bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Flaxleaf Fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) in Wheat and Sorghum
Authors: Wu Hanwen , Walker Steve , Robinson Geoff , Coombes Neil
Published: September 2010

Flaxleaf fleabane is a difficult-to-control weed in dryland minimum tillage farming systems in the northeast grains region of Australia. Experiments were conducted between 2003 and 2005 to identify effective control strategies on flaxleaf fleabane in wheat and sorghum. A preplant application of chlorsulfuron at 15 g ai/ha in wheat controlled flaxleaf fleabane ≥ 90%. The efficacy of early postemergent applications of metsulfuron–methyl at 4.2 g ai/ha varied between years. However, the flaxleaf fleabane was controlled > 85% with metsulfuron–methyl at 4.2 g ai/ha plus MCPA at 420 g ae/ha plus picloram at 26 g ae/ha, or metsulfuron–methyl followed by late postemergent 2,4-D amine at 300 g ae/ha. In sorghum, a preplant application of glyphosate at 900 g ae/ha plus 2,4-D amine at 900 g ae/ha or dicamba at 500 g ae/ha at 1 mo before sorghum planting provided ≥ 95% control. Preplant atrazine at 2,000 g ai/ha controlled flaxleaf fleabane 83 to 100% in sorghum. At-planting atrazine at 2,000 or 1,000 g ai/ha can be applied to control new emergence of flaxleaf fleabane and grasses, depending on the weed pressure and spectrum. Flaxleaf fleabane reduced sorghum yield 65 to 98% if not controlled.
Effect of Pendimethalin Formulation and Application Rate on Cotton Fruit Partitioning
Authors: Dodds Darrin M. , Reynolds Daniel B. , Huff Jonathan A. , Irby J. Trenton
Published: September 2010

Because of the development of glyphosate-resistant weed species, the lack of new herbicide chemistry, and the late-season emergence of annual grass species, efforts are underway to expand the use of currently available herbicides for use in cotton. Field studies were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to evaluate the effect of POST-applied pendimethalin formulation and application rate on cotton fruit partitioning. Oil- and water-based pendimethalin formulations as well asS-metolachlor were applied to cotton that had four true leaves. All pendimethalin andS-metolachlor applications included glyphosate for broad-spectrum weed control. Pendimethalin formulation and application rate had no effect on seed-cotton partitioning to horizontal fruiting zones, on second- or third-position horizontal fruiting sites, or on monopodial branches. However, increased seed-cotton partitioned to plants that had lost apical dominance was observed when the water-based pendimethalin formulation was applied at rates of 1.7 kg ai/ha and higher as well as when the oil-based pendimethalin formulation was applied at 3.3 kg ai/ha. Application of water-based pendimethalin at rates of 1.7 and 3.4 kg ai/ha and oil-based pendimethalin at rates of 0.8, 1.7, and 3.3 kg ai/ha resulted in reduced seed-cotton located at position 1 fruiting sites compared with the untreated check. POST application ofS-metolachlor had no effect on fruit partitioning to horizontal fruiting positions or vertical fruiting zones. Minor differences in seed-cotton partitioning to cohorts and individual fruiting nodes were observed from application of glyphosate, pendimethalin, andS-metolachlor. However, no differences in seed-cotton yield were observed from application of glyphosate,S-metolachlor, or pendimethalin, regardless of formulation or application rate. POST pendimethalin application at rates less than 1.7 kg ai/ha is relatively safe and should provide cotton producers with an additional tool for herbicide-resistant weeds and late-season annual grasses.
Bioherbicide Safety Zones and the Plant Disease–Inoculum Density Relationship
Authors: Bourdôt Graeme W. , Saville David J.
Published: September 2010

Broad- host-range pathogens are appealing as candidates for commercial development as bioherbicides because of the wider market potential of a product that is effective against a range of weeds. But when these pathogens are able to spread in space (or time), a risk analysis is necessary. Here we test the hypothesis that a safety zone around a bioherbicide application site is adequate so long as it is wide enough to ensure that dispersing inoculum has diluted sufficiently that the density of inoculum occurring naturally in a susceptible crop is no more than doubled by the influx of bioherbicide spores. To this end the plant disease–pathogen inoculum density relationship using data from nine published experiments was modeled using the logistic equation. This revealed that a doubling of the natural spore density of a plant pathogen in the range of 103.4 to 106.7 spores/ml may generally be expected to result in unacceptable increases in disease in a susceptible crop. A doubling outside this range (< 103.4 or > 106.7) is less likely to do so. Therefore when the natural density of inoculum in a crop's environment occurs outside this range, an “acceptable” safety zone for the pathogen's use as a bioherbicide can in most cases be defined by the 1 : 1 ratio of added : natural inoculum. However, if a more “risk averse” safety zone is desired, it can be defined using a 1 : 10 ratio of added : natural inoculum.
A Reflection on My Research in Weed Biological Control: Using What We Have Learned for Future Applications
Authors: Charudattan Raghavan
Published: September 2010

