bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Pubertal Growth Period using the Open Apices of the Lower Teeth
Authors: Burhan Ahmad S , Nawaya Fehmieh R , Issa Yousef N , Massouh Lama G
Published: December 2016

Aim

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the open apex measurements of the lower teeth can be used for prediction of the pubertal growth spurt.

Materials and methods

The study group consisted of 150 males and 142 females ranging in age from 10 to 16 years. A total of 292 panoramic and 292 hand-wrist radiographs were obtained and analyzed. The skeletal maturity was determined according to the skeletal maturity indicators (SMIs) developed by Fishman. The open apices measurements of the left lower teeth were made according to the method described by Cameriere.

Results

The Spearman rank order correlation coefficient revealed a relationship between the skeletal maturity stages and the open apex measurements. These correlations ranged from 0.577 for the lower second premolar to 0.830 for the lower canine. The measurement of the left lower canine showed the highest correlation, so its relationship with the SMIs was further investigated. The measurements of 6.07 (or greater) indicated to SMI4, and 2.485 (or lesser) indicated to SMI7.

Conclusion

The skeletal maturity well related to the measurements of the open apices of the lower teeth. Lower canine open apex measurements could be used as an indicator of the SMI4 and SMI7.

Clinical significance

The measurements of the open apices of the left lower canines from panoramic radiographs may be clinically useful as an indicator of the beginning and the ending of the pubertal growth period.

How to cite this article

Issa YN, Burhan AS, Nawaya FR, Massouh LG. Assessment of the Pubertal Growth Period using the Open Apices of the Lower Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(1):16-22.
Prevalence and Severity of Temporomandibular Disorders among Undergraduate Medical Students in Association with Khat Chewing
Authors: Mattoo Khurshid A , Okshah Abdulmajeed S , Al-Shahrani Ahid A , Alshadidi Abdulkhaliq Ali F , Shaabi Fawzia I , Mobark Abdulaziz H
Published: December 2016

Introduction

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and severity of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) among undergraduate medical students in the presence of khat chewing over a period of time.

Materials and methods

Totally, 186 medical college students (age ≤ 20 years) were randomly selected for the present study. The study subjects were divided into two groups according to age, under 20 and above 20 years. The study was based on Fonseca's anamnestic index and its questionnaire, which is composed of 10 questions and classifies the severity of TMDs. The obtained data were coded and entered into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program for analysis using chi-square test at significance level of 5%.

Results

Most of the participants were male (68.8%) students and older than 20 years (63%). Those who reported with khat chewing comprised 31.7%. From the total samples, only 38.0% was classified as having mild TMD and 0.50% were classified as having severe TMD. Poor dental articulation, grinding of teeth, headaches, tense personalities, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking were the most common clinical findings. The mean scores showed no significant difference among gender (p ≤ 0.29) and the khat chewing (p ≤ 0.531) groups for the 10 questions. However, it showed significant difference among age groups (p ≤ 0.025).

Conclusion

The majority of subjects complained of mild TMD, while only a few cases showed a moderate TMD among different age groups. The most frequently reported dysfunctions were related to poor dental articulation and grinding of the teeth, frequent headaches, the clicking of joint, and tense personalities. No significant difference was found between gender and khat and nonkhat chewing groups.

Clinical significance

Khat chewing is a parafunctional habit and affects dental occlusion (especially cuspal wear) in terms of anterior guidance. Such alterations in occlusion are known to be one of the causative (predisposing) factors of TMD.

How to cite this article

Al Moaleem MM, Okshah AS, Al-Shahrani AA, Alshadidi AAF, Shaabi FI, Mobark AH, Mattoo KA. Prevalence and Severity of Temporomandibular Disorders among Undergraduate Medical Students in Association with Khat Chewing. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(1):23-28.
Wear Resistance of Bulk-fill Composite Resin Restorative Materials Polymerized under different Curing Intensities
Authors: Alkhudhairy Fahad
Published: December 2016

Introduction

The aim of this study was to assess the wear resistance of four bulk-fill composite resin restorative materials cured using high- and low-intensity lights.

Materials and methods

Twenty-four samples were prepared from each composite resin material (Tetric N-Ceram, SonicFill, Smart Dentin Replacement, Filtek Bulk-Fill) resulting in a total of 96 samples; they were placed into a mold in a single increment. All of the 96 samples were cured using the Bluephase N light curing unit for 20 seconds. Half of the total specimens (n = 48) were light cured using high-intensity output (1,200 mW/cm2), while the remaining half (n = 48) were light cured using low-intensity output (650 mW/cm2). Wear was analyzed by a three-dimensional (3D) noncontact optical profilometer (Contour GT-I, Bruker, Germany). Mean and standard deviation (SD) of surface loss (depth) after 120,000 cycles for each test material was calculated and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a significance level at p < 0.05.

Results

The least mean surface loss was observed for SonicFill (186.52 µm) cured using low-intensity light. No significant difference in the mean surface loss was observed when comparing the four tested materials with each other without taking the curing light intensity into consideration (p = 0.352). A significant difference in the mean surface loss was observed between SonicFill cured using high-intensity light compared with that cured using low-intensity light (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

A higher curing light intensity (1,200 mW/cm2) had no positive influence on the wear resistance of the four bulk-fill composite resin restorative materials tested compared with lower curing light intensity (650 mW/cm2). Furthermore, SonicFill cured using low-intensity light was the most wearresistant material tested, whereas Tetric N-Ceram cured using high-intensity light was the least wear resistant.

