors: Loveridge Scott
Published: March 2007

Classic arguments against industrial recruitment as a local economic development strategy are reviewed. These include zero-sum effect, long odds, overbidding, low multipliers, increased costs to businesses and residents, and industrial obsolescence. Potential reasons for industrial recruitment's continuing popularity are explored, including tradition, expected value, political payoff high discount rate, weak communities, diversification, broad applicability, appropriateness, perverse outcomes, potential success, and underestimated benefits. Methods for quantifying major reasons for the popularity of recruiting are outlined.
Competitive Advantage, Economic Development, and the Effective Use of Local Public Dollars
Authors: Rosentraub Mark S. , Przybylski Michael
Published: March 2007

Communities continue to offer subsidies to improve their comparative advantages while areas with high-cost labor offset this disadvantage with technology that increases productivity. Access to natural resources or large markets is also offset by changing technologies. The declining importance of comparative advantages under-scores the value of formulating policies that accept two basic premises. Any economic advantage from factor costs is vulnerable to lower factor costs elsewhere, and an economic advantage based on competitiveness and the culture of competition is less likely to be replicated or subsidized into existence. To help communities focus on competitiveness, a method for identifying competitive rather than comparative advantages is presented. The local economy of Indianapolis is analyzed using this technique, and specific local industries are identified that have a competitive, not merely a comparative, advantage. The policy options for local governments having this information are then addressed in our conclusions.
Is Networking Always the Answer? Networking among Community Colleges to Increase their Capacity in Business Outreach
Authors: Fitzgerald Joan
Published: March 2007

This article examines how community colleges can become more proactive partners in local economic development. It focuses on how networking can help community colleges in building their capacity in this relatively new area of intervention. Three community colleges that are members of such a network—the Consortium for Manufacturing Competitiveness—are examined. The author concludes that the preexisting capacity and local and state government support of the two successful colleges were as important as the network in determining their success. The barriers to effective business outreach are discussed, and recommendations for community colleges conclude the article.
Spaces for Play: The Impacts of Entertainment Development on New York City
Authors: Fainstein Susan S. , Stokes Robert James
Published: March 2007

The economies of many American cities have shown signs of recovery after the deindustrialization of the preceding two decades. Tourism has been one of the principal components of inner-city economic growth. Although building facilities for tourists represents a gamble for urban leaders, numerous examples of success exist. New York City possesses a sizable competitive advantage in the tourism sector The authors examine New York's tourism market. Case studies are presented of three tourist-based developments: the Jacob Javits Convention Center; the 42nd Street entertainment district, and a proposed stadium plan for the Yankees. These cases are typical of the type of tourist-based developments currently being pursued by many U.S. cities. It is concluded that tourism facilities are promising investments; this is tempered by considerations relating to the high levels of public subsidy demanded for projects-like the proposed Yankee Stadium development-that do not offer a sufficient return on public subsidy.
Methodological Challenges in Evaluating Business Incubator Outcomes
Authors: Sherman Hugh , Chappell David S.
Published: March 2007

This research study was undertaken by the University of Michigan Business School in collaboration with the National Business Incubation Association (NBIA), Ohio University, and the Southern Technology Council in response to a request for proposals issued by the Economic Development Administration. The purpose of the study was to determine the best methodologies that could be used by individual incubators to assess the impacts of their programs on their local communities. In addition, we pilot tested the research methods on a representative national sample of 50 incubator programs, stratified by type of incubator.
The Employment Fulcrum: Evaluating Local Economic Performance
Authors: Beauregard Robert A.
Published: March 2007

This article considers two aspects of publicly reported macroevaluations of local economies: the emphasis on job growth and the problematic relationship among the desired outcomes of local economic performance. At issue is the extent to which a jobs focus is either deceptive or in some other way detracts from our understanding of how local economies work. The purpose of this investigation is to create more sensitivity to the representational and political qualities of macroevaluations. Data from New York City are used to illustrate the argument.
The Contribution of Home-Based Business Income to Rural and Urban Economies
Authors: Rowe Barbara R. , Haynes George W. , Stafford Kathryn
Published: March 2007