When I began my foray into the field of biological control of weeds in 1971, the concept of deliberately using pathogens to control weeds was novel and untested and met with skepticism and resistance. Soon, a worldwide network of plant pathologists, weed scientists, microbial technologists, formulation specialists, and regulatory personnel came together to study, develop, and apply pathogens in safe and effective ways of control of a variety of weeds in crops and natural areas. Several new weed–pathogen systems were studied; a few dozen products and pathogens were brought to use, albeit on a very small scale compared to conventional weed-control products; and along the way, some valuable lessons were learned in phytopathology and weed ecology. A seminal body of information was published on the etiology and epidemiology of several diseases of weeds, many new pathogens were discovered and described, and methods were developed for mass production, formulation, and storage of pathogens. Numerous pathogen-produced herbicidal metabolites were discovered and characterized. Protocols were developed, tested, and applied for safe importation and release of exotic pathogens and for registration of microbial herbicides. Spectacular success was achieved with some pathogens used as classical biocontrol agents, and a new class of herbicide, the bioherbicides, came on the scene. Yet some key opportunities were missed. Notably, weed biocontrol research remained largely preoccupied with agent or product development and deployment while great strides were made during this period in phytopathology to understand the genetic–molecular basis of virulence, host range, host specificity, host response to infection, cell death, and pathogen population structure. Nevertheless, the accomplishments in the field of weed biocontrol by pathogens are truly significant. Certainly, we are poised to apply the knowledge gained toward discovery and development of additional weed-control pathogens, but increased effort should be directed also at using pathogen genes, gene products, and genetic mechanisms for weed control. An investment in the latter could help us gain insights into genetically programmed host–pathogen interactions that may be exploited to kill weeds, restrain weed growth, or knock out traits for invasiveness. In our continuing struggle to manage weeds, biocontrol with pathogens should remain a major thrust. Here I present perceptions I have gained from the work that my students, postdoctoral and technical associates, colleagues, and I have done with several weed–pathogen systems.
Effects of Adjuvants, Halosulfuron, and Grass Herbicides onCucurbitaspp. Injury and Grass Control
Authors: Kammler Kate J. , Walters S. Alan , Young Bryan G.
Published: September 2010

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate pumpkin cultivar injury and control of three grass species from tank-mixtures of halosulfuron with either clethodim or sethoxydim in combination with nonionic surfactant (NIS), crop-oil concentrate (COC), methylated seed oil (MSO), and high-surfactant oil concentrate (HSOC). Pumpkin injury, in the form of chlorosis and visual growth reduction, was 13 to 21% by 7 d after treatment (DAT) for all pumpkin cultivars. The specific adjuvant used with halosulfuron did not influence pumpkin injury or final plant dry weight. Pumpkin growth reduction at 21 DAT from halosulfuron was less than 9% for all pumpkin cultivars with the least growth reduction (5% or less) observed withCucurbita pepo‘Howden’,C. pepo‘Appalachian’, andCucurbita moschata‘Libby's Select’. The efficacy of sethoxydim or clethodim on large crabgrass was antagonized by the addition of halosulfuron with NIS or COC. However, only combinations of sethoxydim and halosulfuron with COC or MSO were antagonistic on smooth crabgrass. Giant foxtail dry weight reduction was decreased 4 to 24% by the addition of halosulfuron to sethoxydim with NIS and clethodim regardless of adjuvant. Although the frequency and magnitude of grass antagonism was variable, the use of clethodim and MSO with halosulfuron most often provided the greatest level of grass control compared with sethoxydim or other adjuvants.
Weed-Competitive Ability of Spring and Winter Cereals in the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Beres Brian L. , Harker K. Neil , Clayton George W. , Bremer Eric , Blackshaw Robert E. , Graf Robert J.
Published: September 2010

The inclusion of winter cereals in spring-annual rotations in the northern Great Plains may reduce weed populations and herbicide requirements. A broad range of spring and winter cereals were compared for ability to suppress weeds and maximize grain yield at Lacombe (2002 to 2005) and Lethbridge (2003 to 2005), Alberta, Canada. High seeding rates (≥ 400 seeds/m2) were used in all years to maximize crop competitive ability. Spring cereals achieved high crop-plant densities (> 250 plants/m2) at most sites, but winter cereals had lower plant densities due to winterkill, particularly at Lethbridge in 2004. All winter cereals and spring barley were highly effective at reducing weed biomass at Lacombe for the first 3 yr of the study. Weed suppression was less consistently affected by winter cereals in the last year at Lacombe and at Lethbridge, primarily due to poor winter survival. Grain yields were highest for spring triticale and least for spring wheat at Lacombe, with winter cereals intermediate. At Lethbridge, winter cereals had higher grain yields in 2003 whereas spring cereals had higher yields in 2004 and 2005. Winter cereals were generally more effective at suppressing weed growth than spring cereals if a good crop stand was established, but overlap in weed-competitive ability among cultivars was considerable. This information will be used to enhance the sustainable production of winter and spring cereals in traditional and nontraditional agro-ecological zones.
Comparison of Herbicide Programs for Weed Control in Glyphosate-Resistant Alfalfa
Authors: Dillehay Bryan L. , Curran William S.
Published: September 2010

