bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘To say report it, well, it seems a little useless’: Evaluating Australians' expectations of online service providers and reducing online child sexual exploitation
Authors: Maxwell Francis , Salter Michael , Peleg Noam
Published: November 2023

Online service providers (OSPs) provide a range of opportunities for individuals to engage in online child sexual exploitation, including the production and distribution of child sexual abuse material. As the failings of opaque content moderation systems have become apparent, a range of states have proposed or implemented new regulatory measures, amidst ongoing debates over the legitimacy of state intervention in online communication. This paper presents the findings of a survey of 482 Australian adults regarding their expectations of technology companies and governments in relation to key issues of online child protection. The results suggest strong demands for greater action by OSPs against sexual exploitation, and for governments to legally enshrine some obligations for OSPs, as well as concern about the privacy of innocent users and about the data handling and cybersecurity of governments and technology companies. These findings indicate that governments and OSPs which are seeking to construct meaningful action against online child sexual exploitation might find significant support among the general public for such measures. Equally, these are very sensitive areas of governance for many. Governments and companies would draw significant assistance from understanding the views of users when navigating these challenging issues and ensuring that their measures are carefully calibrated to their legitimate concerns.
Moderating manipulation: Demystifying extremist tactics for gaming the (regulatory) system
Authors: Mattheis Ashley A. , Kingdon Ashton
Published: November 2023

Due to its ease of scalability and broad applicability, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in platform management has gained prominence. This has led to widespread debates about the use of deplatforming as the default tool for repeated or severe violations of terms or service. But technologically deterministic approaches are not infallible and can be predictable based on their actions. This opens the door for manipulation of media content and technological affordances to become tactical options for actors seeking to subvert regulation. Existing discussions often neglect the topic of manipulation of content, algorithms, or platform affordances as a primary aspect of the strategies used by extremists in relation to the difficulties of moderation from a policy perspective. This study argues that it is essential to understand how extremists and conspiracy theorists use manipulation tactics to ‘game’ the current policy, regulatory and legislative systems of content moderation. Developing approaches that attend to manipulation as a strategy and focus on platform and context‐specific tactics will generate more effective policies, platform rules, AI developments and moderation procedures. This study analyses and demystifies three primary tactics, which the authors categorize as numerology, borderlands and merchandising, regularly used by extremists online in their strategies to ‘game’ content moderation. We provide case examples from a variety of ideologies including far‐right, QAnon and male supremacism to highlight the tactics rather than ideological nature of such manipulation. We conclude with a discussion of how demystification processes could be incorporated into content moderation settings. This study contributes new insights about evasion tactics to the content moderation discussion and expands current understanding of how platforms can develop sociotechnical remedial measures.
Assessment of long‐term medication adherence with cystic fibrosis: An integrated approach
Authors: Platt Thomas , Kormelink Lauren N. , Autry Elizabeth B. , Rossoll Sara Jo , Kuhn Robert J.
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that creates a multisystem pathology resulting in complex treatment regimens. In 2014, 43% of people with CF at an academic medical center experienced medication acquisition barriers. The creation of an integrated specialty pharmacy with an embedded CF team pharmacist was launched in 2016. In addition to filling specialty medications, this specialty pharmacy filled all patient medications through a service called total care pharmacy (TCP). This service was hypothesized to positively impact medication adherence.

Methods

Adherence analysis was performed by utilizing the proportion of days covered (PDC). PDC was analyzed during years 1, 2, and 3 of therapy. PDC was calculated for medications with at least three fills during each year. Patients with PDC less than 80% were considered nonadherent and underwent manual chart review to identify a documented reason for nonadherence.

Results

Patients in the first year of dornase alfa therapy had significantly higher adherence in the TCP cohort compared to non‐TCP (81.3% PDC vs. 66.0%; p = .006), which was largely driven by adult patients (73.3% vs. 56.5% for pediatric). Analysis of other medications and groups did not yield statistically significant differences. Many patients who had been classified as nonadherent had valid clinical reasons that explained gaps in therapy.

Conclusions

When filling medications at a specialty pharmacy integrated within the academic medication center, dornase alfa adherence was higher in the TCP group. Further studies comparing TCP with services offered by pharmacies external to the health system would better characterize the impact of TCP services.
Specificity determinants revealed by the structure of glycosyltransferase Campylobacter concisusPglA
Authors: Vuksanovic Nemanja , Clasman Jozlyn R. , Imperiali Barbara , Allen Karen N.
Published: November 2023

