bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Pathogenic Variant (c.1171A>T) in PHF21A in a Female with Intellectual Disability and Craniofacial Anomalies
Authors: Lee Cheonghwa , Yoon Jung , Park Borae G. , Eun Baik-Lin , Kwon Jung Ah
Published: March 2022

Background: PHF21A, along with EXT2 and ALX4, is one of the causative genes of Potocki-Shaffer syndrome (PSS), a rare contiguous disorder involving chromosome region11p11.2. PHF21A has been associated with intellectual developmental disorders and craniofacial anomalies and suggested as a candidate for more extended phenotypes. However, variants in PHF21A and its associated phenotypes are yet to be fully explored, since reports on cases with variants affecting this gene are few worldwide. We present a novel heterogeneous variant in PHF21A in a 26-year-old Korean female. Methods: The patient’s clinical manifestations were recorded and physical examination, cognitive assessment, brain imaging, metabolic screening, and cytogenetic testing including whole exome sequencing were pursued. Results: Whole exome sequencing identified a de novo nonsense variant c.1171A>T (p.Lys391Ter), affecting the AT-hook domain. The patient showed an extended phenotypic spectrum along with intellectual developmental disorders and craniofacial anomalies, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, overgrowth, and hypotonia. Variants affecting the AT-hook domain are few in PSS, however, the phenotypic spectrum of the patient was in line with previously reported cases. Conclusion: This case further reinforced and adds to the extended data on the phenotypes associated with PHF21A haploinsufficiency.
How Germ Cells Determine Their Own Sexual Fate in Mice
Authors: Saga Yumiko
Published: March 2022

Background: Whether to produce sperm or eggs is the most basic and important choice from the perspective of germ cell development and differentiation. However, the induction mechanism has not received much attention until relatively recently. This is because the issue of sexual differentiation has generally been considered a theme of somatic cells to make a testis or ovary. Basically, the sex of individual somatic cells and germ cells matches. Therefore, the sex of germ cells is thought to follow the sex of somatic cells once determined. However, researchers realized that a big, open question remained: What somatic cell signals actually induce the sexual differentiation of germ cells and what is the sex determinant in germ cells? Summary: In vitro experiments demonstrated that 2 somatic signals (BMP and RA) act directly on germ cells to induce oogonia. Therefore, these 2 signals may be referred to as oogonia inducers. From the viewpoint of germ cells, an independent experiment identified SMAD4 and STRA8, which are directly downstream of BMP and RA, respectively, acting in germ cells as female determinants. However, what about male? If these factors are female determinants, their absence may result in the induction of spermatogonia. This may be true in vivo because germ cells enter a male pathway if they do not receive these signals even in the ovary. However, this has not been confirmed in an in vitro culture system. There should be signals required for germ cells to enter a male pathway. Key Messages: The important message is that although testis-specific factors secreted from the testis are considered to include male-inducing factors for germ cells, this may not be the case, and the male-inducing factor, if it exists, also exists in the ovary.
Secukinumab Drug Survival in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Patients: A 24-Month Real-Life Study
Authors: Ortolan Augusta , Lorenzin Mariagrazia , Leo Giovanni , Pampaloni Francesca , Messina Francesco , Doria Andrea , Piaserico Stefano , Ramonda Roberta
Published: March 2022

Background: Secukinumab effectiveness has been demonstrated in both psoriasis (PsO) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). However, it is unknown whether patients with arthritis may carry a risk factor for withdrawal. Objective: To identify predictors of secukinumab survival, including the presence of arthritis, in PsO and PsA. Methods: Consecutive PsO and PsA patients initiating secukinumab were enrolled and followed up every 6 months, up to 24 months or discontinuation. Medical history, disease activity indices and body mass index (BMI) were collected. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test were used to analyze differences in drug survival according to sex, BMI, biological therapy line in the whole population (psoriatic disease), and separately for PsO/PsA. A multivariable Cox regression model was built to assess whether presence of arthritis (main independent variable) may influence drug survival by having time to secukinumab discontinuation as outcome. Results were expressed as hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval. Results: Sixty-two PsO and 90 PsA patients were enrolled. Retention rate at 12 and 24 months, respectively, was 85% and 61% for PsO and 68% and 57% for PsA. In the whole population, naïve patients had a higher chance of drug survival (log-rank = 4.06; p = 0.04); in PsA, obese patients had a significantly higher chance to discontinue secukinumab (log-rank = 5.25; p = 0.021). The multivariable Cox regression showed that arthritis was independently associated with a higher risk of secukinumab discontinuation (hazard ratio 2.43; 95% confidence interval 1.06–5.55, p = 0.035) after adjusting for age, sex, gender, BMI, therapy line and PsO severity at baseline. Conclusions: Our data confirmed a very good response to secukinumab in both PsO and PsA patients. However, presence of arthritis might affect drug survival.
Endocannabinoid System in Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Klawitter Jost , Sempio Cristina , Jackson Matthew J. , Smith Peter H. , Hopp Katharina , Chonchol Michel , Gitomer Berenice Y. , Christians Uwe , Klawitter Jelena
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a commonly inherited disorder characterized by renal cyst formation. A major pathological feature of ADPKD is the development of interstitial inflammation. The endocannabinoid (EC) system is present in the kidney and has recently emerged as an important player in inflammation and the pathogenesis of progressive kidney disease. Methods: Data on ECs were collected using a validated mass spectrometry assay from a well-characterized cohort of 102 ADPKD patients (at baseline and after 2- and 4 years on standard vs. rigorous blood-pressure control) and compared to 100 healthy subjects. Results: Compared to healthy individuals, we found higher interleukins-6 and -1b as well as reduced plasma levels of anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoyl­glycerol (2-AG), and their congeners in ADPKD patients. Baseline AEA concentration negatively associated with the progression of ADPKD as expressed by the yearly percent change in height-corrected total kidney volume and positively with the yearly change in renal function (measured as estimated glomerular filtration rate, ΔeGFR). AEA analog palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is also associated positively with the yearly change in eGFR. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that ADPKD patients present with lower levels of ECs and that reestablishing the normality of the renal EC system via augmentation of AEA, PEA, and 2-AG levels, either through the increase of their synthesis or through a reduction of their degradation, could be beneficial and may present a promising therapeutic target in said patients.
The Vannucci Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in the Neonatal Rodent: 40 years Later
Authors: Vannucci Susan J. , Back Stephen A.
Published: March 2022

Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain damage has long been a major cause of acute mortality and chronic neurological morbidity in infants and children. Experimental animal models are essential to gain insights into the pathogenesis and management of perinatal HI brain damage. Prior to 1980, only large animal models were available. The first small animal model was developed in the postnatal 7 (P7) rat in 1981, now known as the Vannucci model. This model combines unilateral carotid artery ligation with subsequent hypoxia to produce transient hemispheric hypoxia-ischemia in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the ligation while the contralateral hemisphere is exposed to hypoxia only. This model has been characterized with studies of cerebral hemodynamics, cerebral metabolic changes, and acute and chronic neuropathology. Over the past 40 year, this animal model has been utilized in numerous laboratories around the world, has been adapted to the immature mouse, as well as to immature rodents at various stages of development. This brief review describes the validation and characterization studies of the original model and some of the adaptations. A discussion of all of the studies focused on specific cell types is beyond the scope of this review. Rather, we present the application of the model to the study of a specific cell type, the pre-oligodendrocyte, and the role this cell plays in the development of white matter injury in the preterm brain.
O revivalismo da arquitetura
Authors: Souza Gustavo Lopes de , Gonçalves Raissa Lopes
Published: March 2022

Figura central na cultura britânica de fins do oitocentos, o escritor e designer William Morris (1834-1896) contribuiu também para a crítica de arte. Em "The Revival of Architecture", publicado originalmente em 1888 e aqui traduzido ao português, Morris apresenta um panorama histórico do Neogótico britânico, expondo em seguida a tese principal do ensaio, a saber, que a vitalidade e a popularidade do Gótico dependiam de um tipo específico de sociedade, organizada de modo inteiramente diverso daquela que pretendia recriar o estilo em outra época.
William Blake contra os "moinhos satânicos" da racionalidade moderna
Authors: Loures Isabela Ferreira
Published: March 2022

O presente artigo examina a cerrada crítica feita por William Blake ao racionalismo, que havia se expandido e consolidado, no final do século XVIII, nas nações europeias mais poderosas e busca compreender a imaginação singular que anima sua obra, suas dimensões místicas e obscuras e sua inclinação ao estabelecimento de um sistema próprio, que foge à visão de mundo “abstrata” associada pelo artista a notórios pensadores do início da modernidade. Ao mesmo tempo, pretende mostrar como o trabalho rompeu com paradigmas de conhecimento bem estabelecidos em seu tempo e conclui que a obra do artista deveria ser reconhecida como divisor de águas no surgimento de uma estética moderna.
Comunidade miniatura: arte, modernidade e vazio
Authors: Giorgi Artur de Vargas
Published: March 2022

A expansão da modernidade coincidiu com a miniaturização do mundo, uma condição destacada, em muitas oportunidades, por Walter Benjamin, que afinal a transformou numa espécie de método. Seguindo essa proposta, este texto se detém em produções críticas e artísticas que se valem das formas da miniaturização. Oscar Masotta, León Ferrari, Albertina Carri e artistas ligados ao conceitualismo são protagonistas nessa comunidade imprópria, que encontra no jogo com as miniaturas uma forma de relação com o vazio.
Contrahistoria, geopolítica e interseccionalidad en la construcción de la obra de Adriana Varejão y Joana Vasconcelos
Authors: Lapeña-Gallego Gloria
Published: March 2022

La interpretación del pasado y la comprensión del presente está fundamentada en el abordaje de la escritura de la Historia y del estudio profundo de contextos desde un ámbito multidisciplinar. Mediante una metodología analítica sobre la obra de la brasileña Adriana Varejão y la portuguesa Joana Vasconcelos proponemos como objetivo demostrar su relación con el feminismo postcolonial y occidental respectivamente operando en términos de interseccionalidad, acorde a dos contextos geopolíticos y situaciones de dominación distintos. Concluimos que, si bien Varejão expresa de manera explícita la violencia de género ligada a los procesos de colonización brasileña y de mestizaje, y Vasconcelos dirige su discurso hacia el binarismo eurocentrista, ambas muestran cierta desestabilización de la función unificadora propia de la historiografía tradicional.
O espaço delas: a participação de artistas mulheres nos panoramas tridimensionais do MAM-SP (1972-1991)
Authors: Ferraz Tatiana Sampaio
Published: March 2022