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effectiveness and crop safety of glyphosate vs. alternative herbicides for weed control in glyphosate-resistant alfalfa. Glyphosate-resistant alfalfa was established at two sites in Pennsylvania in 2004 and in 2005, and herbicides were applied either PRE or POST for weed control. Data were collected on herbicide performance, alfalfa and weed yield, and forage quality. Alfalfa forage response to weed control was variable and depended on weed severity. A single or split application of glyphosate provided similar or better weed control than conventionally based herbicide programs. The most differences from weed control occurred during the first harvest and dissipated in subsequent harvests. Cumulative alfalfa yield for the establishment year of the spring seeding was 26% lower in the untreated check relative to the mean of the herbicide-treated plots in 2004; but no differences were detected in 2005. Forage quality was highest where weed content of the forage was lowest. Effective management of weeds with herbicides during alfalfa establishment can improve forage yield and quality, and weed control is particularly important when summer annual weed populations are severe and emerge with the crop.
Significance of Atrazine in Sweet Corn Weed Management Systems
Authors: Williams Martin M. , Boerboom Chris M. , Rabaey Tom L.
Published: September 2010

Weed management systems used by sweet corn growers, including the role of atrazine, are poorly characterized. Management records of 175 fields throughout the major sweet corn production areas of the Midwest were surveyed from 2005 to 2007. Seventy-four percent of sweet corn fields in the Midwest were grown in rotation with soybean or corn. Interrow cultivation was used on 48% of fields, and atrazine use was higher in those fields without interrow cultivation. A majority of fields (54%) received both PRE and POST herbicide applications. Mesotrione was applied below the registered use rate in two-thirds of the fields in which it was used POST. Atrazine rates in sweet corn were highest when the preceding crops were other vegetables, compared to preceding crops of soybean or corn. Selective herbicides are used extensively in U.S. sweet corn production, accounting for 94% of total weed management expenditures which average $123/ha. Growers treated 66% of fields with one or more applications of atrazine at an average total use rate of 1.35 kg ai/ha. The estimated annual net cost to replace atrazine in U.S. sweet corn production with the broad spectrum broadleaf herbicide, mesotrione, is $9.2 million.
Synchrony of population dynamics of two vineyard arthropods occurs at multiple spatial and temporal scales
Authors: Valpine Perry de , Scranton Katherine , Ohmart Clifford P.
Published: September 2010

When populations are synchronized, they rise and fall together. Analysis of population synchrony and its relationship to distance has played a major role in population ecology but has been absent from most studies of managed populations, such as agricultural arthropods. The extent to which populations at different locations are synchronized reflects the relative roles of shared environmental impacts, such as weather, and localizing processes, such as dispersal. The strength and pattern of synchrony, and the processes generating synchrony, have direct management implications. For the first time, we bring together two major paths of population‐ecology research: spatial synchrony of population dynamics, which has been studied across birds, mammals, and insects, and spatial ecology of agricultural arthropod populations. We compare and contrast synchrony of two arthropod species, a spider mite and a leafhopper, across a vineyard region spanning 30‐km distances, at within‐year (weekly) and between‐year time scales. Despite the enormous scope of agriculture, such long‐term, large‐scale data sets suitable for investigating local and regional dynamics are rare. For both species, synchrony is more strongly localized for annual peak abundance across 11 years than it typically is for weekly dynamics within each year's growing season. This suggests that between‐year processes such as overwintering merit greater investigation. Within each year, both localized and region‐wide synchrony was found for both species, but leafhoppers showed stronger localization than spider mites, corresponding to their longer generation time and stronger dispersal ability. This demonstrates that the overall herbivore dynamics of the system occur at multiple spatial scales and that the importance of different processes generating synchrony varies by species. The analysis includes new spatiotemporal randomization and bootstrap tests that can be applied to many systems. Our results highlight the value of large‐scale, long‐term monitoring programs for many kinds of managed populations. They also point toward the potential to test synchrony mechanisms more directly and to synthesize synchrony and landscape analyses.
Two‐species occupancy models: a new parameterization applied to co‐occurrence of secretive rails
Authors: Richmond Orien M. W. , Hines James E. , Beissinger Steven R.
Published: September 2010

