bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An in vitro Study of the Bond Strength of a Glass Ionomer Cement in the Direct Bonding of Orthodontic Brackets
Authors: Cook P. A , Youngson C. C.
Published: December 2014

The shear/peel bond strength of a ‘no-mix’ composite orthodontic bonding resin was compared in vitro with that of a glass ionomer cement. The effect of pre-treatment of the enamel, with either phosphoric acid or polyacrylic acid, prior to using the glass ionomer cement was also assessed. The composite resin had a significantly higher bond strength than the glass ionomer cement. Simple prophylaxis and drying of the enamel achieved the best results when using the glass ionomer cement, whilst etching the tooth surface with phosphoric acid produced a significantly poorer bond to the enamel. Investigation of the site of failure showed the composite resin bonded very well to the tooth and less well to the bracket, whilst the glass ionomer adhered significantly better to the bracket base than to the tooth surface.
External Resorption of a Maxillary Lateral Incisor by a Labially Placed Canine: Pathology and Management
Authors: Regan D. , Craig G. T.
Published: December 2014

A case is presented showing external resorption of a maxillary lateral incisor associated with a labially placed canine. The histological appearance and differential diagnosis is discussed, and the treatment described.
The Four Thames Project: Development of Training in Orthodontics for Dental Practice
Authors: Pender N.
Published: December 2014

The Four Thames Project to develop training in orthodontics for dental practice, offered 26 clinical attachments with Consultants, over a 2-year period (October 1984–1986). A course of tuition was provided centrally in four modules. The programme was evaluated using a postal questionnaire and personal interview of the course participants, and with a postal questionnaire of the participating Consultants. The results of the evaluation are discussed an effects on the orthodontics in the participants' practices and consultants' units are outlined. Those on the first 2-year programme changed the range of their orthodontic practice to include more use of fixed appliances and a reduction in the use of removable appliances and of treatment by extraction and observation alone.
Expanded Function Orthodontic Auxiliaries; a Proposal for their Introduction in the UK
Authors: O'Brien K. D. , Shaw W. C.
Published: December 2014

The role of dental and orthodontic auxiliaries in Europe and the United States is reviewed, and the advantages of their employment in the United Kingdom are discussed in terms of increasing the cost-effectiveness of orthodontic treatment provision. A three-stage programme for the evaluation of Orthodontic Auxiliaries in the UK is proposed.
Discontinuation of Orthodontic Treatment: A Study of the Contributing Factors
Authors: Murray Alison M.
Published: December 2014

The article reports on a project to determine the percentage of orthodontic patients who failed to complete orthodontic treatment at the Eastman Dental Hospital, London, and to identify factors that appeared to influence this. Records of patients who had undergone active orthodontic treatment which concluded either with successful completion, or early termination due to poor attendance, inadequate oral hygiene, or appliance maintenance, were studied and analysed statistically.
The Effects of Social Class on the Uptake of Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Kenealy Pamela , Frude Neil , Shaw William
Published: December 2014

The relationship between social class and uptake of orthodontic treatment was investigated in a longitudinal cohort study of 1018 children living in South Glamorgan, Wales. Previous studies have shown that working class people make less use of dental services and receive inferior dental care than middle class people. The present investigation examined the role of one factor which appears likely to contribute to this effect: namely, the uptake of orthodontic treatment by families from different social classes. If a significant association were shown then findings relating to the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment might be confounded by this social class factor.
The Orthodontic Tooth Positioner—An Appraisal
Authors: Lew Kenneth K. K.
Published: December 2014

The tooth positioner is a one-piece, resilient appliance which may be used for finishing orthodontic cases. The appliance fills the free-way space, and covers the clinical crowns of all the teeth and about 3-mm of the buccal and lingual gingival mucosa. The positioner is constructed over a predetermined ‘setup’ and fabricated from either rubber or plastic. This article reviews the literature and describes the author's method of manufacture and usage.
In Vitro Evaluation of a Cyanoacrylate Bonding Agent
Authors: Howells David J. , Jones Peter
Published: December 2014

A new cyanoacrylate adhesive developed for orthodontic use was subjected to a controlled in vitro trial of ultimate shear bond strength. Performance deteriorated on storage in saline, rendering the material unsuitable for clinical use. Other alternatives to conventional acid-etch retained composite resin bonding agents are discussed.
Vertical Parallax Radiology to Localize an Object in the Anterior Part of the Maxilla
Authors: Southall Peter J. , Gravely John F.
Published: December 2014

An evaluation has been made of four techniques of assessing, from radiographs, the position of unerupted maxillary teeth, using radio-opaque markers placed in various positions on the maxilla of a dried skull. Application of the parallax principle in a vertical plane, for which only two radiographs are needed, was found to produce as many correct conclusions as other methods.
An Assessment of the Fit of a Parabolic Curve to Pre- and Post-Treatment Dental Arches
Authors: Jones M. L. , Richmond S.
Published: December 2014