Clinical significance

The wear resistance was better with the newly introduced bulk-fill composite resins under low-intensity light curing.

How to cite this article

Alkhudhairy F. Wear Resistance of Bulk-fill Composite Resin Restorative Materials Polymerized under different Curing Intensities. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(1):39-43.
Comparative Study of Piezoelectric and Rotary Osteotomy Technique for Third Molar Impaction
Authors: Daniel Augustine , Adarsh VJ , Basheer Sulphi A , Govind R Jay , Rao Akshatha
Published: December 2016

Introduction

Bone removal is necessary for extracting the third molars that are erupted, partially erupted, and/or impacted in bone. Hence, it is necessary to choose a surgical method or instruments that conform to anatomic landmarks and are based on physiological principles. Many authors have reported injuries to the adjacent tooth, especially the distal part of periodontium after removal of second molar. Hence, the present study was undertaken to assess and compare the surgical and postsurgical outcomes of third molar removal using piezoelectric surgery and rotary bur.

Materials and methods

A total of 30 healthy adult individuals who were in need of prophylactic removal of impacted mandibular third molar tooth with ideal condition were included for the study. Individuals were divided randomly into study groups of 15 each, so that the difficulty of surgery will be the same in both the groups. Group I – piezoelectric osteotomy technique and group II – rotary osteotomy technique. The rotary device consists of a hand piece and a rotary speed ranging around 35,000 rpm was used. The piezoelectric device consists of a hand piece, and a frequency of 25 to 29 kHz with a microvibration of 60 to 200 mm/sec was used with a boosted working mode. Data were analyzed using unpaired t-test and qualitative data were analyzed using Fischer's exact test.

Results

The average age of the study subjects in the piezosurgery group and rotary group was 28.40 ± 2.69 and 30.06 ± 3.15 years respectively. The time taken for removal of impacted tooth by rotary bur was less than that by piezoelectric device, which was significant statistically (p < 0.05). Until the 4th postoperative day, severity of pain experienced was more in the rotary group, which was statistically significant (p < 0.005). Mouth opening was significantly better in the piezoelectric group as compared with rotary bur until the 7th postoperative day.

Conclusion

The piezosurgery method reduces postoperative pain, trismus, and swelling. Also, it may play an important role in increasing bone density within the extraction socket and decreasing the amount of bone loss of adjacent tooth in the distal aspect.

Clinical significance

In clinical practice, piezosurgery plays an important role because piezosurgery reduces postoperative pain, trismus, and also swelling.

How to cite this article

Basheer SA, Govind RJ, Daniel A, Sam G, Adarsh VJ, Rao A. Comparative Study of Piezoelectric and Rotary Osteotomy Technique for Third Molar Impaction. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(1):60-64.
Laser-based Disinfection of the Root Canal System: An Update
Authors: Jafarzadeh Hamid , Mohammadi Zahed , Shalavi Sousan , Sahebalam Rasoul , Kinoshita Jun-Ichiro
Published: December 2016

Introduction

Microorganisms have been considered to have played a critical role in the initiation and development of pulpoperiapical diseases. Some evidences have shown that mechanical instrumentation may leave considerable portions of canal surfaces undebrided. Therefore, some supplemental methods, such as the use of chemical solutions and/or lasers, have been introduced to further disinfect the complicated canal anatomy and destroy as many microorganisms as possible. The purpose of this review was to address a brief review of characteristics of lasers and their effects to disinfect the root canal in endodontics.

How to cite this article

Mohammadi Z, Jafarzadeh H, Shalavi S, Sahebalam R, Kinoshita JI. Laser-based Disinfection of the Root Canal System: An Update. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(1):74-77.
A New Technique for Precise Microimplant Placement
Authors: Ravindranath VK , Karandikar Girish , Joshi Divij
Published: December 2016

Aim

To explore a successful, much simpler, less cumbersome, and time-consuming technique for mini-implant placement.

Materials and Methods

Crimpable hook, intraoral periapical radiograph, 15 number surgical blade.

Results

Very simple and efficient technique for mini-implant placement.

Conclusion

The proximity of roots in mandibular arch is major risk factor for placements of mini-implants. With the help of this technique, the proper direction and orientation of the miniimplant to be placed can be evaluated.

Clinical significance

There is no additional armamentarium required for this technique with the least clinical time for the operator providing a very efficient way for mini-implant placement.

How to cite this article

Joshi D, Patni V, Karandikar G, Ravindranath VK. A New Technique for Precise Microimplant Placement. J Contemp Dent 2016;6(3):157-160.
Current Trend in fabricating a Full Ceramic Restoration for Discolored Anterior Teeth: A Dental Laboratory Survey
Authors: Nadgere Jyoti B , Shah Naisargi P , Jain Aditi JP
Published: December 2016

Aim

The aim of the survey conducted in dental laboratories was to evaluate the current trend in fabricating a full ceramic restoration for discolored anterior teeth through a questionnaire and personal interaction with the dental technician.

