bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Human-Structure Interaction on a Full Scale Experimental Footbridge
Authors: Firus Andrei , Schneider Jens , Seyfarth André , Schumacher Christian
Published: September 2017

This contribution presents selected results of the numerical and experimental investigations into the effect of human-structure interaction, performed within a joint project between the Institute of Structural Mechanics and Design and the Institute of Sport Science of the TU Darmstadt (Germany). The project on the one side analyses structural responses of a full-scale experimental footbridge under pedestrian excitation and on the other side identifies human body parameters and adaptation mechanisms during walking of a human on a flexible structure. The test structure was instrumented with biomechanical force plates, a 3D motion capture system as well as several sensors for acquisition of the structural responses. An alternative method for the identification of dynamical parameters for the human body, which is modelled as a single-degree of freedom system (mass-spring-damper), is proposed. As both biomechanical and structural measurements were performed simultaneously, an accurate comparison between the measurements and common mechanical models for human-structure-interaction is possible.
History of the Reconstruction and Modernization of the Bolko Island Pedestrian Bridge in Opole
Authors: Rabiega Józef , Bolanowski Stanislaw , Wątroba Paweł
Published: September 2017

This paper puts forward the history of the Bolko island footbridge. In the first part a historic overview of the structure is put forward, showing the various stages the structure went through. In the second part a description of the modern day planned works are described. The most significant change will be the construction of additional walkways on the outsides of the spans. These will we covered in a composite GRP deck and a clear polycarbonate balustrade to both decrease the weight of the additions and not obscure the view of the existing structure.
Combined Cable Stayed-Stress Ribbon Bridges
Authors: Goberna Gonzalo , Goberna Mar
Published: September 2017

The aim of this paper is to explain how the combination of cable stayed and stress ribbon typology works from the structural point of view. The paper is going to show a general overview of stress ribbon bridges and some of the possible combinations of this typology with other structural systems. In a second part, the paper will go more in detail into the particularity of suspending stress ribbon bridges with inclined cables. Finally, an application of this combined typology will be shown for a virtual design at one of the locations proposed by the organization of Footbridge 2017 in Berlin conference.
Weiterleiten Bridge
Authors: Strydom John , Liebenberg Justus
Published: September 2017

The proposed design is only one of an infinite number of ways that the banks of the river Spree can be linked and communicated with. Waisen was our site of choice because it represents the ideas and influences that we have identified in the Berlin context, in order to sculpt the Engineering and Architectural language of the design. The design is Architecturaly significant and Structuraly efficient, allowing for the perfect flow of forces.
Easily Constructable Bamboo Footbridges for Rural Areas
Authors: Paraskeva Themelina S. , Dimitrakopoulos Elias G. , Grigoropoulos George S.
Published: September 2017

The present study proposes an original approach for easily constructible footbridges to tackle the overwhelming lack of bridges in underprivileged rural areas. In many poor rural areas worldwide, the scarcity of funding and resources results in a devastating lack of even primitive footbridges that hinders socio-economic development. This research aims to empower local communities offering a design solution that it is easily constructible, inexpensive and scalable. In a nutshell, the present study proposes a simple design for truss bamboo footbridges that can be rapidly assembled on site by non-experienced personnel from prefabricated full culm structural members and low-cost steel gusset plate connections following simple instructions. The main objectives of this study are to address the challenges of the structural design and the construction process of bamboo footbridges, and to identify points that merit further research. It firstly evaluates experimentally the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo culms (i.e. Kao Jue and Mao Jue species). Then, it performs the structural design of the bridge. Importantly, the present study introduces a new three-dimensional gusset plate type truss connection for full culm bamboo members, that overcomes the assembly problems due to the nonstandardized bamboo geometry. The study also reports the experimental testing of full scale bridge prototypes. The results reveal that the connections are the most sensitive part of the examined structures and highlight the need for further research in order to improve their strength and performance.
Wind Tunnel Tests and Full-Scale Measurements on a Cable-Stayed Footbridge
Authors: Bartoli Gianni , Gioffre Massimiliano , Mannini Claudio , Marra Antonino Maria , Massai Tommaso , Pepi Chiara , Pigolotti Luca
Published: September 2017

The present work presents the experimental results aimed to assess the dynamical characteristics of a cable-stayed footbridge recently built in Terni (Italy). The assessment process involved both wind tunnel and full-scale experimental tests, and relied on the fruitful interaction between designers and academic experimenters. The wind-tunnel study investigated the wind-induced dynamical phenomena possibly affecting the structure. Then, the experimental work focused on assessing the actual dynamic features at prototype scale in order to confirm and/or to update the assumptions used for the design of devices to mitigate the undesired vibrations.
Design, Construction and Health Monitoring for a Large Span Pedestrian Bridge
Authors: Zhang Qilin , Chen Haizhou , Luo Xiaoqun
Published: September 2017

This paper focuses on design, construction and health monitoring for a floating pedestrian bridge cross two cliffs. The substructure of the bridge is located near cliffs. The superstructure of the bridge is a curved box girder supported by a tilting cable-arch system. A parabolic steel arch spans about 100 m between two cliffs and rises 25 m above cliff levels.