Study casts of the teeth are routinely used for diagnosis and to assess treatment change: the crowding of the teeth or shortage of space available within the dental arch is usually assessed visually. A full cast analysis program has been developed previously, making use of the three-dimensional Reflex Plotter linked to a computer. This study examines the validity of the fit of computer generated parabolic curves to dental arches, as performed in the measurement of crowding. Using a visual analogue method it was found that the parabola appeared to fit lower post-treatment dental arches best. However, reservations regarding the fit of symmetrical curves are expressed and other solutions suggested.
The Closure of Residual Extraction Spaces by Means of Traction Screws: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Brown I. D.
Published: December 2014

In those cases judged to be suitable for treatment by extractions in both arches and the use of upper removable appliances alone, the closure of excess residual space relies on mesial drift of the buccal segments. If opposing residual spaces are unequal in extent, there is a risk that space closure will be incomplete. Two cases are presented where a removable appliance was used to move a buccal segment mesially using a traction screw, and thereby close the excess residual space.
A Cephalometric Study of Incisor Angulations in a Nigerian Population
Authors: Isiekwe Michael
Published: December 2014

This paper has the objective of establishing a standard norm for incisor angulations in a Nigerian population. The upper incisor angle to the Frankfort plane has a biological norm of between 119° and 127°, while the lower incisor angle (to the mandibular plane) is between 96° and 104°. The value for the interincisal angle is between 108° and 116°.
An Investigation of the Polymerization of Orthodontic Adhesives by the Transillumination of Tooth Tissue
Authors: Cheng L. , Ferguson J. W. , Jones P. , Wilson H. J.
Published: December 2014

Prepared samples of light-activated composite were cured by transillumination of tooth tissue in healthy volunteers. Positioning of the samples and the direction of illumination was designed to simulate curing during direct bonding. The effectiveness of curing was investigated by determination of surface microhardness. The degree of polymerization of the specimens cured by transillumination was found to be reduced compared to the control samples cured by direct exposure to the light source.
Acceptance of Recommended Cross-Infection Procedures by Orthodontists in the United Kingdom
Authors: Evas Ruth
Published: December 2014

The aim of this study was to try to gather orthodontists' current opinions regarding the prevention of cross-infection, to correlate this and suggest some guidelines acceptable to the profession.
Maxillary Expansion: A Retrospective Study of Three Methods of Expansion and Their Long-term Sequelae
Authors: Herold Jennifer S.
Published: December 2014

This study is retrospective, comparing and contrasting the effects of expansion of the maxillary arch, and its long-term stability, with the use of either a rapid maxillary expansion appliance, quadhelix, or removable appliance. Transverse alteration in the intercanine and intermolar widths were studied, as were the alteration in the inclination of the canine and molar teeth during this period.
Class III Malocclusion: A Cephalometric Study of Saudi Arabians
Authors: Toms Andrew P.
Published: December 2014

The records of 500 consecutive Saudi Arabian patients referred for orthodontic treatment were examined clinically and cephalometrically for Class III malocclusion. A control group was drawn at random from the same sample. The incidence of Class III was 9·4 per cent, with mandibular prognathism being the commonest presentation of the malocclusion.

The upper and lower incisors exhibited a marked degree of dentoalveolar compensation, on dental bases having mean values of SNA—78·77° and SNB—81·17°. The maxillary length was reduced, as were the saddle and maxillary—mandibular plane angles. The gonial angle (ArGoMe), anterior and posterior facial heights, and mandibular lengths (ArGo, ArPo) were all significantly larger than the control group.

The cephalometric values of the control group showed the increased tendency to bimaxillary protrusion in the Saudi Arabian sample.
The Effect of Bracket Type and Ligation Method upon Forces Exerted by Orthodontic Archwires
Authors: Rock W. P. , Wilson H. J.
Published: December 2014

The effects of bracket type and ligation method upon the forces exerted at 1·5-mm deflection by three archwire materials were measured in a simulated clinical situation. Significant force differences were found when archwires were used in standard edgewise or straightwire brackets, respectively, and also when Alastik modules were used for ligation instead of steel ligatures.
An Inverted Upper Lateral Incisor
Authors: Keith Olga , Midda Marshall
Published: December 2014

A case is presented of an inverted upper lateral incisor in an 11-year-old patient. It is believed that involvement of this tooth is previously unreported.
Who Should Practise Orthodontics?
Authors: Gravely John F.
Published: December 2014

The provision for orthodontic treatment in the General Dental Service of the NHS is examined. Regional variation in the service is described and evidence presented of dissatisfaction with the treatment received. A case is made for changes in the undergraduate curriculum and for the provision of further training for practitioners.
Magnets and Orthodontics
Authors: Sandler P. J. , Meghji S. , Murray A.M. , Springate S. D. , Sandy J. R. , Crow V. , Reed R. T.
Published: December 2014