Sob uma visada feminista, o artigo investiga a presença de artistas mulheres nas edições do Panorama de Arte Atual Brasileira (programa do Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo) dedicadas ao campo tridimensional, entre 1972 e 1991. O objetivo é verificar de que modo a justaposição desses indicadores produz um campo de obliteração generificado, raramente abordado pela historiografia. A partir de amplo diagnóstico quantitativo da participação delas e de artistas homens, teceu-se comparações por gerações e níveis de legitimação, buscando entender as razões socioestruturais dos desequilíbrios de gênero do sistema da arte no período. De par com isso, analisou-se o conjunto de obras selecionadas, de modo a identificar certas recorrências e singularidades e como elas foram incorporadas pelo sistema.
Avaliação da diferença na força muscular periférica entre admissão e alta em idosos hospitalizados
Authors: Silva Junior Mario Cezar Macedo , Santos Marilucia Reis dos , Jesus Sergio Luis Figueredo de , Almeida Mychelle Regina Melo de , Rocha Júlio David Nascimento da , Neves Janmille de Sá , Anjos Jorge Luis Motta dos , Martinez Bruno Prata
Published: March 2022

The measurement of peripheral muscle strength in the hospital environment directs rehabilitation and contributes to predicting mortality in the elderly. Objective: To evaluate the variation of muscle strength during hospitalization in hospitalized elderly. Methods: This is a retrospective longitudinal study with stable elderly admitted at an ICU of a large public hospital in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. Three measurements of handgrip strength (HGS) were performed, and the highest value was considered for analysis. Other variables collected were cognitive function (MMSE) and Charlson's comorbidity index (CCI). Student T-test was used to test the variation of HGS between admission and discharge. Results: The sample consisted of 80 elderlies with an average age of 68.1 ± 5.8 years, mostly male (77.5%) and with surgical profiles (92.5%). In the comparison between HGS at admission and discharge, no significant differences were found (29.8 ± 7.5 kgf; 30.0 ± 7.8 kgf; p-value= 0.698). However, different forms of variation were observed 36.2% of participants had an increase in HGS (27.8 ± 9.3 kgf to 32.3 ± 9.6 kgf), whereas 38, 7% had a loss of HGS (30.9 ± 6.7 kgf to 26.8 ± 6.9 kgf) between admission and discharge. Conclusion: There are different trajectories in HGS from admission to discharge in hospitalized elderly, and understanding the factors that favor these variations is important for the rehabilitation process.
Efeitos de um programa de exercícios físicos baseado no método Pilates solo sobre a atividade física, capacidade locomotora e qualidade de vida em homens com amputação de membro inferior
Authors: Rudolpho Sara Maria Soffiatti , Luza Lisiane Piazza , Pires Greicy Kelly Wosniak , Silva Franciele Cascaes da , Lima David Braga de , Oliveira Laiana Cândido de , Caviquioni Thamara , Silva Rudney da
Published: March 2022

Objetivo:  Avaliar os efeitos de um programa de exercícios físicos de 12 semanas baseado no método Pilates Solo sobre atividade física, equilíbrio, capacidade locomotora e qualidade de vida em homens com amputação unilateral de membro inferior. Método: Participaram do estudo 14 pessoas com amputação unilateral de membro inferior, divididos em 2 grupos: Grupo Intervenção – GI (participantes expostos ao protocolo de exercícios baseados no método Pilates Solo) e Grupo Controle – GC (participantes não expostos ao protocolo de exercícios baseados no método Pilates Solo). Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: a) ficha para caracterização dos participantes; b) Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD); c) Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg; d) Medida Funcional para Amputados (MFA); e e) Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e inferencial sendo considerados significativos os resultados com p menor ou igual a 0,05. Resultados: Com base nas análises foi possível observar diferença significativa no equilíbrio após o período experimental (p=0,008), a favor do grupo intervenção. Além disso, pode-se observar diferença significativa na média do grupo intervenção para equilíbrio e para aspectos físicos na qualidade de vida (SF-36), assim como o d de Cohen mostrou efeitos de grande magnitude sobre essas variáveis. Conclusão: Logo, os resultados apresentam efeitos positivos na prática do programa de exercícios físicos sobre o equilíbrio dinâmico e estático e na qualidade de vida de pessoas amputadas.
Desenvolvimento de um instrumento de avaliação para o método Pilates baseado na Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde
Authors: Oliveira Andréa Costa de , Barbosa Yanna Menezes , Carvalho Tiago Pinheiro Vaz de , Alves Maria de Carvalho Dantas , Farias Neto Jader Pereira de , Araújo Karina Conceição Gomes Machado de
Published: March 2022