Materials and Methods

The survey questionnaire consisted of 20 questions aimed toward the current trend in fabricating a full ceramic restoration for discolored anterior teeth. This questionnaire was validated by a panel of senior prosthodontists and technicians and was sent to 32 dental technicians in Mumbai and Navi Mumbai.

Results and conclusion

The results of the study showed that majority of the dental technicians preferred taking the stump shade themselves by visiting the clinic or inviting the patient to the laboratory. Majority of the dental technicians preferred using lithium disilicate material and its medium opacity ingots to fabricate restorations by the layering technique for masking discolored anterior teeth. Majority of the technicians believed that their dentists did not use try-in paste prior to luting of the restoration.

Clinical significance

This survey would help to improve the rapport between the clinicians and dental laboratories and optimize the esthetics of the restorations fabricated for anterior discolored teeth.

How to cite this article

Shah NP, Jain AJP, Ram SM, Nadgere JB. Current Trend in fabricating a Full Ceramic Restoration for Discolored Anterior Teeth: A Dental Laboratory Survey. J Contemp Dent 2016;6(3):161-165.
Improving Dimensional Stability of Visible Light-cured Trial Denture Base using Different Colored Casts
Authors: Elkholy Sahar
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the color of the cast on dimensional stability of visible light-cured (VLC) trial denture bases.

Materials and Methods

A total of 60 VLC acrylic resin trial denture bases were fabricated on different colored casts (20 white, 20 dark blue, and 20 dark brown casts) and were divided into two groups; each group consisted of 30 casts (10 white, 10 dark blue, and 10 dark brown). The gap between the base and the cast after 24 hours was measured at different points (left crest of the ridge, midpalatal area, and right crest of the ridge) at the posterior and premolar areas for group I and after 48 hours for group II by using a stereomicroscope.

Results

With brown cast, the trial denture base showed significant decrease in dimensional change in comparison with white and blue casts after 24 and 48 hours.

Conclusion

The dimensional accuracy of the VLC trial denture base could be improved by using dark-colored cast during construction, to ensure accurate maxillomandibular relationship and accurate evaluation of phonetics and esthetic of wax trial dentures.

How to cite this article

Elkholy S. Improving Dimensional Stability of Visible Light-cured Trial Denture Base using Different Colored Casts. J Contemp Dent 2016;6(3):171-176.
Hypophosphatasia: Rare but there
Authors: Kalra Monika , Punia Himanshu , Jhingala Vikas K , Chaudhary Suyash
Published: December 2016

Hypophosphatasia (HP) is an inherited disorder characterized by defective bone and teeth mineralization and deficiency of serum and bone alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity. For severe forms, disease frequency has been estimated at 1/100,000. Symptoms of the disease are highly variable in their clinical expression ranging from stillbirth with unmineralized bone to early loss of tooth without any bone symptoms. The transmission of severe form is autosomal recessive while milder forms get transmitted as dominant or recessive autosomal traits. The diagnosis can be done by performing serum AP assay and molecular analysis of the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) gene.

How to cite this article

Jhingala VK, Tangade P, Punia H, Gupta V, Singh V, Kalra M, Chaudhary S. Hypophosphatasia: Rare but there. J Contemp Dent 2016;6(3):184-188.
Management of Traumatized Open Apex Teeth with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Apexification and Demineralized Freeze-dried Bone Allograft as Apical Matrix
Authors: Bolli Rashmi V , Agrawal Aanchal M
Published: December 2016

Achievement of a perfect apical seal in the case of a traumatized nonvital open apex tooth is one of the most important factors affecting its long-term success. It can be treated surgically by placing a retrofill or by a nonsurgical approach by apexification. Currently, apexification with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is the treatment of choice in such cases. Herein, due to large apical diameter, limiting the MTA within the canal space is challenging, making it imperative to use a suitable apical matrix. This case report demonstrates successful management of traumatized nonvital open apex teeth with MTA apexification using demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft apical matrix.

How to cite this article

Bolli RV, Sumanthini MV, Shenoy VU, Agrawal AM. Management of Traumatized Open Apex Teeth with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Apexification and Demineralized Freeze-dried Bone Allograft as Apical Matrix. J Contemp Dent 2016;6(3):194-199.
Prosthetic Rehabilitation of a Patient with Ectodermal Dysplasia
Authors: Shah Naisargi P , Nadgere Jyoti B , Parmar Bhoomi A
Published: December 2016

Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a rare group of inherited disorders characterized by aplasia or dysplasia of two or more tissues of ectodermal origin, such as hair, nails, teeth, and skin. The dental characteristics of this syndrome include anodontia or hypodontia of the primary and/or permanent teeth, hypoplastic conical teeth, and underdevelopment of the alveolar ridges. Patients with ED have psychosocial issues due to the orofacial manifestations; therefore, restoring appearance and function is more challenging than usual. The options for a definitive treatment plan include removable, fixed, or implant-supported prostheses, single or in combination. This clinical report describes the prosthetic rehabilitation of a patient having ED.