During the past decade, many rural and urban residents have turned to home-based self-employment as a means of providing for themselves and their families. Home-based work can be considered a form of community development for its potential as an alternative or supplemental income source for residents and for its economic multiplier effect on a community and region. This article reports results from a nine-state study on home-based employment—who does it and what they do—and estimates its economic impact on communities. Suggestions for building a supportive environment for home-based and microenterprises are discussed.
BOUNDED LIBERATION
Authors: BOBEL CHRISTINA G.
Published: March 2007

Combining participant observation with in-depth interviewing, this small-scale, focused study examines the philosophies and practices promoted by La Leche League International (LLLI), the foremost international breast-feeding support organization. In particular, the study examines four linked conceptual paradoxes related to reconceptualizing women's bodies, validating motherhood, staying home, and living with baby, each representing an internal contradiction of liberation and constraint for League members. While LLLI's prescriptions for “good mothering through breast-feeding” may encourage women to reclaim their bodies, boost their sense of competence as mothers, and resist conventional authorities, at the the same time, the League's conception of what it means to be a good mother pushes women into socially prescribed and limiting roles rooted in biological determinism.
THE FEMINIST SELF-DEFENSE MOVEMENT:
Authors: SEARLES PATRICIA , BERGER RONALD J.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses feminist self-defense as a victim-prevention strategy, describes the nature and scope of the self-defense movement, examines a case history of a women's self-defense organization, and analyzes the mobilization and organizational dilemmas that confronted that organization. We compare self-defense services with victim services to help explain the development of the women's self-defense movement, and in particular, its feminist component.
RADICAL CHALLENGES IN A LIBERAL WORLD:
Authors: STEINBERG RONNIE
Published: March 2007

Comparable worth is a limited remedy for occupational segregation and the wage gap: It is compatible with meritocratic values, argued for in conventional labor market terms, and may increase tensions among men and women workers. But, while it relies on liberal political discourse, it has also improved the wages of women workers, broadened public thinking about discrimination, and stimulated cross gender wage comparisons unthinkable even a few years ago. This comment explains the limitations of comparable worth, not in terms of the discourse proponents relied upon, but in relation to a specific political agenda and to a historical and political struggle over the control of the debate over comparable worth. As social science advocates for a more radical political agenda, it is our obligation to think more realistically about how we build a radical politics to accompany our discourse.
FAMILY, FEMINISM, AND RACE IN AMERICA
Authors: ZINN MAXINE BACA
Published: March 2007

Feminist scholarship has advanced our understanding of the family's relationship to the economy and the state over different historical periods. Theorizing about gender, class, and family life has led us to conclude that global explanations of the family are false. Our knowledge about the meaning of racial stratification for family life, however, still remains fragmented. This article asks, What does including race have to offer the study of the family? Analysis of two streams of revisionist family scholarship demonstrates the need for reconceptualizing racial diversity in a way that embraces the experiences of White families as well as racial ethnic families. Family upheavals created by industrialization and deindustrialization offer concrete examples of the importance of race in theorizing family life throughout American society.
JUST ME AND THE BOYS?
Authors: GROCE STEPHEN B. , COOPER MARGARET
Published: March 2007

Social scientists have investigated many facets of popular music over the last 25 years. The vast majority of their efforts have focused on men and their contributions to the creation and performance of popular music. As a result, we know little about women and their experiences as musicians in a traditionally male-centered and male-dominated activity. In this study, the authors used in-depth interviews with 15 local-level female rock and roll musicians in two U.S. cities to explore audiences' reactions and responses to them as performers and their interactions with other band members.
GENDER, RACE, AND POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT:
Authors: BERGER IRIS
Published: March 2007

Based on a case study of the South African food and canning industry at the Cape from 1940 to 1960, this article examines the conditions that fostered women's high level of involvement both in the trade union and in local and national political organizations concerned with gender and racial issues. Particularly important were women's prevalence in seasonal labor, which gave them few individual options for improving their situation at work; a progressive, nonracial trade union that encouraged close ties between family, work, and community and that kept women involved during the off-season; and an active political movement concerned to mobilize women against the threats to their work and family lives from the apartheid state. In addition, unlike women in many areas of Asia and Latin America, these women had a long tradition of productive labor and were not expected to refrain from visible public activity.
DOING DESIRE
Authors: TOLMAN DEBORAH L.
Published: March 2007