The key design issues on the substructure and superstructure are included as follows: 1) 3D laser scanning techniques for modeling of rock mass structures and numerical analysis evaluations for the substructure; 2) performance investigations for the superstructure, such as form-finding for the cable-arch-girder structure, overall stability for the curved girder and human-induced vibration control with different crowd density. Rotation construction process is introduced to complete the bridge at the severe mountain site. Joint details at the bases are designed and numerical analysis for the whole construction is performed to verify the feasibility of the construction. Health monitoring considerations for cable forces and girder vibrations under working states are suggested at last.
Pre-Design of a Modular Footbridge System with Pre-tensioned CFRP Reinforcement
Authors: Perse Sophia , Will Norbert , Hegger Josef
Published: September 2017

A common problem of concrete bridges are corrosion damages of the steel reinforcement. The related loss of capacity as well as visual effects often require expensive and elaborate refurbishment or even reconstruction. To overcome these drawbacks, a modular footbridge system without steel reinforcement is developed. The application of non-corrosive carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforcement is suitable for building slender constructions, which are durable and longlasting. For the elements of the modular bridge system CFRP reinforcement is applied as mesh fabrics and pre-tensioned rebars. In this paper, the dimensioning and pre-design of the modular footbridge system are presented. In a first step, the requirements regarding cross-sections, spans and level of prestressing are defined based on natural conditions and applied loads. In a second step, the flexural pre-design of the pre-tensioned footbridge is explained exemplarily. In a final step, the dynamic behavior of the designed concepts is analyzed.
Footbridge Flugfeld Böblingen Sindelfingen
Authors: Keil Andreas , Waldraff Tobias
Published: September 2017

Footbridges are often built in sensitive environments. Finding the optimum solution thus requires intensive study of the given conditions and parameters. It is common practice to tender design competitions. Certainly, this is the appropriate method to get a number of designers working on various solutions. However, cost considerations and time constraints are often reasons not to run a competition, since the procedure takes time, funding, and resources. This paper elaborates on how to succeed in developing diversified solutions in cooperation with all parties involved, and on how to identify the ideal solution in a joint decision making process. Furthermore, it outlines the chosen solution - a special cable-stayed bridge - in detail, such as design process, structural analysis and construction.
Winning or Not - In Competition, the Journey is the Reward
Authors: Angelmaier Volkhard
Published: September 2017

The design of structures, especially bridges, is a very intensive creative process. This process takes place within an individual him- or herself, as well as within a group of individuals, the team. In design competitions these teams are often formed of different protagonists like engineers, architects, landscape architects with different ideas, desires, expertise and skills. This creates an extremely heterogeneous situation that holds a high potential of creativity but also a high degree of explosive power. This lecture will outline this design process presenting three examples under different aspects, a process that also includes an analysis of the outcome – the decision of the jury.
Footbridge in the Old Centre of Ljubljana or How Thin Can Bridge Be
Authors: Markelj Viktor , Gabrijelcic Peter
Published: September 2017

The greatest modernist influence on the historical centre of Ljubljana gave the famous Slovenian architect Jože Plečnik. When arranging banks of the River Ljubljanica he even leave an opening in the masonry for a future footbridge. For some period, there was a temporary wooden structure (1991-2014), which was no longer useful. Therefore, the city of Ljubljana in 2012 announced a public design competition for a new footbridge. This article describes the winning solution of the new footbridge that was built and open in 2014.

Design is based on the principle of minimalism, with an extremely slim structure, thin as possible. The concept of minimalism in its limitation raises the question of how far we can go with slenderness ratio and keep the structure still suitable for use in the city centre with heavy pedestrian traffic. The paper presents a great engineering effort to fulfil the simple minimalistic statement.

The steel deck resembles a shallow ‘'V' box cross section, the deck clear span measures 25 meters in length and 3.4 meters in width, with structural height of only 50 centimetres. Towards the outer edges, the deck narrows to just 25 centimetres, which gives it a very elegant slender shape.
Long-Span Pedestrian Bridges in the USA - A Futuristic Approach
Authors: Sarkisian Mark , Long Eric , Mathias Neville , Gordon John , Beghini Alessandro , Garai Rupa , Krebs Andrew
Published: September 2017