Two‐species occupancy models that account for false absences provide a robust method for testing for evidence of competitive exclusion, but previous model parameterizations were inadequate for incorporating covariates. We present a new parameterization that is stable when covariates are included: the conditional two‐species occupancy model, which can be used to examine alternative hypotheses for species' distribution patterns. This new model estimates the probability of occupancy for a subordinate species conditional upon the presence of a dominant species. It can also be used to test if the detection of either species differs when one or both species are present, and if detection of the subordinate species depends on the detection of the dominant species when both are present. We apply the model to test if the presence of the larger Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola) affects probabilities of detection or occupancy of the smaller California Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus) in small freshwater marshes that range in size from 0.013 to 13.99 ha. We hypothesized that Black Rail occupancy should be lower in small marshes when Virginia Rails are present than when they are absent, because resources are presumably more limited and interference competition should increase. We found that Black Rail detection probability was unaffected by the detection of Virginia Rails, while, surprisingly, Black and Virginia Rail occupancy were positively associated even in small marshes. The average probability of Black Rail occupancy was higher when Virginia Rails were present (0.74 ± 0.053, mean ± SE) than when they were absent (0.36 ± 0.069), and for both species occupancy increased with marsh size. Our results contrast with recent findings from patchy forest systems, where small birds were presumed to be excluded from small habitat patches by larger competitors.
Disentangling trophic interactions inside a Caribbean marine reserve
Authors: Kellner Julie B. , Litvin Steven Y. , Hastings Alan , Micheli Fiorenza , Mumby Peter J.
Published: September 2010

Recent empirical studies have demonstrated that human activities such as fishing can strongly affect the natural capital and services provided by tropical seascapes. However, policies to mitigate anthropogenic impacts can also alter food web structure and interactions, regardless of whether the regulations are aimed at single or multiple species, with possible unexpected consequences for the ecosystems and their associated services. Complex community response to management interventions have been highlighted in the Caribbean, where, contrary to predictions from linear food chain models, a reduction in fishing intensity through the establishment of a marine reserve has led to greater biomass of herbivorous fish inside the reserve, despite an increased abundance of large predatory piscivores. This positive multi‐trophic response, where both predators and prey benefit from protection, highlights the need to take an integrated approach that considers how numerous factors control species coexistence in both fished and unfished systems. In order to understand these complex relationships, we developed a general model to examine the trade‐offs between fishing pressure and trophic control on reef fish communities, including an exploration of top‐down and bottom‐up effects. We then validated the general model predictions by parameterizing the model for a reef system in the Bahamas in order to tease apart the wide range of species responses to reserves in the Caribbean. Combining the development of general theory and site‐specific models parameterized with field data reveals the underlying driving forces in these communities and enables us to make better predictions about possible population and community responses to different management schemes.
Stepping Stones: EMDR Treatment of Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Challenging Behavior
Authors: Barol Beth I. , Seubert Andrew
Published: September 2010

Trauma and its ensuing accommodations, including challenging behaviors, have been a growing consideration for practitioners working with people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Recognizing the importance of one’s client’s trauma history, practitioners are seeking effective methods of providing therapy to IDD clients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related diagnoses. In this exploratory study, using a multiple single case study design, six individuals with IDD and known trauma histories were treated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). The researchers employed the standard EMDR protocol, adapting it when necessary to accommodate the needs of each participant. Outcomes provide preliminary evidence that EMDR may be an effective method of trauma treatment for clients with intellectual abilities, pointing to EMDR as a treatment with potential for facilitating healing from trauma with IDD clients.
Detection of Excess Influenza Severity: Associating Respiratory Hospitalization and Mortality Data With Reports of Influenza-Like Illness by Primary Care Physicians
Authors: van den Wijngaard Cees C. , van Asten Liselotte , Meijer Adam , van Pelt Wilfrid , Nagelkerke Nico J. D. , Donker Gé A. , van der Sande Marianne A. B. , Koopmans Marion P. G.
Published: September 2010

Objectives. We explored whether excesses in influenza severity can be detected by combining respiratory syndromic hospital and mortality data with data on influenza-like illness (ILI) cases obtained from general practitioners.

Methods. To identify excesses in the severity of influenza infections in the population of the Netherlands between 1999 and 2005, we looked for increases in influenza-associated hospitalizations and mortality that were disproportionate to the number of ILI cases reported by general practitioners. We used generalized estimating equation regression models to associate syndromic hospital and mortality data with ILI surveillance data obtained from general practitioners. Virus isolation and antigenic characterization data were used to interpret the results.

Results. Disproportionate increases in hospitalizations and mortality (relative to ILI cases reported by general practitioners) were identified in 2003/04 during the A/Fujian/411/02(H3N2) drift variant epidemic.