The first part of this paper is a literature review of magnets and their uses in orthodontics. The biological safety of magnets is considered and a report is given of experiments carried out on rat osteosarcoma cell line UMR-106. The second part of the paper describes a case where neodynium-iron-boron magnets were used to assist eruption of an unerupted, vertically impacted upper right canine. Previously, space was available for this tooth, but it failed to show signs of eruption. Following surgical attachment of a magnet, and the use of a second magnet attached to an upper removable appliance, rapid eruption occurred producing a favourable position for bonding.
The Correction of Dental Centre Line Discrepancies Using an Edgewise Appliance
Authors: Holmes Ann , Nashed R. R. , O'Keeffe C. D.
Published: December 2014

This paper deals with dental centre line discrepancies and the treatment mechanics for their correction when using an edgewise appliance.
A ‘Mini-typodont’ for Removable Appliance Teaching
Authors: Jones M. L. , Volp C.
Published: December 2014

A simple typodont is described which may be used to demonstrate tooth movements with removable appliances.
Criteria for Approval of Training Programmes for Senior Registrars in Orthodontics in the United Kingdom
Authors: Orton H. S.
Published: December 2014

To be appointed as a consultant orthodontist in the British National Health Service requires a period of 3 + years in a higher training post as a senior registrar in orthodontics. Educational approval of these training posts is controlled by the Joint Committee for Higher Training in Dentistry. The detailed monitoring and requirements of senior registrar training posts are controlled by the Specialist Advisory Committee in Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry. Revised criteria for the approval of training programmes have recently been issued and are appended for the guidance of aspirant trainees, trainers and for the reader seeking an understanding of the UK title of ‘Consultant Orthodontist’.
Autotransplantation of Premolar Teeth to Replace Missing Maxillary Central Incisors
Authors: Bowden David E. J. , Patel Hemant A.
Published: December 2014

Orthodontic treatment decisions when maxillary central incisors are absent or are of poor prognosis, are discussed. Autotransplantation of mandibular first premolars to the incisor region is suggested as an approach in selected cases. The literature is reviewed, surgical technique described and case selection summarized. Cases are reported where autotransplantation of premolars to the maxillary incisor region has produced good functional and aesthetic results.
Torque-in-base: Another Straight-wire Myth?
Authors: Ferguson J. W.
Published: December 2014

The theoretical inaccuracies of straight-wire systems which incorporate torque in the bracket face are discussed, with the conclusion that this variation from the original design is unlikely to be of any practical significance.
Familial Primary Failure of Eruption of Permanent Teeth
Authors: Brady John
Published: December 2014

A son and his mother presented with features consistent with a diagnosis of primary failure of eruption. The features of this condition are described together with some aspects of treatment. The impact of the condition on vertical facial growth is discussed.
Prevalence of Hypodontia and Developmental Malformation of Permanent Teeth in Saudi Arabian Schoolchildren
Authors: Al-Emran Sulaiman
Published: December 2014

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of hypodontia and congenital malformation in permanent teeth of Saudi Arabian male children. Five-hundred schoolchildren were investigated, selected randomly from Riyadh city. The age group of the examined sample ranged from 13 years and 6 months to 14 years and 6 months. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed. The findings indicated that hypodontia was present in about 4 per cent of the children; most frequently affected was the mandibular second premolars, maxillary laterals, and maxillary second premolars. Tooth malformations, mainly peg-shaped upper lateral incisors were also observed in about 4 per cent of the sample.
A Profile of Orthodontic Treatment in the General Dental Service in Scotland 1979–1987
Authors: Fyffe Hazel E. , Clark John D. , Pitts Nigel B.
Published: December 2014

The study casts and records of two samples of patients who had received orthodontic treatment involving the use of appliances within the General Dental Service (GDS) in Scotland during 1979/81 and 1986/87 were examined to study the pattern of treatment, and to determine whether there had been any change over this period. Both samples contained a wide range of malocclusions which were treated mostly with removable appliances. Although few fixed appliances were used and few lower arch treatments were carried out there was a trend towards a greater use of these appliances and an increase in these treatments in 1986/87 compared with 1979/81. There was no change in the infrequent use of headgear while functional appliances were used in only six of the treatments in the 1986/87 sample as compared to none in the 1979/81 sample. In the more recent sample many more treatments were undertaken by ‘specialist’ General Dental Practitioners (i.e. those who work in the GDS, but limit their practice to orthodontics) and fewer treatments were undertaken under the direction of a Consultant Orthodontist.
The Effects of Recycling on the Tensile Bond Strength of New and Clinically Used Stainless Steel Orthodontic Brackets: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Regan D. , van Noort R. , O'Keeffe C.
Published: December 2014

The Tensile bond strength was evaluated for three different types of stainless steel orthodontic bracket/base combinations (both cast and machined integral bases, and a foil-mesh base). The cast base gave a significantly higher initial bond strength than the other two brackets. Following recycling by either chemical or thermal methods, all the bases demonstrated a significant reduction in bond strength. However, thermal recycling produced an unacceptably large reduction in the hand strength of the cast base and this method of reconditioning should be avoided with these brackets. Recycling the brackets an additional four times was found to result in a further reduction in bond strength, but this was not statistically significant. Clinically used brackets demonstrated a slightly lower, though not statistically significant, bond strength compared to unused brackets following one recycling with either the chemical or thermal method.
An Osseointegrated Implant to Replace a Missing Lateral Incisor following Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Scher Edwin L. C.
Published: December 2014

A case is described where, following orthodontic treatment, an osseointegrated implant is used to replace a developmentally missing lateral incisor.
A Cephalometric Study to Compare the Effects of Cervical Traction and Andresen Therapy in the Treatment of Class II Division 1 Malocclusion
Authors: Derringer Kathryn
Published: December 2014

Absolute distal movement of upper first molars together with distal tipping, but no significant extrusion, occurred with cervical traction. Distal movement of the maxillary first molars was more stable in the group where maxillary 2nd molars had been extracted.

