bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcome of type III Gaucher disease on enzyme replacement therapy: Review of 55 cases
Authors: Davies E. H. , Erikson A. , Collin‐Histed T. , Mengel E. , Tylki‐Szymanska A. , Vellodi A.
Published: November 2007

The European Task Force for Neuronopathic Gaucher Disease (NGD) met in 2006 to review its 2001 guidelines. Fifty‐five patients from five European countries were reviewed; 29 were male and 26 female. The majority of the patients were homozygous for the L444P mutation. All had been on enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). However, there was considerable variation in the dose of ERT, as well as an uneven distribution of risk factors. Thus, the oldest patients were on the lowest doses, and several had had a total splenectomy, while the youngest patients had a high proportion of compound heterozygosity and were on the highest doses, and very few had had a splenectomy. This heterogeneity rendered analysis very difficult. However, some observations were possible. The older patients appeared to remain relatively stable despite a low dose of ERT. In the younger patients, there was no clear effect of high‐dose ERT. However, the period of follow‐up was too short in many patients to draw valid conclusions. These data will be used to draw up revised guidelines.
Increased lung surfactant phosphatidylcholine in patients affected by lysosomal storage diseases
Authors: Buccoliero R. , Palmeri S. , Ciarleglio G. , Collodoro A. , De Santi M. M. , Federico A.
Published: November 2007

Sandhoff disease, Gaucher disease type I and sialidosis type I are lysosomal storage disorders caused, respectively, by deficiency of activity of β‐hexosaminidase (storage of GM2 and GA2 ganglioside), glucosylceramidase (storage of glucosylceramide) and α‐neuraminidase (storage of glucopeptides and/or oligosaccharides). Progressive clinical systemic and neurological dysfunctions are observed. In these pathologies, respiratory infections often lead to death. Elevation of the lung surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PC) has previously been reported in the Hexb mouse, a model of Sandhoff disease. We evaluated phospholipids in the lung surfactant of patients affected by the described lysosomal diseases, observing a statistically significant increase of total lipid phosphate in the patients as compared with controls. Moreover, higher levels of PC in patients affected by sialidosis (3.6‐fold) and Gaucher (4‐fold) disease, and of PC (4.15‐fold) and phosphatidylethanolamine (2.3‐fold) in a patient affected by Sandhoff disease were noted. The latter confirms the previous results in the Hexb mouse. We suggest that changes in phospholipid metabolism can be common in different lysosomal storage disorders and can increase the susceptibility to respiratory infections, usually present in these disorders.
Elevated serum biotinidase activity in hepatic glycogen storage disorders–A convenient biomarker
Authors: Paesold‐Burda P. , Baumgartner M. R. , Santer R. , Bosshard N. U. , Steinmann B.
Published: November 2007

An elevated serum biotinidase activity in patients with glycogen storage disease (GSD) type Ia has been reported previously. The aim of this work was to investigate the specificity of the phenomenon and thus we expanded the study to other types of hepatic GSDs. Serum biotinidase activity was measured in a total of 68 GSD patients and was compared with that of healthy controls (8.7 ±10; range 7.0–10.6 mU/ml; n=6). We found an increased biotinidase activity in patients with GSD Ia (17.7 ±3.9; range: 11.4–24.8; n=21), GSD I non‐a (20.9 ±5.6; range 14.6–26.0; n=4), GSD III (12.5 ±–3.6; range 7.8–19.1; n=3), GSD VI (15.4 ±–2.0; range 14.1–17.7; n=) and GSD IX (14.0 ±–3.8; range: 7.5–21.6; n=22). The sensitivity of this test was 100% for patients with GSD Ia, GSD I non‐a and GSD VI, 62% for GSD III, and 77% for GSD IX, indicating reduced sensitivity for GSD III and GSD IX, respectively. In addition, we found elevated biotinidase activity in all sera from 5 patients with Fanconi–Bickel Syndrome (15.3 ±–3.7; range 11.0–19.4). Taken together, we propose serum biotinidase as a diagnostic biomarker for hepatic glycogen storage disorders.
Okulodentodigitale Dysplasie
Authors: Wiest T. , Grond-Ginsbach C. , Koch M.J.
Published: November 2007

Die seltene Erkrankung okulodentodigitale Dysplasie (ODDD), die in der Regel autosomal-dominant vererbt wird, ist charakterisiert durch Veränderungen der Augen, Zähne und der Finger und geht auf eine Mutation des GJA1-Gens zurück. Im Hinblick auf die Zahnveränderungen ist ein früher Zeitpunkt für Beurteilung und Behandlung von entscheidender Bedeutung. Im vorliegenden Fallbericht wird dargestellt, dass an verschiedenen Zähnen unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägte Veränderungen erkennbar werden können. Dies könnte erklären, dass in der Literatur die Zahnveränderungen bei ODDD so unterschiedlich beschrieben werden.
AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats
Authors:   AAHA/AAFP Pain Management Guidelines Task Force Members, Hellyer Peter , Rodan Ilona , Brunt Jane , Downing Robin , Hagedorn James E. , Robertson Sheilah Ann
Published: November 2007