How to cite this article

Nadgere JB, Parmar BA, Ram SM, Shah NP. Prosthetic Rehabilitation of a Patient with Ectodermal Dysplasia. J Contemp Dent 2016;6(3):214-219.
Modalidades Assistenciais de Atendimento ao Idoso: Revisão da Literatura
Authors: Benito Linconl Agudo Oliveira , Aquino Eduardo Barros de
Published: December 2016

A população idosa e o processo de envelhecimento humano vêm se tornando a cada dia mais presente no cenário mundial ao longo da segunda metade do século 20, alcançando uma verdadeira explosão gerontológico em sua última década. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi apresentar as modalidades de atendimento ao idoso em ambientes diversos de assistência qualidade. Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica e para obtenção dos dados e produção da pesquisa foi realizada a verificação de fontes bibliográficas variadas disponíveis, dando foco principal em estudos extraídos de artigos de periódicos científicos. Na seleção de 12 artigos analisados, obteve-se valores médios de 25% para o trabalho desenvolvido em instituições domiciliares e 25% hospitalares, em instituições asilares 16,6% e 8,33% para todos de temática ambulatorial, pré-hospitalar, saúde bucal e a humanização cada. O poder público necessita com urgência da elaboração de projetos voltados ao idoso, criando acessibilidade ao mercado de trabalho que se encontra limitada a essa população, dando mais participação, melhorando a qualidade da assistência em saúde e garantindo assim a cidadania e vida adequada que o público da terceira idade tanto necessita e merece.
Florence Nightingale e as suas contribuições para o controle das infecções hospitalares
Authors: Martins Daiane Franco , Benito Linconl Agudo Oliveira
Published: December 2016

Tratou-se de uma revisão sistemática de literatura e que analisou as contribuições de Florence Nightingale contra a infecção hospitalar. Para desenvolvimento deste estudo, foi eleito um universo de 27 publicações, adquiridas junto as bases de dados BVS, SABER-USP, e PUBMED. Por meio do presente estudo foram percebidas as contribuições de Florence Nightingale no combate e controle aos processos de infecção hospitalar, influenciando inclusive na administração e arquitetura hospitalar, inclusive em âmbito internacional, reconhecidamente por profissionais de saúde e de outras áreas do conhecimento. No qual esse trabalho permitiu identificar a importância do impacto da Teoria Ambientalista, por meio da atenção concedida ao paciente em diversas ações, no qual foi incorporada na enfermagem através de seu legado mesmo ainda em uma era pré-bacteriológica.
Enterobactérias produtoras de carbapenemase: reflexão sobre o surgimento de superbactérias em UTI’s
Authors: De Paula Victor Gomes , Quintanilha Laiza Vaz , E Silva Francisco de Assis Coutinho , Da Rocha Homero Freitas , Dos Santos Francisco Lopes
Published: December 2016

A resistência microbiana aos antibióticos vem aumentando rapidamente em todo o mundo e, em particular, no ambiente hospitalar. Portanto, é notória a preocupação em métodos e ações de prevenções quanto a esta problemática. O termo superbactéria refere-se a bactérias que acumularam genes capazes de resistir à ação de muitos dos antimicrobianos utilizados nos tratamentos médicos, em especial a classe dos carbapenêmicos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi correlacionar a prevalência de enterobactérias produtoras de carbapenemase (KPC) em UTI’s, com o adequado manejo dos pacientes internados. A pesquisa contou com uma revisão bibliográfica, onde constatou-se a prevalência de algumas espécies de Enterobactérias em UTI’s. A não utilização de medidas de contenção padrão no combate à infecção hospitalar contribui para o surgimento de superbactérias. Portanto, os profissionais da saúde podem minimizar os fatores de risco à transmissão desses microorganismos, a partir de mudanças comportamentais nas unidades de saúde
Perfil do Estilo de Vida Relacionado à Saúde: Acadêmicos de Educação Física
Authors: Ramos Figueiredo Nildo Fernando , Da Rosa Luis Fernando , Battisti Archer Maria Isabel
Published: December 2016

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se o estilo de vida adotado pelos acadêmicos do 4º ano do curso de Educação Física da Universidade da Região de Joinville – Univille apresenta comportamentos que oferecem riscos à própria saúde. A amostra foi constituída de 100 acadêmicos, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 20 a 49 anos, regularmente matriculados no 4º ano dos Cursos de Bacharelado e Licenciatura em 2013. O instrumento de pesquisa foi o “Pentáculo do Bem Estar” (NAHAS, 2010). Foi utilizada a estatística não paramétrica, com o Teste Qui-quadrado com nível de confiança de 95% e tabelas de contingência. Destacaram-se os resultados na comparação entre o gênero feminino, que apresentaram comportamento de risco e diferenças significativas nas seguintes variáveis: Nutrição - licenciatura (70,4%) bacharelado (32%) de média; Atividade Física - licenciatura (66,7%) bacharelado (32%).
Intervenções cognitivo comportamentais para manejo de estresse em pacientes oncológicos: uma revisão sistemática
Authors: Oliveira Cristiano Pereira de , Moraes Marcela Alves de , Moura Tayse Conter de
Published: December 2016