Há uma escassez em evidências científicas acerca de instrumentos de avaliação validados e padronizados aplicados ao Pilates. Diante da importância de uma análise individualizada e holística de cada paciente/cliente para melhor aplicação do método, faz-se necessário a construção de instrumentos que possuam uma abordagem biopsicossocial. Objetivo: Desenvolver um instrumento de avaliação para o Pilates, baseado na da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF). Métodos: A pesquisa foi realizada em quatro etapas. Levantamentos de informações sobre a avaliação no método Pilates, associação das informações com categorias da CIF, estudo Delphi, construção do instrumento. As informações foram obtidas por meio de um a scoping review e entrevistas com fisioterapeutas que trabalham com o Pilates, para construção as informações obtidas foram vinculadas com as categorias da CIF por dois pesquisadores de forma independente, em caso de discordância um terceiro julgaria a mais pertinente. Em seguida, foi realizado um estudo Delphi, para selecionar as categorias mais relevantes para compor o instrumento. Por fim, a construção do instrumento por três pesquisadores com conhecimento em Pilates e CIF. Resultados: O instrumento foi constituído por 49 categorias da CIF, distribuídas em 33 questões, sendo, 10 de funções do corpo, duas de estruturas do corpo, 16 de atividade e participação e, cinco dos fatores ambientais. Conclusão: O estudo possibilitou a construção de um instrumento que visa facilitar a compreensão do estado de saúde do paciente a partir de uma avaliação já realizada em cada serviço e, ao final será proporcionado uma linguagem comum.
About a success case post-ultrasound guided radiofrequency ablation of the lumborum rami medialis
Authors: Martins Daniela Costa , Correia Rodrigo , Carvalho José Luís
Published: March 2022

The authors decided to write a letter to the editor to bring an actual and improving technique option to discuss between medical researchers. They show a success case of an ultrasound guided radiofrequency ablation of the lumborum rami medialis, which normally is performed by fluoroscopy, with more costs to the system and radiation exposure to the patient. So, the importance of this letter is showing the good result of US technique which could be an excellent alternative treatment option.
Nietzsche, mentor da Primeira Guerra Mundial?: O que dizem jornais e revistas brasileiros sobre o filósofo (1910-1920)
Authors: Barroso Antonio Vinícius Lomeu Teixeira
Published: March 2022

O presente artigo pretende examinar como os jornais e revistas brasileiros, entre  os anos de 1910 e 1920, vincularam o pensamento do filósofo alemão Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) à Grande Guerra (1914-1918). Desse modo, buscaremos compreender de que maneira o pensador foi associado ao conflito, destacando, as opiniões que salientam seu papel de incitador da guerra. Para tanto, realizaremos um breve percurso historiográfico dessa associação e, posteriormente, a análise dos periódicos do Brasil nessa época.
O sentido da história: considerações sobre o historicismo em Karl Popper
Authors: Souza Romário Ney Rodrigues de Souza
Published: March 2022

As experiências traumáticas desencadeadas pelos regimes totalitários na primeira metade do século XX deram impulso à crítica de Karl Popper (1992 – 1994) aos sistemas de ideias que abrigam a crença, quer por leis ou por alguma razão histórica, no ordenamento dos destinos dos indivíduos. Objetivamos apresentar a crítica de Popper ao conjunto de ideias nomeadas por ele de historicismo, isto é, a visão de que caberia às Ciências Sociais a função de fazer predições a partir da compreensão das leis de uma história teleológica. As linhas que norteiam as principais teses de Popper serão apontadas nas obras: The Poverty of Historicism (1944-45) e The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945), além do diálogo com autores como Raymond Aron (1905-1983), Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997) e François Furet (1927-1997). Ao mostrar a impossibilidade de se fazer predições por processos de seleção interpretativos a partir da multiplicidade dos  temas que constituem os eventos históricos, Popper põe em xeque as leis que determinariam o enredo de uma história teleológica, ao mesmo tempo em que afirma sua crença nas possibilidades da agência humana.
Grandezas e misérias de um positivista lógico
Authors: Magalhães Gildo
Published: March 2022

Este artigo explora duas facetas contraditórias do famoso filósofo da ciência Karl Popper. Enquanto que politicamente sua posição foi bastante conservadora e crítica da esquerda marxista, Popper foi contra as posições oficiais e francamente favorável a uma revisão da interpretação ortodoxa da física quântica, assunto de uma controvérsia ainda acalorada.
Prevalence, Predictors, Progression, and Prognosis of Hypertension Subtypes in the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Bourdillon Maximillian T. , Song Rebecca J. , Musa Yola Ibrahim , Xanthakis Vanessa , Vasan Ramachandran S.
Published: March 2022

Background

The epidemiology of hypertension subtypes has not been well characterized in the recent era.

