bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ober eine molekulare Theorie der Viskosität von Lösungen mit kleinen Molekülen
Authors: Stuart H. A.
Published: September 2019

Um die Beobachtungen der spezifischen Viskosität ηsp verdünnter Lösungen sinnvoller als bisher deuten zu können, wird eine molekulare Theorie der inneren Reibung von Lösungen entwickelt. ηsp wird durch die Wechselwirkungsviskosität η12 bestimmt, die sich aus zwei Faktoren zusammensetzt, von denen der eine die lokale Dichte bzw. die Schwarmbildung enthält, während der andere die Stärke des Impulsaustausches zwischen den gelösten Molekülen und denen des Lösungsmittels mißt. Während negative Viskositätszahlen und ihre gelegentliche Zunahme mit der Temperatur in der hydrodynamischen Theorie völlig unerklärlich bleiben, finden sie in der molekularen Betrachtungsweise eine zwanglose Erklärung. Die vorliegenden Überlegungen liefern eine Methode zur Untersuchung der molekularen Struktur in Flüssigkeiten und Lösungen, indem man aus Messungen der spezifischen Viskosität in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Konzentration die verschiedensten Möglichkeiten einer Assoziation näher verfolgen kann. Abschließend wird das molekulare Bild auch auf Lösungen mit Fadenmolekülen übertragen. Die Viskosität von Lösungen und
Betrachtungen über Knotenflächen bei Schwingungsproblemen
Authors: Herzfeld Karl F .
Published: September 2019

Das Vorzeichen der Amplitude oder Wellenfunktion ist auf den zwei Seiten einer Knotenfläche oder -linie verschieden. Daher muß eine solche Knotenfläche entweder geschlossen sein, oder ins Unendliche gehen, oder an einem Rande enden. Bei einer adiabati-schen Änderung der Schwingung kann sich die Zahl der Knotenflächen ändern.
Lecher-System in einer Schutzhülle
Authors: Gans Richard
Published: September 2019

Herrn Geheimrat Arnold Sommerfeld zum 80. Geburtstage gewidmet Die wechselseitige Kapazität der beiden Drähte eines Lecher-Systems in einer Schutz-hülle wird abgeleitet. Die erreichte Näherung ist wesentlich besser als die von Breisig angegebene.
Zur Begründung der Darstellungstheorie endlicher Gruppen
Authors: Jordan Pascual
Published: September 2019

Es wird ein gegenüber der vorhandenen Literatur sehr verkürzter und vereinfachter Beweis gegeben für die grundlegende Tatsache, daß in einer irreduziblen unitären Gruppen-Darstellung n-ten Grades genau n2 linear unabhängige Matrizen vorkommen.
Ober die Eigenschaften eines einstufigen 2-Röhren-Gleichspannungsverstärkers
Authors: Pähl Max , Riedel Oswald
Published: September 2019

Frequenzgang und Konstanz eines einstufigen Verstärkers, dessen Außenwiderstand durch eine Penthode dargestellt wird, werden untersucht.
Analyse durch Kernumwandlung
Authors: Riezler Wolfgang
Published: September 2019

Es werden Untersuchungen mitgeteilt über den Nachweis kleiner Beimengungen in einem Trägermetall durch Bestrahlung der Proben mit Deuteronen. Für den Nachweis von Kohlenstoff in Eisen ist eine Deuteronenenergie von etwa 4 MeV am günstigsten, die Nachweisgrenze hängt wesentlich von den übrigen Verunreinigungen ab. Sehr empfindlich ist der Nachweis von Silicium oder Natrium in Aluminium. Im letzteren Fall liegt die Nachweisgrenze etwa bei 0,001%.
Der (e,n)-Prozeß am Deuteron
Authors: Schlögl Friedrich
Published: September 2019

Der Prozeß wird als theoretisch einfachstes Beispiel eines durch Elektronen aus-gelösten Prozesses an leichten Kernen betrachtet. Wirkungsquerschnitt und Neutronenspektrum werden für Einstrahlungsenergien einiger MeV berechnet, indem die Wechselwirkung zwischen Elektron und Proton als Störung behandelt wird.
Die Masse von 4He
Authors: Ewald Heinz
Published: September 2019

Das Dublett D2-He wurde mit einem Auflösungsvermögen von etwa 40000 durch Anwendung unterschiedlicher Magnetfeldstärken an verschiedenen Stellen der 25 am langen Photo-platten des Massenspektrographen erzeugt. Unter Annahme der exakten Gültigkeit der quadratischen Massenskalen-Formel zeigen die Ergebnisse einen kleinen systematischen Gang in Abhängigkeit von der Lage der Dubletts auf der Photoplatte. Es wird gezeigt, wie diese Fehler, die auf kleine Inhomogenitäten des Magnetfeldes zurückgehen, mittels besonderer Eichaufnahmen von Liniengruppen bekannter Massen (z. B. Kohlenwasserstoffgruppen) korrigiert werden können. Der Massenunterschied der Dublettlinien wird so zu 25,604 ± 0,008 mME gefunden.
Der Massendefekt als Folge der relativistischen Feldgleichung für das Zweikörperproblem
Authors: Thirring Walter
Published: September 2019

Es wird die relativistische Feldgleichung für zwei Partikel mit Spin ½ aufgestellt und daraus deduziert, daß sie sich, falls sie untereinander gebunden sind, verhalten wie ein Teilchen, dessen Masse gleich der Summe der Massen vermindert um die Bindungsenergie ist.
Zur Bestimmung der Verschiebungsgeschwindigkeiten von Flächen optisch anisotroper Kristalle
Authors: Mosebach Rudolf
Published: September 2019