In selected Campylobacter species, the biosynthesis of N‐linked glycoconjugates via the pgl pathway is essential for pathogenicity and survival. However, most of the membrane‐associated GT‐B fold glycosyltransferases responsible for diversifying glycans in this pathway have not been structurally characterized which hinders the understanding of the structural factors that govern substrate specificity and prediction of resulting glycan composition. Herein, we report the 1.8 Å resolution structure of Campylobacter concisus PglA, the glycosyltransferase responsible for the transfer of N‐acetylgalatosamine (GalNAc) from uridine 5′‐diphospho‐N‐acetylgalactosamine (UDP‐GalNAc) to undecaprenyl‐diphospho‐N,N′‐diacetylbacillosamine (UndPP‐diNAcBac) in complex with the sugar donor GalNAc. This study identifies distinguishing characteristics that set PglA apart within the GT4 enzyme family. Computational docking of the structure in the membrane in comparison to homologs points to differences in interactions with the membrane‐embedded acceptor and the structural analysis of the complex together with bioinformatics and site‐directed mutagenesis identifies donor sugar binding motifs. Notably, E113, conserved solely among PglA enzymes, forms a hydrogen bond with the GalNAc C6″‐OH. Mutagenesis of E113 reveals activity consistent with this role in substrate binding, rather than stabilization of the oxocarbenium ion transition state, a function sometimes ascribed to the corresponding residue in GT4 homologs. The bioinformatic analyses reveal a substrate‐specificity motif, showing that Pro281 in a substrate binding loop of PglA directs configurational preference for GalNAc over GlcNAc. This proline is replaced by a conformationally flexible glycine, even in distant homologs, which favor substrates with the same stereochemistry at C4, such as glucose. The signature loop is conserved across all Campylobacter PglA enzymes, emphasizing its importance in substrate specificity.
Elucidating the Surface Properties of Sr3PbO Inverse‐Perovskite Topological Insulator: A First‐Principles Study
Authors: Bilal Muhammad , Alay-e-Abbas Syed Muhammad , Abbas Ghulam , Javed Farrukh , Zulfiqar Waqas , Amin Nasir
Published: November 2023

The emergence of robust surface electronic states in topological insulators such as bulk Sr3PbO inverse‐perovskite makes them suitable candidates for spintronic devices and solid‐state quantum computers. Herein, the atomic structure, surface energetics, and electronic properties of Sr3PbO inverse‐perovskite Sr2O (SO)‐terminated and SrPb‐terminated (001) surfaces are examined using density functional theory. A comparison of the computed structural properties of SO‐termianted and SrPb‐terminated (001) surfaces reveals maximum surface rumpling and changes in interlayer distances for the SrPb‐terminated surface of Sr3PbO. However, the calculated surface energies indicate that both SO‐termianted and SrPb‐terminated (001) surfaces of Sr3PbO are energetically feasible, indicating that these surfaces can coexist in a polycrystalline sample of this material. Due to the presence of Pb in Sr3PbO, a comprehensive examination of the electronic structure of bulk and supercell slab structures of Sr3PbO by taking spin–orbit coupling effects into consideration is conducted. Noninsulating nature of electronic structure for the two possible (001) terminations of Sr3PbO is found. The domination of Pb‐6p states at the Fermi energy and the hole screening observed at the SrPb‐terminated surface of Sr3PbO support the p‐type nature observed in the experiment.
Children's exposure to STEM instruction in preschool and how they respond to it
Authors: Greenwood Charles R. , Irvin Dwight W. , Schnitz Alana G. , Buzhardt Jay
Published: November 2023

Early childhood is an opportune time to begin teaching STEM, and preschool education provides the opportunity. How children experience and respond to STEM in community‐based preschools is our focus. Using the CIRCLE classroom observation system, we examined how frequently and in what contexts preschool teachers provided STEM learning opportunities, and how children responded using quantitative–descriptive methods. Data were collected in 39 low‐socioeconomic status (SES), community‐based preschool classrooms on a stratified sample of 117 children that included mono‐English speaking children, dual language learners, and children with a diagnosed disability. Results indicated that children were exposed to nonacademic content 71% of the observed time. In contrast, STEM instruction occurred only 7% of the time, or about 6 min of our 90 min observation on a given day. When teachers provided STEM content, the probability that children were academically engaged was 0.57 compared with only 0.08 during nonacademic content. There were no statistically significant differences in STEM academic content received between girls and boys, children with versus without an Individualized Education Program (IEP), and English‐only speakers versus dual language learners. However, dual language learners were significantly less engaged during STEM than English‐only speakers. Implications are discussed.
Recent Advances in Reprogramming Strategy of Tumor Microenvironment for Rejuvenating Photosensitizers‐Mediated Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Yu Qing , Li Xia , Wang Juan , Guo Lanping , Huang Luqi , Gao Wenyuan
Published: November 2023

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has recently been considered a potential tumor therapy due to its time‐space specificity and non‐invasive advantages. PDT can not only directly kill tumor cells by using cytotoxic reactive oxygen species but also induce an anti‐tumor immune response by causing immunogenic cell death of tumor cells. Although it exhibits a promising prospect in treating tumors, there are still many problems to be solved in its practical application. Tumor hypoxia and immunosuppressive microenvironment seriously affect the efficacy of PDT. The hypoxic and immunosuppressive microenvironment is mainly due to the abnormal vascular matrix around the tumor, its abnormal metabolism, and the influence of various immunosuppressive‐related cells and their expressed molecules. Thus, reprogramming the tumor microenvironment (TME) is of great significance for rejuvenating PDT. This article reviews the latest strategies for rejuvenating PDT, from regulating tumor vascular matrix, interfering with tumor cell metabolism, and reprogramming immunosuppressive related cells and factors to reverse tumor hypoxia and immunosuppressive microenvironment. These strategies provide valuable information for a better understanding of the significance of TME in PDT and also guide the development of the next‐generation multifunctional nanoplatforms for PDT.
Cold to Hot: Tumor Immunotherapy by Promoting Vascular Normalization Based on PDGFB Nanocomposites
Authors: Ma Shouzheng , Tian Zhimin , Liu Lei , Zhu Jun , Wang Jing , Zhao Shoujie , Zhu Yejing , Zhu Jianfei , Wang Wenchen , Jiang Runmin , Qu Yongquan , Lei Jie , Zhao Junlong , Jiang Tao
Published: November 2023