Methods and Results

We delineated the prevalence, predictors, progression, and prognostic significance of hypertension subtypes in 8198 Framingham Heart Study participants (mean age, 46.5 years; 54% women). The prevalence of hypertension subtypes was as follows: nonhypertensive (systolic blood pressure [SBP] <140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure [DBP] <90 mm Hg), 79%; isolated systolic hypertension (ISH; SBP ≥140 mm Hg and DBP <90 mm Hg), 8%; isolated diastolic hypertension (SBP <140 mm Hg and DBP ≥90 mm Hg), 4%; and systolic‐diastolic hypertension (SDH; SBP ≥140 mm Hg and DBP ≥90 mm Hg), 9%. The prevalence of ISH and SDH increased with age. Analysis of a subsample of nonhypertensive participants demonstrated that increasing age, female sex, higher heart rate, left ventricular mass, and greater left ventricular concentricity were predictors of incident ISH and SDH. Higher baseline DBP was associated with the risk of developing isolated diastolic hypertension and SDH, whereas higher SBP was associated with all 3 hypertension subtypes. On follow‐up (median, 5.5 years), isolated diastolic hypertension often reverted to nonhypertensive BP (in 42% of participants) and ISH progressed to SDH (in 26% of participants), whereas SDH frequently transitioned to ISH (in 20% of participants). During follow‐up (median, 14.6 years), 889 participants developed cardiovascular disease. Compared with the nonhypertensive group (referent), ISH (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.57; 95% CI, 1.30–1.90) and SDH (HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.36–2.01) were associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk, whereas isolated diastolic hypertension was not (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.68–1.57).

Conclusions

Hypertension subtypes vary in prevalence with age, are dynamic during short‐term follow‐up, and exhibit distinctive prognoses, underscoring the importance of blood pressure subphenotyping.
Is Resettlement Still a Durable Solution? An Analysis in Light of the Proposal for a Regulation Establishing a Union Resettlement Framework
Authors: Ineli-Ciger Meltem
Published: March 2022

Resettlement is generally regarded as a permanent or durable solution for refugees. Resettled refugees classically are granted permanent settlement with the opportunity for eventual citizenship. However, this classic understanding might be changing. In 2016, the European Commission proposed a Regulation establishing a Union Resettlement Framework with a view to creating a more structured, harmonized, and permanent framework for resettlement across the Union. According to the Proposal, resettled persons are to be granted either the refugee status or the subsidiary protection status in the Member States. Similar to the Proposal, more and more states including Denmark and the United States grant resettled refugees and other displaced persons statuses that fall short of the refugee status. In light of these recent developments, this article questions whether resettlement is still a permanent and durable solution for refugees. In doing so, the article also examines duties owed by states towards resettled refugees and other forcibly displaced persons in international law and reviews shortcomings of the Commission Proposal for a Regulation establishing a Union Resettlement Framework.
Resolving Residence of a Company for Tax Purposes in Tanzania: Is ‘Management and Control’ Test Still Relevant?
Authors: Kiunsi Helen B.
Published: March 2022

It is an accepted principle that countries have the right to tax residents and nonresidents on their income from business on source or residence. The determination of the residence of a company for tax purposes based on the “management and control” and ‘place of effective management’ may pose challenges in establishing tax liability of a dual resident corporation. Such challenges cause problems on corporate taxes and transfer pricing between related parties. Similarly, multinational companies may face challenges in ascertaining their tax liability. The new criteria for determination of residence of a company based on mutual agreement under the OECD and UN Models of 2017, have ramification over the two tests. This article analyses residence of a company on the basis of the two tests in Tanzania. It argues that the two tests as used in Tanzania are superseded by new criteria. Finally, it offers a modest proposal for determination of dual resident of a company in Tanzania.
Contested Vision
Authors: Mackenzie Pamela
Published: March 2022

In the seventeenth century, an early member of the Royal Society named Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) was among the first naturalists to produce illustrations of microscopic plant life. These images were completed according to a set of visual conventions that were informed by his peers but also reflect a distinctive set of concerns and a particular understanding of the natural world. In order to better understand the specificity of Grew’s representations of the microscopic world, this article considers his work in relationship to that of his direct contemporary, the Italian naturalist and physician Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694).
Pacis Encomium
Authors: Hackenbracht Ryan
Published: March 2022

Virgil’s Georgics was a source of pacifistic thinking for Erasmus, More, and Vives, who used figurative readings of the poem to reinforce their notions about the incompatibility of war and Christian society. In doing so, they furthered an interpretive tradition begun by Mancinelli, Valeriano, Landino, and other humanists of the Quattrocento, who were intrigued by the poem’s political potential. In the Enchiridion, Querela Pacis, Utopia, and de Concordia et Discordia, the Georgics functioned as a heuristic for thinking through current events and critiquing violence within Christendom. From soils to trees to cattle and bees, Virgil’s poem supplied Erasmus, More, and Vives with diverse tools for deflating militaristic ideology and imagining alternatives to the status quo. At a time when late scholastics were debating the finer points of iustum bellum, the humanists were moving the discussion into an entirely new direction, using Virgil to envision the abolition of war between Christian states.
Global City Agency and Multilevel Governance in China
Authors: Thürmer Amelie , Meyer-Clement Elena
Published: March 2022

Over the past few decades, cities have become increasingly active in global climate governance. Although most research on city agency has focused on democratic (often Western) cities, the climate-related activities of Chinese cities in global city networks have also expanded, raising the question of whether cities from nondemocratic political systems can be international actors or whether they are merely extensions of their national governments. This article examines how the Chinese Party-state’s institutions and governing instruments shape cities’ global agency and how these structures impact the work of various city networks operating in China. To this end, it analyzes policy reports, documents, and original interview data collected from city network representatives. The findings demonstrate that city networks in China walk a fine line between their door-opening function for cities to global climate governance and their role as transmitters of the central government’s gatekeeping function, thereby sustaining the hierarchical control structures of the Chinese Party-state.
The “Missing Middle”
Authors: Weiss Thomas G. , Wilkinson Rorden
Published: March 2022