Eine mikroskopisch-optische Methode zur Bestimmung der Verschiebungsgeschwindigkeiten υ(hkl) von Flächen wachsender, nicht regulärer Kristalle in übersättigten Lösungen wird beschrieben. Kristallplättchen, die durch natürliche Flächen oder Spaltflächen planparallel begrenzt sind, zeigen beim Wachstum in übersättigter Lösung häufig planparalleles Fortwachsen durch flächenmäßige Substanzanlagerung. In diesen Fällen verursacht der Schichtdicken-Zuwachs eine Steigerung des optischen Gangunterschiedes F. Dieser Zuwachs läßt sich bei bekannten kristallographischen und optischen Konstanten kompensatorisch quantitativ bestimmen. Versuche an 2 triklin kristallisierenden Substanzen, Kupfervitriol und Kaliumbichromat, zeigen die Anwendbarkeit der Methode. Das stetige Wandern des Kompensationsstreifens erlaubt die zeitliche Verfolgung des Wachstums. Eine Entfernung des wachsenden Kristalls aus seiner Mutter-lauge zur Bestimmung seines Dickenzuwachses ist nicht erforderlich, was die Anwendung dieser Methode für viele Zwecke empfiehlt.
Über den Solvatationszustand von Ionen in Flüssigkeitsgemischen
Authors: Kortüm Gustav , Weller Albert
Published: September 2019

Aus den Leitfähigkeiten von Lithiumpikrat in Wasser-Äthanol-Gemischen, über die im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit berichtet wurde lassen sich mit Hilfe von Überführungszahlen in den gleichen Gemischen die Beweglichkeiten der einzelnen Ionen in Abhängigkeit vom Molenbruch des Lösungsmittels ermitteln. Es war zu erwarten, daß aus diesen Beweglichkeiten nähere Angaben über die qualitativ sichergestellte auswählende Solvatation der Ionen gemacht werden können. Die Überführungsmessungen und die daraus berechneten Beweglichkeiten werden im folgenden mitgeteilt, die daraus zu ziehenden Schlüsse im einzelnen diskutiert.
Zur relativistischen Quantenmechanik II
Authors: Wessel Walter
Published: September 2019

Die unendlichen, hermiteschen Darstellungen des ersten Teiles dieser Arbeit geben zu einer schon von mehreren Autoren bemerkten, aber in ihrer grundsätzlichen Bedeutung noch nicht diskutierten Schwierigkeit Anlaß, insofern als die Eigenwerte aller regulären Massenoperatoren sich gegen die Null häufen. Singuläre Massenoperatoren, insbesondere ein wesentlich singulärer, dessen Wahl in einer gleichzeitig erscheinenden Mitteilung physikalisch begründet wird, existieren in den bisher betrachteten Darstellungen nicht mehr als Matrizen. Es werden verschiedene Darstellungen angegeben, in denen der Massenoperator selbst in Diagonalform erscheint, während die übrigen Operatoren die Form von Integralkernen oder von sehr ein-fachen Differenzen-Operatoren annehmen.
Zur Frage eines Massenunterschiedes zwischen Elektron und Positron
Authors: Salecker H.
Published: September 2019

Im Hinblick auf experimentelle Untersuchungen der letzten Zeit wird die Frage aufgeworfen, ob im Rahmen der heutigen Quantentheorie der Wellenfelder ein Massenunterschied zwischen Elektron und Positron verstanden werden kann. Dabei zeigt es sich, daß ein solcher Massen-unterschied wegen des /¿-Zerfalls theoretisch zu erklären ist, wenn man annimmt, daß in der Gesamtheit der Elementarteilchen ein negatives Proton nicht vorkommen kann (was bekanntlich experimentell noch ganz offen ist). Hält man dagegen an der exakten Gleichheit von Elektronen-und Positronenmasse fest, so ergibt sich umgekehrt ein Hinweis auf die Existenz eines negativen Protons.
Fermi-Statistik für Systeme mit Wechselwirkung
Authors: Koppe H.
Published: September 2019

Berechnung der spezifischen Wärme von Fermi-Gesamtheiten mit Wechselwirkung bei tiefen Temperaturen. Unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen über die Wechselwirkung erhält man das gleiche Resultat wie für freie Teilchen, nur mit einer abgeänderten Dichte der Energie-Eigenwerte.
Ein optisches Registrierphotometer
Authors: Kramer Walter
Published: September 2019

Bei dem Photometer erfolgt die Darstellung der Registrierkurve auf rein optischem Wege durch astigmatische Abbildung des zu photometrierenden Objektes auf einer hart arbeitenden photographischen Schicht, vor der sich ein Graukeil in geeigneter Lage befindet. Die Registrierkurve wird dann durch die scharfe Grenze zwischen geschwärzter und klarer Fläche der hart arbeitenden photographischen Schicht dargestellt.

Das Photometer besitzt eine Anzahl Eigenschaften, die andere Konstruktionen nicht aufweisen:

1. Es besitzt keinen Bewegungsmechanismus.

2. Es besitzt keinen Spalt, der das Auflösungsvermögen begrenzt und evtl. die Wiedergabe der Schwärzungswerte fälscht.

3. Es benötigt keine zeitlich konstante Lichtquelle.

4. In weitem Umfange sind beliebige Abbildungsmaßstäbe möglich.

5. Der Begistrierausschlag liefert direkt die Schwärzung der photomotrierten Schicht.

6. Es können größere Schwärzungsunterschiede gemessen werden als bei lichtelektrischen oder thermoelektrischen Photometern.
Über die spektrale Empfindlichkeit eines Neutronenzählers mit Bremsmantel
Authors: Pfotzer Georg
Published: September 2019