Conclusions. Combined surveillance of respiratory hospitalizations and mortality and ILI data obtained from general practitioners can capture increases in severe influenza-associated illness that are disproportionate to influenza incidence rates. Therefore, this novel approach should complement traditional seasonal and pandemic influenza surveillance in efforts to detect increases in influenza case fatality rates and percentages of patients hospitalized.
Community-Based Participatory Research: A Capacity-Building Approach for Policy Advocacy Aimed at Eliminating Health Disparities
Authors: Israel Barbara A. , Coombe Chris M. , Cheezum Rebecca R. , Schulz Amy J. , McGranaghan Robert J. , Lichtenstein Richard , Reyes Angela G. , Clement Jaye , Burris Akosua
Published: September 2010

There have been increasing calls for community–academic partnerships to enhance the capacity of partners to engage in policy advocacy aimed at eliminating health disparities. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a partnership approach that can facilitate capacity building and policy change through equitable engagement of diverse partners. Toward this end, the Detroit Community–Academic Urban Research Center, a long-standing CBPR partnership, has conducted a policy training project. We describe CBPR and its relevance to health disparities; the interface between CBPR, policy advocacy, and health disparities; the rationale for capacity building to foster policy advocacy; and the process and outcomes of our policy advocacy training. We discuss lessons learned and implications for CBPR and policy advocacy to eliminate health disparities.
Use of Enabling Services by Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Other Pacific Islander Patients at 4 Community Health Centers
Authors: Weir Rosy Chang , Emerson Heidi P. , Tseng Winston , Chin Marshall H. , Caballero Jeffrey , Song Hui , Drum Melinda
Published: September 2010

Objectives. We sought to examine the utilization and impact of enabling services, such as interpretation and eligibility assistance, among underserved Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islander (AANHOPI) patients served at 4 community health centers.

Methods. For this project, we developed a uniform model for collecting data on enabling services and implemented it across 4 health centers that served primarily AANHOPI patients. We also examined differences in patient characteristics between users and nonusers of enabling services.

Results. Health center patients used many enabling services, with eligibility assistance being the most used service. In addition, compared with nonusers, users of enabling services were more likely to be older, female, AANHOPI, and uninsured (P < .05).

Conclusions. For underserved AANHOPI patients at community health centers, enabling services are critical for access to appropriate care. We were the first to examine uniform data on enabling services across multiple health centers serving underserved AANHOPI patients. More data on enabling services and evaluation are needed to develop interventions to improve the quality of care for underserved AANHOPI patients.
Long-Term Development of a “Whole Community” Best Practice Model to Address Health Disparities in the Cambodian Refugee and Immigrant Community of Lowell, Massachusetts
Authors: Grigg-Saito Dorcas , Toof Robin , Silka Linda , Liang Sidney , Sou Linda , Najarian Lisa , Peou Sonith , Och Sheila
Published: September 2010

Cambodians in Lowell, Massachusetts, experience significant health disparities. Understanding the trauma they have experienced in Cambodia and as refugees has been the starting point for Lowell Community Health Center's whole community approach to developing community-based interventions. This approach places physical-psychosocial-spiritual needs at the center of focus and is attentive to individual and institutional barriers to care. Interventions are multilevel. The effect of the overall program comes from the results of each smaller program, the collaborations and coordination with the Cambodian community and community-based organizations, and the range and levels of services available through the health center.
Beyond Recreational Physical Activity: Examining Occupational and Household Activity, Transportation Activity, and Sedentary Behavior in Relation to Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: George Stephanie M. , Irwin Melinda L. , Matthews Charles E. , Mayne Susan T. , Gail Mitchell H. , Moore Steven C. , Albanes Demetrius , Ballard-Barbash Rachel , Hollenbeck Albert R. , Schatzkin Arthur , Leitzmann Michael F.
Published: September 2010

Objectives. We prospectively examined nonrecreational physical activity and sedentary behavior in relation to breast cancer risk among 97 039 postmenopausal women in the National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study.

Methods. We identified 2866 invasive and 570 in situ breast cancer cases recorded between 1996 and 2003 and used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate multivariate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results. Routine activity during the day at work or at home that included heavy lifting or carrying versus mostly sitting was associated with reduced risk of invasive breast cancer (RR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.42, 0.91; Ptrend = .024).

Conclusions. Routine activity during the day at work or home may be related to reduced invasive breast cancer risk. Domains outside of recreation time may be attractive targets for increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior among postmenopausal women.
Investing in Preventive Dental Care for the Medicare Population: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Moeller John F. , Chen Haiyan , Manski Richard J.
Published: September 2010

Objectives. We estimated the use of preventive dental care services by the US Medicare population, and we assessed whether money spent on preventive dental care resulted in less money being spent on expensive nonpreventive procedures.