O tratamento oncológico gera altos índices de estresse que podem causar potenciais prejuízos na vida dos pacientes, além de possíveis efeitos deletérios em variáveis biológicas relacionadas ao tratamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar quais técnicas da Terapia Cognitivo Comportamental (TCC) são empiricamente testadas neste contexto. Para tal, a metodologia empregada foi a de Revisão sistemática de artigos no período de 2010 a 2015, sendo utilizadas as bases de dados: Pubmed, PsychInfo, Omnis, Scholar Google. A qualidade dos artigos foi avaliada conforme escala de JADAD por dois examinadores independentes. Os resultados obtidos foram que, dentro das técnicas da (TCC), as intervenções baseadas em Mindfullness, o protocolo biocomportamental e o relaxamento foram as mais eficazes e empiricamente testadas para gerenciamento de estresse em pacientes oncológicos.
The Effect of Teaching Paragraph Writing in L1 on Iranian Adult EFL Learners’ Writing Ability
Authors: Daneshvari Mohammad , Davoudi Mohammad
Published: December 2016

Despite the importance of writing in ESL/EFL contexts, too many youngsters do not learn to write well enough to meet the demands of school or the workplace. The present study strives to probe into the effect of teaching paragraph writing styles in the first language on the wiring proficiency of Iranian EFL learners. To conduct the study, a quasi-experimental design was used. The participants of this study were 40 male and female language learners learning English as the foreign language at the Oxford language institute in Bojnourd in the Northern Khorasan province of Iran who were divided into experimental and control groups. There was no treatment for the control group, but the experimental group received the treatment in which four types of paragraphs-descriptive, explanatory, contrastive, comparative- were taught in participants' first language (Farsi). After the treatment, a simplified English proficiency test focusing mainly on English writing skill was used to assess the effectiveness of the treatment. Independent t-test results showed a significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups on the posttest of writing ability. As for the gender differences, the results of the independent sample t-test revealed that there is a statistical significant difference between writing proficiency of Iranian males and females EFL learners in terms of making use of first language text structure knowledge. The implications of the study are discussed.
A Holistic Review for Inspiration Economy Framework Constructs
Authors: Buheji Mohamed , Ahmed Dunya
Published: December 2016

As the world is trying to discover what the shape of the much-needed next economy and socio-economy will be, this study attempts to explore the possibility of a framework that would address holistically the different inspiration economy driven constructs that have already been presented by researchers and authors. With the development of humanity and the fast pace of a knowledge-based economy, inspiration is becoming an ever more essential factor for the development of any socio-economy.The study of the inspiration economy framework by the knowledge community is still in its infancy, especially if the need for deeper work, as explored in the work of Thrash and Elliot (2010, 2004, 2003) and the Handbook of Inspiration Economy by Buheji and Thomas (2016), are acknowledged. A review of the literature shows that the body of knowledge has not so far established a robust theoretical framework that will guide researchers from a holistic perspective and demonstrate how the inspiration economy can be approached by researchers.This study aims to address a general question: how the inspiration economy can be approached by researchers. In seeking an answer to this question, the paper has two objectives: 1) to review how researchers are seeing the constructs of the inspiration economy framework, taking into account the available literature; 2) to develop recommendations about the research that would contribute towards unleashing the constructs of the coming inspiration economy. Finally, a set of conclusions is presented. This offers a better understanding of the inspiration economy with the aim of improving future research that would, in turn, enhance both discussions on and knowledge of the subject.
A reflexive exercise to promote cultural humility among doctoral nursing students
Authors: Mastel-Smith Beth , Yarbrough Susan
Published: December 2016

Background: The U.S. population is becoming increasingly diverse; however, nursing remains a predominantly Caucasian profession. To promote positive outcomes among diverse patients, nurses must rely on rigorous transcultural research. When conducting research with people different from oneself, knowledge of one’s own values and beliefs is a necessary first step. In Transcultural Nursing Research, a required doctoral course, the first assignment is a reflexive exercise followed by online discussion about one’s personal culture and the origins of values and beliefs. Objectives: To (a) examine students’ responses to a reflexive exercise for evidence of cultural self-awareness, cultural humility, and insights gained and (b) assess the effectiveness of the teaching method.Methods: The setting was online within the Learning Management System (LMS), Blackboard. Participants: The sample consisted of twelve doctoral students enrolled in Transcultural Nursing Research. Methods: Student consent was obtained after course grades were submitted. Data was extracted from the LMS, de-identified, coded, categorized and collapsed into themes.Results: Four themes emerged from the data: “different versus familiar”, “cultural experiences”, “memories” and “reflections and implications”.Conclusions: Posts reflected insight into cultural awareness, values and humility. Students identified growth opportunities for themselves and their children. Suggestions for future education and research are presented.
Bilateral Trades between Egypt and Malaysia: Issues and Opportunities for Further Development
Authors: Muda Muhamad , Daud Siti Nurazira , Ibrahim Eldeeb Ibrahim Mohamed
Published: December 2016