Pain management in dogs and cats has undergone a dramatic evolution in the past decade. Current approaches focus on anticipation and prevention of pain, as well as both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic management techniques. The veterinary team plays an essential role in educating pet owners about recognizing and managing pain in their pets. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 2007; 43:235–248.
Current Practice in the Use of Nerve Conduction Studies in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome by Surgeons in the Netherlands
Authors: CLAES F. , VERHAGEN W. I. M. , MEULSTEE J.
Published: November 2007

The current practice in and the opinion about the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome by surgeons in the Netherlands was evaluated in respect of the extent to which electrodiagnostic studies are used or needed to confirm the diagnosis. Questionnaires were sent to all Dutch surgeons who operate on patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. The response rate was 47% (324 out of 686). The majority of neurosurgeons and orthopaedic surgeons seldom operate without electrodiagnostic confirmation in line with the Dutch consensus guideline on this subject. In contrast, plastic surgeons operate more often on patients with clinically defined carpal tunnel syndrome even with normal electrodiagnostic studies. Knowledge of these strikingly different diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and opinions may influence diagnostic and referral behaviour of clinical neurologists and others.
Changes in the risk structure of stock returns: Consumer Confidence and the dotcom bubble
Authors: Leger Lawrence , Leone Vitor
Published: November 2007

Changes in the risk structure of stock returns may sometimes be very revealing. We examine economic variables that help explain principal components in UK stock returns, 01/1985 to 12/2001. The loading pattern on explanatory variables for the first component in a ‘bubble’ period is distinctive and consistent with a bubble/crash market. The second component shows a loading pattern on a Consumer Confidence variable in a pre‐bubble period only. We observe apparently systematic changes in the structure of risk, and conjecture that Consumer Confidence captures a change in market sentiment that could be a signal for the evolution of stock prices.
Early 19th century music pedagogy – German and English connections
Authors: Southcott Jane E.
Published: November 2007

Calls to improve congregational psalmody in 18th century England strongly influenced early music pedagogy. In the first decades of the 19th century English music educators, concerned with psalmody and music in charitable schools, looked to Germany for models of successful practice. The Musikalisches Schulgesangbuch (1826) by Carl Gotthelf Gläser (1784–1829) influenced the music materials designed by Sarah Anna Glover (1786–1867). These, in turn, directly influenced John Turner (dates unknown), William Hickson (1803–1870) and, indirectly, John Curwen (1816–1880). It is illuminating to explore how influential a small collection of German didactic songs could be during an early and very active phase of the development of English school music curricula.
NEXCEL, a deductive spreadsheet
Authors: CERVESATO ILIANO
Published: November 2007

Usability and usefulness have made the spreadsheet one of the most successful computing applications of all times: millions rely on it every day for anything from typing grocery lists to developing multimillion-dollar budgets. One thing spreadsheets are not very good at is manipulating the symbolic data and helping users make decisions based on them. By tapping into recent research in Logic Programming, Databases and Cognitive Psychology, we propose a deductive extension to the spreadsheet paradigm that precisely addresses this issue. The accompanying tool, which we call NEXCEL, is intended as an automated assistant for the daily reasoning and decision-making needs of computer users, in the same way as a spreadsheet application such as Microsoft Excel assists them every day with simple and complex calculations. Users without formal training in Logic or even Computer Science can interactively define logical rules in the same simple way as they define formulas in Excel. NEXCEL immediately evaluates these rules, thereby returning lists of values that satisfy them, again just like with numerical formulas. The deductive component is seamlessly integrated into the traditional spreadsheet so that a user not only still has access to the usual functionalities but is also able to use them as part of the logical inference and, dually, to embed deductive steps in a numerical calculation.
PrediCalc: a logical spreadsheet management system
Authors: KASSOFF MICHAEL , GENESERETH MICHAEL R.
Published: November 2007

In this article, we describe PrediCalc, a logical spreadsheet that allows for many-to-many constraints and propagation in all directions. We explain PrediCalc’s update mechanism and PrediCalc’s unique approach to handling inconsistencies between the spreadsheet values and the spreadsheet formulas. We have developed a paraconsistent entailment relation for the purpose of computing the consequences of PrediCalc’s value assignments under inconsistency.

We close with thoughts on the prospects of logical spreadsheets on the World Wide Web, and describe our initial Websheet prototypes.
Adding deductive logic to a COTS spreadsheet
Authors: TALLIS MARCELO , WALTZMAN RAND , BLAZER ROBERT
Published: November 2007

We exploit the spreadsheet metaphor to make deductive problem-solving methods available to the vast population of spreadsheet end-users. In particular, we show how the function-based problem-solving capabilities of spreadsheets can be extended to include logical deductive methods in a way that is consistent with the existing spreadsheet ‘look and feel’. The foundation of our approach is the integration of a standard deductive logic system into a successful Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) spreadsheet. We have demonstrated this by designing and implementing an extension to Excel that manages the integration of Excel and a deductive logic engine based on the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standard ontology language OWL + SWRL.
XcelLog: a deductive spreadsheet system
Authors: RAMAKRISHNAN C.R. , RAMAKRISHNAN I.V. , WARREN DAVID S.
Published: November 2007