This article focuses on the vast number of people who make global governance happen. It probes the role of the unknown people in the “middle” who are largely absent from scholarly gaze: professionals, service teams, and others who act behind the scenes. They are not at the top of public and private organizations (“global governors” in the literature), but they keep the lights on. They accomplish the policy, operational, and support work to move the needle of global governance institutions of all varieties from the local to global. These largely invisible and unheard populations—at least in the scholarly and policy literatures—make global governance work. The “missing middle” is not confined to the everyday contributions of professionals in intergovernmental secretariats because contemporary global governance is not synonymous with international organization, but concerns networked forms of public authority that may or may not include secretariats or states.
Oreocharis hainanensis (Gesneriaceae), a new species from karst regions in Hainan Island, South China
Authors: LING SHAO-JUN , WEN FANG , REN MING-XUN
Published: March 2022

Oreocharis hainanensis, a new species of Gesneriaceae is described and illustrated from low-altitudual karst areas in Hainan Island, South China. The new species is easily distinguished from its closely-related O. jasminina by campanulate floral tube, zygomorphic corolla and exserted stamens. It also shows different habitats from the four currently-recognized Oreocharis taxa on the island. Molecular phylogeny analysis based on plastid trnL-trnF and nuclear ITS1/2 sequences supported the delimitation of the new species, which forms a monophyletic clade with all the other Oreocharis taxa from Hainan Island. The roles of habitat and floral isolation in the evolution of the new species and its affinities are discussed. The species was assessed as Vulnerable (VU C1 and D2) according to IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.
Phylum Nematoda: feeding habits for all valid genera using a new, universal scheme encompassing the entire phylum, with descriptions of morphological characteristics of the stoma, a key, and discussion of the evidence for trophic relationships
Authors: HODDA M.
Published: March 2022

This paper details a system for classifying the trophic relationships of the entire Phylum Nematoda, together with a table specifying the categories of every valid genus. This system encompasses both the diets of nematodes and how the food is obtained. The types of evidence used to evaluate trophic relationships and the inferences that can be drawn from each are evaluated. The general morphological and ecological characteristics of each trophic type are detailed, and a morphological key is presented. This information will enable the trophic relationships of any valid genus of nematodes to be assessed, along with currently undescribed genera, provided their affinities to existing genera can be ascertained. The system and list can add value to ecological, environmental and biodiversity studies where there is no morphological information, for example in environmental sequencing or metabarcoding studies.
Links between Climate Sensitivity and the Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation in a Simple General Circulation Model
Authors: Davis Luke L. B. , Thompson David W. J. , Birner Thomas
Published: March 2022

Thermodynamical and dynamical aspects of the climate system response to anthropogenic forcing are often considered in two distinct frameworks: the former in the context of the forcing–feedback framework, and the latter in the context of eddy–mean flow feedbacks and large-scale thermodynamic constraints. Here we use experiments with the dynamical core of a general circulation model (GCM) to provide insights into the relationships between these two frameworks. We first demonstrate that the climate feedbacks and climate sensitivity in a dynamical core model are determined by its prescribed thermal relaxation time scales. We then perform two experiments: one that explores the relationships between the thermal relaxation time scale and the climatological circulation, and a second that explores the relationships between the thermal relaxation time scale and the circulation response to a global warming–like forcing perturbation. The results indicate that shorter relaxation time scales (i.e., lower climate sensitivities in the context of a dynamical core model) are associated with 1) a more vigorous large-scale circulation, including increased thermal diffusivity and stronger and more poleward storm tracks and eddy-driven jets, and 2) a weaker poleward displacement of the storm tracks and eddy-driven jets in response to the global warming–like forcing perturbation. Interestingly, the circulation response to the forcing perturbation effectively disappears when the thermal relaxation time scales are spatially uniform, suggesting that the circulation response to homogeneous forcing requires spatial inhomogeneities in the local feedback parameter. Implications for anticipating the circulation response to global warming and thermodynamic constraints on the circulation are discussed.
Atmospheric Blocking Trends and Seasonality around the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Marín Julio C. , Bozkurt Deniz , Barrett Bradford S.
Published: March 2022