Methods. We used data from the 2002 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey to estimate a multinomial logistic model to analyze the influence of predisposing, enabling, and need variables in identifying those beneficiaries who used preventive dental care, only nonpreventive dental care, or no dental care in a multiple-variable context. We used regression models with similar controls to estimate the influence of preventive care on the utilization and cost of nonpreventive dental care and all dental care.

Results. Our analyses showed that beneficiaries who used preventive dental care had more dental visits but fewer visits for expensive nonpreventive procedures and lower dental expenses than beneficiaries who saw the dentist only for treatment of oral problems.

Conclusions. Adding dental coverage for preventive care to Medicare could pay off in terms of both improving the oral health of the elderly population and limiting the costs of expensive nonpreventive dental care for the dentate beneficiary population.
Income Inequality, Trust, and Population Health in 33 Countries
Authors: Elgar Frank J.
Published: September 2010

Objectives. I examined the association between income inequality and population health and tested whether this association was mediated by interpersonal trust or public expenditures on health.

Methods. Individual data on trust were collected from 48 641 adults in 33 countries. These data were linked to country data on income inequality, public health expenditures, healthy life expectancy, and adult mortality. Regression analyses tested for statistical mediation of the association between income inequality and population health outcomes by country differences in trust and health expenditures.

Results. Income inequality correlated with country differences in trust (r = −0.51), health expenditures (r = −0.45), life expectancy (r = −0.74), and mortality (r = 0.55). Trust correlated with life expectancy (r = 0.48) and mortality (r = −0.47) and partly mediated their relations to income inequality. Health expenditures did not correlate with life expectancy and mortality, and health expenditures did not mediate links between inequality and health.

Conclusions. Income inequality might contribute to short life expectancy and adult mortality in part because of societal differences in trust. Societies with low levels of trust may lack the capacity to create the kind of social supports and connections that promote health and successful aging.
The Impact of Massachusetts’ Smoke-Free Workplace Laws on Acute Myocardial Infarction Deaths
Authors: Dove Melanie S. , Dockery Douglas W. , Mittleman Murray A. , Schwartz Joel , Sullivan Eileen M. , Keithly Lois , Land Thomas
Published: September 2010

Objectives. We examined the rate of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) deaths in Massachusetts before and after the implementation of a comprehensive smoke-free workplace law in July 2004.

Methods. We used Poisson regression models to examine the impact of the state law in cities and towns with and without previous local smoking bans and the effect of the local laws for the period of 1999 through 2006.

Results. The AMI mortality rate decreased by 7.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.3%, 11.4%) after implementation of the state law. The state ban had an impact in cities and towns with no prior local smoking ban (9.2% decrease; P < .001) but not cities and towns with a prior local smoking ban. However, there was a nonsignificant 4.9% (95% CI = −5.0%, 13.9%) decrease associated with the local smoking ban that preceded the effect of the state ban. The effect of the state ban was modest (−1.6%) in the first 12 months after implementation but much larger after the first 12 months (−18.6%; P < .001).

Conclusions. Comprehensive statewide smoke-free workplace laws in Massachusetts were associated with an estimated 270 fewer AMI deaths per year. These results add to the evidence suggesting that smoke-free air laws are associated with lower rates of AMI.
Reaiming RE-AIM: Using the Model to Plan, Implement, and Evaluate the Effects of Environmental Change Approaches to Enhancing Population Health
Authors: King Diane K. , Glasgow Russell E. , Leeman-Castillo Bonnie
Published: September 2010

The RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance) framework, which provides a practical means of evaluating health interventions, has primarily been used in studies focused on changing individual behaviors. Given the importance of the built environment in promoting health, using RE-AIM to evaluate environmental approaches is logical. We discussed the benefits and challenges of applying RE-AIM to evaluate built environment strategies and recommended modest adaptations to the model. We then applied the revised model to 2 prototypical built environment strategies aimed at promoting healthful eating and active living. We offered recommendations for using RE-AIM to plan and implement strategies that maximize reach and sustainability, and provided summary measures that public health professionals, communities, and researchers can use in evaluating built environment interventions.
Income Disparities in Obesity Trends Among California Adolescents
Authors: Babey Susan H. , Hastert Theresa A. , Wolstein Joelle , Diamant Allison L.
Published: September 2010

Objectives. We assessed income-specific trends in obesity rates among a diverse population of California adolescents.

Methods. We used data from 17 535 adolescents who responded to the California Health Interview Survey between 2001 and 2007 to examine disparities in obesity prevalence by family income and gender.

Results. Between 2001 and 2007, obesity prevalence significantly increased among lower-income adolescents but showed no statistically significant differences among higher-income adolescents after adjustment for age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Although the overall disparity in obesity by family income doubled in this time period, trends were more consistent among male adolescents than among female adolescents.