Adolescence is a moment when sexuality, identity, and relationships are heightened; at adolescence women begin to be vulnerable to losing touch with their own thoughts and feelings. Reporting from a larger study of adolescent girls' experiences of sexual desire, the author focuses on how adolescent girls who have different sexual orientations describe their experiences of sexuality and their responses to their own sexual desire. Cultural contexts that render girls' sexuality problematic and dangerous divert them from the possibilities of empowerment through their sexual desire.
“MAKING A BIG STINK”
Authors: BROWN PHIL , FERGUSON FAITH I. T.
Published: March 2007

Women constitute the majority of both the leadership and the membership of local toxic waste activist organizations; yet, gender and the fight against toxic hazards are rarely analyzed together in studies on gender or on environmental issues. This absence of rigorous analysis of gender issues in toxic waste activism is particularly noticeable since many scholars already make note that women predominate in this movement. This article is an attempt to understand how women activists transcend private pain, fear, and disempowerment and become powerful forces for change by organizing against toxic waste in their communities. This article systematically looks at these connections by examining data from survey research and case studies. The authors are particularly interested in the transformation of self of these women, with an emphasis on “ways of knowing.” They also examine the potential of existing social movement theories to explain women's activism against toxic waste.
WOMEN'S EXCHANGE IN THE U.S. GARAGE SALE
Authors: HERRMANN GRETCHEN M.
Published: March 2007

Transactions in the U.S. garage sale range from the commercial to the giftlike, in a Maussian sense. As two-thirds of the participants, women create a sense of community through garage sale exchange. This article explores how women, partly differentiated along lines of race and class, solidify their personal relationships, transmit something of themselves with their possessions, transform their own lives in the process, and contribute to a broader spirit of community through the generalized reciprocity and even moral economy that manifests in giftlike exchange. There is an important link, both material and symbolic, between women's relational skills, their association with the home and the moral, and the creation of community in the garage sale.
STATE-ING SEX AND GENDER
Authors: MONSON RENÉE A.
Published: March 2007

Analysis of the local implementation of paternity establishment and child support policy in four Wisconsin counties suggests that these policies reproduce some aspects of patriarchal gender relations. The counties' information-collecting practices focused on nonmarital mothers' sexual activity and nonmarital fathers' employment and income. Women were questioned far more extensively than men about their sexual practices and partners; women's accounts of their sexual activity were used to evaluate their overall truthfulness, and administrative practices in effect encouraged alleged fathers to state whether they were convinced of the mother's sexual fidelity. By demonstrating the gendered nature of the terms under which public assistance is granted, the findings highlight the significance of the process of policy implementation for understanding the gendered character of state systems of social provision.
Citalopram for Verbal Agitation in Patients with Dementia
Authors: Kim Kye Y. , Bader Geoffrey M. , Jones Everett
Published: March 2007

Various behaviors can be associated with dementing disorders. Management of these behaviors is often challenging to caregivers and clinicians. Verbal agitation such as talking constantly, screaming, and repeating phrases and noises is one of the most frequently encountered behaviors in the long-term care setting. We report two cases in which verbal agitation favorably responded to citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. We also discuss some other factors possibly associated with this response. Nonetheless, citalopram appears to be an added option in the treatment of verbal agitation in demented patients. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:53-55).
Review of Outcome Measurement Instruments in Alzheimer's Disease Drug Trials: Psychometric Properties of Functional and Quality of Life Scales
Authors: Demers Louise , Oremus Mark , Perrault Anne , Champoux Nathalie , Wolfson Christina
Published: March 2007