Es wird eine Methode für die Berechnung der spektralen Empfindlichkeit eines borhaltigen Neutronenzählers mit einem Bremsmantel aus Paraffin beschrieben. Die Empfindlichkeit ist bestimmt durch die energieabhängigen Verluste an schnellen Neutronen während des Bremsprozesses und die ebenfalls von der ursprünglichen Energie abhängige Quellenverteilung thermischer Neutronen. Der spektrale Meßbereich wird bei hohen Energien im wesentlichen durch die Bremsverluste, bei kleinen Energien durch die Rückdiffusion und den Einfang der thermisch gewordenen Neutronen beschnitten. Die einzelnen Abhängigkeiten können stufenweise erfaßt werden und erlauben eine Berechnung der spektralen Empfindlichkeit für verschiedene Abmessungen von Zählrohr und Bremsmantel.
Über die Fluoreszenz von Gasen bei Anregung durch α-Teilchen
Authors: Grün A. E . , Schopper E.
Published: September 2019

Das von einzelnen α-Teilchen in Gasen angeregte Fluoreszenzleuchten wird mit Hilfe von Sekundärelektronen-Vervielfachern untersucht. Unter den „technisch reinen" Gasen lieferte N, und Ar rund 100-mal größere Quantenausbeuten als H2 , O2 und CO 2 . Zusätze von organisdien Dämpfen wirken löschend. Es wird in N2 eine Quantenausbeute von 1000 Quanten im Spektralbereich von 3000 bis 4000 Å je α -Teilchen von 4 cm Reichweite bei Normaldruck abgeschätzt.
Vorgänge in übersättigten Mischkristallen
Authors: Dehlinger U.
Published: September 2019

Thermodynamisch wird abgeleitet, daß in übersättigten Mischkristallen der Diffusionskoeffizient negativ wird, was zur Bildung von Komplexen führt. Durch die begleitenden Spannungen wird die Größe der Komplexe begrenzt und mit steigender Temperatur kleiner. Eine statistische Betrachtung erlaubt, bei gegebener Komplexgröße die mittlere Bildungszeit abzuschätzen.
Methylcellulosen verschiedenen Polymerisationsgrades in ihrer Auswirkung auf polarographische Reduktionen
Authors: Holleck Ludwig , Exner Herbert J.
Published: September 2019

Bei der polarographischen Reduktion 0,001-mol. gepufferter p-Nitranilin-Lösungen bei pH 11,0 ergab sich bei Zusätzen von Methylcellulose eine Abhängigkeit der Beeinflussung der Stromspannungskurven vom Polymerisationsgrad des Zusatzes. Es kamen Präparate vom Polymerisationsgrad 125, 200, 315, 500, 590 zur Anwendung.

Bei gleicher Gewiditskonzentration zeigte das stärker abgebaute Produkt eine größere Wir-kung als das höhermolekulare. Aus diesem Zusammenhang folgt, daß die Fadenmoleküle der Methylcellulose mit ihrer Molekülachse senkrecht zur Oberfläche des Quecksilbertropfens adsorbiert werden.

Für die Verwendung zur Maximumdämpfung ergibt sich danach, daß Methylcellulosen höheren Polymerisationsgrades bis zu größeren Gewichtskonzentrationen anwendbar sind, ohne daß es zu einer Veränderung der Kurvengestalt kommt.
Isotopenaustausch-Untersuchungen an Silicat-Ionenaustauschern VIII. Zur Deutung der uneinheitlichen Selbstdiffusion von Alkalimetallionen im synthetischen Zeolith A
Authors: Gaus H. , Hoinkis E.
Published: September 2019

The kinetics of Na + -isotopic exchange in zeolite A has been measured with a new experimental method at 21 °C. The exchange rate does not fit the classical function for the time-dependence of an ideal diffusion process. This confirms what had been observed earlier for the isotopic exchange of Rb-and Cs-ions1 . It is assumed that, on the average, the initial by stronger bound cations start diffusing later than the other cations. Further it is assumed hat the distribution over the different lattice sites is temperature dependent. The solution of the appropriate diffusion equation yields the diffusion constant D along with the fraction of stronger bound cations and the probability b (sec-1) of escape of these cations from their lattice sites.

In the case of the Cs+-isotopic exchange the agreement between calculated and measured exchange curves is excellent.

The results of this investigation show that the method of isotopic exchange between solid and solution as carefully investigated by Zimen2 can be used to determine the distribution of exchangeable cations over different sites.
Die elektrischen Transportgrößen von dotiertem Bi88Sb12
Authors: Lehnefinke W. , Schneider G.
Published: September 2019

Durch Zonenschmelzen wurden Kristalle der halbleitenden Legierung Bi88Sb12 hergestellt. Die Ladungsträgerkonzentrationen und der Leitungstyp wurden variiert durch Zugabe von Te als Donator und von Sn und Ga als Akzeptoren.

Der elektrische Widerstand, die magnetische Widerstandsänderung, der Hall-Effekt, die Thermokraft sowie ihre Änderung im Magnetfeld wurden im Temperaturbereich von 5 bis 300 °K gemessen. Die elektrischen Transportgrößen, die Probleme der Invertierung und der ΔE-Bestimmung werden diskutiert.
Lichtwegänderungen bei dynamischer Belastung von Plexiglasscheiben
Authors: Häusler E. , Schmitz V. , Stumm W.
Published: September 2019

Die Lichtablenkung durch eine elastisch beanspruchte homogene isotrope Scheibe wird sowohl für den ebenen als auch für den nichtebenen Spannungszustand auf die Dicken-und Dichteänderung bzw. Brechungsindexänderung zurückgeführt. Die theoretischen Zusammenhänge werden für den Fall der Belastung mit Ultraschalldehnungswellen hergeleitet. Mit Hilfe einer schlierenoptischen Anlage werden Querkontraktion, Schubwellengeschwindigkeit und dynamischer Elastizitätsmodul und mit Hilfe eines punktförmigen Abtastverfahrens (Lichtwegänderungen von 10-5 mm werden aufgelöst) die Anteile der Dicken-und Brechungsindexänderung zur Lichtablenkung bestimmt. Für dünne Scheiben sind Dicken-und Dichteänderung einander proportional, für dicke Scheiben ergibt sich, daß bei Dickenvergrößerung der Scheibe in deren Innern die mittlere Dichte abnimmt.
Notizen:Schwingungsspektrum und Kraftfeld von Natriumhexanitrokobaltat
Authors: Krasser Wolfgang
Published: September 2019