The design of pedestrian bridges has been evolving significantly in the past few years due to emerging technologies and the application of non-traditional materials. This paper describes these trends with a number of examples of bridge designs that present unique challenges ranging from high lateral forces due to high seismicity to highly constrained site conditions. The first case study discussed is the pedestrian bridge at the new San Diego Courthouse (San Diego, CA, USA), featuring a 26 m span double cantilever inverted pendulum structure fabricated using techniques conventionally used in the ship building industry. The second case study describes the bridges at the Moscone Center Expansion Project (San Francisco, CA, USA). The latter examples employ optimally shaped box girders which minimize the deck thickness creating a seemingly minimal architectural expression. Finally, the conceptual studies for a pedestrian bridge at the LAX airport (Los Angeles, CA, USA) are described in detail. The design for the bridge was developed using structural optimization techniques. Such techniques have already been successfully applied to structures in the aeronautical, automobile, and mechanical industries where natural force flows are modeled. These fundamental principles of optimization have been used to develop two novel responses to the long-span pedestrian bridge. Both designs, though unique and simple, integrate the idea of topology optimization with modular design, resilient materiality, sustainable practices and visual transparency.
"Passerelle du Millénaire", Paris
Authors: Pages Yves , Ferrari Marie , Cassagnes Michel
Published: September 2017

The “passerelle du Millénaire” is a collaborative design between Explorations architecture and Terrell consulting engineers. The footbridge is located in the 19th arrondissement of Paris. It crosses a former industrial dock that was recently transformed into a mixed used neighbourhood. The footbridge relates to both the industrial history of the site as well as more recent urban developments such as the iconic Parc de la Villette. Because the crossing is located right on the boundary between two cities (Paris and Aubervilliers), Explorations architecture proposed that the bridge be the combination of two “intertwined arms”, ie two separate structures joining above the waterway. The entire footbridge is painted a bright red in order to make it iconic in the cityscape. The structure is fully accessible to handicapped users without the use of elevators resulting in very long approach ramps. It demonstrates how bold architectural design and slender bridge engineering can be combined to deliver an elegant piece of urban infrastructure. The footbridge is more than a simple crossing, it is a place for many to sit and enjoy along a regenerated canal. It cultivates a debate about how visible and long a city footbridge should be.
Jubilee Bridge in the Heart of Singapore
Authors: Burnton Peter , Ming See lin , Wong Ling Chye
Published: September 2017

The Jubilee bridge was the brain child of the Singapore nations late Founding Prime Minister and was first opened in tribute to him on 29 March 2015 to allow the large crowds to bid Mr Lee farewell.

Connecting two famed landmarks in Marina Bay - The Esplanade Theatre and the Merlion, the Jubilee Bridge is designed to counterpoise the more elaborate Helix Bridge across the bay. Offering an unobstructed panoramic view of Singapore's magnificent skyline, the Jubilee Bridge has since added to the city's vibrancy and contributed to its aspiration of becoming a walkable city.

The 220m long and 6m wide pedestrian bridge has a 95m main span that is 1.5m deep at mid-span over the busy navigable waterway. The very slender deck is curved in elevation and plan and connected to the adjacent Esplanade Bridge at the centre of the main span. It was constructed using the precast post tensioned balanced cantilever method. The precast segments, each with a unique shape, were fabricated 600km away in Malaysia and transported by road to the storage site adjacent to Marina Bay and then by barge to the bridge.

The bridge has received widespread praise from the government and media in Singapore
Performance of MTMD Systems Based on Realistic Load Contributions due to Walking
Authors: Sahnaci Ceyhun , Meinhardt Christian , Krampe Thorsten
Published: September 2017

Tuned mass dampers (TMD) are widely acknowledged as state-of-the-art solution for mitigating structural vibrations. In this context, the robustness of a TMD system is an essential parameter which describes the sensitivity in regard to deviations in both parameters natural frequency of the empty structure and excitation frequency. Studies can be found revealing that the robustness of a TMD solution can be further increased with a Multi TMD System (MTMD). However, the analyzed scenarios are based on controlled harmonic excitation sources. In case of pedestrian induced vibrations the load process of natural walking is subject to random deviations in both the basic walking parameters and the load parameters. In this study, in order to analyze the performance of MTMD systems for realistic load conditions structural response calculations are performed for different MTMD setups. The respective load time histories are obtained from experiments based on an instrumented walkway. The results lead to the conclusion that within the introduced analysis environment MTMD systems reveal similar effectiveness in regard to vibration mitigation but higher robustness, however, at the expense of the TMD travel where considerable larger displacements are obtained if compared to the single TMD system.
The Saw-Tooth Connector: An Effective Joint-Element for Slender Concrete Decks
Authors: Reimer Andreas , Schmid Volker , Al-Kroom Hussein
Published: September 2017