Egypt and Malaysia are both belong to the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), have similar historical background that both have been under the British colony and have enjoyed independence at almost within the same period. However, trades between the two countries are relatively small and if based on the socio-economic background the magnitude of trades between the two countries can be further improved. This paper traces the historical development of bilateral trade relationship between Egypt and Malaysia in order to understand the strength and weaknesses. The aim is to develop possible proposals for further enhancement of the relationship. The main objective of this paper is to investigate factors that may enhance integration and cooperation between Egypt and Malaysia. The research used qualitative analysis approach by looking at the trade sectors and volumes over the period of 2000-2012, based on the phenomenological case study method. It is found that Egypt and Malaysia enjoyed significant bilateral trade relations since independence of Malaysia in 1957, especially in the fields of culture and education. Because of the appreciation of the Malaysian citizens to the Islamic-based education such as Islamic studies, medicine and pharmacy particularly the world renowned institution of Al-Azhar University, thousands of Malaysians have enrolled and graduated from this university and other related institutions. On the other hand Malaysia is falling behind Argentina, Brazil and India in terms of export to Egypt. However recently, Malaysia has been becoming a popular for the Egyptian tourists. The paper explores a proposal for further improvement in terms of bilateral trades based on Islamic approach.
2016/57 No compensation for an invalid non-compete clause where no harm shown (FR)
Authors: Toumieux Claire , Ekrami Susan
Published: December 2016

2016/57 No compensation for an invalid non-compete clause where no harm shown (FR)

An employee who could not prove any harm resulting from an invalid non-compete clause in his employment contract could not obtain damages.
Fibroporia gossypium in northeastern Poland – a preliminary study
Authors: Żółciak Anna , Małecka Monika , Sikora Katarzyna , Tarwacki Grzegorz , Sierota Zbigniew
Published: December 2016

A Fibroporia gossypium (Speg.) Parmasto fruit-body was found on a Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] stump in the northeast of Poland (Waliły forest district). The mycelium from wood samples was sequenced (KF725876), identified and used to examine: (i) linear growth of the mycelium on malt-extract medium and (ii) the decay of spruce wood samples. We observed slow mycelium growth (84 mm colony diameter after 28 days). After the first 3 months of wood decay, the average loss of dry mass was 6.7%. After next 3 months, a further loss of 15.4% (the average loss) was recorded until finally 35.98% loss (the maximum loss of wood for a single sample) occurred. Fibroporia gossypium can be considered as a protective biological agent against root rot in threatened Norway spruce stands.
Tritium activity trend formation in groundwater of Quaternary aquifer system, south-eastern Lithuania
Authors: Samalavičius Vytautas , Mokrik Robert
Published: December 2016

Radioactive decay and mixing leads to tritium activity decrease in groundwater. In south-eastern Lithuania, the  unconfined layer and precipitation water tritium activity decrease rate is dominated by radioactive decay for the period of 1980–2013. Confined aquifers are vastly affected by mixing; therefore, it is hard to predicted tritium activity values. To achieve it, the monitoring type of sampling must be applied in order to calculate tritium activity gradient value. Moreover, gradient values in different sampling points along the water pathway must be similar. It is a necessary condition when comparing theoretical decay curves with actually calculated. Only the shallowest confined aquifer (ag II–III md-gr) in this study met these conditions. An additional method for modelled data interpretation was tritium peak analysis. According to the modelled tritium peak, a few possible dating water age alternatives exist. The  data analysis suggests that no certain water age could be determined. The tritium peak analysis could be a helpful method to gain more comprehensive and valuable hydrogeological information.
Geologinių pjūvių sudėties ir šiluminio laidumo vertės koreliacija
Authors: Palaitis Žygimantas , Satkūnas Jonas
Published: December 2016

Geologinių pjūvių šiluminis laidumas nustatytas vadovaujantis tarptautiniu ISO 17628:2015 standartu, aprašančiu grunto ir uolienų šiluminio savitojo laidumo įvertinimą geoterminiu gręžiniu. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos skirtingos sandaros geologinės storymės šiluminio laidumo priklausomybės nuo geologinį pjūvį formuojančių darinių ir bendro storymės storio tendencijos. Pristatoma esama sekliosios geotermijos išteklių naudojimo situacija ir tyrimų svarba. Apžvelgiami laboratoriniai ir lauko tyrimo metodai, jų privalumai ir trūkumai, taip pat geologinių sąlygų panašumo principo taikymas. Storymių šiluminis laidumas įvertintas apdorojus terminės reakcijos tyrimo (TRT) duomenis, taikant tiesinės priklausomybės sprendinius. Atlikus duomenų analizę nustatytos geologinės storymės šiluminio laidumo ir litologinės sudėties tarpusavio priklausomybės funkcijos, kurios gerai koreliuoja su tiriamųjų storymių faktiniais duomenimis.
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)- Past, Present & Future Management Strategies
Authors: Devi Saranya , Ganger Anita , Sen Sagnik , Saxena Rohit
Published: December 2016