The Raman spectrum of Na3[Co(NO,)8] has been mea-sured in the range from 2000 to 50 cm 1 and the vibrational frequencies and their assignment are compared with infrared data already obtained. The force constants are calculated in the valence force field. With respect to vibrational spectro-scopy the CoN6-octaeder and the N02-group are assumed to be approximately two separate units. The justification of this approximation is discussed on the basis of the Raman spec-trum and the selection rules for the Symmetrie point group S6 of Na3 [Co (N02) 6]. Gefärbte Substanzen mit Absorptionsbanden im kurzwelligen sichtbaren Spektralbereich eignen sich vorzüglich für die Aufnahme des Raman-Spektrums, wenn man einen He —Ne-Laser mit seinem relativ lang-welligen Erregerlicht einsetzt 1 . Ein Molekül mit
Electric Polarization of Br Nuclei in Atomic Br and Molecular LiBr
Authors: Bonczyk P.A.
Published: September 2019

An explanation is given for the failure to observe the electric polarization of Br79,81 nuclei in atomic Br and molecular LiBr from hfs spectra.
Accessibility to the Lower Hybrid Resonance
Authors: Puri S. , Tutter M.
Published: September 2019

Accessibility of a plane electromagnetic wave into an inhomogeneous, magnetized plasma column is studied using the complete cold plasma dielectric tensor. It is found that TM (transverse magnetic) waves incident at small angles with the vacuum-plasma interface are almost completely transmitted into the plasma even though the criterion for accessibility to the lower-hybrid resonance is not satisfied. The significance of this result for coupling rf energy into plasma filled waveguides is discussed.
Zur Frage Supraleitung in σ-Phase Nb-Al / Superconductivity and σ-Phase Nb — Al
Authors: Müller A.
Published: September 2019

The preparation and the alloy structure of Nb - Al samples containing σ.-phase are described. Using single-phase material it is shown that the o-phase Nb - Al, independent of composition and heat treatment, is not superconducting down to 1.3 K.
Magnetomechanische Eigenschaften von Mu-Metall / Magnetomechanical Properties of Mu-Metal
Authors: Drosdziok S.
Published: September 2019

Measurements of the magnetomechanical effects of high permeability materials have not yet been performed because of their smallness. Using a new technique, the Joule magnetostriction of Mumetal is obtained by shear strain measurement. The change of shear modulus and the magnetomechanical damping in dc and ac magnetic fields are investigated and discussed.
On the Habit of Blue Phase II Liquid Single Crystals
Authors: Blümel Th. , Stegemeyer H.
Published: September 2019

The growth of Blue Phase II liquid single crystals directly from the isotropic melt has been investigated in a mixed system of cholesteryl valerate and the nematogenic compound 8OBE by means of polarizing microscopy. Besides quadratic single crystals showing strong Bragg reflection additionally crystals of regular triangular habit with no detectable selective reflection have been found caused by the growth determining crystallographic form {111}.
Influence of Quenching upon the Rotational Depolarization of Fluorescence
Authors: Kawski A. , Kojro Z. , Kubicki A.
Published: September 2019

The theory of the rotational depolarization of fluorescence taking into account the inertial effect was verified experimentally on the example of 2,2'-p-phenylenebis(5-phenyloxazole) (POPOP), 2,2'-p-phenylenebis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazole) 2MPOPOP), p-bis[2-(5-α-naphthyloxazolyl)]- benzene (α-NOPON), diphenylenestilbene (DPS) and 1,6-diphenylhexatriene (DPH) in cyclohexane by the method of quenching with nitrobenzene. The volumes obtained for the centers and moments of inertia are lower than those obtained by the use of solvents of different viscosities, but they still refer to the solvated molecules.
Chloride Induced Oscillations in the Classical Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction Explained by the "Radicalator"-Model
Authors: Murányi Szilvia , Försterling Horst-Dieter
Published: September 2019

We detected non-bromide controlled oscillations, which appear in a classical Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) system at a high malonic acid/bromate ratio in the presence of added chloride. The oscillations start immediately after the addition of the catalyst. To explain the oscillations we assume control by a synergetic process involving both chloride ions and malonyl radicals. The experiments are well in accordance with calculations based on the "Radicalator" model. This model is also capable of explaining the rate of formation of CO2 in the BZ system.
Trial Functions for the Two-Particle Density Functional Variational Method
Authors: Gilles M. , Neumann H. , Popova A. M.
Published: September 2019

The TV-particle quantum mechanical system in an external field is considered on the basis of two-particle density functions. The main point of the presented work is to reveal the advantages of the two-particle density formalism as compared to the common one-particle density formalism applied to a simple example. The two-particle density formalism permits us to take into account the exact two-particle interaction without additional models. The exchange and correlation effects can be considered by a proper choice of the trial function. By using the presented formalism we calculate the density of the electron gas on different metal surfaces. A simple trial function allowing for correlations gives us a more correct fit to the experimental data on the metal dipol barriers than corresponding calculations with the one-particle density formalism. It is also shown that a Pertubation of the external potential can be effectively taken into account by a Pertubation calculation for the trial function.
The use of inflammatory markers as a diagnostic and prognostic approach in neonatal calves with septicaemia
Authors: Kirbas Akın , Kandemir Fatih Mehmet , Celebi Demet , Hanedan Basak , Timurkan Mehmet Ozkan
Published: September 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of inflammatory markers as a diagnostic and prognostic approach in neonatal calves with septicaemia. The study material consisted of 13 neonatal calves with septicaemia (septicaemic calves, SC) and ten healthy neonatal calves (control calves, CC). Blood samples were collected for biochemical, haematological and microbiological analyses. In addition, faecal samples were collected for microbiological and virological analyses. Three of neonatal calves with septicaemia were positive forE. coli(E. coliO157 serotype) by microbiological examination, but all neonatal calves with septicaemia were negative for rota- and coronaviruses. By haematological examination, there were no significant differences between SC and CC for white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil (NEU) counts (P > 0.05). NEU counts were higher on day 0 than on day 15 in SC (P < 0.05). Red blood cell (RBC) counts and packed cell volume (PCV) values were higher on day 0 in the SC than in the CC (P < 0.05). By biochemical analyses, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT), haptoglobin (Hp), and fibrinogen (Fb) concentrations were higher on day 0 in the SC than in the CC (P < 0.05). After treatment (on day 15), the serum IL-6, PCT, Hp, and Fb concentrations were significantly decreased in the SC compared to the CC (P < 0.05). The serum iron (Fe) concentrations were lower on day 0 in the SC than in the CC (P < 0.05), and were higher on day 15 than on day 0 in the SC (P < 0.05). The study revealed that inflammatory markers could be used for determining the diagnosis and prognosis in neonatal calves with septicaemia.
First detection of heat shock protein 60 and 70 in the serum of early pregnant bitches
Authors: Schäfer-Somi Sabine , Aksoy Okan Ali , Ergene Osman , Darbaz Isfendiyar , Herkner Kurt R. , Aslan Selim
Published: September 2019