The saw-tooth connector is a devise for very high load transfer between steel and concrete that has its origin in footbridges. This paper relives the emergence and the current research on a connection detail that embodies a promising alternative especially for hybrid and composite footbridges. In the late 1980's and early 1990's the question was raised on how to realize self-anchored suspension footbridges. In that case, the main cables might need to be supported on the slender concrete deck of such a footbridge. A study based on strut-and-tie models led to an embedded steel plate with a toothed surface that pointed inside the concrete, the saw-tooth connector. First footbridges were built in the Stuttgart area. A primary attempt to design the connector was the plasticity theory, which claimed an evenly distributed flow of forces along the connector. A second and much more fitting approach was the elasticity theory, that indicated an uneven flow of forces. In relation to the strut-and-tie model, the connector then needed to support compression struts under verifying angles. A specific geometry was suggested for the toothed outline of the steel connector based on the elasticity theory. A first experimental study improved and verified the geometry. Four types of slender concrete slabs with integrated connectors are determined to experimentally investigate the loadbearing behavior. The specimens represent basic build-in situations that are likely to occur on footbridges. The measurements and results endorse the elasticity theory.
A Full Probabilistic Model for Loads Induced by Walking
Authors: Sahnaci Ceyhun , Kasperski Michael
Published: September 2017

In recent years, extensive tests at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum have been performed to study the inter- and intra-subject variability of walking incuded loads using a long instrumented walkway of 28 m. These highquality experiments can be used as a benchmark for results obtained from walking on instrumented treadmill devices. The paper indicates that the latter studies should be used only with special care for the evaluation of the serviceablity of a structure in regard to vibrations, since the relation between step frequency and load amplitude is somehow biased and the inter- and intra-subject variablite is homogeninized. The frequency content of the induced loads is compared to the idealized load model in today's Standards and guidelines, which assume a perfectly repeated load pattern. Strictly speaking, the idealized model only leads to realistic results for full resonance with the step frequency. A refined model is proposed which re-models the observed load patterns by a set of cubic splines applying nine control points. The proposed load model is able to reproduce the maximum accelerations with only very small deviations up to frequencies of 13 Hz. For the simulation of the load process, the inner correlation structure of the basic variables has to be studied. The analysis shows that two gender-specific models are required. The final probabilistic load model is a powerful tool for the evaluation of the serviceability of pedestrian structures and floors under random pedestrian flow.
Crossing Hamburg's Historic Schleusengraben with a Swing – Landscape as the Governing Factor
Authors: Quappen Sören , Junker Dirk , Lüdders Jan , Zehetmaier Gerhard
Published: September 2017

A former industrial area in Hamburg's disctrict of Bergedorf - cut in two parts by the historic Schleusengraben, a channel dating from the 15th century - is transformed into an urban district. In 2014 the city opened a competition for a new pedestrian bridge crossing the Schleusengraben.

Key to the task was an integrated design concept covering the functional requirements in a wider area including both waterside promenades as well as the connecting footbridge thus forming an urbanized area. It was decided to form a joint team of bridge engineers and landscape architects. Rather than concentrating on the bridge itself the design started with the analysis of pedestrian flows, directions and meeting areas resulting in a ‘natural' organic layout of walkways. The bridge design then had to react on the boundary conditions stipulated by the landscape design.

The creative partnership resulted in a swinging pathway concept with an embedded Y-shaped bridge. Landscape and bridge merge into a vibrant unit. The bridge itself consists of a frame structure with a single central frame leg. Superstructure depth and width are decreasing from the central leg towards the abutments giving the structure a dynamic impression and reflecting the swinging paths. However, the sculpture like structure is a landmark on its own.

The aesthetically and economically viable design convinced the jury and resulted in the first price in the competition. Unfortunately the initial award winning design concept was put on hold driven by budget limitations. The city now prefers the realization of a radically changed, more conventional design concept.
Bicycle and Pedestrian Bridge Sittard-Geleen
Authors: Torsing Rob , Kieft Ralph , Bakker Jack
Published: September 2017

The new bicycle and pedestrian bridge over the railway line Sittard-Geleen intends to simplify and increase contacts between the city, business park Fortuna and sports area Limburg. The bridge not only lies firmly embedded in the green roadside scenery along both railroad tracks, but it also stands out in aesthetics; it has an elegant shape and subtle details. The chosen form of the hourglass, for instance, wordlessly invites passers-by to come closer and cross the bridge.

The bridge offers a natural and smooth connection to the bike paths from four directions. By basing the design on a reduction of the height of the overhead wire, the maximum difference in height on accessible surfaces, could be reduced to just over three meters. Thus, and because the bridge widens from 4,5 meters in its mid to over 12 meters at the bases, the slopes are gradual and comfortable.

The skin of the bridge is part of the load-bearing structure, and the curved shape of the middle part enhances the fluent character of the bridge. The parapet is a seamless extension of the bridge surface. All safety and guidance features as well as the linear LED lamps that light up the bridge deck are integrated into it. The skin of the parapet is perforated as much as possible to achieve transparency.
Parametric Design for Footbridge: A Case Study
Authors: Ren Lisha , Hou Hanbin , Ruan Xin
Published: September 2017

In recent years, more and more algorithm and parametric methods are applied in the field of architecture and industrial design. Meanwhile, current bridge design, in most cases, is still based on practical demanding, like the span. Although footbridge shares the similar structure with large-scale bridge, it also has some distinctive characters, for example, they are always small span bridges so that we have multiple ways to solve structural problems. In addition, there are a large number of footbridges everywhere, which is an important facility for our daily life. With the increasing of our spiritual demand, user experience and visual effect will be the primary elements to achieve the final design. Parametric design could develop thousand kinds of new forms even with certain parameters, which is fit for our design principle that is user experience first.