Immunotherapy is a promising cancer therapeutic strategy. However, the “cold” tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), characterized by insufficient immune cell infiltration and immunosuppressive status, limits the efficacy of immunotherapy. Tumor vascular abnormalities due to defective pericyte coverage are gradually recognized as a profound determinant in “cold” TIME establishment by hindering immune cell trafficking. Recently, several vascular normalization strategies by improving pericyte coverage have been reported, whereas have unsatisfactory efficacy and high rates of resistance. Herein, a combinatorial strategy to induce tumor vasculature‐targeted pericyte recruitment and zinc ion‐mediated immune activation with a platelet‐derived growth factor B (PDGFB)‐loaded, cyclo (Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐D‐Phe‐Lys)‐modified zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (PDGFB@ZIF8‐RGD) nanoplatform is proposed. PDGFB@ZIF8‐RGD effectively induced tumor vascular normalization, which facilitated trafficking and infiltration of immune effector cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, M1‐like macrophages and CD8+ T cells, into tumor microenvironment. Simultaneously, vascular normalization promoted the accumulation of zinc ions inside tumors to trigger effector cell immune activation and effector molecule production. The synergy between these two effects endowed PDGFB@ZIF8‐RGD with superior capabilities in reprogramming the “cold” TIME to a “hot” TIME, thereby initiating robust antitumor immunity and suppressing tumor growth. This combinatorial strategy for improving immune effector cell infiltration and activation is a promising paradigm for solid tumor immunotherapy.
Facial Construction of Hydroxyl Functional Modified Ultrafine BiPO4 with Variation of Dipole Moment Induced by –OH Group
Authors: Yang Zhuang , Qiang Zengshou , Wang Jian , Wang Yajun , Yao Wenqing
Published: November 2023

The hydroxyl groups generated by hydrolysis are grafted onto the surface of BiPO4, and a stable surface hydroxylation structure is formed during the subsequent calcination process. This would facilitate the formation of a new hydroxyl functional structure on the surface of the parent photocatalyst without damaging its intrinsic structure. Synchronous illumination X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the hydroxyl functional ultrafine BiPO4 can realize the conversion of defective oxygen to lattice oxygen, which is more conducive in improving the photocatalytic efficiency. The process of filling hydroxyl oxygen vacancies and forming a stable structure is explored using in‐ situ infrared spectroscopy. The induced dipole moment promotes the separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, which is beneficial for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity. The dipole moment of the hydroxyl functional‐modified ultrafine BiPO4 is −1.409 D compared to −1.385 D for ordinary BiPO4. The results of this study indicate that hydroxyl functional structure and reduced sample granularity are effective strategies to improve the photocatalytic performance of BiPO4.
Methyltransferase‐like 3‐mediated m6A modification of miR‐1908‐5p contributes to nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression by targeting homeodomain‐only protein homeobox
Authors: Zhou Yuanhong , Li Wei
Published: November 2023

Background

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modification interacting microRNAs (miRNAs) have been confirmed to participate in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) progression. This research investigated miR‐1908‐5p's function and regulatory mechanism in the tumorigenesis of NPC via m6A modification and targeting a key gene.

Methods

The levels of miR‐1908‐5p, homeodomain‐only protein homeobox (HOPX), and methyltransferase‐like 3 (METTL3) expressions were detected via RT‐qPCR. The correlation between miR‐1908‐5p and the HOPX/METTL3 axis, as well as their regulatory mechanism, was investigated by dual luciferase reporter, western blotting, and MeRIP assays. Moreover, the bio‐functions of miR‐1908‐5p, HOPX, and METTL3 in NPC were explored through CCK8, transwell, caspase‐3 activity, and xenograft tumor assays.

Results

RT‐qPCR results indicated a miR‐1908‐5p upregulation in NPC. Knocking down miR‐1908‐5p diminished the NPC cell viability and migration in vitro. In vivo, downregulating miR‐1908‐5p repressed NPC cell tumor growth. Moreover, HOPX was specifically targeted by miR‐1908‐5p, and HOPX downregulation led to reversal of the anti‐tumor impact of the miR‐1908‐5p inhibitor against NPC cell malignancy. Also, METTL3 could mediate the m6A modification of miR‐1908‐5p to regulate its influence on NPC cells.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that the METTL3‐mediated m6A modification of miR‐1908‐5p enhanced the tumorigenesis of NPC by targeting HOPX. These findings propose new insights for NPC diagnosis and therapy.
Cosmology from random entanglement
Authors: Antonini Stefano , Sasieta Martin , Swingle Brian
Published: November 2023