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) belong to a group of cellular stress proteins. Heat shock protein 10 immunoregulates and promotes growth during early gestation in humans, while HSP70 is considered to regulate autophagy and apoptosis during pregnancy and parturition. Both HSPs are detectable in the serum and placentas of early pregnant women and considered to contribute to the establishment of pregnancy. Within this pilot study we aimed (1) to assess whether HSPs 10, 60 and 70 are measurable in the serum of healthy early pregnant and non-pregnant bitches, and (2) to explore whether measurable differences between groups indicate pregnancy. Blood was collected from 31 bitches on days 7, 14 and 21 after mating. At 21 days post mating, all bitches were examined for pregnancy by ultrasonography; 23 were pregnant, and the eight non-pregnant bitches served as controls. Pregnant bitches had normal parturitions and gave birth to healthy puppies. The serum concentrations of HSPs 10, 60 and 70 were measured by electrophoresis and western blot. Serum HSP10 was not detectable. Average serum HSP70 concentration was significantly (d7, P = 0.030; d14, P = 0.023; d21, P = 0.030) lower in pregnant animals at all days investigated, while serum HSP60 was significantly lower at day 21 of gestation (P = 0.024) when compared to the controls. HSP 60 and HSP70 concentrations correlated positively (d7, r = +0.386, P = 0.021; d14, r = 0.450, P = 0.008; d21, r = +0.472, P = 0.006). We conclude that in pregnant bitches, serum concentrations of HSP60 and HSP70 are significantly decreased between days 7 and 21 of gestation, in comparison to non-pregnant bitches in early dioestrus, raising the question about intrauterine functions during the peri-implantation period.
Astragalus Trojanus Stev. Batch Cultures: Cycloartane-type Metabolite Accumulation in Response to pH, Sucrose and Casein Hydrolysate
Authors: NARTOP Pınar , GÜREL Aynur , AKGÜN İsmail Hakkı , BEDİR Erdal
Published: September 2019

I

n this study, two grams of callus regenerated from stem and leaf explants of Astragalus trojanus Stev. were cultured in Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D for four weeks and used as inoculum in order to investigate the

effects of working volume and media composition. The highest biomass was obtained in 250 mL flask with astragaloside IV

(1.66 µg/mg) and cycloastragenol (0.19 µg/mg) accumulation. Different concentrations of sucrose and casein hydrolysate (1

and 2 g/L) were also tested and the effect of pH was also investigated. Biomass accumulation cannot be enhanced, however,

astragaloside IV and cycloastragenol content was ascended. The highest astragaloside IV (95.23 µg/mg) and cycloastragenol

(5.93 mg/mg) accumulations were obtained at pH 6.8 and 2 g/L casein hydrolysate, respectively
Decolorization of Reactıve Blue 19 Dye By Bacillus Megaterium Isolated From Soil
Authors: ERDEM Özgecan , TÜRKMEN Kübra Erkan , ARACAGÖK Doruk , ERDÖNMEZ Demet , CİHANGİR Nilüfer
Published: September 2019

The principle aim of this study was to decolorize Reactive Blue 19 dye with Bacillus megaterium(B. megaterium) and to determine the effect of some parameters such as pH, temperature, initial dye concentration, nitrogen and carbon sources

on decolorization. With this purpose, a new isolate identified as B. megaterium by genotypic (16S rRNA sequence) characterization, was found effective on Reactive Blue 19 decolorization. Glucose (20g/L) was found as the most suitable carbon

source for Reactive Blue 19 decolorization with a yield of 92%. When the effect of nitrogen sources on decolorization was

investigated, the highest dye removal rate was found as 91% which was obtained in shake flask containing yeast extract (10

g/L). In trials determining pH effect on dye removal; it was found that B. megaterium enables decolorization of Reactive Blue

19 at neutral pHs with a high percentage of 91%. P values were calculated for all parameters and found as p<0.05. Results of

FTIR analysis showed that decolorization of Reactive Blue 19 by B. megaterium occurred via biodegradation. When chemical

and physical wastewater treatment methods were compared to the biological methods, usage of microbial sources such as

B. megaterium is considered as an efficient and economical alternative.
A Minimal Family of Sub-bases
Authors: Lİ Yiliang , LİN Yidong , Lİ Jinjin , FENG Jun-e , WANG Hongkun
Published: September 2019

This paper investigates a minimal family of sub-bases. First, the concept of a minimal family of sub-bases is presented and its properties are studied. Then the relationship between reducts in covering information systems and minimal families of sub-bases is discussed. Based on Boolean matrices, an approach is provided to derive a minimal family of sub-bases. Finally, experiments are conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Detecção de predadores naturais das larvas de Simulium fulvinotum Cerq. e Mello, 1968 (Diptera, Nematocera) ()
Authors: Gorayeb I. S. , Pinger R. R.
Published: September 2019