In this case, we tried to use parametric design method to create several types of bridges, which contain the factors controlling bridge features. These factors have close relationship with user experience. Then we change factors to make thousands of iterations to evaluate different form by whether they fit for the surroundings. After define the best user experience principle, we use genetic algorithm to choose the bridge location and optimize the form. Moreover, algorithm could also be used to optimize multiple bridges simultaneously, which means if there are one more bridges build at one place simultaneously, the algorithm can optimize these bridges simultaneously. Bridges' formations will not only be influenced by the surroundings but also bridge each other. Because of the flexibility of parametric design, it gives a new design thinking for footbridge, which is pedestrian is the first influencing factor instead of structure and construction.
Key Findings from Serviceability Studies on Aluminum Footbridges
Authors: Dey Pampa , Narasimhan Sriram , Walbridge Scott
Published: September 2017

Due to their light weight and low intrinsic damping, aluminum footbridges under human-induced excitations are susceptible to excessive vibrations, which may result in serviceability failures. In general, the design provisions for the serviceability of such lively footbridges employ a basic moving load model representing a single pedestrian walking and simulate the crowd-induced vibration of footbridges from the single pedestrian load model through multiplication factors. Despite being adopted into most codes and guidelines, there is still a need for experimental investigations to understand and validate the performance of these design load models. To this end, a comprehensive experimental program was undertaken by the authors on three full-scale aluminum footbridges, both in the field and in the laboratory. These bridges were instrumented and subjected to a range of modal and pedestrian walking tests of varying traffic sizes. The comparison results between the predicted and measured responses show that commonly employed load models can sometimes be un-conservative. Recommendations are proposed to harmonize various design provisions and with measurements based on results already available in the literature. Additionally, the guidelines are evaluated in a reliability-based framework to incorporate the potential uncertainties associated with the walking loads, structural properties, and occupant comfort limits. The key results point towards calibrating the current design provisions to a higher reliability index under the design events in order to achieve sufficiency under the non-frequent loading conditions. The study also suggests adopting traffic dependent comfort limits for economic designs.
Long-Term Vibration Serviceability Assessment of a Steelplated Stress-Ribbon Footbridge
Authors: Soria José M. , Díaz Iván M. , García-Palacios Jaime H. , Lorenzana Antolín
Published: September 2017

The research group is working on vibration cancellation of pedestrian structures with time varying modal properties. As a previous step of the design and installation of a semi-active vibration control device (e.g. semi-active tuned mass damper), the Vibration Serviceability Assessment (VSA) of a real case of time-varying modal-parameter footbridge is studied throughout this paper. The structure is a steel-plated stress-ribbon footbridge sited in Valladolid (Spain). This structure is particularly lively in vertical direction exhibiting several closely-space vibration modes with similar natural frequencies that might be excited by human excitation.

A continuous vibration monitoring system that measures the acceleration and the environmental factors was installed and one-year measuring raw data is analysed here. From the modal analysis of the structure, the location of the control device is proposed. Then, the long-term VSA for this particular location is carefully analysed. Thus, predictors described in general standards for human exposure evaluation to whole-body vibration are used. Time histories and circular hourly distribution charts are derived from the whole-year data. The results show periods of time where the structure undergoes excessive accelerations, motivating thus the installation of a vibration absorber.
Difficult Roots and Happy Ends - How to Master the Design Process
Authors: Reyher Boris
Published: September 2017

This paper tells the story of two footbridges recently designed by schlaich bergermann partner that both started out from unusual roots and both came to convincing final results which stand in the tradition of the practice. The paper discusses what factors influence or condition good design results and also how even under unusual initial settings, the design process may be brought to a convincing final result. The discussion focusses on the process of identifying the most adequate structural concept and the subsequent process of detailing.
Zabalgana Footbridge Over Madrid-Irún Railroad in Vitoria
Authors: Romo José , Prieto Francisco , Capdevila Lola
Published: September 2017

The Zabalgana footbridge allows the connection between the two sectors of this new neighborhood of Vitoria which is cutted by the railway line that runs between Madrid and the french border in the Basque Country. The design here presented was selected from more than 25 proposals submitted in an open design competition. The solution integrates the budget constraints, the different elevation levels associated with preexisting urban development in both sectors, constructability, social demands and aesthetic. It is, in our opinion, a good example of creating a public space based on a rational use of available resources, integrating aesthetic at a moderate cost into the solution.
Paper and Pencil in the Age of BIM. Design and Construction of the Butarque Footbridge
Authors: Tanner Peter , Bellod Juan Luis , Sanz David
Published: September 2017