Abstract

We construct entangled microstates of a pair of holographic CFTs whose dual semiclassical description includes big bang-big crunch AdS cosmologies in spaces without boundaries. The cosmology is supported by inhomogeneous heavy matter and it partially purifies the bulk entanglement of two disconnected auxiliary AdS spacetimes. We show that the island formula for the fine grained entropy of one of the CFTs follows from a standard gravitational replica trick calculation. In generic settings, the cosmology is contained in the entanglement wedge of one of the two CFTs. We then investigate properties of the cosmology-to-boundary encoding map, and in particular, its non-isometric character. Restricting our attention to a specific class of states on the cosmology, we provide an explicit, and state-dependent, boundary representation of operators acting on the cosmology. Finally, under genericity assumptions, we argue for a non-isometric to approximately-isometric transition of the cosmology-to-boundary map for “simple” states on the cosmology as a function of the bulk entanglement, with tensor network toy models of our setup as a guide.
FCNC charmed-hadron decays with invisible singlet particles in light of recent data
Authors: Li Geng , Tandean Jusak
Published: November 2023

Abstract

The flavor-changing neutral current (FCNC) decays of charmed hadrons with missing energy (Ɇ) can serve as potentially promising hunting grounds for hints of new physics, as the standard-model backgrounds are very suppressed. A few of such processes have been searched for in recent experiments, specifically D0→ Ɇ by Belle and D0→ π0Ɇ and $$ {\Lambda}_c^{+} $$

Λ
c
+

→ pɆ by BESIII, resulting in upper bounds on their branching fractions. We consider them to illuminate the possible contributions of the quark transition c → uɆ with a couple of invisible spinless bosons carrying away the missing energy, assuming that they are not charge conjugates of each other and hence can have unequal masses. We find that these data are complementary in that they constrain different sets of the underlying operators and do not cover the same ranges of the bosons’ masses, but there are regions not yet accessible. From the allowed parameter space, we show that other D-meson decays, such as D → ρɆ, and the charmed-baryon ones Ξc → (Σ, Λ)Ɇ can have sizable branching fractions and therefore may offer further probes of the new-physics interactions. We point out the importance of D0 → γɆ which are not yet searched for but could access parts of the parameter space beyond the reach of the other modes. In addition, we look at a scenario where the invisibles are instead fermionic, namely sterile neutrinos, and a scalar leptoquark mediates c → uɆ. We discuss the implications of the aforesaid bounds for this model. The predictions we make for the various charmed-hadron decays in the different scenarios may be testable in the near future by BESIII and Belle II.
Neutron stars in the Witten-Sakai-Sugimoto model
Authors: Bartolini Lorenzo , Gudnason Sven Bjarke
Published: November 2023

Abstract

We utilize the top-down holographic QCD model, the Witten-Sakai-Sugimoto model, in a hybrid setting with the SLy4, soft chiral EFT and stiff chiral EFT equations of state to describe neutron stars with high precision. In particular, we employ a calibration that bootstraps the nuclear matter by fitting the Kaluza-Klein scale and the ’t Hooft coupling such that the physical saturation density and physical symmetry energy are achieved. We obtain static stable neutron star mass-radius data via the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkov equations that yield sufficiently large maximal masses of neutron stars to be compatible with the recently observed PSR-J0952-0607 data as well as all other known radius and tidal deformation constraints.
Fine Properties of Geodesics and Geodesic $$\lambda $$-Convexity for the Hellinger–Kantorovich Distance
Authors: Liero Matthias , Mielke Alexander , Savaré Giuseppe
Published: November 2023

We study the fine regularity properties of optimal potentials for the dual formulation of the Hellinger–Kantorovich problem ($$\textsf{H}\!\!\textsf{K}$$

H

K

), providing sufficient conditions for the solvability of the primal Monge formulation. We also establish new regularity properties for the solution of the Hamilton–Jacobi equation arising in the dual dynamic formulation of $$\textsf{H}\!\!\textsf{K}$$

H

K

, which are sufficiently strong to construct a characteristic transport-growth flow driving the geodesic interpolation between two arbitrary positive measures. These results are applied to study relevant geometric properties of $$\textsf{H}\!\!\textsf{K}$$

H

K

geodesics and to derive the convex behaviour of their Lebesgue density along the transport flow. Finally, exact conditions for functionals defined on the space of measures are derived that guarantee the geodesic $$\lambda $$
λ
-convexity with respect to the Hellinger–Kantorovich distance. Examples of geodesically convex functionals are provided.
Diaphragm Ultrasonography: Reference Values and Influencing Factors for Thickness, Thickening Fraction, and Excursion in the Seated Position
Authors: Yamada Toru , Minami Taro , Yoshino Syumpei , Emoto Ken , Mabuchi Suguru , Hanazawa Ryoichi , Hirakawa Akihiro , Hashimoto Masayoshi
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Measurements of diaphragm function by ultrasonography are affected by body position, but reference values in the seated position have not been established for an Asian population. This study aimed to determine reference values for diaphragm thickness, thickening fraction, and dome excursion by ultrasonography and to investigate the effects of sex, height, and body mass index.

Methods

Diaphragm ultrasonography was performed on 109 seated Japanese volunteers with normal respiratory function who were enrolled between March 2022 and January 2023. Thickness, thickening fraction, and excursion were measured. Reference values and the measurement success rate were calculated. Multivariate analysis adjusted for sex, height, and body mass index was performed.