With Andresen treatment a restraining effect took place on the upper molars, while mesial movement of the lower first molars contributed to correction of the molar relationship.
Stability and Relapse of Dental Arch Alignment
Authors: Little Robert M.
Published: December 2014

For more than 35 years, research in the Department of Orthodontics, University of Washington has focused on a growing collection of over 600 sets of patient records to assess stability and failure of orthodontic treatment. All had completed treatment a decade or more prior to the last set of data. Evaluation of treated premolar extraction cases, treated non-extraction cases with generalized spacing, cases treated by arch enlargement strategies, and untreated normal occlusions demonstrate similar physiological changes. 1. Arch length reduces following orthodontic treatment, but also does so in untreated normal occlusions. 2. Arch width measured across the mandibular canine teeth typically reduces post-treatment whether the case was expanded during treatment or not. 3. Mandibular anterior crowding during the post-treatment phase is a continuing phenomenon well into the 20–40 age bracket and likely beyond. 4. Third molar absence or presence, impacted or fully erupted, seems to have little effect on the occurrence or degree of relapse. 5. The degree of post-retention anterior crowding is both unpredictable and variable and no pretreatment variables either from clinical findings, casts, or cephalometric radiographs before or after treatment seem to be useful predictors.
Fluoride Release from Orthodontic Bonding Materials. An In Vitro Study
Authors: Fox Nigel A.
Published: December 2014

Decalcification of enamel continues to be a problem with fixed orthodontic appliances. An orthodontic bonding composite is now available which claims to release fluoride, although there are no data to substantiate this claim. Fluoride release from this new material (DIRECT®) was measured and compared with two other orthodontic bonding materials. The amount of fluoride released was very small and unlikely to have a therapeutic effect.
Lower Incisor Torque: The Effects of Rectangular Archwires with a Reverse Curve of Spee
Authors: Ferguson J. W.
Published: December 2014

The relationship between the Curve of Spee in a rectangular archwire and torque in the lower labial segment is discussed. It is concluded that introducing a reverse curve in the archwire does not necessarily have any adverse effects on final lower incisor inclination.
A Comparative Clinical Trial of a Glass Ionomer and a Zinc Phosphate Cement for Securing Orthodontic Bands
Authors: Stirrups D. R.
Published: December 2014

This is a report of a clinical trial, comparing an experimental glass ionomer luting cement with a zinc phosphate cement for securing orthodontic hands. The comparison was made by using survival analysis techniques. The glass ionomer cement performed significantly better than the zinc phosphate cement.
The Reliability of the ‘Ortho Grid’ in Cephalometric Assessment
Authors: Liu Y. T. , Gravely J. F.
Published: December 2014

The reliability of cephalometric analysis using the Ortho Grid was assessed and compared with that of traditional tracing, digitization of radiographs and digitization of tracings. A total of fifty lateral skull radiographs were read using each of these methods on two different occasions. Use of the Ortho Grid was found to be the most reliable method in five of the seven measurements investigated.
A Comparison of Three Bracket Bases: An in Vitro Study
Authors: Smith N. R. , Reynolds I. R.
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in mean tensile bond strength between three groups of orthodontic bracket bases; coarse mesh (Dentaurum), fine mesh (A-Company), and an undercut base (Dynalok).

Due to microscopic differences seen in the course mesh bases, these were further sub-divided into rough, smooth, and defective mesh groups, and tested in a double blind trial.

All brackets were bonded to plastic cylinders with a highly filled composite resin (Concise) and tested to failure on an Instron universal testing machine.

No significant differences in mean tensile bond strength were seen between the rough, smooth, and defective coarse mesh bases.

The fine mesh base showed significantly higher mean tensile bond strength compared with the coarse, Both meshes performed significantly better than the undercut base.
Treatment Co-operation in Orthodontic Patients
Authors: Brattström Viveca , Ingelsson Mona , Åberg Erika
Published: December 2014

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the reasons for lack of patient co-operation and premature termination of orthodontic treatment. Over a period of 10 years files at the School of Dentistry, Huddinge, Sweden, showed that 80 patients (4 per cent) terminated treatment prematurely. These patients were interviewed regarding their reasons for not completing treatment. Lack of motivation was the most common reason given.