The promise of rule-based computing was to allow end-users to create, modify, and maintain applications without the need to engage programmers. But experience has shown that rule sets often interact in subtle ways, making them difficult to understand and reason about. This has impeded the widespread adoption of rule-based computing. This paper describes the design and implementation of XcelLog, a user-centered deductive spreadsheet system, to empower non-programmers to specify and manipulate rule-based systems. The driving idea underlying the system is to treat sets as the fundamental data type and rules as specifying relationships among sets, and use the spreadsheet metaphor to create and view the materialized sets. The fundamental feature that makes XcelLog suitable for non-programmers is that the user mainly sees the effect of the rules; when rules or basic facts change, the user sees the impact of the change immediately. This enables the user to gain confidence in the rules and their modification, and also experiment with what-if scenarios without any programming. Preliminary experience with using XcelLog indicates that it is indeed feasible to put the power of deductive spreadsheets for doing rule-based computing into the hands of end-users and do so without the requirement of programming or the constraints of canned application packages.
Educating Idiots: Utopian Ideals and Practical Organization Regarding Idiocy inside Nineteenth-Century French Asylums
Authors: Lachapelle Sofie
Published: November 2007

Argument

Throughout the nineteenth century, French alienists reflected on the nature of idiocy, on its causes and possible treatments. Central to this reflection was the question of education. Was it possible to teach a child idiot to develop physically, intellectually, and morally? Schools were established, wards were rearranged, and educational methods were suggested. The extent to which all of this succeeded is hard to assess. The optimistic tone of educational treatises was never reflected in the life in the asylum. By the end of the century, the dichotomy between theoretical ideals and practical reality came to a halt as both methodological treatises on education and pleas for funding ceased. Soon, idiots left the wards and their schools for new classes within the common school system. While the former practice had proved successful in improving the patients' abilities, it was claimed that it had failed to bring about the social integration for which alienists had once hoped. This final period marked a rupture in the treatment of idiocy, both in terms of space and organization from asylums to schools and from alienists to psychologists.
The Rhetoric of Informational Molecules: Authority and Promises in the Early Study of Molecular Evolution
Authors: Suárez Díaz Edna
Published: November 2007

Argument

This paper explores the connection between the epistemic and the “political” dimensions of the metaphor of information during the early days of the study of Molecular Evolution. While preserving some of the meanings already documented in the history of molecular biology, the metaphor acquired a new, powerful use as a substitute for “history.” A rhetorical analysis of Emilé Zuckerkandl's paper, “Molecules as Documents of Evolutionary History,” highlights the ways in which epistemic claims on the validity and superiority of molecular evidence for evolution were intimately connected with authority issues in evolutionary biology. The debate is situated within the framework of the battle for resources between traditional evolutionists and molecular biologists at the beginning of the 1960s. The architects of evolutionary synthesis questioned the idea that molecular characters constitute “cleaner” and “more direct” evidence of evolution. Nevertheless, the information discourse constituted a productive space for the development of a new research program that, paradoxically, has made explicit the limitations of the information metaphor in reconstructing life's history.
The Specter of the Second Amendment: RereadingSlaughterhouseandCruikshank
Authors: Goldstein Leslie Friedman
Published: November 2007

In 1866, members of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction introduced the Fourteenth Amendment into the House of Representatives and the Senate, respectively. Several speakers indicated that the force of the new amendment would be to protect basic or fundamental citizen rights against adverse action by state governments, and would allow Congress for the first time to protect such rights against such state action. The clause that would do this was the privileges or immunities clause: “No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States.”
The Institutional Origins of “Workfarist” Social Policy
Authors: Bertram Eva C.
Published: November 2007

Between 1971 and 1975, congressional leaders quietly transformed the character and politics of public assistance in the United States. Three legislative initiatives were passed in quick succession and with little debate—the Talmadge Work Incentive amendments (WIN II), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), and the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). Although they drew little attention at the time, their combined impact was significant in two respects. First, by redefining the terms and target populations of income assistance, they established the elements of a workfarist approach to federal antipoverty policy, one that turned the ends and means of federal assistance away from traditional needs-based New Deal welfarism and toward the principle of rewarding, encouraging, and enforcing work. In addition, the initiatives helped to create the political capacity for subsequent retrenchment of traditional welfare programs, notably Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC).
Timing and Sequence in Congressional Elections: Interstate Contagion and America's Nineteenth-Century Scheduling Regime
Authors: James Scott C.
Published: November 2007

“The first Tuesday after the first Monday in November”—by this simple rule, Americans organize 435 congressional election contests into one simultaneous collective event. Many—including not a few political scientists—treat this scheduling requirement as though it were an enduring feature of American political history, perhaps even one of the Framers' constitutional stipulations. In fact, the historical pattern is richer and more variegated. For much of the country's first hundred years, diversity, not uniformity, was a defining feature of the congressional election schedule. The non-synchronous character of this first American scheduling regime manifested itself in two especially critical ways. First, non-synchronicity within states separated congressional and presidential elections in time, creating a host of problems for political parties, from the challenges of multiple mobilization efforts, to the difficulties of ensuring a unified party vote across federal elections that could be separated by several months. Second, non-synchronicity across states in congressional elections meant that legislative races unfolded sequentially over time, exposing these predominantly local contests to distinctive interstate contagions—not unlike contemporary presidential primaries—with unexpected partisan showings in early state races helping to shape outcomes in subsequent state contests.
Policy Tragedy and the Emergence of Regulation: The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
Authors: Carpenter Daniel , Sin Gisela
Published: November 2007