Results

The measurement success rate was better for thickness than for excursion. The mean (lower limit of normal) values on the right/left sides were as follows. During quiet breathing, thickness at end expiration(mm) was 1.7 (0.9)/1.6 (0.80), thickening fraction(%) was 50 (0.0)/52 (0.0), and excursion(cm) was 1.7 (0.5)/1.9 (0.5). During deep breathing, the thickening fraction was 111 (24)/107 (22), and the excursion was 4.4 (1.7)/4.1 (2.0). In multivariate analysis, body mass index was positively associated with thickness but not with the thickening fraction.

Conclusion

The reference values in this study were smaller than those in previous reports from Europe. Considering that thickness is influenced by body mass index, using Western reference values in Asia, where the average body mass index is lower, might not be appropriate. The thickening fraction in deep breathing is unaffected by other items and can be used more universally.
Frequency and severity of malocclusions in patients with statutory health insurance in a German orthodontic practice in North Rhine Westphalia – a multi-part cross-sectional study over a 20-year period
Authors: Kinzinger Gero Stefan Michael , Hourfar Jan , Maletic Andrijana , Lisson Jörg Alexander
Published: November 2023

Objective

Since 2002, patients with statutory health insurance in Germany must undergo an assessment of orthodontic treatment need using the "Kieferorthopädische Indikationsguppen" (KIG; orthodontic indication groups) classification system. According to this system, tooth and jaw misalignment are divided into 11 subgroups and five grades. The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution of KIG classifications in patients with statutory insurance of a German orthodontic practice (North Rhine, Germany) and to analyze changes over a 20-year period.

Materials and Methods

Since the introduction of the KIG index in 2002, 4940 statutorily insured patients over a 20-year period (2330 m, 2610 f, min 3.2, max 49.5 years, peak between 10 and 12 years) were classified at their first appointment. According to the valid guidelines of the statutory health insurance (GKV), the division was made into the highest possible KIG classification. Multiple entries were thus not made. In accordance with the operating cycles of the practice, the progression was divided into four 5-year periods.

Results

Over a 20-year period, 24.98% of the patients were assigned to the classification "D". 86.52% of the patients were among the 6 most frequently ("D", "E", "K", "S", "P" and "M", > 10% each) and only 13.49% among the 5 least frequently recorded classifications ("U", "B", "T", "O" and "A", < 5% each).

Conclusion

The distribution of the 6 most frequent and the 5 least frequent KIG classifications was constant over a 20-year-period. Among all possible tooth and jaw misalignment variants, the sagittal classifications "D" and "M" represent the most frequent malocclusions.

Clinical relevance

The results and their comparison with historical data show that both frequency and severity of tooth and jaw misalignment with orthodontic treatment need appear identical for patients with statutory health insurance over a 20-year period.
Analyse zum Umgang mit digitalen Übersetzungsprogrammen
Authors: Zehnder Philipp , Heberer Jörg , Schwarz Markus , Greve Frederik , Biberthaler Peter , Kirchhoff Chlodwig , Zyskowski Michael
Published: November 2023

Hintergrund

Durch Zunahme der Globalisierung und verstärkte globale Migrationstendenzen kommt es zu einer Zunahme von Mehrsprachigkeit. Dies hat Verständigungsprobleme zwischen Ärzt*innen und Patient*innen zur Folge. Digitale Übersetzungsprogramme können hier eine kostengünstige und zeitsparende Alternative sein. Anwendungshäufigkeit, Risiken und die juristischen Rahmenbedingungen gilt es zu beleuchten.

Methoden

Das TraumaNetzwerk der DGU umfasst deutschlandweit 478 Notaufnahmen. Diese wurden angeschrieben und gebeten, mittels Fragebogen ihren Umgang mit digitalen Übersetzungsprogrammen darzulegen. Die Ergebnisse wurden statistisch ausgewertet und mit der gegenwärtigen Rechtsprechung korreliert.

Ergebnisse

Von 478 Kliniken haben 103 (21,5 %) teilgenommen. Digitale Übersetzungsprogramme werden im klinischen Alltag bereits von mehr als 70 % der befragten Kolleg*innen genutzt. Etwa 50 % haben digitale Übersetzungsprogramme bereits zur Aufklärung für eine nichtlebensbedrohliche Operation genutzt. Die Mehrheit der befragten Kolleg*innen (87,4 %) sieht sich bei der Aufklärung einer nicht Deutsch sprechenden Patient*in rechtlich nicht ausreichend abgesichert.

Schlussfolgerung

Bei zunehmend knappen personellen Ressourcen hat die Nutzung digitaler Übersetzungsprogramme im klinischen Alltag zur Kommunikation mit fremdsprachigen Patienten*innen Einzug gehalten. Die Vorteile dieser Übersetzungsprogramme sind durch ihre niederschwellige und tageszeitunabhängige Verfügbarkeit evident. Klare gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen für die Nutzung sind jedoch bis dato nicht existent. Aufgrund der möglichen Fehleranfälligkeit bezüglich der medizinischen Nomenklatur dieser Übersetzungsprogramme und nicht bestehender rechtlicher Rahmenbedingungen ist deren Verwendung im klinischen Alltag risikobehaftet und kann derzeit nicht empfohlen werden.
Physical Activity and Mental Health in Children and Youth: Clinician Perspectives and Practices
Authors: Crichton Madeline , Bigelow Hannah , Fenesi Barbara
Published: November 2023

Background

Rates of mental health challenges among children and youth are on the rise. Physical activity has been identified as a promising intervention to improve mental health outcomes for youth.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate how mental health clinicians perceive and utilize physical activity as a mental health intervention for children and adolescents.