Insufficient information about orthodontic treatment and lack of communication between the orthodontist and patient were the basis for the reasons given. Orthodontists require more knowledge of psychology and should have some training in information communication in order to further reduce the level of discontinued treatments.
Proportional Analysis of the Facial Profile in Natural Head Position in Caucasian and Chinese Children
Authors: Lundström Anders , Cooke Michael S.
Published: December 2014

A proportional analysis of the facial soft tissue profile in natural head position involving 11 indices(ratios), was applied to 80 Caucasian, and 80 Chinese male and female 12-year-old children in Hong Kong. The analysis is based on the true horizontal and the porion vertical, and has the advantage that its foundation lies on a more stable (less growth affected) region of the head compared to profile soft tissue landmarks. Measurements were made on cephalograms recorded in natural head position.

Male subjects were larger than the females for most of the horizontal measurements, but for both population samples the vertical measurements displayed virtually no significant intersex differences at 12 years. No very significant intersex differences were found for the proportional indices.

Ethnic differences were mainly found with the horizontal measurements. Relative to the porion vertical the Caucasian children were more protrusive over soft tissue nasion, nose tip, and sulcus labialis superior, whilst the Chinese displayed more protrusion over the lower lip and sulcus labialis inferior. Ethnic proportional differences relative to nasion were combined with a shorter porion-nasion distance in the Chinese as compared with the Caucasian children. The sella-nasion line was found to be more forwards-upwards inclined in Chinese than Caucasian children.

It was concluded that a proportional soft tissue profile analysis, based on natural head position, is a useful method for the comparison of ethnic population groups. This study amplified ethnic differences previously reported by Cooke (1986) and Cooke and Wei (1989).
Medical Complications in Orthodontics
Authors: Parkhouse R. C.
Published: December 2014

Three unrelated cases are described in which complications arose or may have arisen as a result of orthodontic treatment: a swallowed segment of an appliance, an unexplained instance of sarcoid and a patient with chronic juvenile polyarthritis.
The Mandibular Third Molar and Late Crowding of the Mandibular Incisors—A Review
Authors: Vasir N. S. , Robinson R. J.
Published: December 2014

The role of the mandibular third molar in late incisor crowding remains controversial. Detailed examination of frequently quoted studies indicates a small, but statistically significant relationship. The clinical relevance of this is discussed.
Reliability of Cephalometric Analysis Using Manual and Interactive Computer Methods
Authors: Davis Darryl N. , Mackay Frances
Published: December 2014

This study compares the results of cephalometric analyses using manual and interactive computer graphics methods. Results are statistically in favour of the interactive computer system. This study provides a basis for ongoing research into alternative methods of cephalometric analyses. such as digitization and automatic landmark identification using sophisticated computer vision systems.
Self-esteem and Aesthetics
Authors: O'Regan J. K. , Dewey M. E. , Slade P. D. , Lovius B. B. J.
Published: December 2014

Self-esteem/self-concept and aesthetics were measured in three groups. One group prior to orthodontic treatment, one group following completion of active orthodontic treatment and an untreated group. Improvement in dental and/or facial aesthetics does not necessarily lead to an increase in self esteem.
The Effect of Beam Collimation in Lateral Radiographic Cephalometry
Authors: Liu Y. T. , Gravely J. F.
Published: December 2014

A study was carried out to compare the image contrast of lateral cephalometric radiographs taken with and without the modified beam collimation and to evaluate the effect of this on the reliability of cephalometric measurements. The findings indicated that the cephalographs taken with modified beam collimation consistently showed a higher image contrast than the cephalographs taken with standard beam collimation. Despite this, however, there was no significant difference in the reliability of cephalometric measurements between the two groups of films.
Orthodontic Interactions: The Relationships between the Orthodontic Services in England and Wales
Authors: O'Brien Kevin
Published: December 2014

The manpower distribution and the amount of treatment undertaken by the three orthodontic treatment providing groups was calculated on a national and regional basis. There was marked regional variation in the distribution of orthodontic manpower. It was found that the total orthodontic treatment rate correlated with the distributions of specialist practitioners and general dental practitioners, but not with that of the salaried services. The manpower distribution of specialist practitioners and Community Orthodontists was also related. These results are discussed in terms of the effect of manpower distribution upon demand for treatment and the amount of treatment provided by the orthodontic services.
Rationale of Treatment for Class II Division 2 Malocclusion
Authors: Selwyn-Barnett B. J.
Published: December 2014

Class II, division 2 malocclusion is a clinical entity which presents considerable difficulty in the provision of a stable treatment result. This article sets out the problems encountered, reviews teaching on the subject over a 20-year period and attempts to rationalize the current approach to treatment.

The rationale presented shows the three-dimensional nature of the occlusal problem, and discusses the justification for expansion and proclination of lower incisors in relation to soft tissue influences and stability. The importance of correcting edge-centroid relationship and reducing inter-incisor angle is stressed.

Non-extraction therapy, with some lower arch expansion and incisor advancement, is recommended and the reasoning behind this is explained with a case example to illustrate the points involved.
A Study of Adult Orthodontic Patients and their Treatment
Authors: Khan R. S. , Horrocks E. N.
Published: December 2014

This retrospective epidemiological study was undertaken to assess factors related to adult orthodontic treatment and to identify any associated trends.