Many key aspects of a bridge project are governed by construction site-related, geometric, functional and constructional constraints. Furthermore, economy is a decisive factor in public works and, with respect to bridge aesthetics, there is an increasing demand for more than just utilitarian structures. Such exacting boundary conditions often spur careful and indeed even innovative structural design. Since the successful translation of numerous constraints into a reliable, functional, cost-effective and aesthetically attractive structure is primarily a question of consistent conceptual design, the importance of this step in the design process as a whole cannot be overstated. A suitable choice of structural system, foundations, deck crosssection and constitutive materials on the one hand, and manufacturing and assembly procedures on the other, usually yields a cost-effective solution that meets structural safety and serviceability requirements. In addition, an appropriate balance needs to be reached between economy and aesthetics.
Partial Squats – The Dynamic Load of the Footbridges
Authors: Pańtak Marek
Published: September 2017

Load models of the ground refraction forces (GRFs) has a great practical importance in dynamic analyses of the structures used by pedestrians, including footbridges. One of the important type of dynamic loading of a susceptible and light-weight structures can be the GRFs generated during rhythmically repeated squats. In the paper the characteristic and mathematical models of the GRFs generated during squats have been presented. The proposed models were elaborated on the basis of laboratory tests of GRFs carried out by author using the force platform and were initially validated during numerical analyses and filed tests of exemplary footbridges. The results of the field tests and numerical analyses have confirmed correctness and effectiveness of the models used to estimate the values of the GRFs and to calculate the dynamic response of the structure.
Serviceability Response of a Benchmark Cable-Stayed Footbridge: Comparison of Available Methods' Prediction
Authors: Ramos-Moreno Caterina M. , Ruiz-Teran Ana M. , Stafford Peter J.
Published: September 2017

In previous Footbridge Conferences, the focus of researchers has been on the representation of pedestrian actions (vertical and lateral) to design footbridges, on the proposal of methodologies for the analysis in service of these structures and on the description of the serviceability response of particular footbridges. Nonetheless, none of these research works have been focused on the magnitude of the serviceability response of footbridges according to its structural type.

This paper characterises the response of footbridges with stayed cables as main structural type. Based on a compiled dataset of cable-stayed footbridges (developed for this research work), the paper presents the geometrical and structural characteristics of a footbridge that can be regarded as representative of this structural type. Considering the best methodologies available for the assessment of its response in vertical and lateral direction, the paper describes the magnitude of the serviceability performance of this bridge under a wide range of pedestrian scenarios. This description familiarises designers at early stages of their design with the order of magnitude of the serviceability response of cable-stayed footbridges with an arrangement similar to that commonly used for this structural type.
Sustainable Pedestrian Bridge Using Advanced Materials (SUPERBAM)
Authors: Pellegrini Lara , Ribó Ramon , Jordán Javier , Sobrino Juan
Published: September 2017

Fiber-reinforced polymer pedestrian bridges are becoming a competitive alternative to conventional concrete or steel pedestrian bridges in the span range from 5 to 30 m. In order to consider it as a viable alternative, it is necessary, among other things, to be price competitive in the total cost of the bridge, including construction and full-life maintenance. One of the ways of making the cost competitive is to normalize a few cross-sections and create a catalog of standard cross-sections and shapes depending on the load conditions and ranges of spans. The objective of this work has been to create this catalog, taking into account the following items: A detailed economic analysis of the impact of every sub cost in the total construction and maintenance cost. A detailed structural analysis and optimization, by using MEF, of different cross-section and laminate solutions has been carried out, both under static and dynamic loads, in order to achieve the best possible design. The preparation of a specialized FEM analysis software that already includes in its database the chosen laminates as well as automatized geometrical construction and standarised load cases definition. With all these tools, it is possible to make highly reusable molds for the laminates and it is possible to make the final cost of the FRP pedestrian bridge more competitive.
Numerical Analysis of Vibrations in Suspension Footbridge Under Pedestrian Traffic
Authors: Pereira Samara P. , Doz Graciela N.
Published: September 2017

This work aims to contribute to the development and characterization of dynamic numerical analysis, as well as to show its relevance in structures of footbridge built with wood Eucalyptus Cytriodora and subject to pedestrian loads. This wood has satisfactory mechanical properties and it is to use for structural purposes. These characteristics are responsible for generating light structures with reduced cross-section. However, in structures such as footbridges, increasing flexibility can lead to serious vibration problems, compromising the user comfort and, in extreme cases, structural safety. In this work, the Piracicaba Suspension Footbridge will be studying numerically using ANSYS 15 ®. The results obtained from the simulations in different scenarios were confronted with normative prescriptions that have specified methods to qualify the structural dynamic performance and show that the studied footbridge can present problems of excessive vibrations in the vertical direction, when analyzed the traffic from one or more pedestrians walking or running on the footbridge.
Dynamic Response of Girder Footbridges with Supplemental Damping
Authors: Garcia-Troncoso Natividad , Ruiz-Teran Ana M. , Stafford Peter J.
Published: September 2017