Methods

Seventy-four Ontario mental health clinicians (psychologists, psychotherapists, and social workers) were surveyed about their perspectives and practices related to physical activity as part of mental health care for children and adolescents using a mixed-methods approach. Survey respondents were also asked about barriers to including physical activity in care.

Results

Although 100% of clinicians agreed that physical activity was beneficial to their own and to their clients’ mental health, only 61% reported prescribing physical activity to their clients. Barriers to prescribing physical activity as a treatment option included lack of training, time, and resources. Clinicians who were more physically active themselves were more likely to view physical activity as beneficial for mental health and were less likely to view time as a barrier to discussing and prescribing physical activity in their practice. Many clinicians expressed a need for more training, knowledge, and resources.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that with improved access to training and resources, clinicians will be well-positioned to leverage the benefits of physical activity for mental health in their practice.
Probabilistic characterization of Brazilian tensile strength of rock from both direct and indirect measurements
Authors: Aladejare Adeyemi Emman
Published: November 2023

The determination of Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) is an essential step in the analysis and design of mining structures at a particular site. The estimated design parameters are affected by the inherent variability of BTS, measurement errors arising from laboratory testing, and transformation uncertainty associated with the empirical model linking BTS to other rock properties when it is indirectly estimated. These uncertainties are usually lumped together as the total variability of BTS. However, it is the inherent variability resulting from natural geological factors, not the total variability, that directly affects the actual response of rock structures. Hence, there is a need for proper characterization of the inherent variability of BTS while the measurement errors and transformation uncertainty are explicitly incorporated. This paper develops a Bayesian approach which uses sequential updating, that is multi-input oriented for probabilistic characterization of the inherent variability of BTS of rock. The proposed approach systematically combines previous engineering experience and site information from both direct BTS data and data from indirect tests like point load test to inversely infer the inherent variability of BTS. The proposed approach quantitatively accounts for the effects of measurement errors and transformation uncertainty on the characterization of the inherent variability of BTS. The proposed approach is illustrated and validated using real-life data and simulated data. The result shows that the proposed approach provides a proper characterization of the inherent variability of BTS based on available information from multiple sources. Sensitivity studies are also performed to explore the effects of measurement errors on the performance of the proposed approach.
Lung cancer mortality trends among women across Spain: the role of birth cohorts in diverging regional patterns
Authors: Bramajo Octavio
Published: November 2023

Smoking among Spanish women has increased during the last 50 years and is considered by some authors a modern epidemic. However, mortality risk by cohorts may differ at a regional level, given that health inequalities (and the determinants of smoking and its consequences) are regionally patterned. We applied an Age-Period-Cohort model to identify birth cohort effects on female lung cancer mortality in Spain. We found a strong linear increase in lung cancer mortality during the 1980–2019 period in all regions. Cohorts born between 1935 and 1955 presented a higher relative risk of death at a national and subnational level. However, we found diverging cohort patterns across regions afterward, with some regions presenting a slight mortality improvement (or stagnation) in their youngest cohorts, while in other regions mortality kept increasing. This suggests that inequalities in lung cancer mortality in Spain among women are not only generationally based, but that generational risks also vary across space. Some of the regions that presented improvements in mortality among its younger cohorts are Madrid, Navarra, and the Basque Country, which are some of the wealthiest in the Country. While speculative, this could imply that improvements at a regional level might be associated with factors related to structural conditions that result in the adoption of healthy behaviors.
The status of transgender and intersex athletes in international sports federations
Authors: Bydzovsky Pierre
Published: November 2023

This contribution is the fruit of numerous discussions with several practitioners and legal advisors within sports organisations in Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States, and aims to guide sports federations in the internal rules they must put in place following the recommendations of the International Olympic Committee in November 2021, with a reminder of the various regulations adopted in this area over the last 60 years.
Development of wet adhesion of honeybee arolium incorporated polygonal structure with three-phase composite interfaces
Authors: Liang Lulu , Zhao Jieliang , Niu Qun , Yu Li , Wu Xiangbing , Wang Wenzhong , Yan Shaoze , Yu Zhenglei
Published: November 2023