We analyze the seasonal evolution and trends of atmospheric blocking from 1979 to 2018 using a geopotential-height-based method over two domains, one located to the west (150°–90°W, 50°–70°S) and the other over and to the east (90°–30°W, 50°–70°S) of the Antarctic Peninsula. Spatial patterns of geopotential heights on days with blocking feature well-defined ridge axes over and west of much of South America, and days with the most extreme blocking (above the 99th percentile) showed upper-tropospheric ridge and cutoff low features that have been associated with extreme weather patterns. Blocking days were found to be more frequent in the first half of the period (1979–98) than the second (1999–2018) in all seasons in the west domain, whereas they seem to be more common over the eastern (peninsula) domain in 1999–2018 for austral winter, spring, and autumn, although these differences were not statistically significant. West of the Antarctic Peninsula, blocking days occur most frequently when the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) is negative, whereas they are more frequent over the peninsula when the AAO is positive. We propose that our blocking index can be used to indicate atmospheric blocking affecting the Antarctic Peninsula, similar to how the Greenland blocking index has been used to diagnose blocking, its trends, and impacts over the Arctic.
Large-Scale Sea Surface Temperature Forcing Contributed to the 2013–17 Record-Breaking Meteorological Drought in the Korean Peninsula
Authors: Ham Yoo-Geun , Kang Seon-Yu , Jeong Yerim , Jeong Jee-Hoon , Li Tim
Published: March 2022

This study examined the contribution of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) to the record-breaking 2013–17 drought in the Korean Peninsula. The meteorological drought signal, measured by the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), in 2013 and 2016 co-occurred with a heat wave. The positive phase of the PDO during the mid-2010s was responsible for the precipitation deficit, particularly in 2014, 2015, and 2017, resulting in 5 years of meteorological drought. The enhanced atmospheric heating anomalies over the subtropical central Pacific, induced by the in situ PDO-related sea surface temperature (SST) warming, led to a low-atmospheric cyclonic flow centered over the midlatitude Pacific. The northerly wind anomalies at the western edge of this low-level cyclonic flow were responsible for the horizontal negative advection of moist energy, which contributed to the decreased precipitation and the resultant negative SPI over the Korean Peninsula in 2014, 2015, and 2017. The large-ensemble simulation supported the observational findings that the composited SST anomalies during the 5 years of persistent drought exhibited prominent and persistent SST warming over the subtropical central Pacific, along with large-scale cyclonic flow over the North Pacific. The findings of this study imply that the SST anomalies over the North Pacific and subtropical central Pacific can be a predictable source to potentially increase the ability to forecast multiyear droughts over the Korean Peninsula.
Upper-Ocean Temperature Variability in the Gulf of Mexico with Implications for Hurricane Intensity
Authors: Potter Henry , Rudzin Johna E.
Published: March 2022

Strong winds in tropical cyclones (TCs) mix the ocean, causing cooler water from below the thermocline to be drawn upward, reducing sea surface temperature (SST). This decreases the air–sea temperature difference, limits available heat energy, and impacts TC intensity. Part of TC forecast accuracy therefore depends upon the ability to predict sea surface cooling; however, it is not well understood how underlying ocean conditions contribute to this cooling. Here, ~4400 Argo profiles in the Gulf of Mexico were used in a principal component analysis to identify the modes of variability in upper-ocean temperature, and a 1D mixed layer model was used to determine how the modes respond to surface forcing. It was found that the first two modes explain 75% of the variance in the data, with high mode-1 scores being broadly characterized as having warm SST and deep mixed layer and mode-2 scores being characterized as having high SST and a shallow mixed layer. Both modes have distinct seasonal and spatial variability. When subjected to the same model forcing, mode-1- and mode-2-characteristic waters with equal tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP) respond very differently. Mode-2 SST cools faster than mode 1, with the difference being most pronounced at lower wind speeds and when comparing early-season storms with late-season storms. The results show that using TCHP as a marker for SST response during TC forcing is insufficient because it does not fully capture subsurface ocean thermal structure. This result underscores the need for continual subsurface monitoring so as to accurately initialize the upper ocean in coupled TC models.
MUC1 and Polarity Markers INADL and SCRIB Identify Salivary Ductal Cells
Authors: Wu D. , Chapela P.J. , Barrows C.M.L. , Harrington D.A. , Carson D.D. , Witt R.L. , Mohyuddin N.G. , Pradhan-Bhatt S. , Farach-Carson M.C.
Published: March 2022

Current treatments for xerostomia/dry mouth are palliative and largely ineffective. A permanent clinical resolution is being developed to correct hyposalivation using implanted hydrogel-encapsulated salivary human stem/progenitor cells (hS/PCs) to restore functional salivary components and increase salivary flow. Pluripotent epithelial cell populations derived from hS/PCs, representing a basal stem cell population in tissue, can differentiate along either secretory acinar or fluid-transporting ductal lineages. To develop tissue-engineered salivary gland replacement tissues, it is critical to reliably identify cells in tissue and as they enter these alternative lineages. The secreted protein α-amylase, the transcription factor MIST1, and aquaporin-5 are typical markers for acinar cells, and K19 is the classical ductal marker in salivary tissue. We found that early ductal progenitors derived from hS/PCs do not express K19, and thus earlier markers were needed to distinguish these cells from acinar progenitors. Salivary ductal cells express distinct polarity complex proteins that we hypothesized could serve as lineage biomarkers to distinguish ductal cells from acinar cells in differentiating hS/PC populations. Based on our studies of primary salivary tissue, both parotid and submandibular glands, and differentiating hS/PCs, we conclude that the apical marker MUC1 along with the polarity markers INADL/PATJ and SCRIB reliably can identify ductal cells in salivary glands and in ductal progenitor populations of hS/PCs being used for salivary tissue engineering. Other markers of epithelial maturation, including E-cadherin, ZO-1, and partition complex component PAR3, are present in both ductal and acinar cells, where they can serve as general markers of differentiation but not lineage markers.
Estrogen Status and Trigeminal Ganglion Responses to Jaw Movement
Authors: Zhang X. , Rahman M. , Bereiter D.A.
Published: March 2022