Pedestrian-induced vibration commonly governs serviceability criteria in footbridge design. Simplified approaches to assess these vibrations have resulted in undesirable levels of vibration in built footbridges, highlighting the need to develop more realistic representations of the pedestrian loads as well as approaches to mitigate their effects. To represent these types of loads in an accurate manner it is necessary to consider the anthropometric characteristics (inter-subject variability), the inability that pedestrians have to transmit the same force in each step (intra-subject variability), the interaction between pedestrians and the lock-in effect. It has been observed that some footbridges have experiences serviceability problems due to vibrations with excessive magnitudes. In some of these cases, the human-induced vibration cannot be controlled effectively by using conventional approaches so the use of supplemental damping devices was required. Evaluation of the dynamic response at the design stage under the most realistic representation of pedestrian is crucial to satisfying the comfort criteria. After this evaluation, in cases where the comfort criteria is not fulfilled, an option available to designers is to employ supplemental damping devices to mitigate the pedestrian-induced vibrations. This work presents a parametric study showing the high efficiency of damping devices to mitigate human-induced vibrations in girder footbridges under diverse pedestrian loading scenarios.
Implementation of a Dynamic Monitoring System for an Butterfly Arch Footbridge
Authors: Teng Jun
Published: September 2017

A new footbridge with butterfly arch was contructed at Peaking University (Shenzhen Campus). To investigate its long term dynamic behavior during operational condition, a continuous dynamic structural health monitoring system is implemented.

A Finite Element Model is developed based on both ANSYS and MIDAS software, which further is calibrated by a ambient vibration test. A dynamic monitoring system, consisting of 4 accelerometers in deck and arch, 7 strain gauge and 4 thermal sensors in deck, is developed in order to track the variation of long term dynamic properties. The accumulated huge amount monitoring data are processed automatlly and the long term dynamic behaviour is reported.
Vertical Vibration of Complex and Slender Footbridges due to Stochastic Crowd-Induced Excitation
Authors: Zhong Jingru , Xie Xu , Zhang He
Published: September 2017

The principle aim of this paper is to study the crowd-induced vertical dynamic responses of the complex and flexible footbridges. Stochastic crowd flow of real traffic conditions is modelled with Monte-Carlo method and a numerical integration-based algorithm for structural vibration under crowd excitation is developed. Based on a real footbridge of complicated vibration modes, the crowd-induced acceleration responses are obtained, with the probabilistic characteristics of the peak acceleration being further studied. The calculation results indicate that the random crowd-induced peak response has a lognormal distribution, of which the average value is proportional to the increase of crowd density and the pacing frequency coherence. The algorithm for stochastic crowd loading and the analysis results provided can be valuable for reference in vibration assessment towards footbridges of complicated structural types.
He Kōrero Takiwā, He Takiwā Kōrero / Stories Within Spaces, Spaces Defined by Stories: Footbridge Design Concept, Christchurch, New Zealand
Authors: Sarkis Ana I. , Granello Gabriele , Liu Royce , McChaffie Brandon , Cappellaro Claudio , Wallbanks Emma , Patterson Donna , Palermo Alessandro , Kreisler Aaron , Millar Paul
Published: September 2017

This design concept originated in response to a government-sponsored design contest for a ‘North Frame Pedestrian Bridge'. The bridge, located along the Ōtākaro / Avon River in Christchurch, New Zealand, is one of a series of projects contributing to post-earthquake recovery for a rebuilding city that seeks to attract people to visit and live, while retaining its unique identity. The contest stipulated that engineers and artists must collaborate to produce the design.

In response, the University of Canterbury established a design team of senior Engineering and Fine Arts students, supervised by three professors. The brief required the team to combine a strong design aesthetic with a tightly constrained and functional built object. This resulted in a unique design, fitting for inclusion in the public art collection, whilst also being capable of moving pedestrians and cyclists safely and effectively over the river.

The design speaks to Christchurch's post-earthquake rebuild on many levels. For example, referencing the pre-colonial river by embodying the Māori eel trap form (the hīnaki), yet, composed of post-colonial modern materials. With its implications of constraint and sustenance, it conceptually encourages the viewer to pause and consider the relationship between the natural, spiritual and human worlds.

The structural system, based on a weathering steel tridimensional “Vierendeel” girder/truss, also responds to the artistic form of a traditional Māori fishing net. Both truss and trap are made of repeated rings, of variable size, and connected by an organic net. As the design is currently under tender, further details of the design concept will be revealed after the bid disclosure.
Towards a Fully Digital Modelling of Steel Joints at ULS
Authors: Tosini Luciano , Arquier Mathieu , Cespedes Xavier
Published: September 2017

For aesthetics' or structural reasons, footbridges design tends to push slenderness much further than any other structure. Moreover, it usually is the opportunity for both engineer and architect to express their creativity leading to ambitious designs. The computation of the global behaviour is generally not a problem with the use of finite element software, but when it comes to structural details, particularly to the ULS behaviour, there is discomfort. Indeed, code based formulas are most of the time inapplicable and local finite element models are time-consuming, slow down design iterations and limit the creativity of the project team.