It is now a commonplace assertion among scholars of regulation to say that new regulatory statutes follow “crises,” “tragedies,” or “scandals.” The content and form of these critical events varies considerably. They include acts of journalism or research such as the publication of the Nader Report (which purportedly led to new federal automobile safety regulations) or Upton Sinclair'sThe Jungle(which eased the path for the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906). They include instantaneous disasters such as the Union Carbide gas leak in Bhopal, India, as well as slowly materializing epidemics like the thousands of horrific birth defects that resulted from widespread use of the sedative thalidomide in Europe and Australia in the late 1950s. As Lawrence Rothenberg describes this argument, it amounts to a meta-narrative of the origins of regulation, an alternative to capture theory. In the tragedy narrative of regulation, “public opinion becomes energized by some dramatic event or condition illustrating the pitfalls of a market's unobstructed operation; the outcry spurs elected officials to promulgate governmental regulation.” This story, as he notes, is at least as old as the work of Marver Bernstein and Anthony Downs.
FETAL BRADYCARDIA. A PRACTICAL APPROACH
Authors: ACHERMAN RUBEN J , EVANS WILLIAM N , LUNA CARLOS F , CASTILLO WILLIAM J , ROLLINS ROBERT , KIP KATRINKA , LAW IAN H , COLLAZOS JUAN C , RESTREPO HUMBERTO
Published: November 2007

Fetal bradycardia may herald fetal demise. This article highlights arrhythmic fetal bradycardia rather than bradycardia caused by perinatal distress. We briefly examine the embryonic conduction system's development and physiology and we review the classification, aetiology, evaluation, and approach to fetal bradycardia. Our aim is to provide the clinician with practical information about fetal bradycardia that enlightens causative conditions and aids management.
FEATURES OF THE CONGENITAL CMV INFECTION IN THE UNBORN AND NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: BENOIST G , VILLE Y
Published: November 2007

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most frequent cause of congenital viral infection,1with a prevalence of 0.5 to 1% of all live births, and the leading infectious cause of sensorineural deafness and mental retardation.1As otherHerpesviridae, CMV fetal infection can develop following both primary and recurrent maternal infection. Vertical transmission rate is around 30% following primary infection and 2 to 3% following recurrent infection.2Effects on the unborn as well as on the newborn are widely variable. It is estimated that only 5 to 10% of infected newborns have symptoms at birth, whereas around 90% of congenitally infected infants are asymptomatic although 5–15% of these infants will develop some degree of sensorineural hearing loss.3
TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF LARGE RANDOM ECONOMIES WITH LINEAR ACTIVITIES
Authors: DE MARTINO ANDREA , MARSILI MATTEO , CASTILLO ISAAC PEREZ
Published: November 2007

We study the competitive equilibrium of large random economies with linear activities using methods of statistical mechanics. We focus on economies with C commodities, N firms, each running a randomly drawn linear technology, and one consumer. We derive, in the limit N, C ∞ with n=N/C fixed, a complete description of the statistical properties of typical equilibria. We find two regimes, which in the limit of efficient technologies are separated by a phase transition, and argue that endogenous technological change drives the economy close to the critical point.
Decomposition of aqueous organic compounds in the Atacama Desert and in Martian soils
Authors: Quinn R. C. , Ehrenfreund P. , Grunthaner F. J. , Taylor C. L. , Zent A. P.
Published: November 2007

Carbon‐13 labeled formate, alanine, and glucose decompose when added in aqueous solution to soils collected from the “Mars‐like” Yungay region (S 24° 4′ 9.6″, W 69° 51′) of the Atacama Desert. During the first 5 d of incubation, alanine (5 mM) and glucose (5 mM) solutions decomposed at rates of 0.1 to 0.2 μmol/d, and formate solution (50 mM) decomposed at rates of 0.4 to 1.6 μmol/d. The observation of approximately equal 13CO2 initial production rates by soils treated with D‐glucose and L‐alanine, compared to soils treated with L‐glucose and D‐alanine, indicates the presence of one or more nonbiological chemical decomposition mechanisms. An increase in the decomposition rates of D‐glucose and L‐alanine, compared to L‐glucose and D‐alanine ∼5 d after the addition of these organics, demonstrates that the soils are also biologically active. When treated with sodium formate solution, tested soils released 13CO2 gas in a manner that reproduces the initial gas release observed in the Mars Viking Labeled Release (LR) experiment. Our results indicate that the 13CO2 produced in Yungay soils is consistent with an initial phase of nonbiological decomposition followed by biological decomposition of added organics. Heat treatment of Yungay soils eliminated all CO2 production, while in the Viking LR experiment, the initial rapid CO2 release was eliminated by heat treatment, but a slower secondary CO2 production was not. Our results indicate that the mechanism for the decomposition of organics in Yungay soils is different from the processes observed in the Viking LR experiment.
Predicted changes in synoptic forcing of net precipitation in large Arctic river basins during the 21st century
Authors: Cassano John J. , Uotila Petteri , Lynch Amanda H. , Cassano Elizabeth N.
Published: November 2007