The psychometric properties of functional and quality of life outcome measures that were used for the purpose of showing changes in antidementia drug trials for Alzheimer's disease are described and critiqued. The seven functional scales reviewed for reliability, validity, and responsiveness to change included the Geriatric Evaluation by Relative's Rating Instrument, the Physical Self-Maintenance Scale, the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, the Blessed Dementia Scale, Part 1 and its revised version, the Interview for Deterioration in Daily Living with Dementia, the Unified Activities of Daily Living, and the Dependence Scale. The Progressive Deterioration Scale and Quality of Life Assessment were classified as quality of life scales. The majority of the scales were found to exhibit serious limitations, such as incomplete reliability and validity assessment for the intended uses. The most pervasive problem was a lack of data on responsiveness to change. It is recommended that further research be conducted to develop new tools or enhance existing measures for the assessment of both quality of life and functional ability. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:170-180).
Worsening of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms with Cognitive Decline: Case Series
Authors: Mittal Dinesh , Torres Rafael , Abashidze Archil , Jimerson Nita
Published: March 2007

We present three cases of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms associated with cognitive decline. Patient age ranged from 57 to 70 years old and all patients had war-related PTSD. In each case, the patient had a history of PTSD that was under fairly good control until the onset of cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease or vascular or alcohol-related dementia. These cases suggest that neurodegeneration of memory pathways may dis inhibit symptoms of PTSD. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:17-20).
Quetiapine-Induced Extrapyramidal Side Effects in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: Case Report
Authors: Sommer Barbara R.
Published: March 2007

Although quetiapine is the antipsychotic of choice for the psychosis associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and often is also helpful for sleep, we report two cases of quetiapine-induced extrapyramidal side effects. The patients described were unusual in their frailty and severity of illness and may not represent the majority of patients with PD. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:99-100).
One-Carbon Metabolism and Other Biochemical Correlates of Cognitive Impairment as Visualized by Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Gottfries Johan , Blennow Kaj , Lehmann Martin W. , Regland Björn , Gottfries Carl-Gerhard
Published: March 2007

In the present report, 101 ambulatory elderly patients complaining about cognitive disturbances were investigated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Laboratory investigations, brain imaging, and electroen cephalography were performed. Twelve patients were diagnosed with subjective memory complaints (SMC), 32 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 43 with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), and 14 with vascular dementia (VAD). Thirty-three percent of the SMC group, 31% of the MCI group, 45% of the DAT group, and 62% of the VAD group had increased serum homocysteine (s-HCY). Principal component analysis of 19 variables showed 3 signifi cant principal components by cross-validation. The cognitive impairment in the patients (MMSE) was explained to 50%. According to the principal component analysis, the population followed two different routes to cognitive impair ment : one correlated with disturbance of one-carbon metabolism (cerebrospinal fluid vitamin B12, plasma B12, plasma folate, and s-HCY) and the other correlated with more classic dementia, as marked by cerebrospinal fluid tau, vas cular risk factors, atrophy on brain imaging, possession of the apolipoprotein E4 allele, and age. There was poor discrimination between DAT and VAD. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:109-114).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Dementias
Authors: Hsu Yuan-Yu , Du An-Tao , Schuff Norbert , Weiner Michael W.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews recent studies of magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in demen tia, including Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, idiopathic Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and vascular dementia. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spec troscopy can detect structural alteration and biochemical abnormalities in the brain of demented subjects and may help in the differential diagnosis and early detection of affected individuals, monitoring disease progression, and evaluation of therapeutic effect. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:145-166).
Competency Issues in Dementia: Medical Decision Making, Driving, and Independent Living
Authors: Barbas Nancy R. , Wilde Elisabeth A.
Published: March 2007

Among the many losses that a patient with dementia inevitably experiences is loss of competency. The patient with a degenerative dementia experiences gradual and progressive impairment of multiple abilities, which may inter fere with his or her competency in a number of realms, including medical or legal decision making, driving, and independent living. It is common for concerns about competency to arise while providing dementia care. Family members, other caregivers, members of the health care team, courts, and other physicians may trigger questions related to competency. The treating physician is in a unique position to address these concerns. The challenges of competency determination can be met with an understanding of the medical and legal principles behind the notion of competency. The physician's role in competency determinations is to assess capacity. Although determination of capacity often proves to be a demanding challenge for the physician, energy spent in this endeavor may result in preservation of the autonomy of the patient with dementia and overall improved quality of life at its end stages. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:199-212).
Compressive and Flexural Creep Behavior of Carbon Fiber/PEEK Composites
Authors: Nguyen D.H. , Ogale A.A.
Published: March 2007