This article describes the reasons that led structural engineers to develop a software whose goal is a fast and reliable determination of steel connection ultimate resistance, and how it can help engineers to accelerate design iterations leading to a more optimal structure. The full paper gives scientific details.
Intelligent Fabrication - Digital Bridges
Authors: Tam Matthew , Bergis Louis , Naicu Dragos , De Rycke Klaas , Orlinski Adam , Jankowska Ewa
Published: September 2017

Students of the Ecole nationale supérieure d'architecture de Versailles participated in the workshop ‘Intelligent Fabrication – Digital Bridges' where they investigated bridge designs using parametric simulation tools and numerical fabrication techniques. Working in the environment of CAD software (Rhino), extended with parametric plug-ins (Grasshopper and Karamba) the workshop focused on combining complex parametric modelling techniques with FEM simulation. Students developed an intuitive design approach through the analysis of digital and physical models. This paper explains the processes and outcomes of the two week workshop where three designs were constructed at 1:1 and others at 1:5 and 1:10. The proposals displayed a broad range of design and structural concepts, with some investigating topological and geometric optimization and others, the process of fabrication using 3d printing and laser-cutting.
Design, Construction and Dynamic Analysis of a Laboratory-Scale FRP Composite Footbridge
Authors: Archbold Paul , Mullarney Brian
Published: September 2017

Pedestrian loading on flexible structures such as footbridges, grandstands and lightweight floors is an area, which is receiving significant attention from the research community of late. Of particular interest is the interaction between the pedestrian loading and the structural response of the loaded structure.

This paper describes the design and dynamic analysis of a laboratory-scale FRP composite footbridge, constructed to study human-structure interaction. The bridge was specifically designed to have a natural frequency within the range excitable by human walking. It will be used to investigate the interaction between loads produced by walking and running pedestrians and the vibration of the structure which they are traversing.
Agresión y empatía en un grupo de niños y niñas diagnosticados con trastorno negativista desafiante
Authors: Alvis Rizzo Alexander , Arana Medina Claudia Marcela , Restrepo Botero Juan Carlos , Hoyos Zuluaga Elizabeth
Published: September 2017

El objetivo del trabajo fue explorar las relaciones entre los niveles de agresión (física, verbal, ira y hostilidad) y empatía en un grupo de niños y niñas escolares entre los 7 y 11 años de edad en la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia) con diagnóstico de Trastorno Negativista Desafiante. Para evaluar la agresión se utilizó la versión reducida del cuestionario AQ de Buss y Perry en idioma español, y para la empatía se aplicó el test de la mirada y el Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Los resultados indicaron mayores puntuaciones en agresión física en los varones que en relación con las mujeres. Se encontró que existe una relación entre el total de agresión y algunos niveles de empatía (directa en el caso del número de aciertos en el test de la mirada e inversa con los desaciertos del mismo); ambas relaciones fueron significativas.
Analisa Perbandingan Quality of Service Voice Over IP dengan Pengujian Codec Menggunakan Algoritma Low Latency Queuing
Authors: Darmawan Darmawan , Syafriyatno Yayan
Published: September 2017

Voice over IP (VoIP) adalah solusi komunikasi suara yang murah karena menggunakan jaringan IP dibanding penggunaan telephone analog yang banyak memakan biaya. Dalam penerapannya, VoIP mengalami permasalahan karena menggunakan teknologi packet switching yang mana penggunaannya bersamaan dengan paket data sehingga timbul delay, jitter, dan packet loss.  Pada penelitian ini, algoritma Low Latency Queuing (LLQ) diterapkan pada router cisco. Algoritma LLQ merupakan gabungan dari algoritma Priority Queuing (PQ) dan Class Based Weight Fair Queuing (CBWFQ) sehingga dapat memprioritaskan paket suara disamping paket data. Algoritma LLQ ini diujikan menggunakan codec GSM FR, G722, dan G711 A-law. Hasil pengujian didapatkan nilai parameter yang tidak jauh berbeda dan memenuhi standar ITU-T.G1010. Nilai delay rata - rata terendah yaitu ketika menggunakan codec G722 sebesar 20,019 ms tetapi G722 memiliki rata - rata jitter yang terbesar yaitu 0,986 ms.  Codec dengan jitter rata – rata terkecil adalah G711 A-law sebesar 0,838 ms. Packet loss untuk semua codec yang diujikan adalah 0%.  Throughput pada paket data terbesar saat menggunakan codec GSM FR yaitu 18,139 kbps. Codec yang direkomendasikan adalah G711 A-law karena lebih stabil dari segi jitter dan codec GSM FR cocok diimplementasikan pada jaringan yang memiliki bandwitdh kecil.