Daily output from 15 global climate system models and 2 global reanalyses were analyzed to create a synoptic climatology of Arctic sea level pressure and to assess predicted changes in net precipitation over the Arctic. The method of self‐organizing maps was used to create the synoptic climatology from 3 decades of model output: 1991–2000, 2046–2055, and 2091–2100. The model‐derived synoptic climatology was compared to that from two reanalyses, for the period 1991–2000, and this comparison was used to select a subset of models that best reproduced the currently observed synoptic climate of the Arctic. Of the 15 models evaluated in this way, only 4 models were able to reproduce the key features of the Arctic synoptic climate as depicted by the two global reanalyses. The synoptic climatology created using the self‐organizing map technique lends itself to the study of extreme events and the projections from this subset of 4 models indicate an increase in cyclonically dominated weather patterns over the 21st century. The models also projected an increase in net precipitation over the Arctic cap and the large Arctic river watersheds during the 21st century. Using the synoptic climatology, a method to assess thermodynamic‐ and circulation‐related changes in net precipitation was derived. The results of this assessment indicate that thermodynamic changes are responsible for more than 75% of the predicted change in Arctic net precipitation during the 21st century.
Asthenospheric upwelling, oceanic slab retreat, and exhumation of UHP mantle rocks: Insights from Greater Antilles
Authors: Gorczyk Weronika , Guillot Stéphane , Gerya Taras V. , Hattori Kéiko
Published: November 2007

Exhumation of garnet‐bearing peridotites has been associated with low density continental rocks. This association does not explain the occurrence of garnet‐bearing peridotites in the oceanic subduction zone of the Greater Antilles in Hispaniola. We use numerical models of intra‐oceanic subduction to explain exhumation of garnet peridotites without involvement of buoyant continental crust. We demonstrate that rheological weakening of the mantle wedge takes place due to its strong hydration during subduction of serpentinized slow spreading ridge. This weakening triggers upwelling of the hydrated peridotites and partially molten peridotites followed by upwelling of hot asthenosphere and subsequent retreat of the subducting slab. According to numerical modelling of P‐T paths this process can explain exhumation of UHP (4GPa) rocks in an intra‐oceanic setting.
D″ beneath the Arctic from inversion of shear waveforms
Authors: Kawai Kenji , Geller Robert J. , Fuji Nobuaki
Published: November 2007

The structure of the D″ region beneath the Arctic has not previously been studied in detail. Using waveform inversion, we find that the average S‐wave velocity in D″ beneath the Arctic is about 0.04 km/s higher than PREM, which is consistent with the existence of post‐perovskite (ppv) in D″. It is difficult to strongly constrain the fine structure of S‐velocity within D″ due to the small number of stations at epicentral distances Δ < 90°, but by weighting those stations heavily in the inversion, we show that the data suggest the existence of high S‐velocity in the upper half of D″ and low S‐velocity in the lower half, consistent with the possibility of a double crossing (ppv → pv reverse phase transition) within D″. We conduct a computational experiment to show that resolution of the velocity structure within D″ could be significantly improved by temporary installation of a portable array of seismographs in northern Canada, which would greatly increase the number of stations in the range 70° < Δ < 90°.
What are the origins of the Antarctic Intermediate Waters transported by the North Caledonian Jet?
Authors: Maes Christophe , Gourdeau Lionel , Couvelard Xavier , Ganachaud Alexandre
Published: November 2007

The trajectories of several Argo floats are studied to investigate the mid‐depth circulation in the southwest Pacific that coincides with the spreading of the Antarctic Intermediate Waters (AAIW). Before entering the Coral Sea, the floats converge and join the North Caledonian Jet (NCJ) south of 15°S. These observations suggest that the waters transported by this jet do not have a unique source. Hydrologic parameters and oxygen concentration confirm that the characteristics of the AAIW in the NCJ result from a convergence and a mixing of waters from the northern limb of the subtropical gyre and from the south‐eastern New Caledonian region. The northern contribution is associated with the water masses transported by the North Vanuatu jet that re‐circulate in the region between the D'Entrecasteaux reefs and the Vanuatu archipelago. It is shown that such complex dynamical features could be reproduced by numerical models when their horizontal resolution is sufficiently high.
Reconstruction of a bipolar magnetic signature in an earthward jet in the tail: Flux rope or 3D guide‐field reconnection?
Authors: Hasegawa H. , Nakamura R. , Fujimoto M. , Sergeev V. A. , Lucek E. A. , Rème H. , Khotyaintsev Y.
Published: November 2007

Southward‐then‐northward magnetic perturbations are often seen in the tail plasma sheet, along with earthward jets, but the generation mechanism of such bipolar Bz (magnetic flux rope created through multiple X‐line reconnection, transient reconnection, or else) has been controversial. At ∼2313 UT on 13 August 2002, Cluster encountered a bipolar Bz at the leading edge of an earthward jet, with one of the four spacecraft in the middle of the current sheet. Application to this bipolar signature of Grad‐Shafranov (GS) reconstruction, the technique for recovery of two‐dimensional (2D) magnetohydrostatic structures, suggests that a flux rope with diameter of ∼2 RE was embedded in the jet. To investigate the validity of the GS results, the technique is applied to synthetic data from a three‐dimensional (3D) MHD simulation, in which a bipolar Bz can be produced through localized (3D) reconnection in the presence of guide field By (Shirataka et al., 2006) without invoking multiple X‐lines. A flux rope‐type structure, which does not in fact exist in the simulation, is reconstructed but with a shape elongated in the jet direction. Unambiguous identification of a mechanism that leads to an observed bipolar Bz thus seems difficult based on the topological property in the GS maps. We however infer that a flux rope was responsible for the bipolar pulse in this particular Cluster event, because the recovered magnetic structure is roughly circular, suggesting a relaxed and minimum energy state. Our results also indicate that one has to be cautious about interpretation of some (e.g., force‐free, or magnetohydrostatic) model‐based results.
Laboratory investigation of inorganic carbon uptake by cryoconite debris from Werenskioldbreen, Svalbard
Authors: Stibal Marek , Tranter Martyn
Published: November 2007