Resumo Como a primeira pesquisa sobre estudos ecológicos nos criadouros naturais de simulídeos no Brasil, este trabalho, realizado nas imediações da cidade de Manaus, Estado do Amazonas, objetivou detectar os predadores naturais das larvas de Simulium fulvinotum através dos testes sorológicos de precipitação em tubos capilares (teste não específico para S. fulvinotum) e imunodifusão em agar-gel, aliados às observações de restos larvais de S. fulvinotum nos intestinos dos predadores suspeitos. Larvas de espécies do gênero Macronema (Hydropsychidae) e de Lepidoptera (Nymphulinae, Pyralidae) foram incriminadas pela primeira vez como predadores de simulídeos. Náiades de Libellulidae (Odonata), Perlidae (Plecoplera) e larvas de Corydalidae (Neuroptera) também foram incriminadas como predadoras das larvas de S. fulvinotum em seus criadouros naturais.
Crescimento e tolerância à salinidade em três espécies medicinais do gênero Plectranthus expostas a diferentes níveis de radiação
Authors: Freitas M.A.C. , Amorim A.V. , Bezerra A.M.E. , Pereira M.S , Bessa M.C. , Nogueira Filho F.P. , Lacerda C.F
Published: September 2019

No cultivo de plantas medicinais as condições de salinidade e de luz podem exercer influência no rendimento e na qualidade final da produção de biomassa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes luminosidades e níveis de salinidade na água de irrigação sobre o crescimento e tolerância de três espécies de plantas do gênero Plectranthus. O ensaio foi conduzido em parcelas subsubdivididas com cinco repetições, sendo as parcelas referente ao fator ambiente (pleno sol e telado), as subparcelas aos níveis de salinidade na água de irrigação - CEa (0,7; 1,9; 3,1; 4,3 e 5,5 dS m-1), e as subsubparcelas às três espécies do gênero Plectranthus (P. amboinicus, P. barbatus e P. grandis). As variáveis de resposta foram: índice relativo de clorofila (IRC), área foliar (AF), razão de área foliar (RAF), área foliar específica (AFE), matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA), matéria seca das raízes (MSR), matéria seca total (MST), relação MSR/MSPA, grau de tolerância à salinidade, e teor dos íons Na+ e K+. O estresse salino reduziu o crescimento das plantas, sendo as maiores reduções observadas nas plantas expostas a pleno sol. A salinidade influenciou a partição de matéria seca, sendo as raízes mais afetadas do que a parte aérea. Com o aumento da CEa houve aumento expressivo no teor foliar de Na+, enquanto o teor de K+ e o IRC foram reduzidos. Entretanto, o acúmulo de Na+ foi menor em P. grandis. Considerando-se a MST, verificou-se que as três espécies se mostraram moderadamente tolerantes à salinidade de até 3,1 dS m-1, exceto P. grandis cultivada em telado, classificada como tolerante. Em relação ao grau de redução na produção MSPA (parte de interesse comercial), poderia se recomendar o cultivo de P. grandis quando a água de irrigação contiver CEa de até 3,1 dS m-1.
GILBERTO FREYRE: A CIDADE COMO PERSONAGEM
Authors: Bastos Elide Rugai
Published: September 2019

Resumo: A partir da leitura do romance Dona Sinhá e o filho padre, escrito em 1964, o artigo pretende mostrar a centralidade do tema "cidade" na obra de Gilberto Freyre. Partindo de sua correspondência dos primeiros anos nos Estados Unidos e seus artigos no jornal Diário de Pernambuco, examina o modo pelo qual o sentido atribuído à cidade na formação nacional se transforma no decorrer de sua obra. A relação entre o tradicional e o moderno é a chave que conduz sua interpretação da sociedade brasileira.
Political Representation in the Discourse and Practices of the “Party of the Common Man” in India
Authors: Lama-Rewal Stéphanie Tawa
Published: September 2019

One of the many challenges presented by populism concerns its relationship with political representation. What happens when an anti-politics movement wins elections? This article offers an analysis of the exercise of power by the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP, Party of the Common Man), which has been ruling the city-state of Delhi since 2015, in order to bring elements of answer to this question. On the basis of discourse analysis as well as direct observation of meetings, the article first identifies a series of populist tropes in the official discourse of the AAP, including a de-emphasis on representation to the advantage of participation. It then describes the two main participatory schemes implemented by the AAP government since 2015, and shows that these generate, in different ways, a magnification of the mediation work that is central to political representation at the local level in the Indian context. Finally, the article argues that the party has been developing, through these participatory schemes, a form of “inclusive representation” (Hayat, 2013), in which inclusion is linked to mobilization.
X-ray scaling relations of elliptical galaxies
Authors:   Main Astronomical Observatory of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Babyk Iu. V.
Published: September 2019

We present the X-ray scaling relations of a sample of elliptical galaxies using X-ray Chandra observations. We use a single β-model to reconstruct the density gas profile and the hydrostatic equation to measure the total mass. We build X-ray scaling relations between temperature, luminosity and total mass at 5Re. Our sample in- cludes gas-poor objects that help us to extend already published LX − T , M − T and LX − M scaling relations to lower magnitudes. The derived slopes for all three relations are much steeper than those for galaxy clusters and groups, and are extreme compared to self-similar models considering gravity only. This increase of steepness from clusters to galaxies indicates that non-thermal processes (e.g. AGN feedback) have a stronger influence on the small-scale systems. Our results indicate that the hot interstellar medium of gas-poor early-type galaxies is not in the wind/outflow state as suggested by recent hydrodynamical simulations. We also discuss the possible biases of our calculations and compare our results to recent papers.
Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis with cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test and light emitting diode fluorescent microscopy: a comparative study
Authors: Kumar Pratik , Bhardwaj Puneet
Published: September 2019