Conclusions. The magnitude of the income disparity in obesity prevalence among California adolescents more than doubled between 2001–2007. The overall leveling off of adolescent obesity prevalence rates could indicate that efforts to decrease childhood obesity are having an impact; however, our results suggest that efforts to prevent childhood obesity may be failing to help adolescents from lower-income families, particularly male adolescents.
The California Endowment's Healthy Eating, Active Communities Program: A Midpoint Review
Authors: Samuels Sarah E. , Craypo Lisa , Boyle Maria , Crawford Patricia B. , Yancey Antronette , Flores George
Published: September 2010

Objectives. We conducted a midpoint review of The California Endowment's Healthy Eating, Active Communities (HEAC) program, which works in 6 low-income California communities to prevent childhood obesity by changing children's environments. The HEAC program conducts interventions in 5 key childhood environments: schools, after-school programs, neighborhoods, health care, and marketing and advertising.

Methods. We measured changes in foods and beverages sold at schools and in neighborhoods in HEAC sites; changes in school and after-school physical activity programming and equipment; individual-level changes in children's attitudes and behaviors related to food and physical activity; and HEAC-related awareness and engagement on the part of community members, stakeholders, and policymakers.

Results. Children's environments changed to promote healthier lifestyles across a wide range of domains in all 5 key childhood environments for all 6 HEAC communities. Children in HEAC communities are also engaging in more healthy behaviors than they were before the program's implementation.

Conclusions. HEAC sites successfully changed children's food and physical activity environments, making a healthy lifestyle a more viable option for low-income children and their families.
The Central California Regional Obesity Prevention Program: Changing Nutrition and Physical Activity Environments in California's Heartland
Authors: Schwarte Liz , Samuels Sarah E. , Capitman John , Ruwe Mathilda , Boyle Maria , Flores George
Published: September 2010

The goals of the Central California Regional Obesity Prevention Program (CCROPP) are to promote safe places for physical activity, increase access to fresh fruits and vegetables, and support community and youth engagement in local and regional efforts to change nutrition and physical activity environments for obesity prevention. CCROPP has created a community-driven policy and environmental change model for obesity prevention with local and regional elements in low-income, disadvantaged ethnic and rural communities in a climate of poor resources and inadequate infrastructure. Evaluation data collected from 2005–2009 demonstrate that CCROPP has made progress in changing nutrition and physical activity environments by mobilizing community members, engaging and influencing policymakers, and forming organizational partnerships.
Cold ocean seas and northern hydrology: an exploratory overview
Authors: Woo Ming-ko
Published: September 2010

Oceans are expected to bring their maritime influence to coastal zones, and sometimes further inland, to affect the terrestrial energy and moisture fluxes. Heat and water balances jointly govern northern hydrology, both directly through the hydrological cycle and indirectly through cyclogenesis and radiation regimes. Drawing upon reported examples, a survey is presented to examine the roles of ocean currents, onshore winds, coastal storms and sea ice in modifying precipitation (snow, fog, orographic precipitation), evaporation (through radiation and moisture availability) and coastal inundation processes. Coastal currents can alter permafrost distribution on a regional scale and runoff patterns may be modified accordingly. There are also notable feedback mechanisms whereby hydrology affects oceanography. Examples include freshwater discharge that exerts influence on thermohaline circulation in polar seas and on the dynamics of coastal sea ice, and the export of sediments, organic carbon and nutrients to the Arctic Ocean. Given the sensitivity of high latitudes to climate warming, which impacts many aspects of the northern environment, collaborative investigations of ocean–atmosphere–hydrologic linkages are of priority interest.
Observations and modeling of turbulent fluxes during melt at the shrub-tundra transition zone 1: point scale variations
Authors: Endrizzi Stefano , Marsh Philip
Published: September 2010

Vegetation has a significant influence on snow accumulation and energy availability for snowmelt. This is particularly true in the vicinity of the arctic treeline, characterized by the alternation of shrub-tundra and open-tundra, with the former expected to spread more and more. This work considers the time variation in turbulent fluxes over two open-tundra and shrub-tundra sites, where measurements of sensible and latent heat fluxes over the canopy are available. An improved version of the GEOtop hydrological model with a dual-layer surface scheme has been used to interpret and reproduce the measurements. The model allows us to separate the contribution of the vegetation and the surface to the turbulent fluxes measured above the canopy and, despite some issues related to the parameterization of the turbulence in the canopy, is able to reasonably reproduce the turbulent fluxes measured above the vegetation and the snowmelt acceleration observed in the shrub-tundra. The maximum energy contribution to the surface during snowmelt is found to occur for values of the leaf and stem area index around 1.0. The model proves to be a valuable platform to be applied in a distributed model to predict the spatial variability of snowmelt and surface energy balance.
The role of treaties in building international watercourse regimes: a legal perspective on existing knowledge
Authors: Rieu-Clarke Alistair
Published: September 2010