Case records of all patients (676) aged 18 years or over at the start of active orthodontic treatment at the Eastman Dental Hospital, London were examined.

Variables associated with patients and their treatment (age, sex, source of referral, malocclusion, type of appliance. and interdisciplinary treatment including orthognathic surgery) were studied and the data analysed statistically.

Findings revealed that the number of adult patients undergoing orthodontic treatment has increased significantly, especially since 1985. The age of the patients treated was also found to increase in recent years.

The percentage of female patients (72 per cent) Class III malocclusions (21·6 per cent) and Class III skeletal bases (26·2 per cent) was higher than found in studies on children.

Most of the treatments required fixed appliances and over half involved interdisciplinary treatment, with an increase in the percentage of orthognathic surgical cases. Surgery was significantly more common in males (P < 0·01) and highly significantly associated with Class III malocclusions and skeletal III bases (P < 0·001).

Twenty-five per cent of adult patients were found to have had a previous course of orthodontic treatment though these patients were not significantly different from adult patients presenting for the first course of treatment.
A Restorative—Orthodontic Treatment Approach in the Older Patient
Authors: Howat A. P. , Warren K.
Published: December 2014

This report presents a case requiring a combination of restorative dentistry and orthodontic treatment in a mature adult patient.

Occlusal splint and periodontal therapies were used initially. Orthodontic treatment combined the use of the occlusal splint and fixed appliance in the maxillary arch. Sectional fixed appliances were used in the mandibular arch. The final restorations were fixed—movable bridges in the mandibular arch and a removable tooth and mucosally borne prosthesis in the maxilla. Retention of the orthodontic result was provided by the fixed prostheses in the lower arch and the continued wear of a full coverage maxillary occlusal splint at night served to prevent relapse of the upper teeth.
Cephalometric Analysis Comparing Five Different Methods
Authors: Oliver Richard G.
Published: December 2014

A commonly used cephalometric analysis was performed repeatedly on five lateral cephalometric radiographs using a variety of methods, and the angular values obtained compared. Two computerized methods, one utilizing direct digitization of the radiograph and the other digitizing an enhanced video image of the radiograph, were compared with each other and also against the traditional manual method of tracing. In addition, a single manual tracing of each of the radiographs was digitized using each computer method. It was found that direct digitization is less precise than both the traditional method and digitization of a tracing. The facility to enhance the radiographic image using video techniques did not produce any significant improvement in precision of the cephalometric variables studied.
The Assessment of Antero-posterior Dental Base Relationships
Authors: Millett D. , Gravely J. F.
Published: December 2014

The reliability and validity of four methods of assessing skeletal pattern (Reidel's method, Eastman correction, Ballard's method, and ‘Wits’ analysis) from cephalometric tracings have been examined, and the levels of agreement between them investigated. The possibility of the Y-axis length and SN—Y-axis angle having a bearing on the skeletal pattern was also examined. Strong correlation was found between the four methods considered. Ballard's method correlated very closely with Reidel's method, and like ‘Wits’ method, is not as unreliable as previously reported. Measurement of the SN—Y-axis angle was not found to be of benefit to the assessment of the anteroposterior dental base relationship. Reidel's method, which is the easiest to apply, is recommended as the method of choice, and routine application of the Eastman correction is not recommended.
Direct Orthodontic Bonding to Porcelain: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Winchester Lindsay
Published: December 2014

The shear/peel and tensile/peel bond strengths of mesh-backed orthodontic brackets bonded to porcelain, using a highly filled composite and four different silane bonding agents were determined. Sites of failure were recorded for each method of testing. A method of debonding and restoring the procelain surface to its original state after debonding was also investigated. All silane bonding systems tested provided adequate bond strength for clinical use. Fusion produced significantly higher force values to failure in shear testing. There was no significant difference between the bond strengths obtained in tensile testing. Patterns of failure differed in each mode of testing, suggesting that a shear mode of debonding is more likely to cause porcelain fracture and that the possibility of porcelain fracture during function or debonding cannot be excluded. The use of a Lift-Off plier is recommended in debonding brackets from porcelain where a silane bonding agent has been used. Diamond polishing paste was better at restoring the procelain surface to its original appearance than Shofu polishing stones.
A ‘Bonding’ Typodont
Authors: Oliver R. G. , Volp C. R.
Published: December 2014

A new technique is presented for the construction and use of a typodont Suitable for teaching correct bracket positioning. The advantages of the method are illustrated.
Late Forming Supernumeraries in the Mandibular Premolar Region
Authors: Breckon Jeremy J. W. , Jones Steven P.
Published: December 2014

A case is presented in which two supernumerary teeth developed in the mandibular premolar region during orthodontic treatment. Their presence was only detected on a routine post-treatment radiograph. The Potential hazards of space closure with such teeth present are considered, although there were no detrimental effects in the case illustrated.
The Bioprogressive Technique in Postgraduate Teaching: 8 Years of Clinical Experience
Authors: Jones M. L. , Nicholson P. T. , Oliver R. G. , Robertson N.R.E.
Published: December 2014