Laboratory experiments were undertaken to determine the inorganic carbon uptake rate and the interactions between photosynthesis and water chemistry, particularly pH and nutrient concentrations, for cryoconite debris from Werenskioldbreen, a well‐researched Svalbard glacier. Microorganisms in cryoconite debris took up inorganic carbon at rates between 0.6 and 15 μg C L−1 h−1 and fixed it as organic carbon. Cyanobacterial photosynthesis (75–93%) was the main process responsible for inorganic carbon fixation, while heterotrophic uptake (6–15%) only accounted for a minor part. The microbes in cryoconite debris were active shortly after melt and fixed carbon as long as there were favorable conditions. They were not truly psychrophilic: their physiological optimum temperature was higher than is prevalent in cryoconite holes. The pH was also a factor affecting photosynthesis in the cryoconite slurry. The highest dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) uptake rates per liter of slurry occurred at pH ∼7, and there was a significant correlation between the initial pH and DIC fixation on a per cell basis, showing increasing DIC uptake rates when pH increased from ∼5.5 to 9. Inorganic carbon fixation resulted in an increased pH in solution. However, the microbes were able to photosynthesize in a wide range of pH from ∼4 to ∼10. The average C:N:P molar ratios in solution were ∼350:75:1. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus concentrations decreased with increasing carbon uptake, and when the rate approached ∼15 μg C L−1 h−1, all available dissolved phosphorus was utilized within 6 h. Hence phosphorus is probably biolimiting in this system.
A 28‐ka history of sea surface temperature, primary productivity and planktonic community variability in the western Arabian Sea
Authors: Pourmand Ali , Marcantonio Franco , Bianchi Thomas S. , Canuel Elizabeth A. , Waterson Elizabeth J.
Published: November 2007

Uranium series radionuclides and organic biomarkers, which represent major groups of planktonic organisms, were measured in western Arabian Sea sediments that span the past 28 ka. Variability in the past strength of the southwest and northeast monsoons and its influence on primary productivity, sea surface temperature (SST), and planktonic community structure were investigated. The average alkenone‐derived SST for the last glacial period was ∼3°C lower than that measured for the Holocene. Prior to the deglacial, the lowest SSTs coincide with the highest measured fluxes of organic biomarkers, which represent primarily a planktonic suite of diatoms, coccolithophorids, dinoflagellates, and zooplankton. We propose that intensification of winter northeast monsoon winds during the last glacial period resulted in deep convective mixing, cold SSTs and enhanced primary productivity. In contrast, postdeglacial (<17 ka) SSTs are warmer during times in which biomarker fluxes are high. Associated with this transition is a planktonic community structure change, in which the ratio of the average cumulative flux of diatom biomarkers to the cumulative flux of coccolithophorid biomarkers is twice as high during the deglacial and Holocene than the average ratio during the last glacial period. We suggest that this temporal transition represents a shift from a winter northeast monsoon‐dominated (pre‐17 ka) to a summer southwest monsoon‐dominated (post‐17 ka) wind system.
Murine cytokine responses following multiple oral immunizations using lipid‐formulated mycobacterial antigens
Authors: Cross Martin L , Lambeth Matthew R , Aldwell Frank E
Published: November 2007

Oral vaccination of mice with live Mycobacterium bovis BCG in lipid‐formulation induces a γ‐interferon response that can be measured systemically, and confers protection against aerosolized mycobacterial challenge. Here, we have investigated cytokine responses following the vaccination, drawing comparisons between mice that received single or multiple oral immunizations and between mice receiving formulations containing live BCG or non‐replicating mycobacterial antigens. Single oral immunization with lipid‐formulated live BCG invoked secreted and cellular IFN‐γ responses in mice 8 weeks post‐vaccination, the magnitudes of which were significantly elevated in mice receiving multiple immunizations over the 8‐week period. Single oral immunization with live BCG also invoked an interleukin‐2 response (but not TNF‐α or IL‐4), although the magnitude was not elevated by multiple immunizations. Multiple immunizations with lipid‐formulated soluble or particulate non‐replicating mycobacterial antigens failed to invoke cytokine responses, except for a low‐level IFN‐γ response in mice multiple immunized with lipid‐formulated heat‐killed BCG. These results are discussed in contrast to the known patterns of cytokine induction following parenteral‐route immunization with live or non‐replicating mycobacterial antigens and with practical reference to the development of oral‐delivery vaccines against tuberculosis.
Hydrodynamic interaction of two particles in confined linear shear flow at finite Reynolds number
Authors: Yan Yiguang , Morris Jeffrey F. , Koplik Joel
Published: November 2007