Background: Due to low sensitivity and inability to detect drug resistance, smear microscopy limits its impact on TB control. Culture methods and drug susceptibility testing is complex, time consuming, and takes around 6-8 weeks. A new diagnostic test, cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) was developed based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). Objective of this study to compare the results of CBNAAT for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis with LED fluorescent microscopy and sputum culture.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Chest and TB, CIMS, Bilaspur. Each Sputum sample of presumptive TB patients were tested with CBNAAT, sputum smear  microscopy by light emitting diode (LED) fluorescent microscopy (FM) and solid and liquid culture for diagnosis of Tuberculosis. Results of CBNAAT, Fluorescent Microscopy and Culture for detection of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis were compared.Results: The sensitivity and specificity for CBNAAT were 97% and 100% respectively; while that for Fluorescent microscopy were 70% and 100% respectively. The positive and negative predictive value for CBNAAT was 100% and 96% respectively. The positive and negative predictive value for Fluorescent microscopy was 100% and 73% respectively.Conclusion: CBNAAT is having high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. It should be routinely used under national health programme to detect a tuberculosis case efficiently.
Serum lipids and lipoproteins: a brief review of the composition, transport and physiological functions
Authors: Bali Sharadendu , Utaal Maneshwar Singh
Published: September 2019

The dietary fats are composed primarily of triacylglycerols and some amount of phospholipids and cholesterol. Being hydrophobic in nature, these are insoluble in water, and hence cannot be transported in the blood plasma per se; to enable these lipids to be transported by the blood stream to various peripheral tissues, nature has devised the technique of making these soluble by binding them to proteins. These proteins involved in lipid transport are known as apolipoproteins, and the protein-lipid particle is known as lipoprotein. Thus, lipoproteins can be considered to be the primary transport mechanism to carry lipids from the alimentary tract to various parts of the body. Lipoproteins have gained prominence in medical field over the past few decades because of their role in the aetio-pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, principally atherosclerosis which is the cause of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. The various types and sub-types of lipoproteins have been found to have differing and even opposing roles in the development of arterial diseases. An understanding of the differing populations of lipoproteins, the associated proteins and other enzymes, and the myriad variety of inter-actions among themselves and with body cells is vital to our understanding the pathways involved in the development of cardio-vascular disorders and in determining the precise steps where pharmacological interventions can be introduced.

 
Os Cacos da história, presentes
Authors: Catini Carolina de Roig
Published: September 2019

Parece desnecessário (entre estudiosos e leitores de Walter Benjamin ressaltar a importância do trabalho teórico de Jeanne Marie Gagnebin. Ainda assim, a reedição brasileira de seu livro Walter Benjamin: os cacos da história no fatídico ano de 2018 nos impele a reflexão crítica da história[1].[1] O presente texto foi produzido para a ocasião do lançamento da reedição do livro Walter Benjamin: os cacos da história, realizado no Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas (IFCH), em 6 de junho de 2019, com a presença de Jeanne Marie Gagnebin, Luciano Gatti, Taísa Palhares e Carolina Catini.
The Evaluation of Surrogacy’s System in Indonesia as Comparison to India’s Legislation
Authors: Ambarwati Mega Dewi , Azmita Kamila Ghina
Published: September 2019

In today’s age, marriage life is can be complicated with problems like infertility. In the face of this problem, couples have used surrogacy as a potential fix. Surrogacy poses a unique problem in Indonesia, because such a concept remains culturally taboo and no legal system exists to regulate the process and the responsibilities of the surrogate mother. Thus, other countries that have created a legal infrastructure for surrogacy offer valuable paradigms and best practices. This study seeks to compare surrogacy law between Indonesia and India, with the overall goal of suggesting policies to better regulate surrogacy within the former country. This study uses comparative legal research methodology through the functional method because Indonesia and India face the same social problem of surrogacy. The result reveals that it needs a legal system on surrogacy and surrogate mother as the legal certainty for any individual especially spouse who could not have offspring along with some reasons such as minimalize prostitution and unregistered marriage, prevent dispute, and to develop scientific field. The study concludes that Indonesia requires stronger legal infrastructure for surrogacy that will not only provide legal certainty for surrogate mothers and families using surrogacy but will also minimize prostitution and unregistered marriages, mitigate domestic disputes, and catalyze scientific innovation.

Keywords: Surrogate Mother, Surrogacy, Indonesia, India.
Brief Research on City Identity Crisis and Causes of Small/Medium-Sized Cities in China
Authors: Huang Qianyao
Published: September 2019

City identity can be defined as the soul of a city and it plays an important role in increasing urban competitiveness (Gao, 2010). Recently, urban distinct features including historic heritages have been badly damaged in the rapid process of urbanization and economic growth, generating a crisis of city identity loss in urban planning, especially in small/medium cities where many have become similar in recent decades. The issue of a crisis in city identity has become established globally. With recognition of identity value, and the rising of people’s physical, as well as, psychological living demands in seeking a sense of belonging, extensive attention has been given to protection of city characteristics and identity recovery by both policy makers and urban designers (Li and Wang, 2006).Particularly, in China, rapid urbanization as a result of economic growth has led to city identity becoming reduced (Li, 2005). Homogenization and standardization in urban planning is very common and prominent in small/medium size cities in China. Many cities face a crisis where historic character and original identity is disappearing gradually and inevitably (Akkar Ercan, 2016).The principle aim of this paper is to discuss what is urban identity crisis and to explore it causes. In targeting this proposal, the following 2 questions and issues may need to be taken into consideration: 1. What is the definition and composition of the City identity? 2. What is the city identity crisis, including its causes and consequences? This requires systematic research on both literature review and world-wide case studies to explore the the city identity crisis and this may provide comprehensive, instructive, and operational design guide for shaping a ‘visible’ city’s identity, enhancing its uniqueness and further contributing to the solution for city identity crisis in China.
VARIASI LEGENDA KAMANDAKA BERDASARKAN TRANSMISI MASYARAKAT PENDUKUNG
Authors: Ryolita Widya Putri
Published: September 2019