Chronic temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) present with pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and muscles of mastication. Risk factors for TMD include localized joint/muscle inflammation and estrogen status. This study determined whether mild tissue inflammation and estrogen status influenced the responses of trigeminal ganglion neurons to jaw palpation or jaw movement, 2 key diagnostic features of clinical TMD, in adult rats. Neuronal activity was recorded from male rats, ovariectomized (OvX) female rats, and OvX female rats injected with 17β-estradiol 24 h prior to testing (OvXE). Neurons were tested for responses to deep press over the TMJ region and jaw movement in 3 directions (open, protrusion, lateral) 10 d after intra-TMJ injection of a low dose of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) or vehicle (sham). Deep press evoked similar responses in all treatment groups. The response magnitude to jaw opening and protrusion was significantly greater for neurons recorded from OvXE CFA-treated rats than from OvX CFA-treated or OvXE sham rats. The responses to lateral movement of the jaw were similar across all treatment groups. Most neurons (70% to 90%) displayed a static response pattern to jaw movement independent of direction. Estradiol treatment also increased the proportion of neurons that were excited by jaw movement in >1 direction as compared with untreated OvX females or males. These results suggest that mild localized inflammation in the TMJ region during periods of elevated estrogen were sufficient to increase the peripheral driving force for jaw movement–evoked hyperalgesia.
The Intermediary Role of Optimism and Mental Health in the Relationship Between Disability-Related Stress and Life Satisfaction: A Serial Mediation Model
Authors: Lee Beatrice , Reyes Antonio , Rumrill Stuart , Bishop Malachy
Published: March 2022

Although research has examined the relationship between stress and life satisfaction for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), less is known about the mechanism through which disability-related stress affects life satisfaction. The purpose of the study was to examine the intermediary role of optimism and mental health in the relationship between disability-related stress and life satisfaction in people with MS. In this cross-sectional study, the sample consisted of U.S. 373 adults with MS (mean age = 47.77 years; SD = 11.70). Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and a serial mediation analysis were conducted in this study. Our findings suggested that disability-related stress was inversely associated with optimism, mental health, and life satisfaction. Optimism was positively associated with mental health and life satisfaction. Mental health was positively associated with life satisfaction. The serial mediation analysis results suggested that disability-related stress was negatively associated with life satisfaction through optimism and mental health. Our findings provided implications for clinicians to facilitate optimism and mental health promotion for people with MS.
The Civil Savage: How Young People Living Rurally ‘Do’ Distinction at Regional Festivals in the Netherlands
Authors: van Bohemen Samira , de Graaf Sophie
Published: March 2022

Building on previous work about cultural informalisation and the growing urban–rural divide in western democracies, this article studies symbolic boundary work as performed by white youths living in rural areas in the Netherlands. We conducted a micro-sociological analysis of how these youths celebrate regional festivals in the Netherlands, and particularly the meanings they attach to their affective displays of intoxication and sexuality. We show how distinction is ‘done’ here by many of these youths taking pride in drinking too much beer, sexual directness and impropriety, which they argue are expressions of conviviality and down-to-earthness. In doing so, they appear to be finding dignity and redemption in an image of themselves as savages and reappropriating it as part of their own ‘civility’, contrasting their revelry with what they perceive to be urban, middle-class snobbery.
Global Multiple Migration: Class-Based Mobility Capital of Elite Chinese Gay Men
Authors: Choi Susanne YP
Published: March 2022

The present study examines how global multiple migration – a pattern of migration characterised by multiple changes of destination internationally in one’s lifetime – becomes a strategy employed by highly educated, Chinese self-identified gay men to navigate social stigmatisation, negotiate family pressure, circumvent state oppression and achieve desired life goals. By examining the intersection between sexuality, migration and class, the present study contributes to the sexuality and migration literature. It explores how relationships between sexuality and migration are related and mediated by class-based capital. It adds to the discussion that migration has increasingly become a multi-directional and open-ended process. For the class and social inequality literature, it seeks to understand how global multiple migration has become an element of social stratification and generates mobility capital. It also highlights how sexuality influences the value of mobility capital for the pursuit of an authentic self.
Documenting Families: Paper-Work in Family Display among Planned Single Father Families
Authors: Zadeh Sophie , Jadva Vasanti , Golombok Susan
Published: March 2022

This article extends existing sociological scholarship on doing and displaying family by developing the concept of documenting families. We suggest that documenting is conceptually rich insofar as it showcases the relationship, and tensions, between institutional practices and individual experiences of family display. Drawing on our research with men who became parents without partners, we argue that the process of documenting family is made especially evident in studies of what Finch originally referred to as ‘non-conventional’ family relationships. We explain that documenting sheds light not only on the official and unofficial means through which families are recognised on paper, but also on family practices as work – in this case paper-work – that involves negotiation between different social actors who are generally unequal in terms of their authority and agency to impose situational meaning.