The historical movement towards the adoption of the bioprogressive technique for postgraduate teaching on the Cardiff course is outlined. The department's experience in routinely teaching and using the appliance is described, with illustrations from a number of post-graduate cases. The advantages and disadvantages of a pre-adjusted sectional mechanics system are considered. The place of sectional mechanics in the future is discussed together with how such techniques may be included, with advantage, in any taught pre-adjusted appliance system.
The Reliability of Positioning Pre-adjusted Brackets: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Geoffrey Taylor Nigel , Cook Paul Andrew
Published: December 2014

To investigate the reliability of bracket positioning, twelve operators, familiar with the straight-wire appliance, placed 0.022” straight-wire brackets on the anterior teeth of a typodont study model, on three different occasions. Bracket position was assessed using a Magiscan image analyser. Angular judgements by the operators were found to be less consistently identified than linear assessments. Slot angulation showed the largest variability and vertical bracket placement the least. The clinical implications of bracket misplacement are discussed.
Non-completion of Active Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Patel Viren
Published: December 2014

This paper reports a retrospective study of patient factors which might be associated with failure to complete orthodontic treatment in a hospital and in a specialist practice. Case records of patients commencing treatment were examined and targeted for further investigation by mailed questionnaires. There was a statistically significant difference in the discontinuation rate between the two groups of patients. Precise reasons for the differences could not be isolated, but did not appear to be related to the age of the patient at the start of treatment.
The Eastman Standard Incisor Angulations: Are They still Appropriate?
Authors: MacAllister M. J. , Rock W. P.
Published: December 2014

The Eastman Standard values for cephalometry were first described almost 40 years ago and their derivation is not clear. The present study examines the rationale for the Standard and considers the way it was originally described. Based on a sample of 30 cases of Class I occlusions with normally related skeletal bases the mean incisor angulations were found to be exactly on the Eastman Standard, which, therefore, still remains appropriate as a basis of assessment and treatment planning in orthodontics.
Different Techniques of Residual Composite Removal following Debonding—Time Taken and Surface Enamel Appearance
Authors: Oliver R. G. , Griffiths J.
Published: December 2014

Four different methods of in vitro residual composite removal following debonding performed by two different operators (an orthodontist and a hygienist) were assessed for enamel surface damage (using scanning electron microscopy) and the time involved. There was no difference in the quality of enamel surface appearance between the two operators, regardless of the method used for composite removal. There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0·05) for the time taken for composite removal between the two operators using a tungsten carbide bur method only. It is suggested that an expanded duties auxiliary with the practical skills of the hygienist would be able to remove residual composite debris and produce a satisfactory polished enamel surface using tungsten carbide burs and aluminium oxide polishing discs, thus becoming a safe and cost-effective member of the orthodontic team.
Indelible Bond Location Marks: An Avoidable Aesthetic Hazard
Authors: Springate S. D.
Published: December 2014

An increasingly popular method of aiding the precise placement of bonded brackets is to identify the long axis and centre of the crown with small pencil marks. A case is reported where marks placed with a soft pencil in the centre of the etched enamel have led to the inclusion of pigment deep in the enamel surface which has proved impossible to remove.
The Barry Project—A Cephalometric Assessment of Treatment Change in a Consecutive Sample of Malocclusion
Authors: Jones M. L. , Robertson N. R. E.
Published: December 2014

This is the last of a three-part series examining the results of orthodontic treatment in a consecutive sample of malocclusion from a Welsh town. The cephalometric changes are compared for the different treatment regimes which were employed. Where the variables being examined were common to both radiographs and study cast records the treatment changes observed for the regimes were similar. Only limited ‘skeletal’ change, interpreted as a change in a few cephalometric measurements, was found to occur during treatment. Perhaps of most interest was the consistent reduction of ‘A’ point in the full fixed appliance group.
The Prevalence and Severity of Malocclusion and the Need for Orthodontic Treatment in 9-, 12-, and 15-year-old Glasgow Schoolchildren
Authors: Hill Peter A.
Published: December 2014

An epidemiological investigation involving 765 Glasgow schoolchildren aged nine, twelve, and fifteen years was undertaken to assess the severity of malocclusion, the need for Orthodontic treatment, and the proportion of children in each age group who had previously received treatment.

An index termed the Malocclusion Severity Index (MSI) was developed to establish objectively the severity of malocclusion in each individual. Fifty sets of orthodontic study models and six Orthodontics assessed the reproducibility and validity of the index.