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian sastra lisan yang  bertujuan mengangkat potensi lokal (kearifan lokal). Dengan metode deskriptif analitik dan teori fungsi Finnegan, penelitian  menyelidiki tiga variasi cerita legenda Kamandaka yang didasarkan pada transmisi dan fungsi cerita tersebut. Tiga variasi tersebut adalah pertama versi dari Sri Yulianingsih, juru kunci petilasan Carangandul, versi Budi Sasongko (keturunan kerajaan Pasirluhur), dan  Carlan (pengurus situs purbakala Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Banyumas). Tiga variasi tersebut menghasilkan fokus penceritaan yang berbeda-beda, terutama pada cara mengungkapkan ide-ide kepada pendengar. Versi Sri Yulianingsih menceritakan kehidupan Kamandaka sampai Patih Carangandul untuk tujuan mengumpulkan modal sosial bagi Sri Yulianingsih. Versi Budi Sasongko lebih banyak menceritakan kehidupan Kamandaka sampai pada keturunannya untuk tujuan modal simbolis bagi dirinya sendiri. Versi Carlan lebih banyak menceritakan situs-situs purbakala untuk potensi wisata sejarah yang berkaitan dengan tempat-tempat di dalam cerita Kamandaka dan berfungsi sebagai sarana meningkatkan karirnya.
PERGESERAN BAHASA DAERAH LAMPUNG PADA MASYARAKAT KOTA BANDAR LAMPUNG
Authors: Putri Nandita Wana
Published: September 2019

Lampung is one of the provinces in Indonesia which is located strategically. It is located at the Southern of Sumatra Island that makes Lampung as the only gateway for those who want to go to Sumatra Island. The complexity of the society in Lampung, especially in Bandar Lampung city, has an impact on the survival of indigenous people of Lampung itself. One of the effects is the waning of the indigenous languages of Lampung in the city. The aim of this study is to find out the reasons why Lampung is starting to be abandoned, to know how to use Lampung Language, to know what areas still survive in the use of Lampung Language, and to describe what efforts have been made to preserve the Lampung language in the Bandar Lampung city. The qualitative approach is used in this study. The data are obtained by applying the methods of observation, interview and document analysis. This study found that in Bandar Lampung city Lampung language experience a language shift which then will be extinction if not preserved optimally.
Humanización del acto de la retroalimentación en la educación virtual
Authors: Sepúlveda-Romero María Elsy
Published: September 2019

Con el progreso de las TIC, nace en medio de un proceso histórico la fusión entre la educación tradicional con la tecnología, dando como resultado la educación virtual, por ende, el acto de la retroalimentación, que no sólo se utiliza para revisar un trabajo, detectar errores o señalar aciertos, sino para orientar, apoyar y estimular al estudiante en su posterior aprendizaje, de ahí, que la finalidad principal de este artículo es identificar el proceso de la humanización del acto de la retroalimentación en la educación virtual. Para alcanzar el propósito de la investigación se establecieron cuatro objetivos específicos: precisar los conceptos de humanización, retroalimentación y educación virtual; analizar el acto de la retroalimentación como instrumento en la educación virtual; enunciar las principales herramientas utilizadas en la retroalimentación en la educación virtual y por último, establecer cómo se genera la humanización del acto de la retroalimentación. En el aspecto metodológico lo que se hizo fue revisar y analizar literatura de investigaciones y estudios realizados por diferentes autores tanto nacionales como extranjeros. Entre los hallazgos encontrados se destaca que el proceso de la humanización del acto de la retroalimentación en la educación virtual, se refleja en el seguimiento que se hace al estudiante, el conocimiento que se tiene de sus dificultades, el progreso que se da a su aprendizaje y en la identificación de su contexto.
A retrospective case cohort study of managements and outcomes of pediatric patients with intracranial arachnoid cysts
Authors: Dong Fangyong , Zhang Suojun , Li Yakun , Wang Zhen , Chen Zirong , Wan Feng , Lei Ting
Published: September 2019

Background: Intracranial arachnoid cysts are benign developmental lesions with CSF-like fluid collection inside. As the exact pathogenesis and natural history are still unclear, there has been no treatment guideline of intracranial arachnoid cysts so far.Methods: We have analyzed medical records of pediatric patients below the age of 14 years old with intracranial arachnoid cysts managed in our department from January 2011 to September 2016. A total of 134 cases were enrolled in this study. We have investigated and discussed the clinical data with a literature review. Results: 134 pediatric patients were admitted in our department in the past 5 years, aged 1 month-14 years (averaged 5.3 years). Surgeries were performed in 91 cases, of which 71 cases underwent cyst fenestration or resection, 17 cases received cystoperitoneal shunt and 3 cases underwent subdural drainage. 70 cases (77%) were symptom-free after surgeries or had minor complaints at follow-up. Notably, 9 cases (6 cases under 2 years old, 3 cases older than 2 years old) undergoing prior cyst fenestration or resection developed hydrocephalus and/or subdural hygroma that necessitated secondary shunt surgeries, and 2 cases treated with primary CP shunt developed shunt dependency 2 and 4 years later respectively, which was resolved by keyhole resection of the shrunken cyst walls. 18/23 children with giant intracranial arachnoid cysts who were diagnosed incidentally without any definite symptom had satisfactory outcomes after surgical interventions. Conclusions: CP shunt with a programmable valve is recommended for patients aged 2 years or below with giant arachnoid cysts. Shunt dependency syndrome after CP shunt could be resolved by minimally invasive resection of the shrunken cyst wall. Giant intracranial arachnoid cysts, even lack of symptoms, could be considered for surgical interventions.