Inspired by the dynamic wet adhesive systems in nature, various artificial adhesive surfaces have been developed but still face different challenges. Crucially, the theoretical mechanics of wet adhesives has never been sufficiently revealed. Here, we develop a novel adhesive mechanism for governing wet adhesion and investigate the biological models of honeybee arolium for reproducing the natural wet adhesive systems. Micro-nano structures of honeybee arolium and arolium-prints were observed by Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM), and the air pockets were found in the contact interface notably. Subsequently, the adhesive models with a three-phase composite interface (including air pockets, liquid secretion, and hexagonal frames of arolium), were formed to analyze the wet adhesion of honeybee arolium. The results of theoretical calculations and experiments indicated an enhanced adhesive mechanism of the honeybee by liquid self-sucking effects and air-embolism effects. Under these effects, normal and shear adhesion can be adjusted by controlling the proportion of liquid secretion and air pockets in the contact zone. Notably, the air-embolism effects contribute to the optimal coupling of smaller normal adhesion with greater shear adhesion, which is beneficial for the high stride frequency of honeybees. These works can provide a fresh perspective on the development of bio-inspired wet adhesive surfaces.
A numerical model to simulate the transient frictional viscoelastic sliding contact
Authors: Wang Dongze , de Boer Gregory , Neville Anne , Ghanbarzadeh Ali
Published: November 2023

Sliding motion has always been one of the major concerns when it comes to the analysis of viscoelastic contact problems. A new model simulating the transient sliding contact of smooth viscoelastic surfaces is developed in this paper. By taking the dry contact friction and the coupling between shear tractions and normal pressure into account, the effect of the early partial slip period, which is often neglected in the study of viscoelastic sliding contact problems, is investigated numerically. Compared with solutions based on the frictionless assumption, the steady-state pressure profile is found to be slightly different under the effect of the partial slip regime, including a lower peak pressure and the shift of the contacting region in the direction opposite to the sliding motion. Furthermore, the time required for the viscoelastic contact to reach its steady state is delayed owing to the partial slip period preceding the global sliding motion.
Influence of contact curvature on frictional energy dissipation under varying tangential loads
Authors: Baek Sumin , Baek Seunghun
Published: November 2023

This study investigates the effect of contact surface curvatures on the friction response under varying tangential loadings using a finite element (FE) model. The results showed that the geometry of the surface influences the contact force at the interface and reduces the friction effect through an unsteady distribution of the contact force. The relationship between the friction effect, excitation, and contact surface shape was also examined, revealing a linear inverse relationship between the friction and curvature. The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the frictional interactions between elastic bodies and highlight the role of curvature as a design parameter for regulating the friction effect.
Gelatin-Based Metamaterial Hydrogel Films with High Conformality for Ultra-Soft Tissue Monitoring
Authors: Chen Yuewei , Zhou Yanyan , Hu Zihe , Lu Weiying , Li Zhuang , Gao Ning , Liu Nian , Li Yuanrong , He Jing , Gao Qing , Xie Zhijian , Li Jiachun , He Yong
Published: November 2023

Implantable hydrogel-based bioelectronics (IHB) can precisely monitor human health and diagnose diseases. However, achieving biodegradability, biocompatibility, and high conformality with soft tissues poses significant challenges for IHB. Gelatin is the most suitable candidate for IHB since it is a collagen hydrolysate and a substantial part of the extracellular matrix found naturally in most tissues. This study used 3D printing ultrafine fiber networks with metamaterial design to embed into ultra-low elastic modulus hydrogel to create a novel gelatin-based conductive film (GCF) with mechanical programmability. The regulation of GCF nearly covers soft tissue mechanics, an elastic modulus from 20 to 420 kPa, and a Poisson's ratio from − 0.25 to 0.52. The negative Poisson's ratio promotes conformality with soft tissues to improve the efficiency of biological interfaces. The GCF can monitor heartbeat signals and respiratory rate by determining cardiac deformation due to its high conformability. Notably, the gelatin characteristics of the biodegradable GCF enable the sensor to monitor and support tissue restoration. The GCF metamaterial design offers a unique idea for bioelectronics to develop implantable sensors that integrate monitoring and tissue repair and a customized method for endowing implanted sensors to be highly conformal with soft tissues.
The text is dead! Long live the text!
Authors: Helgesson Stefan
Published: November 2023

Whither literature in an age of semiotic overload? In a discussion of J.M. Coetzee’s El Polaco, Mohamed Mbougar Sarr’s La plus secrète mémoire des hommes and Zoë Wicomb’s Still Life, this essay suggests that a dialectic between textual evasion and the intertextual productivity of commentary, translation and generative AI might show the way forward.
A Civil War Surgeon’s Pit at Manassas National Battlefield Park, Virginia
Authors: Bruwelheide Karin S. , Owsley Douglas W. , Barca Kathryn G. , Schlachtmeyer Sandra S. , France Christine A. M. , Burgess James M. , Bies Brandon S. , Orrence Karen L. , Creveling Marian C. , Potter Stephen R.
Published: November 2023

Human bone fragments were discovered during archaeological monitoring of earth moving on Manassas National Battlefield Park in Virginia. Later mitigation recovered bones in situ—two skeletons and seven amputated limbs. Interdisciplinary research affords an unusually detailed level of interpretation, including identification of the remains as Union soldiers wounded during the Battle of Second Manassas (28–30 August 1862). The reconstructed narrative includes military and personal markers of identity, as well as causes of death and injury, and establishes a window from 1 to 6 September 1862 when the pit was dug. Records of Union surgeons make future personal identification of the amputated limbs possible and confirm the pit’s location as a key treatment center after Second Manassas, a battle that marked an inflection point for combat military medicine by highlighting the urgent need for improved systematic recovery and treatment of the wounded.
Coping with disasters: changing patterns of disaster risk reduction activities in the southwestern coastal areas of Bangladesh
Authors: Sony M. M. Abdullah Al Mamun , Hasan Md Kamrul , Roy Tuhin
Published: November 2023