We discuss the hydrodynamic interactions of two solid bodies placed in linear shear flow between parallel plane walls in a periodic geometry at finite Reynolds number. The computations are based on the lattice Boltzmann method for particulate flow, validated here by comparison to previous results for a single particle. Most of our results pertain to cylinders in two dimensions but some examples are given for spheres in three dimensions. Either one mobile and one fixed particle or else two mobile particles are studied. The motion of a mobile particle is qualitatively similar in both cases at early times, exhibiting either trajectory reversal or bypass, depending upon the initial vector separation of the pair. At longer times, if a mobile particle does not approach a periodic image of the second, its trajectory tends to a stable limit point on the symmetry axis. The effect of interactions with periodic images is to produce nonconstant asymptotic long-time trajectories. For one free particle interacting with a fixed second particle within the unit cell, the free particle may either move to a fixed point or take up a limit cycle. Pairs of mobile particles starting from symmetric initial conditions are shown to asymptotically reach either fixed points, or mirror image limit cycles within the unit cell, or to bypass one another (and periodic images) indefinitely on a streamwise periodic trajectory. The limit cycle possibility requires finite Reynolds number and arises as a consequence of streamwise periodicity when the system length is sufficiently short.
Bulk silicon is susceptible to fatigue
Authors: Bhowmick Sanjit , Meléndez-Martínez Juan José , Lawn Brian R.
Published: November 2007

It has long been held that bulk silicon is immune from fatigue. We present contrary evidence demonstrating severe fatigue in macroscale cracks produced in cyclic loading of single-crystal silicon with a sphere indenter. The key ingredient is a component of shear stress acting on the cracks during contraction and expansion of the contact circle. This gives rise to frictional sliding at the crack walls, dislodging and ejecting slabs of material and debris onto the silicon surface. The damage expands with continued cycling, leading to progressive degradation of the surface. The results have implications concerning the function of silicon-based devices.
A family of analytic equilibrium solutions for the Grad–Shafranov equation
Authors: Guazzotto L. , Freidberg J. P.
Published: November 2007

A family of exact solutions to the Grad–Shafranov equation, similar to those described by Atanasiu et al. [C. V. Atanasiu, S. Günter, K. Lackner, and I. G. Miron, Phys. Plasmas 11, 3510 (2004)], is presented. The solution allows for finite plasma aspect ratio, elongation and triangularity, while only requiring the evaluation of a small number of well-known hypergeometric functions. Plasma current, pressure, and pressure gradients are set to zero at the plasma edge. Realistic equilibria for standard and spherical tokamaks are presented.
Strained SiGeSn formed by Sn implant into SiGe and pulsed laser annealing
Authors: Wang Grace Huiqi , Toh Eng-Huat , Wang Xincai , Tripathy Sudhiranjan , Osipowicz Thomas , Chan Taw Kuei , Hoe Keat-Mun , Balakumar Subramaniam , Lo Guo-Qiang , Samudra Ganesh , Yeo Yee-Chia
Published: November 2007

Incorporation of tin (Sn) in substitutional sites in strained Si0.75Ge0.25 was demonstrated by Sn implant and pulsed laser annealing. The surface of Si0.75Ge0.25 was amorphized by Sn implant but was recrystallized after pulsed laser annealing. The crystalline Si1−x−yGexSny layer formed was studied by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy. A substitutionality up to 62% Sn and 80% Ge was obtained at an optimal laser power of 400mJcm−2 for five laser pulses. A compressive strain of −1.15% was also obtained due to Sn incorporation. The presence of Sn also increased the active B dopant concentration in activating Si1−x−yGexSny to give low sheet resistance. The implantation of Sn and B followed by pulsed laser annealing could be useful for application in strain engineering of high mobility metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors.
Recent progress in solution processable organic light emitting devices
Authors: So Franky , Krummacher Benjamin , Mathai Mathew K. , Poplavskyy Dmitry , Choulis Stelios A. , Choong Vi-En
Published: November 2007

Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) have been the subject of intense research because of their potential for flat panel display and solid state lighting applications. While small molecule OLEDs with very high efficiencies have been demonstrated, solution processable devices are more desirable for large size flat panel display and solid state applications because they are compatible with low cost, large area roll-to-roll manufacturing process. In this review paper, we will present the recent progress made in solution processable OLEDs. The paper will be divided into three parts. In the first part of the paper, we will focus on the recent development of fluorescent polymer OLEDs based on conjugated polyfluorene copolymers. Specifically, we will present results of carrier transport and injection measurements, and discuss how the charge transport and injection properties affect the device performance. In the second part of the paper, we will focus on the recent progress on phosphorescent dye-dispersed nonconjugated polymer OLEDs. Specifically, we will present our recent results on high efficiency green and blue emitting devices based on the dye-dispersed polymer approach. Similar to fluorescent conjugated polymer OLEDs, charge transport and injection properties in dye-dispersed polymer OLEDs also play an important role in the device performance. In the third part of this paper, we will present our results on white emitting phosphorescent OLEDs. Two approaches have been used to demonstrate white emitting OLEDs. First, white emitting OLEDs were made using blue emitting OLEDs with downconversion phosphors. Second, white emitting OLEDs were made by dispersing red, green, and blue phosphorescent dyes into the light emitting layer. High efficiency devices have been demonstrated with both approaches.
Simultaneous fabrication of nanogap gold electrodes by electroless gold plating using a common medical liquid
Authors: Yasutake Yuhsuke , Kono Keijiro , Kanehara Masayuki , Teranishi Toshiharu , Buitelaar Mark R. , Smith Charles G. , Majima Yutaka
Published: November 2007