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is an inherited optic neuropathy that can result in bilateral visual loss in young adults, especially in males. Majority of LHON is caused by one of the three primary mitochondrial mutations: m.3460G4A, m.11778G4A, and m.14484T4C. Apart from these, various secondary mutations can also cause LHON. These mutations affect the electron transfer in complex I of the respiratory chain, leading on to mitochondrial dysfunction. This in turn causes apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) especially in the papillomacular bundle. These series of events result in visual loss, resulting in characteristic clinical features such as sudden, painless visual decline which may be unilateral or bilateral, dyschromatopsia, central or centrocecal scotoma in perimetry, relatively spared pupillary reflexes, telangiectatic changes in the retinal vessels, disc hyperaemia or atrophy. A proportion of these patients can have associated systemic features such as ataxia, neurological deficits, myopathy & dystonia. This subset is termed as “LHON plus” type. Treatment is largely supportive and includes visual rehabilitation. Various agents such as mitochondrial cocktails, ubiquinone analogues, neuroprotective agents, steroids, immunosupressants and EPI-743 have been tried with some benefit. Novel approaches such as gene replacement therapy and stem cell therapy are being explored in the management of LHON. The search of published literature for this review article had been completed using Ovid, Medline, Embase, Pubmed over the last 5 decades. English language articles with full text access were included and electronic literature search was performed using leber, hereditary, optic nerve, neuropathy as key words.
Risk factors and Response of Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion induced Macular Edema to intravitreal injections of Triamcinolone and Bevacizumab
Authors: Prakhar Singhai , Nitin Nema , Sonam Verma , Kumar Ravindra , Raj Ankit , Malviya Rajendra
Published: December 2016

Background:

Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is a common retinal vascular condition associated with systemic risk factors like hypertension and diabetes mellitus. It causes central visual loss primarily due to macular edema that responds to intravitreal injections of triamcinolone and bevacizumab.

Aims:

To find the risk factors and compare the effects of intravitreal injections of triamcinolone and bevacizumab in BRVO induced macular edema.

Settings and Design:

A tertiary eye center based prospective, interventional study.

Materials and Methods:

Patients of BRVO were evaluated for substance abuse and systemic vascular diseases. 40 eyes of 40 patients of BRVO received intravitreal injections of triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA, 4 mg/0.1 ml, 20 patients) or bevacizumab (IVB, 1.25 mg/0.1 ml, 20 patients) for macular edema. The patients were followed for 12 months. Best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness by optical coherence tomography were measured to assess the response to treatment.

Statistical Analysis:

Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 software was used to analyze the data. Wilcoxon signed rank test was performed to see the improvement in logMAR visual acuity after the treatment.

Results:

Hypertension was the commonest risk factor. Tobacco addiction, diabetes mellitus, hyperhomocyteinemia and dyslipidemia were other systemic associations of BRVO. Both IVTA and IVB were effective in reducing the macular edema and improving the vision at the end of 12-month follow-up period.

Conclusion:

Hypertension and tobacco use in various forms are important risk factors for BRVO. Both IVTA and IVB show comparable response to macular edema secondary to BRVO.
Prevalence of Ocular Disorders in Learning Disabled Children and Their Functional Visual Performance Before and After Providing Spectacle Correction
Authors: Gogate Parikshit , William Jason Raj , Shinde Amit , Bhushan Shashi
Published: December 2016

Aim:

To determine the prevalence of ocular disorders and the functional visual performance in learning disabled children, before and after providing spectacle correction.

Method:

A prospective, interventional, study was done in five special schools in Pune. A comprehensive ocular examination of children with IQ (Intelligence Quotient) level <70 was done in the mobile eye clinic. Visual acuity was assessed with the help of Cardiff acuity cards. Cycloplegic refraction was performed in all children whose visual acuity was <0.2 Log MAR. Necessary spectacle correction was dispensed to all children with significant uncorrected refractive error. Functional visual performance of the child with refractive error was assessed with the help of modified L.V. Prasad – Functional Vision Questionnaire administered to child’s parents with a set of 10 items and to teachers with a set of 8 items, before and two months after providing spectacles. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS. Wilcoxon sign ranking test was used for the comparison of post vs pre questionnaire scores.

Results:

Out of 254 children examined, 178 (70.1%) were male. They were aged between 8-18 years. 104 children had mild learning disability (IQ of 50-69), 123 children had moderate (IQ of 35-49), 26 children had severe (IQ of 20-34) and one child had profound learning disability (IQ<20). Only 7(2.8%) children were found to be wearing spectacles at the time of examination. 114 (44.9%) had visual acuity <0.2 Log MAR. 11 children were very uncooperative for refraction and three children had no glow on retinoscopy. Among those 100 children (200eyes) who co-operated for refraction, 77 (38%) eyes were hypermetropic, 64 (32%) eyes had astigmatism, 53 eyes (26.5%) were myopic and six (3%) eyes were found to be emmetropic. 57 children (22.4%) had strabismus, while nystagmus was present in 37 children (14.6%), cataract in three children (1.2%) and retinitis pigmentosa in two children (0.8%) (who were siblings). It was found that improvement in functional visual performance post intervention was significant (p <0.0001) for each question.