Bangladesh is exposed to frequent natural disasters such as floods, cyclones, tidal surges, and earthquakes. To improve resilience, the country has implemented multisectoral and muti-level national interventions based on international guidelines over the past few years. As a result, local people have become more knowledgeable about and adept at coping with disasters. While previous studies have focused on the causes and consequences of this development, this study examines the trend of successful disaster risk reduction (DRR) interventions through qualitative research in the southwest coastal area of Bangladesh. The authors performed 10 in-depth interviews, four focus group discussions, non-participatory observatory notes, and gathered 36 photographs of the surrounding landscapes in two selected villages of Dacope Upazila and Mongla Upazila, Khulna Division of Bangladesh. This study has suggested that coastal residents have changed their actions through DRR due to a range of awareness programs led by governmental and non-governmental organizations. While a top-down approach has improved early warning, disaster preparedness, and safer environments, a bottom-up approach should be considered to incorporate effective local DRR activities such as kinship network support. These findings suggest that both new and traditional disaster-coping activities should be integrated into more effective DRR strategies.
Corrosion and isothermal interdiffusion properties of Ni–Al coatings under simulated biomass combustion conditions
Authors: Xu Yi , Wu Zhenhua , Hu Hongyu , Wang Yuefei , Wu Duoli
Published: November 2023

The main issue with using biomass fuels in power plants is fireside corrosion. Applying corrosion-resistant coatings is one potential choice. The current study examines how a Ni–Al diffusion coating on austenitic stainless steel reacts to corrosion and interdiffusion (TP347H). Nickel was electrolytically deposited to create Ni–Al coatings, which were then pack aluminized at 650 °C. With an internal layer of Ni and a Ni2Al3 outer layer, a homogenous and dense Ni–Al coating was created. Samples were heated to 560 °C for 168 h in an environment designed to simulate the combustion of biomass. A localized corrosion attack was the result. By using isothermal heat treatment in static air at 650 °C or 700 °C for up to 3000 h, interdiffusion was examined. In the course of the interdiffusion process, the Ni2Al3 eventually changed into NiAl and Ni3Al. At both temperatures, porosity formed at the intersection of the Ni–Al coating and the Ni layer and grew with time.
Stability of organic carbon pools and sequestration potential as affected under different agroforestry systems
Authors: Das Shaon Kumar
Published: November 2023

There are few data on the possibility of soil organic carbon sequestration for agroforestry systems (AFSs). Rarely are the effects of AFSs established for the regeneration of carbon in degraded soils of the Indian North Eastern Himalayas (susceptible to soil erosion, carbon and nutrient loss) examined. The effects of five different AFSs on the stability of organic carbon pools and sequestration potential were evaluated at the ICAR-Sikkim Centre. Black gram + mandarin + Alnus nepalensis had the lowest bulk density at all depths. The highest oxidizable carbon was observed in the black gram + mandarin + Alnus nepalensis system, followed by soybean + Ficus hookerii + guava, maize + Schima wallichii, and soybean + Ficus hookerii + guava, followed by Napier. Regardless of soil depth, the buckwheat + mandarin system had a noticeably lower SOC than the other systems. The total soil organic carbon gradually decreased with increasing depth of the soil profile. According to the results, there was little difference in the total active carbon pool in the 0–90 cm depth among the various systems; however, when compared with Buckwheat + Mandarin, it varied significantly (P ≤ 0.05). The mean passive carbon pool in soils ranged from 22.4 to 25.1 Mg ha−1 across the land use in the 0–90 cm depth. The least soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was observed during the winter season in all systems at different soil depths. The maximum MBC was recorded at 0 to 15 cm depth (476.2 – 302.5 µg dry soil−1). By simultaneously cultivating kinds of trees with several uses and agri-horticultural crops, a large-scale adoption of AFSs may replace carbon lost via the development of the crop in degraded soils and offer a viable choice for livelihood.
Guidelines for cervical cancer screening in China
Authors: Li Mingzhu , Wei Lihui , Sui Long , Ma Ding , Kong Beihua , Wu Xiaohua , Wu Peng , Qiao Youlin , Zhao Fanghui , Wang Linhong
Published: November 2023

In response to the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer in China and global screening strategies, a collaborative effort was undertaken by seven Chinese medical associations to develop this guideline for cervical cancer screening. The guideline recommends high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) testing as the preferred method for primary screening, which should have been approved by authoritative institutions and clinically validated for primary screening. In areas without access to HPV testing, cytology can be used as an alternative. However, it is recommended to replace cytology with HPV-based screening as conditions permit. Cotesting (HPV testing in combination with cytology) is recommended for areas with sufficient medical resources, opportunistic screening populations, and partial special populations. The guideline recommends that individuals with a cervix initiate cervical cancer screening at the age 25 years and undergo HPV testing alone or cotesting every five years, or cytology alone every three years. Women over the age of 65 who have had documented adequate negative prior screening in the past may terminate screening. Corresponding screening programs are proposed for different special populations. The development of these guidelines is an important step in the effort to eliminate cervical cancer in China.