We report a simple and high yield method for fabricating multiple nanogaps simultaneously by an electroless gold plating technique using electroless gold plating solution which consists of common medical liquid of iodine tincture and L(+)-ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The distance between the gold electrodes (33nm in average) on the SiO2∕Si substrate was decreased by selective deposition of gold onto the surface of the gold electrodes. By electroless gold plating, we fabricated nanogaps below 5nm in width with a 41% process yield. We also demonstrated the Coulomb blockade effect in octanethiol(C8)-protected Au nanoparticles by using such a fabricated nanogap.
Enhancement of flux pinning and high critical current density in graphite doped MgB2 superconductor
Authors: Shekhar Chandra , Giri Rajiv , Tiwari R. S. , Srivastava O. N. , Malik S. K.
Published: November 2007

We report the synthesis and characterization of graphite (C) doped MgB2–xCx (x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) samples. The crystal structure and microstructural characterization have been investigated by x-ray diffractometer and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis. The superconducting properties especially Jc and Hc2 have been measured by employing physical property measurement system. We found that the graphite doping affects the lattice parameters as well as the microstructure of MgB2 superconductor. In case of optimally doped (x=0.1) sample, the critical current density at 5 K corresponds to 1.1×106 and 5.3×104 A∕cm2 for 3 and 5 T fields, respectively. The upper critical field has been enhanced nearly two times after doping. The flux pinning behavior has been investigated by flux pinning force density curve and it reveals that the flux pinning behavior has improved significantly by doping. TEM micrographs show the graphite nanoparticles of size ∼5–10 nm which are invariably present in MgB2 grains. These nanoparticles act as flux pinning center and are responsible for enhancement of superconducting properties of MgB2.
Synthesis of efficient ZnO-based random lasing medium using laser-induced air breakdown processing
Authors: Kabashin A. V. , Trudeau A. , Marine W. , Meunier M.
Published: November 2007

A simple local patterning laser-assisted method to transform bulk metallic Zn into a highly efficient ZnO-based random lasing medium is reported. The method uses the plasma of CO2 laser-induced air breakdown to treat the surface of a Zn target and thus transform it into a porous, nanostructured ZnO layer, which exhibits a strong exciton photoluminescence band in the UV (380nm). We show that the synthesized ZnO-based material can work as an efficient random lasing medium, simultaneously strongly scattering and amplifying pumping light, leading to a mirrorless generation of few laser emission narrow (<0.5nm) lines within the exciton band.
Sol-gel silica planar waveguide doped with green fluorescent protein for in-line biosensors
Authors: Enami Y. , Fukuda T. , Suye S.
Published: November 2007

The authors report in-line detection of green fluorescent light from planar waveguide biosensors made of sol-gel silica and doped with green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is immobilized on the surface of polystyrene microbeads. Green fluorescence, with a center wavelength of 509nm, is observed for an excitation with a pump laser power of 3mW at 488nm wavelength. GFP in the sol-gel waveguide shows visible fluorescence for 30days after fabrication. A citrate buffer (56mM, pH 4.0) reduced the fluorescence power output. These results enable the development of real-time, in-line, remote fiber biosensor networks.
Recombination dynamics and lasing in ZnO∕ZnMgO single quantum well structures
Authors: Shubina T. V. , Toropov A. A. , Lublinskaya O. G. , Kop’ev P. S. , Ivanov S. V. , El-Shaer A. , Al-Suleiman M. , Bakin A. , Waag A. , Voinilovich A. , Lutsenko E. V. , Yablonskii G. P. , Bergman J. P. , Pozina G. , Monemar B.
Published: November 2007

We report a time-resolved study of the recombination dynamics in molecular beam epitaxy grown ZnO∕ZnMgO single quantum wells (SQWs) of 1.0–4.5nm width. The SQWs exhibit different emission properties, depending on both the well width and defect density. Stimulated emission has been achieved at room temperature in a separate confinement double heterostructure having a 3nm wide SQW as an active region. It has been found that a critical parameter for the lasing is the inhomogeneous broadening of both QW and barrier emission bands.
Electron temperature measurements in plasmas with surface wave absorption and wave cutoff frequency
Authors: Kim Jung-Hyung , You S. J. , Seong Dae-Jin , Shin Yong-Hyeon
Published: November 2007

A method for the measurements of electron temperature in the plasma using cutoff frequency and surface wave absorption frequency is described. The cutoff frequency, which gives directly the plasma density, is obtained from the transmission spectrum measured between two antennas exposed to the plasma. The surface wave absorption frequency, which has the information of the sheath determined by the electron density and the electron temperature, is obtained from the reflection spectrum measured at radiating antenna. The electron temperature is derived from the dispersion equation of the surface wave with the electron density measured from cutoff frequency.