The present study deals with the compressive and flexural creep properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a high temperature semicrystalline thermoplastic. The compressive and flexural modes are important from a practical viewpoint, and yet rather limited viscoelastic data exist presently for testing in the two modes. The creep compli ance results of the unreinforced PEEK and the carbon fiber/PEEK composites are reported for temperatures ranging from 120°C to 160°C. Transverse compressive and cross-ply [±45°] s flexural compliances, the matrix dominated properties, displayed a significant viscoelastic behavior. The unidirectional 0° samples, on the other hand, displayed only a very limited time dependent response since the composite properties in the longitudinal direction are controlled by the almost elastic response of the fibers. The time-dependent experimental compliance values for the composites are compared to the results predicted from a micromechanics model and the classical lamination theory in conjunction with the quasi-elastic methodology.
Assessing the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Survey
Authors: Womack Deanna F.
Published: March 2007

The instrument that is most widely used in both research and training is the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Management-of-Differences (MODE) scale. This article highlights the MODE's uniqueness in assessing conflict intent rather than styles and of using pairs of forced-choice items to operationalize the five modes. The author calls for research aimed at improving the internal reliabilities of the items, for the use of statistics adapted to forced-choice item reponses, for factor analysis of the scale, and for tests of the ability of the instrument to predict communicative strategies in conflict situations.
Cooperation or Cooptation
Authors: Stohl Cynthia , Coombs W. Timothy
Published: March 2007

This study focuses upon the messages presented in quality circle training manuals. Analyzing 10 of the most popular manuals designed for quality circle members, we explore whether the training goes beyond instruction in problem solving and facilitates changes in the way the workers think about themselves and their relationships with management and unions. Content analysis of over 500 messages indicates the messages overwhelmingly represent the concerns, values, and perspectives of management. We conclude that it is imperative that workers and unions be aware of the messages embedded within these manuals and work with management to assure that multiple positions are recognized and taken into account in any type of participation program.
Facilitation of Group Communication
Authors: Hirokawa Randy Y. , Gouran Dennis S.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews and critiques the research that has been conducted on the facilitative influence of communication on group decision-making and problem-solving performance. It identifies specific contributions that have been made in various lines of investigation, and points out research gaps that exist currently. The article concludes with a research agenda that highlights critical research questions and issues most in need of address if we are to increase our understanding of the ways that group problem solving and decision making can be enhanced by facilitating interaction processes.
Communication During Intraorganization Job Transfers
Authors: Kramer Michael W.
Published: March 2007

Although some aspects of the intraorganizational job transfer have been studied, the communication patterns have generally not been researched. This study proposes a threephase model to describe changes in communication during the transfer process. Based on interviews of transferees and stayers, the model is developed to describe changes in content and frequency of communication during the phases. During the loosening phase, the transferee passes on important task information, and stayers begin to anticipate the loss of a work group member; social support is communicated during this time. After the transferee leaves, the transition phase begins as the stayers increase in-group communication to cope with the loss of a member and the transferee begins developing new work group relationships. Communication during the tightening phase becomes routine as the transferee develops normal work relationships and network links beyond the immediate work group. Communication between the transferee and the stayers is reduced. The research supports the uncertainty reduction and social exchange theory of communication. Suggestions for further research are given.
Using Parametric Statistics to Explore the Construct Validity of the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Survey
Authors: Konovsky Mary A. , Jaster Frank , McDonald Mark A.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated some psychometric properties associated with one of the most popular instruments used to assess conflict, the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict MODE Survey. A total of 603 individuals completed an adapted version of the MODE that used a 5-point Likert scale rather than a forced-choice response format. Factor analyses revealed that items assessing three of the conflict modes proposed by Kilmann and Thomas (competition, compromise, and collaboration) loaded as predicted, however, items measuring avoidance and accommodation did not. No evidence was found for the two-dimensional underlying structure proposed by Thomas (1976). In addition, discriminant analysis revealed significant differences in conflict management styles based on gender, education, and student status. There were no significant differences for age, years of supervisory or work experience, or organizational tenure. The differences with regard to student status were especially interesting because much of the MODE validity research has relied on student samples.
Predictors of Communication Satisfaction During Performance Appraisal Interviews
Authors: Downs Timothy M.
Published: March 2007