Conclusions:

There was a high prevalence of ocular disorders among learning disabled children. A comprehensive ocular examination, with refraction, followed by spectacle dispensing improved their visual function significantly.
Radiative forcing of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide: A significant revision of the methane radiative forcing
Authors: Etminan M. , Myhre G. , Highwood E. J. , Shine K. P.
Published: December 2016

New calculations of the radiative forcing (RF) are presented for the three main well‐mixed greenhouse gases, methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide. Methane's RF is particularly impacted because of the inclusion of the shortwave forcing; the 1750–2011 RF is about 25% higher (increasing from 0.48 W m−2 to 0.61 W m−2) compared to the value in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2013 assessment; the 100 year global warming potential is 14% higher than the IPCC value. We present new simplified expressions to calculate RF. Unlike previous expressions used by IPCC, the new ones include the overlap between CO2 and N2O; for N2O forcing, the CO2 overlap can be as important as the CH4 overlap. The 1750–2011 CO2 RF is within 1% of IPCC's value but is about 10% higher when CO2 amounts reach 2000 ppm, a value projected to be possible under the extended RCP8.5 scenario.
A new real‐time tsunami detection algorithm
Authors: Chierici Francesco , Embriaco Davide , Pignagnoli Luca
Published: December 2016

Real‐time tsunami detection algorithms play a key role in any Tsunami Early Warning System. We have developed a new algorithm for tsunami detection based on the real‐time tide removal and real‐time band‐pass filtering of seabed pressure recordings. The algorithm greatly increases the tsunami detection probability, shortens the detection delay and enhances detection reliability with respect to the most widely used tsunami detection algorithm, while containing the computational cost. The algorithm is designed to be used also in autonomous early warning systems with a set of input parameters and procedures which can be reconfigured in real time. We have also developed a methodology based on Monte Carlo simulations to test the tsunami detection algorithms. The algorithm performance is estimated by defining and evaluating statistical parameters, namely the detection probability, the detection delay, which are functions of the tsunami amplitude and wavelength, and the occurring rate of false alarms. Pressure data sets acquired by Bottom Pressure Recorders in different locations and environmental conditions have been used in order to consider real working scenarios in the test. We also present an application of the algorithm to the tsunami event which occurred at Haida Gwaii on 28 October 2012 using data recorded by the Bullseye underwater node of Ocean Networks Canada. The algorithm successfully ran for test purpose in year‐long missions onboard abyssal observatories, deployed in the Gulf of Cadiz and in the Western Ionian Sea.
Observed mesoscale eddy signatures in Southern Ocean surface mixed‐layer depth
Authors: Hausmann U. , McGillicuddy Dennis J. , Marshall John
Published: December 2016

Combining satellite altimetry with Argo profile data a systematic observational estimate of mesoscale eddy signatures in surface mixed‐layer depth (MLD) is provided across the Southern Ocean (SO). Eddy composite MLD anomalies are shallow in cyclones, deep in anticyclones, and increase in magnitude with eddy amplitude. Their magnitudes show a pronounced seasonal modulation roughly following the depth of the climatological mixed layer. Weak eddies of the relatively quiescent SO subtropics feature peak late‐winter perturbations of ±10 m. Much larger MLD perturbations occur over the vigorous eddies originating along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and SO western boundary current systems, with late‐winter peaks of −30 m and +60 m in the average over cyclonic and anticyclonic eddy cores (a difference of ≈ 100 m). The asymmetry between modest shallow cyclonic and pronounced deep anticyclonic anomalies is systematic and not accompanied by corresponding asymmetries in eddy amplitude. Nonetheless, the net deepening of the climatological SO mixed layer by this asymmetry in eddy MLD perturbations is estimated to be small (few meters). Eddies are shown to enhance SO MLD variability with peaks in late winter and eddy‐intense regions. Anomalously deep late‐winter mixed layers occur disproportionately within the cores of anticyclonic eddies, suggesting the mesoscale heightens the frequency of deep winter surface‐mixing events along the eddy‐intense regions of the SO. The eddy modulation in MLD reported here provides a pathway via which the oceanic mesoscale can impact air‐sea fluxes of heat and carbon, the ventilation of water masses, and biological productivity across the SO.
Surface flux and ocean heat transport convergence contributions to seasonal and interannual variations of ocean heat content
Authors: Roberts C. D. , Palmer M. D. , Allan R. P. , Desbruyeres D.G. , Hyder P. , Liu C. , Smith D.
Published: December 2016

We present an observation‐based heat budget analysis for seasonal and interannual variations of ocean heat content (H) in the mixed layer (Hmld) and full‐depth ocean (Htot). Surface heat flux and ocean heat content estimates are combined using a novel Kalman smoother‐based method. Regional contributions from ocean heat transport convergences are inferred as a residual and the dominant drivers of Hmld and Htot are quantified for seasonal and interannual time scales. We find that non‐Ekman ocean heat transport processes dominate Hmld variations in the equatorial oceans and regions of strong ocean currents and substantial eddy activity. In these locations, surface temperature anomalies generated by ocean dynamics result in turbulent flux anomalies that drive the overlying atmosphere. In addition, we find large regions of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans where heat transports combine with local air‐sea fluxes to generate mixed layer temperature anomalies. In all locations, except regions of deep convection and water mass transformation, interannual variations in Htot are dominated by the internal rearrangement of heat by ocean dynamics rather than the loss or addition of heat at the surface. Our analysis suggests that, even in extratropical latitudes, initialization of ocean dynamical processes could be an important source of skill for interannual predictability of Hmld and Htot. Furthermore, we expect variations in Htot (and thus thermosteric sea level) to be more predictable than near surface temperature anomalies due to the increased importance of ocean heat transport processes for full‐depth heat budgets.