The global water policy agenda has long called for a holistic approach to water resources management. However, key challenges remain in turning policy into practice, not least in managing conflict and enhancing cooperation over international watercourses. Towards such an endeavour, a better understanding of the role of watercourse treaties is needed. To date, much of the non-legal literature has failed to capture fully the unique characteristics of the international legal system. Conversely, much of the legal scholarship has failed to account for the social, economic and political context in which law operates. The paper therefore calls for a nuanced approach to the study of watercourse treaties. An approach is suggested that is sensitive to the normative content of watercourse treaties, the ‘package’ of norms, the multi-level governance context and the influence of treaties in shaping state behaviour throughout the entire regime building process.
A methodology for first- and second-order water conflicts analysis
Authors: Vieira Zédna Mara de Castro Lucena , Ribeiro Márcia Maria Rios
Published: September 2010

Water management measures are often pointed out as resolution alternatives for first-order water conflicts (related to water resources scarcity). However, adoption of these measures, which requires a societal adaptation effort, may act as a source of second-order conflicts (related to social resources scarcity). This makes it important to evaluate water management measures with regard to their potential for second-order conflicts induction, considering the influence exerted by the institutional and socioeconomic environment where they might be applied. Therefore, this article presents a methodology—based on conflict theory concepts and analysis tools and on a multidisciplinary approach—for systematically analyzing first- and second-order water conflicts, which aims to identify the best alternatives for first-order conflicts resolution as well as the most adequate guidelines for avoiding or minimizing induced second-order conflicts. The methodology comprises seven major steps (data collection and compilation, water institutional framework analysis, water conflicts identification, conflicts pre-analysis, first-order conflicts analysis, second-order conflicts analysis and results analysis), which are illustrated through their application to the semi-arid portion of the Paraíba River Basin in northeast Brazil. As the results indicate, the methodology constitutes a useful tool for supporting both political and operational water management decision making at the basin, sub-basin, or local level.
Characteristics of active local water management districts in the Red River Basin
Authors: Hearne Robert R. , Kritsky Craig C.
Published: September 2010

As new demands for water management emerge, water managers need to evolve and accept new roles and new ways of working. Local water management districts with traditional water quantity roles need to adopt new activities and new ways of working in order to support basin-wide water quality and flood control initiatives. This paper presents an empirical analysis of the adoption of twenty-two activities and strategies by local water management districts in the Red River of the North basin in Minnesota and North Dakota. A variety of explanatory characteristics of districts and district boards are assessed. Empirical analysis does not demonstrate a dramatic difference between Minnesota districts and those in North Dakota, nor a remarkable difference between upstream and downstream districts. Board member characteristics have significant influence on local water management district activities and institutional arrangements.
Effect of Soy Cheese and Trisodium Citrate on Pizza Cheese
Authors: Farahmandfar Reza , Mazaheri Tehrani Mostafa , Razavi Seyed Mohammad Ali , Habibi Najafi Mohammad Bagher
Published: September 2010

The effects of soy cheese (tofu) and trisodium citrate concentration on the organoleptic characteristics of pizza cheese were studied. Flavor, texture, stretchability, appearance, and overall acceptability of pizza cheese samples decreased significantly with increased proportion of soy cheese. Statistically, the color of cheese samples made from different blends of tofu and trisodium citrate was similar to that in the control sample. Stretchability, appearance, and overall acceptability of pizza cheese samples increased but not significantly (p>0.05) as concentration of trisodium citrate increased. However, the scores of flavor did not show significant difference.
Combined Effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure and Nisin on Loss of Viability, Membrane Damage and Release of Intracellular Contents of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli
Authors: Qi Wei-Min , Qian Ping , Yu Jian-Yong , Zhang Chi-Yu , Chen Xiao , Zhang Xiao-Juan , Lu Rong-Rong
Published: September 2010

Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli were chosen to investigate the combined effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and Nisin on loss of viability, membrane damage and release of intracellular contents of microorganisms. The results showed that the combination of 200 IU/mL Nisin and HHP exhibited a synergistic effect over 2 log on the inactivation of B. subtilis at pressure 300 MPa. The similar synergistic effect was observed on the membrane damage and release of intracellular contents of B. subtilis. The Nisin alone had no effect against E. coli, which belongs to gram negative bacteria. However, at pressure 300 MPa, Nisin caused the membrane damage from 55% to 80%. The synergistic effect of Nisin and HHP on loss of viability, membrane damage and release of intracellular contents of E. coli were also illustrated when the HHP pressure exceeded 300 MPa as the consequence of the serious changes produced by HHP at higher pressure in the cell envelope. It allows the entry of Nisin molecules to cell membrane.