The following study investigates the relationship between employee perceptions of communication behaviors and satisfaction with communication that occurred during a recent performance appraisal interview. In association with communication satisfaction the relationship between communication training and the amount of time elapsed between the appraisal interview and participation in this survey were also investigated. Results indicate that perceptions of understanding and the quality of communication are significant predictors of satisfaction with communication during the appraisal interview. Implications for training in the use of communication skills to improve communication during the performance appraisal interview are discussed.
Impact of Managerial Power on Persuasive Strategy Selection by Female and Male Managers
Authors: Hirokawa Randy Y. , Kodama Rachel A. , Harper Nancy L.
Published: March 2007

This article compares and contrasts the persuasive communication of male and female middle managers, focusing on the mediating influence of a manager's power on his or her selection of anticipated compliance-gaining message strategies. It directly addresses the question of whether differences in the reported persuasive communication of male and female managers are best accounted for by their gender or by the relative amount of power they possess in the organization. A hypothetical compliance-gaining situation was presented to 25 male and 35 female managers with differing amounts of managerial power. Written responses to the situation were coded in terms of four general persuasive strategies—reward, punishment, altruism, or rationale. The study found that when the relative amount of power a manager possesses is controlled for, male and female managers do not display markedly different persuasive strategies. In general, high-power male and female managers say they would frequently resort to the use of a punishment-based strategy to gain the compliance of their subordinate, whereas low-power male and female managers report that they tend to rely more often on altruism- or rationale-based strategies to accomplish the same objective.
The Effects of Uncertainty and Source Credibility on Attitudes about Organizational Change
Authors: Ellis Beth Hartman
Published: March 2007

A substantial portion of the literature on organizational change focuses on the effects of change but fails to consider how information about change is communicated and processed. Social information processing is used as a theoretical framework to guide the development of a causal model in which the impact of uncertainty, source competence, and source similarity were examined as precursors to employees' attitudes about organizational change. The results of this study indicate that social information had its strongest effect on employee attitudes in situations involving high source credibility and high uncertainty. A test of the path model incorporating the interaction between uncertainty and credibility provided a good fit to the data. The implications for research and theory in organizational change are discussed.
Learning to “Walk the Talk”
Authors: Wendt Ronald F.
Published: March 2007

This research describes a case study of a major university that has just recently dedicated itself to implementing a total quality management (TQM) program. A combination of deconstruction and metaphor analysis is used to present a dismantling of the micropractices involved when members first attempt to understand, use, and cope with a new management strategy. This project presents that necessary first step for unpacking the complex and volatile dynamics that are an inherent part of the quality program implementation and institutionalization process. The micropolitics under investigation suggest that the movement of TQM philosophy and processes from the corporate sector into higher education is potentially dysfunctional in two different and interrelated aspects: (a) TQM hegemony has a potential to reify linear and dualistic thinking; passive, bounded, regimented, and efficiency-focused thinking tends to be privileged over critical, self-reflective, strategic, and creative thinking, and (b) TQM hegemony has a potential to reprioritize traditional values of higher education; efficiency, cost effectiveness, and productivity begin to replace experimentation, the inherent value of ideas, and critical/creative pedagogy.
Valuing Women in Management
Authors: Gardner William L. , Van Eck Peluchette Joy , Clinebell Sharon K.
Published: March 2007

As organizations become increasingly sensitive to cultural diversity, gender issues are likely to exert a more powerful influence on their policies, operations, and social processes. Using a self-presentational perspective, this article applies a model of impression management to explore the processes whereby women in organizations present themselves to others and the impressions they create. Particular attention is devoted to how these impressions influence women's experiences in organizations. The article concludes by suggesting future research directions for clarifying the impact of gender on impression management and formation processes within organizational settings.