Although there was a significant reduction in the proportion of children in need of Orthodontic treatment between 9 and 15 years of age, a considerable number were still in need of treatment; crowding of their dentitions being responsible for the majority of the treatment requirement. The MSI was found to be as precise and valid as previously developed occlusal indices, for estimating the treatment needs of sample populations.
The Prevalence of Orthodontic Treatment Need
Authors: Holmes Ann
Published: December 2014

The prevalence of unmet orthodontic treatment need amongst 955 12-year-old Sheffield children has been assessed using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need [I.O.T.N.]. The Index was found to be quick and simple to use, and demonstrated very good levels of intra-examiner agreement.
Shear Bond Strength of Ceramic Brackets with Chemical or Mechanical Retention
Authors: Forsberg Carl-Magnus , Hagberg Catharina
Published: December 2014

The study was undertaken to measure and compare the shear bond strengths of a ceramic bracket with chemical retention, a ceramic bracket with a new type of textured base providing mechanical retention, and a metal bracket with foil-mesh base. The tests were performed on 51 extracted human premolars which were randomly divided into three equally large groups (n = 17)—one group for each type of bracket. After debonding, the site of failure was noted and the enamel surface inspected with scanning electron microscopy. The ceramic bracket with chemical retention exhibited significantly higher bond strength than the corresponding bracket with textured base. In comparison with the metal bracket significantly higher bond strengths were recorded for both types of ceramic brackets. The ceramic bracket with mechanical retention and the metal bracket were comparable as regards the site of bond failure. In some cases the chemical bond provided very high values of bond strength. Enamel failure were recorded in three teeth which had been bonded with this type of ceramic bracket.
Clinical Performance of Ceramic Brackets: A survey of British orthodontists' experience
Authors: Gibbs S. L.
Published: December 2014

Eight-hundred-and-twenty-two British orthodontists were sent questionnaires regarding their use of ceramic brackets. Five-hundred-and-forty-six (66 per cent) responded, and from these, 512 (62 per cent) were analysed. Approximately half of these operators had experience with ceramic brackets, but only 32 operators had treated more than 30 patients. Clinicians' experiences and problems during treatment and debonding are discussed.
Decalcification during Orthodontic Treatment with Fixed Appliances—An Overview
Authors: Mitchell L.
Published: December 2014

The prevalence and aetiology of decalcification during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances is discussed and consideration given to the methods of reducing this problem.
Serial Observation of Asymmetry in the Growing Face
Authors: Burke P. H.
Published: December 2014

Three children suffering from facial asymmetry were observed annually using facial stereophotogrammetry before, during, and after their general skeletal adolescent growth spurt. Stereophotogrammetry allows accurate three-dimensional measurements between identifiable facial landmarks. Five pairs of bilateral parameters connecting external canthi and angles of the mouth to alae and tip of nose, and to each other, allowed a positive sign (right-side larger) or a negative (left-side larger) assessment of parameter asymmetry, Their total, taking sign into account, assessed mid-facial asymmetry. Serial observation showed that: (1) in patient no. 1 suffering from post-traumatic condylar hypoplasia, the facial asymmetry resolved; (2) in patient no. 2 suffering from unilateral facial hypoplasia, the asymmetry, which was severe, reduced with adolescence, but did not resolve; (3) in patient no. 3 suffering from fibro-osseous dysplasia of left maxilla, the asymmetry was reduced by surgery, but the full effects of the surgery were not measurable until over 1 year after operation: subsequently, the asymmetry began to increase again.
The Subjective Need and Demand for Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Holmes Ann
Published: December 2014

The subjective need and demand for orthodontic treatment amongst 955 12-year-old Sheffield children has been assessed using the aesthetic component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need and by a fixed choice questionnaire. When answering the questionnaire a greater proportion of females perceived themselves as having less attractive dentitions and greater treatment need despite any objective evidence to support this view. Of the children at the attractive end of the aesthetic component scale 84ṃ5 per cent were prepared to accept orthodontic treatment of an unspecified nature.
An Easily Removable Ceramic Bracket?
Authors: Fox Nigel A. , McCabe John F.
Published: December 2014

The use of ceramic brackets in fixed appliance orthodontics has highlighted several problems, amongst which are the problems of enamel damage and possible trauma to the patient during debonding. A ceramic bracket has recently been developed with a polycarbonate laminated base (Ceramaflex®) claiming to make debond much easier, although there are no independent data to substantiate this claim. The in-vitro bond strength of these ceramic brackets to enamel was tested and compared with metal standard Edgewise brackets. The bond produced with the Ceramaflex® bracket was similar in magnitude, but less reliable. No fracture of the bracket or damage to enamel was seen during debonding. Debonding of these brackets was easy to carry out, but it is possible that more debonds may occur during treatment than with the use of metal brackets.
Aesthetic Tooth Modification for Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Burke F. J. T. , Shaw W. C.
Published: December 2014

Alongside orthodontic treatment, tooth shape modification may he indicated Jar teeth associated with clefts of the lip and alveolus, and in non-carious teeth, minimal tooth preparation techniques appear to be most appropriate. Two methods of tooth shape modification are described. In one, hybrid composite materials, bonded to tooth enamel using the acid-etch technique, may be considered to provide a permanent, low cost, aesthetically satisfactory result, often without tooth preparation and with minimal operating time. Alternatively, indirect veneers may be appropriate for treatment of more severely malformed teeth.